,,on ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,species4 ,illu/ration ,,on ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,species4 ,,by ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahga4 ,! ,"r ( ,translation & ,reproduction is res]v$4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,holl&1 ,,b>t41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir ,,h5ry1 ,9 giv+ myself ! pleasure to d$icate1 z ,i n[ d1 ?is "w to y1 x is n my int5tion to id5tify y ) any views ( my own advocat$ 9 x4 ,i simply avail myself ( an opportunity ( pay+ a tribute ( e/eem & reg>d to my e>lie/ sci5tific fri5d--! fir/ to enc\rage me 9 pursu+ ! /udy ( nature4 ,i rema91 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir ,,h5ry1 ,ev] fai?fully y\rs1 ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t4 #g1 ,,nor? ,,bank1 ,,reg5t',s ,,p>k1 ,decemb] #h1 #ahgj4 vii 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,! problem ( ! g5esis ( species /at$4--,nature ( its probable solution4--,importance ( ! "q4--,position "h def5d$4--,/atem5t ( ! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ory4--,its applicability to details ( geographical di/ribution2 to rudim5t>y /ructures2 to homology2 to mimicry1 c4--,consequ5t utility ( ! !ory4--,its wide acceptance4--,reasons = ?is o!r ?an1 & 9 addition to1 its sci5tific value4 ,its simplicity4--,its be>+ on religi\s que/ions4--,odium !ologicum & odium anti!ologicum4--,! antagonism suppos$ by _m to exi/ betwe5 x & !ology nei!r necess>y nor univ]sal4--,*ri/ian au?orities 9 fav\r ( evolution4--,mr4 ,d>w9's ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication4--,difficulties ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory enum]at$ 444 ,page #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,incompet5cy ,,( ,,natural ,,selection ,,to ,,acc\nt ,,= ,,! ,,incipi5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,useful ,,/ructures4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 supposes t ,natural-,selection acts by slight v>iations4--,^! mu/ be useful at once4--,difficulties z to ! giraffe2 z to mimicry2 z to ! heads ( flat-fi%es2 z to ! orig9 & con/ancy ( ! v]tebrate1 limbs2 z to :alebone2 z to ! "y kang>oo2 z to sea-ur*9s2 z to c]ta9 processes ( viii metamorphosis2 z to ! mamm>y gl&2 z to c]ta9 ape *>act]s2 z to ! rattlesnake & cobra2 z to ! process ( =mation ( ! eye & e>2 z to ! fully develop$ condition ( ! eye & e>2 z to ! voice2 z to %ell-fi%2 z to or*ids2 z to ants4--,! necessity = ! simultane\s modification ( _m individuals4--,summ>y & conclusion 444 ,page #bc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,co-,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,closely ,,simil> ,,/ructures ,,( ,,div]se ,,orig94 ,*ances aga9/ concordant v>iations4--,examples ( discordant ones4--,concordant v>iations n unlikely on a non-,d>w9ian evolution>y hypo!sis4--,plac5tal & implac5tal mammals4--,birds & reptiles4--,indep5d5t orig9s ( simil> s5se organs4--,! e>4--,! eye4--,o!r co9cid5ces4--,causes besides ,natural ,selection produce concordant v>iations 9 c]ta9 geographical regions4--,causes besides ,natural ,selection produce concordant v>iations 9 c]ta9 zoological & botanical gr\ps4--,!re are homolog\s p>ts n g5etically relat$4--,h>mony 9 respect ( ! organic & inorganic worlds4--,summ>y & conclusion 444 ,page #fc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,m9ute ,,& ,,gradual ,,modifications4 ,!re are difficulties z to m9ute modifications1 ev5 if n =tuit\s4--,examples ( sudd5 & consid]able modifications ( diff]5t k9ds4--,pr(essor ,ow5's view4--,mr4 ,wallace4--,pr(essor ,huxley4--,objections to sudd5 *anges4--,labyr9?odont4--,potto4--,cetac ea4--,z to orig9 ( bird's w+4--,t5drils ( climb+ plants4--,animals once suppos$ to be connect+ l9ks4--,e>ly specialization ( /ructure4--,macrau*5ia4--,glyptodon4--,s abre-too!d tig]4--,conclusion 444 ,page #ig ix ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,z ,,to ,,specific ,,/ability4 ,:at is meant by ! phrase specific /ability2 su* /ability to be expect$ a priori1 or else consid]able *anges at once4--,rapidly increas+ difficulty ( int5sify+ race *>act]s2 alleg$ causes ( ?is ph5om5on2 probably an int]nal cause co-op]ates4--,a c]ta9 def9it5ess 9 v>iations4--,mr4 ,d>w9 admits ! pr9ciple ( specific /ability 9 c]ta9 cases ( unequal v>iability4--,! goose4--,! peacock4--,! gu9ea f[l4--,exceptional causes ( v>iation "u dome/ication4--,alleg$ t5d5cy to rev]sion4--,in/ances4--,/]ility ( hybrids4--,prepot5cy ( poll5 ( same species1 b ( diff]5t race4--,mortality 9 "y gall9ace\s hybrids4--,a b> to int]mixture exi/s some:]e4--,gu9ea-pigs4--,summ>y & conclusion 444 ,page #aac ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,species ,,& ,,"t4 ,two relations ( species to "t4--,no evid5ce ( pa/ exi/5ce ( m9utely int]m$iate =ms :5 su* might be expect$ a priori4--,bats1 ,pt]odactyles1 ,d9osauria1 & ,birds4--,i*?yosauria1 ,*elonia1 & ,an\ra4--,horse ance/ry4--,labyr9?odonts & ,trilobites4--,two subdivisions ( ! second relation ( species to "t4--,sir ,william ,?omson's views4--,probable p]iod requir$ = ultimate specific evolution f primitive ance/ral =ms4---,geometrical increase ( "t requir$ = rapidly multiply+ increase ( /ructural diff]5ces4--,proboscis monkey4--,"t requir$ = deposition ( /rata necess>y = ,d>w9ian evolution4--,high organization ( ,silurian =ms ( life4--,abs5ce ( fossils 9 olde/ rocks4--,summ>y & conclusion 444 ,page #abh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,species ,,& ,,space4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( animals pres5ts difficulties4--,^! n insurm\ntable 9 !mselves2 h>monize ) o!r difficulties4--,fre%-wat] fi%es4--,=ms common to ,africa & ,india2 to ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica2 to ,*9a & ,au/ralia2 to ,nor? ,am]ica & x ,*9a2 to ,new ,zeal& & ,s\? ,am]ica2 to ,s\? ,am]ica & ,tasmania2 to ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia4--,pleurodont liz>ds4--,insectivor\s mammals4--,simil>ity ( ,european & ,s\? ,am]ican frogs4--,analogy betwe5 ,european salmon & fi%es ( ,new ,zeal&1 c4--,an anci5t ,ant>ctic cont95t probable4--,o!r modes ( acc\nt+ = facts ( di/ribution4--,indep5d5t orig9 ( closely simil> =ms4--,conclusion 444 ,page #add ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,homologies4 ,animals made up ( p>ts mutually relat$ 9 v>i\s ways4--,:at homology is4--,its v>i\s k9ds4--,s]ial homology4--,lat]al homology4--,v]tical homology4--,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s explanations4--,an int]nal p[] necess>y1 z %[n by facts ( comp>ative anatomy4---,( t]atology4--,m4 ,/4 ,hilaire4--,pr(essor ,burt ,wild]4--,foot-w+s4--,facts ( pa?ology4--,mr4 ,james ,paget4--,dr4 ,william ,budd4--,! exi/5ce ( su* an int]nal p[] ( individual developm5t dim9i%es ! improbability ( an analog\s law ( specific orig9ation 444 ,page #aee ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ics4 ,! orig9 ( morals an inquiry n =eign to ! subject ( ?is book4--,mod]n utilit>ian view z to t orig94--,mr4 ,d>w9's speculation z to ! orig9 ( ! abhorr5ce ( ince/4--,cause assign$ by him insuffici5t4--,c>e ( ! ag$ & infirm oppos$ by ,natural ,selection2 also self-abnegation & asceticism4--,di/9ctness ( ! ideas "r & useful4--,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4--,insuffici5cy ( ,natural ,selection to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 duty & pr(it4--,di/9ction ( moral acts into mat]ial & =mal4--,no gr\ndxi = believ+ t =mal morality exi/s 9 brutes4--,evid5ce t x does exi/ 9 savages4--,facility ) :i* savages may be misund]/ood4--,objections z to div]sity ( cu/oms4--,mr4 ,button's review ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4--,anticipatory "* ( morals4--,sir ,john ,lubbock's explanation4--,summ>y & conclusion 444 ,page #ahh ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,pang5esis4 ,a provisional hypo!sis supplem5t+ ,natural ,selection4--,/atem5t ( ! hypo!sis4--,difficulty z to multitude ( gemmules4--,z to c]ta9 modes ( reproduction4--,z to =mations )\t ! requisite gemmules4--,mr4 ,lewes & ,pr(essor ,delp9o4--,difficulty z to developm5tal =ce ( gemmules4--,z to _! spontane\s fission4--,pang5esis & ,vitalism4--,p>adoxical reality4--,pang5esis sc>cely sup]ior to ant]ior hypo!ses4--,buffon4--,ow54--,h]b]t ,sp5c]4--,gemmules z my/]i\s z physiological units4--,conclusion 444 ,page #bjh ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,specific ,,g5esis4 ,review ( ! /atem5ts & argum5ts ( prec$+ *apt]s4--,cumulative argum5t aga9/ pr$om9ant action ( ,natural ,selection4--,:e!r any?+ positive z well z negative c be enunciat$4--,con/ancy ( laws ( nature does n necess>ily imply con/ancy ( specific evolution4--,possible exceptional /ability ( exi/+ epo*4--,probability t an int]nal cause ( *ange exi/s4--,innate p[]s some:]e mu/ be accept$4--,symbolism ( molecul> action "u vibrat+ impulses4 ,pr(essor ,ow5's /atem5t4--,/atem5t ( ! ,au?or's view4--,x avoids ! difficulties :i* oppose ,natural ,selection4--,x h>monizes app>5tly conflict+ conceptions4--,summ>y & conclusion 444 ,page #bbj ,page xii ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,!ology ,,& ,,evolution4 ,prejudic$ op9ions on ! subject4--,creation sometimes d5i$ f prejudice4--,! unkn[able4--,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s objections to !ism2 to creation4--,mean+s ( t]m creation4--,confusion f n di/+ui%+ betwe5 prim>y & d]ivative creation4--,mr4 ,d>w9's objections4--,be>+ ( ,*ri/ianity on evolution4--,suppos$ opposition1 ! result ( a misconception4--,!ological au?ority n oppos$ to evolution4--,/4 ,augu/94--,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4--,c]ta9 consequ5ces ( want ( flexibility ( m9d4--,reason & imag9ation4--,! fir/ cause & demon/ration4--,p>allel betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & natural !ology4--,:at evolution ( species is4--,pr(essor ,agassiz4--,innate p[]s mu/ be recogniz$4--,be>+ ( evolution on religi\s belief4--,pr(essor ,huxley4--,pr(essor ,ow54--,mr4 ,wallace4--,mr4 ,d>w94--,a priori conception ( ,div9e action4--,orig9 ( man4--,absolute creation & dogma4--,mr4 ,wallace's view4--,a sup]natural orig9 = man's body n necess>y4--,two ord]s ( be+ 9 man4--,two modes ( orig94--,h>mony ( ! physical1 hyp]physical1 & sup]natural4--,reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion z reg>ds evolution4--,conclusion 444 ,page #bdc ,,index 444 ,page #bhi xiii ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,leaf ,butt]fly 9 flight & repose 7f ,mr4 ,a4 ,wallace's ,malay ,ar*ipelago7 444 #ca ,walk+-,leaf ,insect 444 #ce ,pleuronectid1 ) ! peculi>ly plac$ eye 9 diff]5t positions 7f ,dr4 ,traquair's pap] 9 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,trans41 #ahfe7 444 #cg1 #aff ,m\? ( ,:ale 7f ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,odontography7 444 #dj ,f\r plates ( ,bale5 se5 obliquely f )9 7f ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,odontography7 444 #da ,dugong 444 #da1 #age ,e*9us or ,sea ,ur*9 444 #dc1 #afg ,p$icell>i ( ,e*9us v mu* enl>g$ 444 #dd ,rattlesnake 444 #di ,cobra 7f ,sir ,&rew ,smi?'s ,s\!rn ,africa7 444 #ej ,w+bones ( ,pt]odactyle1 ,bat1 & ,bird 7f ,mr4 ,&rew ,murray's ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals7 444 #fd1 #acj1 #aeg ,skeleton ( ,fly+-,dragon 444 #fe1 #aeh ,c5tip$e 7f a specim5 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons7 444 #ff1 #aei ,tee? ( ,urotri*us & ,p]ameles 444 #fh ,! ,ar*eopt]yx 7f ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrata7 444 #gc1 #acb xiv ,cuttle-,fi% 444 #ge1 #ada ,skeleton ( ,i*?yosaurus 444 #gh1 #ajg1 #acb1 #agg ,cy!ridea ,torosa 7f ,messrs4 ,brady & ,rob]tson's pap] 9 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahgj7 444 #gi ,a ,polyzoon1 ) ,bird's-head processes 444 #hj ,bird's-head processes greatly enl>g$ 444 #ha ,ante*imis ,m9utissimus & ,mus ,delicatulus 7f ,mr4 ,&rew ,murray's ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals7 444 #hb ,outl9es ( ,w+s ( ,butt]flies ( ,celebes comp>$ ) ^? ( alli$ species else:]e 444 #hf ,great ,%ield$ ,gras%opp] 444 #hi ,! ,six-%aft$ ,bird ( ,p>adise 444 #ij ,! ,long-tail$ ,bird ( ,p>adise 444 #ia ,! ,r$ ,bird ( ,p>adise 444 #ib ,horn$ ,flies 444 #ic ,! ,magnific5t ,bird ( ,p>adise 444 #ic 7,! above sev5 figures are f ,mr4 ,a4 ,wallace's ,malay ,ar*ipelago7 ,mu* enl>g$ horizontal ,section ( ! ,too? ( a ,labyr9?odon 7f ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,odontography7 444 #ajd ,h& ( ! ,potto 7f life7 444 #aje ,skeleton ( ,plesiosaurus 444 #ajf1 #acc ,! ,aye-,aye 7f ,trans1 ( ,zool4 ,soc47 444 #ajh ,d5tition ( ,sabre-too!d ,tig] 7f ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,odontography7 444 #aaj ,trilobite 444 #ace1 #aga ,inn] side ( ,l[] ,jaw ( ,pleurodont ,liz>d 7f ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,odontography7 444 #adh ,sol5odon 7f ,b]l9 ,trans47 444 #adi ,t>sal ,bones ( ,galago & ,*eirogaleus 7f ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc47 444 #aei ,squilla 444 #afj ,p>ts ( ! ,skeleton ( ! ,lob/] 444 #afa ,page xv ,sp9e ( ,galago ,all5ii 7f ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc47 444 #afb ,v]tebrae ( ,axolotl 7f ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc47 444 #afe ,annelid und]go+ spontane\s fission 444 #afi1 #baa ,a>d-,v>k 7,oryct]opus cap5sis7 444 #agd ,pangol9 7,manis7 444 #age ,skeleton ( ,manus & ,pes ( a ,tail$ ,batra*ian 7f ,pr(essor ,geg5baur's ,t>sus & ,c>pus7 444 #agh ,flexor ,muscles ( ,h& ( ,nycticetus 7f ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc47 444 #ahj ,! ,fibres ( ,corti 444 #bgi #a 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,species4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! problem ( ! g5esis ( species /at$4--,nature ( its probable solution4--,importance ( ! "q4--,position "h def5d$4--,/atem5t ( ! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ory4--,its applicability to details ( geographical di/ribution2 to rudim5t>y /ructures2 to homology2 to mimicry1 c4--,consequ5t utility ( ! !ory4--,its wide acceptance4--,reasons = ?is1 o!r ?an1 & 9 addition to1 its sci5tific value4--,its simplicity4--,its be>+ on religi\s que/ions4--,odium !ologicum & odium anti!ologicum4--,! antagonism suppos$ by _m to exi/ betwe5 x & !ology nei!r necess>y nor univ]sal4--,*ri/ian au?orities 9 fav\r ( evolution4--,mr4 ,d>w9's ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication4--,difficulties ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory enum]at$4 ,! great problem :i* has s long ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( naturali/s1 namely1 t conc]n+ ! orig9 ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals & plants1 seems at la/ to be fairly on ! road to receive--p]haps at no v di/ant future--z satisfactory a solution z x c well h4 ,b ! problem pres5ts peculi> difficulties4 ,! bir? ( a species has (t5 be5 comp>$ ) t ( an individual4 ,! orig91 h[ev]1 ( ev5 an individual animal or plant 7t :i* det]m9es an embryo to evolve itself1--z1 e4g41 a spid] r ?an a beetle1 a rose-plant #b r ?an a pe>7 is %r\d$ 9 obscurity4 ,a =tiori mu/ ?is be ! case ) ! orig9 ( a species4 ,moreov]1 ! analogy betwe5 a species & an individual is a v incomplete "o4 ,! ^w individual d5otes a concrete :ole ) a real1 sep>ate1 & di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,! ^w species1 on ! o!r h&1 d5otes a peculi> cong]ies ( *>act]s1 innate p[]s & qualities1 & a c]ta9 nature realiz$ inde$ 9 individuals1 b hav+ no sep>ate exi/5ce1 except ideally z a ?\ght 9 "s m9d4 ,?us ! bir? ( a species c only be comp>$ metaphorically1 & v imp]fectly1 ) t ( an individual4 ,individuals z individuals1 actually & directly produce & br+ =? o!r individuals2 b no cong]ies ( *>act]s no common nature z su*1 c directly br+ =? ano!r common nature1 because1 p] se1 x has no exi/5ce 7o!r ?an ideal7 ap>t f ! individuals 9 :i* x is manife/$4 ,! problem !n is1 by :at comb9ation ( natural laws does a new 'common nature' appe> ^u ! sc5e ( realiz$ exi/5ce8 i4e4 h[ is an individual embody+ su* new *>act]s produc$8 ,= ! approximation we h ( late made t[>ds ! solution ( ?is problem1 we are ma9ly indebt$ to ! invaluable lab\rs & active bra9s ( ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,alfr$ ,wallace4 ,nev]!less1 important z has be5 ! impulse & direction giv5 by ^? writ]s to bo? our obs]vations & speculations1 ! solution w n 7if ! views "h advocat$ are correct7 ultimately pres5t t aspect & "* ) :i* x has issu$ f ! h&s ( ^? writ]s4 ,nei!r1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 w t solution agree 9 appe>ance or sub/ance ) ! m or less crude conceptions :i* h be5 put =? by mo/ ( ! oppon5ts ( ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace4 ,page #c ,r1 judg+ f ! m rec5t manife/ations ( ?\ght on opposite sides1 we may expect ! developm5t ( "s t]tium quid--! resultant ( =ces com+ f diff]5t qu>t]s1 & n co9cid+ 9 direction ) any "o ( !m4 ,z error is almo/ always p>tial tru?1 & s consi/s 9 ! exagg]ation or di/ortion ( "o v]ity by ! suppression ( ano!r :i* qualifies & modifies ! =m]1 we may hope1 by ! syn!sis ( ! tru?s cont5d$ = by v>i\s advocates1 to arrive at ! "o conciliat+ reality4 ,signs ( ?is conciliation are n want+3 opposite sci5tific views1 opposite philosophical conceptions1 & opposite religi\s beliefs1 are rapidly t5d+ by _! vigor\s conflict to evolve su* a sy/ematic & compreh5sive view ( ! g5esis ( species z w completely h>monize ) ! tea*+s ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 & religion4 ,to endeav\r to add "o /one to ?is temple ( concord1 to try & remove a few ( ! misconceptions & mutual misund]/&+s :i* oppose h>moni\s action1 is ! aim & endeav\r ( ! pres5t "w4 ,?is aim x is hop$ to atta91 n by %irk+ difficulties1 b analys+ !m1 & by endeav\r+ to dig d[n to ! common root :i* supports & unites div]g+ /ems ( tru?4 ,x _c b be a ga9 :5 ! lab\r]s 9 ! ?ree fields above m5tion$1 namely1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 & religion1 %all fully recognize ?is h>mony4 ,!n ! en]gy too (t5 sp5t 9 futile controv]sy1 or )held ?r\gh prejudice1 may be pr(itably & reciprocally ex]cis$ = ! mutual b5efit ( all4 ,rem>kable is ! rapidity ) :i* an int]e/ 9 ! "q ( specific orig9ation has spread4 ,b a few ye>s ago x sc>cely occupi$ ! m9ds ( any b naturali/s4 ,!n ! crude !ory put =? by ,lam>ck1 & by 8 ,engli% int]pret] ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 _h r discr$it$ ?an help$ on a belief 9 organic evolution--a belief1 t is1 9 new k9ds be+ produc$ f old] #d ones by ! ord9>y & con/ant op]ation ( natural laws4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?is belief is widely diffus$4 ,inde$1 !re are few draw+-rooms :]e x is n ! subject ( occasional discussion1 & artisans & s*oolboys h _! views z to ! p]man5ce ( organic =ms4 ,moreov]1 ! reception ( ?is doctr9e t5ds actually1 ?\gh by no means necess>ily1 to be accompani$ by c]ta9 beliefs ) reg>d to q di/9ct & v mom5t\s subject-matt]4 ,s t ! "q ( ! ,g5esis ( ,species is n only "o ( great int]e/1 b also ( mu* importance4 ,b ?\gh ! calm & ?or\gh consid]ation ( ?is matt] is at ! pres5t mom5t exce$+ly desirable1 yet ! actual importance ( ! "q itself z to its consequ5ces 9 ! doma9 ( !ology has be5 /rangely exagg]at$ by _m1 bo? ( its oppon5ts & support]s4 ,?is is especially ! case ) t =m ( ! evolution !ory :i* is associat$ ) ! "n ( ,mr4 ,d>w92 & yet nei!r ! refutation nor ! demon/ration ( t doctr9e w\ld be necess>ily accompani$ by ! results :i* are hop$ = by "o p>ty & dread$ by ano!r4 ,! g5]al !ory ( evolution has inde$ = "s "t pa/ /eadily ga9$ gr\nd1 & x may be safely pr$ict$ t ! numb] ( facts :i* c be br\ght =w>d 9 its support w1 9 a few ye>s1 be va/ly augm5t$4 ,b ! preval5ce ( ?is !ory ne$ al>m no "o1 = x is1 )\t any d\bt1 p]fectly consi/5t ) /ricte/ & mo/ or?odox ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,moreov]1 x is n altoge!r )\t obscurities1 & _c yet be consid]$ z fully demon/rat$4 ,! special ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 is beset ) c]ta9 sci5tific difficulties1 :i* mu/ by no means be ignor$1 & "s ( :i*1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 are absolutely insup]able4 ,:at ,d>w9ism or ,natural ,selection is1 w be %ortly expla9$2 b be=e do+ s1 ,i ?9k #e x well to /ate ! object ( ?is book1 & ! view tak5 up & def5d$ 9 x4 ,x is its object to ma9ta9 ! position t ,natural ,selection acts1 & inde$ mu/ act1 b t /ill1 9 ord] t we may be able to acc\nt = ! production ( kn[n k9ds ( animals & plants1 x requires to be supplem5t$ by ! action ( "s o!r natural law or laws z yet undiscov]$4#a ,also1 t ! consequ5ces :i* h be5 drawn f ,evolution1 :e!r exclusively ,d>w9ian or n1 to ! prejudice ( religion1 by no means foll[ f x1 & are 9 fact illegitimate4 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ,natural ,selection may be %ortly /at$ ?us3#b-- ,e k9d ( animal & plant t5ds to increase 9 numb]s 9 a geometrical progression4 ,e k9d ( animal & plant transmits a g5]al lik5ess1 ) individual diff]5ces1 to its (fspr+4 ,e individual may pres5t m9ute v>iations ( any k9d & 9 any direction4 ,pa/ "t has be5 practically inf9ite4 ,e individual has to endure a v sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy to geometrical increase ( all k9ds ( animals & plants1 :ile ! total animal & vegetable population 7man & 8 ag5cy except$7 rema9s almo/ /ation>y4 ,?us1 e v>iation ( a k9d t5d+ to save ! life ( ! individual possess+ x1 or to enable x m surely to propagate its k9d1 w 9 ! long run be pres]v$1 & w transmit its fav\rable peculi>ity to "s ( its (fspr+1 :i* peculi>ity w ?us become int5sifi$ #f till x rea*es ! maximum degree ( utility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 individuals pres5t+ unfav\rable peculi>ities w be ru?lessly de/roy$4 ,! action ( ?is law ( ,natural ,selection may ?us be well repres5t$ by ! conv5i5t expression survival ( ! fitte/4#c ,n[ ?is conception ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ !ory1 9 relation to natural sci5ce1 :i* has be5 promulgat$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,rem>kable1 inde$1 is ! way 9 :i* x gr\ps toge!r su* a va/ & v>i$ s]ies ( biological#d facts1 & ev5 p>adoxes1 :i* x appe>s m or less cle>ly to expla91 z ! foll[+ in/ances w %[4 ,by ?is !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 light is ?r[n on ! m s+ul> facts relat+ to ! geographical di/ribution ( animals & plants2 = example1 on ! resemblance betwe5 ! pa/ & pres5t inhabitants ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,?us 9 ,au/ralia rema9s h be5 f\nd ( creatures closely alli$ to kang>oos & o!r k9ds ( p\*$ bea/s1 :i* 9 ! pres5t day exi/ n[h]e b 9 ! ,au/ralian region4 ,simil>ly 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & n[h]e else1 are f\nd slo?s & armadillos1 & 9 t same "p ( ! _w h be5 discov]$ bones ( animals diff]5t inde$ f exi/+ slo?s & armadillos1 b yet mu* m ne>ly relat$ to !m ?an to any o!r k9ds :atev]4 ,su* co9cid5ces betwe5 ! exi/+ & antec$5t geographical di/ribution ( =ms are num]\s4 ,aga91 ,natural ,selection s]ves to expla9 ! circum/ance t (t5 9 adjac5t isl&s we f9d animals closely resembl+1 & appe>+ to repres5t1 ea* o!r2 :ile if c]ta9 ( ^! isl&s %[ signs 7by dep? ( surr\nd+ sea or :at n7 ( m anci5t sep>ation1 ! animals inhabit+ !m exhibit a #g correspond+ div]g5ce4#e ,! explanation consi/s 9 repres5t+ ! =ms inhabit+ ! isl&s z be+ ! modifi$ desc5dants ( a common /ock1 ! modification be+ greate/ :]e ! sep>ation has be5 ! mo/ prolong$4 ,rudim5t>y /ructures also receive an explanation by means ( ?is !ory4 ,^! /ructures are p>ts :i* are app>5tly functionless & useless :]e !y occur1 b :i* repres5t simil> p>ts ( l>ge size & functional importance 9 o!r animals4 ,examples ( su* rudim5t>y /ructures are ! foetal tee? ( :ales1 & ( ! front "p ( ! jaw ( rum9at+ quadrup$s4 ,^! foetal /ructures are m9ute 9 size1 & nev] cut ! gum1 b are reabsorb$ )\t ev] com+ into use1 :ile no o!r tee? succe$ !m or repres5t !m 9 ! adult condition ( ^? animals4 ,! mamm>y gl&s ( all male bea/s con/itute ano!r example1 z also does ! w+ ( ! apt]yx--a ,new ,zeal& bird utt]ly incapable ( flight1 & ) ! w+ 9 a q rudim5t>y condition 7:5ce ! "n ( ! animal74 ,yet ?is rudim5t>y w+ conta9s bones :i* are m9iature repres5tatives ( ! ord9>y w+-bones ( birds ( flight4 ,n[1 ! pres5ce ( ^! useless bones & tee? is expla9$ if !y may be consid]$ z actually be+ ! inh]it$ dim9i%$ repres5tatives ( p>ts ( l>ge size & functional importance 9 ! remote ance/ors ( ^! v>i\s animals4 ,aga91 ! s+ul> facts ( homology are capable ( a simil> explanation4 ,homology is ! "n appli$ to ! inve/igation ( ^? pr(\nd resemblances :i* h s (t5 be5 f\nd to und]lie sup]ficial diff]5ces betwe5 animals ( v diff]5t =m & habit4 ,?us man1 ! horse1 ! :ale1 & ! bat1 all h ! pectoral limb1 :e!r x be ! arm1 or =e-leg1 or paddle1 or w+1 =m$ on ess5tially ! same type1 ?\gh ! numb] & proportion ( p>ts may#h m or less diff]4 ,aga91 ! butt]fly & ! %rimp1 diff]5t z !y are 9 appe>ance & mode ( life1 are yet con/ruct$ on ! same common plan1 ( :i* !y con/itute div]g+ manife/ations4 ,no a priori reason is conceivable :y su* simil>ities %\ld be necess>y1 b !y are readily explicable on ! assumption ( a g5etic relation%ip & aff9ity betwe5 ! animals 9 "q1 assum+1 t is1 t !y are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( "s anci5t =m--_! common ance/or4 ,t rem>kable s]ies ( *anges :i* animals und]go be=e !y atta9 _! adult condition1 :i* is call$ _! process ( developm5t1 & dur+ :i* !y m or less closely resemble o!r animals dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! same process1 has also great light ?r[n on x f ! same s\rce4 ,! "q z to ! s+ul>ly complex resemblances borne by e adult animal & plant to a c]ta9 numb] ( o!r animals & plants--resemblances by means ( :i* ! adopt$ zoological & botanical sy/ems ( classification h be5 possible--f9ds its solution 9 a simil> mann]1 classification becom+ ! expression ( a g5ealogical relation%ip4 ,f9ally1 by ?is !ory--& z yet by ?is alone--c any explanation be giv5 ( t extraord9>y ph5om5on :i* is metaphorically t]m$ mimicry4 ,mimicry is a close & /rik+1 yet sup]ficial resemblance borne by "s animal or plant to "s o!r1 p]haps v diff]5t1 animal or plant4 ,! walk+ leaf 7an insect belong+ to ! gras%opp] & cricket ord]7 is a well-kn[n & conspicu\s in/ance ( ! assumption by an animal ( ! appe>ance ( a vegetable /ructure 7see illu/ration on p4 #ce72 & ! bee1 fly1 & spid] or*ids are famili> examples ( a conv]se resemblance4 ,birds1 butt]flies1 reptiles1 & ev5 fi%1 seem to be> 9 c]ta9 in/ances a simil>ly /rik+ resemblance to o!r birds1 butt]flies1 reptiles1 & fi%1 ( altoge!r di/9ct k9ds4 ,! explanation ( ?is matt] :i* ,natural ,selection (f]s1 z to animals1 is t c]ta9 v>ieties ( #i "o k9d h f\nd exemption f p]secution 9 consequ5ce ( an accid5tal resemblance :i* su* v>ieties h exhibit$ to animals ( ano!r k9d1 or to plants2 & t !y 7 ?us pres]v$1 & ! degree ( resemblance 0 cont9ually augm5t$ 9 _! desc5dants4 ,z to plants1 ! explanation (f]$ by ?is !ory might p]haps be t v>ieties ( plants :i* pres5t$ a c]ta9 sup]ficial resemblance 9 _! fl[]s to insects1 h !reby be5 help$ to propagate _! k9d1 ! visit ( c]ta9 insects be+ useful or indisp5sable to ! f]tilization ( _m fl[]s4 ,we h ?us a :ole s]ies ( important facts :i* ,natural ,selection helps u to und]/& & co-ord9ate4 ,& n only are all ^! div]se facts /rung toge!r1 z x 71 by ! !ory 9 "q2 n only does x expla9 ! developm5t ( ! complex in/9cts ( ! beav]1 ! cuckoo1 ! bee1 & ! ant1 z also ! dazzl+ brilliancy ( ! humm+-bird1 ! gl[+ tail & neck ( ! peacock1 & ! melody ( ! night+ale2 ! p]fume ( ! rose & ! violet1 ! brilliancy ( ! tulip & ! sweetness ( ! nect> ( fl[]s2 n only does x help u to und]/& all ^!1 b s]ves z a basis ( future rese>* & ( inf]5ce f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & x guides ! inve/igator to ! discov]y ( new facts :i*1 :5 asc]ta9$1 x seems also able to co-ord9ate4#f ,nay1 ,natural ,selection seems capable ( application n only to ! build+ up ( ! smalle/ & mo/ insignificant organisms1 b ev5 ( ext5sion beyond ! biological doma9 altoge!r1 s z possibly to h relation to ! /able equilibrium ( ! sol> sy/em#aj itself1 & ev5 ( ! :ole sid]eal univ]se4 ,?us1 :e!r ?is !ory be true or false1 all lov]s ( natural sci5ce %\ld ackn[l$ge a deep debt ( gratitude to ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 on acc\nt ( its practical utility4 ,b ! utility ( a !ory by no means implies its tru?4 ,:at d we n owe1 = example1 to ! lab\rs ( ! ,al*emi/s8 ,! emission !ory ( light1 aga91 has be5 pregnant ) valuable results1 z /ill is ! ,atomic !ory1 & o!rs :i* w readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,) reg>d to ,mr4 ,d>w9 7) ^: "n1 on acc\nt ( ! noble self-abnegation ( ,mr4 ,wallace1 ! !ory is 9 g5]al exclusively associat$71 8 fri5ds may he>tily congratulate him on ! fact t he is "o ( ! few exceptions to ! rule respect+ ! non-appreciation ( a prophet 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,x w\ld be difficult to "n ano!r liv+ lab\r] 9 ! field ( physical sci5ce :o has excit$ an int]e/ s widespread1 & giv5 rise to s mu* praise1 ga!r+ r\nd him1 z he has done1 a *orus ( m or less completely acquiesc+ disciples1 !mselves ma/]s 9 sci5ce1 & ea* ! repres5tative ( a cr[d ( en?usia/ic foll[]s4 ,su* is ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 su* are ! m rem>kable facts :i* x is pot5t to expla91 & su* is ! reception x has met ) 9 ! _w4 ,a few words n[ z to ! reasons = ! v widespread int]e/ x has awak5$1 & ! ke5ness ) :i* ! !ory has be5 bo? advocat$ & combat$4 ,! important be>+ x has on su* an ext5sive range ( sci5tific facts1 its utility1 & ! va/ k & great +5uity ( its promulgator1 are en\gh to acc\nt = ! he>t9ess ( its reception by ^? le>n$ 9 natural hi/ory4 ,b q o!r causes h concurr$ to produce ! g5]al & high] degree ( int]e/ felt 9 ! !ory beside ! read9ess ) :i* x h>monizes ) biological facts4 ,^! latt] c\ld only be appreciat$ by physiologi/s1 zoologi/s1 & botani/s2 :]eas ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 s novel & s />tl+1 has f\nd a #aa cl\d ( advocates & oppon5ts beyond & outside ! _w ( physical sci5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 inevitable t a great cr[d ( half-educat$ m5 & %all[ ?9k]s %\ld accept ) eag]ness ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 or r :at !y ?9k to be su* 7= few ?+s are m rem>kable ?an ! way 9 :i* x has be5 misund]/ood71 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic x has 9 common ) o!r !ories2 :i* %\ld n be m5tion$ 9 ! same brea? ) x1 except1 z n[1 ) ! accompanim5t ( prote/ & apology4 ,we ref] to its rem>kable simplicity1 & ! ready way 9 :i* ph5om5a ! mo/ complex appe> explicable by a cause = ! compreh5sion ( :i* labori\s & p]sev]+ ef=ts are n requir$1 b :i* may be repres5t$ by ! simple phrase survival ( ! fitte/4 ,) no?+ m ?an ?is1 c1 on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 all ! mo/ intricate facts ( di/ribution & aff9ity1 =m1 & col\r1 be acc\nt$ =2 z well ! mo/ complex in/9cts & ! mo/ admirable adju/m5ts1 su* z ^? ( ! human eye & e>4 ,x is 9 great measure !n1 ow+ to ?is suppos$ simplicity1 & to a belief 9 its be+ yet easi] & m simple ?an x is1 t ,d>w9ism1 h[ev] imp]fectly und]/ood1 has become a subject = g5]al conv]sation1 & has be5 able ?us widely to increase a c]ta9 k ( biological matt]s2 & ?is excitation ( int]e/ 9 qu>t]s :]e o!rwise x w\ld h be5 entirely want+1 is an additional motive = gratitude on ! "p ( naturali/s to ! au?ors ( ! new !ory4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t a simil> simplicity--! app>5tly easy explanation ( complex ph5om5a--also con/itutes ! *>m ( su* matt]s z hydropa?y & phr5ology1 9 ! eyes ( ! unle>n$ or half-educat$ public4 ,x is inde$ ! *>m ( all ^? seem+ %ort cuts to k1 by :i* ! lab\r ( ma/]+ sci5tific details is sp>$ to ^? :o yet believe t #ab )\t su* lab\r !y c atta9 all ! mo/ valuable results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 = a mom5t meant to imply t its simplicity tells at all aga9/ ,natural ,selection1 b only t ! actual or suppos$ possession ( t quality is a /rong reason = ! wide & some:at ha/y acceptance ( ! !ory1 :e!r x be true or n4 ,9 ! second place1 x 0 inevitable t a !ory appe>+ to h v grave relations ) que/ions ( ! la/ importance & int]e/ to man1 t is1 ) que/ions ( religi\s belief1 %\ld call up an army ( assailants & def5d]s4 ,nor h ! support]s ( ! !ory mu* reason1 9 _m cases1 to blame ! m or less unskilful & ha/y attacks ( adv]s>ies1 see+ t ^? attacks h be5 9 great "p due to ! unskilful & p]v]se advocacy ( ! cause on ! "p ( "s ( its adh]5ts4 ,if ! odium !ologicum has inspir$ "s ( its oppon5ts1 x is und5iable t ! odium anti!ologicum has possess$ n a few ( its support]s4 ,x is true 7& 9 appreciat+ "s ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's expressions x %\ld nev] be =gott57 t ! !ory has be5 bo? at its fir/ promulgation & s9ce vehem5tly attack$ & d5\nc$ z un*ri/ian1 nay1 z necess>ily a!i/ic2 b x is n less true t x has be5 made use ( z a weapon ( (f5ce by irreligi\s writ]s1 & has be5 aga9 & aga91 especially 9 cont95tal ,europe1 ?r[n1 z x 71 9 ! face ( believ]s1 ) sne]s & contumely4 ,:5 we recollect ! w>m? ) :i* :at he ?\ght 0 ,d>w9ism 0 advocat$ by su* a writ] z ,pr(essor ,vogt1 "o cause ( 8 zeal 0 n f> to seek--a zeal1 by ! way1 c]ta9ly n accord+ to k2 = few conceptions c\ld h be5 m conflict+ ) true ,d>w9ism ?an ! !ory he =m]ly ma9ta9$1 b has s9ce ab&on$1 viz4 t ! m5 ( ! ,old ,_w 7 desc5d$ f ,african & ,asiatic apes1 :ile1 simil>ly1 ! ,am]ican apes 7 ! prog5itors ( ! human be+s ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! cause ( ?is palpable error 9 a too eag] disciple#ac "o might hope 0 n anxiety to snat* up all or any arms available aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 7 x n = ! tone unhappily adopt$ by ?is au?or4 ,b x is un=tunately q impossible to mi/ake 8 mean+ & int5tion1 = he is a writ] ^: (f5siv5ess is gross1 :ile x is sometimes almo/ surpass$ by an amaz+ %all[ness4 ,( c\rse1 z might fully be expect$1 he adopts & reproduces ! absurdly trivial objections to absolute morality drawn f diff]5ces 9 national cu/oms4#g ,& he seems to h z little conception ( ! di/9ction betwe5 =mally moral actions & ^? :i* are only mat]ially moral1 z ( t betwe5 ! v]bum m5tale & ! v]bum oris4 ,z an example ( 8 onesid$ness1 x may be rem>k$ t he comp>es ! skulls ( ! ,am]ican monkeys 7,cebus apella & ,c4 albifrons7 ) ! int5tion ( %[+ t man is ( sev]al di/9ct species1 because skulls ( diff]5t m5 are less alike ?an are ^? ( ^! two monkeys2 & he does ?is reg>dless ( h[ ! skulls ( dome/ic animals 7) :i* x is f> m legitimate to comp>e races ( m5 ?an ) wild k9ds71 e4g4 ( diff]5t dogs or pigeons1 tell precisely 9 ! opposite direction4 ,reg>dless also ( ! fact t p]haps no g5us ( monkeys is 9 a m unsatisfactory /ate z to ! det]m9ation ( its diff]5t k9ds ?an ! g5us *os5 by him = illu/ration4 ,?is is s mu* ! case t ,j4 ,a4 ,wagn] 79 8 supplem5t to ,s*reb]'s great "w on ,bea/s7 at fir/ includ$ all ! k9ds 9 a s+le species4 ,z to ! /r5g? ( 8 prejudice & 8 regretable co>s5ess1 "o quotation w be en\gh to display bo?4 ,speak+ ( c]ta9 e>ly ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 he says1#h ,x is n s v improbable t ! new religion1 be=e :i* ! fl\ri%+ ,roman civilization relaps$ into a /ate ( b>b>ism1 %\ld h be5 introduc$ by p 9 ^: #ad skulls ! anatomi/ f9ds simi\s *>act]s s well develop$1 & 9 :i* ! phr5ologi/ f9ds ! organ ( v5]ation s mu* enl>g$4 ,i %all1 9 ! mean:ile1 call ^! simi\s n>r[ skulls ( ,switz]l& ',apo/le skulls1' z ,i imag9e t 9 life !y mu/ h resembl$ ! type ( ,pet]1 ! ,apo/le1 z repres5t$ 9 ,byzant9e-,naz>5e art4 ,9 face ( su* a _s1 c x be wond]$ at t disputants h gr[n w>m8 ,moreov]1 9 e/imat+ ! vehem5ce ( ! opposition :i* has be5 (f]$1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! views def5d$ by religi\s writ]s are1 or %\ld be1 all-important 9 _! eyes4 ,!y c\ld n be expect$ to view ) equanimity ! de/ruction 9 _m m9ds ( !ology1 natural & reveal$1 psy*ology1 & metaphysics2 nor to weigh ) calm & frigid imp>tiality argum5ts :i* seem$ to !m to be fraught ) results ( ! highe/ mom5t to mank9d1 &1 !re=e1 impos+ on _! consci5ces /r5u\s opposition z a fir/ duty4 ,cool judicial imp>tiality 9 !m w\ld h be5 a sign p]haps ( intellectual gifts1 b also ( a m important defici5cy ( g5]\s emotion4 ,x is easy to compla9 ( ! onesid$ness ( _m ( ^? :o oppose ,d>w9ism 9 ! int]e/ ( or?odoxy2 b n at all less pat5t is ! intol]ance & n>r[-m9d$ness ( "s ( ^? :o advocate x1 av[$ly or cov]tly1 9 ! int]e/ ( het]odoxy4 ,?is ha/9ess ( rejection or acceptance1 det]m9$ by ult]ior consequ5ces believ$ to atta* to ,natural ,selection1 is un=tunately 9 "p to be acc\nt$ = by "s expressions & a c]ta9 tone to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's writ+s4 ,t 8 expressions1 h[ev]1 are n always to be con/ru$ lit]ally is manife/4 ,8 frequ5t use metaphorically ( ! expressions1 contrivance1 = example1 & purpose1 has elicit$1 f ! ,duke ( ,argyll & o!rs1 criticisms :i* fail to tell aga9/ _! #ae oppon5t1 because su* expressions are1 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's writ+s1 m]ely figurative--metaphors1 & no?+ m4 ,x may be hop$1 !n1 t a simil> loos5ess ( expression w acc\nt = passages ( a directly opposite t5d5cy to t ( 8 !i/ic metaphors4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t he frequ5tly uses t absolutely !ological t]m1 ! ,creator1 & t he has reta9$ 9 all ! editions ( 8 ,orig9 ( ,species an expression :i* has be5 mu* criticis$4 ,he speaks ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a few =ms1 or into "o4#i ,?is is m]ely m5tion$ 9 ju/ice to ,mr4 ,d>w91 & by no means because x is a position :i* ?is book is int5d$ to support4 ,=1 f ,mr4 ,d>w9's usual mode ( speak+1 x appe>s t by su* div9e action he means a sup]natural int]v5tion1 :]eas x is "h cont5d$ t ?r\gh\t ! :ole process ( physical evolution--! fir/ manife/ation ( life includ$--sup]natural action is assur$ly n to be look$ =4 ,aga91 9 ju/ice to ,mr4 ,d>w91 x may be obs]v$ t he is address+ ! g5]al public1 & oppos+ ! ord9>y & common objections ( popul> religioni/s1 :o h inveigh$ aga9/ ,evolution & ,natural ,selection z a!i/ic1 impi\s1 & directly conflict+ ) ! dogma ( creation4 ,/ill1 9 s important a matt]1 x is to be regrett$ t he did n take ! tr\ble to di/+ui% betwe5 su* m]ely popul> views & ^? :i* repose ^u "s m v5]able au?ority4 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill has repli$ to simil> critics1 & %[n t ! ass]tion t 8 philosophy is irreconcilable ) !ism is unf\nd$2 & x w\ld h be5 bett] if ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h dealt 9 ! same mann] ) "s ( 8 assailants1 & %[n ! futility ( c]ta9 ( _! objections :5 #af view$ f a m elevat$ religi\s /&po9t4 ,in/ead ( s do+1 he seems to adopt ! n>r[e/ notions ( 8 oppon5ts1 &1 f> f endeav\r+ to exp& !m1 appe>s to wi% to endorse !m1 & to l5d to !m ! weight ( 8 au?ority4 ,x is ?us t ,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to admit & assume t ! idea ( creation necessitates a belief 9 an int]f]5ce )1 or disp5sation (1 natural laws1 & t creation mu/ be accompani$ by arbitr>y & unord]ly ph5om5a4 ,none b ! crude/ conceptions are plac$ by him to ! cr$it ( support]s ( ! dogma ( creation1 & x is con/antly ass]t$ t !y1 to be consi/5t1 mu/ (f] creative fiats z explanations ( physical ph5om5a1 & be guilty ( num]\s o!r su* absurdities4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to acquit ,mr4 ,d>w9 ( at lea/ a c]ta9 c>elessness 9 ?is matt]2 & ! result is1 he has ! appe>ance ( oppos+ ideas :i* he gives no cle> evid5ce ( hav+ ev] fully appreciat$4 ,he is f> f be+ alone 9 ?is1 & p]haps m]ely takes up & reit]ates1 )\t mu* consid]ation1 ass]tions previ\sly assum$ by o!rs4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ,mr4 ,d>w9's m9d ?an any1 h[ev] small1 int5tional misrepres5tation2 & x is !re=e ! m un=tunate t he %\ld n h %[n any appreciation ( a position oppos$ to 8 own o!r ?an t gross & crude "o :i* he combats s sup]flu\sly--t he %\ld appe>1 ev5 = a mom5t1 to be "o ( ^?1 ( :om !re are f> too _m1 :o fir/ misrepres5t _! adv]s>y's view1 & !n elaborately refute x2 :o1 9 fact1 erect a doll utt]ly incapable ( self-def5ce & !n1 ) a fl\ri% ( trumpets & _m vigor\s /rokes1 ov]?r[ ! helpless dummy !y _h previ\sly rais$4 ,?is is :at _m d :o m or less di/9ctly oppose !ism 9 ! int]e/s1 z !y believe1 ( physical sci5ce2 & !y (t5 repres5t1 among/ o!r ?+s1 a gross & n>r[ an?ropomorphism z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( views oppos$ to ^? :i* !y !mselves advocate4 #ag ,mr4 ,d>w9 & o!rs may p]haps be excus$ if !y h n devot$ mu* "t to ! /udy ( ,*ri/ian philosophy2 b !y h no "r to assume or accept1 )\t c>eful exam9ation1 z an unque/ion$ fact1 t 9 t philosophy !re is a necess>y antagonism betwe5 ! two ideas1 creation & evolution1 z appli$ to organic =ms4 ,x is notori\s & pat5t to all :o *oose to seek1 t _m di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ian ?9k]s h accept$ & d accept bo? ideas1 i4e4 bo? creation & evolution4 ,z mu* z t5 ye>s ago1 an em95tly ,*ri/ian writ] obs]v$3 ,! creationi/ !ory does n necessitate ! p]petual se>* aft] manife/ations ( miracul\s p[]s & p]petual 'cata/rophes4' ,creation is n a miracul\s int]f]5ce ) ! laws ( nature1 b ! v in/itution ( ^? laws4 ,law & regul>ity1 n arbitr>y int]v5tion1 0 ! patri/ic ideal ( creation4 ,) ?is notion1 !y admitt$ )\t difficulty ! mo/ surpris+ orig9 ( liv+ creatures1 provid$ x took place by law4 ,!y held t :5 ,god said1 ',let ! wat]s produce1' ',let ! e>? produce1' ,he conf]r$ =ces on ! elem5ts ( e>? & wat]1 :i* enabl$ !m naturally to produce ! v>i\s species ( organic be+s4 ,?is p[]1 !y ?\ght1 rema9s atta*$ to ! elem5ts ?r\gh\t all "t4#aj ,! same writ] quotes ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 to ! effect t1 9 ! in/itution ( nature we d n look = miracles1 b = ! laws ( nature4#aa ,&1 aga91 ,/4 ,basil1#ab speaks ( ! cont9u$ op]ation ( natural laws 9 ! production ( all organisms4 ,page #ah ,s mu* = writ]s ( e>ly & m$ival times4 ,z to ! pres5t day1 ! ,au?or c confid5tly affirm t !re are _m z well v]s$ 9 !ology z ,mr4 ,d>w9 is 9 8 own dep>tm5t ( natural k1 :o w\ld n be di/urb$ by ! ?or\gh demon/ration ( 8 !ory4 ,nay1 !y w\ld n ev5 be 9 ! lea/ pa9fully affect$ at witness+ ! g5]ation ( animals ( complex organization by ! skilful artificial arrangem5t ( natural =ces1 & ! production1 9 ! future1 ( a fi%1 by means analog\s to ^? by :i* we n[ produce urea4 ,& ?is because !y "k t ! possibility ( su* ph5om5a1 ?\gh by no means actually =ese51 has yet be5 fully provid$ = 9 ! old philosophy c5turies be=e ,d>w91 or ev5 be=e ,bacon1 & t _! place 9 ! sy/em c be at once assign$ !m )\t ev5 di/urb+ its ord] or m>r+ its h>mony4 ,moreov]1 ! old tradition 9 ?is respect has nev] be5 ab&on$1 h[ev] mu* x may h be5 ignor$ or neglect$ by "s mod]n writ]s4 ,9 pro( ( ?is x may be obs]v$ t p]haps no po/-m$ival !ologian has a wid] reception among/ ,*ri/ians ?r\gh\t ! _w ?an ,su>ez1 :o has a sep>ate section#ac 9 opposition to ^? :o ma9ta9 ! di/9ct creation ( ! v>i\s k9ds--or sub/antial =ms--( organic life4 ,b ! consid]ation ( ?is matt] mu/ be def]r$ = ! pres5t1 & ! "q ( evolution1 :e!r ,d>w9ian or o!r1 be fir/ gone into4 ,x is propos$1 aft] t has be5 done1 to return to ?is subject 7"h m]ely allud$ to71 & to consid] at "s l5g? ! be>+ ( ,evolution1 :e!r ,d>w9ian or non-,d>w9ian1 ^u ,creation & ,!ism4 ,n[ we w rev]t simply to ! consid]ation ( ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection itself4 #ai ,:atev] may h hi!rto be5 ! am\nt ( acceptance t ?is !ory has met )1 all1 ,i ?9k1 anticipat$ t ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's l>ge & c>eful "w on ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication c\ld b fur!r increase t acceptance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 some:at problematical h[ f> su* anticipations w be realiz$4 ,! new] book seems to add aft] all b little 9 support ( ! !ory1 & to leave mo/1 if n all1 its difficulties exactly :]e !y 74 ,x is a "q1 also1 :e!r ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis#ad may n be f\nd r to encumb] ?an to support ! !ory x 0 int5d$ to subs]ve4 ,h[ev]1 ! "w 9 "q treats only ( dome/ic animals1 & probably ! next in/alm5t w address itself m vigor\sly & directly to ! difficulties :i* seem to u yet to b> ! way to a complete acceptance ( ! doctr9e4 ,if ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection c be %[n to be q insuffici5t to expla9 any consid]able numb] ( important ph5om5a connect$ ) ! orig9 ( species1 t !ory1 z ! explanation1 mu/ be consid]$ z provisionally discr$it$4 ,if o!r causes ?an ,natural 7includ+ sexual7 ,selection c be prov$ to h act$--if v>iation c 9 any cases be prov$ to be subject to c]ta9 det]m9ations 9 special directions by o!r means ?an ,natural ,selection1 x !n becomes probable a priori t x is s 9 o!rs1 & t ,natural ,selection dep5ds ^u1 & only supplem5ts1 su* means1 #bj :i* conception is oppos$ to ! pure ,d>w9ian position4 ,n[ x is c]ta91 a priori1 t v>iation is ob$i5t to "s law & !re=e t ,natural ,selection itself mu/ be capable ( be+ subsum$ into "s high] law2 & x is evid5t1 ,i believe1 a po/]iori1 t ,natural ,selection is1 at ! v lea/1 aid$ & supplem5t$ by "s o!r ag5cy4 ,admitt+1 !n1 organic & o!r evolution1 & t new =ms ( animals & plants 7new species1 g5]a1 c47 h f "t to "t be5 evolv$ f prec$+ animals & plants1 x foll[s1 if ! views "h advocat$ are true1 t ?is evolution has n tak5 place by ! action ( ,natural ,selection alone1 b ?r\gh x 7among/ o!r influ5ces7 aid$ by ! concurr5t action ( "s o!r natural law or laws1 at pres5t undiscov]$2 & probably t ! g5esis ( species takes place p>tly1 p]haps ma9ly1 ?r\gh laws :i* may be mo/ conv5i5tly spok5 ( z special p[]s & t5d5cies exi/+ 9 ea* organism2 & p>tly ?r\gh influ5ces ex]t$ on ea* by surr\nd+ conditions & ag5cies organic & inorganic1 t]re/rial & cosmical1 among :i* ! survival ( ! fitte/ plays a c]ta9 b subord9ate "p4 ,! !ory ( ,natural ,selection may 7?\gh x ne$ n7 be tak5 9 su* a way z to lead m5 to reg>d ! pres5t organic _w z =m$1 s to speak1 accid5tally1 beautiful & wond]ful z is confess$ly ! hap-haz>d result4 ,! same may p]haps be said ) reg>d to ! sy/em advocat$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o1 h[ev]1 also relegates ,natural ,selection to a subord9ate rle4 ,! view "h advocat$1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>ds ! :ole organic _w z aris+ & go+ =w>d 9 "o h>moni\s developm5t simil> to t :i* displays itself 9 ! gr[? & action ( ea* sep>ate individual organism4 ,x also reg>ds ea* su* sep>ate organism z ! expression ( p[]s & t5d5cies n to be #ba acc\nt$ = by ,natural ,selection alone1 or ev5 by t toge!r ) m]ely ! direct influ5ce ( surr\nd+ conditions4 ,! difficulties :i* appe> to oppose !mselves to ! reception ( ,natural ,selection or ! survival ( ! fitte/1 z ! "o explanation ( ! orig9 ( species1 h no d\bt be5 already consid]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,nev]!less1 x may be wor? :ile to enum]ate !m1 & to /ate ! consid]ations :i* appe> to give !m weight2 & !re is no d\bt b t a naturali/ s c&id & c>eful z ! au?or ( ! !ory 9 "q1 w feel oblig$1 r ?an ! rev]se1 by ! sugge/ion ( all ! d\bts & difficulties :i* c be br\ght aga9/ x4 ,:at is to be br\ght =w>d may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,t ,natural ,selection is incompet5t to acc\nt = ! incipi5t /ages ( useful /ructures4 ,t x does n h>monize ) ! co-exi/5ce ( closely simil> /ructures ( div]se orig94 ,t !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t specific diff]5ces may be develop$ sudd5ly in/ead ( gradually4 ,t ! op9ion t species h def9ite ?\gh v diff]5t limits to _! v>iability is /ill t5able4 ,t c]ta9 fossil transitional =ms are abs5t1 :i* might h be5 expect$ to be pres5t4 ,t "s facts ( geographical di/ribution supplem5t o!r difficulties4 ,t ! objection drawn f ! physiological diff]5ce betwe5 species & races /ill exi/s unrefut$4 ,t !re are _m rem>kable ph5om5a 9 organic =ms ^u :i* ,natural ,selection ?r[s no light :atev]1 b ! explanations ( :i*1 if !y c\ld be atta9$1 might ?r[ light ^u specific orig9ation4 ,page #bb ,besides ^! objections to ! suffici5cy ( ,natural ,selection1 o!rs may be br\ght aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1 :i*1 pr(ess+ z x does to expla9 great difficulties1 seems to d s by pres5t+ o!rs n less great--almo/ to be ! explanation ( obscurum p] #bc obscurius4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,incompet5cy ,,( ,,natural ,,selection ,,to ,,acc\nt ,,= ,,! ,,incipi5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,useful ,,/ructures4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 supposes t natural selection acts by slight v>iations4--,^! mu/ be useful at once4--,difficulties z to ! giraffe2 z to mimicry2 z to ! heads ( flat-fi%es2 z to ! orig9 & con/ancy ( ! v]tebrate limbs2 z to :alebone2 z to ! "y kang>oo2 z to sea-ur*9s2 z to c]ta9 processes ( metamorphosis2 z to ! mamm>y gl&2 z to c]ta9 ape *>act]s2 z to ! rattlesnake & cobra2 z to ! process ( =mation ( ! eye & e>2 z to ! fully develop$ condition ( ! eye & e>2 z to ! voice2 z to %ell-fi%2 z to or*ids2 z to ants4--,! necessity = ! simultane\s modification ( _m individuals4--,summ>y & conclusion4 ,natural ,selection1 simply & by itself1 is pot5t to expla9 ! ma9t5ance or ! fur!r ext5sion & developm5t ( fav\rable v>iations1 :i* are at once suffici5tly consid]able to be useful f ! fir/ to ! individual possess+ !m4 ,b ,natural ,selection utt]ly fails to acc\nt = ! cons]vation & developm5t ( ! m9ute & rudim5t>y beg9n+s1 ! slight & inf9itesimal comm5cem5ts ( /ructures1 h[ev] useful ^? /ructures may aft]w>ds become4 ,n[1 x is di/9ctly enunciat$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 t ! spontane\s v>iations ^u :i* 8 !ory dep5ds are individually slight1 m9ute1 & ins5sible4 ,he says1#ae ,slight individual diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 #bd suffice = ! "w1 & are probably ! sole diff]5ces :i* are effective 9 ! production ( new species4 ,& aga91 aft] m5tion+ ! frequ5t sudd5 appe>ances ( dome/ic v>ieties1 he speaks ( ! false belief z to ! simil>ity ( natural species 9 ?is respect4#af ,9 8 "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 he also obs]ves1 ,natural ,selection acts only by ! pres]vation & accumulation ( small inh]it$ modifications4#ag ,& ,natural ,selection1 if x be a true pr9ciple1 w bani% ! belief 444 ( any great & sudd5 modification 9 _! /ructure4#ah ,f9ally1 he adds1 ,if x c\ld be demon/rat$ t any complex organ exi/$1 :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 =m$ by num]\s1 successive1 slight modifications1 my !ory w\ld absolutely break d[n4#ai ,n[ ! cons]vation ( m9ute v>iations 9 _m in/ances is1 ( c\rse1 pla9 & intelligible en\gh2 su*1 e4g41 z ^? :i* t5d to promote ! de/ructive faculties ( bea/s ( prey on ! "o h&1 or to facilitate ! flight or concealm5t ( ! animals pursu$ on ! o!r2 provid$ always t ^! m9ute beg9n+s are ( su* a k9d z really to h a c]ta9 effici5cy1 h[ev] small1 9 fav\r ( ! cons]vation ( ! individual possess+ !m2 & also provid$ t no unfav\rable peculi>ity 9 any o!r direction accompanies & neutralizes1 9 ! /ruggle = life1 ! m9ute fav\rable v>iation4 ,b "s ( ! cases :i* h be5 br\ght =w>d1 & :i* h met ) v g5]al acceptance1 seem less satisfactory :5 c>efully analys$ ?an !y at fir/ appe> to be4 ,among/ ^! we may m5tion ! neck ( ! giraffe4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem z ?\gh a bett] example 9 support ( ,natural ,selection c\ld h>dly h be5 *os54 ,let ! fact ( ! #be occurr5ce ( occasional1 sev]e dr\ghts 9 ! c\ntry :i* t animal has inhabit$ be grant$4 ,9 t case1 :5 ! gr\nd vegetation has be5 consum$1 & ! trees alone rema91 x is pla9 t at su* times only ^? individuals 7( :at we assume to be ! nasc5t giraffe species7 :i* 7 able to rea* high up w\ld be pres]v$1 & w\ld become ! p>5ts ( ! foll[+ g5]ation1 "s individuals ( :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 inh]it t high-rea*+ p[] :i* alone pres]v$ _! p>5ts4 ,only ! high-rea*+ issue ( ^! high-rea*+ individuals w\ld aga91 ct]is p>ibus1 be pres]v$ at ! next dr\ght1 & w\ld aga9 transmit to _! (fspr+ _! /ill l(ti] /ature2 & s on1 f p]iod to p]iod1 ?r\gh ons ( "t1 all ! individuals t5d+ to rev]t to ! anci5t %ort] type ( body1 be+ ru?lessly de/roy$ at ! occurr5ce ( ea* dr\ght4 7#a47 ,b aga9/ ?is x may be said1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! argum5t proves too mu*2 =1 on ?is supposition1 _m species mu/ h t5d$ to und]go a simil> modification1 & we ought to h at lea/ sev]al =ms1 simil> to ! giraffe1 develop$ f diff]5t ,ungulata4#bj ,a c>eful obs]v] ( animal life1 :o has long resid$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 explor$ ! int]ior1 & liv$ 9 ! giraffe c\ntry1 has assur$ ! ,au?or t ! giraffe has p[]s ( locomotion & endurance fully equal to ^? possess$ by any ( ! o!r ,ungulata ( t cont95t4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t "s ( ^! o!r ,ungulates ought to h develop$ 9 a simil> mann] z to ! neck1 "u pa9 ( be+ />v$1 :5 ! long neck ( ! giraffe 0 9 its incipi5t /age4 ,to ?is criticism x has be5 object$ t diff]5t k9ds ( animals are pres]v$1 9 ! /ruggle = life1 9 v diff]5t ways1 & ev5 #bf t high rea*+ may be atta9$ 9 m modes ?an "o--z1 = example1 by ! trunk ( ! elephant4 ,?is is1 inde$1 true1 b !n none ( ! ,african ,ungulata#ba h1 nor d !y appe> ev] to h _h1 any proboscis :atsoev]2 nor h !y acquir$ su* a developm5t z to all[ !m to rise on _! h9d limbs & graze on trees 9 a kang>oo-attitude1 nor a p[] ( climb+1 nor1 z f> z kn[n1 any o!r modification t5d+ to comp5sate = ! comp>ative %ortness ( ! neck4 ,aga91 x may p]haps be said t leaf-eat+ =ms are exceptional1 & t !re=e ! /ruggle to atta9 high bran*es w\ld n affect _m ,ungulates4 ,b surely1 :5 ^! sev]e dr\ghts necess>y = ! !ory occur1 ! gr\nd vegetation is suppos$ to be exhau/$2 &1 inde$1 ! giraffe is q capable ( fe$+ f (f ! gr\nd4 ,s t1 9 ^! cases1 ! o!r ,ungulata mu/ h tak5 to leaf eat+ or h />v$1 & ?us mu/ h _h any accid5tal long-neck$ v>ieties fav\r$ & pres]v$ exactly z ! long-neck$ v>ieties ( ! giraffe are suppos$ to h be5 fav\r$ & pres]v$4 ,! argum5t z to ! diff]5t modes ( pres]vation has be5 v well put by ,mr4 ,wallace1#bb 9 reply to ! objection t col\r1 be+ dang]\s1 %\ld n exi/ 9 nature4 ,?is objection appe>s simil> to m9e2 z ,i say t a giraffe neck1 be+ ne$ful1 !re %\ld be _m animals ) x1 :ile ! objector notic$ by ,mr4 ,wallace says1 a dull col\r be+ ne$ful1 all animals %\ld be s col\r$4 ,& ,mr4 ,wallace %[s 9 reply h[ porcup9es1 tortoises & mussels1 v h>d-coat$ bombadi] beetles1 /++ insects & nause\s-ta/$ cat]pill>s1 c af=d to be brilliant by ! v>i\s means ( active def5ce or passive protection !y possess1 o!r ?an obscure col\ration4 ,he says ! #bg attitudes ( "s insects may also protect !m1 z ! habit ( turn+ up ! tail by ! h>mless rove-beetles 7,/aphyl9id7 no d\bt leads o!r animals1 besides *ildr51 to ! belief t !y c /+4 ,! curi\s attitude assum$ by sph9x cat]pill>s is probably a safegu>d1 z well z ! blood-r$ t5tacles :i* c sudd5ly be ?r[n out f ! neck by ! cat]pill>s ( all ! true swall[-tail$ butt]flies4 ,b1 because _m diff]5t k9ds ( animals c elude ! obs]vation or defy ! attack ( enemies 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 x by no means foll[s t !re are any simil> numb] & v>iety ( ways = atta9+ vegetable food 9 a c\ntry :]e all su* food1 o!r ?an ! l(ty bran*es ( trees1 has be5 = a "t de/roy$4 ,9 su* a c\ntry we h a numb] ( vegetable-fe$+ ,ungulates1 all ( :i* pres5t m9ute v>iations z to ! l5g? ( ! neck4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont5ds1 ! natural selection ( ^! fav\rable v>iations has alone l5g!n$ ! neck ( ! giraffe by pres]v+ x dur+ dr\ghts2 simil> v>iations1 9 simil>ly-fe$+ =ms1 at ! same times1 ought simil>ly to h be5 pres]v$ & s l5g!n$ ! neck ( "s o!r ,ungulates by simil>ly pres]v+ !m dur+ ! same dr\ghts4 7#b47 ,x may be also object$1 t ! p[] ( rea*+ upw>ds1 acquir$ by ! l5g!n+ ( ! neck & legs1 mu/ h necessitat$ a consid]able increase 9 ! entire size & mass ( ! body 7l>g] bones requir+ /rong] & m volum9\s muscles & t5dons1 & ^! aga9 necessitat+ l>g] n]ves1 m capaci\s blood-vessels1 c471 & x is v problematical :e!r ! disadvantages !nce aris+ w\ld n1 9 times ( sc>city1 m ?an c\nt]balance ! advantages4 ,= a consid]able increase 9 ! supply ( food w\ld be requisite on acc\nt ( ?is increase 9 size & mass1 :ile at ! same "t !re w\ld be a c]ta9 decrease 9 /r5g?2 =1 z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] #bh says1#bc ,x is demon/rable t ! excess ( absorb$ ov] exp5d$ nutrim5t mu/1 o!r ?+s equal1 become less z ! size ( an animal becomes great]4 ,9 simil>ly-%ap$ bodies1 ! masses v>y z ! cubes ( ! dim5sions2 :]eas ! /r5g?s v>y z ! squ>es ( ! dim5sions44444 ,suppos+ a creature :i* a ye> ago 0 "o foot high1 has n[ become two feet high1 :ile x is un*ang$ 9 proportions & /ructure--:at are ! necess>y concomitant *anges t h tak5 place 9 x8 ,x is eight times z heavy2 t is to say1 x has to resi/ eight times ! /ra9 :i* gravitation puts on its /ructure2 & 9 produc+1 z well z 9 arre/+1 e "o ( its movem5ts1 x has to ov]come eight times ! in]tia4 ,mean:ile1 ! muscles & bones h sev]ally increas$ _! contractile & resi/+ p[]s1 9 proportion to ! areas ( _! transv]se sections2 & h5ce are sev]ally b f\r times z /rong z !y 74 ,?us1 :ile ! creature has d\bl$ 9 height1 & :ile its ability to ov]come =ces has quadrupl$1 ! =ces x has to ov]come h gr[n eight times z great4 ,h5ce1 to raise its body ?r\gh a giv5 space1 its muscles h to be contract$ ) twice ! int5sity1 at a d\ble co/ ( matt] exp5d$4 ,aga91 z to ! co/ at :i* nutrim5t is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! body1 & effete matt]s remov$ f x1 ,ea* increm5t ( gr[? be+ add$ at ! p]iph]y ( an organism1 ! =ce exp5d$ 9 ! transf] ( matt] mu/ increase 9 a rapid progression--a progression m rapid ?an t ( ! mass4 ,!re is yet ano!r po9t4 ,va/ z may h be5 ! "t dur+ :i* ! process ( evolution has cont9u$1 x is nev]!less n inf9ite4 ,yet1 z e k9d1 on ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 v>ies slightly b indef9itely 9 e organ & e "p ( e organ1 h[ v g5]ally mu/ fav\rable v>iations z to ! l5g? ( ! neck h #bi be5 accompani$ by "s unfav\rable v>iation 9 "s o!r "p1 neutraliz+ ! action ( ! fav\rable "o1 ! latt]1 moreov]1 only tak+ effect dur+ ^! p]iods ( dr\ght6 ,h[ (t5 mu/ n individuals1 fav\r$ by a slightly increas$ l5g? ( neck1 h fail$ to enjoy ! elevat$ foliage :i* !y _h n /r5g? or endurance to atta92 :ile o!r individuals1 exceptionally robu/1 c\ld /ruggle on yet fur!r till !y arriv$ at vegetation )9 _! rea*4 ,h[ev]1 all[+ ?is example to pass1 _m o!r in/ances w be f\nd to pres5t great difficulties4 ,let u take ! cases ( mimicry among/ lepidopt]a & o!r insects4 ,( ?is subject ,mr4 ,wallace has giv5 a mo/ int]e/+ & complete acc\nt1#bd %[+ 9 h[ _m & /range in/ances ?is sup]ficial resemblance by "o creature to "s o!r q di/9ct creature acts z a safegu>d to ! fir/4 ,"o or two in/ances mu/ "h suffice4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re is a family ( butt]flies1 t]m$ ,heliconid1 :i* are v conspicu\sly col\r$ & sl[ 9 flight1 & yet ! individuals ab\nd 9 prodigi\s numb]s1 & take no precautions to conceal !mselves1 ev5 :5 at re/1 dur+ ! night4 ,mr4 ,bates 7! au?or ( ! v int]e/+ "w ,! ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons1 & ! discov]] ( ,mimicry7 f\nd t ^! conspicu\s butt]flies _h a v /rong & disagreeable od\r2 s mu* s t any "o h&l+ !m & squeez+ !m1 z a collector mu/ d1 has 8 f+]s /a9$ & s infect$ by ! smell1 z to require "t & mu* tr\ble to remove x4 ,x is sugge/$ t ?is unpleasant quality is ! cause ( ! abundance ( ! ,heliconid2 ,mr4 ,bates & o!r obs]v]s report+ t !y h nev] se5 !m attack$ by ! birds1 reptiles1 or insects :i* prey ^u o!r lepidopt]a4 ,n[ x is a curi\s fact t v diff]5t ,s\? ,am]ican butt]flies#cj put on1 z x 71 ! exact dress ( ^! (f5sive beauties & mimic !m ev5 9 _! mode ( flight4 ,9 expla9+ ! mode ( action ( ?is protect+ resemblance ,mr4 ,wallace obs]ves3#be ,tropical insectivor\s birds v frequ5tly sit on dead bran*es ( a l(ty tree1 or on ^? :i* ov]hang =e/ pa?s1 gaz+ int5tly ar\nd1 & d>t+ (f at int]vals to seize an insect at a consid]able di/ance1 ) :i* !y g5]ally return to _! /ation to dev\r4 ,if a bird began by captur+ ! sl[-fly+ conspicu\s ,heliconid1 & f\nd !m always s disagreeable t x c\ld n eat !m1 x w\ld aft] a v few trials leave (f cat*+ !m at all2 & _! :ole appe>ance1 =m1 col\r+1 & mode ( flight is s peculi>1 t !re c be little d\bt birds w\ld soon le>n to di/+ui% !m at a long di/ance1 & nev] wa/e any "t 9 pursuit ( !m4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is evid5t t any o!r butt]fly ( a gr\p :i* birds 7 accu/om$ to dev\r1 w\ld be almo/ equally well protect$ by closely resembl+ a ,heliconia ext]nally1 z if x acquir$ also ! disagreeable od\r2 always suppos+ t !re 7 only a few ( !m among a great numb] ( ,heliconias4 ,! approa* 9 col\r & =m to ! ,heliconid1 h[ev]1 w\ld be at ! fir/ a positive1 ?\gh p]haps a slight1 advantage2 = al?