99       99       99       99       99  
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,transcrib]'s  
,note3                                  
,inconsi/5t hyph5ation1 & spell+ 9 !    
orig9al          docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 
,obvi\s typographical errors h be5      
correct$ 9 ?is        text4 ,= a        
complete li/1 please see ! end ( ?is    
docum5t4                                
----------------------------------------
-------------------         99       99 
99       99       99                    
,,! ,,psy*ology ,,(                     
,,nations                      ,a       
,,contribution ,,to ,,!                 
,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory               
,,by                          ,g4,e4    
,,p>tridge                              
,,new ,,york                     ,,!    
,,macmillan ,,company                   
#aiai                                   
,,copyright1 #aiai                      
,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company          
,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$1        

,novemb]1 #aiai         99       99     
99       99       99     ,,preface      
,?is book conta9s two closely relat$    
/udies ( ! consci\sness ( nations4 ,x   
has be5 writt5 dur+ ! clos+ mon?s ( ! w>
 & 9 ! days t h foll[$1 & is complet$   
:ile ! ,peace ,conf]5ce is /ill 9       
session1 hold+ 9 ! balance1 z _m        
believe1 ! fate ( _m hopes1 & p]haps !  
:ole future ( ! _w4 ,we see focuss$ !re 
9 ,p>is all ! motives t h ev] ent]$ into
 human hi/ory & all ! ideals t h        
influ5c$ human affairs4 ,! "q mu/ h     
aris5 9 all m9ds 91 "s =m z to :at !    
place ( ^! motives & ideals & dramatic  
mom5ts is 9 ! progress ( ! _w4 ,is ! _w 
gov]n$ aft] all by ! laws ( nature 9 all
 its progress8 ,d ideals & motives gov]n
 ! _w1 b only z ^! ideals & motives are 
!mselves produc$ accord+ to biological  
or psy*ological pr9ciples8 ,or1 aga91   
does progress dep5d ^u hi/orical mom5ts1
 ^u consci\s purposes :i* may div]t !   
c\rse ( nature & 9 a real s5se create ! 
future8 ,x is ) ! :ole problem ( hi/ory 

t we are confront$ 9 ^! practical h\rs4 
,at he>t our problem is t ( ! place (   
man 9 nature z a consci\s factor (      
progress4 ,?is is a problem1 f9ally1 ( !
 philosophy ( hi/ory1 b x is r 9 a m    
concrete way & ^u a diff]5t level t x is
 to be consid]$ "h1--& some:at          
incid5tally to o!r m specific que/ions4 
,b ?is is ! problem t is always be=e u1 
& ! "o to :i* ?is /udy aims to make "s  
contribution1 h[ev] small4  ,! fir/ "p (
 ! book is a /udy ( ! motives ( w>4 ,x  
is an analysis ( ! motives ( w> 9 !     
light ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! developm5t
 ( society4 ,we wi% to see :at ! causes 
( pa/ w>s h be51 b we wi% also to "k :at
 ^! motives are z !y may exi/ z =ces 9 !
 pres5t /ate ( society4 ,9 su* a /udy1  
practical que/ions c nev] be f> away4   
,we c no long] /udy w> z an ab/ract     
psy*ological problem1 s9ce w> has br\ght
 u to a horrify+ & humiliat+ situation4 
,we h discov]$ t our mod]n _w1 ) all its
 boa/$ morality & civilization1 is      
actuat$1 at lea/ 9 its relations among  

nations1 by v unsocial motives4 ,we live
 9 a _w 9 :i* nations ?us f> h be5 = !  
mo/ "p dom9at$ by a !ory ( ,/ates z     
absolutely sov]eign & indep5d5t ( "o    
ano!r4 ,n[ x becomes evid5t t a logical 
consequ5ce ( t !ory ( ,/ates is absolute
 w>4 ,a prospect ( a future ( absolute  
w> 9 a _w 9 :i* indu/rial advances h    
plac$ 9 ! h&s ( m5 su* t]rible =ces (   
de/ruction1 an absolute w>f>e t c n[ be 
c>ri$ into ! air & "u ! sea is :at makes
 any inve/igation ( ! motives ( w> n[ a 
v practical problem4  ,if ! urg5cy ( our
 situation drives u to su* /udies &     
makes u ha/5 to apply ev5 an immature   
sociology & psy*ology1 x ought n to     
prejudice our m9ds & make u1 = example1 
fall into ! error ( want+ peace at any  
price--an ideal :i*1 z a practical      
national philosophy1 might be ev5 worse 
?an a _s ( milit>ism4 ,:at we ne$ to "k1
 f9ally1 9 ord] to avoid ^! errors :i*  
at lea/ we may imag9e1 is :at1 9 ! mo/  
fundam5tal way1 progress may be conceiv$
 to be4 ,if we c\ld discov] t1 & set our

 m9ds to ! task ( mak+ ! social life    
progressive1 we might be will+ to let   
w>s take c>e ( !mselves1 s to speak1 )\t
 any radical philosophy ( good & evil4  
,we ought at lea/ to exam9e w> fairly1 &
 to see :at1 9 ! wag+ ( w>1 man has     
really desir$4 ,a /udy ( w> ought to    
help u to decide :e!r we mu/ accept our 
future1 ) its possibility ( w>s1 z a k9d
 ( fate1 or :e!r we mu/ n[ beg91 ) a new
 idea ( consci\s evolution1 to apply our
 sci5ce & our philosophy & our practical
 wisdom s]i\sly = ! fir/ "t to ! "w (   
creat+ hi/ory1 & no long] be cont5t     
m]ely to live x4  ,z to ! details ( !   
/udy ( w>--we fir/ ( all consid] ! orig9
 & ! biological aspects ( w>2 !n w> z   
relat$ to ! developm5t1 9 ! social life 
& 9 ! life ( ! individual1 ( ! motive ( 
p[]4 ,! in/9cts t are mo/ conc]n$ 9 !   
developm5t ( ?is motive ( p[] are !n    
consid]$1 & also ! relations ( w> to !  
/hetic impulses & to art4 ,nationalism1 
national honor & patriotism are /udi$ z 
causes ( w>4 ,! v>i\s causes t are      

br\ght =w>d z ! pr9ciples f\ght = are   
exam9$2 also ! philosophical influ5ces1 
! moral & religi\s motives & !          
in/itutional factors among ! motives (  
w>4 ,f9ally ! economic & political      
motives & ! hi/orical causes are        
consid]$4 ,! conclusion is rea*$ t !    
motive ( p[]1 z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 
behavior at ! high] levels1 is !        
pr9ciple ( w>1 b t 9 s g5]al a =m x goes
 b a little way t[>d be+ an explanation 
( w>4 ,we f9d ! real causes ( w> by     
trac+ out ! developm5t ( ?is motive (   
p[] z x appe>s 9 :at we call !          
intoxication impulse1 & 9 ! idea (      
national honor & 9 ! political motives (
 w>4 ,x is 9 ^! aspects ( national life 
t we f9d ! motives ( w> z !y may be     
consid]$ z a practical problem4 ,b we   
f9d no sep>ate causes1 & we d n f9d a   
*a9 ( causes t might be brok5 some:]e & 
?us w> be once = all elim9at$4 ,w>s are 
products ( ! :ole "* ( nations1 s to    
speak1 & x is national "* t mu/ be      
consid]$ 9 any practical /udy ( w>4 ,x  

is by ! developm5t ( ! "* ( nations 9 a 
natural process1 or by ! education (    
national "*1 t w> w be made to give way 
to p]petual peace1 if su* a /ate ev]    
comes1 r ?an by a political readju/m5t  
or by legal enactm5ts1 h[ev] necess>y z 
beg9n+s or make%ifts ^! legal &         
political *anges may be4  ,! second "p (
 ! book is a /udy ( our pres5t situation
 z an educational problem1 9 :i* we h = 
! fir/ "t a problem ( educat+ national  
consci\sness z a :ole1 or ! individuals 
( a nation ) ref]5ce to a               
_w-consci\sness4 ,! /udy has ref]5ce    
especially to ! conditions 9 our own    
c\ntry1 b x also has g5]al significance4
 ,! w> has br\ght _m *anges1 & 9 e phase
 ( life we see new problems4 ,^! may    
seem at ! mom5t to be sep>ate & deta*$  
conditions :i* mu/ be dealt )1 ea* by   
itself1 b ?is is n s2 !y are all aspects
 ( fundam5tal *anges & new conditions1 !
 ma9 feature ( :i* is ! new             
_w-consci\sness ( :i* we speak4 ,:atev] 
"o's occupation1 "o _c rema9 unaffect$  

by ^! *anges1 or escape entirely ! /ress
 t ! ne$ ( adju/m5t to new ideas & new  
conditions compels4 ,:at we may ?9k ab\t
 ! future--ab\t :at c be done & :at     
ought to be done1 is 9 "p1 & p]haps     
l>gely1 a matt] ( temp]am5t4 ,at lea/ we
 see m51 presumably hav+ access to !    
same facts1 draw+ f !m v diff]5t        
conclusions4 ,"s are key$ to high       
expectations2 !y look = revolutions1    
mutations1 a new era 9 politics &       
ev]y:]e 9 ! social life4 ,= !m1 aft] !  
w>1 ! _w is to be a new _w4 ,fate w make
 a new deal4 ,o!rs appe> to believe t   
aft] ! flurry is ov] we %all settle d[n 
to some?+ v mu* l ! old ord]4 ,^! are   
cons]vative p1 :o nei!r desire nor      
expect great *anges4 ,o!rs take a m     
mod]ate c\rse4 ,:ile improvem5t is _!   
great ^w1 !y are incl9$ to believe t !  
new ord] w gr[ /ep by /ep out ( ! old1 &
 t good w come out ( ! evil only 9 s f> 
z we /rive to make x4 ,we %all advance  
along ! old l9es ( progress1 b fa/]1    
p]haps1 & ) life attun$ to a high] note4

  ,! writ] ( ?is book mu/ confess t he  
belongs 9 a g5]al way to ! ?ird species 
( ^! prophets4 ,!re is a natural ord] ( 
progress1 b ! good mu/1 we may suppose1 
also be work$ = /ep by /ep4 ,! w> w h   
plac$ 9 our h&s no gold5 gift ( a new   
society2 bo? ! ways & ! direction (     
progress mu/ be s\ght & det]m9$ by      
ideals4 ,! po9t ( view 9 reg>d to       
progress1 at lea/ z a work+ hypo!sis1   
becomes an educational "o1 9 a broad    
s5se4 ,our future we mu/ make4 ,we %all 
n make x by politics4 ,! in/itutions )  
:i* politics deals are dang]\s c>ds to  
play4 ,!re is too mu* conv5tion cl++ to 
!m1 & !y are too closely relat$ to all !
 supports ( ! social ord]4 ,! indu/rial 
sy/em1 ! laws1 ! in/itutions ( prop]ty &
 rights1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 we *ange at   
our own risk4 ,naturally _m radical m9ds
 look to ! abrupt alt]ation ( ^!        
fundam5tal in/itutions = ! cure ( exi/+ 
evils1 & o!rs look !re furtively = !    
signs ( com+ revolution1 & ! de/ruction 
( all we h ga9$ ?us f> by civilization4 

,b at a diff]5t level1 :]e life is m    
pla/ic--9 ! lives ( ! "y1 & 9 ! va/     
un%ap$ =ms ( ! common life ev]y:]e1 all 
?is is diff]5t4 ,we d n expect abrupt   
*anges "h nor quick & visible results4  
,exp]im5tation is /ill possible &       
comp>atively safe4 ,!re is no "o        
in/itution ( ?is common & un=m$ life1 n 
ev5 ! s*ool itself1 t supports ! exi/+  
/ructures1 s t if we move x 9 ! wrong   
way1 ev]y?+ else w fall4 ,:5 we see we  
are wrong1 !re is /ill "t to correct our
 mi/akes4  ,our task1 !n1 is to see :at 
! =ces are t h br\ght u to :]e we /& n[1
 & to :at influ5ces !y are to be        
subject$1 if !y are to c>ry u onw>d &   
upw>d 9 our c\rse4 ,precisely :at !     
*anges 9 gov]nm5t or any:]e 9 ! social  
ord] %\ld be is n ! *ief int]e/1 f ?is  
po9t ( view4 ,! details ( ! con/itution 
( an int]national league1 ! practical   
adju/m5ts to be made 9 ! fields ( labor1
 & 9 ! comm]ce ( nations1 belong to a   
diff]5t ord] ( problems4 ,we wi% r to   
see :at ! ma9 curr5ts ( life1 especially

 9 our own national life1 are1 & :at 9 !
 mo/ g5]al way we are to ?9k & d1 if !  
pres5t g5]ation is to make ! mo/ ( its  
opportunities z a factor 9 ! "w (       
consci\s evolution4  ,! bibliography %[s
 ! ma9 s\rces ( ! facts & ! !ories t h  
be5 drawn ^u 9 writ+ ! book4 ,"s ( !    
*apt]s h be5 read 9 a little diff]5t =m 
z lectures be=e ,presid5t ,g4 ,/anley   
,hall's sem9> at ,cl>k ,univ]sity4 ,m or
 less ( repetition1 made necess>y 9 ord]
 to make ^! pap]s1 :i* 7 read at        
consid]able int]vals1 indep5d5t ( "o    
ano!r1 has be5 all[$ to rema94 ,p]haps 9
 ! pr9t$ =m ?is reit]ation w help to    
emphasize ! g5]al psy*ological basis ( !
 /udy4     ,,cont5ts        ,preface    
v   ,,"p ,i  ,,national ,,consci\sness  
,,& ,,! ,,motives ,,( ,,w>  ,,*apt]     
,i ,,orig9s ,,& ,,biological            
,,consid]ations                      #c 
,,ii ,,unconsci\s ,,motives1 ,,!        
,,rev]sion ,,!ories ,,( ,,w>1      ,,&  
,,! ,,intoxication ,,motive             
#ag   ,,iii ,,in/9cts ,,9 ,,w>3 ,,fe>1  

,,hate1 ,,! ,,aggressive ,,impulse1     
,,motives ,,( ,,combat ,,& ,,de/ruction1
 ,,! ,,social ,,in/9ct   #ch    ,,iv    
,,ae/hetic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,moods ,,&
 ,,impulses ,,( ,,w>       #gj     ,v   
,,patriotism1 ,,nationalism ,,&         
,,national ,,honor                #gh   
,,vi ,,causes ,,z ,,pr9ciples ,,&       
,,issues ,,9 ,,w>                  #ig  
,,vii ,,philosophical ,,influ5ces       
#aaj  ,,viii ,,religi\s ,,& ,,moral     
,,influ5ces                             
#aag    ,,ix ,,economic ,,factors ,,&   
,,motives                               
#abh     ,x ,,political ,,& ,,hi/orical 
,,factors                         #adb  
,,xi ,,! ,,syn!sis ,,( ,,causes         
#aec   ,,"p ,,ii  ,,! ,,educational     
,,factor ,,9 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,(       
,,nations     ,i ,,educational          
,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,day                
#afa    ,,ii ,,int]nationalism ,,& ,,!  
,,s*ool                          #afh   
,,iii ,,int]nationalism ,,& ,,! ,,s*ool 
,cont9u$              #ahd    ,,iv      

,,peace ,,& ,,milit>ism                 
#aig     ,v ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,patriotism
                               #baa     
,,vi ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,patriotism       
,cont9u$                   #bbf   ,,vii 
,,political ,,education ,,9 ,a          
,,democracy                       #bdb  
,,viii ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,education        
#bfi    ,,ix ,,new ,,social ,,problems  
#bij     ,x ,,religion ,,& ,,education  
,,aft] ,,! ,,w>                     #cje
    ,,xi ,,humanism                     
#cji   ,,xii ,,ae/hetic ,,exp]i5ce ,,9  
,,education                        #cae 
,,xiii ,,moods ,,& ,,education3 ,a      
,,review                            #cai
       ,,bibliography                   
#cbg       ,,index                      
#cca     ,,"p ,i  ,,national            
,,consci\sness ,,& ,,! ,,motives ,,(    
,,w>     ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,nations  
,a ,,contribution ,,to ,,! ,,philosophy 
,,( ,,hi/ory   ,,*apt] ,i  ,,orig9s ,,& 
,,biological ,,consid]ations   ,!       
simple/ possible int]pretation ( !      

causes ( w> t might be (f]$ is t w> is a
 natural relation betwe5 orig9al h]ds or
 gr\ps ( m51 inspir$ by ! pr$atory      
in/9ct or by "s o!r in/9ct ( ! h]d4 ,to 
expla9 w>1 !n1 "o ne$ only ref] to ?is  
in/9ct z f9al1 or at mo/ acc\nt = !     
orig9 & g5esis ( ! in/9ct 9 "q 9 !      
animal _w4 ,"s writ]s express ?is v     
view1 call+ w> an expression ( an in/9ct
 or ( sev]al in/9cts2 o!rs f9d diff]5t  
or m complex beg9n+s ( w>4  ,nusbaum    
7#hf7 says t bo? (f5se & def5se are bas$
 ^u an expansion impulse4 ,nicolai 7#gi7
 sees ! beg9n+ ( w> 9 individual        
pr$atory acts1 involv+ viol5ce & ! ne$ (
 def5se4 ,aga9 we f9d ! migratory       
in/9ct1 ! in/9ct t has l$ gr\ps ( m5 to 
move & ?us to int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 reg>d$
 z ! cause ( w>1 or z an important      
factor 9 ! causes4 ,sometimes a purely  
physiological or gr[? impulse is invok$1
 or vaguely ! inability ( primitive     
gr\ps to adapt !mselves to conditions1  
or to ga9 access to ! necessities (     
life4 ,le ,bon 7#db7 speaks ( ! hung] & 

! desire t l$ ,g]manic =ces z anci5t    
hordes to turn !mselves loose ^u ! _w4  
,leav+ aside = ! mom5t ! "q ( ! nature (
 ! impulses or in/9cts :i* actuat$ !    
conduct ( m5 orig9ally & br\ght !m into 
opposition1 z gr\ps1 to "o ano!r1 we d  
f9d at lea/ "s sugge/ion ( a work+      
hypo!sis 9 ^! simple explanations ( w>4 
,grant$ ! exi/5ce ( gr\ps =m$ by !      
accid5t ( bir? & bas$ ^u ! mo/ primitive
 protective & economic associations1 &  
assum+ ! pres5ce ( ! emotions ( ang] &  
fe> or any in/9ct :i* is express$ z an  
impulse or habit ( ! gr\p1 we might say 
t ! conditions & factors = ! beg9n+ (   
w>f>e are all pres5t4 ,:5 gr\ps h       
desires t c be/ & mo/ simply be satisfi$
 by ! ex]tion ( =ce ^u o!r gr\ps1 some?+
 equival5t to w> has begun4  ,if we take
 ! gr\p 7z h]d or pack7 & ! in/9ct z !  
orig9al factors or data ( society1      
h[ev]1 we probably simplify ! situation 
too mu*4 ,! "q arises :e!r ! motives are
 n m complex1 ev5 f ! beg9n+1 & :e!r bo?
 ! t5d5cies or impulses by :i* ! gr\p 0 

=m$ or held toge!r & ! motives beh9d    
aggressive conduct aga9/ o!r gr\ps h n  
be5 produc$ or develop$ 9 ! c\rse (     
social relations1 r ?an h be5 br\ght up 
f animal life1 or at any po9t introduc$ 
z in/9cts4 ,we notice at lea/ t animals 
liv+ 9 gr\ps d n 9 g5]al become         
aggressive )9 ! species4 ,possibly x 0  
by "s peculi>ity ( man's social exi/5ce1
 or 8 sup]ior end[m5t ( intellig5ce or  
"s unusual quality ( 8 in/9cts1 p]haps v
 f> back 9 animal life1 t has 9 ! end   
made him a w>like creature4 ,man does   
seem to be a creature ( feel+s r ?an (  
in/9cts z f> back z we f9d mu* acc\nt ( 
him1 & to be *>act]iz$ r by ! weakness &
 v>iability ( 8 in/9cts ?an by _!       
def9it5ess4 ,x is q likely1 too1 t man  
nev] 0 at any /age a h]d animal2 9 fact 
x seems c]ta9 t he 0 n1 & t 8 in/9cts 7 
=m$ long be=e he began to live 9 l>ge   
gr\ps at all4 ,s he nev] acquir$ !      
me*anisms ei!r = aggression or def5se t 
"s creatures h4 ,app>5tly he inh]it$    
nei!r ! physical p[]s nor ! w>like _s   

nor ! aggressive & pr$atory in/9cts t   
w\ld h be5 necess>y to make ( him a     
natural fight+ animal2 b r1 p]haps1 he  
has acquir$ 8 w>like habits1 s to speak1
 s9ce arriv+ at man's e/ate4 ,end[$ )   
c]ta9 t5d5cies :i* express !mselves )   
consid]able v>iability 9 ! processes by 
:i* ! functions ( sex & nutrition are   
c>ri$ out1 man nev] acquir$ ! def9it5ess
 ( "* & conduct t "s animals h4 ,he     
le>n$ m f animals1 x may be1 ?an he     
inh]it$ f !m1 & x is q likely t f> back 
9 8 animal ance/ry he _h great]         
flexibility or adaptability ?an o!r     
animals4 ,! aggressive in/9ct1 ! h]d    
in/9ct1 ! pr$atory in/9ct1 ! social     
in/9ct1 ! migratory in/9ct1 may nev] h  
be5 c>ri$ v f> 9 ! /ock f :i* man came4 
,all ?is1 h[ev]1 at ?is po9t is only a  
sugge/ion ( two some:at div]g5t po9ts ( 
view 9 reg>d+ ! primitive activities (  
man f :i* 8 long hi/ory ( w>-mak+ has   
tak5 rise4  ,! view is widely held &    
cont9ually ref]r$ to by _m writ]s on w> 
& politics1 t ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all    

causes ( w>1 or ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciple (  
x1 is ! pr9ciple ( selection--t w> is a 
natural /ruggle betwe5 gr\ps1 especially
 betwe5 races1 ! fitte/ 9 ?is /ruggle   
t5d+ to survive4 ,?is view ne$s to be   
exam9$ %>ply1 z inde$ x has be5 by      
sev]al writ]s1 9 connection ) ! pres5t  
w>4 ,?is biological !ory or apology ( w>
 appe>s 9 sev]al =ms1 z appli$ to-day4  
,!y say t racial /ocks cont5d ) "o ano!r
 = exi/5ce1 & ) ?is goes ! belief t     
nations fight = life1 & t defeat 9 w>   
t5ds t[>ds ! ext]m9ation ( nations4 ,!  
,g]mans1 we (t5 he>1 7 fight+ = national
 exi/5ce1 & ! issue 0 to be a judgm5t ^u
 ! fitness ( _! race to survive4 ,?is   
view is v (t5 express$4 ,o',ryan &      
,&]son 7#e71 milit>y writ]s1 = example1 
say t ! same aggressive motives prevail 
z always 9 w>f>e3 nations /ruggle =     
survival1 & ?is /ruggle = survival mu/  
n[ & aga9 break out into w>4 ,p[]s 7#ge7
 says t nations seldom fight = any?+    
less ?an exi/5ce4 ,aga9 7#ae7 we read t 
conflicts h _! roots 9 hi/ory1 9 ! lives

 ( peoples1 & ! s\nd]1 & bett]1 em]ge z 
victors4 ,!re is a selective process on 
! "p ( nature t applies to nations2 !y  
say t especially increase ( population  
=ces ^u gr\ps an endless conflict1 s t  
absolute ho/ility is a law ( nature 9 ! 
_w4  ,^! views conta9 at lea/ two v     
d\btful assumptions4 ,"o is t nations d 
actually fight = exi/5ce1--t w>f>e is   
?us selective to ! po9t ( elim9at+      
races4 ,! o!r is t 9 w>like conflicts ! 
victors are ! sup]ior peoples1 ! bett]  
fitt$ = survival4 ,confusion arises & ! 
discussion is complicat$ by ! fact t    
conflicts ( m5 z gr\ps ( individuals )9 
! same species are some:at anomal\s     
among biological =ms ( /ruggle4         
,commonly1 /ruggle takes place among    
individuals1 organisms hav+ def9ite     
*>act]i/ics & b slightly v>iable ea* f  
its own k9d cont5d+ ) "o ano!r1 by      
direct competition or ?r\gh adaptation1 
9 ! fir/ case individuals /riv+ to obta9
 actually ! same objects4 ,or1 aga91    
species hav+ ! same relations to "o     

ano!r t individuals h1 cont5d 9 a simil>
 mann]4  ,primitive gr\ps ( m51 h[ev]1  
are n s def9ite2 !y are n biological    
entities 9 any su* s5se z individuals & 
species are4 ,!y are n def9itely br\ght 
into conflict ) "o ano!r1 9 g5]al1 z    
cont5d+ = ! same objects1 & x is        
difficult to see h[1 9 ! beg9n+1 at     
lea/1 economic pressure has be5 a factor
 at all 9 _! relations4 ,:atev] may h   
be5 ! motive t = ! mo/ "p 0 at "w 9     
primitive w>f>e1 x is n at all evid5t t 
sup]ior gr\ps _h any survival value4 ,! 
gr\ps t cont5d$ ) "o ano!r presumably   
diff]$ mo/ conspicu\sly 9 ! size ( !    
gr\p1 & ?is 0 det]m9$ l>gely by *ance   
conditions4 ,o!r diff]5ces mu/ h be5 q  
subord9ate to ?is1 & h _h little        
selective value4 ,! conclusion is t !   
/ruggle ( ^! gr\ps ) "o ano!r is n      
ess5tially a biological ph5om5on4  ,!   
fact is t peace r ?an w>1 tak+ ! hi/ory 
( ! human race z a :ole1 is ! condition 
9 :i* selection ( ! fitte/ is mo/       
active1 = x is ! p[] ( adaptation to !  

conditions ( /able life1 :i* are fairly 
uni=m = diff]5t gr\ps ov] wide areas1 t 
te/s vitality & survival values1 s f> z 
^! values are biological4 ,x may be     
claim$ t w> is v (t51 if n g5]ally1 a   
means ( int]rupt+ favorable selective   
processes1 ! unfit t5d+ to prevail      
tempor>ily by =ce ( numb]s1 or ev5      
because ( qualities t antagonize        
biological progress4 ,view+ w> 9 its    
lat] aspects1 we c see t x is (t5 :5    
nations are fail+ 9 natural competition 
t !y resort to ! exp$i5t ( w> to        
comp5sate = ?is loss1 al?\gh !y d n     
usually succe$ !reby 9 improv+ _!       
economic condition z !y hope1 or        
increase _! *ance ( survival1 or ev5    
demon/rate _! survival value4 ,x is     
notori\s t nations t conqu] t5d to sp5d 
_! vitality 9 conque/ & introduce v>i\s 
factors ( det]ioration into _! lives4 ,!
 inf]5ce is t a mu* m complex relation  
exi/s among gr\ps ?an ! biological      
hypo!sis all[s4 ,survival value inde$1 z
 appli$ to m5 9 gr\ps1 is n a v cle>    

concept4 ,!re may be sev]al diff]5t     
crit]ia ( survival value1 n comp>able 9 
any quantitative way among !mselves4    
,s*el] 7#gg7 says t we _c acc\nt = w> z 
a purely biological ph5om5on4 ,its roots
 lie deep 9 organic life1 b !re is no   
direct developm5t or exclusive          
developm5t f animal behavior to human4  
,w> is peculi>ly human4 ,t1 9 a way1 may
 be accept$ z ! tru?4 ,w>f>e z we "k x  
among human gr\ps1 z conflict )9 !      
species is due 9 "s way to1 or is made  
possible by1 ! second>y diff]5tiations  
)9 species :i* give to gr\ps1 s to      
speak1 a pseudo-specific "*4 ,& ^!      
diff]5ces dep5d l>gely ^u ! conditions t
 ent] into ! =mation ( gr\ps1--^u       
desires1 impulses & ne$s aris+ 9 !      
social life r ?an 9 in/9ct z su*4 ,^!   
*>act]i/ic diff]5ces are n v>iations    
hav+ selective value1 b are traits t    
m]ely diff]5tiate ! gr\ps z hi/orical   
entities4 ,^! second>y v>iations h n    
result$ 9 ! elim9ation ( ^? hav+ inf]ior
 qualities1 b h %>$ ! =tunes ( ! gr\ps t

 possess$ !m1--! =tunes bo? ( w> & (    
peace4 ,w>1 f ?is po9t ( view1 belongs  
to hi/ory r ?an to biology4 ,x belongs  
to ! realm ( ! p>ticul> r ?an to ! g5]al
 9 human life4 ,w> has favor$ ! survival
 ( ?is or t gr\p 9 a p>ticul> place1 b  
has probably n be5 in/rum5tal 9 produc+ 
any p>ticul> type ( "* 9 ! _w1 ei!r     
physical or m5tal4  ,v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory (
 mank9d1 9 fact z f> back z we c trace  
hi/ory1 we f9d ^! psy*ic diff]5tiations1
 z factors 9 ! production ( w>4 ,!re are
 significant ext5sions & also           
re/rictions ( ! consci\sness ( k9d      
p]ta9+ to ! life ( man1 z di/+ui%$ f    
animals4 ,animals h n suffici5t         
intellig5ce to e/abli% su* p]fect gr\p  
id5tities z man does1 & !y lack !       
affective motives = c>ry+ on ho/ilities 
among gr\ps4 ,!y rema9 m cle>ly subject$
 to ! simple laws ( biological          
selection1 & are guid$ by in/9cts :i* d 
n impel !m to act aggressively z gr\ps  
t[>d _! own k9d4 ,man proce$s almo/ f ! 
beg9n+ to antagonize ^! laws1 s t x is v

 likely t ! be/1 9 ! biological s5se1   
has always _h "s disadvantage1 9 human  
life1 & may /ill h4 ,! real value t has 
?us be5 cons]v$ by ?is human mode ( life
 consi/s 9 pres]v+ a relatively l>ge    
numb] ( second>y types or individual    
gr\ps1 r ?an 9 insur+ ! pr$om9ance ( any
 "o biologically sup]ior type4 ,man's "w
 9 ! _w is to make hi/ory4 ,ev5 ?\gh w> 
7 a means ( mak+ a biologically sup]ior 
type ( man prevail we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 
9 say+ t x is ?us v9dicat$ z a me?od (  
selection4  ,_m writ]s :om we d n ne$ to
 review 9 great detail h contribut$ to !
 objections to ! biological pr9ciple z  
an explanation ( w>4 ,trott] 7#hb7      
exam9es ! doctr9e t w> is a biological  
necessity1 & says t !re is no p>allel 9 
biology = progress be+ accompli%$ z a   
result ( a racial impov]i%m5t s extreme 
z is caus$ by w>1 t among greg>i\s      
animals o!r ?an man direct conflict     
betwe5 major gr\ps su* z c lead to !    
suppression ( ! less p[]ful is an       
inconspicu\s ph5om5on1 & t !re is v     

little fight+ )9 species1 = species h   
usually be5 too busy fight+ _! ext]nal  
enemies4 ,mit*ell 7#aj7 says t w> is n  
an aspect ( ! natural /ruggle = exi/5ce1
 among individuals2 t !re is no?+ 9     
,d>w9ism t expla9s or ju/ifies w>s2 t ! 
argum5t f race is wor?less s9ce !re are 
no pure races4 ,m',cabe 7#gf7 ma9ta9s t 
w> is n a /ruggle betwe5 inf]ior &      
sup]ior national types4 ,dide 7#bj7 also
 discusses ! "q ( diff]5ces ( race z    
causes ( w>1 & ! use t has be5 made (   
?is dogma4 ,*apman 7#ci7 says t no race 
"q is involv$ 9 ! pres5t w> z has be5   
suppos$4 ,!re is no conflict ( economic 
=ces1 no nations compell$ to seek       
expansion4  ,precisely h[ w>f>e orig9at$
 7assum+ t x arose 9 "o way7 we %all    
probably nev] "k1 s9ce we _c n[         
recon/ruct ! actual hi/ory ( man4 ,we   
?9k ( m5 z liv+ at fir/ 9 gr\ps conta9+ 
a few individuals1 & presumably = a long
 "t ^! small & isolat$ gr\ps ( m5       
prevail$ z ! type ( human society4 ,we c
 already detect ! elem5ts ( conflict 9  

^! gr\ps1 b :e!r w>f>e 9 ! s5se ( deadly
 conflict orig9at$ !re we _c "k2 or :e!r
 x 0 only 9 ! exp]i5ce ( m5 z l>ge      
migrat+ hordes :i* _h be5 =m$ by !      
amalgamation ( small] gr\ps "u !        
influ5ce ( hung] or climatic *ange1 t   
w>f>e 9 any real s5se came into ! _w4   
,we d n "k to :at ext5t ! small gr\ps ( 
m5 we f9d 9 conditions ( savag]y n[     
repres5t primitive conditions4          
,=tunately1 h[ev]1 "s ( ^! problems (   
orig9 are ( b little practical          
importance & _! int]e/ is *iefly        
antiqu>ian or hi/orical4  ,! assumption 
t 9 ! behavior ( orig9al gr\ps ( m5 w>  
arose z a natural result ( ! life ( !   
gr\p seems to be an all[able hypo!sis4  
,:e!r w>like conduct came by "s         
modification ( ! habits br\ght up f     
animal life z in/9ctive reactions1 or   
:e!r man inv5t$ w>f>e f "s /rong motive 
peculi> to human life1 & produc$ x      
intellig5tly1 s to speak1 "u /ress (    
circum/ances may h to rema9 an op5 "q s 
f> z conclusive evid5ce is conc]n$4 ,:at

 we lack is a k ( ! type & =m ( !       
in/9cts ( man 9 8 fir/ /ages1 & ! degree
 & k9d ( intellig5ce he _h4 ,b !        
recon/ruct$ pre-human hi/ory ( man s f> 
z we c make x seems to %[1 z we h       
already sugge/$1 t e>ly man c\ld h _h no
 def9ite h]d in/9cts or pack in/9cts su*
 z "s ( ! animals h1 t 8 habits 7 pla/ic
 & guid$ by intellig5ce r ?an by        
impulse4 ,8 social life1 8 pr$ace\s     
habits1 ! habit ( kill+ l>ge game1 8    
w>f>e mu/ h be5 a gradual acquisition1 &
 f ! beg9n+ h be5 v diff]5t z reg>ds    
motive & developm5t f animal behavior   
:i* judg$ ext]nally may seem to be l x 9
 "* & to h ! same ends4  ,!re are       
already inh]5t 9 any gr\p ( human       
individuals t fits into su* k ( man pa/ 
& pres5t z we h1 all ! necess>y motives 
( w>f>e 9 "s =m4 ,!re are ! reactions ( 
ang] made to any ?reat or injury1 fe>1 !
 pr$ace\s impulse & habit1 orig9at+ 9   
hung]1 ! motives aris+ 9 sexual rivalry4
 ,^! motives are ! s\rce ( behavior t[>d
 bo? memb]s ( ! gr\p & outsid]s4 ,!re is

 no absolute di/9ction betwe5 ^!        
objects4 ,x is ( ! nature ( man to be   
bo? aggressive & social4 ,"o in/9ct or  
motive did n come f ! o!r1 s9ce !re are 
emotions & desires at e /age t t5d1 "s (
 !m to unite & "s to disrupt1 ! gr\p4 ,!
 s5se ( diff]5ce ( k9d & ! fe> ( !      
/range on ! "o h&1 & ! effect (         
prop9quity & practical necessity 9 !    
conduct 9 reg>d to ! famili> on ! o!r   
make ! reactions diff]5t 9 degree 9 !   
two sph]es b n diff]5t 9 k9d4 ,!re is no
 aggressive in/9ct or w> motive t is    
direct$ exclusively t[>d ! outsid]4     
,c]ta9 t5d5cies t[>d viol5ce & /rife1   
modifi$ & controll$ )9 ! gr\p1 become   
unre/ra9$ :5 direct$ t[>d ! /rang]4     
,among ^! motives are ^? ( sexual       
rivalry1 fe>1 ang]1 desire1 & ! play    
motive z an expression ( any in/9ctive  
habits ( aggression t may h be5         
phyletically e/abli%$4  ,s9ce e         
individual creature has 8 ne$s t c be   
satisfi$ only by prey+ 9 "s way ^u o!r  
animals ( 8 own species or o!rs1 !      

motives = /rife are orig9al 9 organic   
life4 ,e animal lives 9 a _w ( :i* he is
 suspici\s1 & rightly s4 ,he is         
suspici\s t[>d ! memb]s ( 8 own k9d &   
gr\p1 & t[>d all /rang]s he %[s         
wat*fulness & fe>4 ,!re are two motives1
 !re=e1 ( a highly practical nature t   
contribute to a g5]al /ate (            
unfri5dl9ess 9 animal life4 ,bo? !      
motives ( conflict )9 ! gr\p1 ! habit ( 
aggression & its complem5t1 fe>1 & !    
jeal\sy & display motive 7! display     
itself probably hav+ orig9at$ z a %[ (  
f]ocity on ! "p ( males7 mu/ h be5      
transf]r$ to relations betwe5 gr\ps z a 
natural result ( ! proximity ( gr\ps to 
"o ano!r1 al?\gh ?is process is n q s   
simple z ?is w\ld imply1 s9ce 9 "p !    
outside gr\ps are produc$ by ^! v same  
antagoni/ic motives 9 ! gr\p1 = example 
! driv+ out ( "y males because ( sexual 
jeal\sy4 ,! pres5ce ( o!r gr\ps mu/ h   
excit$ all ! motives ( w>f>e at a v e>ly
 /age1 & ?is contra/ _h ! effect (      
/imulat+ ! social feel+ ( ! gr\p &      

develop+ control ( impulses on ! "p (   
individuals )9 ! gr\p t[>d "o ano!r4 ,s 
! motives ( combat1 z %[n )9 ! gr\p &   
t[>d outsid]s1 develop$1 s to speak1 by 
a dialectic process4  ,fe> & ! pr$atory 
impulse1 ! sexual & display motive1 play
 or ! hunt+ activity z a pleasure = its 
own sake1 ) a desire p]haps to practice 
deception & to ex]cise intellig5ce1     
presumably introduc$ "s k9d & degree (  
def9ite w>f>e among primitive gr\ps ( m5
 at a v e>ly /age ( human life1 al?\gh (
 c\rse su* a conclusion c be only       
speculative4 ,increas+ intellig5ce1 !   
p[] ( discrim9at+ & ( react+ to second>y
 lik5esses & diff]5ces1 & especially !  
recognition ( ! nature ( dea?1 & !      
advantages ( kill+ r ?an m]ely ov]com+  
an enemy1 ! discov]y ( ! use ( weapons1 
introduc$ w>f>e into ! _w4 ,w>f>e is1   
!n1 n simply ! negation ( "s orig9al    
pr9ciple ( mutual aid1 nor yet an       
expression ( in/9ctive aggressiv5ess or 
cruelty1 b x is a product ( orig9al     
end[m5t1 ( conditions ( life1 & (       

intellig5ce all toge!r4 ,x is practical1
 b at no /age c x be said to be :olly   
practical4 ,*anges mu/ h tak5 place 9   
w>f>e z 9 o!r social reactions z m5     
pass$ ?r\gh a numb] ( /ages f primitive 
w&]+ or a relatively un/able life to a  
/able life1 b ! motives ( conflict _c h 
be5 add$ to 9 any ess5tial way4 ,?r\gh  
all ! c\rse ( hi/ory all ! motives t    
orig9ally made individuals ( a gr\p or !
 gr\ps z :oles antagoni/ic h rema9$1    
al?\gh ! m5tal processes h become       
g5]aliz$1 fus$ & trans=m$4 ,if          
,gumpl[icz is "r we c /ill detect 9 any 
great society to-day all ! primitive    
individual & gr\p animosities1 temp]$   
d[n & held 9 *eck by laws & cu/oms1 b   
/ill exi/5t & by no means ov]come & made
 innocu\s4  ,^! motives ( w>f>e might   
be/ be trac$ out 9 f\r m or less def9ite
 pr9ciples ( conduct1 or f\r purposes ( 
w> t appe> ?r\gh\t primitive life4 ,^!  
are3 #a7 ?iev]y1 includ+ wife capture2  
#b7 ! fe> motive2 #c7 cannibalism2 #d7 !
 display motive1 ) ! desire to          

intimidate & to display p[] 7m or less  
closely associat$ ) ! play motive1 !    
love ( hunt+1 gam+ & ! dramatic motive74
  ,cannibalism1 ( c\rse1 is a special   
expression ( ! pr$atory motive 9 g5]al1 
or x is ma9ly t4 ,cannibalism 0 c]ta9ly 
e/abli%$ e>ly 9 primitive life1 at lea/ 
e>ly en\gh to ant$ate all religion1 &   
al?\gh its orig9 & hi/ory are %r\d$ 9   
my/]y1 ! motive 0 q c]ta9ly practical4  
,evid5tly x 0 widespread if n univ]sal4 
,:e!r x 0 introduc$ z a result ( a      
failure ( animal food1 z "s ?9k1 or has 
a /ill m simple explanation z a "p ( !  
orig9al impulse :i* l$ m5 at a c]ta9    
/age ( _! developm5t to become hunt]s1  
_c be det]m9$4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ! ali5  
human be+ 0 to "s ext5t includ$ "u !    
same concepts z ! animal enemy & prey1 &
 presumably "s ( ! /ronge/ motives t l$ 
m5 to attack animals also includ$ man z 
an object1 s9ce ! ali5 gr\p 0 reg>d$ z 9
 "s degree diff]5t 9 k9d f ! 9-gr\p4 ,x 
may h be5 9 ! great migrations :5 all ! 
aggressive motives 7 increas$ t         

cannibalism became fix$ z a habit4      
,cannibalism may well h be5 ! primitive 
motive ( w>f>e z s]i\s deadly combat1 b 
all pr$atory habits mu/ h contribut$ to 
e/abli%+ a m or less habitual /ate (    
w>f>e among all gr\ps ( m54 ,! pr$atory 
raid1 ) ! reaction ( def5se1 :5 c>ri$ on
 z a gr\p activity 9 any =m1 is 9 fact  
w>1 s f> z attack & def5se 7 s]i\s &    
deadly1 & intellig5ce & weapons 7       
suffici5tly develop$ to make man a      
dang]\s oppon5t4 ,?is pr$atory motive1 (
 c\rse1 ext5d$ to all desir$ objects1 & 
^! objects mu/ h includ$ all objects t  
c\ld mo/ simply be acquir$ by /eal+4 ,!y
 includ$ food1 wom51 & all o!r          
possessions4 ,! cu/om ( driv+ out "y    
males f ! gr\p1 by ! jeal\sy ( ! old    
males1 & ( prev5t+ males f obta9+       
females )9 ! gr\p mu/ h be5 "o ( !      
e>lie/ & "o ( ! /ronge/ inc5tives to    
pr$atory w>f>e4 ,at fir/ all prop]ty ( !
 gr\p1 = s long z gr\ps 7 w&]+1 0 to "s 
ext5t common1 & attack & def5se mu/ h   
be5 common4 ,! objects ( pr$atory raids 

:i* produc$ gr\p combat mu/ h *ang$ ) ! 
social life4 ,:5 habitation became fix$ 
& prop]ty !re=e m individual1 probably !
 pr$atory impulse itself became         
relatively a less important factor 9    
combat4  ,two motives gr[ out ( !       
practical motives ( combat1 :i* we may  
assume to h be5 ! orig9al motives4 ,^!  
are bo? emotional r ?an in/9ctive4 ,fe> 
& ang]1 t is to say1 become m or less   
deta*$ motives = attack4 ,fe> is        
increas$ ) ! increase ( intellig5ce up  
to a c]ta9 po9t at lea/--) ! increase ( 
! capacity = und]/&+ dang]1 & ( ! p[]s (
 man to become dang]\s4 ,all ! exp]i5ce 
( combat eng5d]s ang] & hatr$1 & ^!     
moods ( hatr$ t[>d enemies are          
cumulative1 absorb all ! deta*$ motives 
& feel+s ( antagonism betwe5 gr\ps1     
pres]ve & give cont9uity to ! memories (
 conflict1 & s produce among gr\ps ! fe>
 & hate motive4 ,! feel+ ( fe> ar\ses ! 
motive ( aggression1 & ! feel+ ( ang]2 &
 ^! 9 turn g5]ate m fe>1 until bo? !    
moods ( ang] & fe> & a p]petual /ate (  

animosity & w>f>e are induc$ among      
cont5d+ gr\ps4 ,?us out ( primitive     
motives ( combat ! feud z a m g5]aliz$ &
 psy*ical antagonism is produc$1 & ^!   
/ates are possible because ( ! p[]s (   
g5]alization 9 man :i* ext5d to !       
emotions & make possible ! =mation (    
deep moods4  ,9 ano!r direction1 also1 !
 practical motives t5d to be sup]s$$ by 
m ab/ract & m subjective motives4 ,bo? 9
 ! fe> & ang] reactions & 9 ! motive t  
orig9ates 9 ! sexual impulse--display ( 
males1 & combat ) ref]5ce to            
females--consci\sness ( pr[ess = its own
 sake1 & ! display ( x 9 ord] to        
intimidate ! enemy1 arise4 ,into ?is    
motive ( w> !re ent] all ! antagonisms t
 come f self-consci\sness1 ! :ole =ce ( 
! dia!sis ( develop+ sexuality1 ) its   
jeal\sy & cruelty1 & t5d5cies to        
p]v]sion4 ,! =ce ( ?is motive ( pr[ess  
mu/ at "s p]iod ( developm5t h become v 
great4 ,x ext5ds out into a love (      
combat = its own sake1 ren=ces o!r      
motives1 & issues 9 ! m ab/ract motives 

( honor & p[] t we see play+ su* a great
 "p 9 mod]n w>f>e4  ,^! primitive       
motives ( w> are n m]ely num]\s4 ,!y    
fuse1 ren=ce "o ano!r1 & almo/ f !      
beg9n+1 we mu/ suppose1 create complex  
/ates ( consci\sness1 & =m moods4 ,w> v 
e>ly1 we say1 mu/ conta9 all ! motives t
 ev] ent] into x4 ,! pr$atory impulse1 !
 love ( deception1 ( conque/1 ! love (  
combat = its own sake1 ! hunt+ impulse1 
! motive ( p[]1 ( fe> & ang]1 ! impulse 
( display & ! m primitive sexual        
motives1 ! motives ( c\rage & jeal\sy1  
ev5 a beg9n+ ( ! ae/hetic motive1 are   
all !re4 ,!y become ! w>like mood or    
produce w>1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we n[ und]/& 
x1 only :5 ! intellig5ce gives to !     
relations betwe5 gr\ps def9ite int5tions
 & directions1 & out ( ! _m impulses t  
lead to combat1 a di/9ctive motive &    
mood are d]iv$4 ,s we may say ) all     
c]ta9ty t ! mak+ ( w> is n a m]e        
p]petuation ( "s alleg$ in/9ct ( murd]1 
surreptiti\sly reta9$ by man 9 8 rise f 
an animal /ate1 b x is q z mu* a product

 ( 8 :ole social nature4 ,x becomes     
e/abli%$ z life gr[s m complex1 z       
specific desires increase 9 numb]4 ,man 
is n1 z ?us se5 9 ^! g5etic views ( him1
 a self-tam$ animal4 ,he has n arriv$ at
 a prec>i\s & un/able social condition  
out ( a primitive individualism :i* is !
 ess5ce ( 8 w>like nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 he has n deg5]at$ f "s ideal pacific   
/ate4 ,ages ago he 0 already div9ely    
human1 & possess$ ^? capacities bo? =   
cop]ation & antagonism out ( :i* w> is  
creat$4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,unconsci\s  
,,motives1 ,,! ,,rev]sion ,,!ories ,,(  
,,w>1 ,,& ,,! ,,intoxication ,,motive   
,!re are sev]al int]e/+ !ories ( !      
causes ( w>1 n[ 9 ! field1 mo/ ( !m     
inspir$ by our rec5t great conflict1 all
 ( :i* 7b no "o p]haps completely or q  
ju/ly7 may be describ$ z bas$ ^u ! view 
t w> is an outbreak (1 or rev]sion to1  
in/9cts & modes ( activity :i* z        
primitive t5d5cies rema9 9 ! individual 
or 9 ! social life & :i*1 f "t to "t1 ) 
or )\t social cause1 may break loose1 s 

to speak1 & hurl man back into savag]y4 
,^! !ories ( w> %[ u1 9 "s cases1 human 
"* 9 ! =m ( d\ble p]sonality1 or lik5   
civilization to a ?9 & insecure         
incru/ation ^u ! surface ( life1 b5ea?  
:i* all t is animal-l & b>b>ic /ill     
rema9s smold]+4 ,"s ( ^! !ories we ne$  
to review briefly "h4  ,b]tr& ,russell1 
9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:y d m5 fight8 :i* is 
! title ( 8 book deal+ ) ! causes ( w>1 
says1 9 sub/ance1 t m5 fight because !y 
are controll$ by in/9ct 7& also by      
au?ority71 r ?an by reason4 ,m5 w cease 
fight+ :5 reason controls in/9ct1 & m5  
?9k = !mselves r ?an all[ _! ?9k+ to be 
done = !m4 ,?is view does n explicitly  
/ate t w> is a rev]sion1 = man may be at
 no po9t bett] or m advanc$ ?an a       
creature ( in/9ct1 b x lays ! blame = w>
 ^u ! orig9al nature ( man4 ,man has    
in/9cts :i* presumably he has br\ght )  
him f 8 pre-human /age1 & "s ( ^!       
in/9cts are1 on _! motor side1 !        
reactions ( fight+4  ,le ,bon 7#db7     
speaks ( a consci\s & an unconsci\s w 9 

nations1 & says t ! motives beh9d great 
national movem5ts may be b5ea? all      
consci\s int5tions1 & may anticipate !m4
 ,! ,engli%man 9 p>ticul> lives1 9 a    
s5se1 a divid$ life1 s9ce !re is a      
manife/ inconsi/5cy betwe5 :at he really
 is & :at he ?9ks4 ,:at ^! in/9cts are1 
,le ,bon does n specify2 presumably !y  
may be ei!r bett] or worse ?an !        
consci\s motives4  ,trott] 7#hb7 & also 
,murray 7#ij7 consid] w> f a biological 
/&po9t1 reg>d+ x z a h]d ph5om5on4      
,trott]'s view1 especially 8            
int]pretation ( ,g]many1 :i* we are n to
 consid] "h1 is orig9al & important4 ,w>
 is a result ( ! action ( a h]d in/9ct1 
a specific in/9ct :i* is peculi> 9 "o   
respect1 9 t x acts ^u o!r in/9cts b has
 no def9ite motor reactions ( its own4  
,w> is ! result ( ! action ( ! h]d      
in/9ct 9 man ^u ! old in/9ct (          
aggression4 ,at lea/ aggressive w> is4  
,m5 9 all _! social relations %[ ! play 
( ^! in/9cts2 9 w> x is ! old aggressive
 in/9ct1 ! old passion ( ! pack1 t      

dom9ates !m2 & x is ! ance/ral h]d-fe>s 
t ov]come !m 9 _! panics4 ,x is ! h]d   
in/9ct t makes m5 9 gr\ps s highly      
s5sitive to ! lead]1 ^: relations to !  
h]d or pack are always dep5d5t ^u _!    
recogniz+ him z "o ( ! gr\p2 t is1 z    
act+ 9 accordance ) ! desires ( ! h]d4  
,x is by ! union ( ! h]d1 ,murray says1 
or ?r\gh ! h]d in/9ct1 t suppress$      
unconsci\s impulses are giv5 an         
opportunity to op]ate2 :5 ! human h]d is
 excit$ by any ext]nal /imulus1 ! old   
types ( reaction are br\ght into play4  
,curi\sly1 9 su* times1 lead]%ip may be 
assum$ by ecc5tric & ev5 abnormal memb]s
 ( ! gr\p--by ^? :o are gov]n$ by p]v]t$
 in/9cts2 by m5 :o are t\*$ ) ! mania ( 
suspicion1 or :o ev5 suff] f homicidal  
mania4  ,! ess5tial po9t ( ^! biological
 views is t1 :5 ! human h]d is subject$ 
to any influ5ces t t5d to ar\se ! h]d   
in/9ct--t is1 to unite ! h]d 9 any      
common emotion or action1 ! old         
in/9ctive =ms ( response are likely to  
be br\ght to ! front4 ,:atev] ! /imulus1

 ! t5d5cy is = ! h]d to fixate its      
att5tion ^u "s ext]nal object1 :i* at   
once is react$ to ) deep emotion4       
,pla9ly1 if ?is be true1 if h]d in/9ct  
does ?r[ human society f "t to "t & f   
v>i\s causes into attitudes ( def5se &  
(f5se ) ! appropriate emotional         
reactions1 & if 9 su* times lead]s are  
likely to appe>1 hav+ exagg]at$         
in/9ctive t5d5cies1 !re is always close 
at h& & ready a me*anism by :i* w> c be 
produc$1 w> be+ precisely ( ! type (    
mass action1 "u /rong emotion1 ( a gr\p 
closely unit$ "u spectacul> lead]%ip1 ) 
att5tion cramp$ ^u "s ext]nal object    
hat$ or fe>$4  ,nicolai 7#gi71 :o       
believes /rongly t w> is :olly useless1 
comp>es x to ! play we turn to :5 !     
actions p]=m$ 9 ! play are no long] 9   
!mselves practical4 ,w> is a great      
debau*1 p]haps n[ ! la/ ! race w        
exp]i5ce4 ,w> is l w9e3 9 x nations r5ew
 _! y\?4 ,x is n ! w> itself1 b ! mood x
 produces t we crave1 & ?is mood is     
long$ = because 9 x old & sacr$ feel+s (

 patriotism are ar\s$1 & ^! feel+s are  
!mselves survivals1 some?+ romantic1    
ar*aic1 no long] ne$$ 9 ! pres5t /age ( 
social life4  ,novic[ 7#hc7 says some?+ 
v simil> to ?is4 ,w> is a survival1 l ! 
classical languages1 = example4 ,m5 beg9
 to f9d beauty & glory 9 ^! ?+s only    
aft] ! activities !y repres5t are       
useless4 ,! pr9ciple ( _! survival is   
no?+ m or less ?an t ( habit4 ,x is     
habit t keeps w> alive2 w>s are a       
concession to our =ebe>s1 a foll[+ 9 !  
foot/eps ( a dead pa/4  ,we are pres5t+ 
^! views 9 a some:at loose & illogical  
ord]1 b let u look at /ill a few m ( !m4
 ,patrick ?9ks ( w> z precisely a plunge
 into ! primeval4 ,w> is a reaction1 a  
regression1 b /ill x is some?+ m ?an a  
m]e slipp+ ( ! ma*9]y ( life4 ,x is     
crav$2 & x is crav$ because x (f]s      
relief f ! t5sion ( mod]n life4 ,x is n 
q cle> :e!r x is because we are tir$ &  
want re/ = our ov]-work$ functions1 or  
are m]ely dull & ne$ r5ew$ life1 b 9 any
 case1 :5 ! desire has accumulat$ en\gh1

 back we fall into ! primeval4 ,!n all !
 t5sions & inhibitions ( civiliz$       
society disappe>4 ,society1 reliev$ (   
its cross-t5sions1 is resolv$ & organiz$
 into an h>moni\s & freely act+ :ole1   
seek+ a def9ite object4 ,life is        
simplifi$1 & becomes aga9 primitive4    
,old & vigor\s movem5ts take ! place ( !
 cramp$ ?9k+ ( our civiliz$ life4 ,all t
 keeps u mod]n & evolv$ is relax$4      
,naturally ! ,freudians h _! own        
explanation ( w> 9 t]ms ( subconsci\s   
wi%es1 repress$ feel+s & in/9cts4 ,freud
 7#gh7 himself says t w> is a           
recrudesc5ce 7& a ma/]y ov] u7 ( a m    
primitive life ?an our own4 ,! *ild & ! 
primitive man1 z we h long kn[n !m 9 !  
,freudian !ories1 live /ill 9 u & are   
inde/ructible4 ,we h suppos$ ourselves  
to h ov]come ^! primitive impulses1 b we
 are f> f be+ s civiliz$ z we ?\ght4 ,! 
evil impulses1 z we call !m1 :i* we     
suppos$ _h at lea/ be5 trans=m$ are     
*ang$ only 9 ! s5se t !y h be5 influ5c$ 
by ! erotic motive1 or h be5 repress$ by

 an out] re/ra9t1 an educational factor1
 ! dem&s ( :at we call civiliz$         
environm5t4 ,b let u n deceive          
ourselves2 ! old impulses are /ill      
alive2 ! numb] ( p :o h be5 trans=m$ by 
civilization is less ?an we suppos$4    
,all society is at he>t b>b>ic4 ,judg$  
by our unconsci\s wi%es1 we are a b& (  
murd]]s1 = ! primitive wi% is to kill   
all :o oppose our self-int]e/s1 & w> is 
precisely a rev]sion to ! me?od ( free  
expression ( our desires 9 action4      
,society & ! au?ority ( gov]nm5t h      
suppress$ ^! primitive reactions 9 !    
individual1 b in/ead ( elim9at+ !m      
altoge!r f human nature 7:i*1 ( c\rse1  
no legislation c d 9 any case71 gov]nm5t
 & society z a :ole h appropriat$ all ^!
 primitive actions to _! own use4       
,jones 7#cg71 ! ,freudian1 di/+ui%es two
 q diff]5t gr\ps ( causes ( w>3 !       
consci\s causes1 all express$ 9 ! feel+ 
( patriotism2 & ! unconsci\s causes1 :i*
 gr[ out ( ! desire to release c]ta9    
orig9al passions--! passions ( cruelty1 

de/ruction1 loot & lu/4  ,! c5tral ?\ght
 ( all ^! views1 x is pla91 is t w>     
belongs to ! pa/4 ,x is a return to     
some?+ t1 9 a significant s5se1 is !    
natural man--is 8 in/9ctive & ungu>d$   
self4 ,x is also pla9ly impli$ 9 ^!     
views1 "h & !re1 t mod]n man1 by ?us    
laps+ into w>1 is r5ew+ 8 /ock (        
primitive nature4 ,! mod]n man is 9     
un/able equilibrium1 & :atev] upsets t  
equilibrium s5ds him back ?r\gh ! ages4 
,mac,curdy 7#cg71 hav+ ,jones & ,freud 9
 m9d1 prote/s aga9/ ^! views to ?is     
ext5t3 he says t ! pres5t /ate ( man1 r 
?an ! pa/1 is ! natural /ate1 & t at    
lea/ 9 rev]t+ to ! primitive /ate man   
becomes unnatural4  ,! "q ^u :i* our    
discussion ( ?is aspect ( w> is go+ to  
h+e is :e!r1 or 9 :at s5se1 ! activities
 & ! feel+s ar\s$ 9 w> are rev]sions4   
,w>s1 beyond a d\bt1 d involve to a     
great] ext5t ?an peaceful life c]ta9    
in/9ctive reactions4 ,w>s are s         
impulsive & s p]si/5t t we mu/ suppose v
 deep motives to be engag$ 9 w>2 & !    

fact t 9 all w>s1 & on bo? sides ( e w>1
 ! feel+s & ! reactions are fundam5tally
 ! same1 indicates t w> is some?+ less  
diff]5tiat$ ?an ! peaceful life4 ,b t w>
 c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( in/9ct z su*1 or 
t w> c be dispos$ ( z a m]e recrudesc5ce
 ( old impulses & types ( conduct buri$ 
b5ea? civilization1 is v mu* to be      
d\bt$4 ,w>1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 its moods 
& passions1 appe>s to be too complex1   
too syn!tic a process to be q :at ?is   
view w\ld imply4 ,x is too intimately   
relat$ to ev]y?+ t occurs & exi/s 9     
pres5t day society4 ,x means too mu*1   
concretely & ) ref]5ce to objects       
specifically desir$ = ! future4 ,w> is  
relat$ to ! pa/1 b to a great ext5t1 x  
may be1 w>s repres5t & conta9 ! pres5t &
 look t[>d ! future4 ,! di/9ctions &    
diff]5ces 9 ! int]pretation ( w> ?us    
impli$1 & ! conflict+ und]/&+ ( facts   
ab\t society & individual life _c be v  
cle> at ?is po9t1 b t !re are involv$   
fundam5tal problems ( psy*ology1 &      
p]haps div]g5t ways ( ?9k+ ( hi/ory &   

society1 & ( su* pr9ciples ( philosophy 
at lea/ z are implicat$ 9 /hetics1 &    
f9ally ( ! practical que/ions t are (   
mo/ int]e/ 9 ^! fields to-day1 may beg9 
to be evid5t4  ,!re is "o aspect ( w>1  
or "o "q ab\t w>1 t seems to sugge/ t   
its problems are m subtle & less simple 
?an ! in/9ct-!ories imply4 ,w> has be51 
& /ill is1 ! great /ory ( ! _w1 ! c5t] (
 all t is dramatic & h]oic 9 life4 ,its 
mood--& t is ! ess5tial ?+ 9 x1 :atev]  
else w> may h be51 & 9 spite ( all its  
horrors--is ec/atic4 ,w> produces1 or is
 produc$ by1 /ates ( m9d t affiliate x )
 all ! o!r ec/asies--( love1 religion1  
intoxication1 art4 ,we may well d\bt    
:e!r any explanation ( w> c ev] be      
satisfactory t does n take ?is quality (
 x fully into acc\nt4 ,"o may say1 (    
c\rse1 t w> is ec/atic j because x does 
satisfy in/9cts1 t ! satisfaction ( all 
in/9cts is pleasant1 or t pleasure is ! 
satisfaction ( in/9cts4 ,b !re is m 9 ! 
problem ?an t4 ,love1 ! s\rce ( ! o!r   
great romance ( ! _w1 is n exhau/$ by   

call+ x a gratification ( ! sexual      
in/9ct1 or a primitive t5d5cy ( all     
organic life4 ,x is at ! o!r end ( !    
process ( developm5t ( x1 s to speak1   
its place z a pres5t motive 9 life1 t x 
is mo/ significant1 & x is by no means  
expla9$ by call+ x a product (          
sexuality4  ,s ) w>4 ,made out (        
in/9cts1 x may be1 b x is n expla9$ z ! 
sum ( in/9ctive reactions4 ,t1 at lea/1 
is our !sis4 ,x is ! fact t w> is a     
great ec/asy ( ! social life1 t x holds 
a high place 9 art1 t hi/ory--our       
selective way ( react+ ^u human         
exp]i5ce--is 9 a l>ge measure ! /ory (  
w>1 t its repres5tations 9 dramatic =ms 
are almo/ endless 9 v>iety2 x is su*    
facts t give u our clew to ! nature ( ! 
problems ( w>1 & also to ! practical    
que/ions ( its future4  ,hirs*feld      
7#ih71 9 a %ort /udy ( w>1 has enum]at$ 
& briefly describ$ "s ( ! =ms 9 :i* !   
ec/asy ( w> appe>s1 or "s ( ! ec/asies t
 appe> 9 w>4 ,he speaks ( ! ec/asy (    
h]oism1 & ! ec/atic s5se t accompanies !

 tak+ "p 9 great ev5ts1 ! consci\sness (
 mak+ hi/ory4 ,on a little l[] plane !re
 is ! excitem5t ( adv5ture & ( travel t 
gives allurem5t to ! idea ( w> 9 ! m9d (
 ! soldi]1 & :i* also glorifies !       
soldi]2 ! s5sation hung]2 ! cupidus r]um
 nov>um2 ! ec/asies ( nature & fre$om1  
sugge/$ by ! v t]m 9 ! field4 ,add to ^!
 ! ec/asies ( battle & ( victory1 !     
,kampfsraus* & ! ,siege/runk5heit1 & !  
mood ( w> 9 :i* acts unlawful = !       
individual become n only lawful b highly
 honorable :5 done collectively4 ,!re is
 also 9 ! mood ( w> ! social            
intoxication1 ! feel+ on ! "p ( !       
individual ( be+ a "p ( a body & ! s5se 
( be+ lo/ 9 a great] :ole4 ,! lu/s (    
conque/1 & ( loot+1 & ( combat1 all     
contribute to ?is _s ( w>4 ,& f9ally1   
summ+ up all ! o!r ec/asies1 ! /rong    
inn] movem5t ( ! s\l express+ itself 9  
/rong ext]nal movem5ts1 & 9 ! s5se (    
liv+ & dy+ 9 ! mid/ ( vivid & real life4
  ,hirs*feld's analysis ( ! ec/asy ( w> 
discloses deep & p[]ful motives 9 !     

individual m9d & ! social life4 ,we c   
f9d ?is ec/asy ev]y:]e 9 ! hi/ory ( w>1 
sometimes z a national exaltation1      
sometimes z a m re/rict$ ph5om5on4      
,vill>d 7#ed71 speak+ ( ! fir/ days ( ! 
w>1 says t 9 ,g]many !n "o c\ld see !   
psy*ology ( ! cr[d at its noble/ height4
 ,! exaltation ( a p1 :atev] its cont5t1
 or its purpose1 is an awe-inspir+      
spectacle4 ,!re c be no great] display (
 ! s\rces ( human p[]4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>  
"t ( exaltation we c see 9 action       
religi\s ec/asy1 ! cult ( valor1 & !    
/irr+ ( m fundam5tal & m primitive      
feel+s4 ,?is exaltation has its         
imag9ative side4 ,!re is a dream (      
empire 9 x4 ,!re is an exhibition ( !   
=ms ( royalty1 its display1 its color & 
its dramatic mom5ts4 ,!re is ! _s (     
milit>ism & ( great adv5ture1 !         
excitem5t ( *ance1 ( ?r[+ all into ! h&s
 ( fate1 ! /hetic & ! play motives :i*  
are nev] sep>at$ f ! practical passions 
9 times ( great exaltation4  ,?is mood (
 w> diff]s1 ( c\rse1 at diff]5t times "u

 diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! ,fr5* p       
c]ta9ly w5t into ! great w> ) no su*    
exaltation4 ,we %\ld h to look else:]e 9
 ,fr5* hi/ory = ! ec/atic w> _s1 :5 !   
,fr5* are mov$ by ! motives ( glory &   
pre/ige1 or by ! vanity & eroticism :i* 
,reu! ?9ks are ! ess5tial qualities ( ! 
_s ( ,france4 ,b tak+ hi/ory z a :ole   
!re is no lack ( ec/asy 9 ! _s ( w>4 ,we
 f9d 9 ?is ec/asy exalt$ social feel+1  
joy ( ov]com+ ! pa9 ( dea?1 ! exultation
 ( sacrifice1 love ( display1 feel+ (   
trag$y1 ! ec/asy ( ex]t+ ! utmo/ ( p[]1 
love ( dang]1 ! gambl+ motive1 ! love ( 
battle1 love ( all ! dramatic elem5ts ( 
milit>y life4 ,^! sep>ate ec/asies1 tak5
 all toge!r1 make up ! exalt$ mood ( w>4
 ,!y repres5t w> 9 its mo/ significant  
mom5ts4  ,9 ?is mood ( w> in/9cts are   
exhibit$1 b !y seem to be 9 "s way      
trans=m$1 s t ! :ole has a mean+ diff]5t
 f ! p>ts4 ,! mood ( w> is n a m]e      
effect1 a reaction to ev5ts4 ,x is a    
long+--pla/ic & indef9ite x may be--b   
look+ t[>d ! future4 ,x is a crav+1 n = 

! release ( def9ite in/9cts1 b is r a   
=ce or a desire :i*1 h[ev] misguid$ !   
expression ( ?is mood or ?is en]gy may  
be1 is ! ess5ce ( :at individuals &     
society to-day are4 ,we may f9d 9 ?is   
mood1 ^u sup]ficial exam9ation1 m]e     
emotions1 b 9 a f9al & deep] analysis1  
we may suppose1 its cont5t & its mean+ w
 be f\nd to be specific--purposes :i*   
con/itute :at is deepe/ & mo/ cont9u\s 9
 ! individual & 9 society1 b :i* at !   
same "t give to ?is mood its g5]ality ( 
direction & ( =m4  ,x is ! w>-mood1 !n1 
t mu/ be expla9$1 if we wi% to und]/& ! 
motives & causes ( w>4 ,& ?is w> mood1 s
 x appe>s1 is relat$ to all ! o!r great 
ec/asies--( art1 religion1 intoxication1
 love4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 !n1 a            
psy*ological problem1 & "o hav+ _m      
radiations & deep roots4 ,! view t we   
are go+ to take is t 9 ! mood ( w> we h 
to d ess5tially ) :at1 rely+ ^u previ\s 
/udies ( ! pr9ciples ( art & ( ! motives
 t are at "w 9 society t produce !      
ph5om5a ( intemp]ance we may call !     

intoxication motive4 ,t ?is intoxication
 motive is a pla/ic =ce1 a mood conta9+ 
desires & impulses t may be satisfi$ 9 a
 v>iety ( ways1 s9ce z a sum ( desires x
 is no long] specific & in/9ctive1 is ! 
ma9 implication ( ?is view4 ,x is ?is   
g5]ic quality & composit5ess ( ! purpose
 ( ! individual & ( ! _s ( society t    
obscures ! mean+ ( hi/ory & (t5 makes   
individual lives s enigmatical1 & :i*   
also makes ^! purposes ( individuals &  
nations s p]si/5t1 sometimes s t]ribly  
=ceful & insatiable4  ,z contra/$ )     
in/9cts1 ! motive ( intoxication we say1
 is pla/ic1 & its object--& ?is is "o ( 
its mo/ significant *>act]i/ics--is to  
produce exalt$ /ates ( consci\sness     
ma9ly = _! own sake4 ,at lea/ ?is       
exp]i5ce ( exaltation is ! ma9 or c5tral
 ?+ s\ght4 ,x is a t5d5cy to seek exalt$
 /ates1 b at ! same "t1 we %\ld say1    
specific in/9cts ga9 "s k9d (           
satisfaction1 al?\gh n at all necess>ily
 by ! p]=mance ( ! ext]nal movem5ts     
appropriate to !m4 ,!y may obta9 a c]ta9

 vic>i\s satisfaction4 ,! mood gives    
conduct a g5]al direction1 x provides a 
motive & ! p[]1 x is ! s\rce ( int]e/ & 
( desire1 b its objects may be indef9ite
 & v>iable4  ,"s g5]al aspects ( ! moods
 t we h to consid] h already come to    
light1 & ^! may prove to be valuable    
clews to a psy*ological analysis ( _!   
cont5t4 ,!re is ! ec/atic /ate1 & !     
crav+ to exp]i5ce x1 ! love ( excitem5t1
 ! desire to h a s5se ( reality1 !      
impulse to seek an abundant life1 ! love
 ( p[] & ( ! feel+ ( p[]4 ,^! are all   
relat$1 & at lea/ !y h some?+ 9 common1 
b x is ! la/ m5tion$1 ! motive ( p[]1 t 
seems to be ! mo/ def9ite & to h !      
cle>e/ biological mean+ & implications4 
,inde$ ?is motive ( p[] 7& we mu/ "h    
aga9 dep5d ^u previ\s /udies ( ! /hetic 
motives & o!r aspects ( ec/asy71 appe>s 
to be fundam5tal 9 art1 9 religion1 & 9 
hi/ory4 ,x is a concept t gives u a     
vantage gr\nd = ! int]pretation ( "s ( !
 mo/ significant p>ts ( life4 ,! idea ( 
p[] & ! crav+ = p[] z a g5]al motive1 b 

also conta9+ & exploit+ specific        
purposes & desires1 runs ?r\gh all !    
hi/ory ( art & religion & also ?r\gh    
hi/ory itself4 ,religion is bas$ ^u !   
desire to ex]t & to feel p[]1 & x is !  
manife/ & inde$ ! expressly ackn[l$g$   
purpose ( all primitive art1 & is       
conceal$ & impli$ 9 all lat] art4 ,art  
is practical1 an ef=t to realize a s5se 
( p[]1 to become a god 7j z 9 8 motive (
 play ! *ild desires m ?an any?+ else to
 realize himself z a man71 to influ5ce  
p1 or objects1 or gods1 to ex]t magic   
some:]e 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! feel+ ( p[] :i* !  
ec/atic /ate produces1 ! belief 9 ! p[] 
( art is e/abli%$1 & at ! same "t deep &
 hidd5 impulses are exploit$4 ,on !     
feel+ side1 & inde$ 9 e way1 ?is ought  
to expla9 h[ art1 religion1 & all /ates 
( intoxication h a common elem5t1 if !y 
are n primitively ! same4  ,a psy*ology 
( ! w> moods mu/ und]take to trace !    
hi/ory ( ! motive ( p[]1 consid]+ its   
beg9n+s z ! desire & s5se ( satisfaction
 connect$ ) ! p]=mance ( def9ite        

in/9ctive acts1 & ) _! physiological    
results1 ) ! ex]tion ( p[] & !          
production ( effects ^u objects4 ,x is 9
 ! p]=mance ( in/9ctive acts1 9 :i*     
sup]iority is inborn1 t animal & man    
obta9 _! orig9al s5se ( p[] or          
sup]iority4 ,z capacities are           
diff]5tiat$ & multipli$1 ! exp]i5ces (  
a*ievem5t g5]ate a mood & a m g5]al     
impulse1 a desire to ex]t p[] = its own 
sake4 ,! s5sory or organic elem5ts t5d  
to pr$om9ate 9 ?is g5]aliz$ motive1     
simply because ! specific actions 9 :i* 
! s5se ( p[] is obta9$ _c s readily1 or 
_c at all1 be g5]aliz$4 ,su* an         
organization ( actions & /ates 9        
consci\sness dem&s no?+ new 9 pr9ciple1 
implies no?+ diff]5t f t f\nd on !      
intellectual side :5 concepts are =m$ f 
concrete exp]i5ces4 ,! associative      
processes & ! selective pr9ciples       
ev]y:]e pres5t 9 m5tal action are all t 
are necess>y to be assum$ "h4 ,we may   
take advantage1 h[ev]1 ( ! special      
inve/igations ( affective logic1 & ! l1 

z giv+ evid5ce 9 support ( su* a        
conception ( ! =mation ( moods z is "h  
be+ work$ out4 ,we are likely to make ! 
mi/ake ( ?9k+ ! specific in/9cts & !    
impulses & pleasure /ates t we f9d 9    
human exp]i5ces1 su* z ec/asy1 z ! :ole 
( ^! exp]i5ces1 & to ov]look ! con/ant  
process ( g5]alization t goes on 9 all !
 m5tal activity ( ! individual4 ,=      
example1 we may ?9k ( v>i\s plays :i*   
involve in/9ctive actions z be+ :olly   
expla9$ by1 or to be made up (1 ^!      
in/9ctive acts alone1 :]eas 9 mo/ plays 
t take ! =m ( excitem5t1 ab&on or       
ec/asy1 !re are be+ employ$ processes   
:i* are g5]al 9 ! s5se ( ren=c+ all !   
specific acts alike1 & are yet specific 
9 ! s5se t !y are !mselves1 or h be51   
practical3 t is1 !y are 9 reality       
processes t belong to ! fundam5tal /rata
 ( consci\sness--to ! nutritional &     
reproductive t5d5cies4 ,out ( ^!        
t5d5cies ! m complex processes ( :i* we 
speak are made1 b !y are no m]e         
repetition ( old =ms4 ,t1 at lea/1 is ! 

way ^! ec/atic moods appe> f our po9t ( 
view4  ,x is precisely because ec/atic  
moods are presumably ?us g5]al &        
composite1 & involve fundam5tal in/9cts 
7b 9 su* a way t !y are trans=m$1 & no  
long] pres5t 9 body1 s to speak1 b are  
repres5t$ by _! organic processes r ?an 
appe>+ z specific concat5at$ *a9s (     
motor ev5ts71 ) _! purposes *ang$ & _!  
:ole mean+ det]m9$ by ! pres5t /ates to 
:i* !y belong1 t we %\ld be incl9$ to   
say t to expla9 any great & p[]ful      
movem5t 9 ! lives ( individuals or      
nations z m]ely rev]sions is v          
inadequate & inde$ wrong4 ,!y are       
emotional =ces t are at "w1 composite   
feel+s & moods r ?an in/9cts4 ,!y are   
aspects ( ! cont9uity ( ! life ( !      
pres5t1 r ?an ( ! fragm5t>y pa/ t lives 
9 ! individual4 ,^! =ces are pla/ic1    
complex & organiz$1 r ?an haphaz>d &    
suppress$4 ,!y are directive1 creative1 
b incid5tally !y make am5ds = & satisfy 
& exploit ! pa/4  ,if ^! pr9ciples be   
valid1 _! application to ! psy*ology (  

w> seems pla94 ,! c5tral purpose or     
motive ( w> to-day is a crav+ = !       
realization ( ! s5se ( p[]4 ,?is is !   
subjective side ( x1 ! unconsci\s1      
in/9ctive1 my/ical motive s (t5 obs]v$4 
,! "q ( ! actual p[] ex]t$ or display$  
is n ! mo/ ess5tial po9t ( ?is w> mood4 
,x is ! manipulation & ! satisfaction ( 
inn] factors t make ! mo/ significant   
aspect ( ^! moods4 ,hi/ory1 we %\ld     
hold1 is 9 great "p an unfoldm5t ( ?is  
motive4 ,nations crave1 z collective or 
gr\p consci\sness1 ! feel+ ( p[]4 ,j z  
we say ! *ild 9 8 plays wants to be a   
man1 & ! individual 9 8 art feels       
himself a god1 s nations 9 _! w>s & 9 _!
 ?\ghts ( w>s1 feel !mselves m real1    
realize !mselves z _w p[]s1 & z supreme 
& div9e4 ,to be fir/ & all is inde$ !   
purpose t runs 9 ^! moods1 & ?is we     
believe is true1 9 its way1 ( ! mo/     
insignificant & hopelessly decrepit (   
peoples4 ,?is mu/ be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 !  
int]pretation ( hi/ory1 & 9 t l>g]      
p$agogy1 ! p$agogy ( nations to :i* we j

 n[ look =w>d4  ,^! moods :i*1 slumb]+1 
become ! ec/asies ( w> are vague1 ev5   
secretive4 ,!y conta9 aggressive ?\ghts 
t are disav[$1 vanities t are conceal$1 
fe>s t pres5t a quiet front4 ,b we mu/ n
 ?9k t ! w> mood always int5ds w>4      
,nations h _! subjective lives & inn]   
hi/ory1 & _! vic>i\s satisfactions4 ,a  
nation 9 arms already feels itself      
victor by reason ( its s5se ( p[]4      
,o!rwise few w>s w\ld be ent]$ ^u4      
,dreams & talk ( w> may incite to w>1 b 
!y may also satisfy ! desire & ne$ ( w>4
 ,!re is a c]ta9 n>cissism 9 nations1 & 
?is is due precisely to ! fact t        
patriotism z a feel+ & impulse          
necess>ily lacks 9 ! gr\p consci\sness !
 me*anisms = ext]nalization1 except     
inde$ 9 w>4 ,w> is an escape1 = a p1 f a
 k9d ( subjectivism1 f ! evils ( a      
self-love to p]haps ! great] evils (    
self-ass]tion4  ,nations 9 w>1 & ev5 9 !
 ?\ght ( w> realize _! own pot5tiality1 
take acc\nt ( /ock ( _! p[]s1 & create  
an ideal1 romantic & dream _w4 ,!y make 

ca/les-9-air1 & ^! ca/les-9-air always  
take ! =m ( empires4 ,w>1 precisely l   
art1 is at fir/ m & !n less practical1 &
 s\ght = practical purposes4 ,m & m !re 
is a crav+ = glory1 = pre/ige1 =        
subjective satisfaction & symbols ( p[]4
 ,nations take l&s t !y _c use = any    
good purpose1 inflict indemnities t may 
ru9 !mselves r ?an _! enemies1 exploit  
economic relations t are dang]\s to !   
nations' v exi/5ce4 ,x is p[] t !y seek1
 & x is p[] !y ?us create1 b x is (t5   
diff]5t 9 =m & 9 value f :at ! consci\s 
purpose holds4 ,!y are really seek+     
g5]al & subjective /ates 9 "p = _! own  
sake4 ,psy*ologically x is all "o & !   
same :e!r we realize ?is p[] by actually
 kill+ an enemy1 or believe we ov]p[]   
him by ! p]=mance ( "s my/ic & ec/atic  
act1 or 9 "s m mod]n way become confid5t
 9 our own p[] & pre/ige4 ,national     
life1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 its integrity1   
mu/ move ^u a plane ( int5se feel+4 ,x  
mu/ h objectives1 b ^! objectives are n 
necess>ily ( value 9 !mselves4 ,?is is !

 delusion & enigma ( hi/ory4 ,peoples   
enact dramas 9 _! own subjective lives1 
& ^! ?+s !y d h ref]5ce to ! desires =  
inn] exp]i5ces4 ,we may say t nations1 l
 individuals1 crave = luxuries ( !      
emotional life1 b to ?9k ( ^! exp]i5ces 
z m]ely /atic pleasure-/ates1 aft] !    
fa%ion ( a c]ta9 conception ( !         
emotions1 w\ld be :olly to misund]/& ?is
 view :i* we h be5 try+ to pres5t4 ,^!  
subjective /ates are full ( mean+ & (   
purpose4 ,!y are n reactions1 b r1 9 s  
f> z ^! collective lives are normal &   
progressive1 ^! moods & ec/asies are m (
 ! nature ( crucibles 9 :i* old         
reactions & feel+s are fus$1 giv5 new   
direction1 new =ms & 9 a c]ta9 way a new
 nature4 ,hi/ory is made 9 ^! moods (   
w>4 ,!y are subjective =ces1 b !y are   
also objectively creative4  ,:at is x t 
nations really desire8 ,:at is x1 we    
might ask1 t an individual desires8 ,on 
! side ( exp]i5ce x is an abundant life1
 a life full ( ! feel+ ( p[]4 ,?is crav+
 = an abundant life is a crav+ = !      

satisfaction ( _m desires1 in/9ctive &  
acquir$1 b x is also a crav+1 9 "s s5se1
 = m desire4 ,x is n m]ely to satisfy   
desires1 b to realize m life by creat+ m
 desires t exp]i5ce is s\ght4 ,t is !   
philosophy ( ! life ( ! sup]ior         
individual2 x is also ! pr9ciple ( !    
l>g] individual--! nation4 ,! creation &
 ! satisfaction ( desire are ! motives (
 art4 ,!y are also ! motives ( life4  ,9
 hi/ory1 x is ! intangible value1 !     
unconsci\s purpose1 ! desire to realize 
empires t are only 9 "p mat]ial1 !      
desire = glory & pre/ige & opportunity t
 seem to be ! guid+ motives4 ,!re is a  
g5]al & pla/ic purpose b5ea? all !      
special t5d5cies & desires direct+      
int]e/ t[>d specific objects1 & also    
sometimes mak+ ! objectives s\ght       
indef9ite & ! purposes 9 seek+ !m seem  
my/ical4 ,x is ! desire to be a p[] 9 ! 
_w1 or r to h p[] ov] ! _w1 & to        
exp]i5ce all ! inn] exaltation ^!       
desires inspire t appe>s to be !        
creative =ce 9 hi/ory4 ,^! ?+s1 moreov]1

 are n ! desires & impulses ( ! g5iuses 
among nations alone2 !y seem to be      
inh]5t 9 all national life4  ,/udy ( !  
intoxication motive 9 ! individual & z a
 social ph5om5on %[s t x is n an        
expression ( ! ne$ ( relaxation f /ra91 
or a rev]sion1 or some?+ t occurs by a  
m]e release ( primitive in/9cts4 ,x     
occurs 9 ! great p]iods ( hi/ory1 & 9 ! 
/rong ye>s ( ! life ( ! individual1 r   
?an 9 times ( weakness4 ,x is always a  
_s ( ! times r ?an ( "s pa/ rev]t$ to4  
,x may occur 9 times ( disord] or (     
repression1 b x is an exp]i5ce 9 :i*    
en]gy & p[] are express$4 ,we see x mo/ 
dom9ant :5 life is mo/ abundant1 :5 !re 
is also a crav+ to make life m abundant 
/ill1 :5 !re is already p[] & m p[] is  
long$ =4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t two       
opposite conditions may produce !       
/ronge/ manife/ations ( ?is intoxication
 motive4 ,some?+ analog\s to ^!         
conditions we see 9 ! lives (           
individuals1 9 ! ph5om5a ( intemp]ance1 
:i* belong 9 g5]al to ! virile ye>s4    

,social ec/asy is produc$ 9 times :5 !re
 is already a free expression ( en]gy1 b
 also "u conditions t cause pa91 disord]
 & repression4 ,"u ! latt] conditions we
 ?9k ( x n z desire = relief f /ra9 b   
desire to be releas$ f ob/acles t imp$e 
! expression ( ! gr[? =ce4 ,if all ?is  
be true1 we see w> 9 a some:at diff]5t  
light f t 9 :i* x is ord9>ily reg>d$4 ,x
 is n1 9 its typical =ms1 a rev]sion to 
b>b>ism1 & x is n a political mi%ap4 ,x 
is r a readju/m5t ( t5d5cies or =ces &  
an expression & product ( ! liv+ &      
progressive =ces ( society--n necess>ily
 a good or ev5 a normal expression ( !m1
 b an awak5+ & a realization ( su*      
desires z are to-day at "w 9 ev]y?+ we  
d--=ces :i* = ! mom5t are rais$ to a    
:ite heat1 s to speak1 9 :i* purposes   
are = ! mom5t fus$ & x may be confus$--b
 /ill an expression ( :at1 = bett] or = 
worse we are1 n ( :at 9 "s remote pa/ "t
 we 74 ,we _c expla9 w> or excuse       
ourselves = wag+ w>s by say+ t we lapse 
= a "t into b>b>ism1 b on ! o!r h& !    

h]oism we sudd5ly f9d 9 ourselves z     
nations or z individuals1 is n s diff]5t
 f t ( ord9>y life z we may h suppos$4  
,we h p]haps no "r to say t all w> is   
?us to be *>act]iz$4 ,w> is a v complex 
& a widely v>iable ph5om5on1 b ?is is ! 
explanation ( t aspect ( ! motive (     
hi/ory :i* 9 g5]al produces w>4 ,w> may 
h its abnormalities1 if we may speak ( a
 worse 9 t :i* is already bad en\gh4 ,w>
 may satisfy ! desp]ate m9d2 x may1 on  
occasion1 be a n>cotic to cov] up worse 
pa91 or an evid5ce ( decad5ce2 or ev5 be
 :at ^? :o ?9k ( x z a rev]sion believe4
 ,b all ^! aspects ( w>1 if our view be 
s\nd1 are ! ecc5tricities r ?an ! ess5ce
 ( w>4  ,! conditions prec$+ our rec5t  
great w> w d\btless 9 ! c\rse ( future  
hi/orical & sociological rese>*1 be     
m9utely scrut9iz$1 9 ! ef=t to f9d !    
causes ( ! w>--factors deep] ?an &      
diff]5t f ! political & economic causes 
& ! p]sonal intrigues t are n[ mo/      
emphasiz$4 ,if we believe t ! w> 0 made 
9 ,g]many r ?an else:]e1 we might look  

!re1 especially = ^! psy*ological       
factors ( w>--= our intoxication motives
 & unconsci\s impulses & our causes (   
rev]sion1 b we %\ld probably n f9d any?+
 diff]5t 9 k9d !re f :at we %\ld discov]
 9 o!r great c\ntries4 ,^? :o h se5 9   
mod]n indu/rialism dang]s ( com+ disa/]1
 or :o n[ look back ^u x z a g5u9e cause
 ( ! w> 7 probably n mi/ak54            
,indu/rialism has be5 produc+ rapidly1 &
 9 an int5se =m1 :at we may call ! mood 
( ! city1 & ?is mood ( ! city conta9s   
all ! conditions & all ! emotions t t5d 
to br+ to ! surface ! deep-ly+ motives (
 ! social life t we are try+ to po9t    
out4 ,!re are bo? ! joy ( ! abundant    
life1 ! crav+ = new exp]i5ces1 & ! s5se 
( reality1 & also ! disorganization (   
int]e/s & motives1 ! /ress & fatigue &  
monotony :i* prep>e ! m9d = culm9ation 9
 dramatic ev5ts4 ,!re is1 9 a ^w1 a deep
 /irr+ ( all ! =ces t make = progress & 
expansion1 & also conditions t          
disorganize ! individual & ! social     
life4 ,lampre*t 7#ei7 ( all ,g]man      

writ]s seems to h appreciat$ ?is4 ,he   
has writt5 be=e ! w>1 describ+ a        
condition 9 ,g]many :i* he says began 9 
! sev5ties ( ! prec$+ c5tury--a *ange ( 
,g]man life 9 :i* !re is a great        
increase ( ! activities ( ! cities1 )   
ha/e & anxiety1 unscrupul\s individual  
en]gy1 g5]al n]v\s excitem5t1 a         
condition ( neuro-muscul> weakness 7& he
 might h add$ z ano!r sign1             
ov]-/imulation ( ! m9d by a great flood 
( morbid lit]ature74  ,9 ,lampre*t's    
op9ion1 ?is p]iod ( excitem5t1 ?is /rong
 t5d5cy to ! enjoym5t ( excitation 9    
g5]al1 is a =m ( socio-psy*ic           
dissociation4 ,x is a p]iod ( relative  
disorganization1 :5 ! individual is     
subject$ to a great v>iety ( new        
exp]i5ces1 :5 outside influ5ces prevail 
ov] ! inn] impulses ( ! individual1 9   
:i* ! individual is unsettl$ & !re is a 
t5d5cy t[>d pessimism & melan*olia4     
,lampre*t ?9ks ( ?is /ate z some?+      
transitory1 & already z he writes 79    
#aije7 ne>+ an end4 ,?is /ate ( cont9u\s

 excitem5t1 ) its %all[ pa?os ( !       
individual & its con/ant & sup]ficial   
happ9ess1 its wor%ip ( ! novel & !      
extraord9>y1 ! sugge/ibility & !        
receptivity ( ! masses1 automatic action
 ( ! w & ! emotions--all ?is ,lampre*t  
?9ks w pass4 ,x is a /age 9 ! process ( 
a new =mation4 ,! v elem5ts (           
dissociation are positively *>g$1 s to  
speak1 & conta9 creative p[]4 ,a new    
sy/em ( morals1 a new philosophy1 new   
religion beg9 to em]ge4 ,!re is a /rong 
ef=t to rea* a new dom9ant4  ,?is is    
,lampre*t's psy*ological int]pretation (
 rec5t ,g]man hi/ory4 ,?is view & !     
v>i\s aspects ( ! condition :i*         
,lampre*t describes1 ! relation ( !     
mat]ialism1 ! pessimism & ! melan*oly ( 
su* a "t to ! optimi/ic tr5ds & ! deep  
=w>d movem5t ne$ a clos] /udy ?an we c  
"h give x1 b may we n see 9 x ! tru? t  
su* conditions z ^! are prone to cause  
w>s z a phase ( ! process ( ! inn]      
adju/m5t ( national life8 ,w>s occur z  
=ms ( expression ( ^? impulses :i* appe>

 9 ! individual life 9 times ( rapid    
gr[? & relative dissociation z outbreaks
 ( intemp]ance & passion--a culm9ation1 
accord+ to our view & t]m9ology1 ( !    
intoxication motive4 ,indu/rialism      
itself is p]haps b "o manife/ation (    
deep impulses 9 ! life ( nations2 x is  
at once an int5sification & a =maliz+ ( 
life4 ,h5ce p]haps its p>adoxical       
appe>ance z an increase ( bo? joy &     
di/ress4 ,!re is no?+ 9 x t is :olly    
satisfy+4  ,g]many1 says ,lampre*t1 0   
seek+1 9 ?is transition p]iod1 a new    
dom9ant1 a new religion & a new         
philosophy4 ,b ,g]many1 let u help      
,lampre*t to say1 s9ce he does n himself
 draw ?is conclusion1 has fail$ to em]ge
 ^u ! level ( an exalt$ ec/asy1 fail$ to
 produce ! philosophical1 ! moral &     
religi\s fruit ( its new impulses1      
fail$1 9 a ^w1 to f9d its dom9ant on a  
high level1 precisely z (t5 ! promis+   
individual fails & has express$ 8 truly 
great nature 9 l[ =ms ( activity4 ,s    
,g]many1 & ! _w1 dom9at$ by indu/rialism

 & all ! desires & =ces t ! rapid       
developm5t ( indu/rialism has br\ght    
into action1 has come to a culm9ation ( 
its ef=ts 9 an outbreak unp>allel$ 9    
hi/ory4 ,on ! side ( ,g]many we see a   
nation gov]n$ by a mood ( w> 9 :i* !    
*ief modes ( ?\ght & action repres5t$   
are ! pseudo-my/ical & religi\s long+s =
 new empire1 romantic love ( ! pa/1     
milit>ism1 & all ! motives ( ! new      
indu/rialism & ! new sci5ce4 ,! be/     
motives ( ! old feudalism & ! new       
indu/rialism tri$ to unite1 z we might  
say1 into a new & v great               
civilization--& !y fail$4 ,:at has      
happ5$ is t ! mat]ial p[]s & ! cynical  
moods ( indu/rialism h comb9$ ) !       
my/ical elem5ts & ! sup]ficial /heticism
 ( ! old feudali/ic rgime to create a   
philosophy ( life1 a tempor>y /age x may
 be1 9 :i* =ce & fanaticism & !         
uncompromis+ ideals ( national honor &  
brute /r5g? prevail ov] ^? ( a wid]     
effici5cy & a broad] devotion :i* might 
h inspir$ a great] & a bett] ,g]many4   

,conv5tion & political motives h done ! 
re/4  ,b]gson says t 9 ! w> _s ( ,g]many
 "o sees matt] array$ aga9/ _s4 ,"o c   
see "s tru? 9 ?is1 b _s & matt] are n   
two armies pitt$ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,9     
,g]many1 z we may believe else:]e1 !    
spiritual 9 ! s5se ( creative =ces 9 !  
subconsci\s life ( nations does try to  
organize ! practical life1 ) its r\t9e &
 conv5tion1 into an onw>d mov+ progress1
 9 :i*1 necess>ily1 exalt$ moods 7if    
en]gies are to get !mselves express$ at 
all7 mu/ prevail1 & mu/ be full (       
possibilities1 bo? ( great good & (     
great evil4 ,life 9 its collective =m w 
be abundant1 because t is its mo/       
fundam5tal crav+4 ,x may be t]ribly &   
de/ructively abundant1 or b5ignly1 b    
progress1 z hi/ory seems to %[ u--if    
reason & psy*ology d n--c nev] be ord]ly
 & complac5t4 ,ord] & conv5tion mu/     
break d[n to introduce new _s & new     
desires :i* are cont9ually be+ creat$ 9 
! inn] life4 ,^! =ces may be old in/9cts
 :i* are cont9ually upsett+ civiliz$    

life1 b ! desires !y produce & !        
me*anism ( _! op]ation seem to be       
diff]5t f :at our cu/om>y psy*ology &   
int]pretation ( hi/ory imply4 ,j z ^!   
moods make ! *ild play & be :olly       
unpractical :5 "o might suppose he c\ld 
be useful1 & ! individual1 z man1 live a
 c]ta9 life ( adv5ture r ?an 9 security 
& r\t9e1 s ?is _s or mood t dom9ates    
nations makes !m imp]iali/ic1 & causes  
!m to crave ^? ?+s :i* lead t[>d w>1 if 
!y d n crave w> itself1 :5 we might ?9k 
!y ought to be mo/ conc]n$ ab\t !       
economic welf>e ( ! _w z a :ole4  ,:e!r 
?is _s ( nations be an evil to be       
ov]come1 & to suppress1 or an untam$ =ce
 to direct to "r objects1 or a good t by
 "s logic ( ev5ts :i* we d n und]/&     
works out ! "r c\rse ( hi/ory1 we d n   
"k4 ,b "h1 ( c\rse1 we come to problems1
 :i*1 if !y are problems at all 9 any   
real s5se1 are philosophical & ultimate4
     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,in/9cts ,,9 ,,w>3 
,,fe>1 ,,hate1 ,,! ,,aggressive         
,,impulse1 ,,motives ,,( ,,combat ,,&   

,,de/ruction1 ,,! ,,social ,,in/9ct     
,we h f\nd t ! ess5tial1 & we might say1
 prim>y psy*ological datum ( w> is a    
w>-mood1 t ! c5tral motive ( ?is w>-mood
 is a g5]al impulse :i* we call$ !      
intoxication motive1 & t ?is            
intoxication motive1 consid]$ g5]ically1
 & 9 reg>d to its specific mean+ is a   
crav+ = p[] & = ! exp]i5ce ( ex]t+ &    
feel+ p[]4 ,! w>-mood is n a m]e        
collection ( in/9cts2 x is a new        
product1 9 :i* in/9cts & emotions h a   
place4 ,!re are sev]al reasons1         
practical & !oretical1 = reg>d+ x z a   
highly important problem to discov] :at 
! actual cont5t ( ?is w>-mood is4 ,?is  
mood1 be+ "o ( ! greate/ ( all p[]s (   
good & evil1 & "o mo/ 9 ne$ to-day (    
education & re-direction1 x may be1 x w 
probably be controll$1 if ev]1 ^u !     
basis ( a k ( :at x means z a :ole1 & ( 
:at its elem5ts are :i* appe> 9 ! =m (  
fus$1 trans=m$1 truncat$1 g5]aliz$ &    
abort$ in/9cts & feel+s4   ,primitive   
,t5d5cies  ,fir/ ( all1 ! highly complex

 emotions1 moods & impulses we f9d 9 !  
social consci\sness z express$ 9 ! moods
 ( w>1 d conta9 & rev]t to in/9cts &    
feel+s t are "p ( ! primitive equipm5t (
 organic life1 & are usually id5tifi$ z 
nutritional & reproductive t5d5cies4 ,! 
"p play$ 9 w> by ! migratory impulse1 ! 
pr$atory impulse & ! l indicates !      
connection ( ! w>-moods ) ! nutritional 
t5d5cies2 & ! display elem5ts f\nd      
already 9 primitive w>f>e &1 z we h     
already inf]r$1 9 all =ms ( ec/asy      
conta9 factors t are at bottom sexual4  
,we no long] eat our enemies1 & we d n  
br+ home _! heads to our wom5 or        
practice wife /eal+1 b x is easy to     
obs]ve ! remnants ( ^! old feel+s &     
in/9cts 9 w>4 ,trophy hunt+ cont9ues1 & 
we may suppose t ev5 ! moods ( primitive
 cannibalism h n entirely be5 lo/4 ,!   
ready habituation ( soldi]s to "s ( !   
sc5es ( ! rec5t w> seems to sugge/ a    
l+]+ trace ( ?is motive1 :ile ! loot+   
impulse :i* plays su* a "p 9 w>1 & "s   
aspects ( ! de/ructive impulses & ! l t 

are display$1 are1 ) a high degree (    
probability1 closely relat$ to in/9cts t
 7 once specifically practical & belong 
to ! fundam5tal nutritional motives4    
,nor is x a m]e euphemism1 p]haps1 :5 we
 speak ( ! gre$ ( nations1 nor solely   
analogical :5 we comp>e ! ambitions (   
peoples ) c]ta9 adolesc5t ph5om5a 9 !   
life ( ! individual4 ,pla9ly ! social   
consci\sness1 z a collective mood1 does 
n comm& ! specific reactions connect$ ) 
sexuality & nutrition1 b we may obs]ve !
 pres5ce ( ^! in/9ctive reactions 9 two 
phases ( w>4 ,we see !m 9 ! t5d5cies (  
v>i\s individuals1 :o "u ! excitem5ts ( 
! w> moods are controll$ m or less      
specifically by in/9ctive reactions4 ,we
 see also fragm5ts ( in/9ctive reactions
 & primitive feel+ wov5 into ! total    
/ates ( social consci\sness4 ,! hung]   
motive may1 & probably does1 supply "s (
 ! elem5ts ( ! fe> & ! aggressive moods 
( w>2 j z ! sex motive provides "s ( !  
elem5ts ( ang] & hatr$1 & "s ( !        
qualities ( combat itself4   ,!         

