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,transcriber's note3  ,the spelling and 
punctuation in the original are         
idiosyncratic and inconsistent4 ,no     
changes have been made except as        
explicitly noted at the end of this     
e-text4  ,this e-text includes a number 
of phrases and passages in ,greek1 as   
well as a few special characters        
including    4 ,if these characters do  
not display properly1 or if the         
quotation marks in this paragraph appear
 as garbage1 make sure your text        
reader's 8character set0 or #8file      
encoding' is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74
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default font4 ,as a last resort1 use the
 latin-#a version of this file instead4 
,,sylva3 ,,or ,a ,,discourse       ,,of 
,,forest ,,trees  ,,the                 
,,propagation ,,of ,,timber        ,v ,o
 ,l ,u ,m ,e  ,o ,n ,e                  

,illustration3 ,john ,evelyn   ,from the
 engraving by ,r4 ,nanteuil             
,s ,y ,l ,v ,a     ,,or ,a ,,discourse  
,,of ,,forest   ,,trees3 ,,by ,,john    
,,evelyn ,f4,r4,s4    ,,with ,,an       
,,essay ,,on ,,the ,,life      ,,and    
,,works ,,of ,,the ,,author        ,,by 
,,john ,,nisbet ,d4c4       ,a ,,reprint
 ,,of ,,the ,,fourth      ,,edition ,,in
 ,,two ,,volumes             ,,volume   
,,one     ,,london3 ,,published ,,by    
,,arthur    ,,doubleday  ,,company      
,,limited    ,,at #h ,,york ,,buildings 
,,adelphi     ,,contents4     ,,volume  
,i4    ,introduction                    
page    ix   ,title ,page of #dth       
,edition                                
lxxiii   ,to the ,king                  
lxxv   ,to the ,reader                  
lxxvii   ,advertisement                 
xcix   ,books published by the ,author  
ci   ,amico carissimo                   
cii   ,nobilissimo ,viro                
ciii                                    
cvi   ,the ,garden4--,to ,j4 ,evelyn1   

,esq4                                   
cvii    ,,book ,i4    ,,chapter   ,i4   
,of the ,earth1 ,soil1 ,seed1 ,air1 and 
,water             #a           ,,ii4   
,of the ,seminary and of ,transplanting 
#ab          ,,iii4 ,of the ,oak        
#cj           ,,iv4 ,of the ,elm        
#fb            ,v4 ,of the ,beech       
#ge           ,,vi4 ,of the ,horn-beam  
#ha          ,,vii4 ,of the ,ash        
#hf         ,,viii4 ,of the ,chesnut    
#id           ,,ix4 ,of the ,wallnut    
#aja            ,x4 ,of the ,service1   
and black cherry-tree              #aaa 
,,xi4 ,of the ,maple                    
#aae          ,,xii4 ,of the ,sycomor   
#aba         ,,xiii4 ,of the ,lime-,tree
                                   #abb 
,,xiv4 ,of the ,poplar1 ,aspen1 and     
,abele                    #abh          
,,xv4 ,of the ,quick-,beam              
#acd          ,,xvi4 ,of the ,hasel     
#acf         ,,xvii4 ,of the ,birch     
#adj        ,,xviii4 ,of the ,alder     
#aee          ,,xix4 ,of the ,withy1    

,sallow1 ,ozier1 and ,willow            
#aei           ,,xx4 ,of ,fences1       
,quick-sets1 c4                         
#age    ,,book ,,ii4    ,,chapter   ,i4 
,of the ,mulberry                       
#bjc           ,,ii4 ,of the ,platanus1 
,lotus1 ,cornus1 ,acacia1 c4        #bad
          ,,iii4 ,of the ,fir1 ,pine1   
,pinaster1 ,pitch-tree1                 
,larsh1 and ,subterranean trees         
#bbj           ,,iv4 ,of the ,cedar1    
,juniper1 ,cypress1 ,savine1            
,thuya1 c4                              
#bec            ,v4 ,of the ,cork1      
,ilex1 ,alaternus1 ,celastrus1          
,ligustrum1 ,philyrea1 ,myrtil1         
,lentiscus1                  ,olive1    
,granade1 ,syring1 ,jasmine and other   
,exoticks                               
#bhb           ,,vi4 ,of the ,arbutus1  
,box1 ,yew1 ,holly1 ,pyracanth1         
,laurel1 ,bay1 c4                       
#bic          ,,vii4 ,of the infirmities
 of trees1 c4                   #cad    
,,volume ,,ii4    ,,book ,,iii4         

,,chapter   ,i4 ,of ,copp'ces           
page     #a           ,,ii4 ,of ,pruning
                                        
#h          ,,iii4 ,of the ,age1        
,stature1 and ,felling of ,trees        
#bd           ,,iv4 ,of ,timber1 the    
,seasoning and ,uses1 and of ,fuel      
#hj            ,v4 ,aphorisms1 or       
certain ,general ,precepts of use       
to the foregoing ,chapters              
#acj           ,,vi4 ,of the ,laws and  
,statutes for the ,preservation         
and ,improvement of ,woods and ,forests 
#ach          ,,vii4 ,the paraenesis and
 conclusion1 containing                 
some encouragements and proposals for   
the                  planting and       
improvement of his ,majesty's           
forests1 and other amunities for shade1 
and ornament                            
#aeg    ,,book ,,iv4    ,an historical  
account of the sacredness and use     of
 standing groves1 c4                    
#bje    ,renati ,rapini                 
#bfi     ,,introduction4   ,i  ,evelyn  

his literary contemporaries ,isaac      
,walton  ,samuel ,pepys4  ,among the    
prose writers of the second half of the 
seventeenth century ,john ,evelyn holds 
a very distinguished position4 ,the age 
of the ,restoration and the ,revolution 
is indeed rich in many names that have  
won for themselves an enduring place in 
the history of ,english literature4     
,south1 ,tillotson1 and ,barrow among   
theologians1 ,newton in mathematical    
science1 ,locke and ,bentley in         
philosophy and classical learning1      
,clarendon and ,burnet in history1      
,l',estrange1 ,butler1 ,marvell and     
,dryden in miscellaneous prose1 and     
,temple as an essayist1 have all made   
their mark by prose writings which will 
endure for all time4 ,but the names     
which stand out most prominently in     
popular estimation as authors of great  
masterpieces in the prose of this period
 are certainly those of ,john ,bunyan1  
,john ,evelyn1 and ,izaak ,walton4 ,and 
along with them ,samuel ,pepys is also  

well entitled to be ranked as a great   
contemporary writer1 though he was at   
pains to try and ensure his being       
permitted to remain free from the       
publicity of authorship1 for such time  
at least as the curious might allow his 
,diary to remain hidden in the cipher he
 employed4  ,with the great though      
untrained genius of ,bunyan none of     
these other three celebrated prose      
authors of this time has anything in    
common4 ,he stands apart from them in   
his fervently religious and romantic    
temperament1 in his richness of         
representation and ingenuity of analogy1
 and in his forcible quaintness of      
style1 as completely as he did in social
 status and in personal surroundings4   
,in complete contrast to the romantic   
productions of the self-educated tinker 
of ,bedford1 the works of ,walton and   
,evelyn were at any rate influenced by1 
though they can hardly be said to have  
been moulded upon1 the style of the     
preceding age of old ,english prose     

writers ending with ,milton4 ,the       
influence of the latter is1 indeed1     
plainly noticeable both in the diction  
and in the general sentiment of these   
two great masters of the pure1 nervous  
,english of their period4  ,it would    
serve no good purpose to make any       
attempt here to trace the points of     
resemblance between the works of ,walton
 and ,evelyn1 and then to note their    
differences in style4 ,each has         
contributed a masterpiece towards our   
national literature1 and it would be a  
mere waste of time to make comparisons  
between their chief productions4 ,this  
much1 however1 may be remarked1 that the
 conditions under which each worked were
 completely different from those        
surrounding the other4 ,izaak ,walton1  
the author of many singularly           
interesting biographies1 and of the     
quaint half-poetical ,compleat ,angler  
or the ,contemplative ,man's            
,recreation1 the great classic          
8,discourse of ,fish and ,fishing10 was 

a ,london tradesman1 while his equally  
celebrated contemporary ,john ,evelyn1  
author of ,sylva1 or a ,discourse of    
,forest ,trees1 the classic of ,british 
,forestry1 was a more highly cultured   
man1 who wrote1 in the leisure of       
official duties and amid the            
surroundings of easy refinement1 many   
useful and tasteful works both in prose 
and poetry1 ranging over a wide variety 
of subjects4 ,judging from the number of
 editions which appeared of their       
principal works1 they were both held in 
great favour by the reading public1     
though on the whole the advantage in    
some respects lay with ,evelyn4 ,but    
during the present century the taste of 
the public1 judged by this same rough   
and ready1 practical standard1 has      
undoubtedly awarded the prize of        
popularity to ,izaac ,walton4  ,so far  
as the circumstances of their early life
 were concerned there was greater       
similarity between ,walton and ,pepys1  
than between either of them and ,evelyn4

 ,born in the lower middle class1 the   
son of a tailor in ,london1 and himself 
afterwards a member of the              
,clothworkers' guild1 ,pepys was a true 
,londoner4 ,his tastes were centred     
entirely in the town1 and his pleasures 
were never sought either among woods or 
green fields1 or by the banks of trout  
streams and rivers4 ,his thoughts seem  
often tainted with the fumes of the     
wine-bowl and the reek of the tavern2   
and even when he swore off drink1 as he 
frequently did1 he soon relapsed into   
his customary habits4 ,educated in      
,london and then at ,cambridge1 where   
his love of a too flowing bowl already  
got him into trouble more than once1 he 
was imprudent enough to incur the       
responsibilities of matrimony at the    
early age of twenty-three1 with a       
beautiful girl only fifteen years old4  
,trouble soon stared this rash and      
improvident young couple in the face1   
but they were spared the pangs of       
permanent poverty through the aid and   

influence of ,sir ,edward ,montagu1     
afterwards ,earl of ,sandwich1 who was a
 distant relative of ,pepys4 ,acting    
probably as ,montagu's secretary for    
some time1 he was first appointed to a  
clerkship in the ,army pay office1 and  
then soon afterwards became clerk of the
 ,acts of the ,navy4 ,later on1 like    
,evelyn1 he held various more important 
posts under the ,crown1 as well as being
 greatly distinguished by promotion to  
non-official positions of the highest   
honour4 ,his official career was a very 
brilliant one1 and deservedly so from   
the integrity of his work1 from his     
application1 despite frequent           
immoderation in partaking of wine1 and  
from his business-like methods of work4 
,as ,commissioner for the ,affairs of   
,tangier and ,treasurer1 he visited     
,tangier officially4 ,he twice became   
,secretary to the ,admiralty1 and was   
twice elected to represent ,harwich in  
,parliament1 after having previously sat
 for ,castle ,rising4 ,he was also twice

 chosen as ,master of the ,trinity      
,house1 and was twice committed to      
prison1 once on a charge of high        
treason1 and the other time 7#afij7 on  
the charge of being affected to ,king   
,james ,,ii41 upon whose flight from    
,england ,pepys had laid down his office
 and withdrawn himself into retirement4 
,elected a ,fellow of the ,royal        
,society in #affe1 he attained the      
distinction of being its ,president in  
#afhd4 ,he was ,master of the           
,clothworkers' ,company1 ,treasurer and 
,vice-,president of ,christ's ,hospital1
 and one of the ,barons of the ,cinque  
,ports4 ,in #afii1 four years before he 
succumbed to a long and painful disease 
borne with fortitude under the          
depression of reduced circumstances1 he 
received the freedom of the ,city of    
,london1 principally for his services in
 connection with ,christ's ,hospital4   
,from the hasty sketch drafted in the   
above outlines1 it will be seen that    
throughout all ,pepys' manhood the      

circumstances of his daily life and     
environment were much more similar to   
those of ,evelyn than to those of       
,walton1 who may well be ranked as their
 senior by almost one generation4 ,like 
,evelyn1 ,izaak ,walton was rather the  
child of the country than a boy of the  
town4 ,born in ,stafford in #aeic1 he   
only came to settle in ,london after he 
had attained early manhood4 ,thus1      
though a citizen exposing his linen     
drapery and mens' millinery for sale    
first in the ,gresham ,exchange on the  
,cornhill1 then in ,fleet ,street1 and  
latterly in ,chancery ,lane1 the ,bond  
,street of that time1 he ever cherished 
a longing for more rural surroundings   
and a desire to exchange life in the    
city for residence in a smaller         
provincial town4 ,on the civil war      
breaking out in ,charles the ,ist's     
time1 he retired from business and went 
to live near his birth place1 ,stafford1
 where he had previously bought some    
land4 ,here the last forty years of his 

long life were spent in ease and        
recreation4 ,when not angling or        
visiting friends1 mostly brethren of the
 angle1 he engaged in the light literary
 work of compiling biographies and in   
collecting material for the enrichment  
of his ,compleat ,angler4 ,published in 
#afec1 this ran through five editions in
 #bc years1 besides a reprint in #affd  
of the third edition 7#affa74  ,in spite
 of the many similarities between       
,evelyn and ,pepys as to university     
education1 official position1 political 
partisanship1 and social and scientific 
status in ,london1 there are yet such   
essential differences between what has  
been bequeathed to us by these two      
friends that comparison between them is 
almost impossible4 ,they are both       
authors3 but it was by chance rather    
than by design that ,pepys ultimately   
acquired repute as an author1 whereas   
,evelyn at once achieved the literary   
fame he desired and wrote for4 ,neither 
of the two works published by ,pepys1   

,the ,portugal ,history 7#afgg7 and the 
,memories of the ,royal ,navy 7#afij71  
procured for him the gratification of   
revising them for a second edition1 and 
it is indeed open to question if the    
,diary upon which his undying fame rests
 was ever intended by him to be         
published after his death4 ,this is a   
point that is never likely to be settled
 satisfactorily4 ,the fact of its having
 been written in cipher looks as if it  
had been compiled solely for private    
amusement1 and not with any intention of
 posthumous publication2 and this view  
is greatly strengthened by the          
unblushing and complete manner in which 
he lays aside the mask of outward       
propriety and records his too frequent  
quaffing of the wine-cup1 his household 
bickerings1 his improprieties with fair 
women1 and his graver conjugal          
infidelities4 ,the improprieties of     
other persons1 and especially those of  
higher social rank than himself1 might  
very intelligibly have been written in  

cipher intended to have been transcribed
 and printed after his death2 but it    
would be at variance with human nature  
to believe that he could so unreservedly
 have reduced to writing all the faults 
and follies of his life had even        
posthumous publication of his ,diary    
been contemplated by him at the time of 
writing it4 ,for it is hardly capable of
 argument that1 next to the instincts of
 self-preservation and of the           
maintenance of family ties1 the desire  
to preserve outward appearances is      
undoubtedly one of the strongest of     
human feelings2 and this great natural  
law1 often the last remnant or the      
substitute of conscience1 character1 and
 self-respect1 is even more fully       
operative in a highly civilised than in 
a savage or a semi-savage state of      
society4 ,of a truth1 every human being 
is more or less of a ,pharisee with     
regard to certain conventionalities of  
life4 ,complete disregard for the       
maintenance of some sort of standard of 

outward appearances is the absolute     
vanishing point of self-respect4 ,till  
that has been reached by any individual 
the hope of his reformation is not lost1
 though at the same time successful     
dissimulation makes the prospect of a   
turning point in a vicious career but   
remote4 ,still1 8it is a long lane that 
has no turning40 ,it is therefore most  
probable that the leaving behind of the 
key to the cipher was rather due to     
inadvertence than to intention and      
design4 ,and if this view be correct1   
then ,pepys' charming ,diary was the    
purely natural outpouring of his mind   
without ever a thought being bestowed on
 authorship and ultimate publication4   
,with ,evelyn's ,diary1 however1 it was 
different4 ,although it was not         
published until #ahah1 and though it may
 never have been intended by its writer 
to have been given to the world in book 
form1 yet it was very clearly intended  
to be an autobiographical legacy to his 
family4 ,hence it is no mere outpouring 

of the spirit upon pages meant only for 
the subsequent perusal of him who thus  
rendered in indelible characters his    
passing thoughts of the moment4 ,and    
this being the case1 comparison between 
the two ,diaries would be just as unfair
 as it is unnecessary4 ,the one is the  
fruit of unrestrained freedom and a     
mirthful mind1 while the other is the   
product of cultured leisure and a       
refined literary method4 ,when ,evelyn  
was ,commissioner for the maintenance of
 the ,dutch prisoners 7#affd-gj7 he had 
frequent communications with ,pepys1    
then of the ,navy1 and there are special
 references to him in ,evelyn's memoirs4
 ,that an intimate friendship existed   
there is no doubt1 and that they each   
held the other in great respect as a man
 of intellect1 as well as of good       
business capacity1 is equally clear4    
,thus1 in ,june1 #affi1 he encouraged   
,pepys to be operated on #8when         
exceedingly afflicted with the stone2'  
and on #ai ,february1 #afga1 #8,this day

 din'd with me ,mr4 ,surveyor1 ,dr4     
,christopher ,wren1 and ,mr4 ,pepys1    
,cleark of the ,acts1 two extraordinary 
ingenious and knowing persons1 and other
 friends4 ,i carried them to see the    
piece of carving which ,i had           
recommended to the ,king4' ,this was a  
masterpiece of ,grinling ,gibbon's work1
 which ,charles admired but did not     
purchase2 so ,gibbon not long after sold
 it for #hj1 though #8well worth #ajj1  
without the frame1 to ,sir ,george      
,viner4' ,evelyn at this time got ,wren1
 however1 to promise faithfully to      
employ ,gibbon to do the choir carving  
in the new ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4     
,each of their ,diaries teems with      
reference to the other4 ,pepys asked    
,evelyn to sit to ,kneller for his      
portrait which he desired for #8reasons 
,i had 7founded upon gratitude1         
affection1 and esteeme7 to covet that in
 effigie which ,i most truly value in   
the original4' ,this refers to the      
well-known portrait1 now at ,wotton1    

that has been copied and engraved4  ,it 
appears to have been begun in ,october1 
#afhe1 but it was not till ,july1 #afhi1
 that the commission was actually       
completed4 ,the portrait exhibits the   
face of an elderly man distinctly of a  
high-strung and nervous temperament1    
though not quite to the extent of being 
#8sicklied oer with the pale caste of   
thought4' ,his right hand1 too1 which   
grasps his ,sylva is one very           
characteristic of the nervous           
disposition4 ,a bright1 shrewd          
intellect1 lofty thoughts1 high motives1
 good resolves1 and--last1 tho' by no   
means least--a serene mind1 the mens    
conscia recti which ,pepys bluntly      
called #8a little conceitedness1' are   
all stamped upon his well-marked and not
 unshapely features4 ,it is eminently   
the face of a philosopher1 an           
enthusiast1 a studious scholar1 and a   
gentleman4  ,no one can ever know       
,evelyn so well as ,pepys did2 and here 
is his opinion of ,john ,evelyn1        

expressed in the secret pages of his    
cipher ,diary on ,november1             
#affe3--#8;,in fine1 a most excellent   
person he is1 and must be allowed a     
little for a little conceitedness2 but  
he may well be so1 being a man so much  
above others4' ,and this just exactly   
bears out the rough general impression  
conveyed by the perusal of ,evelyn's    
,diary and his other literary works4    
,the long friendship of these two was   
only terminated by the death of ,pepys  
on #bfth ,may1 #agjc1 not long before   
,evelyn had himself to depart from this 
life4 #8,this day died ,mr4 ,sam4       
,pepys1 a very courtly1 industrious and 
curious person1 none in ,england        
exceeding him in knowledge of the navy1 
in which he had passed through all the  
most considerable offices1 ,clerk of the
 ,acts and ,secretary of the ,admiralty1
 all which he performed with great      
integrity4 ,when ,king ,james ,,ii41    
went out of ,england1 he laid down his  
office and would serve no more44444 ,he 

was universally belov'd1 hospitable1    
generous1 learned in many things1       
skilled in music1 a very great cherisher
 of learned men of whom he had the      
conversation44444 ,mr4 ,pepys had been  
for near #dj yeares so much my          
particular friend1 that ,mr4 ,jackson   
sent me compleat mourning1 desiring me  
to be one to hold up the pall at his    
magnificient obsequies1 but my          
indisposition hinder'd me from doing him
 this last office4'   ,,ii  ,evelyn's   
,childhood1 ,early ,education1 and      
,youth4  ,the essential facts of        
,evelyn's life1 as he himself would have
 us know them1 are set forth at full    
length in autobiographical form1        
chronologically arranged in what is     
always spoken of as his ,diary1 although
 evidently this was 7much of it1 at any 
rate7 merely a subsequent personal      
compilation from an actual diary1 kept  
in imitation of his father1 from the age
 of #aa years onwards and down even to  
within one month of his death in #agjf4 

,the second son and the fourth child of 
,richard ,evelyn of ,wotton in ,surrey1 
and of his wife ,eleanor1 daughter of   
,john ,stansfield #8of an ancient       
honorable family 7though now extinct7 in
 ,shropshire1' he was born at ,wotton on
 #cast4 ,october1 #afbj4 ,his father1   
#8was of a sanguine complexion1 mixed   
with a dash of choler2 his haire        
inclining to light1 which tho' exceeding
 thick became hoary by the time he was  
#cj years of age2 it was somewhat curled
 towards the extremity2 his beard1 which
 he wore a little picked1 as the mode   
was1 of a brownish colour1 and so       
continued to the last1 save that it was 
somewhat mingled with grey haires about 
his cheekes3 which1 with his            
countenance1 was cleare1 and fresh      
colour'd1 his eyes quick and piercing1  
an ample forehead1 manly aspect2 low of 
stature1 but very strong4 ,he was for   
his life so exact and temperate1 that ,i
 have heard he had never been surprised 
by excesse1 being ascetic and sparing4  

,his wisdom was greate1 and judgment    
most acute2 of solid discourse1 affable1
 humble and in nothing affected2 of a   
thriving1 neat1 silent and methodical   
genius2 discretely severe1 yet liberal  
on all just occasions to his children1  
strangers1 and servants2 a lover of     
hospitality2 of a singular and          
,christian moderation in all his        
actions2 a ,justice of the ,peace and of
 the ,quorum2 he served his country as  
,high ,sheriff for ,surrey and ,sussex  
together4 ,he was a studious decliner of
 honours and titles1 being already in   
that esteem with his country that they  
could have added little to him besides  
their burden4 ,he was a person of that  
rare conversation1 that upon frequent   
recollection1 and calling to mind       
passages of his life and discourse1 ,i  
could never charge him with the least   
passion or inadvertence4 ,his estate was
 esteem'd about #d1jjj per ann4 well    
wooded and full of timber4' ,as for his 
mother1 #8,she was of proper personage2 

of a brown complexion2 her eyes and     
haire of a lovely black2 of constitution
 inclyned to a religious melancholy1 or 
pious sadnesse2 of a rare memory and    
most exemplary life2 for conomie and    
prudence esteemed one of the most       
conspicuous in her ,country4'           
,apparently ,john ,evelyn thought he had
 made a very judicious choice of his    
father and mother when he wrote #8,thus 
much in brief touching my parents2 nor  
was it reasonable ,i should speake lesse
 to them to whom ,i owe so much4'       
,these passages1 occurring in the first 
two pages of his ,diary serve at once to
 illustrate a very characteristic       
feature of ,evelyn's mind1 and one that 
is everywhere discernible in his        
writings4 ,he was a man with a highly   
cultured and a very well balanced mind1 
but he was somewhat inclined to         
exaggerate2 and he certainly had the    
rather enviable gift of considering     
everything pertaining to him1 or        
approved or advocated by him1 as very   

superior indeed4 ,all his eggs had two  
yolks1 and all his geese were swans4    
,what he liked1 he loved2 and what he   
did not like1 he hated4 ,there was no   
golden mean with him2 he was either very
 optimistic or else intensely           
pessimistic4 ,hence1 naturally1 he gave 
hard knocks to those who differed from  
him in opinion1 and particularly after  
the ,restoration2 for he was one of the 
most expressive among ,king ,charles    
,,ii's courtiers4 ,direct evidence of   
this special temperament was            
characteristic of ,evelyn throughout all
 his life1 and was of course            
particularly noticeable in his writings1
 as we shall subsequently see4 ,it is   
therefore only to be expected that he   
prized his father's little estate of    
,wotton in ,surrey as one of the finest 
in the kingdom4 #8,wotton1 the mansion  
house of my ,father1 left him by my     
,grandfather1 7now my eldest            
,brother's71 is situated in the most    
,southern part of the ,shire1 and though

 in a valley1 yet really upon part of   
,lyth ,hill one of the most eminent in  
,england for the prodigious prospect to 
be seen from its summit1 tho' of few    
observed4 ,from it may be discerned #ab 
or #ac ,counties1 with part of the ,sea 
on the ,coast of ,sussex1 in a serene   
day4 ,the house is large and ancient1   
suitable to those hospitable times1 and 
so sweetly environed with those         
delicious streams and venerable woods1  
as in the judgment of ,strangers as well
 as ,englishmen it may be compared to   
one of the most tempting and pleasant   
,seats in the ,nation1 and most tempting
 for a great person and a wanton purse  
to render it conspicuous4 ,it has rising
 grounds1 meadows1 woods1 and water in  
abundance4 ,the distance from ,london   
7is7 little more than #bj miles1 and yet
 7it is7 so securely placed as if it    
were #ajj2 three miles from ,dorking1   
which serves it abundantly with         
provisions as well of land as sea2 #f   
from ,guildford1 #ab from ,kingston4 ,i 

will say nothing of the ayre1 because   
the praeeminence is universally given to
 ,surrey1 the soil being dry and sandy3 
but ,i should speak much of the gardens1
 fountains1 and groves that adorne it1  
were they not as generally knowne to be 
amongst the most natural1 and 7till this
 later and universal luxury of the whole
 nation1 since abounding in such        
expenses7 the most magnificent that     
,england afforded1 and which indeed gave
 one of the first examples to that      
elegancy since so much in vogue1 and    
followed in the managing of their       
waters1 and other ornaments of that     
nature4 ,let me add1 the contiguity of  
five or six ,mannors1 the patronage of  
the livings about it1 and1 what is none 
of the least advantages1 a good         
neighbourhood4 ,all which conspire to   
render it fit for the present possessor1
 my worthy ,brother1 and his noble lady1
 whose constant liberality give them    
title both to the place and the         
affections of all that know them4 ,thus1

 with the poet1      ,nescio qu natale  
solum dulcedine cunctos     ,ducit1 et  
im' emores non sinit esse sui6'  ,this  
is a very good specimen of ,evelyn's    
style1 for it shews the optimistic      
quality which1 along with refinement and
 a love of classical quotations1 is ever
 present in his writings4 ,lythe ,hill1 
from the summit of which the            
#8prodigious prospect' is so eminently  
belauded1 attains a height of less than 
a thousand feet above the sea-level4    
,at the early age of four ,john ,evelyn 
was initiated into the rudiments of     
education by one ,frier1 who taught     
children at the church porch of ,wotton2
 but soon after that he was sent to     
,lewes in ,sussex1 to be with his       
grandfather ,standsfield1 while a plague
 was raging in ,london4 ,there he       
remained1 after ,standsfield's death in 
#afbg1 till #afcj1 when he was sent to  
the free school at ,southover near      
,lewes and kept there until he went up  
to ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford1 as a     

fellow-commoner in #afcg1 being then #af
 years of age4 ,it was his father's     
intention to have placed him at ,eton   
#8but ,i was so terrefied at the report 
of the severe discipline there that ,i  
was sent back to ,lewes1 which          
perverseness of mine ,i have since a    
thousand times deplored4' ,in that same 
year 7#afcg7 ,evelyn had the misfortune 
to lose his mother1 then only in the    
#cgth year of her age4 ,having been     
#8extremely remisse' in his studies at  
school1 he made no great mark during his
 ,university career4 ,his application   
was not assiduous1 while his tutor1     
,bradshaw1 whom he disliked1 was        
negligent2 and he appears to have been  
subject to frequent attacks of ague1    
disposing him to casual recreation      
rather than to close study4 ,he had also
 apparently the desire to acquire a     
smattering of many different things     
rather than to study hard at a few      
special subjects4 #8,i began to look on 
the rudiments of musick1 in which ,i    

afterwards arriv'd to some formal       
knowledge though to small perfection of 
hand1 because ,i was so frequently      
diverted by inclinations to newer       
trifles4'  ,completing his ,oxford      
studies early in #afci1 without taking  
any degree1 he went into residence at   
the ,middle ,temple in ,april1 and soon 
arrived at the conclusion that his      
#8being at the ,university in regard of 
these avocations1 was of very small     
benefit4' ,here he and his brother      
lodged in #8a very handsome apartment   
just over against the ,halt ,court1 but 
four payre of stayres high1 which gave  
us the advantage of fairer prospect1 but
 did not much contribute to the love of 
that unpolish'd study1 to which 7,i     
suppose17 my ,father had design'd me6'  
,while thus a law student1 on #cjth     
,october1 he saw #8his ,majestie 7coming
 from his ,northern ,expedition7 ride in
 pomp1 and a kind of ovation1 with all  
the markes of a happy peace1 restor'd to
 the affections of his people1 being    

conducted through ,london with a most   
splendid cavalcade2 and on #crd         
,november1 following 7a day never to be 
mentioned without a curse7 to that long1
 ungratefull1 foolish1 and fatall       
,parliament1 the beginning of all our   
sorrows for twenty years after1 and the 
period of the most happy ,monarch in the
 world3 ,quis talia fando6'  ,in the    
closing days of #afdj ,evelyn lost his  
father1 when he abandoned the study of  
the law and betook himself abroad in    
preference to being mixed up in the     
disorders of the time4 ,his resolutions 
were #8to absent myselfe from this ill  
face of things at home1 which gave      
umbrage to wiser than myselfe1 that the 
medaill was reversing1 and our          
calamities but yet in their infancy4'   
,shortly before that he had #8beheld on 
,tower ,hill the fatal stroake which    
sever'd the wisest head in ,england from
 the shoulders of the ,earl of          
,strafford4'  ,landing at ,flushing in  
,july1 #afda1 ,evelyn passed1           

accompanied by his tutor ,mr4 ,caryll1  
through ,midelbrogh1 ,der ,veer1 ,dort1 
,rotterdam1 and ,delft1 to the ,hague1  
where he presented himself to the ,queen
 of ,bohemia's ,court4 ,thence he went  
on to ,leyden1 ,utrecht1 ,rynen1 and    
,nimeguen1 to where the ,dutch army was 
encamped about ,genep1 a strong fortress
 on the ,wahale river4 ,here he enrolled
 himself and served for a few days as a 
volunteer in the ,queen's army          
#8according to the compliment1' being   
attached to the ,english company of     
,captain ,apsley3 and in this capacity  
he #8received many civilities4' ,even   
when thus playing at soldering1 he did  
not like the roughness of a soldier's   
life1 #8for the sun piercing the canvass
 of the tent1 it was1 during the day1   
unsufferable1 and at night not seldom   
infested with mists and fogs1 which     
ascended from the river4' ,however1     
during the few days he took his fair    
share in the work4 #8,as the turn came  
about1 ,i watched on a horne work neere 

our quarters1 and trailed a pike1 being 
the next morning relieved by a company  
of ,french4 ,this was our continual duty
 till the ,castle was re-fortified1 and 
all danger of quitting that station     
secured4' ,retracing his steps to       
,rotterdam1 ,delft1 the ,hague and      
,leyden1 he also visited ,haerlem1      
,amsterdam1 ,antwerp1 ,brussels and     
various other towns before returning by 
way of ,ostend1 ,dunkirk and ,dover to  
,wotton1 where he celebrated his #bast  
birthday4  ,although his ,diary does not
 contain any details on such matters as 
,pepys would have been free to record in
 his cipher1 ,john ,evelyn was probably 
rather a gay and pleasure-loving youth  
about this time4 ,a suspicion of this   
seems justified by the fact that he     
#8was elected one of the ,comptrolers of
 the ,middle ,temple-revellers1 as the  
fashion of ye young ,students and       
,gentlemen was1 the ,christmas being    
kept this year 7#afda7 with great       
solemnity2 but being desirous to passe  

it in the ,country1 ,i got leave to     
resign my staffe of office1 and went    
with my brother ,richard to ,wotton4'   
,from ,january till ,march he was back  
in ,london #8studying a little1 but     
dancing and fooling more4'   ,,iii      
,evelyn's ,early ,manhood1 ,continental 
,travels and ,studies1 ,voluntary       
,exile1 and ,return to ,england #afdg4  
,it was hardly possible that anyone     
situated as ,evelyn was could hold aloof
 from the party strife when civil war   
broke out during the course of this     
year4 ,and1 of course1 he was on the    
,royalist side4 ,but he did not serve   
long with the troops4 ,here is his own  
record of that military                 
service1--#8,oct4 #crd4 ,to ,chichester1
 and hence the next day to see the siege
 of ,portsmouth2 for now was that bloody
 difference betweene the ,king and      
,parliament broken out1 which ended in  
the fatal tragedy so many years after4  
,it was on the day of its being render'd
 to ,sir ,william ,waller1 which gave me

 an opportunity of taking my leave of   
,colonel ,goring the ,governor1 now     
embarqueing for ,france4 ,this day was  
fought that signal ,battaile at         
,edgehill4 ,thence ,i went to           
,southampton and ,winchester1 where ,i  
visited the ,castle1 ,schole1 ,church1  
and ,king ,arthur's ,round ,table1 but  
especially the ,church1 and its ,saxon  
,kings' ,monuments1 which ,i esteemed a 
worthy antiquity4 #abth4 ,november1 was 
the ,battle of ,braineford surprisingly 
fought1 and to the greate consternation 
of the ,citty had his ,majesty 7as twas 
believed he would7 pursu'd his          
advantage4 ,i came in with my horse and 
armes just at the retreate1 but was not 
permitted to stay longer than the #aeth4
 by reason of the ,army's marching to   
,glocester1 which would have left both  
me and my brother expos'd to ruine1     
without any advantage to his ,majestie4 
,dec4 #gth4 ,i went from ,wotton to     
,london to see the so much celebrated   
line of com'unication1 and on the #ajth4

 returned to ,wotton1 nobody knowing of 
my having been in his ,majestie's       
,army4'  ,during the first half of #afdc
 ,evelyn employed himself entirely in   
rural occupations1 visiting the garden  
and vineyard of ,hatfield and similar   
places4 ,from time to time1 however1 he 
made many journeys to and from ,london4 
,what he sometimes saw there gave him   
much food for ample reflection4 #8,may  
#bnd4 ,i went from ,wotton to ,london1  
where ,i saw the furious and zelous     
people demolish that stately ,crosse in 
,cheapside4 ,on the #dth4 ,i returned   
with no little regrett for the confusion
 that threatened us4 ,resolving to      
possess myself in some quiet if it might
 be1 in a time of so great jealosy1 ,i  
built by my ,brother's permission a     
study1 made a fishpond1 an island1 and  
some other solitudes and retirements1 at
 ,wotton1 which gave the first occasion 
of improving them to those water-works  
and gardens which afterwards succeeded  
them1 and became at that tyme the most  

famous of ,england4' ,but1 willy nilly1 
he was bound to become dragged into     
action on the ,king's behalf4 #8,july   
#abth4 ,i sent my black manege horse and
 furniture with a friend to his         
,majestie then at ,oxford4 #bcrd4 ,the  
,covenant being pressed1 ,i absented    
myselfe2 but finding it impossible to   
evade the doing very unhandsome things1 
and which had been a greate cause of my 
perpetual motions hitherto between      
,wotton and ,london1 ,oct4 #bnd4 ,i     
obtayned a lycence of his ,majestie1    
dated at ,oxford and sign'd by the      
,king1 to travell againe4' ,accordingly1
 on #gth4 ,november1 he took boat at the
 ,tower wharf for ,sittingbourne1       
#8being only a payre of oares1 expos'd  
to a hideous storm1 thence posting to   
,dover accompanied by an ,oxford friend1
 ,mr4 ,thicknesse1 and crossing the     
,channel to ,calais4'  ,proceeding by   
,boulogne1 ,monstreuil1 ,abbeville1     
,beauvais1 ,beaumont1 and ,st4 ,denys to
 ,paris1 of which he gives a very       

interesting account1 he threw himself   
into the social life of that gay        
capital4 ,his first step was to make his
 duty to ,sir ,richard ,browne1         
afterwards his father-in-law1 then in   
charge of ,british affairs pending the  
arrival of the ,earl of ,norwich1 who   
came immediately after that as          
,ambassador ,extraordinary4 ,that       
,evelyn's purse was fairly well lined   
the ,parisian passages in his ,diary    
distinctly show4 ,he appears to have    
taken part in many gay excursions and   
junkettings1 though he sometimes        
reckoned the cost4 #8,at an inn in this 
village 7,st4 ,germains en ,lay7 is an  
host who treats all the greate persons  
in princely lodgings for furniture and  
plate1 but they pay well for it1 as ,i  
have don4 ,indeede the entertainment is 
very splendid1 and not unreasonable1    
considering the excellent manner of     
dressing their meate1 and of the        
service4 ,here are many debauches and   
excessive revellings1 as being out of   

all noise and observance4' ,wherever he 
visited the royal gardens and villas1 or
 those of the great nobles and other    
magnates1 he writes rapturously of what 
he saw4 ,sometimes1 though1 his joyous  
optimism rather leads one to doubt the  
quality of his taste1 as when1 writing  
of ,richelieu's villa at ,ruell1 he says
 #8,this leads to the ,citroniere1 which
 is a noble conserve of all those       
rarities2 and at the end of it is the   
,arch of ,constantine1 painted on a wall
 in oyle1 as large as the real one at   
,rome1 so well don that even a man      
skilled in painting may mistake it for  
stone and sculpture4 ,the skie and hills
 which seem to be between the arches are
 so naturall that swallows and other    
birds1 thinking to fly through1 have    
dashed themselves against the wall4 ,i  
was infinitely taken with this agreeable
 cheate4' ,but he was certainly         
gradually acquiring the materials which 
were afterwards to be so well used by   
him in his great works on gardening4    

,after a tour made in ,normandy with    
,sir ,john ,cotton1 a ,cambridgeshire   
knight1 he quitted ,paris in ,april1    
#afdd4 ,marching across by ,chartres and
 ,estamps to ,orleans1 the party of     
which he formed one had an encounter    
with brigands1 #8for no sooner were we  
entred two or three leagues into ye     
,forest of ,orleans 7which extends      
itself many miles71 but the company     
behind us were set on by rogues1 who1   
shooting from ye hedges and frequent    
covert1 slew fowre upon the spot444 ,i  
had greate cause to give ,god thankes   
for this escape4' ,taking boat1 he went 
down the ,loire to ,st4 ,dieu1 and      
thence rode to ,blois and on to ,tours1 
where he stayed till the autumn4 #8,here
 ,i took a master of the language and   
studied the tongue very diligently1     
recreating myself sometimes at the      
maill1 and sometymes about the towne4'  
,here1 too1 he paid his duty to the     
,queen of ,england1 #8having newly      
arrived1 and going for ,paris4' ,in the 

latter part of ,september1 still        
accompanied by his friend ,thicknesse1  
he left ,tours and #8travelled towards  
the more southerne part of ,france1     
minding now to shape my course so as ,i 
might winter in ,italy4' ,journeying    
southward1 partly by road and partly by 
river1 he visited ,lyons1 ,avignon1 and 
,marseilles1 whither he wended his way  
deliciously #8thro' a country sweetely  
declining to the ,south and             
,mediterranean coasts1 full of vineyards
 and olive-yards1 orange-trees1 myrtils1
 pomegranads1 and the like sweete       
plantations1 to which belong            
pleasantly-situated villas 444444 as if 
they were so many heapes of snow dropp'd
 out of the clouds amongst these        
perennial greenes4' ,taking mules to    
,cannes1 he went by sea to ,genoa       
#8having procur'd a bill of health      
7without which there is no admission at 
any towne in ,italy74' ,on reaching     
#8,mongus1 now cal'd ,monaco' on the    
route1 #8we were hastened away1 having  

no time permitted us by our avaricious  
master to go up and see this strong and 
considerable place4'  ,on ,oct4 #afth41 
after #8much ado and greate perill' he  
landed on ,italian soil4 ,he was fully  
prepared to have the most delicious     
pleasure in this classical land1 having 
already1 even during the stormy weather 
off the coast1 #8smelt the peculiar joys
 of ,italy in the perfumes of orange1   
citron1 and jassmine flowers for divers 
leagues seaward4'  ,it would be pleasant
 to ramble through ,italy in ,evelyn's  
company1 and to share with him the many 
enjoyments recorded in his ,diary3 but  
space forbids4 ,from ,genoa he went to  
,leghorn and ,pisa1 from ,pisa to       
,florence1 thence to ,sienna1 and on to 
,rome4 #8,i came to ,rome on the #dth   
,november1 #afdd1 about #e at night1 and
 being perplexed for a convenient       
lodging1 wandered up and down on        
horseback1 till at last one conducted us
 to ,monsieur ,petits1 a ,frenchman1    
near the ,piazza ,spagnola4 ,here ,i    

alighted1 and having bargained with my  
host for #bj crownes a moneth1 ,i caused
 a good fire to be made in my chamber   
and went to bed1 being so very wet4 ,the
 next morning 7for ,i was resolved to   
spend no time idly here7 ,i got         
acquainted with several persons who had 
long lived at ,rome4'  ,evelyn's        
description of the interesting sights he
 saw in ,rome is so good that it might  
well be perused in place of modern      
guide-books by those visiting the city4 
,there is a delightful attractiveness   
about it1 in which these up-to-date     
works are sometimes wanting4 ,but even  
his youthful energy began to tire1 and  
his keen appetite to become sated with  
continuous sightseeing4 ,after more than
 six months of it #8we now determined to
 desist from visiting any more          
curiosities1 except what should happen  
to come in our way1 when my companion   
,mr4 ,henshaw or myself should go out to
 take the aire4' ,then1 however1 as now 
for some people1 the crowning event of a

 visit to ,rome was to receive the      
,papal blessing4 ,this ,evelyn desired  
and obtained1 although the event is not 
recorded in his diary with any great    
enthusiasm4 #8,may1 #dth4 ,having seen  
the entrie of ye ambassador of ,lucca1  
,i went to the ,vatican1 where1 by      
favour of our ,cardinal ,protector1     
,frair ,barberini1 ,i was admitted into 
the consistorie1 heard the ambassador   
make his ovation in ,latine to the      
,pope1 sitting on an elevated state or  
throne1 and changing two pontifical     
miters2 after which ,i was presented to 
kisse his toe1 that is1 his embroder'd  
slipper1 two ,cardinals holding up his  
vest and surplice1 and then being       
sufficiently bless'd with his thumb and 
two fingers for that day1 ,i return'd   
home to dinner4'  ,he quitted ,rome     
about the middle of ,may after a sojourn
 there of seven months1 which had       
occasioned him so small an outlay that  
he remarked thereon in his ,diary4      
#8,the bills of exchange ,i took up from

 my first entering ,italy till ,i went  
from ,rome amounted but to #faf ducanti 
di banco1 though ,i purchas'd many      
books1 pictures1 and curiosities4'      
,going northwards by ,sienna1 ,leghorn1 
,lucca1 ,florence1 ,bologna1 and        
,ferrara1 he reached ,venice early in   
,june4 ,arriving #8extreamly weary and  
beaten' with the journey1 he went and   
enjoyed the new luxury of a ,turkish    
bath4 #8,this bath did so open my pores 
that it cost me one of the greatest     
colds ,i ever had in my life1 for want  
of necessary caution in keeping myselfe 
warme for some time after2 for coming   
out1 ,i immediately began to visit the  
famous places of the city2 and          
travellers who come in to ,italy do     
nothing but run up and down to see      
sights4'  ,evelyn had the good fortune  
to see ,venice en fte1 and in those days
 that must have been a sight well worth 
seeing4 ,he saw the ,doge espouse the   
,adriatic by casting a gold ring into it
 on ,ascension day with very great pomp 

and ceremony4 #8,it was now ,ascension  
,weeke1 and the greate mart or faire of 
ye whole yeare was kept1 every body at  
liberty and jollie4 ,the noblemen       
stalking with their ladys on choppines2 
these are high-heel'd shoes1            
particularly affected by these proude   
dames1 or1 as some say1 invented to     
keepe them at home1 it being very       
difficult to walke with them2 whence one
 being asked how he liked the ,venetian 
dames1 replied1 they were mezzo carne1  
mezzo ligno1 half flesh1 half wood1 and 
he would have none of them4 ,the truth  
is1 their garb is very odd1 as seeming  
always in masquerade2 their other habits
 also totaly different from all         
nations4'  ,in ,venice ,evelyn made     
arrangements for visiting the ,holy     
,land and parts of ,syria1 ,egypt1 and  
,turkey2 but they fell through owing to 
the vessel1 in which he would have      
sailed1 being requisitioned to carry    
provisions to ,candia1 then under attack
 from the ,turks4 ,forced to abandon    

this project1 he remained in ,venice    
#8being resolved to spend some moneths  
here in study1 especially physic and    
anatomie1 of both which there was now   
the most famous professors in ,europe4' 
,but in the autumn ,mr4 ,thicknesse1    
#8my dear friend1 and till now my       
constant fellow traveller1' was obliged 
to return to ,england on private        
affairs2 so ,evelyn was left alone in   
,venice4 ,very shortly after that he had
 an illness which seems to have at one  
time threatened a fatal termination4    
#8,using to drink my wine cool'd with   
snow and ice1 as the manner here is1 ,i 
was so afflicted with the angina and    
soare-throat1 that it had almost cost me
 my life4 ,after all the remedies       
,cavalier ,veslingius1 cheife professor 
here1 could apply1 old ,salvatico 7that 
famous physician7 being call'd made me  
be cupp'd and scarified in the back in  
foure places1 which began to give me    
breath1 and consequently life1 for ,i   
was in ye utmost danger3 but ,god being 

mercifull to me1 ,i was after a         
fortnight abroad againe2 when changing  
my lodging ,i went over against ,pozzo  
,pinto1 where ,i bought for winter      
provisions #cjjj weight of excellent    
grapes1 and pressed my owne wine1 which 
proved incomparable liquor4' ,its       
goodness1 indeed1 seems to have been the
 death of it4 #8,oct4 #cast4 ,being my  
birth-day1 the nuns of ,st4 ,catherine's
 sent me flowers of silk-work4 ,we were 
very studious all this winter till      
,christmas1 when on twelfth day we      
invited all the ,english and ,scotts in 
towne to feast1 which sunk our excellent
 wine considerably4' ,in explanation of 
this passage1 it needs to be said that  
he had soon again changed his lodging   
and gone to reside with three ,english  
friends #8neere ,st4 ,catherine's over  
against the monasterie of nunnes1 where 
we hired the whole house and lived very 
nobly4 ,here ,i learned to play on ye   
theorbo1 taught by ,sig4 ,dominico      
,bassano4'  ,after #8the folly and      

madnesse of the ,carnevall' was over1   
,evelyn left ,venice for ,padua in      
,january1 #afdf1 but went back in ,march
 to take leave of his friends there1 and
 at ,easter set out on his return       
journey to ,england in company with the 
poet ,waller1 who had been glad to go   
abroad after being much worried by the  
,puritan party4 ,they travelled by way  
of ,vicenza1 ,verona1 ,brescia1 ,milan1 
the ,lago ,maggiore1 the ,simplon ,pass1
 ,sion1 and ,st4 ,maurice to ,geneva4   
,here again ,evelyn became sick nigh    
unto death1 from small-pox contracted at
 ,beveretta1 the night before reaching  
,geneva4 #8,being extremely weary and   
complaining of my head1 and finding     
little accommodation in the house1 ,i   
caus'd one of our hostesses daughters to
 be removed out of her bed and went     
immediately into it whilst it was yet   
warme1 being so heavy with pain and     
drowsinesse that ,i would not stay to   
have the sheets chang'd2 but ,i shortly 
after payd dearly for my impatience1    

falling sick of the small-pox so soon as
 ,i came to ,geneva1 for by the smell of
 frankincense and ye tale of ye good    
woman told me of her daughter having had
 an ague1 ,i afterwards concluded she   
had been newly recovered of the         
small-pox4' ,becoming very ill he was   
bled of the physician #8a very learned  
old man44444 ,he afterwards acknowledg'd
 that he should not have bled me had he 
suspected ye small-pox1 which brake out 
a day after4' ,as nurse he had a ,swiss 
matron afflicted with gitre1 #8whose    
monstrous throat1 when ,i sometimes     
awak'd out of unquiet slumbers1 would   
affright me4' ,but again he was spared  
for the work he was destined to do4     
#8,by ,god's mercy after five weeks     
keeping my chamber ,i went abroad4'     
,leaving ,geneva on the #eth ,july      
#afdf1 ,evelyn's party went by way of   
,lyons1 ,la ,charite1 and ,orleans to   
,paris1 arriving #8rejoic'd that after  
so many disasters and accidents in a    
tedious peregrination1 ,i was gotten so 

neere home1 and here ,i resolv'd to rest
 myselfe before ,i went further4 ,it was
 now ,october1 and the onely time that  
in my whole life ,i spent most idly1    
tempted from my more profitable         
recesses2 but ,i soon recover'd my      
better resolutions and fell to my study1
 learning the ,high ,dutch and ,spanish 
tongues1 and now and then refreshing my 
danceing1 and such exercises as ,i had  
long omitted1 and which are not in much 
reputation amongst the sober ,italians4'
  ,during the course of the following   
winter and spring he saw much of #8,sir 
,richard ,browne1 his ,majesty's        
,resident at the ,court of ,france1 and 
with whose lady and family ,i had       
contracted a greate friendship 7and     
particularly set my affections on a     
daughter74' ,to this young girl1 ,mary1 
the only child of ,sir ,richard ,browne 
by a daughter of ,sir ,john ,pretyman1  
he was married on #bgth ,june1 #afdg1 by
 ,dr4 ,earle1 chaplain to the young     
,charles1 then ,prince of ,wales1 who   

was holding his court at ,st4 ,germains4
 ,in ,october he returned by ,rouen1    
,dieppe1 and ,calais1 and #8got safe to 
,dover1 for which ,i heartily put up my 
thanks to ,god who had conducted me safe
 to my owne country1 and been mercifull 
to me through so many aberrations'      
during a period extending over four     
years4 ,he returned alone1 #8leaving my 
wife1 yet very young1 under the care of 
an excellent lady and prudent mother4'  
,indeed1 she was a mere child1 being    
then not more than twelve years of age1 
and her father was only ,evelyn's senior
 by fifteen years4   ,,iv  ,evelyn's    
,attitude during the ,commonwealth      
#afdg-affj4  ,arrived at ,wotton1 he at 
once went to kiss his ,majesty's hand at
 ,hampton ,court and convey tidings from
 ,paris1 ,king ,charles #8being now in  
the power of those execrable villains   
who not long after murder'd him4'       
,thence he betook himself to ,sayes     
,court1 near ,deptford in ,kent1 the    
estate belonging to his father-in-law1  

where he #8had a lodging and some       
bookes4' ,it was here that he was living
 when his first literary work was       
published1 ,of ,liberty and ,servitude1 
a translation from the ,french of ,le   
,vayer1 in ,january1 #afdi1 though the  
dedication of it to his brother ,george 
bears date #beth ,january1 #afdg4 ,he   
was very near getting into trouble about
 the preface to this1 because in his own
 copy he noted that #8,i was like to be 
call'd in question by the ,rebells for  
this booke1 being published a few days  
before his ,majesty's decollation4'     
,although he took no prominent part in  
politics at this particular time1 yet he
 could hardly help playing with the     
fire4 ,thus1 on #aath ,december1 #8,i   
got privately into the council of ye    
rebell army at ,whitehall1 where ,i     
heard horrid villanies4' ,having money  
in hand1 either from savings during the 
four years' sojourn abroad1 where his   
expenses 7including all purchases of    
objects of art and vertu7 did not amount

 to more than #cjj a year1 or else from 
his child-wife's dowry1 he dabbled in   
land speculation with the fairly        
satisfactory result that on the whole he
 does not appear to have lost much by   
it4  ,on #agth ,january1 #afdi1 he      
#8heard the rebell ,peters incite the   
rebell powers met in the ,painted       
,chamber to destroy his ,majesty1 and   
saw that archtraytor ,bradshaw1 who not 
long after condemn'd him4' ,but his     
loyalty kept him from being present at  
the death-scene4 #8,the villanie of the 
rebells proceeding now so far as to     
trie1 condemne and murder our excellent 
,king on the #cjth of this month1 struck
 me with such horror that ,i kept the   
day of his martyrdom a fast1 and would  
not be present at that execrable        
wickednesse1 receiving the sad account  
of it from my ,brother ,george and ,mr4 
,owen1 who came to visite me this       
afternoone1 and recounted all the       
circumstances4'  ,while he #8went       
through a course of chymestrie at ,sayes

 ,court1' and otherwise engaged in study
 and in the examination of works of art1
 he became disquieted about the         
condition of affairs in ,paris4         
,communications with his wife appear to 
have been very few and far between1     
although with his father-in-law he      
#8kept up a political correspondence' in
 cipher #8with no small danger of being 
discovered4' ,in ,april he touched      
#8suddaine resolutions' of going to     
,france1 before he received the news    
that ,cond's siege of ,paris had ended  
by peace being concluded4 ,the immediate
 carrying out of this intention was     
hindered by a rush of blood to the      
brain4 #8,i fell dangerously ill of my  
head3 was blistered and let blood behind
 ye ears and forehead3 on the #bcrd4    
began to have ease by using the fumes of
 a cammomile on embers applied to my    
eares after all the physicians had don  
their best4' ,on #agth ,june1 however1  
he #8got a passe from the rebell        
,bradshaw1 then in greate power1' and on

 #abth ,july went vi ,gravesend to      
,dover and ,calais1 arriving at ,paris  
on #ast4 ,august4 ,curiously enough his 
,diary makes no mention of the          
child-wife1 from whom he had #8been     
absent4444 about a yeare and a halfe1'  
save that on #8,sept4 #gth4 ,went with  
my ,wife and dear cosin to ,st4         
,germains1 and kissed the               
,queene-mother's hand4' ,he remained in 
,paris till the end of ,june1 #afej1    
when he made a flying visit to ,england1
 and again obtained a pass from         
,bradshaw to proceed to ,france4 ,on    
#cjth ,august1 he was back again in     
,paris1 where he stayed till his final  
return to ,england in ,february #afeb4  
,his life in ,paris at this time was    
that of a cultured dilletante4 ,he      
studied1 or at any rate dabbled in1     
chemistry1 philosophy1 theology1 and    
music2 and he found amusement in        
examining gardens and collections of all
 sorts of virtuosities and antiquities4 
,he had #8much discourse of chymical    

matters' with ,sir ,kenelm ,digby2 #8but
 the truth is1 ,sir ,kenelm was an      
arrant mountebank4' ,here1 too1 he wrote
 his second literary composition1 ,the  
,state of ,france1 as it stood in the   
,i,xth yeer of this present monarch     
,lewis ,,xiiii1 which was published in  
,england in #afeb4 ,apart from these    
occupations1 his time was chiefly spent 
in the pleasures and amusements common  
to the court of ,france and to the      
throng of exiles from ,britain who      
formed the ,court of the uncrowned      
monarch1 ,charles ,,ii4  ,evelyn longed 
for settlement in ,england1 because he  
saw that the ,royalist cause was        
hopelessly lost for the time being4 ,his
 father-in-law's estate of ,sayes ,court
 had been seized and sold by the rebels1
 but #8by the advice and endeavour of my
 friends ,i was advis'd to reside in it1
 and compound with the soldiers4 ,this  
,i was besides authoriz'd by his        
,majesty to do1 and encourag'd with     
promise that what was in lease from the 