\gh at %ort di/ances ?is v>iety w\ld be easily di/+ui%$ & dev\r$1 yet at a long] di/ance x might be mi/ak5 = "o ( ! uneatable gr\p1 & s be pass$ by & ga9 ano!r day's life1 :i* might 9 _m cases be suffici5t = x to lay a quantity ( eggs & leave a num]\s prog5y1 _m ( :i* w\ld inh]it ! peculi>ity :i* _h be5 ! safegu>d ( _! p>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf ,,butt]fly ,,9 ,,flight ,,& ,,repose4 7,f ,mr4 ,wallace's ,malay ,ar*ipelago47 ,z a complete example ( mimicry ,mr4 ,wallace ref]s to a common ,indian butt]fly4 ,he says3#bf ,b ! mo/ wond]ful & und\bt$ case ( protective resemblance 9 a butt]fly1 :i* ,i h ev] se51 is t #ca ( ! common ,indian ,kallima ina*is1 & its ,malayan ally1 ,kallima p>alekta4 ,! upp] surface ( ^! is v /rik+ & %[y1 z !y are ( a l>ge size1 & are adorn$ ) a broad b& ( ri* orange #cb on a deep blui% gr\nd4 ,! "u side is v v>iable 9 col\r1 s t out ( fifty specim5s no two c be f\nd exactly alike1 b e "o ( !m w be ( "s %ade ( a%1 or br[n1 or o*re1 su* z are f\nd among dead1 dry1 or decay+ leaves4 ,! apex ( ! upp] w+s is produc$ into an acute po9t1 a v common =m 9 ! leaves ( tropical %rubs & trees1 & ! l[] w+s are also produc$ into a %ort n>r[ tail4 ,betwe5 ^! two po9ts runs a d>k curv$ l9e exactly repres5t+ ! midrib ( a leaf1 & f ?is radiate on ea* side a few oblique l9es1 :i* s]ve to indicate ! lat]al ve9s ( a leaf4 ,^! m>ks are m cle>ly se5 on ! out] portion ( ! base ( ! w+s1 & on ! inn] side t[>ds ! middle & apex1 & x is v curi\s to obs]ve h[ ! usual m>g9al & transv]se /ri ( ! gr\p are "h modifi$ & /r5g!n$ s z to become adapt$ = an imitation ( ! v5ation ( a leaf4 444 ,b ?is resemblance1 close z x is1 w\ld be ( little use if ! habits ( ! insect did n accord ) x4 ,if ! butt]fly sat ^u leaves or ^u fl[]s1 or op5$ its w+s s z to expose ! upp] surface1 or expos$ & mov$ its head & ant5n z _m o!r butt]flies d1 its disguise w\ld be ( little avail4 ,we might be sure1 h[ev]1 f ! analogy ( _m o!r cases1 t ! habits ( ! insect are su* z /ill fur!r to aid its deceptive g>b2 b we are n oblig$ to make any su* supposition1 s9ce ,i myself _h ! good =tune to obs]ve scores ( ,kallima p>alekta1 9 ,sumatra1 & to capture _m ( !m1 & c v\* = ! accuracy ( ! foll[+ details4 ,^! butt]flies frequ5t dry =e/s1 & fly v swiftly4 ,!y 7 se5 to settle on a fl[] or a gre5 leaf1 b 7 _m times lo/ sight ( 9 a bu% or tree ( dead leaves4 ,on su* occasions !y 7 g5]ally se>*$ = 9 va91 = :ile gaz+ int5tly at ! v spot :]e "o _h disappe>$1 x w\ld (t5 sudd5ly d>t out1 & aga9 vani% tw5ty or fifty y>ds fur!r on4 ,on "o or two occasions ! insect 0 detect$#cc repos+1 & x c\ld !n be se5 h[ completely x assimilates itself to ! surr\nd+ leaves4 ,x sits on a ne>ly upright twig1 ! w+s fitt+ closely back to back1 conceal+ ! ant5n & head1 :i* are drawn up betwe5 _! bases4 ,! little tails ( ! h9d w+ t\* ! bran*1 & =m a p]fect /alk to ! leaf1 :i* is support$ 9 its place by ! claws ( ! middle pair ( feet1 :i* are sl5d] & inconspicu\s4 ,! irregul> outl9e ( ! w+s gives exactly ! p]spective effect ( a %rivell$ leaf4 ,we ?us h size1 col\r1 =m1 m>k+s1 & habits1 all comb9+ toge!r to produce a disguise :i* may be said to be absolutely p]fect2 & ! protection :i* x af=ds is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! abundance ( ! individuals t possess x4 ,beetles also imitate bees & wasps1 z d "s ,lepidopt]a2 & objects ! mo/ biz>re & unexpect$ are simulat$1 su* z dung & drops ( dew4 ,"s insects1 call$ bamboo & walk+-/ick insects1 h a mo/ rem>kable resemblance to pieces ( bamboo1 to twigs & bran*es4 ,( ^! latt] insects ,mr4 ,wallace says3#bg ,"s ( ^! are a foot long & z ?ick z "o's f+]1 & _! :ole col\r+1 =m1 rugosity1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! head1 legs1 & ant5n1 are su* z to r5d] !m absolutely id5tical 9 appe>ance ) dry /icks4 ,!y hang loosely ab\t %rubs 9 ! =e/1 & h ! extraord9>y habit ( /ret*+ out _! legs unsymmetrically1 s z to r5d] ! deception m complete4 ,n[ let u suppose t ! ance/ors ( ^! v>i\s animals 7 all de/itute ( ! v special protections !y at pres5t possess1 z on ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis we mu/ d4 ,let x also be conc$$ t small deviations f ! antec$5t col\r+ or =m w\ld t5d to make "s ( _! ance/ors escape de/ruction by caus+ !m m or less frequ5tly to be pass$ ov]1 or mi/ak5 by _! p]secutors4 ,yet ! deviation #cd mu/1 z ! ev5t has %[n1 9 ea* case be 9 "s def9ite direction1 :e!r x be t[>ds "s o!r animal or plant1 or t[>ds "s dead or inorganic matt]4 ,b z1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to indef9ite v>iation1 & z ! m9ute incipi5t v>iations w be 9 all directions1 !y mu/ t5d to neutralize ea* o!r1 & at fir/ to =m su* un/able modifications t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to see h[ su* indef9ite oscillations ( inf9itesimal beg9n+s c ev] build up a suffici5tly appreciable resemblance to a leaf1 bamboo1 or o!r object1 = ,natural ,selection to seize ^u & p]petuate4 ,?is difficulty is augm5t$ :5 we consid]--a po9t to be dwelt ^u h]eaft]--h[ necess>y x is t _m individuals %\ld be simil>ly modifi$ simultane\sly4 ,?is has be5 insi/$ on 9 an able article 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,june #ahfg1 p4 #bhf1 & ! consid]ation ( ! article has occasion$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 to make an important modification 9 8 views4#bh ,9 ^! cases ( mimicry x seems difficult inde$ to imag9e a reason :y v>iations t5d+ 9 an inf9itesimal degree 9 any special direction %\ld be pres]v$4 ,all v>iations w\ld be pres]v$ :i* t5d$ to obscure ! p]ception ( an animal by its enemies1 :atev] direction ^? v>iations might take1 & ! common pres]vation ( conflict+ t5d5cies w\ld greatly fav\r _! mutual neutralization & oblit]ation if we may rely on ! _m cases rec5tly br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,d>w9 ) reg>d to dome/ic animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,walk+-,,leaf ,,insect4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 expla9s ! imitation ( "s species by o!rs m or less ne>ly alli$ to x1 by ! common orig9 ( bo? ! mimic & ! mimick$ species1 & ! consequ5t possession by bo? 7accord+ to ! !ory ( ,pang5esis7 ( gemmules t5d+ to reproduce ance/ral *>act]s1 :i* *>act]s ! mimic mu/ be assum$ fir/ to h #ce lo/ & !n to h recov]$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says1#bi ,v>ieties ( "o species frequ5tly mimic di/9ct species1 a fact 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! =ego+ cases1 & explicable only on ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,b ?is at ! be/ is b a p>tial & v incomplete explanation4 ,x is "o1 moreov]1 :i* ,mr4 ,wallace does n accept4#cj ,x is v incomplete1 because x has no be>+ on "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ cases1 & ( c\rse ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n pret5d t x has4 ,we %\ld h to g back f> inde$ to rea* ! common ance/or ( ! mimick+ #cf walk+-leaf insect & ! real leaf x mimics1 or ! orig9al prog5itor ( bo? ! bamboo insect & ! bamboo itself4 ,z ^! la/ mo/ rem>kable cases h c]ta9ly no?+ to d ) h]$ity1#ca x is unw>rantable to make use ( t explanation = o!r protective resemblances1 see+ t its inapplicability1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 is s manife/4 ,aga91 at ! o!r end ( ! process x is z difficult to acc\nt = ! la/ t\*es ( p]fection 9 ! mimicry4 ,"s insects :i* imitate leaves ext5d ! imitation ev5 to ! v injuries on ^? leaves made by ! attacks ( insects or ( fungi4 ,?us1 speak+ ( "o ( ! walk+-/ick insects1 ,mr4 ,wallace says3#cb ,"o ( ^! creatures obta9$ by myself 9 ,borneo 7,c]oxylus lac]atus7 0 cov]$ ov] ) foliace\s excresc5ces ( a cle> olive-gre5 col\r1 s z exactly to resemble a /ick gr[n ov] by a creep+ moss or jung]mannia4 ,! ,dyak :o br\ght x me assur$ me x 0 gr[n ov] ) moss al?\gh alive1 & x 0 only aft] a mo/ m9ute exam9ation t ,i c\ld conv9ce myself x 0 n s4 ,aga91 z to ! leaf butt]fly1 he says3#cc ,we come to a /ill m extraord9>y "p ( ! imitation1 = we f9d repres5tations ( leaves 9 e /age ( decay1 v>i\sly blot*$1 & mildew$1 & pi]c$ ) holes1 & 9 _m cases irregul>ly cov]$ ) p[d]y black dots1 ga!r$ into pat*es & spots1 s closely resembl+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( m9ute fungi t gr[ on dead leaves1 t x is impossible to avoid ?9k+ at fir/ sight t ! butt]flies !mselves h be5 attack$ by real fungi4 ,"h imitation has atta9$ a developm5t :i* seems utt]ly beyond ! p[] ( ! m]e survival ( ! fitte/ to produce4 ,h[ ?is d\ble mimicry c importantly aid 9 ! /ruggle = life seems puzzl+ inde$1 b mu* m s h[ ! fir/ fa9t beg9n+s ( ! imitation ( #cg su* injuries 9 ! leaf c be develop$ 9 ! animal into su* a complete repres5tation ( !m--a =tiori h[ simultane\s & simil> fir/ beg9n+s ( imitations ( su* injuries c\ld ev] h be5 develop$ 9 sev]al individuals1 out ( utt]ly indiff]5t & indet]m9ate inf9itesimal v>iations 9 all conceivable directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pleuronectid1 ,,) ,,! ,,peculi>ly ,,plac$ ,,eye ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,positions4 7,f ,dr4 ,traquair's pap] 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 #ahfe47 ,ano!r in/ance :i* may be cit$ is ! asymmetrical condition ( ! heads ( ! flat-fi%es 7,pleuronectid71 su* z ! sole1 ! fl\nd]1 ! brill1 ! turbot1 c4 ,9 all ^! fi%es ! two eyes1 :i* 9 ! "y are situat$ z usual "o on ea* side1 come to be plac$1 9 ! adult1 bo? on ! same side ( ! head4 ,if ?is condition _h appe>$ at once1 if 9 ! hypo!tically =tunate common ance/or ( ^! fi%es an eye _h sudd5ly become ?us transf]r$1 !n ! p]petuation ( su* a trans=mation by ! action ( ,natural ,selection is conceivable en\gh4 ,su* sudd5 *anges1 h[ev]1 are n ^? fav\r$ by ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 & inde$ ! accid5tal occurr5ce ( su* a spontane\s trans=mation is h>dly conceivable4 ,b if ?is is n s1 if ! transit 0 gradual1 !n h[ su* transit ( "o eye a m9ute fraction ( ! #ch j\rney t[>ds ! o!r side ( ! head c\ld b5efit ! individual is inde$ f> f cle>4 ,x seems1 ev51 t su* an incipi5t trans=mation mu/ r h be5 injuri\s4 ,ano!r po9t ) reg>d to ^! flat-fi%es is t !y appe> to be 9 all probability ( rec5t orig9--i4e4 geologically speak+4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no great /ress to be laid on ! m]e abs5ce ( _! rema9s f ! second>y /rata1 nev]!less t abs5ce is notewor?y1 see+ t exi/+ fi% families1 e4g4 %>ks 7,squalid71 h be5 f\nd abundantly ev5 d[n s f> z ! c>bonif]\s rocks1 & traces ( !m 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,ano!r difficulty seems to be ! fir/ =mation ( ! limbs ( ! high] animals4 ,! l[e/ ,v]tebrata#cd are p]fectly limbless1 & if1 z mo/ ,d>w9ians w\ld probably assume1 ! primeval v]tebrate creature 0 also apodal1 h[ are ! pres]vation & developm5t ( ! fir/ rudim5ts ( limbs to be acc\nt$ =--su* rudim5ts be+1 on ! hypo!sis 9 "q1 inf9itesimal & functionless8 ,9 reply to ?is x has be5 sugge/$ t a m]e flatt5+ ( ! end ( ! body has be5 useful1 su*1 e4g41 z we see 9 sea-snakes1#ce :i* may be ! rudim5t ( a tail =m$ /rictly to aid 9 swimm+4 ,also t a m]e r\ghness ( ! sk9 might be useful to a swimm+ animal by hold+ ! wat] bett]1 t ?us m9ute processes might be select$ & pres]v$1 & t1 9 ! same way1 ^! might be gradually increas$ into limbs4 ,b x is1 to say ! lea/1 v que/ionable :e!r a r\ghness ( ! sk91 or m9ute processes1 w\ld be useful to a #ci swimm+ animal2 ! motion ( :i* !y w\ld z mu* imp$e z aid1 unless !y 7 at once capable ( a suitable & appropriate action1 :i* is aga9/ ! hypo!sis4 ,aga91 ! *ange f m]e indef9ite & accid5tal processes to two regul> pairs ( symmetrical limbs1 z ! result ( m]ely =tuit\s1 fav\r+ v>iations1 is a /ep ! feasibility ( :i* h>dly comm5ds itself to ! reason1 see+ ! v diff]5t positions assum$ by ! v5tral f9s 9 diff]5t fi%es4 ,if ! above sugge/ion made 9 opposition to ! views "h ass]t$ be true1 !n ! g5]al con/ancy ( position ( ! limbs ( v]tebrata may be consid]$ z due to ! position assum$ by ! primitive rugosities f :i* ^? limbs 7 g5]at$4 ,cle>ly only two pairs ( rugosities 7 s pres]v$ & develop$1 & all limbs 7on ?is view7 are desc5dants ( ! same two pairs1 z all h s simil> a fundam5tal /ructure4 ,yet we f9d 9 _m fi%es ! pair ( f9s1 :i* correspond to ! h9d] limbs ( o!r animals1 plac$ s f> =w>ds z to be ei!r on ! same level )1 or actually 9 front (1 ! normally ant]ior pair ( limbs2 & su* fi%es are f ?is circum/ance call$ ?oracic1 or jugul> fi%es respectively1 z ! weav] fi%es & ! cod4 ,?is is a wond]ful contra/ to ! fixity ( position ( v]tebrate limbs g5]ally4 ,if !n su* a *ange c h tak5 place 9 ! comp>atively %ort "t occupi$ by ! evolution ( ^! special fi% =ms1 we might c]ta9ly expect o!r & f> m biz>re /ructures w\ld 7did n "s law =bid7 h be5 develop$1 f o!r rugosities1 9 ! manifold exig5cies ( ! multitud9\s organisms :i* mu/ 7on ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis7 h be5 gradually evolv$ dur+ ! enorm\s p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ! fir/ appe>ance ( v]tebrate life & ! pres5t day4 ,yet1 ) ^! exceptions1 ! position ( ! limbs is con/ant f ! l[] fi%es up to man1 !re be+ always an ant]ior pectoral pair plac$ 9 front ( a po/]ior or pelvic pair :5 bo? are pres5t1 & 9 no s+le #dj in/ance are !re m ?an ^! two pairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\? ,,( ,a ,,:ale4 ,! developm5t ( :alebone 7bale57 9 ! m\? ( ! :ale is ano!r difficulty4 ,a :ale's m\? is furni%$ ) v num]\s horny plates1 :i* hang d[n f ! palate along ea* side ( ! m\?4 ,!y ?us =m two longitud9al s]ies1 ea* plate ( :i* is plac$ transv]sely to ! long axis ( ! body1 & all are v close toge!r4 ,on depress+ ! l[] lip ! free out] edges ( ^! plates come into view4 ,_! inn] edges are furni%$ ) num]\s co>se hair-l processes1 consi/+ ( "s ( ! con/itu5t fibres ( ! horny plates--:i*1 z x 71 fray out--& ! m\? is ?us l9$1 except bel[1 by a network ( c\ntless fibres =m$ by ! inn] edges ( ! two s]ies ( plates4 ,?is network acts z a sort ( sieve4 ,:5 ! :ale fe$s x takes #da into its m\? a great gulp ( wat]1 :i* x drives out aga9 ?r\gh ! int]vals ( ! horny plates ( bale51 ! fluid ?us trav]s+ ! sieve ( horny fibres1 :i* reta9s ! m9ute creatures on :i* ^! m>9e mon/]s subsi/4 ,n[ x is obvi\s1 t if ?is bale5 _h once atta9$ su* a size & developm5t z to be at all useful1 !n its pres]vation & augm5tation )9 s]viceable limits1 w\ld be promot$ by ,natural ,selection alone4 ,b h[ to obta9 ! beg9n+ ( su* useful developm5t8 ,!re are inde$ c]ta9 animals ( exclusively aquatic habits 7! dugong & manatee7 :i* also possess m or less horn on ! palate1 & at fir/ sight ?is might be tak5 z a mitigation ( ! difficulty2 b x is n s1 & ! fact does n help u "o /ep fur!r along ! road3 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^! latt] animals diff] s importantly 9 /ructure f :ales & porpoises t !y =m an altoge!r di/9ct ord]1 & _c be ?\ght to approximate to ! :ale's prog5itors4 ,!y are veget>ians1 ! :ales fe$ on animals2 ! =m] nev] h ! ribs articulat$ 9 ! mode 9 :i* !y are 9 "s ( ! latt]2 ! =m] h pectoral mamm1 & ! latt] are #db provid$ ) two +u9al mamm>y gl&s1 & h ! no/rils enl>g$ into bl[]s1 :i* ! =m] h n4 ,! =m] ?us con/itute ! ord] ,sir5ia1 :ile ! latt] belong to ! ,cetacea4 ,9 ! second place1 ! horny matt] on ! palates ( ! dugong & manatee has n1 ev5 initially1 t /ra9] action1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic function ( ! ,cetacean bale54 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r ,,plates ,,( ,,bale5 ,,se5 ,,obliquely ,,f ,,)94 ,illu/ration3 ,,dugong4 ,!re is ano!r v curi\s /ructure1 ! orig9 or ! disappe>ance ( :i* x seems impossible to acc\nt = on ! hypo!sis ( m9ute indef9ite v>iations4 ,x is t ( ! m\? ( ! "y kang>oo4 ,9 all mammals1 z 9 ourselves1 ! air-passage f ! lungs op5s 9 ! floor ( ! m\? beh9d ! tongue1 & 9 front ( ! op5+ ( ! gullet1 s t ea* p>ticle ( food z x is swall[$ passes ov] ! op5+1 b is prev5t$ f fall+ into x 7& ?us caus+ dea? f *ok+7 by ! action ( a small c>tilag9\s %ield 7! epiglottis71 :i* at ! "r mom5t b5ds back & protects ! orifice4 ,n[ ! kang>oo is born 9 su* an exce$+ly imp]fect & undevelop$ condition1 t x is q unable to suck4 ,! "m !re=e places ! m9ute bl9d & nak$ "y ^u ! nipple1 & !n injects milk into x by means ( a special muscul> envelope ( ! mamm>y gl&4 ,did no special provision exi/1 ! "y "o mu/ infallibly be *ok$ by ! intrusion ( ! milk into ! w9dpipe4 ,b !re is a special provision4 ,! l>ynx is s elongat$ t x rises up into ! po/]ior end ( ! nasal passage1 & is ?us enabl$ to give free entrance to ! air = ! lungs1 :ile ! milk passes h>mlessly on ea* side ( ?is elongat$ l>ynx1 & s safely atta9s ! gullet beh9d x4 ,n[1 on ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 ei!r all mammals desc5d$ f m>supial prog5itors1 or else ! m>supials1 sprung f animals hav+ 9 mo/ respects ! ord9>y mammalian /ructure4 ,page #dc ,on ! fir/ alt]native1 h[ did ,natural ,selection remove ?is 7at lea/ p]fectly innoc5t & h>mless7 /ructure 9 almo/ all o!r mammals1 &1 hav+ done s1 aga9 reproduce x 9 precisely ^? =ms :i* alone require x1 namely1 ! ,cetacea8 ,t su* a h>mless /ructure ne$ n be remov$ any ,d>w9ian mu/ confess1 s9ce a /ructure exi/s 9 bo? ! crocodiles & gavials1 :i* enables ! =m] to brea! !mselves :ile dr[n+ ! prey :i* !y hold 9 _! m\?s4 ,on ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis x c\ld only h be5 develop$ :]e useful1 !re=e n 9 ! gavials767 :i* fe$ on fi%1 b :i* yet reta91 z we might expect1 ?is1 9 !m sup]flu\s b h>mless =mation4 ,on ! second alt]native1 h[ did ! elongat$ l>ynx itself arise1 see+ t if its developm5t lagg$ beh9d t ( ! mat]nal /ructure1 ! "y primeval kang>oo mu/ be *ok$3 :ile )\t ! inject+ p[] 9 ! "m1 x mu/ be />v$8 ,! /ruggle by ! sole action ( :i* su* a =m 0 develop$ mu/ inde$ h be5 sev]e6 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e*9us1 ,,or ,,sea-,,ur*9 7,! sp9es remov$ f "o-half47 ,! sea-ur*9s 7,e*9us7 pres5t u also ) /ructures ! orig9 ( :i* x seems impossible to expla9 by ! action ( ,natural #dd ,selection only4 ,^! l[ly animals belong to t gr\p ( ! />-fi% class 7,e*9od]mata71 ! species ( :i* possess g5]ally sph]oidal bodies1 built up ( multitud9\s calc>e\s plates1 & con/itute ! ord] ,e*9oidea4 ,!y are also popul>ly kn[n z sea-eggs4 ,utt]ly devoid ( limbs1 ! locomotion ( ^! creatures is effect$ by means ( r[s ( small tubul> suck]s 7:i* protrude ?r\gh pores 9 ! calc>e\s plates7 & by moveable sp9es scatt]$ ov] ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p$icell>i4 7,imm5sely enl>g$47 ,besides ^! sp9es & suck]s !re are c]ta9 v peculi> /ructures1 t]m$ ,p$icell>i4 ,ea* ( ^! consi/s ( a long sl5d] /alk1 end+ 9 ?ree %ort limbs--or r jaws--! :ole support$ by a delicate int]nal skeleton4 ,! ?ree limbs 7or jaws71 :i* />t f a common po9t at ! end ( ! /alk1 are 9 ! con/ant habit ( op5+ & clos+ toge!r aga9 ) a snapp+ action1 :ile ! /alk itself sways ab\t4 ,! utility ( ^! app5dages is1 ev5 n[1 problematical4 ,x may be t !y remove f ! surface ( ! animal's body =eign sub/ances :i* w\ld be prejudicial to x1 & :i* x _c o!rwise get rid (4 ,b grant+ ?is1 :at w\ld be ! utility ( ! fir/ rudim5t>y beg9n+s ( su* /ructures1 & h[ c\ld su* incipi5t budd+s h ev] pres]v$ ! life ( a s+le ,e*9us8 ,x is true t on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples ! ance/ral =m f :i* ! sea-ur*9 develop$ 0 diff]5t1 & mu/ n be conceiv$ m]ely z an ,e*9us devoid ( p$icell>i2 b ?is makes ! difficulty none ! less4 ,x is equally h>d to imag9e t ! fir/ rudim5ts ( su* /ructures c\ld h be5 useful to any animal f :i* ! ,e*9us might h be5#de d]iv$4 ,moreov]1 n ev5 ! sudd5 developm5t ( ! snapp+ action c\ld h be5 b5eficial )\t ! freely moveable /alk1 nor c\ld ! latt] h be5 effici5t )\t ! snapp+ jaws1 yet no m9ute m]ely indef9ite v>iations c\ld simultane\sly evolve ^! complex co-ord9ations ( /ructure2 to d5y ?is seems to d no less ?an to affirm a />tl+ p>adox4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 expla9s ! appe>ance ( "s /ructures1 ! utility ( :i* is n app>5t1 by ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 laws ( correlation4 ,by ^! he means t c]ta9 p>ts or organs ( ! body are s relat$ to o!r organs or p>ts1 t :5 ! fir/ are modifi$ by ! action ( ,natural ,selection1 or :at n1 ! second are simultane\sly affect$1 & increase proportionally or possibly s decrease4 ,examples ( su* are ! hair & tee? 9 ! nak$ ,turki% dog1 ! g5]al deafness ( :ite cats ) blue eyes1 ! relation betwe5 ! pres5ce ( m or less d[n on "y birds :5 fir/ hat*$1 & ! future col\r ( _! plumage1#cf ) _m o!rs4 ,b ! idea t ! modification ( any int]nal or ext]nal "p ( ! body ( an ,e*9us c>ries ) x ! effect ( produc+ elongat$1 flexible1 triradiate1 snapp+ processes1 is1 to say ! v lea/1 fully z obscure & my/]i\s z :at is "h cont5d$ =1 viz4 ! effici5t pres5ce ( an unkn[n int]nal natural law or laws condition+ ! evolution ( new specific =ms f prec$+ ones1 modifi$ by ! action ( surr\nd+ conditions1 by ,natural ,selection & by o!r controll+ influ5ces4 ,! same difficulty seems to pres5t itself 9 o!r examples ( exceptional /ructure & action4 ,9 ! same ,e*9us1 z 9 _m alli$ =ms1 & also 9 "s m or less remote ones1 a v peculi> mode ( developm5t exi/s4 ,! adult is n =m$ f ! egg directly1 b #df ! egg gives rise to a creature :i* swims freely ab\t1 fe$s1 & is ev5 some:at complexly organiz$4 ,soon a small lump appe>s on "o side ( its /oma*2 ?is enl>ges1 &1 hav+ e/abli%$ a communication ) ! ext]ior1 envelopes & appropriates ! creature's /oma*1 ) :i* x swims away & develops into ! complete adult =m1 :ile ! dispossess$ individual p]i%es4 ,aga91 c]ta9 flies pres5t a mode ( developm5t equally biz>re1 ?\gh q diff]5t4 ,9 ^! flies1 ! grub is1 z usual1 produc$ f ! ovum1 b ?is grub1 in/ead ( gr[+ up into ! adult 9 ! ord9>y way1 und]goes a sort ( liquefaction ( a great "p ( its body1 :ile c]ta9 pat*es ( =mative tissue1 :i* are atta*$ to ! ramify+ air tubes1 or tra*e 7& :i* pat*es be> ! "n ( imag9al disks71 give rise to ! legs1 w+s1 eyes1 c41 respectively2 & ^! sev]ally =m$ p>ts gr[ toge!r1 & build up ! head & body by _! mutual approximation4 ,su* a process is unkn[n outside ! class ( insects1 & inside t class x is only kn[n 9 a few ( ! two-w+$ flies4 ,n[1 h[ ,natural ,selection1 or any laws ( correlation1 c acc\nt = ! gradual developm5t ( su* an exceptional process ( developm5t--s extremely div]g5t f t ( o!r insects--seems no?+ less ?an inconceivable4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself#cg gives an acc\nt ( a v peculi> & abnormal mode ( developm5t ( a c]ta9 beetle1 ! sit>is1 z describ$ by ,m4 ,fabre4 ,?is insect1 in/ead ( at fir/ appe>+ 9 its grub /age1 & !n1 aft] a "t1 putt+ on ! adult =m1 is at fir/ active & furni%$ ) six legs1 two long ant5n1 & f\r eyes4 ,hat*$ 9 ! ne/s ( bees1 x at fir/ atta*es itself to "o ( ! males1 & !n crawls1 :5 ! opportunity (f]s1 ^u a female bee4 ,:5 ! female bee lays h] eggs1 ! "y sit>is spr+s ^u !m & dev\rs !m4 ,!n1 los+ its eyes1 legs1 & ant5n1 & #dg becom+ rudim5t>y1 x s9ks into an ord9>y grub-l =m1 & fe$s on honey1 ultimately und]go+ ano!r trans=mation1 re-acquir+ its legs1 c41 & em]g+ a p]fect beetle6 ,t su* a process %\ld h aris5 by ! accumulation ( m9ute accid5tal v>iations 9 /ructure & habit1 appe>s to _m m9ds1 q compet5t to =m an op9ion on ! subject1 absolutely incr$ible4 ,x may be object$1 p]haps1 t ^! difficulties are difficulties ( ignorance--t we _c expla9 !m because we d n "k en\gh ( ! animals4 ,b x is "h cont5d$ t ?is is n ! case2 x is n t we m]ely fail to see h[ ,natural ,selection act$1 b t !re is a positive incompatibility betwe5 ! cause assign$ & ! results4 ,x w be /at$ %ortly :at wond]ful in/ances ( co-ord9ation & ( unexpect$ utility ,mr4 ,d>w9 has discov]$ 9 or*ids4 ,! discov]ies are n disput$ or und]valu$1 b ! explanation ( _! orig9 is deem$ ?or\ghly unsatisfactory--utt]ly insuffici5t to expla9 ! incipi5t1 inf9itesimal beg9n+s ( /ructures :i* are ( utility only :5 !y are consid]ably develop$4 ,let u consid] ! mamm>y gl&1 or brea/4 ,is x conceivable t ! "y ( any animal 0 ev] sav$ f de/ruction by accid5tally suck+ a drop ( sc>cely nutriti\s fluid f an accid5tally hyp]trophi$ cutane\s gl& ( its "m8 ,& ev5 if "o 0 s1 :at *ance 0 !re ( ! p]petuation ( su* a v>iation8 ,on ! hypo!sis ( ,natural ,selection itself1 we mu/ assume t up to t "t ! race _h be5 well adapt$ to ! surr\nd+ conditions2 ! tempor>y & accid5tal trial & *ange ( conditions1 :i* caus$ ! s-suck+ "y "o to be ! fitte/ to survive "u ! suppos$ circum/ances1 w\ld soon cease to act1 & !n ! prog5y ( ! "m1 ) ! accid5tally hyp]trophi$1 sebace\s gl&s1 w\ld h no t5d5cy to survive ! #dh f> outnumb]+ desc5dants ( ! normal ance/ral =m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume ! *ange ( conditions n to h be5 tempor>y b p]man5t1 & also assume t ?is p]man5t *ange ( conditions 0 accid5tally syn*ron\s ) ! *ange ( /ructure1 we h a co9cid5ce ( v remote probability inde$4 ,b if1 aga91 we accept ! pres5ce ( "s h>moniz+ law simultane\sly det]m9+ ! two *anges1 or connect+ ! second ) ! fir/ by causation1 !n1 ( c\rse1 we remove ! accid5tal "* ( ! co9cid5ce4 ,aga91 h[ expla9 ! ext]nal position ( ! male sexual gl&s 9 c]ta9 mammals8 ,! utility ( ! modification1 :5 accompli%$1 is problematical en\gh1 & no less s ! incipi5t /ages ( ! desc5t4 ,z 0 said 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 expla9s ! brilliant plumage ( ! peacock or ! humm+-bird by ! action ( sexual selection3 ! m & m brilliant males be+ select$ by ! females 7:i* are ?us attract$7 to become ! fa!rs ( ! next g5]ation1 to :i* g5]ation !y t5d to communicate _! own bright nuptial ve/ure4 ,b !re are peculi>ities ( col\r & ( =m :i* x is exce$+ly difficult to acc\nt = by any su* action4 ,?us1 among/ apes1 ! female is notori\sly weak]1 & is arm$ ) mu* less p[]ful can9e tusks ?an ! male4 ,:5 we consid] :at is kn[n ( ! emotional nature ( ^! animals1 & ! p]iodicity ( its int5sification1 x is h>dly cr$ible t a female w\ld (t5 risk life or limb ?r\gh h] admiration ( a trifl+ %ade ( col\r1 or an inf9itesimally great] ?\gh irresi/ibly fasc9at+ degree ( w>t9ess4#ch #di ,illu/ration3 ,,rattlesnake4 ,yet ! males ( "s k9ds ( ape are adorn$ ) q exceptionally brilliant local decoration1 & ! male orang is provid$ ) rem>kable1 project+1 w>ty lumps ( sk9 ^u ! *eeks4 ,z we h said1 ! weak] female c h>dly be suppos$ to h develop$ ^! by p]sev]+ & long-cont9u$ selection1 nor c !y be ?\ght to t5d to ! pres]vation ( ! individual4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! pres5ce ( ?is enl>g$ app5dage mu/ occasion a slight increase 9 ! ne$ ( nutrim5t1 & 9 s f> mu/ be a detrim5t1 al?\gh its detrim5tal effect w\ld n be wor? speak+ ( except 9 relation to ,d>w9ism1 accord+ to :i*1 selection has act$ ?r\gh unimag9able ages1 #ej & has ev] t5d$ to suppress any useless developm5t by ! /ruggle = life4#ci ,illu/ration3 ,,cobra4 7,copi$1 by p]mission1 f ,sir ,&rew ,smi?'s ,reptiles ( ,s\? ,africa47 ,9 poison\s s]p5ts1 also1 we h /ructures :i*1 at all ev5ts at fir/ sight1 seem positively hurtful to ^? reptiles4 ,su* are ! rattle ( ! rattlesnake1 & ! exp&+ neck ( ! cobra1 ! =m] seem+ to w>n ! e> ( ! int5d$ victim1 z ! latt] w>ns ! eye4 ,x is true we _c p]haps demon/rate t ! victims are al>m$ & w>n$1 b1 on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 !y c]ta9ly ought to be s4 ,= ! #ea ra%e/ & mo/ incauti\s ( ! animals prey$ on w\ld always t5d to fall victims1 & ! exi/+ individuals be+ ! long-desc5d$ prog5y ( ! timid & cauti\s1 ought to h an inh]it$ t5d5cy to di/ru/1 among/ o!r ?+s1 bo? rattl+ & exp&+ snakes4 ,z to any p[] ( fasc9ation ex]cis$ by means ( ^! actions1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ naturali/s1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ di/+ui%$ erpetologi/s1 entirely d5y x1 & x is oppos$ to ! c>eful obs]vations ( ^? kn[n to u4#dj ,! mode ( =mation ( bo? ! eye & ! e> ( ! highe/ animals is su* t1 if x is 7z mo/ ,d>w9ians ass]t processes ( developm5t to be7 a record ( ! actual /eps by :i* su* /ructures 7 fir/ evolv$ 9 antec$5t =ms1 x almo/ am\nts to a demon/ration t ^? /eps 7 nev] produc$ by ,natural ,selection4 ,! eye is =m$ by a simultane\s & correspond+ +r[? ( "o "p & outgr[? ( ano!r4 ,! sk9 9 front ( ! future eye becomes depress$1 ! depression increases & assumes ! =m ( a sac1 :i* *anges into ! aque\s hum\r & l5s4 ,an outgr[? ( bra9 sub/ance1 on ! o!r h&1 =ms ! ret9a1 :ile a ?ird process is a lat]al +r[? ( connective tissue1 :i* aft]w>ds *anges into ! vitre\s hum\r ( ! eye4 ,! int]nal e> is =m$ by an involution ( ! integum5t1 & n by an outgr[? ( ! bra94 ,b tissue1 9 connexion ) x1 becomes 9 "p *ang$1 ?us =m+ ! auditory n]ve1 :i* places ! tegum5t>y sac 9 direct communication ) ! bra9 itself4 #eb ,n[1 ^! complex & simultane\s co-ord9ations c\ld nev] h be5 produc$ by inf9itesimal beg9n+s1 s9ce1 until s f> develop$ z to effect ! requisite junctions1 !y are useless4 ,b ! eye & e> :5 fully develop$ pres5t conditions :i* are hopelessly difficult to reconcile ) ! m]e action ( ,natural ,selection4 ,! difficulties ) reg>d to ! eye h be5 well put by ,mr4 ,murphy1 especially t ( ! concordant result ( visual developm5t spr++ f diff]5t />t+-po9ts & cont9u$ on by indep5d5t roads4 ,he says1#da speak+ ( ! beautiful /ructure ( ! p]fect eye1 ,! high] ! organization1 :e!r ( an entire organism or ( a s+le organ1 ! great] is ! numb] ( ! p>ts t co-op]ate1 & ! m p]fect is _! co-op]ation2 & consequ5tly1 ! m necessity !re is = correspond+ v>iations to take place 9 all ! co-op]at+ p>ts at once1 & ! m useless w be any v>iation :atev] unless x is accompani$ by correspond+ v>iations 9 ! co-op]at+ p>ts2 :ile x is obvi\s t ! great] ! numb] ( v>iations :i* are ne$$ 9 ord] to effect an improvem5t1 ! less w be ! probability ( _! all occurr+ at once4 ,x is no reply to ?is to say1 :at is no d\bt ab/ract$ly true1 t :atev] is possible becomes probable1 if only "t en\gh be all[$4 ,!re are improbabilities s great t ! common s5se ( mank9d treats !m z impossibilities4 ,x is n1 = in/ance1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 impossible t a poem & a ma!matical proposition %\ld be obta9$ by ! process ( %ak+ lett]s out ( a box2 b x is improbable to a degree t _c be di/+ui%$ f impossibility2 & ! improbability ( obta9+ an improvem5t 9 an organ by means ( sev]al spontane\s v>iations1 all occurr+ toge!r1 is an improbability ( ! same k9d4 ,if we suppose t any s+le v>iation occurs on ! av]age once 9 m times1 ! probability ( #ec t v>iation occurr+ 9 any individual w be #a_/m2 & suppose t x v>iations mu/ concur 9 ord] to make an improvem5t1 !n ! probability ( ! necess>y v>iations all occurr+ toge!r w be #a_/mx4 ,n[ suppose1 :at ,i ?9k a mod]ate proposition1 t ! value ( m is #a1jjj1 & ! value ( x is #aj1 !n #a_/mx #a_/ajjjaj #a_/ajcj4 ,a numb] ab\t t5 ?\s& times z great z ! numb] ( waves ( light t h fall5 on ! e>? s9ce hi/orical "t began4 ,& x is to be fur!r obs]v$1 t no improvem5t w give its possessor a c]ta9ty ( surviv+ & leav+ (fspr+1 b only an extra *ance1 ! value ( :i* x is q impossible to e/imate4 ,?is difficulty is1 z ,mr4 ,murphy po9ts out1 greatly int5sifi$ by ! und\bt$ fact t ! wond]fully complex /ructure has be5 arriv$ at q indep5d5tly 9 bea/s on ! "o h& & 9 cuttle-fi%es on ! o!r2 :ile creatures ( ! insect & crab division pres5t u ) a ?ird & q sep>ately develop$ complexity4 ,z to ! e>1 x w\ld take up too mu* space to describe its int]nal /ructure2#db x mu/ suffice to say t 9 its int]ior !re is an imm5se s]ies ( m9ute rod-l bodies1 t]m$ fibres ( ,corti1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( a key-bo>d1 & ea* fibre be+ connect$ ) a filam5t ( ! auditory n]ve1 ^! n]ves be+ l /r+s to be /ruck by ! keys1 i4e4 by ! fibres ( ,corti4 ,moreov]1 ?is app>atus is suppos$ to be a key-bo>d 9 function z well z 9 appe>ance1 !#ed vibration ( ea* "o fibre giv+ rise1 x is believ$1 to ! s5sation ( "o p>ticul> tone1 & comb9ations ( su* vibrations produc+ *ords4 ,x is by ! action ( ?is complex organ !n1 t all ! wond]ful intricacy & beauty ( ,bee?ov5 & ,moz>t come1 mo/ probably1 to be p]ceiv$ & appreciat$4 ,n[ x c h>dly be cont5d$ t ! pres]vation ( any race ( m5 9 ! /ruggle = life ev] dep5d$ on su* an extreme delicacy & ref9em5t ( ! int]nal e>1--a p]fection only ex]cis$ 9 ! enjoym5t & appreciation ( ! mo/ p]fect musical p]=mances4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ei!r ! m9ute incipi5t /ages1 or ! f9al p]fect+ t\*es ( ?is admirable /ructure1 h be5 br\ght ab\t by vague1 aimless1 & indef9ite v>iations 9 all conceivable directions ( an organ1 suitable to enable ! rude/ savage to m9i/] to 8 necessities1 b no m8 ,mr4 ,wallace#dc makes an analog\s rem>k ) reg>d to ! organ ( voice 9 man--! human l>ynx4 ,he says ( s++3 ,! habits ( savages give no indication ( h[ ?is faculty c\ld h be5 develop$ by ,natural ,selection1 because x is nev] requir$ or us$ by !m4 ,! s++ ( savages is a m or less monoton\s h[l+1 & ! females seldom s+ at all4 ,savages c]ta9ly nev] *oose _! wives = f9e voices1 b = rude heal?1 & /r5g?1 & physical beauty4 ,sexual selection c\ld n !re=e h develop$ ?is wond]ful p[]1 :i* only comes into play among civiliz$ p4 ,rev]t+ once m to beauty ( =m & col\r1 !re is "o manife/ation ( x = :i* no "o c pret5d t sexual selection c possibly acc\nt4 ,! in/ance ref]r$ to is t pres5t$ by bivalve %ell-fi%4#dd ,"h we meet ) *>m+ t9ts & elegant =ms & m>k+s ( no direct use to _! possessors#de 9 ! /ruggle = #ee life1 & ( no indirect utility z reg>ds sexual selection1 = f]tilization takes place by ! m]e action ( curr5ts ( wat]1 & ! lea/ beautiful individual has fully z good a *ance ( becom+ a p>5t z has ! "o :i* is ! mo/ fav\r$ 9 beauty ( =m & col\r4 ,aga91 ! peculi> outl9e & coloration ( c]ta9 or*ids--notably ( our own bee1 fly1 & spid] or*ids--seem h>dly explicable by any action ( ,natural ,selection4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says v little on ?is s+ul> resemblance ( fl[]s to insects1 & :at he does say seems h>dly to be :at an advocate ( ,natural ,selection w\ld require4 ,surely1 = m9ute accid5tal indef9ite v>iations to h built up su* a /rik+ resemblance to insects1 we ought to f9d t ! pres]vation ( ! plant1 or ! p]petuation ( its race1 dep5ds almo/ con/antly on relations betwe5 bees1 spid]s1 & flies respectively & ! bee1 spid]1 & fly or*ids4#df ,?is process mu/ h cont9u$ = ages con/antly & p]sev]+ly1 & yet :at is ! fact8 ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u1 9 8 "w on ! ,f]tilization ( ,or*ids1 t nei!r ! spid] nor ! fly or*ids are mu* visit$ by insects1 :ile1 ) reg>d to ! bee or*id1 he says1 ,i h nev] se5 an insect visit ^! fl[]s4 ,& he %[s h[ ?is species is ev5 wond]fully & specially modifi$ to effect self-f]tilization4 ,9 ! "w j ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,d>w9 gives a s]ies ( ! mo/ wond]ful & m9ute contrivances by :i* ! visits ( insects are utiliz$ = ! f]tilization ( or*ids1--/ructures s wond]ful #ef t no?+ c\ld well be m s1 except ! attribution ( _! orig9 to m9ute1 =tuit\s1 & indef9ite v>iation4 ,! in/ances are too num]\s & too long to quote1 b 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species#dg he describes two :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,9 "o 7,coryan!s7 ! or*id has its l[] lip enl>g$ into a bucket1 above :i* /& two wat]-secret+ horns4 ,^! latt] repl5i% ! bucket f :i*1 :5 half-fill$1 ! wat] ov]fl[s by a sp\t on "o side4 ,bees visit+ ! fl[] fall into ! bucket & crawl out at ! sp\t4 ,by ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! fl[]1 ! fir/ bee :i* does s c>ries away ! poll5-mass glu$ to 8 back1 & !n :5 he has 8 next involunt>y ba? 9 ano!r fl[]1 z he crawls out ! poll5-mass atta*$ to him comes 9 contact ) ! /igma ( t second fl[] & f]tilizes x4 ,9 ! o!r example 7,catasetum71 :5 a bee gnaws a c]ta9 "p ( ! fl[]1 he inevitably t\*es a long delicate projection1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 calls ! ant5na4 ,?is ant5na transmits a vibration to a c]ta9 membrane1 :i* is in/antly ruptur$2 ?is sets free a spr+ by :i* ! poll5-mass is %ot =? l an arr[ 9 ! "r direction1 & adh]es by its viscid extremity to ! back ( ! bee6 ,ano!r difficulty1 & "o ( "s importance1 is pres5t$ by ^? communities ( ants :i* h n only a population ( /]ile females1 or work]s1 b two di/9ct & v diff]5t ca/es ( su*4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 believes t he has got ov] ?is difficulty by hav+ f\nd individuals int]m$iate 9 =m & /ructure#dh betwe5 ! two work+ ca/es2 o!rs may ?9k t we h 9 ?is belief ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 an example #eg ( ! unconsci\s action ( volition ^u cr$5ce4 ,a va/ numb] ( difficulties simil> to ^? :i* h be5 m5tion$ might easily be cit$--^? giv51 h[ev]1 may suffice4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 to be notic$ a v important consid]ation1 :i* 0 br\ght =w>d 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,june #ahfg1 p4 #bhf1 namely1 ! necessity = ! simultane\s modification ( _m individuals4 ,?is consid]ation seems to h escap$ ,mr4 ,d>w91 = at p4 #ajd ( 8 la/ 7fif?7 edition ( ,natural ,selection1 he admits1 ) great c&\r1 t until read+ ?is article he did n appreciate h[ r>ely s+le v>iations1 :e!r slight or /rongly m>k$1 c\ld be p]petuat$4 ,! ,nor? ,briti% ,review 7speak+ ( ! supposition t a species is *ang$ by ! survival ( a few individuals 9 a c5tury ?r\gh a simil> & fav\rable v>iation7 says3 ,x is v difficult to see h[ ?is c be accompli%$1 ev5 :5 ! v>iation is em95tly fav\rable inde$2 & /ill m difficult :5 ! advantage ga9$ is v slight1 z mu/ g5]ally be ! case4 ,! advantage1 :atev] x may be1 is utt]ly outbalanc$ by num]ical inf]iority4 ,a million creatures are born2 t5 ?\s& survive to produce (fspr+4 ,"o ( ! million has twice z good a *ance z any o!r ( surviv+2 b ! *ances are fifty to "o aga9/ ! gift$ individuals be+ "o ( ! hundr$ survivors4 ,no d\bt ! *ances are twice z great aga9/ any "o o!r individual1 b ?is does n prev5t _! be+ enorm\sly 9 fav\r ( "s av]age individual4 ,h[ev] slight ! advantage may be1 if x is %>$ by half ! individuals produc$1 x w probably be pres5t 9 at lea/ fifty-"o ( ! survivors1 & 9 a l>g] proportion ( _! (fspr+2 b ! *ances are aga9/ ! pres]vation ( any "o 'sport' 7i4e4 sudd51 m>k$ v>iation7 9 a num]\s tribe4 ,! vague use ( an imp]fectly und]/ood doctr9e ( *ance has l$ ,d>w9ian support]s1 fir/1 to confuse ! two cases above di/+ui%$2 &1 secondly1 to imag9e #eh t a v slight balance 9 fav\r ( "s individual sport mu/ lead to its p]petuation4 ,all t c be said is t 9 ! above example ! fav\r$ sport w\ld be pres]v$ once 9 fifty times4 ,let u consid] :at w be its influ5ce on ! ma9 /ock :5 pres]v$4 ,x w bre$ & h a prog5y ( say #ajj2 n[ ?is prog5y w1 on ! :ole1 be int]m$iate betwe5 ! av]age individual & ! sport4 ,! odds 9 fav\r ( "o ( ?is g5]ation ( ! new bre$ w be1 say "o & a half to "o1 z comp>$ ) ! av]age individual2 ! odds 9 _! fav\r w1 !re=e1 be less ?an t ( _! p>5ts2 b ow+ to _! great] numb]1 ! *ances are t ab\t "o & a half ( !m w\ld survive4 ,unless ^! bre$ toge!r1 a mo/ improbable ev5t1 _! prog5y w\ld aga9 approa* ! av]age individual2 !re w\ld be #aej ( !m1 & _! sup]iority w\ld be1 say 9 ! ratio ( "o & a qu>t] to "o2 ! probability w\ld n[ be t ne>ly two ( !m w\ld survive1 & h #bjj *ildr51 ) an eigh? sup]iority4 ,r m ?an two ( ^! w\ld survive2 b ! sup]iority w\ld aga9 dw9dle1 until aft] a few g5]ations x w\ld no long] be obs]v$1 & w\ld c\nt = no m 9 ! /ruggle = life ?an any ( ! hundr$ trifl+ advantages :i* occur 9 ! ord9>y organs4 ,an illu/ration w br+ ?is conception home4 ,suppose a :ite man to h be5 wreck$ on an isl& inhabit$ by negroes1 & to h e/abli%$ himself 9 fri5dly relations ) a p[]ful tribe1 ^: cu/oms he has le>nt4 ,suppose him to possess ! physical /r5g?1 en]gy1 & ability ( a dom9ant :ite race1 & let ! food & climate ( ! isl& suit 8 con/itution2 grant him e advantage :i* we c conceive a :ite to possess ov] ! native2 conc$e t 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 8 *ance ( a long life w be mu* sup]ior to t ( ! native *iefs2 yet f all ^! admissions1 !re does n foll[ ! conclusion t1 aft] a limit$ or unlimit$ #ei numb] ( g5]ations1 ! inhabitants ( ! isl& w be :ite4 ,our %ipwreck$ h]o w\ld probably become k+2 he w\ld kill a great _m blacks 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 he w\ld h a great _m wives & *ildr54 444 ,9 ! fir/ g5]ation !re w be "s doz5s ( intellig5t "y mulattoes1 mu* sup]ior 9 av]age intellig5ce to ! negroes4 ,we might expect ! ?rone = "s g5]ations to be occupi$ by a m or less yell[ k+2 b c any "o believe t ! :ole isl& w gradually acquire a :ite1 or ev5 a yell[1 population8 ,d>w9 says t 9 ! /ruggle = life a gra9 may turn ! balance 9 fav\r ( a giv5 /ructure1 :i* w !n be pres]v$4 ,b "o ( ! weights 9 ! scale ( nature is due to ! numb] ( a giv5 tribe4 ,let !re be #gjjj ,a's & #gjjj ,b's1 repres5t+ two v>ieties ( a giv5 animal1 & let all ! ,b's1 9 virtue ( a slight diff]5ce ( /ructure1 h ! bett] *ance ( life by #a_/gjjj "p4 ,we mu/ all[ t !re is a slight probability t ! desc5dants ( ,b w supplant ! desc5dants ( ,a2 b let !re be only #gjja ,a's aga9/ #gjjj ,b's at fir/1 & ! *ances are once m equal1 :ile if !re be #gjjb ,a's to />t1 ! odds w\ld be laid on ! ,a's4 ,true1 !y /& a great] *ance ( be+ kill$2 b !n !y c bett] af=d to be kill$4 ,! gra9 w only turn ! scales :5 ^! are v nicely balanc$1 & an advantage 9 numb]s c\nts = weight1 ev5 z an advantage 9 /ructure4 ,z ! numb]s ( ! fav\r$ v>iety dim9i%1 s mu/ its relative advantages increase1 if ! *ance ( its exi/5ce is to surpass ! *ance ( its ext9ction1 until h>dly any conceivable advantage w\ld enable ! desc5dants ( a s+le pair to ext]m9ate ! desc5dants ( _m ?\s&s if !y & _! desc5dants are suppos$ to bre$ freely ) ! inf]ior v>iety1 & s gradually lose _! asc5d5cy4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself says ( ! article quot$3 ,! ju/ice ( ^! rem>ks _c1 ,i ?9k1 be disput$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a bird ( "s #fj k9d c\ld procure its food m easily by hav+ its beak curv$1 & if "o 7 born ) its beak /rongly curv$1 & :i* consequ5tly fl\ri%$1 nev]!less !re w\ld be a v poor *ance ( ?is "o individual p]petuat+ its k9d to ! exclusion ( ! common =m4 ,?is admission seems almo/ to am\nt to a *ange ( front 9 ! face ( ! enemy6 ,^! rem>ks h be5 quot$ at l5g? because !y s greatly int5sify ! difficulties br\ght =w>d 9 ?is *apt]4 ,if ! mo/ fav\rable v>iations h to cont5d ) su* difficulties1 :at mu/ be ?\ght z to ! *ance ( pres]vation ( ! slightly displac$ eye 9 a sole or ( ! incipi5t developm5t ( bale5 9 a :ale8 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion4 ,x has be5 "h cont5d$ t a c]ta9 few facts1 out ( _m :i* might h be5 br\ght =w>d1 are inconsi/5t ) ! orig9ation ( species by ,natural ,selection only or ma9ly4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory requires m9ute1 indef9ite1 =tuit\s v>iations ( all p>ts 9 all directions1 & he insi/s t ! sole op]ation ( ,natural ,selection ^u su* is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! great majority ( organic =ms1 ) _! mo/ complicat$ /ructures1 intricate mutual adaptations & delicate adju/m5ts4 ,to ?is conception has be5 oppos$ ! difficulties pres5t$ by su* a /ructure z ! =m ( ! giraffe1 :i* ought n to h be5 ! solit>y /ructure x is2 also ! m9ute beg9n+s & ! la/ ref9em5ts ( protective mimicry equally difficult or r impossible to acc\nt = by ,natural ,selection4 ,aga9 ! difficulty z to ! heads ( flat-fi%es has be5 insi/$ on1 z also ! orig91 & at ! same "t ! con/ancy1 ( ! limbs ( ! highe/ animals4 ,ref]5ce has also be5 made to ! :alebone ( :ales1 & to ! impossibility ( #fa und]/&+ its orig9 ?r\gh ,natural ,selection only2 ! same z reg>ds ! infant kang>oo1 ) its s+ul> defici5cy ( p[] comp5sat$ = by mat]nal /ructures on ! "o h&1 to :i* its own brea?+ organs be> direct relation on ! o!r4 ,aga91 ! delicate & complex p$icell>i ( ,e*9od]ms1 ) a c]ta9 process ( developm5t 7?r\gh a second>y l>va7 f\nd 9 t class1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r exceptional modes ( developm5t1 h be5 br\ght =w>d4 ,! developm5t ( col\r 9 c]ta9 apes1 ! hood ( ! cobra1 & ! rattle ( ! rattlesnake h also be5 cit$4 ,aga91 difficulties z to ! process ( =mation ( ! eye & e>1 & z to ! fully develop$ condition ( ^? complex organs1 z well z ( ! voice1 h be5 consid]$4 ,! beauty ( c]ta9 %ell-fi%2 ! wond]ful adaptations ( /ructure1 & v>iety ( =m & resemblance1 f\nd 9 or*ids2 toge!r ) ! complex habits & social conditions ( c]ta9 ants1 h be5 ha/ily pass$ 9 review4 ,:5 all ^! complications are duly weigh$ & consid]$1 & :5 x is borne 9 m9d h[ necess>y x is = ! p]man5ce ( a new v>iety t _m individuals 9 ea* case %\ld be simultane\sly modifi$1 ! cumulative argum5t seems irresi/ible4 ,! ,au?or ( ?is book c say t ?\gh by no means dispos$ orig9ally to diss5t f ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 if only its difficulties c\ld be solv$1 he has f\nd ea* successive ye> t deep] consid]ation & m c>eful exam9ation h m & m br\ght home to him ! inadequacy ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory to acc\nt = ! pres]vation & int5sification ( incipi5t1 specific1 & g5]ic *>act]s4 ,t m9ute1 =tuit\s1 & indef9ite v>iations c\ld h br\ght ab\t su* special =ms & modifications z h be5 enum]at$ 9 ?is *apt]1 seems to contradict n imag9ation1 b reason4 ,page #fb ,t ei!r _m individuals among/ a species ( butt]fly %\ld be simultane\sly pres]v$ ?r\gh a simil> accid5tal & m9ute v>iation 9 "o def9ite direction1 :5 v>iations 9 _m o!r directions w\ld also pres]ve2 or t "o or two s v>y+ %\ld succe$ 9 supplant+ ! prog5y ( ?\s&s ( o!r individuals1 & t ?is %\ld by no o!r cause be c>ri$ s f> z to produce ! appe>ance 7z we h be=e /at$7 ( spots ( fungi1 c4--are alt]natives ( an improbability s extreme z to be practically equal to impossibility4 ,9 spite ( all ! res\rces ( a f]tile imag9ation1 ! ,d>w9ian1 pure & simple1 is r$uc$ to ! ass]tion ( a p>adox z great z any he opposes4 ,9 ! place ( a m]e ass]tion ( our ignorance z to ! way ^! ph5om5a h be5 produc$1 he br+s =w>d1 z _! explanation1 a cause :i* x is cont5d$ 9 ?is "w is demon/rably insuffici5t4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is matt]1 z else:]e ?r\gh\t nature1 we h to d ) ! op]ation ( fix$ & con/ant natural laws1 & ! k ( ^! may be=e long be obta9$ by human pati5ce or human g5ius2 b !re is1 x is believ$1 already en\gh evid5ce to %[ t ^! z yet unkn[n natural laws or law w nev] be resolv$ into ! action ( ,natural ,selection1 b w con/itute or exemplify a mode & condition ( organic action ( :i* ! ,d>w9ian !ory takes no acc\nt :atsoev]4 ,page #fc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,co-,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,closely ,,simil> ,,/ructures ,,( ,,div]se ,,orig94 ,*ances aga9/ concordant v>iations4--,examples ( discordant ones4--,concordant v>iations n unlikely on a non-,d>w9ian evolution>y hypo!sis4--,plac5tal & implac5tal mammals4--,birds & reptiles4--,indep5d5t orig9s ( simil> s5se organs4--,! e>4--,! eye4--,o!r co9cid5ces4--,causes besides ,natural ,selection produce concordant v>iations 9 c]ta9 geographical regions4--,causes besides ,natural ,selection produce concordant v>iations 9 c]ta9 zoological & botanical gr\ps4--,!re are homolog\s p>ts n g5etically relat$4--,h>mony 9 respect ( ! organic & inorganic worlds4--,summ>y & conclusion4 ,! !ory ( ,natural ,selection supposes t ! v>i$ =ms & /ructure ( animals & plants h be5 built up m]ely by indef9ite1 =tuit\s1#di m9ute v>iations 9 e "p & 9 all directions--^? v>iations only be+ pres]v$ :i* are directly or indirectly useful to ! individual possess+ !m1 or necess>ily correlat$ ) su* useful v>iations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+bones ,,( ,,pt]odactyle1 ,,bat1 ,,& ,,bird4 7,copi$1 by p]mission1 f ,mr4 ,&rew ,murray's ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals47 ,on ?is !ory ! *ances are almo/ inf9itely great aga9/ ! indep5d5t1 accid5tal occurr5ce & pres]vation ( two simil> s]ies ( m9ute v>iations result+ 9 ! indep5d5t developm5t ( two closely simil> =ms4 ,9 all cases1 no d\bt 7on ?is same !ory71 "s adaptation to habit or ne$ w\ld gradually be evolv$1 b t #fd adaptation w\ld surely be arriv$ at by diff]5t roads4 ,! organic _w supplies u ) multitudes ( examples ( simil> functional results be+ atta9$ by ! mo/ div]se means4 ,?us ! body is su/a9$ 9 ! air by birds & by bats4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is s su/a9$ by a limb 9 :i* ! bones ( ! h& are excessively r$uc$1 b :i* is provid$ ) imm5se outgr[?s f ! sk9--namely1 ! fea!rs ( ! w+4 ,9 ! second case1 h[ev]1 ! body is su/a9$ 9 ! air by a limb 9 :i* ! bones ( ! h& are enorm\sly increas$ 9 l5g?1 & s su/a9 a great expanse ( nak$ sk91 :i* is ! fly+ membrane ( ! bat's w+4 ,c]ta9 fi%es & c]ta9 reptiles c also flit & take v prolong$ jumps 9 ! air4 ,! fly+-fi%1 h[ev]1 takes ^! by means ( a great elongation ( ! rays ( ! pectoral f9s--p>ts :i* _c be said to be ( ! same nature z ! con/itu5ts ( ! w+ ( ei!r ! bat or ! bird4 ,! little liz>d1 :i* enjoys ! =midable "n ( fly+-dragon1 flits by means ( a /ructure altoge!r peculi>--namely1 by ! lib]ation & great elongation ( "s ( ! ribs :i* support a fold ( sk94 ,9 ! ext9ct pt]odactyles--:i* 7 truly fly+ #fe reptiles--we meet ) an approximation to ! /ructure ( ! bat1 b 9 ! pt]odactyle we h only "o f+] elongat$ 9 ea* h&3 a /rik+ example ( h[ ! v same function may be provid$ = by a modification simil> 9 pr9ciple1 yet surely manife/+ ! indep5d5ce ( its orig94 ,:5 we g to l[] animals1 we f9d flight produc$ by organs1 z ! w+s ( insects1 :i* are n ev5 modifi$ limbs at all2 or we f9d ev5 ! function sometimes subs]v$ by q artificial means1 z 9 ! arial spid]s1 :i* use _! own ?reads to float ) 9 ! air4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom ! atmosph]e is (t5 made use ( = ! scatt]+ ( se$s1 by _! be+ furni%$ ) special /ructures ( v diff]5t k9ds4 ,! div]se modes by :i* su* se$s are disp]s$ are well express$ by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,he says3#ej ,se$s are dissem9at$ #ff by _! m9ut5ess1--by _! capsule be+ conv]t$ into a light balloon-l envelope1--by be+ emb$d$ 9 pulp or fle%1 =m$ ( ! mo/ div]se p>ts1 & r5d]$ nutriti\s1 z well z conspicu\sly col\r$1 s z to attract & be dev\r$ by birds1--by hav+ hooks & grapnels ( _m k9ds & s]rat$ awns1 s z to adh]e to ! fur ( quadrup$s1--& by be+ furni%$ ) w+s & plumes1 z diff]5t 9 %ape z elegant 9 /ructure1 s z to be waft$ by e breeze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,fly+-,,dragon4 7,%[+ ! elongat$ ribs :i* support ! flitt+ organ47 ,aga91 if we consid] ! poison+ app>atus possess$ by diff]5t animals1 we f9d 9 s]p5ts a p]=at$--or r v deeply *annell$--too?4 ,9 wasps & bees ! /+ is =m$ ( modifi$ p>ts1 accessory 9 reproduction4 ,9 ! scorpion1 we h ! m$ian t]m9al process ( ! body specially organiz$4 ,9 ! spid]1 we h a specially con/ruct$ ant5na2 & f9ally 9 ! c5tip$e a pair ( modifi$ ?oracic limbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,c5tip$e4 ,x w\ld be easy to produce a multitude ( su* in/ances ( simil> ends be+ atta9$ by dissimil> means1 & x is "h cont5d$ t by ! action ( ,natural ,selection only x is s improbable z to be practically impossible = two exactly simil> /ructures to h ev] be5 indep5d5tly develop$4 ,x is s because ! numb] ( possible #fg v>iations is indef9itely great1 & x is !re=e an indef9itely great numb] to "o aga9/ a simil> s]ies ( v>iations occurr+ & be+ simil>ly pres]v$ 9 any two indep5d5t in/ances4 ,! difficulty "h ass]t$ applies1 h[ev]1 only to pure ,d>w9ism1 :i* makes use only ( indirect modifications ?r\gh ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,o!r !ories 7= example1 t ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]7 admit ! direct action ( conditions ^u animals & plants--9 ways n yet fully und]/ood--!re be+ conceiv$ to be at ! same "t a c]ta9 peculi> b limit$ p[] ( response & adaptation 9 ea* animal & plant s act$ on4 ,su* !ories h n to cont5d aga9/ ! difficulty propos$1 & x is "h urg$ t ev5 v complex extremely simil> /ructures h aga9 & aga9 be5 develop$ q indep5d5tly "o ( ! o!r1 & ?is because ! process has tak5 place n by m]ely haphaz>d1 indef9ite v>iations 9 all directions1 b by ! concurr5ce ( "s o!r & int]nal natural law or laws co-op]at+ ) ext]nal influ5ces & ) ,natural ,selection 9 ! evolution ( organic =ms4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t to admit any su* con/ant op]ation ( any su* unkn[n natural cause is to d5y ! purely ,d>w9ian !ory1 :i* relies ^u ! survival ( ! fitte/ by means ( m9ute =tuit\s indef9ite v>iations4 ,among/ _m o!r obligations :i* ! ,au?or has to ackn[l$ge to ,pr(essor ,huxley1 are ! po9t+ out ( ?is v difficulty1 & ! call+ 8 att5tion to ! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 c]ta9 tee? ( ! dog & ( ! ?ylac9e z "o in/ance1 & c]ta9 orni?ic peculi>ities ( pt]odactyles z ano!r4 ,mammals#ea are divisible into "o great gr\p1 :i* comprises ! #fh imm5se majority ( k9ds t]m$1 f _! mode ( reproduction1 plac5tal ,mammals1 & into ano!r v mu* small] gr\p compris+ ! p\*$-bea/s or m>supials 7:i* are ! kang>oos1 b&icoots1 phalang]s1 c41 ( ,au/ralia71 & ! true opossums ( ,am]ica1 call$ implac5tal ,mammals4 ,n[ ! plac5tal mammals are subdivid$ into v>i\s ord]s1 among/ :i* are ! fle%-eat]s 7,c>nivora1 i4e4 cats1 dogs1 ott]s1 weasels1 c471 & ! insect-eat]s 7,insectivora1 i4e4 moles1 h$gehogs1 %rew-mice1 c474 ,! m>supial mammals also pres5t a v>iety ( =ms 7"s ( :i* are c>nivor\s bea/s1 :il/ o!rs are insectivor\s71 s m>k$ t x has be5 ev5 propos$ to divide !m into ord]s p>allel to ! ord]s ( plac5tal bea/s4 ,! resemblance1 inde$1 is s /rik+ z1 on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 to sugge/ ! probability ( g5etic aff9ity2 & x ev5 l$ ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 ,hunt]ian ,lectures1 9 #ahff1 to promulgate ! notion t a va/ & widely-diffus$ m>supial fauna may h exi/$ ant]iorly to ! developm5t ( ! ord9>y plac5tal1 non-p\*$ bea/s1 & t ! c>nivor\s1 insectivor\s1 & h]bivor\s plac5tals may h respectively desc5d$ f ! c>nivor\s1 insectivor\s1 & h]bivor\s m>supials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tee? ,,( ,,urotri*us ,,& ,,p]ameles4 ,among/ o!r po9ts ,pr(essor ,huxley call$ att5tion to ! resemblance betwe5 ! ant]ior mol>s ( ! plac5tal dog ) ^? ( ! m>supial ?ylac9e4 ,^!1 inde$1 are /rik+ly simil>1 b !re are bett] examples /ill ( ?is sort ( co9cid5ce4 ,?us x has (t5 #fi be5 rem>k$ t ! insectivor\s m>supials1 e4g4 ,p]ameles1 wond]fully correspond1 z to ! =m ( c]ta9 ( ! gr9d+ tee?1 ) c]ta9 insectivor\s plac5tals1 e4g4 ,urotri*us4 ,aga91 ! saltatory insectivores ( ,africa 7,macroscelides7 n only resemble ! kang>oo family 7,macropodid7 9 _! jump+ habits & long h9d legs1 b also 9 ! /ructure ( _! mol> tee?1 & ev5 fur!r1 z ,i h else:]e#eb po9t$ out1 9 a c]ta9 simil>ity ( ! upp] cutt+ tee?1 or incisors4 ,n[ ^! correspond5ces are ! m /rik+ :5 we be> 9 m9d t a simil> d5tition is (t5 put to v diff]5t uses4 ,! food ( diff]5t k9ds ( apes is v diff]5t1 yet h[ uni=m is _! d5tal /ructure6 ,aga91 :o1 look+ at ! tee? ( diff]5t k9ds ( be>s1 w\ld ev] suspect t "o k9d 0 frugivor\s1 & ano!r a dev\r] exclusively ( animal food8 ,! sugge/ion made by ,pr(essor ,huxley 0 !re=e "o :i* _h mu* to recomm5d x to ,d>w9ians1 ?\gh x has n met ) any notable acceptance1 & ?\gh he seems himself to h return$ to ! old] notion1 namely1 t ! p\*$-bea/s1 or m>supials1 are a special anci5t (f%oot f ! great mammalian class4 ,b :i*ev] view may be ! correct "o1 we h 9 ei!r case a numb] ( =ms simil>ly modifi$ 9 h>mony ) surr\nd+ conditions1 & eloqu5tly proclaim+ "s natural pla/ic p[]1 o!r ?an m]e =tuit\s v>iation ) survival ( ! fitte/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,read] ?9ks t tee? are p>ts peculi>ly qualifi$ = rapid v>iation 79 :i* view ! ,au?or _c concur71 he is reque/$ to susp5d 8 judgm5t till he has consid]$ ! "q ( ! indep5d5t evolution ( ! highe/ organs ( s5se4 ,if ?is seems to e/abli% ! #gj exi/5ce ( "s o!r law ?an t ( ,natural ,selection1 !n ! op]ation ( t o!r law may surely be also trac$ 9 ! h>moni\s co-ord9ations ( d5tal =m4 ,! o!r difficulty1 k9dly sugge/$ to me by ! le>n$ ,pr(essor1 ref]s to ! /ructure ( birds1 & ( ext9ct reptiles m or less relat$ to !m4 ,! class ( birds is "o :i* is rem>kably uni=m 9 its organization4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case1 t ! be/ mode ( subdivid+ ! class is a problem ( ! greate/ difficulty4 ,exi/+ birds1 h[ev]1 pres5t =ms :i*1 ?\gh closely resembl+ 9 ! great] "p ( _! /ructure1 yet diff] importantly ! "o f ! o!r4 ,"o =m is exemplifi$ by ! o/ri*1 rhea1 emeu1 cass[>y1 apt]yx1 d9ornis1 c4 ,^! are ! /ru?i\s birds4 ,all o!r exi/+ birds belong to ! second division1 & are call$ 7f ! keel on ! brea/-bone7 c>9ate birds4 ,n[ birds & reptiles h su* & s _m po9ts 9 common1 t ,d>w9ians mu/ reg>d ! =m] z modifi$ desc5dants ( anci5t reptilian =ms4 ,b on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples x is impossible t ! class ( birds s uni=m & homog5e\s %\ld h _h a d\ble reptilian orig94 ,if "o set ( birds sprang f "o set ( reptiles1 & ano!r set ( birds f ano!r set ( reptiles1 ! two sets c\ld nev]1 by ,natural ,selection only1 h gr[n into su* a p]fect simil>ity4 ,to admit su* a ph5om5on w\ld be equival5t to ab&on+ ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection z ! sole orig9 ( species4 ,n[1 until rec5tly x has g5]ally be5 suppos$ by evolutioni/s t ^? anci5t fly+ reptiles1 ! pt]odactyles1 or =ms alli$ to !m1 7 ! prog5itors ( ! class ( birds2 & c]ta9 p>ts ( _! /ructure especially support ?is view4 ,allusion is "h made to ! bladebone 7scapula71 & ! bone :i* passes d[n f ! %\ld]-jo9t to ! brea/-bone 7viz4 ! coracoid74 ,^! bones are su* rem>kable anticipations ( ! same p>ts 9 ord9>y 7i4e4 c>9ate7 birds #ga t x is h>dly possible = a ,d>w9ian n to reg>d ! resemblance z due to community ( orig94 ,?is resemblance 0 c>efully po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 ,hunt]ian ,c\rse = #ahfg1 :5 att5tion 0 call$ to ! exi/5ce 9 ,dimorphodon macronyx ( ev5 t small process :i* 9 birds gives atta*m5t to ! upp] end ( ! m]ry?\ght4 ,also ,mr4 ,seeley#ec has %[n t 9 pt]odactyles1 z 9 birds1 ! optic lobes ( ! bra9 7 plac$ l[ d[n on ea* side--lat]al & depress$4 ,nev]!less1 ! view has be5 put =w>d & ably ma9ta9$ by ! same ,pr(essor1#ed z also by ,pr(essor ,cope 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ! l9e ( desc5t f reptiles to birds has n be5 f ord9>y reptiles1 ?r\gh pt]odactyle-l =ms1 to ord9>y birds1 b to ! /ru?i\s ones f c]ta9 ext9ct reptiles t]m$ ,d9osauria2 "o ( ! mo/ famili>ly kn[n ( :i* is ! ,iguanodon ( ! ,weald5 =mation4 ,9 ^! ,d9osauria we f9d skeletal *>act]s unlike ^? ( ord9>y 7i4e4 c>9ate7 birds1 b closely resembl+ 9 c]ta9 po9ts ! osse\s /ructure ( ! /ru?i\s birds4 ,?us a difficulty pres5ts itself z to ! explanation ( ! ?ree foll[+ relation%ips3--7#a7 ,t ( ! ,pt]odactyles ) c>9ate birds2 7#b7 t ( ! ,d9osauria ) /ru?i\s birds2 7#c7 t ( ! c>9ate & /ru?i\s birds ) ea* o!r4 ,ei!r birds mu/ h _h two di/9ct orig9s :5ce !y grew to _! pres5t con=mity1 or ! v same skeletal1 & probably c]ebral *>act]s mu/ h spontane\sly & indep5d5tly aris54 ,"h is a dilemma1 ei!r horn ( :i* be>s a ?reat5+ aspect to ! exclusive support] ( ,natural ,selection1 & betwe5 :i* x seems some:at #gb difficult to *oose4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me t ?is difficulty may be evad$ by consid]+ pt]odactyles & c>9ate birds z indep5d5t bran*es f "o side ( an anci5t common trunk1 :ile simil>ly ! ,d9osauria & /ru?i\s birds are tak5 to be indep5d5t bran*es f ! o!r side ( ! same common trunk2 ! two k9ds ( birds resembl+ ea* o!r s mu* on acc\nt ( _! lat] developm5t f t trunk z comp>$ ) ! developm5t ( ! reptilian =ms4 ,b to ?is x may be repli$ t ! anci5t common /ock c\ld n h _h at "o & ! same "t a %\ld] /ructure ( bo? k9ds4 ,x mu/ h be5 t ( ! /ru?i\s birds or t ( ! c>9ate birds1 or some?+ diff]5t f bo?4 ,if x 0 t ( ! /ru?i\s birds1 h[ did ! pt]odactyles & c>9ate birds indep5d5tly arrive at ! v same div]g5t /ructure8 ,if x 0 t ( ! c>9ate birds1 h[ did ! /ru?i\s birds & ,d9osauria indep5d5tly agree to diff]8 ,f9ally1 if x 0 some?