,transcriber's notes3  ,seven           
typographical errors have been          
corrected3   ,page   #h1 #ae changed to 
#ah 7,see ,fig4 #ah7   ,page #bjh1 #e   
changed to #g 7,see ,fig4 #g7   ,page   
#bha1 does changed to dose 7,give a big 
dose of castor oil7   ,page #cjf1 he    
changed to be 7which should be covered  
with a single             thickness7    
,page #cdh1 iself changed to itself     
7than by the bite itself7   ,page #cfb1 
dioxid changed to dioxide 7harmless     
substances as water             and     
carbon dioxide7   ,page #dce1 ecezmatous
 changed to eczematous 7to keep the     
eczematous             skin area moist7 
,illustration  ,,the ,,mother ,,and     
,,her ,,child  ,,by  ,,william ,s4      
,,sadler1 ,m4 ,d4  ,,professor ,,of     
,,therapeutics1 ,,the ,,post-,,graduate 
,,medical ,,school ,,of ,,chicago2      
,,director ,,of ,,the ,,chicago         
,,institute ,,of ,,physiologic          
,,therapeutics2 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the     
,,american ,,medical ,,association2     

,,member ,,of ,,the ,,chicago ,,medical 
,,society2 ,,the ,,illinois ,,state     
,,medical ,,society2 ,,the ,,american   
,,association ,,for ,,the ,,advancement 
,,of ,,science1 ,,etc4  ,,and  ,,lena   
,k4 ,,sadler1 ,m4 ,d4  ,,associate      
,,director ,,of ,,the ,,chicago         
,,institute ,,of ,,physiologic          
,,therapeutics2 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the     
,,american ,,medical ,,association2     
,,member ,,of ,,the ,,chicago ,,medical 
,,society2 ,,the ,,medical ,,women',s   
,,club ,,of ,,chicago2 ,,national       
,,congress ,,of ,,mothers ,,and         
,,parent-,,teacher ,,association2 ,,the 
,,chicago ,,woman',s ,,club1 ,,etc4     
,,illustrated  ,illustration   ,,toronto
 ,mc,c,l,e,l,l,a,n,d1 ,,goodchild       
,,stewart ,,chicago3 ,a4 ,c4            
,mc,c,l,u,r,g  ,,co4  #aiaf             
,copyright  ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg  ,co4     
#aiaf         99       99       99      
99       99  ,published ,august1 #aiaf  
99       99       99       99       99  
,copyrighted in ,great ,britain   ,w4   

,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,company1        
,,chicago    ,,to  ,,billy  ,,who1      
,,because ,,of ,,his ,,unconscious      
,,contributions ,,to ,,its ,,practical  
,,features1 ,,should ,,be ,,regarded    
,,as ,a ,,co-,,author1 ,,this ,,volume  
,,is ,,affectionately ,,dedicated ,,by  
,,his ,,parents ,,the ,,authors         
,,preface   ,for many years the call for
 a book on the mother and her child has 
come to us from patients1 from the      
public1 and now from our publishers--and
 this volume represents our efforts to  
supply this demand4  ,the larger part of
 the work was originally written by ,dr4
 ,lena ,k4 ,sadler1 with certain        
chapters by ,dr4 ,william ,s4 ,sadler1  
but in the revision and re-arrangement  
of the manuscript so much work was done 
by each on the contributions of the     
other1 that it was deemed best to bring 
the book out under joint authorship4    
,the book is divided into three         
principal parts3 ,part ,i1 dealing with 
the experience of pregnancy from the    

beginning of expectancy to the          
convalescence of labor3 ,part ,,ii1     
dealing with the infant from its first  
day of life up to the weaning time2     
,part ,,iii1 taking up the problems of  
the nursery from the weaning to the     
important period of adolescence4  ,the  
advice given in this work is that which 
we have tried out by experience--both as
 parents and physicians--and we pass it 
on to mothers1 fathers1 and nurses with 
the belief that it will be of help in   
their efforts at practical and          
scientific child culture4 ,we believe1  
also1 that the expectant mother will be 
aided and encouraged in bearing the     
burdens which are common to motherhood  
by the advice and instruction offered4  
,while we have drawn from our own       
professional and personal experience in 
the preparation of this book1 we have   
also drawn freely from the present-day  
literature dealing with the subjects    
treated1 and desire to acknowledge our  
indebtedness to the various writers and 

authorities4  ,we now jointly send forth
 the volume on its mission1 as a        
contribution toward lightening the task 
and inspiring the efforts of those      
mothers1 nurses1 and others who honor us
 by a perusal of its pages4  ,,william  
,s4 ,,sadler4  ,,lena ,k4 ,,sadler4     
,chicago1 #aiaf4     ,,contents         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,part ,i  ,,the ,,mother    ,,chapter  
,,page          ,i  ,the ,expectant     
,mother                    #a           
,,ii  ,story of the ,unborn ,child      
#g       ,,iii  ,birthmarks and         
,prenatal ,influence      #ad           
,,iv  ,the ,hygiene of ,pregnancy       
#ba         ,v  ,complications of       
,pregnancy             #ce        ,,vi  
,toxemia and ,its ,symptoms             
#dg       ,,vii  ,preparations for the  
,natal ,day         #ec      ,,viii     
,the ,day of ,labor                     
#fc        ,,ix  ,twilight ,sleep and   
,painless ,labor      #ga         ,x    
,sunrise ,slumber and ,nitrous ,oxid    

#hd        ,,xi  ,the ,convalescing     
,mother                #ic   ,,part ,,ii
  ,,the ,,baby        ,,xii  ,baby's    
,early ,days                     #ajc   
,,xiii  ,the ,nursery                   
#aad       ,,xiv  ,why ,babies ,cry     
#abc        ,,xv  ,the ,nursing ,mother 
and ,her ,babe       #acc       ,,xvi   
,the ,bottle-,fed ,baby                 
#adg      ,,xvii  ,milk ,sanitation     
#aef     ,,xviii  ,home ,modification of
 ,milk             #afe       ,,xix     
,the ,feeding ,problem                  
#agg        ,,xx  ,baby's ,bath and     
,toilet                #aij       ,,xxi 
,baby's ,clothing                       
#bjb      ,,xxii  ,fresh ,air1 ,outings1
 and ,sleep         #bac     ,,xxiii    
,baby ,hygiene                          
#bbb      ,,xxiv  ,growth and           
,development                #bcb        
,,part ,,iii  ,,the ,,child             
,,xxv  ,the ,sick ,child                
#bea       ,,xxvi  ,baby's ,sick ,room  
#bff      ,,xxvii  ,digestive ,disorders

                  #bgd     ,,xxviii     
,contagious ,diseases                   
#bhe       ,,xxix  ,respiratory         
,diseases                 #cjj          
,,xxx  ,the ,nervous ,child             
#cjh       ,,xxxi  ,nervous ,diseases   
#cbc      ,,xxxii  ,skin ,troubles      
#ccc     ,,xxxiii  ,deformities and     
,chronic ,disorders    #cda      ,,xxxiv
  ,accidents and ,emergencies           
#cdh       ,,xxxv  ,diet and ,nutrition 
#cfj      ,,xxxvi  ,caretakers and      
,governesses           #cgj     ,,xxxvii
  ,the ,power of ,positive ,suggestions 
#chj    ,,xxxviii  ,play and ,recreation
                  #cij      ,,xxxix     
,the ,puny ,child                       
#djj         ,,xl  ,teaching ,truth     
#dje   ,appendix                        
#dbg   ,index                           
#ddi     ,,illustrations         ,the   
mother and her child                    
,frontispiece    ,,figure               
,,page     #a  ,steps in early          
development                     #aj     

#b  ,the expectant costume              
#bc    #c  ,the photophore              
#dc    #d  ,taking the blood pressure   
#dh    #e  ,breast binder               
#ei    #f  ,how to hold the baby        
#aaj    #g  ,making the sleeping blanket
                   #aag    #h  ,in the  
sleeping blanket                        
#aah    #i  ,homemade ice box           
#adi   #aj  ,heating the bottle         
#aea   #aa  ,a sanitary dairy           
#aeh   #ab  ,articles needed for baby's 
feeding            #afg   #ac           
,supporting the baby for the bath       
#aid   #ad  ,developmental changes      
#bdj   #ae  ,the cooling enema          
#bij   #af  ,x ray showing tuberculosis 
of the lung        #cdf   #ag  ,father  
and ,mother ,corn and ,morning ,glory   
#djf     ,,part ,i  ,,the ,,mother      
,,the ,,mother ,,and ,,her ,,child      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,part ,i  ,,the ,,mother         99    
99       99       99       99           
,,chapter ,i  ,,the ,,expectant ,,mother

   ,there can be no grander1 more noble1
 or higher calling for a healthy1       
sound-minded woman than to become the   
mother of children4 ,she may be the     
colaborer of the business man1 the      
overworked housewife of the tiller of   
the soil1 the colleague of the          
professional man1 or the wife of the    
leisure man of wealth2 nevertheless1 in 
every normal woman in every station of  
life there lurks the conscious or       
sub-conscious maternal instinct4 ,sooner
 or later the mother-soul yearns and    
cries out for the touch of baby fingers1
 and for that maternal joy that comes to
 a woman when she clasps to her breast  
the precious form of her own babe4      
,,motherhood ,,the ,,highest ,,calling  
,motherhood is by far woman's highest   
and noblest profession4 ,science1 art1  
and careers dwindle into insignificance 
when we attempt to compare them with    
motherhood4 ,and to attain this high    
profession1 to reach this manifest goal 
of destiny1 women are seeking everywhere

 to obtain the best information1 and the
 highest instruction regarding          
mothercraft1 babyhood1 and child        
culture4  ,in an ,indiana town not long 
ago1 at the close of a lecture1 a small1
 intellectual-appearing mother came     
forward1 and1 tenderly placing her tiny 
and emaciated infant in my arms1 said3  
,o ,doctor6 can you help me feed my     
helpless babe8 ,i'm sure it is going to 
die4 ,nothing seems to help it4 ,my     
father is the banker in this town4 ,i   
graduated from high school and he sent  
me to ,ann ,arbor1 and there ,i toiled  
untiringly for four years and obtained  
my degree of ,b4 ,a4 ,i have gone as far
 as ,i could--spent thousands of dollars
 of my unselfish father's money--but ,i 
find myself totally ignorant of my own  
child's necessities4 ,i cannot even     
provide her food4 ,o ,doctor6 can't     
something be done for young women to    
prepar them for motherhood8             
,,mothercraft ,,preparation  ,the time  
will come when our high and normal      

schools will provide adequate courses   
for the preparation of the young woman  
for her highest profession1 motherhood4 
,this young mother1 who had reached the 
goal of ,bachelor of ,arts1 found to her
 sorrow that she was entirely deficient 
in her education and training regarding 
the duties and responsibilities of a    
mother4 ,in every school of the higher  
branches of education that train young  
women in their late teens there should  
be a chair of mothercraft1 providing    
practical lectures on baby hygiene1     
dress1 bathing1 and the general care of 
infants1 and giving instruction in the  
rudiments of simple bottle-feeding1     
together with the caloric values of     
milk1 gruels1 and other ingredients     
which enter into the preparation of a   
baby's food4  ,young women would most   
enthusiastically enroll for such        
classes1 and as years passed and        
marriage came and children to the home1 
imagine the gratitude that would flood  
the souls of the young mothers who were 

fortunate enough to have attended       
schools where the chairs of motherhood  
prepared them for these new duties and  
responsibilities4   ,,early ,,medical   
,,supervision  ,just as soon as it is   
known that a baby is coming into the    
home1 the expectant mother should engage
 the best doctor she can afford4 ,she   
should make frequent calls at his office
 and intelligently carry out the        
instruction concerning water drinking1  
exercise1 diet1 etc4 ,twenty-four hour  
specimens of urine should be frequently 
saved and taken to the physician for    
examination4 ,in these days the         
blood-pressure is closely observed1     
together with approaching headaches and 
other evidences of possible kidney      
complications4 ,the early recognition of
 these dangers is accompanied by the    
immediate employment of appropriate     
sweating procedures and other measures  
designed to promote the elimination of  
body poisons4 ,thus science is able     
effectively to stay the progress of the 

high blood-pressure of former days1 and 
which was so often followed by          
eclampsia--uremic poisoning4  ,in these 
days of careful urine analysis1 expertly
 administered anaesthetics1 and         
up-to-date hospital confinements1 the   
average intelligent woman may enter into
 pregnancy quite free from the oldtime  
fears1 whose only rewards were grief and
 cankering care4 ,all fear of childbirth
 and all dread of maternal duties and   
sacrifices do not in the least lessen   
the necessary unpleasantness associated 
with normal labor4 ,it lies in the      
choice of every expectant mother to     
journey through the months of pregnancy 
with dissatisfaction and resentment or  
with joy and serenity4 ,the child will  
be born and laid in your arms to be fed1
 cared for1 and reared1 whether you weep
 or smile through the months of waiting4
   ,,the ,,resentful ,,mother  ,a little
 woman came into our office the day of  
this writing1 saying3 ,doctor1 ,i'm just
 as mad as ,i can be2 ,i don't want to  

be pregnant1 ,i just hate the idea4 ,as 
,i smiled upon this girl-wife of        
nineteen1 ,i drew from my desk a sheet  
of paper and slowly wrote down these    
words for the head of a column3 ,got a  
mad on1 and for the head of another1    
,got a glad on2 and then we quickly set 
to work carefully to tabulate all the   
results that having a mad on would      
bring4 ,we found to her dismay that its 
harvest would be sadness of the heart1  
husband unhappy1 work unbearable1 while 
all church duties as well as social     
functions would be sadly marred4 ,then1 
just as carefully1 we tabulated the     
benefits that would follow having a glad
 on4 ,her face broke into a smile2 she  
laughed1 and as she left the office she 
assured me that she would accept        
,nature's decree1 make the best of her  
lot1 and thus wisely align herself with 
the normal life demands of old ,mother  
,nature4 ,this view of her experience1  
she came to see1 would bring the        
greatest amount of happiness to both    

herself and husband4 ,she left me1      
declaring that she was just wild for a  
baby2 and there is still echoing in my  
ears her parting words3 ,i'm leaving    
you1 ,oh1 such a happy girl6 and ,i'm   
going home to ,harold a happy and       
contented expectant mother4  ,there     
often enters on the exit of a           
discontented and resentful expectant    
mother1 a woman1 very much alone in the 
world--perhaps a bachelor maid or a     
barren wife1 who1 as she sits in the    
office1 bitterly weeps and wails over   
her state of loneliness or sterility2   
and so we are led to realize that       
discontentment is the lot of many women2
 and we are sometimes led to regret that
 ours is not the power to take from her 
that hath and give to her that hath not4
   ,,early ,,signs ,,of ,,pregnancy     
,among the first questions an expectant 
mother asks is3 ,what are early signs of
 pregnancy8 ,the answer briefly is3     
#a4 ,cessation of menstruation4   #b4   
,changes in the breast4   #c4 ,morning  

sickness4   #d4 ,disturbances in        
urination4  ,menstruation may be        
interrupted by other causes than        
pregnancy1 but the missing of the second
 or third periods usually indicates     
pregnancy4 ,accompanying the cessation  
of menstruation1 changes in the breast  
occur4 ,sensation in the breasts akin to
 those which usually accompany          
menstruation are manifested at this time
 in connection with the unusual         
sensations of stinging1 prickling1 etc4 
,fully one-half of our patients do not  
suffer with morning sickness2 however1  
it is the general consensus of opinion  
that morning sickness is one of the     
early signs of pregnancy1 and these     
attacks consist of all gradations--from 
slight dizziness to the most severe     
vomiting4 ,it is an unpleasant          
experience1 but in passing through it we
 may be glad in the thought that it too1
 will pass4  ,because of the pressure   
exerted by the growing uterus upon the  
bladder1 disturbances in urination often

 appear1 but as the uterus continues to 
grow and lifts itself up and away from  
the bladder these symptoms disappear4   
,chief of the later signs of pregnancy  
are quickening or fetal movements4 ,the 
movements are very much like the        
fluttering of a young birdling4 ,they   
usually are felt by the expectant mother
 between the seventeenth and eighteenth 
weeks4 ,this sign1 together with the    
noting of the fetal heartbeat at the    
seventh month1 constitute the positive  
signs of pregnancy4   ,,probable ,,date 
,,of ,,delivery  ,and now our expectant 
mother desires to know when to expect   
the little stranger4 ,from countless    
observations of childbirth under all    
conditions and in many countries1 the   
pregnant period is found to cover about 
thirty-nine weeks1 or two hundred and   
seventy-three days4 ,there are a number 
of ways or methods of computing this    
time4 ,many physicians count back three 
months and add seven days to the first  
day of the last menstruation4 ,for      

instance1 if the last menstruation were 
,december #b to #f1 then1 to find the   
probable day of delivery1 we count back 
three months to ,september #b1 and then 
add seven days4 ,this gives us          
,september #i1 as the probable date of  
delivery4 ,the real date of delivery may
 come any time within the week of which 
this calculated date is the center4  ,as
 a rule1 ten days to two weeks preceding
 the day of delivery1 the uterus settles
 down into the pelvis1 the waist line   
becomes more comfortable1 and the       
breathing is much easier4  ,on the      
accompanying page1 may be found a table 
for computing the probable day of labor1
 prepared in accordance with the plan   
just described4  ,,table ,,for          
,,calculating ,,the ,,date ,,of         
,,confinement   ,jan4      #a  #b  #c   
#d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab #ac  
#ad #ae #af   ,oct4      #h  #i #aj #aa 
#ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba 
#bb #bc                                 
----------------------------------------

------------------------- ,jan4      #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj #ca     ,oct4      #bd #be 
#bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca  #a  #b  #c  #d 
#e  #f  #g     ,nov4  ,feb4      #a  #b 
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  
#ac #ad #ae #af   ,nov4      #h  #i #aj 
#aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj 
#ba #bb #bc                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,feb4      #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh              ,nov4      #bd #be #bf
 #bg #bh #bi #cj  #a  #b  #c  #d  #e    
,dec4  ,mar4      #a  #b  #c  #d  #e  #f
  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af
   ,dec4      #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab
 #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba    
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,mar4      #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj #ca     ,dec4      #bb #bc 
#bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca  #a  #b 
#c  #d  #e     ,jan4  ,april4    #a  #b 
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  

#ac #ad #ae #af   ,jan4      #f  #g  #h 
#i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah  
#ai #bj #ba                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,april4    #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj        ,jan4      #bb #bc  
#bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca  #a  #b 
#c  #d        ,feb4  ,may4      #a  #b  
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  
#ac #ad #ae #af   ,feb4      #e  #f  #g 
#h  #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag  
#ah #ai #bj                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,may4      #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj #ca     ,feb4      #ba #bb 
#bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh  #a  #b  #c  #d 
#e  #f  #g     ,mar4  ,june4     #a  #b 
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  
#ac #ad #ae #af   ,mar4      #h  #i #aj 
#aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj 
#ba #bb #bc                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,june4     #ag

 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj        ,mar4      #bd #be  
#bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca  #a  #b  #c  #d 
#e  #f        ,apr4  ,july4     #a  #b  
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  
#ac #ad #ae #af   ,apr4      #g  #h  #i 
#aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai 
#bj #ba #bb                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,july4     #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj #ca     ,apr4      #bc #bd 
#be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj  #a  #b  #c  #d 
#e  #f  #g     ,may4  ,aug4      #a  #b 
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  
#ac #ad #ae #af   ,may4      #h  #i #aj 
#aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj 
#ba #bb #bc                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,aug4      #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj #ca     ,may4      #bd #be 
#bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca  #a  #b  #c  #d 
#e  #f  #g     ,june4  ,sept4     #a  #b
  #c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab

 #ac #ad #ae #af   ,june4     #h  #i #aj
 #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj
 #ba #bb #bc                            
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,sept4     #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj        ,june4     #bd #be  
#bf #bg #bh #bi #cj  #a  #b  #c  #d  #e 
#f  #g        ,july4  ,oct4      #a  #b 
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  
#ac #ad #ae #af   ,july4     #h  #i #aj 
#aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj 
#ba #bb #bc                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,oct4      #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj #ca     ,july4     #bd #be 
#bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca  #a  #b  #c  #d 
#e  #f  #g     ,aug4  ,nov4      #a  #b 
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  
#ac #ad #ae #af   ,aug4      #h  #i #aj 
#aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj 
#ba #bb #bc                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,nov4      #ag

 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj        ,aug4      #bd #be  
#bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca  #a  #b  #c  #d 
#e  #f        ,sept4  ,dec4      #a  #b 
#c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i #aj #aa #ab  
#ac #ad #ae #af   ,sept4     #g  #h  #i 
#aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai 
#bj #ba #bb                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,dec4      #ag
 #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg
 #bh #bi #cj #ca     ,sept4     #bc #bd 
#be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj  #a  #b  #c  #d 
#e  #f  #g     ,oct4   ,supposing the   
upper figure in each pair of horizontal 
lines to represent the first day of the 
last menstrual period1 the figure       
beneath it1 with the month designated in
 the margin1 will show the probable date
 of confinement4     ,,chapter ,,ii     
,,story ,,of ,,the ,,unborn ,,child     
,to every physician in every community1 
sooner or later in his experience there 
come thoughtless women making requests  
that we even hesitate to write about4   

,their excuses for the crime which they 
seek to have the physician join them in 
committing1 range all the way from ,i   
don't want to go to the trouble1 to     
,doctor1 ,i've got seven children now1  
and ,i can't even educate and dress them
 properly2 or1 maybe1 ,i nearly lost my 
life with the last one4                 
,,embryological ,,ignorance  ,one little
 woman came to us the other day from the
 suburbs1 and honestly1 frankly1 related
 this story3  ,we've been married just  
six months1 ,i have continued my        
stenographic work to add the sixty-five 
dollars to our monthly income4 ,doctor1 
we must meet our monthly payments on the
 home1 ,i must continue to work1 or we  
shall utterly fail4 ,i am perfectly     
willing a baby shall come to us two     
years from now1 but1 doctor1 ,i just    
can't allow this one to go on1 you must 
help me just this once4 ,why doctor1    
there can't be much form or life there1 
it's only three months now1 or will be  
next week1 and you know it's nothing but

 a mass of jelly4  ,she had talked with 
a confidential friend in her            
neighborhood1 had been told that she    
could do it herself1 but fearing trouble
 or infection1 had come to the          
conclusion she had better go to a clean1
 reputable physician1 to have the       
abortion performed4  ,this is not the   
place to narrate the experiences of the 
unfortunate victims of habitual criminal
 abortion1 but we would like to impress 
upon the reader some realization of the 
untimely deaths1 the awful suffering1   
and the life-long remorse and sorrow of 
the poor1 misguided women who listen to 
the criminal advice of neighborhood     
busybodies4 ,the infections1 the        
invalidism1 the sterility that so often 
follow in the wake of these practices1  
are well known to all medical people4   
,,the ,,stream ,,of ,,life  ,and so     
after the patient's last statement1     
,it's nothing but a mass of jelly1 we   
began the simple but wonderfully        
beautiful story of the development of   

the child enmothered4 ,just as all      
vegetables1 fruits1 nuts1 flowers1 and  
grains come from seeds sown into fertile
 soil1 and just as these seeds receive  
nourishment from the soil1 rain1 and    
sunshine1 so all our world of brothers  
and sisters1 of fathers and mothers1    
came from tiny human seeds1 and in their
 turn received nourishment from the     
peculiarly adapted stream of life1 which
 flows in the maternal veins for the    
nourishment and upbuilding of the unborn
 embryo4  ,every little girl and boy    
baby that comes into the world1 has     
stored within its body1 in a wonderfully
 organized capsule1 a part of the       
ancestral stream of life that           
unceasingly has flowed down through the 
centuries from father to son and from   
mother to daughter4 ,this germ plasm is 
a divine gift to be held in trust and   
carefully guarded from the odium of     
taint1 to be handed down to the sons and
 daughters of the next generation4 ,any 
young man who grasps the thought that he

 possesses a portion of the stream of   
life1 that he holds it in sacred trust  
for posterity1 cannot fail to be        
impressed with a sense of solemn        
responsibility so to order his life as  
to be able to transmit this biologic    
trust to succeeding generations free    
from taint and disease4   ,,the         
,,process ,,of ,,fertilization  ,just as
 within the body of ,mother ,morning    
,glory 7,see ,fig4 #ae7 may be found the
 ovary or seed bed1 so there are two    
wonderfully organized bodies about the  
size of large almonds found in the lower
 part of the female abdomen on either   
side of the uterus1 and connected to it 
by two sensitive tubes4 ,there ripens in
 one of these bodies each month a human 
baby-seed1 which finds its way to the   
uterus through the little fallopian tube
 and is apparently lost in the debris of
 cells and mucus which1 with the        
accompanying hemorrhage go to make up   
the menstrual flow4 ,this continues from
 puberty to menopause1 each gland       

alternatingly ripening its ovum1 only to
 lose it in the periodical phenomenon of
 menstruation1 which is seldom          
interrupted save by that still more     
wonderful phenomenon of conception4  ,at
 the time of conception1 countless      
numbers of male germ-cells 7sperms7 are 
lost--only one out of the multitude of  
these perfectly formed sperms made up of
 the mosaics of hereditary depressors1  
determiners1 and suppressors that so    
subtly dictate and determine the        
characteristics and qualifications of   
the on-coming individual--,i repeat1    
only one of these wonderful sperms finds
 the waiting ovum 7,fig4 #a74 ,in this  
search for the ovum1 the sperm propels  
itself forward by means of its tail--for
 the male sperm in general appearance   
very much resembles the little pollywog 
of the rain barrel 7,fig4 #a74  ,the    
fateful meeting of the sperm and the    
ovum takes place usually in the upper   
end of one of the fallopian tubes4 ,it  
is a wonderful occasion4 ,the           

wide-awake1 vibrating lifelike sperm    
plunges head first and bodily into the  
ovum4 ,the tail1 which has propelled    
this bundle of life through the many    
wanderings of its long and perilous     
journey1 now no longer needed1 drops off
 and is lost and forgotten4 ,this union 
of the male and female sex cells is     
called fertilization4 ,there immediately
 follows the most complete blending of  
the two germ cells--one from the father 
and one from the mother--each with its  
peculiar individual1 family1 racial1 and
 national characteristics4 ,here the    
combined determiners determine the color
 of the eyes1 the characteristics of the
 hair1 the texture of the skin1 its     
color1 the size of the body1 the        
stability of the nervous system1 the    
size of the brain1 etc41 while the      
suppressors do a similar work in the    
modification of this or that family or  
racial characteristic4   ,,the ,,first  
,,weeks ,,of ,,life  ,the fertilized    
ovum remains in the tube for about one  

week1 when it slowly makes its way down 
into the uterus1 all the while rapidly  
undergoing segmentation or division4 ,it
 does not grow much in size during this 
first week1 but divides and subdivides  
first1 into two parts1 then four1 then  
eight1 then sixteen and so on1 until we 
have a peculiar little body made up of  
many equally divided parts1 and known as
 the ,mulberry ,mass 7,fig4 #a74 ,the   
blending of the sperm and ovum has been 
perfect1 the division of the original   
body multitudinous4  ,illustration3     
,sperm and ,ovum          ,cell         
,division  ,fetus at ,six ,weeks        
,fetus at ,three ,months  ,fig4 #a4     
,steps in ,early ,development  ,while   
this division of the united sex cells is
 progressing1 a wonderful change is also
 taking place in the inside lining of   
the uterus4 ,instead of the usual thin  
lining1 it has greatly thickened and has
 become highly sensitized1 and as the   
ovum enters the uterus from the         
fallopian tube1 this sensitized lining  

catches it and holds it in its          
folds--actually covers it with          
itself--holding the precious mass much  
as the cocoon1 you have so often seen   
fastened to the side of a plant or leaf1
 holds its treasure of life4  ,just as  
soon as the new uterine home is found   
the baby heart begins to make its       
appearance1 as also do many other       
rudimentary parts4 ,by the end of the   
third week1 our round mass has flattened
 and curved and elongated1 and the      
nervous system and brain begin to       
develop1 while the primitive ears begin 
to appear4 ,at this time1 the alimentary
 canal presents itself as one straight  
tube which is a trifle larger at the    
head end4 ,and it is interesting to note
 that at this early date1 even the arms 
and legs are beginning to bud and push  
out from the body4   ,,later ,,embryonic
 ,,development  ,in the fourth and fifth
 weeks1 the lungs and the pancreas may  
be found1 the heart develops1 the       
nervous system has taken on more        

definite form1 and several of the larger
 blood-vessels are appearing4  ,by the  
eighth week1 by the most wonderful and  
complicated processes of overlapping1   
pushing out1 indentation1 enfolding1    
budding1 pressing1 and curving1 the     
majority of the important structures are
 formed--the eyes1 ears1 nose1 hands1   
feet1 abdominal organs1 and numerous    
glands4 ,thus1 at the end of two months1
 almost every structure and organ       
necessary to life is present in a       
rudimentary state4   ,,at ,,the ,,end   
,,of ,,three ,,months  ,by the close of 
the third month1 witness the work of    
creation6 ,from the blending of the two 
germ cells there has come forth a       
beautifully formed body 7,fig4 #a74     
,true1 it is but three and one half     
inches in length1 but it is nevertheless
 a perfect body4 ,about this time1 the  
sex may be determined4 ,the eyes1 nose1 
ears1 chin1 arms and legs and even the  
fingers and toes may all be clearly     
distinguished4  ,a jelly mass at three  

months8 ,no1 by no means6 ,no6 ,life and
 form and features are all there4 ,it   
really has a face1 whose features may   
easily be delineated4  ,in all my       
experience1 ,i have yet to find the     
woman who wished to continue in her     
wicked and criminal intent after she had
 listened to this story of the creative 
development of the first three months of
 her child enmothered4  ,during the next
 four months1 which take us to the close
 of the seventh1 rapid growth and       
farther development take place to the   
extent1 that1 should birth occur at that
 time1 life may continue under proper   
conditions4   ,,last ,,weeks ,,of       
,,pregnancy  ,everything is now nearing 
completion--only awaiting further       
growth1 development1 and                
strength--except some of the bone       
development1 which takes place during   
the remaining two months4 ,growth is    
rapid1 strength is doubled1 and as the  
two hundred and seventy-three days draw 
to a close1 everything has been         

completed4 ,it has all taken place      
according to the laws of creation in an 
infinite way and with clock-like        
precision4  ,with the developmental     
growth of the product of conception1 the
 uterus or room that had been           
particularly prepared for the big       
reception of the second week1 has also  
grown to great dimensions4 ,it fills    
almost the entire abdomen and as a      
result of the pressure against the      
diaphragm the breathing is somewhat     
embarrassed4  ,the door of this room has
 been closed by a special mechanism1    
while1 in the fullness of time1 ,mother 
,nature begins the delicate work of     
opening the door1 through whose portals 
passes out into the world the completed 
babe4  ,the authors feel that this      
discussion of1 and protest against1     
abortions1 should be accompanied by an  
appropriate consideration of the control
 of pregnancy4 ,we are never going to   
eliminate the abortion curse of         
present-day civilization by merely      

preaching against it--warnings and      
denouncements alone will not suffice to 
remove the stain4 ,notwithstanding our  
feelings and convictions in this        
respect1 we are also well aware of the  
fact that public sentiment is not now   
sufficiently ripe to welcome such a full
 and frank discussion of the subject of 
the prevention of conception as the     
authors would feel called upon to       
present2 we are equally cognizant of the
 fact that existing postal regulations  
and other ,federal laws are of such a   
character 7at least capable of such     
interpretation7 as possibly to render   
even the scientific and dignified       
consideration of such subjects entirely 
out of question4     ,,chapter ,,iii    
,,birthmarks ,,and ,,prenatal           
,,influence   ,in the preceding chapter 
we learned that when the two germ cells 
came together1 there occurred a complete
 blending of two separate and distinct  
hereditary lines1 reaching from the     
present away back into the dim and      

distant past4 ,by the union of these two
 ancestral strains a new personality is 
formed1 a new individual is created1    
with its own peculiar characteristics4  
,,hereditary ,,traits  ,probably none of
 the laboriously acquired               
accomplishments of the present          
generation can be directly--and as      
such--handed down to our children4 ,what
 we are to be and what we will do in    
this world was largely determined by the
 laws of heredity by the time we were   
well started on our development         
experience en-utero during the third or 
fourth week of our prenatal existence1  
as outlined in a former chapter4  ,it is
 now generally accepted in scientific   
circles that acquired characteristics   
are not transmissible4 ,someone has     
aptly stated this truth by saying that  
wooden heads are inherited1 but wooden  
legs are not4 ,this does not by any     
means imply that we do not have power   
and ability to fashion our careers and  
carve out our own destiny1 within the   

possible bounds of our hereditary       
endowment and environmental             
surroundings4 ,heredity does determine  
our capital stock1 but our own efforts  
and acts determine the interest and     
increase which we may derive from our   
natural endowment4 ,from the moment     
conception takes place--the very instant
 when the two sex cells meet and        
blend--then and there the gates of      
heredity are forever closed4 ,from that 
time on we are dealing with the problems
 of nutrition1 development1 education1  
and environment2 therefore1 so-called   
prenatal influence can have nothing     
whatever to do with heredity4  ,a father
 may have acquired great talent as a    
physician or a surgeon1 in fact he may  
hold the chair of surgery in a medical  
college1 but each of his children come  
into the world without the slightest    
knowledge of the subject1 and1 as far as
 direct and immediate heredity is       
concerned1 will have to work just about 
as hard to master the subject as will   

the same average class of children whose
 parents were not surgeons4 ,this must  
not be taken to mean that certain       
abilities and tendencies are not        
inheritable--for they are2 but they are 
inherited through the parents--and not  
from them--directly4 ,these transmitted 
characteristics are largely stock       
traits1 and usually have long been      
present in the ancestral strain4        
,,maternal ,,impressions  ,a mother may 
sing and pray all through the nine      
months of expectancy1 or she may weep   
and scold1 or even curse4 ,in neither   
case can she influence the spiritual or 
moral tendencies of her child and cause 
it1 through supposed prenatal influence1
 to be born with criminal tendencies or 
to grow up a pious lad or become a      
devout minister4 ,these tendencies and  
characteristics are all largely         
determined by the depressors1           
suppressors1 and determiners which were 
present in the two microscopic and      
mosaic germ cells which united to start 

the embryo at the time of conception4   
,the child is destined to be born1      
endowed1 and equipped with the mental1  
nervous1 and physical powers which his  
line has fallen heir to all through the 
past ages4 ,down through the ages       
education1 religion1 environment1 and   
other special influences have no doubt  
played a small part in influencing and  
determining hereditary characteristics2 
just as environment in the ages past    
changed the foot of the evolving horse  
from a flat1 cushiony foot with many    
toes 7much needed in the soft bog of his
 earlier existence7 into the hoof foot  
of later days1 when harder soil and     
necessity for greater fleetness1        
assisted by some sort of selection and  
survival1 conspired to give us the foot 
of our modern horse1 and this story is  
all plainly and serially told in the    
fossil and other remains found in our   
own hemisphere4 ,it would appear that   
many1 many generations of education and 
environment are required to influence   

markedly the established and settled    
train of heredity regarding any         
particular element or characteristic in 
any particular line or lines of         
hereditary tendencies4   ,,eugenic      
,,superstition  ,there is probably more 
misinformation in the minds of the      
people on the subject of maternal       
impressions and birthmarks than any     
other scientific or medical subject4    
,the popular belief that1 if a pregnant 
woman should see an ugly sight or pass  
through some terrifying experience1 in  
some mysterious way her unborn child    
would be marked1 deformed1 or in some   
way show some blemish at birth1 is a    
time-honored and ancient belief4  ,such 
unscientific and unwarranted teaching   
has been handed down from mother to     
daughter through the ages1 while the    
poor1 misguided souls of expectant women
 have suffered untold remorse1 heaped   
blame upon themselves1 lived lives      
literally cursed with fear and          
dread--veritable slaves to superstition 

and bondage--all because of the simple  
fact that a certain percentage of all   
children born in this world have        
sustained some sort of an injury or     
embryological accident during the first 
days of fetal existence4 ,for instance1 
take the common birthmark of a patch of 
reddened skin on the face1 brow1 or     
neck4 ,as soon as the baby is born1 the 
worried mother asks in anxious tones3   
,doctor1 is it all right1 is it perfect1
 has it got any birthmarks8 ,on being   
told that the baby has a round1 red     
patch on its left brow1 the ever-ready  
statement of the mother comes forth3    
,yes1 ,i knew ,i'd mark it1 ,i was      
picking berries one day about three     
months ago1 and ,i ate and ate1 until ,i
 suddenly remembered ,i might mark my   
baby1 and before ,i knew what ,i was    
doing1 ,i touched my brow and ,i just   
knew ,i had marked my baby4 ,do you     
know1 reader1 that that birthmark was   
present fully four months before she    
passed through that experience in the   

berry patch8 ,and yet so worried and    
apprehensive has been the pregnant      
mother1 that1 although she can never    
successfully predict the birthmarks and 
blemishes of her child1 nevertheless    
when these defects are disclosed at     
birth she is unfailingly able           
immediately to recall some extraordinary
 experience which she has carefully     
stored away in her memory and which1 to 
her mind1 most fully explains and       
accounts for the defect4  ,is it much   
wonder that in the very early days of   
embryonic existence1 during the hours of
 delicate cell division1 indentation1   
outpushing1 elongation1 and sliding of  
young cells--is it much wonder1 ,i      
repeat--that there occur a few          
malformations1 blemishes1 or other      
accidents which persist as birthmarks8  
,,causes ,,of ,,birthmarks  ,there are  
many factors which may enter into the   
production of birth-blemishes1          
deformities1 monstrosities1 etc4 ,these 
influences are all governed by certain  

definite laws of cause and effect4 ,a   
pre-existent systemic disease in the    
father1 or a coexistent disorder in the 
mother1 may be a leading factor4 ,a     
mechanical injury1 such as a sudden     
fall1 a blow1 or a kick1 or certain     
kinds of prolonged pressure1 not to     
mention restrictions and contractions of
 the maternal bony structures1 may all  
possibly contribute something to these  
prenatal miscarriages of growth and     
development4 ,maternal or prenatal      
embryonic infections could bring about  
many sorts of birthmarks and            
malformations4 ,these defects might also
 be caused by certain types of severe   
inflammatory disorders in the uterus    
during the early days of pregnancy4     
,the same factors that produce the      
accidents of embryology resulting in    
malformations or monstrosities in the   
human family1 are also operative in the 
case of our lesser brethren of the      
animal kingdom1 for monstrosities and   
birth-defects are very common among the 

lower animals1 notwithstanding the fact 
that the animal mother probably does not
 believe in birthmarks4  ,it is a       
striking fact that during the nineteenth
 century1 the teratologists1 those who  
have scientifically investigated the    
causes of monstrosities and fetal morbid
 states1 have almost without exception1 
rejected the theory of maternal         
impressions4 ,scientists and physicians 
are coming to recognize the fact that   
fears and frights do not in any way act 
as causes in the production of          
monstrosities and deformities4 ,let us  
seek forever to liberate all womankind  
from the common and harassing fear and  
the definite dread and worry that1      
because they failed to control          
themselves at the instant of some       
terrifying sight or experience1 they    
were directly responsible for the       
misfortune of their abnormal offspring4 
,it should be remembered that there     
exists no direct connection whatsoever  
between the nervous system of the unborn

 child and the nervous system of the    
mother4 ,the only physiological or      
embryological relationship is of a      
nutritional order1 and even that is     
indirect and remote4   ,,role ,,of ,,the
 ,,placenta  ,by the end of the third   
month1 the cocoon attachment described  
in chapter two has disappeared2 the     
fetus is slowly pushed away from the    
uterus which has so snugly held it for  
more than eleven weeks2 while upon the  
exact site of its previous attachment   
the thickened uterine membrane undergoes
 a very interesting and important       
change--definite blood vessels begin to 
form--which begin indirectly to form    
contact with the maternal vessels1 and  
thus it is that the placenta1 or after  
birth is formed2 and then1 by means of  
the umbilical cord1 nourishment from the
 mother's blood-stream is carried to the
 growing and rapidly developing child4  
,in exchange for the nourishing stream  
of life-giving fluid by which growth and
 development take place1 the embryo     

gives off its poisonous excretions which
 are carried back to the placenta1 from 
which they are absorbed into the veinous
 circulation of the mother2 so1 while   
the mother does1 through the process of 
nutrition1 influence growth and         
development in the embryo1 she is wholly
 unable to produce specific changes and 
such definite developmental errors as   
birthmarks and other deformities4  ,just
 as truly as it would be impossible so  
to frighten a setting hen as to mark or 
otherwise influence the form or         
character of the chicks which would     
ultimately come forth from the eggs in  
her nest1 it is just as truly impossible
 to frighten the pregnant mother and    
thereby influence the final             
developmental product of the human egg  
which is so securely tucked away in its 
uterine nest2 for1 when conception has  
occurred1 the human embryo is just as   
truly an egg--fashioned and formed--as  
is the larger and shell-contained embryo
 of the chick which lies in the nest of 

the setting hen4  ,and so we are        
compelled to recognize the fact that    
there is little more danger to the      
unborn child when the mother is         
frightened than when the father is      
scared4 ,the one contributes as much as 
the other to the general character of   
the child1 while neither is to blame for
 development errors and defects4        
,,suggestion ,,and ,,heredity  ,certain 
fears are suggested to children4 ,for   
twenty years ,i lived under the delusion
 that ,i was terribly afraid of         
snakes--more so than any other human    
being2 for ,i was told when a mere child
 that ,i had been marked with the fear  
of snakes1 that just two months before  
,i saw the peep of day1 my esteemed     
mother had been terrified by a snake4   
,everywhere ,i went1 ,i announced to    
sympathizing and ofttimes mischievous   
friends1 that ,i was marked with the    
fear of snakes and must never be        
frightened with them4 ,it is needless to
 add in passing1 that ,i was teased and 

frightened all through my girlhood days4
 ,i was a veritable slave to the bondage
 of snake-fear4 ,everywhere ,i went ,i  
looked for my dreaded foe1 expecting to 
sit on one1 step on one1 or to have one 
drop into my lap from the roof4  ,the   
day of deliverance came after marriage1 
when in a supreme effort to deliver me  
from the shackles of fear1 the goodman  
of the house tenderly1 but firmly1      
maneuvered a morning walk so that it    
halted in front of a large plate-glass  
window of the ,snake ,drug ,store in    
,san ,francisco4 ,just back of this     
plate glass1 and within eighteen inches 
of my very nose1 were fifty-seven       
varieties of the reptiles1 big and      
small1 streaked and checkered1 quiet and
 active4 ,after much remonstrance and   
waiting1 ,i came-to--gazed at the       
markings1 beautiful in their            
exactness--while slowly the change of   
mind took place4 ,faith took the place  
of fear1 calmness subdued panic1 and ,i 
was wondrously delivered from the       

veritable bondage of a score of years4  
,and so it is that the mother suffers   
and then the child suffers1 ofttimes a  
living death1 because of the            
superstition ,i'm marked1 while there is
 ever present the fear or dread that    
something is going to happen1 because   
,i'm different from all other           
individuals--because ',i'm marked6'     
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,the ,,hygiene ,,of    
,,pregnancy   ,as soon as a woman       
discovers that she is pregnant1 she     
should sit down and quietly think out   
the plan for the nine months of         
expectancy4  ,the cessation of the      
menses may come as a surprise to her1   
and for a while she is more or less     
confused2 she must go over the whole    
situation and adjust future plans to fit
 in with this new and all important     
fact4 ,from a large experience with     
maternity cases1 ,i have reached the    
conclusion that the larger percentage of
 pregnancies do come as a surprise1 and 
in many instances a complete change of  

program must be painstakingly thought   
out4 ,this is especially true of the    
business woman1 the professional woman1 
the busy club woman1 or the active      
society woman4   ,,early ,,planning     
,let me say to the woman who is pregnant
 for the first time1 the experiences of 
the pregnant state should cause you no  
fear1 worry1 or anxiety4 ,giving birth  
to a baby is a perfectly natural1 normal
 procedure1 and if you are in reasonable
 health--if your physician tells you you
 are a fairly normal woman--then you can
 dismiss further thought of danger and  
go on your way rejoicing4 ,for thousands
 of years maternity has been women's    
exclusive profession and no doubt will  
continue to be many ages hence4  ,by far
 the most important and the first thing 
to do is carefully to select the best   
physician your means will allow1 and    
place yourself under his or her care4   
,your doctor will help you to plan      
wisely and intelligently during the     
waiting time1 for physicians have       

learned from experience that the better 
care the pregnant woman receives1 the   
easier will be her labor1 and the more  
speedy and uneventful the recovery4     
,and now1 we proceed to take up one by  
one the particular phases of the hygiene
 of pregnancy which touch the comfort1  
convenience1 and health of both the     
mother and her unborn child4   ,,the    
,,clothing  ,at all times and under all 
circumstances the pregnant woman's      
clothing should be comfortable1 suitable
 for the occasion1 artistic1 and        
practical4 ,and to be thus beautifully  
clothed is to be as inconspicuous as is 
possible4 ,of all times1 occasions1 and 
conditions1 that of pregnancy demands   
modesty in color1 simplicity in style1  
together with long straight lines 7,fig4
 #b74 ,for the going out dress1 select  
soft shades of brown1 blue1 wine1 or    
dark green4 ,let the house dresses be   
simple1 easy to launder1 without        
constricting waist bands1 of the        
one-piece type1 in every way suitable   

for the work at hand4 ,under this outer 
dress1 a princess petticoat should cover
 a specially designed maternity corset  
7if any corset at all be worn71 to which
 is attached side hose-supporters4 ,a   
support for the breasts may be worn if  
desired1 it should be loose enough to   
allow perfect freedom in breathing4     
,the union suit may be of linen1 silk1  
or cotton1 with the weight suitable for 
the season4 ,stockings and shoes should 
be of a comfortable type1 straight last1
 low or medium heel and at least as wide
 as the foot4 ,there are two or three   
shoes on the market that are            
particularly good1 whose arches are     
flexible1 heels comfortable1 straight   
last1 and whose soles look very much    
like the lines of the foot unclothed4   
,this style is particularly good during 
the maternity days4 ,painful feet are a 
great strain upon the general nervous   
system4 ,who of us has not seen women   
with strained1 tense faces hobbling     
about in high-heeled1 narrow-toed shoes8

 ,and if we followed them we would not  
only see tenseness and strain in the    
features of the face1 but could hear    
outbursts of temper on the least        
provocation4 ,aching feet produce       
general irritability4 ,if ease of body  
and calmness of spirit is desired1 wear 
shoes that are comfortable1 and the     
surprising part of it is that many of   
them are very good looking4             
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,the ,expectant
 ,costume  ,the long lines1 so admirable
 for maternity wear are portrayed in    
this handsome afternoon costume4 ,tunic 
waist is made with shoulder yoke from   
which fullness hangs in fine plaiting   
with panel at back1 front and under     
arms4 ,the set in vest is of            
black-striped gold cloth trimmed with   
gold thread crochet buttons and with    
tiny waistcoat of black moire4 ,sleeves 
are of ,georgette crepe4 ,loose         
adjustable girdle of black moire ribbon4
 ,full skirt is attached on elastic to  
china silk underbodice4 ,material ,crepe

 de chine or any other soft1 clinging   
fabric4  ,toward the end of pregnancy   
ofttimes the feet swell1 in which       
instance larger shoes should be worn in 
connection with the bandaging of the    
ankles and legs4  ,during the latter    
days of expectancy an abdominal         
supporter may be worn advantageously4   
,much of the backache and heaviness in  
the pelvis is entirely relieved by the  
supporting of the pendulous abdomen with
 a well-fitted binder4 ,an ordinary     
piece of linen crash may be fitted      
properly by the taking in of darts at   
the lower front edge2 or elastic linen1 
or silk binder may be secured2 in fact1 
any binder that properly supports the   
abdomen will answer the purpose4  ,it   
should be within the means of every     
pregnant woman to have a neat1 artistic 
out-door costume1 for social1 club and  
church occasions 7,fig4 #b74 ,for no    
reason but illness should an expectant  
mother shut herself up in doors4  ,true 
men and true women hold the very highest

 esteem for the maternal state1 and the 
opinion of all others matters not2 so   
joyfully go forth to the club1 social   
event1 concert1 or church2 and to do    
this1 you must have a well-designed1    
artistic dress4 ,the material does not  
matter much1 but the shade and style are
 important4   ,,diet  ,there are certain
 laws which govern the diet at all      
times2 for instance1 the man who digs   
ditches requires more of a certain      
element of food and more food in        
general1 than does the man who digs     
thoughts out of his brain4 ,the growing 
child requires somewhat different       
elements of food than does an adult4 ,in
 other words1 ,the diet should suit the 
times1 occasions1 occupations1 etc4  ,in
 the case of the expectant mother it    
should be remembered that the child     
gains nine-tenths of its weight after   
the fifth month of pregnancy1 and it is1
 therefore1 not necessary that a woman  
shall begin eating for two until after  
the fifth month4 ,and since it is also  

true that the baby doubles its weight   
during the last eight weeks of          
pregnancy1 it follows that then is the  
time when special attention must be     
given to the quantity as well as the    
quality of mothers' food4  ,during the  
first five months1 if the urine and     
blood-pressure are normal1 the lady in  
waiting should follow her usual dietetic
 tastes and fancies so long as they do  
not distress or cause indigestion4      
,because of the additional work of the  
elimination of the fetal wastes1 much   
water1 seven or eight glasses a day1    
should be taken2 while one of the       
meals--should there be three--may well  
consist largely of fruit4 ,all of the   
vegetables may be enjoyed2 salads with  
simple dressings and fruits may be eaten
 liberally4 ,of the breads1 bran1 whole 
wheat1 or graham are far better for the 
bowels than the finer grain breads1 or  
the hot breads4  ,something             
fresh--raw--should be taken every day1  
such as lettuce1 radishes1 cabbage      

salad1 and fresh fruits4  ,if the       
prospective mother is accustomed to the 
liberal use of meat1 providing the      
blood-pressure and urine are normal1 she
 may be able to indulge in meat once a  
day4 ,many physicians believe that the  
maternal woman should eat meat rather   
sparingly--from once a day to once or   
twice or three times a week4  ,of the   
desserts1 gelatine1 junket1 ice cream1  
sponge cake1 and fruit are far better   
than the rich pastries1 which never fail
 even in health to encourage indigestion
 and heart burn4 ,the fruitades are all 
good4 ,candies and other sweets may be  
eaten in moderation4 ,alcohol should be 
avoided4 ,tea and coffee should be      
restricted1 and in many cases abandoned4
 ,for many1 two meals and a lunch of    
fruit or broth are better than three    
full meals4 ,there is a continual and   
increased accumulation of waste matter  
which must be thrown off by the lungs1  
kidneys bowels1 and skin2 so that       
clogging of one channel of elimination  

makes more work for one or more of the  
other eliminative organs4  ,sometimes   
the craving for food is excessive1 and  
the desire to nibble between meals is   
quite troublesome4 ,these unusual       
feelings should be controlled or        
ignored4 ,a glass of orangeade will     
sometimes satisfy this unnatural        
craving4 ,save your appetite for meal   
time--for a good appetite means good    
digestion--all things equal4 ,the woman 
who habitually eats between meals is the
 sluggish1 constipated individual who   
needs to acquire self-control and learn 
self-mastery4   ,,water ,,drinking      
,water is the circulating medium of the 
body1 from which the digestive          
secretions are formed1 and by which the 
food is assimilated and distributed to  
individual cells4 ,and1 finally1 water  
is the agent for dissolving and removing
 waste products from the body through   
the various eliminating organs4 ,we     
literally live1 think1 and have our     
being1 as it were1 under water4 ,the    

tiny cell creatures of our bodies1 from 
the humble bile workers of the liver to 
the exalted thinking cells of the brain1
 all carry on their work submerged4     
,accordingly1 the amount of water we    
drink each day1 determines whether the  
liquids circulating through our tissues 
shall be pure1 fresh1 and life-giving1  
or stagnant1 stale1 and death-dealing4  
,thirst is the expression of the nervous
 system1 constituting a call for water1 
the same as hunger represents a call for
 food4 ,pure water1 free from all       
foreign substances1 is the best liquid  
with which to quench this thirst4  ,it  
is just as important to supply abundance
 of water for the proper bathing and    
cleansing of the internal parts of the  
body1 as it is to wash and bathe the    
external skin frequently4 ,the living   
tissues are just as literally soiled and
 dirtied by their life action and their 
poisonous excretions1 as is the skin    
soiled by its excretions of sweat and   
poisonous solids4 ,thus the regular     

drinking of water is absolutely         
necessary to enable the body to enjoy   
its internal bath1 and this internal    
cleansing is just as grateful and       
refreshing to the cells and tissues1 as 
is the external bath to the nerves which
 exist in the skin4  ,the total amount  
of water necessary varies according to  
the nature of one's work1 the amount of 
sweating from the skin1 the moisture of 
the atmosphere1 the amount of water in  
the food1 etc4 ,we believe the average  
person requires about eight glasses of  
liquid a day2 that is1 about two quarts4
 ,by the word glass we refer to the     
ordinary glass or goblet1 two of which  
equal one pint4 ,this amount of water   
should be increased1 if anything1       
throughout pregnancy2 while1 during the 
later months1 the amount of water taken 
each day should be at least doubled4    
,in the condemnation of so-called       
artificial beverages1 an exception      
should be made of the fruit juices4 ,the
 fresh1 unfermented juices of various   

fruits come very near being pure1       
distilled water1 as they consist of only
 a little fruit sugar and acid1 together
 with small amounts of flavoring and    
coloring substances1 dissolved in pure  
water4 ,none of these substances        
contained in pure fruit juice needs to  
be digested4  ,lemonade not too sweet1  
and taken in moderate quantities1 is    
certainly a beverage free from objection
 when used by the average pregnant      
woman4 ,unripe or overripe fruits       
frequently cause bowel disturbances2 as 
also do the millions of germs which lurk
 upon the outside of fruits1 and which  
find their way into the stomach and     
bowels when these fruits are eaten raw  
without washing or paring4 ,otherwise1  
the juices of fruits and melons are     
wholesome food beverages when consumed  
in moderation4   ,,exercise  ,it should 
be the regular practice of every        
expectant mother to spend a portion of  
each day in agreeable1 suitable exercise
 or physical work of some description4  

,this exercise will be far more         
beneficial if it can be taken in the    
open air4 ,the weather and the strength 
of the patient must be taken into       
consideration and the necessary         
modifications of the daily exercise     
should be made4  ,an expectant mother   
living in the city and enjoying the     
average health and strength1 should     
engage in such agreeable exercise as the
 raising of flowers1 the training of    
vines1 with brisk walks in the fresh    
air4 ,as much time as possible should be
 spent in the parks4  ,the rural mother 
in waiting1 may do light gardening1     
raising of chickens1 or pigeons1        
training of vines1 or other outdoor work
 she may enjoy4  ,no matter what kind of
 weather prevails1 a daily brisk walk   
should be taken1 out of doors1 on the   
porch or in a room with open windows4 ,a
 daily sweat1 as well as the daily      
prayer1 is good for the well-being of   
the expectant mother4 ,all forms of     
light housework are commendable4 ,keep  

out of crowds4 ,spend more time in the  
parks than in the department stores4 ,an
 occasional evening at the concert or   
theater is diversion and harmless       
provided the ventilation is good4 ,such 
exercises as horseback riding1          
bicycling1 dancing1 driving over rough  
roads1 lifting and straining of any     
kind1 and all other forms of fatiguing  
exercise should be avoided4   ,,rest    
,rest and relaxation are quite necessary
 for men and women even in the best of  
health4 ,a kind providence has arranged 
that we spend a large portion of our    
time resting1 and sleeping4 ,in addition
 to unbroken rest at night it is well   
for the prospective mother quietly to   
withdraw from the family circle1 when   
the first signs of fatigue begin to     
appear1 and indulge in a little rest1   
before she gets into a state of         
nervousness--where nerves twitch and she
 becomes irritable4       ,a mother who 
has borne six children1 who has had     
little domestic      help1 and who yet  

retains her youthful appearance and     
energy1      thinks her present         
condition due to the fact that while    
carrying      and nursing her babies she
 never permitted herself to reach that  
stage of exhaustion where her nerves    
twitched1 her voice      shrilled1 and  
she became irritable4 ,she made it a    
practice to      drop her work when     
these symptoms began to appear1 and to  
seek      the sanctuary of a quiet room 
apart from her family1 if only for      
ten or fifteen minutes4 ,and1 most      
important1 from the very start      she 
trained her household to respect her    
right thus to draw      apart4  ,i have 
told many women whose household duties  
press hard3 ,your husband would rather  
see a cold lunch on the table1 or 'go   
out' for dinner1 while his wife rested1 
smiling and happy1 than to have a most  
sumptuous meal spread before him and the
 wife tired1 and fretful4 ,every woman  
should make it the rule of her life to  
stop just this side of the outburst of  

words1 and lie down long enough1        
breathing deeply1 to calm the spirit4   
,,fresh ,,air  ,with all persons plenty 
of fresh air1 night and day1 is         
indispensable to health1 and to none    
more than the pregnant woman4 ,she      
should sleep with the windows open1 or  
out of doors1 at all seasons of the     
year2 of course1 making due allowance   
for the severity of the winters in the  
,north4 ,it is not only necessary to    
provide for the adequate ventilation of 
sleeping-rooms1 but also for that of the
 living-rooms of the house4  ,many      
persons1 who are quite particular to    
open wide the windows of the bedrooms1  
forget that the other rooms need it     
quite as much4 ,all the rooms of the    
house which are occupied should be      
thoroughly ventilated by throwing doors 
and windows open every morning2 at night
 when the family is assembled the air   
must be changed now and then or it will 
become unfit for human lungs4  ,men and 
women are outdoor animals4 ,they were   

made to live in a garden1 not a house4  
,remember that each person requires one 
cubic foot of fresh air every second4   
,don't allow the temperature of         
living-rooms1 during the winter season1 
to go above sixty-eight degrees4 ,if    
your home has no system of ventilation1 
open wide the windows and doors several 
times a day and enjoy the blessings of a
 thorough-going flushing with fresh air4
  ,oxygen is the vital fire of life4    
,our food1 however well digested and    
assimilated1 is just as useless to the  
body without oxygen1 as coal is to the  
furnace without air4 ,it is equally     
important to keep up the proper degree  
of moisture in the air of the           
living-rooms4   ,,bathing  ,bathing is  
made necessary by the clothes we wear   
and by our indoor life4 ,if the skin    
were daily exposed to sunshine and fresh
 air1 it would seldom be necessary to   
bathe4 ,the neglect of regular bathing  
results in overworking the liver and    
kidneys1 and debilitates the skin4      

,regular bathing--ofttimes sweating     
baths--is very essential to the hygiene 
of pregnancy4  ,the neutral bath 7#ig   
,f47 is excellent to quiet the nerves   
and induce sleep4 ,morning bathing is an
 exceedingly valuable practice4 ,if     
properly taken before breakfast or      
midway between breakfast and lunch1 it  
is found to be refreshing and tonic in  
nature4 ,the feet should be in warm     
water1 the application of cold should be
 short and vigorous4 ,a rough mit dipped
 in cold water1 rubbed over the body    
until the skin is pink1 is a splendid   
tonic4  ,warm cleansing baths should be 
taken twice a week at night4 ,there is  
no good reason for the use of the       
vaginal douche during pregnancy4   ,,the
 ,,teeth  ,because the mother's system  
is drained of the lime salts which aid  
in building up the bones of the child1  
along with other metabolic changes which
 cause the retention of certain acids   
which ofttimes affect the teeth1 they   
should be frequently examined and       

carefully guarded4 ,severe dental work  
should be avoided1 but all cavities     
should receive temporary fillings while 
the teeth are kept free from deposits4  
,as a preventive to this tendency of the
 teeth to decay1 a simple mouth wash of 
one of the following may be used after  
meals3    #a4  ,one teaspoon of milk    
magnesia4   #b4  ,one tablespoon of lime
 water4   #c4  ,one-half teaspoon common
 baking soda4    ,any one to be         
dissolved in a glass of water4          
,,directions ,,for ,,saving ,,urine     
,,specimens  ,beginning with the second 
voiding of urine after rising on the    
morning of the day you are to save the  
specimen1 save all that is passed during
 the following twenty-four hours1       
including the first voiding on the      
second morning4 ,measure carefully the  
total quantity passed in the twenty-four
 hours4 ,shake thoroughly so that all   
the sediment will be mixed1 and         
immediately after shaking take out eight
 ounces or thereabouts for delivery to  

the physician the same forenoon4 ,the   
following items should be noted1 and    
this memoranda should accompany the     
specimen3  #a4 ,patient's name4  #b4    
,address4  #c4 ,this specimen was taken 
from a twenty-four hour voiding of      
urine1 which began at 4444 ,a4,m4 44441 
and ended at 4444 ,a4,m4 4444  #d4 ,the 
total quantity voided during this       
twenty-four hours was 4444 pints4  ,this
 specimen should reach the laboratory by
 ten o'clock the same morning4  ,it is  
of utmost importance the specimen should
 be taken to your physician every two   
weeks1 and oftener if conditions        
indicate it4 ,take it yourself at the   
appointed time4   ,,the ,,bowels  ,owing
 to the increasing pressure exerted upon
 the intestines1 most expectant mothers 
experience a tendency to sluggish bowels
 and constipation4 ,this unpleasant     
symptom is usually increased during the 
later months4  ,in the first place1 a   
definite time must be selected for bowel
 action4 ,it may ofttimes be necessary1 

and it is far less harmful1 to insert a 
glycerine suppository into the rectum1  
than to get into the enema habit4 ,the  
injection of a large quantity of water  
into the lower bowel will mechanically  
empty it2 but the effects are atonic and
 depressing as regards future action4   
,before we take up the advisability of  
taking laxatives let us consider what   
foods will aid in combating             
constipation4 ,the following list of    
foods are laxative in their action and  
will be found helpful in overcoming the 
constipation so often associated with   
pregnancy3  #a4 ,all forms of sugar1    
especially fruit sugar1 honey1 syrup1   
and malt4 ,all the concentrated fruit   
juices4 ,sweet fruits1 such as figs1    
raisins1 prunes1 fruit jellies1 etc4    
#b4 ,all sour fruits1 and fruit acids3  
,apples1 grapes1 gooseberries1 grape    
fruit1 currants1 plums1 and tomatoes4   
#c4 ,fruit juices1 especially from sour 
fruits3 ,grape juice1 lemonade1 fruit   
soup1 etc4  #d4 ,all foods high in fat3 

,butter1 cream1 eggs1 eggnog1 ripe      
olives1 olive oil1 nuts--especially     
pecans1 brazil nuts1 and pine nuts4  #e4
 ,buttermilk and koumiss4  #f4 ,all     
foods rich in cellulose3 ,wheat flakes1 
asparagus1 cauliflower1 spinach1 sweet  
potatoes1 green corn and popcorn1 graham
 flour1 oatmeal foods1 whole-wheat      
preparations1 bran bread1 apples1       
blackberries1 cherries1 cranberries1    
melons1 oranges1 peaches1 pineapples1   
plums1 whortleberries1 raw cabbage1     
celery1 greens1 lettuce1 onions1        
parsnips1 turnips1 lima beans1 and      
peanuts4  ,white bread should be        
tabooed1 and in its place a well-made   
bran bread should be used4 ,two recipes 
for bran bread follow1 one sweetened and
 containing fruit1 the other            
unsweetened3   ,,bran ,,bread ,,recipes 
#a4 ,two eggs1 beaten separately2       
three-fourths cup of molasses1 plus one 
round teaspoon of soda2 one cup of sour 
cream2 one cup of sultana seedless      
raisins2 one cup of wheat flour1 plus   

one heaping teaspoon baking powder2 two 
cups of bran2 stir well and bake one    
hour4  #b4 ,one cup of cooking molasses2
 one teaspoon of soda2 one small        
teaspoon of salt1 one pint of sour milk 
or buttermilk1 one quart of bran1 one   
pint of flour4 ,stir well1 and bake for 
one hour in a very slow oven4 ,it may be
 baked in loaf1 or in gem pans1 as      
preferred4 ,the bread should be moist   
and tender1 and may be eaten freely1 day
 after day1 and is quite sure to have a 
salutary effect if used persistently4   
,the drinking of one-half glass of cold 
water on rising in the morning often    
aids in keeping the bowels active4 ,of  
the laxative drugs which may be used at 
such a time1 cascara sagrada and senna  
are among the least harmful4 ,two       
recipes of senna preparation follow1 and
 may be tried in obstinate cases3  #a4  
,senna ,prunes4 ,place an ounce of senna
 leaves in a jar and pour over them a   
quart of boiling water4 ,after allowing 
them to stand for two hours strain1 and 

to the clear liquid add a pound of      
well-washed prunes4 ,let them soak over 
night4 ,in the morning cook until tender
 in the same water1 sweetening with two 
tablespoons of brown sugar4 ,both the   
fruit and the sirup are laxative4 ,begin
 by eating a half-dozen of the prunes   
with sirup at night1 and increase or    
decrease the amount as may be needed4   
#b4 ,senna with prunes and figs4 ,this  
recipe does not call for cooking4 ,take 
a pound of dried figs and a pound of    
dried prunes1 wash well4 ,remove the    
stones from the prunes and if very dry  
soak for an hour4 ,then put both fruits 
through the meat chopper1 adding two    
ounces of finely powdered senna leaves4 
,stir into this mixture two tablespoons 
of molasses to bind it together1 the    
result being a thick paste4 ,begin by   
eating at bedtime an amount equal to the
 size of an egg1 and increase or        
decrease as may be necessary4 ,keep the 
paste tightly covered in a glass jar in 
a cool place4 ,if the senna is          

distasteful a smaller quantity may be   
used at first4   ,,care ,,of ,,the      
,,breasts  ,the breasts are usually     
neglected during the months of          
pregnancy1 and as a result complications
 occur after the baby comes which cause 
no end of discomfort to the mother4 ,if1
 during the pregnancy1 the breasts are  
washed daily with liquid soap and cold  
water1 and rubbed increasingly until all
 sensitiveness has disappeared1 they may
 be toughened to the extent that no pain
 whatsoever is experienced by the mother
 when the babe begins to nurse4 ,during 
the last month of pregnancy a solution  
of tannin upon a piece of cotton may be 
applied after the usual vigorous        
bathing4 ,if the nipples are retracted  
they should be massaged until visible   
results are attained4   ,,the ,,mental  
,,state  ,keep the mind occupied with   
normal1 useful1 and healthy thoughts4   
,listen to no tales of woe4 ,stay away  
from the neighborhood auntie dolefuls4  
,keep yourself happy and free from all  

worry1 care1 and anxiety4  ,put no faith
 in fables of cravings1 markings1 signs1
 or superstitions4 ,they are all        
unfounded vagaries of ignorant old women
 and will not bear investigation4       
,don't take drugs for worry and         
sleeplessness4 ,take a bath4  ,the      
secret of deliverance from worrying is  
self-control4 ,minimize your            
difficulties4 ,cultivate faith and      
trust4  ,the conditions which favor     
sound sleep are3 ,quiet1 mental peace1  
pure blood1 good digestion1 fresh air   
7the colder the better71 physical       
weariness 7but not fatigue71 mental     
weariness 7but not worry74  ,when       
tempted to borrow trouble1 when harassed
 by fictitious worries1 remember the old
 man who had passed through many        
troubles1 most of which never happened4 
,train the mind to think positive       
thoughts4 ,replace worry-thought with an
 opposite thought which will occupy the 
mind and enthuse the soul4 ,drive out   
fear-thought by exercising              

faith-thought4 ,cultivate the art of    
living with yourself as you are1 and    
with the world as it is4 ,learn the art 
of living easily4 ,associate with       
children and learn how to forget the    
vexing trifles of everyday life4  ,there
 is something decidedly wrong with one's
 nerves when everybody is constantly    
getting on them4 ,they are either highly
 diseased or abnormally sensitive4      
,every woman is a slave to every other  
that annoys her4  ,fear is capable of so
 disarranging the circulation as to     
contribute to the elevation of          
blood-pressure--which will be more fully
 considered in a later chapter4         
,,chapter ,v  ,,complications ,,of      
,,pregnancy   ,it is the purpose of this
 chapter to take up the various         
complications which may appear in the   
course of an otherwise normal pregnancy1
 and offer advice appropriate for their 
management4   ,,morning ,,sickness      
,about one-half of the expectant mothers
 that come under our care and           

observation1 experience varying degrees 
of nausea or morning sickness4 ,this    
troublesome symptom makes its appearance
 usually about the fourth week of       
pregnancy and lasts from six to eight   
weeks4  ,on attempting to rise from the 
bed1 there is an uncomfortably warm     
feeling in the stomach followed by a    
welling up into the throat of a warmish1
 brackish tasting liquid which causes   
the patient to hasten to rid herself of 
it2 or1 as she rides on the train1 on   
the street cars1 in a carriage or       
automobile1 she frequently senses the   
same unpleasant and nauseating symptoms 
during the second and third months of   
pregnancy4 ,normally1 this uncomfortable
 symptom quite disappears by the end of 
the third month4 ,a number of remedies  
have been suggested for it1 but that    
which seems to help one1 gives little or
 no relief to another2 we therefore     
mention a variety of remedies which may 
be tried4  ,first and most important of 
all remedies--is to keep the bowels     

open4 ,sluggishness of the intestinal   
tract greatly increases the tendency to 
dizziness and nausea4 ,during the       
attack1 it is advisable not to attempt  
to brush the teeth1 gargle1 or even     
drink cold water4 ,while you are yet    
lying down1 the maid or the goodman of  
the house should bring to you a piece of
 dry1 buttered toast1 a lettuce sandwich
 with a bit of lemon juice1 or perhaps a
 cup of hot milk or hot malted milk4    
,coffee helps to raise the              
blood-pressure1 and all articles of diet
 that tend to raise the blood-pressure  
are best avoided during pregnancy4 ,a   
cup of cocoa may be tried1 but1 as a    
rule1 women at this time do not relish  
anything sweet4 ,oftentimes a salted    
pretzel is just the thing1 or a salted  
wafer will greatly help4 ,remain in bed 
from one-half to one hour and then rise 
very slowly4 ,there should be plenty of 
fresh air in the room1 as remaining in  
overheated places is quite likely to    
produce a feeling of sickness at the    

stomach4  ,when the attack comes on     
during a train ride1 open the window and
 breathe deeply1 this1 with the aid of a
 clove or the tasting of a bit of lemon1
 will usually give relief4 ,in extreme  
instances the patient should lie down   
flatly on the back1 with the eyelids    
closed4 ,go to the rear of the street   
car1 so that you can get off quickly if 
necessity demands2 breathe deeply of the
 air2 resort to the use of cloves or    
lemons2 and thus by many and varied     
methods will the expectant mother be    
enabled to continue her journey or      
finish her shopping errand4 ,we would   
suggest that1 as far as possible1       
walking should be substituted for       
riding4 ,i have never heard of a woman  
being troubled with nausea while walking
 in the parks1 on shady streets1 along  
the country road1 or on the beach4  ,of 
the medicines prescribed for morning    
sickness and the nausea of pregnancy1   
cerium oxalate taken three times a day  
in doses of five grains each1 is        

probably one of the best4  ,the         
persistent or pernicious vomiting which 
continues on through pregnancy will be  
spoken of later4   ,,heartburn  ,acid   
eructations are spoken of as heartburn1 
and are occasioned by the increased     
activity of the acid making glands of   
the stomach4 ,under certain conditions  
this acid content of the stomach is     
regurgitated back into the throat and   
even belched up into the mouth4 ,in this
 condition it is well to avoid most acid
 fruits4 ,ice cream and other frozen    
desserts are beneficial4 ,the lowered   
temperature of cold foods depresses the 
activity of the acid glands1 as also    
does the fats of the cream1 while       
protein food substances such as white of
 egg1 cheese1 and lean meat1 help by    
combining with the excess of acid       
present in the stomach4 ,buttermilk or  
the prepared lactic acid milk1 if taken 
very cold1 is often helpful1            
notwithstanding it is an acid substance1
 in connection with the dietetic        

management of heartburn4 ,if the acid   
eructations be troublesome between the  
meals1 the taking of calcined magnesia  
7one round teaspoon in a glass of cold  
water71 or1 one-half teaspoon of common 
baking soda in a glass of water1 will   
afford immediate and temporary relief4  
,simply nibbling a little from a block  
of magnesia will often give instant     
relief4 ,these alkalines effectively    
neutralize the mischievous acids which  
cause the so-called heartburn4          
,,irritability ,,of ,,the ,,bladder     
,the flexing or bending forward of the  
gravid uterus1 by making pressure on the
 bladder1 sets up more or less          
irritation and consequent disturbance of
 the urinary function4 ,the capacity of 
the bladder is actually diminished1 and 
this produces frequent urination4 ,there
 is usually no pain connected with this 
annoying symptom--the chief discomfort  
is the frequent getting up at night4    
,this inconvenience may be lessened by  
drinking less water after six ,p4,m4    

,these bladder disturbances are most    
marked in the earlier months1 and       
gradually disappear as the uterus raises
 higher up into the abdomen2 although   
this symptom may reappear in the last   
two weeks1 as the head descends downward
 on its outward journey4  ,should the   
urine at any time become highly colored1
 take a specimen to your physician at   
once4 ,twenty-four hour specimens of    
urine should be taken by the patient to 
her physician every two weeks4 ,do not  
send it--take it4   ,,leucorrhea  ,while
 leucorrhea is an unusual complication  
of pregnancy1 it is often very          
troublesome and sometimes irritating4   
,do not take a vaginal douche unless it 
has been ordered by your physician1 and 
even then make sure that the force of   
the flow of water is very gentle4 ,the  
bag of the fountain syringe should be   
hung only about one foot above the hips4
 ,soap and water used externally1       
followed by vaseline or zinc ointment1  
will usually relieve the accompanying   

irritation4   ,,threatened ,,abortion   
,in the third chapter attention was     
called to the formation of the placenta 
or after birth1 on the site of the      
attachment of the cocoon embryo4 ,at    
this particular time of the pushing away
 of the embryo from the uterine wall1   
one of the accidents of pregnancy       
occurs1 in which the embryo becomes     
completely detached and starts to escape
 from the uterus1 accompanied by varying
 degrees of pain and hemorrhage4 ,the   
symptoms of this threatened abortion    
are3    #a4  ,heavy menstrual pains4    
#b4  ,backache4   #c4  ,hemorrhage4     
,the approach of the calendar date of   
the third month of pregnancy should be  
watched for1 and all work of a strenuous
 nature studiously avoided2 while at the
 first signs of the backache or any     
unusual symptom1 the expectant mother   
should immediately go to bed and send   
for the physician4 ,one patient who had 
aborted on four different occasions was 
able to pass this danger period by      

adhering to a rigid program of          
prevention during her fifth pregnancy4  
,two weeks before the third month       
arrived she discontinued her teaching   
and went to bed4 ,she remained there    
four weeks1 thus running over into the  
middle of the following month4          
,gradually1 she resumed her duties of   
teaching1 carried her precious bundle of
 life to full term1 and is now the proud
 and happy mother of a splendid baby    
girl4  ,should abortion seem imminent1  
from one-eighth to one-fourth of a grain
 of morphine sulphate will greatly      
reduce all uterine contractions1 and    
this1 with the general quieting effect  
on the whole system1 will usually       
suffice to prevent an abortion4 ,the    
patient should quietly remain in bed    
from three days to one week4  ,if the   
abortion takes place--if a clot         
accompanied by hemorrhage is            
passed--save everything1 lie in bed very
 quietly and send for your physician at 
once2 and when he does arrive1 be       

content if he does not make an internal 
examination at once1 for if he should   
there is more or less danger of         
infection4 ,and ,i repeat--throw nothing
 away--burn nothing up1 save everything 
that passes until your physician has    
carefully examined it4   ,,sudden       
,,abdominal ,,pain  ,sudden or severe   
pains in the abdomen should be reported 
at once to your physician1 while you    
should immediately go to bed and quietly
 remain there until you receive further 
instruction from your doctor when he    
calls4  ,in the later stages of         
pregnancy any appearance of blood should
 likewise be noted and reported without 
delay4 ,these symptoms may not always be
 serious1 but they are also associated  
with grave complications1 and should1   
therefore1 be given prompt attention4   
,,miscarriage  ,abortion is a term used 
to designate the loss of the embryo     
prior to or at the third month4         
,miscarriage applies to the expulsion of
 the fetus or emptying of the uterus    

after the third month4 ,it is possible  
for a miscarriage to occur anytime      
during the interim between the fourth   
and ninth months4 ,after the uneventful 
passing of the third month1 if an       
accident threatens1 we instruct the     
mother to remain quietly in bed three to
 five days at the calendar date         
comparable with each menstrual period2  
and as she approaches the seventh month1
 we adjure her to be unusually careful  
and prudent4  ,the causes of            
miscarriages are many3 ,disease of the  
embryo1 imperfect fetal development1    
some constitutional disease of the      
mother1 a faulty position of the uterus1
 or it may result from something unusual
 about the lining of the uterus such as 
an endometritis--an inflammation of the 
mucus membrane4  ,expectant mothers who 
manifest symptoms of a threatened       
miscarriage should studiously avoid such
 exercises as climbing1 riding1 skating1
 tennis1 golf1 dancing1 rough carriage  
or automobile riding1 and such taxing   

labor as sweeping1 lifting1 washing1    
running the sewing machine1 window      
cleaning1 the hanging of pictures1      
draperies1 etc4   ,,cravings  ,within   
reason1 a pregnant mother should follow 
her natural appetite and satisfy her    
dietetic longings4 ,should she desire   
unusual articles of food1 as far as     
possible she should have them4 ,the idea
 has long prevailed that if the mother  
does not get what her longing soul      
supremely desires1 that the on-coming   
baby is going to cry and cry until it is
 given what the mother wanted with all  
her heart and did not get4 ,such an idea
 is the very quintessence of folly and  
the personification of foolishness and  
superstition4  ,many a precious babe has
 suffered as a victim of this notion of 
craving and marking4 ,one mother gave   
her baby a huge mouthful of under-ripe  
banana because she knew that was just   
what he wanted1 because1 when pregnant1 
she had craved and craved bananas and   
for some reason or another she did not  

get them4 ,the soft1 smooth piece of    
banana slipped down the baby's          
throat--on into the stomach and         
intestines--caused intestinal           
obstruction and finally the end came2   
and we registered one more victim to the
 fallacies of fear and the superstitious
 belief in cravings and markings4       
,occasionally some cravings are unusual 
and freakish1 for instance1 egg shells1 
leather1 candles1 chalk1 and other      
abnormal tastes are developed4 ,of these
 we have only to say1 ,rise above them1 
become mistress of the situation and    
change your longings4 ,if such abnormal 
cravings come to you in the kitchen1 don
 your bonnet and go at once out of doors
 and take a walk4 ,don't be foolish just
 because somebody told you foolish      
stories about these things4             
,,constipation  ,bowel hygiene is an    
important part of the management of     
pregnancy4 ,constipation often proves to
 be very troublesome4 ,in another       
chapter this subject is treated at some 

length4 ,here1 we pause only long enough
 to say that habit has much to do with  
this difficulty4 ,a regular time should 
be set apart each day for attending to  
this important matter4   ,,hemorrhoids  
,of all the maladies that the human     
family falls heir to1 hemorrhoids are   
among the commonest and1 we may add1 the
 most neglected4 ,any woman who enters  
pregnancy1 suffering from hemorrhoids1  
is going to have her full share of      
suffering and pain before she has       
finished with her labors4 ,taken early1 
they may be greatly helped1 if not      
entirely relieved1 by the daily use of  
the medicated suppository 7,see         
,appendix74 ,the bowel movements should 
never be allowed to become hard1 the    
dietetic advice of another chapter      
should be carefully followed and the oil
 enema1 as described in the appendix1   
should be used if necessary4 ,for       
immediate relief1 hot witch-hazel       
compresses may be applied2 or1 in the   
case of badly protruding piles1 the     

patient should immerse the body in a    
warm bath and by the liberal use of     
vaseline they can usually be replaced4  
,the physician should be called and he  
will advise any further treatment the   
case may require4   ,,varicose ,,veins  
,varicose veins or the distension of the
 surface veins of the legs are very     
common among women in general and       
pregnant women in particular4 ,the legs 
should be elevated whenever the patient 
sits1 while in bad cases they should be 
bandaged while standing4 ,there are many
 elastic surgical stockings on the      
market today that1 if put on before     
rising in the morning1 will give much   
relief and comfort all during the day4  
,any large medical house or physician's 
supply house can furnish them according 
to your measurements--which should be   
taken before getting out of bed in the  
morning4 ,these measurements are taken  
according to instructions and usually   
are of the instep1 ankle1 calf of leg1  
length of ankle to knee1 etc4   ,,cramps

  ,cramps are sharp1 exceedingly painful
 muscular spasms occurring in the       
muscles of the calf of the leg1 the     
toes1 etc4 ,the expectant mother in the 
later months of pregnancy awkwardly     
turns in bed1 is suddenly awakened and  
without a moment's warning1 is seized   
with a most excruciating pain in her leg
 or toe4 ,the most effectual treatment  
for these cramps is quickly to apply a  
very cold object to the cramping muscle4
 ,extremes of either heat or cold       
usually relieve as well as the vigorous 
grasping or kneading of the muscle4 ,a  
hot foot bath on going to bed will often
 prevent an attack4 ,a long walk in the 
latter months of pregnancy should       
invariably be followed by a short hot   
bath or a foot bath4 ,many attacks may  
be avoided by this procedure4           
,,swellings  ,all swellings should be   
taken seriously by the pregnant mother  
to this extent1 that she save a         
twenty-four hour specimen of urine and  
that she personally take it to her      

physician1 with a report of her         
swellings4 ,this symptom may or may not 
indicate kidney complications4 ,the     
blood-pressure together with chemical   
and microscopical analysis of the urine 
will determine the cause4  ,slight      
swelling of the feet is often           
physiological and is due to pressure of 
the heavily weighted uterus upon the    
returning veins of the legs4 ,the       
progress of the veinous blood is        
somewhat impeded1 hence the accumulation
 of lymph in the tissues of the legs1   
ankles1 and feet4  ,never allow yourself
 to guess as to the cause of swellings1 
always take urine to the physician and  
allow him definitely to ascertain the   
true cause4 ,all tight bands of the     
waist and knee garters must be discarded
 at this time4 ,the same general        
treatment suggested for varicose veins  
holds here4   ,,goitre  ,the enlargement
 of the thyroid gland--goitre--is       
physiological during pregnancy1 and is  
believed to be caused by the throwing   

into the maternal blood stream of       
special protein substances derived from 
the fetus4 ,as just stated1 this is more
 or less physiological1 will usually    
pass away after the babe is born1 and1  
therefore1 need give the mother no      
particular concern4 ,tight neck bands   
should be replaced by low1 comfortable  
ones4 ,the bowels should move freely    
every day1 and water drinking be        
increased as well as sweating of the    
skin encouraged by a short1 hot bath1   
followed by the dry blanket pack1 while 
the head is kept cool by compresses     
wrung from cold water4 ,in this manner  
the elimination of these poisons is     
increased through both the skin and the 
kidneys4   ,,backache  ,the backache of 
the later months of expectancy is very  
annoying and often spoils an otherwise  
restful night's sleep4 ,this is probably
 also a pressure symptom1 if the        
physician's analysis of the urine proves
 that the kidneys are not at fault4 ,if 
you have electric lights in the home1 a 

very useful contrivance can be made     
which will give you great relief4 ,the  
light end of an extension cord1 five to 
seven feet in length1 is soldered into  
the center of the bottom of a bright1   
pressed tin pail about twelve inches in 
diameter at the top and nine or ten     
inches deep4 ,with the bail removed1    
screw in a sixteen or thirty-two candle 
power bulb and attach the extension cord
 to a nearby wall or ceiling socket4    
,this arrangement supplies radiant heat 
and is called a photophore 7,see ,fig4  
#c74 ,apply this twofold remedial       
agent--light and heat combined--to the  
painful back 7underneath the bed        
clothing7 and our restless mother will  
go to sleep very quickly4 ,this may     
safely be used as often and as long as  
desired4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,the 
,photophore4   ,,pernicious ,,vomiting  
,persistent1 prolonged1 and very much   
aggravated cases of morning sickness are
 termed pernicious vomiting4 ,the       
patient emaciates because of the lack of

 ability to keep food long enough to    
receive any benefits therefrom4  ,in    
treating these cases the sufferer should
 be put to bed in a room with many open 
windows1 or1 if the weather permit1     
should be out of doors on a comfortable 
cot4 ,she should remain in bed one hour 
before the meal is served and from one  
to three hours afterward4 ,the mind     
should be diverted from her condition by
 good reading1 friends1 or other        
amusements4 ,the utmost care and tact   
should be used in the preparation of her
 food1 and art should be manifested in  
the daintiness of the tray1 etc4 ,we    
found one mother was nauseated even at  
the sight of her tray and so we planned 
a call that should bring us to her home 
at the meal hour4 ,the tray came in with
 the attendant in unkempt attire1 who   
said1 as she placed it carelessly down  
on a much-loved book our patient had    
been reading3 ,i heard you say you liked
 vegetable soup so ,i brought you a big 
bowl full4 ,as ,i gazed at the tray1 ,i 

saw a large1 thick1 gravy bowl running  
over with the soup4 ,i usually like     
vegetable soup1 but at the sight of that
 sloppy looking bowl--well1 ,i thought  
,i should never care for it again4      
,after installing a new maid who had a  
sense of service and daintiness1 and who
 took real pleasure in the selection of 
the dishes for the tray1 as well as the 
quality and quantity of food served in  
them1 our patient made speedy recovery1 
went on to full term and became a happy 
mother4  ,there is no doubt that the    
mind has very much to do with this      
vexing complication of pregnancy4 ,one  
mother immediately stopped vomiting     
everything she ate when told by her     
husband that the doctor said he was     
coming in the morning to take you away  
from me to the hospital if you didn't   
stop vomiting4 ,everything known should 
be tried for the relief of these        
patients and in extreme cases1 when the 
mother's life is endangered1 pregnancy  
should be terminated4   ,,insomnia  ,the

 neutral full bath1 temperature #ig ,f41
 maintained for twenty minutes to       
one-half hour1 should be taken just on  
going to bed4 ,the patient must not     
talk--must rest in the bath--absolutely 
quiet4 ,the causes of insomnia should be
 determined if possible1 and proper     
measures employed to remove them4 ,they 
may consist of backache1 cramps1        
frequent urination1 pressure of the     
uterus on the diaphragm or pressure     
against the sides of the abdomen4 ,the  
bed should be large1 thus giving the    
patient ample room to roll about4  ,the 
following procedures may be tried in an 
effort to relieve the sleeplessness3    
,rubbing of the spine1 alcohol or       
witch-hazel rubbing of the entire body1 
the neutral bath1 or the application of 
the electric photophore--described a few
 pages back--may be made to the painful 
part4 ,do not resort to drugs1 unless   
you are directed to do so by your       
physician4   ,,headache  ,headaches     
should not be allowed to continue       

unobserved by the attending physician4  
,measure the daily output of urine1     
which should be at least three pints or 
two quarts4 ,in case of daily or        
frequent headaches1 notify your         
physician at once and take a twenty-four
 hour specimen of urine to him4         
,headache is an early symptom of        
retained poisons and if early reported  
to the physician quick relief can be    
given the patient and often severe      
kidney complications be avoided by the  
proper administration of early sweating 
procedures4 ,water drinking should be   
increased to two quarts 7about ten      
glasses7 a day4 ,less food and more     
water are the usual indications in the  
headaches of pregnancy4   ,,high        
,,blood-,,pressure  ,blood-pressure is  
called high when the systolic pressure  
registers above #aej to #afj millimeters
 of mercury4 ,pressure above #afe should
 be taken seriously and the patient     
should keep in close touch with her     
physician4 ,tri-weekly examinations of  

the urine should be made1 while         
eliminating baths should be promptly    
instituted4 ,the subject of             
blood-pressure in relation to pregnancy 
will be fully dealt with in the next    
chapter--in connection with toxemia1    
eclampsia1 etc4     ,,chapter ,,vi      
,,toxemia ,,and ,,its ,,symptoms   ,at  
the close of the preceding chapter on   
the complications of pregnancy1 brief   
mention was made of blood-pressure as a 
possible source of anxiety4 ,this       
chapter will be devoted to a further    
discussion of the subjects of toxemia1  
eclampsia1 convulsions1 and especially  
blood-pressure--in connection with other
 leading symptoms of these serious      
complications of pregnancy4   ,,toxic   
,,symptoms  ,in a former chapter we     
learned that the developing child nearly
 doubled its weight in the last two     
months of pregnancy4 ,as the child      
grows1 its metabolic waste matter is    
greatly increased1 while all these      
poisonous substances must finally be    

eliminated by the mother4 ,now1 the     
mother's waste matter is of itself      
considerably increased2 and so1 if the  
kidneys1 the liver1 and the skin are    
already over-taxed in their work of     
normal elimination--if they are already 
doing their full quota of work--we can  
readily see that the additional waste   
matter of the unborn child will throw   
much extra work on the already          
overworked eliminative organs1 and this 
results in a condition of toxemia4      
,certain symptoms accompany this state  
of constitutional poisoning or          
auto-intoxication--the chief of which   
are3    #a4  ,headache4   #b4           
,dizziness4   #c4  ,blurring of the     
vision4   #d4  ,swelling of the feet and
 hands1 or puffiness of the face4   #e4 
,diminished urine4   #f4  ,vomiting4    
#g4  ,high blood-pressure4   #h4        
,albumin and casts in the urine4  ,any  
one of these symptoms may or may not    
indicate toxemia2 but it should be      
reported at once to the attending       

physician4 ,in the presence of one or   
more of these symptoms an expectant     
mother is always safe1 while awaiting   
the physician's advice1 in carrying out 
the following program3    #a4  ,drink   
more water or lemonade4   #b4  ,take a  
mild cathartic4   #c4  ,avoid eating    
much meat and other highly protein      
foods4   ,,convulsions ,,of ,,pregnancy 
,this serious complication of the last  
weeks of pregnancy demands immediate    
attention4 ,they may almost invariably  
be avoided if the blood-pressure and the
 urine are studiously watched during the
 latter part of the expectant period4   
,if you are unable to get your physician
 at once1 the following treatment should
 be administered immediately4  #a4  ,a  
hot colonic flushing 7,see ,appendix74  
#b4  ,a hot bath followed by the hot    
blanket pack 7,see ,appendix74  #c4     
,one drop of croton oil on a bit of     
sugar may be placed on the back of the  
tongue4  #d4  ,chloroform may be        
administered1 provided a competent nurse

 or other medical person is present4    
,the appearance of convulsions which    
have been preceded by one or more of the
 symptoms noted under the head of       
toxemia1 indicates that the patient has 
become so profoundly intoxicated and    
poisoned by the accumulating toxins1    
that the lives of both mother and child 
are jeopardized by threatened eclampsia4
 ,at such a time1 the attending         
physician will immediately set about to 
bring on labor1 and thus seek to empty  
the uterus at the earliest possible     
moment4   ,,cardinal ,,symptoms ,,of    
,,toxicity  ,since toxemia 7eclampsia7  
is one of the complications of pregnancy
 most to be dreaded1 it is fortunate    
that it almost invariably exhibits early
 danger signals which1 if recognized and
 heeded1 would enable the patient and   
physician to initiate proper measures to
 avert danger and escape the threatened 
disaster4 ,the presence of this toxic   
danger is indicated by the persistent   
presence of the following three         

symptoms3    #a4  ,persistent1 dull     
headache4   #b4  ,presence of casts in  
the urine4   #c4  ,persistent high      
blood-pressure1 with tendency to        
increase4  ,of course1 albumin will     
probably appear in the urine along with 
the casts1 but it is the continued      
appearance of the casts that is of more 
importance as a danger signal4 ,albumin 
is quite common in the urine of the     
expectant mother1 but casts--long       
continued--suggest trouble4 ,headache as
 an indicator of toxemia is of special  
significance when coupled with the other
 two cardinal symptoms of               
eclampsia--urinary casts and increasing 
high blood-pressure4 ,therefore1 the    
necessity for frequent urinary tests and
 blood-pressure examinations during the 
last weeks of pregnancy--especially1 if 
the patient has suffered from headaches 
and has been running albumin in the     
urine4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,taking
 the ,blood ,pressure   ,,high          
,,blood-,,pressure  ,blood-pressure is a

 term used to indicate the actual       
pressure of the blood stream against the
 walls of the blood vessels4 ,the       
blood-pressure machine tells us the same
 story about our circulatory mechanism1 
that a steam gauge does about a         
high-pressure boiler 7,see ,fig4 #d74   
,the normal blood-pressure varies       
according to the age of the patient4    
,for instance1 the normal pressure of a 
young person1 say up to twenty years of 
age1 runs from #ajj to #abj millimeters 
of mercury2 and then1 as the age        
advances1 the blood-pressure increases  
in direct ratio2 for every two years    
additional age the blood-pressure       
increases about one point--one          
millimeter4  ,the average pregnant woman
 starts in her pregnancy with a         
blood-pressure of say1 #abe millimeters1
 but as pressure symptoms increase1 and 
as constipation manifests itself1 and as
 the circulating fluids are further     
burdened with the toxins which are      
eliminated from the child1 the          

blood-pressure normally increases to    
about #adj mm41 and later1 possibly to  
#aej mm4 ,if the pressure goes no       
higher1 we are not alarmed1 for we have 
come to recognize a blood-pressure of   
#adj as about the normal pressure of the
 pregnant woman4  ,there are a number of
 factors which enter into the raising of
 the blood-pressure4 ,for instance1 at  
any time during the pregnancy1 if the   
eliminative organs of the mother are    
doing inefficient work1 if she falls a  
victim to a torpid liver1 diseased      
kidneys1 decreased skin elimination1 or 
sluggish bowels1 then1 with the added   
and extra excretions from the child1    
there is superimposed upon the mother   
far more than the normal amount of      
eliminative work--and then1 because of  
improper and incomplete elimination1 the
 blood-pressure is increasingly raised4 
,,eclampsia ,,prevented  ,this whole    
subject can best be illustrated by      
relating a story1 the actual experience 
of ,mrs4 ,a4 ,this patient came to the  

office with a history of ,bright's      
disease 7albumin and casts in the       
urine71 and chronic appendicitis4 ,while
 treating her for the kidney condition1 
preparatory to an operation for the     
removal of the troublesome appendix--in 
the very midst of this treatment--she   
became pregnant1 and great indeed was   
our dismay4 ,we entertained little hope 
of getting both the mother and child    
safely through4 ,frequent examination of
 urine was instituted1 the albumin did  
not increase and the blood-pressure     
remained at normal--about #abd mm4 ,she 
paid weekly or bi-weekly visits to the  
office and carefully followed the regime
 outlined4 ,she drank abundantly of     
water and strictly followed the dietary 
prescribed4 ,weeks and months passed    
uneventful1 until we approached the last
 six weeks of pregnancy1 and then we    
found to our surprise one day that the  
blood-pressure had made a sudden jump up
 to #age mm41 while the urine revealed  
the presence of numerous casts and      

albumin--in the meantime the albumin had
 entirely disappeared4 ,there were also 
other urinary findings which showed that
 the liver was not doing its share in   
the work of burning up certain poisons4 
,in her home we began the following     
program3 ,every day we had her placed in
 a bathtub of hot water1 keeping cold   
cloths upon her brow1 face and neck1 and
 then1 by increasing the temperature of 
the bath1 we produced a very profuse    
perspiration4 ,she was taken out of this
 bath and wrapped in blankets1 thus     
continuing the sweat4 ,all meat1 baked  
beans1 and such foods as macaroni and   
other articles containing a high per    
cent of protein were largely eliminated 
from her diet4 ,at times she did not    
even eat bread4 ,her chief diet was     
fruit1 vegetables1 and simple salads1   
and yet the albumin and casts continued 
to increase in the urine and the        
blood-pressure climbed up to #aij mm4   
,as we approached the last two weeks of 
pregnancy1 this little woman was taken  

to the hospital and systematic daily    
treatment with sweating procedures was  
begun4 ,among other things1 she had a   
daily electric light bath4 ,after each  
of these baths she was wrapped in       
blankets and the sweating continued for 
some time4 ,careful estimations of      
albumin were made daily and the         
blood-pressure findings noted three     
times a day4 ,during the last week of   
pregnancy she lived on oranges and      
grapes4 ,day by day she was watched     
until the eventful hour arrived4 ,she   
went into the delivery room and gave    
birth to a perfectly normal child4 ,the 
albumin and casts quickly cleared up1   
the blood-pressure lowered1 and today   
the little woman is a fond mother of a  
beautiful baby boy4  ,it is hard to     
estimate what might have taken place had
 not her elimination been stimulated4   
,the blood-pressure was our guide4 ,had 
the albumin 7without casts7 appeared in 
the latter weeks of pregnancy with a    
blood-pressure of #adj or #aej mm41 we  

would not have become excited1 for the  
reason that in every normal pregnancy   
there is often present a trace of       
albumin in the latter weeks2 but when   
the blood-pressure jumped to #agj or    
#aij1 then we knew that                 
toxemia--eclampsia--convulsions--were   
imminent4 ,so we have in recent years1  
come to look upon the blood-pressure as 
an exceedingly important factor--as an  
infallible indicator of approaching     
trouble--as a red signal light at the   
precipice or the point of danger2 and it
 not only warns us of the danger1 but it
 tells us about how near the boilers are
 to the bursting point4 ,the glassy eye1
 the headache1 the full bounding pulse  
and the blurring of vision1 are all     
symptoms accompanying this high         
blood-pressure1 so that in these        
enlightened days no practitioner can    
count himself worthy the name1 or in any
 way fit to carry a pregnant woman      
through the months of waiting1 unless he
 sees1 appreciates1 and understands the 

value of blood-pressure findings in     
pregnancy4     ,,chapter ,,vii          
,,preparations ,,for ,,the ,,natal ,,day
   ,two months before baby is to arrive1
 the expectant mother should pay        
particular attention to the conservation
 of her strength4 ,the woman who is     
compelled to leave her home for the     
factory1 the laundry1 the office1 or    
other place of employment1 should stop  
work during these last two or three     
months4 ,the active club woman should   
pass the burdens on to others1 and the  
woman of leisure should withdraw from   
active social life with its varied      
obligations4 ,during the final weeks of 
pregnancy1 the prospective mother needs 
the same hygienic care regarding fresh  
air1 exercise1 diet1 and water drinking1
 as outlined in a former chapter4       
,,the ,,final ,,weeks  ,as the gravid   
uterus rises higher in the abdomen1     
increased pressure is exerted on the    
stomach1 the lungs1 and upon the nerve  
centers of the back2 and it is because  

of this situation1 that the duties and  
obligations of the prospective mother   
should be reduced to a minimum1 that she
 may feel at liberty to lie down several
 times during the day on the porch or in
 a well-ventilated room1 in the midst of
 the best possible surroundings4 ,sexual
 intercourse should be largely          
discontinued during the last months of  
pregnancy4  ,i sometimes wish the       
prospective mothers in our dispensary   
districts might have some of the care   
and the kind treatment which is bestowed
 upon an ordinary prospective mother    
horse1 which at least enjoys a vacation 
from heavy labor1 and whose food is     
eaten with calm nerves and in the       
quietness of a clean stall4 ,while the  
state of the mother's mind does not     
materially influence the child2         
nevertheless1 the state of the mother's 
body1 the weary over-worked muscles and 
nerves of hot1 tired women1 bending over
 cook stoves1 laundry tubs1 or scrubbing
 floors1 does materially derange the    

mother's health and digestion1 which in 
turn1 reflexly interferes with the      
growth and physical development of her  
child4 ,extra strength is required for  
the day of labor1 and since the baby    
doubles its weight during the last two  
months1 the mother is living for two1   
and should1 therefore1 avoid extreme    
fatigue1 over tiring1 and irksome labor 
during these final weeks of watchful    
waiting4   ,,selection ,,of ,,the ,,home
  ,it may or may not be within the      
province of prospective parents to      
rearrange1 rebuild1 or otherwise change 
the home4 ,usually the size of the      
pocketbook1 the bank account1 or the    
weekly pay envelope decide such things  
for us4 ,the home may be in the country 
or suburbs1 with its wide expanse of    
lawns1 its hedges of shrubbery1 and with
 its spacious rooms and porches2 or it  
may be a beautifully equipped1 modern   
apartment on the boulevard of a city1   
with its sun parlors1 large back        
porches1 conveniently located near some 

well-kept city park1 or it may be one of
 those smaller but snug as a bug in a   
rug apartments1 in another part of the  
city1 where usually there is a sunny    
back porch2 or again some of my readers 
may themselves be1 or their friends may 
be1 in a darkened basement with broken  
windows1 illy ventilated rooms1 with no 
porches1 no yards1 no bright rays to be 
seen coming in through windows--and yet 
into all of these varied homes there    
come little babies--sweet1 charming     
little babies1 to be cared for1 dressed1
 fed1 and reared4 ,and we must now      
proceed to the subject of making the    
most of what we have--to create out of  
what we have1 as best we can1 that which
 ought to be4   ,,sanitary ,,premises   
,in both the country and city place1    
yards and alleys should be cleaned up4  
,garbage--the great breeding place of   
flies--should be removed or burned4 ,the
 manure pile of the stable or alley     
should also be properly covered and     
cared for4 ,in this way breeding places 

for flies are minimized and millions and
 billions of unhatched eggs are         
destroyed4 ,in the large cities1        
provision is made for the prompt        
disposal of garbage1 and laws are       
beginning to be enforced regarding the  
covering and the weekly removal of      
manure1 and thus in many of our large   
cities flies are diminishing in numbers 
each year4 ,fly campaigns and garbage   
campaigns are teaching us all to realize
 the dangers of infection1 contagion1   
and disease as a result of filth2 while 
through the schools1 the children of    
even our foreign tongued neighbors take 
home the spirit of cleaning up week4    
,even in the rural districts we hope for
 the dawning of the day when filth1     
stagnant pools1 open manure piles1 and  
open privies1 will be as much feared as 
scorpions or smallpox4   ,,engaging     
,,the ,,doctor  ,as suggested elsewhere1
 as soon as the expectant mother is     
aware that she is pregnant1 she should  
engage her physician4 ,and since these  

are days of specialists1 he may or may  
not be the regular family doctor4 ,the  
husband and friends may be consulted1   
but the final choice should be made by  
the prospective mother herself4 ,the    
faith which casts out fear1 the         
indefinable sense of security which she 
feels in her chosen physician1 supports 
her through the hours of confinement4   
,twenty-four hour specimens of urine    
should be saved and taken to the        
physician twice each month and oftener  
during later months of pregnancy4 ,the  
chosen physician's instructions and     
suggestions should be carried out and   
counsel should be sought of him as to   
the place of confinement4   ,,the       
,,place ,,of ,,confinement  ,there are a
 number of factors that enter into the  
selection of the place of confinement4  
,in the first place1 if the home be     
roomy1 bathroom convenient1 if the      
required preparation of all necessities 
for the day of labor can be effected1   
and it is further possible to prepare a 

suitable delivery-room at home with     
ample facilities for emergencies and    
complications1 and you can persuade your
 physician to do it--then the best place
 in the world for the mother to be      
confined is within the walls of her own 
home4 ,but such is the case in but one  
home out of hundreds1 and ,i regret that
 time and space will not allow me to    
describe and portray the many untimely  
deaths that might have been avoided if  
this or that supply had only been ready 
at the moment of the unexpected         
complication of delivery4 ,why should we
 needlessly risk the lives of           
prospective mothers1 when1 in every     
up-to-date hospital delivery-room1 all  
these life-saving facilities are freely 
provided8 ,here in the modern hospital1 
the mothers from small homes and        
apartments1 the mothers who live in     
stuffy basements1 as well as those from 
the average home in the average         
neighborhood1 can come with the         
assurance of receiving the best possible

 care and attention4 ,every woman who   
can arrange or afford it1 should plan to
 avail herself of the benefits1         
comforts1 quietness1 and calm of a      
well-equipped hospital and the surgical 
cleanliness and safety of its aseptic   
delivery-room4  ,fortunately1 the mother
 of the basement home may have the same 
clean1 sterile dressings used upon her  
as does the mother of the boulevard     
mansion4 ,the maternity ward bed at     
#h4jj to #aj4jj a week can be just as   
clean as the bed of the #dj4jj a week   
room4 ,the methods and procedures of the
 delivery-room can be just as good in   
the case of the very poor woman as in   
the case of the magnate's wife4 ,in no  
way and for no reason fear the hospital4
 ,it is the cleanest1 safest1 and by far
 the cheapest way4 ,the weekly amount   
paid includes the board of the patient1 
the routine care1 and all appliances and
 supplies of every sort that will be    
used4 ,under no circumstances should a  
midwife be engaged4 ,any reputable      

physician or any intellectual minister  
will advise that4 ,let your choice be   
either the hospital or the home2 but    
always engage a physician1 never a      
midwife4   ,,the ,,nurse  ,after        
selecting the place of confinement1 the 
question of the nurse may next be       
considered4 ,if it is to be the         
hospital1 you need give little further  
thought to the nurse1 for your physician
 will arrange for the nurse at the time 
you enter the hospital4 ,she will be a  
part of the complete service you may    
enjoy4 ,you will find her on duty as    
you1 quietly resting in your room1      
awaken in the sweet satisfaction that at
 last it is all over--at last your baby 
is here4  ,a competent nurse is a       
necessity1 if the confinement takes     
place in the home4 ,she may be a        
visiting nurse1 who1 for a small fee1   
will not only come on the day of labor1 
but will make what is known as          
post-partum calls each day for ten or   
twelve days4 ,these are short calls1 but

 are long enough to clean up the mother 
and wash and dress the babe4 ,she is not
 supposed to prepare any meals or care  
for the home4 ,then there is the        
practical nurse--women who have prepared
 themselves along these lines of        
nursing1 whose fees range from #ab4jj to
 #ah4jj a week4 ,if your physician      
recommends one to you1 you may know she 
is clean and dependable4 ,the trained   
nurse1 who has graduated from a three   
years' course of training1 is prepared  
for every emergency1 and will           
intelligently work with the physician   
for the patient's welfare and comfort4  
,her fees range from #be4jj to #ce4jj a 
week4  ,both the practical and the      
trained nurses are human beings1 and    
require rest and sleep the same as all  
other women do4 ,one nurse1 after having
 faithfully remained at her post of duty
 some sixty hours reminded the husband  
and sister of the patient that she must 
now have five hours of unbroken rest and
 they replied in a most surprised       

manner1 ,why we are paying you #cj4jj a 
week1 and besides1 we understood you    
were a trained nurse4  ,the physician   
usually makes arrangement with the      
family for competent relief for the     
nurse4 ,she should have at least one to 
two hours of each day for an airing1 and
 six hours out of the twenty-four for   
sleep4   ,,preparations ,,for ,a ,,home 
,,delivery  ,the supplies should all be 
in the home and ready1 as the seventh   
month of pregnancy draws near4 ,in the  
first place1 select the drawer or closet
 shelf where the supplies are to remain1
 untouched1 until your physician orders 
them brought out4 ,the supplies         
requiring special preparation and       
sterilization are3    ,three pounds of  
absorbent cotton4   ,one large package  
of sterile gauze 7#be yards74   ,four   
rolls of cotton batting4   ,two yards of
 stout muslin for abdominal binders4    
,two old sheets4   ,twelve old towels or
 diapers4   ,one yard of strong narrow  
tape for tying the cord4   ,three short 

obstetrical gowns for the patient4      
,two pairs of extra long white          
stockings4   ,four ,t-binders4  ,other  
articles needed by physician1 nurse1 and
 patient are3    ,fifty bichloride of   
mercury tablets 7plainly marked poison74
   ,four ounces of lysol4   ,two ounces 
of powdered boric acid4   ,one half     
ounce of #bj argyrol4   ,one quart of   
grain alcohol4   ,one pound jar of      
surgeon's green soap4   ,one half pound 
of castile soap4   ,one bottle white    
vaseline4   ,one drinking tube4   ,one  
medicine glass4   ,one two-quart        
fountain syringe4   ,one covered enamel 
bucket or slop jar4   ,one good sized   
douche pan4   ,three agateware bowls1   
holding two quarts each4   ,two         
agateware pitchers1 holding two quarts  
each4   ,two stiff hand-brushes4   ,one 
nail file4   ,one pair surgeon's rubber 
gloves4   ,one and one-half yards rubber
 sheeting #cf inches wide4   ,two ,no4  
#b rubber catheters4   ,two dozen large 
safety pins4   ,small package of tooth  

picks1 to be used as applicators4   ,six
 breast binders 7,fig4 #e74   ,six      
sheets4  ,just before confinement send  
for one ounce of fluid extract of ergot 
and an original pint bottle of ,squibb's
 ,chloroform4   ,,the ,,preparation ,,of
 ,,the ,,supplies  #a4 ,the sanitary pad
 is used to absorb the lochia after     
confinement1 and needs to be changed    
many times during the day and night2    
fully five or six dozen will be         
required4 ,they are usually made from   
cotton batting and a generous layer of  
absorbent cotton4 ,if made entirely from
 absorbent cotton they mat down into a  
rope-like condition4 ,they are four and 
one-half to five inches wide and ten    
inches long4 ,the sterile cheesecloth is
 cut large enough to wrap around the    
cotton filling and extends at both ends 
three inches1 by which it is fastened to
 the abdominal binder4 ,with a dozen or 
fifteen in each package these vulva pads
 are wrapped loosely in pieces of old   
sheets and pinned securely and marked   

plainly on the outside4  #b4 ,delivery  
pads4 ,these pads should be thirty-six  
inches square and about five inches     
thick1 three or four inches of which may
 be the cotton batting and the remainder
 absorbent cotton4 ,three of these are  
needed4 ,each should be folded1 wrapped 
in a piece of cloth and likewise marked4
  #c4 ,gauze squares4 ,five dozen gauze 
squares about four inches in size may be
 cut1 wrapped and marked4 ,these are    
needed for the nipples1 baby's eyes1    
etc4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,breast  
,binder  #d4 ,cotton pledgets4 ,these   
are cotton balls1 made as you would a   
light biscuit with the twist of the     
cotton to hold it in shape4 ,they should
 be about the size of the bottom of a   
teacup4 ,these are thrown in a couple of
 pillow slips and wrapped and marked4   
#e4 ,the ,bobbin4 ,cut the bobbin or    
tape into four nine-inch lengths and    
wrap and mark4  #f4 ,the tooth picks are
 left in the original package and do not
 require sterilization4  #g4            

