,transcrib]'s ,note3  #a4 ,italiciz$    
text is r5d]$ z text1 bold text is r5d]$
 z text4  #b4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are  
prece$$ by  7c>at74  #c4 ,subscript$    
*>act]s are surr\nd$ by curly braces 77 
& prece$$ by  7und]l9e "*74             
,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,=    
,,appr5tices--,,"p ,,vi1 ,,no4 #cc      
,,punctuation   ,a ,,prim] ( ,,in=mation
 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,m>ks ,,( ,,punctuation ,,&
 ,,_! ,,use ,,bo? ,,grammatically ,,&   
,,typographically   ,,by  ,,fr$]ick ,w4 
,,hamilton1 ,,ll4 ,d4  ,,educational    
,,director ,,unit$ ,,typo!t ,,( ,,am]ica
     ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,committee ,,on
 ,,education ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(     
,,am]ica #aibj     ,,copyright1 #aibj   
,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica         
,,*icago1 ,,ill4     ,,preface   ,?is   
book1 l ! o!rs 9 ?is ,"p1 makes no      
pret5se at orig9ality4 ,! au?or has     
/udi$ & comp>$ a consid]able numb] (    
works by ! be/ au?orities on ! subject &
 has endeavor$ to adapt ! be/ ( _!      
cont5ts to ! use ( pr9t]s' appr5tices4  

,e au?or has 8 own set ( rules4 ,at fir/
 sight1 ea* set appe>s inconsi/5t ) ^?  
giv5 by o!r writ]s4 ,?is inconsi/5cy1   
h[ev]1 is g5]ally m app>5t ?an real4 ,x 
arises f diff]5ces 9 po9t ( view1 me?od 
( approa*1 & sy/em ( classification4    
,an attempt has be5 made to compile f ^!
 s\rces a set ( rules :i* w\ld br+ be=e 
! pupil a correct & compreh5sive view ( 
! be/ curr5t usage1 well illu/rat$ by   
examples & accompani$ by practical      
typographical h9ts4 ,! fact has be5 kept
 /eadily 9 m9d t ?is book is int5d$ = a 
c]ta9 def9ite class ( pupils & no pa9s h
 be5 sp>$ to fit x to _! ne$s4  ,any    
treatise consi/+1 z ?is "o necess>ily   
does1 ma9ly ( rules is practically      
useful only z a basis = con/ant &       
p]si/5t drill4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 valuable 
= ref]5ce1 b ! em]g5cies ( ! day's "w   
leave no "t = consultation4 ,^! rules   
mu/ be le>n$1 & n only le>n$ b          
assimilat$ s t _! correct application   
becomes in/9ctive & in/antane\s4 ,?is   
result c be secur$ only by practice4    

,h5ce ! emphasis laid on ! ex]cises     
indicat$ 9 ! p>agraphs introductory to !
 review que/ions4     ,,cont5ts         
,,page ,,introduction                   
#a  ,,! ,,comma                         
#g  ,,! ,,semicolon                     
#ad  ,,! ,,colon                        
#af  ,,! ,,p]iod                        
#ah  ,,! ,,da%                          
#bj  ,,! ,,p>5!sis                 #bc  
,,! ,,bracket                     #be   
,,! ,,int]rogation               #bf    
,,! ,,exclamation                 #bg   
,,! ,,apo/rophe                  #bh    
,,! ,,hyph5                      #cj    
,,quotation ,,m>ks                 #ca  
,,g5]al ,,rem>ks                 #cd    
,,summ>y                         #ce    
,,supplem5t>y ,,read+           #cf     
,,review ,,que/ions                #cg  
,,gloss>y ,,( ,,t]ms               #dj  
,,punctuation     ,,introduction        
,punctuation is a device by :i* we aid  
words to tell _! /ory4 ,words h done ?is
 at times )\t su* aid1 & may n[ d s1 b  

at con/ant risk ( s]i\s misund]/&+4 ,?is
 c be easily se5 by read+ ! foll[+ l9es 
pr9t$ z !y w\ld h be5 writt5 9 an anci5t
 manuscript4                            
,,we!people(!unit$/ates                 
,,inord]t(ormamorep]fect                
,,unione/abli%ju/ice9sur$o              
,,me/ictranquilityprovide=              
,,!commondef5cepromote!                 
,,g5]alwelf>e&secure!                   
,,bless+s(lib]tyto\rselves              
,,&\rpo/]itydoorda9&                    
,,e/abli%?iscon/itution=                
,,!unit$/ates(am]ica  ,probably ?is     
p>ticul> passage c\ld be read )\t dang] 
( s]i\s misund]/&+4 ,! two well-kn[n    
passages :i* foll[1 h[ev]1 are cases :]e
 ei!r a simple /atem5t may become a     
ridicul\s trave/y or a s]i\s arraignm5t 
may become a eulogy by punctuation4     
,punctuate ! foll[+ s z to express two v
 diff]5t mean+s3      ,"l ,palm]/on !n  
ent]$ on 8 head a :ite hat ^u 8 feet    
l>ge b well poli%$ boots ^u 8 br[ a d>k 
cl\d 9 8 h&     a fai?ful walk+ /ick 9 8

 eye a m5ac+ gl>e say+ no?+4  ,punctuate
 ! foll[+ 9 two ways3 "o to repres5t a v
 bad man1 & ! o!r a v good man3      ,he
 is an old man & exp]i5c$ 9 vice &      
wick$ness he is nev]     f\nd 9 oppos+ !
 works ( iniquity he takes delight 9 !  
d[nfall ( 8 neighbors he nev] rejoices 9
 ! prosp]ity ( 8     fell[-creatures he 
is always ready to assi/ 9 de/roy+ !    
peace ( society he takes no pleasure 9  
s]v+ ! ,"l he is     uncommonly dilig5t 
9 s[+ discord among 8 fri5ds &          
acqua9tances he takes no pride 9 labor+ 
to promote ! cause (     ,*ri/ianity he 
has n be5 neglig5t 9 endeavor+ to       
/igmatize     all public tea*]s he makes
 no ef=t to subdue 8 evil passions      
he /rives h>d to build up satans k+dom  
he l5ds no aid to !     support ( !     
gospel among ! hea!n he contributes     
l>gely to     ! devil he w nev] g to    
heav5 he mu/ g :]e he w     receive ! j 
recomp5se ( rew>d4  ,punctuation be+    
int5d$ = ! sole purpose ( mak+ ! text   
intelligible & remov+ z _m ( ! causes ( 

possible misund]/&+ z may be1 mu/ dep5d 
9 ! la/ resort on a correct und]/&+ ( ! 
text4 ,?is und]/&+ may be obta9$ f !    
text itself1 f ! context1 t is1 ! writ+ 
z a :ole1 or f outside k ab\t ! matt] "u
 consid]ation4      ,! prison] said !   
witness 0 a sneak ?ief4     ,! prison]1 
said ! witness1 0 a sneak ?ief4  ,!     
mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce dep5ds entirely on ! 
pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! two commas4       
,manuscript comes 9 to ! pr9t] ha/ily   
writt5 by ! cu/om]1 au?or1 or a report]1
 or tick$ ov] ! telegraph wire1 & !re is
 little or no punctuation4 ,probably !  
context w supply ! ne$$ in=mation & !   
l9e may be set up correctly4 ,if !re is 
no way ( f9d+ out :at ! s5t5ce means1   
foll[ copy4 ,ins]t no punctuation m>ks  
:i* y are n sure are ne$$4  ,punctuation
 z we "k x is ( rec5t inv5tion4 ,!      
practice ( ! art ( pr9t+ br\ght !       
necessity = a def9$ & sy/ematiz$ use ( !
 po9ts :i* _h1 mo/ ( !m1 long be5 9     
exi/5ce1 b :i* _h be5 us$ l>gely accord+
 to ! p]sonal pref]5ces ( ! scribes or  

copyi/s4 ,) ! com+ ( ! new me?ods ( book
 reproduction came ! recogniz$ ne$ =    
/&>dization & sy/ematization4  ,! mo/   
anci5t inscriptions & manuscripts are   
m]ely /r+s ( lett]s1 )\t spac+ betwe5   
words or s5t5ces & )\t any po9ts ( any  
sort1 l ! example on page #a4  ,! fir/  
m>k to be us$ 0 ! dot1 or p]iod4 ,its   
orig9al purpose 0 simply to furni% a    
re/+ place = ! eye & ! m9d & s help a   
little 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! lett]s into words1 
clauses1 & s5t5ces1 :i* ! m9d _h hi!rto 
be5 compell$ to d unaid$4 ,x 0 us$ at ! 
end ( a s5t5ce1 at ! end ( a clause1 to 
indicate abbreviations1 to sep>ate cr[d$
 words1 especially :]e ! s5se 0 ambigu\s
 7,,aniceman might be ei!r ,,an ,,ice   
,,man or ,a ,,nice ,,man71 or ev5 z an  
/hetic ornam5t betwe5 ! lett]s ( an     
inscription4 ,9 e>ly manuscripts ! p]iod
 is usually plac$ high 7,symbol3 ,high  
,dot7 in/ead ( l[ 7474  ,sometimes a    
slant+ m>k 7_/7 or a d\ble dot 73 or 447
 0 us$ to indicate ! end ( an important 
section ( ! writ+ or ev5 ( a s5t5ce4    

,aft] a "t spaces 7 introduc$ to %[ !   
gr\p+ ( ! lett]s & ! words4 ,at fir/ !  
s5t5ces 7 sep>at$ by spaces1 !n ! long  
words1 & f9ally all words4 ,9 "s        
languages1 z 9 ,italian1 !re are /ill   
comb9ations ( long & %ort words1 su* z !
 comb9ation ( ! pron\n ) ! v]b1 z 9     
datemi1 give me4  ,dur+ ! manuscript    
p]iod diff]5t s*ools ( copyi/s & ev5    
diff]5t individuals us$ diff]5t m>ks &  
diff]5t sy/ems ( po9t+4 ,= a consid]able
 "t ! location ( ! dot indicat$ its =ce4
 ,plac$ high 7,symbol3 ,high ,dot7 x _h 
! =ce ( a p]iod4 ,plac$ 9 a middle      
position 77 x _h ! =ce ( a comma4 ,plac$
 l[ 747 x _h ! =ce ( a semicolon4 ,!    
rule1 h[ev]1 0 n univ]sally obs]v$4 ,a  
,lat9 manuscript ( ! sev5? c5tury has a 
high dot 7,symbol3 ,high ,dot7 equival5t
 to a comma1 a semicolon us$ z at       
pres5t1 & a dot accompani$ by ano!r dot 
or a da% to indicate ! end ( a s5t5ce4  
,a ,lat9 manuscript ( ! n9? c5tury %[s !
 comma & an inv]t$ semicolon 7,symbol3  
,comma above ,p]iod7 hav+ a value betwe5

 ! semicolon & colon4 ,m$ival manuscript
 po9t+1 !re=e1 approximates mod]n =ms 9 
places1 b lacks /&>dization into        
recogniz$ sy/ems4  ,! spread ( pr9t+    
br\ght new ne$s into prom95ce4 ,! e>ly  
pr9t]s us$ ! p]iod at ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 
! colon1 & sometimes ! slant+ l9e 7_/74 
,a rev]s$ semicolon 0 us$ z a "q m>k4   
,wynkyn de ,worde1 ,caxton's successor 9
 ! pr9t+ bus9ess 9 ,london1 us$ five    
po9ts 9 #aeji4 ,!y 7 ! p]iod1 !         
semicolon1 ! comma1 ! int]rogative1 & ! 
p>5!sis4  ,! sy/ematization (           
punctuation is due ma9ly to ! c>eful &  
s*ol>ly ,aldus ,manutius1 :o _h op5$ a  
pr9t+ (fice 9 ,v5ice 9 #adid4 ,! great  
pr9t]s ( ! e>ly day 7 great s*ol>s z    
well4 ,= a v long "t ! *ief conc]n ( !  
pr9t] 0 ! op5+ ( ! treasures ( anci5t   
?\ght to ! _w4 ,!y 7 !re=e compell$ to  
be ! /ud5ts1 critics1 & editors ( ! old 
manuscripts :i* s]v$ !m z copy4 ,!y     
naturally took _! punctuation f ! ,greek
 gramm>ians1 b sometimes ) *ang$ mean+s4
 ,! semicolon1 = in/ance1 is ! ,greek   