+ diff]5t f ei!r1 h[ did ! c>9ate birds & pt]odactyles take on indep5d5tly "o special common /ructure :5 disagree+ 9 s _m2 :ile ! /ru?i\s birds1 agree+ 9 _m po9ts ) ! ,d9osauria1 agree yet m ) ! c>9ate birds8 ,inde$ by no arrangem5t ( bran*es f a /em c ! difficulty be evad$4 ,pr(essor ,huxley seems incl9$#ee to cut ! ,gordian knot by consid]+ ! %\ld] /ructure ( ! pt]odactyle z indep5d5tly educ$1 & hav+ relation to physiology only4 ,?is conception is "o :i* h>monizes completely ) ! views "h advocat$1 & ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o also calls 9 direct modification to ! aid ( ,natural ,selection4 ,t m]ely m9ute1 indef9ite v>iations 9 all directions %\ld unaid$ h indep5d5tly built up ! %\ld] /ructure ( #gc ! pt]odactyles & c>9ate birds1 & h lat]ally depress$ _! optic lobes1 at a "t s f> back z ! deposition ( ! ,oolite /rata1#ef is a co9cid5ce ( ! highe/ improbability2 b t an innate p[] & evolution>y law1 aid$ by ! corrective action ( ,natural ,selection1 %\ld h furni%$ l ne$s ) l aids1 is n at all improbable4 ,! difficulty does n tell aga9/ ! !ory ( evolution1 b only aga9/ ! specially ,d>w9ian =m ( x4 ,n[ ?is =m has nev] be5 expressly adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley2 s f> f x1 9 8 lecture on ?is subject at ! ,royal ,in/itution be=e ref]r$ to1 he obs]ves1#eg ,i c te/ify1 f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 x is possible to h a complete fai? 9 ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution1 & yet to hesitate 9 accept+ ! ,nebul>1 or ! ,uni=mit>ian1 or ! ,d>w9ian hypo!ses 9 all _! integrity & fulness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ar*eopt]yx 7( ! ,oolite /rata74 ,x is q consi/5t1 !n1 9 ! ,pr(essor to expla9 ! #gd difficulty z he does2 b x w\ld n be simil>ly s ) an absolute & pure ,d>w9ian4 ,yet /rong] argum5ts ( an analog\s k9d are1 h[ev]1 to be d]iv$ f ! highe/ organs ( s5se4 ,9 ! mo/ p]fectly organiz$ animals--^? namely :i*1 l ourselves1 possess a sp9al column--! int]nal organs ( he>+ consi/ ( two m or less complex membran\s sacs 7conta9+ calc>e\s p>ticles--otoli?s71 :i* are primitively or p]man5tly lodg$ 9 two *amb]s1 "o on ea* side ( ! c>tilag9\s skull4 ,! primitive c>tilag9\s cranium supports & protects ! base ( ! bra91 & ! auditory n]ves pass f t bra9 into ! c>tilag9\s *amb]s to rea* ! auditory sacs4 ,^! complex arrangem5ts ( p>ts c\ld n h be5 evolv$ by ,natural ,selection1 i4e4 by m9ute accid5tal v>iations1 except by ! action ( su* ?r\gh a va/ p]iod ( "t2 nev]!less1 x 0 fully evolv$ at ! "t ( ! deposition ( ! upp] ,silurian rocks4 ,cuttle-fi%es 7,cephalopoda7 are animals belong+ to ! mollusc\s prim>y division ( ! animal k+dom1 :i* division conta9s animals =m$ ^u a type ( /ructure utt]ly remote f t on :i* ! animals ( ! high] division provid$ ) a sp9al column are con/ruct$4 ,& inde$ no transitional =m 7t5d+ ev5 to bridge ov] ! *asm betwe5 ^! two gr\ps7 has ev] yet be5 discov]$1 ei!r liv+ or 9 a fossiliz$ condition4#eh ,nev]!less1 9 ! two-gill$ ,cephalopods 7,dibran*iata7 we f9d ! bra9 support$ & protect$ by a c>tilag9\s cranium4 ,9 ! base ( ?is cranium are two c>tilag9\s *amb]s4 ,9 ea* *amb] is a membran\s sac conta9+ an otoli?1 & ! auditory n]ves pass f ! c]ebral ganglia into ! c>tilag9\s *amb]s to rea* ! auditory sacs4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 t #ge s9uosities betwe5 processes project+ f ! inn] wall ( ea* *amb] seem to be ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ^? :i*1 9 ! high] classes 7i4e4 9 animals ) a sp9al column71 are ext5d$ 9 ! =m ( canals & spiral *amb]s1 )9 ! sub/ance ( ! d5se nidus ( ! labyr9?4#ei ,illu/ration3 ,,cuttle-,,fi%4 ,a4 ,v5tral aspect4 ,b4 ,dorsal aspect4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a wond]ful co9cid5ce inde$2 two highly complex auditory organs1 m>vell\sly simil> 9 /ructure1 b :i* mu/ nev]!less h be5 develop$ 9 entire & complete indep5d5ce "o ( ! o!r6 ,x w\ld be difficult to calculate ! odds aga9/ ! indep5d5t occurr5ce & cons]vation ( two su* complex s]ies ( m]ely accid5tal & m9ute haphaz>d v>iations4 ,& x c nev] be #gf ma9ta9$ t ! s5se ( he>+ c\ld n be effici5tly subs]v$ o!rwise ?an by su* sacs1 9 cranial c>tilag9\s capsules s situat$ 9 relation to ! bra91 c4 ,our wond]1 moreov]1 may be increas$ :5 we recollect t ! two-gill$ cephalopods h n yet be5 f\nd bel[ ! lias1 :]e !y at once ab\nd2 :]eas ! f\r-gill$ cephalopods are ,silurian =ms4 ,moreov]1 ! abs5ce is 9 ?is case significant 9 spite ( ! imp]fection ( ! geological record1 because :5 we consid] h[ _m individuals ( v>i\s k9ds ( f\r-gill$ cephalopods h be5 f\nd1 x is fair to inf] t at ! lea/ a c]ta9 small p]c5tage ( dibran*s w\ld also h left traces ( _! pres5ce _h !y exi/$4 ,?us x is probable t "s f\r-gill$ =m 0 ! prog5itor ( ! dibran* cephalopods4 ,n[ ! f\r-gill$ k9ds 7judg+ f ! only exi/+ =m1 ! nautilus7 _h ! auditory organ 9 a v inf]ior condition ( developm5t to :at we f9d 9 ! dibran*2 ?us we h n only evid5ce ( ! indep5d5t high developm5t ( ! organ 9 ! =m]1 b also evid5ce po9t+ t[>ds a c]ta9 degree ( comp>ative rapidity 9 its developm5t4 ,su* be+ ! case ) reg>d to ! organ ( he>+1 we h ano!r yet /rong] argum5t ) reg>d to ! organ ( sight1 z has be5 well po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy4#fj ,he calls att5tion to ! fact t ! eye mu/ h be5 p]fect$ 9 at lea/ ?ree di/9ct l9es ( desc5t1 allud+ n only to ! mollusc\s division ( ! animal k+dom1 & ! division provid$ ) a sp9al column1 b also to a ?ird prim>y division1 namely1 t :i* includes all insects1 spid]s1 crabs1 c41 :i* are spok5 ( z ,annulosa1 & ! type ( ^: /ructure is z di/9ct f t ( ! mollusc\s type on ! "o h&1 z x is f t ( ! type ) a sp9al column 7i4e4 ! v]tebrate type7 on ! o!r4 #gg ,9 ! cuttle-fi%es we f9d an eye ev5 m completely con/ruct$ on ! v]tebrate type ?an is ! e>4 ,scl]otic1 ret9a1 *oroid1 vitre\s hum\r1 l5s1 aque\s hum\r1 all are pres5t4 ,! correspond5ce is wond]fully complete1 & !re c h>dly be any hesitation 9 say+ t = su* an exact1 prolong$1 & correlat$ s]ies ( simil> /ructures to h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 two indep5d5t in/ances by m]ely indef9ite & m9ute accid5tal v>iations1 is an improbability :i* am\nts practically to impossibility4 ,moreov]1 we h "h aga9 ! same imp]fection ( ! f\r-gill$ cephalopod1 z comp>$ ) ! two-gill$1 & !re=e 7if ! latt] proce$$ f ! =m]7 a simil> indication ( a c]ta9 comp>ative rapidity ( developm5t4 ,f9ally1 & ?is is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ curi\s circum/ances1 ! process ( =mation appe>s to h be51 at lea/ 9 "s respects1 ! same 9 ! eyes ( ^! mollusc\s animals z 9 ! eyes ( v]tebrates4 ,= 9 ^! latt] ! cornea is at fir/ p]=at$1 :ile diff]5t degrees ( p]=ation ( ! same "p are pres5t$ by diff]5t adult cuttle-fi%es--l>ge 9 ! calam>ies1 small] 9 ! octopods1 & r$uc$ to a m9ute =am5 9 ! true cuttle-fi% sepia4 ,"s may be dispos$ to object t ! conditions requisite = effect+ vision are s rigid t simil> results 9 all cases mu/ be indep5d5tly arriv$ at4 ,b to ?is objection x may well be repli$ t ,nature h]self has demon/rat$ t !re is no su* necessity z to ! details ( ! process4 ,= 9 ! high] ,annulosa1 su* z ! dragon-fly1 we meet ) an eye ( an unque/ionably v high degree ( effici5cy1 b =m$ on a type ( /ructure only remotely comp>able ) t ( ! fi% or ! cephalopod4 ,! la/-nam$ animal might h _h an eye z effici5t z t ( a v]tebrate1 b =m$ on a di/9ct type1 in/ead ( be+ ano!r edition1 z x 71 ( ! v same /ructure4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] examples h be5 giv5 ( ! v #gh div]se mode 9 :i* simil> results h 9 _m in/ances be5 arriv$ at2 on ! o!r h&1 we h 9 ! fi% & ! cephalopod n only ! eye1 b at "o & ! same "t ! e> also simil>ly evolv$1 yet ) complete indep5d5ce4 ,?us x is "h cont5d$ t ! simil> & complex /ructures ( bo? ! highe/ organs ( s5se1 z develop$ 9 ! v]tebrates on ! "o h&1 & 9 ! mollusks on ! o!r1 pres5t u ) residu>y ph5om5a = :i* ,natural ,selection alone is q incompet5t to acc\nt4 ,& t ^! same ph5om5a mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z conclusive evid5ce = ! action ( "s o!r natural law or laws condition+ ! simultane\s & indep5d5t evolution ( ^! h>moni\s & concordant adaptations4 ,provid$ ) ?is evid5ce1 x may be n[ pr(itable to enum]ate o!r correspond5ces1 :i* are n p]haps 9 !mselves inexplicable by ,natural ,selection1 b :i* are m readily to be expla9$ by ! action ( ! unkn[n law or laws ref]r$ to--:i* action1 z its necessity has be5 demon/rat$ 9 "o case1 becomes a priori probable 9 ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,i*?yosaurus4 ,?us ! great oceanic ,mammalia--! :ales--%[ /rik+ resemblances to ^? prodigi\s1 ext9ct1 m>9e reptiles1 ! ,i*?yosauria1 & ?is n only 9 /ructures readily ref]able to simil>ity ( habit1 b 9 su* matt]s z greatly elongat$ premaxill>y bones1 toge!r ) ! concealm5t ( c]ta9 bones ( ! skull by o!r cranial bones4 ,page #gi ,aga91 ! arial mammals1 ! bats1 resemble ^? fly+ reptiles ( ! second>y epo*1 ! pt]odactyles2 n only to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! brea/-bone & mode ( support+ ! fly+ membrane1 b also 9 ! proportions ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! sp9al column & ! h9d] 7pelvic7 limbs4 ,also bivalve %ell-fi% 7i4e4 creatures ( ! mussel1 cockle1 & oy/] class1 :i* receive _! "n f ! body be+ protect$ by a d\ble %ell1 "o valve ( :i* is plac$ on ea* side7 h _! two %ells unit$ by "o or two p[]ful muscles1 :i* pass directly across f "o %ell to ! o!r1 & :i* are t]m$ adductor muscles because by _! contraction !y br+ toge!r ! valves & s close ! %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cy!ridea ,,torosa4 ,an o/racod 7,cru/acean71 ext]nally l a bivalve %ell-fi% 7,lamellibran*74 ,n[ !re are c]ta9 animals :i* belong to ! crab & lob/] class 7,cru/acea7--a class con/ruct$ on an utt]ly diff]5t type f t on :i* ! bivalve %ell-fi% are con/ruct$--:i* pres5t a v curi\s approximation to bo? ! =m &1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 ! /ructure ( true bivalves4 ,allusion is "h made to c]ta9 small ,cru/acea--c]ta9 phyllopods & o/racods--:i* h ! h>d out] coat ( _! ?orax s modifi$ z to look wond]fully l a bivalve %ell1 al?\gh its #hj nature & composition are q diff]5t4 ,b ?is is by no means all1--n only is !re ?is ext]nal resemblance betwe5 ! ?oracic arm\r ( ! cru/acean & ! bivalve %ell1 b ! two sides ( ! o/racod & phyllopod ?orax are connect$ toge!r also by an adductor muscle6 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,polyzoon ,,) ,,bird',s-,,head ,,processes4 #ha ,! p$icell>i ( ! e*9us h be5 already spok5 (1 & ! difficulty z to _! orig9 f m9ute1 =tuit\s1 indef9ite v>iations has be5 /at$4 ,b /ructures ess5tially simil> 7call$ avicul>ia1 or bird's-head processes7 are develop$ f ! surface ( ! comp\nd masses ( c]ta9 ( ! highe/ ( ! polyp-l animals 7viz4 ! ,polyzoa or1 z !y are sometimes call$1 ! ,bryozoa74 ,^! comp\nd animals h scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( _! bodies m9ute processes1 ea* ( :i* is l ! head ( a bird1 ) an upp] & l[] beak1 ! :ole support$ on a sl5d] neck4 ,! beak op5s & %uts at int]vals1 l ! jaws ( ! p$icell>i ( ! e*9us1 & !re is altoge!r1 9 g5]al pr9ciple1 a rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ! /ructures4 ,yet ! e*9us c h1 at ! be/1 none b ! mo/ di/ant g5etic relation%ip ) ! ,polyzoa4 ,we h "h aga9 !re=e complex & simil> organs ( div]se & indep5d5t orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,bird',s-,,head ,,processes ,,v ,,greatly ,,enl>g$4 ,9 ! highe/ class ( animals 7! ,mammalia7 we h almo/ always a plac5tal mode ( reproduction1 i4e4 ! blood ( ! foetus is plac$ 9 nutritive relation ) ! blood ( ! "m by means ( vascul> prom95ces4 ,no trace ( su* a /ructure exi/s 9 any bird or 9 any reptile1 & yet x crops out aga9 9 c]ta9 %>ks4 ,!re inde$ x might well be suppos$ to end1 b1 m>vell\s z x seems1 x reappe>s 9 v l[ly creatures2 namely1 9 c]ta9 ( ! ascidians1 sometimes call$ tunic>ies or sea-squirts4 ,page #hb ,n[1 if we 7 to conc$e t ! ascidians 7 ! common ance/ors#fa ( bo? ^! %>ks & ( ! high] mammals1 we %\ld be little1 if any1 ne>] to an explanation ( ! ph5om5on by means ( ,natural ,selection1 = 9 ! %>ks 9 "q ! vascul> prom95ces are develop$ f "o foetal /ructure 7! umbilical vesicle71 :ile 9 ! high] mammals !y are develop$ f q ano!r "p1 viz4 ! allantois4 ,illu/ration3 ,upp] ,figure--,,ante*9us ,,m9utissimus 7implac5tal74 ,l[] ,figure--,,mus ,,delicatulus 7plac5tal74 ,s great1 h[ev]1 is ! numb] ( simil>1 b app>5tly indep5d5t1 /ructures1 t we suff] f a p]fect emb>ras de ri*esses4 ,?us1 = example1 we h ! convolut$ w9dpipe ( ! slo?1 rem9d+ u#hc ( ! condition ( ! w9dpipe 9 birds2 & 9 ano!r mammal1 alli$ to ! slo?1 namely ! great ant-eat] 7,myrmecophaga71 we h aga9 an orni?ic "* 9 its horny gizz>d-l /oma*4 ,9 man & ! highe/ apes ! ccum has a v]mi=m app5dix1 z x has also 9 ! wombat6 ,also ! simil> =ms pres5t$ by ! cr[ns ( ! tee? 9 "s seals1 9 c]ta9 %>ks1 & 9 "s ext9ct ,cetacea may be ref]r$ to2 z also ! simil>ity ( ! beak 9 birds1 "s reptiles1 9 ! tadpole1 & cuttle-fi%es4 ,z to entire ext]nal =m1 may be adduc$ ! wond]ful simil>ity betwe5 a true m\se 7,mus delicatulus7 & a small m>supial1 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,&rew ,murray 9 8 "w on ! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals1 p4 #ec1 & repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece by figures copi$ f ,g\ld's ,mammals ( ,au/ralia2 b in/ances en\gh = ! pres5t purpose h be5 already quot$4 ,additional reasons = believ+ t simil>ity ( /ructure is produc$ by o!r causes ?an m]ely by ,natural ,selection are furni%$ by c]ta9 facts ( zoological geography1 & by a simil>ity 9 ! mode ( v>iation be+ sometimes ext5d$ to sev]al species ( a g5us1 or ev5 to widely diff]5t gr\ps2 :ile ! re/riction & ! limitation ( su* simil>ity are (t5 n less rem>kable4 ,?us ,mr4 ,wallace says1#fb z to local influ5ce3 ,l>g] or small] di/ricts1 or ev5 s+le isl&s1 give a special "* to ! majority ( _! ,papilionid4 ,= in/ance3--#a4 ,! species ( ! ,indian region 7,sumatra1 ,java1 & ,borneo7 are almo/ inv>iably small] ?an ! alli$ species inhabit+ ,celebes & ! ,moluccas4 #b4 ,! species ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,au/ralia are also1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 small] ?an ! ne>e/ species or v>ieties ( ! ,moluccas4 #c4 ,9 ! ,moluccas !mselves ! species ( ,amboyna are ! l>ge/4 #d4 ,! species ( ,celebes equal or ev5 surpass 9 size ^? ( ,amboyna4 #hd #e4 ,! species & v>ieties ( ,celebes possess a /rik+ "* 9 ! =m ( ! ant]ior w+s1 diff]5t f t ( ! alli$ species & v>ieties ( all ! surr\nd+ isl&s4 #f4 ,tail$ species 9 ,india or ! ,indian region become tailless z !y spread ea/w>d ?r\gh ! ,ar*ipelago4 #g4 ,9 ,amboyna & ,c]am ! females ( sev]al species are dull-col\r$1 :ile 9 ! adjac5t isl&s !y are m brilliant4 ,aga93#fc ,9 ,amboyna & ,c]am ! female ( ! l>ge & h&some ,orni?opt]a ,hel5a has ! l>ge pat* on ! h9d w+s con/antly ( a pale dull o*re or buff col\r2 :ile 9 ! sc>cely di/+ui%able v>ieties f ! adjac5t isl&s1 ( ,b\ru & ,new ,gu9ea1 x is ( a gold5 yell[1 h>dly inf]ior 9 brilliancy to its col\r 9 ! male sex4 ,! female ( ,orni?opt]a ,priamus 7inhabit+ ,amboyna & ,c]am exclusively7 is ( a pale dusky br[n t9t1 :ile 9 all ! alli$ species ! same sex is ne>ly black1 ) contract$ :ite m>k+s4 ,z a ?ird example1 ! female ( ,papilio ,ulysses has ! blue col\r obscur$ by dull & dusky t9ts1 :ile 9 ! closely alli$ species f ! surr\nd+ isl&s1 ! females are ( almo/ z brilliant an azure blue z ! males4 ,a p>allel case to ?is is ! occurr5ce1 9 ! small isl&s ( ,goram1 ,matabello1 ,k1 & ,aru1 ( sev]al di/9ct species ( ,euploea & ,diadema1 hav+ broad b&s or pat*es ( :ite1 :i* d n exi/ 9 any ( ! alli$ species f ! l>g] isl&s4 ,^! facts seem to indicate "s local influ5ce 9 modify+ col\r1 z un9telligible & almo/ z rem>kable z t :i* has result$ 9 ! modifications ( =m previ\sly describ$4 ,aft] endeav\r+ to expla9 "s ( ! facts 9 a way to be notic$ directly1 ,mr4 ,wallace adds3#fd ,b ev5 ! conjectural explanation n[ giv5 fails u 9 ! o!r cases ( local modification4 ,:y ! species ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s %\ld be small] ?an ^? fur!r ea/2 :y ^? ( ,amboyna %\ld exce$ 9 size ^? ( ,gilolo & ,new ,gu9ea2 :y ! #he tail$ species ( ,india %\ld beg9 to lose t app5dage 9 ! isl&s1 & reta9 no trace ( x on ! bord]s ( ! ,pacific2 & :y1 9 ?ree sep>ate cases1 ! females ( ,amboyna species %\ld be less gaily attir$ ?an ! correspond+ females ( ! surr\nd+ isl&s1 are que/ions :i* we _c at pres5t attempt to answ]4 ,t !y dep5d1 h[ev]1 on "s g5]al pr9ciple is c]ta91 because analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,mr4 ,bates in=ms me t1 9 ?ree di/9ct gr\ps1 ,papilios1 :i*1 on ! ,upp] ,amazon1 & 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 h spotless upp] w+s1 obta9 pale or :ite spots at ,p> & on ! ,l[] ,amazon1 & also t ! neas gr\p ( ,papilios nev] h tails 9 ! equatorial regions & ! ,amazon valley1 b gradually acquire tails 9 _m cases z !y range t[>ds ! nor!rn or s\!rn tropic4 ,ev5 9 ,europe we h some:at simil> facts1 = ! species & v>ieties ( butt]flies peculi> to ! ,isl& ( ,s>d9ia are g5]ally small] & m deeply col\r$ ?an ^? ( ! ma9l&1 & ! same has be5 rec5tly %[n to be ! case ) ! common tortoise%ell butt]fly 9 ! ,isle ( ,man2 :ile ,papilio ,hospiton1 peculi> to ! =m] isl&1 has lo/ ! tail1 :i* is a prom95t feature ( ! closely alli$ ,p4 ,ma*aon4 ,facts ( a simil> nature to ^? n[ br\ght =w>d w\ld no d\bt be f\nd to occur 9 o!r gr\ps ( insects1 7 local faunas c>efully /udi$ 9 relation to ^? ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntries2 & !y seem to indicate t climate & o!r physical causes h1 9 "s cases1 a v p[]ful effect 9 modify+ specific =m & col\r1 & ?us directly aid 9 produc+ ! endless v>iety ( nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,w+s ,,( ,,butt]flies ,,( ,,celebes ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,^? ,,( ,,alli$ ,,species ,,else:]e4 ,out] outl9e1 ,papilio gigon1 ( ,celebes4 ,inn] outl9e1 ,p4 demolion1 ( ,s+apore & ,java4--#b4 ,out] outl9e1 ,p4 miletus1 ( ,celebes4 ,inn] outl9e1 ,p4 s>p$on1 ,india4--#c4 ,out] outl9e1 ,ta*yris z>9da1 ,celebes4 ,inn] outl9e1 ,t4 n]o4 ,) reg>d to butt]flies ( ,celebes belong+ to diff]5t families1 !y pres5t a peculi>ity ( outl9e :i* di/+ui%es !m at a glance f ^? ( any o!r "p ( ! _w3#fe x is t ! upp] w+s #hf are g5]ally m elongat$ & ! ant]ior m>g9 m curv$4 ,moreov]1 !re is1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ne> ! base an abrupt b5d or elb[1 :i* 9 "s species is v conspicu\s4 ,mr4 ,wallace endeav\rs to expla9 #hg ?is ph5om5on by ! suppos$ pres5ce at "s "t ( special p]secutors ( ! modifi$ =ms1 support+ ! op9ion by ! rem>k t small1 obscure1 v rapidly fly+ & mimick$ k9ds h n _h ! w+ modifi$4 ,su* an enemy occasion+ increas$ p[]s ( flight1 or rapidity 9 turn+1 he adds1 "o w\ld naturally suppose to be an insectivor\s bird2 b x is a rem>kable fact t mo/ ( ! g5]a ( fly-cat*]s ( ,borneo & ,java on ! "o side1 & ( ! ,moluccas on ! o!r1 are almo/ entirely abs5t f ,celebes4 ,_! place seems to be suppli$ by ! cat]pill>-cat*]s1 ( :i* six or sev5 species are kn[n f ,celebes1 & are v num]\s 9 individuals4 ,we h no positive evid5ce t ^! birds pursue butt]flies on ! w+1 b x is highly probable t !y d s :5 o!r food is sc>ce4 ,mr4 ,bates sugge/$ to me t ! l>g] dragon-flies prey ^u butt]flies1 b ,i did n notice t !y 7 m abundant 9 ,celebes ?an else:]e4#ff ,n[1 e op9ion or conjecture ( ,mr4 ,wallace is wor?y ( respectful & att5tive consid]ation1 b ! explanation sugge/$ & be=e ref]r$ to h>dly seems a satisfactory "o4 ,:at ! pa/ fauna ( ,celebes may h be5 is z yet conjectural4 ,mr4 ,wallace tells u t n[ !re is a rem>kable sc>city ( fly-cat*]s1 & t _! place is suppli$ by birds ( :i* x c only be said t x is highly probable t !y *ase butt]flies :5 o!r food is sc>ce4 ,! quick eye ( ,mr4 ,wallace fail$ to detect !m 9 ! act1 z also to note any unusual abundance ( o!r insectivor\s =ms1 :i* !re=e1 consid]+ ,mr4 ,wallace's zeal & p[]s ( obs]vation1 we may conclude d n exi/4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if !re ev] has be5 an abundance ( su*1 x is by no means c]ta9 t !y w\ld h succe$$ 9 produc+ ! con=mation 9 "q1 = ! effect ( ?is peculi> curvature on flight is by no means cle>4 ,we h "h1 !n1 a /ructure hypo!tically expla9$ by an unc]ta9 #hh prop]ty induc$ by a cause ! pres5ce ( :i* is only conjectural4 ,surely x is n unreasonable to class ?is in/ance ) ! o!rs be=e giv51 9 :i* a common modification ( =m or col\r coexi/s ) a c]ta9 geographical di/ribution q indep5d5tly ( ! de/ructive ag5cies ( animals4 ,if physical causes connect$ ) locality c abbreviate or annihilate ! tails ( c]ta9 butt]flies1 :y may n simil> causes produce an elb[-l prom95ce on ! w+s ( o!r butt]flies8 ,!re are _m su* in/ances ( simultane\s modification4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself#fg quotes ,mr4 ,g\ld z believ+ t birds ( ! same species are m brightly col\r$ "u a cle> atmosph]e1 ?an :5 liv+ on isl&s or ne> ! coa/4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 also in=ms u t ,wolla/on is conv9c$ t resid5ce ne> ! sea affects ! col\r ( insects2 & f9ally1 t ,moqu9-,t&on gives a li/ ( plants :i*1 :5 gr[+ ne> ! sea-%ore1 h _! leaves 9 "s degree fle%y1 ?\gh n s else:]e4 ,9 8 "w on ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1#fh ,mr4 ,d>w9 ref]s to ,m4 ,co/a z hav+ 79 ,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,imp4 d',acclimat4 tome viii4 p4 #cea7 /at$ t "y %ells tak5 f ! %ores ( ,engl& & plac$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean at once alt]$ _! mann] ( gr[?1 & =m$ prom95t div]g+ rays l ^? on ! %ells ( ! prop] ,m$it]ranean oy/]2 also to ,mr4 ,meehan1 z /at+ 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sc4 ( ,philadelphia1 ,jan4 #bh1 #ahfb7 t tw5ty-n9e k9ds ( ,am]ican trees all diff] f _! ne>e/ ,european allies 9 a simil> mann]1 leaves less too!d1 buds & se$s small]1 few] bran*lets1 c4 ,^! are /rik+ examples inde$6 ,b cases ( simultane\s & simil> modifications ab\nd on all sides4 ,ev5 z reg>ds our own species !re is a v g5]ally admitt$ op9ion t a new type has be5 develop$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?is 9 ab\t a c\ple ( c5turies only1 & 9 a va/ multitude ( individuals ( #hi div]se ance/ry4 ,! in/ances "h giv51 h[ev]1 mu/ suffice1 ?\gh m c\ld easily be add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,%ield$ ,,gras%opp]4 ,x may be well n[ to turn to gr\ps pres5t+ simil> v>iations1 n ?r\gh1 b indep5d5tly (1 geographical di/ribution1 &1 z f> z we "k1 indep5d5tly ( conditions o!r ?an "s peculi> nature & t5d5cy 7z yet unexpla9$7 common to memb]s ( su* gr\ps1 :i* nature & t5d5cy seem to induce !m to v>y 9 c]ta9 def9ite l9es or directions :i* are diff]5t 9 diff]5t gr\ps4 ,?us ) reg>d to ! gr\p ( insects1 ( :i* ! walk+ leaf is a memb]1 ,mr4 ,wallace obs]ves3#fi ,! :ole family#gj ( ! ,phasmid1 or spectres1 to :i* ?is insect belongs1 is m or less imitative1 & a great numb] ( ! species are call$ 'walk+-/ick insects1' f _! s+ul> #ij resemblance to twigs & bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,six-,,%aft$ ,,bird ,,( ,,p>adise4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,wallace#ga tells u ( no less ?an f\r k9ds ( orioles1 :i* birds mimic1 m or less1 f\r species ( a g5us ( honey-suck]s1 ! weak orioles f9d+ _! pr(it 9 be+ mi/ak5 by c]ta9 birds ( prey = ! /rong1 active1 & greg>i\s honey-suck]s4 ,n[1 _m o!r birds w\ld be b5efit$ by simil> mimicry1 :i* is none ! less conf9$1 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 to ! oriole g5us4 ,x is true t ! abs5ce ( mimicry 9 o!r =ms may be expla9$ by _! possess+ "s o!r 7z yet unobs]v$7 means ( pres]vation4 ,b x is nev]!less rem>kable1 n s mu* t "o species %\ld mimic1 z t no less ?an f\r %\ld d s 9 diff]5t ways & degrees1 all ^!#ia f\r belong+ to "o & ! same g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,long-,,tail$ ,,bird ,,( ,,p>adise4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 !re is n ev5 ! help ( protective action to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on4 ,?us we h ! wond]ful birds ( ,p>adise1#gb :i* agree 9 develop+ plumage unequall$ 9 beauty1 b a beauty :i*1 z to details1 is ( diff]5t k9ds1 & produc$ 9 diff]5t ways 9 diff]5t species4 ,to develop beauty & s+ul>ity ( plumage is a "* ( ! gr\p1 b n ( any "o def9ite k9d1 to be expla9$ m]ely by inh]itance4 #ib ,illu/ration ,aga91 we h ! v curi\s horn$ flies1#gc :i* agree inde$ 9 a common peculi>ity1 b 9 "o s+ul>ly diff]5t 9 detail1 9 diff]5t species & n kn[n to h any protect+ effect4 ,among/ plants1 also1 we meet ) ! same peculi>ity4 ,! great gr\p ( ,or*ids pres5ts a numb] ( species :i* (f] /range & biz>re #ic approximations to diff]5t animal =ms1 & :i* h (t5 ! appe>ance ( cases ( mimicry1 z x 7 9 an incipi5t /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horn$ ,,flies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,magnific5t ,,bird ,,( ,,p>adise4 ,! numb] ( simil> in/ances :i* c\ld be br\ght =w>d f among/ animals & plants is v great1 b ! examples giv5 are1 x is #id hop$1 amply suffici5t to po9t t[>ds ! conclusion :i* o!r facts w1 x is ?\ght1 e/abli%1 viz4 t !re are causes op]at+ 79 ! evocation ( ^! h>moni\s div]g+ resemblances7 o!r ?an ,natural ,selection1 or h]$ity1 & o!r ev5 ?an m]ely geographical1 climatal1 or any simply ext]nal conditions4 ,_m cases h be5 adduc$ ( /rik+ lik5esses betwe5 diff]5t animals1 n due to inh]itance2 b ?is %\ld be ! less surpris+1 9 t ! v same individual pres5ts u ) lik5esses betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( its body 7e4g41 betwe5 ! sev]al jo9ts ( ! backbone71 :i* are c]ta9ly n s explicable4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 leads to a r l>ge subject1 :i* w be spok5 ( 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! pres5t "w4 ,"h x w be en\gh to affirm 7leav+ ! pro( ( ! ass]tion till lat]7 t p>ts are (t5 homolog\s :i* h no direct g5etic relation%ip1--a fact :i* h>monizes well ) ! o!r facts "h giv51 b :i* ,natural ,selection1 pure & simple1 seems unable to expla94 ,b surely ! indep5d5t appe>ance ( simil> organic =ms is :at we might expect1 a priori1 f ! indep5d5t appe>ance ( simil> inorganic ones4 ,z ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes well obs]ves1#gd ,we d n suppose ! c>bonates & phosphates f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe--we d n suppose t ! families ( alkaloids & salts h any ne>] k9%ip ?an t :i* consi/s 9 ! simil>ity ( _! elem5ts1 & ! conditions ( _! comb9ation4 ,h5ce1 9 organisms1 z 9 salts1 morphological id5tity may be due to a community ( causal connexion1 r ?an community ( desc5t4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ju/ly holds x to be incr$ible t individuals id5tically ! same %\ld h be5 produc$ ?r\gh ,natural ,selection f p>5ts specifically di/9ct1 b he w n d5y t id5tical =ms may issue f p>5ts g5etically di/9ct1 :5 ^! p>5t =ms & #ie ! conditions ( production are id5tical4 ,to d5y ?is w\ld be to d5y ! law ( causation4 ,pr(essor ,huxley has1 h[ev]1 sugge/$#ge t su* m9]al id5tity may be expla9$ by apply+ also to m9]als a law ( desc5t2 t is1 by consid]+ su* simil> =ms z ! desc5dants ( atoms :i* inhabit$ "o special "p ( ! primitive nebul> cosmos1 ea* consid]able space ( :i* may be suppos$ to h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( some:at diff]5t conditions4 ,surely1 h[ev]1 !re c be no real p>ity betwe5 ! relation%ip ( exi/+ m9]als to nebul> atoms1 & ! relation%ip ( exi/+ animals & plants to ! e>lie/ organisms4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! latt] h produc$ o!rs by g5]ative multiplication1 :i* m9]al atoms nev] did4 ,9 ! second1 exi/+ animals & plants spr+ f ! liv+ tissues ( prec$+ animals & plants1 :ile exi/+ m9]als spr+ f ! *emical aff9ity ( sep>ate elem5ts4 ,c>bonate ( soda is n =m$1 by a process ( reproduction1 f o!r c>bonate ( soda1 b directly by ! suitable juxtaposition ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & sodium4 ,in/ead ( approximat+ animals & m9]als 9 ! mode sugge/$1 x may be t !y are to be approximat$ 9 q a contr>y fa%ion2 namely1 by attribut+ to m9]al species an int]nal innate p[]4 ,=1 z we mu/ attribute to ea* elem5t>y atom an innate p[] & t5d5cy to =m 7"u ! requisite ext]nal conditions7 c]ta9 unions ) o!r atoms1 s we may attribute to c]ta9 m9]al species--z cry/als--an innate p[] & t5d5cy to exhibit 7! prop] conditions be+ suppli$7 a def9ite & symmetrical ext]nal =m4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 animals & vegetables on ! "o h&1 & m9]als on ! o!r1 is t1 :ile 9 ! organic _w close simil>ity is ! result sometimes ( inh]itance1 sometimes ( direct production indep5d5tly ( p>5tal action1 9 !#if inorganic _w ! latt] is ! con/ant & only mode 9 :i* su* simil>ity is produc$4 ,:5 we come to consid] ! relations ( species to space--9 o!r words1 ! geographical di/ribution ( organisms--x w be necess>y to return some:at to ! subject ( ! indep5d5t orig9 ( closely simil> =ms1 9 reg>d to :i* "s additional rem>ks w be f\nd t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5? *apt]4 ,9 ?is ?ird *apt] an ef=t has be5 made to %[ t :ile on ! ,d>w9ian !ory concordant v>iations are extremely improbable1 yet ,nature pres5ts u ) abundant examples ( su*2 ! mo/ /rik+ ( :i* are1 p]haps1 ! high] organs ( s5se4 ,also t an important influ5ce is ex]cis$ by conditions connect$ ) geographical di/ribution1 b t a deep]-seat$ influ5ce is at "w1 :i* is h9t$ at by ^? special t5d5cies 9 def9ite directions1 :i* are ! prop]ties ( c]ta9 gr\ps4 ,f9ally1 t ^! facts1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 af=d /rong evid5ce t ,natural ,selection has n be5 ! exclusive or pr$om9ant cause ( ! v>i\s organic /ructural peculi>ities4 ,?is conclusion has also be5 re-en=c$ by ! consid]ation ( ph5om5a pres5t$ to u by ! inorganic _w4 ,page #ig 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,m9ute ,,& ,,gradual ,,modifications4 ,!re are difficulties z to m9ute modifications1 ev5 if n =tuit\s4--,examples ( sudd5 & consid]able modifications ( diff]5t k9ds4--,pr(essor ,ow5's view4--,mr4 ,wallace4--,pr(essor ,huxley4--,objections to sudd5 *anges4--,labyr9?odont4--,potto4--,cetac ea4--,z to orig9 ( bird's w+4--,t5drils ( climb+ plants4--,animals once suppos$ to be connect+ l9ks4--,e>ly specialization ( /ructure4--,macrau*5ia4--,glyptodon4--,s abre-too!d tig]4--,conclusion4 ,n only are !re good reasons aga9/ ! acceptance ( ! exclusive op]ation ( ,natural ,selection z ! "o means ( specific orig9ation1 b !re are difficulties 9 ! way ( acc\nt+ = su* orig9ation by ! sole action ( modifications :i* are inf9itesimal & m9ute1 :e!r =tuit\s or n4 ,argum5ts may yet be advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! view t new species h f "t to "t manife/$ !mselves ) sudd5ness1 & by modifications appe>+ at once 7z great 9 degree z are ^? :i* sep>ate ,hipp>ion f ,equus71 ! species rema9+ /able 9 ! int]vals ( su* modifications3 by /able be+ meant t _! v>iations only ext5d = a c]ta9 degree 9 v>i\s directions1 l oscillations 9 a /able equilibrium4 ,?is is ! conception ( ,mr4 ,galton1#gf :o comp>es ! developm5t ( species ) a _m #ih facett$ sph]oid tumbl+ ov] f "o facet1 or /able equilibrium1 to ano!r4 ,! exi/5ce ( int]nal conditions 9 animals correspond+ ) su* facets is d5i$ by pure ,d>w9ians1 b x is cont5d$ 9 ?is "w1 ?\gh n 9 ?is *apt]1 t some?+ may also be said = _! exi/5ce4 ,! consid]ations br\ght =w>d 9 ! la/ two *apt]s1 namely1 ! difficulties ) reg>d to incipi5t & closely simil> /ructures respectively1 toge!r ) palontological consid]ations to be notic$ lat]1 appe> to po9t /rongly 9 ! direction ( sudd5 & consid]able *anges4 ,?is is notably ! case z reg>ds ! "y oy/]s already m5tion$1 :i* 7 tak5 f ! %ores ( ,engl& & plac$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & at once alt]$ _! mode ( gr[? & =m$ prom95t div]g+ rays1 l ^? ( ! prop] ,m$it]ranean oy/]2 z also ! tw5ty-n9e k9ds ( ,am]ican trees1 all diff]+ f _! ne>e/ ,european allies simil>ly--leaves less too!d1 buds & se$s small]1 few] bran*lets1 c4 ,to ^! may be add$ o!r facts giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,?us he says1 t climate1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 directly modifies ! =m ( dogs4#gg ,! ,rev4 ,r4 ,ev]ett f\nd t sett]s at ,delhi1 ?\gh mo/ c>efully pair$1 yet _h "y ) no/rils m contract$1 noses m po9t$1 size inf]ior1 & limbs m sl5d]4 ,aga91 cats at ,mombas1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 h %ort /iff hairs in/ead ( fur1 & a cat at ,algoa ,bay1 :5 left only eight weeks at ,mombas1 und]w5t a complete metamorphosis1 hav+ p>t$ ) its s&y-col\r$ fur4#gh ,! conditions ( life seem to produce a consid]able effect on horses1 & in/ances are giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 ( pony bre$s#gi hav+ indep5d5tly aris5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 possess+ a c]ta9 simil>ity 9 _! physical #ii conditions4 ,also *anges due to climate may be br\ght ab\t at once 9 a second g5]ation1 ?\gh no appreciable modification is %[n by ! fir/4 ,?us ,sir ,*>les ,lyell m5tions t "s ,engli%m51 engag$ 9 conduct+ ! op]ations ( ! ,real del ,monte ,company 9 ,mexico1 c>ri$ out ) !m "s greyh\nds ( ! be/ bre$ to hunt ! h>es :i* ab\nd 9 t c\ntry4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! greyh\nds c\ld n support ! fatigues ( a long *ase 9 ?is att5uat$ atmosph]e1 & be=e !y c\ld come up ) _! prey !y lay d[n gasp+ = brea?2 b ^! same animals h produc$ :elps1 :i* h gr[n up1 & are n 9 ! lea/ degree incommod$ by ! want ( d5sity 9 ! air1 b run d[n ! h>es ) z mu* ease z d ! fleete/ ( _! race 9 ?is c\ntry4#hj ,we h "h no action ( ,natural ,selection2 x 0 n t c]ta9 puppies happ5$ accid5tally to be capable ( endur+ m r>efi$ air1 & s surviv$1 b ! (fspr+ 7 directly modifi$ by ! action ( surr\nd+ conditions4 ,nei!r 0 ! *ange elaborat$ by m9ute modifications 9 _m successive g5]ations1 b appe>$ at once 9 ! second4 ,) reg>d once m to sudd5 alt]ations ( =m1 ,na?usius is said to /ate positively z to pigs1#ha t ! result ( common exp]i5ce & ( 8 exp]im5ts 0 t ri* & abundant food1 giv5 dur+ y\?1 t5ds by "s direct action to make ! head broad] & %ort]4 ,curi\s jaw app5dages (t5 *>act]ize ,norm&y pigs1 accord+ to ,m4 ,eudes ,deslong*amps4 ,ri*>dson figures ^! app5dages on ! old ,iri% greyh\nd pig1 & !y are said by ,na?usius to appe> occasionally 9 all ! long-e>$ races4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 obs]ves1#hb ,z no wild pigs are kn[n to h analog\s app5dages1 we h at pres5t no reason to #ajj suppose t _! appe>ance is due to rev]sion2 & if ?is be s1 we are =c$ to admit t some:at complex1 ?\gh app>5tly useless /ructures may be sudd5ly develop$ )\t ! aid ( selection4 ,aga91 ,climate directly affects ! ?ickness ( ! sk9 & hair ( cattle4#hc ,9 ! ,engli% climate an individual ,porto ,santo rabbit#hd recov]$ ! prop] col\r ( its fur 9 r less ?an f\r ye>s4 ,! effect ( ! climate ( ,india on ! turkey is consid]able4 ,mr4 ,bly?#he describes x z be+ mu* deg5]at$ 9 size1 utt]ly incapable ( ris+ on ! w+1 ( a black col\r1 & ) long p5dul\s app5dages ov] ! beak enorm\sly develop$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 aga9 tells u t !re has sudd5ly appe>$ 9 a b$ ( common broccoli a peculi> v>iety1 fai?fully transmitt+ its newly acquir$ & rem>kable *>act]s2#hf also t !re h be5 a rapid trans=mation & transplantation ( ,am]ican v>ieties ( maize ) a ,european v>iety2#hg t c]ta9ly ! ,ancon & ,man*amp bre$s ( %eep1 & t 7all b c]ta9ly7 ,niata cattle1 turnspit & pug dogs1 jump] & frizzl$ f[ls1 %ort-fac$ tumbl] pigeons1 hook-bill$ ducks1 c41 & a multitude ( vegetable v>ieties1 h sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ne>ly ! same /ate z we n[ see !m4#hh ,la/ly1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u1 t !re has be5 an occasional developm5t 79 five di/9ct cases7 9 ,engl& ( ! japann$ or black-%\ld]$ peacock 7,pavo nigrip5nis71 a di/9ct species1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,sclat]1#hi yet aris+ 9 ,sir ,j4 ,trevelyan's flock compos$ entirely ( ! common k9d1 & increas+1 to ! ext9ction ( ! previ\sly exi/+ bre$4#ij ,mr4 ,d>w9's only explanation ( ! ph5om5a 7on ! supposition ( ! species be+ di/9ct7 is by#aja rev]sion1 ow+ to a suppos$ ance/ral cross4 ,b he c&idly admits1 ,i h he>d ( no o!r su* case 9 ! animal or vegetable k+dom4 ,on ! supposition ( its be+ only a v>iety1 he obs]ves1 ,! case is ! mo/ rem>kable ev] record$ ( ! abrupt appe>ance ( a new =m1 :i* s closely resembles a true species1 t x has deceiv$ "o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ( liv+ orni?ologi/s4 ,z to plants1 ,m4 ,c4 ,naud9#ia has giv5 ! foll[+ in/ances ( ! sudd5 orig9ation ( app>5tly p]man5t =ms4 ,! fir/ case m5tion$ is t ( a poppy1 :i* took on a rem>kable v>iation 9 its fruit--a cr[n ( second>y capsules be+ add$ to ! normal c5tral capsule4 ,a field ( su* poppies 0 gr[n1 & ,m4 ,gpp]t1 ) se$ f ?is field1 obta9$ /ill ?is mon/r\s =m 9 great quantity4 ,de=mities ( f]ns are sometimes s\ght aft] by f]n-gr[]s4 ,!y are n[ always obta9$ by tak+ spores f ! abnormal p>ts ( ! mon/r\s f]n2 f :i* spores f]ns pres5t+ ! same peculi>ities inv>iably gr[4444 ,! mo/ rem>kable case is t obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,godron1 ( ,nancy4 ,9 #ahfa t botani/ obs]v$1 among/ a s[+ ( ,datura tatula1 ! fruits ( :i* are v sp9\s1 a s+le individual ( :i* ! capsule 0 p]fectly smoo?4 ,! se$s tak5 f ?is plant all furni%$ plants hav+ ! "* ( ?is individual4 ,! fif? & six? g5]ations are n[ gr[+ )\t exhibit+ ! lea/ t5d5cy to rev]t to ! sp9\s =m4 ,m rem>kable /ill1 :5 cross$ ) ! normal ,datura tatula1 hybrids 7 produc$1 :i*1 9 ! second g5]ation1 rev]t$ to ! orig9al types1 z true hybrids d4 ,!re are1 !n1 abundant in/ances to prove t consid]able #ajb modifications may sudd5ly develop !mselves1 ei!r due to ext]nal conditions or to obscure int]nal causes 9 ! organisms :i* exhibit !m4 ,moreov]1 ^! modifications1 f :atev] cause aris+1 are capable ( reproduction--! modifi$ individuals bre$+ true4 ,! "q is :e!r new species h be5 develop$ by non-=tuit\s v>iations :i* are insignificant & m9ute1 or :e!r su* v>iations h be5 comp>atively sudd51 & ( appreciable size & importance8 ,ei!r hypo!sis w suit ! views "h ma9ta9$ equally well 7^? views be+ oppos$ only to =tuit\s1 indef9ite v>iations71 b ! latt] is ! m remote f ! ,d>w9ian conception1 & yet has mu* to be said 9 its fav\r4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 consid]s1 ) reg>d to specific orig9ation1 t natural hi/ory tea*es t ! *ange w\ld be sudd5 & consid]able3 x opposes ! idea t species are transmitt$ by m9ute & sl[ degrees4#ib ,an innate t5d5cy to deviate f p>5tal type1 op]at+ ?r\gh p]iods ( adequate duration1 be+ ! mo/ probable nature1 or way ( op]ation ( ! second>y law1 :]eby species h be5 d]iv$ "o f ! o!r4#ic ,n[1 consid]+ ! numb] ( in/ances adduc$ ( sudd5 modifications 9 dome/ic animals1 x is some:at />tl+ to meet ) ,mr4 ,d>w9's dogmatic ass]tion t x is a false belief t natural species h (t5 orig9at$ 9 ! same abrupt mann]4 ,! belief may be false1 b x is difficult to see h[ its falsehood c be positively ass]t$4 ,x is demon/rat$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9's c>eful weigh+s & measurem5ts1 t1 ?\gh little us$ p>ts 9 dome/ic animals get r$uc$ 9 weight & some:at 9 size1 yet t !y %[ no incl9ation to become truly rudim5t>y /ructures4 ,accord+ly he ass]ts#id t su* #ajc rudim5t>y p>ts are =m$ sudd5ly1 by arre/ ( developm5t 9 dome/icat$ animals1 b 9 wild animals sl[ly4 ,! latt] ass]tion1 h[ev]1 is a m]e ass]tion2 necess>y1 p]haps1 = ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 b z yet unprov$ by facts4 ,b :y %\ld n ^! *anges take place sudd5ly 9 a /ate ( nature8 ,z ,mr4 ,murphy says1#ie ,x may be true t we h no evid5ce ( ! orig9 ( wild species 9 ?is way4 ,b ?is is n a case 9 :i* negative evid5ce proves any?+4 ,we h nev] witness$ ! orig9 ( a wild species by any process :atev]2 & if a species 7 to come sudd5ly into be+ 9 ! wild /ate1 z ! ,ancon ,%eep did "u dome/ication1 h[ c\ld y asc]ta9 ! fact8 ,if ! fir/ ( a newly-begott5 species 7 f\nd1 ! fact ( its discov]y w\ld tell no?+ ab\t its orig94 ,naturali/s w\ld regi/] x z a v r>e species1 hav+ be5 only once met )1 b !y w\ld h no means ( kn[+ :e!r x 7 ! fir/ or ! la/ ( its race4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,wallace has repli$ 79 8 review ( ,mr4 ,murphy's "w 9 ,nature#if71 by object+ t sudd5 *anges c\ld v r>ely be useful1 because ea* k9d ( animal is a nicely balanc$ & adju/$ :ole1 any "o sudd5 modification ( :i* w\ld 9 mo/ cases be hurtful unless accompani$ by o!r simultane\s & h>moni\s modifications4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is n unlikely t !re is an innate t5d5cy to deviate at c]ta9 times1 & "u c]ta9 conditions1 x is no m unlikely t t innate t5d5cy %\ld be an h>moni\s "o1 calculat$ to simultane\sly adju/ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! organism to _! new relations4 ,! objection z to ! sudd5 abortion ( rudim5t>y organs may be simil>ly met4 ,pr(essor ,huxley seems n[ dispos$ to accept !1 at lea/ #ajd occasional1 int]v5tion ( sudd5 & consid]able v>iations4 ,9 8 review ( ,pr(essor ,kllik]'s#ig criticisms1 he himself says1#ih ,we greatly suspect t %e 7i4e4 ,nature7 does make consid]able jumps 9 ! way ( v>iation n[ & !n1 & t ^! saltations give rise to "s ( ! gaps :i* appe> to exi/ 9 ! s]ies ( kn[n =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mu* ,,enl>g$ ,,horizontal ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,too? ,,( ,a ,,labyr9?odon4 ,9 addition to ! in/ances br\ght =w>d 9 ! second *apt] aga9/ ! m9ute action ( ,natural ,selection1 may be m5tion$ su* #aje /ructures z ! wond]fully fold$ tee? ( ! labyr9?odonts4 ,! m>vell\sly complex /ructure ( ^! organs is n m]ely unacc\ntable z due to ,natural ,selection1 b its production by insignificant increm5ts ( complexity is h>dly less difficult to compreh5d4 ,simil>ly ! abort$ index ( ! ,potto 7,p]odicticus7 is a /ructure n likely to h be5 induc$ by m9ute *anges2 :ile1 z to ,natural ,selection1 ! r$uction ( ! =e-f+] to a m]e rudim5t is inexplicable inde$6 ,h[ ?is mutilation c h aid$ 9 ! /ruggle = life1 we mu/ confess1 baffles our conjectures on ! subject2 = t any v appreciable ga9 to ! individual c h result$ f ! slightly less5$ degree ( requir$ n\ri%m5t !nce result+ 7i4e4 f ! suppression71 seems to u to be an almo/ absurd proposition4#ii ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,( ,,! ,,potto 7,,p]odicticus71 ,,f ,,life4 ,aga91 to anticipate some:at1 ! great gr\p ( :ales 7,cetacea7 0 fully develop$ at ! deposition ( ! ,eoc5e /rata4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may pretty safely conclude t ^! animals 7 abs5t z late z ! late/ second>y rocks1 s t _! developm5t c\ld n h be5 s v sl[1 unless geological "t is 7al?\gh we %all pres5tly see !re are gr\nds to believe x is n7 practically inf9ite4 ,x is q true t x is1 9 g5]al1 v unsafe to inf] ! abs5ce ( any animal =ms dur+ a c]ta9 geological p]iod1 because no rema9s ( !m #ajf h z yet be5 f\nd 9 ! /rata !n deposit$3 b 9 ! case ( ! ,cetacea x is safe to d s2 =1 z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell rem>ks1#ajj !y are animals1 ! rema9s ( :i* are s+ul>ly likely to h be5 pres]v$ _h !y exi/$1 9 ! same way t ! rema9s 7 pres]v$ ( ! ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri1 :i* appe> to h repres5t$ ! ,cetacea dur+ ! second>y geological p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,plesiosaurus4 ,z ano!r example1 let u take ! orig9 ( w+s1 su* z exi/ 9 birds4 ,"h we f9d an arm1 ! bones ( ! h& ( :i* are atrophi$ & r$uc$ 9 numb]1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( mo/ o!r ,v]tebrates4 ,n[1 if ! w+ arose f a t]re/rial or subarial organ1 ?is abortion ( ! bones c\ld h>dly h be5 s]viceable--h>dly h pres]v$ individuals 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,if x arose f an aquatic organ1 l ! w+ ( ! p5gu91 we h !n a s+ul> div]g5ce f ! ord9>y v]tebrate f9-limb4 ,9 ! i*?yosaurus1 9 ! plesiosaurus1 9 ! :ales1 9 ! porpoises1 9 ! seals1 & 9 o!rs1 we h %ort5+ ( ! bones1 b no r$uction 9 ! numb] ei!r ( ! f+]s or ( _! jo9ts1 :i* are1 on ! contr>y1 multipli$ 9 ,cetacea & ! i*?yosaurus4 ,& ev5 9 ! turtles we h eight c>pal bones & five digits1 :ile no f+] has less ?an two phalanges4 ,x#ajg is difficult1 !n1 to believe t ! ,avian limb 0 develop$ 9 any o!r way ?an by a comp>atively sudd5 modification ( a m>k$ & important k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,i*?yosaurus4 ,h[1 once m1 c we conceive ! peculi> actions ( ! t5drils ( "s climb+ plants to h be5 produc$ by m9ute modifications8 ,^!1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91#aja oscillate till !y t\* an object1 & !n embrace x4 ,x is /at$ by t obs]v]1 t a ?read weigh+ no m ?an ! ?irty-second ( a gra91 if plac$ on ! t5dril ( ! ,passiflora gracilis1 w cause x to b5d2 & m]ely to t\* ! t5dril ) a twig causes x to b5d2 b if ! twig is at once remov$1 ! t5dril soon /raight5s itself4 ,b ! contact ( o!r t5drils ( ! plant1 or ( ! fall+ ( drops ( ra91 d n produce ^! effects4#ajb ,b "s ( ! zoological & anatomical discov]ies ( late ye>s t5d r to dim9i% ?an to augm5t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( m9ute & gradual modification4 ,?us all naturali/s n[ admit t c]ta9 animals1 :i* 7 at "o "t suppos$ to be connect+ l9ks betwe5 gr\ps1 belong altoge!r to "o gr\p1 & n at all to ! o!r4 ,= example1 ! aye-aye#ajc 7,*iromys ,madagasc>i5sis74 #ajh 0 till lately consid]$ to be alli$ to ! squirrels1 & 0 (t5 class$ ) !m 9 ! rod5t ord]1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( its d5tition2 at ! same "t t its aff9ities to ! lemurs & apes 7 admitt$4 ,! ?or\gh inve/igation into its anatomy t has n[ be5 made1 demon/rates t x has no m ess5tial aff9ity to rod5ts ?an any o!r lemur9e creature has4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,aye-,,aye4 ,bats 71 by ! e>lie/ obs]v]s1 naturally suppos$ to h a close relation%ip to birds1 & cetaceans to fi%es4 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to obs]ve t all n[ agree t ^! mammals make n ev5 an approa* to ei!r "o or o!r ( ! two inf]ior classes4 #aji ,9 ! same way x has be5 rec5tly suppos$ t ^? ext9ct fly+ saurians1 ! pt]odactyles1 _h an aff9ity ) birds m m>k$ ?an any o!r kn[n animals4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 z has be5 said e>li]1 x is cont5d$ t n only _h !y no su* close aff9ity1 b t o!r ext9ct reptiles _h a f> clos] "o4 ,! amphibia 7i4e4 frogs1 toads1 & efts7 7 long consid]$ 7& are s /ill by "s7 to be reptiles1 %[+ an aff9ity to fi%es4 ,x n[ appe>s t !y =m ) ! latt] "o great gr\p--! i*?yopsida ( ,pr(essor ,huxley--:i* diff]s widely f reptiles2 :ile its two compon5t classes 7fi%es & amphibians7 are difficult to sep>ate f ea* o!r 9 a ?or\ghly satisfactory mann]4 ,if we admit ! hypo!sis ( gradual & m9ute modification1 ! succession ( organisms on ?is planet mu/ h be5 a progress f ! m g5]al to ! m special1 & no d\bt ?is has be5 ! case 9 ! majority ( in/ances4 ,yet x _c be d5i$ t "s ( ! mo/ rec5tly =m$ fossils %[ a /ructure s+ul>ly m g5]aliz$ ?an any exhibit$ by old] =ms2 :ile o!rs are m specializ$ ?an are any alli$ creatures ( ! exi/+ creation4 ,a notable example ( ! =m] circum/ance is (f]$ by macrau*5ia--a ho($ animal1 :i* 0 at fir/ suppos$ to be a k9d ( great llama 7:5ce its "n7--! llama be+ a rum9ant1 :i*1 l all ! re/1 has two toes to ea* foot4 ,n[ ho($ animals are divisible into two v di/9ct s]ies1 accord+ z ! numb] ( functional toes on ea* h9d foot is odd or ev54 ,& _m o!r *>act]s are f\nd to g ) ?is obvi\s "o4 ,ev5 ! v e>lie/ ,ungulata %[ ?is di/9ction1 :i* is completely develop$ & m>k$ ev5 9 ! ,eoc5e palo!rium & anoplo!rium f\nd 9 ,p>is by ,cuvi]4 ,! =m] ( ^! has ! toes odd 7p]issodactyle71 ! o!r has !m ev5 7artiodactyle74 ,n[1 ! macrau*5ia1 f ! fir/ relics ( x :i* 7 f\nd1 #aaj 0 ?\ght to belong1 z has be5 said1 to ! ev5-to$ division4 ,subsequ5t discov]ies1 h[ev]1 seem$ to give x an equal claim to rank among/ ! p]issodactyle =ms4 ,o!rs aga9 incl9$ ! balance ( probability t[>ds ! artiodactyle4 ,f9ally1 x appe>s t ?is v rec5tly ext9ct bea/ pres5ts a highly g5]aliz$ type ( /ructure1 unit+ 9 "o organic =m bo? artiodactyle & p]issodactyle *>act]s1 & t 9 a mann] n simil>ly f\nd 9 any o!r kn[n creature liv+1 or fossil4 ,at ! same "t ! diff]5tiation ( artiodactyle & p]issodactyle =ms exi/$ z long ago z 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,eoc5e ungulata1 & t 9 a m>k$ degree1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$4 ,aga91 no armadillo n[ liv+ pres5ts ne>ly s rem>kable a speciality ( /ructure z 0 possess$ by ! ext9ct glyptodon4 ,9 t s+ul> animal ! sp9al column _h mo/ ( its jo9ts fus$ toge!r1 =m+ a rigid cyl9drical rod1 a modification1 z f> z yet kn[n1 absolutely peculi> to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d5tition ,,( ,,! ,,sabre-,,too!d ,,tig] 7,,ma*airodus74 ,9 a simil> way ! ext9ct ma*airodus1 or sabre-too!d tig]1 is *>act]iz$ by a m highly diff]5tiat$ & specially c>nivor\s d5tition ?an is %[n by any pr$aci\s bea/ ( ! pres5t day4 #aaa ,! specialization is ( ?is k9d4 ,! gr9d+ tee? 7or mol>s7 ( bea/s are divid$ into premol>s & true mol>s4 ,! premol>s are mol>s :i* h decidu\s v]tical pr$ecessors 7or milk tee?71 & any :i* are 9 front ( su*1 i4e4 betwe5 su* & ! can9e too?4 ,! true mol>s are ^? plac$ beh9d ! mol>s hav+ decidu\s v]tical pr$ecessors4 ,n[1 z a d5tition becomes m di/9ctly c>nivor\s1 s ! h9dmo/ mol>s & ! =emo/ premol>s disappe>4 ,9 ! exi/+ cats ?is process is c>ri$ s f> t 9 ! upp] jaw only "o true mol> is left on ea* side4 ,9 ! ma*airodus !re is no upp] true mol> at all1 :ile ! premol>s are r$uc$ to two1 !re be+ only ^! two tee? above1 on ea* side1 beh9d ! can9e4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ^! in/ances ( e>ly specialization1 z also ) reg>d to ! *ang$ e/imate ( ! degrees ( aff9ity betwe5 =ms1 x is n pret5d$ = a mom5t t su* facts are irreconcilable ) ,natural ,selection4 ,nev]!less1 !y po9t 9 an opposite direction4 ,( c\rse n only is x conceivable t c]ta9 antique types arriv$ at a high degree ( specialization & !n disappe>$2 b x is manife/ !y did d s4 ,/ill ! fact ( ?is e>ly degree ( excessive specialization tells to a c]ta91 h[ev] small1 ext5t aga9/ a progress ?r\gh excessively m9ute /eps1 :e!r =tuit\s or n2 z also does ! di/9ctness ( =ms =m]ly suppos$ to con/itute connect+ l9ks4 ,=1 x mu/ n be =gott51 t if species h manife/$ !mselves g5]ally by gradual & m9ute modifications1 !n ! abs5ce1 n 9 "o b 9 all cases1 ( su* connect+ l9ks1 is a ph5om5on :i* rema9s to be acc\nt$ =4 ,x appe>s !n t1 ap>t f =tuit\s *anges1 !re are c]ta9 difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ extremely m9ute modifications ( any k9d1 al?\gh ^! difficulties may n be insup]able4 ,some?+1 at all ev5ts1 is to be said 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t sudd5 & #aab appreciable *anges h f "t to "t occurr$1 h[ev] !y may h be5 induc$4 ,m>k$ races h und\bt$ly s aris5 7"s /rik+ in/ances hav+ be5 "h record$71 & x is at lea/ conceivable t su* may be ! mode ( specific manife/ation g5]ally1 ! possible conditions z to :i* w be consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,page #aac 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,z ,,to ,,specific ,,/ability4 ,:at is meant by ! phrase specific /ability2 su* /ability to be expect$ a priori1 or else consid]able *anges at once4--,rapidly increas+ difficulty ( int5sify+ race *>act]s2 alleg$ causes ( ?is ph5om5on2 probably an int]nal cause co-op]ates4--,a c]ta9 def9it5ess 9 v>iations4--,mr4 ,d>w9 admits ! pr9ciple ( specific /ability 9 c]ta9 cases ( unequal v>iability4--,! goose4--,! peacock4--,! gu9ea f[l4--,exceptional causes ( v>iation "u dome/ication4--,alleg$ t5d5cy to rev]sion4--,in/ances4--,/]ility ( hybrids4--,prepot5cy ( poll5 ( same species1 b ( diff]5t race4--,mortality 9 "y gall9ace\s hybrids4--,a b> to int]mixture exi/s some:]e4--,gu9ea-pigs4--,summ>y & conclusion4 ,z 0 obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 argum5ts may yet be advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t species are /able 7at lea/ 9 ! int]vals ( _! comp>atively sudd5 successive manife/ations72 t ! organic _w consi/s1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,galton's be=e-m5tion$ conception1 ( _m facett$ sph]oids1 ea* ( :i* c repose ^u any "o facet1 b1 :5 too mu* di/urb$1 rolls ov] till x f9ds repose 9 /able equilibrium ^u ano!r & di/9ct facet4 ,some?+1 x is "h cont5d$1 may be urg$1 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( su* facets--( su* int]mitt+ conditions ( /able equilibrium4 ,a view z to ! /ability ( species1 9 ! int]vals ( *ange1 has be5 well express$ 9 an able article1 be=e quot$ f1 z foll[s3#ajd--;,a giv5 animal or plant appe>s to be conta9$1 z x 71 )9 a #aad sph]e ( v>iation3 "o individual lies ne> "o portion ( ! surface2 ano!r individual1 ( ! same species1 ne> ano!r "p ( ! surface2 ! av]age animal at ! c5tre4 ,any individual may produce desc5dants v>y+ 9 any direction1 b is m likely to produce desc5dants v>y+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! sph]e1 & ! v>iations 9 t direction w be great] 9 am\nt ?an ! v>iations t[>ds ! surface4 ,?is might be tak5 z ! repres5tation ( ! normal condition ( species 7i4e4 dur+ ! p]iods ( repose ( ! sev]al facets ( ! sph]oids71 on t view :i*1 z be=e said1 may yet be def5d$4 ,judg+ ! organic _w f ! inorganic1 we might expect1 a priori1 t ea* species ( ! =m]1 l cry/alliz$ species1 w\ld h an approximate limit ( =m1 & ev5 ( size1 & at ! same "t t ! organic1 l ! inorganic =ms1 w\ld pres5t modifications 9 correspond5ce ) surr\nd+ conditions2 b t ^! modifications w\ld be1 n m9ute & insignificant1 b def9ite & appreciable1 equival5t to ! %ift+ ( ! sph]oid on to ano!r facet = support4 ,mr4 ,murphy says1#aje ,cry/all9e =mation is also dep5d5t 9 a v rem>kable way on ! m$ium 9 :i* x takes place4 ,beudant has f\nd t common salt cry/alliz+ f pure wat] =ms cubes1 b if ! wat] conta9s a little boracic acid1 ! angles ( ! cubes are truncat$4 ,& ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,craig has f\nd t c>bonate ( copp]1 cry/alliz+ f a solution conta9+ sulphuric acid1 =ms hexagonal tubul> prisms2 b if a little ammonia is add$1 ! =m *anges to t ( a long rectangul> prism1 ) second>y planes 9 ! angles4 ,if a little m ammonia is add$1 sev]al v>ieties ( rhombic octah$ra appe>2 if a little nitric acid is add$1 ! rectangul> prism appe>s aga94 ,! *anges take place n by ! addition ( new cry/als1 b by *ang+ ! gr[? ( ! orig9al ones4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 may be said#aae to be ! same species1 aft] all2 b rec5t rese>*es by ,dr4 ,h4 ,*>lton-,ba/ian seem to %[ t modifications 9 ! conditions may result 9 ! evolution ( =ms s div]se z to con/itute diff]5t organic species4 ,mr4 ,murphy obs]ves#ajf t x is sc>cely possible to d\bt t ! v>i\s =ms ( fungi :i* are *>act]i/ic ( p>ticul> situations are n really di/9ct species1 b t ! same g]m w develop into diff]5t =ms1 accord+ to ! soil on :i* x falls2 b x is possible to int]pret ! facts diff]5tly1 & x may be t ^! are ! manife/ations ( really diff]5t & di/9ct species1 develop$ accord+ to ! diff]5t & di/9ct circum/ances 9 :i* ea* is plac$4 ,mr4 ,murphy quotes ,dr4 ,c>p5t]#ajg to ! effect t ,no ,pucc9ia b ! ,pucc9ia ros is f\nd ^u rose bu%es1 & ?is is se5 n[h]e else2 ,omyg5a exigua is said to be nev] se5 b on ! ho( ( a dead horse2 & ,is>ia fel9a has only be5 obs]v$ ^u ! dung ( cats1 deposit$ 9 humid & obscure situations4 ,he adds1 ,we c sc>cely believe t ! air is full ( ! g]ms ( di/9ct species ( fungi1 ( :i* "o nev] vegetates until x falls on ! ho( ( a dead horse1 & ano!r till x falls on cat's dung 9 a damp & d>k place4 ,?is is true1 b x does n q foll[ t !y are necess>ily ! same species if1 z ,dr4 ,ba/ian seems to %[1 ?or\ghly diff]5t & di/9ct organic =ms#ajh c be evolv$ "o f ano!r by modify+ ! conditions4 ,?is obs]v] has br\ght =w>d argum5ts & facts f :i* x w\ld appe> t su* def9ite1 sudd51 & consid]able trans=mations may take place 9 ! l[e/ organisms4 ,if su* is really ! case1 we might expect1 a priori1 to f9d 9 ! highe/ organisms a t5d5cy 7mu* m imp$$ & r>e 9 its manife/ations7 to #aaf simil>ly appreciable & sudd5 *anges1 "u c]ta9 /imuli2 b a t5d5cy to cont9u$ /ability1 "u normal & ord9>y conditions4 ,! proposition t species h1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 a def9ite limit to _! v>iability1 is l>gely support$ by facts br\ght =w>d by ! zeal\s indu/ry ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself4 ,x is unque/ionable t ! degrees ( v>iation :i* h be5 arriv$ at 9 dome/ic animals h be5 obta9$ m or less readily 9 a mod]ate am\nt ( "t1 b t fur!r developm5t 9 c]ta9 desir$ directions is 9 "s a matt] ( extreme difficulty1 & 9 o!rs appe>s to be all b1 if n q1 an impossibility4 ,x is also unque/ionable t ! degree ( div]g5ce :i* has be5 atta9$ 9 "o dome/ic species is no crit]ion ( ! am\nt ( div]g5ce :i* has be5 atta9$ 9 ano!r4 ,x is cont5d$ on ! o!r side t we h no evid5ce ( any limits to v>iation o!r ?an ^? impos$ by physical conditions1 su*1 e4g41 z ^? :i* det]m9e ! greate/ degree ( spe$ possible to any animal 7( a giv5 size7 mov+ ov] ! e>?'s surface2 also x is said t ! diff]5ces 9 degree ( *ange %[n by diff]5t dome/ic animals dep5d 9 great measure ^u ! abundance or sc>city ( individuals subject$ to man's selection1 toge!r ) ! v>y+ direction & am\nt ( 8 att5tion 9 diff]5t cases2 f9ally1 x is said t ! *anges f\nd 9 nature are )9 ! limits to :i* ! v>iation ( dome/ic animals ext5ds1--x be+ ! case t :5 *anges ( a c]ta9 am\nt h occurr$ to a species "u nature1 x becomes ano!r species1 or sometimes two or m o!r species by div]g5t v>iations1 ea* ( ^! species be+ able aga9 to v>y & div]ge 9 any useful direction4 ,b ! fact ( ! rapidly increas+ difficulty f\nd 9 produc+ by ev] su* c>eful selection1 any fur!r extreme 9 "s *>ge already c>ri$ v f> 7su* z ! tail ( ! fan-tail$ pigeon or ! crop ( ! p\t]71 is c]ta9ly1 s f> z x goes1 on ! side ( ! #aag exi/5ce ( def9ite limits to v>iability4 ,x is ass]t$ 9 reply1 t physiological conditions ( heal? & life may b> any su* fur!r developm5t4 ,?us1 ,mr4 ,wallace says#aji ( ^! developm5ts3 ,v>iation seems to h rea*$ its limits 9 ^! birds4 ,b s x has 9 nature4 ,! fantail has n only m tail-fea!rs ?an any ( ! ?ree hundr$ & =ty exi/+ species ( pigeons1 b m ?an any ( ! eight ?\s& kn[n species ( birds4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 "s limit to ! numb] ( fea!rs ( :i* a tail useful = flight c consi/1 & 9 ! fantail we h probably rea*$ t limit4 ,_m birds h ! oesophagus or ! sk9 ( ! neck m or less dilatable1 b 9 no kn[n bird is x s dilatable z 9 ! p\t] pigeon4 ,"h aga9 ! possible limit1 compatible ) a heal?y exi/5ce1 has probably be5 rea*$4 ,9 l mann]1 ! diff]5ces 9 ! size & =m ( ! beak 9 ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! dome/ic pigeon1 is great] ?an t betwe5 ! extreme =ms ( beak 9 ! v>i\s g5]a & sub-families ( ! :ole pigeon tribe4 ,f ^! facts1 & _m o!rs ( ! same nature1 we may fairly inf]1 t if rigid selection 7 appli$ to any organ1 we c\ld 9 a comp>atively %ort "t produce a mu* great] am\nt ( *ange ?an t :i* occurs betwe5 species & species 9 a /ate ( nature1 s9ce ! diff]5ces :i* we d produce are (t5 comp>able ) ^? :i* exi/ betwe5 di/9ct g5]a or di/9ct families4 ,b 9 a dome/ic bird l ! fantail :]e ,natural ,selection does n come into play1 ! tail-fea!rs c\ld h>dly be limit$ by utility = flight1 yet two m tail-fea!rs c\ld c]ta9ly exi/ 9 a fancy bre$ if utility = flight 7 ! only ob/acle4 ,x seems probable t ! real b>ri] is an int]nal "o 9 ! nature ( ! organism1 & ! exi/5ce ( su* is j :at is cont5d$ = 9 ?is *apt]4 ,z to#aah ! diff]5ces betwe5 dome/ic races be+ great] ?an ^? betwe5 species or ev5 g5]a1 t is n en\gh = ! argum5t4 ,= ^u ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection all birds h a common orig91 f :i* !y div]g$ by inf9itesimal *anges1 s t we ought to meet ) suffici5t *anges to w>rant ! belief t a hornbill c\ld be produc$ f a humm+-bird1 proportionate "t be+ all[$4 ,b n only does x appe> t !re are b>ri]s :i* oppose *ange 9 c]ta9 directions1 b t !re are positive t5d5cies to developm5t along c]ta9 special l9es4 ,9 a bird :i* has be5 kept & /udi$ l ! pigeon1 x is difficult to believe t any rem>kable spontane\s v>iations w\ld pass unnotic$ by bre$]s1 or t !y w\ld fail to be att5d$ to & develop$ by "s "o fanci] or o!r4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( indef9ite v>iability1 x is !n h>d to say :y pigeons ) bills l t\cans1 or ) c]ta9 fea!rs l5g!n$ l ^? ( trogans1 or ^? ( birds ( p>adise1 h nev] be5 produc$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a "q :i* may be settl$ by exp]im5t4 ,let a pigeon be br$ ) a bill l a t\can's1 & ) ! two middle tail-fea!rs l5g!n$ l ^? ( ! k+ bird ( p>adise1 or ev5 let individuals be produc$ :i* exhibit any m>k$ t5d5cy ( ! k9d1 & indef9ite v>iability %all be at once conc$$4 ,z yet all ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 pigeons are ( a few def9ite k9ds only1 su* z may be well conceiv$ to be compatible ) a species possess$ ( a c]ta9 inh]5t capacity = consid]able yet def9ite v>iation1 a capacity = ! ready production ( c]ta9 degrees ( abnormality1 :i* !n _c be fur!r increas$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself has already acquiesc$ 9 ! proposition "h ma9ta9$1 inasmu* z he di/9ctly affirms ! exi/5ce ( a m>k$ int]nal b>ri] to *ange 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,& if ?is is admitt$ 9 "o case1 ! pr9ciple is conc$$1 & x imm$iately becomes probable t su* int]nal b>ri]s exi/ 9 all1 al?\gh enclos+ a mu* l>g] #aai field = v>iation 9 "s cases ?an 9 o!rs4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 abundantly demon/rates ! v>iability ( dogs1 horses1 f[ls1 & pigeons1 b he none ! less %[s cle>ly ! v small ext5t to :i* ! goose1 ! peacock1 & ! gu9ea-f[l h v>i$4#aaj ,mr4 ,d>w9 attempts to expla9 ?is fact z reg>ds ! goose by ! animal be+ valu$ only = food & fea!rs1 & f no pleasure hav+ be5 felt 9 x on o!r acc\nts4 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 at ! end ! /rik+ rem>k1#aaa :i* conc$es ! :ole position1 b ! goose seems to h a s+ul>ly inflexible organization4 ,?is is n ! only place 9 :i* su* expressions are us$4 ,he else:]e makes use ( phrases :i* q h>monize ) ! conception ( a normal specific con/ancy1 b v>y+ greatly & sudd5ly at int]vals4 ,?us he speaks#aab ( a :ole organization seem+ to h become pla/ic1 & t5d+ to dep>t f ! p>5tal type4 ,t diff]5t organisms %\ld h diff]5t degrees ( v>iability1 is only :at might h be5 expect$ a priori f ! exi/5ce ( p>allel diff]5ces 9 inorganic species1 "s ( ^! hav+ b a s+le =m1 & o!rs be+ polymorphic4 ,to return to ! goose1 h[ev]1 x may be rem>k$ t x is at lea/ z probable t its fixity ( "* is ! cause ( ! neglect1 z ! rev]se4 ,x is by no means unfair to assume t _h ! goose %[n a t5d5cy to v>y simil> 9 degree to ! t5d5cy to v>iation ( ! f[l or pigeon1 x w\ld h receiv$ att5tion at once on t acc\nt4 ,z to ! peacock x is excus$ on ! pleas 7#a71 t ! individuals ma9ta9$ are s few 9 numb]1 & 7#b7 t its beauty is s great x c h>dly be improv$4 ,b ! individuals ma9ta9$ h n be5 too few = ! indep5d5t orig9 ( ! black-%\ld]$ =m1 or = ! supplant+ ( ! common] "o by x4 ,z to any neglect 9 selection1#abj x c h>dly be imag9$ t ) reg>d to ?is bird 7kept z x is all b exclusively = its beauty71 any spontane\s beautiful v>iation 9 col\r or =m w\ld h be5 neglect$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld h be5 seiz$ ^u ) avidity & pres]v$ ) anxi\s c>e4 ,yet ap>t f ! black-%\ld]$ & :ite v>ieties1 no t5d5cy to *ange has be5 kn[n to %[ itself4 ,z to its be+ too beautiful = improvem5t1 t is a proposition :i* c h>dly be ma9ta9$4 ,_m consid] ! ,javan bird z mu* h&som] ?an ! common peacock1 & x w\ld be easy to sugge/ a score ( improvem5ts z reg>ds ei!r species4 ,! gu9ea-f[l is excus$1 z be+ no g5]al fav\rite1 & sc>cely m common ?an ! peacock2 b ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself %[s & admits t x is a notewor?y in/ance ( con/ancy "u v v>i$ conditions4 ,^! in/ances alone 7& !re are yet o!rs7 seem suffici5t to e/abli% ! ass]tion1 t degree ( *ange is diff]5t 9 diff]5t dome/ic animals4 ,x is1 !n1 some:at unw>rantable 9 any ,d>w9ian to assume t all wild animals h a capacity = *ange simil> to t exi/+ 9 "s ( ! dome/ic ones4 ,x seems m reasonable to ass]t ! opposite1 namely1 t if1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 says1 ! capacity = *ange is diff]5t 9 diff]5t dome/ic animals1 x mu/ surely be limit$ 9 ^? :i* h x lea/1 & a =tiori limit$ 9 wild animals4 ,inde$1 x _c be reasonably ma9ta9$ t wild species c]ta9ly v>y z mu* z d dome/ic races2 x is possible t !y may d s1 b at lea/ ?is has n be5 yet %[n4 ,inde$1 ! mu* great] degree ( v>iation among/ dome/ic animals ?an among/ wild ones is ass]t$ ov] & ov] aga9 by ,mr4 ,d>w91 & 8 ass]tions are support$ by an ov]:elm+ mass ( facts & in/ances4 ,( c\rse1 x may be ass]t$ t a t5d5cy to indef9ite *ange exi/s 9 all cases1 & t x is only ! circum/ances & conditions ( #aba life :i* modify ! effects ( ?is t5d5cy to *ange s z to produce su* diff]5t results 9 diff]5t cases4 ,b ass]tion is n pro(1 & ?is ass]tion has n be5 prov$4 ,inde$1 x may be equally ass]t$ 7& ! /atem5t is m consonant ) "s ( ! facts giv571 t dome/ication 9 c]ta9 animals induces & occasions a capacity = *ange :i* is want+ 9 wild animals--! introduction ( new causes occasion+ new effects4 ,=1 ?\gh a c]ta9 degree ( v>iability 7normally1 9 all probability1 only oscillation7 exi/s 9 all organisms1 yet dome/ic ones are expos$ to new & diff]5t causes ( v>iability1 result+ 9 su* /rik+ div]g5cies z h be5 obs]v$4 ,n ev5 9 ?is latt] case1 h[ev]1 is x necess>y to believe t ! v>iability is indef9ite1 b only t ! small oscillations become 9 c]ta9 in/ances int5sifi$ into l>ge & conspicu\s ones4 ,moreov]1 x is possible t "s ( our dome/ic animals h be5 9 "p *os5 & dome/icat$ ?r\gh possess+ v>iability 9 an em95t degree4 ,t ea* species exhibits c]ta9 oscillations ( /ructure is admitt$ on all h&s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ass]ts t ?is is ! exhibition ( a t5d5cy to v>y :i* is absolutely indef9ite4 ,if ?is indef9ite v>iability does exi/1 ( c\rse no m ne$ be said4 ,b we h se5 t !re are argum5ts a priori & a po/]iori aga9/ x1 :ile ! occurr5ce ( v>iations 9 c]ta9 dome/ic animals great] 9 degree ?an ! diff]5ces betwe5 _m wild species1 is no argum5t 9 fav\r ( its exi/5ce1 until x c be %[n t ! causes ( v>iability 9 ! "o case are ! same z 9 ! o!r4 ,an argum5t aga9/ x1 h[ev]1 may be drawn f ! fact1 t c]ta9 animals1 ?