,sterilization4 ,before steaming and    
baking1 wrap each bundle in another     
wrapping of cloth and pin again         
securely4 ,mark each package plainly in 
large letters or initials4 ,these       
packages may be sent to the hospital for
 sterilization in the autoclave or they 
may be steamed for one hour in the large
 wash boiler1 by placing them loosely   
into a hammock-like arrangement made by 
suspending a firm piece of muslin from  
one handle of the boiler to the other4  
,the center of the hammock should come  
to within five inches of the bottom of  
the boiler which contains three inches  
of boiling water4 ,the cover of the     
boiler is now securely weighed down and 
the water boils hard for one hour1 at   
the end of which time they are removed  
and placed in a warm oven to dry out4   
,the outer wrapping may be slightly     
tinged with brown by this baking4 ,after
 a thorough drying they are allowed to  
remain in the same wrappings into which 
they were first placed and put away in a

 clean drawer awaiting the ,natal ,day4 
,,requisites ,,for ,,the ,,hospital     
,each hospital has its own methods and  
regulations for caring for obstetrical  
patients and it is well for the         
expectant mother to visit the           
obstetrical section1 the delivery-room  
and the baby's room1 that she may       
personally know more about the place    
where she is to spend from ten days to  
two weeks4 ,here she may ascertain from 
the superintendent just what she will   
need to bring for the baby4 ,many of the
 hospitals furnish all the clothes      
needed for the baby while in the        
hospital2 in such instances1 the        
hospital also launders them4 ,other     
hospitals require the baby's clothes to 
be brought in1 in which case the mother 
looks after the laundry4 ,the mother    
always takes her toilet articles1 a warm
 bed jacket with long sleeves1 several  
night dresses and a large loose kimono  
or wrapper to wear to the roof garden or
 porch in the wheel chair4 ,warm bedroom

 slippers and a scarf for the head      
completes the outfit4   ,,baby',s       
,,necessities  ,baby's basket on the day
 of confinement should contain3    ,one 
pound of absorbent cotton4   ,one pint  
of liquid albolene4   ,one half ounce of
 argyrol 7mentioned in the mother's     
list74   ,safety pins of assorted sizes4
   ,a powder box containing powder and  
puff4   ,an old soft blanket in which to
 receive the child after birth4   ,a    
soft hair brush4   ,three old towels4   
,small package of sterile gauze squares4
   ,scales4   ,diapers4   ,a silk and   
wool shirt 7size ,no4 #b74   ,an        
abdominal band to be sewed on with      
needle and thread4   ,a pair of silk and
 wool stockings4   ,a flannel skirt4    
,an outing flannel night dress4   ,a    
woolen wrapper4   ,,the ,,confinement   
,,room  ,by special preparation1 the    
ordinary bedroom may be fashioned into a
 delivery-room4 ,carpets1 hangings and  
upholstered furniture must be removed4  
,clean walls1 clean floors1 and a       

scrupulously clean bed must be          
maintained throughout the puerperium4   
,bathroom1 and if possible1 a porch     
should be near by4 ,in the wealthy home1
 a bedroom1 bathroom and the nursery    
adjoining is ideal2 but ,i find that    
real life is always filled with anything
 but the ideal4  ,the dispensary doctor 
is compelled to depend upon clean       
newspapers to cover everything in the   
room he finds his patient in4 ,the only 
sterile things he uses he brings with   
him1 and should he have to spend the    
night1 the floor is his only bed4 ,a    
student who was in my service told me   
that there was not one article in the   
entire home1 which consisted of but one 
room1 that could be used for the baby4  
,he wrapped his own coat about it and   
laid it carefully in a market basket and
 placed it on the floor at the side of  
the pallet on which the mother lay and  
by the aid of a nearby telephone secured
 clothes from the dispensary for the    
babe4  ,always select the best room in  

the house for a home confinement4 ,if   
the parlor is the one sunny room1 take  
it2 remove all draperies1 carpet1 etc41 
and make it as near surgically clean as 
possible4 ,while sunshine is desirable1 
ample shades must be supplied1 as the   
eyes of both mother and babe must be    
protected4   ,,the ,,bed  ,a            
three-quarter bed is more desirable than
 a double bed4 ,if it is low1 four-inch 
blocks should be placed under each leg1 
the casters having been removed to      
prevent slipping4 ,the bed should be so 
placed that it can be reached from      
either side by the nurse and physician4 
,the mattress may be reenforced by the  
placing of a board under it if there is 
a tendency to sag in the middle4 ,over  
this mattress is securely pinned the    
strip of rubber sheeting or table       
oilcloth4 ,a clean sheet covers mattress
 and rubber cloth and at the spot where 
the hips are to lie may be placed the   
large sterile pad to absorb the escaping
 fluids4 ,the floor about the bed is    

protected by newspapers or oilcloth4    
,good lighting should always be         
provided4 ,much trouble and possible    
infection may be avoided by clean       
bedding1 plenty of clean dressings1     
boiled water1 rubber gloves1 and clean  
hands4     ,,chapter ,,viii  ,,the ,,day
 ,,of ,,labor   ,as the two hundred and 
seventy-three days come to a close1 our 
expectant mother approaches the day of  
labor with joy and gladness4 ,the long1 
long waiting days so full of varied     
experiences1 so full of the             
consciousness that she1 the waiting     
mother1 is to bring into the world a    
being which may have so many            
possibilities--well1 even the           
anticipated pangs of approaching labor  
are welcomed as marking the close of the
 long vigil4 ,these days have brought   
many unpleasant symptoms1 they have been
 days of tears and smiles1 of clouds and
 sunshine4   ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,waiting
  ,the prospective mother has thought   
many times1 ,will my baby ever come8    

,but nature is very faithful1 prompt1   
and resourceful4 ,she ushers in this    
harvest time under great stress and     
strain1 for actual labor is before      
us--downright1 hard labor--just about   
the hardest work that womankind ever    
experiences--and1 as a rule1 she needs  
but little help--good direction as to   
the proper method of work and the       
economical expenditure of energy4 ,in   
the case of the average mother this is  
about all that is needed1 and if these  
suggestions come from a wise and        
sympathetic physician--one who          
understands and appreciates asepsis--she
 may count herself as fortunately       
situated for the oncoming ordeal4  ,in  
the days of our grandmothers it was     
almost the exception rather than the    
rule to escape child-bed fever1 milk    
leg1 etc42 but in these enlightened days
 of asepsis1 rubber gloves1 and the     
various antiseptics1 puerperal infection
 is the exception1 while a normal       
puerperium is the rule2 and this work of

 prevention lies in the scrupulous care 
taken by anyone and everyone concerned  
in any way with the events of the day of
 labor4  ,on this day of labor1 the     
mother1 who has gone through the long   
tedious days of waiting1 should see to  
it that nothing unclean--hands1 sponges1
 forcep1 water1 cloth--is allowed to    
touch her4 ,above all things do not     
employ a physician who has earned the   
reputation of being a dirty doctor4     
,puerperal infection is almost wholly a 
preventable disease and every patient   
has a right to insist upon protection   
against it4  ,in a former chapter will  
be found a detailed description of the  
delivery bed4 ,beside this bed1 or near 
by1 are to be found the rack on which   
are airing the necessary garments for   
the baby's reception--the receiving     
blanket and other requisites for the    
first bath--together with numerous other
 articles essential to safety and       
comfort4  ,there should be an easy chair
 in the room for the mother to rest in  

between her walking excursions during   
the first stages of labor4 ,the         
sterilized pads and necessary articles  
mentioned in an earlier chapter are1 of 
course1 close at hand4   ,,first        
,,symptoms ,,of ,,labor  ,regular1      
cramp-like pains in the lower portion of
 the abdomen which are frequently       
mistaken for intestinal colic1 often    
beginning in the lower part of the back1
 and extending to the front and down the
 thigh1 are often the first symptoms of 
the approaching event4 ,with each cramp 
or pain the abdomen gets very hard and  
as the pain passes away the abdomen     
again assumes its normal condition4     
,these regular cramp-like pains are the 
result of the early dilation of the     
cervix--the first opening of the door to
 the uterine room which has housed our  
little citizen through the developmental
 stages of embryonic life--and as a     
result of this stretching and dilating  
there soon appears that special         
blood-tinged mucus flow commonly known  

as the show4   ,,the ,,preliminary      
,,bath  ,at this time a very            
thorough-going colonic flushing should  
be administered4 ,the patient takes the 
knee-chest position1 or the lying-down  
position1 and there should flow into the
 lower bowel three pints of soapy water2
 this should be retained for a few      
moments2 and after its expulsion1 a     
short1 plain water injection should be  
given4 ,now follows the preliminary     
general bath4  ,just prior to the bath1 
the pubic hair should be clipped        
closely1 or better shaved4 ,then should 
follow a thorough soap wash1 with       
patient standing up in the tub1 using   
plenty of soap1 applied with a shampoo  
brush or rough turkish mit4 ,the rinsing
 now takes place by either a shower or  
pail pour4 ,do not sit down in the tub4 
,this is a rule that must not be broken1
 because of the danger of infection in  
those cases where the bag of waters may 
have broken early in the labor4  ,a weak
 antiseptic solution1 prepared by       

putting two small antiseptic tablets    
into one pint and a half of warm water1 
is now applied to the body from the     
breasts to the knee4 ,put on a freshly  
laundered gown1 clean stockings and     
wrapper4 ,the head should be cleansed   
and hair braided in two braids4   ,,the 
,,progress ,,of ,,labor  ,if all the    
mothers who read this volume could bear 
children with the comfort ,mrs4 ,c4     
does1 ,i should be happy1 indeed4  ,at  
four o'clock one morning a very much    
excited father telephoned me1 ,hurry1   
quick1 ,doctor1 it's almost here4 ,it   
was well that we did hurry1 for the     
first sign the little mother had was the
 deluge of the waters--at this point the
 husband ran to telephone for the       
doctor--no more pains for thirty-eight  
minutes 7just as we entered the door7   
and the baby was there4 ,but such is not
 usually the case1 nor will it be1 as   
labor usually progresses along the lines
 of conscious dilating pains1 occurring 
at intervals twenty minutes apart at    

first1 later drawing nearer together    
until they are three to five minutes    
apart4 ,this first stage of labor lasts 
from one to fifteen hours--during which 
time the tiny door to the uterine room  
which was originally about one-eighth of
 an inch open--dilates sufficiently to  
allow the passage of the head1 shoulders
 and body of the fully developed child4 
,about this time the bag of waters      
usually bursts1 and1 as a rule1 this    
marks the beginning of the second stage 
of labor4 ,the amount of water passed   
varies in amount4 ,should the rupture   
take place before the door is fully     
open1 then labor proceeds with          
difficulty and the condition is known as
 dry labor4  ,the head after proper     
rotation now begins the descent2 and    
here the pains begin to change from the 
sharp1 lancinating1 cramp-like pains    
which begin in the back and move around 
to the front1 to those of the bearing   
down variety1 while at the same time    
there begins to appear the bulging at   

the perineum1 which means that the head 
is about to be born4 ,at this time great
 stress is brought to bear upon the     
perineum and often1 in spite of anything
 that can be done to prevent it1 the    
perineum is more or less lacerated4  ,as
 soon as the baby is born the second    
stage of labor has passed and within    
thirty to fifty minutes the close of the
 third stage of labor is marked by the  
passage of the placenta or afterbirth4  
,,false ,,labor ,,pains  ,sometimes1 as 
long as two weeks before the birth of   
the child1 certain irregular1 heavy1    
cramp-like pains occur in the abdomen   
and back4 ,for a half-dozen pains they  
may show some signs of regularity2 but  
they usually die down only to start up  
again at irregular intervals4 ,these are
 known as false pains4  ,when the pains 
begin to take on regularity and         
gradually grow heavier and it is near   
the appointed time for the labor1 the   
patient should prepare to start for the 
hospital2 or1 if it is to be a home     

delivery1 the physician should be       
called4 ,as noted above1 the first      
subjective symptom may be the rupture of
 the bag of waters1 and it is imperative
 to prepare at once for the labor4 ,it  
is far better to spend the day at the   
hospital1 or even two days waiting1     
rather than to run the risk of giving   
birth to the child in a taxicab or      
street car2 or1 in the event of a home  
labor1 to have the child born before the
 doctor arrives4   ,,what ,,to ,,do ,,in
 ,,the ,,absence ,,of ,a ,,doctor  ,it  
is often the case that when we need our 
physician the most1 he is busy with     
another patient and cannot come1 or     
perhaps an automobile accident detains  
the man of the hour4 ,the hospital      
delivery always possesses this advantage
 over the home--physicians are always on
 hand4 ,we deem it wise to relate in    
detail the method of procedure during   
the rapid birth of a child2 that the    
husband or nurse may give intelligent   
and clean service4  ,after the patient  

has been given the enema and has been   
shaved and the bath has been            
administered as previously directed1 the
 helper most vigorously scrubs up4      
,there are three distinct phases to the 
scrubbing up3 ,first1 the three-minute  
scrubbing of the hands and forearms with
 a clean brush and green soap2 to be    
followed by1 second1 the trimming and   
cleaning of the finger nails1 for it is 
here1 under the nails1 that the         
micro-organism lives and thrives that   
causes child-bed fever or septicemia2   
and1 third1 the final five-minute       
scrubbing of the fingers1 hands1 and    
forearms4 ,an ordinary towel is not used
 to dry the well-cleansed hands1 but    
they are now dipped in alcohol and      
allowed to dry in the air4  ,and now if 
the pains are returning every three to  
five minutes or if the bag of waters has
 broken1 the patient should go to bed4  
,she will lie down on her back with the 
knees drawn up and spread apart4 ,the   
patient1 having had the cleansing bath1 

is now washed with the disinfectant bath
 7#b antiseptic tablets to #a pints of  
water71 from the breasts to the knees4  
,another member of the family takes the 
outer wrappings off the sterilized      
delivery pad and the clean helper places
 the sterile delivery pad under the     
expectant mother1 who is directed to    
bear down when her pains come4 ,she may 
be supported during these pains by      
pulling on a sheet that has been        
fastened to the foot of the bed4  ,the  
clean1 helper then sits by her          
constantly until the baby is born but   
under no circumstances should touch her 
until after the head appears4           
,immediately after the birth of the     
head1 the shoulders usually follow with 
the next pain1 which ought to occur     
within two or three minutes4            
,occasionally the face turns blue1 in   
such an instance1 the mother is directed
 to strain vigorously and presses down  
heavily on the abdomen with both her    
hands1 this usually hurries matters     

materially1 and the body of the child   
follows quickly4 ,the baby should cry at
 once4 ,if the child does not show signs
 of life1 quick1 brisk slapping on the  
back usually brings relief4 ,during the 
birth of the head it is imperative that1
 in the event of liquid passing at the  
same time1 no water or blood be sucked  
into the mouth by the baby4 ,great care 
must be exercised in this matter4       
,should the baby remain blue1 lay it    
quickly upon its right side near the    
mother1 and after the pulse of the cord 
has stopped beating the clean helper    
ties the cord twice1 two inches from the
 child and again two inches from this   
tying toward the mother1 and then the   
cord is cut between the two tyings with 
scissors that have been boiled twenty   
minutes4  ,should there be more         
difficulty with the breathing of the new
 born child1 if slapping it on the back 
brings no relief1 its back 7with face   
well protected7 may be dipped first in  
good warm water1 then cold1 again in the

 warm1 again in the cold--this seldom   
fails4 ,the child should then be kept   
very warm1 lying on its right side4     
,,care ,,of ,,the ,,mother  ,all this   
time1 a member of the family has been   
firmly grasping the mother's abdomen1   
and within an hour the afterbirth passes
 out through the birth canal4 ,if the   
physician has not yet arrived1 all      
dressings1 the pad1 the afterbirth1 must
 all be saved for his inspection4  ,the 
inside of the thighs and the region     
about the vagina is now washed with     
bichloride solution1 the soiled delivery
 pad removed1 a clean delivery pad is   
placed under her2 an abdominal binder is
 applied and two sterile vulva pads are 
placed between the legs1 and hot water  
bottles are put to her feet1 as usually 
at this stage there is a slight tendency
 toward chilliness4 ,she should now     
settle down for rest4 ,fresh air should 
be admitted into the room4 ,there may be
 some hemorrhage1 and if it is          
excessive1 grasp the lower abdomen and  

begin to knead it until you distinctly  
feel a change in the uterus from the    
soft mass to a hard ball about the size 
of a large grape fruit2 thus contraction
 has been brought about which causes the
 hemorrhage to decrease4 ,if the doctor 
has not yet arrived put the baby to the 
breast1 and place an ice bag for ten or 
fifteen minutes on the abdomen just over
 the uterus4 ,should there be           
lacerations1 the doctor will attend to  
their repair when he comes4 ,one        
teaspoonful of the fluid extract of     
ergot is usually given at this time1 if 
possible get in touch with the physician
 before it is administered4   ,,care    
,,of ,,the ,,baby  ,after the mother is 
comfortable1 your attention is directed 
to the baby2 the condition of the cord  
is noted2 should it be bleeding1 do not 
disturb the tying1 but tie again1 more  
tightly just below the former tying1 and
 with the long ends of the tape1 tie on 
a sterile gauze sponge or a piece of    
clean untouched medicated cotton1 thus  

efficiently protecting the severed end  
of the cord4 ,no further dressing is    
needed until the doctor arrives4  ,grave
 disorders have arisen from infection   
through the freshly cut umbilical cord4 
,should the doctor be longer delayed1   
one drop of twenty per cent argyrol     
should be dropped in each of the        
infant's eyes and separate pieces of    
cotton should be used for each eye to   
wipe the surplus medicine away4  ,this  
application must not be long neglected1 
for a very large per cent of all the    
blindness in this world might have been 
avoided had this medicine been placed in
 each eye soon after birth4  ,the warmed
 albolene is now swabbed over the entire
 body of the infant 7this is done with a
 piece of cotton71 the arm pits1 the    
groins1 behind the ears1 between the    
thighs1 the bend of the elbow1 etc1 must
 all receive the albolene swabbing4 ,in 
a few minutes1 this is gently rubbed off
 with a piece of gauze or an old soft   
towel1 and the baby comes forth as clean

 and as smooth as a lily and as sweet as
 a rose4  ,the garments are now placed  
on the child--first the band1 then      
shirt1 diaper1 stockings1 flannel skirt1
 and outing flannel gown--and it is put 
to rest after the administration of one 
teaspoonful of cooled1 boiled water4 ,in
 six to eight hours it will be put to   
the breast4     ,,chapter ,,ix          
,,twilight ,,sleep ,,and ,,painless     
,,labor   ,in recent years much has     
appeared in both the popular magazines  
and the medical press concerning the    
so-called twilight sleep and other      
methods of producing painless           
childbirth4 ,many of these popular      
articles in the lay press cannot be     
regarded in any other light than as     
being in bad taste and wholly           
unfortunate in their method and manner  
of presenting the subject2 nevertheless1
 these writings have served to arouse   
such a general public interest in the   
subject of obstetric anesthetics1 that  
we deem it advisable to devote two      

chapters to the brief and concise       
consideration of the subjects of pain   
and anesthetics in relation to the day  
of labor4   ,,the ,,pain ,,of ,,labor   
,first1 let us briefly consider the     
question of pain in connection with     
childbirth4 ,many women--normal1        
natural1 and healthy women--suffer but  
comparatively little in giving birth to 
an average-sized baby during an average 
and uncomplicated labor4 ,like the      
,indian squaw1 they suffer a minimum of 
pain at childbirth--at least this is    
largely true after the birth of the     
first baby2 and so there is little need 
of discussing any sort of anesthesia for
 this group of fortunate women2 for at  
most1 all that would ever be employed in
 the nature of an anesthetic in such    
cases1 would be a trifle of chloroform  
to take the edge off the suffering at   
the height or conclusion of labor4  ,but
 the vast majority of ,american mothers 
do not belong to this fortunate and     
normal class of women who suffer so     

little during childbirth2 they rather   
belong to that large and growing class  
of women who have dressed wrong2 who    
have lived unhealthful and sometimes    
indolent lives2 who are more or less    
physically and temperamentally unfitted 
to pass through the experiences of      
pregnancy and the trials of labor4  ,the
 average ,american woman shrinks from   
the thought and prospect of suffering   
pain2 she is quite intolerant with the  
idea of undergoing even the few brief   
moments of physical suffering attendant 
upon childbirth4 ,she refuses to        
contemplate the day of labor in any     
other light than that which insures her 
against all possible pain and other     
physical suffering4  ,and it is just    
this unnatural and abnormal fear of     
labor-pains--this unwomanly dread of the
 slightest degree of physical           
suffering--that has indirectly led up to
 so much discussion regarding the       
employment of twilight sleep and other  
forms of obstetric anesthesia4  ,while  

the authors recognize the great blessing
 of anesthesia to the woman in          
labor--and almost unfailingly make use  
of it in some form--nevertheless1 we    
also recognize that it would be a fine  
form of mental discipline and mighty    
good moral gymnastics1 if a great many  
self-centered and pampered women would  
spunk right up and face the ordeal of   
labor with natural courage and normal   
fortitude4 ,it would be the making of   
them1 it would make new women out of    
them1 it would start them out on the    
road to real living4 ,at the same time  
we do not mean to advocate that women   
should suffer unnecessary pain in       
childbirth any more than we allow them  
to suffer in connection with surgery4   
,,preparation ,,for ,,labor  ,while so  
much is being written about twilight    
sleep and painless labor1 it might be   
well to remind the ,american mother that
 much can be done to lessen the         
sufferings of the day of labor by one's 
method of living prior to the           

confinement4  ,we believe that          
child-bearing is a perfectly normal     
physical function for a healthy and     
normal woman--that it is even essential 
to her complete physical health1 mental 
happiness1 and moral well-being4        
,theoretically1 child-bearing ought to  
be but little more painful than the     
functionating of numerous other vital   
organs--stomach1 heart1 bladder1 bowels1
 etc4--and1 indeed1 it is not in the    
case of certain savage tribes and other 
aboriginal people1 such as our own      
,north ,american ,indian4  ,but we must 
face the facts4 ,the average ,american  
woman does suffer at childbirth2 and she
 suffers more than we are disposed to   
allow her1 or more than she1 as a       
general rule1 is willing to suffer4 ,so1
 while we discuss appropriate methods of
 lessening the pain of labor and the    
pangs of childbirth by the scientific   
use of anesthetics1 let us also call    
attention to certain things which may   
aid in decreasing the amount of pain    

which may reasonably be expected to     
attend child bearing4  ,to assist in    
bringing about this preparation for     
decreased pain at childbirth1 mothers   
should teach their daughters how to     
develop1 strengthen1 and preserve their 
physical1 mental1 and moral resistance4 
,the young mother should be taught by   
both her mother and her physician how to
 dress1 how to work1 and how to eat4    
,every care should be given to the      
hygiene of pregnancy and labor4  ,the   
expectant mother should have plenty of  
fruits and fruit juices1 and if not     
physically well endowed to give birth to
 a large babe1 she should have her diet 
restricted in meat1 bread and milk1 as  
well as the cereals4 ,overeating during 
pregnancy should be carefully guarded   
against1 as emphasized in an earlier    
chapter4 ,deformities of the pelvis1    
etc41 should rule out a consideration of
 pregnancy4  ,while artificial painless 
childbirth by means of twilight sleep   
and other similar methods all have their

 place2 nevertheless1 these procedures  
should not lead to the neglect of those 
natural methods and preventive practices
 which aid in preparing the normal      
expectant mother for nature's relatively
 painless labor4 ,when so much          
anesthesia has to be used in a normal   
labor1 it cannot but strongly suggest   
that both patient and physician have    
neglected those common but efficient    
methods which contribute indirectly to  
lessening the pangs of child bearing4   
,,what ,,is ,,twilight ,,sleep8         
,twilight sleep is a recent term which  
has become associated in the public mind
 with painless labor4 ,the reader should
 understand that twilight sleep is not a
 new method of obstetric anesthesia4    
,while this method of inducing painless 
labor has been brought prominently      
before the public mind in recent years  
by much discussion and by numerous      
magazine articles--being often presented
 in such a way as sometimes to lead the 
uninstructed layman to infer that a new 

method of obstetric anesthesia had just 
been discovered--it has1 nevertheless1  
been known and more or less used since  
#aijc4 ,later known as the ,freiburg    
,method1 and as the ,dammerschlaf of    
,gauss1 and still later popularized as  
twilight sleep1 this scopolamin-morphin 
method of obstetric anesthesia1 has     
gained wide attention and acquired many 
zealous advocates4  ,twilight sleep is1 
therefore1 nothing new--it is simply a  
revival of the old combination of       
scopolamin and morphin anesthesia4      
,while many different methods of        
administering twilight sleep have been  
devised1 the following general plan will
 serve to inform the reader sufficiently
 regarding the technic of this          
much-talked-of procedure4  ,the         
scopolamin must always be fresh1        
although different forms of the drug are
 used4 ,it tends quickly to             
decompose--forming a toxic              
by-product--and1 according to some      
authorities1 this decomposed scopolamin 

is responsible for many undesirable     
results which have attended some cases  
of twilight sleep4 ,various forms of    
morphin are also used1 as also is       
narcophin4   ,,technic ,,of ,,twilight  
,,sleep  ,the twilight-sleep injections 
are not started until the patient is in 
the stage of active labor4 ,the initial 
injection consists of the proper dose of
 scopolamin and morphin 7or some of     
their derivatives71 while the patient's 
pupils1 pulse1 and respiration are      
carefully noted1 as also are the        
character of the uterine contractions   
and the character of the fetal heart    
action4  ,usually within an hour1 a     
second dose of scopolamin is given1     
while the application of so-called      
memory tests serves to indicate whether 
it is advisable to administer additional
 injections4 ,some leading advocates of 
this method claim that the majority of  
the unfavorable results attendant upon  
twilight sleep are the direct result of 
failure to control the dosage of the    

drug by these memory tests2 and they    
call attention to the large percentage  
of painlessness as proof of probable    
overdosing4 ,if the patient's memory is 
clear and she is not yet under the      
influence of the drug1 a third dose is  
soon given4 ,if1 however1 the patient is
 in a state of amnesia 7lack of memory71
 this third injection is not commonly   
given until about one hour after the    
second injection4 ,the amount of amnesia
 present is used as a guide for repeated
 injections at intervals of one to one  
and a half hours4 ,as a rule1 the       
morphin is not repeated4  ,it must be   
evident that the success of such a      
method of anesthesia must depend        
entirely upon thoroughgoing personal    
supervision of the individual patient by
 a properly trained and experienced     
physician2 and it is for just these     
reasons that twilight sleep is destined 
to remain largely a hospital procedure  
for a long time to come4  ,experience   
has shown that those cases of twilight  

sleep that are not under the influence  
of scopolamin over five or six hours do 
vastly better than those under a longer 
time4 ,when employed too long before    
labor this method seems to favor inertia
 and thus tends to increase the number  
of forceps deliveries4  ,the number of  
injections may run from one to a dozen  
or more1 and patients have come through 
without accident with fifteen or more   
doses1 running over a period of         
twenty-four hours4   ,,the ,,claims ,,of
 ,,twilight ,,sleep  ,while twilight    
sleep as a method of anesthesia is not  
altogether new1 many of the claims made 
for it by recent advocates are more or  
less new2 and1 to enable the reader     
clearly to comprehend both the          
advantages and disadvantages of this    
method1 both the favorable and          
unfavorable facts and contentions will  
be summarized in this connection4 ,the  
favorable claims made for twilight sleep
 are3  #a4 ,that eighty to ninety per   
cent of all women who use this method   

can be carried through a practically    
painless labor4  #b4 ,that there is     
practically no danger to the mother     
7some degree of danger to the child is  
admitted by most of its champions7 other
 than those commonly attendant on the   
older and better known methods in       
general use4  #c4 ,that twilight sleep1 
being almost exclusively a hospital     
procedure1 would result in more women   
going to the hospital for their         
confinement--if it were used more2 and  
would1 therefore1 tend to bring about   
more careful supervision and individual 
care on the part of the attending       
obstetrician4  #d4 ,that by lessening   
the dread of labor and the fear of      
painful childbirth1 there will probably 
occur an increase in the birth rate of  
the so-called higher classes of         
society--the social circles which now   
show the lowest birth rates4  #e4 ,that 
it is of special value in the cases of  
certain neurotic women and those of low 
vital resistance2 especially those      

patients suffering from certain forms of
 heart1 respiratory1 kidney1 and other  
organic diseases4  #f4 ,some authorities
 maintain that twilight sleep is of     
value even in threatened eclampsia1     
although they admit it tends to produce 
a rise in blood-pressure4  #g4 ,it is   
supposed to shorten the first stage of  
labor--by facilitating the dilation of  
the cervix--owing to the painless       
stretching2 although the majority of its
 special advocates admit that it        
lengthens the second stage of labor1    
during which the patient must be very   
closely watched4  #h4 ,that even in     
those cases where the sense of pain is  
not entirely destroyed1 the patient     
seems to possess little or no subsequent
 memory of any physical suffering or    
other disagreeable sensations4  #i4     
,that the method is of special value in 
sensitive1 high-strung1 nervous women of
 the higher classes1 who so habitually  
shun the rigors of child                
bearing--especially in the instance of  

their first child4  #aj4 ,that the      
action of scopolamin is chiefly upon the
 central nervous system--the            
cerebrum--that it diminishes the        
perception of pain without apparently   
decreasing the contractile power of the 
uterus2 labor may1 therefore1 proceed   
with little or no interruption1 while   
the patient is quite oblivious to the   
accompanying pains4  #aa4 ,that the     
physical and nervous exhaustion is quite
 entirely eliminated--especially in the 
case of the first labor--that patients  
who have had this method of anesthesia  
appear refreshed and quite themselves   
even the first day after labor4  #ab4   
,that there is decidedly less trauma    
7appreciable injury7 to the nervous     
system and therefore less shock2 and    
that all this saving of nervous strain  
tends greatly to hasten convalescence4  
#ac4 ,and1 finally1 that twilight sleep 
does not interfere with the carrying out
 of any other therapeutic measures which
 may be deemed necessary for a          

successful termination of the labor4    
,,dangers ,,of ,,twilight ,,sleep       
,while we are recounting the real and   
supposed advantages of twilight         
sleep--especially in certain selected   
cases--it will be wise to pause long    
enough to give the same careful         
consideration to the known and reputed  
dangers and drawbacks which are thought 
to attend this method of anesthesia in  
connection with labor cases4  ,we desire
 to state that these expressions1 both  
for and against twilight sleep1 are not 
merely representative of our own        
experience and attitude2 but that they  
also represent1 as far as we are able to
 judge at the time of this writing1 the 
consensus of opinion on the part of the 
most reliable and experienced observers 
and practitioners who have used and     
studied this method in both this country
 and ,europe4 ,the dangers and          
difficulties of twilight sleep may be   
summarized as follows3  #a4 ,that this  
method tends to weaken the mental       

resistance of many women2 to lessen     
their natural courage and to decrease   
that commendable fortitude which is such
 a valuable feature of the character    
endowment of the normal woman4  #b4     
,that twilight sleep is essentially a   
hospital method and is1 therefore1      
inaccessible to the vast majority of    
women belonging to the middle and lower 
classes of society1 as well as to those 
women who live in rural communities4    
#c4 ,that in fifteen or twenty per cent1
 the method fails to produce the desired
 results--at least1 when administered in
 amounts which are deemed safe4  #d4    
,that this method does decrease the     
baby's chances of living2 that the      
second stage of labor is definitely     
prolonged2 that from ten to fifteen per 
cent of the babies are sufficiently     
under the influence of the anesthesia   
when born as to be unable to breathe or 
cry without artificial stimulus4  #e4   
,that it is a method requiring special  
training and experience2 that it will be

 many years before the average          
practitioner will become proficient in  
its use2 and that the older methods are 
probably far safer for the average      
physician4  #f4 ,that the method        
requires more care in its administration
 than can be expected outside of the    
hospital in order to avoid the dangers  
of fetal asphyxiation--which danger has 
led not a few obstetricians to abandon  
it4  #g4 ,that a satisfactory technic is
 almost impossible of development2 that 
every patient must be individualized2   
that the chief dangers are connected    
with the over dosage of morphin2 that   
the method is not adaptable to the      
general practice of the average doctor4 
#h4 ,that by prolonging the second stage
 of labor and by sometimes giving too   
much morphin1 the number of forceps     
deliveries is greatly increased1 with   
their attendant and increased dangers to
 both mother and child4  #i4 ,that the  
prospects of passing through labor which
 may be rendered painless by artificial 

methods1 tends to produce an attitude of
 carelessness and indifference towards  
those natural methods of living and     
other hygienic practices which so       
greatly contribute to naturally painless
 confinements4  #aj4 ,that this method  
as sometimes practiced greatly increases
 the dangers of a general anesthetic1 if
 such should be found necessary later on
 during the labor4  #aa4 ,that twilight 
sleep is contra-indicated 7should not be
 used7 in the following conditions3     
primary inertia 7abnormally delayed and 
slow labor72 expected short             
labor--especially in women who have     
already borne children2 when the fetal  
head is known to be large and the       
mother's pelvis small2 placenta praevia 
7abnormal placental attachment72        
accidental hemorrhage2 absent or        
doubtful fetal heart beat2 when labor is
 already far advanced2 and in threatened
 convulsions and eclampsia4             
,,conclusions ,,regarding ,,twilight    
,,sleep  ,having presented the evidence 

both for and against twilight sleep1 it 
may be of assistance to the lay reader  
to have placed before her the personal  
conclusions and working opinions of the 
authors4 ,we1 therefore1 undertake to   
summarize our present attitude and      
outline our practice as follows3  #a4   
,twilight sleep as a method of obstetric
 anesthesia in certain selected cases   
and in well-equipped hospitals1 and in  
the hands of careful and experienced    
practitioners1 has demonstrated that it 
is a scientific reality--and has        
probably come to stay--at least until   
better and safer methods of affecting a 
relatively painless confinement are     
discovered2 although we are compelled to
 state that it is not the panacea the   
lay press has led many of our patients  
to believe4 7,that we believe a much    
better and safer method has been        
devised1 the next chapter will fully    
disclose47  #b4 ,we do not expect this  
method ever to become general in its    
use2 we do not look for a chain of      

special twilight hospitals to stretch   
across the continent and then to overrun
 the country4 ,we expect much of the    
recent forced enthusiasm to die down1   
while scopolamin-morphin anesthesia     
takes it proper place among other       
scientific methods of alleviating the   
pangs of labor4  #c4 ,we know that      
standard and fresh solutions--as already
 noted--are absolutely essential for the
 success of this method4  #d4 ,we are   
certain that no routine method or       
technic can be developed4 ,each patient 
must be individualized4 ,the method does
 not consist in injecting scopolamin    
every so often4 ,the patient's mental   
and physical condition--as also that of 
the unborn child--must control the      
administration of twilight sleep4  #e4  
,the patient must be in a quiet and     
partially darkened room4 ,she must not  
be disturbed2 while the physician1 or a 
competent trained nurse1 must be in     
constant attendance4  #f4 ,while this   
method of treatment is best carried out 

in the well-appointed hospital1 there is
 no real reason why it cannot be fairly 
well carried out in a well-regulated    
private home1 provided the necessary    
preparations have been made1 a trained  
nurse is present1 and provided1 further1
 that the physician is willing to remain
 in the home with the patient the length
 of time required properly to supervise 
the treatment4  #g4 ,even when the      
treatment is not instituted early in    
labor1 it can1 in certain selected and  
appropriate cases1 be utilized even in  
the second stage of labor--thus saving  
these special cases much unnecessary    
pain2 in fact1 some authorities regard  
it as a valuable adjunct in the         
management of borderland contractions as
 it allows the patient a full test of   
labor4  #h4 ,in our opinion1 this method
 has little effect on the first stage of
 labor if properly administered2 but it 
does undoubtedly prolong and tend to    
complicate the second stage2 in fact1 we
 are coming to look upon twilight sleep 

as being more distinctly a first stage  
procedure2 that it bears the same       
relation to the first stage of labor    
that chloroform bears to the second     
stage--relieving the pain but not       
stopping the progress of labor4  #i4    
,that when safe amounts of the drug are 
used the pain is greatly lessened in all
 cases--the subsequent memory of pain is
 absent in the majority of the          
patients--but the labor is not always   
entirely painless as is popularly       
supposed4  #aj4 ,we do not believe that 
this method when properly administered  
increases the number of forceps         
deliveries--at least not in the case of 
high forceps operations4 ,it undoubtedly
 does cover up the symptoms of a        
threatened rupture of the uterus1 and   
thus increases danger from that source2 
nevertheless it may be safely stated    
that this method does not in any way    
greatly interfere with any other        
measures which might be found necessary 
to institute in order to bring about a  

successful termination of the labor4    
#aa4 ,the baby's heart beat must be     
carefully and constantly watched2 sudden
 slowing means that the treatment must  
be discontinued and the child delivered 
as soon as possible2 even then1         
difficulty may be experienced in getting
 the baby's breathing started after it  
is born4 ,in the vast majority of cases 
where the baby does not cry or breathe  
at birth1 the usual methods employed in 
such cases serve quickly to establish   
normal respiration1 and the baby seems  
to be but little the worse for the      
experience4  #ab4 ,while altogether too 
much has been claimed for twilight sleep
 at the same time many false fears have 
also been suggested1 among which may be 
mentioned the fear of the mother losing 
her mind after the treatment2 the undue 
fear of asphyxiation on the part of the 
baby2 the fear of post-partum           
hemorrhage2 and the fear that it will   
lessen the milk supply4 ,we cannot deny 
that the child's dangers are often      

increased2 but in other respects1 this  
method 7in properly selected cases7     
presents little more to worry us than   
the older methods of anesthesia4  #ac4  
,we are inclined to the belief that this
 method has but little influence on the 
course of convalescence following labor4
 ,certain nervous and highly excitable  
women certainly seem to do better1 as a 
result of experiencing less pain and    
nervous shock2 while other cases do not 
turn out so well4 ,it certainly does not
 retard repair and recovery during the  
puerperium4  #ad4 ,this method seems to 
have its greatest field of usefulness in
 those cases of highly intelligent but  
excessively neurotic women who have an  
abnormal dread of pain and child        
bearing2 or women who have suffered     
unusually at the time of a previous     
confinement--perhaps in the case of the 
first baby--or from other complications2
 women such as these1 and other special 
cases1 are the ones to benefit most from
 the employment of twilight sleep4  #ae4

 ,this method as has already been       
intimated1 is most useful in the case of
 the first baby1 or in the case of women
 who have established a record of       
tedious and painful labors4 ,it has no  
place in normal and short labors2       
although it may be used to great        
advantage in certain cases during the   
first stage of labor--being carefully   
and lightly administered--while         
chloroform or gas is utilized at the end
 of the second stage just as has been   
our custom for a generation4  #af4 ,as  
noted under the special claims made for 
this method1 it is 7as also is nitrous  
oxid7 the ideal procedure in cases of   
heart1 respiratory1 kidney1 and other   
organic difficulties1 the details of    
which have already been noted1 and their
 repetition here is not necessary4  #ag4
 ,it must be remembered that scopolamin 
and morphin are more or less uncertain  
in their action2 scopolamin is variable 
in its results1 often producing such    
marked nervous excitement in the patient

 as greatly to interfere with the       
carrying out of an aseptic technic2     
while morphin has been shunned by       
obstetricians for a whole generation1   
because of its well-known bad effects on
 the unborn child as well as its        
interference with muscular activity on  
the part of the mother4  ,in ,germany1  
it is said1 that a great many damage    
suits against prominent physicians have 
resulted because of the alleged ill     
effects which have followed the use of  
twilight sleep4  #ah4 ,in presenting    
these facts and opinions regarding      
twilight sleep1 the reader should bear  
in mind that we are not only endeavoring
 to state our own views and experience1 
but also to give the reader just as     
clear and fair an idea of what other and
 experienced physicians think of the    
method1 both favorably and unfavorably2 
and we will draw these conclusions to a 
close by citing the opinion of one or   
two who have had considerable experience
 with the method and who1 in summing up 

their observations1 say3       ,the     
disadvantages of the method are entirely
 with the accoucheur      and not to the
 mother or child4 ,it requires his      
presence at the      bedside from the   
time the treatment is undertaken until  
the      completion of labor1 not so    
much because of any danger1 but to      
keep the patient evenly under anesthesia
 on a line midway between               
consciousness and unconsciousness1 for  
if she is allowed to go      above that 
line in several instances she will have 
several      so-called isles of memory1 
and will be able to draw a picture      
of her labor in her mind and thus lose  
the benefit of the      treatment4      
,these methods of anesthesia are very   
important and have merit4      ,they    
should be used when properly indicated4 
,no one should limit      himself to a  
routine method4 ,each case should be    
individualized      and the form of     
anesthesia best suited to the case in   
hand should      be employed4 ,for      

instance1 in dealing with a             
primipara--one who      is full of fear1
 who cannot stand pain1 who is of an    
hysterical                              
nature--morphin-scopolamin anesthesia is
 best suited in that      particular    
case1 because these drugs have a        
selective action when      it comes to  
allay fear and produce amnesia4 ,on the 
other hand1 in      a multipara who has 
had three or four children1 whose soft  
parts      are relaxed and who has short
 labors1 the anesthetic of choice       
would be a few whiffs of chloroform as  
the head passes over the      perineum4 
,it is ridiculous to try to give such   
women the      twilight sleep4          
,furthermore1 take the cases you see for
 the      first time at the end of the  
first stage of labor1 or during the     
second stage2 these cases are best      
treated with the nitrous oxid      and  
oxygen method4 ,you have to             
individualize your cases4 ,the          
prospective mother now consults the     

obstetrician early to find      out if  
her particular case is suitable for the 
twilight sleep4      ,she has been      
informed that certain                   
examinations--urine1 blood              
pressure1 etc4--are necessary4 ,she     
knows that these examinations      have 
to be made at regular intervals4 ,in    
other words1 we get the      patients   
early and we can give them good prenatal
 care4  ,this chapter has been devoted  
to twilight sleep2 the following chapter
 will consider nitrous oxid and other   
methods of anesthesia in connection with
 labor1 and should be read along with   
the foregoing discussion in order to    
obtain an intelligent view of the whole 
subject of painless labor4     ,,chapter
 ,x  ,,sunrise ,,slumber ,,and ,,nitrous
 ,,oxid   ,since the public has already 
been told so much about obstetric       
anesthesia1 we deem it best to go into  
the whole subject thoroughly1 so that   
the expectant mothers who read this book
 will be able to form an intelligent    

opinion regarding the question1 and thus
 be in a position to give hearty        
cooperation to the decision of their    
physician to employ1 or not to employ1  
any special form of anesthesia or       
analgesia in their particular case4 ,in 
order to give the reader a complete     
understanding of painless labor1 it will
 be necessary to give attention to that 
newer and more safe method of obstetric 
anesthesia called sunrise slumber4 ,this
 method of anesthesia consists in the   
employment of nitrous oxid or laughing  
gas1 and will be fully considered in    
this chapter4   ,,obstetric ,,fear  ,in 
this connection we desire to reiterate  
and further emphasize some statements   
made in the preceding chapter concerning
 the unnatural fear and abnormal dread  
of childbirth4  ,we feel that it is very
 important in connection with this new  
movement in obstetrics to reduce the    
woman's pain and suffering to the lowest
 possible minimum1 that the trials of   
labor should not be overdrawn and the   

pangs of confinement overestimated4 ,we 
must not educate the normal woman to    
look upon labor as a terrible           
ordeal--something like a major surgical 
operation--which1 since it cannot be    
escaped1 must be endured with the aid of
 a deep anesthesia4  ,the facts are that
 a very small per cent of healthy women 
suffer any considerable degree of severe
 pain--at least not after the first     
child4 ,we often observe that judicious 
mental suggestion on the part of the    
physician or nurse in the form of       
encouraging words and supporting        
assurances tends to exert a marked      
influence in controlling nervousness and
 subduing the sufferings of the earlier 
labor pains4  ,we must not allow the    
efforts of medical science to lessen the
 sufferings of child-bearing1 to rob    
womankind of their natural and          
commendable courage1 endurance1 and     
self-reliance4  ,we do not mean to      
perpetuate the old superstition that    
pain and suffering are the necessary and

 inevitable accompaniments of           
child-bearing--that the pangs of labor  
are a divine sentence pronounced upon   
womankind--and that1 therefore1 nothing 
should be done to lessen the sufferings 
of confinement4 ,severe and unnatural   
pain is not at all necessary to         
childbirth1 and there exists no reason  
under the sun why women should suffer   
and endure it1 any more than they should
 suffer the horrors of a very painful   
surgical operation without an           
anesthetic4 ,in this connection1 it     
should be recalled that analgesic drugs 
have been introduced into obstetric     
practice only during the last fifty     
years1 while such methods of relieving  
pain have been used in general surgery  
for a much longer period4 ,it is now    
only sixty-nine years since ,simpson    
first employed anesthetic in obstetrics1
 while six years afterwards ,queen      
,victoria gave her seal of approval to  
the use of chloroform in labor cases4   
,thirty years ago1 in speaking of the   

expectant mothers1 ,lusk warned us3     
,as the nervous organization loses in   
the power of resistance as      the     
result of higher civilization and of    
artificial refinement1      it becomes  
imperatively necessary for the physician
 to guard her      from the dangers of  
excessive and too prolonged suffering4  
,,nitrous ,,oxid--,,laughing ,,gas      
,nitrous oxid1 or laughing gas1 was     
first used in labor cases in #ahhj by a 
,russian physician4 ,during the last    
twenty-five years it has been used off  
and on by numerous practitioners in     
connection with confinement1 but not    
until the last few years has this method
 of relieving labor pain come into      
prominent notice4  ,while the laughing  
gas method of obstetric anesthesia did  
not gain notoriety and publicity from   
being exploited in magazines and other  
lay publications1 it did get its initial
 boost in a very unique and unusual     
manner4 ,a gentleman who manufactured   
and sold a laughing gas and oxygen      

mixing machine for the use of dentists1 
insisted that this method of anesthesia 
should be used in the case of his       
daughter1 who was about to be confined4 
,this patient was kept under this       
nitrous oxid anesthetic for six         
hours--came out fine--no accidents or   
other undesirable complications         
affecting either mother or child1 and   
thus another and safe method of reducing
 the sufferings of childbirth has been  
fully demonstrated and confirmed1       
although it had previously been known   
and used in labor cases to some extent4 
,starting from this particular case in  
#aiac1 many obstetricians began         
experimental work with gas in labor     
cases2 and1 at the time of this writing1
 it has come to occupy a permanent place
 in the management of labor1 alongside  
of chloroform1 ether1 and twilight      
sleep4   ,,analgesia ,,vs4 ,,anesthesia 
,the reader should understand the       
difference between analgesia and        
anesthesia4 ,anesthesia refers to the   

condition in which the patient is more  
or less unconscious--wholly or partially
 oblivious to what is going on1 and1 of 
course1 entirely insensible to all pain4
 ,analgesia is a term applied to the    
loss of pain sensation4 ,the patient may
 not be wholly or even partially        
unconscious--merely under the influence 
of some agent which dulls1 deadens1 or  
otherwise destroys the realization of   
pain4 ,this is the condition aimed at by
 the proper administration of any form  
of twilight sleep1 whether by the       
scopolamin-morphin method1 or by the    
nitrous oxid 7sunrise slumber7 method4  
,any method of treatment which can more 
or less destroy the pain of labor       
without in any way interfering with its 
progress1 and which in no way           
complicates its course or leaves behind 
any bad effects on either mother or     
child1 must certainly be hailed with joy
 by both the patient and the physician4 
,while chloroform has served these      
purposes fairly well1 there have been   

numerous drawbacks and certain dangers2 
and it was the knowledge of these       
limitations in the use of both          
chloroform and ether1 that has led to   
further experimentation and the         
development of these newer methods of   
producing satisfactory                  
analgesia--freedom from pain--without   
bringing about such a state of profound 
anesthesia as accompanies the           
administration of the older methods4    
,it should be borne in mind that in     
using sunrise slumber 7nitrous oxid7 for
 labor pains1 the gas is so administered
 that the patient is just kept on the   
borderline--in a typical twilight       
state--and not in the condition of deep 
anesthesia which is developed when      
nitrous oxid is employed by physicians  
and dentists as an anesthetic for major 
and minor surgical operations4          
,analgesia is the first stage of        
anesthesia--the twilight zone of        
approaching unconsciousness--in which   
the sense of pain is greatly dulled or  

entirely lost1 while even that which is 
experienced is not remembered4 ,it seems
 to the authors that gas is the ideal   
drug for producing this condition       
whenever it is necessary1 as nitrous    
oxid is the most volatile of            
anaesthetics1 acts most quickly1 and its
 effects pass away most rapidly1 while  
its administration is under the most    
perfect control--it may be administered 
with any desired proportion of          
oxygen--and may be discontinued on a    
moment's notice4 ,it is practically free
 from danger even when continued as an  
analgesic for several hours4 ,nitrous   
oxid never causes any serious           
disturbance in the unborn child1 as     
chloroform sometimes does when used too 
liberally4   ,,effects ,,of ,,nitrous   
,,oxid  ,it will not be necessary to    
compare the favorable and unfavorable   
claims for nitrous oxid as we did the   
contentions for and against twilight    
sleep4 ,whatever service laughing gas or
 sunrise slumber can render the cause of

 obstetrics we can accept1 knowing full 
well that1 in competent hands1 it can do
 little or no harm2 and this we know    
from the facts herewith recited and from
 the further fact that we have gained a 
wide experience with this agent in the  
practice of both dentistry and surgery4 
,in a general way1 the influence of     
sunrise slumber on mother and child may 
be summarized as follows3  #a4 ,it can  
accomplish its purpose--can quite       
satisfactorily relieve the mother of    
severe pain--when employed as an        
analgesic4 ,it is not necessary to      
administer the gas to the point of      
anesthesia except at the height of      
suffering at the end of the second stage
 of labor1 when the head of the child is
 passing through the birth canal4  #b4  
,this method can be stopped at any      
moment--the patient ran be brought out  
from under its influence entirely and   
almost instantaneously4 ,it is not like 
a hypodermic injection of a drug which  
may exert a varying and unknown         

influence upon the patient1 and which1  
when once given1 cannot be recalled4    
#c4 ,it is a method which may be used in
 the patient's home just as safely as in
 a hospital2 the only drawback being the
 inconvenience of transporting the      
gas-containing cylinders back and forth4
 ,this is even now partially overcome by
 the improved combination gas and oxygen
 form of apparatus which has been       
devised4  #d4 ,the administration of    
nitrous oxid analgesia or anesthesia    
does not interfere with or lessen the   
uterine contractions or expulsive       
efforts on the part of the mother--at   
least not to any appreciable extent4    
#e4 ,just as soon as a severe uterine   
contraction--attended by its severe     
pain--begins to subside1 the gas inhaler
 is immediately removed1 and in a few   
seconds the patient is again conscious4 
,it is not necessary to keep the patient
 continuously under the influence of the
 drug1 as in the case of the            
scopolamin-morphin method of twilight   

sleep4  #f4 ,this method 7sunrise       
slumber7 is certainly far more safe in  
ordinary and unskilled hands than the   
twilight sleep procedure4 ,the patient  
is more safe with this method in the    
hands of the average doctor or trained  
nurse4  #g4 ,it has been our experience 
that nitrous oxid in the smaller1       
interrupted and analgesic doses1        
actually tends to stimulate the uterine 
pains and contractions1 while at the    
same time rendering the patient quite   
oblivious to their presence4 ,when      
properly administered1 the freedom from 
pain is perfect4  #h4 ,under the        
influence of gas1 patients often appear 
to bear down with increased energy4 ,it 
certainly does not lessen their         
cooperation in this respect4  #i4 ,we   
have not observed1 nor have we learned  
of1 any cases of inertia 7weak and      
delayed contractions71 post partum      
hemorrhage1 or shock1 as a result of    
laughing gas or sunrise slumber         
analgesia4  #aj4 ,this method lends     

itself to perfect control--it may be    
decreased1 increased1 or discontinued1  
at will2 it may be given light now and  
heavy at another time2 while1 at the    
height of labor1 it may be pushed to the
 point of complete anesthesia1 if       
desired4  #aa4 ,we have found sunrise   
slumber 7nitrous oxid7 analgesia to be  
the ideal obstetric anaesthetic1 and    
have adopted it quite to the exclusion  
of both chloroform and twilight sleep4  
,we find that this form of analgesia has
 all the advantages of twilight sleep   
without any of its dangers or           
disadvantages4  #ab4 ,a possible        
objection to the nitrous-oxid method is 
the cost1 especially in the private     
home4 ,the average cost in the hospitals
 where we are using this method runs    
about #b4jj for the first hour and #a4ej
 for each hour thereafter4 ,this is the 
cost when using large tanks of gas1 and 
is1 of course1 somewhat increased when  
the smaller tanks are used in the       
patient's home4   ,,method ,,of         

,,administration  ,since it was thought 
best to give the reader some idea of the
 technic for the administration of      
twilight sleep1 it may not be amiss to  
explain how sunrise slumber is usually  
employed in labor cases4 ,the technic is
 very simple4 ,the administration of the
 gas is generally begun about the time  
the patient begins seriously to complain
 of the severity of the second stage    
pains2 although1 of course1 the gas can 
be given during the first stage pains if
 desired4 ,in the vast majority of      
cases1 however1 we think it is best to  
encourage the patient to endure these   
earlier and lighter pains without       
resorting to analgesic procedures4  ,the
 form of apparatus used is the same as  
that employed by dentists and contains  
both nitrous oxid and oxygen cylinders4 
,a small nasal inhaler is best1 although
 the ordinary mouthpiece will do very   
well4 ,the gasbag attached to the tank  
should be kept under low pressure and1  
as a pain begins1 the patient is told to

 breathe quietly1 keeping the mouth     
closed4 ,as a rule this sort of light   
inhalation serves to produce the desired
 analgesic effect4 ,it is not necessary 
to put the patient deeply under in order
 to relieve the pain4  ,it is our custom
 to begin sunrise slumber as soon as the
 uterine contractions become painful4   
,the earlier the gas is started1 the    
more oxygen should be used4 ,two or     
three inhalations will suffice to take  
the edge off the earlier and lighter    
pains4 ,when the pains grow heavier we  
use less oxygen and permit three or four
 deep inhalations just before a         
bearing-down pain4 ,at the first        
suggestion of a contraction1 the patient
 must begin to inhale the gas2 while    
after the patient has pulled hard on the
 traction strops--just as the           
contraction pain is passing--she is     
given an inhalation containing a larger 
percentage of oxygen4  ,at the beginning
 of a pain1 pure nitrous oxid is        
administered1 and the patient is        

instructed to breathe deeply and rapidly
 through the nose4 ,the gasbags should  
be about half filled4 ,the mixture of   
gas and oxygen must be determined by the
 severity of the pains and individual   
behavior of the patient4  ,four to six  
inhalations of the gas are sufficient to
 produce the required analgesia in the  
average case4 ,following the first few  
deep inspirations through the nose1 the 
patient can be instructed to breathe    
through the mouth1 while the gas is well
 diluted with oxygen and continued until
 the end of the pain4 ,in this way a    
satisfactory analgesia is maintained    
throughout the pain with a minimum of   
gas4 ,the proportion of oxygen used will
 run from nothing up to ten per cent4   
,this procedure is repeated with the    
occurrence of each pain4  ,the use of   
the mask is just as effective as a nasal
 inhaler1 but wastes more gas and so is 
more costly4  ,when the head is passing 
the perineum the gas should be pushed to
 the point of anesthesia1 while the     

patient's color will suggest the amount 
of oxygen to be used as well as serve to
 control the administration of the      
nitrous oxid4   ,,chloroform ,,and      
,,ether  ,for many years chloroform and 
ether have been used to alleviate the   
pains of women in labor4 ,valuable as   
these agents are when deep anesthesia is
 required for the carrying out of       
operative procedures1 they have not     
proved satisfactory as analgesic agents4
 ,if administered in small quantities at
 the commencement of a strong uterine   
contraction1 the patient does not       
usually inhale sufficient to abolish    
pain4 ,she is then apt to be irritated  
and is certain to insist on being given 
a larger quantity4 ,if a sufficient     
amount be administered to satisfy the   
woman1 the continued repetition         
gradually inhibits the power both of the
 uterus and of the accessory muscles1 so
 that labor is unnecessarily prolonged1 
and1 possibly1 the life of the fetus    
endangered4 ,physicians have1 therefore1

 been accustomed to employ these drugs  
very sparingly1 restricting their use to
 the very end of the second stage1      
during the painful passage of the head  
through the vulva4 ,the results of the  
administration at this time are also    
uncertain4 ,if delivery be rapid the    
woman may not be able to inhale         
sufficient to abolish her consciousness 
of pain4 ,if it be slow she may take too
 much and weaken the muscular powers1   
thereby prolonging labor and1 often1    
necessitating forceps delivery4 ,it is  
not surprising1 therefore1 that the     
medical profession has long been hoping 
that a more satisfactory method of      
relieving the pain of labor would be    
found4   ,,conclusions  ,in summing up  
our conclusions regarding analgesia and 
anesthesia in labor cases1 the authors  
would state their present position as   
follows3  #a4 ,that anesthetics or      
analgesics are a necessary accompaniment
 of confinement in this day and age2    
that the average labor case demands some

 sort of pain-relieving agent at some   
time during its progress2 but that      
intelligent efforts should be put forth 
to limit and otherwise control their    
use4 ,while we recognize the necessity  
for avoiding needless suffering1 at the 
same time we must also avoid turning our
 women into spineless weaklings and     
timid babies4  #b4 ,that we should seek 
to develop1 strengthen1 and train our   
girls for a normal and natural          
maternity2 that we should study to      
attain something of the naturalness and 
the painlessness of the labors of       
,indian tribes2 and1 even if we         
partially fail in this effort1 we shall 
at least leave our women with ennobled  
characters and strengthened wills4  #c4 
,that the scopolamin-morphin method of  
inducing twilight sleep has its         
place--in the hands of experts--and in  
the hospital2 and that in many cases it 
probably represents the best method of  
obstetric anesthesia which can be       
employed4  #d4 ,that as a general rule  

and in general practice1 the safest and 
best method of inducing the twilight    
state of freedom from severe pain1 is by
 the use of nitrous oxid or laughing    
gas--the sunrise slumber method4 ,it has
 been our practice to start all general 
ether anesthetics with gas for a number 
of years1 while we have been doing an   
increasing number of both minor and     
major operations with gas alone4  #e4   
,that we still employ general ether or  
chloroform anesthesia in ,cesarean      
sections and other major obstetric      
operations1 although several operators  
are beginning to use gas in even these  
heavy cases4  #f4 ,that the intelligent 
and careful use of pituitary extract in 
certain cases of labor serves greatly to
 shorten the second stage2 that it is of
 great value in certain slow cases1 and 
serves greatly to reduce the use of low 
forceps4  ,we have treated the subject  
of obstetric anesthesia in this full    
manner1 because of the fact that so much
 has appeared in the public press on    

these subjects1 and1 further1 because we
 desired that our readers should have   
placed before them the facts on all     
sides of the question just as fully as a
 work of this scope would permit4       
,,chapter ,,xi  ,,the ,,convalescing    
,,mother   ,popularly spoken of as the  
lying-in period1 and medically known as 
the puerperium1 this time of            
convalescence immediately following     
childbirth is usually occupied by two   
important things3 the restoration of the
 pelvic organs to their normal condition
 before pregnancy1 and the starting of  
that wonderfully adaptative mechanism   
concerned with the production of the    
varying and daily changing food supply  
of the offspring4  ,the uterus1 now more
 than fifteen times its normal size and 
weight1 begins gradually to contract and
 assume its normal weight of about two  
ounces2 and it requires anywhere from   
four to eight weeks to accomplish this  
involution4 ,in view of all this it is  
obvious that there can be no fixed time 

to get up4 ,it may be at the end of two 
weeks1 or it may not be until the close 
of four or five weeks1 in the case of   
the mother who cannot nurse her child2  
for the nursing of the breast greatly   
facilitates the shrinking of the uterus4
 ,extensive lacerations may hinder the  
involution as well as other accidents of
 childbirth1 so it must be left with the
 physician to decide in each individual 
case when the mother may enter into the 
activities of life and assume the       
responsibilities of the care of the baby
 and the management of her home4   ,,the
 ,,nurse  ,during this period of the    
puerperium a member of the family1 a    
neighbor1 a visiting nurse1 a practical 
nurse1 or a trained nurse1 looks after  
the mother and gives to the babe its    
first care2 whoever it may be1 certain  
laws of cleanliness must be carried out 
if infection is to be guarded against4  
,if there are daily or semi-daily calls 
made by the physician1 a member of the  
family may be trained to care for the   

mother with proper cleanliness and      
asepsis2 but it is far better for the   
mother1 if possible1 to secure the      
services of a trained nurse1 or the     
visiting nurse1 in which instance she   
will call each day1 wash and dress the  
baby1 clean up the mother and care for  
the breasts4 ,she is not supposed to    
clean the room1 make the bed or prepare 
the food4 ,if a trained nurse can be in 
charge1 the convalescing time is usually
 shortened as the responsibilities are  
taken from the mother1 her mind freed   
from care and it is her's to improve1   
rest1 and wait for the restoration of   
the pelvic organs1 when she may again go
 forth among her family4  ,the nurse may
 have to sleep in the same room2 but1 if
 it be possible1 she should occupy an   
adjoining room1 she should have a       
regular time each day for an hour's walk
 in the fresh air1 she should be served 
regular meals1 and be allowed some time 
out of the twenty-four hours for        
unbroken slumber4 ,in return she will   

intelligently cooperate with the        
physician in bringing about the         
restoration of body and upbuilding of   
the mother's nerves4   ,,rest ,,and     
,,exercise  ,from a monetary standpoint 
there can be nothing so wasteful or     
extravagantly expensive in the home as  
to allow the mother to drag about from  
day to day and week to week with chronic
 weakness or invalidism because she did 
not have proper care during her already 
too short puerperium1 or because she got
 up too soon4  ,having a baby is a      
perfectly normal1 physiological         
procedure4 ,it is also1 usually1        
downright hard work2 and1 beside the    
hard laborious work1 there is not only a
 wearied and severely shocked nervous   
system to be restored1 but there is also
 a certain amount of uterine shrinkage  
which must take place--and this requires
 from four to eight weeks2 and so our   
mother must be allowed weeks or even a  
month or two to rest1 to enjoy a certain
 amount of well-directed exercise1 to   

have an abundance of fresh air1 to be   
wheeled or lifted out of doors if       
possible into the sunshine1 that she may
 be the better prepared for the         
additional duties and responsibilities  
the little new comer entails4 ,sunshine 
and fresh air are wonderful health      
restorers as is also a well-directed    
cold water friction bath administered   
near the close of the second week of a  
normal puerperium4 ,during the second   
week a few carefully selected exercises 
such as the following are not only      
beneficial1 but tend to increase        
circulation and thus to promote the     
secretion of milk and the shrinking of  
the uterus4    #a4 ,head raising1 body  
straight and stiffened4   #b4 ,arm      
raising1 well extended4   #c4 ,leg      
stretching1 with knees stretched and toe
 extended4   #d4 ,massage1 administered 
by the nurse4  ,a splendid tonic        
circulatory bath may be administered at 
the close of the second week 7in normal 
puerperium71 known as the cold mitten   

friction1 which is administered as      
follows3 ,the patient is wrapped in a   
warm blanket1 hot water bottle at feet1 
and each part of the body--first one arm
 then the other2 the chest1 the legs1   
one at a time--is briskly rubbed with a 
coarse mit dipped in ice water4 ,as one 
part is dried it is warmly covered1     
while the next part is taken1 and so on 
until the entire body has been treated4 
,the body is now all aglow1 the blood   
tingling through the veins1 and the     
patient refreshed by this wide-a-wake   
bath4 ,properly given1 the cold-mitten  
friction bath is one of the most        
enjoyable treatments known and under    
ordinary conditions1 if intelligently   
administered1 may be given as early as  
the eighth day4   ,,after ,,pains       
,after the birth of the first baby the  
uterus usually is in a state of constant
 contraction1 hence there are no after  
pains2 but after the birth of the second
 or third child1 the uterine muscle has 
lost some of the tone of earlier        

days--there is a tendency toward        
relaxation--so that when the uterine    
muscle does make renewed efforts at     
contraction1 these after pains are      
produced4 ,they usually disappear by the
 third day4 ,nothing should be done for 
them1 indeed they should be welcomed1   
for their presence means good involution
 7contraction7 of the uterus4   ,,the   
,,temperature  ,careful notations of the
 temperature should be made during the  
first week4 ,a temperature chart should 
be accurately kept and if the           
temperature should rise above #ajj the  
physician should be notified at once4   
,the third day temperature is watched   
with expectancy1 for if an accidental   
infection occurred at the time of labor1
 it is usually announced by a chill and 
sudden rise of temperature on the third 
day4 ,this may be as good a place as any
 to mention the commonly met night      
sweating4 ,this is due to a marked      
accentuation of the function of the     
skin4 ,it is not at all unusual for a   

sleeping mother in the early puerperium 
to wake up in a sweat with night gown   
very nearly drenched4 ,the gown should  
be changed underneath the bedding1 while
 alcohol is rubbed over the moistened   
skin surface4  ,these sweats will       
disappear as soon as the mother begins  
to regain her strength4 ,a vinegar rub  
administered on going to bed may often  
prevent these sweats4   ,,the ,,toilet  
,,of ,,the ,,vulva  ,immediately after  
the birth of the baby and the expulsion 
of the afterbirth1 the thighs and vulva 
are cleansed as follows3 ,into a basin  
of warm1 boiled water are dropped four  
small antiseptic tablets of bichlorid of
 mercury2 this gives a proper antiseptic
 wash4 ,into this solution are placed   
four pieces of sterile cotton ,two of   
these are used1 one at a time1 without  
being returned to the solution to wash  
each inside of the thigh1 the remaining 
two to cleanse the vulva4 ,without      
drying the vulva1 two sterile pads are  
applied and pinned to the binder4 ,these

 pads are changed every hour during the 
first day or two because of the profuse 
lochial flow4  ,after each urination and
 bowel movement1 a lysol solution       
7prepared by putting one teaspoonful of 
lysol in a quart of sterile water7 is   
poured from a clean pitcher over the    
vulva into the bed pan1 and fresh pads  
applied4 ,this toilet continues until   
the close of the second week or longer1 
if there is a lochial flow4  ,these     
sterile pads not only absorb the lochia 
but also1 among ignorant or thoughtless 
mothers1 prevent contamination by the   
patient's hands4   ,,urination  ,the    
patient should be encouraged to urinate 
during the first few hours after labor2 
catheterization should not take place   
until every effort has been made to     
bring about normal urination2 or1 until 
there is a well marked tumor above the  
bony arch of the pelvis in the lower    
part of the abdomen4 ,it is far less    
harmful to the patient for her to sit up
 on the jar placed on the edge of the   

bed1 than to undergo the risk of        
inflammation of the bladder which so    
often follows catheterization4   ,,the  
,,lochia  ,the first few days the lochia
 is very red because of the large amount
 of blood which it contains4 ,after the 
third or fourth day it is paler and     
after the tenth it assumes a whitish or 
yellowish color4 ,during the three      
changes it should always smell like     
fresh blood4 ,any foul1 putrifying odor 
should be promptly reported to the      
physician4  ,if on getting up at the    
close of the second week the lochia     
should resume its red color1 the patient
 should return to bed and notify her    
physician4   ,,the ,,abdominal ,,binder 
,after the tenth day1 the abdominal     
binder may be pinned as tightly as the  
patient desires1 but prior to the tenth 
day many physicians believe the         
exceedingly tight binder causes         
misplacements of the enlarged1 softened1
 and boggy uterus4 ,it should be pinned 
snugly2 but not drawn as tight as       

possible with the idea of keeping the   
uterus from relaxing1 for at best1 it   
does not do it2 while tight constriction
 may produce a serious turning or       
flexion of the uterus4 ,the breast      
binder is applied during the first      
twenty-four hours to support the filling
 breasts1 loosely at first1 and as they 
increase in size1 as the glands become  
engorged1 the binder is drawn more      
tightly4 ,a sterile piece of gauze is   
placed over the nipples4   ,,the        
,,bowels  ,on the morning of the second 
day a cathartic is usually given--say   
one ounce of castor oil or one-half     
bottle of citrate of magnesia4 ,the     
bowels should move at least once during 
each twenty-four hours2 if they are     
obstinate1 a simple laxative may be     
nightly administered4 ,certain          
constipation biscuits1 sterilized dry   
bran1 or agar-agar may be eaten with the
 breakfast cereal4 ,prunes and figs     
should be used abundantly4 ,bran bread  
should be substituted for white bread4  

,the enema habit is a bad one and should
 not be encouraged2 however1 the enema  
is probably less harmful than the       
laxative-drug habit4 ,mineral oil is    
useful as a mild laxative1 and does not 
produce any bad after results4   ,,care 
,,of ,,the ,,nipples  ,fissures of the  
nipples should be reported to the       
physician at once4 ,there are many good 
remedies which the physician may        
suggest2 in his absence1 ,balsam ,peru  
may be advantageously applied4 ,boracic 
acid solution should be applied before  
and after each nursing from the very    
first day2 in this way much nipple      
trouble may be prevented through        
cleanliness and care4 ,the nipples      
should be kept thoroughly dry between   
nursings ,nipple shields should be used 
where fissures persist4   ,,the ,,diet  
,for the first three days a liquid and  
soft diet is followed such as hot or    
cold milk1 gruels1 soups1 thin cereals1 
eggnog 7without whiskey71 eggs1 cocoa1  
dry toast1 dipped toast1 or cream toast4

 ,there should be three meals with a    
glass of hot milk at five in the morning
 7if awake7 and late at night2 nothing  
between meals except plenty of good cold
 water4 ,after the third day1 if        
temperature is normal1 a semi-solid diet
 may be taken1 such as baked1 mashed1 or
 creamed potatoes1 soups thickened with 
rice1 barley or flour1 vegetables 7peas1
 corn1 asparagus1 celery1 spinach1      
etc472 eggs1 light meats1 stale breads1 
toast1 bland or subacid fruits 7sweet   
apples1 prunes1 figs1 dates1 pears1     
etc472 macaroni1 browned rice 7parched  
before steaming71 etc42 ice cream1      
custards1 and rice puddings for desserts
 after the seventh day4 ,three good     
meals a day1 at eight and one and six1  
with a couple of glasses of hot milk or 
cocoa or an eggnog at five ,a4,m41 to be
 repeated at #i or #aj ,p4,m41 with     
plenty of cold water between the meals1 
will abundantly supply the necessary    
milk for the growing babe4 ,tea and     
coffee are not of any special value in  

encouraging a flow of milk4  ,the       
constant coaxing of the mother with ,do 
drink this1 and ,you must drink this1 or
 you won't have any milk1 not only      
saddens her but seriously upsets        
digestion and thus indirectly interferes
 with normal lactation4   ,,getting ,,up
  ,everybody should stay at home and    
away from the mother and her new born   
child until after the seventh day1 and  
then1 if our patient is normal1 visitors
 may call1 but should not stay longer   
than five minutes4 ,the convalescing    
mother will improve faster without the  
neighborhood gossip1 or the tales of woe
 so often carried by well-meaning1 but  
woefully ignorant acquaintances4  ,when 
the hard ball-like mass can no longer be
 felt in the lower abdomen1 when the    
lochia has passed through the three     
changes already mentioned1 and the flow 
is whitish or yellowish1 scanty and     
odorless1 the patient may sit up in a   
chair increasingly each day4 ,such      
conditions are usually found anywhere   

from the tenth to the fifteenth day4    
,the patient first sits up a little in a
 chair--she has already been exercising 
some in bed--and this enables her to sit
 up with ease for a half-hour the first 
day1 increasing one-half hour each day  
during the week following4 ,at the end  
of three weeks1 she may be taken down   
stairs providing there is ample help to 
carry her back up stairs4 ,after another
 week 7at the close of the fourth71 if  
the lochia is entirely white or yellow1 
with no blood1 she may begin carefully  
to go about the house4 ,there should be 
no lifting1 shoving1 pulling1 wringing1 
sweeping1 washing1 ironing1 or other    
heavy exercise for at least another two 
weeks1 better four weeks4 ,any variance 
from this program usually means         
backache1 lassitude1 diminished milk    
supply1 and frequently a general        
invalidism for weeks or                 
months--sometimes years4                
,,complications  ,cystitis1 or painful  
urination1 is avoided by tardy getting  

up2 quietly1 slowly moving about2       
abundant water drinking2 and the        
avoidance of catheterization4           
,hemorrhage4 ,notify the physician if it
 occurs at any time4 ,the treatment is  
heavy kneading of the abdomen until the 
uterus again becomes like a hard ball4  
,cold compresses over the lower abdomen 
may sometimes help4  ,infection is      
manifested by chilly sensations or a    
distinct chill followed by fever1       
usually on the third day4 ,take a       
cathartic2 notify the physician at once 
and follow his directions4  ,mastitis1  
inflammation or caking of the breasts4  
,very hot fomentations wrung out of     
boiling water1 alternating with ice-cold
 compress1 should be applied to the     
breast for an hour or more1 three or    
four times a day4 ,cathartics should be 
administered1 and eliminative measures  
instituted such as the hot-blanket pack4
  ,pneumonia4 ,keeping the arms and     
chest well protected by a long-sleeved  
coat of warm texture1 should help in    

preventing this serious complication4   
,pneumonia complicating labor is usually
 the result of carelessness and         
exposure4     ,,part ,,ii  ,,the ,,baby 
,,part ,,ii  ,,the ,,baby     ,,chapter 
,,xii  ,,baby',s ,,early ,,days   ,happy
 is the mother and fortunate is the home
 that possesses the intelligent services
 of a trained attendant during the early
 days of the baby's career4 ,a century  
or more ago skilled nurses were unheard 
of1 and both mothers and babies seemed  
to thrive on the unskilled but faithful 
and sympathetic care given by the       
willing neighbor who thought ,i'd just  
run over and help out4 ,who of us cannot
 remember the days when mother was gone 
to a neighbor's to give this same       
willing but unskilled care at the time  
of confinement4   ,,modern ,,methods    
,and why are we so concerned today about
 asepsis1 sterilization1 etc41 when a   
generation ago they were not8 ,we used  
to live more slowly than we do now4     
,then it took the entire day to do the  

marketing for the week1 now we take a   
receiver from the hook and a telephone  
wire transmits the verbal message4 ,our 
days are literally congested with events
 that were almost impossibilities a     
century ago4 ,the ease and leisure of   
former days are unknown and unheard of  
today4 ,the artificial way in which we  
live exerts more or less of a strain    
upon the present generation2 the average
 woman's nervous system is keyed up to a
 high pitch2 her general vital          
resistance is running at a low ebb2     
while child-bearing brings a certain    
added stress and strain that requires   
much planning to avoid and overcome4    
,for many days and ofttimes weeks the   
mother is unfit--physically             
unable--properly to care for her child1 
and so whether it be the trained        
assistant in constant attendance or the 
visiting nurse in her daily calls1 or   
the kind1 willing1 but unskilled        
neighbor--each helper must acquaint     
herself1 in varying degrees1 with the   

physical1 nervous1 and mental needs of  
the child1 as well as take into account 
and anticipate the numerous habits and  
wants of the new born babe1 such as     
urination1 bowel movement1 pulse1       
respiration1 temperature1 etc4   ,,the  
,,head  ,at birth1 the head is          
remarkably large as compared to the rest
 of the body1 for1 surprising as it may 
seem1 the distance from the crown to the
 chin is equal to the length of the     
baby's trunk2 and1 too1 if birth has    
been prolonged this large head has also 
been pressed or squeezed somewhat out of
 shape4 ,this state of affairs1 however1
 need give no cause for either alarm or 
anxiety1 for the head will shape itself 
to the beautiful rotundity of the normal
 baby's head within a few days4  ,the   
general shape of the baby's head1 as    
seen from above is oval4 ,just back of  
the forehead is formed a diamond-shaped 
soft spot known as the anterior         
fontanelle which should measure a little
 more than one inch from side to side4  

,on a line just posterior to this soft  
spot and to the back of the head1 is    
found another soft spot somewhat smaller
 than the one in front4 ,gradual closure
 of these openings in the bones occurs1 
until at the end of six or eight months1
 the posterior fontanelle is entirely   
closed2 while eighteen months are       
required for the closure of the anterior
 fontanelle4  ,these soft spots should  
not be depressed neither should they    
bulge4 ,the head is usually covered with
 a growth of soft1 silky hair which will
 soon drop out1 to be replaced1 however1
 by a crop of coarser hair in due       
season4 ,the scalp should always be     
perfectly smooth4 ,any rash or crusts or
 accumulation of any kind on the scalp  
is due to uncleanliness and neglect1 and
 should be carefully removed by the     
thorough application of vaseline        
followed by a soap wash4 ,the vaseline  
should be applied daily until all signs 
of the accumulation are entirely        
removed4 ,the eyes of all babies are    

generally varying tints of blue1 but    
usually change to a lighter or darker   
hue by the seventh or eighth week4 ,the 
whitish fur which often is seen on the  
baby's tongue is the result of a dry    
condition of the mouth which disappears 
as soon as the saliva becomes more      
abundant4   ,,chest1 ,,abdomen1 ,,and   
,,legs  ,the baby's chest1 as compared  
to the size of the head and abdomen1    
appears at a disadvantage1 while the    
arms are comparatively short and the    
legs particularly so1 since they measure
 about the same as the length of the    
trunk4 ,they naturally bow in at birth  
so that the soles of the feet turn      
decidedly toward each other4 ,all these 
apparent deformities1 as a rule1 right  
themselves without any help or attention
 whatsoever4   ,,pulse ,,and            
,,respiration  ,the pulse may be watched
 at the anterior fontanelle or soft spot
 on top of the head while the child     
quietly sleeps and should record1 at    
varying ages1 as follows3    ,at birth  

#acj to #aej   ,first month             
#abj to #adj   ,one to six months       
about #acj   ,six months to one year    
about #abj   ,one to two years          
#aaj to #abj   ,two to four years       
#ij to #aaj  ,the above table is correct
 for the inactive normal child4         
,muscular activity1 such as crying and  
sucking1 increases the pulse rate from  
#aj to #bj beats per minute4  ,the      
respiration of the baby often gives us  
no small amount of real concern at the  
first4 ,the baby may be limp and        
breathless for some few moments at      
birth1 and this condition calls for     
quick action on the part of the nurse   
and doctor4  ,the utmost care to avoid  
the sucking in of any liquid or blood   
during its birth must be exercised1 for 
this often seriously interferes with the
 breathing4 ,sometimes this condition is
 not relieved until a soft rubber       
catheter is placed in the throat and the
 mucus is removed by quick suction4     
,when you are reasonably sure that there

 is no more mucus in the throat1 then   
sudden blowing into the baby's lungs    
7its lips closely in touch with the lips
 of the nurse or physician7 often starts
 respiration4 ,slapping it on the back  
also helps1 while the quick dip into    
first hot then cold water seldom fails  
to give relief4  ,a quiet-sleeping      
infant breathes as shown below at       
varying ages4 ,an increase of six to ten
 breaths per minute may be allowed for  
the time it is awake or otherwise       
active4    ,at birth and for the first  
two or three weeks   #cj to #ej         
,during the rest of the first year      
#be to #ce   ,one to two years          
about #bh   ,two to four years          
about #be   ,,the ,,weight  ,the normal 
weight of the average baby is seven to  
seven and one-half pounds4 ,its length  
may range anywhere from sixteen to      
twenty-two inches4  ,there is an initial
 loss of weight during the first few    
days2 however1 after the milk has been  
established the child should make a     

weekly gain of four to eight ounces     
until it is six months old1 after which 
time the usual gain is from two to four 
ounces per week4  ,if the weight has    
been doubled at six months and the      
weight at one year is three times the   
birth weight1 the child is said to have 
gained evenly and normally4   ,,the     
,,skin  ,at birth the skin of the baby  
is red and very soft owing to the       
presence of a coating of fine down4 ,a  
blue-tinged skin may be occasioned by   
unnecessary exposure or it may be due to
 an opening in the middle partition of  
the heart which should close at birth4  
,as soon as the baby is born1 it should 
be placed on its right side while the   
cord is being tied1 as this position    
facilitates closure of this embryonic   
heart opening4 ,with the provision for a
 little additional heat the blue color  
should disappear1 if it is not due to   
this heart condition4 ,at the close of  
the first week the red color of the skin
 changes to a yellow tint due to the    

presence of a small amount of bile in   
the blood4 ,this sort of jaundice is    
very common and is in no wise evidence  
of disease4 ,the down falls off with the
 peeling of the skin which takes place  
during the second week2 by the end of   
which time1 the skin is smooth and      
assumes that delightful baby character  
so much admired4   ,,the ,,cord         
,,dressing  ,the cut end of the tied    
umbilical cord is swabbed and squeezed  
with a sterile sponge saturated with    
pure alcohol4 ,it is then wrapped in a  
sterile dressing made as follows3 ,four 
or five thicknesses of sterile cheese   
cloth are cut into a four-inch square   
with a small hole cut in the center and 
one side cut to this center4 ,this is   
slipped about the stump of the cord and 
wrapped around and about in such a      
manner as entirely to cover the stump of
 the cord4 ,the wool binder is then     
applied and sewed on1 thus avoiding both
 pressure and the prick of pins4 ,if it 
remains dry this dressing is not        

disturbed until the seventh or eighth   
day1 when the cord ordinarily drops off4
 ,should it become moistened the        
dressing is removed and the second      
dressing is applied exactly like the    
first4   ,,the ,,eyes  ,the closed eyes 
of the newly born child are generally   
covered with mucus which should be      
carefully wiped off with a piece of     
sterile cotton dipped in boracic acid   
solution1 in a manner not to disturb the
 closed lid4 ,a separate piece of cotton
 is used for each eye and the swabbing  
is done from the nose outward4 ,the     
physician or nurse drops into each      
opened eye two drops of twenty per cent 
argyrol1 the surplus medicine being     
carefully wiped off with a separate     
piece of cotton for each eye4 ,the baby 
should now be placed in a darkened      
corner of the room1 protected from the  
cold4  ,the eyes are washed daily by    
dropping saturated solution of boracic  
acid into each eye with a medicine      
dropper4 ,separate pieces of gauze or   

cotton are used for each eye4   ,,the   
,,first ,,oil ,,bath  ,as soon as the   
cord and the eyes have received the     
proper attention and the mother has been
 made comfortable1 the baby is given its
 initial bath of oil4 ,this oil may be  
lard1 olive oil1 sweet oil1 or liquid   
vaseline4 ,the oil should be warmed and 
the baby should be well covered with a  
warm blanket and placed on a table which
 is covered with a thick pad or pillow4 
,the temperature of the room should be  
at least eighty degrees ,fahrenheit4    
,quickly1 thoroughly1 and carefully the 
entire body is swabbed with the warmed  
oil--the head1 neck1 behind the ears1   
under the arms1 the groin1 the folds of 
the elbow and knee--no part of the body 
is left untouched1 save the cord with   
its dressing4 ,this oil is then all     
gently rubbed off with an old soft linen
 towel4   ,,the ,,first ,,clothing      
,after the oil bath1 the silk and wool  
shirt 7size ,no4 #b71 the diaper and    
stockings are quickly put on to avoid   

the least danger of chilling4 ,the band 
having been applied at the time of the  
dressing of the cord1 our baby is now   
ready for the flannel skirt4 ,this      
should hang from the shoulders by a yoke
 of material adapted to the season1     
cotton yoke without sleeves if a summer 
baby1 and a woolen yoke with woolen     
sleeves if a winter baby4 ,the          
outing-flannel night dress completes the
 outfit and should be the only style of 
dress worn for the first two weeks4     
,loosely wrapped in a warm shawl1 the   
baby is about ready for its first nap1  
save for a drink of cooled1 boiled      
water4  ,this cooled1 boiled1           
unsweetened water should be given in    
increasing amounts every two hours until
 the child is two or three years of age4
 ,it is usually given the child in a    
nursing bottle4 ,in this way it is taken
 comfortably1 slowly1 can be kept clean 
and warm1 and should the babe be robbed 
of its natural food and transferred to  
the bottle as a substitute for mother's 

milk1 it will already be acquainted with
 the bottle and thus one-half of a hard 
battle has already been fought and won4 
,,baby',s ,,first ,,nap  ,the baby's bed
 should be separate and apart from the  
mother's4 ,it may be a well-padded box1 
a dresser drawer1 a clothes basket1 or a
 large market basket4 ,a folded         
comfortable slipped in a pillow slip    
makes a good mattress4 ,a most ideal bed
 may be made out of a clothes basket2   
the mattress or pad should come up to   
within two or three inches of the top1  
so the baby may breathe good fresh air  
and not the stale air that is always    
found in a deeply made bed4 ,into this  
individual bed the baby is placed as    
soon as it is dressed2 and a good sleep 
of four to six hours usually follows4   
,frequent observations of the cord      
dressing should be made as occasionally 
hemorrhage does take place1 much to the 
detriment of the babe4 ,if bleeding is  
at any time discovered the cord is      
retied just below the original tying4   

,by the time baby has finished a six- or
 eight-hour nap the mother is wondrously
 refreshed and is ready to receive it to
 her breast4   ,,putting ,,to ,,the     
,,breast  ,during the first two days the
 baby draws from the breasts little more
 than a sweetened watery fluid known as 
the colostrum2 but its intake is        
essential to the child in that it acts  
as a good laxative which causes the     
emptying of the alimentary tract of the 
dark1 tarry appearing stools known as   
the meconium4 ,on the third day this    
form of stool disappears and there      
follows a soft1 yellow stool two or     
three times a day4  ,the child should be
 put to the breast regularly every four 
hours2 two things being thus encouraged3
 an abundant supply of milk on the third
 day and the early shrinking of the     
uterus4 ,more than once a mother has    
missed the blessed privilege of suckling
 her child because some thoughtless     
person told her why trouble yourself    
with nursing the baby every four hours1 

there's nothing there1 wait until the   
third day2 and so when the third day    
came1 there was little more than a mere 
suggestion of a scanty flow of milk1    
which steadily grew less and less4      
,,the ,,urine  ,the urine of the very   
young child should be clear1 free from  
odor and should not stain the diaper1   
nor should it irritate the skin of the  
babe4 ,often urination does not take    
place for several hours1 sometimes not  
at all during the first twenty-four     
hours4 ,if the infant does not show     
signs of distress1 there is no cause for
 alarm2 the urine should pass1 however1 
within thirty hours4 ,as a rule there   
are usually between ten and twenty wet  
diapers during each twenty-four hours4  
,the following table shows about the    
amounts of urine at different ages3     
,birth to two years    #h to #ab ounces 
,two to five years    #ae to #be ounces 
,five to ten years    #be to #ce ounces 
,,genitals ,,of ,,the ,,male ,,child    
,the foreskin of the male child is often

 long1 tight1 and adherent1 and is often
 the direct cause of irritability1      
nervousness1 crying1 and too frequent   
urination4 ,it should be closely        
examined by both physician and nurse and
 when the foreskin does not readily slip
 back over the acorn-like head of the   
organ1 circumcision is advised early in 
the second week4 ,this simple operation 
will start the child out on his career  
with at least one moral handicap removed
 and one desirable possibility          
established--that of being able to keep 
himself clean4   ,,post-,,operative     
,,care ,,of ,,circumcision  ,the        
dressings that are loosely applied at   
the time of the operation should remain 
untouched 7especially those next to the 
skin71 unless otherwise directed by the 
physician1 until the seventh or eighth  
day when the babe is placed in a warm   
soap bath1 at which time the dressings  
all come off together4 ,clean sterile   
gauze is so placed as entirely to       
protect the inflamed skin from the      

diaper at all times before this bath1   
and these same dressings should be      
continued for at least another week4    
,sterile vaseline 7from a tube7 should  
be applied twice a day after the        
original dressings are removed in the   
bath at the end of the first week4      
,there should be little or no bleeding  
following the operation1 neither should 
the penis swell markedly2 if either     
complication should occur1 the physician
 should be promptly notified4   ,,care  
,,of ,,the ,,female ,,genitals  ,the    
girl baby is often neglected in respect 
to the proper care of the genitals4 ,the
 lips of the vulva should be separated  
and thorough but careful cleaning should
 be the daily routine4 ,the foreskin or 
covering of the clitoris should not be  
adherent2 while the presence of mucus1  
pus1 or blood in the vulva should be at 
once reported to the physician2 in his  
absence1 the application of twenty per  
cent argyrol should be made daily4      
,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,how to ,hold  

the ,baby   ,,handling ,,the ,,baby     
,let us thoroughly come to understand   
the very first day the little one's     
life1 that it was not sent to us because
 the family needed something to play    
with2 it is not a ball to toss up1      
neither is it a variety show4 ,it is a  
tiny individual1 and your               
responsibilities as parents and         
caretakers are very great4 ,the child   
was sent to be fed1 clothed1 kept warm1 
dry1 and otherwise cared for by you1    
until such a time as it will become able
 to care for itself4 ,remember1 what we 
sow1 that shall we also reap4 ,if we sow
 indulgence we shall reap anger1        
selfishness1 irritability1              
unbecomingness--the spoiled child4 ,at  
two or three days the baby learns that  
when it opens its mouth and emits a     
holler1 someone immediately comes4 ,if  
we do it on the second and third day1   
why should we object to run1 bow1 and   
indulge on the one hundredth and second 
day8  ,handle the baby as little as     

possible4 ,turn occasionally from side  
to side1 feed it1 change it1 keep it    
warm1 and let it alone2 crying is       
absolutely essential to the development 
of good strong lungs4 ,a baby should cry
 vigorously several times each day4 ,if 
the baby is to be handled1 support the  
back carefully 7,fig4 #f74   ,,the      
,,early ,,baths  ,during the first week 
the baby is oiled daily over his entire 
body1 with the exception that the cord  
dressing remains untouched4 ,the face1  
hands1 and buttocks are washed in warm  
water4 ,after the third week the        
bathroom is thoroughly warmed and the   
small tub is filled with water at       
temperature of #ajj ,f4 ,the baby having
 been stripped and wrapped in a warm    
turkish towel1 is placed on a table     
protected by a pillow1 while the        
caretaker stands by and vaselines the   
creases of the neck1 armpits1 folds of  
the elbows1 knees1 thighs1 wrists1 and  
genitals2 and then1 with her own hands1 
she applies soap suds all over the      

body--every portion of which is more    
quickly and readily reached--than by the
 use of a wash cloth4 ,and now1 with the
 bath at #ajj ,f41 with a folded towel  
on the bottom of the small tub1 the     
soapy child is placed into the water and
 after a thorough rinsing is lifted out 
again to a warm fresh towel on the table
 and the careful drying is quickly      
begun4 ,after the bath all the folds and
 creases are given a light dusting with 
a good talcum4  ,during hot weather the 
bath should be given daily1 soap being  
used twice a week4 ,on the other days   
there should be the simple dipping of   
the child into the tub4 ,during the cold
 weather the full bath is given but     
twice a week1 while on the other days a 
sponge bath or an oil rub may be        
administered4  ,a weak1 delicate child  
should not be exposed to the daily full 
bath1 but rather the semi-weekly sponge 
bath and the daily oil rub should be    
administered4 ,we have found the late   
afternoon hour to be better than the    

early morning hour for baby's bath4 ,it 
requires too much vital resistance to   
react to an early morning bath1         
especially when the house is cool4      
,,regarding ,,soap  ,the use of soap is 
very much abused with young babies4 ,i  
recall one mother who came into the     
office with her poor little baby which  
was constantly crying and fretting      
because of a greatly inflamed body--all 
a result of the too frequent use of     
soap4 ,i said1 ,i am afraid you do not  
keep your baby clean4 ,o ,doctor6 she   
replied1 ,i wash him with soap every    
time ,i change him2 ,i am sure he is    
clean4 ,and come to find out1 the poor  
little fellow's tender skin had been    
subjected to soap several times a day4  
,we ordered the use of all soap         
discontinued1 vaseline and talcum powder
 to be used instead1 and the child's    
skin got well in a very short time4     
,,care ,,of ,,the ,,umbilicus  ,tight   
bands should not be placed about the    
babe4 ,if the umbilicus protrudes1 do   

not endeavor to hold it in by a tight   
band1 but consult your physician about  
the use of a bit of folded cotton and   
adhesive plaster1 and then allow the    
child the freedom of the knitted bands1 
with skirts suspended from yokes4 ,the  
day of tight bands and pinning blankets 
with their additional and traditional   
windings is over4 ,after the complete   
healing of the cord1 the need for a snug
 binder to hold the dressings in place  
is over4 ,should the baby cry violently1
 the umbilicus should be protected in   
the manner described above--the fold of 
cotton and the adhesive plaster4  ,the  
diaper1 stockings1 shirt1 skirt1 and    
dress with an additional wrapper for    
cold days completes the outfit at this  
age4   ,,birth ,,registration  ,one of  
the most important services to render   
the newborn baby is to have his birth   
promptly and properly registered4  ,in  
most states the attending physician or  
midwife is required by law to report the
 birth to the proper authority1 who will

 see that the child's name1 the date of 
his birth1 and other particulars are    
made a matter of public record4 ,birth  
registration may be of the greatest     
importance when the child is older1 and 
parents should make sure this duty is   
not neglected4  ,a public health        
official some time ago epitomized some  
of the uses of birth registration as    
follows3       ,there is hardly a       
relation in life from the cradle to the 
grave      in which such a record may   
not prove to be of the greatest value4  
,for example1 in the matter of descent2 
in the relations of wards      and      
guardians2 in the disabilities of       
minors2 in the      administration of   
estates2 the settlement of insurance and
      pensions2 the requirements of     
foreign countries in matters of         
residence1 marriage1 and legacies2 in   
marriage in our own      country2 in    
voting and in jury and militia service2 
in the right      to admission and      
practice in the professions and many    

public      offices2 in the enforcement 
of laws relating to education and to    
child labor1 as well as to various      
matters in the criminal code2      the  
irresponsibility of children under ten  
for crime or      misdemeanor2 the      
determination of the age of consent1    
etc41 etc4     ,,chapter ,,xiii  ,,the  
,,nursery   ,we wish it were possible   
for every mother who reads this book to 
have a special baby's room or nursery4  
,some of our readers have a separate    
nursery-room for the little folks1 and  
so we will devote a portion of this     
chapter to the description of what seems
 to us a model arrangement for such a   
room2 but1 realizing that ninety-five   
per cent of our readers can only devote 
a corner of their own bedroom to the    
oncoming citizen1 we have also carefully
 sought to meet their needs and help    
them to take what they have and make it 
just as near like the ideal nursery as  
possible4   ,,the ,,separate ,,nursery  
,the nursery should be a quiet room with

 a south or southwesterly exposure4 ,the
 bathroom should adjoin or at least be  
near4 ,a screened-in porch is very      
desirable4  ,draperies that cannot be   
washed1 and upholstered furniture1 do   
not belong in the baby's room4 ,a       
hardwood floor is better than a carpet  
or matting2 while a few light-weight    
rugs1 easily cleaned1 are advisable4    
,enameled walls are easily washed and   
are1 therefore1 preferable to wall paper
 or other dressings4  ,the windows      
should be well screened1 for by far the 
greatest dangers to which the baby is   
exposed1 are flies and                  
mosquitoes--carriers of filth and       
disease4 ,flies1 mosquitoes1            
cockroaches1 bed bugs1 cats1 dogs1 lice1
 and mice are all disease carriers and  
must therefore be kept out of baby's    
room4   ,,nursery ,,equipment  ,at each 
window should be found dark shades1 and 
if curtains are desired they should be  
of an easily washable material1 such as 
mull1 swiss1 lawn1 voile1 or scrim4 ,the

 hardwood floor may be covered where    
necessary with easily handled rugs which
 should be aired daily4 ,the other      
necessary articles of furniture are a   
crib of enameled iron whose bedding will
 be described elsewhere in this chapter1
 a chest for baby's clothes and other   
necessary supplies1 a screen or two1 a  
low table and a low rocker1 a small     
clothes rack on which to air the clothes
 at night1 a pair of scales1 and a      
medicine chest placed high on the wall4 
,if the room will conveniently admit it1
 a couch will add greatly to the        
mother's comfort2 and1 if possible1 it  
should be of leather upholstery2        
otherwise1 it should possess a washable 
cover1 for all articles that promote the
 accumulation of dust are not to be     
allowed in the nursery4 ,in these early 
weeks and months baby will not benefit  
from pictures or other wall decorations1
 and so let him have clean walls that   
are easily washed and quickly dusted4   
,the necessities for baby's personal    

care are3    ,talcum powder4   ,castile 
soap4   ,soft wash cloths4   ,soft linen
 towels4   ,bottle of plain vaseline4   
,boracic acid1 oz4 ,,iv 7,saturated     
,solution74   ,olive oil4   ,sterile    
cotton balls in  covered glass jar4     
,safety pins of different sizes4   ,hot 
water bag with flannel cover4   ,baby   
scales4   ,drying frames for shirt and  
stockings4   ,,baby',s ,,bed  ,since the
 days of ,solomon1 accidents have       
occurred where mother and babe have     
occupied the same bed4 ,not only is     
there the ever-present danger of        
smothering the babe1 but there are also 
many other reasons why a baby should    
have its own bed4 ,the constant tendency
 to nurse it too often and the          
possibility of the bed clothing shutting
 off the fresh air supply1 are in and of
 themselves sufficient reasons for      
having a separate bed for baby4  ,the   
first bed is usually a basinet--a wicker
 basket with high sides--with or without
 a hood4 ,a suitable washable lining and

 outside drape present a neat as well as
 sanitary appearance4 ,the mattress of  
the basinet is usually a folded clean   
comfort slipped into a pillow slip2 this
 is to be preferred to a feather pillow1
 as it is cooler and in every way better
 for the babe4  ,drapes about the head  
of the basinet are not only often in the
 way1 shutting out air1 etc41 but they  
also gather dust and are unsanitary4    
,screens are movable--they may be used  
or put away at will--and are1 therefore1
 very convenient about the nursery4     
,the basinet may be dispensed with      
entirely if the sides of the enameled   
crib are lined to cut off draughts and  
the babe is properly supported by       
pillows4 ,after the baby is four to six 
months of age it is transferred to the  
crib4 ,the basinet has an advantage over
 the crib during those early weeks in   
that its high sides protect the babe    
from draughts1 and the comforts and     
blankets can be more easily tucked about
 the little fellow to keep him warm4    