m>k ( int]rogation4  ,! p]iod took its  
"n f ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 p]iodos1       
p]iodos1 mean+ a division ( a s5t5ce or 
a ?\ght1 z we to-day speak ( an orator's
 eloqu5t p]iods4  ,! colon comes f !    
,greek ,greek3 klon1 kolon1 mean+ a     
limb4  ,! comma comes f ! ,greek ,greek3
 komma1 komma1 f ,greek3 kopte91 to cut4
  ,! semicolon1 ( c\rse1 is ! half      
colon4  ,! "q m>k 0 made by writ+ ! fir/
 & la/ lett]s ( ! ,lat9 ^w que/io1 a "q1
 v]tically1 ,symbol3 q ov] o  ,!        
exclamation po9t 0 made by writ+ !      
lett]s ( ! ,lat9 ^w ,io1 joy1 v]tically1
 ,symbol3 ,i ov] o  ,! punctuation m>ks 
n[ 9 use & treat$ ( 9 ?is book are z    
foll[s3    1  comma   2  semicolon   3  
colon   4  p]iod   8  int]rogation   6  
exclamation 7 7  p>5!ses    brackets   '
  apo/rophe   -  hyph5  --  da%         
quotation m>ks  ,o!r important m>ks us$ 
by pr9t]s1 b n1 /rictly speak+1 m>ks (  
punctuation1 are fully discuss$ 9 !     
volume on ,abbreviations & ,signs 7,no4 
#cg7 9 ?is s]ies4  ,!re are two sy/ems (

 punctuation 9 use1 kn[n respectively z 
! close & op5 sy/ems4 ,! close1 or /iff1
 sy/em1 us+ po9ts :]ev] !y c be us$1 is 
( importance 9 precise composition ( e  
sort1 su* z laws1 contracts1 legal &    
ecclesia/ical /atem5ts1 & ! l4 ,! op51  
or easy1 sy/em1 omitt+ po9ts :]ev] !y c 
be omitt$1 is us$ g5]ally 9 ! common]   
=ms ( composition4 ,! t5d5cy1 sometimes 
pu%$ too f>1 is t[>d an extremely op5   
/yle ( punctuation4 ,! g5]al attitude ( 
writ]s & pr9t]s may be summ$ up by say+ 
t y mu/ ju/ify ! use ( a punctuation    
m>k1 p>ticul>ly a comma1 r ?an its      
omission4  ,b :y %\ld ! pr9t] bo!r      
himself ab\t punctuation at all8 ,is t n
 ! bus9ess ( ! au?or1 ! editor1 & !     
pro(read]8 ,/rictly speak+1 yes1 b      
au?ors g5]ally neglect punctuation1 copy
 is n usually c>efully edit$ be=e go+ to
 ! compositor1 & pro(read]'s corrections
 are exp5sive4 ,x is !re=e important t !
 compositor %\ld be intellig5t ab\t     
punctuation1 :e!r he works 9 a l>ge or a
 small (fice4  ,! "q ( h[ f> ! pr9t] may

 g 9 *ang+ or supply+ ! punctuation (   
copy w dep5d l>gely on circum/ances4 ,if
 ! condition ( ! manuscript is su* z to 
%[ t ! au?or really int5d$ to put a     
fully punctuat$1 correctly spell$1 &    
prop]ly capitaliz$ manuscript into ! h&s
 ( ! pr9t]1 he has a "r to h 8 wi%es    
respect$ ev5 if 8 ideas are n ^? :i*    
prevail 9 ! (fice4 ,9 su* a case !      
compositor %\ld foll[ copy lit]ally4 ,if
 any que/ions are to be rais$ !y %\ld be
 discuss$ by ! pro(read] ) ! au?or4 ,!  
same rule holds 9 ! case ( manuscripts  
edit$ be=e be+ s5t to ! compos+ room4 ,!
 editor has assum$ all responsibility = 
! accuracy ( ! copy4 ,9 a great _m cases
 ! copy w come 9 c>elessly writt5 &     
:olly un$it$4 ,9 su* cases ! compositor 
%\ld punctuate z he goes along4  ,?is is
 "o ( ! tasks :i* subject ! compositor  
to ! te/ ( intellig5ce4 ,pr9t+ is n n[ &
 nev] w be a purely me*anical trade4 ,a 
pr9t+ (fice is no place = an appr5tice  
:o c n le>n to ?9k4  ,?is book conta9s a
 description ( ! functions ( !          

punctuation m>ks & ! common rules = _!  
use4 ,rules = ! use ( punctuation m>ks  
are v diff]5t f rules = ! use ( purely  
mat]ial ?+s4 ,!y are useless unless     
appli$ intellig5tly4 ,no set ( rules    
c\ld be devis$ :i* w\ld "w automatically
 or relieve ! compositor f ! necessity (
 ?9k+4 ,punctuation c nev] be r$uc$ to  
an exact sci5ce4  ,c]ta9 g5]al          
directions %\ld be borne 9 m9d by writ]s
 & pr9t]s4  ,i4 ,le>n by he>t ! rules = 
punctuation4  ,,ii4 ,note ! peculi>ities
 ( ! be/ writ]s & ! be/ pr9t]s1         
especially 9 contempor>y examples4      
,,iii4 ,pay con/ant att5tion to         
punctuation 9 ev]y?+ y write4  ,,iv4    
,punctuate y\r s5t5ce :ile y are writ+  
x4  ,v4 ,und]/& :at y are pr9t+4 ,?is is
 ( supreme importance4 ,punctuation is  
an aid to und]/&+4 ,y _c correctly      
punctuate any?+ t y d n und]/&4     ,,! 
,,comma   ,! comma is by f> ! mo/       
difficult ( all ! punctuation m>ks to   
use correctly4 ,usage v>ies greatly f "t
 to "t & among equally good writ]s &    

pr9t]s at ! same "t4 ,c]ta9 g5]al rules 
may be /at$ & %\ld be le>n$4 ,_m cases1 
h[ev]1 w arise 9 :i* ! rules w be       
diff]5tly int]pret$ & diff]5tly appli$  
by diff]5t p4  ,! comma is ! lea/ degree
 ( sep>ation possible ( indication 9    
pr9t4 ,its bus9ess is to def9e !        
p>ticles & m9or clauses ( a s5t5ce4 ,a  
progressive t5d5cy may be se5 9 ! pr9t+ 
( ,engli% = c5turies t[>d ! elim9ation (
 commas1 & ! sub/itution ( ! comma = !  
semicolon & ( ! semicolon = ! colon4    
,comp>e a page ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( !
 ,bible1 especially 9 "o ( its e>li]    
pr9t+s1 ) a page ( s]i\s disc\rse (     
to-day & ! effects ( ! t5d5cy w be      
easily se54 ,x is "p ( ! g5]al t5d5cy   
t[>d great] simplicity ( expression :i* 
has develop$ ! cle> & simple ,engli% ( !
 be/ contempor>y writ]s out ( ! involv$ 
& ornate /yle ( ! p]iod ( ,que5         
,elizabe?4 ,an ornate & involv$ /yle    
ne$s a good deal ( punctuation to make x
 intelligible1 :ile a simple & direct   
/yle ne$s b v little help4  ,?is        

progressive *ange 9 ! ne$ = punctuation 
& 9 ! attitude ( writ]s t[>d x acc\nts =
 ! diff]5ce 9 usage & = ! difficulty 9  
fix+ rules to cov] all cases4 ,! pres5t 
attitude t[>d punctuation1 especially ! 
use ( ! comma1 is "o ( av]sion4 ,! writ]
 is always held to ju/ification ( !     
pres5ce ( a comma r ?an ( its abs5ce4   
,nev]!less x is q possible to g too f> 9
 ! omission ( commas 9 ord9>y writ+4 ,x 
is q possible to con/ruct s5t5ces 9 su* 
a way z to avoid _! use4 ,! result is a 
h>% & awkw>d /yle1 unw>rant$ by any     
necessity4 ,ord9>y writ+ ne$s "s use (  
commas to indicate ! s5se & to prev5t   
ambiguity4  ,always rememb] t ! real    
bus9ess ( ! comma is j t ( help+ ! mean+
 ( ! words & ( prev5t+ ambiguity by %[+ 
cle>ly ! sep>ation & connection ( words 
& phrases4 ,if !re is possibility (     
misund]/&+ )\t a comma1 put "o 94 ,if ! 
words tell _! /ory beyond possibility ( 
misund]/&+ )\t a comma1 !re is no reason
 = its use4 ,?is rule w s]ve z a fairly 
dep5dable guide 9 ! abs5ce ( any well   

recogniz$ rule = a p>ticul> case1 or :]e
 d\bt exi/s z to ! application ( a rule4
  ,rev]s$1 & usually 9 pairs1 commas m>k
 ! beg9n+ ( a quotation4  ,9 num]ical   
/atem5ts ! comma sep>ates ,arabic       
figures by triplets 9 classes ( hundr$s3
 #e1bgf1dib4gb4  ,9 tabul> "w rev]s$    
commas are us$ z a sign = ditto4        
,,s*ools ,,tea*+ ,,pr9t+      ,bo/on3   
,bo/on ,typo!t ,s*ool ( ,pr9t+4         
,indu/rial ,arts ,high ,s*ool4          
,*icago3 ,lakeside ,press ,s*ool (      
,pr9t+4             ,*icago ,typo!t     
,s*ool ( ,pr9t+4             ,lane      
,te*nical ,high ,s*ool4  ,! comma is    
plac$ betwe5 ! words :i* x is int5d$ to 
sep>ate4 ,:5 us$ 9 connection )         
quotation m>ks1 x is always plac$ inside
 !m4      ,hone/y is ! be/ policy1 z !  
prov]b says4   ,rules = ! ,use ( !      
,comma  #a4 ,aft] ea* adjective or adv]b
 9 a s]ies ( two or m :5 n connect$ by  
conjunctions4      ,he 0 a tall1 ?91 d>k
 man4  ,! rule holds :5 ! la/ memb] ( ! 
s]ies is prec$$ by a conjunction4       

,he 0 tall1 ?91 & d>k4  ,! comma may be 
omitt$ :5 ! words are comb9$ into a s+le
 idea4      ,a /ill hot day4     ,an old
 black coat4  #b4 ,aft] ea* pair 9 a    
s]ies ( pairs ( words or phrases n      
connect$ by conjunctions4      ,s9k or  
swim1 live or die1 survive or p]i%1     
,i give my h& & my he>t to ?is vote4    
,=m]ly ! ma/] pr9t]1 8 j\rneym51 ev5 8  
appr5tices1     all liv$ 9 ! same h\se4 
#c4 ,to sep>ate contra/$ words4      ,we
 rule by love1 n by =ce4  #d4 ,betwe5   
two indep5d5t clauses connect$ by a     
conjunction4      ,! press 0 out ( ord]1
 b we manag$ to />t x4  #e4 ,be=e a     
conjunction :5 ! ^w :i* prec$$ x is     
qualifi$ by an expression :i* does n    
qualify ! ^w :i* foll[s ! conjunction4  
,he quickly look$ up1 & spoke4  #f4     
,betwe5 relative clauses :i* expla9 !   
antec$5t1 or :i* introduce a new ?\ght4 
,! type1 :i* 0 badly worn1 0 n fit = !  
job4  ,if ! relative clause limits !    
mean+ ( ! antec$5t1 b does n expla9 x & 
does n add a new ?\ght1 ! comma is n    

us$4      ,he did only t :i* he 0 told  
to d4  #g4 ,to sep>ate p>5!tical or     
int]m$iate expressions f ! context4     
,! s*ool1 y may be glad to "k1 is v     
successful4     ,! books1 :i* ,i h read1
 are return$ ) gratitude4     ,he 0     
pleas$1 ,i suppose1 ) 8 "w4  ,if !      
connection ( su* expressions is s close 
z to =m "o connect$ idea ! comma is n   
us$4      ,! press ne>e/ ! s\? w9d[ is  
out ( ord]4  ,if ! connection ( su*     
expressions is remote1 p>5!ses are us$4 
,! ,committee 7appo9t$ "u vote ( ,april 
#aj1 #aiji7 organiz$ &     proce$$ )    
bus9ess4  #h4 ,to sep>ate ! co-ord9ate  
clauses ( comp\nd s5t5ces if su* clauses
 are simple 9 con/ruction & closely     
relat$4      ,he 0 k9d1 n indulg5t1 to 8
 m52 firm1 b j1 9     discipl9e2        
c\rte\s1 b n famili>1 to all4  #i4 ,to  
sep>ate quotations1 or simil> brief     
expressions f ! prec$+ "p ( ! s5t5ce4   
,cs> report$ to ! ,s5ate1 ,i came1 ,i   
saw1 ,i conqu]$4     ,! "q is1 ,:at %all
 we d next8  #aj4 ,to indicate !        

