,transcriber's ,note3  #a4 ,italicized  
text is rendered as text1 bold text is  
rendered as text4  #b4 ,superscripted   
characters are preceeded by  7carat74   
#c4 ,subscripted characters are         
surrounded by curly braces 77 and       
preceeded by  7underline character74    
,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for
 ,,apprentices--,,part ,,vi1 ,,no4 #cc  
,,punctuation   ,a ,,primer of          
,,information ,,about ,,the ,,marks ,,of
 ,,punctuation ,,and ,,their ,,use      
,,both ,,grammatically ,,and            
,,typographically   ,,by  ,,frederick   
,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4 ,d4  ,,educational
 ,,director ,,united ,,typothet ,,of    
,,america     ,,published ,,by ,,the    
,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,united   
,,typothetae ,,of ,,america #aibj       
,,copyright1 #aibj ,,united ,,typothetae
 ,,of ,,america ,,chicago1 ,,ill4       
,,preface   ,this book1 like the others 
in this ,part1 makes no pretense at     
originality4 ,the author has studied and
 compared a considerable number of works

 by the best authorities on the subject 
and has endeavored to adapt the best of 
their contents to the use of printers'  
apprentices4 ,every author has his own  
set of rules4 ,at first sight1 each set 
appears inconsistent with those given by
 other writers4 ,this inconsistency1    
however1 is generally more apparent than
 real4 ,it arises from differences in   
point of view1 method of approach1 and  
system of classification4  ,an attempt  
has been made to compile from these     
sources a set of rules which would bring
 before the pupil a correct and         
comprehensive view of the best current  
usage1 well illustrated by examples and 
accompanied by practical typographical  
hints4 ,the fact has been kept steadily 
in mind that this book is intended for a
 certain definite class of pupils and no
 pains have been spared to fit it to    
their needs4  ,any treatise consisting1 
as this one necessarily does1 mainly of 
rules is practically useful only as a   
basis for constant and persistent drill4

 ,it is1 of course1 valuable for        
reference1 but the emergencies of the   
day's work leave no time for            
consultation4 ,these rules must be      
learned1 and not only learned but       
assimilated so that their correct       
application becomes instinctive and     
instantaneous4 ,this result can be      
secured only by practice4 ,hence the    
emphasis laid on the exercises indicated
 in the paragraphs introductory to the  
review questions4     ,,contents        
,,page ,,introduction                   
#a  ,,the ,,comma                       
#g  ,,the ,,semicolon                   
#ad  ,,the ,,colon                      
#af  ,,the ,,period                     
#ah  ,,the ,,dash                       
#bj  ,,the ,,parenthesis                
#bc  ,,the ,,bracket                    
#be  ,,the ,,interrogation              
#bf  ,,the ,,exclamation                
#bg  ,,the ,,apostrophe                 
#bh  ,,the ,,hyphen                     
#cj  ,,quotation ,,marks                

#ca  ,,general ,,remarks                
#cd  ,,summary                          
#ce  ,,supplementary ,,reading          
#cf  ,,review ,,questions               
#cg  ,,glossary ,,of ,,terms            
#dj     ,,punctuation     ,,introduction
   ,punctuation is a device by which we 
aid words to tell their story4 ,words   
have done this at times without such    
aid1 and may now do so1 but at constant 
risk of serious misunderstanding4 ,this 
can be easily seen by reading the       
following lines printed as they would   
have been written in an ancient         
manuscript4                             
,,wethepeopleoftheunitedstates          
,,inordertoformamoreperfect             
,,unionestablishjusticeinsuredo         
,,mestictranquilityprovidefor           
,,thecommondefencepromotethe            
,,generalwelfareandsecurethe            
,,blessingsoflibertytoourselves         
,,andourposteritydoordainand            
,,establishthisconstitutionfor          
,,theunitedstatesofamerica  ,probably   

this particular passage could be read   
without danger of serious               
misunderstanding4 ,the two well-known   
passages which follow1 however1 are     
cases where either a simple statement   
may become a ridiculous travesty or a   
serious arraignment may become a eulogy 
by punctuation4  ,punctuate the         
following so as to express two very     
different meanings3      ,lord          
,palmerston then entered on his head a  
white hat upon his feet     large but   
well polished boots upon his brow a dark
 cloud in his hand     a faithful       
walking stick in his eye a menacing     
glare saying nothing4  ,punctuate the   
following in two ways3 one to represent 
a very bad man1 and the other a very    
good man3      ,he is an old man and    
experienced in vice and wickedness he is
 never     found in opposing the works  
of iniquity he takes delight in the     
downfall of his neighbors he never      
rejoices in the prosperity of his       
fellow-creatures he is always ready to  

assist in destroying the     peace of   
society he takes no pleasure in serving 
the ,lord he is     uncommonly diligent 
in sowing discord among his friends and 
acquaintances he takes no pride in      
laboring to promote the cause of        
,christianity he has not been negligent 
in endeavoring to stigmatize     all    
public teachers he makes no effort to   
subdue his evil passions     he strives 
hard to build up satans kingdom he lends
 no aid to the     support of the gospel
 among the heathen he contributes       
largely to     the devil he will never  
go to heaven he must go where he will   
receive the just recompense of reward4  
,punctuation being intended for the sole
 purpose of making the text intelligible
 and removing as many of the causes of  
possible misunderstanding as may be1    
must depend in the last resort on a     
correct understanding of the text4 ,this
 understanding may be obtained from the 
text itself1 from the context1 that is1 
the writing as a whole1 or from outside 

knowledge about the matter under        
consideration4      ,the prisoner said  
the witness was a sneak thief4     ,the 
prisoner1 said the witness1 was a sneak 
thief4  ,the meaning of this sentence   
depends entirely on the presence or     
absence of the two commas4  ,manuscript 
comes in to the printer hastily written 
by the customer1 author1 or a reporter1 
or ticked over the telegraph wire1 and  
there is little or no punctuation4      
,probably the context will supply the   
needed information and the line may be  
set up correctly4 ,if there is no way of
 finding out what the sentence means1   
follow copy4 ,insert no punctuation     
marks which you are not sure are needed4
  ,punctuation as we know it is of      
recent invention4 ,the practice of the  
art of printing brought the necessity   
for a defined and systematized use of   
the points which had1 most of them1 long
 been in existence1 but which had been  
used largely according to the personal  
preferences of the scribes or copyists4 

,with the coming of the new methods of  
book reproduction came the recognized   
need for standardization and            
systematization4  ,the most ancient     
inscriptions and manuscripts are merely 
strings of letters1 without spacing     
between words or sentences and without  
any points of any sort1 like the example
 on page #a4  ,the first mark to be used
 was the dot1 or period4 ,its original  
purpose was simply to furnish a resting 
place for the eye and the mind and so   
help a little in the grouping of the    
letters into words1 clauses1 and        
sentences1 which the mind had hitherto  
been compelled to do unaided4 ,it was   
used at the end of a sentence1 at the   
end of a clause1 to indicate            
abbreviations1 to separate crowded      
words1 especially where the sense was   
ambiguous 7,,aniceman might be either   
,,an ,,ice ,,man or ,a ,,nice ,,man71 or
 even as an sthetic ornament between the
 letters of an inscription4 ,in early   
manuscripts the period is usually placed

 high 7,symbol3 ,high ,dot7 instead of  
low 7474  ,sometimes a slanting mark    
7_/7 or a double dot 73 or 447 was used 
to indicate the end of an important     
section of the writing or even of a     
sentence4  ,after a time spaces were    
introduced to show the grouping of the  
letters and the words4 ,at first the    
sentences were separated by spaces1 then
 the long words1 and finally all words4 
,in some languages1 as in ,italian1     
there are still combinations of long and
 short words1 such as the combination of
 the pronoun with the verb1 as in       
datemi1 give me4  ,during the manuscript
 period different schools of copyists   
and even different individuals used     
different marks and different systems of
 pointing4 ,for a considerable time the 
location of the dot indicated its force4
 ,placed high 7,symbol3 ,high ,dot7 it  
had the force of a period4 ,placed in a 
middle position 77 it had the force of a
 comma4 ,placed low 747 it had the force
 of a semicolon4 ,the rule1 however1 was

 not universally observed4 ,a ,latin    
manuscript of the seventh century has a 
high dot 7,symbol3 ,high ,dot7          
equivalent to a comma1 a semicolon used 
as at present1 and a dot accompanied by 
another dot or a dash to indicate the   
end of a sentence4 ,a ,latin manuscript 
of the ninth century shows the comma and
 an inverted semicolon 7,symbol3 ,comma 
above ,period7 having a value between   
the semicolon and colon4 ,medival       
manuscript pointing1 therefore1         
approximates modern forms in places1 but
 lacks standardization into recognized  
systems4  ,the spread of printing       
brought new needs into prominence4 ,the 
early printers used the period at the   
end of the sentence1 the colon1 and     
sometimes the slanting line 7_/74 ,a    
reversed semicolon was used as a        
question mark4 ,wynkyn de ,worde1       
,caxton's successor in the printing     
business in ,london1 used five points in
 #aeji4 ,they were the period1 the      
semicolon1 the comma1 the interrogative1

 and the parenthesis4  ,the             
systematization of punctuation is due   
mainly to the careful and scholarly     
,aldus ,manutius1 who had opened a      
printing office in ,venice in #adid4    
,the great printers of the early day    
were great scholars as well4 ,for a very
 long time the chief concern of the     
printer was the opening of the treasures
 of ancient thought to the world4 ,they 
were therefore compelled to be the      
students1 critics1 and editors of the   
old manuscripts which served them as    
copy4 ,they naturally took their        
punctuation from the ,greek grammarians1
 but sometimes with changed meanings4   
,the semicolon1 for instance1 is the    
,greek mark of interrogation4  ,the     
period took its name from the ,greek    
word ,greek3 periodos1 periodos1 meaning
 a division of a sentence or a thought1 
as we to-day speak of an orator's       
eloquent periods4  ,the colon comes from
 the ,greek ,greek3 klon1 kolon1 meaning
 a limb4  ,the comma comes from the     