,the sides should not extend more than  
four inches above the lying position of 
the child4   ,,the ,,crib  ,the enameled
 iron crib should be provided with a    
woven-wire mattress1 over which is      
placed a mattress2 hair is best as a    
filling for the mattress1 wool next1 and
 cotton last4 ,over the mattress should 
be placed a rubber sheet1 and over all a
 folded sheet4  ,a pillow of hair or    
down is not to be discarded2 for recent 
investigation has shown that the pillow 
favors nasal drainage1 while lying flat 
encourages the retaining of mucus in the
 nose and nasal chambers--the sinuses4  
,the pillow slip should be of linen     
texture4  ,during the winter a folded   
soft blanket over the rubber sheet      
increases both softness and warmth4 ,no 
top sheet is used during the first      
months1 particularly if the first months
 are the winter months4 ,the baby is    
wrapped loosely in a light weight clean 
blanket or shawl1 and other blankets--as
 many as the season demands are tucked  

about the child4 ,these blankets should 
be aired daily1 and the one next to the 
baby changed1 aired1 or washed very     
often4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,making
 the ,sleeping ,blanket   ,,the         
,,sleeping ,,blanket  ,to prevent baby  
from becoming uncovered the sleeping    
blanket has been devised4 ,the blanket  
is folded and stitched in such a way as 
completely to envelop the sleeping babe1
 and at the same time afford the utmost 
freedom 7,fig4 #g74 ,the babe may turn  
as often as he desires1 but cannot      
possibly uncover himself4 ,bed clothes  
fasteners are also used--an elastic tape
 being securely fastened to the head    
posts and then by means of clamps or    
safety pins attachment is made to the   
blankets on either side4 ,the elasticity
 allows considerable freedom to the     
child in turning 7,see ,fig4 #h74       
,,nursery ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilation 
,the subject of ventilation has been so 
fully discussed by the authors in       
another work that we refer the reader to

 ,the ,science of ,living1 or the ,art  
of ,keeping ,well4  ,for the first two  
or three weeks the nursery temperature  
should be maintained at seventy degrees 
,fahrenheit by day and from sixty       
degrees to sixty-five degrees by night4 
,in the third week the day temperature  
should be sixty-eight degrees           
,fahrenheit measured by a thermometer   
hanging three feet from the floor4      
,after three months the night           
temperature may go as low as fifty-five 
degrees ,fahrenheit1 and after the first
 year it may go as low as forty-five    
degrees4  ,the heating of the nursery is
 usually controlled by the general      
heating plant1 and no matter what system
 of heating is maintained1 humidifiers  
must be used1 the necessity for which is
 doubled when the system is that of the 
hot-air furnace4  ,these shallow pans of
 water with large wick evaporating      
surfaces will evaporate from three to   
four quarts during the twenty-four      
hours4 ,the humidity should be fifty    

throughout the seasons of artificial    
heating4  ,many colds may be entirely   
avoided by the use of humidifiers or    
evaporators4 ,the open grate is one of  
the very best means of nursery heating4 
,gas and oil heaters should not be      
depended upon for nursery heat4 ,only in
 an emergency should they be used at    
all1 and the electric heater is by far  
the best device for such occasions4     
,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,in the        
,sleeping ,blanket   ,,baby',s ,,corner 
,,in ,,mother',s ,,room  ,it is probably
 a conservative estimate to say that    
ninety-five per cent of all the babies  
occupy a corner of mother's and father's
 bedroom for the first two or three     
years4 ,and believing this estimate to  
be correct1 it is advisable to give the 
matter some consideration4 ,to begin    
with1 a lot of the non-essentials1      
ruffles and fluffles of the average     
bedroom1 must go4 ,the good father's    
chiffonier may have to be put in the    
bath room2 heavy floor coverings must be

 discarded1 to be replaced by one or two
 small1 light-weight rugs2 wall         
decorations and the usual bric-a-brac of
 dressers1 tables1 etc41 should be      
carefully packed away4 ,in fact1 there  
should be nothing in the room save the  
parents' bed1 dresser 7several drawers  
of which must be devoted to baby's      
necessities71 table1 low rocker1 a      
stool1 baby's bed and a good big        
generous screen1 made out of a large    
clothes horse enameled white and filled 
with washable swiss4  ,window draperies 
must be taken down and packed away1     
while they are replaced with simple     
muslin which can go to the laundry twice
 a month4 ,if it be within the means of 
the family purse1 it is well to renovate
 the walls just prior to the advent of  
the little stranger4  ,and now the      
baby's bed is placed in the corner most 
protected from draughts and the glare of
 the sunlight4 ,if it can be so arranged
 that baby looks away from the light1   
and not at it1 we are guarding it from  

defective vision in the future4   ,,crib
 ,,substitutes  ,many a beautiful       
artistic creation so much admired in    
this world is found to be1 on closer    
inspection1 a very ordinary thing which 
has received an artistic touch2 and so1 
many convenient1 sanitary1 and beautiful
 cribs are fashioned from market baskets
 fastened to tops of small tables whose 
legs are sawed off a bit2 from soap     
boxes fastened to a frame1 and from     
clothes baskets4 ,a can of white enamel1
 a paint brush and the deft hand of a   
merry1 cheery-hearted expectant mother  
can work almost miracles4 ,remember1    
please1 that all draperies must be      
washable and attached with thumb tacks  
so as to admit of easy and frequent     
visits to the laundry4  ,a medium-sized 
clothes basket will take care of our    
baby for four or five months4 ,the same 
general plan for the mattress and       
bedding is followed as before described4
   ,,extra ,,heat ,,to ,,the ,,crib  ,if
 necessary--and it usually is1          

especially during the winter months--a  
hot-water bottle may be placed          
underneath the bedding on top of the    
mattress4 ,this insures a steady1 mild1 
uniform warmth and it not only saves the
 baby from the danger of being burned1  
but it also obviates the temporary      
overheating of the child which usually  
occurs when the bottle is placed inside 
the bed1 next to the baby4 ,if the bed  
is properly made--the blankets coming   
from under the babe up and over--there  
is little or no need for extra heat for 
well babies after the first month4      
,,lighting ,,baby',s ,,room  ,if        
electric lighting is not an equipment of
 the home neither gas or oil lamps      
should be allowed to burn in the room   
for long periods4 ,for emergency night  
lighting a well-protected wax candle    
should be used4 ,however1 don't go to   
sleep and allow a candle to burn        
unprotected as did one tired1 exhausted 
mother4 ,the father1 suddenly aroused   
from his sleep1 saw a large flame caused

 by the overturning of a wax candle into
 a box of candles1 while the lace       
drapery of the basinet was within a few 
inches of the flame and the baby just   
beyond4 ,grabbing a pillow he smothered 
the flames and saved baby and all4      
,,fresh ,,air  ,plenty of fresh air and 
lots of sunshine should enter baby's    
room4 ,the large screen amply shields   
from draughts1 and when thus protected  
there need be no unnecessary concern    
about cool fresh air1 especially after  
two or three months1 as it is           
invigorating and prevents catching cold4
 ,warm1 stuffy air is devitalizing and  
even during the early weeks when the    
fresh air must be warm1 an electric fan 
should be advantageously placed so that 
many times each day the warm fresh air  
may be put in motion without creating a 
harmful draught4  ,warm stuffy air makes
 babies liable to catch cold when taken 
out into the open4  ,throw open the     
windows several times each day and      
completely change the air of baby's     

room4 ,in the absence of the large      
screen1 a wooden board five or six      
inches high is fitted into the opening  
made by raising the lower window sash4  
,then as the upper sash is lowered the  
impure air readily escapes while fresh  
air is admitted4   ,,the ,,bath         
,,equipment  ,make early preparations   
for bathing the baby in the easiest     
possible manner2 in fact1 the young     
mother should seek to attend to all her 
duties--the family1 the home1 and the   
baby--in the easiest way4 ,for the      
administration of a bath during the     
early months1 a table is needed1        
protected by oilcloth on which is placed
 a roomy bathtub with a folded turkish  
towel on the bottom for baby to sit on4 
,in addition to the tub1 have3    ,an   
enameled pitcher for extra supply of    
warm water4   ,a small cup for boracic  
acid solution4   ,castile soap4   ,a    
soft wash cloth4   ,several warmed soft 
towels4   ,a bath thermometer4   ,a     
medicine dropper for washing baby's     

eyes4   ,talcum powder4   ,oil or       
vaseline4   ,sterile cotton4   ,tooth   
picks4   ,a needle and thread for sewing
 on the band4   ,all of the clean       
clothing needed4  ,see that the bathtub 
is clean and enamel unbroken1 and if it 
has been used by another babe1 freshen  
it with a coat of special enamel sold   
for that purpose4   ,,bath              
,,temperatures    ,during the first     
eight weeks       ,temperature     #ajj 
,f4   ,from two to six months           
,temperature      #ih ,f4   ,from six to
 twenty-four months     ,temperature    
#ij--ig ,f4  ,a bath at ninety-eight    
degrees is a neutral bath1 and after the
 baby is six months and over1 the bath  
may be given at this temperature1 and at
 the close quickly cooled to ninety     
degrees4   ,,nursery ,,cleanliness      
,the nursery should furnish the baby's  
first protection from      contagious   
diseases4 ,it must be a veritable haven 
of safety4      ,therefore1 no house    
work of any kind should be done in the  

room1      such as washing or drying the
 baby's clothes4 ,the floors and the    
furniture should be wiped daily with    
damp cloths4 ,a dry cloth or            
feather duster should never be used to  
scatter dust around the      room4  ,all
 bedding and rugs should receive their  
daily shaking and airing out of doors1  
remembering that particles of dust are  
veritable airships for the              
transportation of germs4 ,in every way  
possible avoid raising a dust4 ,so much 
of the lint which commonly comes from   
blankets may be avoided with the daily  
shaking out of doors4  ,soiled diapers  
should not accumulate in a corner or on 
the radiator2 their removal should be   
immediate1 and if they must await a more
 opportune time1 soak them in a         
receptacle filled with cold water4 ,even
 those diapers slightly wetted should   
never be merely dried and used again1   
but should be properly washed and dried4
 ,no washing soda should be used in the 
cleansing of diapers--just an ordinary  

white soap1 a good boil1 and plenty of  
rinse water1 with drying in the sun if  
possible4 ,they require no ironing4     
,hands that come in contact with soiled 
or wet diapers must be thoroughly       
cleansed before caring for the baby or  
preparing his food4  ,as before         
mentioned1 and it will bear repetition  
often1 all windows and doors must be    
well screened1 for flies and mosquitoes 
are dreaded foes in any community and in
 babyland in particular4 ,all used      
bottles and nipples as well as used     
cups1 pitchers1 bits of used cotton1    
should be removed at once4 ,the         
washcloth is a splendid harbinger of    
germs4 ,there should be one for the     
face1 and one for the body and bath1 and
 both should receive tri-weekly boiling4
 ,bath towels should not be used more   
than twice1 better only once4  ,the     
technic of bathing1 together with the   
location1 furnishings1 and cleanliness  
of the baby's sick room1 will be taken  
up in later chapters4     ,,chapter     

,,xiv  ,,why ,,babies ,,cry   ,it is    
surprising how soon even a young and    
inexperienced mother will learn to      
distinguish between the pain cry and the
 plain cry of her baby2 for most crying 
can easily be traced to some physical   
discomfort which can be relieved1 or to 
some phase of spoiling and indulgence   
which can be stopped4   ,,normal        
,,healthy ,,crying  ,the young baby can 
neither walk1 talk nor engage in        
gymnastics1 except to indulge in those  
splendid physical exercises connected   
with a good hearty cry4 ,to be good and 
healthy1 an aggregate of an hour a day  
should be spent in loud and lusty       
crying4 ,he should be allowed to kick1  
throw his arms in the air and get red in
 the face2 for such gymnastics expand   
the lungs1 increase general circulation 
and promote the general well-being of   
the normal child4 ,as the child grows   
older and is able to engage in muscular 
efforts of various sorts1 these crying  
exercises should naturally decrease in  

frequency and severity4 ,when baby      
cries1 see that the abdominal band is   
properly applied1 that rupture need not 
be feared4   ,,the ,,birth ,,cry  ,the  
sound most welcomed by both doctor and  
nurse is the cry of the newly born      
child1 for it shows that the inactive   
lungs have opened up and the baby has   
begun to use them1 for all the time baby
 was living in the uterine room he did  
not breathe once1 the lungs having been 
in a constant state of collapse2 and not
 until now1 the very moment the air     
comes in contact with his skin1 do the  
lungs begin to functionate as he emits  
his first lusty holler4   ,,abnormal    
,,crying  ,the cry is said to be        
abnormal when it continues too long or  
occurs too often4 ,it may be strong and 
continuous1 quieting down when he is    
approached or taken up2 or it may be a  
worrying1 fretful cry1 a low moan or a  
feeble whine4 ,and now as we take up the
 several cries1 their description1      
cause1 and treatment1 we desire to say  

to the young mother3 ,do not yourself   
begin to fret and worry about deciding  
just which class your baby's cry belongs
 to2 for help1 knowledge1 and wisdom    
come to every anxious mother who desires
 to learn and who is willing to be      
taught by observation and experience4   
,,the ,,hunger ,,cry  ,the continuous1  
fretful cry1 accompanied by vigorous    
sucking of the fists1 both of which stop
 when hunger has been satisfied1 is     
without question the hunger cry4  ,if   
this cry is constant with regular       
feedings1 then the quantity of the food 
must be increased1 or the quality       
improved4 ,the tired1 fretful hunger cry
 must not be neglected2 the cause must  
be removed1 for it points to            
malnutrition4   ,,the ,,cry ,,of        
,,thirst  ,one day when lecturing at an 
,iowa chautauqua1 ,i remained in the    
beautiful park for the noonday meal4 ,it
 was a warm day and the tables in the   
well-screened dining tent were filled   
with mothers who1 like myself1 preferred

 the cool shade of the park to the hot  
ride through the city to the home or    
hotel dinner4 ,at my table a baby was   
pitifully crying4 ,the mother had       
offered the little child seated in a    
small uncomfortable go-cart1 milk1      
bread1 and a piece of cake--all of which
 were ruthlessly pushed aside4 ,my      
little son1 then only four and a half1  
said ,mamma1 maybe the baby's thirsty1  
and up he jumped1 hurried to the        
mother's side with his glass of water1  
saying1 ,i haven't touched it1 maybe the
 baby's thirsty4 ,the mother brushed the
 boy aside1 saying1 ,no1 ,i never give  
the baby water4 ,in spite of the        
mother's remonstrance1 the baby cried on
 and on1 and finally on trying the      
water1 the child drank fully one-half   
the glass and the crying was hushed4    
,babies should be given water           
regularly--many times every day--from   
birth1 in varying amounts from two      
teaspoons to one-half cup1 according to 
the age of the child4 ,the water should 

be boiled for the first few months1 and 
longer if there is any suspicion of     
impurities4  ,milk to the nursing infant
 is like beefsteak and potatoes to the  
adult2 and many times the milk bottle or
 the breast is just as nauseating to the
 thirsty babe1 as meat would be to the  
very thirsty adult whose hunger has     
previously been fully satisfied4   ,,the
 ,,fretful ,,cry  ,the babe who is wet1 
soiled1 too hot1 or is wrapped too      
tightly1 or who has on a tight1         
uncomfortable belly band1 or whose      
clothing is full of wrinkles1 has only  
one way to tell us of his discomfort1   
and that is to cry4 ,it is a fretful cry
 and should command an immediate        
investigation as to the possible cause4 
,it takes but a moment to discover a wet
 diaper2 to run the hand up the back    
under the clothes2 to sprinkle with     
talcum if perspiring2 to straighten out 
the wrinkled clothing2 to find the      
unfastened pin that pricks2 or to loosen
 the tight band4 ,acquire the art of    

learning to perform these simple tasks  
easily1 and any or all of these services
 should be rendered without taking the  
child from its bed4  ,let the child     
early learn to rest happily and quietly 
in his own bed4 ,the pillow or mattress 
may be turned or perhaps the mattress be
 raised nearer the edge of the basinet4 
,one poor youngster instantly stopped   
his fretful cry when his mattress was   
raised four or five inches so he could  
get the air1 at the same time taking him
 out of his hot room to a cooler room   
with raised windows4 ,babies like cold  
air4 ,they cry when the air is hot1 or  
even warm and close4 ,every day--rain or
 shine1 wind or sleet--babies should nap
 out of doors on the porch1 in a        
well-sheltered corner4 ,a screen or a   
blanket protects from the wind1 sleet1  
or rain2 and if the baby's finger tips  
are warm1 you can rest assured the feet 
and body are warm4 ,scores of babies    
will sleep out on the porch1 on the     
protected fire escape1 or in a room with

 opened windows1 from one bottle or     
feeding to another2 being aroused at the
 end of the three or four hour interval 
just enough to nurse1 when back they go 
to their delightful1 warm nest in the   
cool1 fresh air to sleep for another    
period4 ,babies should never sleep in a 
room with closed windows4  ,one of the  
incidents that surprised me most in my  
early work with dispensary babies was   
the utter misconception of the purpose  
of the belly band4 ,invariably it was   
put on so tightly that ,i could not slip
 a finger between it and the babe4 ,it  
is not a surgical instrument1 neither is
 it a truss4 ,these tight belly bands   
are a source of much fretting and       
crying4   ,,the ,,pain ,,cry  ,the      
little pinched look about the face1 the 
drawing up of the legs1 the jerking of  
the head1 arms1 or legs1 associated with
 a strong1 sharp1 unceasing or          
intermittent cry1 demands immediate     
attention ,our first work should be to  
go about quietly1 painstakingly1 and    

systematically to locate the cause of   
this cry of pain4  ,there are often some
 accompanying symptoms to the cry of    
pain which demand skilled medical advice
 and attention1 such as the arching of  
the body backward1 the drawing of the   
head strongly to one side1 the inability
 to use one side of the body1 or the    
presence of fever4 ,there may be an     
earache1 an abdominal complication1 or a
 sore throat1 any one of which will be  
detected by the skilled doctor4         
,earache frequently occurs in young     
babies who have been taken out of doors 
without proper protection to the ears2  
or1 it may be associated with a cold in 
the head1 which is not detected until   
the mischief has already been done1     
while the resulting running ear tells   
the tale of woeful suffering4 ,earache  
must always be thought of as a possible 
cause when the cry of pain accompanies a
 cold in the head1 and if medical aid is
 secured early1 the abscess may be      
aborted and the deafness of later years 

entirely avoided4 ,there is only one    
home remedy for earache1 and that is the
 application of external heat1 either by
 a hot-water bottle or hot-salt bag4    
,medical advice should be sought before 
anything whatsoever is dropped into the 
baby's ear4  ,in this connection should 
be mentioned the wild cry at night which
 so often accompanies tuberculosis of   
the bone4 ,a careful ,x-,ray examination
 will reveal the disease1 and proper    
medical measures should be instituted at
 once4 ,other fretful night crying will 
be mentioned further on4   ,,habit      
,,crying  ,by the frequent repetition of
 actions1 habits are formed4 ,when the  
baby is two or three days old1 he is so 
new to us and we have waited for him so 
long1 and it is such a great big world  
that he has come into1 that we jump1    
dance1 and scramble to attend to his    
every need and adequately to provide for
 his every want4 ,at this very early1   
tender age whenever he opens his mouth  
to cry or even murmur--some fond auntie 

or some overly indulgent caretaker flies
 to his side as if she had been shot out
 of a gun1 grabs him up and ootsey      
tootsey's him about as she endeavors to 
entertain and quiet him4 ,the next time 
and the next time and the succeeding    
time he whimpers--like a flash someone  
dashes to the side of the basket1 and   
baby soon learns that when he opens his 
mouth and yells1 somebody comes4 ,in    
less than a week the mischief has been  
done and baby is badly spoiled4 ,no     
other factor enters so largely into the 
sure spoiled harvest as picking a new   
baby up every time he cries4 ,often in  
the early days some indulgent parent    
will say1 ,oh1 don't turn out the light1
 something might happen to the dear     
little thing--and old ,mother ,nature   
sees to it that a constant repetition of
 leaving the light on brings its sure   
harvest of he just won't go to sleep    
without the light4 ,and then1 just once 
he had the pacifier--perhaps to prevent 
his crying disturbing some sick member  

of the family--and so we go on and on4  
,if a thing is bad1 it is bad1 and a    
supposedly good excuse will not lessen  
the evil when the habit has been thus   
started and acquired4  ,the rocking of  
babies to sleep may be a beautiful      
portrayal of mother love1 but we all    
pity the child who has to be rocked to  
sleep as much as we do the mother who   
sits and rocks1 wanting1 ,oh1 so much6  
to do some work or go for a walk--but   
she must wait till baby goes to sleep4  
,,the ,,temper ,,cry  ,and so now we    
come to the temper cry--that lusty1     
strong outburst of the cry of           
disappointment when he finds that all of
 a sudden people have stopped jumping   
and dancing for his every whim4 ,the    
baby is not to blame4 ,we began         
something we could not keep up1 and     
he--the innocent recipient of all our   
indulgences--is in no sense at fault4   
,it is most cruel to encourage these    
habits of petty indulgence1 which must  
cause so much future disappointment and 

suffering on the part of the little     
fellow as he begins to grow up4  ,nobody
 is particularly attracted to the       
spoiled baby4 ,after the over-indulgent 
parent and caretaker have completed     
their thoughtless work1 they themselves 
are ashamed of it and not infrequently  
begin to criticise the product of their 
own making--the formation of these      
unpleasant bad habits4 ,more than       
anything else1 the spoiled child needs a
 new environment1 new parents1 and a new
 life4   ,,the ,,spoiled ,,baby  ,seek  
to find out if possible--and it usually 
is possible--just what he is crying for4
 ,it may be for the pacifier1 for the   
light1 or to be rocked1 jolted1 carried1
 taken up and rocked at night1 or a host
 of other trifles2 and if he is         
immediately hushed on getting his soul's
 desire--then we know he is spoiled4    
,the unfortunate thing about it all is  
that the one who has indulged and       
spoiled the baby usually does not       
possess the requisite nerve1 grit1 and  

will power to carry out the necessary   
program for baby's cure4 ,and the pity  
of it all is that overindulgence in     
babyhood so often means wrecked nerves  
and shattered happiness in later life4  
,so1 fond1 indulgent parents1 do your   
offspring the very great kindness to    
fight it out with them while they are   
young1 even if it takes all summer1 and 
thus spare them neurasthenia1 hysteria1 
and a host of other evils in later life4
  ,this sort of spoiled baby crying can 
be stopped only through stern           
discipline--simply let the baby cry it  
out4 ,the first lesson may require      
anywhere from thirty minutes to an hour 
and thirty minutes4 ,the second lesson  
requires a much shorter time1 and1 in   
normal babies with a balanced nervous   
system1 a third or fourth lesson is not 
usually required4   ,,the ,,cry ,,of    
,,serious ,,illness  ,the cry of the    
severely sick child is the saddest cry  
of all4 ,the low wail or moan strikes   
terror to the saddened mother-heart4 ,it

 is often moaned out when the child is  
ill with summer complaint or other      
intestinal disturbances4 ,instant help  
must be secured1 and1 if medical help is
 not obtainable1 remember1 with but one 
or two exceptions1 you are safe in      
carefully washing out the bowels1 in    
applying external heat and giving       
warmed1 boiled water to drink4  ,another
 cry which demands immediate attention1 
and the faithful carrying out of the    
doctor's orders1 is the hoarse1 throaty 
cry indicative of croup or bronchitis4  
,,the ,,colicky ,,cry  ,perhaps the     
greatest cause of the most crying during
 infancy1 next to that of               
over-indulgence1 is ordinary colic      
which--       444 manifests itself in   
every degree of disturbance from mere   
peevishness and fretfulness to severe   
and intensely painful      attacks in   
which restlessness passes into grunting1
 writhing1 and      kicking2 the        
forehead becomes puckered and the face  
has an      agonized expression2 the    

baby tends to scream violently and draws
      his thighs up against his belly1  
which will usually be found to      be  
hard and more or less distended4  ,a    
colicky baby completely upsets the      
household and greatly disturbs the      
mother1 who requires both quiet and rest
 that she may the better produce the    
life-sustaining stream so much needed   
for the upbuilding and development of   
the growing child4   ,,colic ,,in ,,the 
,,breast-,,fed  ,while colic is so often
 seen in the bottle-fed babe1 it often  
occurs in the breast-fed child1 and is  
usually traceable to some error in the  
mother's diet or to some other maternal 
nutritional disturbance4 ,one mother who
 was sure she had eaten nothing outside 
the diet suggestions she had received1  
was requested to bring to the office a  
fresh voiding of her own urine which was
 found to be highly acid4 ,the          
administration of an alkaline such as   
simple baking soda or calcined magnesia 
to the mother1 corrected this acidity1  

and the colic in the baby entirely      
disappeared4 ,i recall the case of one  
mother who ate her dinner in the middle 
of the day1 with a light meal in the    
evening and thereby stopped the colic in
 her babe4  ,another source of colic in 
the breast-fed baby is the unclean      
nipple4 ,the nipples should be washed   
with soap and water and rinsed in       
boracic acid solution before each       
nursing4 ,if the mother worries greatly1
 or thoughtlessly gets very angry just  
before the nursing hour1 there is a     
substance known as epinephrin secreted  
by the glands located just above the    
kidneys which is thrown into the blood  
stream and which raises the blood       
pressure of the mother and often        
produces not only colic in the babe1 but
 many times throws him into severe      
convulsions4   ,,colic ,,in             
,,bottle-,,fed ,,babies  ,there are many
 opportunities for colic in the         
bottle-fed baby2 for instance1 dirty    
bottles1 dirty nipples1 careless        

cleansing of utensils used in the       
preparation of baby's food1 improper    
mixtures1 too much flour1 the wrong kind
 of sugar1 too much cream or too little 
water--all these things help to produce 
wind under pressure in the intestine1   
which is commonly known as colic4       
,underfeeding or overfeeding1 too rapid 
feeding or too frequent feeding also    
contribute their mite in producing      
colic4  ,as a rule1 the bottle-fed child
 is fed too often4 ,in the new born1 the
 interval between feeds should be three 
hours from the start2 after six months  
the interval may be lengthened to four  
hours4   ,,colic ,,and ,,chilliness     
,hiccough--a spasm of the               
diaphragm--often accompanies colic1 and1
 in the case of infants1 is usually due 
to the swallowing of air or over-filling
 the stomach2 gentle massage1 external  
heat1 and a few sips of very warm water 
usually corrects the condition4  ,the   
chilling of the skin very often produces
 a temporary intestinal congestion with 

colic as the result4 ,cold feet1 wet    
diapers1 and loitering at bath are all  
very likely to produce colic2 and when  
it is thus caused by chilling1 quickly  
prepare a bath at #ajj ,f41 and after   
immersing the child for five minutes1   
wrap up well in warm blankets4   ,,the  
,,treatment ,,of ,,colic  ,those of my  
mother readers who have electric lights 
in their home1 will find the photophore 
to be a source of great comfort and     
convenience2 for this simple contrivance
 is usually able to banish colic in a   
few moments4 ,the photophore is simply  
radiant heat--heat plus light 7,see     
,fig4 #c7--;and as this heat is applied 
to legs and buttocks of the crying child
 the diaper is warmed1 the abdomen      
relaxes1 gas is expelled1 intestinal    
contractions relieved1 and the baby is  
soon fast asleep4  ,occasionally with   
the aid of the photophore1 and even     
without it1 the warm two-ounce enema    
containing a level teaspoon of baking   
soda and a level teaspoon of salt to a  

pint of water when allowed to flow into 
the bowel1 will soon bring down both gas
 and feces to the great relief of the   
baby4 ,warm water to drink is also very 
helpful4 ,putting the feet in very warm 
water is also quieting to the crying    
colicky babe4  ,it is often necessary in
 cases of repeated and persistent colic1
 to give a full dose of castor oil to   
clear out the bowel tract4 ,do not jolt 
or bounce the baby1 do not carry him    
about1 and don't walk the floor with    
him4  ,heat him up inside and outside1  
warm his clothing and his bedding1 and  
thus bring about relief without sowing  
seeds for future trouble--the sorrow of 
a spoiled child4  ,one very quiet little
 baby was one day brought to the        
dispensary whose mother said3 ,doctor1  
,i didn't bring him 'cause he's sick1   
but 'cause he looks so pale2 he's as    
quiet as a mouse2 he never cries any    
more since ,i got to giving him         
medicine4 ,on examination of the baby   
and on inquiring about the medicine1 we 

found that the baby was dead drunk all  
the time4 ,some neighbor friend had told
 the tired out mother1 ,give him a      
teaspoon of whiskey at each feeding and 
that'll fix him all right4 ,if a few    
more states go dry maybe it will not be 
so easy for the ignorant mother to dope 
and drug her helpless baby4  ,and       
neither is paregoric to be administered 
wholesale for colic4 ,it contains an    
opiate1 and should not be given without 
definite orders from a physician4 ,and  
so as a parting word on ,why ,babies    
,cry1 we ask each mother to run over the
 following summary of the chapter1 and  
thus seek to find out why her baby      
cries4   ,,baby ,,cries ,,because3      
,he is hungry4   ,he is thirsty4   ,he  
has been given a dirty bottle4   ,his   
mother has failed properly to cleanse   
the nipples4   ,his food is not prepared
 right4   ,his food is too cold4   ,his 
bowels are constipated4   ,his band is  
too tight4   ,his clothes are wrinkled4 
,his diaper is wet4   ,he is too hot4   

,he wants fresh air4   ,he is too cold4 
,he is in pain4   ,he is very sick4     
,his throat is sore4   ,his ear aches4  
,he has been rocked1 carried1 or        
bounced4   ,he has been given a         
pacifier4   ,he has had too much        
excitement4   ,his mother has eaten the 
wrong food4     ,,chapter ,,xv  ,,the   
,,nursing ,,mother ,,and ,,her ,,babe   
,happy is the mother1 and thrice blessed
 is the babe when he is able to enjoy   
the supreme benefits of maternal        
nursing4 ,the benefits to the child are 
far reaching2 he stands a better chance 
of escaping many infantile diseases2 the
 whole outlook for health--and even life
 itself--is greatly improved in the case
 of the nursing babe1 as compared with  
the prospect of the bottle-fed child4   
,maternal nursing lays the foundation   
for sturdy manhood and womanhood4  ,out 
of every one hundred bottle-fed babies1 
an average of thirty die during the     
first year1 while of the breast-fed     
babies1 only about seven out of every   

one hundred die the first year4 ,at the 
same time1 nursing the babe delivers the
 mother from all the work and anxiety   
connected with the preparation of the   
artificial food1 the dangers and risks  
of unclean milk1 and the ever-present   
fear of disease attendant upon this     
unnatural feeding4 ,the mother who      
nurses her child can look forward to a  
year of joy and happiness2 whereas1 if  
the babe is weaned1 she is compelled to 
view this first year with many fears and
 forebodings4 ,mother's milk contains   
every element necessary for the growth  
and development of the child1 and       
contains them in just the proportions   
required to adapt it as the ideal food  
for that particular child4       ,a     
dirty baby1 properly fed1 will thrive4  
,a baby deprived of fresh      air1 but 
wisely fed1 will survive and even       
develop into a strong      healthy man  
or woman4 ,but the baby raised according
 to the latest      and most approved   
rules of sanitation and hygiene1 if     

improperly      fed1 will languish and  
die4   ,,hygiene ,,of ,,nursing         
,,mothers  ,outings and ,exercise4 ,it  
is most highly important that the       
nursing mother should be able thoroughly
 to digest her food2 otherwise the flow 
of milk is likely to contain irritants  
that will disturb the baby's digestion1 
even to the point of making him really  
sick4 ,in order to avoid these          
complications1 exercise and outings are 
absolutely essential for the mother4 ,a 
vigorous walk1 gardening1 light         
housework or other light athletics1     
greatly facilitate digestion and        
increase the bodily circulation1 as well
 as promote deep breathing1 all of which
 are of paramount importance to a good  
appetite and good digestion4  ,the      
,bowels4 ,the bowels should move        
regularly and normally once or twice    
during the twenty-four hours4           
,unfortunately1 this is not usually the 
case3 and in this connection we would   
refer our reader to the chapter on ,the 

,hygiene of ,pregnancy1 particularly    
those sections relative to the care of  
the bowels1 recipes for bran bread1     
lists of laxative foods and other       
suggestions pertaining to the hygiene of
 the nursing mother4  ,sleep4 ,nothing  
less than eight hours sleep will suffice
 for the nursing mother1 and during the 
day she should take at least one nap    
with the baby4  ,care of the ,skin4     
,salt-rub baths are very beneficial     
taken once a week4 ,the daily           
cold-friction rub described elsewhere1  
will tone up the system and increase    
digestion and improve the general well  
being4 ,the soap wash may be taken once 
a week4 ,the thorough cleansing of the  
breasts1 and the frequent changing of   
the undergarments1 will help to keep the
 baby happy2 for oftentimes it is the   
odor of perspiration as well as the     
smell of soiled clothing that spoils the
 appetite of the baby1 causing it to    
refuse food4  ,recreation4 ,pleasant    
diversion is very essential for the     

mother1 and should be indulged in at    
least once a week4 ,the bedtime hours1  
however1 should not be interfered with  
and the recreation should be selected   
with a view to amuse1 refresh and create
 a harmless diversion for the mother's  
mind4 ,under no circumstances should the
 mother settle down to the thought3 ,no1
 ,i can't go out any more4 ,i can't     
leave my baby4 ,you should get away from
 the baby a short time each day1 and go 
out among your former friends and       
acquaintances4 ,many a wrecked home--a  
shattered domestic heaven--dates its    
beginnings back to the days when the    
over-anxious young mother turned her    
back on her husband and looked only into
 the face of her 7their7 child4 ,nothing
 should come in between the filial      
friendship of husband and wife1 not even
 their child4 ,so1 dear mother1 if you  
can1 go out occasionally1 away from the 
baby1 and enjoy the association of your 
husband and keep in touch not only with 
his interests1 but with the outside     

world4 ,you will come back refreshed and
 wonderfully repaid1 and the face of the
 adored infant will appear more         
beautiful than ever4   ,,diet ,,of ,,the
 ,,nursing ,,mother  ,the general       
suggestions on diet which we made to the
 expectant mother are also valuable for 
the nursing mother4 ,the food should be 
appetizing1 nutritious1 and of a        
laxative nature4 ,three meals should be 
eaten3 one at seven ,a4 ,m41 one at one 
,p4 ,m4 and one about six-thirty at     
night1 with the heaviest meal usually at
 one ,p4 ,m4 ,as the mother usually     
wakens at five o'clock1 or possibly     
earlier1 she should be given a glass of 
milk1 cocoa1 or eggnog4 ,if she awakens 
at six1 nothing should be taken until   
the breakfast1 which should consist of a
 good nourishing meal1 such as baked    
potatoes with white sauce1 poached eggs1
 cereal1 milk or cocoa1 prunes1 figs1 or
 a baked sweet apple1 with bread and    
butter1 etc4  ,from that hour until one 
,p4 ,m4 only water is taken1 and several

 glasses are urged during this interval4
 ,with nothing between meals but water  
and a little outdoor exercise1 a good   
appetite is created for the one ,p4 ,m4 
meal which should abundantly supply and 
satisfy the hungry mother2 and then     
again1 nothing is to be taken between   
dinner and supper but water4 ,and after 
the supper hour1 a walk out into the    
cool night air should be enjoyed with   
the husband and on going to bed about   
ten ,p4 ,m41 an eggnog or glass of milk 
may be taken4 ,at the close of the other
 meals a cup of oatmeal gruel or milk or
 any other nourishing liquid may be     
enjoyed4  ,the eating of food or the    
drinking of nourishing drinks between   
the meals not only interferes with      
digestion and disturbs the mother1 but  
it also upsets the baby2 and it is often
 the reason why the appetite of the     
mother is so deranged at the meal time1 
her spirits depressed1 and her milk     
diminished4 ,plenty of good nourishing  
food1 taken three times a day with an   

abundance of water drinking between the 
meals1 together with a free happy frame 
of mind occasioned by the recreation    
before mentioned1 usually produces good 
milk and plenty of it4 ,a nap between   
meals will probably produce more milk   
than eating between meals4              
,,objectionable ,,foods  ,all foods that
 cause indigestion in the mother or babe
 should be avoided4  ,some mothers      
continue to eat tomatoes1 peaches1 sour 
salads1 acid fruits1 and it appears in  
no way to interfere with baby's comfort2
 but they are the exception rather than 
the rule4 ,usually tomatoes1 acid salad 
dressings1 and mixed desserts must be   
avoided4 ,each mother is a law unto     
herself4 ,certainly none of our readers 
will selfishly continue any food she    
feels will make her baby cry4 ,all acid 
fruits1 rich desserts1 certain coarse   
vegetables1 concoctions of all          
descriptions such as rarebit1           
condiments1 highly seasoned sauce1 etc41
 should be avoided4  ,acid fruitades1   

such as lemonade1 limeade and orangeade1
 can be taken by a small per cent of    
nursing mothers2 and1 since fruit acids 
are neutralized and alkalized in the    
process of digestion and assimilation1  
and since they are the very fruit-drinks
 we prescribe for patients suffering    
with an increased acidity1 it would     
appear that they were in every way      
wholesome for the mother--if they in no 
way interfere with the baby4            
,practically1 they do as a rule disturb 
the baby's digestion and should be      
avoided by those mothers who have found 
this to be the case4   ,,caked ,,breasts
  ,during the first week of lactation   
the milk tubes of the breasts very often
 become blocked and the breasts become  
engored with milk1 this condition being 
known as caked breasts4 ,at this        
particular time of the baby's life1 he  
takes little more than an ounce of milk 
at a feed2 so1 beside the incoming      
engorgement of milk1 an additional      
burden is thrown upon the milk tubes of 

the breasts in that they are not        
entirely emptied each nursing time by   
the young infant4 ,when the breasts     
threaten to cake1 immediate steps must  
be taken to relieve the condition--to   
empty the breasts--and this is usually  
accomplished in the following manner3   
with hands well lubricated with sweet   
oil or olive oil the nurse begins gentle
 manipulation of the breasts toward the 
nipple in circular strokes1 with the    
result that the milk soon begins to ooze
 out4 ,this massage should be continued 
until relief is obtained2 or the breast 
pump may be applied4 ,hard nodules      
should not be allowed to form or to     
remain in the breasts4 ,hot compresses  
7wrung from boiling water by means of a 
potato ricer7 may be applied to the     
caked breast which is protected from the
 immediate heat by one thickness of a   
dry blanket flannel4 ,these hot         
compresses should be removed every three
 minutes until three have been applied1 
then an ice water compress is quickly   

applied1 to be followed by more hot ones
 and then a cold2 and so on1 until as   
many as four sets each have been        
administered4  ,gentle massage may again
 be administered and it will be found   
that they empty now with greater ease   
because of the preceding heat4 ,after   
the breasts have been emptied1 and      
thoroughly washed with soap suds and    
carefully dried1 they should be thickly 
covered with cotton batting and firmly  
compressed against the chest wall by a  
snug-fitted breast binder1 which serves 
the double purpose of relieving pain by 
not allowing the breasts to sag         
downward1 at the same time preventing an
 over-abundant secretion of milk by     
diminishing the blood supply to the     
glands of the breast4 ,in case the      
persistent manipulation of the breast   
and the use of the breast pump do not   
relieve the condition1 and if the       
repeated effort day after day seems to  
avail nothing2 then1 as a rule1 we must 
look for a breast abscess to follow if  

the breasts are not immediately dried   
up4 ,in all such cases of engorgement1  
the attending physician should be       
notified at once4   ,,sore ,,nipples    
,the nipple must be kept dry between    
nursings1 which should be limited to    
twenty minutes4 ,regularity should be   
maintained4 ,the nipples should never be
 touched or handled by hands that have  
not been scrubbed with soap and a nail  
brush4 ,during the early nursing days   
they are wet much of the time and are   
subject to much stress and strain in the
 pulling effort of the baby1 as a result
 of which they become very tender1      
chapped1 cracked1 and often bleed4      
,allowing the baby to go to sleep with  
the nipple in his mouth also exposes the
 nipple to unnecessary moisture which   
increases the possibility of painful    
cracking4 ,the pain occasioned by       
nursing at this time is truly           
indescribable1 and is most often the    
cause of absolute refusal on the part of
 the mother to nurse her babe--with the 

result that it is put on the bottle4    
,again1 the fear and dread of being hurt
 so often tends to diminish the flow of 
milk4 ,it is entirely possible so to    
prepare the nipple for this exposure1   
during the last months of pregnancy1    
that all this discomfort and pain may be
 entirely avoided 7,see chapter1 ,the   
,hygiene of ,pregnancy74  ,before the   
mother is put to rest after the birth of
 the baby the breasts are prepared as   
follows3 ,a thorough cleansing with soap
 and water is followed by a careful     
disinfection with alcohol which leaves  
the nipple perfectly dry4 ,a soft       
sterile pad is then applied and held in 
place by a breast binder4 ,before and   
after each nursing the nipple and       
surrounding area is swabbed with boracic
 acid 7saturated solution7 and carefully
 dried by applying a clean1 dry1 sterile
 pad4  ,painful cracks and fissures are 
nearly always due to lack of the care   
described above1 and are almost wholly  
preventable4 ,when the first crack      

appears and nursing becomes painful1 the
 baby's mouth should not touch the      
nipple again until healing has taken    
place4 ,a thorough cleansing with boiled
 water should be made and then the      
sterile nipple shield should be applied 
through which baby will get abundant    
satisfaction1 while the mother is spared
 the pain1 and the nipple has an        
opportunity to get well4  ,in the case  
of sore and cracked nipples1 thorough   
cleansing with boiled water and boracic 
acid solution follows each nursing      
seance2 and1 after careful drying1      
balsam peru--equal parts with           
glycerine--may be applied with a tiny   
piece of sterile gauze or cotton2 a     
sterile cotton pad is then applied to   
each breast which is held in place by a 
breast binder4  ,the nipple shield1 when
 employed1 is boiled after each nursing 
and washed in boracic acid solution just
 before each nursing4 ,the strictest    
cleanliness must be observed1 and then  
we hope to bring relief and comfort to  

the mother1 and effect the saving of    
nature's best food for the baby4        
,,constituents ,,of ,,mother',s ,,milk  
,mother's milk--that wonderfully        
adaptable1 ever-changing food1 so       
accurately and scientifically suited to 
the hourly and daily needs of the       
growing child--is composed of five      
different parts1 totally unlike in every
 particular1 and each part exactly      
suited to the needs which it supplies4  
,the cream of the milk1 as well as the  
lactose or sugar1 builds up the fatty   
tissues of the body as well as helps    
provide the energy for crying1 nursing1 
kicking1 etc4 ,the proteins 7the curd of
 the milk7 are exceedingly important2   
they are especially devoted to building 
up the cells and tissues of the body of 
the growing child4 ,the salts form a    
very small part of the baby's food1 but 
an important one1 for they are needed   
chiefly for the bones and the blood4    
,the fats1 sugars1 proteins1 and salts1 
taken together1 form the solids of      

mother's milk1 and are held in solution 
in the proportion of thirteen parts of  
solids to eighty-seven parts of water2  
which so holds these solids in solution 
that the baby can digest and assimilate 
these necessary food elements4 ,the     
mother's milk increases in strength day 
by day and month by month as the baby   
grows1 and is the only perfect infant   
food on earth4   ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,the
 ,,first ,,feeding  ,soon after the     
birth of the baby the wearied mother    
seeks rest--she usually falls into a    
quiet1 restful slumber2 the baby        
likewise goes to sleep and usually does 
not awaken for several hours4 ,after six
 or eight hours the child is put to the 
breast and he begins to nurse at once1  
without any special help4 ,this first   
nursing should be discontinued after    
four or five minutes1 while he is put to
 the other breast for the same length of
 time4  ,if there is difficulty in      
sucking1 a bit of milk may be made to   
ooze out on the clean nipple1 while the 

baby's lips are pressed to it1 after    
which the nurse gently presses and rubs 
the breasts toward the nipple4 ,after   
the nursing1 the nipples should be      
elongated1 if necessary1 by rubbing1    
shaping1 or breast pump4  ,the baby gets
 but little nourishment during the first
 two days1 but that which he does get is
 essential2 for the colostrum--the first
 milk--is highly laxative in nature and 
serves the important purpose of cleaning
 out the intestinal tract of that first 
tarry1 fecal residue1 the meconium4     
,this early sucking of the child        
accomplishes another purpose besides the
 obtaining of this important            
laxative--it also reflexly increases the
 contractibility of the muscles of the  
womb1 which is an exceedingly important 
service just at this time4  ,should the 
mother or caretaker feel that baby will 
starve before the milk comes1 or that it
 is necessary to provide sweetened      
water2 let us assure them that nothing  
is needed except what nature provides4  

,nature makes the babe intensely hungry 
during these first two days1 so that he 
will suck well1 and if he is fed        
sweetened water1 gruel1 or anything     
else1 he will not suck forcefully2 and  
so nature's plan for securing extra or  
increased uterine contractions and the  
stimulation of the breast glands will be
 seriously interfered with4   ,,water   
,,drinking  ,as soon as the new born    
babe is washed and dressed he is given  
two teaspoons of warmed1 boiled water2  
and this practice is continued every two
 hours during the day1 until as much as 
two to four ounces of unsweetened water 
is taken by the tiny babe during the    
twenty-four hours4 ,inanition fever--the
 fever that sometimes follows a failure 
to give water to the new born infant--is
 thus avoided4 ,the bottle from which   
the water is given should be scalded out
 each time1 the nipple boiled1 and just 
before the water nursing the nipple     
should be swabbed with boracic acid     
solution4   ,,regularity ,,in ,,feeding 

,from earliest infancy the baby should  
be nursed by the clock1 and not by the  
squawk4 ,until he reaches his           
sixth-month birthday1 he is fed with    
unerring regularity every three hours   
during the day4 ,asleep or awake he is  
put to the breast1 while during the     
night he is allowed to sleep as long    
over the three-hour period as he will4  
,babies are usually nursed at night3    
during the early weeks1 at nine o'clock 
in the evening1 at midnight1 and at six 
o'clock in the morning4 ,after four     
months all nursing after ten ,p4 ,m4 may
 be omitted4  ,the baby is ordinarily   
allowed to remain at the breast for     
about twenty minutes4 ,he may often be  
satisfied with one breast if the milk is
 plentiful2 if not1 he is given both    
breasts2 and may we add the following   
injunction8 insist that nothing shall go
 into your baby's mouth but your own    
breast milk and warm or cool-boiled     
water2 no sugar1 whiskey1 paregoric1 or 
soothing syrup should be given1 no      

matter how he cries4 ,never give a baby 
food merely to pacify him or to stop his
 crying2 it will damage him in the end4 
,more than likely he is thirsty1 and    
milk to him is what bread and meat are  
to you1 neither of which you want when  
you are thirsty4   ,,position ,,of      
,,mother ,,during ,,the ,,nursing  ,a   
perfectly comfortable position during   
nursing for both mother and babe is     
necessary for satisfactory results4     
,during the lying-in period the mother  
should rest well over on her side with  
her arm up and her hand under her head1 
the other hand supports the breast and  
assists in keeping the nipple in the    
baby's mouth1 as well as preventing the 
breast from in any way interfering with 
baby's breathing4 ,a rolled pillow is   
placed at the mother's back for support4
  ,after the mother leaves the bed1 she 
will find a low chair most convenient   
when nursing the baby1 and if an        
ordinary chair be used1 she will find   
that a footstool adds greatly to her    

comfort4 ,once during the forenoon and  
once during the afternoon the nursing   
mother will find it a wonderful source  
of rest and relaxation if she removes   
all tight clothing1 dons a comfortable  
wrapper1 and lies down on the bed to    
nurse her babe2 and as the babe naps    
after the feed1 she likewise should doze
 and allow mother nature to restore1    
refresh1 and fit her for restful and    
happy motherhood4  ,worry1 grief1       
fatigue1 household cares1 loss of sleep1
 social debauches1 emotional            
sprawls--all debilitate the mother1 and 
usually decrease the flow of milk4      
,,nursing ,,when ,,angry ,,and          
,,overheated  ,overheating1             
irritability1 and sudden anger1 almost  
invariably tend to raise the            
blood-pressure1 which means the entry   
into the blood stream of an increased   
amount of epinephrin1 which disturbs the
 baby greatly1 often throwing him into  
convulsions or other sudden1 acute      
illness4  ,menstruation often interferes

 with the nursing mother1 the milk      
becoming weaker at this time2 however1  
if the infant continues to gain and the 
mother feels comparatively well1 no     
attention need be paid to this fact4    
,another pregnancy demands a drying up  
of the breast at once1 as the tax is too
 great on the mother4   ,,the ,,stools  
,the stools of the breast-fed baby do   
not require as much attention as those  
of the bottle-fed child4 ,in cases of   
constipation1 after four months1 from   
one teaspoon up to one-half cup of      
unsweetened prune juice may be given one
 hour before the afternoon feed4  ,in   
instances of colic with signs of        
fermentation in the stool1 the mother   
may take several doses 7under her       
physician's orders7 of common baking    
soda2 or1 if she is constipated1        
calcined magnesia will usually right the
 condition4 ,nature's mother milk is so 
beautifully adapted to the baby's needs 
that it is the rule for baby to have    
perfectly normal stools4   ,,symptoms   

,,of ,,successful ,,nursing  ,a happy   
baby is a satisfied baby4 ,he lies      
quietly in a sleepy1 relaxed condition  
if he has enough to eat1 provided he is 
otherwise comfortable and dry4 ,he      
awakens at the end of two hours and     
perhaps cries2 but plain1 unsweetened1  
warm1 boiled water quenches his thirst1 
and he lies content for another hour1   
when he is regularly nursed4 ,he gains  
on an average of about one ounce a day4 
,,earmarks ,,of ,,unsuccessful ,,nursing
  ,constant discomfort1 vomiting1       
fretful crying1 passing and belching of 
gas1 colicky pain1 disturbed sleep1     
greenish stools with mucus1 are among   
the more prominent earmarks of          
unsuccessful nursing4 ,these symptoms   
appearing in a pale1 flabby1 listless1  
indifferent or cross baby1 with steady  
loss of weight continued over a period  
of three or four weeks1 point to nursing
 trouble2 which1 if not corrected1 will 
lead to that much dreaded infantile     
condition--malnutrition4  ,bolting of   

food or overeating results in vomiting  
and gas1 and thus interferes with normal
 nursing1 as also may tongue-tie4 ,a    
condition in the mouth1 medically known 
as stomatitis1 and commonly known as    
thrush1 often gives rise to a fretful   
cry when nursing is attempted4 ,in the  
first place1 the baby cannot hold on to 
the nipple2 while1 in the second place1 
it hurts his inflamed mouth when he     
makes an effort to nurse4  ,long        
continued nursing covering three-fourths
 of an hour or more1 seizing of the     
nipple for a moment and then discarding 
it1 apparently in utter disgust1 are the
 earmarks of very scanty milk supply and
 should receive immediate attention4    
,,aids ,,to ,,the ,,milk ,,supply       
,believing that many more mothers than  
do so should nurse their babies1 we have
 carefully tabulated a number of aids to
 the milk supply1 which we hope will be 
most earnestly tried before the baby is 
taken from the breast--for so many1 many
 more bottle-fed babies die during the  

first year than the breast fed4 ,the    
dangers of infection1 the worry of the  
food preparation1 the uncertainty of    
results1 all call for a most untiring   
effort on the part of every doctor1     
nurse1 and mother1 in their endeavors to
 secure maternal nursing4 ,the following
 is a summary of aids to the milk       
supply3  #a4 ,regular periodical sucking
 of the breasts from the day of baby's  
birth4  #b4 ,systematic applications of 
alternate hot and cold compresses1      
followed by massage to the breasts4  #c4
 ,three good nourishing meals each day1 
eaten with merriment and gladness of    
heart4  #d4 ,a glass of cream gruel1    
milk1 cocoa1 or eggnog at the close of  
each meal1 with a glass just before     
retiring4  #e4 ,three outings each day  
in the open air4  #f4 ,nurse the baby   
regularly and then turn its care over to
 another1 you seek the out of doors and 
engage in walking1 rowing1 riding and   
other pleasurable exercise4  #g4 ,take a
 daily nap4  #h4 ,you can bank on       

fretting and stewing over the hot cook  
stove to decrease your milk4 ,it seldom 
fails to spoil it4  #i4 ,regular body   
bathing1 with cold friction rubs to the 
skin4  #aj4 ,a happy1 carefree mental   
state4 ,nothing dries up milk so rapidly
 as worry1 grief1 or nagging4  #aa4 ,the
 administration1 preferably in the early
 days1 of desiccated bovine placenta2   
although it may be given at any time    
during the period of nursing4   ,,when  
,,the ,,baby ,,should ,,not ,,be        
,,nursed  ,as much as we desire maternal
 nursing for the babe1 there do occur   
instances and conditions which demand a 
change to artificial feeding1 such as   
the following3    #a4 ,a new pregnancy4 
#b4 ,mothers with uncontrollable        
tempers4   #c4 ,cases of breast abscess4
   #d4 ,prolonged illness of the mother 
with high fever4   #e4 ,wasting diseases
 such as tuberculosis1 ,bright's        
disease1 heart      disease1 etc4   #f4 
,maternal syphilis4   #g4 ,when maternal
 milk utterly fails1 or is wholly       

inadequate4  ,when a maternal anesthetic
 is to be administered1 or in case of   
inflammation of the breast or during a  
very short illness not covering more    
than two or three days1 then the breast 
pump may be used regularly every three  
hours to both breasts2 the baby may be  
artificially fed and then returned to   
the breast after the effects of the     
anesthetic has worn off or the          
temperature has been normal for         
twenty-four hours4  ,there may also     
appear definite indications in certain  
children which make it imperative that  
the nursing child should early be       
weaned4 ,these manifestations of        
disordered nutrition and failing health 
admonish us to put the baby on properly 
modified milk1 or to transfer it to a   
wet nurse4  ,these conditions are3  #a4 
,progressive loss in weight4  #b4 ,a bad
 diarrhea of long standing2 one which   
does not yield to the usual remedies1 at
 least not as long as the baby continues
 to feed from the breast4 ,these        

diarrheas are especially serious when   
accompanied by a steady loss in weight4 
#c4 ,excessive vomiting accompanied by  
progressive loss in weight4   ,,the     
,,wet ,,nurse  ,because of the rarity of
 good1 healthy wet nurses1 it is always 
better to attempt to feed the baby with 
scientifically modified milk 7not       
proprietary foods71 good1 clean1 cow's  
milk properly modified to suit the      
weight and age of the child4 ,we put    
weight first1 for we prepare food for so
 many pounds of baby rather than for the
 number of months old he is4  ,if       
modified food has failed and the best   
specialist within your reach orders a   
wet nurse2 she must have the following  
qualifications3    #a4 ,she must be free
 from tuberculosis and syphilis4   #b4  
,she should be between twenty and thirty
 years of age4   #c4 ,she should abstain
 from all stimulants4   #d4 ,she should 
be amiable1 temperate1 and should sense 
her      responsibility4  ,if an        
unmarried mother of her first child is  

engaged as a wet nurse1 she should not  
be stuffed or allowed to overeat1 which 
is commonly the result of moving her    
from her lower life into more           
comfortable surroundings1 or given ale  
or beer to increase her milk4 ,she      
should continue her normal eating1 take 
light exercise1 which does not mean the 
scrubbing of floors or doing the family 
washing1 and live under the same        
hygienic regime outlined for the nursing
 mother4 ,should she be the mother of   
the second or third illegitimate child1 
then she is quite likely to be mentally 
deficient and she should not be engaged4
 ,her own babe will have to be fed      
artificially as very few mothers can    
endure the strain of two suckling       
children4  ,the baby's own mother should
 keep general supervision and not turn  
her babe entirely over to the care of   
the wet nurse4 ,remember always that no 
one in the wide world will ever take the
 same mother interest in your offspring 
that can spring from your own mother    

heart4     ,,chapter ,,xvi  ,,the       
,,bottle-,,fed ,,baby   ,in taking up   
the subject of the bottle-fed baby1 we  
must repeat that the only perfect baby  
food on earth is the milk that comes    
from the breast of a healthy mother4    
,but sudden illness1 accident1 chronic  
maladies1 or possibly the death of the  
mother1 often throw the helpless babes  
out into a world of many sorts and kinds
 of artificial foods--foods that are    
prepared by modifying cow's1 ass'1 or   
goat's milk2 foods arranged by the      
addition to the milk of various         
specially prepared cereals1 albumens or 
malted preparations1 otherwise known as 
proprietary foods4 ,we shall endeavor1  
then1 in this chapter and in that on the
 feeding problem1 to lay down certain   
general suggestions to both the nurse   
and the mother1 which may assist them in
 their effort to select the food which  
will more nearly simulate nature's      
wondrous mother-food1 and which will1 at
 the same time1 be best suited to some  

one particular baby4   ,,the ,,hourly   
,,schedule  ,the normal baby1 from birth
 to six months1 should receive properly 
prepared nourishment every three hours1 
beginning the day usually at six ,a4    
,m41 the last feeding being at nine ,p4 
,m4 ,during the early weeks an          
additional bottle is given at midnight1 
but this is usually discarded at four   
months1 at which time the last feeding  
should be given at about ten instead of 
at nine at night4  ,should the baby     
continue to awaken during the night     
before six in the morning1 unless he is 
under weight1 a bottle of warm1 boiled1 
unsweetened water should be given4      
,,quantity ,,of ,,food  ,the quantity of
 food to be given is always determined  
by the size of the baby's stomach1      
which1 of course1 depends somewhat upon 
the age of the child2 for instance1 the 
stomach of the average baby one week old
 holds about one ounce1 while at the age
 of three months the stomach holds five 
ounces2 so it would not only be folly to

 give two ounces at one week and seven  
ounces at three months1 but it would    
also be very detrimental to the babe1   
causing severe symptoms due to the      
overloading of the stomach4  ,careful   
study of the size of the stomach at     
different ages in infancy1 together with
 the quantity of milk drawn from the    
breast by a nursing baby1 has led to the
 following conclusions regarding the    
capacity of the baby's stomach3    ,,age
                         ,,quantity     
#a--d weeks                  #a--b      
ounces   #d weeks--#c months            
#b--d ounces   #c months--#f months     
#d--f ounces   #f months--#a year       
#f--h ounces   ,,refrigerator           
,,necessity  ,it is highly important    
that the day's feedings be kept in a    
cold place1 free from the odors of other
 foods as well as free from dust1 flies1
 and filth4 ,in order that this may be  
accomplished1 the well-protected        
bottles1 each containing its baby-meal1 
are placed in a covered pail containing 

ice and water4 ,this covered receptacle 
is now put in an ice box2 and1 in order 
that our most economical reader--one who
 may feel that she cannot afford to keep
 up the daily expense of the family     
refrigerator--may herself prepare a     
simple home refrigerator1 the following 
directions are given 7,fig4 #i74        
,,homemade ,,ice ,,box  ,procure a      
wooden box about eighteen inches square 
and sixteen or eighteen inches deep and 
put four inches of sawdust into the     
bottom2 now fill in the space between a 
ten-quart pail1 which is set in the     
middle of the box with more sawdust4 ,a 
cover for the box is now lined with two 
or three inches of newspaper1 well      
tacked on1 and is fastened to the box by
 hinges4 ,we are now ready for the      
inside pail of ice1 into which is       
carefully placed the well-protected     
bottles of milk1 all of which is then   
set into the ten-quart pail in the box4 
,five cents worth of ice each day will  
keep baby's food cool1 clean1 and       

provide protection against the undue    
growth of germs4  ,illustration3 ,fig4  
#i4 ,homemade ,ice ,box   ,,preparing   
,,the ,,bottle  ,at each feeding hour1  
one of baby's bottled meals is taken    
from the ice box and carefully dipped in
 and out of a deep cup of hot water4 ,a 
very convenient receptacle is a deep1   
quart aluminum cup1 which may be readily
 carried about4 ,the hot water in the   
cup should amply cover the milk in the  
bottle 7,fig4 #aj74  ,to test the warmth
 allow a few drops to fall on the inner 
side of the arm1 where it should feel   
quite warm1 never hot4 ,a baby's clean  
woolen stocking is now drawn over the   
bottle1 which keeps it warm during the  
feeding4 ,no matter how great the danger
 of offending a fond grandparent or a   
much adored friend never allow anyone to
 put the nipple in her mouth to make the
 test for warmth of baby's food4  ,there
 are many contrivances1 both electrical 
and alcoholic1 for heating baby's       
bottle1 many of which are both          

convenient and inexpensive4   ,,position
 ,,during ,,feeding  ,and now we realize
 that we are about to advise against the
 time-honored injunction which has been 
handed down from ,grandma ,this and     
,mother ,that to all young mothers who  
have lived in their neighborhoods3 ,my  
dear young mother1 if you can't nurse   
your precious infant1 you can at least  
'mother it' at the nursing time by      
holding it in your arms and gently      
rocking it to and fro as you hold the   
bottle to its lips4 ,this so-called     
mothering has resulted in regurgitation1
 belching1 and numerous other troubles1 
as well as the formation of the rocking 
habit4  ,a young mother came running    
into my office one day saying3 ,doctor1 
it won't work1 the food's all wrong2 my 
baby is not going to live1 for he throws
 up his food nearly all the time4 ,we   
arranged to be present when the next    
feeding time came and watched the       
proceedings4 ,a dear old friend had told
 her she must 'mother' her baby at the  

nursing time1 and so she had held the   
child in a semi-upright position as she 
endeavored to hold the bottle as near   
her own breast as was possible4 ,the    
hole in the nipple was a bit large1     
which occasioned the subsequent bolting 
of the food1 and then to continue the   
mothering she swayed him to and fro1 all
 of which was interrupted suddenly by   
the vomiting of a deluge of milk4       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,heating the  
,bottle  ,i drew the shade in an        
adjoining room1 opened the windows1 and 
into a comfortable carriage-bed ,i      
placed the baby on his side4 ,seating   
myself beside him ,i held the warm1     
bottled meal as he nursed4 ,several     
times ,i took it from his mouth1 or so  
tipped it that bolting was impossible4  
,gradually1 carefully1 and slowly1 ,i   
took the empty bottle away from the     
sleepy babe1 and as ,i closed the door  
the mother said in anxious amazement3   
,he won't forget ,i'm his mother if ,i  
don't hold him while he nurses8 ,you    

smile as ,i smiled at this girl-mother's
 thought2 but1 nevertheless there are   
many like her--anxious1 well-meaning1   
but ignorant4  ,the infant stomach is   
little more than a tube1 easily emptied 
if the baby's position is not carefully 
guarded after nursing4 ,no bouncing1    
jolting1 patting1 rocking1 or throwing  
should take place either just before1   
during1 or immediately after meals4     
,,time ,,allowance ,,for ,,one ,,feeding
  ,from twelve to twenty minutes is long
 enough time to spend at a bottle meal4 
,the nipple hole may have to be made    
larger1 or a new nipple with a smaller  
hole may have to be purchased4 ,when    
new1 you should be able to just see a   
glimmer of light through the hole1 and  
if the infant is too weak to nurse hard1
 or the hole too small1 it may be made  
larger by a heated hatpin run from the  
inside of the nipple out2 great care    
must be taken1 else you will do it too  
well4 ,if the nipple hole is too large1 
bolting is the sure result2 while too   

small a hole results in crying and anger
 on the part of the hungry child1       
because he has to work too hard to get  
his meal4   ,,after ,,the ,,feed  ,we   
have seen some mothers1 in their anxiety
 to prevent the sucking in of air from  
the emptied bottle1 rush in and jerk the
 nipple from the going-to-sleep babe so 
forcibly that all thoughts of sleep     
vanished and a crying spell was         
initiated4 ,the tactful mother is the   
quiet one who slowly1 quietly1 draws the
 empty bottle with its much loved nipple
 from the lips4 ,if you observe that the
 babe is going to sleep1 with an        
occasional superficial draw at the      
nipple1 wait a moment2 he will drop it  
himself1 and you can pick it up as you  
quietly leave the room4 ,in all         
instances1 whether it be indoors or out 
of doors1 arrange the babe in a         
comfortable sleeping position1          
remembering that nursing is warm        
exercise and the babe gets uncomfortably
 sweaty if overbundled1 especially about

 the head and neck4 ,no one should      
unnecessarily touch the babe immediately
 after feeding2 even his diaper may be  
changed without awakening him while he  
is thus lying quietly in his bed4       
,,intervals ,,between ,,meals  ,the     
three-hour interval is reckoned from the
 beginning of the meal1 and not from its
 close4 ,more than two hours is spent in
 the stomach digestion1 and any food or 
sweetened water which may enter between 
meals only tends to cause indigestion   
and other disturbances4 ,and that this  
important organ may have a bit of rest1 
we fix the interval at three hours1     
which in our experience and that of many
 other physicians1 has yielded good     
results4 ,as a rule we have no          
regurgitation and no sour babies on the 
three-hour schedule4 ,sick babies1 very 
weak babies1 and their feeding time1    
will be discussed in a later chapter4   
,,additional ,,foods  ,at six months1   
and often as early as four1 in cases of 
constipation1 unsweetened1 well-strained

 prune juice may be given1 beginning    
with one-half teaspoon one hour before  
the afternoon feed and increasing it    
daily until two tablespoons are taken4  
,at six months1 both orange juice and   
vegetable broths are given1 whose       
vegetable salts add a very important    
food element to the baby's diet--an     
element which our grandmothers thought  
could only be obtained through the      
time-honored bacon rind of by-gone days4
  ,orange juice is also unsweetened and 
well strained1 and is administered in   
increasing amounts1 beginning with      
one-half teaspoon one hour before the   
afternoon feeding1 until the juice of a 
whole orange is greedily enjoyed by the 
time of the first birthday4 ,the        
vegetable juices are obtained from      
cut-up spinach1 carrots1 tomatoes1 and  
potatoes1 strained1 with a flavor of    
salt and onion--really a bouillon--and  
is given just before the bottle at the  
six ,p4 ,m4 feeding4 ,they are also     
begun in teaspoon amounts4   ,,food     

,,for ,,the ,,traveling ,,babe  ,baby   
travel should be reduced to a sheer     
necessity2 never should the babe be     
subjected to the exposure of disease    
germs1 the change of food1 the          
possibilities of draughts and chilling1 
for merely a pleasure trip--the risks   
are too great and the possibilities of  
future trouble too far reaching4  ,if   
you are in touch with the milk          
laboratory of a large city1 you will    
find that they make a specialty of      
preparing feedings which are good for a 
number of days for the traveling baby1  
and we strongly advise that their       
preparations be accepted2 but in the    
event of not being in touch with such a 
laboratory we suggest the making of a   
carrying ice-box covered with wicker1   
which must be kept replenished with ice4
 ,food kept in such a device may be kept
 fresh for twenty-four to forty-eight   
hours4 ,plans other than the laboratory 
preparations or the ice-box are risky1  
and should not be depended upon4  ,many 

of our railway dining cars now pick up  
fresh1 certified milk at stations along 
the line for use on their tables1 and   
where such is the case fresh            
preparations of milk may be made on a   
trans-continental trip by the aid of an 
alcohol stove4 ,malted milk may also be 
used1 provided you have accustomed the  
baby to its use a week before leaving   
home1 by the gradual substitution of a  
fourth to a half ounce each day in the  
daily food2 all of which1 of course1    
should be done under your physician's   
direction4  ,if possible1 leave baby at 
home in his familiar1 comfortable       
environment in the care of a trained    
nurse and a trusted relative1 and under 
the supervision of the baby's own       
physician4 ,he is much better off1 much 
more contented1 and we are all aware of 
the fact that contentment and           
familiarity of sights and people promote
 good appetite1 good digestion1 and     
happiness--the very essentials of       
success in baby feeding4 ,we speak      

touchingly and sympathetically to the   
mother who must leave her babe2 and     
likewise we wish to cheer her as we     
remind her that by wireless messages and
 night letters it is possible to keep in
 touch with loved ones though a thousand
 miles away4  ,the sanitation and       
modification of cow's milk1 as well as  
stools1 etc41 are taken up in later     
chapters4   ,,rules ,,for ,,the         
,,bottle-,,fed     #a4 ,never play with 
a baby during or right after a meal4    
#b4 ,lay the baby on his side when      
nursing the bottle4    #c4 ,three full  
hours should intervene between feedings4
    #d4 ,don't give the food too hot--it
 should just be warm4    #e4 ,make the  
test for warmth on the inner side of    
your arm4    #f4 ,give a drink of water 
between each meal if awake4    #g4      
,never save the left-overs for baby4    
#h4 ,if possible1 give three feedings   
each day in the cool air1 with          
baby comfortably warm4    #i4 ,do not   
jump1 bounce1 pat1 or rock baby during  

or after meals4   #aj4 ,never coax baby 
to take more than he wants1 or needs4   
#aa4 ,no solid foods are given the first
 year4   #ab4 ,orange juice may be given
 at six months2 while1 after four       
months1       unsweetened prune juice is
 better than medicine for the bowels4   
,,chapter ,,xvii  ,,milk ,,sanitation   
,cow's milk1 like mother's milk1 is made
 up of solids and water4 ,in a previous 
chapter we learned that in one-hundred  
parts of mother's milk1 eighty-seven    
parts were water and thirteen parts were
 solid4 ,these thirteen parts of solids 
consist of sugar1 proteins1 and salts2  
this is likewise the case with cow's    
milk1 except that in the case of the    
cow's milk1 the sugar is decreased while
 the proteins are increased as will be  
noted by the accompanying comparative   
analysis3         ,,mother',s ,,milk    
,fat               #d4jj   ,sugar       
#g4jj   ,proteins           #a4ej       
,salts              #j4bj   ,water      
#hg4cj                    ------        

#ajj4jj         ,,cow',s ,,milk    ,fat 
#d4jj   ,sugar              #d4ej       
,proteins           #c4ej   ,salts      
#j4ge   ,water             #hg4be       
-----                   #ajj4jj         
,mother's milk is absolutely sterile1   
that is1 free from the presence of      
germs2 on the other hand1 cow's milk is 
anything but sterile--the moment it     
leaves the udder it begins to accumulate
 numerous bacteria1 all of which        
multiply very rapidly4 ,cow's milk is   
generally twenty-four to forty-eight    
hours old before it can possibly reach  
the baby4 ,it is just as important to   
keep in mind these facts of milk        
contamination--dirt1 filth1 flies1 and  
bacteria--as it is to plan for the      
modification of cow's milk for the      
purpose of making it more nearly        
resemble mother's milk4 ,while mother's 
milk has about the same percentage of   
fat as cow's milk1 it is almost twice as
 rich in sugar1 and has only one-fourth 
to one-third as much protein4 ,this     

protein is vastly different from that   
found in cow's milk1 which you recall   
has a tough curd1 as seen in cottage    
cheese4 ,while mother's milk contains a 
small amount of casein similar to that  
found in the cheese of the cow's milk1  
the principal protein constituent is of 
another kind 7lactalbumin71 and is much 
more easy of digestion than the casein  
of cow's milk4  ,this is a most         
important point to remember1 because the
 baby's stomach is not at first adapted 
to the digestion of the heavier and     
tougher protein curds of cow's milk4 ,it
 requires time to accustom the infant   
stomach to perform this heavier work of 
digestion4 ,there are a number of       
factors which must be borne in mind in  
the modification of milk1 whether it be 
cow's milk1 or goat's milk 7for many    
,european physicians use goat's milk    
entirely in the artificial feeding of   
infants73 namely1 the cleanliness of the
 milk1 the acidity of milk1 the         
difference in the curd1 the percentage  

of sugar1 and the presence of bacteria4 
,,sugar  ,in the modification of cow's  
milk1 sugar must be added to make up for
 the sugar which is decreased when the  
water was added to reduce the protein4  
,there are several sorts of sugar used  
in the modification of milk4 ,these     
sugars are not added to sweeten the milk
 alone1 but to furnish a very important 
element needed for the growth of the    
baby4 ,sugar is the one element which   
the infant requires in the largest      
amount4  ,milk sugar is probably most   
universally used in the modification of 
milk1 but a good grade of milk sugar is 
somewhat expensive1 costing from thirty 
to sixty cents a pound1 and this places 
it beyond the reach of many mothers4 ,it
 is added to the food mixtures in the   
proportion of one ounce to every twenty 
ounces of food4 ,cane sugar 7table      
sugar7 may also be used1 but it must be 
clean and of good quality4 ,it is used  
in rather less quantity than that of    
milk sugar1 usually from one-half to    

one-third of an ounce by measure to each
 twenty ounces of food4 ,dextri-maltose 
7malt sugar7 is very easy of digestion  
and may be used in the modification of  
milk4 ,maltose seems to help the        
children to gain more rapidly in weight 
than when only milk or cane sugar is    
used4 ,it is also exceedingly useful in 
constipation1 as its action is more     
laxative than any of the other sugars2  
but it should not be given to children  
who vomit habitually or have loose      
stools4   ,,acidity  ,like mother's     
milk1 the cow's milk is neutral as it   
comes from the udder2 but1 on standing1 
it quickly changes1 soon becoming       
slightly acid1 as shown by testing with 
blue litmus paper4 ,in fact1 what is    
known as ordinarily fresh milk1 if      
subjected to the litmus paper test1     
always gives an acid reaction4 ,this    
acidity is neutralized by adding lime   
water to the formula in the proportion  
of one ounce to each twenty-ounce       
mixture4 ,ordinary baking soda is       

sometimes prescribed by physicians in   
place of the lime water4 ,in the event  
of obstinate constipation1 milk of      
magnesia is sometimes added to the day's
 feedings4   ,,cream  ,there may be     
procured in any large city an instrument
 called the cream gauge1 which registers
 approximately 7not accurately7 the     
richness of milk4 ,some milk1 even      
though rich1 parts with its cream very  
slowly2 while some poor milk allows     
nearly all the cream quickly to rise to 
the surface4 ,we know of no way for the 
mother to determine the amount of cream 
7without the cream gauge7 except by the 
color and richness of the milk4 ,in     
cities it is very convenient to send a  
specimen of the milk to the laboratories
 to be examined by experts1 who will    
gladly render a report to both physician
 and mother4  ,the lactometer is a      
little instrument used to estimate the  
specific gravity of milk4 ,an ordinary  
urinometer such as used by physicians in
 estimating the specific gravity of     

urine may also be used4 ,the specific   
gravity of cow's milk should not        
register below #ajbh or above #ajcc4    
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a ,sanitary  
,dairy  ,courtesy of ,lakewood ,farm    
,courtesy of ,lakewood ,farm   ,,herd   
,,milk  ,milk from a single cow is not  
to be desired for baby's food because of
 its liability to vary from day to day1 
not to mention the danger of the cow's  
becoming sick4 ,authorities have agreed 
that herd milk of ,holstein or ordinary 
grade cows is best for infant feeding4  
,this mixed-herd milk contains just     
about the proper percentage of fat2     
whereas1 if ,jersey milk must be used1  
some of the cream should be taken away4 
,our milk should come from healthy cows 
which have been tested for tuberculosis 
at least every three months4  ,annatto  
is sometimes added to milk to increase  
its richness of color4 ,to test for     
annatto proceed as follows3 ,to a couple
 of tablespoons of milk add a pinch of  
ordinary baking soda4 ,insert one-half  

of a strip of filter paper in the milk  
and allow it to remain over night4      
,annatto will give a distinct orange    
tint to the paper4 ,the commonly used   
milk preservatives are boracic acid1    
salicylic acid1 and formaldehyde1 any of
 which may be readily detected by your  
health officials4   ,,sanitary ,,dairies
  ,in close proximity to most large     
cities there is usually to be found one 
or more sanitary dairies4 ,it is a joy  
indeed to visit a farm of this kind with
 its airy stables and concrete floors1  
which are washed with water coming from 
a hose4 ,the drainage is perfect--all   
filth is immediately carried off 7,fig4 
#aa74 ,the cows are known to be free    
from tuberculosis1 actinomycosis 7lumpy 
jaw71 and foot and mouth disease4 ,the  
milkmen on this farm wear washable      
clothes at the milking time1 and their  
hands are painstakingly cleansed just   
before the milking hour4 ,previous to   
the milking the cattle have been curried
 outside the milking room and their     

udders have received a careful washing4 
,the milkman grasps the teat with clean 
hands1 while the milk is allowed to flow
 through several thicknesses of         
sterilized gauze into the sanitary      
milking pail4 ,this milk is at once     
poured into sterile bottles1 is quickly 
cooled and shipped in ice to the        
substations where the delivery wagon is 
waiting4 ,in the ideal delivery wagon   
there are shallow vats of ice in which  
the bottles are placed1 thus permitting 
the milk to reach the baby's home having
 all the while been kept at a           
temperature just above the freezing     
point4  ,and why all this trouble8 ,why 
all this worry over temperature and     
cleanliness8 ,babies were not so cared  
for in the days of our grandmothers4    
,the old-fashioned way of milking the   
cows with dirty clothes and soiled      
hands1 while cattle were more or less   
covered with manure1 with their tails   
switching millions of manure germs into 
the milking pail1 produced a milk laden 

not only with manure germs--the one     
great cause of infantile diarrhea--but  
also swarming with numerous other       
mischief making microbes4 ,even         
tuberculosis1 that much dreaded disease 
germ of early infancy1 may come from the
 dairy hands as well as from infected   
cows4  ,there used to be many dairymen  
like the old farmer who1 when           
interrogated by the health commissioner 
concerning the cleanliness of his milk1 
laughed as he reached down into the     
bottom of a pail of yellow milk and     
grabbing up a handful of manure and     
straw1 said3 ,that's what makes the     
youngsters grow4 ,but it does not make  
them grow2 it often causes them to die1 
and even if they do live1 they live in  
spite of such contaminated food1 for the
 germ which is always found in the colon
 of the cow 7coli communis71 probably   
kills more babies every year than any   
other single thing4  ,it is possible to 
reduce the growth of these germs by     
keeping the milk at a very low          

temperature from the time it leaves the 
cow until the moment it gets to the home
 refrigerator4 ,those which survive this
 process of refrigeration may be quickly
 rendered harmless by pasteurizing or   
sterilizing at the time of preparing    
baby's food4  ,in the absence of the    
modern sanitary dairy1 we would suggest 
that the milk supply be improved by     
giving attention to the following3  ,the
 cattle should be tested for            
tuberculosis every three months4 ,the   
walls of the cowhouse should be         
whitewashed three times a year4 ,the    
manure should be stored outside the     
barn4 ,the floor of the cowhouse should 
be sprinkled and swept each day4 ,the   
cattle should be kept clean--curried    
each day1 and rubbed off with a damp    
cloth before milking4 ,the udders should
 be washed before each milking4 ,the    
milker can wear a clean white gown or   
linen duster which should be washed     
every two days1 while his hands should  
be washed just before the milking4 ,the 

milking pail should be of the covered   
sanitary order4 ,the barn should be     
screened4   ,,certified ,,milk          
,immediately after leaving the cow1 the 
milk should be cooled to at least #de   
,f4 ,it should at once be put into      
bottles that have been previously       
sterilized and then be tightly covered1 
and should be kept in ice water until   
ready for consumption4 ,no matter how   
carefully the milk is handled1 it is    
infected with many bacteria1 but if it  
is quickly cooled1 the increase of the  
bacteria is greatly retarded4 ,under no 
circumstances buy milk from a grocery   
store out of a large can4 ,go to your   
health officer and encourage him in his 
campaign for sanitary dairies and       
certified milk4  ,such milk as we have  
described under the head of sanitary    
dairies1 when it has been tested by the 
board of health and has received the    
approval of the medical profession1 is  
known as certified milk2 and1 although  
the price is usually fifteen to twenty  

cents a quart1 when compared with the   
cost of baby's illness it will prove to 
be cheaper than the dirty milk which    
sickens and kills the little folks4     
,there is no doubt that the increased   
use of certified milk has been a great  
factor in the reduction of deaths from  
infant diarrhea in recent years4        
,,boiling ,,the ,,milk  ,when certified 
milk cannot be had1 it is absolutely    
dangerous to give raw1 unboiled1 or     
unpasteurized milk to the baby1         
particularly in warm weather2 for the   
countless millions of manure germs found
 in each teaspoon of ordinary milk not  
only disturbs the baby's digestion1 but 
actually makes him sick1 causing colic1 
diarrhea1 and cholera infantum4 ,the    
only way this milk can be rendered safe 
is by cooking it--actually killing the  
bacteria4 ,this process of boiling1     
however1 does not make good milk out of 
bad milk nor clean milk out of that     
which is dirty1 it simply renders the   
milk less dangerous4  ,there are two    

methods of killing                      
bacteria--sterilization and             
pasteurization4 ,by sterilization is    
meant the process of rendering the milk 
germ free by heating1 by boiling4 ,many 
of the germs found in milk are          
comparatively harmless1 merely causing  
the souring of milk2 but other microbes 
are occasionally present which cause    
serious diseases1 such as measles1      
typhoid and scarlet fever1 diphtheria1  
tuberculosis1 and diarrhea4 ,it is      
always necessary to heat the milk before
 using in warm weather1 and during the  
winter it is also important when        
infectious or contagious diseases are   
prevalent4  ,milk should be sterilized  
when intended for use on a long journey1
 and may be eaten as late as two or     
three days afterward4  ,to sterilize    
milk1 place it in a well-protected      
kettle and allow to boil for one hour   
and then rapidly cool4 ,this process    
renders it more constipating1 and for   
some children many of its nutritive     

properties seem to be destroyed1 as     
scurvy is often the result of its       
prolonged use4 ,when a child must       
subsist upon boiled milk for a long     
period1 he should be given the juice of 
an orange each day4 ,children are not   
usually strong and normal when fed upon 
milk of this character for indefinite   
periods4 ,all living bacteria 7except   
the spores or eggs7 may be destroyed by 
boiling milk for one or two minutes4    
,,pasteurization  ,when baby is to use  
the milk within twenty-four hours1      
pasteurization is better than boiling as
 a method of destroying microbes4       
,there are many pasteurizers on the     
market which may be depended upon1 among
 which are the ,walker-,gordon          
,pasteurizer1 and ,freeman's            
,pasteurizer2 but in the absence of     
either of these pasteurization may be   
successfully accomplished by the        
following method3  ,on the bottom of a  
large kettle filled with cold water1    
place an ordinary flatiron stand upon   

which is put a folded towel4 ,on this   
place the bottle of milk as it comes    
from the dairyman1 with the cap of the  
bottle loosened4 ,the cold water in the 
kettle should come up to within an inch 
of the top of the bottle of milk4 ,heat 
this water quickly up to just the       
boiling point--until you see the bubbles
 beginning to rise to the top4 ,the gas 
is then turned down or the kettle is    
placed on the back of the range and held
 at this near-boiling point for thirty  
minutes1 after which it is taken to the 
sink and cold water is turned into the  
water in the kettle1 until the bottle of
 milk is thoroughly cooled4 ,it is now  
ready to be made up into the modified   
food for baby4  ,never let pasteurized  
milk stand in the room1 nor put it near 
the ice when warm4 ,it must be cooled   
rapidly1 as described above2 that is1   
within fifteen or twenty minutes4  ,the 
spores of the milk are not killed by    
pasteurization and they hatch out       
rapidly unless the milk is kept very    

cold1 and1 as already stated1 it should 
be used within twenty-four hours after  
pasteurization4   ,,the ,,care ,,of     
,,bottled ,,milk  ,the certified milk or
 the ordinary milk that has been        
delivered to your home and is to be used
 without pasteurization or              
sterilization1 should receive the       
following care3  #a4 ,it should be      
placed at once in a portion of the ice  
box that is not used to store such foods
 as radishes1 cabbage1 meats or any     
other open dishes of food whose odors   
would quickly be absorbed by the milk4  
,the milk should never be left standing 
on the doorsteps in the sun1 for many   
reasons3 the sun heats the milk1        
encourages the growth of bacteria1 and a
 passing cat or dog1 whose mouth often  
contains the germs of scarlet fever1    
tonsilitis1 and diphtheria1 should it be
 hungry1 laps the tops of the bottles1  
particularly in the winter when the     
cream has frozen and is bulging over the
 edge4  #b4 ,it should never be kept in 

the warm kitchen1 as when visiting her  
sick baby we discovered one young mother
 doing4 ,in answer to my question1 she  
explained2 ,doctor1 we do not take ice  
in the winter time1 everything is ice   
outdoors1 so ,i just set the bottle     
outside the window bringing it in       
whenever ,i need to give the baby some  
food4 ,i forget to put it out sometimes1
 but really now1 does it matter8 ,it    
really matters much1 for you see1       
reader1 the milk is first freezing then 
thawing and it is rendered entirely     
unfit for the baby4  #c4 ,milk should be
 kept covered and protected from dust   
and flies2 it should be kept in glass   
jars which have been sterilized by      
boiling before being filled1 and then   
placed in the refrigerator4 ,if the milk
 is sour1 or if there is any sediment in
 the bottle1 it is unfit for baby's use4
     ,,chapter ,,xviii  ,,home          
,,modification ,,of ,,milk   ,in a      
previous chapter it was found from      
comparing the analysis of mother's milk 

with that of cow's milk1 that they      
widely differed in the proteins and     
sugar4 ,the art of so changing cow's    
milk that it conforms as nearly as is   
possible to mother's milk is known as   
modification4 ,where protein1 sugar1 and
 fat are given in proper amounts1       
healthy infants get along well2 but when
 either the fats or proteins are given  
in excess1 or when the digestion of the 
child is deranged1 there is often no end
 of mischief4  ,there are two groups of 
milk formulas that are useful4 ,first1  
those in which the fats and proteins are
 about the same1 known as whole milk1 or
 straight milk mixtures2 second1 those  
in which the fats are used in larger    
proportions than proteins1 and known as 
top milk--milk taken from the upper part
 of the bottle after the cream has      
risen4 ,and since the larger proportion 
of babies take the lower fats or whole  
milk formulas1 and seem to get along    
better than the babies who have the top 
milk formulas1 we will first take up the

 consideration of the modification of   
whole milk4   ,,preparation ,,for       
,,modification  ,to begin with1         
everything that comes in contact with   
the preparation of baby's food must be  
absolutely clean4 ,the table on which   
the articles are placed1 and any towel  
that comes in contact with the articles 
or the mother's hands1 or those of the  
nurse1 must be thoroughly scrubbed4     
,there is only one way to prepare the   
utensils that are to be used in making  
the baby's food1 and that is to put them
 in a large kettle and allow them to    
boil hard for fifteen minutes just      
before they are to be used4 ,the        
articles needed are 7,fig4 #ab73     #a4
 ,as many bottles as there are feedings 
in one day4    #b4 ,a nipple for each   
bottle4    #c4 ,waxed paper for each    
bottle top4    #d4 ,rubber bands for    
each bottle4    #e4 ,a two-quart        
pitcher4    #f4 ,a long-handled spoon   
for stirring the food4    #g4 ,a        
tablespoon4    #h4 ,a fork4    #i4 ,an  

eight-ounce1 graduated measuring glass4 
#aj4 ,a bottle of lime water4   #aa4 ,a 
fine-mesh1 aluminum strainer4   #ab4 ,a 
square of sterile gauze for straining   
the food 7should be boiled       for    
fifteen minutes with the utensils74     
#ac4 ,one plate1 and later a double     
boiler 7#ad74   #ae4 ,the sugar4   #af4 
,the milk4   #ag4 ,ready for the ice    
box4   #ah4 ,refrigeration4   ,,bottles 
,,and ,,nipples  ,there is but one      
bottle which can be thoroughly washed   
and cleaned1 and that is the            
wide-mouthed bottle4 ,it should hold    
eight ounces and should have the scale  
in ounces blown in the side 7,fig4 #aj74
 ,the nipple for this bottle is a large1
 round breast from which projects a     
short1 conical nipple1 which more nearly
 resembles the normal breast than do the
 old-fashioned nipples so frequently    
seen on the small-necked nursing        
bottles4 ,there is a great advantage in 
this1 in that the baby cannot grasp the 
nipple full length and thus cause       

gagging4 ,these bottles and nipples are 
known as the ,hygeia1 and have proven to
 be a great source of comfort to the    
baby as well as to the mother or nurse  
whose duty it is to keep them clean4    
,there are a number of other nursing    
bottles on the market1 which1 if they   
are used1 must be thoroughly cleansed   
with a special bottle brush each day4   
,the neck is small and the nipple is    
small and great care must be taken in   
the cleansing of both of them4   ,,care 
,,of ,,bottles ,,and ,,nipples  ,when   
there is a bottle for each individual   
feeding in the day1 immediately after   
each nursing both bottle and nipple     
should be rinsed in cold water and left 
standing1 filled with water1 until the  
bottles for one day's feeding have all  
been used4 ,the nipples should be       
scrubbed1 rinsed1 and wiped dry and kept
 by themselves until their boiling      
preparation for the following day's     
feeding4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4     
,articles ,needed for ,baby's ,feeding  

,if the same bottle is to be used for   
the successive feedings during the day1 
it should be rinsed1 washed with soap   
and water1 and both bottle and nipple   
placed in cold water and brought quickly
 to the boiling point and allowed to    
boil for fifteen minutes4 ,no bottles or
 nipples must ever be used after a mere 
rinsing2 boiling1 preceded by a thorough
 washing in soap and water1 must take   
place before they are used a second     
time4  ,new nipples are often hard and  
need to be softened1 which is readily   
done by either prolonged boiling or     
rubbing them in the hands4  ,all new    
bottles should be annealed by placing   
them on the stove in a dishpan of cold  
water and allowing them to boil for     
twenty minutes1 and then allowing them  
to remain in the water until they are   
cold4 ,when bottles are treated in this 
manner they do not break so readily when
 being filled with boiling water or hot 
food4   ,,preparing ,,the ,,food  ,in a 
large preserving kettle place all the   

utensils needed in the preparation of   
the food--pitcher1 spoon1 fork1         
measuring glass1 bottles1 nipples1      
cheesecloth for straining1 agate cup1   
wire strainer1 in fact everything that  
is to be used in the preparation of the 
food4 ,now fill the kettle with cold    
water and place over the gas and allow  
to boil for fifteen minutes4 ,on a      
well-scrubbed worktable place a clean   
dish towel1 and on this put the utensils
 and the bottles right side up4 ,the    
nipples on being taken out of the       
boiling water will dry of themselves2   
they should be placed in a glass-covered
 jar until they are needed for each     
individual feeding1 the nipples not     
being placed on the bottles as they go  
to the ice box4  ,having been given your
 formula by your physician1 proceed in  
the following way4 ,suppose we were     
preparing the food for a normal         
two-months old baby that weighed ten    
pounds1 with the prescription as        
follows3    ,,baby ,,smith4   ,rx       

,whole ,milk                            
ounces     #aa   ,cane ,sugar           
level tablespoons      #b   ,boiled     
,water                          ounces  
#ab   ,lime ,water                      
ounces      #a   ,amount at ,each       
,feeding                ounces      #c  
,number of ,bottles                     
#g   ,interval ,between ,feedings       
hours      #c   ,,details ,,of          
,,preparation  ,two level tablespoons of
 cane sugar are placed in the agate cup 
and dissolved in a small amount of      
boiling water4 ,the solution should be  
perfectly clear1 and if it does not     
clear up put it over the heat for a few 
moments4  ,this is now turned into the  
eight-ounce measuring glass which is    
then filled with boiling water and      
emptied into the two-quart pitcher4 ,we 
need four and one-half more ounces of   
boiling water to complete the           
prescription requirement of twelve and  
one-half ounces4  ,the bottle of milk1  
if properly certified1 need not be      

pasteurized2 but if it is not1 it should
 have been previously pasteurized while 
the utensils were boiling according to  
the suggestions found in the chapter on 
milk sanitation4 ,the top of the milk   
bottle should be thoroughly rinsed and  
wiped dry1 and after a thorough shaking 
of the milk1 the cover is removed with  
the sterile fork and eleven ounces are  
measured out by measuring glass and     
poured into the pitcher4 ,all is now    
stirred together with an ounce of lime  
water1 which should never look murky1   
but should be as clear as the clearest  
water and should always be kept in the  
ice box when not in use4  ,the sterile  
cheesecloth which has been boiled for   
fifteen minutes is now put over the nose
 of the pitcher1 the contents of which  
is accurately measured into the seven   
clean1 empty bottles1 each containing   
three and one-half ounces4 ,over the top
 of each of the nursing bottles is      
placed a generous piece of waxed paper  
which is held down by a rubber band4    

,each meal for the day is now contained 
in a separate bottle1 and all are placed
 in a covered pail of water containing  
ice1 and put in the ice box4  ,if the   
prescription for the baby's food        
contains gruel1 it is prepared in the   
following manner3  ,suppose the baby is 
eight months old and the prescription   
called for two level tablespoons of     
flour and eight ounces of boiled water4 
,the two level tablespoons of flour1    
whether it be wheat 7ordinary bread     
flour71 or barley flour1 are put into a 
cup and stirred up with cold water1 just
 as you would stir up a thickening for  
gravy2 now measure out eight ounces of  
water and allow it to come to a boil in 
the inner pan of the double boiler1 into
 which the thin paste is stirred until  
it comes to a boil4 ,after boiling for  
twenty minutes1 remeasure in the        
measuring glass and what water has been 
lost by evaporation must be added to    
complete accurately the prescription    
requirement of eight ounces2 this is now

 added to the other ingredients of the  
prescription4   ,,table ,,for ,,infant  
,,feeding  ,we now offer a monthly      
schedule--a table which is the result of
 our experience in feeding hundreds of  
babies in various sections of ,chicago4 
,it is not a schedule for the sick baby1
 but it is a carefully tabulated outline
 for the normal1 healthy1 average child 
ranging from one week to one year in    
age4 ,in offering this table we remind  
the mother1 if the baby is six months   
old and not doing well on the food it is
 getting and a change is desired by both
 mother and physician1 that it is far   
better to begin with the second or third
 month's prescription and quickly work  
up to the sixth month's4 ,this change   
may often be accomplished in two or     
three days4  ,in all large cities there 
are to be found milk laboratories which 
make it their business to fill          
prescriptions for the modification of   
milk under the direction of baby        
specialists4 ,this milk can be          

absolutely relied upon4 ,in specialized 
diet kitchens in many large hospitals1  
these feeding prescriptions also may be 
filled4  ,,artificial ,,feeding         
,,schedule          ,age                
,amount               ,baby's  ,whole   
,cane   ,wheat  ,boiled  ,lime    at    
,weight   ,milk  ,sugar  ,flour  ,water 
,water  ,feeding                        
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,level  ,level                          
,pounds ,ounces  ,table- ,table- ,ounces
  ,ounces ,ounces                       
spoon  spoon                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #a week        
#g      #b    #a              #e        
#a                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #b weeks       
#g      #d    #a             #i         
#b                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #c weeks       

#g      #g     #b             #aj       
#b                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #d weeks       
#h       #i     #b             #aa      
#a       #c                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #b months      
#aj      #aa     #b             #ab     
#a       #c                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #c months      
#ab      #ae     #b            #ae      
#a       #d                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #d months      
#ac      #ah     #b     #a      #ac     
#a      #e                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #e months      
#ad      #ba     #b     #a     #ac      
#a      #f                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #f months      
#ae      #bc     #b     #a     #aj      

#a      #g                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #g months      
#af      #be     #b      #a      #h     
#a      #g                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #h months      
#ag      #bg     #a     #b      #h      
#a      #g                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #i months      
#ah      #bi     #a      #b      #h     
#b       #g                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #aj months     
#ai      #cj           #b      #h       
#b       #h                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #aa months     
#bj      #ca           #b      #h       
#b       #i                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------   #ab months     
#ba      #cb                   #g       
#b       #i                             

----------------------------------------
----------------------   #ah months     
#bd      #cf                            
#ab                                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------          ,age    
,number   ,interval            ,soups   
,total                of     ,between   
,fruit      and     ,daily              
,feedings  ,feedings  ,juices    ,broths
  ,calories                             
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
in #bd    ,hours                        
,hours                                  
----------------------------------------
----------------   #a week        #h    
#c                         #aab         
----------------------------------------
----------------   #b weeks       #g    
#c                         #ahd         
----------------------------------------
----------------   #c weeks       #g    
#c                         #bfg         
----------------------------------------

----------------   #d weeks       #g    
#c                         #cji         
----------------------------------------
----------------   #b months      #g    
#c                         #cea         
----------------------------------------
----------------   #c months      #g    
#c                         #ddg         
----------------------------------------
----------------   #d months      #f    
#c                         #eec         
----------------------------------------
----------------   #e months      #f    
#c                        #fbh          
----------------------------------------
----------------   #f months      #e    
#d      one       one      #fhj         
teaspoon tablespoon                     
----------------------------------------
----------------   #g months      #e    
#d      two               #gcb          
teaspoons   cup                         
----------------------------------------
----------------   #h months      #e    
#d    one-half            #gfg          

orange     cup                          
----------------------------------------
----------------   #i months      #e    
#d      one               #hed          
orange     cup                          
----------------------------------------
----------------   #aj months     #e    
#d      one              #hge           
orange     cup                          
----------------------------------------
----------------   #aa months     #e    
#e       one       #a       #ijf        
orange     cup                          
----------------------------------------
----------------   #ab months     #e    
#e       one     #a cup                 
orange   arrowroot  #iej                
cracker                                 
----------------------------------------
----------------   #ah months     #c    
#f      toast1 gravies1 baked           
potato and apple1 etc4                  
----------------------------------------
----------------    ,note  #a ounce of  
whole milk equals                 #ba   

calories         #a level tablespoon of 
cane sugar equals      #fj calories     
#a level tablespoon of milk sugar equals
      #de calories         #a level     
tablespoon of flour equals           #be
 calories         ,the juice of #a      
average orange equals         #ge       
calories         #a cup of average      
bouillon equals about      #ajj calories
  7,this table is calculated on the     
basis of about #de calories for each    
pound of baby weight7   ,,top-,,milk    
,,formula  ,top milk is the upper layer 
of milk which has been removed after    
standing a certain number of hours in a 
milk bottle or any other tall vessel    
with straight sides4 ,it contains most  
of the cream and varying amounts of     
milk4 ,it may be removed by a small     
cream dipper which holds one ounce1 or  
it may be taken off with a siphon1 but  
it should never be poured off4 ,to      
obtain seven per cent top milk which is 
the one most ordinarily used in the     
preparation of top milk formulas1 we    

take off varying amounts--according to  
the quality of the milk--which ,doctor  
,holt describes as follows3       ,from 
a rather poor milk1 by removing the     
upper eleven ounces from      a quart1  
or about one-third the bottle4          
,from a good average milk1 by removing  
the upper sixteen ounces1      or       
one-half the bottle4       ,from a rich 
,jersey milk1 by removing the upper     
twenty-two ounces1      or about        
two-thirds the bottle4  ,cream is often 
spoken of as if it were the fat in milk4
 ,it is really the part of the milk     
which contains most of the fat and is   
obtained by skimming1 after the milk has
 stood usually for twenty-four hours2   
this is known as gravity cream4 ,it is  
also obtained by an apparatus called a  
separator2 this is known as centrifugal 
cream1 most of the cream now sold in    
cities being of this kind4 ,the richness
 of any cream is indicated by the amount
 of fat it contains4  ,the usual gravity
 cream sold has from sixteen to twenty  

per cent fat4 ,the cream removed from   
the upper part 7one-fifth7 of a bottle  
of milk has about sixteen per cent fat4 
,the usual centrifugal cream has        
eighteen to twenty per cent fat4 ,the   
heavy centrifugal cream has thirty-five 
to forty per cent fat4  ,the            
digestibility of cream depends much upon
 circumstances4 ,many serious           
disturbances of digestion are caused by 
cream4  ,it is convenient in calculation
 to make up twenty ounces of food at a  
time4 ,the first step is to obtain the  
seven per cent milk1 then to take the   
number of ounces that are called for in 
the formula desired4  ,one should not   
make the mistake of taking from the top 
of the bottle only the number of ounces 
needed in the formula1 as this may be   
quite a different per cent of cream and 
give quite a different result4  ,there  
will be required in addition1 one ounce 
of milk sugar and one ounce of lime     
water in each twenty ounces4 ,the rest  
of the food will be made up of boiled   

water4  ,these formulas written out     
would be as follows3  ,,formula ,,from  
,,seven ,,per ,,cent ,,milk             
,i   ,,ii   ,,iii  ,,iv    ,v   ,,vi    
,,vii ,,viii  ,,ix                      
,oz4  ,oz4  ,oz4  ,oz4  ,oz4  ,oz4  ,oz4
  ,oz4  ,oz4   #g per cent milk      #b 
#c    #d    #e    #f    #g    #h    #i  
#aj   ,milk sugar           #a    #a    
#a    #a    #a                   ,lime  
water           #a    #a    #a    #a    
#a    #a    #a    #a    #a   ,boiled    
water        #ag   #af   #ae   #ad   #ac
   #ab   #aa   #aj    #i                
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  
---                       #bj   #bj     
#bj   #bj   #bj   #bj   #bj   #bj   #bj 
,the approximate composition of these   
formulas expressed in percentages are as
 follows3    ,formula         ,fat      
,sugar    ,proteins   ,i                
#j4gj      #e4jj      #j4ce   ,,ii      
#a4jj      #f4jj      #j4ej   ,,iii     
#a4dj      #f4jj      #j4gj   ,,iv      
#a4ge      #f4jj      #j4hg   ,v        