\gh plac$ "u ! influ5ce ( ^? exceptional causes ( v>iation to :i* dome/ic animals are subject1 h yet nev] be5 kn[n to v>y1 ev5 9 a degree equal to t 9 :i* c]ta9 wild k9ds h be5 asc]ta9$ to v>y4 ,9 addition to ?is immutability ( "* 9 "s animals1 x is #abb und5iable1 t dome/ic v>ieties h little /ability1 & mu* t5d5cy to rev]sion1 :atev] be ! true explanation ( su* ph5om5a4 ,9 controv]t+ ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion z to rev]sion1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has %[n t x is n all bre$s :i* 9 a few ye>s rev]t to ! orig9al =m2 b he has %[n no m4 ,?us1 ! f]al rabbits ( ,porto ,santo1 ,jamaica1 & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 h n yet s rev]t$ 9 ^? sev]al localities4#aac ,nev]!less1 a ,porto ,santo rabbit br\ght to ,engl& rev]t$ 9 a mann] ! mo/ /rik+1 recov]+ ! prop] col\r ( its fur 9 r less ?an f\r ye>s4#aad ,aga91 ! :ite silk f[l1 9 our climate1 rev]ts to ! ord9>y col\r ( ! common f[l 9 its sk9 & bones1 due c>e hav+ be5 tak5 to prev5t any cross4#aae ,?is rev]sion tak+ place 9 spite ( c>eful selection1 is v rem>kable4 ,num]\s o!r in/ances ( rev]sion are giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w91 bo? z reg>ds plants & animals2 among/ o!rs1 ! s+ul> fact ( bud rev]sion4#aaf ,! curi\sly recurr+ developm5t ( black %eep1 9 spite ( ! mo/ c>eful bre$+1 may also be m5tion$1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 rev]sion has no "p 9 ! ph5om5on4 ,^! facts seem c]ta9ly to tell 9 fav\r ( limit$ v>iability1 :ile ! cases ( non-rev]sion d n contradict x1 z x is n cont5d$ t all species h ! same t5d5cy to rev]t1 b r t _! capacities 9 ?is respect1 z well z = *ange1 are diff]5t 9 diff]5t k9ds1 s t (t5 rev]sion may only %[ itself at ! end ( v long p]iods inde$4 ,yet "s ( ! in/ances giv5 z probable or possible causes ( rev]sion by ,mr4 ,d>w91 c h>dly be su*4 ,he cites1 = example1 ! occasional pres5ce ( sup]num]>y digits 9 man4#aag ,= ?is notion1 h[ev]1 he is n responsible1 z he re/s 8 rem>k on ! au?ority ( a #abc passage publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,aga91 he ref]s#aah to ! great] frequ5cy ( a mon/] proboscis 9 ! pig ?an 9 any o!r animal4 ,b ) ! exception ( ! peculi> muzzle ( ! ,saiga 7or ,european antelope71 ! only kn[n proboscidian ,ungulates are ! elephants & tapirs1 & to nei!r ( ^! has ! pig any close aff9ity4 ,x is r 9 ! horse ?an 9 ! pig t we might look = ! appe>ance ( a rev]sion>y proboscis1 z bo? ! elephants & ! tapirs h ! toes ( ! h9d foot ( an odd numb]4 ,x is true t ! elephants are g5]ally consid]$ to =m a gr\p ap>t f bo? ! odd & ! ev5-to$ ,ungulata4 ,b ( ! two1 _! aff9ities ) ! odd-to$ division are m m>k$4#aai ,ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( !1 at lea/ int]mitt+1 con/ancy ( specific =ms & ( sudd5 modification1 may be drawn f ! abs5ce ( m9ute transitional =ms1 b ?is w be consid]$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x rema9s n[ to notice 9 fav\r ( specific /ability1 t ! objection drawn f physiological diff]5ce betwe5 species & races /ill exi/s unrefut$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 freely admits difficulties reg>d+ ! /]ility ( diff]5t species :5 cross$1 & %[s satisfactorily t x c\ld nev] h aris5 f ! action ( ,natural ,selection4 ,he rem>ks#abj also3 ,) "s few exceptions1 9 ! case ( plants1 dome/icat$ v>ieties1 su* z ^? ( ! dog1 f[l1 pigeon1 sev]al fruit trees1 & cul9>y vegetables1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 ext]nal *>act]s m ?an _m species1 are p]fectly f]tile :5 cross$1 or ev5 f]tile 9 #abd excess1 :il/ closely alli$ species are almo/ inv>iably 9 "s degree /]ile4 ,aga91 aft] speak+ ( ! g5]al law ( good be+1 d]iv$ f ! int]cross+ ( di/9ct individuals ( ! same species1 & ! evid5ce t ! poll5 ( a di/9ct v>iety or race is prepot5t ov] a fl[]'s own poll51 adds ! v significant rem>k1#aba ,:5 di/9ct species are cross$1 ! case is directly ! rev]se1 = a plant's own poll5 is almo/ always prepot5t ov] =eign poll54 ,aga9 he adds3#abb ,i believe f obs]vations communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,hewitt1 :o has _h great exp]i5ce 9 hybridiz+ pheasants & f[ls1 t ! e>ly dea? ( ! embryo is a v frequ5t cause ( /]ility 9 fir/ crosses4 ,mr4 ,salt] has rec5tly giv5 ! results ( an exam9ation ( ab\t #ejj eggs produc$ f v>i\s crosses betwe5 ?ree species ( ,gallus & _! hybrids4 ,! majority ( ^! eggs _h be5 f]tiliz$1 & 9 ! majority ( ! f]tiliz$ eggs ! embryos ei!r _h be5 p>tially develop$ & _h !n abort$1 or _h become ne>ly mature1 b ! "y *ick5s _h be5 unable to break ?r\gh ! %ell4 ,( ! *ick5s :i* 7 born1 m ?an f\r-fif?s di$ )9 ! fir/ few days1 or at late/ weeks1 ')\t any obvi\s cause1 app>5tly f m]e inability to live1' s t f #ejj eggs only twelve *ick5s 7 re>$4 ,! e>ly dea? ( hybrid embryos probably occurs 9 l mann] ) plants1 at lea/ x is kn[n t hybrids rais$ f v di/9ct species are sometimes weak & dw>f$1 & p]i% at an e>ly age1 ( :i* fact ,max ,wi*ura has rec5tly giv5 "s /rik+ cases ) hybrid will[s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 objects to ! notion t !re is any special /]ility impos$ to *eck specific int]mixture & *ange1 say+1#abc ,to grant to species ! special p[] ( produc+ hybrids1 & !n to /op #abe _! fur!r propagation by diff]5t degrees ( /]ility1 n /rictly relat$ to ! facility ( ! fir/ union betwe5 _! p>5ts1 seems a /range arrangem5t4 ,b ?is only am\nts to say+ t ! au?or himself w\ld n h s act$ _h he be5 ! ,creator4 ,a /range arrangem5t mu/ be admitt$ anyh[1 & all :o ackn[l$ge teleology at all1 mu/ admit t ! /range arrangem5t 0 design$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says1 z to ! /]ility ( species1 t ! cause lies exclusively 9 _! sexual con/itution2 b all t ne$ be affirm$ is t /]ility is br\ght ab\t someh[1 & x is und5iable t cross+ is *eck$4 ,all t is cont5d$ = is t !re is a b> to ! int]mixture ( species1 b n ( bre$s2 & if ! conditions ( ! g5]ative products are t b>1 x is en\gh = ! argum5t1 no special k9d ( b>r+ action be+ cont5d$ =4 ,he1 h[ev]1 attempts to acc\nt = ! modification ( ! sexual products ( species z comp>$ ) ^? ( v>ieties1 by ! exposure ( ! =m] to m uni=m conditions dur+ long] p]iods ( "t ?an ^? to :i* v>ieties are expos$1 & t z wild animals1 :5 captur$1 are (t5 r5d]$ /]ile by captivity1 s ! influ5ce ( union ) ano!r species may produce a simil> effect4 ,x seems to ! au?or an unw>rantable assumption t a cross ) :at1 on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 c only be a slightly div]g+ desc5dant ( a common p>5t1 %\ld produce an effect equal to t ( captivity1 & consequ5t *ange ( habit1 z well z consid]able modification ( food4 ,no cle> case has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 :i* mongrel animals1 desc5d$ f ! same und\bt$ species1 h be5 p]si/5tly inf]tile int] se2 nor any cle> case 9 :i* hybrids betwe5 animals1 g5]ally admitt$ to be di/9ct species1 h be5 cont9u\sly f]tile int] se4 ,x is true t facts are br\ght =w>d t5d+ to e/abli% ! probability ( ! doctr9e ( ,pallas1 t species may sometimes be #abf r5d]$ f]tile by dome/ication4 ,b ev5 if ?is 7 true1 x w\ld be no approximation t[>ds prov+ ! conv]se1 i4e4 t races & v>ieties may become /]ile :5 wild4 ,& :atev] may be ! pref]5ce occasionally %[n by c]ta9 bre$s to mate ) _! own v>iety1 no /]ility is record$ z result+ f unions ) o!r v>ieties4 ,inde$1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1#abd ,) respect to /]ility f ! cross+ ( dome/ic races1 ,i "k ( no well-asc]ta9$ case ) animals4 ,?is fact 7see+ ! great diff]5ce 9 /ructure betwe5 "s bre$s ( pigeons1 f[ls1 pigs1 dogs1 c47 is extraord9>y :5 contra/$ ) ! /]ility1 ( _m closely-alli$ natural species :5 cross$4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t ! dome/ic & wild gu9ea-pig d n bre$ toge!r1 b ! specific id5tity ( ^! =ms is v problematical4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,b>tlett1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 ^: exp]i5ce is s great1 & obs]vation s quick1 believes !m to be decid$ly di/9ct species4 ,?us1 !n1 x seems t a c]ta9 normal specific /ability 9 species1 accompani$ by occasional sudd5 & consid]able modifications1 might be expect$ a priori f :at we "k ( cry/all9e inorganic =ms & f :at we may anticipate ) reg>d to ! l[e/ organic ones4 ,?is presumption is /r5g!n$ by ! k ( ! increas+ difficulties :i* beset any attempt to indef9itely int5sify any race *>act]i/ics4 ,! ob/acles to ?is indef9ite int5sification1 z well z to c]ta9 l9es ( v>iation 9 c]ta9 cases1 appe> to be n only ext]nal1 b to dep5d on int]nal causes or an int]nal cause4 ,we h se5 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself implicitly admits ! pr9ciple ( specific /ability 9 ass]t+ ! s+ul> inflexibility ( ! organization ( ! goose4 ,we h also se5 t x is n fair to conclude t all wild races c v>y z mu* z ! mo/ v>iable dome/ic ones4 ,x has also be5 %[n #abg t !re are gr\nds = believ+ 9 a t5d5cy to rev]sion g5]ally1 z x is di/9ctly pres5t 9 c]ta9 in/ances4 ,also t specific /ability is confirm$ by ! physiological ob/acles :i* oppose !mselves to any consid]able or cont9u$ int]mixture ( species1 :ile no su* b>ri]s oppose !mselves to ! bl5d+ ( v>ieties4 ,all ^! consid]ations tak5 toge!r may fairly be consid]$ z /r5g!n+ ! belief t specific manife/ations are relatively /able4 ,at ! same "t ! view advocat$ 9 ?is book does n dep5d ^u1 & is n id5tifi$ )1 any su* /ability4 ,all t ! ,au?or cont5ds = is t specific manife/ation takes place along c]ta9 l9es1 & accord+ to law1 & n 9 an exce$+ly m9ute1 indef9ite1 & =tuit\s mann]4 ,f9ally1 he _c b feel ju/ifi$1 f all t has be5 br\ght =w>d1 9 reit]at+ ! op5+ ass]tion ( ?is *apt] t some?+ is /ill to be said = ! view :i* ma9ta9s t species are /able1 at lea/ 9 ! int]vals ( _! comp>atively rapid successive #abh manife/ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,species ,,& ,,"t4 ,two relations ( species to "t4--,no evid5ce ( pa/ exi/5ce ( m9utely int]m$iate =ms :5 su* might be expect$ a priori4--,bats1 ,pt]odactyles1 ,d9osauria1 & ,birds4--,i*?yosauria1 ,*elonia1 & ,an\ra4--,horse ance/ry4--,labyr9?odonts & ,trilobites4--,two subdivisions ( ! second relation ( species to "t4--,sir ,william ,?omson's views4---,probable p]iod requir$ = ultimate specific evolution f primitive ance/ral =ms4--,geometrical increase ( "t requir$ = rapidly multiply+ increase ( /ructural diff]5ces4--,proboscis monkey4--,"t requir$ = deposition ( /rata necess>y = ,d>w9ian evolution4--,high organization ( ,silurian =ms ( life4--,abs5ce ( fossils 9 olde/ rocks4--,summ>y & conclusion4 ,two consid]ations pres5t !mselves ) reg>d to ! necess>y relation ( species to "t if ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection is valid & suffici5t4 ,! fir/ is ) reg>d to ! evid5ces ( ! pa/ exi/5ce ( int]m$iate =m1 _! duration & succession4 ,! second is ) reg>d to ! total am\nt ( "t requir$ = ! evolution ( all organic =ms f a few orig9al ones1 & ! be>+ ( o!r sci5ces on ?is "q ( "t4 ,z to ! fir/ consid]ation1 evid5ce is z yet aga9/ ! modification ( species by ,natural ,selection alone1 because n only are m9utely transitional =ms g5]ally abs5t1 b !y are abs5t 9 cases :]e we might c]ta9ly a priori h expect$ !m to be pres5t4 ,page #abi ,n[ x has be5 said3#abe ,if ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory be true1 ! numb] ( v>ieties diff]+ "o f ano!r a v little mu/ h be5 indef9itely great1 s great inde$ z probably f> to exce$ ! numb] ( individuals :i* h exi/$ ( any "o v>iety4 ,if ?is be true1 x w\ld be m probable t no two specim5s pres]v$ z fossils %\ld be ( "o v>iety ?an t we %\ld f9d a great _m specim5s collect$ f a v few v>ieties1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 ! *ances ( pres]vation are equal = all individuals4 ,x is really /range t va/ numb]s ( p]fectly simil> specim5s %\ld be f\nd1 ! *ances aga9/ _! p]petuation z fossils are s great2 b x is also v /range t ! specim5s %\ld be s exactly alike z !y are1 if1 9 fact1 !y came & vani%$ by a gradual *ange4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 attempts#abf to %[ cause :y we %\ld believe a priori t int]m$iate v>ieties w\ld exi/ 9 less] numb]s ?an ! m extreme =ms2 b ?\gh !y w\ld d\btless d s sometimes1 x seems too mu* to ass]t t !y w\ld d s g5]ally1 /ill less univ]sally4 ,n[ little less ?an univ]sal & v m>k$ inf]iority 9 numb]s w\ld acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 s]ies ( m9utely int]m$iate fossil specim5s4 ,! mass ( palontological evid5ce is inde$ ov]:elm+ly aga9/ m9ute & gradual modification4 ,x is true t :5 once an animal has obta9$ p[]s ( flight its means ( diffusion are indef9itely increas$1 & we might expect to f9d _m relics ( an arial =m & few ( its antec$5t /ate--) nasc5t w+s j comm5c+ _! susp5sory p[]4 ,yet _h su* a sl[ mode ( orig91 z ,d>w9ians cont5d =1 op]at$ exclusively 9 all cases1 x is absolutely incr$ible t birds1 bats1 & pt]odactyles %\ld h left ! rema9s !y h1 & yet n a s+le relic be pres]v$ 9 any "o in/ance#acj ( any ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( w+ 9 _! incipi5t & relatively imp]fect functional condition6 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+-,,bones ,,( ,,pt]odactyle1 ,,bat1 ,,& ,,bird4 ,:5ev] ! rema9s ( bats h be5 f\nd !y h pres5t$ ! exact type ( exi/+ =ms1 & !re is z yet no indication ( ! conditions ( an incipi5t elevation f ! gr\nd4 ,! pt]odactyles1 aga91 ?\gh a num]\s gr\p1 are all true & p]fect pt]odactyles1 ?\gh surely "s ( ! _m incipi5t =ms1 :i* on ! ,d>w9ian !ory h exi/$1 mu/ h _h a good *ance ( pres]vation4 ,z to birds1 ! only notable in/ance 9 :i* discov]ies rec5tly made appe> to fill up an important hiatus1 is ! int]pretation giv5 by ,pr(essor ,huxley#abg to ! rema9s ( ,d9osaurian reptiles1 & :i* 7 notic$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,! le>n$ ,pr(essor has 7z also has ,pr(essor ,cope 9 ,am]ica7 %[n t 9 v important #aca & significant po9ts ! skeletons ( ! ,iguanodon & ( its allies approa* v closely to t exi/+ 9 ! o/ri*1 emeu1 rhea1 c4 ,he has giv5 weighty reasons = ?9k+ t ! l9e ( aff9ity betwe5 birds & reptiles passes to ! birds la/ nam$ f ! ,d9osauria r ?an f ! ,pt]odactyles1 ?r\gh ,ar*eopt]yx-l =ms to ! ord9>y birds4 ,f9ally1 he has ?r[n out ! sugge/ion t ! celebrat$ foot/eps left by "s ext9ct ?ree-to$ creatures on ! v anci5t s&/one ( ,connecticut 7 made1 n1 z hi!rto suppos$1 by true birds1 b by m or less orni?ic reptiles4 ,b ev5 suppos+ all t is ass]t$ or inf]r$ on ?is subject to be fully prov$1 x w\ld n approa* to a demon/ration ( specific orig9 by m9ute modification4 ,& ?\gh x h>monizes well ) ,natural ,selection1 x is equally consi/5t ) ! rapid & sudd5 developm5t ( new specific =ms ( life4 ,inde$1 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ) a laudable caution & mod]ation too little obs]v$ by "s ,teutonic ,d>w9ians1 gu>d$ himself c>efully f any imputation ( ass]t+ dogmatically ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 :ile uphold+ fully ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,b1 aft] all1 x is by no means c]ta91 ?\gh v probable1 t ! ,connecticut foot/eps 7 made by v orni?ic reptiles1 or extremely sauroid birds4 ,& x mu/ n be =gott5 t a completely c>9ate#abh bird 7! ,ar*eopt]yx7 exi/$ at a "t1 :51 z yet1 we h no evid5ce ( "s ( ! ,d9osauria hav+ come into be+4 ,moreov]1 if ! rem>kable & m9ute simil>ity ( ! coracoid ( a pt]odactyle to t ( a bird be m]ely ! result ( function & no sign ( g5etic aff9ity1 x is n inconceivable t pelvic & leg resemblances ( ,d9osauria to birds may be functional likewise1 ?\gh su* an explanation is1 ( #acb c\rse1 by no means necess>y to support ! view ma9ta9$ 9 ?is book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ar*eopt]yx 7,,( ,,! ,,oolite ,,/rata74 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,i*?yosaurus4 ,b ! numb] ( =ms repres5t$ by _m individuals1 yet by no transitional ones1 is s great t only two or ?ree c be select$ z examples4 ,?us ^? rem>kable fossil reptiles1 ! ,i*?yosauria & ,plesiosauria1 ext5d$1 ?r\gh ! second>y p]iod1 probably ov] ! great] "p ( ! globe4 ,yet no s+le transitional =m has yet be5 met ) 9 spite ( ! multitud9\s individuals pres]v$4 ,aga91 ) _! mod]n repres5tatives ! ,cetacea1 "o or two ab]rant =ms alone #acc h be5 f\nd1 b no s]ies ( transitional ones indicat+ m9utely ! l9e ( desc5t4 ,?is gr\p1 ! :ales1 is a v m>k$ "o1 & x is curi\s1 on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 t s few in/ances t5d+ to indicate its mode ( orig9 %\ld h pres5t$ !mselves4 ,"h1 z 9 ! bats1 we might surely expect t "s relics ( unque/ionably incipi5t /ages ( its developm5t w\ld h be5 left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,plesiosaurus4 ,! s+ul> ord] ,*elonia1 includ+ ! tortoises1 turtles1 & t]rap9s 7or fre%-wat] tortoises71 is ano!r in/ance ( an extreme =m )\t any1 z yet kn[n1 transitional /ages4 ,ano!r gr\p may be f9ally m5tion$1 viz4 ! frogs & toads1 an\r\s ,batra*ians1 ( :i* we h at pres5t no relic ( any k9d l9k+ !m on to ! ,eft gr\p on ! "o h&1 or to reptiles on ! o!r4 ,! only in/ance 9 :i* an approa* t[>ds a s]ies ( ne>ly relat$ =ms has be5 obta9$ is ! exi/+ horse1 its pr$ecessor ,hipp>ion & o!r ext9ct =ms4 ,b ev5 "h !re is no pro( :atev] ( modification by m9ute & inf9itesimal /eps2 a =tiori no approa* to a pro( ( modification by ,natural ,selection1 act+ ^u indef9ite =tuit\s v>iations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! s]ies is an admirable example ( successive modification 9 "o special direction along "o b5eficial l9e1 & ! teleologi/ mu/ "h be all[$ to consid] t "o #acd motive ( ?is modification 7among probably an indef9ite numb] ( motives inconceivable to u7 0 ! relation%ip 9 :i* ! horse 0 to /& to ! human inhabitants ( ?is planet4 ,^! ext9ct =ms1 z ,pr(essor ,ow51 rem>ks1#abi diff] f ea* o!r 9 a great] degree ?an d ! horse1 zebra1 & ass1 :i* are n only good zoological species z to =m1 b are species physiologically1 i4e4 !y _c produce a race ( hybrids f]tile int] se4 ,z to ! m]e action ( surr\nd+ conditions1 ! same ,pr(essor rem>ks3#acj ,any modification affect+ ! d5sity ( ! soil might s f> relate to ! *anges ( limb-/ructure1 z t a foot ) a pair ( small ho(s dangl+ by ! sides ( ! l>ge "o1 l ^? beh9d ! clov5 ho( ( ! ox1 w\ld cause ! foot ( ,hipp>ion1 e4g41 & a =tiori ! broad] bas$ ?ree-ho($ foot ( ! ,palo!re1 to s9k less deeply into swampy soil1 & be m easily )drawn ?an ! m conc5tratively simplifi$ & specializ$ foot ( ! horse4 ,rh9oc]oses & zebras1 h[ev]1 tread toge!r ! arid pla9s ( ,africa 9 ! pres5t day2 & ! horse has multipli$ 9 t half ( ,am]ica :]e two or m k9ds ( tapir /ill exi/4 ,t ! cont95ts ( ! ,eoc5e or ,mioc5e p]iods 7 less div]sifi$ 9 respect ( swamp & sw>d1 pampas or des]t1 ?an ^? ( ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 has no support f obs]vation or analogy4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 d we fail to f9d any traces ( ! incipi5t /ages ( num]\s v peculi> gr\ps ( animals1 b x is und5iable t !re are in/ances :i* appe>$ at fir/ to indicate a gradual transition1 yet :i* in/ances h be5 %[n by fur!r inve/igation & discov]y n to indicate truly any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,?us at "o "t ! rema9s ( ,labyr9?odonts1 :i* up till !n _h be5 discov]$1 seem$ to ju/ify ! op9ion t z "t w5t on1 =ms _h successively appe>$ )#ace m & m complete segm5tation & ossification ( ! backbone1 :i* 9 ! e>lie/ =ms 0 7z x is 9 ! l[e/ fi%es n[7 a s(t cont9u\s rod or noto*ord4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x is consid]$ probable t ! s(t back-bon$ ,labyr9?odont ,ar*egosaurus1 0 an immature or l>val =m1#aca :ile ,labyr9?odonts ) completely develop$ v]tebr h be5 f\nd to exi/ among/ ! v e>lie/ =ms yet discov]$4 ,! same may be said reg>d+ ! eyes ( ! trilobites1 "s ( ! olde/ =ms hav+ be5 f\nd z well furni%$ 9 t respect z ! v la/ ( ! gr\p :i* has left its rema9s accessible to obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trilobite4 ,su* in/ances1 h[ev]1 z well z ! way 9 :i* m>k$ & special =ms 7z ! ,pt]odactyles1 c41 be=e ref]r$ to7 appe> at once 9 & simil>ly disappe> f ! geological record1 are ( c\rse explicable on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 provid$ a suffici5tly enorm\s am\nt ( pa/ "t be all[$4 ,! alleg$ extreme1 & probably great1 imp]fection ( t record may inde$ be plead$ 9 excuse4 ,b x is an excuse4#acb #acf ,nor is x possible to d5y ! a priori probability ( ! pres]vation ( at lea/ a few m9utely transitional =ms 9 "s in/ances if e species )\t exception has aris5 exclusively by su* m9ute & gradual transitions4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 to turn to ! o!r consid]ations ) reg>d to ! relation ( species to "t3 namely 7#a7 z to ! total am\nt ( "t all[able by o!r sci5ces = organic evolution2 & 7#b7 ! proportion exi/+1 on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 betwe5 ! "t ant]ior to ! e>li] fossils1 & ! "t s9ce2 z evid5c$ by ! proportion betwe5 ! am\nt ( evolution>y *ange dur+ ! latt] epo* & t :i* mu/ h occurr$ ant]iorly4 ,sir ,william ,?omson has lately#acc advanc$ argum5ts f ?ree di/9ct l9es ( inquiry1 & agree+ 9 "o approximate result4 ,! ?ree l9es ( inquiry 7--#a4 ,! action ( ! tides ^u ! e>?'s rotation4 #b4 ,! probable l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! sun has illum9at$ ?is planet2 & #c4 ,! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,! result arriv$ at by ^! inve/igations is a conclusion t ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s on ! e>?1 life on ! e>?1 all geological hi/ory %[+ cont9uity ( life1 mu/ be limit$ )9 "s su* p]iod ( pa/ "t z "o hundr$ million ye>s4 ,! fir/ "q :i* sugge/s itself1 suppos+ ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's views to be correct1 is1 ,is ?is p]iod any?+ l en\gh = ! evolution ( all organic =ms by ,natural ,selection8 ,! second is1 ,is ?is p]iod any?+ l en\gh = ! deposition ( ! /rata :i* mu/ h be5 deposit$ if all organic =ms h be5 evolv$ by m9ute /eps1 accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to ,sir ,william ,?omson's views1 ! ,au?or ( ?is book _c presume to advance any op9ion2 b ! fact t !y h n be5 refut$1 pleads /rongly 9 _! fav\r :5 we consid] h[ #acg mu* !y tell aga9/ ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,! la/-nam$ au?or only rem>ks t _m ( ! elem5ts 9 ! calculation are m or less d\btful1#acd & ,pr(essor ,huxley#ace does n attempt to refute ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's argum5ts1 b only to %[ cause = susp5se ( judgm5t1 inasmu* z ! facts may be capable ( o!r explanations4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 on ! o!r h&1#acf seems m dispos$ to accept !m1 &1 aft] consid]+ ,sir ,william's objections & ^? ( ,mr4 ,croll1 puts ! probable date ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cambrian deposits#acg at only tw5ty-f\r million ye>s ago4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he seems to consid] t specific *ange has be5 m rapid ?an g5]ally suppos$1 & exceptionally /able dur+ ! la/ score or s ( ?\s& ye>s4 ,n[1 fir/1 ) reg>d to ! "t requir$ = ! evolution ( all organic =ms by m]ely accid5tal1 m9ute1 & =tuit\s v>iations1 ! useful ones ( :i* h be5 pres]v$3 ,mr4 ,murphy#ach is di/9ctly ( op9ion t !re has n be5 "t en\gh4 ,he says1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t geological "t is too %ort = ! evolution ( ! high] =ms ( life out ( ! l[] by t accumulation ( imp]ceptibly sl[ v>iations1 to :i* alone ,d>w9 ascribes ! :ole process4 ,d>w9 ju/ly m5tions ! greyh\nd z be+ equal to any natural species 9 ! p]fect co-ord9ation ( its p>ts1 'all adapt$ = extreme fleetness & = runn+ d[n weak prey4' ,yet x is an artificial species 7& n physiologically a species at all71 =m$ by long-cont9u$ selection "u dome/ication2 & !re is no reason to suppose t any ( ! v>iations :i* h be5 select$ to =m x h be5 o!r ?an gradual & almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,suppose t x has #ach tak5 five hundr$ ye>s to =m ! greyh\nd out ( 8 wolf-l ance/or4 ,?is is a m]e guess1 b x gives ! ord] ( ! magnitude4 ,n[1 if s1 h[ long w\ld x take to obta9 an elephant f a protozoon1 or ev5 f a tadpole-l fi%8 ,ought x n to take mu* m ?an a million times z long8#aci ,mr4 ,d>w9#adj w\ld comp>e ) ! natural orig9 ( a species unconsci\s selection1 t is1 ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ useful or beautiful animals1 ) no int5tion ( modify+ ! bre$4 ,he adds3 ,b by ?is process ( unconsci\s selection1 v>i\s bre$s h be5 s5sibly *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree c5turies4 ,s5sibly *ang$6 b n =m$ into new species4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 ( c\rse1 c\ld n mean t species g5]ally *ange s rapidly1 :i* w\ld be /rangely at v>iance ) ! abundant evid5ce we h ( ! /ability ( animal =ms z repres5t$ on ,egyptian monum5ts & z %[n by rec5t deposits4 ,inde$1 he goes on to say1--,species1 h[ev]1 probably *ange mu* m sl[ly1 & )9 ! same c\ntry only a few *ange at ! same "t4 ,?is sl[ness foll[s f all ! inhabitants ( ! same c\ntry be+ already s well adapt$ to ea* o!r1 t places 9 ! polity ( nature d n occur until aft] long int]vals1 :5 *anges ( "s k9d 9 ! physical conditions1 or ?r\gh immigration1 h occurr$1 & individual diff]5ces & v>iations ( ! "r nature1 by :i* "s ( ! inhabitants might be bett] fitt$ to _! new places "u alt]$ circum/ances1 might n at once occur4 ,?is is true1 & n only w ^! *anges occur at di/ant int]vals1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 trac+ back an animal to a remote ance/ry1 we pass ?r\gh modifications ( su* rapidly increas+ numb] & importance t a geometrical progression c alone indicate ! increase ( p]iods #aci :i* su* pr(\nd alt]ations w\ld require = _! evolution ?r\gh ,natural ,selection only4 ,?us let u take = an example ! proboscis monkey ( ,borneo 7,semnopi!cus nasalis74 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's own op9ion1 ?is =m might h be5 s5sibly *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree c5turies4 ,accord+ to ?is1 to evolve x z a true & p]fect species "o ?\s& ye>s w\ld be a v mod]ate p]iod4 ,let t5 ?\s& ye>s be tak5 to repres5t approximately ! p]iod ( sub/antially con/ant conditions dur+ :i* no consid]able *ange w\ld be br\ght ab\t4 ,n[1 if "o ?\s& ye>s may repres5t ! p]iod requir$ = ! evolution ( ! species ,s4 nasalis1 & ( ! o!r species ( ! g5us ,semnopi!cus2 t5 times t p]iod %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be all[$ = ! diff]5tiation ( t g5us1 ! ,african ,c]copi!cus & ! o!r g5]a ( ! family ,simiid--! diff]5ces betwe5 ! g5]a be+ c]ta9ly m ?an t5fold great] ?an ^? betwe5 ! species ( ! same g5us4 ,aga9 we may p]haps int]pose a p]iod ( t5 ?\s& ye>s' comp>ative repose4 ,= ! diff]5tiation ( ! families ,simiid & ,cebid--s v mu* m di/9ct & diff]5t ?an any two g5]a ( ei!r family--a p]iod t5 times great] %\ld1 ,i believe1 be all[$ ?an t requir$ = ! evolution ( ! subord9ate gr\ps4 ,a simil>ly increas+ ratio %\ld be grant$ = ! successive developm5ts ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,lemuroid & ! high] =ms ( primates2 = ^? betwe5 ! orig9al primate & o!r root-=ms ( plac5tal mammals2 = ^? betwe5 prim>y plac5tal & implac5tal mammals1 & p]haps also = ! div]g5ce ( ! mo/ anci5t /ock ( ^! & ( ! monotremes1 = 9 all ^! cases modifications ( /ructure appe> to increase 9 complexity 9 at lea/ t ratio4 ,f9ally1 a va/ p]iod mu/ be grant$ = ! developm5t ( ! l[e/ mammalian type f ! primitive /ock ( ! :ole v]tebrate sub-k+dom4 ,suppos+ ?is primitive /ock to h #adj aris5 directly f a v l[ly organiz$ animal inde$ 7su* z a nematoid worm1 or an ascidian1 or a jelly-fi%71 yet x is n easy to believe t less ?an two ?\s& million ye>s w\ld be requir$ = ! totality ( animal developm5t by no o!r means ?an m9ute1 =tuit\s1 occasional1 & int]mitt+ v>iations 9 all conceivable directions4 ,if ?is be ev5 an approximation to ! tru?1 !n !re seem to be /rong reasons = believ+ t geological "t is n suffici5t = su* a process4 ,! second "q is1 :e!r !re has be5 "t en\gh = ! deposition ( ! /rata :i* mu/ h be5 deposit$1 if all organic =ms h be5 evolv$ accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory8 ,n[ ?is may at fir/ seem a "q = geologi/s only1 b1 9 fact1 9 ?is matt] geology mu/ 9 "s respects r take its "t f zoology ?an ! rev]se2 = if ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory be true1 pa/ "t d[n to ! deposition ( ! ,upp] ,silurian /rata c h be5 b a v small fraction ( t dur+ :i* /rata h be5 deposit$4 ,= :5 ^? ,upp] ,silurian /rata 7 =m$1 organic evolution _h already run a great "p ( its c\rse1 p]haps ! longe/1 sl[e/1 & mo/ difficult "p ( t c\rse4 ,at t anci5t epo* n only 7 ! v]tebrate1 mollusc\s1 & ar?ropod types di/9ctly & cle>ly diff]5tiat$1 b highly develop$ =ms _h be5 produc$ 9 ea* ( ^! sub-k+doms4 ,?us 9 ! ,v]tebrata !re 7 fi%es n belong+ to ! l[e/ b to ! v highe/ gr\ps :i* are kn[n to h ev] be5 develop$1 namely1 ! ,elasmobran*s 7! highly organiz$ %>ks & rays7 & ! ,ganoids1 a gr\p n[ poorly repres5t$1 b = :i* ! /urgeon may /& z a type1 & :i* 9 _m important respects m ne>ly resemble high] ,v]tebrata ?an d ! ord9>y or osse\s fi%es4 ,fi%es 9 :i* ! v5tral f9s are plac$ 9 front ( ! pectoral ones 7i4e4 jugul> fi%es7 h be5 g5]ally consid]$ to be comp>atively mod]n =ms4 ,b ,pr(essor ,huxley has k9dly in=m$ me t he has discov]$ a #ada jugul> fi% 9 ! ,p]mian deposits4 ,among/ ! mollusc\s animals we h memb]s ( ! v highe/ kn[n class1 namely1 ! ,cephalopods1 or cuttle-fi% class2 & among/ articulat$ animals we f9d ,trilobites & ,eurypt]ida1 :i* d n belong to any incipi5t worm-l gr\p1 b are di/9ctly diff]5tiat$ ,cru/acea ( no l[ =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cuttle-,,fi%4 ,a4 ,v5tral aspect4 ,b4 ,dorsal aspect4 ,we h 9 all ^! animal types n]v\s sy/ems diff]5tiat$ on di/9ctly diff]5t patt]ns1 fully =m$ organs ( circulation1 dige/ion1 excretion1 & g5]ation1 complexly con/ruct$ eyes & o!r s5se organs2 9 fact1 all ! mo/ elaborate & complete animal /ructures built up1 & n only once1 = 9 ! fi%es & mollusca we h 7z describ$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ?is "w7 ! co9cid5ce ( ! indep5d5tly develop$ organs ( s5se atta9+ a ne>ly simil> complexity 9 two q di/9ct =ms4 ,if1 !n1 s small an advance #adb has be5 made 9 fi%es1 molluscs1 & ar?ropods s9ce ! ,upp] ,silurian deposits1 x w probably be )9 ! m>k to consid] t ! p]iod be=e ^? deposits 7dur+ :i* all ^! organs w\ld1 on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 h sl[ly built up _! diff]5t p]fections & complexities7 occupi$ "t at lea/ a hundr$fold great]4 ,n[ x w be a mod]ate computation to all[ #be1jjj1jjj ye>s = ! deposition ( ! /rata d[n to & includ+ ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,if1 !n1 ! evolution>y "w done dur+ ?is deposition1 only repres5ts a hundr$? "p ( ! sum total1 we %all require #b1ejj1jjj1jjj 7two ?\s& five hundr$ million7 ye>s = ! complete developm5t ( ! :ole animal k+dom to its pres5t /ate4 ,ev5 "o qu>t] ( ?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld f> exce$ ! "t :i* physics & a/ronomy seem able to all[ = ! completion ( ! process4 ,f9ally1 a difficulty exi/s z to ! reason ( ! abs5ce ( ri* fossilif]\s deposits 9 ! olde/ /rata--if life 0 !n z abundant & v>i$ z1 on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 x mu/ h be54 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself admits#ada ! case at pres5t mu/ rema9 inexplicable2 & may be truly urg$ z a valid argum5t aga9/ ! views ent]ta9$ 9 8 book4 ,?us1 !n1 we f9d a wond]ful 7& on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples an all b inexplicable7 abs5ce ( m9utely transitional =ms4 ,all ! mo/ m>k$ gr\ps1 bats1 pt]odactyles1 *elonians1 i*?yosauria1 an\ra1 c41 appe> at once ^u ! sc5e4 ,ev5 ! horse1 ! animal ^: p$igree has be5 probably be/ pres]v$1 af=ds no conclusive evid5ce ( specific orig9 by inf9itesimal1 =tuit\s v>iations2 :ile "s =ms1 z ! labyr9?odonts & trilobites1 :i* seem$ to exhibit gradual *ange1 are %[n by fur!r inve/igation to d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,z reg>ds ! "t requir$ = evolution 7:e!r e/imat$ by ! probably m9imum#adc p]iod requir$ = organic *ange or = ! deposition ( /rata :i* accompani$ t *ange71 reasons h be5 sugge/$ :y x is likely t ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>? does n supply u ) en\gh4 ,fir/1 because ( ! prodigi\s increase 9 ! importance & numb] ( diff]5ces & modifications :i* we meet ) z we trav]se successively great] & m prim>y zoological gr\ps2 &1 secondly1 because ( ! va/ s]ies ( /rata necess>ily deposit$ if ! p]iod s9ce ! ,l[] ,silurian m>ks b a small fraction ( ! p]iod ( organic evolution4 ,f9ally1 ! abs5ce or r>ity ( fossils 9 ! olde/ rocks is a po9t at pres5t inexplicable1 & n to be =gott5 or neglect$4 ,n[ all ^! difficulties are avoid$ if we admit t new =ms ( animal life ( all degrees ( complexity appe> f "t to "t ) comp>ative sudd5ness1 be+ evolv$ accord+ to laws 9 "p dep5d+ on surr\nd+ conditions1 9 "p int]nal--simil> to ! way 9 :i* cry/als 7&1 p]haps f rec5t rese>*es1 ! l[e/ =ms ( life7 build !mselves up accord+ to ! int]nal laws ( _! compon5t sub/ance1 & 9 h>mony & correspond5ce ) all environ+ influ5ces & conditions4 ,page #add 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,species ,,& ,,space4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( animals pres5ts difficulties4--,^! n insurm\ntable 9 !mselves2 h>monize ) o!r difficulties4--,fre%-wat] fi%es4--,=ms common to ,africa & ,india2 to ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica2 to ,*9a & ,au/ralia2 to ,nor? ,am]ica & ,*9a2 to ,new ,zeal& & ,s\? ,am]ica2 to ,s\? ,am]ica & ,tasmania2 to ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia4--,pleurodont liz>ds4--,insectivor\s mammals4--,simil>ity ( ,european & ,s\? ,am]ican frogs--,analogy betwe5 ,european salmon & fi%es ( ,new ,zeal&1 c4 ,an anci5t ,ant>ctic cont95t probable4--,o!r modes ( acc\nt+ = facts ( di/ribution4--,indep5d5t orig9 ( closely simil> =ms4--,conclusion4 ,! /udy ( ! di/ribution ( animals ov] ! e>?'s surface pres5ts u ) _m facts hav+ c]ta9 n unimportant be>+s on ! "q ( specific orig94 ,among/ ^! are in/ances :i*1 at lea/ at fir/ sight1 appe> to conflict ) ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 "h cont5d$ t su* facts d by any means con/itute by !mselves ob/acles :i* _c be got ov]4 ,inde$ x w\ld be difficult to imag9e any ob/acles ( ! k9d :i* c\ld n be surm\nt$ by an indef9ite numb] ( t]re/rial modifications ( surface--subm]g5ces & em]g5ces--junctions & sep>ations ( cont95ts 9 all directions & comb9ations ( any desir$ degree ( frequ5cy4 ,all ?is be+ supplem5t$ by ! int]calation ( armies ( enemies1 multitudes ( ance/ors ( all k9ds1 & myriads ( connect+ =ms1 ^: raison d'tre may be simply _! utility or necessity #ade = ! support ( ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,nev]!less1 :5 br\ght 9 m]ely to supplem5t & acc5tuate consid]ations & argum5ts d]iv$ f o!r s\rces1 9 t case difficulties connect$ ) ! geographical di/ribution ( animals are n )\t significance1 & are wor?y ( m5tion ev5 ?\gh1 by !mselves1 !y con/itute b feeble & m or less easily explicable puzzles :i* c\ld n alone suffice ei!r to su/a9 or to defeat any !ory ( specific orig9ation4 ,_m facts z to ! pres5t di/ribution ( animal life ov] ! _w are v readily explicable by ! hypo!sis ( slight elevations & depressions ( l>g] & small] p>ts ( its surface1 b !re are o!rs ! exi/5ce ( :i* x is mu* m difficult s to expla94 ,! di/ribution ei!r ( animals possess+ ! p[] ( flight1 or ( inhabitants ( ! ocean1 is1 ( c\rse1 easily to be acc\nt$ =2 ! difficulty1 if !re is really any1 mu/ ma9ly be ) /rictly t]re/rial animals ( mod]ate or small p[]s ( locomotion & ) inhabitants ( fre% wat]4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself obs]ves1#adb ,9 reg>d to fi%1 ,i believe t ! same species nev] occur 9 ! fre% wat]s ( di/ant cont95ts4 ,n[1 ! ,au?or is enabl$1 by ! lab\rs & ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,gn!r1 to %[ t ?is belief _c be ma9ta9$2 he hav+ be5 s oblig+ z to call att5tion to ! foll[+ facts ) reg>d to fi%-di/ribution4 ,^! facts %[ t ?\gh only "o species :i* is absolutely & exclusively an inhabitant ( fre% wat] is z yet kn[n to be f\nd 9 di/ant cont95ts1 yet t 9 sev]al o!r in/ances ! same species is f\nd 9 ! fre% wat] ( di/ant cont95ts1 & t v (t5 ! same g5us is s di/ribut$4 ,! g5us ,ma/acembelus belongs to a family ( fre%-wat] ,indian #adf fi%es4 ,eight species ( ?is g5us are describ$ by ,dr4 ,gn!r 9 8 catalogue4#adc ,^! =ms ext5d f ,java & ,borneo on ! "o h&1 to ,aleppo on ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 a new species 7,m4 cryptacan?us7 has be5 describ$ by ! same au?or1#add :i* is an inhabitant ( ! ,cam>oon c\ntry ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,he obs]ves1 ,! occurr5ce ( ,indian =ms on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 su* z ,p]ioph?almus1 ,psettus1 ,ma/acembelus1 is ( ! highe/ int]e/1 & an almo/ new fact 9 our k ( ! geographical di/ribution ( fi%es4 ,ophiocephalus1 aga91 is a truly ,indian g5us1 !re be+ no less ?an tw5ty-five species1#ade all f ! fre% wat]s ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,yet ,dr4 ,gn!r in=ms me t !re is a species 9 ! ,upp] ,nile & 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,! acan?opt]ygian family 7,labyr9?ici7 conta9s n9e fre%wat] g5]a1 & ^! are di/ribut$ betwe5 ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,s\? & ,c5tral ,africa4 ,! ,c>p fi%es 7,cypr9oids7 are f\nd 9 ,india1 ,africa1 & ,madagasc>1 b !re are none 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?us exi/+ fre%-wat] fi%es po9t to an imm$iate connexion betwe5 ,africa & ,india1 h>moniz+ ) :at we le>n f ,mioc5e mammalian rema9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*>ac9id 7a family ( ! physo/om\s fi%es7 are f\nd 9 ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & n 9 ,india1 & ev5 its compon5t gr\ps are s di/ribut$1--namely1 ! ,tetragonopt]9a#adf & ! ,hydrocyon9a4#adg ,aga91 we h simil> ph5om5a 9 t almo/ exclusively fre%-wat] gr\p ! ,siluroids4 ,?us ! g5]a ,cl>ias#adh & ,het]obran*us#adi are f\nd #adg bo? 9 ,africa & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,plotosus is f\nd 9 ,africa1 ,india1 & ,au/ralia1 & ! species ,p4 anguill>is#aej has be5 br\ght f bo? ,*9a & ,moreton ,bay4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we h ! same species 9 two di/9ct geographical regions4 ,x is h[ev] a coa/ fi%1 :i*1 ?\gh ent]+ riv]s1 yet lives 9 ! sea4 ,eutropius#aea is an ,african g5us1 b ,e4 obtusiro/ris comes f ,india4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,amiurus is a ,nor? ,am]ican =m2 b "o species1 ,a4 canton5sis1#aeb comes f ,*9a4 ,! g5us ,galaxias#aec has at lea/ "o species common to ,new ,zeal& & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & "o common to ,s\? ,am]ica & ,tasmania4 ,9 ?is g5us we ?us h an absolutely & completely fre%-wat] =m ( ! v same species di/ribut$ betwe5 diff]5t & di/9ct geographical regions4 ,( ! l[] fi%es1 a lamprey1 ,mordacia mordax1#aed is common to ,s\? ,au/ralia & ,*ile2 :ile ano!r =m ( ! same family1 namely1 ,geotria *il5sis1#aee is f\nd n only 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 b 9 ,new ,zeal& also4 ,^! fi%es1 h[ev]1 probably pass "p ( _! lives 9 ! sea4 ,we ?us c]ta9ly h sev]al species :i* are common to ! fre% wat]s ( di/ant cont95ts1 al?\gh x _c be c]ta9ly affirm$ t !y are exclusively & entirely fre%-wat] fi%es ?r\gh\t all _! lives except 9 ! case ( ,galaxias4 ,exi/+ =ms po9t to a close union betwe5 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal& on ! o!r2 b ^! unions 7 n syn*ron\s any m ?an ! unions indicat$ betwe5 ,india & ,au/ralia1 ,*9a & ,au/ralia1 ,*9a & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,india & ,africa4 ,pleurodont liz>ds are su* z h ! tee? atta*$ by _! sides #adh to ! inn] surface ( ! jaw1 9 contradi/9ction to acrodont liz>ds1 :i* h ! bases ( _! tee? an*ylos$ to ! summit ( ! m>g9 ( ! jaw4 ,n[ pleurodont iguanian liz>ds ab\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican region2 b n[h]e else1 & are n z yet kn[n to inhabit any "p ( ! pres5t cont95t ( ,africa4 ,yet pleurodont liz>ds1 /range to say1 are f\nd 9 ,madagasc>4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable1 inasmu* z we h no evid5ce yet ( ! exi/5ce 9 ,madagasc> ( fre%-wat] fi%es common to ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inn] ,,side ,,( ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,( ,,pleurodont ,,liz>d4 7,%[+ ! tee? atta*$ to ! inn] surface ( its side47 ,aga91 t rem>kable isl& ,madagasc> is ! home ( v s+ul> & special insectivor\s bea/s ( ! g5]a ,c5tetes1 ,ericulus1 & ,e*9ops2 :ile ! only o!r memb] ( ! gr\p to :i* !y belong is ,sol5odon1 :i* is a resid5t 9 ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 ,cuba & ,hayti4 ,! connexion1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,madagasc> mu/ surely h be5 at a "t :5 ! great lemur9e gr\p 0 abs5t2 = x is difficult to und]/& ! spread ( su* a =m z ,sol5odon1 & at ! same "t ! non-ext5sion ( ! active lemurs1 or _! utt] extirpation1 9 su* a cong5ial locality z ! ,we/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! close connexion ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia is demon/rat$ 7on ! ,d>w9ian !ory71 n only f ! m>supial fauna ( bo?1 b also f ! frogs & toads :i* respectively inhabit ^? regions4 ,a truly rem>kable simil>ity & p>allelism exi/1 h[ev]1 betwe5 c]ta9 ( ! same animals inhabit+ ,s\? ,we/]n ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,?us ,dr4#adi ,gn!r has describ$#aef a frog f ,*ile by ! "n ( cacotus1 :i* s+ul>ly resembles ! ,european bomb9ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sol5odon4 ,aga9 ( ! salmons1 two g5]a f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,au/ralia1 are analog\s to ,european salmons4 ,9 addition to ?is may be m5tion$ a quotation f ,pr(essor ,dana1 giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w91#aeg to ! effect t x is c]ta9ly a wond]ful fact t ,new ,zeal& %\ld h a clos] resemblance 9 its cru/acea to ,great ,brita91 its antipode1 ?an to any o!r "p ( ! _w3 & ,mr4 ,d>w9 adds ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson also speaks ( ! reappe>ance on ! %ores ( ,new ,zeal&1 ,tasmania1 c4 ( nor!rn =ms ( fi%4 ,dr4 ,hook] in=ms me t tw5ty-five species ( alg are common to ,new ,zeal& & to #aej ,europe1 b h n be5 f\nd 9 ! int]m$iate tropical seas4 ,_m m examples ( ! k9d c\ld easily be br\ght1 b ^! mu/ suffice4 ,z to ! la/-m5tion$ cases ,mr4 ,d>w9 expla9s !m by ! influ5ce ( ! glacial epo*1 :i* he w\ld ext5d actually across ! equator1 & ?us acc\nt1 among/ o!r ?+s1 = ! appe>ance 9 ,*ile ( frogs hav+ close g5etic relations ) ,european =ms4 ,b x is difficult to und]/& ! p]si/5ce & pres]vation ( su* exceptional =ms ) ! extirpation ( all ! o!rs :i* probably accompani$ !m1 if s great a migration ( nor!rn k9ds _h be5 occasion$ by ! glacial epo*4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 c&idly says1#aeh ,i am f> f suppos+ t all difficulties 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution & aff9ities ( ! id5tical & alli$ species1 :i* n[ live s widely sep>at$ 9 ! nor? & s\?1 & sometimes on ! int]m$iate m\nta9-ranges1 are remov$4 444 ,we _c say :y c]ta9 species & n o!rs h migrat$2 :y c]ta9 species h be5 modifi$ & h giv5 rise to new =ms1 :il/ o!rs h rema9$ unalt]$4 ,aga9 he adds1 ,v>i\s difficulties also rema9 to be solv$2 = in/ance1 ! occurr5ce1 z %[n by ,dr4 ,hook]1 ( ! same plants at po9ts s enorm\sly remote z ,k]guel5 ,l&1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,fuegia2 b iceb]gs1 z sugge/$ by ,lyell1 may h be5 conc]n$ 9 _! disp]sal4 ,! exi/5ce1 at ^! & o!r di/ant po9ts ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ( species :i*1 ?\gh di/9ct1 belong to g5]a exclusively conf9$ to ! s\?1 is a m rem>kable case4 ,"s ( ^! species are s di/9ct t we _c suppose t !re has be5 "t s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ glacial p]iod = _! migration & subsequ5t modification to ! necess>y degree4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 goes on to acc\nt = ^! facts by ! probable exi/5ce ( a ri* ant>ctic flora 9 a w>m p]iod ant]ior to ! la/ glacial #aea epo*4 ,!re are inde$ _m reasons = ?9k+ t a s\!rn cont95t1 ri* 9 liv+ =ms1 once exi/$4 ,"o su* reason is ! way 9 :i* /ru?i\s birds are1 or h be51 di/ribut$ ar\nd ! ant>ctic region3 z ! o/ri* 9 ,africa1 ! rhea 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! emeu 9 ,au/ralia1 ! apt]yx1 d9ornis1 c4 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ! epiornis 9 ,madagasc>4 ,/ill ! exi/5ce ( su* a l& w\ld n alone expla9 ! v>i\s geographical cross relations :i* h be5 giv5 above4 ,x w\ld n1 = example1 acc\nt = ! resemblance betwe5 ! cru/acea or fi%es ( ,new ,zeal& & ( ,engl&4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 g f> to expla9 ! id5tity 7specific or g5]ic7 betwe5 fre% wat] & o!r =ms n[ simultane\sly exi/+ 9 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 or 9 ei!r or bo? ( ^!1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,aga91 mutations ( elevation small & gradual 7b frequ5t & int]mitt+71 ?r\gh enorm\s p]iods ( "t--waves1 z x 71 ( l& roll+ _m times 9 _m directions--might be made to expla9 _m difficulties z to geographical di/ribution1 & any cases t rema9$ w\ld probably be capable ( explanation1 z be+ isolat$ b alli$ animal =ms1 n[ sep>at$ inde$1 b be+ m]ely remnants ( ext5sive gr\ps :i*1 at an e>li] p]iod1 7 spread ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?us none ( ! facts "h giv5 are any s]i\s difficulty to ! doctr9e ( evolution1 b x is cont5d$ 9 ?is book t if o!r consid]ations r5d] x improbable t ! manife/ation ( ! successive =ms ( life has be5 br\ght ab\t by m9ute1 indef9ite1 & =tuit\s v>iations1 !n ^! facts z to geographical di/ribution int5sify t improbability1 & are s f> wor?y ( att5tion4 ,all geographical difficulties ( ! k9d w\ld be evad$ if we c\ld conc$e ! probability ( ! indep5d5t orig91 9 diff]5t localities1 ( ! same organic =ms 9 animals high 9 ! scale ( nature4 #aeb ,simil> causes mu/ produce simil> results1 & new reasons h be5 lately adduc$ = believ+1 z reg>ds ! l[e/ organisms1 t ! same =ms c arise & manife/ !mselves indep5d5tly4 ,! difficulty z to high] animals is1 h[ev]1 mu* great]1 z 7on ! !ory ( evolution7 "o act+ =ce mu/ always be ! ance/ral hi/ory 9 ea* case1 & ?is =ce mu/ always t5d to g on act+ 9 ! same groove & direction 9 ! future z x has 9 ! pa/4 ,s t x is difficult to conceive t individuals1 ! ance/ral hi/ory ( :i* is v diff]5t1 c be act$ ^u by all influ5ces1 ext]nal & int]nal1 9 su* div]se ways & proportions t ! results 7unequals be+ add$ to unequals7 %all be equal & simil>4 ,/ill1 ?\gh highly improbable1 ?is _c be said to be impossible2 & if !re is an innate law ( any k9d help+ to det]m9e specific evolution1 ?is may m or less1 or entirely1 neutralize or ev5 rev]se ! effect ( ance/ral habit4 ,?us1 x is q conceivable t a pleurodont liz>d might h aris5 9 ,madagasc> 9 p]fect indep5d5ce ( ! simil>ly-=m$ ,am]ican lac]tilia3 j z c]ta9 tee? ( c>nivor\s & insectivor\s m>supial animals h be5 se5 mo/ closely to resemble ^? ( c>nivor\s & insectivor\s plac5tal bea/s2 j z1 aga91 ! paddles ( ! ,cetacea resemble1 9 ! fact ( a multiplication 9 ! numb] ( ! phalanges1 ! _m-jo9t$ feet ( ext9ct m>9e reptiles1 & z ! beak ( ! cuttle-fi% or ( ! tadpole resembles t ( birds4 ,we h already se5 79 ,*apt] ,,iii47 t x is impossible1 ^u any hypo!sis1 to escape admitt+ ! indep5d5t orig9s ( closely simil> =ms1 ,x may be t !y are bo? m frequ5t & m important ?an is g5]ally ?\ght4 ,t closely simil> /ructures may arise )\t a g5etic relation%ip has be5 lately well urg$ by ,mr4 ,ray ,lanke/]4#aei ,he has br\ght #aec ?is notion =w>d ev5 z reg>ds ! bones ( ! skull 9 osse\s fi%es & 9 mammals4 ,he has done s on ! gr\nd t ! probable common ance/or ( mammals & ( osse\s fi%es 0 a v]tebrate animal ( s l[ a type t x c\ld n be suppos$ to h possess$ a skull diff]5tiat$ into di/9ct bony elem5ts--ev5 if x 0 bony at all4 ,if ?is 0 s1 !n ! cranial bones mu/ h _h an indep5d5t orig9 9 ea* class1 & 9 ?is case we h ! mo/ /rik+ly h>moni\s & p>allel results f indep5d5t actions4 ,= ! bones ( ! skull 9 an osse\s fi% are s closely con=m$ to ^? ( a mammal1 t bo? types ( skull exhibit _m bones 9 common1 ?\gh 9 ea* type "s ( ^! bones acquire special arrangem5ts & v diff]5t magnitudes4#afj ,& no inve/igator ( homologies d\bts t a consid]able numb] ( ! bones :i* =m ! skull ( any osse\s fi% are di/9ctly homolog\s ) ! cranial bones ( man4 ,! occipital1 ! p>ietal1 & frontal1 ! bones :i* surr\nd ! int]nal e>1 ! vom]1 ! premaxilla1 & ! quadrate bones1 may be giv5 z examples4 ,n[1 if su* close relations ( homology c be br\ght ab\t indep5d5tly ( any b ! mo/ remote g5etic aff9ity1 x w\ld be ra% to affirm dogmatically t !re is any impossibility 9 ! indep5d5t orig9 ( su* =ms z c5tetes & sol5odon1 or ( g5etically di/9ct batra*ians1 z simil> to ea* o!r z are "s ( ! frogs ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ( ,europe4 ,at ! same "t su* ph5om5a mu/ at pres5t be consid]$ z v improbable1 f ! action ( ance/ral habit1 z be=e /at$4 ,we h se51 !n1 t ! geographical di/ribution ( animals pres5ts difficulties1 ?\gh n insup]able ones1 = ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis4 ,if1 h[ev]1 o!r reasons aga9/ x appe> ( any weight--if1 especially1 !re is reason to believe t geological "t has n be5 #aed suffici5t = x1 !n x w be well to be> 9 m9d ! facts "h enum]at$4 ,^! facts1 h[ev]1 are n oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( evolution2 & if x c\ld be e/abli%$ t closely simil> =ms _h really aris5 9 complete indep5d5ce "o ( ! o!r1 !y w\ld r t5d to /r5g!n & to support t !ory4 ,page #aee 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,homologies4 ,animals made-up ( p>ts mutually relat$ 9 v>i\s ways4--,:at homology is4--,its v>i\s k9ds4--,s]ial homology4--,lat]al homology4--,v]tical homology4--,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s explanations4--,an int]nal p[] necess>y1 z %[n by facts ( comp>ative anatomy4--,( t]atology4--,m4 ,/4 ,hilaire4--,pr(essor ,burt ,wild]4--,foot-w+s4--,facts ( pa?ology4--,mr4 ,james ,paget4--,dr4 ,william ,budd4--,! exi/5ce ( su* an int]nal p[] ( individual developm5t dim9i%es ! improbability ( an analog\s law ( specific orig9ation4 ,t concrete :ole :i* is spok5 ( z an individual 7su*1 e4g41 z a bird or a lob/]7 is =m$ ( a m or less complex aggregation ( p>ts :i* are actually 7f :atev] cause or causes7 gr\p$1 toge!r 9 a h>moni\s int]dep5d5cy1 & :i* h a multitude ( complex relations among/ !mselves4 ,! m9d detects a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! relations z x contemplates ! v>i\s compon5t p>ts ( an individual 9 "o or o!r direction--z x foll[s up diff]5t l9es ( ?\ght4 ,^! p]ceiv$ relations1 ?\gh subjective1 z relations1 h nev]!less an objective f\ndation z real p>ts1 or conditions ( p>ts1 ( real :oles2 !y are1 !re=e1 true relations1 su*1 e4g41 z ^? betwe5 ! "r & left h&1 betwe5 ! h& & ! foot1 c4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ea* concrete :ole h also a relation ( resemblance to ! p>ts ( o!r concrete :oles1 :e!r ( ! same#aef or ( diff]5t k9ds1 z ! resemblance betwe5 ! h&s ( two m51 or t betwe5 ! h& ( a man & ! =e-paw ( a cat4 ,n[1 x is "h cont5d$ t ! relation%ips borne "o to ano!r by v>i\s compon5t p>ts1 imply ! exi/5ce ( "s innate1 int]nal condition1 conv5i5tly spok5 ( z a p[] or t5d5cy1 :i* is q z my/]i\s z is any innate condition1 p[]1 or t5d5cy1 result+ 9 ! ord]ly evolution ( successive specific manife/ations4 ,^! relation%ips1 z also ?is developm5tal p[]1 w d\btless1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be some:at fur!r expla9$ z sci5ce advances4 ,b ! result w be m]ely a %ift+ ( ! inexplicability a po9t backw>ds1 by ! int]calation ( ano!r /ep betwe5 ! action ( ! int]nal condition or p[] & its ext]nal result4 ,9 ! meantime1 ev5 if by ,natural ,selection we c\ld elim9ate ! puzzles ( ! orig9 ( species1 yet o!r ph5om5a1 n less rem>kable 7namely1 ^? notic$ 9 ?is *apt]71 w\ld /ill rema9 unexpla9$ & z yet inexplicable4 ,x is n improbable t1 c\ld we arrive at ! causes condition+ all ! complex int]-relations betwe5 ! sev]al p>ts ( "o animal1 we %\ld at ! same "t obta9 ! key to unlock ! secrets ( specific orig9ation4 ,x is desirable1 !n1 to see :at facts !re are 9 animal organization :i* po9t to innate conditions 7p[]s & t5d5cies71 z yet unexpla9$1 & ^u :i* ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection is unable to ?r[ any explanatory light4 ,! facts to be consid]$ are ! ph5om5a ( homology1 & especially ( s]ial1 bilat]al1 & v]tical homology4 ,! ^w homology indicates su* a relation betwe5 two p>ts t !y may be said 9 "s s5se to be ! same1 or at lea/ ( simil> nature4 ,?is simil>ity1 h[ev]1 does n relate to ! use to :i* p>ts are put1 b only to _! relative position ) reg>d to o!r p>ts1 or to _! mode ( orig94 ,!re are _m k9ds ( #aeg homology1#afa b x is only necess>y to consid] ! ?ree k9ds above enum]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+bones ,,( ,,pt]odactyle1 ,,bat1 ,,& ,,bird4 ,! t]m homolog\s may be appli$ to p>ts 9 two individual animals ( diff]5t k9ds1 or to diff]5t p>ts ( ! same individual4 ,?us ! "r & left h&s1 or jo9ts ( ! backbone1 or ! tee? ( ! two jaws1 are homolog\s p>ts ( ! same individual4 ,b ! arm ( a man1 ! =e-leg ( ! horse1 ! paddle ( ! :ale1 & ! w+ ( ! bat & ! bird are all also homolog\s p>ts1 yet ( ano!r k9d1 i4e4 !y are ! same p>ts exi/+ 9 animals ( diff]5t species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w+ ( ! humm+-bird & ! w+ ( ! humm+-bird mo? are n homolog\s at all1 or 9 any s5se2 = ! resemblance betwe5 !m consi/s solely 9 ! use to :i* !y are put1 & is !re=e only a relation ( analogy4 ,!re is no relation ( homology betwe5 !m1 because !y h no common resemblance z to _! relations to surr\nd+ p>ts1 or z to _! mode ( orig94 ,simil>ly1 !re is no homology betwe5 ! w+ ( ! bat & t #aeh ( ! fly+-dragon1 = ! latt] is =m$ ( c]ta9 ribs1 & n ( limb bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,fly+ ,,dragon4 7,%[+ ! elongat$ ribs :i* support ! flitt+ organ47 ,homology may be fur!r di/+ui%$ into 7#a7 a relation%ip :i*1 on evolution>y pr9ciples1 w\ld be due to desc5t f a common ance/or1 z ! homological relation betwe5 ! arm-bone ( ! horse & t ( ! ox1 or betwe5 ! s+ul> ankle bones ( ! two lemur9e g5]a1 *eirogaleus & galago1 & :i* relation has be5 t]m$ by ,mr4 ,ray ,lanke/] homog5y2#afb & 7#b7 a relation%ip induc$1 n d]iv$--su* z exi/s betwe5 p>ts closely simil> 9 relative position1 b ) no g5etic aff9ity1 or only a remote "o1 z ! homological relation betwe5 ! *amb]s ( ! he>t ( a bat & ^? ( a #aei bird1 or ! simil> tee? ( ! ?ylac9e & ! dog be=e spok5 (4 ,= ?is relation%ip ,mr4 ,bay ,lanke/] has propos$ ! t]m homoplasy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t>sal ,,bones ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,lemuroids4 7,"r t>sus ( ,galago2 left t>sus ( ,*eirogaleus47 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,c5tip$e4 ,s]ial homology is a relation ( resemblance exi/+ betwe5 two or m p>ts plac$ 9 s]ies "o beh9d ! o!r 9 ! same individual4 ,examples ( su* homologues are ! ribs1 or jo9ts ( ! backbone (#afj a horse1 or ! limbs ( a c5tip$e4 ,! latt] animal is a /rik+ example ( s]ial homology4 ,! body 7except at its two ends7 consi/s ( a longitud9al s]ies ( simil> segm5ts4 ,ea* segm5t supports a pair ( limbs1 & ! app5dages ( all ! segm5ts 7except z be=e7 are completely alike4 ,illu/ration3 ,,squilla4 ,a less complete case ( s]ial homology is pres5t$ by ,cru/acea 7animals ( ! crab class71 notably by ! squilla & by ! common lob/]4 ,9 ! latt] animal we h a six-jo9t$ abdom5 7! s-call$ tail71 #afa 9 front ( :i* is a l>ge solid mass 7! cephalo-?orax71 t]m9at$ ant]iorly by a jo9t$ process 7! ro/rum74 ,on ! "u surface ( ! body we f9d a quantity ( moveable app5dages4 ,su* are1 e4g41 feel]s 7,fig4 #i71 jaws 7,figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h71 foot-jaws 7,fig4 #e71 claws & legs 7,figs4 #c & #d71 b5ea? ! cephalo-?orax2 & flat processes 7,fig4 #b71 call$ swimm]ets1 b5ea? ! s-call$ tail or abdom54 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,lob/]4 ,n[1 ^! v>i\s app5dages are di/9ct & diff]5t en\gh z we #afb see !m 9 ! adult1 b !y all appe> 9 ! embryo z buds ( simil> =m & size1 & ! ?oracic limbs at fir/ consi/ ea* ( two memb]s1 z ! swimm]ets always d4 ,?is %[s :at great diff]5ces may exi/ 9 size1 9 =m1 & 9 function1 betwe5 p>ts :i* are developm5tally ! same1 = all ^! app5dages are modifications ( "o common k9d ( /ructure1 :i* becomes diff]5tly modifi$ 9 diff]5t situations2 9 o!r words1 !y are s]ial homologues4 ,! segm5ts ( ! body1 z !y foll[ "o beh9d ! o!r1 are also s]ially alike1 z is pla9ly se5 9 ! abdom5 or tail4 ,9 ! cephalo-?orax ( ! lob/]1 h[ev]1 ?is is disguis$4 ,x is !re=e v int]e/+ to f9d t 9 ! o!r cru/acean be=e m5tion$1 ! squilla1 ! segm5tation ( ! body is m completely pres]v$1 & ev5 ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts1 :i* g to compose ! head1 rema9 p]man5tly di/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9e ,,( ,,galago ,,all5ii4 ,su* an obvi\s & unmi/akeable s]ial repetition ( p>ts does n obta9 9 ! highe/1 or backbon$ animals1 ! ,v]tebrata4 ,?us 9 man & o!r mammals1 no?+ ( ! k9d is ext]nally visible1 & we h to p5etrate to 8 skeleton to f9d su* a s]ies ( homolog\s p>ts4 ,!re1 inde$1 we discov] a numb] ( pairs ( bones1 ea* pair s obvi\sly resembl+ ! o!rs1 t !y all receive a common "n--! ribs4 ,!re also 7i4e4 9 ! skeleton7 we f9d a /ill m rem>kable s]ies ( simil> p>ts1 ! jo9ts ( ! sp9e or backbone 7v]tebr71 :i* are admitt$ by all to possess a c]ta9 community ( /ructure4#afc ,x is 9 _! limbs1 h[ev]1 t ! ,v]tebrata pres5t ! mo/ obvi\s & /rik+ s]ial homology--almo/ ! only s]ial homology noticeable ext]nally4 ,! facts ( s]ial homology seem h>dly to h excit$ ! am\nt ( int]e/ !y c]ta9ly m]it4 ,v _m writ]s1 inde$1 h occupi$ !mselves ) inve/igations & speculations z to :at portions ( ! leg & foot answ] to :at p>ts ( ! arm & h&1 a "q :i* has only rec5tly receiv$ a m or less satisfactory solution ?r\gh ! successive concordant ef=ts ( ,pr(essor ,humphry1#afc ,pr(essor ,huxley1#afd ! ,au?or ( ?is "w1#afe & ,pr(essor ,fl[]4#aff ,v few writ]s1 h[ev]1 h devot$ mu* "t or ?\ght to ! "q ( s]ial homology 9 g5]al4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 inde$1 9 8 v int]e/+ ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 has giv5 =? ideas on ?is subject1 :i* are well wor?y c>eful p]usal & consid]ation1 & "s ( :i* apply also to ! o!r k9ds ( homology m5tion$ above4 ,he w\ld expla9 ! s]ial homologies ( su* creatures z ! lob/] & c5tip$e ?us3 ,animals ( a v l[ grade propagate !mselves by spontane\s fission4 ,if c]ta9 creatures f\nd b5efit f ?is process ( division rema9+ incomplete1 su* creatures 7on ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection7 w\ld transmit _! select$ t5d5cy to su* incomplete division to _! po/]ity4 ,9 ?is way1 x is conceivable1 t animals might arise 9 ! =m ( long *a9s ( simil> segm5ts1 ea* ( :i* *a9s w\ld consi/ ( a numb] ( imp]fectly sep>at$ individuals1 & be equival5t to a s]ies ( sep>ate individuals belong+ to k9ds 9 :i* ! fission 0 complete4 ,9 o!r words1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld expla9 x z ! coalesc5ce ( #afd organisms ( a l[] degree ( aggregation 9 "o longitud9al s]ies1 ?r\gh survival ( ! fitte/ aggregations4 ,?is may be s4 ,x is c]ta9ly an +5i\s speculation1 b facts h n yet be5 br\ght =w>d :i* demon/rate x4 ,_h !y be5 s1 ?is k9d ( s]ial homology might be t]m$ homog5etic4 ,! o!r k9d ( s]ial repetitions1 namely1 ^? ( ! v]tebral column1 are expla9$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] z ! results ( alt]nate /ra9s & compressions act+ on a primitively homog5e\s cyl9d]4 ,! s]ial homology ( ! =e & h9d limbs is expla9$ by ! same writ] z ! result ( a simil>ity 9 ! influ5ces & conditions to :i* !y are expos$4 ,s]ial homologues s =m$ might be call$1 z ,mr4 ,ray ,lanke/] has propos$1 homopla/ic4 ,b !re are1 x is "h cont5d$1 abundant reasons = ?9k+ t ! pr$om9ant ag5t 9 ! production ( ! homologies ( ! limbs is an int]nal =ce or t5d5cy4 ,& if su* a p[] c be %[n to be necess>y 9 ?is in/ance1 x may also be legitimately us$ to expla9 su* s]ial homologies z ^? ( ! c5tip$e's segm5ts & ( ! jo9ts ( ! backbone4 ,at ! same "t x is n1 ( c\rse1 pret5d$ t ext]nal conditions d n contribute _! own effects 9 addition4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is int]nal p[] w be r5d]$ m probable if valid argum5ts c be br\ght =w>d aga9/ ! explanations :i* ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has (f]$4 ,lat]al homology 7or bilat]al symmetry7 is ! resemblance betwe5 ! "r & left sides ( an animal1 or ( "p ( an animal2 z1 e4g41 betwe5 our "r h& & our left4 ,x exi/s m or less at "o or o!r "t ( life 9 all animals1 except "s v l[ly organiz$ creatures4 ,9 ! highe/ animals ?is symmetry is laid d[n at ! v dawn ( life1 ! fir/ trace ( ! future creature be+ a longitud9al /reak--! embryonic primitive groove4 ,?is k9d ( homology is expla9$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] z ! result ( ! simil> way 9 :i* conditions affect #afe ! "r & left sides respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]tebr ,,( ,,axolotl4 ,v]tical homology 7or v]tical symmetry7 is ! resemblance exi/+ betwe5 p>ts :i* are plac$ "o above ! o!r b5ea?4 ,x is mu* less g5]al & m>k$ ?an s]ial1 or lat]al homology4 ,nev]!less1 x is pla9ly to be se5 9 ! tail region ( mo/ fi%es1 & 9 ! f>-ext5d+ dorsal 7back7 & v5tral 7belly7 f9s ( su* k9ds z ! sole & ! fl\nd]4 ,x is also /rik+ly %[n 9 ! bones ( ! tail ( c]ta9 efts1 z 9 ,*ioglossa1 :]e ! complexity ( ! upp] 7neural7 ar* is closely repeat$ by ! inf]ior "o4 ,aga91 9 ,spel]pes rubra1 :]e almo/ v]tically asc5d+ articul> processes above are repeat$ by almo/ v]tically desc5d+ articul> processes bel[4 ,also 9 ! axolotl1 :]e !re are d\ple pits1 plac$ side by side1 n only sup]iorly b at ! same "t inf]iorly4#afg ,?is k9d ( homology is also expla9$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] z ! result ( ! simil>ity ( conditions affect+ ! two p>ts4 ,?us he expla9s ! v g5]al abs5ce ( symmetry betwe5 ! dorsal & v5tral surfaces ( animals by ! diff]5t conditions to :i* ^! two surfaces are respectively expos$1 & 9 ! same way he expla9s ! asymmetry ( ! flat-fi%es 7,pleuronectid71 ( snails1 c4 ,n[1 fir/1 z reg>ds ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s explanation ( animal =ms by means ( ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions1 ! foll[+ obs]vations may be made4 ,abundant in/ances are br\ght =w>d by him ( admirable adaptation ( /ructure to circum/ances1 b z to ! imm5se majority ( ^! x is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to see h[ ext]nal conditions#aff c h produc$1 or ev5 t5d$ to h produc$ !m4 ,= example1 we may take ! migration ( "o eye ( ! sole to ! o!r side ( its head4 ,:at is !re "h ei!r 9 ! d>kness1 or ! friction1 or 9 any o!r conceivable ext]nal cause1 to h produc$ ! fir/ beg9n+ ( su* an unprec$5t$ displacem5t ( ! eye8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has beautifully illu/rat$ t correlation :i* all mu/ admit to exi/ betwe5 ! =ms ( organisms & _! surr\nd+ ext]nal conditions1 b by no means prov$ t ! latt] are ! cause ( ! =m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pleuronectid1 ,,) ,,! ,,peculi>ly ,,plac$ ,,eye ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,positions4 ,"s int]nal conditions 7or 9 ord9>y language "s int]nal p[] & =ce7 mu/ be conc$$ to liv+ organisms1 o!rwise incid5t =ces mu/ act ^u !m & ^u non-liv+ aggregations ( matt] 9 ! same way & ) simil> effects4 ,if ! m]e pres5ce ( ^! incid5t =ces produces s ready a response 9 animals & plants1 x mu/ be t !re are1 9 _! case1 conditions dispos+ & enabl+ !m s to respond1 accord+ to ! old maxim1 ,quicquid recipitur1 recipitur ad modum recipi5tis1 z ! same rays ( light :i* blea* a piece ( silk1 black5 nitrate ( silv]4 ,if1 !re=e1 we attribute ! =ms ( organisms to ! action ( #afg ext]nal conditions1 i4e4 ( incid5t =ces on _! modifiable /ructure1 we give b a p>tial acc\nt ( ! matt]1 remov+ a /ep back1 z x 71 ! action ( ! int]nal condition1 p[]1 or =ce :i* mu/ be conceiv$ z occasion+ su* ready modifiability4 ,b inde$ x is n at all easy to see h[ ! influ5ce ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd or any conceivable condition or =ce c produce ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! v5tral & dorsal %ields ( ! c>apace ( a tortoise1 or by :at diff]5ces ( m]ely ext]nal causes ! ov>ies ( ! two sides ( ! body c be made equal 9 a bat & unequal 9 a bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e*9us1 ,,or ,,sea-,,ur*94 7,! sp9es remov$ f "o-half47 ,!re is1 on ! o!r h&1 an a priori reason :y we %\ld expect to f9d t ! symmetrical =ms ( all animals are due to int]nal causes4 ,?is reason is ! fact t ! symmetrical =ms ( m9]als are und\bt$ly due to su* causes4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to d m ?an allude to ! beautiful & complex =ms pres5t$ by inorganic /ructures4 ,) reg>d to organisms1 h[ev]1 ! wond]ful ,acan?ometr & ! ,polycy/9a may be m5tion$ z pres5t+ complexities ( =m :i* c h>dly be ?