omission ( ! v]b 9 comp\nd s5t5ces hav+ 
a common v]b 9 sev]al clauses4      ,"o 
man glories 9 8 /r5g?1 ano!r 9 8 weal?1 
ano!r 9     8 le>n+4  #aa4 ,to sep>ate  
phrases conta9+ ! case absolute f ! re/ 
( ! s5t5ce4      ,! =m hav+ be5 lock$   
up1 a pro( 0 tak54  #ab4 ,betwe5 words  
or phrases 9 apposition to ea* o!r4     
,i ref] to ,de,vinne1 ! great au?ority  
on ,pr9t+4  ,! comma is omitt$ :5 su* an
 apposition is us$ z a s+le phrase or a 
comp\nd "n4      ,! poet ,longfell[ 0   
born 9 ,portl&4     ,! ^w patriotic is  
n[ 9 ext5sive use4  #ac4 ,aft] phrases &
 clauses :i* are plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( a  
s5t5ce by inv]sion4      ,worn out by   
h>d we>1 ! type at la/ became unfit =   
use4     ,ev] s9ce1 he has be5 fond (   
cel]y4  ,! comma is omitt$ if ! phrase  
?us us$ is v %ort4      ,( success !re  
c\ld be no d\bt4  #ad4 ,introductory    
phrases beg9n+ ) if1 :51 :]ev]1 :5ev]1 &
 ! l %\ld g5]ally be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( !
 s5t5ce by a comma1 ev5 :5 ! /atem5t may
 appe> to be direct4      ,:5 a pla9    

qu]y has n be5 answ]$1 x is be/ to foll[
 copy4     ,if ! copy is h>d to read1 ! 
compositor w set b few pages4  #ae4 ,to 
sep>ate introductory words & phrases &  
indep5d5t adv]bs f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4    
,n[1 :at are y go+ to d !re8      ,i    
?9k1 also1 ,frankl9 ow$ mu* ( 8 success 
to 8 /rong     common s5se4      ,?is   
idea1 h[ev]1 _h already be5 grasp$ by   
o!rs4  ,( c\rse ! comma is n us$ :5 ^!  
adv]bs are us$ 9 ! ord9>y way4      ,!y 
also s]ve :o only /& & wait4     ,?is   
mu/ be done1 h[ev] contr>y to our       
incl9ations4  #af4 ,to sep>ate words or 
phrases ( direct address f ! context4   
,i submit1 g5tlem51 to y\r judgm5t4     
,f today1 my son1 y\r future is 9 y\r   
own h&s4  #ag4 ,betwe5 ! "n ( a p]son & 
8 title or degree4      ,woodr[ ,wilson1
 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4     ,*>les
 ,w4 ,eliot1 ,,ll4,d4  #ah4 ,be=e ! ^w (
 connect+ a prop] "n ) resid5ce or      
position4      ,s5ator ,lodge1 (        
,massa*usetts4     ,elihu ,b4 ,root1    
,s5ator f ,new ,york4  #ai4 ,aft] !     

salutatory phrase at ! beg9n+ ( a lett]1
 :5 in=mal4      ,de> ,john1  ,:5 !     
salutation is =mal a colon %\ld be us$4 
,my de> ,mr4 ,smi?3  #bj4 ,to sep>ate ! 
clos+ salutation ( a =mal lett] f ! re/ 
( ! s5t5ce ( :i* x =ms a "p4            
,solicit+ y\r cont9u$ patronage1 ,i am1 
,v s9c]ely y\rs1                        
,john ,w4 ,smi?4  #ba4 ,to sep>ate two  
numb]s4      ,janu>y #ca1 #aiae4     ,by
 ! end ( #aiad1 #gjfb _h be5 built4     
#bb4 ,to indicate an ellipsis4          
,subscription = ! c\rse1 "o doll>4      
,exceptions to ?is rule are made 9 v    
brief s5t5ces1 especially 9             
adv]tisem5ts3 ,tickets #be c5ts4 ,price 
"o doll>4  ,! =ego+ rules = ! use ( !   
comma h be5 compil$ f ^? giv5 by a      
consid]able numb] ( au?orities4 ,fur!r  
exam9ation ( au?orities w\ld probably h 
add$ to ! numb] & to ! complexity ( ^!  
rules4 ,no two sets ( rules :i* h come  
"u ! writ]'s obs]vation are alike4      
,positive disagreem5ts 9 mod]n treatises
 on ! subject are few4 ,! :ole matt]1   

h[ev]1 turns s mu* on ! use made ( c]ta9
 g5]al pr9ciples & ! field is s va/ t   
diff]5t writ]s v>y greatly 9 _! /atem5ts
 & ev5 9 _! ideas ( :at ought to be     
/at$4 ,x is v difficult to /rike ! "r   
mean betwe5 a set ( rules too fragm5t>y 
& too incomplete = any real guidance & a
 set ( rules too long to be rememb]$ &  
us$4  ,aft] all possible has be5 done to
 indicate ! be/ usage x rema9s true t ! 
writ] or ! pr9t] mu/1 9 ! la/ resort1   
dep5d v l>gely on himself = ! prop]     
application ( c]ta9 pr9ciples4 ,!       
compositor may f9d himself help$1 or    
re/rict$1 by ! e/abli%$ /yle ( ! (fice1 
or he may at times be held to /rict     
foll[+ ( copy4 ,:5 left to himself he   
mu/ be guid$ by ! foll[+ g5]al          
pr9ciples3  ,i4 ,! comma is us$ to      
sep>ate = ! eye :at is sep>ate 9 ?\ght4 
,! comma is n int5d$ to break ! matt] up
 into l5g?s suit$ to ! brea? ( "o read+ 
al\d4  ,! comma is n an /hetic device to
 improve ! appe>ance ( ! l9e4  ,,ii4 ,! 
sole purpose ( ! comma is ! unfold+ ( ! 

s5se ( ! words4  ,,iii4 ,! comma _c be  
correctly us$ )\t a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( !  
s5se ( ! words4  ,,iv4 ,9 case ( d\bt1  
omit ! comma4     ,,! ,,semicolon   ,!  
semicolon is us$ to d5ote a degree (    
sep>ation great] ?an t indicat$ by !    
comma1 b less ?an t indicat$ by ! colon4
 ,x prev5ts ! repetition ( ! comma &    
keeps ap>t ! m important memb]s ( !     
s5t5ce4 ,! semicolon is g5]ally us$ 9   
long s5t5ces1 b may sometimes be prop]ly
 us$ 9 %ort ones4   ,rules = ! ,use ( ! 
,semicolon  #a4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( a comp\nd
 s5t5ce are complex or conta9 commas4   
,frankl91 l _m o!rs1 0 a pr9t]2 b1      
unlike ! o!rs1     he 0 /ud5t1 /atesman1
 & publici/ z well4      ,) t5 p] c5t ( 
?is fl\r ! bread acquir$ a slight flavor
     ( rye2 fifte5 p] c5t gave x a d>k  
color2 a fur!r addition     made ! bak$ 
crumb v h>d4      ,! meet+ 0 compos$ (  
repres5tatives f ! foll[+     di/ricts3 
,newton1 #d delegates1 #b sub/itutes2   
,dor*e/]1 #f     delegates1 #c          
sub/itutes2 ,qu9cy1 #h delegates1 #d    

sub/itutes2     ,brookl9e1 #aj          
delegates1 #e sub/itutes4  #b4 ,:5 !    
memb]s ( a comp\nd s5t5ce conta9        
/atem5ts di/9ct1 b n suffici5tly di/9ct 
to be ?r[n into sep>ate s5t5ces4        
,sit ?\ a pati5t look]-on2     ,judge n 
! play be=e ! play be done2     ,h] plot
 has _m *anges2 e day     ,speaks a new 
sc5e4 ,! la/ act cr[ns ! play4  #c4 ,:5 
ea* ( ! memb]s ( a comp\nd s5t5ce makes 
a di/9ct /atem5t & has "s dep5d5ce on   
/atem5ts 9 ! o!r memb] or memb]s ( !    
s5t5ce4      ,wisdom ha? build$ h] h\se2
 %e ha? hewn out h] sev5 pill>s2     %e 
ha? kill$ h] bea/s2 %e ha? m+l$ h] w9e2 
%e ha?     furni%$ h] table4  ,ea* memb]
 ( ?is s5t5ce is ne>ly complete4 ,x is n
 q a full & def9ite /atem5t1 b x is mu* 
m ?an a m]e amplification su* z we might
 get by leav+ out %e ha? e "t aft] !    
fir/4 ,9 ! =m] case we %\ld use p]iods4 
,9 ! latt] we %\ld use commas4  #d4 ,a  
comma is ord9>ily us$ betwe5 ! clauses (
 a comp\nd s5t5ce t are connect$ by a   
simple conjunction1 b a semicolon may be

 us$ betwe5 clauses connect$ by         
conjunctive adv]bs4 ,comp>e ! foll[+    
examples3      ,! play 0 nei!r edify+   
nor int]e/+ to him1 & he decid$     to  
*ange 8 plans4      ,! play 0 nei!r     
edify+ nor int]e/+ to him2 !re=e he     
decid$ to *ange 8 plans4  #e4 ,to       
indicate ! *apt] ref]5ces 9 scriptural  
citations4      ,matt4 i3 #e1 #g1 #i2 v3
 #a-aj2 xiv3 #c1 #h1 #bg4  ,! semicolon 
%\ld always be put outside quotation    
m>ks unless x =ms a "p ( ! quotation    
itself4      ,take c>e ( ! c5ts & !     
doll>s w take c>e (     !mselves2 a v   
wise old say+4     ,,! ,,colon   ,!     
colon m>ks ! place ( transition 9 a long
 s5t5ce consi/+ ( _m memb]s & involv+ a 
logical turn ( ! ?\ght4 ,bo? ! colon &  
semicolon are mu* less us$ n[ ?an =m]ly4
 ,! pres5t t5d5cy is t[>d %ort1 simple1 
cle> s5t5ces1 ) consequ5t little        
punctuation1 & t ( ! op5 /yle4 ,su*     
s5t5ces ne$ little or no aid to tell _! 
/ory4   ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,colon  #a4 
,be=e z1 viz41 t is1 namely1 etc41 :5 ^!

 words introduce a s]ies ( p>ticul> t]ms
 9 apposition ) a g5]al t]m4      ,!    
,am]ican flag has ?ree colors3 namely1  
r$1 :ite1 & blue4  #b4 ,betwe5 two      
memb]s ( a s5t5ce :5 "o or bo? are made 
up ( two or m clauses divid$ by         
semicolons4      ,! ,engli%man 0 calm & 
self-possess$2 8 antagoni/ impulsive    
& self-confid5t3 ! ,engli%man 0 !       
product ( a volunte]     army (         
pr(essional soldi]s2 8 antagoni/ 0 !    
product ( a     draft$ army ( unwill+   
conscripts4  #c4 ,be=e p>ticul> elem5ts 
9 a def9ite /atem5t4      ,bad3 ,he ask$
 :at caus$ ! accid5t8     ,"r3 ,he ask$1
 ,:at caus$ ! accid5t8      ,napoleon   
said to 8 army at ! battle ( !          
,pyramids3 ,soldi]s1     =ty c5turies   
are look+ d[n ^u y4      ,! duties ( !  
sup]9t5d5t are gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3     
fir/1 etc4  #d4 ,be=e =mal quotations4  
,write a %ort essay on ! foll[+ topic3  
,:at is wrong ) our     indu/rial sy/em8
  ,:5 ! =mal introduction is brief1 a   
comma may be us$4      ,/4 ,paul said1  

,be> ye "o ano!r's burd5s4  #e4 ,aft] ! 
=mal salutatory phrase at ! op5+ ( a    
lett]4      ,my de> ,sir3  ,:5 ! lett]  
is in=mal use a comma4      ,de> ,john1 
#f4 ,betwe5 ! *apt] & v]se 9 scriptural 
ref]5ces4      ,john xix3 #bb4  #g4     
,betwe5 ! city ( publication & ! "n ( ! 
publi%] 9 lit]>y ref]5ces4      ,!      
,practice ( ,typography4 ,new ,york3    
,oswald ,publi%+ ,company4  ,! colon has
 be5 simil>ly employ$ 9 ! impr9ts on !  
title pages ( books4      ,new ,york3   
,h>p]  ,bro!rs1 #ahhj4  ,de,vinne rem>ks
 ^u ?is use ( ! colon t x is traditional
 & c n be expla9$4  ,! colon is         
sometimes us$ betwe5 ! h\rs & m9utes 9  
indicat+ "t1 l3 #aa3db a4m4  ,de,vinne  
does n approve ( ?is1 ?\gh o!r          
au?orities give x z ! rule4 ,x is       
probably bett] to use ! p]iod 9 spite ( 
its use z a decimal po9t1 :i* use 0     
probably ! motive = seek+ some?+ else to
 use 9 writ+ "t indications4 ,9 railroad
 pr9t+ ! h\r is (t5 sep>at$ f ! m9utes  
by a simple space )\t any punctuation4  