#b4jj      #f4jj      #a4jj   ,,vi      
#b4dj      #f4jj      #a4bj   ,,vii     
#b4hj      #f4jj      #a4dj   ,,viii    
#c4aj      #f4jj      #a4ee   ,,ix      
#c4ej      #f4jj      #a4ge       ,it is
 necessary to make the food weak at     
first because the      infant's stomach 
is intended to digest breast milk1 not  
cow's      milk2 but if we begin with a 
very weak cow's milk the stomach can    
be gradually trained to digest it4 ,if  
we began with a strong milk      the    
digestion might be seriously upset4     
,usually we begin with number one on the
 second day2 number two on the fourth   
day2 number three at seven to ten days2 
but after that make the increase more   
slowly4 ,a large infant with a strong   
digestion will bear a rather rapid      
increase and may be able to take number 
five by the time it is three or four    
weeks old4 ,a child with a feeble       
digestion must go much slower and may   
not reach number five before it is three
 or four months old4       ,it is       

important with all children that the    
increase in the food      be made very  
gradually4 ,it may be best with many    
infants to      increase the milk by    
only half an ounce in twenty ounces of  
food1      instead of one ounce at a    
time1 as indicated in the tables4 ,thus1
      from three ounces the increase    
would be to three and one-half          
ounces2 from four ounces to four and    
one-half ounces1 etc4 ,at      least two
 or three days should be allowed between
 each increase      in the strength of  
the food4   ,,peptonized ,,milk         
,another modification which at times may
 be ordered by your physician is        
peptonized milk4 ,since it is infrequent
 for the proteins of milk to be the     
cause of indigestion1 peptonized milk   
has only a limited use1 chiefly in cases
 of acute illness4 ,the milk is         
peptonized in the following manner3     
,place the peptonizing powder 7it is    
procurable in tubes or tablets from the 
drug store7 in a small amount of milk1  

and after being well dissolved1 put into
 the bottle or pitcher with the plain or
 modified milk1 after which the whole is
 shaken up together4 ,the bottle is then
 put into a large pitcher containing    
water heated to about #aaj ,f4 or as    
warm as would bear the hand comfortably1
 and left for ten or twenty minutes 7if 
the milk is to be partially peptonized74
 ,to completely peptonize the milk1 two 
hours are required4 ,either of these    
formulas is only used on the advice of a
 physician4   ,,buttermilk  ,in many    
cases of chronic intestinal indigestion1
 buttermilk is used in place of the     
milk4 ,it is prepared as follows3 ,after
 the cream has been taken from the milk 
and it has been allowed to come to a    
boil1 it is cooled to just blood heat4  
,a buttermilk tablet1 having first been 
dissolved in a teaspoonful of sterile   
water1 is now stirred into the quart of 
warmed1 skimmed milk and allowed to     
stand at room temperature for           
twenty-four hours at which time it      

should look like a smooth custard4 ,with
 a sterile whip this is now beaten and  
is ready for the sugar and the boiled   
water which is added according to the   
written prescription from the doctor4   
,,condensed ,,milk  ,under no           
circumstances should condensed milk be  
used as the sole food of the baby for   
more than one month4 ,children often    
gain upon it1 but as a rule they have   
little resistance1 and they are very    
prone to develop rickets and oftentimes 
scurvy2 and1 as noted elsewhere1 orange 
juice should always be administered at  
least once during the twenty-four hours 
as long as condensed milk is used4  ,of 
all the brands of condensed milk1 those 
only should be selected which contain   
little or no cane sugar4 ,perhaps the   
,peerless ,brand of evaporated milk is  
the most reliable and in the preparation
 of food from this evaporated milk the  
same amount of sugar1 etc41 should be   
added as we do in the preparation of    
whole milk or top milk4  ,we do not in  

any way advise the use of condensed     
milk4 ,fresh milk should always be used 
where it is obtainable1 but in traveling
 it sometimes has to be used4 ,holt     
says1 ,it should be diluted twelve times
 for an infant under one month and six  
to ten times for those who are older4   
,malted milk is a preparation suitable  
in some cases where fresh cow's milk is 
not obtainable4 ,even better than       
condensed milk1 this food will be found 
serviceable in traveling1 or in         
instances where only very bad cow's milk
 is within reach4   ,,special ,,foods   
,most patent foods are made up of       
starches and various kinds of sugars1   
and some of them have dried milk or     
dried egg albumin added4 ,many flours   
under fanciful names are sold on the    
market today4 ,for instance1 one flour  
with a very fanciful name is simply the 
old fashioned flour ball that our great1
 great grandmothers made2 and1 by the   
way1 perhaps there is no flour for which
 we are more grateful in the preparation

 of infant food than the flour ball     
which is prepared as follows3 ,a pound  
of flour is tied tightly in a           
cheesecloth and is put into a kettle of 
boiling water which continues to boil   
for five or six hours1 at the end of    
which time the cheesecloth is removed   
and the hard ball1 possibly the size of 
an orange1 is placed on a pie pan and   
allowed slowly to dry out in a low      
temperatured oven4 ,at the end of two or
 three hours1 the ball1 having          
sufficiently dried1 has formed itself   
into a thick outer peel which is        
removed1 while the heart which is very  
hard and thoroughly dry1 is now grated  
on a clean grater1 and this flour has   
perhaps helped more specialists to serve
 more sick babies than any other form of
 starch known4 ,it is used just as any  
other flour is used--wet up into a      
paste1 made into a gruel1 which is      
boiled for twenty minutes before it is  
added to the milk4  ,whey is sometimes  
used in the preparation of sick babies' 

food and is prepared as follows3        
,to a pint of fresh lukewarm cow's milk 
are added two teaspoons of      essence 
of pepsin1 liquid rennet or a junket    
tablet4 ,it is      stirred for a       
moment1 then allowed to stand until     
firmly      coagulated1 which is then   
broken up and the whey strained off     
through a muslin4  ,the heavy proteins  
remain in the curd1 and the protein that
 goes through with the whey is chiefly  
the lactalbumin4     ,,chapter ,,xix    
,,the ,,feeding ,,problem   ,a friend of
 ours who presides over a court of      
domestic relations in a large city1     
recently told us that he believed much  
trouble was caused in families--many    
divorces1 occasioned1 and many          
desertions provoked--because improperly 
fed babies were cross and irritable and 
so completely occupied the time of the  
mother1 who1 herself1 knew nothing about
 mothercraft or the art of infant       
feeding4 ,consequently1 the home was    
neglected and unhappy1 quarreling       

abounded and failure1 utter failure1    
resulted4 ,the children were constantly 
cross1 and so much of the mother's time 
was consumed in caring for these        
irritable1 half-fed babies1 that the    
home was disheveled1 the meals never    
ready1 the husband's home-coming was a  
dreaded occurrence1 and he1 endeavoring 
to seek rest and relaxation1 usually    
sought for it in the poolroom or the    
saloon1 with the usual climax which     
never fails to bring the time-honored   
results of debauch--despair and         
desertion4  ,in the beginning of this   
book we paid our respects to the        
present-day educational system which    
does not provide an adequate compulsory 
course in which all women could be given
 at least a working knowledge of home   
making and the care and feeding of the  
babies2 so that statement need not be   
repeated in this chapter4 ,but we wish  
to add1 in passing1 that ignorance is   
the basis and the foundation of more    
unhappy homes1 broken promises1 panicky 

divorces1 and shattered hopes1 as well  
as of more deaths during the first year 
of infancy1 than any other cause4 ,and  
in speaking of its relationship to      
babycraft1 we believe that ignorance    
concerning normal stools1 how many times
 a day the bowels should move2 how much 
a baby's stomach holds2 how often he    
should be fed1 etc4--,i say it is       
ignorance of these essential details    
that lies at the bottom of many problems
 which come up during the first year1   
particularly the feeding problem4       
,,infant ,,welfare  ,in the city of     
,chicago at the time of this writing1   
the ,infant ,welfare ,association       
maintains over twenty separate stations 
where meetings are held for mothers1    
where lectures are delivered on the care
 and feeding of babies4 ,babies are     
brought to these stations week in and   
week out2 they are weighed and measured 
and1 if bottle-fed1 nurses are sent to  
the homes to teach the mother how       
properly to modify the milk in          

accordance with the physician's orders4 
,the health authorities of our city also
 maintain several such stations where   
mothers and babies may have this        
efficient help4 ,a corps of nurses are  
employed to carry out the instructions  
and to follow up the mothers and the    
babies in their homes1 and thus the     
death rate has been greatly reduced1 not
 only in our city but in all such cities
 where baby stations have been          
instituted4 ,in a certain ward in       
,philadelphia the death rate was reduced
 forty-four per cent in one year after  
the baby stations were established4     
,,choosing ,a ,,formula  ,there are     
three classes of infants who require    
weak-milk mixtures to begin with3       
namely1 the baby who has been previously
 nursed and whose mother's milk has     
utterly failed2 the baby just weaned2   
and the infant whose power to digest is 
low4 ,if these children were six months 
old1 and the formula best suited to them
 is unknown1 we must begin with a       

formula suited to a two- or             
three-month-old child and quickly work  
up to the six-month formula1 which may  
often be accomplished within two or     
three days4   ,,the ,,bottle-,,fed      
,,baby  ,when a baby is getting on well 
with his food1 he should show the       
following characteristics3 ,he should   
have a good appetite2 should have no    
vomiting or gas2 he should cry but      
little2 and he should sleep quietly and 
restfully4 ,his bowels should move once 
or twice in twenty-four hours4 ,his     
stool should be a pasty homogeneous     
mass4 ,he should possess a clear skin   
and good color4 ,he should show some    
gain each week--from four to eight      
ounces--and he should also show mental  
development4  ,as long as a baby appears
 happy and gains from four to eight     
ounces a week and seems comfortable and 
well satisfied1 the feeding mixture     
should not be changed or increased4     
,,make ,,changes ,,gradually  ,in our   
experience with the artificial feeding  

of infants1 we have come to look upon   
the practice of gradually changing the  
food formula as the most important      
element in successful baby feeding4  ,we
 recall one mother in the suburbs who   
came to us with her baby who had been   
feeding on a certain proprietary food4  
,she declared that it just couldn't take
 cow's milk4 ,she admitted it was not   
doing well1 and so she would like to    
have help4 ,the baby was old enough1 had
 it been normal1 to have been taking    
whole milk for some time4 ,we recall our
 having the mother prepare the          
proprietary food just as she had been   
used to preparing it1 and each day we   
had her throw away one-half ounce and   
put in one-half ounce of whole milk1    
this mixture she fed the baby for two   
days4  ,the next time1 we had her take  
out one ounce of the mixture and put in 
one ounce of whole milk1 which we fed   
the baby for three successive days2 and 
then one and one-half ounces were       
substituted which was fed to the baby   

for four days2 and thus we carefully1   
slowly1 and gradually withdrew the      
proprietary food and substituted fresh1 
certified cow's milk4 ,it took us a     
month to complete the change1 but we are
 glad to add that it was done without in
 the least disturbing the child4  ,now1 
had the change been made abruptly--in a 
day or two1 or three days--the baby     
would probably have been completely     
upset1 while both the mother and the    
doctor would have been greatly          
discouraged4 ,many mothers and even some
 physicians have jumped from one baby   
food to another baby food2 they have    
tried this and they have tried that1    
until the poor child1 having been the   
victim of a number of such dietetic     
experiments1 finally succumbed4  ,we    
cannot urge too strongly the fact that1 
as a rule1 whenever a change is made    
from one food to another1 it should be  
done gradually1 unless it be the change 
of a single element such as that of a   
very high per cent of cream found in top

 milk mixtures1 when it seems to be a   
troublesome element in the milk4 ,no bad
 effects will follow the quick change to
 skimmed milk with added sugar1         
starches1 etc2 but in changing from a   
proprietary food to a milk mixture1 the 
change should always be made gradually1 
the quantity of the new food being      
increased gradually4 ,milk should be    
increased by quarter 7#a_/d7 ounce      
additions1 and it should not be         
increased more than one ounce in one    
week2 while the mixture should not be   
increased as long as the baby is gaining
 satisfactorily4 ,a wise mother and an  
experienced physician can usually see at
 a glance when a child is doing well--by
 the color and consistency of the       
stools1 the child's appetite1 his sleep1
 and his general disposition4   ,,common
 ,,mistakes ,,in ,,formulas  ,first and 
foremost1 we believe a great mistake is 
often made in using too heavy cream     
mixtures2 babies as a rule do not stand 
the use of too high a percentage of     

cream4 ,formulas that call for whole    
milk should contain four per cent fat or
 cream2 and while babies often gain     
rapidly on the higher percentage of     
cream found in a rich ,jersey milk1     
nevertheless1 sooner or later serious   
disturbances of digestion usually occur4
 ,herd milk is1 therefore1 better for   
the babies because in the whole milk of 
the herd of ,holsteins we have only     
about four per cent fat4  ,another      
common mistake is too heavy feeding at  
the time of an attack of indigestion2   
even the usual feeding may be too heavy 
during this time of indisposition4 ,it  
is not at all uncommon for us to dilute 
baby's food to one-third its strength at
 the time of an acute illness4  ,still  
another trouble maker is dirt--dirt on  
the dish-towel1 dirt on the nipple1 dirt
 in the milk1 dirt on the mother's      
hands4 ,dirt is an ever present evil and
 an endless trouble maker1 as evidenced 
by stool disturbances1 indigestion1     
fretful days1 and sleepless nights4 ,a  

dirty refrigerator is another factor    
which has been responsible for much     
illness and distress4  ,indigestion is  
often brought on because a nurse1       
caretaker1 or possibly the mother1 not  
wishing to go down to the refrigerator  
in the middle of the night1 brings up   
the food early in the evening and allows
 it to become warm--to remain in a      
thermos bottle--and we are sure that had
 they been able to see the enormous     
multiplication of germs because of this 
warm temperature1 they would never have 
given occasion for such an increase in  
bacteria just to save themselves a      
trifle of inconvenience4  ,still another
 common mistake is to use one formula   
too long2 a feeding mixture which was   
good for four or possibly six weeks1    
must be changed as the child grows older
 and his requirements become greater4   
,let the weight1 stools1 general        
disposition and sleep of the child be   
your guides1 and with these in mind     
errors in feeding can be quickly        

detected and minor mistakes speedily    
rectified4   ,,symptoms ,,of            
,,dissatisfaction  ,some of the pointed 
questions which are put to a young      
mother who brings her child into the    
office of the baby specialist1 are the  
following3    ,does the baby seem       
satisfied after his feeding8   ,does he 
suck his fist8   ,how much does he gain 
each week in weight8   ,does he sleep   
well8   ,does the baby vomit8   ,what do
 his bowel movements look like8   ,will 
you please send a stool to the office8  
,with the intelligent answers to these  
questions--after knowing the birth      
weight and the age of the child and its 
general nervous disposition--the        
physician can formulate some conclusion 
as to the babe's general condition and  
can usually find a feeding formula that 
will make him grow4  ,vomiting1         
restlessness1 sleeplessness and the     
condition of the bowels1 are the        
telltales which indicate whether or not 
the food is being assimilated2 and the  

stools may vary all the way from hard   
bullet-like lumps to a green diarrhea4  
,babies do not thrive well in large     
institutions where the food is so often 
made up in a wholesale manner1 for the  
simple reason that the food elements are
 not suited to the need of each         
individual baby4 ,some infants are      
unable to digest raw milk1 and for them 
sterilized or boiled milk should be     
tried2 others require a fat-free mixture
 such as skimmed milk1 while still      
others may need buttermilk for a short  
time4 ,babies require individual care1  
particularly in their food1 and the good
 or bad results are plainly shown in the
 stools1 weight1 sleep1 etc4            
,,flatulence  ,flatulence is an         
excessive formation of gas in the       
stomach and bowels leading to distension
 of the abdomen and the belching of gas1
 and often the bringing up of a sour1   
pungent1 watery fluid4  ,flatulence is  
seen in infants suffering from          
intestinal indigestion and the food is  

nearly always at fault4 ,this condition 
is the result of the faulty digestion of
 the sugar and starches--particularly   
the starch--which should be immediately 
reduced4 ,in such conditions the        
addition of a slight amount of some     
alkaline 7such as soda1 magnesia or lime
 water7 to the food often produces good 
results4 ,great patience must be        
exercised with a child that suffers from
 flatulence1 for immediate improvement  
can hardly be expected2 time is required
 for the restoration of good digestion4 
,,vomiting  ,vomiting is perhaps more   
often the result of over feeding or too 
frequent feeding than anything else4 ,a 
healthy1 breast-fed baby may now and    
then regurgitate a bit1 but it simply   
spills over because it is too full4 ,we 
do not refer to this as vomiting1 we    
refer to the belching up or vomiting of 
very sour or acrid milk which leaves a  
sour odor on the clothing4 ,this can all
 usually be rectified by lengthening the
 intervals from two to three hours and  

preventing bolting of food by getting a 
nipple whose hole is not so large4 ,too 
much cream in the food will also        
sometimes cause vomiting4  ,too frequent
 feeding at night is another cause of   
vomiting4 ,when the stomach is full1 the
 failure to lay the baby down quietly1  
as is so often seen in those homes where
 bouncing and jolting are practiced1 may
 also result in vomiting4  ,vomiting may
 be the first sign of many acute        
illnesses such as scarlet fever1        
measles1 pneumonia1 whooping cough1 etc4
  ,the treatment for acute vomiting is  
simple4 ,all foods should be            
withheld--nothing but plain1 sweetened  
water should be administered1 while it  
is often advisable to give a dose of    
castor oil4 ,a physician should be      
called at once if the vomiting          
continues1 and not until the vomiting   
has entirely ceased for a number of     
hours and water is easily retained1     
should food be given1 and even then it  
should be begun on very weak mixtures4  

,,over-,,feeding  ,the size of the      
child's stomach should be the guide to  
the quantity of food given1 and         
attention is called to the table given  
in a previous chapter4 ,all food taken  
in excess of his needs lies in his      
stomach and intestines only to ferment  
and cause wind and colic4 ,the symptoms 
of over-feeding are restlessness1       
sleeplessness1 stationary weight 7or    
loss in weight71 and oftentimes these   
very symptoms are interpreted by the    
mother as sufficient evidence that the  
baby needs more food2 and so the reader 
can see the terrible havoc which is soon
 wrought where such ignorance reigns4   
,,weight  ,the weighing time should     
immediately follow a bowel movement and 
just before a feeding time2 then1 and   
only then1 we have the real weight of   
baby1 as a retained bowel movement may  
often add from four to five ounces to   
the child's weight4 ,there should be a  
careful record of each weighing1 for    
there may develop a great difference if 

different members of the family endeavor
 to keep the weight in their minds4 ,the
 normal baby should gain four to eight  
ounces a week up to six months1 and from
 then on the weekly gain is from two to 
four ounces2 in other words1 by six     
months the baby should double his birth 
weight and at the end of a year his     
weight should be three times the birth  
weight4 ,a stationary or diminishing    
weight demands careful attention2 a good
 doctor should be called at once4       
,likewise1 a very rapid increase in     
weight is not to be desired1 as we do   
not want a fat baby1 but we do desire a 
well-proportioned and alert baby1 and1  
as someone has said1 it is better to    
have little or no gain during the       
excessive heat than to upset the        
digestion by over-feeding1 designed to  
keep the baby gaining4  ,in weighing1   
usually the outside garments are        
removed1 leaving on a shirt1 band1      
diaper1 and stockings with the necessary
 pins2 the little fellow thus protected 

is placed into the weighing basket and  
at each successive weighing1 these same 
clothes or others just like them are    
always included in the weight1 and it   
should be so reported to the physician4 
,,the ,,stools  ,in the chapter ,baby's 
,early ,care1 the first stools were     
described in detail1 and there we       
learned that the dark1 tarry1 meconium  
stools are quickly changed within a week
 to the normal canary-yellow stool1     
having the odor of sour milk4  ,the     
bottle-fed babies' stools differ        
somewhat in appearance2 they are thicker
 and a lighter color1 but should always 
be homogeneous if the food is well      
digested4 ,they do not have nearly the  
number of bowel movements each day that 
the breast-fed baby does4 ,if a         
bottle-fed baby's bowels move once a day
 and he seems perfectly well otherwise1 
we are satisfied4 ,and curds 7white     
lumps71 or mucus 7sedimentary1 slimy    
phlegm71 indicate that the food is not  
well digested4   ,,bottle ,,feeding     

,,and ,,constipation  ,a bottle baby may
 be constipated because the proteins are
 too high1 the fat too high1 the food of
 an insufficient quantity or quality1 or
 the milk have been boiled1 while weak  
babies really may lack the muscular     
power to produce a bowel movement4 ,with
 the help of your physician endeavor to 
arrive at the cause of the constipation1
 and1 if the baby is two or three months
 old1 from one to two teaspoons of      
unsweetened prune juice may be          
administered4 ,milk of magnesia may be  
added to the food 7leaving out the lime 
water71 or a gluten suppository may be  
used4  ,the change from milk sugar to   
malt sugar has helped many infants2     
while the giving of orange juice 7after 
six months7 is very beneficial in many  
cases4 ,a small amount of sweet oil may 
be injected into the rectum which will  
lubricate the hard lumps and thus favor 
comfortable evacuation4 ,the periodicity
 of the bowel movement 7at definite     
times each day7 is a matter of great    

importance4 ,immediately after a meal1  
if the child is old enough1 he should be
 placed on the toilet chair4 ,a bit of  
cotton1 well anointed with vaseline and 
inserted into the rectum just before    
meals1 will often aid in producing a    
bowel movement shortly after the meal   
has been taken4  ,abdominal massage     
should be administered in all instances 
of constipation1 beginning with light   
movements and gradually increasing1 with
 well-oiled hands4   ,,diarrhoea        
,diarrhoea usually accompanies acute    
intestinal indigestion and is so often  
associated with the common disorders of 
infancy that we refer the reader to the 
chapter ,common ,disorders of ,infancy4 
,dark stools should always be saved for 
the physician to observe1 as they       
frequently contain blood4 ,stools full  
of air bubbles with pungent sour odor   
show fermentation2 in which cases the   
starches should be reduced1 if not      
entirely taken away from the food       
mixtures4 ,green stools mean            

putrefaction from filth-germs2 a        
thorough cleansing of the bowel should  
be immediately followed by a reduction  
in the strength of the food and the     
boiling of the milk4   ,,regulation ,,of
 ,,the ,,stools  ,at a certain time each
 day the napkin should be removed and   
the child should be held out over a     
small jar4 ,it is surprising to note how
 quickly and readily the little fellow  
cooperates4 ,diaper experiences may be  
limited to much less than a year if the 
mother has patience enough and the baby 
has the normal intelligence to enter    
into this regulation regime4 ,we recall 
one caretaker who complained bitterly   
because the child under her care        
constantly wet his diaper2 so the       
caretaker was instructed to keep a daily
 schedule of the baby's actions for five
 days2 and1 to her surprise1 she        
discovered that the baby urinated about 
the same time each day4 ,a regularity   
was also noted concerning the bowel     
movements4  ,the variations in the time 

of the urinations were only fifteen or  
twenty minutes1 so nearly did the       
kidneys act at the same time each day4  
,the caretaker was instructed to remove 
the diaper and hold the baby out at the 
earliest occurrence on the daily        
schedule1 and1 to the astonishment of   
the entire family1 no further accidents 
occurred1 and the child soon acquired   
the habit of letting them understand    
when he was about to wet his diaper4    
,bowel movements may be regulated more  
easily than the urination4 ,after the   
child is about a year old1 very few     
accidents should occur4   ,,mixed       
,,feeding  ,in many instances1 and      
particularly if the infant is under six 
months of age1 and where he has had to  
have additional feeding from the        
bottle--under such circumstances the    
breast milk may be continued as partial 
feeding1 at least until the baby has    
reached his ninth or tenth month1 at    
which time it may be wholly             
discontinued4  ,at each nursing time the

 baby empties both breasts1 and the     
amount he draws may readily be estimated
 by carefully weighing him before and   
after each nursing4 ,by referring to the
 directions in a previous chapter1 the  
quantity of food needed for his size and
 age may be determined2 while the       
deficit is made up from a bottle of milk
 containing properly modified cow's     
milk4  ,if the mother's health admits1  
or if the breasts continue to secrete a 
partial meal for the babe1 mixed feeding
 should be continued until after the    
ninth or tenth month1 when it can       
gradually be reduced from four or five  
times each day to once or twice a day1  
until it is finally omitted altogether4 
,in the meantime1 the baby is gradually 
getting stronger food and at eleven or  
twelve months the little fellow is able 
to subsist and thrive upon whole milk4  
,,infant ,,feeding ,,puzzles  ,it is    
very difficult to explain how some      
babies thrive on some certain food while
 others grow thin and speedily go into a

 decline on the same rgime4 ,the        
hereditary tendencies and               
predispositions undoubtedly have a great
 deal to do with such puzzling cases4   
,again1 sometimes a slight variation in 
technic or some other trifling error in 
connection with the preparation of the  
baby's food1 may be more or less        
responsible for the variation in the    
results obtained4 ,no two mothers will  
prepare food exactly alike even when    
both are following the same printed     
directions and these slight             
discrepancies are enough to upset some  
delicately balanced baby4  ,on the other
 hand1 some babies are born with such   
strong digestive powers and such a      
powerful constitution that they are     
easily able to survive almost any and   
all blunders as regards artificial      
feeding1 while at the same time they    
also manifest the ability to surmount a 
score of other obstacles which the      
combined ignorance and carelessness of  
their parents or caretakers unknowingly 

place in the pathway of early life which
 these little folks must tread4  ,the   
fact that so many babies do so well on  
such unscientific feeding only serves to
 demonstrate the old law of the survival
 of the fittest--they are born in the   
world with an enormous endowment of     
survival qualities--and in many cases   
the little fellows thrive and grow no   
matter how atrociously they are fed4    
,there may be other factors in the      
explanation of why some babies do so    
well on such poor care1 but heredity is 
the chief explanation1 while adaptation 
is the other4 ,if the little fellows can
 survive for a few weeks or a few       
months1 the human machine possesses     
marvelous powers of adaptation1 and we  
find here the explanation why many a    
neglected baby pulls through4   ,,infant
 ,,foods  ,rickets and scurvy have so   
often followed the prolonged use of the 
so-called infant foods which have       
flooded the market for the past decade1 
that intelligent physicians unanimously 

agree that they are injurious and quite 
unfit for continued use in the feeding  
of infants4 ,if they are prescribed to  
replace milk during an acute illness1 or
 at other times when the fats and       
proteins should be withheld for a short 
period1 both the physician and the      
mother should be in the possession of   
definite and exact knowledge as to just 
what they do and do not contain4 ,to    
provide such knowledge1 we present the  
analysis 7,holt7 of some of the more    
commonly used infant foods4  #a4 ,the   
,milk ,foods4 ,nestle's ,food is perhaps
 the most widely known4 ,the others     
closely resembling it in composition are
 the ,anglo-,swiss1 the ,franco-,swiss1 
the ,american-,swiss1 and ,gerber's     
,food4 ,these foods are essentially     
sweetened1 condensed milk evaporated to 
dryness1 with the addition of some form 
of flour which has been dextrinized2    
they all contain a large proportion of  
unchanged starch4  #b4 ,the ,liebig or  
,malted ,foods4 ,mellin's ,food may be  

taken as a type of the class4 ,others   
which resemble it more or less closely  
are ,liebig's1 ,horlick's ,food1        
,hawley's ,food1 malted milk1 and cereal
 milk4 ,mellin's food is composed       
principally 7eighty per cent7 of soluble
 carbohydrates4 ,they are derived from  
malted wheat and barley flour1 and are  
composed chiefly of a mixture of        
dextrins1 dextrose1 and maltose4  #c4   
,the ,farinaceous ,foods4 ,these are    
,imperial ,granum1 ,ridge's ,food1      
,hubbell's ,prepared ,wheat1 and        
,robinson's ,patent ,barley4 ,the first 
consists of wheat flour previously      
prepared by baking1 by which a small    
proportion of the starch--from one to   
six per cent--has been converted into   
sugar4  ,in chemical composition these  
four foods are very similar to each     
other1 consisting mainly of unchanged   
starch which forms from seventy-five to 
eighty per cent of their solid          
constituents4  #d4 ,miscellaneous       
,foods4 ,under this head may be         

mentioned ,carnrick's ,soluble ,food and
 ,eskay's ,food4  ,the composition of   
the foods mentioned is given in the     
accompanying table4  ,,composition ,,of 
,,infant ,,foods                        
,malted                                 
,nestle's   ,mellin's   ,eskay's        
,milk   ,ingredients                    
,food       ,food       ,food           
7,horlick's7                            
,per cent   ,per cent   ,per cent       
,per cent    ,fat                       
#e4ej        #j4bd       #a4af          
#h4gh   ,proteins                       
#ad4cd       #aa4ej       #e4hb         
#af4ce   ,cane ,sugar                   
#be4jj        444        444         444
   ,dextrose                    444     
444      #ec4dfa     444   ,lactose     
7milk sugar7        #f4eg        444    
#di4aeb   ,maltose                      
#bg4cf       #fj4hj       444           
,dextrins                               
#ai4bj      #ad4ce       #ah4hj         
,carbohydrates 7soluble7    #eh4ic      

#hj4jj      #fg4ha       #fg4ie         
,starch                     #ae4ci      
444       #ba4ba        444   ,inorganic
 ,salts             #b4jc        #c4ei  
#a4cj        #c4hf   ,water             
#c4ha        #d4gc       #b4gj          
#c4jf                                   
,ridge's   ,imperial   ,carnrick's      
,ingredients                 ,food      
,granum      ,food                      
,per cent  ,per cent   ,per cent    ,fat
                         #a4aa          
#a4jd        #g4de   ,proteins          
#aa4ha     #ad4jj       #aj4be   ,cane  
,sugar                  444       444   
444   ,dextrose                    #j4eb
      #j4db        444   ,lactose 7milk 
sugar7        444       444   ,maltose  
444       444   ,dextrins               
#a4bh      #a4ch        444             
,carbohydrates 7soluble7     #a4hj      
#a4hj       #bg4jh   ,starch            
#gf4ba     #gc4ed       #cg4cg          
,inorganic ,salts             #j4di     
#j4ci        #d4db   ,water             

#h4eh      #i4bc        #c4db  #a       
,chiefly ,lactose4  #b ,largely         
,maltose4     ,,chapter ,,xx  ,,baby',s 
,,bath ,,and ,,toilet   ,from earliest  
girlhood1 women have loved their dolls1 
and one of the greatest joys connected  
with the adored experience was the      
make-believe bath and the dressing of   
the make-believe baby2 so now1 when we  
are the happy possessors of real live   
dolls1 we should go about the task with 
the same lightheartedness of a score of 
years ago when we hugged1 kissed1       
bathed1 and dressed our dolls4 ,there is
 one big advantage now1 the doll won't  
break2 but1 we sigh as we stop to think1
 we can't stick pins into it as we all  
did into the sawdust bodies of our dolls
 those years and years ago4   ,,the     
,,first ,,week  ,in the chapter on      
,baby's ,early ,care1 this subject was  
fully discussed and we only wish to     
repeat1 in passing1 that before baby's  
bath or toilet is undertaken the hands  
of the mother1 nurse1 or caretaker must 

be scrupulously clean4 ,and while the   
first day's bath usually consists of    
sweet oil1 albolene1 or benzoated lard1 
if the new baby happens to come during  
the very warm days of ,july or ,august  
and the oil seems to irritate the soft  
downy skin1 as it often does during     
those hot days1 a simple sponge bath may
 be substituted4 ,the cord dressing     
remains as the doctor left it1 and if   
there be any interference1 let it be    
subject to his orders4  ,the cord       
usually drops off1 and the abdomen is   
entirely healed by the seventh to the   
tenth day1 after which time baby is     
daily sponged for another week4 ,and now
 we will describe in detail the         
simplest1 easiest manner of             
administering an oil bath or a sponge   
bath4   ,,giving ,,the ,,bath  ,a large 
pillow or a folded soft comfort is      
placed on a table in a warm             
room--temperature not below #ge ,f4 ,on 
baby's tray near by1 and within reaching
 distance1 are the boracic acid solution

 in a small cup1 a medicine dropper1 the
 warm saucer of oil1 the toothpick      
applicators 7made by twisting cotton    
about one end1 making sure the sharp end
 of the pick is well protected71 a glass
 jar of small cotton balls made from    
sterile absorbent cotton1 the castile   
soap1 talcum powder1 needle and thread4 
,a vessel of warm water1 several old1   
soft1 warmed towels and the clean       
garments required1 complete the layout4 
,into the warm1 soft blanket on the     
pillow or comfort we place the partially
 undressed baby1 for the binder1 diaper1
 and socks are not removed until the    
head-and-face toilet is completed4  ,the
 top of the head1 behind the ears1 the  
folds of the neck1 and the armpits are  
now gently but thoroughly rubbed with   
oil1 which is then all rubbed off with a
 soft linen towel4 ,the eyes next       
receive two or three drops of the       
boracic acid solution1 put in by the aid
 of the medicine dropper1 while1 with a 
separate piece of cotton1 the surplus   

solution is wiped off each eye1 rubbing 
from the nose outward4  ,then with the  
applicator made by wrapping cotton about
 the end of a toothpick1 oil is put into
 each nostril1 all the time exercising  
the utmost care not to harm the tender  
mucous membrane4 ,the ears are also     
carefully cleansed with a squeezed-out  
dip of boracic acid on the applicator4  
,unless there is an inflammation present
 in the mouth1 and the physician in     
attendance has ordered mouth swabbing1  
do not touch it2 for much harm is done  
the mucous membrane of the baby's mouth 
by the forceful manner in which much of 
the swabbing is done4 ,the face and head
 are then washed with warm water2 very  
little soap is needed and1 when used1   
must be most thoroughly rinsed off4     
,,the ,,second ,,week  ,and now during  
the second week1 we proceed to sponge   
the baby's body2 the hands are washed   
with soap and rinsed1 and1 only those   
who have performed this feat know just  
how tightly they hold shut their little 

fists4 ,these hands must be relaxed1 and
 all the lint1 dirt1 and perspiration be
 thoroughly washed away4 ,the arms1     
shoulders1 chest1 and back are then     
sponged4 ,all the time the nurse or     
caretaker is standing while carrying out
 this most pleasant task4 ,at any time  
she may quickly cover the babe and stop 
for this or that with no inconvenience  
to herself or the child4  ,after the    
thorough drying of baby's upper body1 a 
bit of talcum is put under the arms1 in 
the folds of neck1 etc41 and the shirt  
is slipped on4 ,next the band1 diaper1  
and stockings are removed and after     
first oiling the groin and the folds of 
the thighs and the buttocks1 the same   
sponging1 drying1 and powdering is done 
here as on the upper body4  ,the band is
 now applied1 and sewed on4 ,the diaper1
 stockings1 booties1 and--if a winter   
baby--the skirt and outing flannel gown 
7for babies should wear only night      
dresses for the first two or three      
weeks7 are now slipped over the feet and

 drawn upward1 and baby is ready for    
nursing or for his nap4   ,,temperature 
,,of ,,baths  ,first few weeks1 #ajj    
,f42 early infancy1 #ih ,f42 after six  
months1 #ig ,f41 cooling down to #ij ,f4
  ,a wooden bath thermometer may be     
purchased for twenty-five cents and it  
should be in every home where babies are
 bathed4 ,in the absence of a           
thermometer do not depend upon the hand 
to determine temperature4 ,thrust the   
bared elbow into the water and if it is 
just comfortable--neither hot or        
cool--it is probably about the correct  
temperature for baby4 ,do not shock the 
baby by dashes of cold water1 for1 while
 it may amuse an onlooker1 it           
unnecessarily frightens your child1 and1
 subconsciously1 he learns to dread his 
bath4   ,,the ,,bathing ,,place  ,if the
 bathroom is warm--temperature #ge      
,f4--that is the most logical place for 
the bath1 provided baby has his own tub4
 ,place a couple of strong slats several
 inches wide across the big tub1 six    

inches apart1 and on this place the     
baby's tub4 ,of course1 care must be    
exercised to prevent slipping by means  
of properly fitted cleats on the under  
surface of the slats4 ,the mother should
 always stand to bathe her baby and the 
small tub should be placed at such a    
height that she neither has to stoop nor
 bend4 ,thus the bathing of the baby    
becomes a pleasure instead of a job or  
an irksome task4  ,if the bathroom is   
not warm then the kitchen table or a    
small table pulled up near the stove is 
a place par excellence for the dip4     
,many boils seen on young baby's tender 
skin have been traced to the careless   
use of the family tub to bathe the baby 
in4 ,not until the child is two or three
 years of age1 when his skin has become 
more toughened1 should he be allowed to 
use the family tub4   ,,frequency ,,of  
,,baths  ,to begin with1 we never bathe 
either a baby or an adult immediately   
after a full meal4 ,from one hour to one
 and one half hours should intervene4   

,the frequency of baths depends somewhat
 upon the season of the year1 the       
vitality of the child1 and the warmth of
 the home4  ,we have seen many infants  
who were bathed too often4 ,the vitality
 expended upon the necessary reaction   
following a tub bath was too much for   
the little fellow2 the daily bath was   
stopped and a semi-weekly bath          
substituted1 much to the gain of the    
child4 ,of course in this instance the  
hands1 face1 and buttocks received a    
daily sponging4  ,the oil bath may be   
administered daily4 ,in robust children 
the tub bath may be a daily affair2     
while in pale1 anemic little folks1 the 
tub bath is perhaps better given twice a
 week4 ,in hot summer days a sponge bath
 may be given many times a day4   ,,best
 ,,hour ,,for ,,bathing  ,again this    
depends upon several factors2 the warmth
 of the house or apartment1 the vitality
 of the child1 and the kind of bath to  
be administered4  ,an oil bath may be   
given any time--often it may be         

administered entirely under the bed     
clothes1 only care must be taken to keep
 oil from the blankets4  ,many of our   
mothers prefer to give the tub bath at  
five o'clock in the afternoon1 when the 
house is thoroughly warm1 and the child 
is thereby prepared for the long night's
 sleep4 ,before dressing in the morning 
an oil bath or rub may be given in such 
cases4  ,if the forenoon is selected as 
the time for bathing the child1 then an 
hour just before the mid forenoon meal  
is the best4 ,in either event1 be       
regular about it--do it at the same time
 every day4 ,let the caretaker attend to
 her many duties1 and1 as far as        
possible1 mothers1 bathe your baby      
yourself4 ,the folds of the skin1 the   
creases in the neck1 the clenched fists1
 must all receive particular care1 and  
no one in all the world will ever care  
as you--the mother--cares4   ,,soap     
,,and ,,water  ,select a soap free from 
irritants and excess of alkalis4 ,there 
are few kinds that equal the            

old-fashioned1 white castile soap our   
grandmothers used4  ,very hard water    
which makes the skin rough and sore may 
be improved by boiling1 but if possible 
substitute rain water for it4 ,a flannel
 bag tied over the faucet and changed   
each day will help to clarify muddy     
water1 provided the stream flows gently 
through it4   ,,routine ,,of ,,the ,,tub
 ,,bath  ,just as we directed the nurse 
or caretaker to stand while the oil rub 
or sponge bath was given1 so we admonish
 the mother to stand while the tub bath 
is given4 ,first1 get everything in     
readiness for the bath as directed for  
the oil bath1 and then the baby's tub   
setting on the securely cleated slats   
placed across the top of the family tub 
may be filled with water by means of a  
hose attached to the faucet4 ,the       
temperature should be #ajj ,f4 when baby
 is dipped in to be rinsed4  ,the head  
and face toilet are identical with that 
described before1 and with the baby     
undressed and wrapped in a warm towel   

placed inside the warm blanket on the   
pillow or comfort as before mentioned1  
we proceed with a good lather of castile
 soap and water to lather the baby's    
body all over--under the arms1 the neck1
 chest1 groins1 thighs1 buttocks1 legs1 
feet1 and between the toes1 while the   
genitals also receive their share of    
attention4 ,the foreskin of the boy baby
 is gently pushed back and cleansed     
thoroughly2 while the vulva of the      
little girl baby1 having first been     
swabbed with boracic acid1 is now gently
 lathered and cleansed4 ,now grasp the  
ankles and legs with the right hand and 
support the upper back and neck and     
shoulders with the left and gently lower
 the baby into the water in a           
semi-reclining position 7,see ,fig4     
#ac74 ,the water should cover the       
shoulders4 ,keep a good firm supporting 
left hand under the head1 neck1 and     
shoulders1 and with the right1 rinse all
 soap from the body4  ,illustration3    
,fig4 #ac4 ,supporting the ,baby for the

 ,bath  ,after this is thoroughly done1 
lift the baby out onto a fresh warm     
towel inside the warm blanket on the    
pillow1 and remain standing1 while you  
gently pat 7never rub7 the baby dry4    
,all the little folds1 creases1 and     
places between fingers and toes1 are    
carefully patted dry1 and where any two 
skin surfaces rub together put on a bit 
of talcum4  ,the dressing takes place in
 the manner already described--first the
 shirt1 then the band 7sewed on71 the   
diaper1 stockings1 skirt1 and gown4     
,please note that the soap bath is      
contra-indicated 7should not be given7  
in case of eczema4   ,,baby',s ,,daily  
,,rub  ,this soap bath should be        
administered for cleanliness only1 and  
should be given twice a week4 ,if a tub 
bath is to be given on other days1 after
 the routine head and face toilet1 the  
baby is simply dipped into the water and
 the soft skin gently rubbed4  ,if the  
sponge or tub bath is given in the      
afternoon just before the long sleep at 

night1 then the oil rub should take     
place before the mid-forenoon meal2 and 
likewise1 if the sponge or tub bath is  
given during the mid forenoon1 then the 
oil rub or dry hand rub is given before 
the going-to-bed time4 ,the rub should  
be a daily procedure for the first two  
years4 ,nothing rougher than the soft   
palm of the hand should be rubbed on    
baby's soft skin4   ,,use ,,and ,,abuse 
,,of ,,talcum  ,babies have come to my  
clinic with cakes of talcum under their 
arms1 and particularly between their    
thighs and in the crease of the         
buttocks4 ,here the well-meaning but    
thoughtless mother had reasoned1 a      
little is good2 more is better which is 
not always the case4  ,talcum is not    
used to replace careful drying1 and it  
should never be found in quantities on  
the baby's skin any more than you would 
expect to find quantities of face powder
 caked in the creases of the neck or    
behind the ears of an adult4 ,the skin  
is first cleaned1 then patted entirely  

dry1 and1 as a finishing touch1 a bit of
 talcum is put on by means of a puff4   
,,tonic ,,and ,,medicated ,,baths       
,tonic baths are usually given to older 
children when they are able to enter    
into the sport and frolic of a cool     
bath4 ,baths are called tonic because   
they call forth from the body a         
reaction--a sort of circulatory rebound4
 ,this rebound or reaction brings the   
blood to the skin1 increases the        
circulation1 and tones up the nerves4   
,the room should be properly warmed and1
 if necessary1 some form of exercise be 
continued after the bath to prevent the 
chill that sometimes follows a poorly   
administered bath4  ,in the case of the 
anemic child1 after six months of age1  
the mother's hand dipped in cold water  
may briskly rub the chest and back until
 it glows or becomes red4 ,the child    
should enjoy this bath4 ,never frighten 
a child by throwing cold water on it or 
by giving it a too sudden cold plunge2  
great harm may be permanently done by   

these efforts to toughen the baby4  ,the
 simple medicated baths may be          
administered according to the following 
directions3  ,salt4 ,use half a teacup  
of common salt or sea salt to each      
gallon of water4 ,the salt should first 
be dissolved in a cup of warm water to  
prevent the sharp particles from        
pricking the skin4 ,the doctor sometimes
 orders a salt bath4  ,starch4 ,add a   
cup of ordinary1 cooked laundry starch  
for every gallon of water in the bath4  
,soda4 ,a soda bath requires two        
tablespoons of ordinary baking soda to a
 gallon of water1 dissolving it in a    
little water before adding it to the    
bath4  ,bran4 ,make a cotton bag of     
cheesecloth or other thin material1 six 
inches square4 ,fill loosely with bran4 
,soak the bag in the bath water1        
squeezing it frequently until the water 
becomes milky4  ,starch1 soda1 and bran 
baths are often used in place of the    
ordinary soap and water bath when the   
skin is inflamed1 as in cases of chafing

 or prickly heat4   ,,fear ,,of ,,baths 
,force and harshness are not likely to  
cause baby to overcome very much of the 
fear of a tub bath4 ,patience1          
perseverance1 and purposeful diversion  
of mind will bring sure results4  ,in   
the case of a very young baby1 have a   
helper stretch a towel across the filled
 baby tub1 lay the baby in it1 with its 
head well supported1 and then gently    
lower the towel into the water1 keeping 
the head out4 7,most anyone would fear  
an all-over ducking1 if he had ever been
 completely ducked into water by a      
careless or mischievous friend74  ,in   
the case of older children1 celluloid   
ducks1 fish1 or boats may float about on
 the water1 and the entire bath be      
forgotten by the little fellow's        
enjoyment of his boats4   ,,out ,,of    
,,door ,,bathing       ,although a baby 
under two years should never be given a 
sea bath1      a word of caution about  
sea bathing for young children may not  
be      amiss4 ,the cruelty with which  

well-meaning parents treat young1       
tender children by forcibly dragging    
them into the surf1 a      practice     
which may be seen at any seaside resort 
in the summer1      can have no         
justification4 ,the fright and shock    
that a sensitive      child is thus     
subjected to is more than sufficient to 
undo any      conceivable good resulting
 from the plunge4 ,on the other hand1 a 
child who is allowed to play on the warm
 sand and becomes      accustomed to the
 water slowly and naturally will soon   
learn to      take delight in the       
buffeting of the smaller waves1 but he  
should not be permitted to remain more  
than a minute or two in      the water1 
and should be thoroughly dried1 dressed 
immediately1      and not left to run   
about the beach in wet clothing4        
,,milk ,,crust  ,any roughness on the   
scalp must receive immediate attention4 
,this roughness1 or milk crust1 is      
entirely avoidable2 it is the result of 
accumulated oil and dirt4 ,when it has  

formed a complete crust or cake1 it may 
quickly become eczematous and require a 
physician's advice2 however1 in the     
beginning1 at the first sight of brown  
patches or roughness1 oil the scalp     
thoroughly at night with vaseline or    
cold cream1 which should be gently      
rubbed off in the morning4  ,this       
vaseline or cold cream should be applied
 repeatedly1 several nights in          
succession1 followed by the morning's   
gentle rubbing and daily washing of the 
head4 ,often the washing with water must
 be entirely avoided2 only sweet oil or 
vaseline being used in those cases where
 the crusting seems to be persistent4   
,,the ,,eyes1 ,,ears1 ,,and ,,nose  ,at 
birth the eyes are particularly cared   
for4 ,first1 the mucus is gently swabbed
 off the closed lids from the nose side 
outward1 and then follows the           
application of one drop of twenty per   
cent argyrol or two per cent silver     
nitrate1 either of which thoroughly     
disinfects the eye and prevents the     

growth or development of any bacteria   
that may have gotten into the child's   
eye during the descent of the head      
through the birth canal4 ,the neglect of
 this procedure may sometimes result in 
lifelong blindness4  ,under no          
circumstances should a mere cold in the 
eyes be neglected2 it may result in     
blindness4 ,call your physician at once1
 and if he is not at hand1 wash out the 
eye thoroughly every hour with warmed   
ten per cent boracic acid solution1 by  
means of a medicine dropper1 using a    
separate piece of cotton for each eye1  
for if the slightest bit of discharge be
 carried from one eye to the other an   
inflammation will quickly appear4  ,from
 birth1 especially during the first     
week1 baby's eyes are very sensitive to 
light2 hence they must be carefully     
protected4 ,babies should be so placed  
during their outings1 sleep1 or naps1   
that they do not directly gaze at either
 the sunlight or sky4 ,the lining of the
 hood of the carriage should be green1  

instead of white1 as much eye strain is 
thus prevented4  ,the daily care of the 
normal1 well eye has been already       
described1 and while it need not be     
reiterated1 we may say1 in passing1 that
 if the eyelid be at all inclined to be 
sticky or adherent1 never use force1 but
 instead1 gently swab with boracic acid4
 ,as a preventive of this condition1 a  
little vaseline from the tube may be    
rubbed on the edges of the lids at      
night4  ,in the toilet of the ears1     
never attempt to introduce anything     
beyond the external ear1 which may be   
carefully cleansed with a soft cloth4   
,it is often found necessary to apply   
oil to the creases behind the ears      
before the daily bath4 ,there should be 
no irritation1 redness1 or roughness    
present1 all such conditions being      
readily prevented by the use of oil or  
vaseline before the bath4  ,with the    
sharp point removed1 make a cotton      
applicator out of a toothpick1 and      
gently 7with no force1 whatever7        

introduce vaseline or oil into the nose4
 ,this should be a part of baby's daily 
toilet4 ,any stoppage of mucus or       
snuffiness in the nose should be        
reported at once to baby's physician4   
,young babies often have adenoids4      
,,care ,,of ,,the ,,mouth  ,leave the   
well mouth alone until the teeth appear1
 and then keep the teeth very clean     
7allowing no particles of milk to       
accumulate at their bases7 with a soft  
bit of cotton and gentle rubbing4 ,when 
a child attains the age of two1 he      
should have his own toothbrush2 previous
 to this time all food particles should 
be removed from between the teeth with  
waxed silk floss4 ,all decay should be  
promptly attended to by a competent     
dentist4  ,thrush and ulcers are often  
caused1 not prevented1 by the frequent  
wiping out of baby's tender mouth4 ,the 
treatment of thrush and other mouth     
infections will be considered in a later
 chapter1 ,the ,common ,disorders of    
,infancy4   ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,the     

,,genital ,,organs  ,before the bath1   
the baby girl's genitals are carefully  
swabbed between all the folds with      
boracic acid solution4 ,the foreskin of 
the boy baby should be pushed well back 
and washed gently with water4 ,if the   
foreskin of the male child be long1     
tight1 or adherent1 circumcision is     
advised4 ,see our chapter1 ,teaching    
,truth4  ,the genitals of both the boy  
and girl should be kept scrupulously    
clean every day1 with as little handling
 as possible1 and1 upon the appearance  
of the least swelling1 discharge1 or    
even redness1 the physician's attention 
should be at once called to it4 ,in a   
later chapter1 the subject of           
irregularities of sex habits will be    
taken up4   ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,buttocks
  ,often1 because of irritating bowel   
movements1 the buttocks become reddened1
 chafed1 and sometimes raw in places4   
,some poor little babies are sometimes  
roughly rubbed--scoured on the          
buttocks--much like the kitchen sink1   

many times a day1 and it is not         
surprising that they become reddened1   
chafed1 and very much inflamed4  ,the   
buttocks require a gentle swabbing and  
thoroughgoing patting dry after each    
soiling or wetting of the diaper1 but no
 soap is required in this region but    
once a day1 and even then it should be  
used sparingly4  ,when the buttocks are 
inflamed1 after a good cleansing with   
water and a thorough drying1 vaseline or
 zinc ointment should be applied on a   
piece of sterile cotton1 and this       
application should be repeated after    
each changing of the diaper4 ,wet       
diapers should be removed at once1 for  
the acidity of the urine causes more    
chafing4 ,a dusting powder composed of  
starch two parts1 and boracic acid one  
part1 may be dusted on after a cleansing
 with oil4  ,great care should be       
exercised in the thorough daily rinsing 
of the diapers as well as in the        
tri-weekly boil in the laundry4 ,white  
soap only should be used in their       

cleansings2 no washing sodas or other   
powders should be used4   ,,other       
,,special ,,care  ,under the arms and in
 the creases of the neck the skin       
sometimes becomes irritated because of  
neglect4 ,to prevent such chafing the   
following program should be carefully   
carried out3    #a4  ,not too much      
soap--and no strong soap4   #b4         
,careful rinsing of the skin area4   #c4
  ,avoid harsh rubbing1 but thoroughly  
dry4   #d4  ,the use of talcum powder in
 all folds of the skin4  ,with a fine   
camel's hair brush the hair should      
receive its brushing after the cleansing
 of the scalp4 ,combs are for just one  
purpose and that is to part the hair4   
,the brush should be used to do all the 
smoothing4  ,while the frequent trimming
 of the hair has no marked effect upon  
its growth1 yet the comfort the little  
girls enjoy1 especially during the      
warm-weather months1 should not be      
denied them4  ,and certainly the boy    
should become a boy when he puts on     

trousers and not be made the laughing   
stock of his mirthful companions just   
because his beautiful long curls are    
much admired by the mother and his      
aunts4  ,the finger nails should be     
trimmed round with the scissors1 while  
all hangnails are properly cared for    
every day4 ,toe nails should be cut     
straight across and the corners never   
rounded off4 ,many ingrowing nails may  
be thus avoided4     ,,chapter ,,xxi    
,,baby',s ,,clothing   ,the ,eden story 
suggests that in the beginning of our   
racial experience artificial clothing   
was unnecessary2 but after a time1 in   
that selfsame garden1 proper clothing   
became an important problem and has     
remained so ever since4 ,everybody seems
 to agree1 however1 that baby's clothing
 in particular should at least be       
comfortable4 ,it may give the child     
great discomfort because it may be too  
warm1 or it may not be warm enough1 or  
it may be too tight1 and so1 in the     
discussion of baby's clothing in this   

chapter1 we are going to keep in mind   
these two things--comfort and heat4     
,,general ,,suggestions  ,the choice of 
material demands some thought and       
attention4 ,as a rule1 baby's clothing  
materials should be light in weight1    
good moisture absorbers1 and at the same
 time able to retain the body heat4     
,most layettes have the common fault of 
being prematurely outgrown2 and so it is
 well to allow for ample growth in      
making baby's first clothes4 ,since the 
principal object of clothing is to      
insure a uniform body temperature1 it is
 important that the mother be constantly
 on her guard to keep the baby cool     
enough in the summer and warm enough in 
the winter4  ,the mothers of various    
races and nations have their own ideas  
concerning the clothing of their babies4
 ,one mother will wrap her baby in      
cotton1 which is held in place by means 
of a roller bandage1 and as you visit   
this home during the first week of      
baby's life1 you will be handed a little

 mummy-shaped creature--straight as a   
little poker--all wrapped up in cotton  
and a roller bandage4 ,the surprising   
feature is that the baby does not seem  
to complain4  ,in another district of   
the city we find the baby dressed in    
starched clothes1 ribbon sashes1 bright 
ribbon bows on its arms and around its  
neck4 ,at first glance you wonder if the
 little child is not many years older   
and is about to make a visit to a county
 fair1 but on inquiry we find that he   
has only been prepared for the event of 
circumcision on the eighth day4  ,and if
 you go into the forest of primeval days
 you will find another mother bandaging 
her baby to a board1 head and all1 and  
he seems to live and thrive in his      
little woven nest strapped on the back  
of his ,indian mother4  ,other babies in
 the warmer portions of the earth have  
almost less than nothing on1 and are    
left to be swung by the breezes in      
little baskets tied to the boughs of    
trees2 being taken up only when it is   

time to feed4   ,,baby',s ,,layette  ,in
 preparing an outfit for the newcomer it
 is wise to provide for the necessities 
only1 because of the fact that since the
 baby grows very fast the layette will  
soon have to be discarded2 it is always 
possible to get more clothing after the 
baby is here and started on his little  
career4 ,we offer the following list of 
essentials for the new born baby3       
,slips                         #h to #aj
   ,skirts 7flannel7                    
#c   ,shirts                            
#c   ,light-weight wool wrappers        
#b   ,abdominal bands                #c 
to #e   ,diapers 7first size7           
#b doz4   ,diapers 7third size7         
#b doz4   ,stockings1 pairs             
#c   ,booties1 pairs                    
#c   ,nightgowns                        
#g   ,handling blankets                 
#b   ,silkaline puffs                   
#b   ,baby blankets1 pair               
#a   ,hair or cotton mattress           
#a   ,basinet                           

#a   ,,bands ,,and ,,shirts  ,the binder
 should be made of an unhemmed strip of 
flannel six inches wide and twenty      
inches long1 so that it goes around the 
abdomen once with a small overlap4 ,this
 binder should be sewed on instead of   
being pinned1 and serves the purpose of 
holding the dressings of the cord in    
place4 ,it is usually worn from four to 
six weeks1 when it is replaced by a silk
 and wool barrel-shaped band with       
shoulder straps and tabs at the bottom1 
both front and back1 to which may be    
pinned the diaper4 ,this band is worn   
through the first three or four years to
 protect the abdomen from drafts and    
chilling1 thus guarding against those   
intestinal disturbances which are caused
 by sudden weather changes4  ,there is  
great danger of having the bellyband too
 tight1 and1 in the early weeks1 it is  
often the cause of great                
discomfort--often interfering with the  
normal expansion of the stomach at meal 
time4  ,no matter what the season1 the  

new-born baby should be clothed in a    
light-weight silk and wool shirt1       
preferably the second size4 ,after the  
first month1 if the weather is          
exceedingly warm1 this woolen shirt may 
be displaced by a thin silk or lisle    
shirt4 ,in buying the second-size shirts
 always secure the stretchers at the    
same time1 for in the laundering they   
soon shrink so that they are very       
uncomfortable for the young babe4       
,,diapers  ,there are a number of       
materials on the market from which      
comfortable diapers may be made for the 
baby4 ,the cotton stockinet 7ready-made 
shaped diaper7 is excellent1 fitting    
smoothly at the waist1 while it is large
 and baggy at the seat1 thus permitting 
not only a comfortable feeling but the  
free use of the hips1 without the       
bulkiness of the ordinary diaper4  ,the 
large square of cheesecloth is easily   
laundered1 and if an inside pad is used 
makes a very acceptable diaper4  ,the   
stork diapers are made of materials     

resembling turkish toweling and are used
 to some extent4 ,this diaper should not
 be confused with the stork rubber      
diaper which will be spoken of later4   
,birdseye cotton is popular and         
extensively used4 ,it absorbs quickly1  
and is much lighter in weight than      
linen4 ,the first- and third-size widths
 should be purchased as a part of the   
layette1 and the number of diapers      
needed depends upon the opportunities to
 wash them out1 for diapers are never   
used but once without washing2 they     
should always be quickly rinsed and     
dried in the sunshine if possible4 ,so  
if there are good laundry privileges1   
and daily washing is possible1 the      
mother can get along with fewer diapers1
 but no less than four dozen should be  
provided4  ,the diaper pad will be found
 convenient and serviceable in the early
 days when the skin of the child is so  
very tender4 ,this pad should be pieces 
of clean old linen or small pads of     
absorbent cotton4   ,,changing ,,the    

,,diaper  ,during the mother's waking   
hours1 the diaper should be changed as  
soon as it is soiled or wet4 ,if the    
child cries during the night it should  
be changed immediately1 but the mother  
should not feel called upon to lay awake
 nights merely to change the baby's     
napkin when it is soiled4 ,if she places
 a pad underneath the baby1 which will  
absorb the urine quickly1 he often does 
not awaken or become chilled4 ,the pad  
should be sufficiently thick to ensure  
that the nightgown does not get wet4    
,,rubber ,,diapers  ,rubber sheeting    
diapers of any description should never 
be used4 ,avoid all patent diapers with 
a covering or an inner lining of rubber1
 for1 like the rubber diaper1 they not  
only irritate the child but also retain 
moisture and heat1 which produce such   
irritation and itching that the         
subsequent habit-scratching often lays  
the foundation for future bad practices4
 ,it is far better for the mother to    
carry about with her1 whenever it is    

necessary to take the baby away from    
home1 a rubber pad which she puts on her
 lap underneath the little fellow1 thus 
affording ample protection to herself   
without in the least harming the baby4  
,,stockings ,,and ,,booties  ,during the
 winter months merino stockings are     
required1 while during the summer months
 a thin wool or silk stocking is        
sufficient2 on the extremely hot days   
thin cotton hose may be worn4 ,during   
infancy1 the stockings should be        
fastened to the diaper with safety pins1
 while on the second-year child1 hose   
supporters attached to the waist are    
found very convenient4  ,a friend told  
me the other day of a mother who told   
her the following story3 ,do you know1  
,i don't have any trouble any more about
 my baby keeping up his socks for ,i    
have fixed it so they won't come off any
 more4 ,every time ,i looked at his feet
 he had kicked off his socks and they   
were no good to him at all1 so ,i took  
little chunks of brown laundry soap1    

moistened them and rubbed his legs1 as  
well as the inside of his socks and ,i  
never1 never have any more trouble with 
them coming off4  ,it does not seem     
possible in this enlightened age that a 
mother could be so ignorant as to keep  
the socks up with brown soap1 but the   
friend assured me it was a true story1  
and while it may shock some of my       
readers as it did me1 ,i must add1 in   
passing to another subject1 that the use
 of round garters on little babies and  
young children is just about as         
shocking4  ,during the fall1 winter1 and
 spring1 booties are worn on top of the 
stockings4 ,these booties should be     
crocheted or knitted out of the heavy   
,germantown yarn1 and there should be   
enough of them so that the child may    
have a clean pair on every day4         
,,skirts ,,and ,,petticoats  ,the       
flannel petticoat is made with yokes    
instead of bands1 and during the fall1  
winter1 and spring these yokes are made 
of flannel like the skirt and should    

have long sleeves of the same material4 
,the yokes should be made large enough  
so that they may be used during the     
entire first year 7the plait in the     
front can easily be taken out when the  
baby is six months old so that it may be
 used much longer than if the yoke is   
made without a plait74 ,for the hot     
summer months1 the yokes should be a    
thin cotton material without sleeves2   
and1 if the baby is housed in an        
over-heated apartment1 this fact should 
be borne in mind and the winter skirt   
should be made accordingly4 ,we have    
found1 however1 that the baby who is    
amply protected and uniformly dressed1  
does not require the outer bundlings    
that the poorly dressed child requires4 
,part wool and cotton materials are very
 comfortable in the overheated city     
apartments4 ,white skirts are not       
necessary for small babies4 ,they only  
add extra weight and it is always       
foolish to put anything on a small baby 
simply for looks4   ,,nightgowns1       

,,wrappers1 ,,and ,,slips  ,the         
nightgowns should be made of soft cotton
 flannel or stockinet4 ,the latter is   
really the better1 and can be purchased 
in sizes up to two years2 it is         
absorbent1 easily laundered1 and may be 
conveniently drawn up at the bottom by  
means of a drawstring4  ,at least seven 
nightgowns are needed4 ,a fresh         
nightgown should be used each day and   
each night during the first four or five
 weeks of baby's life2 while as he gets 
older 7two or three years71 the night   
drawers with feet in them are used to   
advantage4  ,the wrappers are usually   
made of challis1 nun's veiling1         
cashmere1 or other light woolen         
materials which can be readily washed4  
,they are very serviceable to wear over 
the baby's thin slips and on cool nights
 they may be used over the nightdress4  
,they should be simply made1 containing 
no heavy seams1 and at the neck there   
should be the simplest kind of a soft   
band that will in no way produce        

friction or in any other way irritate   
the baby's skin4  ,slips are usually    
made of some very soft material such as 
nainsook1 batiste1 pearline1 or sheer   
lawn cloth4 ,twenty-seven inches is the 
length that will be found both          
comfortable and convenient4 ,all laces1 
ruffles1 and heavy bands which will     
scratch or irritate should be avoided as
 eczema is often caused by such         
mistakes4   ,,sleeping ,,bag  ,the      
sleeping bag is of inestimable value1   
affording extra and secure covering for 
the child1 and peace of mind for the    
mother4 ,in the early weeks it should be
 made of light flannel1 but as the child
 gets older the sleeping blanket is made
 according to illustration 7,see ,fig4  
#e7 by merely folding a blanket in such 
a manner that the child cannot possibly 
uncover himself4 ,the mother can sleep  
undisturbed1 knowing that the baby is   
always safely protected by at least one 
warm blanket cover4   ,,common ,,faults 
,,with ,,most ,,layettes  ,as a usual   

thing the first clothes are made too    
small4 ,the sleeves are too short as    
well as too small around4 ,there is     
nothing more uncomfortable than a tight 
sleeve4 ,everyone of our readers knows  
that1 and we recall one poor little     
fellow who kept up a fretful cry until  
we took the scissors and cut the tightly
 stretched sleeve up to and including   
the arm hole4 ,he then relaxed and went 
to sleep4 ,sleeves should be made two   
inches longer than they are needed at   
first1 and it is a very simple matter to
 pin them up or turn them back at the   
wrist4 ,they should be loose and roomy4 
,the yokes of the dresses usually are   
too tight before the slips are          
discarded4 ,heavy seams and raw seams   
irritate and often make ugly impressions
 on the baby's skin4  ,usually the first
 layette is profusely embroidered1 and1 
while it is beautiful to look at1 the   
mother feels when she sees it outgrown  
so quickly that a lot of vital energy   
was wasted on garments that mattered so 

little as long as baby was comfortable4 
,baby is dear and sweet enough without  
the fuss and furbelows of such elaborate
 garments4  ,heavy materials are        
sometimes used where lighter ones would 
serve better4   ,,errors ,,in ,,clothing
  ,a soiled garment should never be put 
back on the baby4 ,dirt draws flies1 and
 flies are breeders of disease4         
,sour-smelling garments should be       
changed at once4 ,they are likely to    
make the baby sick and interfere with   
his appetite if left on indefinitely4   
,the care of the diaper has already been
 mentioned4  ,the main symptom of too   
much clothing is sweating1 and when the 
baby sweats something must come off4 ,if
 he has perspired so much that his      
clothes are moist1 the clothing should  
be changed and the skin well dried with 
talcum powder4 ,the feet and hands      
should be kept warm1 but the little head
 should always be kept cool4 ,when the  
baby is crying and getting his daily    
exercise1 remove some of the covering1  

loosen his diaper1 and let him kick and 
wave his arms in perfect freedom4  ,when
 the baby's feet and hands are cool he  
is not warm enough4 ,cotton underskirts 
cannot be used in the dead of winter on 
little babies4 ,they do not hold the    
body heat as woolen garments do4 ,the   
baby's feet should always be warm and   
this is particularly necessary in poorly
 nourished children4 ,the outer wrapper 
of woolen material should be added to   
such baby's clothing4 ,it is a safe rule
 to follow that if baby's hands are warm
 and he is not sweating1 he is just     
about right4   ,,short ,,clothes  ,at   
the age from four to six months1 baby's 
clothes are shortened4 ,this should not 
take place at the beginning of winter if
 it can be avoided4 ,if the first       
layette has consisted of only the       
necessary garments1 they are nearly worn
 out by the time the short clothes are  
due2 of those that do remain1 the       
sleeves should be lengthened1 the arm   
holes enlarged1 and all the little      

waists let out4 ,creeping garments and  
bibs are now added to baby's outfit1 as 
well as leggings and other necessities  
for outdoor wear4 ,remember that all    
garments must be loose--then baby is    
happy4  ,about the same number of       
garments are found necessary for the    
short clothes as were required at first2
 except that a large number of creeping 
rompers should be added4 ,these creeping
 rompers should not be made of dark     
materials that do not show the soil4 ,we
 desire the dirt to be seen that we may 
keep the baby clean1 and if the creeping
 romper is made of a firm1 white        
material it may be boiled in the        
laundry1 thus affording ample and       
thorough cleansing4  ,we attributed a   
sick spell of one baby to the dark-blue 
calico creeping romper which he wore day
 in and day out because it did not show 
the soil4 ,white ones are much to be    
preferred1 not only for looks but       
chiefly for sanitary reasons4   ,,caps  
,,and ,,wraps  ,the cap should be made  

of a material that will protect from    
drafts and cold air1 but not of such    
heavy materials as will cause too much  
sweating4 ,there are a number of outside
 wraps that can be purchased ready-made 
and which are comfortable1 convenient1  
and warm4 ,they should be long enough   
not only to cover the baby's feet well1 
but to pin up over the feet1 thus giving
 good protection from winds and drafts4 
,during the summer months nainsook caps 
or other thin materials are to be       
preferred to the heavy crocheted caps   
that are sometimes worn by babies4 ,no  
starch should be used in the caps or    
strings1 and there should be no ruffles 
to scratch the delicate skin of the     
baby4 ,in all these outer garments1 as  
well as the under garments1 the         
irritation of the skin must be          
constantly borne in mind1 as eczema is  
often produced in this manner4   ,,the  
,,first ,,shoes  ,the first shoe that is
 usually worn during the creeping days  
is a soft kid shoe without hard soles4  

,it is important that this soft shoe be 
worn to protect the child's foot from   
chilling drafts while creeping about4   
,as the baby nears one year of age the  
hard-sole shoe is secured which must be 
wide1 plenty long and comfortable in    
every respect1 and without heels4       
,rubbers and overshoes may be worn on   
damp and cold days4 ,moccasins and      
slippers do not give sufficient support 
to the ankles1 so1 when the baby begins 
to walk1 the shoes should be high and of
 sufficient support to the tender       
ankles4   ,,play ,,suits  ,as the baby  
grows up into the child1 the tiny       
clothes are laid aside and the boy is   
given substantial garments that in no   
way remind him of girls' clothing4 ,a   
child's feelings should be respected in 
this manner1 and while it often adds joy
 to the mother's heart to see her boy a 
baby still1 remember that he is not only
 chagrined but is nervously upset by    
these sissy clothes4  ,a child three or 
four years of age should still wear the 

woolen binder supported from the        
shoulders1 over which is the union suit1
 stockings1 and the buttoned waist from 
which hang the hose supporters4 ,the    
most comfortable and easily laundered   
garment we know of for the small lad is 
the romper1 which should be made of     
washable materials that may be readily  
boiled4 ,for cool days a ,buster ,brown 
coat of the same material1 with         
patent-leather belt1 may be slipped on  
over this washable romper--which        
completes the boyish outfit4  ,we recall
 the pleasant days with our own little  
fellow when he was between the ages of  
two and one-half and five years4 ,we    
were often compelled to be away from    
home--on the train1 in the hotel--and   
when traveling we used a black1 smooth  
silk material which was made up into    
rompers with low neck and short sleeves4
 ,there were three such rompers1 and two
 ,buster ,brown coats with wide1 black1 
patent-leather belts which completed the
 traveling outfit4 ,during the warm days

 on the train the coat was folded       
carefully and laid aside4 ,in the early 
morning and in the cool of the evening  
the coat was put on1 and he always      
looked neat and clean4 ,at night1 before
 undressing him1 the entire front of the
 romper was cleansed with a soapy       
washcloth1 rinsed1 and rubbed dry with a
 towel1 and1 after carefully spreading  
to avoid wrinkles1 it was hung over the 
foot of the bed4 ,the coats were sponged
 or pressed once or twice a week1 and   
this simple outfit served its purpose so
 well that it was repeated three        
different summers4  ,the little girl as 
she leaves her babyhood days should be  
put into garments that do not           
necessitate the constant admonition1    
,keep your dress down1 dear4 ,we like to
 see knickerbockers1 the exact color of 
the dress1 made for every outfit1 in    
which the little girl may kick1 lie     
down1 jump1 dance1 climb--do anything   
she pleases--unmindful of the fact that 
her dress is not down4 ,the same        

undergarments are used for the little   
girl as were mentioned for the little   
boy4   ,,winter ,,garments  ,always bear
 in mind the over-heating of the child  
with heavy garments indoors1 and the    
danger of skin chilling and drafts on   
going out to play in this over-heated   
condition4 ,let the children dress      
comfortably cool in the house1 and as   
they go out to play add rubber boots or 
leggings and rubbers1 sweaters1 caps    
with ear laps or the stockinet cap4     
,allow them the utmost freedom in       
clothes1 and always encourage romping in
 the cool frosty air4   ,,clothing      
,,rules    ,do not overload the baby    
with clothing4   ,dress according to the
 temperature of the day and not the     
season of     the year4   ,avoid        
starched garments4   ,avoid tight       
bellybands or old-fashioned pinning     
blankets4   ,change all clothes night   
and morning4   ,use woolen shirts and   
bands4   ,see that hands and feet are   
always warm4   ,protect the abdomen     

night and day with the band4   ,use the 
sleeping bag on cold nights4   ,baby    
should sleep in loose stockings at      
night4   ,avoid chilling the child4     
,use hot water bags if necessary4       
,,chapter ,,xxii  ,,fresh ,,air1        
,,outings1 ,,and ,,sleep   ,fresh air is
 just as important and necessary for the
 baby as for the adult4 ,neither baby1  
youth1 nor adult can receive the full   
benefit of his food--in fact it can not 
be burned up without the oxygen--without
 an abundance of fresh air4 ,during the 
early weeks of life1 the air baby       
breathes must be warm2 nevertheless1 it 
must be warmed fresh air1 for baby      
requires fresh air just as much as he   
needs pure food4   ,,indoor ,,airing    
,the delicate child often requires more 
fresh air than does the normal baby4    
,both appetite and sleep are improved by
 fresh air4 ,the digestion is better1   
the cheeks become pink1 and all the     
signs of health are seen in the child   
who is privileged to breathe fresh air4 

,during the early days1 say after the   
third week1 baby should be well wrapped 
up with blanket and hood1 tucked snugly 
in his basinet or carriage1 while the   
windows are opened wide and the little  
fellow is permitted to enjoy a good     
airing4 ,even in the winter months the  
windows may be raised in this way for a 
few minutes each day4 ,these airings may
 be for ten minutes at first1 and1 as   
the child grows older1 they may be      
gradually increased to four or five     
hours daily4 ,the carriage or basket    
should stand near the window1 but not in
 a direct draft4   ,,outdoor ,,life  ,in
 summer1 a baby one week old may be     
taken out of doors for a few minutes    
each day2 in the spring and fall1 when  
baby is one month old1 it may go out for
 an airing2 while1 during the winter    
months1 the airing had better be taken  
indoors until he is about two months    
old1 and even at that age he should go  
out only on pleasant days and should    
always be well protected from the wind4 

,a young baby may enjoy the fresh air in
 his carriage or crib on the porch1 on  
the roof under suitable awnings1 in the 
yard1 under the trees1 and even on the  
fire escape4 ,in fact1 at proper age and
 in season1 he may spend most of his    
time out of doors in the fresh air1 if  
he has proper protection from the sun1  
wind1 and insects4   ,,best ,,hours     
,,for ,,airing  ,during the balmy days  
of summer and early autumn1 baby may    
spend most of the time outdoors between 
seven in the morning and sunset4 ,during
 the cooler days of winter and the cool 
and windy days of spring1 the best hours
 for the airing are to be found between 
eleven in the morning and three in the  
afternoon4  ,at six weeks1 perhaps an   
hour a day in the fresh air is          
sufficient2 while at six months1 four to
 six hours a day are a necessity1 and   
from then on--the more the better4  ,now
 we realize that the mother of the farm 
household does not always have as much  
time to take the baby out for his       

airings as many of our city mothers2 but
 we suggest to this busy mother that the
 baby be rolled out on the porch or in  
the yard1 within her sight and hearing1 
and allowed to enjoy the fresh air while
 the mother continues her work4  ,it is 
virtually a crime to try to keep baby in
 the kitchen1 hour after hour1 while the
 busy mother is engaged at her tasks4 ,a
 hammock1 a crib on casters1 or a       
carriage1 is just the coziest place in  
the world for baby--out on the porch4   
,,the ,,country ,,baby  ,the average    
city baby really gets more fresh air    
than ninety per cent of the country     
babies4 ,our city apartments are usually
 steam heated1 and our windows are open 
in the winter nearly as much as in the  
summer4 ,the country home is often only 
partially heated by two or three stoves4
 ,the windows are closed in summer to   
keep out the dust1 heat1 and flies1 in  
the winter to shut out the cold1 and so 
the baby who lives in such a home has   
little chance to get fresh air4  ,the   

city mother is constantly talked to     
about the benefits of fresh air4 ,the   
daily paper brings its health column to 
her1 her pastor talks of it on ,sunday1 
and--best of all--the older children    
come home from school and reiterate the 
doctrine of fresh air that is constantly
 being preached to them at school4      
,screen the windows1 rural mother1 and  
oil the roads in front of your          
residence1 and then keep your windows   
open4 ,remember that baby's health is of
 more value than the meadow lot or even 
a fortune later on in life4 ,plan for a 
new heating plant1 if necessary1 so that
 the home can be both warmed and        
ventilated during the winter4   ,,when  
,,not ,,to ,,take ,,baby ,,out  ,if a   
sheltered corner of the porch is within 
the reach of the mother1 we can hardly  
think of a time when the baby cannot be 
taken out4 ,it may rain1 the wind may   
blow1 it may snow or even hail1 but baby
 lies in his snug little bed with a hot 
water bottle or a warmed soapstone at   

his feet4 ,as long as the finger tips   
are warm1 we may know he is warm all    
over1 and a long nap is thus enjoyed in 
the cool fresh air4 ,when the sheltered 
corner of the porch is lacking1 we wish 
to caution the mother concerning the    
following weather conditions3  #a4 ,when
 the weather is excessively hot1 take   
him out only in the early morning and   
late in the afternoon4  #b4 ,in         
extremely cold1 below zero1 weather1 let
 his airing be indoors4  #c4 ,sharp and 
cold winds may do much mischief to      
baby's ears1 as well as blow much       
mischief-making dust into his nose and  
eyes4 ,in the case of dust or sand      
storms1 baby remains in the house4  #d4 
,all little people enjoy the rain1 and  
only when the raincoat1 rubbers1 and    
umbrella are missing should they be     
robbed of the rainy-day fun4 ,in the    
case of baby's outing on rainy days1    
ample roof protection is the only factor
 to be considered2 if it is adequate1   
then take him out2 if it is lacking1 let

 the airing be done indoors4   ,,winter 
,,outings  ,the very young baby is taken
 out for a fifteen-minute airing during 
the noon hour when he is two months old2
 before this time he receives his airing
 indoors4 ,the interval is gradually    
lengthened until most of the time       
between eleven and three is spent out of
 doors4 ,the reddened cheeks1 the       
increased appetite1 all tell the story  
of the invigorating benefits of cool1   
fresh air4 ,most babies dislike heavy   
veils1 and they may be avoided by a fold
 of the blanket arranged as a protection
 shield from the wind4  ,the wind       
shield1 procurable wherever baby        
carriages are sold1 should be a part of 
the outdoor equipment1 as it greatly    
helps in the protection of the baby4    
,the wind should never blow in his face2
 neither should he lie1 unprotected1    
asleep or awake to gaze up into the     
sunshine or the sky--or even at a white 
lining of the hood of his carriage4 ,the
 lining should be a shade of green1     

preferably dark green4 ,and while it may
 be necessary during the summer to      
suspend a netting over the carriage to  
protect from flies1 mosquitoes1 etc41 it
 should never lie on his face4   ,,open 
,,windows  ,many of our readers recall  
with sadness of heart a little hunchback
 child or a life-long invalid confined  
to a bed or wheel chair because some    
careless but well-meaning caretaker or  
mother left an open window unguarded2   
and--in an unlooked for moment--baby    
crawled too near1 leaned out too far1   
and fell to the ground4 ,the little     
fellow was picked up crippled for life2 
and so while it is very essential to    
baby's health to have open windows1     
admitting fresh air1 they should be     
amply guarded4 ,screens afford          
protection if well fastened1 and in     
their absence a slat three inches wide  
and one inch thick may be securely      
fastened across the opening1 thus       
preventing all such tragedies with their
 life-long regrets4   ,,sleep  ,if any  

of our readers have seen a new-born baby
 immediately after he has been washed1  
dressed1 and comfortably warmed1 they   
have observed that he usually goes to   
sleep at once1 and that he generally    
sleeps from four to six hours4 ,babies1 
especially new-born babies1 need just   
four things3 warmth1 food1 water1 and   
sleep4  ,and while the babies sleep they
 are not to be disturbed by the fond    
mother's caresses and cuddling--feeling 
of the tiny hands1 smoothing out the    
soft cheek1 or stroking his silky       
hair--for all such mothers are truly    
sowing for future trouble4 ,let baby    
absolutely alone while sleeping1 and let
 this rule be maintained even if some   
important guest must be disappointed4   
,if such cannot wait till baby wakens1  
then he must be content with the mental 
picture drawn from the mother's vivid   
description of baby--his first smile1   
his first tooth1 his first recognition  
of the light1 etc4 ,the wise mother cat 
never disturbs her sleeping kittens4    

,,sleep ,,requirements  ,sleeping1      
eating1 and growing occupy the whole    
time of young babies4 ,until they are   
two months old they need from eighteen  
to twenty hours sleep out of each       
twenty-four2 and not less than sixteen  
hours up to the end of the first year4  
,at six months1 baby should sleep right 
through the night from six in the       
evening until six in the morning1 with a
 ten o'clock feed1 which should be given
 quietly1 in a darkened room1 the babe  
being immediately returned to his bed4  
,at two or three years of age1 twelve to
 fourteen hours of sleep is required2   
while at four to five years1 eleven to  
twelve hours are needed2 when they      
attain the age of thirteen years they   
should still have ten hours of unbroken 
sleep each night4  ,as a general rule1  
children should sleep alone2 even in the
 case of two brothers or two sisters1   
separate beds are far better than a     
double bed for both hygienic and moral  
reasons4  ,baby should have a separate  

bed4 ,the temptation to nurse him on the
 least provocation1 as well as the      
danger of overlying1 are reasons enough 
for such an arrangement4   ,,putting    
,,baby ,,to ,,sleep  ,at five-thirty in 
the afternoon1 baby should be undressed1
 rubbed or bathed1 made perfectly       
comfortable1 and fed2 then1 my mother   
reader1 he should be laid down in his   
little bed and allowed to go to sleep1  
without any coaxing1 singing1 rocking1  
or even holding his hand4 ,babies will  
do this very thing and continue to do it
 if you never begin to rock1 jolt1      
bounce1 or sing to them2 and1 mind you1 
if you do sing to them or rock them1 or 
even sit near without doing anything but
 just hold their tiny hands1 there will 
come a time when you greatly desire to  
do something else--you have many urgent 
duties awaiting you--and baby not being 
old enough to understand the            
circumstances1 begins to wail out his   
feeling of neglect and abuse4 ,it is    
nothing short of wicked thus to spoil a 

child4  ,we have seen so many beautiful 
babies go to sleep by themselves without
 any patting1 dangling1 or rocking1 that
 we encourage and urge every mother to  
begin right1 for if the little one never
 knows anything about rocking and       
pattings he will never miss them2 and   
even if the baby is spoiled through     
extra attention which sickness often    
makes necessary1 then at the first      
observance of the tendency on the part  
of the child to insist on the rocking1  
or the presence of a light in the       
sleeping-room1 or the craving for a     
pacifier1 we most strongly urge the     
mothers to stick to the heroic work of  
letting him cry it out4  ,the notion    
that the household must move about on   
tiptoes is not only unnecessary but     
perfectly ridiculous4 ,from the very    
hour of his birth1 let the child become 
accustomed to the ordinary noises of the
 home1 and if this plan is early started
 he will prove a blessing and a ray of  
sunshine to the family and not an       

autocrat to whom all must bow and bend  
the knee4   ,,bedtime ,,and ,,sleeping  
,,position  ,bedtime is regulated       
somewhat by the hour of rising in the   
morning4 ,usually1 up to two years1 baby
 is put to bed from five to six ,p4 ,m4 
,regularity is urged in maintaining the 
bedtime hour4  ,the seven o'clock       
bedtime hour is later established and   
continued until the young child attains 
school age1 when retiring at the curfew 
hour of eight o'clock gives our boy or  
girl from ten to eleven hours of sleep1 
which is essential to proper growth1    
calm nerves1 and an unruffled temper4   
,the first few days finds our little    
fellow sleeping nine-tenths of his time4
 ,let him lie on his right side1 for    
this favors the complete closure of the 
fetal heart valve1 the foramen ovale4   
,whether baby lies on his stomach1 his  
side1 or with the hands over his head is
 of little or no consequence4 ,his      
position should be changed first from   
one side to the other until he is old   

enough to turn himself4   ,,waking ,,up 
,,at ,,night  ,before baby is three     
months old1 he should receive           
nourishment during the night at nine and
 twelve1 and again at six in the        
morning4 ,after four or five months a   
healthy child should not be fed between 
the hours of ten ,p4 ,m4 and six ,a4 ,m4
 ,at this age1 many children sleep right
 through from six ,p4 ,m4 to six ,a4 ,m4
 without food4  ,after five months1 if a
 healthy baby awakens between ten ,p4   
,m4 and six ,a4 ,m4 warm water may be   
given from a bottle2 he soon forgets    
about this and the night's sleep becomes
 unbroken4 ,there are many other reasons
 than the need of food that cause the   
wakefulness of the child2 and since the 
baby should1 after a few months1 sleep  
undisturbed and peacefully1 if he is    
wakeful and restless--crying out in a   
peevish whine--and then quiets down for 
a few moments only to cry out again1 you
 may suspect one of a half-dozen        
different things4 ,let us1 therefore1   

summarize the things which may disturb  
baby's sleep3  #a4 ,lack of ,fresh ,air4
 ,babies cannot sleep peacefully in a   
hot1 stuffy room1 or in a room filled   
with the fumes of an oil lamp turned    
low4 ,a crying fretful baby often quiets
 down as if by magic1 providing he is   
not hungry and the diaper is dry1 when  
taken into a cool room with fresh air4  
,after the first two months the         
temperature of the sleeping room should 
be fairly cool and fresh4  #b4 ,clothes 
and ,bedding4 ,the night clothes may be 
irritating and causing perspiration1    
while the bedding may be wrapped too    
snugly about the child4 ,if baby's neck 
is warm and moist1 you may know that he 
is too warm4 ,if the diaper is wet it   
should be changed at once4 ,one of the  
worst habits a baby can possibly get    
into is to become so accustomed to a wet
 diaper that it does not annoy him4 ,in 
cold weather he is changed under the bed
 clothing without exposure or chilling4 
,it may be the bedding is cold and1 if  

so1 it should be warmed up by the use of
 the photophore previously described1 or
 by means of the flannel-covered hot    
water bottle4  #c4 ,the ,food4 ,too     
little1 too much1 or the wrong kind of  
food1 will disturb baby's sleep4        
,indigestion is very easily produced in 
babies who are improperly fed4 ,for     
instance1 the mother's milk may be      
lacking in nourishment and baby may     
really be hungry2 or1 as in the case of 
a bottle-fed baby1 it is usually due to 
over feeding4 ,many mothers we have     
known who sleep with their babies or who
 sleep very near them1 nurse them every 
time they wake up or murmur1 and this   
soon becomes one of the biggest causes  
of disturbed sleep4  #d4 ,spoiling4 ,a  
lighted nursery or bedroom1 rocking to  
sleep1 jolting the carriage over a door 
sill or up and down1 the habit of       
picking baby up the moment he cries1    
late rompings--any and all of these may 
disturb sleep1 as well as unsettle the  
tender nervous system of the child1 thus

 laying the foundation for future       
nervousness1 neurasthenia1 and possibly 
hysteria4 ,this is particularly true in 
the case of the children who have       
nervous parents4  #e4 ,reflex ,causes4  
,wakefulness is sometimes due to reflex 
nervous causes such as the need for     
circumcision1 or the presence of        
adenoids1 enlarged tonsils or worms4    
,does baby have to breathe through his  
mouth8 ,then you may suspect adenoids or
 other conditions which should be       
removed4  #f4 ,chronic ,disorders4 ,the 
presence of scurvy or syphilis causes   
the child to cry out sharply as if in   
acute pain1 while in older children     
tuberculosis of the spine or hip is     
attended by a sharp1 painful crying out 
during sleep4 ,malnutrition or anemia   
are also conditions which greatly       
disturb sleep4  #g4 ,soothing ,syrups4  
,untold trouble1 both physical and      
nervous1 is bound to follow the giving  
of soothing syrups4 ,these medicines    
soothe by knocking the nerves senseless 

and never by removing the cause4 ,they  
contain morphin1 opium1 cocain1 heroin1 
and other drugs which deaden pain1 and  
are most dangerous to give baby4        
,,daily ,,naps  ,the morning nap from   
the sixth month on should be from two to
 three hours long1 out on the porch1    
well protected2 while the afternoon nap 
may be from one to one and a half hours 
long with an interval of two or three   
hours before bedtime4 ,the child should 
be wakened at regular intervals for     
feedings during the day--every three    
hours until he is six months old1 and   
then every four hours4 ,these naps      
should be taken in a cool place--on the 
porch1 on the roof1 in the yard1 under a
 tree1 or on the protected fire escape4 
,if the nap is to be taken indoors1 then
 lower the windows from the top and     
darken the room4 ,all children should   
take daily naps until they are five or  
six years old4     ,,chapter ,,xxiii    
,,baby ,,hygiene   ,possibly if all our 
babies could grow up in a mild1 warm    

climate1 out of doors1 where they were  
cared for by mothers who had nothing    
else to do but enjoy nature in a garden1
 their babies unhampered by clothes and 
other conventionalities inflicted upon  
us by our present standards of          
living--well1 if that were our          
environment1 probably this chapter on   
baby hygiene would not need to be       
written4 ,but realizing that variable   
climatic conditions1 the indoor life1   
and the necessary bundling up with      
clothes1 all tend to increase the       
ever-present danger of infection from   
thickly settled peoples and their       
domestic pets--these facts1 together    
with the further fact that modern social
 conditions make it necessary for some  
mothers to toil long hours--all these   
influences1 ,i say1 considered          
separately or combined1 make it         
imperative for us to give thoroughgoing 
consideration to the essentials of baby 
hygiene4 ,the subjects of fresh air1    
sleep1 bathing1 etc41 have been duly    

discussed in previous chapters4         
,,water ,,drinking  ,as soon as the     
newborn baby has been washed and        
dressed1 before he is put to sleep1 he  
is given two teaspoons of warm1 boiled  
water in a sterile bottle with a clean  
nipple4 ,this is repeated every two     
hours when he is awake1 until he is old 
enough to ask for water himself4 ,this  
water should contain no sugar1 or       
anything else--just clean1 boiled water4
 ,it is better to give this water from a
 bottle2 for in case of enforced        
weaning1 this practice of taking his    
water from a bottle1 will have made him 
acquainted with that method of feeding4 
,,urination  ,the baby may pass very    
little urine during the first day or two
 of his life1 but if the warm1 boiled   
water is administered regularly1 the    
urine will soon become more abundant4   
,as the child nears two years of age1 if
 put to bed at six ,p4 ,m4 he should be 
taken up at ten or eleven to urinate4   
,in older children1 bed wetting is often

 corrected by serving the last meal not 
later than four ,p4 ,m4 and not allowing
 any liquids after that hour4  ,the     
physician should be consulted in all    
instances where the habit of bed wetting
 extends beyond three years4 ,the       
subject will be treated more fully in a 
later chapter4   ,,exercise  ,a baby    
pen1 lifted up from the floor1 well     
protected at the sides1 and covered with
 mosquito bar--if exposed to flies or   
mosquitoes--affords splendid opportunity
 for exercise4 ,here the little fellow  
may lay on a well-padded mattress and   
kick1 move his arms1 and otherwise roll 
about to his own satisfaction4 ,it      
should not be in the direct sunshine1   
but rather in a protected1 somewhat     
shady place1 yet where the air is pure  
and fresh4  ,much exercise is obtained  
from the daily cry4 ,here1 the arms1    
legs1 hands and feet1 as well as the    
body1 are all exercised until the baby  
is pink4 ,a good rebound of blood is    
flowing through the well-warmed skin1   

while the baby is greatly benefited by  
such daily exercise4  ,later on1        
creeping is urged1 but not forced4 ,with
 regard to standing--he will pull       
himself up on his feet just as soon as  
nature qualifies him1 and so he needs no
 urging or coaxing in this matter4      
,older children should be encouraged in 
active romping1 games1 etc41 rather than
 to spend the entire day in the more    
sedentary amusements1 puzzle pictures1  
etc4  ,it is a most abnormal situation  
when a three-1 or four-year-old child is
 content to sit quietly all day4 ,there 
is usually something seriously wrong    
with a child who never soils his        
rompers1 who never makes a noise1 and   
who does not seem to enjoy normal play  
and fun4  ,let the little folks early   
learn that the home is theirs to enjoy  
and that their little friends are       
welcome2 and thus you may be spared such
 a reproof as one little lad of four    
unknowingly gave his mamma4 ,his little 
friend was approaching the stairs of the

 play room1 when the thoughtless mother 
carelessly and impatiently remarked3    
,oh1 are you going to bring ,ned        
upstairs8 you'll make so much noise4    
,the little host met his friend at the  
top with the words3 ,they don't want    
boys in the house1 we'd better go       
outdoors4 ,the mother woke up and       
arranged a little party upstairs for the
 two husky1 healthy--and noisy--boys4   
,during the creeping days remember that 
the floor is the coolest part of the    
room1 and in the absence of the creeping
 pen1 which is built up two feet above  
the floor1 extra clothing should be put 
upon the child while on the floor4      
,during the damp days of early spring   
and the cool days of late fall1 as well 
as on the bleak days of winter1 baby is 
better off if he is kept off the floor4 
,it is a fine plan to put a number of   
table boards on top of the springs of   
the baby's bed2 in this way a sort of   
pen is produced which is high above the 
cold floor and the baby is content to   

spend much of his time in this little   
pen1 happy with his playthings4         
,,kissing ,,the ,,baby  ,we most        
strongly protest against the haphazard1 
promiscuous kissing of babies4 ,many    
forms of disease1 such as tuberculosis1 
syphilis1 diphtheria1 influenza1 common 
colds1 etc41 may be carried to the child
 in this way4  ,the baby1               
notwithstanding his attractiveness1 his 
beauty1 and his grace1 should not be    
overfondled4 ,kissing the hand is not   
much better than the mouth1 for the hand
 quickly finds its way to the mouth4 ,if
 it be necessary to kiss a baby1 then   
let the kissing be done on the back of  
the neck or on top of his head1 but     
never on the face or hand4   ,,suckling 
,,habits  ,there came into the office   
one day a woman forty or more years of  
age1 whose mouth was markedly           
disfigured1 and on my inquiring as to   
the probable cause she said3 ,doctor1 it
 is the result of sucking my thumb when 
,i was a mere child1 too young to know  

better1 and every time ,i look into the 
glass1 which ,i assure you is only when 
,i am compelled to1 ,i curse my parents 
for not breaking me of that habit4 ,the 
indulgent parents were hated and        
despised for neglecting their duty1     
because of the disfigurement which      
resulted from this unrestrained habit of
 early childhood4  ,thumb sucking1      
finger sucking1 or pacifier sucking1 are
 all filthy habits1 and should be early 
discouraged4 ,to aid in overcoming the  
habit of sucking the thumb or biting the
 fingernails1 the ends of the fingers   
and edges of the nails may be painted   
with a solution of aloes or quinine4 ,in
 extreme cases1 a splint may be placed  
on the anterior bend of the elbow1 thus 
preventing the possibility of raising   
the hand to the mouth4  ,the sugar teat 
of our mother's generation has passed1  
as has also the mumbling of food for the
 young child2 we no longer give the     
babies concentrated sugar1 nor do we    
chew our children's food at the table4  

,extreme cases of chalk or dirt eating  
have been noted2 such tendencies are    
decidedly abnormal1 and require medical 
attention4   ,,keep ,,baby ,,warm  ,much
 colic and fretfulness may be avoided if
 baby is kept warm4 ,the finger tips are
 a good thermometer1 for if they are    
warm the feet usually are4 ,bundling is 
unnecessary1 but careful attention      
should be paid to keeping the feet and  
hands warm without making the child     
sweat2 that is an art1 and all mothers  
should attain it4 ,an extra flannel     
wrapper and a pair of heavy wool booties
 in the winter are good warmth          
producers4 ,cotton flannel petticoats   
should be replaced by warm woolen ones1 
and when the baby begins to get about on
 his hands and knees a pair of loosely  
fitting wool tights1 made from discarded
 woolen underwear are of inestimable    
comfort and value4 ,in the effort to    
avoid draughts and body chilling1 ever  
bear in mind baby's need of fresh air   
and the dangers of sweating1 for the    

sudden cooling of a sweating child is a 
forerunner of pneumonia1 cold catching1 
diarrhoea1 and other troubles4          
,,baby',s ,,temperature  ,during early  
infancy1 baby's temperature sometimes   
varies greatly2 for instance1 a rectal  
temperature may register #ig4e or #ajj4e
 ,f4 while the child may be in perfectly
 good health4  ,the baby's temperature  
should be taken at the rectum--which    
should normally register #ii4e ,f4 ,this
 temperature1 as stated above1 may      
register #ajj4e ,f41 with no other      
symptoms of illness4 ,in taking rectal  
temperature the thermometer should      
remain in place two minutes4  ,the groin
 is the next best place to take the     
temperature2 here the thermometer should
 remain five minutes1 and the registry  
is usually a degree lower than that of  
the rectum4  ,the baby's temperature    
usually is a good guide to the severity 
of any illness4 ,in case the temperature
 runs above #aja ,f4 the physician      
should always be notified and his orders

 carefully followed4 ,slight causes     
often produce a high temperature of #ajc
 to #aje ,f4 for a short time2 but such 
a temperature of long duration means    
serious trouble and demands expert      
advice and attention4 ,abnormal         
temperature will be more fully          
considered in that section of this work 
entitled ,common ,disorders of ,infancy4
   ,,baby ,,bouncing  ,the common custom
 of bouncing or trotting baby on the    
knee is a harmful one4 ,the young and   
growing nervous system of the child is  
decidedly injured by this constant      
jolting and jiggling1 to say nothing of 
the spoiling effects of this practice4  
,there is a vast difference between the 
sensitive nervous system of the infant1 
with its liability to shock and         
disturbances1 and that of the settled   
and developed nervous system of an      
adult4 ,the strength of the mother or   
nurse is so great that the jarring not  
only often causes indigestion and       
vomiting in the infant1 but sometimes   

also lays the foundation for wrecked    
nerves in later life4  ,the tossing of  
baby in the air comes in for the same   
condemnation4 ,baby is not our          
plaything1 and must not be bounced and  
tossed about like a rubber ball4        
,,carriages ,,and ,,go-,,carts  ,the    
first carriage should be roomy and      
comfortable4 ,the bed should be         
thirty-three inches long and fourteen   
inches wide1 and should be twenty-eight 
or thirty inches from the floor4 ,the   
wheels should be rubber tired4 ,the     
cover should be a good sized hood       
containing a dark lining1 and provided  
with a wind shield4 ,this dark lining   
creates a neutral shade for the eyes and
 protects them from the glare of the sun
 and the bright skies4  ,the bed of the 
carriage should be soft and warm2 and1  
with the size before mentioned1 there is
 ample room for the tucking in with warm
 blankets1 which are first spread out on
 the bed and then the baby placed into  
the blanket1 after which it is brought  

up and over him4  ,the folding go-cart  
and the small carrying-basket are to be 
used only in an emergency4 ,they are    
convenient in traveling or shopping for 
the mother who has no maid or caretaker 
with whom to leave the baby2 but they   
are not satisfactory pleasure vehicles1 
neither should the baby be left to sit  
fastened in one of these carts for any  
great length of time4  ,the mattress of 
the carriage should be of hair1 while   
needed warmth may be secured by the use 
of a thick1 light-weight woolen blanket1
 placed under the child and brought up  
and around him4  ,a top covering for the
 carriage must have washing or dry      
cleaning qualities4 ,a crocheted afghan1
 a washable embroidered cover1 or a firm
 silk puff1 are good covers4 ,the one   
thing to be remembered is that          
everything about the carriage soils     
readily1 and if this thought enters into
 the selection of fabrics1 you will not 
be disappointed when cleaning time      
comes4  ,the carriage pillow should be  

of down1 except in the very hot months1 
when hair is preferable4 ,simple1 easily
 laundered slips may be made from two   
men's-size handkerchiefs4   ,,bow ,,legs
  ,particularly in boys and men1 bow    
legs are not only awkward but are a     
noticeable deformity2 even the little   
folks notice them and often remark about
 it1 as did one child who sat profoundly
 eyeing a very important visitor who    
stood before the cheerfully lighted     
grate warming himself4 ,the little      
fellow suddenly exclaimed1 ,oh1 ,mister1
 look out6 ,you're warping4 ,such a     
painful experience might have been saved
 this distinguished gentleman had his   
mother or caretaker not urged his       
standing too soon2 and at the same time 
had fed him on the proper food1 so as to
 avoid rickets4 ,the ossification or    
hardening of the bones of the legs      
continues all through childhood and is  
often interfered with by improper       
feeding during the first two years of   
life4 ,urging the little people to stand

 too early is to be discouraged4 ,nature
 prepares them for it when the right    
time comes2 which time varies--thin     
children standing and walking usually   
much earlier than heavy children4       
,,lifting ,,the ,,baby  ,a very young   
baby should be lifted from his bed by   
grasping the clothing below the feet    
with the right hand1 while the left hand
 slips underneath the back and with     
spreading fingers supports the neck and 
head4 ,it is then raised upon the left  
arm4 ,during the early months the entire
 spine must be supported in this manner 
7,see ,fig4 #f74 ,in grasping a baby    
under the arms or about the waist1 undue
 pressure is made upon the abdomen and  
chest4 ,serious injury often follows the
 careless lifting of the older child by 
his wrists or hands4 ,the throwing or   
whirling of the older children by the   
arms is strongly condemned4             
,dislocations have followed such        
careless so-called fun4   ,,prevention  
,,of ,,falls  ,in the selection of the  

high chair1 care should be given to the 
possibility of overturning4             
,fortunately1 baby's bones are only     
partially ossified1 else he would       
sustain many fractures in the frequent  
falls and bumps4 ,when we pause to      
consider the thoughtless manner in which
 many babies are left on beds and in    
unguarded chairs1 it is not strange that
 they fall so often4  ,open windows must
 be carefully protected by well-fastened
 screens or by slats of wood4 ,beds     
afford a good place for a romp or play1 
but high-backed chairs should be placed 
at the side to prevent a fall4 ,a strap 
across the waist should be fastened to  
the sides of the carriage to prevent    
falling out4 ,everything possible should
 be done to prevent falls4 ,outdoor     
hammocks are exceedingly dangerous for  
the baby4 ,never leave a child in one   
unguarded4 ,a little caution1 a large   
amount of common sense--the good use of 
brains--will prevent scars and other    
lifelong deformities4   ,,the ,,baby',s 