,greek ,greek3 komma1 komma1 from       
,greek3 koptein1 to cut4  ,the          
semicolon1 of course1 is the half colon4
  ,the question mark was made by writing
 the first and last letters of the      
,latin word questio1 a question1        
vertically1 ,symbol3 q over o  ,the     
exclamation point was made by writing   
the letters of the ,latin word ,io1 joy1
 vertically1 ,symbol3 ,i over o  ,the   
punctuation marks now in use and treated
 of in this book are as follows3    1   
comma   2  semicolon   3  colon   4     
period   8  interrogation   6           
exclamation 7 7  parentheses    brackets
   '  apostrophe   -  hyphen  --  dash  
quotation marks  ,other important marks 
used by printers1 but not1 strictly     
speaking1 marks of punctuation1 are     
fully discussed in the volume on        
,abbreviations and ,signs 7,no4 #cg7 in 
this series4  ,there are two systems of 
punctuation in use1 known respectively  
as the close and open systems4 ,the     
close1 or stiff1 system1 using points   

wherever they can be used1 is of        
importance in precise composition of    
every sort1 such as laws1 contracts1    
legal and ecclesiastical statements1 and
 the like4 ,the open1 or easy1 system1  
omitting points wherever they can be    
omitted1 is used generally in the       
commoner forms of composition4 ,the     
tendency1 sometimes pushed too far1 is  
toward an extremely open style of       
punctuation4 ,the general attitude of   
writers and printers may be summed up by
 saying that you must justify the use of
 a punctuation mark1 particularly a     
comma1 rather than its omission4  ,but  
why should the printer bother himself   
about punctuation at all8 ,is that not  
the business of the author1 the editor1 
and the proofreader8 ,strictly speaking1
 yes1 but authors generally neglect     
punctuation1 copy is not usually        
carefully edited before going to the    
compositor1 and proofreader's           
corrections are expensive4 ,it is       
therefore important that the compositor 

should be intelligent about punctuation1
 whether he works in a large or a small 
office4  ,the question of how far the   
printer may go in changing or supplying 
the punctuation of copy will depend     
largely on circumstances4 ,if the       
condition of the manuscript is such as  
to show that the author really intended 
to put a fully punctuated1 correctly    
spelled1 and properly capitalized       
manuscript into the hands of the        
printer1 he has a right to have his     
wishes respected even if his ideas are  
not those which prevail in the office4  
,in such a case the compositor should   
follow copy literally4 ,if any questions
 are to be raised they should be        
discussed by the proofreader with the   
author4 ,the same rule holds in the case
 of manuscripts edited before being sent
 to the composing room4 ,the editor has 
assumed all responsibility for the      
accuracy of the copy4 ,in a great many  
cases the copy will come in carelessly  
written and wholly unedited4 ,in such   

cases the compositor should punctuate as
 he goes along4  ,this is one of the    
tasks which subject the compositor to   
the test of intelligence4 ,printing is  
not now and never will be a purely      
mechanical trade4 ,a printing office is 
no place for an apprentice who can not  
learn to think4  ,this book contains a  
description of the functions of the     
punctuation marks and the common rules  
for their use4 ,rules for the use of    
punctuation marks are very different    
from rules for the use of purely        
material things4 ,they are useless      
unless applied intelligently4 ,no set of
 rules could be devised which would work
 automatically or relieve the compositor
 from the necessity of thinking4        
,punctuation can never be reduced to an 
exact science4  ,certain general        
directions should be borne in mind by   
writers and printers4  ,i4 ,learn by    
heart the rules for punctuation4  ,,ii4 
,note the peculiarities of the best     
writers and the best printers1          

especially in contemporary examples4    
,,iii4 ,pay constant attention to       
punctuation in everything you write4    
,,iv4 ,punctuate your sentence while you
 are writing it4  ,v4 ,understand what  
you are printing4 ,this is of supreme   
importance4 ,punctuation is an aid to   
understanding4 ,you cannot correctly    
punctuate anything that you do not      
understand4     ,,the ,,comma   ,the    
comma is by far the most difficult of   
all the punctuation marks to use        
correctly4 ,usage varies greatly from   
time to time and among equally good     
writers and printers at the same time4  
,certain general rules may be stated and
 should be learned4 ,many cases1        
however1 will arise in which the rules  
will be differently interpreted and     
differently applied by different people4
  ,the comma is the least degree of     
separation possible of indication in    
print4 ,its business is to define the   
particles and minor clauses of a        
sentence4 ,a progressive tendency may be

 seen in the printing of ,english for   
centuries toward the elimination of     
commas1 and the substitution of the     
comma for the semicolon and of the      
semicolon for the colon4 ,compare a page
 of the ,king ,james version of the     
,bible1 especially in one of its earlier
 printings1 with a page of serious      
discourse of to-day and the effects of  
the tendency will be easily seen4 ,it is
 part of the general tendency toward    
greater simplicity of expression which  
has developed the clear and simple      
,english of the best contemporary       
writers out of the involved and ornate  
style of the period of ,queen           
,elizabeth4 ,an ornate and involved     
style needs a good deal of punctuation  
to make it intelligible1 while a simple 
and direct style needs but very little  
help4  ,this progressive change in the  
need for punctuation and in the attitude
 of writers toward it accounts for the  
difference in usage and for the         
difficulty in fixing rules to cover all 

cases4 ,the present attitude toward     
punctuation1 especially the use of the  
comma1 is one of aversion4 ,the writer  
is always held to justification of the  
presence of a comma rather than of its  
absence4 ,nevertheless it is quite      
possible to go too far in the omission  
of commas in ordinary writing4 ,it is   
quite possible to construct sentences in
 such a way as to avoid their use4 ,the 
result is a harsh and awkward style1    
unwarranted by any necessity4 ,ordinary 
writing needs some use of commas to     
indicate the sense and to prevent       
ambiguity4  ,always remember that the   
real business of the comma is just that 
of helping the meaning of the words and 
of preventing ambiguity by showing      
clearly the separation and connection of
 words and phrases4 ,if there is        
possibility of misunderstanding without 
a comma1 put one in4 ,if the words tell 
their story beyond possibility of       
misunderstanding without a comma1 there 
is no reason for its use4 ,this rule    

will serve as a fairly dependable guide 
in the absence of any well recognized   
rule for a particular case1 or where    
doubt exists as to the application of a 
rule4  ,reversed1 and usually in pairs1 
commas mark the beginning of a          
quotation4  ,in numerical statements the
 comma separates ,arabic figures by     
triplets in classes of hundreds3        
#e1bgf1dib4gb4  ,in tabular work        
reversed commas are used as a sign for  
ditto4      ,,schools ,,teaching        
,,printing      ,boston3  ,boston       
,typothet ,school of ,printing4         
,industrial ,arts ,high ,school4        
,chicago3 ,lakeside ,press ,school of   
,printing4             ,chicago         
,typothet ,school of ,printing4         
,lane ,technical ,high ,school4  ,the   
comma is placed between the words which 
it is intended to separate4 ,when used  
in connection with quotation marks1 it  
is always placed inside them4           
,honesty is the best policy1 as the     
proverb says4   ,rules for the ,use of  

the ,comma  #a4 ,after each adjective or
 adverb in a series of two or more when 
not connected by conjunctions4      ,he 
was a tall1 thin1 dark man4  ,the rule  
holds when the last member of the series
 is preceded by a conjunction4      ,he 
was tall1 thin1 and dark4  ,the comma   
may be omitted when the words are       
combined into a single idea4      ,a    
still hot day4     ,an old black coat4  
#b4 ,after each pair in a series of     
pairs of words or phrases not connected 
by conjunctions4      ,sink or swim1    
live or die1 survive or perish1     ,i  
give my hand and my heart to this vote4 
,formerly the master printer1 his       
journeymen1 even his apprentices1       
all lived in the same house4  #c4 ,to   
separate contrasted words4      ,we rule
 by love1 not by force4  #d4 ,between   
two independent clauses connected by a  
conjunction4      ,the press was out of 
order1 but we managed to start it4  #e4 
,before a conjunction when the word     
which preceded it is qualified by an    

expression which does not qualify the   
word which follows the conjunction4     
,he quickly looked up1 and spoke4  #f4  
,between relative clauses which explain 
the antecedent1 or which introduce a new
 thought4      ,the type1 which was     
badly worn1 was not fit for the job4    
,if the relative clause limits the      
meaning of the antecedent1 but does not 
explain it and does not add a new       
thought1 the comma is not used4      ,he
 did only that which he was told to do4 
#g4 ,to separate parenthetical or       
intermediate expressions from the       
context4      ,the school1 you may be   
glad to know1 is very successful4       
,the books1 which ,i have read1 are     
returned with gratitude4     ,he was    
pleased1 ,i suppose1 with his work4  ,if
 the connection of such expressions is  
so close as to form one connected idea  
the comma is not used4      ,the press  
nearest the south window is out of      
order4  ,if the connection of such      
expressions is remote1 parentheses are  

used4      ,the ,committee 7appointed   
under vote of ,april #aj1 #aiji7        
organized and     proceeded with        
business4  #h4 ,to separate the         
co-ordinate clauses of compound         
sentences if such clauses are simple in 
construction and closely related4       
,he was kind1 not indulgent1 to his men2
 firm1 but just1 in     discipline2     
courteous1 but not familiar1 to all4    
#i4 ,to separate quotations1 or similar 
brief expressions from the preceding    
part of the sentence4      ,csar        
reported to the ,senate1 ,i came1 ,i    
saw1 ,i conquered4     ,the question is1
 ,what shall we do next8  #aj4 ,to      
indicate the omission of the verb in    
compound sentences having a common verb 
in several clauses4      ,one man       
glories in his strength1 another in his 
wealth1 another in     his learning4    
#aa4 ,to separate phrases containing the
 case absolute from the rest of the     
sentence4      ,the form having been    
locked up1 a proof was taken4  #ab4     