,,! ,,p]iod   ,! p]iod1 or full /op1    
m>ks ! end ( a decl>ative s5t5ce4 ,z a  
sign x has sev]al o!r uses :i* w appe> 9
 ! p>agraphs foll[+4   ,rules = ! ,use (
 ! ,p]iod  #a4 ,at ! end ( e s5t5ce     
unless int]rogative or exclamatory4  #b4
 ,aft] abbreviations4      ,nicknames1  
,sam1 ,tom1 etc41 are n reg>d$ z        
abbreviations4      ,! metric symbols   
are treat$ z abbreviations b ! *emical  
symbols are n4 ,m4 7metre7 & mg4        
7milligram7 b ,h#b ,o &     ,na ,cl4    
,p] c5t is n reg>d$ z an abbreviation4  
,! names ( book sizes 7#abmo #afmo7 are 
n reg>d$ z     abbreviations4  ,! p]iod 
is n[ g5]ally omitt$ 9 display matt]    
aft]      ,runn+ heads1     ,cut-9      
side-notes1     ,c5tral head-l9es1      
,box heads 9 tables1     ,signatures at 
! end ( lett]s4  ,! p]iod is omitt$     
,aft] ,roman num]als1 ev5 ?\gh !y h !   
value ( ord9als4      ,aft] ,,ms &      
simil> symbols4      ,9 te*nical matt]1 
aft] ! recogniz$ abbreviations =        
l+ui/ic epo*s4 ,,ie 7,indo-,european71  

,,mhg 7,middle ,high ,g]man7      & aft]
 titles ( well-kn[n publications        
indicat$ by initials     su* z ,,aaaps  
7,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy (        
,political ,sci5ce74  ,:5 a p>5!sis =ms 
! end ( a decl>ative s5t5ce ! p]iod is  
plac$ outside ! p>5!sis1 z 9 ! prec$+   
example4 ,a p]iod is plac$ inside a     
p>5!sis only 9 two cases4  #a4 ,aft] an 
abbreviation4      ,?is 0 #ej ye>s ago  
7i4e4 #ahfj ,a4,d47  #b4 ,at ! end ( an 
indep5d5t s5t5ce ly+ entirely )9 !      
p>5!sis4      ,l9coln 0 at ! height ( 8 
p[]s 9 #ahfj 7,he 0 elect$ to     !     
presid5cy at ?is "t47  ,:5 a s5t5ce ends
 ) a quotation1 ! p]iod always goes     
inside ! quotation m>ks4      ,i h j    
read ,de,vinne's ,practice (            
,typography4  ,! same rule applies to ! 
use ( ! o!r l[ m>ks1 comma1 semicolon1 &
 colon1 9 connection ) quotation m>ks4  
,unlike mo/ rules ( gramm> &            
punctuation1 ?is rule does n re/ on a   
logical basis4 ,x re/s on purely        
typographic consid]ations1 z !          

arrangem5t ( po9ts indicat$ by ! rule   
gives a bett] look+ l9e ?an c be secur$ 
by any o!r arrangem5t4   ,o!r ,uses ( ! 
,p]iod  #a4 ,! p]iod is us$ z a decimal 
po9t4  #b4 ,! p]iod is us$ 9 gr\ps1     
sep>at$ by spaces1 to indicate an       
ellipsis4      ,he read z foll[s3 ,!    
g5tleman said 4 4 4 4     he 0 !re & saw
 4 4 4 4 ! act 9 "q4     ,,! ,,da%   ,! 
da% is a v useful m>k :i* has be5       
greatly ov]work$ by c>eless writ]s4 ,x  
is v easy to make 9 manuscript & s]ves z
 a conv5i5t cov] = ! writ]'s ignorance (
 :at po9t %\ld prop]ly be us$4  ,!      
conspicu\sness ( ! da% makes x a v      
useful m>k = guid+ ! eye ( ! read] to ! 
unity ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x is p>ticul>ly      
useful 9 legal plead+s :]e !re is mu*   
repetition ( /atem5t & great elaboration
 ( detail4 ,9 su* cases commas1         
semicolons1 & ev5 p>5!ses are s         
multipli$ t ! relation ( ! clauses is   
lo/ sight (4 ,! confusion ?us aris+ may 
(t5 be cle>$ up by intellig5t use ( !   
da%4  ,! da% is sometimes us$ to connect

 a side head+ ) ! text t foll[s1 or to  
connect ! end ( t text ) ! "n ( ! writ]4
      ,a ,,rule ,,= ,,peace4--,if x be  
possible1 z mu* z lie? 9 y1 live        
peaceably ) all m54--,/4 ,paul4  ,! da% 
is sometimes us$ 9 catalogue "w z a     
ditto m>k4      ,,de ,,v9ne1 ,,!odore   
,,l[4 ,hi/oric ,pr9t+ ,types4 ,new      
,york1 #ahhf4     ----,! ,inv5tion (    
,pr9t+4 ,francis ,h>t  ,co41 ,new ,york1
 #ahgh4     ----,pla9 ,pr9t+ ,types4    
,oswald ,publi%+ ,co41 ,new ,york1      
#aiad4  ,fr5* pr9t]s use ! da% 9 pr9t+  
dialogue z a p>tial sub/itute =         
quotation m>ks4 ,quotation m>ks are     
plac$ at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! dialogue & a
 da% prec$es ea* spee*4 ,?is =m is us$  
ev5 if ! dialogue is ext5d$ ov] _m      
pages4   ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,da%  #a4  
,to m>k abrupt *anges 9 s5tim5t & 9     
con/ruction4      ,h y ev] he>d--b h[   
%\ld y he>8  #b4 ,to m>k pauses &       
repetitions us$ = dramatic or rhetorical
 effect4      ,!y make a des]t1 & call  
x--peace4     ,?\1 great ,anna1 :om ?ree

 /ates obey1     ,:o sometimes c\nsel   
takes--& sometimes tea4  #c4 ,to express
 9 "o s5t5ce great contr>iety ( action  
or emotion or to increase ! spe$ ( !    
disc\rse by a succession ( snappy       
phrases4      ,%e />ts--%e moves--%e    
seems to feel     ,! ?rill ( life along 
h] keel4  ,9 ?is connection ,de,vinne   
gives ! foll[+ excell5t example f ,/]ne3
      ,nature in/antly ebb$ aga92--!    
film return$ to its place2--!     pulse 
flutt]$1--/opp$1--w5t                   
on1--?robb$1--/opp$                     
aga91--mov$1--/opp$1--,%all ,i g        
on8--,no4  ,att5tion may be call$ to    
,/]ne's use ( ! semicolon & ! comma ) ! 
da%1 a use n[ obsolete except 9 r>e     
cases4  #d4 ,to sep>ate ! repetition or 
diff]5t amplifications ( ! same /atem5t4
      ,! inf9ite importance ( :at he has
 to d--! goad+ conviction     t x mu/ be
 done--! dreadful comb9ation 9 8 m9d (  
bo?     ! necessity & ! incapacity--!   
despair ( cr[d+ !     conc]ns ( an age  
into a mom5t--! impossibility ( beg9n+ a

     rep5tance :i* %\ld h be5           
complet$--( sett+ ab\t a     peace :i*  
%\ld h be5 conclud$--( su+ = a p>don :i*
     %\ld h be5 obta9$--all ^!          
complicat$ conc]ns     intol]ably augm5t
 ! suff]+s ( ! victims4  #e4 ,at ! end (
 a s]ies ( phrases :i* dep5d ^u a       
conclud+ clause4      ,railroads &      
/eam%ips1 factories & w>eh\ses1 weal? & 
luxury--^! are n civilization4  #f4 ,:5 
a s5t5ce is abruptly t]m9at$4      ,if  
,i ?\ght he said x ,i  w\ld--  #g4 ,to  
prec$e expressions :i* are add$ to an   
app>5tly complet$ s5t5ce1 b :i* ref] to 
"s previ\s "p ( ! s5t5ce4      ,he      
wond]$ :at ! =eman w\ld say--he _h a way
 ( say+ !     unexpect$4  #h4 ,to       
connect extreme dates 9 "t indication4  
,! w> ( #ahfa--ahfe4 ,! w> ( #ahfa-ahfe4
  #i4 ,to def9e v]se ref]5ces 9 ! ,bible
 or page ref]5ces 9 books4      ,matt4  
v3 #a--aa4  ,matt4 v3 #a-aa4     ,see   
pp4 #ej--ec4  ,see pp4 #ej-ec4  ,,note4 
,9 in/ances su* z giv5 9 ! two prec$+   
rules ! en da% may sometimes s]ve if !  

em da% appe>s too conspicu\s4  #aj4 ,a  
da% prec$$ by a colon is sometimes us$  
be=e a long quotation =m+ a new         
p>agraph4 ,9 o!r cases no po9t ne$      
accompany ! da%4  ,! da% is sometimes   
us$ z a sub/itute = commas4 ,writ]s on !
 subject say t ?is use occurs :5 !      
connection betwe5 ! p>5!tical clause & !
 context is clos] ?an w\ld be indicat$  
by commas4 ,! di/9ction1 if real1 is    
difficult to see4 ,x w\ld be bett] if   
none b ! mo/ exp]i5c$ writ]s attempt$ ! 
use ( ! da% 9 ?is way4  ,da%es are (t5  
us$ in/ead ( m>ks ( p>5!sis4 ,x is bett]
 to let ea* m>k d its own "w4     ,,!   
,,p>5!sis   ,! p>5!sis1 commonly us$ 9  
pairs1 encloses expressions :i* h no    
ess5tial connection ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 
b are important to its full             
compreh5sion4 ,x is liable to be        
neglect$ by writ]s because ! da% is     
easi] to make1 & by pr9t]s because x is 
g5]ally ?\ght to m> ! beauty ( ! l9e4   
,its di/9ct uses1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be      
neglect$4   ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,p>5!sis

  #a4 ,to introduce into a s5t5ce matt] 
:i* is n ess5tially connect$ ) ! re/ ( !
 s5t5ce1 b aids 9 mak+ x cle>4          
,tr\ble began :5 ! appr5tice 7:o _h be5 
/rictly =bidd5     to d s7 und]took to d
 "s "w on 8 own acc\nt4      ,?is ye>   
7#aiad7 saw ! outbreak ( a g5]al w>4    
#b4 ,9 reports ( spee*es to enclose ! "n
 ( a p]son :o has be5 ref]r$ to1 or to  
indicate expressions on ! "p ( !        
audi5ce4      ,! honorable g5tleman :o  
has j spok5 7,mr4 ,lodge7 has no        
sup]ior on ?is floor 9 8 k (            
int]national law4     7,applause47  #c4 
,p>5!ses enclos+ int]rogation po9ts or  
exclamation po9ts are sometimes         
introduc$ into a s5t5ce to ca/ d\bt on a
 /atem5t or to express surprise or      
contempt4      ,he said t on ! fif? (   
,janu>y 787 he 0 9 ,new ,york4      ,?is
 mo/ excell5t 767 g5tleman4  #d4        
,p>5!ses are us$1 g5]ally 9 pairs1      
sometimes s+ly1 to enclose ! ref]5ce    
lett]s or figures us$ to m>k division & 
classification 9 argum5ts or 9 precise  

/atem5ts4      ,?is is done because3 7a7
 x is cle>]2 7b7 x is %ort]4  ,^! signs 
may be pr9t$ 9 sev]al ways4      7a7 a7 
7a7 a7 7#a7 #a7 7#a7 #a7  ,! old-fa%ion$
 =m ( p>5!sis1 always made too ?91 may  
ne$ a ?9 space betwe5 x & its adjo9+ "* 
:5 x is plac$ too close to any lett] t  
ne>ly fills ! body 9 height1 z 9 7 ,hall
 74 ,! space may n be ne$$ :5 !         
proximate "* has a %\ld]1 z 9 7 ,art71  
or :5 ! p>5!sis foll[s a p]iod47  ,!    
italic =m ( p>5!sis is objectionable 9  
book "w4 ,di/9ction is s\ght = ! ^w 9   
italic & n = ! p>5!sis enclos+ ! ^w4 ,! 
italic p>5!sis may be us$ 9 job-"w or   
full display l9es ( italic lett]s4      
,,! ,,bracket   ,brackets are us$ 9     
pairs1 l ! p>5!ses4 ,9 ,job composition 
ei!r brackets or p>5!ses may be us$1 z  
suits ! fancy or is conv5i5t4 ,9        
descriptive text matt]1 h[ev]1 brackets 
%\ld n be us$ :]e p>5!ses are cle>ly    
indicat$4   ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,bracket
  #a4 ,to enclose words or phrases :i*  
are entirely indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( !      