,crowne1 if ever it pleased ,god to     
restore him1 he would secure to us in   
fee-ferme4xxxi3#a ,i had also addresses 
and cyfers to correspond with his       
,majesty and ,ministers abroad3 upon all
 which inducements ,i was persuaded to  
settle henceforth in ,england1 having   
now run about the world1 most part out  
of my owne country1 neere ten yeares4 ,i
 therefore now likewise meditated       
sending over for my ,wife1 whom as yet  
,i had left at ,paris4' ,she arrived on 
#aath4 ,june with her ,mother2 and as   
small-pox was then raging in and about  
,london they sojourned for some time at 
,tunbridge ,wells1 drinking the waters4 
,about the end of that month ,evelyn    
went to ,sayes ,court to prepare for    
their reception1 but was waylaid by     
footpads near ,bromley and came near    
meeting his death from them4            
,fortunately1 however1 #8did ,god       
deliver me from these villains1 and not 
onely so1 but restor'd what they tooke1 
as twice before he had graciously don1  

both at sea and land2444 for which1 and 
many signal preservations1 ,i am        
extreamly oblig'd to give thanks to ,god
 my ,saviour4'  ,on #bdth ,july1 #afeb1 
,mrs4 ,evelyn presented her husband with
 their first child1 their son1 ,john1   
who predeceased his father in #afih4 ,he
 now busied himself in acquiring full   
possession of his father-in-law's and   
the rebels' interests in ,sayes ,court1 
which he effected at a cost of #c1ejj   
early in #afec4  ,then he began         
gardening and planting on a large scale1
 transforming the almost bare fields    
around the house into fine specimens of 
the art of horticulture1 as then        
practised4 ,sayes ,court was afterwards 
the temporary residence of ,peter the   
,great1 who committed great havoc in the
 gardens and hedges during his rough    
orgies4 ,here ,evelyn lived quietly till
 the time of the ,restoration1 spending 
his days in gardening and in cultivating
 the acquaintance of men of cultured    
tastes like his own1 with occasional    

journeys to different parts of ,england4
 ,thus he visited ,windsor1             
,marlborough1 ,bath1 ,oxford1           
,salisbury1 ,devizes1 ,gloucester1      
,worcester1 ,warwick1 ,leicester1       
,doncaster1 ,york1 ,cambridge1 and many 
other places1 so that he probably saw a 
great deal more of ,england than the    
majority of men in his position4 ,thus1 
too1 he learned much about the country  
and about all branches of rural economy4
 ,he had not yet seriously given himself
 to literature1 although his third work 
was published in #afef1 ,an ,essay on   
the ,first ,book of ,t4 ,lucretius      
,cerus de ,rerum ,natura4 ,interpreted  
and made ,english ,verse4  ,in ,january1
 #afeh1 heavy sorrow fell upon ,evelyn  
by the death of his younger son1 an     
infant prodigy1 and a sad and wonderful 
example of a young brain being terribly 
overtaxed4 #8,after six fits of a       
quartan ague with which it pleased ,god 
to visite him1 died my dear ,son        
,richard1 to our inexpressible grief and

 affliction1 #e yeares and #c days old  
onely1 but at that tender age a prodigy 
for witt and understanding2 for beauty  
of body a very angel2 for endowment of  
mind of incredible and rare hopes4 ,to  
give onely a little taste of them1 and  
thereby glory to ,god1 he had learn'd   
all this catechisme who out of the      
mouths of babes and infants does        
sometimes perfect his praises3 at #b    
years and a halfe old he could perfectly
 read any of ye ,english1 ,latine1      
,french1 or ,gothic letters1 pronouncing
 the first three languages exactly4 ,he 
had before the #eth yeare1 or in that   
yeare1 not onely skill to reade most    
written hands1 but to decline all the   
nouns1 conjugate the verbs regular1 and 
most of ye irregular2 learn'd out       
8,puerilis10 got by heart almost ye     
entire vocabularie of ,latine and       
,french primitives and words1 could make
 congruous syntax1 turne ,english into  
,latine1 and vice vers1 construe and    
prove what he read1 and did the         

government and use of relatives1 verbs1 
substantives1 elipses1 and many figures 
and tropes1 and made a considerable     
progress in ,comenius's ,janua2 began   
himselfe to write legibly1 and had a    
stronge passion for ,greeke4 ,the number
 of verses he could recite was          
prodigious1 and what he remembered of   
the parts of playes1 which he would also
 act2 and when seeing a ,plautus in     
one's hand1 he ask'd what booke it was1 
and being told it was comedy1 and too   
difficult for him1 he wept for sorrow4  
,strange was his apt and ingenious      
application of fables and morals1 for he
 had read sop2 he had a wonderful       
disposition to mathematics1 having by   
heart divers propositions of ,euclid    
that were read to him in play1 and he   
would make lines and demonstrate them4  
,as to his piety1 astonishing were his  
applications of ,scripture upon         
occasion1 and thus early1 he understood 
ye historical part of ye ,bible and ,new
 ,testament to a wonder1 how ,christ    

came to redeeme mankind1 and how        
comprehending these necessarys himselfe1
 his godfathers were discharg'd of their
 promise4 ,these and like illuminations1
 far exceeding his age and experience1  
considering the prettinesse of his      
adresse and behaviour1 cannot but leave 
impressions in me at the memory of him4 
,when one told him how many days a      
,quaker had fasted1 he replied that was 
no wonder1 for ,christ had said that man
 should not live by bread alone1 but by 
ye ,word of ,god4 ,he would of himselfe 
select ye most pathetic psalms1 and     
chapters out of ,job1 to reade to his   
mayde during his sicknesse1 telling her 
when she pitied him1 that all ,god's    
children must suffer affliction4 ,he    
declaim'd against ye vanities of the    
world before he had seene any444444 ,how
 thankfully would he receive admonition1
 how soone be reconciled6 how           
indifferent1 yet continually chereful6  
,he would give grave advice to his      
,brother ,john1 beare with his          

impertinencies1 and say he was but a    
child6' ,even allowing for ,evelyn's    
tendency to exaggeration1 this is surely
 one of the very saddest stories about a
 child of tender years1 reared in a     
wrong manner1 that has ever been written
 in the ,english language4 ,this loss   
was no doubt the occasion of his writing
 his fourth work1 ,the ,golden ,book of 
,st4 ,john ,chrysostom1 concerning the  
,education of ,children4 ,translated out
 of the ,greek1 which was published in  
,september1 #afeh4 ,a further relief    
from grief was also found in the        
translation of ,the ,french ,gardiner3  
instructing how to cultivate all sorts  
of ,fruit-trees and ,herbs for the      
,garden2 together with directions to dry
 and conserve them in their natural2 six
 times printed in ,france and once in   
,holland4 ,an accomplished piece1 first 
written by ,n4 de ,bonnefons1 and now   
transplanted into ,english by           
,philocepos4  ,it must have gratified   
his royalist feelings when1 on #bb ,oct4

 #afeh1 he #8saw ye superb funerall of  
ye ,protector4' ,he remarks that #8it   
was the joyfullest funerall ,i ever saw1
 for there were none that cried but     
dogs1 which the soldiers hooted away    
with a barbarous noise1 drinking and    
taking tobacco in the streets as they   
went4' ,not long after this1 on #be     
,april #afei1 he notices #8a wonderfull 
and suddaine change in ye face of ye    
publiq3 ye new ,protector ,richard      
slighted1 several pretenders and parties
 strive for the government3 all anarchy 
and confusion2 ,lord have mercy on us6' 
,for six months things drifted on1 till 
on #aa ,oct4 #8the ,armie now turn'd out
 the ,parliament4 ,we had now no        
government in the nation2 all in        
confusion2 no magistrate either own'd or
 pretended1 but ye soldiers1 and they   
not agreed4 ,god almighty have mercy on 
and settle us6'  ,evelyn apparently now 
thought the time ripe for him to        
venture2 hence1 during #afei1 he        
published ,a ,character of ,england as  

it was lately presented in a ,letter to 
a ,noble ,man of ,france1 and also ,an  
,apology for the ,royal ,party1 written 
in a ,letter to a person of the late    
,council of ,state1 by a ,lover of      
,peace and of his ,country4 ,with a     
,touch at the ,pretended 8,plea for the 
,army40 ,of the latter he remarks in his
 ,diary3 #8,nov4 #gth4 was publish'd my 
bold 8,apoligie for the ,king0 in this  
time of danger1 when it was capital to  
speake or write in favour of him4 ,it   
was twice printed1 so universaly it     
took4' ,encouraged by the success of    
this work1 he began to intrigue with    
,colonel ,morley1 ,lieutenant of the    
,tower1 and ,fay1 ,governor of          
,portsmouth1 in the interest of the     
exiled ,charles2 but ,morley shrank from
 declaring for the ,king1 and ,general  
,monk returning from ,scotland to       
,london1 broke down the gates of the    
city1 #8marches to ,white-hall1         
dissipates that nest of robbers1 and    
convenes the old ,parliament1 the ,rump 

,parliament 7so called as retaining some
 few rotten members of ye other7 being  
dissolv'd2 and for joy whereoff were    
many thousands of rumps roasted publiqly
 in ye streets at the bonfires this     
night1 with ringing of bells and        
universal jubilee4 ,this was the first  
good omen4'  ,from the ,february till   
the ,april following thereon ,evelyn was
 confined to bed with ague and its after
 effects1 but found strength to write   
and publish a pamphlet1 ,the late ,news 
from ,brussels unmasked1 and ,his       
,majesty vindicated from the base       
calumny and scandal therein fixed on    
him1 #8in defence of his ,majesty1      
against a wicked forg'd paper1 pretended
 to be sent from ,bruxells to defame his
 ,majesties person and vertues1 and     
render him odious1 now when everybody   
was in hope and expectation of the      
,general and ,parliament recalling him1 
and establishing ye government on its   
antient and right basis4' ,early in ,may
 came the tidings that the ,king's      

application for restoration had been    
accepted and acknowledged by the        
,parliament #8after a most bloudy and   
unreasonable rebellion of neare #bj     
years1' and before the end of the month 
,evelyn was an eye-witness of the       
triumphal entry of the new king into his
 capital4 #8#bith4 ,this day his        
,majestie ,charles the ,second came to  
,london after a sad and long exile and  
calamitous suffering both of the ,king  
and ,church1 being #ag years4 ,this was 
also his birthday1 and with a triumph of
 above #bj1jjj horse and foote1         
brandishing their swords and shouting   
with inexpressible joy2 the wayes       
strew'd with flowers1 the bells ringing1
 the streets hung with tapissry1        
fountaines running with wine2 the       
,maior1 ,aldermen1 and all the          
,companies in their liveries1 chaines of
 gold1 and banners2 ,lords and ,nobles  
clad in cloth of silver1 gold1 and      
velvet2 the windowes and balconies all  
set with ladies2 trumpets1 music1 and   

myriads of people flocking1 even so far 
as from ,rochester1 so as they were     
seven houres in passing the citty1 even 
from #b in ye afternoone till #i at     
night4 ,i stood in the ,strand and      
beheld it1 and bless'd ,god4 ,and all   
this was don without one drop of bloud  
shed1 and by that very army which       
rebell'd against him2 but it was ye     
,lord's doing1 for such a restoration   
was never mention'd in any history      
antient or modern1 since the returne of 
the ,jews from the ,babylonish          
captivity2 nor so joyfull a day and so  
bright ever seene in this nation1 this  
hapning when to expect or effect it was 
past all human policy4'  ,despite his   
dilettantism and dabbling in science1   
philosophy and letters1 ,evelyn had for 
years past felt the desirability of     
having some sort of fixed employment4   
,previous to this1 during #afei1 he had 
communicated to the ,hon4 ,robert       
,boyle1 son of the ,earl of ,cork1 a    
scheme for founding a philosophic and   

mathematical college or fraternity1 and 
had even arranged with his wife that    
they should live asunder1 in two        
separate apartments4 ,the ,restoration1 
however1 put a stop to this scheme1     
which then evolved itself1 soon         
afterwards1 into the foundation of the  
,royal ,society1 ,boyle and ,evelyn     
being two of the most prominent original
 ,fellows4   ,v  ,evelyn's ,career after
 the ,restoration4 7#affj-afhe74        
,evelyn was about forty years of age    
when the ,restoration changed the whole 
prospects of his still long life4 ,he   
had been a devoted ,royalist1 though it 
can not be denied that his zeal in this 
respect was ever tempered with a vast   
amount of caution and prudence4 ,in     
addition to what interest he had earned 
by his own actions1 he had the far more 
powerful influence of his father-in-law 
who had1 like ,charles himself1 been    
exiled for nineteen years4 ,mrs4 ,evelyn
 was promised the appointment of lady of
 the jewels to the future ,queen1 which 

she never received2 and ,evelyn might   
have had the honour of knighthood of the
 ,bath1 but declined it4 ,he was present
 at the ,coronation in ,westminster     
,abbey on ,st4 ,george's ,day1 #affa1   
and had prepared and printed a          
,panegyric poem on the occasion1 a      
screed of bombastic doggerel in fulsome 
praise of the ,king4 ,he was a frequent 
visitor at the ,court1 and loved to sun 
himself in the royal presence4 ,one of  
the finest examples of this feature of  
,evelyn's character is his ,fumifugium1 
published in #affa1 which will be more  
particularly referred to later on1 a    
work which marks the real commencement  
of his literary career4  ,in #affa1     
also1 ,evelyn wrote a pamphlet entitled 
,tyrannus or the ,mode1 an invective    
against #8our so much affecting the     
,french' in dress1 and he was pleased   
with the idea that afterwards1 in #afff1
 a change in costume then adopted by the
 ,king and court was due to this cause4 
,he1 too1 donned and went to office in  

#8the vest and surcoat and tunic as     
'twas call'd1 after his ,majesty had    
brought the whole ,court to it4 ,it was 
a comely and manly habit1 too good to   
hold1 it being impossible for us in good
 earnest to leave ye ,monsieurs vanities
 long4'  ,at length employment1 at first
 unpaid1 in the public service fell to  
,evelyn in ,may1 #affb1 when along with 
#8divers gentlemen of quality1' he was  
appointed one of the ,commissioners     
#8for reforming the buildings1 wayes1   
streetes1 and incumbrances1 and         
regulating the hackney coaches in the   
,citty of ,london4' ,about this same    
time he was also on the ,commission     
appointed #8about ,charitable uses1 and 
particularly to enquire how the ,citty  
had dispos'd of the revenues of         
,gressham ,college1' and in the original
 grant of the ,charter of the ,royal    
,society he was nominated by the ,king  
to be on its ,council4 ,among the other 
,commissions upon which he shortly sat  
were those on ,sewers1 and on the       

regulation of the ,mint at the ,tower2  
but it was not till #bg ,oct4 #affd that
 he received a paid appointment as one  
of the four ,commissioners for the care 
of the sick and wounded prisoners to be 
made in the war declared against        
,holland4 ,for this the remuneration was
 #8a ,salary #a1bjj a year amongst us1  
besides extraordinaries for our care and
 attention in time of station1 each of  
us being appointed to a particular      
district1 mine falling out to be ,kent  
and ,sussex4'  ,before this1 however1 an
 event had occurred which must have     
given intense gratification to ,evelyn1 
when on #cjth ,april1 #affc1 #8,came his
 ,majesty to honour my poore villa with 
his presence1 viewing the gardens and   
even every roome of the house1 and was  
pleas'd to take a small refreshment4    
,there were with him the ,duke of       
,richmond1 ,e4 of ,st4 ,albans1 ,lord   
,lauderdale1 and several persons of     
,quality4'  ,the year #affd was a busy  
one for ,evelyn1 as he then brought out 

his two great masterpieces ,sylva and   
the ,kalendarium ,hortense1 of which    
more anon1 as well as the translation of
 a ,french work on ,architecture4 ,his  
official duties in connection with the  
maintainance of the ,dutch prisoners    
also became so heavy that the charges   
came to #a1jjj a week4 ,the ,savoy      
,hospital was filled with them1 and a   
privy seal grant of #bj1jjj was made to 
carry on the work2 but the expenses     
increasing reached #g1jjj a week1 and   
,evelyn had hard work to get money from 
the treasury4 ,harassed with anxieties  
of this sort1 he frequently went #8to ye
 ,royal ,society to refreshe among ye   
philosophers' where he found solace in  
serving along with ,dryden1 ,waller1 and
 others on a ,committee for the         
improvement of the ,english language4   
,in the following year the dreadful     
plague broke out1 when he and one other 
,commissioner were left to deal with the
 task of providing for the sick and     
wounded prisoners4 ,from #a1jjj deaths  

in a week in the middle of ,july1 the   
mortality increased to near #aj1jjj by  
the beginning of ,september1 so he sent 
his wife and family to his brother at   
,wotton1 and remained at work1 #8being  
resolved to stay at my house myselfe2   
and to looke after my charge1 trusting  
in the providence and goodnesse of      
,god4' ,prisoners poured in in larger   
numbers than he could receive and guard 
in fit places1 and he was continually   
forced to importune for money lest the  
prisoners should starve4 ,it was then1  
perhaps1 that ,evelyn was thrown most in
 contact with his intimate friend       
,pepys1 for both of them remained       
steadfast when others had fled4 ,and    
they had their reward in coming safely  
through their trial of faithfulness to  
official duty4 #8,now blessed be ,god1' 
he writes on #ca ,dec4 #affe1 #8for his 
extraordinary mercies and preservation  
of me this yeare1 when thousands and ten
 thousands perish'd and were swept away 
on each side of me4'  ,this hard work   

was a source of loss to ,evelyn1 as from
 time to time he advanced monies of his 
own to supply provisions for the needy  
committed to his care3 and subsequent   
petitions for reinbursement were only   
partially successful4 ,but he was       
rewarded by the sunny warmth of that    
royal favour which cost nothing1 because
 when the ,king returned from ,oxford to
 ,hampton ,court and ,evelyn went to    
wait upon his ,majesty there at the end 
of ,january1 #afff1 he duly records how 
#8he ran towards me1 and in a most      
gracious manner gave me his hand to     
kisse1 with many thanks for my care and 
faithfulnesse in his service in a time  
of such greate danger1 when every body  
fled their employments4' ,poor ,evelyn  
seems to have been rather easily duped  
in this sort of way4 #8,then the ,duke  
7of ,albemarle7 came towards me and     
embrac'd me with much kindnesse1 telling
 me if he had thought my danger would   
have been so greate1 he would not have  
suffer'd his ,majesty to employ me in   

that station4' ,and so on1 #8after which
 ,i got home1 not being very well in    
health4' ,it certainly was such         
ridiculously insincere treatment that it
 might well have caused immediate       
sickening in one of robust health4  ,it 
was1 forsooth1 only in very minor       
matters that ,evelyn profited by the    
royal favour or by his courtiership4 ,in
 ,april1 #afff1 ,charles informed him   
that he must now be sworn for a ,justice
 of the ,peace1 7#8the office in the    
world ,i had most industriously avoided1
 in regard of the perpetual trouble     
thereoff in these numerous parishes'71  
and he only escaped this infliction by  
humbly desiring to be excused from fresh
 duties inconsistent with the other     
service he was engaged in4 ,so excused  
he was1 by royal favour1 for which he   
#8rendered his ,majesty many thanks4'   
,and on that same day he declined       
re-election to the ,council of the      
,royal ,society for the following year  
on #8earnest suite' of other affairs2   

for he had to be consistent in such     
different matters that would have       
engaged a portion of his time4  ,besides
 his work in connection with prisoners  
and the ,mint he was shortly afterwards 
nominated one of the ,commissioners for 
regulating the farming and making of    
saltpetre and gunpowder throughout      
,britain1 an appointment which was all  
the more appropriate from the fact that 
his grandfather1 ,george ,evelyn of     
,long ,ditton and ,wotton 7#aecj-afjc71 
had been the first to introduce the     
manufacture of gunpowder into ,england1 
when he established mills on both of his
 properties4 ,he was also appointed one 
of the three ,surveyors of the repairs  
of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 #8and to    
consider of a model for the new         
building1 or1 if it might be1 repairing 
of the steeple1 which was most decay'd4'
  ,with hands and head fully occupied   
with business affairs he found time for 
other work of a useful nature1 while    
still having plenty of leisure for      

social duties and enjoyments4 ,in this  
respect he forms a good example of the  
well-known truth that it is always the  
busiest men who can spare most time for 
matters lying outside of their special  
grooves of work4 ,thus in ,september1   
#affe1 he drew up a scheme for erecting 
an infirmary at ,chatham1 in which he   
was supported by his friend ,pepys1 then
 a high official in the ,navy           
,department and like himself a shrewd   
man of business and method1 and         
therefore finding time for other than   
purely routine official work2 while in  
,august1 #afff1 he entreated the ,lord  
,chancellor #8to visite the ,hospital of
 the ,savoy1 and reduce it 7after ye    
greate abuse that had been continu'd7 to
 its original institution for ye benefit
 of the poore1 which he promis'd to do4'
  ,but nothing came from either of these
 schemes1 for on #bnd4 ,sept4 #8this    
fatal night about ten1 began the        
deplorable fire neere ,fish ,streete in 
,london4' ,it raged by day and by       

night1--#87if ,i may call that night    
which was light as day for #aj miles    
round about1 after a dreadful manner74' 
,nothing could be done to stay its      
progress1 and the citizens were         
awe-stricken and paralyzed by fear4     
#8,the conflagration was so universal1  
and the people so astonish'd1 that from 
the beginning1 ,i know not by what      
despondency or fate1 they hardly stirr'd
 to quench it1 so that there was nothing
 heard or seene but crying out and      
lamentation1 running about like         
distracted creatures without at all     
attempting to save even their goods2    
such a strange consternation there was  
upon them1 so as it burned both in      
breadth and length1 the churches1       
publics halls1 ,exchange1 hospitals1    
monuments1 and ornaments1 leaping after 
a prodigious manner1 from house to house
 and streete to streete1 at great       
distances one from ye other2 for ye     
heate with a long set of faire and warm 
weather had even ignited the aire and   

prepar'd the materials to conceive the  
fire1 which devour'd after an incredible
 manner houses1 furniture1 and every    
thing4 ,here we saw the ,thames cover'd 
with goods floating1 all the barges and 
boats laden with what some had time and 
courage to save1 as1 on ye other1 ye    
carts etc41 carrying out to the fields1 
which for many miles were strew'd with  
moveables of all sorts1 and tents       
erecting to shelter both people and what
 goods they could get away4 ,oh the     
miserable and calamitous spectacle6 such
 as happly the world had not seene since
 the foundation of it1 nor be outdon    
till the universal conflagration        
thereof4 ,all the skie was of a fiery   
aspect1 like the top of a burning oven1 
and the light seene above #dj miles     
round about for many nights4 ,god grant 
mine eyes may never behold the like1 who
 now saw above #aj1jjj houses all in one
 flame2 the noise and cracking and      
thunder of the impetuous flames1 ye     
shreiking of women and children1 the    

hurry of people1 the fall of towers1    
houses1 and churches1 was like an       
hideous storme1 and the aire all about  
so hot and inflam'd that at the last one
 was not able to approach it1 so that   
they were forc'd to stand and let ye    
flames burn on1 which they did for neere
 two miles in lengh and one in breadh4  
,the clowds also of smoke were dismall  
and reach'd upon computation neer #ej   
miles in length4 ,thus ,i left it this  
afternoone burning1 a resemblance of    
,sodom1 or the last day4 ,it forcibly   
call'd to my mind that passage--non enim
 hic habemus stabilem civitatem3 the    
ruines resembling the picture of ,troy4 
,london was1 but is no more6 ,thus ,i   
returned4'  ,for days the conflagration 
raged1 although the whole situation     
might probably have been saved if the   
advice of seamen1 then as now amongst   
the bravest and most practical of       
,britain's sons1 had been followed4     
,when the court suburb of ,whitehall    
began to be threatened1--#8but oh1 the  

confusion there was then at the         
,court6'--the gentlemen1 #8who hitherto 
had stood as men intoxicated1 with their
 hands acrosse14444 began to consider   
that nothing was likely to put a stop   
but the blowing up of so many houses as 
might make a wider gap than any had yet 
been made by the ordinary method of     
pulling them downe with engines2 this   
some stout seamen propros'd early enough
 to have sav'd neere ye whole citty1 but
 this some tenacious and avaritious men1
 aldermen1 etc41 would not permitt1     
because their houses must have been of  
the first4' ,at length1 however1 the    
fire died out1 the houseless citizens   
finding refuge in tents and miserable   
huts and hovels hastily erected about   
,st4 ,george's fields and ,moorfields as
 far as ,highgate4 ,but ,evelyn's abode 
had remained untouched4 ,from reviewing 
the now poverty-striken people #8in this
 calamitous condition ,i return'd with a
 sad heart to my house1 blessing and    
adoring the distinguishing mercy of ,god

 to me and mine1 who in the midst of all
 this ruine was like ,lot1 in my little 
,zoar1 safe and sound4'  ,the plague and
 the fire were held to be the visitation
 of ,god's anger1 and ,evelyn evidently 
thought the heavy punishment richly     
merited4 #8,oct4 #ajth4 ,this day was   
order'd a generall fast thro' the       
,nation1 to humble us on ye late        
dreadfull conflagration1 added to the   
plague and warr1 the most dismall       
judgments that could be inflicted1 but  
whiche indeed we highly deserv'd for our
 prodigious ingratitude1 burning lusts1 
dissolute ,court1 profane and abominable
 lives1 under such dispensations of     
,god's continu'd favour in restoring    
,church1 ,prince1 and ,people from our  
late intestine calamities1 of which we  
were altogether unmindfull1 even to     
astonishment4'  ,like ,wren and ,hooke1 
,evelyn submitted a scheme for the      
rebuilding of ,london upon an improved  
plan1 but the new city was formed mainly
 upon the old lines4  ,meanwhile the    

,dutch fleet was lying off the mouth of 
the ,thames4 ,though ,england then      
happily produced all the food she       
required1 yet the city became           
#8exceedingly distress'd for want of    
fuell' because of the traffic up and    
down the estuary being interrupted4     
,hence ,evelyn was appointed one of a   
,committee to search the environs of    
,london and find if any peat or turf    
were fit for use4 ,experiments were made
 with houllies or briquettes of charcoal
 dust and loam in the ,dutch manner1 and
 ,evelyn shewed to many proof of his    
#8new fuell1 which was very glowing and 
without smoke or ill smell'4 ,but the   
process never caught on1 and was        
abandoned as giving no promise of       
commercial success4  ,evelyn's account  
against the ,treasury now amounted to   
above #cd1jjj1 and he continued to urge 
for payment of it1 or for the settlement
 of unpaid portions of it1 as late as   
#agjb1 about three years before his     
death4 ,whether this straitened his     

means or not1 he was at any rate eager  
to make money by speculation4 ,so in    
#affg he joined ,sir ,john ,kiviet1 a   
,dutch ,orangeman who had come over to  
,england for protection and had been    
knighted by ,king ,charles1 in a scheme 
for making bricks on a large scale4     
,perhaps as a sort of advertisement of  
this commercial enterprise he subscribed
 #ej1jjj bricks towards building a      
college for the ,royal ,society4 ,it was
 a big scheme1 including the embankment 
of the river from the ,tower to the     
,temple1 and if successful it would have
 brought much gain to the partners4     
,evelyn says nothing about the ultimate 
results of his undertaking1 but ,pepys  
furnishes the necessary clue in his     
diary for ,september1 #affh--#8bc;d4 ,at
 noon comes ,mr ,evelyn to me1 about    
some business with the office1 and there
 in discourse tell me of his loss1 to   
the value of #ejj1 which he hath met    
with in a late attempt of making of     
bricks upon an adventure with others1 by

 which he presumed to have got a great  
deal of money2 so that ,i see the most  
ingenious man may sometimes be          
mistaken'4 ,kiviet a year or two later  
on had a fresh scheme for draining      
marshy lands #8with the hopes of a rich 
harvest of hemp and cole seed'1 but     
,evelyn took no share in this new       
adventure4  ,in ,july #affi his         
,university1 ,oxford1 bestowed upon him 
the honorary degree of ,doctor of ,civil
 ,law1 but he had still no permanent    
official appointment1 his               
,commissionerships now being completed4 
,early in ,may #afgj he went #8to       
,london concerning the office of ,latine
 ,secretary to his ,majesty1 a place of 
more honor than dignitie and profit1 the
 revertion of which he had promised me'1
 though the promise was not fulfilled4  
,early in #affi1 it had been proposed to
 ,evelyn by ,lord ,arlington that he    
should write a history of the ,dutch    
,war1 but he declined4 ,towards the     
middle of the following year1 however1  

pressure was brought on him to undertake
 the work4 #8,after dinner ,lord        
7,arlington7 communicated to me his     
,majesty's desire that ,i would engage  
to write the ,history of our late ,war  
with the ,hollanders1 which ,i had      
hitherto declin'd2 this ,i found was    
ill-taken1 and that ,i should disoblige 
his ,majesty1 who had made choice of me 
to do him this service1 and if ,i would 
undertake it1 ,i should have all the    
assistance the ,secretary's office and  
others could give me1 with other        
encouragements1 which ,i could not      
decently refuse'4 ,this work was never  
completed1 so much as was written by way
 of introduction being subsequently     
published in #afgd as ,navigation and   
,commerce1 their ,original and          
,progress4  ,evelyn was1 however1 not to
 have much longer to wait for regular   
official employment1 as on #bh          
,february1 #afga1 #8,the ,treasurer     
acquainted me that his ,majesty was     
graciously pleas'd to nominate me one of

 the ,council of ,forraine ,plantations1
 and give me a salary of #ejj per ann4  
to encourage me'4 ,he was pleased with  
his appointment in connection with our  
,colonies1 #8a considerable honour1 the 
others in the ,council being chiefly    
,noblemen1 and ,officers of ,state'4 ,in
 the following year the scope of this   
department was increased by adding the  
,council of ,trade to its duties4 ,he at
 once went to thank the ,treasurer and  
,lord ,arlington1 ,secretary of ,state1 
whose favour he possessed though he     
#8cultivated neither of their           
friendships by any meane submissions'4  
,and he failed not1 of course1 to kiss  
the ,king's hand on being made one of   
that newly established ,council4 ,but   
,royalist though he was1 he could not be
 blind to the profligacy of the ,court  
and of the ,king1 to whose ,majesty his 
works were so grandiloquently dedicated4
  ,on one occasion after submitting     
progress of his ,history to the ,king1  
he says #8thence walk'd with him thro'  

,st4 ,james's ,parke to the garden1     
where ,i both saw and heard a very      
familiar discourse between444 and ,mrs4 
,nellie as they cal'd an impudent       
comedian1 she looking out of her garden 
on a terrace at the top of the wall1    
and444 standing on ye greene walke under
 it4 ,i was heartily sorry at the scene4
 ,thence the ,king walked to the        
,dutchess of ,cleaveland1 another lady  
of pleasure1 and curse of our nation'4  
,evelyn is usually so strict about any  
reference to the proprieties that it is 
hard to understand why this particular  
interview between ,king ,charles and    
,nell ,gwynne should be mentioned so    
circumstantially4 ,as for the ,court1   
when it went abroad1 say to ,newmarket1 
one might have #8found ye jolly blades  
racing1 dauncing1 feasting1 and         
revelling1 more resembling a luxurious  
and abandon'd rout1 than a ,christian   
,court4'  ,early in #afgb his           
father-in-law1 ,sir ,richard ,browne1   
resigned office as ,clerk of the        

,council1 a place which his ,majesty had
 years before promised to ,evelyn2 but  
he was induced to give up this lien on  
renewal of the lease of ,sayes ,court   
for #ii years1 although the ,king's     
written engagement to grant the estate  
in fee-farme is still extant at ,wotton4
 ,in #afgc ,browne became ,master of the
 ,trinity ,house1 and ,evelyn was sworn 
in as a younger ,brother1 having in the 
previous autumn been chosen ,secretary  
to the ,royal ,society3 and two months  
later his son ,john1 now #ah years of   
age1 was also made a younger brother of 
,trinity ,house4 ,evelyn's life seems   
now to have glided on very quietly4     
,much of his time was taken up with the 
colonial and commercial work controlled 
by the ,council of ,plantations and     
,trade1 though he still found leisure   
for literary work1 scientific           
recreation1 and other affairs4 ,his mind
 apparently about this time became      
greatly attracted towards religious     
subjects1 and it seems more than        

probable that this may 7in part1 at any 
rate7 have been due to a very strong    
though purely platonic attachment he now
 formed to ,miss ,blagg1 one of the     
,queen's ,maids of ,honour1 who married 
,mr4 ,sydney1 afterwards ,lord          
,godolphin1 in #afge and died in        
childbed in #afgh at the early age of   
twenty five4 ,his ,life of ,mrs         
,godolphin1 never published till #ahdg1 
was #8design'd to consecrate her worthy 
life to posterity4' ,in ,february #afhj 
his son ,john1 now #bc years of age and 
imitating his father's literary         
beginning as a translator1 was married  
to ,martha ,spencer1 step-daughter of   
,sir ,john ,stonehouse4 ,that ,evelyn   
was now fairly well off is evident from 
the terms of the jointure and marriage  
contracts then made4 #8,the lady was to 
bring #e1jjj in consideration of a      
settlement of #ejj a yeare present      
maintainence1 which was likewise to be  
her jointure1 and #ejj a yeare after    
myne and my ,wife's decease4 ,but with  

,god's blessing it will be at the least 
#ajjj a yeare more in a few yeares4'    
,always of business habits1 ,evelyn     
particularly records how1 in the        
following month1 he went #8,to ,london1 
to receive #c1jjj of my                 
daughter-in-law's portion1 which was    
paid in gold4'  ,the deeply religious   
caste of thought above alluded to as now
 becoming very noticeable in ,evelyn    
shewed itself strongly in the autumn of 
#afhj4 #8,i went to ,london to be       
private1 my birthday being ye next day1 
and ,i now arriv'd at my sixtieth year1 
on which ,i began a more solemn survey  
of my whole life1 in order to the making
 and confirming my peace with ,god1 by  
an accurate scrutinie of all my actions 
past1 as far as ,i was able to call them
 to mind4 ,how difficult and uncertaine1
 yet how necessary a work6 ,the ,lord be
 mercifull to me and accept me6 ,who can
 tell how oft he offendeth8444 ,i began 
and spent the whole weeke in examining  
my life1 begging pardon for my faults1  

assistance and blessing for the future1 
that ,i might in some sort be prepar'd  
for the time that now drew neere1 and   
not have the greater work to begin when 
one can worke no longer4 ,the ,lord     
,jesus help and assist me6 ,i therefore 
stirr'd little abroad till the #e       
,november44444 ,i participated of ye    
blessed communion1 finishing and        
confirming my resolutions of giving     
myselfe up more intirely to ,god1 to    
whom ,i had now most solemnly devoted   
the rest of the poore remainder of life 
in this world2 the ,lord enabling me1   
who am an unprofitable servant1 a       
miserable sinner1 yet depending on his  
infinite goodnesse and mercy accepting  
my endeavours4'  ,it were well if all   
men1 even before attaining #fj years of 
age1 could bring themselves to such     
periods of reflection on past and       
present acts1 and even though all the   
good resolves may not have been quite   
rigidly acted up to4 ,and even in       
,evelyn's case1 at any rate so far as   

his diary shews1 he appears afterwards  
to have continued just as much a man of 
the world as he was before these solemn 
resolutions1 although the glamour of    
being a courtier seems perhaps to have  
henceforth become less rose-coloured4 ,a
 trivial incident happening while he was
 supping one night at ,lady             
,arlington's1 in ,june #afhc1 gave rise 
to the reflection that #8,by this one   
may take an estimate of the extream     
slavery and subjection that courtiers   
live in1 who have not time to eate and  
drink at their pleasure4 ,it put me in  
mind of ,horace's ,mouse1 and to blesse 
,god for my owne private condition4'    
,twenty years previously he would not   
have thought or said this4  ,evelyn took
 a leading part in the negociations for 
the repurchase of ,chelsea ,college for 
#a1cjj from the ,royal ,society to whom 
it had been recently presented by the   
,king1 and for the establishment of a   
hospital for old soldiers there at a    
cost of #bj1jjj with an endowment of    

#e1jjj a year4  ,several violent fits of
 ague having afflicted him during the   
winter of #afha-hb1 to cure which       
#8recourse was had to bathing my legs in
 milk up to ye knees1 made as hot as ,i 
could endure it'1 ,evelyn made his will 
and put all his affairs in order #8that 
now growing in yeares1 ,i might have    
none of the secular things and concerns 
to distract me when it should please    
,almighty ,god to call me from this     
transitory life'4 ,in ,november #afhb he
 was asked by many friends to stand for 
election as president of the ,royal     
,society1 in succession to ,sir         
,christopher ,wren1 but pleading        
#8remote dwelling1 and now frequent     
infirmities' he declined the proffered  
honour4 ,subsequently1 in #afij1 he had 
actually1 #8been chosen ,president of   
the ,royal ,society'1 but desired to    
decline it #8and with greate difficulty 
devolv'd the election on ,sir ,robert   
,southwell1 ,secretary of ,state to     
,king ,william in ,ireland4' ,for a     

third time1 in ,november #afic1 the     
honour was again offered--#8,much       
importun'd to take the office of        
,president of the ,royal ,society1 but  
,i againe declin'd it4'  ,on #abth      
,february #afhc his father-in-law1 ,sir 
,richard ,browne1 who had been created a
 baronet in #afdi1 and to whose         
influence he owed much1 died at his     
house at ,sayes ,court1 leaving ,mrs4   
,evelyn as his sole heiress4 ,meanwhile 
grandchildren had been born to ,evelyn1 
some of whom soon died in infancy4 ,his 
appointment on the ,council of          
,plantations and ,trade seems to have   
lapsed before this time1 for no further 
mention is made in his diary of ,council
 meetings1 and he seems to have resided 
chiefly at ,sayes ,court1 gardening and 
spending his time in scholarly leisure  
and recreation4 ,this surmise is borne  
out by what he says in #afhc1 #8,oct4   
#dth4 ,i went to ,london1 on receiving a
 note from the ,countesse of ,arlington1
 of some considerable charge or         

advantage ,i might obtaine by applying  
myselfe to his ,majesty on this signal  
conjuncture of his ,majesty entering up 
judgment against the ,city charter2 the 
proposal made me ,i wholly declin'd1 not
 being well satisfied with these violent
 transactions1 and not a little sorry   
that his ,majesty was so often put upon 
things of this nature against so great a
 ,citty1 the consequence wheroff may be 
so much to his prejudice2 so ,i return'd
 home4'  ,on #fth ,february #afhe ,king 
,charles ,,ii4 died after an apoplectic 
fit1 and his brother ,james1 ,duke of   
,york1 ascended the throne4 ,evelyn     
comments fully on the virtues and vices 
of the late monarch4 #8,he would        
doubtless have been an excellent ,prince
 had he been less addicted to women1 who
 made him uneasy1 and allways in want to
 supply their immeasurable profusion1 to
 ye detriment of many indigent persons  
who had signaly serv'd both him and his 
father44444 ,he was ever kind to me1 and
 very gracious upon all occasions1 and  

therefore ,i cannot1 without            
ingratitude1 but deplore his loss1 which
 for many respects1 as well as duty1 ,i 
do with all my soul4'   ,,vi  ,evelyn's 
,declining ,years 7#afhe-agjf74  ,with  
the accession of ,james ,,ii41 ,evelyn  
was again to feel the sunny warmth of   
royal favour in the form of an official 
appointment4 ,but previous to this he   
had to suffer a heavy loss by the death 
from small-pox of his eldest daughter   
,mary1 in the #aith year of her age1 who
 had been born at ,wotton in the same   
room as her father had first seen the   
light4  ,in ,september #afhe ,evelyn was
 informed that on ,lord ,clarendon1     
,lord ,privy ,seal1 going to assume the 
,lord ,lieutenancy of ,ireland the ,king
 had nominated him as one of the        
,commissioners to execute the office of 
,privy ,seal during such appointment2   
and early in ,december he was #8put into
 the new ,commission of ,sewers4' ,it   
was nearly ,christmas before he kissed  
hands on receiving the patent for       

executing this office and entered on its
 duties along with the two other        
,commissioners4 ,they performed these   
till the #ajth ,march #afhg1 when the   
,king relieved them with compliments on 
their #8faithfull and loyal service1    
with many gracious expressions to this  
effect'1 and bestowed the seal on ,lord 
,arundel of ,wardour1 a zealous ,roman  
,catholic4  ,in the early days of ,james
 ,,ii's reign the patronage which seemed
 to be coming in ,evelyn's direction    
appears to have1 not unnaturally        
perhaps1 somewhat coloured his opinion  
as to the new monarch's capacity and    
disposition4 ,after a journey undertaken
 with ,pepys to ,windsor1 ,winchester1  
and ,portsmouth in ,september #afhe1    
whither the ,king went to view the state
 of the fortifications1 he recorded that
 #8what ,i observ'd in this journey1 is 
that infinite industry1 sedulity1       
gravity1 and greate understanding and   
experience of affairs1 in his ,majesty1 
that ,i cannot but predict much         

happiness to ye nation1 as to its       
political government2 and if he so      
persist1 there could be nothing more    
desir'd to accomplish our prosperity1   
but that he was of the national church4'
 ,biassed and prejudiced in the royal   
favour as he then temporarily was1 this 
account of ,king ,james proved so       
totally incorrect that it is a wonder   
,evelyn retained it in the compilation  
which he left as his ,diary4 ,the only  
explanation seems to be that he wished  
to record his prevision as regards      
,roman ,catholicism proving the main    
rock upon which the ,king might come to 
grief1 as he afterwards did4  ,titus    
,oates' conspiracy and the ,duke of     
,monmouth's invasion and insurrection   
went by without affecting ,evelyn much4 
,he was in the latter case called upon  
to supply a mounted trooper1 which he   
did rather grudgingly4 #8,the two       
horsemen which my son and myselfe sent  
into the county troopes1 were now come  
home1 after a moneth's being out to our 

greate charge4' ,but what concerned him 
much more was that matters frequently   
came before the ,commission of the      
,privy ,seal to which he could not1 on  
religious grounds principally1 give his 
assent4 ,on such occasions he would     
sometimes go to his house in the        
country1 #8refusing to be present at    
what was to passe at the ,privy ,seale  
the next day'1 because any two out of   
the three ,commissioners formed a       
quorum4 ,at other times1 however1 he had
 to face his responsibility properly1 by
 refusing to put his seal to the papers 
in question1 while noting his objections
 to the course of action proposed4 ,the 
,papistry which was spreading over the  
country under the ,king's influence     
seemed to darken the land and to obscure
 the future4 #8,popish ,justices of the 
,peace establish'd in all counties1 of  
the meanest of the people2 ,judges      
ignorant of the law1 and perverting     
it--so furiously do the ,jesuits drive1 
and even compel ,princes to violent     

courses1 and destruction of an excellent
 government both in ,church and ,state4 
,god of his infinite mercy open our eyes
 and turn our hearts1 and establish his 
truth with peace6 ,the ,lord ,jesus     
defend his little flock1 and preserve   
this threaten'd ,church and ,nation4'   
,a staunch ,protestant1 ,evelyn no      
longer possessed the ,king's favour1 and
 henceforth he received no further      
appointment or token of royal approval  
although he still frequented the ,court 
at ,whitehall4 ,in ,august #afhh he was 
secretly informed by the ,rev4 ,dr4     
,tenison1 afterwards ,bishop of         
,lincoln1 of the impending invasion of  
the ,prince of ,orange1 and1 while      
regularly paying his duty as a courtier1
 he informed the lately imprisoned      
,archbishop and ,bishops of the         
intrigues on which the ,jesuits were    
hard at work4 ,and subsequently #8,my   
,lord of ,canterbury gave me great      
thanks for the advertisement ,i sent him
 in ,october1 and assured me they took  

my counsell in that particular1 and that
 it came very seasonably4' ,on #ahth    
,december1 he #8saw the ,king take barge
 to ,gravesend at #ab o'clock--a sad    
sight1' on the very day that the ,prince
 of ,orange came to ,st4 ,james and     
filled ,whitehall with ,dutch guards4   
,all the world at once went to pay court
 to the ,prince whose star was now in   
the ascendant3 and1 of course1 ,evelyn  
went too4 ,a couple of months later he  
#8saw the new ,queene and ,king         
proclaim'd the very next day after her  
coming to ,whitehall1 ,wednesday #ac    
,feb41 with greate acclamations and     
generall good reception4444 ,it was     
believ'd that both1 especially the      
,princesse1 would have shew'd some      
7seeming7 reluctance at least1 of       
assuming her father's ,crown1 and some  
apology1 testifying her regret that he  
should by his mismanagement necessitate 
the ,nation to so extraordinary a       
proceeding1 which would have shew'd very
 handsomely to the world1 and according 

to the character given by her piety2    
consonant also to her husband's first   
decleration1 that there was no intention
 of deposing the ,king1 but of          
succouring the ,nation2 but nothing of  
all this appear'd2 she came into        
,white-hall laughing and jolly1 as to a 
wedding1 so as to seem quite            
transported44444 ,this carriage was     
censured by many4'  ,after the          
,restoration ,evelyn's life as a        
courtier was practically at an end1 as  
he never quite approved the enforced    
abdication of ,king ,james4 ,so         
henceforth he spent his time1 without   
further attendance at ,court or seeking 
after office or appointment1 in study1  
literary work1 and retirement4 ,he did  
not like the new rgime1 with its        
#8,court offices distributed amongst    
,parliament men4444 ,things far from    
settled as was expected1 by reason of   
the slothfull1 sickly temper of the new 
,king1 and the ,parliament's            
unmindfullness of ,ireland1 which is    

likely to prove a sad omission4' ,he    
even seems to have regretted that his   
son was in ,march #afib made #8one of   
the ,commissioners of the ,revenue and  
,treasury of ,ireland1 to which         
employment he had a mind far from my    
wishes4' ,this son contracted serious   
illness in ,ireland1 and died #8after a 
tedious languishing sickness' early in  
#afii1 aged #dd years1 leaving one son1 
then a student at ,oxford4  ,some time  
before this his elder brother1 ,george1 
having lost his last son and heir1 had  
settled the ,wotton estate upon ,john   
,evelyn4 ,in ,may #afid1 yielding to the
 request to make ,wotton his home1 he   
went to ,wotton1 leaving ,sayes ,court  
in charge of his daughter ,susanna and  
her husband ,william ,draper1 whose     
marriage had been celebrated about a    
year previously4 ,in #afif it was let   
for three years to ,admiral ,benbow1 who
 sublet it in #afih to ,peter the       
,great1 then visiting the ,deptford     
,dockyards for three months as his      

,majesty's guest4 ,so great was the     
destruction done to the gardens1 trees1 
and holly-hedges1 that ,wren was asked  
to report on the compensation suitable1 
and #afb-g-j were paid to ,evelyn for   
damage to the house and garden4  ,early 
in #afie ,evelyn accepted the offer of  
the ,treasurership of ,greenwich        
,hospital1 then about to be rebuilt and 
endowed for the maintainence of decayed 
seamen1 which was made to him by ,lord  
,godolphin1 who had been the husband of 
his former friend ,miss ,blagg4 ,during 
the days of ,charles ,,ii4 some such    
transformation of the ,palace had been  
under consideration1 but it was the     
#cjth ,june #afif before ,evelyn and    
,sir ,christopher ,wren #8laid the first
 stone of the intended foundation1      
precisely at #e o'clock in the evening1 
after we had din'd together4' ,this     
appointment carried with it #8the salary
 of #bjj per ann4 of which ,i have never
 yet receiv'd one penny of the tallies  
assign'd for it1 now two years at       

,lady-day2 my son-in-law ,draper is my  
substitute4' ,when the new ,commission  
for ,greenwich ,hospital was sealed in  
,august #agjc ,evelyn resigned his      
office of ,treasurer in favour of       
,draper4  ,his brother ,george dying in 
,october #afii1 ,evelyn then became the 
owner of ,wotton1 and looked to his     
grandson1 the ,oxford ,student1 to #8be 
the support of the ,wotton family4' ,the
 lad had a bad attack of small-pox in   
the autumn of #agjj1 a malady that had  
caused many gaps in the family circle2  
but1 coming safely through this illness1
 he was in ,july #agja1 by the patronage
 of ,lord ,godolphin1 made one of the   
,commissioners of the ,prizes1 with a   
salary of #ejj a year1 while he was     
still an undergraduate at ,oxford4 ,and 
in ,january #agjd the same noble patron 
appointed him ,treasurer of the ,stamp  
,duties1 with a salary of #cjj a year4  
,he afterwards married ,ann1 daughter of
 ,hugh ,boscawen 7afterwards ,lord      
,falmouth71 ,lord ,godolphin's niece1   

and was created a baronet in #agac4 ,it 
was through him that the present family 
of ,evelyn of ,wotton directly descend1 
though the baronetcy lapsed on the death
 of his grandson ,frederick in #ahab4   
,as he had done twenty years before1 so 
also on now attaining his #hjth birthday
 on #cast4 ,october #agjj ,evelyn       
rendered thanks for mercies with his    
characteristic religious feeling4 #8,i  
with my soul render thanks to ,god1 who 
of his infinite mercy1 not only brought 
me out of many troubles1 but this yeare 
restor'd me to health1 after an ague and
 other infirmities of so greate an age1 
my sight1 hearing and other senses and  
faculties tolerable1 which ,i implore   
him to continue1 with the pardon of my  
sins past1 and grace to acknowledge by  
my improvement of his goodnesse the     
ensuing yeare1 if it be his pleasure to 
protract my life1 that ,i may be the    
better prepar'd for my last day1 through
 the infinite merits of my blessed      
,saviour1 the ,lord ,jesus1 ,amen4'     

,five times more was he to be privileged
 to record his thanks and prayers on    
successive returns of this anniversary4 
,one of the very last entries in his    
memoirs is that on #cast4 ,october #agje
 #8,i am this day arriv'd to the #heth  
year of my age4 ,lord teach me so to    
number my days to come that ,i may apply
 them to wisdom'4 ,and numbered1 indeed1
 they then were2 for on the #bgth of    
,february #agjf he passed quietly and   
peacefully away1 retaining his faculties
 to the last4 ,and he was laid at rest  
in the ,chancel of ,wotton ,church4     
,during the course of his long and      
distinguished life he had seen many     
stirring events1 had taken part in many 
important affairs1 had achieved much1   
and had suffered much4 ,he had outlived 
four reigns1 two of which were          
terminated by a natural death1 one by   
public execution1 and one by abdication4
 ,he had served many public and other   
distinguished offices with zeal1        
ability1 integrity1 and success4 ,he had

 given to ,english literature some of   
the classic works that are among the    
treasures of our literature of the      
,restoration period4 ,he had outlived   
all of his six sons1 most of whom had   
died in childhood1 as well as his eldest
 and favourite daughter4 ,of all his    
nine children1 the sole survivors were  
his daughter ,elizabeth1 who was soon   
afterwards married to a son of ,sir     
,john ,tippet1 and ,susanna1 wife of    
,william ,draper1 afterwards of ,adscomb
 near ,croydon4 ,after nearly #fj years 
of pure domestic wedded life1 in marked 
contrast to the prevailing dissoluteness
 of the time1 ,evelyn was survived for  
nearly three years by his widow1 who    
died in #agji1 aged #gd years1          
cherishing to the last her love and     
affection for him to whom her destiny   
had been committed whilst she was still 
a mere child4 #8,his care of my         
education'1 she wrote in her last ,will 
and ,testament1 #8was such as might     
become a father1 a lover1 a friend1 and 

a husband2 for instruction1 tenderness1 
affection and fidelity to the last      
moment of his life2 which obligation ,i 
mention with a gratitude to his memory  
ever dear to me2 and ,i must not omit to
 own the sense ,i have of my parents'   
care and goodness in placing me in such 
worthy hands4' ,surely no husband ever  
had a nobler epitaph4  ,in an age of    
fierce political and ecclesiastical     
conflict1 ,evelyn1 often1 no doubt1     
strongly tempted to partisanship1       
managed to steer his course with        
prudence and great worldly judgment4    
,but for that1 his industry and business
 talent would probably have brought him 
more prominently into office under      
,charles ,,ii4 ,in a corrupt and        
profligate age1 however1 his character  
stands out as that of one unsullied by  
excesses1 impurities1 or vices4 ,and it 
is not the least of his merits that1 in 
an age of bigotry and narrow-mindedness1
 he was not intolerant towards those    
whose religious views happened to differ

 from his own4   ,,vii  ,evelyn's       
,literary ,works4  ,evelyn's earliest   
publications1 some of which have already
 been referred to1 consisted mostly in  
translations from the ,french1 ,latin1  
and ,greek1 that of the first book of   
,lucretius' ,de ,rerum ,natura being in 
verse4 ,their authorship was usually    
veiled either under ,greek pseudonyms or
 else more thinly under the initials    
#8,j4,e4' ,that on ,a ,character of     
,england 7#afei71 a tract purporting to 
have been written by a foreigner1       
appeared anonymously4  ,of all these    
seven publications appearing before the 
,restoration1 the only one of any       
importance was ,the ,french ,gardener1  
the translation of a work by ,n4 de     
,bonnefons1 which appeared at the end of
 #afeh and was thus referred to in the  
diary1--#8,dec4 #fth4 ,now was publish'd
 my 8,french ,gardener10 the first and  
best of the kind that introduc'd ye use 
of the ,olitorie garden to any purpose4'
 ,subsequent editions of it appeared in 

#affi1 #afgb1 #afia1 bearing ,evelyn's  
name on the titlepage in place of the   
,philocepos on its first publication4   
,with the ,restoration1 bringing to him 
greater personal freedom of thought and 
speech1 came the most active period of  
,evelyn's literary production4 ,his     
loyalty at once found opportunity to    
answer a libel on ,king ,charles        
7entitled ,news from ,brussels7 in ,the 
late ,news from ,brussels unmasked1 a   
long vindication of his ,majesty from   
the calumnies and scandal therein fixed 
on him4 ,from a literary and antiquarian
 point of view1 however1 far greater    
interest attaches to a much shorter     
treatise entitled ,fumifugium3 or the   
,inconvenience of the ,aer and ,smoak of
 ,london ,dissipated1 together with some
 ,remedies humbly proposed4 ,as this is 
the earliest reference to the great     
,london ,smoke ,nuisance1 which1 like   
the poor1 we have always with us1 it is 
of more than passing interest to know   
how large this difficult problem of     

curing it loomed about two and a half   
centuries ago4 ,moreover1 this short    
work affords a very typical example of  
,evelyn's literary style1 while at the  
same time well exemplyfying his         
profusely enthusiastic outbursts of     
devoted and loyal attachment to the     
,king's person and interests4  ,in the  
dull days of autumn and winter1 when the
 heavy1 damp air wafted inwards from the
 sea shrouds ,london with a dirty pall  
of fog thickened and discoloured with   
the smoke belched forth skywards from   
the long throats of thousands of tall   
factory chimneys and emitted from       
hundreds of thousands of household and  
workshop fires1 the dweller in this vast
 overgrown city is tempted to range     
himself for the moment among the        
belauders of better times in the past4  
,almost groping his way along the       
streets in semi-darkness1 and half      
choked with the sulphurous surcharge in 
the atmosphere1 this latter-day growler 
may perhaps be astonished to learn that 

his complaint is of very old standing1  
and that long before the days of his    
great-great-grandfather1 in fact more   
than seven generations ago1 this        
poisoning of the atmosphere with the    
impurities given off from #8sea-coal'   
and other combustibles had already come 
to be looked on by some as a public     
nuisance4 ,it will1 therefore1 interest 
,londoners in general1 and will delight 
the hearts of ,sir ,william ,richmond   
,r4,a4 and the ,county ,council in      
particular1 to know that their great    
precursor in this matter of reform      
nearly #bej years ago considered the    
question even then one of urgency1      
admitting of no delay4 ,how graphic1 and
 how refreshing1 is the pithy point thus
 neatly scored--       #8,i propose     
therefore1 that by an ,act of this      
present      ,parliament1 this infernal 
,nuisance be removed4'  ,there is no    
beating about the bush here1 and no     
mincing of phrases4 ,the matter is at   
once probed with the needle4  ,evelyn   

was not merely a rather notable person  
in the ,london society of that period4  
,as a man of science he was one of the  
most prominent pillars of the then      
recently founded ,royal ,society4 ,as an
 official he was ,his ,majesty's        
,commissioner for improving the streets 
and buildings of ,london1 in addition to
 various other particular duties4 ,but  
finally1--and1 at the same time1 first  
of all1 if it be permissible to         
emphasise the fact in so paradoxical a  
manner--he was a courtier2 and that at a
 time when expressions of loyalty to    
,his ,gracious ,majesty1 ,king ,charles 
,,ii41 were somewhat too highly         
coloured1 too servile and sycophantic1  
to suit our modern taste4  ,this short  
work ,fumifugium1 really only a         
pamphlet1 was therefore dedicated to the
 ,king in language of the period        
extravagant in the highest degree1      
though eminently typical of the         
,royalists during the early days of the 
,restoration4 ,the treatise was thus    

occasioned3-- #8,it was one day1 as ,i  
was ,walking in ,your ,majesty's ,palace
 at ,white-,hall 7where ,i have         
sometimes the honour to refresh myself  
with the ,sight of ,your ,illustrious   
,presence1 which is the ,joy of ,your   
,peoples hearts7 that a presumptuous    
,smoak issuing from one or two tunnels  
near ,northumberland ,house1 and not far
 from ,scotland-yard did so invade the  
,court2 that all the ,rooms1 ,galleries1
 and ,places about it were fill'd and   
infested with it2 and that to such a    
degree1 as ,men could hardly discern one
 another from the ,clowd1 and none could
 support1 without manifest              
,inconveniency4 ,it was not this which  
did first suggest to me what ,i had long
 since conceived against this pernicious
 ,accident1 upon frequent observation2  
,but it was this alone1 and the trouble 
that it must needs procure to ,your     
,sacred ,majesty1 as well as hazzard to 
,your ,health1 which kindled this       
,indignation of mine against it1 and was

 the occasion of what it has produc'd in
 these ,papers4  ,sir1 ,i prepare in    
this short ,discourse an expedient how  
this pernicious ,nuisance may be        
reformed2 and offer at another also1 by 
which the ,aer may not only be freed    
from the present ,inconveniency2 but    
7that remov'd7 to render not only ,your 
,majesties ,palace1 but the whole ,city 
likewise1 one of the sweetest1 and most 
delicious ,habitations in the ,world2   
and this1 with little or no expence2 but
 by improving those ,plantations which  
,your ,majesty so laudably affects1 in  
the moyst1 depressed and marshy grounds 
about the ,town1 to the ,culture and    
production of such things1 as upon every
 gentle emission through the ,aer1      
should so perfume the adjacent places   
with their breath2 as if1 by a certain  
charm1 or innocent ,magick1 they were   
transferred to that part of ,arabia1    
which is therefore styled the ,happy1   
because it is amongst the ,gums and     
precious spices4'  ,objectionable       

cottages had thus apparently only       
recently1 probably during the democratic
 ,commonwealth1 been erected to the east
 of ,whitehall1 and were surrounded by  
fields4 ,these fields were to be divided
 into blocks of about #bj to #dj acres1 
and palisades or fences of shrubs were  
to enclose belts of #aej feet or more   
between the various fields4 ,the fences 
were to be formed or filled with        
sweetbriar1 periclymena1 woodbine1      
jessamine1 syringa1 guelder-rose1 musk  
and other roses1 broom1 juniper1        
lavender1 and so on1--#8but above all   
,rosemary1 the ,flowers whereof are     
credibly reported to give their sent    
above thirty ,leagues off at ,sea1 upon 
the coasts of ,spain4 ,those who take   
notice of the ,sent of the              
,orange-flowers from the ,rivage of     
,gena1 and ,st4 ,pietro dell' ,arena2   
the ,blosomes of ,rosemary from the     
,coasts of ,spain many leagues off at   
,sea2 or the manifest and odoriferous   
wafts which flow from ,fontenoy and     

,vaugirard1 even to ,paris in the season
 of ,roses1 with the contrary ,effects  
of those less pleasing smells from other
 accidents1 will easily consent to what 
,i suggest3 ,and1 ,i am able to         
enumerate a ,catalogue of native        
,plants1 and such as are familiar to our
 ,country and ,clime1 whose redolent and
 agreeable ,emissions would even ravish 
our senses1 as well as perfectly improve
 the ,aer about ,london2 and that1      
without the least prejudice to the      
,owners and ,proprietors of the ,land to
 be employ'd about it4' ,evelyn further 
recommended #8,that the ,spaces1 or     
,area between these ,pallisads1 and     
,fences1 be employ'd in ,beds and       
,bordures of ,pinks1 ,carnations1       
,clove1 ,stock-gilly-flower1 ,primroses1
 ,auriculas1 ,violets1 not forgetting   
the ,white1 which are in flower twice a 
year1 ,april and ,august2 ,cowslips1    
,lillies1 ,narcissus1 ,strawberries1    
whose very leaves as well as fruit1 emit
 a ,cardiague1 and most refreshing      