,between words or phrases in apposition 
to each other4      ,i refer to         
,de,vinne1 the great authority on       
,printing4  ,the comma is omitted when  
such an apposition is used as a single  
phrase or a compound name4      ,the    
poet ,longfellow was born in ,portland4 
,the word patriotic is now in extensive 
use4  #ac4 ,after phrases and clauses   
which are placed at the beginning of a  
sentence by inversion4      ,worn out by
 hard wear1 the type at last became     
unfit for use4     ,ever since1 he has  
been fond of celery4  ,the comma is     
omitted if the phrase thus used is very 
short4      ,of success there could be  
no doubt4  #ad4 ,introductory phrases   
beginning with if1 when1 wherever1      
whenever1 and the like should generally 
be separated from the rest of the       
sentence by a comma1 even when the      
statement may appear to be direct4      
,when a plain query has not been        
answered1 it is best to follow copy4    
,if the copy is hard to read1 the       

compositor will set but few pages4  #ae4
 ,to separate introductory words and    
phrases and independent adverbs from the
 rest of the sentence4      ,now1 what  
are you going to do there8      ,i      
think1 also1 ,franklin owed much of his 
success to his strong     common sense4 
,this idea1 however1 had already been   
grasped by others4  ,of course the comma
 is not used when these adverbs are used
 in the ordinary way4      ,they also   
serve who only stand and wait4     ,this
 must be done1 however contrary to our  
inclinations4  #af4 ,to separate words  
or phrases of direct address from the   
context4      ,i submit1 gentlemen1 to  
your judgment4     ,from today1 my son1 
your future is in your own hands4  #ag4 
,between the name of a person and his   
title or degree4      ,woodrow ,wilson1 
,president of the ,united ,states4      
,charles ,w4 ,eliot1 ,,ll4,d4  #ah4     
,before the word of connecting a proper 
name with residence or position4        
,senator ,lodge1 of ,massachusetts4     

,elihu ,b4 ,root1 ,senator from ,new    
,york4  #ai4 ,after the salutatory      
phrase at the beginning of a letter1    
when informal4      ,dear ,john1  ,when 
the salutation is formal a colon should 
be used4      ,my dear ,mr4 ,smith3     
#bj4 ,to separate the closing salutation
 of a formal letter from the rest of the
 sentence of which it forms a part4     
,soliciting your continued patronage1 ,i
 am1                      ,very         
sincerely yours1                        
,john ,w4 ,smith4  #ba4 ,to separate two
 numbers4      ,january #ca1 #aiae4     
,by the end of #aiad1 #gjfb had been    
built4  #bb4 ,to indicate an ellipsis4  
,subscription for the course1 one       
dollar4  ,exceptions to this rule are   
made in very brief sentences1 especially
 in advertisements3 ,tickets #be cents4 
,price one dollar4  ,the foregoing rules
 for the use of the comma have been     
compiled from those given by a          
considerable number of authorities4     
,further examination of authorities     

would probably have added to the number 
and to the complexity of these rules4   
,no two sets of rules which have come   
under the writer's observation are      
alike4 ,positive disagreements in modern
 treatises on the subject are few4 ,the 
whole matter1 however1 turns so much on 
the use made of certain general         
principles and the field is so vast that
 different writers vary greatly in their
 statements and even in their ideas of  
what ought to be stated4 ,it is very    
difficult to strike the right mean      
between a set of rules too fragmentary  
and too incomplete for any real guidance
 and a set of rules too long to be      
remembered and used4  ,after all        
possible has been done to indicate the  
best usage it remains true that the     
writer or the printer must1 in the last 
resort1 depend very largely on himself  
for the proper application of certain   
principles4 ,the compositor may find    
himself helped1 or restricted1 by the   
established style of the office1 or he  

may at times be held to strict following
 of copy4 ,when left to himself he must 
be guided by the following general      
principles3  ,i4 ,the comma is used to  
separate for the eye what is separate in
 thought4  ,the comma is not intended to
 break the matter up into lengths suited
 to the breath of one reading aloud4    
,the comma is not an sthetic device to  
improve the appearance of the line4     
,,ii4 ,the sole purpose of the comma is 
the unfolding of the sense of the words4
  ,,iii4 ,the comma cannot be correctly 
used without a thorough understanding of
 the sense of the words4  ,,iv4 ,in case
 of doubt1 omit the comma4     ,,the    
,,semicolon   ,the semicolon is used to 
denote a degree of separation greater   
than that indicated by the comma1 but   
less than that indicated by the colon4  
,it prevents the repetition of the comma
 and keeps apart the more important     
members of the sentence4 ,the semicolon 
is generally used in long sentences1 but
 may sometimes be properly used in short

 ones4   ,rules for the ,use of the     
,semicolon  #a4 ,when the members of a  
compound sentence are complex or contain
 commas4      ,franklin1 like many      
others1 was a printer2 but1 unlike the  
others1     he was student1 statesman1  
and publicist as well4      ,with ten   
per cent of this flour the bread        
acquired a slight flavor     of rye2    
fifteen per cent gave it a dark color2 a
 further addition     made the baked    
crumb very hard4      ,the meeting was  
composed of representatives from the    
following     districts3 ,newton1 #d    
delegates1 #b substitutes2 ,dorchester1 
#f     delegates1 #c substitutes2       
,quincy1 #h delegates1 #d substitutes2  
,brookline1 #aj delegates1 #e           
substitutes4  #b4 ,when the members of a
 compound sentence contain statements   
distinct1 but not sufficiently distinct 
to be thrown into separate sentences4   
,sit thou a patient looker-on2          
,judge not the play before the play be  
done2     ,her plot has many changes2   

every day     ,speaks a new scene4 ,the 
last act crowns the play4  #c4 ,when    
each of the members of a compound       
sentence makes a distinct statement and 
has some dependence on statements in the
 other member or members of the         
sentence4      ,wisdom hath builded her 
house2 she hath hewn out her seven      
pillars2     she hath killed her beasts2
 she hath mingled her wine2 she hath    
furnished her table4  ,each member of   
this sentence is nearly complete4 ,it is
 not quite a full and definite          
statement1 but it is much more than a   
mere amplification such as we might get 
by leaving out she hath every time after
 the first4 ,in the former case we      
should use periods4 ,in the latter we   
should use commas4  #d4 ,a comma is     
ordinarily used between the clauses of a
 compound sentence that are connected by
 a simple conjunction1 but a semicolon  
may be used between clauses connected by
 conjunctive adverbs4 ,compare the      
following examples3      ,the play was  

neither edifying nor interesting to him1
 and he decided     to change his plans4
      ,the play was neither edifying nor
 interesting to him2 therefore he       
decided to change his plans4  #e4 ,to   
indicate the chapter references in      
scriptural citations4      ,matt4 i3 #e1
 #g1 #i2 v3 #a-aj2 xiv3 #c1 #h1 #bg4    
,the semicolon should always be put     
outside quotation marks unless it forms 
a part of the quotation itself4         
,take care of the cents and the dollars 
will take care of     themselves2 a very
 wise old saying4     ,,the ,,colon     
,the colon marks the place of transition
 in a long sentence consisting of many  
members and involving a logical turn of 
the thought4 ,both the colon and        
semicolon are much less used now than   
formerly4 ,the present tendency is      
toward short1 simple1 clear sentences1  
with consequent little punctuation1 and 
that of the open style4 ,such sentences 
need little or no aid to tell their     
story4   ,rules for the ,use of the     

,colon  #a4 ,before as1 viz41 that is1  
namely1 etc41 when these words introduce
 a series of particular terms in        
apposition with a general term4         
,the ,american flag has three colors3   
namely1 red1 white1 and blue4  #b4      
,between two members of a sentence when 
one or both are made up of two or more  
clauses divided by semicolons4      ,the
 ,englishman was calm and               
self-possessed2 his antagonist impulsive
     and self-confident3 the ,englishman
 was the product of a volunteer     army
 of professional soldiers2 his          
antagonist was the product of a         
drafted army of unwilling conscripts4   
#c4 ,before particular elements in a    
definite statement4      ,bad3 ,he asked
 what caused the accident8     ,right3  
,he asked1 ,what caused the accident8   
,napoleon said to his army at the battle
 of the ,pyramids3 ,soldiers1     forty 
centuries are looking down upon you4    
,the duties of the superintendent are   
grouped under three heads3     first1   

etc4  #d4 ,before formal quotations4    
,write a short essay on the following   
topic3 ,what is wrong with our          
industrial system8  ,when the formal    
introduction is brief1 a comma may be   
used4      ,st4 ,paul said1 ,bear ye one
 another's burdens4  #e4 ,after the     
formal salutatory phrase at the opening 
of a letter4      ,my dear ,sir3  ,when 
the letter is informal use a comma4     
,dear ,john1  #f4 ,between the chapter  
and verse in scriptural references4     
,john xix3 #bb4  #g4 ,between the city  
of publication and the name of the      
publisher in literary references4       
,the ,practice of ,typography4 ,new     
,york3 ,oswald ,publishing ,company4    
,the colon has been similarly employed  
in the imprints on the title pages of   
books4      ,new ,york3 ,harper         
,brothers1 #ahhj4  ,de,vinne remarks    
upon this use of the colon that it is   
traditional and can not be explained4   
,the colon is sometimes used between the
 hours and minutes in indicating time1  

like3 #aa3db a4m4  ,de,vinne does not   
approve of this1 though other           
authorities give it as the rule4 ,it is 
probably better to use the period in    
spite of its use as a decimal point1    
which use was probably the motive for   
seeking something else to use in writing
 time indications4 ,in railroad printing
 the hour is often separated from the   
minutes by a simple space without any   
punctuation4     ,,the ,,period   ,the  
period1 or full stop1 marks the end of a
 declarative sentence4 ,as a sign it has
 several other uses which will appear in
 the paragraphs following4   ,rules for 
the ,use of the ,period  #a4 ,at the end
 of every sentence unless interrogative 
or exclamatory4  #b4 ,after             
abbreviations4      ,nicknames1 ,sam1   
,tom1 etc41 are not regarded as         
abbreviations4      ,the metric symbols 
are treated as abbreviations but the    
chemical     symbols are not4 ,m4       
7metre7 and mg4 7milligram7 but ,h#b ,o 
and     ,na ,cl4      ,per cent is not  

regarded as an abbreviation4      ,the  
names of book sizes 7#abmo #afmo7 are   
not regarded as     abbreviations4  ,the
 period is now generally omitted in     
display matter after      ,running      
heads1     ,cut-in side-notes1          
,central head-lines1     ,box heads in  
tables1     ,signatures at the end of   
letters4  ,the period is omitted        
,after ,roman numerals1 even though they
 have the value of ordinals4      ,after
 ,,ms and similar symbols4      ,in     
technical matter1 after the recognized  
abbreviations for     linguistic epochs4
 ,,ie 7,indo-,european71 ,,mhg 7,middle 
,high ,german7      and after titles of 
well-known publications indicated by    
initials     such as ,,aaaps 7,annals of
 the ,american ,academy of ,political   
,science74  ,when a parenthesis forms   
the end of a declarative sentence the   
period is placed outside the            
parenthesis1 as in the preceding        
example4 ,a period is placed inside a   
parenthesis only in two cases4  #a4     