,,breasts  ,never allow anyone to       
manipulate or break down a swollen      
breast in a girl or boy baby during the 
first week or two4 ,this swelling occurs
 often and should not be interfered     
with4 ,a hot compress of boracic acid   
solution may be applied1 after which a  
piece of sterile gauze should be placed 
over the swollen part and held on by a  
muslin bandage4 ,secure medical         
attention if the swelling does not go   
down in a day or two4   ,,visiting      
,unless absolutely necessary1 babies    
should not be taken on trains and street
 cars2 nor should they take long        
journeys into the country to attend     
reunions4 ,infections accompany crowds1 
and baby is far better off at home1 in  
the quiet of his natural surroundings1  
than he is in the dust1 closeness1 and  
bustle of illy ventilated cars1 streets1
 shops1 movies1 or even at church4 ,many
 an infant has been sacrificed by a     
train journey to show him off to the    
fond grandparents2 scores of babies     

acquire whooping cough at the movies2   
and many a baby has nearly lost his life
 by catching measles1 scarlet fever1 or 
diphtheria at church2 while the only    
thing accomplished by the church        
experiment was the spoiling of the      
entire service by its fretful1 tired    
cry--the infant's only means of protest4
   ,,the ,,runabout ,,baby  ,runabouts  
are the little folks between the age of 
one and three years1 and they require   
good care1 good feeding1 and warm and   
comfortable dressing4  ,in general1 they
 need the same fresh air1 daily outings1
 and daily naps of the younger child4   
,their hands need washing oftener1 and  
their clothing1 which is usually a play 
romper1 should be either of white or    
fast colors that it may be most         
thoroughly boiled1 thus getting a good  
disinfection4 ,their eyes1 nose1 and    
ears1 as well as the genital organs1 all
 require the most rigid daily           
cleanliness4  ,the bugbear second summer
 need not be feared by the mother who   

takes particular care to see that3      
#a4  ,the drinking water is boiled or   
distilled4   #b4  ,the orange is not    
overripe4   #c4  ,the banana is not     
underripe or overripe and is not eaten  
in chunks4   #d4  ,the milk is fresh and
 pasteurized4   #e4  ,the baby does not 
eat candy1 ice cream1 or other forbidden
       foods4   #f4  ,the baby's bowels 
move daily4   #g4  ,he does not remain  
dirty4   #h4  ,he naps daily4   #i4  ,he
 is protected from dust1 flies1 flees1  
and mosquitoes4   #aj4 ,he does not go  
visiting1 to church1 shops1 or movies4  
,the second summer is no harder than the
 first1 as good clean water1 easily     
digested foods1 and good general hygiene
 are all a baby needs at this time4 ,a  
large army of little folks grow up in   
spite of the little care they get and   
the place in which they live4 ,did they 
not possess good vital resistance1 sound
 nerves1 and good digestion1 the        
children of the slums and of the ghetto 
would quickly succumb to their          

unhygienic surroundings4   ,,toys  ,in  
selecting toys for the infant1 it must  
be borne in mind that they will be put  
to the mouth1 and hence they should not 
be3    #a4  ,toys with sharp points4    
#b4  ,small enough to swallow1 or to    
push into the nose4   #c4  ,covered with
 hair or wool4   #d4  ,glass that is    
easily broken4   #e   ,painted toys4    
#f4  ,toys that may be taken apart and  
the small parts swallowed4   #g4  ,paper
 books that may be chewed or torn4      
,bear in mind that babies are easily    
amused with such simple toys as3    #a4 
,a half-dozen clothes pins4   #b4 ,an   
aluminum pan and a spoon4   #c4 ,rubber 
toys 7easily washed74   #d4 ,celluloid  
dolls1 ducks1 and other floating toys4  
#e4 ,blocks4   #f4 ,a large rubber ball4
  ,the older children have wonderfully  
good times out of doors with a spade1 a 
cart1 and the sandpile4 ,boys most      
thoroughly enjoy a track with its engine
 and cars1 switches1 etc4 ,they build   
sham fortifications1 truly works of art1

 with their blocks1 while the girls are 
happiest with dolls and household sets4 
,however1 occasionally we meet a mother 
who has a girl who is really a boy in   
her tastes for toys1 and so we say to   
that mother3 give the little girl the   
desire of her heart2 if it's a train    
instead of a doll1 or a toy gun instead 
of a doll's trunk1 well and good1 let   
her have them4 ,what we want are free   
and easy1 natural1 children4 ,they are  
much more likely to have good nerves1   
clean thoughts1 sound digestion1 and    
equalized circulation4     ,,chapter    
,,xxiv  ,,growth ,,and ,,development    
,the newborn baby comes into the world  
in an absolutely helpless condition and 
completely unconscious of his           
surroundings4 ,he unconsciously performs
 certain acts1 such as opening his eyes1
 crying1 urination1 movement of the     
bowels1 and even nursing of the breast2 
but there is probably no distinct       
voluntary action connected with any of  
these acts4 ,all of his senses at birth 

are practically dormant1 but as the days
 and weeks go by1 they begin to awaken4 
,,special ,,senses  ,the baby cries1 but
 the tears do not actually flow over the
 lids until he is three or four months  
old1 and while the baby may fix his eyes
 upon objects and distinguish light from
 darkness1 he will not wink nor blink   
when the finger is brought close to the 
eye4 ,vision is probably not complete   
until the beginning of the third month4 
,infants are said to be deaf for the    
first twenty-four to forty-eight hours  
after birth1 and some authorities hold  
that they are deaf for several days4    
,taste is early developed1 as a newborn 
baby will often repeatedly show a desire
 to taste sweet things1 while if sour or
 bitter things are put to the tongue1 it
 shows its displeasure4   ,,hair ,,and  
,,scalp  ,the newborn baby usually comes
 into the world with a good head of     
hair1 but the end of the first or second
 week witnesses the falling out of much 
of this hair1 and falling may continue  

for even another week or two4 ,the hair 
is often worn off on the back of the    
head because of constant friction upon  
the pillow4  ,children differ greatly in
 the growth of hair4 ,some of them come 
into the world with heavy hair1 and     
others lose it quickly and remain nearly
 bald-headed until after the first year4
  ,as the second hair grows in1 it is   
usually lighter than it was at birth and
 lighter than it will be later in life1 
as the hair has a tendency to grow      
darker as the years go by4  ,the scalp  
should receive the care already         
mentioned4 ,as the hair comes in it     
should be shampooed once in two weeks   
and brushed often1 making it healthy and
 vigorous4   ,,misshapen ,,heads  ,it is
 wise to turn the baby first on one side
 and then on the other and not allow him
 to sleep night after night on one side 
of his head4 ,the newborn head may be   
misshapen by laying the child constantly
 on one side1 and the ear may be        
misshapen if it is allowed to curl under

 or become pressed forward4 ,markedly   
protruding ears may be partially        
corrected by having the child wear a    
well-ventilated cap made for the        
purpose4   ,,the ,,saliva  ,many mothers
 think that the presence of drooling or 
the excessive flow of saliva is         
associated with teeth cutting4 ,while it
 may be associated with the teeth1 this 
is not usually the case2 it is more     
probably due to the beginning of a new  
function of secretion4 ,the newborn baby
 has only enough saliva to furnish      
moisture for the mouth1 and not until   
the age of four or five months does     
saliva really flow1 and since the teeth 
appear a bit later we often confuse the 
institution of a new secretion with the 
oncoming teeth4   ,,sensations ,,and    
,,recognition  ,the young baby manifests
 a number of sensations early in its    
career4 ,hunger and satisfaction as well
 as comfort and discomfort seem to be   
recognized by the little fellow4 ,he    
early learns that the approach of       

someone when he cries usually means that
 he is to be taken up1 and he usually   
ceases crying as soon as he is taken up4
 ,he early manifests a sense of comfort 
when he is cuddled2 there also is early 
present a manifestation of the desire to
 sleep1 and the satisfying pleasure of a
 drink of water4  ,at the age of three  
months he has recognized many things    
such as the light or a bright object4   
,he distinctly recognizes his mother and
 often smiles at her approach4 ,he      
recognizes his hands at four months1 and
 now begins to recognize other members  
of the household aside from his mother4 
,even as early as one month1 he may     
smile at his mother4 ,at two months of  
age he will often smile at other members
 of the family4 ,he laughs out loud or  
chuckles during the fourth or fifth     
month4 ,but1 on the whole1 he must be   
considered as just a little animal whose
 greatest needs are to have his appetite
 and thirst satisfied1 his little body  
clothed1 and his little nerves put to   

rest--to sleep4   ,,sitting ,,alone  ,at
 four months the normal baby will hold  
up his head2 and if he is supported at  
the back with a pillow1 he will sit     
erectly--holding his head up--at six    
months2 while at eight months or not    
later than nine1 the normal child should
 sit alone on the floor with no support4
 ,later in the ninth month he often     
manifests a desire to bear his weight   
upon his feet4 ,care is here urged that 
the mother protect the little fellow at 
this time and not allow him to rest his 
weight upon his feet but a moment or two
 at a time4  ,he will reach for a ball  
suspended from the top of his carriage  
or bed as early as the fifth month4     
,about this time he discovers his toes  
while in his bath4 ,he will handle a    
rattle at six or seven months1 and shows
 delight in such toys4   ,,dentition    
,in both the upper and lower jawbones of
 the newborn infant there are hidden    
away in snug little cavities two sets of
 tiny teeth2 the first set1 or milk     

teeth1 and the second set1 or permanent 
teeth4 ,these rudimentary teeth grow as 
the baby grows and push their way up or 
down from the jawbones until they       
finally make their appearance through   
the gums4 ,the milk teeth appear in a   
definite way and in five definite       
groups4  ,there should be no physical   
disturbance at the appearance of the    
teeth1 which is a physiological process1
 and it is to be deplored that all of   
the ills of babyhood are laid upon the  
teeth with the careless remark3 ,oh1 its
 his teeth6 ,many1 many illnesses are   
neglected because our inexperienced     
mother has been told that she can expect
 anything to happen when the baby is    
cutting its teeth4 ,now1 it is true that
 the babies of many families do have    
trouble in cutting their teeth1 but the 
majority of babies cut their teeth      
comfortably and the first knowledge     
anyone has of it is the appearance of   
the tooth itself4 ,as the teeth push    
their way nearer the surface of the     

gums1 there is a broadening and a       
hardening of the gums themselves1 and it
 is the exception rather than the rule  
that the baby needs any help in cutting 
his teeth4  ,usually by the time the    
baby is seven months old it has two     
central teeth on the lower jaw 7the     
central incisors71 which constitute the 
first group4 ,the second group of teeth 
to appear is the four upper central     
teeth which are all through by the time 
the baby is twelve months old1 and are  
often through at ten months4 ,then there
 is a pause of from one to three months 
before the next teeth appear--the four  
anterior molars4 ,as these four anterior
 molars come in1 the two lateral        
incisors appear on the lower jaw1 which 
now gives us1 by the time the baby is   
fourteen or fifteen months old1 four    
central teeth upper1 four central teeth 
lower1 and the four anterior molars1    
which make twelve teeth4  ,another pause
 of two or three months and then we get 
the four canine1 which fill in the space

 between the first molars and the front 
teeth4 ,the canine on the upper jaw are 
commonly known as the eye teeth1 while  
the canine teeth on the lower jaw are   
spoken of as the stomach teeth4 ,this   
brings us to the age of eighteen to     
twenty-four months1 when there is still 
another pause of two or three months1   
after which time the big teeth or the   
four posterior molars appear1 which     
completes the first set of twenty       
teeth--the milk teeth4 ,when baby is    
twenty months old the milk teeth are    
often all in4 ,the complete set should  
appear not later than the thirtieth     
month4  ,during the life of the milk    
teeth the child should be taken to the  
dentist at least once a year1 better    
once in six months1 for all defective   
teeth must be properly and promptly     
cared for4 ,inexpensive but sanitary    
fillings should be placed in all decayed
 teeth1 for the roots of the first teeth
 are very soft and infection readily    
spreads to the jaws and the permanent   

teeth and serious trouble often begins  
thus early4  ,if dentition is seriously 
delayed1 investigation should be started
 concerning the general condition of the
 child1 for this delay often accompanies
 ill health4  ,when the child is six    
years old1 the mother should be         
watchful1 for it is at this time that   
the first permanent teeth appear just   
behind the last molar of the milk teeth4
 ,they do not replace any of the teeth  
present1 and many times they come       
through and decay without receiving any 
attention4 ,it is seldom necessary to   
assist these milk teeth as they come    
through the gum1 and should the gums    
become highly colored and swollen it is 
not wise to lance them1 for if the teeth
 are not ready to come through          
immediately1 the gum only toughens the  
more and makes the real cutting still   
more painful4  ,this is the time to cut 
down the baby's food as well as to look 
for other digestive disturbances1 for   
the number of stools may increase and   

vomiting may occur1 and by reducing the 
quantity and quality of the food and    
encouraging abundant water drinking1    
much trouble may be avoided4 ,under no  
circumstances urge the baby to eat when 
he refuses his food1 when the gums seem 
swollen and red during the teething     
time4 ,you will find that he will enjoy 
orange juice1 pineapple juice1 or prune 
juice4 ,all of these digestive symptoms 
are simply the result of feeling bad1   
and if heavy food of his regular feeding
 is greatly diminished he will get along
 much better than if fed his regular    
allowance of food4   ,,appearance ,,of  
,,the ,,teeth  ,the normal child has3   
,six teeth at one year4   ,twelve teeth 
at one and one-half years4   ,sixteen   
teeth at two years4   ,twenty teeth at  
two and one-half years4  ,when the child
 is six years old the first permanent   
tooth appears just back of the last of  
the milk teeth4 ,by the time he is      
seven1 the four central teeth1 two above
 and two below1 are out and the new ones

 begin to appear4 ,the order of their   
appearances is as follows3    ,four     
first molars              #f years      
,four central incisors          #g years
   ,four lateral incisors          #h   
years   ,four first bicuspids     #i to 
#aj years   ,four second bicuspids   #aj
 to #aa years   ,four canines           
#aa to #ac years   ,four second molars  
#ab to #ae years   ,four third molars   
#ag to #be years   ,,dental             
,,suggestions  ,a better plan than to   
lance swollen gums is to rub them gently
 with ice wrapped in a soft cloth1 or to
 dip the finger in ice water and rub the
 gums--this often gives the baby much   
relief4  ,often the baby finds comfort  
in biting on an ivory ring1 but the     
utmost care must be used in keeping it  
clean and avoiding contamination by     
allowing it to drop on the floor4       
,convulsions are never the symptoms of  
teething4 ,consult a physician at once1 
as such seizures probably spring from   
causes other than teething4  ,cleansing 

of the teeth should be carried out      
systematically every morning by means of
 a piece of cotton which has been dipped
 in a boric-acid solution or a solution 
of bicarbonate of soda 7common baking   
soda74 ,a soft brush may be used for    
cleansing1 and when there are particles 
of food between the teeth they should be
 removed by strands of waxed floss4     
,throughout life1 frequent visits should
 be made to the dentist2 during early   
childhood days he should be on the      
lookout for symptoms which indicate     
deformity--narrow jaws and other        
conditions which affect the permanent   
teeth4 ,during adolescence and adult    
life the teeth should be examined every 
six months and cleansings of the mouth  
should become a part of the daily       
toilet4   ,,the ,,weight  ,during the   
first year1 nothing gives us so much    
information concerning the child's      
general well-being as the weight4 ,such 
a record will not only enlighten the    
mother concerning the development of the

 child1 but the grown-up child          
appreciates the record and preserves it 
along with the other archives of        
babyhood days4 ,every ,sunday morning1  
when the father is at home1 the baby    
should be weighed and an accurate record
 kept4 ,it is important that the baby be
 weighed each time in the same          
garments--shirt1 band1 diaper1 and      
stockings--for every ounce must be      
accounted for4  ,until the baby is five 
or six months old he should gain from   
four to eight ounces a week4 ,anything  
short of this is not enough and should  
be reported to the physician4 ,after six
 months the gain is about a pound each  
month4 ,this varies somewhat2 possibly  
during the tenth and eleventh month the 
gain is lessened1 but by the close of   
the first year the baby should have     
trebled its birth weight4  ,dr4         
,griffith gives us the following very   
interesting bit of information          
concerning the weight of boys and girls 
after the first year1 and to him also   

belongs the credit for the accompanying 
table showing the growth1 height1 and   
weight of the child up to sixteen years 
of age4       ,after the first year we  
notice that1 taking it all together1    
there is a gradual increase in the      
number of pounds and a      decrease in 
the number of inches added yearly1 four 
inches being      gained in both the    
second and third years1 three inches in 
the      fourth and fifth years1 and    
after this two inches a year4 ,the      
gain in weight is four pounds yearly    
from the age of three to      that of   
seven years1 then five1 then six1 and   
then about nine      pounds4 ,it        
sometimes happens that at about the age 
of nine in      girls and eleven in boys
 there is almost a cessation of growth  
for a short time4 ,later1 at about      
twelve years1 girls take on a           
particularly rapid growth1 and decidedly
 exceed boys of the same      age in    
weight1 and sometimes in height also4   
,at fifteen or      sixteen years the   

rapidity of growth in girls1 both in    
weight and      height1 will be greatly 
diminished1 while boys of this age will 
often begin to develop very rapidly1 and
 will soon materially      exceed the   
other sex in both respects4  ,,table    
,,showing ,,growth ,,in ,,height ,,and  
,,weight    ,age4      ,height4         
,weight4    ,birth     #ai inches4      
#g     lbs4  #h     oz4   #a week       
#g          #g         #b weeks         
#g         #aj       ,gained #a oz4   #c
 weeks                   #h          #b 
a day2   #a month   #bj    inches   #h  
#g oz4 a week   #b months  #ba          
#aj                      #c months  #bb 
#ab       ,gained #c_/d oz4 a day2   #d 
months  #bc            #ac       #e-a_/b
 oz4 a week4    #e months  #bc          
#ae        ,double original weight4   #f
 months  #bd            #af             
,gained #b_/c oz4 a day2                
#d-b_/c oz4 a week4                     
#g months  #bd           #ag          #h
 months  #be            #ah             

,gained #a_/b in4 a month4   #i months  
#be           #ah          #aj months   
#bf            #ai       ,gained about  
#a lb4 a month4   #aa months #bf        
#bj          #a year    #bg             
#ba       ,treble original weight4    #b
 years   #ca            #bg           #c
 years   #ce            #cb        ,gain
 #d in4 a year4    #d years   #cg       
#cf        ,double original length4   #e
 years   #dj            #dj             
,gained #c in4 and #d lbs4              
a year4    #f years   #dc            #dd
        ,gained #b in and #d lbs4   #g  
years   #de            #dh        a     
year4    #h years   #dg            #ec  
,gained #b in4 and #e lbs4   #i years   
#di            #eh        a year4    #aj
 years  #ea            #fd              
,gained #b in4 and #f lbs4   #aa years  
#ec            #gj        a year4    #ab
 years  #ee            #gi          #ac 
years  #eg            #hh          #ad  
years  #ei           #ajj        ,gained
 #b inches and   #ae years  #fa         

#aji        about #i lbs4 a year4   #af 
years  #fc           #aag               
,,general ,,development  ,the           
accompanying illustration 7,fig4 #ad71  
taken from ,dr4 ,yale1 represents the   
developmental changes at one1 five1     
nine1 thirteen1 seventeen1 and          
twenty-one years4 ,each figure is       
divided into four equal parts1 and as we
 watch the development from the baby who
 at one year1 as ,dr4 ,yale says1 is    
four heads high1 at the age of          
twenty-one the legs and the trunk have  
much outgrown the growth of the head1 so
 that at this age the head is only      
two-thirteenths or less of the whole    
length of the body4 ,the legs have grown
 more rapidly and equal one-half the    
entire body length4 ,the trunk has not  
kept pace with the legs1 for as you will
 see from the diagram the line reaches  
the navel of the child in one year1     
while in the adult it is much lower4    
,the rapid growth of the legs is        
accomplished after nine years of age4   

,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,developmental
 ,changes  ,the proportions of the head1
 chest1 and abdomen are exceedingly     
important in the growing child4 ,at the 
end of the first year the head1 chest1  
and abdomen are about uniform in        
circumference4 ,the head may measure    
one-fourth of an inch more1 but the     
chest and abdomen should both measure   
eighteen inches in circumference at this
 time4 ,should the head or the abdomen  
be two inches larger than the chest2 the
 attention of the physician should be   
called to it1 for either are indicative 
of conditions that should be carefully  
investigated4   ,,normal ,,breast       
,,weaning  ,as a general rule the       
normal1 healthy1 breast-fed baby is     
given a feeding of a bottle each day    
after he is ten months old4 ,these      
bottles are increased in number until1  
by the time the baby is a year old1 he  
is gradually weaned from the breast4    
,should the ninth month of baby's life  
arrive in the hot summer months we urge 

the mothers to continue breast feeding1 
with possibly the addition of some fruit
 juices1 as noted elsewhere1 until early
 autumn4 ,under no circumstances should 
the baby be weaned and compelled to use 
cow's milk during the season of the year
 when the risks of contamination are    
greatest4 ,if the baby is nursed up to  
the close of his first year he hardly   
need be trained to use the bottle1 but  
may take his food from a cup4 ,from one 
to two months should always be consumed 
in weaning the baby1 unless sudden      
weaning is necessitated by ill health1  
as noted elsewhere4 ,the baby should    
have1 if possible1 from thirty to forty 
days to accustom himself to cow's milk  
exclusively4  ,if the child is weaned   
slowly there should be no trouble with  
the breasts1 but in the instance of     
sudden weaning the mother should        
restrict her liquids1 put on a tight    
breast binder1 and for a day or two     
should take a dose of a saline          
cathartic1 which will assist in taking  

care of the liquids and thus decrease   
the secretion of milk4   ,,normal       
,,bottle ,,weaning  ,if the bottle food 
is agreeing with the baby he should be  
allowed to use it up to the end of the  
first year when he will be given whole  
milk with possibly the addition of a    
little lime water4 ,we see no reason why
 the child should give up his bottle    
during the second year unless other food
 is refused--unless he will not accept  
other food than from his bottle--and if 
you are convinced that he has formed the
 bottle habit1 then the milk should be  
put into a tiny cup or glass1 and he    
should learn to sip it along with his   
solid foods2 but if he takes his other  
foods without any hesitancy1 then we    
know no reason why he should not take   
his milk in this comfortable manner from
 his bottle at least two or three       
feedings each day4  ,if you desire to   
wean him from his bottle1 serve the     
first part of it with a spoon from a cup
 or glass and then give him the         

remainder in the bottle4 ,the beautiful 
picture of a big1 robust baby lying on  
his back1 knees flexed1 both hands      
holding his beloved bottle still lingers
 in my mind as one of the pleasant      
memories of my lad's babyhood days1 and 
at the close of the second year1 when   
the beloved bottle was left behind1 ,i  
believe ,i missed something as well as  
did the lad4  ,i recall no difficulty   
with his taking the food from a cup4    
,the success of all normal weanings is  
due entirely to the fact that it is done
 gradually and slowly1 and under no     
circumstances should it be roughly and  
abruptly attempted--particularly in case
 of the bottle feeding4   ,,training    
,,the ,,bowels ,,and ,,bladder          
,reference is made to this subject in   
another part of this book--where we went
 into the detail of keeping the daily   
record of these physiological           
occurrences--and it was found that the  
bowels moved and the bladder was emptied
 at about the same time each day4 ,any  

mother1 caretaker1 or nurse1 who will   
take the time to keep a daily record of 
the hours of defecation and urination1  
will observe the time carefully and will
 catch the child on nearly every        
occasion before an accident occurs4     
,often as early as four months the      
bowels will move in an infant's chamber 
at regular times each day4 ,the nurse or
 mother places this receptacle in her   
lap and holds the child gently and      
carefully upon it4 ,a little later it   
can be made to sit on a special chair   
prepared for the purpose1 and at eight  
or nine months by careful training the  
urination can be controlled1 and by the 
end of the first year the diapers ought 
to be discontinued4  ,if the child has  
not learned to control the bladder by   
the age of two years1 medical attention 
should be called to the fact and        
remedial measures instituted4           
,,baby',s ,,speech  ,the baby should    
begin to talk at one year4 ,he early    
learns to say mamma and papa1 and       

gradually adds nouns to his vocabulary1 
so that at eighteen months the normal   
child should have a vocabulary of one   
hundred to one hundred and fifty words4 
,as he nears the two-year mark1 he has  
acquired a few simple verbs and he can  
possibly put three words together1 such 
as1 ,willie wants drink4 ,pronouns come 
in late1 as we all recall that the young
 child usually speaks of himself by his 
own name4  ,children are born mimics4   
,if you talk baby talk to them1 they    
will talk baby talk back4 ,for instance1
 a well known author told us just the   
other day that for many years no other  
name was given to the sewing machine in 
his house but the word mafinge1 and not 
until he went to school did he correct  
the word bewhind1 for in the nursery he 
learned the line wagging their tails    
bewhind them4 ,baby talk is very        
cunning1 and often the adult members of 
the family pick it up and keep it up for
 years1 and only when they are exposed  
in public1 as one mother was on a       

suburban platform by her four-year-old  
lad shouting1 ,mamma1 too-too tain      
tumin1 too-too tain tumin1 do they sense
 their responsibility and realize how   
difficult it is to form new habits4     
,this poor mother tried in vain to have 
her little fellow say1 as did another   
little lad two and one-half years old1  
,mother1 the train's coming2 let's get  
on4  ,many words of our beloved language
 at best are hard to understand2 so let 
us speak correct ,english to the little 
folks and they will reward us by        
speaking good ,english in return4  ,if  
at two years the child makes no attempt 
at speech1 suspicions should be aroused 
concerning mutism or other serious      
nervous defects4 ,medical advice should 
be sought4   ,,defective ,,speech  ,all 
guttural tones which may be occasioned  
by adenoids or enlarged tonsils1 all    
lisping1 stuttering1 or defective speech
 of all words should be taken in hand at
 the very start1 as they are usually    
overcome by constant repetition of the  

correct manner of speaking the          
particular word in question4 ,children  
of defective speech need special        
training1 and should in no way be       
allowed rapidly to repeat little nursery
 rhymes1 as oftentimes this rapid       
repetition of rhymes by a child with    
hereditary nervous defects may occasion 
stuttering or stammering later on4      
,,calisthenics  ,special exercise should
 not be forced upon young children4     
,physical culture1 along with many other
 things intended for sedentary adults1  
should never be forced upon little folks
 who get all of the exercise they need  
in the many journeys they take building 
their blocks1 sailing their boats1      
tearing down imaginary houses1 making   
imaginary journeys--from morning until  
night the little feet are kept          
busy--never stopping until the sandman  
comes at sleepy time4 ,do not yourself  
attempt to stimulate a child who seems  
backward4 ,consult your physician4 ,you 
had much better put a child out to grow 

up in the yard by himself with his      
sandpile than to force calisthenics or  
advance physical training upon him4     
,,bow ,,legs ,,and ,,walking  ,do not   
attempt to hasten nature in aiding the  
child to walk4 ,let him creep1 roll1    
slide1 or even hunch along the          
floor--wait until he pulls himself to   
his feet and gradually acquires the art 
of standing alone4 ,if he is            
overpersuaded to take those cute little 
steps it may result in bow legs1 and    
then--pity on him when he grows up4     
,sometimes flat foot is the result of   
early urging the child to rest the      
weight of the body upon the undeveloped 
arch4 ,a defect in the gait or a pigeon 
toe is hard to bear later on in life4 ,a
 certain amount of pigeon-toeing is     
natural and normal4 ,if the baby is     
heavy he will not attempt to walk at    
twelve months4 ,he will very likely wait
 until fourteen or fifteen months4 ,the 
lighter-weight children sometimes walk  
as early as eleven months1 but they     

should all be walking at eighteen       
months1 and if not1 it is usually       
indicative of backward mentality4  ,if  
the training of the bowels and bladder  
will replace the diapers with drawers1  
the baby will attempt to walk sooner    
than when encumbered with a bunglesome  
bunch of diaper between the thighs4 ,the
 little fellow runs alone at sixteen    
months and thoroughly enjoys it1 and the
 wise mother will pay no attention to   
the small bumps which are going to come 
plentifully at this particular time4    
,,summary ,,of ,,baby',s ,,development  
,he discovers his hands at three or four
 months4 ,at six months he sits alone1  
plays with simple objects1 grasps for   
objects1 and laughs aloud from the third
 to the fifth month4 ,he says goo goo at
 four or five months4 ,at one year he   
should stand with support1 listen to a  
watch tick1 follow moving objects1 know 
his mother1 play little games1 such as  
rolling a ball1 should have trebled his 
birth weight1 and have at least six     

teeth1 and should use three words in    
short sentences4 ,at eighteen months he 
should say mamma spontaneously1 walk and
 run without support1 should have quite 
a vocabulary1 should be able to perform 
small errands like pick up the book1 and
 should have twelve to sixteen teeth4   
,at two years he should be interested in
 pictures1 able to talk intelligently1  
and know where his eyes1 nose1 mouth1   
hands1 and feet are4 ,at three years1 he
 should enumerate the objects in a      
picture1 tell his surname1 and repeat a 
sentence with six words4  ,in the case  
of a premature baby or a very delicate  
child1 or as a result of a prolonged    
illness or a very severe sickness1 such 
as spinal meningitis1 the time of these 
mental and physical developments may all
 be postponed1 while rickets1 which will
 be spoken of later1 is often the cause 
of late sitting1 late standing1 and late
 walking4   ,,diet ,,after ,,the ,,first
 ,,year  ,milk is the principal article 
of diet during the second year4 ,it     

should be given with regularity at      
distinct intervals of four meals a day4 
,it may be given from the nursing       
bottle1 unless the child has acquired   
the bottle habit and refuses to eat     
anything else but the food from his     
bottle1 in which case it should be given
 from a cup4 ,beginning with the sixth  
month1 aside from his milk1 be it breast
 milk or bottle milk1 he is to be given 
orange juice once each day as well as   
the broth from spinach and other        
vegetables4 ,this is necessary to give  
the child certain salts which are       
exceedingly essential to the bottle     
baby4  ,at the close of the year when he
 is taking whole milk he should be given
 arrowroot cracker1 strained apple      
sauce1 prune pulp1 fig pulp1 mashed ripe
 banana 7mashed with a knife71 a baked  
potato with sauce or gravy 7avoiding    
condiments71 and a coddled egg4 ,fruit  
juices may be added to the diet1 such as
 grape1 pineapple1 peach1 and pear      
juice4 ,later in the second year he may 

be given stale bread and butter1 and for
 desserts he may have cup custard1      
slightly sweetened junket1 and such     
fruit desserts as baked apple and baked 
pear4  ,we do not think it is necessary 
to give children much meat or meat      
juices4 ,we appreciate that there is a  
diversity of opinion upon this subject1 
but we do not hesitate to say that in   
the families where meat is little used1 
the children seem to grow up in the     
normal manner with sound healthy bodies1
 sometimes having never tasted it4 ,when
 meat is used1 it should be well cooked 
to avoid contamination with such        
parasites as tapeworm and trichina2 it  
should also be well chewed before       
swallowing1 as many of the intestinal   
disturbances of the older children are  
due to the swallowing of unmasticated   
food such as half-chewed banana1 chunks 
of meat1 rinds of fruit1 and the skins  
of baked potatoes4  ,let the children's 
diet be simply planned1 well cooked1    
thoroughly masticated1 and above all    

things have regular meal hours1 and no  
piecing between meals2 and if the mother
 begins thus early with her little      
fellow1 she will be rewarded some later 
day by hearing him say to some          
well-meaning neighbor1 who has just     
given him a delicious cookie or a bit of
 candy3 ,thank you1 ,i will keep it     
until meal time4 ,children learn one of 
the greatest lessons of self control in 
following the teaching that nothing     
should pass the lips between meals but  
water or a fruit-ade4 ,children in the  
second year require four meals a day1   
one of which is usually only the bottle 
or a cup of milk4 ,these meals are      
usually taken at six1 ten1 two1 and six 
in the evening4 ,oftentimes this early  
six o'clock meal is just a bottle or cup
 of milk1 as may also be the evening    
meal4   ,,candy  ,now1 a word about     
candy4 ,pure candy is wholesome and     
nourishing4 ,it is high in calorific    
value1 and children should be allowed to
 have it if it does not enter the       

stomach in solutions stronger than ten  
or fifteen per cent4 ,we can see at a   
glance that chocolate creams1 bonbons1  
and other soft candies should never be  
given to children4 ,candies that they   
can suck1 such as fruit tablets1 stick  
candy1 sunshine candy1 and other hard   
confections that are pure1 and free from
 mineral colorings and other concoctions
 such as are commonly used in the       
cheaper candies1 may safely be given at 
the close of the meals--but never       
between meals4  ,all such articles as   
tea1 coffee1 beer1 soft candies1        
condiments1 pastries1 and fried foods1  
should be positively avoided in the case
 of all children under five and six     
years of age4  ,the diet from now on    
will be considered in the chapter ,diet 
and ,nutrition4     ,,part ,,iii  ,,the 
,,child     ,,part ,,iii  ,,the ,,child 
,,chapter ,,xxv  ,,the ,,sick ,,child   
,to the mother who has passed through   
the experience of bringing the child    
into the world is usually given that    

intuitiveness which helps her in caring 
for that child when it is well and in   
recognizing certain symptoms when it is 
sick4 ,the newborn baby brings with him 
a large responsibility1 but as the weeks
 pass by his care becomes less and less 
of a nervous strain1 as the routine     
duties1 so nearly alike each day of his 
little life1 have made the task         
comparatively easy2 but when the baby   
gets sick1 particularly if he is under  
one year of age1 and it is impossible   
for him clearly to make known his wants1
 and being unable to tell where it hurts
 or how badly it hurts1 the average     
mother is likely to become somewhat     
panicky2 and this confusion of mind     
often renders her quite unfit           
successfully to nurse the sick baby4    
,,the ,,nurse  ,it is often wise to     
secure the services of a trained nurse1 
and if the family purse will allow such 
services1 a good1 sincere1 capable1     
practical nurse should be engaged1 for  
her firm kindness will often accomplish 

much more than the unintentional        
irritability and anxious solicitude of  
an overworked and nervous mother4       
,usually the mother not only attempts   
the care of the sick baby with the long 
night vigil--often not having the       
opportunity to take a bath or change her
 raiment day in and day out--but she    
often attempts to manage the entire     
household as well1 including the getting
 of the meals and keeping the house     
cleaned1 and it is not to be wondered at
 that her nerves become overtaxed and in
 an unlooked for moment she becomes     
irritable and cross with the sick child4
  ,no matter how low the financial      
conditions of the family may be1 outside
 help is always essential in cases of   
severe or long-continued illness of the 
children4 ,should the mother insist upon
 caring for the baby herself1 then all  
household duties should be given over to
 outside help1 and as she takes the rle 
of the nurse1 the same daily outing and 
sleep that an outside nurse would       

receive should be hers to enjoy4  ,dr4  
,griffith has so ably detailed the      
features of disease that we can do no   
better than to quote the following3,a   
,a ,from ,griffith's ,care of the ,baby1
 copyrighted by ,w4 ,b4 ,saunders       
,company4        ,,position       ,the  
position assumed in sickness is a matter
 of importance4 ,a      child feverish  
or in pain is usually very restless even
 when      asleep4 ,when awake it       
desires constantly to be taken up1 put  
down      again1 or carried about4      
,sometimes1 however1 at the beginning of
      an acute disease it lies heavy and
 stupid for a long time4 ,in            
prolonged illnesses and in severe acute 
disorders the great      exhaustion is  
shown by the child lying upon its back1 
with its      face turned toward the    
ceiling1 in a condition of complete     
apathy4 ,it may remain like a log1      
scarcely breathing for days      before 
death takes place4 ,perfect immobility  
may also be seen in      children who   

are entirely unconscious although not   
exhausted4       ,a constant tossing off
 of the covers at night occurs early in 
rickets1 but1 of course1 is seen in many
 healthy infants1      especially if    
they are too warmly covered4 ,a baby    
shows a desire      to be propped up    
with pillows or to sit erect or to be   
carried in      the mother's arms with  
its head over her shoulder whenever     
breathing is much interfered with1 as in
 diphtheria of the larynx      and in   
affections of the heart and lungs4 ,the 
constant assumption      of one position
 or the keeping of one part of the body 
still1 may      indicate paralysis4     
,when1 however1 a cry attends a forcible
      change of position1 it shows that 
the child was still because             
movement caused pain4       ,sleeping   
with the mouth open and the head thrown 
back often      attends chronic         
enlargement of the tonsils and the      
presence of      adenoid growths in     
young children1 although it may be seen 

in      other affections which make     
breathing difficult4 ,in inflammation   
of the brain the head is often drawn far
 back and held stiffly      so4         
,sometimes1 too1 in this disease the    
child lies upon one side      with the  
back arched1 the knees drawn up1 and the
 arms crossed      over the chest4 ,a   
constant burying of the face in the     
pillow or      in the mother's lap      
occurs in severe inflammation of the    
eyes4        ,,gestures       ,the      
gestures are often indicative of        
disease4 ,babies frequently      place  
the hands near the seat of pain2 thus in
 slight      inflammation of the mouth  
they tend to put the hand in the mouth2 
in earache to move it to the ear2 and in
 headache to raise it to      the head4 
,in headache or in affections of the    
brain they      sometimes pluck at the  
hair or the ears1 although they may     
often      do this when there is no such
 trouble4 ,picking at the nose or at    
the opening of the bowel is seen in     

irritation of the intestine      from   
worms or oftener from other cause4 ,a   
child with a painful      disease of its
 chest may sometimes place its hand on  
its abdomen1      or a hungry child try 
to put its fists into its mouth4        
,in approaching convulsions the thumbs  
are often drawn tightly      into the   
palms of the hands and the toes are     
stiffly bent or      straightened4 ,very
 young babies1 however1 tend to do this1
      although healthy4 ,the alternate  
doubling up and straightening of        
the body1 with squirming movements1     
making of fists1 kicking1 and           
crying1 are indications of colic4 ,this 
is especially true if the      symptoms 
come on suddenly and disappear as       
suddenly1 perhaps      attended by the  
expulsion of gas from the bowel4        
,,skin ,,color       ,the color of the  
skin is often altered in disease4 ,it is
 yellow      in jaundice1 and is bluish1
 especially over the face1 in           
congenital heart disease4 ,there is a   

purplish tint around the      eyes and  
mouth1 with a prominence of the veins of
 the face1 in      weakly children or in
 those with disordered digestion4 ,a    
pale      circle around the mouth       
accompanies nausea4 ,the skin frequently
      acquires an earthy hue in chronic 
diarrhea1 and is pale in any            
condition in which the blood is         
impoverished1 as in ,bright's           
disease1 rickets1 consumption1 or any   
exhausted state4 ,flushing      of the  
face accompanies fever1 but besides this
 there is often      seen a flushing    
without fever in older children the     
subjects of      chronic disorders of   
digestion4 ,sudden flushing or paling is
      sometimes seen in disease of the  
brain4        ,,facial ,,expression     
,the expression of the face varies with 
the disease4 ,in whooping      cough and
 measles the face is swollen and        
somewhat flushed1      giving the child 
a heavy1 stupid expression4 ,there is   
also      swelling of the face1         

especially about the eyes1 in ,bright's 
disease4 ,repeated momentary crossing of
 the eyes often indicates               
approaching convulsions4 ,in very severe
 acute diarrhea it is      astonishing  
with what rapidity the face will become 
sunken and      shriveled1 and so       
covered with deep lines that the baby is
 almost      unrecognizable4 ,the same  
thing occurs more slowly in the         
condition commonly known as marasmus4   
,often the face has an      expression  
of distress in the beginning of any     
serious disease4      ,if the edges of  
the nostrils move in and out with       
breathing1 we      may suspect some     
difficulty of respiration1 such as      
attends      pneumonia4 ,the baby sleeps
 with its eyes half open in exhausted   
conditions or when suffering pain4      
,,the ,,head       ,the head exhibits   
certain noteworthy features4 ,excessive 
perspiration when sleeping is an early  
symptom of rickets4 ,it      must be    
remembered1 however1 that any           

debilitated child may      perspire more
 or less when asleep4 ,both in rickets  
and in      hydrocephalus 7water on the 
brain7 the face seems small and the     
head large1 but in the former the head  
is square and flat on top1      while in
 the latter it is of a somewhat globular
 shape4 ,the      fontanelle is         
prominent and throbs forcibly in        
inflammation of      the brain1 is too  
large in rickets and hydrocephalus1     
bulges in      the latter affection1 and
 sometimes sinks in conditions with only
      slight debility4        ,,the     
,,chest       ,the chest exhibits a     
heaving movement with a drawing in of   
the      spaces between the ribs in any 
disease in which breathing is           
difficult4 ,a chicken-breasted chest is 
seen in ,pott's disease of      the     
spine1 and to some extent in bad cases  
of enlargement of the      tonsillar    
tissue2 a violin-shaped chest in        
rickets2 a bulging      of one side in  
pleurisy with fluid2 and a long1 narrow 

chest1      with a general flattening of
 the upper part1 in older children      
predisposed to consumption4        ,,the
 ,,abdomen       ,the abdomen is swollen
 and hard in colic4 ,it is also much    
distended with gas in rickets1 and is   
constantly so in chronic                
indigestion in later childhood4 ,it is  
usually much sunken in      inflammation
 of the brain or in severe exhausting   
diarrhea or      marasmus4 ,it may be   
distended with liquid in some cases of  
dropsy4        ,,the ,,cry       ,the   
study of the cry furnishes one of the   
most valuable means of      learning    
what ails a baby4 ,a persistent cry may 
be produced by      the intense1        
constant itching of eczema4       ,the  
paroxysmal cry1 very severe for a time  
and then ceasing      absolutely1 is    
probably due to colic1 particularly if  
accompanied      by the distention of   
the abdomen and the movements of the    
body      already referred to4 ,a       
frequent1 peevish1 whining cry is heard 

in      children with general poor      
health or discomfort4 ,a single shrill  
scream uttered now and then is often    
heard in inflammation of the      brain4
 ,in any disease in which there is      
difficulty in getting      enough air   
into the lungs1 as in pneumonia1 the cry
 is usually      very short and the     
child cries but little1 because it      
cannot hold      its breath long enough 
for it4 ,a nasal cry occurs with cold in
      the head4       ,a short cry      
immediately after coughing indicates    
that the cough      hurts the chest4    
,crying when the bowels are moved shows 
that      there is pain at that time4 ,a
 child of from two to six years1        
waking at night with violent screaming1 
is probably suffering      from night   
terrors4 ,in conditions of very great   
weakness and      exhaustion the baby   
moans feebly1 or it may twist its face  
into      the position for crying1 but  
emit no sound at all4 ,this latter is   
also true in some cases of inflammation 

of the larynx1 while in      other cases
 the cry is hoarse or croupy4 ,crying   
when anything      goes into the mouth  
makes one suspect some trouble there4   
,if it      occurs with swallowing1 it  
is probable that the throat is          
inflamed4       ,with the act of crying 
there ought always to be tears in       
children      over three or four months 
of age4 ,if there are none1 serious     
disease is indicated1 and their         
reappearance is then a good sign4       
,,coughing       ,the character of the  
cough is also instructive4 ,a frequent1 
loud1      nearly painless cough1 at    
first tight and later loose1 is heard   
in bronchitis4 ,a short1 tight1         
suppressed cough1 which is      followed
 by a grimace1 and1 perhaps1 by a cry1  
indicates some      inflammation about  
the chest1 often pneumonia4 ,there is a 
brazen1      barking1 croupy cough in   
spasmodic croup4 ,in inflammation of    
the larynx1 including true croup1 the   
cough may be hoarse1      croupy1 or    

sometimes almost noiseless4       ,the  
cough of whooping cough is so peculiar  
that it must be      described          
separately when considering this        
disease4 ,then there      are certain   
coughs which are purely nervous or      
dependent upon      remote affections4  
,thus the so-called stomach cough is    
caused      by some irritation of the   
stomach or bowels4 ,it is not nearly so 
frequent as mothers suppose4 ,irritation
 about the nose or the      canal of the
 ears sometimes induces a cough in a    
similar way4      ,enlarged tonsils or  
elongated palate or throat irritation   
may      also produce a cough4          
,,the ,,breathing       ,the breathing  
of a young child1 particularly if under 
one year of      age and awake1 is      
always slightly irregular4 ,if it       
becomes very      decidedly so1 we      
suspect disease1 particularly of the    
brain4 ,a      combination of long      
pauses1 lasting half a minute or a      
minute1      with breathing which is at 

first very faint1 gradually becomes     
more and more deep1 and then slowly dies
 away entirely1 goes by      the name of
 ,cheyne-,stokes respiration1 and is    
found in      affections of the brain4  
,it is one of the worst of symptoms     
except in infancy1 and even then it is  
very serious4       ,the rate of        
respiration is increased in fever in    
proportion to      the height of the    
temperature4 ,it is increased also by   
pain in      rickets1 and especially in 
some affections of the lungs4 ,sixty    
respirations a minute are not at all    
excessive for a child of two      years 
with pneumonia1 and the speed is        
frequently decidedly      greater than  
this4       ,breathing is often very    
slow in disease of the brain1           
particularly tubercular meningitis4     
,poisoning by opiates produces      the 
same effect4 ,frequent deep sighing or  
yawning occurs in      affections of the
 brain1 in faintness1 or in great       
exhaustion1      and may be a very      

unfavorable symptom4 ,breathing entirely
 through      the mouth shows that the  
nose is completely blocked1 while       
snuffling breathing is the result of a  
partial catarrhal      obstruction4 ,a  
gurgling in the throat not accompanied  
by cough      may indicate that there is
 mucus in the back part of it1 the      
result of an inflammation1 sometimes    
slight1 sometimes serious4              
,labored breathing1 in which the chest  
is pulled up with each      breath while
 the muscles of the neck become tense1  
the pit of the      stomach and the     
spaces between the ribs sink in1 and the
 edges of      the nostrils move in and 
out1 is seen in conditions where the    
natural ease of respiration is greatly  
interfered with1 as in      pneumonia1  
diphtheria of the larynx1 asthma1 and   
the like4      ,long-drawn1 noisy       
inspirations and expirations are heard  
in      obstruction of the larynx1 as   
from laryngeal diphtheria or            
spasmodic croup4        ,,the ,,pulse   

,the rate of the pulse is subject to    
such variations in infants      that its
 examination is of less value than it   
would otherwise be4      ,in early      
childhood its observation is of more    
service1 although      even then        
deceptive4 ,slight irregularity is not  
uncommon4 ,unusual      irregularity is 
an important symptom in affections of   
the brain      or heart4 ,fever produces
 an increase in the pulse rate1 the     
degree of which depends1 as a rule1 upon
 the height of the      temperature4    
,slowing of the pulse is a very         
significant symptom1      seen          
particularly in affections of the brain1
 and sometimes in      ,bright's disease
 and jaundice4        ,,the             
,,temperature       ,the temperature is 
of all things important to remember in  
infancy      and childhood because fever
 is easily produced and runs high from  
slight causes4       ,even slight cold  
or the presence of constipation or      
slight      disturbances of digestion   

may in babies sometimes produce a       
temperature of #ajc ,f4 or more4 ,we do 
not speak of fever unless      the      
elevation reaches #ajj ,f4 ,a           
temperature of #ajb or #ajc ,f4         
constitutes moderate fever1 while that  
of #ajd or #aje ,f4 is high      fever1 
and above #aje ,f4 very high4 ,a        
temperature of #ajg ,f4 is      very    
dangerous1 and is usually not recovered 
from4 ,the danger      from fever       
depends not only upon its height1 but   
upon its      duration also4 ,an        
elevation of #aje ,f4 may be easily     
borne for a      short time1 but it     
becomes alarming if much prolonged4     
,,the ,,mouth       ,the tongue of      
newborn infants is generally whitish and
 continues      to be so until the      
saliva becomes plentiful4 ,after this we
      usually find it coated in         
disturbances of the stomach and bowels  
and in nearly any disorder accompanied  
by fever4 ,in scarlet fever      the    
tongue becomes bright red after a few   

days1 and in measles      and whooping  
cough it is often faintly bluish4 ,in   
the latter      affection an ulcer may  
sometimes be found directly under the   
tongue1 where the thin membrane binds it
 to the floor of the      mouth4 ,in    
thrush the tongue is covered with white 
patches like      curdled milk4 ,a pale1
 flabby tongue1 marked by the teeth at  
its      edges1 indicates debility or   
impaired digestion4 ,in prolonged or    
very high fever the tongue grows dry1   
and in some diseases of the      stomach
 or bowels it may look like raw beef4   
,grinding of the teeth is a frequent    
symptom in infants in whom              
dentition has commenced4 ,it generally  
indicates an irritated      nervous     
system4 ,most often this depends upon   
some disturbance of      digestion2 less
 often upon the presence of worms4 ,the 
symptom is      present during or       
preceding a convulsion1 and may occur1  
too1 in      disease of the brain4 ,in  
some babies it appears to be only a     

nervous habit4        ,,nursing         
,the manner of nursing or swallowing    
frequently affords important            
information4 ,a baby whose nose is much 
obstructed or who has      pneumonia can
 nurse but for a moment1 and then has to
 let the      nipple go in order to     
breathe more satisfactorily4 ,if it     
gives a      few sucks and then drops   
the nipple with a cry1 we must suspect  
that the mouth is sore and that nursing 
is painful4 ,if it      swallows with a 
gurgling noise1 often stops to cough1   
and does as      little nursing as      
possible1 we suspect that the throat may
 be      sore4 ,the ceasing to nurse at 
all1 in the case of a very sick         
baby1 is an evidence of great weakness  
or increasing stupor1 and      is a most
 unfavorable symptom4        ,,the      
,,urine       ,urine that is            
high-colored and stains the diaper1 or  
that shows a      thick1 reddish cloud  
after standing1 may accompany fever or  
indigestion4 ,sometimes the urine under 

these conditions is milky      when     
first passed4 ,in some babies a diet    
containing beef juice or      other     
highly nitrogenous food will produce the
 reddish cloud1 or      even actual1    
red1 sandlike particles4 ,a decidedly   
yellow stain on      the diaper occurs  
when there is jaundice4 ,a faint reddish
 stain      seldom indicates blood4 ,the
 amount of urine passed is scanty in    
fever1 in diarrhea1 and especially in   
acute ,bright's disease4 ,in      the   
latter disease the urine is often of a  
smoky or even a muddy      appearance4  
,the possibility of the occurrence of   
this symptom      after scarlet fever   
must always be kept in mind1 in order   
that a      physician may be summoned   
very quickly1 since it is a serious     
matter4        ,,the ,,stools       ,we 
find that the passages are often        
putty-colored in disorders of      the  
liver1 frequently bloody or tarry in    
appearance in bleeding      within the  
bowel1 and liable to be black after     

taking bismuth1      charcoal1 or iron1 
and red after krameria1 kino1 or        
haematoxylon4      ,infants who are     
receiving more milk than they can digest
      constantly have whitish lumps in  
their stools1 or even entirely          
formed but almost white passages4 ,the  
presence of a certain      amount of    
greenish coloration of the passages is  
not infrequent4      ,this is usually an
 evidence of indigestion1 but passages  
which      are yellow when passed and   
turn to a faint pea green some time     
later are not an indication of disease4 
,,when ,,baby ,,gets ,,sick  ,when baby 
shows that he is sick1 take his         
temperature as directed elsewhere1 cut  
down the feeding to at least one half1  
or1 if his temperature is around #ajb   
,f4 give him nothing but rice water or  
barley water4 ,if he is constipated give
 him a cleansing enema1 and if hot and  
feverish a sponge bath may be           
administered4 ,he should then be put    
into a bed with light covers and wait   

further orders which the doctor will    
give on his arrival4 ,give the baby no  
medicine unless ordered to do so by the 
physician4  ,known to every physician   
who undertakes the care of children1 is 
the failure of many well-meaning mothers
 to call him early4 ,the mother attempts
 the care of the baby herself1 and not  
until the condition gets beyond her     
knowledge and wisdom does she seek      
medical advice4 ,in the early hours of  
an approaching cold1 the beginning of   
intestinal indigestion1 or at the       
beginning of bronchitis1 if the         
physician can see the child early1      
prolonged illness may be avoided as well
 as unnecessary expense and many        
heart-breaking experiences4   ,,feeding 
,,the ,,sick ,,baby  ,feeding the sick  
baby differs somewhat with the character
 of the individual disease1 but in the  
outset of any and all diseases the      
intestinal tract should not be          
overburdened with food4 ,at the approach
 of any illness1 the food should at     

least be cut down one half2 for         
instance1 in the case of a serious acute
 illness accompanied by fever1 not only 
should the strength of the food be      
reduced one half1 but water should be   
given plentifully between feedings4 ,it 
is better never to urge the baby to eat 
at such times--for the ability to digest
 food is very much reduced4  ,in cases  
of acute attacks with much vomiting and 
fever1 all milk should be immediately   
stopped and rice water or barley water  
substituted4 ,when vomiting ceases and  
the fever approaches normal and food is 
desired1 begin with boiled skim milk in 
small amounts1 well diluted with cereal 
water1 and do not approach the normal   
amount of milk for twenty-four to       
forty-eight hours4 ,in this way the weak
 digestive organs are not overtaxed and 
they gradually resume their usual work  
of good digestion4 ,when a baby seems to
 have no appetite for food1 lengthen the
 intervals from three to four or five   
hours1 for feeding when food is not     

desired usually aggravates disease      
disturbances4   ,,examining ,,sick      
,,children  ,and now1 above all times1  
the early seed sowing of teaching the   
child self-control1 teaching him to     
gargle if he is sufficiently old enough1
 to open his mouth and allow observation
 without resistance1 brings sure        
results4 ,the great harm of making the  
doctor and his medicine a threat to     
obtain obedience also brings its harvest
 at this time2 for the doctor1 of all   
people1 ought to be regarded as the     
child's best friend4 ,when baby is sick1
 the doctor is needed1 his daily visits 
must not be resisted1 his medicines must
 not be feared--these and such other    
matters should be made a part of every  
child's early education4  ,under no     
circumstances or conditions should we   
directly falsify to a child4 ,nothing is
 accomplished by telling a child it will
 not hurt when you know that it will    
hurt1 or that the medicine tastes good  
when you know it is bad-tasting4 ,every 

physician can recall unnecessary        
disturbances in the office because a    
mother has allowed a child to acquire a 
wrong mental attitude toward the family 
physician4  ,one mother told her little 
girl in my office when ,i wished to make
 an examination for adenoids which      
necessitated my putting my finger back  
of the child's uvula1 ,now ,mary1 the   
doctor won't hurt you at all1 it will   
feel nice4 ,i turned to the little girl 
and said3 ,mary1 it will not feel nice1 
it really won't hurt you1 but it will   
feel uncomfortable4 ,it was a grave     
mistake to tell her that it would feel  
nice4 ,the child resisted1 and1 while   
the examination was successfully made1  
the greatest of tact had to be used in  
securing the friendship of the child    
after the examination4  ,it is far      
better when the throat is to be examined
 to wrap the child in a shawl or a sheet
 with his arms placed at his side1 and  
for a member of the family to take him  
in her lap and hold him securely while  

the physician quickly makes the         
observation4 ,and while we appreciate   
that sickness is not the time to        
introduce new methods of training1 in   
instances where children have been      
spoiled1 it is far better quietly and   
firmly to go about the task in a manner 
that you know can be carried through to 
a successful finish4   ,,treatment ,,of 
,,sick ,,children  ,a sick child should 
be encouraged to lie in his bed much of 
the time1 and the bed should be kept    
clean and cool4 ,he should never be set 
up suddenly or laid back quickly4 ,in   
the case of a broken leg1 all rapid     
movements should be avoided4 ,a simple  
story or a soothing lullaby1 or the     
giving of a toy1 will often divert      
attention when some painful movement    
must be made or some disagreeable task  
performed4  ,both cleanliness of the    
body and cleanliness of the mouth are   
exceedingly necessary in sickness4 ,in  
all instances of disease or             
indisposition1 the mouth must receive   

daily care1 for stomatitis or gangrene  
of the mouth often follows neglect4 ,a  
listerine wash in proportion of one to  
four1 or a magnesia wash1 or the        
addition of a few drops of essence of   
cinnamon to the mouth wash will do much 
to prevent such conditions1 as well as  
to relieve them4  ,applications of      
medicine to the throat may be made      
without resistance if the tactful nurse 
watches her time4 ,she should slowly    
introduce the tongue depressor which may
 be a flat stick or a spoon1 when the   
application of medicine with a          
camel's-hair brush is quickly made to   
the rolled-out throat as the child gags1
 and if the nurse then quickly diverts  
his attention to some beautiful story or
 a picture or a new toy1 the treatment  
is soon forgotten4 ,under no            
circumstances argue with or scold a sick
 child4 ,get everything ready1 if       
possible behind his back or in another  
room1 and then with plenty of help make 
the application or the observation      

without words1 always with gentleness   
and firmness4   ,,nursing ,,records     
,whether the nurse be the mother1       
caretaker1 practical or professional    
nurse1 a record should always be kept of
 the condition of the patient4 ,the     
temperature should be reported at       
different periods designated by the     
physician4 ,the pulse should be         
recorded1 the amount of urine passed and
 the time it was passed1 the number of  
bowel movements1 all feedings and the   
general well being of the child--whether
 it is restless or comfortable1 sleeping
 or awake1 together with the water that 
he drinks4  ,the record may be kept1 if 
necessary1 on a piece of common letter  
paper1 and should read something like   
this3       ,march #bf1 #aiaf       #g  
,a4 ,m4 ,temperature #ajb2 pulse #acb2  
respiration #dj2 morning      toilet2   
took #d ounces of milk2 #b ounces of    
barley water2 #a ounce      of lime     
water4       #i ,a4 ,m4 ,enema given2   
good bowel movement2 mustard paste      

applied      to chest1 front and back1  
and oil-silk jacket applied2 drank      
boiled water1 #d ounces4       #aa ,a4  
,m4 ,took the juice of one orange2      
temperature #ajc2 pulse      #ace4      
#ab ,noon4 ,very listless and nervous2  
temperature #ajd4 ,has coughed      a   
great deal4 ,gave mustard paste to      
chest1 front and back1 and              
wet-sheet pack4       #a3cj ,p4 ,m4     
,temperature #aja4h2 #d ounces of water 
to drink2 looks      better4       #c   
,p4 ,m4 ,has slept #a hours2 temperature
 #ajb4e2 pulse #acd2      respiration   
#dj2 #f ounces of food given 7#c ounces 
of milk1 #b      ounces of barley water 
and #a ounce of lime water74  ,a record 
like this is a great help to the        
physician1 and such a record may be kept
 by anyone who can read and write4      
,there are printed record blanks which  
may be procured from any medical supply 
house and most drug stores4             
,,bad-,,tasting ,,medicines  ,castor oil
 has neither a pleasant smell nor taste1

 and nothing is accomplished by telling 
the child that it does smell good or    
taste good4 ,if the patient is old      
enough to drink from a cup1 put in a    
layer of orange juice and then the      
castor oil and then another layer of    
orange juice1 and in this way it often  
can be easily taken4 ,someone has       
suggested that a piece of ice held in   
the mouth just before the medicine is   
taken will often make a bad dose go down
 without so much forcing4 ,a taste of   
currant jelly1 or a bit of sweet        
chocolate1 or the chewing of a stick of 
cinnamon is a great adjunct to the      
administration of bad-tasting medicines4
 ,all oily medicines must be kept in a  
cool place and should always be given in
 spoons or from medicine glasses that   
have first been dipped in very cold     
water4 ,very often the addition of sugar
 to bad-tasting medicines will in no    
wise interfere with their action1 while 
it often facilitates the administration 
of the disagreeable dose4 ,the majority 

of bad-tasting medicines are now put up 
in the form of chocolate-flavored candy 
tablets4   ,,temperatures ,,and ,,pulse 
,the normal temperature of a baby is    
#ih4e to #ii ,f4 in the rectum4 ,after  
shaking the mercury of the thermometer  
down below the #ig mark it is well      
lubricated with vaseline and then       
carefully1 gently1 pushed into the      
rectum for about an inch and a half or  
two inches1 and left there for three    
minutes before removing4  ,mothers      
should exercise self-control in taking  
the temperature1 for nothing is gained  
by allowing a panicky fear to seize you 
should the mercury register higher than 
you anticipated4 ,notify your physician 
when the temperature registers above    
#ajj ,f4  ,the respirations of a child  
are fairly regular and rhythmic and     
occur about forty times per minute      
during the first month of life and about
 thirty times per minute during the     
remainder of the year4 ,from one to two 
years1 twenty-six to twenty-eight is the

 average4 ,breathing is somewhat        
irregular when the child is awake and   
may be a bit slower when asleep4 ,before
 the baby is born the fetal pulse is    
about #aej4 ,at birth it ranges from    
#acj to #adj4 ,during the first month   
the pulse is found to be from #abj to   
#adj4 ,by the sixth month it gets down  
to #abj or #acj1 and from that on to a  
year the normal pulse beat of the baby  
is about #abj4 ,the pulse is influenced 
very much by exercise and is often      
increased by crying or nursing or any   
other excitement4   ,,fever  ,children  
get fever very easily--the digestive    
disturbance of overeating1 constipation1
 a slight bilious attack--all produce   
fever which disappears quite as suddenly
 as it came4 ,the first thing to do     
under such circumstances is to withhold 
food1 give plenty of water to drink1    
produce a brisk movement of the bowel by
 giving a dose of castor oil1 give a    
cleansing enema1 and treat the fever as 
follows3  ,after removing all of the    

clothes from the child1 place him in a  
warm blanket and then prepare a sponge  
bath which may be equal parts of alcohol
 and water2 expose one portion of the   
body at a time and apply the water and  
alcohol first to one arm and then to the
 other arm1 the chest1 one leg1 the     
other leg1 the back and then the        
buttocks4 ,do not dry the part but allow
 evaporation to take place1 and this1   
accompanied by the cooling of the blood 
which is brought to the skin by the     
friction1 readily reduces the fever4    
,another procedure which may be employed
 if the fever registers high is the     
wet-sheet pack which is administered as 
follows3  ,three thicknesses of wool    
blankets are placed on the bed and a    
sheet as long as the baby and just      
enough to wrap around him once1 is wrung
 out of cool water and spread over these
 blankets4 ,with a hot-water bottle to  
the feet1 the child is then laid down in
 the wet sheet which is now brought in  
contact with every portion of his body1 

then the blankets are quickly brought   
around1 and he is allowed to warm up the
 sheet--which lowers his temperature4   
,another valuable procedure is the      
cooling enema4 ,water the same          
temperature as that of the body1 is     
allowed to enter the bowel and is then  
quickly cooled down to #ij or #he ,f42  
in this manner much heat is taken out of
 the body and the fever quickly reduced4
 7,for further treatment of fevers see  
,appendix47     ,,chapter ,,xxvi        
,,baby',s ,,sick ,,room   ,visitors     
should never be allowed in the sick room
 during the height of a disease1 and    
during convalescence not more than one  
visitor should be allowed at one time1  
and the visit then should be only two or
 three minutes in length4 ,the order and
 the quietness and the system of the    
sick room should be perfect4 ,visitors  
and loitering members of the family do  
no good and they may do much harm to the
 recuperating nervous system of the     
child4   ,,location ,,of ,,the ,,sick   

,,room  ,in these days of high rents1 we
 realize that the greater per cent of   
our readers are living in apartments and
 homes just big enough conveniently to  
care for the family during health1 and  
while it would be pleasant and          
convenient to have a spare room or an   
attic chamber that could be used in case
 of illness1 it is the exception rather 
than the rule that the families to whom 
sickness comes have these extra         
apartments4 ,when a contagious or an    
infectious disease comes to the family1 
it is of great importance that the sick 
child be isolated1 preferably on another
 floor1 from that used by the immediate 
family4  ,those living in homes1 more   
than likely can fix up a room on the    
attic floor for the isolation1 and those
 living in apartments may put the sick  
child in one end of the apartment1 while
 they inhabit the other end4 ,one family
 under my observation not long ago had a
 child stricken with the measles4 ,in   
the same apartment there lived a puny   

baby not quite two years old4 ,coming as
 it did in ,february1 the mother of the 
child was apprehensive1 fearing that    
measles would leave a severe bronchitis 
which might mean the death of the       
already too-delicate baby4 ,she was     
instructed to move the baby's bed to the
 sun parlor in the front of the flat1   
while the boy with the measles was put  
in the parents' room in the rear end of 
the flat4 ,a sheet was suspended in the 
middle of the hall leading from the     
living-room to the bedrooms4 ,door knobs
 were disinfected daily1 a caretaker was
 put in charge of the measles patient1  
the mother very frequently was compelled
 to go back and administer a treatment1 
but each time she donned a large apron  
and completely covered her hair with a  
towel1 she administered the treatment1  
took off her wrappings1 thoroughly      
washed her face and hands--disinfected  
them--and returned to her baby in the   
front part of the house4  ,at night this
 mother slept on the floor on springs   

and mattress in the living-room1 and to 
that home the measles came and departed1
 and the baby did not get them at all1  
so perfect was the isolation1 so        
vigilant the disinfection1 and so       
scrupulous the care to prevent          
contamination4 ,so you see from this one
 instance that it is altogether possible
 to make isolation complete even on the 
same floor4 ,but1 mind you1 the dishes  
that the lad ate from were all kept in  
his room4 ,food was brought to the sheet
 and there the caretaker held her dishes
 while the cook poured or lifted the    
food from her clean dishes to the dishes
 the caretaker brought from the sick    
room4  ,whether the sick room is in the 
attic or whether it be the rear end of  
an apartment1 if the principles of      
contagion and disinfection are          
understood ,i believe it is perfectly   
possible to isolate even scarlet fever  
without danger to the other members of  
the family4   ,,necessary ,,furnishings 
,for slight indispositions and trifling 

disorders1 it is not necessary to strip 
the room of its adornment1 but it is    
well to clear off the dresser tops1     
protect them well with many thicknesses 
of newspapers covered over by a folded  
sheet so that alcohol1 witch-hazel and  
other necessaries will not injure the   
mahogany or oak-top dresser4 ,whenever  
the children are sick1 rob the room of  
anything that is going to be in your    
way4 ,in instances of infectious or     
contagious diseases1 take down all silk 
or wool hangings1 replace them by       
washable curtains or inexpensive ones   
that can be burned if necessary1 and    
remove valuable paintings and other     
bric-a-brac that later fumigation will  
harm or that may gather the dust during 
the days of illness4  ,just as it is    
necessary for the man who mines the coal
 to wear suitable garments1 and for the 
woman who does the scrubbing to dress   
accordingly1 and for the nurse who cares
 for the case to wear washable          
clothes--so it is necessary to dress the

 sick room in garments that are         
suitable1 convenient1 and capable of    
being thoroughly disinfected1 fumigated1
 or even burned if the occasion demands4
 ,hence1 expensive rugs should be       
replaced by rag carpets or no rug at    
all1 while unnecessary articles and     
garments should be removed from closets1
 etc4  ,remembering that the little     
fellow is to remain in this room for    
possibly two weeks or maybe six weeks1  
let us put up some bright-colored       
pictures that he will enjoy1 bring in   
some books and magazines by which he may
 be entertained1 secure a few simple    
toys that will not tax the brain1 but   
serve as a help to pass away the long   
hours4 ,there are many paper games that 
may be had1 such as transfer pictures1  
picture puzzles1 kindergarten papers1   
drawing pictures1 as well as toys that  
may be put together to fashion new      
articles4 ,a whole lot of fun can be    
gotten out of a bunch of burrs that can 
be stuck together to make men1 animals1 

houses1 etc4 ,scissors and pictures are 
entertaining as well as paper dolls with
 their wardrobes4 ,rubber balloons1 or a
 target gun for the boy of six will be a
 great source of delight to him2 as will
 a doll with a trunk full of clothes for
 the little girl during her convalescent
 days4 ,a tactful nurse and a           
resourceful mother will think of all the
 rest that we have not mentioned--which 
will amuse1 entertain and keep happy our
 convalescent children1 help them to    
forget that they are shut ins4   ,,the  
,,nursery ,,refrigerator  ,it is wise in
 instances of the more severe childhood 
troubles1 such as infectious and        
contagious diseases1 to keep as many    
things in the sick room as possible1 and
 so we remind our reader of the         
home-made ice box1 described elsewhere  
in this book1 in which may be kept the  
fruit juices and the fruits1 as well as 
the milk and the buttermilk4 ,many      
medicines1 particularly the oily        
medicines1 should be kept in this       

home-made ice box and five cents worth  
of ice a day will not only make things  
taste better1 especially during the warm
 months1 but will protect the other     
members of the family1 for the family   
ice box is a big central station which  
must be protected against infections and
 carriers of disease4  ,in connection   
with the ice box1 we are reminded that  
it would be a great convenience to have 
a simple contrivance for heating        
bouillon1 milk1 or making a piece of    
toast1 which can be readily done with an
 electric heater1 an alcohol stove1 or a
 small apparatus fitting over the gas   
jet4   ,,sick ,,room ,,disinfectants    
,the most important thing which we are  
going to mention in this division of the
 chapter is the disinfection of the door
 knobs4 ,according to the directions on 
the poison bottle1 place an antiseptic  
tablet into a small amount of water     
which will make a solution of #a to     
#ajjj of bichlorid of mercury1 and      
several times a day disinfect the door  

knobs1 particularly in the sick end of  
the house--thoroughly washing and       
adequately rubbing with a towel         
moistened in this solution4  ,all stools
 and urine from the sick one will       
receive attention as directed by the    
physician4 ,the stools from a typhoid   
patient should stand for one-half hour  
in a chamber covered with a layer of    
lime4  ,it is not at all necessary to   
have vessels containing disinfectant    
substances standing about the room and  
in the closet4 ,in a room adjoining     
should be kept all of the dishes used by
 the sick patient1 his tray1 half a     
dozen napkins1 knife1 fork1 spoon1      
serving dishes1 drinking glass1 pitcher1
 etc4 ,all bedding and all linen used by
 the sick member should be allowed to   
stand in a solution of disinfectant for 
several hours when they may be wrung out
 of the solution1 dropped into a bucket 
and carried to the laundry without any  
danger to other members of the family4  
,the nurse is not allowed to leave this 

room in the garments that are worn while
 caring for the sick4 ,she should have  
her meals in an adjoining room which is 
also under strict isolation4   ,,the    
,,medicine ,,chest  ,the sick room      
medicine chest should be so placed on   
the wall that it is outside the reach of
 the smaller members of the family1 for 
in it should be placed poisons for      
external use that are capable of        
producing death if taken internally4    
,bottles that hold these poisons--such  
as bichlorid of mercury1 lysol1 carbolic
 acid1 laudanum1 paregoric1 belladonna1 
etc4--should be so different from the   
other bottles in the medicine chest that
 if one should reach for them with his  
eyes shut or in the dark he would at    
once recognize that he had hold of a    
poison bottle4 ,this is absolutely      
necessary4 ,it usually means a bit of   
extra expense1 but when we realize what 
tragedies may be avoided by such slight 
expense1 it must not be considered4     
,bottles may be procured that have been 

molded with points of glass projecting  
from the outside which make them rough  
to the touch1 or they may be covered    
with a wire mesh or with a wicker       
covering which may easily be told from  
the other bottles in the case4  ,one    
woman lost her life because the nurse   
placed two ounces of carbolic acid in   
the enema instead of two ounces of      
saline solution4 ,saline solution is    
nothing but salt and water1 while       
carbolic acid cost the woman her life1  
simply because the carbolic acid was not
 placed in a specialized poison bottle  
and the attendant could not read the    
label in the dark4  ,under no           
circumstances keep from one year to     
another the remnants of unused medicine 
of a former sickness1 for medicines do  
not keep well and often lose their      
strength if kept longer than the        
physician intended4  ,in this medicine  
chest should be found the following     
articles3    ,a glass graduate marked   
with fluid drachms 7#a teaspoon71       

and fluid ounces  7#h teaspoons74   ,a  
medicine dropper4   ,absorbent cotton4  
,boric acid4   ,camphorated oil4        
,castor oil4   ,aromatic spirits of     
ammonia4   ,alcohol4   ,olive oil4      
,epsom salts4   ,soda-mint tablets4     
,vaseline4   ,zinc ointment1 together   
with other medicines the physician      
orders4   ,ice bag1 hot-water bottle and
 oiled silk4  ,besides these articles1  
in the nursery--in readiness for        
emergencies and accidents--should be    
found the following3    ,gauze bandages 
of various sizes4   ,sterile gauze4     
,boric acid crystals and powder4        
,mustard4   ,a pocket case of           
instruments containing scissors1 knife1 
dressing   forceps1 etc4   ,syrup of    
ipecac4   ,glycerin4   ,tincture of     
iodine4   ,package of ordinary baking   
soda4   ,peroxid of hydrogen4           
,absorbent cotton4   ,needle and thread4
   ,lime water4   ,,patent ,,medicines  
,aside from the giving of castor oil and
 the application of vaseline to the     

nose1 or of applying boracic acid to the
 eyes1 no medicine should be            
administered to the baby without        
competent medical advice4 ,there are    
numerous widely advertised nostrums     
frequently sold as soothing syrups to be
 used during the teething or during     
attacks of diarrhea1 or cough spasms1   
croup1 or worms1 that contain dangerous 
drugs and should not be given to        
children4 ,many well-meaning but        
ignorant mothers are slowly but surely  
laying the foundations for serious      
nervous disorders and are often making  
veritable dope fiends out of their      
children4 ,patent medicines are         
dangerous things in the hands of the    
people2 if we are going to give         
medicines to our little babies let us at
 least know what we are giving4 ,let    
some conscientious1 scientific physician
 examine the baby and prescribe for its 
needs4  ,if urged to use a patent       
medicine1 examine the label carefully1  
for the ,federal ,food and ,drug ,act   

requires the manufacturer of patent     
medicines to print plainly on the label 
of the bottle the name and amount of    
certain dangerous drugs which it may    
contain4  ,the drugs mentioned in this  
drug act and which are often used in    
patent medicine nostrums are1 chloral   
hydrate1 cocaine1 heroin1 chloroform1   
alpha or beta eucaine1 opium1 morphin1  
alcohol1 cannabis indica1 or any        
derivative or preparation of any such   
substance contained therein4  ,there are
 many other drugs sold on the market    
containing syrups or flavoring materials
 which may do harm--which may upset the 
baby's digestion4  ,mothers avoid patent
 medicines4 ,consult your physician4    
,never give a baby any sort of medicine 
to induce sleep4 ,unless babies are sick
 or spoiled or hungry1 they will go to  
sleep of themselves1 and even in the    
days of a high fever a wet-sheet pack   
seldom ever fails to put the baby to    
sleep and can do no harm if properly    
given4  ,this may be as good a place as 

any to mention the dosage of castor oil 
which is as follows3    ,up to three    
months1 #a_/b teaspoon4   ,from three to
 six months1 #a teaspoon4   ,from six to
 nine months1 #a teaspoons4   ,from nine
 to twelve months1 #a dessert spoon 7#b 
teaspoons74   ,from twelve months on1 #a
 to #b tablespoons4   ,,after ,,the     
,,sickness ,,is ,,over  ,the physician  
will direct when the disinfectant bath  
is to be given to the patient previous  
to his liberation from isolation4 ,the  
different diseases demand different     
treatment1 but1 on the whole1 it is     
about as follows3  ,the day before the  
boy is to be allowed to go out among the
 family once more he receives a soap    
wash1 clean sheet and bedding on the    
bed1 and puts on clean garments4 ,the   
following morning1 his head thoroughly  
shampooed1 his nails manicured1 a second
 soap wash is given followed by a weak  
bichlorid bath 7#a to #aj1jjj solution7 
which is followed by an alcohol rub4 ,he
 is then allowed to go out of the sick  

room which is now to be thoroughly      
disinfected and fumigated4  ,after the  
illness is over1 the sick room and the  
adjoining closets and ante rooms must be
 thoroughly disinfected or fumigated4   
,if you are located in a city1 the      
health authorities will do this after an
 infectious or contagious disease4 ,away
 from such conveniences1 use the        
following method3  ,place two ounces of 
crystals of permanganate of potash in a 
pan and have a pint bottle of formalin  
near by4 ,everything in the room is now 
exposed1 dresser drawers are opened1 all
 bedding1 all garments--in fact         
everything that is in the room--is put  
in such a position as to be readily     
exposed to the fumes which are to       
follow4 ,a line should be stretched     
across the room over which are thrown   
the bedding1 garments1 etc4 ,the cracks 
of the windows and doors1 except the one
 door of exit1 are now sealed up with   
paper which has been dipped in green    
soap1 and having the paper strips and   

pan of green soap ready just outside the
 exit door1 the formalin is now poured  
over the permanganate crystals4 ,fumes  
will immediately arise and permeate     
every corner1 crack and crevice of the  
sick room4 ,now quickly make your exit1 
close the door and seal up key hole and 
cracks and space under the door with    
paper dipped in green soap4 ,leave the  
room for six hours4 ,after this with a  
well-moistened cloth to the nose1 rush  
in and throw the windows open1 hurry out
 and allow the room to air from twelve  
to twenty-four hours1 after which wash  
woodwork and painted walls or take paper
 off and repaper walls2 recalcimine     
ceilings and closets2 scrub closet      
shelves and dresser drawers1 bedsteads1 
and other furniture thoroughly4 ,if the 
mattress is old throw it away1 but if   
not1 sun it for several days following  
the fumigation4     ,,chapter ,,xxvii   
,,digestive ,,disorders   ,in this      
chapter we will consider the diseases   
which commonly occur during infancy and 

early childhood relative to digestion   
and the alimentary tract4 ,irregularity 
of feeding1 feeding between meals1      
feeding too much at any given time1 as  
well as feeding the wrong kind of food  
may cause stomach disturbances and      
intestinal troubles4   ,,vomiting  ,in a
 previous chapter1 ,the ,feeding        
,problem1 a common stomach disturbance1 
vomiting1 was gone into quite           
thoroughly1 and in passing to other     
disorders1 we wish to remind the mother 
that vomiting should always be taken    
seriously4 ,the interval between meals  
should usually be lengthened1 the time  
spent in feeding shortened1 and it is   
often necessary to withhold all milk and
 food of any kind for twelve or eighteen
 hours1 giving only boiled1 unsweetened 
water4 ,vomiting frequently ushers in   
some acute disease1 and in remote cases1
 when it is very persistent1 it may     
indicate inflammation of the brain4     
,complete rest is essential1 trotting on
 the knee1 suddenly changing the baby's 

position1 or other quick movements must 
all be avoided4 ,a physician should see 
the sick one and determine the cause of 
the trouble4   ,,colic  ,cases of       
ordinary colic are usually relieved by  
heat to the abdomen and feet1 drinking  
hot water in which there has been       
dissolved a pinch of ordinary baking    
soda1 or a portion of a soda mint       
tablet1 or by the use of the photophore1
 as previously described4 ,the treatment
 of such ordinary colic need not be     
given further consideration here because
 it has been described at length in a   
former chapter2 but we do call the      
attention of the mother to a more       
serious form of recurring colic which so
 often accompanies chronic intestinal   
indigestion1 marasmus1 and malnutrition4
  ,in most instances the food is        
radically at fault and should be reduced
 to a mixture which can more readily be 
digested and assimilated by the child4  
,often whey mixtures1 peptonized foods1 
or buttermilk may be indicated4 ,the    

weight of the baby1 the age of the baby1
 and the color of the stools1 must all  
be taken into account in the preparation
 of this easily digested food4 ,weak    
mixtures should be given at first and   
then gradually and carefully the quality
 may be strengthened until the normal   
formula is again used for the baby4     
,injections into the bowel of water1 to 
which has been added one level teaspoon 
of soda to the pint1 will often give    
relief in this form of colic4           
,,chronic ,,indigestion  ,while this    
condition may occur at any time during  
babyhood days1 it often makes its       
appearance during the last half of the  
first year and up to the fifth year4 ,it
 is accompanied by mucus in the stools1 
chronic flatulence1 constipation or     
diarrhea1 or the alternating of the two1
 restlessness at night1 distention of   
the abdomen 7pot bellied7 accompanied by
 pain1 a coated tongue with a fetid     
breath1 and loss of appetite4 ,it is a  
pitiable picture--the weight is usually 

reduced and the child gives the         
appearance of being decidedly           
undernourished4 ,this condition is      
usually occasioned by errors in diet1   
whether it be over-feeding or feeding of
 the wrong element of food1 and1 since  
the diet is usually responsible for the 
condition1 in the line of treatment diet
 is a prime factor4  ,all fats must be  
taken from the food1 sugars should be   
avoided1 and the amount of starchy      
foods1 such as flour1 potatoes and      
bread1 should be greatly reduced4       
,buttermilk1 skimmed milk1 eggs1 green  
vegetables1 and fruit juices should be  
given4 ,in the older child1 if grains   
are used1 they should be well toasted or
 baked4   ,,jaundice  ,it is altogether 
common and physiological for the newborn
 baby to pass through a few days of     
yellow skin which usually clears up in  
the second or third week1 but it should 
not recur4 ,occasionally this yellow    
tint deepens1 the whites of the eyes are
 yellow1 the urine passed leaves a      

yellow stain on the diaper1 while       
passages from the bowels are white or   
clay colored4 ,if the child shows       
symptoms of ill health other than the   
yellow tint1 it should receive medical  
attention4 ,older children troubled with
 jaundice should receive the following  
treatment3 ,the photophore as described 
elsewhere should be applied to the liver
 and abdomen 7the liver is on the right 
side71 and this should be followed by   
the application of what is known as a   
heating compress1 consisting of three   
layers--a cloth wrung from cold water1 a
 mackintosh1 and then two thicknesses of
 blanket flannel--which are all applied 
when the skin has been made red by the  
application of heat4 7,if the photophore
 is unavailable1 a hot-water bottle may 
be applied47 ,the flannel is pinned     
snugly on the outside as the wet cloth  
goes next to the skin with the          
mackintosh between4 ,this should remain 
on the abdomen for three or four hours1 
after which the hot application is again

 made to the liver and abdomen4 ,the    
administration of broken doses of       
calomel is sometimes indicated in       
obstinate cases in connection with these
 applications of heat to the liver4 ,hot
 milk or mineral water may be taken with
 dry toast4 ,in a day or two the color  
should clear up1 the stools should be   
normal again1 and the treatment may be  
discontinued4   ,,worms  ,irritation    
about the rectum which cannot be        
otherwise explained is usually          
suggestive of pinworms4 ,these seatworms
 or pinworms are very much like little  
pieces of cotton thread--one-fourth of  
an inch in length4 ,they grow and thrive
 in the lower part of the large bowel4  
,simple and effective treatment is as   
follows3  ,it is well to bathe the parts
 about the rectum after each bowel      
movement and often two or three times a 
day with a weak antiseptic solution4    
,itching may be controlled by the       
application of a disinfectant ointment1 
or the local applications of ice may    

serve the same purpose4 ,after a        
thorough cleansing of the colon by an   
injection of lukewarm water containing a
 teaspoon of borax to the pint in order 
to remove the mucus1 ,doctor ,holt      
suggests that after the discharge of    
this borated enema1 infusions of quassia
 are very helpful 7,see ,appendix74     
,children suffering from roundworms     
experience a loss of appetite1 varying  
temperature from above normal to        
subnormal1 with colicky pains in the    
abdomen on coming to the table and      
beginning to eat4 ,they are pale and    
listless1 or nervous and irritable4     
,roundworms very much resemble          
earthworms in shape and color4 ,while   
their home is in the small intestines   
they often travel to other parts of the 
body4 ,they have sometimes crawled into 
the stomach and have been vomited4 ,the 
only definite symptom of worms is to    
find the eggs or the worms themselves in
 the stool4 ,no worm medicine should    
ever be given by the mouth without being

 prescribed by a physician4 ,cases are  
on record where well-meaning mothers    
have killed their children by giving an 
over dose of worm medicine4  ,tapeworms 
sometimes trouble children2 their       
segments are found in the stool1 and    
look like small pieces of tape line4    
,the segments are flat and thin1        
one-fourth inch to one-half inch in     
width and three-fourths to one inch in  
length4 ,they are joined together and   
often their number is so great the worm 
is many feet in length4 ,the segments   
grow smaller and smaller as they        
approach the neck1 the head of the worm 
being a mere point4 ,as the worm is     
passing from the child it should never  
be pulled1 as the head is easily broken 
off1 and1 on remaining in the bowel1 it 
will grow to a full-sized worm4  ,worms 
come from the eating of half-cooked     
meats2 they enter the stomach as eggs or
 tiny worms1 and pass out into the small
 intestines1 where they begin to grow4  
,they are a common parasite in the human

 family and should be suspected in all  
instances where digestive symptoms are  
masked or do not yield to treatment4    
,,hookworm ,,disease  ,this disease1    
once seen only in the southern part of  
the ,united ,states1 is leaving its     
former domains as the migrating         
population is distributing it more or   
less widely everywhere4 ,sandy soil and 
country districts are infected by a tiny
 worm which thrives in polluted soil and
 enters the body through the skin of the
 feet4 ,it also gets into the body      
through the drinking water or from the  
eating of uncooked vegetables1 such as  
are used in salads4  ,the disease is    
manifested by sallow skin1 paleness1    
headache1 swollen abdomen and sores on  
the legs4 ,little swollen places where  
the worm enters the skin may be seen on 
the flesh4 ,the condition yields readily
 to treatment4 ,if a child is discovered
 scratching his feet 7especially in the 
southern part of this country71 he      
should be taken at once to a physician4 

,,disordered ,,stomach  ,at the first   
symptom of a disordered stomach take all
 food from the baby and give him rice   
water prepared by throwing a cupful of  
well-washed rice into a kettle of       
boiling water and allowing it to        
continue to boil for a couple of hours4 
,the water which is strained off is rice
 water1 ready for use after it is       
cooled4 ,this may be given to the child 
at the meal hour in the place of his    
regular food4 ,it should be kept in a   
glass-covered jar in the ice box4 ,a    
dose of castor oil1 according to the    
age1 should be administered before the  
feed4 ,the bowels should be washed out  
and boiled water given freely between   
the meals of rice water4 ,for a day or  
two 7twenty-four to forty-eight hours71 
the child should be fed only this rice  
water1 or until the temperature returns 
to normal and he appears very hungry1 at
 which time milk1 which has been boiled 
for five minutes1 may be added to the   
rice water1 first in one-half ounce     

quantities and gradually increased4     
,each day a little more milk is added   
until baby is taking his regular food   
again4  ,many a death and many acute    
attacks of summer complaint are avoided 
by the quick use of castor oil1 and by  
withholding food and stopping the use of
 milk as soon as the child becomes ill4 
,,stomatitis ,,or ,,thrush  ,thrush is  
evidenced by fretfulness or crying on   
attempting to nurse4 ,on examination of 
the mouth it is found to be hot and very
 tender and covered with little white   
specks which1 if looked at under the    
microscope1 appear to be a fungus       
growth4 ,if scratched off1 the mucous   
membrane bleeds easily4 ,thrush often   
occurs during a fever or in connection  
with other diseases1 and is often due to
 neglect and lack of cleanliness about  
the bottles1 nipples1 etc4 ,taken in    
time it is quickly cured4 ,an immediate 
dose of castor oil or milk of magnesia  
is indicated1 and the use of a mouth    
wash which will be prescribed by the    

physician4 ,if neglected1 it may become 
ulcerous or gangrenous1 which is a very 
serious condition4 ,everything          
pertaining to the feeding1 as well as   
the child's toys1 hands1 etc41 must be  
kept scrupulously clean4                
,,constipation  ,in the chapter1 ,the   
,feeding ,problem1 constipation in      
bottle-fed babies was discussed4 ,the   
bowels should move at least once in     
twenty-four hours4 ,the passages are    
frequently very hard and leave the body 
only after a very great effort of       
straining4 ,this constipation1 often    
continuing until late childhood1 should 
be corrected in the following manner3   
,in early infancy--as early as the      
fourth month--prune juice may be given  
as directed elsewhere1 while in later   
months prune pulp or fig pulp1 which has
 been carefully rubbed through a        
fine-mesh colander1 may be given at meal
 time4 ,by the time the baby is eleven  
or twelve months old1 strained apple    
sauce may be given4  ,we deplore the use

 of the water enema as a regular daily  
procedure2 in its place we suggest the  
use of the enema of oil or the          
introduction into the rectum of a gluten
 suppository or in obstinate cases a    
glycerine suppository4 ,abdominal       
massage should be daily administered4   
,with a well-oiled hand1 begin on the   
right abdomen and proceed upward to the 
lower border of the right ribs and      
across to the left side and down4 ,this 
should be repeated many times at a      
regular hour each day4 ,the mother      
should select an hour for the bowels to 
move1 preferably after the forenoon     
feeding1 and if the child is too small  
to sit upon the toilet chair1 a gluten  
suppository may be placed into the      
rectum before the forenoon feed and some
 time during the middle of the day the  
bowel movement will be found in the     
napkin4  ,for the older child1 before a 
certain meal each day1 a well-vaselined 
piece of cotton may be inserted in the  
rectum2 this often produces a bowel     

movement immediately after the meal4    
,laxative foods1 such as bran1 stewed   
figs1 stewed prunes1 or a raw apple1    
should be used faithfully--as repeated  
medication never corrects the           
difficulty1 but usually prolongs it4    
,to immediately flush out the bowel1 a  
soapsuds enema or a plain water enema   
may be allowed to flow into the lower   
colon1 or a glycerine suppository       
inserted into the rectum will quickly   
bring a bowel movement4 ,these methods  
are only of temporary value2 a regular  
habit should be formed1 if possible1 to 
bring about a natural1 normal bowel     
movement4 ,when necessary to resort to  
drugs--such remedies as cascara sagrada1
 milk of magnesia1 or syrup of rhubarb1 
are satisfactory1 as well as our old    
stand-by--castor oil4 ,regular habits   
must be insisted upon1 and if the mother
 pays attention to regularity at stool  
in early childhood very little trouble  
will be met later on in adolescence and 
adult life4  ,chronic constipation often

 produces abnormal conditions about the 
rectum such as fissures1 hemorrhoids1 or
 prolapse1 which may be of serious      
import4   ,,diarrhea  ,diarrhea is a    
symptom of an acute illness1 or it may  
be associated with a chronic condition  
such as chronic intestinal indigestion1 
tuberculosis of the bowel1 or may occur 
alternately with constipation in        
colitis4 ,it is the most dangerous of   
all symptoms that babies develop1 and in
 spite of all the instruction given to  
mothers at the present time1 in spite of
 all the welfare stations in large      
cities1 and in spite of all the efforts 
put forth by the commissioner of health1
 with his corps of visiting nurses--even
 yet1 more babies die of diarrhea each  
summer than from any other single cause4
  ,there are usually just two reasons   
for diarrhea--uncleanliness and bad     
milk4 ,during the hot summer days flies 
multiply greatly and all manner of      
bacteria and germs grow in warm1 moist1 
shadowy places1 so that usually before  

the milk leaves the dairy farm it is    
seriously contaminated with             
disease-producing germs4 ,if the milk is
 not kept at a temperature of #ce or #dj
 ,f4 7which is just above the freezing  
point71 these bacteria1 particularly the
 manure germ1 grow at such a rate that  
by the time the milk gets to the infant 
it is teeming with bacteria1 and        
diarrhea is the sure result4  ,another  
form of diarrhea is cholera infantum1   
where the stools soon become watery and 
colorless4 ,the vomiting is almost      
incessant and there is high fever4      
,fortunately it is a rare disease1 but  
when once seen it is never forgotten4   
,one beautiful baby weighing nearly     
thirty pounds was reduced to sixteen    
within forty-eight hours1 and when death
 came he could hardly be recognized     
because of the wasting from this most   
dreaded of infant diseases4  ,another   
form of diarrhea is seen in an acute    
inflammatory condition of the intestine 
itself4 ,the stools contain more or less

 mucus and blood4 ,the bowel movements1 
which are very frequent1 are accompanied
 by a great deal of pain and straining4 
,this form is often seen in the more    
severe types of summer dysentery4 ,we   
wish to impress upon the reader's mind  
that these diarrheas may all be avoided 
if the baby's food is clean and free    
from germs1 if the apple or pear is not 
only washed1 but thoroughly scrubbed    
before paring during the summer months4 
,if all the bottles1 nipples1 water1    
toys1 etc41 are adequately clean1 no    
summer diarrhea1 no dysentery1 no other 
infection due to dirt1 will attack the  
baby4 ,of paramount importance is the   
pasteurization of milk during the summer
 months1 as mentioned elsewhere4        
,,treatment ,,of ,,diarrhea  ,simple    
diarrhea in the older child of two or   
three years is treated as follows3 ,take
 away all solid foods4 ,give a big dose 
of castor oil1 thoroughly wash out the  
bowel by warm water containing a level  
teaspoon of salt and a level teaspoon of

 baking soda to the pint1 and put the   
child to bed in a quiet room4 ,boil all 
milk for ten minutes and thicken it with
 flour that has been browned in the     
oven2 feed this to the child at         
five-hour intervals4 ,after each bowel  
movement1 no matter how often they come1
 the colon should be washed out with the
 salt and soda enema as before          
mentioned4  ,bear in mind that the child
 is losing liquids1 and so1 after the   
bowels have moved1 boiled water should  
be given by mouth1 or a cupful of water 
can often be retained if it is          
introduced into the rectum slowly under 
very low pressure4 ,twenty-four or forty
 hours should clear up a case of simple 
diarrhea1 and on returning to food it   
should be dry toast and boiled milk4    
,for the younger baby1 withhold all milk
 and give barley water or rice water for
 the first twenty-four hours1 returning 
to milk very gradually and slowly4  ,for
 the more severe types1 such as the     
dysentery containing mucus and blood1   

everything that has been done for the   
simple diarrhea should be done2 the baby
 should be kept very quiet1 while castor
 oil should be promptly administered4   
,food is withheld and the bowels are    
carefully irrigated after each movement 
with the salt and soda solutions4 ,after
 the bowels have moved from the castor  
oil1 then bismuth subnitrate1 which has 
been dissolved in two ounces of water1  
should be given--one or two teaspoons   
every three hours4 ,this will naturally 
turn the bowel movements dark4  ,under  
no circumstances should any other       
medicines be given without the          
physician's knowledge1 as it is at such 
times as this that many would-be friends
 advise laudanum1 paregoric1 and other  
opiates4 ,the skin must be kept warm1   
and fluids must replace those that have 
been carried off in the many stools4    
,water may be given by an enema1 by     
water drinking1 and in such rare cases  
as cholera infantum1 when water cannot  
be retained on the stomach1 it often    

becomes necessary to inject it under the
 skin 7hypodermoclysis7 so that it may  
go at once to the wasted tissues and    
perhaps save the baby's life4  ,give the
 baby ten days or two weeks to return to
 normal condition1 and under no         
circumstances hurry the feeding of milk1
 as a second attack may occur much more 
readily than the first2 may more        
profoundly overcome the baby and result 
in death4   ,,rupture  ,a protrusion of 
a loop or portion of intestine through a
 weakened abdominal muscle--which grows 
larger when baby cries and smaller when 
he is lying down in a relaxed           
condition--is known as rupture or       
hernia1 and is of common occurrence in  
infancy4 ,it is often seen at the navel 
and sometimes in the groin as early as  
the second week4  ,hernia is always     
dangerous and should never be neglected4
 ,the physician will protect the navel  
by a special support with adhesive      
plaster which is carefully renewed twice
 a week1 and if worn for several months 

usually entirely corrects the condition4
 ,a comfortable truss made from skeins  
of white yarn will amply protect a groin
 hernia4 ,the condition should always be
 taken seriously and receive immediate  
treatment4   ,,prolapse ,,of ,,the      
,,bowel  ,occasionally1 as the result of
 severe straining in constipation1 the  
rectum protrudes sometimes one-half     
inch1 and in rare instances two or three
 inches4 ,the placing of a young child  
upon a toilet chair and insisting upon  
severe straining sometimes results in   
such a protrusion of the rectum4 ,this  
may be avoided by the application of    
vaseline to the rectum or by the use of 
the gluten or glycerine suppositories   
which cause the hardened masses to make 
their way out easily4 ,someone has      
suggested that if the buttocks are      
supported by a board placed over the    
toilet seat with a two-inch opening so  
that severe straining of the rectal     
muscles is impossible1 the prolapse of  
the rectum will not recur4  ,the moment 

the mother observes the slightest       
protrusion of the rectum she should     
quickly put it back and have the child  
lie down and move the bowel in the      
diaper4 ,very severe cases require a    
physician's attention1 but if prompt and
 quick measures are taken on the first  
appearance it may be quickly corrected  
and serious consequences be avoided4    
,in this connection we might mention a  
condition which sometimes babies are    
born with--the absence of the rectal    
opening4 ,if the baby's bowels do not   
move for the first two days1 surgical   
interference is more than likely        
necessary4 ,often the external opening  
alone is missing4 ,sometimes there is a 
complete closure or atresia of the lower
 part of the colon4   ,,bleeding ,,from 
,,the ,,navel  ,there should be no      
hemorrhage from the umbilical stump     
after it has been properly tied1 but    
occasionally a bit of blood is found    
upon the dressing and a second tying of 
the cord stump is necessary4 ,the cord  

drops off in eight or ten days1 and the 
umbilicus that is left may be moist or  
it may bleed slightly2 if such is the   
case1 great care should be exercised in 
bathing this ulcer that has been left   
behind4 ,it simply should be touched    
with alcohol1 a bit of boric acid powder
 applied1 and a small piece of sterile  
gauze be placed over it4 ,in the course 
of two or three days it will entirely   
heal4 ,care should always be exercised  
in washing the umbilicus4 ,extensive    
hemorrhage from this portion of the body
 is rare1 but it does happen            
occasionally and is a severe condition  
which demands surgical attention4  ,if  
the umbilicus remains moist and foul    
smelling1 general blood poisoning of the
 infant may easily follow4 ,thorough    
dusting with boric acid powder1 with    
possibly a little oxide of zinc1 will   
usually effect a cure promptly1 but     
should the condition continue1 which it 
does only in rare instances1 the doctor 
may have to cauterize it4     ,,chapter 

,,xxviii  ,,contagious ,,diseases       
,never under any circumstances knowingly
 expose a child to any of the so-called 
childhood diseases4 ,the old method of  
have the child get them as quickly as   
possible and get over them1 has laid the
 foundation for many chronic disorders  
later in life4 ,for instance1 eye       
troubles and running ears are often the 
sequelae of measles2 chronic coughs1    
tuberculosis and bronchitis frequently  
follow in the wake of whooping cough2   
heart disorders follow diphtheria1 while
 kidney disease often follows in the    
course of scarlet fever4   ,,catching   
,,disease  ,under all circumstances keep
 the children away from these dangerous 
childhood diseases4 ,when a contagious  
disease breaks out in a school and the  
little fellow has1 along with the other 
pupils1 been exposed to it1 begin at    
once systematically to keep the nose and
 throat very clean with such well-known 
sprays as the champhor-menthol-albolene 
spray1 which should be used in the nose 

morning1 noon1 and night4 ,throat       
gargles1 such as listerine1 or equal    
parts of alcohol and water1 help to keep
 the throat in condition to resist the  
microbic invasion4  ,during this anxious
 time of patient waiting the bowels     
should move every day and the food      
should be cut down at least a third4 ,in
 other words1 moderate eating and a     
clean bowel tract go a long way toward  
keeping a child well and preparing him  
for an attack of disease4 ,the skin at  
this time should be kept well bathed and
 free from the accumulated skin         
secretions which clog up the sweat      
glands and otherwise lower the vitality4
  ,stuffy1 close rooms1 where the       
ventilation is poor1 not only harbor    
disease germs1 but also lower the       
vitality of the child4 ,never take your 
child into a household where there is   
any form of sickness1 for it may turn   
out to be a contagious disease--no      
matter how it began1 it must be         
remembered that many contagious         

diseases1 in their earlier stages1 much 
resemble a simple cold4  ,measles come  
on rather gradually1 and one might      
suspect that the child was simply       
suffering from a severe cold in the     
head4  ,scarlet fever usually begins    
with a sore throat1 while chickenpox has
 very few initial symptoms2 usually the 
first thing noted is the rash itself4   
,diphtheria begins with a sore throat1  
while whooping cough begins very        
insidiously4  ,the most important thing 
is to keep children away from people who
 are sick1 and if a contagious or       
infectious disease is prevalent in the  
neighborhood discourage the mingling of 
the children in hot1 illy ventilated    
rooms4 ,put a stop to parties and all   
similar gatherings4 ,let the little     
folks have good books1 plenty of toys1  
in a well-ventilated room1 and the more 
they keep to themselves at this         
particular time the better they are off4
   ,,the ,,spread ,,of ,,contagion  ,it 
is possible to stamp out any known      

disease if only proper cooperation takes
 place and certain sanitary regulations 
are maintained4 ,it is within the memory
 of most of our readers when yellow     
fever was put to flight and the cause of
 malaria discovered4 ,we learned to     
screen our camps and no longer did our  
soldiers contract the fever2 while the  
simple covering of stagnant pools with  
oil1 together with proper screenage1    
stopped the ravages of malaria4         
,likewise1 many of the woeful tragedies 
of infant summer diarrhea and           
dysenteries have been tracked to the    
so-called innocent house fly4 ,we have  
all learned--only recently--that if we  
move the manure pile once in seven days 
the hatching of the maggots may be      
prevented1 and so millions1 yes         
trillions1 of these carriers of disease 
may never be born4  ,if there is one    
sweet morsel above another for this fly 
pest it is tubercular sputum or feces1  
and from these feasts they go directly  
to walk over baby's hands1 crawl over   

his cheek1 and wash their feet in his   
milk4 ,proper screenage will prevent    
such contamination of food1 such        
opportunities for carrying disease4     
,sunshine1 hot water1 soap1 and fresh   
air1 are the best ordinary every-day    
disinfectants4 ,it is possible so to    
conduct the treatment of a contagious or
 infectious disease that no other member
 of the family may contract it4 ,a few  
simple but very important hints are3    
#a4 ,door knobs are one of the very     
greatest avenues of contagion--disinfect
 them4  #b4 ,cleanse the hands both     
before and after attending to the sick2 
first1 scrub with stiff brush1 soap and 
water1 then dip in alcohol4  #c4 ,an    
epidemic of sore eyes may be stopped by 
absolute hand disinfection and using    
separate towels4  #d4 ,do not go        
visiting when you have a common cold4   
#e4 ,kissing is one of the best ways of 
spreading many diseases4  #f4 ,in cases 
of contagious and infectious diseases   
completely cover all excretions from the

 body with lime4  #g4 ,country homes    
would be as healthy as city homes if the
 privies and stables were screened4  #h4
 ,in the country1 the well water should 
be boiled2 one infected well may be the 
cause of the death of a score of        
beautiful children4   ,,incubation      
,,periods  ,the incubation period of    
scarlet fever is from one to seven days4
    ,measles1 ten to twenty days4       
,whooping cough1 from one to two weeks4 
,chicken-pox1 fourteen to sixteen days4 
,german measles1 seven to twenty-one    
days4   ,diphtheria1 any time from one  
to twelve days4   ,mumps1 from one week 
to three weeks4  ,of all the diseases1  
measles and chicken-pox are probably the
 most contagious4 ,in scarlet fever and 
diphtheria1 close contact is necessary  
for exposure1 while whooping cough can  
actually be contracted in the open air1 
young babies being particularly         
susceptible4   ,,typhoid ,,fever        
,typhoid fever is a disease of the small
 intestine4 ,typhoid germs accumulate in

 the little lymph nodes of the small    
intestines and that is the reason why we
 often have so many hemorrhages from the
 bowel--actual ulcerations take         
place--and if an ulcer is situated in   
the neighborhood of a blood vessel      
hemorrhage may result4  ,typhoid fever  
begins rather insidiously with a slight 
debility and loss of appetite1 but if a 
temperature record is kept the fever    
will be found to rise from one-half to a
 degree higher each day4 ,a steady climb
 in the temperature curve is noted until
 the end of the first week1 when it     
remains for a week1 possibly #ajc or    
#ajd ,f4 ,after one week it begins      
slowly to decrease and1 if all goes     
well1 the early part of the fourth week 
usually finds the temperature about     
normal4 ,it is exceedingly important    
that the child be kept in bed during the
 entire course of the disease4 ,the bed 
pan must be used at each bowel movement 
or urination4  ,first ,week ,treatment4 
,during this week the child may feel    

quite well1 but he should be kept in bed
 and sustaining treatments begun--such  
as wet-sheet packs and cold frictions to
 the skin 7during which time there      
should always be external heat to the   
feet74 ,the diet must be full and       
nourishing1 but all pastries and        
knicknacks should be avoided4 ,abundance
 of fresh fruit that has been well      
washed before paring1 eggs1 pasteurized 
milk1 baked potatoes1 and toasted bread 
may be taken at regular periods--with an
 interval of not less than five hours   
between meals4  ,the bowels should be   
opened in the beginning of the disease  
with a liberal dose of castor oil1 after
 which daily colonic irrigations should 
be employed4 ,these enemas should be    
given at least once a day1 the          
temperature being about that of the     
body1 with a smaller terminal enema     
about five degrees cooler at the close  
of each bowel cleansing4  ,second ,week 
,treatment4 ,the normal temperature at  
this time is no longer #ih4f1 it is     