,aggressive ,in/9ct  ,a natural1 b      
some:at nave explanation ( w> is t x is 
a survival ( ! aggressive in/9ct t man  
has br\ght up ) him f animal life1 9 :i*
 he orig9at$1 & t v e>ly 9 8 c>e] 0     
direct$ t[>d 8 fell[ m54 ,?is aggressive
 in/9ct z express$ 9 ! mod]n _s ( w>    
does n ne$1 on ?is view1 to be ?\ght ( z
 some?+ rev]t$ to4 ,x is /ill active    
?r\gh\t ! social life4 ,bo? ! purposes &
 ! me?ods ( x rema94 ,we h ref]r$ to "o 
aspect ( ?is be=e1 & to ! objection t c 
be made t ! ance/ry ( man does n %[ u   
su* an aggressive in/9ct4 ,! ne>e/      
relatives ( man are ma9ly social r ?an  
aggressive 9 _! habits4 ,ev5 ! habits ( 
hunt+ o!r animals & eat+ animal food    
appe> to h be5 acquir$ dur+ man's c>e] z
 man1 & he nev] has _h ! aggressive     
temp] t "s creatures h _h4 ,man has     
acquir$ a v effectual & v complex       
adju/m5t to 8 environm5t by piec+       
toge!r1 s to speak1 fragm5ts ( 8 orig9al
 conduct1 & develop+ me*anisms t h be5  
produc$ 9 ! race z a means ( satisfy+   

fundam5tal ne$s4 ,modes ( reaction      
produc$ orig9ally = "o purpose h        
app>5tly be5 utiliz$ by o!r motives4 ,( 
c\rse ! m specific animal in/9cts are n 
:olly lack+1 b x is also true t man     
?r\gh 8 social life has produc$ habits t
 resemble or are sub/itutes = primitive 
in/9cts4 ,! love ( combat1 especially z 
x is %[n 9 play indicates ! pres5ce (   
in/9ctive roots1 b x does n %[ ! exi/5ce
 ( a def9ite in/9ct ( aggression4 ,?is  
play is 9 "p an (f-%oot ( ! reproductive
 motive4 ,^! fight+ plays ( *ildr5 are 9
 "p sexual plays1 & we see !m cle>ly 9  
_! true light 9 "s ( ! high] mammals mo/
 closely relat$ to man4  ,"o aspect ( ! 
aggressive habit ( man has be5 too mu*  
neglect$4 ,x is highly probable t       
aggression 9 man has be5 f> m closely   
relat$ to ! emotion ( fe> ?an to any    
assum$ pr$atory in/9ct4 ,x is a "q :e!r 
! pr$atory habit ( man1 end+ 9          
cannibalism & ! hunt+ ( animals = food1 
did n orig9ate 9 ! "t ( ! long battle   
man mu/ h _h ) animals 9 :i* ! animals  

!mselves = ! mo/ "p play$ ! "p (        
aggressors4 ,x 0 n = no?+1 at any rate1 
t our animal ance/ors took to ! trees1 &
 x is c]ta9 t ! fe> elem5t 9 human      
nature is v /rong & v deeply +ra9$4 ,we 
see ?r\gh\t animal life fe> express$ by 
aggressive movem5ts1 by ! %[ ( ang]1 z  
well z by flight4 ,?is is se5 especially
 cle>ly 9 ! birds4 ,) all _! equipm5t = 
! def5sive /rategy ( flight !y express  
fe> in/9ctively by attack+1 & ?is is    
app>5tly n a result m]ely ( ! habit (   
def5d+ ! "y4 ,! great c>nivora also     
attack f fe>1 & seem normally nev] to   
attack su* animals z !y d n hunt = prey 
unless !y are fright5$4 ,! *>ge ( !     
rh9oc]os & o!r great ungulates is       
probably always a fe> reaction4 ,!y     
appe> to h no o!r aggressive impulses1  
c]ta9ly none connect$ ) ! nutritional   
motives s9ce !y are h]bivor\s 9 habit4  
,! fe> motive is probably mu* deep] 9   
human nature1 bo? 9 ! l[] & ! high]     
social reactions ?an is commonly        
suppos$1 ! concealm5t ( fe> be+         

precisely a "p ( ! /rategy ( def5se4    
,fe> has creat$ m hi/ory ?an x is       
usually giv5 cr$it =4 ,! aggressive     
motive alone1 9 all probability1 w\ld   
nev] h made hi/ory su* a /ory ( battles 
z x has be54 ,nations usually attribute 
m aggressive int5tions & motives to _!  
neighbors ?an _! neighbors possess1 & w>
 is c]ta9ly (t5 precipitat$ by an       
accumulation ( mutual di/ru/ &          
suspicion4 ,nations are always wat*+ "o 
ano!r = ! lea/ signs ( aggression on !  
"p ( _! suppos$ enemies1 an attitude :i*
 ( c\rse is inspir$ only by appreh5sion4
  ,moods ( fe> & pessimism we say are   
deeply implant$ 9 ! consci\sness ( man1 
& we mu/ int]pret bo? 8 optimism1 & all 
its expressions 9 philosophy & 9        
religion1 & also 8 aggressive behavior z
 9 l>ge "p ! result ( a consci\s or an  
unconsci\s ef=t to ov]come 8 fe>4 ,!    
social consci\sness is full ( m>ks (    
age-long dread & suspicion4 ,fe> ( fate1
 fe> ( los+ id5tity z a nation1 fe> (   
be+ ov]run by an enemy1 fe> ( int]nal   

disruption1 are /rong motives 9 national
 life4 ,fe> runs l a d>k ?read ?r\gh all
 ! life ( nations1 & gives to x a       
quality ( my/icism1 & a t\* ( sadness   
:i* is s *>act]i/ic ( mu* ( ! deepe/    
patriotism ( ! _w4  ,fe> is "o ( ! mo/  
p[]ful motives ( all aggressive w>f>e 9 
! _w4 ,we f9d x 9 e nation1 ev5 ^? :i*  
are naturally mo/ aggressive1 & 9 !m    
p]haps mo/ ( all4 ,9 ! hi/ory & 9 ! w>  
moods ( ,g]many ! fe> motive is         
unmi/akable4 ,am]ica is n )\t x4        
,nations conceal _! fe>s1 pres5t+ a bold
 front to ! =eign]2 b b5ea? ! display "o
 c always detect suspicion1 dread &     
int5se wat*fulness4 ,am]ica has 9 ! pa/ 
fe>$ ,g]many1 & ,am]ica fe>s ! ,f> ,ea/2
 we look furtively t[>d ,asia1 !        
primeval home ( all evils & pe/il5ce1 = 
some?+ t may arise & engulf u4 ,small   
c\ntries fe>2 l>ge c\ntries ) _! s5se ( 
di/ances1 h _! own *>act]i/ic =ms (     
appreh5sion4 ,fe> is ! motive (         
prev5tive w>s4 ,x makes all nations     
desire to kill _! enemies 9 ! egg4 ,x   

creates ! dea? wi% t[>d all :o ?w>t our 
int]e/s or :o may 9 ! future d s4  ,?is 
fe> motive runs ?r\gh all hi/ory4       
,p>sons says t m5 fight n because !y are
 w>like1 b because !y are fe>ful4       
,rohrba* ?9ks t if ,g]many & ,engl& c\ld
 ea* be sure ! o!r w\ld n be aggressive 
!re w\ld be no w> betwe5 !m4 ,x is ?is  
aspect ( ! =eign z ! unkn[n t especially
 plays ^u ! motive ( fe>4 ,?is fe> is l 
! *ild's dread ( ! d>k2 x is n :at is   
se51 b :at is n se5 t causes            
appreh5sion4 ,x is ! /rang] ^: psy*ic   
nature we _c p5etrate1 :o causes fe>4 ,9
 small c\ntries hav+ only l& bord]s1 ?is
 attitude ( suspicion & fe> mu/ become  
an integral "p ( ! :ole psy*ic /ructure 
( ! national consci\sness4 ,fe> becomes 
morbid2 nations h illusions & delusions 
bas$ ^u fe>4 ,!re are reasons = believ+ 
t all aggression conta9s a pessimi/ic   
motive1 or backgr\nd1 & t ?is pessimi/ic
 backgr\nd is bas$ ^u ! emotion ( fe>4  
,c\ntries t are mo/ positively          
aggressive h su* a pessimi/ic /ra94     

,pessimism is a %ad[ t lies across ! pa?
 ( progress ( mod]n ,g]many4 ,?is fe>   
motive1 ! quality ( ! animal t *>ges :5 
at bay1 is to be se5 ?r\gh\t all ,g]man 
hi/ory4 ,g]many's fe> ( ,russia mu/     
c]ta9ly be blam$ = a great "p ( !       
pessimi/ic /ra9 9 ! temp]am5t ( ,g]many1
 & !re=e z an important factor among !  
causes ( ! great w>4 ,e w> appe>s to ! p
 :o conduct x z def5sive1 precisely     
because e w> is to "s ext5t bas$ ^u fe>1
 & fe> 9 national consci\sness is a     
p]si/5t s5se ( liv+ by a def5sive       
/rategy4 ,x is exi/5ce t nations always 
?9k & talk ( fight+ =2 x is exi/5ce ab\t
 :i* !y h appreh5sions4 ,b5ea? all gr\p 
life !re is ?is s5se ( fe>1 s9ce fe>    
itself 0 a l>ge factor 9 creat+ t life4 
,:5 p live toge!r1 repress individual   
desires & p>ticipate 9 a common life we 
may "k t "o ( ! /ronge/ bonds ( ?is     
social life is fe>4 ,! ne$ ( def5se is a
 m fundam5tal motive 9 national life ?an
 is aggression4 ,a %udd] runs ?r\gh a   
nation ab\t to g to battle4 ,! lu/s ( w>

 are ar\s$ lat] by ! ov]com+ ( fe>4     
,g]many's incl9ation to prev5tive w>s1  
h] incessant plea ( be+ ab\t to be      
attack$1 c by no means be int]pret$ z   
pure deception1 or z an ef=t to make    
political capital4 ,g]many's army 0     
prim>ily = def5se1 because a def5sive   
/rategy is ! only /rategy t ,g]many ) h]
 position & h] temp]am5t c adopt4       
,g]many's great army 0 ,g]many's        
comp5sation1 9 consci\sness1 = !        
insignificance ( h] t]ritory4 ,x 0 =    
def5se4 ,x 0 also a comp5sation = a     
feel+ ( inf]iority1 9 ,adl]'s s5se4     
,fanaticism1 envy1 depreciation ( o!rs1 
aggression1 morbid & excessive ambition 
7 all fruits f ! same /em4 ,! gloom :i* 
_m h f\nd 9 ,g]man life1 & ! pessimism 9
 ,g]man philosophy1 we may expla9 9 "p  
by ! exp]i5ces ( ,g]many z ! sc5e ( s _m
 deva/at+ w>s4 ,^u ! backgr\nd ( fe>1 9 
our int]pretation ( aggressive motives1 
is erect$ ,g]man autocracy1 ,g]man      
ambition & ! conception ( ! absolute    
,/ate1 :i* may be int]pret$ z almo/ a   

specific fe> reaction4 ,x comes 9 "t to 
h o!r mean+s1 & l _m in/9ctive          
reactions1 x may be put to uses = :i* x 
0 n orig9ally produc$1 b !re is fe>     
conceal$ 9 ! he>t ( x4 ,h[ action c be  
bo? def5sive & /rongly aggressive1 !n1  
is no my/]y if we see t aggression may  
be a fe> reaction1 t ev5 ! mo/ ard5t    
imp]ialism is bas$ 9 "p ^u fe>1 ^u !    
consci\sness at "s "t ( be+ weak &      
inf]ior4  ,fe> & suspicion cause        
aggressive w>s ev5 :5 ! fe> may be1 9   
all reason1 gr\ndless4 ,!re is no m     
dang]\s individual 9 ! community ?an !  
"o hav+ delusions ( p]secution1 = 8     
mania is naturally homicidal4 ,s )      
nations4 ,fe> is a trea*]\s & deceptive 
passion4 ,we may see ?is fe>1 if we     
*oose to look = x1 ev5 9 ! ec/atic mood 
( w> & ! spiritual exaltation ( ,g]many 
dur+ ! fir/ few weeks or mon?s ( ! w>4  
,?is exaltation 0 9 "p a reaction (     
fe>--or a reaction f fe>4 ,g]many 0     
afraid1 fe>$ = h] exi/5ce1 & !          
exaltation 0 9 "p a s5se ( tak+ a       

t]rible plunge into ! dep?s ( fate4     
,g]many 0 afraid ( ,russia & afraid (   
,engl&1 & t fe> _h to be ov]come1       
because ! pres5ce ( ! fe> itself 0 a    
matt] ( life or dea?4 ,b ! exaltation   
did n m]ely succe$ ! fe>4 ,x conta9$ x4 
,& :y %\ld ,g]many1 ev5 ) all h]        
prep>$ness & h] res\rces n be afraid8   
,an inh]it$ fe> is n s easily exorcis$4 
,g]many array$ aga9/ all ,russia & all !
 ,briti% ,empire1 ,g]many no l>g] ?an   
our ,texas exp]i5c$ a /ate ( exaltation1
 ov]com+ fe>4 ,b x requir$ some?+ m ?an 
c\rage to ov]come ! fe>2 & t o!r elem5t 
0 my/icism4 ,to ! s5se ( ?r[+ all into !
 h&s ( fate :i*1 by all physical signs  
mu/ be adv]se1 0 add$1 z a comp5sat+    
elem5t1 ,g]many's my/ical belief 9 h]   
security z a *os5 nation4 ,fe>1 by its  
int5sity & dep? may1 l physical pa91    
become ec/atic & ?us be ov]come4        
,hatr$  ,hatr$ mu/ be consid]$ bo? z a  
cause ( w>1 & z an elem5t 9 ! w> moods4 
,_m au?ors h call$ hatr$ "o ( ! deepe/  
roots ( w>4 ,?is hatr$ betwe5 nations   

ev5 ,freud says is my/]i\s4 ,b ,pfi/]1  
ref]r+ to ,adl]'s !ory1 says t w> mu/ be
 und]/ood precisely z we und]/& enmity  
among individuals4 ,a s5se ( inf]iority 
is insult$1 & ?us aggressive feel+s are 
ar\s$4 ,! nation1 l ! individual1 is    
spurr$ on to make good its claim to     
greatness4 ,x is a feel+ ( jeal\sy bas$ 
^u a s5se ( inf]iority t causes hatr$4  
,o',ryan & ,&]son 7#e71 milit>y writ]s1 
say !re are two causes ( w>3 ^? bas$ ^u 
an assum$ necessity1 & ^? bas$ ^u hatr$4
 ,nusbaum 7#hf7 also f9ds two causes (  
w>1 ! expansion impulse & ! egoism (    
species1 :i* leads to long enmities4    
,hi/ory %[s t we mu/ accept hatr$ z an  
und]ly+ cause ( w>4 ,! reaction ( deep  
ang] :i* may be ar\s$ by a v>iety (     
situations t arise among nations1       
especially :5 x is1 s to speak1 an      
outbreak ( a long cont9u$ hatr$1 is a   
proximate cause ( w>s4 ,hatr$1 !        
reaction ( ang] prolong$ into a mood1   
diff]s z national or gr\p emotion f !   
ang] ( ! individual 9 "p by be+ subject 

/rongly to gr\p sugge/ion1 & 9 "p       
because 9 ! gr\p consci\sness !re is    
only r>ely a means ( expression1 on ! "p
 ( ! individuals ( ! gr\p1 ( ! feel+s ( 
hatr$4 ,enemies are f> away &           
inaccessible4 ,!re=e hatr$ may become   
deep & *ronic4  ,hatr$ betwe5 nations is
 usually bas$ ^u a long s]ies (         
reprisals & a hi/ory ( invasions4 ,^!   
invasions are prim>ily physical         
invasions1 b lat] invasions 9 ! sph]e ( 
invisible values1 (f5ses to honor & ! l 
are add$4 ,^! ideal values come to be   
reg>d$ z m vital ?an mat]ial values4    
,hatr$ betwe5 gr\ps becomes *ronic & (t5
 seems to be gr\ndless because ! values 
conc]n$ h ?us become intangible4 ,!     
*ronic moods ( hatr$ & dislike become   
explosive =ces1 ready to be excit$ to   
action :5ev] any diff]5ce arises4 ,vebl5
 7#ig7 says w>s nev] occur except :5    
que/ions ( honor are involv$1 :i* is (  
c\rse equival5t to say+ t ! reaction (  
ang] is always requir$ z an imm$iate    
cause ( w>4 ,vebl5 ma9ta9s also t       

emulation is always involv$ 9 !         
patriotic _s1 t patriotism always       
conta9s ! idea ( ! defeat ( an oppon5t1 
& is bas$ ^u collective malevol5ce4 ,!  
range ( ^! occasions ( crisis is s      
great1 & ! feel+s ( hatr$ s p]si/5t &   
volatile1 t ! me*anism = ! production ( 
w> is always pres5t4 ,^! causes range   
all ! way f violation ( prop]ty to (f5se
 to ! mo/ ab/ract ideas ( national      
etiquette4 ,violation ( int]national    
law1 ( moral pr9ciples1 we see n[1 may h
 v f>-rea*+ effects z infr++ ! sph]e (  
honor ( nations n directly conc]n$1 s9ce
 ! pre/ige ( all nations z p>ticipants 9
 creat+ law & becom+ uphold]s ( x is    
affect$4  ,if hatr$ & its crises are    
causes ( w>1 !y d n fit into ! moods 9  
:i* w>f>e is g5]ally conduct$4 ,hatr$   
belongs to ! p]iods ( peace & ( /ra9$   
relations1 :5 ! cause ( w> is pres5t1 b 
! means ( retaliation are n at h& or n 9
 action4 ,! preval5ce & p]si/5ce ( hatr$
 9 w> is a sign ( imp]fect morale4      
,hatr$ _c rema9 9 ! w> mood ( a nation  

act+ ) full confid5ce 9 its p[]s4 ,hatr$
 always implies inf]iority or impot5t   
sup]iority4 ,dide 7#bj7 says t ! _s (   
hatr$ does n fit into ! soldi]'s life4  
,x goes ) ! desire = rev5ge & is /ronge/
 among ^? :o /ay at home & c d no?+4    
,hatr$ is a phase ( appreh5sion4 ,hatr$ 
is a product ( ! fe> t _c be tak5 up    
into ! optimi/ic moods1 & ?us be        
trans=m$4 ,x rema9s z a =eign body & an 
inhibition4 ,x arises :5 ob/acles appe> 
to be too great1 :5 !re are rev]ses1 & !
 enemy %[s signs ( be+ able to ma9ta9 a 
long & /ubborn resi/ance1 or flaunts    
aga9 ! orig9al cause ( ! disagreem5t4   
,s*el] 7#gg7 says t rev5ge1 :i* is a =m 
( hate1 is n a ju/ifiable w> motive4 ,we
 %\ld say also t x is n a normal w>     
mood1 t x has no su/a9+ =ce1 b causes a 
rapid exp5diture ( en]gy :i* may be     
effectual 9 brief actions1 b is ev5 !re 
wa/eful & int]f]es ) judgm5t &          
effici5cy4 ,morale bas$ ^u hatr$ is     
insecure4  ,hatr$ mu/ h be5 a v e>ly    
factor 9 ! relations ( gr\ps to "o      

ano!r1 & presumably we %\ld ne$ to g    
back to animal life & /udy antipa?ies   
!re 9 ord] fully to und]/& ! nature (   
racial & national antagonisms1 "s ( :i* 
may be bas$ ^u physiological traits &   
primitive /hetic qualities4 ,! v fact ( 
! exi/5ce ( gr\ps1 segregat$ & well b\nd
 toge!r = ! purposes ( (f5se & def5se   
implies already a /rong contra/ ( feel+ 
betwe5 t ( individuals ( ! gr\p t[>d "o 
ano!r & t direct$ t[>d ! outsid]4 ,?is  
contra/ develop$ n m]ely z a reaction1 b
 z a necessity1 = gr\ps 9 ! beg9n+ mu/ h
 _h to cont5d aga9/ _! own feeble social
 cohesion1 & exi/$ only by reason (     
/rong emotions ( fe> & ang] felt t[>d ! 
/rang]4 ,hatr$ t[>d all outside ! gr\p  
mu/ at "o /age h be5 highly useful z a  
means ( cem5t+ ! bonds ( ! gr\p &       
ma9ta9+ ! necess>y attitude ( def5se1 at
 a "t :5 all outsid]s 7 likely to be    
dang]\s4 ,feel+s ( fri5dl9ess t[>d      
/rang]s 7 dang]\s to ! life ( ! gr\p1 & 
s hatr$ possess$ survival value4  ,! ma9
 root ( gr\p antipa?y is 9 all          

probability fe>4 ,hatr$ is an aspect ( !
 aggressive def5sive t[>d ! /rang]4     
,hatr$ is a "p ( ! aggressive reaction4 
,z an expression ( f]ocity t[>d all :o  
are n kn[n to be fri5dly1 x belongs to !
 fir/ l9e ( def5se4 ,hatr$ is likely to 
be /rong 9 ! female because ! attitude (
 ! female is univ]sally def5sive4  ,9 ! 
beg9n+1 z ,mac,curdy 7#cg7 says1 !      
contra/s betwe5 gr\ps 7 %>p1 & ^!       
def9itely sep>at$ gr\ps mu/ h felt t[>d 
"o ano!r n only antagonism b a s5se (   
be+ diff]5t 9 k9d4 ,int5sity ( feel+s ( 
opposition t5ds to magnify small        
diff]5ces into specific diff]5ces4 ,?is 
s5se ( specific diff]5ce is nev] lo/1 n 
ev5 9 ! consci\sness ( enlight5$ nations
 9 reg>d to "o ano!r1 & we may see x    
to-day display$ z a my/ic belief1 on !  
"p ( _m peoples1 9 _! own sup]iority4   
,nations are always outsid]s to "o      
ano!r1 & ! s5se ( /rang5ess p]5nially   
su/a9s def5sive attitudes & moods (     
hatr$4 ,! fri5d%ip ( nations c nev] be v
 secure1 because ! old idea ( diff]5ce (

 k9d is nev] q ab&on$4 ,"s degree (     
enmity seems always to be felt t[>d !   
=eign]2 t is1 t[>d all :o are n int]e/$ 
9 ! protective functions ( ! gr\p4      
,mac,curdy ?9ks ! int5sity ( suspicion &
 hatr$ ( peoples t[>d "o ano!r belongs  
to ! pa?ological field1 & t "o          
expression ( ?is is ! peculi>ity ( !    
m5tal processes by :i* nations always   
ju/ify _! own cause 9 w>4 ,?is1 h[ev]1  
is p]haps an exagg]ation1 s9ce we c     
trace ^! /ates ( m9d 9 all ! hi/ory ( ! 
race4  ,h[ deep-seat$ ! enmities & !    
s5se ( /rang5ess among nations may be is
 se5 9 ! fact t national gr\ps liv+ 9   
close proximity to "o ano!r t5d to      
become less fri5dly r ?an to become     
affiliat$4 ,^! feel+s gradually produce 
conceptual entities1 :i* /& = ! reality 
( ! =eign4 ,^! concepts are deposits1 s 
to speak1 f a great numb] ( affective   
reactions1 & !y always conta9 imag9ative
 cont5t bas$ ^u enmity & suspicion4 ,?is
 und]ly+ enmity betwe5 neighbor+ peoples
 is n some?+ r>e 9 ! _w4 ,all =eign]s1  

ev5 9 ! m9ds ( ! mo/ intellig5t (       
peoples1 are recon/ructions1 c>icatures4
 ,^! feel+s & attitudes are /rong & deep
 & !y prev5t g5u9e fri5d%ip among       
nations4 ,we t5d to ?9k ( all =eign]s z 
9 "s degree malici\s1 z design+1 & lack+
 9 ! good qualities & "r habits :i* we  
ourselves possess4  ,_m au?ors h comm5t$
 ^u ! entire inability ( nations to     
und]/& "o ano!r4 ,!re is a deep reason =
 ?is1 :i* we h already sugge/$4 ,!y d n 
wi% to und]/& "o ano!r4 ,x is a "p ( !  
ar*aic sy/em ( def5se to ma9ta9 an      
attitude ( di/ru/ & misund]/&+ & ev5    
fe>4 ,! fe> ( ! enemy is a              
protection--aga9/ invasion f )\t &      
disruption )94 ,nations d n d>e to      
rel9qui% _! fe> ( "o ano!r1 & we see    
some?+ ( ?is volunt>y *]i%+ ( fe> &     
enmity 9 ! pres5t hesitation ab\t ent]+ 
into leagues on ! "p ( _m nations4      
,nations really wi% to hate "o ano!r1 x 
w\ld seem4 ,o!r evid5ce ( ?is we h      
obs]v$ 9 ! cult ( hate t has be5        
promulgat$ to keep up morale 9 ! rec5t  

w>4 ,we see enmity ma9ta9$ :5 !         
diff]5ces among ! peoples hold+ x are   
sup]ficial & mu/ inde$ be exagg]at$ &   
c>icatur$ 9 ord] to make !m support     
feel+s ( dislike4 ,small diff]5ces 9 !  
cu/oms ( closely relat$ peoples are     
suffici5t sometimes to ma9ta9 int5se    
antagonism4 ,z ,colli] 7#fh7 says1 x is 
precisely ! bad mann]s ( a p t cause    
conflict4 ,^! bad mann]s are ( c\rse    
mann]s t are diff]5t f our own4         
,g]many's outbur/ ( hatr$ & its frequ5t 
exhibition dur+ ! w> & its promulgation 
z a cult & a religion appe> to h excit$ 
! int]e/ ( _m writ]s on ! w>4 ,z a *apt]
 9 ! psy*ology ( w> x has sugge/$ new   
problems & po9ts ( view1 & x has also   
appeal$ to _m z an int]e/+ problem (    
national psy*ology4 ,if our explanation 
( hatr$ z especially relat$ to fe> & to 
! s5se ( inf]iority is correct ,g]many (
 all nations mu/ h be5 affect$ ) a      
disord] ( morale1 or "s p]v]sion (      
national consci\sness4  ,! hatr$ (      
,g]many = ,engl& is n ! only example (  

int]national enmity 9 ! _w1 b its       
expression 9 ! w> has made x peculi>ly  
int]e/+4 ,! grievance aga9/ ,engl& is   
fir/ ( all t ,engl& is great & prosp]\s1
 & lives 9 com=t ^u ! une>n$ fruits (   
empire1 :ile ! ,g]man has toil$ h>d     
?r\gh ! c5turies & has caught no?+4     
,engl& is hat$ because 9 _m ways %e has 
/ood squ>ely 9 ! pa? ( ,g]many's        
progress & because 9 ! hi/ory (         
,european diplomacy1 doors lead+ to wid]
 empire h be5 aga9 & aga9 slamm$ 9      
,g]many's face1 usually by ! h& (       
,engl&4 ,g]many hates ,engl&1 accord+ to
 ,g]man writ]s1 because ,engl&1 a k9dr$ 
race1 tri$ to betray we/]n civilization 
into ! h&s ( b>b>ism4 ,g]many hates     
,engl& because1 to ! ,g]man m9d1 ,engl& 
is hypocritical4 ,! ,engli%man          
criticizes 9 o!rs precisely :at he does 
himself2 ,puritanical talk cov]s a s9ful
 he>t4 ,g]many hates ,engl& because 9 h]
 sea-policy ,engl& has be5 high h&$ &   
arrogant4 ,! ,g]mans (t5 call ,engl& a  
robb] nation1 ) ! morals ( a burgl> :o1 

hav+ enri*$ himself by 8 trade1 & hav+  
retir$ f bus9ess1 n[ prea*es hone/y4  ,x
 is n m]ely ! hatr$ ( ,engl& on ! "p (  
,g]many t is ( int]e/ = a psy*ology ( w>
 b ! fact t ,g]many has tak5 h] hate =  
,engl& ) a peculi> s]i\sness1 believ$ x 
unique1 has be5 to ! pa9s ( ju/ify+ x   
morally1 has cov]$ x ) religi\s         
exaltation1 made x a cult & ev5 express$
 x 9 a =mula1 & made x an educational   
program4 ,!re are _m ,g]man writ+s      
ju/ify+ ! hatr$ ( ,engl& & enc\rag+ hate
 z a weapon ( righte\sness4 ,smi? 7#dg7 
7#fd7 has giv5 u ! titles ( =ty-f\r     
,g]man publications 9 8 own possession1 
hav+ = subject ,g]many's hatr$ ( ,engl&1
 & says t !re are sixty-five m kn[n to  
him4 ,"s ( ^! expressions ( hatr$ are   
extreme4 ,!re is1 or 01 a pa/or 9       
,hamburg :o decl>$ f 8 pulpit t 8 p 7   
do+ ,god a s]vice 9 hat+ ,engl& & 9 tak+
 e /ep possible to wipe s pe/if]\s a    
nation f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,frau ,reut]   
says t x is impossible n[ m ?an ev] to  
love our enemies1 t ,engl& :o pr(ess$   

love = ,g]many & !n betray$ h] love mu/ 
be hat$4 ,/]n1 9 8 /udies ( hate 9      
*ildr5 f\nd t hate may be /rong )\t any 
cle> cont5t1 9 ! m9ds ( ,g]man *ildr54  
,t "s ( ?is hatr$ ( ,engl& is a direct  
effect ( ! tea*+s ( ,treits*ke c h>dly  
be d\bt$1 :5 we recall ! great influ5ce 
8 tea*+s h _h1 & ! peculi> bitt]ness ( t
 dramatic p]sonage = ,engl&1 = ,engl&'s 
pret5ti\sness1 h] middle class          
satisfaction1 h] insul> conceit4  ,!    
fur!r details ( ! cult ( hatr$ 9 ,g]many
 ne$ n deta9 u1 s9ce ! purpose is only  
to sugge/ "h ! connection ( hatr$ ) !   
national pessimism1 ! fe> & ! inf]iority
 motive ( ,g]many4 ,we see a simil>     
attitude 9 ,au/ria1 :]e !re is a viol5t 
race hatr$ t[>d ! ,s]bians1 :i* ,le ,bon
 has reg>d$ z ! motive f :i* ,au/ria w5t
 to w>4 ,f]r]o comm5ts ^u ! fact t hatr$
 is conspicu\sly abs5t 9 ,am]ica1 & says
 t ! great] hatr$ 9 ,europe is due n    
only to ! obvi\s result ( nations be+   
cr[d$ toge!r1 b also to ! ca/e sy/em :i*
 limits ! fre$om ( ! individual & t5ds  

to eng5d] deep passions4 ,dide 7#bj7    
says t 9 ,g]many preoccupation ) ! idea 
( inju/ice is a cause ( w>1 & ,*apman   
7#ci7 also rem>ks t ,g]many _h gone mad 
?9k+ ( h] wrongs4 ,t jeal\sy & fe> are 9
 g5]al ! sub/ratum ( national hatr$ is  
deeply impress$ ^u "o 9 /udy+ !         
psy*ology ( ,g]many4 ,all ! hate motive 
( ! late w> might well be f\nd 9        
,g]many's pray] ,gott /rafe ,engl&4     
,g]many appeal$ to ,god to puni% ,engl&1
 ( c\rse1 because ,g]many h]self c\ld n4
 ,bo? ! appeal & ! hatr$ are reactions (
 fe> & a s5se ( impot5ce4 ,g]many hat$  
,engl& because ,engl& 0 secure beh9d h] 
navy1 ^u h] isl&1 beyond ! rea* ( ! w>  
ma*9e :i* is ,g]many's symbol ( p[] & ! 
comp5sation = h] s5se ( inf]iority &    
weakness4   ,! ,in/9ct ( ,combat  ,we   
may di/+ui% 9 ! motives ( w> betwe5 !   
aggressive t5d5cy1 :i* we h already     
discuss$ z a reaction ( fe> or ( ang]1 &
 a m specific in/9ct ( combat z a       
possession ( ! individual1 less subject 
to sugge/ion1 less closely relat$ to !  

ph5om5a ( ! h]d4 ,! aggressive reaction 
we associate1 or "s writ]s d associate  
x1 ) ! pr$atory in/9ct1 practical 9 its 
motive1 hav+ 9 "p an economic basis4 ,! 
love ( combat :i* appe>s especially z a 
play motive 9 ! *ild & ! y\? is express$
 z a desire = conque/ & 9 ! pleasure (  
ov]com+ an enemy4  ,"s see 9 w> a       
recrudesc5ce ( ! in/9ct ( combat1 &     
inde$ ?9k ( w> z ma9ly su* a return to  
primitive in/9ct4 ,! life ( peace       
represses ?is motive too mu*1 !y ?9k4   
,life is too organiz$ & cop]ative & !   
individual craves release f x4 ,! g5]al 
objections to su* an int]pretation ( w> 
we h already /at$4 ,we ?9k r ( c]ta9    
specific movem5ts z av5ues ( approa* to 
highly complex /ates ( ec/asy1 & ( ^!   
/ates ( ec/asy z repres5t+ or conta9+ ! 
real crav+ = w>1 s f> z !re is "o4 ,! w>
 mood exploits ^! movem5ts & gives room 
= in/9cts to display !mselves1 & ^!     
in/9cts1 9 _! expression1 are           
pleasure-ton$ because !y are ar*aic & h 
once be5 well organiz$ & habitual =ms ( 

activity hav+ practical objects4 ,b to  
say t m5 h a pr(\nd b conceal$ desire to
 kill "o ano!r1 t ! fight+ impulse      
rema9s intact 9 "s orig9al animal =m1 is
 a trave/y ^u human nature4 ,x is       
precisely because 9 w> kill+ is         
dep]sonaliz$1 s to speak1 t x is a moral
 duty & is p]=m$ "u conditions 9 :i* !re
 is a summation ( _m /rong motives lead+
 to ! act t1 z we see x1 m5 f9d joy 9   
battle4 ,! in/9ct ( attack1 or ! hunt+  
in/9ct t is involv$ 9 ?is activity1 c   
become pleasure-ton$ only because ( !   
pres5ce ( o!r motives1 & because !      
object is dehumaniz$ = ! "t4 ,o!rwise we
 %\ld expect all soldi]s1 once hav+ _!  
aggressive in/9cts ar\s$ 9 battle1 to   
become dang]\s to ! community4  ,t !re  
is1 h[ev]1 a residue ( pure love (      
physical combat & a survival ( !        
in/9ctive movem5ts ( combat is %[n 9    
play1 al?\gh "h too ! motives are mix$4 
,! desire to fight1 to kill1 to hunt are
 /ill pres5t b = ! mo/ "p are sublimat$ 
9 adult life into desire = competition 9

 g5]al1 love ( dang]1 & ! hunt+ & gambl+
 impulse4 ,b we c "h & !re 9 human      
conduct see c]ta9 roots ( pure in/9cts  
hav+ def9ite cord9at$ reactions4 ,^!    
und\bt$ly d play a "p1 b probably a v   
small "p 9 ! pres5t moods ( w>4 ,s f> z 
!y rema9 purely in/9ctive _! place z a  
g5]al motive ( w> seems negligible4 ,x  
is a "q1 9 fact1 :e!r ev5 9 ! /ate (    
savag]y any pure in/9ct = kill+ ev]     
play$ a consid]able "p4 ,!re 7 already  
practical motives1 motives ( fe> & ang]1
 & presumably also complex /ates (      
pleasure connect$ ) beliefs1 cu/oms &   
c]emonies z well z ) battle1 s t ev5 !n 
m5 _c be said to h act$ ^u any?+ l      
purely in/9ctive impulses4  ,num]\s     
acc\nts h come f ! sc5es ( ! great w>   
ab\t m5 :o appe> = a "t to be dom9at$ by
 irresi/ible in/9cts4 ,gibbs 7#hj7 says 
!re are "s m5 9 e army :o l slaught] =  
its own sake4 ,!y f9d an intoxication 9 
x4 ,!y love ! hunt+ _s ( x all4 ,we h ! 
/ory ( a ,fr5* soldi] ( peaceable       
disposition :o appe>$ to exp]i5ce an    

ec/asy ( delight z he lay conceal$ 9 a  
%ell hole & 0 able to pick (f _m ( !    
enemy4 ,?is 0 n ! exhil>ation & ab&on   
exp]i5c$ by m5 :ile mak+ attack1 :5     
viol5t muscul> ex]tion produces an      
intoxication ( m9d1 b a dom9ance ( ! m9d
 by some?+ :i* seems v mu* l ! hunt+ _s1
 "u circum/ances 9 :i*1 we may suppose1 
! enemy _h und]gone "s process (        
dehumanization 9 ! m9d ( ! hunt]4 ,we   
may suppose also t !re are individuals 9
 e army :o h pa?ological impulses or    
p]v]sions1 :i* %[ !mselves 9 in/9ctive  
reactions ( a specific nature & 9 excess
 ( ! normal4  ,bo? ! ,g]mans & ! ,fr5*  
are accus$ by ,fr5* & ,g]man writ]s     
respectively ) be+ ! real lov]s (       
battle4 ,g]man writ]s say t ! ,g]mans   
are peculi>ly peace-lov+ & by nature    
lack+ 9 ! battle _s1 b t ! ,fr5* love   
battle = its own sake1 & t ?is is %[n   
cle>ly by _! hi/ory4 ,o!rs see love (   
conflict1 aggressiv5ess & cruelty 9 !   
,g]man disposition4 ,b\tr\x 7#ac7 wi%es 
to place among ! causes ( ! great w> !  

native brutality ( ! ,g]man disposition1
 a trait exi/+ f long ago1 & n[ become a
 discipl9$ cruelty--a zu*tmaessige      
,grausamkeit1 reg>d$ z "r & m]itori\s4  
,_m ?9k !y f9d ?is love ( fight+1       
blood?ir/ & love ( de/ruction 9 ! ,g]man
 s\l4 ,_m attribute pure aggressiv5ess (
 a pron\nc$ type or an exagg]at$        
pr$atory in/9ct to ! ,g]mans4 ,*apman   
7#ci7 says t ! w> is a flam+ =? (       
passions t h cov]tly be5 burn+ 9 ! s\l (
 ,g]many = sev]al decades4 ,he adds t ) 
! ,g]mans w> is in/9ctive2 !re is no    
casus belli at all4 ,w> 'is = w>'s sake1
 & is a ne$ ( nature ) ! ,g]man4 ,smi?  
7#fd7 decl>es t ! ,g]man is innately    
brutal1 & z "o pro( ( ?is he %[s !      
/ati/ics ( brutal crimes 9 ,g]many4 ,he 
writes ( ! trucul5t aggressiv5ess ( !   
,teutonic race1 ( ! hatr$ & love (      
de/ruction display$ by ! robb] knights (
 ! ,middle ,ages1 & reg>ds qu>relsome   
aggressiv5ess z innate 9 ,g]man "*4     
,dide 7#bj7 ?9ks t su* aggressive w>f>e 
z is practic$ by ! ,g]mans always goes )

 a pessimi/ic disposition4 ,?ay] 7#eh7  
connects blood?ir/9ess ) ! paganism (   
,g]many1 & says t blood?ir/9ess crops   
out aga9 & aga9 9 ,g]man hi/ory4        
,nicolai 7#gi7 also ref]s to ! crav+ =  
blood 9 ! ,g]man "*1 & says t x has be5 
%[n ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,g]mans4 ,! old
 sacrifices :i* grew out ( cannibalism &
 are due to ! p]si/5ce ( ! crav+ = blood
 %[ an in/9ctive desire = slaught]1 or  
at lea/ a confirm$ habit ( kill+ t dies 
h>d4 ,b 9 all ^! *>act]izations (       
national temp]am5t !re is no cle>       
di/9ction among v>i\s motives ( conduct4
 ,ang] & fe> reactions1 love ( combat   
itself1 ! motives ( display are all     
int]m+l$4  ,!re c ( c\rse be no precise 
way ( e/imat+ ! place ( a pure in/9ct ( 
combat among ! causes ( w>1 or 9 ! w>   
moods4 ,we h se5 reason = believ+ t     
al?\gh ^! in/9cts rema9 z fragm5ts 9 !  
individual & especially are utiliz$ 9   
high] processes ( ! social life1 !y are 
less influ5tial 9 det]m9+ motives &     
conduct ?an is sometimes believ$4 ,we _c

 at lea/ expla9 w> z a sudd5 release (  
^! in/9cts4 ,t primitive passions =     
viol5ce1 z ,mac,curdy 7#cg7 ma9ta9s1    
ren=ce ! h]d antagonism1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! 
appreh5sion at ! ?reat ( w>1 give rise  
to a desire = w>1 may be true1 b su*    
primitive passions are n all ( ! =ces t 
are at "w 9 caus+ mod]n w>s4 ,to say t 9
 ! individual ( mod]n society a savage  
/ill lives is an exagg]ation1 & does n  
prop]ly express :at social consci\sness 
is or has done4 ,! social life is n a   
balance 9 :i* primitive in/9cts are held
 9 lea% by o!r in/9cts or feel+s1 b a   
new product 9 :i* !re is a syn!sis (    
impulses 9 :i* ! orig9al =m ( ! impulses
 may be greatly trans=m$4 ,we live 9    
composite situations to :i* !re         
correspond composite moods4 ,(t5 motives
 :i* cle>ly reveal to analysis _!       
in/9ctive "* h no t5d5cy to express     
!mselves 9 ! def9ite in/9ctive movem5ts 
correspond+ to ?is in/9ct-feel+1 hav+   
p]man5tly become dissociat$ f !         
primitive reactions1 ei!r by a process (

 g5]alization & fusion ( /ates &        
processes 9 ! individual1 or by !       
inh]itance ( /ructural *anges4 ,!re are1
 x is true1 all degrees ( amalgamation (
 old & new elem5ts or ( trans=mation (  
old elem5ts1 b to ?9k ( in/9cts z rema9+
 intact & un*ang$ 9 mod]n life seems    
:olly wrong4  ,aft] all man is no long] 
an animal1 & ev5 ! di/ance betwe5 man z 
a memb] ( ! pres5t complex organiz$     
society & man z primitive or savage is  
consid]able4 ,! diff]5ce is n entirely 9
 ! associations !mselves b 9 all t !    
associations h done1 or t !y repres5t1 9
 modify+ in/9cts1 :i* no long] exi/ 9 _!
 orig9al =m & di/9ctness4 ,man is a     
creature ( feel+1 b n ( in/9ct we say1 &
 ?is di/9ction is important 9 _m ways4  
,all analogies betwe5 animal & human    
life h an elem5t ( dang] 9 !m4 ,to      
expla9 human conduct 9 t]ms ( h]d       
in/9cts--in/9cts ( aggression & ! l--is 
mislead+1 s9ce ! in/9cts t are assum$ d 
n exi/ z su*1 & p]haps nev] did4 ,!     
psy*ology ( ! cr[d1 & ! psy*ology ( w>1 

_c be conta9$ 9 ! psy*ology ( ! h]d1    
h[ev] attractive ! simplicity ( ^!      
concepts may be4 ,t primitive in/9cts   
may rema9 z remnants1 t ! cr[d %[s "s ( 
! *>act]i/ics ( ! h]d & ! pack _c be    
d5i$1 & t 9 ! _s ( w> ^! fragm5ts &     
traits play a c]ta9 "p may well be      
believ$4 ,b ! syn!tic & highly complex  
mood we call ! w> _s1 & ! causes ( w>1  
h[ev] ar*aic "s ( _! elem5ts may be1 are
 v diff]5t f any m]e sum ( in/9cts4 ,!re
 is no specific crav+ = combat t we c   
call a cause ( w>1 or t1 9 our view1    
plays any consid]able "p 9 ! causes (   
w>--combat z ap>t f practical motives & 
! complex moods into :i*1 9 its mod]n   
=m1 x ent]s4 ,"s writ]s appe> to be     
deceiv$ because !y assume t w> is itself
 primitive1 & d n see t 9 spite ( its   
conv5tions & its old =ms1 x is n f>     
beh9d civilization1 n because           
civilization has made no progress1 or is
 s insecure1 b because w>1 *aos ?\gh x  
be1 9 "s respects conta9s all our mod]n 
feel+s4 ,k]r says t w> is due to a      

sup]fluity ( animal =ce t mu/ v5t       
itself1 b su* explanations ( w> seem    
c]ta9ly to be v f> f ! tru?4 ,t !ory is 
f> f be+ adequate z an explanation (    
play4 ,x is mu* less s z an explanation 
( w>4 ,! o!r !ory ( play t is mo/       
preval5t & :i* is (f]$ z a !ory ( w>--t 
play & w> are rev]sions to primitive    
in/9cts1 is also insuffici5t4 ,w> is    
nei!r an ov]fl[ ( en]gy nor a rev]sion  
to primitive /ates4 ,r x is caus$ by &  
involves all ! pres5t & active motives (
 man & all 8 ess5tial human qualities4  
,social ,in/9cts  ,:atev] ! specific    
causes ( w> may be1 w> is ( c\rse       
possible only because !re exi/s a       
me*anism or in/9ct or feel+1 because (  
:i* great gr\ps ( p act z a unit 9 !    
common int]e/s ( all4 ,we usually speak 
( ?is collective action z ! result (    
social in/9cts or a g5]al social in/9ct4
 ,x is ! place ( ?is in/9ct 9 ! causes &
 moods ( w> t we mu/ consid]4 ,w> is a  
social ph5om5on3 x is a movem5t direct$ 
t[>d an object1 b ! =ce t drives !      

movem5t is ( c\rse social4  ,sev]al     
writ]s1 among !m ,mac,curdy 7#cg71      
,murray 7#ij71 & ,trott] 7#hb71 h dealt 
) ?is social aspect ( w>1 & h int]pret$ 
w> z a h]d reaction4 ,all ^! !ories are 
simple4 ,trott] ma9ta9s t 9 man !re are 
f\r in/9cts & no m3 self-pres]vative1   
reproductive nutritional1 & h]d in/9cts4
 ,! peculi>ity ( ! h]d in/9ct is t x    
does n itself h def9ite motor           
expression1 b s]ves to int5sify & direct
 ! o!r in/9cts4 ,?is h]d in/9ct is a    
t5d5cy1 s to speak1 :i* c conf]         
in/9ctive sanction ^u any o!r "p ( !    
field ( action or belief4 ,! h]d in/9ct1
 = example1 gives in/9ctive quality to !
 social organization & social           
proclivities ( ?ree diff]5t types (     
society1 :i* appe> z national *>act]s4  
,^! are ! wolf1 ! %eep1 & ! bee types4  
,! aggressive type ( social organization
 is repres5t$ by ! ,roman & n[ by !     
,g]man civilization4 ,?is is a decl9+   
type1 b x 0 because moral equality c\ld 
n be tol]at$ 9 ,g]many t ! rul]s 7      

oblig$ to cause ,g]many to rev]t to !   
primitive aggressive =m ( greg>i\sness4 
,*9a w\ld be a good example ( ,trott]'s 
h]d ( ! %eep type1 = "h ! def5sive      
in/9ct seems to be ! dom9at+ social     
reaction4 ,w> becomes1 9 su* a h]d1 a   
great /imulus :51 & only :51 x is a     
?reat to ! :ole nation1 & :51 !re=e1 !  
individual fe>s = ! :ole h]d r ?an =    
himself4  ,! ?ird type is ! bee type1   
well repres5t$ by ,engl&1 al?\gh /ill   
imp]fectly4 ,?is is ! type t[>d :i* ! _w
 z a :ole t5ds1 b z yet !re is no       
complete =m ( x4 ,at pres5t ! capacity =
 individual reactions to ! same /imulus 
has f> out/ripp$ ! capacity =           
int]communication4 ,int]communication 9 
! biological s5se has be5 all[$ to run  
at haphaz>d4 ,:5 once a great greg>i\s  
unit ( ?is type %all h be5 ?or\ghly     
organiz$1 & be subject to consci\s      
direction z a :ole1 !re w appe> 9 ! _w a
 new k9d ( social me*anism & a new      
biological =m4 ,! int]e/ 9 w> w give way
 to a l>g] & m dramatic field ( int]e/ &

 ( conque/ ?an ! m]e tak+ & re-tak+ (   
l&4 ,b !re is z yet no su* society4 ,ev5
 9 times ( a great w>1 !re is an int]nal
 diff]5tiation t _c be ov]come1 an      
individualism t creates antagonism1 & a 
type ( lead]%ip :i* is cons]vative &    
/atic r ?an progressive4  ,if we may    
safely apply ,trott]'s g5]alization to !
 pres5t antagonism among gr\ps 7)9      
nations1 & also national gr\ps7 we might
 say t ! rapid diff]5tiation ( ! human  
species has _h an effect ( creat+ )9 !  
species man a l>ge numb] ( types (      
sub-specific value1 & 9 ?is respect man 
diff]s greatly f any o!r species4       
,diff]5ces recogniz$ by gr\ps ( ! same  
species ( animals are g5]ally n         
suffici5t to create antagonism among !  
gr\ps1 b 9 ! case ( man ^! diff]5ces h  
_h precisely ! effect ( m>k+ (f gr\ps ) 
antagoni/ic int]e/s4 ,! animal society  
dom9at$ by a few in/9cts direct$ = ! mo/
 "p t[>d ext]nal objects pres]ves a /ate
 ( peace )9 ! species4 ,man by reason ( 
8 intellig5ce & 8 capacities =          

specialization & ! great numb] ( 8      
desires t5ds to prey ^u 8 own k9d4 ,?is 
segregation is 9 "p artificial1 becomes 
conv5tional & is subject to ! effects ( 
lead]%ip t t5ds to fixate artificial    
di/9ctions1 b x is also 9 "p an effect (
 ! exig5cies ( ! wid] life ( man1 ( 8   
sup]iority ( :i* v>iability ( conduct is
 an ess5tial aspect4 ,?is diff]5tiation 
is "o ( ! conditions ( a firm]          
organization 9 ! society ( man ?an any  
animal society c atta91 b at ! pres5t "t
 ! two processes ( diff]5tiation &      
organization are to "s ext5t antagoni/ic
 to "o ano!r4  ,trott] ma9ta9s t !      
t5d5cy ( nature is to increase & ma9ta9 
! homog5eity ( ! species1 b we %\ld say 
r t ! :ole process ( diff]5tiation &    
organization is ^u a level 9 :i* !      
biological processes t make = or aga9/  
homog5eity h b little effect4 ,! task   
be=e man is social4 ,x is n s mu* a     
consci\sness ( 8 de/9y z a species t man
 requires1 b ( 8 "w z an organiz$ gr\p4 
,x is due to a rapid diff]5tiation &    

increase 9 man's desires t he has become
 a species 9 :i* !re is int]nal w>f>e4  
,x mu/ be by ! control ( ^! desires 9 a 
consci\s process ( organization t he w  
become1 if ev]1 a well-ord]$ & homog5e\s
 gr\p4 ,trott] ?9ks ( su* a *ange z a   
biological ph5om5on1 z be+ "o ( ^?      
mom5t\s /eps :i* a v few times h be5    
tak5 9 ! developm5t ( organic life 9 !  
_w4  ,we _c discuss fully "h ^!         
biological views1 z !y relate to !      
future organization ( ! _w4 ,t !        
explanation ( w>s )9 ! human species ?is
 view af=ds is correct s f> z x goes "o 
w\ld admit4 ,m5 fight among !mselves z  
animals d n1 because ( _! diff]5ces4 ,we
 %\ld pref] to ?9k ( ^! diff]5ces1      
h[ev]1 nei!r z a phase ( biological     
diff]5tiation z /ructural *ange nor z   
functional adaptation by diff]5tiation (
 reactions to ! same /imuli1 b z !      
effect ( ! new consci\sness ( desires t 
came ) ! rise ( man f ! animal /age1 & !
 conditions "u :i* ^! desires c\ld & mu/
 be realiz$4 ,x is ! complexity (       

int]e/s t has giv5 to man 8 antagonisms 
& 8 diff]5ces1 & ^! second>y diff]5ces h
 be5 utiliz$ z a means ( /ill fur!r     
develop+ ! desires & satisfy+ !m1 or    
ju/ify+ _! satisfaction4 ,x is man's    
intellig5ce & 8 capacity = be+ gov]n$ 9 
8 conduct by _m desires t tea*es him to 
make w> ^u 8 own k9d1 & ! v same        
qualities make 8 associations firm &    
la/+4 ,b j 9 ?is way ! human gr\p ceases
 to be a h]d & to be dom9at$ by h]d     
in/9cts4 ,to int]pret w>1 !re=e1 z an   
effect ( social in/9ct or h]d in/9ct ^u 
! in/9cts ( aggression or (             
self-protection1 or z ! effect ( ar\s$  
in/9cts ( aggression & self-protection  
excit+ ! h]d in/9ct1 is unsatisfactory  
because x is too simple1 & errone\sly   
und]takes to expla9 human life 9 t]ms ( 
in/9ct & also c>ries biological         
analogies too f>4 ,^! views1 if we      
und]/& !m1 seem to h ! *>act]i/ic faults
 ( all purely biological sociology4  ,t1
 h[ev]1 ! h]d in/9ct1 or ! social feel+ 
or ! cohesive =ce 9 gr\ps1 :atev] x may 

be1 is exce$+ly /rong & p]si/5t is %[n  
by ! rec5t w>4 ,we see a _w highly      
diff]5tiat$1 & ) wide associations :i*  
seem$ to h become p]man5t becom+ at once
 a _w 9 :i* ! l9es ( cleavage are bas$  
^u prop9quity & political organization4 
,all ties1 except national ties1 7 brok5
 up4 ,! nation1 consci\s ( itself1      
becomes a unit or p]sonality1 & ! s5se (
 p]sonality ( a nation becomes greatly  
int5sifi$ 9 "t ( w>4 ,! individual      
becomes unimportant1 bo? 9 8 own        
e/imation & 9 ! eye ( ! law4 ,x is !    
life ( ! nation z a :ole t is felt to be
 ?reat5$ & "u ?is ?reat ! gr\p z a :ole 
becomes an object ( devotion &          
solicitude4 ,nicolai 7#gi7 comm5ts ^u   
?is ,mass5gefuehl & says t1 :5 n        
c\nt]balanc$ by high] elem5ts ( social  
consci\sness1 x may be a l[ & dang]\s   
elem5t 9 ! consci\sness ( gr\ps4 ,sumn] 
7#gj7 also speaks ( ! extraord9>y p[] ( 
greg>i\sness1 & says t :5 ! movem5t is  
^u a va/ scale1 ! numb]s engag$ be+ v   
l>ge1 !re is always an exhil>ation      

connect$ ) ! movem5t1 & t if ! causes   
involv$ are believ$ to be deep & holy1 !
 =ce ( ?is greg>i\s mood may become     
demoniacal4  ,!re are two especially    
rem>kable *anges t take place 9 ! social
 life 9 w> or 9 ! act ( go+ to w>1 & :i*
 repres5t ! social in/9ct or feel+ at   
its highe/ po9t4 ,^! ph5om5a are types (
 social reaction1 b ! "q may be rais$   
:e!r !y d n repres5t some?+ m ?an       
reactions 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,we see 9    
times ( w>1 fir/1 a greatly increas$    
s5sitiv5ess to lead]%ip1 a crav+ =      
devotion to a lead]1 inde$1 :i* is      
sometimes pa!tic 9 its ef=t to trans=m  
really commonplace m5 into religi\s     
objects4 ,! lead] z a concept & an ideal
 is a product ( ! social mood itself1   
:i* does = him precisely :at romantic   
love does = its object1 ex]ts a creative
 effect ^u him4 ,! lead] is magnifi$ to 
h]oic size & held up be=e ! enemy z a   
?reat4 ,x is pla9 to be se5 t ?is       
devotion to lead] & imag9ative treatm5t 
( him is 9 "p a def5sive reaction4 ,!   

individual hides beh9d ?is colossal     
figure1 & ?us feels himself safe4 ,b ?is
 protective impulse t creates !         
inv9cible lead] is n ! only motive2 at  
lea/ x is probably n ! only "o4 ,! lead]
 repres5ts ! ideals & ! ambitions ( ! p1
 & 8 pre/ige & ! =ms t surr\nd him1     
especially ev]y?+ t is ae/hetic or      
sugge/s ! h]oic1 symbolize ! crav+ = p[]
 9 a p4 ,! /r5g? & ! peculi> ab&on &    
p]v]sity1 "o may say1 ( ! affections ( a
 nation t[>d ! lead] 9 "t ( w> make !   
rise ( su* a lead] dread$ by ! political
 p[]s 9 e c\ntry4 ,newspap]s1 9 e w>1   
f9d "s h]oic figure :om !y exploit z a  
com+ dictator1 & *anges ( lead]%ip 9 !  
field app>5tly sometimes h ref]5ce to ^!
 popul> curr5ts4 ,b a nation 9 love )   
its lead] is /rong 9 def5se1 & readily  
becomes aggressive1 & ?is relation (    
mass to lead] is ( c\rse "o ( ! ma9     
f\ndations ( milit>y morale4  ,! second 
univ]sal social ph5om5on ( w> is !      
greatly int5sifi$ feel+ ( solid>ity z   
%[n 9 comrade%ip & unit$ feel+s on ! "p 

( ! p4 ,?is too is 9 "p1 & only 9 "p1 a 
protective reaction4 ,! individual      
becomes safe by becom+ a "p ( a :ole :i*
 !n alone seems to h real exi/5ce & true
 value4 ,! individual loses himself 9 ! 
:ole1 b ! :ole gr\p also becomes absorb$
 & tak5 into ! sph]e ( protection &     
int]e/ ( ! individual4 ,! individual    
becomes highly s5sitive to ev]y?+ t     
happ5s to ! gr\p1 & peculi>ly affect$ by
 ! social mood ( comrade%ip4 ,?is _s (  
comrade%ip becomes "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s
 qualities ( ! social life 9 "t ( w>4   
,comrade%ip 9 arms is ( c\rse ! highe/  
po9t ( ?is social solid>ity4 ,! mass    
action1 ! close physical relation%ip1   
subjection to ! same n>r[ r\t9e & !     
common exp]i5ces ( dang]1 induce social 
/ates t repres5t ! mo/ complete         
expression ( pure social feel+1 & excite
 moods :i*1 ^u occasion may rea* !      
highe/ degree ( ec/asy or intoxication &
 lead to acts ( ! mo/ exalt$ h]oism4    
,^! *anges 9 ! social life 9 "t ( w> are
 /rik+ & fundam5tal4 ,to expla9 !m w\ld 

mean to expla9 social feel+ itself4 ,we 
may say t ^! ph5om5a ( ! social life are
 precisely ! h]d reactions ! biological 
writ]s speak (1 b to d s w\ld mean1 f   
our po9t ( view1 to ignore "s v         
significant aspects ( human social life4
 ,x w\ld ignore fir/ ( all ! ec/atic    
quality ( ! high] social life1 :i* is   
inde$ ! ess5tial quality ( ! social _s (
 w>4 ,in/ead ( say+ t ?is int5sity (    
feel+ is m]ely a reflex ( an in/9ctive  
reaction1 we %\ld say t x is !          
expression (1 & 9 "p ! satisfaction (1  
desires t are fulfill$ 9 ! social       
exp]i5ce ( w>4 ,! int5se social life is 
crav$1 n z an in/9ctive reaction1 b z a 
complex /ate express+ explicit desires4 
,! crav+ = ?is social solid>ity & ec/asy
 ( social feel+ is a factor 9 ! causes (
 w>4 ,:at we exp]i5ce socially 9 times (
 peace is a society 9 :i* social feel+  
is n>r[ & prov9cial1 9 :i* we are       
consci\s ( _m antagoni/ic motives4 ,?is 
social life fails to satisfy ! desires  
:i* are seek+ expression 9 ! social     

life4 ,t w> is 9 "p a creation ( !      
social impulse seek+ expression may be  
assum$ f ! nature ( ! social feel+s t   
are excit$ 9 w>4 ,t su* social feel+ is 
a creation 9 ! s5se t x is desir$1 we   
see if 9 no o!r way 9 ! fact t social   
ec/asy is ! mo/ univ]sal =m (           
satisfaction ( all ^? impulses :i* fuse 
9 ! intoxication impulse1 :]e we        
recognize x z ! crav+ = an abundant or  
real life4 ,life is mo/ real 9 its      
int5sely dramatic social =ms4 ,social   
ec/asy is 9 "p a consci\s adaptation4 ,x
 is some?+ t is desir$ & induc$1 &      
artificially cultivat$ 9 v>i\s ways1    
especially by a v>iety ( ae/hetic social
 exp]i5ces1 & 9 ! cults ( intoxication4 
,alcohol has be5 us$ specifically       
?r\gh\t ! _w & f ! beg9n+ at lea/ ( !   
hi/orical p]iod = ! purpose ( creat+    
social feel+4 ,patriotism is 9 "p1 we   
may say1 a cultivat$1 social emotion1 & 
9 ! art ( mann]s we see ! social life   
giv5 =ms :i* w increase its             
susceptibility to sugge/ion1 its        

p]suasive =ce & its organiz$ expression4
 ,su* facts %[ u social emotion :i* is  
some?+ m ?an ! feel+ side ( an in/9ctive
 reaction4  ,?is is h>dly ! place to try
 to elucidate ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( !
 psy*ology ( ! social feel+s or in/9cts1
 b x may be helpful to sugge/ 9 outl9e  
c]ta9 div]g5ces 9 ! !ory ( ! social life
 t seem to be 9 po9t4 ,we see on "o side
 _m writ]s :o t5d to reg>d social       
ph5om5a z ma9ly ! result ( in/9ct1 z !  
expression ei!r ( a s+le in/9ct or ( a  
comb9ation ( sev]al specific in/9ctive  
t5d5cies4 ,contra/$ ) ^! views are !    
!ories accord+ to :i* social life is    
some?+ t is ma9ly creat$ by reason1     
bas$1 s to speak1 ^u ! obs]vation t 9   
union !re is /r5g?4 ,nei!r ( ^! views   
seems to be satisfactory4 ,t social     
feel+ is bas$ ^u in/9ct is cle>1 b t x  
is also some?+ creat$1 syn!tic1 &       
subject$ to selective processes seems   
also evid5t4 ,precisely :at ! in/9ctive 
basis ( ! social life is1 p]haps "o _c )
 any c]ta9ty det]m9e1 nor c we say h[ _m

 specific in/9cts ent] into x4 ,b t     
social feel+ 9 its high] levels is a v  
complex mood1 9 :i*1 al?\gh !re are     
sev]al in/9ctive reactions or feel+s1   
!re is to be discov]$ no social in/9ct z
 su*1 is ! conclusion :i* we rea*4      
,social behavior is a developm5t ( all !
 fundam5tal t5d5cies ( ! organism4 ,x   
has its roots bo? 9 ! reproductive & !  
nutritional motives4 ,^! fundam5tal     
t5d5cies h issu$ phylog5etically 9      
specific reactions t ent] into ! social 
life at all its levels1 & 9 ! life ( !  
individual ^! reactions1 express+ ne$s &
 desires1 issue 9 highly complex moods1 
9 :i* fundam5tal feel+s are pres5t b d n
 con/itute ! :ole ( ! social moods4 ,!  
individual does v>i\s specific ?+s )    
ref]5ce to 8 fell[s :i* are ( ! nature (
 in/9ctive reactions1 b bo? 9 ! phyletic
 developm5t & ! developm5t 9 !          
individual1 elem5ts t ent] into ! mod]n 
social life z in/9cts h t5d$ to lose _! 
specific "*1 h become g5]al or m]ely    
organic1 h be5 trans=m$ & h to "s ext5t 

lo/ _! orig9al significance4  ,! motives
 ( hung]1 ! reactions ( ! reproductive  
me*anisms1 reactions to visual          
impressions & to s\nds1 w>m? reactions1 
! huddl+ ( fe>1 ! influ5ces ( sugge/ion1
 susceptibility to all ! /imuli ( !     
social object ent] into social feel+s1 &
 rema9 to "s ext5t z in/9ctive reactions
 9 ! high] social processes4 ,b we d n  
seem to f9d any g5]al social in/9ct1 or 
any specific h]d in/9ct or any def9ite &
 broadly act+ protective & aggressive   
in/9cts4 ,z comp>$ ) "s o!r views ( !   
social feel+s ours assumes 9 "o way m & 
9 ano!r less ( in/9ct 9 ! social life4  
,!re is m in/9ct 9 ! s5se t m specific  
in/9ctive reactions are recogniz$ 9 x1 b
 less 9 assum+ t ^! reactions are       
d]ivatives ( primitive reactions ( !    
organism1 & also because !y become      
trans=m$ & fus$ & lose _! orig9al =ms4  
,!y h come f common s\rces 9 organic    
life1 we might say1 & !y meet aga9 9 !  
g5]al moods :i* !y help to create4      
,conclusions  ,x is an important po9t to

 obs]ve t mo/ if n all ( ! specific     
in/9ctive reactions & feel+s eng5d]$ 9  
w>1 or occurr+ z an incitem5t to w>1 are
 capable ( induc+ ec/atic /ates4 ,!re   
are sev]al ( ^! movem5ts & /ates1 ea* ( 
:i* c become1 s to speak1 a f\ndation = 
! developm5t ( ec/asy4 ,combat may & mu/
 d ?is1 & probably w> c\ld nev] be c>ri$
 on at all unless dang] & dea? _h       
qualities :i* ar\se ec/atic moods4 ,!re 
is a joy 9 fight+1 9 kill+1 & 9 ! tumult
 ( battle t becomes "o ( ! mo/ important
 ( milit>y assets1 & is "o ( ! ma9      
elem5ts ( morale 9 ! field4 ,?is        
capacity ( human nature to make ov] t   
:i* is intr9sically pa9ful into !       
pleasurable is "o ( ! p>adoxes ( human  
life to be expla9$ & tak5 into acc\nt 9 
! /udy ( ! psy*ology ( w>4 ,fe> itself  
may induce an ec/asy1 bo? 9 !           
individual1 z we "k f _m report$ cases f
 ! late w>1 & z a social mood 9 :i* !   
fe> contributes a quality ( int5sity &  
f]ocity to patriotism4 ,! gambl+ mood1  
:i* is 9 "p a play ) fe>1 is ano!r      

ec/atic reaction se5 9 w>1 & x is (t5 ! 
means ( cle>+ ! way1 s to speak1 = free 
& un9hibit$ action4  ,( c\rse all !     
purely /hetic elem5ts 9 ! social life h 
?is effect ( ar\s+ exalt$ moods1 & inde$
 t is precisely _! function4 ,all social
 impulses t5d 9 ?is same direction1 &   
!re is induc$ 9 all int5se social /ates 
an intoxication mood4 ,9 ^! social      
/ates1 ! reproductive motive is (t5     
cle>ly disc]nible1 b p>tly by common    
cons5t & conv5tion1 & p>tly because ( ! 
composite & fus$ =m ( impulses 9 !      
social mood1 robb$ ( its specific       
reactions & conv]t$ into a new product1 
reg>d$ bo? z conduct & z feel+4  ,all   
religi\s /ates ar\s$ 9 w> t5d to become 
ec/atic4 ,_! "w is to ov]come ! s5se (  
trag$y ( w>1 & x is only by becom+      
int5se & volum9\s1 s to speak1 t !y c   
accompli% _! "w at all4 ,ei!r !y mu/ end
 9 a my/icism :i* includes or takes ! =m
 ( exalt$ moods1 or !y mu/1 z c be      
accompli%$ 9 "s temp]am5ts1 become      
dynamic /ates by inspir+ a fatali/ic    

attitude1 :i* is at bottom a s5se ( ?r[+
 oneself unres]v$ly into ! h&s ( fate4  
,we may be/ ?9k ( ^! complex w> moods z 
! =ces out ( :i* w>s are made1 & ! _s 9 
:i* !y are conduct$1 b n z by _! own    
initiative creat+ w>s4 ,^! intoxication 
moods or ec/asies are =ces :i* conta9   
desires t are g5]al1 we say2 !y are     
m5tal processes t act z a means (       
greatly increas+ ! volume ( all social  
actions4 ,:5 we analyze !m we f9d       
specific desires 9 !m1 & evid5ces (     
in/9ct & primitive feel+1 b !y are n 9  
!mselves t5d5cies t[>d specific         
reactions & 9 fact ! motor t5d5cies !y  
conta9 m or less inhibit "o ano!r4  ,9  
g5]al1 ^! w> moods ( :i* we speak are   
precipitat$ by def9ite & incisive       
reactions ( fe> & ang]4 ,^! emotions (  
fe> or ang] seem to be ! necess>y       
positive /imuli to induce ! moods ( w>4 
,fe> & ang]1 no "o c ma9ta91 are ! sole 
causes ( w>1 & !y are f> f be+ ! sole   
factors ( ! w> moods1 b !y are ! usual  
precipitants ( w>4  ,fe> & ang] z social

 emotions _c su/a9 organiz$ & effectual 
social activity ^u a l>ge scale2 we see 
!m always1 9 w>1 tak5 up1 trans=m$1     
absorb$ 9 moods :i* are at once m       
practical1 & m exalt$ & :i*1 z complex  
processes1 c be su/a9$ ov] long p]iods (
 "t4 ,b ^! primitive reactions ( ang] & 
fe> ent] into ! ec/atic moods1 become   
associat$ ) or induce /hetic & religi\s 
/ates ( consci\sness1 ga9 moral         
ju/ification or religi\s exploitation1  
become aspects ( directive & dynamic    
moods & s give =ce & effici5cy to morale
 & /rategy4  ,w> appe>s z a breakd[n (  
c]ta9 modes ( volition4 ,c]ta9 types (  
conflict are ab&on$1 & aggressive       
activities become m simple & p[]ful1 b  
w> is no rev]sion to primitive in/9ct1  
or to any numb] ( in/9cts4 ,! result+   
/ates ( m9d are too rational z means1 & 
too exalt$ & ideal to be ?us primitive4 
,new cont5t is introduc$ into social    
consci\sness & new purposes come to     
light 9 ^! ec/asies1 ev5 ?\gh !         
consci\sly s\ght objectives may be      

ar*aic & conv5tional & ! m5tal /ates    
traceable to m elem5t>y /ates1 & !      
conduct be simil> 9 purpose & type to ! 
simpl] =ms ( conduct we f9d 9 ! animal  
_w ,:at we are try+ to impress "h is !  
well kn[n tru? t ! :ole ( a ?+ is n     
necess>ily conta9$ 9 its p>ts4 ,x is !  
mean+ ( ! w>-mood z a :ole1 z a         
summation ( _m factors ( ! m5tal life1 &
 z a direction ( social consci\sness z a
 :ole t is its mo/ important *>act]i/ic4
     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,ae/hetic ,,elem5ts 
,,9 ,,! ,,moods ,,& ,,impulses ,,( ,,w> 
,t exp]i5ces & motives :i* belong to !  
field ( ! ae/hetic play an important "p 
9 w> c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( 
w> %[s ?is1 & ev5 9 ! beg9n+ w> seems to
 be an activity c>ri$ on 9 "p = its own 
sake1 & n entirely = its practical      
results1 & ?us has qualities :i* lat]   
are explicitly ae/hetic4 ,we _c ( c\rse 
sep>ate %>ply ! ae/hetic motive f ev]y?+
 else 9 /udy+ s highly complex an object
 z w>1 b t w> does p>take ( ! nature (  
:at we call ! beautiful1 & t ! crav+ = !

 beautiful is a factor 9 ! causes ( w>  
seem to be c]ta94 ,! relation ( art to  
w> is ( c\rse no new !me4 ,w> has (t5   
be5 prais$ because ( its ae/hetic       
nature1 & its dramatic features4 ,x is  
call$ a beautiful adv5ture4 ,x is       
reproduc$ 9 pictorial art1 repres5t$ 9  
music1 & ?us glorifi$ & adorn$1 %[+ at  
lea/ t x c readily be made to appe>     
beautiful if x does n 9 itself possess  
beauty4 ,^? :o ?9k ( w> z relat$ to play
 also connect x ) art4 ,nicolai 7#gi71  
:o condemns w>1 says t x is :5 w> z an  
in/9ctive action is no long] useful1 b  
is p]=m$ = its own sake t x becomes     
beautiful4  ,we _c und]take to enum]ate 
all ! ae/hetic qualities ( w>1 or to %[ 
all ! relations ( ! ae/hetic aspects to 
o!r motives ( w> 9 detail1 s9ce to d s  
w\ld mean to "w out "s ( ! fundam5tal   
pr9ciples ( ae/hetics4 ,we may beg91    
h[ev]1 by say+ t w> z a :ole1 z a       
movem5t 9 :i* !re is complete           
organization ( social =ces %[s already !
 m>ks ( ae/hetic exp]i5ce & ( art4 ,z   

su* a unification ( int]e/ 9 a /rong &  
un9hibit$ movem5t1 z a cord9at$         
expression ( deep desires1 a            
multiplicity ( action ) a unity (       
purpose1 s to speak1 w> is ae/hetic 9 =m
 al?\gh to m5tion su* v g5]al qualities 
does n g v f> t[>d *>act]iz+ an object4 
,9 its mean+ z trag$y w> conta9s & ex]ts
 a /rong ae/hetic appeal4 ,) all its    
horrors1 w> fasc9ates ! m9d4 ,z fate1   
dea?1 hi/ory x inspires awe1 & creates a
 s5se ( ! inevitabl5ess ( ev5ts & ( !   
play ( transc5d5tal & inexorable =ces 9 
human life4 ,:51 "u any influ5ce1 ^!    
feel+s appe> z an accept+ & will+ (     
evil1 we h ! tragic movem5t z we f9d x 9
 art4 ,! dea? motif 9 w> is ! c5t] ( a  
v>iety ( /ates :i* are ec/atic & h      
ae/hetic quality4 ,! religion ( valor1 !
 passion t is ar\s$ by ab&on+ oneself to
 fate1 ! absolute devotion ( s]vice are 
ae/hetic 9 =m z exp]i5ce1 :atev] else !y
 may be4 ,! relation ( ^! motives to    
love & to ! reproductive impulses has   
(t5 be5 notic$4 ,devotion & dea? appe> z

 beautiful2 _! repres5tation 9 art is 9 
"p a recognition ( ?is fact2 9 "p x is  
an ef=t to trans=m !m into ! =ms ( !    
ae/hetic4 ,art celebrates1 b also       
creates1 ?is luxury ( feel+1 & w> also 9
 its own dramatic movem5t trans=ms ugly 
& pla9 facts ( life by includ+ !m 9     
ec/atic /ates1 & surr\nd+ !m ) glory4   
,! ideal ( glorifi$ dea? plays a l>ge "p
 9 ! _s ( w>4 ,9 w> ! fe> ( dea? is n   
only 9 great "p /ill$1 b !re is a long+ 
to tempt fate & also to exp]i5ce dea?   
itself1 & ?is desire may become ec/atic4
 ,"h we see 9 effect "o ( ! mo/         
important functions ( ! ae/hetic1 :i* is
 to c>ry on a drama ( ! w 9 :i* some?+ t
 is 9 itself pa9ful becomes pleasant &  
desir$4 ,! desire = w> is to "s ext5t a 
desire = dea?1 a long+ = a =m (         
eu?anasia 9 :i* ! individual dies b 9 a 
s5se lives--lives z glorifi$ 9 dea?1 &  
also 9 ! cont9uance ( ! life ( ! gr\p & 
( ! c\ntry into :i* he has be5 absorb$4 
,x is ( c\rse its relation to dea? t m  
?an any?+ else has made x necess>y t w> 

%\ld appeal to art1 & take an ae/hetic  
=m1 & )\t ! aid ( ! ae/hetic1 w> c\ld n 
ma9ta9 itself 9 ! _w4 ,z a %e]          
fulfillm5t ( duty w> c\ld n survive4 ,by
 ! /r5g? ( its ae/hetic appeal w> mu/   
control & ov]come ! in/9ct (            
self-pres]vation4  ,w> appeals to !     
human m9d z ! great adv5ture ( life4 ,to
 ! heal?y normal man ?is appeal1 "u     
c]ta9 circum/ances1 may be compell+ 9   
its p[]4 ,man feels ! call ( adv5ture 9 
8 blood4 ,w> may seem at times ! natural
 expression ( :at is mo/ real & mo/     
ess5tially mascul9e 9 human nature4 ,w> 
is ! ess5ce ( all ! dramatic & h]oic    
/ory ( ! _w4 ,! pa/ lives mo/ vividly 9 
?is !me ( w>1 & ! s5se ( remot5ess 9 "t 
l5ds an ae/hetic color+ to all ! /ory ( 
w>1 & is 9 "p its fasc9ation4 ,! dead   
h]oes ( to-day are glorifi$ by l9k+ _!  
names ) ! great h]oes ( ! pa/4  ,to !   
glory ( ! individual1 :i* is an ae/hetic
 appeal1 is add$ ! /ill /rong] appeal ( 
! ideal ( national glory4 ,! image      
creat$ 9 ! m9d :i* su/a9s ! devotion ( !

 individual is also an ae/hetic =m4 ,x  
is ! idea ( a nation trans=m$ by /ory1  
symbol & eloqu5ce t is e/abli%$4 ,!     
dimness & my/icism ( ! long ago1 all    
dramatic sc5es ( ! national life1 ! =ms 
( royalty are us$ 9 trans=m+ reality    
into an ideal4 ,! consci\sness ( a      
nation is inde$ an arti/ :i* creates an 
ideal nation1 glorify+ & trans=m+ ! pa/1
 & pa9t+ a vivid picture ( ! empire t is
 to be4 ,no little "p 9 ! ,g]man idea ( 
! fa!rl& has be5 tak5 by ! reviv$ image 
( ! old ,g]man ,empire1 & ! /ory (      
,*>lemagne1 ! ,ottonides1 ! ,hoh5/auf5 &
 ! ,hoh5zoll]n :i* has be5 wov5 into !  
life ( ! pres5t & has become an ae/hetic
 sett+ = ! idea ( future greatness4  ,9 
! religion ( valor1 also1 we may f9d    
ae/hetic elem5ts4 ,valor repres5ts 9 ?is
 cult ! _s ( ! sup]ior man4 ,x is an    
ari/ocratic idea4 ,milit>y life is full 
( ?is !me4 ,! ideals ( noblesse oblige1 
honor1 ! _s ( sportsman%ip1 ent] into x1
 & all ^! concepts are 9 "p ae/hetic 9  
nature4 ,x is nei!r z moral nor z       

practical ideas t !y h s deeply influ5c$
 society1 b because ( _! appeal to !    
s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,all ?is aspect ( w>
 & milit>y life1 bo? 9 its motives & 9  
its =ms1 is closely relat$ to ! pure    
beauty ( art4 ,! play _s also1 :i* 9 "s 
( its developm5ts at lea/ is ae/hetic1  
ent]s into ! motives ( w>4 ,w>1 we say1 
is ! great adv5ture4 ,x is ! realization
 ( p[]4 ,x is an expression ( ! love ( !
 s5se ( fre$om4 ,x is ! great game1 9   
:i* ev]y?+ is /ak$4 ,! love ( dang] & ! 
love ( gambl+ ) life t x conta9s h roots
 t are also roots ( v>i\s =ms ( art4    
,ano!r elem5t1 ae/hetic 9 motive & =m1  
obvi\sly relat$ to ! reproductive       
functions ( ! individual1 is ! display  
motive4 ,?is motive ( display is conc]n$
 especially ) ! idea ( c\rage4 ,x is (  
c\rse a deep desire ( ! male to display 
c\rage be=e ! female4 ,?is display      
motive mu/ be ! ma9 motive ( ! uni=m &  
all ! o!r ornam5tal aspects ( milit>y   
life4 ,rank1 titles & decorations belong
 to ! same movem5t4 ,!y are indications 

( ! advancem5t ( ! man 9 ^? ess5tial    
qualities ( ! soldi]1 ! *ief ( :i* is   
c\rage4 ,! ae/hetic =ms 9 :i* c\rage is 
repres5t$ help to su/a9 x1 & are an     
important elem5t 9 morale1 & !y also    
s]ve a purpose 9 creat+ or add+ to !    
allurem5t ( ! s]vice & ! fasc9ation (   
w>4 ,x is ! crav+ = ! display ( c\rage1 
! desire ( ! man to %[ ! /uff t is 9    
him1 t gives to w> "s ( its mo/ p]si/5t 
ae/hetic =ms1 & ^! ae/hetic =ms help bo?
 to make ! display ( c\rage effective & 
to create c\rage4  ,among ^! ae/hetic   
elem5ts ( w> mu/ be consid]$ ( c\rse !  
rhy?ms1 ! =ms1 all ! conc]t$ action1 !  
m>*+ 7:i* may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! =ms ( !
 dance71 ! p>ade1 ! maneuv]+ & drill t  
ent] into milit>y life4 ,already 9      
primitive w>f>e ^! ae/hetic =ms beg9 to 
appe> & indicate cle>ly bo? _! practical
 significance z means ( affect+ ! w1 &  
_! relations to ! religi\s & to !       
reproductive motives4 ,! w>rior tries to
 create 9 8 p]son ! appe>ance ( p[]1 &  
also by ! ae/hetic =ms he introduces    

into 8 w>f>e1 ! feel+ ( p[]4 ,he        
believes inde$ t ?r\gh ^! ae/hetic =ms  
he actually creates or ex]ts p[]4 ,?is  
is ! motive ( ! w> dance1 :i* z an      
ae/hetic =m produces ?is ec/asy ( !     
feel+ ( p[]4 ,?is p[] is (t5 conceiv$ to
 be magical2 ! wom5 danc+ at home are   
suppos$ to ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! m5 9 ! 
field or ^u ! enemy1 & ! savage believes
 t 9 8 own displays he actually ov]comes
 ! _s ( 8 enemy4 ,art is "h pla9ly s]v+ 
a purpose4 ,display is a means ( creat+ 
an impression 9 ! m9ds ( ! enemy4 ,x    
also has ! purpose ( creat+ an effect 9 
! m9d ( ! soldi] himself4 ,! art 9      
milit>y life is1 inde$1 to give !       
impression ( p[] to all :o mu/ be       
affect$ by ! exhibition ( =ce4  ,all    
social life conta9s elem5ts t appeal to 
! ae/hetic s5se1 & ^! ae/hetic elem5ts  
are by no means solely ornam5tal4 ,!    
univ]sal developm5t ( etiquette & mann]s
 has ref]5ce to v practical aspects ( ! 
social life4 ,_! function is to influ5ce
 ! w4 ,! highly develop$ etiquette (    

milit>y life is n m]ely to facilitate ! 
milit>y functions1 & x is no explanation
 ( ! =malism ( ! milit>y life to say t  
?is is a sign ( its ar*aic nature4      
,=malism 9 ?is life is "o ( ! means tak5
 to cov] up all ! details ( milit>ism t 
are repugnant3 ! h>d%ip1 ! lack ( fre$om
 & ! l4 ,etiquette acts p]suasively ^u !
 w1 x helps to make milit>y life desir$1
 & to make m5 submissive "u control (   
absolute lead]s4 ,all =malism 9 social  
life1 consid]$ 9 "o aspect ( x1 is a    
symbol ( ! resignation ( ! w ( !        
individual4 ,z ?us a symbol x may ei!r  
convey or m$iate social feel+1 & :5     
social feel+ is abs5t ! art ( mann]s may
 become a sub/itute = ?is social feel+1 
& 9 bo? ^! ways x is a means ( giv+ to  
society cohesion1 ord] & =m4  ,su*      
consid]ations z ^! help to expla9 !     
long+ = w> or its equival5t :i* p]si/s 9
 ! human he>t4 ,x helps u to realize !  
tru? ( ,cramb's 7#ff7 ass]tion t ! :ole 
hi/ory ( ! _w %[s t man has lack$ n only
 ! p[] b ! w to end w> & e/abli%        

p]petual peace4 ,!re are /ill motives 9 
! m9d ( man t make him approve ( w>4 ,w>
 is p]petuat$ because ( its h]oic =m1 z 
a =m ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! mean+ ( life is 
felt to be exploit$1 9 :i* life is      
trans=m$ & glorifi$1 9 :i* ! trag$y (   
life1 :i* 9 any case is inevitable1     
becomes a trag$y :i*1 because x be>s !  
=m ( art1 is acceptable & ev5 long$ =4  
,?is is ! allurem5t ( w>1 its p]si/5t   
illusion1 p]haps4 ,! ae/hetic =ms ( w>  
take w> out ( ! field ( reason1 & on    
occasion make x transc5d or p]v]t       
reason4 ,s we may und]/& :y x is true t 
sometimes ^? :o b little und]/& :y !y   
are to die on ! field ( battle may      
display ! greate/ c\rage & ! greate/    
en?usiasm = w>1 & we mu/ n say t ^!     
causes are fatu\s because !y exi/ 9 !   
realm ( ae/hetic values4  ,if we take w>
 too reali/ically1 ) ref]5ce to its     
practical motives1 its m]e kill+ &      
loot+1 :i* we may suspect are relat$ to 
! nutritional motive t we always f9d    
runn+ ?r\gh human conduct1 & leave out (

 acc\nt ^? aspects ( w> :i* seem to     
belong ma9ly to ! reproductive motive1  
to ! en?usiasm & intoxication & art ( ! 
_w1 we %all to t ext5t misund]/& x4 ,^! 
motives _c1 ( c\rse1 be sep>at$         
def9itely f "o ano!r 9 analyz+ conduct1 
b we _c be v wrong 9 diff]5tiat+ phases 
( w> :i* belong pr$om9antly to !        
reproductive motive4 ,x is because1 at  
lea/1 all deep t5d5cies ( life are      
involv$ 9 w> t x is s h>d to elim9ate x 
f exp]i5ce4 ,if w> 7 an in/9ctive       
reaction x might be controll$ by reason4
 ,if x 7 an atavism or a rudim5t>y organ
 "s social surg]y or o!r might relieve u
 ( x4 ,b w> is a product ( man's        
idealism1 misdirect$ & impracticable    
idealism ?\gh x may be1 b /ill some?+ v 
expressive ( :at man is4 ,x is ?is      
idealism ( nations1 lead+ !m to ! l>g]  
life1 t makes !m cl+ to w>1 :e!r = good 
or = evil4 ,x w avail little to prove to
 ! _w t w> is an evil1 s long z w> is   
desir$1 or s long z some?+ :i* w> s     
readily yields is desir$4 ,/ati/ics (   

eug5ics & pro(s t w> ru9s bus9ess w n   
yet cure u ( our habit ( w>1 & n at all 
s long z !re is a vacancy 9 life :i*    
only ! dramatic exp]i5ces ( w> c fill4  
,:5 w> is ab&on$1 x w be giv5 up        
probably n because economi/s &          
sociologi/s vote aga9/ k1 & we see t    
peace is good1 b by ! cons5t ( a _w :i*1
 once = all1 is will+ to r5\nce some?+ t
 is de> to x & held to be good1 if = no 
o!r reason1 because x symbolizes :at    
life & reality are4 ,! _w appe>s to h   
two m9ds ab\t w>1 or at lea/ x does n   
hold consi/5tly to any "o attitude t[>d 
x4 ,b5ea? all judgm5ts ab\t ! evils (   
w>1 !re is ! allurem5t ( ^! ae/hetic    
motives :i* mu/ be reckon$ ) 9 any      
psy*ology ( w>1 or 9 any practical plan 
= elim9at+ w> f ! future exp]i5ce ( !   
race4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,patriotism1     
,,nationalism ,,& ,,national ,,honor    
,_m au?ors f9d 9 patriotism or 9        
national honor ! *ief or ! sole cause ( 
w>4 ,jones 7#cg71 ! ,freudian1 =        
example1 says t patriotism is ! sum ( ^?