s5t5ce4  ,! enclos$ words are usually   
comm5ts1 qu]ies1 corrections1           
criticisms1 or directions ins]t$ by "s  
p]son o!r ?an ! orig9al writ] or speak]4
  #b4 ,to enclose passages ( d\btful    
au!nticity 9 repr9ts ( e>ly manuscripts1
 special am5dm5ts to bills "u           
legislative consid]ation1 or any o!r    
portions ( a text :i* ne$ peculi>       
id5tification4  #c4 ,9 legal or         
ecclesia/ical pap]s to indicate num]ical
 words :i* may h to be *ang$1 or to     
indicate :]e details are to be suppli$4 
,?is is ! fir/ second or ?ird           
publication4      ,! (fic]s %all rema9 9
 (fice "h /ate ! "t or until     _!     
successors are duly qualifi$4  #d4 ,to  
avoid ! confusion caus$ by a p>5!sis )9 
a p>5!sis4  #e4 ,a s+le bracket is us$  
to enclose ! end+ ( a long l9e ( poetry 
:i* w n fit ! regi/] & has to be run ov]
 into an adjo9+ l9e4  ,d\bt :e!r to use 
p>5!ses or brackets c usually be settl$ 
by ?is g5]al pr9ciple3  ,p>5!ses always 
enclose rem>ks app>5tly made by ! writ] 

( ! text4 ,brackets enclose rem>ks      
c]ta9ly made by ! editor or report] ( t 
text4     ,,! ,,int]rogation   ,!       
int]rogation is ! po9t t asks que/ions4 
,x %\ld always be plac$ outside         
quotation m>ks unless x is a "p ( !     
quotation itself4   ,rules = ! ,use ( ! 
,int]rogation  #a4 ,! int]rogation po9t 
is us$ at ! end ( e direct "q4      ,are
 y !re8  ,indirect que/ions1 t is1      
/atem5ts t a "q has be5 ask$1 d n       
require ! int]rogation4      ,he ask$ me
 if ,i 0 !re4     ,he ask$ ! "q1 ,are y 
!re8 & receiv$ no answ]4  #b4 ,at ! end 
( ea* ( a s]ies ( que/ions ?r[n into a  
s+le s5t5ce4      ,did he speak 9 an    
ord9>y tone8 or %\t8 or :isp]8  #c4 ,!  
int]rogation1 l a c]ta9 inflection 9 !  
voice1 may indicate t a s5t5ce1 ?\gh    
decl>ative 9 =m1 is really a "q &       
requires an answ]4      ,y are1 ( c\rse1
 famili> ) ,new ,york8     ,,!          
,,exclamation   ,! exclamation m>k is ! 
m>k ( /rong emotion4   ,rules = ! ,use (
 ! ,exclamation  #a4 ,aft] e expression 

( great surprise or emotion4      ,look1
 my "l6 x comes6     ,angels & m9i/]s ( 
grace def5d u6     ,alas6 my fa!r4  #b4 
,aft] int]jections & o!r exclamatory    
words4      ,hurrah6 ,good6 ,away6 ,oh6 
,:]e ! exclamations are repeat$ )\t     
p>ticul>ly emphasiz+ ea* "o1 ea* may be 
foll[$ by a comma except ! la/4         
,ha1 ha1 ha6 ,t's a good joke6  ,o us$ z
 a vocative or to express a desire or   
imprecation does n call = an            
exclamation4      ,o ,john4     ,oh1    
yes4     ,o1 t night w\ld come6  ,!     
exclamation is sometimes us$ 9 job pr9t+
 to fill out a display l9e or = o!r     
inadequate reasons4 ,^! uses %\ld be    
avoid$4     ,,! ,,apo/rophe   ,!        
apo/rophe is prim>ily ! sign ( !        
possessive case1 b x has sev]al o!r     
uses4   ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,apo/rophe  
#a4 ,! apo/rophe = ! possessive case is 
add$ only to n\ns1 n to ! pron\ns1 :i* h
 _! di/9ct possessive =ms4 ,its is a    
possessive pron\n4 ,x's is an           
abbreviation = x is4 ,d n use an        

apo/rophe ) ! possessive adjectives h]s1
 ours1 y\rs1 !irs1 its4  #b4 ,all n\ns 9
 ! s+ul> & all n\ns 9 ! plural except ^?
 end+ 9 s take an apo/rophe & s to =m ! 
possessive4  ,n\ns 9 ! plural end+ 9 s  
take an apo/rophe only to =m !          
possessive4  ,!re is mu* diff]5ce (     
op9ion z to ! inv>iability ( ! rule     
conc]n+ s+ul> n\ns 9 s4 ,de,vinne       
advises foll[+ ! pronunciation4 ,:]e !  
second s is n pron\nc$1 z (t5 happ5s1 to
 avoid ! prolong$ hiss+ s\nd ( ano!r s1 
he recomm5ds omitt+ x 9 pr9t4           
,moses' hat1 = ,moses's hat4     ,=     
consci5ce' sake4  #c4 ,! apo/rophe      
indicates ! omission ( lett]s 9 dialect1
 9 famili> dialogue1 & 9 poetry4        
,t's 'ow 'tis4     ',twas ev] ?us4  ,:5 
two words are practically made into "o  
syllable1 a ?9 space may be put be=e !  
apo/rophe1 except t don't1 c't1 won't1 &
 %an't are consolidat$4 ,?is use ( a    
space s]ves to di/+ui% betwe5 !         
possessive 9 s & ! contraction ( is4    
,:]e dea? 's abroad & sorr[ 's close    

beh9d4  #d4 ,figures express+ dates are 
(t5 abbreviat$1 b x is n good g5]al     
practice4      ,! boys ( '#fa4     ,x   
happ5$ 9 '#ad4  #e4 ,! apo/rophe is us$ 
to =m ! plural ( lett]s & figures4      
,cross y\r t's & dot y\r i's4     ,make 
#c's & #e's m pla94  ,except 9 ^! cases 
! apo/rophe is n a plural sign & %\ld be
 s us$ only :5 x is int5d$ to reproduce 
a dialect or colloquialism4      ,wrong3
 ,all ! ,coll9s's 7 !re4     ,"r3 ,all !
 ,coll9ses 7 !re4  ,! f9al ed ( pa/     
t5ses & pa/ p>ticiples 0 =m]ly pron\nc$ 
z a di/9ct syllable1 ?us3 clos-ed1      
belov-ed1 & ?is pronunciation cont9u$ 9 
common use 9 poetry long aft] x 0       
discont9u$ 9 prose4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod (   
transition ! mod]n pronunciation 0      
indicat$ by dropp+ ! e & us+ an         
apo/rophe1 ?us3 clos'd1 belov'd4 ,x is  
n[ und]/ood t :ile ! full spell+ is to  
be us$1 ! old pronunciation is n to be  
us$ unless specially indicat$ by plac+ a
 grave acc5t ov] ! e ( ! la/ syllable1  
?us3 belovd4  ,at ! same p]iod poets1   

especially1 us$ an apo/rophe to indicate
 a sil5t e z 9 ev'ry1 b ! usage is n[   
obsolete4  ,su* abbreviations z ,dep't1 
,gov't1 ,sec'y1 & ! l1 are objectionable
 9 pr9t4 ,if su* abbreviations are      
necess>y x is bett] to use ! =ms ,dept41
 ,govt41 ,secy4     ,,! ,,hyph5   ,!    
hyph5 is us$ to jo9 comp\nd words2 to   
m>k ! division ( a ^w too long to g     
entirely into "o l9e2 to sep>ate !      
syllables ( words 9 ord] to %[          
pronunciation2 z a lead] 9 tabul> "w4 ,=
 ?is la/ purpose ! p]iod is to be       
pref]r$ to any o!r m>k 9 use4 ,tabul> "w
 )\t lead]s is obscure & !re=e          
objectionable4     ,,quotation ,,m>ks   
,quotation m>ks are signs us$ to        
indicate t ! writ] is giv+ exactly !    
words ( ano!r4 ,a ,fr5* pr9t] nam$      
,morel us$ a comma 9 ! out] m>g9 to     
indicate a quot$ l9e ab\t #aeej4 ,ab\t a
 c5tury lat] ano!r ,fr5*man1 ,mnage1    
introduc$ a m>k 77 resembl+ a d\ble     
p>5!sis b %ort]4 ,^! m>ks 7 ca/ on !    
middle ( ! type body s t !y c\ld be     

rev]s$ = use at ei!r ! beg9n+ or ! end (
 a quotation4 ,! ,fr5* h reta9$ ^! signs
 z _! quotation m>ks ev] s9ce4  ,:5 !   
,engli% adopt$ ! use ( quotation m>ks1  
!y did n take ov] ! ,fr5* m>ks1 b       
sub/itut$ two inv]t$ commas at ! beg9n+ 
& two apo/rophes at ! end ( ! quot$     
p>agraph4 ,^! m>ks are typographically  
unsatisfactory4 ,!y are weak & !re=e    
h>dly adequate to _! purpose 9 aid+ !   
und]/&+ ?r\gh ! eye4 ,be+ ca/ on ! upp] 
"p ( ! type body1 !y leave a blank space
 bel[ & ?us impair ! beauty ( ! l9e &   
int]f]e ) good spac+4 ,c]ta9 rules = !  
position ( quotation m>ks :5 us$ ) o!r  
m>ks are bas$ ^u ^! typographical       
consid]ations r ?an ^u logical          
consid]ations4   ,rules = ! ,use (      
,quotation ,m>ks  #a4 ,e direct         
quotation %\ld be enclos$ 9 d\ble       
quotation m>ks4      ,i w g1 said he1 if
 ,i c4  ,reports ( :at ano!r p]son has  
said :5 giv5 9 words o!r ?an 8 own are  
call$ indirect quotations & take no     
m>ks4      ,he said he w\ld g if he     

c\ld4  #b4 ,a quotation ( sev]al        
p>agraphs requires quotation m>ks at !  
beg9n+ ( ea* p>agraph1 b at ! end ( !   
la/ "o only4 ,9 legal docum5ts1 &       
sometimes else:]e1 quotations are def9$ 
& emphasiz$ by putt+ d\ble commas at !  
beg9n+ ( e l9e ( ! quotation4  ,! same  
result may be bett] obta9$ by us+ small]
 type1 or ind5t+ ! quotation1 or bo?4   
#c4 ,a quotation includ$ )9 ano!r       
quotation %\ld be enclos$ by s+le       
quotation m>ks4      ,he said3 ,i he>d  
him cry ',put d[n t gun1' & !n ,i he>d a
     %ot4  #d4 ,titles ( books1 essays1 
art works1 etc41 are usually enclos$ 9  
quotation m>ks4 ,:5 ! books are         
suppos$ly famili> to all read]s1 ! m>ks 
are n us$4 ,y w\ld n pr9t ,! ,bible1    
,p>adise ,lo/1 ,! ,iliad4  ,! titles (  
books1 etc41 are sometimes pr9t$ 9      
italics in/ead ( be+ enclos$ 9 quotation
 m>ks4 ,?is is a matt] ( (fice /yle r   
?an ( good or bad practice4  #e4 ,9     
writ+ ab\t plays or books1 ! "n ( ! "w  
may be quot$ & ! "n ( a "* italiciz$4   

,?is is done to avoid confusion betwe5 !
 play1 ! "*1 & ! real p]son portray$4   
,william ,tell is a play4 ,william ,tell
 is a "* 9 fiction4 ,william ,tell is a 
national h]o ( ,switz]l&4  ,?is usage is
 by no means uni=m2 "h aga91 we are on !
 gr\nd ( (fice /yle4  #f4 ,names (      
vessels are sometimes quot$1 sometimes  
italiciz$1 & sometimes pr9t$ )\t        
di/+ui%+ m>ks4 ,"h we are once m on !   
gr\nd ( (fice /yle4  #g4 ,s5t5ces f a   
=eign language are usually enclos$ 9    
quotation m>ks4 ,s+le words or phrases  
are usually pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,bo?       
italics & quotation m>ks %\ld n be us$  
except "u c]ta9 unusual conditions or :5
 positively ord]$ by ! au?or4  #h4      
,quotation m>ks may be us$ ) a ^w to :i*
 ! writ] desires to attract p>ticul>    
att5tion or to :i* he desires to give an
 unusual1 te*nical1 or ironical mean+4  
,?is g5tleman ne$s a %ave4  #i4 ,:5 a   
quotation is long or :5 x is introduc$ 9
 a =mal mann]1 x is usually prec$$ by a 
colon4 ,isolat$ words or phrases call = 

no po9t aft] ! introductory clause4 ,?is
 is true :5 ! phrases s quot$ run to    
consid]able l5g?1 provid$ !re is no     
break 9 ! fl[ ( ?\ght & expression4     
#aj4 ,:5 a quotation ends a s5t5ce !    
quotation m>ks are plac$ aft] ! p]iod4  
,! comma is always plac$ inside !       
quotation m>ks4  ,! position ( ! o!r    
m>ks 7semicolon1 colon1 exclamation1 &  
int]rogation7 is det]m9$ by ! s5se4 ,if 
!y =m a "p ( ! matt] quot$1 !y g inside 
! quote m>ks2 if n1 !y g outside !m4    
#aa4 ,:5 quotation m>ks occur at !      
beg9n+ ( a l9e ( poetry1 !y %\ld g back 
into ! ind5tion space4      ,brea!s !re 
a man ) s\l s dead      ,:o nev] to     
himself ha? said1       ',?is is my own1
 my native l&'8  ,?is illu/ration is    
also a good example ( ! use ( m>ks 9    
comb9ations4 ,we h fir/ ! s+le quotation
 m>k+ ! end ( ! includ$ quotation1 !n ! 
int]rogation :i* ends ! s5t5ce1 !n !    
d\ble quotation m>ks 9 _! prop]         
position4  ,quotation m>ks %\ld n be us$
 ne$lessly4 ,v famili> expressions f !  