,after an abbreviation4      ,this was  
#ej years ago 7i4e4 #ahfj ,a4,d47  #b4  
,at the end of an independent sentence  
lying entirely within the parenthesis4  
,lincoln was at the height of his powers
 in #ahfj 7,he was elected to     the   
presidency at this time47  ,when a      
sentence ends with a quotation1 the     
period always goes inside the quotation 
marks4      ,i have just read           
,de,vinne's ,practice of ,typography4   
,the same rule applies to the use of the
 other low marks1 comma1 semicolon1 and 
colon1 in connection with quotation     
marks4 ,unlike most rules of grammar and
 punctuation1 this rule does not rest on
 a logical basis4 ,it rests on purely   
typographic considerations1 as the      
arrangement of points indicated by the  
rule gives a better looking line than   
can be secured by any other arrangement4
   ,other ,uses of the ,period  #a4 ,the
 period is used as a decimal point4  #b4
 ,the period is used in groups1         
separated by spaces1 to indicate an     

ellipsis4      ,he read as follows3 ,the
 gentleman said 4 4 4 4     he was there
 and saw 4 4 4 4 the act in question4   
,,the ,,dash   ,the dash is a very      
useful mark which has been greatly      
overworked by careless writers4 ,it is  
very easy to make in manuscript and     
serves as a convenient cover for the    
writer's ignorance of what point should 
properly be used4  ,the conspicuousness 
of the dash makes it a very useful mark 
for guiding the eye of the reader to the
 unity of the sentence4 ,it is          
particularly useful in legal pleadings  
where there is much repetition of       
statement and great elaboration of      
detail4 ,in such cases commas1          
semicolons1 and even parentheses are so 
multiplied that the relation of the     
clauses is lost sight of4 ,the confusion
 thus arising may often be cleared up by
 intelligent use of the dash4  ,the dash
 is sometimes used to connect a side    
heading with the text that follows1 or  
to connect the end of that text with the

 name of the writer4      ,a ,,rule     
,,for ,,peace4--,if it be possible1 as  
much as lieth in you1 live     peaceably
 with all men4--,st4 ,paul4  ,the dash  
is sometimes used in catalogue work as a
 ditto mark4      ,,de ,,vinne1         
,,theodore ,,low4 ,historic ,printing   
,types4 ,new ,york1 #ahhf4     ----,the 
,invention of ,printing4 ,francis ,hart 
,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahgh4     ----,plain 
,printing ,types4 ,oswald ,publishing   
,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiad4  ,french       
printers use the dash in printing       
dialogue as a partial substitute for    
quotation marks4 ,quotation marks are   
placed at the beginning and end of the  
dialogue and a dash precedes each       
speech4 ,this form is used even if the  
dialogue is extended over many pages4   
,rules for the ,use of the ,dash  #a4   
,to mark abrupt changes in sentiment and
 in construction4      ,have you ever   
heard--but how should you hear8  #b4 ,to
 mark pauses and repetitions used for   
dramatic or rhetorical effect4          

,they make a desert1 and call it--peace4
     ,thou1 great ,anna1 whom three     
states obey1     ,who sometimes counsel 
takes--and sometimes tea4  #c4 ,to      
express in one sentence great           
contrariety of action or emotion or to  
increase the speed of the discourse by a
 succession of snappy phrases4      ,she
 starts--she moves--she seems to feel   
,the thrill of life along her keel4  ,in
 this connection ,de,vinne gives the    
following excellent example from        
,sterne3      ,nature instantly ebbed   
again2--the film returned to its        
place2--the     pulse                   
fluttered1--stopped1--went              
on1--throbbed1--stopped                 
again1--moved1--stopped1--,shall ,i go  
on8--,no4  ,attention may be called to  
,sterne's use of the semicolon and the  
comma with the dash1 a use now obsolete 
except in rare cases4  #d4 ,to separate 
the repetition or different             
amplifications of the same statement4   
,the infinite importance of what he has 

to do--the goading conviction     that  
it must be done--the dreadful           
combination in his mind of both     the 
necessity and the incapacity--the       
despair of crowding the     concerns of 
an age into a moment--the impossibility 
of beginning a     repentance which     
should have been completed--of setting  
about a     peace which should have been
 concluded--of suing for a pardon which 
should have been obtained--all these    
complicated concerns     intolerably    
augment the sufferings of the victims4  
#e4 ,at the end of a series of phrases  
which depend upon a concluding clause4  
,railroads and steamships1 factories and
 warehouses1 wealth and                 
luxury--these are not civilization4  #f4
 ,when a sentence is abruptly           
terminated4      ,if ,i thought he said 
it ,i  would--  #g4 ,to precede         
expressions which are added to an       
apparently completed sentence1 but which
 refer to some previous part of the     
sentence4      ,he wondered what the    

foreman would say--he had a way of      
saying the     unexpected4  #h4 ,to     
connect extreme dates in time           
indication4      ,the war of            
#ahfa--ahfe4 ,the war of #ahfa-ahfe4    
#i4 ,to define verse references in the  
,bible or page references in books4     
,matt4 v3 #a--aa4  ,matt4 v3 #a-aa4     
,see pp4 #ej--ec4  ,see pp4 #ej-ec4     
,,note4 ,in instances such as given in  
the two preceding rules the en dash may 
sometimes serve if the em dash appears  
too conspicuous4  #aj4 ,a dash preceded 
by a colon is sometimes used before a   
long quotation forming a new paragraph4 
,in other cases no point need accompany 
the dash4  ,the dash is sometimes used  
as a substitute for commas4 ,writers on 
the subject say that this use occurs    
when the connection between the         
parenthetical clause and the context is 
closer than would be indicated by       
commas4 ,the distinction1 if real1 is   
difficult to see4 ,it would be better if
 none but the most experienced writers  

attempted the use of the dash in this   
way4  ,dashes are often used instead of 
marks of parenthesis4 ,it is better to  
let each mark do its own work4     ,,the
 ,,parenthesis   ,the parenthesis1      
commonly used in pairs1 encloses        
expressions which have no essential     
connection with the rest of the         
sentence1 but are important to its full 
comprehension4 ,it is liable to be      
neglected by writers because the dash is
 easier to make1 and by printers because
 it is generally thought to mar the     
beauty of the line4 ,its distinct uses1 
however1 should not be neglected4       
,rules for the ,use of the ,parenthesis 
#a4 ,to introduce into a sentence matter
 which is not essentially connected with
 the rest of the sentence1 but aids in  
making it clear4      ,trouble began    
when the apprentice 7who had been       
strictly forbidden     to do so7        
undertook to do some work on his own    
account4      ,this year 7#aiad7 saw the
 outbreak of a general war4  #b4 ,in    

reports of speeches to enclose the name 
of a person who has been referred to1 or
 to indicate expressions on the part of 
the audience4      ,the honorable       
gentleman who has just spoken 7,mr4     
,lodge7 has no     superior on this     
floor in his knowledge of international 
law4     7,applause47  #c4 ,parentheses 
enclosing interrogation points or       
exclamation points are sometimes        
introduced into a sentence to cast doubt
 on a statement or to express surprise  
or contempt4      ,he said that on the  
fifth of ,january 787 he was in ,new    
,york4      ,this most excellent 767    
gentleman4  #d4 ,parentheses are used1  
generally in pairs1 sometimes singly1 to
 enclose the reference letters or       
figures used to mark division and       
classification in arguments or in       
precise statements4      ,this is done  
because3 7a7 it is clearer2 7b7 it is   
shorter4  ,these signs may be printed in
 several ways4      7a7 a7 7a7 a7 7#a7  
#a7 7#a7 #a7  ,the old-fashioned form of

 parenthesis1 always made too thin1 may 
need a thin space between it and its    
adjoining character when it is placed   
too close to any letter that nearly     
fills the body in height1 as in 7 ,hall 
74 ,the space may not be needed when the
 proximate character has a shoulder1 as 
in 7 ,art71 or when the parenthesis     
follows a period47  ,the italic form of 
parenthesis is objectionable in book    
work4 ,distinction is sought for the    
word in italic and not for the          
parenthesis enclosing the word4 ,the    
italic parenthesis may be used in       
job-work or full display lines of italic
 letters4     ,,the ,,bracket           
,brackets are used in pairs1 like the   
parentheses4 ,in ,job composition either
 brackets or parentheses may be used1 as
 suits the fancy or is convenient4 ,in  
descriptive text matter1 however1       
brackets should not be used where       
parentheses are clearly indicated4      
,rules for the ,use of the ,bracket  #a4
 ,to enclose words or phrases which are 

entirely independent of the rest of the 
sentence4  ,the enclosed words are      
usually comments1 queries1 corrections1 
criticisms1 or directions inserted by   
some person other than the original     
writer or speaker4  #b4 ,to enclose     
passages of doubtful authenticity in    
reprints of early manuscripts1 special  
amendments to bills under legislative   
consideration1 or any other portions of 
a text which need peculiar              
identification4  #c4 ,in legal or       
ecclesiastical papers to indicate       
numerical words which may have to be    
changed1 or to indicate where details   
are to be supplied4      ,this is the   
first second or third publication4      
,the officers shall remain in office    
here state the time or until     their  
successors are duly qualified4  #d4 ,to 
avoid the confusion caused by a         
parenthesis within a parenthesis4  #e4  
,a single bracket is used to enclose the
 ending of a long line of poetry which  
will not fit the register and has to be 

run over into an adjoining line4  ,doubt
 whether to use parentheses or brackets 
can usually be settled by this general  
principle3  ,parentheses always enclose 
remarks apparently made by the writer of
 the text4 ,brackets enclose remarks    
certainly made by the editor or reporter
 of that text4     ,,the ,,interrogation
   ,the interrogation is the point that 
asks questions4 ,it should always be    
placed outside quotation marks unless it
 is a part of the quotation itself4     
,rules for the ,use of the              
,interrogation  #a4 ,the interrogation  
point is used at the end of every direct
 question4      ,are you there8         
,indirect questions1 that is1 statements
 that a question has been asked1 do not 
require the interrogation4      ,he     
asked me if ,i was there4     ,he asked 
the question1 ,are you there8 and       
received no answer4  #b4 ,at the end of 
each of a series of questions thrown    
into a single sentence4      ,did he    
speak in an ordinary tone8 or shout8 or 

whisper8  #c4 ,the interrogation1 like a
 certain inflection in the voice1 may   
indicate that a sentence1 though        
declarative in form1 is really a        
question and requires an answer4        
,you are1 of course1 familiar with ,new 
,york8     ,,the ,,exclamation   ,the   
exclamation mark is the mark of strong  
emotion4   ,rules for the ,use of the   
,exclamation  #a4 ,after every          
expression of great surprise or emotion4
      ,look1 my lord6 it comes6         
,angels and ministers of grace defend   
us6     ,alas6 my father4  #b4 ,after   
interjections and other exclamatory     
words4      ,hurrah6 ,good6 ,away6 ,oh6 
,where the exclamations are repeated    
without particularly emphasizing each   
one1 each may be followed by a comma    
except the last4      ,ha1 ha1 ha6      
,that's a good joke6  ,o used as a      
vocative or to express a desire or      
imprecation does not call for an        
exclamation4      ,o ,john4     ,oh1    
yes4     ,o1 that night would come6     