\ght to be due to o!r ?an int]nal causes4 ,! same may be said ( ! great gr\p ( ,e*9od]ms1 ) _! amaz+#afh v>iety ( compon5t p>ts4 ,if !n int]nal =ces c s build up ! mo/ v>i$ /ructures1 !y are surely capable ( produc+ ! s]ial1 lat]al1 & v]tical symmetries :i* high] animal =ms exhibit4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is ! m b\nd to admit ?is1 inasmu* z 9 8 doctr9e ( physiological units he ma9ta9s t ^! organic atoms ( 8 h an innate p[] ( build+ up & evolv+ ! :ole & p]fect animal f :i* !y 7 9 ea* case d]iv$4 ,to build up & evolve ! v>i\s symmetries "h spok5 ( is n "o :it m my/]i\s4 ,directly to refute ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ass]tion1 h[ev]1 w\ld require ! br++ =w>d ( examples ( organisms :i* are ill-adapt$ to _! positions1 & out ( h>mony ) _! surr\nd+s--a difficult task inde$4#afh ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! la/-m5tion$ au?or's explanation ( su* s]ial homology z exi/s 9 ! c5tip$e & its allies1 ! v gr\ndwork is op5 to objection4 ,multiplication by spontane\s fission seems f "s rec5t rese>*es to be mu* less frequ5t ?an has be5 suppos$1 & m evid5ce is requir$ z to ! fact ( ! habitual propagation ( any plan>i 9 ?is fa%ion4#afi ,b ev5 if ?is 7 z ass]t$1 #afi nev]!less x fails to expla9 ! peculi> condition pres5t$ by ,syllis & "s o!r annelids1 :]e a new head is =m$ at int]vals 9 c]ta9 segm5ts ( ! body4 ,"h !re is evid5tly an innate t5d5cy to ! developm5t at int]vals ( a complex :ole4 ,x is n ! budd+ out or spontane\s fission ( c]ta9 segm5ts1 b ! trans=mation 9 a def9ite & v peculi> mann] ( p>ts :i* already exi/ into o!r & m complex p>ts4 ,aga91 ! processes ( developm5t pres5t$ by "s ( ^! creatures d n by any means po9t to an orig9 ?r\gh#agj ! l9e> coalesc5ce ( primitively di/9ct animals by means ( imp]fect segm5tation4 ,?us 9 c]ta9 ,dipt]a 7two w+$ flies7 ! legs1 w+s1 eyes1 c41 are d]iv$ f masses ( =mative tissue 7t]m$ imag9al disks71 :i* by _! mutual approximation toge!r build up p>ts ( ! head & body1#agj recall+ to m9d ! developm5t ( ,e*9od]ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,annelid ,,divid+ ,,spontane\sly4 7,a new head hav+ be5 =m$ t[>ds ! h9d] end ( ! body ( ! p>5t47 ,aga91 ,ni*olas ,wagn] f\nd 9 c]ta9 o!r ,dipt]a1 ! ,hessian flies1 t ! l>va gives rise to second>y l>v )9 x1 :i* develop & bur/ ! body ( ! prim>y l>va4 ,! second>y l>v give rise1 simil>ly1 to ano!r set )9 !m1 & ^! aga9 to ano!r#aga set4 ,aga91 ! fact t 9 ,tnia e*9ococcus "o egg produces num]\s individuals1 t5ds to invalidate ! argum5t t ! increase ( segm5ts dur+ developm5t is a relic ( specific g5esis4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] seems to d5y s]ial homology to ! mollusca1 b x is difficult to see :y ! %ell segm5ts ( *iton are n su* homologues because ! segm5tation is sup]ficial4 ,simil>ly ! ext]nal processes ( eolis1 doris1 c41 are good examples ( s]ial homology1 z also are pla9ly ! successive *amb]s ( ! or?oc]atid4 ,nor are p>ts ( a s]ies less s]ial1 because arrang$ spirally1 z 9 mo/ ga/]opods4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] obs]ves ( ! mollusc\s z ( ! v]tebrate animal1 ,y _c cut x into transv]se slices1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a dige/ive organ1 a respiratory organ1 a reproductive organ1 c4#agb ,b ! same may be said ( e s+le ar?ropod & annelid if x be meant t all ^! organs are n conta9$ 9 e possible slice4 ,:ile if x be meant t p>ts ( all su* organs are conta9$ 9 c]ta9 slices1 !n "s ( ! mollusca may also be includ$4 ,ano!r objection to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s speculation is d]iv$ f consid]ations :i* h already be5 /at$1 z to pa/ "t4 ,= if#aga ! annulose animals h be5 =m$ by aggregation1 we ought to f9d ?is process mu* less p]fect 9 ! olde/ =m4 ,b a complete developm5t1 su* z already obta9s 9 ! lob/]1 c41 0 rea*$ by ! ,eurypt]ida & ,trilobites ( ! palozoic /rata2 & annelids1 probably =m$ ma9ly l ^? ( ! pres5t day1 ab\nd$ dur+ ! deposition ( ! olde/ fossilif]\s rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trilobite4 ,?irdly1 & la/ly1 z reg>ds su* s]ial homology z is exemplifi$ by ! backbone ( man1 !re are also sev]al objections to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s me*anical explanation4 ,on ! !ory ( evolution mo/ 9 fav\r1 ! fir/ ,v]tebrata 7 aquatic4 ,n[1 z natation is g5]ally effect$ by repeat$ & vigor\s lat]al flexions ( ! body1 we ought to f9d ! segm5tation mu* m complete lat]ally ?an on ! dorsal & v5tral aspects ( ! sp9al column4 ,nev]!less1 9 ^? species :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute a s]ies ( m & m di/9ctly segm5t$ =ms1 ! segm5tation gradually increases all r\nd ! c5tral "p ( ! sp9al column4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]#agc ?9ks x probable t ! /urgeon has reta9$ ! noto*ordal 7t is1 ! primitive1 unsegm5t$7 /ructure because x#agb is sluggi%4 ,b ,dr4 ,gn!r in=ms me t ! sluggi%ness ( ! common tope 7,galeus vulg>is7 is mu* l t ( ! /urgeon1 & yet ! bodies ( its v]tebr are di/9ct & well-ossifi$4 ,moreov]1 ! great salam&] ( ,japan is mu* m in]t & sluggi% ?an ei!r1 & yet x has a well-develop$1 bony sp9e4 ,i c le>n no?+ ( ! habits ( ! %>ks ,hexan*us1 ,heptan*us1 & ,e*9orh9us1 b ,mll] describes !m z possess+ a p]si/5t *orda dorsalis4#agd ,x may be !y h ! habits ( ! tope1 b o!r %>ks are among/ ! v swifte/ & mo/ active ( fi%es4 ,9 ! bony pike 7lepido/eus71 ! rigidity ( ! bony scales by :i* x is completely enclos$ mu/ prev5t any excessive flexion ( ! body1 & yet its v]tebral column pres5ts a degree ( ossification & v]tebral complet5ess great] ?an t f\nd 9 any o!r fi% :atev]4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] supports 8 argum5t by ! non-segm5tation ( ! ant]ior end ( ! skeletal axis1 i4e4 by ! non-segm5tation ( ! skull4 ,b 9 fact ! skull is segm5t$1 &1 accord+ to ! quasi-v]tebral !ory ( ! skull put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,huxley1#age is probably =m$ ( a numb] ( coalesc$ segm5ts1 ( "s ( :i* ! trabecul cranii & ! m&ibul> & hyoidean ar*es are indications4 ,:at is1 p]haps1 mo/ rem>kable h[ev] is1 t ! segm5tation ( ! skull--its sep>ation into ! ?ree occipital1 p>ietal1 & frontal elem5ts--is mo/ complete & di/9ct 9 ! highe/ class1 & ?is c h no?+1 h[ev] remotely1 to d ) ! cause sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,?us1 !n1 !re is some?+ to be said 9 opposition to bo? ! aggregational & ! me*anical explanations ( s]ial homology4 ,! explanations sugge/$ are v +5i\s1 yet repose ^u a v #agc small basis ( fact4 ,n b t ! process ( v]tebral segm5tation may h be5 sometimes assi/$ by ! me*anical action sugge/$4 ,x rema9s n[ to consid] :at are ! evid5ces 9 support ( ! exi/5ce ( an int]nal p[]1 by ! action ( :i* ^! homological manife/ations are evolv$4 ,x is "h cont5d$ t !re is good evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( "s su* special int]nal p[]1 & t n only f facts ( comp>ative anatomy1 b also f ^? ( t]atology#agf & pa?ology4 ,^! facts appe> to %[1 n only t !re are homological int]nal relations1 b t !y are s /rong & en]getic z to re-ass]t & re-exhibit !mselves 9 creatures :i*1 on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 are ! desc5dants ( o!rs 9 :i* !y 7 mu* less m>k$4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 sometimes ev5 m pla9 & di/9ct 9 animals ( ! highe/ types ?an 9 inf]ior =ms1 &1 moreov]1 ?is deep-seat$ t5d5cy acts ev5 9 diseas$ & abnormal conditions4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 recognizes#agg ^! homological relations1 & does n d\bt t !y may be ma/]$ m or less completely by ,natural ,selection4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 give any explanation ( ^! ph5om5a o!r ?an ! imposition on !m ( ! "n laws ( correlation2 & inde$ he says1 ,! nature ( ! bond ( correlation is frequ5tly q obscure4 ,n[1 x is surely m desirable to make use1 if possible1 ( "o conception ?an to imag9e a numb] (1 to all appe>ance1 sep>ate & indep5d5t laws ( correlation betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ea* animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,a>d-,,v>k 7,,oryct]opus74 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pangol9 7,,manis74 ,b ev5 "s ( ^! alleg$ laws h>dly appe> well f\nd$4 ,?us ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 support ( su* a law ( concomitant v>iation z reg>ds hair & tee?1 br+s =w>d ! case ( ,julia ,pa/rana1#agh & a man #agd ( ! ,burmese ,c\rt1 & adds1#agi ,^! cases & ^? ( ! hairless dogs =cibly call to m9d ! fact t ! two ord]s ( mammals1 namely1 ! ,ed5tata & ,cetacea1 :i* are ! mo/ abnormal 9 _! d]mal cov]+1 are likewise ! mo/ abnormal ei!r by defici5cy or r$undancy ( tee?4 ,! ass]tion ) reg>d to ^! ord]s is c]ta9ly true1 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d at ! same "t t ! armadillos1 :i* are mu* m abnormal ?an are ! ,am]ican anteat]s z reg>ds _! d]mal cov]+1 9 _! d5tition are less s4 ,! ,cape ant-eat]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,a>d-v>k 7,oryct]opus71 has tee? =m$ on a type q diff]5t f t exi/+ 9 any o!r mammal2 yet its hairy coat is n kn[n to exhibit any su* /range peculi>ity4 ,aga91 ^? rem>kable scaly ant-eat]s ( ! ,old ,_w--! pangol9s 7,manis7--/& alone among/ mammals z reg>ds _! d]mal cov]+2 hav+ be5 class$ #age ) liz>ds by e>ly naturali/s on acc\nt ( _! clo?+ ( scales1 yet _! m\? is l t ( ! hairy ant-eat]s ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! duck-bill$ platypus ( ,au/ralia 7,orni?orhyn*us7 is ! only mammal :i* has tee? =m$ ( horn1 yet its furry coat is normal & ord9>y4 ,aga91 ! ,dugong & ,manatee are d]mally alike1 yet extremely diff]5t z reg>ds ! /ructure & numb] ( _! tee?4 ,! porcup9e also1 9 spite ( its enorm\s armature ( quills1 is furni%$ ) z good a supply ( tee? z are ! hairy memb]s ( ! same family1 b n ) a bett] "o2 & 9 spite ( ! defici5cy ( tee? 9 ! hairless dogs1 no conv]se r$undancy ( tee? has1 x is believ$1 be5 rem>k$ 9 ,angora cats & rabbits4 ,to say ! lea/1 !n1 ?is law #agf ( correlation pres5ts num]\s & rem>kable exceptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dugong4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! subject ( homological relations3 x is surely inconceivable t indef9ite v>iation ) survival ( ! fitte/ c ev] h built up ^! s]ial1 bilat]al1 & v]tical homologies1 )\t ! action ( "s special innate p[] or t5d5cy s to build up1 possess$ by ! organism itself 9 ea* case4 ,by special t5d5cy is meant "o ! laws & conditions ( :i* are z yet unkn[n1 b :i* is analog\s to ! innate p[] & t5d5cy possess$ by cry/als simil>ly1 to build up c]ta9 peculi> & v def9ite =ms4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to comp>ative anatomy4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! ?oracic & pelvic limbs is notori\s4 ,pr(essor ,geg5baur has lately endeav\r$#ahj to expla9 ?is resemblance by ! d]ivation ( ea* limb f a primitive =m ( f94 ,?is f9 is suppos$ to h _h a m>g9al ext]nal 7radial7 s]ies ( c>tilages1 ea* ( :i* support$ a s]ies ( second>y c>tilages1 />t+ f ! inn] 7uln>7 side ( ! di/al "p ( ! support+ m>g9al piece4 ,! root m>g9al piece w\ld become ! hum]us or femur1 z ! case might be3 ! second m>g9al piece1 ) ! piece atta*$ to ! inn] side ( ! di/al end ( ! root m>g9al piece1 w\ld toge!r =m ei!r ! radius & ulna or ! tibia & fibula1 & s on4 ,n[ !re is little d\bt 7f a priori consid]ations7 b t ! special diff]5tiation ( ! limb bones ( ! high] ,v]tebrates has be5 evolv$ f ant]ior conditions exi/+ 9 "s fi%-l =m or o!r4 ,b ! p>ticul> view advocat$ by ! le>n$ ,pr(essor is op5 to criticism4 ,?us1 x may be object$ aga9/ ?is view1 fir/1 t x takes no acc\nt ( ! radial ossicle :i* becomes s enorm\s 9 ! mole2 secondly1 t x does n expla9 ! extra s]ies ( ossicles #agg :i* are =m$ on ! out] 7radial or m>g9al7 side ( ! paddle 9 ! ,i*?yosaurus2 & ?irdly1 & mo/ importantly1 t ev5 if ?is _h be5 ! way 9 :i* ! limbs _h be5 diff]5tiat$1 x w\ld n be at all inconsi/5t ) ! possession ( an innate p[] ( produc+1 & an innate t5d5cy to produce simil> & symmetrical homological resemblances4 ,x w\ld n be s because resemblances ( ! k9d are f\nd to exi/1 :i*1 on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 mu/ be subsequ5t & second>y1 n primitive & ance/ral4 ,?us we f9d 9 animals ( ! eft k9d 7c]ta9 amphibians71 9 :i* ! t>sus is c>tilag9\s1 t ! c>pus is c>tilag9\s likewise4 ,& we %all see 9 cases ( disease & ( mal=mation :at a t5d5cy !re is to a simil> affection ( homolog\s p>ts4 ,9 efts1 z ,pr(essor ,geg5baur himself has po9t$ out1#aha !re is a /rik+ correspond5ce betwe5 ! bones or c>tilages support+ ! arm1 wri/1 & f+]s1 & ^? su/a9+ ! leg1 ankle1 & toes1 ) ! exception t ! toes exce$ ! f+]s 9 numb] by "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,i*?yosaurus4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,ant]ior ,,extremity ,,( ,,an ,,eft4 ,b4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,po/]ior ,,extremity ,,( ,,! ,,same4 ,yet ^! animals are f> f be+ ! root-=ms f :i* all ! ,v]tebrata h div]g$1 z is evid5c$ f ! degree ( specialization :i* _! /ructure pres5ts4 ,if !y h desc5d$ f su* #agh primitive =ms z ,pr(essor ,geg5baur imag9es1 !n !y h built up a second>y s]ial homology--a repetition ( simil> modifications--fully z rem>kable z if x 7 prim>y4 ,! ,plesiosauria--^? ext9ct m>9e reptiles ( ! ,second>y p]iod1 ) long necks1 small heads1 & paddle-l limbs--are ( yet high] organization ?an are ! efts & o!r ,amphibia4 ,nev]!less !y pres5t u ) a simil>ity ( /ructure betwe5 ! =e & h9d limb1 :i* is s great z almo/ to be #agi id5tity4 ,b ! ,amphibia & ,plesiosauria1 ?\gh n !mselves primitive v]tebrate types1 may be ?\ght by "s to h d]iv$ _! limb-/ructure by direct desc5t f su*4 ,tortoises1 h[ev]1 mu/ be admitt$ to be n only highly diff]5tiat$ organisms1 b to be f> inde$ remov$ f primeval v]tebrate /ructure4 ,yet c]ta9 tortoises#ahb 7notably ,*elydra ,temm9ckii7 exhibit su* a rem>kable uni=mity 9 =e & h9d limb /ructure 7ext5d+ ev5 up to ! proximal ends ( ! hum]us & femur7 t x is impossible to d\bt its indep5d5t developm5t 9 ^! =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,plesiosaurus4 ,aga9 9 ! ,potto 7,p]odicticus7 !re is an extra bone 9 ! foot1 situat$ 9 ! transv]se ligam5t enclos+ ! flexor t5dons4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! h& ( ! same animal a s]ially homolog\s /ructure %\ld also be develop$4#ahc ,9 ! alli$ =m call$ ! sl[ lemur 7,nycticebus7 we h c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( ! muscles & t5dons ( ! h& :i* reproduce 9 great measure ^? ( ! foot & vice v]s4#ahd ,& 9 ! ,hyrax ano!r myological resemblance appe>s4#ahe ,x is1 h[ev]1 ne$less to multiply in/ances :i* c easily be produc$ 9 l>ge numb]s if requir$4 ,secondly1 ) reg>d to t]atology1 x is notori\s t simil> abnormalities are (t5 f\nd to co-exi/ 9 bo? ! pelvic & ?oracic limbs4 ,m4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire rem>ks1#ahf ,l'anomalie se rpte d'un membre ?oracique au membre abdom9al du mme ct4 ,& he aft]w>ds quotes f ,weitbre*t1#ahg :o _h obs]v dans un cas l'abs5ce simultane aux deux ma9s et aux deux pi$s1 de quelques doigts1 de #ahj quelques metac>pi5s et metat>si5s1 enf9 de quelques os du c>pe et du t>se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,long ,,flexor ,,muscles ,,& ,,t5dons ,,( ,,! ,,h&4 ,p4t4 ,pronator t]es4 ,f4s4 ,flexor sublimis digitorum4 ,f4p4 ,flexor pr(undus digitorum4 ,f4l4p4 ,flexor longus pollicis4 ,pr(essor ,burt ,g4 ,wild]1 9 8 pap] on extra digits1#ahh has #aha record$ no less ?an tw5ty-f\r cases :]e su* excess coexi/$ 9 bo? little f+]s2 also "o case 9 :i* ! "r little f+] & little toe 7 s affect$2 six 9 :i* x 0 bo? ! little f+]s & bo? ! little toes2 & tw5ty-two o!r cases m or less ! same1 b 9 :i* ! details 7 n accurately to be obta9$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cites#ahi a rem>kable in/ance ( :at he is incl9$ to reg>d z ! developm5t 9 ! foot ( birds ( a sort ( repres5tation ( ! w+-fea!rs ( ! h&4 ,he says3 ,9 sev]al di/9ct bre$s ( ! pigeon & f[l ! legs & ! two out] toes are heavily fea!r$1 s t1 9 ! trumpet] pigeon1 !y appe> l little w+s4 ,9 ! fea!r-legg$ bantam1 ! 'boots1' or fea!rs1 :i* gr[ f ! outside ( ! leg1 & g5]ally f ! two out] toes1 h1 accord+ to ! excell5t au?ority ( ,mr4 ,hewitt1 be5 se5 to exce$ ! w+-fea!rs 9 l5g?1 & 9 "o case 7 actually n9e & a half in*es 9 l5g?6 ,z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$ to me1 ^! leg-fea!rs resemble ! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 & are totally unlike ! f9e d[n :i* naturally gr[s on ! legs ( "s birds1 su* z gr\se & owls4 ,h5ce x may be suspect$ t excess ( food has fir/ giv5 r$undancy to ! plumage1 & !n t ! law ( homolog\s v>iation has l$ to ! developm5t ( fea!rs on ! legs1 9 a position correspond+ ) ^? on ! w+1 namely1 on ! outside ( ! t>si & toes4 ,i am /r5g!n$ 9 ?is belief by ! foll[+ curi\s case ( correlation1 :i* = a long "t seem$ to me utt]ly inexplicable1--namely1 t 9 pigeons ( any bre$1 if ! legs are fea!r$1 ! two out] toes are p>tially connect$ by sk94 ,^! two out] toes correspond ) our ?ird & f\r? toes4 ,n[1 9 ! w+ ( ! pigeon1 or any o!r bird1 ! fir/ & fif? digits are :olly abort$2 ! second is rudim5t>y1 & c>ries ! s-call$ 'ba/>d w+2' :il/ ! ?ird & f\r? #ahb digits are completely unit$ & enclos$ by sk91 toge!r =m+ ! extremity ( ! w+4 ,s t 9 fea!r-foot$ pigeons n only does ! ext]ior surface support a r[ ( long fea!rs l w+-fea!rs1 b ! v same digits :i* 9 ! w+ are completely unit$ by sk9 become p>tially unit$ by sk9 9 ! feet2 & ?us1 by ! law ( ! correlat$ v>iation ( homolog\s p>ts1 we c und]/& ! curi\s connexion ( fea!r$ legs & membrane betwe5 ! out] toes4 ,irregul>ities 9 ! circulat+ sy/em are f> f uncommon1 & sometimes illu/rate ?is homological t5d5cy4 ,my fri5d & colleague ,mr4 ,george ,g4 ,gascoy51 assi/ant surgeon at ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital1 has suppli$ me ) two in/ances ( symmetrical affections :i* h come "u 8 obs]vation4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! ! bra*ial art]y bifurcat$ almo/ at its orig91 ! two halves re-unit+ at ! elb[-jo9t1 & !n divid+ into ! radial & uln> art]ies 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 ! second case an ab]rant art]y 0 giv5 (f f ! radial side ( ! bra*ial art]y1 aga9 almo/ at its orig94 ,?is ab]rant art]y ana/omos$ bel[ ! elb[-jo9t ) ! radial side ( ! radial art]y4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! "r & left sides v>i$ 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,?irdly1 z to pa?ology4 ,mr4 ,james ,paget1#aij speak+ ( symmetrical diseases1 says3 ,a c]ta9 morbid *ange ( /ructure on "o side ( ! body is repeat$ 9 ! exactly correspond+ "p ( ! o!r side4 ,he !n quotes & figures a diseas$ lion's pelvis f ! ,college ( ,surgeons ,museum1 & says ( x3 ,multi=m z ! patt]n is 9 :i* ! new bone1 ! product ( "s disease comp>able ) a human rheumatism1 is deposit$--a patt]n m complex & irregul> ?an ! spots ^u a map--!re is n "o spot or l9e on "o side :i* is n repres5t$1 z exactly z x w\ld be 9 a mirror1 on ! o!r4 ,! lik5ess has m ?an dagu]reotype exactness4 ,he goes on to obs]ve3 ,i ne$ n #ahc describe _m examples ( su* diseases4 ,any out-pati5ts' room w furni% abundant in/ances ( exact symmetry 9 ! eruptions ( eczema1 lepra1 & psoriasis2 9 ! de=mities ( *ronic rheumatism1 ! p>alyses f lead2 9 ! eruptions excit$ by iodide ( potassium or copaiba4 ,& any l>ge museum w conta9 examples ( equal symmetry 9 syphilitic ulc]ations ( ! skull2 9 rheumatic & syphilitic deposits on ! tibi & o!r bones2 9 all ! effects ( *ronic rheumatic ar?ritis1 :e!r 9 ! bones1 ! ligam5ts1 or ! c>tilages2 9 ! fatty & e>?y deposits 9 ! coats ( art]ies4#aia ,he also consid]$ x to be prov$ t1 ,next to ! p>ts :i* are symmetrically plac$1 none are s ne>ly id5tical 9 composition z ^? :i* are homolog\s4 ,= example1 ! backs ( ! h&s & ( ! feet1 or ! palms & soles1 are (t5 n only symmetrically1 b simil>ly1 affect$ ) psoriasis4 ,s are ! elb[s & ! knees2 & simil> portions ( ! ?ighs & ! arms may be f\nd affect$ ) i*?yosis4 ,sometimes also specim5s ( fatty & e>?y deposits 9 ! art]ies occur1 9 :i* exact simil>ity is %[n 9 ! plan1 ?\gh n 9 ! degree1 ) :i* ! disease affects sev]ally ! hum]al & femoral1 ! radial & p]oneal1 ! uln> & po/]ior tibial art]ies4 ,dr4 ,william ,budd#aib gives num]\s in/ances ( symmetry 9 disease1 bo? lat]al & s]ial4 ,?us1 among/ o!rs1 we h "o case 7,william ,godfrey71 9 :i* ! h&s & feet 7 di/ort$4 ,! di/ortion ( ! "r h& is great] ?an t ( ! left1 ( ! "r foot great] ?an t ( ! left foot4 ,9 ano!r 7,elizabe? ,al=d7 lepra affect$ ! ext5sor surfaces ( ! ?oracic & pelvic limbs4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( sk9 disease illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,iii41 ,! analogy betwe5 ! #ahd elb[s & knees is cle>ly express$ 9 ! fact t ^! 7 ! only p>ts affect$ ) ! disease4#aic ,pr(essor ,burt ,wild]1#aid 9 8 pap] on ,pa?ological ,pol>ities1 /rongly supports ! philosophical importance ( ^! peculi> relations1 add+ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ant]o-po/]ior homologies1 :i* x is "h unnecess>y to discuss1 en\gh hav+ be5 said1 x is believ$1 to ?or\ghly demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ^! deep int]nal relations :i* are nam$ lat]al & s]ial homologies4 ,:at explanation c be (f]$ ( ^! ph5om5a8 ,to say t !y exhibit a nutritional relation br\ght ab\t by a balanc+ ( =ces is m]ely to give a new d5om9ation to ! unexpla9$ fact4 ,! *anges are1 ( c\rse1 br\ght ab\t by a nutritional process1 & ! symmetry is und\bt$ly ! result ( a balance ( =ces1 b to say s is a truism4 ,! "q is1 :at is ! cause ( ?is nutritional balanc+8 ,x is "h cont5d$ t x mu/ be due to an int]nal cause :i* at pres5t sci5ce is utt]ly incompet5t to expla94 ,x is an int]nal prop]ty possess$ by ea* liv+ organic :ole z well z by ea* non-liv+ cry/all9e mass1 & t !re is su* int]nal p[] or t5d5cy1 :i* may be spok5 ( z a pol>ity1 seems to be demon/rat$ by ! in/ances above giv51 :i* c easily be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]#aie 7speak+ ( ! reproduction1 by budd+1 ( a ,begonia-leaf7 recognizes a p[] ( ! k9d4 ,he says1 ,we h1 !re=e1 no alt]native b to say t ! liv+ p>ticles compos+ "o ( ^! fragm5ts h an innate t5d5cy to arrange !mselves into ! %ape ( ! organism to :i* !y belong4 ,we mu/ inf] t a plant or animal ( any species is made up ( special units1 9 all ( :i* !re dwells ! intr9sic aptitude to aggregate into ! =m ( t species2 j z#ahe 9 ! atoms ( a salt1 !re dwells ! intr9sic aptitude to cry/allize 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,x seems difficult to conceive t ?is c be s2 b we see t x is s4 444 ,= ?is prop]ty !re is no fit t]m4 ,if we accept ! ^w pol>ity z a "n = ! =ce by :i* inorganic units are aggregat$ into a =m peculi> to !m1 we may apply ?is ^w to ! analog\s =ce display$ by organic limits4 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman1#aif 9 8 pap] on ! ,symmetry & ,homology ( ,limbs1 has a di/9ct *apt] on ! ,analogy betwe5 ,symmetry & ,pol>ity1 illu/rat+ x by ! effects ( magnets on p>ticles 9 a pol> condition4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy1 aft] notic+#aig ! p[] :i* cry/als h to repair injuries inflict$ on !m & ! modifications !y und]go ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y may be =m$1 goes on to say3#aih ,x ne$s no pro( t 9 ! case ( sph]es & cry/als ! =ms & ! /ructures are ! effect1 & n ! cause1 ( ! =mative pr9ciples4 ,attraction1 :e!r gravitative or capill>y1 produces ! sph]ical =m2 ! sph]ical =m does n produce attraction4 ,& cry/all9e pol>ities produce cry/all9e /ructure & =m2 cry/all9e /ructure & =m d n produce cry/all9e pol>ities4 ,! same is n q s evid5t ( organic =ms1 b x is equally true ( !m also4 444 ,x is n conceivable t ! microscope %\ld reveal peculi>ities ( /ructure correspond+ to peculi>ities ( habitual t5d5cy 9 ! embryo1 :i* at its fir/ =mation has no /ructure :atev]2#aii & he adds t !re is some?+ q inscrutable & my/]i\s 9 ! =mation ( a new individual f ! g]m9al #ahf matt] ( ! embryo4 ,9 ano!r place#bjj he says3 ,we "k t 9 cry/als1 not)/&+ ! v>iability ( =m )9 ! limits ( ! same species1 !re are def9ite & v peculi> =mative laws1 :i* _c possibly dep5d on any?+ l organic functions1 because cry/als h no su* functions2 & x ought n to surprise u if !re are simil> =mative or morphological laws among organisms1 :i*1 l ! =mative laws ( cry/allization1 _c be ref]r$ to any relation ( =m or /ructure to function4 ,especially1 ,i ?9k1 is ?is true ( ! l[e/ organisms1 _m ( :i* %[ great beauty ( =m1 ( a k9d t appe>s to be altoge!r due to symmetry ( gr[?2 z ! beautiful />-l ray$ =ms ( ! acan?ometr1 :i* are l[ animal organisms n v diff]5t f ! ,=am9if]a4 ,_! def9it5ess ( =m does n appe> to be accompani$ by any correspond+ diff]5tiation ( function betwe5 diff]5t p>ts2 &1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! beautiful regul>ity & symmetry ( _! radiat$ =ms are altoge!r due to unkn[n laws ( symmetry ( gr[?1 j l ! equally beautiful & some:at simil> =ms ( ! comp\nd six-ray$1 />-%ap$ cry/als ( sn[4 ,altoge!r1 !n1 x appe>s t ea* organism has an innate t5d5cy to develop 9 a symmetrical mann]1 & t ?is t5d5cy is controll$ & subord9at$ by ! action ( ext]nal conditions1 & n t ?is symmetry is sup]9duc$ only ab ext]no4 ,9 fact1 t ea* organism has its own int]nal & special laws ( gr[? & developm5t4 ,if1 !n1 x is /ill necess>y to conceive an int]nal law or sub/antial =m1 m\ld+ ea* organic be+1#bja & direct+ its developm5t#ahg z a cry/al is built up1 only 9 an indef9itely m complex mann]1 x is congru\s to imag9e ! exi/5ce ( "s int]nal law acc\nt+ at ! same "t = specific div]g5ce z well z = specific id5tity4 ,a pr9ciple regulat+ ! successive evolution ( diff]5t organic =ms is n "o :it m my/]i\s ?an is ! my/]i\s p[] by :i* a p>ticle ( /ructureless s>code develops successively into an egg1 a grub1 a *rysalis1 a butt]fly1 :5 all ! conditions1 cosmical1 physical1 *emical1 & vital1 are suppli$1 :i* are ! requisite accompanim5ts to det]m9e su* evolution4 ,page #ahh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ics4 ,! orig9 ( morals an inquiry n =eign to ! subject ( ?is book4--,mod]n utilit>ian view z to t orig94--,mr4 ,d>w9's speculation z to ! orig9 ( ! abhorr5ce ( ince/4--,cause assign$ by him insuffici5t4--,c>e ( ! ag$ & infirm oppos$ by ,natural ,selection2 also self-abnegation & asceticism4--,di/9ctness ( ! ideas "r & useful4--,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4--,insuffici5cy ( ,natural ,selection to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 duty & pr(it4---,di/9ction ( moral acts into mat]ial & =mal4--,no gr\nd = believ+ t =mal morality exi/s 9 brutes4--,evid5ce t x does exi/ 9 savages4--,facility ) :i* savages may be misund]/ood4--,objections z to div]sity ( cu/oms4--,mr4 ,hutton's review ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4--,anticipatory "* ( morals4--,sir ,john ,lubbock's explanation4--,summ>y & conclusion4 ,any inquiry into ! orig9 ( ! notion ( morality--! conception ( "r--may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ z some:at remote f ! "q ( ! ,g5esis ( ,species2 ! m s1 s9ce ,mr4 ,d>w91 at "o "t1 disclaim$ any pret5sion to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! high] psy*ical ph5om5a ( man4 ,8 disciples1 h[ev]1 7 nev] equally retic5t1 & inde$ he himself is n[ n only ab\t to produce a "w on man 79 :i* ?is "q mu/ be consid]$71 b he has di/9ctly ann\nc$ ! ext5sion ( ! application ( 8 !ory to ! v ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,he says3#bjb ,9 ! di/ant future ,i see op5 fields = #ahi f> m important rese>*es4 ,psy*ology w be bas$ on a new f\ndation1 t ( ! necess>y acquirem5t ( ea* m5tal p[] & capacity by gradation4 ,light w be ?r[n on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory4 ,x may n be amiss !n to glance slightly at ! "q1 s mu* disput$1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( e?ical conceptions & its be>+ on ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,! foll[]s ( ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & app>5tly1 also1 ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 ass]t t 9 spite ( ! great pres5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideas useful & "r1 yet t !y are1 nev]!less1 "o 9 orig91 & t t orig9 consi/$ ultimately ( pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations4 ,!y say t ,natural ,selection has evolv$ moral conceptions f p]ceptions ( :at 0 useful1 i4e4 pleasurable1 by hav+ ?r\gh long ages pres]v$ a pr$om9at+ numb] ( ^? individuals :o h _h a natural & spontane\s lik+ = practices & habits ( m9d useful to ! race1 & t ! same p[] has de/roy$ a pr$om9at+ numb] ( ^? individuals :o possess$ a m>k$ t5d5cy to contr>y practices4 ,! desc5dants ( individuals s pres]v$ h1 !y say1 come to inh]it su* a lik+ & su* useful habits ( m9d1 & t at la/ 7f9d+ ?is inh]it$ t5d5cy ?us exi/+ 9 !mselves1 di/9ct f _! t5d5cy to consci\s self-gratification7 !y h become apt to reg>d x z fundam5tally di/9ct1 innate1 & indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce4 ,9 fact1 accord+ to ?is s*ool1 ! idea ( "r is only ! result ( ! gradual accretion ( useful pr$ilections :i*1 f "t to "t1 arose 9 a s]ies ( ance/ors naturally select$4 ,9 ?is way1 morality is1 z x 71 ! congeal$ pa/ exp]i5ce ( ! race1 & virtue becomes no m ?an a sort ( retriev+1 :i* ! ?us improv$ human animal practises by a p]fect$ & inh]it$ habit1 reg>dless ( self-gratification1 j z ! brute animal has acquir$ ! habit ( seek+ prey & br++ x to 8 ma/]1 in/ead ( dev\r+ x #aij himself4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,d>w9 has n z yet expressly advocat$ ?is view1 yet "s rem>ks made by him appe> to %[ 8 disposition to sympa?ise ) x4 ,?us1 9 8 "w on ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1#bjc he ass]ts t ! savages ( ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica hold ! crime ( ince/ 9 abhorr5ce2 b he consid]s t ?is abhorr5ce has probably aris5 by ,natural ,selection1 ! ill effects ( close int]bre$+ caus+ ! less num]\s & less heal?y (fspr+ ( ince/u\s unions to disappe> by degrees1 9 fav\r ( ! desc5dants 7great] bo? 9 numb] & /r5g?7 ( individuals :o naturally1 f "s cause or o!r1 z he sugge/s1 pref]r$ to mate ) /rang]s r ?an ) close blood-relations2 ?is pref]5ce be+ transmitt$ & becom+ ?us in/9ctive1 or habitual1 9 remote desc5dants4 ,b on ,mr4 ,d>w9's own gr\nd1 x maybe object$ t ?is notion fails to acc\nt = abhorr5ce1 & moral reprobation2 =1 z no /ream c rise high] ?an its s\rce1 ! orig9al slight feel+ :i* 0 useful w\ld h be5 p]petuat$1 b w\ld nev] h be5 augm5t$ beyond ! degree requisite to ensure ?is b5eficial pref]5ce1 & !re=e w\ld n c]ta9ly h become magnifi$ into abhorr5ce4 ,x w n d to assume t ! union ( males & females1 ea* possess+ ! requir$ slight feel+1 mu/ give rise to (fspr+ ) an int5sifi$ feel+ ( ! same k9d2 =1 ap>t f rev]sion1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has call$ att5tion to ! unexpect$ modifications :i* sometimes result f ! union ( simil>ly con/itut$ p>5ts4 ,?us1 = example1 he tells u3#bjd ,if two top-knott$ can>ies are mat*$1 ! "y1 in/ead ( hav+ v f9e top-knots1 are g5]ally bald4 ,f examples ( ?is k9d1 x is fair1 on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 to inf] t ! union ( #aia p>5ts :o possess$ a simil> inh]it$ av]sion might result 9 ph5om5a q o!r ?an ! augm5tation ( su* av]sion1 ev5 if ! two av]sions %\ld be altoge!r simil>2 :ile1 v probably1 !y might be s diff]5t 9 _! nature z to t5d to neutralize ea* o!r4 ,besides1 ! union ( p>5ts s simil>ly emotional w\ld be r>e inde$ among/ savages1 :]e m>riages w\ld be ow+ to almo/ any?+ r ?an to cong5iality ( m9d betwe5 ! sp\ses4 ,mr4 ,wallace tells u1#bje t !y *oose _! wives = rude heal? & physical beauty1 & ?is is j :at might be naturally suppos$4 ,aga91 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! necessity !re is t _m individuals %\ld be simil>ly & simultane\sly affect$ ) ?is av]sion f consangu9e\s unions2 z we h se5 9 ! second *apt]1 h[ infallibly v>iations pres5t$ by only a few individuals1 t5d to be elim9at$ by m]e =ce ( numb]s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 inde$ w\ld ?r[ back ?is av]sion1 if possible1 to a pre-human p]iod2 s9ce he speculates z to :e!r ! gorillas or orang-utans1 9 effect+ _! matrimonial relations1 %[ any t5d5cy to respect ! prohibit$ degrees ( aff9ity4#bjf ,no tittle ( evid5ce1 h[ev]1 has yet be5 adduc$ po9t+ 9 any su* direction1 ?\gh surely if x 7 ( su* importance & effici5cy z to result 7?r\gh ! aid ( ,natural ,selection alone7 9 t abhorr5ce be=e spok5 (1 we might expect to be able to detect unmi/akeable evid5ce ( its incipi5t /ages4 ,on ! contr>y1 z reg>ds ! ord9>y apes 7= ) reg>d to ! highe/ !re is no evid5ce ( ! k9d7 z we see !m 9 conf9em5t1 x w\ld be difficult to "n any animals less re/rict$1 by ev5 a g5]ic b>1 9 ! gratification ( ! sexual in/9ct4 ,& al?\gh ! conditions "u :i* !y h be5 obs]v$ are abnormal1 yet ^! are h>dly ! animals to pres5t u 9 a /ate ( nature1 ) an extraord9>y & exceptional s5sitiv5ess 9 su* matt]s4 ,page #aib ,to take an altoge!r diff]5t case4 ,c>e (1 & t5d]ness t[>ds1 ! ag$ & infirm are actions on all h&s admitt$ to be "r2 b x is difficult to see h[ su* actions c\ld ev] h be5 s useful to a community z to h be5 seiz$ on & develop$ by ! exclusive action ( ! law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems probable t on /rict utilit>ian pr9ciples ! rigid political economy ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego w\ld h be5 em95tly fav\r$ & diffus$ by ! imp>tial action ( ,natural ,selection alone4 ,by ! rigid political economy ref]r$ to1 is meant t de/ruction & utilization ( useless m\?s :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself describes 9 8 highly int]e/+ ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es4#bjg ,he says3 ,x is c]ta9ly true1 t :5 press$ 9 w9t] by hung]1 !y kill & dev\r _! old wom5 be=e !y kill _! dogs4 ,! boy be+ ask$ :y !y did ?is1 answ]$1 ',doggies cat* ott]s1 old wom5 no4' ,!y (t5 run away into ! m\nta9s1 b !y are pursu$ by ! m5 & br\ght back to ! slaught]-h\se at _! own firesides4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,b>tlett1 :o has rec5tly return$ f ! ,amazons1 reports t at "o ,indian village :]e ! *ol]a made its appe>ance1 ! :ole population imm$iately disp]s$ into ! woods1 leav+ ! sick to p]i% unc>$ = & alone4 ,n[1 _h ! ,indians rema9$1 und\bt$ly f> m w\ld h di$2 z d\btless1 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ! de/ruction ( ! comp>atively useless old wom5 has (t5 be5 ! means ( pres]v+ ! heal?y & reproductive "y4 ,su* acts surely mu/ be greatly fav\r$ by ! /]n & unrel5t+ action ( exclusive ,natural ,selection4 ,9 ! same way t admiration :i* all feel = acts ( self-d5ial done = ! good ( o!rs1 & t5d+ ev5 t[>ds ! de/ruction ( ! actor1 c\ld h>dly be acc\nt$ = on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples alone2 = self-immolators mu/ b r>ely leave direct desc5dants1 :ile ! community !y b5efit mu/ by _! de/ruction t5d1 s f>1 to #aic morally det]iorate4 ,b devotion to o!rs ( ! same community is by no means all t has to be acc\nt$ =4 ,devotion to ! :ole human race1 & devotion to ,god--9 ! =m ( asceticism--h be5 & are v g5]ally recogniz$ z good2 & ! ,au?or cont5ds t x is simply impossible to conceive t su* ideas & sanctions %\ld h be5 develop$ by ,natural ,selection alone1 f only t degree ( unselfi%ness necess>y = ! pres]vation ( brutally b>b>\s communities 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,t degree ( unselfi%ness once atta9$1 fur!r improvem5t w\ld be *eck$ by ! mutual opposition ( div]g+ moral t5d5cies & spontane\s v>iations 9 all directions4 ,add$ to :i*1 we h ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion & atavism1 t5d+ p[]fully to re/ore & reproduce t m degrad$ ant]ior condition :5ce ! lat] & bett] /ate pa9fully em]g$4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 dispute ! complete di/9ctness1 "h & n[1 ( ! ideas ( duty & int]e/ :atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ^? ideas4 ,no "o pret5ds t +ratitude may1 9 any pa/ abyss ( "t1 h be5 a virtue1 or t x may be su* n[ 9 ,arcturus or ! ,pleiades4 ,inde$1 a c]ta9 em95t writ] ( ! utilit>ian s*ool ( e?ics has amus+ly & v in/ructively %[n h[ radically di/9ct ev5 9 8 own m9d are ! two ideas :i* he nev]!less endeav\rs to id5tify4 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 9 8 exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 says1#bjh if ,i am in=m$ t ! _w is rul$ by a be+ ^: attributes are inf9ite1 b :at !y are we _c le>n1 nor :at ! pr9ciples ( 8 gov]nm5t1 except t '! highe/ human morality :i* we are capable ( conceiv+' does n sanction !m2 conv9ce me ( x1 & ,i w be> my fate z ,i may4 ,b :5 ,i am told t ,i mu/ believe ?is1 & at ! same "t call ?is be+ by ! #aid names :i* express & affirm ! highe/ human morality1 ,i say 9 pla9 t]ms t ,i w n4 ,:atev] p[] su* a be+ may h ov] me1 !re is "o ?+ :i* he %all n d3 he %all n compel me to wor%ip him4 ,i w call no be+ good1 :o is n :at ,i mean :5 ,i apply t epi!t to my fell[-creatures2 & if su* a be+ c s5t5ce me to hell = n s call+ him1 to hell ,i w g4 ,?is is unque/ionably an admirable s5tim5t on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,mill 7) :i* e absolute morali/ w agree71 b x conta9s a complete refutation ( 8 own position1 & is a capital in/ance#bji ( ! vigor\s life ( moral intuition 9 "o :o pr(esses to h elim9at$ any fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! "r & ! exp$i5t4 ,= if an action is morally good1 & to be done1 m]ely 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( pleasure x secures1 & morally bad & to be avoid$ z t5d+ to mis]y1 & if x c\ld be prov$ t by call+ ,god good--:e!r ,he is s or n1 9 our s5se ( ! t]m1--we c\ld secure a maximum ( pleasure1 & by refus+ to d s we %\ld incur endless torm5t1 cle>ly1 on utilit>ian pr9ciples1 ! flatt]y w\ld be good4 ,mr4 ,mill1 ( c\rse1 mu/ also mean t1 9 ! matt] 9 "q1 all m5 w\ld d well to act ) him4 ,!re=e1 he mu/ mean t x w\ld be well = all to accept 7on ! hypo!sis above giv57 inf9ite & f9al mis]y = all z ! result ( ! pursuit ( happ9ess z ! only end4 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t 9 cons5t+ to wor%ip ?is unholy ,god1 ,mr4 ,mill is n ask$ to d h>m to 8 neighb\r1 s t 8 refusal reposes simply on 8 p]ception ( ! immorality ( ! requisition4 ,x is also notewor?y t an omnipot5t ,deity is suppos$ incapable ( alt]+ ,mr4 ,mill's m9d & moral p]ceptions4 ,mr4 ,mill's decision is "r1 b x is difficult inde$ to see h[1 #aie )\t ! recognition ( an absolute morality1 he c ju/ify s utt] & f9al an ab&onm5t ( all utility 9 fav\r ( a cle> & di/9ct moral p]ception4 ,^! two ideas1 ! "r & ! useful1 be+ s di/9ct "h & n[1 a great] difficulty meets u ) reg>d to _! orig9 f "s common s\rce1 ?an met u be=e :5 consid]+ ! fir/ beg9n+s ( c]ta9 bodily /ructures4 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5 ! "r & ! useful is s fundam5tal & ess5tial t n only does ! idea ( b5efit n ent] into ! idea ( duty1 b we see t ! v fact ( an act n be+ b5eficial to u makes x ! m praisewor?y1 :ile ga9 t5ds to dim9i% ! m]it ( an action4 ,yet ?is idea1 "r1 ?us exclud+1 z x does1 all ref]5ce to utility or pleasure1 has nev]!less to be con/ruct$ & evolv$ f utility & pleasure1 & ultimately f pleasurable s5sations1 if we are to accept pure ,d>w9ianism3 if we are to accept1 t is1 ! evolution ( man's psy*ical nature & highe/ p[]s1 by ! exclusive action ( ,natural ,selection1 f su* faculties z are possess$ by brutes2 9 o!r words1 if we are to believe t ! conceptions ( ! highe/ human morality arose ?r\gh m9ute & =tuit\s v>iations ( brutal desires & appetites 9 all conceivable directions4 ,x is "h cont5d$1 on ! o!r h&1 t no cons]vation ( any su* v>iations c\ld ev] h giv5 rise to ! fa9te/ beg9n+ ( any su* moral p]ceptions2 t by ,natural ,selection alone ! maxim fiat ju/itia1 ruat coelum c\ld nev] h be5 excogitat$1 /ill less h f\nd a widespread acceptance2 t x is impot5t to sugge/ ev5 an approa* t[>ds an explanation ( ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! idea ( "r4 ,x ne$ h>dly be rem>k$ t acts may be di/+ui%$ n only z pleasurable1 useful1 or beautiful1 b also z good 9 two diff]5t s5ses3 7#a7 mat]ially moral acts1 & 7#b7 acts :i* are =mally moral4 ,! fir/ are acts good 9 !mselves1 z acts1 ap>t f any int5tion ( ! ag5t :i* may or may n h be5 direct$ t[>ds#aif "r4 ,! second are acts :i* are good n only 9 !mselves1 z acts1 b also 9 ! delib]ate int5tion ( ! ag5t :o recognizes 8 actions z be+ "r4 ,?us acts may be mat]ially moral or immoral1 9 a v high degree1 )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ =mally s4 ,= example1 a p]son may t5d & m9i/] to a sick man ) scrupul\s c>e & exactness1 hav+ 9 view all ! "t no?+ b ! future reception ( a good legacy4 ,ano!r may1 9 ! d>k1 %oot 8 own fa!r1 tak+ him to be an assass91 & s commit :at is mat]ially an act ( p>ricide1 ?\gh =mally x is only an act ( self-def5ce ( m or less culpable ra%ness4 ,a woman may innoc5tly1 because ignorantly1 m>ry a m>ri$ man1 & s commit a mat]ial act ( adult]y4 ,%e may discov] ! facts1 & p]si/1 & s make h] act =mal also4 ,actions ( brutes1 su* z ^? ( ! bee1 ! ant1 or ! beav]1 h[ev] mat]ially good z reg>ds _! relation to ! community to :i* su* animals belong1 are absolutely de/itute ( ! mo/ incipi5t degree ( real1 i4e4 =mal goodness1 because unaccompani$ by m5tal acts ( consci\s w direct$ t[>ds ! fulfilm5t ( duty4 ,apology is due = ?us /at+ s elem5t>y a di/9ction1 b ! /atem5t is n sup]flu\s1 = confusion ( ?\ght1 result+ f conf\nd+ toge!r ^! v di/9ct ?+s1 is un=tunately f> f uncommon4 ,?us "s ,d>w9ians ass]t t ! g]ms ( morality exi/ 9 brutes1 & we h se5 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself speculates on ! subject z reg>ds ! highe/ apes4 ,x may safely be affirm$1 h[ev]1 t !re is no trace 9 brutes ( any actions simulat+ morality :i* are n explicable by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 by ! hope ( pleasure1 or by p]sonal affection4 ,no sign ( moral reprobation is giv5 by any brute1 & yet _h su* exi/$ 9 g]m ?r\gh ,d>w9ian abysses ( pa/ "t1 "s evid5ce ( its exi/5ce mu/ surely h be5 r5d]$ p]ceptible ?r\gh survival ( ! fitte/ 9 o!r =ms besides man1 if t #aig survival has alone & exclusively produc$ x 9 him4 ,abundant examples may1 inde$1 be br\ght =w>d ( useful acts :i* simulate morality1 su* z p>5tal c>e ( ! "y1 c4 ,b did ! mo/ undeviat+ habits guide all brutes 9 su* matt]s1 7 ev5 ag$ & infirm memb]s ( a community ( insects or birds c>efully t5d$ by "y :i* b5efit$ by _! exp]i5ce1 su* acts w\ld n indicate ev5 ! fa9te/ rudim5t ( real1 i4e4 =mal1 morality4 ,natural ,selection w\ld1 ( c\rse1 (t5 lead to ! preval5ce ( acts b5eficial to a community1 & to acts mat]ially good2 b unless !y c be %[n to be =mally s1 !y are n 9 ! lea/ to ! po9t1 !y d n (f] any explanation ( ! orig9 ( an altoge!r new & fundam5tally diff]5t motive & conception4 ,x is int]e/+1 on ! o!r h&1 to note ,mr4 ,d>w9's /atem5t z to ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ct moral feel+1 ev5 91 p]haps1 ! v l[e/ & mo/ degrad$ ( all ! human races kn[n to u4 ,?us 9 ! same ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es#baj be=e quot$1 be>+ witness to ! exi/5ce ( moral reprobation on ! "p ( ! ,fuegians1 he says3 ,! ne>e/ approa* to religi\s feel+ :i* ,i he>d ( 0 %[n by ,york ,m9/] 7a ,fuegian s nam$71 :o1 :5 ,mr4 ,bynoe %ot "s v "y duckl+s z specim5s1 decl>$ 9 ! mo/ solemn mann]1 ',oh1 ,mr4 ,bynoe1 mu* ra91 sn[1 bl[ mu*4' ,?is 0 evid5tly a retributive puni%m5t = wa/+ human food4 ,mr4 ,wallace gives ! mo/ int]e/+ te/imony1 9 8 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 to ! exi/5ce ( a v di/9ct1 & 9 "s in/ances highly develop$ moral s5se 9 ! natives ) :om he came 9 contact4 ,9 "o case1#baa a ,papuan :o _h be5 paid 9 advance = bird-sk9s & :o _h n be5 able to fulfil 8 contract be=e ,mr4 ,wallace 0 on#aih ! po9t ( />t+1 came runn+ d[n aft] u hold+ up a bird1 & say+ ) great satisfaction1 ',n[ ,i owe y no?+6' ,& ?is ?\gh he c\ld h )held paym5t ) complete impunity4 ,mr4 ,wallace's obs]vations & op9ions on ?is head seem h>dly to meet ) due appreciation 9 ,sir ,john ,lubbock's rec5t "w on ,primitive ,man4#bab ,b consid]+ ! acute p[]s ( obs]vation & ! indu/ry ( ,mr4 ,wallace1 & especially consid]+ ! ye>s he pass$ 9 famili> & un9t]rupt$ int]c\rse ) natives1 8 op9ion & te/imony %\ld surely c>ry ) x great weight4 ,he has in=m$ ! ,au?or t he f\nd a /rongly m>k$ & widely diffus$ mode/y1 9 sexual matt]s1 among/ all ! tribes ) :i* he came 9 contact4 ,9 ! same way ,mr4 ,bonwick1 9 8 "w on ! ,tasmanians1 te/ifies to ! mode/y exhibit$ by ! nak$ females ( t race1 :o by ! decorum ( _! po/ures gave evid5ce ( ! possession 9 g]m ( :at "u circum/ances w\ld become ! highe/ *a/ity & ref9em5t4 ,ha/y & incomplete obs]vations & inductions are prejudicial en\gh to physical sci5ce1 b :5 _! effect is to degrade untru?fully our common humanity1 !re is an additional motive to regret !m4 ,a hurri$ visit to a tribe1 ^: language1 traditions & cu/oms are unkn[n1 is sometimes deem$ suffici5t = sm>t rem>ks z to ape *>act]s1 c41 :i* are z untrue z irrelevant4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 h[ extremely difficult x is to ent] into ! ideas & feel+s ( an ali5 race4 ,if 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury a ,fr5* !atrical audi5ce c witness ) acquiesc5t approval1 z a type ( ,engli% mann]s & ideas1 ! repres5tation ( a m>quis :o sells 8 wife at ,smi?field1 c4 c41 x is surely no wond] if ! ideas ( a tribe ( newly visit$ savages #aii %\ld be m or less misund]/ood4 ,to ent] into su* ideas requires long & famili> intimacy1 l t exp]i5c$ by ! explor] ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,f him1 & o!rs1 we h abundant evid5ce t moral ideas exi/1 at lea/ 9 g]m1 9 savage races ( m51 :ile !y sometimes atta9 ev5 a highly develop$ /ate4 ,no am\nt ( evid5ce z to acts ( moral depravity is to ! po9t1 z ! object "h aim$ at is to e/abli% t moral intuitions exi/ 9 savages1 n t _! actions are good4 ,objections1 h[ev]1 are sometimes drawn f ! diff]5t notions z to ! moral value ( c]ta9 acts1 ent]ta9$ by m5 ( v>i\s c\ntries or ( diff]5t epo*s2 also f ! difficulty ( kn[+ :at p>ticul> actions 9 c]ta9 cases are ! "r ones1 & f ! effects :i* prejudice1 int]e/1 passion1 habit1 or ev51 indirectly1 physical conditions1 may h ^u our moral p]ceptions4 ,?us ,sir ,john ,lubbock speaks#bac ( c]ta9 ,feejeeans1 :o1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,hunt1#bad h ! cu/om ( pi\sly *ok+ _! p>5ts "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 9 ord] to insure _! happ9ess 9 a future life4 ,%\ld any "o take su* facts z tell+ aga9/ ! belief 9 an absolute morality1 he w\ld %[ a complete misappreh5sion ( ! po9t 9 dispute2 = su* facts tell 9 fav\r ( x4 ,7 x ass]t$ t man possesses a di/9ct innate p[] & faculty by :i* he is made intuitively aw>e :at acts consid]$ 9 & by !mselves are "r & :at wrong1--an infallible & univ]sal int]nal code1--! illu/ration w\ld be to ! po9t4 ,b all t ne$ be cont5d$ = is t ! intellect p]ceives n only tru?1 b also a quality ( high] :i* ought to be foll[$1 & ( l[] :i* ought to be avoid$2 :5 two l9es ( conduct are pres5t$ to ! w = *oice1 ! intellect s act+ be+ ! consci5ce4 #bjj ,?is has be5 well put by ,mr4 ,james ,m>t9eau 9 8 excell5t essay on ,:ewell's ,morality4 ,he says1#bae ,if moral good 7 a quality resid5t 9 ea* action1 z :it5ess 9 sn[1 or sweetness 9 fruits2 & if ! moral faculty 0 our appo9t$ in/rum5t = detect+ its pres5ce2 _m consequ5ces w\ld ensue :i* are at v>iance ) fact4 ,! wide range ( diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ! e?ical judgm5ts ( m5 w\ld n exi/2 & ev5 if !y did1 c\ld no m be r$uc$ & modifi$ by discussion ?an con/itutional diff]5ces ( he>+ or ( vision4 ,&1 z ! quality ( moral good ei!r mu/ or mu/ n exi/ 9 e important op]ation ( ! w1 we %\ld disc]n its pres5ce or abs5ce sep>ately 9 ea*2 & ev5 ?\gh we nev] _h ! conception ( m ?an "o insulat$ action1 we %\ld be able to pron\nce ^u its "*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we h pla9ly no p[] to d4 ,e moral judgm5t is relative1 & involves a comp>ison ( two t]ms4 ,:5 we praise :at has be5 done1 x is ) ! coexi/5t conception ( some?+ else t might h be5 done2 & :5 we resolve on a c\rse z "r1 x is to ! exclusion ( "s o!r t is wrong4 ,?is fact1 t e e?ical decision is 9 tru? a pref]5ce1 an election ( "o act z high] ?an ano!r1 appe>s ( fundam5tal importance 9 ! analysis ( ! moral s5tim5ts4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is pla9 h[ trifl+ are argum5ts drawn f ! acts ( a savage1 s9ce an action highly immoral 9 u might be "o exce$+ly virtu\s 9 him--be+ ! highe/ pres5t$ to 8 *oice 9 8 degrad$ intellectual condition & peculi> circum/ances4 ,x ne$ only be cont5d$1 !n1 t !re is a p]ception ( "r incapable ( fur!r analysis2 n t !re is any infallible int]nal guide z to all ! complex actions :i* pres5t !mselves = #bja *oice4 ,! pr9ciple is giv5 9 our nature1 ! application ( ! pr9ciple is ! result ( a ?\s& educational influ5ces4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t1 9 complex cases ( consci5ce1 x is sometimes a matt] ( exce$+ difficulty to det]m9e :i* ( two c\rses ( action is ! less objectionable4 ,?is no m invalidates ! tru? ( moral pr9ciples ?an does ! difficulty ( a ma!matical problem ca/ d\bt on ma!matical pr9ciples4 ,habit1 education1 & intellectual gifts facilitate ! correct application ( bo?4 ,aga91 if our moral insight is int5sifi$ or blunt$ by our habitual wi%es or1 indirectly1 by our physical condition1 ! same may be said ( our p]ception ( ! true relations ( physical facts "o to ano!r4 ,an eag] wi% = m>riage has l$ _m a man to exagg]ate ! p[]s ( a limit$ income1 & a fit ( dyspepsia has giv5 an unreasonably gloomy aspect to m ?an "o balance-%eet4 ,consid]+ t moral intuitions h to d ) ins5sible matt]s1 !y _c be expect$ to be m cle> ?an ! p]ception ( physical facts4 ,& if ! latt] p]ceptions may be influ5c$ by volition1 desire1 or heal?1 our moral views may also be expect$ to be s influ5c$1 & ?is 9 a high] degree because !y s (t5 run c\nt] to our desires4 ,a bottle or two ( w9e may make a s5sible object appe> d\ble2 :at wond]1 !n1 if our moral p]ceptions are sometimes w>p$ & di/ort$ by su* p[]ful ag5cies z an evil education or an habitual abs5ce ( self-re/ra9t4 ,9 nei!r case does occasional di/ortion invalidate ! accuracy ( normal & habitual p]ception4 ,! di/9ctness "h & n[ ( ! ideas ( "r & useful is h[ev]1 z be=e said1 fully conc$$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 al?\gh he cont5ds t ^! conceptions are "o 9 root & orig94 ,8 utilit>ian ,g5esis ( ,morals1 h[ev]1 has be5 rec5tly combat$#bjb by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,holt ,hutton 9 a pap] :i* appe>$ 9 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e4#baf ,?is writ] aptly objects an argum5tum ad hom9em1 apply+ to morals ! same argum5t t has be5 appli$ 9 ?is "w to our s5se ( musical h>mony1 & by ,mr4 ,wallace to ! vocal organs ( man4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s notions on ! subject are ?us express$ by himself3 ,to make my position fully und]/ood1 x seems ne$ful to add t1 correspond+ to ! fundam5tal propositions ( a develop$ moral sci5ce1 !re h be51 & /ill are develop+ 9 ! race c]ta9 fundam5tal moral intuitions2 & t1 ?\gh ^! moral intuitions are ! result ( accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( utility gradually organiz$ & inh]it$1 !y h come to be q indep5d5t ( consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,j 9 ! same way t ,i believe ! intuition ( space possess$ by any liv+ individual to h aris5 f organiz$ & consolidat$ exp]i5ces ( all antec$5t individuals1 :o bequea!d to him _! sl[ly develop$ n]v\s organizations2 j z ,i believe t ?is intuition1 requir+ only to be made def9ite & complete by p]sonal exp]i5ces1 has practically become a =m ( ?\ght q indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce2--s d ,i believe t ! exp]i5ces ( utility1 organiz$ & consolidat$ ?r\gh all pa/ g5]ations ( ! human race1 h be5 produc+ correspond+ n]v\s modifications :i*1 by cont9u$ transmissions & accumulation1 h become 9 u c]ta9 faculties ( moral intuition1 active emotions respond+ to "r & wrong conduct1 :i* h no app>5t basis 9 ! individual exp]i5ces ( utility4 ,i also hold t1 j z ! space intuition responds to ! exact demon/rations ( geometry1 & has its r\gh conclusions int]pret$ & v]ifi$ by !m1 s w moral intuitions respond to ! demon/rations ( moral sci5ce1 & w h _! r\gh conclusions int]pret$ & v]ifi$ by !m4 #bjc ,aga9/ ?is view ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,hutton objects--#a4 ,t ev5 z reg>ds ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s illu/ration f geometrical intuitions1 8 process w\ld be totally inadequate1 s9ce y c\ld n d$uce ! necess>y space intuition ( :i* he speaks f any possible accumulations ( famili>ity ) space relations4444 ,we _c inh]it m ?an our fa!rs _h3 no am\nt ( exp]i5ce ( facts1 h[ev] univ]sal1 c give rise to t p>ticul> *>act]i/ic ( intuitions & a priori ideas1 :i* compels u to d5y ! possibility t 9 any o!r _w1 h[ev] o!rwise diff]5t1 our exp]i5ce 7z to space relations7 c\ld be o!rwise4 #b4 ,t ! case ( moral intuitions is v mu* /rong]4 #c4 ,t if ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory acc\nts = any?+1 x acc\nts n = ! deep5+ ( a s5se ( utility & inutility into "r & wrong1 b = ! dry+ up ( ! s5se ( utility & inutility into m]e inh]5t t5d5cies1 :i* w\ld ex]cise ov] u n m au?ority b less1 ?an a rational s5se ( utilit>ian issues4 #d4 ,t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory c\ld n acc\nt = ! intuitional sacr$ness n[ atta*$ to individual moral rules & pr9ciples1 )\t acc\nt+ a =tiori = ! g5]al claim ( ! greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple ov] u z ! f9al moral intuition---:i* is conspicu\sly contr>y to ! fact1 z n ev5 ! utilit>ians !mselves plead any in/9ctive or intuitive sanction = _! great pr9ciple4 #e4 ,t !re is no trace ( positive evid5ce ( any s+le in/ance ( ! trans=mation ( a utilit>ian rule ( "r into an intuition1 s9ce we f9d no utilit>ian pr9ciple ( ! mo/ anci5t times :i* is n[ an accept$ moral intuition1 nor any moral intuition1 h[ev] sacr$1 :i* has n be5 promulgat$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & :i* has n con/antly _h to /op ! tide ( utilit>ian objections to its au?ority--& ?is age aft] age1 9 our own day q z mu* z 9 days gone by4444 ,surely1 if any?+ is rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( #bjd morality1 x is ! anticipatory "*1 if ,i may use ! expression1 ( moral pr9ciples--! int5sity & absolut5ess ) :i* !y are laid d[n ages be=e ! _w has approximat$ to ! ideal ?us ass]t$4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 9 8 "w on ,primitive ,man be=e ref]r$ to1 ab&ons ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s explanation ( ! g5esis ( morals :ile ref]r+ to ,mr4 ,hutton's criticisms on ! subject4 ,sir ,john proposes to sub/itute def]5ce to au?ority in/ead ( s5se ( int]e/ z ! orig9 ( our conception ( duty1 say+ t :at has be5 f\nd to be b5eficial has be5 traditionally inculcat$ on ! "y1 & ?us has become to be dissociat$ f int]e/ 9 ! m9d1 ?\gh ! inculcation itself orig9ally sprung f t s\rce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 :5 analys$1 turns out to be a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce4 ,x is no?+ b utilit>ianism1 pure & simple1 aft] all4 ,= x c nev] be int5d$ t au?ority is obey$ because ( an intuition t x %\ld be def]r$ to1 = t w\ld be to admit ! v pr9ciple ( absolute morality :i* ,sir ,john combats4 ,x mu/ be meant1 !n1 t au?ority is obey$ ?r\gh fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( disob$i5ce1 or ?r\gh pleasure felt 9 obey+ ! au?ority :i* comm&s4 ,9 ! latt] case we h pleasure z ! end & no rudim5t ( ! conception duty4 ,9 ! =m] we h fe> ( puni%m5t1 :i* appeals directly to ! s5se ( utility to ! individual1 & no am\nt ( su* a s5se w produce ! lea/ g]m ( ought :i* is a conception diff]5t 9 k9d1 & 9 :i* ! notion ( puni%m5t has no place4 ,?us1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock's explanation only conc]ns a mode 9 :i* ! s5se ( duty may be /imulat$ or appeal$ to1 & makes no approximation to an explanation ( its orig94 ,c\ld ! views ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ( ,mr4 ,mill1 or ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 on ?is subject be ma9ta9$1 or %\ld !y come to be g5]ally accept$1 ! consequ5ces w\ld be disa/r\s inde$6 ,7 x really ! case t virtue 0 a m]e k9d ( retriev+1 !n c]ta9ly we %\ld #bje h to view ) appreh5sion ! spread ( intellectual cultivation1 :i* w\ld lead ! human retriev]s to reg>d f a new po9t ( view _! fet*+ & c>ry+4 ,we %\ld be logically compell$ to acquiesce 9 ! vocif]ations ( "s cont95tal utilit>ians1 :o w\ld bani% altoge!r ! s5seless words duty & m]it2 & !n1 "o important influ5ce :i* has aid$ human progress be+ )drawn1 we %\ld be r$uc$ to hope t 9 ?is case ! maxim cessante causa cessat ipse effectus might ?r\gh "s incalculable accid5t fail to apply4 ,x is true t ,mr4 ,sp5c] tries to erect a safegu>d aga9/ su* moral disruption1 by ass]t+ t = e immoral act1 ^w1 or ?