,halitus3 also ,parietria ,lutea1 ,musk1
 ,lemmon1 and ,mastick3 ,thyme1 ,spike1 
,cammomile1 ,balm1 ,mint1 ,marjoram1    
,pimpernel1 ,serpillum1 etc41 which upon
 the least pressure and cutting1 breathe
 out and betray their ravishing ,odors4'
 ,plantations of trees were also to be  
made and nurseries formed1 which would  
have the additional advantage1 besides  
mere beauty and ornament1 of providing  
for the fields--#8better ,shelter1 and  
,pasture for ,sheep and ,cattel then    
now2 that they lie bleak1 expos'd and   
abandon'd to the winds1 which           
perpetually invade them4' ,it is said   
that the planting of ,lime trees in ,st4
 ,james' ,park was due to these         
suggestions4 ,evelyn's recommendations  
concluded with the exhorting that #8the 
further exhorbitant encrease of         
,tenements1 poor and nasty ,cottages    
near the ,city1 be prohibited1 which    
disgrace and take off from the sweetness
 and amoenity of the ,environs of       
,london1 and are already become a great 

,eye-sore in the grounds opposite to    
,his ,majesty's ,palace of ,white-hall2 
which being converted to this use1 might
 yield a diversion inferior to none that
 could be imagin'd for ,health1 ,profit1
 and ,beauty1 which are the three       
,transcendencies that render a place    
without all exception4 ,and this is what
 7in short7 ,i had to offer1 for the    
,improvement and ,melioration of the    
,aer about ,london1 and with which ,i   
shall conclude this discourse4'         
,besides dedicating his pamphlet        
especially to the ,king1 as well as     
proposing1 on the title-page1 the remedy
 8,to ,his ,sacred ,majestie1 and ,to   
the ,parliament now ,assembled01 ,evelyn
 likewise adresses himself 8,to the     
,reader0 by way of a second             
introduction2 and he does so in these   
plainer and rather contemptuous terms3--
 #8,i have little here to add to implore
 thy good opinion and approbation1 after
 ,i have submitted this ,essay to his   
,sacred ,majesty3 ,but as it is of      

universal benefit that ,i propound it2  
so ,i expect a civil entertainment and  
reception4444' ,confessing himself      
#8frequently displeased at the small    
advance and improvement of ,publick     
,works in this nation1' he further      
expresses himself as #8extremely amazed1
 that where there is so great affluence 
of all things which may render the      
,people of this vast ,city the most     
happy upon ,earth2 the sordid and       
accursed ,avarice of some few           
,particular ,persons should be suffered 
to prejudice the health and felicity of 
so many3 ,that any ,profit 7besides what
 is absolute necessity7 should render   
men regardlesse of what chiefly imports 
them1 when it may be purchased upon so  
easie conditions1 and with so great     
advantages3 ,for it is not happiness to 
possesse ,gold1 but to enjoy the        
,effects of it and to know how to live  
cheerfully and in health1 ,non est      
vivere1 sed valere vita4 ,that men whose
 very ,being is ,aer1 should not breath 

it freely when they may2 but 7as that   
,tyrant us'd his ,vassals7 condemn      
themselves to this misery and ,fumo     
prfocari1 is strange stupidity3 yet thus
 we see them walk and converse in       
,london1 pursu'd and haunted by that    
infernal ,smoake1 and the funest        
accidents which accompany it wheresoever
 they retire4'  ,surely1 if ,john       
,evelyn could in spirit revisit the     
metropolis he loved so well and was so  
much at home in1 he would1 while        
lamenting the continuation and the now  
much more acute form of the 8infernal   
,nuisance01 to a certainty find ample   
cause for rejoicing at the admirable    
work of late years carried out in the   
,london ,royal ,parks and ,pleasure     
,grounds1 and in the ,parks and ,open   
,spaces under the administration of the 
,county ,council4  ,it was in #affd1    
however1 that ,evelyn achieved his      
greatest literary triumph by the        
publication of his three masterpieces1  
,sylva3 or a ,discourse of ,forest      

,trees1 and the ,propagation of ,timber 
in ,his ,majestie's ,dominions2 ,pomona3
 or an ,appendix concerning ,fruit      
,trees in relation to ,cider1 the       
,making and several ways of ,ordering   
it2 and ,kalendarium ,hortense3 or the  
,gard'ners ,almanack1 directing what he 
is to do ,monthly throughout the ,year4'
  ,the manner in which the idea of the  
,sylva originated is clearly shewn by   
what is noted in his ,diary on #aeth    
,october1 #affb4--#8;,i this day        
deliver'd my 8,discourse concerning     
,forest ,trees0 to the ,society1 upon   
occasion of certain queries sent to us  
by the ,commissioners of his ,majesties 
,navy1 being the first booke that was   
printed by order of the ,society1 and by
 their printer1 since it was a          
,corporation4' ,this latter reference   
evidently anticipates events1 as one    
often had reason to note in this        
so-called diary1 because ,sylva was not 
actually published until the beginning  
of #affd1 when along with it were       

included ,pomona1 and the ,kalendarium  
,hortense4 ,in ,february1 #affd1        
#8#afth1 ,i presented my 8,sylva0 to the
 ,society2 and next day to his          
,majestie1 to whom it was dedicated2    
also to the ,lord ,treasurer and the    
,lord ,chancellor4'  ,there is no doubt 
that ,sylva was a work of national      
importance4 ,then1 as now1 ,england was 
dependent on her ,navy4 ,but the stock  
of ,oak timber suitable for the         
requirements of the naval dockyards had 
become almost exhausted4 ,from a tonnage
 of #ag1aaj tons in #afjc1 our fleet had
 risen to #eg1dfc tons in #affj1 and    
during the #be years of ,charles ,,ii's 
reign it increased to #ajc1eef tons4 ,to
 supply these rapidly expanding         
requirements the stock of timber in the 
country was feared to be inadequate4    
,from #aig1dje1 loads of timber fit for 
the ,navy in the ,new ,forest in #afjh1 
the stock sank later to #ai1hgc in      
#agjg2 and in the royal forests in      
,gloucestershire a similar state of     

affairs obtained4 ,at a meeting of the  
,council of the ,royal ,society in      
,november #affb1 ,evelyn followed up his
 recent ,sylva by suggesting a discourse
 #8concerning planting his ,majesty's   
,forest of ,deane with oake1 now so much
 exhausted1 of ye choicest ship-timber  
in the world4' ,this was before the days
 of steam or even of macadamized roads1 
when we had to grow our own supplies of 
food and ,navy timber4 ,true1 oak for   
wainscoting and the like had long been  
imported from the ,continent2 but if we 
had been anything like dependent on     
foreign oak1 the ,dutch ,war which      
shortly afterwards broke out would      
probably have cut off the same entirely 
from reaching our ports4  ,it is        
unnecessary to say much about this      
charming classic of ,forestry1 of whose 
various excellences the reader can      
herein judge for himself4 ,gracefully   
written in nervous ,english and in a    
cultured style1 ornately embellished    
according to the then prevailing custom 

by apt quotations from the ,latin poets1
 it contains an enormous amount of      
information in the shape of legends and 
of facts ascertained by travel1 of      
observation1 and of experience4 ,no man 
of his time could possibly have been    
better qualified than ,evelyn for       
undertaking the special duty laid upon  
him2 and he carried out his task in a   
brilliant manner4 ,sylva soon ran into  
several editions4 ,the fourth edition   
appeared in the year of his death       
7#agjf7 and a fifth in #agbi4 ,from     
#aggf to #ahab other four editions were 
published1 with notes by ,dr4 ,a4       
,hunter of ,york1 the last of which     
served as the text for the celebrated   
forestry article in the ,quarterly      
,review for ,march1 #ahac4 ,a later     
issue of ,hunter's editions appeared in 
#ahbe2 but in #ahbg ignorant and wanton 
hands were with much bombastic language 
and buffoonry laid on this great        
classic1 when ,james ,mitchell1 an      
agriculturist1 published ,dendrologia2  

or a ,treatise of ,forest ,trees1 with  
,evelyn's ,silva1 revised1 corrected1   
and abridged by a ,professional ,planter
 and ,collector of practical ,notes     
forty years4 ,since then no other       
edition of ,sylva has appeared until the
 present reprint of the #dth edition1   
making the #abth edition of this classic
 work4  ,the publication of ,sylva gave 
an enormous stimulus to planting in     
,britain1 the benefits from which were  
subsequently reaped at the end of the   
,,xviii and the beginning of the ,,xix  
century1 when during our war with       
,france the supply of oak timber for    
shipbuilding almost entirely ran out4   
,dr4 ,hunter's editions did much to     
revive the ardour for planting1 which   
was further stimulated by the ,quarterly
 ,review article and by the advice which
 ,sir ,walter ,scott put into the mouth 
of the ,laird o' ,dumbiedykes to his    
son3 #8,jock1 when ye hae naething else 
to do1 ye may be aye sticking in a tree2
 it will be growing1 ,jock1 when ye're  

sleeping4' ,to the impetus then given to
 planting1 many of the woods now growing
 in different parts of ,britain1 and    
especially in ,scotland1 owe their      
origin4  ,as ,evelyn had given the      
copyright to ,allestry1 the ,royal      
,society's printer1 ,sylva brought no   
pecuniary profit to its author2 and     
indirectly it was the cause of          
disappointment to him4 ,how this came   
about may be seen from the following    
extract from a letter1 dated #dth       
,august #afij1 to his friend the        
,countess of ,sunderland1 which is      
further of interest as giving ,evelyn's 
own account of the origin of            
,sylva--#8when many yeares ago ,i came  
from rambling abroad1 observ'd a little 
time there1 and a greate deale more     
since ,i came home than gave me much    
satisfaction1 and 7as events have       
prov'd7 scarce worth one's pursuite1 ,i 
cast about how ,i should employ the time
 which hangs on most young men's hands1 
to the best advantage2 and when books   

and severer studies grew tedious1 and   
other impertinence would be pressing1 by
 which innocent diversions ,i might     
sometime relieve my selfe without       
complyance to recreations ,i took no    
felicity in1 because they did not       
contribute to any improvement of the    
mind4 ,this set me upon planting of     
trees1 and brought forth my 8,sylva10   
which booke1 infinitely beyond my       
expectation1 is now also calling for a  
fourth impression1 and has been the     
occasion of propagating many millions of
 usefull timber trees thro'out this     
nation1 as ,i may justifie 7without     
im'odesty7 from ye many letters of      
acknowledgement receiv'd from gentlemen 
of the first quality1 and others        
altogether strangers to me4 ,his late   
,majesty ,charles the #bnd4 was         
sometimes graciously pleas'd to take    
notice of it to me1 and that ,i had by  
that booke alone incited a world of     
planters to repaire their broken estates
 and woodes1 which the greedy rebells   

had wasted and made much havock of4     
,upon this encouragement ,i was once    
speaking to a mighty man1 then in       
despotic power1 to mention the greate   
inclination ,i had to serve his ,majesty
 in a little office then newly vacant   
7the salary ,i think hardly #cjj7 whose 
province was to inspect the timber trees
 in his ,majesties ,forests1 etc41 and  
take care of their culture and          
improvement2 but this was conferr'd upon
 another who1 ,i believe1 had seldom    
been out of the smoake of ,london1 where
 though there was a greate deale of     
timber1 there were not many trees4 ,i   
confesse ,i had an inclination to the   
imployment upon a publique account as   
well as its being suitable to my rural  
genius1 borne as ,i was at ,wotton1     
among the woods4'  ,a still greater     
success was achieved by the ,kalendarium
 ,hortense1 which reached its tenth     
edition 7#agjf7 during ,evelyn's        
lifetime1 and of which two reprints have
 subsequently been made4 ,this small    

work was the forerunner of the more     
modern books on ,english gardening1 the 
names of which are now almost legion4   
,previous to this1 ,sculptura3 or the   
,history and ,art of ,chalcography and  
,engraving in ,copper and ,mezzo-tinto1 
had been published in #affb1 being the  
first work on this subject that had     
appeared in ,england4 ,but it was a poor
 production1 and ran into no second     
edition while the author lived4 ,his    
chief subsequent literary successes were
 ,terra3 a ,philosophical ,discourse of 
,earth relating to the ,culture and     
,improvement of it for ,vegetation1 and 
for the ,propagation of ,plants1        
7#afgf71 which was first read before the
 ,royal ,society on #bith ,april #afge1 
and of which the third edition was      
printed in #agjf1 and ,the ,compleat    
,gardiner1 or ,directions for           
cultivating and right ordering of ,fruit
 ,gardens and ,kitchen ,gardens2 with   
divers ,reflections on several parts of 
,husbandry1 7#afic71 which went into    

five editions by #agaj4 ,his ,history of
 the ,dutch ,war1 already referred to   
7page xliii7 would have been by far his 
most important work in point of length  
had its completion been allowed1 but    
only the introductory portion saw the   
light as ,navigation and ,commerce2     
their ,original and ,progress1          
,containing a succint account of        
,traffick in general2 etc4 etc444444 to 
the beginning of our late differences   
with ,holland2 in which his ,majesties  
title to the ,dominion of the ,sea is   
asserted against the ,novel and later   
,pretenders4 7#afgd74 ,his own account  
of the stoppage of the work is given in 
the diary for #aith ,august             
#afgd1--#8;,his ,majesty told me how    
exceedingly the ,dutch were displeas'd  
at my treatise of the 8,historie of     
,commerce20 that the ,holland           
,ambassador had complain'd to him of    
what ,i had touch'd of the ,flags and   
,fishery1 etc41 and desired the booke   
might be call'd in2 whilst on the other 

side he assur'd me he was exceedingly   
pleas'd with what ,i had done1 and gave 
me many thanks4 ,however1 it being just 
upon conclusion of the treaty of ,breda 
7indeed it was design'd to have been    
publish'd some moneths before and when  
we were at defiance71 his ,majesty told 
me he must recall it formally1 but gave 
order that what copies should be        
publiqly seiz'd to pacifie the          
,ambassador1 should immediately be      
restor'd to the printer1 and that       
neither he nor the vendor should be     
molested4 ,the truth is1 that which     
touch'd the ,hollander was much lesse   
than what the ,king himself furnish'd me
 with1 and oblig'd me to publish1 having
 caus'd it to be read to him before it  
went to the presse2 but the error was1  
it should have been publish'd before the
 peace was proclaim'd4 ,the noise of    
this book's suppression made it         
presently be bought up1 and turn'd much 
to the stationer's advantage4 ,it was no
 other than the ,preface prepar'd to be 

prefix'd to my ,history of the whole    
,warr2 which ,i now pursued no further4'
 ,years afterwards1 however1 he wrote   
somewhat bitterly on this subject to his
 intimate friend ,pepys1 in a letter    
dated #bhth ,april #afhb1 in which he   
says1 #8,in sum1 ,i had no thanks for   
what ,i had done1 and have been         
accounted since1 ,i suppose1 an useless 
fop1 and fit only to plant coleworts1   
and ,i cannot bend to mean submissions2 
and this1 ,sir1 is the history of the   
,historian4 ,i confess to you1 ,i had   
once the vanity to hope1 had my patron  
continued in his station1 for some1 at  
least1 honorary title that might have   
animated my progress1 as seeing then    
some amongst them whose talents ,i did  
not envy3 but it was not my fortune to  
succeed4' ,this certainly seems as if   
,evelyn had been hoping for knighthood  
from ,king ,charles4 ,if his desire lay 
this way1 it is difficult to reconcile  
such private admission with the definite
 statement made in the diary of #aith   

,april1 #affa1 that #8he might have     
receiv'd this honour1' of ,knighthood of
 the ,bath #8but declined it4'          
,evelyn's other publications1 works of  
considerably less importance1 include   
,tyrannus or the ,mode1 in a ,discourse 
of ,sumptuary ,laws 7#affa72 ,a         
,parallel of the ,ancient ,architecture 
with the ,modern 7#affd71 and ,an ,idea 
of the ,perfection of ,painting1        
,demonstrated from the ,principles of   
,art 7#affh71 both translated from the  
,french of ,roland ,freart2 ,another    
,part of the ,mystery of ,jesuitisim1   
also from the ,french 7#affe72 ,publick 
,employment1 and an ,active ,life       
preferr'd to ,solitude 7#affg3 a reply  
to ,sir ,george ,mackenzie's ,work on   
,solitude72 ,the ,history of three late 
famous ,imposters 7,padre ,ottomano1    
,mahomed ,bei1 and ,sabatei ,sevi3      
#affi72 ,mundus ,muliebris3 or the      
,ladies ,dressing-room ,unlock'd and her
 ,toilette spread 7#afij3 a burlesque   
poem1 #8,a voyage to ,marryland1'       

cataloguing female follies of the time1 
by his daughter ,mary1 who died in      
#afhe72 ,numismata3 a ,discourse of     
,medals1 ,antient and ,modern3 c4       
7#afig72 and ,acetaria3 a ,discourse of 
,sallets 7#afii71 which was merely a    
chapter1 written many years previously1 
of an extensive work he intended writing
 under the comprehensive title of       
,elysium ,britannicum4 ,there is no     
doubt that1 but for his immersion in    
public affairs in middle life1 ,evelyn  
would have been a much larger producer  
of literary work than he actually was4  
,but it seems very questionable if this 
would in any substantial way have added 
to the enduring reputation he won for   
himself by ,sylva4  ,in addition to his 
published works1 however1 he left       
numerous manuscripts1 which he had noted
 as #8,things ,i would write out faire  
and reform if ,i had leisure1'          
comprising poems1 mathematical papers1  
religious meditations1 and biographies4 
,the most ambitious of his poems is     

,thyrsander1 a ,tragy-,comedy1 which is 
probably one of those referred to by    
,pepys in his ,diary for #eth ,novr4    
#affe1 when1 visiting ,evelyn at ,sayes 
,court1 he says that #8,he read me part 
of a play or two of his making1 very    
good1 but not as he conceits them1 ,i   
think1 to be4' ,some of these1 including
 ,my own ,ephemeris or ,diarie1 an      
autobiographical memoir based on the    
journal or common-place book kept by him
 ever since being eleven years of age1  
and his correspondence1 were published  
posthumously as ,memoirs illustrative of
 the ,life and ,writings of ,john       
,evelyn ,esqre4 ,f4,r4,s4 in #ahah4     
,this has gone through nine editions and
 reprints2 and it affords1 along with   
,pepys' diary1 one of the best views of 
the life of those times4 ,each is the   
complement of the other1 and the only   
matter of regret is that the original   
manuscript of ,evelyn's actual diary has
 not hitherto been forthcoming1 as it   
would be infinitely preferable to the   

compilation he made therefrom1 which    
often refers to future events4 ,other of
 his ,,mss4 appeared as ,miscellaneous  
,writings of ,john ,evelyn ,esq4        
,f4,r4,s4 in #ahbe1 ,the ,life of ,mrs4 
,godolphin 7see page xlv7 in #ahdg1 and 
subsequently in five or six editions and
 reprints1 and ,the ,history of         
,religion3 ,a ,rational ,account of the 
,true ,religion in #ahej4 ,of these the 
so-called ,diary is by far the most     
interesting and important1 and it is on 
it and on the ,sylva that his literary  
reputation rests and has a sure and     
abiding foundation4   ,,viii  ,evelyn's 
,influence on ,british ,arboriculture4  
,there can be no doubt that ,john       
,evelyn1 both during his own lifetime   
and throughout the two centuries which  
have elapsed since his death in #agjf1  
has exerted more individual influence1  
through his charming ,sylva1 or a       
,discourse of ,forest ,trees and the    
,propagation of ,timber in ,his         
,majesty's ,dominion 7first published in

 #affd7 than can be ascribed to any     
other individual4 ,the attention drawn  
to the subject of ,arboriculture by ,dr4
 ,hunter towards the end of the         
eighteenth and the beginning of the     
nineteenth centuries was in connection  
with several new editions of that       
classic work1 while the impulse given to
 the formation of large plantations     
between #ahjj and #ahcj by ,sir ,walter 
,scott and the celebrated ,quarterly    
,review articles was connected very     
closely indeed with the appearance of   
fresh editions of ,sylva4  ,it is easy  
to understand the success of ,evelyn's  
work and the influence he exerted on    
,british ,arboriculture4 ,first and     
foremost1 he held the brief in an       
excellent cause1 because the maintenance
 of adequate supplies of oak timber for 
shipbuilding ever remained a question of
 very serious national importance right 
down to the time when this pressure was 
removed by the introduction of steam    
communication and the use of ,indian    

,teak and subsequently of iron for      
purposes of construction4 ,then again1  
his position as a courtier and a country
 gentleman1 and as one of the most      
prominent members of the recently       
established ,royal ,society1 gave him a 
much higher degree of prominence than   
such adventitious aids would ensure in  
our present far more democratic days4   
,finally1 he had no small confidence in 
his own ability 7#8conceit' his friend  
,mr4 ,samuel ,pepys calls it in his     
diary72 and this has been recognised in 
the numerous editions of ,sylva that    
have from time to time been found worthy
 of publication4  ,although by far the  
most celebrated of ,english writers on  
,arboriculture1 ,evelyn was by no means 
the first who wrote on this subject4    
,that honour belongs to ,master         
,fitzherbert1 whose ,boke of ,husbandrie
 was published in #aecd4 ,but it is a   
curious fact that the most important    
previous contribution towards the       
propagation of timber--leaving          

,manwood's ,treatise of the ,forrest    
,lawes 7#aeih7 out of consideration--is 
apparently never mentioned by ,evelyn4  
,this was a small booklet of #cd pages1 
a mere pamphlet in size1 published in   
#afac by ,arthur ,standish and entitled 
,new ,directions of ,experience 444 for 
the ,increasing of ,timber and          
,firewood4 ,in this1 ,standish strongly 
urged sowing and planting on an         
extensive scale2 and the pamphlet was so
 highly approved by ,king ,james ,i41   
that in #afae a second edition was      
issued4 ,this included1 among the       
prefatory matters1 a royal proclamation 
#8,by the ,king1 ,to all ,noblemen1     
,gentlemen1 and other our loving        
,subjects1 to whom it may appertaine1'  
which set forth the #8severall good     
projects for the increasing of ,woods'  
and recommended them to #8be willingly  
received and put in practise' with a    
view to restore the decay of timber     
#8universally complained of' within the 
realm4  ,although exhortations and royal

 proclamations had previously been      
issued more than once by ,james ,i4     
relative to the #8storing' of timber    
trees when falls were being made in     
copsewoods1 and generally to ensure     
better effect being given to the        
intentions of ,henry ,,viii's ,statute  
of ,woods of #aedc1 as amended during   
,queen ,elizabeth's reign 7in #aegj71   
yet ,standish's treatise was the first  
occasion 7so far as ,i have been able to
 discover7 on which a private subject   
had endeavoured to stimulate the        
progress of ,british ,forestry by means 
of the publication of his views in the  
form of a small book4 ,his aims and     
objects are thus described on the       
title-page of the second or royal       
edition of #afae3--8,,new ,,directions  
,,of ,,experience ,,authorized ,,by     
,,the ,king's most excellent ,majesty1  
as may appeare1 for the increasing of   
,timber and ,fire-wood1 with the least  
waste and losse of ground4 ,,with ,a    
,,neare ,,estimation1 what millions of  

acres the ,kingdome doth containe2 what 
acres is waste ground1 wherever little  
profit for this purpose will            
arise--which waste being deducted1 the  
remaine is twenty-five millions2 forth  
of which millions1 if two hundred and   
forty thousand ,acres be planted and    
preserved according to the directions   
following1 which is but the hundred part
 of the twenty-five millions1 there may 
be as much timber raised1 as will       
maintaine the ,kingdome for all uses for
 ever4 ,and how as great store of       
,fire-wood may be raised1 forth of      
hedges1 as may plentifully mainetaine   
the ,kingdome for all purposes1 without 
losse of ground2 so as within thirty    
years all ,spring-woodslxvii3#a may be  
converted to ,tillage and ,pasture4 ,by 
,arthur ,standish4 ,anno ,domini        
,,mdcxv40  ,this was the only work of   
the sort which had been published up to 
the time of ,evelyn's ,sylva appearing  
about fifty years later1 in #affb4 ,it  
is curious that he made no reference to 

this work written with similar objects  
to those he himself had in view4        
,another work1 however1 he does mention1
 evidently that of a practical          
horticulturist and arboriculturist1     
probably belonging to a lower status of 
society than himself4 ,writing of the   
,new ,orchard and ,garden 7#aeig1 #bnd4 
edit4 #afbc71 he patronises the author  
by calling him #8our countryman honest  
,lawson'2 and after giving a long       
quotation from it with regard to        
pruning1 he complacently concludes by   
adding #8,thus far the good man out of  
his eight and forty years experience    
concerning timber-trees4'  ,evelyn had  
the satisfaction of seeing his work bear
 much fruit during his own life-time1   
and this must have occasioned a quite   
exceptionally keen pleasure to a man of 
his disposition4 ,in his preface1 dated 
#e ,december #afgh1 to the fourth       
edition of ,sylva1 he writes in #8,the  
,epistle ,dedicatory' to the ,king that 
#8,i need not acquaint your ,majesty how

 many millions of timber-trees1 besides 
infinite others1 have been propagated   
and planted throughout your vast        
dominions1 at the instigation1 and by   
the sole directions of this work2       
because your gracious ,majesty had been 
pleased to own it publickly for my      
encouragement1 who in all that ,i here  
pretend to say1 deliver only those      
precepts which your ,majesty has put in 
practise2 as having1 like another       
,cyrus1 by your own royal example1      
exceeded all your predecessors in the   
plantations you have made1 beyond1 ,i   
dare assert it1 all the ,monarchs of    
this nation1 since the conquest of it4' 
,apart from the planting done in the    
royal woods and forests1 details of     
,evelyn's diary shew that he was        
frequently called upon to give advice   
with regard to laying out private       
plantations1--as well as of ornamental  
gardens1 on which subject he was also   
considered one of the leading           
authorities of the time4  ,more than a  

century after ,evelyn's death1 during   
the time of our wars with ,france1 the  
demand for timber and the serious       
outlook with regard to future supplies  
once more drew marked attention to the  
propagation of timber throughout        
,britain1 and many plantations of oak   
were then made which have not yet been  
entirely cleared to make way for other  
and now more profitable crops of wood4  
,a very decided impetus was given in    
this direction by the re-publication of 
the text of the fourth edition of ,sylva
 7as finally revised by the author in   
#afgh71 with copious notes by ,dr4 ,a4  
,hunter ,f4,r4,s4 in #ahab4 ,a most     
appreciative and favourable review of   
this work is contained in the ,quarterly
 ,review for ,march #ahac 7,vol4 ix71   
which was of much assistance in drawing 
the attention of our great landowners to
 the advantages of growing timber4      
,plantations could then be made at about
 one-fourth to one-third 7and often less
 than that7 of what it now costs to make

 them1 while the market for timber and  
wood of all sorts was then favourable1  
with a steady demand likely to increase 
as time rolled on and the national      
commerce and industries                 
expanded1--because in those days the    
economic revolution1 accomplished       
through the subsequent discoveries of   
the great uses to which steam and iron  
are now put1 were not then dreamed of4  
,this ,quarterly ,review article was an 
appreciation of ,evelyn1--and not the   
only one made by that celebrated        
periodical1 as we shall see presently4  
,it traced the history of the work1     
showing how ,charles ,,ii4 #8was too    
sensible a man to think of compelling   
his subjects to plant1 by fines and     
forfeitures for the omission4 ,example  
he knew would do something1 and he had  
scope enough for the purpose in his own 
wasted forests2 but an animated         
exhortation from the press1 in an age   
when the nobility and gentry began to   
read and to reflect1 he knew would do   

more4 ,a proper person for the purpose  
therefore was sought and found2 a man of
 family1 fortune1 and learning2 an      
experienced planter2 a virtuoso1 and not
 a little of an enthusiast in his own   
walk4 ,such was ,mr4 ,evelyn3 and to    
this occasion we are indebted for the   
,sylva1 which has therefore a title to  
be regarded as a national work444 ,it   
sounded the trumpet of alarm to the     
nation on the condition of their woods  
and forests4'  ,the re-publication of   
the ,sylva by ,dr4 ,hunter1 coming at an
 appropriate moment1 revived the ardour 
which the work had excited about #fj    
years previously1 and #8while forests   
were laid prostrate to protect our      
shores from the insults of the enemy1   
the nobility and gentry began once more 
to sow the seeds of future navies4'     
,previous to #ahab1 planting on any     
large scale whether for profit or       
ornament seems to have been confined    
chiefly to great estates1 and #8if a    
private gentleman1 in the century       

preceding1 planted an hedgrow of an     
hundred oaks1 it was recorded1 for the  
benefit of posterity1 in his diary4'    
,the trade in the supply of plants had  
previously been in the hands of a few   
nurserymen1 but on the appearance of    
,dr4 ,hunter's new edition many private 
nurseries were established4 ,this was   
more especially the case in ,scotland1  
where the ,scottish nobility took the   
lead #8in this national and patriotic   
work1'--which promised to be very       
profitable1 owing to the recent         
introduction of the larch4 ,the         
well-deserved eulogy given in the       
,quarterly ,review article to the rapid 
growth of fine timber of this valuable  
forest tree was the direct cause of     
larch plantations being largely         
extended1 because it was said that #8a  
tree which1 if the oak should fail1     
would build navies1 and if the forests  
of ,livonia or ,norway or ,canada were  
exhausted1 would build cities1 is an    
acquisition to this island almost       

without a parallel4' ,and it still is   
one of the most valuable of our woodland
 trees1 despite the cankerous           
fungus-disease which has certainly been 
7indirectly7 due in no small degree to  
injudicious planting in pure woods on   
unsuitable soils and situations4  ,this 
,quarterly ,review article of #ahac     
probably did quite as much to stimulate 
planting throughout ,great ,britain as  
the ,sylva itself had previously done2  
but as ,evelyn's classic formed the text
 for the exhortation1 the beneficial    
effects must of course in great part be 
ascribed to his influence4  ,a few years
 later1 the ,quarterly ,review in an    
article on ,evelyn's ,memoirs 7,april1  
#ahah71 again sings the well-deserved   
praise of his influence on ,british     
,arboriculture4 #8,the greater part of  
the woods1 which were raised in         
consequence of ,evelyn's writings1 have 
been cut down3 the oaks have borne the  
,british flag to seas and countries     
which were undiscovered when they were  

planted1 and generation after generation
 has been coffined in the elms4 ,the    
trees of his age1 which may yet be      
standing1 are verging fast toward their 
decay and dissolution3 but his name is  
fresh in the land1 and his reputation1  
like the trees of an ,indian ,paradise1 
exists and will continue to exist in    
full strength and beauty1 uninjured by  
the course of time4      ,thrones fall  
and ,dynasties are changed3     ,empires
 decay and sink     ,beneath their own  
unwieldy weight2     ,dominion passeth  
like a cloud away4     ,the imperishable
 mind     ,survives all meaner things4  
,no change of fashion1 no alteration of 
taste1 no revolutions of science have   
impaired or can impair his celebrity4'  
,another of the celebrated ,quarterly   
,review articles on ,forestry is that   
,on ,planting ,waste ,lands 7,october1  
#ahbg72 and even though it was ,robert  
,monteath's ,foresters ,guide and       
,profitable ,planter which furnished the
 peg for a discourse on this occasion1  

still the spirit breathing throughout   
the exhortion was the revivification of 
,evelyn's influence4 ,and the same must 
also be said about the article on       
,loudon's #8,trees and ,shrubs'         
7,quarterly ,review2 ,october1 #ahch71  
which opens with a eulogy of our great  
,english enthusiast of ,arboriculture4  
#8,the good and peaceful ,john ,evelyn  
was a great benefactor to ,england4 ,he 
was a country gentleman of independent  
fortune2 he held an office under        
,government2 and was personally familiar
 with ,charles ,,ii4 and ,james ,,ii2   
yet1 in spite of the influence which he 
then possessed1 his example effected    
little for his favourite object till the
 publication of the ,sylva4 ,half the   
charm of this work lies in his          
contriving to make us feel interested   
about his trees2 he gossips about them1 
he tells us where they came from and    
what they are used for1 and has a few   
marvels--not of his own--but told with  
such perfect good faith that we can     

hardly help believing them with him4    
,this was the secret by which he managed
 to attract the attention of even the   
wits and gallants of #8the gay court2'  
and thus it was that he gave an impulse 
to planting those #8goodly woods and    
forests1' the absence of which1 in his  
own time1 he so feelingly laments1 and  
which now crown our hills and enrich our
 valleys4 ,mr4 ,loudon has followed     
,evelyn's track4                        
,tradition--history--poetry--anecdote   
enliven his pages2 the reader soon feels
 as if his instructor were a good       
natured and entertaining friend4 ,he has
 also not contented himself with merely 
recalling old favourites to our memory1 
but has introduced to us numerous       
agreeable foreigners whose acquaintance 
we ought to rejoice to make1 since by   
their aid we may hope1 in the course of 
another half century1 to see our woods  
and plantations presenting the richness 
and variety of the ,american autumns1   
the trees which produce those #8lovely  

tints of scarlet and of gold1' of which 
travellers tell us1 are all to be       
obtained at moderate cost in every      
nursery2 and that they will thrive      
perfectly in this country ,fonthill and 
,white ,knights bear ample testimony4'  
,hardly anything can well be added to   
the above testimony regarding ,evelyn's 
influence on ,arboriculture throughout  
the ,british ,isles4 ,economic          
conditions have changed entirely since  
his time1 but the spirit living and     
breathing in ,sylva is still that which 
is found influencing many of our great  
landowners4 ,and it is an influence     
which cannot be indicated in any mere   
enumeration of the number of trees      
planted or of acres enclosed as         
woodlands either for purposes of profit 
or of ornament4  ,far more is1 of       
course1 now known with regard to the    
physiology and the natural requirements 
of our forest trees--e4g4 with reference
 to soil and situation1 demand for light
 and capacity of enduring shade1        

etc41--than was known in ,evelyn's time4
 ,many of his arguments could easily be 
shown to be wrong1 and many of his      
recommendations could equally easily be 
proved to be inefficacious and          
inexpedient1 just as old works on       
,agriculture can no longer be accepted  
as trustworthy text-books for the       
teaching of modern farming2 because     
,vegetable ,physiology forms the true   
and scientific basis of both the arts   
relating to the cultivation of the soil1
 ,agriculture and ,forestry2 and        
,vegetable ,physiology is a branch of   
botanical science which is only of      
comparatively recent growth4  ,many     
works on ,sylviculture or ,forestry1 on 
business principles1 have appeared in   
,england and ,scotland within the last  
fifteen years1 but this new edition of  
,sylva makes no pretence to belong to   
such an up-to-date class of works4 ,it  
is merely a reprint of the last edition 
that was revised by ,evelyn himself2 and
 no notes of any description have been  

added1 such as those to be found in the 
several editions published by ,dr4      
,hunter4 ,the present reprint is        
intended for those who love our forests 
and woodlands and the old trees         
surviving in parks and chases as links  
with the distant past2 and it will also1
 for its own sake1 appeal no less       
strongly to those who love to peruse a  
classic work1 written in the very highly
 polished and ornate style affected by  
writers of distinction in the           
seventeenth century4                    
,,john ,,nisbet4   ,,footnotes3  xxxi3#a
 ,this promise ,charles afterwards      
failed to keep as1 in #afgb1 he merely  
renewed the lease of the pastures for   
#ii years4  lxvii3#a ,coppices4         
,s ,i ,l ,v ,a1               ,or a     
,,discourse of                          
,,forest-,,trees1                       
,,and ,,the             ,,propagation of
 ,,timber          ,in ,his ,,majesty's 
,,dominions4       ,as it was ,deliver'd
 in the ,,royal ,,society the xvth of   

,october1      ,,mdclxii upon occasion  
of certain ,quries propounded to that   
,illustrious ,assembly1 by the          
,honourable the ,principal              
,officers and ,commissioners of the     
,navy4                  ,in ,,two       
,,books4       ,together with an        
,historical ,account of the ,sacredness 
and ,use      of ,standing ,groves4     
,,terra1      ,a ,philosophical ,,essay 
of ,,earth1 being a ,lecture in ,course4
               ,to which is annexed     
,,pomona3                    ,,or1 ,,an 
,appendix concerning ,fruit-,trees1 in  
relation to ,,cyder2     ,the ,making1  
and several ,ways of ,ordering it4      
,published by ,express ,order of the    
,,royal ,,society4                      
,,also                    ,,acetaria3   
,or1 a ,,discourse of ,,sallets4        
,,with            ,,kalendarivm         
,,hortense2                    ,,or     
,,the              ,,gard',,ners        
,,almanack2     ,directing what he is to
 do ,monthly throughout the ,year4      

99       99       99       99       99  
,all which several ,treatises are in    
this ,,fourth ,,edition much            
,inlarg'd and ,improv'd1                
,by the ,,author      ,,john ,,evelyn1  
,esq2 ,fellow of the ,,royal ,,society  
99       99       99       99       99  
44444444,tibi res antiquae laudis  artis
     ,ingredior1 tantos ausus recludere 
fontes4 ,virg4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,,london3         
,printed for ,robert ,scott in          
,little-,britain2 ,richard ,chiswell in 
,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard2 ,george       
,sawbridge in ,little-,britain2 and     
,benj4 ,tooke in ,fleetstreet4 ,,mdccvi4
       ,,to ,,the   ,,king4   ,for to   
whom1 ,sir1 with so ,just and ,equal    
,right should ,i present the ,fruits of 
my ,labours1 as to the ,patron of that  
,,society1 under whose ,influence1 as it
 was produced2 so to whose ,auspices    
alone it owes the ,favourable           
,acceptance which it has receiv'd in the
 ,world8 ,to ,you then 7,royal ,sir7    

does this ,third ,edition continue its  
,humble ,addresses1 ,tanquam ,,memorum  
,,vindici2 as of old1 they paid their   
,devotions1lxxv3#a ,,herculi  ,,silvano2
 since ,you are our   ,nemorensis ,rex2 
as having once ,your ,temple1 and ,court
 too1 under that ,sacred ,oak which ,you
 ,consecrated with ,your ,presence1 and 
we ,celebrate1 with ,just               
,acknowledgment to ,god for ,your       
,preservation4  ,i need not ,aquaint    
,your ,majesty1 how many ,millions of   
,timber-,trees 7beside infinite others7 
have been ,propagated and ,planted      
throughout ,your vast ,dominions1 at the
 ,instigation1 and by the sole          
,direction of this ,work2 because ,your 
,gracious ,majesty1 has been pleas'd to 
own it ,publickly1 for my               
,encouragement1 who1 in all that ,i here
 pretend to say1 deliver only those     
,precepts which ,your ,majesty has put  
into ,practice2 as having 7like another 
,cyrus7 by ,your own ,royal ,example1   
exceeded all your ,predecessors in the  

,plantations ,you have made1 beyond 7,i 
dare assert it7 all the ,monarchs of    
this ,nation1 since the ,conquest of it4
 ,and1 indeed what more ,august1 what   
more ,worthy ,your ,majesty1 or more    
becoming our ,imitation8 than whilst    
,you are thus solicitous for the        
,publick ,good1 we pursue ,your         
,majesty's ,great ,example2 and by      
cultivating our decaying ,woods1        
contribute to ,your ,power1 as to ,your 
greatest ,wealth and ,safety2 since     
whilst ,your ,majesty is furnish'd to   
send forth those ,argo's and ,trojan    
,horses1lxxvi3#a about this ,happy      
,island1 we are to fear nothing from    
without it2 and whilst we remain        
,obedient to ,your just ,commands1      
nothing from within it4  ',tis now some 
,years past that ,your ,majesty was     
pleas'd to declare ,your ,favourable    
,acceptance of a ,treatise of           
,architecture which ,i then presented to
 ,you1 with many ,gracious ,expressions1
 and that it was a most useful ,piece4  

,sir1 that ,encouragement 7together with
 the ,success of the ,book it self1 and 
of the former ,editions of this7 has    
animated me still to continue my        
,oblation to ,your ,majesty of these    
,improvements3 ,nor was it certainly    
without some ,provident ,conduct1 that  
we have been thus solicitous to begin1  
as it were1 with ,materials for         
,building1 and ,directions to ,builders2
 if due ,reflection be made on that     
,deplorable ,calamity1 the              
,conflagration of ,your ,imperial ,city2
 which nevertheless1 by the ,blessing of
 ,god1 and ,your ,majesty's ,gracious   
,influence1 we have seen ,rise again1 a 
,new1 and much more ,glorious ,,phoenix4
  ,this ,,tribute ,i now once more lay  
at the ,feet of our ,,royal ,,founder4  
,may ,your ,majesty be pleas'd to be    
,invok'd by that no ,inglorious ,,title1
 in the profoundest ,submission of      
,gracious ,sir1                 ,your   
,majesty's                   ,ever      
,loyal1 most ,obedient and              

,faithful ,subject and ,servant1        
,j4 ,,evelyn4    ,sayes-,court1   #e    
,decemb4   #afgh4   ,,footnotes3        
lxxv3#a ,cato de ,r4 ,r4 cap4 #gc4      
,aurel4 ,vict4 ,class4 ,phil4 apud4     
,tranquill4 ,and so ,nemestinus ,deus   
,nemorum4 ,arnob4 l4 #d4  lxxvi3#a      
,argon1 lib4 #a4 ,that ,famous ,ship    
built of the ,dodonaean ,oak4       ,,to
 ,,the   ,,reader4   ,after what the    
,frontispiece and ,porch this ,wooden   
,edifice presents you1 ,i shall need no 
farther to repeat the ,occasion of this 
following ,discourse2 ,i am only to     
acquaint you1 ,that as it was delivered 
to the ,royal ,society by an unworthy   
,member thereof1 in ,obedience to their 
,commands2 by the same it is now        
,re-publish'd without any farther       
,prospect3 ,and the ,reader is to know1 
,that if these dry sticks afford him any
 ,sap1 it is one of the least and       
meanest of those ,pieces which are every
 day produc'd by that ,illustrious      
,assembly1 and which enrich their       

,collections1 as so many ,monuments of  
their accurate ,experiments1 and publick
 ,endeavours1 in order to the production
 of real and useful ,theories1 the      
,propagation and ,improvement of        
,natural ,science1 and the honour of    
their ,institution4 ,if to this there be
 any thing subjoyned here1 which may a  
while bespeak the ,patience of the      
,reader1 it is only for the             
encouragement of an ,industry1 and      
worthy ,labour1 much in our days        
neglected1 as haply reputed a           
,consideration of too sordid and vulgar 
a nature for ,noble ,persons1 and       
,gentlemen to busie themselves withal1  
and who oftner find out occasions to    
,fell-down1 and ,destroy their ,woods   
and ,plantations1 than either to repair 
or improve them4  ,but we are not       
without hopes of taking off these       
,prejudices1 and of reconciling them to 
a ,subject and an ,industry which has   
been consecrated 7as ,i may say7 by as  
good1 and as great ,persons1 as any the 

,world has produced2 and whose ,names we
 find mingl'd amongst ,kings and        
,philosophers1 grave ,senators1 and     
,patriots of their ,country3 ,for such  
of old were ,solomon1 ,cyrus1 and ,numa1
 ,licinius surnamed ,stolo1 ,cato1 and  
,cincinnatus2 the ,piso's1 ,fabii1      
,cicero1 the ,plinies1 and thousands    
more whom ,i might enumerate1 that      
disdained not to cultivate these        
,rusticities even with their own hands1 
and to esteem it no small ,accession1 to
 dignifie their ,titles1 and adorn their
 purple with these ,rural ,characters of
 their affections to ,planting1 and love
 of this part of ,agriculture1 which has
 transmitted to us their venerable      
,names through so many ,ages and        
,vicissitudes of the ,world4  ,that     
famous ,answer alone which the ,persian 
,monarch gave to ,lysander1 will        
sufficiently justifie that which ,i have
 said2 besides what we might add1 out of
 the ,writings and ,examples of the     
rest3 ,but since these may suffice after

 due reproofs of the late impolitique   
,wast1 and universal sloth amongst us2  
we should now turn our ,indignation into
 ,prayers1 and address our selves to our
 better-natur'd ,countrymen2lxxviii3#a  
that such ,woods as do yet remain       
intire1 might be carefully preserved1   
and such as are destroy'd1 sedulously   
repaired3 ,it is what all ,persons who  
are ,owners of ,land may contribute to1 
and with infinite delight1 as well as   
profit1 who are touch'd with that       
laudable ,ambition of imitating their   
,illustrious ,ancestors1 and of worthily
 serving their ,generation4 ,to these my
 earnest and humble ,advice should be1  
,that at their very first coming to     
their ,estates1 and as soon as they get 
,children1 they would seriously think of
 this ,work of ,propagation also3 ,for  
,i observe there is no part of          
,husbandry1 which ,men commonly more    
fail in1 neglect1 and have cause to     
repent of1 than that they did not begin 
,planting betimes1 without which1 they  

can expect neither ,fruit1 ,ornament1 or
 ,delight from their ,labours3 ,men     
seldom plant ,trees till they begin to  
be ,wise1 that is1 till they grow ,old1 
and find by ,experience the ,prudence   
and ,necessity of it4 ,when ,ulysses1   
after a ten-years ,absence1 was return'd
 from ,troy1 and coming home1 found his 
aged ,father in the ,field planting of  
,trees1 ,he asked him1 why 7being now so
 far advanc'd in ,years7 he would put   
himself to the ,fatigue and ,labour of  
,planting1 that which he was never      
likely to enjoy the ,fruits of8 ,the    
good old ,man 7taking him for a         
,stranger7 gently reply'd2 ,i plant     
7says he7 against my ,son ,ulysses comes
 home4 ,the ,application is ,obvious and
 ,instructive for both ,old and ,young4 
,and we have a more modern ,instance1   
almost alike that of the good old       
,laertes4 ,here then upon the ,complaint
 of learned ,persons and great          
,travellers1 deploring the loss of many 
rare and precious ,things1 ,trees and   

,plants1 especially instancing the      
,balsam-,tree of ,gilead 7now almost1 if
 not altogether failing1 and no more to 
be found where it grew in great plenty47
 ,he applys himself to young ,eperous1  
to consider it seriously1 and to fall a 
planting while time is before them1 with
 this incouraging ,exclamation1 ,agite1 
,adolescentes1  antequam canities vobis 
obrepat1 stirpes jam alueritis1 quae    
vobis cum insigni utilitate1            
delectationem etiam adferent3 ,nam      
quemadmodum canities temporis successu1 
vobis insciis1 sensim obrepit3 ,sic     
natura vobis inserviens educabit quod   
telluri vestrae concredetis1 modo prima 
initia illi dederitis1 c4 ,pet4         
,bellonius ,de neglecta stirpium        
,cultura4 ,problema ix4  ,my next       
,advice is1 that they do not easily     
commit themselves to the ,dictates of   
their ignorant ,hinds and               
,servants1lxxix3#a who are 7generally   
speaking7 more fit to ,learn than to    
,instruct4 ,male agitur cum ,domino quem

 ,villicus docet1 was an ,observation of
 old ,cato's2 and 'twas ,ischomachus who
 told ,socrates 7discoursing one day    
upon a like subject7 ,that it was far   
easier to ,make1 than to ,find a good   
,husband-man3 ,i have often prov'd it so
 in ,gardeners2 and ,i believe it will  
hold in most of our ,country            
,employments3 ,country ,people          
universally know that all ,trees consist
 of ,roots1 ,stems1 ,boughs1 ,leaves1 c4
 but can give no account of the         
,species1 ,virtues1 or farther ,culture1
 besides the making of a ,pit or ,hole2 
casting1 and treading in the ,earth1 c4 
which require a deeper search1 than they
 are capable of3 ,we are then to exact  
,labour1 not ,conduct and ,reason1 from 
the greatest part of them2 and the      
business of ,planting is an ,art or     
,science 7for so ,varro has solemnly    
defined it2lxxx3#a7 and that exceedingly
 wide of ,truth1 which 7it seems7 many  
in his time accounted of it2 facillimam 
esse1 nec ullius acuminis               

,rusticationem1lxxx3#b namely that it   
was an easie and insipid ,study4 ,it was
 the simple ,culture only1 with so much 
difficulty retrieved from the late      
confusion of an intestine and bloody    
,war1 like that of ,ours1 and now put in
 ,reputation again1 which made the noble
 ,poet write1              44444444,how 
hard it was     ,low ,subjects with     
illustrious words to grace4             
44444444,verbis ea vincere magnum       
,quam sit1  angustis hunc addere rebus  
honorem4      ,georg4 #c4  ,seeing1 as  
the ,orator does himself express it1    
,nihil est homine libero dignius2 there 
is nothing more becoming and worthy of a
 ,gentleman1 no1 not the ,majesty of    
alxxx3#c ,consul4 ,in ancient and best  
,times1 ,men were not honour'd and      
esteem'd for the only ,learned1 who were
 great ,linguists1 profound ,criticks1  
,reader and ,devourers of ,books3 ,but  
such whose ,studies consisted of the    
,discourses1 ,documents and             
,observations of their ,fore-,fathers1  

ancient and venerable ,persons2 who1 7as
 the excellent ,author of the ,rites of 
the ,israelites1 cap4 xv1 c4 acquaints  
us17 were oblig'd to ,instruct1 and     
,inform their ,children of the wonderful
 ,things ,god had done for their        
,ancestors2 together with the ,precepts 
of the ,moral ,law1 ,feasts1 and        
,religious ,ceremonies3 ,but taught them
 likewise all that concern'd            
,agriculture2 joyn'd with ,lessons of   
perpetual practice2 in which they were1 
doubtless1 exceedingly knowing2 whilst  
during so many ,ages1 they employ'd     
themselves almost continually in it3    
,and tho' now adays this noble ,art be  
for the most part1 left to be exercis'd 
amongst us1 by ,people of grosser and   
unthinking ,souls2 yet there is no      
,science whatever1 which contains a     
vaster ,compass of ,knowledge1          
infinitely more useful and beneficial to
 ,mankind1 than the fruitless and empty 
,notions of the greatest part of        
,speculatists2 counted to be the only   

,eruditi and learned ,men4 ,an          
,israelite1 who from ,tradition of his  
,fore-fathers1 his own ,experience1 and 
some modern ,reading1 had inform'd      
himself of the ,religion and ,laws which
 were to regulate his ,life2 and knew   
how to procure ,things necessary3 ,who  
perfectly understood the several        
qualities of the ,earth1 ,plants1 and   
,places agreeable to each sort1 and to  
cultivate1 propagate1 defend them from  
,accidents1 and bring them to ,maturity3
 ,that also was skill'd in the nature of
 ,cattel1 their ,food1 ,diseases1       
,remedies1 c4 which those who amongst us
 pass for the most learned and          
accomplish'd ,gentlemen1 and ,scholars1 
are1 for the most part1 grosly ignorant 
of1 look upon as base1 rustick1 and     
things below them3 is 7in this learned  
,author's ,opinion7 infinitely more to  
be valued1 than a ,man brought up either
 in wrangling at the ,bar2 or the       
noisie1 and ridiculous ,disputes of our 
,schools1 c4 ,to this ,sense the learn'd

 ,modena4 ,and 'tis remarkable1 that    
after all that wise ,solomon had said1  
that ,all was vanity and vexation of    
,spirit 7among so many particulars he   
reckons up17 he should be altogether    
silent1 and say nothing concerning      
,husbandry2 as1 doubtless1 considering  
it the most useful1 innocent and        
laudable ,employment of our ,life1      
requiring those who cultivate the       
,ground to live in the ,country1 remote 
from ,city-,luxury1 and the temptation  
to the ,vices he condemns4 ,it was      
indeed a plain ,manlxxxii3#a 7a ,potter 
by ,trade7 but let no body despise him  
because a ,potter 7,agathocles1 and a   
,king was of that ,craft7 who in my     
,opinion has given us the true reason   
why ,husbandry1 and particularly        
,planting1 is no more improved in this  
,age of ours2 especially1 where ,persons
 are ,lords and ,owners of much ,land4  
,the truth is1 says he1 when ,men have  
acquired any considerable ,fortune by   
their good ,husbandry1 and experience   

7forgetting that the greatest           
,patriarchs1 ,princes1 their ,sons and  
,daughters1 belonged to the ,plough1 and
 the ,flock7 they account it a shame to 
breed up their ,children in the same    
,calling which they themselves were     
educated in1 but presently design them  
,gentlemen3 ,they must forsooth1 have a 
,coat of ,arms1 and live upon their     
,estates2 ,so as by the time his ,sons  
,beard is grown1 he begins to be asham'd
 of his ,father1 and would be ready to  
defie him1 that should upon any occasion
 mind him of his honest ,extraction3    
,and if it chance that the good ,man    
have other ,children to provide for2    
,this must be the ,darling1 be bred at  
,school1 and the ,university1 whilst the
 rest must to ,cart and ,plow with the  
,father1 c4 ,this is the ,cause1 says my
 ,author1 that our ,lands are so ill    
,cultivated and neglected4 ,every body  
will subsist upon their own ,revenue1   
and take their ,pleasure1 whilst they   
resign their ,estates to be manag'd by  

the most ,ignorant1 which are the       
,children whom they leave at home1 or   
the ,hinds to whom they commit them4    
,when as in truth1 and in reason1 the   
more ,learning1 the better              
,philosophers1 and the greater          
,abilities they possess1 the more1 and  
the better are they qualified1 to       
,cultivate1 and improve their ,estates3 
,methinks this is well and rationally   
argued4  ,and now you have in part what 
,i had to produce in extenuation of this
 ,adventure2 that ,animated with a      
,command1 and ,assisted by divers       
,worthy ,persons 7whose ,names ,i am    
prone to celebrate with all just        
,respects7 ,i have presumed to cast in  
my ,symbol2 which1 with the rest that   
are to follow1 may 7,i hope7 be in some 
degree serviceable to him 7who ere the  
happy ,person be7 that shall oblige the 
,world with that compleat ,systeme of   
,agriculture1 which as yet seems a      
desideratum1 and wanting to its full    
perfection4 ,it is 7,i assure you7 what 

is one of the ,principal designs of the 
,,royal ,,society1 not in this          
,particular only1 but through all the   
,liberal and more useful ,arts2 and for 
which 7in the estimation of all equal   
,judges7 it will merit the greatest of  
,encouragements2 that so1 at last1 what 
the ,learned ,columella has wittily     
reproached1 and complained of1 as a     
defect in that ,age of his1 concerning  
,agriculture in general1 and is         
applicable here1 may attain its desired 
,remedy and ,consummation in ,this of   
,ours4  ,sola enim ,res ,rustica1 quae  
sine dubitatione proxima1  quasi        
consanguinea ,sapientiae est1 tam       
discentibus eget1 quam magistris3 ,adhuc
 enim ,scholas ,rhetorum1  ,geometrarum1
 ,musicorumque1 vel quod magis mirandum 
est1 contemptissimorum vitiorum         
officinas1 gulosius condiendi cibos1    
luxuriosius fercula struendi1 capitumque
  capillorum concinnatores1 non solum   
esse audivi1 sed  ipse vidi2            
,agricolationis neque ,doctores qui se  

profiterentur1 neque ,discipulos        
cognovi4lxxxiii3#a ,but this ,i leave   
for our ,peruk'd ,gallants to interpret1
 and should now apply my self to the    
,directive ,part1 which ,i am all this  
while bespeaking1 if after what ,i have 
said in the several ,paragraphs of the  
ensuing ,discourse upon the ,argument of
 ,wood1 7and which in this ,fourth      
,edition coming ,abroad with innumerable
 ,improvements1 and ,advantages 7so     
furnished1 as ,i hope shall neither     
reproach the ,author1 or repent the     
,reader7 it might not seem superfluous  
to have premised any thing here for the 
,encouragement of so becoming an        
,industry4 ,there are divers ,learned1  
and judicious ,men who have preceded ,me
 in this ,argument2 as many1 at least1  
as have undertaken to ,write and        
,compile vast ,herbals1 and ,theaters of
 ,plants2 of which we have some of our  
own ,country-men1 7especially1 the most 
,industrious and ,learned ,mr4 ,ray7 who
 have 7boldly ,i dare affirm it7        

surpass'd any1 if not all the           
,foreigners that are extant3 ,in those  
it is you meet with the ,description of 
the several ,plants1 by ,discourses1    
,figures1 ,names1 ,places of ,growth2   
time of ,flourishing1 and their         
,medicinal ,virtues2 which may supply   
any deficiency of mine as to those      
,particulars2 if forbearing the         
,repetition1 it should by any be imputed
 for a defect1 though it were indeed    
none of my design3 ,i say1 these things 
are long since performed to our hands3  
,but there is none of these 7that ,i at 
least know of1 and are come to my       
perusal7 who have taken any considerable
 pains how to ,direct1 and ,encourage us
 in the ,culture of ,forest-,trees 7the 
grand defect of this ,nation7 besides   
some small sprinklings to be met withal 
in ,gervas ,markham1 old ,tusser1 and of
 ,foreigners1 the ,country-,farm long   
since translated out of ,french1 and by 
no means suitable to our ,clime and     
,country3 ,neither have any of these    

proceeded after my ,method1 and         
particularly1 in ,raising1 ,planting1   
,dressing1 and ,governing1 c4 or so     
sedulously made it their business1 to   
specifie the ,mechanical ,uses of the   
several kinds1 as ,i have done1 which   
was hitherto a great desideratum1 and in
 which the ,reader will likewise find   
some things altogether ,new and         
,instructive2 and both ,directions and  
,encouragements for the ,propagation of 
some ,foreign ,curiosities of ,ornament 
and ,use1 which were hitherto neglected4
 ,if ,i have upon occasion presumed to  
say any thing concerning their          
,medicinal properties1 it has been      
,modestly and ,frugally1 and with chief1
 if not only respect to the poor        
,wood-man1 whom none ,i presume will    
envy1 that living far from the          
,physician1 he should in case of        
,necessity1 consult the reverend ,druid1
 hislxxxv3#a ,oaks and his ,elm1 ,birch1
 or ,elder1 for a short ,breath1 a      
,green ,wound1 or a sore ,leg2          