#aja4e ,f4 ,this fever is essential to  
the curative and defensive processes of 
the body2 and while we do not care to   
have the fever fall below #aja4e1 at the
 same time nothing is to be gained by   
allowing the fever to go up much above  
#ajb4e or #ajc degrees ,f4 ,and so1     
during the second week1 while the       
disease is at its height1 we make       
frequent use of the wet-sheet pack1     
always remembering that the extremities 
must be kept warm and never permitting  
the skin to become blue or mottled while
 the cold treatment is being            
administered4 ,since the real disease is
 localized in the small intestine1 we   
will now describe a very important      
treatment for the diseased bowel--and   
one which is also very useful in        
combating high temperature4  ,the       
,cooling ,enema4 ,the temperature of    
this enema begins one degree higher than
 that of the body 7supposing the body   
temperature to be #ajc1 the temperature 
of the enema would start at #ajd ,f474  

,this is allowed to flow into the colon 
and out again1 under low pressure1      
without disturbing the patient1 by means
 of a glass tube connection 7,see ,fig4 
#ae74 ,the temperature is quickly       
brought down to #ajj1 then to #ih1 then 
to #ij1 usually finishing up at #hj or  
#he ,f4 ,the water is allowed to enter  
the rectum slowly through a soft rubber 
catheter 7not a hard rectal point71 and 
as it comes out it will be noted that   
the water is very warm1 sometimes       
registering #aje1 and it is needless to 
add that if the water goes in at #hj and
 comes out at #aje ,f41 much heat has   
been taken from the body2 and so1 of all
 the treatments we have to suggest for  
typhoid fever1 the one just mentioned is
 possibly the most important4 ,when it  
is necessary to keep up this enema for  
an hour or two1 the cool water may cramp
 the bowels1 but this may be entirely   
obviated by applying hot compresses to  
the abdomen4  ,another treatment of     
great importance in this second week is 

the cold abdominal compress4 ,much fever
 is occasioned in the abdomen because it
 is the seat of disease1 and the much   
dreaded hemorrhages which often cause   
the death of the patient are usually    
avoided by the use of abdominal         
compresses--wrung out of water at #ee   
,f4--the temperature of ordinary well   
water--and changed every twenty minutes4
  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,the        
,cooling ,enema  ,i recall one mother in
 my dispensary practice who was so poor 
she could not afford a nurse1 her only  
helper being a son twelve years old4 ,a 
nurse went to the house twice each day  
and taught this lad of twelve years to  
give his mother the cooling colonic     
irrigation2 he was also taught to warm  
up the abdomen by a hot application and 
afterwards to apply the cold compresses4
 ,the mother made a good recovery4      
,during this second week the diet should
 be sustaining4 ,it should consist of   
boiled milk1 eggs1 fresh fruit and fresh
 fruit juices1 dextrinized grains 7hard 

toast1 toasted corn flakes1 shredded    
wheat biscuits1 etc474 ,the mouth should
 be kept scrupulously clean1 for in all 
the infectious and contagious diseases  
there is always the possibility of      
gangrene in the mouth if it is          
neglected4  ,third ,week ,treatment4    
,this is the week we look for hemorrhage
 from the bowel unless the abdomen has  
been well treated during the second     
week2 and even so1 the cool compresses  
to the abdomen will be continued well   
into the third week--also the daily or  
semi-daily enema4 ,the skin is kept in  
good condition with soap washing and    
friction baths1 and a fairly liberal    
diet is maintained4 ,during the whole   
course of the disease the skin is never 
allowed to get blue or mottled1 being   
quickly restored to the normal red color
 by the mustard sheet bath1 the short   
hot-blanket pack1 or the dry-blanket    
pack with hot-water bottles4 ,under no  
circumstances let the child leave the   
room or his bed for at least another    

week4   ,,mumps  ,infants are rarely    
affected with mumps4 ,it is a disease of
 the salivary glands and 7as a rule7 is 
usually preceded by pain between the ear
 and the angle of the jaw1 accompanied  
in a short time by swelling and         
temperature4 ,it is distinctly          
contagious even during the incubation   
period4 ,there is much tenderness on    
pressure1 and chewing is difficult and  
may be impossible4 ,it usually occurs on
 the face and only one side may be      
affected4 ,the bowels should be kept    
open1 the mouth should be kept clean1   
and the side of the face should be      
protected by a layer of cotton held in  
place by bandages4  ,hot fomentations   
may be applied if the pain is severe4   
,the electric light bulb on an extension
 cord1 that was mentioned in connection 
with earache1 is very comforting in this
 condition4  ,isolation should be       
maintained for ten days or two weeks    
after all symptoms have disappeared4    
,,scarlet ,,fever  ,scarlet fever is one

 of childhood's most dreaded diseases   
because of1 first1 its long quarantine2 
second1 its terrible possibilities of   
contagion2 and1 third1 its sequelae4    
,absolute quarantine is necessary until 
ten days after the last signs of        
desquamation have disappeared4  ,this   
disease is always alarming because of   
the possibilities of its sequelae--the  
danger of pneumonia1 inflammation of the
 ears1 abscesses of the glands of the   
neck1 and nephritis 7inflammation of the
 kidneys74  ,scarlet fever is highly    
contagious at any time during its onset 
and course4 ,among the first symptoms of
 the disease are sore throat1 swollen   
glands1 fever1 etc4 ,vomiting on a      
street car or at the movie may spread   
the disease to more than one child who  
might otherwise have escaped4 ,one child
 who may have only a very light form of 
the disease may give it to another child
 in the most severe form4 ,any such     
group of classic symptoms--vomiting1    
fever1 rapid pulse1 and sore            

throat--should cause any parent         
immediately to isolate the little       
sufferer for several days--awaiting the 
rash--which usually puts in its         
appearance after three or four days of  
increasing temperature4  ,this rash has 
an appearance all of its own1 unlike any
 other4 ,because the fine meal-like red 
points are in such close proximity1 the 
skin assumes a smooth lobster red color 
that is never to be forgotten4 ,after   
three days of increasing redness1 the   
color begins slowly to fade1 and after  
four or five days of this fading a      
peculiar peeling takes place1 whose     
scales vary in size from a small fleck  
to casts of the whole of the soles of   
the feet and the palms of the hands4    
,during the height of the disease1 the  
throat is very red1 the tonsils are not 
only inflamed1 but covered over with    
white patches1 the head aches and the   
tongue possesses a peculiar coating     
through which peep the red points of the
 swollen papillae1 presenting the       

classic strawberry tongue of scarlet    
fever4  ,after ten days the fever       
disappears and the real sick stage of   
the disease is in the past4  ,each      
morning of the ten previous days a small
 dose of ,epsom salts is usually        
administered and the itching1 which so  
often accompanies the rash1 is relieved 
by carbolized-water sponge baths4  ,the 
nose1 throat1 and ears receive daily    
care--sprays to the nose and gargles to 
the throat1 as well as special swabbing 
to the tonsils4  ,the physician in      
charge of the case will note the urinary
 findings1 guard the heart and kidneys1 
prevent the spreading of the scales of  
desquamation by frequent rubbing of the 
skin with oil1 and otherwise work for   
the future well-being of the patient4   
,,measles  ,measles1 one of the most    
common diseases of childhood1 is not to 
be regarded lightly1 for very often its 
sequelae--running ears1 weak eyes1 and  
bronchial coughs--may prove very serious
 and troublesome4 ,tuberculosis of the  

lungs not infrequently follows in the   
wake of measles4 ,the early symptoms of 
measles are so mild that often the child
 is out of doors1 at school1 or about   
his usual play1 until the second or     
third day of the fever4 ,he was supposed
 merely to be suffering from a simple   
cold in the head4  ,on the third or     
fourth day the patient begins heavy     
sneezing and wears a stupid expression2 
and it is then that the mother          
ascertains that his temperature is      
perhaps #aja to #ajb ,f4 ,he is put to  
bed and the next day the rash usually   
appears4 ,the rash is peculiar to       
itself1 not usually mistaken for        
anything else1 being a purplish red1    
slightly elevated1 flattened papule1    
about the size of a split pea4 ,the     
coughing1 which is very annoying1       
usually remains until about the seventh 
or eighth day--at which time the fever  
also disappears4  ,the bowels must be   
kept open2 a daily bath be given--in    
which has been dissolved a small amount 

of bicarbonate of soda 7simple baking   
soda7--after which an oil rub should be 
administered4 ,the nose should be       
frequently sprayed with three per cent  
camphor-menthol-alboline spray1 while   
the throat is gargled with equal parts  
of alcohol and water4 ,the feet should  
be kept warm by external heat1 while the
 physician in charge may order          
additional attention to the chest1 such 
as a pneumonia jacket1 etc4  ,care      
should be taken to guard against        
catching cold1 for bronchitis or        
pneumonia is quite likely to develop in 
many cases of measles4 ,the eyes should 
be protected by goggles and the room    
should be darkened2 under no            
circumstances should the little patient 
be allowed to read4 ,carelessness in    
this respect may mean weakened eyesight 
all the rest of his life4 ,until two    
weeks after the rash has disappeared1   
the little fellow should be kept by     
himself1 for the desquamation keeps up  
almost continuously during this time4   

,the food during the course of the      
disease is a liquid and soft diet4      
,children should never be allowed to go 
to a party or gathering with a cold in  
the head2 the mothers of a group of     
small children will never forget the    
time that one certain mother allowed her
 little fellow to attend a party with   
simply a cold in the head4 ,he laughed1 
talked1 and sneezed during the afternoon
 and when he went home the rash appeared
 that night1 while eight of the ten     
exposed children came down with measles 
during the next two weeks4              
,,chickenpox  ,the incubation period of 
chickenpox is from ten to seventeen     
days4 ,it is a mild disease1 with a     
troublesome rash consisting of widely   
scattered pimples appearing over the    
scalp1 face1 and body4 ,these pimples   
soon became vesicles 7small blisters71  
which in turn quickly become pustular1  
afterwards drying up with heavy crust   
formation4 ,severe itching which attends
 these pustules may be greatly allayed  

by either the daily carbolic-acid-water 
bath or a baking-soda bath4 ,the itching
 must be relieved by proper measures1   
for if the crust is removed from the top
 of the blebs by scratching1 a scar     
usually results4 ,the bowels should be  
kept open1 the diet should be soft4     
,rigidly isolate1 for chickenpox is     
highly contagious4   ,,smallpox  ,this  
disease occurs oftenest during the cold 
season4 ,it spares no one unless        
vaccinated1 attacking children and      
adults alike4 ,the early symptoms are3  
headache1 pain in the back1 high fever1 
vomiting1 and general lassitude4 ,in    
many respects these resemble the        
symptoms of the grippe1 while on the    
third day the eruption appears4 ,the    
pimples are hard and feel like shot     
under the skin4 ,within a day or two    
these shotlike pimples have grown and   
pushed themselves beyond the skin into  
little conical vesicles which soon turn 
to pus4 ,by the eighth or ninth day     
crusts are formed over the vesicle1     

beginning to fall off about the         
fifteenth day4  ,patients are           
quarantined usually eight weeks and when
 a case of smallpox in the home breaks  
out everyone in the family should be    
revaccinated4 ,the strictest isolation  
is important from the first of the      
disease4  ,we will not enter into the   
treatment of smallpox1 for medical aid  
is sought at once and usually the       
patient is removed to a special         
isolation hospital4   ,,vaccination     
,the history of the change brought about
 in the ,philippines since vaccination  
has been introduced is an argument of   
itself which ought to convince the most 
skeptical of the value of vaccination4  
,by all means1 every child in a fair    
degree of health should be vaccinated4  
,it is wise to vaccinate babies before  
the teething period--from the third to  
the sixth month4 ,babies with any skin  
trouble or suffering from malnutrition1 
but not living in a smallpox district1  
should be vaccinated during the second  

year4 ,in young babies1 under six       
months1 the leg is the proper place to  
receive the vaccination4  ,if proper    
surgical cleanliness is practiced and   
ample protection is afforded in after   
dressing1 vaccination need not be a     
taxing process4 ,the child suffers from 
general lassitude--a little drowsiness  
with loss of appetite and a small amount
 of fever--but this passes off in a     
reasonable length of time1 especially if
 he is not overfed and his bowels are   
looked after4 ,on the second or third   
day after vaccination a red papule      
appears which soon grows larger1 and1   
after five or six days1 it becomes      
filled with a watery fluid4 ,by the     
tenth day it has the appearance of a    
pustule about the size of a ten-cent    
piece1 surrounded by a red areola about 
three inches in diameter4 ,at the end of
 two weeks the pustule has dried down to
 a good crust or scab1 in another week  
it falls off1 leaving a pitted white    
scar4  ,if the vaccination does not     

take1 it should be repeated after an    
interval of two months4   ,,diphtheria  
,diphtheria is a disease much dreaded   
during childhood and adolescence4 ,it   
may attack any age--even little babies  
are susceptible4 ,it begins with a      
general feeling of heavy1 drowsy        
lassitude with a sore throat4 ,white    
spots appear on the tonsils which may   
resemble a simple follicular            
tonsillitis1 while in a short time white
 patches spread over the throat and     
tonsils4  ,it is not at all uncommon for
 this membrane to attack the nose1      
producing a bloody1 pustular discharge2 
and when it does attack the nose1 it is 
none the less contagious and must be    
regarded just as seriously4 ,a physician
 is called at once1 and1 not only to the
 child1 but to the other members of the 
family1 antitoxin is immediately        
administered4 ,the disease runs a       
regular course and its most dangerous   
complication is the membrane which forms
 in the larynx and threatens to         

suffocate the child unless prompt       
intubation is performed--the slipping of
 a silver tube in the larynx to prevent 
suffocation and death4 ,the early use of
 antitoxin greatly lessens all these    
serious complications4  ,care must be   
exercised to prevent sudden heart       
failure2 and this is done by raising the
 child to an upright position with the  
utmost care2 while you insist upon him  
lying quietly upon his back or his side1
 long after the disease has left his    
throat4 ,while the throat or nose is the
 seat of disease1 the toxins from these 
most dreaded diphtheritic microbes      
spread through the lymph channels and   
the blood vessels to the heart          
itself--so weakening that organ that it 
sometimes suddenly fails1 or becomes    
more or less crippled for life4 ,these  
serious results are to be prevented by  
the science of good nursing and the     
prompt use of antitoxin4 ,in these days 
the ,schick test may be administered for
 the purpose of ascertaining whether one

 is susceptible to contracting          
diphtheria4  ,a physician is always in  
charge of diphtheria1 and he will supply
 directions for the bowels1 the diet1   
and the sprays for the nose and throat1 
and the general well-being of the       
suffering child4 ,isolation and         
quarantine should continue for two      
weeks1 and in bad cases three weeks1    
after the membrane has disappeared from 
the throat4   ,,whooping ,,cough  ,a    
child suffering from a continuous cough1
 particularly if it is accompanied by a 
whoop or a condition which is so often  
seen in children who cough--not able to 
stop--should not be taken to church1 nor
 to the movies1 nor allowed to go to    
school2 neither should he be allowed to 
leave his own yard4 ,the average        
duration of the disease is usually six  
weeks4 ,the child should have an        
abundance of fresh air1 should spend    
much of his time out of doors1 and while
 in the house should avoid dust of every
 kind2 at night he should not be exposed

 to drafts4 ,call the physician early in
 the case and he may attempt to thwart  
the progress of the disease by certain  
administrations of vaccine medication4  
,in very bad cases1 where a young child 
cannot catch his breath and gets blue in
 the face--which1 fortunately1 is       
uncommon--he should be slapped in the   
face with a towel wet in cold water2 or1
 he may be lifted into a tub of warm    
water1 then quickly in cold water1 then 
back into the warm1 etc4 ,hygienic      
measures should prevail1 such as keeping
 the bowels open1 the skin clean1 and   
the use of the usual throat gargles and 
nasal sprays4 ,do not be misguided by   
the old-time thought that whooping cough
 must run its course2 for1 if medical   
aid is promptly secured1 the disease may
 often be cut short and the severe      
paroxysms greatly lessened4   ,,eye     
,,infections  ,not long ago while in    
,north ,dakota near ,canada1 we took a  
trip one day just over the border to    
visit several villages of ,russian      

peasants4 ,we found the boys and girls  
of nearly the entire village suffering  
from trachoma--a dangerous1 infectious  
disease of the eyes which spreads       
alarmingly from one child to another4   
,we saw the disease in all of its       
varying degrees among the children4     
,some of them had swollen1 reddened     
lids4 ,a discharge of pus was coming    
from the eyes of others1 and they could 
not look toward a light or the sun4     
,this disease is spread in a hundred    
different ways--through the common use  
of wash basins1 towels1 handkerchiefs1  
tools1 toys1 door knobs1 gates1 etc41   
and that is the reason why these        
isolated villages of foreign people who 
could neither read nor write the        
,english language were nearly all so    
sorely afflicted4  ,the ordinary        
condition of catching cold in the eye   
7pink eye7 is just as infectious as the 
trachoma which we have mentioned1       
although it is more of an acute disorder
 and nothing like so serious4  ,in all  

such cases a physician is to be called  
immediately1 isolate the patient1 and   
give strict attention to carrying out   
the doctor's orders4  ,another form of  
inflammation of the eye which was       
mentioned in a previous chapter1 is the 
inflammation of the eye of the newborn4 
,in most civilized districts at the     
present1 especially where the cases are 
attended by a physician1 the eyes of all
 newborn babies are treated with either 
argyrol or silver nitrate4 ,just as soon
 as defective sight is discovered in the
 child the eyes should be examined at   
once and proper glasses fitted4 ,while  
the glimmer and shimmer of moving       
pictures may seriously interfere with   
the child's vision1 on the other hand1  
this very thing often discovers the     
defect in the eyesight earlier than it  
would otherwise be found out4           
,,running ,,ears  ,inflammation of the  
ears was fully covered in our discussion
 of adenoids and tonsils1 but we would  
like to add at this time that under no  

circumstances should a running ear be   
regarded lightly4 ,a chronic mastoiditis
 7inflammation of the middle ear7 often 
follows measles1 scarlet fever1 adenoid 
infection1 and inflammation of the      
tonsils4 ,the attention of a specialist 
should be called to it and his          
instructions most carefully carried out2
 for1 when we have a sudden stopping of 
the discharge from the ear with high    
fever and pain behind the ear1 sometimes
 an operation is imperative or the child
 may be lost4     ,,chapter ,,xxix      
,,respiratory ,,diseases   ,next to     
digestive disturbances1 babies suffer   
more frequently from respiratory        
disorders--colds1 bronchitis1 and       
pneumonia4 ,in fact1 during very early  
infancy1 pneumonia heads the list of    
infant deaths1 only to be displaced a   
few months later by that most dreaded   
summer disease--diarrhea4  ,little tiny 
babies are so helpless--they are so     
dependent upon their seniors for life   
itself--that our responsibility is      

indeed great4 ,we should put forth our  
best endeavor to avoid and prevent      
common colds4 ,among all the common     
maladies that afflict the human race    
colds probably head the list2 and1 in   
the case of babies and the younger      
children1 the common colds often go on  
into coughs1 croup1 bronchitis1 and even
 pneumonia4   ,,why ,,babies ,,catch    
,,cold    #a4  ,someone has brought the 
infection to him4   #b4  ,somebody      
coughed in his face4   #c4  ,germ-laden 
hands have handled the baby4   #d4  ,he 
has drunk from an infected glass4   #e4 
,there was not enough moisture in the   
air4   #f4  ,somebody wiped his face    
with an infected towel4   #g4  ,baby was
 allowed to play on the cold floor4     
#h4  ,baby's lowered vitality could not 
stand the combined strain       of      
overeating and clogged up bowels4   #i4 
,baby was kissed in the mouth by a      
cold-germ carrier4   #aj4 ,baby was     
dressed too warmly--and then taken out4 
#aa4 ,somebody carelessly breathed in   

baby's face4   #ab4 ,he slept in a      
stuffy room4   #ac4 ,his extremities got
 chilled4   #ad4 ,baby has adenoids or  
diseased tonsils4  ,babies should not be
 allowed to sit or play on cold1 drafty 
floors4 ,they may play on mother's bed  
whose open side is protected with       
high-back chairs1 or they may play in   
their own bed whose raised sides are    
sheltered by blankets4  ,it is possible 
for a mother so to disinfect her hands1 
and so garb herself with clean1 washable
 garments1 that1 although she may be    
suffering from an acute cold1 she may   
continue to care for her baby and the   
baby need not contract the cold4        
,,coryza--,,cold ,,in ,,the ,,head      
,this most annoying ailment1 a cold in  
the head1 is particularly hard on babies
 because the obstruction of the nasal   
passages not only makes breathing       
difficult1 but renders nursing well-nigh
 impossible4  ,the throat end of the    
eustachium tube 7the ear tube7 is found 
in the upper and back part of the       

throat1 just behind the nose4 ,the      
infection of the cold extends from both 
the nose and throat and there results a 
spreading inflammatory process on       
through these ear tubes into the middle 
ear itself4 ,now if this tube swells so 
much that it entirely closes1 as so     
often happens in cases of cold in the   
head as well as in constant irritation  
from adenoids1 then may follow a vast   
train of difficulties--earache1         
mastoiditis1 etc4--with the result that 
the tiny bones in the middle ear which  
vibrate so exquisitely may become       
ankylosed 7stiffened7 and deafness often
 follow4 ,everything known must be done 
to prevent baby's catching cold in the  
head4 ,if the sinuses become infected it
 may also lead to serious consequences4 
,when the nose becomes clogged it may be
 opened up by repeatedly disinfecting   
the inside of the nose with oily sprays 
such as simple albolene or              
camphorated-albolene spray4  ,the bowels
 should be quickly opened by castor oil1

 and the feedings should be cut down at 
least two-thirds or one-half4  ,public  
drinking cups should always be avoided  
and kissing the baby be tabooed4        
,,grippe  ,the treatment of influenza in
 infancy and childhood is to avoid      
contact with an older person suffering  
with the grippe4 ,ordinarily1 the       
so-called grippe is a common1 mixed     
infection--not true influenza4 ,coryza  
and cough are the chief respiratory     
symptoms which attend these widespread  
epidemics4 ,often vomiting and diarrhea 
are seen in the young sufferers4  ,in   
cases of grippe put the child to bed and
 call the doctor4 ,in the case of the   
older children1 the treatment and care  
to be recommended has been fully        
outlined by the author in the little    
work entitled ,the ,cause and ,cure of  
,colds4  ,complications from the grippe 
are very frequent in children--such as  
severe diarrhea1 enlarged glands of the 
neck1 running ears1 bronchitis1         
pneumonia1 and sometimes tuberculosis4  

,every effort should be put forth to    
isolate and quarantine the first member 
of the family to be stricken with grippe
 so that the remaining members may1 if  
possible1 escape an uncomfortable and   
unhappy siege4   ,,sore ,,throat  ,the  
danger of permanent deafness which so   
often follows a sore throat as well as a
 cold in the head1 should cause every   
mother or caretaker earnestly to begin  
treatment at the very first sign of a   
sore throat4 ,when a little baby gulps  
or cries on swallowing1 a sore throat   
should always be suspected and remedial 
measures promptly instituted4  ,a most  
convenient article with which to examine
 an infant's throat is a small pocket   
flashlight4 ,the pillars of the throat  
or the tonsils or both may be much      
inflamed1 and since tonsillitis1        
diphtheria1 and scarlet fever all begin 
with a sore throat1 it is wise early to 
seek medical counsel in order that the  
differential diagnosis may be promptly  
made4 ,we urge the mother1 as a rule1   

not to attempt to diagnose severe cases 
of sore throat4 ,send for the physician4
  ,tonsillitis is a severe form of sore 
throat which1 fortunately1 rarely       
troubles tiny infants2 but for every    
sore throat1 while waiting for medical  
help to arrive1 lay your plans to empty 
the bowels1 diminish the quantity of the
 food1 swab or spray the throat1 and    
later closely follow the physician's    
advice concerning the general treatment 
of the child4   ,,adenoids  ,adenoid    
growths appear as grape-like lymphoid   
formations located in the upper and     
posterior-nasal pharynx4 ,these adenoids
 secrete a very toxic1 thickened fluid1 
which slowly makes its way down along   
the back wall of the throat1 and reddens
 and inflames first the anterior and    
posterior pillars of the throat and then
 often inflames and enlarges the        
tonsils4  ,adenoids not only obstruct   
the respiratory passage way to the      
throat and lungs1 but they also exert a 
harmful influence on the general        

physical and mental development of the  
child4  ,it is nothing less than        
criminal for heedless parents to allow  
adenoid growths to remain in the child's
 post-nasal pharynx4 ,the little        
fellow's face is disfigured1 more or    
less for life1 his mentality dulled1    
while he is compelled to breathe through
 his mouth4  ,an almost miraculous      
change often follows the complete       
removal of these obstructive            
adenoids--the child takes a renewed     
interest in everything about him4 ,more 
oxygen finds its way to the tissues1 his
 face takes on better color1 he gains in
 weight1 in fact1 there appears to be a 
complete rejuvenation mentally and      
physically4  ,the signs or symptoms of  
adenoids are mouth breathing1           
restlessness at night1 snoring1         
recurring colds1 nasal discharge1       
swelling of the glands of the neck1 poor
 nutrition1 loss of appetite1 bed       
wetting1 impaired hearing1 lack of      
attention1 and mental dullness4 ,the    

removal of adenoids is neither a serious
 or difficult procedure1 and they may   
safely be removed at any age4           
,,diseased ,,tonsils  ,tonsils which    
remain permanently enlarged and show    
signs of disease and                    
debilitation--filled crypts--may be     
removed as early as the fourth or fifth 
year1 if necessary4 ,if proper treatment
 does not improve the tonsils as the    
child grows older1 their removal should 
seriously be considered4 ,the tonsils   
may serve some special secretory or     
defensive function during the first few 
years of life and we think best1        
therefore1 not to advise their          
removal--except in extreme cases--until 
the child is at least four or five years
 old4  ,when it is necessary to attack  
the tonsils1 they should be thoroughly  
dissected out--not merely burned or     
clipped off4 ,if they are properly      
removed1 the danger of heart trouble1   
rheumatism1 and many other infections   
may be considered as greatly lessened4  

,after five years of age the normal     
tonsils should begin to shrink1 and at  
about the beginning of adolescence they 
should be no larger than a small lima   
bean1 hidden almost completely out of   
sight behind the pillars of the throat4 
,while healthy tonsils may serve some   
useful purpose even in the adult1 it is 
almost universally conceded that the    
thoroughly bad and diseased tonsil is   
utterly useless to the body--only an    
open gateway for the entrance of        
infection4   ,,bronchitis  ,a very      
common disorder of early infancy and    
childhood is bronchitis--an inflammation
 of the bronchial tubes--accompanied by 
severe coughing4 ,its tendency to pass  
into pneumonia renders it a disease for 
skilled hands to treat--a disorder      
hardly safe for even the well-meaning   
mother to undertake to manage without   
medical advice and help4 ,and since     
bronchitis is usually accompanied by    
alarming symptoms of high fever1        
weakened heart1 embarrassed breathing1  

mottled or blue skin1 green stools1     
troublesome cough1 disturbed sleep1     
stopped up nose1 and choked up throat1  
it is of utmost importance not only to  
seek medical aid early1 but also that   
the mother1 herself1 should have        
definite ideas concerning the proper    
manner of doing the following things in 
the line of treatment3    #a4  ,making  
and applying a mustard paste4   #b4     
,the fashioning of an oil-silk jacket4  
#c4  ,improvising a steam tent4   #d4   
,flushing out the colon1 and a score of 
other things which       the watchful   
doctor may want given any moment4       
,mustard ,pastes are prepared by mixing 
one part of mustard and six parts of    
flour in warm water and applying to the 
chest between two pieces of thin muslin4
 ,it is left on just seven minutes and  
then talcum powder is thickly sprinkled 
on the moist1 reddened skin2 this powder
 quickly absorbs all the moisture and   
leaves the skin in a good               
condition--ready for another paste in   

three hours if it is so ordered4  ,the  
,oil-,silk ,jacket1 or pneumonia jacket1
 consists of three layers--the inside of
 cheesecloth1 an inner thin sheet of    
cotton wadding1 and an outside layer of 
oil silk 7procurable at any drug store74
 ,it should open on the shoulder and    
under the arm on the same side4 ,it is  
worn constantly 7change for fresh       
cheesecloth and cotton every day7 during
 the inflammatory stage2 it is removed  
only during the mustard pastes4  ,a     
,steam ,tent may be prepared by placing 
a sheet over the infant's crib and      
allowing steam to enter from a large    
paper funnel placed in the nose of a tea
 kettle of boiling water kept hot on a  
small stove of some sort4  ,the mattress
 and bedding are covered with rubber    
sheeting and the infant's clothes       
protected from moisture4 ,the baby      
should remain in this steamy atmosphere 
ten minutes at a time4  ,another method 
is to hold baby in arms near the large  
end of a big funnel placed in a tea     

kettle on the gas stove or range1 and   
then have an assistant help hold a sheet
 tent over both the mother and babe4 ,or
 the baby carriage may be placed over a 
small tub of water into which are       
dropped several hot bricks4 ,a sheet    
canopy spread over the carriage holds   
the steam in and baby reaps the benefits
 of the warm moisture4  ,colonic        
,flushing is necessary when green stools
 accompany bronchitis4 ,a               
well-lubricated end of a large          
,davidson's syringe is inserted into the
 rectum1 and with the hips of the baby  
brought to the edge of a basin 7the     
heels held in the hands of the          
assistant71 water is forced into the    
rectum4 ,not more than one ordinary cup 
of water should be introduced at any one
 time4 ,after expulsion1 another may be 
gently injected4  ,the diet in          
bronchitis is always reduced so that no 
extra work will be thrown on the already
 overtaxed constitution of the child4   
,absolute rest is necessary and perfect 

quiet should prevail4 ,the humidity of  
the room should not be lower than #ej at
 any time1 while the air should be      
moderately cool and fresh4  ,numerous   
other details which may be necessary in 
the management of bronchitis will be    
directed by the physicians and nurses in
 charge of the case4   ,,spasmodic      
,,croup  ,it is believed that children  
with enlarged tonsils and adenoids are  
much more subject to croup than others4 
,although very sudden in its onset and  
very alarming1 spasmodic croup1         
fortunately1 is seldom dangerous4 ,a    
little child goes to bed in apparently  
normal condition and wakes up suddenly  
with a coarse metallic cough1 difficult 
breathing1 and with a distressed        
expression on the face4  ,alternate hot 
and cold compresses should be applied to
 the throat--first the hot cloths 7wrung
 from very hot water7 being applied over
 the throat1 which should be covered    
with a single thickness of dry flannel4 
,then after three minutes of the hot    

cloths a very cold cloth is applied to  
the skin itself for one half minute2    
then more of the hot compress1 followed 
again by the short cold1 until five such
 changes have been made4 ,a bronchitis  
tent should be quickly improvised so    
that the child can be steamed4          
,vomiting must be produced by kerosene  
7three or four drops on sugar71 alum and
 molasses1 or ipecac 7ten drops every   
fifteen minutes74 ,some remedy must be  
administered continuously until free    
vomiting occurs4 ,a good dose of castor 
oil should be given after the spasm4    
,suitable treatment should be           
administered through the day to prevent 
a recurrence of the attack the next     
night4  ,the general vital resistance   
should be raised by outdoor life1       
improved circulation1 good food2        
adenoids if present1 should be removed4 
,medical advice should be sought in     
every case of severe croup1 for         
membraneous croup usually is indicative 
of diphtheria1 and the diagnosis is     

important1 as on it hangs the           
determination of the administration of  
antitoxin4   ,,pneumonia  ,pneumonia is 
always a serious disease4 ,it is        
accompanied by high fever1 painful1 very
 short cough1 and rapid breathing with a
 moving in and out of the edges of the  
nose as well as the spaces between the  
ribs4 ,the possibilities of             
complications are always great--the     
dangers are many--so that the combined  
watchfulness of both the mother and a   
proficient trained nurse are required2  
not to mention the skill of the         
physician4  ,the steam tent1 the mustard
 paste1 the oil-silk jacket and the     
colonic flushing 7described earlier in  
this chapter7 may all be asked for by   
the physician in his untiring efforts to
 prevent dangerous complications during 
the course of the disease4  ,plenty of  
moderately cool1 fresh air 7without     
drafts7 is of great benefit4 ,never     
allow blue finger tips1 or cold ear tips
 to exist2 send at once for the doctor  

and administer a hot bath1 or wrap in a 
sheet dipped in hot mustard water while 
awaiting his arrival4 ,no mother should 
think of attempting to carry her baby   
through an attack of bronchitis or      
pneumonia without the best medical help 
available4     ,,chapter ,,xxx  ,,the   
,,nervous ,,child   ,while each child   
possesses an individuality all its own1 
nevertheless1 there are certain general 
principles of psychologic conduct and   
family discipline which are more or less
 applicable to all children4 ,the       
so-called nervous child1 in addition to 
the usual methods of child culture1     
stands in need of special attention as  
concerns its early discipline and       
training4 ,this chapter will1 therefore1
 be devoted to special suggestions with 
regard to the management and training of
 those children who are by heredity     
predisposed to nervousness1             
over-excitability1 and who possess but a
 minimum of self-control4   ,,hereditary
 ,,nervousness  ,the so-called nervous  

child--all things equal--is the child   
who is born into the world with an      
unbalanced or inefficiently controlled  
nervous system2 and while it is all too 
true that the common nursery methods of 
spoiling the child are often equally to 
blame with heredity for the production  
of an erratic disposition and an        
uncontrolled temper1 nevertheless1 it is
 now generally recognized that the      
foundation of the difficulties of the   
nervous child reaches back into its     
immediate and remote ancestral heredity4
  ,i no longer doubt but that many of   
these babies with a bad nervous         
heredity1 who are born predisposed to   
,saint ,vitus' dance1 bad temper1       
chronic worry1 neurasthenia1 and        
hysteria could be spared much of their  
early troubles and later miseries by    
prompt and proper methods of early      
nursery discipline4  ,these nervous     
babies are born into the world with an  
abnormal lack of self-control4 ,their   
inhibition control over the natural and 

spontaneous tendency of the nervous     
system to manifest its inherent impulses
 and passing whims is decidedly         
deficient4 ,the child is unduly         
sensitive1 whines1 hollers1 or flies    
into a violent rage when its will is    
crossed in the least degree4 ,such a    
child sometimes keeps its mother living 
in constant terror because1 when its    
will is crossed in any particular1 it   
will scream and hold its breath until it
 turns black in the face and sometimes  
actually goes into a convulsion4  ,in   
dealing with these unfortunate little   
ones1 fathers and mothers1 while they   
should be firm and persistent in their  
methods of correction1 should also be   
kind and patient2 fully recognizing that
 whatever undesirable traits the little 
ones manifest they have come by         
honestly--these naughty tendencies being
 the result either of heredity or       
spoiling1 for both of which the parents 
stand responsible4   ,,early ,,training 
,one of the very first things that a    

child1 especially the nervous child1    
should learn is that crying and other   
angerful manifestations accomplish      
absolutely nothing4 ,the greatest part  
of the successful training of the       
nervous child should take place before  
it is three and one-half years of age4  
,it should early learn to lie quietly in
 its little bed and be entirely happy   
without receiving any attention or      
having any fuss made over it4 ,it should
 not become the center of a circle of   
admiring and indulgent family friends   
and caretakers who will succeed in      
effectually destroying what little      
degree of self-control it may be        
fortunate enough to possess4  ,when the 
little one is discovered to be nervous1 
fretful1 impatient1 and easily irritated
 early in the morning1 it should be left
 alone in its bed or in the nursery     
until it quiets down4 ,if it has a good1
 healthy crying spell1 leave it alone4  
,let it early get used to living with   
itself--teach the little fellow to get  

along with the world as it is--and you  
will do a great deal toward preventing a
 host of neurasthenic miseries and a    
flood of hysterical sorrows later on in 
life4  ,you must not expect to train the
 nervous child by the simple and easy   
methods which are successful in the case
 of a normal child2 that is1 you cannot 
repeat a simple discipline two or three 
times and have the child learn the      
lesson4 ,in the case of the high-strung 
nervous child it requires line upon line
 and precept upon precept2 for1 whereas 
a normal child will respond to a certain
 discipline after it is repeated a half 
dozen times1 the nervous child will     
require the persistent repetition of    
such a discipline from twenty-five to   
one hundred times before the lesson     
sinks into his consciousness            
sufficiently to enable him to gain      
control of his erratic and unbalanced   
nervous mechanism4   ,,spoiling ,,the   
,,child  ,as bad as all spoiling methods
 are in child culture1 they are         

decidedly disastrous--almost fatal--in  
the case of the nervous child2 and yet  
it is these delicate1 sensitive1 cute   
little things that are the very ones who
 are most frequently the worst spoiled4 
,nervous children simply must not be    
played with all the time4 ,they must be 
by themselves a great deal1 at least    
this is true in their earlier years4    
,the nervous baby must early learn      
absolute respect for authority1 so that 
what it lacks in its own nervous control
 may be partially made up for by        
parental suggestion and discipline4 ,of 
course1 as suggested in a later chapter1
 the more ideal methods of suggestion1  
education1 and persuasion should be     
employed in your efforts to secure      
obedience and promote self-control2 but1
 when through either the deep-rooted    
incorrigibility of a child1 or the      
inefficiency of the parent's efforts in 
the employment of suggestion--no matter 
what the cause of the failure of your   
ideal methods to control temper1 stop   

crying1 or otherwise put down the       
juvenile rebellion1 whether the child   
has been spoiled on account of company1 
sickness or through your                
carelessness--when you cannot           
effectively and immediately enforce your
 will any other way1 do not hesitate to 
punish2 spank promptly and vigorously   
and spank repeatedly if necessary to    
accomplish your purpose4 ,you must not  
fail in the case of the nervous child to
 accomplish exactly what you start out  
to do4  ,when the little fellow wakes up
 in the night and cries1 see if he needs
 anything and administer to him4 ,if you
 have previously tried the method of    
letting him cry it out1 which is usually
 entirely sufficient in the case of a   
normal child1 and if such treatment does
 not seem to cure him1 then speak to him
 firmly1 give him to understand that he 
must stop crying1 and if he does not1   
turn him over and administer a good     
spanking--and repeat if necessary to get
 results4 ,in dealing with a nervous    

child we must follow the directions on  
the bottle of the old-fashioned liniment
 rub in until relief is obtained4  ,no  
spoiling practices should be            
countenanced in the case of nervous     
children4 ,they should be taught to     
sleep undisturbed in a room in the      
presence of usual noises4 ,they should  
not be allowed to grow up with a        
sleeping-room always darkened by day and
 a light to sleep by at night4 ,they    
should be taught to sleep on without    
being disturbed even if someone does    
enter the room2 they should be taught to
 sleep normally without having to quiet 
and hush the whole neighborhood4        
,,playmates  ,the early play of nervous 
children should be carefully supervised 
and organized4 ,under no circumstance   
should they be allowed exclusively to   
play with children younger than         
themselves4 ,they must not be allowed to
 dictate and control their playmates2 it
 is far better that they should play at 
least a part of the time with older     

children who will force them to occupy  
subordinate rles in their affairs of    
play2 in this way much may be           
accomplished toward preventing the      
development of a selfish1 headstrong1   
and intolerant attitude4 ,when the      
nervous child is miffed or peeved at    
play and wants to quit because he cannot
 have his way1 see to it that he quickly
 takes his place back in the ranks of   
his playfellows1 and thus early teach   
him how to react to defeat and          
disappointment4 ,the nervous child must 
not be allowed to grow up with a        
disposition that will in some later     
crisis cause him to get mad and quit4   
,if the nervous baby has older brothers 
and sisters1 see to it that he does not1
 through pet and peeve and other        
manifestations of temper1 control the   
family and thus dictate the trend of all
 the children's play4 ,early train him  
to be manly1 to play fair1 and when his 
feelings are hurt or things do not go   
just to his liking1 teach him1 in the   

language of the street1 to be game4 ,it 
is equally important that the little    
girls be taught in the same way how to  
take disappointment and defeat without  
murmur or complaint4   ,,teaching       
,,self-,,control  ,when nervous children
 grow up1 especially if their parents   
are well to do1 and they are not forced 
to work for a living1 they are prone to 
develop into erratic1 neurasthenic1 and 
hysterical women1 and worrying1         
inefficient1 and nervous men2 and in    
later years they throng the doctor's    
offices with both their real and        
imaginary complaints4 ,these patients   
always feel that they are different from
 other people1 that something terrible  
is the matter with them or that         
something awful is about to happen to   
them4 ,their brains constantly swarm    
with fears and premonitions of disease1 
disaster1 and despair1 while their      
otherwise brilliant intellects are      
confused and handicapped because of     
these spoiled and hereditary nervous    

disturbances--with the result that both 
their happiness and usefulness in life  
is largely destroyed4  ,the fundamental 
abnormal characteristic of that great   
group of nerve-patients who throng the  
doctor's office is sensitiveness1       
suggestibility1 and lack of             
self-control4 ,sensitiveness is nothing 
more or less than a refined form of     
selfishness1 while lack of self-control 
is merely the combined end-product of   
heredity and childhood spoiling4 ,i am a
 great believer in1 and practitioner of1
 modern methods of psychological child  
culture1 but let me say to the fond     
parent who has a nervous child1 when you
 have failed to teach the child         
self-control by suggestive methods1 do  
not hesitate to punish1 for of all cases
 it is doubly true of the nervous child 
that if you spare the rod you are sure  
to spoil the child4  ,let me urge       
parents to secure this self-control and 
enforce this discipline before the child
 is three or four years of age2 correct 

the child at a time when your purpose   
can be accomplished without leaving in  
his subconscious mind so many vivid     
memories of these personal and1         
sometimes1 more or less brutal physical 
encounters4 ,every year you put off     
winning the disciplinary fight with your
 offspring1 you enormously increase the 
danger and likelihood of alienating his 
affections and otherwise destroying that
 beautiful and sympathetic relationship 
which should always exist between a     
child and his parents4 ,in other words1 
the older the child1 the less the good  
you accomplish by discipline and the    
more the personal resentment toward the 
parent is aroused on the part of the    
child4   ,,crime ,,and ,,intemperance   
,while it is generally admitted that    
feeble-mindedness lies at the foundation
 of most crime1 we must also recognize  
that failure on the part of parents to  
teach their children self-control is    
also responsible for many otherwise     
fairly normal youths falling into crime 

and intemperance4 ,the parents of a     
nervous child must recognize that they  
will in all probability be subject to   
special danger along these lines as they
 grow up4 ,the nervous child1 as it     
grows up1 is quite likely to be erratic1
 emotional1 indecisive1 and otherwise   
easily influenced by his associates and 
environment4  ,nervous children are more
 highly suggestible than others1 and if 
they have not been taught to control    
their appetites and desires1 their wants
 and passions1 they are going to form an
 especially susceptible class of society
 from which may be recruited high-class 
criminals1 dipsomaniacs1 and other      
unfortunates4  ,it is true that any     
spoiled child1 however normal its       
heredity1 may turn out bad in these     
respects if it is not properly trained2 
but what we are trying to accomplish    
here is to emphasize to parents that the
 nervous child is doubly prone to go    
wrong and suffer much sorrow in after   
life if he is not early and effectively 

taught self-control4   ,,unspoiling     
,,the ,,child  ,if the child of nervous 
tendencies forms the habit of crying1   
sulking1 or otherwise misbehaving when  
it is denied its desires1 or when       
something it wants done is not          
immediately attended to1 it will be     
found an excellent plan simply to stand 
still and let the little fellow have it 
out with himself1 in the meanwhile      
kindly reminding him to say1 please     
mamma1 please papa1 etc4 ,i well        
remember one nervous little girl who    
would yell at the top of her voice and  
become black in the face the moment she 
wanted a door opened or anything else4  
,a few weeks of patience and firmness on
 the part of the mother entirely cured  
her of this unbecoming trait4  ,as a    
rule1 it will be found best not to argue
 with the nervous child4 ,the moment    
your commands are not heeded1 when you  
have admonished the child once or twice 
without effect1 take him quickly to the 
crib or the nursery and there leave him 

alone1 isolated1 until he is in a state 
of mind to manifest a kindly spirit and 
an obedient disposition4 ,it is an      
excellent plan quietly and quickly to   
deprive such children of their pleasures
 temporarily1 in order to produce       
thoughtfulness2 and these methods are   
often more efficacious than the         
infliction of varying degrees of pain   
under the guise of punishment4  ,nervous
 children must be taught to go to sleep 
by themselves4 ,they are not to be      
rocked or allowed to hold the hand of   
the mother or the caretaker4 ,the       
nervous baby should not be encouraged to
 exhibit its cuteness for the           
delectation of the family or the        
amusement of strangers and visitors4 ,he
 should be especially trained in early  
and regular habits1 taking particular   
pains to see that bed wetting and       
similar bad habits are early overcome2  
otherwise1 he may drag along through    
early life and become the cause of great
 embarrassment both to himself and his  

parents4  ,the control of these nervous 
habits is somewhat like the management  
of the slipping of the wheels of a      
locomotive when the track is wet and    
slippery4 ,the little folks ofttimes    
endeavor to apply the brakes1 but they  
are minus the sand which keeps the      
wheels from slipping4 ,the parent1 with 
his well-planned discipline1 is able to 
supply this essential element1 and thus 
the child is enabled to gain a          
sufficient amount of self-control to    
prevent him making a continuous         
spectacle of himself4  ,when nervous    
children do not walk or talk early1 let 
them alone4 ,of course1 if later on it  
is discovered that they are manifestly  
backward children1 something must be    
done about it2 but if the nervous child 
is encouraged to talk too soon there is 
great danger of his developing into a   
stutterer or a stammerer4   ,,preventing
 ,,hysteria  ,every year we have pass   
through our hands men and women1        
especially women1 who possess beautiful 

characters1 who have noble intellects1  
and who have high aims and holy         
ambitions in life1 but whose careers    
have been well-nigh ruined1 almost      
shattered1 because of the hysterical    
tendency which ever accompanies them1   
and which1 just as soon as the stress   
and strain of life reaches a certain    
degree of intensity1 unfailingly        
produces its characteristic breakdown2  
the patient is seized with confusion1 is
 overcome by feeling1 indulges in an    
emotional sprawl1 is flooded with       
terrible apprehensions and distracting  
sensations1 may even go into a          
convulsive fit1 and1 in extreme cases1  
even become unconscious and rigidly     
stiff4  ,now1 in the vast majority of   
cases1 if this nervous patient1 when a  
baby1 had been thoroughly disciplined   
and taught proper self-control before it
 was four years of age1 it would have   
developed into quite a model little     
citizen2 and while throughout life it   
would have borne more or less of a      

hysteria stigma1 nevertheless it would  
have possessed a sufficient amount of   
self-control to have gotten along with  
dignity and success2 in fact1 the       
possibilities are so tremendous1 the    
situation is so terrible in the case of 
these nervous babies1 that we might     
almost say that1 in the majority of     
such1 success and failure in life will  
be largely determined by the early and  
effective application of these methods  
of preventive discipline4  ,i was       
recently consulted by a patient whose   
nervous system was in a deplorable      
state1 who had lost almost complete     
mental control of herself1 and who      
really presented a pathetic spectacle as
 she told of the fears and worries that 
enthralled her4 ,in an effort to get to 
the bottom of this patient's heredity ,i
 had a conference with her father1 and  
,i learned that this woman1 in her      
childhood days1 had been constantly     
humored--allowed to have everything she 
wanted4 ,she was a delicate and         

sensitive little thing and the parents  
could not bear to hear her cry1 it made 
her sick1 it gave her convulsions1 it   
produced sleepless nights1 it destroyed 
her appetite1 and so she grew up in this
 pampered way4 ,the father recognized   
the greatness of his mistake and he told
 me with tears in his eyes how1 when the
 ringing of the school bell disturbed   
his little girl baby1 he saw the school 
directors and had them stop ringing the 
bell1 and he even stopped the ringing of
 the church bells4 ,he was an           
influential citizen and could even stop 
the blowing of the whistles if it       
disturbed his precious little daughter4 
,and so this woman has grown up with    
this nervous system naturally weakened  
by heredity and further weakened by     
spoiling2 and fortunate indeed she will 
be if off and on the most of her life   
she is not seeking the advice of a      
physician in her efforts to gain that   
self-control which her parents could    
have so easily put in her possession at 

the time she was three or four years of 
age1 if they had only spent a few hours 
then1 instead of the many months and    
years that subsequently have been       
devoted to medical attention4           
,,methods ,,of ,,discipline  ,we run    
into many snags when we undertake to    
discipline the nervous baby4 ,the first 
is that it will sometimes cry so hard   
that it will get black in the face and  
may even have a convulsion2 occasionally
 a small blood vessel may be ruptured on
 some part of the body1 usually the     
face4 ,when you see the little one      
approaching this point1 turn it over and
 administer a sound spanking and it will
 instantly catch its breath4 ,this will 
not have to be repeated many times until
 that particular difficulty will be     
largely under control4  ,it will be     
discovered when you undertake to break a
 bad habit in the case of a spoiled     
child who is of a nervous temperament1  
that your discipline interferes with the
 child's appetite and nutrition4 ,the   

delicate little creature who has perhaps
 already given you no end of trouble    
regarding its feeding1 will begin to    
lose in weight1 and even the doctor     
often becomes so alarmed that he advises
 against all further methods of         
discipline4 ,we think this is usually a 
mistake4 ,both the nutrition and        
discipline should be kept in mind and   
carried harmoniously through to a       
successful finish4 ,it will be necessary
 during such troublous times to conserve
 both the physical and nervous strength 
of the child2 it should not be allowed  
to run about and over-play1 as such high
 strung children often do4 ,it should be
 given a reasonable amount of physical  
exercise1 and two or three times a day  
should have short periods of complete   
isolation in the nursery1 where it may  
quietly play with its blocks and toys1  
sing and croon or talk as the case may  
be1 but should be left entirely alone4  
,wise efforts should be put forth to    
keep the feeding up to the proper number

 of calories1 and to see1 if the child  
does not gain during this disciplinary  
struggle1 that at least it does not     
lose2 and ,i give it as my experience   
that ,i have yet to see a case in which 
both the child's nutrition and          
discipline cannot be efficiently        
maintained at one and the same time1    
though it does sometimes require adroit 
scientific and artistic management4 ,but
 the game we are playing is worth the   
effort--the battle must be fought--and  
it can be fought with the least         
suffering and sorrowing the earlier the 
conflict is waged to a successful issue4
  ,i am decidedly opposed to allowing   
these young nervous children to         
over-play and thus wear themselves out  
unduly4 ,this over exhaustion sometimes 
renders the training of the child much  
more difficult1 as it is a well-known   
fact that we are all much more irritable
 and lacking in self-control when we are
 tired1 more especially when we are     
over-tired and fatigued4  ,let me       

emphasize the importance and value of   
proper periods of isolation--complete   
rest and partial physical relaxation4   
,you can take a child who has gotten up 
wrong in the morning1 whose nerves are  
running away with him1 who is irritable1
 crying at everything that happens1 who 
even rejects the food prepared for him1 
and who1 when spoken to and commanded to
 stop crying1 yells all the louder--,i  
say you can take such a little one back 
to its crib1 place it in the bed and    
smilingly walk out of the room4 ,after a
 transient outburst of crying1 within a 
very few minutes you can return to find 
a perfect little angel1 winsome and     
smiling1 happy and satisfied1 presenting
 an entirely different picture from the 
little culprit so recently incarcerated 
as a punishment for his unseemly        
conduct4  ,but let me repeat that while 
such methods of discipline often work   
like magic on normal children1 they must
 be repeated again and again in the case
 of one who is nervous in order to      

establish new association groups in the 
brain and to form new habit grooves in  
his developing nervous system4          
,,respect ,,for ,,authority  ,there are 
just two things the nervous child must  
grow up to respect2 one is authority and
 the other is the rights and privileges 
of his associates4 ,the nervous child   
needs early to learn to reach a         
conclusion and to render a decision--to 
render a decision without               
equivocation--to move forward in        
obedience to that decision without      
quibbling and without question2 that is 
the thing the nervous man and woman must
 learn in connection with the later     
conquest of their own nerves2 and a     
foundation for such a mastery of one's  
unruly nerves is best laid early in     
life--by teaching the child prompt and  
unquestioning obedience to parental     
commands4 ,at the same time1 endeavor so
 to raise the child that it acquires the
 faculty of quickly and agreeably       
adapting itself to its environment1 at  

the same time cheerfully recognizing the
 rights of its fellows4  ,it is a crime 
against the nervous child to allow it to
 hesitate1 to debate1 or to falter about
 any matter that pertains to the        
execution of parental commands4 ,let    
your rule be--speak once1 then spank4   
,never for a moment countenance anything
 resembling dilatoriness or             
procrastination1 let the child grow up  
to recognize these as its greatest      
dangers1 never to be tolerated for one  
moment4   ,,false ,,sympathy  ,we are   
aware that many good people in perusing 
this chapter will think that some of the
 advice here given is both cruel and    
hard hearted2 but we can safely venture 
the opinion that those who have reared  
many children1 at least if they have had
 some nervous little ones1 will be able 
to discern the meaning and significance 
of most of our suggestions4 ,sympathy is
 a beautiful and human trait and we want
 nothing in this chapter in any way to  
interfere with that characteristic      

sympathy of a parent for its            
offspring--the proverbial as a father   
pitieth his children--nevertheless1     
there is a great deal of sympathy that  
is utterly false1 that is of the nature 
of a disastrous compromise1 for the time
 being making it easy for both parent   
and child1 but making things unutterably
 more difficult later on in life when   
both 7or perhaps the child alone7 must  
face the calamitous consequences of this
 failure early to inculcate the         
principles of self-control and          
self-mastery on the mind and character  
of the nervous child4  ,we so often hear
 mother love eulogized4 ,it is a        
wonderful and self-denying human trait2 
but1 as a physician1 ,i have been led to
 believe that mother loyalty is of      
almost equal or even greater value4 ,all
 mothers love their children more or    
less1 but only a few mothers possess    
that superb loyalty which is able to    
rise above human sympathy and maternal  
love1 which qualifies the mother to     

stand smilingly by the side of the crib 
and watch her little one in a fit of    
anger--yelling at the top of its        
voice--and yet never touch the child1   
allow the little fellow to come to      
himself1 to wake up to the fact that all
 his yelling1 his emotion1 his anger1   
and his resentment are absolutely       
powerless to move his mother4 ,thus has 
the mother--by her loyalty to the little
 fellow--taught him a new lesson in     
self-control1 and thus has she added one
 more strong link in the chain of       
character which parent and child are    
forging day by day1 and which finally   
must determine both the child's temporal
 and eternal destiny4   ,,system ,,and  
,,order  ,system and order are desirable
 acquisitions for all children1 but they
 are absolutely indispensable to the    
successful rearing of the nervous child1
 who should be taught to have a place   
for everything and everything in its    
place4 ,when he enters the house his    
clothes must not be thoughtlessly thrown

 about4 ,every garment must be put in   
its proper place4 ,these little folks   
must be taught a systematic and regular 
way of doing things4  ,nervous children 
must not be allowed to procrastinate4   
,they must not be allowed to put off    
until tomorrow anything which can be    
done today4 ,they must be taught how to 
keep the working decks of life          
clear--caught right up to the minute4   
,they should be taught proper methods of
 analysis--how to go to the bottom of   
things--how to render a decision1       
execute it1 and then move forward       
quickly to the next task of life4 ,when 
they come home from school with home    
work to do it would be best1 as a rule1 
first to do the school work before      
engaging in play4 ,in fact1 all the     
methods which are needful for the proper
 discipline of the ordinary child are   
more than doubly needful for the        
training of the nervous child2 while    
more than fourfold persistence is needed
 on the part of parents to make them    

really effective4   ,,emotional         
,,runaways  ,whether the child be two   
years of age or ten years of age1 when  
the parent discovers that the nervous   
system is losing its head1 that the     
child is embarking on a nervous runaway1
 or that it is about to indulge in an   
emotional sprawl1 it is best to         
interfere suddenly and spectacularly4   
,lay a firm hand on him and bring things
 to a sudden stop4 ,speak to him calmly 
and deliberately1 but firmly4 ,set him  
on a chair1 put him in the bed1 or take 
him to a room and isolate him4  ,in the 
case of the older children1 tell them a 
story of the horse which becomes        
frightened1 loses self-control1 and     
tears off down the highway1 wrecking the
 vehicle and throwing out its occupants4
 ,explain to them that many of the      
mistakes of life are made during the    
times of these emotional runaways1 these
 passing spells of lost self-control4   
,tell the little folks that you have    
perfect confidence in them if they will 

only take time to stop and think before 
they talk or act4 ,explain to them that 
since you saw that they were rapidly    
approaching a foolish climax you thought
 it was your duty to call a halt1 to    
stop them long enough to enable them to 
collect their wits and indulge in some  
sober thinking4  ,personally1 we have   
found it to be a good plan not to be too
 arbitrary with the little folks1 like  
putting them on a chair and saying1 ,you
 must sit there one hour by the clock4  
,they usually begin to indulge in       
resentful thoughts and a situation is   
often produced akin to that of the stern
 father who felt compelled to go back   
and thrash his boy three different times
 during his hour on the chair1 because  
of what he was satisfied was going      
through the boy's mind4 ,no1 that is not
 usually the best way4 ,put them on the 
chair with an indeterminate sentence4 ,i
 prefer to carry it out something like  
this3 ,now1 son1 this will never do2 you
 are running away with yourself4 ,stop  

for a moment and think4 ,now ,i am going
 to ask you to sit down in that chair   
there and think this over quietly4 ,i   
will be in the next room4 ,whenever you 
think you have got control of yourself  
and have thought this thing out so you  
can talk with me1 you may get up from   
the chair and come into the room to me4 
,sometimes five minutes1 sometimes      
fifteen minutes1 and the little fellow  
will walk in and talk to you in a very  
satisfactory manner4 ,he will give you  
his viewpoint and you will be able to   
adjust the matter in a spirit of        
conference which will be satisfactory to
 both parent and child1 without doing   
the least violence to the responsibility
 of the one or the individuality of the 
other4  ,very little is to be           
accomplished1 when the child starts to  
indulge in an emotional runaway1 if the 
parent contracts the same spirit1 begins
 to talk fast and loud1 to gesticulate  
wildly1 grabs the child1 begins to slap 
and shake it--that is merely an         

exhibition on the part of the parent of 
the very same weakness he is trying to  
correct in his offspring4 ,i am afraid  
it is entirely too true that for every  
time you shake one demon out of a child 
in anger1 you shake in seven worse      
devils4 ,when all other methods fail and
 you must resort to punishment1 do it   
with kindness1 deliberation1 and        
dignity4 ,never punish a child in haste 
and anger4   ,,the ,,final ,,reward     
,the advice offered in this chapter is  
not mere theory4 ,it has been           
successfully used by many parents in the
 management of their nervous children1  
and while all principles of child       
culture must be carefully wrought out   
and made applicable to the particular   
child in question1 nevertheless1 the    
methods of repeated and firm discipline 
herein set forth will enable you to take
 many a child who has been born into    
this world almost neurologically        
bankrupt1 and1 by this training and     
discipline1 enable him in adult life to 

draw such dividends of self-control and 
self-mastery as will far exceed the     
outward results obtained in the case of 
many children who are born with sound   
nervous systems1 but who were early     
spoiled and allowed to grow up without  
that discipline which is so essential to
 later self-control and dignity of      
character4     ,,chapter ,,xxxi         
,,nervous ,,diseases   ,in this chapter 
we shall consider a number of the more  
common diseases which are associated    
with the nervous system of the child4   
,some of these so-called nervous        
diseases are hereditary or congenital1  
while others are the result of infection
 and environment4                       
,,sleeplessness--,,insomnia  ,there are 
many conditions which cause             
sleeplessness or insomnia in a child    
aside from disturbance of the mental    
state or nervous system4 ,for instance1 
late romping1 too hearty and too late a 
dinner1 lack of outdoor life during the 
day1 illy ventilated sleeping rooms1 too

 much bedding1 too little bedding which 
causes cold extremities1 too much sleep 
during the day1 too much excitement     
7movies or receptions71 intestinal      
indigestion which is associated with    
accumulation of gas1 and                
constipation--any or all of these are   
causes of sleeplessness4 ,some          
peculiarly nervous children--those with 
an hereditary strain of nervousness--are
 easily upset or disturbed by any of the
 conditions above mentioned4  ,the      
treatment of insomnia consists1 first1  
in finding the cause and removing it4   
,children with a nervous tendency should
 be let alone as nearly as possible1 and
 just allowed to grow up as the little  
lambs and calves grow up4 ,they should  
be fed1 watered1 kept clean and dry1 and
 allowed to live their lives undisturbed
 and without excitement4  ,the medicinal
 remedies on the market for insomnia are
 all harmful if used too long or in     
excess1 and we most earnestly urge the  
mother not to seek drug-store           

information concerning remedies for     
sleeplessness4 ,the neutral bath is     
beneficial in ninety per cent of these  
cases4 ,it is administered as follows3  
,enough water is allowed to run into the
 bath tub to cover the child4 ,the      
temperature should be #ii to #ajj ,f4   
,it should be taken accurately--and     
should be maintained4 ,bath tub         
thermometers may be purchased at any    
drug store4 ,the restless child1 after  
the bowels have been freely moved1 is   
placed in the water1 and1 without       
whispering1 talking1 or laughing1 he    
remains there for at least twenty       
minutes1 after which he is carefully    
lifted out1 wrapped in a sheet and very 
gently dried off with soothing strokes  
and placed at once into his night       
clothes4 ,as before said1 ninety per    
cent of restless children will go at    
once to sleep after such a treatment4   
,another method of treating             
sleeplessness is by the wet-sheet pack4 
,three single woolen blankets are placed

 on the bed and a sheet large enough to 
wrap the child in is wrung from warm    
water1 about #ajj ,f4 ,the child is     
stripped and this sheet is brought in   
contact with every portion of his body1 
quickly followed by bringing the flannel
 blankets about him and he is allowed to
 remain there for twenty minutes--if he 
does not fall asleep before the lapse of
 that time4 ,with witch-hazel or        
alcohol1 the body is sponged off1 night 
clothes are put on and a restful night  
usually follows4 ,if fresh air is       
lacking1 open the windows4 ,if there is 
too much bedding1 remove some of it4    
,talcum powder the sweaty back and neck 
and make the child perfectly            
comfortable4 ,give a small drink of     
water and turn out the light4   ,,night 
,,terrors  ,night terrors are probably  
due to some digestive disturbance1 with 
a coexisting highly nervous temperament4
 ,they oftentimes1 in older children1   
follow the reading of thrilling stories 
or a visit to an exciting moving-picture

 show4 ,the child goes to sleep and gets
 along nicely for two or three hours and
 then suddenly jumps up out of bed and  
rushes to its mother with little or no  
explanation for the act4 ,in his dreams 
the thoughts and the imaginations of his
 waking moments are all confounded and  
alarming4  ,we recall one little fellow 
who constantly feared big1 black birds  
coming in the window and attacking      
him--he had been reading about ,sinbad  
the ,sailor and his experiences with the
 big bird4 ,he so feared this big1 black
 bird that he could not go to sleep4    
,for a number of nights he did not have 
the courage to tell his parents that it 
was the fear of the big bird that kept  
him from going to sleep1 but finally he 
confided in his mother and told her of  
his fear4 ,the mother and father both   
entered into a conversation with him    
through an open door which connected the
 two rooms1 after the lights were out2  
they laughed and talked about the big   
bird1 they openly talked of it and      

allowed their imagination to work with  
the child's imagination in planning how 
he could combat with the bird1 should it
 really come1 asking him how big it     
really was and what color he thought its
 eyes were and how big an object he     
thought its feet could carry4 ,they all 
three planned a fairy story they might  
write which would rival the fairy       
stories of the ,arabian ,nights4 ,in a  
very short time--possibly a week or ten 
days--the little fellow felt quite equal
 to these imaginary assaults1 his fears 
were quieted and his slumbers were no   
more disturbed by visions of the big1   
black bird4  ,everything should be done 
to relieve the stomach and intestines of
 laborious work during the sleeping     
hours1 hence let the evening meal be    
light and eaten early enough to be out  
of the way1 as far as digestion is      
concerned1 by bed time4   ,,nervousness 
,during the formative period of the     
nervous system--the first few           
years--under no circumstances should the

 children be played with late at night1 
when they are tired and sleepy1 or      
hungry1 for it is at such times that the
 nervous system is so easily excited and
 irritated4 ,when the baby is to be     
played with1 if at all1 it should be in 
the morning or after the mid-day nap4   
,rest and peaceful surroundings are of  
paramount importance to the nervous     
child1 and he should be left alone to   
amuse himself several hours each day4   
,it is a deplorable fact that the       
nervous child--the very one that should 
be left alone--is the very child that   
usually receives the most attention1 the
 very one who is most petted1 indulged1 
and pacified2 all of which only tends to
 increase his lack of self-control and  
to multiply the future sorrows of his   
well-meaning but indulgent parents4     
,,headache  ,headache attacks old and   
young alike1 and the young infant that  
is unable to tell us he has a headache  
manifests it by rolling the head from   
side to side1 putting his hand to his   

head1 or by wrinkling up his brow4      
,headaches may be occasioned by         
disorders of the brain and spinal       
column1 such as meningitis4 ,it nearly  
always accompanies fever1 and is often a
 result of constipation1 intestinal     
indigestion1 overeating1 as well as     
eating the wrong kind of food4  ,the    
treatment of headache in children 7aside
 from removing any known cause7 consists
 of a hot foot bath1 a brief mustard    
paste to the back of the neck1 a light  
diet--sometimes nothing but water--and  
the administration of a laxative4       
,,convulsions--,,spasms  ,in the very   
young1 convulsions are easily produced4 
,that which will produce but a headache 
in an adult will often produce a        
convulsion in the child4 ,aside from    
diseases of the nervous system such as  
epilepsy1 etc41 convulsions frequently  
accompany gas on the bowels1 intestinal 
indigestion1 disordered dentition1 an   
acute illness1 intestinal parasites     
7worms71 irritation about the genitals  

such as the need of circumcision1 an    
adherent clitoris1 adenoids and enlarged
 tonsils1 inflammation of the ears1 and 
poor nutrition of any sort such as      
rickets4  ,the convulsion picture is a  
stiffening of the body--sometimes       
arching backwards--rolling or staring of
 the eye-balls1 blueness of the skin1 a 
drooling mouth 7often foamy mucus at the
 mouth71 clinched hands1 biting the     
teeth--if there are teeth--and even     
biting the tongue4 ,there is at first a 
succession of quick1 jerking1 convulsive
 movements of the body which in a few   
moments grow less and less violent and  
finally cease4 ,the child begins to cry 
and then soon goes off into a deep      
sleep1 while the body seems more heavy  
and logy than usual4 ,in extreme cases1 
the child relaxes but for a moment of   
time1 when he goes off into another     
convulsion1 sometimes going from one fit
 into another until death relieves him4 
,treatment for convulsions must be      
instituted at once4 ,do not wait        

entirely to undress the child--pull off 
his shoes1 place him at once into a good
 warm bath1 temperature about #ajj to   
#ajb ,f4 ,an ice cap should be placed to
 his head 7cracked ice done up in a     
towel71 and while in the bath or        
immediately upon taking him out1 give a 
warm soapsuds enema4 ,the bath that the 
child is placed in should be always     
tested with the bared elbow4 ,a half    
cupful of mustard may be added to the   
bath4 ,just as soon as the child is able
 to swallow1 give a teaspoon of syrup of
 ipecac4 ,enema after enema should be   
given until the water comes back clear4 
,undue excitement after the bath only   
predisposes to repeated attacks1 and    
while the mother may be very happy that 
the child is himself again1 under no    
circumstances should she caress and     
fondle him4 ,put the little one to bed  
and allow his nervous system to calm    
down2 let him rest quietly and          
undisturbed4   ,,nervous ,,twitchings   
,habit spasms or tics are common in     

childhood1 and are caused by an over    
irritability of the nerves supplying    
certain groups of muscles4 ,it is not at
 all uncommon to see a child nervously  
blink the eyes1 twitch the nasal        
muscles1 shrug the shoulders1 constantly
 open and close the hand1 and execute a 
score of other minor habit-spasms2      
which1 day by day1 wear deeper and      
deeper paths into his nervous system as 
a result of their constant repetition4  
,these minor habit-spasms of childhood  
are but telltales of an unstable nervous
 system1 of a nervous heredity lacking  
poise and balance2 and1 mind you1 if    
this nervous system is studied1 treated1
 and properly harnessed with            
self-understanding and self-control1    
much may be accomplished2 the habit may 
be more or less completely eradicated4  
,if left to itself1 unchecked1 the habit
 deepens the spasm-groove1 and the      
energy-leaks grow bigger and bigger     
until finally1 in later1 adult life1 all
 that is necessary to convert such      

persons into first-class neurasthenics  
or hysterics is some bad news1 a few    
worries1 or a sudden shock4  ,by all    
means study to nip all childhood        
twitchings in the bud2 remembering all  
the while that childhood--the formative 
period for the nervous system of the    
child--presents the golden opportunity  
to prevent and abort the more grave     
neuroses of later life4 ,there may be a 
special contraction of one or more      
muscles of the eyeball which produces   
either a cross-eye1 when the contraction
 is convergent1 or a turning of one eye 
outward when the contraction is         
divergent4 ,it is not possible for the  
mother to correct this condition4 ,the  
one important thing for her to do is to 
take the child to a skilled             
ophthalmologist early in his life1 that 
treatment may be instituted for the     
correction of the difficulty4           
,,retention ,,of ,,urine  ,not an       
unusual condition during childhood is a 
temporary retention of urine4 ,it may   

follow an attack of colic or accompany  
any acute illness4 ,increase the water  
drinking1 and1 after seven or eight     
hours1 hot cloths should be applied over
 the bladder2 a large enema 7enema bag  
should be hung low7 should also be      
given1 retaining as much as is possible4
 ,these simple measures usually relieve 
the condition4 ,if retention follows    
circumcision1 due to swelling of the    
parts1 the surgeon should be notified4  
,,bed ,,wetting  ,nocturnal enuresis    
7bed wetting7 usually is found to run in
 families4 ,it is seldom the case to    
find that both the father and the mother
 escaped bed wetting during childhood   
when the child is sorely afflicted4     
,early bad habits may be the prime      
factor in this distressing and          
humiliating difficulty4 ,a little child 
that has been compelled to lie in wet   
diapers for hours at a time gradually   
becomes accustomed to being wet1 and the
 desire to urinate is not under the keen
 control of a will that has been trained

 by untiring patience to sit on a chair 
at regular intervals throughout the day4
 ,this lack of training in a child who  
possesses an unstable nervous system1   
creates the proper environment for the  
habit of bed wetting--which often       
marches steadily on until puberty4 ,in  
the treatment of bed wetting give       
attention to the following3  #a4 ,the   
urine should be thoroughly examined4    
#b4 ,the size of the bladder should be  
determined4  #c4 ,the last meal of the  
day should not be after four o'clock in 
the afternoon4  #d4 ,all during the day1
 in young children1 systematic training 
should be begun--put the child on the   
chair every hour1 then every hour and a 
half1 then every two hours4 ,let the    
work be done most painstakingly and much
 will be accomplished toward training   
the bladder to hold its contents during 
the night4 ,for a time it will be       
necessary to set an alarm clock to ring 
every three hours during the night1 that
 the bladder may be relieved at regular 

intervals4  #e4 ,no liquids whatever are
 allowed after four ,p4 ,m42 even the   
four o'clock meal should be very light4 
#f4 ,in older children the habit is     
often broken by appealing to the        
pride--by requesting or demanding the   
child to rinse out the bed linen and    
hang it up to dry himself4  ,usually at 
puberty the trouble ends1 and while no  
amount of whipping will correct the     
difficulty1 the promise of rewards1 an  
appeal to the pride1 correction of      
dietetic errors1 the establishment of   
regular times to empty the bladder1 the 
removal of all reflex causes such as    
adenoids1 need of circumcision1 worms1  
etc4--these combined influences--will   
bring results in the end1 if they are   
faithfully and intelligently applied4   
,,meningitis  ,cerebro-spinal meningitis
 is not highly contagious4 ,children old
 enough to complain of symptoms usually 
first complain of an intense headache   
with frequent vomiting and very high    
fever4 ,great prostration is seen1 the  

pulse is weak1 the respirations are     
irregular1 the child may have           
convulsions1 or it may have chills and  
fever1 and rigidity of the body may be  
present4 ,the position of the child is  
very characteristic4 ,it does not want  
to lie on its back but usually rests on 
one side1 with the spine more or less   
arched4 ,it is a very serious disease   
and demands the early attention of a    
physician4 ,some cases are very mild and
 others are exceedingly grave4 ,if the  
physician is secured early1 and special 
remedies administered that are known    
today1 many of the children may be      
saved4   ,,infantile ,,paralysis        
,infantile paralysis is a serious       
disease of the spinal cord which comes  
on very suddenly and is associated with 
vomiting1 pain in the legs1 and a high  
temperature4 ,after these symptoms have 
lasted a day or two the paralysis is    
discovered4 ,there may be convulsions4  
,the paralysis is progressive1 and the  
wasting of the muscles increases until  

by the end of a couple of months one    
limb is considerably shorter than the   
other4 ,sometimes the baby goes to bed  
at night in apparent good health and    
wakes up in the morning paralyzed4  ,in 
this disease the attention of the best  
physician in your community should be   
called to the case at once1 for there   
are being developed in our large        
research laboratories special vaccines  
for this condition as well as for spinal
 meningitis4 ,but what is done must be  
done very1 very early1 so let there be  
no delay in calling in medical counsel4 
,there are other forms of spinal        
paralysis which1 associated with        
tuberculosis of the spine and other     
spinal diseases1 result in loss of power
 to one or more groups of muscles4 ,the 
only treatment that can be given in the 
home is to keep all of the paralytic    
portions of the body very warm by       
external heat1 care being taken to avoid
 burning1 and secure medical advice4    
,often1 later in the course of the      

disease1 by the aid of crutches and     
braces1 the child can be taught to go to
 school and to get around the house     
about his little duties4  ,the slight   
facial paralysis which is so often seen 
in babies that have been delivered with 
forceps1 usually clears up in a few days
 or at the latest in a few weeks or     
months4   ,,saint ,,vitus' ,,dance      
,saint ,virus' dance 7chorea7 is a      
peculiar disorder seen in nervous       
children1 and which usually clears up in
 a few weeks or months under proper     
treatment4 ,it is characterized by      
irregular jerkings pretty much all over 
the body1 so that the child staggers as 
he walks1 drops his food at the table1  
and executes many other noticeably      
abnormal movements4 ,the child should be
 taken out of school at once and removed
 from association with children who     
might make sport of him or otherwise    
annoy him and thus increase these       
irregular jerkings4 ,he should at once  
be put under the direction of competent 

medical authority4 ,simple food1 colon  
hygiene1 more or less complete rest1 and
 freedom from annoying circumstances1   
will usually bring about a speedy       
recovery4   ,,congenital ,,disorders    
,water on the ,brain is characterized by
 an enlarged head due to an increased   
accumulation of fluid within the        
cranium4 ,while the face remains small  
the head greatly increases in size so   
that oftentimes it must be braced while 
the child is compelled to remain in a   
wheel chair4 ,the mentality is usually  
fairly normal1 but the enormous weight  
of the head compels the life-long       
occupancy of a wheel chair4             
,deaf-,mutism4 ,the child born deaf pays
 no attention whatever to sounds4 ,an   
intellectual expression is seen on his  
face and by six months he is able to do 
all that a normal baby can do with the  
exception of hearing4 ,the child should 
early be taken to an ear specialist in  
the endeavor1 if possible1 to correct   
the defect of hearing4 ,such little ones

 who are destined to a life without     
sound1 should be given every opportunity
 to learn to read the lips and to secure
 a good education--to be taught a       
vocation where eyesight is of more value
 than hearing4 ,special institutions are
 in existence today which can take these
 deaf mutes when small and so teach them
 to make audible sounds that they can   
make themselves understood--at least    
partially4 ,lip reading is a wonderful  
improvement over the deaf and dumb      
alphabet1 and should be taught early4   
,congenital ,blindness4 ,perhaps not    
until the child is six months old can   
the observer distinguish between        
blindness and idiocy4 ,the blind child  
of course will not fix his eyes upon any
 object2 but the general lassitude and  
the inability to hold up its head1 while
 seen in idiocy1 is not present in      
blindness4  ,feeble ,mindedness4 ,a baby
 that is born with a weak mind is found 
to be very backward in all the normal   
developmental attainments of the growing

 child4 ,a normal baby holds up its head
 at four months and should be able to   
sit erect at six months4 ,the           
weak-minded baby will not do this1 and  
often as late as two years it will not  
make any attempt to walk or to talk4    
,there is an unnatural expression--a    
vacant look--to the face1 while there is
 often much dribbling at the mouth4     
,early ,training should be ,instituted4 
,it is necessary to call the attention  
of a physician to these facts1 that the 
parents may be instructed in regard to  
the early training which is so essential
 in all these weak-minded little folk4  
,in our opinion it is best to remove    
these children early to special         
institutions1 where their education can 
be superintended by those thoroughly    
accomplished and accustomed to dealing  
with this class4 ,there are varying     
grades of feeble mindedness--the        
backward child who requires a longer    
time to learn things1 and the child who 
is slow at school and possibly cannot   

get through more than the fourth or     
fifth grade--but as soon as weak        
mindedness is discovered1 it is best to 
transfer the child to some special      
institution4     ,,chapter ,,xxxii      
,,skin ,,troubles   ,one of the earliest
 skin troubles that the average normal  
child suffers from is prickly heat--a   
tiny1 red-pointed rash always           
accompanied by sweating and usually     
resulting from over-dressing1 stuffy    
rooms1 and other conditions that make   
the child too warm4 ,prickly heat       
produces more or less discomfort but    
usually little or no itching4           
,ordinarily1 a sponge bath followed by  
the application of talcum powder is     
sufficient to give relief in mild cases2
 but severe or neglected cases should be
 treated by means of bran baths1 a      
cupful of bran being tied up in a gauze 
bag and suspended in water until the    
water assumes a milky color4 ,soda      
baths1 two tablespoons to a gallon of   
water1 are also very soothing4 ,a baby  

should never receive any friction with a
 towel after such baths1 but should be  
rolled up in a clean linen towel and    
simply patted dry4   ,,chafing  ,great  
care should be exercised in the choice  
of baby's soaps4 ,among a number of     
soaps that might be mentioned castile   
soap is1 perhaps1 as good as any4       
,frequent sponging is required to wash  
off the irritating perspiration2 cool   
clothing1 plenty of talcum powder1 a    
dose of calcined magnesia1 and a        
regulated diet are necessary to clear up
 the trouble4  ,chafed skin1            
particularly between the buttocks or in 
other folds and creases1 should be kept 
free from soap4 ,either the starch or   
bran bath may be tried1 while olive oil 
should be frequently and lightly rubbed 
over the chafed part4 ,a bit of sterile 
cotton placed between the folds to      
prevent friction is often all that is   
necessary to correct the difficulty4    
,dandruff or milk crust which is often  
seen on young babies' scalps has been   

described in detail elsewhere4 ,it      
should early receive the vaseline rub at
 night which will often loosen up the   
hardened crusts4 ,it may be gently      
removed in the morning with soap and    
water unless the case has gone on to    
great severity4 ,in such neglected cases
 the mother should not undertake to     
correct the difficulty alone4 ,taken    
early1 when the scalp is covered with   
tiny flakes known as milk crust1 it can 
be quickly relieved4   ,,vulvovaginitis 
,vulvovaginitis is a very contagious    
disease1 and before the days of hospital
 asepsis1 which is so perfectly         
maintained today in our large           
institutions1 this disease used to go   
right through a children's ward because 
of carelessness in the handling of      
soiled diapers1 etc4 ,the sign of this  
disease is a yellow-white vaginal       
discharge1 while the surrounding skin   
covering the inside of the thighs and   
buttocks may be very much reddened4 ,the
 baby should be taken at once to the    

physician at the first appearance of    
these symptoms4 ,only rigid isolation   
can possibly prevent other children from
 getting it--essentials are separate    
towels1 wash towels1 soap 7in the case  
of the older children71 and1 in the case
 of the baby1 separate diapers and rigid
 scrubbing of the attendant's hands--in 
this way only can this infection be held
 in check4 ,the infected child should   
sleep by herself1 and utmost care must  
be exercised in preventing her fingers  
from first touching the itching vulva   
and then placing them to the eyes or to 
the mother's eyes4 ,a vulva pad must be 
worn as long as the disease lasts4 ,the 
physician will give you the proper      
medicines to be used in these cases1 and
 if no physician is within reach1 you   
are perfectly safe in dropping into the 
spread apart vulva a few drops of       
twenty-per-cent argyrol and then        
applying the vulva pad4 ,after each     
treatment the hands of the mother or    
nurse must be most rigidly cleansed4    

,,eczema  ,eczema is a very troublesome 
disease1 particularly in infants2 there 
are so many forms of it that there is   
neither time nor space in this volume to
 describe them individually4 ,this      
disease may be produced in children by  
either internal or external causes--from
 friction on the skin1 from coarse1     
rough woolen clothes1 or from starched  
garments1 or from lace or starched      
bonnet strings which rub into the folds 
of the skin4 ,irritating soap1 the      
contact of soiled diapers1 cheap toilet 
powders1 and discharges from the nose   
and ears may also be responsible for the
 disease4 ,the particular internal      
causes are over-feeding1 digestive      
disturbances1 the too early use of      
starches which create fermentation in   
the intestinal tract4 ,in the most      
frequent form of eczema the skin becomes
 red and then there appear tiny vesicles
 7water blisters7 which soon rupture and
 weep4 ,this fluid which oozes from     
these tiny1 ruptured vesicles1 in       

connection with the perspiration and    
exfoliation of old skin1 forms heavy    
crusts upon the face which are both     
unsightly and annoying4  ,another form  
of eczema is simply a very badly chafed 
condition accompanied by intense        
itching1 and commonly known as dry      
eczema4 ,a very disagreeable form is the
 pustular variety4 ,one poor little     
sufferer that was once brought to us had
 so many pustules on his head that one  
could not put a ten cent piece on his   
scalp without touching a pustule4 ,the  
treatment of these cases1 in order to be
 effective and leave the child's head in
 normal condition1 must be administered 
with the utmost patience every day for  
weeks4 ,a doctor's help is always       
required in combating this sort of skin 
trouble4 ,if the cause is external1 then
 the clothes should be changed4 ,all    
irritation should be removed--the       
clothing must not be allowed to scratch 
the skin4 ,the child must not scratch   
himself4 ,if necessary1 little splints  

may be placed on the inside of his arms 
to prevent his bending the elbows if the
 eczema is on the face1 while the little
 sleeves may be pinned to the side of   
the dress to resist the movement of the 
arms4   ,,eczema ,,treatment  ,the diet 
should be most carefully looked into4   
,the nursing mother will earnestly look 
into every article of food she herself  
is eating1 and carefully avoid all foods
 that produce fermentation or           
decomposition4 ,the mother's urine      
should be examined and its acidity      
noted2 if it is above normal she should 
take some alkalines such as ordinary    
baking soda or calcined magnesia4 ,if it
 is a bottle-fed baby1 any form of flour
 should be removed from the food and the
 quantity of the milk reduced4 ,all     
this1 of course1 is done under the      
direction of the physician4 ,repeated   
doses of castor oil may be given4  ,the 
name of the medicinal agents that have  
been used in the treatment of eczema1 is
 legion4 ,perhaps one of the most widely

 used is the early varnishing of the    
affected skin with ichthyol 7one part   
ichthyol1 one part distilled water71    
which is swabbed on after the skin has  
been cleansed with olive oil4 ,allow    
this to almost dry1 and then sprinkle on
 talcum powder which smooths over the   
dry varnish of ichthyol4 ,this is worn  
every night and during the day1 in bad  
cases1 even when the eczema is on the   
face4 ,it is renewed each day1 and is   
preceded by the olive-oil bath4 ,no     
water or soap is ever used in eczema4   
,fortunately1 the ,eskimo has taught us 
that the skin really can be cleansed    
with oil as well as with water4 ,in the 
appendix will be found two              
prescriptions1 number one and number    
two1 that have proved very beneficial in
 some of the most severe forms of       
eczema4   ,,hives ,,and ,,freckles      
,hives1 a crop of little raised red     
papules closely resembling lesions      
caused by the sting of a mosquito1 may  
make their appearance upon the skin of  

the child1 remain a few hours1 and then 
disappear4 ,hives are usually due to    
digestive disturbances and may be caused
 by such foods as strawberries1 nuts1   
pastries1 pineapple1 certain sea foods1 
mushrooms1 etc4 ,a good cathartic1 the  
taking of alkalines1 such as baking soda
 or calcined magnesia1 with a bran or   
starch bath1 or possibly a soda bath1   
will usually correct the difficulty4    
,the same treatment may be used in      
nettle rash or prickly heat4  ,freckles 
seem to run in families4 ,broad-brimmed 
hats or sunbonnets may be worn1 but     
under no circumstance should a little   
girl be bidden to remain in the house   
and shun the beautiful1 sunshiny        
outdoors just because she freckles      
easily4 ,do not apply any lotions to the
 freckled face without medical advice1  
for great harm may be done the tender   
skin of the child4   ,,ringworm  ,often 
upon the scalps of young children may be
 seen circles--rather1 patches--which   
are slightly rough to the touch1 and    

which cause the hair to fall out and the
 spots to remain bald4 ,they are known  
as ringworms of the scalp4 ,the         
affection may likewise appear on the    
body or the face1 presenting a ring of  
reddened skin with a scaly border4      
,ringworm on the scalp is hard to treat 
and medical help should be secured1 for1
 in spite of all that can be done1 the  
disease often runs its course1 leaving  
round bald spots over the head4         
,ringworm of the face1 taken early1 is  
helped by carefully painting with       
tincture of iodine4 ,the mother should  
constantly bear in mind that ringworm is
 a catching disease1 so that all        
handkerchiefs1 towels1 and clothes are  
to be kept separate4 ,the disease known 
as mange which so often attacks dogs1 is
 nothing more than ringworm1 and        
children often contract the disease from
 dogs4 ,ringworm1 whether it be on      
children or dogs1 may be greatly helped 
by the use of tincture of iodine and    
other appropriate remedies4   ,,boils   

,the much poulticing of boils has done  
an untold amount of mischief4 ,many     
children and adults are in their graves 
today because of improper treatment of  
boils4 ,blood poisoning which so often  
follows the careless poulticing1 as well
 as the uncleanly opening of boils1 can 
all be avoided4 ,before touching a boil1
 the surrounding skin should be         
thoroughly washed with sterile cotton   
and laundry soap and then disinfected   
with alcohol4 ,then1 with a scalpel or a
 surgeon's knife which has been either  
boiled for twenty minutes or allowed to 
remain in pure carbolic acid two minutes
 and then in alcohol two minutes1 it    
should be thoroughly opened down to the 
core so that the pus may come out4 ,it  
is very much better for the trained     
hands of a physician to do this than for
 any member of the family to undertake  
such an operation--where the danger of  
blood poisoning is always present4 ,the 
only treatment of skin eruptions        
containing pus which is justifiable for 

the home folks to undertake is to simply
 paint them with iodine4 ,under no      
circumstance should poultices be used4  
,,fever ,,blisters  ,it is not at all   
uncommon for small children to develop a
 group of fever blisters on the lips    
when suffering with any disease1 or     
experiencing a high fever4 ,even a      
simple cold or a spell of indigestion   
may be accompanied by fever blisters4   
,they appear not only on the lips but   
also on the edges of the nose and may   
even be seen on the chin4  ,early in    
their first appearance they may be      
treated with spirits of camphor or plain
 alcohol1 which sometimes tends to abort
 them2 but they usually run their       
course1 and when they are fully         
developed they may be treated with zinc 
oxide1 simple borated vaseline1 or      
ichthyol4   ,,warts  ,very often        
children's hands are disfigured by      
warts4 ,they appear suddenly1 develop   
rapidly1 and many times disappear just  
about as suddenly as they appeared4     