 causes ( w> :i* are consci\s z di/+ui%$
 f ! repress$ motives4 ,nicolai 7#gi7   
says t patriotism & *auv9ism w\ld h no  
mean+ & no int]e/ )\t ref]5ce to w>1 & t
 = ! arts ( peace "o ne$s no patriotism 
at all4 ,hoes*-,ern/ 7#cb71 ano!r ,g]man
 writ]1 says t patriotism has made      
hi/ory a /ory ( w>s4 ,x has develop$ !  
highe/ virtues 7& ! wor/ vices71 b x    
creates artificial b\nd>ies among       
peoples1 & gives to e fight] ! belief t 
he is cont5d+ aga9/ brute =ce4 ,vebl5   
7#ig7 says t patriotism is ! only       
ob/acle to peace among ! nations4       
,mac,curdy 7#cg7 speaks ( ! p>adox (    
human nature se5 9 ! fact t ! loyalty we
 call patriotism1 :i* may make a man a  
b5efactor to ! :ole race1 may become a  
m5ace to mank9d :5 x is n>r[ly focuss$4 
,novic[ says t :at %all be =eign is a   
purely conv5tional matt]4 ,ano!r writ]  
rem>ks t patriotism is ! guise "u :i* ! 
in/9cts ( tig] & wolf run riot4  ,sev]al
 writ]s1 ,p[]s 7#ge71 & especially      
,vebl51 place que/ions ( national honor 

among ! ma9 causes ( w>4 ,vebl5 w\ld    
hold t w>s nev] occur unless ! que/ions 
involv$ are fir/ conv]t$ into que/ions (
 national honor--& are !n1 b only !n1   
support$ z moral issues4 ,o!r writ]s are
 to be f\nd :o make ! same claims =     
honor1 say+ t w>s are always ov]        
que/ions ( national honor--honor always 
mean+ "h1 let u obs]ve1 n moral pr9ciple
 b pre/ige1 dignity1 analog\s to :at we 
call p]sonal pride 9 ! individual4      
,broadly speak+1 we may say t su* views 
( w> base x ^u ! fact t nations are     
individuals1 hav+ p]sonality &          
self-consci\sness1 & are mov$ by        
emotions su* z dom9ate ! individual1    
al?\gh su* analogies betwe5 individual &
 gr\p are nev] free f objection4 ,b t ! 
consci\sness ( ! gr\p z an individual   
may be exce$+ly int5se1 full (          
aggressiv5ess1 intol]ance & pride1 (    
great s5sitiv5ess to all outside ! gr\p1
 is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s f ! hi/ory (       
nations4 ,gr\ps ?us end[$ ) a s5se (    
solid>ity & s5sitiv5ess become highly   

vitaliz$ & p]si/5t p]sonalities :i* /alk
 ?r\gh ! pages ( hi/ory ) trem5d\s p[] &
 t5acity ( purpose4 ,nations ?us live   
int5sely1 & 9 _! int5se feel+s & p]sonal
 attributes !re are express$ purposes & 
ideals1 consci\s & unconsci\s1 analog\s 
to ^? :i* make ! individual also an     
hi/orical entity4  ,!re seem to be two  
aspects ( gr\p p]sonality t ne$ to be   
inve/igat$ 9 detail 9 any /udy ( w>1 &  
:i* mu/ be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 z !y may
 be by ref]r+ to ! primitive or c5tral  
emotional quality :i* ea* has4 ,^! are  
patriotism & ! s5se ( honor1 ! =m]1 =   
our purposes1 to be reg>d$ z ! sum ( !  
affections a p has = t :i* is its own2 !
 second a sum ( ^? feel+s & attitudes1 !
 emotional root ( :i* is pride4 ,^!     
feel+s are ! affective basis ( ! idea ( 
nationalism4  ,patriotism1 or love (    
c\ntry or feel+ ( loyalty t[>d c\ntry1  
is a highly complex emotion or mood1 &  
its object1 an ideal con/ruction1 is =m$
 by a process ( ab/raction 9 :i* c]ta9  
qualities ( home1 environm5t1 social    

objects select$ by ^? feel+s are made   
ov] into a composite :ole4 ,patriotism  
is imm$iately connect$ ) ! fact t m51 by
 "s biological or o!r necessity are =m$ 
into gr\ps1 9 :i* ! consci\sness ( !    
individual 9 reg>d to ! gr\p & its      
memb]s & its habitat is diff]5t f !     
consci\sness 9 reg>d to ev]y?+ outside4 
,patriotism is devotion to all t p]ta9s 
to ! gr\p z a sep>ate unit1 & its =m &  
int5sity are dep5d5t ^u :at ! gr\p z a  
unit does4 ,! size & organization ( !   
gr\p to :i* ! patriotic feel+ may g out 
may1 x is obvi\s1 diff] widely4  ,!re   
appe> to be five m or less di/9ct &     
diff]5t factors 9 patriotism2 or1 we    
might say1 five or m objects ( atta*m5t1
 ! love ( :i* all toge!r con/itutes     
patriotism4 ,^! objects are3 home1 z    
physical c\ntry2 ! gr\p z collection (  
individuals2 mores1 ! sum ( ! cu/oms ( a
 p2 c\ntry z p]sonality or hi/orical    
object1 & its v>i\s symbols2 lead]s or  
organiz$ gov]nm5t or /ate1 its          
conv5tions & repres5tations4  ,! deepe/ 

( all /rata 9 ! v complex feel+ (       
patriotism1 "o :i* is conc]n$ 9 e       
relation among nations1 is ! devotion   
to1 or habituation to--or we might say  
id5tity )--! great complex ( ideals1    
feel+s1 & ! l :i* make up ! cu/oms1     
folkways1 mores or e?os ( a gr\p4 ,!    
individual z a consci\s p]son is to su* 
an ext5t creat$ by ^! consci\s factors t
 we f9d t ! reality s5se is 9 "p produc$
 by !m4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! belief
 on ! "p ( _m peoples t !y alone are    
real4 ,=eign]s ) diff]5t mores probably 
always seem less real ?an our own p3 !y 
may ev5 be look$ ^u z automata1 z n be+ 
mov$ by ! feel+s & purposes t we        
ourselves h4 ,! language ( ! =eign]1 !  
un$ucat$ man is incl9$ to ?9k ( z hav+  
no mean+4 ,e gr\p has its own ways1 &   
:atev] else w> may be1 x is 9 e case an 
argum5t = ! sup]iority ( ! ways ( !     
gr\p4 ,ea* gr\p 9 w> feels t its own mo/
 intimate possessions1 its morality &   
its g5ius are attack$4 ,x gu>ds ^!      
in/9ctively1 & a "p ( ! purpose (       

aggression is ! desire to make ^! ?+s   
prevail 9 ! _w1 because !y are felt to  
be ! only "r1 true & s5sible ways4 ,?is 
pref]5ce = our own ways1 & p>ticipation 
9 !m1 is ! basic fact ( nationality4  ,!
 feel+ ( patriotism is ?us prim>ily an  
/hetic appreciation 7or at lea/ an      
imm$iate & intuitive "o7 ( ! totality ( 
! life ( ! gr\p4 ,j z /&>ds ( normality 
& arti/ic =m 9 reg>d to ! human p]son & 
its adornm5t v>y f gr\p to gr\p1 & are  
produc$ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! gr\p1 s !re
 is a reaction ( pleasure to1 & atta*m5t
 =1 ! :ole ( ! life t surr\nds !        
individual4 ,?is appreciation is wid]   
?an moral feel+1 :i* inde$ is 9 "p bas$ 
^u x1 & is a s5se ( ! fitness ( any act 
to belong to ! :ole ( ! conduct t       
promotes ! welf>e ( ! gr\p4  ,patriotism
 is be/ kn[n1 or at lea/ x is mo/       
celebrat$1 z an atta*m5t to ! native l& 
z place4 ,?is is ! poet's patriotism4 ,x
 is1 h[ev]1 some?+ m ?an a m]e love ( ! 
homel& z l&scape1 & we _c1 inde$1       
sep>ate out any pure love ( physical    

c\ntry4 ,! love ( c\ntry seems to be an 
expansion ( ! atta*m5t to home1 z !     
place 9 :i* ! family relations are      
exp]i5c$4 ,! s5se ( place is ! core ( ! 
love ( home1 b x is supplem5t$ & ren=c$ 
by ! p]sonal affections4 ,! atta*m5t to 
place has also its biological roots1 !  
s5se ( famili>ity ( place be+1 ( c\rse1 
z ! basis ( ori5tation1 a deep elem5t 9 
consci\sness4 ,fe> ( ! unkn[n increases 
! atta*m5t to ! kn[n4 ,! l& z ! s\rce ( 
livelihood is lov$1 & !re are also old] 
elem5ts 9 ! love ( ! l& z is %[n by my?s
 & folklore4 ,!re is 9 x ! idea (       
own]%ip b also ! idea ( belong+ to ! l&4
 ,s !re is bo? ! filial & ! p>5tal      
attitude 9 patriotism4 ,z fa!rl& or     
mo!rl& c\ntry is sup]ior to & antec$5t  
to u2 z possession x is some?+ to hold &
 to transmit1 to improve & to leave !   
impress ( our "w ^u4 ,z hi/oric l& !re  
is ! idea ( sacr$ soil1 ( l& :i* p]si/s 
?r\gh all "t4 ,ance/or wor%ip ent]s2 !  
soil z ! re/+ place ( =efa!rs acquires n
 only a religi\s mean+1 b !re is atta*$ 

to x su* feel+ ( an /hetic nature z is  
atta*$ to ev]y?+ t is full ( tradition4 
,! protective attitude is prom95t 9 ?is 
patriotic love ( l&4 ,!re is 9 x ! fe> (
 invasion1 a s5se ( ! sacr$ness &       
inviolability ( ! body ( a c\ntry :5 x  
has once be5 e/abli%$ z an hi/orical    
entity4 ,a /udy ( ! psy*ology ( invasion
 & ( homesickness w\ld no d\bt ?r[ fur!r
 light ^u ! /ill unkn[n aspects ( !     
intricate moods ( home love4  ,a ?ird   
elem5t 9 patriotism is social feel+4    
,?is is primitive1 b :e!r x is a h]d    
consci\sness or a radiation ( ! social  
feel+s connect$ ) blood relation%ip &   
community ( imm$iate practical int]e/s x
 is n especially important to decide 9  
?is connection1 except t ! assumption ( 
a specific h]d in/9ct z di/+ui%$ f      
social feel+ or in/9ct appe>s to be     
unnecess>y4 ,loyalty ( ! individual to !
 gr\p1 :i* is accompani$ by or is bas$  
^u int5sifi$ or ec/atic feel+ is "o ( ! 
/ronge/ elem5ts ( patriotism4 ,social   
feel+ z an atta*m5t to ! wide/ gr\p1 !  

nation1 is 9 g5]al a lat5t feel+ or an  
undevelop$ "o4 ,we see x becom+ active &
 int5se only "u circum/ances 9 :i* !    
:ole gr\p is ?reat5$ or = "s o!r reason 
is compell$ to act z a unit4 ,! rec5t   
psy*ology ( ! soldi] %[s u t absolute   
devotion to or absorption 9 ! :ole may  
be produc$ automatically by ! prop]     
/imuli1 & may be controll$ z ! me*anism 
( morale1 & t elem5t>y s5sations ent]   
into x4 ,! wid] social consci\sness z   
devotion to ! :ole gr\p1 ! nation1 is   
bas$ ^u su* reactions1 & c probably n be
 fully1 develop$ )\t !m4  ,?is          
trans=mation ( ! individual is some?+   
desir$ & s\ght by ! individual4 ,x comes
 z a fulfillm5t ( impulses t are lat5t 9
 ! social life1 & ^! impulses are       
t5d5cies to seek exalt$ /ates ( social  
feel+1 r ?an to p]=m specific social    
functions4 ,w> is seiz$ ^u by ! social  
consci\sness1 s to speak1 z an          
opportunity to ext5d itself & become m  
int5se1 & inde$ 9 w> we see ! social    
consci\sness p]=m+ a "w ( g5ius1 ov]com+

 app>5tly insurm\ntable ob/acles &      
av]sions4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 social  
feel+ becomes /rongly =tifi$ aga9/ _m   
sugge/ions t t5d to break x d[n4 ,an    
int5se f]ocity is direct$ t[>d any      
disloyal memb] ( ! gr\p1 a fictiti\s "* 
may be attribut$ to ! enemy1 & !re is an
 imag9ative int]pretation ( all 8 acts 9
 a mann] favorable to unit+ ! s5tim5t ( 
! gr\p4 ,?is does n appe> to be m]ely a 
def5sive reaction or a result ( fe>1 b  
an aw>5ess ( ! prec>i\s condition ( !   
social feel+ itself1 :5 x is widely     
ext5d$4 ,9 its mom5ts ( mo/ extreme &   
fanatical int5sity x is likely to be mo/
 un/able4 ,x has be5 said t ! sure/ way 
to break d[n social feel+ is to make x  
include too mu*4 ,! conditions ( w>     
always create t dang]4 ,patriotism is   
greatly int5sifi$1 b x is 9 dang] (     
collapse4 ,! mild patriotism & yet      
secure cohesion ( peace is replac$ by a 
social consci\sness increas$ 9 bread? & 
dep?1 b :i* is liable also to sudd5     
contraction4 ,all nations :5 at w> appe>

 to be q z mu* afraid ( !mselves z !y   
are ( ! enemy4 ,x is 9 "p ?is           
susceptibility ( social feel+ to rapid &
 extreme v>iation t makes patriotism s  
my/]i\s a =ce4 ,x may be ext5d$ 9 a     
mom5t to unite suppos$ incompatibles1 or
 aga9 app>5tly /rongly cem5t$ gr\ps may 
fall into disunion4 ,?is seems to be due
 to ! fact t social feel+ is pla/ic & is
 subject to control & is a =ce & n m]ely
 an in/9ctive reaction4  ,! f\r? elem5t 
( patriotism is devotion to lead]1 to   
gov]nm5t1 or to ! idea ( /ate4 ,devotion
 to lead] mu/ h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( 
loyalty4 ,! pre/ige ( ! lead] is acquir$
 z ! result ( any action ( ! gr\p "u    
/imuli t produce ei!r fe> or ang]4 ,j z 
! necessity = /rong action creates !    
lead] out ( av]age humanity1 s          
cont9uation ( ?is necessity1 t is ! :ole
 hi/orical movem5t ( ! life ( ! gr\p su*
 z a nation cont9ues to add elem5ts (   
pre/ige to lead]%ip4 ,! exaltation &    
typically to "s ext5t ! deification ( ! 
lead] is a natural consequ5ce or aspect 

( ! dramatic life ( ! gr\p4 ,! lead]    
becomes symbolic ( ! gr\p1 & ( its      
purposes & mean+1 s t 9 devot+ itself to
 a lead] ! p d m ?an su/a9 an emotional 
relation to a sup]ior p]son4 ,!y transf]
 _! own individual nature1 s to speak1  
to ! lead] s t he becomes ! ess5ce or ! 
_s ( ! p4  ,! dyna/y is ! connect+ l9k  
betwe5 ! lead] z ! object ( devotion ( a
 p & ! ab/ract idea ( ! /ate z an       
entity4 ,! pre/ige & all !              
sup]naturalism conta9$ 9 ! ideas ( div9e
 rights & div9e desc5t t h become atta*$
 to ! idea ( k+s are transf]r$ to !     
gov]nm5t1 or ext5d$ to ! gov]nm5t or    
/ate4 ,! illusion ( sup]iority &        
remot5ess is kept up by v>i\s =ms &     
c]emonials4 ,becom+ an ab/ract =m1 !    
organization or ! (fice rema9+ :ile its 
p]sonnel *anges1 ! /ate acquires ! "* ( 
a religi\s object4 ,x takes on ! "* ( ! 
et]nal1 :ile /ill x reta9s all !        
p]suasive & sugge/ive qualities t belong
 to individuals4 ,! idea ( /ate ?us     
comm&s a v high degree ( loyalty1 & is 9

 a s5se itself a product ( ! feel+ (    
loyalty4 ,once e/abli%$ ! /ate becomes a
 m$ium ?r\gh :i* patriotism may be      
subject$ to control & also be manipulat$
 = political ends4 ,x c be ext5d$1      
transf]r$1 contract$ accord+ to :at at  
any "t may be subsum$ "u ! gov]nm5t t   
has ?us come to be ! c5tral & coord9at+ 
factor 9 ! object ( patriotism4  ,ano!r 
elem5t ( patriotism appe>s 9 ! =m ( a   
deep reaction ( ! m9d ( ! individual1   
usually "u ! influ5ce ( social /imuli t 
take ! =m ( arti/ic or dramatic         
situations1 to ! idea ( c\ntry z a      
hi/orical p]sonage4 ,?is /imulus may be 
symbolic--! flag or any o!r emblem      
signify+ ! life or ! _s ( a c\ntry2 or x
 may be concrete1 hi/oric1 a /ory1 & ?is
 /ory1 :i* is ! cont5t ( ! idea (       
c\ntry1 is 9 g5]al a n>rative assum+ a  
c]ta9 arti/ic =m 9 :i* facts are treat$ 
at lea/ selectively1 & usually          
imag9atively4 ,?is "w ( portrayal ( !   
life ( a nation by its /ory is          
consci\sly or unconsci\sly an appeal to 

! w2 x is giv5 arti/ic r ?an sci5tific  
=m = ?is reason4 ,its purpose is to     
pres5t a national _s1 or ideal1 or      
pr9ciple1 & also to p]suade ! m9d to    
become loyal to ?is _s ( c\ntry4  ,all  
c\ntries1 z ! object ( ! feel+ (        
patriotism1 t5d to be p]sonifi$1 & x is 
?us z a p]son t c\ntry comm&s ! deepe/  
loyalty ( ! individual4 ,h5ce !         
p]sonifi$ repres5tation ( c\ntry :5ev] !
 w ( ! individual is appeal$ to mo/     
/rongly4 ,r$i] 7#cj71 a ,fr5* writ]1    
illu/rates ?is v cle>ly :5 he pleads t !
 int]e/ ( ! mo!rl& mu/ be plac$ fir/4 ,x
 is n = lib]ty1 or = ! civilization ( ! 
_w t ! ,fr5* are fight+1 he says1 b =   
,france1 t mo/ sa9tly1 animat$ & tragic 
( figures4 ,x is by ?is process (       
p]sonification ( c\ntry t ! patriotism (
 ! individual becomes mo/ complete4 ,he 
?us becomes loyal to a liv+ reality     
repres5t+ an idea1 a _s4 ,to def5d !    
honor & ! integrity ( ?is p]son1 "o is  
will+ to sacrifice ev]y?+ t is          
individually possess$1 9 causes t c     

affect "o mat]ially 9 no important way4 
,! desire = p]sonal id5tity &           
immortality may be transf]r$ to c\ntry z
 ?us idealiz$1 & ! individual is        
satisfi$ to lose himself t c\ntry may   
live4 ,! common man realizes 9 a simple 
& concrete way1 9 reg>d to c\ntry1 !    
,hegelian conception ( /ate z ! reality 
( m9d 9 ! _w4 ,ab\t ?is idea ( c\ntry   
held by ! truly patriotic m9d1 z we f9d 
x express$ 9 hi/ory & 9 lit]ature1 !re  
gr[s up a religi\s s5tim5t1 :i* protects
 f criticism ! qualities ( ! ideal      
p]sonage4 ,a c]ta9 pa?os ( c\ntry       
atta*es itself to all :o z great        
individuals repres5t c\ntry1 & to all   
its portrayals & symbols4 ,all ^!       
symbols acquire a high degree (         
sugge/ive =ce because ( ! dep? ( s5tim5t
 & ! ri*ness ( ! cont5t ( ! ideas t h   
produc$ !m4  ,patriotism1 !n1 is a v    
complex idea & feel+ :i* we realize z   
love ( c\ntry--or1 z we might bett] say1
 x is an animation by ! idea ( a v      
complex object :i* is c\ntry4 ,x is a   

pr(\nd atta*m5t1 root$ 9 ! mo/ orig9al &
 ess5tial relations1 & appe>s to be     
natural & necess>y to e normal m9d4 ,!  
individual consci\sness is complete only
 by includ+ ! atta*m5ts1 9 n>r[] &      
broad] relations1 to precisely ! elem5ts
 t ent] into patriotism--to place1 to ! 
fundam5tal ways & appreciations ( !     
social surr\nd+s1 to p]sons1 to         
au?ority1 to traditions4 ,! composite   
effects ( ^! atta*m5ts may be great] or 
small]1 z det]m9$ by a totality (       
conditions1 b ! f\ndations ( patriotism1
 :atev] its object1 are deep 9          
consci\sness4  ,! pres5ce & p]si/5ce (  
patriotism 9 ! _w z a deep & int5se     
feel+ raises que/ions t are ( bo?       
!oretical & practical importance4 ,"h we
 are int]e/$ ma9ly 9 ! relation (       
patriotism to w>4 ,!re is a widespread  
view t may be express$ some:at z foll[s4
 ,patriotism & int]nationalism or       
cosmopolitanism are two opposites4      
,patriotism delimits gr\ps1 :e!r rightly
 or wrongly1 & !re=e produces antagonism

 9 ! _w1 & ei!r causes w>s directly or  
ma9ta9s a cont9ual ?reat ( w>s4 ,on !   
o!r h& !re is cosmopolitanism1 a v      
little too mu* ( :i* might de/roy       
civilization by remov+ ! inspiration t  
c\ntry gives4 ,patriotism1 /&+ = !      
integrity ( hi/oric entities1 makes ! _w
 a _w ( nations hav+ sep>ate & conflict+
 wills4 ,?us we h a *oice (             
evils--betwe5 a _w ( ard5t1 qu>relsome1 
b effici5t gr\ps & a _w 9 :i* ! *ief    
motive ( progress1 ! vital pr9ciple (   
national gr[?1 is left out4  ,:at is !  
tru? ab\t ?is8 ,:at is ! relation (     
patriotism to w>8 ,confusion & diff]5ce 
( views are likely to arise f a failure 
to di/+ui% 9 ! idea ( nationalism z a   
:ole1 betwe5 two v diff]5t emotions &   
purposes4 ,psy*ologically1 patriotism is
 a sum ( affections4 ,z su*1 x has a    
di/9ct "*1 con/itutes a mood1 !         
possession ( :i* may *>act]ize an       
individual1 & dom9ance by :i* may be !  
ma9 fact 9 life4 ,z a devotion to c]ta9 
objects1 ?is motive ( patriotism ent]s  

into ! sph]e ( motives ( w>1 b x does s 
ma9ly1 9 our view1 z a p[]ful & highly  
sugge/ible en]gy :i* becomes aggressive 
only "u ! /imulus ( ?reat to its        
objects4 ,patriotism is inde$ tol]ant by
 nature1 & "o may well d\bt :e!r a g5u9e
 love ( c\ntry is possible )\t a pr(\nd 
realization ( ! value ( o!r c\ntries z  
objects ( devotion1 & ( ! validity ( !  
patriotism ( e gr\p4 ,true patriotism   
mu/ always be to "s ext5t devotion to   
patriotism itself z a progressive =ce 9 
! _w1 & x is1 !re=e1 by ! v fact (      
becom+ int5se & pure1 a motive (        
int]nationalism4  ,su* patriotism seems 
to be free f mo/ ( ! delusions (        
greatness t affect national             
consci\sness4 ,its mood is optimi/ic &  
its _s tol]ant & j4 ,we %\ld say t1     
in/ead ( caus+ w>s1 by any initiative ( 
its own1 x is itself caus$ by w>s4 ,x   
gr[s 9 a m$ium ( def5sive attitudes4 ,x 
may1 ( c\rse1 play into ! h&s ( all !   
aggressive motives ( w>2 !re are always 
circum/ances creat+ ! illusion ( dang]1 

& x is possible1 ev51 t !re w\ld be     
little w> if !re 7 no patriotism z love 
( c\ntry to support x4 ,b on ! o!r h&   
patriotism itself does n seem to be a   
cause ( w>4 ,we %\ld say1 inde$1 t      
patriotism1 to ! ext5t t x becomes      
intellig5t & is a devotion to an ideal (
 c\ntry1 & s is n dom9at$ & influ5c$ by 
o!r motives is a factor ( peace 9 ! _w1 
& is moral 9 its pr9ciples & its nature4
 ,?is is n ! place 9 :i* to speak (     
int]nationalism z an ideal1 b we may at 
lea/ obs]ve h[1 conceivably1 patriotism 
may be cultivat$1 be greatly deep5$ &   
int5sifi$1 :ile at ! same "t & inde$    
because ( ?is deep5+ ( patriotism all   
int]national causes are also s]v$4 ,su* 
patriotism may leave u ) ! dang] ( w>s1 
s9ce x leaves u ) a _w ( individuals    
hav+ wills & self-int]e/s4 ,b ?is _w1 ) 
su* a dang] ( w>s1 w\ld be bett] aft]   
all ?an a c]ta9 k9d ( cosmopolitanism 9 
a _w su* z1 = example1 might be arrang$ 
by an un9tellig5t socialism4   ,national
 ,honor  ,!re is ano!r aspect (         

nationalism1 :i* is psy*ologically      
di/9ct f patriotism z love ( c\ntry1    
because primitively x is bas$ ^u a      
diff]5t motive4 ,emotionally x is       
express$ f9ally z national pride1 z we  
use ! ^w ma9ly ) a d]ogatory            
implication4 ,j z patriotic feel+ is    
int5sifi$ & cry/alliz$ by fe>1 & is 9 a 
s5se an ov]com+ ( fe>1 by devotion1 s   
?is motive ( pride re/s ^u a basis (    
jeal\sy & ( hatr$1 & is ess5tially a    
movem5t 9 :i* display is us$ to obta9   
pre/ige1 to ov]come opposition & to     
def5d consci\sness aga9/ a s5se (       
inf]iority4 ,z a display motive x       
conta9s ! feel+ ( ang]1 & ! impulses (  
combat1 & its relation to ! reproductive
 motive is obvi\s4 ,x is z an aspect ( a
 deeply pessimi/ic /ra9 9 national life1
 z a process 9 :i* an orig9al & nave    
s5se ( reality & sup]iority1 *all5g$ &  
attack$ & br\ght into ! field (         
opposition & criticism & ?us negat$ by a
 feel+ ( inf]iority1 t ?is motive       
becomes ( special int]e/ to ! psy*ology 

( nations & ( w>4  ,! roots ( ?is pride 
& honor process we c f9d 9 ! impulses   
:i* lead gr\ps to demon/rate p[] &      
pr[ess to "o ano!r1 & 9 ! orig9al feel+ 
( reality :i* is accompani$ by ! belief 
on ! "p ( ! gr\p t its own ways are     
normal & "r4 ,we might m5tion z         
significant ! widespread belief on ! "p 
( v primitive peoples t !y alone are    
real p1 or are ! sup]ior p ( ! _w4 ,!   
,lapps1 ,sumn] 7#gj7 says1 reg>d        
!mselves z m5 z di/+ui%$ f all o!r      
peoples1 a =m ( self-consci\sness :i*   
l+]s 9 all su* anti!ses z ,jew &        
,g5tile1 ,greek & b>b>ian1 & ! l4 ,?is  
basic idea ( diff]5ce 9 reality is n    
conf9$ to a few peoples1 b !re is a     
t5d5cy = e gr\p to divide ! _w into two 
p>ties3 selves & outsid]s1 & ?is feel+ (
 diff]5ce readily develops into ! moods 
9 :i* !re is a my/ic s5se on ! "p ( a p 
( be+ ! *os5 p1 & into ^? specific      
!ories ( sup]iority t run ?r\gh ! hi/ory
 ( mo/ if n ( all nations4 ,x belongs to
 ! psy*ology ( ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,arabs1

 ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 & also to ,am]icans 
z well z ,g]mans2 & we le>n t ,russian  
books & newspap]s sometimes discuss !   
civiliz+ mission ( ,russia4  ,t !       
motives ( display & pride h be5         
peculi>ly active 9 ,g]many 9 ! la/ few  
decades has be5 ma9ta9$ by _m writ]s4   
,g]man writ]s are incl9$ to believe t ! 
motive = ! attack ^u ,g]many 0 jeal\sy  
on ! "p ( h] enemies1 t ,g]many 0       
supreme 9 ev]y?+ & o!r c\ntries c\ld    
tol]ate ?is no long]4 ,g]many has talk$ 
ab\t h] virtues1 h] rank1 h] com+ place 
9 ! _w4 ,b]gson says t ,g]many's en]gy  
comes f pride4 ,"s see ! s\rce ( ?is    
alleg$ conceit ( ,g]many & h] excessive 
self-consci\sness 9 ,g]many's h>d       
exp]i5ces--! rec5t slav]y1 ,g]many's    
position z ! battle gr\nd ( ,europe1 h] 
late arrival among ! great nations4     
,g]many /ill lacks1 !y say1 ! quiet     
assurance t an old culture gives4 ,"s   
call ,g]many morbid & qu>relsome4 ,aga9 
we he> ! pride ( ,g]many call$ an       
adolesc5t ph5om5on1 & !y say t ,g]many  

is fight+ n = pr9ciple b to see :o is   
sup]ior4 ,bosanquet 7#ia7 ?9ks t ! lack 
( political lib]ty 9 ,g]many has _h !   
effect ( produc+ self-consci\sness1 & a 
morbid int]e/ 9 small di/9ctions ( title
 & rank1 & t x is ?w>t$ national        
ambition t has express$ itself 9 su*    
writ]s z ,treits*ke & ,b]nh>di4 ,b\rdon 
7#fg7 ?9ks ,g]many is jeal\s ( ! culture
 & ! glory & ! political & lit]>y       
pre/ige ( ,france4 ,colli] 7#fh7 says t 
,g]many is =ev] look+ into a mirror r   
?an out ! op5 w9d[ & ev5 sees h]self a  
little out ( focus4 ,! s]i\sness ( !    
,g]mans1 o!rs ?9k1 is an indication t   
,g]many takes h]self too s]i\sly4  ,b   
national vanity1 we see1 is c]ta9ly n   
conf9$ to ,g]many4 ,! ,g]mans at lea/   
?9k ,france is highly self-consci\s1    
always ?9k+ ( h] dignity1 glory1 pre/ige
 & ( rev5ge4 ,wundt 7#he7 feels mu* !   
same ab\t ! ,engli%4 ,he says !y always 
want to be fir/ 9 ev]y?+1 & to dom9ate !
 e>?4 ,we "k t ! ,conf$]acy ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 at ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>1   

appeal$ to ! _w on ! gr\nd t x _h rea*$ 
! mo/ noble civilization ! _w _h ev]    
se54 ,! ,japanese 7#gc71 we h he>d1     
believe t !y are ( div9e desc5t1 & t !y 
are supreme 9 manl9ess1 loyalty &       
virtue4 ,e nation presumably has some:]e
 9 ! back ( its m9d a belief 9 its own  
supremacy 9 some?+1 & has a s5se ( be+  
or hav+ some?+ t makes x unique 9 ! _w4 
,we c n[ see 9 "p h[ ! idea ( national  
honor arises out ( ! pride ( nations4   
,c]ta9 fundam5tal feel+s issue 9 ! =m ( 
claims ( sup]iority or supremacy1 :i*   
may be ei!r vague & uncle> or v def9ite 
& self-consci\s4 ,?is claim to          
sup]iority is precisely :at we mean by  
national vanity4 ,) ?is consci\sness !re
 goes a k t ^! claims are 9 g5]al n     
recogniz$ by o!r nations1 or t ! pre/ige
 :i* ! recognition ( ?is sup]iority     
presupposes is at lea/ insecure4 ,s9ce1 
( c\rse1 ^! claims to supremacy _c all  
be valid1 !re mu/ be a great am\nt (    
inf]iority p>ad+ 9 ! _w z sup]iority1 _m
 fictiti\s & presumably half-he>t$      

assumptions t mu/ n only be def5d$ aga9/
 outsid]s1 b mu/ also be int]nally      
=tifi$4 ,! pride & ! conceit mu/ be     
ju/ifi$ by ! creation ( a fictiti\s pa/1
 & ( an impossible future4 ,! motive (  
^! falsifications on ! "p ( race        
consci\sness is cle>4 ,a nation is      
def5d+ its claim to sup]iority by fir/  
e/abli%+ ! claim 9 its own m9d4 ,^!     
claims be+ really unf\nd$ mu/ be plac$  
beyond criticism4 ,!y mu/ be giv5 a     
religi\s =m4 ,b also ext]nal =ms &      
relations ( an artificial nature mu/ be 
e/abli%$4 ,nations always hide beh9d    
b>ri]s ( =mality4 ,!y make displays to  
"o ano!r4 ,9 ?is way ! feel+ & !        
appe>ance ( sup]iority are kept up4     
,ev]y?+ ext]nal to ! gr\p & n p>ticipat+
 9 its illusion ( supremacy mu/ be kept 
ext]nal to x4 ,! belief :i* ! nation    
itself assumes 9 reg>d to its virtue mu/
 be dem&$ f all outsid]s ) :om ! nation 
has relations ( any k9d4 ,at lea/ ! =ms 
( ! recognition ( ! claim mu/ be insi/$ 
^u4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( national honor4

 ,x is a def5se ( c]ta9 ideal or        
fictiti\s values 9 :i* nations insi/ t  
o!rs %\ld recognize ^! claims & values4 
,national honor is an artifice = def5d+ 
a claim to sup]iority & conceal+ an     
actual inf]iority1 & x relates to values
 :i*1 9 g5]al1 d n exi/4 ,its "w is     
conc]n$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( pre/ige4  ,^!   
ideal values & ! integrity ( ! appe>ance
 ( supremacy1 are su/a9$ by ! assumption
 ( ! =ms ( empire or ! imp]iali/ic      
attitude4 ,empire is inde$ :at is       
dramatiz$ 9 ! =ms :i* nations assume1 & 
?is dramatization ( imp]ial =m is !     
backgr\nd ( all ! ideas ( honor4 ,!     
ma9t5ance ( ! integrity ( ! imp]ial =m1 
z an ideal realization ( ! supremacy a  
nation assumes1 becomes m important ?an 
ev5 ! secur+ ( mat]ial possessions1 = ! 
imp]ial =m is ! v reality & exi/5ce ( ! 
nation4 ,x is at bottom m]ely ! ass]tion
 t its own mores are supreme & entitl$  
to be univ]sal4 ,to admit t ?is is n s  
w\ld be to become to "s ext5t unreal1 & 
to lose some?+ ess5tial to a s5se (     

p]sonality4 ,!re=e1 !re c be ?us f> no  
intimate relations among nations4 ,!y   
mu/ pres5t to "o ano!r symbolic         
repres5tations ( !mselves4 ,x is _!     
flag1 ! symbol ( _! place 9 ! _w & ( _! 
milit>y pr[ess & c\rage2 _! ambassadors1
 ! repres5tatives ( _! dignity & !      
symbol ( _! pret5d$ fri5dl9ess2 _!      
display ( royal =ms1 :i* is ! sign ( _! 
pre/ige & _! imp]ial nature1 ab\t :i* !y
 are mo/ s5sitive4 ,(f5ses to ^! symbols
 ( :at a nation assumes itself to be &  
dem&s t o!rs %\ld ?9k x1 t5d to be      
mortal (f5ses1 because !y invade ! sph]e
 ( :at nations hold to be _! reality4 ,s
 ! relations ( nations to "o ano!r mu/1 
z we say1 always be =mal4 ,nations c    
all[ no intimacy4 ,:y !y _c "o c readily
 see1 = x is n difficult to detect !    
fe>1 ! jeal\sy1 & ! inf]iority motive   
beh9d all ?is assumption & display4     
,treits*ke %[s u :at national honor may 
mean :5 x is c>ri$ out into a philosophy
 ( /ate4 ,"h is ! idea ( national       
self-consci\sness at its greate/ height4

 ,! /ate mu/ n tol]ate equals1 or at    
lea/ x mu/ r$uce ! numb] ( equals z mu* 
z possible4 ,! /ate mu/ be absolutely   
indep5d5t4 ,! /ate1 fur!rmore1 _c h too 
ke5 a s5se ( its dignity & position4 ,a 
/ate mu/ decl>e w> if its flag is       
insult$1 h[ev] slight ! circum/ances may
 be4  ,national honor1 its codes & /&>ds
 & its ju/ification & v9dication by     
combat1 pres5t s _m resemblances to !   
practice ( duel+ & ! idea ( p]sonal     
honor once s g5]ally held by ! upp]     
class1 & /ill exi/5t :]e ! milit>y _s   
prevails1 t we ought to /udy ! duel+    
code ) ref]5ce to ! psy*ology ( w>4 ,!re
 are psy*ological features t appe> to be
 id5tical4 ,! idea ( p]sonal honor is   
associat$ ) a feel+ ( sup]iority t mu/  
be def5d$4 ,any (f5se or affront to !   
individual 0 a mortal (f5se4 ,!         
sup]iority 9 "q 0 fir/ ( all sup]iority 
( ance/ry2 x 0 ?is t con/itut$ ! value (
 ! individual & set ! /&>ds t he mu/    
ma9ta94 ,?is sup]iority 0 to be judg$ n 
s mu* by conduct z by an ass]tion ( x   

repres5t$ by c]ta9 ext]nal =ms4 ,!      
individual by 8 mann]s decl>$ himself a 
g5tleman1 & laid claim to =ms &         
consid]ations t mu/ n be omitt$ 9       
relations ) him4 ,! virtues he def5d$ s 
rigor\sly did n exi/ z a rule 9         
calculable or practical =m1 s9ce !y did 
no?+ objective4 ,!y might be ornam5tal  
or purely fictiti\s4 ,!y exi/$ 9 ! =m ( 
claims1 & ! values assign$ to !m 7      
arbitr>y4 ,! man decl>$ himself possess$
 ( sup]iority1 & 0 ready uni=mly to     
prove ?is claim by acts purport+ to     
indicate will+ness to die4  ,?is code & 
belief belong$ to a day :5 relations    
among individuals 7 simple &1 s to      
speak1 ext]nal4 ,!y 7 relations t 7     
readily codifi$ & made inv>iable1 s9ce  
!y _h no ess5tial practical cont5t or   
function4 ,mann]s 7 significant z       
sub/itutes = fri5dly relations1 s9ce !  
sy/em 0 lack+ 9 moral & social s5tim5ts4
 ,mann]s 7 a means ( fitt+ toge!r       
individuals :o really belong$ to no     
function+ :ole1 except :51 = example1 !y

 might be unit$ 9 milit>y exploits4     
,ev]y?+ 0 unit>y & indep5d5t ( ev]y?+   
else 9 ?is society4  ,n[ ?is code & ?is 
philosophy ( life h decl9$ precisely to 
! ext5t t ! conception ( ideal human    
life has *ang$1 f t ( some?+ ornam5tal &
 p]sonal to t ( some?+ useful & moral4  
,life has become organiz$1 & relations h
 become m practical1 s t ! values (     
conduct may n[ be e/imat$1 & "o no long]
 may ma9ta9 a claim to virtue bas$ ^u   
=ms express+ intangible or subjective or
 unreal virtues4 ,! virtues ( a man 9 a 
democratic society are1 inde$1 m or less
 obvi\s & op54 ,pride ( family1 an      
ornam5tal mode ( life1 & a scorn ( dea? 
are no long] necess>y & suffici5t       
gu>antees ( wor?4 ,evid5ce ( value is   
bo? possible & requir$2 be=e value is   
admitt$ x mu/ be %[n4 ,self-def5se 9 a  
legal & moral society are 9 ! ma9       
sup]flu\s1 & ! values ( individuals are 
s *ang$ t to ju/ify !m by ! duel w\ld   
seem out ( place4 ,its s]vice be+ to    
def5d artificial or arbitr>y claims to  

di/9ction1 x ceases or x falls into     
disuse :5 ! individual's reality & value
 come to dep5d ^u 8 functional place 9  
society4 ,x w\ld be highly illogical to 
put to te/ social values by a process t 
appe>s to h no?+ b anti-social elem5ts 9
 x4  ,t nations exhibit ! same type (   
relation t[>d "o ano!r t we f9d 9 duel+ 
& its code seems to be cle>1 al?\gh we  
mu/ always avoid press+ any analogy     
betwe5 individual & nation too f>4 ,a   
claim to sup]iority t is deep &         
irrational1 & :i* appe>s on ! surface z 
s5sitiv5ess 9 reg>d to honor & vanity1  
keeps nations always 9 def5sive         
attitudes1 q ap>t f ! actual fe> (      
aggression4 ,?is sup]ficiality or at    
lea/ ext]nality ( relations is ! s\rce (
 actual conflict4 ,! =ms employ$ to     
ma9ta9 ^! relations are obvi\sly        
ornam5tal1 are elaborations ( ! =ms (   
c\rtesy among individuals1 are little   
dramas ( fri5d%ip1 s to speak1 little   
plays repres5t+ fri5dl9ess1 :ile !      
diplomatic motives are simply to obta9  

ev]y?+ possible1 ea* nation = itself1   
)\t w>1 & to ma9ta9 pre/ige4 ,^!        
relations are sub/itutes = social feel+s
 t d n exi/4 ,g5]ally speak+1 nations   
are nev] fri5ds4 ,!y nev] really %>e 9  
any?+4 ,!y are all highly consci\s ( _! 
own pre/ige & dignity1 & !y always      
communicate ) "o ano!r 9 a =mal way4 ,9 
x all1 we see ! signs ( emotions &      
habits t ext5d f> back to ! beg9n+s (   
social life & inde$ into animal life4 ,!
 display :i* takes ! =m ( social        
relations among nations1 repres5t$ well 
by uni=m$ diplomats1 is s pla9ly ar*aic 
& its real mean+ s obvi\s t we c h>dly  
fail to und]/& :at x is all ab\t4 ,t !  
attitude is really def5sive1 & ! purpose
 to keep up appe>ances be=e /rang]s1 s  
to speak1 c h>dly be d\bt$4  ,! fact t  
^! que/ions ( national honor are 9 "s   
respects deta*$ f ! ma9 realities (     
political relations1 & are1 inde$1      
fictiti\s & exi/ 9 ! region ( !         
imag9ation1 t !y p]ta9 to ! conv5tional 
& ornam5tal sides ( national life1 might

 be suppos$ to indicate t !y c\ld easily
 be done away )1 & all ^! f]tile causes 
( w> be elim9at$4 ,t mu/ n be assum$4   
,vanity has deep roots4 ,! ornam5tal 9  
life symbolizes ! real4 ,x is ! po9t (  
entrance to ! deepe/ motives4           
,conv5tional & ar*aic =ms d n die out1 j
 because we discov] t !y are irrational 
& h>mful1 & ! causes !y s]ve seem to u  
to be unreal4 ,?is k9d ( unreality 9 !  
consci\sness ( nations is 9 fact ! ideal
 = :i* nations live4 ,nations play at   
be+ great1 & fight to def5d _!          
pre/ige--b ?is play1 z we "k1 is        
(t5times t]ribly real4     ,,*apt] ,,vi 
,,causes ,,z ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,issues   
,,9 ,,w>   ,! causes = :i* w>s are      
f\ght1 or :i* are ass]t$ to be ! causes1
 make "o ( ! important psy*ological     
problems ( w>4 ,sometimes ^! causes are 
elusive1 sometimes !y may give occasion 
= cynicism & a pessimi/ic view (        
national morals2 aga9 we see            
self-deception1 aga9 ideals seek+ =     
light1 peoples try+ to f9d some?+ to    

live = or to die =4 ,we see 9 ! rec5t   
great w> z 9 o!r w>s1 a great v>iety (  
causes = :i* m5 are said to be fight+4  
,"s w\ld say t ! w> 0 entirely a w> (   
pr9ciples2 "s take a purely political   
po9t ( view & say t pr9ciples are n     
involv$ at all1 & o!rs t no?+ 0 display$
 at all ( motives except primitive      
passions :i* are equally devoid ( moral 
issues or any pr9ciples4  ,x w\ld be    
int]e/+ f ! psy*ological po9t ( view to 
make1 if possible1 a complete collection
 & classification ( ! causes t h be5    
br\ght =w>d z ! fundam5tal ?+s f\ght = 9
 ! late w>4 ,_m widely diff]5t & div]g5t
 views are held4 ,! =ms 9 :i* ! issues (
 ! w> h be5 /at$ are almo/ innum]able4  
,new def9itions & new /atem5ts ( old    
conv5tional ideas appe> cont9u\sly4 ,e  
writ] seems to see ! w> f a diff]5t po9t
 ( view f all o!rs4 ,ev5tually1 we may  
suppose1 all ?is w be cle>1 s9ce ^!     
causes ( ! w> w be "o ( ! great !mes (  
future philosophical hi/ory4 ,at pres5t 
we c only =mulate su* a view z may be   

sugge/ive ) ref]5ce to g5]al            
int]pretations ( ! place ( pr9ciples &  
causes 9 w>4  ,let u exam9e a few ( !   
op9ions ab\t ! issues f\ght = 9 ! rec5t 
w>4 ,mac,fall 7#ef7 says t ! :ole       
/rategy ( ! civiliz$ _w is b5t ^u creat+
 p]man5t peace4 ,_m speak ( ! w> z a w> 
to ov]come w>2 we are told t "o ( ! mo/ 
consci\s motives ( ! soldi]s 9 ! field  
has be5 to make ! great w> ! la/ w> ! _w
 %\ld ev] see4 ,some?+ ( ! same idea is 
involv$ 9 ! view ea* nation has t x 0   
attack$1 & t ! purpose ( ! w> 0 to      
defeat & puni% aggressors4 ,app>5tly e  
nation & e army engag$ 9 ! w> has _h !  
feel+ t x 0 fight+ 9 ! int]e/s ( _w     
peace4  ,! ,g]man explanations ( ! w> & 
( its issues h be5 v num]\s & widely    
v>i$4 ,! ,g]man has _h 8 own            
int]pretation ( ! :ite man's burd51 ,t[]
 7#eg7 calls att5tion to ! ,g]man hybrid
 ^w ,sahib?um1 express+ ! mission ( a p4
 ,ea* nation has its ess5ce1 :i* becomes
 a deep impulse4 ,! ,g]man's impulse is 
translatable 9 ! words ,be organiz$4 ,! 

,g]man has be5 eag] to organize ! _w4   
,he-believ$ 9 all s]i\sness t he 0      
fight+ ! fight ( ord] aga9/ *aos4 ,x 0 !
 fight ( ! _s aga9/ t :i* is dead &     
ineffici5t4 ,! ,g]man believ$ t !       
sy/ematic exploitation ( ! _w 0 8       
peculi> mission4 ,o/wald is ! great     
apo/le ( ?is view4 ,he said t ! w> 0 a  
battle ( ! high] life aga9/ ! l[]       
in/9cts4 ,g]many repres5ts ,european    
civilization4 ,! ,g]man emp]or said t   
,g]many %\ld d = ,europe :at ,prussia _h
 done = ,g]many--organize x4 ,9 ! ,g]man
 philosophy ( life ?is pr9ciple ( ord]  
_h become a s]i\s pr9ciple4 ,an         
ineffici5t & disord]ly _w _h ne$ (      
,g]many4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 wa/e & /upidity1
 & a want ( reason 9 ! _w4 ,sy/em 0 to  
be ! cure4 ,! fundam5tal fault 9 all ?is
 disord] ! ,g]man m9d recogniz$ z an    
excessive individualism4 ,individual    
in/9ct & ! social ord] 7 9 et]nal       
conflict1 z ,dietzel express$ ! issue1 &
 ,g]many /ood = ! social ord]1 = reason1
 s9ce reason is precisely ! d5ial ( !   

in/9cts & ! desires ( ! individual 9 !  
int]e/ ( a =ese5 result4  ,%ortly aft] !
 beg9n+ ( ! w>1 we rememb]1 a manife/o  
appe>$ sign$ by ?ree ?\s& ,g]man        
univ]sity pr(essors & o!r tea*]s1 say+ t
 !y1 ! sign]s1 firmly believ$ t !       
salvation ( ! :ole ( ,european          
civilization dep5d$ ^u ! victory (      
,g]man milit>ism4 ,h9tze 7#di7 said t   
,g]many 0 fight+ = ! fre$om ( ev]ybody1 
mean+ presumably accord+ to ! ,g]man    
pr9ciple t fre$om consi/s 9 volunt>ily  
submitt+ to ord]4 ,?is fre$om is also 9 
,h9tze's view a pr9ciple ( fre$om &     
equal rights = all nations1 9 s f> z ^! 
nations h rea*$ ! necess>y /age (       
civilization4 ,! mission ( ! com+ c5tral
 managem5t ( mank9d                     
7,m5s*heitz5tralv]waltung7 impli$ 9 !   
mo/ ideal !ory ( ,g]many's mission is ! 
true ,g]man burd54 ,haeckel says t ! "w 
( ! ,g]man p to assure & develop        
civilization gives ,g]many ! "r to      
occupy ! ,balkans1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 
& ,mesopotamia1 & to exclude f ^?       

c\ntries ! races t occupy !m4           
,s*ell5dorf says t ,g]many mu/ n =get h]
 civiliz+ task1 :i* is to become !      
nucleus ( a future empire ( ! we/4      
,ko5ig says t ! spiritual life ( ,europe
 is at /ake1 ,g]many's fight is ! fight 
( civilization aga9/ b>b>ism--aga9/     
,russian b>b>ism he means4 ,?is ought to
 be ! cause ( all ,we/]n ,europe1 b     
,engl& & ,france h betray$ ! we/]n      
civilization into ! h&s ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is  
belief gave to ,g]many's cause a deep   
impulsion 7#ab74  ,ano!r way 9 :i*      
,g]many's cause 0 frequ5tly /at$ 0 t    
,g]many 0 a pure1 virile & "y race :i* 0
 fight+ ! old] civilizations ( ! _w4    
,vigor 0 assur$ ( victory 9 any case1 b 
"y life _h a duty to p]=m--t ( cle>+ !  
way = new gr[?4 ,?is has f\nd num]\s =ms
 ( expression among ,g]man writ]s1 "s ( 
!m highly dramatic & exagg]at$2 z1 =    
example1 t ! human race is divid$ into  
two species or k9ds1 ! male & ! female1 
assum+ t ! ,g]man is ! male among !     
national spirits4  ,) ^! views ( !      

nature ( ! ,g]man ideal or cause !re h  
gone1 ( c\rse1 int]pretations ( !       
consci\s motives & pr9ciples ( o!r      
nations4 ,9 g5]al o!r nations _h no     
pr9ciple4 ,g]man writ]s h t5d$ to       
believe t bo? ,engl& & ,am]ica 7        
hypocritical & t _! pret5d$ democratic  
cause 0 at he>t only p>ty & political   
aspiration4 ,^! nations1 !y said1 claim$
 to desire ! _w to enjoy ! rights (     
democracy1 b ea* c\ntry assum$ t x      
itself mu/ be ! controll] ( t democratic
 pr9ciple4 ,ano!r frequ5tly express$    
view ( ! purposes ( ,engl& & ,am]ica is 
t !y h purely sordid int]e/s1 t !y are  
capable ( fight+ only = advantage &     
mat]ial ga94  ,_m ( ^! ,g]man views ( ! 
w> imply a pr9ciple t runs ?r\gh _m     
fields ( ,g]man ?\ght--t values are     
some?+ to be det]m9$ objectively4 ,x is 
a sci5tific pr9ciple4 ,its conclusions  
re/ ^u pro(1 r ?an ^u subjective        
pr9ciples ( valuation4 ,!re is ano!r    
argum5t :i* is 9 "p bas$ ^u an          
int]pretation ( sci5tific pr9ciples1 b  

is 9 "p also a fatali/ic                
doctr9e--confid5ce 9 ! issues ( battle z
 a means ( te/+ ! "r & ! validity (     
culture4 ,! "r w prevail1 on ?is !ory1  
because ! "r is ! /rong] or because 9 "s
 s5se /r5g? is ! "r1 & because ! me?od (
 selection ( ! be/ by /ruggle is a basic
 pr9ciple1 & may be appli$ to ev]y?+ t  
is liv+ or is a product ( life4  ,if !  
,g]man int]pretation ( ! ,g]man cause   
has be5 dom9at$ by an ideal ( objective 
pro(1 we he> on ! o!r side mu* ab\t     
subjective rights & subjective          
evaluations--! "r1 = example1 ( e p to  
det]m9e its own life1 to h its own      
culture1 to decide ^u its own           
nationality4 ,! ,allies h believ$ t !y 7
 fight+ to e/abli% ?is pr9ciple ?r\gh\t 
! _w1 & t ?is pr9ciple is diametrically 
oppos$ to ! ,g]man pr9ciple4 ,! ?\ght ( 
c5tralization1 ( a hi]>*y ( nations & ! 
l1 is :olly =eign to ?is democratic     
pr9ciple4 ,b]gson 7#ag7 f9ds 9 ! idea ( 
indu/ry ! cause ( ! w> & ! pr9ciple (   
opposition 9 x4 ,! ,allies1 he says1 h  

be5 fight+ aga9/ mat]ialism ) ! =ces ( !
 _s4 ,g]many's =ces are mat]ial4 ,a     
me*anism is fight+ aga9/ a self-r5ew+   
_s4 ,! ideal ( =ce is met by ! =ce ( !  
ideal4  ,b\tr\x 7#ac7 says t ,france1 9 
! w>1 has _h be=e h] eyes ! idea (      
humanity2 ,france 0 fight+ = !          
recognition ( ! rights (                
p]sonality--rights ( ea* nation to its  
own exi/5ce4 ,france is a *ampion (     
fre$om2 %e wants all ! legitimate       
aspirations ( peoples to be realiz$4    
,g]manism1 ) its ideal ( =ce1 is        
contra/$ ) ! ideal ( ,greek & ,*ri/ian  
culture & philosophy4 ,a cult ( ju/ice &
 mode/y is contra/$ ) ! cult ( p[]2 9 ! 
=m]1 s5tim5t & feel+ h a place z crit]ia
 ( values2 9 ! latt] ! appeal is to     
sci5ce & to reason4  ,hobh\se 7#cd7 says
 t ! w> is a conflict ( ! _s ( ! ,we/   
aga9/ ! _s ( ! ,ea/ 7precisely ! same z 
! ,g]man view1 we see1 b ) a v diff]5t  
id5tification ( ! *ampions74 ,g]many has
 nev] felt ! _s ( ! ,we/4 ,! w> is =    
some?+ f> deep] ?an national fre$om2 x  

is a w> to ju/ify ! prim>y rules ( "r4  
,burnet 7#ah7 ?9ks t ! great conflict 0 
a conflict betwe5 ,kultur z             
nationali/ic1 & humanism z some?+       
int]national--t ,g]many1 9 rec5t ye>s1  
_h ab&on$ an ideal ( culture = t (      
specialization 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate4    
,engl&'s answ] to ! call 0 n to !       
specific ne$ & appeal ( ,belgium1 b     
because ,engl& felt t !re 0 some?+ 9    
,g]many incompatible ) ,we/]n           
civilization4  ,le ,bon 7#db7 says t we 
mu/ always rememb] t ! ,teuton is !     
irreconcilable enemy ( ! civilization ( 
! ,fr5* & ( all x /&s =1 & t he mu/     
always be kept at a di/ance4 ,durkheim's
 view is t ,g]many's ambition & en]gy & 
w antagonize ! fre$om ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 & 
! re/ ( ! _w felt ?is & ! w> 0 !        
consequ5ce4 ,dillon 7#ee7 says t !      
future = :i* ,g]many has be5 /riv+ is a 
future incompatible ) ^? ideals :i* our 
race *]i%es & rev]es1 & t we mu/ make a 
def9ite *oice betwe5 our philosophy &   
religion & our code on "o side & ^? ( ! 

,g]man on ! o!r4 ,drawbridge 7#ai7 says 
t ! w> has be5 a conflict betwe5 !      
ideals ( g5tl5ess & tact1 on "o side1 & 
( brutality & ru?lessness on ! o!r4 ,x  
is ! ,*ri/ian _s aga9/ ! ,nietzs*ean4   
,aga9 we h be5 told t ! w> 0 simply a w>
 ( autocracy aga9/ democracy1 (         
m$ivalism aga9/ mod]n life1 ( progress  
aga9/ /agnation1 ( milit>ism & w> aga9/ 
peace1 ( ! ,napoleonic aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian 
_s4 ,occasionally we he> m p]sonal &    
subjective notes4 ,r$i] 7#cj7 says t    
,france 0 fight+ solely to reta9 ma/]y (
 h] own g5ius1 9 ord] to draw f x noble 
joys & j pr(its4  ,! ,am]ican po9t (    
view has be5 express$ 9 sev]al =ms by ! 
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= example1
 he has said t we are "o ( ! *ampions ( 
! rights ( mank9d4 ,! _w mu/ be made    
safe = democracy4 ,& aga91 t ,am]ica is 
fight+ = no selfi% purpose1 b = !       
lib]ation ( peoples ev]y:]e f !         
aggression ( autocratic p[]s4 ,?is view 
t ! w> 0 rem$ial1 t x 0 9 ! int]e/ (    
progress1 to prev5t t :i* is belat$ 9   

civilization f ga9+ ! upp] h&1 & t x is 
on ! "p ( ,am]ica a w> ( p>ticipation & 
aid 9 a cause :i* ?\gh supremely good   
might o!rwise be lo/1 is ! prevail+     
idea4 ,t ?is _s ( ! *ampion%ip ( causes 
& ( ju/ice to o!r nations is a /rong]   
motive 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon peoples ?an 9  
o!rs appe>s to be an op9ion t hi/ory on 
! :ole c confirm4  ,x is relatively easy
 to obta9 ! op9ion ( philosoph]s ab\t ! 
causes repres5t$ 9 ! w>2 x w\ld be (    
int]e/ also to "k :at ! millions ( m5 9 
! field ?9k4 ,data are n altoge!r want+1
 b !re appe> to be no g5]al /udies4 ,t  
_m m51 9 m ?an "o army1 h no cle> k (   
any cause = :i* !y h f\ght1 except z ^! 
causes are nationali/ic is c]ta94 ,t !re
 is ignorance ev5 among ! m5 ( our own  
army 9 reg>d to ! causes & purposes ( ! 
w> has be5 made evid5t4 ,k & enlight5m5t
 c h>dly h be5 great] else:]e4 ,g]man   
soldi]s are cr$it$ ) believ+ t !y are   
def5d+ ,g]many f attack4 ,! ,fr5* soldi]
 0 fight+ = ,france4 ,! invasion ( 8    
c\ntry left him no d\bt & no *oice4 ,!  

,engli% soldi] has (t5 said t he 0 do+ x
 = ! wom5 & ! *ildr51 & "o writ] says t 
! deepe/ motive ( two ?irds ( ! ,briti% 
army 0 to make ?is w> ! la/4 ,! ,am]ican
 soldi]1 f ! nature ( ! circum/ances "u 
:i* he himself ent]$ ! w> has be5 m     
consci\s ( a motive ( helpfulness & (   
comrade%ip ) o!r peoples :o are 9       
di/ress & dang]4 ,probably ! idea (     
,am]ica's honor1 & ! m ab/ract idea /ill
 ( ! cause ( fre$om1 ev5 ?\gh ?is idea  
has be51 s to speak1 our wat*word1 h n  
be5 ! mo/ influ5tial motives 9 ! m9d ( !
 individual4 ,g]many 0 attack+ p :o 7 9 
di/ress1 & ! ,am]ican soldi] w5t ov] to 
make ! scales turn 9 ! direction (      
victory = ! oppress$4  ,!re is1 ( c\rse1
 a lit]ature ( ! w> produc$ by ! soldi] 
9 ! field1 9 :i* !re are express$ high  
ideals1 ab/ract conceptions & firm      
pr9ciples4 ,! ,fr5* soldi] has writt5   
ab\t lib]ty1 ! ,g]man soldi] has _h     
consid]able to say ab\t a ,kultur w>4   
,an ,am]ican volunte] 9 ! ,briti% army  
has writt51 ,i f9d myself among !       

millions ( o!rs 9 ! great alli$ armies  
fight+ = all ,i believe "r & civiliz$ & 
humane aga9/ a p[] :i* is evil & :i*    
?reat5s ! exi/5ce ( all ! "r we prize & 
! fre$om we enjoy 7#bd74 ,b 9 g5]al !   
consci\sness ( ! soldi]1 f all ! evid5ce
 we h1 0 conc]n$1 z presumably 0 t ( mo/
 ( u1 ma9ly ) ! mo/ obvi\s qualities (  
oppos+ =ces1 _! concrete actions1 & !   
p]sonal motives ( rul]s4  ,leav+ aside s
 f> z "o c "o's own p>tisan%ip & mores  
7:i* is n a v easy task71 :at causes c  
we say1 ) a consid]able degree (        
c]ta9ty1 h actually be5 issues 9 !      
pres5t w>8 ,to "s ext5t :at "o ?9ks ^!  
causes are w rema9 matt]s ( p]sonal     
op9ion & pref]5ce4 ,are !re also        
pr9ciples :i*1 :5 once obs]v$1 w be     
accept$ z ! fundam5tal causes ( ! w>8   
,!re seem to be ?ree at lea/ :i*        
*>act]ize wide diff]5ces 9 ! ideals & ! 
civilization ( ! oppos+ =ces4  ,!re is1 
fir/ ( all1 an issue betwe5 ! ideals ( a
 relatively autocratic =m ( gov]nm5t & a
 relatively m democratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 

,?is 0 a cause ( ! intellectuals1 b x 0 
also a popul> cause4 ,m5 9 g5]al l ! =m 
( gov]nm5t "u :i* !y live4 ,f ! /&po9t (
 ^? :o hold t a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t
 is "r1 ! w> seem$ to be a conflict     
betwe5 a mod]n & progressive rgime & an 
old & vici\s "o4 ,s f> z ?is autocratic 
pr9ciple aim$ to suppress ! rights (    
individuals1 or to m5ace ! lib]ties (   
small nations1 s f> z x 0 aggressively  
milit>i/ic & _h imp]ial ambitions1 :i*  
c\ld be a*iev$ only by =ce1 x /ood      
cle>ly oppos$ to democracy4 ,democracy &
 autocracy 7 pla9ly at w> ) "o ano!r1 & 
yet if we look closely we %all see t    
nei!r "o c (f] any actual demon/ration (
 its validity z ! mo/ sup]ior or ! f9al 
=m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 "p !y may appeal to ! 
obs]vable c\rse ( hi/ory = _!           
ju/ification1 b ! f9al s\rce ( judgm5t  
seems to re/ 9 ! mass ( op9ion 9 ! _w4  
,que/ions ( =m & ta/e are n :olly abs5t4
 ,b ! believ] 9 democracy & ! believ] 9 
autocracy w bo? ass]t t deep diff]5ces 9
 pr9ciple are involv$4 ,!y w n admit t  

democracy & autocracy are sup]ficial    
=ms1 & are que/ions ( ta/e1 & !y w n    
agree ) ,mun/]b]g1 :o says t ! two =ms  
t5d inevitably t[>d a compromise1 by a  
process ( alt]nation 9 :i* fir/ "o &-!n 
! o!r is ! dom9ant =m 9 ! _w4  ,! w>1 9 
ano!r aspect ( x1 has be5 a conflict    
betwe5 ! idea ( nationalism & t (       
int]nationalism4 ,x is a conflict betwe5
 an ideal ( /ate1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,g]man  
philosophy ( /ate by ! pr9ciple (       
complete autonomy ( ! individual nation1
 & "o :i* assumes t /ates1 :ile reta9+  
_! rights ( sov]eignty are to be gov]n$ 
by laws :i* regulate _! conduct z       
function+ memb]s ( a society ( nations4 
,! diff]5ce is t1 relatively1 betwe5 a  
/ate ( an>*y among nations & a /ate (   
ord]4 ,to "s ext5t !re has be5 a        
conflict betwe5 ! idea ( rights & ! idea
 ( duties ( nations4 ,?is               
int]nationalism is n m]ely a            
sociological pr9ciple1 some?+ academic &
 sci5tific1 z a !ory ( /ate or society2 
x is an e?ical pr9ciple1 :i* conta9s "s 

recognition ( ju/ice z a subjective     
pr9ciple4 ,x has "s roots 9 !ory1 b x is
 also bas$ ^u ! imm$iate recognition ( !
 rights ( peoples to _! own individual  
lives4 ,its ideal is a _w conta9+ _m    
nations1 cord9at$ by natural processes &
 n a _w 9 :i* a s+le nation or a few may
 hold ! supreme place1 except z ?is     
supremacy might come by a process (     
natural developm5t4  ,! ?ird conflict ( 
! w> 0 "o :i* we may call a psy*ological
 conflict4 ,x 0 a conflict betwe5 two   
ideas ( life1 "o bas$ ^u a belief 9 !   
supremacy ( reason1 ! o!r imply+ t !    
f9al te/ ( values 9 life rema9s 9 !     
sph]e ( ! feel+s1 or is a matt] (       
appreciation4 ,g]many1 9 h] rec5t       
hi/ory1 has /ood conspicu\sly = ! belief
 t human society may & inde$ mu/ be     
controll$ & regulat$ by def9ite         
pr9ciples--pr9ciples t mu/ be det]m9$   
accord+ to ! me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,^!       
pr9ciples take ! place1 9 ?is philosophy
 ( life1 ( c]ta9 typical human reactions
 t are believ$ to be demon/rably        

irrational4 ,9 its visible & mo/        
practical =m ! application ( ?is        
pr9ciple is ?r\gh organization4  ,?is   
*>act]ization ( ,g]man life reveals     
some?+ v mu* l a p>adox 9 ! pr9ciples ( 
! w>4 ,we see a conflict 9 "o direction 
betwe5 a c]ta9 m$ivalism 9 gov]nm5t &   
social =ms & a m mod]n & progressive    
type2 we see also a conflict ( a        
mod]nism ( an extreme =m1 repres5t$ by a
 sci5tific civilization1 unit$ ) ?is    
m$ivalism1 & 9 opposition to a          
conception ( life :i* is 9 "s respects m
 nave & m primitive4 ,! explanation (   
?is p>adox is t ,g]many (f]s an         
illu/ration ( a ph5om5on ( developm5t t 
has be5 se5 be=e 9 hi/ory1 ( an excess (
 developm5t & specialization 9 a        
direction t appe>s to be (f ! ma9 l9e ( 
progress1 or at lea/ is an ana*ronism4  
,g]many has %[n u ! effects (           
rationalism1 "s w\ld say a morbid &     
hyp]trophi$ reason4 ,?is rationalism is 
c]ta9ly 9 "p a product ( sy/ematic      
education & propag&a1 a consci\s        

exploitation ( sci5ce1 & x is 9 "p      
temp]am5tal4 ,su* a result is always    
possible 9 a small /ate ) a highly      
c5traliz$ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is a        
notori\s fact t ,g]many's type (        
civilization c be spread nei!r by       
p]suasion nor by =ce4 ,if we may apply a
 biological analogy we may say t ,g]man 
,kultur 9 its mod]n =m _c survive4 ,t   
?is ,g]man civilization has be5 felt by 
! _w at l>ge to be abnormal & ( ! nature
 ( a mon/rosity we c h>dly d\bt1 & t    
!re=e to "s ext5t !re has be5 a s5se1 on
 ! "p ( ! enemies ( ,g]many1 ( fight+ to
 root out a dang]\s & rank gr[?4        
,g]many1 see+ 9 h] own civilization only
 ! appe>ance ( mod]nism1 has be5 incl9$ 
to reg>d all o!r civilizations z        
decad5t4  ,g]many1 gov]n$ by ! ideals ( 
rationalism1 has assum$ t hi/ory c be   
made1 w>s conduct$1 life regulat$ 9     
accordance ) a program4 ,on ! o!r side  
we see a v g5]al acceptance ( a         
philosophy ( life 9 :i* _m evils (      
disord] & wa/e & ! necessity ( an       

exp]im5tal attitude t[>d life are       
accept$ z necess>y consequ5ces ( ! life 
( fre$om4 ,we see impli$ 9 ?is          
philosophy ( life a belief 9 a morality 
& a religion t are bas$ ^u feel+ r ?an  
^u objective evid5ces1 & a way ( judg+  
conduct m or less naively & simply or   
accord+ to me?ods ( appreciation t are  
ess5tially /hetic1 us+ ! t]m 9 a wide   
s5se4 ,?is mode ( life is accept$ 9 !   
belief t ord] 9 due season w come out ( 
relative disord]1 by a natural process  
or by a gradually increas+ organization 
& volunt>y adju/m5t4 ,if we accept !    
validity ( ?is attitude 9 life we %all  
be incl9$ to reg>d rationalism z x is   
manife/$ to-day 9 ,g]man life z an evil4
 ,we may believe t 9 ! end ! cure = ?is 
rationalism w n be less reason b r m1 b 
we %all see also t x is possible =      
reason to out/rip & p]v]t life1 & inde$ 
involve life 9 an absurdity1 simply     
because z a me?od ( deal+ ) ! :ole (    
life x _c be suffici5tly compreh5sive4  
,are ^! & all su* issues t we f9d 9 w>1 

causes ( w>8 ,d nations fight =         
pr9ciples8 ,op9ions c]ta9ly diff] on ?is
 po9t4 ,"s ?9k ( w>s1 we say1 z         
ess5tially conflicts ( pr9ciples2 "s    
int]pret w>s :olly 9 t]ms ( political   
issues4 ,we %\ld say t ! tru? lies      
betwe5 ^! ass]tions or is ! sum ( _!    
half-tru?s4 ,w>s are n 9 _! orig9 w>s ( 
pr9ciple4 ,! political1 ! p]sonal1 !    
concrete aspects ( ! relations ( nations
 are always 9 ! =egr\nd 9 caus+ w>s4    
,w>s become w>s ( pr9ciple aft] !y h be5
 begun = o!r reasons4 ,sanctions &      
motives appe> aft] ! fact4 ,fundam5tal  
diff]5ces ( mores :i* include ! raw     
mat]ial1 s to speak1 ( pr9ciples &      
causes are factors 9 w>s 9 s f> z !y    
create misund]/&+ & antipa?y1 b 9 s f> z
 ^! diff]5ces ( nature & ( pr9ciple d n 
ent] into ! sph]e ( politics & (        
national honor1 !y d n z su* cause w>s  
,^? deep moods :i* accumulate 9 ! m9ds (
 peoples & ent] into ! causes ( w> are n
 convictions ab\t pr9ciples4 ,!y are m  
g5]ic & natural4 ,hi/ory does n seem to 

%[ u w>s caus$ by pure pr9ciples4 ,we   
sometimes say t ! ,civil ,w> 9 our own  
c\ntry 0 f\ght ov] a pr9ciple1 b t is   
some?+ less ?an ! tru?4 ,! fundam5tal "q
 at issue 0 pla9ly t ( ! rights ( c]ta9 
/ates at a p>ticul> "t to be indep5d5t &
 free4  ,pr9ciples em]ge 9 w>1 we say1 &
 !n !y become second>y causes4 ,& x is  
precisely ?is em]g5ce ( pr9ciples f     
fields ( battle t p]haps con/itutes !   
greate/ contribution ( w>s to !         
civilization ( ! _w4 ,we ne$ to reflect 
^u ?is deeply1 s9ce ! :ole philosophy ( 
hi/ory is conc]n$ 9 x4 ,! virtues t     
nations discov] 9 !mselves 9 w> !y      
elaborate 9 peace4 ,nations at w> become
 consci\s ( _! spiritual possessions4   
,s9ce _! exi/5ce1 !y believe1 is at     
/ake1 x is a "p ( _! self-def5se to     
ju/ify _! value 9 ! _w4 ,!y discov] 9   
!mselves t :i* is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( !m1 &
 ?is becomes _! pr9ciple4 ,! pr9ciple ( 
a nation is t :i* ! national            
consci\sness fixates itself ^u z ! title
 ( ! nation to cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,nations

 d n g to w> ov] _! causes1 or ab\t _!  
di/9ctive virtues & missions 9 ! _w4 ,r 
x is _! lik5esses t precipitate w>s1--_!
 resemblances & id5tities 9 be+ ! same 9
 ambition1 & hav+ ! same conceptions (  
national honor & ! same motives = w> &  
desir+ ! same objects4 ,nations 9 g5]al 
d n g to w> ov] pr9ciples because !y are
 n motivat$ by pr9ciples 9 _! hi/orical 
c\rse4 ,! pr9ciples ( nations are       
aspects ( _! inn] developm5t4 ,! causes 
( nations at w>1 accord+ to our view1   
are ^! inn] qualities ( :i* !y h become 
consci\s4 ,nations discov] !m 9 ! /ress 
( w>1 & x is q natural also t 9 su*     
times !y %\ld n always judge !m fairly1 
& t !y %\ld (t5 make = !mselves a       
fictiti\s "*4     ,,*apt] ,,vii         
,,philosophical ,,influ5ces             
,philosophy1 9 ! m9ds ( _m writ]s1 mu/  
be giv5 a high place among ! causes (   
w>1 & a consid]able fraction ( !        
lit]ature ( ! late w> is devot$ to !    
problem ( discov]+1 9 ! field ( ab/ract 
?\ght1 ! influ5ces t l$ to ! great      

conflict4 ,nietzs*e1 especially1 seems  
to h be5 held responsible = ! ,european 
conflagration4 ,z ! philosoph] ( ! ,new 
,g]many1 z ! *ief expositor ( ! doctr9e 
( =ce1 ! inv5tor ( ! sup]-man & ( ! idea
 ( ! beyond-good1 ,nietzs*e seems to /& 
convict$ ( furni%+ precisely ! concepts 
t h become ! ,g]man's gospel ( w>2 &    
s9ce ! ,g]man is prone to be guid$ by   
ab/ractions1 ! evid5ce1 ev5 ?\gh        
circum/antial1 seems to _m to be        
conv9c+4  ,s*op5hau]1 also1 z ! great   
pessimi/2 ,hegel1 ) 8 doctr9e ( !       
supremacy ( ! ,/ate z ! repres5tative ( 
! ,idea on e>?2 ,kant1 z ! discov]] ( ! 
subjective moral pr9ciple2 ,engli%      
utilit>ianism z ! doctr9e ( ! ma9 *ance2
 empiricism1 z ! philosophy (           
inconsi/5cy & dual pr9ciples ( ?\ght &  
conduct2 ev5 ! :ole _s ( ! ,engli%      
philosophy1 :i* ,wundt says is no?+ b an
 attempt to reconcile ?\ght ) ! ideas ( 
peace & com=t--all ^! h be5 *>g$ ) be+  
in/igators ( ! w>4  ,b]gson 7#ag7 takes 
a diff]5t view4 ,he says t ! desire     

comes fir/1 ! doctr9e aft]w>ds4 ,g]many1
 det]m9$ ^u w>1 invokes ,nietzs*e or    
,hegel4 ,g]many 9 a moral temp] w\ld    
appeal to ,kant1 or 9 /ill a diff]5t    
mood to ! ,romantici/s4 ,le ,bon 7#db7  
says t nations are pu%$ =w>d by =ces :i*
 !y _c und]/&1 & t rational ?\ghts &    
desires play b a little "p 9 w>4 ,t     
appe>s to be true4 ,we _c say t         
philosophies d n ent] at all into !     
causes ( w>1 b among ^! causes !y mu/ be
 insignificant z comp>$ ) o!r causes t  
nei!r arise f ab/ract ?\ght nor are     
greatly modifi$ by reason 9 any way4    
,consid] ! influ5ce ( ,napoleon 7himself
 s little a product ( any philosophical 
influ5ce71 z comp>$ ) ,hegel2 or (      
,bism>ck z comp>$ ) ,nietzs*e1 & ?is w  
be app>5t4 ,!re are 9 ! c\rse ( !       
c5turies books & m5 t1 z rational =ces1 
d ex]t pr(\nd effect ^u ! practical     
life1 b !y mu/ be r>] ?an is sometimes  
suppos$4 ,x is all too easy to assume a 
relation ( cause & effect :5 !re is only
 a simil>ity betwe5 ?\ght & subsequ5t   

conduct4 ,r\sseau may or may n h inspir$
 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,probably he did  
n4 ,! rec5t great w>1 we might say1 has 
occurr$ 9 spite ( philosophy1 & if      
,nietzs*e's influ5ce gravitat$ t[>d w>1 
x c h>dly be ?\ght to h _h any decid+   
=ce 9 turn+ ! scales already s ov]load$ 
by fate4 ,philosophy fail$ to prev5t w>4
 ,nietzs*e's philosophy did n cause x4  
,8 philosophy af=ds a conv5i5t          
phraseology 9 :i* to express a          
philosophy ( w>1 grant+ suffici5t       
mis9t]pretation ( 8 philosophy4         
,probably :at influ5ce he has _h has be5
 due r to 8 lit]>y impressiv5ess ?an to 
8 ?\ght z a contribution to philosophy4 
,d>w91 z ! great =ce beh9d a new & v>i$ 
developm5t ( sci5ce1 has _h ! fate to   
be1 9 "s s5se1 a factor 9 ! moods & !   
new habits ( life t l$ t[>d ! f9al issue
 9 ! great w>4 ,x is n s mu* t 8        
pr9ciple1 misappli$1 or appli$          
uncritically may become a ju/ification (
 w> or ev5 its basic pr9ciple t has made
 him s great an influ5ce1 b precisely   

because 8 ?\ght1 by becom+ "o ( ! great 
coord9at+ pr9ciples ( all ! natural     
sci5ces has giv5 p[] to a movem5t :i*   
has _h v>i\s practical consequ5ces1 n   
all ( !m good1 or at lea/ n all yield+  
fruit = our own age4 ,d>w9's great      
influ5ce z a =ce turn+ s*ol>ly int]e/   
t[>d naturalism & away f classicism1 z a
 factor 9 mod]n mat]ialism & ev5        
pessimism1 z a backgr\nd1 if no m1 = !  
,haeckels & ,o/walds ( sci5ce is no     
inconsid]able factor 9 ! sci5tific &    
objective _s ( ! day4  ,facts mu/ be    
fac$4 ,x is n su* influ5ces z t (       
,s*op5hau]1 :o expresses a logical or at
 lea/ an ab/ract & we might add lit]>y  
=m ( pessimism1 t 9 ! g5]ations j pa/ h 
trans=m$ mo/ ( ! conceptions ( religion1
 ) all ! effects ^u ! practical life t h
 foll[$1 b ! =ce ( our mod]n sci5ce     
comb9+ ) t5d5cies :i* x fo/]s b p]haps  
does n create1 giv+ mom5tum to          
indu/rialism & specialization1--x is ?is
 *ange 9 ! ideas ( m5 t we mu/ suspect (
 be+ implicat$ 9 ! pres5t cata/rophe ( !

 _w1 if any influ5ce f ! rational life  
is to be c\nt$ at all4 ,hegel & ,kant   
hov] 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! au?or ( ! plan = 
univ]sal peace provides u ) a subjective
 pr9ciple ( morality :i* c be di/ort$   
into a philosophy ( moral indep5d5ce &  
ev5 ( indep5d5ce f morality1 & ,hegel   
mu/ h help$ to e/abli% ! ,g]man !ory ( !
 ,/ate1 al?\gh ) ,treits*ke & ) !       
practical /ate-mak]s l ,fr$]ick ! ,great
 & 8 foll[]s1 we c h>dly believe ,hegel 
indisp5sable4 ,! causes ( w> are too    
g5]al1 too old & too fundam5tal to be   
greatly add$ to or detract$ f z yet by  
philosophy4 ,philosophy is ! hope ( !   
_w1 x may be1 & by no means a =lorn     
hope1 b x is n yet "o ( ! great p[]s4   
,:5 philosophy is a m]e endorsem5t by   
reason ( "s motive t has aris5 9 !      
practical life1 or is a lit]>y          
expression ( views ab\t life1 x may give
 ! appe>ance ( be+ a pr(\nd =ce 9 ! _w4 
,b ?is is n real philosophy1 9 any case4
 ,philosophy has n z yet %[n itself     
highly creative ev5 9 ! calm fields (   

education & ! moral life4  ,no6         
,philosophy is a factor 9 ! motives ( w>
 r by reason ( :at x has n done1 ?an    
because ( its positive tea*+s4 ,to-day  
we ought no long] to be "u illusions on 
t po9t4 ,nei!r ,*ri/ianity nor          
philosophy c make or prev5t w>s z yet4  
,!y h n be5 able to cope ) ! practical  
=ces ( ! _w :i* make = nationalism1     
p>tisan%ip & p]sonal int]e/s4 ,x w\ld   
require a great] am\nt bo? ( religion & 
( philosophy ?an we n[ c br+ to be> ^u !
 _w to (fset ! influ5ce ( ,napoleon     
alone 9 ! practical life ( nations4 ,x  
is ! ,napoleonic _s t /ill gov]ns       
,europe4 ,philosophy has be5 ?us f> a   
sci5ce ( be+ an explanation ( ! _w aft] 
! fact1 & n ev5 to any great ext5t a    
sci5ce ( its progress1 except 9 s f> z1 
we may say1 beg9n+ ) ,hegel & ) ,sp5c]1 
!re has be5 "s developm5t ( ! me?ods & !
 mo/ =mal conceptions ( su* a sci5ce4 ,x
 is ask+ too mu* ( philosophy1 9 its    
pres5t /age1 to expect x to prea* !     
gospel1 or to tea* s*ool1 or to direct  

politics1 & = ! same reason x is unju/  
to *>ge philosophy ) hav+ creat$ !      
greate/ cata/rophe ( hi/ory4 ,if        
philosophy _c wield any great p[] n[ 9  
^? p>ts ( life t are by _! nature       
presumably mo/ am5able to reason1 its   
effect ^u ^? ev5ts t express ! supreme  
=ce ( human passions & ! totality ( life
 w n be v important4 ,! influ5ces (     
philosophy are academic1 & presumably   
any doctr9e ( life t prea*es a*ievem5t1 
virility & unmorality w include 9 "s    
degree w> among ! int]e/s t x w affect1 
)9 ! limits ( its academic nature4 ,b   
y\? is inh]5tly w>like1 because above   
ev]y?+ else x seeks to realize life 9   
its fullness1 & w> at lea/ does         
symbolize ?is reality & abundance (     
life4 ,a philosophy :i* prea*$ peace    
w\ld h>dly become a great influ5ce )    
y\?4 ,a philosophy advocat+ ! cause ( w>
 w\ld =m a natural backgr\nd = !        
ess5tial motives ( y\?4 ,if ! scales 7  
ev5ly balanc$1 x might turn !m4 ,x is   
h>d at lea/ to see ! relations (        

philosophy to ! practical life 9 any o!r
 light to-day4 ,philosophies are t5u\s &
 adaptable ?+s4 ,we see !m us$ to       
support opposite causes1 & !y *ange     
color "u ! influ5ce ( /rong desires4    
,bosanquet 7#ia7 %[s u h[ ,hegel's noble
 conception ( ! ,/ate1 if we b sub/itute
 = its c5tral ?\ght ( welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 
t ( selfi% int]e/1 may be made to *ange 
be=e our eyes into ! meane/ ( maxims4   
,?is process is1 h[ev]1 n unique 9 !    
hi/ory ( ! relations ( ?\ght & life4  ,a
 detail$ /udy ( ! relations (           
intellectual factors to w> w\ld ne$ to  
consid] ! effects ( a great numb] ( m or
 less philosophical ideas :i* ?r[ _!    
weight on ! side ( w>4 ,s f> z ^! ideas 
are simple & cle>1 & especially if !y c 
be convey$ 9 ! =m ( ! phrase1 _!        
influ5ce _c :olly be ignor$4 ,"s we h   
already ref]r$ to4 ,! doctr9e t might   
makes "r1 ! conception ( /ate z supreme1
 ! belief 9 ! div9e "r ( k+s1 ! belief 9
 ! orda9$ rights ( ari/ocracy1 belief 9 
milit>ism z a social in/itution1 !      

doctr9e t life may be controll$ by      
reason1 all intellectual pessimism1     
skepticism1 any =m ( concept-wor%ip1    
:e!r ,hegelian or o!r1 acceptance ( !   
me?ods ( sci5ce & ! results ( sci5ce z  
applicable to all ! problems ( life--all
 su* pr9ciples :i* inhabit ! region1 s  
to speak1 betwe5 philosophy & !         
practical life manife/ly h "s relation  
to ! _s ( w>4 ,9 a v g5]al way !y may be
 c\nt$ z philosophical factors 9 w>4 ,= 
! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 ^? ideas t h be5 accus$
 ( abett+ w> are exagg]ations &         
p]v]sions ( philosophical ideas4        
,nietzs*e1 ,d>w9 & ,hegel h all be5     
exploit$ & made to /& sponsor = specific
 philosophies ( w>4 ,9 ! new philosophy 
( life :i* ,patt5 ?9ks has greatly      
influ5c$ ,g]man conduct1 & :i* may be   
express$ 9 ! words ,di5/1 ,ordnung1 &   
,kraft1 we c see bo? ! effects (        
impulses t h gr[n out ( ! new life      
itself1 & ! influ5ces ( =mal philosophy4
 ,t su* ideas h _h relatively a great]  
influ5ce 9 ,g]many ?an else:]e mu/ be   

admitt$1 b t ei!r ?is devotion to ideas 
or ! ideas !mselves h be5 d]iv$ f       
philosophical int]e/s & f philosophies t
 h play$ any important "p 9 ! hi/ory (  
?\ght we may well d\bt4 ,we %\ld suspect
 t ! same practical int]e/ t works      
unceas+ly to di/ort & popul>ize         
philosophy w\ld help to create su*      
pseudo-philosophy4  ,von ,bl[ 7#fe7 says
 t ! ,g]man p h a passion = logic1 & t  
?is passion am\nts to fanaticism3--t :5 
an intellectual =m or sy/em has be5 f\nd
 = any?+1 !y insi/ ) ob/9ate p]sev]ance 
on fitt+ realities into ! sy/em4        
,durkheim 7#af7 says t ! ,g]mans'       
organiz$ sy/em ( ideas is a cause ( w>4 
,x is also true1 we %\ld say1 t ! t5d5cy
 to organize ideas & ev5 ! fundam5tal   
ideas by :i* ! ,g]mans h be5 guid$ are  
deeply root$ 9 temp]am5t1 9 hi/ory & 9 !
 social ord] ( ! pa/4 ,b\tr\x 7#ac7 says
 t ! ,g]mans !mselves reg>d ! w> z !    
culm9ation ( _! philosophy4 ,we %\ld say
 on ! contr>y t ! :ole w> philosophy (  
,europe is almo/ :olly a product ( /rife

 & comes f impulses t arise irresi/ibly 
9 ! practical life4 ,into ^! movem5ts   
philosophy fits or may be made to fit1 &
 ! pres5ce ( ideas 9 a society 9 :i* !  
academic life has great pre/ige1 ideas  
:i* co9cide ) beliefs readily gives an  
illusion ( an ord] gov]n$ by ! high]    
reason4 ,! fact t ,g]many's rec5t w>s _h
 all be5 highly successful1 ! fact t    
,g]many _h le>n$ to dep5d ^u h] good    
sword 9 "t ( ne$ are ! *ief s\rces (    
,g]many's doctr9es ( w>3 ! ,hegelian    
backgr\nd 9 ! light ( :at we h le>n$ 9  
rec5t times ab\t ! psy*ology ( nations1 
mu/ seem to be r ( ! nature ( !         
ornam5tal4 ,! ideal ( ! ,prussian ,/ate 
to be a p[] direct$ by intellig5ce      
sugge/s ,hegel1 b x seems highly        
improbable1 to say ! lea/1 t ,hegelian  
philosophy has _h mu* to d ) %ap+ ?is   
ideal4 ,beh9d all ?is is ! necessity (  
%ap+ ,g]man life 9 ! =m :i* x has       
tak5--necessity if we accept1 at lea/1  
,g]many's national temp]am5t itself z a 
necessity4 ,t o!r belief1 widely held by

 ,g]man intellectuals & (fic]s t w> is !
 te/+ ( ! validity ( national cultures  
w\ld also probably nev] h appe>$ on !   
sc5e _h n ,g]many be5 secure 9 ! belief 
t %e h]self _h bo? ! "r & ! might on h] 
side4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t ! w>   
has di/ort$ our vision s t ! relations (
 ! practical life & ! life ( reason h   
all be5 ?r[n out ( focus1 b :5 we see   
:at =ces h be5 at "w1 & :at !y h done1 x
 is difficult to escape ! conviction t  
we h be5 incl9$ to believe too mu* 9 !  
p[] ( m]e ideas4 ,?is may be ! great    
lesson ( ! w>4 ,we may le>n f x h[ to   
make ideas become ! p[] t hi!rto !y h   
fail$ to be4     ,,*apt] ,,viii         
,,religi\s ,,& ,,moral ,,influ5ces   ,t 
w> & religion h always be5 closely      
associat$ ) "o ano!r is "o ( ! out/&+   
facts ( hi/ory4 ,?is is true bo? (      
primitive w>f>e & ( w>f>e to-day4 ,yet  
we _c say t religion z su* has be5 a    
cause ( w>4 ,religi\s w>s are almo/     
inv>iably also political w>s1 & z soon z
 religion & politics are sep>at$1       

religion no long] appe>s to be a w>     
motive4 ,:5 religion becomes associat$ )
 worldly ideas :i* x supports & makes   
dynamic x may become a /rong factor 9 ! 
_s ( w>1 b z a means ( segregat+ m51 &  
giv+ !m unity ( action religion c no    
long] be reg>d$ z a p[]1 if x ev] 04    
,any motive t w n s segregate m5 & break
 up all o!r bonds _c be said to be a v  
f]tile cause ( w>4 ,religion z a cause (
 w> belongs to a day 9 :i* ! _s (       
nationalism 0 weak1 & :5 religi\s empire
 _h a visible & political position 9 !  
_w4 ,nationalism1 gr[+ /rong]1 became ! 
supreme =ce dom9at+ ! motives & int]e/s 
( m5 & gov]n+ ! =mation ( gr\ps1 or at  
lea/ ! actions ( gr\ps z int]relat$     
units4 ,9 ! rec5t w> we h se5 h[ ! s5se 
( national unity has be5 able to hold 9 
*eck all o!r motives4 ,nei!r religion   
nor any class or clan or guild int]e/s  
c\ld trace ! fa9te/ l9e ( cleavage s    
long z ! motive ( w> rema9$4  ,! mood ( 
w> always conta9s a religi\s elem5t4 ,n 
only is ?is %[n 9 primitive w>s1 :]e !  

relations ( religion1 w> & art are      
indicat$ 9 su* ph5om5a z ! w> dance1 :i*
 is ( ! nature ( a magic weapon1 b we   
see x also 9 ! complex moods ( ! pres5t 
w> _s ( ! _w4 ,! idea & mood ( valor h a
 religi\s significance4 ,cramb says t we
 c trace 9 ,g]many be=e ! w>1 %[+ ?r\gh 
! transi5t mi/s ( indu/rialism &        
socialism1 ! vision ( ! religion ( valor
 :i* runs ?r\gh all ,g]man hi/ory4 ,!   
crav+ = a valor\s life1 = reality1 !    
desire to lose "o's own                 
individuality--^! moods ( w> are        
religi\s or my/ic :atev] else !y may be 
or conta94 ,! insep>able relation ( w> &
 dea? necess>ily inspires a religi\s    
consci\sness4 ,)\t exalt$ moods :i* 9 "s
 way conta9 religi\s fai?--fai? on ! "p 
( ! individual 9 ! et]nal values :i* he 
repres5ts & 9 8 own security 9 ! h&s (  
fate1 & 9 ! immortality ( ! c\ntry :i*  
he s]ves1 w> c\ld n exi/4  ,! mood ( w> 
always conta9s a religi\s sanction1 & e 
important religion sanctions w>4 ,?is   
explicit relation betwe5 religion & w>  

is se5 v e>ly4 ,:]ev] !re is gho/       
wor%ip1 & ! w>riors ju/ify w> & =tify   
!mselves = x by believ+ t _! ance/ors   
/ill p>ticipate 9 ! combats ( _! *ildr51
 & t 9 wag+ w> !y are do+ a duty 9 keep+
 up ! traditional feuds ( _! race !re is
 f\nd ! root ( ! relation betwe5 w> &   
religion4 ,e w> is a holy w>2 x is b a  
*ange 9 degree f ^! primitive w>s 9 :i* 
! ideas ( gho/s mu/ h _h almo/ !        
cle>ness ( reality to our mod]n w>s ) _!
 deep] b m indef9ite religi\s sanctions4
 ,s9ce w> always creates ! ne$ ( moral  
ju/ification1 ! w> mood at all times    
t5ds to seek religi\s sanctions4        
,*ri/ianity1 ! doctr9e ( peace & good w1
 v readily l5ds its support to w>1 s9ce 
w>s are almo/ inv>iably reg>d$ z        
def5sive by all :o p>ticipate 9 !m4 ,w> 
9 ! s]vice ( ! weak & endang]$ c always 
invoke ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! logical   
gr\nd = ?is has be5 laid = u by _m      
writ]s2 ,drawbridge 7#ai71 "o ( ! mo/   
rec5t1 f9ds no support 9 ,*ri/ianity = !
 doctr9es ( pacifism4 ,all nations1 :5  