,casualties incident to this hard       
,labour4 ,these are the chief           
,particulars of this ensuing ,work1 and 
what it pretends hitherto of ,singular1 
in which let me be permitted to say1    
,there is sufficient for ,instruction1  
and more than is extant in any          
,collection whatsoever 7absit verbo     
invidia7 in this way and upon this      
,subject2 abstracting things            
,practicable1 of solid use and material1
 from the ,ostentation and              
,impertinences of divers ,writers2 who  
receiving all that came to hand on      
trust1 to swell their monstrous         
,volumes1 have hitherto impos'd upon the
 credulous ,world1 without conscience or
 honesty4 ,i will not exasperate the    
,adorers of our ancient and late        
,naturalists1 by repeating of what our  
,verulam has justly pronounced          
concerning their ,rhapsodies 7because ,i
 likewise honour their painful          
,endeavours1 and am obliged to them for 
much of that ,i know17 nor will ,i 7with

 some7 reproach ,pliny1 ,porta1 ,cardan1
 ,mizaldus1 ,cursius1 and many others of
 great ,names 7whose ,writings ,i have  
diligently consulted7 for the ,knowledge
 they have imparted to me on this       
,occasion2 but ,i must deplore the time 
which is 7for the most part7 so         
miserably lost in pursuit of their      
,speculations1 where they treat upon    
this ,argument3 ,but the ,world is now  
advis'd1 and 7blessed be ,god7          
infinitely redeem'd from that base and  
servile submission of our noblest       
,faculties to their blind ,traditions4  
,this you will be apt to say1 is a      
haughty ,period2 but whilst ,i affirm it
 of the ,past1 it justifies1 and does   
honour to the ,present ,industry of our 
,age1 and of which there cannot be a    
greater and more emulous ,instance1 than
 the ,passion of ,his ,majesty to       
encourage his ,subjects1 and of the     
,royal ,society1 7,his ,majesty's       
,foundation7 who receive and promote    
,his ,dictates1 in all that is laudable 

and truly emolumental of this ,nature4  
,it is not therefore that ,i here       
presume to instruct ,him in the         
management of that great and august     
,enterprise of resolving to ,plant and  
repair ,his ample ,forests1 and other   
,magazines of ,timber1 for the benefit  
of ,his ,royal ,navy1 and the glory of  
,his ,kingdoms2 but to present to ,his  
,sacred ,majesty1 and to the ,world1    
what ,advices ,i have received from     
others1 observed my self1 and most      
industriously collected from a studious 
,propensity to serve as one of the least
 ,intelligences in the ampler ,orb of   
our ,illustrious ,society1 and in a     
,work so necessary and important4  ,and 
now since ,i mention'd the ,society1    
give me leave 7,worthy ,reader7 as a    
,member of that ,body1 which has been   
the chief ,promoter of this ensuing     
,work1 7and1 as ,i stand oblig'd7 to    
vindicate that ,assembly1 and           
consequently1 the ,honour of his        
,majesty and the ,nation1 in a          

,particular which concerns it1 though   
7in appearance7 a little forreign to the
 present ,subject4  ,i will not say that
 all which ,i have written in the       
several ,paragraphs of this ,treatise1  
is ,new2 but that there are very many   
,new1 and useful things1 and            
,observations 7without insisting on the 
,methods only7 not hitherto deliver'd by
 any ,author1 and so freely             
communicated1 ,i hope will sufficiently 
appear3 ,it is not therefore in behalf  
of any ,particular which concerns my    
self1 that ,i have been induced to      
enlarge this ,preface2 but1 by taking   
this ,occasion1 to encounter the        
unsufferable ,boldness1 or ,ambition of 
some ,persons 7as well ,strangers1 as   
others7 arrogating to themselves the    
being ,inventors of divers ,new and     
useful ,experiments1 justly attributable
 to several ,members of the ,royal      
,society4lxxxvii3#a  ,so far has that   
,assembly been from affecting ,glory1   
that they seem rather to have declin'd  

their due2 not as asham'd of so numerous
 and fair an ,off-spring2 but as        
abundantly satisfied1 that after all the
 hard measure1 and virulent ,reproaches 
they had sustain'd1 for endeavouring by 
united ,attempts1 and at their own      
,charges1 to improve ,real ,philosophy2 
they had from time to time1 cultivated  
that ,province in so many useful and    
profitable ,instances1 as are already   
published to the ,world1 and will be    
easily asserted to their ,authors before
 all equitable ,judges4  ,this being the
 sole inducement of publishing this     
,apology2 it may not perhaps seem       
unseasonable to disabuse some           
7otherwise7 well-meaning ,people1 who   
led away and perverted by the ,noise of 
a few ,ignorant and ,comical ,buffoons1 
7whose ,malevolence1 or ,impertinencies 
intitle them to nothing that is truly   
,great and ,venerable7 are with an      
,insolence suitable to their            
,understanding1 still crying out1 and   
asking1 ,what have the ,society done8   

,now1 as nothing less than ,miracles    
7and unless ,god should every day repeat
 them at the ,call of these             
,extravagants7 will convince some       
,persons1 of the most ,rational and     
,divine ,truths1 7already so often and  
extraordinarily establish'd27 so1 nor   
will any thing satisfie these           
unreasonable ,men1 but the production of
 the ,philosophers-stone1 and           
,great-,elixir2 which yet were they     
,possessors of1 they would consume upon 
their ,lux and ,vanity4  ,it is not     
therefore to gratifie these magnificent 
,fops1 whose ,talents reach but to the  
adjusting of their ,peruques1 courting a
 ,miss1 or at the farthest writing a    
smutty1 or scurrilous ,libel1 7which    
they would have to pass for genuine     
,wit7 that ,i concern my self in these  
papers2 but1 as well in ,honour of our  
,royal ,founder1 as the ,nation1 to     
,assert what of other ,countries has    
been surreptitiously ,arrogated1 and by 
which1 they not only value themselves   

abroad2 but 7prevailing on the ,modesty 
of that ,industrious ,assembly7 seek the
 deference of those1 who whilst it      
remains still silent1 do not so clearly 
discern this glorious ,plumage to be    
purely ascititious1 and not a ,feather  
of their own4 --,but still1 ,what have  
they done8  ,those who perfectly        
comprehend the ,scope1 and ,end of that 
noble ,institution2 which is to improve 
,natural ,knowledge1 and inlarge the    
,empire of ,operative ,philosophy2 not  
by an ,abolition of the ,old1 but by the
 ,real ,effects of the ,experimental2   
,collecting1 ,examining1 and ,improving 
their scatter'd ,phnomena1 to establish 
even the ,received ,methods and         
,principles of the ,schools 7as far as  
were consistent with ,truth1 and matter 
of ,fact7 thought it long enough1 that  
the ,world had been impos'd upon by that
 ,notional1 and ,formal way of          
delivering divers ,systems and ,bodies  
of ,philosophie 7falsely so call'd7     
beyond which there was no more ,country 

to discover2 which being brought to the 
,test and ,tryal1 vapours all away in   
,fume1 and empty ,sound4  ,this         
,structure then being thus ,ruinous and 
,crazy2 'tis obvious what they were to  
do2 even the same which skilful         
,architects do every day before us2 by  
pulling down the decay'd and sinking    
,wall to erect a better1 and more       
substantial in its place3 ,they not only
 take down the old1 reject the useless  
and decay'd2 but sever such ,materials  
as are solid1 and will serve again2     
bring new-ones in1 prepare and frame a  
,model suitable to so magnificent a     
,design3 ,this ,solomon did in order to 
the ,building of the ,material ,temple2 
and this is here to be pursued in the   
,intellectual3 ,nay1 here was abundance 
of ,rubbish to be clear'd1 that the     
,area might be free2 and then was the   
,foundation to be deeply searched1 the  
,materials accurately examined1 squared1
 and adjusted1 before it could be laid3 
,nor was this the ,labour of a ,few2    

less than a much longer time1 more ,cost
 and ,encouragement than any which the  
,society has yet met withal1 could in   
reason be sufficient effectually to go  
through so chargeable a ,work1 and      
highly necessary4  ,a long time it was  
they had been surveying the ,decays1 of 
what was ready now to drop in pieces1   
whatever shew the out-side made with a  
noise of ,elements and ,qualities1      
,occult and ,evident2 abhorrence of     
,vacuum1 ,sympathies1 ,antipathies2     
,substantial ,forms1 and ,prime matter  
courting ,form2 ,epicycles1 ,ptoleman   
,hypotheses1 magisterial ,definitions1  
peremptory ,maximes1 ,speculative1 and  
,positive ,doctrines1 and alti-sonant   
,phrases1 with a thousand other         
precarious and unintelligible ,notions1 
c4 all which they have been turning     
over1 to see if they could find any     
thing of sincere and useful among this  
,pedantick ,rubbish1 but all in vain2   
here was nothing material1 nothing of   
moment ,mathematical1 or ,mechanical1   

and which had not been miserably        
sophisticated1 on which to lay the      
stress2 nothing in a manner whereby any 
farther ,progress could be made1 for the
 raising and ennobling the ,dignity of  
,mankind in the ,sublimest ,operations  
of the ,rational ,faculty1 by clearing  
the ,obscurities1 and healing the       
,defects of most of the ,phisiological  
,hypotheses1 repugnant1 as they hitherto
 seemed to be1 to the ,principles of    
real ,knowledge and ,experience4  ,now  
although it neither were their ,hopes1  
or in their prospect to consummate a    
,design requiring so mighty ,aids1      
7inviron'd as they have been with these 
,prejudices7 yet have they not at all   
desisted from the ,enterprize2 but      
rather than so ,noble and ,illustrious  
an ,undertaking should not proceed for  
want of some generous and industrious   
,spirits to promote the ,work2 they have
 themselves submitted to those mean     
,imployments1 of digging in the very    
,quarry2 yea even and of making ,brick  

where there was no ,straw1 but what they
 gleaned1 and lay dispersed up and down3
 ,nor did they think their ,pains yet   
ill bestow'd1 if through the assiduous  
,labour1 and a ,train of continual      
,experiments1 they might at last        
furnish1 and leave solid and uncorrupt  
,materials to a succeeding1 and more    
grateful ,age1 for the building up a    
,body of real and substantial           
,philosophy1 which should never succumb 
to ,time1 but with the ,ruines of       
,nature1 and the ,world it self4  ,in   
order to this1 how many1 and almost     
innumerable have been their ,tryals and 
,experiments1 through the large and     
ample ,field both of ,art and ,nature8  
,we call our ,journals1 ,registers1     
,correspondence1 and ,transactions1 to  
witness2 and may with modesty provoke   
all our ,systematical ,methodists1      
,natural ,histories1 and ,pretenders    
hitherto extant from the beginning of   
,letters1 to this period1 to shew us so 
ample1 so worthy and so useful a        

,collection4 ',tis a ,fatality and an   
,injury to be deplored1 that those who  
give us hard words1 will not first      
vouchsafe impartially to examine these  
particulars2 since all ,ingenuous       
,spirits could not but be abundantly    
satisfied1 that this ,illustrious       
,assembly has not met so many ,years    
purely for ,speculation only2 though ,i 
take even that to be no ignoble ,culture
 of the ,mind1 or time mispent for      
,persons who have so few ,friends1 and  
slender ,obligations1 to those who      
should ,patronize and ,encourage them3  
,but they have aimed at greater things1 
and greater things produc'd1 namely1 by 
,emancipating1 and freeing themselves   
from the ,tyranny of ,opinion1 delusory 
and fallacious shews1 to receive nothing
 upon ,trust1 but bring it to the       
,lydian ,touch1 make it pass the ,fire1 
the ,anvil and the ,file1 till it come  
forth perfectly repurged1 and of        
consistence4 ,they are not hasty in     
concluding from a single1 or incompetent

 number of ,experiments1 to pronounce   
the ,ecstatic ,heureca1 and offer       
,hecatombs2 but1 after the most diligent
 ,scrutiny1 and by degrees1 and wary    
,inductions honestly and faithfully     
made1 to record the ,truth1 and event of
 ,tryals1 and transmit them to          
,posterity4 ,they resort not immediately
 to general ,propositions1 upon every   
specious appearance2 but stay for       
,light1 and ,information from           
,particulars1 and make ,report de       
,facto1 and as ,sense informs them4     
,they reject no ,sect of ,philosophers1 
no ,mechanic ,helps1 except no ,persons 
of ,men2 but chearfully embracing all1  
cull out of all1 and alone retain what  
abides the ,test2 that from a plentiful 
and well furnish'd ,magazine of true    
,experiments1 they may in time advance  
to solemn and established ,axiomes1     
,general ,rules and ,maximes2 and a     
,structure may indeed lift up its head1 
such as may stand the shock of ,time1   
and render a solid accompt of the       

,phnomena1 and ,effects of ,nature1 the 
,aspectable ,works of ,god1 and their   
,combinations2 so as by ,causes and     
,effects1 certain and useful            
,consequences may be deduced4 ,therefore
 they do not fill their ,papers with    
,transcripts out of ,rhapsodists1       
,mountebancs1 and ,compilers of         
,receipts and ,secrets1 to the loss of  
,oil and ,labour2 but as it were1       
eviscerating ,nature1 disclosing the    
,ressorts1 and ,springs of ,motion1 have
 collected innumerable ,experiments1    
,histories and ,discourses2 and brought 
in ,specimens for the ,improvement of   
,astronomy1 ,geography1 ,navigation1    
,optics2 all the ,parts of ,agriculture1
 the ,garden and the ,forest2 ,anatomy  
of ,plants1 and ,animals2 ,mines and    
,ores2 ,measures and quations of ,time  
by accurate ,pendulums1 and other       
,motions1 ,hydro- and ,hygrostatics1    
divers ,engines1 ,powers and ,automata1 
with innumerable more luciferous        
particulars1 subservient to human life1 

of which ,dr4 ,glanvil has given an     
ample and ingenious ,accompt in his     
learned ,essay3 ,and since in the       
,posthumous ,works of ,dr4 ,hooke1      
lately publish'd by the most obliging   
,mr4 ,waller1 already mention'd4  ,this 
is 7,reader7 what they have done2 and   
they are but part of the ,materials     
which the ,society have hitherto        
amassed1 and prepared for this great and
 ,illustrious ,work2 not to pass over an
 infinity of solitary1 and loose        
,experiments subsidiary to it1 gathered 
at no small ,pains and ,cost3 ,for so   
have they hitherto born the ,burden and 
,heat of the day alone2 ,sapping and    
,mining to lay the ,foundation deep1 and
 raise a ,superstructure to be one day  
perfected1 by the joint ,endeavours of  
those who shall in a kinder ,age have   
little else to do1 but the putting and  
cementing of the ,parts together1 which 
to collect and fit1 have cost them so   
much ,solicitude and ,care4 ,solomon    
indeed built the glorious ,temple2 but  

'twas ,david provided the ,materials3   
,did ,men in those days insolently ask1 
,what he had done1 in all the time of   
that tedious preparation8 ,i beseech you
 what ,obligation has the ,r4 ,society  
to render an ,accompt of their          
,proceedings to any who are not of the  
,body1 and that carry on the ,work at   
their own expence amidst so many        
,contradictions8 ,it is an ,evil        
,spirit1 and an ,evil ,age1 which having
 sadly debauch'd the ,minds of ,men2    
seeks with ,industry to blast and       
undermine all ,attempts and ,endeavours 
that signifie to the ,illustration of   
,truth1 the discovery of ,impostors1 and
 shake their sandy ,foundations4  ,those
 who come 7says the noble ,verulam7 to  
enquire after ,knowledge1 with a mind to
 scorn1 shall be sure to find matter for
 their ,humor2 but none for their       
,instruction3 ,would ,men bring light of
 ,invention1 and not fire-brands of     
,contradiction1 ,knowledge would        
infinitely increase4 ,but these are the 

,sanballats and ,horonites who disturb  
our ,men upon the ,wallxciii3#a3 ,but1  
let us rise up and build1 and be no more
 discourag'd4 ',tis impossible to       
conceive1 how so honest1 and worthy a   
,design should have found so few        
,promoters1 and cold a welcome in a     
,nation whose ,eyes are so wide open3   
,we see how greedily the ,french1 and   
other ,strangers embrace and cultivate  
the ,design3 ,what sumptuous ,buildings1
 well furnish'd ,observatories1 ample   
,appointments1 ,salaries1 and           
,accommodations1 they have erected to   
carry on the ,work2 whilst we live      
precariously1 and spin the ,web out of  
our own ,bowels4 ,indeed we have had the
 ,honour to be the first who led the    
way1 given the ,ferment1 which like a   
,train has taken ,fire1 and warm'd the  
,regions all about us4 ,this ,glory1    
doubtless1 shall none take from us3 ,but
 whilst they flourish so abroad1 we want
 the ,spirit should diffuse it here at  
home1 and give progress to so hopeful a 

beginning3 ,but as we said1 the ,enemy  
of ,mankind has done us this despite2 it
 is his ,interest to impeach 7in any    
sort7 what e're opposes his ,dominion2  
which is to lead1 and settle ,men in    
,errors as well in ,arts and ,natural   
,knowledge1 as in ,religion2 and        
therefore would be glad1 the ,world     
should still be groping after both4     
',tis he that sets the ,buffoons1 and   
empty ,sycophants1 to turn all that's   
,great and ,virtuous into ,raillery and 
,derision3 ',tis therefore to encounter 
these1 that like those resolute         
,builders1xciii3#b whilst we employ one 
hand in the ,work1 we1 with the other   
are oblig'd to hold our ,weapon1 till   
some bold1 and ,gallant ,genius deliver 
us1 and raise the ,siege4 ,how          
gloriously would such a ,benefactor     
shine6 ,what a ,constellation would he  
make6 ,how great a ,name establish6 ,for
 mine own part 7,religiously ,i profess 
it7 were ,i not a ,person1 who 7whilst  
,i stood expecting when others more     

worthy1 and able than my self1 should   
have snatch'd the ,opportunity of       
signalizing a ,work worthy of           
,immortality7 had long since given      
,hostages to ,fortune1 and so put my    
self out of a ,capacity of shewing my   
,affection to a ,design so glorious2 ,i 
would not only most chearfully have     
contributed towards the freeing it from 
the ,straits it has so long struggl'd   
under2 but sacrific'd all my ,secular   
,interests in their ,service3 ,but1 as  
,i said1 this is reserv'd for that      
,gallant ,hero 7whoe'er it be7 that     
truly weighing the noble and universal  
,consequence of so high an ,enterprize1 
shall at last free it of these          
,reproaches2 and either set it above the
 reach of ,envy1 or convert it to       
,emulation4 ,this were indeed to consult
 an honest ,fame1 and to embalm the     
,memory of a ,greater ,name than any has
 yet appear'd amongst all the           
,benefactors of the ,disputing ,sects3  
,let it suffice to affirm1 that next the

 ,propagation of our most ,holy ,faith1 
and its ,appendants1 7nor can ,his      
,majesty or the ,nation build their     
,fame on a more lasting1 a more         
,glorious ,monument27 ,the ,propagation 
of ,learning1 and useful ,arts1 having  
always surviv'd the ,triumphs of the    
proudest ,conquerors1 and ,spillers of  
humane ,blood27 ,princes have been more 
,renown'd for their ,civility to ,arts  
and ,letters1 than to all their         
,sanguinary ,victories1 subduing        
,provinces1 and making those brutish    
,desolations in the ,world1 to feed a   
salvage and vile ,ambition4 ,witness you
 ,great ,alexander1 and you the         
,ptolemees1 ,csars1 ,charemain1 ,francis
 the ,first2 the ,cosimo's1 ,frederic's1
 ,alphonsus's1 and the rest of ,learned 
,princes3 ,since when all the ,pomp and 
,noise is ended2 ,they are those little 
things in black 7whom now in scorn they 
term ,philosophers and ,fopps7 to whom  
they must be oblig'd1 for making their  
,names outlast the ,pyramids whose      

,founders are as unknown as the ,heads  
of ,nile2 because they either deserv'd  
no ,memory for their ,vertues1 or had   
none to transmit them1 or their ,actions
 to ,posterity4  ,is not our ,r4        
,founder already ,panegyriz'd by all the
 ,universities1 ,academists1 ,learned   
,persons1 divers ,princes ,ambassadors1 
and ,illustrious ,men from abroad8      
,witness besides1 the many accurate     
,treatises and ,volumes of the most     
curious and useful ,subjects1           
,medicinal1 ,mathematical1 and          
,mechanical1 dedicated to ,his ,majesty 
as ,founder2 to its ,president1 and to  
the ,society1 by the greatest ,wits1 and
 most profoundly knowing of the         
,european ,world1 celebrating their     
,institution and ,proceedings3 ,witness1
 the daily ,submissions and solemn      
,appeals of the most learned ,strangers 
to its ,suffrages1 as to the most able1 
candid and impartial ,judges3 ,witness1 
the ,letters1 and ,correspondencies from
 most parts of the habitable ,earth1    

,east1 and ,west ,indies1 and almost    
from ,pole to ,pole2 besides what they  
have receiv'd from the very ,mouths of  
divers ,professors1 ,publique           
,ministers1 great ,travellers1          
,noblemen1 and ,persons of highest      
,quality2 who have not only frequented  
the ,assembly1 but desir'd to be        
,incorporated and ascrib'd into their   
,number2 so little has his ,majesty1 or 
the ,kingdom been diminish'd in their   
,reputation1 by the ,royal ,society1 to 
the reproach of our sordid ,adversaries3
 ,never had the ,republique of ,letters 
so learned and universal a              
,correspondence as has been procur'd and
 promoted by this ,society alone2 as not
 only the casual ,transactions of       
several ,years 7filled with ,instances  
of the most curious and useful          
,observations7 make appear2 but 7as ,i  
said7 the many ,nuncupatory ,epistles to
 be seen in the ,fronts of so many      
learned ,volumes3 ,there it is you will 
find ,,charles the ,,ii4 plac'd among   

the ,heroes and ,demi-,gods1 for his    
,patrociny and ,protection3 ,there you  
will see the numerous ,congratulations  
of the most learned ,foreigners1        
celebrating the ,happiness of their     
,institution2 and that whilst other     
,nations are still benighted under the  
dusky ,cloud1 such a refulgent ,beam    
should give day to this blessed ,isle3  
,and certainly1 it is not to be supposed
 that all these ,learned ,persons1 of so
 many1 and divers ,interests1 as well as
 ,countries1 should speak1 and write    
thus out of ,flattery1 much less of     
,ignorance2 being ,men of the most      
refin'd ,universal ,knowledge1 as well  
as ,ingenuity3 ,but ,i should never end1
 were ,i to pursue this fruitful ,topic4
 ,i have but one word more to add1 to   
conciliate the ,favour and ,esteem of   
our own ,universities1 to an ,assembly  
of ,gentlemen1 who from them acknowledge
 to have derived all their ,abilities   
for these laudable ,undertakings2 and   
what above all is most shining in them  

of most ,christian1 ,moral1 and         
otherwise conspicuous1 as from the      
,source and ,fountain1 to which on all  
occasions1 they are not only ready to   
pay the ,tribute and ,obsequiousness of 
humble ,servants1 but of ,sons1 and     
dutiful ,alumni4 ,there is nothing      
verily which they more desire1 than a   
fair and mutual ,correspondence between 
so near ,relations1 and that they may be
 perpetually ,flourishing and ,fruitful 
in bringing forth 7as still they do7    
supplies to ,church and ,state in all   
its great ,capacities3xcvi3#a ,finally1 
that they would regard the ,royal       
,society as a ,colony of their own      
planting1 and augure it ,success4 ,and  
if in these ,labours1 and arduous       
,attempts1 several ,inventions of       
present use and service to ,mankind     
7either detecting ,errors1 illustrating 
and asserting ,truths1 or propagating   
,knowledge in natural things1 and the   
visible ,works of ,god7 have been       
discover'd1 as they envy not the        

communicating them to the ,world2 so    
should they be wanting to the ,society1 
and to the ,honour of divers ,learned   
and ,ingenious ,persons1 7who are the   
,soul and ,body of it7 not to vindicate 
them from the ambitious ,plagiary1 the  
,insults of ,scoffers and injurious     
,men3 ,certainly1 ,persons of right     
,noble and subacted ,principles1 that   
were ,lovers of their ,country1 should  
be otherwise affected2 and rather strive
 to encourage1 and promote ,endeavours  
tending to so generous a ,design1 than  
decry it2 especially1 when it costs them
 nothing but their ,civility to so many 
obliging ,persons1 though they should   
hitherto have entertain'd them but with 
some innocent ,diversions4 ,to conclude1
 we envy none their ,dues2 nay we       
gratefully acknowledge any ,light which 
we receive either from ,home1 or from   
,abroad3 ,we celebrate and record their 
,names amongst our ,benefactors2        
recommend them to the ,publique2 and    
what we thus freely give1 we hope as    

freely to receive4  ,thus have ,i       
endeavour'd to ,vindicate the ,royal    
,society from some ,aspersions and      
,incroachments it hitherto has suffer'd2
 and shew'd under what ,weights and     
,pressure this ,palm does still emerge3 
,and if for all this ,i fall short of my
 ,attempt1 ,i shall yet have this       
satisfaction1 ,that tho ,i derive no    
,glory from my own ,abilities 7sensible 
of my great ,defects7 ,i shall yet      
deserve their pardon for my ,zeal to its
 ,prosperity4    ,epictetus1 4       1  
c4  ,wouldst thou be a ,philosopher2    
,prepare thy self for ,scoffs3 ,what1   
you are setting up for a ,virtuoso now8 
,why so proud ,i pray8 ,well1 be not    
thou proud for all this2 ,but so persist
 in what seems best and laudable2 as if 
,god himself had plac'd thee there2 and 
remember1 that so long as thou remain'st
 in that ,state and ,resolution1 thy    
,reproachers will in time admire thee3  
,but if once through ,inconstancy thou  
give out  flinch1   1 ,thou deservest to

 be doubly laugh'd at4    ,lord         
,verulam1 ,instaur4 ,scient4  ,some ,men
 7like ,lucian in ,religion7 seek by    
their ,wit1 to traduce and expose useful
 things2 because to arrive at them1 they
 converse with mean ,experiments3 ,but  
those who despise to be employ'd in     
ordinary and common matters1 never      
arrive to solid ,perfection in          
,experimental ,knowledge4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,the     
changes and ,alterations in the several 
,chapters and ,parts throughout this    
,discourse1 with the ,additions and     
,improvements1 have often oblig'd me to 
alter the ,method1 and indeed to make it
 almost a ,new ,work4    ,j4 ,evelyn4   
,,footnotes3  lxxviii3#a ,see ,petrarch 
de ,remed4 utriusque fortunae ,l4 #a4   
,dial4 #eg4  lxxix3#a ,vide  ,curtium1  
l4 #g4 c4  lxxx3#a ,de ,r4 ,r4  lxxx3#b 
,in agris erant tunc ,senatores4 ,cic4  
de ,senect4  lxxx3#c ,silvae sunt       
,consule dignae4 ,see this of the ,poet 
,interpreted1 ,scaliger l4 #b4 c4 #a4   

,poet4 ,p4 ,nennius1 ,sueton4 ,jul4 in  
,lipsium4 ,tacit1 iv4 ,annal4 #bg4      
concerning the ,qustor's ,office4       
lxxxii3#a ,palissy1 le ,moyen de devenir
 ,riche4  lxxxiii3#a ,praefat ad ,p4    
,silvinum2 which ,i earnestly recommend 
to the serious perusal of our ,gentry4  
,et mihi ad sapientis vitam proxim      
videtur accedere4 ,cic4 de ,senectute4  
lxxxv3#a ,ne silvae quidem1 horridiorque
 naturae facies medicinis carent1 sacra 
illa parente rerum omnium1 nusquam non  
remedia disponente homini ut ,medicina1 
fieret etiam solitudo ipsa1 c4 ,hinc    
nata ,medicina1 c4 ,haec sola naturae   
placuerat esse remedia parata vulgo1    
inventu facilia1 ac sine impendio1 ex   
quibus vivimus1 c4 ,plin4 l4 #bd4 c4 #a4
  lxxxvii3#a ,consult ,hist4 ,roy4 ,soc4
 and their ,registers4  ,the ,laws of   
,motion1 and the ,geometrical           
streightning of ,curve ,lines were first
 found out by ,sir ,christopher ,wren   
and ,mr4 ,thomas ,neile4  ,the equated  
isocrone ,motion of the weight of a     

,circular ,pendulum in a ,paraboloid1   
for the regulating of ,clocks2 and the  
improving ,pocket-,watches by ,springs  
applied to the ,ballance1 were first    
invented and demonstrated to this       
,society by ,dr4 ,hooke2 together with  
all those ,new and useful ,instruments1 
,contrivances and ,experiments1         
,mathematical and ,physical1 publish'd  
in his ,posthumous ,works by the most   
accomplish'd ,mr4 ,waller1 ,secretary to
 the ,r4 ,society4 ,and since those the 
incomparably learned ,sir ,isaac        
,newton1 now ,president of the ,royal   
,society2 ,mr4 ,haly1 the ,worthy       
,professor of ,geometry in the          
,university of ,oxford2 ,dr4 ,grew1 and 
several more1 whose ,works and useful   
,inventions sufficiently celebrate their
 ,merits3 ,i did mention the ,barometer1
 to which might be added the prodigious 
effects of the ,speculum ,ustorium1     
surpassing what the ,french pretend to1 
as confidently1 or rather audaciously1  
they do1 and to other admirable         

,inventions1 injuriously arrogated by   
,strangers1 tho' due of right to        
,englishmen1 and ,members of this       
,society2 but 'tis not the business of  
this ,preface to enumerate all1 tho'    
'twas necessary to touch on some        
,instances4  xciii3#a ,neh4 #b4 #ai4    
xciii3#b ,neh4 #d4 #ag4  xcvi3#a ,since 
this ,epistle was first written and     
publish'd the ,university of ,oxford    
have instituted1 and erected a ,society 
for the promoting of ,natural and       
,experimental ,knowledge1 in consort    
with the ,r4 ,society1 with which they  
keep a mutual ,correspondence3 ,this    
mention1 for that some ,malevolents had 
so far endeavour'd to possess divers    
,members of the ,university2 as if the  
,society design'd nothing less than the 
undermining of that1 and other          
illustrious ,academies1 and which indeed
 so far prevail'd1 as to breed a real   
,jealousy for some considerable time3   
,but as this was never in the ,thoughts 
of the ,society 7which had ever the     

,universities in greatest ,veneration7  
so the ,innocency and ,usefulness of its
 ,institution has at length disabus'd   
them1 vindicated their ,proceedings1    
dissipated all ,surmises1 and1 in fine1 
produced an ingenious1 friendly and     
candid ,union and ,correspondence       
between them4     ,,advertisement4      
,that ,i have frequently inserted divers
 ,historical and other ,passages1       
apposite1 agreeable to the ,subject     
7abstaining from a number more which ,i 
might have added7 let it be remember'd  
that ,i did not altogether compile this 
,work for the sake of our ordinary      
,rustics1 7meer ,foresters and          
,wood-men7 but for the more ,ingenious2 
the ,benefit1 and ,diversion of         
,gentlemen1 and ,persons of ,quality1   
who often refresh themselves in these   
agreeable ,toils of ,planting1 and the  
,garden3 ,for the rest1 ,i may perhaps  
in some places have made use of 7here   
and there7 a ,word not as yet so        
familiar to every ,reader2 but none1    

that ,i know of1 which are not          
sufficiently explained by the ,context  
and ,discourse4 ,that this may yet be no
 prejudice to the meaner ,capacities1   
let them read for    ,ablaqueation1     
laying bare the ,roots4   ,amputation1  
cutting quite off4   ,arborator1        
,pruner1 or one that has care of the    
,trees4   ,avenue1 the principal ,walk  
to the ,front of the ,house or ,seat4   
,bulbs1 round or ,onion-shap'd ,roots4  
,calcine1 burn to ,ashes4   ,compost1   
,dung4   ,conservatory1 ,green-house to 
keep choice ,plants1 c4 in4             
,contr'espaliere1 a ,palisade or        
,pole-hedge4   ,coronary ,garden1       
,flower-,garden4   ,culinary1 belonging 
to the ,kitchin1 ,roots1 ,salading1 c4  
,culture1 ,dressing4   ,decorticate1 to 
strip off the ,bark4   ,emuscation1     
cleansing it of the ,moss4   ,esculent1 
,roots1 ,salads1 c4 fit to eat4         
,espalieres1 ,wall-fruit ,trees4        
,exotics1 outlandish1 rare and choice4  
,fermentation1 working4   ,fibrous1     

stringy4   ,frondation1 stripping of    
,leaves1 and ,boughs4   ,heterogeneous1 
repugnant4   ,homogeneous1 agreeable4   
,hyemation1 protection in ,winter4      
,ichnography1 ,ground-plot4             
,inoculation1 budding4   ,insition1     
,graffing4   ,insolation1 exposing to   
the ,sun4   ,interlucation1 thinning and
 disbranching of a ,wood4   ,irrigation1
 ,watering4   ,laboratory1 ,still-house4
   ,letation1 ,dung4   ,lixivium1 ,lee4 
,mural1 belonging to the ,wall4         
,olitory1 ,acetary1 ,salads1 c4         
belonging to the ,kitchin-,garden4      
,palisade1 ,pole-hedge4   ,parterre1    
,flower-,garden1 or ,knots4             
,perennial1 continuing all the year4    
,quincunx1 ,trees set like the          
,cinque-point of a ,dy4   ,rectifie1    
re-distil4   ,seminary1 ,nursery4       
,stercoration1 ,dunging4   ,s4 ,s4 ,s4  
,stratum super ,stratum1 one bed1 or    
layer upon another4   ,tonsile1 that    
which may be shorn1 or clip'd4          
,topiary-works1 the clipping1 cutting   

and forming of ,hedges1 c4     into     
,figures and ,works4   ,vernal1         
belonging to the ,spring1 c4 ,the rest  
are obvious4     ,,books ,published by  
the ,,author of this ,discourse   #a4   
,the ,french ,gard'ner1 ,,iii4 ,edition1
 ,twelves1 with ,mr4 ,rose's            
,vineyard4  #b4 ,fumi-fugium3 ,or1 ,a   
,prophetic ,invective against the ,smoke
 of   ,london4 ,quarto4  #c4 ,silva3    
,or1 ,a ,discourse of ,forest-,trees1 c4
 the ,i,vth ,edition1   very much       
improv'd4 ,folio4  #d4 ,kalendarium     
,hortense1 both in ,folio and ,octavo4  
,the ,xth   ,edition1 much augmented4   
#e4 ,sculptura3 ,or1 ,the ,history of   
,chalcography and ,engraving in         
,copper1 the ,original and ,progress of 
that ,art1 c4 ,octavo4  #f4 ,the        
,parallel of ,architecture1 being an    
,account of ,ten famous   ,architects1  
with a ,discourse of the ,terms1 and a  
,treatise of   ,statues4 ,folio4 #b;d   
,edition4  #g4 ,the ,idea of the        
,perfecting of ,painting4 ,octavo4  #h4 

,navigation and ,commerce1 their        
,original and ,progress4   ,octavo4  #i4
 ,publick ,employment and an ,active    
,life1 prefer'd to ,solitude and   its  
,appanages1 c4 ,octavo4  #aj4 ,terra3   
,or1 ,a ,philosophical ,discourse of    
,earth1 the ,i,i,id   ,edition4 ,folio  
and ,octavo4  #aa4 ,numismata1 a        
,discourse of ,medals2 to which is      
added1 ,a   ,digression concerning      
,physiognomy4 ,folio4  #ab4 ,acetaria3  
,or1 ,a ,discourse of ,sallets4 #b;d    
,edition4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,naming the last ,discourse
 7save one7 ,i take this ,opportunity to
 acquit my self of some ,omissions and  
,mistakes1 left out in the ,errata of   
,numismata2 but1 upon discovery1        
immediately after1 notify'd1 and        
reform'd in the next ,philosophical     
,transactions of that ,month4           
,amico carissimo ,johanni ,evelyno1     
,armigero1      e ,societate ,regali    
,londini1 ,j4 ,beale1 ,s4,p4,d4 ,in     
,silvam4       ,fare age quid causae est

 quod tu ,silvestria pangis1            
,inter ,silvanos1 capripedesque ,deos8  
,inter ,hamadryadas laetus1 ,dryadasque 
pudicas1       ,cum tua ,cyrrhis sit    
,chelys apta modis6     ,scilicet hoc   
cecinit numerosus ,horatius olim1       
,scriptorum ,silvam quod ,chorus ,omnis 
amat4     ,est locus ille ,sacer ,musis1
  ,apolline dignus1       ,prima dedit  
summo ,templa sacranda ,jovi4     ,hinc 
quoque nunc ,pontem ,pontus non respuit 
ingens1       ,stringitur ,oceanus1     
corripiturque ,salum4     ,hinc novus   
,hesperiis emersit mundus in oris1cii3#a
       ,effuditque auri flumina larga   
probi4     ,hinc exundavit distento     
,copia cornu1       ,qualem  ,amalth non
 habuere sinus4     ,silva tibi curae   
est1 grata  ,pomona refundit            
,auriferum1 roseum1 purpureumque nemus4 
,illa famemque sitimque abigens expirat 
odores1       ,quales nec ,medus1 nec   
tibi mittit ,arabs4     ,ambrosiam      
praebent modo cocta ,cydonia4 ,tantum   
,comprime1 ,nectareo ,poma liquore      

fluunt4     ,progredere1 ,o ,scli       
,cultor memorande futuri1       ,felix  
,horticolam sic imitere ,deum4          
,,footnotes3  cii3#a ,gen4 #a4 c4 #b4   
,nobilissimo ,viro ,johanni ,evelyno1   
,regalis ,soc4 ,socio dignissimo4       
,ausus laudato qui quondam reddere      
versu1     ternum  tentare melos1       
conamine magno     ,lucret nomenque suum
 donaverat aevo3     ,ille leves atomos 
audaci pangere musa     ,aggreditur1    
variis  semina caeca figuris1           
,naturaeque vias3 non qu ,schola garrula
 jactat1     ,non quae rixanti fert     
barbara turba ,lyaeo3     ,ingentes     
animi sensus1  pondera rerum1           
,grandior expressit ,genius1 nec scripta
 minora     ,ev'linum decuisse solent4  
,tuque per obscuros 7victor ,boyle7     
recessus1     ,naturae meditaris opus1  
qua luce coloresciii3#a     ,percipimus1
 quali magnus ferit organa motu         
,cartesius1 quali volitant primordia    
plexu     ,ex atomis1 ,gassende1 tuis2  
simulacraque rerum     ,diffugiunt      

tacito vastum per inane meatu3          
,mutato varios mentitur lana colores    
,lumine2 dum tales ardens habet ipse    
figuras     ,purpura1 ,sidonioque aliae 
tinxere veneno3     ,materiam assiduo   
variatam1 ut ,protea1 motu              
,concipis1 hinc formae patuit nascentis 
origo1     ,hinc hominum species1  vasti
 machina caeli3ciii3#b     ,ipse creare 
deus1 solusque ostendere mundum         
,boylus potuit1 sed nunc favet aemula   
virtus1     7,magne ,eveline7 tibi1     
generosos excitat ignes3     ,pergite1  
,scipiad duo1 qui vet mille ,marones    
,obruitis1 longo  meriti lassatis       
honore4      ,tu vero dilecte nimis6 qui
 stemmate ab alto     ,patricios deducis
 avos1 cerasque parentum                
,wottonicciv3#a de stirpe domus2        
virtutibus aequas     ,nunc generis     
monumenta tui1 post taedia ponti        
,innumerasque errore vias1 quid ,sequana
 fallax1     ,hostilis quae ,rhenus     
agit1 quae ,tibris1  ,ister1     ,nota  
tibi3 triplici quid perfida ,roma corona

     ,gessit1  ,adriaca ,venetus        
deliberat arce1     ,qualiaque ,odrysias
 vexrunt prlia lunas4     ,hic qui      
naturae interpres  sedulus artis        
,cultor1 qui mores hominum cognovit1    
urbes3     ,dum ,phbo comes ire parat1  
mentemque capacem     ,vidit uterque    
polus1 nec ,grajum cana vetustas        
,hunc latuit2 veterum nunc prisca       
numismata regum     ,eruit1  ,latias per
 mystica templa ruinas3     stimat ille 
forum1  vasti fundamina ,circi1         
,cumque ruinoso ,capitolia prisca       
theatro1     ,et dominos colles altaeque
 palatia ,rom3     ,regales notat inde  
domos1 ut mole superba     ,surgat apex1
 molles quae tecta imitantur            
,ionas1civ3#b     ,qualia ,romulea1     
,gothica quae marmora dextra1           
,quicquid ,tuscus habet1 mira panduntur 
ab arte4     ,o famae patriaeque sacer6 
vel diruta chartis     ,vivet ,roma     
tuis2 te vindice1 laeta ,corinthus      
,stabit adhuc1 magno nequiquam invisa   
,metello4      ,nunc quoque ruris opes  

dulcesque ante omnia curas     ,pandis  
ovans2 tristes maneat quae cura         
,decembres2     ,pleiades haec          
,hyadesque jubent1 haec laeta ,bootes   
,semina mandat humi1 atque ardenti haec 
,sirius agro     ,cpit ut aestiva       
segetes torrere favilla1     ,hoc ,maii 
vernantis opus1 dum florea serta        
,invitant ,dominas ruris1 dum vere      
tepenti     ,ridet ager1 renovatque suos
 ,narcissus amores4      ,haud aliter   
victrix divinam neida vates     ,lusit  
opus1 simul  gracili modulatus avena1   
,fata decent majora tuos1 ,eveline1     
triumphos1     ternum renovatur honos1  
te nulla vetustas     ,obruet1 atque tua
 servanda volumina cedro     ,durent1   
meritam cingat tibi laurea frontem      
,qui vitam ,silvis donasti  ,floribus   
vum4      ,r4 ,bohun4   ,,footnotes3    
ciii3#a ,libro de coloribus4  ciii3#b   
,de origine formarum4  civ3#a ,de       
,wotton in agro ,surriensi4  civ3#b     
,consule librum ,auctoris de            
,architectura4             4           1

                  1           4         
1          1      '              1      
1       1  '          1         4       
,jo4 ,evelyn1 ,fil4     ,,the ,,garden4 
,to ,j4 ,evelyn1 ,esquire4   ,i never   
had any other ,desire so strong1 and so 
like to ,covetousness as that one which 
,i have had always1 ,that ,i might be   
,master at last of a small ,house and   
large ,garden1 with very moderate       
,conveniencies joined to them1 and there
 dedicate the remainder of my ,life only
 to the ,culture of them1 and study of  
,nature1      ,and there 7with no       
,design beyond my ,wall7 whole and      
entire to lie1     ,in no unactive      
,ease1 and no unglorious ,poverty2  ,or 
as ,virgil has said1 shorter and better 
for me1 that ,i might there ,studiis    
florere ignobilis ot 7though ,i could   
wish that he had rather said1 ,nobilis  
otii1 when he spoke of his own37 ,but   
several accidents of my ill ,fortune    
have disappointed me hitherto1 and do   
still of that ,felicity2 for though ,i  

have made the first and hardest step to 
it1 by abandoning all ,ambitions and    
,hopes in this ,world1 and by retiring  
from the noise of all ,business and     
almost ,company2 yet ,i stick still in  
the ,inn of a hired ,house and ,garden1 
among ,weeds and ,rubbish2 and without  
that pleasantest ,work of ,human        
,industry1 the ,improvement of something
 which we call 7not very properly1 but  
yet we call7 our own4 ,i am gone out    
from ,sodom1 but ,i am not yet arrived  
at my little ,zoar3 ,o let me escape    
thither1 7is it not a little one87 and  
my ,soul shall live4 ,i do not look back
 yet3 but ,i have been forced to stop1  
and make too many halts4 ,you may       
wonder1 ,sir1 7for this seems a little  
too extravagant and ,pindarical for     
,prose7 what ,i mean by all this        
,preface2 it is to let you know1 ,that  
though ,i have mist1 like a ,chymist1 my
 great ,end1 yet ,i account my          
,affections and ,endeavours well        
rewarded by something that ,i have met  

with by the bye2 which is1 that they    
have procur'd to me some part in your   
,kindness and esteem2 and thereby the   
honour of having my ,name so            
advantagiously recommended to           
,posterity1 by the ,epistle you are     
pleased to prefix to the most useful    
,book that has been written in that     
kind1 and which is to last as long as   
,months and ,years4  ,among many other  
,arts and ,excellencies which you enjoy1
 ,i am glad to find this ,favourite of  
mine the most predominant1 ,that you    
choose this for your ,wife1 though you  
have hundreds of other ,arts for your   
,concubines2 though you know them1 and  
beget ,sons upon them all1 7to which you
 are rich enough to allow great         
,legacies7 yet the issue of this seems  
to be design'd by you to the main of the
 ,estate2 you have taken most pleasure  
in it1 and bestow'd most ,charges upon  
its ,education2 and ,i doubt not to see 
that ,book1 which you are pleased to    
promise to the ,world1 and of which you 

have given us a large earnest in your   
,calendar1 as accomplish'd1 as any thing
 can be expected from an ,extraordinary 
,application1 and no ordinary ,expences1
 and a long ,experience4 ,i know no body
 that possesses more private ,happiness 
than you do in your ,garden2 and yet no 
,man who makes his ,happiness more      
publick1 by a free communication of the 
,art and ,knowledge of it to others4    
,all that ,i my self am able yet to do1 
is only to recommend to ,mankind the    
search of that ,felicity1 which you     
instruct them how to find and to enjoy4 
#a4              ,happy art thou whom   
,god does bless         ,with the full  
choice of thine own ,happiness2         
,and happier yet1 because thou'rt blest 
,with ,prudence how to choose the best3 
,in ,books and ,gardens thou hast plac'd
 aright             7,things well which 
thou dost understand1         ,and both 
dost make with thy laborious hand7      
,thy noble innocent delight3     ,and in
 thy virtuous ,wife1 where thou again   

dost meet             ,both ,pleasures  
more refin'd and sweet3             ,the
 fairest ,garden in her ,looks1         
,and in her ,mind the wisest ,books4    
,oh6 who would change these soft1 yet   
solid ,joys1             ,for empty     
,shows and senseless ,noise2            
,and all which rank ,ambition breeds1   
,which seem such beauteous ,flowers1 and
 are such poisonous ,weeds8             
#b4          ,when ,god did ,man to his 
own ,likeness make1         ,as much as 
,clay1 though of the purest kind1       
,by the great ,potters ,art refin'd1    
,could the ,divine ,impression take3    
,he thought it fit to place him1 where  
,a kind of ,heav'n too did appear1      
,as far as ,earth could such a likeness 
bear3             ,that ,man no         
,happiness might want1         ,which   
,earth to her first ,master could       
afford2             ,he did a ,garden   
for him plant         ,by the quick hand
 of his ,omnipotent ,word4         ,as  
the chief ,help and ,joy of ,humane     

,life1     ,he gave him the first ,gift2
 first1 ev'n before a ,wife4            
#c4          ,for ,god1 the universal   
,architect1             ',t had been as 
easie to erect         ,a ,louvre1 or   
,escurial1 or a ,tower1         ,that   
might with ,heav'n communication hold   
,as ,babel vainly thought to do of old3 
,he wanted not the skill or power1      
,in the ,world's ,fabrick those were    
shown1         ,and the ,materials were 
all his own4         ,but well he knew  
what place would best agree             
,with ,innocence1 and with ,felicity3   
,and we elsewhere still seek for them in
 vain1         ,if any part of either   
yet remain2         ,if any part of     
either we expect1         ,this may our 
judgement in the search direct2     ,god
 the first ,garden made1 and the first  
,city1 ,cain4                           
#d4          ,o blessed ,shades6 ,o     
gentle cool retreat             ,from   
all th' immoderate ,heat1         ,in   
which the frantick ,world does burn and 

sweat6         ,this does the ,lion     
,star1 ,ambitions rage2         ,this   
,avarice1 the ,dog-,stars ,thirst       
asswage2         ,every where else their
 fatal ,power we see1         ,they make
 and rule ,man's wretched ,destiny3     
,they neither set1 nor disappear1       
,but tyrannize o'er all the ,year2      
,whil'st we ne'er feel their ,flame or  
,influence here4             ,the ,birds
 that dance from ,bough to ,bough1      
,and sing above in every ,tree1         
,are not from ,fears and ,cares more    
free1             ,than we who lie1 or  
walk below1             ,and should by  
right be ,singers too4         ,what    
,princes ,quire of ,musick can excel    
,that which within this ,shade does     
dwell8             ,to which we nothing 
pay or give1             ,they like all 
other ,poets live1         ,without     
,reward1 or ,thanks for their obliging  
,pains2             ',tis well if they  
become not ,prey3         ,the          
,whistling ,winds add their less artful 

,strains1         ,and a grave ,base the
 murmuring ,fountains play2             
,nature does all this ,harmony bestow1  
,but to our ,plants1 ,arts1 ,musick too1
         ,the ,pipe1 ,theorbo1 and      
,guitar we owe2         ,the ,lute it   
self1 which once was ,green and ,mute3  
,when ,orpheus struck th' inspired      
,lute1             ,the ,trees danc'd   
round1 and understood             ,by   
,sympathy the ,voice of ,wood4          
#e4          ,these are the ,spells that
 to kind ,sleep invite1         ,and    
nothing does within resistance make1    
,which yet we moderately take2          
,who wou'd not choose to be awake1      
,while he's incompass'd round with such 
delight1         ,to th' ,ear1 the      
,nose1 the ,touch1 the ,taste1 and      
,sight8         ,when ,venus wou'd her  
dear ,ascanius keep         ,a ,pris'ner
 in the downy ,bands of ,sleep1         
,she od'rous ,herbs and ,flowers beneath
 him spread             ,as the most    
soft and sweetest ,bed2         ,not her

 own ,lap would more have charm'd his   
,head4             ,who1 that has       
,reason1 and his ,smell1         ,would 
not among ,roses and ,jasmin dwell1     
,rather than all his ,spirits choak     
,with ,exhalations of ,dirt and ,smoak8 
,and all th' uncleanness which does     
drown         ,in pestilential ,clouds a
 pop'lous ,town8         ,the ,earth it 
self breaths better ,perfumes here1     
,than all the ,female ,men or ,women    
there1             ,not without cause   
about them bear4                        
#f4          ,when ,epicurus to the     
,world had taught1             ,that    
,pleasure was the ,chiefest ,good1      
7,and was perhaps i'th' right1 if       
rightly understood7             ,his    
,life he to his ,doctrine brought1      
,and in a ,gardens ,shade that          
,sovereign ,pleasure sought4            
,whoever a true ,epicure would be1      
,may there find cheap and virtuous      
,luxury4         ,vitellius his ,table1 
which did hold         ,as many         

,creatures as the ,ark of old3          
,that ,fiscal ,table1 to which every day
         ,all ,countries did a constant 
,tribute pay1         ,could nothing    
more delicious afford1             ,than
 ,natures ,liberality1         ,helpt   
with a little ,art and ,industry1       
,allows the meanest ,gard'ners board4   
,the wanton ,taste no ,fish or ,fowl can
 choose1         ,for which the ,grape  
or ,melon she would loose1              
,though all th' ,inhabitants of ,sea and
 ,air         ,be listed in the         
,gluttons ,bill of ,fare2               
,yet still the ,fruits of ,earth we see 
,plac'd the third ,story high in all her
 ,luxury4                            #g4
          ,but with no ,sense the       
,garden does comply2         ,none      
courts or flatters1 as it does the ,eye3
         ,when the great ,hebrew ,king  
did almost strain         ,the wond'rous
 ,treasures of his ,wealth and ,brain1  
,his ,royal ,southern ,guest to         
entertain2             ,though she on   

,silver ,floors did tread1         ,with
 bright ,assyrian ,carpets on them      
spread1             ,to hide the ,metals
 ,poverty3             ,though she      
look'd up to ,roofs of ,gold1           
,and nought around her could behold     
,but ,silk and rich ,embroidery1        
,and ,babylonian ,tapistry1             
,and wealthy ,hiram's ,princely ,dy3    
,though ,ophirs ,starry ,stones met     
every where her ,eye2         ,though   
she her self and her gay ,host were     
drest         ,with all the shining     
,glories of the ,east2         ,when    
lavish ,art her costly work had done1   
,the honour and the ,prize of ,bravery  
,was by the ,garden from the ,palace    
won2         ,and every ,rose and ,lilly
 there did stand             ,better    
attir'd by ,natures hand3         ,the  
case thus judg'd against the ,king we   
see1     ,by one that would not be so   
,rich1 though ,wiser far than he4       
#h4          ,nor does this happy place 
only dispense         ,such various     

,pleasures to the ,sense1               
,here ,health it self does live1        
,that ,salt of ,life which does to all a
 relish give1         ,its standing     
,pleasure1 and intrinsick ,wealth1      
,the ,bodies ,virtue1 and the ,souls    
good ,fortune1 ,health4         ,the    
,tree of ,life1 when it in ,eden stood1 
,did its ,immortal ,head to ,heaven     
rear2         ,it lasted a tall ,cedar  
till the ,flood2         ,now a small   
thorny ,shrub it does appear2           
,nor will it thrive too every where3    
,it always here is freshest seen2       
',tis only here an ,ever-green4         
,if through the strong and beauteous    
,fence             ,of ,temperance and  
,innocence1         ,and wholesome      
,labours1 and a quiet ,mind1            
,diseases ,passage find1                
,they must not think here to assail     
,a ,land unarmed1 or without a ,guard2  
,they must fight for it1 and dispute it 
hard1             ,before they can      
prevail3             ,scarce any ,plant 

is growing here         ,which against  
,death some ,weapon does not bear4      
,let ,cities boast1 that they provide   
,for ,life the ,ornaments of ,pride2    
,but 'tis the ,country and the ,field1  
,that furnish it with ,staff and        
,shield4                            #i4 
,where does the ,wisdom and the ,power  
,divine         ,in a more bright and   
sweet ,reflection shine8         ,where 
do we finer ,strokes and ,colours see   
,of the ,creator's real ,poetry1        
,than when we with attention look       
,upon the third days ,volume of the     
,book8         ,if we could open and    
intend our ,eye1             ,we all    
like ,moses should espy         ,ev'n in
 a ,bush the radiant ,deity4            
,but we despise these his inferior ways1
         7,though no less full of       
,miracle and ,praise7             ,upon 
the ,flowers of ,heaven we gaze2        
,the ,stars of ,earth no wonder in us   
raise1             ,though these perhaps
 do more than they1             ,the    