,every child suffering from warts       
usually passes through the stage of     
charms and lingoes which are popularly  
used to remove these disagreeable       
growths4 ,we hardly see any efficacy in 
bean-ie1 bean-ie take this wart away1 or
 any particular virtue in stealing      
mother's dishcloth1 cutting it up into  
as many pieces as there are warts on the
 hand and rubbing each wart with a      
separate piece of the cloth2 but you    
will find people in every town or       
village who will assure you that their  
warts were driven away by one of these  
charms or lingoes4 ,warts are either    
better left alone or removed by a       
physician with the high-frequency spark 
or some other reliable method4          
,,birthmarks  ,a red or purplish patch  
on the skin is the result1 as mentioned 
in an earlier chapter1 of an            
embryological accident in which one or  
more embryonic cells slipped out of     
place in the early days of skin         
formation4 ,these accidental markings   

may occur on the face1 the scalp1 or on 
any other portion of the body1 and they 
should be let alone1 unless they show a 
tendency to grow1 when it may prove best
 to give them proper surgical attention4
  ,a mole is also a birthmark1 and if   
found upon the neck or shoulders where  
it is likely to disfigure1 it may be    
removed by the high-frequency spark1 or 
by surgery1 in the same way as warts4   
,never tamper with moles4 ,leave them   
alone or turn them over to the surgeon4 
,,erysipelas  ,erysipelas is a          
much-dreaded disease which is the result
 of infection with the blood-poisoning  
germ--streptococcus4 ,it usually occurs 
about a wound1 and is due to infection  
by this microbe4 ,if it follows         
circumcision1 it is due1 of course1 to  
infection1 and may be very serious1 even
 causing death4 ,it attacks persons of  
any age and is oftenest seen on the     
face4 ,in appearance1 the skin is a     
bright and shiny red1 with a definite   
line of demarcation slightly raised at  

the edges because of the swollen tissues
 underneath4 ,on pressure1 the redness  
disappears but reappears immediately    
upon relieving the pressure4 ,the       
inflammation1 pain1 and fever often     
continues a number of days1 during which
 the child should be isolated from all  
other members of the family4 ,the bowels
 should be freely opened1 and the diet  
should be liquid and soft2 while local  
treatment is cared for by the physician 
who should always be called4 ,should    
erysipelas develop on a very young baby 
it is very important that he should be  
removed at once from the mother4 ,as    
stated before1 the disease is produced  
by the blood-poisoning germ which is    
very much to be avoided in any and all  
stages of obstetrics4 ,one attack in no 
way renders the patients immune4 ,they  
may have repeated attacks of erysipelas4
 ,the treatments should be started early
 and kept up most rigidly4   ,,scabies  
,,and ,,lice  ,in thickly settled       
districts among the poor and uneducated1

 where filth and untidiness reign1 the  
itch is a very prominent disease4 ,it is
 caused by the itch mite1 a parasite    
which burrows underneath the skin       
leaving behind its eggs in little       
irregularly shaped1 bluish tinted       
ridges4 ,such a profound itching is set 
up by this burrowing and depositing of  
eggs that the child cannot resist       
scratching1 and all taken together      
produces the typical itch-rash4 ,the    
common site for this rash is on the     
sides and between the fingers and toes2 
on arm pits and buttocks of the child1  
as well as at the waistline4 ,the       
treatment is usually beyond home        
remedies4 ,a physician should have      
charge of the case who will conduct a   
line of treatment which1 if diligently  
followed1 will rid the body of this     
scourge within a week or ten days4      
,along with the itch are often found    
parasites of the head1 or lice          
7pediculi74 ,it is not at all infrequent
 to find them in the heads of uncared   

for children2 but if a much-cared-for   
child is brought in contact with an     
infected head he will probably catch the
 infection4 ,a most intense and         
disagreeable itching is set up at once4 
,the treatment consists in getting the  
head clean by the use of a very fine    
comb1 thus endeavoring to remove the    
adult parasites as well as the eggs or  
nits4 ,however1 great care should be    
taken to avoid injuring the scalp4      
,perhaps the simplest and most effective
 treatment known is the kerosene bath   
which should be applied at night1 the   
hair being done up in a bandage until   
morning1 when the kerosene is washed off
 with soap and water and then the hair  
given a vigorous vinegar shampoo in     
order to destroy the nits4 ,tincture of 
larkspur1 or an ointment made from the  
seeds1 may also be used4 ,it is applied 
several days in succession and then     
washed out4     ,,chapter ,,xxxiii      
,,deformities ,,and ,,chronic           
,,disorders   ,reference has already    

been made to certain accidents of       
embryology during the very early days or
 weeks of the formative period of the   
embryo4 ,common illustrations of such   
deforming developmental accidents are   
harelip1 cleft palate1 and club foot4   
,,harelip ,,and ,,cleft ,,palate  ,in   
the case of a partial or complete       
failure of the two sides of the face to 
come together in the median line1 a     
deformity results which is known as     
harelip--a partial or complete cleft of 
the upper lip4 ,it may be a single or a 
double cleft1 exposing the teeth1 or the
 cleft may even extend up into the nose4
 ,this deformity may seriously interfere
 with nursing1 making it necessary to   
resort to feeding with a medicine       
dropper and later a spoon4 ,the success 
of the operation for the relief of      
harelip1 which should usually be        
performed during the early months of    
life1 is often very remarkable4  ,should
 this failure to unite be in the deeper 
structures of the head1 then cleft      

palate is the result4 ,this1 too1 may be
 partial or complete3 partial as seen in
 a cleft of the soft palate only2 and   
complete1 when the hard palate also is  
involved4 ,in such an instance it is the
 floor of the nose that is defective2   
hence the nose and mouth are one cavity4
  ,a specially devised apparatus which  
assists the child in nursing may be     
found on the market1 for nursing is     
well-nigh impossible without the closure
 of the roof of the mouth4 ,the         
operation for cleft palate is usually   
successful when performed at the proper 
time and by competent hands4  ,in       
tongue-tie the weblike membrane         
underneath is attached too far forward1 
so that the child is quite unable to    
protrude his tongue1 and this condition 
greatly interferes with sucking4 ,the   
operation for the relief of this        
condition is slight1 and should be      
performed as soon as the defect is      
discovered4   ,,deformed ,,hands ,,and  
,,feet  ,occasionally there is a webbing

 of one or more fingers of the hand1 and
 there are sometimes seen too many      
fingers or a double thumb4 ,it is       
needless to allow such a deformity to   
continue2 the operation for relief is   
often remarkably successful and should  
be performed very early4  ,clubfoot     
results when short tendons or contracted
 tendons pull the toes inward or outward
 with raising of the heel4 ,treatment   
must be instituted early2 braces or     
splints are applied2 and untiring       
efforts are put forth in massage and    
other lines to prevent a lifelong       
handicap of clubfoot4  ,an inward       
rotating of the legs presents the       
deformity of pigeon-toe4 ,the normal    
foot naturally inclines toward pointing 
in1 and such a condition should not be  
discouraged4 ,many flat feet 7broken    
arch7 are due to shoe lasts which compel
 the toes to slant out1 and the bunions 
which so often follow such mistreatment 
may be exceedingly painful4  ,by all    
means place shoes on the pigeon-toed    

child that possess straight lasts with  
flexible arches1 and which admit of the 
exercise of many muscles of the foot    
which otherwise remain inactive4  ,as   
the child grows older the toenails      
thicken1 and often in their trimming    
they are cut so closely at the corners  
that sometimes a condition results known
 as ingrowing nails4 ,such are very     
painful and must receive special        
attention4 ,first of all1 the nail is   
cut squarely1 and after scraping it thin
 the corner is lifted and cotton so     
placed under it that the nail's downward
 and inward growth is stopped4          
,,spinal ,,curvature  ,curvature of the 
spine is more common than is usually    
thought4 ,the most frequent variety of  
it is the lateral curvature4 ,one       
shoulder is lower than the other1 and   
the hips are therefore uneven4 ,rickets1
 during infancy1 is the most common     
cause of spinal curvature4  ,improper   
sitting at school--sitting on the edge  
of the seat--or carrying heavy loads are

 often contributing factors to the      
production of lateral curvatures4 ,only 
the muscles and ligaments enter into    
this deformity1 hence the treatment     
should be started early and should      
consist of3  #a4 ,stretching exercises4 
#b4 ,hanging from the rounds of a ladder
 securely fastened to the wall4  #c4    
,certain applications of hot            
fomentations to the spinal muscles for  
their relaxation4  #d4 ,firm cushion    
placed under one or other of the hips to
 encourage the re-establishment of      
muscular poise4  #e4 ,special           
supervision of the case4   ,,pott',s    
,,disease  ,pott's disease1 or          
tuberculosis of the bone1 often results 
in an angular spinal deformity4 ,this   
curvature1 unlike the lateral curvature1
 is a sequela of an actual disease of   
the bones4 ,it is always very serious   
and demands early treatment from skilled
 hands4 ,early in the disease there is a
 peculiar stiff1 tottering gait4 ,the   
little child holds the spine rigidly1   

and in picking up objects from the floor
 bends the knees instead of the spine4  
,if the trouble is in the upper spine1  
the shoulders are held high and the head
 is stiffly poised1 it is never rotated2
 in looking about the entire body turns4
  ,medical aid should be secured early4 
,the ,x ray not only locates the        
difficulty but also determines the      
extent of the process4 ,if the spine be 
put to perfect rest1 outdoor life begun1
 a diet rich in fats established1 the   
results are often wonderfully           
successful4  ,another tubercular        
condition is seen in the much dreaded   
hip-joint disease which parents should  
always be on the lookout for4 ,the      
earliest symptoms are crying out in the 
night suddenly1 unnatural standing on   
one leg 7to relieve the strain on the   
diseased hip7 and so-called growing     
pains4 ,call in a physician very early  
and institute proper treatment4 ,a      
posterior curvature of the spine is     
often associated with a bad case of     

rickets4 ,it is of temporary duration1  
and usually clears up when the symptoms 
of rickets have been eradicated4 ,it    
involves only the back muscles--not the 
vertebral bones4  ,the young mother is  
often very much concerned over the      
misshapen head of the child as a result 
of a prolonged labor2 and it does seem  
quite miraculous to see a head1 more    
nearly resembling an egg than anything  
else1 become beautifully round and      
shapely by the end of two or three days4
  ,protruding ears may be encouraged to 
lie more flatly by the wearing of a     
specialized bonnet at night4 ,when the  
babies are too young to turn themselves 
they should be turned first to one side 
and then the other1 while care should   
always be exercised in properly         
straightening out a curled under ear or 
an overlapping ear4   ,,rheumatism      
,while we so often regard rheumatism an 
adult disease1 nevertheless1 children do
 suffer its aches and pains as well as  
the fever which so often attends the    

inflammatory type4 ,the so-called       
growing pains are often of rheumatic    
origin4  ,diseased tonsils not only are 
often--very often--the avenue of entry  
of infectious microorganisms that cause 
one type of rheumatism1 but many forms  
of valvular heart disease are also      
directly traceable to these same        
diseased tonsils4 ,the treatment        
consists in giving proper attention to  
the tonsils1 even removal if            
necessary--and if the child is old      
enough4 ,all other possible causes      
should be located and removed2 the child
 should have absolute rest in bed with  
brisk cathartics and a liquid diet 7no  
meat broths74 ,the diet should consist  
more of alkalinizing foods as shown in  
the special table in the appendix4      
,medicinal alkalines are often given    
when the urine shows a very high acid   
reaction4   ,,scurvy  ,scurvy1 seen in  
children who subsist on prepared foods1 
is manifested by tender legs and swollen
 gums which have a tendency to bleed    

easily4 ,pallor1 loss of appetite1 and  
insomnia accompany the condition4 ,the  
treatment of scurvy is change of diet   
from patent foods to fresh cow's milk1  
with the addition of orange juice1      
daily4 ,in older children the food must 
be very nutritious2 out of door life1   
salt glows1 friction baths 7see         
appendix71 and the taking of large      
amounts of fats are all essential to the
 cure4   ,,adenitis--,,enlarged ,,glands
  ,enlarged glands1 or what our         
grandmothers used to call kernels in the
 throat are often the result of         
inflammation in the mouth or throat1 and
 occur in connection with many of the   
childhood diseases1 notably diphtheria1 
scarlet fever1 and scarlatina4  ,glands 
appearing in the back of the neck may be
 occasioned by pediculli 7lice71 ring   
worm1 or eczema1 while those seen in the
 neck just back and below the ears may  
come from mastoiditis 7inflammation of  
the middle ear7 or adenoids4  ,glands   
felt under the arm enlarge because of   

trouble or infection in the breast1     
hand1 or arm2 while glands in the groin 
are usually due to some infection of the
 feet1 legs1 or abdomen4  ,these glands 
usually disappear when the general      
health and well-being of the child is   
improved by3    #a4  ,outdoor life4     
#b4  ,morning dry-friction rub to the   
skin4   #c4  ,good liberal diet1        
including plenty of fats4   #d4  ,no    
feeding between meals4   #e4  ,the salt 
glow and general tonic treatment 7see   
appendix74   #f4  ,the oil rub at night4
   ,,rickets  ,rickets 7a disease of the
 bones7 often follows in the wake of    
faulty feeding and unhygienic           
surroundings4 ,the bones lack a proper  
amount of lime salts and other elements4
 ,development in general1 especially    
that of the bones1 is greatly interfered
 with4  ,bowlegs1 prominent square brow1
 enlarged perspiring head1 weakness1 and
 often tenderness of the flesh1 are     
notable signs of the disease4 ,the      
treatment varies little from that of    

scurvy1 and will be provided in detail  
by the attending physician4   ,,malaria 
,children often suffer from malarial    
parasites4 ,sudden rise of fever on     
regular days 7sometimes daily1 every two
 days or every three days7 should demand
 a careful medical examination including
 the examination of the blood where the 
offending organism is seen in the red   
blood cells4 ,we recently saw a little  
girl who happened to have an earache and
 was about to be operated on for ear    
trouble1 when examination of the blood  
revealed the fact that she was suffering
 from malaria4   ,,tuberculosis  ,in the
 routine examination of adult patients1 
the ,x ray observations of the lungs    
often reveal deposits of lime salts     
which tell the story of a successful    
fight against tuberculosis 7,fig4 #af74 
,and while it may seem surprising1 we   
believe beyond a doubt that most of us  
have had some varying degree of         
tuberculosis while young--the           
unrecognized battle has been fought--and

 these small monuments of lime salts    
alone remain to tell the interesting    
story4  ,the pity of it is that whole   
armies of little folks fall in this     
struggle against disease1 for it is one 
of the common and fatal diseases of     
childhood4 ,fresh-air schools1          
playgrounds1 and free school lunches are
 saving hundreds of children from the   
ravages of this disease each year4      
,tuberculosis is strictly a house       
disease1 hence the little tubercular    
patient must seek outdoor life4 ,all    
avoidable exposure to the disease must  
be denounced1 and public sentiment must 
continue to be aroused to the hygienic  
betterment of the tenement districts and
 basement homes4 ,the sanitary drinking 
cup and the bubble fountain must be     
encouraged1 as must also the proper     
ventilation of all places where crowds  
assemble1 be it the schoolroom1 the     
theater1 or the church4   ,,syphilis    
,while tuberculosis is known as the     
great white plague1 syphilis and        

gonorrhea constitute the great black    
plague1 which seen in the little folks  
is pitiable indeed1 leading us to       
realize that surely the children's teeth
 have been set on edge because of the   
careless eating of sour grapes by the   
parents4 ,syphilitic parents who have   
not been properly treated1 should think 
many times before they take upon        
themselves the awful responsibility of  
bringing into the world a tainted child4
 ,proper mercurial treatment should be  
instituted at once not only for the     
child but also in the case of both      
parents4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,x  
ray ,showing ,tuberculosis of the ,lung 
,,chapter ,,xxxiv  ,,accidents ,,and    
,,emergencies   ,in this chapter we wish
 to instruct the mother or the caretaker
 in doing the one thing needful for     
every one of the more common household  
accidents and emergencies while waiting 
for the doctor4  ,in every household    
there should be found an accident and   
emergency kit of necessary paraphernalia

 for the quick application of the one   
necessary medicine1 dressing1 etc4 ,this
 kit should contain baking soda for     
burns1 bandages and sterile gauze for   
cuts or tears1 together with adhesive   
plaster1 needle and thread1 etc4        
,,insect ,,bites ,,and ,,stings  ,far   
greater harm is often done the skin by  
the subsequent scratching of the insect 
bite with dirty finger nails than by the
 bite itself2 and so it is very         
important that we remember to allay     
quickly the intense itching by the      
application of ammonia water or camphor4
 ,almost instantly the itching is       
stopped1 and the added scratching       
irritation to the already injured skin  
is thus avoided4  ,by the aid of a      
magnifying glass1 and often by the naked
 eye1 we may detect the stinger which   
has been left behind by the greedy      
guest1 and which should be removed by a 
pair of tweezers4 ,ice-water compresses 
will stop the swelling and even an      
old-fashioned mud dressing1 which was   

used and appreciated by our great       
grandmothers1 is a thing not to be      
despised4  ,if the much admired         
shrubbery be removed one hundred feet   
away from the porch1 mosquitoes would   
trouble the household less4 ,it has been
 demonstrated in many localities that   
clearing away the near-by clumps of     
shrubbery permits the family to sit on  
unscreened porches unharmed4 ,mosquitoes
 multiply rapidly in stagnant pools of  
water1 but if oil is poured over these  
stagnant waters the increase of         
mosquitoes is abated1 and their total   
extinction is not unheard of in swampy  
districts receiving such care4          
,whenever baby is out of doors where    
mosquitoes1 flies1 or other insects are 
to be found1 he should be properly      
protected from such pests by mosquito   
netting stretched over a frame eighteen 
inches above his face1 for we can think 
of nothing more uncomfortable than a    
mosquito netting dragging over a sweaty 
baby's face4 ,the fact that mosquitoes1 

flies1 roaches1 and other insects are   
carriers of tuberculosis1 infantile     
paralysis1 typhoid fever1 cholera1      
yellow fever and malaria1 as well as a  
host of minor ailments1 should make us  
the more anxious for either their       
extermination or the protection of our  
children from their greedy bites and    
stings4   ,,dog ,,bites ,,and ,,snake   
,,bites  ,dogs1 cats1 rats1 or mice bite
 at any time of the year1 and provision 
should always be made for ample         
protection against such accidents4      
,such a wound should always be squeezed 
or sucked until it has bled freely1 and 
then be cauterized by a red-hot iron or 
touched with an applicator that has been
 dipped in sulphuric acid or nitric     
acid4 ,a subsequent dressing of ,balsam 
,peru is healing4 ,the dog should be    
watched1 and if it shows signs of       
hydrophobia the bitten child should be  
promptly taken to the nearest ,pasteur  
,institute for treatment4  ,in the case 
of snake bites the same sucking and     

cauterizing treatment is indicated1 with
 the additional tying of a handkerchief 
or cord a few inches above the wound to 
stay the progress of the blood and to   
keep the poison out of the general      
circulation4 ,a solution of             
twenty-per-cent permanganate of potash  
should be used to wash the wound4  ,the 
popular administration of large draughts
 of whiskey is of no benefit1 for the   
secondary depressant effect of alcohol  
increases the body's poison burden1 and 
those who survive do so in spite of the 
whiskey1 and not because of it4         
,,swallowing ,,foreign ,,bodies  ,small 
articles such as buttons1 safety pins1  
thimbles1 coins1 etc41 are often        
swallowed by little folks1 and if they  
lodge in the throat and the child       
struggles for his breath the treatment  
is as follows3 grasp him by the heels   
and turn him upside down while a helper 
briskly slaps him on the back4 ,the     
foreign body generally flies across the 
room4 ,if it is lodged high up in the   

throat it may often be dislodged by the 
thumb and finger4 ,if it cannot be      
reached and it will not go down1 lose no
 time in seeking an ,x-ray laboratory   
where its exact location may quickly be 
discovered and proper measures          
instituted for its removal4  ,a         
troublesome fish bone is easily         
dislodged by swallowing a half-chewed   
piece of bread which carries it down to 
the stomach4 ,cathartics and purgatives 
are not to be given2 in due time the    
object will appear in the stool4 ,in all
 instances it is well to locate its     
exact position by the ,x ray--that there
 may be assurance that it will do no    
harm4  ,it is surprising what large     
objects can be swallowed4 ,one old      
gentleman swallowed his false teeth1 and
 a six months old baby swallowed1 or at 
least had lodged in its throat1 a silver
 dollar4  ,all detachable parts should  
be removed from toys that are given to  
babies1 such as the whistle from rubber 
animals1 the button eyes of wool kittens

 and dogs1 and other such removable     
parts4   ,,foreign ,,bodies ,,in ,,the  
,,eye  ,to begin with1 do not get       
panicky1 but carefully1 painstakingly1  
and patiently do the following3  #a4    
,rub the well eye until the tears flow  
plentifully in both eyes4  #b4 ,blow the
 nose on the injured eye side1 closing  
the other side4 ,this often encourages  
the tears to wash the foreign speck down
 through the tear duct1 into the nose   
and out into the handkerchief 7in case  
the child is old enough to follow such  
instruction74 ,if the foreign body be   
sharp1 as a piece of steel or flint is  
likely to be1 it may be driven right    
into the eyeball4 ,seek a physician who 
will drop medicine into the eye to      
deaden the pain and then if it cannot be
 gently rubbed off the eyeball1 a magnet
 will promptly remove it4  ,an eye bath 
of warm boracic acid is always          
comforting and never does harm1 so that 
may be given while waiting for the      
doctor to come1 if the object seems to  

be beyond the reach of family help4  ,if
 an alkaline1 such as lime1 be blown    
into the eye it is very painful1 but    
much relief may be obtained by gently   
pouring into the eye1 by means of a     
medicine dropper or eye cup1 warm water 
to which has been added a little vinegar
 or lemon juice4 ,likewise1 acid in the 
eye produces much pain4 ,in this        
instance1 an eye bath of a weak soda    
solution is indicated4   ,,foreign      
,,bodies ,,in ,,ear ,,and ,,nose        
,insects that have crawled into the ear 
may be suffocated by dropping sweet oil 
or castor oil into the ear1 which1 after
 twenty minutes1 should be washed out by
 gentle syringing with warm water from a
 fountain syringe1 hung one foot above  
the child's head4  ,peas1 beans1 shoe   
buttons1 or beads are sometimes put into
 the ear and nose by adventurous or     
experimenting children4  ,the shoe      
button or bead will not swell as does   
the pea or the bean1 and may often be   
safely washed out4 ,if it is causing no 

pain and will not drop out in case of   
the ear1 or will not be easily blown out
 in case of the nose1 see your physician
 at once4 ,he has in his possession just
 the necessary instruments for its      
immediate removal4  ,peas and beans     
swell1 and consequently cause greater   
discomfort the longer they are in2 do   
not poke at any foreign body lodged     
either in the nose or the ear1 for the  
ear drum may thus be injured1 while in  
the former case it may be pushed into   
one of the accessory sinuses4           
,,earache  ,one of the most comforting  
and highly effectual forms of heat for  
an aching ear is a four-candle-power    
carbon electric light on an extension   
cord that permits the light to come in  
close contact with the ear4 ,a shade is 
made from a piece of stiff letter paper 
that fits the socket snugly and flares  
out to a three inch opening1 which      
should extend below the point of the    
bulb one inch4 ,this shade holds all the
 heat and light and directs it into the 

aching ear4  ,in every well-ordered     
household there will be found a         
three-per-cent solution of carbolic acid
 and glycerine of which one drop should 
be put into the aching ear1 and then the
 external heat1 mentioned above1 should 
be applied4 ,a bag of warm salt1 a hot  
water bag1 or a warm plate will provide 
external heat if an electric light is   
not available4 ,do not put laudanum or  
other remedies into the ear1 other than 
are herein suggested1 without your      
physician's knowledge4  ,earache is     
always serious1 and since it is usually 
indicative of trouble which1 if left    
untreated1 may cause deafness1 it       
demands thorough treatment from skilled 
hands4  ,running ears invariably need   
medical attention and should never be   
neglected4   ,,nosebleed  ,if the nose  
bleeds whenever it is cleansed1 more    
than likely there is an ulcer on the    
septum which will continue to bleed if  
left untreated4 ,the physician should   
heal the ulcer1 and the child should be 

taught always to vaseline the nostril   
before cleansing it4  ,in case of       
persistent nosebleed1 put the child to  
bed with the head elevated4 ,pressure   
should be put on the blood vessels going
 to the nose by placing two fingers     
firmly on the outer angles of the nose  
on the upper lip1 while a helper may put
 firm pressure at the root of the nose  
at the inner angle of each eye4 ,an ice 
bag may be placed at the back of the    
neck1 and another piece of ice held on  
the forehead at the root of the nose4   
,if these measures do not stop the flow 
of blood a few drops of adrenalin may be
 put into the nose and repeated in five 
minutes if necessary4 ,as the bleeding  
begins to stop1 as well as during the   
bleeding1 all blowing of the nose is    
forbidden as it will only cause the     
bleeding to start afresh4 ,it sometimes 
helps to hold a piece of ice in the     
hands4   ,,cuts ,,and ,,tears  ,a cut   
with smooth edges1 if deep1 should be   
allowed to bleed freely1 should be      

washed in boracic acid solution1 and its
 edges held together by a stitch which  
is usually put in by a physician2 but if
 treatment is to be given at home1 the  
hands of the nurse must be thoroughly   
washed and the thread and needle boiled 
for twenty minutes4 ,if the physician   
has been sent for1 make firm pressure   
over the wound by bandaging tightly with
 a dressing of sterile gauze dipped in  
boracic acid solution4  ,in case of a   
slight cut1 make it bleed freely1 then  
wash in boracic-acid solution and apply 
sterile gauze held in place by a binder4
 ,if no odor or pain follows1 let alone 
for two or three days1 when a new       
dressing is applied4  ,a physician      
should be called in case of ragged      
wounds or tears1 as such usually leave  
bad scars4 ,cleanse carefully1 leaving  
no dirt in the wound1 cause it to bleed1
 if possible1 and apply a sterile gauze 
compress wet in boracic-acid solution1  
bandaged on as directed above4 ,zinc    
ointment may be applied to surfaces that

 have been skinned4 ,all dressings on   
dirty wounds should be changed daily4   
,blood poisoning may readily follow a   
wound1 hence the utmost cleanliness     
should prevail4 ,the hands of the       
attendant1 the dressings1 the           
surrounding skin1 must all be clean4    
,the bowels should be kept open1 and    
under-feeding rather than over-feeding  
is indicated4  ,if a needle be needed to
 open a sore or boil1 always disinfect  
the part and surrounding area by        
painting with tincture of iodine1 and   
heat the needle to red heat through a   
flame before it touches the sore4  ,in  
case of cuts or wounds of the eyeball   
apply a compress of sterile gauze wet in
 boracic acid1 held on by a bandage1 and
 go immediately to a good eye           
specialist4   ,,punctured ,,wounds ,,and
 ,,slivers  ,wounds made by pins1       
needles1 fishhooks1 tacks1 and splinters
 are always very painful and great care 
must be exercised to force bleeding     
freely1 which helps to wash out         

infection1 as more than likely microbes 
entered with the instrument or sliver   
when the wound was made4  ,fishhooks are
 exceedingly troublesome1 as they often 
occasion the enlarging of the wound to  
get them out1 especially if they have   
gone in beyond the barb4  ,slivers are  
easily broken off1 so great care is     
needed in their removal4 ,a pair of     
tweezers is convenient for seizing the  
protruding portion1 while all side      
movements are avoided lest it break off 
in the flesh1 in which case it may be   
gotten out with a needle that has been  
sterilized in a flame4  ,all puncture   
wounds should be dressed with the wet1  
sterile compress1 covered over with wax 
paper and bandaged loosely2 this        
encourages cleanliness and favors       
healing4   ,,bruises  ,if left          
untreated1 bruises swell1 become highly 
discolored1 and in the process of       
healing pass through the dark blue1     
green1 and yellow stages4 ,the treatment
 is as follows3 ,apply hot and cold     

alternately--the heat should be as hot  
as can be borne and left on very hot for
 three minutes1 then ice water          
compresses should be applied for one    
minute1 then hot again--these changes   
should continue for an hour1 and if     
carried out immediately after the injury
 all discolorations and most of the     
swelling may be avoided4 ,witch-hazel   
compresses are comforting4 ,if          
discoloration has taken place1 the      
application of hot compresses will often
 hasten its disappearance4   ,,fractures
 ,,and ,,dislocations  ,while there is  
very little a member of the family or a 
non-medical friend can do in case of a  
fracture1 and while it is unwise to     
offer suggestions relative to the       
setting of bones1 yet it is highly      
important that both the family and      
friends know how properly to support a  
broken leg while carrying a disabled    
person into the house or to near-by     
medical aid4  ,for instance1 in the case
 of a fractured leg below the knee1 if a

 couple of flat boards three inches wide
 be tied about the leg with two pocket  
handkerchiefs1 the ends of the fractured
 bone will not rub against each other   
and the pain will be much less in       
carrying4 ,in this way all danger of    
causing the broken bones to protrude and
 thus compounding the fracture is also  
avoided4 ,and also1 if there is no      
near-by ambulance1 a good emergency     
stretcher may be improvised out of two  
or three buttoned vests with two poles1 
rakes1 or brooms run through the        
armholes--one vest under the shoulders  
and one under the hips and still another
 under the fracture4 ,an injured person 
may in this way be carried for miles    
quite comfortably4  ,two people may     
fashion a seat out of their four hands  
on which the disabled child may sit with
 his arms about the necks of his two    
friends4 ,if the fractured end of the   
bone penetrates the flesh it is then    
known as a compound fracture and the    
utmost cleanliness must prevail--as in  

dressing other wounds4 ,an ,x ray       
laboratory should always be sought1     
where convenient1 to ascertain if the   
ends of the bones are in good position4 
,in dislocations1 the bone has slipped  
out of place at the joint4 ,medical aid 
should be called to replace the bone1   
while hot applications may be used in   
the meantime4   ,,sprains  ,all sprains 
7a twist or straining of a joint7 should
 promptly be put into a very hot bath   
and held there for thirty minutes4 ,if  
this is impossible1 then a rubber tube  
or a handkerchief is tied snugly between
 the sprain and the trunk of the body4  
,almost instantly the pain1 which is    
often intense and severe1 is very much  
lessened4 ,the hot-water bath is very   
hot1 and the joint should be very red on
 taking it out4 ,immediately following  
the bath the injured joint is wrapped in
 a very cold wet compress1 which is next
 completely covered by silk1            
gutta-percha1 mackintosh1 or many       
thicknesses of newspaper--anything that 

will hold all the heat in--as the cold  
compress is quickly heated up4 ,lastly1 
a bandage of heavy flannel completely   
covers the whole--compress1 impervious  
covering1 etc4  ,the joint is now       
elevated for three hours1 when it is    
again immersed in a very hot bath and   
then again the cold compress is applied4
 ,this is continued every three hours1  
except during sleep1 for two days1 after
 which it may be done morning and       
evening4 ,massage is now administered   
every three hours1 first four inches    
below the injury then four inches above 
it1 while in a day or so the joint      
itself may be gently rubbed with        
well-oiled hands4 ,by the end of one    
week the patient begins to use the      
injured member4  ,in the case of a      
sprained ankle a properly applied       
adhesive strap bandage will give no end 
of relief and support4 ,various         
liniments may be applied1 but usually   
the good obtained is from the thorough  
rubbing which always accompanies their  

use according to directions4  ,sprains  
treated as above directed will often    
liberate the child in one-third the     
usual time generally allotted for its   
healing4   ,,frost ,,bites ,,and        
,,chilblains  ,keep the child who has   
frozen some part of his body in a cool  
room1 and rub the frost-bitten part with
 snow or ice water1 or wrap it up in    
cold water compresses4  ,the return to  
heat must be slow indeed1 else much pain
 may be experienced2 blisters followed  
by discoloration1 and even              
mortification1 may set in4 ,you may be  
surprised some morning on awakening to  
find your child's hand twice its normal 
size and very red1 because it was out   
from under the cover a good share of the
 night exposed to ,jack ,frost4 ,do not 
bring it to heat quickly but immerse it 
in cold water1 gradually and slowly     
raising the temperature of the bath     
until it is warm and comfortable4  ,the 
intense itching and burning of a        
chilblain may often be relieved by      

painting with iodine or triple chloride 
of iron 7,monsel's solution74 ,soap     
liniment has also been suggested1 as    
well as alternate applications of hot   
and cold water4 ,chilblains are         
troublesome1 painful1 and their yearly  
recurrence is often very annoying4      
,,swallowing ,,poisons  ,poisons of an  
acid nature1 such as hydrochloric1      
sulphuric1 nitric1 or oxalic acids1 are 
neutralized by alkalines1 such as       
magnesia1 chalk1 soda1 and soap1        
followed by soothing drinks or sweet    
oil4  ,remember that carbolic acid is   
not an acid1 and is not antidoted with  
alkalines4 ,the swallowing of carbolic  
acid should be quickly followed by      
diluted alcohol1 and if this drug is not
 ready at hand many of the numerous     
alcoholic patent medicines will do just 
as well4 ,epsom salts should be given in
 abundance4  ,poisons of an alkaline    
nature1 such as lye1 washing soda1      
ammonia1 etc41 are antidoted with       
vinegar or lemon juice1 followed by     

soothing drinks or sweet oil4  ,a       
complete table of poisons and their     
antidotes will be found in the appendix4
  ,poison ivy1 as soon as detected1     
should be treated as follows3           
,thoroughly scrub the affected part with
 tincture of green soap and hot water1  
which often prevents the trouble        
developing4 ,clean pieces of gauze may  
be wrung out of lime water and placed   
over the inflamed and much swollen      
surface1 keeping them very wet4 ,at     
night an ointment of zinc oxide may be  
applied over a painting of black wash   
7to be obtained at drug stores74 ,poison
 7trifoliolate1 or three-leaved7 ivy    
resembles ,virginia ,creeper1 and all   
nurses and caretakers should be able to 
recognize it4  ,another treatment for   
poison ivy which is said to be very     
efficient is as follows3 ,moisten a bit 
of cotton with a ten-percent solution of
 carbolic acid and apply to the affected
 area--then immediately 7about one-half 
minute7 wipe off this carbolic acid with

 another piece of cotton saturated with 
alcohol4  ,matches1 roach powders1 fly  
poisons1 washing fluids1 lye1 paris     
green1 antiseptic tablets1 and pieces of
 green paper1 should all be kept out of 
the child's reach2 and1 in case of      
accidental swallowing of any of them1   
the physician should be sent for at     
once1 and with the message ,come6 should
 be given the name of the poison        
swallowed--if it is known4  ,after the  
antidote is given1 soothing drinks are  
usually administered1 such as raw white 
of egg1 milk1 flaxseed tea1 slippery    
elm1 etc4  ,complete rest in bed is     
always essential1 and external heat is  
necessary for the body chills easily as 
the child grows weak4  ,toothache may be
 temporarily relieved by applying an ice
 bag below the jaw1 thus diminishing the
 flow of blood to the tooth1 and a      
hot-water bottle to the cheek1 which    
causes the skin vessels to fill with    
blood1 thus relieving the tension in the
 vessels of the tooth4  ,if there is a  

cavity1 a small piece of cotton         
moistened with oil of cloves and packed 
well into it may give much relief4      
,children and adults should make a      
bi-annual pilgrimage to the dentist1 who
 seeks out beginning cavities1 early    
treatment of which will prevent these   
dreadful aches and later ill health4    
,,burns  ,burns and scalds are not at   
all uncommon with children1 whose       
eagerness to explore and desire to      
investigate often leads them into       
trouble4  #a4 ,the simple reddening of  
the skin--slight burns and              
sunburn--simply needs protecting oil1 or
 equal parts of oil and lime water1 and 
is to be covered with sterile gauze4    
#b4 ,the burns which destroy the outer  
layer of the skin1 producing a blister1 
are treated much as a wound would be    
treated4 ,the blister1 if larger than a 
half dollar1 should be opened near the  
edge with a needle which has been passed
 through a flame4 ,the serum should be  
pressed out and the parts protected by a

 piece of gutta-percha that has been    
disinfected with some antiseptic        
solution2 this covering keeps the       
dressings from sticking1 thus avoiding  
the destruction of the new-forming      
tissues4  #c4 ,when the tissues are     
injured in the more severe burns1 the   
surrounding flesh is carefully          
disinfected with boracic-acid solution1 
and the same dressing applied as        
described for the blister burns4 ,balsam
 ,peru is a healing balm for burns of   
this classification4  ,if a child's     
clothes catch on fire he is instantly to
 be thrown on the floor and any heavy   
woolen fabric1 such as a curtain1 table 
spread1 blanket1 or rug1 is to be thrown
 over him 7beginning at the neck7 and   
the flames thus smothered4 ,the clothing
 is now cut off1 and if more than       
one-third of the body is burned the     
child should be taken to the hospital   
for constant care2 and if more than     
one-half of the body is injured recovery
 is doubtful4 ,great care should be     

taken in keeping the unburned portion of
 the body warm1 as there is a great     
tendency for the child to become very   
cold as he weakens from both the nervous
 shock and from the absorption of       
toxins4  ,acid chemical burns are       
treated with baking soda1 except in the 
case of carbolic acid 7misnamed71 which 
is treated with alcohol2 alkaline       
chemical burns are dressed in vinegar or
 lemon juice compresses4  ,methods for  
restoring the drowned should be         
understood by every man1 woman1 and     
youth4 ,these methods are more fully    
taken up in works devoted to emergencies
 and will not be discussed in detail at 
this time4   ,,fainting  ,consciousness 
is quickly restored to the fainting     
child by lowering the head--laying him  
flat on the floor--while an assistant   
raises the legs perpendicularly4 ,cold  
dashes of water may be slapped on the   
chest with a towel1 while the face is   
bathed or sprinkled with cold water4    
,consciousness is usually quickly       

restored by the above suggestions1 in   
connection with plenty of fresh air4  ,a
 sudden blow on the head occasionally   
results in a severe condition known as  
concussion of the brain4 ,there is a    
partial or complete loss of             
consciousness lasting from a few moments
 to an hour or two4 ,pallor of the skin 
and a sense of bewilderment accompany   
concussion of the brain4  ,rest1 quiet1 
and darkness should prevail until the   
physician arrives and makes an          
examination4 ,external heat to the      
extremities may be applied1 but no      
stimulants are to be administered until 
so ordered by the physician4  ,it is    
wise to seek medical advice in the case 
of odd or unusual behavior after a fall 
on the head4     ,,chapter ,,xxxv       
,,diet ,,and ,,nutrition   ,most        
interesting is the study of the food as 
it passes through the processes of      
digestion1 absorption1 assimilation1 and
 oxidation--all definite and important  
parts of the great cycle through which  

everything we eat passes on its way from
 the table to the tissues4 ,elimination 
is the last step in nutrition1 and is   
the process by which the body rids      
itself of the broken down cells and     
other poisonous and useless wastes4     
,these various phases of bodily         
nutrition may be expressed in a single  
term--metabolism4  ,what we eat and how 
much we eat must be carefully planned1  
for our body temple is really made of   
what we eat4 ,if you were erecting a    
beautiful mansion you would not think of
 allowing cheap1 trashy1 and inferior   
building materials to enter into the    
construction of your home4 ,neither     
should you permit unfit and inferior    
materials to become a part of the daily 
dietary of your little boy or girl1 thus
 to become a part of their bodily       
structure4   ,,assimilation ,,of ,,food 
,following the process of digestion in  
the stomach and intestine1 the nutritive
 food elements are absorbed through the 
wall of the bowel by the wonderfully    

adapted little villus1 and distributed  
by various routes to the uttermost parts
 of the body4 ,the sugars 7all starches 
are changed into sugar7 are carried in  
the portal blood stream to the liver1   
where they are actually stored away in  
the form of glycogen which1 in a most   
intelligent manner1 is dealt out to the 
body from hour to hour as it is needed  
for fuel4 ,if all the sugar1 after a    
hearty meal1 were poured into the       
circulation at once1 the blood stream   
would be overwhelmed and the kidneys    
would be forced to excrete it in the    
urine4 ,this unnecessary waste is       
avoided by the liver's storing sugar    
after each meal and dealing it out to   
the body as required4  ,likewise1 the   
proteins also pass through the liver on 
their way to the body4 ,just what action
 the liver exerts upon proteins is not  
wholly known at the present writing4    
,the digested fats are absorbed at once 
by the lacteals1 the beginning of the   
intestinal lymphatic system1 by which   

they are carried to the large veins at  
the root of the neck and there emptied  
into the blood stream4 ,we have now     
traced our various food elements through
 the processes of digestion and         
absorption in the alimentary tract1 some
 going through the liver1 and others    
through the lymphatic system1 until they
 circulate in the blood stream itself4  
,it is from these food substances1      
circulating in the blood stream1 that   
the various cells of the body must      
assimilate into themselves such portions
 as they require for purposes of heat   
and energy and for the repair of their  
cell substance4 ,this specialized work  
of cell assimilation converts the       
dissolved watery food in the blood into 
solid tissues1 exactly reversing the    
process of digestion4  ,with a most     
profound intelligence1 each of these    
body cells and tissues1 bone and nerve  
fiber1 muscle and organ1 selects from   
the blood stream just its supply or     
portion of the food elements requisite  

to its upbuilding and maintenance4 ,the 
mysteries of assimilation are effected  
by means of chemical substances called  
enzymes1 similar to those found in the  
digestive organs1 but acting in an      
entirely different manner1 in that they 
build up solids out of liquids instead  
of converting solids into liquids4      
,,elimination ,,of ,,body ,,wastes      
,metabolism consists of a twofold       
rle--an upbuilding and a tearing down   
process4 ,after the food is all         
digested1 absorbed1 and assimilated1    
having become a part of the bodily      
organ1 bone1 muscle1 and nerve fiber1   
then begins the work of tearing it      
down--of liberating its heat and        
energy--to be followed by its           
elimination from the body through the   
sweat glands1 uriniferous tubules of the
 kidneys1 etc4 ,the carbohydrates       
7starches and sugars71 together with the
 fats1 are completely burned up in the  
body and are then eliminated in the form
 of water 7thrown off through the sweat7

 and carbonic acid gas given up by the  
lungs4  ,the proteins1 or nitrogenous   
foods1 are not so completely burned up  
in the body4 ,the ashes which result    
from their combustion are not simple    
substances like the water and ,,co#b of 
the carbohydrates4 ,this protein ash is 
represented by a number of complicated  
substances1 some of which are solid     
7protein clinkers71 which accumulate in 
the body and help to bring about many   
diseases1 such as gout1 headache1       
fatigue1 biliousness1 etc4  ,these      
protein ashes and clinkers are further  
acted upon--split up and sifted--by the 
liver1 and are finally eliminated by the
 kidneys in the form of urea1 uric acid1
 etc4 ,the body being unable to store up
 protein1 is often greatly embarrassed  
when one eats more of this substance    
than is daily required to replenish the 
waste of the body1 for it must all be   
immediately split up in the system1 and 
the over-abundant and irritating ashes  
must be carried off by the eliminating  

organs4 ,now1 the overeating of sugars1 
starches1 or fats1 is not such a serious
 matter1 as they may be stored in the   
liver and subsequently used2 and even if
 they are eaten in excess of what the   
liver can care for they accumulate as   
fat or add extra fuel to the fires of   
the body1 their ashes being carried off 
in the form of such harmless substances 
as water and carbon dioxide 7,,co#b72   
but the overeating of protein substances
 is always a strain on the body and     
should be avoided4   ,,elements ,,of    
,,nutrition  ,there are seven distinct  
elements entering into the composition  
of human foods--protein1 starch1 sugar1 
fat1 salts1 cellulose1 and water1 not to
 mention enzymes1 vitamines1 and other  
little-known chemical principles4 ,these
 elements are all variously concerned in
 the nourishment1 energizing1 and       
warming of the body4   ,,proteins  ,the 
proteins are the structure builders of  
the body4 ,while starches1 fats1 and    
sugars may be compared to the coal that 

feeds the locomotive1 the proteins      
represent the iron and steel that are   
used from time to time to repair the    
engine and replace its worn parts4 ,the 
essential chemical difference between   
starch and protein is that the latter   
contains nitrogen and a small amount of 
sulphur and phosphorus4 ,the most common
 forms in which protein is used for food
 are the glutens of the grains1 the     
legumes1 nuts1 cheese1 the white of egg1
 and lean meat4   ,,starches  ,the      
starches are by far the most abundant of
 all elements in human food4 ,they enter
 largely into the composition of nearly 
all plants and seeds4 ,under the        
influence of the sunlight1 the          
green-colored plants gather up the      
,,co#b of the air and1 with the water   
absorbed from the ground1 build up      
starch4 ,the plant takes all the carbon 
from which starch is made from the air1 
but while the atmosphere contains almost
 eighty per cent of nitrogen1 the plant 
is unable to use it2 it must secure its 

nitrogen from the decaying refuse of the
 soil4 ,thus the plant utilizes the     
waste products found in air and earth in
 the building of its food substances4   
,starch exists in the form of small     
granules4 ,since each little starch     
granule is surrounded by a woody        
envelope of cellulose1 it becomes       
necessary to cook all starches          
thoroughly in order to burst this       
cellulose envelope and thus enable the  
saliva to begin1 and other secretions to
 continue1 the work of digestion4       
,,fruit ,,sugars  ,the sugar of fruits  
represents a form of food requiring     
practically no digestion2 while the     
sugar found in beets1 the cane plant1   
and the maple tree1 must be acted upon  
by the digestive juices of the intestine
 before their absorption can take place4
 ,during the winter1 the maple tree     
stores its carbohydrates in its roots in
 the form of starch4 ,with the advent of
 spring ,mother ,nature begins the      
digestion of this starch--actually turns

 it into sugar--and in the form of the  
sweet sap it finds its way up into the  
tree trunk to be deposited in the leaves
 and bark in the form of cellulose1 a   
process very similar to that performed  
by digestion in the human body1 where   
starch by digestion is first turned into
 sugar1 and afterwards deposited in     
another form in the liver and muscles4  
,dextrine is a form of sugar resulting  
from thoroughly cooking or partially    
digesting starch4 ,there are about      
twenty-five stages or forms of dextrine 
between raw starch and digested starch  
or fruit sugar4 ,dextrine is found in   
the brown-colored portions of           
well-toasted bread4   ,,fats  ,fat is a 
combination of glycerine and certain    
fatty acids4 ,as a food1 it is derived  
from both the animal and the vegetable  
kingdom4 ,animal fat consists of lard1  
suet1 fat meat1 etc41 while fat of      
animal origin is represented by cream1  
butter1 and the yolks of eggs4 ,the     
vegetable fats are found in nuts1       

especially the pecan1 cocoanut1 ,brazil1
 and pine nuts2 also in the grains1     
particularly oats and corn4 ,the peanut 
also contains a considerable amount of  
fat4 ,of the fruits1 the banana and     
strawberry contain a trace of fat1 while
 the olive is the only fruit rich in    
fat4  ,as a food1 fat is used in three  
forms4 ,the emulsified form is          
represented by cream1 olive oil1 and    
nuts4 ,when the tiny globules of fat1   
which are each surrounded by a little   
film of casein1 are crushed--united into
 a solid mass--we have a free fat4 ,this
 form is represented by butter and other
 animal fats4 ,another form is fried    
fat--fat which has been chemically      
changed by heat with the development of 
certain irritating acids4   ,,mineral   
,,salts  ,the mineral elements comprise 
but a small part of human food as       
regards weight1 but they are extremely  
important to the health of the child as 
well as the adult4 ,as found in the     
food1 they are not in the form of       

mineral salts1 like common table salt4  
,the salts of food are living salts1    
organic or organized salts1 such as are 
found in the growing plant4 ,these salts
 are of great value to the various      
fluids of the body1 and also as         
stimulants to nerve action1 but more    
particularly in the work of building up 
the bones4  ,salts are found largely in 
the cereals4 ,a small amount is also    
found in vegetables1 particularly the   
potato1 as well as in most fruits4      
,,cellulose  ,cellulose represents the  
great bulk of all vegetables and fruits4
 ,it is digested by most animals1 but in
 man it is digested only to the extent  
of about thirty per cent4 ,the presence 
of a large amount of cellulose in the   
food enables us often to satisfy the    
appetite without injury from overeating4
 ,it serves to give bulk to the food1   
and thereby possibly acts as a          
preventive to constipation4   ,,water   
,water fills an important place in the  
nutrition of the body4 ,the food changes

 in connection with digestion1          
assimilation1 and elimination1 can take 
place only in the presence of water4    
,water constitutes from fifteen to      
ninety-five per cent of the various     
foods4 ,the watery juices of vegetables 
and fruits consist largely of pure1     
distilled water1 in which fruit sugar is
 dissolved1 with added flavoring        
substances4 ,water is absolutely        
essential to the performance of every   
vital function connected with human     
metabolism4   ,,animal ,,heat  ,the     
source of heat in the animal body was   
the subject of much superstitious       
speculation on the part of ancient      
scientists4 ,it is now known that animal
 heat is derived from the food we eat by
 means of a peculiar process of vital   
oxidation--effected in the presence of  
oxygen--by the action of water and      
enzymes upon the food elements absorbed 
by the living cell4 ,this process of    
oxidation liberates the heat and energy 
stored by the sun in the food1 and thus 

the body is kept warm by this constant  
combustion of the digested foodstuffs4  
,the starches and sugars1 together with 
the fats1 represent food elements which 
serve as the body's fuel4 ,by this means
 we are able to maintain a constant body
 temperature of almost one hundred      
degrees4  ,the average human body       
produces enough heat every hour to raise
 two and one-half pounds of water from  
the freezing point to the boiling point4
 ,this is equivalent to boiling about   
seven gallons of ice-water every        
twenty-four hours4 ,differently         
expressed1 the body gives off each hour 
the same amount of heat as a foot and a 
half of two-inch steam coil4 ,this is   
the same amount of heat which would be  
produced by burning about two-thirds of 
a pound of coal4   ,,fuel ,,value ,,of  
,,foods  ,expressed in terms of ,english
 weight1 the fuel value of the three    
different food elements would be3    #a 
ounce of carbohydrates      #abg4e      
calories   #a ounce of proteins         

#abg4e       #a ounce of fat            
#bhi4b      ,it will be observed that   
fat contains more than twice as much    
heat as the carbohydrates4 ,this is due 
to the fact that fat contains more      
carbon than either starch or sugar4     
,next to fats1 starches and sugars are  
the most important fuel elements4       
,protein is a very extravagant form of  
food for fuel purposes4 ,proteins are   
the most expensive elements of human    
food2 they are incompletely burned in   
the body1 and inasmuch as they leave    
behind distressing and disease-producing
 ashes1 it is clearly evident that only 
sufficient amount of proteins should be 
eaten each day to supply the demand of  
the body for repairs4 ,we should depend 
more largely upon the carbohydrates and 
fats for heat and energy4  ,a large part
 of our food is required to furnish heat
 to take the place of that lost by      
radiation from the skin1 and this is why
 children require more food than        
adults--they have a larger skin surface 

in proportion to their weight1 and      
therefore lose more heat by radiation1  
and it is for this reason that the food 
for the growing child must be wisely and
 carefully selected4   ,,diet ,,for     
,,child ,,two ,,to ,,three ,,years ,,old
  ,breakfast1 #g-h ,a4 ,m43 ,fruit2     
cooked or toasted cereal served with    
thin cream2 a soft boiled or coddled    
egg2 bread 7two or more days old7 and   
butter2 plenty of milk4  ,dinner1 #ab-a3
 ,soups2 creamed vegetables--tomato1    
corn1 peas1 and celery2 any two of      
potatoes--creamed1 mashed1 or           
baked--carrots1 beets1 spinach1 peas1   
cornlet1 squash1 cauliflower1 asparagus 
tips1 string beans2 protein dish--the   
puree of dried beans1 peas1 or lentils2 
macaroni or carefully selected meats2   
dessert--apples1 baked or sauce--or     
other fruits1 junket1 custard1 milk4    
,supper1 #e-f ,p4 ,m43 ,fruit1 bread    
7bran bread if constipated72 milk2      
porridge1 with rich milk or milk toast2 
sweetened graham crackers4   ,,foods    

,,allowed ,,children ,,of ,,four ,,years
 ,,and ,,older  ,protein ,dishes3       
,purees of dried peas2 lentils2 beans2  
macaroni2 eggs--soft boiled1 poached1   
scrambled1 or omelette2 meats--steak1   
chops1 chicken1 turkey1 broiled fish4   
,cereals3 ,all the toasted-flake foods2 
toasted and not too fresh bread1        
including both graham and bran2 hominy2 
corn meal2 oatmeal2 farina2 rice2       
barley2 tapioca2 sago1 etc4  ,soups3    
,creamed vegetable soups of all kinds   
and broths4  ,vegetables3 ,potatoes2 all
 the small green vegetables2 lettuce2   
stewed celery2 beets2 squash2           
cauliflower1 etc4  ,fruits3 ,all1 if    
stewed or baked4 ,raw fruits--pears1    
peaches1 ripe apples1 berries1 oranges1 
persimmons1 grape-pulp without seeds1   
etc4  ,desserts3 ,custard2 jellos2      
junkets2 home-made ice cream2 sponge    
cake2 baked fruits with whipped cream1  
etc4   ,,foods ,,to ,,be ,,avoided ,,by 
,,young ,,children  #a4 ,doughy breads1 
griddle cakes1 insides of muffins1 hot  

biscuits1 etc4  #b4 ,fried meats1 such  
as sausage1 oysters1 pork1 ham1 veal1   
salt fish1 corned beef1 dried beef1 etc4
  #c4 ,foods that are hot when they are 
cold--such as catsup1 horse radish1     
mustard1 highly spiced pickles1 sauces1 
etc4  #d4 ,rich pastries1 puddings1     
unripe fruit1 salted peanuts1 and highly
 concocted dishes4  #e4 ,certain salads1
 containing coarse but easily swallowed 
foods1 with highly seasoned sauces4  #f4
 ,tea1 coffee1 and all alcoholic        
beverages4  #g4 ,soft candies1 chocolate
 creams1 bon-bons1 patties1 etc4        
,average normal children crave sweets1  
and since their normal food is about    
seven per cent sugar it is not to be    
wondered at4 ,there are many forms of   
pure1 hard candies which may be taken by
 the three-year-old child4 ,they are    
stick candy1 fruit tablets1 sunshine    
candies1 and other varieties which may  
be sucked4  ,all soft candies1 such as  
chocolate creams1 bon-bons1 patties1    
etc41 are to be avoided4 ,hard candies1 

taken along with the desserts at meal   
time1 in no wise injure the normal      
stomach of the healthy child4  ,the     
other members of the family should set a
 correct example by sucking the hard    
candies rather than chewing them2 for if
 the hard candies are allowed to        
dissolve slowly in the mouth they       
produce a weak solution of sugar1 which 
does not interfere with digestion as do 
the strong and concentrated sugar       
solutions which result from chewing     
chocolate creams1 bon-bons1 etc4        
,candy1 cookies1 sandwiches1 or bits of 
cake should never be allowed between the
 meals4   ,,eating ,,between ,,meals    
,children who do not eat well at the    
breakfast table1 if given a piece at #aj
 ,a4 ,m41 will not be ready for the #ab 
o'clock meal2 and then another piece at 
#b ,p4 ,m4 interferes with the normal   
appetite at #f ,p4 ,m4 ,digestion is    
disturbed1 the nervous system irritated1
 and a puny child is often the result4  
,bring the three-or-four-year-old to a  

well-selected breakfast some time       
between #g and #h ,a4 ,m4 ,then         
nothing--absolutely nothing--but water  
must pass the lips between that         
breakfast hour and the #ab o'clock meal1
 which should be a good one4 ,then the  
interval until #e or #f ,p4 ,m4 is      
passed in the same manner4 ,at the      
evening meal the appetite is again      
whetted3 and a good appetite always     
means good gastric juice to digest the  
meal4 ,and so1 good mother1 guard       
carefully the interval between meals if 
you would have good digestion and good  
health for the little folks4   ,,daily  
,,food ,,requirement  ,the following    
table1 taken from ,the ,science of      
,living1,b shows the minimum of calories
 or food units required by boys from    
five to fourteen years of age and girls 
from five to twelve3                    
,,boys                                  
,skin        ,daily    ,age   ,height in
  ,weight in  ,surface in  ,calories or 
,years   ,inches     ,pounds     ,sq4   

,ft4    ,food ,units      #e     #da4eg 
#da4ji        #g4i         #haf4b     #f
     #dc4ge      #de4ag        #h4c     
#hee4i     #g     #de4gd      #di4jg    
#h4h         #iab4d     #h     #dg4gf   
#ec4ib        #i4d         #iha4a     #i
     #di4fi      #ei4bc        #i4i     
#ajdc4g    #aj     #ea4eh      #fe4cj   
#aj4e        #aaag4e    #aa     #ec4cc  
#gj4ah       #aa4j        #aagh4b    #ab
     #ee4aa      #gf4ib       #aa4f     
#abed4h    #ac     #eg4ba      #hd4he   
#ab4d        #aceb4f    #ad     #ei4hh  
#id4ia       #ac4d        #adga4c       
,,girls                                 
,skin        ,daily    ,age   ,height in
  ,weight in  ,surface in  ,calories or 
,years   ,inches     ,pounds     ,sq4   
,ft4    ,food ,units      #e     #da4bi 
#ci4ff        #g4g         #ghd4e     #f
     #dc4ce      #dc4bh        #h4a     
#hca4i     #g     #de4eb      #dg4df    
#h4e         #hha4g     #h     #dg4eh   
#eb4jd        #i4b         #ieg4a     #i
     #di4cg      #eg4jg        #i4g     

#ajah4e    #aj     #ea4cd      #fb4ce   
#aj4b        #ajha4j    #aa     #ec4db  
#fh4hd       #aj4g        #aadh4e    #ab
     #ee4hh      #gh4ca       #aa4h     
#abgf4h  ,b ,sadler1 ,william ,s41 ,the 
,science of ,living2 or1 ,the ,art of   
,keeping ,well4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg  ,co4 
,,chapter ,,xxxvi  ,,caretakers ,,and   
,,governesses   ,because of her         
versatile adaptability to the management
 of details1 woman1 all through the     
ages1 has willingly and happily         
sacrificed herself upon the altar of    
service4 ,it is not in the province of  
this chapter to go into the details of  
the tribal life of the early hordes and 
clans that came from the north and from 
the east to establish civilization in   
the cities of ,rome and ,britain--space 
forbids4 ,in this chapter we wish to    
hold up a picture to the mother1 a      
picture which may speak volumes to her  
soul2 one which perhaps she may         
ruthlessly throw away--nevertheless1 we 
propose to exhibit it4   ,,homemaking   

,,vs4 ,,housekeeping  ,a newspaper woman
 in my office recently told me a story  
of a mother who finished her high-school
 education1 took some work in a         
university1 and who yielded to the      
earnest pleas of her lover-classmate    
through grammar school1 high school and 
college--and married him4 ,to this happy
 family there came a number of beautiful
 children4 ,the mother willingly1       
lovingly1 cared for them during their   
helpless infancy--made their clothes1   
managed their meals1 opened the door for
 them as they came home from school1 met
 them with a cheery story1 listened to  
their problems1 helped them with their  
lessons--but all through it1 first1 last
 and all the time1 she also managed the 
entire home4 ,she dusted the furniture1 
changed the curtains1 looked after the  
linen1 mended the clothes1 and even     
pressed the trousers of her rapidly     
rising husband that he might go out into
 his club life and enjoy the evenings   
with his associates4 ,the duties of the 

day so wearied her1 and the night vigils
 with the sick child1--looking after the
 little coughs1 the uncovered shoulders1
 getting the drinks of water and        
performing a dozen other details--that  
she was too weary to accompany her      
husband to the dance1 to the theater1 to
 the social gathering or to ladies'     
night at the club2 and so1 in the course
 of a dozen years1 the mother had grown 
old1 and quite naturally she had grown  
home centered4 ,her world's horizon was 
the walls of her home4 ,she was happy   
and quite contented in her children's   
smiles1 in the cheery how do you do of  
her husband1 in the fact that that gravy
 was good or that steak was fried to the
 king's taste4  ,she was happy and      
contented until one day when the        
awakening blow came4 ,in the attic she  
and her thirteen-year-old son1 who was  
just entering high school1 were looking 
through an old chest when she drew forth
 some examination reports and some old  
school cards--holding them up side by   

side4 ,one set of the cards bore the    
father's name and the other set the     
mother's maiden name4 ,in great surprise
 the boy exclaimed1 ,why1 mother1 ,i    
never knew you studied algebra and      
,latin2 why1 mother1 ,i never knew you  
were educated4 ,her eyes were           
immediately opened1 the scales fell off1
 she was awakened to the fact that her  
own son was coming to regard his mother 
as somewhat inferior1 in intellectual   
attainments1 to the father--that she was
 considered in that home as a mere      
domestic4 ,true1 the steak had been     
broiled well1 the pudding was exquisite1
 the children's clothes were always in  
order1 the husband's trousers were      
always beautifully pressed1 his ties    
were cleaned as well as a cleaner could 
clean them2 but where did she stand in  
her boy's mind and where was she in her 
husband's mind8  ,do you notice how trim
 and nice ,mrs4 ,smith always looks8    
,her clothes are always in the latest   
style1 and she combs her hair so        

becomingly4 ,such remarks as this from  
the well-meaning husband cut keenly1 and
 it is well that they do1 for often it  
is only such remarks that wake up our   
home mother4  ,dear reader1 ,i want you 
to ponder this story4 ,i wish to say to 
the mother who has started out upon a   
career in life1 who has prepared herself
 for teaching school1 for a business    
career1 for story writing1 for          
millinery1 for lecturing1 or has perhaps
 graduated in a domestic science course1
 that she makes the mistake of her life 
in settling down1 just because she has  
taken another's name1 to be perfectly   
satisfied with becoming the household   
domestic1 the household mender1 the     
household cook4   ,,mothers ,,in ,,the  
,,professions  ,i have in my            
acquaintance scores of mothers in the   
professions1 newspaper women1 women who 
have carved out brilliant careers for   
themselves1 women who have taught school
 for twenty years while their children  
have been growing up1 women physicians  

who have risen in the esteem of all     
their professional brothers and sisters1
 women who have conducted cooking       
schools1 who have occupied positions of 
trust in hospitals and in every walk of 
life1 and who have successfully reared  
children at the same time4  ,you will   
pardon me for being personal when ,i say
 that since our own little fellow was   
six weeks old his clothes have been     
washed and mended and his food has been 
prepared by earnest and honest women who
 had not fitted themselves for the      
career which this boy's mother had      
chosen4 ,his mother went to her office1 
cared for her patients1 kept up by the  
side of her husband in the battle of    
life4 ,all the time there was a woman at
 home just devoted to that little       
fellow4  ,a newspaper woman recently    
told me her story--a story which should 
impress everyone of my readers as it did
 myself1 and she1 like many other       
mothers in the professions1 leaves her  
home as the little fellow goes to       

school4 ,his hands have been washed1 his
 bowels have moved1 his hair has been   
combed1 his breakfast has been eaten by 
the side of his mother--she has directed
 it all4 ,he goes forth to the          
schoolroom and she goes forth to her    
profession4 ,all through the day she    
lovingly keeps in mind these children   
that are growing up4 ,she works the     
harder1 real love entering into         
everything she does1 because she is not 
merely earning the bread that goes into 
their mouths1 but is forming a character
 not only for herself but1 because of   
her broadened horizon1 is instilling    
into their little minds the             
possibilities of their own career1 their
 own opportunity to enter into the      
world's work as real world workers4  ,i 
contend that the mother in a profession 
has many blessings that the mother who  
remains at home never has4 ,the mother  
who remains at home has a viewpoint that
 is often quite likely1 wholly          
unconsciously1 of course1 to become     

small1 to become narrow1 to become      
focused upon small details2 on the other
 hand1 the mother whose mind and whose  
heart are so full of the affairs of the 
office1 of the newspaper article she has
 just written1 or the lecture she has   
just given or is about to give1 or the  
meeting that she is to preside over1 is 
quite likely to become somewhat         
irritated sometimes if the little fellow
 doesn't stand quietly to have his hair 
combed1 she is quite likely to feel     
rushed2 but under all circumstances1    
dear reader1 whether this mother be a   
home mother or in a profession1 never1  
never must she allow mental panic to    
seize her4 ,ever must we keep in mind   
that these little ones are just         
children--children that are still in the
 developmental stage4   ,,work ,,outside
 ,,the ,,home  ,and now for the home    
mother4 ,i believe it is necessary and  
of paramount importance that she get    
away from her children 7if possible7    
several hours each day2 that she provide

 for them a caretaker who can relieve   
the children of her or relieve her of   
the children1 whichever way you may look
 at it1 for we are inclined to think    
that the children often tire of the     
mother just about as often as the mother
 tires of the children4 ,i would have   
the woman who remains at home1 whose    
husband is able to provide outside help 
for the heavy work of the house1 enter  
into some uplifting neighborhood work1  
social settlement work1 church work1    
wholesome club work--anything but bridge
 and whist and gambling games4 ,i would 
have them bring into the nursery a woman
 who is cheery1 who is capable of       
teaching games1 of entertaining and     
amusing these little folks under their  
own roof4  ,the woman who has graduated 
from high school1 who has a diploma to  
teach1 ,i would have take a school or1  
at least1 do substitute work4 ,she will 
be happier--far happier--continuing     
along the lines for which she has       
prepared herself1 even if all the money 

she earns be used to pay the help4 ,some
 women are especially fitted for the    
important work of mother and homemaker1 
and such wives will find for themselves 
a worthy career in the home and its     
neighborhood activities4 ,each woman    
must find a field of action suited to   
her own temperament1 education1         
experience1 talents1 and opportunities4 
,,selecting ,a ,,caretaker  ,for a      
caretaker1 the professional or business 
woman should not select an ignorant     
servant girl2 that would be a great     
mistake--a crime--a violation of the law
 that should govern the training of     
these little people who have come to us 
to be reared and cared for and fitted to
 occupy their place among the world's   
workers4 ,as a rule1 one soul does not  
possess the qualifications for scrubbing
 and laundry work and also the firm but 
gentle ministering qualifications       
necessary for a successful caretaker4   
,they do not combine as a rule4 ,it has 
been my experience1 as a mother with a  

profession1 and that of many others of  
my acquaintances1 that an art student or
 a music student makes a splendid       
caretaker4 ,there are hundreds and      
hundreds of genteel women1 with winning 
manners and beautiful dispositions1 who 
may be obtained to sew on the buttons1  
wash the faces1 and change the clothes  
of our darlings while we are carrying   
forward in the world the great work for 
which we have fitted ourselves during   
the long struggles of our teens and     
early twenties4  ,the young woman who is
 brought in to care for the child should
 be above the usual servant class4 ,she 
must eat in our dining-room1 she should 
be welcome in the living-room or sun    
parlor1 and be treated as a respected   
member of the family4 ,her salary is    
usually not large for she realizes that 
she is given something in that          
home--something that money cannot buy4  
,,the ,,up-,,to-,,date ,,mother  ,now   
this young woman 7the caretaker7 wants  
to hold her position1 and so she is very

 anxious to carry out in detail the laws
 and rules that are laid down by the    
mother4 ,mother can keep abreast with   
the world1 mother has time to read      
periodicals that keep her in touch with 
the great1 wide1 pulsating affairs of   
life4 ,she is able to meet more women   
worth while1 and with her husband attend
 lectures1 musicals1 theaters1 and other
 places for intellectual culture4       
,anyone of my readers need not look four
 blocks from her home to find a mother  
who is run down at the heel1 whose      
dresses are calico1 whose hat is five or
 six years old1 whose black silk dress  
7the only one she ever had7 is worn     
shiny or threadbare1 who works and saves
 every penny that she can that her      
children may look well2 and1 even when  
the husband does invite her to go out   
with him1 he will often be confronted   
with this remark3 ,john1 ,i would like  
to go1 but really my clothes are a      
little bit shabby4 ,the world is just   
full of such women1 with their very     

hearts being eaten out of them for the  
want of a beautiful gown1 a beautiful   
hat or a pretty pair of evening shoes1  
and they might have them every one if   
they would be willing to allow the      
duties of the household to be presided  
over by a woman that cannot do the      
things the mother can do1 while she goes
 out and accrues a number of dollars    
each week which will more than provide  
for the things that her soul desires so 
that she may go well dressed by the side
 of her husband in quest of that very   
necessary intellectual culture and      
social diversion4  ,the wife of a       
prominent judge1 in my office just this 
week1 said to me that she believed that 
most of our social and domestic         
uneasiness was due to the fact that     
fathers and mothers and children went   
out together so seldom4 ,the father goes
 to his club1 the children go to their  
little gatherings1 and mother usually   
stays at home2 although of late1 she is 
beginning to realize the value of the   

women's clubs4   ,,qualifications ,,of  
,,the ,,governess  ,the caretaker should
 not be too old4 ,it is a very great    
blessing if there is an older sister in 
the family who can come in and assist   
with this work1 or if there is an aunt4 
,if one is to be selected from the open 
market1 then we suggest a woman in her  
late teens or early twenties whose heart
 is full of play1 whose face is sunny1  
and who is young enough to appreciate   
and like the becomingness of youthful   
dress4 ,it is needless to say she should
 be free from tuberculosis and other    
diseases4 ,she should be trustworthy    
enough not to administer soothing syrups
 because the children won't sleep1 or to
 give candy when mother has forbidden   
her1 or to teach the children bad habits
 of any sort4  ,it is impossible to     
exercise too much care in the selection 
of this substitute mother1 and when you 
do find one it is often wise not to keep
 her too long4 ,a year or so is plenty  
long enough for any person to be with   

our children4 ,it is only necessary for 
anyone to walk out into the public parks
 and casually listen to the             
conversations of many of the chewing-gum
 caretakers to discover with what       
carelessness some people select         
caretakers for their children4 ,the     
language they use is not only           
ungrammatical but oftentimes both slangy
 and profane4 ,the flirtations carried  
on with many of the park policemen and  
bystanders lead us to feel that many    
people arrive at the idea that their    
little folks will grow up some way4 ,if 
the caretaker is a student1 a young     
woman of culture1 and is kept with the  
family1 she will be found to be more    
circumspect and dependable4 ,her        
gentleman friend1 if she has one1 should
 be allowed to come to the home4 ,she   
does not have to meet him out in the    
park any more than a sister would have  
to go away from home to meet a friend2  
and1 to my mind1 everything centers     
around the viewpoint of the mother as   

she selects this caretaker1 for if she  
is her social equal it puts her in a    
different place entirely to the         
well-meaning but ignorant servant girl  
to whose care is often intrusted the    
lives of the little people4   ,,hints   
,,for ,,the ,,caretaker  ,there are a   
number of hints we wish to bring        
together in this chapter for the mother 
to suggest to the caretaker4 ,for       
instance1 here is a group that one      
author gives us3  ,,baby ,,is ,,happy   
,,because    ,he is dry4   ,he is       
healthy4   ,his food is right4   ,he has
 sleep enough4   ,his meals are on time4
   ,he is dressed properly4   ,he is    
bathed regularly4   ,his habits are     
regular4   ,his bowels move regularly4  
,he has fresh air day and night4   ,he  
is not dosed with patent medicines4     
,he is not excited by frequent handling4
   ,he is not annoyed by flies or other 
insects4   ,,things ,,bad ,,for ,,babies
    ,candy4   ,pacifiers4               
,thumb-sucking4   ,soothing syrups4     

,patent medicines4   ,waterproof        
diapers4   ,moving picture shows4       
,sucking on empty bottles4   ,being     
kissed on the mouth4   ,play of any sort
 after feeding4   ,sleeping in bed with 
the mother4   ,whiskey or gin for       
supposed colic4   ,sneezing or coughing 
in the face4   ,irregular or too        
frequent feedings4   ,sleeping on the   
mother's breast while nursing4          
,spitting on handkerchief to remove dirt
 from baby's face4   ,allowing a person 
with a cough or a cold to hold the baby4
   ,violent rocking1 bouncing1 and      
rollicking play at any time4   ,dirty   
playthings1 dirty nipples1 dirty        
bottles1 dirty floors4   ,allowing any  
person with tuberculosis to take care of
 the baby4   ,testing the temperature of
 the baby's milk by taking the          
nipple in the mouth4  ,,things ,,to     
,,remember    ,keep baby out of dust4   
,don't cover his face4   ,don't rock him
 to sleep4   ,keep baby away from crowds
 and sick people4   ,don't neglect a    

sore throat or a running ear4   ,his    
health1 growth1 and happiness depend    
largely upon you4   ,cats and dogs have 
no place about a baby4 ,they carry      
disease4   ,the baby is not a toy or a  
plaything1 but a great responsibility4  
,don't wipe out baby's mouth4 ,it tends 
to cause ulcers and thrush4             
,,overcoming ,,bad ,,habits  ,there are 
a few bad habits which older children   
fall into such as lip-sucking or        
thumb-sucking or finger-sucking which   
not only narrow and deform the upper    
jaw1 but likewise deform the hand       
itself4 ,they should be stopped at the  
earliest opportunity by pinning the     
sleeve to the bedding or putting mittens
 on the hand or putting a slight splint 
on the anterior bend of the elbow4 ,some
 children suck their handkerchiefs1 or  
bite holes in their aprons and neckties4
  ,children often bite their finger     
nails1 and a habit of this kind fully   
developed during early childhood often  
remains with them throughout life2      

whenever a nervous spell seizes them    
they instantly begin to bite their      
finger nails4 ,other people pick their  
nose when nervous1 so during very early 
childhood these habits should be        
discouraged4 ,one mother helped her     
little son by beautifully manicuring his
 nails for him each week4 ,another child
 was cured by old-fashioned spanking4   
,the finger tips may be painted with    
tincture of aloes1 or dipping the tips  
of the fingers in strong quinine water  
will sometimes help4 ,i know of nothing 
better for the adolescent child than to 
teach him how properly to manicure his  
own nails4 ,another bad habit that      
children often get into is stooping or  
allowing the shoulders to become        
rounded4 ,shoulder braces are not       
indicated in these cases4 ,the children 
should be allowed to enter the gymnasium
 or the father should take off his coat 
and vest and go through gymnasium stunts
 with the boy4 ,the mother can do the   
same for the girl4 ,it is often the case

 that round-shouldered children are near
 sighted4 ,the child really has to stoop
 to see things4 ,when a child holds his 
head to one side constantly on looking  
at objects1 astigmatism1 an error of    
eyesight1 is usually indicated4 ,an eye 
specialist should be consulted1 the eyes
 examined1 and properly fitted eye      
glasses should be worn4  ,just as early 
as possible in the life of the little   
child he should be taught to blow his   
nose1 to spit out the coughed up mucus  
from his lungs1 to hold out his tongue  
for inspection and to allow his throat  
to be examined4 ,he should be taught to 
gargle1 and to regard the physician as  
one of his best friends4 ,attention to  
these minor accomplishments will make it
 very easy indeed for the physician in  
case of illness4     ,,chapter ,,xxxvii 
,,the ,,power ,,of ,,positive           
,,suggestions   ,a child is the most    
imitative creature in the world4 ,before
 he is out of pinafores he tries to talk
 and act just like his elders4 ,it is   

because of this inherent tendency to say
 and do those very things which he hears
 others say and do1 that1 if            
faith-thoughts are early and constantly 
suggested to the unfolding mind of the  
child they will assist greatly in       
evolving a character of joy1 confidence1
 and courage4 ,on the other hand1 if    
fear-thoughts are continuously sown in  
the young mind they will eventually     
distort the emotions1 deform the        
conceptions1 and wholly demoralize the  
health and life activities of the       
growing child4 ,within the limitations  
of the possibilities of hereditary      
endowment1 and in view of this wonderful
 imitative nature1 we are able to make  
of a child almost anything we desire2   
not an angel1 in the ordinary           
acceptation of the term1 but a child who
 knows his place and possesses the power
 of normal self-control4   ,,early      
,,fears  ,from two to six years of age1 
when the imagination is most plastic and
 vivid1 when the child's imitative      

instinct is so unconsciously automatic1 
is the most effective and opportune time
 to initiate good habits and lay the    
foundations for the later development of
 a strong and noble character4 ,baby's  
skies are ,mamma's eyes is just as true 
as it is poetical4 ,while a tired and   
worn-out mother1 exhausted by a         
multitude of harrassing household cares1
 may be pardoned for her occasional     
irritability1 nevertheless the little   
one unconsciously partakes of her       
spirit4 ,when the mother is happy the   
child is happy4 ,when ,mother is sick   
and nervous the child is impatient and  
irritable4  ,it is unfortunate that this
 very time of a child's life1 when we   
can do practically anything we choose   
with him1 is the very time when so many 
parents fill the child's mind with the  
unhealthful fear-thoughts4 ,the bogie   
man'll get you if you don't mind ,mamma1
 or1 ,i'll get the black man to cut your
 ears off1 or1 the chimney sweep is     
around the corner to take bad little    

boys1 are familiar threats which are so 
frequently made to the little folks4    
,these efforts to terrorize the young   
child into obedience never fail to      
distort the mind1 warp the affections1  
and1 more or less permanently1 derange  
the entire nervous system4 ,the arousal 
of fear-thoughts and fearful emotions in
 the mind of the growing child is very  
often such a psychologic and a          
physiologic shock to the child that the 
results are sometimes not wholly        
eradicated in an entire lifetime4  ,just
 see how far we carry this unwholesome  
introduction of fear-thoughts--even to  
the ,almighty4 ,thousands of us remember
 being told as a child that ,god don't  
like naughty boys1 or1 ,god will send   
the bad man to get you if you don't be  
good4 ,thus1 early in life1 an          
unwholesome fear of the ,supreme ,being 
is sown in the mind of the child1 and1  
as time passes1 these false fears grow  
and come so to possess the mind and     
control the emotions that in adult life 

this early teaching comes to mold the   
character and shape the religious       
beliefs of the individual4  ,to the     
child who has been reared to dread ,god1
 who has come to look upon the ,creator 
as an ever present threat1 how is it    
possible to convey the beautiful        
teaching of ,his fatherhood8   ,,fear   
,,of ,,noises  ,how frequently some     
unusual noise leads a parent to say3    
,keep still6 ,what was that8 ,did you   
hear that noise8 ,the little folks of   
the family are startled1 their eyes grow
 large and their faces pale1 while they 
cling to the frightened mother4 ,of     
course1 investigation usually shows that
 the strange and alarming noise was     
merely the slamming of a cellar door1   
the rattling of a curtain in the wind1  
some one walking about downstairs1 or   
the action of the new furnace regulator 
in the basement4 ,but meantime the harm 
is done to the children--fear1 the worst
 enemy of childhood1 has been           
unconsciously planted in the mind by the

 thoughtless and nervous parent4        
,,fear ,,of ,,darkness  ,consider for a 
moment the thousands of children who are
 early taught an abnormal fear of the   
dark4 ,even when the child is absolutely
 free from such a fear1 when sent into a
 dark room some member of the family    
will thoughtlessly remark1 ,do you think
 it is quite right to send that child   
into that dark room8 ,suppose something 
should happen4 ,the child quickly       
catches the suggestion that something is
 supposed to be or happen in the dark1  
and in his mind is sown the seed of     
fear4  ,when our boy was about two years
 old he was carried one night to the    
window by a caretaker1 and as they      
looked out into the darkness the young  
woman said1 ,boo6 dark6 ,the little     
fellow shuddered1 drew back and         
repeated1 ,boo6 dark6 ,boo6 dark6  ,that
 night1 as was our custom after the     
evening story1 we tucked him in his     
little bed1 turned out the light1 and   
saying1 ,sweet dreams1 ,darling1 closed 

the door4 ,imagine our surprise to hear1
 ,mamma1 ,mamma1 ,willie 'fraid of dark1
 ,willie 'fraid of dark1 and it was with
 difficulty that he was induced to go to
 sleep in the dark4 ,immediate inquiry  
revealed the occasion of his fears1 and 
the next night we set about to eradicate
 the fear of darkness from the little   
fellow's mind4  ,for ten successive     
nights we took his hand1 and1 leading   
him into a dark room1 said1 ,nice dark1 
restful dark2 we go to sleep in the     
dark2 we're not afraid of the dark1 no4 
,each night1 save one1 we were met with1
 ,no1 no1 naughty dark4 ,willie 'fraid  
of dark4 ,on the tenth night as we      
entered the room as usual1 repeating1   
,nice dark1 restful dark2 we go to sleep
 in the dark2 we're not afraid of the   
dark1 no1 his little mind responded4    
,suggestion had at last routed fear and 
given birth to faith4 ,we had won6 ,but 
it had taken ten nights of constant work
 to undo one moment's work of a         
thoughtless girl4 ,every night since he 

has gone to sleep in the dark without a 
murmur4   ,,the ,,folly ,,of ,,making   
,,threats  ,threats only show weakness  
on the part of the disciplinarian4 ,most
 school teachers early learn the folly  
of making threats4 ,when ,i was teaching
 school ,i recall that a number of slate
 pencils had been dropped on the floor  
one afternoon4 ,thoughtlessly ,i        
threatened1 ,now the next child that    
drops a pencil will remain after school 
and receive punishment6 ,my fate6 ,the  
weakest1 most delicate girl in the room 
was the next to drop her pencil1 and she
 was a pupil with a perfect record in   
deportment4 ,the reader can imagine my  
embarrassment4 ,i had threatened        
punishment1 and so had to get out of the
 predicament as best ,i could4 ,this    
experience effectually cured me of      
making such foolish threats4  ,most of  
us live to regret the threats we make4  
,your father will thrash you when he    
comes home tonight1 or1 ,you'd better   
not let your father see you doing that1 

or1 ,you wouldn't behave that way if    
your father was here1 etc41 are common  
threats which we hear directed at       
headstrong and willful boys4 ,what is   
the result8 ,do such threats cause the  
love of the child for his father to     
increase8 ,they make the child actually 
afraid of his father4  ,i'll 'bust' your
 brains out1 said a four-year-old to his
 pet lion1 because it wouldn't stand up4
 ,now it should be remembered that these
 things do not originate in the minds of
 the boy and girl4 ,they only repeat the
 things they hear others say4 ,it       
betrays both cowardice and ignorance to 
undertake to secure obedience by such   
threats as ,i will box your ears if you 
don't mind1 etc4  ,obedience that is    
worth anything at all is only secured by
 suggestion and love1 never by promises 
of reward or threats of punishment4     
,,children ,,who ,,are ,,called         
,,cowards  ,recently we overheard a     
little fellow say1 ,father says ,i'm the
 only coward in the whole family4       

,looking him straight in the face we    
said to him3 ,you're not a coward4 ,such
 a fine boy as you couldn't possibly be 
a coward4 ,the boy was greatly amazed1  
and1 as we left him1 he was saying over 
to himself1 ,i'm not a coward4 ,she said
 ,i'm not a coward1 finally adding1 ,she
 said ,i couldn't be a coward4 ,this one
 thought1 repeated to him several times 
and turned over and over in his mind1   
eventually overthrew the false fears    
instilled by his father4  ,a short time 
ago the daily papers contained the story
 of the ten-year-old son of a ,new ,york
 business man who drew his few dollars  
from the savings bank1 boarded a train  
for ,chicago1 and1 after three days of  
amusement and loneliness1 his money all 
gone1 was found in a hotel bitterly     
weeping4 ,his identity was revealed1 the
 parents were notified at once1 and the 
boy was sent on the first train back to 
his home4 ,on the way to the station he 
sobbed out through his tears1 ,well1 my 
brother can't call me a coward any more1

 anyway4 ,who knows but that this       
everlasting taunting of the child with  
the accusation of being a baby or being 
a coward has much to do with many such  
escapades and other daring exploits on  
the part of the juveniles who are chafed
 by such unjust insinuations8 ,those of 
us who are acquainted with the vice and 
crime of a great city can imagine just  
what might have happened if this boy had
 been a little older1 if his heredity   
had not been so good1 if his money      
hadn't run out1 if he had been able to  
remain in the big city long enough to   
make undesirable acquaintances4  ,many  
criminals have confessed behind prison  
bars that when they were children they  
were called cowards4 ,after a while they
 actually came to believe that they were
 cowards1 and in their efforts to       
acquire courage and demonstrate their   
bravery they were led to desperate and  
even criminal acts4 ,they prowled around
 the dark alleys just to convince       
themselves that they were not afraid1   

that they were not cowards1 and there   
they made the acquaintance of the       
criminals who led them into new and     
dangerous paths4 ,even if a child enters
 this world handicapped by heredity1 let
 us not lessen his chances of success by
 adverse suggestion4  ,faith-thoughts1  
thoughts of bravery and of courage1 may 
just as easily be instilled into the    
mind of the normal child as thoughts of 
fear and cowardice4 ,a child should     
never have suggested to him that he is  
afraid4 ,he should be constantly assured
 that he is brave1 loyal1 and fearless4 
,the daily repetition of these          
suggestions will contribute much to the 
actual acquirement of the very traits of
 character that are thus suggested4     
,this does not mean that a child should 
not be taught caution and forethought4  
,,the ,,girl ,,who ,,would ,,turn ,,out 
,,bad  ,parents do not begin to realize 
how fearfully dangerous is this habit of
 constantly reiterated negative         
suggestion4 ,let me illustrate by an    

actual incident3 ,a beautiful girl in a 
near-by state grew up quietly in the    
little village until she was eighteen   
years of age1 when suddenly she decided 
to run away from home1 declaring she was
 old enough to do as she pleased4 ,she  
confided in one of her girl friends that
 she was going to ,chicago1 and had made
 all arrangements to lose herself in the
 redlight district4 ,all that this girl 
friend said had not the slightest       
influence4 ,as the train bore her away  
to the city and to ruin1 a social worker
 in ,chicago was wired to meet her at a 
suburban station4 ,the girl was met1    
taken from the train and whisked in a   
cab to the home of a ,christian woman4  
,so possessed was this girl with the    
idea of throwing herself away that the  
captain of police was asked to talk to  
her2 but the combined efforts of the    
police captain1 a magistrate1 and       
several ,christian people could not     
persuade her to recall her threat4 ,she 
declared she would kill herself if her  

parents were notified4 ,this siege      
lasted for ten days4 ,then she finally  
broke down1 saying3 ,i simply can't help
 it4 ,all my life my mother has told me 
that ,i was going to turn out bad4 ,no  
matter what would happen at home1 if ,i 
broke a dish or went out with the young 
people and remained away ten minutes    
later than ,i was told to1 it would     
always be thrown up to me4 ',oh1 some   
day you'll turn out bad4' ,i have heard 
it until ,i am sick of it1 and something
 within seems to push me on and on1     
telling me ,i must turn out bad4  ,of   
course the girl was persuaded to believe
 that these were only fear-thoughts2    
that she was a beautiful1 virtuous girl1
 that she simply had received the wrong 
training1 that she couldn't possibly    
turn out bad4 ,she was thus saved by the
 sympathy and advice of understanding   
friends1 was subsequently married and is
 today the mother of a splendid boy4    
,,what ,,healthy ,,faith-,,thought      
,,will ,,do  ,here is another story     

which illustrates what healthy          
faith-thought will do4 ,a young man was 
not long ago selected for the highest   
position within the gift of a large     
religious organization4 ,when he was a  
lad his parents held this thought       
constantly before his mind3 ,david1 if  
you will be a good boy1 if you will do  
what is right1 you may some day be      
,president of the ,general ,assembly4   
,he became a minister of the ,gospel1 a 
very successful one1 and subsequently   
married a young woman who was also much 
interested in religious work4 ,she      
continued to encourage him in this      
ambition1 saying3 ,david1 preach the    
best sermons you can2 make an effort to 
bring many souls to ,christ1 and some   
day ,i believe you will be ,president of
 the ,general ,assembly4 ,the man       
presided over the ,general ,assembly of 
his denomination1 not one term1 but term
 after term4 ,he kept his eye long fixed
 on that particular aim1 and by faith he
 won it4   ,,the ,,power ,,of           

,,suggestion  ,to see how powerful      
suggestion may be in a child's life take
 this incident that every parent knows3 
,the little one trips and tumbles4      
,mamma says1 ,oh1 did you fall8 ,well1  
never mind2 come here1 ,i'll kiss it4   
,there1 now it's well4 ,immediately the 
child goes back to his play perfectly   
happy4 ,one little fellow was taught    
that when he fell he should get up at   
once1 rub the bump1 and say1 ,that      
didn't hurt4 ,all through his career the
 bumps and the hardships of life were   
met with the same pluck4 ,on the other  
hand1 a thoughtless caretaker will      
excitedly jump and catch up the slightly
 injured child1 coddle it1 rock it1 pet 
it--and the crying continues            
indefinitely4 ,this early training in   
meeting minor hurts and obstacles lasts 
throughout the lifetime4 ,pluck and grit
 are lacking4 ,the behavior of the man  
in the face of difficulties is          
foreshadowed by the attitude of the     
child toward his petty trials and bumps4

  ,successful child training follows in 
the path of positive suggestion4        
,impatient words and careless threats of
 punishment can only contribute to the  
wrong training of the young mind4  ,when
 is the best time to suggest to the     
child8 ,catch the little fellow when he 
is happiest1 when he is overjoyed and   
filled with glee2 for it is at such     
times that the suggestions offered will 
meet with the least resistance4  ,teach 
the children through the spirit of play 
and through the medium of the story4    
,the boy or girl in the story always can
 have a clean face1 always close the    
doors quietly1 and otherwise so conduct 
himself or herself as to constitute a   
powerful positive suggestion for good4  
,the story-child always says1 ,all      
right1 ,papa1 ,all right1 ,mamma1 when  
corrected4   ,,bedtime ,a ,,good ,,time 
,,to ,,suggest  ,the going-to-bed time  
is the time par excellence for          
suggestion in early childhood4 ,after   
the play time1 the study time1 and the  

evening story1 when all is quiet1 in the
 peacefulness of the darkness1 while you
 are seated in a low chair close beside 
the little bed1 with your hand in his1  
repeat over and over again the positive 
suggestions which you desire to take    
root in the mind and bear fruit in the  
character4 ,again and again tell the    
little fellow that he is the noblest and
 bravest of boys1 that he loves truth   
and hates deceit4 ,no matter what       
disturbs him1 if it is the lessons at   
school or a wrong habit1 first think out
 exactly what you desire him to be or to
 do1 and firmly1 but quietly1 tell it   
over and over to him4  ,as a concrete   
example3 ,suppose ,henry1 at            
three-and-a-half years of age has to be 
coaxed or almost forced to eat4 ,say to 
him3 ,now1 ,henry1 you are a good little
 boy4 ,papa and mamma love you dearly4  
,if you are going to grow up to be a big
 man you must not forget to eat2 so     
tomorrow when you go down to the table  
you will eat everything mamma or nurse  

puts before you4 ,it won't be necessary 
for papa to feed you at all2 you will   
eat the potatoes1 the gravy1 the toast1 
and the cereal1 and drink your milk4    
,you will make mamma very happy1 and    
papa will be proud of you2 and then     
after dinner we will have a good romp1  
and you will soon grow up to be big     
enough to have a velocipede and a watch4
 ,after two or three evenings of this   
suggestion you will be surprised to see 
there is a great difference in his      
eating4  ,take the timid little girl who
 is unable to recite well at school1 who
 is shy1 and has great difficulty with  
her lessons4 ,at the going-to-sleep time
 sit by the side of her bed and tell her
 that tomorrow she will have her lessons
 better1 that she will not any more be  
afraid1 that she will get up and recite 
without the least fear in her heart4 ,by
 constantly repeating these suggestions 
she will be given confidence1 and in    
most cases it will result in effecting  
the deliverance of the child from her   

bondage to fear4 ,never tell her that   
she is shy or that she cannot do things4
 ,constantly tell her that she is a     
successful girl with a strong character1
 and that she is going to make a very   
useful and courageous woman4 ,hold high 
aims and ideals before her4 ,suggestion 
cannot atone for all the defects of     
character which may be inherited1 but it
 can do much to help such unfortunate   
little ones gracefully bear their       
burdens4   ,,never ,,accuse ,,children  
,,of ,,dishonesty  ,never tell children 
that you suspect they are dishonest or  
untruthful4 ,be very slow to accuse and 
suspect them of falsehood or theft4     
,tell them over and over again they are 
the best boys and girls in the world2   
that they are going to make the noblest 
of men and women2 that they love honesty
 and truth4 ,even when you discover them
 in minor faults do not make the mistake
 of unduly magnifying and emphasizing   
the error4 ,as soon as possible direct  
the thoughts and attention of the       

wrongdoer away from his error1 and focus
 his thoughts and attention on the high 
goal you expect him to reach4 ,this will
 not be construed as doing away with    
proper punishment for persistent faults 
after the more ideal methods seem to    
have failed4  ,a patient recently called
 us to see her little girl1 and as we   
made ready to make the examination the  
mother said3 ,now1 ,mary1 stop your     
playing and come and be undressed and   
let the doctor look at you4  ,i don't   
want to stop playing1 murmured ,mary4   
,but you must come4 ,you know you don't 
feel well at all1 your cheeks are so    
red4 ,now swallow and see if it don't   
hurt4 ,now try again4 ,i know you don't 
feel well4 ,by the time we had begun our
 examination ,mary began to succumb to  
her mother's suggestions1 and began to  
feel a trifle indisposed4 ,she was being
 made temporarily ill by the unwise and 
unfortunate suggestions of the          
overanxious mother4 ,the examination    
revealed that there was nothing whatever

 the matter with her4   ,,it ,,is ,,easy
 ,,to ,,form ,,good ,,habits  ,let us   
get the truth firmly into our minds as  
parents that it is just about as easy to
 form a good habit as a bad habit1 just 
about as easy to acquire helpful1 happy 
thoughts as those that are injurious2   
and we can do it1 if we will but see to 
it that our children early form correct 
and proper habits of thinking and       
acting4 ,while the children are taught  
proper respect for authority1 let fear  
be an unknown word to them4 ,don't let a
 thought of the fear of insanity1 of    
haunted houses1 of drafts1 of this and  
of that enter into your home4 ,instead1 
live in the glorious sunshine of strong1
 healthy1 faith-thought1 and a supreme  
happiness will come into your life1 and 
you will give a legacy to your children 
for which they will rise up and call you
 blessed4   ,,chivalrous ,,spirit  ,the 
love of mother and sister can naturally 
and happily be turned early to a        
chivalrous attitude toward all women    

when it is developed by suggestion and  
other training4 ,in giving up a chair or
 bringing one for a guest1 in lifting   
the hat1 in noticing ways to be polite  
and attentive to mother1 a lifelong     
conduct may be ensured4  ,each day gives
 us trying and sometimes shocking       
revelations of the prevalent lack of    
courtesy1 or even humanity1 on the      
street cars during the rush hours4 ,the 
indifference to the comfort of women1   
even the aged1 on the part of many men  
and boys in the matter of giving them   
seats or other care1 indicates a        
dangerous social condition4  ,the       
mother1 instead of exercising selfish   
concern for her boy1 should make it her 
duty very early to suggest that he give 
his seat to a woman or girl1 as he would
 be glad to have someone do for his     
mother or sister4 ,such unselfish       
service will become a habit of pleasure1
 and help the boy become a pure-minded1 
manly gentleman with that respect for   
womanhood without which a nation is     

doomed4     ,,chapter ,,xxxviii  ,,play 
,,and ,,recreation   ,there are a number
 of theories advocated by late authors  
on the psychology of play1 in which they
 connect the free and easy play of the  
modern child with the more serious and  
sober pursuits of our ancestors--our    
racial parents of prehistoric and       
primitive times4 ,we quote from ,worry  
and ,nervousness3       ,and so we are  
told that the spectacle of the young    
infant      suspending its weight while 
holding on to some object1 and the      
early instincts so commonly shown to    
climb ladders1 trees1 or      anything  
else available1 are but racial mementos 
of our ancestral      forest life4 ,the 
hide and seek games1 the desires to     
convert a      blanket into a tent1 the 
instinct for shanties--which all boys   
universally manifest--we are told that  
these forms of play are      but the    
echo of remote ages when our ancestors  
sojourned in      caves1 lived in tents1
 or dwelt in the mountain fastness4 ,in 

this      same way the advocates of this
 theory seek to explain the strange     
and early drawings which the young lad  
has for wading1 swimming1      fishing1 
boating1 and other forms of aquatic     
recreation4,c  ,in this chapter we      
purpose to discuss the play of the      
child1 whose career we will divide1 for 
convenience1 into three stages3    #a4  
,the age from three to six--juvenile    
days4   #b4 ,the age from six to        
twelve--the going to school child4   #c4
 ,the age from twelve to twenty--the    
adolescent youth4  ,c ,william ,s4      
,sadler1 ,worry and ,nervousness1 p4    
#cgg4   ,,juvenile ,,play ,,days  ,as   
nearly as is possible the little child  
should be out of doors the greater part 
of his waking hours3 ,to our mind it is 
nothing short of criminal to keep the   
little folks in the house when the      
weather permits outdoor life4  ,of the  
outdoor games which we have to suggest1 
perhaps the sand pile stands at the head
 of the list4 ,clean white sand should  

be placed in an inclosure just low      
enough for the child to climb over4     
,many1 many happy hours may be spent in 
this sand pile1 at the same time the    
little fellow is in his own yard and the
 watchful mother knows the drift of the 
conversations which take place4  ,in a  
previous chapter we called attention to 
the fact that the little girls' frocks  
should be provided with knickerbockers1 
so that she may run and jump1 or sit as 
comfortable as the little boy1 without a
 conscious reproof ever ringing in her  
ears1 ,mary1 do keep your dress down4   
,,outdoor ,,play  ,tree climbing is     
another source of enjoyment to these    
little people and they should early be  
taught how to climb4 ,instead of        
suggesting fear to the child let the    
mother go into the yard and talk with   
her something like this3 ,now1 ,mary1   
put your foot in that fork1 now catch   
hold of that upper limb1 hold on tight1 
you will get there yet2 instead of the  
following conversation1 which all of our

 readers have heard3 ,john1 do take care
 or you will fall and break your neck2  
be careful1 you will fall4 ,there1 ,i   
knew you'd fall6 etc4 ,both mothers are 
trying to accomplish the same thing--one
 mother suggests fore-thought1 while the
 second mother thoughtlessly suggests   
fear-thought4  ,these little people     
should be provided with rakes1 spades1  
and hoes1 and a portion of the yard     
should be given them in which they are  
at liberty to dig and rake and have a   
royal good time4 ,we have yet to see the
 child who is not interested in         
flower-bed making1 and the mother should
 think of the virgin opportunity to     
instill the story of life into the      
child's mind as he plants the seed1 and 
day by day watches its development and  
growth4  ,a pen of rabbits may be a good
 thing1 if proper measures are taken to 
prevent their burrowing out of the pen1 
destroying the lawn1 causing much       
sadness of heart to their little keeper1
 and no end of annoyance to the         

neighbors4  ,roller skating and hoop    
rolling1 as well as sledding1 are all   
valuable recreations4 ,the snowman1     
snowballing1 and the sled riding all    
bring the ruddy glow of health to the   
cheek1 and are wonderful producers of   
good appetites and restorers of tired   
out nerves4   ,,indoor ,,games  ,there  
is no end to the number of things that  
can be done when the weather shuts us   
in1 but before we take up these games   
let us never forget that every child    
thoroughly enjoys going out in the rain 
well protected with rubber boots1       
raincoat1 and umbrella4  ,it is not     
extravagant to burn plenty of           
electricity or gas on cloudy days1 for  
the artificial sunlight helps to cheer  
the heart4 ,such indoor games as those  
which may be had from blocks1 puzzles1  
cutting out of pictures1 darning of     
cardboard1 soldier games1 dolls1        
housekeeping1 etc41 are all splendid    
means of recreation for the little ones4
 ,let the mother or caretaker join with 

the little folks in these pleasant      
games4 ,for the older children1 checkers
 and dominoes are most excellent indoor 
games4   ,,the ,,going ,,to ,,school    
,,child  ,first of all we must decide   
upon the bedtime hour1 as well as the   
hour for rising4 ,between the ages of   
six to twelve1 the bedtime hour should  
be eight o'clock1 or not later than     
eight-thirty1 and the rising hour at    
seven1 or seven-thirty in the morning1  
for children of this age require eleven 
to twelve hours sleep4  ,again1 there   
must be taken into consideration the    
home work that the children at school   
are asked to do by their teachers4      
,while this home work is not usually    
taxing1 yet the time spent in doing the 
work must be taken account of4 ,in our  
opinion the best time for home work is  
an hour and a half to two hours after   
the little fellow gets home from school4
 ,he should be allowed to relax for one 
and a half or two hours1 to play out of 
doors whenever the weather permits1 and 

then with either his mother or his      
caretaker from one-half to              
three-quarters of an hour should be     
spent on the lesson for the following   
day4 ,following this1 the dinner hour is
 enjoyed with the parents1 and after    
that there should always be provision in
 the daily duties of the father and     
mother for at least a half hour for the 
evening romp2 so that play and          
recreation during the school age        
occupies possibly not more than two or  
two and one-half hours a day outside of 
school hours4  ,the playgrounds of      
schools are of inestimable value1 and we
 quite agree with one who said3 ,if we  
can only afford one of the two--the     
playground or the school--have the      
playground first and afterward the      
school4 ,the small parks and playgrounds
 of the cities are a great blessing to  
the little folks4   ,,companions  ,the  
companions of the school child are      
usually his playfellows at school1 and  
we urge the throwing open of the home   

during inclement weather to allow these 
school friends to come in and make      
trains out of our chairs and tents out  
of our couch covers1 steamer rugs1      
afghans1 etc4  ,we do suggest that      
caution be used in allowing children to 
play indoors who are suffering from     
colds in the head1 running noses1       
running ears1 tuberculosis1 or other    
chronic disorders1 which are often      
highly contagious4 ,running noses and   
running ears1 as well as tuberculosis1  
may be contracted by susceptible        
children when the play at recreation    
time takes place indoors2 while such    
disorders are much less dangerous in    
connection with outdoor play4  ,we are  
well aware of the fact that some        
playmates may choose the bathroom1      
requesting that doors be locked1 or wish
 to play in a bedroom securely away from
 mother and the caretaker4 ,under no    
circumstances should this be allowed4   
,let the child early learn that good    
wholesome play in the open is better    

than secretive misdemeanor behind closed
 doors4   ,,the ,,in ,,the ,,house      
,,hour  ,it is a pitiful fact that many 
mothers apparently are wholly           
unconcerned as to the whereabouts of    
their little folks1 even after dusk2    
this is unwise to say the least1 for a  
boy or girl under twelve years of age   
should be found under the parental roof 
at dusk4 ,the city mother should impress
 upon her child that when the street    
lamps are lighted his first duty is at  
once to come into the house4 ,during the
 winter months this lighting of the     
street lamps occurs anywhere from four  
to six4 ,during the summer months       
another rule should be laid down1       
depending upon the neighborhood1 the    
character of the friends on the street1 
the surroundings1 etc4 ,by all means let
 us see that our young people are in the
 house by dusk4   ,,parties  ,every     
mother who reads these lines has had to 
meet this question3 ,shall ,i let my    
little one begin to go to parties8 and  

every mother will have to answer that   
question for herself4 ,we personally    
feel that the social life extended by   
the school1 together with the meeting of
 the companions at ,sunday school1 in   
the park1 or on the playground1 is quite
 enough2 and we deplore the fact that   
many children grow into the idea that   
much time must be spent at parties in   
the drawing-room under unnatural        
surroundings1 in dressed-up clothes1    
eating ice cream and cake1 etc4 ,outdoor
 gatherings of children are wholesome   
and hygienic1 but most of these indoor  
gatherings of groups of children we     
consider decidedly unhygienic4 ,one     
child coming down with scarlet fever1   
measles1 or whooping cough can infect   
twenty others at an afternoon party4    
,the eating of so much ice cream1 candy1
 and cake is deplorable in that it      
upsets the digestion1 and all this is   
irritating to the developing nervous    
system of the child2 and not            
infrequently brings on a lot of other   

symptoms1 resulting in discomfort and   
disease4 ,we believe in outdoor picnics 
but not in too frequent indoor parties4 
,,picnics  ,groups of children gathering
 in the park1 on the beach1 in the      
woods1 when well chaperoned1 are among  
the pleasant and profitable pleasures of
 childhood4 ,it is just such gatherings 
that mothers and children should indulge
 in--and once a week is not too often   
during the long vacation4 ,the mothers1 
too1 should enter enthusiastically into 
the joys of a day's outing1 where the   
enormous intake of oxygen1 the hearty   
laughter1 the races1 the games1 etc41   
all create a wonderful appetite1 which  
can be so delightfully satiated from the
 well-filled lunch baskets2 and while   
the children are thus playing together  
what a wonderful opportunity for the    
mothers to engage in an exchange of     
helpful ideas4 ,each mother has her own 
way1 which is the best way to make this 
cake or that salad2 or has met this     
particular difficulty in child training 

in a carefully thought out way2 a       
neighborhood women's club can thus be   
held out in the open1 while the children
 are having the time of their lives in  
the frolic of the picnic4   ,,movies    
,the movie is an institution that has   
come to stay1 and today mothers         
everywhere are perhaps discussing this  
particular institution more than any    
other4 ,the movie affords a wonderful   
opportunity to see the sights and scenes
 of other lands1 of feeding the         
imagination of the child on travel      
pictures and nature pictures4 ,it is a  
most deplorable fact1 however1 that this
 wonderful institution which is fraught 
with so many opportunities to educate   
and enlighten the mind of the growing   
child has carefully to be censored4     
,women's clubs have done much to purify 
the movies for the school-age child2    
many theaters are now showing on certain
 days a special afternoon movie for the 
children2 and while many of these movies
 have great possibilities for good1 we  

most earnestly urge that the school     
child see the movie that he is to see   
before dinner1 and not have his mind    
excited and his nervous system thrilled 
just before going to bed4 ,someone asked
 me several years ago1 ,are you going to
 let your little fellow go to movies8 ,i
 instantly answered1 ,no1 but ,i shall  
take him4 ,if the mother or the father  
sits by the side of a growing child and 
carefully1 thoughtfully1 and1 yes1      
prayerfully1 points out the good and    
explains the evil1 then even the        
questionable movies will prove the means
 of bringing father and son and mother  
and daughter1 into closer companionship4
  ,under no circumstances should        
children under twelve years of age be   
taken to long lectures1 entertainments1 
or concerts1 which will keep them out   
until eleven4   ,,vacations  ,let the   
vacation be well planned4 ,this is the  
opportunity de luxe for the child to    
earn a few pennies to enlarge his bank  
account4 ,allow him a truck garden1     

guinea pigs1 chickens1 anything         
remunerative1 which will enable him to  
become one of the world's workers and   
one of the world's savers4 ,let him     
start a bank account when he is six1 and
 watch him as he puts the dime in the   
bank1 instead of taking it to the       
ice-cream-soda cashier4  ,some time     
during the vacation1 if possible1 mother
 and father should accompany the little 
folks to the camp1 to the               
beach--somewhere1 anywhere--to get back 
to nature and live like ,indians for a  
short time4 ,each member of the family  
will come back rested1 happier1 and more
 ready for the next year's work4  ,in   
the summer time learn to eat on the     
porch--it is great sport for the        
children4 ,many meals can be served on  
porches that are so often served in hot1
 stuffy rooms4  ,the home does not      
consist in the furniture1 the rooms1 the
 bric-a-brac1 or the curtains4 ,the home
 is the mother and the father and the   
children and the spirit of good         

fellowship which should possess them4   
,make the companions of the little folks
 very welcome1 letting them learn the   
early use and abuse of the different    
articles of furniture in the house4 ,it 
is all right to play tent with the      
beautiful couch cover2 it is all right  
at certain times to dress up in father's
 best clothes and mother's beautiful    
gown1 but while they are thus having a  
good time let them learn that all these 
things are to be used and not abused4   
,,adolescent ,,days  ,the homely boy or 
the homely girl usually grows up free   
from the flattery and undue attention   
which are sure to be heaped upon the    
good-looking boy and the popular girl4  
,way back in the early days of five or  
six1 and all the way up to the ages of  
twelve to twenty1 children should be    
taught that it is altogether natural and
 correct to do things well and to look  
well2 parents should stop1 and cause    
their acquaintances to stop1 making over
 the boy or the girl just because they  

have done something well1 or have       
beautiful curls1 or because their eyes  
are a magnificent brown1 etc4 ,if a girl
 should be especially endowed with a    
charming complexion1 a wonderful chin1  
and if she does possess a beautiful nose
 or neck1 let her early realize that she
 has been made the custodian of goodly  
features and that she must give an      
account for this particular blessing1   
and under no circumstances must she     
become self-conscious about it4         
,ofttimes a good frown to an unwise     
friend is all that is necessary to stop 
this lip service flattery4  ,the        
chewing-gum girl is just a thoughtless  
girl1 that is all2 sit her in front of a
 mirror and compel her to chew gum for  
one-half hour and watch herself do it1  
and it will often suffice to cure her4  
,young ladies should be taught that     
chewing gum should be done in the       
bedroom1 but never in the living-room or
 on the streets4 ,it is not only a      
disgusting habit1 but it often creates  

an occasion for criticism as to the     
quality of one's home training4         
,,ice-,,cream ,,parlors  ,the mother who
 cares will not allow her lovely        
daughters nightly1 or even semi-weekly1 
to frequent the ice-cream parlors and   
secluded soda fountains4 ,she had far   
better arrange group dinners and group  
receptions in her own parlor2 with ice  
cream served in her own dishes and eaten
 with spoons that she has supervised the
 washing of4  ,young women and young men
 in their late teens crave              
companionship1 and they should have it2 
but let it be under wise chaperonage at 
home or in public rooms1 and not in the 
solitude of a lonely bench in the public
 park1 or the seclusion of an           
out-of-the-way1 ice-cream parlor4 ,this 
running the streets which is so freely  
indulged in by the adolescent youth in  
the early teens need not occur1 if wise 
provision is made for the assembly of   
small groups in the home4  ,some elders 
think it pleasing and cute for young men

 and young women--fourteen to sixteen1  
or even seventeen--to wrestle and roll  
around on the floor like two huge       
kittens2 but it is unwise and indiscreet
 and should be discouraged4   ,,dancing 
,we hesitate to speak of dancing for we 
realize it is a very popular indoor     
recreation of today1 but we most        
earnestly urge that if dancing must be  
done1 it be done under proper           
chaperonage1 and if young people must   
meet in public dance halls let them be  
municipal dance halls1 where motherly   
matrons are in charge4 ,many of the     
social dances which bring the           
participants into such close physical   
contact are to be discouraged and       
stricken off the list2 and while dancing
 is a splendid form of exercise--let us 
add that it is also sometimes a         
dangerous one4   ,,questionable ,,play  
,after the boys and girls graduate from 
grammar school they may come into       
contact with such agencies as secret    
societies--which nine times out of ten  

are questionable--and while we realize  
that there is a contention both for and 
against these organizations1 we may     
dismiss the subject here by simply      
adding that we have known little special
 good to come out of these societies4   
,while it may not be any more wrong to  
hit a ball from the end of a stick--as  
in billiards--than it is to hit it from 
a mallet in croquet2 or from a stretched
 tendon1 as in tennis2 or from a bat1 as
 in baseball--we do not feel that we    
have to argue the point1 when we remind 
the reader that billiards and pool1     
especially in the public parlors1 do    
assemble questionable companions1 who   
use questionable language2 while these  
games are often accompanied by betting1 
which is always to be deplored4 ,and so 
with card playing1 we see no greater    
harm in playing a game of euchre1 than a
 game of authors1 as far as the cards   
are concerned1 but your boy and girl1 as
 well as mine1 as a rule1 have cleaner  
and purer minds at the home game of     

authors than is probable in a game of   
cards in a public place4  ,in closing   
this chapter we have to announce a group
 of wholesome recreations which may be  
entered into by our lovely young        
people--the man and the woman of        
tomorrow--whom we one and all wish to   
keep clean and good and pure2 all the   
while helping them to develop the sense 
of humor and the element of play4 ,such 
recreations are tennis1 golf1 croquet1  
roque1 boating1 sledding1 skiing1       
bicycling1 motoring1 horseback riding1  
and a host of others too numerous to    
mention4 ,let us not forget that        
ofttimes pursuits such as garden-making 
and helping the parent in the office or 
in the home1 may be made a great source 
of enjoyment to the adolescent youth1 if
 they are allowed to earn a small amount
 of money each week1 which they may     
deposit in the bank4  ,we close this    
chapter ,play and ,recreation with the  
wish that all1 old and young1 would     
develop a greater sense of humor1 a     

greater love for play and recreation1   
which will increase the health of both  
mind and body and prevent many nervous  
disorders such as neurasthenia4         
,,chapter ,,xxxix  ,,the ,,puny ,,child 
,in every neighborhood there is to be   
found the delicate child1 and everywhere
 anxious mothers are putting forth every
 effort to improve the condition of     
their puny boys and girls4 ,in carefully
 looking over the puny child1 we see an 
underweight little creature with pale   
skin1 and as he comes to the table      
everybody notes that he refuses more or 
less food4   ,,diet ,,and ,,hygiene  ,as
 we give the child a closer examination 
we find that certain lymph glands are   
enlarged1 possibly adenoids are present 
in the post-nasal pharnyx1 and1 in many 
instances1 there are badly diseased     
tonsils4 ,usually the puny child is     
constipated1 hands and feet are cold1   
and he jumps and starts at any unusual  
noise1 thus showing a tendency to       
nervousness4 ,one of the first things   

necessary is to take this little one to 
a good specialist and if necessary have 
the adenoids and tonsils removed4 ,this 
having been done1 the diet should be    
carefully looked into4 ,there should be 
served him for breakfast a generous bowl
 of dextrinized grains with a good      
portion of diluted cream1 a glass of    
rich milk1 a baked potato1 and fruit4   
,for lunch at twelve o'clock he should  
be given a glass of malted milk with    
egg1 or eggnog1 six or eight dates or   
three or four figs1 a handful of pecan  
kernels1 and perhaps a lettuce sandwich4
 ,for dinner at half past five1 another 
nourishing meal of baked potatoes1 a    
protein dish of either cheese and       
macaroni or eggs or meat1 a generous    
fruit salad1 a glass of rich milk1 and  
bread and butter1 should be enjoyed4    
,there is no class of little folks who  
eat between meals more often than do    
these delicate children1 for mothers    
painstakingly endeavor to feed these    
children all they can possibly take2 so 

one mother thoughtlessly went about it  
something like this3 the half past seven
 breakfast having been only             
touched--nibbled at--with the ten       
o'clock hour came this request3 ,mother1
 ,i am so hungry1 ,i want something to  
eat4 ,eagerly the mother prepared either
 a meat sandwich or a jelly sandwich and
 possibly a glass of milk4  ,when it was
 time for the twelve o'clock dinner     
hour1 or lunch hour1 again the          
well-filled plate was refused1 the      
appetite having been satisfied at ten   
o'clock4 ,having taken very little      
nourishment at noon1 by half past two   
the plaintive plea again came to the    
mother ears3 ,may ,i have a piece8 and  
again the well-meaning mother gave him  
the desire of his heart4 ,so the day    
passed1 the dinner making the fifth time
 food was taken into the stomach1 and in
 all probability there was eaten a      
cookie in between4 ,the reader can      
readily see that the digestion was      
consequently very much disturbed1       

fermentation occurred1 decomposition of 
food took place in the digestive tract1 
with its result--constipation4          
,,improving ,,the ,,appetite  ,not a    
morsel should pass the lips of any      
child1 and particularly our delicate    
child1 between meals4 ,let him come to  
the table at half past seven or eight   
o'clock1 and if he does not want to eat 
tell him frankly that that is all he is 
to receive until twelve--and stick to   
it4 ,nothing more than water or fruit   
juices should be taken between meals4   
,it may be necessary to create an       
appetite for the three meals we have    
just described1 and as we now take up   
the outdoor hygiene we would not forget 
that some simple treatment should be    
instituted each day in a well-heated    
bathroom or bedroom4 ,roller skating or 
ice skating1 hoop-rolling1              
rope-skipping1 and ,irish mail1 or a    
coaster1 all furnish splendid exercise  
for the delicate child4 ,under no       
circumstances should he be allowed to   

remain all the time in the house2 and so
 pleasing recreations must be provided  
for him out of doors4 ,the sand pile    
should not be forgotten1 flower-bed     
making1 raking the lawn1 a polished     
coasting board fastened in a slanting   
position to an upright which can be     
mounted by means of a ladder1 create    
splendid outdoor sports for these       
children4   ,,the ,,daily ,,program     
,take the child into a warm bathroom    
each morning and let him stand in six   
inches of well-warmed water4 ,with a    
rough mitten made out of either mohair1 
crash1 or turkish towel1 the entire body
 should now be rubbed until it is pink4 
,this procedure is known as a           
dry-friction rub4 ,do not stop until the
 skin is pink1 particularly the arms and
 legs1 for the back and chest usually   
get pink quickly4 ,then with simply a   
cold dash of water to the feet1 dry them
 well and allow him to dress4 ,twenty   
minutes before the meal hour1 let him   
get out of the house and roller skate   

around the square as many times as he   
can in twenty minutes1 or let him race  
and have a royal good time in the fresh 
morning air and then after this forced  
oxygen intake let him come in to        
breakfast4  ,and now for school1 and as 
we say school1 we regret that there are 
not more open-air schools4 ,some day the
 ,american people1 more particularly the
 ,american mothers1 will awaken to the  
fact that we need more schools with     
simply window space rather than so many 
closed glass windows4 ,some day we will 
send our children with sweaters1        
leggings1 stockinet caps1 mittens1 even 
in the cool days of spring and fall1 to 
open-air schools1 and in the cool fresh 
air they will think better and work     
faster and make wonderful progress in   
both studies and appetites4  ,the       
particularly delicate child1 under      
treatment1 will not spend the whole day 
in school4 ,in all probability the      
forenoon session only will be attended1 
after which the half-past-twelve or     

one-o'clock meal that has been          
previously described will be given him4 
,now if the appetite is variable1       
arrange a little surprise for him by    
serving this meal on the porch or in the
 living-room by the open grate1 or out  
under the trees4 ,in all probability    
such a meal will be taken eagerly1      
particularly if the mother will read a  
pretty story4 ,now the afternoon is to  
be spent in doing a number of different 
things4 ,we would like a pleasant walk1 
a visit to the park1 hoop-rolling1      
roller-skating1 rope-skipping1          
ice-skating1 outdoor sliding1 anything  
that will take our little fellow out of 
doors to increase his oxygen intake     
until possibly the half-past-three hour 
is reached1 when he should come into the
 house and lie down and prepare for the 
treatment for that particular day4      
,,treatment ,,suggestions  ,twice a week
 he should be given a salt glow         
7described in the ,appendix74 ,twice a  
week he should be given a thorough soap 

shampoo 7also described in the          
,appendix74 ,after each of these baths a
 special rub should be administered to  
the spine1 and as there is so often     
spinal curvature in these children1     
certain stretching movements of the     
spine are valuable1 together with hot   
fomentations 7see ,appendix7 over the   
spinal centers4 ,these are wonderful    
stimulants to the delicate child and    
should precede the salt glow twice a    
week4 ,every afternoon a hot-and-cold   
foot bath may be given to create a      
better circulation4 ,the feet are put in
 hot water from three to five minutes   
7as hot as can be borne71 and then they 
are quickly plunged into the coldest    
water obtainable for three seconds1 then
 back into the hot water1 and vice      
versa1 until three changes have been    
made1 always finishing the treatment    
with the cold dip4 ,on the three        
remaining days of the week at half past 
three1 the child will simply relax in   
the hammock or on the porch couch while 

the mother aids in the relaxation by a  
pleasant story4 ,we would suggest that  
on ,monday the salt glow be             
administered2 ,tuesday a rest is taken2 
,wednesday the soap shampoo is to be    
administered2 ,thursday another rest2   
,friday a salt glow2 ,saturday another  
rest1 and ,sunday the shampoo1 etc4     
,before going to bed at night1 with the 
mother's hands well oiled with either   
olive or sweet oil1 the circulation is  
again stimulated by the heavy friction  
rub4  ,constipation is taken care of    
along the same lines as mentioned       
elsewhere in this book4  ,it is         
surprising to see how often these       
delicate children are infested by worms1
 and while a great deal of dependence   
cannot be put in that single symptom    
grinding the teeth at night1 or pallor  
around the mouth1 yet we do believe that
 many a delicate child continues to     
suffer from worms many years4 ,it is a  
very simple procedure to obtain a       
specimen of the stools4 ,a cathartic    

should be given and after usual         
free-bowel movement1 the second time the
 child desires to go to stool this      
should be saved and taken to the        
laboratory for a careful search for worm
 eggs which are usually in evidence if  
worms infest the child4 ,the treatment  
for worms is described elsewhere in this
 work4  ,we have seen scores of young   
people between the ages of eight and    
eleven who1 before treatment1 were pale1
 listless1 under weight1 irritable and  
cross1 after three months of such       
treatment as has been outlined gain six 
to ten pounds and look as ruddy as their
 healthiest neighborhood friends4 ,it is
 perfectly marvelous to notice how a    
child will put on from six to eight     
pounds in a short period1 at the same   
time overcoming his irritableness and   
fretfulness4 ,i am more and more        
inclined to believe that most bad       
children are sick children--are         
undernourished children--and it behooves
 us ,american mothers and fathers to    

give proper attention to this           
undernourished child1 call a halt1 and  
devote three months to giving him the   
help that he needs4 ,he did not ask to  
come into this world2 and it is up to us
 to give this child what he             
deserves--for every child in this world 
has a right to be well born1 to be well 
fed1 and to be well reared4             
,,chapter ,,xl  ,,teaching ,,truth   ,we
 confidently believe that most of the   
sex immorality seen in young people is  
more or less the result of ignorance and
 curiosity2 therefore we most earnestly 
desire in this chapter to portray so    
interestingly the beautiful story of    
life as seen in the vegetable and animal
 world1 that our mother-readers will be 
seized with the great desire wisely to  
convey to the young child's mind this   
sublime and beautiful story4 ,the       
questions most naturally arising in the 
mind of the reader at this time are3    
,when shall we begin to tell this story8
 ,how shall we tell it8 ,where shall we 

begin8 ,where shall we stop8 ,realizing 
full well that the subject is usually   
handled prematurely and with            
unpreparedness1 we will attempt in this 
chapter to discuss it with courage and  
candor1 believing that there is a right 
way1 a right time1 and a right place to 
impart this information4   ,a ,,lesson  
,,from ,,nature  ,when the little folks 
are about three or four years of age1   
when confidence and trust are at their  
height1 they often come to us begging   
for a story2 and this is the golden     
opportunity for the parent or caretaker 
to tell them the story of ,mr4 and ,mrs4
 ,corn1 and all their little babies2 or 
,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,morning ,glory and their
 little folks4 ,there are a score of    
other equally interesting and           
instructive botanical stories which are 
just as beautiful in their sublimity1   
and fairy-like in their personality4    
,the little children's eyes grow big    
with wonder as you tell the story of a  
whole township of families by the name  

of ,corn 7,see ,fig4 #ag71 who have     
their residences out in the wide country
 fields4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag      
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah  ,we will first
 introduce the child to ,mr4 ,corn1 the 
tassel1 waving proudly and majestically 
in the breezes1 and seeming to say3 ,i  
am master of all ,i survey4 ,the little 
fellow is filled with wonderment as he  
learns how the clouds give up their     
drops of water to quench his thirst and 
how the sun smiles upon him to yellow   
his beard2 and how the wonderful        
all-important pollen is developed and   
ripened4  ,often the child eagerly asks1
 ,and where1 mamma1 is ,mrs4 ,corn8 and 
to that interested upturned face we     
relate the pleasing story of the        
beautiful silken tresses of ,mother     
,corn4 ,early in her life she is a      
beautiful shade of green1 and as she    
thus gracefully hangs out from the ear  
of corn1 day by day the smiles of       
sunshine turn this mother corn to brown1
 and then to a still darker shade4  ,and

 where1 mamma1 are the babies8 the child
 next inquires2 and1 as we take the ear 
of corn1 removing the outer             
clothing--the husks--we find the        
underclothing1 a much lighter shade of  
green1 and here now we are in close     
contact with the babies themselves--the 
kernels--and to each little kernel or   
baby corn we find mamma closely         
clinging4 ,here is a beautiful          
opportunity to teach mother-love and    
mother watchfulness1 as also the        
opportunity to draw lessons from the    
baby kernels sitting there in even rows1
 with their faces clean1 silently       
contented--just doing their duty4 ,the  
stories that may be told are limitless1 
and possibly as interesting as are the  
myths and fairy-tales1 yet all the while
 as true as truth itself1 with no       
fakery1 no legends--just simple truth4  
,,the ,,all ,,important ,,pollen  ,now  
on a second trip into the cornfield1    
another story may be told of the        
important work of the pollen4 ,this     

father part of the plant falls upon the 
silken tresses of the mother part1 by   
which the pollen is carried down to the 
sleeping corn-baby seeds--the kernels4  
,and when the corn dust does reach the  
sleeping seeds a great change begins to 
take place4 ,this change is known to the
 adult as impregnation2 to the little   
child it may be presented as an         
awakening of the sleeping seeds1 so that
 they begin to grow1 to develop1 to     
expand and push out1 until we have the  
full-grown seeds seen in the delicious  
and juicy roasting ear4  ,sometimes1 in 
the case of the larger plants and trees1
 ,father ,tree may be miles and miles   
away from ,mother ,tree and so this all 
important pollen must be carried by the 
wind or by the bees1 and as it blows    
against the mother part of the          
plant-flower she catches it and pushes  
it downward to the seed babies4 ,the    
wind scatters the pollen of the oak     
tree1 the hazlenut1 the walnut1 the     
birch1 the willow and many others2 for1 

without the good kind wind or the bees1 
the pollen would never find its way to  
many a mother flower1 and the           
fertilization of the seed could not take
 place4   ,,the ,,morning ,,glory       
,,family  ,perhaps the story of life can
 be told as beautifully from the        
morning-glory as from any other flower4 
,here the beautiful flower cup is the   
home of ,father and ,mother             
,morning-,glory and all their little    
babies4 7,see ,fig4 #ah74  ,as we       
carefully take away their little home1  
the flower cup1 we have left a little   
green cup1 and coming up from the center
 you will see five little stems1 every  
one of them wearing a hat of powder or  
pollen and this--if you please--is ,papa
 ,morning-,glory4 ,look closely and you 
will see coming up from the center of   
these five stems 7stamens7 one central  
stalk without a hat1 ,mother            
,morning-,glory1 known in botany as the 
pistil2 and as you follow down this     
pistil you will find an enlarged part at

 the base1 which is known as the        
cradle-nest--the home of the seed       
babies4  ,little was known about this   
wonderful fertilization of the seeds by 
the pollen two hundred years ago1 and a 
whole century passed before the secret  
of the blossom and the bees was         
discovered2 and even then it was not    
fully realized how great was the work of
 the bees in cross-fertilization4 ,nor  
was it understood that the beautiful    
blossom of the flower1 with its sweet   
nectar1 was an exceedingly important    
factor in attracting the bees4 ,another 
century passed before ,darwin gave to   
the world the story of the great work   
performed by the bees in                
cross-fertilization--in carrying the    
pollen from flower to flower1 for it is 
now a well-known fact that all of the   
blossoms visited by the bees produce    
better fruit and better flowers4  ,in   
the flower where the father and mother  
part matures at the same time1          
self-fertilization is the rule4         