be/ kn[n au?ors1 su* z to ! manor born1 
a consci5ce void ( (f5ce1 ) malice t[>d 
none & *>ity = all1 h become "p ( !     
curr5t co9 ( spee* & ne$ n be quot$4    
,li/s ( words consid]$ z words m]ely1   
li/s ( books or plays1 & o!r su* copy   
%\ld be pr9t$ )\t quotation m>ks4       
,spr9kl+ a page ?ickly ) quotation m>ks 
n only spoils its appe>ance b makes x   
h>d to read1 )\t add+ to its cle>ness ( 
mean+4     ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks   ,book     
titles are n[ set )\t po9ts4 ,?is fa%ion
 0 introduc$ by ,pick]+ ( ,london ab\t  
#ahej4 ,?is me?od is g5]ally to !       
advantage ( ! title page ?us treat$4 ,x 
is possible1 h[ev]1 to c>ry x too f> & s
 to obscure ! s5se4 ,commas %\ld n be   
omitt$ f firm names1 su* z ,longmans1   
,gre5  ,co41 z 9 case ( su* omission !re
 is no way ( kn[+ :e!r "o or m p]sons   
are indicat$4 ,punctuation %\ld n be    
omitt$ f ! titles :i* may accompany an  
au?or's "n1 nor f ! date if day & mon?  
are giv5 z well z ye>4  ,avoid ! d\bl+ (
 po9ts :]ev] possible4 ,:5 an           

abbreviation prec$es a colon1 omit !    
p]iod4 ,:5 an abbreviation prec$es a    
comma1 ! p]iod is (t5 ins]t$1 b 9 _m    
cases "o or ! o!r c be dropp$ to        
advantage4 ,! da% is n g5]ally prec$$ by
 a comma1 semicolon1 or colon 9 curr5t  
pr9t+ usage4 ,a comma %\ld r>ely g be=e 
! fir/ p>5!sis4 ,if us$ at all ) !      
p>5!ses1 x %\ld foll[ ! clos+ p>5!sis4  
,:5 a complete s5t5ce is enclos$ 9      
p>5!ses1 ! p]iod falls )9 ! p>5!ses4 ,:5
 ! enclosure is a brief passage at ! end
 ( a s5t5ce1 ! p]iod falls outside !    
p>5!ses4  ,d n put a p]iod be=e !       
apo/rophe & ! possessive s z 9 ,co4's4  
,! ^w ,company may be abbreviat$ to ,co4
 al?\gh x is n desirable to d s if x c  
be avoid$4 ,! possessive ( ,co4 is      
,co's4     ,,summ>y   #a4 ,a comma      
sep>ates clauses1 phrases1 & p>ticles4  
#b4 ,a semicolon sep>ates diff]5t       
/atem5ts4  #c4 ,a colon is ! transition 
po9t ( ! s5t5ce4  #d4 ,a p]iod m>ks !   
end ( a s5t5ce4  #e4 ,a da% m>ks        
abruptness or irregul>ity4  #f4 ,p>5!ses

 enclose int]polations 9 ! s5t5ce4  #g4 
,brackets enclose irregul>ities 9 !     
s5t5ce4  #h4 ,an int]rogation asks a "q 
= an answ]4  #i4 ,an exclamation m>ks   
surprise4  #aj4 ,an apo/rophe m>ks      
elisions & ! possessive case4  #aa4     
,quotation m>ks def9e quot$ words4      
,,supplem5t>y ,,read+   ,correct        
,composition4 ,by ,de,vinne4 ,oswald    
,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york4  ,!      
,writ]'s ,desk ,book4 ,by ,william ,dana
 ,orcutt4 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,/okes ,company1 
,new ,york4  ,a ,manual = ,writ]s4 ,by  
,manly & ,p[ell4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago
 ,press1 ,*icago4  ,composition &       
,rhetoric4 ,by ,lockwood & ,em]son4 ,g9n
  ,co41 ,bo/on4  ,! ,art ( ,writ+ &     
,speak+ ! ,engli% ,language4 ,by ,%]w9  
,cody4 ,! ,old ,greek ,press1 ,*icago4  
,h&book ( ,composition4 ,by ,edw9 ,d4   
,woolley4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co41 ,bo/on4  
,engli% ,composition1 ,book ,"o1        
,enl>g$4 ,by ,/ratton ,d4 ,brooks4 ,g9n 
,co41 ,bo/on4     ,,review ,,que/ions   
,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,/ud5ts ,,&          

,,in/ructors  ,! foll[+ que/ions1 bas$  
on ! cont5ts ( ?is pamphlet1 are int5d$ 
to s]ve 7#a7 z a guide to ! /udy ( !    
text1 7#b7 z an aid to ! /ud5t 9 putt+ !
 in=mation conta9$ into def9ite /atem5ts
 )\t actually memoriz+ ! text1 7#c7 z a 
means ( secur+ f ! /ud5t a reproduction 
( ! in=mation 9 8 own words4  ,a c>eful 
foll[+ ( ! que/ions by ! read] w insure 
full acqua9tance ) e "p ( ! text1 avoid+
 ! accid5tal omission ( :at might be (  
value4 ,^! prim]s are s cond5s$ t no?+  
%\ld be omitt$4  ,9 tea*+ f ^! books x  
is v important t ^! que/ions & su* o!rs 
z may occur to ! tea*] %\ld be made !   
basis ( frequ5t writt5 "w1 & ( f9al     
exam9ations4  ,! importance ( writt5 "w 
_c be ov]/at$4 ,x n only assures k (    
mat]ial1 b ! p[] to express t k         
correctly & 9 good =m4  ,if ?is writt5  
"w c be submitt$ to ! tea*] 9 pr9t$ =m x
 w be d\bly useful4   ,,que/ions  #a4   
,:at is punctuation8  #b4 ,h[ 7 anci5t  
manuscripts writt58  #c4 ,:at 7 ! fir/  
punctuation m>ks1 & h[ 7 !y us$8  #d4   

,:at c y tell ab\t punctuation m>ks 9 ! 
manuscript p]iod8  #e4 ,:at c y tell    
ab\t ! punctuation ( ! e>ly pr9t]s8  #f4
 ,:o may be said to h sy/ematiz$        
punctuation8  #g4 ,give ! names ( !     
pr9cipal punctuation m>ks & ! mean+ ( ! 
names4  #h4 ,give a li/ ( ! punctuation 
m>ks n[ 9 use & %[ h[ !y are made4  #i4 
,"n & describe ! two sy/ems (           
punctuation4  #aj4 ,:at is ! t5d5cy 9 ! 
use ( punctuation8  #aa4 ,:y is x       
necess>y = a compositor to und]/&       
punctuation8  #ab4 ,:5 %\ld ! compositor
 foll[ copy & :5 n8  #ac4 ,:at five     
g5]al directions %\ld always be         
rememb]$8  #ad4 ,:at is ! comma us$ =8  
#ae4 ,:at is ! t5d5cy 9 ! use ( commas8 
#af4 ,:at are rev]s$ commas us$ =8  #ag4
 ,h[ are commas us$ ) num]als8  #ah4 ,h[
 are commas us$ 9 table "w8  #ai4 ,h[   
are commas plac$ 9 relation to ! words  
^: mean+ !y help8  #bj4 ,give ! rules = 
! use ( ! comma4  #ba4 ,:at are ! f\r   
g5]al pr9ciples = ! use ( ! comma8  #bb4
 ,:at is ! semicolon us$ =8  #bc4 ,give 

! rules = ! use ( ! semicolon4  #bd4    
,:at is ! colon us$ =8  #be4 ,give !    
rules = ! use ( ! colon4  #bf4 ,:at is !
 p]iod us$ =8  #bg4 ,:]e are p]iods us$8
  #bh4 ,:]e are p]iods omitt$8  #bi4 ,h[
 d we use ! p]iod 9 connection )        
p>5!ses8  #cj4 ,h[ d we use ! p]iod 9   
connection ) quotation m>ks8  #ca4 ,:at 
is ! reason = ?is rule8  #cb4 ,:at o!r  
uses has ! p]iod8  #cc4 ,:at is ! da%   
us$ =8  #cd4 ,:at special use ( ! da% is
 f\nd 9 ,fr5* books8  #ce4 ,give ! rules
 = ! use ( ! da%4  #cf4 ,are o!r        
punctuation m>ks us$ ) ! da%8  #cg4 ,:at
 is ! p>5!sis us$ =8  #ch4 ,give ! rules
 = ! use ( ! p>5!sis4  #ci4 ,:5 w\ld y  
use lett] spac+ ) ! p>5!sis1 & :y8  #dj4
 ,:at use is made ( ! italic p>5!sis8   
#da4 ,give ! rules = ! use ( ! brackets4
  #db4 ,:at is ! di/9ction 9 use betwe5 
! bracket & ! p>5!sis8  #dc4 ,:at is !  
int]rogation po9t us$ =8  #dd4 ,give !  
rules = ! use ( ! int]rogation4  #de4   
,:at is ! exclamation po9t us$ =8  #df4 
,give ! rules = ! use ( ! exclamation4  

#dg4 ,:at is ! apo/rophe us$ =8  #dh4   
,give ! rules = ! use ( ! apo/rophe4    
#di4 ,:at is ! use ( ! apo/rophe 9 pa/  
p>ticiples8  #ej4 ,:at is said ( ! use (
 ! apo/rophe 9 su* abbreviations z      
,dep't8  #ea4 ,:at is ! hyph5 us$ =8    
#eb4 ,:at are quotation m>ks us$ =8     
#ec4 ,give ! rules = ! use ( quotation  
m>ks4  #ed4 ,:5 are quotation m>ks      
omitt$8  #ee4 ,h[ are book titles n[    
punctuat$8  #ef4 ,%\ld punctuation m>ks 
be d\bl$8  #eg4 ,h[ is ! comma us$ )    
p>5!ses8  #eh4 ,h[ w\ld y punctuate !   
possessive ( an abbreviation1 = example1
 ! ,doctor's h\se1 us+ ! abbreviation   
,dr48  #ei4 ,give a brief summ>iz$      
/atem5t ( ! use ( ! twelve punctuation  
m>ks4     ,,gloss>y   ,,absolute--,free 
f ! usual grammatical relations4        
,,antec$5t--,t to :i* a relative pron\n 
or a relative clause ref]s4             
,,apposition--,:5 ! mean+ ( a n\n or    
pron\n is made cle> or emphatic by ! use
 ( ano!r n\n or pron\n1 ! two are said  
to be 9 apposition4  ,,clause--,a gr\p (

 words consi/+ ( a subject & pr$icate ) 
_! modifi]s & =m+ a "p ( a s5t5ce2 a    
s5t5ce )9 a s5t5ce4  ,,comp\nd          
,,s5t5ce--,a s5t5ce consi/+ ( sev]al    
clauses4  ,,co,,rd9ate                  
,,clauses--,clauses ( equal rank4       
,,decl>ative ,,s5t5ce--,a s5t5ce :i*    
/ates a fact4  ,,exclamatory            
,,s5t5ce--,a s5t5ce :i* utt]s an        
exclamation4  ,,indep5d5t               
,,adv]bs--,adv]bs n 9 grammatical       
relations ) o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce4       
,,int]rogative ,,s5t5ce--,a s5t5ce :i*  
asks a "q4  ,,m9or ,,clauses--,clauses  
o!r ?an ! pr9cipal clause or ma9 /atem5t
 ( a s5t5ce4  ,,p>5!tical--,incid5tal2 n
 an ess5tial "p ( a s5t5ce or /atem5t4  
,,p>ticle--,"o ( ! m9or p>ts ( spee* n  
inflect$1 t is1 n und]go+ *anges 9 =m4  
,,phrase--,an expression consi/+ usually
 ( b a few words1 d5ot+ a s+le idea1 or 
=m+ a sep>ate "p ( a s5t5ce4  ,,relative
 ,,clause--,a clause jo9$ to ! re/ ( !  
s5t5ce by a relative pron\n4            
,,salutation--,a =m ( greet+1 especially