,the exclamation is sometimes used in   
job printing to fill out a display line 
or for other inadequate reasons4 ,these 
uses should be avoided4     ,,the       
,,apostrophe   ,the apostrophe is       
primarily the sign of the possessive    
case1 but it has several other uses4    
,rules for the ,use of the ,apostrophe  
#a4 ,the apostrophe for the possessive  
case is added only to nouns1 not to the 
pronouns1 which have their distinct     
possessive forms4 ,its is a possessive  
pronoun4 ,it's is an abbreviation for it
 is4 ,do not use an apostrophe with the 
possessive adjectives hers1 ours1 yours1
 theirs1 its4  #b4 ,all nouns in the    
singular and all nouns in the plural    
except those ending in s take an        
apostrophe and s to form the possessive4
  ,nouns in the plural ending in s take 
an apostrophe only to form the          
possessive4  ,there is much difference  
of opinion as to the invariability of   
the rule concerning singular nouns in s4
 ,de,vinne advises following the        

pronunciation4 ,where the second s is   
not pronounced1 as often happens1 to    
avoid the prolonged hissing sound of    
another s1 he recommends omitting it in 
print4      ,moses' hat1 for ,moses's   
hat4     ,for conscience' sake4  #c4    
,the apostrophe indicates the omission  
of letters in dialect1 in familiar      
dialogue1 and in poetry4      ,that's   
'ow 'tis4     ',twas ever thus4  ,when  
two words are practically made into one 
syllable1 a thin space may be put before
 the apostrophe1 except that don't1     
can't1 won't1 and shan't are            
consolidated4 ,this use of a space      
serves to distinguish between the       
possessive in s and the contraction of  
is4      ,where death 's abroad and     
sorrow 's close behind4  #d4 ,figures   
expressing dates are often abbreviated1 
but it is not good general practice4    
,the boys of '#fa4     ,it happened in  
'#ad4  #e4 ,the apostrophe is used to   
form the plural of letters and figures4 
,cross your t's and dot your i's4       

,make #c's and #e's more plain4  ,except
 in these cases the apostrophe is not a 
plural sign and should be so used only  
when it is intended to reproduce a      
dialect or colloquialism4      ,wrong3  
,all the ,collins's were there4         
,right3 ,all the ,collinses were there4 
,the final ed of past tenses and past   
participles was formerly pronounced as a
 distinct syllable1 thus3 clos-ed1      
belov-ed1 and this pronunciation        
continued in common use in poetry long  
after it was discontinued in prose4     
,during this period of transition the   
modern pronunciation was indicated by   
dropping the e and using an apostrophe1 
thus3 clos'd1 belov'd4 ,it is now       
understood that while the full spelling 
is to be used1 the old pronunciation is 
not to be used unless specially         
indicated by placing a grave accent over
 the e of the last syllable1 thus3      
belovd4  ,at the same period poets1     
especially1 used an apostrophe to       
indicate a silent e as in ev'ry1 but the

 usage is now obsolete4  ,such          
abbreviations as ,dep't1 ,gov't1 ,sec'y1
 and the like1 are objectionable in     
print4 ,if such abbreviations are       
necessary it is better to use the forms 
,dept41 ,govt41 ,secy4     ,,the        
,,hyphen   ,the hyphen is used to join  
compound words2 to mark the division of 
a word too long to go entirely into one 
line2 to separate the syllables of words
 in order to show pronunciation2 as a   
leader in tabular work4 ,for this last  
purpose the period is to be preferred to
 any other mark in use4 ,tabular work   
without leaders is obscure and therefore
 objectionable4     ,,quotation ,,marks 
,quotation marks are signs used to      
indicate that the writer is giving      
exactly the words of another4 ,a ,french
 printer named ,morel used a comma in   
the outer margin to indicate a quoted   
line about #aeej4 ,about a century later
 another ,frenchman1 ,mnage1 introduced 
a mark 77 resembling a double           
parenthesis but shorter4 ,these marks   

were cast on the middle of the type body
 so that they could be reversed for use 
at either the beginning or the end of a 
quotation4 ,the ,french have retained   
these signs as their quotation marks    
ever since4  ,when the ,english adopted 
the use of quotation marks1 they did not
 take over the ,french marks1 but       
substituted two inverted commas at the  
beginning and two apostrophes at the end
 of the quoted paragraph4 ,these marks  
are typographically unsatisfactory4     
,they are weak and therefore hardly     
adequate to their purpose in aiding the 
understanding through the eye4 ,being   
cast on the upper part of the type body1
 they leave a blank space below and thus
 impair the beauty of the line and      
interfere with good spacing4 ,certain   
rules for the position of quotation     
marks when used with other marks are    
based upon these typographical          
considerations rather than upon logical 
considerations4   ,rules for the ,use of
 ,quotation ,marks  #a4 ,every direct   

quotation should be enclosed in double  
quotation marks4      ,i will go1 said  
he1 if ,i can4  ,reports of what another
 person has said when given in words    
other than his own are called indirect  
quotations and take no marks4      ,he  
said he would go if he could4  #b4 ,a   
quotation of several paragraphs requires
 quotation marks at the beginning of    
each paragraph1 but at the end of the   
last one only4 ,in legal documents1 and 
sometimes elsewhere1 quotations are     
defined and emphasized by putting double
 commas at the beginning of every line  
of the quotation4  ,the same result may 
be better obtained by using smaller     
type1 or indenting the quotation1 or    
both4  #c4 ,a quotation included within 
another quotation should be enclosed by 
single quotation marks4      ,he said3  
,i heard him cry ',put down that gun1'  
and then ,i heard a     shot4  #d4      
,titles of books1 essays1 art works1    
etc41 are usually enclosed in quotation 
marks4 ,when the books are supposedly   

familiar to all readers1 the marks are  
not used4 ,you would not print ,the     
,bible1 ,paradise ,lost1 ,the ,iliad4   
,the titles of books1 etc41 are         
sometimes printed in italics instead of 
being enclosed in quotation marks4 ,this
 is a matter of office style rather than
 of good or bad practice4  #e4 ,in      
writing about plays or books1 the name  
of the work may be quoted and the name  
of a character italicized4 ,this is done
 to avoid confusion between the play1   
the character1 and the real person      
portrayed4 ,william ,tell is a play4    
,william ,tell is a character in        
fiction4 ,william ,tell is a national   
hero of ,switzerland4  ,this usage is by
 no means uniform2 here again1 we are on
 the ground of office style4  #f4 ,names
 of vessels are sometimes quoted1       
sometimes italicized1 and sometimes     
printed without distinguishing marks4   
,here we are once more on the ground of 
office style4  #g4 ,sentences from a    
foreign language are usually enclosed in

 quotation marks4 ,single words or      
phrases are usually printed in italics4 
,both italics and quotation marks should
 not be used except under certain       
unusual conditions or when positively   
ordered by the author4  #h4 ,quotation  
marks may be used with a word to which  
the writer desires to attract particular
 attention or to which he desires to    
give an unusual1 technical1 or ironical 
meaning4      ,this gentleman needs a   
shave4  #i4 ,when a quotation is long or
 when it is introduced in a formal      
manner1 it is usually preceded by a     
colon4 ,isolated words or phrases call  
for no point after the introductory     
clause4 ,this is true when the phrases  
so quoted run to considerable length1   
provided there is no break in the flow  
of thought and expression4  #aj4 ,when a
 quotation ends a sentence the quotation
 marks are placed after the period4     
,the comma is always placed inside the  
quotation marks4  ,the position of the  
other marks 7semicolon1 colon1          

exclamation1 and interrogation7 is      
determined by the sense4 ,if they form a
 part of the matter quoted1 they go     
inside the quote marks2 if not1 they go 
outside them4  #aa4 ,when quotation     
marks occur at the beginning of a line  
of poetry1 they should go back into the 
indention space4      ,breathes there a 
man with soul so dead      ,who never to
 himself hath said1       ',this is my  
own1 my native land'8  ,this            
illustration is also a good example of  
the use of marks in combinations4 ,we   
have first the single quotation marking 
the end of the included quotation1 then 
the interrogation which ends the        
sentence1 then the double quotation     
marks in their proper position4         
,quotation marks should not be used     
needlessly4 ,very familiar expressions  
from the best known authors1 such as to 
the manor born1 a conscience void of    
offence1 with malice toward none and    
charity for all1 have become part of the
 current coin of speech and need not be 

quoted4 ,lists of words considered as   
words merely1 lists of books or plays1  
and other such copy should be printed   
without quotation marks4 ,sprinkling a  
page thickly with quotation marks not   
only spoils its appearance but makes it 
hard to read1 without adding to its     
clearness of meaning4     ,,general     
,,remarks   ,book titles are now set    
without points4 ,this fashion was       
introduced by ,pickering of ,london     
about #ahej4 ,this method is generally  
to the advantage of the title page thus 
treated4 ,it is possible1 however1 to   
carry it too far and so to obscure the  
sense4 ,commas should not be omitted    
from firm names1 such as ,longmans1     
,green  ,co41 as in case of such        
omission there is no way of knowing     
whether one or more persons are         
indicated4 ,punctuation should not be   
omitted from the titles which may       
accompany an author's name1 nor from the
 date if day and month are given as well
 as year4  ,avoid the doubling of points