\ght1 ea* man dur+ ?is life receives m9ute & exact retribution1 & t ?us a reg>d = individual self-int]e/ w effectually prev5t any moral cata/rophe4 ,b by :at means w he en=ce ! acceptance ( a dogma :i* is n only incapable ( pro(1 b is oppos$ to ! commonly receiv$ op9ion ( mank9d 9 all ages8 ,anci5t lit]ature1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 teems ) prote/s aga9/ ! successful evil-do]1 & c]ta9ly1 z ,mr4 ,hutton obs]ves1#bag ,hone/y mu/ h be5 associat$ by our ance/ors ) _m unhappy z well z _m happy consequ5ces1 & we "k t 9 anci5t ,greece di%one/y 0 op5ly & actually associat$ ) happy consequ5ces4444 ,:5 ! conc5trat$ exp]i5ce ( previ\s g5]ations 0 held1 n inde$ to ju/ify1 b to excuse by utilit>ian consid]ations1 craft1 dissimulation1 s5suality1 selfi%ness4 ,?is dogma is oppos$ to ! moral consci\sness ( _m z to ! ev5ts ( _! own lives2 & ! ,au?or1 = "o1 believes t x is absolutely contr>y to fact4 ,hi/ory af=ds multitudes ( in/ances1 b an example may be select$ f "o ( ! mo/ critical p]iods ( mod]n times4 ,let x be #bjf grant$ t ,lewis ! ,sixte5? ( ,france & 8 que5 _h all ! defects attribut$ to !m by ! mo/ ho/ile ( s]i\s hi/orians2 let all ! excuses possible be made = 8 pr$ecessor1 ,lewis ! ,fifte5?1 & also = ,madame de ,pompad\r1 c x be pret5d$ t !re are gr\nds = affirm+ t ! vices ( ! two =m] s f> exce$$ ^? ( ! latt]1 t _! respective fates 7 pla9ly & evid5tly j8 t :ile ! two =m] di$ 9 _! b$s1 aft] a life ( ! mo/ extreme luxury1 ! o!rs m]it$ to /& =? ?r\gh com+ "t z examples ( ! mo/ appall+ & calamit\s trag$y8 ,?is !me1 h[ev]1 is too =eign to ! imm$iate matt] 9 h& to be fur!r pursu$1 tempt+ z x is4 ,b a pass+ prote/ aga9/ a sup]/iti\s & delud+ dogma may /&1--a dogma :i* may1 l any o!r dogma1 be vehem5tly ass]t$ & ma9ta9$1 b :i* is rem>kable = be+ de/itute1 at "o & ! same "t1 ( bo? au?oritative sanction & ! support ( reason & obs]vation4 ,to return to ! be>+ ( moral conceptions on ,natural ,selection1 x seems t1 f ! reasons giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 we may safely affirm--#a4 ,t ,natural ,selection c\ld n h produc$1 f ! s5sations ( pleasure & pa9 exp]i5c$ by brutes1 a high] degree ( morality ?an 0 useful2 !re=e x c\ld h produc$ any am\nt ( b5eficial habits1 b n abhorr5ce ( c]ta9 acts z impure & s9ful4 #b4 ,t x c\ld n h develop$ t high e/eem = acts ( c>e & t5d]ness to ! ag$ & infirm :i* actually exi/s1 b w\ld r h p]petuat$ c]ta9 l[ social conditions :i* obta9 9 "s savage localities4 #c4 ,t x c\ld n h evolv$ f ape s5sations ! noble virtue ( a ,m>cus ,aurelius1 or ! lov+ b manly devotion ( a ,/4 ,lewis4 #d4 ,t1 alone1 x c\ld n h giv5 rise to ! maxim fiat ju/itia1 ruat coelum4 ,page #bjg #e4 ,t ! int]val betwe5 mat]ial & =mal morality is "o altoge!r beyond its p[] to trav]se4 ,also1 t ! anticipatory "* ( moral pr9ciples is a fatal b> to t explanation ( _! orig9 :i* is (f]$ to u by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,&1 f9ally1 t ! solution ( t orig9 propos$ rec5tly by ,sir ,john ,lubbock is a m]e v]sion ( simple utilit>ianism1 appeal+ to ! pleasure or safety ( ! individual1 & !re=e utt]ly incapable ( solv+ ! riddle x attacks4 ,su* appe>+ to be ! case z to ! p[] ( ,natural ,selection1 we1 nev]!less1 f9d moral conceptions--=mally moral ideas--n only spread ov] ! civiliz$ _w1 b manife/+ !mselves unmi/akeably 79 h[ev] rudim5t>y a condition1 & h[ev] misappli$7 among/ ! l[e/ & mo/ degrad$ ( savages4 ,if f among/ ^!1 individuals c be br\ght =w>d :o seem to be de/itute ( any moral conception1 simil> cases also may easily be f\nd 9 highly civiliz$ communities4 ,su* cases tell no m aga9/ moral intuitions ?an d cases ( col\r-bl9dness or idiotism tell aga9/ sight & reason4 ,we h ?us a mo/ important & conspicu\s fact1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is fatal to ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 z put =w>d ( late by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & 8 mo/ ard5t foll[]s4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t :atev] =ce ?is fact may h aga9/ a belief 9 ! orig9ation ( man f brutes by m9ute1 =tuit\s v>iations1 x has no =ce :atev] aga9/ ! conception ( ! ord]ly evolution & successive manife/ation ( specific =ms by ord9>y natural law--ev5 if we include among/ su* ! upright frame1 ! ready h& & massive bra9 ( man himself4 ,page #bjh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,pang5esis4 ,a provisional hypo!sis supplem5t+ ,natural ,selection4--,/atem5t ( ! hypo!sis4--,difficulty z to multitude ( gemmules4--,z to c]ta9 modes ( reproduction4--,z to =mations )\t ! requisite gemmules4--,mr4 ,lewes & ,pr(essor ,delp9o4--,difficulty z to developm5tal =ce ( gemmules4--,z to _! spontane\s fission4--,pang5esis & ,vitalism4--,p>adoxical reality4--,pang5esis sc>cely sup]ior to ant]ior hypo!ses4--,buffon4--,ow54--,h]b]t ,sp5c]4--,gemmules z my/]i\s z physiological units4--,conclusion4 ,9 addition to ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 by :i* x has be5 attempt$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( species1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has also put =w>d :at he mode/ly t]ms a provisional hypo!sis 7t ( ,pang5esis71 by :i* to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ea* & e individual =m4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis is no necess>y "p ( ,natural ,selection1 /ill any treatise on specific orig9ation w\ld be incomplete if x did n take into consid]ation ?is la/ speculation ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,! hypo!sis 9 "q may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,t ea* liv+ organism is ultimately made up ( an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( m9ute p>ticles1 or organic atoms1 t]m$ gemmules1 ea* ( :i* has ! p[] ( reproduc+ its k9d4 ,moreov]1 t ^! p>ticles circulate freely ab\t ! organism :i* is made up ( !m1 & are d]iv$ f all ! p>ts ( all ! organs ( ! less remote ance/ors ( ea* su* #bji organism dur+ all ! /ates & /ages ( su* sev]al ance/ors' exi/5ce2 & !re=e ( ! sev]al /ates ( ea* ( su* ance/ors' organs4 ,t su* a complete collection ( gemmules is aggregat$ 9 ea* ovum & sp]matozoon 9 mo/ animals1 & 9 ea* "p capable ( reproduc+ by gemmation 7budd+7 9 ! l[e/ animals & 9 plants4 ,!re=e 9 _m ( su* l[] organisms su* a cong]ies ( ance/ral gemmules mu/ exi/ 9 e "p ( _! bodies1 s9ce 9 !m e "p is capable ( reproduc+ by gemmation4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 mu/ evid5tly admit ?is1 s9ce he says3 ,x has (t5 be5 said by naturali/s t ea* cell ( a plant has ! actual or pot5tial capacity ( reproduc+ ! :ole plant2 b x has ?is p[] only 9 virtue ( conta9+ gemmules d]iv$ f e "p4#bah ,moreov]1 ^! gemmules are suppos$ to t5d to aggregate !mselves1 & to reproduce 9 c]ta9 def9ite relations to o!r gemmules4 ,?us1 :5 ! foot ( an eft is cut (f1 its reproduction is expla9$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 z result+ f ! aggregation ( ^? float+ gemmules :i* come next 9 ord] to ^? ( ! cut surface1 & ! successive aggregations ( ! o!r k9ds ( gemmules :i* come aft] 9 regul> ord]4 ,also1 ! mo/ ord9>y processes ( repair are simil>ly acc\nt$ =1 & ! successive developm5t ( simil> p>ts & organs 9 creatures 9 :i* su* complex evolutions occur is expla9$ 9 ! same way1 by ! indep5d5t action ( sep>ate gemmules4 ,9 ord] t ea* liv+ creature may be ?us furni%$1 ! numb] ( su* gemmules 9 ea* mu/ be inconceivably great4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3#bai ,9 a highly organiz$ & complex animal1 ! gemmules ?r[n (f f ea* diff]5t cell or unit ?r\gh\t ! body mu/ be inconceivably num]\s & m9ute4 ,ea* unit ( ea* "p1 z x *anges dur+ developm5t--& we "k t "s insects und]go at lea/ tw5ty #baj metamorphoses--mu/ ?r[ (f its gemmules4 ,all organic be+s1 moreov]1 include _m dormant gemmules d]iv$ f _! gr&p>5ts & m remote prog5itors1 b n f all _! prog5itors4 ,^! almo/ inf9itely num]\s & m9ute gemmules mu/ be includ$ 9 ea* bud1 ovule1 sp]matozoon1 & poll5 gra94 ,we h se5 also t 9 c]ta9 cases a simil> multitude ( gemmules mu/ be includ$ also 9 e consid]able "p ( ! :ole body ( ea* organism1 b :]e are we to /op8 ,!re mu/ be gemmules n only f e organ1 b f e compon5t "p ( su* organ1 f e subdivision ( su* compon5t "p1 & f e cell1 ?read1 or fibre ent]+ into ! composition ( su* subdivision4 ,moreov]1 n only f all ^!1 b f ea* & e successive /age ( ! evolution & developm5t ( su* successively m & m elem5t>y p>ts4 ,at ! fir/ glance ?is new atomic !ory has *>ms f its app>5t simplicity1 b ! attempt ?us to foll[ x out into its ultimate limits & extreme consequ5ces seems to indicate t x is at once insuffici5t & cumbr\s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself is1 ( c\rse1 fully aw>e t !re mu/ be "s limit to ?is aggregation ( gemmules4 ,he says3#bbj ,excessively m9ute & num]\s z !y are believ$ to be1 an inf9ite numb] d]iv$1 dur+ a long c\rse ( modification & desc5t1 f ea* cell ( ea* prog5itor1 c\ld n be support$ & n\ri%$ by ! organism4 ,b ap>t f ^! matt]s1 :i* w be m fully consid]$ fur!r on1 ! hypo!sis n only does n appe> to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a :i*1 9 ord] to be a valid !ory1 x ought to acc\nt =2 b x seems absolutely to conflict ) pat5t & notori\s facts4 ,h[1 = example1 does x expla9 ! peculi> reproduction :i* is #baa f\nd to take place 9 c]ta9 m>9e worms--c]ta9 annelids8 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,annelid ,,divid+ ,,spontane\sly4 7,a new head hav+ be5 =m$ t[>ds ! h9d] end ( ! body ( ! p>5t47 ,9 su* creatures we see t1 f "t to "t1 "o ( ! segm5ts ( ! body gradually becomes modifi$ till x assumes ! condition ( a head1 & ?is rem>kable ph5om5on is repeat$ aga9 & aga91 ! body ( ! worm ?us multiply+ s]ially into new individuals :i* successively deta* !mselves f ! old] portion4 ,! developm5t ( su* a mode ( reproduction by ,natural ,selection seems n less inexplicable ?an does its cont9u$ p]=mance ?r\gh ! aid ( #bab pang5esis4 ,= h[ c gemmules atta* !mselves to o!rs to :i* !y d n normally or g5]ally succe$8 ,sc>cely less difficult to und]/& is ! process ( ! /oma*-c>ry+-(f mode ( metamorphosis be=e spok5 ( z exi/+ 9 ! ,e*9od]ms4 ,next1 z to c]ta9 pat5t & notori\s facts3 ,on ! hypo!sis ( pang5esis1 no creature c develop an organ unless x possesses ! compon5t gemmules :i* s]ve = its =mation4 ,no creature c possess su* gemmules unless x inh]its !m f its p>5ts1 gr&p>5ts1 or its less remote ance/ors4 ,n[1 ! ,jews are rem>kably scrupul\s z to m>riage1 & r>ely contract su* a union ) individuals n ( _! own race4 ,?is practice has gone on = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & simil>ly also = ?\s&s ( ye>s ! rite ( circumcision has be5 unfail+ly & c>efully p]=m$4 ,if !n ! hypo!sis ( pang5esis is well f\nd$1 t rite ought to be n[ absolutely or ne>ly sup]flu\s f ! necess>ily cont9u\s abs5ce ( c]ta9 gemmules ?r\gh s _m c5turies & s _m g5]ations4 ,yet x is n at all s1 & ?is fact seems to am\nt almo/ to an exp]im5tal demon/ration t ! hypo!sis ( pang5esis is an insuffici5t explanation ( individual evolution4 ,two exce$+ly good criticisms ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis h appe>$4 ,"o ( ^! is by ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1#bba ! o!r by ,pr(essor ,delp9o ( ,flor5ce4#bbb ,! latt] g5tleman gives a report ( an obs]vation made by him ^u a c]ta9 plant1 :i* obs]vation adds =ce to :at has j be5 said ab\t ! ,jewi% race4 ,he says3#bbc ,if we exam9e & comp>e ! num]\s species ( ! g5us ,salvia1 comm5c+ ) ,salvia (fic9alis1 :i* may pass z ! ma9 /ate ( ! g5us1 & #bac conclud+ ) ,salvia v]ticillata1 :i* may be tak5 z ! mo/ highly develop$ =m1 & z ! mo/ di/ant f ! type1 we obs]ve a s+ul> ph5om5on4 ,! l[] cell ( ea* ( ! two f]tile an!rs1 :i* is mu* r$uc$ & diff]5t f ! sup]ior ev5 9 ,salvia (fic9alis1 is transmut$ 9 o!r salvi into an organ 7nect>o!ca7 hav+ a v diff]5t =m & function1 & f9ally disappe>s entirely 9 ,salvia v]ticillata4 ,n[1 on "o occasion1 9 a fl[] belong+ to an individual ( ,salvia v]ticillata1 & only on ! left /am51 ,i obs]v$ a p]fectly develop$ & poll9ig]\s l[] cell1 p]fectly homolog\s ) t :i* is normally develop$ 9 ,salvia (fic9alis4 ,?is case ( atavism is truly s+ul>4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,pang5esis1 x is necess>y to assume t all ! gemmules ( ?is anomal\s =mation1 & !re=e ! "m-gemmule ( ! cell1 & ! daught]-gemmules ( ! special epid]mic tissue1 & ( ! v s+ul> subjac5t tissue ( ! endo!cium1 h be5 p]petuat$1 & transmitt$ f p>5t to (fspr+ 9 a dormant /ate1 & ?r\gh a numb] ( g5]ations1 su* z />tles ! imag9ation1 & leads x to refuse its cons5t to ! !ory ( ,pang5esis1 h[ev] s$uctive x may be4 ,?is seems a /rong confirmation ( :at has be5 "h advanc$4 ,! ma9 objection rais$ aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis is t x 7,pang5esis7 requires s _m subord9ate hypo!ses = its support1 & t "s ( ^! are n t5able4 ,pr(essor ,delp9o consid]s#bbd t z _m z eight ( ^! subord9ate hypo!ses are requir$1 namely1 t-- #a4 ,! emission ( ! gemmules takes place1 or may take place 9 all /ates ( ! cell4 #b4 ,! quantity ( gemmules emitt$ f e cell is v great4 #c4 ,! m9ut5ess ( ! gemmules is extreme4 #bad #d4 ,! gemmules possess two sorts ( aff9ity1 "o ( :i* might be call$ propagative1 & ! o!r g]m9ative aff9ity4 #e4 ,by means ( ! propagative aff9ity all ! gemmules emitt$ by all ! cells ( ! individual fl[ toge!r & become cond5s$ 9 ! cells :i* compose ! sexual organs1 :e!r male or female 7embryonal vesicle1 cells ( ! embryo1 poll5 gra9s1 fovilla1 an!rozoids1 sp]matozoids71 & likewise fl[ toge!r & become cond5s$ 9 ! cells :i* con/itute ! organs ( a sexual or agamic reproduction 7buds1 spores1 bulbilli1 portions ( ! body sep>at$ by scission1 c474 #f4 ,by means ( ! g]m9ative aff9ity1 e gemmule 7except 9 cases ( anomalies or mon/rosities7 c be develop$ only 9 cells homolog\s ) ! "m-cells ( ! cell f :i* !y orig9at$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! gemmules f any cell c only be develop$ 9 unison ) ! cell prec$+ x 9 due ord] ( succession1 & :il/ 9 a nasc5t /ate4 #g4 ,( ea* k9d ( g]nmule a great numb] p]i%es2 a great numb] rema9s 9 a dormant /ate ?r\gh _m g5]ations 9 ! bodies ( desc5dants2 ! rema9d] g]m9ate & reproduce ! "m-cell4 #h4 ,e gemmule may multiply itself by a process ( scission into any numb] ( equival5t gemmules4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has publi%$ a %ort notice 9 reply to ,pr(essor ,delp9o1 9 ,sci5tific ,op9ion ( ,octob] #bj1 #ahfi1 p4 #dbf4 ,9 ?is reply he admits ! ju/ice ( ,pr(essor ,delp9o's attack1 b objects to ! alleg$ necessity ( ! fir/ subord9ate hypo!sis1 namely1 t ! emission ( gemmules takes place 9 all /ates ( ! cell4 ,b if ?is is n ! case1 !n a great "p ( ! utility & di/9ction ( pang5esis is de/roy$1 or z ,mr4 ,lewes ju/ly says1#bbe ,if gemmules produce :ole cells1 we h ! v p[] :i* 0 pron\nc$ my/]i\s 9 l>g] organisms4 #bae ,mr4 ,d>w9 also does n see ! =ce ( ! objection to ! p[] ( self-division :i* mu/ be ass]t$ ( ! gemmules !mselves if ,pang5esis be true4 ,! objection1 h[ev]1 appe>s to _m to be =midable4 ,to admit ! p[] ( spontane\s division & multiplication 9 su* rudim5t>y /ructures1 seems a complete contradiction4 ,! gemmules1 by ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1 are ! ultimate organiz$ compon5ts ( ! body1 ! absolute organic atoms ( :i* ea* body is compos$2 h[ !n c !y be divisible8 ,any "p ( a gemmule w\ld be an impossible 7because a less ?an possible7 quantity4 ,if x is divisible into /ill small] organic :oles1 z a g]m-cell is1 x mu/ be made up z ! g]m-cell is1 ( subord9ate compon5t atoms1 :i* are !n ! true gemmules4 ,?is process may be repeat$ ad inf9itum1 unless we get to true organic atoms1 ! true gemmules1 :atev] !y may be1 & !y necess>ily w be incapable ( any process ( spontane\s fission4 ,x is rem>kable t ,mr4 ,d>w9 br+s =w>d 9 support ( gemmule fission1 ! obs]vation t ,?uret has se5 ! zoospore ( an alga divide itself1 & bo? halves g]m9ate4 ,yet on ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1 ! zoospore ( an alga mu/ conta9 gemmules f all ! cells ( ! p>5t alg1 & f all ! p>ts ( all _! less remote ance/ors 9 all _! /ages ( exi/5ce4 ,:at wond] !n t su* an excessively complex body %\ld divide & multiply2 & :at p>ity is !re betwe5 su* a body & a gemmule8 ,a /eam-eng9e & a /eel-fil+ might equally well be comp>$ toge!r4 ,pr(essor ,delp9o makes a fur!r objection :i*1 h[ev]1 w only be ( weight 9 ! eyes ( ,vitali/s4 ,he says1#bbf ,pang5esis is n to be receiv$ because x leads directly to ! negation ( a specific vital pr9ciple1 co-ord9at+ & regulat+ all ! movem5ts1 acts1 & functions ( ! individuals 9 :i* x is inc>nat$4 ,= ,pang5esis ( ! individual is a t]m )\t mean+4 ,if1 9 contemplat+ an #baf animal ( high organization1 we reg>d x purely z an aggregation ( develop$ gemmules1 al?\gh ^! gemmules h be5 evolv$ successively "o aft] ! o!r1 & "o )9 ! o!r1 not)/&+ !y elude ! conception ( ! real & true individual1 ^! problematical & invisible gemmules mu/ be reg>d$ z s _m individuals4 ,n[1 t real1 true1 liv+ individuals exi/ 9 nature1 is a tru? :i* is p]si/5tly atte/$ to u by our consci\sness4 ,b h[1 !n1 c we expla9 t a great quantity ( dissimil> elem5ts1 l ! atoms ( matt]1 c unite to =m ^? p]fect unities :i* we call individuals1 if we d n suppose ! exi/5ce ( a specific pr9ciple1 prop] to ! individual b =eign to ! compon5t atoms1 :i* aggregates ^! said atoms1 gr\ps !m into molecules1 & !n m\lds ! molecules into cells1 ! cells into tissues1 ! tissues into organs1 & ! organs into app>atus8 ,b1 x may be urg$ 9 opposition by ! ,pang5esi/s1 y\r vital pr9ciple is an unkn[n & irresolute x4 ,?is is true2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 let u see :e!r ,pang5esis produces a cle>] =mula1 & "o free f unkn[n elem5ts4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! gemmules is a fir/ unkn[n elem5t2 ! propagative aff9ity ( ! gemmules is a second2 _! g]m9ative aff9ity is a ?ird2 _! multiplication by fission is a f\r?--& :at an unkn[n elem5t6 ,?us1 9 ,pang5esis1 ev]y?+ proce$s by =ce ( unkn[n elem5ts1 & we may ask :e!r x is m logical to pref] a sy/em :i* assumes a multitude ( unkn[n elem5ts to a sy/em :i* assumes only a s+le "o8 ,mr4 ,d>w9 appe>s1 by ,natural ,selection1 to de/roy ! reality ( species1 & by ,pang5esis t ( ! individual4 ,mr4 ,lewes obs]ves#bbg ( ! individual t ,?is :ole is only a subjective conception :i* summ>izes ! p>ts1 & t 9 po9t ( fact x is ! p>ts :i* #bag are reproduc$4 ,b ! p>ts are also1 f ! same po9t ( view1 m]ely subjective until we come to ! absolute organic atoms4 ,^! atoms1 on ! o!r h&1 are utt]ly invisible1 intangible2 inde$1 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 inconceivable4 ,?us1 !n1 x results f ! !ories 9 "q1 t ! organic _w is r$uc$ to utt] unreality z reg>ds all t c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses or di/9ctly imag9$ by ! m9d2 :ile ! only reality consi/s ( ! invisible1 ! ins5sible1 ! inconceivable2 9 o!r words1 no?+ is kn[n t really is1 & only ! nonexi/5t c be kn[n4 ,a some:at p>adoxical outcome ( ! speculations ( ^? :o pr(ess to rely exclusively on ! te/imony ( s5se4 ,les extrmes se t\*5t1 & extreme s5sationalism %akes h&s ) ! das seyn i/ das ni*ts ( ,hegel4 ,altoge!r ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis seems to be little1 if at all1 sup]ior to ant]ior hypo!ses ( a m or less simil> nature4 ,ap>t f ! atoms ( ,democritus1 & ap>t also f ! speculations ( m$ival writ]s1 ! molecules ( ,bonnet & ( ,buffon almo/ anticipat$ ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis4 ,accord+ to ! la/-nam$ au?or1#bbh organic p>ticles f e "p ( ! body assemble 9 ! sexual secretions1 & by _! union build up ! embryo1 ea* p>ticle tak+ its due place1 & occupy+ 9 ! (fspr+ a simil> position to t :i* x occupi$ 9 ! p>5ts4 ,9 #ahdi ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 8 treatise on ,p>!nog5esis1 put =w>d ano!r conception4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! cells result+ f ! subdivision ( ! g]m-cell pres]ve _! developm5tal =ce1 unless employ$ 9 build+ up def9ite organic /ructures4 ,9 c]ta9 creatures1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( o!r creatures1 g]m-cells unus$ are /or$ up1 & by _! ag5cy lo/ limbs & #bah o!r mutilations are repair$4 ,su* unus$ products ( ! g]m-cell are also suppos$ to become locat$ 9 ! g5]ative products4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ea* liv+ organism consi/s ( c]ta9 s-call$ physiological units4 ,ea* ( ^! units has an innate p[] & capacity1 by :i* x t5ds to build up & reproduce ! entire organism ( :i* x =ms a "p1 unless 9 ! meantime its =ce is exhau/$ by its tak+ "p 9 ! production ( "s di/9ct & def9ite tissue--a condition some:at simil> to t conceiv$ by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,n[1 at fir/ sight1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's atomic !ory appe>s to be m simple ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,x has be5 object$ t :ile ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory requires ! assumption ( an innate p[] & t5d5cy 9 ea* physiological unit1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's1 on ! o!r h&1 requires no?+ ( ! k9d1 b expla9s ! evolution ( ea* individual by purely me*anical conceptions4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 x is n s4 ,ea* gemmule1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 is really ! seat ( p[]s1 elective aff9ities1 & special t5d5cies z m>k$ & my/]i\s z ^? possess$ by ! physiological unit ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ) ! s+le exception t ! =m] has no t5d5cy to build up ! :ole liv+1 complex organism ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,"s may ?9k ?is an important di/9ction1 b x c h>dly be s1 = ,mr4 ,d>w9 consid]s t 8 gemmule has ! innate p[] & t5d5cy to build up & trans=m itself into ! :ole liv+1 complex cell ( :i* x =ms a "p2 & ! "o t5d5cy is1 9 pr9ciple1 fully z difficult to und]/&1 fully z my/]i\s1 z is ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce is b "o ( degree1 n ( k9d4 ,moreov]1 ! "o my/]y 9 ! case ( ! physiological unit expla9s all1 :ile ) reg>d to ! gemmule1 z we h se51 x has to be supplem5t$ by o!r p[]s & t5d5cies1 ea* di/9ct1 & ea* 9 itself inexplicable & pr(\ndly my/]i\s4 ,page #bai ,t !re %\ld be physiological units possess$ ( ! p[] attribut$ to !m1 h>monizes ) :at has rec5tly be5 put =w>d by ,dr4 ,h4 ,*>lton ,ba/ian2 :o ma9ta9s t "u fit conditions ! simple/ organisms develop !mselves into relatively l>ge & complex ones4 ,?is is n suppos$ by him to be due to any inh]itance ( ance/ral gemmules1 b to direct gr[? & trans=mation ( ! mo/ m9ute & ! simple/ organisms1 :i* !mselves1 by all reason & analogy1 owe _! exi/5ce to imm$iate trans=mation f ! inorganic _w4 ,?us1 !n1 !re are grave difficulties 9 ! way ( ! reception ( ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1 :i* moreov]1 if e/abli%$1 w\ld leave ! evolution ( individual organisms1 :5 ?or\ghly analys$1 little if at all less my/]i\s or really explicable ?an x is at pres5t4 ,z 0 said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ,pang5esis & ,natural ,selection are q sep>able & di/9ct hypo!ses4 ,! fall ( "o ( ^! by no means necess>ily includes t ( ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has associat$ !m closely toge!r1 &1 !re=e1 ! refutation ( ,pang5esis may r5d] x advisable = ^? :o h hi!rto accept$ ,natural ,selection to reconsid] t !ory4 ,page #bbj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,specific ,,g5esis4 ,review ( ! /atem5ts & argum5ts ( prec$+ *apt]s4--,cumulative argum5t aga9/ pr$om9ant action ( ,natural ,selection4--,:e!r any?+ positive z well z negative c be enunciat$4--,con/ancy ( laws ( nature does n necess>ily imply con/ancy ( specific evolution4--,possible exceptional /ability ( exi/+ epo*4--,probability t an int]nal cause ( *ange exi/s4--,innate p[]s mu/ be conceiv$ z exi/+ some:]e or o!r4--,symbolism ( molecul> action "u vibrat+ impulses4--,pr(essor ,ow5's /atem5t4--,/atem5t ( ! ,au?or's view4--,x avoids ! difficulties :i* oppose ,natural ,selection4--,x h>monizes app>5tly conflict+ conceptions4--,summ>y & conclusion4 ,hav+ n[ sev]ally review$ ! pr9cipal biological facts :i* be> ^u specific manife/ation1 x rema9s to sum up ! results1 & to endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at1 if any?+1 c be said positively1 z well z negatively1 on ?is deeply int]e/+ "q4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s x has be5 cont5d$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t no m]e survival ( ! fitte/ accid5tal & m9ute v>iations c acc\nt = ! incipi5t /ages ( useful /ructures1 su* z1 e4g41 ! heads ( flat-fi%es1 ! bale5 ( :ales1 v]tebrate limbs1 ! l>yngeal /ructures ( ! newborn kang>oo1 ! p$icell>i ( ,e*9od]ms1 or = _m ( ! facts ( mimicry1 & especially ^? la/ t\*es ( mimetic p]fection1 :]e an insect n only mimics a leaf1 b "o worm-eat5 & attack$ by fungi4 ,page #bba ,also1 t /ructures l ! hood ( ! cobra & ! rattle ( ! rattlesnake seem to require ano!r explanation4 ,aga91 x has be5 cont5d$ t in/ances ( col\r1 z 9 "s apes2 ( beauty1 z 9 "s %ell-fi%2 & ( utility1 z 9 _m or*ids1 are examples ( conditions :i* are q beyond ! p[] ( ,natural ,selection to orig9ate & develop4 ,next1 ! peculi> mode ( orig9 ( ! eye 7by ! simultane\s & concurr5t modification ( di/9ct p>ts71 ) ! wond]ful ref9em5t ( ! human e> & voice1 h be5 insi/$ on2 z also1 t ! importance ( all ^! facts is int5sifi$ ?r\gh ! necessity 7admitt$ by ,mr4 ,d>w97 t _m individuals %\ld be simil>ly & simultane\sly modifi$ 9 ord] t slightly fav\rable v>iations may hold _! own 9 ! /ruggle = life1 aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ =ce & influ5ce ( m]e numb]4 ,aga91 we h consid]$1 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 ! great improbability t f m9ute v>iations 9 all directions alone & unaid$1 save by ! survival ( ! fitte/1 closely simil> /ructures %\ld indep5d5tly arise2 ?\gh1 on a non-,d>w9ian evolution>y hypo!sis1 _! developm5t might be expect$ a priori4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t !re are _m in/ances ( wond]fully close simil>ity :i* are n due to g5etic aff9ity2 ! mo/ notable in/ance1 p]haps1 be+ t br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,murphy1 namely1 ! appe>ance ( ! same eye-/ructure 9 ! v]tebrate & mollusc\s sub-k+doms4 ,a curi\s resemblance1 ?\gh less 9 degree1 has also be5 se5 to exi/ betwe5 ! auditory organs ( fi%es & ( ,cephalopods4 ,rem>kable simil>ities betwe5 c]ta9 plac5tal & implac5tal mammals1 betwe5 ! bird's-head processes ( ,polyzoa & ! p$icell>i ( ,e*9od]ms1 betwe5 ,i*?yosauria & ,cetacea1 ) v _m o!r simil> co9cid5ces1 h also be5 po9t$ out4 ,evid5ce has also be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ t simil>ity is sometimes directly induc$ by v obscure conditions1 at pres5t q #bbb inexplicable1 e4g4 by causes imm$iately connect$ ) geographical di/ribution2 z 9 ! loss ( ! tail 9 c]ta9 =ms ( ,lepidopt]a & 9 simultane\s modifications ( col\r 9 o!rs1 & 9 ! direct modification ( "y ,engli% oy/]s1 :5 transport$ to ! %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,aga91 x has be5 ass]t$ t c]ta9 gr\ps ( organic =ms seem to h an innate t5d5cy to rem>kable developm5ts ( "s p>ticul> k9d1 z beauty & s+ul>ity ( plumage 9 ! gr\p ( birds ( p>adise4 ,x has also be5 cont5d$ t !re is some?+ to be said 9 fav\r ( sudd51 z oppos$ to exce$+ly m9ute & gradual1 modifications1 ev5 if ! latt] are n =tuit\s4 ,cases 7 br\ght =w>d1 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 su* z ! bivalve j m5tion$1 tw5ty-sev5 k9ds ( ,am]ican trees simultane\sly & simil>ly modifi$1 also ! indep5d5t production ( pony bre$s1 & ! case ( ! ,engli% greyh\nds 9 ,mexico1 ! (fspr+ ( :i* produc$ directly acclimat$ prog5y4 ,besides ^!1 ! case ( ! ,norm&y pigs1 ( ,datura tatula1 & also ( ! black-%\ld]$ peacock1 h be5 spok5 (4 ,! tee? ( ! labyr9?odon1 ! h& ( ! potto1 ! :alebone ( :ales1 ! w+s ( birds1 ! climb+ t5drils ( "s plants1 c4 h also be5 adduc$ z in/ances ( /ructures1 ! orig9 & production ( :i* are probably due r to consid]able modifications ?an to m9ute increm5ts4 ,x has also be5 %[n t c]ta9 =ms :i* 7 once suppos$ to be especially transitional & int]m$iate 7z1 e4g41 ! aye-aye7 are really by no means s2 :ile ! g5]al rule1 t ! progress ( =ms has be5 f ! m g5]al to ! m special1 has be5 %[n to pres5t rem>kable exceptions1 z1 e4g41 ,macrau*5ia1 ! ,glyptodon1 & ! sabre-too!d tig] 7,ma*airodus74 ,next1 z to specific /ability1 x has be5 se5 t !re may be a #bbc c]ta9 limit to normal v>iability1 & t if *anges take place !y may be expect$ a priori to be m>k$ & consid]able ones1 f ! facts ( ! inorganic _w1 & p]haps also ( ! l[e/ =ms ( ! organic _w4 ,x has also be5 se5 t ) reg>d to m9ute spontane\s v>iations 9 races1 !re is a rapidly increas+ difficulty 9 int5sify+ !m1 9 any "o direction1 by ev] su* c>eful bre$+4 ,moreov]1 x has appe>$ t diff]5t species %[ a t5d5cy to v>iability 9 special directions1 & probably 9 diff]5t degrees1 & t at any rate ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself conc$es ! exi/5ce ( an int]nal b>ri] to *ange :5 he cr$its ! goose ) a s+ul>ly inflexible organization2 also1 t he admits ! pres5ce ( an int]nal proclivity to *ange :5 he speaks ( a :ole organization seem+ to h become pla/ic1 & t5d+ to dep>t f ! p>5tal type4 ,we h se5 also t a m>k$ t5d5cy to rev]sion does exi/1 inasmu* z x sometimes takes place 9 a /rik+ mann]1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! :ite silk f[l 9 ,engl&1 9 spite ( c>eful selection 9 bre$+4 ,aga91 we h se5 t a t5d5cy exi/s 9 nature to elim9ate hybrid races1 by :atev] means t elim9ation is effect$1 :ile no simil> t5d5cy b>s ! way to an indef9ite bl5d+ ( v>ieties4 ,?is has also be5 en=c$ by /atem5ts z to ! prepot5cy ( c]ta9 poll5 ( id5tical species1 b ( di/9ct races4 ,to all ! prec$+ consid]ations h be5 add$ o!rs d]iv$ f ! relations ( species to pa/ "t4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t we h z yet no evid5ce ( m9utely int]m$iate =ms connect+ un9t]rupt$ly toge!r und\bt$ly di/9ct species4 ,t :ile ev5 horse ance/ry fails to supply su* a desid]atum1 9 v /rongly m>k$ & exceptional k9ds 7su* z ! ,i*?yosauria1 ,*elonia1 & ,an\ra71 ! abs5ce ( l9ks is v important & significant4 ,= if e species1 )\t#bbd exception1 has aris5 by m9ute modifications1 x seems incr$ible t a small p]c5tage ( su* transitional =ms %\ld n h be5 pres]v$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is especially ! case z reg>ds ! m>9e ,i*?yosauria & ,plesiosauria1 ( :i* su* numb]s ( rema9s h be5 discov]$4 ,sir ,william ,?omson's great au?ority has be5 se5 to oppose itself to ,natural ,selection1 by limit+1 on a/ronomical & physical gr\nds1 ! duration ( life on ?is planet to ab\t "o hundr$ million ye>s4 ,?is p]iod1 x has be5 cont5d$1 is n ne>ly en\gh on ! "o h& = ! evolution ( all organic =ms by ! exclusive action ( m]e m9ute1 =tuit\s v>iations2 on ! o!r h&1 = ! deposition ( all ! /rata :i* mu/ h be5 deposit$1 if m9ute =tuit\s v>iation 0 ! mann] ( successive specific manife/ation4 ,aga91 ! geographical di/ribution ( exi/+ animals has be5 se5 to pres5t difficulties :i*1 ?\gh n !mselves insurm\ntable1 yet h a c]ta9 weight :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) all ! o!r objections4 ,! facts ( homology1 s]ial1 bilat]al & v]tical1 h also be5 pass$ 9 review4 ,su* facts1 x has be5 cont5d$1 are n explicable )\t admitt+ ! action ( :at may mo/ conv5i5tly be spok5 ( z an int]nal p[]1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is support$ by facts n only ( comp>ative anatomy b ( t]atology & pa?ology also4 ,natural ,selection also has be5 %[n to be impot5t to expla9 ^! ph5om5a1 :ile ! exi/5ce ( su* an int]nal p[] ( homolog\s evolution dim9i%es ! a priori improbability ( an analog\s law ( specific orig9ation4 ,all ^! v>i\s consid]ations h be5 supplem5t$ by an endeav\r to %[ ! utt] inadequacy ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ) reg>d to ! high] psy*ical ph5om5a ( man 7especially ! evolution ( moral conceptions71 & ) reg>d to ! evolution ( individual organisms by ! action#bbe ( ,pang5esis4 ,& x 0 impli$ t if ,mr4 ,d>w9's latt] hypo!sis c be %[n to be unt5able1 an antec$5t d\bt is ?us ?r[n ^u 8 o!r conception1 namely1 ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,a cumulative argum5t ?us arises aga9/ ! preval5t action ( ,natural ,selection1 :i*1 to ! m9d ( ! ,au?or1 is conclusive4 ,z be=e obs]v$1 he 0 n orig9ally dispos$ to reject ,mr4 ,d>w9's fasc9at+ !ory4 ,reit]ate endeav\rs to solve its difficulties h1 h[ev]1 _h ! effect ( conv9c+ him t t !ory z ! "o or z ! lead+ explanation ( ! successive evolution & manife/ation ( specific =ms1 is unt5able4 ,at ! same "t he admits fully t ,natural ,selection acts & mu/ act1 & t x plays 9 ! organic _w a c]ta9 ?\gh a second>y & subord9ate "p4 ,! "o modus op]&i yet sugge/$ hav+ be5 f\nd insuffici5t1 ! "q arises1 ,c ano!r be sub/itut$ 9 its place8 ,if n1 c any?+ t is positive1 & if any?+1 :at1 be said z to ! "q ( specific orig9ation8 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is ( c\rse axiomatic t ! laws :i* condition$ ! evolution ( ext9ct & ( exi/+ species are ( z mu* efficacy at ?is mom5t z at any prec$+ p]iod1 t !y t5d to ! manife/ation ( new =ms z mu* n[ z ev] be=e4 ,x by no means necess>ily foll[s1 h[ev]1 t ?is t5d5cy is actually be+ c>ri$ into effect1 & t new species ( ! high] animals & plants are actually n[ produc$4 ,!y may be s or !y may n1 accord+ z exi/+ circum/ances fav\r1 or conflict )1 ! action ( ^? laws4 ,x is possible t l[ly organiz$ creatures may be cont9ually evolv$ at ! pres5t day1 ! requisite conditions be+ m or less easily suppli$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no simil> evid5ce at pres5t z to high] =ms2 :ile1 z we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,,vii41 !re are a priori consid]ations :i* militate aga9/ _! be+ simil>ly evolv$4 #bbf ,! pres5ce ( wild v>ieties & ! difficulty :i* (t5 exi/s 9 ! det]m9ation ( species are sometimes adduc$ z argum5ts t high =ms are n[ 9 process ( evolution4 ,^! facts1 h[ev]1 d n necess>ily prove m ?an t "s species possess a great] v>iability ?an o!rs1 & 7:at is inde$ unque/ionable7 t species h (t5 be5 unduly multipli$ by geologi/s & botani/s4 ,x may be1 = example1 t ,wagn] 0 "r1 & t all ! ,am]ican monkeys ( ! g5us cebus may be r$uc$ to a s+le species or to two4 ,) reg>d to ! l[] organisms1 & suppos+ views rec5tly advanc$ to become fully e/abli%$1 !re is no reason to ?9k t ! =ms said to be evolv$ 7 new species1 b r reappe>ances ( def9ite k9ds :i* _h appe>$ be=e & w appe> aga9 "u ! same conditions4 ,9 ! same way1 ) high] =ms simil> conditions mu/ educe simil> results1 b "h practically simil> conditions c r>ely obta9 because ( ! l>ge "p :i* desc5t & inh]itance always play 9 su* highly organiz$ =ms4 ,/ill x is conceivable t diff]5t comb9ations at diff]5t times may h occasionally ! same outcome j z ! multiplications ( diff]5t numb]s may h sev]ally ! same result4 ,!re are reasons1 h[ev]1 = ?9k+ x possible t ! human race is a witness ( an exceptionally un*ang+ & /able condition ( ?+s1 if ! calculations ( ,mr4 ,croll are valid z to h[ f> v>iations 9 ! ecc5tricity 9 ! e>?'s orbit toge!r ) ! precession ( ! equ9oxes h produc$ *anges 9 climate4 ,mr4 ,wallace has po9t$ out#bbi t ! la/ #fj1jjj ye>s hav+ be5 exceptionally un*ang+ z reg>ds ^! conditions1 specific evolution may h be5 #bbg exceptionally r>e4 ,x becomes !n possible to suppose t = a simil> p]iod /imuli to *ange 9 ! manife/ation ( animal =ms may h be5 exceptionally few & feeble1--t is1 if ! conditions ( ! e>?'s orbit h be5 z exceptional z /at$4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 if new species are actually n[ be+ evolv$ z actively z ev]1 or if !y h be5 s q rec5tly1 no conflict !nce necess>ily arises ) ! view "h advocat$4 ,= x by no means foll[s t if "s examples ( new species h rec5tly be5 sudd5ly produc$ f individuals ( antec$5t species1 we ought to be able to put our f+]s on su* cases2 z ,mr4 ,murphy well obs]ves#bcj 9 a passage be=e quot$1 ,if a species 7 to come sudd5ly into be+ 9 ! wild /ate1 z ! ,ancon %eep did "u dome/ication1 h[ c\ld we asc]ta9 ! fact8 ,if ! fir/ ( a newly-born species 7 f\nd1 ! fact ( its discov]y w\ld tell no?+ ab\t its orig94 ,naturali/s w\ld regi/] x z a v r>e species1 hav+ be5 only once met )1 b !y w\ld h no means ( kn[+ :e!r x 7 ! fir/ or ! la/ ( its race4 ,b are !re any gr\nds = ?9k+ t 9 ! g5esis ( species an int]nal =ce or t5d5cy int]f]es1 co-op]ates ) & controls ! action ( ext]nal conditions8 ,x is "h cont5d$ t !re are su* gr\nds1 & t ?\gh inh]itance1 rev]sion1 atavism1 ,natural ,selection1 c41 play a "p n unimportant1 yet t su* an int]nal p[] is a great1 p]haps ! ma91 det]m9+ ag5t4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be repli$ t su* an entity is no v]a causa2 t if ! conception is accept$1 x is no real explanation2 & t x is m]ely a r\ndab\t way ( say+ t ! facts are z !y are1 :ile ! cause rema9s unkn[n4 ,to ?is x may be rejo9$ t = all :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ab/raction =ce at all1 o!r ?an w1 #bbh ?is conception ( an int]nal =ce mu/ be accept$ & locat$ some:]e--_c be elim9at$ altoge!r2 & t !re=e x may z reasonably be accept$ 9 ?is mode z 9 any o!r4 ,x 0 urg$ at ! end ( ! ?ird *apt] t x is congru\s to cr$it m9]al species ) an int]nal p[] or =ce4 ,by su* a p[] x may be conceiv$ t cry/als n only assume _! ext]nal symmetry1 b ev5 repair x :5 injur$4 ,ultimate *emical elem5ts mu/ also be conceiv$ z possess+ an innate t5d5cy to =m c]ta9 unions1 & to coh]e 9 /able aggregations4 ,?is 0 consid]$ t[>ds ! end ( ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,turn+ to ! organic _w1 ev5 on ! hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] or t ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 x is impossible to escape ! conception ( innate int]nal =ces4 ,) reg>d to ! physiological units ( ! =m]1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself1 z we h se51 di/9ctly attributes to !m an innate t5d5cy to evolve ! p>5t =m f :i* !y sprang4 ,) reg>d to ! gemmules ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 we h se51 9 ,*apt] ,x41 ) h[ _m innate p[]s1 t5d5cies1 & capabilities !y mu/ ea* be sev]ally end[$1 to reproduce _! k9d1 to evolve complex organisms or cells1 to ex]cise g]m9ative aff9ity1 c4 ,if !n 7z 0 be=e said at ! end ( ,*apt] ,,viii47 su* innate p[]s mu/ be attribut$ to *emical atoms1 to m9]al species1 to gemmules1 & to physiological units1 x is only reasonable to attribute su* to ea* individual organism4 ,! conception ( su* int]nal & lat5t capabilities is some:at l t ( ,mr4 ,galton1 be=e m5tion$1 accord+ to :i* ! organic _w consi/s ( entities1 ea* ( :i* is1 z x 71 a sph]oid ) _m facets on its surface1 ^u "o ( :i* x reposes 9 /able equilibrium4 ,:5 by ! accumulat$ action ( incid5t =ces ?is equilibrium is #bbi di/urb$1 ! sph]oid is suppos$ to turn ov] until x settles on an adjac5t facet once m 9 /able equilibrium4 ,! int]nal t5d5cy ( an organism to c]ta9 consid]able & def9ite *anges w\ld correspond to ! facets on ! surface ( ! sph]oid4 ,x may be object$ t we h no k z to h[ t]re/rial1 cosmical & o!r =ces c affect organisms s z to /imulate & evolve ^! lat5t1 m]ely pot5tial =ms4 ,b we h _h evid5ce t su* my/]i\s ag5cies d affect organisms 9 ways z yet inexplicable1 9 ! v rem>kable effects ( geographical conditions :i* 7 detail$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]4 ,x is q conceivable t ! mat]ial organic _w may be s con/itut$ t ! simultane\s action ^u x ( all kn[n =ces1 me*anical1 physical1 *emical1 magnetic1 t]re/rial1 & cosmical1 toge!r ) o!r z yet unkn[n =ces :i* probably exi/1 may result 9 *anges :i* are h>moni\s & symmetrical1 j z ! int]nal nature ( vibrat+ plates causes p>ticles ( s& scatt]$ ov] !m to assume def9ite & symmetrical figures :5 made to oscillate 9 diff]5t ways by ! b[ ( a viol9 be+ drawn along _! edges4 ,! results ( ^! comb9$ int]nal p[]s & ext]nal influ5ces might be repres5t$ "u ! symbol ( complex s]ies ( vibrations 7analog\s to ^? ( s\nd or light7 =m+ a mo/ complex h>mony or a display ( mo/ v>i$ col\rs4 ,9 su* a way ! rep>ation ( local injuries might be symboliz$ z a fill+ up & completion ( an int]rupt$ rhy?m4 ,?us also mon/r\s ab]rations f typical /ructure might correspond to a discord1 & /]ility f cross+ be comp>$ ) ! d>kness result+ f ! int]f]5ce ( waves ( light4 ,su* symbolism w h>monize ) ! peculi> reproduction1 be=e m5tion$1 ( heads 9 ! body ( c]ta9 annelids1 ) ! facts ( s]ial homology1 z well z ^? ( bilat]al & v]tical symmetry4 #bcj ,also1 z ! atoms ( a resonant body may be made to give out s\nd by ! juxtaposition ( a vibrat+ tun+-=k1 s x is conceivable t ! physiological units ( a liv+ organism may be s influ5c$ by surr\nd+ conditions 7organic & o!r7 t ! accumulation ( ^! conditions may upset ! previ\s rhy?m ( su* units1 produc+ modifications 9 !m--a fre% *ord 9 ! h>mony ( nature--a new species6 ,b x may be aga9 object$ t to say t species arise by ! help ( an innate p[] possess$ by organisms is no explanation1 b is a reproduction ( ! absurdity1 l'opium endormit p>cequ'il a une v]tu soporifique4 ,x is cont5d$1 h[ev]1 t ?is objection does n apply1 ev5 if x be conc$$ t !re is t =ce 9 ,molire's ridicule :i* is g5]ally attribut$ to x4#bca ,mu*1 h[ev]1 might be said 9 opposition to m ?an "o ( t brilliant dramati/'s sm>t philosophical epigrams1 j z to ! !ological ones ( ,voltaire1 or to ! biological "o ( t o!r ,fr5*man :o = a "t discr$it$ a cranial skeletal !ory by ! phrase ,v]tbre p5sante4#bcb ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 x is a real explanation ( h[ a man lives to say t he lives indep5d5tly1 on 8 own income1 in/ead ( be+ support$ by 8 relatives & fri5ds4 ,9 ! same way1 !re is fully z real a di/9ction betwe5 ! production ( new specific manife/ations entirely ab ext]no1 & by ! production ( ! same ?r\gh an innate =ce & t5d5cy1 ! det]m9ation ( :i* into action is occasion$ by #bca ext]nal circum/ances4 ,to say t organisms possess ?is innate p[]1 & t by x new species are f "t to "t produc$1 is by no means a m]e ass]tion t !y are produc$1 & 9 an unkn[n mode4 ,x is ! negation ( t view :i* deems ext]nal =ces alone suffici5t1 & at ! same "t ! ass]tion ( some?+ positive1 to be arriv$ at by ! process ( r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,all physical explanations result ultimately 9 su* conceptions ( innate p[]1 or else 9 t ( w =ce4 ,! f>-fam$ explanation ( ! cele/ial motions ends 9 ! conception t e p>ticle ( matt] has ! innate p[] ( attract+ e o!r p>ticle directly z ! mass1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,we are logically driv5 to ?is positive conception if we d n accept ! view t !re is no =ce b volition1 & t all ph5om5a :atev] are ! imm$iate results ( ! action ( intellig5t & self-consci\s w4 ,we h se5 t ! notion ( sudd5 *anges--saltatory actions 9 nature--has receiv$ c\nt5ance f ,pr(essor ,huxley4#bcc ,we mu/ conceive t ^! jumps are ord]ly1 & accord+ to law1 inasmu* z ! :ole cosmos is su*4 ,su* ord]ly evolution h>monizes ) a teleology d]iv$1 n inde$ f ext]nal nature directly1 b f ! m9d ( man4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 m w be said 9 ! next *apt]4 ,b1 once m1 if new species are n manife/$ by ! action ( ext]nal conditions ^u m9ute indef9ite individual diff]5ces1 9 :at precise way may we conceive t manife/ation to h tak5 place8 ,are new species n[ evolv+1 z !y h be5 f "t to "t evolv$8 ,if s1 9 :at way & by :at conceivable means8 #bcb ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y mu/ be produc$ by natural action 9 pre-exi/+ mat]ial1 or by sup]natural action4 ,= reasons to be giv5 9 ! next *apt]1 ! second hypo!sis ne$ n be consid]$4 ,if1 !n1 new species are & h be5 evolv$ f pre-exi/+ mat]ial1 mu/ t mat]ial h be5 organic or inorganic8 ,z be=e said1 additional argum5ts h lately be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ t individual organisms d arise f a basis ( 9-organic mat]ial only4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is at ! mo/ appe>s to be ! case1 if at all1 only ) ! l[e/ & mo/ m9ute organisms exclusively1 ! process _c be obs]v$1 ?\gh x may p]haps be fairly inf]r$4 ,we may !re=e1 if = no o!r reason1 dismiss ! notion t highly organiz$ animals & plants c be sudd5ly or gradually built up by any comb9ation ( physical =ces & natural p[]s act+ ext]nally & int]nally ^u & 9 m]ely inorganic mat]ial z a base4 ,b ! "q is1 h[ h ! highe/ k9ds ( animals & plants aris58 ,x seems impossible t !y c h appe>$ o!rwise ?an by ! ag5cy ( antec$5t organisms n greatly diff]5t f !m4 ,a multitude ( facts1 ev] increas+ 9 numb] & importance1 all po9t to su* a mode ( specific manife/ation4 ,"o v good example has be5 adduc$ by ,pr(essor ,fl[] 9 ! introductory lecture ( 8 fir/ ,hunt]ian ,c\rse4#bcd ,x is ! r$uction 9 size1 to a great] or less degree1 ( ! second & ?ird digits ( ! foot 9 ,au/ralian m>supials1 & ?is1 9 spite ( ! v diff]5t =m & function ( ! foot 9 diff]5t gr\ps ( ^? animals4 ,a simil>ly significant evid5ce ( relation%ip is af=d$ by processes ( ! zygomatic region ( ! skull 9 c]ta9 ed5tates exi/+ & ext9ct4 #bcc ,aga91 ! relation betwe5 exi/+ & rec5t faunas ( ! diff]5t regions ( ! _w1 & ! pr$om9at+ 7?\gh by no means exclusive7 m>* ( organization1 f ! m g5]al to ! m special1 po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,almo/ all ! facts br\ght =w>d by ! pati5t indu/ry ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 support ( 8 !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 are ( c\rse available z evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ag5cy ( pre-exi/+ & simil> animals 9 specific evolution4 ,n[ ! new =ms mu/ be produc$ by *anges tak+ place 9 organisms 91 aft] or be=e _! bir?1 ei!r 9 _! embryonic1 or t[>ds or 9 _! adult1 condition4 ,examples ( /range bir?s are suffici5tly common1 & !y may arise ei!r f direct embryonic modifications or app>5tly f "s obscure *ange 9 ! p>5tal action4 ,to ! =m] category belong ! ho/s ( in/ances ( mal=mation ?r\gh arre/ ( developm5t1 & p]haps g5]ally mon/rosities ( "s sort are ! result ( su* affections ( ! embryo4 ,to ! second category belong all cases ( hybridism1 ( cross bre$1 & 9 all probability ! new v>ieties & =ms1 su* z ! memorable "o ( ! black-%\ld]$ peacock4 ,9 all ^! cases we d n h abortions or mon/rosities1 b m or less h>moni\s =ms (t5 ( great functional activity1 end[$ ) m>k$ viability & g5]ative prepot5cy1 except 9 ! case ( hybrids1 :5 we (t5 f9d ev5 a m m>k$ g5]ative impot5cy4 ,x seems probable !re=e t new species may arise f "s con/itutional affection ( p>5tal =ms--an affection ma9ly1 if n exclusively1 ( _! g5]ative sy/em4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has c>efully collect$#bce num]\s in/ances to %[ h[ excessively s5sitive to v>i\s influ5ces ?is sy/em is4 ,he says3#bcf ,/]ility is indep5d5t ( g5]al heal?1 & is (t5 accompani$ by excess ( size1 or #bcd great luxuriance1 &1 ,no "o c tell1 till he tries2 :e!r any p>ticul> animal w bre$ "u conf9em5t1 or any exotic plant se$ freely "u culture4 ,aga91 ,:5 a new "* arises1 :atev] its nature may be1 x g5]ally t5ds to be inh]it$1 at lea/ 9 a tempor>y & sometimes 9 a mo/ p]si/5t mann]4#bcg ,yet ! obscure action ( conditions w alt] *>act]s long inh]it$1 z ! gr&*ildr5 ( ,aylesbury ducks1 remov$ to a di/ant "p ( ,engl&1 completely lo/ _! e>ly habit ( incubation1 & hat*$ _! eggs at ! same "t ) ! common ducks ( ! same place4#bch ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes ,mr4 ,b>tlett z say+3 ,x is rem>kable t lions bre$ m freely 9 travell+ collections ?an 9 ! zoological g>d5s2 probably ! con/ant excitem5t & irritation produc$ by mov+ f place to place1 or *ange ( air1 may h consid]able influ5ce 9 ! matt]4#bci ,mr4 ,d>w9 also says3 ,!re is reason to believe t insects are affect$ by conf9em5t l ! high] animals1 & he gives examples4#bdj ,aga91 he gives examples ( *ange ( plumage 9 ! l9net1 bunt+1 oriole1 & o!r birds1 & ( ! tempor>y modification ( ! horns ( a male de] dur+ a voyage4#bda ,f9ally1 he adds t ^! *anges _c be attribut$ to loss ( heal? or vig\r1 :5 we reflect h[ heal?y1 long-liv$1 & vigor\s _m animals are "u captivity1 su* z p>rots1 & hawks :5 us$ = hawk+1 *etahs :5 us$ = hunt+1 & elephants4 ,! reproductive organs !mselves are n diseas$2 & ! diseases f :i* animals 9 m5ag]ies usually p]i%1 are n ^? :i* 9 any way affect _! f]tility4 ,no dome/ic animal is m subject to disease ?an ! %eep1 yet x is rem>kably prolific4444 ,x w\ld appe> t any *ange 9 #bce ! habits ( life1 :atev] ^! habits may be1 if great en\gh1 t5ds to affect 9 an inexplicable mann] ! p[]s ( reproduction4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! s+ul> s5sitiv5ess ( ! g5]ative sy/em4 ,z to ! means by :i* t sy/em is affect$1 we see t a v>iety ( conditions affect x2 b z to ! modes 9 :i* !y act ^u x1 we h z yet little if any clue4 ,we h also se5 ! s+ul> effects 79 tail$ ,lepidopt]a1 c47 ( causes connect$ ) geographical di/ribution1 ! mode ( action ( :i* is z yet q inexplicable2 & we h also se5 ! innate t5d5cy :i* !re appe>s to be 9 c]ta9 gr\ps 7birds ( p>adise1 c47 to develop peculi>ities ( a special k9d4 ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 probable t o!r influ5ces exi/1 t]re/rial & cosmical1 z yet un-not$4 ,! gradually accumulat+ or div]sely comb9+ actions ( all ^! on highly s5sitive /ructures1 :i* are !mselves possess$ ( int]nal responsive p[]s & t5d5cies1 may well result 9 occasional repeat$ productions ( =ms h>moni\s & vigor\s1 & diff]+ f ! p>5tal =ms 9 proportion to ! result ( ! comb9+ or conflict+ action ( all ext]nal & int]nal influ5ces4 ,if1 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ?is planet1 m causes ev] int]v5$1 or int]v5$ m en]getically ?an at pres5t1 we might a priori expect a ri*] & m v>i\s evolution ( =ms m radically diff]+ ?an any :i* c\ld be produc$ "u conditions ( m p]fect equilibrium4 ,at ! same "t1 if x be true t ! la/ few ?\s& ye>s h be5 a p]iod ( rem>kable & exceptional uni=mity z reg>ds ?is planet's a/ronomical relations1 !re are !n "s gr\nds = ?9k+ t organic evolution may h be5 exceptionally depress$ dur+ ! same epo*4 ,n[1 z to ! fact t sudd5 *anges & sudd5 developm5ts h #bcf occurr$1 & z to ! probability t su* *anges are likely to occur1 evid5ce 0 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,9 ,*apt] ,v4 we also saw t m9]als become modifi$ sudd5ly & consid]ably by ! action ( incid5t =ces--z1 e4g41 ! production ( hexagonal tabul> cry/als ( c>bonate ( copp] by sulphuric acid1 & ( long rectangul> prisms by ammonia1 c4 ,we h ?us a c]ta9 antec$5t probability t if *anges are produc$ 9 specific manife/ation ?r\gh incid5t =ces1 ^! *anges w be s5sible & consid]able1 n m9ute & inf9itesimal4 ,consequ5tly1 x is probable t new species h appe>$ f "t to "t ) comp>ative sudd5ness1 & t !y /ill cont9ue s to arise if all ! conditions necess>y = specific evolution n[ obta94 ,?is probability w be increas$ if ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,ba/ian are confirm$ by future inve/igation4 ,accord+ to 8 report1 :5 ! requisite conditions 7 suppli$1 ! trans=mations :i* appe>$ to take place 7f v l[ to high] organisms7 7 sudd51 def9ite1 & complete4 ,!re=e1 if ?is is s1 !re mu/ probably exi/ 9 high] =ms a simil> t5d5cy to su* *ange4 ,t t5d5cy may inde$ be long suppress$1 & ultimately modifi$ by ! action ( h]$ity--an action :i* w\ld increase 9 =ce ) ! increase 9 ! p]fection & complexity ( ! organism affect$4 ,/ill we might expect t su* *anges z d take place w\ld be also sudd51 def9ite1 & complete4 ,moreov]1 z ! same causes produce ! same effects1 sev]al individual p>5t =ms mu/ (t5 h be5 simil>ly & simultane\sly affect$4 ,t !y %\ld be s affect$--at lea/ t sev]al simil>ly modifi$ individuals %\ld simultane\sly arise--has be5 se5 to be a g5]ally necess>y circum/ance = ! p]man5t duration ( su* new modifications4 ,x is also conceivable t su* new =ms may be end[$ ) #bcg excessive con/itutional /r5g? & viability1 & ) g5]ative prepot5cy1 z 0 ! case ) ! black-%\ld]$ peacock 9 ,sir ,j4 ,trevelyan's flock4 ,?is flock 0 entirely compos$ ( ! common k9d1 & yet ! new =m rapidly develop$ itself to ! ext9ction ( ! previ\sly exi/+ bre$4#bdb ,inde$1 ! notion accept$ by bo? ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & :i* is pla9ly ! fact 7namely1 t *anges ( conditions & incid5t =ces1 )9 limits1 augm5t ! viability & f]tility ( individuals71 h>monizes well ) ! sugge/$ possibility z to an augm5t$ viability & prepot5cy 9 new organic =ms evolv$ by peculi> cons5tane\s actions ( conditions & =ces1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal4 ,! rem>kable s]ies ( *anges not$ by ,dr4 ,ba/ian 7 c]ta9ly n produc$ by ext]nal incid5t =ces only1 b by ^! act+ on a peculi> mat]ia1 hav+ special prop]ties & p[]s4 ,!re=e1 ! *anges 7 induc$ by ! cons5tane\s action ( int]nal & ext]nal =ces4#bdc ,9 ! same way !n1 we may expect *anges 9 high] =ms to be evolv$ by simil> unit$ action ( int]nal & ext]nal =ces4 ,"o o!r po9t may "h be allud$ to4 ,:5 ! rem>kable way 9 :i* /ructure & function simultane\sly *ange1 is borne 9 m9d2 :5 ^? num]\s in/ances 9 :i* nature has suppli$ simil> wants by simil> means1 z detail$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 are rememb]$2 :5 also all ! wond]ful contrivances ( or*ids1 ( mimicry1 & ! /range complexity ( c]ta9 in/9ctive actions are consid]$3 !n ! conviction =ces itself on _m m9ds t ! organic _w is ! expression ( an intellig5ce ( "s k9d4 ,?is view has be5 well advocat$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,john ,murphy1 9 8 rec5t "w s (t5 "h ref]r$ to4 #bch ,?is intellig5ce1 h[ev]1 is evid5tly n altoge!r su* z ours1 or else has o!r ends 9 view ?an ^? mo/ obvi\s to u4 ,= ! end is (t5 atta9$ 9 s+ul>ly r\ndab\t ways1 or ) a prodigality ( means :i* seems out ( all proportion ) ! result3 n ) ! simple action direct$ to "o end :i* g5]ally m>ks human activity4 ,organic nature !n speaks cle>ly to _m m9ds ( ! action ( an intellig5ce result+1 on ! :ole & 9 ! ma91 9 ord]1 h>mony1 & beauty1 yet ( an intellig5ce ! ways ( :i* are n su* z ours4 ,?is view ( evolution h>monizes well ) ,!i/ic conceptions2 n1 ( c\rse1 t ?is h>mony is br\ght =w>d z an argum5t 9 its fav\r g5]ally1 b x w h weight ) ^? :o are conv9c$ t ,!ism reposes ^u solid gr\nds ( reason z ! rational view ( ! univ]se4 ,to su* x may be obs]v$ t1 ?us conceiv$1 ! ,div9e action has t slight am\nt ( resemblance to1 & t wide am\nt ( div]g5ce f :at human action w\ld be1 :i* might be expect$ a priori--might be expect$1 t is1 f a ,be+ ^: nature & aims are utt]ly beyond our p[] to imag9e1 h[ev] fa9tly1 b ^: tru? & goodness are ! f\nta9 & s\rce ( our own p]ceptions ( su* qualities4 ,! view ( evolution ma9ta9$ 9 ?is "w1 ?\gh arriv$ at 9 complete indep5d5ce1 yet seems to agree 9 _m respects ) ! views advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ! la/ volume ( 8 ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates1 "u ! t]m d]ivation4 ,he says3#bdd ,d]ivation holds t e species *anges 9 "t1 by virtue ( inh]5t t5d5cies !reto4 ',natural ,selection' holds t no su* *ange c take place )\t ! influ5ce ( alt]$ ext]nal circum/ances4#bde #bci ',d]ivation' sees among ! effects ( ! innate t5d5cy to *ange irrespective ( alt]$ circum/ances1 a manife/ation ( creative p[] 9 ! v>iety & beauty ( ! results2 &1 9 ! ultimate =?com+ ( a be+ susceptible ( appreciat+ su* beauty1 evid5ce ( ! pre-orda9+ ( su* relation ( p[] to ! appreciation4 ',natural ,selection' ackn[l$ges t if ornam5t or beauty1 9 itself1 %\ld be a purpose 9 creation1 x w\ld be absolutely fatal to x z a hypo!sis4 ',natural ,selection' sees gr&eur 9 ! view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a few =ms or into "o4 ',d]ivation' sees !re9 a n>r[ invocation ( a special miracle & an unwor?y limitation ( creative p[]1 ! gr&eur ( :i* is manife/$ daily1 h\rly1 9 call+ into life _m =ms1 by conv]sion ( physical & *emical into vital modes ( =ce1 "u z _m div]sifi$ conditions ( ! requisite elem5ts to be s comb9$4 ,! view prop\nd$ 9 ?is "w all[s1 h[ev]1 a great] & m important "p to ! %>e ( ext]nal influ5ces1 x be+ believ$ by ! ,au?or1 h[ev]1 t ^! ext]nal influ5ces equally ) ! int]nal ones are ! results ( "o h>moni\s action und]ly+ ! :ole ( nature1 organic & inorganic1 cosmical1 physical1 *emical1 t]re/rial1 vital1 & social4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 an int]nal law presides ov] ! actions ( e "p ( e individual1 & ( e organism z a unit1 & ( ! entire organic _w z a :ole4 ,x is believ$ t ?is conception ( an int]nal innate =ce w ev] rema9 necess>y1 h[ev] mu* its subord9ate processes & actions may become explicable3 ,t by su* a =ce1 f "t to "t1 new species are manife/$ by ord9>y g5]ation j z ,pavo nigrip5nis appe>$ sudd5ly1 ^! new =ms n be+ mon/rosities b h>moni\s self-consi/5t :oles4 ,t ?us1 z specific di/9ctness is manife/$ by obscure sexual #bdj conditions1 s 9 obscure sexual modifications specific di/9ctions arise4 ,t ^! jumps are consid]able 9 comp>ison ) ! m9ute v>iations ( ,natural ,selection--are 9 fact s5sible /eps1 su* z discrim9ate species f species4 ,t ! lat5t t5d5cy :i* exi/s to ^! sudd5 evolutions is det]m9$ to action by ! /imulus ( ext]nal conditions4 ,t ,natural ,selection rigor\sly de/roys mon/rosities1 & abortive & feeble attempts at ! p]=mance ( ! evolution>y process4 ,t ,natural ,selection removes ! antec$5t species rapidly :5 ! new "o evolv$ is m 9 h>mony ) surr\nd+ conditions4 ,t ,natural ,selection fav\rs & develops useful v>iations1 ?\gh x is impot5t to orig9ate !m or to erect ! physiological b>ri] :i* seems to exi/ betwe5 species4 ,by "s su* conception z ?is1 ! difficulties "h enum]at$1 :i* beset ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection pure & simple1 are to be got ov]4 ,?us1 = example1 ! difficulties discuss$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]--namely1 ^? z to ! orig9s & fir/ beg9n+s ( c]ta9 /ructures--are completely evad$4 ,aga91 z to ! indep5d5t orig9 ( closely simil> /ructures1 su* z ! eyes ( ! ,v]tebrata & cuttle-fi%es1 ! difficulty is remov$ if we may adopt ! conception ( an innate =ce simil>ly direct$ 9 ea* case1 & assi/$ by fav\rable ext]nal conditions4 ,specific /ability1 limitation to v>iability1 & ! facts ( rev]sion1 all h>monize ) ! view "h put =w>d4 ,! same may be said ) reg>d to ! significant facts ( homology1 & ( organic symmetry2 & our consid]ation ( ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis 9 ,*apt] ,x41 has seem$ to result 9 a view z to innate p[]s :i* accords well ) :at is "h advocat$4 ,page #bda ,! evolution>y hypo!sis "h advocat$ also s]ves to expla9 all ^? rem>kable facts :i* 7 /at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] to be explicable by ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 namely1 ! relation ( exi/+ to rec5t faunas & floras2 ! ph5om5a ( homology & ( rudim5t>y /ructures2 also ! processes gone ?r\gh 9 developm5t2 & la/ly1 ! wond]ful facts ( mimicry4 ,f9ally1 ! view adopt$ is ! syn!sis ( _m di/9ct &1 at fir/ sight1 conflict+ conceptions1 ea* ( :i* conta9s elem5ts ( tru?1 & all ( :i* x appe>s to be able m or less to h>monize4 ,?us x has be5 se5 t ,natural ,selection is accept$4 ,x acts & mu/ act1 ?\gh alone x does n appe> capable ( fulfill+ ! task assign$ to x by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,pang5esis has probably also mu* tru? 9 x1 & has c]ta9ly af=d$ valuable & pregnant sugge/ions1 b unaid$ & alone x seems inadequate to expla9 ! evolution ( ! individual organism4 ,^? ?ree conceptions ( ! organic _w :i* may be spok5 ( z ! teleological1 ! typical1 & ! transmutationi/1 h (t5 be5 reg>d$ z mutually antagoni/ic & conflict+4 ,! g5esis ( species z "h conceiv$1 h[ev]1 accepts1 locates1 & h>monizes all ! ?ree4 ,teleology conc]ns ! ends = :i* organisms 7 design$4 ,! recognition1 !re=e1 t _! =mation took place by an evolution n =tuit\s1 9 no way invalidates ! ackn[l$gm5t ( _! f9al causes if on o!r gr\nds !re are reasons = believ+ t su* f9al causes exi/4 ,con=mity to type1 or ! creation ( species accord+ to c]ta9 div9e ideas1 is 9 no way int]f]$ ) by su* a process ( evolution z is "h advocat$4 ,su* div9e ideas mu/ be accept$ or decl9$ ^u q o!r gr\nds ?an ! mode ( _! realization1 & ( _! manife/ation 9 ! _w ( s5sible ph5om5a4 ,page #bdb ,transmutationism 7an old "n = ! evolution>y hypo!sis71 :i* 0 conceiv$ at "o "t to be ! v anti!sis to ! two prec$+ conceptions1 h>monizes well ) !m if ! evolution be conceiv$ to be ord]ly & design$4 ,x w 9 ! next *apt] be %[n to be completely 9 h>mony ) conceptions1 ^u ! acceptance ( :i* f9al causes & div9e ideal ar*etypes alike dep5d4 ,?us !n1 if ! cumulative argum5t put =w>d 9 ?is book is valid1 we mu/ admit ! insuffici5cy ( ,natural ,selection bo? on acc\nt ( ! residu>y ph5om5a x fails to expla91 & on acc\nt ( c]ta9 o!r ph5om5a :i* seem actually to conflict ) t !ory4 ,we h se5 t ?\gh ! laws ( nature are con/ant1 yet "s ( ! conditions :i* det]m9e specific *ange may be exceptionally abs5t at ! pres5t epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory2 also t x is n only possible1 b highly probable1 t an int]nal p[] or t5d5cy is an important if n ! ma9 ag5t 9 evok+ ! manife/ation ( new species on ! sc5e ( realiz$ exi/5ce1 & t 9 any case1 f ! facts ( homology1 innate int]nal p[]s to ! full z my/]i\s mu/ anyh[ be accept$1 :e!r !y act 9 specific orig9ation or n4 ,besides all ?is1 we h se5 t x is probable t ! action ( ?is innate p[] is /imulat$1 evok$1 & det]m9$ by ext]nal conditions1 & also t ! same ext]nal conditions1 9 ! %ape ( ,natural ,selection1 play an important "p 9 ! evolution>y process3 & f9ally1 x has be5 affirm$ t ! view "h advocat$1 :ile x is support$ by ! facts on :i* ,d>w9ism re/s1 is n op5 to ! objections & difficulties :i* oppose !mselves to ! reception ( ,natural ,selection1 z ! exclusive or ev5 z ! ma9 ag5t 9 ! successive & ord]ly evolution ( organic =ms 9 ! g5esis ( species4 ,page #bdc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,!ology ,,& ,,evolution4 ,prejudic$ op9ions on ! subject4--,creation sometimes d5i$ f prejudice4---,! unkn[able4--,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s objections to !ism2 to creation4--,mean+s ( t]m creation4--,confusion f n di/+ui%+ betwe5 prim>y & d]ivative creation4--,mr4 ,d>w9's objections4--,be>+ ( ,*ri/ianity on ! !ory ( evolution4--,suppos$ opposition1 ! result ( a misconception4--,!ological au?ority n oppos$ to evolution4--,/4 ,augu/94--,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4--,c]ta9 consequ5ces ( want ( flexibility ( m9d4--,reason & imag9ation4--,! fir/ cause & demon/ration4--,p>allel betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & natural !ology4--,:at evolution ( species is4--,pr(essor ,agassiz4--,innate p[]s mu/ be recogniz$4--,be>+ ( evolution on religi\s belief4--,pr(essor ,huxley4--,pr(essor ,ow54--,mr4 ,wallace4--,mr4 ,d>w94--,a priori conception ( ,div9e action4--,orig9 ( man4--,absolute creation & dogma4--,mr4 ,wallace's view4--,a sup]natural orig9 = man's body n necess>y4--,two ord]s ( be+ 9 man4--,two modes ( orig94--,h>mony ( ! physical1 hyp]physical1 & sup]natural4--,reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion z reg>ds evolution4--,conclusion4 ,! special ,d>w9ian ,!ory & t ( an evolution>y process nei!r excessively m9ute nor =tuit\s1 hav+ n[ be5 consid]$1 x is "t to turn to ! important "q1 :e!r bo? or ei!r ( ^! conceptions may h any be>+1 & if any1 :at1 ^u ,*ri/ian belief8 ,"s read]s w consid] su* an inquiry to be a "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,see+ cle>ly !mselves ! absurdity ( preval5t popul> views1 & ! %all[ness ( popul> objections1 !y may be impati5t ( any discussion1 on ! subject4 ,b x is submitt$ t !re are _m m9ds wor?y #bdd ( ! highe/ e/eem & ( e consid]ation1 :i* h reg>d$ ! subject hi!rto almo/ exclusively f "o po9t ( view2 t !re are "s p]sons :o are oppos$ to ! progress 79 _! own m9ds or 9 t ( _! *ildr5 or dep5d5ts7 ( physical sci5tific tru?--! natural revelation--?r\gh a mi/ak5 e/imate ( its religi\s be>+s1 :ile !re are o!rs :o are zeal\s 9 its promotion f a precisely simil> error4 ,= ! sake ( bo? ^! !n ! ,au?or may p]haps be p>don$ = ent]+ slightly on v elem5t>y matt]s relat+ to ! "q1 :e!r evolution or ,d>w9ism h any1 & if any1 :at1 be>+ on !ology8 ,!re are at lea/ two classes ( m5 :o w c]ta9ly ass]t t !y h a v important & highly significant be>+ ^u x4 ,"o ( ^! classes consi/s ( p]sons zeal\s = religion inde$1 b :o id5tify or?odoxy ) _! own private int]pretation ( ,scripture or ) n>r[ op9ions 9 :i* !y h be5 br\ght up--op9ions d\btless widely spread1 b at ! same "t de/itute ( any di/9ct & au?oritative sanction on ! "p ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! o!r class is made up ( m5 ho/ile to religion1 & :o are glad to make use ( any & e argum5t :i* !y ?9k may possibly be available aga9/ x4 ,"s individuals )9 ?is latt] class may n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b may yet ab/a9 f publicly av[+ ?is abs5ce ( belief1 cont5t+ !mselves ) d5ials ( creation & design1 ?\gh ^! d5ials are really consequ5ces ( _! attitude ( m9d respect+ ! mo/ important & fundam5tal ( all beliefs4 ,)\t a di/9ct belief 9 a p]sonal ,god x is impossible to h any religion wor?y ( ! "n1 & no "o c at ! same "t accept ! ,*ri/ian religion & d5y ! dogma ( creation4 ,page #bde ,i believe 9 ,god1 ! ,creator ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ! v fir/ clauses ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 =mally commit ^? :o accept !m to ! ass]tion ( ?is belief4 ,if1 !re=e1 any !ory ( physical sci5ce really conflicts ) su* an au?oritative /atem5t1 its importance to ,*ri/ians is unque/ionable4 ,z1 h[ev]1 creation =ms a "p ( revelation1 & z revelation appeals = its acceptance to reason :i* has to prep>e a basis = x by an intellig5t acceptance ( !ism on purely rational gr\nds1 x is necess>y to />t ) a few words z to ! reasonabl5ess ( belief 9 ,god1 :i* inde$ are less sup]flu\s ?an "s read]s may p]haps imag9e2 a few words1 because ?is is n ! place :]e ! argum5t c be drawn out1 b only "o or two h9ts giv5 9 reply to c]ta9 mod]n objections4 ,no bett] example p]haps c be tak51 z a type ( ^! objections1 ?an a passage 9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4#bdf ,?is au?or con/antly speaks ( ! ultimate cause ( ?