!y fight1 fight = ,god1 = lib]ty & ! "r1
 ) ! impli$ belief t _! own c\ntry has a
 mission 9 ! _w1 support$ by div9e      
au?ority4  ,all gov]nm5ts h 9 !m a /ra9 
( !ocracy4 ,we see ?is 9 _m degrees &   
=ms1 f ! orig9al totemi/ic belief 9     
desc5t f animals t are also gods to !   
vague/ remnants ( ! habit ( int]pret+   
national int]e/s z gu>d$ by div9e p[]s t
 we (t5 see 9 ! language ( practical    
/atesm54 ,! doctr9e ( ! div9e rights (  
k+s ( c\rse _h its orig9 9 t ( div9e    
desc5t4 ,! mo/ /rik+ revelation ( !     
place su* !ories may h1 ev5 9 mod]n     
times & 9 enlight5$ nations1 is to be   
se5 9 ! revival & delib]ate use ( !     
doctr9e ( div9e desc5t z a fundam5tal   
pr9ciple ( ! gov]nm5t & !ory ( ,/ate 9 !
 ,new ,japan4 ,all nations hold some?+ (
 ?is philosophy2 ,god & ,/ate are always
 relat$ & all w>s1 :atev] else !y may   
be1 are wag$ 9 ! s]vice ( religion & ) !
 sanction ( x4 ,?is _s is n want+ ev5 9 
! mo/ mod]n democracy4 ,! hi/orians (   
,g]many h %[n u to :at an ext5t ! !ory (

 ! div9ity ( /ate & its div9e mission   
may be int]m+l$ ) practical politics & h
 help$ to br+ to light ! psy*ology ( ?is
 movem5t 9 hi/ory4  ,sev]al writ]s1 b   
especially ,le ,bon 7#db71 h writt5 ab\t
 ! relation ( my/icism to w>4 ,le ,bon  
said inde$ t ! ma9 causes ( w>1 includ+ 
! mo/ rec5t "o1 are my/ical causes4 ,by 
my/icism he means unconsci\s factors :i*
 are religi\s 9 quality & :i* conta9 a  
race ideal :i* is bo? p[]ful &          
irrational4 ,g]man my/icism appe>s to h 
attract$ mu* att5tion dur+ ! ye>s ( !   
w>4 ,g]many has pres5t$ ! picture1 we   
are told1 ( a p becom+ dang]\s by c\*+  
national ambition & honor 9 t]ms (      
religion4 ,?is my/icism ( ! ,g]man      
conta9s a p[]ful belief 9 race          
sup]iority1 & 9 ! supremacy ( ! culture 
( _! own nation1 beliefs :i* h ! cle>   
m>ks ( my/icism ab\t !m4 ,! traces ( !  
!ory ( div9e orig9 /ill cl+ to !m4      
,b\tr\x 7#ac7 says ! ,prussian ,/ate is 
a syn!sis ( ! div9e & ! human4 ,ano!r   
writ] obs]ves t ! ,g]mans believe 9 !   

altoge!r unique & quasi-div9e excell5ce 
( ! ,g]man race1 & ( ,g]manism1 & t !   
,g]mans h a new religion :i* !y believe 
9 spread+ by ! sword4 ,"s see 9 ,g]many 
a s]i\s dem& = ! revival ( ! religion ( 
,od9 & ,?or1 ! religion ( conflict (    
primeval =ces1 & ( ! triumph ( might4   
,lit]>y expressions ( ?is religion are  
c]ta9ly to be f\nd1 & x may fairly be   
ma9ta9$ t ,g]many has nev] become       
,*ri/ianiz$ to ! ext5t t mo/ mod]n      
nations h4  ,t my/icism has be5 a l>ge  
factor 9 ! w> _s ( ! ,g]mans 9 ! late w>
 c h>dly be d\bt$1 or at lea/ t a       
religi\s elem5t ( "s k9d has play$ a    
great "p 9 x4 ,! w> began z ,g]many's   
holy w>4 ,a cult ( ,/ate & ( self-wor%ip
 are involv$ 9 x4 ,if n1 innum]able     
expressions ( ,g]many's cause among     
,g]man writ]s are simply lit]>y         
exagg]ations4 ,! ,g]mans h believ$ t !y 
are ,god's *os5 p1 t !y repres5t ,god1 &
 s9ce ! ,g]man civilization grew up 9   
antagonism to ! ,graeco-,roman          
civilization1 ,god mu/ h adopt$ ! "o &  

disc>d$ ! o!r4 ,"o ,g]man writ] says t  
we mu/ elim9ate f our belief ! la/ drop 
( fai? 9 ! idea ( a progressive movem5t 
( humanity z a :ole4 ,reality is        
repres5t$ 9 "o nation at a "t1 & ! *os5 
nation is ! lead] ( all ! re/4  ,:ile   
su* my/icism z ?is 7if x be my/icism7 is
 mo/ conspicu\s 9 ari/ocratic &         
imp]iali/ic nations1 we f9d x else:]e4  
,x is a p[]ful =ce 9 imp]iali/ic ,japan 
& 9 ,russia4 ,we f9d x ev]y:]e 9 hi/ory 
9 "s =m4 ,9 ,france x is /ill ! sa9tly  
figure ( ,france t inspires ! soldi] &  
induces a religi\s mood4 ,!re is no     
long] a vision ( an empire ( ! future1  
p]haps1 & ?is my/icism ( ,france has n 9
 rec5t hi/ory %[n itself 9 ! =m (       
aggression1 b ,fr5* my/icism cl+s to !  
ideal & ! hope ( a glori\s future = a   
dea?less ,france soon to be r5ew$4 ,all 
peoples t h decl9$ or suff]$ an adv]se  
fate1 ev5 ! pa!tic remnants ( ! ,am]ican
 ,indians1 expect ! return ( _! lo/ p[]4
 ,su* my/icism is1 we may ?9k1 ! only   
condition "u :i* national life 9 _m     

cases c cont9ue4 ,! religi\s or !       
my/ical mood ( nations is creat$ by !   
ne$ ( mak+ belief dynamic1 ( ov]com+    
d\bts & fe>s4 ,h5ce ! exagg]at$ &       
irrational claims peoples make 9 reg>d  
to ! value ( _! culture & ab\t _!       
mission on e>?4 ,by _! my/icism nations 
ju/ify _! aggressive w>s & =tify        
!mselves 9 _! def5sive w>s4 ,?us nations
 acquire a feel+ ( security4 ,!y believe
 9 _! /> ( de/9y4 ,!y feel t _! life :i*
 is ( supreme value to ! _w _c p]i%4 ,x 
is ?is _s t nations take ) !m into      
battle4 ,x is a my/ic =ce1 & ?is my/ic  
=ce is1 9 great "p1 we may believe1 "o (
 ! by-products ( ! trag$y ( hi/ory4     
,fai? & hope h "o ( _! roots at lea/ 9  
fe> & pessimism4   ,moral ,motives & ,w>
  ,t ! attitude ( nations t[>d "o ano!r 
is n1 g5]ally speak+1 an e?ical attitude
 & t moral pr9ciples d n motivate !     
conduct ( peoples we h already sugge/$4 
,sumn] 7#gj7 says t ! :ole hi/ory (     
mank9d is a s]ies ( acts op5 to d\bt1   
dispute & criticism z to _! "r & ju/ice4

 ,diff]5ces end 9 =ce1 & ! defeat$ side 
always prote/s t ! results are unju/4 ,&
 yet w>s are always conduct$ ) moral    
ju/ification & 9 ! belief t moral       
pr9ciples are involv$4 ,^! moral        
pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 are n ! po9ts (       
diff]5ce ^u :i* ! beg9n+ ( w>s dep5ds4  
,nations nev] g to w> = purely moral    
reasons4 ,moral feel+ may co9cide ) !   
int]e/s ( /ate1 & a def5sive w> may (   
c\rse be conduct$ 9 ! _s ( deep moral "r
 & duty1 b pla9ly x is nev] ! s5se ( "r 
& duty alone t is ! motive ( def5se4    
,p]haps aft] all ?is "q ( ! moral elem5t
 9 ! causes ( w> is a futile "o1 & leads
 to casui/ry4 ,!re are always political 
& o!r practical que/ions involv$1 :5ev] 
/ra9 occurs betwe5 nations1 s t :olly   
moral issues c nev] arise4  ,if w>s are 
n moral 9 ! mak+ !y are always ju/ifi$  
morally1 :atev] ! motives may h be5 t   
caus$ !m4 ,)\t ?is moral sanction x is  
d\btful :e!r w>s c\ld be conduct$ at    
all1 al?\gh ?is moral sanction may be   
bas$ ^u v sup]ficial gr\nds4 ,! high]   

patriotic feel+ runs1 says ,vebl5 7#ig71
 ! ?9n] may be ! moral sanction t       
satisfies ! public consci5ce4 ,on ! o!r 
h& moral s5tim5t may (t5 be /rong & deep
 9 ! m9ds ( ! masses ( p 9 a nation1 & !
 public feel+ ( obligation to ent] a w> 
may be /rong1 b 9 g5]al su* moral feel+ 
does n lead to w>4 ,righte\s indignation
 lacks initiative4 ,honor z moral       
obligation requires ! aid ( honor z     
national pride & dignity4 ,! relations  
among allies may at fir/ ?\ght seem to  
be moral relations1 b :5 we obs]ve      
closely we see t usually nations g to w>
 toge!r because _! common int]e/s are   
endang]$4 ,:5 _! common int]e/s are n   
involv$ !y usually break treaties & s d 
n /ay toge!r4 ,actions direct$ (f5sively
 aga9/ "o memb] ( a coalition are       
usually direct$ aga9/ ! o!rs1 s t 9 mo/ 
cases ! allies ( a nation h no *oice1 b 
mu/ def5d !mselves4  ,! relative        
importance ( moral pr9ciples 9 ! motives
 ( w> may be obs]v$ by comp>+ ! motives 
assign$ by ! nations t p>ticipat$ 9 !   

late w> ) ! motives :i* a /udy ( !      
hi/ory & political situations ( ^!      
c\ntries reveals4 ,!re are wide         
disp>ities betwe5 ^! hi/orical causes & 
! assign$ causes4 ,^! ne$ n1 h[ev]1 lead
 u to take a cynical view ( hi/ory z _m 
sociologi/s & /ud5ts ( politics d4 ,we h
 z yet no organiz$ _w 9 :i* moral       
pr9ciple c op]ate4 ,! _w1 we might say1 
is /ill infantile or immature4 ,! _w is 
/ill unmoral4 ,we _c say t nationalism z
 ! pr9ciple ( ! conduct ( nations is a  
:olly selfi% pr9ciple z contra/$ ) a    
moral or altrui/ic motive1 s9ce su* an  
analogy ) individual morality fails to  
take into acc\nt ! complex nature (     
nationalism1 & ov]looks ! social        
qualities ( patriotism4  ,engl&'s       
purpose 9 ent]+ ! w> has be5 freely     
discuss$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! popul> impression 
is t ,engl& decl>$ w> ^u ,g]many 9 ord] 
to def5d ,belgium & to keep h] treaty   
obligations4 ,if we consid] conduct 9 a 
c]ta9 ab/raction f ! practical sett+ 9  
:i* x is p]=m$ su* a conclusion c be    

drawn4 ,!re 0 a moral /irr+ 9 ,engl&1 & 
sev]al writ]s h comm5t$ ^u ! fact t     
,engl& subv]t$ h] own consci\s purposes 
by h] unconsci\s & in/9ctive morality4  
,!re 0 a /rong feel+ aga9/ w>1 ev5 a    
widespread moral s5se t ,engl& _h become
 too civiliz$ to wage w>4 ,!re 0 a %r9k+
 f ! economic h>d%ips t w> w\ld entail4 
,aga9/ ^! /rong t5d5cies !re prevail$1  
at lea/ 9 popul> s5tim5t1 a pr(\nd feel+
 t 9 "s way ,g]many's civilization 0    
incompatible ) ,engl&'s1 & ?is feel+ 0 9
 "p ( ! nature ( moral av]sion4 ,dillion
 7#ee71 at lea/1 sees a pr(\nd e?ical   
motive 9 ,italy 9 ! late w>4 ,aft] a    
pro-,g]man p>ty _h won out 9 favor ( w>1
 he says1 a deus ex ma*9a 9 ! %ape ( an 
indignant nation desc5d$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,b  
aft] mak+ all[ance = all moral feel+ & !
 unusual & dramatic mann] 9 :i* moral   
issues1 to a great] degree ?an ev] be=e 
9 mod]n hi/ory1 7 br\ght to ! front1 we 
mu/ admit t ! political & diplomatic    
int]e/s & mann]s ( nations h tak5 _!    
usual c\rse 9 ! w>4 ,nations h be5      

gov]n$ by ! motives t h always dom9at$ !
 relations ( gr\ps to "o ano!r4  ,g]many
 pres5ts ! mo/ gl>+ example ( ! contra/ 
betwe5 public op9ion & express$ motives 
& political facts4 ,su* expressions z   
^!3 t ,g]many's ideal is "o t does      
viol5ce to no "o2 t humanity & all human
 bless+s /& "u ! protection ( ,g]man    
arms2 t1 :]e ! ,g]man _s obta9s         
supremacy1 !re fre$om reigns2 t 9 reg>d 
to ,engl&'s d[nfall1 !re c be b "o      
op9ion--x is ! v highe/ mission ( ,g]man
 culture2 t ,g]many's w> is a holy      
w>--su* expressions z ^!1 :i* are       
psy*ologically explicable )\t que/ion+  
_! s9c]ity1 seem out ( h>mony1 to say ! 
lea/1 ) :at we "k ( ,g]many's political 
aspirations4 ,g]many's desire = ,engl&'s
 d[nfall does n appe> to u to be bas$ ^u
 a moral motive2 ,g]many's w> seems f> f
 be+ a holy w>1 & x is h>d to see 9 x a 
means ( spread+ culture abroad 9 ! _w4  
,we _c give any place 9 ! causes ( ?is  
w> to a moral desire to make ! _w bett]4
 ,h[ev] mu* ,g]many may h be5 conv9c$ t 

,g]many 0 de/9$ to be a civiliz+ =ce 9 !
 _w1 ! moral obligation ?us ar\s$1 we   
may be sure1 did n become ! real motive 
( ! w>4  ,! moral ju/ifications ( w> are
 v num]\s1 & t ?is belief 9 w> has "s   
effect ^u ! _s ( w> & helps to p]petuate
 x1 & is n a m]e reflection ( ! w>like  
_s itself1 may ( c\rse be admitt$4 ,_m  
believe t w> accompli%es "w 9 ! _w2 w>  
is a great organiz+ =ce4 ,!re is also a 
view t w> is good z a moral /imulant1 or
 z a creative moral =ce4 ,w> is (t5     
reg>d$ z ! means ( moral revival ( a p t
 has become sordid & dull4 ,s*mitz 7#bi7
 says t w> gives reality to a c\ntry4   
,w> /r5g!ns national "*1 "s ?9k4 ,x     
purges nations4 ,9 w> p gr[ h>d b pure4 
,irw9 7#be7 says t su* w> philosophy z  
?is is to be he>d broadly 9 ,europe1    
*iefly 9 ,g]many1 b also 9 ,france & 9  
,engl&4 ,ma* 7#ie7 says t dis9tegration 
takes place 9 times ( peace4 ,s*oonmak] 
says t w> has taught m5 socialization4  
,aga9 we he> t w>s are j & "r because !y
 are necess>y4 ,r$i] 7#cj7 says t w> is 

a way ( giv+ back c\rage to ! m5 ( our  
times4 ,?is praise ( w> :i* comes f !   
dep?s ( feel+s1 we mu/ suppose helps to 
give cont9uity & =ce to ^! feel+s4      
,in/itutional ,factors  ,if ! _s ( w> is
 to any ext5t educable1 & is creat$ 9   
national life & is n m]ely some?+       
in/9ctive1 x is presumably modifi$ 9 "o 
way & ano!r by all ^? in/itutions t are 
educational 9 _! effect4 ,p]haps "o ( ! 
mo/ press+ problems ( education 9 ! ne> 
future w be t ( ! relation ( education  
to w>4 ,we %all ne$ to "k :at ! s*ool   
has done to cause w>s1 :at *anges %\ld  
be made 9 ! future ) ref]5ce to ?is     
influ5ce ( education ^u ! fundam5tal    
motives ( national life4 ,! s*oolma/]   
has be5 indict$ among o!r in/igators (  
w>4 ,we mu/ see h[ mu* tru? !re is 9 ?is
 allegation4 ,we mu/ und]/& also h[ !   
:ole educational process1 z we may see x
 n[ aft] ! w>1 may be made if possible  
to become a great] factor 9 life ?an x  
has be5 9 ! pa/1 if x is at all an      
important elem5t 9 ! developm5t & !     

control ( ! psy*ic p[]s ( nations4      
,s*mitz 7#bi7 says t ! eighte5? c5tury &
 ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7 dom9at$ by !     
phrase1 ! n9ete5? by money1 & t !re 0 a 
dang] t ! tw5tie? c5tury w\ld be dom9at$
 by ! s*oolma/] & by ! concept1 b t ?is 
dang] is pa/ because life has become s  
full ( realities4 ,russell says1 we "k1 
t m5 fight because !y h be5 gov]n$ 9 _! 
beliefs & 9 _! conduct by au?ority4 ,if 
?is be true ! au?ority ex]cis$ ^u ! m9d 
( ! *ild by all 8 tea*]s may be suspect$
 ( hav+ be5 9 "o way or ano!r an        
influ5ce 9 creat+ ! moral attitudes t   
prevail 9 reg>d to w> & peace4 ,we h    
he>d ! "q rais$ z to :e!r 9 ! pa/ !     
tea*+ ( hi/ory z ! /ory ( w>s1 & !      
pres5tation ( ! facts ( hi/ory f !      
nationali/ic po9t ( view1 h n be5       
morally wrong4  ,g]man s*ools1 & ! me?od
 ( public education ! s9i/] effects (   
:i* we h abundantly felt--t is1 !       
propag&a1 %[ u educational ph5om5a t are
 psy*ologically ( great int]e/ & :i* are
 also unique f ! educational po9t (     

view4 ,! influ5ce ( s*ools seems 9 g5]al
 s negative1 & !re is s little          
connection betwe5 :at is le>n$ z fact & 
conduct 9 ! practical life t1 ev5 9 !   
case ( ! ,g]man tea*+ ( w> philosophy we
 mu/ suspect t ?is tea*+ has be5        
successful only because x has gone ) !  
/rong tide ( feel+ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,t ! 
,g]man s*ools h directly & indirectly   
fo/]$ ! developm5t ( ideas t lead 9 !   
direction ( w> !re is no d\bt4 ,ev5 m   
influ5tial ?an ! specific ideas t h be5 
implant$1 is ! _s ( ^! s*ools3 x is _!  
milit>i/ic & r\t9e life1 ! great        
au?ority assum$ by ! tea*]1 !           
specialization1 t has help$ to n\ri% !  
w>like _s ( ,g]many1 q z mu* z ! fact1 =
 example1 t ,daniel's ,geography tea*es 
t ,g]many is ! he>t ( ,europe1 surr\nd$ 
by c\ntries t 7 once a "p ( ,g]many & w 
be aga94  ,g]man education1 we say1     
seems to be unique 9 ! ext5t to :i* x   
influ5ces public s5tim5t & national     
conduct4 ,9 g5]al1 education has appe>$ 
among ! influ5ces t lead to w> r by     

default ( positive tea*+ ?an by any?+   
positive x has done4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many1 we 
%\ld say1 ! _s ( w> has be5 made to     
fl\ri% less by ! tea*+ ( a n>r[         
nationalism1 by inculcat+ hatr$1 &      
implant+ wrong conceptions ( ,g]man     
hi/ory ?an by fail+ to provide y\? )    
means ( deep satisfaction1 by fail+ to  
coord9ate deep desires ( ! individual1 &
 to organize individuals 9 a normal     
social life4 ,?is is true ev]y:]e4      
,education has n affect$ life z a :ole1 
& x has n ?us f> be5 an influ5ce :i*1 to
 any appreciable ext5t1 has accel]at$ ! 
developm5t ( peoples 9 _! especially    
national aspects & relations4 ,x has    
n[h]e fo/]$ any conception ( ! :ole _w z
 an object ( social feel+4 ,x has       
ev]y:]e accept$ a c]ta9 prov9cialism z  
natural & necess>y1 & has tacitly assum$
 t national b\nd>ies are ! horizon ( !  
practical life ( ! *ild4 ,! s*ool has 9 
fact fail$ to take advantage ( its      
unmat*$ opportunity to use ! imag9ation 
( ! *ild to develop 8 social p[]s4      

,sociologi/s say t if sociologi/s _h be5
 m dilig5t 9 spread+ abroad in=mation   
ab\t ! social life1 ! great w> w\ld     
p]haps nev] h happ5$4 ,t we may c]ta9ly 
d\bt2 some?+ m pr(\nd mu/ be done by    
education ?an to dissem9ate k1 if x w\ld
 und]take to be a p[] 9 ! _w & to d     
any?+ m ?an add its influ5ce to !       
t5d5cies ( ! day1 or p]haps tempor>ily  
*ange ! direction ( ^! t5d5cies4        
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,economic ,,factors ,,&  
,,motives   ,?us f> we h consid]$ !     
motives ( w> ma9ly f ! psy*ological po9t
 ( view1 discov]+ its ma9 movem5t &     
developm5t 9 ! _w to be a product ( !   
psy*ic =ces 9 ! social ord]4 ,?is me?od1
 h[ev]1 did n exclude ! objective facts1
 & did n ignore ! practical motives4 ,we
 f\nd t w> is a manife/ation ( _m       
t5d5cies1 & 9 fact is relat$ to all !   
deep movem5ts 9 ! life ( society & ( !  
individual4 ,w> comes out ( ! :ole (    
life 9 a way to preclude ! int]pretation
 ( x 9 t]ms ( any s+le pr9ciple1 or at  
lea/ to prev5t our f9d+ a s+le cause (  

w>4 ,we ought to try to see n[ h[ su* a 
psy*ological view ( w> /&s 9 relation to
 c]ta9 m objective views ( x1 :i* 9 a v 
g5]al way may be said to be c5t]$ 9 two 
closely relat$ views4 ,"o is t w> is    
almo/ exclusively an economic ph5om5on1 
& ! o!r t w> is ! "w ( individuals4 ,"o 
is ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory1 & 
! o!r is ! great man view ( hi/ory4  ,we
 /ill see a l+]+ !ory t w> is a result (
 ! anci5t migratory or expansion        
impulse--t ov]-population & ! pressure (
 v>i\s economic conditions are ! s\rce (
 ! impulses t lead to w>4 ,we h se5     
reasons = believ+1 h[ev]1 t w>1 ev5 9 ! 
beg9n+1 has n be5 a :olly practical     
matt]4 ,hung]1 pressure ( population1   
migratory movem5ts because ( economic   
conditions1 w n expla9 ! orig9 & !      
p]si/5ce ( w>s4 ,w>s are n simple z ^!  
views w\ld imply1 at any /age4 ,t at !  
pres5t "t economic advantage1 :e!r or n 
x be ! motive ( w>1 is 9 g5]al n ga9$   
seems to be v cle>ly indicat$4 ,! tak+ (
 colonies & o!r l&s may be a detrim5t r 

?an a ga9 to ! conqu]+ nation4 ,!       
indu/ry & ! f9ance1 ( all conc]n$ 9 w>1 
are likely to suff] disa/]4 ,peace is ! 
great produc] ( weal?4 ,w> is a t]rible 
de/roy] ( x4 ,ross says t z indu/ry     
progresses1 w>s become cont9ually m     
exp5sive & less pr(itable1 t ! dra9 is n
 ^u man p[] s mu* z ^u economic p[]2    
nations ble$ ! treasure ( "o ano!r until
 "s "o ( !m is exhau/$ & mu/ yield4  ,! 
!ory t w> is caus$ by ! pressure (      
population1 especially z appli$ to !    
rec5t w>1 n[ appe>s to h be5 v nave4 ,x 
0 ma9ta9$ t ,g]many ne$$ m room = h]    
gr[+ population1 t ,g]many mu/ h m l& at
 home & m colonies4 ,claes 7#df71 among 
sev]al writ]s1 %[s t ?is is n true4     
,g]many _h no press+ ne$ ( m l&1 except 
= political purposes1 or su* l& z       
provid$ ! raw mat]ials = h] milit>y     
indu/ries4 ,b\rdon 7#fg7 ma9ta9s t x is 
n true t ,g]many's population 0 becom+  
excessive4 ,le ,bon 7#db7 says t ?is    
!ory ( ov]-population is a my?4 ,/ill   
o!rs h %[n t 9 a c\ntry t is rapidly    

becom+ indu/rial1 z 0 ,g]many1 :]e      
population is becom+ mass$ 9 ! great    
cities1 emigration ceases2 & t actually1
 9 ,g]many's case1 labor 0 import$ e    
ye>1 & t !re are great tracts ( arable  
l& 9 ,g]many /ill b sp>sely populat$4   
,nicolai 7#gi7 also attacks ! !ory t w> 
is s\ght = economic ga9 & says t an     
economic w> among ! ,european /ates is  
an absurdity4  ,! ne$ ( colonies is (t5 
put =w>d z a real & also a legitimate   
motive = w>4 ,colonies mu/ be provid$1  
!y say1 = ! ov]fl[ ( population f !     
homel&2 colonies are ! f\ndation ( !    
trade ( nations--trade foll[s ! flag4   
,!y ?9k ( colonies z ! (fspr+ ( nations1
 & nations )\t colonies seem /]ile &    
de/9$ to ext9ction4 ,we "k t ,g]many's  
desire = colonies is "o ( ! causes ( !  
,european crisis1 & t ! colonial "q has 
be5 a f]tile cause ( tr\ble 9 ,europe = 
_m ye>s4 ,& yet we h evid5ce t 9 !      
pres5t economic /age ( ! _w1 colonies d 
n p]=m to any great ext5t ei!r ( !      
functions t are claim$ = !m4 ,trade does

 n 9 g5]al foll[ ! flag2 indu/rial      
nations d n ne$ colonies ei!r to provide
 = ov]-population or = comm]cial        
reasons4 ,! acquisition ( colonies does 
n z su* b5efit ! great indu/rial &      
f9ancial int]e/s4 ,:y1 !n1 d nations s  
ard5tly desire colonies2 & :y1 )\t      
colonies1 d !y feel !mselves inf]ior &  
at a disadvantage8 ,:y1 9 a /age (      
indu/ry1 9 :i* x is presumably m to _!  
advantage to conduct aggressive         
campaigns 9 c\ntries already d5sely     
populat$1 are nations s will+ ev5 to    
fight to obta9 colonies8 ,p[]s 7#ge7    
says t ! desire = colonies comes f !    
ideali/ic t5d5cies ( nations4 ,?is      
appe>s to be true4 ,correspond+ly we f9d
 t colonies are ( m int]e/ to g5]al     
/affs & admiralties ?an to capta9s (    
indu/ry4 ,colonies are want$ = milit>y  
reasons1 m ?an = trade reasons4         
,colonies are desir$ z bases ( op]ation 
9 ! game ( empire build+ by conque/4    
,!re is /ill ano!r reason4 ,! race =    
colonies p]petuates an ideal :i* has    

gr[n out ( an e>li] /age ( ! life (     
nations4 ,colonies 7 once actually !    
means ( ! greatness ( nations4 ,! long+ 
= colonial possessions1 = ! ext5sion (  
comm]ce1 ! great jeal\sy & appreh5sion (
 peoples 9 reg>d to _! trade r\tes1 & ! 
fe> nations h = _! comm]ce1 q out (     
relation to pres5t ne$s & conditions1   
h>k back to an old romance ( ! sea4 ,!  
wat]ways ( ! _w1 ! isl&s & new cont95ts 
h a traditional appeal1 :i* comes d[n to
 u f ! days :5 ! small c\ntries (       
,europe1 "o aft] ano!r--,portugal1      
,holl&1 ,spa91 ,engl&--became great 9   
weal?1 & grew to be _w p[]s1 by _!      
comm]ce & _! colonial possessions4 ,9 ^?
 days ! expansion ( nations 0 n at all  
due to economic pressure at home4 ,!    
l&[n]s1 ! rules1 ! privileg$ class 9    
g5]al 7 int]e/$ 9 colonies1 because 9 t 
direction /ret*$ ! pa? to fabul\s weal?1
 & because ov] ! seas 7 ! l&s (         
adv5ture4 ,! seek+ ( colonies 0 bo? !   
bus9ess & ! pleasure ( ! nations4       
,to-day ! ga9+ ( colonies may be only a 

loss to nations economically1 b !y      
satisfy ! crav+ = visible empire1 & also
 a long+ t is deep & int5se because     
tradition & romance are deeply emb$d$ 9 
x4  ,probably no "o n[ believes t w>    
among mod]n nations is due to a pure    
pr$atory in/9ct or to a migratory in/9ct
 :i* is suppos$ to h l$ primitive hordes
 to seek new habitats & to prey ^u o!r  
peoples4 ,hung] does n n[ drive p 9     
companies f _! homes & p\r !m into o!r  
l&s1 al?\gh x is true t any ?reat :i*   
excites ! old hung]-fe> t5ds to ar\se ! 
w> _s & to /ir ! migratory impulse2 & a 
deep s5sitiv5ess to climatic conditions 
& a clau/rophobia ( peoples h rema9$    
long aft] ! ne$ ( l& urg$ z ! ma9 cause 
( w>1 & we he> w> ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t  
cr[d$ peoples require m l&4 ,?is l&     
hung] is an old motive & x /ill rema9s  
deep 9 ! consci\sness ( peoples long    
aft] its economic significance has      
ceas$4 ,j z we say ! ?reat ( hung] is   
(t5 imag9$1 & ! fe> ( hung] & a deep &  
p]si/5t fe> ( peoples & ! s5se ( dang] (

 be+ engulf$ & de/roy$ by o!r peoples   
l+] 9 consci\sness1 s ! consci\sness ( !
 old /ruggle = l& rema9s z "o ( ! mo/   
p[]ful ( traditions1 & any ?reat1 ne> or
 remote1 to a nation's l& ar\ses all !  
=ces ( ! w> _s1 & ! ?\ght ( aggression z
 a means ( conque/ ( l& is always       
allur+4  ,l& 0 once ! ma9 possession & !
 ma9 ne$4 ,to-day x is ! *ief symbol ( !
 p[] ( a nation4 ,! possession ( x is   
desir$ :5 x gives no?+ 9 return1 c]ta9ly
 :5 !re are no valid economic reasons = 
tak+ x4 ,?is l& hung] becomes ! excuse (
 nations = _! s9s ( aggression4 ,a      
diff]5tiat$ society1 s organiz$ t only !
 few1 if any at all1 c by any           
possibility pr(it by ! tak+ ( l&s /ill  
hung]s = ?is primitive possession4 ,to a
 great ext5t l& z a national possession 
has an ideal r ?an a practical value4 ,x
 0 "o ( ! orig9al s\rces ( pre/ige &    
di/9ction1 hav+ become ! ma9 mat]ial    
int]e/ ( man z soon z he came to h fix$ 
abode4 ,! :ole hi/oric p]iod ( ! _w has 
be5 a /ory ( a /ruggle = l&4 ,x is !    

memory ( ?is l& /ruggle1 :i* is "o ( !  
deep motives ( w>1 :i* (t5 det]m9es !   
/rategy ( w>1 & ! policies ( nations4   
,precisely h[ ! sy/em ( great l& own]%ip
 orig9at$ is obscure4 ,sumn] 7#gj7 says 
t ! belief t nobles h always held l&s1 &
 are noble by reason ( ?is possession1  
is false4 ,nobles h 9 "o way & ano!r    
enri*$ !mselves & b\ght l&2 or r hav+   
acquir$ l& !y h succe$$ 9 acquir+ titles
 ( nobility1 & e/abli%+ _! l9es4 ,9 all 
nations :i* h reta9$ any traces ( !     
feudali/ic =m1 & to "s ext5t ev]y:]e1 l&
 cont9ues to be ! basis ( weal?1 & also 
( p[]1 & ! l&-own+ classes are /ill     
ma9ly ! rul+ classes4 ,?is l&-own+ class
 is /ill dom9at$ by ! old traditions ( !
 l&$ ari/ocracy4 ,x is ! fight+ class1 &
 supplies great numb]s ( (fic]s = !     
armies4 ,x upholds ! idea ( national    
honor 9 its anci5t =ms z relat$ to      
private honor2 x provides ! great numb] 
( diplomatic & decorative (fic]s4       
,japan1 ,russia1 ,g]many & to "s ext5t  
,engl&1 at lea/ up to ! "t ( ! w>1 h    

reta9$ feudali/ic in/itutions1 & ! l&   
int]e/ /ill rema9s z a motive ( w>4 ,9  
all ^! nations1 c]ta9ly 9 ^? :i* h      
rema9$ feudali/ic 9 fact1 x is !        
ari/ocratic & own+ class t usually      
repres5ts ! w> int]e/4 ,x bo? rules &   
owns4 ,x s5ds out ! peasant & ! work] to
 ext5d ! /ate4 ,x is ! protect$ class4  
,laws & con/itutions favor x4 ,taxes    
fall lightly ^u x4 ,orig9ally ?is 0 !   
class t receiv$ all ! b5efits ( w>4     
,to-day x suff]s less f w> ?an d o!r    
classes4 ,ev5 :5 x does n ga9 by w> 9 a 
mat]ial way1 x is likely to ga9 9 p[]   
7#ajj74  ,we h se5 ?is sy/em ( class    
rule at "w 9 v rec5t times1 & x is a "q 
:e!r ! old ideal ( l& possession did n  
"w to ! ru9 ( ,g]many economically1 &   
indirectly antagonize ! indu/rial       
int]e/s ( ! nation4 ,g]man politics _h  
be5 try+ to s]ve two ma/]s1 :o 7 n      
entirely 9 agreem5t4 ,g]many 0 /ill a   
c\ntry ( l&$ proprietors1 & ^!          
proprietors always h ?r[n _! weight to !
 side ( w>4 ,!y 7 by no means dom9at$ by

 a motive ( pure gre$1 & !y did n seek  
w> entirely = _! own advantage1 b       
because1 we might say1 !y are rul$ ?r\gh
 & ?r\gh by motives t c be satisfi$ only
 9 a milit>i/ic /ate ( society4 ,_! ga9 
f a successful w> is ma9ly a ga9 9      
pre/ige & di/9ction4 ,an unsuccessful   
w>1 z we h se51 ?reat5s _! ext9ction z a
 class4 ,all democratic movem5ts t5d    
t[>d l& division1 or is inde$ 9 "p      
precisely ?is process4 ,ari/ocracy )\t  
l& _c ma9ta9 itself4  ,! economic !ory (
 w> comes to its own 9 ! view t indu/ry 
n[ controls ! _w1 t indu/ry is ! p[]    
beh9d politics1 & t indu/rial ne$s are !
 real en]gies t make w>s4 ,we live 9 an 
indu/rial age1 !y say1 & indu/ry rules4 
,pla9ly to f9d ! :ole tru? ab\t ?is     
relation ( indu/ry to w> is no simple   
matt]4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree m or less  
sep>ate que/ions involv$ 9 x4 ,we ne$ to
 "k :e!r an indu/rial /ate ( society1 or
 ! indu/rial /age ( economic developm5t1
 is especially prone to cause w>s1 z    
di/+ui%$ f m g5]al political & economic 

int]e/s4 ,we ne$ to "k :e!r w>s1 9 an   
indu/rial /age1 d really s]ve ei!r !    
int]e/s ( indu/ry or c\ntries z a :ole4 
,f9ally1 !re is ! "q :e!r ^? :o control 
indu/ry & f9ance d actually create w>s4 
,9 ! indu/rial & f9ancial /ages (       
economic developm5t new conditions arise
 :i* c]ta9ly mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9  
any !ory ( w>4 ,!re are deep *anges 9   
national life4 ,! moods ( ! city become 
a new =ce or a new factor 9 national    
life4 ,sociali/ic ideas & new aspects ( 
nationalism & patriotism appe>4 ,!re is 
a _s ( unre/2 bo? pessimi/ic & optimi/ic
 t5d5cies 9 society are increas$2 !     
motive ( p[] takes new =ms1 & !re is a  
deep /irr+ ( fundam5tal feel+s &        
impulses4 ,! cr[d in/9cts1 ! old hung]  
motives1 are felt b5ea? ! surface (     
life4 ,?is is ! effect ( indu/rialism ^u
 ! psy*ic =ces ( peoples 9 _! collective
 aspects4 ,nations also become z :oles m
 specializ$ 9 ! indu/rial life2 !y are  
dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r z nev] be=e4 ,all ! 
anci5t motives ( comm]ce are /imulat$1 &

 ! m9ds ( nations rev]t to ! old fe>s & 
! old romance connect$ ) ! ?\ght ( !    
seas4 ,! gr[+ int]dep5d5ce ( nations    
produces a peculi> & p>adoxical         
condition4 ,competition 9 reg>d to      
m>kets arises1 ) all ! complications &  
/ra9s t we h se5 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,!re are 
new motives ( aggression1 b at ! same "t
 ! ne$ & motives = peace are increas$4  
,indu/ries 9 g5]al ?rive be/ 9 an era ( 
assur$ peace4 ,!y live ^u ! weal? &     
prosp]ity !y !mselves create4 ,intrigue1
 n =ce1 is _! prop] weapon4 ,le ,bon    
7#db7 says1 t ! desire to create m>kets 
0 n ! cause ( ! great w>1 because       
expansion w5t on v well 9 ! "t ( peace4 
,g]many _h no aggressive designs except 
comm]cial designs we are told4 ,ma*     
7#ie7 tells u ,g]many's :ole future1 !  
success ( h] c>efully laid plans =      
indu/rial developm5t & supremacy1 dep5d$
 ^u cont9u$ peace4  ,t su* views ( !    
relation ( indu/ry to w> are 9 ! ma9    
correct c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,indu/rial    
relations create /ra9s among nations1 b 

:5 z a result ( ^! /ra9s w> occurs x mu/
 be reg>d$ z a disa/] f ! po9t ( view ( 
! indu/rial int]e/s4 ,indu/ry we say    
?rives ^u ! weal? t x creates4 ,a w> :i*
 de/roys half ! weal? ( ! _w mu/ be a   
calamity = all great indu/ries except at
 ! mo/ a v few hav+ peculi> relations to
 ! activities ( w>4  ,b !re is ano!r    
aspect ( ! relations ( indu/ry to w>4   
,indu/rialism z a great in/itution &    
movem5t ( mod]n life becomes 9 itself a 
political p[]4 ,h[e 7#ajj7 says t ) !   
end ( ,bism>ck's w>s p]sonal w>s &      
nationali/ic w>s came to an end4 ,! old 
ari/ocracy ( ! l& m]g$ ) ! new          
ari/ocracy ( weal? & ?is weal? has      
become ! great political p[] 9 ! _w4 ,b 
?is is only a half tru?4 ,indu/ry has   
become a factor 9 ! =eign relations (   
nations1 & has become a p[] 9 politics1 
b ! motives & p[]s we call political are
 exce$+ly complex1 & ! int]e/s (        
bus9ess1 indu/ry & f9ance are by no     
means ! :ole ( or co9cid5t ) political  
int]e/s4 ,!re are ( c\rse c]ta9         

indu/ries & f9ancial int]e/s :i* may ev5
 in/igate w>s1 & "s writ]s give !m a    
high place among ! causes ( w>4         
,especially ! mak]s ( munitions &       
armam5ts are cr$it$ ) a baneful influ5ce
 9 ! _w4 ,) _! int]national und]/&+s1 _!
 influ5ce 9 legislative bodies1 _!      
control ( newspap]s1 !y are op5 to !    
*>ge ( manipulat+ public s5tim5t1 & br++
 influ5ce to be> ^u gov]nm5ts4 ,!y are  
accus$ ( equipp+ small c\ntries & sett+ 
!m aga9/ "o ano!r1 ( delib]ately        
enc\rag+ ! race = milit>y & naval       
supremacy4 ,no "o c d\bt t _!           
opportunities = tr\ble-mak+ are _m &    
entic+1 b to ?9k ( ^! influ5ces z any?+ 
m ?an ! incid5tal & second>y causes ( w>
 seems to be a curi\s way ( und]/&+     
hi/ory 7#ajj74  ,! inside hi/ory ( !    
great f9anci]+ projects w\ld no d\bt    
give u "s ( ! ma9 clews to ! pres5t     
diplomatic relations ( nations to "o    
ano!r4 ,if we take into acc\nt ! v>i\s  
intrigues 9 connection ) ! build+ ( !   
,bagdad r\te1 ! f9anc+ ( ! ,balkan      

,/ates 9 _! w>s1 ! b>ga9+ ( ! ,p[]s 9   
,turkey = f9ancial concessions1 ! great 
bus9ess int]e/s involv$ 9 !             
,russo-,japanese w>1 ! loans to ,*9a &  
all ! re/ ( ! f9ancial hi/ory ( a few   
decades we %\ld h 9 h& mat]ials t no "o 
c\ld d5y ! importance ( = an und]/&+ (  
curr5t hi/ory4 ,diplomacy has _h add$ to
 its already complex duties ! art (     
secur+ f9ancial advantages4 ,9 g5]al !  
art ( ?is diplomacy is to secure ^!     
advantages )\t w>1 b !re c be no d\bt t 
f9ancial relations h multipli$ ! po9ts (
 contact & /ra9 among peoples1 & t ^!   
f9ancial relations h become ! ma9       
occasional causes ( w>s4 ,h[e 7#ajj7    
?9ks t surplus capital is to blame = a  
great _m ( ! great disa/]s ( mod]n      
times--t x de/roy$ ,egyptian indep5d5ce1
 l$ ,france into ,morocco1 ,g]many into 
,turkey1 & into ! f>!r ,ea/1 embroil$ ! 
,balkan ,/ates2 & t ! great w> has be5 a
 conflict ov] conflict+ int]e/s (       
,russia1 ,engl& & ,g]many 9 ,turkey4 ,"u
 ! guise ( expansion ( trade ?is        

invisible weal? has be5 exploit+ ! mo/  
vital int]e/s ( =eign c\ntries4 ,vebl5  
w\ld g s f> z to say t w>s are          
gov]nm5t-made1 t patriotism is exploit$ 
by gov]nm5ts 9 advance ( pre-arrang$    
ho/ilities to produce ! _s ( w> 7#ig74  
,if we hold t ^! economic causes are n[ 
! mo/ important causes ( w>s1 x is easy 
to accept ! conclusion t ! mo/          
fundam5tal1 & ev5 p]haps ! sole cause ( 
w> is ! evil pr9ciple ( own]%ip1 z is   
actually ma9ta9$ by _m economi/s4 ,if m5
 9 cliques1 & m5 z individuals did n own
 privately great p>ts ( ! weal? ( ! _w1 
^! conflicts 9 :i* weal? & its          
di/ribution are ! mo/ vital int]e/s w\ld
 n take place4 ,_m sociali/s1 we "k1    
hold ^! views1 ass]t+ t w>s are due     
solely to indu/rial competition among   
nations1 & to ! fact t indu/rialism is  
bas$ ^u ! :olly wrong pr9ciple ( private
 own]%ip4 ,hullqui/1 a sociali/1 says t 
w>s are likely to become m frequ5t & m  
viol5t z ! capitali/ sy/em ( production 
approa*es its climax4 ,! work+ classes1 

! sociali/s say1 :o h no?+ p]man5t1 are 
! natural enemies ( w>2 ! capitali/s1 :o
 h mu* & want m1 are con/antly plac+    
peace 9 jeop>dy4 ,! protective sy/em (  
t>iff also receives mu* abuse f ^!      
writ]s4 ,novic[ 7#ga7 places ! t>iff    
sy/em high among ! causes ( w>4 ,!      
belief t x is good to sell & bad to buy1
 he says1 is ! great tr\ble mak] 9 ! _w4
 ,?is 0 also ! pr9ciple ( ,cobd5 ! great
 ,engli% free-trad] ( ! middle ( ! la/  
c5tury4 ,! ,man*e/] s*ool ( :i* he 0 !  
lead] w\ld d away ) w>s by mak+ ! _w    
economically a unit4  ,vebl5 7#ig7 *>ges
 ! price sy/em ) be+ a fundam5tal cause 
( w>1 & says t x mu/ n[ come up =       
radical exam9ation & p]haps             
modification4 ,! !ory ( ! rights (      
prop]ty & contract :i* h be5 tak5 z     
axiomatic premises by economic sci5ce   
may itself fail1 or at lea/ be ?r[n op5 
to "q4 ,ei!r ! price sy/em w g1 or !re w
 be w>s betwe5 nations 9 ! future z !re 
h be5 9 ! pa/1 because ( ! ne$ (        
protection ( own]%ip rights1 & because (

 ! nationalism ^! rights create4 ,to "s 
ext5t ^! rights ( prop]ty h be5         
curtail$1 ,vebl5 rem>ks2 ! old          
feudali/ic rights h 9 l>ge "p be5       
annull$1 & ! _w is at lea/ own$ by m p  
?an 0 once ! case4 ,t ^! *anges &       
readju/m5ts ( prop]ty rights w be c>ri$ 
/ill fur!r he ?9ks !re c be no d\bt4    
,/ev5s draws simil> conclusions ab\t !  
evil effects ( prop]ty rights4 ,! great 
w> & all w>s1 he ass]ts1 are bas$ ^u    
exi/+ social conditions--^u !           
organization ( ! family1 ! s*ool1 !     
/ate1 ! *ur*1 ^u ! in/itution ( prop]ty1
 ) its coroll>ies ( =eign m>kets & o!r  
indu/rial relations4 ,protection (      
trade1 :i* works 9 ! int]e/ ( ! own]    
classes1 indirect taxes :i* fall ^u !   
consum]1 ! labor sy/em by :i*1 at !     
pres5t "t1 ! labor] receives b a small  
%>e ( ! pr(its1 b mu/ become :5 necess>y
 ! def5d] ( ! int]e/s 9 :i* he does n   
%>e--all ^! ?+s we he> be+ *>g$         
vigor\sly ) be+ ! causes ( w>s1 includ+ 
! rec5t great conflict4 ,?is sy/em is   

blam$ n only = our great int]national   
w>s1 b x is look$ ^u z ! g]m ( w>s to   
come1 int]nal w>s1 :5 int]national w>s  
%all h ceas$1 or tempor>ily h be5 abat$4
 ,:51 p]haps1 ! re/rictions t assume t !
 ga9 ( "o c\ntry is ! loss ( ano!r h    
satisfactorily be5 adju/$1 ! sy/em t    
ma9ta9s t ! capitali/ c prosp] only at !
 exp5se ( ! labor] w come up = f9al     
settlem5t 7#ig74  ,all ^! views1 f a    
psy*ological po9t ( view1 seem to be op5
 to ! criticism t !y t5d to consid] ! _w
 "o-sid$ly & by a c]ta9 ab/raction4 ,!y 
are deal+ ) a _w gov]n$ only by economic
 laws4 ,x is easy to con/ruct ^! ideal  
worlds4 ,!y are simple & !y l5d !mselves
 readily to ! purposes ( a political    
calculus4 ,f9d+ economic motives 9      
individual life1 9 ! social life & 9    
politics1 & 9 hi/ory x is tempt+ bo? to 
expla9 ! pa/ & plan ! future 9 t]ms ( ! 
entities & pr9ciples ( economics4 ,b    
aft] all x is only :5 we consid]        
economic motives 9 _! relations to all !
 motives beh9d human conduct t we are   

likely to see ! economic motives 9      
hi/ory 9 _! true light4 ,!n we %all v   
mu* d\bt :e!r prop]ty has be5 9 any real
 s5se ! cause ( w>s1 or t ! abrogation (
 prop]ty rights w be ! means ( e/abli%+ 
p]petual peace4 ,we %all see t economic 
motives !mselves are b aspects ( deep]  
motives1 & involve desire = objectives t
 are n s\ght = _! mat]ial value1 & also 
objectives t are n mat]ial at all4 ,!   
process ( developm5t ( pres5t human     
society1 s f> back z we c see1 & z f>   
into ! future z we c ) any confid5ce    
pr$ict1 seems to conta9 z a necessity "s
 =m & degree ( human slav]y4 ,?is appe>s
 to be inh]5t 9 ! fact itself ( !       
exi/5ce ( individual wills1 hav+ 9 any  
degree individual or p]sonal int]e/s z  
!y mu/1 & ! impossibility ( devis+ any  
social ord] or gov]nm5t t w give to !   
individual an ideal fre$om1 if su* a    
conception be inde$ possible at all4 ,we
 may conjecture at lea/ t 9 a _w 9 :i* e
 trace ( an economic motive _h be5      
remov$1 if ?is 7 possible1 !re w\ld /ill

 be slav]y ( "s k9d1 & ! inexorable     
logic ( individuality w\ld 9 ! end      
produce conflict & w>4  ,nations1 l     
individuals1 live1 & !y pass ?r\gh c]ta9
 /ages t seem 9 a g5]al way to be       
necess>y phases ( _! developm5t4 ,dur+  
?is process ( developm5t c]ta9 objects  
become1 "o aft] ano!r1 ( ! mo/ vital    
conc]n because !y are necess>y to !     
satisfaction ( ! motives :i* guide !    
lives ( ^! nations4 ,b ^! objects are   
nev] s def9itely m>k$ (f t !y become to 
! exclusion ( o!r motives ! causes (    
w>s4 ,! social life is nev] s simple z  
?is w\ld imply4 ,! pa/ is always involv$
 9 ! pres5t4 ,"o aft] ano!r c]ta9 types 
( economic objects-become m or less     
c5tral 9 ! int]e/s ( nations1 b ! m9ds (
 nations1 l ^? ( individuals1 are always
 influ5c$ by ! tradition4 ,objects are  
desir$ ) ref]5ce to ! satisfaction (    
motives t repres5t complex & g5]al      
desires4 ,!re are ideal objects z well z
 mat]ial objects2 & ! mat]ial object is 
(t5 s\ght because ( its possible use z a

 means ( satisfy+ ! desire = ideal      
values4 ,fir/ food1 !n l&1 !n comm]ce1  
!n indu/ry1 !n weal? itself1--?is has   
be5 ! ord] 9 :i* economic values h      
become objects = ! consci\sness ( p z   
gr\ps1 & h become involv$ 9 & m or less 
completely repres5t ! relations among   
peoples we call political4 ,t :i* is1   
relatively speak+1 an object ( necessity
 at "o /age t5ds to become an ideal or  
romantic object ( ! next /age4 ,!       
relations ( economic objects to !       
desires ( nations & to w> are complex & 
n precisely :at !y may on ! surface     
appe> to be4 ,nations1 l individuals1 d 
n "k :at !y ne$1 & !y d n ev5 und]/&    
cle>ly :at !y desire4 ,_! desires are   
complex3 elem5t>y economic motives1     
political motives1 p]sonal motives1 !   
motives ( indu/ry & f9ance1 ! motive (  
p[] & ! crav+ = c]ta9 /ates (           
consci\sness all exi/ toge!r1 & to "s   
ext5t antagonize "o ano!r4 ,! pres5t    
practical desire is confus$ by !        
traditional object4 ,! w ( a nation is a

 composite w1 & its hi/ory is full (    
contradictory impulses1 & also full (   
surprises4 ,nations (t5 ?9k !y are      
fight+ = economic reasons :5 _! real    
motives are pla9ly to ga9 milit>y       
di/9ction4 ,! reputation is q z satisfy+
 z any mat]ial prosp]ity ga9$4 ,!re is  
an illusion & a delusion ab\t x all4    
,all ^! economic advantages t nations   
are always seek+ h some?+ unreal ab\t   
!m4 ,nations seek !m long aft] !y       
repres5t real values4 ,nations seek     
colonies :51 if bus9ess is :at !y want1 
x c\ld bett] be obta9$ ne>] home4       
,f9ance looks = advantages ov]seas1 :5  
!re are q z safe inve/m5ts at home pay+ 
q z l>ge pr(its4 ,nations h desires to d
 great ?+s1 n m]ely to live & prosp]4   
,t is ! way ^! economic problems ( w>   
appe>1 at lea/ :5 !y are exam9$ 9       
relation to o!r aspects ( w> & (        
society4 ,^! economic problems are m]g$ 
into & subord9ate to ! political or !   
hi/orical problems1 & economic causes ( 
w> mu/ be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to !       

psy*ological pr9ciples t are at ! bottom
 ( all social developm5t4     ,,*apt] ,x
  ,,political ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,factors 
,we ?9k ( political causes ( w> ma9ly z 
an aspect ( ! fact t nations desire     
always c]ta9 geographical objectives4   
,^! desires are repres5t$ 9 "p by !     
policies ( gov]nm5ts & lead]s1 b we mu/ 
also ?9k ( nations z a :ole z hav+      
desires1 & z be+ mov$ by pr(\nd         
purposes4 ,at once ! "q arises :e!r we  
%all ?9k ( ^! political objectives1 & ! 
w>s ! desires = !m cause1 z ess5tially !
 objects & ! "w ( individuals4 ,d       
individuals 9 any real s5se create      
hi/ory8 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a pr(\nd "q & 
involves fundam5tal !ories ( hi/ory4    
,%all we accept ! great man !ory (      
hi/ory1 & say t hi/ory is ma9ly ! "w ( a
 few :o are able to %ape ev5ts ) ref]5ce
 to policies ( _! own1 or %all we ?9k t 
=ces t det]m9e hi/ory reside r 9 !      
in/9cts or desires ( ! common life ( !  
p8  ,a psy*ological /udy ( hi/ory       
incl9es u to ! belief t ! =ces t make   

hi/ory are ma9ly =ces t d n exi/ z      
consci\s purposes & are !re=e n         
ess5tially political =ces4 ,"o ( !      
conditions ( lead]%ip seems to be t !   
lead] %all seek 8 own p]sonal ends &    
realize 8 own purposes = 8 c\ntry only  
)9 ! field ( ! traditional & common     
objectives :i* are held by ! p z a :ole 
z _! purpose 9 hi/ory4 ,^! are !        
mat]ials ) :i* ! lead] mu/ "w4          
,hi/orically 8 "w may seem decisive4    
,psy*ologically x is to be reg>d$ z a   
complex effect ( lawfully relat$ social 
reactions4 ,! motives ( lead] & p mu/ h 
l>ge common factors4 ,! lead] holds 8   
p[] & 8 pre/ige by embody+ 9 8 own w &  
repres5t+ 9 8 own consci\s policies ! w 
( ! p & _! idea ( c\ntry z an hi/oric   
entity4 ,! lead] is lead] only 9 s f> z 
he is recogniz$ z repres5t+ ! w ( ! h]d4
 ,z g5ius1 ?is lead] is manife/ly       
creative1 b ! true g5ius 9 /atesman%ip  
is ev5 r>] ?an g5ius else:]e4 ,! great  
lead] is an arti/4 ,he mu/ take c]ta9   
vague or cle> ambitions ( ! p1 mu/      

accept ! nation's hi/oric objectives z !
 f\ndations ( 8 policies1 & work+ ) ^!  
objects & desires make 8 own page (     
hi/ory4 ,8 glory & 8 pre/ige dep5d ^u 8 
fulfill+ deep desires ( 8 p4 ,! =ces )  
:i* he deals are pla/ic1 b only )9 n>r[ 
limits4 ,lead]%ip at be/ is a fragile   
?+4 ,h[ev] autocratic ! p[]1 x is aft]  
all dep5d5t ^u ! good w ( ! p1 & !      
acceptance ( ! lead] z "o :o is s]v+ !  
int]e/s ( ! p4  ,:5 we consid] ! nature 
& ! objects ( ! ambitions & desires t ! 
/atesman or lead] mu/ fulfill1 we see :y
 ! relations ( rul] to p are difficult  
to und]/&4 ,nations d n "k ) cle>ness   
ei!r :at !y desire or :y at he>t !y     
desire ! objectives t seem ( mo/        
importance4 ,p give economic & political
 reasons1 b ! consci\sness ( nations is 
subject to deep moods1 & is influ5c$ by 
remote ev5ts & traditions4 ,nations h   
g5]ic desires z well z specific ones4   
,!y always crave empire2 !y all desire  
to h rank4 ,!y are always ambiti\s1     
jeal\s & wat*ful ( "o ano!r4 ,^! g5]al &

 m or less subconsci\s desires make _!  
desires = specific objects int5se1 b !y 
also make !m peculi>ly irrational4 ,!   
h]oic examples ( hi/ory1 h]$it>y        
emotions & ! effects ( specific ev5ts 9 
! hi/ory ( peoples complicate _!        
politics1 & (t5 make rational politics  
impossible4 ,nations w n act 9 _! own   
be/ int]e/s1 because !y are gov]n$ by   
irrational motives4 ,9 ?is way c]ta9    
disp>ities are (t5 produc$ betwe5 ! p & 
_! practical /atesm51 b hi/ory seems to 
%[ u t :5 ^! disp>ities exi/ 9 ! region 
( fundam5tal desires & policies x is !  
lead] :o mu/ yield4 ,hi/ory seems to %[ 
u also t w>s1 com+ 9 g5]al out ( ! deep]
 motives ( nations1 d n belong to su* an
 ext5t z is (t5 suppos$ to ! realm (    
politics4 ,political causes are (t5     
incid5tal causes & det]m9e ! "t & place 
( w>s b d n create !m4 ,cramb 7#ff7 says
 t w>s p]si/ 9 spite ( _! unreason1     
because !re is some?+ transc5d5tal t    
supports !m1 & ?is transc5d5tal purpose 
is ! desire = empire4 ,p[]s 7#ge7 says t

 nations fight = tangible ?+s & also =  
intangible ?+s4 ,! tangible ?+s are     
exi/5ce1 comm]ce1 indep5d5ce1 t]ritory2 
nations also desire objects t are n     
useful1 ! wor? ( :i* consi/s 9 _!       
satisfaction ( ta/e4 ,! ambition to own 
colonies1 ,p[]s ?9ks1 is ( ?is nature4  
,colonies are q z mu* ornam5tal z !y are
 useful4 ,!y convey ! feel+ & impression
 ( p[]4  ,t ^! deep desires ( nations z 
express$ 9 ! ambition to rea* c]ta9     
geographical objectives are exce$+ly    
/rong1 (t5 if n always irrational1      
brutally arrogant & t5aci\s1 ! :ole     
c\rse ( hi/ory tea*es u4 ,^! desires are
 inde$ ! =ces beh9d hi/orical movem5ts4 
,!y create politics & policies4 ,w>     
preexi/s 9 ^! irrational purposes4 ,^!  
purposes are *>g$ ) emotion1 )          
prejudice1 & tradition4 ,x is ) ^!      
motives t all practical politics mu/    
cont5d1 & ^! motives are ! =ces t !     
/atesman mu/ use & make m rational4  ,! 
purposes ( nations are usually if n     
always we say obscure & deep1 exi/+ 9 ! 

=m ( ideals & t5d5cies1 & likely to take
 ! =m ( visions ( empire :olly          
unrealizable4 ,& yet !re are always     
c]ta9 p]fectly cle> objectives ^u :i*   
all ! =ce ( ^! half und]/ood motives    
imp+e4 ,^! objectives may or may n be   
economically rational or morally        
ju/ifiable4 ,we always "k ) c]ta9ty     
c]ta9 ( ^! objectives = :i* any nation w
 if necess>y fight4 ,^! objectives h (t5
 a long hi/ory beh9d !m4 ,!y are        
surr\nd$ by tradition1 s9c]ely & ev5    
religi\sly s\ght4 ,!y are ideal objects 
:i* nations feel !y h a "r to possess4  
,e nation app>5tly believes itself !    
logical possessor ( some?+ x does n n[  
hold 7#ii74 ,all peoples h _! long+s =  
^! possessions1 :i* are _! vision ( a   
great] self4 ,^! objects are (t5 desir$ 
= reasons t are cle> en\gh to all2 b !y 
are also (t5 b ! symbols ( deep]        
desires4 ,z su*1 nations act t[>d !m )  
almo/ in/9ctive compulsion4  ,we may    
suppose t no great hi/orical ev5t is ev]
 enact$ t is n det]m9$ m by traditional 

desires ?an by consci\s politics4 ,a    
?\s& ye>s ( /rife h provid$ ! motives = 
! great ,european w>4 ,memories (       
"t-honor$ objectives h aris5 9 !        
consci\sness ( _m peoples1 & ^! memories
 _c be recall$ )\t excit+ passions t    
make all rational politics unavail+4    
,europe has be5 fight+ ov] aga9 h]      
battles ( ! pa/1 & at ! mom5t ( ! pres5t
 writ+ is c>ry+ !m into ! conf]5ce (    
peace4 ,! plans ( /atesm5 & ! intrigues 
( f9ance h b little success 9 cont5d+   
aga9/ ^! =ces4 ,s9ce ! lead]s !mselves  
are n free f ! prejudices & ! compulsion
 ( traditions & ! unconsci\s desires &  
deep impulses :i* move _! p1 !y c ) b   
dubi\s success br+ int]national politics
 into ! sph]e ( reason4 ,!y d n repres5t
 m]ely ! selfi% desires ( _! p4 ,!y are 
n m]ely spokesm5 ( ! int]e/s ( class or 
individual4 ,!y are embodim5ts ( ! :ole 
hi/ory ( _! nations4  ,all hi/ory1 & all
 ! pres5t relations ( nations to "o     
ano!r may1 ( c\rse1 be consid]$ 9 t]ms (
 ! desires = specific objectives caus$  

by ! imp]ial desires ( peoples1 ^!      
desires !mselves be+ reg>d$ z a sum (   
motives1 ! effects ( pa/ political      
relations1 & conta9+ bo? rational &     
irrational elem5ts4 ,! _w is a va/ field
 ( /ress 9 :i* ! p[]s at "w are national
 wills r ?an political =ces z ! projects
 ( rul]s & ! diplomats4 ,^! p[]s1 :5    
fully ar\s$1 are q beyond ! control (   
/atesm5 act+ 9 _! ord9>y capacities1 &  
_! f9al issues no hi/orian ought n[ to  
try to pr$ict4 ,hi/ory has be5 full (   
surprises because ( ! nature ( ! =ces   
:i* create hi/ory1 & ^! surprises seem  
to h be5 sometimes ! greate/ = ^? :o 7  
mo/ intimately conc]n$ 9 mak+ hi/ory4   
,ev5ts seldom run smoo?ly accord+ to    
well laid plans4  ,x w\ld n fall )9 !   
scope ( a psy*ological /udy ( w> to     
describe or analyze ! complex sy/em (   
/ra9s t exi/ 9 ! _w to-day1 & to po9t   
out ! conditions t l$ to ! great w> w\ld
 be = ! mo/ "p unnecess>y1 s9ce !y mu/  
be obvi\s to all4 ,! ma9 items 9 su* a  
/udy ( hi/ory1 h[ev]1 may well be       

recall$ to m9d4 ,"o w\ld ne$ to %[ !    
effects ( ,engl&'s irresi/ible          
developm5t ?r\gh sev]al c5turies2 !     
/ruggle = ! control ( ! ,m$it]ranean2   
,g]many's ef=ts to ext5d h] empire t[>d 
! ,ea/1 & ! clos+ ( doors aga9/         
,g]many's advance2 ,russia's pressure ^u
 ! ,teutonic peoples1 ! anci5t & t]rible
 dread ( ,russia on ! "p ( ! nations (  
,we/]n ,europe1 ! %ad[ "u :i* ,turkey1  
,g]many1 & ,engl& _h liv$ because ( !   
pres5ce ( ! great ,slavic /ate1 ) its   
my/icism1 its dyna/ic ambitions & its   
great gr[? =ce1 its ne$ ( op5 ports1 &  
vital int]e/ 9 ! amalgamation ( ! ,s\?  
,slavic peoples1 & ! det]m9ation to own 
,con/ant9ople & to succe$ to ! place ( !
 ,turki% ,empire4 ,we %\ld ne$ to take  
into acc\nt ! long hi/ory ( ! /ruggle = 
colonies1 ! colonial tru/ ( ,russia1    
,engl& & ,france1 ! ambitions ( ,france 
= empire 9 ,africa1 ! op]ations ( ,fr5* 
f9ance 9 ! ,balkans & else:]e1 ,au/ria's
 aggressive hatr$ ( ,s]bia1 & h] ef=t to
 prev5t ! revival ( ,pol&1 ! conflicts (

 ,g]many & ,au/ria ) ,italy 9 reg>d to !
 gean & ! ,adriatic & _! %ores1 ! fi]ce 
irr$5tism ( ,italy1 & ! ambitions (     
,italy t h br\ght h] into conflict ) !  
,teutonic p[]s & ) ,turkey1 all !       
conflict+ purposes & ambitions (        
,greece1 ,r\mania1 ,bulg>ia1 & ,s]bia1 &
 ! add$ /ra9 9 ! ,balkans because ( !   
vital int]e/s ( all ! ,great ,p[]s !re1 
& _m o!r conflicts & causes ( conflicts4
 ,^! conflicts we see repeat$ 9 k9d 9 ! 
relations ( ,japan1 ,*9a & ,russia & !  
o!r p[]s int]e/$ 9 ! geography ( ,asia1 
& 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific1 & once m 9 !  
gr[+ /ra9s betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ 7#ii74
  ,tak+ our _w z we f9d x1 & view+ !    
nature ( nations 9 ! light ( _! hi/ory &
 ( _! p]si/5t antagonisms1 "o might     
readily believe t ! causes ( w> & w>    
itself w cont9ue into a f> future4 ,no  
w>1 ! pessimi/ might well argue1 w      
de/roy national vitality or neutralize !
 _m po9ts ( /ra94 ,!re may be great     
coalitions & ev5 ,leagues ( ,nations1 b 
^! may only make w>s m t]rible :5 !y    

come4 ,! fri5d%ip ( nations w /ill be   
insecure & %ift+4 ,! great /rategic     
po9ts ( ! _w w rema94 ,small c\ntries w 
cont9ue to be ambiti\s & jeal\s ( "o    
ano!r4 ,isl& c\ntries w /ill be fac$ by 
coa/s t conta9 possibilities ( dang]4 ,!
 ,con/ant9oples & ! ,gibralt>s w rema92 
,suez & ,panama w be left1 & ,v]dun w   
/ill be some?+ m ?an a hi/oric memory   
7#ii74  ,t ^! objectives might all be   
br\ght into a p]man5t /ate (            
equilibrium1 by "s ideal _w politics1 t 
nations ought to ab&on _! ideas ( empire
 or at lea/ see h[ crude ^! ideas are1  
h[ out ( relation to our mod]n ideas (  
value1 & h[ out ( place 9 a practical   
_w--all ?is we c readily und]/&1 b :o w 
expect nations to become v diff]5t f :at
 !y are n[1 & :o %all say h[ _m imp]ial 
eggs !re are 9 ! _w yet to be hat*$8    
,!re are _m ways ( ju/ify+ ^!           
ambitions--,g]many ju/ifies h]s by      
reason1 & ! rese>*es ( h] great         
hi/orians--! ,treits*kes & ! ,momms5s2  
,russia bases h] claims ^u h] religion &

 h] e?os2 ,japan br+s h] div9ity & h]   
traditions1 h] vitality & h]            
intellig5ce2 ,engl& (f]s h] ju/ice &    
above all h] prov$ g5ius = gov]nm5t z a 
ju/ification ( empire4 ,b aft] all1 ^!  
desires = empire lie deep] ?an pro( &   
reason c g4 ,poetic1 dramatic & religi\s
 elem5ts ent] into !m4 ,!re are g5iuses 
among nations4 ,! creative =ce 9 a      
nation is its life =ce1 its ess5ce & its
 reality4 ,9 "s s5se ! desire to be an  
empire is ! :ole mean+ ( a nation1 = )\t
 ! ambition to be supreme1 peoples1 "s (
 !m1 w\ld be no?+4 ,x is ! vision (     
empire1 h[ev] =lorn & hopeless1 t keeps 
_m nations alive1 p]haps all4 ,nations  
seek to express 9 visible =m ! evid5ce (
 _! inn] & pot5tial greatness4 ,!       
hi/oric & "t-honor$ art ( empire-build+ 
is ! only art !y "k4 ,:e!r ?is is !     
trag$y ( hi/ory1 ! _w's fate & !        
condemnation ( x to p]petual w>f>e--or  
is b a t]m 9 ! logic by :i* nations rise
 to o!r & high] =ms2 or f9ally is a     
crime or a mi/ake :i* x is )9 ! p[] ( ! 

w ( man to ab&on or am5d--^! are        
problems ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory4       
,hi/orical ,causes  ,hi/orical causes ( 
w> are 9 "p ! sequ5ces ( ev5ts t !      
political causes ( w> produce 7political
 z ! causes inh]5t 9 ! wills ( nations71
 & we mu/ suppose !y are ma9ly ?is4     
,hi/ory1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is ! work+  
out ( ! motives or ! desires conta9$ 9  
^! national wills4 ,! causes ( our late 
w>1 = example1 are to be s\ght ma9ly 9 !
 wills ( ! great p[]s t are conc]n$ 9 x4
 ,economic =ces1 ! laws ( ! gr[? (      
nations 7bo? psy*ological & physical    
laws71 ! conditions ( ! geographical    
di/ributions ( peoples ov] ! e>?--all ^!
 are involv$ 9 ! cause ( w>s4 ,!re are  
also great p]sonages ^: actions mu/ to  
"s ext5t be consid]$ ap>t f ^! g5]al    
laws2 ^! p]sonages contribute factors to
 ! causation ( any giv5 w> t are n      
entirely inh]5t 9 ! laws ( gr[? or !    
psy*ology ( nations4 ,%all we say also t
 !re are =tuit\s factors1 hi/orical     
causes t are n conta9$ 9 any logic (    

human desires8 ,c we say1 p]haps1 t ^!  
=tuit\s causes are inde$ ! ma9 causes--9
 a ^w t w>s are n desir$1 ma9ly1 b are !
 product1 inde$1 ei!r ( ! m]e logic (   
*ance1 or ( a design t transc5ds human w
 altoge!r8 ,are w>s will$1 or are !y !  
results ( ! complex1 ! illogical &      
uncontrollable factors ( ! _w's exi/5ce 
& movem5t8 ,^! may n be practical       
problems1 b !y are s]i\s problems1 s9ce 
9 ! end !y implicate ! :ole (           
philosophy4  ,:at place %all we give1 9 
! laws ( hi/ory1 to ! sudd5 & *ance turn
 ( affairs2 to ! quick %ift ( ! :eels ( 
=tune2 to ! incid5ts1 ! accid5ts1 !     
mis-judgm5ts ( rul]s & ! slips ( !      
diplomats8 ,are w>s aft] all a product (
 ! logic ( life1 or are !y m]e =tuit\s  
syn!ses ( ev5ts :i* 9 _! p>ticul>       
comb9ation make a total t is n involv$1 
ei!r z desire or z t5d5cy1 9 ! sum ( !  
p>ticul>s t ent] into ! :ole8 ,h[       
completely1 9 a ^w1 d ! int]e/s &       
purposes ( nations det]m9e w>s8 ,may we 
speak ( motives t always t5d to produce 

w>s1 b nev] seem to w !m8  ,hi/ory seems
 to %[ u t w>s are less directly will$  
?an we h sometimes suppos$1 & p]haps t  
!re is a l>ge elem5t ( *ance 9 !m z     
reg>ds a giv5 w> at any "t & 9 any      
place4 ,w> 9 g5]al is inh]5t 91 or is a 
natural effect (1 ! laws ( developm5t ( 
nations4 ,w>s z hi/orical ev5ts are n   
completely describable 9 t]ms ( ^! laws4
 ,x is ! old contra/ betwe5 ! hi/orical 
& ! sci5tific explanation ( ?+s t appe>s
 "h4 ,nations h deep & vague desires1 we
 say4 ,!y want satisfaction ( _! honor2 
!y crave a dramatic life1 ev5 milit>y   
pre/ige & glory1 b we d n (t5 f9d w>    
itself def9itely will$4 ,! desires (    
nations1 we repeat1 t5d to be too       
fundam5tal to be specific4 ,_! specific 
desires are inde$ & = t reason likely to
 be contradictory4 ,!y desire bo? w> &  
peace at ! same "t1 & h int]e/s t may be
 s]v$ by bo?4 ,!y live 9 indecision l   
individuals4 ,motives conflict4 ,!y     
hesitate1 & d\bt1 & fe>4 ,!y %r9k f tak+
 ! plunge4 ,x requires ! %>p & cle>     

ev5t1 ! *ance ev5t1 mo/ (t51 to         
precipitate !m into w>s4 ,x is always   
to-morr[ t !y are to wage w>s4 ,s w>s d 
n usually occur by ! rational plans &   
devices ( any man or any hi/orical      
sequ5ces ( m51 we may believe1 & x is a 
"q :e!r w>s are v (t5 int5d$ 9 a real   
s5se by any "o4 ,w>s occur z crises 9   
ev5ts4 ,! /ra9s t produce !m are c]ta9ly
 inh]5t 9 ! relations ( nations at all  
times1 & ev5 9 ! motives ( p]sonal      
politics1 b 9 g5]al ^! relations z      
consci\sly gov]n$ relations are 9 !     
direction ( seek+ ! greate/ advantage ) 
! lea/ %[ ( =ce4 ,! conditions mu/ all  
be pres5t1 bo? ! mat* & ! p[d]1 be=e w> 
c take place4 ,!re mu/ be a condition ( 
/ra91 hav+ c]ta9 psy*ological features  
none ( :i* c be miss+1 ! condition be+  
some?+ complex & n readily analyzable1  
at any giv5 "t4 ,9 addition to ^! /ra9s 
ev5ts mu/ take place :i*1 9 all _!      
appe>ances1 are =tuit\s4  ,"o might     
argue f ?is t ! cure ( w> consi/s 9     
et]nal wat*fulness to see t ! mat* does 

n t\* ! p[d]1 t we mu/ wat* ^! ev5ts t  
precipitate w>s & safegu>d peoples f be+
 affect$ by !m4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is m or  
less ! me?od ( diplomacy2 to "s m9ds !  
league ( nations is a device = do+ ?is  
on a l>g] & m sy/ematic scale4 ,b :5 we 
/udy hi/ory & see :at ^! w>-caus+       
incid5ts are1 h[ num]\s & h[ v>iable1 we
 c see t diplomacy & /atesman%ip        
und]take an impossible task :5 !y try to
 /e] ! _w along its n>r[ hi/orical      
c\rse1 ) only hi/orical l&m>ks = guides4
  ,! w> t is s vividly 9 m9d n[ furni%es
 u ) an illu/ration ( ! complexity ( !  
causes ( w>1 & all[s u to see cle>ly    
contra/+ views ( ! causal factors 9     
great w>s 9 g5]al4 ,we see "h a closely 
fitt+ s]ies ( ev5ts1 ea* 9 itself hav+ b
 little ref]5ce to ! great crisis1 all  
fitt+ toge!r1 & = want ( any "o ( :i*1  
if "o takes ! purely hi/orical view1 we 
might suppose ! w> w\ld nev] h happ5$1  
or might h be5 po/pon$ indef9itely4 ,if 
,v5ezelos1 to g back no fur!r ?an t1 _h 
rema9$ 9 ,crete & _h be5 cont5t to be an

 isl& politician1 w\ld n ! c\rse ( ev5ts
 9 ! ,balkans h be5 v diff]5t8 ,out ( 8 
c\rse came ev5ts :i* no "o c\ld h =ese51
 b :i*1 )\t simil> actions on ! "p (    
individuals produc+ o!r l9ks 9 ! *a91   
w\ld n h tak5 place4 ,if "s diplomat or 
"s =eign (fice _h made a decision       
slightly diff]5t f :at 0 actually       
decid$2 if ! ?ree emp]ors _h _h a little
 m reliable in=mation ab\t "o ano!r2 if 
! /ati/icians ( ! ,g]man s]vice _h      
comput$ a little bett] ,engl&'s         
res\rces1 & _h put ! moral factor into !
 sum--w\ld ! w> h happ5$ at all8  ,9 ?is
 direction1 ( c\rse1 lies ! *aos (      
hi/ory & its madness--& also its        
philosophy4 ,we may be driv5 on ! "o h& 
to ?9k ( all hi/ory z a matt] ( ! *ance 
relations ( individuals & ( deta*$      
p>ticul> ev5ts1 hav+ significance z a   
s]ies b nev] plann$ or controll$ z a    
:ole1 or we may resort to ! opposite way
 ( ?9k+1 & say t all ( hi/ory1 9 e      
p>ticul> & detail1 is div9ely plann$ &  
pre>rang$1 & ea* ev5t fits into a       

rational :ole4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is our    
f9al problem ( hi/ory1 we say1 z x is ! 
f9al problem ( e "q t consid]s life z   
concrete ev5ts hav+ value precisely z ! 
p>ticul> sequ5ce t x is--:5 we view life
 hi/orically1 9 a ^w1 r ?an by ! me?ods 
( ! quantitative sci5ces1 or by ! g5etic
 me?ods su* z are us$ ma9ly 9 !         
psy*ological sci5ces1 & :i* we may say  
/& betwe5 hi/ory & ! sci5ces ( matt]4   
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,! ,,syn!sis ,,( ,,causes
   ,x appe>s to be no v difficult matt] 
to discov] causes ( w>1 & inde$ a       
consid]able numb] ( causes4 ,9 fact !   
problem seems to yield an emb>rassm5t ( 
ri*es1 especially if our *ief int]e/    
happ5s to be a practical "o1 & we wi% to
 f9d ! causes ( w> 9 ord] to see h[ !y  
may be controll$4 ,we might ev5 h       
discov]$ all ! causes ( w> & /ill be z  
f> z be=e f any real und]/&+ ( ! cause (
 w>4 ,unless "o c "k ! relative         
importance ( ! causes1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !
 causes comb9e to produce w>s2 unless ! 
results give 9 "s way a syn!tic view ( !

 causes ( w>1 %[ dom9at+ causes1 or     
reveal a total cause :i* is n m]ely a   
summation ( /imuli1 b is bo? a necess>y 
& a suffici5t situation = ! production (
 w>2 unless we h %[n "s fundam5tal cause
 & movem5t 9 ! social ord]1 we are /ill 
left 9 se>* ( ! cause ( w>4  ,we h1     
inde$1 f\nd a numb] ( causes ( w>1 b at 
! same "t ! causes h n appe>$ to exi/ z 
sep>ate causes4 ,we are always cat*+    
sight ( a movem5t 9 ! developm5t (      
nations & ( ! _w--( c]ta9 fundam5tal    
motives1 ! mo/ basic ( all1 ! mo/ g5]al1
 be+ ! motive ( p[]4 ,^! causes ( w> d n
 appe>1 h[ev]1 to be ( ! nature ( a *a91
 giv+ u ! impression t 9 ord] to break !
 habit ( w>1 all we ne$ d is to discov] 
! weake/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( causes1 break !  
*a9 !re1 & s int]rupt ! :ole me*anism ( 
w>-mak+ 9 ! _w4 ,above all1 al?\gh      
=tuit\s ev5ts z causes ( w> mu/ n be    
ov]look$1 w> is n cont9ually be+ made   
anew by ! appe>ance aga9 & aga9 (       
accid5tal situations1 :i* are ?us to be 
reg>d$ z ! cause ( w>4  ,w> is1 fir/ (  

all1 a natural expression ( ! social    
life1 re/+ prim>ily ^u ! fact ( !       
exi/5ce1 univ]sally1 ( gr\ps (          
individuals act+ z units4 ,b "h cause & 
effect are lo/ 9 "o ano!r4 ,conflict    
cem5ts ! gr\p1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! gr\p1    
aga91 is ! cause ( conflict4 ,w> is an  
aspect ( ! social solid>ity ( ! gr\p    
act+ "u c]ta9 conditions1 & ^!          
conditions are ! pres5ce ( deep desires 
t c1 9 g5]al1 be satisfi$ only by !     
ex]tion ( =ce on ! "p ( communities act+
 z :oles4  ,^! primitive motives & moods
 ( w> t we f9d 9 ! nature ( ! social    
gr\p itself1 em]ge f9ally 9 ?ree aspects
 ( ! life ( nations1 & x is ^! aspects (
 ! life ( nations t appe> to u z !      
causes ( w>4 ,!y are n sep>ate &        
indep5d5t features ( ! social life1 & x 
is 9 "p only = ! sake ( conv5i5ce t !y  
are %>ply sep>at$ at all4 ,!y are all at
 bottom manife/ations ( ! motive ( p[] t
 runs ?r\gh all hi/ory1 & all ! social &
 individual life4 ,on "o side ?is motive
 appe>s 9 moods & impulses t we call$ ! 

intoxication moods & impulses4 ,national
 honor 0 f\nd to be ano!r effect ( x4 ,!
 political motives ( w> are its concrete
 expression4 ,^! motives all toge!r--all
 be+ b phases ( a deep1 p[]ful en]gy &  
purpose1 are ! s\rce ( ! ma9 movem5t 9  
hi/ory out ( :i* w> comes4 ,9 ?is       
movem5t all ! motives ( ! social life   
are always pres5t & active at ! same "t4
 ,! good & ! bad ( national life are    
phases ( a s+le purpose & are n two     
contra/$ pr9ciples or mom5ts4 ,! pa/ is 
always conta9$ 9 ! pres5t4  ,w>1 !n1 is 
! result ( c]ta9 motives :i* are        
fundam5tal to ! gr\p life4 ,x is a      
natural =m 9 :i*1 giv5 a c]ta9 degree ( 
intellig5ce & ( complexity ( ! social   
life1 ^! motives express !mselves4 ,all 
! motives & =ms ( expression are pres5t 
9 g]m at lea/ f ! beg9n+ ( ! developm5t 
( ! social life4 ,consid]+ ! :ole hi/ory
 ( w> we see t x is a "p ( a v complex  
movem5t 9 human society1 & yet t no w>  
appe>s to be ! f9al t]m ( a process (   
inexorable logic4 ,tak+ hi/ory z a :ole1

 we see t ! natural laws involv$ & !    
nature ( ! social consci\sness make a   
/ate ( w> f "t to "t highly probable1 b 
w> is n a necess>y consequ5ce ( any     
natural law4 ,nations are self-consci\s 
p]sonalities4 ,p]haps 9 ! future !y may 
*ange _! ways1 ab&on volunt>ily _!      
desires1 subject !mselves to discipl9e1 
or delib]ately inv5t a plan (           
int]national relations t w h ! effect ( 
elim9at+ w> f _! lives altoge!r4  ,x is 
always dang]\s1 b at ! same "t x is     
always tempt+ to try to expla9 national 
life1 or all life & hi/ory1 9 t]ms ( !  
individual & 8 exp]i5ce4 ,once m1 h[ev]1
 we may yield to t temptation & say t ! 
_w to-day is 9 a /age ( developm5t :i*  
has _m traits t %[ its relation 9 "s v  
significant ways to c]ta9 undevelop$    
conditions f\nd 9 individuals1 :i* 9    
fact always appe> z phases ( ! life (   
all individuals 9 "s degree & =m4       
,nations h acquir$ a high degree (      
subjectivism1 p>tly on acc\nt ( !       
geographical conditions "u :i* !y h     

liv$1 & ! _m b>ri]s betwe5 nations due  
to diff]5ce ( orig9 & ( language1 & !   
fundam5tal emotions ( fe> & jeal\sy :i*1
 z we h se51 play s l>ge a "p 9 ! life &
 conduct ( gr\ps4 ,nations1 h[ev] close 
to "o ano!r1 h rema9$ isolat$ 9 _s2 !y h
 lack$ bo? ! initiative & ! means =     
becom+ def9itely relat$ to "o ano!r 9   
purposive & su/a9$ activities4 ,!re=e   
all _! relations h rema9$ highly        
emotional1 subjective1 influ5c$ by      
my/icism1 fill$ ) hatr$ & fe>1 h]o      
wor%ip & illusion4 ,nations h lack$ bo? 
! p[]1 & we might say1 ! organs1 =      
ext]naliz+ _! _s4 ,!y h dream$ dreams & 
play$ plays1 & foll[$ _! illusions (    
empire4 ,ev5 _! w>s h n1 until p]haps   
n[1 become :olly real & s]i\s 9 a       
measure comm5surate ) _! p[]s &         
res\rces4 ,! pres5t w> m ?an any o!r1 & 
m ?an any o!r ev5t 9 hi/ory1 repres5ts  
an escape on ! "p ( nations f _!        
subjectivism1 & a beg9n+1 x may be1 ( ! 
realization ( a m mature1 or %all we say
 m normal conception ( ! _w4 ,nations h 

play$ at be+ great & h really produc$ b 
little true greatness4 ,n[1 let u say1  
_! dream is ov]4 ,we see t ^! nations c 
no long] play4 ,_! wood5 weapons h at   
la/ be5 turn$ to /eel4 ,!y c fight no   
long] inde$ )\t de/roy+ "o ano!r4 ,!y   
mu/ n[ live 9 practical & moral         
relations1 give up _! bright dreams (   
empire aft] ! old h]oic ord]1 & be      
cont5t to be imp]ial 7if !y are born to 
be imp]ial7 by p]=m+ di/+ui%$ s]vice 9 !
 _w1 by _! own g5ius ( lead]%ip4 ,!re is
 "w 9 ! _w = nations to d2 !re are      
empires ( ! _s1 x may be1 great] ?an h  
yet be5 dream$ ( 9 ! nations' *ildi%    
philosophies ( life4 ,! consci\sness (  
nations conta9s1 x may be1 unsuspect$   
p[]s1 suppress$ 9 ! pa/ by n>r[         
nationalism1 by fe>1 habit & conv5tion4 
,^! p[]s may n[1 if ev]1 blossom =?2 !y 
h be5 wa/$ too long 9 patriotic feel+ & 
9 idle dream]y4 ,!y mu/ n[ %[ :at !y c d
 9 a practical _w t w h no m ( m]e      
ass]tions4  ,! _w /&s to-day balanc$    
betwe5 two ideals4 ,human _s1 ! _s (    

nations1 is a free & pla/ic =ce2 x is   
also a sum ( motives & desires2 b mo/   
fundam5tally ( all x is a gr[+1 liv+1   
creative & p]sonal _s4 ,x /ill cl+s to  
its luxuries ( feel+1 to its prov9cial  
life1 x is /ill fasc9at$ by its         
beautiful romance ( empire4 ,on ! o!r h&
 we see ! /irr+ ( a new idea4 ,a new _w 
arises1 less dramatic 9 its appeal ?an !
 old _w1 b a _w appeal+ by its practical
 problems bo? to ! w & to ! intellect4  
,%all we yield to ! fasc9ation ( ! old  
romance & g back to our h]o wor%ip2 or  
%all we be inspir$ n[ by ?is vision ( a 
new & great] social ord]1 create out (  
our own p[]s ( imag9ation ! =ms ?is _w  
mu/ assume if x is to appeal to ! deepe/
 feel+s ( all peoples1 & make ?is new _w
 real by our own intellig5ce &          
det]m9ation8  ,we /& to-day at a        
dramatic mom5t 9 hi/ory2 a m dramatic   
mom5t ?an :5 ! victory itself hung 9 !  
balance4 ,p]haps our s5se (             
responsibility = ! future is an         
illusion2 p]haps we are driv5 by an     

inexorable logic ( hi/ory1 & we d n aft]
 all *oose :at our _w %all be4 ,b       
c]ta9ly ! s5se ( human p[] 9 ! _w has   
nev] be5 great] ?an n[ nor seem$ bett]  
ju/ifi$2 nor1 if we are deceiv$1 has !  
reality ev] be5 m out ( h>mony ) !      
ambitions ( man4     ,,"p ,,ii  ,,!     
,,educational ,,factor ,,9 ,,!          
,,developm5t ,,( ,,nations     ,,*apt]  
,i  ,,educational ,,problems ,,( ,,!    
,,day   ,education1 l all o!r           
in/itutions1 has be5 *>g$1 we "k1 ) hav+
 contribut$ its %>e to ! causes ( ! w>4 
,! ,prussian s*ool sy/em1 we h be5 told1
 0 ma9ly a s*ool ( w>2 all ! emotions & 
ideas necess>y to produce morbid        
nationalism1 di/ort$ views ( hi/ory1 & a
 belief 9 & a love ( w> 7 !re fo/]$ &   
delib]ately cultivat$4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1
 "s tru? 9 ?is2 x is a tru? t is        
deceiv+1 h[ev]1 if we reg>d x z at all  
indicat+ ! true relation betwe5         
education & practical affairs4 ,if !    
s*ool 0 a factor 9 ! late w>1 su* a     
creative effect ( education appe>s to be

 r>e 9 hi/ory4 ,9 g5]al x is ! negative 
effect ( ! s*ool t is mo/ conspicu\s4 ,x
 is :at ! s*ool has n done to prev5t w>1
 :at x has fail$ to d 9 n br++ nations  
out ( _! p]v]t$ nationalism into a life 
( m practical relation%ip ) "o ano!r t  
really be/ *>act]izes ! s*ool4  ,x is   
difficult or impossible = u n[1 ( c\rse1
 to p]ceive :at ! w> has done--9 :at    
way1 all 9 all1 ! future w be diff]5t f 
! pa/4 ,x is v easy & natural to look at
 ev]y?+ dramatically n[1 see revolution 
ev]y:]e & believe t all in/itutions are 
n[ to be radically *ang$4 ,or1 go+ to ! 
o!r extreme1 we may become cynical1 &   
say t1 human nature be+ un*angeable1 we 
%all soon settle d[n into ! old r\t9e & 
we %all see pres5tly t no?+             
revolutioniz+ has transpir$4 ,"s w say1 
& inde$ are say+ t education mu/ n[ be  
entirely remodel$2 "s w ?9k t education 
_h be/ g on z be=e--t no?+ has happ5$   
c]ta9ly to require any new philosophy ( 
! s*ool1 or any pr(\nd *ange 9 its =m4  
,we see ^! two t5d5cies 9 _m phases (   

our pres5t situation3 9 politics1 9     
education1 & 9 ! bus9ess _w4  ,x is     
impossible1 we may repeat1 to make :olly
 safe judgm5ts n[ ab\t ! future1 b /ill 
some?+ mu/ 9 ! meantime be done4 ,we mu/
 ei!r /& /ill or g =w>d--or backw>d2 we 
mu/ act ei!r ) a !ory or )\t "o4 ,!     
s*ool is involv$ 9 ?is necessity4 ,!re  
is a new cont5t ( hi/ory t we _c ignore1
 b mu/ 9 "s way tea*4 ,we mu/ say some?+
 ab\t ! w>2 curr5t ev5ts c h>dly be kept
 out ( ! s*ool1 & to und]/& curr5t ev5ts
 !re mu/ be a wid] cont5t ( hi/ory ?an  
we h _h 9 ! pa/4 ,!re are new1 or at    
lea/ di/urb$1 conditions 9 ! indu/rial &
 9 all ! social life1 & ^! conditions _c
 fail to h "s effect ^u ! s*ool4 ,!     
s*ool mu/ adju/ itself to !m1 & x mu/   
surely take into acc\nt new ne$s t h    
aris54 ,patriotism may ne$ to be taught 
n[1 or taught 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,!re is
 a problem ( w> & peace1 ! "q ( :at     
ideals ( national life we are to convey4
 ,int]nationalism dem&s "s recognition  
on ! "p ( ! s*ool4 ,x seems probable1   

!re=e1 & ev5 necess>y t a new int]e/ 9 !
 function ( education w be felt & mu/ be
 ar\s$4 ,mu/ we n inde$ n[ exam9e once m
 all ! f\ndations ^u :i* our ideas ab\t 
education re/8 ,c]ta9ly !re w nev] be a 
m favorable "t1 or m reasons = su* a    
task4  ,x is ! imp5d+ int]nationalism1  
or ! idea ( int]nationalism n[ s vividly
 put be=e u all1 t mo/ incites new ?\ght
 ab\t education1 & ab\t all ! means (   
controll+ ! ideas & feel+s ( ! p4 ,we   
he> mu* ab\t recon/ruction & readju/m5t1
 & ^! t]ms obvi\sly imply ! old ways & !
 old in/itutions4 ,b int]nationalism is 
some?+ new1 hav+ _m possibilities2 x    
means new relations among peoples2 x    
op5s up new practical fields & new      
phases ( sociology & economics4 ,x is   
because ( ?is new phase ( ! social life 
& social consci\sness ( man1 we might   
suppose1 t education is mo/ likely to be
 affect$ 9 its f\ndations1 s t no m]e   
readju/m5t w be en\gh4 ,a new politics &
 a new sci5ce ( nations appe>1 & we _c  
fail to see t !re is at ! pres5t "t     

some?+ decid$ly lack+ 9 education2 t !re
 is a l>g] life p]haps = :i* our pres5t 
ways ( educat+ *ildr5 w\ld n suffici5tly
 prep>e1 & t to prep>e = ?is l>g] life  
some?+ m w\ld be ne$$ ?an an add$       
subject 9 ! curriculum4 ,?is is because 
int]nationalism is n simply m ( some?+  
we h already2 x is a turn 9 ! road1 & a 
turn :i*1 x c h>dly be d5i$1 w f9ally   
affect all in/itutions4 ,if             
int]nationalism has come to /ay1 x w    
ne$1 & x mu/ h1 p[]ful support f all    
educational =ces4 ,x w ne$ some?+ m ?an 
support2 education mu/ produce creative 
habits ( m9d1 :i* %all make & n\ri% new 
relations 9 ! _w1 & x mu/ make p        
intellig5t1 s t !y c und]/& :at ! new & 
l>g] relations mean & :at mu/ be        
accompli%$ by !m4  ,a casual obs]vation 
( ! educational situation might indicate
 t education is limit$ 9 two ways1 s f> 
z be+ a means ( meet+ our pres5t ne$s is
 conc]n$4 ,x is lack+ 9 p[]2 x treats   
*ildr5 & y\?s /ill 9 a fragm5t>y way1 & 
! process ( le>n+ is some:at deta*$ f ! 