 wherever possible4 ,when an            
abbreviation precedes a colon1 omit the 
period4 ,when an abbreviation precedes a
 comma1 the period is often inserted1   
but in many cases one or the other can  
be dropped to advantage4 ,the dash is   
not generally preceded by a comma1      
semicolon1 or colon in current printing 
usage4 ,a comma should rarely go before 
the first parenthesis4 ,if used at all  
with the parentheses1 it should follow  
the closing parenthesis4 ,when a        
complete sentence is enclosed in        
parentheses1 the period falls within the
 parentheses4 ,when the enclosure is a  
brief passage at the end of a sentence1 
the period falls outside the            
parentheses4  ,do not put a period      
before the apostrophe and the possessive
 s as in ,co4's4 ,the word ,company may 
be abbreviated to ,co4 although it is   
not desirable to do so if it can be     
avoided4 ,the possessive of ,co4 is     
,co's4     ,,summary   #a4 ,a comma     
separates clauses1 phrases1 and         

particles4  #b4 ,a semicolon separates  
different statements4  #c4 ,a colon is  
the transition point of the sentence4   
#d4 ,a period marks the end of a        
sentence4  #e4 ,a dash marks abruptness 
or irregularity4  #f4 ,parentheses      
enclose interpolations in the sentence4 
#g4 ,brackets enclose irregularities in 
the sentence4  #h4 ,an interrogation    
asks a question for an answer4  #i4 ,an 
exclamation marks surprise4  #aj4 ,an   
apostrophe marks elisions and the       
possessive case4  #aa4 ,quotation marks 
define quoted words4     ,,supplementary
 ,,reading   ,correct ,composition4 ,by 
,de,vinne4 ,oswald ,publishing ,company1
 ,new ,york4  ,the ,writer's ,desk      
,book4 ,by ,william ,dana ,orcutt4      
,frederick ,a4 ,stokes ,company1 ,new   
,york4  ,a ,manual for ,writers4 ,by    
,manly and ,powell4 ,the ,university of 
,chicago ,press1 ,chicago4  ,composition
 and ,rhetoric4 ,by ,lockwood and       
,emerson4 ,ginn  ,co41 ,boston4  ,the   
,art of ,writing and ,speaking the      

,english ,language4 ,by ,sherwin ,cody4 
,the ,old ,greek ,press1 ,chicago4      
,handbook of ,composition4 ,by ,edwin   
,d4 ,woolley4 ,d4 ,c4 ,heath  ,co41     
,boston4  ,english ,composition1 ,book  
,one1 ,enlarged4 ,by ,stratton ,d4      
,brooks4 ,ginn  ,co41 ,boston4          
,,review ,,questions   ,,suggestions    
,,to ,,students ,,and ,,instructors     
,the following questions1 based on the  
contents of this pamphlet1 are intended 
to serve 7#a7 as a guide to the study of
 the text1 7#b7 as an aid to the student
 in putting the information contained   
into definite statements without        
actually memorizing the text1 7#c7 as a 
means of securing from the student a    
reproduction of the information in his  
own words4  ,a careful following of the 
questions by the reader will insure full
 acquaintance with every part of the    
text1 avoiding the accidental omission  
of what might be of value4 ,these       
primers are so condensed that nothing   
should be omitted4  ,in teaching from   

these books it is very important that   
these questions and such others as may  
occur to the teacher should be made the 
basis of frequent written work1 and of  
final examinations4  ,the importance of 
written work cannot be overstated4 ,it  
not only assures knowledge of material1 
but the power to express that knowledge 
correctly and in good form4  ,if this   
written work can be submitted to the    
teacher in printed form it will be      
doubly useful4   ,,questions  #a4 ,what 
is punctuation8  #b4 ,how were ancient  
manuscripts written8  #c4 ,what were the
 first punctuation marks1 and how were  
they used8  #d4 ,what can you tell about
 punctuation marks in the manuscript    
period8  #e4 ,what can you tell about   
the punctuation of the early printers8  
#f4 ,who may be said to have            
systematized punctuation8  #g4 ,give the
 names of the principal punctuation     
marks and the meaning of the names4  #h4
 ,give a list of the punctuation marks  
now in use and show how they are made4  

#i4 ,name and describe the two systems  
of punctuation4  #aj4 ,what is the      
tendency in the use of punctuation8     
#aa4 ,why is it necessary for a         
compositor to understand punctuation8   
#ab4 ,when should the compositor follow 
copy and when not8  #ac4 ,what five     
general directions should always be     
remembered8  #ad4 ,what is the comma    
used for8  #ae4 ,what is the tendency in
 the use of commas8  #af4 ,what are     
reversed commas used for8  #ag4 ,how are
 commas used with numerals8  #ah4 ,how  
are commas used in table work8  #ai4    
,how are commas placed in relation to   
the words whose meaning they help8  #bj4
 ,give the rules for the use of the     
comma4  #ba4 ,what are the four general 
principles for the use of the comma8    
#bb4 ,what is the semicolon used for8   
#bc4 ,give the rules for the use of the 
semicolon4  #bd4 ,what is the colon used
 for8  #be4 ,give the rules for the use 
of the colon4  #bf4 ,what is the period 
used for8  #bg4 ,where are periods used8

  #bh4 ,where are periods omitted8  #bi4
 ,how do we use the period in connection
 with parentheses8  #cj4 ,how do we use 
the period in connection with quotation 
marks8  #ca4 ,what is the reason for    
this rule8  #cb4 ,what other uses has   
the period8  #cc4 ,what is the dash used
 for8  #cd4 ,what special use of the    
dash is found in ,french books8  #ce4   
,give the rules for the use of the dash4
  #cf4 ,are other punctuation marks used
 with the dash8  #cg4 ,what is the      
parenthesis used for8  #ch4 ,give the   
rules for the use of the parenthesis4   
#ci4 ,when would you use letter spacing 
with the parenthesis1 and why8  #dj4    
,what use is made of the italic         
parenthesis8  #da4 ,give the rules for  
the use of the brackets4  #db4 ,what is 
the distinction in use between the      
bracket and the parenthesis8  #dc4 ,what
 is the interrogation point used for8   
#dd4 ,give the rules for the use of the 
interrogation4  #de4 ,what is the       
exclamation point used for8  #df4 ,give 

the rules for the use of the            
exclamation4  #dg4 ,what is the         
apostrophe used for8  #dh4 ,give the    
rules for the use of the apostrophe4    
#di4 ,what is the use of the apostrophe 
in past participles8  #ej4 ,what is said
 of the use of the apostrophe in such   
abbreviations as ,dep't8  #ea4 ,what is 
the hyphen used for8  #eb4 ,what are    
quotation marks used for8  #ec4 ,give   
the rules for the use of quotation      
marks4  #ed4 ,when are quotation marks  
omitted8  #ee4 ,how are book titles now 
punctuated8  #ef4 ,should punctuation   
marks be doubled8  #eg4 ,how is the     
comma used with parentheses8  #eh4 ,how 
would you punctuate the possessive of an
 abbreviation1 for example1 the         
,doctor's house1 using the abbreviation 
,dr48  #ei4 ,give a brief summarized    
statement of the use of the twelve      
punctuation marks4     ,,glossary       
,,absolute--,free from the usual        
grammatical relations4                  
,,antecedent--,that to which a relative 

pronoun or a relative clause refers4    
,,apposition--,when the meaning of a    
noun or pronoun is made clear or        
emphatic by the use of another noun or  
pronoun1 the two are said to be in      
apposition4  ,,clause--,a group of words
 consisting of a subject and predicate  
with their modifiers and forming a part 
of a sentence2 a sentence within a      
sentence4  ,,compound ,,sentence--,a    
sentence consisting of several clauses4 
,,co,,rdinate ,,clauses--,clauses of    
equal rank4  ,,declarative              
,,sentence--,a sentence which states a  
fact4  ,,exclamatory ,,sentence--,a     
sentence which utters an exclamation4   
,,independent ,,adverbs--,adverbs not in
 grammatical relations with other words 
in the sentence4  ,,interrogative       
,,sentence--,a sentence which asks a    
question4  ,,minor ,,clauses--,clauses  
other than the principal clause or main 
statement of a sentence4                
,,parenthetical--,incidental2 not an    
essential part of a sentence or         

statement4  ,,particle--,one of the     
minor parts of speech not inflected1    
that is1 not undergoing changes in form4
  ,,phrase--,an expression consisting   
usually of but a few words1 denoting a  
single idea1 or forming a separate part 
of a sentence4  ,,relative ,,clause--,a 
clause joined to the rest of the        
sentence by a relative pronoun4         
,,salutation--,a form of greeting1      
especially at the beginning or end of a 
letter4  ,,salutatory ,,phrase--,the    
words forming a salutation1 or greeting4
     ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series 
,,for ,,apprentices   ,the following    
list of publications1 comprising the    
,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for
 ,,apprentices1 has been prepared under 
the supervision of the ,committee on    
,education of the ,united ,typothetae of
 ,america for use in trade classes1 in  
course of printing instruction1 and by  
individuals4  ,each publication has been
 compiled by a competent author or group
 of authors1 and carefully edited1 the  

purpose being to provide the printers of
 the ,united ,states--employers1        
journeymen1 and apprentices--with a     
comprehensive series of handy and       
inexpensive compendiums of reliable1    
up-to-date information upon the various 
branches and specialties of the printing
 craft1 all arranged in orderly fashion 
for progressive study4  ,the            
publications of the series are of       
uniform size1 #eh inches4 ,their general
 make-up1 in typography1 illustrations1 
etc41 has been1 as far as practicable1  
kept in harmony throughout4 ,a brief    
synopsis of the particular contents and 
other chief features of each volume will
 be found under each title in the       
following list4  ,each topic is treated 
in a concise manner1 the aim being to   
embody in each publication as completely
 as possible all the rudimentary        
information and essential facts         
necessary to an understanding of the    
subject4 ,care has been taken to make   
all statements accurate and clear1 with 

the purpose of bringing essential       
information within the understanding of 
beginners in the different fields of    
study4 ,wherever practicable1 simple and
 well-defined drawings and illustrations
 have been used to assist in giving     
additional clearness to the text4  ,in  
order that the pamphlets may be of the  
greatest possible help for use in       
trade-school classes and for            
self-instruction1 each title is         
accompanied by a list of ,review        
,questions covering essential items of  
the subject matter4 ,a short ,glossary  
of technical terms belonging to the     
subject or department treated is also   
added to many of the books4  ,these are 
the ,official ,text-books of the ,united
 ,typothetae of ,america4  ,address all 
orders and inquiries to ,,committee ,,on
 ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of
 ,,america1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois1 ,u4  
,s4 ,a4   ,,part ,i--,types1 ,tools1    
,machines1 and ,materials  #a4 ,type3 a 
,primer of ,information                 