,cross-fertilization occurs in instances
 where either the father part or mother 
part ripen at different times1 in these 
cases the pollen is carried from plant  
to plant by the wind or by the          
nectar-seeking bees4 ,these busy bees1  
with their fluffy little feet and fuzzy 
coats1 become completely covered with   
this all-important flower dust1 and in  
seeking nectar from other flowers they  
leave the awakening dust behind1 and    
thus cross-fertilization takes place2   
new types of babies are produced1 new   
generations of fruits and flowers4      
,,how ,,mother ,,nature ,,works  ,dr4   
,chadwick1 in her ,blossom ,babies1     
gives us a beautiful recital concerning 
the fertilization of plants1 which      
provides an endless number of           
interesting stories4 ,the water plants  
are very interesting in that the pollen 
is just light enough to float on the    
exact level of the mother part of the   
flower1 otherwise fertilization could   
never take place1 and there would be no 

more lovely lilies4 ,long throated      
blossoms are fertilized by their        
attraction for certain moths or humming 
birds who have long tongues4 ,mother    
,nature is exceedingly careful to       
reproduce her children1 and in every    
conceivable way she sees to it that her 
plant-seeds are fertilized and          
distributed4 ,we are all familiar with  
the dandelion and the thistle and a host
 of others which fly through the air    
with actual plumes1 some seeds fly with 
wings1 such as the maple2 other seeds   
travel by clinging or sticking1 such as 
the cockle burr2 still others float and 
shoot2 while we all know about a lot of 
seeds that are good to eat1 such as the 
nuts and fruits1 as well as many of the 
grains1 such as corn1 etc4  ,an         
incubator about hatching time is a      
wonderful object lesson in teaching the 
story of life4 ,take the children to    
visit one and let them actually see the 
live baby chicks coming forth from the  
seed-shells4 ,other wonderful lessons   

may be drawn from the mother horse or   
the mother cow2 and it is impossible to 
portray the close companionship1 the    
sublime trust and confidence1 which     
exists between the mother and the child 
who have been bound together by these   
ties and sentiments of truthfulness1    
trustfulness1 and frankness4   ,,the    
,,salmon ,,family  ,the little fellow is
 daily learning that everything that    
grows comes from a seed1 even the salmon
 which was eaten at lunch yesterday was 
the text for an impressive story about  
,papa and ,mamma ,salmon4 ,in the       
beautiful ,columbia river ,mother       
,salmon is swimming about quietly       
seeking a shallow place in the stream   
where she may deposit her cluster of    
baby seeds1 which looks very much like a
 mass of tapioca pudding as they gently 
sink to the bed of a shallow spot in the
 river4 ,there they lay sound asleep    
until ,father ,salmon1 swimming by1 is  
attracted to the spot and1 hesitating1  
talks something like this to himself3   

,why the idea1 here are some helpless   
fish-baby seeds1 they can't grow and    
develop without me1 here they are sound 
asleep2 and1 nestling over them1 he     
contributes the self-same and all       
important something--comparable to the  
pollen of the plants--which wakes them  
up4 ,in the case of the fish the        
awakening substance is not in the form  
of a powder as in the plant world2 but  
is in the form of a semi-liquid mass1   
much resembling the white of an egg4    
,the little seeds soon begin to         
tremble--begin to wake up--and then     
begin to swell and grow and develop4 ,in
 a few days what do you suppose happens 
to these little bulging baby seeds8 ,the
 very same thing that happened to the   
chick seed--they burst and out come     
hundreds of cute little fish minnows4   
,in just a few hours they are all       
swimming about in a most wonderful      
fish-like manner4   ,,early ,,questions 
,some day you will be surprised by your 
little child suddenly asking you some   

such question as this3 ,mother1 where   
did ,i come from8 while in the same     
frank manner you reply3 ,why from your  
mamma1 of course2 where do you think you
 could have come from8 ,everything that 
grows comes from its mamma--oranges1    
apples1 radishes1 cabbages1 cats1 dogs1 
and chickies--everything that grows has 
to have a mamma and papa1 and they are  
often satisfied with this answer for a  
long time4 ,no child should go to       
kindergarten without knowing that he    
came from his mother1 and this knowledge
 should come to him from his own        
mother's lips4 ,these are different days
 than those in which our grandmothers   
lived4 ,the spirit of investigation and 
of inquiry is in the air4 ,the          
moving-picture show makes it necessary  
for children of nine or ten to          
understand these things--to have a      
knowledge of certain of the             
conventionalities of life4 ,twenty years
 ago this may not have been so          
necessary--the youth of that day might  

have waited several years longer for    
certain phases of his sex instruction4  
,it is highly important that this       
knowledge be obtained from a wise and   
pure and sympathetic mind--from the     
child's own parents4  ,one mother put   
her little girl's questions off week    
after week1 saying3 ,i will tell you    
when you get older1 dear--no1 not now1  
dear2 run away1 you are not old enough  
to know such things1 you must forget    
about them4 ,thus the unprepared mother 
sought to gain time in which to consult 
the doctor or the library4 ,finally the 
day came when the mother felt that she  
was sufficiently wise to answer the     
query1 ,where did ,i come from1 and so  
with her heart in her throat she        
approached her daughter1 saying3 ,come1 
,mary1 mother is going to tell you all  
about it4 ,i am now ready to answer your
 question4 ,imagine her surprise and    
astonishment when ,mary said3 ,oh1 you  
needn't mind1 mother1 ,kate told me all 
about it last week4 ,now the question in

 my mind is3 how did ,kate tell her8    
,how much unnecessary information did   
this older and experienced ,kate put    
into the pure mind of this innocent     
little girl8   ,,one ,,mother',s        
,,awakening  ,one mother in a western   
state--a county superintendent of       
schools--told us the following          
interesting story of her own experience1
 which we think may be of help to some  
of our mother readers4  ,one morning her
 seven-year old son rushed into the     
house exclaiming3 ,oh1 mother1 there is 
a new calf out in the barn1 and ,i know 
where it came from2 ,i saw a wagon load 
of calves come by here yesterday1 and   
one of them must have dropped off1 for  
it is right out there in the barn with  
old ,bess this minute4  ,the mother was 
very busy with her papers and her       
reports1 and she let the incident pass  
with a smile1 thinking it was a very    
pretty little story4 ,a week later the  
six-year old brother came in saying3    
,mother1 ,i think there must have been  

another wagon load of calves passed by1 
and one must have been lost off1 for old
 ,nell is cleaning up a little calf out 
in the barn for all she is worth1 while 
the older brother piped up3 ,sure1 it   
was another load of calves2 that is just
 exactly the way the other calf got     
here2 and the two little fellows went   
off to school4  ,about a month later    
that county superintendent suddenly     
became a much wiser mother than she was 
before1 although her heart was made to  
ache4 ,both boys came home from school  
one day and the older one met her with  
something like this3 ,i am mad6 ,i've   
been lied to2 all the fellows at school 
say ,i have1 and they are making sport  
of me1 too1 and with a glare in his     
reddened eye he continued1 ,you know    
that new calf did not come off that     
wagon2 you know that calf came from old 
,bess herself2 all the fellows say so at
 school1 and they are making all kinds  
of fun of me1 and ,i don't want to go   
back4 ,i'd like to run away from home4  

,the mother quietly drew the boy to her 
side and reminded him that she had      
simply listened2 that she had not opened
 her mouth2 that he came into the room  
and told about the incident himself1 but
 this did not satisfy him4 ,he turned to
 her wounded and crushed1 saying3 ,well1
 you let a fellow believe it1 and that's
 just as bad2 and this educated         
mother--this trusted custodian of a     
county full of school                   
children--beseeched me to warn mothers  
everywhere to teach their children the  
truth1 and to never let a child go to   
school with a sex misunderstanding4 ,she
 told me that it took her six months to 
get that boy's confidence back again4   
,,don',t ,,get ,,shocked  ,i believe    
that many mothers make the sad mistake  
of showing the child that they are      
shocked by trivial sayings and trifling 
experiences of their little people4 ,if 
we could only get it into our heads for 
once and for all that our children are  
born into this world veritable little   

thieves and falsifiers1 as well as      
adventurers and explorers1 we would then
 cease being so shocked and outraged by 
their frank statements of what they have
 heard or have done4 ,let the mother    
listen to all these things with         
calmness1 while she seeks to direct the 
child's mind in pure and elevated       
channels--to help him upward by         
imparting precept upon precept2 here a  
little and there a little4  ,children   
will come in with stories that at first 
thought do greatly shock the parent2 but
 under no circumstances should the boy  
or girl discover that the parent is     
shocked1 for if he does he will not     
likely come again with another such     
shocking difficulty4 ,one mother told me
 that her seven-year-old boy1 beginning 
third grade1 came into her bedroom one  
morning saying3 ,mother1 ,i am just     
busting to say something1 and this      
mother very wisely said1 ,well1 say it2 
certainly ,i don't want you to burst1   
and she told me that this boy whispered 

to her three of the filthiest words that
 he could possibly have heard on the    
streets4 ,in relating this experience to
 me she said3 ,do you know1 doctor1 that
 ,i really did not know what to think at
 first1 but ,i remembered that you had  
taught me never to be shocked1 and so ,i
 looked up and asked3 ,do you feel      
better8 whereupon he breathed a big sigh
 and exclaimed3 ,what a relief6 ,i have 
just been busting to say that to        
somebody4 ,mother1 to whom would you    
rather he would say these things8 to    
you1 or to some little girl out on the  
street1 or to some older boy8 ,think    
what trouble and possible mischief were 
avoided by whispering into the          
sympathetic ear of mother4 ,this wise   
mother turned to that little boy and    
said3 ,son1 that ear is always waiting  
for just such things and whenever you   
feel like saying something--like getting
 it off your mind--you just come to me2 
and he came repeatedly4 ,one time he    
came in saying3 ,i don't know whether   

you want me to play with ,harold or not2
 he does some of those things you told  
me about the other day4 ,and the mother 
thoughtfully and wisely looked up and   
said3 ,did he do it in front of his     
mother8 ,why of course he didn't4 ,did  
he ask you to go into the bedroom or    
bathroom and lock the door8 and the     
little fellow quickly answered3 ,why    
sure he did2 how did you guess it8 and  
added now ,i suppose you are not going  
to let me play with him any more1 and   
this wise mother1 knowing that if she   
denied him this privilege that it would 
quite likely be frequently sought1 said3
 ,why1 certainly play with ,harold in   
the open1 but whenever he suggests      
secrecy-- she did not have time to      
finish the sentence1 the boy said3 ,i am
 wise2 whenever he gets to doing that   
'funny business' ,i'll skiddoo4 ,the    
confidence between that mother and son1 
to my mind1 was wonderfully sublime--all
 the while practical and helpful in his 
daily training4   ,,don',t ,,repulse    

,,the ,,child  ,a little older child    
sees the fowls1 the dogs1 or the cats1  
mating1 and then1 rushing into the      
house1 inquires what it is all about2   
and unless the mother is on her guard   
some older member of the family may show
 surprise and thus thoughtlessly convey 
to the child's mind that his question is
 improper and entirely out of place4 ,to
 the question1 ,what are they doing1    
mamma8 quietly answer1 ,just mating1    
dear1 just as the flowers mate2         
everything that lives or grows comes as 
the result of mating4  ,suppose that you
 were repulsed every time you approached
 a dear friend1 your husband1 or some   
other member of the family8 ,take1 for  
instance1 the matter of a caress or an  
embrace--how would you react to repeated
 rebuff8 ,and so with the little child2 
he comes into this world full of        
confidence and trust1 full of wonder and
 curiosity2 possessed with the spirit of
 exploration and                        
investigation--everywhere and all the   

time he asks questions4 ,usually1 his   
questions are answered thoughtfully and 
without hesitancy1 except along the line
 of one thought--that of sex4 ,do not   
think for one moment that he is         
satisfied by your evasive answers4 ,you 
have but to recall your own childhood   
experiences1 and remember that today the
 moving picture show and general public 
sentiment has placed the age for such   
knowledge from one to five years earlier
 in this generation than in the past4 ,i
 do not care what the child comes into  
your presence with1 be it the most      
shocking thing in this world1 do not    
under any circumstances let it disturb  
your mental poise1 or raise your ire or 
shock you2 for if you do1 then and      
there--at that moment--occurs a break in
 the sublime confidence which the child 
reposes in you4   ,,necessary ,,moral   
,,training  ,while we are using the     
plant and animal world as object lessons
 in teaching our children the facts of  
sex and the secrets of life2 while we   

face the commonplace sex matings of the 
animals about us without cringing1      
without appearing to be shocked when our
 children call attention to these       
things2 nevertheless1 when the child is 
old enough to take cognizance of these  
phenomena1 he is old enough to begin to 
receive some definite instruction from  
his parents regarding the moral phase of
 these great biologic problems4 ,we     
cannot safely and indefinitely utilize  
the animal world as an object lesson in 
sex education1 without at the same time 
emphasizing the moral difference between
 man and the beast4  ,many parents treat
 these sex problems so lightly and      
endeavor to act so naturally and        
unconcerned about these questions1 that 
the child comes to look upon the        
promiscuous sexual relations of the     
animal world as something altogether    
natural2 and1 unless proper moral and   
religious training is carried on at this
 time1 he stands in danger of coming to 
regard lightly the moral standards of   

modern society4  ,at the same time of   
life that ,mother ,nature fully develops
 the sex instincts--at adolescence--she 
also awakens the religious emotions2 the
 one being so necessary for the proper  
and adequate control of the other4 ,let 
parents take a cue from old ,mother     
,nature1 and at the same time the sex   
relations of animals are freely         
discussed with the growing child1 let   
the mother or father wisely call        
attention to the fact that but very few 
of the animals live family lives as do  
human beings4 ,in this connection       
valuable use--by way of                 
illustration--can be made of the ostrich
 and some of the ape family who are     
loyal and true to their chosen          
companions4  ,moral and religious       
instruction must accompany sex-hygiene  
teaching just as soon as you leave the  
realms of botany and enter the sphere of
 zoology4 ,we could here relate many a  
tragic experience which our patients    
have passed through as a result of      

volunteering too much sex knowledge and 
at the same time neglecting this very   
necessary moral instruction4   ,,santa  
,,claus ,,and ,,the ,,stork  ,we must   
bear in mind that the child believes    
what we tell him2 he trusts us          
implicitly and we owe it to him to teach
 him the truth in answer to his numerous
 questions4 ,we must keep his           
confidence4 ,take the matter of         
,christmas1 for instance4 ,how many     
confidences have been broken over the   
falsehood of ,santa ,claus and the      
chimney4 ,two little fellows hesitated  
in their play in the back yard1 and the 
following conversation was heard3 ,you  
know that story about ,santa ,claus is  
all a fake4 ,sure it is1 ,i know it     
isn't so1 ,i saw my father and mother   
filling the stockings4 ,you know that   
stork story is all a lie too1 there's   
nothing to it1 babies don't come that   
way1 and now ,i'm investigating this    
,jesus ,christ story1 ,i suppose that's 
all a fake too4 ,the fact of the matter 

is1 that while these children have      
discovered the truth of the first two   
stories1 for a long time they will query
 the third story1 for to them1 that too 
is mysterious and fairy-like4 ,they     
hadn't seen ,santa or the ,stork and had
 only heard about ,jesus4   ,,story ,,of
 ,,the ,,human ,,baby  ,the story of the
 human baby may be told to any child of 
seven to ten years4 ,each mother will   
have to decide in her own mind the right
 time to go into the details of the     
human baby seed4 ,the child should have 
had an opportunity to have planted some 
seeds in the ground1 to have visited an 
incubator1 or to have visited the farm  
and observed the family groups of       
babies--the chicks1 pigs1 calves1       
etc4--with their mothers4  ,let me see  
now how many different baby seeds do we 
know8 ,yes1 we do know the radish seeds1
 many flower seeds1 chicken seeds1 bird 
seeds1 corn1 potatoes1 and many others1 
and we can tell them all apart4 ,the boy
 and girl baby seeds are too tiny to be 

seen with the eye4 ,they are so small   
that it takes about two hundred of them 
in a row to make one inch4 ,we can only 
see these human baby seeds with the aid 
of a microscope4 ,it is such a precious 
seed that it cannot be intrusted to the 
ground or to a tree nest for            
development4 ,the great ,wise ,father   
decided that a mamma would love and care
 for it better than anything or anybody 
in all the world4 ,so1 just as there is 
a cradle bed in the mamma flower1 so    
there is in the human mother's own warm 
body1 tucked far away from the cold     
rains and the hot sun1 a little bed1 for
 the boy and girl baby seeds4 ,right    
near to this little seed bed ,mother    
,nature has prepared a little room1     
which holds the tiny waked up seed for  
nearly a year as it slowly grows into a 
little baby girl or baby boy4   ,,the   
,,mating ,,story  ,you remember the     
story of how ,bob ,robin found ,jenny   
,robin1 don't you8 ,you remember mamma  
told you how ,bob came up from the      

southland early in the spring and asked 
,jenny in lovely bird song to come and  
be his very own wife8 ,how he promised  
her he would feed her on cherries1 and  
currants and the fattest of worms8 ,and 
that she told ,bob she loved him and    
went to live with him1 and how they     
built that cute little nest to hold the 
eggs2 and how ,jenny ,robin sat on the  
nest until the little baby robins were  
all hatched out4  ,well1 one day papa   
found mamma4 ,he met her and loved her  
dearly and told her he wanted her to    
come and live with him1 and they built  
their home nest and were very happy     
together1 because they decided they     
would always love each other more than  
any one else in the world4 ,after mamma 
and papa built their home and lived     
together1 one day a wonderful change    
came to one of the baby seeds and it    
awakened and began to grow4 ,mother     
,nature whispered to it1 and told it how
 to find its way into this little room  
and there it clung to the wall and grew 

for nearly a year4 ,papa brought mamma  
nice things to eat1 just as ,bob ,robin 
did ,jenny4 ,papa did everything he     
could to make mamma happy and           
comfortable4  ,for nearly five months   
this little seed just grew and did not  
let anybody know it was there1 until one
 day it began to tap against the sides  
of the walls of this little room1 and   
every time it did mamma's heart just    
bounded with joy as she thought of the  
precious seed growing to be a darling   
baby--and all inside of her very own    
body4 ,and one day1 after nearly a whole
 year had passed1 the door to the room  
began to open1 and1 very soon1 a lovely 
baby found its way out of this special  
room into the big1 big world4 ,mother   
,nature then told this little baby that 
it might still remain close to the mamma
 it had been with so long1 and so she   
taught it how to get its food every day 
from mamma's breast4 ,at this point the 
child usually breaks out by saying1     
,now1 mamma1 ,i know just why ,i love   

you so much4   ,,unfolding ,,the ,,truth
  ,i shall always remember with pleasure
 my own son1 not quite two-and-a-half   
years old1 who sat at the table one day 
asking numerous questions such as1      
,mamma1 what is that8 ,mamma1 where did 
that come from8 etc4  ,he picked up a   
navel orange1 and pointing to the navel 
said1 ,what is that8  ,i frankly said to
 him1 ,why1 my dear1 that is the baby   
orange4  ,why1 ,mamma1 he exclaimed1 do 
oranges come from oranges8  ,certainly1 
dear child2 where else could they come  
from8  ,but1 he says1 ,mamma1 do        
potatoes come from potatoes8  ,why1     
honey1 ,i said1 ,orange babies come from
 orange mammas1 potato babies from      
potato mammas1 grapes come from grape   
mammas1 little kitties from kitty       
mammas1 and little boys from their      
mammas4  ,we simply mixed all the babies
 up1 just as you would mix up a         
delicious fruit salad4 ,we took from the
 mind all question of mystery and       
surprise by quickly and honestly        

answering his question4 ,thus1 his first
 knowledge of his origin1 if he is able 
to recall it1 will ever be associated   
with oranges1 grapes1 potatoes1 kittens1
 etc4  ,we did not tell the whole story 
for some two or three years later1 but  
day by day we simply answered the       
questions as he asked them4  ,one day1  
when he was about three1 he burst into  
my bedroom1 saying1 ,mamma1 dear1 ,i did
 come from you1 didn't ,i8  ,why1 yes1  
darling1 from nobody else2 just from    
your own mamma and papa4  ,say1 mamma1  
was my hand in your hand1 my foot in    
your foot1 my head in your head8  ,no1  
dear1 ,i replied1 ,you were all curled  
up as snug as a little kitty is when    
it's asleep1 and you slept for nearly a 
year in a little room underneath mamma's
 heart4  ,it was a wonderful story4 ,he 
threw his chubby arms about my neck1 his
 legs around my waist1 and said3 ,you   
dear1 dear1 mamma4 ,i do love you and   
papa more1 just awful much4   ,,the     
,,doctor',s ,,part  ,in my private      

sitting-room1 where ,william and ,i have
 had many conferences1 there hangs my   
medical-class picture with classmates   
and faculty4 ,a member of my family was 
one day answering the boy's queries as  
to who this one or that one was1 etc4   
,finally1 on pointing to one particular 
face1 the answer came to his inquiry1   
,that's ,dr4 ,p4 ,you wouldn't be here  
if it wasn't for him4 ,that evening the 
little fellow1 just past three years1   
came to me and asked1 ,mamma1 didn't you
 say ,i came from you8  ,yes1 dear1 ,i  
replied4  ,well1 ,auntie says ,i        
wouldn't be here if it wasn't for ,dr4  
,p4 ,what did the doctor have to do with
 it8  ,why1 simply this1 dear4 ,the door
 to the little room in which you grew in
 mamma's body wouldn't open1 and so kind
 ,dr4 ,p4 came and helped open the door4
  ,and let me out8 exclaimed the eager  
child4 ,oh1 ,i want to go and see ,dr4  
,p4 and thank him for helping me out6   
,and this little fellow was neither     
shocked or surprised1 any more than he  

was over finding out that orange babies 
came from orange mammas4  ,in the same  
frank manner in which the simpler       
questions are answered1 strive to answer
 these important ones4 ,if we seek to   
evade1 to postpone1 to wrap in mystery  
these sex questions1 the little ones    
will not forget but will ponder and     
worry over them1 and seek to obtain     
certain knowledge from others who       
oftentimes tell too much or too little1 
and such information is usually mixed   
with much unnecessary matter which may  
or may not be foreign to this particular
 subject4 ,on the other hand1 if we     
frankly and honestly answer the question
 at hand1 curiosity is avoided and the  
child feels he understands it all4 ,the 
subject drops into the background of his
 mind--into the marginal                
consciousness--with the countless other 
facts he has accumulated4 ,a sense of   
knowledge possession is as comfortable  
to the child as it is to the adult4     
,,trusting ,,your ,,child  ,often the   

question arises3 ,will they tell to     
other children this newly found         
knowledge8 ,if the wise mother makes    
them feel they are a part of a family1  
and reminds them that such matters as   
the secrets about ,santa ,claus1 the    
stork1 and the baby nest are only       
discussed in family groups1 they are    
often seized with the normal pride which
 accompanies confidence1 and often keep 
secrets as well or even better than do  
most adults4  ,one day a little man1    
three-and-a-half years old1 was posing  
for a photograph4 ,the photographer     
said3 ,my little fellow1 you pose well4 
,we've had such a good time together4   
,where did they get such a lad as you8  
,the mother's heart stood still4 ,from  
her hiding place behind a large curtain 
at the back of the studio1 she listened1
 wondering what would be his answer4    
,at first he hesitated1 but after a     
moment's pause1 said3 ,really1 ,mr4 ,w4 
if you don't know ,i feel sorry for you1
 and ,i'd really like to tell you1 but  

,i can't1 it's a secret between me and  
my mamma4  ,children enjoy secrets4 ,if 
possible1 isolate a group of subjects   
that are not to be discussed with       
playmates1 such as ,santa ,claus facts1 
the stork story1 and the baby story2    
often the very isolation of one single  
fact stands out so big in the child's   
mind that he is many times tempted to   
mention it1 when1 if it were associated 
with a whole group of family secrets he 
would seldom be led to talk about it4   
,as we have said1 children can keep     
secrets much better than most adults2   
and just suppose they should tell       
something--what harm8 ,with twenty-five 
false stories in the neighborhood1      
suppose one story of truth should       
escape6 ,no particular harm would       
result2 but ,i find they keep these     
secrets well4  ,numerous questions will 
arise which should be met with open     
frankness4 ,no blush1 no shame1 should  
even suggest itself1 for we are dealing 
with a wonderful truth1 so let us give  

out our answers with clean hearts and   
pure minds4 ,the ,great ,father will    
bless us and surround our loved flock   
with a garment of confidence in mother  
and father that will protect from much  
of the evil which is in the world1 and1 
eventually1 our little ones will grow   
into men and women whose very life of   
purity will cast its influence into the 
social circle4 ,only the company of the 
good and the true and the pure will be  
sought when associating with the        
opposite sex2 while1 in the end1 better 
mothers and better fathers will be      
developed for the work of the next      
generation4   ,,ten ,,possible ,,causes 
,,of ,,secret ,,vice  #a4 ,the attention
 of the little folks is often drawn to  
the sexual organs by a sensation of     
itching which accompanies a state of    
uncleanliness and filth4 ,the genitals  
must be kept scrupulously clean4        
,elsewhere in this book we paid our     
respects to the rubber diaper1 and we   
wish to reiterate at this time that it  

is in all probability responsible for a 
great deal of masturbation4 ,the        
constant moisture and heat keeps the    
genital organs in a state of congestion 
which is more or less accompanied by    
itching sensations4  #b4 ,a long or     
tight foreskin in the male child favors 
the accumulation of secretions which not
 only occasion itching sensations but   
oftentimes are the cause of convulsions 
in early infancy4 ,in the case of the   
female1 a tight foreskin over the       
clitoris will retain secretions which   
also cause an itching sensation4  #c4   
,unscrupulous nurses sometimes actually 
teach these little fellows to           
masturbate4  #d4 ,lying in bed on the   
back with a full bladder1 in the case of
 the boy1 often produces an erection of 
the penis1 and this is usually          
accompanied by a feeling of fullness    
which serves to direct the mind to the  
genital organs4  #e4 ,lying in bed alone
 with nothing to do but to investigate  
often results in secret vice4  #f4 ,the 

unwise practice of allowing children to 
visit each other over night and sleep   
together1 is often productive of        
mischief4  #g4 ,constantly telling a    
little girl to keep her feet down1 to   
keep her dress down1 makes her over     
conscious of sex and otherwise causes   
the attention to be directed in         
unhealthy channels4  #h4 ,teasing a     
child unnecessarily about a little      
sweetheart often produces an emotional  
reaction which is not altogether        
desirable4 ,these suggestions are       
especially bad in the older children4   
#i4 ,unwise sex knowledge is usually    
productive of curious investigations1   
which if not properly followed up1      
particularly in those children who are  
temperamentally secretive1 and who do   
not fully confide in mother and father1 
often results in moral misdemeanors4    
#aj4 ,do not allow two young children   
habitually to isolate themselves in     
their play4 ,direct their play away from
 the attic1 the basement1 and other     

places remote from direct observation4  
,there is no use telling a child not to 
touch that part of his body1            
particularly if it is a boy1 for it is  
going to be absolutely impossible for   
him to carry out such instructions4 ,one
 mother overheard her caretaker say1    
,don't put your hand there1 it isn't    
nice4 ,immediately the wise mother      
called the caretaker to her and reminded
 her that most children usually continue
 to investigate even though they are    
told not to1 and so the caretaker       
received this instruction3 ,when you see
 ,harry putting his hand to that        
particular part of his body1 just gently
 draw it away and divert his attention  
to something else1 and when he goes to  
sleep in his little bed teach him to lie
 on his side and bring his little hands 
up under his chin or the side of his    
face and remain near him telling him a  
beautiful story until the eyes begin to 
get sleepy and pick him up immediately  
on awaking in the morning4  ,this mother

 was quite unlike the mother who once   
came to my office1 saying3 ,doctor      
,lena1 ,i have done everything to       
prevent my boy's handling himself1 why  
every time he wakes up at night ,i am   
always awake and ,i instantly say to    
him1 ,charlie where are your hands8 ,you
 see ,doctor1 ,i am doing the best ,i   
know how4 ,very likely it is unnecessary
 to call the attention of the reader to 
the fact that this mother was doing more
 harm than good in constantly calling   
his attention to the fact that he did   
have a sexual side to his nature4       
,,truth ,,vs4 ,,exaggeration  ,and just 
here let us add that while masturbation 
is an unclean habit1 an impure habit1   
and a thing altogether to be shunned1 we
 would not be honest to ourselves and to
 our readers if we did not explain that 
under no circumstances does it make     
foolish minds out of sound minds or     
insane minds out of sane minds4 ,if your
 boy or your girl is going to grow up to
 be foolish or insane he had a through  

ticket for the feebleminded institution 
or the insane asylum when he was born   
into the world4 ,the time when          
masturbation does affect the mind of the
 child is when the mind awakens to the  
fact that it is allowing an abnormal1   
unclean1 or filthy habit to dominate    
mind1 soul1 and body1 and then1 and     
usually not until then1 does this bad   
habit begin to cause mental depression  
and a host of other symptoms that so    
often accompany masturbation4  ,in our  
worthy efforts to combat the evils of   
secret vice let us not go to the other  
extreme and create such a condition of  
mind in the youth of our generation as  
to lay the foundation for sexual        
neurasthenia later on in life1 as a     
result of the protracted worry1 constant
 brooding1 and conscientious            
condemnation1 which they so often       
experience following some brief or      
trivial indulgence in early secret vice4
 ,let us fight this vice with the truth1
 and not resort to over-exaggerated     

pictures which can only serve to blight 
the hopes and destroy the courage of    
over-sensitive boys and girls after they
 have grown up--as they look back on    
their lives and recall perhaps a single 
misstep in their childhood4 ,in this way
 we can hope to do good today without   
mortgaging the child's happiness and    
mental peace in years to come4          
,,appendix     ,,appendix   ,,baths     
,,used ,,to ,,reduce ,,fever  #a4 ,the  
,sponge ,bath4 ,the child1 completely   
undressed but loosely wrapped in a wool 
blanket1 is placed on a table so that   
the mother or a nurse may conveniently  
stand while administering the bath4     
,close at hand have a number of soft    
linen towels and a large bowl of tepid  
water which may or may not contain a    
small amount of alcohol1 witch-hazel1   
salt1 or vinegar1 according to the      
doctor's directions4 ,the upper portion 
of the body is partially uncovered and  
the tepid water is applied with the     
hands to the skin surface of one arm4   

,the hands may be dipped in water from  
one to four times1 thus making repeated 
applications of the water to the arm4   
,these are followed by careful          
drying--patting rather than rubbing4    
,the other arm is now taken1 then the   
chest1 then the back and last the legs4 
#b4 ,the ,wet-,sheet ,pack4 ,two        
light-weight wool blankets are folded to
 fit the child2 they should extend      
eighteen inches below the feet and      
should be wide enough to lap well in    
front4 ,a sheet just large enough to    
envelop the body is then wrung out of   
cold water and spread out over the      
woolen blankets4 ,the feverish child is 
entirely disrobed and is placed on the  
wet sheet1 which is quickly wrapped     
about the body1 over the chest1 under   
the arms1 and between the legs--coming  
in contact with the entire skin surface4
 ,the dry blankets are quickly brought  
around and tucked snugly about the      
patient4 ,this is a cooling wet-sheet   
pack and will often so relieve the      

nervousness and irritability of a       
feverish child that he will go to sleep 
in the pack4 ,in the very young child1  
under two years1 it is important to put 
some accessory warmth to the feet such  
as a warm-water bottle--not hot4 ,the   
effect of this pack is very quieting1   
and is indicated when the temperature of
 the child reaches #ajc ,f4 or more4    
#c4 ,the ,graduated ,bath4 ,this is     
usually administered in a large bathtub 
and is beneficial in the fevers of the  
older children4 ,the temperature of the 
water should be one or two degrees      
higher than the body temperature1 for   
example--if the child's temperature is  
#ajc ,f4 then the bath starts out with a
 temperature of #ajd or #aje ,f4 ,the   
temperature is then gradually lowered1  
about a degree every two minutes1 until 
it reaches #ib or #ij ,f4 ,a helper     
should support the head while the mother
 or nurse briskly rubs the entire skin  
surface of the body4 ,this friction     
greatly facilitates the fever-reducing  

work of the bath because it brings the  
blood to the surface where it is more   
readily cooled by the bath4 ,this bath  
should last ten or fifteen minutes4  #d4
 ,the ,hot ,sponge ,bath4 ,often1 in    
combating the high fever of typhoid1 the
 hot sponge bath is valuable4 ,the hands
 are dipped in water just as hot as can 
be borne and are applied to the chilly1 
mottled skin which is so often seen in  
high fever4 ,this bath is administered  
just as is the tepid sponge bath4       
,evaporation is allowed to take place to
 some extent by delaying the drying4 ,in
 this instance the child should be      
wrapped in a warm wool blanket with only
 a portion of the body exposed at one   
time4  #e4 ,the ,hot-,blanket ,pack4    
,the hot-blanket pack is indicated at   
the onset of many fevers such as in     
typhoid1 grippe1 pneumonia1 etc4 ,like  
the wet-sheet pack1 the blankets are    
spread upon the bed1 abundant accessory 
heat is applied--such as a half-dozen   
hot-water bottles4 ,in the absence of   

these1 glass jars or hot ears of corn   
may be utilized4 ,hot bricks or hot     
stove lids wrapped in paper are also    
serviceable4 ,a blanket1 in size to suit
 the individual 7an adult would use a   
full single blanket1 a child one-half of
 a single blanket71 is wrung very dry   
from boiling water4 ,this may be done by
 the means of a wash wringer1 or two    
persons grasping the blanket by its     
gathered ends may so twist it that it   
looks very much like an old-fashioned   
twisted doughnut4 ,the twist is now     
lowered into boiling water1 and as each 
pulls the twist wrings itself4 ,this is 
at once quickly spread out so as to let 
the child lay on the center1 and then   
the hot sides are brought in contact    
with the skin1 just as in the wet-sheet 
pack4 ,the dry blankets are now brought 
quickly and snugly about the child4     
,just outside the second dry blanket the
 accessory heat is placed to the sides  
of the trunk1 the sides of the thighs1  
and one at the feet4 ,a wrapped stove   

lid or a hot-water bottle is placed over
 the pelvis and one under the back4     
,cold cloths are put on the face and    
around the neck1 and these should be    
changed every three minutes4 ,this pack 
continues for fifteen or twenty minutes1
 at the end of which time the accessory 
heat and the wet blanket are removed and
 the patient is cooled off by a cold    
mitten friction1 a saline rub1 a        
witch-hazel rub1 or an alcohol rub2 or  
the patient may be placed in a tub of   
water1 temperature #ih ,f41 after which 
he should be carefully dried off4  #f4  
,sweating ,baths4 ,another bath which is
 effectual at the onset of grippe or    
pneumonia is the sweating bath4 ,the    
bowels should have moved some time      
before the treatment4 ,have ready a     
large bowl of ice water1 two turkish    
towels1 one sheet1 and four wool        
blankets4 ,the bathtub is now filled    
with water at the temperature of #ajj   
,f42 which is quickly raised up to #ajc 
or #ajd ,f4 ,ice-water towels are       

applied to the head1 neck and heart4    
,the patient remains in this bath for   
about ten minutes1 after which he steps 
out and at once gets into the four hot1 
dry blankets previously spread out on   
the bed4 ,no time is lost1 the patient  
is quickly wrapped in the hot blankets  
and sweating continues for twenty       
minutes4 ,the covering is now loosened  
and gradual cooling takes place4 ,it is 
well to go to bed at once4   ,,tonic    
,,baths  #a4 ,the ,cold ,mitten         
,friction4 ,the cold mitten friction is 
a bath that is applicable to any        
condition where the child or adult needs
 toning up4 ,it should always be        
preceded by heat to the feet4 ,the      
following articles are necessary4 ,four 
or five turkish towels1 a warm wool     
blanket1 a hot-water bottle for the     
feet1 a bowl containing water1 a        
generous piece of ice1 and a rough      
mitten without a thumb4 ,the patient's  
clothes are removed and he is wrapped in
 the warm blanket with heat to the feet4

 ,one part of the body is taken at a    
time1 first the arm1 then the other arm1
 then the chest1 the abdomen1 one leg1  
the second leg1 and last the back and   
the buttocks4 ,a dry turkish towel is   
placed under the part to be treated1 and
 after the mittened hand is dipped in   
ice-water1 brisk short friction strokes 
are given to the arm until it is pink4  
,several dippings of the mitten in      
ice-water are necessary4 ,one cannot be 
too active in administering this bath4  
,slow1 ,delsarte movements are entirely 
out of place at this time4 ,action--and 
quick action--is a necessity4 ,no part  
of the child's body is left until it is 
pink4 ,it is an invigorating tonic bath 
and is indicated in all conditions of   
low vitality1 functional inactivity1    
puniness1 rickets1 etc4  #b4 ,the ,salt 
,glow4 ,fill the bathtub half full of   
warm water1 temperature #ajj ,f4        
,slightly moisten one quart of coarse   
salt4 ,stand the patient in the water1  
placing one foot on the side of the tub 

while you rub the entire leg with the   
salt until it is very pink4 ,the other  
leg is treated in the same manner1 as   
also are the arms1 abdomen1 chest1 and  
last1 the back4 ,by this time he will be
 all aglow from head to foot4 ,rinse off
 the salt1 and give him a cold dash with
 the hands or a spray4   ,,the ,,neutral
 ,,bath  ,fill the tub with water at    
just #ig ,f41 and remain in the bath for
 twenty minutes or more1 with the eyes  
covered1 all the while maintaining the  
temperature at #ig ,f4 ,dry gently with 
a sheet to avoid exertion and exposure4 
,go at once to bed4   ,,fomentations    
,hot fomentations often relieve         
suffering and are indicated in such     
conditions as menstrual pain1 abdominal 
cramps1 colic1 backaches1 etc4 ,a good  
substitute for fomentations may be given
 as follows3 ,fill a hot bag half-full  
of boiling water4 ,over this place a wet
 flannel and two layers of dry flannel4 
,apply for fifteen or twenty minutes    
over the skin area to be treated1       

finishing up with a cold water or       
alcohol rub4  ,a very effectual way of  
applying moist heat to any portion of   
the body is by the means of hot         
fomentations which are given as follows3
  ,one-fourth of a single woolen blanket
 7part cotton7 is folded and grasped at 
the ends and twisted like an            
old-fashioned doughnut4 ,the twist is   
then immersed in boiling water1 the     
hands still grasping the dry ends1 and  
then by simply pulling out the twist    
7widely separating the hands7 the       
fomentation wrings itself4 ,this is     
placed steaming hot over the affected   
area which has been first covered by a  
dry flannel4 ,it is allowed to remain on
 for three or four minutes1 and then    
another hot one wrung from the boiling  
water replaces the cool one4 ,about four
 or five such applications are made4    
,the skin should be very red at the     
close of this treatment4 ,it is finished
 up with a quick1 cold application to   
the reddened skin area4   ,,the ,,soap  

,,shampoo  ,the undressed child is      
placed upon a low stool in the          
half-filled bathtub at #ajj ,f4 with the
 feet in the warm water4 ,a good lather 
is applied all over the body with good  
friction by the means of a shampoo brush
 and soap4 ,he is then allowed to sit   
down in the tub and splash about all he 
pleases1 rinse the soap off and allow   
him to have a good time generally4 ,at  
the close of the treatment the water is 
cooled down and the treatment is        
finished with a brisk rub with the hands
 dipped in cold water4 ,the skin of the 
child should be pink at the close of the
 treatment4   ,,moist ,,abdominal       
,,bandage  ,the moist abdominal bandage 
is indicated in such conditions as      
kidney inflammation which is so often   
seen in the second week of scarlet      
fever2 or in congestion of any of the   
internal organs such as the liver1 the  
stomach1 intestines1 etc41 and is       
applied as follows3 ,spread out the     
flannel bandage and over it place the   

mackintosh4 ,wring dry the cotton strip 
from cold water1 and spread it over the 
mackintosh4 ,wrap all three layers1 the 
wet cloth next the skin1 closely about  
the body1 so as to prevent the air from 
getting under it4 ,be sure that the feet
 are warm while adjusting the bandage4  
,in the morning remove the bandage1 and 
rub the skin briskly with a turkish     
towel dipped in cold water1 until the   
skin is pink and dry4 ,the cotton strip 
should be boiled every other day to     
avoid skin eruptions4   ,,heating       
,,compress  ,the heating compress is    
indicated in the following cases3       
,sprained ankles1 rheumatic joints1     
arthritis1 sore throat1 etc4            
,directions3 ,wring two thicknesses of  
cheesecloth from cold water1 place over 
the painful part1 and quickly cover with
 a mackintosh and two thicknesses of    
woolen blanket bandage4 ,on removing in 
the morning1 sponge with cold water or  
alcohol4   ,,mustard ,,paste  ,in the   
bronchitis of small children1           

particularly babies1 mustard pastes are 
to be preferred to the hot fomentations 
which are used to such great advantage  
in children above ten4 ,the mustard     
paste is administered as follows3 ,one  
part of mustard and six parts of flour  
of the same measurements are quickly    
stirred up with warm water to a paste   
thin enough to spread well upon a piece 
of thin muslin1 which is large enough to
 cover twice the part to be treated4    
,one-half of this muslin is thus covered
 with the mustard and the dry piece of  
cloth brought over4 ,the edges are then 
folded in such a way that the mustard   
will not run out4 ,this is applied to   
the affected part and allowed to remain 
for seven minutes on an infant1 nine    
minutes on a child1 and ten or twelve   
minutes on an adult4 ,it is then removed
 and the moisture which is always seen  
on the reddened skin surface is not     
wiped off but talcum powder is sprinkled
 on thickly to absorb it4 ,if this is   
done1 a mustard paste may be repeated   

every two hours if necessary and no     
blistering or other harm will come to   
the skin4   ,,the ,,oil-,,silk ,,jacket 
,the oil-silk jacket is used in         
bronchitis of babies and children4 ,it  
consists of three layers1 the innermost 
layer of cheesecloth1 the middle layer  
of thin sheet wadding1 and the outer    
layer of oil-silk4 ,this jacket should  
comfortably cover the chest1 front1 and 
back2 it has no sleeves1 and is opened  
on the shoulder and under the arm4 ,it  
should always follow the mustard paste  
in bronchitis4 ,there should always be  
two such cheesecloth and cotton jackets 
with the oil-silk covering so they may  
be changed every twelve hours1 thus     
allowing for airing4   ,,steam          
,,inhalations  #a4 ,steam inhalations   
are indicated in hoarseness and         
bronchitis4 ,they may be given in a     
number of ways4 ,perhaps that most      
convenient for the young infant is the  
bronchitis tent4 ,a sheet completely    
covers the crib1 and1 with the bed amply

 protected with rubber sheeting or an   
extra blanket1 steam is allowed to enter
 under the sheet at the foot of the bed 
from a funnel put into the nose of the  
teakettle4 ,the steam should continue   
for seven or eight minutes4  #b4 ,a     
large1 heavy-paper funnel is put in the 
nose of the teakettle which is boiling  
on the gas range4 ,the mother holds the 
child in her arms while she is enveloped
 with a sheet which also includes the   
funnel4 ,a helper carefully guards the  
flame4 ,the mother and baby may thus    
conveniently get the steam with very    
little difficulty4  #c4 ,for the older  
child or adult1 steam inhalations are to
 be had from the ordinary croup kettle  
or from a twelve- or fourteen-inch tin  
can which is filled two-thirds full of  
boiling water4 ,over the top is loosely 
spread a cheesecloth upon which a few   
drops of compound tincture of benzoin or
 eucalyptus are sprinkled4 ,the opened  
mouth is brought near the top of this   
can and a towel is thrown over the head1

 can and all2 the patient thus being    
able satisfactorily to inhale the       
medicated steam4   ,,lotions ,,for      
,,sore ,,mouth  ,boric-,acid-and-,myrrh 
,lotion4    ,boric acid                 
#bj grains   ,tincture of myrrh         
#a_/b fluidrachm   ,glycerine           
#a fluidrachm   ,water1 enough to make  
#a fluid ounce  ,apply frequently to the
 inside of the mouth for inflammation or
 thrush4   ,,for ,,nosebleed    ,tannic 
acid             #b drachms   ,glycerine
               #a fluidrachm   ,water   
#b fluid ounces  ,to be injected or     
snuffed into the nose in obstinate cases
 of nosebleed4   ,,throat ,,gargles     
,dobell's solution is an excellent      
throat gargle4 ,a solution of half      
alcohol and half water is also a        
splendid gargle4   ,,mouth ,,wash       
,listerine                #b teaspoons  
,soda bicarbonate        #aj grains     
,water                    #d ounces     
,essence of cinnamon1 six drops in      
one-half glass cold water1 may also be  

used in brushing the teeth and in       
cleansing the tongue and mouth4         
,,disinfectants    #a4 ,carbolic ,acid4 
,carbolic acid 7#ie7                  #f
 ounces       ,glycerine                
#d ounces       ,water                  
#a gallon  ,clothes should be soaked in 
this for several hours1 then removed in 
a covered receptacle and boiled         
thoroughly4 ,sheets may be wet with this
 and hung at the doors in case of       
infectious diseases4    #b4 ,chloride of
 ,lime4       ,chloride of ,lime        
#d ounces       ,water 7rain7           
#a gallon  ,in typhoid fever1 all the   
movements from the bowels should be     
thoroughly mixed with this1 covered and 
allowed to stand several hours before   
pouring down the water closet4 ,all     
vomited matter should be treated the    
same way4   ,,poultices  ,there are a   
number of mush poultices recommended for
 different conditions--boils1 felons1   
etc41 but we find the aseptic heating   
compress to be as effectual as any of   

these dirty1 mush poultices and we      
suggest that our readers try the        
boracic-acid poultice which is put on as
 follows3 ,over any infected area or    
abrasion of the skin a thick padding of 
cotton moistened by a saturated         
boracic-acid solution is placed4 ,this  
is entirely covered with wax paper or   
oiled-silk1 and held in place by a      
binder4 ,it is sanitary and much to be  
preferred to any of the mush poultices  
of bygone days4   ,,cough ,,syrup  ,a   
very useful cough syrup may be made as  
follows3 ,two tablespoons of flaxseed   
are steeped on the stove until clear1   
the jelly strained and flavored quite   
sour with lemon juice to which is added 
rock candy for sweetening4 ,this will   
often effectively relieve the irritating
 coughs of childhood4   ,,lotions ,,for 
,,chapped ,,hands    ,no4 #a4 ,glycerine
        #c ounces          ,tr4 ,benzoin
      #a_/b ounce          ,water       
#a ounce    ,no4 #b4 ,glycerine         
#b ounces          ,lemon juice         

#a_/b ounce          ,tr4 ,myrrh        
#a_/b ounce    ,no4 #c4 ,glycerine      
#b ounces          ,rose ,water       #b
 ounces          ,acetic ,acid      #b  
ounces   ,,eczema  ,we wish to submit   
two very useful prescriptions for that  
troublesome skin disease which is so    
annoying in childhood as well as in     
adult life4 ,prescription ,no4 #a is a  
clear fluid1 and after the affected area
 is thoroughly cleansed with resinol    
soap and rinsed in soft water1 the      
lotion is applied and allowed to dry4   
,no4 #b is then patted on with sterile  
cotton and often repeated to keep the   
eczematous skin area moist4 ,this has   
proved curative in many persistent      
cases4  ,lotion ,no4 #a4    ,acid       
,carbolic   #a drachm   ,listerine      
#a drachm   ,rose ,water      #c ounces 
,alcohol q4 s4   #f ounces  ,apply ,no4 
#a and allow to dry of itself4   ,lotion
 ,no4 #b4    ,ichthyol           #d     
drachms   ,lime ,water         #a ounce 
,oil sweet almonds  #a ounce            

,glycerine          #a ounces   ,rose   
,water         #a ounces  ,apply ,no4 #b
 and repeat to keep moist4              
,,constipation  ,we submit the following
 home regime1 which has proved          
successful to many sufferers for the    
treatment of constipation4  #a4 ,on     
rising in the morning1 remove the moist 
abdominal bandage 7mentioned above72    
drink two-thirds of a glass of cold     
water2 and spend fifteen to twenty      
minutes in the following exercises1     
before dressing3 ,abdominal lifting with
 deep breathing1 auto-massage1 leg      
raising1 trunk twisting1 trunk          
bending--forward and to sides2 lying    
down for the trunk raising1 and sitting 
for the trunk circumduction4            
,immediately following these exercises1 
go to stool4 ,have feet raised from the 
floor eight or ten inches1 in order to  
simulate the squatting position4  #b4   
,breakfast should include bran or bran  
bread1 and two or three of the following
 foods3 ,apples with skins1 grapefruit1 

cranberries with skins 7but little      
sugar71 and figs4 ,immediately after    
breakfast walk fifteen minutes in the   
open air1 practicing deep abdominal     
breathing4 ,if the results at stool     
before breakfast were not satisfactory1 
vaseline rectum and go to stool again4  
#c4 ,lunch should consist of fruit only1
 while dinner should include bran bread 
and two of the following foods3         
,spinach1 celery1 carrots1 parsnips1    
squash1 or cabbage4  #d4 ,before        
retiring1 walk in the open air for      
fifteen minutes2 after undressing1      
exercise same as morning2 and on        
retiring1 apply the moist abdominal     
bandage4   ,,table ,,of ,,poisons ,,and 
,,antidotes  ,poison4                   
,antidotes4  ,unknown                   
,emetic1 followed by ,jeaunel's antidote
                                 and    
soothing drinks4  ,acid--acetic1        
hydrochloric1     ,an alkali1 such as   
magnesia1 chalk1   sulphuric1 nitric    
whiting1 soda1 soap2 followed by        

soothing drinks or sweet oil4           
,acid--carbolic1 creosote        ,epsom 
salts in abundance2 soap2 no            
oil4 ,dilute alcohol4  ,acid--oxalic1   
including         ,emetic1 followed by  
lime 7as chalk1   salts of lemon        
plaster1 whiting7 or magnesia1 but      
not by potash or soda2 then soothing    
drinks4  ,acid--prussic                 
,fresh air2 ammonia to nostrils2 cold   
douche2 artificial respiration4         
,aconite                                
,emetic1 followed by digitalis2 no      
pillow                                  
under head2 free stimulation4  ,alcohol 
7brandy1 etc47          ,emetic2 cold   
douche on head2 warmth                  
and artificial respiration4             
,alkalies--ammonia1 spirits             
,vinegar or lemon juice1 followed by    
of hartshorn1 lye1 caustic    soothing  
drinks or sweet oil4   potash           
,antimony 7tartar emetic74       ,emetic
 if vomiting is not already             
profuse2 then tannic acid freely1 or    

strong tea2 later1 milk or other        
soothing drinks2 finally1 castor oil    
to empty the bowels4                    
,emetic1 quickly followed by plenty of  
a fresh mixture of the tincture of      
chloride of iron with calcined magnesia1
 ,arsenic 7,fowler's                    
washing or baking soda1 or   solution1  
,paris               water of ammonia1  
or by ,jeaunel's   green1 ,rough        
antidote4 ,then white of egg1 soothing  
on ,rats7                     drinks1 or
 sweet oil2 castor oil                  
to empty bowels4  ,atropine 7see        
,belladonna74                           
,emetic2 tannic acid freely2 cold to    
,belladonna 7atropine7           head2  
coffee4 ,stimulants and                 
warmth if needed4  ,blue stone2 blue    
vitriol 7see   ,copper74                
,emetic 7but often useless72 external   
,chloral                         heat2  
stimulants2 strong coffee2              
strychnine2 atropine2 artificial        
respiration4  ,chloroform1 inhaled      

,cold douche2 friction of skin2         
inverting                               
child2 artificial respiration4  ,copper 
7blue stone2 blue        ,emetic1       
followed by white of egg or   vitriol2  
verdigris7           milk1 yellow       
prussiate of potash2                    
then soothing drinks4                   
,emetic1 followed by white of egg or    
,corrosive sublimate             milk2  
soothing drinks2 tannic acid            
7bichlorid of mercury7        freely2   
castor oil to open bowels4  ,cyanide of 
potash 7see   ,acid1 prussic74          
,fowler's solution 7see   ,arsenic74    
,inhalation of oxygen2 artificial ,gas  
7illuminating gas1 coal     respiration2
 ammonia to nostrils2   gas7            
cold douche4  ,iodine                   
,starch or flour mixed with water given 
freely2 emetic2 soothing drinks4        
,laudanum 7see ,opium74  ,lead 7sugar of
 lead7           ,emetic1 followed by   
,epsom salts2                           
white of egg or milk2 alum4  ,matches   

7see ,phosphorus74  ,morphine 7see      
,opium74  ,nux vomica 7see ,strychnine74
                                 ,emetic
 7but generally useless72 ,opium        
7including laudanum1      permanganate  
of potash in doses of #d   morphine1    
paregoric1          or #e grains if case
 is seen early2   soothing syrups1      
strong coffee2 atropine2 keep child     
etc47                         awake and 
breathing by cold douche to             
head and spine1 walking1 etc41 but      
not to extent of exhaustion2            
artificial respiration4  ,paregoric 7see
 ,opium74  ,paris green 7see ,arsenic74 
,phosphorus 7match-heads1       ,emetic2
 then permanganate of potash   some     
roach and rat poisons7   in doses of #d 
or #e grains well                       
diluted1 and frequently repeated2       
then ,epsom salts or magnesia to        
open bowels1 but no milk or oil of      
any kind4  ,poisonous plants 7,jimson   
,emetic1 followed by tannic acid2       
weed1 poisonous mushrooms1    strong    

coffee or brandy2 ammonia   deadly      
nightshade1            to nostrils2     
external warmth2   tobacco1  etc47      
artificial respiration4  ,prussic acid  
7see ,acid1 prussic74  ,silver nitrate  
7lunar caustic7 ,table-salt1 followed by
 emetic2 milk                           
or white of eggs4  ,spoiled food        
,emetic1 followed by castor oil as      
purgative4  ,strychnine 7nux vomica1    
,emetic1 followed by tannic acid1   some
 rat poisons7             bromide of    
potash freely1 or chloral4  ,tartar     
emetic 7see ,antimony7   ,,table        
,,showing ,,the ,,average ,,weight1     
,,height1 ,,and ,,circumference ,,of    
,,head ,,and ,,chest ,,of ,,boys,d      
,at birth4     ,weight                  
#g    pounds     ,height                
#bj    inches     ,chest                
#ac    inches     ,head                 
#ad     inches    ,one year4     ,weight
                       #ba     pounds   
,height                       #bi       
inches     ,chest                       

#ah     inches     ,head                
#ah     inches    ,two years4           
,weight                       #bg       
pounds     ,height                      
#cb     inches     ,chest               
#ai     inches     ,head                
#ai     inches    ,three years4         
,weight                       #cb       
pounds     ,height                      
#ce     inches     ,chest               
#bj     inches     ,head                
#ai    inches    ,four years4           
,weight                       #cf       
pounds     ,height                      
#ch     inches     ,chest               
#bj    inches     ,head                 
#ai    inches    ,five years4           
,weight                       #da       
pounds     ,height                      
#da    inches     ,chest                
#ba    inches     ,head                 
#bj    inches    ,six years4     ,weight
                       #de     pounds   
,height                       #dd       
inches     ,chest                       

#bc     inches    ,seven years4         
,weight                       #di       
pounds     ,height                      
#df     inches     ,chest               
#bc    inches    ,eight years4          
,weight                       #ed       
pounds     ,height                      
#dh     inches     ,chest               
#bd    inches    ,nine years4           
,weight                       #fj       
pounds     ,height                      
#ej     inches     ,chest               
#be     inches    ,ten years4           
,weight                       #ff       
pounds     ,height                      
#eb     inches     ,chest               
#bf     inches  ,d ,weights for the     
first four years are without clothes1   
after that with ordinary house clothes4 
,the weight of girls is on the average  
about one pound less than boys4 ,they   
are about the same in height4           
,,ichthyol ,,suppositories    ,ichthyol 
#e per cent   ,cocoa ,butter q4 s4 ad4  
to make #bd suppositories4  ,sig4 ,use  

one suppository in the rectum each      
evening for hemorrhoids4   ,,oil ,,enema
  ,the best way to administer an oil    
enema is by means of a special enema can
 which holds one pint1 to which is      
attached a rubber tube4 ,it is wise not 
to use an ordinary fountain syringe as  
the oil spoils the rubber very quickly4 
,this oil is allowed to flow in slowly1 
under low pressure1 and should be       
retained over night4 ,any oil is        
acceptable1 the cheaper sweet oils will 
serve just as well as olive oil4        
,,table ,,of ,,infectious ,,diseases    
,disease4        ,incubation lasts--    
,date of characteristic symptom from    
beginning of invasion4                  
,characteristic symptom4                
,other principal symptoms4              
,whole duration of disease from onset4  
,quarantine lasts from onset4           
,typhoid fever4        #g to #aj days4  
#gth or #hth day4                       
,rose-red1 slightly elevated spots4     
,apathy2 diarrhoea2 nosebleed2 headache4

                            #b to #d    
weeks4                                  
,while disease lasts4   ,scarlet fever4 
#a to #g days4             #ast or #b;d 
day4                  ,intense1         
bright-red blush over body4             
,sore throat2 often vomiting with onset4
                            #g to #i    
days or more 7not including             
desquamation74                          
#f weeks4   ,measles4        #aj to #aa 
days4             #dth day4             
,dusky or purplish-red1 slightly        
elevated spots1                         
scattered and in characteristic         
groupings4                       ,cold  
in head2 running eyes2 cough2           
hoarseness4                             
#g to #h days4                          
#c weeks4   ,german measles4        #g  
to #ba days4             #ast day4      
,pale1 rose-red spots or uniform blush2 
no                    characteristic    
groupings4                       ,slight
 sore throat2 sometimes slight running  

of eyes and nose4                       
#c to #d days4                          
#c weeks4   ,chicken-pox4        #ac to 
#ag days4             #ast day4         
,pea-sized1 scattered vesicles4         
,none2 or slight fever4                 
,a week or less4                        
#c to #d weeks4   ,varioloid 7,variola74
        #g to #ab days4             #c;d
 day 7may be #ast or #b;d74             
,red1 elevated papules2 then vesicles2  
then often                    pustules4 
,headache2 backache2 vomiting4          
,about #ad days4                        
#d to #h weeks4   ,vaccinia             
7,vaccination74        #a to #c days4   
#ast day 7#c;d after vaccination74      
,a red papule1 becoming a vesicle and   
then a pustule2                         
surrounded by a broad red area4         
,often feverishness and malaise4        
,about #c weeks4                        
,none4   ,erysipelas4        #c to #g   
days4             #ast or #b;d day4     
,bright-red blush2 puffy skin2 often    

vesicles4                       ,fever2 
pain4                            #d to  
#f days1 or several weeks if it         
spreads4                                
,averages #b weeks4   ,diphtheria4      
#b to #ab days4             #ast or #b;d
 day4                  ,white membrane  
on tonsils and other parts of throat4   
,debility2 fever4                       
#aj to #ad days4                        
#c to #d weeks4   ,whooping-cough4      
#b to #g days4             #gth to #adth
 day4                  ,a prolonged     
paroxysm of coughing followed by a      
crowing inspiration 7whoop74            
,vomiting2 spitting of blood4           
#f to #h weeks4                         
#f to #h weeks 7while whoop lasts74     
,mumps4        #g to #ba days4          
#ast day4                  ,swelling in 
front1 below1 and behind the ear and    
below the jaw4                          
,pain when chewing4                     
,a week or less4                        
#c to #d weeks4   ,influenza4           

,uncertain4 ,probably #a to #g days4    
#ast day4                  ,fever1      
prostration4                            
,various respiratory1 digestive1 or     
nervous                                 
symptoms1 commonest being general aching
 and                         cough4     
#c or #d days to two weeks or more4     
,while disease lasts4   ,,hot ,,colonic 
,,flushing  ,the hot colonic flushing is
 particularly serviceable in combating  
the sick headaches of migraine4 ,they   
should be taken at night just before    
retiring with the temperature of water  
as hot as can be borne1 from #ajh to    
#aaj ,f4 ,half of the water is allowed  
to flow into the colon and is retained  
as long as possible4 ,this brings the   
heat in close contact with the          
sympathetic nervous system whose        
headquarters is in the abdomen4         
,,enemas  ,position for an ,enema4 ,lie 
on left side1 knees brought up against  
abdomen1 with the left arm well         
underneath4 ,this will relax the        

abdominal muscles and allow the water to
 pass upward more freely4 ,the water    
should be allowed to flow until it is   
felt low on the right side4  ,the one1  
two1 three enema is an injection that is
 used for the relief of gas in the      
bowel4 ,it consists of the following3   
,one part epsom salts1 two parts        
glycerine1 and three parts soap suds4   
,it is introduced by the aid of the     
colon tube and retained as long as is   
possible4  ,glycerine and soapy water1  
equal parts1 may be introduced into the 
bowel for temporary relief of a         
persistent constipation4  ,in instances 
when feeding by the mouth is impossible1
 nutrient enemas should be given every  
three or four hours during the day4 ,the
 absorption does not take place in the  
large bowel as readily as in the small  
intestines1 so only a small amount of a 
more highly concentrated solution is    
given at one time4 ,a child one year of 
age will be given one teaspoon1 from one
 to four years of age a teaspoon to a   

tablespoon is allowed1 and up to twelve 
years from one to eight tablespoons are 
given in the nutrient enema4 ,peptonized
 meat preparations may be employed in   
greater concentration than directed by  
the use of the mouth4 ,peptonized milk  
containing an egg is often used4 ,the   
pepsin is added to the mixture only when
 warm1 and is injected at once4         
,,emetics    #a4 ,a glass of warm water 
containing as much common table         
salt as can be dissolved4   #b4 ,a      
teaspoon of mustard in a large glass of 
warm water4   #c4 ,a teaspoon of syrup  
of ipecac1 repeated in fifteen minutes  
if necessary4  ,any one of these emetics
 is useful in instances where it is     
desirable to empty the stomach at once4 
,a ,,calorie  ,a calorie is the heat    
unit used in the estimation of the fuel 
value of various foods4 ,for instance1  
an ordinary slice of homemade bread     
contains #ajj calories4 ,an ordinary fig
 contains almost #ajj calories4 ,a large
 orange or an apple or a glass of grape 

juice contains about #ajj calories4     
,there are #ajj calories in three       
teaspoons of sugar or honey4  ,a        
complete food list with the estimation  
of calorie value of foods is found in   
,the ,science of ,living1 page #cgj1    
while on page #ii of the same book is a 
very helpful table showing the amounts  
of various foods required to equal #ajj 
calories4 ,the reader will find this    
exceedingly practical in estimating food
 values for the household4              
,,acidifying ,,and ,,alkalinizing       
,,foods  ,since we find that in all     
acute diseases the acidity of the urine 
is greatly increased and in time of     
health it is less acid1 we submit two   
lists of foods which tend to acidify the
 urine or to alkalinize the urine4      
,,foods ,,which ,,tend ,,to ,,acidify4  
#a4 ,animal ,foods3 ,all forms of flesh 
foods1 fish1 fowl1 etc41 including all  
kinds of meat broths1 soups1 beef tea1  
bouillon1 etc4  #b4 ,eggs4 #c4          
,breadstuffs3 ,all kinds of breads1     

whether made of wheat1 rye or corn1     
crackers1 toasts1 griddle cakes1 etc4   
#d4 ,pastries4 ,all sorts of pies and   
cakes--except fruit pies1 and other     
desserts containing milk or sour fruits4
  #e4 ,cereals3 ,rice1 oatmeal1 and     
breakfast foods of all kinds1 including 
the flaked and toasted breakfast foods4 
#f4 ,peanuts1 plums1 prunes1 and        
cranberries4 ,plums and cranberries fall
 in this column because of their benzoic
 acid1 which the body cannot fully      
oxidize4   ,,foods ,,which ,,tend ,,to  
,,alkalinize4  #a4 ,dairy ,products3    
,milk1 ice cream1 cottage cheese1       
cheese1 buttermilk1 etc4  #b4 ,potatoes 
and bananas4  #c4 ,soups3 ,all forms of 
vegetable and fruit soups and broths4   
#d4 ,fruit ,juices3 ,all the fresh fruit
 juices except plums4  #e4 ,fresh       
,fruits3 ,all fresh fruits1 sweet and   
sour1 except plums and cranberries4  #f4
 ,vegetables3 ,all kinds1 especially    
beets1 carrots1 celery1 lettuce1 and    
muskmelon4  #g4 ,dried ,fruits3 ,figs1  

raisins1 dates1 currants--all except    
prunes4  #h4 ,the ,legumes3 ,beans1     
peas1 and lentils4  #i4 ,the ,nuts3 ,all
 the nuts belong in this column1        
including almonds and chestnuts4        
,,cereal ,,waters1 ,,etc4  ,it is often 
necessary to give the infant or the     
young child cereal water to replace food
 in occasions of summer diarrhoea1 etc4 
#a4 ,barley ,water4  ,one tablespoon of 
barley flour in one pint of water4 ,boil
 for one-half hour1 strain1 and add     
sufficient boiled water to make one     
pint4  #b4 ,flaxseed ,tea4  ,one        
tablespoon of flaxseed1 one pint of     
boiling water2 let stand and keep warm  
for one hour2 strain4 ,add juice of     
lemon4  #c4 ,oatmeal ,jelly4  ,four     
tablespoons of oatmeal1 one pint of     
water2 boil for three hours in double   
boiler1 adding water from time to time2 
strain4  #d4 ,toast ,water4  ,one1 two1 
or three slices of bread toasted dark   
brown1 but not burned4 ,put in one quart
 of boiling water1 cover1 and strain    

when cold4  #e4 ,arrowroot ,water4  ,wet
 two teaspoons of arrowroot with a      
little cold water1 and rub until smooth2
 then stir into one pint of boiling     
water and boil for five minutes1        
stirring all the while4  #f4 ,oatmeal   
,water4  ,one tablespoon of oatmeal to  
one pint of boiling water1 cover and let
 simmer for one hour4 ,add water from   
time to time as it evaporates2 strain4  
#g4 ,rice ,water4  ,one tablespoon of   
7washed7 rice to one pint of water4     
,boil three hours adding water from time
 to time4   ,,fruit ,,juices  ,fruit    
juices are exceedingly beneficial all   
through life2 particularly is this true 
during early childhood when the little  
ones are so likely to be constipated4   
,any of the fruit juices are good1      
particularly the juices from oranges1   
raisins1 prunes1 apples1 pears1 and     
cranberries4 ,all these juices are      
better cooked than raw with the         
exception of orange juice4 ,all children
 should have some fruit juice every day4

 ,for the very young baby the juices are
 strained through a wire strainer and a 
clean cheesecloth so as to remove every 
particle of solid matter1 and there     
should be added an equal amount of cold1
 boiled water for the infant under ten  
months4   ,,lemonade ,,and ,,eggnogs    
,lemonade1 along with orangeade1        
grapefruitade and limeade should be used
 for children above a year4 ,they should
 be well diluted and not too sweet4     
,eggnogs are splendid for children who  
need to be helped along with their diet4
 ,they may be given at the close of the 
meal1 never between meals--unless so    
prescribed by a physician4 ,the stomach 
should have ample time to complete the  
work of digesting one meal before       
another partial meal is allowed to enter
 it4 ,eggnogs consist of a well-beaten  
egg into which there is placed a small  
amount of sugar1 flavoring with either  
nutmeg1 vanilla1 or cinnamon1 and the   
glass filled up with rich milk4         
,,milkshake  ,milkshake is a delightful 

drink4 ,the white of an egg with one or 
two teaspoons of sugar1 two tablespoons 
of chopped ice1 flavoring1 and one ounce
 of cream are briskly shaken in a       
milk-shaker for two minutes4 ,cold milk 
is added to fill the glass4   ,,meat    
,,and ,,meat ,,juices  ,beef extracts   
are regarded by the medical profession  
as purely stimulants4 ,beef juice is    
practically without food value4 ,in the 
preparation of beef juice the           
extractives and juices leave the fibre4 
,the food is in the fibre of the meat4  
,the extractives are purely of a        
stimulating order4 ,we do not advocate  
the giving of beef tea and beef juices  
to children2 as a rule1 we think that   
cereal1 gruels1 strained soups1 and milk
 are preferable4  ,the only reason for  
cooking meats is to destroy the         
parasites such as tapeworm1 trichina1   
etc41 which are so often found in the   
meat4 ,the cooking of meat decreases its
 digestibility1 as raw meat is more     
easily digested than cooked meat1 but we

 feel it is necessary to advocate the   
cooking of meat in order to kill the    
parasites4   ,,coddled ,,egg  ,a fresh  
egg1 shell on1 is placed in boiling     
water which is immediately after removed
 from the fire4 ,the egg then cooks     
slowly in the water1 which gradually    
cools1 for seven or eight minutes1 when 
the white should be about the           
consistency of jelly4 ,for a delicate   
digestion the white only should be      
given1 with salt2 it can be easily      
separated from the yolk4 ,the above is  
the best form of egg for the young      
child4 ,later on the eggs may be soft   
boiled or poached1 or even soft         
scrambled4   ,,soups  ,two varieties of 
soups are given children4 ,in the early 
months of childhood1 from six years to  
eighteen months1 the soups are usually  
strained1 but after eighteen months1    
soups may be thickened with flour and   
rich milk making a cream soup of it4    
,most vegetables make good soups4 ,the  
pulp from such vegetables as asparagus1 

carrots1 beans1 peas1 tomatoes1 and     
potatoes are made into cream soups by   
the addition of a little flour1 rich    
milk1 butter1 and a dash of salt4       
,,breads  ,new breads should never be   
given to a child4 ,only bread           
twenty-four hours old should ever be    
given to a child under six years2 it    
should be cut into slices and allowed to
 dry out2 and even then is better if    
slightly toasted4 ,we publish a recipe  
for bran bread and bran biscuits which  
are exceedingly good for children and   
adults4  ,recipe for ,bran ,bread4 ,two 
eggs1 beaten separately2 three-fourths  
of a cup of molasses1 with one round    
teaspoon soda2 one cup of sour cream2   
one cup of sultana seedless raisins2 one
 cup of wheat flour1 with one heaping   
teaspoon baking powder2 two cups of     
bran2 stir well and bake one hour4      
,bran ,biscuits4 ,mix one pint of bran1 
one-half pint of flour1 and one level   
teaspoon of baking soda4 ,mix one-half  
pint of milk and four tablespoons of    

molasses4 ,add this to the bran mixture 
and bake in gem pans4     ,,index       
,,index   ,abortion1   advice on        
occurrence of1 #ci2   care needed at    
third month of pregnancy1 #ch2          
consequences of1 #g1 #h2   defined1 #ci2
   remedy for threatened1 #ch2   warning
 signs of1 #ch4   ,see also             
,miscarriage2 ,pregnancy  ,adenitis1    
#cde  ,adenoids1 #cjc  ,air1 supply of  
fresh1 for baby1 #bac-ag1 #bai   ,baby1 
care of the3 ,abdomen1 shape of1 at     
birth1 #aje2   advice in care of baby1  
#cgg-gh2   bathing1 #ajg-h1 #aaa-ab1    
#aij-bja2   bed for1 arrangement of1    
#ajh1 #aae2   bouncing harmful1 #bbf2   
bowels and bladder1 training of1 #bdb2  
breast of baby1 care of1 #bbi2          
buttocks1 care of1 #bjj2   chafing1 how 
prevented1 #bja1 #ccc2   chest1 shape   
of1 #aje2   circumcision1 when          
desirable1 #aaj2   clothing of the1     
#ajh2   constipation1 #bgi2   cord1     
dressing of1 #ajg2   diet after first   
year1 #bde-dg2   ears1 treatment of1    

#aih-ii2   exercise of baby1 #bbc2      
eyes1 treatment of1 #ajg1 #aih-ii2      
falls1 to be prevented1 #bbh2   feeding 
the1 #aji2   genitals of the1 how cared 
for1 #aaj1 #bjj2   habits to be guarded 
against1 #cgh2   hair1 treatment of1    
#bja1 #bcc2   handling1 #aaa2   head1   
treatment of1 #ajd1 #bcc1 #cdd2   legs  
of1 at birth1 #aje2   lifting the baby1 
how accomplished1 #bbh2   mouth1        
treatment of1 #aii2   necessities for   
newborn baby1 #fj-fa1 #fd2   nose1      
treatment of1 #aih-ii2   pulse and      
respiration1 #aje2   putting to sleep1  
#abg1 #bag2   registration of birth of1 
#aac2   respiration1 how started at     
birth1 #aje-f2   second summer1 care    
during1 #bcj2   skin of baby1 #ajf2     
stools1 regulation of1 #adb2            
temperature of baby1 #bbf2   the spoiled
 baby1 #abh2   things bad for babies1   
list of1 #cgg2   treatment of baby      
during and after birth1 #fg1 #fi2       
umbilicus1 how cared for1 #aab2   urine 
of baby1 #aji1 #bbc2   warmth necessary1

 #bbe2   water1 how and when            
administered1 #adj1 #bbb2   weight of   
baby at birth1 #ajf2   when to give     
first feeding1 #gj4   ,see also ,colic2 
,crying2 ,nursery2 ,nursing   the baby2 
,sleep2 ,urine2 see   also under several
 diseases  ,babyhood1 #a  ,backache1    
cause of1 #dc2   method of relief for1  
#dc-dd  ,bathing the baby1 toilet1 etc41
 #aij-bja4   ,see also ,baby1 care of   
the  ,bed for baby4 ,see ,baby1 care of 
the2 ,sleep  ,bed-wetting1 #cbh4 ,see   
also ,urine  ,birthmarks1 discussion of1
 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #dj1 #cch  ,bites1 of   
dogs1 snakes1 cats1 etc41 #cdi          
,blindness1 precautions to avoid1 in    
new-born infant1 #fi1 #cca4   ,see also 
,baby1 care of the  ,blisters 7fever71  
#cch  ,blood-pressure1 #df2             
observation of1 #c  ,boils1 #ccg        
,bottle feeding1   additional foods1    
#aec2   bottle1 preparation of1 #adi2   
ice-box1 home-made1 #adh2   intervals   
between meals1 #aec2   nipple1 how      
withdrawn1 #aeb2   position of baby     

during feeding1 #aej-ea2   quantity of  
food1 #adh2   refrigeration a necessity1
 #adh2   rules for1 #aed2   schedule    
for1 #adg2   stomach1 capacity of1 #adh2
   time allowance for1 #aeb2            
traveling1 food for baby while1 #aec2   
treatment of baby after1 #aeb2   water1 
when and how administered1 #adg  ,bowel1
 prolapse of the1 #bhc  ,bow legs1 how  
avoided1 #bbh  ,bran bread1 recipes for1
 #ddh  ,bravery1 how to instil in a     
child1 #chb-hd  ,breasts1   caked       
7mastitis71 care of1 #ajj1 #acf ff42    
changes in1 a sign of pregnancy1 #d2    
care of1 during pregnancy1 #cc4   ,see  
also ,pregnancy  ,bronchitis1 #cjd      
,bruises1 #ced  ,burns1 #ceh            
,calisthenics1 how applied1 #bdd        
,caretaker 7for children71 #cgf-gg      
,carriages and go-carts1 #bbg  ,chafing1
 #ccc4   ,see also ,baby1 care of the   
,chicken-pox1 #bid-ie  ,chilblains1 #cef
  ,child culture1 #a  ,cleft palate1    
#cda  ,clothing the baby1   bands1 #bjd2
   booties1 #bjf2   caps1 #baj2         

diapers1 #bjd2   errors in clothing1    
#bjh2   layette1 the1 #bjc-bjh2         
nightgowns1 wrappers1 and slips1 #bjg2  
rules for1 #bab2   shirts1 #bjd2        
shoes1 #baj2   short clothes1 #bji2     
skirts and petticoats1 #bjf2            
sleeping-bag1 #bjg2   stockings1 #bjf2  
suggestions for1 #bjb2   suits for play1
 #baj2   winter garments1 #baa2   wraps1
 #baj  ,clubfoot1 #cdb  ,colds1 #cjj1   
#cja  ,colic1 causes and treatment of1  
#abi-cb1 #adb1 #bgd  ,confinement1   bed
 and accessories1 #fa-fb1 #fd2          
calculation of date of1 #e1 #f2         
preparations for1 #ec ff41 #eg2         
supplies needed for1 #eh ff42   room    
for1 #fa4   ,see also ,labor            
,constipation1   treatment of1 #ca1 #dj2
   in baby1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bgi            
,contagious diseases1   how contracted1 
#bhe2   incubation period of various1   
#bhg2   spread of1 #bhf4   ,see also    
under various diseases  ,convulsions1   
#cbf  ,coughing1 #bee  ,cramps1 #da     
,croup1 #cjf  ,crying1   abnormal1 #abd2

   birth cry1 #abc2   cause of1 #acb2   
colicky cry1 #abi2   fretful cry1 #abe2 
habit cry1 #abg2   healthy crying1 #abc2
   hunger cry1 #abd2   illness cause of1
 when1 #abi2   pain cry1 #abf2          
spoiled-baby crying1 #abh2   temper cry1
 #abh2   thirst cry1 #abd  ,cuts1       
wounds1 etc41 #cec   ,deaf-mutism1 #cca 
,deafness1 #cjb  ,deformities1 causes   
of1 #ag  ,delivery1 calculation of date 
of1 #e1 #f  ,depressors1 function of1   
#i1 #ae  ,determiners1 function of1 #i1 
#ae  ,development of child1 #bdj-da     
,diarrhoea1 #ahe1 #bhj  ,diet3          
,appetite1 improvement of the1 #dja2    
assimilation1 #cfj2   baby1 diet of1    
#bde-dg2   cellulose1 #cfe2   eating    
between meals1 #cfh2   elimination1     
#cfj-fb2   fats1 #cfd2   food           
requirement 7daily71 #cfi2   foods1 full
 value of1 #cff2   for children1 #cfg2  
fruit sugars1 #cfc2   hygiene1 #djj2    
mineral salts1 #cfd2   nutrition1 #cfb2 
proteins1 #cfc2   starches1 #cfc2       
treatment of child1 daily program for1  

#djb-d2   water1 #cfe4   ,see also      
,feeding the baby2   ,nursing the baby  
,digestion3   ,disorder of1 chronic     
indigestion1 #bge2   stomach1           
disordered1 #bgh2   stomatitis or       
thrush1 #bgi2   vomiting1 #bgd4   ,see  
also under various diseases             
,diphtheria1 #bif  ,discipline1 methods 
of1 #caf-bb  ,dislocations and          
fractures1 #bed  ,doctor1 choice of1 #ee
   ,earache1 #cea  ,ears1 running1 #bii 
,eclampsia1 #dg1 #dh2   prevention of1  
#ej4   ,see also ,urine  ,eczema1       
#ccd-ce  ,embryonic development1 #aa1   
#ab  ,enema1 how administered1 #bhj     
,exercise1 necessity of1 during         
pregnancy1 #bg  ,exercise of baby1 #bbc 
,eye infections1 #bih  ,eyes1 ears1 and 
nose1   care of1 #aih2   foreign bodies 
in1 #cea   ,fainting1 #cei  ,fear1      
overcoming of1 in children1 #chj-hb     
,feeble-mindedness1 #cca  ,feeding the  
baby3   ,bottle-fed baby1 healthy       
characteristics of1 #agh2   changes in  
food to be gradual1 #agi2               

constipation1 how treated1 #ahe1 #bgi2  
diarrhoea1 cause of1 #ahe1 #bhj2        
dissatisfaction1 signs of1 #aha2        
flatulence1 #ahb2   formula1 choice of1 
for1 #agh2   infant foods1 #ahg-hi2     
mistakes in formulas1 #ahj2   mixed     
feeding1 #ahf2   overfeeding1 #ahc2     
vomiting1 #ahb2   weight of baby1 #ahc4 
,see also ,diet2 ,milk2 ,nursing the    
baby  ,fertilization1 process of1 #h1 #i
  ,fever1 #bfd4   ,see also ,sickness of
 child  ,flatulence4   ,see ,feeding the
 baby  ,flour ball1 how prepared1 #age  
,foods1   for baby1 #aec1 #afe-gf2      
full value of1 #cff4   ,see also ,bottle
 feeding2 ,infant foods2 ,milk          
,freckles1 #ccf  ,frostbites1 #cef      
,games for children1 #cib  ,germ plasm1 
#h  ,glands1 enlarged1 #cde  ,goitre1   
#db  ,governesses1 #cgj-ge  ,grippe1    
#cjb   ,habits1 inculcation of good1    
#chj-hi  ,harelip1 #cda  ,headache1   in
 children1 #cbf2   relief for1 during   
pregnancy1 #de2   sign of               
auto-intoxication during pregnancy1 #dg 

,heartburn1 care for1 #cf  ,hemorrhoids1
 treatment of1 #da  ,heredity1   effect 
of1 on individual1 #i1 #ad2   extent of 
influence of1 #ad1 #ae1 #ai1 #bj        
,hip-joint disease1 #cdc  ,hives1 #ccf  
,homemaking1 #cgj-ge  ,hookworm1 #bgh   
,hospital1   recommended for            
confinement1 #ee-ef2   requisites for1  
#fj  ,housekeeping1 #cgj-ge  ,hygiene1  
of baby1 #bbb-ca2   of child1 #djj-d4   
,see also ,diet  ,hysteria1 prevention  
of1 #cae   ,indigestion1 #bge  ,infant  
foods1 #ahg-hi4   ,see also ,feeding the
 baby2 ,nursing the baby  ,infant       
welfare1 #agh  ,insects1 bites of1 #cdh 
,insomnia1   relief for1 #de2   in      
children1 #cbc  ,itch1 the1 #cci-dj     
,jaundice1 #bgf   ,kissing the baby1    
precautions against1 #bbd   ,labor1     
analgesia in1 #hf2   anesthesia in1     
#hd-ib2   bath1 preliminary1 #fd2   care
 of mother during and after1 #fg-fh2    
chloroform and ether1 administration of1
 #ia2   duration of1 #fe2   duties of   
nurse before and during1 #fg2   false   

pains in1 #ff2   fear in1 importance of 
allaying1 #hd2   laughing gas 7nitrous  
oxid71 administration of1 #he2   effect 
of1 #hg2   pain of1 #ga1 #hd-he2        
preparations for1 #fd-fe1 #fg1 #gb-gc2  
progress of1 #fe2   second stage of1    
#ff2   sunrise slumber in1 #hd-ij2      
symptoms of approaching1 #fd2   third   
stage of1 #ff2   twilight sleep in1     
#ga-gb1 #gc-hc2   what to do in1 before 
arrival of doctor1 #fg  ,layette4 ,see  
,clothing of baby  ,leucorrhea1 relief  
for1 #cg-ch  ,lice1 #cci  ,lime water1  
use of1 in baby's food1 #agc  ,lochia1  
the1 #ig  ,lying-in period1 the1 #ic2   
abdominal binder1 #ig2   after-pains1   
#ie2   bowels1 care of1 #ih2   breast   
binder1 #ig2   cold-mitten friction     
during1 #ie2   cystitis1 how avoided1   
#ajj2   diet1 rules for the1 #ih2       
getting up from bed1 when to be         
permitted1 #ii2   hemorrhage1 treatment 
of1 #ajj2   infection1 advice for       
treatment of1 #ajj2   lochia1 the1 #ig2 
nipples1 care of1 #ih2   nurse1 duties  

of1 during1 #ic2   pneumonia1 how       
avoided1 #ajj2   rest and exercise      
during1 #id2   temperature of mother1   
#if2   toilet of the vulva1 #if         
,malaria1 #cdf  ,maternal instinct1 the1
 #a  ,maternal impressions1 explained   
and discussed1 #af  ,measles1 #bic-id   
,medical supervision in early days of   
pregnancy1 #b  ,medicine chest1 the1    
#bgj  ,meningitis1 #cbi  ,menstruation1 
cessation of1 a sign of pregnancy1 #d2  
cessation of1 due to other causes than  
pregnancy1 #d2   passage of ovum at time
 of1 #i4   ,see also ,pregnancy  ,milk1 
acidity1 how counteracted1 #aeh2        
analysis of cow's1 #aef2   analysis of  
mother's1 #aef2   annatto1 test for1    
#aei2   boiling1 when necessary1 #afa2  
bottled milk1 care of1 #afc2   bottles1 
care of1 #aff2   buttermilk1 when used1 
#agd2   certified milk1 #afa2           
condensed milk1 how used1 #age2   cow's 
milk1 modification of1 #aeg2   cream    
gauge1 #aeh2   cream1 gravity of1 #agb2 
dairy1 essentials of a good1 #aei2      

flour ball1 the1 #age2   food1 special1 
#age2   formulas for feeding1 #aga1     
#agc2   goat's milk1 use of1 #aeg2      
herd milk desirable1 #aei2   lactometer1
 #aeh2   lime water1 use of1 #agc2      
modification of cow's milk1 #afe2       
nipples1 care of1 #aff2   pasteurization
 of1 #afb2   peptonized1 #agd2          
preparation of1 #afh-gj2   schedule for 
feeding1 #aga2   seven per cent milk1   
#agc2   spores1 how guarded against1    
#afc2   sterilization of1 #afb2   sugar1
 use of1 with1 #aeg2   top-milk formula1
 #agb2   whey1 how used1 #agf4   ,see   
also ,feeding the baby  ,milk crust1    
#aih  ,miscarriage1   care needed at    
seventh month of pregnancy1 #ci2        
causes of1 #ci2   defined1 #cij4   ,see 
also ,abortion2 ,pregnancy              
,monstrosities1 causes of1 #ag  ,moral  
training of child1 #dae-bd  ,morning    
sickness1   a sign of pregnancy1 #d2    
remedies for1 #ce ff42   vomiting       
7pernicious71 #dd4   ,see also          
,pregnancy  ,mothercraft1 #a2   science 

of1 #b1 #cgj-ge  ,motherhood1           
characterized1 #a2   preparation for1 #b
  ,mouth of baby1 care of1 #aii  ,mouth 
wash for use during pregnancy1 #cj      
,mulberry ,mass1 the1 #aa  ,mumps1 #bia 
,nails1 ingrowing1 #cdb  ,nature1       
lessons from1 in teaching children1     
#dje-ab  ,navel1 bleeding from the1 #bhd
  ,nervousness1   hereditary 7in child71
 #cjh-aj2   how overcome1 #caj-ad1      
#cbc-cb  ,nervous system1 absence of    
connection between1 of mother and child1
 #ah  ,nitrous oxid1 effects of1 #hg-ij 
,nosebleed1 #ceb  ,nurse1 choice of1    
#ef-eg  ,nursery1   bath equipment1     
#aba2   bed1 arrangement of1 #ajh1 #aae1
 #aai2   cleanliness1 necessity for1    
#abb2   equipment of1 #aad2   heating   
and ventilation1 #aah2   lighting1 #abj2
   refrigerator1 #bfh2   sleeping       
blanket1 #aah2   ventilation of1 #abj   
,nursing the baby1   caked breasts1     
#acf-cg2   diet of mother1 #ace2   foods
 to be avoided by mother1 #acf2         
hygiene of nursing mother1 #acd2        

importance of1 #acc2   irritability of  
mother1 effect of1 #adb2   mastitis     
7caked breast71 treatment for1 #ajj2    
milk supply1 how increased1 #adc2       
mixed feeding1 #ahf2   mother's milk1   
constituents of1 #aci2   overheating of 
mother to be guarded against1 #adb2     
position of mother when1 #ada2          
regularity in feeding1 #ada2   sore     
nipples1 how treated1 #ach2   stools1   
regulation of1 #adb2   successful or    
unsuccessful1 how determined1 #adb-dc2  
time of first feeding1 #aci2   to be    
avoided1 when1 #add2   water1           
administering1 #adj2   wet nurse1 the1  
#ade4   ,see also ,bottle feeding2 ,diet
   ,ovary1 the1 #h  ,ovum1 development  
of1 into foetus1 #aa1 #ab   ,paralysis1 
infantile1 #ccj  ,parents1 relation of  
to children1 #dac-bd  ,pernicious       
vomiting4 ,see ,morning sickness        
,physician1 selection of1 for treatment 
during pregnancy1 #ba-bb  ,pigeon toe1  
#cdb  ,placenta1 role of1 #ah  ,play and
 recreation1 #cij-ia  ,playmates of     

children1 #caa  ,pneumonia1 #cjg        
,poisons and antidotes1 #cef-eh  ,pott's
 disease1 #cdc  ,pregnancy3   ,bathing1 
necessity of1 during1 #bi2              
blood-pressure in1 #di1 #ej1 #eb2       
breasts1 care of the1 #cc2   cheerful   
anticipation1 advantages of1 #d2        
clothing appropriate during1 #bb2       
constipation1 how avoided during1       
#ca-cc1 #dj2   convulsions1 treatment   
for1 #dh2   craving for special food1   
in1 #dj2   diet during1 #bd ff42        
dizziness during1 #dg2   duration of1   
#e1 #ab2   exercise1 necessity of1 #bg2 
fresh air1 necessity of1 #bi2   goitre  
in1 #db2   hemorrhoids1 treatment of1   
#da2   hygiene of1 #ba ff42   irritation
 of the bladder1 #cg2   kidney          
complications1 #c2   medical supervision
 in early days of1 #b2   mental state   
during1 how regulated1 #cc2             
miscarriage1 danger of1 at seventh      
month1 #ci2   morning sickness1 remedies
 for1 #ce2   progress of1 #aa1 #ab2     
quickening1 #e2   resentfulness of      

mother1 consequences of1 #c2   rest1    
necessity of1 #bh2   signs of1 #d2      
swellings in1 #db1 #dg2   teeth1 care   
of1 during1 #cj2   urine1 diminution of1
 #dg2   urine1 testing of1 #cj2         
vision1 blurring of1 the1 #dg2   water1 
necessity of1 in1 #bf4   ,see also      
,abortion2 ,miscarriage  ,puerperium4   
,see ,lying-in period   ,quickening1 #e4
 ,see also ,pregnancy   ,rheumatism1    
#cdd  ,rickets1 #cde  ,ringworm1 #ccg   
,rupture1 #bhc   ,saint ,vitus' ,dance1 
#ccj  ,saliva1 flow of1 not indicative  
of teeth-cutting1 when1 #bcc  ,scalds1  
#ceh  ,scarlet fever1 #bib-ic  ,scurvy1 
#cdd  ,senses of new born baby1 #bcb1   
#bcc  ,shortening clothes of baby4 ,see 
,clothing the baby  ,sickness of the    
child3   ,abdomen in sickness1 #bed2    
breathing1 #bef2   chest in sickness1   
#bed2   convalescence1 #bgb-gc2   cough1
 the1 #bee2   cry of infant in sickness1
 #bee2   disinfectants for sick room1   
#bfi2   examination of sick child1 #bfj2
   facial expression1 #bed2   feeding   

directions1 #bei2   fever1 #bfd2        
gestures indicating sickness1 #bec2     
head indicates sickness1 #bed2          
medicine chest1 the1 #bgj2   medicines1 
#bfc2   mouth1 the1 #beg2   nurse1 the1 
#bea2   nursing records1 #bfb2   patent 
medicines1 #bga2   position of1 in      
sickness1 #beb2   pulse1 the1 #beg2     
sick room1 location of1 etc41 #bff2     
skin color1 #bec2   stools1 the1 #beh2  
swallowing1 #beh2   temperature and     
pulse1 #bfc2   temperature1 the1 #beg2  
treatment of sick child1 #bfa2   urine1 
the1 #beh4 ,see also under   several    
diseases  ,skin troubles1 #ccc  ,sleep3 
,air1 supply of fresh1 #bac-ag1 #bai2   
bed-clothes1 #bai2   bedtime for baby1  
#bah2   daily naps1 #bba2   food1 effect
 of1 on1 #bbj2   position of baby in1   
#bah2   putting baby to1 #abg1 #bag2    
requirements of1 by baby1 #bag2         
soothing syrups1 #bbj2   waking up in   
night1 #bai  ,smallpox1 #bie  ,soothing 
syrups1 #bbj  ,sore throat1 #cjb        
,spasms1 #cbf  ,speech of baby1 #bdc    

,sperm1 blending of1 with ovum1 #aa     
,spinal curvature1 #cdb-dd  ,spoiling   
the child1 #caj  ,sprains1 #cee  ,stools
 of baby1 #ahd1 #ahe  ,stream of life1  
the1 #h  ,sucking habits in baby1 to be 
guarded against1 #bbd1 #cgh             
,suggestion1 effect of1 #ai1 #chj-hi    
,summer complaint1 #bgh4   ,see also    
,diarrhoea2 ,dysentery  ,sunrise        
slumber4 ,see ,labor  ,suppressors1     
function of1 #i1 #ae  ,swallowing of    
bones1 buttons1 etc41 #cej  ,syphilis1  
#cdf1 #cdg   ,teeth1 care of1 during    
pregnancy1 #cj  ,teething1 #bcd-cg2     
suggestions for treatment during1 #bcg  
,thrush1 #bgi  ,tonsils1 diseased1 #cjc2
   tonsilitis1 #cjb  ,toys1 selection   
of1 #bcj  ,tuberculosis1 #cdf  ,twilight
 sleep4 ,see ,labor  ,twitchings1 #cbg4 
,see also ,nervousness1 hereditary      
,typhoid fever1 #bhh-ia   ,umbilical    
cord1 function of1 #ah  ,uremic         
poisoning4 ,see ,urine  ,urine3         
,albumin and casts in1 #dg1 #ej2        
bed-wetting1 #cbh2   diminution of1     

during pregnancy1 #dg2   disturbance in1
 a sign of pregnancy1 #d1 #e2           
eclampsia1 #c2   examination of1 #c2    
irritation of the bladder1 #cg2         
retention of1 by child1 #cbh2   testing 
of1 during pregnancy1 #cj1 #db1 #de1    
#di1 #ee2   toxemia1 indications of1    
#dh2   uremic poisoning1 #c2   urinating
 after labor1 #ig2   urination of baby1 
#bbc2   urine an index of disease or    
sickness1 #beh4   ,see also ,pregnancy2 
,sickness of child  ,uterus1 entrance of
 fertilized ovum into1 #i1 #aj          
,vaccination1 #bie  ,varicose veins1 #da
  ,vice1 secret1 causes of1 #dba        
,vomiting1 #bgd4   ,see also ,digestion1
 disorders of2 ,feeding the baby        
,vulva1 toilet of the1 #if              
,vulvovaginitis1 #ccd   ,walking of     
baby1 #bdd  ,warts1 #cch  ,water3       
,administered to baby1 when1 #bbb2      
necessity of1 during pregnancy1 #bf1    
#de1 #dh1 #ej2   part played by in      
nutrition of body1 #cfe  ,water on      
brain1 #cca  ,weaning3   ,breast-fed    

babies1 #bda2   bottle-fed babies1 #bda 
,weight of baby1 #ahc1 #bch-ci          
,whooping cough1 #big  ,worms1 #bgf