+s z ! ,unkn[able1 a t]m s+ul>ly un=tunate1 & z ,mr4 ,james ,m>t9eau has po9t$ out1#bdg ev5 self-contradictory3 = t entity1 ! k ( #bdf ! exi/5ce ( :i* presses itself ev] m & m ^u ! cultivat$ intellect1 _c be ! unkn[n1 /ill less ! unkn[able1 because we c]ta9ly "k x1 9 t we "k = c]ta9 t x exi/s4 ,nay m1 to pr$icate incognoscibility ( x1 is ev5 a c]ta9 k ( ! mode ( its exi/5ce4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] says3#bdh ,! consci\sness ( an ,inscrutable ,p[] manife/$ to u ?r\gh all ph5om5a has be5 gr[+ ev] cle>]2 & mu/ ev5tually be fre$ f its imp]fections4 ,! c]ta9ty t on ! "o h& su* a ,p[] exi/s1 :ile on ! o!r h& its nature transc5ds intuition1 & is beyond imag9ation1 is ! c]ta9ty t[>ds :i* intellig5ce has f ! fir/ be5 progress+4 ,"o w\ld ?9k !n t ! famili> & accept$ ^w ! ,inscrutable 7:i* is 9 ?is passage actually employ$1 & to :i* no !ologian w\ld object7 w\ld be an indef9itely bett] t]m ?an ! unkn[able4 ,! above extract has1 h[ev]1 su* a !i/ic aspect t "s read]s may ?9k ! opposition "h (f]$ sup]flu\s2 x may be well1 !re=e1 to quote two o!r s5t5ces4 ,9 ano!r place he obs]ves1#bdi ,pass+ ov] ! consid]ation ( cr$ibility1 & conf9+ ourselves to t ( conceivability1 we see t a!ism1 pan!ism1 & !ism1 :5 rigor\sly analys$1 sev]ally prove to be absolutely un?9kable2 & speak+ ( e =m ( religion1 he adds1#bej ,! analysis ( e possible hypo!sis proves1 n simply t no hypo!sis is suffici5t b t no hypo!sis is ev5 ?9kable4 ,! unkn[able is admitt$ to be a p[] :i* _c be reg>d$ z hav+ sympa?y ) u1 b z "o to :i* no emotion :atev] c be ascrib$1 & we are expressly #bdg =bidd5 by duty1 to affirm p]sonality ( ,god z mu* z to d5y x ( ,him4 ,h[ su* a be+ c be pres5t$ z an object on :i* to ex]cise religi\s emotion x is difficult inde$ to und]/&4#bea ,aspiration1 love1 devotion to be p\r$ =? ^u :at we c nev] "k1 ^u :at we c nev] affirm to "k1 or c>e =1 u1 our ?\ghts or actions1 or to possess ! attributes ( wisdom & goodness6 ,! wor%ip (f]$ 9 su* a religion mu/ be1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley says1#beb = ! mo/ "p ( ! sil5t sort--sil5t n only z to ! spok5 ^w1 b sil5t z to ! m5tal conception also4 ,x w be difficult to di/+ui% ! foll[] ( ?is religion f ! foll[] ( none1 & ! man :o decl9es ei!r to ass]t or to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 is practically 9 ! position ( an a!i/4 ,= !ism enjo9s ! cultivation ( s5tim5ts ( love & devotion to ,god1 & ! practice ( _! ext]nal expression4 ,a!ism =bids bo?1 :ile ! simply non-!i/ ab/a9s 9 con=mity ) ! prohibition ( ! a!i/ & ?us practically sides ) him4 ,moreov]1 s9ce man _c imag9e t ( :i* he has no exp]i5ce 9 any way :atev]1 & s9ce he has exp]i5ce only ( human p]fections & ( ! p[]s & prop]ties ( inf]ior exi/5ces2 if he be requir$ to d5y human p]fections & to ab/a9 f mak+ use ( su* conceptions1 he is !reby necess>ily r$uc$ to o!rs ( an inf]ior ord]4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] says1#bec ,^? :o esp\se ?is #bdh alt]native position1 make ! errone\s assumption t ! *oice is betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ l[] ?an p]sonality2 :]eas ! *oice is r betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ high]4 ,is x n j possible t !re is a mode ( be+ z mu* transc5d+ intellig5ce & w1 z ^! transc5d me*anical motion8 ,x is true we are totally unable to conceive any su* high] mode ( be+4 ,b ?is is n a reason = que/ion+ its exi/5ce2 x is r ! rev]se4 ,may we n !re=e rightly refra9 f assign+ to ! 'ultimate cause' any attributes :atev]1 on ! gr\nd t su* attributes1 d]iv$ z !y mu/ be f our own natures1 are n elevations b degradations8 ,! way h[ev] to arrive at ! object aim$ at 7i4e4 to obta9 ! be/ atta9able conception ( ! ,fir/ ,cause7 is n to refra9 f ! only conceptions possible to u1 b to seek ! v highe/ ( ^!1 & !n decl>e _! utt] inadequacy2 & ?is is precisely ! c\rse :i* has be5 pursu$ by !ologians4 ,x is to be regrett$ t be=e writ+ on ?is matt] ,mr4 ,sp5c] did n m ?or\ghly acqua9t himself ) ! ord9>y doctr9e on ! subject4 ,x is always taught 9 ! ,*ur* s*ools ( div9ity1 t no?+1 n ev5 exi/5ce1 is to be pr$icat$ univocally ( ,god & creatures2 t aft] exhau/+ +5uity to arrive at ! l(tie/ possible conceptions1 we mu/ decl>e !m to be utt]ly inadequate2 t1 aft] all1 !y are b accommodations to human infirmity2 t !y are 9 a s5se objectively false 7because ( _! inadequacy71 ?\gh subjectively & v practically true4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is mode ( treatm5t & t adopt$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] is wide inde$2 = ! practical result ( ! mode inculcat$ by ! ,*ur* is t ea* "o may freely affirm & act ^u ! highe/ human conceptions he c atta9 ( !#bdi p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ,god1 ,8 wat*ful c>e1 ,8 lov+ provid5ce = e man1 at e mom5t & 9 e ne$2 = ! ,*ri/ian kn[s t ! fals5ess ( 8 conceptions lies only 9 _! inadequacy2 he may !re=e /r5g!n & refre% himself1 may rejoice & revel 9 conceptions ( ! goodness ( ,god1 drawn f ! t5d]e/ human images ( fa!rly c>e & love1 or he may *a/5 & abase himself by consid]ation ( ! awful hol9ess & unapproa*able maje/y ( ! ,div9ity d]iv$ f analog\s s\rces1 kn[+ t no ?\ght ( man c ev] be true en\gh1 c ev] atta9 ! incompreh5sible reality1 :i* nev]!less really is all t c be conceiv$1 plus an inconceivable inf9ity beyond4 ,a good illu/ration ( :at is "h meant1 & ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !i/ic position & ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s1 may be suppli$ by an example he has himself propos$4 ,?us1#bed he imag9es an intellig5t wat* speculat+ z to its mak]1 & conceiv+ ( him 9 t]ms ( wat*-be+1 & figur+ him z furni%$ ) spr+s1 escapem5ts1 cogg$ :eels1 c41 8 motions facilitat$ by oil--9 a ^w1 l himself4 ,x is assum$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] t ?is necess>y wat* conception w\ld be completely false1 & ! illu/ration is made use ( to %[ ! presumption ( !ologians--! absurdity & unreasonabl5ess ( ^? m5 :o figure ! incompreh5sible cause ( all ph5om5a z a ,be+ 9 "s way comp>able ) man4 ,n[1 putt+ aside = ! mom5t all o!r consid]ations1 & accept+ ! illu/ration1 surely ! example demon/rates r ! unreasonabl5ess ( ! objector himself6 ,x is true1 inde$1 t a man is an organism indef9itely m complex & p]fect ?an any wat*2 b if ! wat* c\ld only conceive ( its mak] 9 wat* t]ms1 or else 9 t]ms altoge!r inf]ior1 ! wat* w\ld pla9ly be "r 9 speak+ ( its mak] z a1 to x1 inconceivably #bej p]fect k9d ( wat*1 ackn[l$g+ at ! same "t1 t ?is1 its conception ( him1 0 utt]ly inadequate1 al?\gh ! be/ its inf]ior nature all[$ x to =m4 ,= if1 in/ead ( s conceiv+ ( its mak]1 x refus$ to make use ( ^! relative p]fections z a make%ift1 & s necess>ily ?\ght ( him z amorph\s metal1 or m]e oil1 or by ! help ( any o!r inf]ior conception :i* a wat* might be imag9$ capable ( ent]ta9+1 t wat* w\ld he wrong inde$4 ,= man c mu* m prop]ly be comp>$ )1 & has mu* m aff9ity to1 a p]fect wat* 9 full activity ?an to a m]e piece ( metal1 or drop ( oil4 ,b ! wat* is ev5 m 9 ! "r /ill1 = its mak]1 man1 virtually has ! cogg$ :eels1 spr+s1 escapem5ts1 oil1 c41 :i* ! wat*'s conception has be5 suppos$ to attribute to him2 inasmu* z all ^! p>ts mu/ h exi/$ z di/9ct ideas 9 ! human wat*mak]'s m9d be=e he c\ld actually con/ruct ! clock =m$ by him4 ,nor is ev5 ?is all1 =1 by ! hypo!sis1 ! wat* ?9ks4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 ?9k ( its mak] z a ?9k+ be+1 & 9 ?is x is absolutely & completely "r4#bee ,ei!r1 !re=e1 ! hypo!sis is absurd or x actually demon/rates ! v position x 0 *os5 to refute4 ,unque/ionably1 !n1 on ! m]e gr\nd tak5 by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] himself1 if we are compell$ to ?9k ( ! ,fir/ ,cause ei!r 9 human t]ms 7b ) human imp]fections ab/ract$ & human p]fections c>ri$ to ! highe/ conceivable degree71 or1 on ! o!r h&1 9 t]ms decid$ly inf]ior1 su* z ^? are driv5 to :o ?9k ( ,him1 b decl9e to accept z a help ! t]m p]sonality2 !re c be no "q b t ! fir/ conception is immeasurably ne>] ! tru? ?an ! second4 ,yet ! latt] is ! "o put =w>d & advocat$ by t au?or 9 spite ( its unreasonabl5ess1 & 9 spite also ( its#bea conflict+ ) ! :ole moral nature ( man & all 8 noble/ aspirations4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] objects to ! conception ( ,god z fir/ cause1 on ! gr\nd t :5 our symbolic conceptions are su* t no cumulative or indirect processes ( ?\ght c enable u to asc]ta9 t !re are correspond+ actualities1 nor any pr$ictions be made ^: fulfilm5t c prove ?is1 !n !y are altoge!r vici\s & illusive1 & 9 no way di/+ui%able f pure fictions4#bef ,n[1 x is q true t symbolic conceptions1 :i* are n to be ju/ifi$ ei!r 7#a7 by pres5tations ( s5se1 or 7#b7 by intuitions1 are invalid z repres5tations ( real tru?4 ,yet ! conception ( ,god ref]r$ to is ju/ifi$ by our prim>y intuitions1 & we c assure ourselves t x does /& = an actuality by comp>+ x ) 7#a7 our intuitions ( free-w & causation1 & 7#b7 our intuitions ( morality & responsibility4 ,t we h ^! intuitions is a po9t on :i* ! ,au?or jo9s issue ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 & confid5tly affirms t !y _c logically be d5i$ )\t at ! same "t complete & absolute scepticism result+ f su* d5ial--scepticism :]e9 vani%es any c]ta9ty z to ! exi/5ce bo? ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & 8 critic1 & by :i* x is equally impossible to h a ?\ght free f d\bt1 or to g s f> z to affirm ! exi/5ce ( t v d\bt or ( ! d\bt] :o d\bts x4 ,x may n be amiss "h to prote/ aga9/ ! intol]able assumption ( a c]ta9 s*ool1 :o are cont9ually talk+ 9 l(ty t]ms ( sci5ce1 b :o actually speak ( prim>y religi\s conceptions z unsci5tific1 & habitually employ ! ^w sci5ce1 :5 !y %\ld limit x by ! prefix physical4 ,?is is ! m amaz+ z n a few ( ?is s*ool adopt ! ideali/ philosophy1 & affirm t matt] & =ce are b names = c]ta9 modes ( consci\sness4 ,x might be expect$ ( !m at lea/ to admit t op9ions :i* repose on prim>y & fundam5tal #beb intuitions1 are especially & p> excell5ce sci5tific4 ,su* are "s ( ! objections to ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ,god4 ,we may n[ turn to ^? :i* are direct$ aga9/ ,god z ! ,creator1 i4e4 z ! absolute orig9ator ( ! univ]se1 )\t ! employm5t ( any pre-exi/+ means or mat]ial4 ,?is is aga9 consid]$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] z a ?or\ghly illegitimate symbolic conception1 z mu* s z ! a!i/ic "o--! difficulty z to a self-exi/5t ,creator be+ 9 8 op9ion equal to t ( a self-exi/5t univ]se4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t bo? are ( c\rse equally unimag9able1 b t x is n a "q ( facility ( conception--n :i* is easie/ to conceive1 b :i* be/ acc\nts =1 & accords )1 psy*ological facts2 namely1 ) ! above-m5tion$ intuitions4 ,x is cont5d$ t we h ^! prim>y intuitions1 & t ) ^! ! conception ( a self-exi/5t ,creator is p]fectly h>moni\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! notion ( a self-exi/5t univ]se--t !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite--t ! univ]se & ourselves are "o & ! same ?+s ) ! inf9ite & ! self-exi/5t2 ^! ass]tions1 9 addition to be+ unimag9able1 contradict our prim>y intuitions4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's objections to ,creation are ( q a diff]5t k9d1 &1 be=e ent]+ ^u !m1 x w be well to endeav\r cle>ly to und]/& :at we mean by ,creation1 9 ! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* ! t]m may be us$4 ,9 ! /ricte/ & highe/ s5se ,creation is ! absolute orig9ation ( any?+ by ,god )\t pre-exi/+ means or mat]ial1 & is a sup]natural act4#beg ,9 ! second>y & l[] s5se1 ,creation is ! =mation ( any?+ by ,god d]ivatively2 t is1 t ! prec$+ matt] has be5 creat$ ) ! pot5tiality to evolve f x1 "u suitable conditions1 #bec all ! v>i\s =ms x subsequ5tly assumes4 ,& ?is p[] hav+ be5 conf]r$ by ,god 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ^? laws & p[]s hav+ be5 in/itut$ by ,him1 ?r\gh ! action ( :i* ! suitable conditions are suppli$1 ,he is said 9 ?is l[] s5se to create su* v>i\s subsequ5t =ms4 ,?is is ! natural action ( ,god 9 ! physical _w1 z di/+ui%$ f ,8 direct1 or1 z x may be "h call$1 sup]natural action4 ,9 yet a ?ird s5se1 ! ^w ,creation may be m or less improp]ly appli$ to ! con/ruction ( any complex =mation or /ate by a volunt>y self-consci\s be+ :o makes use ( ! p[]s & laws :i* ,god has impos$1 z :5 a man is spok5 ( z ! creator ( a museum1 or ( 8 own =tune1 c4 ,su* action ( a creat$ consci\s intellig5ce is purely natural1 b m ?an physical1 & may be conv5i5tly spok5 ( z hyp]physical4 ,we h ?us 7#a7 direct or sup]natural action2 7#b7 physical action2 & 7#c7 hyp]physical action---! two latt] bo? belong+ to ! ord] ( nature4#beh ,nei!r ! physical nor ! hyp]physical actions1 h[ev]1 exclude ! idea ( ! ,div9e concurr5ce1 & ) e consi/5t !i/ t idea is necess>ily includ$4 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray has giv5 expression to ?is4#bei ,he says1 ,agree+ t plants & animals 7 produc$ by ,omnipot5t fiat1 does n exclude ! idea ( natural ord] & :at we call second>y causes4 ,! record ( ! fiat--',let ! e>? br+ =? grass1 ! h]b yield+ se$1' c41 'let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature aft] 8 k9d'--seems ev5 to imply !m1 & leads to ! conclusion t ! v>i\s k9ds 7 produc$ ?r\gh natural ag5cies4 #bed ,n[1 mu* confusion has aris5 f n keep+ cle>ly 9 view ?is di/9ction betwe5 absolute creation & d]ivative creation4 ,) ! fir/1 physical sci5ce has pla9ly no?+ :atev] to d1 & is impot5t to prove or to refute x4 ,! second is also safe f any attack on ! "p ( physical sci5ce1 = x is prim>ily d]iv$ f psy*ical n physical ph5om5a4 ,! great] "p ( ! app>5t =ce possess$ by objectors to creation1 l ,mr4 ,d>w91 lies 9 _! treat+ ! ass]tion ( d]ivative creation z if x 0 an ass]tion ( absolute creation1 or at lea/ ( sup]natural action4 ,?us1 he asks :e!r "s ( 8 oppon5ts believe t at innum]able p]iods 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 c]ta9 elem5tal atoms h be5 comm&$ sudd5ly to fla% into liv+ tissues4#bfj ,c]ta9 ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's objections1 h[ev]1 are n physical1 b metaphysical1 & really attack ! dogma ( second>y or d]ivative creation1 ?\gh to "s p]haps !y may appe> to be direct$ aga9/ absolute creation only4 ,?us he uses1 z an illu/ration1 ! conception ( a man :o builds an edifice f fragm5ts ( rock at ! base ( a precipice1 by select+ = ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! build+ ! pieces :i* are ! mo/ suitable ow+ to ! %ape !y happ5 to h brok5 into4 ,aft]w>ds1 allud+ to ?is illu/ration1 he says1#bfa ,! %ape ( ! fragm5ts ( /one at ! base ( our precipice may be call$ accid5tal1 b ?is is n /rictly correct1 = ! %ape ( ea* dep5ds on a long sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 all obey+ natural laws1 on ! nature ( ! rock1 on ! l9es ( /ratification or cleavage1 on ! =m ( ! m\nta9 :i* dep5ds on its upheaval & subsequ5t d5udation1 & la/ly1 on ! /orm & e>?quake :i* ?rew d[n ! fragm5ts4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! use to :i* ! fragm5ts may be put1 _! %ape may /rictly be said to be#bee accid5tal4 ,& "h we are l$ to face a great difficulty1 9 allud+ to :i* ,i am aw>e t ,i am travell+ beyond my prop] prov9ce4 ,an omnisci5t ,creator mu/ h =ese5 e consequ5ce :i* results f ! laws impos$ by ,him2 b c x be reasonably ma9ta9$ t ! ,creator int5tionally ord]$1 if we use ! words 9 any ord9>y s5se1 t c]ta9 fragm5ts ( rock %\ld assume c]ta9 %apes1 s t ! build] might erect 8 edifice8 ,if ! v>i\s laws :i* h det]m9$ ! %ape ( ea* fragm5t 7 n pr$et]m9$ = ! build]'s sake1 c x ) any great] probability be ma9ta9$ t ,he specially orda9$1 = ! sake ( ! bre$]1 ea* ( ! innum]able v>iations 9 our dome/ic animals & plants--_m ( ^! v>iations be+ ( no s]vice to man1 & n b5eficial1 f> m (t5 injuri\s1 to ! creatures !mselves8 ,did ,he orda9 t ! crop & tail-fea!rs ( ! pigeon %\ld v>y1 9 ord] t ! fanci] might make 8 grotesque p\t] & fantail bre$s8 ,did ,he cause ! frame & m5tal qualities ( ! dog to v>y1 9 ord] t a bre$ might be =m$ ( indomitable f]ocity1 ) jaws fitt$ to p9 d[n ! bull = man's brutal sport8 ,b1 if we give up ! pr9ciple 9 "o case---if we d n admit t ! v>iations ( ! primeval dog 7 int5tionally guid$1 9 ord] t ! greyh\nd1 = in/ance1 t p]fect image ( symmetry & vig\r1 might be =m$1--no %ad[ ( reason c be assign$ = ! belief t ! v>iations1 alike 9 nature1 & ! result ( ! same g5]al laws1 :i* h be5 ! gr\ndwork ?r\gh ,natural ,selection ( ! =mation ( ! mo/ p]fectly adapt$ animals 9 ! _w1 man includ$1 7 int5tionally & specially guid$4 ,h[ev] mu* we may wi% x1 we c h>dly foll[ ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray 9 8 belief t 'v>iation has be5 l$ along c]ta9 b5eficial l9es1' l a /ream 'along def9ite & useful l9es ( irrigation4' ,if we assume t ea* p>ticul> v>iation 0 f ! beg9n+ (#bef all "t pre-orda9$1 ! pla/icity ( ! organization1 :i* leads to _m injuri\s deviations ( /ructure1 z well z t r$undant p[] ( reproduction :i* inevitably leads to a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 to ! ,natural ,selection & survival ( ! fitte/1 mu/ appe> to u sup]flu\s laws ( nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an omnipot5t & omnisci5t ,creator orda9s ev]y?+ & =esees ev]y?+4 ,?us we are br\ght face to face ) a difficulty z insoluble z is t ( freewill & pr$e/9ation4 ,be=e proce$+ to reply to ?is rem>kable passage1 x may be well to rem9d "s read]s t belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 9 ,8 prim>y creation ( ! univ]se1 & 9 ,8 d]ivative creation ( all k9ds ( be+1 inorganic & organic1 d n repose ^u physical ph5om5a1 b1 z has be5 said1 on prim>y intuitions4 ,to d5y or ridicule any ( ^! beliefs on physical gr\nds is to commit ! fallacy ( ignoratio el5*i4 ,x is to commit an absurdity analog\s to t ( say+ a bl9d *ild c\ld n recognize 8 fa!r because he c\ld n see him1 =gett+ t he c\ld he> & feel him4 ,yet !re are "s :o appe> to f9d x unreasonable & absurd t m5 %\ld reg>d ph5om5a 9 a light n furni%$ by or d$ucible f ! v ph5om5a !mselves1 al?\gh ! m5 s reg>d+ !m av[ t ! light 9 :i* !y d view !m comes f q ano!r s\rce4 ,x is z if a man1 ,a1 com+ into ,b's room & f9d+ !re a butt]fly1 %\ld insi/ t ,b _h no "r to believe t ! butt]fly _h n fl[n 9 at ! op5 w9d[1 inasmu* z !re 0 no?+ ab\t ! room or insect to lead to any o!r belief2 :ile ,b c well su/a9 8 "r s to believe1 he hav+ met ,c1 :o told him he br\ght 9 ! *rysalis &1 hav+ se5 ! insect em]ge1 took away ! sk94 ,by a simil>ly n>r[ & incomplete view ! ass]tion t human conceptions1 su* z ! v]tebrate idea1 c41 are ideas 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 is sometimes ridicul$2 z if ! ass]tors ei!r on ! "o #beg h& pret5d$ to "s prodigi\s acut5ess ( m9d--a f>-rea*+ g5ius n possess$ by mo/ naturali/s--or1 on ! o!r h&1 z if !y detect$ 9 ! v ph5om5a furni%+ su* special conception evid5ces ( ,div9e imag9+s4 ,b let ! idea ( ,god1 accord+ to ! highe/ conceptions ( ,*ri/ianity1 be once accept$1 & !n x becomes simply a truism to say t ! m9d ( ! ,deity conta9s all t is good & positive 9 ! m9d ( man1 plus1 ( c\rse1 an absolutely inconceivable inf9ity beyond4 ,t ?us su* human conceptions may1 nay mu/1 be ass]t$ to be at ! same "t ideas 9 ! ,div9e m9d also1 z e real & sep>ate individual t has be51 is1 or %all be1 is pres5t to ! same m9d4 ,nay1 m1 t su* human conceptions are b fa9t & obscure adumbrations ( correspond+ ideas :i* exi/ 9 ! m9d ( ,god 9 p]fection & fulness4#bfb ,! !i/1 hav+ arriv$ at 8 !i/ic convictions f q o!r s\rces ?an a consid]ation ( zoological or botanical ph5om5a1 #beh returns to ! consid]ation ( su* ph5om5a & views !m 9 a !i/ic light )\t ( c\rse ass]t+ or imply+ t su* light has be5 d]iv$ f !m1 or t !re is an obligation ( reason s to view !m on ! "p ( o!rs :o refuse to ent] ^u or to accept ^? o!r s\rces :5ce h be5 d]iv$ ! !i/ic convictions ( ! !i/4 ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 is n guilty ( argu+ aga9/ metaphysical ideas on physical gr\nds only1 = he employs v di/9ctly metaphysical ones2 namely1 8 conceptions ( ! nature & attributes ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,b :at conceptions does he (f] u8 ,no?+ b t l[ an?ropomorphism :i*1 un=tunately1 he s (t5 seems to treat z ! necess>y result ( ,!ism4 ,x is aga9 ! dummy1 helpless & de=m$1 set up m]ely = ! purpose ( be+ knock$ d[n4 ,x mu/ once m be insi/$ on1 t ?\gh man is inde$ compell$ to conceive ( ,god 9 human t]ms1 & to speak ( ,him by epi!ts objectively false1 f _! hopeless inadequacy1 yet nev]!less ! ,*ri/ian ?9k] decl>es t inadequacy 9 ! /ronge/ mann]1 & vehem5tly rejects f 8 idea ( ,god all t]ms di/9ctly imply+ infirmity or limitation4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 speaks z if all :o believe 9 ! ,almighty 7 compell$ to accept z really applicable to ! ,deity conceptions :i* affirm limits & imp]fections4 ,?us he says3 ,c x be reasonably ma9ta9$ t ! ,creator int5tionally ord]$ t c]ta9 fragm5ts ( rock %\ld assume c]ta9 %apes1 s t ! build] might erect 8 edifice8 ,:y1 surely e !i/ mu/ ma9ta9 t 9 ! fir/ f\ndation ( ! univ]se--! prim>y & absolute creation--,god saw & knew e purpose :i* e atom & p>ticle ( matt] %\ld ev] subs]ve 9 all suns & sy/ems1 & ?r\gh\t all com+ ons ( "t4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible1 b nev]!less x seems necess>y to ?9k t ! difficulty ?us propos$ re/s on a sort ( notion t amid/ ! b\ndless pr(usion ( nature !re is too mu* = ,god to sup]9t5d2 t ! numb] ( objects is too great = an inf9ite & #bei omnipres5t be+ to att5d s+ly to ea* & all 9 _! due proportions & ne$s6 ,9 ! same way ,mr4 ,d>w9 asks :e!r ,god c h ord]$ ! race v>iations ref]r$ to 9 ! passage la/ quot$1 = ! consid]ations !re9 m5tion$4 ,to ?is x may be at once repli$ t ev5 man (t5 has sev]al di/9ct int5tions & motives = a s+le action1 & ! !i/ has no difficulty 9 suppos+ t1 out ( an inf9ite numb] ( motives1 ! motive m5tion$ 9 ea* case may h be5 an exce$+ly subord9ate "o4 ,! !i/1 ?\gh prop]ly attribut+ to ,god :at1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 he calls purpose & design1 yet affirms t ! limitations ( human purposes & motives are by no means applicable to ! ,div9e purposes4 ,out ( _m1 say a ?\s& million1 reasons = ! in/itution ( ! laws ( ! physical univ]se1 "s few are to a c]ta9 ext5t conceivable by u2 & among/ ^! ! b5efits1 mat]ial & moral1 accru+ f !m to m51 & to ea* individual man 9 e circum/ance ( 8 life1 play a c]ta91 p]haps a v subord9ate1 "p4#bfc ,z ,bad5 ,p[ell obs]ves1 ,h[ c we #bfj und]take to affirm1 amid all ! possibilities ( ?+s ( :i* we confess$ly "k s little1 t a ?\s& ends & purposes may n be answ]$1 because we c trace none1 or ev5 imag9e none1 :i* seem to our %ort-sight$ faculties to be answ]$ 9 ^! p>ticul> arrangem5ts8#bfd ,! objection to ! bull-dog's f]ocity 9 connexion ) man's brutal sport op5s up ! famili> b va/ "q ( ! exi/5ce ( evil1 a problem ! discussion ( :i* w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,consid]+1 h[ev]1 ! v great /ress :i* is laid 9 ! pres5t day on ! subject ( animal suff]+ by s _m amiable & excell5t p1 "o or two rem>ks on t matt] may n be sup]flu\s4 ,to ^? :o accept ! belief 9 ,god1 ! s\l & moral responsibility2 & recognize ! full results ( t acceptance--to su*1 physical suff]+ & moral evil are simply incomm5surable4 ,to !m ! plac+ ( non-moral be+s 9 ! same scale ) moral ag5ts w be utt]ly un5durable4 ,b ev5 consid]+ physical pa9 only1 all mu/ admit t ?is dep5ds greatly on ! m5tal condition ( ! suff]]4 ,only dur+ consci\sness does x exi/1 & only 9 ! mo/ highly-organiz$ m5 does x rea* its acme4 ,! ,au?or has be5 assur$ t l[] races ( m5 appe> less ke5ly s5sitive to physical pa9 ?an d m cultivat$ & ref9$ human be+s4 ,?us only 9 man c !re really be any int5se degree ( suff]+1 because only 9 him is !re t intellectual recollection ( pa/ mom5ts & t anticipation ( future ones1 :i* con/itute 9 great "p ! bitt]ness ( suff]+4#bfe ,! mom5t>y pang1 ! pres5t pa91 :i* bea/s endure1 ?\gh real en\gh1 is yet1 d\btless1 n to be comp>$ z #bfa to its int5sity ) ! suff]+ :i* is produc$ 9 man ?r\gh 8 high pr]ogative ( self-consci\sness4#bff ,z to ! b5eficial l9es 7( ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 be=e ref]r$ to71 "s ( ! facts notic$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s seem to po9t v decid$ly 9 t direction1 b all mu/ admit t ! actual exi/+ outcome is f> m b5eficial ?an ! rev]se4 ,! natural univ]se has result$ 9 ! developm5t ( an unmi/akable h>mony & beauty1 & 9 a decid$ prepond]ance ( good & ( happ9ess ov] _! opposites4 ,ev5 if laws ( nature did appe>1 on ! !i/ic hypo!sis1 to be sup]flu\s 7:i* x is by no means int5d$ "h to admit71 x w\ld be no?+ less ?an pu]ile to pref] reject+ ! hypo!sis to conceiv+ t ! appe>ance ( sup]fluity 0 probably due to human ignorance2 & ?is especially might be expect$ f naturali/s to :om ! int]dep5d5ce ( nature & ! h>mony & utility ( obscure ph5om5a are becom+ cont9ually m cle>1 z1 e4g41 ! /ructure ( or*ids to _! illu/ri\s expositor4 ,hav+ n[ cle>$ ! gr\nd some:at1 we may turn to ! "q :at be>+ ,*ri/ian dogma has ^u evolution1 & :e!r ,*ri/ians1 z su*1 ne$ take up any def9ite attitude conc]n+ x4 ,z has be5 said1 x is pla9 t physical sci5ce & evolution c h no?+ :atev] to d ) absolute or prim>y creation4 ,! ,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell well expresses ?is1 say+3 ,sci5ce demon/rates incessant pa/ *anges1 & dimly po9ts to yet e>li] l9ks 9 a m va/ s]ies ( developm5t ( mat]ial exi/5ce2 b ! idea ( a beg9n+1 or ( creation1 9 ! s5se ( ! orig9al op]ation ( ! ,div9e volition to con/itute nature & matt]1 is beyond ! prov9ce ( physical #bfb philosophy4#bfg ,) second>y or d]ivative creation1 physical sci5ce is also incapable ( conflict2 = ! objections drawn by "s writ]s seem+ly f physical sci5ce1 are1 z has be5 already argu$1 r metaphysical ?an physical4 ,d]ivative creation is n a sup]natural act1 b is simply ! ,div9e action by & ?r\gh natural laws4 ,to recognize su* action 9 su* laws is a religi\s mode ( reg>d+ ph5om5a1 :i* a consi/5t !i/ mu/ necess>ily accept1 & :i* an a!i/ic believ] mu/ simil>ly reject4 ,b ?is conception1 if deem$ sup]flu\s by any naturali/1 c nev] be %[n to be false by any inve/igations conc]n+ natural laws1 ! con/ant action ( :i* x presupposes4 ,! conflict has aris5 ?r\gh a misund]/&+4 ,"s h suppos$ t by creation 0 necess>ily meant ei!r prim>y1 t is1 absolute creation1 or1 at lea/1 "s sup]natural action2 !y h !re=e oppos$ ! dogma ( creation 9 ! imag9$ int]e/ ( physical sci5ce4 ,o!rs h suppos$ t by evolution 0 necess>ily meant a d5ial ( ,div9e action1 a negation ( ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,!y h !re=e combat$ ! !ory ( evolution 9 ! imag9$ int]e/ ( religion4 ,x appe>s pla9 !n t ,*ri/ian ?9k]s are p]fectly free to accept ! g5]al evolution !ory4 ,b are !re any !ological au?orities to ju/ify ?is view ( ! matt]8 ,n[1 consid]+ h[ extremely rec5t are ^! biological speculations1 x might h>dly be expect$ a priori t writ]s ( e>li] ages %\ld h giv5 expression to doctr9es h>moniz+ 9 any degree ) su* v mod]n views1#bfh nev]!less su* mo/ c]ta9ly is ! case1 & #bfc x w\ld be easy to give num]\s examples4 ,x w be bett]1 h[ev]1 only to cite "o or two au?orities ( weight4 ,n[1 p]haps no writ] #bfd ( ! e>li] ,*ri/ian ages c\ld be quot$ ^: au?ority is m g5]ally recogniz$ ?an t ( ,/4 ,augu/94 ,! same may be said ( ! m$ival p]iod1 = ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as2 &1 s9ce ! movem5t ( ,lu!r1 ,su>ez may be tak5 z a writ] widely v5]at$ z an au?ority & "o ^: or?odoxy has nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t = a consid]able "t aft] ev5 ! la/ ( ^! writ]s no "o _h disput$ ! g5]ally receiv$ view z to ! small age ( ! _w or at lea/ ( ! k9ds ( animals & plants inhabit+ x4 ,x becomes !re=e mu* m /rik+ if views =m$ "u su* a condition ( op9ion are f\nd to h>monize ) mod]n ideas reg>d+ ,creation & organic life4 ,n[ ,/4 ,augu/9 insi/s 9 a v rem>kable mann] on ! m]ely d]ivative s5se 9 :i* ,god's creation ( organic =ms is to be und]/ood2 t is1 t ,god creat$ !m by conf]r+ on ! mat]ial _w ! p[] to evolve !m "u suitable conditions4 ,he says 9 8 book on ,g5esis3#bfi ,t]re/ria animalia1 tanquam ex ultimo elem5to mundi ultima2 nihilom9us pot5tialit]1 quorum num]os tempus po/ea visibilit] explic>et4 ,aga9 he says3-- ,sicut autem 9 ipso grano invisibilit] erant omnia simul1 qu p] tempora 9 arborem surg]5t2 ita ipse mundus cogit&us e/1 cum ,deus simul omnia creavit1 habuisse simul omnia qu 9 illo et cum illo facta sunt qu&o factus e/ dies2 non solum coelum cum sole et lun et sid]ibus 444 2 s$ etiam illa qu aqua et t]ra produxit pot5tialit] atque causalit]1 priusquam p] temporum moras ita exorir5tur1 quomodo nobis jam nota sunt 9 eis op]ibus1 qu ,deus usque nunc op]atur4#bgj ,omnium quippe r]um qu corporalit] visibilit]que nascuntur1 #bfe occulta qudam sem9a 9 i/is corporeis mundi hujus elem5tis lat5t4#bga ,& aga93 ,i/a quippe orig9alit] ac primordialit] 9 quadam textura elem5torum cuncta jam creata sunt2 s$ acceptis opportunitatibus prodeunt4#bgb ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 z 0 said 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 quotes ) approval ! say+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9 t 9 ! fir/ in/itution ( nature we d n look = ,miracles1 b = ! laws ( ,nature3 ,9 prima in/itutione natur non quritur miraculum1 s$ quid natura r]um habeat1 ut ,augu/9us dicit4#bgc ,aga91 he quotes ) approval ,/4 ,augu/9's ass]tion t ! k9ds 7 creat$ only d]ivatively1 pot5tialit] tantum4#bgd ,also he says1 ,9 prima autem r]um in/itutione fuit pr9cipium activum v]bum ,dei1 quod de mat]ia elem5t>i produxit animalia1 vel 9 actu vel virtute1 secundum ,aug4 lib4 #e de ,g54 ad lit4 c4 #e4bge ,speak+ ( k9ds 79 s*ola/ic phraseology sub/antial =ms7 lat5t 9 matt]1 he says3 ,quas quidam posu]unt non incip]e p] actionem natur s$ prius 9 mat]ia ex/itisse1 pon5tes latitationem =m>um4 ,et hoc accidit eis ex ignorantia mat]i1 quia nesciebant di/+u]e int] pot5tiam et actum4 ,quia enim =m prexi/unt eas simplicit] prexi/]e4#bgf ,also ,cornelius ,lapide#bgg cont5ds t at lea/ c]ta9 animals 7 n absolutely1 b only d]ivatively creat$1 say+ ( !m1 ,non fu]unt creata =malit]1 s$ pot5tialit]4 ,z to ,su>ez1 x w be en\gh to ref] to ,disp4 xv41 #b1 n4 #i1 p4 #ejh1 t4 i4 ,edition ,vives1 ,p>is2 also ,nos4 #ac--ae1 & _m o!r ref]5ces#bff to ! same effect c\ld easily be giv51 b ^! may suffice4 ,x is !n evid5t t anci5t & mo/ v5]able !ological au?orities di/9ctly ass]t d]ivative creation1 & ?us h>monize ) all t mod]n sci5ce c possibly require4 ,x may inde$ truly be said ) ,rog] ,bacon1 ,! sa9ts nev] condemn$ _m an op9ion :i* ! mod]ns ?9k ought to be condemn$4#bgh ,! v>i\s extracts giv5 %[ cle>ly h[ f> evolution is f any necess>y opposition to ! mo/ or?odox !ology4 ,! same may be said ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,! mo/ rec5t =m ( x1 lately advocat$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,*>lton ,ba/ian1#bgi tea*es t matt] exi/s 9 two diff]5t =ms1 ! cry/all9e 7or /atical7 & ! colloidal 7or dynamical7 conditions4 ,x also tea*es t colloidal matt]1 :5 expos$ to c]ta9 conditions1 pres5ts ! ph5om5a ( life1 & t x c be =m$ f cry/all9e matt]1 & ?us t ! prima mat]ia ( :i* ^! are div]se =ms conta9s pot5tially all ! multitud9\s k9ds ( animal & vegetable exi/5ce4 ,?is !ory moreov] h>monizes well ) ! views "h advocat$1 = j z cry/all9e matt] builds itself1 "u suitable conditions1 along c]ta9 def9ite l9es1 s analog\sly colloidal matt] has its def9ite l9es & directions ( developm5t4 ,x is n collect$ 9 haphaz>d1 accid5tal aggregations1 b evolves accord+ to its prop] laws & special prop]ties4 ,! p]fect or?odoxy ( ^! views is unque/ionable4 ,no?+ is pla9] f ! v5]able writ]s quot$1 z well z f a mass ( o!r #bfg au?orities1 ?an t ! sup]natural is n to be look$ = or expect$ 9 ! sph]e ( m]e nature4 ,= ?is /atem5t !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( !ological au?ority4 ,! tea*+ :i* ! ,au?or has receiv$ is1 t ,god is inde$ inscrutable & incompreh5sible to u f ! inf9ity ( ,8 attributes1 s t our m9ds c1 z x 71 only take 91 9 a mo/ fragm5t>y & indi/9ct mann] 7z ?r\gh a glass d>kly71 dim conceptions ( inf9itesimal portions ( ,8 inconceivable p]fection4 ,9 ?is way ! p>tial glimpses obta9$ by u 9 diff]5t modes diff] f ea* o!r2 n t ,god is any?+ b ! mo/ p]fect unity1 b t app>5tly conflict+ views arise f our inability to appreh5d ,him1 except 9 ?is imp]fect mann]1 i4e4 by successive slight approximations along diff]5t l9es ( approa*4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton has said1#bhj ,nature conceals ,god1 & man reveals ,him4 ,x is n1 accord+ to ! tea*+ spok5 (1 exactly ?us2 b r t physical nature reveals to u "o side1 "o aspect ( ! ,deity1 :ile ! moral & religi\s worlds br+ u 9 contact ) ano!r1 & at fir/1 to our appreh5sion1 a v diff]5t "o4 ,! diff]5ce & discrepancy1 h[ev]1 :i* is at fir/ felt1 is soon se5 to proce$ n f ! reason b f a want ( flexibility 9 ! imag9ation4 ,?is want is f> f surpris+4 ,n only may a man naturally be expect$ to be an adept 9 8 own art1 b at ! same "t to %[ an incapacity = a v diff]5t mode ( activity4#bha ,we r>ely f9d an arti/ :o takes mu* int]e/ 9 jurisprud5ce1 or #bfh a prizefight] :o is an acute metaphysician4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is1 a positive di/a/e may gr[ up1 :i*1 9 ! intellectual ord]1 may am\nt to a spontane\s & unreason+ disbelief 9 t :i* appe>s to be 9 opposition to ! m famili> concept1 & ?is at all times4 ,x is (t5 & truly said1 t pa/ ages 7 pre-em95tly cr$ul\s z comp>$ ) our own1 yet ! diff]5ce is n s mu* 9 ! am\nt ( ! cr$ulity1 z 9 ! direction :i* x takes4#bhb ,dr4 ,newman obs]ves3 ,any "o /udy1 ( :atev] k9d1 exclusively pursu$1 dead5s 9 ! m9d ! int]e/1 nay ! p]ception ( any o!r4 ,?us ,cic]o says1 t ,plato & ,demo/h5es1 ,ari/otle & ,isocrates1 might h respectively excell$ 9 ea* o!r's prov9ce1 b t ea* 0 absorb$ 9 8 own4 ,specim5s ( ?is peculi>ity occur e day4 ,y c h>dly p]suade "s m5 to talk ab\t any?+ b _! own pursuit2 !y ref] ! :ole _w to _! own c5tre1 & measure all matt]s by _! own rule1 l ! fi%]man 9 ! drama1 ^: eulogy on 8 deceas$ "l 0 'he 0 s fond ( fi%4'#bhc ,! same au?or fur!r says3#bhd ,:5 any?+1 :i* comes be=e u1 is v unlike :at we commonly exp]i5ce1 we consid] x on t acc\nt untrue2 n because x really %ocks our reason z improbable1 b because x />tles our imag9ation z /range4 ,n[1 revelation pres5ts to u a p]fectly diff]5t aspect ( ! univ]se f t pres5t$ by ! sci5ces4 ,! two in=mations are l ! di/9ct subjects repres5t$ by ! l9es ( ! same draw+1 :i*1 accord+ly z !y are read #bfi on _! concave or convex side1 exhibit to u n[ a gr\p ( trees ) bran*es & leaves1 & n[ human faces4 444 ,:ile !n reason & revelation are consi/5t 9 fact1 !y (t5 are inconsi/5t 9 appe>ance2 & ?is seem+ discordance acts mo/ ke5ly on ! imag9ation1 & may sudd5ly expose a man to ! temptation1 & ev5 hurry him on to ! commission ( def9ite acts ( unbelief1 9 :i* reason itself really does n come into ex]cise at all4#bhe ,?us we f9d 9 fact j t di/9ctness betwe5 ! ideas d]iv$ f physical sci5ce on ! "o h& & f religion on ! o!r1 :i* we might a priori expect if !re exi/s t di/9ctness betwe5 ! natural & ! miracul\s :i* !ological au?orities lay d[n4 ,assum+1 = argum5t's sake1 ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 x evid5tly has n be5 ! int5tion ( its ,au?or to make ! evid5ce = x s pla9 t its rejection w\ld be ! m>k ( intellectual incapacity4 ,conviction is n =c$ ^u m5 9 ! way t ! k t ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl& is con/itutional1 or t ,p>is is ! capital ( ,france1 is =c$ ^u all :o *oose to inquire into ^? subjects4 ,! ,*ri/ian sy/em is "o :i* puts on ! /ra91 z x 71 e faculty ( man's nature1 & ! intellect is n 7any m ?an we %\ld a priori expect x to be7 exempt$ f tak+ "p 9 ! probation>y trial4 ,a moral elem5t ent]s into ! acceptance ( t sy/em4 ,& s ) natural religion--) ^? ideas ( ! sup]natural1 viz4 ,god1 ,creation1 & ,morality1 :i* are ant]ior to revelation & repose ^u reason4 ,"h aga9 x evid5tly has n be5 ! int5tion ( ! ,creator to make ! evid5ce ( ,8 exi/5ce s pla9 t its non-recognition w\ld be ! m>k ( intellectual incapacity4 #bgj ,conviction1 z to !ism1 is n =c$ ^u m5 z is ! conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( ! sun at noon-day4#bhf ,a moral elem5t ent]s also "h1 & ! analogy !re is 9 ?is respect betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & !ism speaks eloqu5tly ( _! prim>y d]ivation f "o common au?or4 ,?us we might expect t x w\ld be a va9 task to seek any:]e 9 nature = evid5ce ( ,div9e action1 su* t no "o c\ld sanely d5y x4 ,god w n all[ ,himself to be caught at ! bottom ( any man's crucible1 or yield ,himself to ! exp]im5ts ( gross-m9d$ & irrev]5t inquir]s4 ,! natural1 l ! sup]natural1 revelation appeals to ! :ole ( man's m5tal nature & n to ! reason alone4#bhg ,none1 !re=e1 ne$ feel disappo9t$ t evid5ce ( ! direct action ( ! fir/ cause 9 m]ely natural ph5om5a ev] eludes our grasp2 = assur$ly ^? same ph5om5a w ev] rema9 fundam5tally inexplicable by physical sci5ce alone4 ,!re be+ !n no?+ 9 ei!r au?ority or reason :i* makes evolution repugnant to ,*ri/ianity1 is !re any?+ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,creation :i* is repugnant to ! !ory ( evolution8 ,en\gh has be5 said z to ! di/9ction betwe5 absolute & d]ivative creation4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! successive evolution 7,d>w9ian & o!r7 ( specific =ms1 9 a !ological light4 ,z to :at evolution is1 we _c ( c\rse hope to expla9 x completely1 b x may be en\gh to def9e x z ! manife/ation to ! intellect1 by means ( s5sible impressions1 ( "s ideal entity 7p[]1 pr9ciple1 nature1 or activity7 :i* be=e t manife/ation 0 9#bga a lat5t1 unrealiz$1 & m]ely pot5tial /ate--a /ate t is capable ( becom+ realiz$1 actual1 or manife/1 ! requisite conditions be+ suppli$4 ,specific =ms1 k9ds or species1 are 7z 0 said 9 ! introductory *apt]7 peculi> cong]ies ( *>act]s or attributes1 innate p[]s & qualities1 & a c]ta9 nature realiz$ 9 individuals4 ,?us1 !n1 ! evolution ( specific =ms means ! actual manife/ation ( special p[]s1 or natures1 :i* be=e 7 lat5t1 9 su* a successive mann] t !re is 9 "s way a g5etic relation betwe5 po/]ior manife/ations & ^? :i* prec$$ !m4 ,on ! special ,d>w9ian hypo!sis ! manife/ation ( ^! =ms is det]m9$ simply by ! survival ( ! fitte/ ( _m indef9ite v>iations4 ,on ! hypo!sis "h advocat$ ! manife/ation is controll$ & help$ by su* survival1 b dep5ds on "s unkn[n int]nal law or laws :i* det]m9e v>iation at special times & 9 special directions4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz objects to ! evolution !ory1 on ! gr\nd t species1 g5]a1 families1 c41 exi/ z ?\ghts1 individuals z facts1#bhh & he (f]s ! dilemma1 ,if species d n exi/ at all1 z ! support]s ( ! transmutation !ory ma9ta91 h[ c !y v>y8 & if individuals alone exi/1 h[ c ! diff]5ces :i* may be obs]v$ among !m prove ! v>iability ( species8 ,b ! support] ( evolution ne$ only ma9ta9 t ! sev]al k9ds become manife/$ gradually by slight diff]5ces among ! v>i\s individual embodim5ts ( "o specific idea4 ,he might reply to ! dilemma by say+1 species d n exi/ z species 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y are said to v>y 7v>iation apply+ only to ! concrete embodim5ts ( #bgb ! specific idea71 & ! evolution ( species is demon/rat$ n by individuals z individuals1 b z embodim5ts ( diff]5t specific ideas4 ,"s p]sons seem to object to ! t]m creation be+ appli$ to evolution1 because evolution is an exce$+ly sl[ & gradual process4 ,n[ ev5 if x 7 demon/rat$ t su* is really ! case1 x may be ask$1 :at is sl[ & gradual8 ,! t]ms are simply relative1 & ! evolution ( a specific =m 9 t5 ?\s& ye>s w\ld be in/antane\s to a be+ ^: days 7 z hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s4 ,!re are o!rs aga9 :o are incl9$ absolutely to d5y ! exi/5ce ( species altoge!r1 on ! gr\nd t _! evolution is s gradual t if we c\ld see all ! /ages x w\ld be impossible to say :5 ! manife/ation ( ! old specific =m ceas$ & t ( ! new "o began4 ,b surely x is no approa* to a reason aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ t we _c det]m9e ! exact mom5t ( its fir/ manife/ation4 ,:5 wat*+ dissolv+ views1 :o c tell1 :il/ closely obs]v+ ! gradual *anges1 exactly at :at mom5t a new picture1 say ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 c be said to h comm5c$ its manife/ation1 or h begun to dom9ate a prec$+ repres5tation ( ,do!boys' ,hall8 ,t1 h[ev]1 is no reason = d5y+ ! complete diff]5ce betwe5 ! two pictures & ! ideas !y respectively embody4 ,! notion ( a special nature1 a peculi> innate p[] & activity--:at ! s*ola/ics call$ a sub/antial =m--w be di/a/eful to _m4 ,! objection to ! notion seems1 h[ev]1 to be a futile "o1 = x is absolutely impossible to altoge!r avoid su* a conception & su* an assumption4 ,if we refuse x to ! individuals :i* embody ! species1 we mu/ admit x z reg>ds _! compon5t p>ts--nay1 ev5 if we accept ! hypo!sis ( pang5esis1 we are nev]!less compell$ to attribute to ea* gemmule t peculi> p[] ( reproduc+ its own nature 7its own sub/antial =m71 ) its special activity1 & t rem>kable #bgc p[] ( annex+ itself to c]ta9 o!r well-def9$ gemmules ^: nature x is also to plant !mselves 9 a c]ta9 def9ite vic9ity4 ,s t 9 ea* individual1 in/ead ( "o su* peculi> p[] & activity dom9at+ & controll+ all ! p>ts1 y h an inf9ity ( sep>ate p[]s & activities limit$ to ! sev]al m9ute compon5t gemmules4 ,x is possible t 9 "s m9ds1 ! notion may lurk t su* p[]s are simpl] & easi] to und]/&1 because ! bodies !y affect are s m9ute6 ,?is absurdity h>dly be>s /at+4 ,we c easily conceive a be+ s small1 t a gemmule w\ld be to x z l>ge z ,/4 ,paul's w\ld be to u4 ,admitt+ !n ! exi/5ce ( species1 & ( _! successive evolution1 is !re any?+ 9 ^! ideas ho/ile to ,*ri/ian belief8 ,writ]s su* z ,vogt & ,bu*n] w ( c\rse cont5d t !re is2 b naturali/s1 g5]ally1 assume t ,god acts 9 & by ! v>i\s laws ( nature4 ,& ?is is equival5t to admitt+ ! doctr9e ( d]ivative creation4 ,) v few exceptions1 none d5y su* ,div9e concurr5ce4 ,ev5 design & purpose are recogniz$ z q compatible ) evolution1 & ev5 ) ! special nebul> & ,d>w9ian =ms ( x4 ,pr(essor ,huxley well says1#bhi ,x is necess>y to rem>k t !re is a wid] teleology1 :i* is n t\*$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution1 b is actually bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal proposition ( evolution4 444 ,! teleological & ! me*anical views ( nature are n necess>ily mutually exclusive2 on ! contr>y1 ! m purely a me*ani/ ! speculator is1 ! m firmly does he assume a primordial molecul> arrangem5t1 ( :i* all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are ! consequ5ces2 & ! m completely !reby is he at ! m]cy ( ! teleologi/1 :o c always defy him to disprove t ?is primordial #bgd molecul> arrangem5t 0 n int5d$ to evolve ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4#bij ,pr(essor ,ow5 says1 t natural evolution1 ?r\gh second>y causes1 by means ( sl[ physical & organic op]ations ?r\gh long ages1 is n ! less cle>ly recognizable z ! act ( all adaptive m9d1 because we h ab&on$ ! old error ( suppos+ x to be ! result#bia ( a prim>y1 direct1 & sudd5 act ( creational con/ruction4 444 ,! succession ( species by cont9u\sly op]at+ law1 is n necess>ily a 'bl9d op]ation4' ,su* law1 h[ev] disc]n$ 9 ! prop]ties & successions ( natural objects1 intimates1 nev]!less1 a preconceiv$ progress4 ,organisms may be evolv$ 9 ord]ly succession1 /age aft] /age1 t[>ds a =ese5 goal1 & ! broad features ( ! c\rse may /ill %[ ! unmi/akable impress ( ,div9e volition4 ,mr4 ,wallace#bib decl>es t ! oppon5ts ( evolution pres5t a less elevat$ view ( ! ,almighty4 ,he says3 ,:y %\ld we suppose ! ma*9e too complicat$ to h be5 design$ by ! ,creator s complete t x w\ld necess>ily "w out h>moni\s results8 ,! !ory ( 'cont9ual int]f]5ce' is a limitation ( ! ,creator's p[]4 ,x assumes t ,he c\ld n "w by pure law 9 ! organic1 z ,he has done 9 ! inorganic _w4 ,?us1 !n1 !re is n only no necess>y antagonism betwe5 ! g5]al !ory ( evolution & a ,div9e action1 b ! compatibility betwe5 ! two is recogniz$ by naturali/s :o _c be suspect$ ( any /rong !ological bias4 #bge ,! v same may be said z to ! special ,d>w9ian =m ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,x is true ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes sometimes z if he ?\ght t 8 !ory militat$ aga9/ ev5 d]ivative creation4#bic ,?is1 h[ev]1 !re is no d\bt1 0 n really meant2 & inde$1 9 ! passage be=e quot$ & criticis$1 ! possibility ( ! ,div9e ord9ation ( ea* v>iation is spok5 ( z a t5able view4 ,he says 7,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #efi71 ,i see no good reason :y ! views giv5 9 ?is volume %\ld %ock ! religi\s feel+s ( anyone2 & he speaks ( life hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a few =ms or into "o1 :i* is m ?an ! dogma ( creation actually requires4 ,we f9d !n t no 9compatibility is ass]t$ 7by any sci5tific writ]s wor?y ( m5tion7 betwe5 evolution & ! co-op]ation ( ! ,div9e w2 :ile ! same evolution has be5 %[n to be ?or\ghly acceptable to ! mo/ or?odox !ologians :o repudiate ! intrusion ( ! sup]natural into ! doma9 ( nature4 ,a m complete h>mony c\ld sc>cely be desir$4 ,b if we may nev] hope to f9d1 9 physical nature1 evid5ce ( sup]natural action1 :at sort ( action might we expect to f9d !re1 look+ at x f a !i/ic po9t ( view8 ,surely an action ! results ( :i* h>monize ) man's reason1#bid :i* is ord]ly1 :i* #bgf disaccords ) ! action ( bl9d *ance & ) ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms ( ,democritus2 b at ! same "t an action :i*1 z to its modes1 ev]1 9 p>ts1 & 9 ultimate analysis1 eludes our grasp1 & ! modes ( :i* are diff]5t f ^? by :i* we %\ld h attempt$ to accompli% su* ends4 ,n[1 ?is is j :at we d f9d4 ,! h>mony1 ! beauty1 & ! ord] ( ! physical univ]se are ! !mes ( cont9ual panegyrics on ! "p ( naturali/s1 & ,mr4 ,d>w91 z ! ,duke ( ,argyll rem>ks1#bie exhau/s e =m ( words & ( illu/ration by :i* int5tion or m5tal purpose c be describ$#bif :5 speak+ ( ! wond]fully complex adju/m5ts to secure ! f]tilization ( or*ids4 ,also1 we f9d co-exi/+ ) ?is h>mony a mode ( proce$+ s diff]5t f t ( man z 7! direct sup]natural action elud+ u7 to =m a /umbl+-block to _m 9 ! way ( _! recognition ( ,div9e action at all3 al?\gh no?+ c be m inconsi/5t ?an to speak ( ! fir/ cause z utt]ly inscrutable & incompreh5sible1 & at ! same "t to expect to f9d traces ( a mode ( action exactly simil> to our own4 ,x is surely en\gh if ! results h>monize on ! :ole & prepond]at+ly ) ! rational1 moral1 & /hetic in/9cts ( man4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy#big has br\ght /rongly =w>d ! evid5ce ( intellig5ce ?r\gh\t organic nature4 ,he believes t !re is some?+ 9 organic progress :i* m]e ,natural ,selection among spontane\s v>iations w n acc\nt =1 & t ?is some?+ is t organiz+ intellig5ce :i* guides ! action ( ! inorganic =ces1 & =ms /ructures :i* nei!r ,natural ,selection nor any o!r un9tellig5t ag5cy c\ld =m4 #bgg ,?is intellig5ce1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,murphy consid]s may be unconsci\s1 a conception :i* x is exce$+ly difficult to und]/&1 & :i* to _m m9ds appe>s to be little less ?an a contradiction 9 t]ms2 ! v fir/ condition ( an intellig5ce be+ t1 if x kn[s any?+1 x %\ld at lea/ "k its own exi/5ce4 ,surely ! evid5ce f physical facts agrees well ) ! ov]rul+1 concurr5t action ( ,god 9 ! ord] ( nature2 :i* is no miracul\s action1 b ! op]ation ( laws :i* owe _! f\ndation1 in/itution1 & ma9t5ance to an omnisci5t ,creator ( ^: intellig5ce our own is a feeble adumbration1 inasmu* z x is creat$ 9 ! image & lik5ess ( its ,mak]4 ,?is leads to ! f9al consid]ation1 a difficulty by no means to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 namely ! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man4 ,to ! g5]al !ory ( ,evolution1 & to ! special ,d>w9ian =m ( x1 no exception1 x has be5 %[n1 ne$ be tak5 on ! gr\nd ( or?odoxy4 ,b 9 say+ ?is1 x has n be5 meant to include ! s\l ( man4 ,x is a g5]ally receiv$ doctr9e t ! s\l ( e individual man is absolutely creat$ 9 ! /rict & prim>y s5se ( ! ^w1 t x is produc$ by a direct or sup]natural#bih act1 &1 ( c\rse1 t by su* an act ! s\l ( ! fir/ man 0 simil>ly creat$4 ,x is !re=e important to inquire :e!r evolution conflicts ) ?is doctr9e4 ,n[ ! two beliefs are 9 fact p]fectly compatible1 & t ei!r on ! hypo!sis--#a4 ,t man's body 0 creat$ 9 a mann] diff]5t 9 k9d f t by :i* ! bodies ( o!r animals 7 creat$2 or #b4 ,t x 0 creat$ 9 a simil> mann] to !irs4 ,"o ( ! au?ors ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 inde$1 cont5ds t ev5#bgh z reg>ds man's body1 an action took place diff]5t f t by :i* brute =ms 7 evolv$4 ,mr4 ,wallace#bii consid]s t ,natural ,selection alone c\ld n h produc$ s l>ge a bra9 9 ! savage1 9 possess+ :i* he is furni%$ ) an organ beyond 8 ne$s4 ,also t x c\ld n h produc$ t peculi> di/ribution ( hair1 especially ! nak$ness ( ! back1 :i* is common to all races ( m51 nor ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! feet & h&s4 ,he says1#cjj aft] speak+ ( ! preh5sile foot1 common )\t a s+le exception to all ! apes & lemurs1 ,x is difficult to see :y ! preh5sile p[] %\ld h be5 tak5 away by ! m]e op]ation ( ,natural ,selection4 ,x mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 useful 9 climb+1 & ! case ( ! baboons %[s t x is q compatible ) t]re/rial locomotion4 ,x may n be compatible ) p]fectly easy erect locomotion2 b1 !n1 h[ c we conceive t e>ly man1 z an animal1 ga9$ any?+ by purely erect locomotion8 ,aga91 ! h& ( man conta9s lat5t capacities & p[]s :i* are unus$ by savages1 & mu/ h be5 ev5 less us$ by paloli?ic man & 8 /ill rud] pr$ecessors4 ,x has all ! appe>ance ( an organ prep>$ = ! use ( civiliz$ man1 & "o :i* 0 requir$ to r5d] civilization possible4 ,aga9 speak+ ( ! wond]ful p[]1 range1 flexibility1 & sweetness ( ! musical s\nds producible by ! human l>ynx1 he adds1 ,! habits ( savages give no indication ( h[ ?is faculty c\ld h be5 develop$ by ,natural ,selection2 because x is nev] requir$ or us$ by !m4 ,! s++ ( savages is a m or less monoton\s h[l+1 & ! females seldom s+ at all4 ,savages c]ta9ly nev] *oose _! wives = f9e voices1 b = rude heal?1 & /r5g? & physical beauty4 ,sexual selection c\ld n !re=e h develop$ ?is wond]ful p[]1 :i* only comes into play among civiliz$ p4 ,x seems z if ! organ _h be5 prep>$ 9 anticipation ( ! future #bgi progress ( man1 s9ce x conta9s lat5t capacities :i* are useless to him 9 8 e>li] condition4 ,! delicate correlations ( /ructure t give x su* m>vell\s p[]s1 c\ld n !re=e h be5 acquir$ by means ( ,natural ,selection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fibres ,,( ,,corti4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! no less wond]ful faculty 9 ! e> ( appreciat+ delicate musical tones1 & ! h>mony ( *ords4 ,x matt]s n :at "p ( ! organ subs]ves ?is function1 b x has be5 suppos$ t x is m9i/]$ to by ! fibres ( ,corti4#cja ,n[ x c h>dly be cont5d$ t ! pres]vation ( any race ( m5 9 ! /ruggle = life c\ld h dep5d$ on su* an extreme delicacy & ref9em5t ( ! int]nal e>1#cjb--;a p]fection only fully ex]cis$ 9 ! enjoym5t & appreciation ( ! mo/ exquisite musical p]=mances4 ,"h1 surely1 we h an in/ance ( an organ pre=m$1 ready be=eh& = su* action z c\ld nev] by itself h be5 ! cause ( its developm5t1--! action hav+ only be5 subsequ5t1 n ant]ior4 ,! ,au?or is n aw>e :at may be ! m9ute /ructure ( ! int]nal e> 9 ! highe/ apes1 b if 7z f analogy is probable7 x is mu* z 9 man1 !n a =tiori we h an in/ance ( anticipatory developm5t ( a mo/ m>k$ & unmi/akable k9d4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,!re is no #bhj reason to suppose t any animal besides man appreciates musical h>mony4 ,x is c]ta9 t no o!r "o produces x4 ,mr4 ,wallace also urges objections drawn f ! orig9 ( "s ( man's m5tal faculties1 su* z ! capacity to =m ideal conceptions ( space & "t1 ( et]nity & inf9ity--! capacity = int5se arti/ic feel+s ( pleasure1 9 =m1 col\r & composition--& = ^? ab/ract notions ( =m & numb] :i* r5d] geometry & ari?metic possible1 also f ! orig9 ( ! moral s5se4#cjc ,! validity ( ^! objections is fully conc$$ by ! ,au?or ( ?is book1 b he w\ld pu% x mu* fur!r1 & cont5d 7z has be5 n[ repeat$ly said71 t ano!r law1 or o!r laws1 ?an ,natural ,selection h det]m9$ ! evolution ( all organic =ms1 & ( inorganic =ms also4 ,& x mu/ be cont5d$ t ,mr4 ,wallace1 9 ord] to be q self-consi/5t1 %\ld arrive at ! v same conclusion1 inasmu* z he is incl9$ to trace all ph5om5a to ! action ( sup]human ,,w4 ,he says3#cjd ,if !re=e we h trac$ "o =ce1 h[ev] m9ute1 to an orig9 9 our own ,,w1 :ile we h no k ( any o!r prim>y cause ( =ce1 x does n seem an improbable conclusion t all =ce may be w-=ce2 & ?us1 t ! :ole univ]se is n m]ely dep5d5t on1 b actually is1 ! ,,w ( high] intellig5ces1 or ( "o ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,if !re is really evid5ce1 z ,mr4 ,wallace believes1 ( ! action ( an ov]rul+ intellig5ce 9 ! evolution ( ! human =m div9e2 if we may g s f> z ?is1 !n surely an analog\s action may well be trac$ 9 ! production ( ! horse1 ! camel1 or ! dog1 s l>gely id5tifi$ ) human wants & requirem5ts4 ,& if f o!r ?an physical consid]ations we may believe t su* action1 ?\gh undemon/rable1 has be5 & is2 !n 7reflect+ on s5sible #bha ph5om5a ! !i/ic light d]iv$ f psy*ical facts7 we may1 9 ! language ( ,mr4 ,wallace1 see indications ( t p[] 9 facts :i*1 by !mselves1 w\ld n s]ve to prove its exi/5ce4#cje ,mr4 ,murphy1 z has be5 said be=e1 f9ds x necess>y to accept ! wide-spread action ( intellig5ce z ! ag5t by :i* all organic =ms h be5 call$ =? f ! inorganic4 ,b all sci5ce t5ds to unity1 & ?is t5d5cy makes x reasonable to ext5d to all physical exi/5ces a mode ( =mation :i* we may h evid5ce = 9 any "o ( !m4 ,x !re=e makes x reasonable to ext5d1 if possible1 ! v same ag5cy :i* we f9d op]at+ 9 ! field ( biology1 also to ! inorganic _w4 ,if on ! gr\nds br\ght =w>d ! action ( intellig5ce may be affirm$ 9 ! production ( man's bodily /ructure1 x becomes probable a priori t x may also be pr$icat$ ( ! =mative action by :i* has be5 produc$ ! animals :i* m9i/] to him1 & all organic life :atsoev]4 ,nay m1 x is !n congru\s to expect analog\s action 9 ! developm5t ( cry/all9e & colloidal /ructures1 & 9 t ( all *emical compositions1 9 geological evolutions1 & ! =mation n only ( ?is e>?1 b ( ! sol> sy/em & :ole sid]eal univ]se4 ,if su* really be ! direction 9 :i* physical sci5ce1 philosophically consid]$1 po9ts2 if intellig5ce may ?us be se5 to preside ov] ! evolution ( ea* sy/em ( worlds & ! unfold+ ( e blade ( grass--?is gr& result h>monizes inde$ ) ! tea*+s ( fai? t ,god acts & concurs1 9 ! natural ord]1 ) ^? laws ( ! mat]ial univ]se :i* 7 n only in/itut$ by ,8 w1 b are su/a9$ by ,8 concurr5ce2 & we are ?us enabl$ to disc]n 9 ! natural ord]1 h[ev] d>kly1 ! ,div9e ,au?or ( nature--,him 9 :om we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,b if ?is view is accept$1 !n x is no long] absolutely #bhb necess>y to suppose t any action diff]5t 9 k9d took place 9 ! production ( man's body1 f t :i* took place 9 ! production ( ! bodies ( o!r animals1 & ( ! :ole mat]ial univ]se4 ,( c\rse1 if x c be demon/rat$ t t diff]5ce :i* ,mr4 ,wallace ass]ts really exi/s1 x is pla9 t we !n h to d ) facts n only h>moniz+ ) religion1 b1 z x 71 prea*+ & proclaim+ x4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y = ,*ri/ianity t any su* view %\ld prevail4 ,man1 accord+ to ! old s*ola/ic def9ition1 is a rational animal 7animal rationale71 & 8 animality is di/9ct 9 nature f 8 rationality1 ?\gh insep>ably jo9$1 dur+ life1 9 "o common p]sonality4 ,?is animal body mu/ h _h a diff]5t s\rce f t ( ! spiritual s\l :i* in=ms x1 f ! di/9ctness ( ! two ord]s to :i* ^? two exi/5ces sev]ally belong4 ,scripture seems pla9ly to indicate ?is :5 x says t ,god made man f ! du/ ( ! e>?1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life4 ,?is is a pla9 & direct /atem5t t man's body 0 n creat$ 9 ! prim>y & absolute s5se ( ! ^w1 b 0 evolv$ f pre-exi/+ mat]ial 7symboliz$ by ! t]m du/ ( ! e>?71 & 0 !re=e only d]ivatively creat$1 i4e4 by ! op]ation ( second>y laws4 ,8 s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 0 creat$ 9 q a diff]5t way1 n by any pre-exi/+ means1 ext]nal to ,god himself1 b by ! direct action ( ! ,almighty1 symboliz$ by ! t]m brea?+3 ! v =m adopt$ by ,*ri/1 :5 conf]r+ ! sup]natural p[]s & graces ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation1 & a =m /ill daily us$ 9 ! rites & c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,t ! fir/ man %\ld h _h ?is d\ble orig9 agrees ) :at we n[ exp]i5ce4 ,= suppos+ ea* human s\l to be directly & imm$iately creat$1 yet ea* human body is evolv$ by ! ord9>y op]ation ( natural physical laws4 ,page #bhc ,pr(essor ,fl[] 9 8 ,introductory ,lecture#cjf 7p4 #bj7 to 8 c\rse ( ,hunt]ian ,lectures = #ahgj well obs]ves3 ,:atev] man's place may be1 ei!r 9 or out ( nature1 :atev] hopes1 or fe>s or feel+s ab\t himself or 8 race he may h1 we all ( u admit t ^! are q un9flu5c$ by our k ( ! fact t ea* individual man comes into ! _w by ! ord9>y processes ( g5]ation1 accord+ to ! same laws :i* apply to ! developm5t ( all organic be+s :atev]1 t e "p ( him :i* c come "u ! scrut9y ( ! anatomi/ or naturali/1 has be5 evolv$ accord+ to ^! regul> laws f a simple m9ute ovum1 indi/+ui%able to our s5ses f t ( any ( ! inf]ior animals4 ,if ?is be s--if man is :at he is1 not)/&+ ! corporeal mode ( orig9 ( ! individual man1 s he w assur$ly be nei!r less nor m ?an man1 :atev] may be %[n reg>d+ ! corporeal orig9 ( ! :ole race1 :e!r ?is 0 f ! du/ ( ! e>?1 or by ! modification ( "s pre-exi/+ animal =m4 ,man is inde$ comp\nd1 9 him two di/9ct ord]s ( be+ imp+e & m+le2 & ) ?is an orig9 f two concurr5t modes ( action is congru\s1 & might be expect$ a priori4 ,at ! same "t z ! s\l is ! =m ( ! body1 ! =m] might be expect$ to modify ! latt] into a /ructure ( h>mony & beauty /&+ alone 9 ! organic _w ( nature4 ,also t1 ) ! full p]fection & beauty ( t s\l1 atta9$ by ! concurr5t action ( ,nature & ,grace1 a "* w\ld be =m$ l no?+ else :i* is visible 9 ?is _w1 & hav+ a mode ( action diff]5t1 inasmu* z complem5t>y to all inf]ior modes ( action4 ,some?+ ( ?is is evid5t ev5 to ^? :o approa* ! subject f ! po9t ( view ( physical sci5ce only4 ,?us ,mr4 ,wallace obs]ves1#cjg t on 8 view man is to be plac$ ap>t1 z n only ! head & #bhd culm9at+ po9t ( ! gr& s]ies ( organic nature1 b z 9 "s degree a new & di/9ct ord] ( be+4#cjh ,f ^? inf9itely remote ages :5 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( organic life appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 e plant & e animal has be5 subject to "o great law ( physical *ange4 ,z ! e>? has gone ?r\gh its gr& cycles ( geological1 climatal1 & organic progress1 e =m ( life has be5 subject to its irresi/ible action1 & has be5 cont9ually b imp]ceptibly m\ld$ into su* new %apes z w\ld pres]ve _! h>mony ) ! ev]-*ang+ univ]se4 ,no liv+ ?+ c\ld escape ?is law ( its be+2 none 7except1 p]haps1 ! simple/ & mo/ rudim5t>y organisms7 c\ld rema9 un*ang$ & live amid ! univ]sal *ange ar\nd x4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 !re came into exi/5ce a be+ 9 :om t subtle =ce we t]m m9d1 became ( great] importance ?an 8 m]e bodily /ructure4 ,?\gh ) a nak$ & unprotect$ body1 ?is gave him clo?+ aga9/ ! v>y+ inclem5cies ( ! seasons4 ,?\gh unable to compete ) ! de] 9 swiftness1 or ) ! wild bull 9 /r5g?1 ?is gave him weapons ) :i* to capture or ov]come bo?4 ,?\gh less capable ?an mo/ o!r animals ( liv+ on ! h]bs & ! fruits t unaid$ nature supplies1 ?is wond]ful faculty taught him to gov]n & direct nature to 8 own b5efit1 & make h] produce food = him :5 & :]e he pleas$4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ sk9 0 us$ z a cov]+2 :5 ! fir/ rude spe> 0 =m$ to assi/ 9 ! *ase2 :5 fire 0 fir/ us$ to cook 8 food2 :5 ! fir/ se$ 0 s[n or %oot plant$1 a gr& revolution 0 effect$ 9 nature1 a revolution :i* 9 all ! previ\s ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory _h _h no p>allel1 = a be+ _h aris5 :o 0 no long] necess>ily subject to *ange ) ! *ang+ univ]se1 a be+ :o 0 9 "s degree sup]ior to nature1 inasmu* z he knew h[ to control & regulate h] action1 & c\ld #bhe keep himself 9 h>mony ) h]1 n by a *ange 9 body1 b by an advance 9 m9d4 ,on ?is view ( 8 special attributes1 we may admit 't he is inde$ a be+ ap>t4' ,man has n only escap$ ',natural ,selection' himself1 b he is actually able to take away "s ( t p[] f nature :i* be=e 8 appe>ance %e univ]sally ex]cis$4 ,we c anticipate ! "t :5 ! e>? w produce only cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals2 :5 man's selection %all h supplant$ ',natural ,selection2' & :5 ! ocean w be ! only doma9 9 :i* t p[] c be ex]t$4 ,bad5 ,p[ell#cji obs]ves on ?is subject3 ,! relation ( ! animal man to ! intellectual1 moral1 & spiritual man1 resembles t ( a cry/al slumb]+ 9 its native qu>ry to ! same cry/al m\nt$ 9 ! pol>iz+ app>atus ( ! philosoph]4 ,! diff]5ce is n 9 physical nature1 b 9 inve/+ t nature ) a new & high] application4 ,its cont9uity ) ! mat]ial _w rema9s ! same1 b a new relation is develop$ 9 x1 & x claims k9dr$ ) e!real matt] & ) cele/ial light4 ,?is well expresses ! di/9ction betwe5 ! m]ely physical & ! hyp]physical natures ( man1 & ! subsumption ( ! =m] into ! latt] :i* dom9ates x4 ,! same au?or 9 speak+ ( man's moral & spiritual nature says1#caj ,! ass]tion 9 its v nature & ess5ce ref]s :olly to a ,,diff]5t ,,ord] ,,( ,,?+s1 ap>t f & transc5d+ any mat]ial ideas :atsoev]4 ,aga9#caa he adds1 ,9 proportion z man's moral sup]iority is held to consi/ 9 attributes n ( a mat]ial or corporeal k9d or orig91 x c signify little h[ 8 physical nature may h orig9at$4 ,n[ physical sci5ce1 z su*1 has no?