,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,relating to 
the mechanical features of printing     
types2 their sizes1      font schemes1  
etc41 with a brief description of their 
manufacture4      #dd pp42 illustrated2 
#gd review questions2 glossary4  #b4    
,compositors' ,tools and ,materials     
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,a primer of 
information about composing sticks1     
galleys1 leads1      brass rules1       
cutting and mitering machines1 etc4 #dg 
pp42      illustrated2 #ej review       
questions2 glossary4  #c4 ,type ,cases1 
,composing ,room ,furniture             
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,a primer of 
information about type cases1 work      
stands1 cabinets1      case racks1      
galley racks1 standing galleys1 etc4 #dc
 pp42      illustrated2 #cc review      
questions2 glossary4  #d4 ,imposing     
,tables and ,lock-up ,appliances        
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,describing  
the tools and materials used in locking 
up forms for the      press1 including  
some modern utilities for special       

purposes4 #ei      pp42 illustrated2 #gj
 review questions2 glossary4  #e4 ,proof
 ,presses                               
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,a primer of 
information about the customary methods 
and machines      for taking printers'  
proofs4 #dj pp42 illustrated2 #da review
      questions2 glossary4  #f4 ,platen 
,printing ,presses                      
,by ,daniel ,baker       ,a primer of   
information regarding the history and   
mechanical      construction of platen  
printing presses1 from the original hand
      press to the modern job press1 to 
which is added a chapter on             
automatic presses of small size4 #ea    
pp42 illustrated2 #di review            
questions2 glossary4  #g4 ,cylinder     
,printing ,presses                   ,by
 ,herbert ,l4 ,baker       ,being a     
study of the mechanism and operation of 
the principal types      of cylinder    
printing machines4 #fd pp42 illustrated2
 #dg review      questions2 glossary4   
#h4 ,mechanical ,feeders and ,folders   

,by ,william ,e4 ,spurrier       ,the   
history and operation of modern feeding 
and folding machines2      with hints on
 their care and adjustments4            
,illustrated2 review      questions2    
glossary4  #i4 ,power for ,machinery in 
,printing ,houses         ,by ,carl ,f4 
,scott       ,a treatise on the methods 
of applying power to printing presses   
and      allied machinery with          
particular reference to electric drive4 
#ec      pp42 illustrated2 #fi review   
questions2 glossary4  #aj4 ,paper       
,cutting ,machines                      
,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4       ,a primer of
 information about paper and card       
trimmers1 hand-lever      cutters1 power
 cutters1 and other automatic machines  
for cutting      paper1 #gj pp42        
illustrated2 #aae review questions2     
glossary4  #aa4 ,printers' ,rollers     
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,a primer of 
information about the composition1      
manufacture1 and      care of inking    
rollers4 #df pp42 illustrated2 #fa      

review questions2      glossary4  #ab4  
,printing ,inks                         
,by ,philip ,ruxton       ,their        
composition1 properties and manufacture 
7reprinted by      permission from      
,circular ,no4 #ec1 ,united ,states     
,bureau of      ,standards72 together   
with some helpful suggestions about the 
everyday use of printing inks by ,philip
 ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review          
questions2 glossary4  #ac4 ,how ,paper  
is ,made                  ,by ,william  
,bond ,wheelwright       ,a primer of   
information about the materials and     
processes of      manufacturing paper   
for printing and writing4 #fh pp42      
illustrated2      #fb review questions2 
glossary4  #ad4 ,relief ,engravings     
,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan       ,brief   
history and non-technical description of
 modern methods of      engraving2      
woodcut1 zinc plate1 halftone2 kind of  
copy for      reproduction2 things to   
remember when ordering engravings4      
,illustrated2 review questions2         

glossary4  #ae4 ,electrotyping and      
,sterotyping                            
,by ,harris ,b4 ,hatch and ,a4 ,a4      
,stewart       ,a primer of information 
about the processes of electrotyping and
      stereotyping4 #id pp42            
illustrated2 #abi review questions2     
glossaries4   ,,part ,,ii--,hand and    
,machine ,composition  #af4 ,typesetting
                                   ,by  
,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,a handbook for  
beginners1 giving information about     
justifying1      spacing1 correcting1   
and other matters relating to           
typesetting4      ,illustrated2 review  
questions2 glossary4  #ag4 ,printers'   
,proofs                              ,by
 ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,the methods by 
which they are made1 marked1 and        
corrected1 with      observations on    
proofreading4 ,illustrated2 review      
questions2      glossary4  #ah4 ,first  
,steps in ,job ,composition             
,by ,camille ,de,vze       ,suggestions 
for the apprentice compositor in setting

 his first      jobs1 especially about  
the important little things which go to 
make      good display in typography4   
#fc pp42 examples2 #ee review questions2
      glossary4  #ai4 ,general ,job     
,composition       ,how the job         
compositor handles business stationery1 
programs and      miscellaneous work4   
,illustrated2 review questions2         
glossary4  #bj4 ,book ,composition      
,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell       ,chapters   
from ,de,vinne's ,modern ,methods of    
,book ,composition1      revised and    
arranged for this series of text-books  
by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell      of ,the       
,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,part ,i3 
,composition of pages4 ,part      ,,ii3 
,imposition of pages4 #bbi pp42         
illustrated2 #ebe review      questions2
 glossary4  #ba4 ,tabular ,composition  
,by ,robert ,seaver       ,a study of   
the elementary forms of table           
composition1 with examples      of more 
difficult composition4 #cf pp42         
examples2 #de review      questions4    

#bb4 ,applied ,arithmetic               
,by ,e4 ,e4 ,sheldon       ,elementary  
arithmetic applied to problems of the   
printing trade1      calculation of     
materials1 paper weights and sizes1 with
 standard      tables and rules for     
computation1 each subject amplified with
      examples and exercises4 #aei pp4  
#bc4 ,typecasting and ,composing        
,machines        ,a4 ,w4 ,finlay1       
,editor       ,section ,i--,the         
,linotype                        ,by ,l4
 ,a4 ,hornstein      ,section ,,ii--,the
 ,monotype                           ,by
 ,joseph ,hays      ,section ,,iii--,the
 ,intertype                    ,by      
,henry ,w4 ,cozzens      ,section       
,,iv--,other ,typecasting and           
,typesetting ,machines                  
,by ,frank ,h4 ,smith       ,a brief    
history of typesetting machines1 with   
descriptions of their      mechanical   
principles and operations4 ,illustrated2
 review      questions2 glossary4       
,,part ,,iii--,imposition and ,stonework

  #bd4 ,locking ,forms for the ,job     
,press              ,by ,frank ,s4      
,henry       ,things the apprentice     
should know about locking up small      
forms1 and      about general work on   
the stone4 ,illustrated2 review         
questions2      glossary4  #be4         
,preparing ,forms for the ,cylinder     
,press       ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry      
,pamphlet and catalog imposition2       
margins2 fold marks1 etc4 ,methods      
of handling type forms and electrotype  
forms4 ,illustrated2 review             
questions2 glossary4   ,,part           
,,iv--,presswork  #bf4 ,making ,ready on
 ,platen ,presses                 ,by   
,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew       ,the essential   
parts of a press and their functions2   
distinctive      features of commonly   
used machines4 ,preparing the tympan1   
regulating the impression1 underlaying  
and overlaying1 setting      gauges1 and
 other details explained4 ,illustrated2 
review questions2      glossary4  #bg4  
,cylinder ,presswork                    

,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew       ,preparing   
the press2 adjustment of bed and        
cylinder1 form rollers1      ink        
fountain1 grippers and delivery systems4
 ,underlaying and      overlaying2      
modern overlay methods4 ,illustrated2   
review questions2      glossary4  #bh4  
,pressroom ,hints and ,helps            
,by ,charles ,l4 ,dunton                
,describing some practical methods of   
pressroom work1 with      directions and
 useful information relating to a       
variety of      printing-press problems4
 #hg pp42 #agf review questions4  #bi4  
,reproductive ,processes of the ,graphic
 ,arts      ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson       ,a 
primer of information about the         
distinctive features of the      relief1
 the intaglio1 and the planographic     
processes of printing4      #hd pp42    
illustrated2 #ajj review questions2     
glossary4   ,,part ,v--,pamphlet and    
,book ,binding  #cj4 ,pamphlet ,binding 
,by ,bancroft ,l4 ,goodwin       ,a     
primer of information about the various 

operations employed in      binding     
pamphlets and other work in the bindery4
 ,illustrated2      review questions2   
glossary4  #ca4 ,book ,binding          
,by ,john ,j4 ,pleger       ,practical  
information about the usual operations  
in binding books2      folding2         
gathering1 collating1 sewing1           
forwarding1 finishing4 ,case      making
 and cased-in books4 ,hand work and     
machine work4 ,job and      blank-book  
binding4 ,illustrated2 review questions2
 glossary4   ,,part ,,vi--,correct      
,literary ,composition  #cb4 ,word      
,study and ,english ,grammar            
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a primer of
 information about words1 their         
relations1 and their      uses4 #fh pp42
 #hd review questions2 glossary4  #cc4  
,punctuation                            
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a primer of
 information about the marks of         
punctuation and their      use1 both    
grammatically and typographically4 #ef  
pp42 #ei review      questions2         

glossary4  #cd4 ,capitals               
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a primer of
 information about capitalization1 with 
some practical      typographic hints as
 to the use of capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib   
review      questions2 glossary4  #ce4  
,division of ,words                     
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,rules for  
the division of words at the ends of    
lines1 with remarks      on spelling1   
syllabication and pronunciation4 #db    
pp42 #gj review      questions4  #cf4   
,compound ,words                        
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a study of 
the principles of compounding1 the      
components of      compounds1 and the   
use of the hyphen4 #cd pp42 #fb review  
questions4  #cg4 ,abbreviations and     
,signs                      ,by ,f4 ,w4 
,hamilton       ,a primer of information
 about abbreviations and signs1 with    
classified lists of those in most common
 use4 #eh pp42 #cb review               
questions4  #ch4 ,the ,uses of ,italic  
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a primer of