 at ! beg9n+ or end ( a lett]4          
,,salutatory ,,phrase--,! words =m+ a   
salutation1 or greet+4     ,,typographic
 ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices    
,! foll[+ li/ ( publications1 compris+ !
 ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,=   
,,appr5tices1 has be5 prep>$ "u !       
sup]vision ( ! ,committee on ,education 
( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica = use 9  
trade classes1 9 c\rse ( pr9t+          
in/ruction1 & by individuals4  ,ea*     
publication has be5 compil$ by a        
compet5t au?or or gr\p ( au?ors1 &      
c>efully edit$1 ! purpose be+ to provide
 ! pr9t]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--employ]s1  
j\rneym51 & appr5tices--) a compreh5sive
 s]ies ( h&y & inexp5sive comp5diums (  
reliable1 up-to-date in=mation ^u !     
v>i\s bran*es & specialties ( ! pr9t+   
craft1 all arrang$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion =    
progressive /udy4  ,! publications ( !  
s]ies are ( uni=m size1 #eh in*es4 ,_!  
g5]al make-up1 9 typography1            
illu/rations1 etc41 has be51 z f> z     
practicable1 kept 9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4 ,a  

brief synopsis ( ! p>ticul> cont5ts &   
o!r *ief features ( ea* volume w be f\nd
 "u ea* title 9 ! foll[+ li/4  ,ea*     
topic is treat$ 9 a concise mann]1 ! aim
 be+ to embody 9 ea* publication z      
completely z possible all ! rudim5t>y   
in=mation & ess5tial facts necess>y to  
an und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,c>e has be5    
tak5 to make all /atem5ts accurate &    
cle>1 ) ! purpose ( br++ ess5tial       
in=mation )9 ! und]/&+ ( beg9n]s 9 !    
diff]5t fields ( /udy4 ,:]ev]           
practicable1 simple & well-def9$ draw+s 
& illu/rations h be5 us$ to assi/ 9 giv+
 additional cle>ness to ! text4  ,9 ord]
 t ! pamphlets may be ( ! greate/       
possible help = use 9 trade-s*ool       
classes & = self-in/ruction1 ea* title  
is accompani$ by a li/ ( ,review        
,que/ions cov]+ ess5tial items ( !      
subject matt]4 ,a %ort ,gloss>y (       
te*nical t]ms belong+ to ! subject or   
dep>tm5t treat$ is also add$ to _m ( !  
books4  ,^! are ! ,(ficial ,text-books (
 ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica4  ,address

 all ord]s & inquiries to ,,committee   
,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(
 ,,am]ica1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1 ,u4 ,s4 
,a4   ,,"p ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,ma*9es1 
& ,mat]ials  #a4 ,type3 a ,prim] (      
,in=mation                  ,by ,a4 ,a4 
,/ew>t       ,relat+ to ! me*anical     
features ( pr9t+ types2 _! sizes1       
font s*emes1 etc41 ) a brief description
 ( _! manufacture4      #dd pp42        
illu/rat$2 #gd review que/ions2 gloss>y4
  #b4 ,compositors' ,tools & ,mat]ials  
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (     
in=mation ab\t compos+ /icks1 galleys1  
leads1      brass rules1 cutt+ & mit]+  
ma*9es1 etc4 #dg pp42      illu/rat$2   
#ej review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #c4 ,type
 ,cases1 ,compos+ ,room ,furniture      
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (     
in=mation ab\t type cases1 "w /&s1      
cab9ets1      case racks1 galley racks1 
/&+ galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42              
illu/rat$2 #cc review que/ions2 gloss>y4
  #d4 ,impos+ ,tables & ,lock-up        
,appliances         ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  

,describ+ ! tools & mat]ials us$ 9 lock+
 up =ms = !      press1 includ+ "s mod]n
 utilities = special purposes4 #ei      
pp42 illu/rat$2 #gj review que/ions2    
gloss>y4  #e4 ,pro( ,presses            
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (     
in=mation ab\t ! cu/om>y me?ods & ma*9es
      = tak+ pr9t]s' pro(s4 #dj pp42    
illu/rat$2 #da review      que/ions2    
gloss>y4  #f4 ,plat5 ,pr9t+ ,presses    
,by ,daniel ,bak]       ,a prim] (      
in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory & me*anical   
con/ruction ( plat5 pr9t+ presses1 f !  
orig9al h&      press to ! mod]n job    
press1 to :i* is add$ a *apt] on        
automatic presses ( small size4 #ea pp42
 illu/rat$2 #di review      que/ions2   
gloss>y4  #g4 ,cyl9d] ,pr9t+ ,presses   
,by ,h]b]t ,l4 ,bak]       ,be+ a /udy (
 ! me*anism & op]ation ( ! pr9cipal     
types      ( cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9es4 #fd   
pp42 illu/rat$2 #dg review              
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #h4 ,me*anical      
,fe$]s & ,fold]s           ,by ,william 
,e4 ,spurri]       ,! hi/ory & op]ation 

( mod]n fe$+ & fold+ ma*9es2      ) h9ts
 on _! c>e & adju/m5ts4 ,illu/rat$2     
review      que/ions2 gloss>y4  #i4 ,p[]
 = ,ma*9]y 9 ,pr9t+ ,h\ses         ,by  
,c>l ,f4 ,scott       ,a treatise on !  
me?ods ( apply+ p[] to pr9t+ presses &  
alli$ ma*9]y ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to      
electric drive4 #ec      pp42 illu/rat$2
 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #aj4    
,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9es                    
,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t pap] & c>d trimm]s1      
h&-lev]      cutt]s1 p[] cutt]s1 & o!r  
automatic ma*9es = cutt+      pap]1 #gj 
pp42 illu/rat$2 #aae review que/ions2   
gloss>y4  #aa4 ,pr9t]s' ,roll]s         
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (     
in=mation ab\t ! composition1           
manufacture1 &      c>e ( ink+ roll]s4  
#df pp42 illu/rat$2 #fa review que/ions2
      gloss>y4  #ab4 ,pr9t+ ,inks       
,by ,philip ,ruxton       ,_!           
composition1 prop]ties & manufacture    
7repr9t$ by      p]mission f ,circul>   
,no4 #ec1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau (       

,/&>ds72 toge!r ) "s helpful sugge/ions 
ab\t !      ev]yday use ( pr9t+ inks by 
,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review   
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ac4 ,h[ ,pap] is   
,made                  ,by ,william     
,bond ,:eelwright       ,a prim] (      
in=mation ab\t ! mat]ials & processes ( 
manufactur+ pap] = pr9t+ & writ+4 #fh   
pp42 illu/rat$2      #fb review         
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ad4 ,relief        
,engrav+s                         ,by   
,joseph ,p4 ,donovan       ,brief hi/ory
 & non-te*nical description ( mod]n     
me?ods (      engrav+2 woodcut1 z9c     
plate1 halftone2 k9d ( copy =           
reproduction2 ?+s to rememb] :5 ord]+   
engrav+s4      ,illu/rat$2 review       
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & 
,/]otyp+                                
,by ,h>ris ,b4 ,hat* & ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t   
,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! processes ( 
electrotyp+ &      /]eotyp+4 #id pp42   
illu/rat$2 #abi review que/ions2        
gloss>ies4   ,,"p ,,ii--,h& & ,ma*9e    
,composition  #af4 ,typesett+           

,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a h&book =    
beg9n]s1 giv+ in=mation ab\t ju/ify+1   
spac+1 correct+1 & o!r matt]s relat+ to 
typesett+4      ,illu/rat$2 review      
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ag4 ,pr9t]s' ,pro(s
                              ,by ,a4   
,a4 ,/ew>t       ,! me?ods by :i* !y are
 made1 m>k$1 & correct$1 )              
obs]vations on pro(read+4 ,illu/rat$2   
review que/ions2      gloss>y4  #ah4    
,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,job ,composition         
,by ,camille ,de,vze       ,sugge/ions =
 ! appr5tice compositor 9 sett+ 8 fir/  
jobs1 especially ab\t ! important little
 ?+s :i* g to make      good display 9  
typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee      
review que/ions2      gloss>y4  #ai4    
,g5]al ,job ,composition       ,h[ ! job
 compositor h&les bus9ess /ation]y1     
programs &      miscellane\s "w4        
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4   
#bj4 ,book ,composition                 
,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well       ,*apt]s f    
,de,vinne's ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book      
,composition1      revis$ & arrang$ =   

?is s]ies ( text-books by ,j4 ,w4       
,bo?well      ( ,! ,de,vinne ,press1    
,new ,york4 ,"p ,i3 ,composition (      
pages4 ,"p      ,,ii3 ,imposition (     
pages4 #bbi pp42 illu/rat$2 #ebe review 
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ba4 ,tabul>        
,composition                            
,by ,rob]t ,seav]       ,a /udy ( !     
elem5t>y =ms ( table composition1 )     
examples      ( m difficult composition4
 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review          
que/ions4  #bb4 ,appli$ ,ari?metic      
,by ,e4 ,e4 ,%eldon       ,elem5t>y     
ari?metic appli$ to problems ( ! pr9t+  
trade1      calculation ( mat]ials1 pap]
 weights & sizes1 ) /&>d      tables &  
rules = computation1 ea* subject        
amplifi$ )      examples & ex]cises4    
#aei pp4  #bc4 ,typeca/+ & ,compos+     
,ma*9es        ,a4 ,w4 ,f9lay1 ,editor  
,section ,i--,! ,l9otype                
,by ,l4 ,a4 ,horn/e9      ,section      
,,ii--,! ,monotype                      
,by ,joseph ,hays      ,section         
,,iii--,! ,int]type                     

,by ,h5ry ,w4 ,cozz5s      ,section     
,,iv--,o!r ,typeca/+ & ,typesett+       
,ma*9es                                 
,by ,frank ,h4 ,smi?       ,a brief     
hi/ory ( typesett+ ma*9es1 )            
descriptions ( _!      me*anical        
pr9ciples & op]ations4 ,illu/rat$2      
review      que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p   
,,iii--,imposition & ,/onework  #bd4    
,lock+ ,=ms = ! ,job ,press             
,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry       ,?+s !       
appr5tice %\ld "k ab\t lock+ up small   
=ms1 &      ab\t g5]al "w on ! /one4    
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2            
gloss>y4  #be4 ,prep>+ ,=ms = ! ,cyl9d] 
,press       ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry       
,pamphlet & catalog imposition2 m>g9s2  
fold m>ks1 etc4 ,me?ods      ( h&l+ type
 =ms & electrotype =ms4 ,illu/rat$2     
review      que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p   
,,iv--,presswork  #bf4 ,mak+ ,ready on  
,plat5 ,presses                 ,by ,t4 
,g4 ,mc,grew       ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a 
press & _! functions2 di/9ctive         
features ( commonly us$ ma*9es4 ,prep>+ 

! tympan1      regulat+ ! impression1   
und]lay+ & ov]lay+1 sett+      gauges1 &
 o!r details expla9$4 ,illu/rat$2 review
 que/ions2      gloss>y4  #bg4 ,cyl9d]  
,presswork                              
,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew       ,prep>+ !    
press2 adju/m5t ( b$ & cyl9d]1 =m       
roll]s1      ink f\nta91 gripp]s &      
deliv]y sy/ems4 ,und]lay+ &             
ov]lay+2 mod]n ov]lay me?ods4           
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2            
gloss>y4  #bh4 ,pressroom ,h9ts & ,helps
                 ,by ,*>les ,l4 ,dunton 
,describ+ "s practical me?ods (         
pressroom "w1 )      directions & useful
 in=mation relat+ to a v>iety (         
pr9t+-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf     
review que/ions4  #bi4 ,reproductive    
,processes ( ! ,graphic ,arts      ,by  
,a4 ,w4 ,elson       ,a prim] (         
in=mation ab\t ! di/9ctive features ( ! 
relief1 ! intaglio1 & ! planographic    
processes ( pr9t+4      #hd pp42        
illu/rat$2 #ajj review que/ions2        
gloss>y4   ,,"p ,v--,pamphlet & ,book   