totality ( liv+4 ,!re is a lack (       
ri*ness ( cont5t1 & a lack (            
responsiv5ess 9 ! s*ool to ! /irr+ life 
outside ! s*ool4 ,if we may say t hi/ory
 n[ turns a new page1 & t society /&s at
 a *ange ( tide1 education is also 9 a  
peculi> & int]e/+ position4 ,! s*ool    
may1 f n[ on1 if our view ( x be at all 
j1 be expect$ to d "o ( two ?+s3 x may  
settle d[n to a relatively successful   
"w1 9 a limit$ sph]e ( usefulness1 tra9+
 *ildr5 well1 especially fitt+ !m to    
ent] into our pres5t social ord]2 or1 on
 ! o!r h&1 ! s*ool may n[ become a mu*  
great] p[]1 & may seize hold ^u         
fundam5tal ?+s 9 life & society "u !    
/imulus ( new conditions--f9d a way to a
 deep] philosophy1 a m consi/5t !ory1   
atta9 a m exalt$ mood & high] purpose1 &
 become a f> m pot5t factor 9           
civilization4  ,t education w rema9     
unaffect$ 9 pr(\nd ways by ! w>1 is     
difficult to believe4 ,"o may v readily1
 z we say1 see ^! imp5d+ *anges 9 too   
dramatic a way1 & beg9 to talk ab\t     

pr(\nd upheavals & ideals t c]ta9ly w   
nev] be realiz$ 7& we ought to gu>d     
aga9/ ?is easy idealiz+1 :i* leaves     
human nature out ( ! reckon+72 /ill we  
_c b feel t 9 "s way a new dim5sion has 
be5 add$ to ! social life z a result ( !
 w>1 & t education1 9 deal+ ) ?is great]
 society1 mu/ itself be rais$ to a high]
 p[]4 ,if we ?9k1 educationally speak+1 
9 t]ms ( a _w at all1 r ?an 9 t]ms (    
individuals1 or communities1 families & 
nations1 we are quickly impress$ by !   
s5se ( liv+ 9 a new ord] ( educational  
problems1 & possess+1 x may be1 a new   
v>iety ( self-consci\sness4 ,nations 9  
?is new view are ?\ght ( z p>ts ( a _w1 
z hav+ _m ext]nal relations1 :]eas =m]ly
 almo/ all education has _h ref]5ce at !
 mo/ to ! int]nal life ( nations4       
,patriotism has be5 ! expression ( its  
mo/ di/ant horizon4  ,if we believe t   
any?+ new is ab\t to be realiz$ 9       
education1 x might seem natural to beg9 
to ?9k ab\t *anges f ! /&po9t & 9 ! t]ms
 ( ! old *apt]s & topics4 ,we might ask 

:at ?is or t subject ( ! curriculum     
means or mu/ produce t x did n mean &   
did n produce be=e2 or we might consid] 
! old & ! new requirem5ts 9 ! education 
( ! feel+s1 ! w1 ! intellect2 or we     
might take any o!r ( ! educational      
categories z a basis = a discussion ( ! 
philosophy ( ! s*ool4 ,^! programs1     
h[ev]1 d n seem to be v inspir+4 ,w\ld x
 n be bett] n[ to try to di/+ui% ! ma9  
fields ( life & ! ma9 int]e/s 9 reg>d to
 :i* new que/ions & new ne$s h aris51 & 
see :at *anges 9 our educational ?\ght  
are really dem&$ by !m8 ,on su* a plan1 
int]nationalism itself w\ld fir/ dem&   
att5tion1 & inde$ mo/ ( all4 ,9 a s5se  
all que/ions ab\t education mu/ n[ be   
consid]$ ) ref]5ce to int]nationalism 9 
"s way4 ,!n !re are ! problems already  
rais$ dur+ ! w> & widely discuss$1 ab\t 
! tea*+ ( patriotism4 ,patriotism       
becomes a new educational problem1 a    
*apt] 9 our !ory ( education1 9 :i* we  
become consci\s ( ourselves 9 a new way1
 & are aw>e ( our l>g] field & *ang$    

conditions4 ,!re are que/ions1 too1 ab\t
 ! tea*+ ( ! lessons ( ! w>1 :at we %all
 ?9k ab\t w> 9 g5]al z a good or an     
evil1 h[ we %all conceive peace & its   
values4 ,*anges are tak+ place 9        
gov]nm5t1 & 9 our ideas ( gov]nm5t1 &   
gov]nm5ts are be+ put to new te/s4      
,political education c h>dly fail to be 
n[ "o ( our mo/ s]i\s conc]ns4          
,democracy appe>s to be our great ^w2 ! 
control & education ( ! democratic =ces 
& ! democratic _s becomes an urg5t ne$4 
,indu/ry acquires new mean+s2 we mu/    
take up aga9 all ! !ory ( indu/rial     
education1 = we h se5 ( late t indu/ry  
conta9s possibilities ( evil we did n   
be=e und]/&4 ,social problems arise 9   
*ang$ =ms4 ,! new _w-idea or            
_w-consci\sness becomes an educational  
problem ( ! social life4 ,class diff]5ce
 c nev] aga9 be ignor$ z x has be5 9 !  
pa/ 9 ! s*ools4 ,moral1 religi\s &      
/hetic education seems to h a diff]5t   
place 9 ! s*ool1 j to ! ext5t t all life
 has become m s]i\s on acc\nt ( ! w>4   

,^! dem&s made ^u ! deepe/ elem5ts ( !  
psy*ic life sugge/ ! ne$ once m ( a new 
philosophy ( education1 or1 at ! lea/1 a
 greatly increas$ recognition &         
application ( ! philosophy we already h4
  ,be=e ! w> !re 0 a s5se ( security & !
 feel+ t our education 0 adequate to    
meet all dem&s4 ,we 7 pr\d ( our        
educational sy/em4 ,our democratic      
ideals1 p said1 7 safe 9 ! h&s ( !      
public s*ool4 ,indu/rial education 0    
meet+ fairly well ! ne$s ( ! indu/rial  
life4 ,!re 7 no v press+ class problems4
 ,! tr\bles ( capital & labor1 al?\gh   
always ?reat5+1 seem$ to dem& no        
educational int]f]5ce4 ,! religi\s      
problem 0 tempor>ily n acute4 ,ae/hetic 
=ms _h be5 att5d$ to 9 ! curriculum     
suffici5tly to meet ! dem&s ( ! day4    
,hygi5e & physical education &          
individual att5tion seem$ to be mak+    
rapid advances4 ,all ( ^! _h be5        
influ5c$ by ! sci5tific me?ods ( treat+ 
educational que/ions4 ,on ! :ole we     
seem$ to h a good s*ool4 ,b n[ ! "q mu/ 

be ask$ :e!r ?is s*ool ( ye/]day w be   
adequate to meet ! ne$s ( to-morr[2 :e!r
 new conditions d n call = new ?\ght1   
new philosophy1 new s*ools4 ,^! ?+s (   
c\rse _c be _h = ! ask+4 ,we _c give    
ord]s to g5ius to produce !m = u4 ,b a  
g5]ation t does n hope = !m1 we might   
suspect ( n hav+ realiz$ :at ! w> has   
co/4 ,= s great a price paid h we n a "r
 to expect mu* 9 return1 especially if  
we are will+ to reg>d ! w> z a lesson r 
?an z a debt to u1 & b5d all our en]gies
 to make x c\nt = a bett] civilization8 
,we may already see 9 a g5]al way :at ! 
effect ( ! w> is to be ^u ! m9d ( !     
educator4 ,! j\rnals beg9 to be fill$ ) 
plans = ! p>ticipation ( ! s*ool 9 ! "w 
( recon/ruction4 ,!re are _m sugge/ions 
= ! improvem5t ( ! s*ool4 ,indu/rial    
education1 ! classics1 hi/ory1 milit>y  
education1 social education are all be+ 
discuss$4 ,evid5tly _m m9ds are at "w4  
,"s ( !m1 inde$ _m ( !m1 are app>5tly   
mo/ conc]n$ ab\t :at *anges we %all make
 at once 9 ! day's "w ( ! s*ool4 ,_m wi%

 to "k :at we are go+ to d n[ ) ,lat91  
or hi/ory1 & h[ we c improve ! me?od (  
tea*+ 9 ?is or t p>ticul>4 ,b !re are "s
 deep] notes4 ,?9k]s are ask+ elem5t>y  
que/ions ab\t ! :ole ( human nature4 ,!y
 wi% to "k :at ! orig9al nature ( man   
is1 & :at ! limits ( our control ov]    
human nature are4 ,su* books z ,hock+'s 
,human ,nature & its ,re-mak+ &         
,russell's ,pr9ciples ( ,social         
,recon/ruction1 :i* grapple ) ! basic   
problems ( human life1 are signs ( !    
times4 ,no "o c yet pr$ict :at ! f9al   
result ( ! increas$ intellectual ardor t
 has come out ( ! w> w be1 b x seems    
c]ta9 t t /riv+ ( ! m9d :i* has made !  
lit]ature ( ! w> s rem>kable a page 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ! human _s w cont9ue1 & 9 !    
field ( education z else:]e 9 !         
practical life !re w be new vitality &  
e>ne/ness4     ,,*apt] ,,ii             
,,int]nationalism ,,& ,,! ,,s*ool   ,if 
we take a s]i\s & an optimi/ic view (   
education z a social in/itution1 & ?9k (
 x at all z /&+ 9 functional            

relation%ips ) ! social life z a :ole1  
we mu/ conclude t int]nationalism z a   
new movem5t & idea1 & ! s*ool z an      
in/itution 9 :i* *anges 9 ! social ord] 
are reflect$ 7b 9 :i* also *anges 9 !   
social ord] are creat$7 are closely     
relat$4 ,adju/m5t is a relatively easy  
matt]2 x is ! conception ( ! s*ool z a  
creative factor t *all5ges our be/      
ef=ts4 ,let u ?9k ( ! s*ool z a work%op 
9 :i* !re mu/ be creat$ ! =ces by :i* we
 mu/ make a desir$ & an o!rwise         
unrealizable future come to pass & we h 
a new & inspir+ view ( education4 ,!    
s*ool p]haps mu/ d ev5 m ?an educate !  
=ces2 x mu/ help ev5 to create ! vision 
itself by :i* ! future is to be direct$4
 ,! s*ool becomes1 s to speak1 ! work+  
hypo!sis ( civilisation4 ,9 x ! ideas & 
! desires by :i* nations live mu/ be    
made to take %ape4  ,! idea (           
int]nationalism implies c]ta9 *anges 9 !
 ext]nal relations ( nations :i*1 :atev]
 ! =m int]nationalism w take on its     
political side1 are n difficult to      

p]ceive4 ,^! 9 turn imply int]nal       
*anges4 ,we might readily outl9e or     
psy*ologically analyze :at c\ld be call$
 ! mood ( int]nationalism1 9 ord] to see
 its relations to education4 ,x conta9s 
a numb] ( factors1 m or less relat$ to  
"o ano!r4 ,fir/1 !re is a recognition ( 
a _w ( gr[+1 liv+ hi/orical entities :i*
 we call nations2 & ?is recognition     
implies new und]/&+ & an enri*m5t ( k4  
,second1 !re is a *ange 9 ! consci\sness
 ( nations1 sl[ b visible1 by :i* !y    
become m will+ to inve/igate freely &   
fairly _! own place 9 hi/ory1 und]/& _! 
own desires1 functions1 virtues1 faults1
 ! value ( _! culture & civilization4   
,)\t su* an attitude all talk (         
int]nationalism 9 any real s5se is idle4
 ,?ird1 !re is a new & diff]5t practical
 int]e/4 ,we beg9 to conceive our _w z a
 _w ( complex practical relations1 & ?is
 idea ( a practical _w is likely to     
become "o ( ! lead+ ?\ghts ( ! future4  
,f\r?1 by ext5d+1 s to speak1 ?is idea (
 a _w ( practical relations1 we idealize

 a _w 9 :i* !re is a common int]e/ 9    
great int]national a*ievem5ts1--a _w    
devot$ m ?an x is n[ to cord9at$ ef=ts  
to accel]ate progress1 m consci\s ( !   
ne$s ( a di/ant future1 p]haps1 or ev5 (
 an ideal ( univ]sal effici5cy z a means
 ( realiz+ "s "o _w purpose or _m good  
purposes4 ,?is is n n[1 z x once might h
 be5 call$1 m]ely an ,utopian dream4 ,9 
"s slight degree x is already be+       
accompli%$4 ,fif?1 social & moral feel+s
 are wid5$ 9 scope1 & mu/ be /ill fur!r 
ext5d$2 x is 9 ! =m ( ! democratic _s1 t
 ^! feel+s mu/ f9d expression4 ,& ?is   
democratic _s is on "o side practical1 b
 x is also some?+ m ?an ! em]g5ce ( !   
common m9d2 x is ! ari/ocratic idea     
c>ri$ out univ]sally t we look =w>d to1 
an en?usiasm = all true values1 a mood &
 activity 9 :i* all p p>ticipate4 ,six?1
 !re is a necess>y attitude t[>d _w     
organization or _w gov]nm5t1 accord+ to 
:i* we ?9k ( _w gov]nm5t or _w          
organization z a means ( accompli%+     
results :i* fulfill fundam5tal desires &

 purposes ( ! peoples ( ! e>?2 z a gr[+ 
/ructure1 some?+ to be add$ to &        
improv$4 ,sev5?1 if s g5]al a t5d5cy &  
dem& may be made cle>1 !re is a         
philosophical mood1 :i* mu/ be made a "p
 ( ! ideal & ! attitude ( ! future1 if t
 future is to realize ev5 ! practical   
hopes ( ! _w4 ,?is philosophical        
attitude is fir/ ( all a way ( liv+     
compreh5sively & m univ]sally1 9 ! _w   
bo? ( facts & ( ideas4 ,x means a less  
prov9cial & a m widely enri*$ life =    
all4 ,x means also an ability to *oose !
 good n accord+ to preconceptions & n>r[
 pr9ciples1 b accord+ to ! wisdom       
conta9$ 9 ! exp]i5ce & ! selective p[]s 
( mank9d z a :ole4 ,?is means a life 9  
:i* m5 live1 s to speak1 m collectively4
  ,^! factors ( ! idea (                
int]nationalism1 :atev] we may ?9k ( !  
possibility ( _! realization1 make 9 _! 
totality an educational problem3 !y are 
specifications1 s to speak1 laid be=e u 
= ! mak+ ( a new educational product4   
,if we say t x is useless to ?9k ( su*  

?+s1 we are say+ m]ely t x is useless to
 hope to be a factor 9 consci\s         
evolution1 or t ! _w z a :ole has no    
purpose & no goal4 ,if we believe       
education has any function 9 ! l>g] "w (
 ! _w1 educational philosophy mu/ take  
^! ?+s into acc\nt1 see h[ !y may be    
creat$ or su/a9$1 & h[ !y c be made to  
"w toge!r to help br+ to pass ! k9d (   
future m5 are talk+ s mu* ab\t4   ,i4 ,!
 ,ess5tial ,_w ,idea  ,our pres5t       
situation has pla9ly made x necess>y = u
 to und]/& ! _w 9 :i* we live f> bett]  
?an we h 9 ! pa/1 & to be will+ to make 
m dispassionate judgm5ts ab\t x4 ,=     
bett] or = worse we h ent]$ ^u a new    
/age ( hi/ory1 9 :i* heavy              
responsibilities fall ^u all peoples1 & 
^u none m ?an ^u ourselves4 ,enlight5m5t
 beyond all our pres5t und]/&+ is a     
necessity4 ,we h be5 peculi>ly isolat$ &
 sep>at$ f ! _w's affairs2 n[ we are    
peculi>ly involv$4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 "o     
great & unusual advantage4 ,9 our case x
 is ignorance r ?an prejudice t we mu/  

ov]come 9 ourselves4 ,! _w feels ?is &  
recognizes ! unusual place ?is gives u4 
,we h no ?\s& ye>s ( cont9u\s /rife to  
di/ort our hi/orical p]spective4 ,we out
 to be able to be j int]pret]s ( !      
hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,our univ]sities ought to
 be ! greate/ c5t]s ( hi/orical le>n+1 &
 z a p we %\ld feel ourselves call$ ^u  
above all o!r p to "k ! _w4  ,z a nation
 we pass out ( a local into a broad]    
political field4 ,we become citiz5s ( a 
_w1 b ?is _w is no m]e habitation (     
individuals :o are to be affiliat$ ) "o 
ano!r4 ,x is a _w ( national wills4     
,int]nationalism is fir/ ( all a        
recognition ( ! legitimate desires (    
nations4 ,b su* a recognition ( !       
legitimate desires ( nations _c be      
effect$ m]ely by spread+ abroad good w4 
,a widespread education 9 ! mean+ (     
hi/ory mu/ fir/ be made ! f\ndation (   
int]national ju/ice 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4     
,curr5t hi/ory & future ev5ts se5 9 !   
light ( all hi/ory1 ( hi/ory z ! sci5ce 
& /ory ( all human exp]i5ce1 become our 

*ief intellectual int]e/ to-day4 ,! w>  
has taught u h[ little ! p 9 ! _w "k b\t
 ! _w z a :ole4 ,all hi/ory ?us f> has  
be5 local hi/ory4 ,ev]y:]e !re t5ds to  
be ! prejudice 9 "s degree t comes f !  
private ne$ ( us+ hi/ory = political    
ends4 ,unless we c n[ put hi/ory1 real  
hi/ory1 at ! head ( our sci5ces1 ! w> w 
h fail$ ( a great result1 :atev] 9      
p>ticul>1 9 a political way1 x may h    
accompli%$4  ,) su* an und]/&+ ( :at is 
to be meant by hi/ory we say1 if t seems
 an adequate way ( express+ x1 t ! tea*+
 ( hi/ory becomes "o ( ! fundam5tal     
problems ( ! educational "w ( ! day4 ,x 
might be bett] to say t liv+ 9 !        
hi/orical _s is dem&$ z a way (         
salvation ( ! _w4 ,h[ev]1 add+ geography
 & economics to hi/ory we h a cont5t t  
mu/ someh[ be taught 9 ! s*ools4        
,hi/ory1 z ! mo/ concrete sci5ce ( !    
actual _w 9 :i* we live1 n[ seems to h  
become a new c5t] = ! curriculum4       
,hi!rto we h t5d$ to reg>d hi/ory too   
lightly1 z ! /ory ( ! _w2 n[ !re mu/ be 

a deep] view ( x4 ,we mu/ h an und]/&+ (
 ! motives & ! desires ( peoples2 hi/ory
 mu/ n only be broad] & m compreh5sive b
 m p5etrat+ & psy*ological4 ,x is !     
purposes ( nations1 work+ !mselves out 9
 _! hi/ory1 t we mu/ und]/&4 ,!re mu/ no
 long] be great unkn[n places on ! e>?4 
,g]many1 ,russia1 ,japan mu/ n cont9ue  
to be my/]ies4 ,national psy*ology mu/  
be made a "p ( hi/orical int]pretation4 
,?is new hi/ory mu/ be ! means ( %[+ u  
our _w 9 a m total view ?an we h ?us f> 
_h ( x1 s t we may bett] disc]n !       
cont9uity1 if !re be "o1 beh9d ! deta*$ 
movem5ts & multiplicity ( facts pres5t$ 
by ! _w's /ory2 = p]haps1 9 ?is way1 we 
%\ld bett] und]/& :at ! future is to    
produce1 & :at1 m important /ill1 x     
ought to be made to produce4  ,! ne$    
fir/ ( all is = a cont9uation ( ! int]e/
 inspir$ by ! w>--an int]e/ %[+ itself 9
 ! =m ( an univ]sal int]e/ 9 all hi/ory1
 & an int5sive inve/igation ( hi/ory4   
,we ne$ n[1 inde$1 ! mo/ compreh5sive   
/udy ( ! _w t has ev] be5 conceiv$ or   

dream$ ( by man4 ,?is is ! duty ( !     
hi/orians4 ,?is new hi/ory mu/ %[ u :at 
nations are at he>t1 :at !y desire1 :at 
!y c d4 ,su* an und]/&+ ( nations is1 we
 say1 ! real beg9n+ ( int]nationalism4  
,x is a necess>y f\ndation = x1 if      
int]nationalism is to be any?+ m ?an a  
m]ely practical1 prud5tial or political 
arrangem5t among nations4 ,9 !          
s*ool-room ev5tually1 & inde$ beg9n+ n[1
 !re is dem&$ a readju/m5t ( int]e/ by  
:i* hi/ory takes a new & m c5tral place4
 ,we mu/ endeavor to give ! new g5]ation
 a _w-idea4 ,& ^u ! nature & cle>ness ( 
?is _w-idea mu*1 9 ! future1 w dep5d4   
,su* a dem& ^u ! s*ool op5s once m1 (   
c\rse1 all ! old problems ( ! tea*+ (   
hi/ory4 ,all ! dre>y que/ions ( !       
precise ord] 9 :i* hi/ory %\ld be       
taught--:e!r backw>ds or =w>ds1 local   
fir/ or ! rev]se1 may be br\ght up if "o
 *ooses to d s4 ,b aft] all1 ^! que/ions
 are n v fruitful4 ,:at we ne$ mo/ is ! 
hi/orical _s4 ,we want a dramatic       
pres5tation ( ! _w's :ole /ory1 by :i* !

 true mean+ ( hi/ory is convey$4 ,!     
me?ods ( art mu/ be add$ to ! me?ods (  
fact4 ,a p]suasive use ( ! mat]ials (   
hi/ory mu/ be made4 ,?is means a *ange  
f9ally1 p]haps1 n only 9 ! me?ods (     
tea*+ hi/ory1 b 9 ! :ole mood & _s ( !  
s*ool4 ,me?ods are likely to adapt      
!mselves to necessity4 ,c]ta9ly ! sl[   
me?ods ( pres5t+ facts1 sometimes if n  
g5]ally employ$1 ! t$i\s l+]+ ^u        
details1 seems :olly out ( place4 ,we   
ne$ a broad] outlook 9 hi/ory4 ,ev5 ! "y
 *ild mu/ h a m compreh5sive _w-idea1 "s
 s5se ( ! :ole ( ! great _w 9 :i* he    
lives4 ,?is is "o ( ! in/ances1 x may   
be1 9 :i* we mu/ set ab\t break+ up any 
recapitulatory ord]1 natural to ! *ild1 
:i* sugge/s an advance f ! local to ! m 
g5]al & wid] k4 ,! univ]sal int]e/s ( ! 
day s /rongly affect ! *ild1 ! social   
consci\sness s dom9ates ! individual    
consci\sness t ev5 ! natural law (      
developm5t mu/ to "s ext5t yield if     
necess>y4 ,?is social consci\sness1 !   
int]e/s & purposes express$ 9 ! *ild's  

social environm5t1 pres5t ! exp]i5ce ( !
 adult _w dramatically & int5sively1    
ex]t+ z we might say1 a creative p[] ^u 
! m9d4 ,t inde$ is precisely :at ! high]
 tea*+1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( art1 or 9 ! =m (  
vivid exp]i5ce1 convey$ ?\gh ! practical
 life does ev]y:]e 9 education4  ,we d n
 yet "k :at hi/ory1 taught ?us          
dramatically & intimately1 "u ! /imulus 
( ! greate/ ev5ts ( all "t might d = !  
m9d ( ! *ild or = all ! future ( ! _w4  
,we h nev] _h ! mo/ favorable conditions
 = ! tea*+ ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,we h be5 
oblig$ to create int]e/4 ,hi/ory has be5
 taught ext]nally1 f ! /&po9t ( a       
f>-away obs]v]4 ,n[ hi/ory may & mu/ be 
taught m z x is liv$4 ,! _w has become m
 real to e "o2 ?is s5se ( reality ( a _w
 ( hi/orical entities mu/ be made to    
p]si/4 ,we mu/ n g back to our unreal & 
intellectualiz$ hi/ory4 ,! _s ( !       
nations mu/ be made to live aga91 s to  
speak1 9 ! m9ds ( ! com+ g5]ation4 ,:at 
ea* nation /&s =1 its e?os1 its         
p]sonality1 mu/ be made cle>4 ,p[]s says

 t all gov]nm5ts & all nations are      
s9c]e4 ,x is ! s\l ( nations1 !n1 _! own
 realization ( !mselves t mu/ be made ! 
real object ( hi/ory4 ,we mu/ g back ( !
 individual & ! ev5t at lea/1 to !      
desires t h made hi/ory :at x is2 we mu/
 see :y ev5ts h tak5 place1 & :ile      
sacrific+ no?+ ( our own pr9ciples &    
/&>ds1 und]/& & feel :at ! pr9ciples & !
 nature ( ^! widely diff]+ nations      
really are4 ,= ! actual tea*+ ( hi/ory1 
x is likely t ! /ory1 c>ri$ to its      
highe/ po9t ( art1 w /ill be ! *ief     
me?od4 ,b pictorial art mu/ be heavily  
drawn ^u1 & all ! res\rces ( symbolic   
art1 z we pass f ! l[] to ! high] /ages 
9 education1 or1 we _h p]haps bett] say1
 z we try m & m to convey moods & ! _s (
 nations & epo*s & to appeal to ! deep  
motives 9 ! subconsci\s life ( !        
individual4 ,pla9ly !re is mu* "w to d 9
 ! inve/igation & ! tea*+ ( hi/ory = e  
grade & dep>tm5t ( ! educational sy/em1 
f ! gov]nm5t & ! high] univ]sities to ! 
tea*] ( ! "y *ild4 ,x is an age (       

hi/ory1 a day 9 :i* all sci5ces h z "o (
 _! tasks to aid 9 ! und]/&+ ( hi/ory4  
,9 ! broad] _w & ! univ]sal life :i* !  
idea & ! reality ( int]nationalism has  
op5$ up to u1 all mu/ live 9 "s way1 if 
only 9 imag9ation4 ,hi/ory is a "p ( !  
necess>y equipm5t = t life4   ,,ii4 ,!  
,reducation ( ,national ,desires  ,!    
second factor 9 int]nationalism is also1
 on its educational side1 relat$ to a k 
( hi/ory4 ,?is is ! attitude :i* peoples
 mu/ take t[>d _! own purposes &        
ambitions4 ,we mu/ beg9 to speak ( !    
education ( national consci\sness4 ,?is 
process ( ! education ( nations mu/ be  
su* z w tea* peoples to surr5d] c]ta9   
visions mo/ ( !m h 9 reg>d to a future  
:i* _c n[ be realiz$4 ,! cont5t ( !     
desires ( nations mu/ n[ be *ang$4 ,!   
future ( _m peoples w dep5d ^u ! ext5t  
to :i* !y c rema9 progressive &         
en?usia/ic )\t ! /imulus ( imp]iali/ic  
ambitions4  ,consid]+ our own situation 
9 ,am]ica1 x seems pla9 t we h confront+
 u a s]i\s educational problem1 t (     

imp>t+ to ! ris+ g5]ation & ( acquir+ = 
ourselves1 a bett] und]/&+ ( ! mean+ &  
place ( our c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & a m e>ne/  
int]e/ 9 its functions & its welf>e4    
,?is requires some?+ m ?an a tea*+ (    
,am]ican hi/ory4 ,x is "t = u to take   
/ock ( all our mat]ial & all our        
spiritual possessions4 ,we ne$ p]haps to
 discov] :at our ideals really are & :at
 ! ideas & ! =ces are t h made our      
hi/ory :at x has be52 & :at 9 ! future  
we are likely to d & to be1 & ought to d
 & be4 ,we mu/ "q deeply at ?is "t our  
own s\l2 we mu/ look to our in/itutions1
 our lit]ature & our art = an und]/&+ ( 
ourselves4  ,?is m pr(\nd k ( ourselves 
mu/ be made ! basis ( our especial      
educational philosophy4 ,"h is ! mo/    
urg5t ( all our educational problems4   
,education is1 or %\ld be1 a process by 
:i* national "* is con/antly be+ mold$4 
,9 ! s*ool ! nation mu/ le>n mu* t _c be
 read 9 books4 ,x mu/ le>n to believe   
?+s t _c be prov$1 or p]haps ev5        
def9itely =mulat$ z tru?4 ,! s\l ( !    

nation mu/ be subject$1 9 a ^w1 to "s   
k9d ( spiritual lead]%ip4 ,con/ructive  
/atesman%ip mu/ be felt z an influ5ce 9 
! s*ool4 ,! problem is really no?+ less 
?an t ( educat+ & =m+ national "*4 ,n[ t
 we /& less alone z a nation our "* _c  
safely be left s mu* to *ance & to !    
effects ( our favorable environm5t & our
 orig9al /ock ( virtues4 ,we _c cont9ue 
to be s nave & s unconsci\s ( our c\ntry
 z we h be54 ,:at we are & :at we mu/ d 
z a p1 we say1 ought to be bett]        
und]/ood4 ,we %\ld br+ ^! ideals ( ours 
out ( ! mi/s ( p>tisan ?9k+ & give !m m 
def9ite %ape1 & at ! same "t translate  
!m into ! language ( s9c]e liv+4        
,national honor ought to be made a cle>]
 idea4 ,we ought at lea/ to be sure x   
conta9s ! idea ( hone/y4 ,su* prejudices
 z our hi/ory has enc\rag$ 9 u mu/ be   
recogniz$1 & comput$ 9 our p]sonal      
equation4 ,^! prejudices we c]ta9ly     
h>bor--9 reg>d to our own p>ticul> type 
( gov]nm5t1 our culture & education1 our
 fre$om & our democracy & our security4 

,e nation appe>s to h its own idols1 its
 concealm5ts & its self-deceptions1 its 
belief 9 its own supremacy & div9e      
mission1 & its innoc5t fai? 9 its own   
mores4 ,to ov]come su* n>r[ness &       
p]v]sion )\t introduc+ worse faults is a
 difficult problem ( education4 ,9 ei!r 
direction !re appe> to be real dang]s4  
,a nation /eep$ 9 prov9cial ways1 plung$
 z we are n[ into ! mid/ ( _w politics1 
has difficulties ly+ be=e x comp>$ to   
:i* contribut+ a decisive milit>y p[] is
 small4 ,!re are dang]s 9 /&+ alo( f o!r
 peoples4 ,b if we surr5d] too readily  
our prejudices & homespun ways1 & too   
rapidly absorb influ5ces f )\t1 we %all 
be no saf]1 = c>ri$ too f>1 t w\ld mean 
to lose our mission & our vision4 ,!re  
appe>s to be1 moreov]1 no safe & easy   
middle c\rse :i* we c foll[4 ,our only  
c\rse seems to be cle>ly to und]/&      
ourselves1 rise above our limitations & 
difficulties1 turn our faults into      
virtues1 & make ourselves secure by our 
own inn] wor? & p[]4  ,pla9ly !re are   

difficult problems ahead ( ! tea*]s (   
,am]ican hi/ory4 ,!y mu/ n inculcate    
suspicion & fe>1 b !y mu/ n pres5t our  
security 9 a false light4 ,!y mu/ n     
inspire ! w>-l _s & imp]iali/ic         
ambitions1 b !y mu/ d no?+ to less5 our 
s]i\sness ( purpose & en?usiasm = !     
future4 ,!y mu/ n tea* national vanity1 
b !y mu/ n on ! o!r h& enc\rage a _s :i*
 is 9 any way ov]-critical & cynical or 
sup]cili\s4 ,!re mu/ be political wisdom
 on ! "p ( ! p b n a sophi/icat$ /ate ( 
m9d4 ,^! tea*]s mu/ inspire a :olesome  
pride1 )\t creat+ an inflam$ s5se (     
honor su* z has caus$ s _m w>s4 ,!y mu/ 
make cle> ! virtue & ! individuality (  
our own national life1 b 9 do+ ?is !y   
mu/ n disp>age ! =eign & give rise to   
prejudice & antagonism4 ,h[ to e/abli% u
 /ill m firmly 9 our own ess5tial traits
 & philosophy ( life )\t mak+ u conceit$
 & clos$ to good influ5ces f )\t2 h[ to 
give u a /rong s5se ( solid>ity )\t !   
att5dant s5se ( opposition to ev]y?+    
outside ! gr\p is a "p ( our educational

 "w :i*1 9 a broad s5se1 falls to !     
tea*] ( hi/ory4  ,! c5tral problem ( !  
education ( national consci\sness1 9 our
 view1 is to make desires m consci\s &  
to subject !m to discipl9e & ! influ5ce 
( ! be/ ideals ( ,am]ican life4         
,mac,curdy says t by mak+ in/9cts       
consci\s we take a great /ep 9 advance4 
,t we %\ld say is true1 if we make !m   
consci\s 9 ! "r way1 & d n try to       
sub/itute rational pr9ciples = !m4 ,b we
 ne$ to g fur!r2 we mu/ n only und]/& & 
control ! impulses ( aggression1        
jeal\sy1 fe> & ! l t h play$ su* a s9i/]
 "p 9 hi/ory1 b we mu/ "k m ab\t ^?     
complex & subtile ?+s we call moods1 :i*
 are really ! ma9 =ces 9 mod]n life4 ,^!
 moods are accumulations & repositories 
( int]e/s & desires1 & !y mu/ be        
appreciat$ by all :o z educators1       
und]take to direct ! =ces 9 our national
 life4 ,^! desires mu/ be made m        
def9itely consci\s ev]y:]e1 & be        
subject$ to influ5ce & education4 ,x is 
n simply in/itutions1 organizations &   

factions t mu/ be wat*$ & controll$1 j  
because ^! are ! m obvi\s & mo/ easily  
affect$ expressions ( t5d5cies &        
desires1 b all ! subtile feel+s or moods
 :i* are ! raw mat]ials1 s to speak1 (  
future conduct1 ideals1 & in/itutions4  
,"h comes to view1 ( c\rse1 our :ole    
problem ( assimilation ( het]og5e\s     
elem5ts4 ,favor$ by our geographical    
position1 & by ! =tunate success & !    
great sugge/ive p[] ( ! ideal ( lib]ty )
 :i* our hi/ory began1 ,am]ica has _h1 z
 we all realize1 ?us f> an unusual c>e]4
 ,we h be5 able to assimilate =eign     
elem5ts ) great rapidity4 ,we may n be s
 =tunate 9 ! future4 ,di/ances :i* h    
sev]$ our new peoples f _! old ties h   
become /rangely %ort5$ by ! w>4 ,our    
problems ( adju/m5t h become m subtile &
 complex4 ,! necessity ( succe$+ 9      
unify+ our population is m urg5t4 ,!re=e
 our future developm5t1 z a nation1     
becomes to a great] ext5t a process (   
consci\s direction2 :at we h done navely
 & by %e] =ce ( our p[]s ( gr[?1 we mu/ 

d n[1 x is likely1 m delib]ately &      
effici5tly4  ,we h be=e u 9 ,am]ica !   
highly important & by no means easy task
 ( h>moniz+1 "u new conditions1 all     
sorts ( =ces & desires by direct+ !m 9  
ways & t[>d ends :i* _c n[ be :olly     
det]m9$4 ,!re is bo? a psy*ological & a 
p$agogical aspect ( ! situation4        
,psy*ology mu/ p]=m = ,am]ican life     
some?+ v mu* l a psy*o-analysis2 we %\ld
 expect to see z a result ( ! w> a      
greatly increas$ int]e/1 on ! "p ( !    
,am]ican p1 9 !mselves2 self-und]/&+ &  
self-int]pretation1 we %\ld suppose1    
w\ld be advanc$2 all ! sci5ces ( human  
nature we %\ld ?9k w\ld be call$ ^u to  
help u to make a new ,am]ican hi/ory &  
to =mulate ! purposes ( our national    
life4  ,on ! p$agogical side we might   
expect reasonably to see a deep5$       
s9c]ity on ! "p ( all :o 9 any way /& 9 
! position ( tea*]s4 ,we are dep5d5t ^u 
lead]s 9 a democratic c\ntry1 & all     
lead]s 9 :atev] place 9 society w\ld n[1
 "o might hope1 feel a height5$ s5se (  

duty1 bo? to und]/& & to influ5ce       
,am]ican life1 to repres5t 9 _! own     
p]sons & tea*+s ! highe/ ideals1 & inde$
 to become truly creative =ces 9        
society4 ,b\tr\x says t ,g]many is a    
product ( an ext]nal                    
ph5om5on--education4 ,am]ica1 we %\ld   
say1 mu/ become m & m a product ( an    
int]nal ph5om5on--education4 ,t is1 !   
=ces t w cont9ue to %ape our c\ntry mu/ 
be 9 ! =m ( lead]%ip gr[+ out ( ! be/   
impulses & ! true mean+ ( our           
civilization4 ,no =ces w make ( u some?+
 we are n by nature2 our /r5g? mu/      
cont9ue to come f )91 b x is !          
ari/ocratic _s1 ! ari/ocracy ( g5ius 9 !
 fields ( intellect1 morality & art t   
mu/ ( c\rse h ! fulle/ opportunity to   
influ5ce all our in/itutions1 ev5 !     
s*ool room4  ,s to organize our         
educational sy/em t x %all be ?r[n wide 
op5 to all new & good influ5ces2 s to   
conduct ! s*ool t x %all be imm$iately  
responsive to ^! influ5ces1 is "o ( !   
mo/ urg5t ne$s ( ! int]nal life ( !     

nation4 ,?is1 r ?an ! introduction ( any
 new cont5t into ! s*ool is n[ our *ief 
ne$4 ,"s ( ^! influ5ces mu/ be p]sonal1 
belong+ to ! pres5t4 ,"s belong to !    
pa/4 ,we mu/ make ,am]ican hi/ory1      
poetry1 oratory1 sci5ce1 art &          
philosophy s]ve m completely ?an !y d n[
 ! ideals & ! "r ambitions ( ! nation4  
,?is is ! way we mu/ bo? br+ ! pa/ to   
full] realization & also create new life
 :i* %all make am5ds = ! defici5cies ( !
 pa/4   ,,iii4 ,practical ,int]e/s  ,!  
f\ndation ( int]nationalism1 9 our view1
 is ! recognition ( ! legitimate desires
 & ne$s ( peoples4 ,! desires ( peoples 
:5 educat$ %\ld become int]e/s 9 !      
p]=mance ( all normal functions (       
national life4 ,! functions are         
practical2 !y take ! =m ( _m commonplace
 & daily activities4 ,! recognition ( ! 
legitimacy ( ! desires ( nations        
implies1 or at lea/ naturally leads to1 
cop]ation 9 _! accompli%m5t4 ,x is v    
probable1 !re=e1 & x appe>s to be       
requir$ 9 any int]nationalism t is m ?an

 a "n1 t !re %all be 9 ! future wide    
cop]ation 9 ! p]=mance ( v>i\s          
activities by int]national organizations
 & agreem5ts4 ,if ?is is to be ! ord] ( 
! future1 new educational ef=ts w be    
dem&$1 & !re mu/ be diff]5t me?ods &    
diff]5t po9ts ( view 9 sev]al phases (  
our educational sy/em1 = n[ all         
education is devis$ ) ref]5ce to an     
autonom\s /ate ( ! nation4  ,if         
practical cop]ation becomes a "p ( our  
plan ( int]national organization 9 !    
future1 we %all see _m problems 9 appli$
 economics & indu/ry tak5 up = f> m     
s]i\s consid]ation ?an has be5 possible 
hi!rto4 ,"s ( ^! problems1 attack$ ev5  
on a national scale1 h seem$ hopeless1 b
 :5 view$ 9 _! int]national aspects & ) 
a prospect ( int]national int]e/ & ef=t 
!y seem v diff]5t4 ,!re are _m su*      
problems t[>d ! solution ( :i* education
 mu/ contribute a l>ge "p4 ,we might    
m5tion ! food problem ( ! _w z typical1 
& po9t to ! pres5t _w-wide int]e/ &     
cop]ation z an indication ( :at may come

 9 ! future 9 reg>d to all ! problems ( 
production & di/ribution ( necessities1 
if we really mean any?+ by our          
int]nationalism4 ,app>5tly we hold )9   
our h&s ! means ( alleviat+ mo/1 if n   
all1 ! de/itution ( ! _w4 ,organization 
& education 9 effici5cy are ! necess>y &
 ! suffici5t weapons4  ,s we may        
conclude t an effici5t me?od ( educat+  
peoples 9 ! "w ( food production1 & 9 ! 
habit ( cons]v+ necessities w\ld make a 
wide *ange 9 ! economic condition ( !   
_w4 ,organization :i* %all include 9 "s 
way ! s]vice ( all *ildr51 w add /ill m 
to effici5cy1 & w contribute an         
educational factor ( great importance4  
,9 su* ways we may to an unlimit$ ext5t 
increase ! available en]gies ( ! _w1 &  
make possible1 if we w1 ! fur!r increase
 & expansion ( ! human race4 ,su* a     
possibility & su* an ideal give a       
totally new mean+ to mu* ( ! fundam5tal 
"w ( education4 ,all our dep>tm5ts &    
accessories ( ! educational sy/em t h   
any?+ to d ) ! elem5tal occupations     

acquire a new int]e/ & importance f ?is 
po9t ( view4  ,! :ole field ( indu/ry   
(f]s n[1 inde$1 a broad] educational    
opportunity4 ,*ildr5's h&s are ready to 
d _m ?+s t w increase ! happ9ess & !    
p[]s ( ! *ildr5 !mselves & at ! same "t 
add to ! _w's prosp]ity4 ,*ildr5 mu/1 ( 
c\rse1 n be exploit$ 9 tasks t belong to
 ! adult1 b !re is a prop] place =      
practical organization ( *ildr5 9 ! _w's
 "w1 & a pot5tial helpfulness 9 *ildr5 9
 ! l>g] affairs ( society t has n yet   
be5 drawn ^u1 al?\gh surely we h se51   
dur+ ! ye>s ( ! w>1 :at *ildr5 might    
accompli%4 ,x is above all 9 its        
relations to univ]sal social feel+ t su*
 practical education & use ( *ildhood   
are mo/ significant4 ,out ( ! practical 
activities1 moral results c\ld h>dly    
fail to come4 ,x is n too mu* to expect 
t ! *ildr5 ( ! _w may sometime be s     
organiz$ t ! p[] ( *ildi% en?usiasm1    
rais$ to we "k n :at degree by !        
sugge/ive =ce ( su* _w-wide relations z 
are n[ possible1 may quickly be turn$ to

 ! accompli%m5t ( great tasks1--do+ its 
"p 9 ! s]vice1 ! cons]vation1 ! self    
d5ial1 t any s]i\s int]e/ 9             
int]nationalism w 9 ! future ) b little 
d\bt make necess>y4  ,education t %all  
take into acc\nt ! pr9ciples ( effici5cy
 & economy z appli$ to univ]sal problems
 w be a great advance ^u any tea*+      
hi!rto done 9 ! int]e/ (                
int]nationalism4 ,x is ?r\gh practical  
activity & int]e/1 sugge/+ & requir+    
re/ra9t & cop]ation1 ar\s+ imag9ation & 
! dramatic impulses1 t fruitful &       
p]man5t social affiliations ( nations ) 
"o ano!r w be likely to be made4 ,we may
 safely assume1 9 fact1 t firm          
affiliations c be made only 9 "s su*    
way4 ,int]nationalism1 f ?is po9t (     
view1 is at bottom n a political        
problem1 b an educational problem4 ,! _w
 w be unit$ only ?r\gh ! m$iation ( its 
daily practical ne$s4 ,! motives = su*  
union are !mselves commonplace4 ,moral  
int5tions are repres5t$ also1 & _w      
crises make ! conditions ripe = su*     

cord9ation ( int]e/s1 b !y d n alone    
produce ! def9ite organization )\t :i* !
 _w w cont9ue to be1 z ,dick9son calls  
,europe1 a society 9 ! /ate ( an>*y4    
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,int]nationalism ,,& ,,!
 ,,s*ool 7cont9u$7   ,,iv4 ,! ,high]    
,indu/ry  ,x is 9 ! high] =ms (         
practical cop]ative activity & 9 !      
intellectual processes1 ! int]e/s &     
social feel+s accompany+ !m t we %\ld   
expect to see elaborat$ & made m ideal !
 int]nationalism t has fir/ be5 put to  
"w 9 ! s]vice ( ! _w at a l[] level4    
,!re is "w to d t appeals to pr(\nd     
motives & feel+s4 ,! great eng9e]+      
projects t await u1 ! "w ( explor+1     
coloniz+ & ! l 9 :i* univ]sal int]e/ &  
cop]ation are necess>y fasc9ate ! m9d4  
,^! ?+s satisfy ! dramatic in/9ct1 & !y 
may prove to be 9 ! future an actual    
sub/itute = w>1 z ,james hop$4 ,!       
educational opportunities ( ?is !me1 at 
lea/1 are great4 ,any nation t expects  
to play a great "p 9 ! _w's politics mu/
 expect to d mu* 9 ! _w's s]vice4 ,^!   

nations mu/ be prep>$ 9 e possible way  
to contribute greatly to ! mat]ial      
improvem5t ( ! e>?4 ,to ?is end te*nical
 education1 all along ! l9e1 mu/ be kept
 at a high po9t ( effici5cy4 ,inv5tive  
?\ght 9 all me*anical fields w c]ta9ly  
be a l>ge factor 9 ! culture values (   
peoples 9 ! future4 ,:5 we see :at f\r  
ye>s ( w> h accompli%$ 9 ! way ( giv+ u 
control ov] mat]ial =ces1 we may realize
 :at1 ) ! cont9uation ( a p[]ful        
inc5tive1 might be done 9 ! arts (      
peace4 ,^! great practical ne$s h also1 
z we say1 _! p[] ( appeal to all !      
pr(\nd motives ( ! social life4 ,we mu/ 
make use ( ?is appeal4 ,all ! p[] ( !   
/rong /ory ( ! day's "w mu/ be turn$ ^u 
?is educational problem4 ,all indu/ry1  
inde$1 mu/ be made m dramatic1 z x c be 
"u ! inspiration ( ! l>g] indu/rial life
 :i* ! idea ( int]nationalism op5s up   
be=e u4 ,indu/ry mu/ be made m satisfy+ 
to ! fundam5tal motives ( ! individual1 
:ile at ! same "t x is made m effici5t1 
& m social4 ,! new g5]ation mu/ be fill$

 ) ! romance ( ! _w's "w4 ,only by      
pres5t+ to "y & pla/ic m9ds ! ideal     
features ( "w %all we be able to        
h>monize ! individual & ! social w4     
,only s1 p]haps1 9 an indu/rial age %all
 we be able to escape f be+ de/roy$ by  
indu/rialism4 ,any?+ t w introduce art &
 imag9ation into "w1 any?+ t w ev5      
bright5 a little ! dull moods ( toil w  
help bo? to prep>e ! way = ! wid] _w    
relations we talk ab\t1 & to prev5t !   
mo/ de/ructive elem5ts & moods (        
indu/rialism ga9+ ! upp] h&4   ,v4 ,!   
,democratic ,_s  ,we mu/ ev5tually ?9k (
 int]nationalism on its educational side
 z mo/ fundam5tally a "q ( develop+ 9 ! 
_w ! int]national _s4 ,we might q       
naturally ?9k ( ?is z ! education (     
social feel+ or ( ! social in/9ct4 ,?is 
is1 h[ev]1 n ! mo/ productive attitude  
t[>d ! situation1 9 our view1 simply    
because :5 we ?9k ( ! education ( !     
feel+s we are likely to be satisfi$ ) ! 
pr9ciples ( an old /atic philosophy (   
life & ( ! s*ool4 ,moral & social       

feel+s1 we believe1 gr[ be/ 9 a         
practical m$ium4 ,we _c exp& social     
feel+ at w1 or produce a democratic _s  
by "s simple process ( education4 ,:5 we
 try to ext5d social feel+ too f> we    
make ! moral life ins9c]e4 ,to try to   
exp& social feel+ & moral int]e/ s z to 
make x include ! =eign1 to try to love  
our enemies 9 advance ( all /hetic &    
practical relations ) ! =eign seems     
futile4 ,di/ance mu/ fir/ be elim9at$ by
 imag9ation4 ,social & moral codes mu/  
be f\nd$ ^u intimate relations4 ,ext]nal
 & di/ant relations among peoples make =
 diplomatic =ms & a hypocritical        
morality4 ,^! are sub/itutes = social   
feel+4 ,^! purely social relations (    
nations 7l ^? ( individuals7 always hide
 enmity & jeal\sy4 ,we _c expect1 !re=e1
 to create a moral _s 9 ! relations (   
peoples to "o ano!r by tea*+ alone4 ,we 
_c hope to *ange individualism to       
altruism m]ely by excit+ feel+4 ,our ma9
 ef=t mu/ be direct$ t[>d e/abli%+      
e?ical relations1 r ?an to /imulat+     

moral s5tim5ts4  ,x seems useless to    
prea* univ]sal bro!rhood ei!r to ! *ild 
:o lacks entirely ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce to
 make su* s5tim5ts real1 or to ! work+  
masses :o n[ lack en?usiasm 9 all !     
social relations4 ,at lea/ to dep5d ^u  
su* tea*+ to create int]national _s is  
futile4 ,love = mank9d is too ideal &   
too remote1 z yet1 to ar\se deep & s9c]e
 impulses & feel+s4 ,all tea*+1 !re=e1  
:e!r 9 ! s*ool or else:]e t is direct$  
exclusively or especially to ! moral    
aspects ( peace1 altrui/ic behavior &   
int]nationalism1 seems to-day1 to say ! 
lea/1 peculi>ly inadequate4 ,our _s 9   
education mu/ be broadly humani/ic1 &   
mu/ inde$ lay deep f\ndations = all     
moral & social relations1 b 9 s f> z x  
ends 9 be+ cultural & hortatory x c h no
 deep & la/+ effect4  ,! tea*+ (        
int]national morality & univ]sal        
int]e/s1 & ! developm5t ( a             
_w-consci\sness dep5d fundam5tally1 we  
may suppose1 ^u exp]i5ces :i* are p]haps
 n specifically moral 9 =m at all4 ,x is

 r ev5 by ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce ?an !     
moral t ! social consci\sness w be/ be  
exp&$ & made to encircle ! _w4 ,if we c 
make ! _w seem vividly real to ! *ild we
 %all h ! intellectual cont5t = ! mak+ (
 moral feel+s4 ,! unmoral nature (      
int]national relations & ( ! feel+s (   
peoples = "o ano!r are due 9 great "p   
precisely to ! lack ( p[] ( imag9ation &
 ( t concrete k & exp]i5ce :i* w\ld make
 ! =eign seem real4 ,t :i* is remote f u
 & diff]5t 9 appe>ance seems %ad[y &    
gho/-l4 ,! int]nal mean+ ( t :i* is ?us 
f> away 9 space _c be p]ceiv$4 ,ev]y?+ t
 is =eign t5ds to belong 9 our          
categories m]ely to ! _w ( objects4     
,moral feel+ t[>ds objects is manife/ly 
impossible4 ,int]national law fails to h
 moral =ce because nations are 9 g5]al  
aw>e ( "o ano!r only 9 ^! ext]nal ways4 
,! _w ( =eign objects mu/ be *ang$ to a 
_w ( p]sons hav+ hi/ory & int]nal mean+4
 ,:5 we c int]pret & und]/& int]national
 law 9 t]ms ( relations )9 human        
exp]i5ce & z affect+ individuals1 x w   

beg9 p]haps to seem real & h5ce morally 
obligatory4  ,!re is ano!r aspect ( ! "w
 ( creat+ & direct+ ! wid] social       
consci\sness & giv+ x e?ical purpose &  
=m1 :i* is /ill m fundam5tal1 & at !    
same "t1 to casual ?\ght1 p]haps /ill m 
remote f def9ite moral improvem5t 9 ! _w
 & f all ! imm$iately practical problems
 ( int]nationalism4 ,x is ! mood ( our  
social life :i* we call ! democratic _s1
 & :i*1 made univ]sal1 is ! sub/ratum ( 
int]nationalism t mo/ ( all ne$s to be  
controll$ & educat$4 ,at ! same "t ?is  
democratic _s is lea/ ( all susceptible 
to def9ite & r\t9e discipl9e1 ( all !   
factors ( int]nationalism4 ,?is         
democratic _s conta9s possibilities ( ! 
greate/ good & ( ! greate/ evil4 ,out ( 
x may gr[ int]national ord]1 or         
int]national an>*y & int]nal disruption4
 ,h[ to keep ?is democratic _s          
progressive & con/ructive 9 its temp]1  
broad 9 sympa?y & full ( en?usiasm1 h[  
to free x f infection by all ! poisons t
 are prone to attack ! popul>           

consci\sness is "o ( our great problems 
( education4  ,?is democratic _s is !   
real p[] beh9d int]nationalism4 ,x is z 
! mood ( ! city1 ! :ole _s ( ! mod]n    
urban life1 t x is mo/ significant4 ,!  
mood ( ! city conta9s on "o side !      
possibility ( an int]nationalism :i* is 
no?+ m ?an a surr5d] ( all patriotism1 &
 is at he>t only a mass int]e/ 9 rights 
& ne$s4 ,on ! o!r h& all ! int]e/s &    
impulses t make int]nationalism necess>y
 & possible seem to h _! orig9 9 ! city4
 ,! city repres5ts1 ) all its evil1 !   
high] life & ! l9e ( progress4 ,progress
 passes ?r\gh ! city4 ,! city is !      
symbol ( creativ5ess & a*ievem5t4       
,indu/rialism1 ! ess5tial _s ( ! city1  
is ! condition1 normal & necess>y we mu/
 conclude1 out ( :i* ! necessity (      
int]national ord] arises4 ,x is a phase 
( ! process by :i* nations become       
dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r by be+ specializ$ & 
becom+ d5sely populat$4 ,x is also a    
factor 9 ! cause ( w>s )\t & revolutions
 )94  ,! mood ( ! city is ?us 9 a s5se !

 ess5ce ( life1 b x is also ! s\rce (   
disease & dea? 9 ! national life4 ,x is 
! price t is paid = civilization t !    
city t5ds to become ! h>d5$ art]y (     
national life4 ,! control ( ! city moods
 by educational =ces we may believe is  
"o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all ! problems (
 consci\s evolution4 ,x is ! control at 
! f\nta9-head ( ! =ces out ( :i*        
int]nationalism is to be made t we      
und]take :5 we try to educate ! life ( !
 city1 ) ref]5ce to its good & its evil4
 ,! too rapid urbaniz+ ( ! life (       
nations1 ! production1 9 ! cities1 (    
p[]s too great & too rapidly gr[+ to be 
controll$ by ! civiliz+ =ces 9 a c\ntry 
is ! great dang] 9 mod]n life4 ,s great 
inde$ are ! dang]s 9 ! accel]at$ gr[? ( 
indu/rialism 9 all ! great c\ntries & ! 
increas$ specialization 9 ! indu/rial   
life1 t some?+ radical mu/ be done1 9   
our view1 to c\nt]balance ?is movem5t1 &
 especially to control & to raise to    
high] levels ! psy*ic factors ( city    
life4  ,our educational "w is s]i\s4 ,we

 are try+ to save democracy f itself--f 
be+ de/roy$ by =ces :i* accumulate 9 !  
cities4 ,we mu/ keep life f becom+      
sophi/icat$ be=e its "t4 ,we mu/ prev5t 
en?usiasm f deg5]at+ into mob _s1 & f   
becom+ atta*$ to :olly mat]ial int]e/s4 
,!re mu/ be f\nd1 9 "s way1 means (     
caus+ c\nt]-curr5ts to set 9 aga9/ !    
tide t fl[s s /rongly f c\ntry to city4 
,g]many's fate %\ld tea* u ! dang]s (   
?is city life1 & %[ u h[ ! =ces t ga!r 9
 ! great cities c be turn$ 9 ! direction
 ei!r ( fanatical nationalism or t[>d ! 
l[e/ ( all =ms ( int]nationalism1 9 :i* 
all =m ( gov]nm5t is ?r[n d[n4 ,x mu/   
tea* u also h[ to cat* ! note ( new     
dom9ants t are conceal$ 9 ! ro> ( city  
life1 & to make ^! prevail4  ,! control 
( ! =mation ( ! city moods1 & !         
direction & utilization ( ! great       
en]gies conta9$ 9 !m1 n[ require1 if ev]
 any?+ 7 dem&$ ( consci\s creative ef=t1
 m p[] on ! "p ( all our educational    
factors4 ,! s*ool appe>s n[ to be at !  
p>t+ ( ! ways1 we say1 :5 x mu/ ei!r    

settle d[n to its r\t9e & limit$        
occupation ( prep>+ *ildr5 = life1 or   
become a f> great] p[] 9 ! _w ?an x has 
z yet be54 ,we mu/ decide :e!r ! s*ool  
is to control1 or to be controll$ by1 ! 
political & indu/rial =ces ( ! day4 ,we 
mu/ see :e!r ! s*ool is go+ to reflect !
 culture & ! moods ( ! environm5t1 or   
:e!r ! s*ool %all ex]t a creative       
influ5ce ^u its surr\nd+s4  ,x is pla9 t
 no?+ less ?an a radical *ange 9 ! s*ool
 c n[ greatly alt] its position1 &      
release x f its bondage to politics & f 
! ov]:elm+ influ5ces ( its environm5t1 &
 prev5t ! level+ d[nw>d & ! /]eotyp+    
process t is tak+ place 9 ! s*ool1 bo? z
 reg>ds its intellectual & moral product
 & ! tra9+ & selection ( tea*]s4 ,no?+  
less ?an a movem5t :i* %all break up "s 
( ! deepe/ & mo/ firmly root$ habits &  
conv5tions ( ! s*ool & ?r[ ! s*ool back1
 s to speak1 ^u m g5]ic & primitive     
motives ?an ^? t n[ control x w be      
suffici5t4 ,! s*ool ne$s m ?an any?+    
else a *ange ( sc5e--a *ange ( v5ue1 if 

a legal t]m be all[$4 ,! s*ool ev]y:]e1 
b especially ! s*ool ( ! city1 is       
surr\nd$ by influ5ces t prejudice x to  
fix$ habits ( ?\ght & keep x true to a  
type :i* has long s9ce ceas$ to be      
necess>y4 ,! s*ool is caus+ an 9-bre$+ (
 ! city _s 9 all ! great indu/rial      
c\ntries4  ,no s+le *ange 9 any         
in/itution1 9 our view1 c\ld /rike clos]
 to ! roots ( our :ole educational      
problem ( ! future ?an ! bodily transf] 
( ! city s*ool f> out into ! op5 c\ntry4
 ,su* a move seems :olly practicable1   
economic f e po9t ( view1 ev5 !         
f9ancial1 & x w\ld place ! s*ool 9 a    
position 9 :i* pr(\nd *anges 9 its :ole 
plan & organization c\ld h>dly fail to  
foll[ almo/ automatically4 ,) our pres5t
 facilities = transportation1 ! daily   
exodus ( *ildr5 f ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* are 
be+ produc$ ! elem5ts ( our civilization
 t are h>de/ to control w\ld be entirely
 possible4 ,! effects ^u ! :ole (       
education1 & ^u all ! future life (     
c\ntries l our own c\ld h>dly fail to be

 pr(\nd4 ,! fundam5tal moods ( *ildhood 
w\ld be *ang$1 & ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 *ild  
life w\ld be m am5able to control4      
,s*ools w\ld become m v>iable & m       
exp]im5tal1 & new selective influ5ces   
w\ld be ex]t$ ^u tea*]s presumably 9 !  
direction ( rais+ ! social &            
intellectual av]age ( ! pr(ession4 ,a   
mu* l>g] field w\ld be op5$ up = all ^? 
me?ods ( "w 9 education t may be        
designat$ z /hetic--t is1 t conta9      
qualities ( fre$om1 activity &          
creativ5ess4   ,,vi4 ,idea ( ,_w        
,organization  ,"s =m ( organization (  
nations hav+ def9ite repres5tation1     
con/itution1 & laws1 & ) a c]ta9 degree 
( c5tralization & embodim5t 9 visible   
in/itutions & locations w exi/1 we may  
suppose1 = all future "t 9 ! _w4 ,!     
exi/5ce1 ev5 9 idea1 ( su* organization 
pres5ts to u inevitable educational     
problems4 ,in/ruction 9 a g5]al way &   
univ]sally 9 _w politics1 famili>iz+ all
 ) ! mean+ ( ^! laws & political bodies1
 is b a "p1 al?\gh a necess>y "p1 ( !   

"w4 ,our democratic pr9ciple dem&s t m &
 m int]e/ & p>ticipation 9 all =ms (    
gov]nm5t be acquir$ by ! p1 t peoples & 
n m]ely gov]nm5ts %all be ! units :i*   
are br\ght toge!r1 t !re be m           
organizations ( ! p p]=m+ gr\p          
functions4 ,if ! loyalty ( nations to "o
 ano!r is to be secur$1 z seems         
necess>y1 by e/abli%+ practical         
relations among !m1 ! education ( ! com+
 g5]ations 9 ^! relations &             
organizations & 9 all practical affairs 
seems unavoidable4 ,! p mu/ h a prop]   
appreciation ( common int]e/s z imply+  
common "w1 & n be enc\rag$ to believe t 
rights ( repres5tation are _! *ief      
conc]n4 ,all mu/ "k ! p[] (             
organization4 ,all mu/ see t !          
int]national /ructures ( our own day1   
h[ev] complete 9 =m1 are b a beg9n+ &   
basis ( function1 & t !re mu/ be put    
beh9d ^! =ms all ! en]gies ( ! p1 "y &  
old1 made effective ?r\gh organization =
 practical ef=ts4  ,x is ?r\gh          
p>ticipation 9 activities t are         

int]national 9 scope t1 9 our op9ion1 ! 
be/ education 9 ! idea ( int]nationalism
 w be obta9$4 ,?is is ! way to ! good w 
)\t :i* political ideas w be likely to  
rema9 nationali/ic 9 fact :atev]        
political cord9ations may exi/ among    
nations4 ,x is z a practical idea t     
int]nationalism ne$s n[ to be impress$  
^u ! m9ds ( all4 ,an int]national       
organization mu/ be look$ ^u z some?+   
useful1 :i* w rema9 only if x p]=ms     
functions 9 :i* all are int]e/$ & 9 :i* 
all c 9 "s way take "p4 ,x is a s5se (  
liv+ 9 ! _w r ?an ( belong+ exclusively 
to "o locality t mu/ be taught4 ,x is ! 
idea ( a _w ( nations 9 organic unity r 
?an a _w ( nations atta*$ to "o ano!r by
 political bonds t we ne$ to convey4  ,x
 is active p>ticipation 9 ! bus9ess ( a 
_w t mu/ be reg>d$ z ! necess>y basis = 
education 9 ! idea ( int]nationalism4   
,_w gov]nm5t mu/ be conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( _w
 functions4 ,b we mu/ also provide = !  
mo/ dramatic possible repres5tation (   
ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 ! idea (               

int]nationalism & repres5t$ 9 its laws &
 =ms4 ,! mo/ vivid possible pres5tation 
mu/ be made ( ev]y?+ t is done          
int]nationally1 if we wi% to keep alive 
! _s :i* n[ prevails 9 ! _w4 ,we mu/    
lose no opportunity to make curr5t      
hi/ory impressive2 we mu/ br+ out all   
its dramatic features 9 ord] to fixate  
once = all ! idea ( ! organic unity ( ! 
race1 & its necess>y cord9ation 9       
tangible =ms4 ,int]national law mu/ be  
made intelligible to v "y m9ds1 & n[ t  
we are to h an int]national seat (      
congresses & c\rts ! utmo/ mu/ be made (
 its exi/5ce to give reality to ! idea (
 int]nationalism4  ,^? :o plan = !      
future ( ! int]national idea w d well to
 take into acc\nt ^! p$agogical aspects 
( x4 ,x is q z important to make !      
int]national idea p$agogically p]suasive
 z to make x politically s\nd4 ,su* an  
idea mu/ h a place & an embodim5t if x  
is to seize hold ^u ! popul> m9d4 ,an   
int]national city seems indisp5sable1 & 
! fur!r ! ?\ght ( x c be remov$ f t (   

exi/+ c\ntries ! m readily w x aid ! "y 
m9d 9 mak+ ! ab/ractions necess>y to    
conceive ! true int]e/s ( all nations or
 all humanity z di/9ct f ! int]e/s ( "o 
nation4 ,9 ?is we are mak+ beg9n+s to be
 realiz$ p]haps 9 a f> di/ant future4   
,we want no unnatural & s5tim5tal       
int]nationalism1 b !re is e reason n[ = 
wi%+ to plant ! se$ ( a high] & m       
organic life ?an at ! pres5t "t exi/s 9 
! _w4  ,! "q ( ! possibility ( an       
univ]sal language arises aga94 ,!       
inv5tion ( a new language1 if we may    
judge at all by ! pa/1 is n practicable4
 ,b ! ext5sion univ]sally ( "s liv+     
language seems possible4 ,?is seems to  
be dem&$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! int]national    
idea4 ,x is desirable & q possible to   
make all civiliz$ peoples bil+ual1 = (  
c\rse we %\ld n expect any:]e to see a  
=eign language supplant ! native tongue4
 ,x is n alone to facilitate int]c\rse &
 give a s5se ( solid>ity t ! possession 
( an univ]sal language is to be desir$4 
,we ?9k q z mu* ( ! impetus ?us giv5 to 

! production ( an univ]sal lit]ature1 9 
:i* !re w be express$ n only ideas ab\t 
! _w1 b moods :i* w n be f\nd express$ 9
 national lit]atures at all4 ,?is       
lit]ature might be ! beg9n+ ( a         
solid>ity 9 ! _w :i* is n n[ def9itely  
conceivable4 ,su* an ext5sion (         
language1 h[ev]1 we %\ld h>dly expect to
 take place except 9 ! c\rse (          
developm5t ( practical relations :i*    
fir/ /imulate ! desire = su* common     
language4   ,,vii4 ,! ,philosophical    
,attitude  ,!re is an elem5t 9 ! idea & 
mood ( int]nationalism :i* we c call    
no?+ else b philosophic4 ,! ideality &  
univ]sality ( int]nationalism itself are
 expressions ( ! philosophic _s4        
,int]nationalism1 we might say1 is a    
philosophic idea1 al?\gh ?is might mean 
to "s t we place x among ! unrealizable 
& ,utopian plans4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,!
 philosophic _s is1 9 our view1 ! mo/   
practical ( moods1 s9ce x is ! creative1
 lib]al1 & progressive attitude & !     
s\rce ( ! mo/ pr(\ndly "r judgm5ts ev5 9

 practical affairs4 ,! philosophic _s is
 a backgr\nd1 we may say1 = all ! m     
specific moods1 ?\ghts & activities t   
ent] into ! idea ( int]nationalism4  ,& 
yet1 real & important z ! philosophic _s
 is1 we _c readily discuss x z a def9ite
 aspect ( education4 ,! reason is t x   
involves ! educational f\ndations       
!mselves4 ,! _s1 ! me?od & ! cont5t ( ! 
s*ool are all involv$ 9 x4 ,we c1 h[ev]1
 f9d "s concrete manife/ations ( ?is    
philosophic attitude4 ,9 ! fir/ place we
 might say t x is a religi\s mood 9     
education4 ,x is dem&$ ( any s*ool t    
hopes to play a l>ge "p 9 ! affairs ( ! 
_w t1 9 a broad s5se1 its :ole _s be    
religi\s4 ,! s*ool mu/ be deeply t\*$ by
 ! s5se ( a spiritual _w4 ,! hi/ory ( ! 
_w mu/ be felt to be real--t is1 z an   
unfoldm5t ( purpose 9 ! _w4 ,! values & 
! mean+ ( ev]y?+ are to be appreciat$ & 
und]/ood1 accord+ to ?is view1 ?r\gh a  
process ( enri*m5t ( ! m9d "u ! influ5ce
 ( ! highe/ social ideals express$ 9 !  
mo/ p]suasive =ms4 ,education ?us c5t]s 

9 ! "w ( develop+ ! p[] to appreciate   
values 9 all exp]i5ce4 ,any?+1 too1 t   
su/a9s optimi/ic moods helps to create !
 philosophical _s1 & "o function ( ?is  
philosophic _s is to =e/all ! cynical   
moods & ! n>r[ & prejudic$ ways ( ?9k+  
:i* are among ! mo/ dang]\s t5d5cies ( !
 times4 ,! t5d5cy to =m judgm5ts ^u     
insuffici5t evid5ce & to act accord+ to 
n>r[ & "o-sid$ pr9ciples is incompatible
 ) ! philosophic attitude4  ,x is (     
c\rse by no means ! actual tea*+ (      
philosophy to e "o1 or ! spread+        
broadca/ ( any p>ticul> philosophical   
pr9ciple t "o w\ld advocate z a         
prev5tive culture or to cure exi/+      
evils4 ,x is r a mode ( liv+ & ( ?9k+   
?r\gh\t society & 9 all ! educational   
process t is want$4 ,:at we ne$ is a    
bett] quality ( m5tal product1 m        
capacity to p5etrate into ! he>t &      
sub/ance ( exp]i5ce1 great]             
responsiv5ess to good influ5ces1 great] 
ability to judge values1 & a m pla/ic & 
m freely fl[+ m5tal life4 ,^! are (     

c\rse l>ge dem&s & imply fai? & an      
int]e/ 9 a remote future4 ,b a s*ool :i*
 is religions ?r\gh & ?r\gh 9 its       
attitude t[>d life & is deeply t\*$ by !
 influ5ce ( art 9 all its ways ( deal+ )
 ! *ild w g a long way t[>d fulfill+ !  
requirem5ts ( an education 9 ! _s (     
philosophy4  ,su* conclusions z ^! might
 at lea/ s]ve1 we %\ld suppose1 z a     
work+ hypo!sis1 ^u ! basis ( :i* we may 
consid] 9 detail a v>iety ( que/ions ( !
 day4 ,new problems h aris5 be=e ! eyes 
( ! tea*]1 & inde$ obtrude !mselves ^u  
all :o mu/ take "p 9 ! practical life ( 
o!rs4 ,"s ( ^! problems are due to *ang$
 ext]nal relations ( c\ntries to "o     
ano!r4 ,"s are problems ( int]nal       
adju/m5t & recon/ruction4 ,at lea/ !y   
may s be classifi$ = purposes (         
discussion4 ,9 reality all *anges are   
too closely b\nd up ) "o ano!r to all[ u
 to treat !m practically z indep5d5t4   
,no nation any long] /&s alone4         
,int]nationalism is an idea t p5etrates 
all o!r practical ideas4 ,& no int]nal  

problems ( any nation c be :olly local4 
,! _w is 9 a peculi> b also an inspir+  
way at ! pres5t "t a s+le field ( labor 
= ! educational ?9k] & inde$ ! tea*] 9 e
 field ( human life4     ,,*apt] ,,iv   
,,peace ,,& ,,milit>ism   ,among ! _m   
p$agogical que/ions rais$ & giv5 new    
significance by ! w>1 is t ( ! tea*+    
ab\t w> & ab\t peace4 ,?is is a "q (    
ideals1 & ( values & ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4  
,!re are practical & sup]ficial que/ions
 to be consid]$4 ,!re are also m pr(\nd 
problems1 s9ce all our tea*+ ( good &   
evil is implicat$4 ,%all we cont9ue1 9  
"o mom5t1 to assume t w> is ! greate/   
glory 9 ! _w1 & 9 ! next to condemn x z 
! greate/ ( evils8 ,%all we z tea*]s    
take ! /&po9t ( pacifism8 ,or %all we be
 /ill apo/les ( ! h]oic ord]8 ,?is is   
really no simple matt]1 & x is n "o to  
be laid aside1 directly x beg9s to      
di/urb u1 z unimportant4 ,no "o pass+   
?r\gh ! exp]i5ces ( ! pa/ f\r ye>s c h  
:olly escap$ ?is dilemma1 or c h kept   
himself entirely alo( f ! d\bts &       

p]plexities t mu/ always be atta*$ to   
religi\s & philosophical problems ( good
 & evil4 ,^! d\bts & hesitations are    
necess>ily increas$ :5 we try to become 
consi/5t tea*]s & wise c\nselors ( ! "y4
  ,x w\ld be ( psy*ological int]e/ at   
lea/ to collect all ! argum5ts & op9ions
 t h be5 put =? ab\t ! good & evil ( w>4
 ,!re is a t5d5cy = morali/s to g to    
extremes4 ,! writ]s on w> are likely to 
be ei!r ard5t pacifi/s or /rong         
milit>i/s4 ,!y d n try to /rike a       
balance betwe5 good & evil1 b w> is ei!r
 a great bless+ ^u mank9d or ! greate/  
curse ( ! ages4 ,9 g5]al !y d n seek to 
base _! conclusions ^u ultimate         
philosophical pr9ciples1 b r ^u moral or
 biological pr9ciples1 or1 aga91 ^u     
pref]5ces = ! activities ( w> or ! arts 
( peace4 ,h[ v diff]5t ! good & evil (  
w> & peace may seem f diff]5t po9ts (   
view is well %[n by ! foll[+ exc]pt f a 
daily newspap]3                         
,a ,,deadly ,,p>allel   ,,?is ,,is ,,!  
,,way ,,g]many ,,talks     ,,?is ,,is   

,,:at ,,! ,,sc\t  ,,to ,,"y ,,boys ,,(  
,,sc\t ,,age        ,,organization      
,,tea*es ,,am]ican                      
,,boys                                  
,f ! ,h&book = ,boys1                   
#ag? edition1 page #ded4                
,w> is ! noble/ &           ,! movem5t  
is "o =  holie/ expression ( human      
effici5cy & patriotism4 ,x  activity4 ,=
 u1 too1 !        does n try to make    
soldi]s  glad great h\r ( battle        
( boy sc\ts1 b to make  w /rike4 ,/ill &
 deep       boys :o w turn out z m5  9 !
 ,g]man he>t mu/ live     to be f9e     
citiz5s1 & :o  ! joy ( battle & !       
w if _! c\ntry ne$s  long+ = x4 ,let u  
!m make bett] soldi]s =  ridicule to !  
utmo/ !        hav+ be5 sc\ts4 ,no "o   
old wom5 9 bree*es :o         c be a    
good ,am]ican unless  fe> w> & deplore x
 z        he is a good citiz51 &  cruel 
& revolt+4 ,no2 w>      e boy ought to  
tra9  is beautiful4 ,its augu/          
himself s t z a man he  sublimity       
elevates ! human      w be able to d 8  

full  he>t beyond ! e>?ly &      duty to
 ! community4 ,i want  ! common4 ,9 !   
cl\d          to see ! boy sc\ts n      
palace above sit ! h]oes1      m]ely    
utt] f9e s5tim5ts1  ,fr$]ick ! ,great & 
b act on !m1 n m]ely  ,blu*] & all ! m5 
(        s+ ',my ,c\ntry1 ',tis (       
action--! ,great ,emp]or1        ,!e1' b
 act 9 a way t  ,moltke1 ,roon1 ,bism>ck
 are        w give !m a c\ntry to  !re z
 well1 b n !        be pr\d (4 ,no man  
is a good  old wom5 :o w\ld take away   
citiz5 unless he s acts z  our joy 9 w>4
 ,:5 "h on      to %[ t he actually uses
  e>? a battle is won by          ! ,t5 
,comm&m5ts1 &  ,g]man arms & ! fai?ful  
translates ! ,gold5 ,rule  dead asc5d to
 ,heav51 a          into 8 life         
conduct--& ,i  ,potsdam lance corporal w
       don't mean by ?is  call ! gu>d to
 ! door        exceptional cases "u  &  
',old ,fritz' 7,fr$]ick                 
spectacul> circum/ances1  ! ,great71    
spr++ f        b ,i mean apply+ ! ,t5  8
 gold5 ?rone1 w give      ,comm&m5ts & !

 ,gold5  ! comm& to pres5t arms4        
,rule 9 ! ord9>y affairs  ,t is ! ,heav5
 ( ,"y       ( ev]yday life4 ,i hope !  
,g]many4                          boy   
sc\ts w practice                        
tru? & squ>e deal+ &  ,because only 9 w>
 all !      c\rage & hone/y1 s t        
virtues :i* milit>ism          :5 z "y  
m5 !y beg9  reg>ds highly are giv5 a    
tak+ a "p n only 9  *ance to unfold1    
because         e>n+ _! own livelihood1 
only 9 w> ! truly h]oic      b 9 gov]n+ 
!  comes into play1 = !                 
community1 !y may be able  realization (
 :i* on e>?     to %[ 9 practical fa%ion
  milit>ism is above all           _!   
insi/5ce ^u !  conc]n$2 !re=e1 x        
great tru? t ! eigh?  seems to u :o are 
fill$        & n9? comm&m5ts are  ) ! _s
 ( milit>ism     directly relat$ to     
ev]yday  t w> is a holy ?+1 !     life1 
n only betwe5 m5 z  holie/ on e>?1 & ?is
        su* 9 _! private  high e/imate (
 w> 9 its       relations1 b betwe5 m5  
turn makes an ess5tial           & !    

gov]nm5t ( :i*  +r$i5t ( ! milit>y      
!y are a "p4 ,inde$1 !  _s4 ,!re is no?+
 t     boys1 ev5 :ile only boys1        
trades-p compla9 ( s      c h a v real  
effect  mu* z t we reg>d x z      ^u !  
conduct ( !  holy4                      
gr[n-up memb]s ( !                      
community1 = dec5cy &                   
squ>e deal+ are j z                     
contagi\s z vice &                      
corruption4  ,! praise ( w> takes _m    
=ms1 & invokes _m fundam5tal            
pr9ciples--e?ical1 /hetic1 biological1  
sociological4 ,f ,leibnitz' say+ t      
p]petual peace is a motto fit only = a  
gravey>d to ,moltke's t peace is only a 
dream & n ev5 a beautiful dream1 !re is 
a long li/ ( def5ses ( w>4 ,?is         
philosophy ( w> is by no means peculi>ly
 ,g]man1 al?\gh ,g]man writ]s seem to h 
be5 ! mo/ ard5t apologi/s ( w> 9 rec5t  
times4 ,treits*ke1 ,s*mitz 7#bi71 ,s*el]
 7#gg71 ,nusbaum 7#hf71 ,arndt1         
,/e9metz1 ,lasson1 ,engelbre*t1         
,s*oonmak]1 all s+ ! praises ( w> z !   

mo/ glori\s "w ( man1 or z p]=m+ =      
civilization "s noble good4 ,ev5 ,hegel 
said t w>s invigorate humanity j z !    
/orm pres]ves ! sea f putresc5ce4  ,b   
?is praise ( w>1 we say1 is by no means 
exclusively ,g]man4 ,?ucydides ?\ght w> 
a noble s*ool ( h]oism1 ! ex]cise gr\nd 
( ! nations4 ,to ,mohamm$ & 8 ,arabs w> 
seem$ n only 9 itself a h]oism1 we are  
told1 b a div9e act4 ,?is belief 9 w> z 
div9e is an idea t is v wide-spread     
among primitive peoples4 ,cramb1 !      
,engli% writ]1 says t x is v easy to    
demon/rate t ! glory ( battle is an     
illusion1 b by ! same argum5t y may     
demon/rate t all glory & life itself is 
an illusion & a mock]y4 ,r$i] says t !  
w> has br\ght u all ! noble joys s      
necess>y to /imulate mank9d1 & "o no    
long] f9ds happ9ess1 !re=e1 9 sleep+    
com=tably1 b only 9 liv+ bravely4  ,!re 
is no lack1 inde$1 ( recognition ( !    
h]oic motive 9 w>4 ,sometimes ! argum5t 
appeals to religion1 sometimes to art1  
sometimes to morality4 ,sometimes !     

advocates ( w> are ?9k+ ( w> z ! great  
adv5ture4 ,w> & ! ?\ght ( w> induce an  
ec/asy1 a gl[ ( ! feel+s4 ,w> is ?\ght (
 z an expression ( normal1 heal?y life1 
z mak+ life m abundant & m beautiful4   
,w> br+s out fundam5tal virtues 9 !     
individual2 x also de/roys ! weak] & !  
mean] race & leaves ! /rong & ! virtu\s4
 ,/ruggle1 !y say1 is ! me?od (         
civilization4 ,aga91 x is urg$ t w> is  
always j 9 its issues4 ,l ! old ordeal  
:i* always regi/]$ ! decrees ( heav51 w>
 is ! j arbit] ( fate4 ,! sav+ ( ! _w   
?r\gh blood%$1 ! unit+ ( ! _w ?r\gh w>1 
w> z ! great tea*] ( mank9d1 w> z !     
creator ( great p]sonalities--all ^! are
 p]si/5t !mes 9 ! lit]ature ( w>4 ,!re  
is no place = ! pacifi/ 9 ! m9ds ( ^!   
apologi/s ( ! h]oic ord]4 ,! crises ( w>
 are hi/oric necessities2 !y come :5 x  
is "t to release p f ! bondage ( ! pa/ &
 to br+ individuali/ic g5]ations back to
 ! s5se ( duty & ( loyalty to great     
causes4 ,?is is ! belief ( _m1 ev5 n[4  
,on ! o!r side we f9d ! great v>iety (  

pacifi/ic m9ds4 ,w> to ! pacifi/s is    
wrong1 unholy1 morally s9ful1           
biologically & economically & 9 e o!r   
way evil4 ,! consci5ti\s objector's po9t
 ( view is v simple4 ,w> antagonizes "s 
pr9ciple :i* is religi\sly or morally   
supreme = him4 ,!re=e !re c be no       
ju/ification ( w> :atev]1 & x ought to  
be aboli%$ at any price4 ,:5 y ask !    
objector to g to w>1 y invite him to    
commit a flagrant s94 ,! ,engli%        
lit]ature ( pacifism is full ( ?is moral
 & religi\s prote/ation aga9/ w> :i* 9 !
 m9ds ( ! objectors becomes a f9ality   
beyond :i* x is futile to ask !m to g4  
,! psy*ological & ! biological pacifi/s 
are h>dly less emphatic 9 _!            
condemnation ( w>4 ,! biological ?9k]   
und]takes to refute ! !ory t w> is      
selective4 ,he c\nts ! co/ ( w> 9 t]ms (
 human life & ( racial vitality1 &      
produces a condemn+ docum5t4 ,t w> inde$
 selects b selects unfavorably & 9 an   
adv]se direction is ! conclusion ( _m1  
among !m ,savorgnan 9 8 book ,la ,gu]ra 

e la ,populazione1 9 :i* he calls w>    
dysg5ic4 ,! psy*ologi/ t5ds to see 9 w> 
a rev]sion1 a lapse to b>b>ism4 ,w> is a
 product ( ! orig9al savage 9 man1 :om  
civilization has nev] tam$1 z ,freud    
w\ld say4 ,w> l+]s because ( man's love 
( old in/itutions4 ,we cl+ to old habits
 & cu/oms1 :i* take on a semblance ( !  
/hetic1 because ( _! antiquity & old    
associations4 ,?is is ! explanation by  
,nicolai4 ,russell ?9ks m5 fight because
 !y are /ill ignorant & despotic4       
,patrick ?9ks ( w> z a slip 9 ! psy*ic  
ma*9]y4 ,mac,curdy 7#cg7 & o!rs ?9k ( w>
 z a m5tal or a social disease4  ,^u !  
h>d%ips ( w>1 its economic futility &   
its %e] s5selessness1 :5 look$ at f !   
/&po9t ( any rational desire1 _m base _!
 conclusion t w> is evil4 ,! work+ man &
 all ! masses are likely to concur 9 ?is
 op9ion4 ,:5 !y exam9e w> !y see t !y   
!mselves z !y ?9k are us$ 9 ! int]e/ ( !
 few1 t !y %$ _! blood = a glory 9 :i*  
!y d n %>e4 ,!y say1 all m5 are bro!rs1 
& s :y %\ld !y kill "o ano!r4 ,m5 seem m

 real to !m ?an d b\nd>ies ( c\ntries   
:i* !y nev] see1 & ! int]e/s ( weal? t  
is also invisible4  ,su* ?\ght z ?is has
 beh9d x "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful m9ds1 z we   
"k4 ,x is ,tol/oi's philosophy1 & x is !
 argum5t ( su* m5 z ,novic[4 ,!         
pr(essional economi/ & ! /ud5t ( hi/ory 
add _! prote/s4 ,!y say t milit>y       
peoples fade away1 :ile ! peaceful live 
& prosp]1 t ! c\ntry ^: milit>y p[] is  
irresi/ible is doom$4 ,^! are ! words ( 
,rob]ts4 ,"s try to demon/rate t no?+ is
 ga9$ economically by w>2 t all ! "w (  
w> is de/ructive1 to e "o engag$ 9 x4 ,x
 is argu$ t ! nation t is suit$ to live 
w prevail )\t w>s2 & t )\t ?is inn]     
sup]iority1 w> w avail no?+4 ,w> is bad 
bus9ess1 9 ! op9ion ( ^! economic ?9k]s4
 ,w> is l sett+ ! dog on ! cu/om] at !  
door1 ! practical man 9 ,engl& compla9$ 
at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t w>4 ,z to w> be+ 
associat$ ) intellig5ce & ) virtue 9    
nations1 or z to its ev] produc+ ei!r   
intellectual or moral qualities1 _m w\ld
 flatly d5y t w> ev] has su* a result4  

,! opposite w\ld seem ne>] ! tru? to !m4
 ,milit>y nations are un9tellig5t       
nations1 & milit>ism is always          
brutaliz+4  ,su* pacifism & ! dream (   
univ]sal peace are no new ideas 9 ! _w4 
,l ! philosophy ( w> pacifism has a long
 hi/ory4 ,!re h be5 pacifi/s ev]y:]e &  
presumably at all times1 s9ce pacifism  
is q z mu* a temp]am5t z x is an idea or
 a philosophy4 ,cramb tells u t all     
rec5t c5turies h _h _! doctr9es (       
pacifism1 ea* c5tury hav+ its own       
*>act]i/ic v>iety4 ,9 ! "t ( !          
,m>lbor\gh w>s1 !re appe>$ ! book ( ,abb
 de ,/4 ,pi]re d5\nc+ all w>s4 ,9 !     
middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re is !      
doctr9e ( ! ,man*e/] s*ool1 ma9ta9+ t ! 
peace ( ,europe mu/ be secur$ n by      
religion1 b by ! cop]ation ( ! indu/rial
 =ces ( ! cont95t4 ,f9ally1 says ,cramb1
 we see ! *>act]i/ic ?\ght ( ! tw5tie?  
c5tury 9 ! position t w> is bad because 
x is contr>y to social well-be+ & is    
economically pr(itless1 alike to !      
victor & ! vanqui%$4 ,?is is ! pacifism 

( ! sociali/ :o holds t ! ties ( common 
labor & economic /ate are fundam5tal1 & 
divisions into nationality are second>y 
& unimportant2 & t milit>ism belongs to 
! p]nici\s /ate ( society :i* p]petuates
 capitalism & privilege & to gov]nm5t z 
a function ( ! favor$ classes4  ,?is is 
c]ta9ly n ! place to try to put ord]    
into ?is conflict+ mass ( op9ion ab\t w>
 & peace by work+ out ! pr9ciples ( a   
philosophy ( good & evil1 s9ce ?is w\ld 
mean to attack "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal (  
all problems ( philosophy4 ,x seems to  
be pla91 h[ev]1 t nei!r ^u biological   
gr\nds nor by e?ical pr9ciples1 nor by  
f9d+ any cons5sus 9 ! desires & op9ions 
( ?9k]s c we rea* any h>d & fa/         
conclusions ab\t ! good & evil ( w>4 ,x 
is r by a broad int]pretation ( ! _w & (
 hi/ory & ! nature ( national           
consci\sness1 by "s g5etic view (       
national life1 t we are mo/ likely to   
see our way t[>d a practical view ( !   
pres5t good & evil ( w>4 ,w> is a phase 
( ! :ole process ( social developm5t (  

nations4 ,we ?9k ( nations z liv+ &     
gr[+1 & ( a _w :i* is gradually matur+4 
,w> obta9s a natural explanation on     
sociological & psy*ological pr9ciples1 n
 z a disease1 b z a natural consequ5ce &
 condition ( ! =mation ( nations1 or (  
any type ( horde or gr\p4 ,9 ! c\rse ( !
 developm5t ( nations we see            
psy*ological factors com+ m & m to !    
front4 ,desires :i* are m or less       
consci\sly av[$ become ! motives (      
hi/ory4 ,x is 9 ! play ( ^! desires3 _! 
fixation1 _! g5]alization1 &            
trans=mation1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y become   
atta*$ to specific objects1 t we seek ! 
explanation ( w>s & ( ! especial        
psy*ology ( nations4 ,nations h liv$    
seclud$ & gu>d$ lives1 because ( !      
nature ( ! desires :i* 7 mo/ fundam5tal 
9 _! lives1 & ! objects ^u :i* ^!       
desires h become direct$4 ,n[ nations %[
 "s signs ( em]g+ f _! seclusion1 (     
ab&on+ _! ambitions ( empire1 & lead+ a 
m complex & m practical life4  ,9 ?is   
progress we see ! possibility ( ! f9al  

disappe>ance ( w>4 ,b we h no "r to     
p]v]t ei!r hi/ory or education 9 ! ef=t 
to elim9ate w>1 or ev5 to pass judgm5ts 
^u w> prematurely or ^u ! basis (       
p]sonal pref]5ces1 or ! moods ( any     
mom5t4 ,! :ole _w might1 conceivably1 be
 br\ght toge!r & be made to decl>e      
solemnly t !re %\ld be no m w>4 ,nations
 w\ld !reby volunt>ily rel9qui% _!      
aggressive ?\ghts1 put aside ! love !y h
 = ! h]oic & take ju/ice & peace z _!   
wat*words4 ,& all ?is w\ld seem ideal4  
,b if ! elim9ation ( w> %\ld mean t we h
 no long] any?+ = :i* m5 are will+ to   
die1 if m]ely to escape f w> we         
volunt>ily sacrifice good t m ?an       
c\nt]balances ! evil we ov]come1 we %\ld
 say t peace _h be5 b\ght at too high a 
price4 ,t]rible z w> is1 x _c be judg$  
by itself alone4 ,we h a "r to look =w>d
 to a "t :5 !re %all be no m w>1 j z    
ev]y:]e x seems to be in/9ctive = u to  
try to ga9 good )\t its att5dant tr\ble 
& evil4 ,9 ! meantime ! _w _h be/ busy  
itself1 ma9ly1 9 our view1 ) creat+ ^?  