 information about the history and uses 
of italic      letters4 #ca pp42 #cg    
review questions4  #ci4 ,proofreading   
,by ,arnold ,levitas       ,the         
technical phases of the proofreader's   
work2 reading1 marking1      revising1  
etc42 methods of handling proofs and    
copy4 ,illustrated by      examples4 #ei
 pp42 #fi review questions2 glossary4   
#dj4 ,preparation of ,printers' ,copy   
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,suggestions
 for authors1 editors1 and all who are  
engaged in      preparing copy for the  
composing room4 #cf pp42 #fg review     
questions4  #da4 ,printers' ,manual of  
,style       ,a reference compilation of
 approved rules1 usages1 and suggestions
      relating to uniformity in         
punctuation1 capitalization1            
abbreviations1 numerals1 and kindred    
features of composition4  #db4 ,the     
,printer's ,dictionary                  
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart       ,a handbook  
of definitions and miscellaneous        
information about      various processes

 of printing1 alphabetically arranged4  
,technical      terms explained4        
,illustrated4   ,,part ,,vii--,design1  
,color1 and ,lettering  #dc4 ,applied   
,design for ,printers                   
,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage       ,a handbook  
of the principles of arrangement1 with  
brief comment on      the periods of    
design which have most influenced       
printing4 ,treats      of harmony1      
balance1 proportion1 and rhythm2 motion2
 symmetry and      variety2 ornament1   
esthetic and symbolic4 #cg              
illustrations2 #df      review          
questions2 glossary2 bibliography4  #dd4
 ,elements of ,typographic ,design      
,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage       ,applications
 of the principles of decorative design4
 ,building      material of typography  
paper1 types1 ink1 decorations and      
illustrations4 ,handling of shapes4     
,design of complete book1      treating 
each part4 ,design of commercial forms  
and single units4      ,illustrations2  
review questions2 glossary2             

bibliography4  #de4 ,rudiments of ,color
 in ,printing                ,by ,harry 
,l4 ,gage       ,use of color3 for      
decoration of black and white1 for broad
 poster      effect1 in combinations of 
two1 three1 or more printings with      
process engravings4 ,scientific nature  
of color1 physical and      chemical4   
,terms in which color may be discussed3 
hue1 value1      intensity4 ,diagrams in
 color1 scales and combinations4 ,color 
theory      of process engraving4       
,experiments with color4 ,illustrations 
in full      color1 and on various      
papers4 ,review questions2 glossary2    
bibliography4  #df4 ,lettering in       
,typography                       ,by   
,harry ,l4 ,gage       ,printer's use of
 lettering3 adaptability and decorative 
effect4      ,development of historic   
writing and lettering and its influence 
on      type design4 ,classification of 
general forms in lettering4             
,application of design to lettering4    
,drawing for reproduction4 ,fully       

illustrated2 review questions2 glossary2
 bibliography4  #dg4 ,typographic       
,design in ,advertising             ,by 
,harry ,l4 ,gage       ,the printer's   
function in advertising4 ,precepts upon 
which      advertising is based4        
,printer's analysis of his copy4        
,emphasis1      legibility1 attention1  
color4 ,method of studying advertising  
typography4 ,illustrations2 review      
questions2 glossary2      bibliography4 
#dh4 ,making ,dummies and ,layouts      
,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage       ,a layout3   
the architectural plan4 ,a dummy3 the   
imitation of a      proposed final      
effect4 ,use of dummy in sales work4    
,use of layout4      ,function of layout
 man4 ,binding schemes for dummies4     
,dummy      envelopes4 ,illustrations2  
review questions2 glossary2             
bibliography4   ,,part ,,viii--,history 
of ,printing  #di4 ,books ,before       
,typography                      ,by ,f4
 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a primer of       
information about the invention of the  

alphabet and the      history of        
bookmaking up to the invention of       
movable types4 #fb pp42                 
illustrated2 #fd review questions4  #ej4
 ,the ,invention of ,typography         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sketch of the invention of printing and 
how it came about4      #fd pp42 #fb    
review questions4  #ea4 ,history of     
,printing--,part ,i                  ,by
 ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a primer of   
information about the beginnings of     
printing1 the      development of the   
book1 the development of printers'      
materials1      and the work of the     
great pioneers4 #fc pp42 #ee review     
questions4  #eb4 ,history of            
,printing--,part ,,ii                   
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sketch of the economic conditions of the
 printing industry      from #adej to   
#aghi1 including government regulations1
 censorship1      internal conditions   
and industrial relations4 #id pp42 #abh 
review      questions4  #ec4 ,printing  

in ,england                          ,by
 ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a short       
history of printing in ,england from    
,caxton to the present      time4 #hi   
pp42 #fe review questions4  #ed4        
,printing in ,america                   
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sketch of the development of the        
newspaper1 and some notes      on       
publishers who have especially          
contributed to printing4 #ih pp42       
#hd review questions4  #ee4 ,type and   
,presses in ,america                    
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
historical sketch of the development of 
type casting and      press building in 
the ,united ,states4 #eb pp42 #fa review
 questions4   ,,part ,,ix--,cost        
,finding and ,accounting  #ef4 ,elements
 of ,cost in ,printing                  
,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter       ,the       
,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and     
their uses4 ,what they should      show4
 ,how to utilize the information they   
give4 ,review questions4      ,glossary4

  #eg4 ,use of a ,cost ,system          
,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter       ,the       
,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and     
their uses4 ,what they should      show4
 ,how to utilize the information they   
give4 ,review questions4      ,glossary4
  #eh4 ,the ,printer as a ,merchant     
,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter       ,the       
selection and purchase of materials and 
supplies for printing4      ,the        
relation of the cost of raw material and
 the selling price of      the finished 
product4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4  
#ei4 ,fundamental ,principles of        
,estimating        ,by ,henry ,p4       
,porter       ,the estimator and his    
work2 forms to use2 general rules for   
estimating4 ,review questions4          
,glossary4  #fj4 ,estimating and        
,selling                      ,by ,henry
 ,p4 ,porter       ,an insight into the 
methods used in making estimates1 and   
their      relation to selling4 ,review 
questions4 ,glossary4  #fa4 ,accounting 
for ,printers                     ,by   

,henry ,p4 ,porter       ,a brief       
outline of an accounting system for     
printers2 necessary      books and      
accessory records4 ,review questions4   
,glossary4   ,,part ,x--,miscellaneous  
#fb4 ,health1 ,sanitation1 and ,safety  
,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter       ,hygiene in
 the printing trade2 a study of         
conditions old and new2      practical  
suggestions for improvement2 protective 
appliances and      rules for safety4   
#fc4 ,topical ,index                    
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a book of  
reference covering the topics treated in
 the ,typographic      ,technical       
,series1 alphabetically arranged4  #fd4 
,courses of ,study                      
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a guidebook
 for teachers1 with outlines and        
suggestions for      classroom and shop 
work4     ,,acknowledgment   ,this      
series of ,typographic ,text-books is   
the result of the splendid co-operation 
of a large number of firms and          
individuals engaged in the printing     

business and its allied industries in   
the ,united ,states of ,america4  ,the  
,committee on ,education of the ,united 
,typothetae of ,america1 under whose    
auspices the books have been prepared   
and published1 acknowledges its         
indebtedness for the generous assistance
 rendered by the many authors1 printers1
 and others identified with this work4  
,while due acknowledgment is made on the
 title and copyright pages of those     
contributing to each book1 the          
,committee nevertheless felt that a     
group list of co-operating firms would  
be of interest4  ,the following list is 
not complete1 as it includes only those 
who have co-operated in the production  
of a portion of the volumes1            
constituting the first printing4 ,as    
soon as the entire list of books        
comprising the ,typographic ,technical  
,series has been completed 7which the   
,committee hopes will be at an early    
date71 the full list will be printed in 
each volume4  ,the ,committee also      

desires to acknowledge its indebtedness 
to the many subscribers to this ,series 
who have patiently awaited its          
publication4  ,,committee ,,on          
,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of 
,,america4    ,,henry ,p4 ,,porter1     
,chairman1   ,e4 ,,lawrence ,,fell1     
,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbrenner1   ,j4 ,,clyde   
,,oswald1   ,,toby ,,rubovits4          
,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education  
,director4     ,,contributors   ,for    
,composition and ,electrotypes  ,,isaac 
,h4 ,,blanchard ,,company1 ,new ,york1  
,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank  ,,co41       
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cushing   
,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,devinne 
,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4    
,,donnelley  ,,sons ,,co41 ,chicago1    
,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,boston1
 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,winter-,,hebb1        
,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,franklin ,,printing  
,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4  
,,gilson ,,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4     
,,stephen ,,greene  ,,co41              
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall      

,,printing ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,j4   
,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1  
,pa4 ,,mccalla  ,,co4 ,,inc41           
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,patteson    
,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,the   
,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4    
,,poole ,,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill4        
,,edward ,,stern  ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 
,pa4 ,,the ,,stone ,,printing  ,,mfg4   
,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4           
,,traphagen1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,the      
,,university ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4
  ,for ,composition  ,,boston           
,,typothetae ,,school ,,of ,,printing1  
,boston1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell    
,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the        
,,kalkhoff ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4   
,y4 ,,oxford-,,print1 ,boston1 ,mass4   
,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,chicago1 ,ill4  ,for
 ,electrotypes  ,,blomgren ,,brothers   
,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,flower ,,steel 
,,electrotyping ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4  
,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,peters  ,,son ,,co41      
,boston1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype   
,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4      

,,whitcomb  ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4  ,for
 ,engravings  ,,american ,,type         
,,founders ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4   
,b4 ,,cottrell  ,,sons ,,co41 ,westerly1
 ,r4 ,i4 ,,golding ,,manufacturing      
,,co41 ,franklin1 ,mass4 ,,harvard      
,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4        
,,inland ,,printer ,,co41 ,chicago1     
,ill4 ,,lanston ,,monotype ,,machine    
,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4          
,,mergenthaler ,,linotype ,,company1    
,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill
 ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald       
,,publishing ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 
,,the ,,printing ,,art1 ,cambridge1     
,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,rising ,,paper         
,,company1 ,housatonic1 ,mass4 ,,the    
,,vandercook ,,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4   
,for ,book ,paper  ,,american ,,writing 
,,paper ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,west  
,,virginia ,,pulp  ,,paper ,,co41       
,mechanicville1 ,n4 ,y4