,life of ,mankind sway4                 
,although no part of mighty ,nature be  
,more stor'd with ,beauty1 ,power1 and  
,mystery2         ,yet to encourage     
human ,industry1         ,god has so    
ordered1 that no other ,part            
,such ,space1 and such ,dominion leaves 
for ,art4                           #aj4
          ,we no where ,art do so       
triumphant see1             ,as when it 
,grafts or ,buds the ,tree2         ,in 
other things we count it to excel1      
,if it a ,docile ,scholar can appear    
,to ,nature1 and but imitate her well2  
,it over-rules1 and is her ,master here4
         ,it imitates her ,makers ,power
 ,divine1     ,and changes her          
sometimes1 and sometimes does refine3   
,it does1 like ,grace1 the fallen ,tree 
restore         ,to its blest ,state of 
,paradise before3         ,who would not
 joy to see his conquering hand         
,o'er all the vegetable ,world command8 
,and the wild ,giants of the ,wood      
receive               ,what ,law he's   

pleas'd to give8             ,he bids   
th' ill-natur'd ,crab produce           
,the gentle ,apples ,winy ,juice2       
,the golden ,fruit that worthy is       
,of ,galetea's purple ,kiss2            
,he does the savage ,hawthorn teach     
,to bear the ,medlar and the ,pear1     
,he bids the rustick ,plumb to rear     
,a noble ,trunk1 and be a ,peach1       
,ev'n ,daphnes ,coyness he does mock1   
,and weds the ,cherry to her stock1     
,though she refus'd ,apollo's suit2     
,ev'n she1 that chast and ,virgin-tree  
,now wonders at her self1 to see        
,that she's a ,mother made1 and blushes 
in her fruit4                           
#aa4          ,methinks ,i see ,great   
,diocletian walk         ,in the        
,salonian ,gardens noble ,shade1        
,which by his own ,imperial hands was   
made3         ,i see him smile1         
methinks1 as he does talk         ,with 
the ,ambassadors1 who come in vain      
,t' entice him to a ,throne again3      
,if ,i1 my ,friends 7said he7 should to 

you show         ,all the ,delights1    
which in these ,gardens grow2           
',tis likelier much1 that you should    
with me stay1         ,than 'tis that   
you should carry me away3         ,and  
trust me not1 my ,friends1 if every day1
             ,i walk not here with more 
delight1         ,than ever after the   
most happy fight1         ,in ,triumph  
to the ,capitol ,i rod1     ,to thank   
the gods1 and to be thought my self     
almost a god4    ,chertsea1 ,aug #af1   
#afff4   ,abraham ,cowley4              
,,dendrologia  ,,the ,,first ,,book     
,,chapter ,i4  ,of the ,earth1 ,soil1   
,seed1 ,air1 and ,water4   #a4 ,it is   
not my intention here to speak of earth1
 as one of the common reputed elements2 
of which ,i have long since publish'd an
 ample account1 in an express ,treatise 
7annexed to this volume17 which ,i      
desire my reader to peruse2 since it    
might well commute for the total        
omission of this chapter1 did not method
 seem to require something briefly to be

 said3 ,which first1 as to that of      
earth1 we shall need at present to      
penetrate no deeper into her bosom1 than
 after paring of the turfe1 scarrifiying
 the upper-mould1 and digging convenient
 pits and trenches1 not far from the    
natural surface1 without disturbing the 
several strata and remoter layers1      
whether of clay1 chalk1 gravel1 sand1 or
 other successive layers1 and concrets  
fossil1 7tho' all of them useful        
sometimes1 and agreeable to our         
foresters27 tho' few of them what one   
would chuse before the under-turfe1     
black1 brown1 gray1 and light1 and      
breaking into short clods1 and without  
any disagreeable scent1 and with some   
mixture of marle or loame1 but not      
clammy2 of which ,i have particularly   
spoken in that ,treatise4  #b4 ,in the  
mean time1 this of the soil1 7which ,i  
think is a more proper term for         
composts7 or mould rather1 being of     
greater importance for the raising1     
planting1 and propagation of trees in   

general1 must at no hand be neglected1  
and is therefore on all occasions       
mentioned in almost every chapter of our
 ensuing discourse2 ,i shall therefore  
not need to assign it any part1 when ,i 
have affirm'd in general1 that most     
timber-trees grow and prosper well in   
any tolerable land which will produce   
corn or rye1 and which is not in excess 
stony2 in which nevertheless there are  
some trees delight2 or altogether clay1 
which few1 or none do naturally affect2 
and yet the oak is seen to prosper in   
it1 for its toughness preferr'd before  
any other by many workmen1 though of all
 soils the cow-pasture doth certainly   
exceed1 be it for what purpose soever of
 planting wood4 ,rather therefore we    
should take notice how many great wits  
and ingenious persons1 who have leisure 
and faculty1 are in pain for            
improvements of their heaths and barren 
,hills1 cold and starving places1 which 
causes them to be neglected and         
despair'd of2 whilst they flatter their 

hopes and vain expectations with        
fructifying liquors1 chymical           
menstruums1 and such vast conceptions2  
in the mean time that one may shew them 
as heathy and hopeless grounds1 and     
barren hills as any in ,england1 that do
 now bear1 or lately have born woods1   
groves1 and copses1 which yield the     
owners more wealth1 than the richest and
 most opulent wheat-lands3 and if it be 
objected that 'tis so long a day before 
these plantations can afford that gain2 
the ,brabant ,nurseries1 and divers     
home-plantations of industrious persons 
are sufficient to convince the          
gain-sayer4 ,and when by this husbandry 
a few acorns shall have peopl'd the     
neighbouring regions with young stocks  
and trees2 the residue will become      
groves and copses of infinite delight   
and satisfaction to the planters4       
,besides1 we daily see what course lands
 will bear these stocks 7suppose them   
oaks1 wall-nuts1 chess-nuts1 pines1     
firr1 ash1 wild-pears1 crabs1 c47 and   

some of them 7as for instance the pear  
and the firr or pine7 strike their roots
 through the roughest and most          
impenetrable rocks and clefts of stone  
it self2 and others require not any rich
 or pinguid1 but very moderate soil2    
especially1 if committed to it in seeds1
 which allies them to their mother and  
nurse without renitency or regret3 ,and 
then considering what assistances a     
little care in easing and stirring of   
the ground about them for a few years   
does afford them3 ,what cannot a strong 
plow1 a winter mellowing1 and summer    
heats1 incorporated with the pregnant   
turf1 or a slight assistance of lime1   
loam1 sand1 rotten compost1 discreetly  
mixed 7as the case may require7 perform 
even in the most unnatural and obstinate
 soil8 ,and in such places where        
anciently woods have grown1 but are now 
unkind to them1 the fault is to be      
reformed by this care2 and chiefly1 by a
 sedulous extirpation of the old        
remainders of roots1 and latent stumps1 

which by their mustiness1 and other     
pernicious qualities1 sowre the ground1 
and poyson the conception2 and herewith 
let me put in this note1 that even an   
over-rich1 and pinguid composition1 is  
by no means the proper bed either for   
seminary or nursery1 whilst even the    
natural soil it self does frequently    
discover and point best to the          
particular species1 though some are for 
all places alike3 ,nor should the earth 
be yet perpetually crop'd with the same1
 or other seeds1 without due repose1 but
 lie some time fallow to receive the    
influence of heaven1 according to good  
husbandry4 ,but ,i shall say no more of 
these particulars at this time1 because 
the rest is sprinkl'd over this whole   
work in their due places2 wherefore we  
hasten to the following title2 namely1  
the choice and ordering of the seeds4   
#c4 ,chuse your seed of that which is   
perfectly mature1 ponderous and sound2  
commonly that which is easily shaken    
from the boughs1 or gathered about      

,november1 immediately upon its         
spontaneous fall1 or taken from the tops
 and summities of the fairest and       
soundest trees1 is best1 and does 7for  
the most part7 direct to the proper     
season of interring1 c4 according to    
institution4      ,nature herself who   
all created first1     ,invented sowing1
 and the wild plants nurs't3     ,when  
mast and berries from the trees did     
drop1     ,succeeded under by a numerous
 crop4#d3a  ,yet this is to be          
consider'd1 that if the place you sow in
 be too cold for an autumnal semination1
 your acorns1 mast1 and other seeds may 
be prepared for the vernal by being     
barrel'd1 or potted up in moist sand1 or
 earth stratum s4s4 during the winter2  
at the expiration whereof you will find 
them sprouted2 and being committed to   
the earth1 with a tender hand1 as apt to
 take as if they had been sown with the 
most early2 nay1 with great advantage3  
,by this means too1 they have escaped   
the vermine1 7which are prodigious      

devourers of winter-sowing7 and will not
 be much concern'd with the increasing  
heat of the season1 as such as being    
crude1 and unfermented1 are newly sown  
in the beginning of the spring2         
especially1 in hot and loose grounds2   
being already in so fair a progress by  
this artificial preparation2 and which1 
7if the provision to be made be very    
great7 may be thus manag'd4 ,chuse a fit
 piece of ground1 and with boards 7if it
 have not that position of it self7     
design it three foot high2 lay the first
 foot in fine earth1 another of seeds1  
acorns1 mast1 keys1 nuts1 haws1         
holly-berries1 c4 promiscuously1 or     
separate1 with 7now and then7 a little  
mould sprinkled amongst them3 ,the third
 foot wholly earth3 ,of these           
preparatory magazines make as many1 and 
as much larger ones as will serve your  
turn1 continuing it from time to time as
 your store is brought in4 ,the same for
 ruder handlings1 may you also do by    
burying your seeds in dry sand1 or      

pulveriz'd earth1 barrelling them 7as ,i
 said7 in tubs1 or laid in heaps in some
 deep cellar where the rigour of the    
winter may least prejudice them2 and ,i 
have fill'd old hampers1 bee-hives1 and 
boxes with them1 and found the like     
advantage1 which is to have them ready  
for your seminary1 as before hath been  
shew'd1 and exceedingly prevent the     
season4 ,there be also who affirm1 that 
the careful cracking and opening of     
stones which include the kernels1 as    
soon as ripe1 precipitate growth1 and   
gain a years advance2 but this is       
erroneous4 ,now if you gather them in   
moist weather1 lay them a drying1 and so
 keep them till you sow1 which may be as
 soon as you please after ,christmas4   
,if they spire out before you sow them1 
be sure to commit them to the earth     
before the sprout grows dry1 or else    
expect little from them3 ,and whenever  
you sow1 if you prevent not the little  
field mouse1 he will be sure to have the
 better share4 ,see cap4 ,,xviii4  #d4  

,but to pursue this to some farther     
advantage2 as to what concerns the      
election of your seed1 it is to be      
consider'd1 that there is vast          
difference1 7what if ,i should affirm   
more than an hundred years7 in trees    
even of the same growth and bed1 which  
,i judge to proceed from the variety and
 quality of the seed3 ,this1 for        
instance1 is evidently seen in the      
heart1 procerity and stature of timber2 
and therefore chuse not your seeds      
always from the most fruitful-trees1    
which are commonly the most aged1 and   
decayed2 but from such as are found most
 solid and fair3 ,nor1 for this reason1 
covet the largest acorns1 c4 but 7as    
husbandmen do their wheat7 the most     
weighty1 clean and bright3 ,this        
observation we deduce from fruit-trees1 
which we seldom find to bear so kindly  
and plentifully from a sound stock1     
smooth rind1 and firm wood1 as from a   
rough1 lax1 and untoward tree2 which is 
rather prone to spend itself in fruit1  

7the ultimate effort1 and final         
endeavour of its most delicate sap17    
than in solid and close substance to    
encrease the timber4 ,and this shall    
suffice1 though some haply might here   
recommend to us a more accurate         
microscopical examen1 to interpret their
 most secret schematismes1 which were an
 over-nicety for these great            
plantations4  #e4 ,as concerning the    
medicating and insuccation of seeds1 or 
enforcing the earth by rich and generous
 composts1 c4 for trees of these kinds1 
,i am no great favourer of it2 not only 
because the charge would much discourage
 the work2 but for that we find it      
unnecessary1 and for most of our        
forest-trees1 noxious2 since even where 
the ground is too fertile1 they thrive  
not so well2 and if a mould be not      
proper for one sort1 it may be fit for  
another3 ,yet ,i would not 7by this7    
hinder any from the trial1 what advance 
such experiments will produce3 ,in the  
mean time1 for the simple imbibition of 

some seeds and kernels1 when they prove 
extraordinary dry1 as the season may    
fall out1 it might not be amiss to      
macerate them in milk or water only1 a  
little impregnated with cow-dung1 c4    
during the space of twenty four hours1  
to give them a spirit to sprout and chet
 the sooner2 especially if you have been
 retarded in your sowing without our    
former preparation3 ,but concerning the 
mould1 soiling and preparations of the  
ground1 ,i refer you to my late         
,treatise of ,earth1 if what you meet   
with in this do not abundantly encounter
 all those difficulties4  #f4 ,being    
thus provided with seeds of all kinds1  
,i would advise to raise woods by sowing
 them apart1 in several places destin'd 
for their growth1 where the mould being 
prepar'd 7as ,i shall shew hereafter7   
and so qualified 7if election be made7  
as best to suit with the nature of the  
species1 they may be sown promiscuously1
 which is the most natural and rural2 or
 in streight and even lines1 for        

hedge-rows1 avenues1 and walks1 which is
 the more ornamental3 ,but1 because some
 may chuse rather to draw them out of   
nurseries2 that the culture is not much 
different1 nor the hinderance           
considerable 7provided they be early and
 carefully removed7 ,i will finish what 
,i have to say concerning these trees in
 the seminary1 and shew how they are    
there to be raised1 transplanted1 and   
govern'd till they can shift for        
themselves4  ,as to the air and water1  
they are certainly of almost as great   
importance to the life and prosperity of
 trees and vegetables2 and therefore it 
is to be wish'd for and sought1 where   
they are defective2 and which commonly  
follow1 or indicate the nature of the   
soil1 or the soil of them2 7taking soil 
here promiscuously for the mould27 that 
they be neither too keen or sharp1 too  
cold or hot2 not infected with foggs and
 poys'nous vapours1 or expos'd to       
sulphurous exhalations1 or frigiverous  
winds1 reverberating from hills1 and    

other ill-situate eminencies1 pressing  
down the incumbent particles so tainted1
 or convey'd through the inclosed       
valleys3 ,but such as may gently enter  
and pervade the cenabs and vessels      
destin'd and appointed for their        
reception1 intromission1 respiration1   
and passage1 in almost continual motion3
 ,in a word1 such as is most agreeable  
to the life of man1 the inverted head   
compared to the root1 both vegetables   
and animals alike affected with those   
necessary principles1 air and water1    
soon suffocated and perishable for the  
want of either1 duly qualified with     
their proper mixts1 be it nitre1 or any 
other vegetable matter2 though we       
neither see1 nor distinctly taste it3   
,so as all aquatics1 how deeply soever  
submerg'd1 could not subsist without    
this active element the air4  ,the same 
qualification is 7as we said7 required  
in water1 to which 'tis of so near      
alliance1 and whose office it is1 not   
only to humectate1 mollify1 and prepare 

both the seeds1 and roots of vegetables1
 to receive the nutrition1 pabulum1 and 
food1 of which this of water as well as 
air1 are the proper vehicles1           
insinuating what they carry into the    
numerous pores1 and through the tubes1  
canales1 and other emulgent passages and
 percolutions to the several vessels1   
where 7as in a stomach7 it is           
elaborated1 concocted1 and digested1 for
 distribution through every part of the 
plant2 and therefore had need be such as
 should feed1 not starve1 infect or     
corrupt2 which depends upon the nature  
and quality of the mix'd1 with what     
other virtue1 spirit1 mineral1 or other 
particles1 accompanying the purest      
springs1 7to appearance7 passing through
 the closest strainers4 ,this therefore 
requires due examination1 and sometimes 
exposure to the air and sun1 and        
accordingly the crudity1 and other      
defects taken off and qualified3 ,all   
which1 rain-water1 that has had its     
natural circulation1 is greatly free    

from1 so it meets with no noxious       
vapours in the descent1 as it must do   
passing through fuliginous clouds of    
smoak and soot1 over and about great    
cities1 and other vulcanos1 continually 
vomiting out their acrimonious1 and     
sometimes pestiferous fervor1 infecting 
the ambient air1 as it perpetually does 
about ,london1 and for many adjacent    
miles1 as ,i have elsewhere#i3a shew'd4 
,in the mean time1 whether water alone  
is the cause of the solid and bulky     
part1 and consequently of the           
augmentation of trees and plants1       
without any thing more to do with that  
element 7tho' as it serves to transport 
some other matter7 is very ingenuously  
discuss'd1 and curiously enquired into  
by ,dr4 ,woodward1 in his ,history of   
the ,earth2 fortified with divers nice  
experiments1 too large to be here       
inserted3 ,the sum is1 that water1 be it
 of rain1 or the river 7superior or     
inferior7 carries with it a certain     
superfine terrestrial matter1 not       

destitute of vegetative particles2 which
 gives body1 substance1 and all other   
requisites to the growth and perfection 
of the plant1 with the aid of that due  
heat which gives life and motion to the 
vehicles passage through all the parts  
of the vegetable1 continually ascending1
 'till 7having sufficiently saturated   
them7 it transpires the rest of the     
liquid at the summity and tops of the   
branches into the atmosphere1 and       
leaving some of the less refined matter 
in a viscid hony-dew1 or other          
exsudations1 7often perceived on the    
leaves and blossoms17 anon descending   
and joining again with what they meet1  
repeat this course in perpetual         
circulation3 ,add to this1 that from    
hence those regions and places crowded  
with numerous and thick standing        
forest-trees and woods1 7which hinder   
the necessary evolition of this         
superfluous moisture1 and intercourse of
 the air7 render those countries and    
places1 more subject to rain and mists1 

and consequently unwholsome2 as is found
 in our ,american plantations1 as       
formerly nearer us1 in ,ireland2 both   
since so much improved by felling and   
clearing these spacious shades1 and     
letting in the air and sun1 and making  
the earth fit for tillage1 and pasture1 
that those gloomy tracts are now become 
healthy and habitable4 ,it is not to be 
imagined how many noble seats and       
dwellings in this nation of ours1 7to   
all appearance well situated17 are for  
all that unhealthful1 by reason of some 
grove1 or hedge-rows of antiquated      
dotard trees2 nay1 sometimes a single   
tuft only1 7especially the falling      
autumnal leaves neglected to be taken   
away7 filling the air with musty and    
noxious exhalations2 which being        
ventilated1 by glades cut through them1 
for passage of the stagnant vapours1    
have been cur'd of this evil1 and       
recovered their reputation4  ,but to    
return to where we left2 water in this  
action1 imbib'd with such matter1       

applicable to every species of plants   
and vegetables1 does not as we affirm'd1
 operate to the full extent and         
perfection of what it gives and         
contributes of necessary and constituent
 matter1 without the soil and temper of 
the climate co-operate2 which otherwise1
 retards both the growth and substance  
of what the earth produces1 sensibly    
altering their qualities1 if some       
friendly and genial heat be wanting to  
exert the prolifick virtue3 ,this we    
find1 that the hot and warmer regions   
produce the tallest and goodliest trees 
and plants1 in stature and other        
properties far exceeding those of the   
same species1 born in the cold north3   
,so as what is a gyant in the one1      
becomes a pumilo1 and in comparison1 but
 a shrubby dwarf in the other2 deficient
 of that active spirit1 which elevates  
and spreads its prolifick matter and    
continual supplies without check1 and is
 the cause of not only the leaves       
deserting the branches1 whilst those    

trees and plants of the more benign     
climate1 are clad in perennial verdure3 
,and those herbacious plants1 which with
 us in the hottest seasons hardly       
perfect their seeds before ,winter1 and 
require to be near their genial beds and
 nurse1 and sometimes the artificial    
heat of the hot-bed4 ,lastly1 to all    
this ,i would add that other chearful   
vehicle1 light2 which the gloomy and    
torpent north is so many months depriv'd
 of2 the too long seclusion whereof is  
injurious to our exotics1 kept in the   
conservatories1 since however temper'd  
with heat1 and duly refresh'd2 they grow
 sickly1 and languish without the       
admission of light as well as air1 as ,i
 have frequently found4   ,,footnotes3  
#d3a      ,nam specimen sationis1       
infitionis origo     ,ipsa fuit rerum   
primum natura creatrix3     ,arboribus  
quoniam bacc1 glandesque caduc          
,tempestiva dabant pullorum examina     
subter1 c4      ,lucret4 l4 #e4  #i3a   
,fumifugium4     ,,chapter ,,ii4  ,of   

the ,seminary and of ,transplanting4    
#a4 ,qui vineam1 vel arbustum           
constituere volet1 seminaria prius      
facere debebit1 was the precept of      
,columella1 l4 #c4 c4 #e4 speaking of   
vineyards and fruit-trees3 and          
doubtless1 we cannot pursue a better    
course for the propagation of           
timber-trees3 ,for though it seem but a 
trivial design that one should make a   
nursery of foresters2 yet it is not to  
be imagin'd1 without the experience of  
it1 what prodigious numbers a very small
 spot of ground well cultivated1 and    
destin'd for this purpose1 would be able
 to furnish towards the sending forth of
 yearly colonies into all the naked     
quarters of a lordship1 or demesnes2    
being with a pleasant industry liberally
 distributed amongst the tenants1 and   
dispos'd of about the hedg-rows1 and    
other waste1 and uncultivated places1   
for timber1 shelter1 fuel1 and ornament1
 to an incredible advantage4 ,this being
 a cheap1 and laudable work1 of so much 

pleasure in the execution1 and so       
certain a profit in the event2 to be but
 once well done 7for1 as ,i affirm'd1 a 
very small plantarium or nursery will in
 a few years people a vast extent of    
ground7 hath made me sometimes in       
admiration at the universal negligence1 
as well as rais'd my admiration1 that   
seeds and plants of such different      
kinds1 should like so many tender babes 
and infants suck and thrive at the same 
breast3 ,though there are some indeed   
will not so well prosper in company2    
requiring peculiar juices3 ,but this    
niceness is more conspicuous in flowers 
and the herbacious offspring1 than in   
foresters1 which require only diligent  
weeding and frequent cleansing1 till    
they are able to shift for themselves2  
and as their vessels enlarge and        
introsume more copious nourishment1     
often starve their neighbours4 ,thus    
much for the nursery and ,conseminea    
,silva4  #b4 ,having therefore made     
choice of such seeds as you would sow1  

by taking1 and gathering them in their  
just season2 that is1 when dropping     
ripe2 and 7as has been said7 from fair  
thriving trees2 and found out some fit  
place of ground1 well fenced1 respecting
 the south-east1 rather than the full   
south1 and well protected from the north
 and west2      ,he that for wood his   
field would sow1     ,must clear it of  
the shrubs that grow2     ,cut brambles 
up1 and the fern mow4#ac3a  ,this done1 
let it be broken up the winter before   
you sow1 to mellow it2 especially if it 
be a clay1 and then the furrow would be 
made deeper2 or so1 at least1 as you    
would prepare it for wheat3 ,or you may 
trench it with the spade1 by which means
 it will the easier be cleansed of      
whatsoever may obstruct the putting     
forth1 and insinuating of the tender    
roots3 ,then1 having given it a second  
stirring1 immediately before you sow2   
cast1 and dispose it into rills1 or     
small narrow trenches1 of four or five  
inches deep1 and in even lines1 at two  

foot interval1 for the more commodious  
runcation1 hawing1 and dressing the     
trees3 ,into these furrows 7about the   
new or increasing moon7 throw your oak1 
beach1 ash1 nuts1 all the glandiferous  
seeds1 mast1 and key-bearing kinds1 so  
as they lie not too thick1 and then     
cover them very well with a rake1 or    
fine-tooth'd harrow1 as they do for     
pease3 ,or1 to be more accurate1 you may
 set them as they do beans 7especially1 
the nuts and acorns7 and that every     
species by themselves1 for the          
,roboraria1 ,glandaria1 ,ulmaria1 c41   
which is the better way3 ,this is to be 
done at the latter end of ,october1 for 
the autumnal sowing2 and in the lighter 
ground about ,february for the vernal3  
,for other seminations in general2 some 
divide the spring in three parts2 the   
beginning1 middle1 and end2 and the like
 of the autumn both for sowing and      
planting1 and accordingly prepare for   
the work such nursery furniture1 as     
seems most agreeable to the season4     

,then see your hopeful grove with acorns
 sown1     ,but e're your seed into the 
field be thrown1     ,with crooked      
plough first let the lusty swain        
,break-up1 and stubborn clods with      
harrow plain4     ,then1 when the stemm 
appears1 to make it bare     ,and       
lighten the hard earth with hough1      
prepare4     ,hough in the spring3 nor  
frequent culture fail1     ,lest noxious
 weeds o're the young wood prevail3     
,to barren ground with toyl large manure
 add1     ,good-husbandry will force a  
ground that's bad4#ad3a  ,note that #f  
bushels of acorns will sow or plant an  
acre1 at one foot's distance4 ,and if   
you mingle among the acorns the seeds of
 ,genista spinosa1 or furs1 they will   
come up without any damage1 and for a   
while needs no other fence1 and will be 
kill'd by the shade of the young        
oaklings before they become able to do  
them any prejudice4  ,one rule ,i must  
not omit1 that you cast no seeds into   
the earth whilst it either actually     

rains1 or that it be over sobb'd1 till  
moderately dry4  ,to this might         
something be expected concerning the    
watring of our seminaries and new       
plantations2 which indeed require some  
useful directions 7especially in that   
you do by hand7 that you pour it not    
with too great a stream on the stem of  
the plant1 7which washes and drives away
 the mould from the roots and fibers7   
but at such distance as it may percolate
 into the earth1 and carry its vertue to
 them1 with a shallow excavation1 or    
circular basin about the stalk2 and     
which may be defended from being too    
suddenly exhausted and drunk up by the  
sun1 and taken away before it grow      
mouldy4 ,the tender stems and branches  
should yet be more gently refreshed1    
lest the too intense rays of the sun    
darting on them1 cause them to wither1  
as we see in our fibrous flower-roots   
newly set3 ,in the mean time1 for the   
more ample young plantations of forest  
and other trees1 ,i should think the    

hydrantick engine 7call'd the           
quench-fire7 7described in the ,phil4   
,transaction1 ,num4 #abh7 might be made 
very useful1 rightly manag'd1 and not   
too violently pointed against any single
 trees1 but so exalted and directed1 as 
the stream being spread1 the water might
 fall on the ground like drops of rain2 
which ,i should much prefer before the  
barrels and tumbral way4 ,rain1 river or
 pond-waters reserved in tubs or        
cisterns simple1 or inrich'd1 and abroad
 in the sun1 should be frequently       
stirred1 and kept from stagnation4  #d4 
,your plants beginning now to peep1     
should be earthed up1 and comforted a   
little2 especially1 after breaking of   
the greater frosts1 and when the        
swelling mould is apt to spue them      
forth2 but when they are about an inch  
above ground1 you may in a moist season1
 draw them up where they are too thick1 
and set them immediately in other lines1
 or beds prepar'd for them2 or you may  
plant them in double fosses1 where they 

may abide for good and all1 and to      
remain till they are of a competent     
stature to be transplanted2 where they  
should be set at such distances as their
 several kinds require2 but if you draw 
them only for the thinning of your      
seminary1 prick them into some empty    
beds 7or a ,plantarium purposely        
design'd7 at one foot interval1 leaving 
the rest at two or three4  #e4 ,when    
your seedlings have stood thus till     
,june1 bestow a slight digging upon     
them1 and scatter a little mungy1       
half-rotten litter1 fern1 bean-hame1 or 
old leaves among them1 to preserve the  
roots from scorching1 and to entertain  
the moisture2 and then in ,march        
following 7by which time it will be     
quite consum'd1 and very mellow7 you    
shall chop it all into the earth1 and   
mingle it together3 ,continue this      
process for two or three years          
successively2 for till then1 the        
substance of the kernel will hardly be  
spent in the plant1 which is of main    

import2 but then 7and that the stature  
of your young imps invite7 you may plant
 them forth1 carefully taking up their  
roots1 and cutting the stem within an   
inch of the ground 7if the kind1 of     
which hereafter1 suffer the knife7 set  
them where they are to continue3 ,if    
thus you reduce them to the distance of 
forty foot1 the intervals may be planted
 with ash1 which may be fell'd either   
for poles1 or timber1 without the least 
prejudice of the oak3 ,some repeat the  
cutting we spake of the second year1 and
 after ,march 7the moon decreasing7     
re-cut them at half a foot from the     
surface2 and then meddle with them no   
more3 ,but this 7if the process be not  
more severe than needs7 must be done    
with a very sharp instrument1 and with  
care1 lest you violate1 and unsettle the
 root2 which is likewise to be practis'd
 upon all those which you did not       
transplant1 unless you find them very   
thriving trees2 and then it shall       
suffice to prune off the branches1 and  

spare the tops2 for this does not only  
greatly establish your plants by        
diverting the sap to the roots2 but     
likewise frees them from the injury and 
concussions of the winds1 and makes them
 to produce handsome1 streight shoots1  
infinitely preferable to such as are    
abandon'd to nature1 and accident1      
without this discipline3 ,by this means 
the oak will become excellent timber1   
shooting into streight and single stems3
 ,the chess-nut1 ash1 c4 multiply into  
poles1 which you may reduce to standards
 at pleasure3 ,to this ,i add1 that as  
oft as you make your annual             
transplanting1 out of the nursery1 by   
drawing forth the choicest stocks1 the  
remainder will be improved by a due     
stirring1 and turning of the mould about
 their roots4  ,but that none be        
discouraged1 who may upon some accident1
 be desirous1 or forc'd to transplant   
trees1 where the partial1 or unequal    
ground does not afford sufficient room1 
or soil to make the pits equally        

capacious1 7and so apt to nourish and   
entertain the roots1 as where are no    
impediments71 the worthy ,mr4           
,brotherton 7whom we shall have occasion
 to mention more than once in this      
treatise7 speaking of the increase and  
improvement of roots1 tells us of a     
large pinaster1 #b foot and  diameter1  
and about #fj foot in height1 the lowest
 boughs being #cj foot above the ground1
 which did spread and flourish on all   
sides alike1 though it had no root at   
all towards three quarters of its       
situation1 and but one quarter only1    
into which it expanded its roots so far 
as to #gj and #hj foot from the body of 
the tree3 ,the reason was1 its being    
planted just within the square-angle of 
the corner of a deep1 thick and strong  
stone-wall1 which was a kind wharfing   
against a river running by it1 and so   
could have nourishment but from one     
quarter4 ,and this ,i likewise might    
confirm of two elms1 planted by me about
 #ce years since2 which being little    

bigger than walking-staves1 and set on  
the very brink of a ditch or narrow     
channel 7not always full of water7      
wharfed with a wall of a brick and half 
in thickness1 7to keep the bank from    
falling in7 are since grown to goodly   
and equally spreading trees of near two 
foot diameter1 solid timber1 and of     
stature proportionable4 ,the difference 
between this1 and that of the pine1     
being their having one quarter more of  
mould for the roots to spread in2 but   
which is not at all discover'd by the   
exuberence of the branches in either    
part4 ,but to return to planting1 where 
are no such obstacles4  #f4             
,theophrastus in his ,third ,book de    
,causis1 c4 #g4 gives us great caution  
in planting1 to preserve the roots1 and 
especially the earth adhering to the    
smallest fibrills1 which should by no   
means be shaken off1 as most of our     
gardeners do to trim and quicken them1  
as they pretend1 which is to cut them   
shorter2 though ,i forbid not a very    

small toping of the stragling threds1   
which may else hinder the spreading of  
the rest1 c4 ,not at all considering1   
that those tender hairs are the very    
mouths1 and vehicles which suck in the  
nutriment1 and transfuse it into all the
 parts of the tree1 and that these once 
perishing1 the thicker and larger roots1
 hard1 and less spungy1 signifie little 
but to establish the stem2 as ,i have   
frequently experimented in orange-trees1
 whose fibers are so very obnoxious to  
rot1 if they take in the least excess of
 wet3 ,and therefore ,cato advises us to
 take care that we bind the mould about 
them1 or transfer the roots in baskets1 
to preserve it from forsaking them2 as  
now our nursery-men frequently do2 by   
which they of late are able to furnish  
our grounds1 avenues and gardens in a   
moment with trees and other plants1     
which would else require many years to  
appear in such perfection3 ,for this    
earth being already applied1 and fitted 
to the overtures and mouths of the      

fibers1 it will require some time to    
bring them in appetite again to a new   
mould1 by which to repair their loss1   
furnish their stock1 and proceed in     
their wonted conomy without manifest    
danger and interruption3 nor less ought 
our care to be in the making1 and       
dressing of the pits and fosses1 into   
which we design our transplantation1    
which should be prepar'd and left some  
time open to macerating rains1 frosts   
and sun1 that may resolve the compacted 
salt1 7as some will have it7 render the 
earth friable1 mix and qualifie it for  
aliment1 and to be more easily drawn in1
 and digested by the roots and analogous
 stomach of the trees3 ,this1 to some   
degree may be artificially done1 by     
burning of straw in the newly opened    
pits1 and drenching the mould with      
water2 especially in over-dry seasons1  
and by meliorating barren-ground with   
sweet and comminuted ltations3 ,let     
therefore this be received as a maxim1  
never to plant a fruit or forest-tree   

where there has lately been an old      
decay'd one taken up2 till the pit be   
well ventilated1 and furnish'd with     
fresh mould4  #g4 ,the author of the    
,natural ,history1 ,pliny1 tells us it  
was a vulgar tradition1 in his time1    
that no tree should be removed under two
 years old1 or above three3 ,cato would 
have none transplanted less than five   
fingers in diameter2 but ,i have shew'd 
why we are not to attend so long for    
such as we raise of seedlings4 ,in the  
interim1 if these directions appear too 
busie1 or operose1 or that the          
plantation you intend be very ample1 a  
more compendious method will be the     
confused sowing of acorns1 c4 in        
furrows1 two foot asunder1 covered at   
three fingers depth1 and so for three   
years cleansed1 and the first winter    
cover'd with fern1 without any farther  
culture1 unless you transplant them2    
but1 as ,i shewed before1 in nurseries1 
they would be cut an inch from the      
ground1 and then let stand till ,march  

the second year1 when it shall be       
sufficient to disbranch them to one only
 shoot1 whether you suffer them to      
stand1 or remove them elsewhere4 ,but to
 make an essay what seed is most        
agreeable to the soil1 you may by the   
thriving of a promiscuous semination    
make a judgment of1      ,what each soil
 bears1 and what it does refuse4#bj3a   
transplanting those which you find least
 agreeing with the place2 or else1 by   
copsing the starvelings in the places   
where they are newly sown1 cause them   
sometimes to overtake even their        
untouch'd contemporaries4  ,something   
may here be expected about the fittest  
season for this work of transplanting2  
of which having spoken in another#ba3a  
treatise1 annext to this1 7as well as in
 divers other places throughout this of 
,forest-trees7 ,i shall need add little2
 after ,i have recommended the earliest 
removals1 not only of all the sturdy    
sort in our woods1 but even of some less
 tender trees in our orchards2 pears1   

apples1 vulgar cherries1 c4 whilst we   
favour the delicate and tender murals1  
and such as are pithy2 as the wall-nut1 
and some others4 ,but after all1 what   
says the plain wood-man1 speaking of    
oaks1 beech1 elms1 haw-thorns1 and even 
what we call wild and hedge-fruit8 ,set 
them1 says he1 at ,all-hallowtide1 and  
command them to prosper2 set them at    
,candlemass1 and intreat them to grow4  
,nor needs it explanation4  #h4 ,but    
here some may enquire what distances ,i 
would generally assign to transplanted  
trees8 ,to this somewhat is said in the 
ensuing periods1 and as occasion offers2
 though the promiscuous rising of them  
in forest-work1 wild and natural1 is to 
us1 ,i acknowledge1 more pleasing than  
all the studied accuracy in ranging of  
them2 unless it be where they conduct   
and lead us to avenues1 and are planted 
for vistas 7as the ,italians term is7 in
 which case1 the proportion of the      
breadth and length of the walks1 c4     
should govern1 as well as the nature of 

the tree2 with this only note2 that such
 trees as are rather apt to spread1 than
 mount 7as the oak1 beech1 wall-nut1 c47
 be dispos'd at wider intervals1 than   
the other1 and such as grow best in     
consort1 as the elm1 ash1 limetree1     
sycamore1 firr1 pine1 c4 ,regard is     
likewise to be had to the quality of the
 soil1 for this work3 v4 g4 ,if trees   
that affect cold and moist grounds1 be  
planted in hot and dry places1 then set 
them at closer order2 but trees which   
love dry and thirsty grounds1 at farther
 distance3 ,the like rule may also guide
 in situations expos'd to impetuous     
winds and other accidents1 which may    
serve for general rules in this piece of
 tactics4 ,in the mean time1 if you     
plant for regular walks1 or any single  
trees1 a competent elevation of the     
earth in circle1 and made a little      
hollow like a shallow bason 7as ,i      
already mention'd7 for the reception of 
water1 and refreshing the roots2        
sticking thorns about the edges to      

protect them from cattel1 were not      
amiss4 ,fruit-trees thus planted1 if    
beans be set about them1 produces a     
little crop1 and will shade the surface1
 perhaps1 without any detriment3 ,but   
this more properly belongs to ,pomona4  
,most shrubs of ever-green and some     
trees may be planted very near one      
another2 myrtles1 laurel1 bays1 ,cyprus1
 yew1 ivy1 pomegranates1 and others1    
also need little distance1 and indeed   
whatever is proper to make hedges3 ,but 
for the oak1 elm1 wall-nut1 firs1 and   
the taller timber-trees1 let the dismal 
effects of the late hurricane 7never to 
be forgotten7 caution you never to plant
 them too near the mansion1 7or indeed  
any other house7 that so if such        
accident happen1 their fall and ruin may
 not reach them4  #i4 ,to leave nothing 
omitted which may contribute to the     
stability of our transplanted trees1    
something is to be premis'd concerning  
their staking1 and securing from        
external injuries1 especially from winds

 and cattel2 against both which1 such as
 are planted in copses1 and for ample   
woods1 are sufficiently defended by the 
mounds and their closer order2          
especially1 if they rise of seeds3 ,but 
where they are expos'd in single rows1  
as in walks and avenues1 the most       
effectual course is to empale them with 
three good quartet-stakes of competent  
length1 set in triangle1 and made fast  
to one another by short pieces above and
 beneath2 in which a few brambles being 
stuck1 secure it abundantly without that
 choaking or fretting1 to which trees   
are obnoxious that are only single      
staked and bushed1 as the vulgar manner 
is3 ,nor is the charge of this so       
considerable as the great advantage1    
accounting for the frequent reparations 
which the other will require4 ,where    
cattel do not come1 ,i find a good piece
 of rope1 tyed fast about the neck of   
trees upon a wisp of straw to preserve  
it from galling1 and the other end      
tightly strein'd to a hook or peg in the

 ground 7as the shrouds in ships are    
fastened to the masts7 sufficiently     
stablishes my trees against the western 
blasts without more trouble2 for the    
winds of other quarters seldom infest   
us4 ,but these cords had need be well   
pitch'd to preserve them from wet1 and  
so they will last many years4 ,i cannot 
in the mean time conceal what a noble   
person has assur'd me1 that in his      
goodly plantations of trees in          
,scotland1 where they are continually   
expos'd to much greater1 and more       
impetuous winds than we were usually    
acquainted with1 he never stakes any of 
his trees2 but upon all disasters of    
this kind1 causes only his servants to  
redress1 and1 set them up again as often
 as they happen to be overthrown2 which 
he has affirm'd to me1 thrives better   
with them1 than with those which he has 
staked2 and that at last they strike    
root so fast1 as nothing but the axe is 
able to prostrate them4 ,and there is   
good reason for it in my opinion1 whilst

 these concussions of the roots loosning
 the mould1 not only make room for their
 more easie insinuations1 but likewise  
open and prepare it to receive and      
impart the better nourishment4 ,it is in
 another place ,i suggest that          
transplanted pines and firrs1 for want  
of their penetrating taproots1 are      
hardly consistent against these gusts   
after they are grown high2 especially1  
where they are set close1 and in tufts1 
which betrays them to the greater       
disadvantage3 ,and therefore such trees 
do best in walks1 and at competent      
distances where they escape tolerably   
well3 ,such therefore as we design for  
woods of them1 should be sow'd1 and     
never remov'd4 ,in the mean time1 many  
trees are also propagated by cuttings   
and layers2 the ever-greens about       
,bartholomewtide2 other trees within two
 or three months after1 when they will  
have all the sap to assist them2 every  
body knows the way to do it is by       
slitting the branch a little way1 when  

it is a little cut directly in1 and then
 to plunge it half a foot under good    
mould1 and leaving as much of its       
extremity above it1 and if it comply not
 well1 to peg it down with an hook or   
two1 and so when you find it competently
 rooted1 to cut it off beneath1 and     
plant it forth3 ,other expedients there 
are by twisting the part1 or baring it  
of the rind2 and if it be out of reach  
of the ground1 to fasten a tub or basket
 of earth near the branch1 fill'd with a
 succulent mould1 and kept as fresh as  
may be4 ,for cuttings1 about the same   
season1 take such as are about the      
bigness of your thumb1 setting them a   
foot in the earth1 and near as much out4
 ,if it be of soft wood1 as willows1    
poplar1 alders1 c4 you may take much    
larger trunchions1 and so tall as cattel
 may not reach them2 if harder1 those   
which are young1 small and more tender2 
and if such as produce a knur1 or burry 
swelling1 set that part into the ground1
 and be sure to make the hole so wide1  

and point the end of your cutting so    
smooth1 as that in setting1 it violate  
and strip none of the bark2 the other   
extream may be slanted1 and so treading 
the earth close1 and keeping it moist1  
you will seldom fail of success3 ,by the
 roots also of a thriving1 lusty and    
sappy tree1 more may be propagated2 to  
effect which1 early in spring1 dig about
 its foot1 and finding such as you may  
with a little cutting bend upwards1     
raise them above ground three or four   
inches1 and they will in a short time   
make shoots1 and be fit for             
transplantation2 or in this work you may
 quite separate them from the           
mother-roots1 and cut them off3 ,by     
baring likewise the bigger roots        
discreetly1 and hacking them a little1  
and then covering with fresh ,mould     
matres1 and mother-roots2 nepotes1      
succors2 traduces1 and rooted setts1 may
 be raised in abundance2 which drawing  
competent roots will soon furnish store 
of plants2 and this is practicable in   

elms especially1 and all such trees as  
are apt of themselves to put forth      
suckers2 but of this more upon          
occasion#be3a hereafter4 ,and now to    
prevent censure on this tedious and     
prolix ,introduction1 ,i cannot but look
 on it as the basis and foundation of   
all the structure1 rising from this work
 and endeavour of mine2 since from      
station1 sowing1 continual culture and  
care1 proceed all we really enjoy in the
 world3 ,every thing must have birth and
 beginning1 and afterwards by diligence 
and prudent care1 form'd and brought to 
shape and perfection3 ,nor is it enough 
to cast seeds into the ground1 and leave
 them there1 as the ,ostrich does her   
eggs in the ,lybian sands1 without      
minding them more1 7because ,nature has 
depriv'd her of understanding72 but     
great diligence is to be us'd in        
governing them2 not only till they      
spring up1 but till they are arriv'd to 
some stature fit for transplantation1   
and to be sent broad2 after the same    

method that our children should be      
educated1 and taken care of from their  
birth and cradle2 and afterwards1 whilst
 they are under ,padagogues and         
discipline1 7for the forming of their   
manners and persons7 that they contract 
no ill habits1 and take such plys as are
 so difficult to rectifie and smooth    
again without the greatest industry4    
,for prevention of this in our seminary1
 the like care is requisite2 whilst the 
young imps and seedlings are yet tender 
and flexible1 and require not only      
different nourishment and protection    
from too much cold1 heat1 and other     
injuries2 but due and skilful           
management1 in dressing1 redressing and 
pruning1 as they grow capable of being  
brought into shape1 and of hopeful      
expectation1 when time has rendered them
 fit for the use and service requir'd1  
according to their kinds4 ,he therefore 
that undertakes the nursery1 should be  
knowing not only in the choice of the   
seeds1 where1 when1 and how to sow them2

 but to know what time of gestation they
 require in the womb of their           
mother-earth1 before parturition2 that  
so he may not be surprized with her     
delivering some of them sooner1 or later
 than he expects them2 for some will lye
 two1 nay1 three year1 e'er they peep2  
most others one1 and some a quarter1 or 
a month or two2 whilst the tardy and    
less forward so tire the hopes of the   
husbandman1 that he many times digs up  
the platts and beds in which they were  
sown1 despairing of a crop1 sometimes   
ready to spring and come up1 as ,i have 
found by experience to my loss3 ,those  
of hard shell and integument will lie   
longer buried than others2 for so the   
libanus cedar1 and most of the          
coniferous firs1 pines1 c4 shed their   
seeds late1 and sometimes remain two    
winters and as many summers1 to open    
their scales glued so fast together1    
without some external application of    
fire or warm water1 which is yet not so 
natural as when they open of themselves4

 ,the same may be observed of some      
minuter seeds1 even among the olitories2
 as that of parsley1 which will hardly  
spring in less than a year2 so          
beet-seed1 part in the second and third1
 c4 which upon inspecting the skins and 
membranes involving them1 would be hard 
to give a reason for4 ,to accelerate    
this1 they use imbibitions of piercing  
spirits1 salts1 emollients1 c4 not only 
to the seeds1 but to the soil1 which we 
seldom find much signify1 but either to 
produce abortion or monsters2 and being 
forc'd to hasty birth1 become nothing so
 hardy1 healthful and lasting1 as the   
conception and birth they receive from  
nature4 ,these observations premis'd in 
general1 after ,i have recommended to   
our industrious planters the appendix or
 table of the several sorts of soil and 
places that are proper1 or at least may 
seem so2 or that are unfit for certain  
kinds of trees1 7as well foresters and  
others1 annexed to this work7 ,i should 
proceed to particulars1 and boldly      

advance into the thickest of the forest1
 did not method seem to require         
something briefly to be spoken of trees 
in general1 as they are under the name  
of plants and vegetables1 especially    
such as we shall have occasion to       
discourse of in the following work2 tho'
 we also take in some less vulgarly     
known and familiar1 of late indenizon'd 
among us1 and some of them very useful4 
,by trees then is meant1 a lignous      
woody-plant1 whose property is for the  
most part1 to grow up and erect itself  
with a single stem or trunk1 of a thick 
and more compacted substance and bulk1  
branching forth large and spreading     
boughs2 the whole body and external     
part1 cover'd and invested with a thick 
rind or cortex1 more hard and durable   
than that of other parts2 which1 with   
expanding roots1 penetrate and fixes    
them in the earth for stability1 7and   
according to their nature7 receive and  
convey nourishment to the whole3 ,and   
these terr-filii1 are what we call      

timber-trees1 the chief subject of our  
following ,discourse4  ,trees are       
likewise distinguish'd into other       
subordinate species2 fruticis1 frutages 
and shrubs2 which are also lignous      
trees1 tho' of a lower and humbler      
growth1 less spreading1 and rising up in
 several stems1 emerging from the same  
root1 yielding plenty of suckers2 which 
being separated from it1 and often      
carrying with them some small fiber1 are
 easily propagated and planted out for a
 numerous store3 ,and this1 7being clad 
with a more tender bark or fiber7 seems 
to differ frutex from other arborious   
kinds2 since as to the shaft and stems  
of such as we account dwarf and pumilo  
with us1 they rise often to tall and    
stately trees1 in the more genial and   
benign climes4  ,suffrutrices are shrubs
 lower than the former1 lignescent and  
more approaching to the stalky herbs1   
lavender1 rue1 c4 but not apt to decay  
so soon1 after they have seeded2 whilst 
both these kinds seem also little more  

to differ from one another1 than do     
trees from them2 all of them consisting 
of the same variety of parts1 according 
to their kinds and structure1 cover'd   
with some woody1 hard membraneous1 or   
tender rind1 suitable to their          
constitution1 and to protect them from  
outward injuries2 producing likewise    
buds1 leaves1 blossoms and flowers1     
pregnant with fruit1 and yielding saps1 
liquors and juices1 lachrym1 gums1 and  
other exsudations1 tho' diversifying in 
shape and substance1 tast1 odour1 and   
other qualities and operations1         
according to the nature of the species2 
the various structure and contexture of 
their several vessels and organs1 whose 
office it is to supply the whole plant  
with all that is necessary to its being 
and perfection1 after a stupendious1    
tho' natural process2 which minutely to 
describe1 and analogically compare1 as  
they perform their functions1 7not      
altogether so different from creatures  
of animal life7 would require an        

anatomical lecture2 which is so         
learnedly and accurately done to our    
hands1 by ,dr4 ,grew1 ,malphigius and   
other ingenious naturalists4  ,but      
besides this general definition1 as to  
what is meant by trees1 frutexes1 c4    
they are likewise specifically          
distinguish'd by other characters1      
leaves1 buds1 blossoms1 c4 but          
especially by what they produce of more 
importance1 by their fruit ye shall know
 them3 v4 g4  ,the glandifer1 oaks and  
ilex's yield acorns1 and other useful   
excrescencies3 ,the mast-bearers are the
 beech1 and such as include their seeds 
and fruit in rougher husks2 as the      
chessnut-tree1 c4 the wallnut1 hazle1   
avelans1 c4 are the nucifer1 c4 to the  
conifer1 resinifer1 squammifer1 c4      
belong the whole tribe of cedars1 firs1 
pines1 c4 apples1 pears1 quinces1 and   
several other edul fruits2 peaches1     
abricots1 plums1 c4 are reduc'd to the  
pomifer3 ,the baccifer1 are such as     
produce kernels1 sorbs1 cherries1       

holley1 bays1 laurell1 yew1 juniper1    
elder1 c4 and all the berry-bearers4    
,the genist in general1 and such as bear
 their seeds in cods1 come under the    
tribe of siliquos3 ,the lanugin are such
 as bed their seeds in a cottony-down4  
,the ash1 elm1 tilia1 poplar1 hornbeam1 
willow1 salices1 c4 are distinguish'd by
 their keys1 tongues1 samera1           
pericurpia1 and theca1 small1 flat and  
husky skins1 including the seeds1 as in 
so many foliol's1 bags and purses1 fine 
membranous cases1 catkins1 palmes1      
julus's1 c4 needless to be farther      
mention'd here1 being so particularly   
describ'd in the chapters following2 as 
are also the various ever-greens and    
exoticks4   ,,footnotes3  #ac3a         
,qui serere ingenuum volet agrum1       
,liberat prius arva fruticibus2         
,falce rubos1 filicemque resecat4       
,boeth4 l4 #b4 ,met4  #ad3a             
,proinde nemus sparsa cures de glande   
parandum3     ,sed tamen ante tuo mandes
 quam semina campo2     ,ipse tibi duro 

robustus vomere fossor     ,omne solum  
subigat late1 explanetque subactum4     
,cumque novus fisso primum de germine   
ramus     ,findit humum1 rursus ferro   
versanda bicorni     ,consita vere novo 
tellus1 cultuque frequenti              
,exercenda1 herb circum ne forte        
nocentes     ,proveniant1 germenque     
ipsum radicibus urant4     ,nec cultu   
campum cunctantem urgere frequenti1     
,et saturare fimo pudeat1 si forte      
resistat     ,cultur3 nam tristis humus 
superanda colendo est4      ,rapinus1 l4
 #b4  #bj3a      ,quid quque ferat      
regio1  quid quque recuset4  #ba3a      
,pomona4  #be3a ,for the transplanting  
and removing of full-grown forest-trees1
 and others4 ,see ,cap4 ,,iii4 ,sect4   
#aj4     ,,chapter ,,iii4  ,of the ,oak4
   #a4 ,robur1 the oak2 ,i have         
sometimes consider'd it very seriously1 
what should move ,pliny to make a whole 
chapter of one only line1 which is less 
than the argument alone of most of the  
rest in his huge volume3 but the        

weightiness of the matter does worthily 
excuse him1 who is not wont to spare his
 words1 or his reader4 ,glandiferi maxim
 generis omnes1 quibus honos apud       
,romanos perpetuus4 8,mast-bearing-trees
 were principally those which the       
,romans held in chiefest repute10 lib4  
#af4 cap4 #c4 ,and in the following     
where he treats of chaplets1 and the    
dignity of the civic coronet2 it might  
be compos'd of the leaves or branches of
 any oak1 provided it were a bearing    
tree1 and had acorns upon it1 and was   
7as#ca3a ,macrobius tells us74 ,recorded
 among the felices arbores2 but this    
was interwoven1 and twisted with thorns 
and briars2 and the garland carried to  
usher the bride to her husband's house1 
intimating that happy state was not     
exempt from its pungencies and cares4   
,it is then for the esteem which these  
wise and glorious people had of this    
tree above all others1 that ,i will     
first begin with the oak2 and indeed it 
carries it from all other timber        

whatsoever1 for building of ships in    
general1 and in particular being tough1 
bending well1 strong and not too heavy1 
nor easily admitting water4  #b4 ',tis  
pity that the several kinds of oak are  
so rarely known amongst us1 that        
whereever they meet with quercus1 they  
take it promiscuously for our common    
oak2 as likewise they do 1 which        
comprehends all mast-bearing trees      
whatsoever1 7which ,i think they have no
 latin word for73 ,and in the ,silva    
,glandifera were reckon'd the chessnut1 
ilix1 esculus1 cerris1 suber1 c4 various
 species rather than different trees1   
white1 red1 black1 c4 among our         
,american plantations1 7especially the  
long-stalked oak not as yet much taken  
notice of73 we shall here therefore give
 an account of four only2 two of which  
are most frequent with us2 for we shall 
say little of the cerris or gilops1     
goodly to look on1 but for little else3 
,some have mistaken it for beech1       
whereas indeed it is a kind of oak      

bearing a small round acorn almost      
covered with the cup1 which is very     
rugged1 the branches loaded with a long 
moss hanging down like dishevell'd hair 
which much annoys it4  is indeed        
doubtless a species of oak2 however by  
the ,latins usually apply'd to the      
beech1 whose leaf exceedingly differs   
from that of the oak1 as also the mast  
and bark rugged1 and growing among the  
hills and mountains2 the other in the   
valleys1 and perhaps1 but few of them in
 ,italy4 ,physicians1 naturalists and   
botanists should therefore be curious   
how they describe and place such trees  
mention'd by ,theophrastus and others1  
under the same denomination as          
frequently they do2 being found so very 
different when accurately examin'd4     
,there is likewise the esculus1 which   
though ,vitruvius1 ,pliny1 ,dalcampius  
and others take for a smaller kind1     
,virgil celebrates for its spreading1   
and profound root2 and this ,dalcampius 
will therefore have to be the           

platyphyllos of ,theophrastus1 and as   
our botanists think1 his phegos1 as     
producing the most edible fruit4 ,but to
 confine our selves2 the quercus urbana1
 which grows more upright1 and being    
clean and lighter is fittest for timber3
 ,and the robur1 or quercus silvestris1 
7taking robur for the general name1 if  
at least contradistinct from the rest72 
which 7as the name imports7 is of a vast
 robust and inflexible nature1 of an    
hard black grain2 bearing a smaller     
acorn1 and affecting to spread in       
branches1 and to put forth his roots    
more above ground2 and therefore in the 
planting1 to be allow'd a greater       
distance1 viz4 from twenty five1 to     
forty foot2 7nay sometimes as many      
yards27 whereas the other shooting up   
more erect1 will be contented with      
fifteen4 ,this kind is farther to be    
distinguished by its fulness of leaves1 
which tarnish1 and becoming yellow at   
the fall1 do commonly clothe it all the 
winter2 the roots growing very deep and 

stragling4 ,the author of ,britannia    
,baconica1 speaks of an oak in          
,lanhadron-,park in ,cornwall1 which    
bears constantly leaves speckled with   
white2 and of another call'd the painted
 oak2 others have since been found at   
,fridwood1 near ,sittingbourn in ,kent2 
as also sycamore and elms1 in other     
places mentioned by the learned ,dr4    
,plot in his ,nat4 ,hist4 of            
,oxfordshire3 ,which ,i only mention    
here1 that the variety may be compar'd  
by some ingenious person thereabouts1 as
 well as the truth of the fatal         
pr-admonition1 of oaks bearing strange  
leaves3 ,besides that famous oak of ,new
 ,forest in ,hampshire1 which puts forth
 its buds about ,christmass1 but        
wither'd again before night2 and was    
order'd 7by our late ,king ,charles     
,,ii47 to be inclos'd with a ,pale2 7as 
,i find it mentioned in the last edition
 of ,mr4 ,camden's ,brit47 ,and so was  
another before this2 which his          
grandfather1 ,king ,james1 went to      

visit1 and caused benches to be plac'd  
about it2 which giving it reputation1   
the people never left hacking of the    
boughs and bark till they kill'd the    
tree3 ,as ,i am told they have serv'd   
that famous oak near ,white-,ladys which
 hid and protected our late ,monarch    
from being discovered and taken by the  
,rebel-,soldiers1 who were sent to find 
him1 after his almost miraculous escape 
at the battel of ,worcester4 ,in the    
mean time1 as to this extraordinary     
precosness1 the like is reported of a   
certain wallnut-tree as well as of the  
famous white-thorns of ,glassenbury1 and
 blackthorns in several places4 ,some of
 our common oaks bear their leaves green
 all winter2 but they are generally     
pollards1 and such as are shelter'd in  
warm corners and hedge rows4 ,to speak  
then particularly of oaks1 and generally
 of all other trees of the same kind1   
7by some infallible characters7 notice  
should be taken of the manner of their  
spreading1 stature and growth1 shape and

 size of the acorn1 whether single or in
 clusters1 the length or shortness of   
the stalks1 roundness of the cup1       
breadth1 narrowness1 shape1 and         
indentures of the leaf2 and so of the   
bark1 1 asperous1 or smooth1 brown or   
bright1 c4 ,tho' most 7if not all of    
them7 may rather be imputed to the      
genius and nature of the soil1          
situation1 or goodness of the seed1 than
 either to the pretended sex or species4
 ,and these observations may serve to   
discover many accidental varieties in   
other trees1 without nicer distinctions2
 such as are fetch'd from profess'd     
botanists2 who make it not so much their
 study1 to plant and propagate trees1 as
 to skill in their medicinal virtues1   
and other uses2 always excepting our    
learned countryman1 ,mr4 ,ray1 whose    
incomparable work omits nothing useful  
or desirable on this subject2 wanting   
only the accomplishments of             
well-design'd sculps4 ,there is likewise
 a kind of hemeris or dwarf-oak 7like   

the robur ,,vii4 clusii7 frequent in    
,new-,england2 and the white one of     
,virginia1 a most stately tree1 which   
7bearing acorns7 might easily be        
propagated here1 if it were worth the   
while4  #c4 ,i shall not need to repeat 
what has already been said ,cap4 #b4    
concerning the raising of this tree from
 the acorn2 they will also endure the   
laying1 but never to advantage of bulk  
or stature3 ,it is in the mean time the 
propagation of these large spreading    
oaks1 which is especially recommended   
for the excellency of the timber1 and   
that his ,majesties forests were well   
and plentifully stor'd with them2       
because they require room1 and space to 
amplifie and expand themselves1 and     
would therefore be planted at more      
remote distances1 and free from all     
encumbrances3 ,and this upon            
consideration how slowly a full-grown   
oak mounts upwards1 and how speedily    
they spread1 and dilate themselves to   
all quarters1 by dressing and due       

culture2 so as above forty years advance
 is to be gain'd by this only industry3 
,and1 if thus his ,majesties forests and
 chases were stor'd1 viz4 with this     
spreading tree at handsom intervals1 by 
which grazing might be improv'd for the 
feeding of deer and cattel under them1  
7for such was the old ,saltus7 benignly 
visited with the gleams of the sun1 and 
adorn'd with the distant land-skips     
appearing through the glades1 and       
frequent vallies2                       
7444444444444444444444444444444betwixt  
,whose rows the azure sky is seen       
immix'd1     ,with hillocks1 vales1 and 
fields1 as now we see     ,distinguish'd
 in a sweet variety2     ,such places   
which wild apple-trees throughout       
,adorn1 and happy shrubs grow all       
about17#ce3a  ,as the poet describes his
 olive-groves1 nothing could be more    
ravishing2 for so we might also sprinkle
 fruit-trees amongst them 7of which     
hereafter7 for cyder1 and many singular 
uses1 and should find such goodly       

plantations the boast of our rangers1   
and forests infinitely preferable to any
 thing we have yet beheld1 rude1 and    
neglected as they are3 ,i say1 when his 
,majesty shall proceed 7as he hath      
design'd7 to animate this laudable pride
 into fashion1 forests and woods 7as    
well as fields and inclosures7 will     
present us with another face than now   
they do4 ,and here ,i cannot but applaud
 the worthy industry of old ,sir        
,harbotle ,grimstone1 who 7,i am told7  
from a very small nursery of acorns1    
which he sow'd in the neglected corners 
of his ground1 did draw forth such      
numbers of oaks of competent growth2 as 
being planted about his fields in even1 
and uniform rows1 about one hundred foot
 from the hedges2 bush'd1 and well      
water'd till they had sufficiently fix'd
 themselves1 did wonderfully improve    
both the beauty1 and the value of his   
demeasnes4 ,but ,i proceed4  #d4 ,both  
these kinds would be taken up very      
young1 and transplanted about ,october2 