+ to d ) ! s\l ( man :i* is hyp]physical4 ,t su* an entity exi/s1 t ! correlat$ #bhf physical =ces g ?r\gh _! ,protean trans=mations1 h _! p]si/5t ebb & fl[ outside ( ! _w ( ,,w & ,,self-,,consci\s ,,moral ,,be+1 are propositions ! pro(s ( :i* h no place 9 ?is "w4 ,?is at lea/ may h[ev] be confid5tly affirm$1 t no rea* ( physical sci5ce 9 any com+ c5tury w ev] approa* to a demon/ration t c\ntless modes ( be+1 z diff]5t f ea* o!r z are ! =ce ( gravitation & consci\s mat]nal love1 may n co-exi/4 ,two su* modes are made kn[n to u by our natural faculties only3 ! physical1 :i* includes ! fir/ ( ^! examples2 ! hyp]physical1 :i* embraces ! o!r4 ,= ^? :o accept revelation1 a ?ird & a di/9ct mode ( be+ & ( action is also made kn[n1 namely1 ! direct & imm$iate or1 9 ! s5se "h giv5 to ! t]m1 ! sup]natural4 ,an analog\s relation%ip runs ?r\gh & connects all ^! modes ( be+ & ( action4 ,! high] mode 9 ea* case employs & makes use ( ! l[]1 ! action ( :i* x occasionally susp5ds or alt]s1 z gravity is susp5d$ by electro-magnetic action1 or ! liv+ en]gy ( an organic be+ re/ra9s ! int]-actions ( ! *emical aff9ities belong+ to its v>i\s con/itu5ts4 ,?us consci\s w controls & directs ! ex]cise ( ! vital functions accord+ to desire1 & moral consci\sness t5ds to control desire 9 ob$i5ce to high] dictates4#cab ,! action ( liv+ #bhg organisms dep5ds ^u & subsumes ! laws ( inorganic matt]4 ,simil>ly ! actions ( animal life dep5d ^u & subsume ! laws ( organic matt]4 ,9 ! same way ! actions ( a self-consci\s moral ag5t1 su* z man1 dep5d ^u & subsume ! laws ( animal life4 ,:5 a "p or ! :ole s]ies ( ^! natural actions is alt]$ or susp5d$ by ! int]v5tion ( action ( a /ill high] ord]1 we h !n a miracle4 ,9 ?is way we f9d a p]fect h>mony 9 ! d\ble nature ( man1 8 rationality mak+ use ( & subsum+ 8 animality2 8 s\l aris+ f direct & imm$iate creation1 & 8 body be+ =m$ at fir/ 7z n[ 9 ea* sep>ate individual7 by d]ivative or second>y creation1 ?r\gh natural laws4 ,by su* second>y creation1 i4e4 by natural laws1 = ! mo/ "p z yet unkn[n b controll$ by ,natural ,selection1 all ! v>i\s k9ds ( animals & plants h be5 manife/$ on ?is planet4 ,t ,div9e action has concurr$ & concurs 9 ^! laws we "k by d$uctions f our prim>y intuitions2 & physical sci5ce1 if unable to demon/rate su* action1 is at lea/ z impot5t to disprove x4 ,disjo9$ f ^! d$uctions1 ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se pres5t an aspect devoid ( all t appeals to ! l(tie/ aspirations ( man1 t :i* /imulates 8 ef=ts aft] goodness1 & pres5ts consolations = unavoidable %ortcom+s4 ,conjo9$ ) ^! same d$uctions1 all ! h>mony ( physical nature & ! con/ancy ( its laws are pres]v$ unimpair$1 :ile ! reason1 ! consci5ce1 & ! /hetic in/9cts are alike gratifi$4 ,we h ?us a true reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion1 9 :i* ea* ga9s & nei!r loses1 "o be+ complem5t>y to ! o!r4 ,"s apology is due to ! read] = c]ta9 obs]vations & argum5ts :i* h be5 "h advanc$1 & :i* h little 9 ! %ape ( novelty to recomm5d !m4 ,b aft] all1 novelty c h>dly be pr$icat$ ( ! views "h criticis$ & oppos$4 ,"s ( ^! seem almo/ a #bhh return to ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms ( ,democritus1 & ev5 ! v !ory ( ,natural ,selection itself--a survival ( ! fitte/--0 9 "p ?\ght out n hundr$s b ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,oppon5ts ( ,ari/otle ma9ta9$ t by ! accid5tal occurr5ce ( comb9ations1 organisms h be5 pres]v$ & p]petuat$ su* z f9al causes1 did !y exi/1 w\ld h br\ght ab\t1 disadvantage\s comb9ations or v>iations be+ spe$ily ext]m9at$4 ,= :5 ! v same comb9ations happ5$ to be produc$ :i* ! law ( f9al causes w\ld h call$ into be+1 ^? comb9ations :i* prov$ to be advantage\s to ! organism 7 pres]v$2 :ile ^? :i* 7 n advantage\s p]i%$1 & /ill p]i%$ l ! m9otaurs & sph9xes ( ,emp$ocles4#cac ,9 conclusion1 ! ,au?or v5tures to hope t ?is treatise may n be deem$ useless1 b h contribut$1 h[ev] slightly1 t[>ds cle>+ ! way = peace & conciliation & = a m ready p]ception1 ( ! h>mony :i* exi/s betwe5 ^? d$uctions f our prim>y intuitions be=e allud$ to1 & ! tea*+s ( physical sci5ce1 z f>1 t is1 z conc]ns ! evolution ( organic =ms--! g5esis ( species4 ,! aim has be5 to support ! doctr9e t ^! species h be5 evolv$ by ord9>y natural laws 7= ! mo/ "p unkn[n7 controll$ by ! subord9ate action ( ,natural ,selection1 & at ! same "t to rem9d "s t !re is & c be absolutely no?+ 9 physical sci5ce :i* =bids !m to reg>d ^? natural laws z act+ ) ! ,div9e concurr5ce & 9 ob$i5ce to a creative fiat orig9ally impos$ on ! primeval ,cosmos1 9 ! beg9n+1 by its ,creator1 its ,uphold]1 & its ,"l4 #bhi 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index4 ,a4 ,a>d-,v>k1 #agd4 ,absolute creation1 #beb4 ,acan?ometr1 #ahf4 ,acrodont tee?1 #adh4 ,acts =mally moral1 #aie4 ,acts mat]ially moral1 #aie4 ,adductor muscles1 #gi4 ,agassiz1 ,pr(essor1 #bga4 ,ag$1 c>e (1 #aib4 ,aggregational !ory1 #afc4 ,algoa ,bay1 cat (1 #ih4 ,allantois1 #hb4 ,amazons1 butt]flies (1 #he4 ,amazons1 *ol]a 9 !1 #aib4 ,am]ican butt]flies1 #bi4 ,am]ican maize1 #ajj4 ,am]ican monkeys1 #bbf4 ,amiurus1 #adg4 ,amphibia1 #aji4 ,analogical relations1 #aeg4 ,ancon %eep1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #bbg4 ,&rew ,murray1 ,mr41 #hc4 ,angora cats1 #age4 ,animal's suff]+s1 #bfj4 ,ankle bones1 #aeh4 ,annelids und]go+ fission1 #afi1 #baa4 ,annulosa1 eye (1 #gf4 ,anoplo!rium1 #aji4 ,anteat]1 #hc4 ,ante*9us1 #hb4 ,ant5na1 ( or*id1 #ef4 ,an?ropomorphism1 #beh4 ,ape's sexual *>act]s1 #di4 ,apo/les' ,cre$1 #bde4 ,app5dages ( lob/]1 #afa4 ,app5dages ( ,norm&y pigs1 #ii4 ,app5dages ( turkey1 #ajj4 ,app5dix1 v]mi=m1 #hc4 ,appreciation ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 #aj4 ,apt]yx1 #g1 #gj4 ,aque\s hum\r1 #gf4 ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,?omas1 #ag1 #bfc1 #bfe4 ,ar*egosaurus1 #ace4 ,ar*eopt]yx1 #gc4 ,arcturus1 #aic4 ,argyll1 ,duke (1 #ad1 #bgf4 ,ari/otle1 #bhh4 ,armadillo1 ext9ct k9d1 #aaj4 ,ar?ritis1 rheumatic1 #ahc4 ,artiodactyle foot1 #aji4 ,asa ,gray1 ,dr41 #bec1 #bee1 #bfa4 ,asceticism1 #aic4 ,ascidians1 plac5tal /ructure1 #ha4 ,assumptions ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 #af4 ,a/ronomical objections1 #acf4 ,auditory organ1 #gd4 ,augu/91 ,/41 #ag1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 #bjf4 ,avian limb1 #ajf4 ,avicul>ia1 #hj4 ,axolotl1 #afe4 ,aye-,aye1 #ajg4 ,aylesbury ducks1 #bcd4 ,b4 ,backbone1 #ace1 #afb4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #bff4 ,bale51 #dj4 ,bamboo insect1 #cc4 ,b&icoot1 #fg4 ,b>tlett1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,d41 #abf1 #bcd4 ,b>tlett1 ,mr4 ,e41 #aib4 ,basil1 ,/41 #ag4 ,ba/ian1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,*>lton1 #aae1 #bai1 #bcg1 #bff4 ,bat1 w+ (1 #fd4 ,bates1 ,mr41 #bi1 #he1 #hg4 ,page #bij ,bats1 #ajh4 ,beaks1 #hc4 ,bea/s1 suff]+s (1 #bfj4 ,beauty ( %ell-fi%1 #ed4 ,bee or*id1 #ee4 ,bird1 w+s (1 #fd4 ,birds comp>$ ) reptiles1 #gj4 ,bird's-head processes1 #hj4 ,birds ( ,p>adise1 #ij4 ,bir? ( individual & species1 #b4 ,bivalves1 #gi4 ,black %eep1 #abb4 ,black-%\ld]$ peacock1 #ajj4 ,bladebone1 #gj4 ,blood-vessels1 #ahb4 ,bly?1 ,mr41 #ajj1 #aha4 ,bones ( skull1 #aec4 ,bonnet1 ,m41 #bag4 ,borwick1 ,mr41 #aih4 ,boots ( pigeons1 #aha4 ,brea?+1 modifi$ p[] (1 #ii4 ,bre$+ ( lions1 #bcd4 ,brill1 #cg4 ,broccoli1 v>iety (1 #ajj4 ,bryozoa1 #ha4 ,bu*n]1 ,dr41 #bgc4 ,budd1 ,dr4 ,w41 #ahc4 ,buffon1 #bag4 ,bull-dog's in/9ct1 #bfj4 ,burt1 ,pr(4 ,wild]1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,butt]flies1 #bi4 ,butt]flies1 ,amazonian1 #he4 ,butt]flies1 ,am]ican1 #bi4 ,butt]flies ( ,indian region1 #hc4 ,butt]flies1 tails (1 #he4 ,butt]fly1 ,leaf1 #ca4 ,c4 ,cacotus1 #adi4 ,ccum1 #hc4 ,calam>ies1 #gg4 ,cambrian deposits1 #acg4 ,cape ant-eat]1 #agd4 ,c>e ( ag$1 #aib4 ,c>9ate birds1 #gj4 ,c>nivora1 #fh4 ,c>nivor\s d5tition1 #aaj4 ,c>p fi%es1 #adf4 ,c>pal bones1 #ajf1 #agh4 ,c>p5t]1 ,dr41 #aae4 ,c>pus1 #agg1 #agh4 ,cases ( consci5ce1 #bja4 ,cass[>y1 #gj4 ,catasetum1 #ef4 ,causes ( spread ( ,d>w9ism1 #aj4 ,cebus1 #bbf4 ,celebes1 butt]flies (1 #he4 ,c5tetes1 #adh4 ,c5tip$e1 #ff1 #aei4 ,cephalopoda1 #gd4 ,c]oxylus lac]atus1 #cf4 ,cetacea1 #db1 #hc1 #aje1 #ajh1 #agd4 ,*ances aga9/ few individuals1 #eg4 ,*>ac9id1 #adf4 ,*eirogaleus1 #aeh4 ,*etahs1 #bcd4 ,*ick5s1 mortality ( hybrids1 #abd4 ,*ioglossa1 #afe4 ,*iromys1 #ajg4 ,*ol]a1 #aib4 ,*oroid1 #gf4 ,*ronic rheumatism1 #ahc4 ,circumcision1 #bab4 ,cl>ias1 #adf4 ,climate1 effects (1 #ih4 ,climb+ plants1 #ajg4 ,clock-?9k+ illu/ration1 #bdi4 ,cobra1 #ej4 ,cockle1 #gi4 ,cod1 #ci4 ,colloidal matt]1 #bff4 ,conceptions1 symbolic1 #bea4 ,connecticut foot/eps1 #aca4 ,connect+ l9ks1 suppos$1 #ajg4 ,consci5ce1 cases (1 #bja4 ,consci5ti\s ,papuan1 #aig4 ,cope1 ,pr(essor1 #ga1 #acj4 ,coracoid1 ( birds & reptiles1 #gj4 ,cornea1 #gg4 ,cornelius ,lapide1 #bfe4 ,correlation1 laws (1 #agc4 ,corti1 fibres (1 #ec1 #bgi4 ,coryan!s1 #ef4 ,co/a1 ,m41 #hh4 ,cranial segm5ts1 #agb4 ,creation1 #bde1 #beb4 ,creator1 #ae1 #beb4 ,cre$1 ,apo/les'1 #bde4 ,crocodile1 #dc4 ,croll1 ,mr41 #acg4 ,cru/acea1 #gi1 #afj4 ,cryptacan?us1 #adf4 ,cry/all9e matt]1 #bff4 ,cry/als ( sn[1 #ahf4 ,cuttle-fi%es1 #gd1 #ge4 ,cuvi]1 #aji4 ,cypr9oids1 #adf4 ,cy!ridea1 #gi4 ,page #bia ,d4 ,dana1 ,pr(essor1 #adi4 ,d>w91 ,mr4 ,*>les1 #b1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad-ba1 #bc1 #bg1 #cd1 #ce1 #dc1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #ee-eg1 #ei1 #fe1 #hh1 #id1 #ih-ajj1 #ajg1 #aah-abf1 #abi1 #ach1 #adb1 #ade1 #adi1 #aej1 #aha1 #ahh-aij1 #aif1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bad-baf1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #beb1 #bed1 #beh1 #bei1 #bge1 #bgf4 ,datura tatula1 #aja4 ,delhi1 days at1 #ih4 ,delp9o1 ,signor1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae4 ,democritus1 #bag1 #bge1 #bhh4 ,d5sity ( air = brea?+1 #ii4 ,d5tition1 c>nivor\s1 #aaj4 ,d]ivation1 #bch4 ,d]ivative creation1 #beb1 #bhb4 ,design1 #bei4 ,devotion1 #aic4 ,dibran*iata1 #gd4 ,difficulties ( problem ( specific orig91 #a4 ,digits1 sup]num]>y1 #abb1 #aha4 ,digits1 turtle's1 #ajf4 ,dimorphodon1 #ga4 ,d9ornis1 #gj4 ,d9osauria1 #ga4 ,diseas$ pelvis1 #ahb4 ,dissem9ation ( se$s1 #fe4 ,doris1 #agj4 ,do!boys' ,hall1 #bgb4 ,dragon1 ! fly+1 #fd1 #aeh4 ,dragon-fly1 #gg4 ,dr\ghts1 #be4 ,duck-bill$ platypus1 #age4 ,dugong1 #da1 #age4 ,duke ( ,argyll1 #ad1 #bgf4 ,dyspepsia1 #bja4 ,e4 ,e>1 #gd4 ,e>1 =mation (1 #ea4 ,e>ly specialization1 #aaa4 ,e*9od]mata1 #dd4 ,e*9oidea1 #dd4 ,e*9ops1 #adh4 ,e*9orh9us1 #agb4 ,e*9us1 #dc4 ,economy1 ,fuegian political1 #aib4 ,eczema1 #ahc4 ,ed5tata1 #agd4 ,egyptian monum5ts1 #ach4 ,elasmobran*s1 #adj4 ,elb[ & knee affections1 #ahc4 ,emp$ocles1 #bhh4 ,eoc5e ungulata1 #aaj4 ,eolis1 #agj4 ,equus1 #ig4 ,ericulus1 #adh4 ,e?ics1 #ahh4 ,eudes ,deslong*amps1 #ii4 ,eurypt]ida1 #ada1 #aga4 ,eutropius1 #adg4 ,ev]ett1 ,rev4 ,r41 #ih4 ,evolution requires geometrical increase ( "t1 #aci4 ,eye1 #gf4 ,eye1 =mation (1 #ea4 ,eye ( trilobites1 #ace4 ,f4 ,fabre1 ,m41 #df4 ,fea!r-legg$ bre$s1 #aha4 ,feejeans1 #aii4 ,f]tilization ( or*ids1 #ee4 ,fiat ju/itia1 ruat coelum1 #aie4 ,fibres ( ,corti1 #ec1 #bgi4 ,f9al mis]y1 #aid4 ,f+] ( ,potto1 #aje4 ,fi%1 fly+1 #fd4 ,fi%es1 fre%-wat]1 #ade4 ,fi%es1 ?oracic & jugul>1 #ci1 #adj4 ,fixity ( position ( limbs1 #ci4 ,flat-fi%es1 #cg1 #aff4 ,flexibility ( bodily organization1 degrees (1 #aai4 ,flexibility ( m9d1 #bfg4 ,flies1 horn$1 #ic4 ,flight ( spid]s1 #fe4 ,fl\nd]1 #cg4 ,fl[]1 ,pr(essor1 #afc1 #bcb1 #bhc4 ,fly1 or*id1 #ee4 ,fly+-dragon1 #fd1 #aeh4 ,fly+ fi%1 #fd4 ,foetal tee? ( :ales1 #g4 ,food1 effects on pigs1 #ii4 ,foot/eps ( ,connecticut1 #aca4 ,=am9if]a1 #ahf4 ,=mally moral acts1 #aie4 ,=mation ( eye & e>1 #ea4 ,=ms1 sub/antial1 #ahf1 #bgb4 ,f\r-gill$ ,cephalopods1 #gf4 ,f[ls1 :ite silk1 #abb4 ,fr5* !atrical audi5ce1 #aih4 ,fre%-wat] fi%es1 #ade4 ,frogs1 ,*ilian & ,european1 #adi4 ,fuego1 ,t]ra del1 #aib4 ,page #bib ,g4 ,galago1 #aeh4 ,galaxias1 #adg4 ,galeus vulg>is1 #agb4 ,galton1 ,mr4 ,f41 #ig1 #aac1 #bbh4 ,gascoy51 ,mr41 #ahb4 ,gavials1 #dc4 ,geg5baur1 ,pr(41 #agf-agh4 ,gemmules1 #bjh4 ,g5]ative sy/em1 its s5sitiv5ess1 #bce4 ,g5esis ( morals1 #bja4 ,geographical di/ribution1 #add4 ,geographical di/ribution expla9$ by ,natural ,selection1 #f4 ,geometrical increm5ts ( "t1 #aci4 ,geotria1 #adg4 ,giraffe1 neck (1 #bd4 ,gizz>d-l /oma*1 #hc4 ,glacial epo*1 #aej4 ,glyptodon1 #aaj4 ,godron1 ,dr41 #aja4 ,goose1 its inflexibility1 #aai4 ,gpp]t1 ,mr41 #aja4 ,g\ld1 ,mr41 #hh4 ,gras%opp]1 ,great ,%ield$1 #hi4 ,gray1 ,dr4 ,asa1 #bec1 #bee1 #bfa4 ,great ,ant-eat]1 #hc4 ,great ,salam&]1 #agb4 ,great ,%ield$ ,gras%opp]1 #hi4 ,greyh\nds 9 ,mexico1 #ii4 ,greyh\nds1 "t = evolution (1 #ach4 ,gu9ea-f[l1 #abj4 ,gu9ea-pig1 #abf4 ,gn!r1 ,dr41 #ade1 #adf1 #agb4 ,h4 ,hairless ,dogs1 #agd1 #age4 ,hamilton1 ,sir ,wm41 #bfg4 ,h>mony1 musical1 #ed1 #bgi4 ,he>t 9 birds & reptiles1 #aeh4 ,hegel1 #bag4 ,heliconid1 #bi4 ,hell1 #aid4 ,heptan*us1 #agb4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,mr41 #bj1 #bh1 #fg1 #gb1 #afc-aff1 #afh1 #agj-agb1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bah1 #bbh1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bea4 ,hessian flies1 #agj4 ,het]obran*us1 #adf4 ,hewitt1 ,mr41 #abd1 #aha4 ,hexan*us1 #agb4 ,hipp>ion1 #ig1 #acd4 ,homog5y1 #aeh4 ,homology1 bilat]al or lat]al1 #aef1 #afd4 ,homology1 mean+ ( t]m1 #g1 #aef4 ,homology1 s]ial1 #aei4 ,homology1 v]tical1 #afe4 ,homoplasy1 #aei4 ,honey-suck]s1 #ij4 ,hood ( cobra1 #ej4 ,hook-bill$ ducks1 #ajj4 ,hook]1 ,dr41 #aej4 ,horn$ flies1 #ic4 ,horny plates1 #dj1 #db4 ,horny /oma*1 #hc4 ,human l>ynx1 #ed1 #bgh4 ,humphry1 ,pr(essor1 #afc4 ,hutton1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,holt1 #bjb1 #bjc4 ,huxley1 ,pr(essor1 #fg-fi1 #ga1 #gb1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aji1 #acj1 #aca1 #acg1 #ada1 #afc1 #agb1 #agc1 #bca1 #bdg1 #bgc4 ,hybrids1 mortality (1 #abd4 ,hydrocyon9a1 #adf4 ,hyp]physical action1 #bec4 ,hyrax1 #agi4 ,i4 ,i*?yopsida1 #aji4 ,i*?yosaurus1 #gh1 #ajf1 #acb1 #agg4 ,i*?yosis1 #ahc4 ,iguanodon1 #ga4 ,illegitimate symbolic conceptions1 #bea4 ,illu/ration by clock-?9k+1 #bdi4 ,imag9al disks1 #df1 #agj4 ,implac5tal mammals1 #fg1 #fh4 ,indep5d5t orig9s1 #aeb4 ,indian butt]fly1 #cj4 ,indian region's butt]flies1 #hc4 ,indians & *ol]a1 #aib4 ,individual1 mean+ ( ^w1 #b4 ,infirm1 c>e (1 #aib4 ,influ5ce1 local1 #hc4 ,insect1 walk+-leaf1 #ce4 ,insects1 walk+-/ick & bamboo1 #cc4 ,insectivora1 #fh4 ,insectivor\s mammals1 #adh4 ,insectivor\s tee?1 #fh4 ,in/9ct ( bull-dog1 #bfj4 ,int]m$iate =ms1 #abh4 ,intuitions1 prim>y1 #bea4 ,irregul>ities 9 blood-vessels1 #ahb4 ,is>ia fel9a1 #aae4 ,page #bic ,j4 ,japann$ ,peacock1 #ajj4 ,jews1 #bab4 ,jo9ts ( backbone1 #aeg1 #afb4 ,jugul> fi%es1 #ci1 #ada4 ,julia ,pa/rana1 #agd4 ,k4 ,kallima ina*is1 #ca4 ,kallima p>alekta1 #ca4 ,kang>oo1 #db1 #fg4 ,k[alewsky1 #ha4 ,knee & elb[ affections1 #ahc4 ,kllik]1 ,pr(essor1 #ajd4 ,l4 ,labyr9?ici1 #adf4 ,labyr9?odon1 #ajd1 #acd4 ,lam>ck1 #c4 ,lanke/]1 ,mr4 ,ray1 #aeb1 #aeh4 ,l>ynx ( kang>oo1 #db4 ,l>ynx ( man1 #ed1 #bgh4 ,lat]al homology1 #afd4 ,laws ( correlation1 #agc4 ,leaf butt]fly1 #ca4 ,legitimate symbolic conceptions1 #bea4 ,l5s1 #gf4 ,lepido/eus1 #agb4 ,lepra1 #ahc4 ,lewes1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h41 #id1 #bab1 #bad1 #baf4 ,lewis1 ,/41 #bjf4 ,lewis ,,xv41 #bjf4 ,lewis ,,xvi41 #bjf4 ,limb g5esis1 #agf4 ,limb muscles1 #ahj4 ,limbs1 fixity ( position (1 #ci4 ,limbs ( lob/]1 #afa4 ,l9ks1 suppos$ connect+1 #ajg4 ,lions1 bre$+1 #bcd4 ,lions1 diseas$ pelvis1 #ahb4 ,llama1 #aji4 ,local influ5ces1 #hc4 ,lob/]1 #afj4 ,long-tail$ bird ( ,p>adise1 #ia4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john1 #aic1 #bjd4 ,lyell ,sir1 ,*>les1 on dogs1 #ii1 #ajf4 ,m4 ,ma*airodus1 #aaj4 ,macrau*5ia1 #aji4 ,macropodid1 #fi4 ,macroscelides1 #fh4 ,madagasc>1 #adh1 #aeb4 ,magnific5t ,bird ( ,p>adise1 #ic4 ,maize1 ,am]ican1 #ajj4 ,mammals1 #fg4 ,mamm>y gl& ( kang>oo1 #db4 ,mamm>y gl&1 orig9 (1 #dg4 ,man1 orig9 (1 #bgg4 ,man reveals ,god1 #bfg4 ,man1 voice (1 #ed4 ,manatee1 #da1 #age4 ,man*amp bre$ ( %eep1 #ajj4 ,manis1 #age4 ,man's l>ynx1 #ed4 ,_m simultane\s modifications1 #eg4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #bjf4 ,m>t9eau1 ,mr4 ,james1 #bjj1 #bde4 ,ma/acembelus1 #ade4 ,mat]ially moral acts1 #aie4 ,matt]1 cry/all9e & colloidal1 #bff4 ,mean+ ( ^w individual1 #b4 ,mean+ ( ^w species1 #b4 ,me*anical !ory ( sp9e1 #afd4 ,m$it]ranean oy/]1 #hh1 #ih4 ,meehan1 ,mr41 #hh4 ,mexico1 dogs 91 #ii4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #ae1 #ahi1 #aic1 #aid4 ,mimicry1 #h1 #bi4 ,miracle1 #bhg4 ,mol>s1 #aaa4 ,mole1 #agf4 ,molire1 #bcj4 ,mombas1 cats at1 #ih4 ,monkeys1 ,am]ican1 #bbf4 ,mon/] proboscis1 #abc4 ,moral acts1 #aie4 ,mordacia1 #adg4 ,murphy1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j41 #eb1 #ec1 #gf1 #ajc1 #aad1 #aae1 #acg1 #ahe1 #bba1 #bgf1 #bha4 ,murray1 ,mr4 ,&rew1 #hc4 ,mus delicatulus1 #hb4 ,muscles ( limbs1 #ahj4 ,mussel1 #gi4 ,myrmecophaga1 #hc4 ,n4 ,nasalis1 ,semnopi!cus1 #aci4 ,na?usius1 #ii4 ,natural ,selection1 %ortly /at$1 #e4 ,naud91 ,m4 ,c41 #aja4 ,nautilus1 #gf4 ,nebul> evolution1 #bgc4 ,neck ( giraffe1 #bd4 ,newman1 ! ,rev4 ,dr41 #bfj1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bhf4 ,page #bid ,new ,zeal& cru/acea1 #adi4 ,new ,zeal& fi%es1 #adg4 ,niata cattle1 #ajj4 ,nile fi%es1 #adf4 ,norm&y pig1 #ii4 ,nor? ,am]ican fi%1 #adg ,nycticebus1 #agi4 ,o4 ,object ( book1 #e4 ,objections f a/ronomy1 #acf4 ,octopods1 #gg4 ,(f5sive rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,vogt1 #ac4 ,old1 c>e ( !1 #aib4 ,old ,fuegian wom51 #aib4 ,omyg5a exigua1 #aae4 ,ophiocephalus1 #adf4 ,optic lobes ( pt]odactyls1 #ga4 ,or*ids1 #ib4 ,or*ids1 ,bee1 c41 #ee4 ,organ ( he>+1 #gd4 ,organ ( sight1 #gf4 ,organic pol>ities1 #ahe4 ,orig9 ( man1 #bgg4 ,orioles1 #ij4 ,orni?opt]a1 #hd4 ,orni?orhyn*us1 #age4 ,or?oc]atid1 #agj4 ,oryct]opus1 #agd4 ,o/racods1 #gi4 ,o/ri*1 #gj4 ,otoli?s1 #gd4 ,outl9es ( butt]flies' w+s1 #hf4 ,ow51 ,pr(essor1 #gd1 #ajb1 #abc1 #bag1 #bch1 #bgd4 ,oy/] ( ,m$it]ranean1 #hh1 #ih4 ,oy/]s1 #gi4 ,p4 ,paget1 ,mr4 ,j41 #ahb4 ,palo!rium1 #aji4 ,pallas1 #abe4 ,pang5esis1 #ai1 #bjh4 ,pangol91 #age4 ,papilio ,hospiton1 #he4 ,papilio ,ma*aon1 #he4 ,papilio ,ulysses1 #hd4 ,papilionid1 #hc4 ,papuan morals1 #aig1 #aih4 ,p>!nog5esis1 #bag4 ,passiflora gracilis1 #ajg4 ,pa/rana1 ,julia1 #agd4 ,pa?ological pol>ities1 #ahd4 ,pavo nigrip5nis1 #ajj4 ,peacock1 black %\ld]$1 #ajj4 ,peacock1 inflexibility (1 #aai4 ,p$icell>i1 #dd4 ,pelvis1 diseas$1 #ahb4 ,p5dul\s app5dages ( turkey1 #ajj4 ,p]ameles1 #fh4 ,p]ioph?almus1 #adf4 ,p]issodactyle ungulates1 #aji4 ,p]mian1 jugul> fi%1 #ada4 ,p]odicticus1 #aje1 #agi4 ,phalang]s1 #fg4 ,phasmid1 #hi4 ,phyllopods1 #gi4 ,physical actions1 #bec4 ,physiological units1 #afh1 #bah4 ,pigeons' boots1 #aha4 ,plac5tal mammals1 #fg4 ,plac5tal reproduction1 #ha4 ,plants1 t5drils (1 #ajg4 ,plates ( bale51 #dj4 ,platypus1 #age4 ,pleiades1 #aic4 ,plesiosaurus1 #ajf1 #acc1 #agh4 ,pleurodont d5tition1 #adh4 ,pleuronectid1 #cg1 #aff4 ,plotosus1 #adg4 ,poison+ app>atus1 #ff4 ,poison\s s]p5ts1 #ej4 ,pol>ities1 organic1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,political economy1 ,fuegian1 #aib4 ,polyzoa1 #hj1 #ha4 ,pompad\r1 ,madame de1 #bjf4 ,poppy1 v>iety (1 #aja4 ,porcup9e1 #age4 ,porto ,santo rabbit1 #ajj1 #abb4 ,potto1 #aje1 #agi4 ,p\*$ bea/s1 #fg4 ,p[ell1 ! ,rev4 ,bad51 #bei1 #bfa1 #bhe4 ,premol>s1 #aaa4 ,prepot5cy1 #abd4 ,prim>y intuitions1 #bea4 ,primitive man1 #bjd4 ,problem ( orig9 ( k9ds1 #a4 ,proboscis monkey1 #aci4 ,proboscis ( ungulates1 #abc4 ,processes1 bird's-head1 #hj4 ,psettus1 #adf4 ,psoriasis1 #ahc4 ,pt]odactyles1 comp>$ ) birds1 #gj4 ,pt]odactyles1 w+ (1 #fd4 ,pucc9ia1 #aae4 ,purpose1 #bei4 ,page #bie ,q4 ,quasi-v]tebral !ory ( skull1 #agb4 ,r4 ,rabbit ( ,porto ,santo1 #ajj1 #abb4 ,radial ossicle1 #agf4 ,r>efi$ air1 effect on dogs1 #ii4 ,rattlesnake1 #di1 #ej4 ,r$ bird ( ,p>adise1 #ib4 ,relations1 analogical1 #aeg4 ,relations1 homological1 #aef4 ,reptiles comp>$ ) birds1 #gj4 ,ret9a1 #gf4 ,retriev+1 virtue a k9d (1 #ahi1 #bje4 ,rev]sion1 cases (1 #abb4 ,rhea1 #gj4 ,ribs ( ,cetacea & ,sir5ia1 #da4 ,ribs ( fly+-dragon1 #fd1 #aeh4 ,ri*>dson's figures ( pigs1 #ii4 ,rog] ,bacon1 #bff4 ,rudim5t>y /ructures1 #g1 #ajb4 ,s4 ,sabre-too!d tig]1 #aaj4 ,/4 ,augu/91 #ag1 #bfc-bfe4 ,/4 ,basil1 #ag4 ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,m41 #agi4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #ag1 #bfc1 #bfe4 ,salam&]1 great1 #agb4 ,salt]1 ,mr41 #abd4 ,salvia (fic9alis1 #bac4 ,salvia v]ticillata1 #bac4 ,scapula ( birds & reptiles1 #gj4 ,s*reb]1 #ac4 ,scl]otic1 #gf4 ,scorpion1 /+ (1 #ff4 ,seals1 #hc4 ,sea squirts1 #ha4 ,se$s1 dissem9ation (1 #fe4 ,seeley1 ,mr41 on pt]odactyles1 #ga4 ,segm5tation ( skull1 #agb4 ,segm5tation ( sp9e1 #aga4 ,segm5ts1 simil>1 #afj4 ,self-exi/5ce1 #beb4 ,semnopi!cus1 #aci4 ,s5se1 organ (1 #ea1 #fi1 #gd1 #gf4 ,s5sitiv5ess ( g5]ative sy/em1 #bce4 ,sepia1 #gg4 ,s]p5ts1 poison\s1 #ej4 ,sexual *>act]s ( apes1 #di4 ,sexual selection1 #dh4 ,%>ks1 #hc4 ,%ell-fi%1 beauty (1 #ed4 ,%ells ( oy/]s1 #hh1 #ih4 ,%ield$ gras%opp]1 #hi4 ,silurian /rata1 #adj1 #adb4 ,simultane\s modifications1 #eg4 ,sir5ia1 #db ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 #aih1 #bjd4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 #acf4 ,sit>is1 #df4 ,six-%aft$ bird ( ,p>adise1 #ij4 ,skull bones1 #aec4 ,skull segm5ts1 #agb4 ,slo?1 w9dpipe (1 #hb4 ,smi?field1 wife-sell+ 91 #aih4 ,sn[1 cry/als (1 #ahf4 ,sole1 #cg4 ,sol5odon1 #adh4 ,species1 mean+ ( ^w1 #b4 ,spel]pes1 #afe4 ,sp5c]1 see ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,spid] or*id1 #ee4 ,spid]s1 flight (1 #fe4 ,sp9e ( ,glyptodon1 #aaj4 ,sp9e1 segm5tation (1 #agb4 ,squalid1 #ch4 ,squilla1 #afj4 ,/]ility ( hybrids1 #abe4 ,/+s1 #ff4 ,/ra9+ action ( bale51 #da4 ,/ru?i\s birds1 #gj1 #aea4 ,/urgeon1 #aga4 ,su>ez1 #ah1 #bfc4 ,sub/antial =ms1 #ahf1 #bgb4 ,suff]+s ( bea/s1 #bfj4 ,sup]natural action1 #beb4 ,sup]natural action n to be look$ = 9 nature1 #ae4 ,sup]num]>y digits1 #abb1 #aha4 ,syllis1 #afi1 #baa4 ,symbolic conceptions1 #bea4 ,symmetrical diseases1 #ahb4 ,syphilitic deposits1 #ahc4 ,t4 ,tadpole's beak1 #hc4 ,tails ( butt]flies1 #he4 ,tapir1 #abc1 #acd4 ,t>sal bones1 #aei1 #aih4 ,tee? ( ,cetacea1 #hc4 ,tee? ( ,insectivora1 #fh4 ,tee? ( kang>oo & ,macroscelides1 #fi4 ,tee? ( seals1 #hc4 ,tee? ( %>ks1 #hc4 ,page #bif ,teleology & evolution compatible1 #bgc4 ,t5drils ( climb+ plants1 #ajg4 ,t5ia e*9ococcus1 #agj4 ,t]atology1 #agc4 ,tetragonopt]9a1 #adf4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,william1 #acf4 ,?oracic fi%es1 #ci4 ,?orax ( cru/aceans1 #gi4 ,?ylac9e1 #fg4 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 #aib4 ,tig]1 sabre-too!d1 #aaj4 ,"t requir$ = evolution1 #abh4 ,tope1 #agb4 ,trabecul cranii1 #agb4 ,transitional =ms1 #abh4 ,transmutationism1 #bdb4 ,trevelyan1 ,sir ,j4 ,peacock1 #ajj4 ,trilobites1 #ace1 #ada1 #aga4 ,tunic>ies1 #ha4 ,turbot1 #cg4 ,turkey1 effects ( climate on1 #ajj4 ,turki% dog1 #de4 ,two-gill$ cephalopods1 #gf4 ,type1 con=mity to1 #bda4 ,u4 ,umbilical vesicle1 #hb4 ,ungulata1 #be1 #aji4 ,ungulata eoc5e1 #aaj4 ,units1 physiological1 #afh1 #bah4 ,unkn[able1 !1 #bde4 ,upp] ,silurian /rata1 #adj1 #adb4 ,urotri*us1 #fh4 ,v4 ,v>iability1 diff]5t degrees (1 #aai4 ,v]mi=m app5dix1 #hc4 ,v]tebr ( skull1 #agb4 ,v]tebral column1 #afb1 #aga4 ,v]tebrate limbs1 #ch1 #afc4 ,v]tical homology1 #afe4 ,vesicle1 umbilical1 #hb4 ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 #c4 ,view "h advocat$1 #e4 ,vitre\s hum\r1 #gf4 ,vogt1 ,pr(essor1 #ab1 #bgc4 ,voice ( man1 #ed4 ,voltaire1 #bcj4 ,w4 ,wagn]1 ,j4 ,a41 #ac4 ,wagn]1 ,ni*olas1 #agj4 ,walk+ leaf1 #ce4 ,walk+-/ick insect1 #cc4 ,wallace1 ,mr4 ,alfr$1 #b1 #aj1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #ce1 #cf1 #ed1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajc1 #aag1 #aia1 #aig1 #bbf1 #bgd1 #bha-bhc4 ,weav] fi%es1 #ci4 ,weitbre*t1 #agi4 ,:ale1 foetal tee? (1 #g4 ,:ale1 m\? (1 #dj4 ,:alebone1 #dj4 ,:ales1 #gh4 ,:ite silk f[ls1 #abb4 ,wife sell+1 #aih4 ,wild animals1 _! v>iability1 #abj4 ,wild]1 ,pr(essor ,burt1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,w9dpipe1 #hb4 ,w+s ( bats1 birds1 & pt]odactyles1 #fd1 #acj4 ,w+s ( birds1 orig9 (1 #ajf4 ,w+s ( butt]flies1 outl9e (1 #hf4 ,w+s ( fly+-dragon1 #fd1 #aeh4 ,w+s ( humm+-bird1 #aeg4 ,w+s ( humm+-bird hawk mo?1 #aeg4 ,w+s ( insects1 #fe4 ,wombat1 #hc4 ,wom51 old ,fuegian1 #aib4 ,worms und]go+ fission1 #afi1 #baa4 ,wyman1 ,dr4 ,jeffries1 #ahe4 ,y4 ,york ,m9/]1 a ,fuegian1 #aig4 ,z4 ,zebras1 #acd4 ,zoological ,g>d5s1 ,sup]9t5d5t (1 #abf4 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes #a ,9 ! la/ edition ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahfi7 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself admits t ,natural ,selection has n be5 ! exclusive means ( modification1 ?\gh he /ill cont5ds x has be5 ! mo/ important "o4 #b ,see ,mr4 ,wallace's rec5t "w1 entitl$ ,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 :]e1 at p4 #cjb1 x is v well & %ortly /at$4 #c ,natural ,selection is happily s t]m$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology4 #d ,biology is ! sci5ce ( life4 ,x conta9s zoology1 or ! sci5ce ( animals1 & botany1 or t ( plants4 #e ,= v int]e/+ examples1 see ,mr4 ,wallace's ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 #f ,see ,mll]'s "w1 ,fr ,d>w91 lately translat$ into ,engli% by ,mr4 ,dallas4 ,mr4 ,wallace also pr$icts ! discov]y1 9 ,madagasc>1 ( a hawk-mo? ) an enorm\sly long proboscis1 & he does ?is on acc\nt ( ! discov]y !re ( an or*id ) a nect>y f t5 to f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,see ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,octob] #ahfg1 & ,natural ,selection1 p4 #bge4 #g ,lectures on ,man1 translat$ by ! ,an?ropological ,society1 #ahfd1 p4 #bbi4 #h ,ibid4 p4 #cgh4 #i ,see ,fif? ,edition1 #ahfi1 p4 #egi4 #aj ,! ,rambl]1 ,m>* #ahfj1 vol4 xii4 p4 #cgb4 #aa ,9 prim in/itutione natur non quritur miraculum1 s$ quid natura r]um habeat1 ut ,augu/9us dicit1 lib4 ii4 sup4 ,g54 ad lit4 c4 l4 7,/4 ,?omas1 ,sum4 ,i4 lxvii4 #d1 ad #c47 #ab ,hexaem4 ,hom4 ix4 p4 #ha4 #ac ,su>ez1 ,metaphysica4 ,edition ,vivs4 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,disputatio xv4 #b4 #ad ,pang5esis is ! "n ( ! new !ory propos$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 ord] to acc\nt = v>i\s obscure physiological facts1 su*1 e4g41 z ! occasional reproduction1 by individuals1 ( p>ts :i* !y h lo/2 ! appe>ance 9 (fspr+ ( p>5tal1 & sometimes ( remote ance/ral1 *>act]s1 c4 ,x acc\nts = ^! ph5om5a by suppos+ t e creature possesses c\ntless indef9itely-m9ute organic atoms1 t]m$ gemmules1 :i* atoms are suppos$ to be g5]at$ 9 e "p ( e organ1 to be 9 con/ant circulation ab\t ! body1 & to h ! p[] ( reproduction4 ,moreov]1 atoms f e "p are suppos$ to be /or$ 9 ! g5]ative products4 #ae ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aib4 #af ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dad4 #ag ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edit41 #ahfi1 p4 #aaj4 #ah ,ibid4 p4 #aaa4 #ai ,ibid4 p4 #bbg4 #bj ,! ord] ,ungulata conta9s ! ho($ bea/s2 t is1 all ox51 de]1 antelopes1 %eep1 goats1 camels1 hogs1 ! hippopotamus1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( rh9oc]os1 ! tapirs1 horses1 asses1 zebras1 quaggas1 c4 #ba ,! elephants ( ,africa & ,india1 ) _! ext9ct allies1 con/itute ! ord] ,proboscidea1 & d n belong to ! ,ungulata4 #bb ,see ,natural ,selection1 pp4 #fj-ge4 #bc ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 vol4 i4 p4 #abb4 #bd ,see ,natural ,selection1 *ap4 iii4 p4 #de4 #be ,loc4 cit4 p4 #hj4 #bf ,ibid4 p4 #ei4 #bg ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fd4 #bh ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edit4 p4 #ajd4 #bi ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cea4 #cj ,loc4 cit4 pp4 #aji1 #aaj4 #ca ,h]$ity is ! t]m us$ to d5ote ! t5d5cy :i* !re is 9 (fspr+ to reproduce p>5tal features4 #cb ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fd4 #cc ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fj4 #cd ,! t]m ,v]tebrata d5otes t l>ge gr\p ( animals :i* are *>act]iz$ by ! possession ( a sp9al column1 commonly kn[n z ! backbone4 ,su* animals are ourselves1 toge!r ) all bea/s1 birds1 reptiles1 frogs1 toads1 & efts1 & also fi%es4 #ce ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ^! sea-snakes h no relation to ! (t5-talk$-( sea-s]p5t4 ,!y are small1 v5om\s reptiles1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,indian seas4 #cf ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edit41 #ahfi1 p4 #agi4 #cg ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edit41 p4 #ecb4 #ch ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,b>tlett1 ( ! ,zoological ,society1 in=ms me t at ^! p]iods female apes admit ) p]fect read9ess ! access ( any males ( diff]5t species4 ,to be sure ?is is 9 conf9em5t2 b ! fact is1 ,i ?9k1 q conclusive aga9/ any su* sexual selection 9 a /ate ( nature z w\ld acc\nt = ! local coloration ref]r$ to4 #ci ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 ! la/ 7fif?7 edition ( ,natural ,selection1 #ahfi1 p4 #ajb1 admits t all sexual diff]5ces are n to be attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( sexual selection1 m5tion+ ! wattle ( c>ri] pigeons1 tuft ( turkey-cock1 c4 ,^! *>act]s1 h[ev]1 seem less inexplicable by sexual selection ?an ^? giv5 9 ! text4 #dj ,i am aga9 indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,b>tlett1 among/ o!rs4 ,t g5tleman in=ms me t1 s f> f any m5tal emotion be+ produc$ 9 rabbits by ! pres5ce & movem5ts ( snakes1 t he has actually se5 a male & female rabbit satisfy ! sexual in/9ct 9 t pres5ce1 a rabbit be+ seiz$ by a snake :5 9 coitu4 #da ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cai4 #db ,! read] may consult ,huxley's ,lessons 9 ,elem5t>y ,physiology1 p4 #bjd4 #dc ,natural ,selection1 p4 #cej4 #dd ,bivalve %ell-fi% are creatures belong+ to ! oy/]1 scallop1 & cockle gr\p1 i4e4 to ! class ,lamellibran*iata4 #de ,! attempt has be5 made to expla9 ^! facts z ow+ to mann] & symmetry ( gr[?1 & to col\r be+ incid5tal on ! *emical nature ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! %ell4 ,b surely beauty dep5ds on "s su* matt]s 9 all cases6 #df ,x has be5 sugge/$ 9 opposition to :at is "h said1 t !re is no real resemblance1 b t ! lik5ess is fanciful6 ,! d5ial1 h[ev]1 ( ! fact ( a resemblance :i* has /ruck s _m obs]v]s1 rem9ds "o ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]'s e/imate ( facts ho/ile to 8 !ory--,tant pis p\r les faits6 #dg ,fif? ,edition1 p4 #bcf4 #dh ,mr4 ,smi?1 ( ! ,entomological dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 has k9dly in=m$ me t ! individuals int]m$iate 9 /ructure are v few 9 numb]--n m ?an five p] c5t4--comp>$ ) ! numb] ( di/9ctly diff]5tiat$ individuals4 ,besides1 9 ! ,brazilian k9ds ^! int]m$iate =ms are want+4 #di ,by accid5tal v>iations ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n1 ( c\rse1 mean to imply v>iations really due to *ance1 b to utt]ly indet]m9ate antec$5ts4 #ej ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 p4 #bce4 #ea ,i4e4 w>m-blood$ animals :i* suckle _! "y1 su* z apes1 bats1 ho($ bea/s1 lions1 dogs1 be>s1 weasels1 rats1 squirrels1 armadillos1 slo?s1 :ales1 porpoises1 kang>oos1 opossums1 c4 #eb ,j\rnal ( ,anatomy & ,physiology 7#ahfh71 vol4 ii4 p4 #aci4 #ec ,see ,ann4 & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 = ,augu/ #ahgj1 p4 #adj4 #ed ,see ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 v4 "p iv4 p4 #bgh3 ,report ( a ,lecture deliv]$ ,febru>y #g1 #ahfh4 ,also ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,febru>y #ahgj3 ,contributions to ! ,anatomy & ,taxonomy ( ! ,d9osauria4 #ee ,proce$+s ( ,geological ,society1 ,novemb] #ahfi1 p4 #ch4 #ef ,! ar*eopt]yx ( ! oolite has ! true c>9ate %\ld] /ructure4 #eg ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 v4 p4 #bgi4 #eh ,?is rem>k is made )\t prejudice to possible aff9ities 9 ! direction ( ! ,ascidians1--an aff9ity :i*1 if real1 w\ld be irrelevant to ! "q "h discuss$4 #ei ,lectures on ! ,comp4 ,anat4 ( ! ,inv]tebrate ,animals1 #bnd edit4 #ahee1 p4 #fai2 & ,todd's ,cyclopdia ( ,anatomy1 vol4 i4 p4 #eed4 #fj ,see ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cba4 #fa ,a view rec5tly prop\nd$ by ,k[alewsky4 #fb ,natural ,selection1 p4 #afg4 #fc ,natural ,selection1 p4 #agc4 #fd ,ibid4 p4 #agg4 #fe ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 i4 p4 #dci4 #ff ,natural ,selection1 p4 #agg4 #fg ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 p4 #aff4 #fh ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bhj4 #fi ,see ,natural ,selection1 p4 #fd4 #gj ,! italics are n ,mr4 ,wallace's4 #ga ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aej2 & ,natural ,selection1 p4 #ajd4 #gb ,see ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 xxxviii4 #gc ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cad4 #gd ,=tnightly ,review1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iii 7,april #ahfh71 p4 #cgb4 #ge ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #cci4 #gf ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 an ,inquiry into its ,laws1 c4 ,by ,francis ,galton1 ,f4,r4,s4 7,london3 ,macmillan47 #gg ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 i4 p4 #cg4 #gh ,ibid4 p4 #dg4 #gi ,ibid4 p4 #eb4 #hj ,c>p5t]'s ,comp>ative ,physiology1 p4 #ihg1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy1 ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #aga4 #ha ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 i4 p4 #gb4 #hb ,ibid4 p4 #gf4 #hc ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 i4 p4 #ga4 #hd ,ibid4 p4 #aad4 #he ,quot$1 ,ibid4 p4 #bgd4 #hf ,ibid4 p4 #cbd4 #hg ,ibid4 p4 #cbb4 #hh ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dad4 #hi ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 ,april #bd1 #ahfj4 #ij ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 i4 p4 #bia4 #ia ,extract$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy1 vol4 i4 p4 #aig1 f ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ( ,octob] #ahfg1 p4 #ebg4 #ib ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gie4 #ic ,ibid4 p4 #hjg4 #id ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cah4 #ie ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdd4 #if ,see ,dec4 #b1 #ahfi1 vol4 i4 p4 #acb4 #ig b] die ,d>w9's*e ,s*pfung/heorie3 e9 ,vortrag1 von ,kllik]2 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 #ih ,see ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #cdb4 #ii ,anatomy ( ! ,lemuroidea4 ,by ,james ,murie1 ,m4,d41 & ,/4 ,george ,miv>t4 ,trans4 ,zool4 ,soc41 ,m>* #ahff1 p4 #ia4 #ajj ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 la/ edition1 vol4 i4 p4 #afc4 #aja ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,april #ahff1 pp4 #beg-h4 #ajb ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #agh4 #ajc ,?is animal belongs to ! ord] ,primates1 :i* includes man1 ! apes1 & ! lemurs4 ,! lemurs are ! l[] k9ds ( ! ord]1 & diff] mu* f ! apes4 ,!y h _! head-qu>t]s 9 ! ,isl& ( ,madagasc>4 ,! aye-aye is a lemur1 b x diff]s s+ul>ly f all its cong5]s1 & /ill m f all apes4 ,9 its d5tition x /rongly approximates to ! rod5t 7rat1 squirrel1 & gu9ea-pig7 ord]1 z x has two cutt+ tee? above1 & two bel[1 gr[+ f p]man5t pulps1 & 9 ! adult condition has no can9es4 #ajd ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 vii41 ,m>* #ahfg1 p4 #bhb4 #aje ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #ge4 #ajf ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjb4 #ajg ,comp>ative ,physiology1 p4 #bad1 note4 #ajh ,see ,nature1 ,june & ,july #ahgj1 ,nos4 #ce1 #cf1 & #cg1 pp4 #agj1 #aic1 & #bai4 #aji ,natural ,selection1 p4 #bic4 #aaj ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bhi-bie4 #aaa ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 #ahfi1 p4 #de4 #aab ,ibid4 p4 #ac4 #aac ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 i4 p4 #aae4 #aad ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #aad4 #aae ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdc4 #aaf ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfa4 #aag ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #af4 #aah ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eg4 #aai ,?is has be5 %[n by my late fri5d1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,n4 ,turn]1 jun41 9 an excell5t pap] by him 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society = #ahdi1 p4 #adg4 ,! untimely dea?1 ?r\gh a dissect+ w\nd1 ( ?is mo/ promis+ "y naturali/1 0 a v great loss to zoological sci5ce4 #abj ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahi4 #aba ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 #ahci1 p4 #aae4 #abb ,ibid4 p4 #cbb4 #abc ,ibid4 p4 #cad4 #abd ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajd4 #abe ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 vii41 ,m>* #ahfg1 p4 #cag4 #abf ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 #ahfi1 p4 #bab4 #abg ,see also ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review = ,july #ahfh4 #abh ,a bird ) a keel$ brea/-bone1 su* z almo/ all exi/+ birds possess4 #abi ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gib4 #acj ,ibid4 p4 #gic4 #aca ,z a tadpole is ! l>val =m ( a frog4 #acb ,z ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic c&\r1 fully admitt$ 9 8 lecture on ! ,d9osauria be=e ref]r$ to4 #acc ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,glasg[1 vol4 iii4 #acd ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 p4 #ced4 #ace ,see 8 address to ! ,geological ,society1 on ,febru>y #ai1 #ahfi4 #acf ,see ,nature1 vol4 i4 p4 #cii1 ,febru>y #ag1 #ahgj4 #acg ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #ded4 #ach ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdd4 #aci ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cde4 #adj ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 p4 #cec4 #ada ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 p4 #cha4 #adb ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 #ahfi1 p4 #dfc4 #adc ,see 8 ,catalogue ( ,acan?opt]ygian ,fi%es 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 vol4 iii4 p4 #edj4 #add ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahfg1 p4 #ajb1 & ,ann4 ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 xx4 p4 #aaj4 #ade ,see ,catalogue1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dfi4 #adf ,ibid4 vol4 v4 p4 #caa4 #adg ,ibid4 p4 #cde4 #adh ,ibid4 p4 #ac4 #adi ,ibid4 p4 #ba4 #aej ,see ,catalogue1 vol4 v4 p4 #bd4 #aea ,ibid4 p4 #eb4 #aeb ,ibid4 p4 #aji4 #aec ,ibid4 vol4 vi4 #bjh4 #aed ,ibid4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ejg4 #aee ,ibid4 p4 #eji4 #aef ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahfh1 p4 #dhb #aeg ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 #ahfi1 p4 #ded4 #aeh ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 p4 #dei4 #aei ,see ,ann4 & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,july #ahgj1 p4 #cg4 #afj ,pr(essor ,huxley's ,lectures on ! ,elem5ts ( ,comp4 ,anat4 p4 #ahd4 #afa ,= an enum]ation ( ! m obvi\s homological relation%ips see ,ann4 & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 = ,augu/ #ahgj1 p4 #aah4 #afb ,see ,ann4 & ,mag1 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,july #ahgj4 #afc ,treatise on ! ,human ,skeleton1 #aheh4 #afd ,hunt]ian ,lectures = #ahfd4 #afe ,l9nan ,transactions1 vol4 xxv4 p4 #cie1 #ahff4 #aff ,hunt]ian ,lectures = #ahgj1 & ,j\rnal ( ,anat4 = ,may #ahgj4 #afg ,see a ,pap] on ! ,axial ,skeleton ( ! ,urodela1 9 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahgj1 p4 #bff4 #afh ,j z ,button's sup]flu\s lam5t ov] ! un=tunate organization ( ! slo? has be5 %[n1 by ! increase ( our k1 to h be5 uncall$ = & absurd1 s o!r suppos$ in/ances ( non-adaptation w1 no d\bt1 simil>ly disappe>4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 p4 #bbj1 speaks ( a woodpeck] 7,colaptes campe/ris7 z hav+ an organization q at v>iance ) its habits1 & z nev] climb+ a tree1 ?\gh possess$ ( ! special arboreal /ructure ( o!r woodpeck]s4 ,x n[ appe>s1 h[ev]1 f ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 ,c4,m4,z4,s41 t its habits are 9 h>mony ) its /ructure4 ,see ,mr4 ,hudson's ?ird lett] to ! ,zoological ,society1 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( t ,society = ,m>* #bd1 #ahgj1 p4 #aei4 #afi ,dr4 ,cobbold has in=m$ ! ,au?or t he has nev] obs]v$ a plan>ia divide spontane\sly1 & he is sceptical z to t process tak+ place at all4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,*>lton ,ba/ian has also /at$ t1 9 spite ( mu* obs]vation1 he has nev] se5 ! process 9 vorticella4 #agj ,pr(essor ,huxley's ,hunt]ian ,lecture1 ,m>* #af1 #ahfh4 #aga ,ibid4 ,m>* #ah4 #agb ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aje4 #agc ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjc4 #agd ,quot$ by ,h4 ,/annius 9 8 ,h&bu* d] ,anatomie d] ,wirbel?i]e1 ,zweite ,auflage1 ,er/es ,bu*1 #g1 p4 #ag4 #age ,9 8 la/ ,hunt]ian ,c\rse ( ,lectures1 #ahfi4 #agf ,! ,sci5ce ( ,abnormal ,=ms4 #agg ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbb2 & ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 #ahfi1 p4 #agh4 #agh ,a rem>kable woman exhibit$ 9 ,london a few ye>s ago4 #agi ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbh4 #ahj ,ueb] das ,gli$maass5skelet d] ,enaliosauri]1 ,j5ais*5 ,zeits*rift1 ,bd4 v4 ,heft #c1 ,taf4 xiii4 #aha ,9 8 "w on ! ,c>pus & ,t>sus4 #ahb ,an excell5t specim5 display+ ?is resemblance is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 #ahc ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahfg1 p4 #cec4 #ahd ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahfe1 p4 #bee4 #ahe ,ibid4 p4 #cea4 #ahf ,hi/4 ,gnrale des ,anomalies1 t4 i4 p4 #bbh4 ,bruxelles1 #ahcg4 #ahg ,nov4 ,comm5t4 ,petrop4 t4 ix4 p4 #bfi4 #ahh ,read on ,june #b1 #ahfh1 be=e ! ,massa*usetts ,m$ical ,society4 ,see vol4 ii4 ,no4 #c4 #ahi ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbb4 #aij ,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1 #ahec1 vol4 i4 p4 #ah4 #aia ,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1 #ahec1 vol4 i4 p4 #bb4 #aib ,see ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,transactions1 vol4 xxv4 7or vii4 ( #bnd s]ies71 #ahdb1 p4 #ajj1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #aic ,m$4-,*irurg4 ,trans1 vol4 xxv4 7or vii4 ( #bnd s]ies71 #ahdb1 p4 #abb4 #aid ,see ,bo/on ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal = ,april #e1 #ahff1 vol4 lxxiv4 p4 #ahi4 #aie ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahj4 #aif ,see ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 xi4 ,june #e1 #ahfg4 #aig ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #ge4 #aih ,ibid4 p4 #aab4 #aii ,ibid4 p4 #agj4 #bjj ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 #bja ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! ,au?or does n mean t !re is1 9 addition to a real objective cry/al1 ano!r real1 objective sep>ate ?+ beside x1 namely ! =ce direct+ x4 ,all t is meant is t ! action ( ! cry/al 9 cry/alliz+ mu/ be ideally sep>at$ f ! cry/al itself1 n t x is really sep>ate4 #bjb ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 #ahfi1 p4 #egg4 #bjc ,vol4 ii4 p4 #abb4 #bjd ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 i p4 #bie4 #bje ,natural ,selection1 p4 #cej4 #bjf ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 #bjg ,see #bnd edition1 vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 #bjh ,page #ajc4 #bji ,i h n ! m]it ( hav+ notic$ ?is inconsi/5cy2 x 0 po9t$ out to me by my fri5d ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rob]ts4 #baj ,vol4 i4 p4 #bae4 #baa ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfe4 #bab ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilization & ! ,primitive ,condition ( ,man1 p4 #bfa4 ,longmans1 #ahgj4 #bac ,primitive ,man1 p4 #bdh4 #bad ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahc4 #bae ,essays1 ,second ,s]ies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ac4 #baf ,see ,no4 #aag1 ,july #ahfi1 p4 #bgb4 #bag ,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 ,no4 #aag1 ,july #ahfi4 #bah ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djc4 #bai ,ibid4 p4 #cff4 #bbj ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djb4 #bba ,see ,=tnightly ,review1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 ,april #ahfh1 p4 #ceb4 #bbb ,?is appe>$ 9 ! ,rivi/a ,contemporanea ,nazionale ,italiana1 & 0 translat$ & giv5 to ! ,engli% public 9 ,sci5tific ,op9ion = ,septemb] #bi1 ,octob] #f1 & ,octob] #ac1 #ahfi1 pp4 #cfe1 #cia1 & #djg4 #bbc ,see ,sci5tific ,op9ion1 ( ,octob] #ac1 #ahfi1 p4 #djg4 #bbd ,see ,sci5tific ,op9ion ( ,septemb] #bi1 #ahfi1 p4 #cff4 #bbe ,=tnightly ,review1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 ,april #ahfh1 p4 #ejh4 #bbf ,sci5tific ,op9ion1 ( ,octob] #ac1 #ahfi1 p4 #djh4 #bbg ,=tnightly ,review1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 ,april #ahfh1 p4 #eji4 #bbh ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 gnrale et p>ticulire1 tome ii4 #agdi1 p4 #cbg4 ,ces liqueurs sm9ales sont t\tes deux un extrait de t\tes les p>ties du corps1 c4 #bbi ,see ,nature1 ,m>* #c1 #ahgj1 p4 #ded4 ,mr4 ,wallace says 7ref]r+ to ,mr4 ,croll's pap] 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag471 ,z we are n[1 & h be5 = #fj1jjj ye>s1 9 a p]iod ( l[ ecc5tricity1 ! rate ( *ange ( species dur+ t "t may be no measure ( ! rate t has g5]ally obta9$ 9 pa/ geological epo*s4 #bcj ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdd4 #bca ,if anyone 7 to cont5d t beside ! opium !re exi/$ a real di/9ct objective entity1 its soporific virtue1 he w\ld be op5 to ridicule inde$4 ,b ! con/itution ( our m9ds is su* t we _c b di/+ui% ideally a ?+ f its ev5 ess5tial attributes & qualities4 ,! joke is suffici5tly amus+1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ z ! solemn enunciation ( a m]e truism4 #bcb ,notic$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 8 ,ar*etype1 p4 #gf4 ,rec5tly x has be5 attempt$ to discr$it ,d>w9ism 9 ,france by speak+ ( x z de la sci5ce m\sseuse6 #bcc ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #cdb4 #bcd ,introductory ,lecture ( ,febru>y #ad1 #ahgj1 pp4 #bd-cj1 ,figs4 #a-d4 7,*ur*ill & ,sons47 #bce ,see especially ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 xviii4 #bcf ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 pp4 #cbc1 #cbd4 #bcg ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #b4 #bch ,ibid4 p4 #be4 #bci ,ibid4 p4 #aea4 #bdj ,ibid4 p4 #aeg4 #bda ,ibid4 p4 #aeh4 #bdb ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 i4 p4 #bia4 #bdc ,?\gh h>dly necess>y1 x may be well to rem>k t ! views "h advocat$ 9 no way dep5d ^u ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4 #bdd ,vol4 iii4 p4 #hjh4 #bde ,?is is h>dly an exact repres5tation ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's view4 ,on 8 !ory1 if a fav\rable v>iation happ5s to arise 7! ext]nal circum/ances rema9+ ! same71 x w yet be pres]v$4 #bdf ,see #bnd edition1 p4 #aac4 #bdg ,essays1 ,philosophical & ,!ological1 ,trbn] & ,co41 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 #ahff1 p4 #aij4 ,e relative disability may be read two ways4 ,a disqualification 9 ! nature ( ?\ght = kn[+ x is1 f ! o!r side1 a disqualification 9 ! nature ( x f be+ kn[n4 ,to say !n t ! ,fir/ ,cause is :olly remov$ f our appreh5sion is n simply a disclaim] ( faculty on our "p3 x is a *>ge ( inability aga9/ ! ,fir/ ,cause too4 ,! dictum ab\t x is ?is3 ',x is a ,be+ t may exi/ out ( k1 b t is preclud$ f ent]+ )9 ! sph]e ( k4' ,we are told 9 "o brea? t ?is ,be+ mu/ be 9 e s5se 'p]fect1 complete1 total--includ+ 9 itself all p[]1 & transc5d+ all law' 7p4 #ch72 & 9 ano!r t ?is p]fect & omnipot5t ,"o is totally incapable ( reveal+ any "o ( an inf9ite /ore ( attributes4 ,ne$ we po9t out ! contradictions :i* ?is position involves8 ,if y abide by x1 y d5y ! ,absolute & ,inf9ite 9 ! v act ( affirm+ x1 =1 9 deb>r+ ! ,fir/ ,cause f self-revelation1 y impose a limit on its nature4 ,& 9 ! v act ( decl>+ ! ,fir/ ,cause incognizable1 y d n p]mit x to rema9 unkn[n4 ,= t only is unkn[n1 ( :i* y c nei!r affirm nor d5y any pr$icate2 "h y d5y ! p[] ( self-disclosure to ! ',absolute1' ( :i* !re=e some?+ is kn[n2--viz41 t no?+ c be kn[n6 #bdh ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ajh4 #bdi ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dc4 #bej ,loc4 cit4 p4 #df4 #bea ,mr4 ,j4 ,m>t9eau1 9 8 ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #baa1 obs]ves1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s conditions ( pi\s wor%ip are h>d to satisfy2 !re mu/ be betwe5 ! ,div9e & human no communion ( ?\ght1 relations ( consci5ce1 or approa* ( affection4 444 ,b y _c con/itute a religion out ( my/]y alone1 any m ?an out ( k alone2 nor c y measure ! relation ( doctr9es to humility & piety by ! m]e am\nt ( consci\s d>kness :i* !y leave4 ,all wor%ip1 be+ direct$ to :at is above u & transc5ds our compreh5sion1 /&s 9 pres5ce ( a my/]y4 ,b n all t /&s be=e a my/]y is wor%ip4 #beb ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #bj4 #bec ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aji4 #bed ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aaa4 #bee ,9 ?is criticism on ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ! ,au?or f9ds he has be5 anticipat$ by ,mr4 ,james ,m>t9eau4 7,see ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjh47 #bef ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bi4 #beg ,! ,au?or means by ?is1 t x is directly & imm$iately ! act ( ,god1 ! ^w sup]natural be+ us$ 9 a s5se conv5i5t = ! purposes ( ?is "w1 & n 9 its ord9>y !ological s5se4 #beh ,! phrase ord] ( nature is n "h us$ 9 its !ological s5se z di/+ui%$ f ! ord] ( grace1 b z a t]m1 "h conv5i5t1 to d5ote actions n due to direct & imm$iate ,div9e int]v5tion4 #bei ,a ,free ,exam9ation ( ,d>w9's ,treatise1 p4 #bi1 repr9t$ f ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,octob]1 #ahfj4 #bfj ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? edition1 p4 #ega4 #bfa ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dca4 #bfb ,! ,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell says1 ,all sci5ces approa* p]fection z !y approa* to a unity ( fir/ pr9ciples1--9 all cases recurr+ to or t5d+ t[>ds c]ta9 high elem5t>y conceptions :i* are ! repres5tatives ( ! unity ( ! great ar*etypal ideas accord+ to :i* ! :ole sy/em is arrang$4 ,inductive conceptions1 v p>tially & imp]fectly realiz$ & appreh5d$ by human intellect1 are ! expon5ts 9 our m9ds ( ^! great pr9ciples 9 nature4 ,all sci5ce is b ! p>tial reflexion 9 ! reason ( man1 ( ! great all-p]vad+ reason ( ! univ]se4 ,& ?us ! unity ( sci5ce is ! reflexion ( ! unity ( nature1 & ( ! unity ( t supreme reason & intellig5ce :i* p]vades & rules ov] nature1 & f :5ce all reason & all sci5ce is d]iv$4 7,unity ( ,worlds1 ,essay i41 ii42 ,unity ( ,sci5ces1 pp4 #gi & #ha47 ,also he quotes f ,o]/$'s ,s\l 9 ,nature 7pp4 #ab1 #af1 #ah1 #hg1 #ib1 & #cgg74 ,if ! laws ( reason did n exi/ 9 nature1 we %\ld va9ly attempt to =ce !m ^u h]3 if ! laws ( nature did n exi/ 9 our reason1 we %\ld n be able to compreh5d !m4 444 ,we f9d an agreem5t betwe5 our reason & works :i* our reason did n produce4 444 ,all exi/5ce is a dom9ion ( reason4 ,! laws ( nature are laws ( reason1 & altoge!r =m an endless unity ( reason2 444 "o & ! same ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 #bfc ,9 ! same way ,mr4 ,lewes1 9 criticis+ ! ,duke ( ,argyll's ,reign ( ,law 7,=tnightly ,review1 ,july #ahfg1 p4 #ajj71 asks :e!r we %\ld consid] t man wise :o spilt a gallon ( w9e 9 ord] to fill a w9eglass8 ,b1 because we %\ld n d s1 x by no means foll[s t we c argue f su* an action to ! action ( ,god 9 ! visible univ]se4 ,= ! man's object1 9 ! case suppos$1 is simply to fill ! w9e-glass1 & ! w9e spilt is s mu* loss4 ,) ,god x may be entirely diff]5t 9 bo? respects4 ,all ^! objections are fully met by ! pr9ciple ?us laid d[n by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as3 ,quod si aliqua causa p>ticul>is deficiat a suo effectu1 hoc e/ propt] aliquam causam p>ticul>em imp$iantem qu cont9etur sub ord9e caus univ]salis4 ,unde effectus ord9em caus univ]salis nullo modo pote/ exire4 444 ,sicut indige/io cont+it prt] ord9em virtutis nutritiv ex aliquo imp$im5to1 puta ex grossitie cibi1 quam necesse e/ r$uc]e 9 aliam causam1 et sic usque ad causam primam univ]salem4 ,cum igitur ,deus sit prima causa univ]salis non unius g5]i tantum1 s$ univ]salit] totius entis1 impossibile e/ quod aliquid cont+at prt] ord9em div9 gub]nationis2 s$ ex hoc ipso quod aliquid ex un p>te videtur exire ab ord9e div9 provid5ti1 quo consid]atur secundam aliquam p>ticul>em causam1 necesse e/ quod 9 eundem ord9em relabatur secundum aliam causam4--,sum4 ,!ol4 p4 i4 q4 #ai1 a4 #f1 & q4 #ajc1 a4 #g4 #bfd ,unity ( ,worlds1 ,essay ii41 ii41 p4 #bfj4 #bfe ,see ! exce$+ly good passage on ?is subject by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,newman1 9 8 ,disc\rses = ,mix$ ,congregations1 #ahej1 p4 #cde4 #bff ,see ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes's ,sea-,side ,/udies1 = "s excell5t rem>ks1 beg9n+ at p4 #cbi1 z to ! small susceptibility ( c]ta9 animals to pa94 #bfg ,philosophy ( ,creation1 ,essay iii41 iv41 p4 #dhj4 #bfh ,x seems almo/ /range t mod]n ,engli% ?\ght %\ld s long hold alo( f famili> communion ) ,*ri/ian writ]s ( o!r ages & c\ntries4 ,x is r>ely inde$ t acqua9tance is %[n ) su* au?ors1 ?\gh a bright example to ! contr>y 0 set by ,sir ,william ,hamilton4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 79 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 #g? edition1 p4 #ce7 speaks ) approval ( ! e>ly ,italian geologi/s4 ,( ,vallisn]i he says1 ,i return ) pleasure to ! geologi/s ( ,italy :o prec$$1 z has be5 already %[n1 ! naturali/s ( o!r c\ntries 9 _! inve/igations into ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & :o /ill ma9ta9$ a decid$ pre-em95ce4 ,!y refut$ & ridicul$ ! physico-!ological sy/ems ( ,burnet1 ,:i/on1 & ,woodw>d2 :ile ,vallisn]i1 9 8 comm5ts on ! ,woodw>dian !ory1 rem>k$ h[ mu* ! int]e/s ( religion1 z well z ( ^? ( s\nd philosophy1 _h suff]$ by p]petually mix+ up ! sacr$ writ+s ) que/ions ( physical sci5ce4 ,aga91 he quotes ! ,c>melite fri> ,g5]elli1 :o1 illu/rat+ ,moro be=e ! ,academy ( ,cremona 9 #agdi1 /rongly oppos$ ^? :o w\ld introduce ! sup]natural into ! doma9 ( nature4 ,i hold 9 utt] abom9ation1 mo/ le>n$ ,academicians6 ^? sy/ems :i* are built ) _! f\ndations 9 ! air1 & _c be propp$ up )\t a miracle1 & ,i und]take1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,moro1 to expla9 to y h[ ^! m>9e mon/]s 7 transport$ into ! m\nta9s by natural causes4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell notices ) exempl>y imp>tiality ! _s ( intol]ance on bo? sides4 ,h[ 9 ,france1 ,buffon1 on ! "o h&1 0 influ5c$ by ! !ological faculty ( ! ,sorbonne to recant 8 !ory ( ! e>?1 & h[ ,voltaire1 on ! o!r1 all[$ 8 prejudices to get ! bett]1 if n ( 8 judgm5t1 c]ta9ly ( 8 expression ( x4 ,?9k+ t fossil rema9s ( %ells1 c41 7 evid5ce 9 fav\r ( or?odox views1 ,voltaire1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 7,pr9ciples1 p4 #ef7 tells u1 endeav\r$ to inculcate scepticism z to ! real nature ( su* %ells1 & to recall f contempt ! explod$ dogma ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t !y 7 sports ( nature4 ,he also pret5d$ t vegetable impressions 7 n ^? ( real plants4 444 ,he w\ld sometimes1 9 defiance ( all consi/5cy1 %ift 8 gr\nd :5 address+ ! vulg>2 &1 admitt+ ! true nature ( ! %ells collect$ 9 ! ,alps & o!r places1 pret5d t !y 7 ,ea/]n species1 :i* _h fall5 f ! hats ( pilgrims com+ f ,syria4 ,! num]\s essays writt5 by him on geological subjects 7 all calculat$ to /r5g!n prejudices1 p>tly because he 0 ignorant ( ! real /ate ( ! sci5ce1 & p>tly f 8 bad fai?4 ,z to ! h>mony betwe5 _m e>ly ,*ur* writ]s ( great au?ority & mod]n views z reg>ds c]ta9 matt]s ( geology1 see ,geology & ,revelation1 by ! ,rev4 ,g]ald ,molloy1 ,d4,d41 ,london1 #ahgj4 #bfi ,de ,g5esi ad ,litt41 lib4 v41 cap4 v41 ,no4 #ad 9 ,b54 ,edition1 voi4 iii4 p4 #ahf4 #bgj ,lib4 cit41 cap4 xxii41 ,no4 #dd4 #bga ,lib4 cit41 ,de ,tr9itate1 lib4 iii41 cap4 viii1 ,no4 #ad4 #bgb ,lib4 cit41 cap4 ix41 ,no4 #af4 #bgc ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa1 i41 que/4 #fg1 art4 #d1 ad #c4 #bgd ,prim ,p>tis1 vol4 ii41 que/4 #gd1 art4 #b4 #bge ,lib4 cit41 que/4 #ga1 art4 #a4 #bgf ,lib4 cit41 que/4 #de1 art4 #h4 #bgg ,vide ,9 ,g5esim ,comm5t1 cap4 i4 #bgh ,rog] ,bacon1 ,opus t]tium1 c4 ix4 p4 #bg1 quot$ 9 ! ,rambl] = #ahei1 vol4 xii4 p4 #cge4 #bgi ,see ,nature1 ,june & ,july1 #ahgj4 ,^? :o1 l ,pr(essors ,huxley & ,tyndall1 d n accept 8 conclusions1 none ! less agree ) him 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh !y limit ! evolution ( ! organic _w f ! inorganic to a v remote p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 7,see ,pr(essor ,huxley's address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,liv]pool1 #ahgj1 p4 #ag47 #bhj ,lectures on ,metaphysics & ,logic1 vol4 i4 ,lecture ii41 p4 #dj4 #bha ,9 ! same way t an undue cultivation ( any "o k9d ( k is prejudicial to philosophy4 ,mr4 ,james ,m>t9eau well obs]ves1 ,no?+ is m common ?an to see maxims1 :i* are unexceptionable z ! assumptions ( p>ticul> sci5ces1 co]c$ into ! s]vice ( a univ]sal philosophy1 & s turn$ into in/rum5ts ( mis*ief & di/ortion4 ,t we c "k no?+ b ph5om5a1--t causation is simply con/ant priority1--t m5 are gov]n$ inv>iably by _! int]e/s1 are examples ( rules all[able z dom9ant hypo!ses 9 physics or political economy1 b ex]cis+ a desolat+ tyranny :5 ?ru/ on to ! ?rone ( univ]sal empire4 ,he :o seizes ^u ^! & simil> maxims1 & c>ries !m 9 triumph on 8 bann]1 may boa/ ( 8 escape f ! unc]ta9ties ( metaphysics1 b is himself all ! :ile ! unconsci\s victim ( _! v vulg>e/ deception4 7,essays1 ,second ,s]ies1 ,a ,plea = ,philosophical ,/udies1 p4 #dba47 #bhb ,lecky's ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1 vol4 i4 p4 #gc4 #bhc ,lectures on ,univ]sity ,subjects1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,d4,d41 p4 #cbb4 #bhd ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cbd4 #bhe ,?us ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette ( ,june #ae1 #ahfh1 speak+ ( physical sci5ce1 obs]ves1 ,! logical feebl5ess ( sci5ce is n suffici5tly borne 9 m9d4 ,x keeps d[n ! we$ ( sup]/ition1 n by logic1 b by sl[ly r5d]+ ! m5tal soil unfit = its cultivation4 #bhf ,by ?is x is n1 ( c\rse1 meant to d5y t ! exi/5ce ( ,god c be demon/rat$ s z to dem& ! ass5t ( ! intellect tak51 s to speak1 by itself4 #bhg ,see "s excell5t rem>ks 9 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,newman's ,p>o*ial ,s]mons--! new edition 7#ahfi71 vol4 i4 p4 #baa4 #bhh ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,july #ahfj1 p4 #adc1 quot$ 9 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray's pamphlet1 p4 #dg4 #bhi ,see ,! ,academy = ,octob] #ahfi1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ac4 #bij ,pr(essor ,huxley goes on to say t ! me*ani/ may1 9 turn1 dem& ( ! teleologi/ h[ ! latt] kn[s x 0 s int5d$4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ he kn[s x z a necess>y tru? ( reason d$uc$ f 8 own prim>y intuitions1 :i* intuitions _c be que/ion$ )\t absolute scepticism4 #bia ,! ,pr(essor d\btless means ! direct & imm$iate result4 7,see ,trans4 ,zool4 ,soc4 vol4 v4 p4 #ij47 #bib ,natural ,selection1 p4 #bhj4 #bic ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 e4g41 has ?us und]/ood ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,! ,doctor says 9 8 pamphlet1 p4 #ch1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 uses expressions :i* imply t ! natural =ms :i* surr\nd u1 because !y h a hi/ory or natural sequ5ce1 c\ld h be5 only g5]ally1 b n p>ticul>ly design$1--a view at once sup]ficial & contradictory2 :]eas 8 true l9e %\ld be1 t 8 hypo!sis conc]ns ! ord] & n ! cause1 ! h[ & n ! :y ( ! ph5om5a1 & s leaves ! "q ( design j :]e x 0 be=e4 #bid ,all sci5ce is b ! p>tial reflexion 9 ! reason ( man1 ( ! great all-p]vad+ reason ( ! univ]se4 ,& ! unity ( sci5ce is ! reflexion ( ! unity ( nature & ( ! unity ( t supreme reason & intellig5ce :i* p]vades & rules ov] nature1 & f :5ce all reason & all sci5ce is d]iv$4 7,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,unity ( ! ,sci5ces1 ,essay i4 ii4 p4 #ha47 #bie ,! ,reign ( ,law1 p4 #dj4 #bif ,?\gh ,mr4 ,d>w9's epi!ts d5ot+ design are metaphorical1 8 admiration ( ! result is unequivocal1 nay1 en?usia/ic6 #big ,see ,habit & ,intellig5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdh4 #bih ,! t]m1 z be=e said1 n be+ us$ 9 its ord9>y !ological s5se1 b to d5ote an imm$iate ,div9e action z di/+ui%$ f ,god's action ?r\gh ! p[]s conf]r$ on ! physical univ]se4 #bii ,see ,natural ,selection1 pp4 #ccb to #cfj4 #cjj ,loc4 cit41 p4 #cdi4 #cja ,see ,pr(essor ,huxley's ,lessons 9 ,elem5t>y ,physiology1 p4 #bah4 #cjb ,x may be object$1 p]haps1 t excessive delicacy ( ! e> might h be5 produc$ by hav+ to gu>d aga9/ ! approa* ( enemies1 "s savages be+ rem>kable = _! ke5ness ( he>+ at great di/ances4 ,b ! p]ceptions ( int5sity & quality ( s\nd are v diff]5t4 ,"s p]sons :o h an extremely acute e> = delicate s\nds1 & :o are fond ( music1 h yet an incapacity = detect+ :e!r an in/rum5t is slightly out ( tune4 #cjc ,loc4 cit41 pp4 #cea1 #ceb4 #cjd ,loc4 cit41 p4 #cfh4 #cje ,loc4 cit41 p4 #cej4 #cjf ,publi%$ by ,john ,*ur*ill4 #cjg ,natural ,selection1 p4 #cbd4 #cjh ,! italics are n ,mr4 ,wallace's4 #cji ,unity ( ,worlds1 ,essay ii4 ii4 p4 #bdg4 #caj ,ibid4 ,essay i4 ii4 p4 #gf4 #caa ,ibid4 ,essay iii4 iv4 p4 #dff4 #cab ,a good exposition ( h[ an inf]ior action has to yield to "o high] is giv5 by ,dr4 ,newman 9 8 ,lectures on ,univ]sity ,subjects1 p4 #cgb4 ,:at is true 9 "o sci5ce1 is dictat$ to u inde$ accord+ to t sci5ce1 b n accord+ to ano!r sci5ce1 or 9 ano!r dep>tm5t4 ,:at is c]ta9 9 ! milit>y art1 has =ce 9 ! milit>y art1 b n 9 /atesman%ip2 & if /atesman%ip be a high] dep>tm5t ( action ?an w>1 & enjo9s ! contr>y1 x has no =ce on our reception & ob$i5ce at all4 ,& s :at is true 9 m$ical sci5ce1 might 9 all cases be c>ri$ out1 7 man a m]e animal or brute )\t a s\l2 b s9ce he is a rational1 responsible be+1 a ?+ may be ev] s true 9 m$ic9e1 yet may be unlawful 9 fact1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high] law ( morals & religion com+ to "s diff]5t conclusion4 #cac ,quot$ f ! ,rambl] ( ,m>* #ahfj1 p4 #cfd3 ,greek3 ,hop\ m5 oun hapanta suneb1 hsp] ka9 ei h5eka t\ eg9eto1 tauta m5 es? apo t\ automat\ su/anta epitdeis hosa de m h\ts apleto kai apollutai1 ka?apeo ,emp$okls legei ta b\g5 kai &roprra4--,,ari/4 ,phys4 ii4 c4 #h4