?+s t are be/1 r ?an 9 de/roy+ ^? ?+s t 
are wor/4 ,nations1 l individuals1 mu/  
lead bravely haz>d\s lives1 )\t too mu* 
?\ght ( dang]s4 ,peace z a sole program 
= ! mak+ ( hi/ory appe>s to be too n>r[1
 & especially too unproductive4         
,int]nationalism t is m]ely a comb9ation
 ( peoples to prev5t w> is n v inspir+1 
especially s9ce x is d\btful :e!r x ev5 
leads to peace4 ,a broad hi/orical view 
t w enable u j n[ to make good come out 
( ! evil ( w> w be a bett] organ (      
consci\s evolution ?an a philosophy (   
peace c possibly be4  ,su* views z ^!   
give u at lea/ "s clews to ! educational
 & p$agogical problems ( w> & peace4 ,we
 c di/+ui% betwe5 an education :i* deals
 specifically ) su* problems1 endeavor+ 
to treat !m %>ply & ) f9ality1 mak+ cle>
 moral decisions1 & an education :i* by 
enri*+ ! m9d & by educat+ all !         
selective faculties leads to an         
appreciation ( all great practical &    
moral que/ions z aspects ( ! :ole (     
hi/ory & ( life4  ,let u see :at !      

specific tea*+ ( peace may & may n      
include4 ,fir/ ( all we _c1 =           
educational purposes1 judge ev]y?+ 9 !  
lives ( nations by moral pr9ciples4 ,!  
ideal ( univ]sal bro!rhood & cop]ation1 
( sacrifice & altruism1 _c be realiz$ 9 
! pres5t /age ( hi/ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 
/]n picture ( ju/ice is "o t fits into !
 pres5t mood ( ! _w4 ,ju/ice is !       
natural l9k betwe5 individualism &      
altruism4 ,a _w det]m9$ ^u see+ ju/ice  
done1 a _w :i*1 )\t sett+ absolute      
values ^u peace & w>1 does di/+ui%      
betwe5 j & unju/ w>s1 betwe5 ! dem&s & !
 ne$s ( peoples1 leans t[>d ! moral     
life4 ,x has little to say ab\t duties z
 yet1 or comp>atively little1 b x has a 
/rong conception ( rights4 ,a deep en\gh
 int]e/ 9 ju/ice1 by its own mom5tum1   
introduces duties into ! practical life4
 ,9 "t ! _w w p]haps n be satisfi$ )    
see+ & recogniz+ ju/ice1 & ensur+ x 9   
great crises2 x w make ju/ice z a matt] 
( c\rse4  ,?is idea ( ju/ice seems1 on !
 :ole1 to be ! be/ basis = ! tea*+ n[ ( 

int]national morality4 ,! tea*+ (       
pacifism1 enl>g+ ^u ! biological wa/e ( 
w>1 try+ to pres5t ! realism ( w> 9 its 
wor/ light 9 ord] to ov]come ! w>like _s
 & to assi/ ! doctr9es ( int]nationalism
 to take effect ^u ! m9d seems to be !  
wrong way ( tea*+ peace4 ,we seem to be 
obligat$ to tea* w> z x is4 ,we _c      
conceal its h]oic side = fe> ( p]petuat+
 w>1 & we mu/ n conceal ! brutality ( w>
 = fe> ( de/roy+ morale & ! fight+ _s4  
,& x is to be mu* d\bt$ :e!r x is ev]   
necess>y to tea* hi/ory unfairly &      
"o-sid$ly 9 times ei!r ( w> or ( peace4 
,we dep5d ^u l>g] effects & deep]       
judgm5ts ?an c be produc$ by select+ &  
di/ort+ ! facts4 ,no?+ is mean] 9       
national life ?an di%one/ hi/ory4       
,education 9 ! ideal ( peace1 :i* we may
 hope to be ! /ate ( ! _w 9 ! future1 w 
be an adju/m5t ( ! m9d to new &         
practical modes ( life r ?an ! e/abli%+ 
( a pr9ciple4 ,! educat$ attitude ( m9d 
:i* w be/ safegu>d ! peace ( ! _w mu/   
include an intellig5t k ( all ! ag5cies 

propos$ to aid 9 e/abli%+ ?is /ate (    
h>mony t[>d :i* we look =w>d4 ,we mu/   
all "k ab\t arbitration1 leagues (      
nations1 c\rts ( honor1 und]/& diplomacy
 bett] & ! argum5ts = dis>mam5t1 und]/& 
! economic & ! indu/rial situation1 !   
possibilities ( cop]ation1 r$uction ( ! 
rights & privileges ( classes1          
democratic movem5ts4 ,! inculcation (   
su* k is an education = peace4 ,!re is  
little t is ab/ruse 9 any ( ^! ideas1 & 
! v "y *ild is n too "y to "k some?+ (  
^! wid] aspects ( ! social life4 ,all ^!
 may be pres5t$ 9 a concrete =m z a "p (
 ! "w ( convey+ a k ( curr5t hi/ory4    
,we may ?9k ( v>i\s cures = w>1 & v>i\s 
ef=ts t might be made educationally to  
prev5t w>4 ,peace might effectually be  
cultivat$ by an educational propag&a4 ,b
 aft] all x is n su* cures ( w> z ?is t 
we are mo/ conc]n$ ab\t 9 ! "w (        
education4 ,we might ev5 t5d to e/abli% 
9 ?is way a peace :i* w\ld be detrim5tal
 to ! high] int]e/s ( civilization4 ,a  
true educational philosophy1 at any     

rate1 is n to be dislodg$ f its purpose 
( keep+ education con/ructive r ?an     
inhibitory4 ,?is in/itution ( education 
mu/ n be too mu* influ5c$ by ! tempor>y 
moods ( ! day1 by ! pres5t gloomy       
evid5ces ( ! deva/ation ( w>4 ,we mu/   
tea* & prep>e = an abundant life 9 :i*  
!re is glory & wide opportunity1 & 9 :i*
 ! motives ( p[] may be satisfi$4 ,!n   
peace c take c>e ( itself4 ,b ?is       
abundant life mu/ be a life ( activity1 
n ( m]e patriotism & subjective         
glorification & nationali/ic int]e/4    
,vanity1 ! l[ ord] ( en?usiasms1 ! glory
 ( display1 c no long] h a place 9 ?is  
national life4  ,!re appe>s to be a     
p$agogical lesson 9 ! contra/ betwe5 !  
h]oic & ! moral view ( tea*+ w> & peace 
illu/rat$ by ! ,g]man philosophy ( w> & 
! ideal ( ! ,boy ,sc\t organization4    
,d$uct+ some?+ = lit]>y exagg]ation1 we 
may say t education _c af=d to neglect  
ei!r ( ^! attitudes1 b mu/ inde$ 9 "s   
way comb9e !m4 ,! exagg]ation consi/s on
 "o side 9 prais+ ! specific act ( w>2 b

 on ! o!r side !re is pla9ly lack+      
some?+ ( ! dramatic appeal :i* any ideal
 life = ! "y mu/ h4 ,w> is an evil1 b ! 
_s t makes w> is by no means an evil4 ,!
 philosophy ( w> proves its failure by  
ignor+ ! moral ideal altoge!r1 or reg>d+
 morality z some?+ solely national1 b ! 
o!r1 x may be1 puts ! moral ideal 9 a   
p$agogically impossible position4 ,bo? !
 cont5t & ! =m mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9
 any educational plan t hopes to ex]t   
p[] or to be influ5tial 9 any important 
way n[1 & x is ! =m :i*1 m ?an any?+    
else1 is /ill lack+ 9 our :ole proc$ure 
( education4   ,prep>$ness & ,milit>y   
,tra9+  ,milit>y tra9+ has n[ ( c\rse   
become a practical "q ) u & ) e nation4 
,x is ! milit>y use ( milit>y education 
t mu/ fir/ ( all be consid]$4 ,= t      
reason x mu/ prim>ily be a problem ^u   
:i* political au?orities & milit>y      
exp]ts mu/ decide4 ,^! exp]ts mu/ be    
compet5t to tell u :at milit>y equipm5t 
is necess>y at any "t to meet !         
requirem5ts ( our political situation1 &

 !y mu/ be able to advise ab\t ! am\nt &
 k9d ( actual milit>y tra9+ necess>y to 
make ?is physical equipm5t mo/          
effective4 ,all ?is1 pla9ly1 mu/ be     
provid$ :e!r x be good or bad f a g5]al 
educational /&po9t4 ,b prep>$ness &     
national def5se mean1 ( c\rse1 m ?an !  
possession ( guns & m ?an milit>y tra9+ 
z su*4 ,& !re c be no h>d & fa/ l9e     
betwe5 milit>y prep>$ness & ! wid]      
te*nical prep>$ness 9 :i* all ! equipm5t
 & skill ( sci5tific & me*anical        
activities ( ! c\ntry are always ready  
to be mobiliz$ 9 ! def5se ( x2 or betwe5
 ^! & ! /ill m g5]al prep>$ness ?r\gh ! 
organization & control ( ! human factor 
9 ways t are n specifically milit>y or  
me*anically te*nical at all4  ,if       
prep>ation = def5se is by no means      
exhau/$ by milit>y tra9+1 on ! o!r h& n 
all milit>y tra9+ is int5d$ = def5se4   
,decision ab\t ! actual am\nt & k9d (   
milit>y tra9+1 we say1 may be left to ! 
exp]t1 b x is = ! psy*ologi/ & !        
educator to decide :e!r we ne$ a m]e    

m9imum ( su* tra9+ or a g5]al milit>y   
tra9+ = educational purposes4 ,aft] all1
 h[ev]1 ?is is p]haps m a matt] ( ta/e 9
 educational practices ?an ( le>n+4 ,!re
 is pl5ty ( op9ion at lea/ on bo? sides4
 ,"s ma9ta9 t milit>y discipl9e is ( v  
great b5efit to ! man & to society4 ,f !
 ,g]man po9t ( view x is ! equival5t (  
hygi5e = ! individual4 ,x is a national 
regim5 = physical & m5tal heal?4 ,x is  
also ! symbol & ! expression ( social   
solid>ity4 ,_m believe t ! discipl9e (  
soldi]+ w\ld be especially good = all   
,am]ican boys4 ,b !re is no de>? (      
evid5ce on ! o!r side--t milit>y tra9+ 9
 s f> z x is really conduct$ 9 ! milit>y
 mann] is brutaliz+4  ,aft] all1 we say 
?is may be a matt] ( pref]5ce4 ,"s l    
milit>y discipl9e 9 ! s*ools & ev]y:]e2 
"s d n4 ,! pres5t writ] = "o w confess t
 he does n4 ,x is n ! dang] ( mak+ a p  
w>like t "o sees 9 x1 s mu* z ! c]ta9ty 
( introduc+ into all ! daily life a _s t
 is inconsi/5t ) our /age ( civilization
 & ) ! mo/ :olesome _s ( education4 ,x  

savors ( ! unprogressive4 ,x means1 9   
our op9ion1 ! introduction into ! s*ool1
 9 a f> too easy & simple way1 &        
consequ5tly at f> too l[ a level1 some?+
 t ought to be put into education 9 a   
diff]5t mann]4 ,! s5se ( solid>ity & !  
idealism :i* ! ,g]man has f\nd 9 8      
milit>y discipl9e we mu/ express 9 "s   
o!r way4 ,x is especially !             
unproductiv5ess ( milit>y life1 & !     
con/ant sugge/ion ( t :i* is ar*aic )\t 
ei!r ! practical sett+ or ! ornam5tal   
life to :i* su* ?+s belong1 t are       
especially to be *>g$ aga9/ milit>ism4  
,we ought to ask1 r1 h[ peace morale1 & 
! ess5tials ( ! w>like _s may be ma9ta9$
 )\t milit>y tra9+4 ,is x n r by way ( !
 m g5]al & unte*nical processes (       
education :i* make = physical exp]tness1
 by fundam5tal social education1 by giv+
 att5tion to our f\ndations ( religi\s  
education1 t we %all be able to create &
 su/a9 ! mo/ effici5t morale8 ,! be/    
f\ndation = all necess>y milit>y        
activities ( a free p appe>s to be a    

by-product1 s to speak1 ( peaceful life 
su/a9$ at a high po9t ( effici5cy &     
en?usiasm4 ,milit>y tra9+ disconnect$ f 
its imm$iate use & application 9 w> mu/ 
appe> to "s & inde$ to _m z a misfit 9  
mod]n civiliz$ life4 ,?is is n an       
argum5t = pacifism1 h[ev]4 ,! w> has    
taught u t milit>ism & milit>y capacity 
9 high degree may spr+ up f v peaceful  
soil1 & also t milit>y tra9+1 h[ev]     
p]fect1 is no sub/itute = ! g5]ic       
virtues out ( :i* c\rage & patriotism   
gr[4 ,9 ! long run w x n be ! c\ntry t c
 d )\t milit>y tra9+ t w h ! advantage8 
,or ! c\ntry 9 :i* milit>y prep>$ness is
 s m]g$ 9 ev]y?+ else z to be           
indi/+ui%able f ! re/ ( life8 ,is !re n1
 9 a ^w1 a prep>$ness t w make a c\ntry 
sup]ior & safe bo? 9 w> & 9 peace8      
,,*apt] ,v  ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,patriotism
   ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a ^w 7unless x 
be democracy7 ab\t :i* s _m que/ions    
ga!r z n[ cl+ to ! ^w patriotism4       
,patriotism is prais$ z ! highe/ virtue2
 x is also curs$ z ! cause ( w>4 ,"s ?9k

 ( x z ! sole cause ( w>4 ,"s w\ld l to 
see x disappe> = ! reason t !y believe x
 at be/ an old & out-liv$ social virtue1
 n[ hav+ become m]ely ornam5tal & an    
ob/acle to ! true socialization ( ! _w4 
,"s ?9k patriotism /ill ! c5t] ( ! moral
 & ! social life4  ,?is is n ! place to 
attempt a psy*ological analysis (       
patriotism1 b we may at lea/ try to     
enum]ate ! pr9cipal factors 9 x1 & say  
:at we ?9k patriotism z a virtue--or a  
vice--is4 ,patriotism 9 our view is     
normally loyalty to c\ntry z a function+
 unit 9 a _w ( nations4 ,x is devotion  
to all ! aspects & functions ( a c\ntry 
z an hi/orical entity4 ,we mu/ ?9k ( ^! 
hi/orical entities1 moreov]1 z lead+    
lives 9 :i*1 al?\gh _! own ambitions =  
honor & greatness are legitimate1 !re   
mu/ be a practical recognition ( !      
legitimacy ( simil> int]e/s on ! "p (   
all o!r nations1 & 9 :i* ! recognition (
 ! common int]e/s ( nations is also     
freely made4 ,s9ce nations p]=m no "o   
s+le function & h no s+le motive ( life 

9 _! normal /ate1 patriotism c be no    
devotion to a s+le purpose or cause4    
,su* patriotism z ?is1 we may say1 does 
n antagonize int]nationalism4 ,loyalty  
to c\ntry is loyalty to ! functions &   
int]e/s t prop]ly belong to c\ntry4 ,!  
individual1 ! family1 ! c\ntry & all    
int]v5+ gr\ps & entities are natural    
=mations4 ,to ea* ( ^! entities !re is  
due a loyalty precisely measur$ by ! "* 
( ! functions :i* ^! entities p]=m4     
,?is view ( patriotism is pla9ly1 bo? 9 
its !oretical aspect & its practical    
consequ5ces1 widely diff]5t f ^? t end 9
 pure int]nationalism4 ,its ess5tial    
feature is t x recognizes ! validity (  
all entities & gr\ps ab\t :i* deep feel+
 has gr[n up4 ,?is means1 ( c\rse1 t z  
crit]ia ( social values ^! feel+s are   
plac$ ahead ( c]ta9 logical or sci5tific
 consid]ations4 ,pure int]nationalism ( 
! intellectual type recognizes !        
validity only ( ! :ole _w gr\p4         
,nicolai1 = example1 says t !re is a    
morality & !re are rights p]ta9+ to !   

individual & to ! :ole ( humanity1 b all
 int]v5+ gr\ps are tempor>y &           
artificial4 ,t1 c]ta9ly1 we %\ld n agree
 )4 ,! com+ great] cord9ation ( ! _w we 
may suppose w deep5 & int5sify          
patriotism1 r ?an dim9i% x4 ,!          
homog5eity t[>d :i* ! biologi/s tell u  
we are t5d+ & ought to approa* is "o 9  
:i*1 x is likely1 /ill %>p] national    
outl9es may well appe>4 ,! ambitions1 ! 
functions1 & ! culture ( nations ought  
to be made cle>] r ?an be lo/ 9 ! com+  
int]nationalism4 ,we %all /ill 9 !      
,hegelian s5se f9d our reality 9 & ?r\gh
 ! /ate4 ,an ar\s$ s5se ( ! function &  
wor? ( c\ntry w be ! basis ( patriotism4
 ,advancem5t t[>d int]nationalism w be  
made by a g5]aliz$ patriotism r ?an by  
outgr[+ patriotism4 ,t is1 x is by pass+
 f a deep5$ loyalty to c\ntry ?r\gh a   
s5se ( ! validity & "r ( ! patriotism ( 
all peoples t int]national social       
consci\sness w be develop$4  ,s all ^? v
 num]\s views ( patriotism :i* ass]t t x
 is only ?r\gh a decl9e ( patriotism t a

 rational int]national ord] c ev] be    
e/abli%$1 appe> to be wrong4 ,a         
fundam5tal "q is at issue "h4 ,x conc]ns
 9 "p ! crit]ia ( valuation 9 ! field ( 
! social life4 ,! k9d ( cosmopolitanism 
& int]nationalism t dem&s ! f9al        
abrogation ( ! s5tim5t ( patriotism is1 
z we h intimat$1 a rationali/ic doctr9e4
 ,x is an attempt to ext5d objective    
pr9ciples into ! realm ( social values4 
,reason tells u1 !y say1 t we ought to  
organize univ]sally & oblit]ate national
 l9es4 ,reason tells u we %\ld make no  
di/9ction betwe5 ourselves & /rang]s1   
betwe5 enemies & allies4 ,b by ! same   
rationalism we may break up any loyalty4
 ,patriotism is an inn]1 a spiritual    
=ce1 & x has its roots 9 moods & =ms (  
appreciation :i* h a c]ta9 f9ality ab\t 
!m1 = ! reason t !y are deposits f !    
:ole c\rse ( human hi/ory4 ,vebl5 says x
 is a matt] ( habit to :at p>ticul>     
nationality a man w become atta*$ on    
arriv+ at ye>s ( discretion4 ,t is true1
 & x is ( c\rse ! :ole secret ( loyalty4

 ,b x is n a matt] ( unimportance :e!r a
 man %all become atta*$ to any c\ntry4  
,x is ! dynamic p[] ( loyalty t is 9 "q1
 if we consid] its practical value4     
,loyalty gr[s because x has a use1 :i*  
is relat$ to ! mo/ basic feel+s4 ,x is n
 a product ( reason1 & _c ju/ly be judg$
 on purely rational gr\nds4  ,any       
political ideal1 or any plan = a _w     
ord]1 t w\ld m9imize patriotism is      
unnatural4 ,! =ms ( socialism t d ?is & 
! laissez faire t5d5cies appe> to h left
 out ( ! reckon+ "s ( ! modes ( evaluat+
 exp]i5ce :i* are mo/ basic4 ,we may    
recognize all ! excess ( prov9cialism 9 
! native patriotism ( ! peasant1 & all !
 egoi/ic motives 9 ! patriotism ( !     
ari/ocrat & ! milit>i/1 b /ill we see no
 place 9 ! _w = ! man )\t a c\ntry4 ,x  
is n yet ! workm5 ( ! cities1 :o say t  
all m5 are bro!rs1 :o c lead u to a     
bett] social ord]4 ,patriotism mu/ be   
educat$1 mod]niz$1 made m productive1 b 
c]ta9ly its "w is n yet done4 ,x _c be  
ca/ aside z some?+ ar*aic & only a "p ( 

! ornam5tal & useless encumbrances (    
life4 ,x is n by weak5+ loyalty to      
c\ntry1 b by /r5g!n+ x1 t               
int]nationalism w be made secure4 ,if   
patriotism fits into mod]n life l s& 9 !
 ma*9]y1 z ,vebl5 says1 we mu/ see h[   
patriotism may be made to d bett]       
s]vice4  ,"s views ab\t patriotism :i*  
?us disp>age x seem to be bas$ ^u a     
biological conception ( x4 ,n a few     
writ]s app>5tly ?9k ( patriotism z a    
fix$ trait ( ! human organism1 ev5 z a  
k9d ( m5delian "* unrelat$ to o!r social
 qualities4 ,?is trait antagonizes      
social progress1 b x is pres]v$ because 
( second>y values :i* x repres5ts1 su* z
 moral or /hetic values4 ,accord+ to ^! 
views patriotism may be complex1 b x    
acts l a unit>y "*4 ,x is subject1      
!oretically1 to selection1 b z a matt] (
 fact x rema9s a /rong factor 9 !       
temp]am5t ( ne>ly all races4  ,b 9 our  
view patriotism is some?+ less precise  
?an all ?is w\ld imply4 ,x is a =m 9 :i*
 ! mo/ fundam5tal & g5]al ( desires are 

express$1 9 becom+ fixat$ ^u _! mo/     
natural & necess>y objects4 ,x is an    
aspect ( ! :ole process ( developm5t ( !
 affective life4 ,leav+ out patriotism  
7if su* a ?+ 7 possible7 w\ld mean a    
break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! social life4 ,x 
w\ld leave "o gr\p ( functions )\t _!   
natural support 9 desire4 ,economi/s    
sometimes seem to leave out ( acc\nt !  
pr(\nd emotional =ces & ! irresi/ible   
t5d5cies :i* make social gr\ps4 ,!y want
 organizations )\t ! moods & impulses by
 :i* alone social bodies are =m$ or     
su/a9$2 & !y expect to see organization 
brok5 up or int]e/ 9 x lo/ :ile all !   
conditions t keep alive ! passion = x   
are intact4 ,patriotism & ! exi/5ce (   
nations seem1 h[ev]1 to be ! opposite   
sides ( ! same fact4 ,& we may assume t 
s long z nations exi/1 at any rate1     
patriotism w exi/1 & "o ( ! mo/ necess>y
 functions ( public education w be !    
regulation ( ! motives & feel+s :i* are 
conta9$ 9 ?is s5tim5t4  ,patriotism is  
fir/ ( all to be consid]$1 !n1 z a phase

 ( ! social life z a :ole1 r ?an z an   
unique emotion or a special v>iety (    
loyalty4 ,x is a way 9 :i* ! sum (      
t5d5cies t ent] into ! social life      
become fixat$ ^u c]ta9 qualities ( !    
environm5t1 or ^u c]ta9 objects4        
,patriotism w be/ be und]/ood 9 a       
practical way by obs]v+ its objects4    
,patriotism is a total mood2 c\ntry is a
 total object4 ,b ! mood ( patriotism   
expresses v>i$ desires1 & ! object (    
patriotism is a highly complex & v>iable
 object4 ,9 be+ loyal to or devot$ to   
c\ntry 9 ! s5se :i* we usually mean :5  
we say "o is patriotic1 we are devot$ to
 at lea/ ! foll[+ objects3 #a7 physical 
c\ntry z home2 #b7 ! ways1 cu/oms1 /&>ds
 & beliefs ( ! c\ntry2 #c7 ! gr\p ( p   
con/itut+ ! nation2 & "h race1 social   
solid>ity1 ideal con/ructions ( an unit$
 p hav+ common purposes & possessions   
ent]2 #d7 lead]s2 #e7 c\ntry z an       
hi/orical entity hav+ rights &          
int]e/s--a liv+ be+ hav+ exp]i5ces1     
ideals & *>act]i/ics4 ,! educational    

problem is ( c\rse ! regulation ( !     
atta*m5t ( ! individuals ( a nation to  
^! objects4 ,9 "o s5se ?is educational  
problem ( patriotism is no?+ less ?an t 
( develop+ social consci\sness itself4  
,x is precisely ! task ( fo/]+ or creat+
 9 ! *ild ! basis ( all loyalty4 ,giv5 a
 loyal m9d 9 ! *ild & a normal          
environm5t1 we ne$ to be conc]n$ b      
little ab\t ! causes & ! gr\ps ^u :i* t 
loyalty w exp5d itself1 = ! conditions  
are all pres5t = =m+ an atta*m5t to e   
natural gr\p4 ,consid]$ g5]ically &     
psy*ologically !re is no patriotism1 we 
say1 m>k$ (f f ev]y?+ else1 & !re is no 
"o object t excites patriotic loyalty4  
,all educational influ5ces t /r5g!n     
atta*m5t to home1 all social feel+1     
devotion to ! ways ( any gr\p & ob$i5ce 
to its /&>ds1 respect = all law &       
au?ority1 all appreciation ( hi/oric    
relations1 help to develop patriotism1  
m]ely because c\ntry1 9 ^! aspects1 is  
an omnipres5t object to :i* ! feel+s ?us
 eng5d]$ w automatically become to "s   

ext5t atta*$4  ,! fir/ task 9 ! tea*+ ( 
patriotism 7fir/ at lea/ z reg>ds !     
obvi\sness ( ! ne$7 is to give all      
*ildr5 a vivid s5se ( c\ntry z physical 
object1 & a deep ae/hetic appreciation (
 ?is object--al?\gh ( c\rse ?is idea (  
physical c\ntry _c be deta*$ f ev]y?+   
else4 ,ea* c\ntry has its diff]5t       
problem4 ,ours is to create a total     
c\ntry1 9 ! imag9ation ( ! "y4 ,a ,g]man
 writ] n long ago pr$ict$ t ! future (  
,am]ica lay 9 ! direction ( break+ up   
into a little ,engl&1 a little ,irel&1 &
 a little ( ! o!r nationalities "h      
repres5t$4 ,t p>ticul> dang] may seem   
remote en\gh1 b 9 ano!r way we d cont9ue
 to be lack+ 9 unity4 ,our patriotism   
has be5 too local1 & ,am]ica1 ev5 aft] !
 great w>1 is to "s ext5t /ill a        
collection ( geographical regions4 ,new 
,engl&1 ! ,s\?1 ! ,coa/ are m real to _m
 ?an c\ntry z a :ole4 ,our great        
di/ances1 & ! impossibility ( cle>ly    
imag9+ !m h necess>ily pres5t$ ob/acles 
?us f> to a unifi$ image ( c\ntry4 ,! "t

 may come1 & p]haps soon1 :5 su* a      
divid$ consci\sness ( c\ntry w be a     
grave flaw 9 our national life4  ,x mu/ 
be a s]i\s function ( "s k9d ( geography
 to give reality to ! idea ( c\ntry1    
al?\gh ( c\rse we _c sep>ate entirely   
geographical f hi/orical idea ( c\ntry4 
,! tea*+ ( ! geography ( ! native l& mu/
 be diff]5t f o!r geography4 ,native l& 
mu/ h a w>m? & home feel+ ab\t x t o!r  
c\ntries d n h1 b z yet ! psy*ological  
conditions = ?is h app>5tly n be5 work$ 
out4 ,) our pres5t facilities 9         
pictorial art1 ! geographical elem5t 9 !
 idea ( c\ntry seems controllable4 ,!   
m9ds ( *ildr5 are exce$+ly              
impressionable 9 ?is direction4         
,int5sity ( feel+ & vividness (         
imag9ation are at ! disposal ( !        
educator4 ,! love ( color1 especially1  
mu/ be us$ to make la/+ impressions ^u !
 m9d4 ,we ne$ to notice also t ! idea ( 
physical c\ntry t ent]s mo/ into        
patriotic feel+ is n an idea ( city     
/reets b ( ! op5 c\ntry4 ,x is ! c\ntry 

t inspires ! /ronge/ home feel+1 & x is 
! c\ntry t is ! basis ( ! s5se (        
*angelessness & et]nity ( native l&1 t  
is a /rong elem5t 9 patriotic s5tim5t4  
,?is elem5t ( patriotism1 x is pla91 is 
some?+ ae/hetic4 ,x is n s mu* a moral  
loyalty to c\ntry t is inspir$ by !     
ev]la/+ hills1 z an ae/hetic love ( x z 
! home l&4 ,?is ae/hetic love ( ! home  
l& is a response to su* /imuli z !      
beautiful ar\ses ev]y:]e4 ,x is         
susceptible1 !re=e1 to all ! influ5ces (
 art--( music1 picture1 symbol2 ^! mu/  
all be employ$ 9 tea*+ patriotism4 ,!   
!me ( home is especially s5sitive to !  
effects ( music4 ,x is ?is idea ( home1 
enl>g$ & enri*$ by pictorial            
repres5tation ( c\ntry1 deeply impress$ 
& influ5c$ by music1 & unifi$ & imbu$ ) 
! feel+ ( p]sonal possession by ! /ory (
 c\ntry t is ! core ( patriotic feel+4  
,x is ! function ( art1 especially (    
music1 to help to make ! home feel+ ( ! 
*ild normal & en?usia/ic--to raise x    
above ! /age ( be+ an anxiety ( animal  

life1 z ,nicolai t]ms ! primitive love (
 home4 ,art mu/ help to remove ! fe>s & 
depressions t may lurk 9 ! idea ( home1 
:i* are great ob/acles to ! developm5t (
 ! high] devotions4 ,x is ! lack (      
normal love ( home 9 ! city1 we %\ld    
say1 t makes socialism & all =ms (      
int]nationalism t bre$ s rapidly !re su*
 dang]\s moods 9 a democracy4 ,)\t true 
home love1 we may conclude1 ! wid]      
loyalties c nev] be q :olesome1 al?\gh  
!y may be int5se & fanatical4  ,! second
 elem5t 9 patriotism we id5tify z ! love
 (1 or loyalty to1 ! sum ( ! cu/oms1    
beliefs1 & /&>ds t make up ! mores ( a  
p4 ,a peculi>ly p]plex+ educational     
problem arises1 s9ce !re are two        
opposite evils to be avoid$ ,we may too 
readily cultivate a _s :i* ei!r takes ! 
=m ( a n>cissi/ic love ( "o's own ways1 
or :i*1 extrav]t$1 s to speak1 becomes a
 fanatical ambition to impose "o's own  
culture ^u ! _w2 or1 on ! o!r h& we     
might become too self-critical1 too     
cosmopolitan1 & too receptive t[>d all  

=eign culture4 ,national conceit1       
complac5cy & de/9ism face u 9 "o        
direction1 ! dang] ( los+ our id5tity & 
our individuality & our mission 9 ! o!r4
 ,^! problems ( c\rse confront all      
nations2 !y are especially urg5t 9      
,am]ica1 because ( ! composite nature ( 
our national life & ! rapid *anges t    
take place 9 x1 & also because ( ! ideal
 nature ( ! bond t holds u toge!r4 ,we  
are /ill a some:at in*oate & fl[+ mass (
 social elem5ts1 imp]fectly cord9at$1   
manife/ly1 yet deeply unit$ by ideals   
:i* appeal to v deep emotions4 ,our "w  
is to ma9ta9 social solid>ity1 pres]ve &
 educate c]ta9 fundam5tal qualities (   
our national life :i* are our real      
claims to individuality z a p4 ,^!      
ess5tial traits1 p]haps because ( our   
newness z a =m ( civilization1 appe> to 
be less cle>ly def9$1 less def9itely    
repres5t$ 9 in/itutions1 & to be m      
ab/ract ?an ! qualities t make up !     
ess5tial "* ( o!r peoples4  ,our        
educational problem is1 naturally1      

diff]5t f all o!rs4 ,we are committ$ to 
an idea ( lib]ty4 ,we make ?is pr9ciple 
( fre$om ! dom9ant 9 all our national   
life4 ,we h n tri$1 & _c consi/5tly     
attempt to c5tralize our educational    
in/itutions v mu*1 or ev5 all[ our      
culture to become cry/alliz$ into a     
def9ite type1 = ?is w\ld be almo/ z bad 
z d5y+ our pr9ciple ( religi\s fre$om4  
,b we _c1 9 ! o!r direction1 become too 
div]sifi$ intellectually1 & /ill less 9 
reg>d to m fundam5tal aspects ( life1 = 
?is w\ld break up our unity altoge!r1 or
 det]m9e x m & m 9 ! direction (        
political co]cion4 ,?us f>1 x appe>s1 x 
has be5 our great virtue z a p t we h   
rema9$ unit$ by emotional =ces1 or by ! 
sugge/ive p[] ( an idea4 ,soon] or lat] 
we %all ne$ to see :i!r our pres5t      
t5d5cies lead1 & education mu/ 9 all    
probability be put to "w to control &   
regulate ! elem5ts t make = unity & =   
disruption 9 our life4 ,our "w z        
educators w be to ma9ta9 a work+ h>mony 
9 ! affective & in/9ctive life ( ! p4   

,we ne$ n[1 & we %all ne$ m & m1        
religi\s1 moral & ae/hetic unity 9 our  
life z a nation--n a =c$ & sup]ficial   
agreem5t1 b a deep h>mony ( ideals &    
moods4 ,?is purpose mu/ nev] be lo/     
sight ( by ! educator4 ,x mu/ be made to
 p]vade all our educational philosophy &
 all our plans = ! s*ool4 ,?is          
educational problem exi/s ( c\rse       
ev]y:]e 9 "s degree1 & 9 reg>d to all   
mann] ( social gr\ps4 ,b ,am]ican life z
 a :ole is peculi>ly a gr[? 9 :i* div]se
 & ev5 div]g5t elem5ts mu/ cont9ue to be
 br\ght toge!r & held toge!r ?r\gh ! p[]
 ( ideas :i* are subject to _m          
influ5ces4 ,div]sity & diff]5tiation are
 add$ z fa/ z ! process ( assimilation c
 be c>ri$ on4 ,!re c be no clos+ up (   
diff]5ces 9 a f9al p]fection & security4
  ,mu/ we n1 !n1 make ! education (     
in/9cts & feel+s1 & ! control ( ! basic 
moods1 r ?an ! developm5t & /imulation (
 specialization & diff]5tiation our fir/
 & *ief conc]n8 ,mu/ we n d ?is ev5 at a
 loss ( effici5cy 9 "s directions1 if   

necess>y8 ,c]ta9ly we mu/ n g too fa/   
nor too f> t[>ds indu/rialism4 ,to      
control any t5d5cy to ov] diff]5tiation 
& indu/rialism t is n[ likely to occur  
we mu/ h a broad humanit>ianism & a     
humani/ic ideal ( culture 7by :i* we d n
 mean classicism74 ,! %>+ ( all         
exp]i5ces t repres5t our _s & purpose & 
,am]ican ideas1 & equal opportunity to  
realize !m1 mu/ be our ?\ght 9 plann+   
our educational "w4 ,! future ( ,am]ica 
may well dep5d ^u our p[]1 or ^u ! p[] (
 our orig9al idea1 to hold p toge!r by !
 ess5tial moods 9 :i* our ,am]ican ideas
 are repres5t$4 ,! production1 out ( ^! 
elem5tal moods1 ( common int]e/s on a   
high level w be1 we take x1 ! only      
prev5tive 9 ! end ( ! gr[? ( common     
int]e/s on a l[ level1 :i* is always    
?reat5$ 9 democracies1 & is ! way       
democracies t5d to de/roy !mselves by _!
 democracy4 ,education 9 ! fundam5tals (
 indu/rial life1 9 social relations1 9  
play & 9 art1 9 religion1 is :at we mo/ 
ne$--! latt]1 we may conclude1 mo/ (    

all4 ,we mu/ h 9 "s way a great]        
religi\s unity & m religion1 n by       
attempt+ an impossible amalgamation (   
cre$s z 0 promulgat$ by "s ( ! f\nd]s ( 
! ,new ,japan1 b by an education t      
includes & br+s =? all t is common 9    
religion4 ,t at lea/ is ! only k9d (    
unity t (f]s hope f9ally ( mak+ a _w    
safe ) democracy 9 x4 ,?is is n a plea =
 a back-to-nature movem5t1 = ! simple   
life1 = a life :i* t5ds away f          
indu/rialism4 ,indu/rialism w g on1 if =
 no o!r reason1 because pa/oral or      
agricultural peoples w\ld soon be at a  
disadvantage 9 an indu/rial _w z x is   
organiz$ n[1 = want ( rapid increase 9  
population4 ,b x is impli$ t indu/ry    
itself mu/ be made suitable = !         
democratic life4 ,x means t we mu/ g    
back ( ! id5tities ( language & ob$i5ce 
to common laws1 & take z our educational
 f\ndations t :i* ,am]ican life is 9    
tru? bas$ ^u3 physical p[] & motor      
fre$om1 ! s5se ( lib]ty1 ! colonial _s (
 comrade%ip & devotion to common cause1 

! ideal ( an abundant & en?usia/ic life4
 ,m]ely becom+ consci\s ( ^! & obs]v+ _!
 mean+ & _! place 9 our national life is
 9 itself a l>ge contribution to !      
s\rces out ( :i* patriotism may be      
drawn4 ,:5 our patriotism is s9c]e en\gh
 s t we %all be mill+ to sacrifice =    
c\ntry our religi\s intol]ance &        
bigotry1 our social antipa?ies1 & our   
indu/rial advantages1 we %all h a morale
 :i* = peace or = w> w be :olly         
suffici5t4  ,mu/ our ambition be to tea*
 ,am]ican *ildr5 t ,am]ican ways are !  
be/1 & t ^! ways ought to be e/abli%$ 9 
! _w8 ,!re is bo? an evil & a good1 bo? 
an absurdity & a sublime loyalty 9 !    
view :i* all nations h1 t _! own culture
 & life are ! be/4 ,?is conceit is 9 "p 
a product ( isolation1 & is pure        
prov9cialism4 ,b x is also ( ! v ess5ce 
( ! reality feel+ & ! s5se ( solid>ity (
 peoples & ( _! loyalty to c\ntry4 ,x   
mu/ n be dealt ) too ru?lessly4 ,!re is 
a primitive /ratum ( x t mu/ rema9 9 all
 peoples4 ,nations1 h[ev] b5ight$1 w n  

be dispossess$ ( ?is idea1 b exp]i5ce & 
education w make nations m discrim9at+ s
 t !y c at lea/ see :at is ess5tial &   
:at is sup]ficial 9 _! own *>act]i/ics4 
,c]ta9ly :atev] is e?ical 9 our         
f\ndations we1 & all o!r peoples1 w be  
expect$ to hold to4 ,we feel x a duty to
 spread our moral tru? abroad & our     
mores are necess>ily "r = u1 & ?is idea 
( rightness ( mores mu/ imply a desire  
to make !m prevail 9 ! _w4 ,we may      
recognize1 ab/ractly1 o!r /&>ds (       
conduct1 b !re is some?+ 9 moral belief 
:i*1 ( c\rse1 _c volunt>ily be *ang$1 & 
:i* mu/ /& = ! ultimately real 9        
consci\sness s long z x is held to be s 
by ! mass ( ! p4 ,?is mu/ ext5d also to 
/hetic /&>ds1 & to all f9al judgm5ts (  
values to "s ext5t4  ,= ^! reasons we   
mu/ suppose t ! _s ( competition among  
nations1 c]ta9ly s f> z x conc]ns !     
ambition = empires ( ! _s1 mu/ rema94   
,belief on ! "p ( a p 9 ! sup]iority (  
_! own culture _c & %\ld n be elim9at$4 
,by ?is _s ! good1 we may be sure1 w    

prevail1 b prevail only ?r\gh opposition
 & competition4 ,!re c be no real       
compromise 9 ! field ( ^! moral         
possessions & appreciations4 ,we mu/ be 
,am]icans1 & react ) ,am]ican ideas4    
,true nationali/s ev]y:]e appe> to      
recognize & to be guid$ by ?is tru?4 ,we
 _c volunt>ily lay aside our own beliefs
 nor help believ+ !y are "r1 al?\gh we  
may see t 7 we diff]5tly situat$ we     
might *ange !m4  ,!re are ?ree ?+s at   
lea/1 z reg>ds our mores t _c be        
accompli%$4 ,= ?is we may take our      
evid5ce & our w>n+ f ,g]many4 ,culture  
_c be spread by =ce1 s9ce =ce does n    
conqu] _s4 ,devotion to ! basic         
pr9ciples ( "o's civilization _c        
rationally nor safely be ext5d$ to      
include all cu/oms & mann]s1 s t we may 
assume t !re is a "r way 9 ev]y?+ :i* is
 ours & a wrong way :i* is =eign4 ,!    
mores ( a p _c be *ang$ or manipulat$ by
 education & propag&a )\t uproot+ !     
moral /ructures ( society4 ,:5 we beg9  
to practice a ,social-politik we ent] ^u

 dang]\s gr\nd4  ,are we n1 !n1 to take 
! attitude 9 education t our culture is 
an exp]im5tal culture & repres5ts an    
exp]im5tal civilization8 ,al?\gh = u our
 ways & beliefs are f9al crit]ia (      
values 9 conduct1 & we _c hope or wi% to
 free ourselves f !m or to be guid$ by  
objective data1 /ill we put !m =w>d 9 ! 
_s ( ! enquir]1 r ?an z et]nal          
pr9ciples4 ,if ?is be "r1 we are n to   
gu>d our civilization jeal\sly1 h$ge x  
ab\t ) national jeal\sy & bigotry b r   
s5d our culture abroad on a mission4 ,we
 are to und]/& & to tea* ! culture ( e  
o!r nation sympa!tically1 tru/+ to our  
own f\ndations to hold firm4 ,we mu/ be 
s =tifi$ 9 our own virtue t we %all n be
 afraid to s5d our _s abroad to compete 
) :atev] x %all meet 9 ! old _w or !    
new4 ,?is impulse to ext5d "o's culture 
& philosophy is a deep "o1 & we believe 
x to be well-gr\nd$4 ,x has be5 said t !
 deepe/ impulse ( ,briti% imp]ialism has
 be5 to ext5d ,engli% ways ( ?\ght      
?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!re is tru? 9 ?is4 ,we   

may conclude also t unless a nation c   
feel s9c]ely t x is f\nd$ ^u some?+ t   
ought to endure & at lea/ to h an       
opportunity to become univ]sal1 x lacks 
a gr[? pr9ciple & its civilization is n 
v secure4 ,c]ta9ly x lacks a great      
p$agogical advantage 9 all ! int]nal "w 
( education4  ,! "w ( ! intellectual    
lead]s ( a p is to uncov] ?is k]nel (   
s9c]e belief & wor?1 & /rip nationalism 
at ! same "t ( its encru/ations ( vanity
 & deception4 ,!re are1 we may suppose1 
at ! bottom ( e nation's consci\sness   
su* s9c]e pr9ciples :i* are entitl$ to a
 fair field 9 ! competition ( !         
civilizations & ! cultures ( ! _w4 ,we  
may be sure t !re is ,am]icanism t ne$s 
to be taught bo? = ! sake ( ! _w & = our
 own sake2 some?+ :i* con/itutes our be/
 contribution to an exp]im5tal _w 9 :i* 
! ov]-emphasis ( all s9c]e pr9ciples c  
ultimately d no h>m4 ,am]icanism1 ) all 
! errors x may conta91 & all !          
limitations x may h z a univ]sal        
pr9ciple is bett] = u & = all1 we may   

believe1 ?an any dispassionate & well   
consid]$ intellectualism1 or a          
cosmopolitanism t is bas$ ^u a fe> (    
prov9cialism4 ,let u be prep>$1 !re=e1  
to g =? n to conqu] b to p>ticipate 9 ! 
life ( ! _w4  ,z reg>ds mat]ials by     
means ( :i* we are to tea* a patriotism 
t %all be a /rong devotion to ! mores ( 
! nation1 !re appe> to be ?ree important
 elem5ts4 ,we h1 fir/1 a lit]ature :i*  
conta9s 9 "p at lea/ ! _s ( our national
 life1 al?\gh x does s only 9 "p4       
,secondly1 we h a beg9n+ at lea/ ( an   
int]pretation ( ,am]ican life ?r\gh an  
,am]ican hi/ory t is to be some?+ m ?an 
a hi/ory ( political ev5ts1 & %all be a 
true hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,?is hi/ory 
mu/ include ! hi/ory ( our ideas & our  
ideals1 our lit]ature1 in/itutions1 art1
 & be inde$ a true social hi/ory4 ,?is  
hi/ory mu/ be ! ma9 s\rce book = tea*+  
:at our c\ntry has meant to ^? :o h liv$
 9 x1 & :at ^! p h really be5 & done4   
,?is is national "* /udy4 ,"* /udy1 a   
truly psy*ological & int]pretative      

hi/ory1 %\ld tea* u :at we are likely to
 d & :at we ought to d 9 all typical    
situations ) :i* we are likely to be    
confront$4 ,h[ f> we are z yet f su* a  
g5]al k 9 reg>d to ourselves ne$s h>dly 
to be sugge/$4 ,! ?ird elem5t 9 ?is     
aspect ( ! tea*+ ( patriotism is some?+ 
m tangible & m imm$iately practical4    
,our ideals h to "s ext5t at lea/ be5   
cry/alliz$ 9 our in/itutions1 :]e !y w  
/ill fur!r be elaborat$4 ,! p>ticipation
 on ! "p ( all 9 "s way 9 ^! in/itutions
 is a "p ( our requir$ tra9+ = good     
,am]ican life4 ,a book k ( in/itutions  
is1 ( c\rse1 bett] ?an none at all1 b   
!re is no reason :y k %\ld end !re4 ,all
 p1 especially ^? n[ be+ educat$1 ought 
to h m direct & m intimate "p 9 all !   
repres5tative in/itutions ( our c\ntry1 
ev5 9 ! political in/itutions1 & p]haps 
9 !m mo/ ( all4 ,am]icanism1 :atev] else
 x may be1 mu/ be a practical           
,am]icanism4 ,x mu/ h ideals & cle>     
visions1 x goes )\t say+1 b x is ! mak+ 
& %ap+ ( in/itutions by liv+ 9 & ?r\gh  

!m t mu/ be ! ma9 feature ( our social  
life & ( our education4 ,:5 ! individual
 & ! social =m are mold$ & develop$     
toge!r1 patriotism w be a natural phase 
( m5tal gr[?4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,!     
,,tea*+ ,,( ,,patriotism 7cont9u$7      
,patriotism we ?\ght to be1 9 ! ?ird    
place1 devotion to ! gr\p4 ,"h ! problem
 ( ! tea*+ ( patriotism becomes         
specifically a "q ( social education4 ,!
 "q arises z to precisely :at ! objects 
( ! devotion we call loyalty to ! gr\p  
are1 & :at factors 9 gr\p-consci\sness  
ne$ mo/ to be emphasiz$ or educat$ z    
patriotism4 ,is x race or mann]s or !   
pure fact ( prop9quity or h]d contact or
 all toge!r t are ! objects ( social    
desire & ! feel+ ( solid>ity8  ,race has
 be5 emphasiz$ z ! prime int]e/ 9 gr\p  
loyalty1 b !re seems to be d\bt ab\t    
?is4 ,at lea/ !re are difficulties 9    
isolat+ any?+ we c call love ( race4 ,we
 c nev] sep>ate race f prop9quity1 =    
example1 or f mores1 or f ! bonds due to
 common possession ( causes4 ,race      

loyalty appe>s to be a primitive feel+4 
,:5 races 7 pure1 gr\ps small &         
possession common1 all ! elem5ts (      
loyalty to gr\p 7 pres5t at once &      
coext5sive4 ,z civilization progress$ ! 
bond ( pure race less5$4 ,all races h n[
 become mix$1 we are told1 & k9%ip 9 a  
gr\p has ceas$ to be a fact4 ,nicolai   
ma9ta9s t race patriotism has gr[n out (
 family in/9ct1 z some?+ q sep>ate f h]d
 in/9ct1 b x seems likely t common      
int]e/s1 organization "u necessity1 or !
 social attraction result+ f any common 
cause mu/ h be5 /rong] ?an any          
consci\sness ( k9%ip1 or any h]d in/9ct 
z su*--:i* may inde$ n h exi/$ at all4  
,x is ?is m consci\s bond ( function &  
prop9quity at lea/ t mu/ be tak5 into   
acc\nt 9 ! education (                  
patriotism--c]ta9ly ,am]ican patriotism4
 ,we 9 ,am]ica c h>dly emphasize race   
patriotism1 )\t produc+ int]nal         
disruption4 ,x is common function t is !
 di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! individuals ( a gr\p1 
r ?an common orig94 ,common function1   

especially subsumption "u "o ord]$      
gov]nm5t1 p>ticul>ly if ! purpose be t (
 secur+ common protection1 c pla9ly     
ov]come all loyalty to race4 ,common    
religion antagonizes race consci\sness1 
& we see !re=e )9 nations races splitt+ 
up along l9es ( religi\s diff]5ce4 ,we  
see )9 races also great] antagonism &   
great] lack ( common int]e/ betwe5      
classes ?an betwe5 ! same classes z f\nd
 9 diff]5t races4 ,ari/ocrats ev]y:]e1 =
 example1 appe> to h great] mutual      
sympa?y & s5se ( ne>ness ?an d ! upp] & 
l[] classes ( ! same race4  ,"o ( our   
own urg5t educational problems is t (   
ov]com+ race diff]5ces & ( utiliz+      
racial bonds = practical ends4 ,we try  
to put loyalty to gr\p fir/1 & we assume
 t race patriotism c be supreme only    
among ^? :o h no c\ntry wor? be+ loyal  
to4 ,loyalty to race1 h[ev]1 has a      
p$agogical use4 ,we see x be+ employ$ to
 ext5d social feel+ beyond ! po9t to :i*
 prop9quity & common cause c c>ry x4 ,x 
0 us$1 we "k1 9 ! propag&a & educational

 campaign by :i* ,g]man /atesm5 &       
hi/orians hop$ to develop a wid] ,g]man 
consci\sness4 ,! racial object 9 ?is    
case is app>5tly purely fictiti\s4 ,we  
see ! same concept be+ us$ n[ to create 
or exp& social feel+ ?r\gh\t !          
,anglo-,saxon race4 ,:at we mean ma9ly  
by ,anglo-,saxon race is really ,engli% 
speak+ peoples1 hav+ common or simil>   
mores & ideals4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 by      
emphasiz+ & p>ticipat+ 9 common         
functions t loyalty ei!r to an          
,anglo-,saxon union or to ! total gr\p 9
 our own nation w be develop$4 ,our own 
type ( patriotism1 9 :i* !re c be little
 or no racial loyalty z su*1 mu/ be     
built ^u m ideal & ab/ract conceptions  
?an t ( race4 ,x is loyalty to gr\p hav+
 a common idea1 we say1 :i* mu/ be !    
basis ( ,am]ican gr\p loyalty4 ,?is we  
mu/ reg>d z high] ?an any race          
patriotism4 ,all nations are n[1 z      
,b\tr\x rem>ks1 to a great] or less     
ext5t psy*ological races4 ,! factors t h
 produc$ !m are ! factors t h caus$ m5  

to become function+ units4  ,?is gives u
 a clew at lea/ to a practical pr9ciple 
= ! education ( social loyalty4 ,we mu/ 
secure p>ticipation on ! "p ( !         
individual 9 e function t belongs to ea*
 gr\p to :i* ! individual himself is    
atta*$4 ,?us all degrees & k9ds (       
loyalty may be made to exi/ 9 ! same m9d
 )\t conflict or confusion1 precisely   
because ! loyalty desir$ is loyalty to p
 z gr\ps or organizations hav+ causes1 n
 to collections ( individuals z su*4  ,!
 tea*+ ( loyalty to any cause appe>s to 
be a lesson 9 patriotism4 ,s f> z tea*+ 
( patriotism is c5t]$ directly ^u !     
production ( loyalty to ! :ole gr\p :i* 
con/itutes ! nation1 ! fir/ object mu/  
be to create a s5se ( reality ( ! gr\p 9
 ! m9d ( ! individual4 ,we may expect to
 d ?is 9 "p by ! tea*+ ( geography &    
hi/ory 9 an adequate way1 b we mu/ also 
in/ill su* patriotism by induc+         
individuals to p>ticipate 9 nation-wide 
organizations1 :i* are capable ( realiz+
 dramatic effects4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! w> h

 taught u to see ?is4 ,x is organization
 or cop]ation = practical ends1 "u      
conditions 9 :i* deep feel+ is ar\s$1 t 
mo/ quickly & effectually creates ! s5se
 ( solid>ity 9 great gr\ps (            
individuals4 ,we mu/ /udy ! psy*ological
 side ( ?is matt]1 & see h[ ! p[] &     
mom5tum t are s readily ga9$ 9 "t ( ne$ 
c be bett] controll$ = all ! r\t9e      
purposes ( education & ! practical daily
 life4 ,! organization ( national       
activities by means ( volunt>y          
associations w be likely to be "o ( !   
ma9 educational me?ods ( ! future4 ,if  
we are f>-see+ we %all try to utilize ! 
p[]s ( organization1 cop]ation &        
communication to ov]come _m antagonisms 
n[ exi/+ 9 society4 ,w> tempor>ily      
susp5ds class di/9ctions & _m o!r =ms ( 
social dualism4 ,! reaction aft] ! w>   
may be 9 ! direction ( increas+ all !   
=m] antagonisms4 ,to atta9 a /rong      
morale & unity 9 times less dramatic ?an
 ^? ( w> is an educational problem1 9 a 
wide s5se1 b x is also a problem ( !    

practical organization ( all ! social   
life4  ,all nation-wide affiliations (  
*ildr5 :i* 9 any way cross-section      
classes or antagoni/ic int]e/s ( any k9d
 t5d to create mat]ials out ( :i*       
patriotic s5tim5t is made4 ,! s*ool     
itself has t5d$ to produce social unity1
 b x has also t5d$ to level d[nw>d1 &   
also to m$iate associations :i* d n t\* 
^u ! activities & int]e/s & diff]5ces ( 
society4 ,our s*ools are democratic by  
default ( social int]e/ 9 !m1 s to      
speak4 ,we ne$ organizations t %all     
level upw>d & to a great] ext5t involve 
! home4 ,!n we %all see h[ democratic & 
h[ unifi$ our social life really is4 ,^!
 organizations mu/ be bo? democratic &  
practical4 ,!y mu/ engage ! int]e/s (   
all classes4 ,we "k little z yet ab\t ! 
pot5tial p[]1 bo? = practical           
accompli%m5t & = ! build+ ( a high] type
 ( loyalty & patriotism1 !re may be 9   
wide organization4 ,"h we c be/ comb9e !
 initiative & _s t usually come f ! upp]
 classes ) ! great p[]s ( a*iev+        

aggregate results inh]5t 9 ! p z a :ole4
 ,if we are to h a nation :i* %all be a 
unit1 ! p z a :ole mu/ h practical      
int]e/s t require daily ex]tion &       
att5tion4 ,!y mu/ be n m]ely unit$ 9 _s 
z a p1 b unit$ 9 common tasks t are     
def9ite & real4 ,devotion to ! functions
 ( ! p is loyalty to ! nation4 ,?is we  
%\ld say is b an elaboration ( ! old    
colonial _s ( cop]ation1 :5 m]ely liv+ 9
 a community meant a c]ta9 daily s]vice 
to all ! community4 ,we mu/ cont9ue to d
 n[ m consci\sly & ) m te*nique1 s to   
speak1 :at 0 once done m spontane\sly & 
9 a m primitive way4 ,x is ?us t ! idea 
( neighbor might ext5d ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 
z a :ole4 ,all ! mat]ials are at h& = an
 unlimit$ developm5t ( ! practical life4
 ,! s5se ( solid>ity & ! comrade%ip &   
helpfulness t gr[ naturally 9 a small   
community1 :]e conditions are h>d &     
dang]s imm95t1 we mu/ /ill ma9ta9 9 a   
great nation by organization4 ,?is is at
 he>t an educational problem4 ,x is a "w
 ( national "* build+4 ,x is tra9+ 9    

patriotism4  ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r phases 
( education n[1 we mu/ consid] h[ !     
great en]gies hidd5 9 ! /hetic exp]i5ces
 c be put to use4 ,! /hetic1 especially 
9 its dramatic =m1 is a p[] to be       
reckon$ )4 ,int]e/1 organization1 moral 
obligation d n control or release all ! 
en]gies conta9$ 9 ! social life4 ,we ne$
 ! high moods ( dramatic situations to  
rea* ! mo/ fundam5tal motives4 ,! tea*] 
mu/ n only pres5t ideas2 he mu/ g5]ate  
p[]4 ,& ?is is true ( all ef=ts to      
employ = any end ! int]e/s ( ! p1 old or
 "y4 ,! social life1 if x is to be      
effective1 mu/ con/antly be br\ght "u ! 
influ5ce ( dramatic /imuli4 ,dillon1 a  
political writ]1 e>ne/ly pleads = an    
ext5sion & deep5+ ( ! sympa?ies (       
*ildr51 & says t patriotic s5tim5t mu/  
be engraft$ ^u ! s5sitive s\l ( ! *ild4 
,no "o c\ld refuse to admit ?is4 ,! "q1 
h[ev]1 is ( ways & means4 ,9 our view x 
is ma9ly ?r\gh play1 or bett]1 art1 t ! 
s\l ( ! *ild is ?us made s5sitive4 ,a   
dramatic social life mu/ be ! ma9       

condition ^u :i* we dep5d = ?us ext5d+ &
 deep5+ ! sympa?ies ( ! *ild4  ,among ^!
 dramatic social effects we seek1 ! use 
( national holidays1 all me?ods (       
symboliz+ ev5ts1 causes1 or functions   
:i* are nationally significant are (    
c\rse n to be ignor$1 b aft] all x is   
?r\gh practical activity made social &  
rais$ to dramatic expression or feel+1  
ei!r by its own inh]5t idea & sugge/ive 
p[]1 or by ! addition ( /hetic elem5ts1 
t loyalty to ! great] gr\p & its        
functions w be/ be educat$4 ,x is       
precisely ! lack ( ^! dramatic elem5ts &
 ^! mass effects 9 ! social life t n[   
leaves ! social s5se 9 its national     
aspects weak1 & all[s ! v>i\s divid+    
l9es ?r\gh\t society to make ev5 ! mo/  
necess>y activities to a great] or less 
degree ineffectual4  ,! educational     
problem itself is pla94 ,unity ( public 
int]e/s1 :i* c app>5tly n[ be obta9$    
only "u ?reat to national exi/5ce1 mu/  
be ma9ta9$1 n artificially1 b           
volunt>ily4 ,we want ! morale ( w> & !  

social solid>ity ( w> 9 ! times &       
activities ( peace--9 ^? activities t   
repres5t s]vice to c\ntry & also ^? :i* 
consi/ ( ! s]vice ( c\ntry 9 ! p]=mance 
( its broad] functions z a memb] ( a    
family or society ( nations4  ,a f\r?   
factor 9 patriotism we recognize z      
loyalty to gov]nm5t1 to /ate1 or to     
lead]4 ,! place ( su* loyalty 9 a truly 
democratic c\ntry z contra/$ ) an       
autocratically gov]n$ c\ntry seems pla94
 ,x is n only sov]eignty b /atesman%ip z
 well t mu/ reside 9 ! p4 ,! p mu/ n    
only h ! p[] b ! wisdom to rule4 ,ev5 ! 
ideals ( ! c\ntry mu/ come out ( !      
common life1 or !re at lea/ be          
abundantly n\ri%$4 ,! ,g]man writ]s     
prote/ t ! purely native ideals ( ! p d 
n repres5t ! mean+ & purpose ( ! ,/ate4 
,! natural feel+s ( ! p lack purpose &  
def9it5ess4 ,! ,/ate is some?+ v diff]5t
 f ! sum ( ! p & ! repres5tation ( _! w4
 ,! native s5se ( solid>ity is n at all 
l ! organization t comes ?r\gh ! ,/ate4 
,b ?is ab/ract conception ( ! ,/ate z a 

be+ diff]5t f ! p is precisely1 9 ! view
 ( su* writ]s z ,dick9son1 ! cause (    
w>s4 ,^u ?is po9t ,dick9son sees n[ a   
wide p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,we mu/ h ei!r "o   
k9d ( _w or ! o!r4 ,we mu/ cont9ue our  
w>like habits1 & make ! ,god-/ate !     
object ( our religion1 or ab&on all ?is 
= a ?or\gh-go+ democracy4 ,x is !       
special int]e/ t is assum$ to inh]e 9 ! 
,god-/ate t is ! m5ace to peace ev]y:]e4
 ,! ab/ract !ory ( ,/ate inspires       
f>-see+ policies1 democracy lives m by  
its natural in/9cts & feel+s4 ,! !ory ( 
necess>y expansion1 ! "r to gr[ & to    
intrude1 is a natural d$uction f !      
conception ( ! ,god-/ate2 loyalty to !  
,/ate dem&s ev] increas+ l&s &          
population 9 ord] to h m milit>y p[]4   
,! democracy1 ( c\rse1 c h>bor no su*   
conception ( ,/ate4 ,loyalty1 9 !       
democracy1 mu/ be to /ate & to /atesm5 r
 z lead]s ( ! p4 ,! fir/ & mo/ necess>y 
factor 9 patriotism z loyalty to        
au?ority is t au?ority mu/ repres5t     
int]e/s ( c\ntry & p & mu/ = t reason   

des]ve loyalty4 ,educationally1 !       
problem is q ! rev]se ( ! educational   
problem ( ! autocracy4 ,! p are n to be 
tra9$ 9 ob$i5ce & subs]vi5ce to ! /ate1 
b we h ma9ly to create 9 ! m9ds ( all p 
! capacity to recognize true lead]s4 ,x 
is n loyalty to au?ority z su*1 we say1 
t is want$1 b loyalty to lead] :o has no
 p[] at all except ! p[] ( ! good & its 
=ceful pres5tation4 ,a democracy is a   
society 9 :i* ! ari/ocrats rule by      
p]suasion1 al?\gh we mu/ ?9k ( ?is      
ari/ocracy z an ari/ocracy ( intellect &
 morality r ?an ( bir? & weal?4 ,!      
ideal1 we suppose1 t[>d :i* our         
def9ition ( democracy leads is a /ate 9 
:i* au?ority z repres5t$ 9 ! in/itutions
 ( gov]nm5t1 & lead]%ip repres5t$ 9     
natural sup]iority co9cide4 ,x is a     
,/ate 9 :i* ! good & ! great %all gov]n4
 ,b 9 g5]al1 p>liam5ts _c n[ be ! s\rces
 ( moral & intellectual lead]%ip ( ! p4 
,!y are subject$ to too _m conflict+    
int]e/s4 ,! "t may come1 we say1 :5     
au?ority & sup]iority w co9cide1 :5 laws

 w be made & execut$ by ^? :o ought to d
 ^! ?+s r ?an by ^? :o m]ely h ! p[] to 
ga9 opportunity to d s4 ,at any "t &    
place we may1 ( c\rse1 behold great     
lead]%ip comb9$ ) great au?ority4 ,a    
true democracy is a /ate 9 :i* su*      
co9cid5ce w be inevitable4  ,! m9ds ( m5
 are n[ full ( ^! !mes4 ,!y ask h[      
nations may become unifi$ )\t inju/ice &
 autocracy4 ,trott] says t national     
unity is :at is want$ mo/ ( all ?+s n[ 9
 ,engl&4 ,engl& mu/ become consci\s (   
itself1 he says1 & infuse into public   
affairs a _s t w c>ry lead]s f> beyond  
_! own p]sonal int]e/s4 ,engl& has      
surviv$ until n[ 9 spite ( a /rong      
h&icap ( discord4 ,he speaks ( !        
imp]fect morale ( ,engl&1 %[n 9 ! w>1   
:i* arose f ! prec$+ social discord1 &  
%[s t ! only p]fect morale is t :i* is  
bas$ ^u social unity 9 ! nation4 ,all   
?is is true also ( ourselves4 ,we also h
 our problem ( creat+ loyalty to        
gov]nm5t & a national unity ^u :i* a    
p]fect morale bo? = peace & = w> may be 

assur$1 by inspir+ an ideal ( honor1    
hone/y1 & effici5cy 9 all public s]vice1
 & also by ar\s+ an int5se int]e/ 9     
public s]vice & deep appreciation ( :at 
public s]vice & lead]%ip mean1 on ! "p (
 all ! p4 ,?is is pla9ly n m]ely a "w ( 
clean+ politics4 ,x is a "w ( public    
education4 ,! attitude ( a p t[>d       
au?ority & lead]%ip is some?+ m ?an a   
susceptibility to lead]%ip & influ5ce4  
,!re is a desire = ! exp]i5ce ( ec/atic 
social moods1 ! crav+ to be active & to 
be l$4 ,we make a great mi/ake if we ?9k
 all t democracy means is an in/9ct (   
individual indep5d5ce1 a desire to take 
"p 9 ! gov]nm5t z an individual4 ,x is  
also a social crav+ t is involv$4 ,!    
pres5ce ( ! great lead]1 ev5 9 times (  
peace1 /imulates social feel+1 & raises 
x to a productive level4 ,?is social    
feel+1 we say1 is n a m]e reaction4 ,x  
is ! expression ( a desire & read9ess on
 ! "p ( ! p to p>ticipate 9 social      
activities1 & to atta* !mselves to wor?y
 lead]s1 or to ^? n[ :o appeal to ! mo/ 

dom9ant selective faculties4  ,x is     
precisely at ?is po9t t ! educational   
problem comes into view4 ,we are likely 
to ?9k ( ! public education requir$ 9 a 
democracy z too exclusively political   
education1 education t w enable !       
individual to ass]t himself--to "k1 to  
criticize1 to vote1 to take an active "p
 9 politics4 ,?is _s is especially      
prom95t 9 ,engli% life4 ,x is all v good
 9 itself & necess>y4 ,b we ne$ to      
educate ourselves also s t we may h a   
capacity to be l$1 9 ! "r direction4 ,to
 increase s5sitiv5ess to lead]%ip1 b    
also to make t s5sitiv5ess selective (  
true values1 is "o ( ! great educational
 problems ( a democracy4  ,x seems to be
 a "p ( ! "w ( education to create      
popul> h]oes1 to d ^u a high] level :at 
! public press does 9 its own way1 b    
ma9ly p>tisanly & too (t5 f :olly       
unwor?y motives--make reputations4 ,we  
mu/ d m 9 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory & biography  
?an to glorify ! lives ( dead h]oes4 ,we
 ne$ to be q z mu* conc]n$ ab\t com+    

h]oes4 ,we mu/ excite ! imag9ation ( !  
"y & prejudice ! public m9d ?r\gh       
educational *annels1 9 favor ( s9c]e &  
true lead]s4 ,! opportunity ( ! /ory    
tell] is l>ge1 9 ?is "w1 & we ne$ also  
to develop to a v high degree (         
excell5ce ! educational newspap]4 ,"o ( 
our great ne$s 9 education 9 ?is c\ntry 
is a daily newspap] = all s*ools--"o t  
%all be bo? in=m+ & influ5tial1 appeal+ 
by e art to ! selective faculties1      
gov]n$ absolutely by e?ical1 or at lea/ 
n by political & p>tisan motives4 ,! p[]
 ( su* a press might be v great inde$4  
,z an unify+ influ5ce & a ready means ( 
communication1 & an in/rum5t ( use 9 !  
organization ( all *ildr51 ! function ( 
?is press w\ld be a highly important "o4
  ,all means ( creat+ political ideals f
 )91 ( =g+ ! l9ks betwe5 lead] & p 9 !  
pla/ic m9ds ( *ildr5 & y\?s1 w be an    
education 9 "o ( ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( 
patriotism4 ,su* an education w\ld be v 
diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f ! /ate plann$ &       
au?oriz$ education t has be5 c>ri$ on "u

 autocratic regimes4 ,! diff]5ce is "o (
 _s & result1 r ?an ( me?od4 ,9 "o case 
! ,/ate becomes a k9d ( ,nirvana1 9 !   
?\ght ( :i* p]sonality & individuality  
are negat$4 ,patriotism produc$ 9 ! m9ds
 ( ! "y "u ! influ5ce ( a democratic _s 
t5ds to become a creative =ce r ?an a   
bl9d devotion to an accept$ ord]4       
,in/itutions are made & advanc$ r ?an   
m]ely obey$ & def5d$ 9 ?is educational  
process4 ,! wide/ scope & ! free/       
opportunity are all[$ = sup]ior         
qualities ( lead]s & = "r pr9ciples to h
 an effect ^u society 7& ! result we    
invite inde$ is a pr(\nd h]o wor%ip on !
 "p ( ! "y71 b ! conditions w\ld be su* 
t no o!r k9d ( au?ority w\ld be able to 
ex]t a wide influ5ce4 ,to secure ^!     
conditions is1 ( c\rse1 "o ( ! *ief     
tasks ( all ! adm9i/rative bran*es ( our
 educational s]vice4  ,! f9al factor (  
patriotism1 accord+ to our analysis1 is 
loyalty to c\ntry z an hi/orical object4
 ,! ideas & ! feel+s c5t]+ ab\t !       
conception ( c\ntry z p]sonal1 z liv+1 z

 hav+ rights & exp]i5ce1 duties &       
individuality are likely to be vivid &  
int5se4 ,!y are ! inspir]s ( supreme    
devotion to c\ntry1 & also at times1 (  
morbid national pride & fanatical       
c\ntry-wor%ip4 ,! education ( ?is idea (
 c\ntry we %\ld suppose w\ld be "o ( !  
fundam5tal problems ( ! developm5t (    
patriotism4 ,presumably we are n to try 
to de/roy ?is idea ( c\ntry t all p seem
 to h1 or to %[ x z "o ( ! illusions (  
p]sonification4 ,c\ntry is1 ( c\rse1    
diff]5t f ! m]e sum ( ! p4 ,x has       
cont9uity & x p]=ms functions & x is an 
hi/oric entity4 ,mod]nize & re=m ?is    
idea1 we mu/1 b we _c d away ) x z      
some?+ ar*aic & sup]/iti\s4 ,c\ntry is  
real1 ! concepts ( honor & "r belong to 
x1 & c\ntry is some?+ to :i* ! m9d mu/ d
 homage4  ,b\tr\x says t a nation is a  
p]son1 & has a "r to live & to h its    
p]sonality recogniz$ z its own4 ,grant+ 
?is to be true1 & t we mu/ ?9k ( c\ntry 
z p]sonal & active1 ! "q arises :e!r ?is
 concept ( c\ntry is some?+ t requires 9

 any def9ite way educational int]f]5ce4 
,we %\ld say t if c\ntries are          
ess5tially liv+ hi/oric entities hav+ z 
su* a high degree ( reality1 ?is        
reality-s5se w be an important elem5t 9 
! practical life ( peoples4 ,!re c be no
 ?\ght 9 our hi/orical era ( break+ up  
^! entities we call nations4 ,x is a day
 ( int5sifi$ r ?an ( dim9i%$            
nationalism4 ,! s5se ( reality ( nations
 mu/1 we might ?9k1 be made m int5se2   
pride ( c\ntry mu/ rema92 we may f9d "s 
place ev5 = ! idea ( ! div9e nature (   
c\ntry1 :i* is an elem5t 9 ! patriotic  
_s ev]y:]e4 ,t ?is conception ( c\ntry  
is a v necess>y elem5t 9 ! morale ( a   
c\ntry 9 w> seems cle>2 t ! morale (    
peace mu/ be f\nd$ ^u ! same p]sonal &  
religi\s s5tim5ts we c h>dly d\bt4      
,ambition = c\ntry is a normal result ( 
! acceptance ( ! idea ( c\ntry z        
p]sonal1 & ambition = c\ntry appe>s to  
be ! v ess5ce ( any patriotic s5tim5t t 
is s9c]e4 ,/ill ambition = c\ntry has   
be51 9 "s ( its =ms1 a cause ( w>s4 ,:at

 o!r conclusion c we come to1 !n1 ?an t 
ambition = c\ntry mu/ be subject$ to    
radical educational influ5ces8 ,?is is !
 rev]se side ( political progress4      
,ambition mu/ be giv5 new cont5t & new  
direction4 ,all ! p[] & ! s5tim5t ( !   
old imp]iali/ic motive mu/ rema91 b all 
peoples mu/ n[ be educat$ to see t !    
ma9t5ance ( its position 9 ! _w on ! "p 
( any nation is n[ a f> m difficult & f>
 m complex task ?an ev] be=e4 ,! build+ 
( empire mu/ be %[n to h be5 f> easi] & 
f> less h]oic1 & mu* less a te/ ( !     
sup]iority ( a nation ?an we h suppos$4 
,we c %[ t milit>y virtues are mu* m    
ne>ly univ]sal ?an has (t5 be5 assum$1 &
 t nations t are inh]5tly sup]ior mu/   
ab&on volunt>ily _! ambitions (         
aggression1 if !y wi% to rema9 sup]ior &
 to h a place ( honor 9 ! _w4  ,?is     
implies no tea*+ ( pure int]nationalism4
 ,we /ill recognize z fundam5tal ! :ole 
_s ( nationalism4 ,c\ntry mu/ rema9 fir/
 aft] all4 ,all mu/ inde$ le>n to take 9
 "s way ! /atesman's po9t ( view 9 reg>d

 to c\ntry--) its s5se ( ! future1 (    
wide relations & long p]iods ( "t1 & its
 practical vision4 ,x is futile to ?9k (
 ?is future z "o :olly )\t /ruggle &    
competition4 ,we mu/ tea* hi/ory also f>
 m ) ! =w>d view4 ,hi/ory has dealt too 
exclusively ev5 9 ,am]ica ) ! pa/4      
,national ambition t has z its aim to   
realize1 ) indep5d5ce & p[]1 all ! good 
t an enlight5$ nation conta9s1 b at !   
same "t to act ) ju/ice & ) ! ?\ght ( ! 
nation z a "p ( a cord9at$ _w mu/ take  
?is po9t ( view4  ,x is a m$ian c\rse   
betwe5 m]ely nave & day by day liv+1 su*
 z ,lehmann 7#ae7 compla9s ab\t z !     
natural t5d5cy ( un$ucat$ patriotism1 & 
! k9d ( program mak+ t takes into acc\nt
 only ! purposes ( a s+le nation t we   
mu/ foll[ 9 tea*+ ?is =w>d view (       
national hi/ory4 ,!re is a dang] 9 ei!r 
extreme4 ,we may rema9 a nature p1 )\t a
 true hi/oric s5se1 & be consci\s only (
 a dramatic pa/ :i* appeals to s5tim5t &
 a /ill m ambigu\sly glori\s future2 or1
 on ! o!r h& we may become too def9itely

 ambiti\s & too consci\s ( "s special   
mission 9 ! _w4 ,a nation ) a program1 a
 nation t does n recognize ! exp]im5tal 
nature ( hi/ory1 is a dang]\s elem5t 9 !
 society ( nations1 ev5 ?\gh its        
ambitions be n purely selfi%4 ,excessive
 rationalism 9 national consci\sness is 
itself a m5ace4 ,we mu/ live by our     
hi/oric s5se1 by "s ideal ( a future =  
our nation2 ! p mu/ h "s vision ( a     
glori\s future1 & n be expect$ to see   
only an un5d+ vi/a ( problems & labors1 
b ?is hi/ory mu/ be und]/ood & taught   
intimately & appreciatively & n m]ely   
objectively & logically4 ,we mu/ take an
 int]e/ 9 ! c>e]s ( all nations1 &      
und]/& hi/ory psy*ologically & be will+ 
to judge x e?ically4 ,s f> we h _h !    
opposite view 9 mo/ ( our tea*+ & writ+ 
( hi/ory4 ,we mu/ take a fair & tol]ant 
view ( ! p[] motive t exi/s 9 all       
nations1 & try to und]/& :at x means to 
be ( ano!r nationality & to h ambitions 
l our own4 ,)\t su* an attitude1 we %\ld
 argue1 no "o c be truly patriotic1 if  

patriotism means hav+ at he>t ! true    
int]e/s ( "o's own c\ntry4  ,x is n only
 possible & fair1 !re=e1 b necess>y t   
patriotism be enlight5$4 ,x is possible 
to be devot$ ea* "o fir/ ( all to 8 own 
c\ntry1 to h few illusions ab\t its     
values1 & at ! same "t to h tol]ance =  
all o!r nations4 ,:at o!r _s is !re1 9  
fact1 9 :i* our hi/ory c n[ be taught8  
,x seems absurd to say t su* a _s is    
weak4 ,x implies consci\sness ( /r5g?1 (
 be+ able to hold "o's own 9 a fair     
field1 to h ! dignity & s5se ( maturity 
t come f contact ) a real _w4 ,) su* a  
_s x w\ld n be necess>y to accept z     
inevitable ! brutality ( all national   
developm5t1 to use ! words ( ,ma*1 a    
rec5t writ]4 ,we ne$ no long] believe t 
w> is ! only ?+ t c prev5t national     
dis9tegration1 z _m ma9ta94 ,national   
consci\sness c]ta9ly makes progress ev5 
)\t su* dramatic & tragic ev5ts z h     
rec5tly tak5 place4 ,b\tr\x says t 9    
,france1 aft] ! ,dreyfus affair1 al?\gh 
/rong nationali/ic feel+ 0 /irr$1 !re 0 

also a new vision ( ! de/9y ( ! ,fr5* p 
z n only def5d]s ( _! own c\ntry b z    
*ampions ( ! rights ( all nationalities4
 ,g]man writ]s h n fail$ to notice ?is1 
& h be5 incl9$ to reg>d ?is _s ( ,france
 z a sign ( deg5]ation & decay ( !      
national life4 ,we see n[ t g5]osity &  
ju/ice are f> f be+ evid5ces ( weakness1
 & also t 9 ! l>g] logic ( hi/ory ^!    
weaknesses g5]ate /r5g?2 at lea/ !y br+ 
p[]ful fri5ds 9 "t ( ne$4  ,once ,g]many
 h]self 0 affect$ by su* ideals (       
hi/ory4 ,9 ! "t ( ,goe!1 ,cramb rem9ds  
u1 mank9d1 culture & humanity 7 ! great 
words4 ,b ^u ?is love ( humanity &      
culture & love ( ! homel& a political _s
 0 engraft$1 & ?is new _s ( ,g]many has 
manife/ly n[ l$ to h] d[nfall4 ,no6 !re 
is no ?reat to national exi/5ce & no    
disloyalty to c\ntry 9 ! =m (           
int]nationalism t n[ is be=e u4 ,z      
social consci\sness wid5s & social      
relations become m intricate & m        
practical1 national l9es are n lo/1 b   
inde$ become cle>]4 ,^! national        

b\nd>ies are n tempor>y or artificial or
 imag9>y l9es1 = !y repres5t & def9e    
activities & int]e/s t engage ! mo/     
fundam5tal & ! mo/ p]si/5t ( human      
motives4  ,x is 9 ?is _s t loyalty to   
c\ntry z hi/oric object %\ld1 we        
believe1 be taught4 ,?is idea we tea* ( 
c\rse ?r\gh hi/ory1 9 "p1 b hi/ory alone
 9 any ord9>y s5se1 z we might ?9k ( x z
 a subject 9 ! curriculum ( a s*ool1 is 
n en\gh4 ,^! ideas mu/ be made p]suasive
 & dynamic4 ,= ?is z we see ov] & ov]   
aga91 art is ! true me?od4 ,! object to 
be pres5t$ & :i* mu/ inspire devotion is
 an ideal object4 ,x is complex & x     
p]=ms practical functions1 b x is ?r\gh 
& ?r\gh su* an object z appeals mo/     
deeply to ! /hetic feel+s4 ,! image (   
?is object mu/ be made impressive4 ,s9ce
 ! ideal ( our c\ntry is m ab/ract ?an t
 ( mo/ c\ntries1 z an object /ill less  
vivid & less p]sonal1 s9ce x lacks "s ( 
! means ( appeal to ! feel+s t          
imp]iali/ic c\ntries h1 !re is all ! m  
ne$ ( art to make ! figure ( ideal      

c\ntry /& out %>ply be=e u4 ,z we pass  
beyond ! patriotism :i* is only a love (
 home1 or a devotion to a political     
unit1 to a patriotism t is a loyalty to 
a m ab/ract & m intangible idea1 ! art  
by :i* ! idea ( c\ntry is convey$ w\ld1 
we %\ld suppose1 also become m ab/ract4 
,hock+ says t x is ?r\gh symbols t ! m9d
 be/ gropes its way to ! realization (  
ideas4 ,feel+ & imag]y1 we "k1 are v    
susceptible to ! influ5ces ( ! symbol1 &
 also to ! phrase :i* is a l[] ord] (   
symbol4 ,dramatic repres5tation1 all    
pageantry1 pictorial art1 music1 ev5 !  
art ( ! po/] arti/ & ! c>tooni/ h a     
place 9 ! "w ( portray+ c\ntry z an     
ideal object1 & inspir+ devotion to x & 
its causes4 ,a f>-seek+ educational     
policy w scorn none ( ^! 9 its ef=t to  
cry/allize ! concept ( c\ntry & give x  
p[] & reality4  ,f9ally ?is idea (      
c\ntry mu/ be put to "w 9 e m9d & 9 e   
life4 ,o!rwise all education (          
patriotism w t5d t[>d inevitable j+oism1
 & ar\se all ! viol5t & introv]t$ feel+s

 t h made hi/ory a long /ory ( w>s )\t  
end4 ,?is idea ( c\ntry has be5 too     
ari/ocratic4 ,x mu/ n[ become accu/om$  
to a life ( daily toil1 & n m]ely exp5d 
itself 9 en?usiasm & 9 self-sacrifice 9 
crises su* z w>4 ,c\ntry z an idol ( !  
ari/ocratic patriotism has always be5   
too f> remov$ f practical affairs4 ,?is 
patriotism has be5 too p]sonal & too    
exclusive4 ,glory1 honor & fame h play$ 
too l>ge a "p 9 x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !      
common idea ( c\ntry ne$s to be made m  
vivid & m glori\s4 ,?is _s is accu/om$  
to toil b n to h en?usiasm4 ,x c]ta9ly  
ne$s m ( art 9 its patriotism z well z 9
 its daily life4 ,we all ne$ hi/orical  
p]spective4 ,we mu/ h ?r\gh education   
:at tradition has fail$ to give u4 ,x is
 j by lack+ ! patriotism t a vivid s5se 
( c\ntry z hi/oric p]sonage gives1 by   
lack+ imag9ation & ! ability to deta*   
!mselves f ! reality & ! surr\nd+s ( !  
daily life t ! work+ classes are s      
likely to be affect$ by influ5ces t t5d 
to break d[n all patriotism4  ,we %all h

 a true patriotism1 we %\ld say1 only :5
 c\ntry is an idea t is work$ = by all  
classes2 :5 x is an idea t is wov5 into 
! daily lives ( ! p2 :5 x makes ! daily 
toil light] & t\*es x ) glory1 & :5 x   
ent]s into all ! en?usiasm ( ! m favor$ 
classes & inspires x ) ! _s ( daily     
s]vice4     ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,political  
,,education ,,9 ,a ,,democracy   ,"o ( !
 results ( ! w> has be5 to raise 9 !    
m9ds ( all peoples1 to an extraord9>y   
degree1 ! mo/ e>ne/ que/ions ab\t !     
nature & validity ( gov]nm5t4 ,!        
political s5se ( all peoples has be5    
/imulat$4 ,we see on e h& new           
conceptions ( gov]nm5t & dem&s = m &    
bett] gov]nm5t1 b also ! mo/ radical    
criticism & ! d5ial ( all gov]nm5t4 ,!  
det]m9ation 9 v fundam5tal ways ( :at   
gov]nm5t is1 & mu/ be1 :at ideas mu/    
prevail1 :at mu/ be suppress$1 :at an   
ideal gov]nm5t is1 if su* an ideal c be 
=m$1 ! "q ( evils inh]5t 9 ! idea (     
gov]nm5t itself 7if su* evils !re be71 !
 laws ( developm5t ( gov]nm5t 9 all _!  

practical aspects--all ^! que/ions n[   
come up = exam9ation1 & w n be repress$4
 ,if we d n take !m at "o level we mu/  
^u ano!r4 ,naively or sci5tifically1    
philosophically or radically1 ! nature (
 gov]nm5t mu/ be dealt )4  ,gov]nm5t is 
n[ be+ exam9$1 we all see1 f po9ts (    
view n hi!rto tak54 ,! consci5ti\s      
objector raises ! "q ( ! ultimate basis 
( ! "r ( ! _m to control ! lives (      
individuals1 & he asks especially :e!r  
!re is any gr\nd = ! assumption t 9 ?is 
sph]e1 m ?an 9 any o!r1 might makes "r4 
,conscription1 9 fact1 has driv5 u to   
consid] ! mean+ ( lib]ty & ! f\ndations 
^u :i* ! "r to x re/s4 ,?is /]n fact (  
conscription1 ! realization t 9 a mom5t 
! mo/ democratic gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w are   
capable ( br++ to be>1 q                
con/itutionally1 absolute control ov] ! 
mo/ basic possessions ( ! individual1   
has l$ _m to ask s]i\sly :e!r gov]nm5t  
is aft] all a good 9 itself1 or is m]ely
 a necessity hav+ _m att5dant evils4 ,!y
 wi% to "k :e!r !re is 9 ! pr9ciple (   

gov]nm5t some?+ t takes prec$5ce ov] all
 ! assum$ rights ( ! individual4 ,does  
gov]nm5t1 !y inquire1 h a "r to !       
individual2 or is x only 9 s]v+ !       
individual t x is entitl$ to ex]cise    
au?ority t limits ! individual8  ,^! are
 que/ions1 manife/ly1 t involve ! :ole  
f\ndation ( sociology1 b we ne$ n be    
unduly dismay$ at t4 ,?is is a "t :5    
nave ?9k+ & exact sci5ce mu/ make       
compromises ) "o ano!r4 ,= bett] or =   
worse we mu/ f9d "s work+ hypo!sis ^u   
:i* a fair adju/m5t may be made 9 !     
practical life ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,?is   
work+ hypo!sis mu/ also s]ve--& p]haps t
 is aft] all its ma9 function--z some?+ 
to guide u1 some?+ hav+ solidity ^u :i* 
we c /&1 9 p]=m+ our "w z educators4    
,:at we ne$1 :at we believe all feel n[ 
! ne$ (1 is a conception ( gov]nm5t     
satisfy+ to ! multitude ( common p4 ,we 
wi% to "k :e!r we live = ! /ate1 we say1
 or :e!r ! /ate lives = u4 ,we wi% to   
und]/& :at ! basic rights & duties ( !  
individual are4 ,z av]age individuals1  

will+ to give s]vice 9 any cause t seems
 good1 we d n ask s mu* to h det]m9$ = u
 precisely :at type ( gov]nm5t be/      
satisfies ! requirem5ts ( sci5ce or     
philosophy1 b :at ! be/ work+ basis =   
h>moni\s adju/m5t 9 ! social life ( !   
future is to be4 ,^! enquir+ moods on ! 
"p ( ! p are a "p ( ! temp]am5t t has   
issu$ f ! w>4 ,we %all make a mi/ake if 
we reg>d x z a m]e pass+ effect1 h[ev]2 
x means a deep /irr+ ( ! political      
consci\sness ( p ?r\gh\t ! _w4          
,significant diff]5ces may be obs]v$ 9 !
 g5]al attitude t[>d gov]nm5t among ! p 
9 ! great nations ( ! _w4 ,ea* nation   
appe>s to h its own political temp]am5t1
 & ?is q ap>t f ! views repres5t$       
especially by political p>ties & ! l1 & 
q indep5d5tly ( ! sci5tific &           
philosophical conceptions ( gov]nm5t &  
its functions ( :i* !re are a great     
numb]1 & among !m c]ta9ly no agreem5t ^u
 ! ma9 issues & values4  ,tak+ public   
op9ion z a :ole1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1       
,france & ,am]ica seem to repres5t      

di/9ctly diff]5t attitudes t[>d         
gov]nm5t4 ,! ,/ate 9 ! ,g]man philosophy
 ( life1 z e "o is n[ aw>e1 is all2 !   
individual d]ives 8 reality & 8 value1 s
 to speak1 f ! idea ( ! supreme /ate4   
,individuality & fre$om 9 ?is philosophy
 ( life d n ref] to political           
individuality & fre$om at all4 ,9       
,engl&1 & p]haps to "s ext5t 9 all      
democratic c\ntries1 ! prevail+ ?\ght   
seems to be t ! gov]nm5t t gov]ns ! lea/
 is1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ gov]nm5t4 ,!      
,engli% gov]nm5t is suppos$ to be !     
s]vant ( ! p1 & ! individual has be5 9 !
 habit ( look+ to ! gov]nm5t = _m       
s]vices4 ,! individual1 free &          
self-det]m9$1 is ! unit ( value & (     
society1 & ! regulation ( 8 conduct by  
gov]nm5t is at be/ a necess>y evil4 ,x  
came z a surprise to ! ,engli%man :5 he 
realiz$ t ! /ate c\ld comm& ! mo/       
p]sonal s]vice & ! mo/ complete surr5d] 
( ! prop]ty rights ( ! individual4  ,le 
,bon says t ! ,fr5*man1 too1 ?9ks ( !   
/ate z some?+ to be kept at a m9imum &  

to a c]ta9 ext5t to be oppos$4          
,opposition to ! gov]nm5t is a "p ( !   
,fr5*man's plan ( life4 ,b\tr\x says !  
same--t 9 ,france ! habit ( ?9k+ ( !    
gov]nm5t & ( society z two rivals has n 
be5 ov]come4  ,our own idea ( gov]nm5t  
is c]ta9ly some:at diff]5t f ^!4 ,we are
 wat*ful ( individual "r1 b we d n t5d  
to ?9k ( gov]nm5t ei!r z oppon5t or z   
s]vant4 ,we d n ask ! gov]nm5t to take  
c>e ( u z individuals1 & we d n feel 9 !
 public attitude ! resi/ance to gov]nm5t
 t ! ,fr5* writ]s obs]ve 9 ,france4 ,!  
,am]ican expects on ! :ole to look out =
 8 own int]e/s & he has nev] felt !     
pressure & ov]-p[]+ =ce (               
gov]nm5t--until p]haps n[4 ,mabie says t
 ! ,am]ican has conceiv$ ( 8 gov]nm5t z 
exi/+ to keep ! h\se 9 ord] :ile !      
family liv$ its life freely1 e          
individual foll[+ ! b5t ( 8 own g5ius4  
,^! temp]am5tal attitudes t[>d gov]nm5t1
 we said1 seem q ap>t f sci5tific &     
philosophic conceptions ( /ate4 ,we see1
 h[ev]1 some?+ ( ! temp]am5t reflect$ 9 

! philosophies4 ,philosoph]s d n :olly  
deta* !mselves f ! mores ( _! race4 ,!  
mon>*y ( ,g]many1 ,mun/]b]g says1       
appeals to ! moral p]sonality & ! /hetic
 imag9ation4 ,its ma9 function1 h[ev]1  
is to safegu>d ! ,g]man p4 ,its faults  
are ! faults ( its virtues4 ,o!r ,g]man 
writ]s praise ! ,g]man gov]nm5t         
especially = its effici5cy1 = its       
incomp>able body ( (ficials--inde$ = its
 v clock-"w p]fection t ,b]gson hates 9 
,prussian life4 ,lehmann goes s f> z to 
say t ! ,g]man /ate _h rea*$ ! p]fect   
balance betwe5 individualism &          
communism4 ,^! writ]s see pl5ty (       
self-realization 9 ,g]man society1 & q  
en\gh ( p>ticipation1 on ! "p ( !       
individual1 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,s*moll] 7#ea7
 d5ies t ,g]many ev] lack$ ! _s ( free  
in/itutions1 & ev5 comp>es ,g]many )    
anci5t ,attica1 :i* he ?9ks 0 great n   
because ( ! rule ( ! demos1 b because ! 
p foll[$ _! ari/ocratic lead]s4         
,troelts* tries to %[ t ! ,g]man idea ( 
fre$om is diff]5t f1 & inde$ sup]ior to1

 t ( all o!r peoples4 ,! ,fr5*1 he says1
 re/ _! idea ( fre$om ^u ! doctr9e ( !  
equality ( all citiz5s1 b 9 reality     
lawy]s & plutocrats prevail4 ,! ,engli% 
idea ( fre$om comes f ,puritanic ideas2 
! individual's indep5d5ce ( ! /ate is   
bas$ ^u ! idea ( natural rights1 & ^u ! 
!ory ( ! creation ( ! /ate by !         
individual4 ,b ,g]man fre$om is some?+  
entirely diff]5t4 ,"h fre$om is 9       
education1 & 9 ! spiritual cont5t (     
individuality4 ,g]man fre$om is ! fre$om
 t comes f ! spontane\s recognition (   
rights & duties4 ,p>liam5ts are good 9  
_! place1 b aft] all !y are n ! ess5ce (
 fre$om4  ,totally diff]5t conceptions (
 /ate are easily f\nd4 ,consid]1 =      
example1 ! views ( ,russell4 ,?r\gh e   
page ( 8 book !re %9es ! det]m9$ belief 
9 ! inali5able rights ( ! individual4   
,self-expression ( ! individual ?r\gh   
creative activity is ! basic value1 or  
at lea/ ! fundam5tal means ( realiz+    
values4 ,russell sees no?+ sacr$ or f9al
 9 any =m ( exi/+ gov]nm5t4 ,he w\ld l  

to see gov]nm5t exp&$ 9 "s directions & 
contract$ 9 o!rs1 = ! functions (       
gov]nm5t _c all be ve/$ 9 "o body or    
organization4 ,= def5se ! nation is n   
l>ge en\gh4 ,= all civic gov]nm5t !     
nation is too l>ge4 ,9 its int]nal      
control x treats ! individual too       
ru?lessly4 ,wa/eful & 9 l>ge "p ev5     
unnecess>y1 x antagonizes ! free        
developm5t ( ! individual4 ,gov]nm5t    
%\ld cease its oppression1 x %\ld no    
long] support unnatural prop]ty rights1 
or int]f]e ) ! p]sonal affairs (        
individuals4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 we 
%\ld n expect a radical cure = all !    
evils ( gov]nm5t4 ,if only we c f9d ! "r
 direction 9 :i* to make advance1 we    
%\ld be satisfi$ ) some?+ less p]fect   
?an an ideal4  ,! /ate 9 ,russell's     
view1 in/ead ( be+ an ideal in/itution1 
is ev5 h>mful 9 _m ways & t]ribly       
de/ructive4 ,x promotes w>4 ,x makes !  
individual helpless1 & cru%es him ) a   
s5se ( 8 unimportance4 ,x abets !       
inju/ice ( capitalism4 ,x excludes      

citiz5s f any p>ticipation 9 =eign      
affairs4 ,we mu/ inde$ n let ?is incubus
 ( /ate ov]:elm u4 ,we mu/ keep x 9 its 
prop] place1 ev5 9 p]=m+ its necess>y   
functions1 su* z pres]v+ public heal?4  
,x is bett] to take "s risk1 ev5 9 su*  
matt]s1 ?an to ov]ride too mu* !        
individual's p]sonal rights4 ,all !     
functions ( ! /ate mu/ be made to c5t] m
 ab\t ! welf>e ( ! individual1 & 9 do+  
?is ! /ate mu/ pla9ly reg>d z fundam5tal
 ! "r ( ! individual to free gr[? & !   
developm5t ( all 8 p[]s4 ,we mu/ le>n to
 ?9k m 9 t]ms ( individual welf>e & less
 9 t]ms ( national pride4  ,9           
syndicalism 9 "s =m ,russell sees ! mo/ 
promise = re=m ( gov]nm5t4 ,"s type (   
gov]nm5t at lea/ :i* does n make !      
geographical unit ! basis ( ev]y?+ mu/  
be ! gov]nm5t ( ! future4 ,?is w\ld lead
 9 ! end to a high] /ate ?an t bas$     
prim>ily ^u law1 = x w\ld be a gov]nm5t 
9 :i* free organization w\ld be ! fir/  
pr9ciple4  ,pla9ly we are to-day 9 a "t 
( flux 9 :i* ideas & in/itutions are    

unsettl$1 & !re is a great v>iety (     
political !ories ( all k9ds4 ,we c hope 
to f9d no agreem5t among !ori/s &       
c]ta9ly no common gr\nd = !             
reconciliation ( conflict+ p>ties4      
,/ill1 ev5 = ! mo/ practical daily life 
we mu/ f9d "s guid+ pr9ciples4 ,we mu/  
look = "s means ( br++ ord] out ( !     
pres5t div]sity & conflict4 ,"s         
valuation ( gov]nm5t1 "s idea ( !       
ultimate purpose ( gov]nm5t ought to be 
agre$ ^u1 if = no o!r reason t we may h 
"s pr9ciple :i* w give u cont9uity 9 our
 educational "w4  ,consid] ! v>ieties ( 
political cre$ n[ (f]$ u1 & !re c be    
little d\bt bo? ( ! difficulty & !      
necessity ( f9d+ guid+ pr9ciples = !    
practical life & to pres]ve sanity (    
m9d4 ,! mon>*ical idea /ill l+]s2 !re is
 a v>iety ( conceptions ( democracy1    
diff]+ widely2 !re are sociali/s--/ate  
sociali/s1 ,m>xian sociali/s ( ! old    
l9e1 ,bol%evi/s1 regionali/s1           
syndicali/s1 & o!rs--& an>*i/s ( pure   
blood4 ,( int]nal & p>ty diff]5ces1     

policies1 & plans !re is no end4 ,?r\gh 
all ^! we h to ?read our way1 & rea* :at
 conclusions we c4  ,no ,am]ican c (    
c\rse be expect$ to see ! "q ( gov]nm5t 
o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ,am]ican eyes4 ,he is 
to "s ext5t prejudic$ & b\nd to ! ideas 
( lib]ty1 individualism1 & democracy1   
:atev] 8 v>iety ( p>ty politics be4     
,democracy he may reg>d z an assumption1
 b x w seem n[ ev5 m ?an ev] a necess>y 
assumption ^u :i* to build a work+      
conception ( gov]nm5t4  ,we h to look   
some:]e 9 actual life = ! elem5ts &     
pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,:y %\ld we n look
 = !m 9 ,am]ican life1 :]e gov]nm5t has 
gr[n up comp>atively free f traditions &
 prejudices & :]e x has be5 by all !    
ord9>y te/s successful8 ,!re has be5    
some?+ bo? ideal & g5]ic 9 ,am]ican     
life4 ,:atev] p]sonal equation may be   
involv$ 9 say+ ?is1 ! po9t ( view has "s
 objective ju/ification4 ,x is a g5etic 
me?od1 at lea/4 ,9 e>ly ,am]ican life   
society 0 simple1 & life 0 e>ne/1 & we  
see gov]nm5t & ! individual 9 _!        