some yet for these hardy1 and late      
springing trees1 defer it till the      
winter be well over2 but the earth had  
need be moist2 and though they will grow
 tolerably in most grounds1 yet do they 
generally affect the sound1 black1 deep1
 and fast mould1 rather warm than       
over-wet and cold1 and a little rising2 
for this produces the firmest timber2   
though my ,l4 ,bacon prefers that which 
grows in the moister grounds for        
ship-timber1 as the most tough1 and less
 subject to rift4 ,but let us hear      
,pliny3       ,this is a general rule1  
saith he2 8,what trees soever they be   
which      grow tolerably1 either on    
hills1 or valleys1 arise to greater     
stature1 and spread more amply in the   
lower ground3 ,but the timber      is   
far better1 and of a finer grain1 which 
grows upon the      mountains1 excepting
 only apple and pear-trees40 ,and in the
 #ci cap4      lib4 #af4 8,the timber of
 those trees which grow in moist and    
shady      places is not so good as that

 which comes from a more expos'd        
situation1 nor is it so close1          
substantial and durable03  ,upon which  
he much prefers the timber growing in   
,tuscany1 before that towards the       
,venetian side1 and upper part of the   
,gulph3 ,and that timber so grown1 was  
in greatest esteem long before ,pliny1  
we have the ,spear of                   
,agamemnon44444444444   4 4 4#cg3a from 
a tree so expos'd2 and ,didymus gives   
the reason1     7says he7     c4 ,for   
that being continually weather-beaten1  
they become hardier and tougher3        
,otherwise1 that which is wind-shaken1  
never comes to good2 and therefore1 when
 we speak of the climate1 'tis to be    
understood of valleys rather than hills1
 and in calm places1 than exposed1      
because they shoot streight and upright4
 ,the result of all is1 that upon       
occasion of special timber1 there is a  
very great and considerable difference2 
so as some oaken-timber proves          
manifestly weaker1 more spungy1 and     

sooner decaying than other4 ,the like   
may be affirm'd of ash1 and other kinds2
 and generally speaking1 the            
close-grain'd is the stoutest1 and most 
permanent3 ,but of this1 let the        
industrious consult that whole tenth    
chapter in the second book of           
,vitruvius1 where he expresly treats of 
this argument1 ,de ,abiete supernate    
infernate1 cum ,apennini descriptione3  
,where we note concerning oak1 that it  
neither prospers in very hot1 nor       
excessive cold countries2 and therefore 
there is little good of it to be found  
in ,africa2 or indeed1 the lower and    
most southern parts of ,italy 7but the  
,venetians have excellent timber7 nor in
 ,denmark1 or ,norway comparable to     
ours2 it chiefly affecting a temperate  
climate1 and where they grow naturally  
in abundance1 'tis a promising mark of  
it4 ,if ,i were to make choice of the   
place1 or the tree1 it should be such as
 grows in the best cow-pasture1 or      
up-land meadow1 where the mould is rich1

 and sweet1 7,suffolk affords an        
admirable instance7 and in such places  
you may also transplant large trees with
 extraordinary success3 ,and therefore  
it were not amiss to bore and search the
 ground where you intend to plant or    
sow1 before you fall to work2 since     
earth too shallow1 or rocky is not so   
proper for this timber2 the roots fix   
not kindly1 and though for a time they  
may seem to flourish1 yet they will     
dwindle3 ,in the mean time1 'tis        
wonderful to consider how strangely the 
oak will penetrate to come to a marly   
bottom2 so as where we find this tree to
 prosper1 the indication of a fruitful  
and excellent soil is certain even by   
the token of this natural augury only2  
so as by the plantation of this tree and
 some others1 we have the advantage of  
profit rais'd from the pregnancy1       
substance and depth of our land2 whilst 
by the grass and corn1 7whose roots are 
but a few inches deep71 we have the     
benefit of the crust only4  #e4 ,but to 

discourage none1 oaks prosper           
exceedingly even in gravel and moist    
clays1 which most other trees abhor2    
yea1 even the coldest clay-grounds that 
will hardly graze3 ,but these trees will
 frequently make stands1 as they        
encounter variety of footing1 and       
sometimes proceed again vigorously1 as  
they either penetrate beyond1 or        
out-grow their obstructions1 and meet   
better earth2 which is of that          
consequence1 that ,i dare boldly affirm1
 more than an hundred years advance is  
clearly gain'd by soil and husbandry4 ,i
 have yet read1 that there grow oaks1   
7some of which have contain'd ten loads 
apiece7 out of the very walls of        
,silcester in ,hantshire1 which seem to 
strike root in the very stones2 and even
 in our renowned ,forest of ,dean       
itself1 some goodly oaks have been noted
 to grow upon ground1 which has been as 
it were a rock of ancient cinders1      
buried there many ages since4 ,it is    
indeed obser'd1 that oaks which grow in 

rough stony grounds1 and obstinate      
clays1 are long before they come to any 
considerable stature1 7for such places1 
and all sort of clay1 is held but a     
step-mother to trees7 but in time they  
afford the most excellent timber1 having
 stood long1 and got good footing4 ,the 
same may we affirm of the lightest      
sands1 which produces a smoother-grain'd
 timber1 of all other the most useful   
for the joyner2 but that which grows in 
gravel is subject to be frow 7as they   
term it7 and brittle4 ,what improvement 
the stirring of the ground about the    
roots of oaks is to the trees1 ,i have  
already hinted2 and yet in copses where 
they stand warm1 and so thicken'd with  
the underwood1 as this culture cannot be
 practis'd1 they prove in time to be    
goodly trees4 ,i have of late tried the 
graffing of oaks1 but as yet with       
slender success3 ,ruellius indeed       
affirms it will take the pear and other 
fruit2 and if we may credit the poet1   
,the sturdy oak does golden apples      

bear4#ci3a      ,and under elms swine do
 the mast devour4#ci3b  ,which ,i       
conceive to be the more probable1 for   
that the sap of the oak is of an unkind 
tincture to most trees4 ,but for this   
improvement1 ,i would rather advise     
inoculation1 as the ordinary elm upon   
the witch-hazel1 for those large leaves 
we shall anon mention1 and which are so 
familiar in ,france4  #f4 ,that the     
transplanting of young oaks gains them  
ten years advance1 some happy persons   
have affirmed3 ,from this belief1 if in 
a former impression ,i have desired to  
be excused1 and produc'd my reasons for 
it1 ,i shall not persist against any    
sober man's experience2 and therefore   
leave this article to their choice2     
since 7as the butchers phrase is7 change
 of pasture makes fat calves2 and so    
transplantations of these               
hard-wood-trees1 when young1 may        
possibly1 by an happy hand1 in fit      
season1 and other circumstances of soil1
 sun1 and room for growth1 be an        

improvement3 ,but as for those who      
advise us to plant oaks of too great a  
stature1 they hardly make any           
considerable progress in an age2 and    
therefore ,i cannot encourage it1 unless
 the ground be extraordinarily          
qualify'd1 or that the oak you would    
transplant1 be not above #f or #g foot  
growth in height3 ,yet if any be        
desirous to make tryal of it1 let their 
stems be of the smoothest and tenderest 
bark2 for that is ever an indication of 
youth1 as well as the paucity of their  
circles1 which in disbranching and      
cutting the head off1 at five or six    
foot height 7a thing1 by the way1 which 
the ,french usually spare when they     
transplant this tree7 may 7before you   
stir their roots7 serve for the more    
certain guide2 and then plant them      
immediately1 with as much earth as will 
adhere to them1 in the place destin'd   
for their station2 abating only the#da3a
 tap-root1 which is that down-right1 and
 stubby part of the roots 7which all    

trees rais'd of seeds do universally    
produce7 and quickning some of the rest 
with a sharp knife 7but sparing the     
fibrous1 which are the main suckers and 
mouths of all trees7 spread them in the 
foss or pit which hath been prepar'd to 
receive them4 ,i say1 in the foss1      
unless you will rather trench the whole 
field1 which is incomparably the best2  
and infinitely to be preferr'd before   
narrow pits and holes 7as the manner is7
 in case you plant any number           
considerable1 the earth being hereby    
made loose1 easier and penetrable for   
the roots1 about which you are to cast  
that mould1 which 7in opening of the    
trench7 you took from the surface1 and  
purposely laid apart2 because it is     
sweet1 mellow1 and better impregnated3  
,but in this work1 be circumspect never 
to inter your stem deeper than you found
 it standing2 for profound burying very 
frequently destroys a tree1 though an   
error seldom observed3 ,if therefore the
 roots be sufficiently covered to keep  

the body steady and erect1 it is enough2
 and the not minding of this trifling   
circumstance1 does very much deceive our
 ordinary wood-men1 as well as          
gardiners2 for most roots covet the air 
7though that of the ,quercus urbano     
least of any72 for like the ,esculus    
,how much to heaven her towring head    
ascends1     ,so much towards hell her  
piercing root extends4#da3b  ,and the   
perfection of that1 does almost as much 
concern the prosperity of a tree1 as of 
man himself1 since homo is but arbor    
inversa2 which prompts me to this       
curious1 but important advertisement1   
that the position be likewise sedulously
 observed4  #g4 ,for1 the southern parts
 being more dilated1 and the pores      
expos'd 7as evidently appears in their  
horizontal sections7 by the constant    
excentricity of the hyperbolical circles
 of all trees1 7save just under quator1 
where the circles concentre1 as we find 
in those hard woods which grow there7   
ours1 being now on the sudden1 and at   

such a season converted to the north1   
does starve and destroy more trees 7how 
careful soever men have been in ordering
 the roots1 and preparing the ground17  
than any other accident whatsoever      
7neglect of staking1 and defending from 
cattle excepted72 the importance whereof
 caused the best of poets1 and most     
experienc'd in this ,argument1 giving   
advice concerning this article1 to add4 
,the card'nal points upon the bark they 
sign1     ,and as before it stood1 in   
the same line     ,place to warm south1 
or the obverted pole2     ,such force   
has custom1 in each tender soul4#db3a   
,which monition1 though ,pliny1 and some
 others think good to neglect1 or esteem
 indifferent1 ,i can confirm from       
frequent losses of my own1 and by       
particular tryals2 having sometimes     
transplanted great trees at mid-summer  
with success 7the earth adhering to the 
roots7 and miscarried in others1 where  
this circumstance only was omitted4  ,to
 observe therefore the coast1 and side  

of the stock 7especially of fruit-trees7
 is not such a trifle as by some        
pretended3 ,for if the air be as much   
the mother or nurse1 as water and earth1
 7as more than probable it is7 such     
blossoming plants as court the motion of
 the meridian sun1 do as 't were        
evidently point out the advantage they  
receive by their position1 by the       
clearness1 politure1 and comparative    
splendor of the southside3 ,and the     
frequent mossiness of trees on the      
opposite side1 does sufficiently note   
the unkindness of that aspect2 most     
evident in the bark of oaks white and   
smooth2 the trees growing more kindly on
 the south side of an hill1 than those  
which are expos'd to the north1 with an 
hard1 dark1 rougher and more mossie     
integument1 as ,i can now demonstrate in
 a prodigious coat of it1 investing some
 pyracanths which ,i have removed to a  
northern dripping shade4 ,i have seen   
7writes a worthy friend to me on this   
occasion7 whole hedge-rows of apples and

 pears that quite perished after that   
shelter was removed3 ,the good husbands 
expected the contrary1 and that the     
fruit should improve1 as freed from the 
prdations of the hedge2 but use and     
custom made that shelter necessary2 and 
therefore 7saith he7 a stock for a time 
is the weaker1 taken out of a thicket1  
if it be not well protected from all    
sudden and fierce invasions1 either of  
crude air or winds4 ,nor let any be     
deterr'd1 if being to remove any trees1 
he shall esteem it too consumptive of   
time2 for with a brush dipped in any    
white colour1 or oaker1 a thousand may  
be marked as they stand1 in a moment2   
and that once done1 the difficulty is   
over4 ,i have been the larger upon these
 two remarks1 because ,i find them so   
material1 and yet so much neglected4    
#h4 ,there are other rules concerning   
the situation of trees2 the former      
author commending the north-east-wind   
both for the flourishing of the tree1   
and advantage of the timber2 but to my  

observation in our climates1 where those
 sharp winds do rather flanker than blow
 fully opposite upon our plantations1   
they thrive best2 and there are as well 
other circumstances to be considered1 as
 they respect rivers and marshes        
obnoxious to unwholsom and poysonous    
fogs1 hills and seas1 which expose them 
to the weather2 and those silvifragi    
venti1 our cruel and tedious            
western-winds2 all which ,i leave to    
observation1 because these accidents do 
so universally govern1 that it is not   
easie to determine farther than that the
 timber is commonly better qualified    
which hath endur'd the colder aspects   
without these prejudices4 ,and hence it 
is that ,seneca observes1 wood most     
expos'd to the winds to be the most     
strong and solid1 and that therefore    
,chiron made ,achilles's spear of a     
mountain-tree2 and of those the best1   
which grow thin1 not much shelter'd from
 the north4 ,again1 ,theophrastus seems 
to have special regard to places2       

exemplifying in many of ,greece1 which  
exceeded others for good timber1 as     
doubtless do our oaks in the ,forest of 
,dean all others of ,england3 ,and much 
certainly there may reasonably be       
attributed to these advantages for the  
growth of timber1 and of almost all     
other trees1 as we daily see by their   
general improsperity1 where the ground  
is a hot gravel1 and a loose earth3 ,an 
oak1 or elm in such a place shall not in
 an hundred years1 overtake one of      
fifty1 planted in its proper soil2      
though next to this1 and 7haply7 before 
it1 ,i prefer the good air4 ,but thus   
have they such vast junipers in ,spain2 
and the ash in some parts of the ,levant
 7as of old near ,troy7 so excellent1 as
 it was after mistaken for cedar1 so    
great was the difference2 as now the    
,cantabrian1 or ,spanish exceeds any we 
have elsewhere in ,europe4 ,and we shall
 sometimes in our own country see woods 
within a little of each other1 and to   
all appearance1 growing on the same     

soil1 where oaks of twenty years growth1
 or forty1 will in the same bulk1       
contain their double in heart and       
timber2 and that in one1 the heart will 
not be so big as a man's arm1 when the  
trunk exceeds a man's body3 ,this ought 
therefore to be weighed in the first    
plantation of copses1 and a good eye may
 discern it in the first shoot2 the     
difference proceeding doubtless from the
 variety of the seed1 and therefore     
great care should be had of its         
goodness1 and that it be gather'd from  
the best sort of trees1 as was formerly 
hinted1 ,chap4 #a4  #i4 ,veterem arborem
 transplantare was said of a difficult  
enterprize2 yet before we take leave of 
this paragraph1 concerning the          
transplanting of great trees1 and to    
shew what is possible to be effected in 
this kind1 with cost and industry2      
,count ,maurice 7the late ,governor of  
,brasil for the ,hollanders7 planted a  
grove near his delicious paradise of    
,friburgh1 containing six hundred       

coco-trees of eighty years growth1 and  
fifty foot high to the nearest bough3   
,these he wafted upon floats and        
engines1 four long miles2 and planted   
them so luckily1 that they bare         
abundantly the very first year2 as      
,gasper ,barlus hath related in his     
,elegant ,description of that ,prince's 
,expedition4 ,nor hath this only        
succeeded in the ,indies alone2         
,monsieur de ,fiat 7one of the          
,mareschals of ,france7 hath with huge  
oaks done the like at ,fiat4 ,shall ,i  
yet bring you nearer home8 ,a great     
person in ,devon1 planted oaks as big as
 twelve oxen could draw1 to supply some 
defect in an avenue to one of his       
houses2 as the ,right ,honourable the   
,lord ,fitz-,harding1 late ,treasurer of
 ,his ,majesty's ,household1 assur'd me2
 who had himself likewise practis'd the 
removing of great oaks by a particular  
address extreamly ingenious1 and worthy 
the communication4  #aj4 ,chuse a tree  
as big as your thigh1 remove the earth  

from about him2 cut through all the     
collateral roots1 till with a competent 
strength you can enforce him down upon  
one side1 so as to come with your ax at 
the top-root2 cut that off1 redress your
 tree1 and so let it stand cover'd about
 with the mould you loosen'd from it1   
till the next year1 or longer if you    
think good2 then take it up at a fit    
season2 it will likely have drawn new   
tender roots apt to take1 and sufficient
 for the tree1 wheresoever you shall    
transplant him4 ,some are for laying    
bare the whole roots1 and then dividing 
it into #d parts1 in form of a cross1 to
 cut away the interjacent rootlings1    
leaving only the cross and master-roots1
 that were spared to support the tree2  
and then covering the pit with fresh    
mould 7as above7 after a year or two1   
when it has put forth1 and furnish'd the
 interstices you left between the       
cross-roots1 with plenty of new fibers  
and tender shoots1 you may safely remove
 the tree itself1 so soon as you have   

loosened and reduc'd the #d decusseted  
roots1 and shortned the top-roots3 ,and 
this operation is done without stooping 
or bending the tree at all3 ,and if in  
removing it with as much of the clod    
about the new roots1 as possible1 it    
would be much the better4  ,pliny notes 
it as a common thing1 to re-establish   
huge trees which have been blown down1  
part of their roots torn up1 and the    
body prostrate2 and1 in particular1 of a
 firr1 that when it was to be           
transplanted1 had a top-root which went 
no less than eight cubits perpendicular2
 and to these ,i could superadd 7by     
woful experience7 where some oaks1 and  
other old trees of mine1 tore up with   
their fall and ruin1 portions of earth  
7in which their former spreading roots  
were ingag'd7 little less in bulk and   
height than some ordinary cottages and  
houses1 built on the common3 ,such      
havock1 was the effect of the late      
prodigious hurricane4 ,but to proceed4  
,to facilitate the removal of such      

monstrous trees1 for the adornment of   
some particular place1 or the rarity of 
the plant1 there is this farther        
expedient3 ,a little before the hardest 
frosts surprise you1 make a square      
trench about your tree1 at such distance
 from the stem as you judge sufficient  
for the root2 dig this of competent     
depth1 so as almost quite to undermine  
it2 by placing blocks and quarters of   
wood1 to sustain the earth2 this done1  
cast in as much water as may fill the   
trench1 or at least sufficiently wet it1
 unless the ground were very moist      
before4 ,thus let it stand1 till some   
very hard frost do bind it firmly to the
 roots1 and then convey it to the pit   
prepar'd for its new station1 which you 
may preserve from freezing1 by laying   
store of warm litter in it1 and so close
 the mould the better to the stragling  
fibers1 placing what you take out about 
your new guest1 to preserve it in       
temper3 ,but in case the mould about it 
be so ponderous as not to be remov'd by 

an ordinary force2 you may then raise it
 with a crane or pully1 hanging between 
a triangle 7or like machine7 which is   
made of three strong and tall limbs     
united at the top1 where a pully is     
fastned1 as the cables are to be under  
the quarters which bear the earth about 
the roots3 ,for by this means you may   
weigh up1 and place the whole weighty   
clod upon a trundle1 sledge1 or other   
carriage1 to be convey'd and replanted  
where you please1 being let down        
perpendicularly into the place by the   
help of the foresaid engine4 ,and by    
this address you may transplant trees of
 a wonderful stature1 without the least 
disorder2 and many times without        
topping1 or diminution of the head1     
which is of great importance1 where this
 is practis'd to supply a defect1 or    
remove a curiosity4  #aa4 ,some advise1 
that in planting of oaks1 c4 four or    
five be suffer'd to stand very near to  
one another1 and then to leave the most 
prosperous1 when they find the rest to  

disturb his growth2 but ,i conceive it  
were better to plant them at such       
distances1 as they may least incommode  
one another3 ,for timber-trees1 ,i would
 have none nearer than forty foot where 
they stand closest2 especially of the   
spreading kind4  #ab4 ,lastly1 trees of 
ordinary stature transplanted 7being    
first well water'd7 must be sufficiently
 staked1 and bush'd about with thorns1  
or with something better1 to protect    
them from the concussions of the winds1 
and from the casual rubbing1 and        
poysonous brutting of cattle and sheep1 
the oyliness of whose wooll is also very
 noxious to them2 till being well grown 
and fixed 7which by seven years will be 
to some competent degree7 they shall be 
able to withstand all accidental        
invasions1 but the axe2 for ,i am now   
come to their pruning and cutting1 in   
which work the seasons are of main      
importance4  #ac4 ,therefore1 if you    
would propagate trees for timber1 cut   
not off their heads at all1 nor be too  

busie with lopping3 ,but if you desire  
shade and fuel1 or bearing of mast      
alone1 lop off their tops1 sear1 and    
unthriving branches only3 ,if you intend
 an outright felling1 expect till       
,november2 for this prmature cutting    
down of trees before the sap is         
perfectly at rest1 will be to your      
exceeding prejudice1 by reason of the   
worm1 which will certainly breed in     
timber which is felled before that      
period3 ,but in case you cut only for   
the chimney1 you need not be so punctual
 as to the time2 yet for the benefit of 
what you let stand1 observe the moon's  
increase if you please4 ,the reason of  
these differences1 is2 because this is  
the best season for the growth of the   
tree which you do not fell1 the other   
for the durableness of the timber which 
you do3 ,now that which is to be burnt  
is not so material for lasting1 as the  
growth of the tree is considerable for  
the timber3 ,but of these particulars   
more at large in cap4 #c4 book ,,iii4   

#ad4 ,the very stumps of oak1 especially
 that part which is dry1 and above      
ground1 being well grubb'd1 is many     
times worth the pains and charge1 for   
sundry rare and hard works2 and where   
timber is dear4 ,i could name some who  
abandoning this to workmen for their    
pains only1 when they perceiv'd the     
great advantage1 repented of their      
bargain1 and undertaking it themselves1 
were gainers above half3 ,i wish only   
for the expedition of this knotty work1 
some effectual engine were devised2 such
 as ,i have been told a worthy person of
 this nation made use of1 by which he   
was able with one man1 to perform more  
than with twelve oxen2 and surely1 there
 might be much done by fastning of      
iron-hooks and fangs about one root1 to 
extract another2 the hook chain'd to    
some portable screw or winch3 ,i say1   
such an invention might effect wonders1 
not only for the extirpation of roots1  
but the prostrating of huge trees3 ,that
 small engine1 which by some is call'd  

the german-devil1 reform'd after this   
manner1 and duly applied1 might be very 
expedient for this purpose1 and         
therefore we have exhibited the         
following figure1 and submit it to      
improvement and tryal4  ,but this is to 
be practis'd only where you design a    
final extirpation2 for some have drawn  
suckers even from an old stub-root2 but 
they certainly perish by the moss which 
invades them1 and are very subject to   
grow rotten4 ,pliny speaks of one root1 
which took up an entire acre of ground1 
and ,theophrastus describes the ,lycean 
,platanus to have spread an hundred     
foot2 if so1 the argument may hold good 
for their growth after the tree is come 
to its period4 ,they made cups of the   
roots of oaks heretofore1 and such a    
curiosity ,athenus tells us was carv'd  
by ,thericleus himself2 and there is a  
way so to tinge oak after long burying  
and soaking in water1 7which gives it a 
wonderful politure7 as that it has      
frequently been taken for a course      

ebony3 ,hence even by floating1 comes   
the ,bohemian oak1 ,polish1 and other   
northern timber1 to be of such excellent
 use for some parts of shipping3 ,but   
the blackness which we find in oaks1    
that have long lain under ground1 7and  
may be call'd subterranean timber7      
proceeds from some vitriolic juice of   
the bed in which they lie1 which makes  
it very weighty2 but 7as the excellent  
naturalist and learned physician ,dr4   
,sloane observes7 it dries1 splits1 and 
becomes light1 and much impairs4  #ae4  
,there is not in nature a thing more    
obnoxious to deceit1 than the buying of 
trees standing1 upon the reputation of  
their appearance to the eye1 unless the 
chapman be extraordinarily judicious2 so
 various are their hidden and conceal'd 
infirmities1 till they be fell'd and    
sawn out3 ,so as if to any thing        
applicable1 certainly there is nothing  
which does more perfectly confirm it1   
than the most flourishing out-side of   
trees1 fronti nulla fides4 ,a           

timber-tree is a merchant-adventurer1   
you shall never know what he is worth   
till he be dead4  #af4 ,oaks are in some
 places 7where the soil is especially   
qualified7 ready to be cut for cops in  
fourteen years and sooner2 ,i compute   
from the first semination2 though it be 
told as an instance of high             
encouragement 7and as indeed it merits7 
that a lady in ,northamptonshire sowed  
acorns1 and liv'd to cut the trees      
produc'd from them1 twice in two and    
twenty years2 and both as well grown as 
most are in sixteen or eighteen4 ,this  
yet is certain1 that acorns set in      
hedg-rows1 have in thirty years born a  
stem of a foot diameter4 ,generally1    
cops-wood should be cut close1 and at   
such intervals as the growth requires2  
which being seldom constant1 depends    
much on the places and the kinds1 the   
mould and the air1 and for which there  
are extant particular statutes to direct
 us2 of all which more at large         
hereafter4 ,oak for tan-bark may be     

fell'd from ,april to the last of ,june1
 by a ,statute in the #a ,jacobi4 ,and  
here some are for the disbarking of     
oaks1 and so to let them stand1 before  
they fell4  #ag4 ,to enumerate now the  
incomparable uses of this wood1 were    
needless2 but so precious was the esteem
 of it1 that of old there was an express
 law amongst the ,twelve ,tables1       
concerning the very gathering of the    
acorns1 though they should be found     
fallen into another man's ground3 ,the  
land and the sea do sufficiently speak  
for the improvement of this excellent   
material2 houses and ships1 cities and  
navies are built with it2 and there is a
 kind of it so tough1 and extreamly     
compact1 that our sharpest tools will   
hardly enter it1 and scarcely the very  
fire it self1 in which it consumes but  
slowly1 as seeming to partake of a      
ferruginous and metallin shining nature1
 proper for sundry robust uses4 ,it is  
doubtless of all timber hitherto known1 
the most universally useful and strong2 

for though some trees be harder1 as box1
 cornus1 ebony1 and divers of the       
,indian woods2 yet we find them more    
fragil1 and not so well qualify'd to    
support great incumbencies and weights1 
nor is there any timber more lasting1   
which way soever us'd4 ,there has 7we   
know7 been no little stir amongst       
learned men1 of what material the ,cross
 was made1 on which our ,blessed        
,saviour suffer'd3 ,venerable ,bede in  
,collectaneis1 affirms it to have been  
fram'd of several woods1 namely cypress1
 cedar1 pine1 and box2 and to confirm it
 ,s4 ,hierom has cited the #fth of      
,isaiah #ac4 ,gloria libani ad te       
veniet1  buxus  pinus simul ad ornandum 
locum sanctificationis me1  locum pedum 
meorum significabo2 but following the   
version of the ,,lxx4 he reads in       
cupresso1 pinu  cedro1 c4 ,others insert
 the palm1 and so compose the gibbet of 
no less than four different timbers1    
according to the old verse3      ,nail'd
 were his feet to cedar1 to palm his    

hands2     ,cypress his ,body bore1     
title on olive stands3#eb3a  ,and for   
this of the palm1 they fetch it from    
that of #g ,cant4 #h4 where 'tis said1  
ascendam in palmam1  apprehendam fructus
 ejus1 and from other allegorical and   
mysterious expressions of the ,sacred   
,text1 without any manner of            
probability2 whilst by ,alphonsus       
,ciacconius1 ,lipsius1 ,angelus ,rocca1 
,falconius1 and divers other learned men
 7writing on this subject7 and upon     
accurate examination of the many        
fragments pretended to be parcels of it1
 'tis generally concluded to have been  
the oak2 and ,i do verily believe it2   
since those who have described those    
countries1 assure us there is no tree   
more frequent2 which 7with relation to  
several celebrations and mysteries under
 oaks in the ,old ,testament7 has been  
the subject of many fine discourses4    
,nor is it likely they should chuse1 or 
assemble so many sorts of woods with    
that curiosity1 to execute one upon1    

whom they esteemed a malefactor2        
besides1 we read how heavy it was1 which
 cypress1 cedar and palm are not in     
comparison with oak2 whilst ,gretser    
denies all this1 lib4 #a4 cap4 #f4 and  
concludes upon his accurate examination 
of several fragments yet extant1 that   
'tis not discernible of what timber it  
was fram'd4 ,we might add to these1 the 
furious zeal of the bloody and malicious
 ,jews 7to see our ,b4 ,lord inhumanly  
executed7 could not possibly allow      
leisure to frame a gibbet of so many    
rare and curious materials3 ,let this   
therefore pass for an errant legend4    
,that which is twin'd and a little      
wreathed 7easily to be discern'd by the 
texture of the bark7 is best to support 
burthens for posts1 columns1 summers1 c4
 for all which our ,english oak is      
infinitely preferable to the ,french1   
which is nothing so useful1 nor         
comparably so strong2 insomuch as ,i    
have frequently admir'd at the sudden   
failing of most goodly timber to the    

eye1 which being employ'd to these uses1
 does many times most dangerously fly in
 sunder1 as wanting that native spring  
and toughness which our ,english oak is 
indu'd withal4 ,and here we forget not  
the stress which ,sir ,h4 ,wotton1 and  
other architects put even in the very   
position of their growth1 their native  
streightness and loftiness1 for columns1
 supporters1 cross-beams1 c4 and 'tis   
found that the rough-grain'd body of a  
stubbed oak1 is the fittest timber for  
the case of a cyder-mill1 and such like 
engines1 as best enduring the           
unquietness of a ponderous              
rolling-stone4 ,for shingles1 pales1    
lathes1 coopers ware1 clap-board for    
wainscot1 7the ancient#ed3a intestina   
opera and works within doors7 and some  
pannells are curiously vein'd1 of much  
esteem in former times1 till the finer  
grain'd ,spanish and ,norway timber came
 amongst us1 which is likewise of a     
whiter colour4 ,there is in             
,new-,england a certain red-oak1 which  

being fell'd1 they season in some moist 
and muddy place1 which branches into    
very curious works4 ,it is observ'd that
 oak will not easily glue to other wood2
 no not very well with its own kind2 and
 some sorts will never cohere tolerably1
 as the box and horn-beam1 tho' both    
hard woods2 so nor service with cornell1
 c4 ,oak is excellent for wheel-spokes1 
pins and pegs for tyling1 c4 ,mr4 ,blith
 makes spars and small building-timber  
of oaks of eleven years growth1 which is
 a prodigious advance1 c4 ,the smallest 
and streightest is best1 discover'd by  
the upright tenor of the bark1 as being 
the most proper for cleaving3 ,the      
knottiest for water-works1 piles1 and   
the like1 because 'twill drive best1 and
 last longest2 the crooked1 yet firm1   
for knee-timber in shipping1 millwheels1
 c4 ,in a word1 how absolutely necessary
 the oak is above all the trees of the  
forest in naval-architecture1 c4 consult
 ,whitson1 lib4 #a4 cap4 #ac4  ,were    
planting of these woods more in use1 we 

should banish our hoops of hazel1 c4 for
 those of good copse-oak1 which being   
made of the younger shoots1 are         
exceeding tough and strong3 ,one of them
 being of ground-oak1 will outlast six  
of the best ash2 but this our coopers   
love not to hear of1 who work by the    
great for sale1 and for others4 ,the    
smaller trunchions and spray1 make      
billet1 bavine and coals2 and the bark  
is of price with the tanner and dyer1 to
 whom the very saw-dust is of use1 as   
are the ashes and lee for bucking       
linnen2 and to cure the roapishness of  
wine3 ,and 'tis probable the cups of our
 acorns would tan leather as well as the
 bark1 ,i wonder no body makes the      
experiment1 as it is done in ,turky with
 the valonia1 which is a kind of acorn  
growing on the oaks4 ,the ground-oak1   
while young1 is us'd for poles1 cudgels 
and walking-staffs1 much come into mode 
of late1 but to the wast of many a      
hopeful plant which might have prov'd   
good timber2 and ,i the rather declaim  

against the custom1 because ,i suspect  
they are such as are for the most part  
cut1 and stolen by idle persons1 and    
brought up to ,london in great bundles1 
without the knowledge or leave of the   
owners1 who would never have glean'd    
their copses for such trifling uses4    
,here ,i am again to give a general     
notice of the peculiar excellency of the
 roots of most trees1 for fair1         
beautiful1 chamleted and lasting timber1
 applicable to many purposes2 such as   
formerly made hafts for daggers1        
hangers1 knives1 handles for staves1    
tabacco-boxes1 and elegant joyners-work1
 and even for some mathematical         
instruments of the larger size1 to be   
had either in1 or near the roots of many
 trees2 however 'tis a kindness to      
premonish stewards and surveyors1 that  
they do not negligently wast those      
materials3 ,nor may we here omit to     
mention tables for painters1 which      
heretofore were us'd by the most famous 
artists1 especially the curious pieces  

of ,raphael1 ,durer1 and ,holbin1 and   
before that of canvass1 and much more   
lasting3 ,to these add the galls1       
misletoe1 polypod1 agaric 7us'd in      
antidotes7 uv1 fungus's to make tinder1 
and many other useful excrescencies1 to 
the number of above twenty1 which       
doubtless discover the variety of       
transudations1 percolations and         
contextures of this admirable tree2 but 
of the several fruits1 and animals      
generated of them1 and other trees1     
,francisco ,redi promises an express    
,treatise1 in his ,esperienze intorno   
alla ,generatione de gl' ,insetti1      
already publish'd4 ,pliny affirms1 that 
the galls break out all together in one 
night1 about the beginning of ,june1 and
 arrive to their full growth in one day2
 this ,i should recommend to the        
experience of some extraordinary        
vigilant wood-man1 had we any of our    
oaks that produc'd them1 ,italy and     
,spain being the nearest that do3 ,galls
 are of several kinds1 but grow upon a  

different species of robur from any of  
ours1 which never arrive to any         
maturity2 the white and imperforated are
 the best2 of all which1 and their      
several species1 see ,jasp4 ,bauhinus1  
and the excellent ,malpighius1 in his   
,discourse de ,gallis1 and other morbous
 tumors1 raised by1 and producing       
insects1 infecting the leaves1 stalks   
and branches of this tree with a        
venomous liquor or froth1 wherein they  
lay and deposite their eggs1 which bore 
and perforate these excrescences1 when  
the worms are hatch'd1 so as we see them
 in galls4  ,what benefit the mast does 
universally yield 7once in two years at 
least7 for the fatting of hogs and deer1
 ,i shall shew upon another occasion1   
before the conclusion of this           
,discourse4 ,a peck of acorns a day1    
with a little bran1 will make an hog    
7'tis said7 increase a pound-weight per 
diem for two months together4 ,they give
 them also to oxen mingled with bran1   
chop'd or broken2 otherwise they are apt

 to sprout and grow in their bellies4   
,others say1 they should first be       
macerated in water1 to extract their    
malignity2 cattle many times perishing  
without this preparation4 ,cato advises 
the husband-man to reserve #bdj bushels 
of acorns for his oxen1 mingled with a  
like quantity of beans and lupines1 and 
to drench them well4 ,but in truth they 
are more proper for swine1 and being so 
made small1 will fatten pidgeons1       
peacocks1 turkeys1 pheasants and        
poultry2 nay 'tis reported1 that some   
fishes feed on them1 especially the     
tunny1 in such places of the coast where
 trees hang over arms of the sea4       
,acorns1 esculus ab esca 7before the use
 of wheat-corn was found out7 were      
heretofore the food of men1 nay of      
,jupiter himself1 7as well as other     
productions of the earth7 till their    
luxurious palats were debauched3 ,and   
even in the ,romans time1 the custom was
 in ,spain to make a second service of  
acorns and mast1 7as the ,french now do 

of marrons and chesnuts7 which they     
likewise used to rost under the embers4 
44444444,fed with the oaken mast        
,the aged trees themselves in years     
surpass'd4#eg3a  ,and men had indeed    
hearts of oak2 ,i mean1 not so hard1 but
 health1 and strength1 and liv'd        
naturally1 and with things easily       
parable and plain4      ,blest age o'th'
 world1 just nymph1 when man did dwell  
,under thy shade1 whence his provision  
fell2     ,sallads the meal1 wildings   
were the dissert3     ,no tree yet      
learn'd by ill-example1 art1     ,with  
insititious fruit to symbolize1     ,as 
in an emblem1 our adulteries4#eh3a  ,as 
the sweet poet bespeaks the dryad2 and  
therefore it was not call'd ,quercus1   
7as some etymologists fancy'd7 because  
the ,pagans 7quribantur responsa7 had   
their oracles under it1 but because they
 sought for acorns3 ,but 'tis in        
another#eh3b place where ,i shew you    
what this acorn was2 and even now ,i am 
told1 that those small young acorns     

which we find in the stock-doves craws1 
are a delicious fare1 as well as those  
incomparable salads of young herbs taken
 out of the maws of partridges at a     
certain season of the year1 which gives 
them a preparation far exceeding all the
 art of cookery4 ,oaks bear also a knur1
 full of a cottony matter1 of which they
 anciently made wick for their lamps and
 candles2 and among the ,selectiora     
,remedia of ,jo4 ,prvotius1 there is    
mention of an oil e querna glande       
chymically extracted1 which he affirms  
to be of the longest continuance1 and   
least consumptive of any other          
whatsoever for such lights1 ita ut uncia
 singulis mensibus vix ab sumatur       
continuo igne3 ,the ingenious author of 
the ,description of the ,western        
,islands of ,scotland1 tells us1 that   
7upon his own experience7 a rod of oak  
of #d1 #e1 #f or #h inches about1 being 
twisted like a with1 boil'd in wort1    
well dry'd1 and kept in a little bundle 
of barley-straw1 and then steep'd again 

in wort1 causes it to ferment1 and      
procures yest3 ,the rod should be cut   
before mid-,may1 and is frequently us'd 
in this manner to furnish yest1 and     
being preserv'd1 will serve1 and produce
 the same effect many years together2   
and 7as the historian affirms7 that he  
was shew'd a piece of a thick wyth1     
which had been kept for making ale with 
for above #bj years1 c4 ,in the mean    
time1 the leaves of oaks abundantly     
congested on snow1 preserve it as well  
for wine1 as a deep pit1 or the most    
artificial refrigeratory4 ,nor must we  
pass by the sweet mel-dews1 so much more
 copiously found on the leaves of this  
tree1 than any other2 whence the        
industrious bees gather such abundance  
of honey1 as that instead of carrying it
 to their hives1 they glut themselves to
 death3 ,but from this ill report       
7hastily taken up by ,euricius ,cordus7 
our learned ,mr4 ,ray has vindicated    
this temperat and abstemious useful     
creature4 ,varro affirms1 they made salt

 of oak ashes1 with which they sometimes
 seasoned meat1 but more frequently made
 use of it to sprinkle among1 and       
fertilize their seed-corn3 ,which minds 
me of a certain oak found buried        
somewhere in ,transilvania1 near the    
,salt-pits1 that was entirely converted 
into an hard salt1 when they came to    
examine it by cutting4 ,this experiment 
7if true7 may possibly encourage some   
other attempts for the multiplying of   
salt3 ,nor less strange is that which   
some report of a certain water somewhere
 in ,hungary1 which transmutes the      
leaves of this tree into brass1 and iron
 into copper4 ,of the galls is made     
trial of spaw-water1 and the ground and 
basis of several dies1 especially sadder
 colours1 and are a great revenue to    
those who have quantities of them3 ,nor 
must ,i forget ink1 compos'd of galls   
iiij1 coppras ij1 gum-arabic i3 ,beat   
the galls grossly1 and put them into a  
quart of claret1 or ,french-wine1 and   
let them soak for eight or nine days1   

setting the vessel 7an earthen glaz'd   
pitcher is best7 in the hot sun1 if made
 in summer2 in winter near the fire1    
stirring it frequently with a wooden    
spatula3 ,then add the coppras and gum1 
and after it has stood a day or two1 it 
will be fit to use4 ,there are a world  
of receipts more1 of which see          
,caneparius de ,atramentis4 ,of the very
 moss of the oak1 that which is white1  
composes the choicest cypress-powder1   
which is esteemed good for the head2 but
 impostors familiarly vend other mosses 
under that name1 as they do the fungi   
7excellent in hemorages and fluxes7 for 
the true agaric1 to the great scandal of
 physick4 ,young red oaken leaves       
decocted in wine1 make an excellent     
gargle for a sore mouth2 and almost     
every part of this tree is soveraign    
against fluxes in general1 and where    
astringents are proper4 ,the dew that   
impearls the leaves in ,may1 insolated1 
meteorizes and sends up a liquor1 which 
is of admirable effect in ruptures3 ,the

 liquor issuing out between the bark1   
7which looks like treakle7 has many     
soveraign vertues2 and some affirm1 the 
water stagnate in the hollow stump of a 
newly fell'd oak1 is as effectual as    
lignum sanctum in the foul disease1 and 
also stops a diarrha3 ,and a water      
distill'd from the acorns is good       
against the pthisick1 stitch in the     
side1 and heals inward ulcers1 breaks   
the stone1 and refrigerates             
inflammations1 being applied with linnen
 dipp'd therein3 nay1 the acorns        
themselves eaten fasting1 kill the      
worms1 provoke urine1 and 7some affirm7 
break even the stone it self4 ,the coals
 of oak beaten and mingled with honey1  
cures the carbuncle2 to say nothing of  
the viscus's1 polypods1 and other       
excrescences1 of which innumerable      
remedies are composed1 noble antidotes1 
syrups1 c4 ,nay1 'tis reported1 that the
 very shade of this tree is so          
wholesome1 that the sleeping1 or lying  
under it becomes a present remedy to    

paralyticks1 and recovers those whom the
 mistaken malign influence of the       
walnut-tree has smitten3 ,but what is   
still more strange1 ,i read in one      
,paulus a ,physician of ,denmark1 that  
an handful or two of small oak buttons1 
mingled with oats1 given to horses which
 are black of colour1 will in few days  
eating alter it to a fine dapple-grey1  
which he attributes to the vitriol      
abounding in this tree4 ,to conclude2   
and upon serious meditation of the      
various uses of this and other trees1 we
 cannot but take notice of the admirable
 mechanism of vegetables in general1 as 
in particular in this species2 that by  
the diversity of percolations and       
strainers1 and by mixtures1 as it were  
of divine chymistry1 various            
concoctions1 c4 the sap should be so    
green on the indented leaves1 so lustily
 esculent for our hardier and rustick   
constitutions in the fruit2 so flat and 
pallid in the atramental galls2 and     
haply1 so prognostick in the apple2 so  

suberous in the bark 7for even the      
cork-tree is but a courser oak7 so oozie
 in the tanners pit2 and in that        
subduction so wonderfully specifick in  
corroborating the entrails1 and bladder1
 reins1 loins1 back1 c4 which are all   
but the gifts and qualities1 with many  
more1 that these robust sons of the     
earth afford us2 and that in other      
specifics1 even the most despicable and 
vulgar elder imparts to us in its rind1 
leaves1 buds1 blossoms1 berries1 ears1  
pith1 bark1 c4 ,which hint may also     
carry our remarks upon all the varieties
 of shape1 leaf1 seed1 fruit1 timber1   
grain1 colour1 and all those other forms
 #fb3a that philosophers have           
enumerated2 but which were here too many
 for us to repeat4 ,in a word1 so great 
and universal is the benefit and use of 
this poly-crest1 that they have         
prohibited the transporting it out of   
,norway1 where there grows abundance4   
,let us end with the poet3      ,when   
ships for bloody combat we prepare1     

,oak affords plank1 and arms our men of 
war2     ,maintains our fires1 makes    
ploughs to till the ground1     ,for use
 no timber like the oak is found4#fb3b  
,,footnotes3  #ca3a ,saturn4 lib4 ,,ii4 
cap4 #af4  #ce3a      7,crula           
distinguens inter plaga currere posset  
,per tumulos1  convalles1 camposque     
profusa3     ,ut nunc esse vides vario  
distincta lepre     ,omnia1 que pomis   
intersita dulcibus ornant               
,arbustisque tenent felicibus obsita    
circum74      ,lucret4 l4 #e4  #cg3a    
,see what ,vossius has written in his   
,observations on ,catullus1 p4 #bjd4    
,indomitus turbo contorquens            
flamine444444  #ci3a      44444,aurea   
dur     ,mala ferant quercus4      ,ecl4
 #h4  #ci3b      ,glandemque sues       
fregere sub ,ulmo4      ,geor4  #da3a   
,which yet some1 upon good experience   
will not allow in transplanting young   
,oaks2 affirming the taking them up     
without any abatement1 or the least     
wound1 does exceedingly advance the     

growth of this tree above such as are   
depriv'd of it4  #da3b      4444444,qu  
quantum vertice ad auras     thereas1   
tantum radice in ,tartara tendit4       
,geo4 l4 #b4  #db3a      ,quinetiam ,cli
 regionem in cortice signant1     ,ut   
quo quque modo steterit1 qu parte       
calores     ,austrinos tulerit1 qu terga
 obverterit axi1     ,restituant3 ,adeo 
in teneris consuescere multum est4      
,geor4 li4 #a4  #eb3a      ,quatuor ex  
lignis domini crux dicitur esse1 c4     
,pes crucis est cedrus1 corpus tenet    
alta cupressus2     ,palma manus        
retinet1 titulo ltatur oliva4  #ed3a    
,and therefore were joyners called      
intestinary4 ,see ,leg4 #b4 ,cod4       
,theodos4  #eg3a            444444444,et
 quern glande repasta     qusse annosas 
vivendo corpora ,quercus4  #eh3a        
,flix illa tas mundi1 justissima nymphe1
     ,cm dabat umbra domum vivam tua1 cm
 domus ipsa     ,decidu dominos pascebat
 fruge quietos1     ,solque prbebant    
sylvestria poma secundas     ,gramineis 

epulas mensis2 nondum arte magistra     
,arbor adulteriis prluserat insita      
nostris1 c4      ,couleii ,pl4 l4 #f4   
#eh3b ,cap4 ,i4 ,book ,,iii4  #fb3a ,of 
the ilex and cork 7reckon'd among the   
glandiferus7 see ,book ,,ii4 cap4 ,v4   
and of the sacred and mysterious        
,missalto1 ,book ,,iii4 cap4 ,i42 see   
also more of quercus1 ,mr4 ,ray's ,hist4
 ,plan4 tom4 ,,iii4 cap4 ,de ,quercus1  
tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #acij4  #fb3b      ,si    
quando armand naves1  bella paranda1    
,det quercus nautis tabulata1 det arma  
furori     ,bellantum2 det ligna foco1  
det aratra colono1     ,aut aliis alios 
porro sumatur in usus4      ,rapinus4   
,,chapter ,,iv4  ,of the ,elm4   #a4    
,ulmus the elm1 there are four or five  
sorts1 and from the difference of the   
soil and air divers spurious3 ,two of   
these kinds are most worthy our culture1
 the vulgar1 viz4 the mountain elm1     
which is taken to be the oriptelea of   
,theophrastus2 being of a less jagged   
and smaller leaf2 and the vernacula or  

,french elm1 whose leaves are thicker1  
and more florid1 glabrous and smooth1   
delighting in the lower and moister     
grounds1 where they will sometimes rise 
to above an hundred foot in height1 and 
a prodigious growth1 in less than an    
age2 my self having seen one planted by 
the hand of a ,countess living not long 
since1 which was near #ab foot in       
compass1 and of an height               
proportionable2 notwithstanding the     
numerous progeny which grew under the   
shade of it1 some whereof were at least 
a foot in diameter1 that for want of    
being seasonably transplanted1 must     
needs have hindered the procerity of    
their ample and indulgent mother3 ,i am 
persuaded some of these were            
viviradices1  traduces1 produc'd of the 
falling seeds4  #b4 ,for though both    
these sorts are rais'd of appendices1 or
 suckers 7as anon we shall describe7 yet
 this latter comes well from the samera 
or seeds1 and therefore ,i suppose it to
 be the ancient atinia1 for such an elm 

they acknowledge to be rais'd of seeds1 
which being ripe about the beginning of 
,march 7though frequently not till the  
following month7 will produce them2 as  
we might have seen abundantly in the    
gardens of the ,thuilleries1 and that of
 ,luxembourgh at ,paris1 where they     
usually sow themselves1 and come up very
 thick2 and so do they in many places of
 our country1 tho' so seldom taken      
notice of1 as that it is esteemed a     
fable1 by the less observant and        
ignorant vulgar2 let it therefore be    
tried in season1 by turning and raking  
some fine earth1 often refreshed1 under 
some amply spreading tree1 or to raise  
them of their seeds 7being well dried a 
day or two before7 sprinkled on beds    
prepar'd of good loamy fresh earth1 and 
sifting some of the finest mould thinly 
over them1 and watering them when need  
requires4 ,being risen 7which may be    
within #d or #e months7 an inch above   
ground 7refreshed1 and preserved from   
the scraping of birds and poultry7      

comfort the tender seedlings by a second
 sifting of more fine earth1 to         
establish them2 thus keep them clean    
weeded for the first two years1 and     
cleansing the side-boughs2 or till being
 of fitting stature to remove into a    
nursery at wider intervals1 and even    
rows1 you may thin and transplant them  
in the same manner as you were directed 
for young oaks2 only they shall not need
 above one cutting1 where they grow less
 regular and hopeful4 ,but because this 
is an experiment of some curiosity1     
obnoxious to many casualties1 and that  
the producing them from the mother-roots
 of greater trees is very facile and    
expeditious 7besides the numbers which  
are to be found in the hedge-rows and   
woods1 of all plantable sizes7 ,i rather
 advise our forester to furnish himself 
from those places4  #c4 ,the suckers    
which ,i speak of1 are produced in      
abundance from the roots1 whence1 being 
dextrously separated1 after the earth   
has been well loosened1 and planted     

about the end of ,october1 they will    
grow very well3 ,nay1 the stubs only1   
which are left in the ground after a    
felling 7being fenced in as far as the  
roots extend7 will furnish you with     
plenty1 which may be transplanted from  
the first year or two1 successively1 by 
slipping them from the roots1 which will
 continually supply you for many years1 
after that the body of the mother-tree  
has been cut down3 ,and from hence      
probably is sprung that 7,i fear7       
mistake of ,salmasius and others1 where 
they write of the growing of their chips
 7,i suppose having some of the bark on7
 scattered in hewing of their timber2   
the error proceeding from this1 that    
after an elm-tree has been fell'd1 the  
numerous suckers which shoot from the   
remainders of the latent roots1 seem to 
be produced from this dispersion of the 
chips3 ,let this yet be more accurately 
examined2 for ,i pronounce nothing      
magisterially1 since it is so           
confidently reported4  #d4 ,i have known

 stakes sharpned at the ends for other  
purposes1 take root familiarly in moist 
grounds1 and become trees2 and divers   
have essay'd with extraordinary success 
the trunchions of the boughs and arms of
 elms cut to the scantling of a man's   
arm1 about an ell in length4 ,these must
 be chopp'd on each side opposite1 and  
laid into trenches about half a foot    
deep1 covered about two or three fingers
 deep with good mould4 ,the season for  
this work is towards the exit of        
,january1 or early in ,february1 if the 
frosts impede not2 and after the first  
year1 you may cut1 or saw the trunchions
 off in as many places as you find      
cause1 and as the shoots and rooted     
sprouts will direct you for             
transplantation4 ,another expedient for 
the propagation of elms is this3 ,let   
trenches be sunk at a good distance     
7viz4 twenty or thirty yards7 from such 
trees as stand in hedge-rows1 and in    
such order as you desire your elms      
should grow2 where these gutters are1   

many young elms will spring from the    
small roots of the adjoining trees4     
,divide 7after one year7 the shoots from
 their mother-roots 7which you may      
dextrously do with a sharp spade7 and   
these transplanted1 will prove good     
trees without any damage to their       
progenitors4 ,or do thus1 lop a young   
elm1 the lop being about three years    
growth1 do it in the latter end of      
,march1 when the sap begins to creep up 
into the boughs1 and the buds ready to  
break out2 cut the boughs into lengths  
of four foot slanting1 leaving the knot 
where the bud seems to put forth in the 
middle3 ,inter these short pieces in    
trenches of three or four inches deep1  
and in good mould well trodden1 and they
 will infallibly produce you a crop2 for
 even the smallest suckers of elms will 
grow1 being set when the sap is newly   
stirring in them4 ,there is yet a fourth
 way no less expeditious1 and frequently
 confirmed with excellent success3 ,bare
 some of the master-roots of a vigorous 

tree within a foot of the trunk1 or     
there abouts1 and with your axe make    
several chops1 putting a small stone    
into every cleft1 to hinder their       
closure1 and give access to the wet2    
then cover them with three or four      
inch-thick of earth2 and thus they will 
send forth suckers in abundance1 7,i    
assure you one single elm thus well     
ordered1 is a fair nursery7 which after 
two or three years1 you may separate and
 plant in the ,ulmarium1 or place       
designed for them2 and which if it be in
 plumps 7as they call them7 within ten  
or twelve foot of each other1 or in     
hedge-rows1 it will be the better3 ,for 
the elm is a tree of consort1 sociable1 
and so affecting to grow in company1    
that the very best which ,i have ever   
seen1 do almost touch one another3 ,this
 also protects them from the winds1 and 
causes them to shoot of an extraordinary
 height2 so as in little more than forty
 years1 they even arrive to a load of   
timber2 provided they be sedulously and 

carefully cultivated1 and the soil      
propitious4 ,for an elm does not thrive 
so well in the forest1 as where it may  
enjoy scope for the roots to dilate and 
spread at the sides1 as in hedge-rows   
and avenues1 where they have the air    
likewise free3 ,note1 that they spring  
abundantly by layers also4  #e4 ,there  
is besides these sorts we have named1   
one of a more scabrous harsh leaf1 but  
very large1 which becomes an huge tree1 
7frequent in the northern counties7 and 
is distinguished by the name of the     
witch-hazle in our ,statute ,books1 as  
serving formerly to make long bowes of2 
but the timber is not so good as the    
first more vulgar2 but the bark at time 
of year1 will serve to make a course    
bast-rope with4  #f4 ,of all the trees  
which grow in our woods1 there is none  
which does better suffer the            
transplantation than the elm2 for you   
may remove a tree of twenty years growth
 with undoubted success3 ,it is an      
experiment ,i have made in a tree almost

 as big more as my waste2 but then you  
must totally disbranch him1 leaving only
 the summit intire2 and being careful to
 take him up with as much earth as you  
can1 refresh him with abundance of      
water4 ,this is an excellent1 and       
expeditious way for great persons to    
plant the accesses of their houses with2
 for being disposed at sixteen or       
eighteen foot interval1 they will in a  
few years bear goodly heads1 and thrive 
to admiration4 ,some that are very      
cautious1 emplaster the wounds of such  
over-grown elms with a mixture of clay  
and horse-dung1 bound about them with a 
wisp of hay or fine moss1 and ,i do not 
reprove it1 provided they take care to  
temper it well1 so as the vermine nestle
 not in it4 ,but for more ordinary      
plantations1 younger trees1 which have  
their bark smooth and tender1 clear of  
wenns and tuberous bunches 7for those of
 that sort seldom come to be stately    
trees7 about the scantling of your leg1 
and their heads trimm'd at five or six  

foot height1 are to be prefer'd before  
all other4 ,cato would have none of     
these sorts of trees to be removed till 
they are five or six fingers in         
diameter2 others think they cannot take 
them too young2 but experience 7the best
 mistress7 tells us1 that you can hardly
 plant an elm too big4 ,there are who   
pare away the root within two fingers of
 the stem1 and quite cut off the head2  
but ,i cannot commend this extream      
severity1 no more than ,i do the        
strewing of oats in the pit2 which      
fermenting with the moisture and        
frequent waterings1 is believed much to 
accelerate the putting forth of the     
roots2 not considering1 that for want of
 air they corrupt and grow musty1 which 
more frequently suffocates the roots1   
and endangers the whole tree4  #g4 ,i   
have affirmed how patient this tree is  
of transplantation2 not only for that ,i
 observe so few of them to grow wild in 
,england1 and where it may not be       
suspected1 but they or their            

predecessors have been planted by some  
industrious hand2 but for that those    
incomparable walks and vistas of them1  
both at ,aranjuez1 ,casal del ,campo1   
,madrid1 the ,escurial1 and other places
 of delight1 belonging to the ,king and 
,grandees of ,spain1 are planted with   
such as they report ,philip the second  
caused to be brought out of ,england2   
before which 7as that most honourable   
person the ,earl of ,sandwich1 when his 
,majesty's ,ambassador ,extraordinary at
 that ,court writ to me7 it does not    
appear there were any of those trees in 
all ,spain4 ,but of that plantation1 see
 it more particularly describ'd in the  
,eighth ,chapter1 ,book ,,iiid of this  
,discourse1 whither ,i refer my reader3 
,whilst 7as to my own inclination7 ,i   
know of no tree amongst all the         
foresters1 becoming the almost          
interminat lontananza of walks and      
vistas1 comparable to this majestick    
plant3 ,but let us hear it as sweetly   
advised as described2      ,an elm for  

graceful verdure1 bushy bough1     ,a   
lofty top1 and a firm rind allow4       
,plant elm in borders1 on the           
grass-plots list1     ,branches of elm  
into thick arbours twist2     ,a gallery
 of elm draw to the end1     ,that eyes 
can reach1 or a breath'd race           
extend4#fi3a  #h4 ,the elm delights in a
 sound1 sweet1 and fertile land1        
something more inclined to loamy        
moisture1 and where good pasture is     
produced2 though it will also prosper in
 the gravelly1 provided there be a      
competent depth of mould1 and be        
refreshed with springs2 in defect of    
which1 being planted on the very surface
 of the ground 7the swarth par'd first  
away1 and the earth stirred a foot deep 
or more7 they will undoubtedly succeed2 
but in this trial1 let the roots be     
handsomly spread1 and covered a foot or 
more in height2 and above all1 firmly   
staked4 ,this is practicable also for   
other trees1 where the soil is          
over-moist or unkind3 ,for as the elm   

does not thrive in too dry1 sandy1 or   
hot grounds1 no more will it abide the  
cold and spungy2 but in places that are 
competently fertile1 or a little        
elevated from these annoyances2 as we   
see in the mounds1 and casting up of    
ditches1 upon whose banks the female    
sort does more naturally delight2 though
 it seems to be so much more addicted to
 some places than to others1 that ,i    
have frequently doubted1 whether it be a
 pure indigene or translatitious2 and   
not only because ,i have hardly ever    
known any considerable woods of them    
7besides some few nurseries near        
,cambridge1 planted ,i suppose for      
store7 but almost continually in tufts1 
hedge-rows1 and mounds2 and that        
,shropshire1 and several other counties1
 and rarely any beyond ,stamford to     
,durham1 have any growing in many miles 
together3 ,indeed ,camden mentions a    
place in ,yorkshire call'd ,elmet2 and  
,v4 ,bede1 ,eccl4 ,hist4 l4 #aa4 c4 #ad4
 7speaking of a fire hap'ning there1 and

 describing of the harm it did          
thereabout1 ulmarium or ulmetum7 evasit 
autem ignem altare1 quia lapidium erat1 
servatur adhuc in monasterio r4 abbatis 
presbyteri thrythwuelf1 quod in sylva   
elmete est2 but neither does this speak 
it miraculous1 7for the altar it seems  
was stone7 or that the elms grew        
spontaneously4 ,in the mean time1 some  
affirm they were first brought out of   
,lombardy1 where indeed ,i have observ'd
 very goodly trees about the rich       
grounds1 with pines among them1 vitelus 
almi2 for ,i hear of none either in     
,saxony or ,denmark1 nor in ,france1    
7growing wild7 who all came and prey'd  
upon us after the ,romans4 ,but leaving 
this to the learned4  #i4 ,the elm is by
 reason of its aspiring and tapering    
growth1 7unless it be topped to enlarge 
the branches1 and make them spread low7 
the least offensive to corn and         
pasture-grounds2 to both which1 and the 
cattel1 they afford a benign shade1     
defence1 and agreeable ornament3 ,but   

then as to pastures1 the wand'ring roots
 7apt to infect the fields and grass    
with innumerable suckers7 the leading   
mother-root ought to be quite separated 
on that part1 and the suckers           
irradicated4 ,the like should be done   
where they are placed near walks of turf
 or gravel4  #aj4 ,it would be planted  
as shallow as might be2 for1 as we      
noted1 deep interring of roots is       
amongst the catholick mistakes2 and of  
this1 the greatest to which trees are   
obnoxious4 ,let new-planted elms be kept
 moist by frequent refreshings upon some
 half-rotten fern1 or litter laid about 
the foot of the stem2 the earth a little
 stirred and depressed for the better   
reception and retention of the water4   
#aa4 ,lastly1 your plantation must above
 all things be carefully preserved from 
cattel and the concussions of impetuous 
winds1 till they are out of reach of the
 one1 and sturdy enough to encounter the
 other4  #ab4 ,when you lop the         
side-boughs of an elm 7which may be     

about ,january for the fire1 and more   
frequently1 if you desire to have them  
tall2 or that you would form them into  
hedges1 for so they may be kept plashed1
 and thickned to the highest twig2      
affording both a magnificent and august 
defence against the winds and sun7 ,i   
say1 when you trim them1 be careful to  
indulge the tops2 for they protect the  
body of your trees from the wet1 which  
always invades those parts first1 and   
will in time perish them to the very    
heart2 so as elms beginning thus to     
decay1 are not long prosperous4 ,sir    
,hugh ,plat relates 7as from an expert  
carpenter7 that the boughs and branches 
of an elm should be left a foot long    
next the trunk when they are lopp'd2 but
 this is to my certain observation1 a   
very great mistake either in the        
relator1 or author2 for ,i have noted   
many elms so disbranched1 that the      
remaining stubs grew immediately hollow1
 and were as so many conduits or pipes1 
to hold1 and convey the rain to the very

 body and heart of the tree4  #ac4      
,there was a cloyster of the right      
,french elm in the little garden near to
 ,her ,majesty's the ,queen-,mother's   
,chappel at ,somerset-,house1 which were
 7,i suppose7 planted there1 by the     
industry of the ,f4 ,f4 ,capuchines1    
that would have directed you to the     
incomparable use of this noble tree for 
shade and delight1 into whatever figure 
you will accustom them4 ,i have my self 
procured some of them from ,paris1 but  
they were so abused in the              
transportation1 that they all perished  
save one1 which now flourishes with me3 
,i have also lately graffed elms to a   
great improvement of their heads4       
,virgil tells us they will join in      
marriage with the oak1 and they would   
both be tryed2 and that with the more   
probable success1 for such lignous      
kinds1 if you graff under the earth1    
upon1 or near the very root it self1    
which is likely to entertain the cyon   
better than when more exposed1 till it  

be well fixt1 and have made some        
considerable progress4  #ad4 ,when you  
would fell1 let the sap be perfectly in 
repose2 as 'tis commonly about ,november
 or ,december1 even to ,february1 after 
the frost hath well nipp'd them3 ,i have
 already alledged my reason for it2 and 
,i am told1 that both oak and elm so    
cut1 the very saplings 7whereof rafters1
 spars1 c4 are made7 will continue as   
long as the very heart of the tree1     
without decay4 ,in this work1 cut your  
kerfe near to the ground2 but have a    
care that it suffer not in the fall1 and
 be ruined with its own weight3 ,this   
depends upon your wood-man's judgment in
 disbranching1 and is a necessary       
caution to the felling of all other     
timber-trees4 ,if any begin to doat1    
pick out such for the axe1 and rather   
trust to its successor4 ,and if cutting 
over-late1 by floating them #b or #c    
months in the water1 it prevents the    
worm1 and proves the best of seasons4   
#ae4 ,elm is a timber of most singular  

use2 especially where it may lie        
continually dry1 or wet1 in extreams2   
therefore proper for water-works1 mills1
 the ladles1 and soles of the wheel1    
pipes1 pumps1 aqu-ducts1 pales1         
ship-planks beneath the water-line2 and 
some that has been found buried in bogs 
has turned like the most polish'd and   
hardest ebony1 only discerned by the    
grain3 ,also for wheel-wrights1 handles 
for the single hand-saw1 rails and gates
 made of elm 7thin sawed7 is not so apt 
to rive as oak3 ,the knotty for naves1  
hubs2 the straight and smooth for       
axle-trees1 and the very roots for      
curiously dappled works1 scarce has any 
superior for kerbs of coppers1          
featheridge1 and weather-boards1 7but it
 does not without difficulty1 admit the 
nail without boreing7 chopping-blocks1  
blocks for the hat-maker1 trunks1 and   
boxes to be covered with leather2       
coffins1 for dressers and               
shovel-board-tables of great length1 and
 a lustrous colour if rightly seasoned2 

also for the carver1 by reason of the   
tenor of the grain1 and toughness which 
fits it for all those curious works of  
frutages1 foliage1 shields1 statues1 and
 most of the ornaments appertaining to  
the orders of architecture1 and for not 
being much subject to warping2 ,i find  
that of old they used it even for hinges
 and hooks of doors2 but then1 that part
 of the plank which grew towards the top
 of the tree1 was in work to be always  
reversed2 and for that it is not so     
subject to rift2 ,vitruvius commends it 
both for tenons and mortaises3 ,but     
besides these1 and sundry other         
employments1 it makes also the second   
sort of charcoal2 and finally1 7which ,i
 must not omit7 the use of the very     
leaves of this tree1 especially of the  
female1 is not to be despis'd2 for being
 suffered to dry in the sun upon the    
branches1 and the spray strip'd off     
about the decrease in ,august 7as also  
where the suckers and stolones are      
super-numerary1 and hinder the thriving 

of their nurses7 they will prove a great
 relief to cattel in winter1 and        
scorching summers1 when hay and fodder  
is dear they will eat them before oats1 
and thrive exceedingly well with them2  
remember only to lay your boughs up in  
some dry and sweet corner of your barn3 
,it was for this the poet prais'd them1 
and the epithet was advis'd1            
fruitful in leaves the elm4#gd3a  ,in   
some parts of ,herefordshire they gather
 them in sacks for their swine1 and     
other cattel1 according to this         
husbandry4 ,but ,i hear an ill report of
 them for bees1 that surfeiting of the  
blooming seeds1 they are obnoxious to   
the lask1 at their first going abroad in
 spring1 which endangers whole stocks1  
if remedies be not timely adhibited2    
therefore 'tis said in great elm        
countries they do not thrive2 but the   
truth of which ,i am yet to learn4 ,the 
green leaf of the elms contused1 heals a
 green wound or cut1 and boiled with the
 bark1 consolidates fractur'd bones4    