,b9d+  #cj4 ,pamphlet ,b9d+             
,by ,bancr(t ,l4 ,goodw9       ,a prim] 
( in=mation ab\t ! v>i\s op]ations      
employ$ 9      b9d+ pamphlets & o!r "w 9
 ! b9d]y4 ,illu/rat$2      review       
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ca4 ,book ,b9d+    
,by ,john ,j4 ,pleg]       ,practical   
in=mation ab\t ! usual op]ations 9 b9d+ 
books2      fold+2 ga!r+1 collat+1 sew+1
 =w>d+1 f9i%+4 ,case      mak+ & cas$-9 
books4 ,h& "w & ma*9e "w4 ,job &        
blank-book b9d+4 ,illu/rat$2 review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p ,,vi--,correct
 ,lit]>y ,composition  #cb4 ,^w ,/udy & 
,engli% ,gramm>               ,by ,f4   
,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] ( in=mation
 ab\t words1 _! relations1 & _!         
uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review que/ions2     
gloss>y4  #cc4 ,punctuation             
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! m>ks ( punctuation & _!
      use1 bo? grammatically &          
typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review    
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #cd4 ,capitals      
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  

in=mation ab\t capitalization1 ) "s     
practical      typographic h9ts z to !  
use ( capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ce4 ,division (    
,words                            ,by   
,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,rules = !      
division ( words at ! ends ( l9es1 )    
rem>ks      on spell+1 syllabication &  
pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review      
que/ions4  #cf4 ,comp\nd ,words         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a /udy ( ! 
pr9ciples ( comp\nd+1 ! compon5ts (     
comp\nds1 & ! use ( ! hyph54 #cd pp42   
#fb review que/ions4  #cg4              
,abbreviations & ,signs                 
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t abbreviations & signs1 ) 
classifi$ li/s ( ^? 9 mo/ common use4   
#eh pp42 #cb review      que/ions4  #ch4
 ,! ,uses ( ,italic                     
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory & uses ( italic 
lett]s4 #ca pp42 #cg review que/ions4   
#ci4 ,pro(read+                         
,by ,arnold ,levitas       ,! te*nical  

phases ( ! pro(read]'s "w2 read+1 m>k+1 
revis+1 etc42 me?ods ( h&l+ pro(s &     
copy4 ,illu/rat$ by      examples4 #ei  
pp42 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #dj4
 ,prep>ation ( ,pr9t]s' ,copy           
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,sugge/ions 
= au?ors1 editors1 & all :o are engag$ 9
      prep>+ copy = ! compos+ room4 #cf 
pp42 #fg review que/ions4  #da4 ,pr9t]s'
 ,manual ( ,/yle       ,a ref]5ce       
compilation ( approv$ rules1 usages1 &  
sugge/ions      relat+ to uni=mity 9    
punctuation1 capitalization1            
abbreviations1 num]als1 & k9dr$ features
 ( composition4  #db4 ,! ,pr9t]'s       
,diction>y                      ,by ,a4 
,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a h&book ( def9itions 
& miscellane\s in=mation ab\t      v>i\s
 processes ( pr9t+1 alphabetically      
arrang$4 ,te*nical      t]ms expla9$4   
,illu/rat$4   ,,"p ,,vii--,design1      
,color1 & ,lett]+  #dc4 ,appli$ ,design 
= ,pr9t]s                   ,by ,h>ry   
,l4 ,gage       ,a h&book ( ! pr9ciples 
( arrangem5t1 ) brief comm5t on      !  

p]iods ( design :i* h mo/ influ5c$      
pr9t+4 ,treats      ( h>mony1 balance1  
proportion1 & rhy?m2 motion2 symmetry & 
v>iety2 ornam5t1 e/hetic & symbolic4 #cg
 illu/rations2 #df      review que/ions2
 gloss>y2 bibliography4  #dd4 ,elem5ts (
 ,typographic ,design                ,by
 ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,applications ( !
 pr9ciples ( decorative design4 ,build+ 
mat]ial ( typography pap]1 types1 ink1  
decorations &      illu/rations4 ,h&l+ (
 %apes4 ,design ( complete book1        
treat+ ea* "p4 ,design ( comm]cial =ms &
 s+le units4      ,illu/rations2 review 
que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4  #de4  
,rudim5ts ( ,color 9 ,pr9t+             
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,use ( color3 
= decoration ( black & :ite1 = broad    
po/]      effect1 9 comb9ations ( two1  
?ree1 or m pr9t+s )      process        
engrav+s4 ,sci5tific nature ( color1    
physical &      *emical4 ,t]ms 9 :i*    
color may be discuss$3 hue1 value1      
int5sity4 ,diagrams 9 color1 scales &   
comb9ations4 ,color !ory      ( process 

engrav+4 ,exp]im5ts ) color4            
,illu/rations 9 full      color1 & on   
v>i\s pap]s4 ,review que/ions2 gloss>y2 
bibliography4  #df4 ,lett]+ 9           
,typography                       ,by   
,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,pr9t]'s use (    
lett]+3 adaptability & decorative       
effect4      ,developm5t ( hi/oric writ+
 & lett]+ & its influ5ce on      type   
design4 ,classification ( g5]al =ms 9   
lett]+4      ,application ( design to   
lett]+4 ,draw+ = reproduction4 ,fully   
illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2    
bibliography4  #dg4 ,typographic ,design
 9 ,adv]tis+             ,by ,h>ry ,l4  
,gage       ,! pr9t]'s function 9       
adv]tis+4 ,precepts ^u :i*      adv]tis+
 is bas$4 ,pr9t]'s analysis ( 8 copy4   
,emphasis1      legibility1 att5tion1   
color4 ,me?od ( /udy+ adv]tis+          
typography4 ,illu/rations2 review       
que/ions2 gloss>y2      bibliography4   
#dh4 ,mak+ ,dummies & ,lay\ts           
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,a lay\t3 !   
ar*itectural plan4 ,a dummy3 ! imitation

 ( a      propos$ f9al effect4 ,use (   
dummy 9 sales "w4 ,use ( lay\t4         
,function ( lay\t man4 ,b9d+ s*emes =   
dummies4 ,dummy      envelopes4         
,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2
 bibliography4   ,,"p ,,viii--,hi/ory ( 
,pr9t+  #di4 ,books ,be=e ,typography   
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet &
 !      hi/ory ( bookmak+ up to !       
inv5tion ( movable types4 #fb pp42      
illu/rat$2 #fd review que/ions4  #ej4 ,!
 ,inv5tion ( ,typography                
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sket* ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & h[ x came  
ab\t4      #fd pp42 #fb review que/ions4
  #ea4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,i         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 !     
developm5t ( ! book1 ! developm5t (     
pr9t]s' mat]ials1      & ! "w ( ! great 
pione]s4 #fc pp42 #ee review que/ions4  
#eb4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,,ii         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sket* ( ! economic conditions ( ! pr9t+ 

indu/ry      f #adej to #aghi1 includ+  
gov]nm5t regulations1 c5sor%ip1         
int]nal conditions & indu/rial          
relations4 #id pp42 #abh review         
que/ions4  #ec4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,engl&         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a %ort     
hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl& f ,caxton to !  
pres5t      "t4 #hi pp42 #fe review     
que/ions4  #ed4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica        
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! newspap]1 & "s 
notes      on publi%]s :o h especially  
contribut$ to pr9t+4 #ih pp42      #hd  
review que/ions4  #ee4 ,type & ,presses 
9 ,am]ica                  ,by ,f4 ,w4  
,hamilton       ,a brief hi/orical sket*
 ( ! developm5t ( type ca/+ &      press
 build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #eb pp42 #fa 
review que/ions4   ,,"p ,,ix--,co/ ,f9d+
 & ,acc\nt+  #ef4 ,elem5ts ( ,co/ 9     
,pr9t+                ,by ,h5ry ,p4     
,port]       ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & 
_! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld      %[4 ,h[ to   
utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review    
que/ions4      ,gloss>y4  #eg4 ,use ( a 

,co/ ,sy/em                        ,by  
,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! ,/&>d         
,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld 
%[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 
,review que/ions4      ,gloss>y4  #eh4  
,! ,pr9t] z a ,m]*ant                   
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! selection 
& pur*ase ( mat]ials & supplies = pr9t+4
      ,! relation ( ! co/ ( raw mat]ial 
& ! sell+ price (      ! f9i%$ product4 
,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4  #ei4       
,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,e/imat+       
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! e/imator &
 8 "w2 =ms to use2 g5]al rules =        
e/imat+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4    
#fj4 ,e/imat+ & ,sell+                  
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,an insight  
into ! me?ods us$ 9 mak+ e/imates1 & _! 
relation to sell+4 ,review que/ions4    
,gloss>y4  #fa4 ,acc\nt+ = ,pr9t]s      
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,a brief     
outl9e ( an acc\nt+ sy/em = pr9t]s2     
necess>y      books & accessory records4
 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4   ,,"p     
,x--,miscellane\s  #fb4 ,heal?1         

,sanitation1 & ,safety              ,by 
,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,hygi5e 9 ! pr9t+
 trade2 a /udy ( conditions old & new2  
practical sugge/ions = improvem5t2      
protective appliances &      rules =    
safety4  #fc4 ,topical ,index           
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a book (   
ref]5ce cov]+ ! topics treat$ 9 !       
,typographic      ,te*nical ,s]ies1     
alphabetically arrang$4  #fd4 ,c\rses ( 
,/udy                             ,by   
,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a guidebook =  
tea*]s1 ) outl9es & sugge/ions =        
classroom & %op "w4     ,,ackn[l$gm5t   
,?is s]ies ( ,typographic ,text-books is
 ! result ( ! spl5did co-op]ation ( a   
l>ge numb] ( firms & individuals engag$ 
9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess & its alli$ indu/ries 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4  ,!        
,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$     
,typo!tae ( ,am]ica1 "u ^: auspices !   
books h be5 prep>$ & publi%$1 ackn[l$ges
 its indebt$ness = ! g5]\s assi/ance    
r5d]$ by ! _m au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & o!rs    
id5tifi$ ) ?is "w4  ,:ile due           

ackn[l$gm5t is made on ! title &        
copyright pages ( ^? contribut+ to ea*  
book1 ! ,committee nev]!less felt t a   
gr\p li/ ( co-op]at+ firms w\ld be (    
int]e/4  ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete1 z 
x includes only ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 !   
production ( a portion ( ! volumes1     
con/itut+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,z soon z !     
entire li/ ( books compris+ !           
,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies has be5   
complet$ 7:i* ! ,committee hopes w be at
 an e>ly date71 ! full li/ w be pr9t$ 9 
ea* volume4  ,! ,committee also desires 
to ackn[l$ge its indebt$ness to ! _m    
subscrib]s to ?is ,s]ies :o h pati5tly  
await$ its publication4  ,,committee    
,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(
 ,,am]ica4    ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,port]1       
,*airman1   ,e4 ,,lawr5ce ,,fell1   ,a4 
,m4 ,,glossbr5n]1   ,j4 ,,clyde         
,,oswald1   ,,toby ,,rubovits4          
,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education    
,director4     ,,contributors   ,=      
,composition & ,electrotypes  ,,isaac   
,h4 ,,blan*>d ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4

 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank  ,,co41          
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+      
,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,dev9ne    
,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4    
,,donnelley  ,,sons ,,co41 ,*icago1     
,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,bo/on1 
,mass4 ,,evans-,,w9t]-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 
,mi*4 ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,company1      
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson    
,,company1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,/eph5       
,,gre5e  ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 
,f4 ,,hall ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4
 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41             
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla  ,,co4    
,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,!         
,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new    
,york ,,! ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 
,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4  
,,edw>d ,,/]n  ,,co41 ,philadelphia1    
,pa4 ,,! ,,/one ,,pr9t+  ,,mfg4 ,,co41  
,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphag51      
,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 
,cambridge1 ,mass4  ,= ,composition     
,,bo/on ,,typo!tae ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pr9t+1 
,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell     

,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,kalkh(f
 ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4         
,,ox=d-,,pr9t1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,toby    
,,rubovits1 ,*icago1 ,ill4  ,=          
,electrotypes  ,,blomgr5 ,,bro!rs ,,co41
 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,fl[] ,,/eel           
,,electrotyp+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4
 ,c4 ,j4 ,,pet]s  ,,son ,,co41 ,bo/on1  
,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41     
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,:itcomb   
,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4  ,= ,engrav+s     
,,am]ican ,,type ,,f\nd]s ,,co41 ,bo/on1
 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell  ,,sons      
,,co41 ,we/]ly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,gold+         
,,manufactur+ ,,co41 ,frankl91 ,mass4   
,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 
,,inl& ,,pr9t] ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4    
,,lan/on ,,monotype ,,ma*9e ,,company1  
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,m]g5?al] ,,l9otype
 ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4  
,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4   
,,oswald ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1   
,n4 ,y4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,art1 ,cambridge1  
,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,ris+ ,,pap] ,,company1 
,h\satonic1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,v&]cook        

,,press1 ,*icago1 ,ill4  ,= ,book ,pap] 
,,am]ican ,,writ+ ,,pap] ,,co41         
,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,,pulp 
,,pap] ,,co41 ,me*anicville1 ,n4 ,y4