ess5tial relations to "o ano!r4  ,9 ?is 
primitive & yet mod]n society we see !  
individual z a collection ( functions1 s
 to speak1 exi/+ 9 a gr\p4 ,! individual
 also has v>i\s desires1 :i* d n appe>  
to be :olly 9 agreem5t ) 8 social       
functions4 ,"s ( ^! desires (           
individuals are /rongly antagoni/ic to  
society4 ,9 ?is society1 gov]nm5t is    
pla9ly ! means ( protect+ ! individual  
or ! gr\p1 by ! sugge/ion or ! ex]tion (
 lawful =ce1 f ! ?reat ( lawless =ce4   
,law is a means ( enabl+ & also compell+
 ! individual to p]=m ! v>i\s functions 
:i* belong to him z an individual or z a
 memb] ( ! gr\p4 ,to "s ext5t ! law also
 aids ! individual 9 p]=m+ 8 functions4 
,b ?is simple social ord] already %[s   
c]ta9 basic di%>monies4 ,x is an        
exp]im5tal regulation ( ! individual4 ,e
 re/riction ! individual helps to put ^u
 o!r individuals by p>ticipat+ 9 or     
acquiesc+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5t &   
law reacts to limit 8 own fre$om1 9 ways
 :i* he _c :olly pr$ict4 ,fre$om ( !    

individual1 ev5 9 ! simple/ social ord]1
 becomes greatly limit$1 if n           
necess>ily1 at lea/ naturally--& inde$  
necess>ily1 s9ce ! only *oice appe>s to 
be betwe5 lawful & lawless limitation ( 
fre$om4 ,f ! beg9n+1 !re=e1 !re c be no 
p]fect satisfaction ( individual desires
 or ( ei!r g5]al or individual ne$s1 9 !
 ord]$ social life4 ,society z a :ole   
regulates ! conduct ( ! individual bo?  
by aid+ & by inhibit+ 8 activities1 &   
mu/ d s4 ,9 do+ ?is1 x is pla91 x       
promotes all or mo/ ( ! functions ( !   
individual4 ,ord]$ society wid5s ! total
 sph]e ( action ( ! individual4 ,!      
individual left to himself t5ds to      
become an end-9-himself4 ,law makes him 
to a great] ext5t a means4 ,9 do+ ?is x 
s]ves him & x also uses him1 & !re c    
nev] be any gu>antee1 9 any individual  
case1 ( :at ! sum ( ^! s]vices &        
re/ra9ts %all be4 ,society uses !       
individual 9 "p1 b n exclusively1 9 8   
own s]vice4 ,! good & ! evil1 !         
necessity & ! dilemma ( all gov]nm5t are

 outgr[?s ( ?is primitive s]vice ( !    
social organization & ?is orig9al       
di%>mony among ! wills ( individuals & !
 w ( ! gr\p to s]ve ! individual & also 
at ! same "t c]ta9 g5]al purposes :i*   
may n 9 any giv5 case co9cide ) ei!r !  
desire or ! ne$ ( ! individual4 ,= ?is  
reason we conclude t !re c be no p]fect 
gov]nm5t4 ,all gov]nm5t is exp]im5tal & 
exi/s by compromise4  ,:at1 !n1 9 ! mo/ 
g5]al way1 c we say is ! legitimate     
function or purpose ( gov]nm5t8 ,hock+  
says t gov]nm5t is ! means ( assur+ !   
individual t 8 a*ievem5ts w be p]man5t4 
,to ?is end x puts ord] into ! /ructure 
( society4 ,9 our view some?+ simil>1 b 
n id5tical ) ?is1 is true4 ,we c say t 9
 its complex =ms x is 9 pr9ciple only   
:at we f\nd x to be 9 its primitive or  
simple =ms4 ,gov]nm5t is ideally a means
 ( aid+ all ! functions ( e individual4 
,functions1 let u obs]ve & n prim>ily   
desires are s]v$4 ,^! functions are su* 
functions z ! individual has z a memb] (
 e gr\p to :i* he naturally belongs4    

,gov]nm5t1 !n1 s to speak1 has no /&+ ( 
its own4 ,its prop] function is to      
facilitate all o!r functions4 ,nei!r    
individuals nor gov]nm5ts h any rights z
 ab/ract$ f ! sum ( functions :i* !y    
ess5tially are4  ,if ?is be true1 we c  
c]ta9ly def9e no "o be/ & et]nal type ( 
gov]nm5t1 any m ?an a fix$ & p]fect plan
 ( life = an individual c be def9$4     
,gov]nm5t might be suppos$ prop]ly to   
*ange accord+ to ! functions :i* f "t to
 "t 7 mo/ important = ! society 9 "q4   
,social life1 "u gov]nm5t1 diff]s f a   
free & unorganiz$ social life ma9ly 9 t 
a c]ta9 objectivity is acquir$ 9 reg>d  
to ! functions ( ! individual4 ,!       
individual becomes a creature (         
functions r ?an ( desires & ne$s4       
,common int]e/s1 or ! int]e/s ( ! gr\p  
are s]v$1 we say2 9 do+ ?is ! individual
 is made to s]ve 8 own int]e/s1 p]haps1 
b ! mo/ out/&+ fact is t 9 ?is organiz$ 
life ! imm$iate desires ( ! individual  
are likely to be ?w>t$4 ,regul>ity is   
put into conduct1 & conduct is made to  

s]ve multiple & di/ant ends4 ,!         
functions ( ! individual1 left to !     
desire ( ! individual1 w seldom be      
h>moni\sly p]=m$4 ,!y w lack precisely  
objective consid]ation4 ,b 9 ! organiz$ 
social life !re w also be no p]fect ord]
 & h>mony1 no f9al balance ( functions4 
,ev]y?+ is /ill relative & exp]im5tal4  
,gov]nm5t is a sy/em 9 :i* any "o       
individual at any mom5t may ga9 or may  
lose4 ,b on ! :ole1 "u ! good gov]nm5t1 
bo? m fre$om = ! individual & bett]     
conditions & bett] life = ! individual w
 presumably be obta9$ ?an 9 any possible
 disord]$ or unorganiz$ society4 ,b     
gov]nm5t w really add no?+ t does n     
already belong to ! functions t         
naturally develop 9 any social gr\p4  ,!
 actual functions ( gov]nm5ts are1      
!re=e1 highly complex1 because x is 9 "s
 way involv$ 9 all ! functions ( !      
individuals !mselves4 ,gov]nm5ts w be   
judg$ good or bad 9 two p>ticul>s3      
accord+ to ! complet5ess ) :i* !y       
include all ! social functions1 & z     

reg>ds _! effici5cy 9 facilitat+ ^!     
functions4 ,we mu/ n make ! mi/ake (    
judg+ a gov]nm5t m]ely by its =m4 ,"u ! 
same con/itution & hold+ ! same ideals1 
!re is room = widely diff]5t =ms (      
activity on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 & great  
diff]5ces 9 effici5cy & 9 ! functions   
p]=m$4 ,! same functions may be p]=m$ & 
! same degree ( effici5cy rea*$ app>5tly
 ) diff]5t organizations4 ,clevel& %[s1 
= example1 h[ our own gov]nm5t might    
become mu* m effici5t & make radical    
*anges 9 ! me*anism ( ! legislative &   
executive functions )\t sacrific+ any   
pr9ciple we hold to1 & p]haps )\t any   
*ange 9 our con/itution4  ,x is ?is idea
 ( ! prop] functions ( gov]nm5t & !     
relative adequacy ( exi/+ gov]nm5ts to  
p]=m !m t seems to be deeply que/ion$4  
,life has sudd5ly gr[n m complex4 ,!    
individual is br\ght face to face ) new 
dem&s ^u him4 ,he becomes1 x may be1 a  
memb] ( new gr\ps1 hav+ new functions4  
,gov]nm5t also1 & correspond+ly1 exp&s4 
,! "q is n n[ ( ! effici5cy ( gov]nm5t 9

 do+ :at x has hi!rto und]tak52 we wi%  
to feel sure t gov]nm5t is adequate to  
meet ! requirem5ts ( a rapidly *ang+    
social ord]4 ,t j n[ is inde$ a v vital 
"q4 ,gov]nm5ts1 we say1 may be oblig$ to
 adapt !mselves to entirely new tasks4  
,society assumes new ext]nal relations1 
& !re=e we %\ld expect t new organs w\ld
 be ne$$ = p]=m+ ^! new functions4  ,9  
all ?is we h be5 mak+ objective         
valuations ( gov]nm5t4 ,an ideal or a   
def9ition ( gov]nm5t 9 t]ms ( its       
functions & ! degree ( effici5cy 9 !    
p]=mance ( !m might /ill1 we ought to   
obs]ve1 leave a wide scope = pref]5ce 9 
reg>d to =ms1 & o!r subjective          
valuations4 ,ev5 betwe5 ari/ocratic &   
democratic =ms1 !re may be /ill room =  
valid appreciations on /hetic or moral  
gr\nds4 ,our objective valuations (     
gov]nm5t mu/ 9 fact 9 v>i\s ways imp+e  
^u fundam5tal que/ions 9 :i* no purely  
sci5tific consid]ations w be :olly      
decisive4  ,we c c]ta9ly f9d no precise 
way ( valu+ 9 detail or 9 _! totality   

exi/+ or propos$ =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,our   
mo/ valid me?od1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be to 
ref] at e /ep ! functions ( gov]nm5t    
back to ! functions ( ! individuals :o  
make up society4 ,e phase ( legitimate  
gov]nm5t mu/ ?us g back to ! individual1
 & 8 desires & functions4 ,if we d ?is  
we %all see aga9 :y 9 national life we h
 ! same k9d ( exp]im5tal problem t we h 
9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,!re c be no   
p]fect adju/m5t among ! acts ( an       
individual1 & no f9al valuation ( !m4   
,!re is no p]fect balance betwe5 pres5t 
use & future good1 betwe5 individual &  
social values1 betwe5 desires or ne$s & 
functions4 ,! reason = ?is1 we say1 is t
 life is s complicat$ & made up ( s _m  
functions & ( s _m conflict+ desires t x
 _c be conduct$ accord+ to any s+le     
pr9ciple or comb9ation ( pr9ciples4 ,if 
we ?9k ( gov]nm5t z only a phase ( !    
wide/ social liv+1 & s z be+ ?r\gh &    
?r\gh ( ! nature ( ! life ( !           
individual1 we ought to h ! "r po9t (   
view = all practical consid]ation ( x4  

,we mu/ n expect consi/5cy or p]fection 
9 gov]nm5t1 & we c h no hope ( pass+    
absolute & f9al judgm5ts ^u x4 ,radical 
politics1 9 our pres5t situation1 mu/ be
 reg>d$ z "o ( our greate/ dang]s4      
,democracy has become ! great idea ( !  
age4 ,x is our own fundam5tal pr9ciple1 
s we ( all p ought to be able to und]/& 
& to def5d x--& to def9e x4 ,yet _m     
writ]s compla9 & m imply t ! idea (     
democracy has nev] be5 v cle>1 & p]haps 
n ev5 v s9c]e4 ,sumn] says t democracy  
is "o ( ! _m words ( ambigu\s mean+ t h 
play$ su* a l>ge "p 9 politics4         
,democracy1 he says1 is n us$ z a       
p>allel ^w to ari/ocracy1 !ocracy1      
autocracy1 & ! l1 b is invok$ z a p[] f 
"s outside orig9 :i* br+s into human    
affairs a peculi> inspiration & an en]gy
 ( its own4  ,democracy has app>5tly    
meant q diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t p4 ,to "s
 x is ess5tially a =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i*  
control is repres5t$ z 9 ! h&s ( !      
majority ( ! p4 ,"s seem to h no fur!r  
int]e/ 9 democracy1 if only !y see t !  

democratic =m 9 gov]nm5t is pres]v$ &   
jeal\sly gu>d$ & ! majority by its      
ballot rules4 ,to "s x is ! aspect (    
democracy z individualism t has appeal$ 
mo/--fre$om ( ! individual ev5 f !      
re/ra9t ( law & cu/om--or aga9 equality 
( opportunity4 ,^! p]haps ?9k ( fre$om z
 a supreme value 9 itself4 ,"s ?9k (    
democracy m 9 t]ms ( its int]nal        
conditions or its results4 ,!y ?9k (    
fre$om z a means ( accompli%+ good1 n z 
m]ely be+ a good4 ,!y believe t ! good (
 ! individual is n necess>ily repres5t$ 
by ! satisfaction ( 8 desires1 & s      
p]haps ?9k ( ! law & ord] ( ! democratic
 community1 ! control & regulation ( !  
individual 9 8 daily life by ! w ( all1 
z ! ess5tial feature ( a democracy4  ,"h
 9 ,am]ica1 tak+ our hi/ory & our life z
 a :ole1 x seems c]ta9 t ! dom9at+ mood 
has be5 ! love ( individual fre$om4 ,our
 democracy is f\nd$ ^u ! idea ( ! rights
 ( ! man4 ,b ^! rights & privileges ( ! 
man c be secur$ only by social          
organization t imm$iately takes away "s 

( !m4 ,s our national life1 j because ( 
! /rong individualism ) :i* x began1    
also began ) a firm pr9ciple ( law &    
ord] modify+ ! idea ( fre$om4 ,"s w\ld  
say x began ?us 9 a p>adox or a         
delusion4 ,ev5 to be morally free 0 n   
all[$4 ,! gr\p1 9 ! ,puritan society at 
lea/1 ex]cis$ /rict sup]vision ov] !    
moral life ( ! individual4 ,gidd+s says1
 9 fact1 t ?is exp]im5t 9 moral control 
on ! "p ( ! p ov] all individuals is "o 
( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,am]ican life4   
,our hi/ory is ! /ory ( an exp]im5t 9   
fre$om1 9 :i* accord+ to "s we h m & m  
suppress$ ! individual4 ,grabo says t ! 
hi/ory ( democracy "h is ! /ory ( a     
dream r ?an an accompli%m5t4 ,su* views1
 h[ev]1 d n appe> to be true            
repres5tations ( ! case4 ,!y assume t ! 
indep5d5ce ( ! individual is m real or m
 realizable ?an x c be 9 any society4   
,is x n r true t our app>5t rel9qui%m5t 
( ! idea ( fre$om is ! rev]se side1 s to
 speak1 ( ! p]si/5ce ?r\gh\t our hi/ory 
( an impossible ideal ( indep5d5ce ( !  

individual8 ,x is individualism1 r ?an  
control1 t has increas$4 ,! orig9al     
fre$om 0 a fre$om su* z comes f ! will+ 
p>ticipation ( ! individual 9 an ord] 9 
:i* ! control 0 imm$iate & ve/$ 9 !     
:ole4 ,control has become m def9ite &   
precise z ! individual has become fur!r 
remov$ f ! direct influ5ce ( ! social   
environm5t4 ,we h develop$ relatively   
too mu* our orig9al idea ( indep5d5ce1 &
 f "t to "t elem5ts h be5 add$ to our   
national life t repres5t an ideal (     
radical individualism1 z = example      
,jacksonian democracy4 ,will+ness to    
p>ticipate freely 9 ! functions (       
society1 & desire on ! "p ( ! individual
 to p]=m all 8 functions1 h be5         
relatively too slight4 ,ev5 9 politics x
 is n s mu* by ! desire to p>ticipate 9 
gov]nm5t t we h %[n our democratic _s z 
by ! desire n to be individually gov]n$4
 ,! old colonial _s ( cop]ation &       
neighborl9ess ) :i* we />t$ has be5     
7speak+ relatively aga97 neglect$4 ,we h
 develop$ t[>d individualism & control r

 ?an t[>d free association "u lead]%ip4 
,we h lack$ ability z individuals to see
 ourselves f ! /&po9t ( ! :ole (        
society4 ,n[1 !re=e1 we are fac$ by !   
app>5t /ill fur!r decl9e ( our pr9ciple 
( fre$om1 because we see t we may h     
effici5cy only by increas+ au?ority4  ,!
 "q may fairly be ask$ :e!r we are n at 
a p>t+ ( ! ways1 :5 our democratic idea 
mu/ be m cle>ly def9$1 & we mu/ decide  
:e!r we %all *ange t[>d autocracy2 or   
n[1 at ! end ( our /age ( primitive     
democracy1 ent] ^u a plane ( high]      
democracy4 ,sumn] says t always 9 a     
democracy x is a "q :at class %all rule1
 t ! control 9 a democracy always t5ds  
to rema9 ei!r 9 ! h&s ( ! upp] class or 
! l[] class1 & t ! great middle class1 !
 seat ( va/ p[]s1 is nev] organiz$ to   
rule4 ,su* conditions %[1 aga91 !       
effects ( ! individualism t             
prevails--national unity & ! capacity = 
free organization )\t individual or     
special motives are want+4  ,cramb has  
/at$ a fundam5tal tru?1 f our po9t (    

view1 9 say+ t hi!rto democracy has be5 
m int]e/$ 9 its rights ?an 9 its duties4
 ,x is v true t ! subjective /ate (     
fre$om has be5 ! real attraction &      
appeal 9 our social life4 ,x has br\ght 
to our %ores va/ numb]s ( p :o w\ld     
o!rwise nev] h cross$ ! seas4 ,p]haps x 
has br\ght u too _m1 & ^? ) too ke5 a   
love ( fre$om4 ,at any rate1 ! "q is n[ 
:e!r z a p we %all be able to take a m  
advanc$ view ( ! individual1 a m        
functional view1 s to speak1 a new &    
enl>g$ conception ( ! mean+ & place ( ! 
individual man 9 society4 ,democracy1 9 
a ^w1 mu/ h5ce=?1 c]ta9ly if x is to be 
a _w /ate or ord] & n a condition (     
_w-wide an>*y1 g beyond ! negative idea 
( fre$om1 ju/ice & equality1 to a m     
positive idea ( s]vice1 9 :i* we ?9k (  
individuals z hav+ m complex1 m free & m
 int]nal relations among !mselves4  ,9  
?is idea ( democracy1 fre$om is se5 to  
mean fir/ ( all fre$om to p]=m all !    
functions :i* belong to an individual z 
a "p ( a highly organiz$ society4 ,x    

does n include1 h[ev]1 fre$om n to p]=m 
^! functions4 ,x is fre$om to lead a    
normal life1 9 a ^w1 n fre$om to lead an
 abnormal life4 ,:e!r1 9 ?is democracy1 
! p]=mance ( ^! functions w be m or less
 "u compulsion1 :e!r ! individual w     
volunt>ily surr5d] c]ta9 rights assum$  
to be inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple ( fre$om1 or  
:e!r ^! rights w be tak5 away by ! %[ ( 
=ce on ! "p ( au?ority1 seems to dep5d  
n[ ma9ly ^u two ?+s3 :e!r 9 ?is society 
sup]ior lead]%ip w h an opportunity & be
 /rong en\gh to ex]t deep influ5ce ^u ! 
p2 & :e!r1 9 g5]al1 su* an educational  
program c be c>ri$ on z w make m5       
susceptible to su* lead]%ip1 capable (  
judg+ its values & able also to organize
 freely = ! accompli%m5t ( ! purpose &  
functions ( ! social life4 ,9 su* a     
democratic society z ?is1 x is pla91 !  
evils ( individualism & also ! evils (  
control w t5d to disappe>4 ,p]fect      
id5tity ( individual & social w we %\ld 
n expect to be atta9$ any:]e4  ,! evils 
( our pres5t democratic society--!      

individualism1 p>ty politics & class    
rule--appe> 9 %>p relief :5 we comp>e   
exi/+ in/itutions & ! pres5t _s ) :at is
 requir$ 9 a true democracy4 ,! old idea
 t ! w ( ! majority mu/ prevail is se5  
to be inadequate1 if we mean by w ( !   
majority ! av]age or ! sum ( ! desires &
 op9ions ( ! majority4 ,^! d n          
necess>ily repres5t ! good1 & inde$ "u  
exi/+ conditions1 !y _c4 ,we want ! w ( 
! sup]ior man to prevail1 b to prevail n
 by =ce1 b by ! p[] ( influ5ce4 ,!      
politicians talk ab\t ! s\ndness ( !    
in/9cts ( ! p ,some?+ m ?an in/9ct is   
want$ 9 a democracy4 ,in/9cts are n     
progressive4 ,individualism1 ! pleasure 
( ! mom5t1 & m$iocrity are repres5t$ too
 mu* by in/9cts & 9 e expression ( ! m]e
 w ( ! majority4 ,p 9 ! mass are gov]n$ 
too mu* by impulse4 ,conduct & purpose  
are too discont9u\s & fragm5t>y2 or     
p]haps we _h bett] say t ! /imuli ( !   
mom5t are too likely to control conduct4
 ,:]eas social life "u ! influ5ce ( !   
highe/ type ( lead]%ip is gov]n$ by m   

complex /ates ( consci\sness1 by moods1 
:i* are m orig9al & creative1 & 9 :i*   
desires & impulses are no long] !       
controll+ factors 9 conduct4  ,?is view 
( democracy %[s t democracy is some?+   
/ill to come4 ,x is n an a*iev$ social  
ord] or a well-f\nd$ doctr9e t mu/ m]ely
 be exploit$ & spread abroad ov] ! _w4  
,democracy is exp]im5tal civilization4  
,we d n "k :e!r x repres5ts ! ultimate  
good 9 gov]nm5t & society or n1 & :e!r x
 is de/9$ to cont9ue & to prevail4 ,t w 
dep5d1 we suppose1 ^u :at we make x4 ,we
 h our evid5ces ( hi/ory1 b aft] all    
democracy is /ill bas$ ^u assumptions4  
,x is an exp]im5tal ord]1 we say1 9 :i* 
we try to realize _m desires & to       
h>monize _m functions4 ,! f9al          
ju/ification ( democracy mu/ be 9 ! f>  
future4 ,x mu/ be judg$ !n by its       
fruits1 r ?an by rationally te/+ !      
validity ( its pr9ciple4 ,?us f> x is a 
work+ hypo!sis4  ,! precise =m :i*      
gov]nm5t 9 a democracy ought to take is1
 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 ( second>y   

importance4 ,democracy is a _s1 an idea1
 a social quality1 fir/ ( all4 ,a       
mon>*ial gov]nm5t1 ?\gh x might be      
o!rwise out ( date1 might be entirely   
democratic 9 _s2 & republics1 we "k1 may
 be any?+ b democratic4 ,:]e control is 
9 ! h&s ( ! p & n ( a class1 b ( ! p    
subject to ! be/ lead]%ip--a lead]%ip t 
is bas$ ^u influ5ce r ?an ^u any excess 
( au?ority or %[ ( =ce1 !re is          
democracy1 & ( ?is1 ( c\rse1 ! ballot   
itself is by no means ! only te/4 ,b :]e
 ?us f> %all we f9d any democratic      
society t is s s\nd t x c (f] itself z a
 model to ! re/ ( ! _w8  ,mo/ ( !       
political que/ions ( ! day appe> to be  
relative & condition$ que/ions4 ,! "q ( 
gov]nm5tal control ( indu/ry is an      
example4 ,?is seems to be a "q (        
exp$i5cy1 & to be conditional ^u local  
ne$s & ! /atus ( p>ticul> gov]nm5ts4 ,x 
is c]ta9ly no fundam5tal "q ( ! social  
ord]4 ,^? :o make socialism a supreme & 
univ]sal pr9ciple also appe> to be too  
radical4 ,sell>s says t socialism is a  

democratic movem5t1 ! purpose ( :i* is  
to secure an economic organization (    
society t w give a maximum ( ju/ice1    
lib]ty & effici5cy4 ,drake1 9 ,democracy
 ,made ,safe1 says t socialism implies  
equality ev]y:]e2 m ?an t1 x means      
social1 political1 economic & legal     
equality ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 ,"o _c b feel t 
^! en?usia/ic writ]s are mak+ ! mi/ake (
 und]tak+ to d by political mutation1 s 
to speak1 t :i* c be accompli%$1 we may 
suppose1 only by a sl[ process (        
exp]im5tation 9 gov]nm5t1 & ! /ill sl[] 
b m c]ta9 me?od ( education1 9 :i* all p
 are tra9$ 9 fundam5tal social          
relations4 ,radical & v5turesome *ange 9
 s great & complex an organism z a great
 nation is n[ dang]\s1 because only a "p
 ( ! conditions c be tak5 into acc\nt1 &
 ! result1 !re=e1 mu/ be conjectural4   
,radical socialism t ?reat5s to ?r[     
political p[] into ! h&s ( a political  
class1 or ( any social or economic      
class1 bol%evism :i* ,dillon 7speak+ (  
,russia especially7 says is doom$ to    

failure because ( its %e] economic      
impossibility1 any plan :i* t5ds to     
conc5trate au?ority 9 any class is      
?reat5+ to our future4 ,! democratic _s 
mu/ hold fa/ aga9/ ! ris+ tide f ! l[]  
classes1 j z x has be5 oblig$ to cont5d 
aga9/ autocracy4 ,democracy has on "o   
side to assimilate ari/ocracy1 & n      
ov]turn x4 ,s x resi/s ! rise ( !       
prolet>iat1 n to turn ?is =ce back1 ev5 
if ?is 7 possible1 b to control x4 ,x is
 precisely because ( ! deep movem5t ( ! 
p--! _w revelation & ! _w revolution1 z 
,weyl calls x--t we mu/ make all        
political in/itutions flexible &        
adju/ible1 & also ?r[ into ! balance all
 ! p[]s ( education & ?us save democracy
 f itself4  ,^! dang]s to democracy are 
n to be tak5 too lightly4 ,democracy    
inde$ faces two dang]s4 ,hobson 9       
,democracy ,aft] ! ,w> has /at$ "o ( !m4
 ,he says t ! w> w result 9 no easy     
victory = democracy1 = ! sy/em ( ca/e & 
bureaucracy is v likely to become fix$4 
,democracy !re=e mu/ be work$ =1 & to t 

end !re mu/ be a union ( all types (    
re=m]s4 ,we mu/ play (f ! special       
int]e/s aga9/ "o ano!r1 says ,hobson1 "w
 = indu/rial democracy1 educate ! p4 ,on
 ! o!r h& !re is t dang] f ! ris+ ( !   
masses :i* ,weyl h]alds4 ,?is w>        
und]nea? & aft] ! w> is z ,weyl sees x1 
! w> ( ! poor & exploit$ aga9/ all !    
exploit]s4 ,^! elem5ts are at he>t      
antagoni/ic to gov]nm5t4 ,democracy1 if 
all ?is be true1 is nei!r well def9$ z  
an idea nor well e/abli%$ 9 ! _w4 ,an   
unju/ & privileg$ class above & an      
unwise & un$ucat$ class b5ea? ?reat5 x4 
,b ! case seems by no means hopeless4   
,inde$ ! rem$ies & ! way ( escape seem 9
 a g5]al way pla94 ,political *anges on 
"o side & political education on ! o!r  
mu/ become1 we %\ld suppose1 ! ord] ( ! 
day4  ,( ! actual political *anges      
imp5d+ & ^? t ought to be advocat$ ?is  
is n ! place to speak1 except to say t  
!y mu/ by _! nature be t5tative &       
exp]im5tal4 ,! radical m9d is to-day "o 
( ! mo/ dang]\s elem5ts 9 society1 j    

because all ! _w ov] m5 are v ready to  
be influ5c$ & are eag] = *ange & are    
uncritical4 ,clevel& 9 an essay entitl$ 
,c ,democracy be ,effici5t8 exhibits a  
type ( ?9k+ ab\t political que/ions t   
ought to appeal to all practical ?9k]s4 
,x is 8 me?od r ?an1 9 ?is connection1 8
 conclusions t "o %\ld notice4 ,clevel& 
w\ld /udy all c\ntries ) ref]5ce to !   
effici5cy ( _! gov]nm5ts 9 fulfill+ :at 
seem to him to be ! prop] & ess5tial    
functions ( a gov]nm5t1 work+ "u our    
pres5t conditions4 ,g]many1 ,france1    
,engl& & ,am]ica1 he obs]ves1 h all     
adopt$ diff]5t ways ( conduct+ ! "w (   
gov]nm5t4 ,^! ess5tials ( gov]nm5t he   
r$uces to five3 #a7 ,/rong executive    
lead]%ip2 #b7 a well discipl9$ l9e      
organization2 #c7 a highly specializ$   
/aff organization2 #d7 adequate         
facilities = inquiry1 criticism1 &      
publicity by a responsible p]sonnel     
indep5d5t ( ! executive2 #e7 means (    
effective control 9 ! h&s ( ! p & _!    
repres5tatives4 ,( ^! pr9ciples1 ,g]many

 us$ only ! fir/ ?ree1 ,engl& left out !
 second & ! ?ird1 ,france us$ all 7b 0  
late 9 see+ ! ne$71 ,am]ica has left out
 all ( !m4  ,?is is ! type ( ?\ght1 we  
sugge/1 t seems be/ adapt$ to meet      
pres5t requirem5ts = a practical !ory ( 
gov]nm5t4 ,analysis ( ! functions (     
gov]nm5t1 critical exam9ation ( ! ne$s (
 ! pres5t "t1 & a plan ( modify+ :at    
already exi/s1 r ?an ( mak+ revolution>y
 *anges1 seem to be ! "r direction (    
progress4  ,if ! s\rce ( p[] 9 ! future 
is to be ve/$ 9 ! p1 ! education ( ! p )
 ref]5ce to _! function z rul]s w       
naturally be "o ( ! mo/ vital & p]man5t 
( ! requirem5ts ( ! social life4        
,dick9son says t ! "t has gone by =     
entru/+ ! de/9ies ( nations to ! wisdom 
( exp]ts4 ,if ?is be true1 & popul>     
op9ion is to sup]s$e ! wisdom ( !       
exp]ts1 if ! p are really to h p[]1 & be
 compet5t critics ( good gov]nm5t1 or   
m]ely to become good mat]ial 9 ! h&s (  
con/ructive /atesman%ip1 education mu/  
include or be ess5tially political      

education4 ,! p mu/ be educat$ =        
democracy1 b also made compet5t to      
create democracy4  ,( c\rse ev]y?+ we d 
9 ! s*ool1 ! int5tion ( ! s*ool to      
repres5t :at is be/ 9 civilization1 & to
 be a c5t] 9 :i* creative =ces come     
toge!r has "s ref]5ce to education = !  
democratic life1 b !re are also m       
def9ite & m specifically political ?+s  
to be taught4 ,& yet1 if :at we h said  
be=e has any tru? 9 x1 x seems c]ta9 t  
no educational policy at ! pres5t "t c  
include ! tea*+ ( specific political    
doctr9es1 or try to prejudice ! m9ds (  
*ildr5 or ! p to any political cre$4 ,we
 are 9 a position 9 reg>d to political  
tea*+ v simil> to t 9 :i* we /& ab\t    
religion3 we mu/ n tea* cre$1 b we may &
 mu/ tea* natural religion4 ,we _c tea* 
politics z su*1 b we mu/ tea* natural   
democracy1 or at lea/ ! fundam5tal      
social habits & functions4  ,!re are two
 ess5tial educational problems (        
democracy t h especial ref]5ce to !     
political aspects ( x4 ,! fir/ is to    

tea* univ]sally 9 z practical a mann] z 
possible ! mat]ials out ( :i* political 
wisdom may be d]iv$4 ,we ma9ta9 t ! lack
 ( political education & exp]i5ce is "o 
( ! mo/ s]i\s defects ( ! ,g]man p4 ,^! 
p are at fir/ submissive to an          
extraord9>y degree & !n !y become       
dang]\sly revolution>y4 ,! lack (       
political compet5ce is %[n 9 bo? cases4 
,we wi%1 ( c\rse1 nei!r ( ^! excesses 9 
our own c\ntry4 ,& yet we d h to cope at
 ! pres5t "t ) bo? a t5d5cy to          
fanaticism1 radicalism & int5se         
p>tisan%ip1 & ) indiff]5ce & ignorance (
 ! nature & purpose ( our in/itutions & 
gov]nm5t4 ,bo? ! indiff]5ce & !         
p>tisan%ip play into ! h&s ( p>ty       
politics1 & no advantages ga9$ by !     
balance ( p>ties 9 opposition to "o     
ano!r c comp5sate = ! loss ( en]gy & !  
enc\ragem5t ( ineffici5t s]vice ! sy/em 
fo/]s4  ,to help (fset ^! t5d5cies x mu/
 be possible to give to all y\?s1 & (   
c\rse we mean bo? sexes1 ?r\gh our      
educational sy/em & o!rwise an education

 9 politics1 & besides ?is "s practical 
exp]i5ce 9 public s]vice 9 in/itutions &
 9 organizations4 ,?is is a vital spot 9
 education 9 a democracy2 we h tri$ too 
mu* to re=m or make progress 9 gov]nm5t 
f )9 ! political sy/em itself1 & too    
little by go+ back to ! ultimate s\rces 
( social life & educat+ ! p z a :ole )  
ref]5ce to play+ _! "p 9 political life4
  ,! "w ( education 9 ! field ( politics
 is n m]ely to give in=mation1 b to     
e/abli% :at we may be/ call morale4 ,we 
ne$ an attitude & _s ?r\gh\t ! public   
life ( ! nation 9 :i* !re %all be       
con/antly display$ ! same qualities :i* 
we see s quickly com+ to light 9 "t (   
w>4 ,en?usiasm1 s]i\sness ( purpose1    
devotion ( ! individual to common       
purpose are ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ?is w> 
_s4 ,to produce & su/a9 ?is 9 !         
activities ( peace is an educational    
problem4 ,! fir/ task is presumably to  
e/abli% ! causes & ! organizations ?r\gh
 :i* !y may be s]v$1 b political        
education itself consi/s l>gely 9 !     

production ( public _s4 ,! correction ( 
evils 9 ! political sy/em is ( c\rse b a
 small "p ( ! "w ( political re=m4 ,d[d 
says t x is ! l[ p]sonal idealism (     
mank9d t creates our multitud9\s social 
problems & /rews ! pa? ( hi/ory ) wreck 
& ru94 ,t is ( c\rse true4 ,rais+ !     
quality ( ! p]sonal idealism ( ! p is ! 
real "w ( political education4          
,political ?\ght :i* is mo/ conc]n$ z x 
is n[ ) secur+ advantage = p>ty1 class &
 individual mu/ be sup]s$$ by a wid]    
int]e/ 9 gov]nm5t z a means ( aid+ !    
p]=mance ( ! functions ( ! individual & 
! gr\p4 ,x is ! purpose to be accompli%$
 by gov]nm5t1 n its =m1 & c]ta9ly n !   
int]e/ ( ! few or ( any class t mu/ be  
emphasiz$1 until p>tisan politics no    
long] dom9ates our political life4 ,to  
accompli% ?is *ange means1 we say1 rais+
 ! quality ( ! p]sonal idealism ( ! p4  
,?is may seem an ideal & impossible     
task1 b we h "s ( our exp]i5ces ( ! w>  
at lea/ to give u enc\ragem5t4  ,if we  
wi% to consid] details1 we may notice t 

9 an educational process hav+ su* ends z
 we h sugge/$1 ! tea*+ ( civics1 =      
example1 becomes m functional1 ! tea*+ (
 :at an individual 9 a community & :at  
all gov]nm5ts d1 r ?an analyz+ !        
/ructure ( gov]nm5t4 ,su* civics tea*es 
! mean+ ( individuals z hav+ functions  
:i* are repres5t$ & fulfill$ 9 !        
in/itutions & organizations ( society1  
includ+ e dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is n !
 int5tion to ent] "h into ! special     
problems 9 reg>d to ! cont5t & me?od (  
tea*+ civics 9 ! s*ools1 al?\gh x is    
evid5t t ?is subject mu/ h an increas$  
place 9 ! future4 ,we already see       
advances bo? 9 ! purpose & ! plan (     
civics tea*+ & 9 ! lit]ature prep>$ = ! 
s*ools4 ,dunn1 = example1 makes         
fundam5tal 9 all ! tea*+ ( civics ! "q1 
,:at are ! common int]e/s :i* p 9       
communities are seek+8 ,tufts also tries
 to deal ) ! fundam5tal ideas ^u :i*    
gov]nm5t is bas$4  ,pres5tation ( facts 
is surely a necess>y "p ( all education1
 = x is an indisp5sable means ( giv+ !  

cont5t ( exp]i5ce ^u :i* wisdom z a     
selective appreciation ( exp]i5ce is    
bas$4 ,b erudition is only a "p (       
education4 ,we mu/ hold firmly n[ to !  
pr9ciple :i* is inde$ an aspect ( !     
democratic ideal itself1 t p>ticipation 
is also a necess>y "p ( education4      
,in/itutions become real to ! *ild ?r\gh
 ! *ild's association ) !m 9 "s active  
way4 ,we %all probably see ! idea ( free
 organization c>ri$ f>1 & 9 e           
organization & e in/itution1 private &  
public1 !re mu/1 we believe1 be "s place
 = ! s]vices & ! int]e/ ( all4 ,let u   
take ! position t !re is no?+ 9         
gov]nm5t1 9 any ( its bran*es1 t is     
outside ! sph]e ( ! practical life ( !  
individual & we %all h ! "r po9t ( view 
ev5 = ! "w ( ! s*ool room4 ,gov]nm5t1 9 
a ^w1 is n a specialization ( function 9
 :i* ! few are involv$1 b x is a g5]ic  
function1 ! means1 we ass]t1 ( c>ry+ to 
completion all ! projects ( individuals 
9 all _! social relations4 ,!re=e all1 n
 m]ely ^? :o j n[ are includ$ among     

vot]s1 b all wom5 & *ildr51 mu/ h a "p 9
 ! g5]al education = democracy & also h 
a "p 9 "s way 9 ! in/itutions (         
gov]nm5t4 ,f fir/ to la/ gov]nm5t mu/ be
 ?\ght ( & und]/ood 9 t]ms ( :at x does1
 z a phase ( ! total social life ( !    
nation1 n z some?+ outside ! social     
ord]4 ,gov]nm5t is a collective         
activity4 ,x is z an aspect ( ! day's "w
 ( ! nation1 t gov]nm5t mu/ be impress$ 
^u all--bo? legal citiz5s & citiz5s 9 ! 
mak+4  ,! second phase ( ! educational  
problem 9 reg>d to gov]nm5t is p]haps   
aft] all only ! fir/ 9 ano!r =m4 ,if we 
hope to h a democratic civilization 9   
any real s5se any:]e1 we mu/ secure     
effici5cy & sup]iority bo? 9 individual 
& 9 social conduct1 n ma9ly by ! ex]tion
 ( au?ority 7except z a tempor>y        
make-%ift7 b by mak+ all ! p ( a nation 
susceptible to ! influ5ces ( ! be/ life 
& ?\ght ! nation conta9s4 ,?is means !  
volunt>y & int5tional developm5t (      
lead]%ip4 ,?is we h spok5 ( z a g5]al   
ne$2 x is also a phase ( political      

education4 ,! g5ius1 ! lead]1 mu/ (     
c\rse himself be produc$ 9 "p by        
education4 ,we mu/ h su* conditions z   
%all all[ natural lead]%ip to come to ! 
surface1 & e sp>k ( g5ius mu/ be        
c>efully n\ri%$4 ,b !re mu/ be also     
opportunity = :at ! g5ius produces to "w
 its effect ^u all1 z a /imulat+ &      
direct+ =ce1 9 turn ar\s+ ! creative    
activities ( ! p4 ,democracy seems to be
 :olly dep5d5t ^u :at seems n[ ! accid5t
 ( g5ius = rais+ x above ! m$iocrity ( !
 av]age1 or ev5 prev5t+ a decl9e 9 its  
civilization4 ,x is ?is idea ( !        
relation ( ! be/ to ! av]age t ,james   
evid5tly ?\ght to be ! fundam5tal po9t 9
 education4 ,education consi/s 9 8 view 
9 ! developm5t ( ability to recognize ! 
good 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 ! ability to  
recognize all %am & inf]iority & ! habit
 ( respond+ to & *oos+ ! be/4 ,appli$ to
 ! problems ( gov]nm5t1 ?is means su* a 
me?od ( educat+ ! "y z w make all       
susceptible to & appreciative ( !       
sup]ior qualities ( m9d & "* t may be   

exhibit$ 9 public life4 ,su*            
responsiv5ess be+ itself creative & a   
p[]ful factor 9 produc+ & br++ to !     
front ! sup]ior man1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z  
"o ( ! mo/ necess>y & fundam5tal        
qualities ( a democracy4  ,we might s+le
 out ! tea*+ ( hi/ory & biography z !   
be/ means ( educat+ ! appreciative p[]s 
9 reg>d to values 9 human life1 & ! be/ 
means ( facilitat+ ! em]g5ce ( ! be/    
individuals & ! be/ pr9ciples1 & ( mak+ 
_! influ5ce p[]ful1 b aft] all x is     
some?+ m ?an any or all tea*+ t is      
requir$4 ,mo/ fundam5tally1 no "o c     
refuse to admit x is su* an organization
 ( ! :ole educational situation z w     
all[1 or r cause & enc\rage1 precisely !
 total ( ! good & progressive life ( !  
_w to play ^u ! mood & ! _s ( ! s*ool4  
,assur$ly ! s*ool is n to-day s         
=tunately situat$4 ,x is too mu* remov$ 
f "s influ5ces & f> too closely jo9$ to 
o!rs4 ,mu* ( ! good ( society is wall$  
out f ! s*ool by b>ri]s t arise 9       
politics1 ,city ways1 all ! bad life ( !

 /reets1 ! trivial int]e/s ( ! day1     
affect ! s*ool too mu*4 ,we are greatly 
at fault 9 all ?is1 because we d n take 
education z yet s]i\sly en\gh4 ,!re mu/ 
be n[ a decision4 ,ei!r ! s*ool mu/ be  
cont5t to rema9 :at x is n[1 a local    
in/itution p]=m+ a v limit$ s]vice1 or x
 mu/ arise to q new heights1 & mean f> m
 z a civiliz+ & creative =ce ?an x has  
?us f>4 ,! s*ool mu/ occupy m h\rs ( !  
day & m days 9 ! ye>4 ,x mu/ claim !    
*ild m completely4 ,x mu/ ext5d its     
influ5ces fur!r1 & draw its life f a    
deep] soil4 ,we c]ta9ly %all nev] all[ !
 s*ool to become a great evil 9 society1
 b x is almo/ z bad morally to leave x b
 a feeble good4 ,let no "o speak any    
long] ( good s*ools4 ,our s*ools 7 good 
= ye/]day1 p]haps4 ,b ( to-morr['s ne$s 
!y are n yet ev5 fully aw>e4 ,! s*ool   
has yet to le>n ) c]ta9ty to lay hold ^u
 ! fundam5tal ?+s 9 ! nature ( ! *ild1 &
 to appreciate ! *ild's real & greate/  
ne$s4 ,cont9uity & creativ5ess are /ill 
= ! mo/ "p beyond ! p[]s ( ! s*ool4  ,b 

p]haps aft] all we are ask+ !           
impossible4 ,p]haps ! =ces ne$$ _c be   
br\ght to be> ^u ! *ild4 ,p]haps        
conditions are too unfavorable1 & an    
educational situation _c be devis$ t w  
be greatly sup]ior to :at we h already4 
,p]haps ! "t is too %ort4 ,p]haps wor/ (
 all ! nature ( ! *ild himself is too   
trivial & unpromis+4 ,b if we believe   
?is1 we c]ta9ly at ! same "t conclude t 
democracy is a failure & is n 9 any true
 s5se possible at all4 ,democracy _c be 
creat$ by =ces f )\t1 = ?is w\ld be     
inde$ a negation ( its nature4          
,democracy is self-creative4 ,x gr[s f  
)94 ,b h[ c x gr[ f )9 unless ! new life
 :i* ent]s into x be creative2 & h[ c   
?is life be creative & progressive      
unless x be s liv$ t x %all absorb all !
 good ! old life has 9 x1 & also be     
inspir$ to g beyond x 9 e possible way8 
,unless democracy is m]ely a product &  
natural direction ( gr[? 9 society1     
democracy & education are n unrelat$ to 
"o ano!r4 ,if democracy is a good t c be

 obta9$ only by consci\s ef=t1 we may   
suppose t "o ( ! greate/ factors 9      
produc+ x w be education4     ,,*apt]   
,,viii  ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,education   ,we 
h z yet no deep philosophy ( indu/ry4 ,=
 bett] or = worse "w came into ! _w z a 
result ( desire4 ,m5 did n desire "w1 b 
!y desir$ t :i* c\ld be obta9$ only by  
"w4 ,^! desires multipli$ & ! mod]n     
indu/rial _w is ! result4 ,:5 mat]ial   
objects alone 7 desir$1 ! motive ( "w 0 
relatively simple2 b z we pass f !      
desire = goods to ! desire = weal?1 & to
 ! desire = weal? z a means ( ga9+ p[] &
 pre/ige1 ! indu/rial movem5t becomes m 
complex4 ,we g on & on1 produc+ ev]     
great] weal? & g5]at+ m & m p[]1 & we d 
?is we say ) no deep purpose & ) no     
philosophy ( life4 ,= ! ju/ification ( x
 all1 if x be "u our control at all1 we 
c only say t ?r\gh indu/ry we realize an
 abundant & enri*$ life4  ,! good & evil
 ( "w put ^u u "s ( ! mo/ p]plex+ ( our 
problems4 ,indu/ry1 we say1 is ! way to 
! ri* & ! abundant life4 ,x makes life m

 complex4 ,! relations ( life are       
multipli$ by x4 ,x repres5ts & x a*ieves
 man's conque/ ov] nature4 ,x puts =ce  
into 8 h&s4 ,x has its ideal side & its 
romance4 ,x gives scope to pure motives 
( creativ5ess4 ,b ! indu/rial life has  
also its d>k side4 ,x has creat$ ! city 
) all its good & its evil4 ,x has creat$
 great nations1 b see :at ! add$        
populations consi/ (4 ,x br+s on ! old  
age ( nations4 ,x /&s = /ruggle t is (t5
 fruitless & unproductive4 ,x eng5d]s   
moods & ar\ses int]e/s & p[]s t lead to 
w>s & revolutions4 ,x fo/]s sordid      
int]e/s1 & has made almo/ univ]sal !    
necessity ( an excess ( toil 9 ord]     
b>ely to live4 ,! great majority (      
work]s d n live 9 _! "w1 because !y     
produce no?+ t is 9 itself satisfy+4 ,! 
_s rema9s outside _! daily life4 ,life  
is divid$ into a p]iod ( toil )\t deep  
int]e/ & motive1 & play :i* may be only 
a n>cotic to kill ! s5se ( monotony &   
fatigue4 ,individuals h specializ$ at ! 
exp5se ( a :ole life4 ,m5 h be5 exploit$

 & us$ l mat]ial ?+s4 ,b]gson says t by 
indu/ry man has increas$ 8 physical     
capacities1 b n[ x is likely t 8 s\l w  
become me*aniz$ r ?an t 8 s\l w become  
great l 8 new body4 ,indu/ry1 wor/ (    
all1 has become an end 9 itself1 r ?an a
 means to high] ends4 ,to live1 on ! "o 
h&1 to ga9 weal? on ! o!r1 m5 give all  
!re is 9 !m to toil4  ,we saw all ?is   
be=e ! w>1 b "o important result ( ! w> 
has be5 t we n[ see t ?is indu/rial life
 :i* has s rapidly creat$ new           
in/itutions1 & :i* grips ! _w almo/ l a 
physical law1 is n 9 all its ways s fix$
 & inevitable z we _h p]haps ?\ght4 ,9  
reg>d to ! indu/rial life1 m ?an 9 any  
o!r dep>tm5t ( life1 we see new &       
radical ?\ght1 & ! possibility (        
consci\s effects1 al?\gh x mu/ be       
admitt$ t "s ( ! propos$ *anges may well
 cause appreh5sion4  ,we _h hop$1 ev5   
be=e ! w>1 to see indu/ry & art become  
gradually m closely relat$1 & to see    
indu/ry become m socializ$4 ,its        
physical h>d%ips 7 to "s ext5t already  

be+ ameliorat$4 ,we hop$ to sep>ate !   
great indu/rial int]e/s f politics1 & to
 curb ! p[]s indu/ry has t make x a     
tr\ble produc] 9 ! _w4 ,b n[1 aft] ! w>1
 we see possibilities ( m fundam5tal    
*anges 9 ! indu/rial ord] ?an ^!        
improvem5ts impli$4 ,our ?\ghts n[ t\*  
^u ! :ole !ory ( ! indu/rial life4 ,we  
see t by a cord9at$ ef=t & common       
und]/&+ :i* x is no long] *im]ical to   
hope =1 ! conditions ( ! indu/rial life 
might be v diff]5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place we  
are conv9c$ t ! _w c\ld produce va/ly m 
& c\ld use its products ) f> great]     
economy ?an n[4 ,we see t mu* great]    
return = less labor c\ld be ga9$4 ,ev5 !
 desires !mselves ^u :i* _m ( ! evils ( 
indu/rialism are bas$ h %[n !mselves to 
be controllable4 ,x is no long] idle to 
believe t ! re/ra9t & cop]ation necess>y
 to elim9ate mo/ ( ! pov]ty f ! _w are  
possible to be atta9$4 ,! isolation ( ! 
individual work]1 :i* has made 8 /ruggle
 s h>d1 seems ab\t to be reliev$ to "s  
ext5t at lea/4 ,we ev5 hope = p]man5tly 

bett] relations betwe5 ! capitali/ & !  
labor]1 & to see "s ( ! evils (         
competition1 ev5 ! indu/rial competition
 among nations1 less5$4  ,al?\gh !      
int]e/ "h is 9 ! relations ( indu/ry to 
education1 r ?an 9 ! practical *anges   
p5d+ 9 ! indu/rial _w1 we mu/ ?9k ( !   
two z relat$4 ,*anges t take place 9    
political & indu/rial conditions w be   
likely to be tempor>y & ineffectual     
unless !y are support$ by *anges 9 !    
field ( education4 ,! re=m] & ! educator
 mu/ "w toge!r4  ,noyes says t ! mo/    
fundam5tal *ange t has occurr$ dur+ ! w>
 has be5 ! _w-wide ass]tion ( public    
control ( indu/ry by ! gov]nm5t4 ,p]k9s 
says t c5tralization is ! ord] ( ! day1 
& t ! gov]nm5t n[ prop]ly takes on _m   
functions t once belong$ to ! /ates1 & t
 ?is process ( c5tralization naturally  
ext5ds to int]national relations4 ,smi? 
speaks ( ! gr[+ int]dep5d5ce ( gov]nm5t 
& indu/ry :i* w especially give security
 to inve/m5t 9 productive ent]prises4   
,hesse says t !re mu/ be national team  

"w 9 all indu/ries1 & t 9 a democracy   
ev]y?+ t autocracy c accompli% mu/ be   
repeat$1 b ^u a basis ( volunt>y        
cop]ation4 ,9 ,france x has be5 propos$ 
by ,alfassa t !re %all be e/abli%$ a    
dep>tm5t ( national economy1 to br+ ab\t
 a clos] cop]ation ?an !re has be5 9 !  
pa/ among private int]e/s1 & to         
c5tralize indu/ry4 ,wehle ?9ks t 9      
,am]ica1 ev5 be=e ! w>1 indu/rial       
conc5tration 0 lead+ to political       
conc5tration & t ! /ates 7 los+ _!      
relative political importance4 ,!       
grappl+ ( /ates individually ) l>ge     
indu/rial problems is n[1 he says1 at an
 end4 ,dillon has express$ ! view t     
,engl& ought to adopt indu/rial         
compulsion4 ,clem5tel1 ! ,fr5* m9i/] (  
comm]ce1 ?9ks ,france ought to sub/itute
 = lib]ty )\t re/ra9t 9 ! indu/rial     
field1 lib]ty organiz$ & re/rict$4  ,!re
 c be no d\bt t ! _w is ?or\ghly awake  
to ! ne$ ( m effectual cop]ation 9      
indu/ry1 & x is natural t ! fir/ ?\ghts 
%\ld turn to gov]nm5t control z !       

simple/ & readie/ me?od ( secur+ x4 ,:5 
we exam9e ^! sugge/ions ab\t !          
cord9ation & c5tralization ( indu/ries x
 becomes evid5t t mo/ writ]s h be5      
/rongly influ5c$ by ,g]many's rem>kable 
success1 bo? 9 peace & w>1 "u ! sy/em ( 
gov]nm5tal control ( indu/ries4 ,! mann]
 9 :i* ! ,g]man gov]nm5t turn$ all !    
c\ntry into "o great indu/rial plant has
 appeal$ to ! imag9ation1 & _m writ]s   
see 9 c5tralization "u ! control (      
gov]nm5t ! means ( cur+ mo/ ( ! evils ( 
indu/rialism4 ,!re are _m proposals1 all
 ! way f ! plan to introduce cab9et     
m9i/]s ) limit$ p[] to h ov]sight ov]   
indu/ry to ! total aboli%m5t ( !        
capitali/ic sy/em & all ! rights (      
prop]ty4 ,_m ( c\rse1 :ile /ill believ+ 
9 conc5tration & cop]ation1 cl+ to !    
sy/em ( private & individual own]%ip1 & 
believe t ! be/ results w be obta9$ 9 ! 
end )\t any radical *ange 9 ! relations 
betwe5 gov]nm5t & indu/ry1 & )\t resort+
 to any sociali/ic re=m4  ,ano!r phase (
 ! problem ( indu/ry 9 :i* we may expect

 to see great *anges 9 ! future conc]ns 
! /atus ( labor & its relation to       
capital4 ,! ris+ ( ! labor+ class is    
c]ta9ly ! greate/ int]nal result ( ! w>4
 ,"h aga9 ! "q is :e!r ! *anges w take  
place by cop]ation or by                
compulsion--ei!r on ! "p ( gov]nm5t or (
 "s organiz$ class4 ,w labor & capital  
cont9ue to be antagoni/ic1 or w !y f9d  
common int]e/2 or w ! only solution be  
aga9 "s radical *ange involv+ *ange (   
gov]nm5t or abrogation entirely ( our   
pres5t sy/em ( own]%ip8 ,t ! position ( 
labor has become /rong] z a result ( !  
w> no "o c d\bt4 ,p]k9s says we are j   
ent]+ ^u a p]iod ( cop>tn]%ip1 :5 !     
tool-us] w be "p tool-own]1 & capital & 
labor w %>e m equally 9 ! pr(its4       
,increase 9 wages w n be ! rem$y1 b only
 pr(it %>+4 ,o!rs ?9k ! same2 !y see t !
 labor]'s discont5t is n all a prote/   
aga9/ 8 h>d physical conditions4 ,he    
wants m social equality1 m equality (   
/atus 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,he objects n s 
mu* to :at ! capitali/ has z to :at he  

is4  ,!re has no m illum9at+ docum5t    
come out ( ! w> ?an ! report on         
recon/ruction made by a subcommittee ( !
 ,briti% ,labor ,p>ty4 ,?is report calls
 = a univ]sal m9imum wage2 complete /ate
 insurance ( ! work]s aga9/ unemploym5t2
 democratic control ( indu/ries2 ?or\gh 
p>ticipation by ! work]s 9 su* control  
on ! basis ( common own]%ip ( ! means ( 
production2 equitable %>+ ( ! proce$s by
 all :o engage 9 production2 /ate       
own]%ip ( ! nation's l&2 imm$iate       
nationalization ( railroads1 m9es1      
electric p[]1 canals1 h>bors1 roads &   
telegraph2 cont9u$ gov]nm5tal control ( 
%ipp+1 wool51 lea!r1 clo?+1 boots &     
%oes1 mill+1 bak+1 but*]+1 & o!r        
indu/ries2 a sy/em ( taxation on incomes
 to pay (f ! national debt1 )\t affect+ 
! liv+ ( ^? :o labor4  ,al?\gh su* a    
docum5t z ?is c\ld h>dly up to ! pres5t 
"t h be5 produc$ by ,am]ican workm51    
s9ce "h political doctr9es ( socialism h
 nev] obta9$ a /rong hold ^u ! labor+   
classes1 9 ,engl& ^! radical dem&s are  

no?+ surpris+4 ,!y h ! support at _m    
po9ts ( s ke5 a ?9k] z ,russell4        
,russell does n1 x is true1 believe t   
,m>xian socialism is ! solution ( !     
problem ( capital & labor1 b he does    
believe 9 ! /ate own]%ip ( all l&1 t !  
/ate !re=e %\ld be ! prim>y recipi5t (  
all r5ts1 t a trade or indu/ry mu/ be   
recogniz$ z a unity = ! purposes (      
gov]nm5t1 ) "s k9d ( home rule su* z    
syndicalism aims at secur+4 ,indu/rial  
democracy1 z plann$ 9 ! cop]ative       
movem5t1 or "s =m ( syndicalism1 appe>s 
to him to be ! mo/ promis+ l9e (        
advance4  ,t su* dem&s & proposals z ^! 
are significant signs ( ! times c h>dly 
be d\bt$4 ,t f n[ ! /atus ( ! workman w 
be *ang$ & *ang$ 9 directions m         
satisfactory to ! workman we may accept 
z "o ( ! *ief results ( ! w>4           
,politically ! labor] is prep>$ to ass]t
 8 indep5d5ce4 ,bo? 8 social & 8        
indu/rial /atus are likely to be        
improv$4 ,he w be bett] safegu>d$ aga9/ 
unemploym5t4 ,wages 9 ! old =m & ! old  

tradition t ! work] has no contract ) 8 
employ] w1 9 all probability1 be less   
g5]ally acceptable4 ,"w1 if ^! new      
conditions are realiz$1 w mean m to !   
work]4 ,8 own int]e/s & ! purposes ( 8  
"w w be m h>moni\sly relat$4 ,!         
individual made m secure 9 8 "w1        
protect$ m by law & p>ticipat+ m 9 !    
affairs ( bus9ess & gov]nm5t1 w h a s5se
 ( play+ a m dignifi$ "p 9 ! social     
economy4 ,conceal z we may ! inf]iority 
( ! labor]'s position "u ! pret5ses (   
democracy & lib]ty & equality1 ?is      
inf]iority ( position exi/s & !         
inequality t prevails 9 democratic      
society is c]ta9ly "o ( ! f]tile s\rces 
( evil 9 ! _w to-day4 ,we h /ill to see 
to :at ext5t ! workman1 8 lot ameliorat$
 9 _m ways1 & 8 position *ang$1 w       
himself become a new & diff]5t man1 &   
?us make ! _w itself a diff]5t place 9  
:i* to live4 ,all t is ?us sugge/$ we h 
a "r at lea/ to hope = n[4 ,if x is also
 work$ = ) intellig5ce & good w1 :y %\ld
 x n come to pass8  ,! ?ird idea :i* is 

beg9n+ to make great *anges 9 ! :ole    
field ( ! indu/rial life & ?r\gh\t all !
 practical life is ! idea ( economy4    
,?is means t 9 _m ways que/ions ( !     
values1 ! purposes1 & ! ways & means (  
:at is done 9 ! _w are be+ %>ply exam9$4
 ,labor has be5 uncritical ( its        
purposes1 & lavi% & wa/eful ( its       
en]gies1 h[ev] wat*ful x may h be5 ( its
 rights4 ,production has be5 gov]n$ too 
mu* by desire1 too little by c>eful     
consid]ation ( ne$4 ,di/ribution has be5
 c>elessly conduct$1 all[+ l>ge losses (
 "t & mat]ial4 ,consumption has be5 q z 
c>eless z ! re/1 & has be5 ?or\ghly     
selfi% z well4 ,! w> has *ang$ _m ( our 
ideas4 ,?rift has become a ^w ) a new   
mean+4 ,we see :at indu/ry at its wor/  
might d 9 ! _w1 & on ! o!r h& :at wise  
control ( all ! motives & processes t   
ent] into labor & all ! economic life   
might accompli%4  ,"s ( ^! *anges are   
com+ f readju/m5t 9 ! cord9ation (      
indu/rial processes !mselves4 ,we he>   
mu* ( /&>dization & /abilization4 ,an   

economic te*nique & ! control (         
fluctuat+ conditions might d mu* to     
increase ! effici5cy ( indu/ry 9 e way4 
,?is idea ( ! application ( sci5tific   
proc$ure to life we see ext5d+ to !     
control ( ! en]gies ( ! human factor4   
,we h already spok5 ( gu>antees t affect
 ! _s & ! morale ( labor4 ,we he> ( !   
prev5tion ( unemploym5t1 ! removal ( !  
bugbe> ( los+ ! job4 ,mo/ advance ( all 
is be+ made 9 ! application ( !         
pr9ciples ( m5tal & physical hygi5e & ( 
sci5tific managem5t to ! actual details 
( movem5t & ! :ole process ( exp5diture 
( en]gy1 c\nt+ co/s 9 t]ms ( "t & en]gy1
 9 mu* ! same way z all ! items ( value 
t ent] into production are e/imat$4 ,"s 
writ]s1 = example ,gilbre?1 see 9 ?is   
movem5t a great advance4 ,x is a way (  
giv+ equal opportunity to all4 ,economy 
becomes a factor 9 fre$om1 s9ce x helps 
to elim9ate ! drudg]y & depression (    
toil4  ,pla9ly1 !n1 economy or ?rift has
 a mu* wid] mean+ ?an m]e sav+4 ,x is   
_m-sid$1 & ! /udy ( economy 9 ! use (   

ess5tials is b a "p ( x4 ,! w> has1 (   
c\rse1 emphasiz$ ?is1 & ?is idea ( sav+ 
has s]v$ ! purpose ( awak5+ an int]e/ 9 
! :ole !ory & purpose ( "w4 ,!re is a   
bett] und]/&+ ( values1 & ( ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! uness5tial1 & we  
see t n all labor t comm&s pay is useful
 labor4 ,_m ?+s t ! public knew b little
 ab\t be=e are becom+ bett] und]/ood4   
,indu/ry1 f9ance1 bus9ess1 taxes1       
transportation1 h all to "s ext5t become
 popul> subjects4 ,! pres5t high co/ (  
liv+ raises que/ions 9 ! !ory ( !       
economic aspect ( life t h compell$ !   
att5tion ( ! public4 ,! !ory ( money1   
int]e/1 sav+s1 =eign inve/m5ts1 ! place 
( gold 9 ! _w's economy is c>ri$ a /ep  
fur!r & is popul>ly m ext5d$4 ,we he>   
all sorts ( proposals ab\t ! production1
 ! di/ribution & ! consumption ( goods1 
:i* are int5d$ to make liv+ easi] & less
 exp5sive4 ,increas$ production ( /aples
 & m direct r\te f produc] to consum]   
are urg$ ^u all1 & ! economi/s h _m     
sugge/ions = increas+ our prosp]ity3    

:ile f9anci]s try to direct to ! be/    
purpose our inve/m5ts at home & abroad4 
,fi%] attacks ! :ole !ory ( co/s at :at 
he believes its root1 sugge/+ a plan (  
/abiliz+ ! doll> itself by us+ ! index  
numb]s ( /&>d articles z units ( value1 
& regulat+ ! weight ( gold 9 ! doll>    
accord+ to ! fluctuations ( ^!4 ,all ^! 
plans1 ha/y & n>r[ly conceiv$ z _m ( !m 
seem to be1 are ( int]e/ & h value1 = !y
 indicate a s]i\s det]m9ation to solve !
 fundam5tal problems ( ! practical life4
  ,any educational !ory t c\ld hope to  
deal adequately ) ! ne$s & ! imp5d+     
*anges 9 ! indu/rial situation ( to-day 
mu/ take into consid]ation ! basic facts
 bo? ( ! individual & ! social life4    
,tea*+ ( indu/ry & all attempts to tea* 
vocation mu/ be se5 by all n[ to be b a 
small "p ( education ) ref]5ce to !     
indu/rial life4 ,we mu/ d mu* m         
fundam5tal ?+s ?an ^!4 ,we mu/ plan f>  
ahead & seek to lay a firm f\ndation = !
 idea ( cop]ation :i* appe>s to be !    
lead+ ?\ght ( indu/rialism to-day4 ,e   

individual1 we %\ld say1 ought to be    
educat$ 9 ! fundam5tals ( labor1 s t he 
may und]/& = himself :at labor means4   
,f9ally ! idea ( ?rift 9 all its        
implications mu/ be made a "p ( !       
educational program4 ,all ?is may seem  
too ideal & impracticable to ?9k ( 9    
connection ) indu/rial education1 b if  
we consid] indu/ry & indu/rialism z !   
c5t] ( our :ole civilization1 z x appe>s
 to be n[1 :at less ideal educational   
f\ndation w be suffici5t z prep>ation = 
& control ( ! indu/rial life8 ,no tea*+ 
( trades1 we ass]t1 w be en\gh4 ,we %all
 ne$ to apply1 9 indu/rial education or 
9 an educational plan t takes indu/ry   
into acc\nt1 all ! me?ods ( tea*+3 ^? t 
employ indu/ry itself1 b also art1      
erudition1 & play4  ,x is fir/ )        
indu/rialism z a _w condition t         
education is conc]n$4 ,indu/rialism has 
be51 z all mu/ recognize1 too           
individuali/ic4 ,x has motives & moods &
 products1 & x gr[s 9 social conditions1
 t are full ( dang] = society4          

,indu/rialism lacks a s\l1 z ,b]gson    
w\ld say4 ,yet x is a movem5t t sweeps  
on ) almo/ irresi/ible =ce4 ,its mo/    
*>act]i/ic product is n :at x turns out 
9 %ops1 b city life itself4 ,_m w\ld    
agree ) ,russell 9 say+ t all ! great   
cities are c5t]s ( det]ioration 9 ! life
 ( _! nations4 ,education1 !n1 mu/      
und]take to control indu/rialism4 ,?is  
does n mean1 necess>ily1 t x mu/ try to 
*eck x1 b t ! motives 9 individual &    
social life t produce indu/rialism mu/ 9
 "s way be "u ! control ( educational   
=ces4  ,fir/ ( all x seems c]ta9 t no   
political arrangem5t1 & no *ange tak+   
place entirely )9 ! indu/rial sy/em     
itself1 & no simple & direct educational
 proc$ure w give u control ov] ! =ces ( 
indu/rialism4 ,x is ma9ly by prev5t+ !  
city _s or mood f develop+ too fa/ & ?us
 engulf+ ! *ildr5 ( ! nation t we c     
introduce a consci\s factor /rong en\gh 
to hold indu/rial developm5t )9 b\nds4  
,?is means1 we mu/ e>ne/ly dem&1 turn+  
back ! fl[ ( life f c\ntry to city by   

educat+ all *ildr5 9 ! environm5t ( !   
c\ntry4 ,?is w\ld h a d\ble effect ^u ! 
indu/rialism ( ! day4 ,x w\ld break up !
 pres5t inevitable inh]itance by ! city 
*ild ( all ! ideals & moods ( ! city1 & 
x w\ld give opportunity = tra9+ 9 !     
activities t are basic to all indu/ry1  
:i* alone1 9 our view1 c give to indu/ry
 a solid & normal f\ndation4 ,by su*    
effects1 9 su* a g5]al way1 ^u ! *ildr5 
( an indu/rial nation1 we might         
reasonably hope to prev5t ! evil effects
 ^u our national life f ! fatigue1 !    
r\t9e1 & ! dead5+ ( ! _s :i* ev5 "u     
improv$ conditions _c be ov]come 9 an   
indu/rial life t is left to its         
monoton\s gr9d & its morbid excitem5ts &
 exagg]ations4  ,ano!r "w t education   
mu/ 9 ! end d = ! indu/rial life is to  
infuse into x an ideal & a purpose4     
,indu/ry is too individuali/ic1 we say4 
,x works = a liv+1 = p[]1 f necessity4  
,x lacks ?r\gh & ?r\gh z yet ! _s ( free
 & intellig5t cop]ation = common &      
remote ends4 ,cop]ation 9 ! indu/rial   

_w1 we h se5 reason to believe1 is      
likely to be ! great ^w ( ! future4 ,x  
is precisely ! "w ( education to make ! 
future ( indu/ry an expression ( free   
activity1 to make x democratic1 & to su*
 an ext5t1 we might hope1 t socialism1  
:e!r z a gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce or z a    
class sy/em1 w\ld n be necess>y--or     
possible4 ,9 try+ to give indu/rialism  
an ideal1 we mu/ presumably g back to   
elem5tal m5tal processes4 ,we mu/1 9 !  
beg9n+1 pres5t ! _w's "w dramatically to
 ! *ild4 ,we mu/ give "w int]e/1 & x is 
c]ta9ly "o ( ! *ief purposes ( t        
nondescript subject we call geography   
?us to give ! *ild a deep appreciation (
 ! _w z a _w ( m5 & wom5 engag$ 9 "w4   
,we mu/ %[ indu/ry z a _w-wide purpose1 
n z some?+ ess5tially individual &      
competitive4 ,we mu/ %[ x z an adv5ture 
on ! "p ( man 9 :i* he goes =? to seek  
conque/ ov] ! physical _w2 we mu/ ?9k ( 
x z a means to an end1 ( fulfill+       
purposes n all ( :i* p]haps c z yet be  
=ese51 b :i* c]ta9ly c be no m]e        

satisfaction ( ! individual's desires ( 
! day4 ,?is is :at we mean by putt+ a   
s\l into indu/ry4 ,s\l means            
purpose--purpose :i* includes m ?an !   
desires ( ! individual1 & 9 :i* !       
int]e/s ( ! _w z a :ole are involv$4    
,indu/ry t has ?us a purpose1 & t is    
imbu$ ) a _s ( fre$om takes its place   
among ! psy*ic =ces & becomes a "p ( !  
me*anism ( m5tal evolution4 ,x is ?is   
idealism ( indu/ry1 t[>d ! production ( 
:i* we mu/ turn e educational res\rce1 t
 mu/ (fset its mat]ialism4 ,?is is1 9   
"p1 ! "w ( ! /hetic exp]i5ces1 !        
dramatic pres5tation ( ! day's "w to !  
*ild2 b art c ( c\rse "w only ^u ! soil 
( exp]i5ce2 ! *ild mu/ see ! _w teem+ ) 
human activity1 b he mu/ obs]ve x 9 a   
deta*$ way1 r ?an z a p>ticipant 9 its  
realism & its dull & its un:olesome     
moods4 ,!n we %all h a cont5t ^u :i* !  
/hetic motives c "w4 ,9 ?is idealiz$    
indu/rial exp]i5ce1 we try to make      
visible ! real motives :i* 9 ! future   
mu/ dom9ate ! _w's "w4  ,all ?is may    

seem too g5]al & too ideal1 b if we d n 
beg9 ) broad plans1 & if we d n take a  
f> look ahead1 we %all fail n[ at a     
vital po9t ( ! social developm5t ( man4 
,! result at :i* we aim is !            
socialisation ( ! motives ( indu/ry4 ,we
 make "w volunt>y by br++ into x        
p]suasively & insidi\sly deep motives & 
int]e/s :i* repres5t social purposes &  
ideals4 ,giv5 ^! motives & ! beg9n+ ( a 
*ange f ! relatively m individuali/ic to
 ! relatively m social _s 9 indu/ry1 !  
actual means ( cop]ation w\ld n be f> to
 seek4 ,"w w\ld become by its own inn]  
developm5t "u su* conditions1 some?+    
diff]5t f an unwill+ s]vice ( !         
individual1 a compulsory s]vice to      
family or /ate4 ,ev]y?+ we c d to give  
to *ildr5 & to all work]s an intellig5t 
appreciation ( ! social mean+ & purpose 
( "w is bo? indu/rial tra9+ & an        
education 9 basic social relations4 ,?is
 socialization ( ! moods ( "w & ! f\nd+ 
( !m ^u ! necess>y exp]i5ces1 is z      
important z any?+ education is at !     

pres5t "t call$ ^u to d4 ,giv5 ?is      
f\ndation1 precisely ! =m indu/rial     
education1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 %all take1  
seems to be ( second>y importance4      
,turn+ n[ to ano!r phase ( ! indu/rial  
problem on its educational side1 "o _c  
escape ! conviction t ! ris+ tide ( !   
p[]s ( labor pres5ts urg5t problems to !
 educator4 ,! common man1 z we call him1
 is to take a great] "p 9 ! affairs (   
bus9ess & /ate1 & ! education ( ! common
 man ) ref]5ce to ! especial capacity1 z
 work]1 9 :i* he seeks ?is new position1
 becomes highly important4 ,?is         
education ( ! p ) specific ref]5ce to "w
 is ( c\rse some?+ m ?an tea*+ vocation4
 ,education1 inde$1 ) any explicit      
att5tion to labor itself1 :e!r 9 its    
indu/rial or its political implications1
 is b a "p ( ! educational problem4 ,all
 education = ! democratic life is       
involv$ 9 x4 ,! :ole problem (          
specialization comes up1 & inde$ all    
que/ions ( social education 9 "o =m or  
ano!r4  ,specialization1 9 p>ticul>1 c  

no long] be treat$ ) ! indiff]5ce t has 
s f> *>act]iz$ our indu/rial education4 
,! ideal ( fitt+ ! boy = "w is z nave 9 
"o way z t ( our g5]aliz$ education is 9
 ano!r4 ,if ! w> has taught u any?+     
beyond a d\bt1 x is t specialization mu/
 nev] be su* a diff]5tiation z %all     
infr+e ^u ! common gr\nd ( human nature4
 ,we mu/ take ?is into consid]ation 9   
all our vocational tra9+4 ,we mu/       
pres]ve an id5tity 9 all ! fundam5tal   
exp]i5ces4 ,9 a democracy ?is appe>s to 
be :olly necess>y1 & to outweigh all    
consid]ations ( effici5cy4 ,! individual
 mu/ be kept :ole & g5]ic1 s t ea*      
individual is an epitome1 s to speak1 ( 
! virtues & ! ideals ( ! nation4 ,!     
humanity ( ! man mu/ be fir/1 & 8       
special function second>y4 ,?is does n  
imply t we mu/ n give to all *ildr5     
individual & vocational tra9+4 ,all mu/ 
be direct$ t[>ds life "w4 ,we may ev5   
c>ry vocational tra9+ fur!r ?an x has   
be5 ext5d$ any:]e z yet1 b we mu/ see t 
indu/ry occupies ! "r place 9 ! s*ool1 &

 9 all educational processes4 ,x is     
nei!r ! :ole me?od & purpose ( ! s*ool1 
nor some?+ simply add$ to ! curriculum4 
,x is a phase ( ! life ( ! s*ool1 bo? 9 
its active & its receptive /ates4 ,!    
*ild mu/ live 9 an atmosph]e 9 :i* bo?  
pres5t & future usefulness are assum$ & 
provid$ =4 ,! idea ( a life ( "w mu/ be 
made e>ly an accept$ plan ( ! *ild1 & x 
mu/ be "o ( ! entirely g5]al tasks ( !  
s*ool to see t ! t5d5cy ( ! *ild 9 !    
s*ool is t[>d occupation4 ,occupation   
mu/ 9 fact be made to gr[ naturally out 
( ! life ! *ild leads 9 ! s*ool4  ,all  
^? di%>monies 9 our indu/rial c\ntries  
su* z ! preval5t discord betwe5 work+ & 
capitali/ic classes seem1 we h said1 to 
be social r ?an economic 9 nature4      
,social education1 !n1 is ! ma9 cure =  
!m1 if we wi% to attack !m at _! root4  
,! motives ( pride & ! s5se ( inf]iority
 h to be dealt ) 9 a practical mann]4   
,we sometimes q ov]look ! importance (  
habitual moods or /ates ( feel+ 9       
society & 9 ! s*ool4 ,^! moods are p[]s 

:i* motivate conduct4 ,any =m (         
education 9 :i* ! poor] & less favor$   
are giv5 an opportunity to acquire !    
exp]i5ces1 & ?r\gh ^! ! moods1 t        
especially di/+ui% ! m favor$ class1    
/rikes at ! g5]al disp>ity 9 society :i*
 takes =m 9 su* antagonisms z t betwe5  
capital & labor4 ,x is n diff]5ce 9     
degree b diff]5ce 9 k9d ( exp]i5ce t    
appe>s to sep>ate ! classes f "o ano!r4 
,! diff]5ce seems to lie 9 ^? p>ts (    
life :i* are sometimes believ$ to be !  
uness5tials & :i* inde$ our :ole        
educational policy assumes app>5tly to  
be trivial4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ces     
betwe5 ! poor & ! ri*1 ! favor$ & !     
common p1 is 9 ! sph]e ( ! /hetic4      
,di/9ction ( mann] & an environm5t ri* 9
 /hetic qualities are ! ma9 advantages (
 ! few1 z comp>$ ) ! _m4 ,social        
exp]i5ce is :at is mo/ ne$$ by ! _m1 b (
 c\rse ?is exp]i5ce c nev] be ga9$ by   
mak+ ! educational in/itutions m]ely    
democratic1 & especially social exp]i5ce
 _c be ga9$ 9 a s*ool 9 :i* all         

situations are /udi\sly avoid$ 9 :i*    
really significant social relations are 
likely to be exp]i5c$4 ,we ga9 no social
 exp]i5ce 9 ! nave & ! highly special   
activities ( ! s*ool :i* = ! mo/ "p is  
arrang$ 9 su* a way z to exclude        
organiz$ social relations4 ,?is is a    
process 9 :i* su* level+ z !re is t5ds  
to be d[nw>d1 :]eas :at we ne$ is = all 
! truly ari/ocratic elem5ts 9 our       
national life to h an opportunity to    
propagate !mselves & to ext5d to ! _m4  
,leav+ aside ! ne$ ( a diff]5tly        
organiz$ social life 9 ! s*ool1 we might
 say t !re is h>dly a great] ne$ 9      
democratic c\ntries n[ ?an t ( recruit+ 
! rank & file ( tea*]s f a socially     
sup]ior class4 ,^! socially favor$      
individuals h giv5 !mselves loyally to !
 s]vice ( c\ntry 9 a "t ( w>1 = two if  
no m ( _! deepe/ motives h be5 appeal$  
to--! dramatic int]e/ & ! _s ( noblesse 
oblige4 ,!re are duties 9 times ( peace 
:i* are q z important1 b :i* z yet      
appeal to no /rong motive1 & h n ev5 be5

 pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( obligation4 ,once ^!  
common tasks 7 made to appe> a "p ( !   
fulfillm5t ( duty to c\ntry1 ! way to   
f9d+ deep satisfaction 9 !m might be    
op5$4 ,social & dramatic elem5ts w\ld be
 introduc$ z a matt] ( c\rse4  ,ano!r   
ne$ ?r\gh\t our :ole ef=t to educate all
 9 & = a life ( "w1 "o :i* has appeal$  
to _m writ]s 9 rec5t ye>s1 is ! ne$ (   
mak+ all ! exp]i5ce ( "w m creative or m
 free & animat$ or joy\s 9 mood4 ,?is   
means1 aga91 t 9 all indu/rial education
 ! mood mu/ be social & ! =m /hetic or  
dramatic4 ,social values mu/ be felt    
?r\gh social activity1 & ! s5se ( wor? 9
 labor & ( value ( ! product :i* is felt
 9 ! social mood mu/ be enhanc$ by !    
dramatic =m ( ! activity & ! arti/ic    
quality ( ! product4 ,?is is also !     
condition = creative activity4 ,"s      
writ]s app>5tly n[ see 9 ?is ne$ ( mak+ 
! activity ( all ^? :o "w m creative1 m 
free & m joy\s ! crucial problem (      
education & ( social adju/m5t4 ,?is is  
,russell's con/ant !me4 ,hel5 ,m>ot 9   

,creative ,indu/ry says t our problem is
 to develop an indu/rial sy/em t %all   
/imulate & satisfy ! native impulse =   
creative production4 ,x is difficult to 
see h[1 by any o!r educational process  
?an "o :i* is ess5tially /hetic &       
social1 we c make mu* headway t[>d *ang+
 ! conception ( "w f ! n[ preval5t "o ( 
a means ( mak+ a liv+1 m or less "u     
compulsion1 to t ( a volunt>y social act
 done bo? = its utility f ! /&po9t ( !  
individual & also because ( its social  
value1 & p]=m$ to "s ext5t1 h[ev] humble
 ! "w1 9 ! _s ( ! creative arti/4  ,= ! 
adult g5]ation t n[ works 7& = h[ _m    
g5]ations to come we d n "k71 we _c hope
 to make ideal conditions4 ,"w w /ill be
 "w1 ) its evil implications1 z toil )\t
 complete inn] satisfaction1 & )\t      
suffici5tly free motives4 ,b ! direction
 9 :i* practical *anges %\ld be made    
seems cle>4 ,!re mu/ /ill be a less5+ ( 
! h\rs ( r\t9e labor1 until !re are     
p]haps no long] m ?an six or five devot$
 to vocation4 ,! rema9d] ( life is n =  

idl5ess b mu/ be 9 "p productive or !   
less5$ h\rs ( r\t9e w n be possible4    
,!re mu/ be possibility ( bo? practical 
& recreational activities outside !     
regul> day's "w1 z well z = educational 
"w1 all ( ^! 9 "p at lea/ publicly      
provid$ =4 ,?is activity may s]ve _m    
purposes & accompli% a v>iety ( results4
 ,z educational x ought to op5 up new   
opportunities2 x mu/ fulfill ! desire = 
creative activity2 x mu/ be a socializ+ 
p[]2 x mu/ lead to an appreciation ( !  
nature & value ( skill & effici5cy2 x   
mu/ introduce all to ! high] _w ( art & 
! intellectual life4 ,above all x mu/   
impress deeply ! tru? t gr[? 9 ! normal 
life is nev] end$4  ,! ?ird phase (     
indu/rial education :i* is to be        
emphasiz$ n[ is ! tea*+ ( :at we h call$
 ?rift4 ,?is idea ( ?rift1 = p$agogical 
purposes1 is equival5t to ! broad       
pr9ciple t purposes 9 ?is _w are a*iev$ 
by ! exp5diture ( =ce--by ! control (   
en]gies :i* are n unlimit$ 9 am\nt z n[ 
controll$ & :i* are subject to def9ite  

laws4 ,s9ce objects :i* are to be secur$
 by ! exp5diture ( en]gy diff] 9 value x
 is a "p ( ?is education 9 ?rift1 inde$ 
an important & necess>y "p1 to give to  
all su* k & p[]s ( appreciation z w     
enable !m to recognize t :i* is         
ess5tial1 & to give ! ess5tial & !      
uness5tial _! prop] places 9 ! :ole     
economy ( life4  ,x w nev] be "r ( c\rse
 to inspire a p>simoni\s _s 9 reg>d ei!r
 to goods or to en]gies4 ,life itself & 
all its en]gies mu/ be giv5 freely2     
mat]ial goods mu/ n be evaluat$ too     
m9utely4 ,! mis]ly life is n :at we wi% 
to tea*4 ,/ill !re is a wise attitude   
t[>d all mat]ial ?+s & t[>d all values  
:i* recognizes goods z means to ends1   
:i* places true values high & dem&s     
economy 9 ! use ( all ?+s t mu/ be      
cons]v$ 9 ord] to atta9 !m4  ,x mu/ be a
 "p ( ! "w ( physiology1 :i* ?us bran*es
 out into psy*ology1 to tea* to all !   
effici5t use ( human en]gies4 ,^!       
en]gies are ! preci\s ?+s 9 ! _w2 !y mu/
 be valu$ & respect$ z ! s\rce ( all    

effici5cy4 ,! idea ( economy ( movem5t1 
f ?is /&po9t1 has an important place 9  
all motor or indu/rial or manual tra9+4 
,processes mu/ be reg>d$ z def9ite s]ies
 ( acts 9 :i* we may approa* p]fection4 
,te*nique 9 motor op]ations is n to be  
reg>d$ lightly z a m]e f9i% appli$ to   
useful acts4 ,x is ! expression ( an    
ideal ( effici5cy & economy4 ,*ildr5    
recognize ! value ( te*nique 9 games2   
its wid] & m practical application ne$s 
to be impress$4  ,9 ! same way k ( !    
precise values & uses ( mat]ial ?+s     
ought to be imp>t$4 ,! w> has _h !      
effect ( %[+ all ( u ! values ( mat]ials
 & ! relations ( mat]ials to "o ano!r4  
,x has giv5 u a s5se ( ! great p[]s (   
natural weal?1 & also ( its limitations 
& ! weak po9ts t exi/ n[ 9 our economy4 
,! w> has prov$ to u h[ closely relat$ !
 ?+s we use lavi%ly & wa/efully may be  
to ! mo/ ideal possessions4 ,x has %[n t
 ! production1 ! di/ribution & ! use (  
weal? ( all k9ds are p>ts ( !           
accompli%m5t ( ! ma9 purposes ( life & t

 all ^! ?+s belong to ! sph]e ( duty2 & 
t no individual c escape obligations 9  
reg>d to economy4  ,education1 !re=e1   
mu/ lay f\ndations bo? = an und]/&+ (   
economy & = ! practice ( x4 ,fir/ ( all1
 e individual1 we may assume1 ought to h
 "s exp]i5ce 9 ! production ( ! elem5t>y
 =ms ( mat]ial goods1 & 9 ! conv]sion ( 
!m into high] values & 9 _! cons]vation4
 ,we look$ c>efully to "s ( ^!          
activities z a w> measure4 ,x is h>dly  
less necess>y 9 times ( peace4 ,we %\ld 
tea* ^! ?+s1 n simply because ! practice
 ( !m is educational1 b because !       
practice ( !m is useful1 & is a necess>y
 s]vice1 on ! "p ( e individual1 to !   
_w4 ,add+ to ! _w's /ore ( goods &      
consci\sness ( ! ne$ ( do+ ?is directly 
or indirectly %\ld be reg>d$ z a        
fundam5tal duty & habit4 ,to e/abli% bo?
 ! habit & ! s5se ( duty1 we may        
suppose1 a /age is necess>y 9 :i* !     
individual's contribution %all be direct
 & tangible4 ,h5ce ! value ( ^?         
educational activities t deal ) foods & 

_! cons]vation4  ,on a little high]     
plane1 & 9 a little diff]5t way we c    
apply ! same ?\ghts to ! :ole cycle (   
mat]ial ?+s4 ,! di/ribution ( weal? is (
 c\rse 9 "p a te*nical & a !oretical    
problem4 ,x is also a practical & a     
g5]al "o4 ,all at lea/ ought to be      
judges ( ! wa/e t n[ goes on 9 !        
indu/rial life because ! middleman has  
occupi$ su* a place ( vantage 9 !       
economic ord]4 ,9 tea*+ occupation & 9  
all prep>ation = vocation ought we n to 
take ?is into consid]ation8 ,occupations
 t are purely di/ributive & :i* involve 
a great wa/e ( human en]gies & (        
mat]ials h be5 unduly emphasiz$1 at lea/
 by default ( m positive prep>ation1 by 
! s*ool4 ,because !y are easy &         
unte*nical & h a little elegance ab\t   
!m1 9 "s cases1 !y fit 9 v well ) !     
g5]ality & booki%ness & deta*m5t f real 
life t ! s*ool sometimes repres5ts4  ,! 
occupations t are m creative1 bo? 9 !   
field ( mat]ial ?+s & ( ideas1 h1       
relatively speak+1 be5 neglect$4        