,all the parts of this tree are         
abstersive1 and therefore sovereign for 
the consolidating wounds2 and asswage   
the pains of the gout3 ,but the bark    
decocted in common water1 to almost the 
consistence of a syrup1 adding a third  
part of aqua vit1 is a most admirable   
remedy for the ischiadic or hip-pain1   
the place being well rubb'd and chaf'd  
by the fire4 ,other wonderful cures     
perform'd by the liquor1 c4 of this     
tree1 see ,mr4 ,ray's ,history of       
,plants1 lib4 ,,xxv4 cap4 #a4 sect4 #e4 
and for other species of the elm1 his   
,supplement1 tom4 ,,iii4 ad cap4 ,de    
,ulmo4 tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #adbh4             
,,footnotes3  #fi3a      ,ut viror est  
ulmo ltus1 ramique comantes1            
,arduus1 alta petens  levi cortice      
truncus4     ,ulmum adhibe ordinibus1   
quoties sudenda per hortum1     ,sunt   
serie spatia ingenti1 texendaque totis  
stivos contra soles umbracula campis3   
,una alias inter texendis aptior ulmus  
,marginibus spatiorum1 exornandoque     

vireto4     ,seque adeo series1 plano   
super quore1 tendat     ,ulmorum tractu 
longo2 quantum ipsa tuentum     ,lumina1
 vel gressus valeant lustrare sequentum4
      ,rapinus4  #gd3a                  
444444444fcund frondibus ulmi4          
,georg4 #b4     ,,chapter ,v4  ,of the  
,beech4   ,i4 ,the beech1 fagus 7of two 
or three kinds7 and numbred amongst the 
glandiferous trees1 ,i rank here before 
the martial ash1 because it commonly    
grows to a greater stature4 ,but here ,i
 may not omit a note of the accurate    
critic ,palmerius1 upon a passage in    
,theophrastus1#ge3a where he animadverts
 upon his interpreter1 and shews that   
the ancient  was by no means the beech1 
but a kind of oak2 for that the figure  
of the fruit is so widely unlike it1    
that being round1 this triangular2 and  
both ,theophrastus and ,pausanias make  
it indeed a species of oak1 7as already 
we have noted in cap4 ,,iii47 wholly    
differing in trunk1 as well as fruit and
 leaf2 to which he adds 7what determines

 the controversie7      1 c4 that it is 
of a firmer timber1 not obnoxious to the
 worm2 neither of which can so          
confidently be said of the beech4 ,yet  
,la ,cerda too seems guilty of the same 
mistake3 ,but leaving this1 there are of
 our fagi1 two or three kinds with us2  
the mountain 7where it most affects to  
grow7 which is the whitest1 and most    
sought after by the turner2 and the     
campestrial or wild1 which is of a      
blacker colour1 and more durable4 ,they 
are both to be rais'd from the mast1 and
 govern'd like the oak 7of which amply7 
and that is absolutely the best way of  
furnishing a wood2 unless you will make 
a nursery1 and then you are to treat the
 mast as you are instructed in the      
chapter of ashes1 sowing them in autumn1
 or later1 even after ,january1 or      
rather nearer the spring1 to preserve   
them from vermin1 which are very great  
devourers of them4 ,but they are        
likewise to be planted of young         
seedlings1 to be drawn out of the places

 where the fruitful trees abound4 ,in   
transplanting them1 cut off only the    
boughs and bruised parts two inches from
 the stem1 to within a yard of the top1 
but be very sparing of the root3 ,this  
for such as are of pretty stature4 ,they
 make spreading trees1 and noble shades 
with their well furnish'd and glistering
 leaves1 being set at forty foot        
distance1 but they grow taller1 and more
 upright in the forests1 where ,i have  
beheld them at eight and ten foot1 shoot
 into very long poles2 but neither so   
apt for timber1 nor fuel3 ,the shade    
unpropitious to corn and grass1 but     
sweet1 and of all the rest1 most        
refreshing to the weary shepherd--lentus
 in umbra1 ecchoing ,amaryllis with his 
oten pipe4 ,mabillon tells us in his    
,itinerary1 of the old beech at         
,villambrosa1 to be still flourishing1  
7and greener than any of the rest7 under
 whose umbrage the famous eremit        
,gualbertus had his cell4  ,this tree   
planted in pallisade1 affords a useful  

and pleasant skreen to shelter orange   
and other tender case-trees from the    
parching sun1 c4 growing very tall1 and 
little inferior to the horn-beam1 or    
,dutch-elm4 ,in the valleys 7where they 
stand warm1 and in consort7 they will   
grow to a stupendous procerity1 though  
the soil be stony and very barren3 ,also
 upon the declivities1 sides1 and tops  
of high hills1 and chalky mountains     
especially1 for tho' they thrust not    
down such deep and numerous roots as the
 oak2 and grow to vast trees1 they will 
strangely insinuate their roots into the
 bowels of those seemingly impenetrable 
places1 not much unlike the fir it self1
 which with this so common tree1 the    
great ,csar denies to be found in       
,britanny2 ,materia cujusque generis1 ut
 in ,gallia1 prter fagum  abietem3 ,but 
certainly from a grand mistake1 or      
rather1 for that he had not travelled   
much up into the countrey3 ,some will   
have it fagus instead of ficus1 but that
 was never reckon'd among the           

timber-trees3 ,virgil reports it will   
graff with the chesnut4  #b4 ,the beech 
serves for various uses of the          
housewife2      ,hence in the world's   
best years the humble shed1     ,was    
happily1 and fully furnished3     ,beech
 made their chests1 their beds and the  
joyn'd-stools1     ,beech made the      
board1 the platters1 and the bowls4#gg3a
  ,with it the turner makes dishes1     
trays1 rimbs for buckets1 and other     
utensils1 trenchers1 dresser-boards1 c4 
likewise for the wheeler1 joyner1 for   
large screws1 and upholster for sellyes1
 chairs1 stools1 bedsteads1 c4 for the  
bellows-maker1 and husbandman his shovel
 and spade-graffs2 floates for fishers  
nets instead of corks1 is made of its   
bark2 for fuel1 billet1 bavin and coal1 
tho' one of the least lasting3 ,not to  
omit even the very shavings for the     
fining of wines4 ,peter ,crescentius    
writes1 that the ashes of beech1 with   
proper mixture1 is excellent to make    
glass with4 ,if the timber lie          

altogether under water1 'tis little     
inferior to elm1 as ,i find it practised
 and asserted by shipwrights3 ,of old   
they made their vasa vindemiatoria and  
corbes messori 7as we our pots for      
strawberries7 with the rind of this     
beech1 nay1 and vessels to preserve wine
 in1 and that curiously wrought cup     
which the shepherd in the ,bucolicks    
wagers withal1 was engraven by          
,alcimedon upon the bark of this tree3  
,and an happy age it seems3             
44444444,no wars did men molest1        
,when only beechen-bowls were in        
request4#gh3a  ,of the thin lamina or   
scale of this wood 7as our cutlers call 
it7 are made scabards for swords1 and   
band-boxes1 superinduc'd with thin      
leather or paper1 boxes for writings1   
hat-cases1 and formerly book-covers4 ,i 
wonder we cannot split it our selves1   
but send into other countries for such  
trifles4 ,in the cavities of these      
trees1 bees much delight to hive        
themselves3 ,yet for all this1 you would

 not wonder to hear me deplore the so   
frequent use of this wood1 if you did   
consider that the industry of ,france   
furnishes that country for all domestick
 utensils with excellent wallnut2 a     
material infinitely preferable to the   
best beech1 which is indeed good only   
for shade and for the fire1 as being    
brittle1 and exceedingly obnoxious to   
the worm1 where it lies either dry1 or  
wet and dry1 as has been noted2 but     
being put ten days in water1 it will    
exceedingly resist the worm3 ,to which1 
as ,i said1 it is so obnoxious1 that ,i 
wish the use of it were by a law1       
prohibited all joyners1 cabinet-makers1 
and such as furnish tables1 chairs1     
bed-steads1 cofers1 screws1 c4 ,they    
have a way to black and polish it1 so as
 to render it like ebony1 and with a    
mixture of soot and urine1 imitate the  
wall-nut2 but as the colour does not    
last1 so nor does the wood it self 7for 
,i can hardly call it timber7 soon after
 the worm has seiz'd it1 unless one     

spunge and imbibe it well with the oyl  
of spike1 where they have made holes4   
,ricciolus indeed much commends it for  
oars2 and some say1 that the vast ,argo 
was built of the fagus1 a good part of  
it at least1 as we learn out of         
,apollonius2 this will admit of         
interpretation2 the fagus yet by        
,claudian is mentioned with the alder1  
,so he that to export o're sea his wares
     ,a vessel builds1 and to expose    
prepares     ,his life to storms1 first 
beech and elder cuts1     ,and measuring
 them1 to various uses puts4#gi3a  ,but 
whilst we thus condemn the timber1 we   
must not omit to praise the mast1 which 
fats our swine and deer1 and hath in    
some families even supported men with   
bread3 ,chios indured a memorable siege 
by the benefit of this mast2 and in some
 parts of ,france they now grind the    
buck in mills3 ,it affords a sweet oyl1 
which the poor people eat most          
willingly3 ,but there is yet another    
benefit which this tree presents us2    

that its very leaves 7which make a      
natural and most agreeable canopy all   
the summer7 being gathered about the    
fall1 and somewhat before they are much 
frostbitten1 afford the best and easiest
 mattrasses in the world to lay under   
our quilts instead of straw2 because1   
besides their tenderness and loose lying
 together1 they continue sweet for seven
 or eight years long1 before which time 
straw becomes musty and hard2 they are  
thus used by divers persons of quality  
in ,dauphine2 and in ,swizzerland ,i    
have sometimes lain on them to my great 
refreshment2 so as of this tree it may  
properly be said1      ,the wood's an   
house2 the leaves a bed4#hj3a  ,being   
pruin'd it heals the scar immediately1  
and is not apt to put forth so soon     
again as other trees4  ,the stagnant    
water in the hollow-trees cures the most
 obstinate tetters1 scabs1 and scurfs1  
in man or beast1 fomenting the part with
 it2 and the leaves chew'd are wholsome 
for the gums and teeth1 for which the   

very buds1 as they are in winter hardned
 and dried upon the twigs1 make good    
tooth-pickers4 ,swine may be driven to  
mast about the end of ,august3 ,but it  
is observ'd1 that where they feed on't  
before it be mature1 it intoxicates them
 for a while2 and that generally their  
fat is not so good and solid1 but drips 
away too soon4 ,in the mean time1 the   
kernels of the mast are greedily        
devour'd by squirels1 mice1 and above   
all1 the dormice1 who harbouring in the 
hollow-trees1 grow so fat1 that in some 
countries abroad1 they take infinite    
numbers of them1 7,i suppose7 to eat2   
and what relief they give thrushes1     
black-birds1 feldefares and other birds1
 every body knows4 ,see ,mithiolus in   
dioscord4 l4 #a4 of what they suffer in 
,carinthi1 ,carniola1 and ,itiria4      
,supplement to this ,tract4 vid4 ,ray's 
tom4 ,,iii4 ,lib4 ,,xxv4 ,dendrologia   
,fago4 tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #achb4             
,,footnotes3  #ge3a ,theophrast4 l4 #c4 
c4 #i4  #gg3a      ,hinc olim juvenis   

mundi melioribus annis1                 
,fortunatarum domuum non magna supellex 
,tota petebatur2 sellas1 armaria1       
lectos1     ,et mensas dabat1  lances   
pocula fagus1 c4      ,couleij ,pl4 l4  
#f4  #gh3a             444444444,nec    
bella fuerunt1     ,faginus adstabat dum
 scyphus ante dapes4      ,tibul4  #gi3a
      ,sic qui vecturus longinqua per   
quora merces     ,molitur tellure ratem1
 vitamque procellis     ,objectare      
parat1 fagos metitur1  alnos1     ,ad   
varium rudibus silvis accommodat usum1  
c4  #hj3a      4444444444,silva domus1  
cubilia frondes4      ,juvenal4         
,,chapter ,,vi4  ,of the ,horn-beam4    
#a4 ,ostrys the horn-beam1 7by some     
called the horse-beech1 from the        
resemblance of the leaf7 in ,latin      
7ignorantly7 the ,carpinus1 is planted  
of sets2 though it may likewise be      
rais'd from the jlas and seeds1 which   
being mature in ,august1 should be sown 
in ,october1 and will lie a year in the 
bed1 which must be well and carefully   

shaded so soon as they peep3 ,but the   
more expeditious way is by layers or    
sets1 of about an inch diameter1 and cut
 within half a foot of the earth3 ,thus 
it will advance to a considerable tree4 
,the places it chiefly desires to grow  
in are in cold hills1 stiff ground1 and 
in the barren and most expos'd parts of 
woods4 ,we have it no where more        
abounding in the south1 than in the     
woods of ,hartfordshire2 very few       
westward4  #b4 ,amongst other uses which
 it serves for1 as mill-cogs1 c4 7for   
which it excels either yew or crab7     
yoak-timber 7whence of old1 and for that
 it was as well flexible as tough1 'twas
 call'd 7 heads of beetles1 stocks and  
handles of tools3 ,it is likewise for   
the turners use excellent2 good         
fire-wood1 where it burns like a candle1
 and was of old so employ'd2            
,carpinus tdas fissa facesque dabit4    
7,for all which purposes its extream    
toughness and whiteness commends it to  
the husbandman47 ,being planted in small

 fosses or trenches1 at half a foot     
interval1 and in the single row1 it     
makes the noblest and the stateliest    
hedges for long walks in gardens1 or    
parks1 of any tree whatsoever whose     
leaves are deciduous1 and forsake their 
branches in winter2 because it grows    
tall1 and so sturdy1 as not to be       
wronged by the winds3 ,besides1 it will 
furnish to the very foot of the stem1   
and flourishes with a glossie and       
polish'd verdure1 which is exceeding    
delightful1 of long continuance1 and of 
all other the harder woods1 the         
speediest grower2 maintaining a slender1
 upright-stem1 which does not come to be
 bare and sticky in many years2 it has  
yet this 7shall ,i call it7 infirmity1  
that keeping on its leaf till new ones  
thrust them off1 'tis clad in russet all
 the winter long4 ,that admirable       
espalier-hedge in the long middle walk  
of ,luxemburgh garden at ,paris 7than   
which there is nothing more graceful7 is
 planted of this tree2 and so was that  

cradle1 or close-walk1 with that        
perplext canopy which lately covered the
 seat in his ,majesty's ,garden at      
,hampton-,court1 and as now ,i hear1    
they are planted in perfection at       
,new-park1 the delicious villa of the   
,noble ,earl of ,rochester1 belonging   
once to a near kinsman of mine1 who     
parted with it to ,k4 ,charles the      
,first of ,blessed ,memory4 ,these      
hedges are tonsile2 but where they are  
maintain'd to fifteen or twenty foot    
height 7which is very frequent in the   
places before mention'd7 they are to be 
cut1 and kept in order with a syth of   
four foot long1 and very little         
falcated2 this is fix'd on a long sneed 
or streight handle1 and does wonderfully
 expedite the trimming of these and the 
like hedges3 ,an oblong square1         
palisado'd with this plant1 or the      
,flemish ormus1 as is that ,i am going  
to describe1 and may be seen in that    
inexhaustible magazine at ,brompton     
,park 7cultivated by those two          

industrious fellow-gardiners1 ,mr4      
,london1 and ,mr4 ,wise7 affords such an
 umbraculum frondium1 the most natural1 
proper station and convenience for the  
protection of our orange-trees1 myrtles1
 7and other rare perennials and         
exoticks7 from the scorching darts of   
the sun1 and heat of summer2 placing the
 cases1 pots1 c4 under this shelter1    
when either at the first peeping out of 
the winter concleave1 or during the     
increasing heat of summer1 they so are  
ranged and disposed1 as to adorn a noble
 area of a most magnificent paradisian  
dining-room to the top of hortulan pomp 
and bliss1 superior to all the          
artificial furniture of the greatest    
prince's court3 ,here the ,indian       
narcissus1 tuberoses1 ,japan-lillies1   
jasmines1 jonquills1 lalaes1            
periclymena1 roses1 carnations1 7with   
all the pride of the parter7 intermixt  
between the tree-cases1 flowry vasas1   
busts and statues1 entertain the eye1   
and breath their redolent odors and     

perfumes to the smell3 ,the golden fruit
 and apples of ,hesperides1 gratifie the
 taste1 with the delicious annanas1     
affecting all the sensories2 whilst the 
chearful ditties of canorus birds1      
recording their innocent amours to the  
murmurs of the bubling fountain1 delight
 the ear1 and with the charming accents 
of the fair and vertuous sex1           
7preferable to all the admired composure
 of the most skilful musitians7 join    
consort in hymns and hallelujahs to the 
bountiful and glorious ,creator1 who has
 left none of the senses1 which he has  
not gratify'd at once1 with their most  
agreeable and proper objects4  ,but to  
return to ,brompton3 ',tis not to be    
imagin'd what a surprizing scene1 such a
 spacious salone1 tapistried with the   
natural verdure of the glittering       
foliage1 present the spectator1 and     
recompenses the toil of the ingenious   
planter2 when after a little patience1  
he finds the slender plants1 set but at 
five or six foot distance1 7nor much    

more in height1 well prun'd and dress'd7
 ascend to an altitude sufficient to    
shade and defend his paradisian treasure
 without excluding the milder gleams of 
the glorious and radiant planet1 with   
his cherishing influence1 and kindly    
warmth1 to all within the inclosure1    
refreshed with the cooling and early    
dew1 pregnant with the sweet exhalations
 which the indulgent mother and teeming 
earth sends up1 to nourish and maintain 
her numerous and tender off-spring4     
,but after all1 let us not dwell here   
too long1 whilst the inferences to be   
derived from those tempting and         
temporary objects1 prompt us to raise   
our contemplations a little on objects  
yet more worthy our noblest             
speculations1 and all our pains and     
curiosity1 representing that happy state
 above1 namely1 the clestial paradise3  
,let us1 ,i say1 suspend our admiration 
a while1 of these terrestrial gayeties1 
which are of so short continuance1 and  
raise our thoughts from being too deeply

 immers'd and rooted in them1 aspiring  
after those supernal1 more lasting and  
glorious abodes1 namely1 a paradise2 not
 like this of ours 7with so much pains  
and curiosity7 made with hands1 but     
eternal in the heavens2 where all the   
trees are ,trees of ,life2 the flowers  
all amaranths2 all the plants perennial1
 ever verdant1 ever pregnant2 and where 
those who desire knowledge1 may fully   
satiate themselves2 taste freely of the 
fruit of that tree1 which cost the first
 gardiner and posterity so dear2 and    
where the most voluptuous inclinations  
to the allurements of the senses1 may   
take1 and eat1 and still be innocent2 no
 forbidden fruit2 no serpent to deceive2
 none to be deceived4  ,hail1 ,o hail   
then1 and welcome1 you bless'd elyziums1
 where a new state of things expects us2
 where all the pompous and charming     
delights that detain us here a while1   
shall be changed into real and          
substantial fruitions1 eternal springs1 
and pleasure intellectual1 becoming the 

dignity of our nature6  ,i beg no pardon
 for the application1 but deplore my no 
better use of it1 and that whilst ,i am 
thus upon the wing1 ,i must now descend 
so soon again4  ,of all the foresters1  
this preserves it self best from the    
bruttings of deer1 and therefore to be  
kindly entertain'd in parks3 ,but the   
reason why with us1 we rarely find them 
ample and spreading1 is1 that our       
husbandman suffers too large and grown a
 lop1 before he cuts them off1 which    
leaves such ghastly wounds1 as often    
proves exitial to the tree1 or causes it
 to grow deform'd and hollow1 and of    
little worth but for the fire2 whereas1 
were they oftener taken off1 when the   
lops were younger1 though they did not  
furnish so great wood1 yet the          
continuance and flourishing of the tree1
 would more than recompence it4 ,for    
this cause1  #c4 ,they very frequently  
plant a clump of these trees before the 
entries of most of the great towns in   
,germany1 to which they apply           

timber-frames for convenience1 and the  
people to sit and solace in4 ,scamozzi  
the architect1 says1 that in his time he
 found one whose branches extended      
seventy foot in breadth2 this was at    
,vuimfen near the ,necker1 belonging to 
the ,duke of ,wirtemberg3 ,but that     
which ,i find planted before the gates  
of ,strasburgh1 is a platanus1 and a    
lime-tree growing hard by one another1  
in which is erected a ,pergolo eight    
foot from the ground1 of fifty foot     
wide1 having ten arches of twelve foot  
height1 all shaded with their foliage2  
and there is besides this1 an over-grown
 oak1 which has an arbour in it of sixty
 foot diameter3 ,hear we ,rapinus       
describe the use of the horn-beam for   
these and other elegancies4      ,in    
walks the horn-beam stands1 or in a maze
     ,through thousand self-entangling  
labyrinths strays3     ,so clasp the    
branches lopp'd on either side1     ,as 
though an alley did two walls divide3   
,this beauty found1 order did next adorn

     ,the boughs into a thousand figures
 shorn1     ,which pleasing objects     
weariness betray'd1     ,your feet into 
a wilderness convey'd4     ,nor better  
leaf on twining arbor spread1           
,against the scorching sun to shield    
your head4#hf3a      ,evelyn1 ,rapin4   
,,footnotes3  #hf3a      ,in tractus    
longos facilis tibi carpinus ibit1      
,mille per errores1 indeprehensosque    
recessus1     ,et molles tendens secto  
ceu pariete ramos1     ,prbebit viridem 
diverso  margine scenam4     ,primus    
honos illi quondam1 post additus ordo   
est1     ,attonsque com1  formis qusita 
voluptas     ,innumeris1 furtoque vi1   
obliquoque recessu3     ,in tractus acta
 est longos  opaca vireta4              
,quinetiam egregi tendens umbracula     
frondis     ,temperat ardentes ramis    
ingentibus stus4     ,,chapter ,,vii4   
,of the ,ash4   #a4 ,fraxinus the ash1  
is with us reputed male and female1 the 
one affecting the higher grounds2 the   
other the plains1 of a whiter wood1 and 

rising many times to a prodigious       
stature2 so as in forty years from the  
key1 an ash hath been sold for thirty   
pounds sterling3 ,and ,i have been      
credibly inform'd1 that one person hath 
planted so much of this one sort of     
timber in his life time1 as hath been   
valued worth fifty thousand pounds to be
 bought4 ,these are pretty              
encouragements1 for a small and pleasant
 industry4 ,that there is a lower1 and  
more knotty sort1 every husbandman can  
distinguish4  #b4 ,the keys or toungs   
being gathered from a young thriving    
tree when they begin to fall 7which is  
about the end of ,october1 and the      
ensuing month7 are to be laid to dry1   
and then sowed any time betwixt that and
 ,christmas2 but not altogether so deep 
as your somer masts3 ,thus they do in   
,spain1 from whence it were good to     
procure some of the keys from their best
 trees3 ,a very narrow seminary will be 
sufficient to store a whole country3    
,they will lie a full year in the ground

 before they appear2 therefore you must 
carefully fence them all that time1 and 
have patience3 ,but if you would make a 
considerable wood of them at once1 dig1 
or plow a parcel of ground1 as you would
 prepare it for corn1 and with the corn1
 especially oats1 7or what other grain  
you think fittest7 sow also good store  
of keys1 some crab-kernels1 c4 amongst  
them3 ,take off your crop of corn1 or   
seed in its season1 and the next year   
following1 it will be cover'd with young
 ashes1 which will be fit either to     
stand 7which ,i prefer7 or be           
transplanted for divers years after2 and
 these you will find to be far better   
than any you can gather out of the woods
 7especially suckers1 which are worth   
nothing7 being removed at one foot      
stature 7the sooner the better72 for an 
ash of two years thus taken out of the  
nursery1 shall outstrip one of ten1     
taken out of the hedge2 provided you    
defend them well from cattel1 which are 
exceedingly licorish after their tops3  

,the reason of this hasty transplanting1
 is to prevent their obstinate and deep 
rooting2 tantus amor terr 4444444444444 
which makes them hard to be taken up    
when they grow older1 and that being    
removed1 they take no great hold till   
the second year1 after which1 they come 
away amain2 yet ,i have planted them of 
five and six inches diameter1 which have
 thriven as well as the smaller wands4  
,you may accelerate their springing by  
laying the keys in sand1 and some moist 
fine earth s4 s4 s4 but lay them not too
 thick1 or double1 and in a cover'd1    
though airy place for a winter1 before  
you sow them2 and the second year they  
will come away mainly2 so you weed1 trim
 and cleanse them4 ,cut not his head at 
all 7which being young1 is pithy7 nor1  
by any means the fibrous part of the    
roots2 only that down-right1 or taproot 
7which gives our husbandmen so much     
trouble in drawing7 is to be totally    
abated3 ,but this work ought to be in   
the increase of ,october1 or ,november1 

and not in the ,spring4 ,we are 7as ,i  
told you7 willing to spare his head     
rather than the side branches 7which    
whilst young1 may be cut close7 because 
being yet young1 it is but of a spungy  
substance2 but being once well fixed1   
you may cut him as close to the earth as
 you please2 it will cause him to shoot 
prodigiously1 so as in a few years to be
 fit for pike-staves2 whereas if you    
take him wild out of the forest1 you    
must of necessity strike off the head1  
which much impairs it4 ,hedgerow ashes  
may the oftner be decapitated1 and shew 
their heads again sooner than other     
trees so us'd4 ,young ashes are         
sometimes in winter frost-burnt1 black  
as coals1 and then to use the knife is  
seasonable1 though they do commonly     
recover of themselves slowly4 ,in       
,south-,spain1 7where1 as we said1 are  
the best7 after the first dressing1 they
 let them grow till they are so big1 as 
being cleft into four parts1 each part  
is sufficient to make a pike-staff3 ,i  

am told there is a ,flemish ash planted 
by the ,dutchmen in ,lincolnshire1 which
 in six years grows to be worth twenty  
shillings the tree2 but ,i am not       
assur'd whether it be the ash or abeele2
 either of them were1 upon this account1
 a worthy encouragement1 if at least the
 latter can be thought to bear that     
price1 which ,i much question3 ,from    
these low cuttings come our             
ground-ashes1 so much sought after for  
arbours1 espaliers1 and other           
pole-works3 ,they will spring in        
abundance1 and may be reduced to one for
 a standard-tree1 or for timber1 if you 
design it2 for thus hydra-like1 a       
ground-cut-ash1      ,by havock1 wounds 
and blows1     ,more lively and         
luxuriant grows4#hi3a  ,ash will be     
propagated from a bough slipt off with  
some of the old wood1 a little before   
the bud swells1 but with difficulty by  
layers4 ,such as they reserve for spears
 in ,spain1 they keep shrip'd up close  
to the stem1 and plant them in close    

order1 and moister places4 ,these they  
cut above the knot 7for the least       
nodosity spoils all7 in the decrease of 
,january1 which were of the latest for  
us3 ,it is reported that the ash will   
not only receive its own kind1 but      
graff1 or be inoculated with the pear   
and apple1 but to what improvement ,i   
know not4  #c4 ,it is by no means       
convenient to plant ash in plow-lands2  
for the roots will be obnoxious to the  
coulter2 and the shade of the tree is   
malignant both to corn and grass1 when  
the head and branches over-drip and     
emaciate 'em2 but in hedge-rows and     
plumps1 they will thrive exceedingly1   
where they may be dispos'd at nine or   
ten foot distance1 and sometimes nearer3
 ,but in planting of a whole wood of    
several kinds of trees for timber1 every
 third set at least1 would be an ash4   
,the best ash delights in the best land 
7which it will soon impoverish7 yet     
grows in any2 so it be not over-stiff1  
wet1 and approaching to the marshy1     

unless it be first well drain'd3 ,by the
 banks of sweet1 and crystal rivers and 
streams1 ,i have observ'd them to thrive
 infinitely4 ,one may observe as        
manifest a difference in the timber of  
ashes1 as of the oak2 much more than is 
found in any one kind of elm1 cteris    
paribus3 ,for so the ground-ash 7like   
the oak7 much excels a bough1 or branch 
of the same bulk1 for strength and      
toughness2 and in yet farther emulation 
of the oak1 it has been known to prove  
as good and lasting timber for building1
 nay1 preferr'd before it1 where there  
has been plenty of oak2 vast difference 
there is also in the strength of ground1
 and quarter'd ash3 ',tis likewise      
remarkable that the ash1 like the       
cork-tree1 grows when the bark is as it 
were quite peel'd off1 as has been      
observ'd in several forests1 where the  
deer have bared them as far as they     
could climb3 ,some ash is curiously     
camleted and vein'd1 ,i say1 so         
differently from other timber1 that our 

skilful cabinet-makers prize it equal   
with ebony1 and give it the name of     
green ebony1 which the customer pays    
well for2 and when our wood-men light   
upon it1 they may make what money they  
will of it3 ,but to bring it to that    
curious lustre1 so as 'tis hardly to be 
distinguished from the most curiously   
diaper'd olive1 they varnish their work 
with the china-varnish1 7hereafter      
described7 which infinitely excels      
linseed-oyl1 that ,cardan so commends1  
speaking of this root4 ,the truth is1   
the bruscum and molluscum to be         
frequently found in this wood1 is       
nothing inferior to that of maple1 7of  
which hereafter7 being altogether as    
exquisitely diaper'd1 and wav'd like the
 gamahes of ,achates2 an eminent example
 of divers strange figures of fish1 men 
and beasts1 ,dr4 ,plott speaks of to be 
found in a dining-table made of an old  
ash1 standing in a gentleman's house    
somewhere in ,oxfordshire3 ,upon which  
is mention'd that of ,jacobus           

,gaffarellus1 in his book of ,unheard-of
 ,curiosities2 namely of a tree found in
 ,holland1 which being cleft1 had in the
 several slivers1 the figures of a      
chalice1 a priest's albe1 his stole1 and
 several other pontifical vestments3 ,of
 this sort was the elm growing at       
,middle-,aston in ,oxfordshire1 a block 
of which wood being cleft1 there came   
out a piece so exactly resembling a     
shoulder of veal1 that it was worthy to 
be reckon'd among the curiosities of    
this nature4  #d4 ,the use of ash is    
7next to that of the oak it self7 one of
 the most universal3 ,it serves the     
soldier 444444444444  ,fraxinus utilis  
hastis1 and heretofore the scholar1 who 
made use of the inner bark to write on1 
before the invention of paper1 c4 ,the  
carpenter1 wheel-wright1 cart-wright1   
for ploughs1 axle-trees1 wheel-rings1   
harrows1 bulls1 oares1 the best blocks  
for pullies and sheffs1 as seamen name  
them2 for drying herrings1 no wood like 
it1 and the bark for the tanning of     

nets2 and1 like the elm1 for the same   
property 7of not being so apt to split  
and scale7 excellent for tenons and     
mortaises3 ,also for the cooper1 turner1
 and thatcher3 ,nothing like it for our 
garden palisade-hedges1 hop-yards1      
poles1 and spars1 handles1 stocks for   
tools1 spade-trees1 c4 ,in sum1 the     
husbandman cannot be without the ash for
 his carts1 ladders1 and other tackling1
 from the pike to the plow1 spear1 and  
bow2 for of ash were they formerly made1
 and therefore reckon'd amongst those   
woods1 which after long tension1 has a  
natural spring1 and recovers its        
position2 so as in peace and war it is a
 wood in highest request3 ,in short1 so 
useful and profitable is this tree1     
7next to the oak7 that every prudent    
lord of a mannor1 should employ one acre
 of ground1 with ash or acorns1 to every
 #bj acres of other land2 since in as   
many years1 it would be more worth than 
the land it self4 ,there is extracted an
 oyl from the ash1 by the process on    

other woods1 which is excellent to      
recover the hearing1 some drops of it   
being distill'd warm into the ears2 and 
for the caries or rot of the bones1     
tooth-ach1 pains in the kidneys1 and    
spleen1 the anointing therewith is most 
soveraign4 ,some have us'd the saw-dust 
of this wood instead of guiacum1 with   
success4 ,the chymists exceedingly      
commend the seed of ash to be an        
admirable remedy for the stone3 ,but    
7whether by the power of magick or      
nature1 ,i determine not7 ,i have heard 
it affirm'd with great confidence1 and  
upon experience1 that the rupture to    
which many children are obnoxious1 is   
healed1 by passing the infant thro' a   
wide cleft made in the hole or stem of a
 growing ash-tree1 thro' which the child
 is to be made pass2 and then carried a 
second time round the ash1 caused to    
repass the same aperture again1 that the
 cleft of the tree suffer'd to close and
 coalesce1 as it will1 the rupture of   
the child1 being carefully bound up1    

will not only abate1 but be perfectly   
cur'd4 ,the manna of ,calabria is found 
to exsude out of the leaves and boughs  
of this tree1 during the hot            
summer-months4 ,lastly1 the white and   
rotten dotard part composes a ground for
 our gallants sweet-powder1 and the     
trunchions make the third sort of the   
most durable coal1 and is 7of all other7
 the sweetest of our forest-fuelling1   
and the fittest for ladies chambers1 it 
will burn even whilst it is green1 and  
may be reckoned amongst the  4 ,to      
conclude1 the very dead leaves afford   
7like those of the elm7 relief to our   
cattle in winter2 and there is a        
dwarf-sort in ,france1 7if in truth it  
be not1 as ,i suspect1 our witchen-tree7
 whose berries feed the poor people in  
scarce years2 but it bears no keys1 like
 to ours1 which being pickled tender1   
afford a delicate salading4 ,but the    
shade of the ash is not to be endur'd1  
because the leaves produce a noxious    
insect2 and for displaying themselves so

 very late1 and falling very early1 not 
to be planted for umbrage or ornament2  
especially near the garden1 since       
7besides their predatious roots7 the    
leaves dropping with so long a stalk1   
are drawn by clusters into the          
worm-holes1 which foul the allies with  
their keys1 and suddenly infect the     
ground4 ,note1 that the season for      
felling of this tree must be when the   
sap is fully at rest2 for if you cut it 
down too early1 or over-late in the     
year1 it will be so obnoxious to the    
worm1 as greatly to prejudice the       
timber2 therefore to be sure1 fell not  
till the three mid-winter months1       
beginning about ,november3 ,but in      
lopping of pollards1 7as of soft woods7 
,mr4 ,cook advises it should be towards 
the ,spring1 and that you do not suffer 
the lops to grow too great3 ,also1 that 
so soon as a pollard comes to be        
considerably hollow at the head1 you    
suddenly cut it down1 the body decaying 
more than the head is worth3 ,the same  

he pronounces of taller ashes1 and where
 the wood-peckers make holes 7who       
constantly indicate their being faulty7 
to fell it in the ,winter4 ,i am        
astonish'd at the universal confidence  
of some1 that a serpent will rather     
creep into the fire1 than over a twig of
 ash2 this is an old imposture of#id3a  
,pliny's1 who either took it up upon    
trust1 or we mistake the tree4 ,other   
species1 see ,ray ,dendrolog4 t4 ,,iii4 
lib4 ,,xxx4 p4 #ie4 ,de fraxino1 t4     
,,ii4 p4 #agjd4   ,,footnotes3  #hi3a   
,per damna1 per cdes1 ab ipso     ,ducit
 opes animmque ferro4      ,hor4  #id3a 
,v4 ,churasium1 c4 de viperis4          
,,chapter ,,viii4  ,of the ,chesnut4    
#a4 ,the next is the chesnut1 castanea  
of which ,pliny reckons many kinds1     
especially about ,tarentum and ,naples2 
,janus ,cornarius1 upon that of ,aetius1
 7verbo 7 speaks of the ,lopimi1 as a   
nobler kind1 such as the ,euboic1 which 
the ,italians call maroni1 quasi castane
 maris2 but we commend those of         

,portugal or ,bayonne1 chusing the      
largest1 brown1 and most ponderous for  
fruit1 such as ,pliny calls coctiv1 but 
the lesser ones to raise for timber4    
,they are produc'd best by sowing and   
setting2 previous to which1 let the nuts
 be first spread to sweat1 then cover   
them in sand2 a month being past1 plunge
 them in water1 reject the swimmers2    
being dry'd1 for thirty days more1 sand 
them again1 and to the water-ordeal as  
before4 ,being thus treated till the    
beginning of ,spring1 or in ,november1  
set them as you would do beans2 and as  
some practise it1 drench'd for a night  
or more1 in new milk2 but without half  
this preparation1 they need only be put 
into the holes with the point upmost1 as
 you plant tulips2 ,pliny will tell you 
they come not up1 unless four or five be
 pil'd together in a hole2 but that is  
false1 if they be good1 as you may      
presume all those to be which pass this 
examination2 nor will any of them fail3 
,but being come up1 they thrive best    

unremoved1 making a great stand for at  
least two years upon every              
transplanting2 yet if needs you must    
alter their station1 let it be done     
about ,november1 and that into a light  
friable ground1 or moist gravel1 however
 they will grow even in clay1 sand1 and 
all mixed soils1 upon exposed and bleak 
places1 and the pendent declivities of  
hills to the north1 in dry airy places1 
and sometimes 7tho' not so well7 near   
marshes and waters2 but they affect no  
other compost1 save what their own      
leaves afford them1 and are more patient
 of cold than heat3 ,as for their sowing
 in the nursery1 treat them as you are  
taught in the wall-nut4  #b4 ,if you    
design to set them in ,winter1 or       
,autumn1 ,i counsel you to interr them  
within their husks1 which being every   
way arm'd1 are a good protection against
 the mouse1 and a providential          
integument4 ,pliny l4 #ae4 c4 #bc4 from 
this natural guard1 concludes them to be
 excellent food1 and doubtless ,csar    

thought so1 when he transported them    
from ,sardis first into ,italy1 whence  
they were propagated into ,france1 and  
thence among us2 another encouragement  
to make such experiments out of foreign 
countries4 ,some sow them confusedly in 
the furrow like the acorn1 and govern   
them as the oak2 but then would the     
ground be broken up 'twixt ,november and
 ,february2 and when they spring1 be    
clensed1 and thinn'd two foot asunder1  
after two years growth3 ,likewise may   
copses of chesnuts be wonderfully       
increased and thickned1 by laying the   
tender and young branches2 but such as  
spring from the nuts and marrons1 are   
best of all1 and will thrive            
exceedingly1 if 7being let stand without
 removing7 the ground be stirr'd1 and   
loosened about their roots1 for two or  
three of the first years1 and the       
superfluous wood prun'd away2 and indeed
 for good trees1 they should be shrip'd 
up after the first year's removal2 they 
also shoot into gallant poles from a    

felled stem3 ,thus will you have a copse
 ready for a felling1 within eight      
years1 which 7besides many other uses7  
will yield you incomparable poles for   
any work of the garden1 vineyard or     
hopyard1 till the next cutting3 ,and if 
the tree like the ground1 will in ten or
 twelve years grow to a kind of timber1 
and bear plentiful fruit4  #c4 ,i have  
seen many chesnut-trees transplanted as 
big as my arm1 their heads cut off at   
five and six foot height2 but they came 
on at leisure3 ,in such plantations1 and
 all others for avenues1 you may set    
them from thirty to ten foot distance1  
though they will grow much nearer1 and  
shoot into poles1 if 7being tender7 you 
cultivate them like the ash1 the nature 
of whose shade it resembles1 since      
nothing affects much to grow under it3  
,some husbands tell me1 that the young  
chesnut-trees should not be pruned or   
touched with any knife or edge-tool1 for
 the first three or four years1 but     
rather cropp'd or broken off1 which ,i  

leave to farther experience2 however1   
many forbear to top them1 when they     
transplant4  #d4 ,the chesnut being     
graffed in the wallnut1 oak1 or beech1  
7,i have been told7 will come exceeding 
fair1 and produce incomparable fruit2   
for the wallnut1 and chesnut in each    
other1 it is probable2 but ,i have not  
as yet made a full attempt2 they also   
speak of inoculating cherries in the    
chesnut-stock for a later fruit4 ,in the
 mean time1 ,i wish we did more         
universally propagate the horse-chesnut1
 which being easily increas'd from      
layers1 grows into a good standard1 and 
bears a most glorious flower1 even in   
our cold country3 ,this tree 7so call'd1
 for the cure of horses broken-winded1  
and other cattel of coughs7 is now all  
the mode for the avenues to their       
countrey palaces in ,france1 as appears 
by the late ,superintendent's plantation
 at ,vaux4 ,it was first brought from   
,constantinople to ,vienna1 thence into 
,italy1 and so ,france2 but to us from  

the ,levant more immediately1 and       
flourishes so well1 and grows so goodly 
a tree in competent time1 that by this  
alone1 we might have ample encouragement
 to denizen other strangers amongst us4 
,one inconvenience to which this        
beautiful tree is obnoxious1 is that it 
does not well resist impetuous and      
stormy winds1 without damage4  #e4 ,the 
chesnut is 7next the oak7 one of the    
most sought after by the carpenter and  
joyner3 ,it hath formerly built a good  
part of our ancient houses in the city  
of ,london1 as does yet appear4 ,i had  
once a very large barn near the city1   
fram'd intirely of this timber3 ,and    
certainly they grew not far off2        
probably in some woods near the town3   
,for in that description of ,london1    
written by ,fitz-,stephens1 in the reign
 of ,hen4 ,,ii4 he speaks of a very     
noble and large forest which grew on the
 ,boreal part of it2 proxime 7says he7  
patet foresta ingens1 saltus nemorosi   
ferarum1 latebr cervorum1 damarum1      

aprorum1  taurorum silvestrium1 c4 ,a   
very goodly thing it seems1 and as well 
stor'd with all sorts of good timber1 as
 with venison and all kind of chase2 and
 yet some will not allow it a free-born 
of this island2 but of that ,i make     
little doubt4 ,the chesnut affords the  
best stakes and poles for palisades1    
pedament for vine-props and hops1 as ,i 
said before3 ,also for mill-timber and  
water-works1 or when it may lie buried2 
but if water touch the roots of the     
growing trees1 it spoils both fruit and 
timber3 ',tis likewise observed1 that   
this tree is so prevalent against cold1 
that where they stand1 they defend other
 plantations from the injuries of the   
severest frosts3 ,i am sure being       
planted in hedge-rows1  circa agrorum   
itinera1 or for avenues to our          
country-houses1 they are a magnificent  
and royal ornament4 ,this timber also   
does well 7if kept dry7 for columns1    
tables1 chests1 chairs1 stools1         
bedsteads2 for tubs1 and wine-casks1    

which it preserves with the least       
tincture of the wood of any whatsoever3 
,if the timber be dipp'd in scalding    
oyl1 and well pitch'd1 it becomes       
extreamly durable2 but otherwise ,i     
cannot celebrate the tree for its       
sincerity1 it being found that 7contrary
 to the oak7 it will make a fair shew   
outwardly1 when 'tis all decay'd1 and   
rotten within2 but this is in some sort 
recompenc'd1 if it be true1 that the    
beams made of chesnut-tree have this    
property1 that being somewhat brittle1  
they give warning1 and premonish the    
danger by a certain crackling which it  
makes2 so as 'tis said to have frighted 
those out of the ,baths at ,antandro1   
whose roof was laid with this material2 
but which ,pliny says1 was of hazle1    
very unlike it4 ,formerly they made     
consultatory staves of this tree2 and   
the variegated rods which ,jacob peel'd 
to lay in the troughs1 and impress a    
fancy in his father-in-law's conceiving 
ewes1 were of this material4 ,the coals 

are excellent for the smith1 being soon 
kindled1 and as soon extinguisht2 but   
the ashes of chesnut-wood are not       
convenient to make a lee with1 because  
it is observ'd to stain the linnen4 ,as 
for the fruit1 'tis better to beat it   
down from the tree1 some little time    
before they fall off themselves2 thus   
they will the better keep1 or else you  
must smoke-dry them4 ,but we give that  
fruit to our swine in ,england1 which is
 amongst the delicacies of princes in   
other countries2 and being of the larger
 nut1 is a lusty and masculine food for 
rusticks at all times2 and of better    
nourishment for husbandmen than coal1   
and rusty bacon2 yea1 or beans to boot1 
instead of which1 they boil them in     
,italy with their bacon2 and in         
,virgil's time1 they eat them with milk 
and cheese4 ,the best tables in ,france 
and ,italy make them a service1 eating  
them with salt1 in wine1 or juice of    
lemmon and sugar2 being first roasted in
 embers on the chaplet2 and doubtless we

 might propagate their use amongst our  
common people1 7as of old the 7 being a 
food so cheap1 and so lasting4 ,in      
,italy they also boil them in wine1 and 
then smoke them a little2 these they    
call anseri or geese1 ,i know not why3  
,those of ,piemont add fennel1 cinnamon 
and nutmeg to their wine1 if in water1  
mollify them with the vapour only2 but  
first they peel them4 ,others macerate  
them in rose-water4 ,the bread of the   
flower is exceeding nutritive2 'tis a   
robust food1 and makes women well       
complexion'd1 as ,i have read in a good 
author3 ,they also make fritters of     
chesnut-flower1 which they wet with     
rose-water1 and sprinkle with grated    
parmegiano1 and so fry them in fresh    
butter1 a delicate3 ,how we here use    
them in stew'd-meats1 and beatille-pies1
 our ,french-cooks teach us2 and this is
 in truth the very best use of their    
fruit1 and very commendable2 for it is  
found that the eating of them raw1 or in
 bread 7as they do much about ,limosin7 

is apt to swell the belly1 though       
without any other inconvenience that ,i 
can learn1 and yet some condemn them as 
dangerous for such as are subject to the
 gravel in the kidneys1 and however     
cook'd and prepar'd1 flatulent1         
offensive to the head and stomach1 and  
those who are subject to the cholick4   
,the best way to preserve them1 is to   
keep them in earthen vessels in a cold  
place2 some lay them in a smoke-loft1   
others in dry barly-straw1 others in    
sand1 c4 ,the leaves of the chesnut-tree
 make very wholsom mattresses to lie on1
 and they are good littier for cattel3  
,but those leafy-beds1 for the crackling
 noise they make when one turns upon    
them1 the ,french call licts de         
,parliament3 ,lastly1 the flower of     
chesnuts made into an electuary1 and    
eaten with hony fasting1 is an approved 
remedy against spitting blood1 and the  
cough2 and a decoction of the rind of   
the tree1 tinctures hair of a golden    
colour1 esteem'd a beauty in some       

countries3 ,other species1 v4 ,ray1     
,dendrolog4 ,t4 ,,iii1 c4     ,,chapter 
,,ix4  ,of the ,wallnut4   #a4 ,juglans1
 quasi ,jovis glans1 the#aja3a wall or  
welch-nut 7though no where growing of it
 self1 some say1 in ,europe7 is of      
several sorts2 ,monsieur ,rencaume 7of  
the ,french ,academy7 reckons nine2 the 
soft-shell and the hard1 the whiter and 
the blacker grain3 ,this black bears the
 worst nut1 but the timber much to be   
preferred1 and we might propagate more  
of them if we were careful to procure   
them out of ,virginia1 where they abound
 and bear a squarer nut1 of all other   
the most beautiful1 and best worth      
planting2 indeed had we store of these1 
we should soon despise the rest2 yet    
those of ,grenoble come in the next     
place1 and are much priz'd by our       
cabinet-makers3 ,in all events1 be sure 
to plant from young and thriving trees1 
bearing full and plump kernels4 ,it is  
said that the walnut-kernel wrap'd in   
its own leaf1 being carefully taken out 

of its shell1 brings a nut without      
shell1 but this is a trifle2 the best   
way to elevate them1 is to set them as  
you do the chesnut1 being planted of the
 nut1 or set at the distance you would  
have him stand2 for which they may be   
prepar'd by beating them off the tree   
7as was prescribed of the chesnut7 some 
days before they quit the branches of   
themselves1 and kept in their husks1 or 
without them1 till ,spring1 or by       
bedding them 7being dry7 in sand1 or    
good earth1 till ,march or earlier1 from
 the time they fell1 or were beaten off 
the tree3 ,or if before1 they be set    
with husk and all upon them2 for the    
extream bitterness thereof is most      
exitial and deadly to worms2 or it were 
good to strew some furzes 7broken or    
chopp'd small7 under the ground amongst 
them1 to preserve them from mice and    
rats1 when their shells begin to wax    
tender2 especially if1 as some1 you     
supple them a little in warm cows milk2 
but being treated as before1 you will   

find them already sprouted1 and have    
need only to be planted where they are  
to abide2 because 7as we said long      
since7 they are most impatient of       
transplanting3 ,but if there be an      
absolute necessity of removing1 let your
 tree never be above four years old1 and
 then by no means touch the head with   
your knife1 nor cut away so much as the 
very top-root1 being so old1 if you can 
well dispose of it1 since being of a    
pithy and hollow substance1 the least   
diminution1 or bruise1 will greatly     
endanger the killing3 ,but see here what
 we have said of the chesnut4 ,i have   
been told1 that the very tops1 and      
palish buds of this tree1 when it first 
sprouts1 though as late as ,april1 will 
take hold of the ground1 and grow to an 
incredible improvement2 but first they  
steep them in milk and saffron2 but this
 attempt did not succeed with us1 yet it
 will be propagated by a branch slipp'd 
off with some of the old wood1 and set  
in ,february3 ,an industrious and very  

experienc'd husbandman told me1 that if 
they be transplanted as big as ones     
middle1 it may be done safer than when  
younger2 ,i do only report it3 ,what    
they hint of putting a tile-shard under 
the nuts when first set1 to divaricate  
and spread the roots 7which are         
otherwise apt to penetrate very deep7 ,i
 like well enough2 'tis certain they    
will receive their own cyons being      
graffed1 and that it does improve their 
fruit4 ,the best compost is the strewing
 of ashes at the foot of the trees1 the 
salt whereof being washed into the      
earth1 is the best dressing1 whilst the 
juice of the fallen leaves1 though it   
kill the worm1 is noxious to the root4  
,this tree does not refuse to thrive    
even among others1 and in great woods1  
provided you shrip up the collateral    
arms4  #b4 ,the walnut delights in a    
dry1 sound and rich land2 especially if 
it incline to a feeding chalk1 or marle2
 and where it may be protected from the 
cold 7though it affect cold rather than 