,inv5tiv5ess especially seems to be a   
quality t we h suppos$ to be a gift ( ! 
gods1 & we h giv5 b little att5tion to  
produc+ x1 or ev5 giv+ x an opportunity 
to display itself4 ,h we n ga9$ f ! w>  
new impressions bo? ab\t ! p[]s ( !     
human m9d 9 produc+ new ?\ghts & 9      
controll+ bo? mat]ial & psy*ic =ces1 &  
also ab\t ! necessity = develop+        
orig9ality & indep5d5ce8 ,is x too mu*  
to expect n[ t great] +5uity be display$
 9 education itself to ! end ( produc+ m
 orig9ality8 ,?is is a hackney$ reque/  
to make ( ! s*ool1 b x seems c]ta9 t we 
d n succe$ 9 obta9+ ?r\gh our           
educational processes ! highe/ possible 
degree ( productiv5ess ( m9d1 z reg>ds  
ei!r quantity or quality4 ,x is because 
inde$ we seem to be v f> f our limit 9  
^! respects1 & because bett] results    
might p]haps s easily be ga9$ t x seems 
necess>y to make ?is plea s (t54 ,m     
activity1 m art1 great] enri*m5t ( !    
m9d1 ought to h ! desir$ result1        
especially if ! environm5t ( ! s*ool    

c\ld be s *ang$ t its moods w\ld be m   
joy\s & int5se4 ,^! *anges are at any   
rate dem&$ = s _m o!r reasons t if !y   
fail to make ! intellect m productive1  
!y w n be completely a failure4         
,education 9 ! use ( weal? mu/ n[ be    
reg>d$ z a "p ( moral education4 ,9     
,am]ica we h ignor$ ! necessity ( ?rift1
 & ! idea ( ?rift has c]ta9ly _h no "p 9
 education4 ,! prop] use ( ev]y?+ we    
produce or own is a fundam5tal "p (     
conduct1 & x ought to be a p]si/5t !me 9
 education4 ,we h n[ ! int]e/ & inc5tive
 t h come f ! w>1 we say1 = we h felt1  
if only remotely1 :at pov]ty means1 & we
 h se5 t no am\nt ( natural weal? & no  
degree ( civilization c :olly insure u  
aga9/ fam9e & disa/]4 ,we ne$ ?r\gh\t   
our national life n[1 aga91 some?+ l !  
old ,new ,engl& consci5ce 9 ! uses (    
?+s1 appli$ 9 a diff]5t way1 ( c\rse1 & 
n[ made m effectual by our broad]       
sci5ce4 ,! enc\ragem5t ( ?is _s w p]haps
 make ! diff]5ce 9 ! end betwe5 hav+ a  
_w s]i\sly engag$ 9 progressive tasks ) 

its mat]ial =ces well 9 h&1 & a _w :i* 9
 all its practical affairs1 l>ge &      
small1 is op]at$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple  
or ! lack ( pr9ciple ( a laissez faire  
attitude ?r\gh\t life4 ,sav+ 9 a good   
cause1 & ) a cle> consci5ce & det]m9$   
purpose1 is "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! high]    
life & is f> remov$ f mis]l9ess4 ,x is a
 pr9ciple ( adaptation ( means to ends1 
& t any s*ool :i* tra9s ?is p[] is rea*+
 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! practical life
 ne$s h>dly to be said4  ,! high] uses &
 appreciation ( weal? :i* we are wont to
 call pla9 liv+ & high ?9k+1 ! moral    
idea ( philan?ropy1 ! /hetic values &   
hygi5ic implications ( ! "r k9d (       
simplicity mu/ n be omitt$ f !          
educational idea ( ?rift4 ,to imp>t     
some?+ ( ! _s ( re/ra9t & g5]osity1 & to
 make ! *ild feel :at liv+ simply1 & )  
def9ite purpose1 & mak+ means s]ve "o's 
real ends 9 life imply1 to tea* ! joys (
 ! high] uses ( common ?+s1 is no mean  
a*ievem5t4 ,b c we inde$ d ^! ?+s :i*   
aft] all h _! ma9 virtue 9 be+ g5]al &  

social1 & a "p ( a program8 ,all we c   
say is t if we are to h a bett] ord]1 & 
if we ?9k education has any place 9 x1  
economy 9 its broade/ s5se1 b economy   
also z appli$ to ! details ( daily life 
mu/ also h a place 9 x4 ,x is bo? fatu\s
 & ins9c]e to talk ab\t good ?+s to     
come1 & n be will+ to pay ! price 9     
labor & 9 sacrifice necess>y to obta9 !m
 hone/ly4 ,especially :5 ! price ( ^!   
?+s is 9 itself no dem& = ! sacrific+ ( 
any real good1 b q to ! contr>y is a    
summons to a m joy\s life1 we %\ld be   
glad to pay x4     ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,new  
,,social ,,problems   ,! social problems
 ( education t h aris5 because ( our new
 _w relations & new int]nal conditions 9
 our own c\ntry are ( c\rse only special
 phases ( social education z a :ole1 &  
social education _c inde$ be sep>at$    
%>ply f o!r educational que/ions4 ,!re  
are1 h[ev]1 new dem&s & new evid5ces1 & 
new po9ts ( view f :i* we see social    
education 7or bett]1 education 9 its    
social aspects71 9 a some:at new &      

diff]5t light1 z comp>$ ) our ideas ( ! 
s*ool 9 ! days be=e ! w>4 ,we h discuss$
 "s ( ^! social problems4 ,n[ we mu/    
consid] !m bo? 9 _! g5]al significance1 
& also 9 _! m specifically p$agogical   
aspects4  ,!re appe> to be two ?+s t    
social education ne$s especially to d   
n[3 create & su/a9 a firm] unity at     
home--a wid] & deep] loyalty on ! "p ( !
 individual to all ! causes & to all !  
gr\ps to :i* he is atta*$2 & to make our
 _w-consci\sness a m productive /ate (  
m9d4 ,x is p]haps because su*           
educational proposals z ^! are g5]ally  
left 9 ! =m ( ideals & ?+s hop$ = 9 a   
di/ant future1 & are n exam9$ to see    
:e!r !y may be made def9ite programs1 & 
are legitimate dem&s to be made n[1 t we
 are likely to reg>d all sugge/ions (   
?is nature z impracticable4 ,& yet !    
production ( morale at home & a social  
consci\sness adequate = our new         
relations abroad seems to be a prop]    
dem& to make ev5 ^u ! s*ool4 ,9 "p1 (   
c\rse1 & p]haps l>gely1 ! ne$ is fir/ ( 

all = practical relations1 b we mu/     
consid] educationally also ! fundam5tal 
& creative factors ( ! psy*ic process   
itself :i* mu/ 9 ! end su/a9 ! relations
 t we h e/abli%$ at su* co/ & %all n[   
beg9 to elaborate z practical functions4
  ,! greate/ "w ( social education      
to-day is to infuse into all ! social   
relations a new & m ard5t _s4 ,x is !   
elevation ( ! social moods to a m       
productive level1 we might say1 t is    
want$4 /hetic elem5ts1 imag9ation1 & !  
h>moniz+ ( individual & social motives  
are ne$$4 ,w> has %[n u ! possibilities 
( exalt$ social moods2 :at we ought to d
 n[ is to consid] h[ we may make our    
morale ( peace equal 9 effici5cy & 9 p[]
 to our w> morale4 ,?is is 9 great "p a 
problem ( social education4  ,e nation  
has its own especial social problems :i*
 mu/ become educational problems1 & be  
dealt ) 9 "s way accord+ to ! me?ods    
available 9 s*ools4 ,9 ,engl& ! social  
que/ions seem to be m 9 m9d & to be     
bett] und]/ood ?an "h4 ,!y are m        

consci\s !re ( social di%>mony & ( liv+ 
a socially divid$ life ?an we are4 ,!y h
 se5 at close range ! dang]s ( class    
int]e/s & individual int]e/s4           
,individualism1 class di/9ction & p>ty  
politics & ! indep5d5ce ( labor came ne>
 prov+ ! ru9 ( ,engl&4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,ox=d
 has express$ himself z believ+ t !     
blank /upid cons]vatism ( 8 c\ntry1 z he
 calls x1 is really brok5 & t a new s5se
 ( s]vice is actually dawn+ 9 all       
directions4 ,trott] says 7& he too is   
?9k+ ( ,engl&7 t a v small am\nt (      
consci\s & au?oritative direction1 a    
little sacrifice ( privilege1 a slight  
relaxation 9 ! va/ inhumanity ( ! social
 ma*9e might at ! "r mom5t h made a     
pr(\nd effect 9 ! national _s4          
,g5]aliz+1 & n[ ?9k+ ( social ph5om5a 9 
t]ms ( ! psy*ology ( ! h]d1 he says t ! 
tr\ble 9 mod]n society is t capacity =  
individual reaction--t is = mak+ diff]5t
 reactions to ! same /imulus--has f>    
out/ripp$ ! capacity =                  
int]communication4 ,society has gr[n 9  

complexity & /r5g?1 b x has also gr[n 9 
disord]4  ,su* di%>mony ( ! social life 
( c\rse exi/s also 9 ,am]ica4 ,we h n ! 
%>p division ( classes & int]e/s & !    
demon/rative & prote/+ individualism t  
are to be f\nd 9 ,engl& 7our individual 
rights are tak5 m = grant$ p]haps7 b = t
 v reason1 x may well be1 our di%>monies
 are all ! m dang]\s & difficult to     
ov]come4 ,! t5sion ( ! individual & !   
social w 7us+ ,mac,curdy's expression7  
is great4 ,we are highly individuali/ic 
9 our mode ( life1 z is %[n bo? 9       
dome/ic & 9 public affairs4             
,specialization & an int5se int]e/ 9    
occupations t br+ individual di/9ction &
 l>ge f9ancial returns h c]ta9ly tak5   
prec$5ce ov] ! m fundam5tal & common    
activities & int]e/s4  ,x is ^!         
fundam5tal & common activities & int]e/s
 & sympa?ies t ought to be ! *ief conc]n
 ( social education1 or p]haps we _h    
bett] say t all our educational         
processes ought s to be socializ$ z to  
broad5 sympa?ies & make activities      

common4 ,education mu/ con/antly /rive  
to make ! common backgr\nd ( our        
national life m firm & /rong4 ,m        
important to-day ?an any fur!r education
 9 ! direction ( specialization ( life 9
 ,am]ica is ! secur+ ( a /rong cohesion 
?r\gh\t society by means ( common       
int]e/s & moods4 ,x is true t           
specialization c>ri$ out 9 "s ideal way 
may provide j ! conditions ne$$ = ! be/ 
social ord]1 b ?is c be only 9 s f> z   
individuals become specializ$ )9 ! :ole 
( society1 s to speak1 9 :i* individuals
 cont9ue to h a common life4            
,individuals z :oles mu/ n be           
diff]5tiat$ & left to f9d _! own means (
 cord9ation & association1 or be br\ght 
toge!r artificially by law or conv5tion4
 ,specialization mu/ be made ! rev]se   
side1 z x 71 ( a social process 9 :i* at
 e po9t cord9ation is also provid$ =4   
,at ! pres5t "t1 x is ! latt] r ?an !   
=m] t is ( mo/ importance to u4  ,social
 education 9 a democratic c\ntry mu/    
always be a matt] ( ! greate/ conc]n4 ,9

 autocratic societies ! cohesive =ce    
exi/s 9 traditions or c at any mom5t be 
g5]at$ executively4 ,! autocratic c\ntry
 c be held toge!r 9 spite ( social      
antagonism4 ,9 a democracy ?is _c be4   
,we volunt>ily accept "s degree (       
incord9ation & confusion = ! sake ( our 
ideals ( fre$om4 ,we d n wi% cohesion   
bas$ ^u any =m ( pessimism or fe>--fe> (
 enemies )\t or ( p[]s )94 ,to secure   
unity 9 our own national life we mu/ "w 
= x incessantly1 & we ought to be will+ 
to1 = unity means s mu* to u4 ,x is n   
cohesion at any price t we want1 b      
volunt>y & natural union1 & to secure t 
we %\ld n hesitate to make our          
educational in/itutions broad en\gh to  
include ! education ( ! mo/ fundam5tal  
relations ( ! individual to society4 ,we
 want nei!r a heal?y egoism nor a morbid
 self-d5y+ _s t is only a /ep remov$ f  
slav]y--nei!r in/9ctive indep5d5ce nor  
an artificial & en=c$ social            
organization4 ,we mu/ n be deceiv$ ei!r 
by a vague & false idea ( lib]ty or by !

 equally vici\s ideal ( milit>ism ) its 
sup]ficiality ( social relations & its  
p$agogical simplicity4 ,bo? ^! ideas    
repres5t social life on a l[ plane4     
,heal?y individualism1 ev5 ) its /rong  
s5se ( tol]ance & comrade%ip & its      
respect = law & ord]1 is n ! k9d (      
social ideal t we %\ld n[ cultivate1 = x
 is too primitive a /ate to fit into our
 already complex social life1 or to be a
 basis = ! firm solid>ity we ne$ = !    
future4 ,z = milit>ism1 x may become a  
m]e %ell1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( social     
unity :5 its bonds are m]e %r$s & ! la/ 
drop ( moral vitality has gone out ( x4 
,our ne$ & problem are pla9 en\gh4 ,we  
wi% to develop social cohesion & unity  
^u a natural & p]man5t basis ( social   
feel+ express$ 91 & 9 turn produc$ by1  
social organization1 volunt>ily ent]$   
into = practical & = ideal purposes4    
,su* solid>ity c nei!r be made nor      
unmade by ext]nal =ces4 ,we mu/ =m &    
su/a9 x by creat+ int]nal bonds4 ,we    
live1 9 any great society1 always ov]   

smold]+ fires1 h[ev] highly civiliz$ !  
society1 & we are always ?reat5$ ) !    
eruption ( volcanic =ces4 ,x is fatu\s  
to ignore ?is1 & to make a fool's       
p>adise ( our democracy4 ,our problem is
 to produce su* a social life z %all    
keep u safe ?r\gh all dang]s--dang]s f  
enemies )\t1 & )91 & und]nea?4 ,a       
democracy1 or inde$ any society aft] all
 & at its be/1 conta9s ! mak+s ( ! cr[d 
& ! mob4 ,organiz$ z x is1 x is always  
an ord] made ( mat]ial units :i* may    
ent] into disord]4 ,society is bas$ ^u  
social consci\sness1 ^u ! consci\sness (
 k9d1 b x also has collective =ce4 ,!   
cr[d & ! collective =ce are always      
conta9$ 9 society4 ,h[ev] f> human      
nature is remov$ f its primitive =m1 !  
social ord] is always fragile4 ,m5tal   
op]ations t are n intellig5t & are n    
emotional 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b :i* consi/1
 s to speak1 ( common factors among     
primitive feel+s1 may ga9 & = a "t hold 
! asc5dancy4 ,eruptions 9 ! social      
consci\sness are ( ! nature ( morbid    

ph5om5a1 & are r>e & exceptional        
expressions ( ! collective life1 b we   
are nev] free entirely f ! m5ace ( !m4  
,social ord]1 we say1 is always fragile4
 ,we mu/ n ov]look t fact4 ,x is ?is    
*>act]i/ic ( ! social life1 !           
pot5tiality ( mob _s & ! =ces (         
primitive ang] & fe>1 t lead "s writ]s  
to ?9k1 wrongly we believe1 t ?is is !  
psy*ological basis ( w>s 9 g5]al4 ,w>   
comes out ( ! ord] ( society4 ,! high]  
ec/atic /ates & ! ideals ( man ent] into
 !m4 ,^! ?+s we speak ( are ( ! nature (
 disord]1 or are only ! ord] ( pure     
mom5tum4 ,b :atev] ! tru? may be ab\t ! 
relation ( in/9ct to w> & h[ev] remote !
 dang]s to ourselves f ! =ces :i* 9     
society make = disord]1 x is ! "w (     
social education to control1 trans=m &  
utilize all social & collective =ces1 ! 
primitive emotions & in/9cts1 ! moods ( 
intoxication & all ! high] ec/asies ( ! 
social life1 & x is only1 we suppose1 by
 ?us consci\sly & ) prem$itation        
controll+ ^! =ces t 9 any real s5se we c

 make democracy safe = ! _w4  ,x is !   
idea ( society cord9at$ by intellig5ce &
 by common int]e/s & moods t we mu/     
always hold be=e u4 ,trott] says t      
civilization has nev] br\ght a          
well-cord9at$ society1 & t a greg>i\s   
unit consci\sly direct$ w\ld be a new   
type ( biological organism4 ,if ?is be  
s1 ! "t seems peculi>ly ripe to make    
advance t[>d ?is bett] social solid>ity4
 ,bo? ! promise & ! ne$ seem greate/ 9 !
 great ,engli% speak+ c\ntries n[4 ,!re 
is wait+1 we may truly ?9k1 a l>g] sph]e
 ( life = all democratic c\ntries4 ,if x
 be consci\s direction alone t c br+    
ab\t ! *ange1 education has a long & a  
h>d task be=e x1 to make ! democratic   
peoples capable ( su* consci\s          
direction4 ,?is mu/ come 9 "p by !      
developm5t ( ! idea ( lead]%ip1 & by !  
production ( all ! conditions t make    
lead]%ip possible4 ,9 "p x mu/ come by !
 cle> p]ception ( def9ite tasks to be   
p]=m$ by nations & by all organizations 
)9 nations--tasks :i* h all gr[n out ( !

 relations exi/+ )9 society4 ,9 "p x    
means cultivat+ intellig5t appreciation 
( social values1 & develop+ 9 e possible
 way all ! social p[]s4  ,:at we appe>  
to ne$ mo/ 9 our social education j n[  
is a conception ( :at ! individual is & 
:at ! social life is 9 t]ms ( ! desires 
& ! functions !y embody4 ,^! are ! raw  
mat]ials ) :i* we "w4 ,we %\ld !n treat 
all our social problems 9 a some:at     
diff]5t way f t 9 :i* !y are ma9ly dealt
 ) n[4 ,we %\ld try especially to make  
h>mony 9 society n by maneuv]+ s t we   
might h peace & good feel+ = _! own     
sakes1 b by coord9at+ ! functions :i*   
are express$ 9 ! life ( ! individual & 9
 all social relations4 ,t is precisely  
:at is n be+ done n[1 9 our pres5t /age 
( society1 ei!r 9 ! life ( ! individual1
 or 9 ! wid] life ( society4 ,p live )\t
 deep cont9uity 9 _! lives1 & we are n  
consci\s en\gh ( ! ideal relation%ips   
individuals %\ld h ) "o ano!r1 9 ord] to
 make ! social life productive4 ,9 a ^w 
we d n suffici5tly take acc\nt ( !      

purposes to be a*iev$1 b are too        
consci\s ( /ates ( feel+4 ,we d n yet   
appe> to see all ! possibilities conta9$
 9 ! social life1 :at volunt>y unions   
are necess>y1 & :at k9d ( community life
 mu/ be develop$ be=e we c h a really   
democratic ord]4  ,we mu/ n be cont5t1  
c]ta9ly1 ) a m]ely sup]ficial & ext]nal 
solid>ity or ! purely practical         
greg>i\sness ( ! %ops or ! artificial   
=ms ( ! conv5tional social life4        
,society mu/ m & m accompli% results by 
! social life4 ,coord9ation 9 ! p]=mance
 ( a few obvi\s functions1 & en?usiasm =
 a few p>tisan causes1 w n be en\gh4    
,nor w su* ord] z milit>ism repres5ts   
suffice4 ,is x n pla91 inde$1 t         
democracy mu/ re/ ^u deep] & f> m       
complex cord9ations ?an we h n[1 & t    
social feel+s or moods mu/ be made m    
creative8 ,x is ! desire to accompli%   
ends ?r\gh social organization1 r ?an ! 
desire to possess & enjoy1 t mu/ be made
 to dom9ate x4 ,to effect su* *anges 9 !
 social life mu/ be 9 great "p ! "w (   

education4  ,social education 9 our     
pres5t "t & conditions might v well be  
consid]$ 9 t]ms ( ! ant9omies :i* exi/ 9
 society4 ,^! ant9omies repres5t !      
ob/acles to national unity4 ,!y /& =    
inhibitions :i* are express$ 9 feel+s t 
are :olly unproductive4 ,ea* "o ( !m is 
a measure ( s mu* wa/e1 s mu* failure & 
lack ( mom5tum1 s mu* disord] &         
disorganization4 ,a program ( social    
education1 we say1 might be bas$ ^u a   
consid]ation ( ^! ant9omies4 ,x w\ld    
consid] ma9ly h[ ! wa/e & ob/ruction (  
^! conflict+ purposes ( ! social life   
might be ov]come by giv+ desires m      
h>moni\s & m positive direction4 ,a     
complete acc\nt ( social education f ?is
 /&po9t w\ld ne$ to take notice ( _m    
di%>monies n[ v evid5t 9 our life z a   
nation4 ,among !m w\ld be f\nd sectional
 antagonisms1 p>ty opposition1 frictions
 ( social classes & indu/rial classes1  
religi\s diff]5ces1 di%>mony betwe5 !   
sexes1 racial antipa?ies4 ,"s ( ^! we h 
already t\*$ ^u briefly4 ,"s o!rs seem  

to require fur!r m5tion 9 ! pres5t      
connection4  ,! lack ( und]/&+ & sympa?y
 betwe5 l[] & upp] classes 9 society    
plays a l>g] "p 9 democratic ,am]ica ?an
 we are usually incl9$ to admit4 ,!re   
are divid$ int]e/s1 div]g5t mores1 lack 
( unity & cord9ation 9 "s ( ! mo/ urg5t 
duties because ( ! antagonism ( classes 
& ! lack ( und]/&+1 on ! "p ( "o1 ( !   
ways ( ano!r4 ,especially 9 civic life !
 unproductiv5ess ( ! situation is v     
app>5t4 ,:at money & advantage on "o    
side comb9$ ) will+ h&s on ! o!r might d
 is left undone4  ,9 "p ?is antagonism (
 classes is m]ely ! result ( diff]5ce 9 
mann]s4 ,!re are mann]s & =ms t         
con/itute a common bond among ! memb]s (
 a class ev]y:]e4 ,ought we n to take   
advantage ( ?is example & use !         
sugge/ion x (f]s = bridg+ ov] !         
diff]5ces t we compla9 (8 ,we h se5 dur+
 ! w>1 also1 h[ well common tasks c     
unite all classes4 ,does n our          
educational in/itution af=d u           
opportunity to cont9ue ?is advantage1 & 

make common s]vice lead m directly to   
und]/&+ & appreciation1 n = ! sake ( !  
sympa?y alone1 b because ( all !        
practical consequ5ces & ! opportunities 
= ! future t are ?us op5$ up8 ,we assume
 t social feel+ may be creat$ ?r\gh     
social organization4 ,mabie says t      
,am]ica is di/+ui%$ by its capacities = 
=m+ helpful organizations4 ,we mu/ make 
! mo/ ( ?is habit1 :i* presumably is    
d]iv$ f ! neighborl9ess & comrade%ip (  
our orig9al colonial life4 ,we ne$ _m   
gr\p causes1 n artificially plann$ z    
trellises ^u :i* to gr[ social feel+s1  
b1 fir/ ( all c]ta9ly1 9 ord] to        
accompli% ^? ?+s t c be done effectively
 only socially4  ,! secret ( h>mony     
among classes is presumably n to all[   
any class to h vital int]e/s :i* are    
exclusively its own1 s9ce to h an       
exclusive vital int]e/ means ( c\rse to 
live def5sively or to c>ry on (f5sive   
/rategy4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! great work+ 
class at ! pres5t "t is pla9ly to secure
 a liv+1 & x is ! s5se ( isolation 9 ?is

 /ruggle :i* 9 "p at lea/ is ! cause (  
_m unfavorable conditions 9 our pres5t  
social ord]4 ,ought n education to      
prep>e ! way = a diff]5t attitude 9 :i* 
all %\ld become vitally int]e/$ 9 !     
economic problems ( all8 ,?is does n    
mean an education direct$ t[>d enl>g+ ! 
_s ( philan?ropy2 x means ma9ly         
organization to s]ve common purposes4   
,^! social problems are v num]\s4 ,!y   
are bo? national & local4 ,any city :i* 
w und]take to solve 9 its civic         
relations ?is problem ( secur+ great]   
social unity 9 social causes w provide  
an object lesson :i* w be ( ! greate/   
value4 ,x is 9 ^! local gr\ps p]haps t  
"s ( ! be/ exp]im5tal social "w may be  
done4 ,"h ! educational & ! political   
modes ( attack c be/ be cord9at$1       
results c be made mo/ tangible1 & !     
primitive & simple =ms ( solid>ity mo/  
ne>ly realiz$4 ,x is inde$ by go+ back  
to ^! simpl] =ms ( social life & seek+  
means ( coord9at+ ! gr\p 9 fundam5tal   
activities t ! greate/ headway w be made

 9 ! solution ( wid] social problems4   
,ano!r ( ! di%>monies :i* social        
education mu/ f n[ on und]take to       
control is ! di%>mony & ! inequality ( !
 sexes1 n s mu* z ?is appe>s 9 ! dome/ic
 life z 9 ! broad] relations ( ! social 
life4 ,br9ton says t ! e?nic psy*ologi/ 
has no s\nd] maxim ?an t utt]$ by       
,/e9?al1 t ! position ( wom5 is ! c>d9al
 po9t ( all social relations4 ,e "o1 (  
c\rse1 n[ recognizes ! fact t ! position
 ( wom5 is to-day 9 a transitional &    
exp]im5tal /age4 ,conflict+ motives are 
at "w1 & on ! "p ( nei!r sex d ! highe/ 
motives seem to prevail1 nor is !re a   
full realization any:]e ( ! values t are
 at /ake4 ,m5 are ?9k+ ( ! "q ( !       
position ( wom5 too mu* f ! /&po9t (    
exp$i5cy1 & are scrut9iz+ too closely ! 
imm$iate future4 ,wom5 p]haps are ?9k+  
too mu* j n[ ( _! rights4 ,!re is a     
decad5t =m ( *ivalry or at lea/ a       
sexuality t p]petuates conv5tions &     
int]e/s t on ! :ole seem to int]f]e )   
progress4 ,jeal\sy & 9 g5]al ! t5se     

emotional relations betwe5 ! sexes      
obscure l>g] issues4 ,?us misund]/&+ or 
antagonism1 or at lea/ di%>mony1        
prevails 9 relations 9 :i* !re %\ld be  
p]fect h>mony ( ideals & purposes1 &    
productive activities ( ! highe/ nature4
 ,! education ( wom51 :e!r = ! dome/ic  
life or = ! life outside ! home is      
pla9ly b a "p ( ! educational problem4  
,! sexes h diff]5t desires1 & x is      
precisely ! "w ( h>moniz+ ^! desires1 & 
regulat+ & coord9at+ activities &       
functions1 t is ! mo/ important "p (    
social education 9 reg>d to ! sexes4  ,x
 is n at all difficult to see :at !     
basic ne$ is4 ,x is n s easy to f9d     
practical means ( apply+ ! rem$y 9 ! =m 
( education1 because ! :ole sy/em ( liv+
 ( ! sexes mu/ 9 "s way be affect$4 ,!  
g5]aliz$ pr9ciple on ! practical side   
seems cle>4 ,all classes or gr\ps 9     
society mu/ le>n to ?9k & to act n 9    
t]ms ( & ) ref]5ce to ! desires ( _!    
class alone1 b ) reg>d to wid] tasks &  
values t are n fully realiz$ by ! mo/   

natural & ! conv5tional activities ( !  
class4 ,! "q is n "o ( mak+ a moral     
*ange--conv]t+ individuals or classes f 
a _s ( selfi%ness to t ( altruism4 ,:at 
we ne$ is an educational process & a    
social life 9 :i* ! nature ( !          
individual & ( ! class is reveal$ z     
social1 z be/ repres5t$ & satisfi$ 9    
situations 9 :i* bo? ! individual & !   
wid] social idea "w toge!r4             
,practically1 we %\ld say1 ! problem (  
education ( ! sexes ) ref]5ce to "o     
ano!r & to a wid] social life consi/s   
fir/ ( all 9 actually educat+ !m toge!r 
n m]ely 9 juxtaposition b 9 relations ( 
a practical "*4 ,! relations ( ! sexes h
 evid5tly be5 ma9ly dome/ic & emotional1
 or 9 cases :]e !y are practical !      
position ( wom5 has be5 little bett] ?an
 s]vitude4 ,( social cord9ation !re has 
be5 little4 ,education ( ! sexes ?r\gh  
situations 9 :i* ! special abilities (  
ea* sex are br\ght into action1 do+ = ! 
wid] social life :at ! natural &        
in/9ctive diff]5tiation ( activities has

 accompli%$ 9 its way = ! dome/ic life  
seems to be ! ma9 pr9ciple n[ to be     
employ$ 9 ! education ( ! sexes4 ,wom5  
mu/ be made to see t ! ideal (          
indep5d5ce :i* is upp]mo/ at ! pres5t "t
 is only ! m>k ( a transitional /age1 & 
t cord9ation 9 :i* ( c\rse competition (
 v>i\s k9ds _c be entirely elim9at$ w be
 ! f9al adju/m5t4 ,we %\ld h no fe> (   
plac+ ! sexes1 9 _! educational         
situations1 9 positions :]e competition 
is necess>y1 s9ce ?r\gh competition     
fundam5tal desires may be br\ght to !   
surface & regulat$4 ,provid$ we admit at
 all t a new social adju/m5t is ne$$    
betwe5 ! sexes1 we c h>dly fail to see t
 x is prim>ily 9 a practical life liv$  
toge!r t bo? education = ! new ord] w   
be/ be conduct$ & ! new ord] itself     
realiz$4  ,! details ( me?od ( :at we h 
call$ social education = democracy we c 
only sugge/ "h & ( c\rse 9 a v imp]fect 
& t5tative way4 ,all aspects ( education
 & e dep>tm5t ( ! s*ool are involv$2 & e
 available me?od employ$ 9 education mu/

 9 "s way be turn$ to ! purpose (       
develop+ social relations4 ,9 a v g5]al 
way we ?9k ( ^! specific processes ( !  
s*ool z me?ods ( le>n+1 me?ods ( art1 & 
me?ods ( activity1 al?\gh ( c\rse 9     
reality !re c be no su* %>p sep>ation ( 
!m z ?is might imply4  ,!re mu/ be "s   
place 9 ! s*ool n[ = a subject :i* 9 a  
g5]al way might be designat$ z social   
hi/ory4 ,we mu/ tea* ! :ole /ory ( !    
social life ( our c\ntry 9 su* a way z  
to reveal ! motives ( classes1 p>ties1  
sections1 & ( all organizations1        
in/itutions & pr9ciples4 ,su* tea*+ %\ld
 h ! effect ( br++ to light ! causes ( !
 di%>monies ( society1 & x %\ld also be 
a means ( convey+ ! feel+s & moods z    
well z ! ideas t gov]n ! conduct ( all  
gr\ps t make up our national life4 ,we  
mu/ tea* sympa!tically :at ! desires &  
int5tions ( all are1 on ! assumption t  
beh9d all conduct !re are natural causes
 & ess5tially s\nd in/9cts4 ,by %[+ !   
desires ( gr\ps 9 _! relation to "o     
ano!r1 _! di%>mony & _! possible h>mony1

 we indicate :at society z a function+  
:ole may be1 & we may say t x is ! *ief 
end to be ga9$ by ! intellectual        
treatm5t ( ! social life to make cle>   
:at ! ideal ( social unity = practical  
life is1 & :at ! ma9 ob/acles are t n[  
/& 9 ! way ( x4 ,by ?is social hi/ory we
 d n mean1 moreov]1 some?+ ab/ruse &    
academic suit$ = ! college alone4 ,:]ev]
 ! social antagonism is exp]i5c$1 at    
:atev] age1 !re is ! opportunity to beg9
 to set ! m9d at "w ab\t x1 & to prev5t 
! =mation ( prejudice & res5tm5t4 ,^!   
/ates ( m9d beg9 v e>ly inde$1 & !y are 
h>d to eradicate4  ,a v l>ge "p 9 ! "w (
 social education is play$ by me?ods (  
education t we may call /hetic4 ,?is mu/
 mean n only ! inclusion ( ! me?ods (   
art 9 pres5t+ facts1 b we mu/ br+ to be>
 all k9ds ( /hetic influ5ces ^u ! social
 life4 ,social life 9 :i* !re is        
introduc$ ! dramatic mom5t is "o ( ! ma9
 objectives ( all education4 ,x is 9 !  
recreational life t "s ( ! be/          
conditions = ! realization ( social     

moods 9 dramatic or /hetic =m are       
obta9$4 ,9 ! recreational exp]i5ce !    
social /ates mu/ be made productive (   
social h>mony1 z !y !mselves t5d to be4 
,9 ^! exp]i5ces ! conflict+ motives ( ! 
individual & society1 & ( individual )  
individual1 & ! oppos+ desires ( !      
individual are h>moniz$ by means ( ideal
 exp]i5ces 9 :i* ! desires are exploit$4
 ,s9ce we "h t\* ^u ! :ole !ory ( !     
/hetic 9 its practical application1 we  
_c be v explicit & cle>1 b ! ma9 s]vice 
( ! /hetic social life exp]i5c$         
typically 9 ! =m ( recreational         
activities1 ought to be pla94           
,recreation is a means ( giv+ ! common  
exp]i5ce s mu* ne$$ 9 democratic        
c\ntries l our own--common feel+s1      
common activities & int]e/s4 ,?is /ore (
 common life1 conta9+ exalt$ social     
feel+s1 express$ 9 play & art--languages
 :i* all nationalities c und]/&--mu/    
con/antly be increas$4 ,all in/itutions 
t control ! leisure h\rs ( ! p mu/ be   
made educational z means ( rais+ !      

social life to a high] level & mak+ x m 
h>moni\s & productive ( common int]e/s4 
,x is inde$ "o ( ! functions ( !        
recreational activities & in/itutions to
 create & su/a9 public morale4  ,9 !    
recreational exp]i5ces "u control ( !   
s*ool we h ! opportunity to educate !   
deepe/ & mo/ p[]ful ( motives4 ,play &  
art we %\ld suppose1 !re=e1 ought to h a
 great] "p & m s]i\s recognition 9 !    
s*ool4 ,we _c ( c\rse accompli% mu*     
m]ely by cr[d+ m arts & plays & games   
into ! curriculum4 ,x is some?+ l>g] & m
 trans=m+ t is want$4 ,we ne$ to make ! 
s*ool take a great] place 9 ! life ( !  
*ild2 x mu/ rea* a deep] level ( human  
nature1 9 :i* ! motives ( play & art    
lie1 & !re mu/ be a broad] exposure (   
all "y life to ^? influ5ces ( ! social  
life ev]y:]e :i* conta9 our highe/      
social ideals4 ,! place ( art & to "s   
ext5t ( play z ! me?ods & ! _s ( ! s*ool
 is to convey p]suasively to ! *ild ?is 
l>g] & bett] life 9 :i* we expect him to
 take "p4  ,nei!r erudition nor art nor 

bo? toge!r c1 ( c\rse1 fulfill all !    
requirem5ts = a social education suit$  
to our pres5t ne$s4 ,x is presumably 9 !
 social life itself1 9 ! =m ( a         
practical activity1 t social education w
 9 great "p be ga9$4 ,?is educational   
social life1 :i* is also practical1 w1  
h[ev]1 be "o 9 :i* e opportunity is tak5
 to %[ ! social life 9 its hi/orical    
p]spective1 & to make cle> its purposes 
& mean+2 & 9 :i* sympa!tic moods &      
int5se social /ates are realiz$ by      
conduct+ ?is social life1 s f> z        
possible1 s t x w be subject$ to !      
influ5ces ( :at we may call 9 a broad   
way art4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,religion ,,& 
,,education ,,aft] ,,! ,,w>   ,! w>1 :i*
 has left no field ( human int]e/       
unt\*$1 has rais$ _m que/ions ab\t      
religion t mu/ be dealt ) 9 new         
ways--ab\t its validity1 its p[]1 its   
future4 ,! impression ! :ole exp]i5ce ( 
! w> seems to convey is t religion has  
fail$ to be ei!r a great creative =ce or
 a great re/ra9+ p[]1 al?\gh to express 

?is z a failure ( religion may imply m  
?an we h a "r to expect ( x4 ,religion  
did n cause ! w>1 b x c]ta9ly did n     
prev5t x4 ,x _h no p[] to make peace4   
,yet we see t n[ religion is ne$$ m ?an 
ev]1 & t if ! social life be n deeply   
infus$ ) ! religi\s _s1 & if we d n live
 z a _w m 9 ! religi\s _s1 some?+       
fundam5tal & necess>y w be want+ :i* may
 be ! mo/ ess5tial factor ( progress &  
civilization4 ,! w> leaves u ) ! feel+1 
p]haps1 t until n[ ! _w has _h f> too _m
 religions & too little religion4 ,!re  
has be5 too mu* ( cre$ & too little (   
deep & su/a9+ religi\s moods4 ,p]haps1 z
 ,russell says1 we are to be conv9c$ t  
religion has be5 too pr(essional2 !re   
has be5 too mu* paid s]vice1 & too      
little volunt>y s]vice4  ,su*           
conclusions ( c\rse h 9 !m all !        
res]vation t p]sonal reactions mu/ h1 b 
x is easy to believe t 9 ! life ( su* a 
nation z our own1 & inde$ 9 ! _w1 no    
practical unity w ev] be p]man5tly rea*$
 unless !re be a firm basis 9 a common  

religi\s f\ndation4 ,?is we might say is
 made probable by ! tru? t religion is !
 mo/ fundam5tal ?+ 9 life1 & if !re be  
no unity & common und]/&+ 9 t sph]e1 !re
 c be none 9 reality any:]e 9 life4     
,diff]5ces 9 cre$ mean little1 except 9 
s f> z !y conceal basic agreem5t & make 
artificial b>ri]s2 diff]5ces 9 ! way (  
und]/&+ & valu+ ! _w mean ev]y?+4 ,we   
want a common religi\s fai?--common 9 ! 
possession at lea/ ( ! moods :i* make a 
h>moni\s social life possible1 & ( ! _s 
9 :i* ! _w's "w c1 we may believe1 alone
 be done4  ,^u su* gr\nds "o might      
ma9ta9 t a v important "p ( ! "w (      
education ev]y:]e is to tea* n[ m       
natural religion1 or r p]haps t ! s*ool 
mu/ be ev]y:]e conduct$ to a great]     
ext5t 9 ! _s ( religion4 ,!n we might   
hope to see religion becom+ actually a  
p[] 9 ! social life1 help+ to trans=m ! 
crude =ces & purposes ( ! day into high]
 ones4 ,) su* a religi\s basis we might 
beg9 to see ! work+ ( ,god 9 hi/ory & 9 
! _w z a :ole1 & we %\ld feel 9 ! hi/ory

 ( ! _w & 9 ! _w t is be=e u ! pres5ce (
 reality4 ,!n we %\ld h a common gr\nd =
 ! sympa?y & und]/&+ )\t :i* n ev5 ! mo/
 practical affairs c be conduct$        
effici5tly4 ,t ideal 9 education1 (t5   
express$ by ! educator1 :i* holds t !   
purpose ( all tea*+ is to convey ! mean+
 ( ! _w to ! *ild1 to make ! _w live 9  
epitome1 s to speak1 9 ! s\l ( e *ild1  
is religi\s & no?+ else1 & q satisfies !
 dem&s ( our pres5t day4  ,if su* a     
/&po9t be ! "r "o1 c]ta9ly ! ambition ( 
any nation 7or inde$ ( any gr\p7 to h a 
religion peculi> to itself & an outgr[? 
( its own culture is un=tunate1 & inde$ 
comes f ! v ess5ce ( morbid nationalism4
 ,9 su* desires !re is ?9ly veil$ ! hope
 t ?r\gh religion ! old claim ( nations 
to ! "r to temporal supremacy may be    
v9dicat$4 ,lag>de1 9 ab\t #ahgd1 0      
probably ! fir/ to say t ,g]many mu/ h a
 national religion1 b dur+ ! w> ?is hope
 has be5 express$ aga9 & aga9--,g]many  
mu/ h a new religion1 befitt+ a great   
indep5d5t p1 & mu/ no long] be dep5d5t =

 its religion ^u an old & inf]ior race4 
,:e!r ?is long+ = a new religion has n  
be5 9 reality a long+ to be upheld aga9 
by ! old pagan fai?1 :i* 0 a fitt+ cult 
= ! nationali/ic temp]1 ) its ideal (   
=ce1 may ju/ly be ask$4 ,x is int]e/+ to
 rememb] t 9 ,japan also1 9 rec5t times1
 !re has be5 a dem& = a national        
religion t %\ld unite all ! cre$s 9 "o4 
,t ?is idea ( a national religion1 z    
contra/$ ) an univ]sal religion1 is     
oppos$ to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity is pla91 & 
! claim t ,g]many has n be5 able to     
und]/& ! key-note ( ,*ri/ianity1 z x is 
reveal$ 9 humanity & ju/ice1 may !re=e  
be said to h "s f\ndation 9 tru?4  ,c we
 say t ! "w ( education1 9 ! religi\s   
life1 is t ( inculcat+ & ext5d+         
,*ri/ianity8 ,x might inde$ s be        
int]pret$1 & ) a lib]al en\gh und]/&+ ( 
,*ri/ianity we %\ld say t ?is is true4  
,b aft] all1 x is ,*ri/ianity z !       
vehicle ( c]ta9 fundam5tal religi\s     
moods & ideals t1 f an educational po9t 
( view at lea/1 is ( ! greate/ conc]n4  

,x is ! optimi/ic mood1 ! ideal ( ju/ice
 & humanity1 ! recognition ( ! wor? ( ! 
s\l ( ! individual1 ! ideal ( s]vice--x 
is ^! qualities ( ,*ri/ianity r ?an its 
specific doctr9es t we mu/ n[ emphasize 
9 our wid] social life1 & su* religion  
is natural religion1 or philosophy or   
,*ri/ianity z we may *oose to call x4   
,any exp]i5ce1 inde$1 t fo/]s su* moods 
& ideals has a place 9 religi\s         
education4 ,:o c d\bt t su* religion mu/
 h5ce=? h a l>ge place 9 ! _w8 ,x w be !
 te/ 9 ! end ( ! possibility ( s9c]e    
int]nationalism4 ,unless we c h common  
religi\s moods we c h no univ]sal       
morality t is f\nd$ ^u secure feel+ &   
pr9ciples1 & unless we c include ! :ole 
_w 9 our religion1 we %all c]ta9ly n be 
able to include x 9 any s9c]e way 9 our 
politics4  ,no religion1 f9ally1 w be   
pr(\nd en\gh & h great en\gh p[] to be  
?us a support ( a future _w-consci\sness
 unless x be a religion ( feel+ r ?an   
prim>ily ( ideas--a religion 9 fact     
capable ( inspir+ ec/atic moods4 ,& ?is 

ec/asy ( feel+ c nev] 9 our mod]n _w be 
a prevail+ quality ( ! religi\s life    
unless religion be some?+ t ext5ds ov]  
all life & draws its p[] f all ! en]gies
 & capacities ( ! psy*ic life4 ,!       
religion ( our new era1 we may be sure1 
if x be 9 any real s5se a religion ( !  
_w1 w n be some?+ ap>t f & above o!r    
exp]i5ces4 ,x w be a secul> religion & a
 democratic religion1 a quality & _s (  
life z a :ole4 ,exp]i5ce ref]r$ to :at  
we believe is real & univ]sal1 &        
subject$ s9c]ely to all ! capacities &  
crit]ia ( appreciation t we possess is  
religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,religion1           
educationally consid]$1 is a means (    
giv+ to life a s5se ( reality & ( value4
 ,t _s %\ld p]vade & inspire all we d 9 
! "w ( education4     ,,*apt] ,,xi      
,,humanism   ,!re has mu* be5 said dur+ 
! w> to ! effect t ! great /ruggle 0    
ess5tially a conflict betwe5 ! _s (     
humanism & "s pr9ciple or o!r :i* 0     
conceiv$ to be ! opposite ( humanism4   
,humanism is said to be oppos$ to       

rationalism1 or to nationalism1 or      
specialization1 or paganism1 or         
,g]manism z a :ole1 humanism (t5 be+    
?\ght ( z ! _s ( ,greek or ,*ri/ian     
?\ght & philosophy4  ,!re is tru?1 we   
%\ld say1 9 ^! views4 ,humanism 9 a     
broad s5se em]g$ f all ! purposes ( ! w>
 z ! pr9ciple ( ! great] "p ( ! _w1 z   
oppos$ to ! idea ( ,g]manism4 ,?is _s ( 
humanism1 h[ev]1 is no s+le motive or   
feel+4 ,x is a complex mood1 s to speak1
 & x is n to be reg>d$ z /range t x has 
be5 felt & describ$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & t x 
is n yet cle>ly und]/ood4 ,humanism     
appe>s to be mo/ deeply felt z !        
appreciation ( ! common & fundam5tal ?+s
 9 human nature4 ,x incl9es t[>d !      
employm5t ( feel+1 or at lea/ to        
subjective r ?an to purely objective    
pr9ciples 9 ! det]m9ation ( fundam5tal  
values 9 life4 ,humanism includes an    
int]e/ 9 p]sonality1 :i* is ( c\rse !   
mo/ basic ( ! common possessions ( man1 
& x is !re=e int]e/$ 9 ju/ice & 9       
fre$om4 ,humanism z ?us an appreciation 

( fundam5tal values 9 life by feel+ r   
?an by pr9ciple1 belongs to ! deep]     
curr5ts ( life1 ^? t fl[ 9 !            
subconsci\s--x is close to in/9ct1 to   
moods1 & ! religi\s & ! ae/hetic        
exp]i5ces4  ,! lat] ,g]man philosophy ( 
life we might m5tion z a d5ial ( mu* t  
humanism ass]ts4 ,"h we see a doctr9e ( 
=ce1 an ideal ( life bas$ ^u ! elevation
 ( consci\s w to its fir/ pr9ciple4 ,if 
we seek concrete contra/s to ?is        
anti-humanism we might m5tion our own   
national life1 gov]n$ by an idea ( free 
liv+1 :i* has made possible !           
assimilation ( _m /ocks1 9 a life 9 :i* 
common human nature is reg>d$ z !       
supreme value4 ,extreme specialization1 
rational pr9ciples1 objective /&>ds are 
wat*words ( ! plan ( life t is mo/      
oppos$ to humanism4 ,9 ?is life in/9cts 
& values det]m9$ by feel+s are br\ght   
out into ! cle> light ( consci\sness &  
are !re judg$ ) ref]5ce to _! fitness to
 s]ve ends det]m9$ by reason4 ,x is all 
noon-day gl>e 9 ?is rational            

consci\sness4 ,collectivism is bas$ ^u  
co]cion & ^u calculation ( ! value (    
ord] 9 s]v+ practical purposes1 !mselves
 det]m9$ by a !ory ( society1 in/ead (  
^u social feel+ or ^u a natural process 
( assimilation ( ! diff]5t & !          
individual into a common life4          
,specialization also1 9 ?is philosophy1 
is a result ( calculation r ?an ( a     
belief 9 ! value ( ! individual1 & is   
ga9$ by ! sacrifice ( ^? exp]i5ces :i*1 
if we hold to ! humani/ic ideal1 we     
reg>d z ess5tial to ! life ( !          
individual & to society4 ,?is calculus (
 values ext5ds1 ( c\rse1 into ! field ( 
int]national life4 ,"h too conduct is   
bas$ ^u e/imation ( effects1 fre$om is  
relative to & subord9ate to economic    
values4 ,a !ory ( ! /ate takes prec$5ce 
ov] all subjective e?ical pr9ciples1 &  
!re mu/ be a disav[al ( all native      
s5tim5ts & judgm5ts z reg>ds ju/ice :i* 
issue f an appreciation ( ! wor? (      
p]sonality & o!r fundam5tal human values
 & possessions2 & all common human      

s5tim5ts :i* w\ld /& 9 ! way ( c>ry+ out
 ! decisions ( reason & /ate-!ory or any
 political policy mu/ ( c\rse also be   
d5i$4  ,?is contra/1 h[ev] inadequate   
our analysis ( ! _s ( humanism & its    
opposite may be1 w at lea/ %[ t ! idea (
 ju/ice1 :i* 9 ! humani/ic ideal gr[s   
directly out ( ! appreciation ( ! value 
( p]sonality is ! c5tral practical      
pr9ciple ( humanism1 & x is exactly z an
 oppon5t ( ! idea ( ju/ice on ! gr\nd ( 
its alleg$ weakness1 t ! rationali/ic or
 ! nationali/ic philosophy is be/       
conceiv$4  ,x is ^u ?is "q ( ju/ice t we
 mu/ take our /& = or aga9/ humanism4   
,if we are humani/s we believe 9 !      
rights ( individuals1 :e!r m5 or        
nations1 to _! own life & indep5d5ce1   
:i* !y are entitl$ to pres]ve ?r\gh all 
=ms ( social processes4 ,ju/ice means   
recognition ( ! "r ( individuals to p]=m
 all _! functions z individuals1 &      
humanism is precisely an appreciation ( 
! values ( ! individual z su* a         
function+ :ole4 ,if we are humani/s we  

believe t ?is pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 & ?is  
feel+ ( ju/ice ought to be cultivat$ &  
made _w-wide4 ,?is is ! ideal ( equal   
rights to all human values4 ,h5ce x is !
 mortal enemy ( all philosophies ( life 
:i* place any pr9ciple above t ( ju/ice 
& its moral implications1 ,:e!r 9 !     
n>r[] or ! wid] social life4 ,?is is    
humanism4  ,!re are v>i\s ways (        
int]pret+ humanism z a practical        
philosophy or pr9ciple ( education4     
,burnet says1 p]haps n v completely     
express+ :at he means1 t ! humani/ic    
ideal ( education1 z contra/$ ) ! m]ely 
=mal1 is t ! pupils %\ld above all be l$
 to feel ! mean+ & wor? ( :at !y are    
/udy+4 ,we %\ld say t ! mean+ ( humanism
 9 education is t ! *ild %\ld und]/& &  
appreciate ! mean+ & wor? ( all human   
life4 ,?is requires t education %\ld s  
be conduct$ t ! *ild may le>n to see--r 
to feel & appreciate--! inn] r ?an !    
m]ely ext]nal nature ( all life t is    
pres5t$ to him1 & 9 :i* he p>ticipates4 
,n language1 b ?\ght2 n hi/ory1 b       

exp]i5ce1 is 8 field4 ,ju/ice dep5ds    
:olly ^u an ability to come ^u reality 9
 ! realm ( human nature4 ,?is implies n 
only intellectual p5etration1 b a =m (  
sympa?y :i* consi/s ( putt+ oneself z   
completely z possible into ! life ( t   
:i* is /udi$4  ,all ?is means1 x is     
pla91 a p[] 9 ! educational process1 a  
_s & a mood 9 all education :i* we h n  
yet 9 any v l>ge measure atta9$4 ,:at is
 requir$ is inde$ t *ildr5 %\ld live m  
intimately ) reality1 s to speak1 & t we
 %\ld n be satisfi$ :5 !y h m]ely le>n$ 
ab\t x4 ,we %all n be cont5t1 h[ev]1 )  
an educational process :i*1 9 fulfill+  
^! requirem5ts = m life1 becomes m]ely  
active4 ,life mu/ also be dramatic &    
int5se & abundant4 ,all ! m5tal         
processes--! feel+s1 ! intellectual     
functions & n ! w alone mu/ p>ticipate 9
 ?is active life4  ,we %all soon see1 no
 d\bt1 & 9 fact we are beg9n+ already to
 see a r5ew$ int]e/ 9 all ! argum5ts = &
 aga9/ a humani/ic z oppos$ to a        
sci5tific culture & curriculum = our    

s*ools4 ,x is ! humani/ic side f :i*1 x 
is likely1 we %all n[ he> ! mo/ pleas1 =
 ! w> has end$1 !y say1 9 victory =     
humanity & = humanism--h5ce = !         
humanities4 ,x is ! ,*ri/ian & !        
,grco-,roman civilization t has         
prevail$4 ,victori\s ,france1 ^: culture
 is f\nd$ ^u t ( ! ,greek & ! ,roman1   
has v9dicat$ ! supreme value ( t        
culture4 ,on ! o!r h& we he> t our      
pres5t age has become an age ( sci5ce4  
,if sci5ce has be5 a factor 9 caus+ !   
w>1 sci5ce has also won x4 ,if          
indu/rialism involv$ ! _w 9 disa/]1 ! _w
 w be sav$ by m & bett] "w1 m practical 
liv+1 wid] organization = ! production (
 goods & ( weal?4 ,!re=e our curriculum 
mu/ become m practical4 ,we mu/ h m (   
bus9ess & indu/ry1 m vocational tra9+1 m
 tra9+ t %>p5s ! intellig5ce4  ,!re is a
 tru? :i* _c be ov]look$ 9 ! claim ( !  
humani/s1 b ! acceptance ( x z x /&s z a
 philosophy ( education is n )\t its    
s]i\s dang]s4 ,:at we may well appreh5d 
is a reaction>y philosophy ( education1 

& ( all culture4 ,we beg9 to he> v /rong
 pleas1 = example1 = a s*ool 9 :i*      
language1 lit]ature1 & p]haps hi/ory    
become ! c5t]4 ,we/#a asks = a wid]     
recognition ( ! humanities aft] ! w>4   
,moore#b says t ! w> is a victory ( !   
civilization f9ally e/abli%$ by !       
,romans on ! basis ( law1 ov] ! b>b>ic  
ideas ( p[]4 ,see+ ?is he is l$ to plead
 = a clos] union n[ betwe5 ,lat9 & mod]n
 /udies1 b9d+ civilization ( to-day ) ! 
?\ght & feel+ ( old ,rome4 ,butl]#c says
 t we are surely com+ back to !         
classical languages & lit]ature4  ,su*  
conclusions z ^! raise _m que/ions &    
p]haps d\bts & appreh5sion4 ,! ideal !y 
express ( p5etrat+ ! he>t ( civilization
 & exp]i5c+ 9 ! educational process !   
inn] life r ?an ! out] =m ( life1 mu/   
inde$ appeal to all1 & we %\ld all z    
humani/s agree t ?is ideal expresses :at
 humanism means & is ! c5t] ( a true    
philosophy ( education--b :e!r ?is ideal
 c be realiz$ by any s*ool t cl+s to !  
old classical le>n+1 ev5 9 _s1 is q     

ano!r matt]4 ,to-day1 if ev]1 we ne$ to 
g =w>d 9 education4 ,our _s mu/ be t ( !
 se>*] = new tru?1 & = a bett] life4 ,! 
old w n satisfy u ei!r z a model & ideal
 or z a me?od4 ,no already accumulat$   
culture mat]ial w be adequate = our new 
s*ool4  ,our s*ools ( to-morr[1 we %\ld 
conclude1 mu/ /ill be inspir$ by !      
sci5tific _s1 b :at we ne$ is sci5ce    
humanis$1 & sci5ce 9 ! s]vice ( moral   
pr9ciples4 ,"o may well ask :e!r x is n 
n[ ! mo/ opportune "t to leave our      
classical le>n+ beh9d1 & try to f9d a m 
adequate culture 9 :i* to convey ! _s ( 
our new humanism4 ,if we h won a victory
 = humanity1 z we ?9k1 & h kept alive ! 
,*ri/ian _s by means ( a meag] culture1 
we ne$ n /ill cl+ to t culture if we c  
f9d some?+ bett]4 ,ev5 if mod]n ,g]many 
has misus$ sci5ce & br\ght x to reproa*1
 we ne$ n be prejudic$ aga9/ sci5ce4 ,we
 ne$ m sci5ce b we ne$ to br+ sci5ce    
into clos] relation to ! :ole ( human   
life4 ,we ne$ m ( all ! psy*ological    
sci5ces z an aid to our appreciation (  

hi/ory z ! /ory & a revelation ( ! mean+
 ( _s 9 ! _w--& x is ?is way r ?an ?r\gh
 language t we mu/ und]take to "k & to  
expla9 life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is = !     
bus9ess ( practical1 social liv+ t !    
mat]ial sci5ces %\ld h mo/ significance 
9 education4 ,!re is no sci5ce1 n ev5   
ma!matics1 t _c be taught z a phase ( ! 
adv5ture ( _s 9 ! _w1 & none t _c 9 "s  
way be made to aid _s 9 f9d+ & keep+ its
 true c\rse 9 ! future4 ,su* use ( all  
culture is :at we mean by humanism4 ,!  
secret ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! educational     
ideals ( ^? :om we may call ! old       
humani/s & ! new is t to "o education   
means pr$om9antly le>n+1 & to ! o!r x   
means ma9ly liv+4 ,liv+1 = ! *ild1 means
 gr[+ into ! life ( ! _w by p>ticipat+ 9
 _s & 9 body1 accord+ to ! *ild's ne$s &
 capacities1 9 ! activities ( ! _w4 ,to 
ga9 a consci\sness ( ! mean+ ( ^?       
activities ?r\gh a k ( _! hi/ory & by an
 appreciation ( _! purpose is inde$ !   
ma9 purpose ( le>n+4   ,,footnotes3     
,footnote #a3 ,educational ,review1     

,febru>y1 #aiai4  ,footnote #b3         
,educational ,review1 ,febru>y1 #aiai4  
,footnote #c3 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 
,janu>y1 #aiai4     ,,*apt] ,,xii       
,,ae/hetic ,,exp]i5ce ,,9 ,,education   
,?r\gh\t ?is /udy we h aga9 & aga9 be5  
l$ to consid] ! relations ( ! ae/hetic  
exp]i5ces to ! practical life4 ,x is z !
 repository ( deep desires & z !        
appreciation ( values t ! ae/hetic may  
be mo/ readily se5 to be practical1 b x 
p]=ms o!r functions4 ,z ec/atic exp]i5ce
 x is ! s\rce ( p[] 9 ! consci\s life1 &
 x 0 inde$ ! belief 9 art z a means (   
atta9+ p[] t has giv5 art its place 9 ! 
_w4 ,! ae/hetic exp]i5ce is ! =m also 9 
:i* desires are br\ght into relation to 
"o ano!r1 h>moniz$ & trans=m$1 or       
transf]r$ to new objects4 ,s ! ae/hetic 
is ! type ( adaptation 9 ! inn] life4   
,we h ass]t$ t all life1 & c]ta9ly !    
educational process1 mu/ h its dramatic 
mom5ts1 s9ce ! dramatic exp]i5ce1 z     
ec/asy ( ! social life1 is ! expression 
( social feel+ 9 its highe/ =m4 ,!      

ae/hetic exp]i5ce is ! c5tral po9t (    
exp]i5ce1 s to speak1 at :i* social     
ideals imp+e ^u & influ5ce & mold pure  
nature4 ,art is ! =m 9 :i* play1        
repres5t+ biological =ces1 is c>ri$ to a
 high] /age1 & made a factor 9 consci\s 
evolution4 ,! ae/hetic exp]i5ce is a    
practical attitude 9 ano!r way4 ,x is by
 our ae/hetic appreciation1 m ?an we    
commonly und]/&1 t we judge life z a    
totality1 t we e/imate ! fitness ( its  
p>ts to belong to ! :ole1 & t inde$ we  
guide life :5 we judge x n accord+ to   
pr9ciples :i* s (t5 are se5 to be       
inadequate1 b :5 we try to br+ to be>   
our utmo/ ( p[]s ( appreciation & to f9d
 ultimate values4  ,su* a recognition ( 
! relation ( art or ! ae/hetic to life  
we see (t5 express$ 9 ! lit]ature ( !   
day4 ,x is a sign ( ! times--( an ef=t  
to atta9 high] p[]s1 to take m          
compreh5sive views ( life1 & to ga9     
deep] insight into x4 ,x is a phase ( ! 
s]i\sness ( purpose :i* ! w> has ar\s$ 9
 u4 ,dide speaks ( a deep b obscure ne$ 

t drives all human be+s to put !mselves 
9 h>mony ) ! univ]sal1 & says t ?is is !
 end & purpose ( ! ae/hetic t5d5cies4   
,?is phase ( ! place ( ! ae/hetic is se5
 & express$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s ?9k ( x z 
a significant *ange 9 ! attitude ( life 
:i* is to br+ ab\t an era ( peace4      
,clutton-,brook1 an ,engli% writ]1 says 
t unless we atta9 to "s k9d ( beauty &  
art1 we %all h no la/+ peace4 ,we %all  
nev] h fre$om f w> until we h a peace t 
is wor? liv+4 ,"s see 9 ! humani/ic _s  
an ess5tially ae/hetic pr9ciple4 ,!     
fairness & ju/ice ( ! ,fr5*1 ! _s ( !   
,engli% t expresses itself 9 _! ideal ( 
sportsman%ip1 "s attribute to ! ae/hetic
 _s4  ,all ?is is 9 keep+ ) our new     
exp]i5ces ( life 9 all its dynamic      
expressions4 ,x becomes easi] = u to see
 ! tru? ab\t ! nature ( ! ae/hetic & (  
all o!r p[]s ( consci\sness1 s9ce       
consci\sness has reveal$ itself to u z  
itself s great a p[]4 ,! ae/hetic       
exp]i5ce may no long] appe> to be only a
 joy1 some?+ subjective1 b1 inde$1 z a  

practical =ce 9 ! _w4 ,! ae/hetic is a  
feel+ ( p[]1 b x is also an exp]i5ce 9  
:i* m5tal p[] is g5]at$1 & x mu/ be     
employ$ to su* an end4 ,! ae/hetic mood 
is a mood ( happ9ess1 b x is also a mood
 ( p]suasion1 9 :i* some?+ is be+ done  
to ! w1 & 9 :i* desires are be+ turn$   
cont9ually t[>d new objects1 & composite
 feel+s are be+ =m$ :i* w direct ! c\rse
 ( future exp]i5ce4 ,s art & ! ae/hetic 
exp]i5ce are n ?+s ap>t f life1 b may   
ev5 be ?\ght ( z ! me?od & ! quality (  
life 9 "s ( its mo/ dynamic =ms4 ,!y are
 n add$ to life z an ornam5t or a       
luxury1 b are ! _s 9 :i* life is liv$ :5
 x is inde$ mo/ productive4  ,:5 we make
 specific analyses ( ae/hetic exp]i5ce  
we f9d repres5t$ 9 x all ! deep motives 
& t5d5cies1 ( life4 ,?is gives u our    
clew to ! practical application ( !     
ae/hetic 9 ! bus9ess ( life4 ,all x     
conta9s1 all ! art & ! play ( ! _w mu/  
be put to "w1 al?\gh ?is is a conclusion
 t might readily be misund]/ood4 ,we d n
 expect to h>ness ! p[]s ( *ildhood to !

 _w's tasks1 or expect indu/ry to become
 f9e art1 b we d expect art & play to be
 some?+ m ?an passive & unproductive    
/ates4 ,we expect !m to su/a9 & to      
create ! en]gies by :i* ! _w's "w is to 
be c>ri$ on4 ,we w\ld utilize !m to give
 m p[] to life at e po9t1 & to make all 
activities ( ! practical life m free &  
creative4 ,& 0 !re ev] a "t :5 p[] 0 m  
greatly ne$$--9 indu/ry1 9 political    
life & 9 e phase ( life bo? ( !         
individual & ( society8  ,b x is n only 
9 creat+ & do+ t ! _w ne$s art to-day1 9
 ! s5se 9 :i* we mean to def9e x4 ,an   
ar\s$ _w is call$ ^u to feel to ! dep?s 
( reality1 & to draw f ^! dep?s new & m 
pr(\nd valuations4 ,we /& at a po9t :]e 
_m ?+s 9 life mu/ be te/$ & judg$ anew1 
:]e ! dang] ( p]v]t+ & misjudg+ _m ?+s  
is great4 ,x is by ! p[]s ( appreciation
 ga9$ 9 dynamic /ates ( consci\sness1 we
 may believe1 r ?an by discov]ies & an  
accumulation ( data t we %all be mo/    
c]ta9 ( f9d+ true values1 & ! way (     
extrication f our pres5t grave d\bts4   

,c "o hesitate to conclude1 !n1 t 9 all 
our educational exp]i5ces1 we mu/ try n 
only to tra9 ^! p[]s t we call ae/hetic1
 b to give opportunity at e po9t = !    
ex]cise ( !m z selective functions1 & z 
a means ( creat+ & express+ p[] 9 !     
m5tal life8     ,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,moods 
,,& ,,education3 ,a ,,review   ,9 !     
philosophy ( education x is ) moods t 9 
our view1 we h mo/ ( all to deal4 ,man1 
we h a "r to say1 is a creature ( feel+1
 n ( in/9ct or ( reason4 ,x is n !      
in/9ct z a def9ite reaction to /imulus  
or z an inn] necessity1 nor emotion z a 
subjective response to ?is /imulus t is 
! driv+ =ce ( conduct1 b r ! m la/+ &   
deep] & m complex /ates or processes t  
we c call by no o!r "n ?an moods4 ,s9ce 
x is 9 ! moods t ! mo/ pr(\nd long+ or  
t5d5cy or desire is repres5t$1 we say t 
moods are ! object ( *ief conc]n 9 a    
practical philosophy ( life4 ,^! moods  
are ! repositories1 s to speak1 (       
in/9ct1 impulse1 t5d5cy1 desire1 & x is 
!re=e by ! control & education ( moods t

 ! individual 9 all 8 social & 9 all 8  
p]sonal aspects w be mo/ fundam5tally   
educable if he is educable at all4  ,x  
is z ! seat ( ! w to p[]1 we might say1 
t ! moods :i* are ! ma9 s\rces ( human  
en]gy are to be conceiv$4 ,! crav+ =    
p[]1 z a g5]alization ( m primitive     
desires1 comes to take ! position ( !   
ma9 motive 9 life4 ,! crav+ = p[] is a  
desire1 z we see :5 we analyze x1 t     
expresses itself z a long+ = ec/atic or 
int5se /ates ( consci\sness1 & an       
abundant life4 ,x is a crav+ to be      
possess$ by /rong desire & also = !     
satisfaction ( _m desires--(t5          
vic>i\sly1 s9ce ! objects desir$ may be 
confus$ & g5]al4 ,s ?is motive ( p[] & !
 ec/atic /ates 9 :i* x is express$ or   
realiz$ is no in/9ct & no pure emotion4 
,x is an outgr[? & culm9ation ( in/9cts1
 a fusion ( !m into a new product4  ,x  
w\ld be go+ too f> afield to try to     
summ>ize "h ! psy*ology ( moods or ( !  
motive ( p[] 9 ! individual & 9 society1
 b ! ma9 fact ne$$ = ! mom5t seems pla94

 ,9 ?is motive & its expression 9 feel+ 
& conduct !re is a v g5]al t5d5cy :i* is
 ! s\rce ( _m =ms ( int]e/ & en?usiasm1 
( ambition1 ( ! _s ( w>1 ( v>i\s k9ds ( 
excitem5t1 & to "s ext5t ( morbid &     
crim9al t5d5cies4 ,! _s ( w> we ?9k ( z 
a summation ( ! same =ces z ^? :i* 9 o!r
 ways appe> z ! en]gies beh9d v>i\s     
ent]prises hav+ q diff]5t objectives4   
,w> is an ana*ronism1 we may believe1 a 
wrong direction tak5 by ! =ces ( !      
social life1 an ar*aic expression n[1   
let u say1 ( ! w to p[] :i* might &     
ought to h diff]5t objectives4 ,9 ! life
 & ! mood ( ! great city we see a v v>i$
 expression ( ! motive ( p[]4 ,! city   
life is /ill a crude life4 ,x satisfies 
deep desires1 b 9 x desires = we "k n   
:at are ar\s$4 ,x is inde$ z ! seat (   
eag]1 unsatisfi$ desire t ! city is be/ 
( all *>act]iz$4 ,^! desires readily    
take %ape 9 ! city z ! _s ( w> & z a    
crav+ = excitem5t ( v>i\s k9ds4  ,^!    
same =ces re-direct$ or f9d+ diff]5t    
objects & work+ "u diff]5t conditions   

appe> 9 moral1 religi\s1 or ae/hetic    
=ms4 ,9 ^! high] exp]i5ces & m          
progressive mom5ts 9 hi/ory or 9 ! life 
( ! individual1 ! =ces :i* at o!r levels
 em]ge 9 diff]5t =ms & 9 se>* ( diff]5t 
objects we may ?9k ( z trans=m$1 or giv5
 new direction2 b to suppose !m         
annihilat$ or suppress$ is to misund]/&1
 accord+ to our view1 ! :ole process ( !
 developm5t ( _s4 ,life is n a process 9
 :i* in/9cts are balanc$1 or 9 :i* good 
motives /& 9 %>p contra/ to bad motives1
 or 9 :i* an orig9al selfi%ness is      
oppos$ & gradually ov]come by an        
altrui/ic motive4 ,we ?9k r ( v complex 
processes 9 :i* _m desires1 ga!r$ into  
moods1 f9d _m =ms ( expression4 ,!re are
 prevail+ moods--( w> & ( peace--& ^!   
moods are deep =ces1 conta9+ bo? !      
desires & ! s\rces ( en]gy1 s to speak1 
out ( :i* our future w be made4 ,!      
ec/atic /ates ( ! social life1 ! moods (
 w> & ! en?usiasm ( ! p]iods ( rapid    
*ange are conditions 9 :i* en]gies &    
purposes are deeply /irr$4 ,^! are !    

moods ( intoxication1 if we wi% to      
describe !m by po9t+ out "o ( _! *ief   
common *>act]i/ics4 ,peace is a rev]ie1 
we may say1 9 :i* ! purposes & ! results
 express$ & atta9$ 9 ! m dramatic mom5ts
 are elaborat$ & fulfill$1 & 9 :i* new  
impulse is ga!r$ ( :i* ! dramatic mom5t 
is itself ! expression4 ,b ?r\gh\t !    
:ole c\rse ( hi/ory & ?r\gh all ! life (
 ! individual1 ! same motives are at "w4
 ,life 9 its fundam5tal movem5ts &      
motives1 we %\ld argue1 is bo? simple & 
cont9u\s4 ,x is fragm5t>y & complex only
 on its surface4  ,! :ole problem ( !   
nature ( education ( c\rse resolves     
itself1 f ?is po9t ( view1 into ! "q    
:e!r progress is some?+ inh]5t 9 nature1
 or is some?+ controll$ by man4 ,or if  
we _c make s %>p a contra/ betwe5 nature
 & w1 %all we say t progress is 9 ! ma9 
& 9 all ess5tial ways "o or ! o!r8 ,does
 consci\s ef=t1 ! hav+ ( ideals1 ex]t   
any pr(\nd effect ^u ! hi/ory ( _s8     
,does x accel]ate1 give direction1      
provide en]gy8 ,is ! c\rse ( hi/ory     

inevitable or is ! mak+ ( x 9 our h&s8  
,we c see :at1 9 a g5]al way1 s f> z    
reg>ds ! trans=mation ( ! fundam5tal    
motives ( life1 ! ord] ( developm5t has 
be5--h[ ! orig9al & basic desires or    
in/9cts h become m]g$ & confus$ 9 ! m   
g5]al desires & moods1 h[ ! motive ( p[]
 has em]g$1 f9d+ s v>i$ expression z we 
see 9 ! :ole movem5t ( art & play 9 !   
_w1 h[ out ( ^! motives ( art & play m  
controll$ en?usiasms h aris54 ,b ! "p 9 
?is movem5t play$ by consci\s direction 
does n ?us f> appe> to h be5 great4 ,a  
movem5t ( & )9 consci\sness x has be51 &
 no m]e biological or physical          
developm5t1 b :5 we speak ( consci\s w  
or any ideals controll+ ! c\rse ( _s 9  
ess5tial ways1 we f9d z yet only a      
beg9n+4 ,& yet1 ?is does n indicate t 9 
! future consci\s direction may n be ev5
 ! greate/ factor 9 evolution4 ,x is    
difficult to see h[ we c "k ) c]ta9ty t 
we h su* p[]s2 b to refra9 f act+ z ?\gh
 we _h is also difficult1 & inde$       
impossible4  ,z a work+ hypo!sis1 at    

lea/1 we seem to be all[$ to assume t   
mu* w dep5d1 9 ! future1 ^u ! ext5t to  
:i* consci\s factors are br\ght to be>  
^u ! _w's progress z a :ole1 ^u ! =m 9  
:i* ! _w-idea %apes itself1 & ! p[] :i* 
is put beh9d t _w idea by ! educational 
=ces ( ! _w4 ,! _w appe>s n[ to /&      
balanc$ at a critical mom5t1 its future 
dep5d+ ^u :e!r old ideals & primitive   
emotions %all prevail1 or :e!r a new _s 
:i* is p]haps aft] all b a s5se (       
direction gr[+ out ( ! old ord] %all    
become ! dom9at+ influ5ces4 ,:e!r !     
consci\sness ( nations %all be creative 
& progressive seems to dep5d n[ ^u !    
ext5t to :i* ! :ole life ( feel+ is     
influ5c$ by ideas :i*1 al?\gh !y are    
products1 z we say1 ( ! primitive       
biological processes t und]lie hi/ory1  
are also outside ^! processes1 z def9ite
 purposes1 desires1 visions1 ideals4 ,at
 lea/ we seem to dep5d n[ ^u ^! sup]ior 
influ5ces = _m ?+s t we reg>d z good--= 
! rate at :i* we %all make progress1 & =
 ! c]ta9ty ( mak+ progress at all4 ,^u  

^! consci\s factors direct+ & %ap+ !    
pla/ic =ces repres5t$ 9 ! moods ( our   
"t1 we %all assume1 ! c\rse ( hi/ory w  
dep5d4  ,we are no long] to be satisfi$ 
) natural progress4 ,we h gone too f> & 
too long1 let u say1 ^u a ris+ tide (   
biological =ces1 & we h n yet realiz$   
:at consci\s evolution might mean4 ,we h
 be5 too well satisfi$ ) ! physical     
res\rces & ! psy*ic en]gies t seem$     
suffici5t = ! ne$ ( ! day4 ,a _w 9 :i*  
democracy is go+ to prevail c no long]  
live 9 ?is way4 ,x w n gr[ ( itself 9 a 
/ate ( nature4 ,its pr9ciple1 on ! o!r  
h&1 =bids program-mak+ aft] ! mann] (   
autocratic societies4 ,democracy1 z ! =m
 9 :i* ! y\?ful & exub]ant _s ( ! _w n[ 
makes ready = creat+ ! next /age (      
civilization1 w advance1 we may suppose1
 nei!r by nature nor by =ce4 ,x is ! ma9
 "w ( our day to f9d = ourselves a new &
 bett] mode ( %ap+ hi/ory1 by br++ to   
be> ^u all ! social motives ( ! day !   
be/ & /ronge/ influ5ces4 ,our :ole      
situation is f ?is po9t ( view an       

educational problem4 ,probably !re 0    
nev] a great] ne$ ?an t ! democratic    
=ces ( ! _w n[ h great lead]%ip4 ,x is a
 practical _w1 a _w ( politics & (      
bus9ess1 b x is also a _w exce$+ly      
s5sitive to _m influ5ces1 good & bad1 a 
_w 9 :i*1 we may ?9k1 no?+ great &      
p]man5t c be accompli%$ unless moral1   
religi\s & /hetic influ5ces prevail &   
give to our civilization its new        
dom9ant4  ,x w dep5d ^u ^! consci\s     
=ces--^u our ef=ts to make progress & ^u
 ! cl>ity ( our vision--x mu/ dep5d ^u  
^!--:e!r 9 ! future our great w> %all be
 look$ back ^u z aft] all an upheaval ( 
primitive =ces & a debau* ( in/9cts1 or 
z ! beg9n+ ( a new life4 ,x is = u to   
create out ( ! w> ! f\ndation ( a bett] 
ord]4 ,we _c g back to ! old rgime4 ,our
 en?usiasms w ei!r be direct$ to bett]  
?+s1 or ! emotions ar\s$ by ! w> w run  
riot & f9ally settle into habits on a l[
 plane1 & de/roy1 x may be1 all t       
civilization has ?us f> ga9$4 ,all ?+s  
seem possible1 9 ?is critical "t4  ,/at$

 9 ! broade/ possible way1 ! educational
 problem ( our times seems pla94 ,we mu/
 lay hold ^u & set to "w = a high]      
civilization ! motives & purposes t 9 ! 
pa/ h work$ ob/ructively1 & n[          
de/ructively4 ,a great "w ( our day is  
to und]/& ^! motives & =ces t 7 ! ma9   
factors 9 ! cause ( ! w>1 & make !m c\nt
 = progress4 ,t !y are p[]ful =ces we c 
h no d\bt4 ,!y are n = t reason h>d to  
direct1 at lea/ n necess>ily s4 ,we see 
t1 :e!r 9 w> or 9 peace1 we ne$ great]  
p[] 9 ! social life4 ,life mu/ be made  
to satisfy ! long+ = int5sity &         
abundance ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is abundant   
life t we n[ seek _c be some?+ m]ely    
subjective & emotional4 ,to see ?is is  
inde$ ! crucial te/4 ,?is subjective    
life _c rema9 an ideal 9 a _w det]m9$ to
 become democratic1 to make progress1 to
 be a practical & well-cord9at$ _w4     
,abundant life mu/ n[ be s\ght 9 !      
p]=mance ( functions :i* express        
!mselves 9 practical aims & consequ5ces4
 ,! prevail+ mood & =m ( ?is life may   

/ill be dramatic1 & inde$ x mu/ be      
dramatic4 ,! possession ( ?is quality is
 ! te/ ( its p[]4  ,su* views1 ( c\rse1 
imply t our practical educational       
problem is some?+ v diff]5t f t ( f9d+  
an outlet = emotions4 ,= example1 to    
se>* = a sub/itute = w> n[ is a         
sup]ficial way ( look+ at ! problem ( ! 
control & education ( ! social          
consci\sness4 ,we ?9k ( ! motives t h   
caus$ ! w>1 accord+ to ^! old] views1 z 
bad in/9cts or evil emotions1 z we are  
usually ask$ to ?9k ( ! motives beh9d   
intemp]ance1 & ! habits ( gambl+ & ! l4 
,by "s =m ( ka?>sis we hope to dra9 (f  
^! emotions 7unless we und]take m]ely to
 suppress !m74 ,?is we say is a n>r[    
view ( ! problem1 m]ely because !       
motives t und]lie ! conduct we deplore  
are n bad in/9cts1 or inde$ in/9cts z   
su* at all1 b r feel+s or moods :i* are 
v>iable 9 _! expression1 complex1 &     
educable4 ,!y h no def9ite object ( :i* 
!y are 9 se>*1 s t we may ?9k ! only way
 to ?w>t !m is to f9d "s object closely 

resembl+ !irs :i* may surreptiti\sly be 
sub/itut$ = !m4 ,^! motives are inde$   
broad & g5]al4 ,we mu/ d ) !m :at       
education mu/ d all along ! l9e1 f9d !  
fundam5tal desires !y conta9 & utilize !
 en]gies express$ 9 ^! desires 9 !      
p]=mance ( functions--^! functions be+ !
 purposes mo/ fundam5tally at "w 9 !    
social life or repres5t+ our social     
ideals4  ,su* an ideal ( education      
invites u to "w b5ea? ! political & all 
=mal1 in/itutional & m]ely practical    
affairs & to lay our f\ndations 9 !     
dep?s ( human nature4 ,!re we %all beg9 
to e/abli% or to lay hold ^u cont9uity1 
& !re br+ toge!r ! fragm5ts ( purpose   
:i* we f9d 9 ! life we seek to direct4  
,?is :i* "o c s easily say 9 a s5t5ce   
is1 ( c\rse1 ! :ole problem ( education4
 ,^! ?+s are :at we mu/ "w = 9 e/abli%+ 
& su/a9+ our democracy1 = we mu/1 to ?is
 end1 make =ces "w toge!r1 in/ead (     
sep>ately & antagoni/ically z !y        
!mselves t5d to d4 ,x is ! same problem1
 at he>t1 9 ! education ( !             

individual--to h>monize desires1 & to   
create a high] syn!sis ( en]gies ?an    
nature itself w yield4 ,& 9 ! new & wid]
 field ( int]national life t op5s up    
be=e u1 ! problem is /ill educational4  
,! educational =ces ( ! _w mu/ beg9 n[ !
 gigantic task ( national "* build+4 ,! 
_s ( ! nations1 ! div]g5t motives ( p[]1
 ( glory1 ( com=t & pleasure-seek+ t are
 said to dom9ate nations1 ! ju/ice1 &   
loyalty1 & /eadfa/ness & tru? :i* at    
lea/ !y put ^u _! bann]s & into _! songs
 mu/ be made to "w toge!r 9 a practical 
& progressive _w1 or to make su* a _w   
possible4  ,! ,g]mans l to int]pret !   
tricolor ( _! flag z signify+ ,dur*     
,na*t und ,blut zur ,li*t4 ,b pla9ly !  
night & blood%$ d n always lead to      
light1 & ( !mselves !y _c4 ,nor1 mu/ we 
?9k1 ne$ ! _w cont9ue always to seek its
 way t[>d light only ?r\gh ! blackness &
 guilt ( w>s & revolutions4 ,9 "s di/ant
 day1 let u ?9k1 ju/ice & morality w h  
be5 br$ into all ! social life1 & life w
 be liv$ m 9 ! _s ( art & religion4 ,!n 

!y w see t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ^! =ces we  
call n[ educational1 an old ord] w h    
giv5 way to a new by imp]ceptible       
degrees1 & x w be no long] ?r\gh d>kness
 & blood%$ t ! _w mu/ make its way to   
light1 b ne$ only g ?r\gh light to      
great] light4     ,,bibliography   ,!   
foll[+ li/ conta9s ! titles ( a few     
books & articles t h contribut$ data or 
sugge/ions to ?is /udy4 ,x is nei!r     
complete nor sy/ematic4 ,numb]s 9 ! text
 ref] to ?is li/4    #a4 ,a4,w4 ,small1 
,g5]al ,sociology4    #b4 ,c4 ,&l]1     
,frightfulness 9 ,!ory & ,practice4     
#c4 ,w4,e4 ,wall+1 ,! ,sociologi/s & !  
,w>4    #d4 ,h4 ,haus]1 ,g]many's       
,comm]cial ,grip ( ! ,_w4    #e4 ,j4,f4 
,o',ryan & ,w4,d4,a4 ,&]son1 ,! ,mod]n  
,army 9 ,action4    #f4 ,r4 ,dunn1 ,five
 ,fronts4    #g4 ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,hobh\se1  
,i ,appeal ,unto ,cs>4    #h4 ,f4,h4    
,gidd+s1 ,! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e 9 ! ,_w ( 
,to-morr[4    #i4 ,o4,h4 ,kahn1         
,prussianiz$ ,g]many4   #aj4 ,c4        
,mit*ell1 ,evolution1 & ! ,w>4   #aa4   

,a4 ,wehrmann1 ,deuts*e ,aufsaetze ,ueb]
 d5 ,weltkrieg1 etc4   #ab4 ,j4,p4      
,bang1 ,hurrah & ,hallelujah4   #ac4 ,e4
 ,b\tr\x1 ,philosophy & ! ,w>4   #ad4   
,m4,a4 ,morrison1 ,sidelights on        
,g]many4   #ae4 ,r4 ,lehmann1 ,0 ,i/    
,deuts*8 7,9 ,vom komm5d5 ,fri$547      
#af4 ,durkheim1 ,g]many ,ov] ,all4      
#ag4 ,h4 ,b]gson1 ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,w>4    
#ah4 ,j4 ,burnet1 ,high] ,education & ! 
,w>4   #ai4 ,c4,l4 ,drawbridge1 ,! ,w> &
 ,religi\s ,ideals4   #bj4 ,m4 ,dide1   
,les ,emotions et la ,gu]re4   #ba4     
,d4,g4 ,br9ton1 ,! ,basis ( ,social     
,relations4   #bb4 ,erne/a ,r4 ,bullitt1
 ,an ,unc5sor$ ,di>y f ! ,c5tral        
,empires4   #bc4 ,hund]t ,briefe ,aus   
dem ,felde4   #bd4 ,mrs4 ,d5is          
,o',sullivan1 ,h>ry ,butt]s ,an ,am]ican
 ,citiz54   #be4 ,w4 ,irw91 ,m51 ,wom5 &
 ,w>4   #bf4 ,g4 ,roe!1 ,von ,deuts*]   
,art & ,kultur4   #bg4 ,j4,w4 ,g]>d1 ,my
 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,g]many4   #bh4 ,w4,r4    
,rob]ts1 ,patriotic ,poetry3 ,greek &   
,engli%4   #bi4 ,s*mitz1 ,das ,wirkli*e 

,deuts*l&4   #cj4 ,r$i]1 ,comrades 9    
,c\rage4   #ca4 ,igglesd51 ,out ,!re4   
#cb4 ,madame ,lucy ,hoes*-,ern/1        
,patriotismus und ,patriotitis4   #cc4  
,w4,e4 ,ritt]1 ,w>1 ,sci5ce &           
,civilization4   #cd4 ,hobh\se1 ,! ,_w 9
 ,conflict4   #ce4 ,g4,s4 ,full]ton1    
,g]many ( ,to-day4   #cf4 ,a4 ,p9*ot1   
,w> & ! ,k+ ,tru/4   #cg4 ,j4,t4        
,mac,curdy1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,w>4   #ch4 
,e4,l4 ,fox1 ,beh9d ! ,sc5es 9 ,w>r+    
,g]many4   #ci4 ,j4 ,*apman1 ,deuts*l&  
,ueb] ,alles4   #dj4 ,g4 ,blondel1 ,les 
,emb>ras de l',allemagne4   #da4 ,p4    
,bigel[1 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or & ,8 ,ea/]n  
,neighbors4   #db4 ,g4 ,le ,bon1 ,!     
,psy*ology ( ! ,great ,w>4   #dc4 ,t4,a4
 ,cook1 ,kultur & ,cata/rophe4   #dd4   
,*]adame1 ,! ,g]man ,plot ,unmask$4     
#de4 ,j4,b4 ,boo?1 ,! ,g5tle ,cultur$   
,g]man4   #df4 ,j4 ,claes1 ,! ,g]man    
,mole4   #dg4 ,t4,f4,a4 ,smi?1 ,! ,s\l (
 ,g]many4   #dh4 ,w4,n4 ,willis1 ,:at   
,g]many ,wants4   #di4 ,h9tze1 ,! ,mean+
 ( ! ,w>4 7,mod]n ,g]many47   #ej4      

,zitelmann1 ,! ,w> & ,int]national ,law4
 7,mod]n ,g]many47   #ea4 ,s*moll]1     
,orig9 & ,nature ( ,g]man ,in/itutions4 
7,mod]n      ,g]many47   #eb4 ,h9tze1   
,g]many & ! ,_w ,p[]s4 7,mod]n ,g]many47
   #ec4 ,f4 ,me9ecke1 ,kultur ,policy ( 
,p[] & ,milit>ism4 7,mod]n              
,g]many47   #ed4 ,o4,g4 ,vill>d1 ,g]many
 ,embattl$4   #ee4 ,e4,j4 ,dillon1      
,ourselves & ,g]many4   #ef4 ,r4        
,mac,fall1 ,g]many at ,bay4   #eg4 ,c4  
,t[]1 ,*ang+ ,g]many4   #eh4 ,w4,r4     
,?ay]1 ,g]many vs4 ,civilization4   #ei4
 ,lampre*t1 ,:at ,is ,hi/ory8   #fj4    
,b4,t4 ,curt91 ,! ,l& ( ,deep5+ ,%ad[s4 
#fa4 ,p4 ,bigel[1 ,prussian ,memories4  
#fb4 ,e4 ,troelts*1 ,! ,_s ( ,g]man     
,kultur4 7,mod]n ,g]many47   #fc4 ,a4   
,guill&1 ,mod]n ,g]many & ,h]           
,hi/orians4   #fd4 ,t4,f4,a4 ,smi?1 ,:at
 ,g]many ,?9ks4   #fe4 ,von ,bl[1       
,imp]ial ,g]many4   #ff4 ,j4,a4 ,cramb1 
,g]many & ,engl&4   #fg4 ,g4 ,b\rdon1 ,!
 ,g]man ,enigma4   #fh4 ,p4 ,colli]1    
,g]many & ,g]mans4   #fi4 ,h4,b4 ,swope1

 ,inside ! ,g]man ,empire4   #gj4       
,sumn]1 ,folkways4   #ga4 ,j4 ,novic[1  
,les ,luttes ,entre ,socites ,huma9es en
 ,leur ,phases      ,successives4   #gb4
 ,h4 ,gibson1 ,a ,j\rnal f ,our         
,legation 9 ,belgium4   #gc4 ,a4,m4     
,pooley1 ,japan at ! ,cross-,roads4     
#gd4 ,f4,j4 ,adk9s1 ,! ,w>4   #ge4      
,h4,e4 ,p[]s1 ,! ,?+s ,m5 ,fight ,=4    
#gf4 ,j4 ,m',cabe1 ,! ,s\l ( ,europe4   
#gg4 ,s*el]1 ,d] ,g5ius des ,krieges und
 d] ,deuts*e ,krieg4   #gh4 ,s4 ,freud1 
,reflections on ,w> & ,dea?4   #gi4     
,nicolai1 ,die ,biologie des ,krieges4  
#hj4 ,p4 ,gibbs1 ,! ,s\l ( ! ,w>4   #ha4
 ,t4 ,roosevelt1 ,am]ica & ! ,_w ,w>4   
#hb4 ,w4 ,trott]1 ,in/9cts ( ! ,h]d 9   
,peace & ,w>4   #hc4 ,j4 ,novic[1 ,d]   
,krieg und ,se9e ,angebli*5 ,wohltat54  
#hd4 ,g4,r4,s4 ,taylor1 ,! ,psy*ology ( 
! ,great ,w>4   #he4 ,w4 ,wundt1 ,die   
,nation5 und ,ihre ,philosophie4   #hf4 
,nusbaum1 ,d] ,krieg im ,li*te d]       
,biologie4   #hg4 ,edi? ,:>ton1 ,fight+ 
,france4   #hh4 ,crile1 ,a ,me*ani/ic   

,view ( ,w> & ,peace4   #hi4 ,eleanor   
,m4 ,sidgwick1 ,! ,morality ( ,/rife 9  
,relation to !      ,w>4 7,!            
,int]national ,crisis47   #ij4 ,g4      
,murray1 ,h]d ,in/9ct & ! ,w>4 7,!      
,int]national      ,crisis47   #ia4     
,bosanquet1 ,patriotism 9 ! ,p]fect     
,/ate4 7,! ,int]national      ,crisis47 
#ib4 ,a4,g4 ,bradley1 ,int]national     
,morality4 7,! ,int]national            
,crisis47   #ic4 ,l4,p4 ,jacks1 ,!      
,*ang+ ,m9d ( a ,nation at ,w>4 7,!     
,int]national ,crisis47   #id4 ,g4,f4   
,/\t1 ,w> & ,hatr$4 7,! ,int]national   
,crisis47   #ie4 ,e4 ,ma*1 ,:at ,g]many 
,wants4   #if4 ,f4 ,peil1 ,d]           
,weltkrieg4   #ig4 ,t4 ,vebl51 ,!       
,nature ( ,peace4   #ih4 ,hirs*feld1    
,kriegsbiologis*es4   #ii4 ,h4,a4       
,gibbons1 ,! ,new ,map ( ,europe4  #ajj4
 ,f4,c4 ,h[e1 ,:y ,w>8     ,,index      
/hetic1 elem5ts 9 w>1 #gj-gg2   9       
education1 #bcj1 #cae-cah  ,aggressive  
in/9ct1 #dj-de  ,am]ican life1 #bdh2    
mores1 #bba  ,ang]1 #ad  ,autocracy &   

democracy1 #ajd   ,b]gson1 #cf1 #aja1   
#aaj  ,biological pr9ciples1 #c ff4     
,b\rdon1 #ij1 #abi  ,b\tr\x1 #ee1 #aja1 
#bcf  ,boy ,sc\ts1 #aih  ,briti% ,labor 
,p>ty1 #bgc  ,burnet1 #caa              
,cannibalism1 #ac-ad  ,causes 9 w>1     
#ig-aji  ,*apman1 #eb  ,*ri/ianity1 #cjg
  ,city1 moods1 #ahh1 #bgh2   s*ool1    
#aij  ,civics1 #bfd  ,claes1 #abi       
,clevel&1 #bfj  ,cobd51 #acg  ,colli]1  
#ij  ,colonies1 #abi  ,combat1 in/9ct (1
 #ec-eh  ,consci5ti\s objectors1 #bjj   
,consci\sness ( k9d1 #h  ,cramb1 #ge1   
#bef  ,creative activity1 #bhc   ,d>w91 
#aaa  ,dea?1 #ga  ,democracy1 #bcb1 #bec
 ff42   _s (1 #ahe-aia  ,dick9son1 #bfa 
,dide1 #eb  ,dillon1 #ajb1 #bgb         
,display1 #gd  ,dom9ant1 #ce            
,drawbridge1 #ajb  ,duell+1 #ic         
,durkheim1 #aae   ,economic factors1    
#abh-ada  ,economy1 #bge  ,ec/asy1 #bc1 
#fd  ,educational problems1 #afa-afg    
,empire1 #adh  ,engl&1 #abc1 #bdd       
,fe>1 #ad1 #da  ,f]r]o1 #eb  ,feudalism1
 #ce  ,f9ance1 #acd  ,fr5*1 ,!1 #bd1    

#ee1 #bdd  ,freudians1 #bj  ,future1 ,!1
 viii   ,g]many1 #cd1 #dc1 #ej1 #ee1    
#hi1 #ih1 #ajf1 #aae1 #abd1 #abf1 #aih1 
#bci1 #bde  ,gibbs1 #ed  ,gov]nm5t1 #bdb
 ff42   functions (1 #bea   ,hatr$1     
#df-eb  ,h]d1 ,!1 #d1 #aj1 #ah1 #eg1 #fb
  ,h]oes1 #bcd  ,h9tze1 #ii  ,hirs*feld1
 #bc  ,hi/orical causes 9 w>1 #adi      
,hi/ory1 tea*+ (1 #agc1 #bff  ,hobh\se1 
#aja  ,hobson1 #bfj  ,hock+1 #afg       
,home-love1 #ha1 #baf  ,homog5eity (    
species1 #fj  ,h[e1 #ace1 #acf          
,hullqui/1 #acg  ,humanism1 #cji1 #cad  
,humanities1 #cab   ,indu/rialism1 #cc1 
#acd1 #bbj  ,indu/ry1 & education1      
#bfi-bhi2   ! high]1 #ahd  ,in/9cts1    
#d-e1 #bh1 #ch-fi  ,in/itutional factors
 9 w>1 #abe  ,int]national law1 #aib    
,int]nationalism1 #afh-aif              
,intoxication motive1 #ca   ,james1 #bff
  ,japanese1 #ij1 #aai  ,jones1 #ba     
,ju/ice1 #bje1 #caa   ,lampre*t1 #cd    
,l& hung]1 #aca  ,lead]%ip1 #hd1 #adb1  
#agf  ,le ,bon1 #c1 #ah1 #ajb1 #aaa1    
#aai1 #abi1 #ace1 #bdd  ,lehmann1 #bcg  

,loyalty1 #bbh2   to lead]s1 #bca       
,m',cabe1 #i  ,mac,curdy1 #dh1 #ef1 #eh1
 #bja  ,ma*1 #ace  ,m>ot1 #bhd          
,milit>ism1 #aig ff4  ,milit>y tra9+1   
#bjh-baj  ,mit*ell1 #i  ,moods1 9       
education1 #cai  ,moral influ5ces 9 w>1 
#aag-abg  ,murray1 #ah  ,my/icism1 #abj 
,napoleon1 #aac  ,national1 "* /udy1    
#bbd2   desires1 #age2   honor1 #hh-if  
,nationalism1 #gi-if2   &               
int]nationalism1 #aje  ,nicolai1 #c1    
#ai1 #ef1 #gj1 #gh1 #abi1 #bag          
,nietzs*e1 #aaj  ,novic[1 #ai1 #acg     
,noyes1 #bga  ,nusbaum1 #de             
,nutritional motive1 #ch   ,objectives1 
#adj1 #adc  ,o',ryan & ,&]son1 #de      
,o/wald1 #ih   ,pacifi/s1 #bjj          
,patriotism1 #gi-if1 #baa-bda2   elem5ts
 (1 #hj1 #bae  ,patt51 #aae  ,peace1    
#aig ff42   ideals (1 vi1 #bje          
,pessimism1 #dc  ,pfi/]1 #de            
,philosophical1 attitude1 #aid2         
influ5ces 9 w>1 #aaj-aaf  ,political1   
education1 #bdb-bfh2   factors1         
#adb-aeb2   ideals1 #bce  ,p[]1 motive  

(1 #bi1 #acj  ,p[]s1 #acj  ,practical   
int]e/s1 #ahj-ahc  ,praise ( w>1 #aii   
,prep>$ness1 #bjh-baj  ,presid5t ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 #ajb  ,pressure (        
population1 #abi  ,prev5tive w>s1 #dd   
,primitive t5d5cies1 #ch  ,progress1 v1 
#cba  ,prop]ty1 #ach  ,prophets1 viii-ix
  ,psy*o-analysis1 #agi   ,race         
patriotism1 #bbf  ,rationalism &        
humanism1 #ajg  ,recreational life1 #cjc
  ,r$i]1 #he  ,religion & education1    
#cje-cjh  ,religi\s influ5ces 9 w>1     
#aag-abg  ,reproductive motive1 #ch1    
#ff1 #gc1 #gf  ,reut]1 ,frau1 #ea       
,rev]sion !ories ( w>1 #ag-bc  ,russell1
 #ag1 #afg1 #bdf1 #cje   ,savorgnan1    
#bja  ,s*el]1 #g1 #dg  ,sci5ces1 #cad   
,sci5tific movem5t1 #aab  ,selection1 #e
 ff4  ,sexes1 #bii  ,smi?1 #ea  ,social1
 education1 #bhb ff4 #bij-cjd2   feel+1 
#hb2   hi/ory1 #cja2   in/9cts1 #eh2    
solid>ity1 #fc  ,socialism1 #bei        
,specialization1 #bha  ,/ev5s1 #ach     
,sumn]1 #aba1 #acb  ,syn!sis ( causes1  
#aec-aeg   ,?ay]1 #ef  ,?rift1 #bhe     

,t[]1 #ih  ,trag$y1 #ga  ,trott]1 #i1   
#ah1 #eh1 #bcc1 #bia1 #bie   ,unconsci\s
 motives1 #ag ff4  ,univ]sal language1  
#aic   ,vebl51 #df1 #gh1 #acg           
,v5ezelos1 #aea  ,von ,bl[1 #aae   ,w>1 
z dramatic /ory1 #bb2   motives (1 vii1 
#ac1 #ae2   moods1 #be ff41 #gj ff42    
orig9 (1 #c ff4  ,_w1 idea1 #agj2       
organization1 #aia  ,wundt1 #ij         
99       99       99       99       99  
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,typographical 
errors correct$ 9 text3                 
,page  #ec3 coop]ative replac$ )        
cop]ative                 ,page #bcj3   
coop]ation replac$ ) cop]ation          
,page #beb3 arti/ocratic replac$ )      
ari/ocratic              ,page #bgb3    
coop]ation replac$ ) cop]ation          
,! au?or's inconsi/5t spell+ (          
'ae/hetic' 7#gj7          v]sus '/hetic'
 7#ci7 has be5 reta9$4                  
----------------------------------------
-------------------         99       99 
99       99       99