extream heat7 as in great pits1 valleys 
and high-way sides2 also in             
stony-grounds1 if loamy1 and on hills1  
especially chalky2 likewise in          
corn-fields3 ,thus ,burgundy abounds    
with them1 where they stand in the midst
 of goodly wheat-lands1 at sixty1 and an
 hundred foot distance2 and it is so far
 from hurting the crop1 that they look  
on them as a great preserver1 by keeping
 the grounds warm2 nor do the roots     
hinder the plow4 ,whenever they fell a  
tree 7which is only the old and decayed7
 they always plant a young one near him2
 and in several places twixt ,hanaw and 
,francfort in ,germany1 no young farmer 
whatsoever is permitted to marry a wife1
 till he bring proof that he hath       
planted1 and is a father of such a      
stated number of walnut-trees1 as the   
law is inviolably observed to this day1 
for the extraordinary benefit which this
 tree affords the inhabitants3 ,and in  
truth1 were this timber in greater      
plenty amongst us1 we should have far   

better utensils of all sorts for our    
houses1 as chairs1 stools1 bedsteads1   
tables1 wainscot1 cabinets1 c4 instead  
of the more vulgar beech1 subject to the
 worm1 weak1 and unsightly2 but which to
 counterfeit1 and deceive the unwary1   
they wash over with a decoction made of 
the green-husks of walnuts1 c4 ,i say1  
had we store of this material1          
especially of the ,virginian1 we should 
find an incredible improvement in the   
more stable furniture of our houses1 as 
in the first frugal and better days of  
,rome1 when      ,tables made here at   
home1 those times beheld1     ,of our   
own wood1 for that same purpose fell'd1 
,old walnut blown down1 when the wind   
set east4#ajd3a      ,sir ,r4           
,stapylton4  ,for if it had been cut in 
that season1 it would not have prov'd so
 sound1 as we shew in our chapter of    
felling4 ,it is certain1 that the mens  
nucin1 were once in price even before   
the citrin1 as ,strabo notes2 and       
nothing can be more beautiful than some 

planks and works which ,i have beheld of
 it1 especially that which comes from   
,grenoble1 of all other the most        
beautiful and esteemed4  #c4 ,they      
render most graceful avenues to our     
countrey dwellings1 and do excellently  
near hedge-rows2 but had need be        
planted1 at forty or fifty foot         
interval1 for they affect to spread both
 their roots and branches4 ,the         
,bergstras 7which extends from          
,heidelberg to ,darmstadt7 is all       
planted with walnuts2 for so by another 
ancient law1 the borderers were obliged 
to nurse up1 and take care of them2 and 
that chiefly1 for their ornament and    
shade2 so as a man may ride for many    
miles about that countrey under a       
continued arbour1 or close-walk2 the    
traveller both refreshed with the fruit 
and the shade1 which some have          
causelesly defam'd for its ill effects  
on the head1 for which the fruit is a   
specifique and a notable signature2     
although ,i deny not1 but the scent of  

the fallen leaves1 when they begin to be
 damp'd with lying1 may emit somewhat a 
heady steam1 which to some has prov'd   
noxious2 but not whilst they were fresh1
 and lively upon the trees4 ,how would  
such publick plantations improve the    
glory and wealth of a nation6 ,but where
 shall we find the spirits among our    
countreymen8 ,yes1 ,i will adventure to 
instance in those plantations of ,sir   
,richard ,stidolph1 upon the downs near 
,lether-head in ,surrey2 ,sir ,robert   
,clayton at ,morden near ,godstone 7once
 belonging to ,sir ,john ,evelyn7 and so
 about ,cassaulton1 where many thousands
 of these trees do celebrate the        
industry of the owners1 and will        
certainly reward it with infinite       
improvement1 as ,i am assured they do in
 part already1 and that very            
considerably2 besides the ornament which
 they afford to those pleasant tracts1  
for some miles in circumference4 ,there 
was lately 7and for ought ,i know is    
yet7 an avenue of four leagues in       

length1 and #ej paces breadth1 planted  
with young oaklings1 as strait as a     
line1 from the city of ,utrecht to      
,amersfort1 affording a most goodly     
prospect2 which minds me of what        
,sorbiere tells in a sceptical discourse
 to ,monsieur de ,martel1 speaking of   
the readiness of the people in ,holland 
to furnish and maintain whatsoever may  
conduce to the publick ornament1 as well
 as convenience2 that their plantations 
of these and the like trees1 even in    
their very roads and common highways1   
are better preserv'd and entertain'd 7as
 ,i my self have likewise been often an 
eye-witness7 than those about the houses
 and gardens of pleasure belonging to   
the nobles and gentry of most other     
countries3 ,and in effect it is a most  
ravishing object1 to behold their       
amenities in this particular3 ,with us1 
says he 7speaking of ,france7 they make 
a jest at such political ordinances1 by 
ruining these publick and useful        
ornaments1 if haply some more prudent   

magistrate do at any time introduce     
them4 ,thus in the reign of ,henry the  
,fourth1 7during the superintendency of 
,monsieur de ,sulli7 there was a        
resolution of adorning all the highways 
of ,france with elms1 c4 but the rude   
and mischievous peasants did so hack1   
steal and destroy what they had begun1  
that they were forced to desist from the
 thorough prosecution of the design2 so 
as there is nothing more expos'd1 wild1 
and less pleasant than the common roads 
of ,france for want of shade1 and the   
decent limits which these sweet and     
divertissant plantations would have     
afforded4 ,not to omit that political   
use1 as my ,lord ,bacon hints it1 where 
he speaks of the statues and monuments  
of brave men1 and such as had well      
deserv'd of the publick1 erected by the 
,romans even in their highways2 since   
doubtless1 such noble and agreeable     
objects would exceedingly divert1       
entertain1 and take off the minds and   
discourses of melancholy people1 and    

pensive travellers1 who having nothing  
but the dull and enclosed ways to cast  
their eyes on1 are but ill conversation 
to themselves1 and others1 and instead  
of celebrating1 censure their superiors4
 ,it is by a curious person1 and        
industrious friend of mine1 observ'd1   
that the sap of this tree rises and     
descends with the sun's diurnal course  
7which it visibly slackens in the night7
 and more plentifully at the root on the
 south side1 though those roots cut on  
the north were larger1 and less distant 
from the body of the tree2 and not only 
distill'd from the ends1 which were next
 the stem1 but from those which were cut
 off and separated1 which was never     
observ'd to happen in the birch1 or     
other sap-yielding trees4 #ajg3a ,mr4   
,oldenburg speaks of one of the present 
kings in ,europe1 who drinks much of the
 juice of this tree1 and finds great    
benefit thereby4  #d4 ,what universal   
use the ,french make of the timber of   
this sole tree1 for domestic affairs1   

may be seen in every room both of poor  
and rich3 ,it is of singular account    
with the joyner1 for the best grain'd1  
and colour'd wainscot2 with the         
gun-smith for stocks1 for coach-wheels  
excellent1 and the bodies of coaches1   
7they make hoops and bows with it in    
,new-,england1 for want of yew37 ,the   
drum-maker uses it for rimbs1 the       
cabinet-maker for inlayings1 especially 
the firm and close timber about the     
roots1 which is admirable for fleck'd   
and chambletted works1 some wood        
especially1 as that which we have from  
,bologne1 ,new-,england and ,virginia1  
7where they are of three or four sorts1 
differing in their leaves1 fruit and    
stature7 very black of colour1 and so   
admirably streaked1 as to represent     
natural flowers1 landskips1 and other   
fancies3 ,to render this the            
better-coloured1 joyners put the boards 
into an oven after the batch is forth1  
or lay them in a warm stable1 and when  
they work it1 polish it over with its   

own oyl very hot1 which makes it look   
black and sleek1 and the older it is1   
the more esteemable2 but then it should 
not be put in work till thoroughly      
seasoned1 because it will shrink beyond 
expectation4 ,it is only not good to    
confide in it much for beams or joysts1 
because of its brittleness1 of which    
yet1 it has been observ'd to give timely
 notice1 as also the chesnut1 by the    
crackling before it breaks4 ,besides the
 uses of the wood1 the fruit with husk  
and all1 when tender and very young1 is 
for preserves 7condited in separate     
decoctions1 by our curious ladies7 also 
for food and oyl2 of extraordinary use  
with the painter1 in whites1 and other  
delicate colours1 also for gold-size and
 varnish2 and with this they polish     
walking-staves1 and other works which   
are wrought in with burning3 ,for food  
they fry with it in some places1 and eat
 it instead of butter1 in ,berry1 where 
they have little or none good2 and      
therefore they plant infinite numbers of

 these trees all over that countrey3    
,the use of it to burn in lamps1 is     
common there4 ,the younger timber is    
held to make the better-coloured work   
7and so the oak7 but the older more firm
 and close1 is finer chambleted for     
ornament2 and the very husks and leaves 
being macerated in warm water1 and that 
liquor poured on the carpet of walks1   
and bowling-greens1 does infallibly kill
 the worms1 without endangering the     
grass3 ,not to mention the dye which is 
made of this lixive1 to colour wooll1   
woods1 and hair1 as of old they us'd it4
 ,the water of the husks is sovereign   
against all pestilential infections1 and
 that of the leaves to mundifie and heal
 inveterate ulcers4 ,that which is      
produced of the thick-shell1 becomes    
best timber1 that of the thinner1 better
 fruit4 ,columella has sundry excellent 
rules how to ascertain and accelerate   
the growth of this tree1 and to improve 
its qualities2 and ,i am assur'd1 that  
having been graffed on the ash 7though  

others say no incision improves it7 it  
thrives exceedingly1 becomes a handsome 
tree1 and what is most estimable1 bears 
its fruit within four years1 all which  
,i recommend to the farther industrious4
 ,the green husk dry'd1 or the first    
peeping red buds and leaves reduced to  
powder1 serves instead of pepper1 to    
condite meats and sauces4 ',tis thought 
better to cudgel off the fruit1 when    
dropping ripe1 than to gather it by     
hand2 and that the husk may open1 lay   
them by in a dry room1 sometimes turning
 them with a broom1 but without washing1
 for fear of mouldiness4 ,in ,italy they
 arm the tops of long poles with nails  
and iron for the purpose1 and believe   
the beating improves the tree2 which ,i 
no more believe1 than ,i do that        
discipline would reform a perverse      
shrew3 ,those nuts which come not easily
 out of their husks1 should be laid to  
mellow in heaps1 and the rest expos'd in
 the sun1 till the shells dry1 else they
 will be apt to perish the kernel3 ,some

 again preserve them in their own       
leaves1 or in a chest made of           
walnut-tree wood2 others in sand1       
especially if you will preserve them for
 a seminary2 do this in ,october1 and   
keep them a little moist1 that they may 
spear1 to be set early in ,february3    
,thus after two years they may be       
removed at a yard asunder1 cutting the  
top-root1 and side branches1 but sparing
 the head2 and being two yards high1    
bud1 or remove them immediately4 ,old   
nuts are not wholsome till macerated in 
warm1 and almost boiling water2 but if  
you lay them in a leaden pot1 and bury  
them in the earth1 so as no vermin can  
attaque them1 they will keep            
marvellously plump the whole year about1
 and may easily be blanched3 ,in ,spain 
they use to strew the gratings of old   
and hard nuts 7first peel'd7 into their 
tarts and other meats4 ,for the oyl1 one
 bushel of nuts will yield fifteen      
pounds of peel'd and clear kernels1 and 
that half as much oyl1 which the sooner 

'tis drawn1 is the more in quantity1    
though the dryer the nut1 the better in 
quality2 the lees1 or marc of the       
pressing1 is excellent to fatten hogs   
with4 ,after the nuts are beaten down1  
the leaves would be sweep'd into heaps1 
and carried away1 because their extreme 
bitterness impairs the ground1 and as ,i
 am assured1 prejudices the trees3 ,the 
green husks boiled1 make a good colour  
to dye a dark yellow1 without any       
mixture2 and the distillation of its    
leaves with honey and urine1 makes hair 
spring on baldheads3 ,besides its use in
 the famous ,salernitan antidote2 if the
 kernel a little masticated1 be applied 
to the biting of a suspected mad-dog1   
and when it has lain three hours1 be    
cast to poultrey1 they will die if they 
eat of it4 ,in ,italy1 when a           
countreyman finds any pain in his side1 
he drinks a pint of the fresh oyl of    
this nut1 and finds immediate ease3 ,and
 more famous is the wonderful cure1     
which the fungus substance separating   

the lobs of the kernel1 pulveriz'd and  
drank in wine1 in a moderate quantity1  
did recover the ,english army in        
,ireland of a dyssentary1 when no other 
remedy could prevail3 ,the same also in 
pleurisies1 c4 ,the juice of the outward
 rind of the nut1 makes an excellent    
gargle for a sore-throat3 ,the kernel   
being rubb'd upon any crack or chink of 
a leaking or crazy vessel1 stops it     
better than either clay1 pitch1 or wax3 
,in ,france they eat them blanch'd and  
fresh1 with wine and salt1 having first 
cut them out of the shells before they  
are hardned1 with a short broad         
brass-knife1 because iron rusts1 and    
these they call cernois1 from their     
manner of scooping them out4 ,lastly1 of
 the fungus emerging from the trunk of  
an old tree1 7and indeed some others7 is
 made touch-wood1 artificially prepar'd 
in a lixivium or lye1 dried1 and beaten 
flat1 and then boil'd with salt-peter1  
to render it apter to kindle4 ,the tree 
wounded in the ,spring1 yields a liquor1

 which makes an artificial wine4 ,see   
,birch1 cap4 ,,xvii4 ,of other species1 
see ,mr4 ,ray's ,dendrolog4 ,tom4 ,,iii4
 p4 #e1 #f4   ,,footnotes3  #aja3a ,see 
,servius introduc'd discoursing of this 
and other nuts1 ,macrob4 ,saturn4 l4 #c4
 c4 #ah4  #ajd3a      ,illa domi natas1 
nostraque ex arbore mensas     ,tempora 
viderunt3 hos lignum stabat in usus1    
,annosam si fort nucem dejecerat ,eurus4
      ,juv4 l4 #d4 ,sat4 #aa4  #ajg3a   
,philosoph4 ,transact4 vol4 ,,iii1 num4 
xl1 p4 #hjb4     ,,chapter ,x4  ,of the 
,service1 and black cherry-tree4   #a4  
,sorbus1 the service-tree 7of which     
there are four sorts7 is rais'd of the  
chequers1 or berries1 which being ripe  
7that is7 rotten1 about ,september 7and 
the pulp rub'd off clean from the       
stones1 in dry sand1 and so kept till   
after ,christmas7 may be sown like      
beech-mast1 educated in the nursery like
 the chesnut3 ,it is reported that the  
sower never sees the fruit of his       
labour2 either for that it bears only   

being very old1 or that men are commonly
 so1 before they think of planting      
trees3 ,but this is an egregious        
mistake2 for these come very soon to be 
trees1 and being planted young1 thrive  
exceedingly2 ,i have likewise planted   
them as big as my arm successfully3 ,the
 best way is therefore to propagate them
 of suckers1 of which they put forth    
enough1 as also of sets1 and may be     
budded with great improvement3 ,they    
delight in reasonable good stiff ground1
 rather inclining to cold1 than         
over-hot2 for in places which are too   
dry1 they never bear kindly4 ,the       
torminalis 7so called for its effects   
against gripings of the bowels7 is the  
kind most frequent with us2 for those of
 the narrower1 and less indented leaf1  
are not so common in ,england as in     
,france1 bearing a sort of berry of the 
pear-shape1 and is there call'd the     
cormier2 this tree may be graffed either
 on it self1 or on the white-thorn1 and 
quince4 ,to this we might add1 the      

mespilus or medlar1 being an hard wood1 
and of which ,i have seen very beautiful
 walking-staves4 ,but there is yet a    
rare kind of service-tree1 frequent in  
,germany1 which we find not in our      
woods1 and they speak of another sort1  
which bears poyson-berries4  #b4 ,the   
timber of the sort is useful for the    
joyner1 and of which ,i have seen a room
 curiously wainscotted3 ,also for the   
engraver of wood-cuts1 bows1 pullys1    
skrews1 mill-spindles and other2 goads  
to drive oxen with1 c4 pistol and       
gun-stocks1 and for most that the       
wild-pear-tree1 serves2 and being of a  
very delicate grain for the turner1 and 
divers curiosities1 and looks           
beautifully1 and is almost everlasting1 
being rubb'd over with oyl of linseed1  
well boil'd1 it may be made to          
counterfeit ebony1 or almost any ,indian
 wood1 colour'd according to art3 ,also 
it is taken to build with1 yielding     
beams of considerable substance3 ,the   
shade is beautiful for walks1 and the   

fruit not unpleasant1 especially the    
second kind1 of which with new wine and 
honey1 they make a conditum of admirable
 effect to corroborate the stomach2 and 
the fruit alone is good in dysentery's  
and lasks4 ,the water distill'd from the
 stalks of the flowers and leaves in ,m4
 ,b4 and twice rectified upon fresh     
matter1 is incomparable for consumptive 
and tabid bodies1 taking an ounce daily 
at several times3 ,likewise it cures the
 green-sickness in virgins1 and is      
prevalent in all fluxes2 distill'd warm 
into the ears it abates the pain3 ,the  
wood or bark contus'd1 and applied to   
any green wound1 heals it2 and the      
powder thereof drank in oyl olive1      
consolidates inward ruptures3 ,lastly1  
the salt of the wood taken in decoction 
of altha to three grains1 is an         
incomparable remedy to break1 and expel 
gravel4 ,the service gives the          
husbandman an early presage of the      
approaching ,spring1 by extending his   
adorned buds for a peculiar             

entertainment1 and dares peep out in the
 severest ,winters4  #c4 ,that ,i rank  
this amongst the forest berry-bearing   
trees1 7frequent in the hedges1 and     
growing wild in ,herefordshire1 and many
 places2 for ,i speak not here of our   
orchard-cherries1 said to have been     
brought into ,kent out of ,flanders by  
,hen4 ,,viii47 is chiefly from the      
suffrage of that industrious planter    
,mr4 ,cooke1 from whose ingenuity and   
experience 7as well as out of gratitude 
for his frequent mentioning of me in his
 elaborate and useful work7 ,i          
acknowledge to have benefited my self1  
and this edition2 though ,i have also   
given no obscure tast of this pretty    
tree in ,chap4 ,,xx4  ,it is rais'd of  
the stones of black-cherries very ripe  
7as they are in ,july7 endeavouring to  
procure such as are full1 and large2    
whereof some he tells us1 are little    
inferior to the black ,orleance1 without
 graffing1 and from the very genius of  
the ground4 ,these gather'd1 the fleshy 

part is to be taken off1 by rolling them
 under a plank in dry sand1 and when the
 humidity is off 7as it will be in #c or
 #d days7 reserve them in sand again a  
little moist and hous'd1 'till the      
beginning of ,february1 when you may sow
 them in a light gravelly mould1 keeping
 them clean for two years1 and thence   
planting them into your nurseries1 to   
raise other kinds upon1 or for woods1   
copses and hedge-rows1 and for walks and
 avenues1 which if of a dryish soil1    
mixt with loam1 though the bottom be    
gravel1 will thrive into stately trees1 
beautified with blossoms of a surprizing
 whiteness1 greatly relieving the       
sedulous bees1 and attracting birds4    
,if you sow them in beds immediately    
after they are excarnated1 they will    
appear the following ,spring1 and then  
at two years shoot1 be fit to plant out 
where you please2 otherwise1 being kept 
too long e'er you sow them1 they will   
sleep two ,winters3 ,and this is a rule1
 which he prescribes for all sorts of   

stone-fruit4  ,you may almost at any    
time remove young cherry-trees1 abating 
the heads to a single shoot4  ,he       
recommends it for the copse1 as         
producing a strong shoot1 and as apt to 
put forth from the roots1 as the elm2   
especially1 if you fell lusty trees3 ,in
 light ground it will increase to a     
goodly tall tree1 of which he mentions  
one1 that held above #he foot in height3
 ,i have my self planted of them1 and   
imparted to my friends1 which have      
thriv'd exceedingly2 but till now did   
not insert it among the foresters3 ,the 
vertues of the fruit of this cherry-tree
 against the epilepsy1 palsy1 and       
convulsions1 c4 are in the spirits and  
distill'd waters4 ,concerning its other 
uses1 see the chapter and section       
above-mentioned1 to which add pomona1   
,chap4 #h4 annexed with this treatise4  
,this tree affords excellent stocks for 
the budding and graffing of other       
cherries on4  ,and here ,i might mention
 the bitter cherry of ,canada1 7tho'    

exceedingly unlike to ours7 which would 
yet be propagated for the incomparable  
liquor it is said to yield1 preferable  
to the best limonade1 by an incision of 
two inches deep in the stem1 and sloping
 to the length of a foot1 without       
prejudice to the tree4 ,what is said of 
it1 and of the maple1 in the late       
discovery of the ,north-,america1 may be
 seen in the late description of those  
countries4 ,for other exotic species1 v4
 ,ray ,dendrolog4 ,tom4 ,,iii4 p4 #de1  
#df4     ,,chapter ,,xi4  ,of the       
,maple4   #a4 ,the maple acer minus 7of 
which authors 7see ,salmasius upon      
,solinus1 c4 #cc47 reckon very many     
kinds7 was of old held in equal         
estimation almost with the citron2      
especially the bruscum1 the             
,french-maple and the pavonaceus1       
peacocks-tail maple1 which is that sort 
so elegantly undulated1 and crisped into
 variety of curles1 as emulates the     
famous citria4 ,it were a most laudable 
attempt1 if some would enquire out1 and 

try the planting of such sorts as are   
not indigenes amongst us2 such as is    
especially the ,german ,aier1 and that  
of ,virginia1 not yet cultivated here1  
but an excellent tree3 ,and if this were
 extended to other timber1 and exotic   
trees likewise1 it would prove of       
extraordinary benefit and ornament to   
the publick1 and were worthy even of the
 royal care4 ,they are all produced of  
seeds contain'd in the folliacles and   
keys1 or birds-tongues 7as they are     
call'd7 like the ash1 7after a year's   
interrment7 and like to it1 affect a    
sound1 and a dry mould2 growing both in 
woods and hedge-rows1 especially in the 
latter2 which if rather hilly than low1 
affords the fairest timber4 ,it is also 
propagated by layers and suckers4 ,by   
shredding up the boughs to a head1 ,i   
have caused it to shoot to a wonderful  
height in a little time2 but if you will
 lop it for the fire1 let it be done in 
,january2 and indeed it is observ'd to  
be of noxious influence to the          

subnascent plants of other kinds1 by    
reason of a clammy dew which it sheds   
upon them1 and therefore they would not 
be indulg'd in pollards1 or spreading   
trees1 but to thicken under-woods and   
copses4 ,the timber is far superior to  
beech for all uses of the turner1 who   
seeks it for dishes1 cups1 trays1       
trenchers1 c4 as the joyner for tables1 
inlayings1 and for the delicateness of  
the grain1 when the knurs and nodosities
 are rarely diapred1 which does much    
advance its price3 ,our turners will    
work it so thin1 that it is almost      
transparent3 ,also for the lightness    
7under the name ,aier7 imploy'd often by
 those who make musical instruments3    
,also that especially1 which grows in   
,friuli1 ,carniola1 and ,saltzburglandt3
 ,there is a larger sort1 which we call 
the sycomor4  #b4 ,but the description  
of this lesser maple1 and the ancient   
value of it1 is worth the citing4 ,acer 
operum eleganti1  subtilitate cedro     
secundum2 plura ejus genera3 ,album1    

quod praecipui candoris vocatur         
,gallicum3 ,in ,transpadana ,italia1    
transque ,alpes nascens4 ,alterum genus1
 crispo macularum discursu1 qui cum     
excellentior fuit1  similitudine caud   
pavonum nomen accepit4       #8,the     
maple1 7says ,pliny7 for the elegancy   
and fineness of the wood1      is next  
to the very cedar it self4 ,there are   
several kinds of it1      especially the
 white1 which is wonderfully beautiful2 
this is      call'd the ,french-maple1  
and grows in that part of ,italy1 that  
is      on the other side of ,po beyond 
the ,alpes3 ,the other has a curl'd     
grain1 so curiously maculated1 that from
 a near resemblance1 it was      usually
 call'd the ,peacock's-tail1 c4'  ,he   
goes on to commend that of ,istria1 and 
that growing on the mountains for the   
best3 ,but in the next chapter2         
,pulcherrimum vero est bruscum1 multoque
 excellentius etiamnum mollusculum1     
tuber utrumque arboris ejus4 ,bruscum   
intortis crispum1 molluscum simplicius  

sparsum2 et si magnitudinem mensarum    
caperet1 haud dubi prferretur cedro1    
nunc intra pugillares1 lectorumque      
silicios aut laminas1 c4  brusco fiunt  
mens nigrescentes1 c4 ,plin4 l4 #af4 c4 
#ae1 #af4       #8,the bruscum1 or ,knur
 is wonderfully fair1 but the molluscum 
is      counted most precious2 both of  
them knobs and swellings out of the     
tree4 ,the bruscum is more intricately  
crisp'd2 the molluscum      not so much2
 and had we trees large enough to saw   
into planks for      tables1 'twould be 
preferr'd before cedar1 7or citron1 for 
so some      copies read it7 but now    
they use it only for small table-books1 
and      with its thin boards to        
wainscot bed-testers with1 c4 ,the      
bruscum is of a blackish kind1 with     
which they make tables4'  ,thus far     
,pliny4 ,and such spotted tables were   
the famous ,tigrin1 and ,pantherine     
curiosities of2 not so call'd from being
 supported with figures carved like     
those beasts1 as some conceive1 and was 

in use even in our grand-fathers days1  
but from its natural spots and          
maculations1 hem1 quantis facultatibus  
stimavere ligneas maculas6 as           
,tertullian crys out1 de ,pallio1 c1 #e4
 ,such a table was that of ,cicero's1   
which cost him #ajjjj ,sesterces2 such  
another had ,asinius ,gallus4 ,that of  
,king ,juba was sold for #aejjj1 and    
another which ,i read of1 valu'd at     
#adjjjj ,h4,s4 which at about #c;d4     
sterling1 arrives to a pretty sum2 and  
yet that of the ,mauritanian ,ptoleme1  
was far richer1 containing four foot and
 an half diameter1 three inches thick1  
which is reported to have been sold for 
its weight in gold3 ,of that value they 
were1 and so madly luxurious the age1   
that when they at any time reproach'd   
their wives for their wanton            
expensiveness in pearl and other rich   
trifles1 they were wont to retort1 and  
turn the tables upon their husbands4    
,the knot of the timber was the most    
esteem'd1 and is said to be much        

resembled by the female cypress3 ,we    
have now1 ,i am almost persuaded1 as    
beautiful planks of some walnut-trees1  
near the root2 and yew1 ivy1 rose-wood1 
ash1 thorn1 and olive1 ,i have seen     
incomparable pieces2 but the great art  
was in the seasoning1 and politure2 for 
which last1 the rubbing with a man's    
hand who came warm out of the bath1 was 
accounted better than any cloth1 as     
,pliny reports4 ,some there be who      
contend1 this citern was a part near the
 root of the cedar1 which1 as they      
describe it1 is very oriental and       
odoriferous2 but most of the learned    
favour the citron1 and that it grew not 
far from our ,tangier1 about the foot of
 ,mount ,atlas1 whence haply some       
industrious person might procure of it  
from the ,moors2 and ,i did not forget  
to put his then ,excellency my ,lord ,h4
 ,howard 7since his ,grace the ,duke of 
,norfolk7 in mind of it2 who ,i hoped   
might have opportunities of satisfying  
our curiosity1 that by comparing it with

 those elegant woods1 which both our own
 countries1 and the ,indies furnish1 we 
might pronounce something in the        
controversie3 ,but his not going so far 
into the countrey1 and the disorder     
which happen'd at his being there1 quite
 frustrated this expectation3 ,here ,i  
think good to add1 what honest ,palissy 
philosophises after his plain manner1   
about the reason of those pretty        
undulations and chamfers1 which we so   
frequently find in divers woods1 which  
he takes to be the descent1 as well as  
ascent of moisture3 ,for what else 7says
 he7 becomes of that water which we     
often encounter in the cavities1 when   
many branches divaricate1 and spread    
themselves at the tops of great trees   
7especially pollards7 unless 7according 
to its natural appetite7 it sink into   
the very body of the stem through the   
pores8 ,for example1 in the walnut1 you 
shall find1 when 'tis old1 that the wood
 is admirably figur'd1 and1 as it were1 
marbl'd1 and therefore much more        

esteem'd by the joyners1 cabinet-makers1
 and ouvrages de marqueterie1 in-layers1
 c4 than the young1 which is paler of   
colour1 and without any notable grain1  
as they call it4 ,for the rain          
distilling along the branches1 when many
 of them break out into clusters from   
the stem1 sinks in1 and is the cause of 
these marks2 since we find it           
exceedingly full of pores3 ,do but plane
 off a thin chip1 or sliver from one of 
these old trees1 and interposing it     
'twixt your eye and the light1 you shall
 observe it to be full of innumerable   
holes 7much more perspicuous and ample1 
by the application of a good#aai3a      
microscope47 ,but above all1 notable for
 these extravagant damaskings and       
characters1 is the maple2 and 'tis      
notorious1 that this tree is very full  
of branches from the root to its very   
summit1 by reason that it produces no   
considerable fruit3 ,these arms being   
frequently cut1 the head is more        
surcharged with them1 which spreading   

like so many rays from a centre1 form   
that hollowness at the top of the stem  
whence they shoot1 capable of containing
 a good quantity of water every time it 
rains3 ,this sinking into the pores1 as 
was before hinted1 is compell'd to      
divert its course as it passes through  
the body of the tree1 where-ever it     
encounters the knot of any of those     
branches which were cut off from the    
stem2 because their roots not only      
deeply penetrate towards the heart1 but 
are likewise of themselves very hard and
 impervious2 and the frequent obliquity 
of this course of the subsiding         
moisture1 by reason of these            
obstructions1 is1 as may be conceived1  
the cause of those curious works1 which 
we find remarkable in this1 and other   
woods1 whose branches grow thick from   
the stem3 ,but for these curious        
contextures1 consult rather the learned 
,dr4 ,grew4 ,we have shewed how by      
culture1 and stripping up1 it arrives to
 a goodly tree2 and surely there were   

some of them of large bulk1 and noble   
shades1 that ,virgil should chuse it for
 the ,court of his ,evander 7one of his 
worthiest princes1 in his best of poems7
 sitting in his maple-throne2 and when  
he brings neas into the royal cottage1  
he makes him this memorable complement2 
greater1 says great ,cowley1 than ever  
was yet spoken at the ,escurial1 the    
,louvre1 or ,white-hall4      ,this     
humble roof1 this rustique court1 said  
he1     ,receiv'd ,alcides crown'd with 
victory3     ,scorn not 7great guest7   
the steps where he has trod1     ,but   
contemn wealth1 and imitate a           
,god4#abj3a  ,the savages in ,canada1   
when the sap rises in the maple1 by an  
incision in the tree1 extract the       
liquor2 and having evaporated a         
reasonable quantity thereof 7as suppose 
#g or #h pound71 there will remain one  
pound1 as sweet and perfect sugar1 as   
that which is gotten out of the cane2   
part of which sugar has been for many   
years constantly sent to ,rouen in      

,normandy1 to be refin'd3 ,there is also
 made of this sugar an excellent syrup  
of maiden-hair and other capillary      
plants1 prevalent against the scorbut2  
though ,mr4 ,ray thinks otherwise1 by   
reason of the saccharine substance      
remaining in the decoction3 ,see        
,synops4 ,stirp4  ,tom4 ,,iii4          
,dendrolog4 de ,acere4 p4 #ic1 #id4     
,,footnotes3  #aai3a ,not invented in   
,palissy's days4  #abj3a                
44444444444 ,hc 7inquit7 limina victor  
,alcides444444444444     ,,chapter      
,,xii4  ,of the ,sycomor4   #a4 ,the    
sycomor1 or wild fig-tree1 7falsly so   
called7 is1 our album1 acer majus1 or   
broad-leav'd mas1 one of the maples1 and
 is much more in reputation for its     
shade than it deserves2 for the         
honey-dew leaves1 which fall early 7like
 those of the ash7 turn to mucilage and 
noxious insects1 and putrifie with the  
first moisture of the season2 so as they
 contaminate and mar our walks2 and are 
therefore by my consent1 to be banish'd 

from all curious gardens and avenues4   
',tis rais'd of the keys in the husk 7as
 soon as ripe7 they come up the first   
,spring2 also by roots and layers1 in   
ground moist1 not over-wet or stiff1 and
 to be govern'd as other nursery plants4
  #b4 ,there is in ,germany a better    
sort of sycomor than ours1 7nor are ours
 indigin7 wherewith they make           
saddle-trees1 and divers other things of
 use2 our own is excellent for          
trenchers1 cart1 and plow-timber1 being 
light1 tough1 and not much inferior to  
ash it self2 and if the trees be very   
tall and handsome1 are the more         
tolerable for distant walks especially  
where other better trees prosper not so 
well1 or where a sudden shade is        
expected3 ,some commend them to thicken 
copp'ces1 especially in parks1 as least 
apt to the spoil of deer1 and that it is
 good fire-wood4 ,this tree being       
wounded1 bleeds a great part of the     
year2 and the liquor emulating that of  
the birch1 which for hapning to few of  

the rest 7that is1 to bleed ,winter and 
,summer7 ,i therefore mention3 ,the sap 
is sweet and wholsome1 and in a short   
time yields sufficient quantity to brew 
with2 so as with one bushel of malt1 is 
made as good ale as four bushels with   
ordinary water1 upon ,dr4 ,tongue's     
experience1 ,transact4 vol4 ,,iv4 f4    
#iag4     ,,chapter ,,xiii4  ,of the    
,lime-,tree4   #a4 ,tilia the lime-tree1
 or linden is of two kinds2 the male    
7which some allow to be but a finer sort
 of elm7 or maple rather1 is harder1    
fuller of knots1 and of a redder colour2
 but producing neither flower1 nor seed1
 7so constantly and so mature with us7  
as does the female1 whose blossom is    
also very odoriferous1 perfuming the    
air1 the leaf larger2 the wood is       
likewise thicker1 of small pith1 and not
 obnoxious to the worm2 so as it seems  
,theophrastus de ,pl4 l4 #c4 c4 #aj4    
said true1 that though they were of both
 sexes1      1 c4 yet they totally      
differ'd as to their form4 ,we send     

commonly for this tree into ,flanders   
and ,holland1 7which indeed grow not so 
naturally wild with us7 to our excessive
 cost1 whiles our own woods do in some  
places spontaneously produce them1 and  
though of somewhat a smaller leaf1 yet  
altogether as good1 apt to be civiliz'd1
 and made more florid3 ,from thence ,i  
have received many of their berries2 so 
as it is a shameful negligence1 that we 
are no better provided of nurseries1 of 
a tree so choice1 and universally       
acceptable3 ,for so they may be rais'd  
either of the seeds in ,october1 or     
7with better success7 by the suckers and
 plants1 which are treated after the    
same method1 and in as great abundance  
as the elm1 like to which it should be  
cultivated4 ,you may know whether the   
seeds be prolific1 by searching the     
husk2 if biting1 or cutting it in sunder
 it be full and white1 and not husky1 as
 sometimes we find the foreigners3 ,be  
sure to collect your seed in dry        
weather1 airing it in an open room1 and 

reserving it in sand1 7as has been      
taught7 till mid-,february1 when you may
 sow it in pretty strong1 fresh and     
loamy mould1 kept shaded1 and moist as  
the season requires1 and clear of weeds1
 and at the period of two years1 plant  
them out1 dress'd and prun'd as         
discretion shall advise4 ,but not only  
by the suckers and layers1 at the roots1
 but even by branches lopp'd from the   
head1 may this tree be propagated2 and  
peeling off a little of the bark1 at a  
competent distance from the stem or     
arms1 and covering it with loam mingled 
with rich earth1 they will shoot their  
fibers1 and may be seasonably separated3
 ,but to facilitate this and the like   
attempts1 it is advisable to apply a    
ligature above the place1 when the sap  
is ascending1 or beneath it1 when it 7as
 they say vulgarly7 descends4 ,from     
,june to ,november you may lay them2 the
 scrubs and less erect1 do excellently  
to thicken copp'ces1 and will yield     
lusty shoots1 and useful fire-wood4  #b4

 ,the lime-tree affects a rich feeding  
loamy soil2 in such ground their growth 
will be most for speed and spreading4   
,they may be planted as big as ones leg2
 their heads topp'd at about six or     
eight foot bole2 thus it will become 7of
 all other7 the most proper1 and        
beautiful for walks1 as producing an    
upright body1 smooth and even bark1     
ample leaf1 sweet blossom1 the delight  
of bees1 and a goodly shade at distance 
of eighteen1 or twenty five foot4 ,they 
are also very patient of pruning2 but if
 it taper over much1 some of the        
collateral boughs would be spar'd1 or   
cut off1 to check the sap1 which is best
 to be done about ,midsummer2 and to    
make it grow upright1 take off the      
prepondering branches with discretion1  
and so you may correct any other tree1  
and redress its obliquity4  ,the root in
 transplanting would not be much lopp'd2
 and this 7says ,mr4 ,cook7 is a good   
lesson for all young planted trees4  #c4
 ,the ,prince ,elector did lately remove

 very great lime-trees out of one of his
 forests1 to a steep hill1 exceedingly  
expos'd to the heat of the sun1 at      
,heidelberg2 and that in the midst of   
summer3 ,they grow behind that strong   
tower on the south-west1 and most torrid
 part of the eminence2 being of a dry1  
reddish barren earth2 yet do they       
prosper rarely well3 ,but the heads were
 cut off1 and the pits into which they  
were transplanted1 were 7by the industry
 and direction of ,monsieur de ,son1 a  
,frenchman1 and admirable mechanician1  
who himself related it to me7 fill'd    
with a composition of earth and         
cow-dung1 which was exceedingly beaten1 
and so diluted with water1 as it became 
almost a liquid pap3 ,it was in this1   
that he plunged the roots1 covering the 
surface with the turf3 ,a singular      
example of removing so great trees at   
such a season1 and therefore by me taken
 notice of here expresly4 ,other        
perfections of the tree 7besides its    
unparallel'd beauty for walks7 are that 

it will grow in almost all grounds3     
,that it lasts long2 that it soon heals 
its scars2 that it affects uprightness2 
that it stoutly resists a storm2 that it
 seldom becomes hollow4  #d4 ,the timber
 of a well-grown lime is convenient for 
any use that the willow is2 but much to 
be preferr'd1 as being both stronger1   
and yet lighter2 whence ,virgil calls   
them tilias leves2 and therefore fit for
 yokes1 and to be turn'd into boxes for 
the apothecaries2 and ,columella        
commends arculas tiliaceas4 ,and because
 of its colour1 and easy working1 and   
that it is not subject to split1        
architects make with it models for their
 designed buildings2 and the carvers in 
wood1 not only for small figures1 but   
large statues and intire histories1 in  
bass1 and high relieve2 witness 7besides
 several more7 the lapidation of ,st4   
,stephen1 with the structures and       
elevations about it3 ,the trophies1     
festoons1 frutages1 encarpa1 and other  
sculptures in the frontoons1 freezes1   

capitals1 pedestals1 and other ornaments
 and decorations1 7of admirable         
invention and performance7 to be seen   
about the choir of ,st4 ,paul's and     
other churches2 royal palaces1 and noble
 houses in city and countrey4 ,all of   
them1 the works and invention of our    
,lysippus1 ,mr4 ,gibbons2 comparable1   
and for ought appears1 equal to any     
thing of the antients2 having had the   
honour 7for so ,i account it7 to be the 
first who recommended this great artist 
to his ,majesty1 ,charles the ,,ii4 ,i  
mention it on this occasion1 with much  
satisfaction4 ,with the twigs1 they made
 baskets and cradles1 and of the        
smoother side of the bark1 tablets for  
writing2 for the antient ,philyra is but
 our ,tilia2 of which ,munting affirms1 
he saw a book made of the inward bark1  
written about #ajjj years since4 ,such  
another was brought to the ,count of    
,st4 ,amant1 ,governor of ,arras1 #affb1
 for which there was given #hjjj ducats 
by the ,emperor1 and that it contain'd a

 work of ,cicero1 ,de ,ordinanda        
,republica1  ,de ,inveniendis ,orationum
 ,exordiis3 ,a piece inestimable1 never 
publish'd2 is now in the library at     
,vienna1 after it had formerly been the 
greatest rarity in that of the late     
,cardinal ,mazarine3 ,other papyraceous 
trees are mention'd by ,west-,indian    
travellers1 especially in ,hispaniola1  
,java1 c4 which not only exceed our     
largest paper for breadth and length1   
and may be written on on both sides1 but
 is comparable to our best vellum4      
,bellonius says1 that the ,grecians made
 bottles of the tilia1 which they finely
 rozin'd within-side1 so likewise for   
pumps of ships1 also lattices for       
windows3 ,shooemakers use dressers of   
the plank to cut leather on1 as not so  
hard as to turn the edges of their      
knives2 and even the coursest membrane1 
or slivers of the tree growing 'twixt   
the bark and the main body1 they now    
twist into bass-ropes2 besides1 the     
truncheons make a far better coal for   

gun-powder than that of alder it self2  
,scriblets for painters first draughts  
are also made of its coals2 and the     
extraordinary candor and lightness1 has 
dignify'd it above all the woods of our 
forest1 in the hands of the ,right      
,honourable the ,white-,stave officers  
of ,his ,majesty's ,imperial ,court4    
,those royal plantations of these trees 
in the parks of ,hampton-court1 and ,st4
 ,james's1 will sufficiently instruct   
any man how these 7and indeed all other 
trees which stand single7 are to be     
govern'd1 and defended from the injuries
 of beasts1 and sometimes more          
unreasonable creatures1 till they are   
able to protect themselves4 ,in ,holland
 7where the very high-ways are adorn'd  
with them7 they frequently clap three or
 four deal-boards 7in manner of a close 
trunk7 about them2 but it is not so     
well2 because it keeps out the air1     
which should have free access and       
intercourse to the bole1 and by no means
 be excluded from flowing freely about  

them1 or indeed any other trees2        
provided they are secur'd from cattel1  
and the violence of impetuous winds1 c4 
as ,his ,majesty's are1 without those   
close coffins1 in which the ,dutch-men  
seem rather to bury them alive3 ,in the 
mean time1 is there a more ravishing or 
delightful object1 than to behold some  
intire streets1 and whole towns planted 
with these trees1 in even lines before  
their doors1 so as they seem like cities
 in a wood8 this is extreamly fresh1 of 
admirable effect against the epilepsie1 
for which the delicately scented        
blossoms are held prevalent1 and skreen 
the houses both from winds1 sun1 and    
dust2 than which there can be nothing   
more desirable where streets are much   
frequented4 ,for thus      ,the stately 
,lime1 smooth1 gentle1 streight and     
fair1     7,with which no other ,dryad  
may compare7     ,with verdant locks1   
and fragrant blossoms deckt1     ,does a
 large1 ev'n1 odorate shade             
project4#abg3a  ,dir and curses         

therefore on those inhuman and ambitious
 tyrants1 who1 not contented with their 
own dominions1 invade their peaceful    
neighbour1 and send their legions1      
without distinction1 to destroy and     
level to the ground such venerable and  
goodly plantations1 and noble avenues1  
irreparable marks of their barbarity4   
,the distance for walks 7as we said7 may
 in rich ground1 be twenty five foot1 in
 more ordinary soil1 eighteen or twenty4
 ,for a most prodigious tree of this    
kind1 see ,chap4 #ci4 sect4 #aj4  ,the  
berries reduc'd to powder1 cure the     
dysentery and stop blood at the nose3   
,the distill'd-water is good against the
 epilepsy1 apoplexy1 vertigo1 trembling 
of the heart1 gravel2 ,schroder commends
 a mucilage of the bark for wounds1     
repellens urinam1  menses ciens1 c4 ,and
 ,i am told1 the juice of the leaves    
fixes colours4   ,,footnotes3  #abg3a   
,stat philyra2 haud omnes formosior     
altera surgit     ,inter hamadryades2   
mollissima1 candida1 lvis1     ,et      

viridante com1  beneolenti flore        
superba1     ,spargit odoratam lat1     
atque qualiter umbram4      ,couleii1 l4
 #f1 ,pl4     ,,chapter ,,xiv4  ,of the 
,poplar1 ,aspen1 and ,abele4   #a4      
,populus4 ,i begin this second class    
7according to our former distribution7  
with the poplar1 of which there are     
several kinds2 white1 black1 c4 7which  
in ,candy 'tis reported bears seed7     
besides the aspen4 ,the white 7famous   
heretofore for yielding its umbram      
hospitalem7 is the most ordinary with   
us1 to be rais'd in abundance by every  
set or slip4 ,fence the ground as far as
 any old poplar-roots extend1 they will 
furnish you with suckers innumerable1 to
 be slipp'd from their mothers1 and     
transplanted the very first year3 ,but  
if you cut down an old tree1 you shall  
need no other nursery4 ,when they are   
young1 their leaves are somewhat broader
 and rounder 7as most other trees are7  
than when they grow aged4 ,in moist and 
boggy places they will flourish         

wonderfully1 so the ground be not       
spewing2 but especially near the margins
 and banks of rivers1      ,populus in  
fluviis4444444444  and in low1 sweet1   
and fertile ground2 yea1 and in the     
dryer likewise4 ,also trunchions of     
seven or eight foot long1 thrust two    
foot into the earth1 7a hole being made 
with a sharp hard stake1 fill'd with    
water1 and then with fine earth pressed 
in1 and close about them7 when once     
rooted1 may be cut at six inches above  
ground2 and thus placed at a yard       
distant1 they will immediately furnish a
 kind of copp'ce4 ,but in case you plant
 them of rooted trees1 or smaller sets1 
fix them not so deep2 for though we bury
 the trunchions thus profound1 yet is   
the root which they strike1 commonly but
 shallow4 ,they will make prodigious    
shoots in #ae1 or #af years2 but then   
the heads must by no means be           
diminish'd1 but the lower branches may1 
yet not too far up2 the foot would also 
be cleansed every second year4 ,this for

 the white4 ,the black poplar is        
frequently pollar'd when as big as one's
 arm1 eight or nine foot from the       
ground1 as they trim them in ,italy1 for
 their vines to serpent and twist on1   
and those they poll1 or head every      
second year1 sparing the middle1        
streight1 and thrivingest shoot1 and at 
the third year cut him also4 ,there be  
yet that condemn the pruning of this    
poplar1 as hindring their growth4  #b4  
,the shade of this tree is esteemed very
 wholsome in ,summer1 but they do not   
become walks1 or avenues by reason of   
their suckers1 and that they foul the   
ground at fall of the leaf2 but they    
would be planted in barren woods1 and to
 flank places at distance1 for their    
increase1 and the glittering brightness 
of their foliage3 ,the leaves are good  
for cattel1 which must be stripp'd from 
the cut boughs before they are faggoted4
 ,this to be done in the decrease of    
,october1 and reserv'd in bundles for   
winter-fodder4 ,the wood of white poplar

 is sought of the sculptor1 and they saw
 both sorts into boards1 which1 where   
they lie dry1 continue a long time4 ,of 
this material they also made shields of 
defence in sword and buckler-days4      
,dioscorides writes1 that the bark chopt
 small1 and sow'd in rills1 well and    
richly manur'd and watered1 will produce
 a plentiful crop of mushrooms2 or warm 
water1 in which yest is dissolv'd1 cast 
upon a new-cut stump3 ,it is to be      
noted1 that those fungi1 which spring   
from the putrid stumps of this tree are 
not venenous 7as of all1 or most other  
trees they are7 being gathered after the
 first autumnal rains4 ,there is a      
poplar of a paler green1 and is the     
properest for watry ground3 ',twill grow
 of trunchions from two1 or eight foot  
long1 and bringing a good lop in a short
 time1 is by some preferr'd to willows4 
,for the setting of these1 ,mr4 ,cook   
advises the boring of the ground with a 
sort of auger1 to prevent the stripping 
of the bark from the stake in planting3 

,a foot and half deep1 or more if great1
 7for some may be #h or #i foot7 for    
pollards1 cut sloping1 and free of      
cracks at either end3 ,two or three     
inches diameter1 is a competent bigness1
 and the earth should be ramm'd close to
 them4  ,another expedient is1 by making
 drains in very moist ground1 two spade 
deep1 and three foot wide1 casting up   
the earth between the drains1 sowing it 
the first year with oats to mellow the  
ground1 the next ,winter setting it for 
copp'ce1 with these1 any1 or all the    
watry sorts of trees2 thus1 in four or  
five years1 you will have a handsome    
fell1 and so successively3 ,it is in the
 former author1 where the charge is     
exactly calculated1 to whom ,i refer the
 reader4 ,i am inform'd1 that in        
,cheshire there grow many stately and   
streight black poplars1 which they call 
peplurus1 that yield boards and planks  
of an inch and half thickness2 so fit   
for floaring of rooms1 by some preferr'd
 to oak1 for the whiteness and lasting1 

where they lie dry4  #c4 ,they have a   
poplar in ,virginia of a very peculiar  
shap'd leaf1 as if the point of it were 
cut off1 which grows very well with the 
curious amongst us to a considerable    
stature4 ,i conceive it was first       
brought over by ,john ,tradescant1 under
 the name of the tulip-tree1 7from the  
likeness of its flower7 but is not1 that
 ,i find1 taken much notice of in any of
 our herbals3 ,i wish we had more of    
them2 but they are difficult to elevate 
at first4  #d4 ,the aspen only 7which is
 that kind of libyca or white poplar1   
bearing a smaller1 and more tremulous   
leaf1 7by the ,french call'd la tremble 
or quaker7 thrusts down a more searching
 foot1 and in this likewise differs1    
that he takes it ill to have his head   
cut off3 ,pliny would have short        
trunchions couched two foot in the      
ground 7but first two days dried7 at one
 foot and half distance1 and then       
moulded over4  #e4 ,there is something a
 finer sort of white poplar1 which the  

,dutch call abele1 and we have of late  
abele much transported out of ,holland3 
,these are also best propagated of slips
 from the roots1 the least of which will
 take1 and may in ,march1 at three or   
four years growth1 be transplanted4  #f4
 ,in ,flanders 7not in ,france1 as a    
late author pretends7 they have large   
nurseries of them1 which first they     
plant at one foot distance1 the mould   
light and moist1 by no means clayie1 in 
which though they may shoot up tall1 yet
 for want of root1 they never spread2   
for1 as ,i said1 they must be interr'd  
pretty deep1 not above three inches     
above ground2 and kept clean1 by pruning
 them to the middle-shoot for the first 
two years1 and so till the third or     
fourth4 ,when you transplant1 place them
 at eight1 ten1 or twelve foot interval3
 ,they will likewise grow of layers1 and
 even of cuttings in very moist places4 
,in three years1 they will come to an   
incredible altitude2 in twelve1 be as   
big as your middle2 and in eighteen or  

twenty1 arrive to full perfection4 ,a   
specimen of this advance we have had of 
an abele-tree at ,sion1 which being     
lopp'd in ,febr4 #afea1 did by the end  
of ,october #eb1 produce branches as big
 as a man's wrist1 and #ag foot in      
length2 for which celerity we may       
recommend them to such late builders1 as
 seat their houses in naked and         
unshelter'd places1 and that would put a
 guise of antiquity upon any new        
inclosure2 since by these1 whilst a man 
is in a voyage of no long continuance1  
his house and lands may be so covered1  
as to be hardly known at his return4    
,but as they thus increase in bulk1     
their value 7as the ,italian poplar1 has
 taught us7 advances likewise2 which    
after the first seven years1 is annually
 worth twelve pence more3 ,so as the    
,dutch look upon a plantation of these  
trees1 as an ample portion for a        
daughter1 and none of the least effects 
of their good husbandry2 which truly may
 very well be allow'd1 if that          

calculation hold1 which the late        
worthy#acb3a ,knight has asserted1 7who 
began his plantation not long since     
about ,richmond17 that #cj pound being  
laid out in these plants1 would render  
at the least ten thousand pounds in     
eighteen years2 every tree affording    
thirty plants1 and every of them thirty 
more1 after each seven year's improving 
twelve pence in growth1 till they arrive
 to their acme4  #g4 ,the black poplar  
grows rarely with us2 it is a stronger  
and taller tree than the white1 the     
leaves more dark1 and not so ample4     
,divers stately ones of these1 ,i       
remember about the banks of ,po in      
,italy2 which flourishing near the old  
,eridanus 7so celebrated by the poets7  
in which the temerarious ,phaeton is    
said to have been precipitated1         
doubtless gave argument to that fiction 
of his sad sister's metamorphosis1 and  
the amber of their precious tears4 ,it  
was whiles ,i was passing down that     
river towards ,ferrara1 that ,i diverted

 my self with this story of the         
ingenious poet4 ,i am told there is a   
mountain-poplar much propagated in      
,germany about ,vienna1 and in ,bohemia1
 of which some trees have yielded planks
 of a yard in breadth2 why do we procure
 none of them8  #h4 ,the best use of the
 poplar1 and abele 7which are all of    
them hospitable trees1 for any thing    
thrives under their shades7 is for walks
 and avenues about grounds which are    
situated low1 and near the water1 till  
coming to be very old1 they are apt to  
grow knurry1 and out of proportion4 ,the
 timber is incomparable for all sorts of
 white wooden vessels1 as trays1 bowls  
and other turners ware2 and of especial 
use for the bellows-maker1 because it is
 almost of the nature of cork1 and for  
ship-pumps1 though not very solid1 yet  
very close1 and yet light2 so as it may 
be us'd for the soles1 as well as       
wooden-heels of shooes1 c4 ,vitruvius l4
 de ,materia ,cdenda1 reckons it among  
the building-timbers1 qu maxime in      

dificiis sunt idone4 ,likewise to make  
carts1 because it is exceeding light2   
for vine1 and hop-props1 and divers     
vimineous works4 ,the loppings in       
,january are for the fire2 and therefore
 such as have proper grounds1 may with  
ease1 and in short time1 store          
themselves for a considerable family1   
where fuel is dear3 but the truth is1 it
 burns untowardly1 and rather moulders  
away1 than maintains any solid heat4 ,of
 the twigs 7with the leaves on7 are made
 brooms4 ,the brya1 or catkins attract  
the bees1 as do also the leaves         
7especially of the black7 more tenacious
 of the meldews than most forest-trees1 
the oak excepted4  ,of the aspen1 our   
wood-men make hoops1 fire-wood1 and     
coals1 c4 and of the bark of young      
trees1 in some countries1 it serves for 
candle or torch-wood4  ,the juice of    
poplar leaves1 dropp'd into the ears1   
asswages the pain2 and the buds         
contus'd1 and mix'd with honey1 is a    
good collyrium for the eyes2 as the     

unguent to refrigerate and cause sleep4 
,one thing more is not to be pass'd     
over1 of the white-poplar2 that the     
seeds of misselto being put into holes  
bored in the bark of this tree1 have    
produced the plant3 ,experiment         
sufficient to determine that so long    
controverted question1 concerning       
spontaneous and quivocal generations4   
vid4 ,d4 ,raii ,p4 ,l4 ,append4 p4      
#aiah4   ,,footnotes3  #acb3a ,sir      
,richard ,weston4     ,,chapter ,,xv4   
,of the ,quick-,beam4   #a4 ,the        
quick-beam ornus1 or as the pinax more  
peculiarly1 fraxinus bubula2 others1 the
 wild sorb or 7as some term it7 the     
witchen1 is a species of wild-ash4 ,the 
,berries which it produced in ,october1 
may then be sown2 or rather the sets    
planted3 ,i have store of them in a warm
 grove of mine1 and 'tis of singular    
beauty3 ,it rises to a reasonable       
stature1 shoots upright1 and slender1   
and consists of a fine smooth bark4 ,it 
delights to be both in mountains and    

woods1 and to fix it self in good light 
grounds2 ,virgil affirms1 'twill unite  
with the pear4  #b4 ,besides the use of 
it for the husbandman's tools1 goads1 c4
 the wheelright commends it for being   
all heart2 if the tree be large1 and so 
well grown as some there are1 it will   
saw into planks1 boards and timber1     
7vide ,chap ,,xxx4 ,sect4 #aj47 and our 
fletchers commend it for bows next to   
yew2 which we ought not to pass over1   
for the glory of our once right ,english
 ancestors3 ,in a ,statute of ,,hen4 #h4
 you have it mention'd3 ,it is excellent
 fuel2 but ,i have not yet observed any 
other use1 save that the blossoms are of
 an agreeable scent1 and the berries    
such a tempting bait for the thrushes1  
that as long as they last1 you shall be 
sure of their company4 ,some highly     
commend the juice of the berries1 which 
7fermenting of it self7 if well         
preserv'd1 makes an excellent drink     
against the spleen and scurvy3 ,ale and 
beer brew'd with these berries1 being   

ripe1 is an incomparable drink1 familiar
 in ,wales1 where this tree is reputed  
so sacred1 that as there is not a       
church-yard without one of them planted 
in them 7as among us the yew7 so on a   
certain day in the year1 every body     
religiously wears a cross made of the   
wood1 and the tree is by some authors   
call'd fraxinus ,cambro-,britannica2    
reputed to be a preservative against    
fascinations and evil-spirits2 whence1  
perhaps1 we call it witchen2 the boughs 
being stuck about the house1 or the wood
 used for walking-staves4     ,,chapter 
,,xvi4  ,of the ,hasel4   #a4 ,nux      
silvestris1 or corylus1 the hasel1 is   
best rais'd from the#acf3a nuts1 7also  
by suckers and layers7 which you shall  
sow like mast1 in a pretty deep furrow  
toward the end of ,february1 or treat   
them as you are instructed in the       
walnut2 light ground may immediately be 
sown and harrow'd-in very accurately2   
but in case the mould be clay1 plow it  
earlier1 and let it be sufficiently     

mellow'd with the frosts2 and then the  
third year cut your trees near to the   
ground with a sharp bill1 the moon      
decreasing4  #b4 ,but if you would make 
a grove for pleasure1 plant them in     
fosses1 at a yard distance1 and cut them
 within half a foot of the earth1       
dressing them for three or four ,springs
 and ,autumns1 by only loosning the     
mould a little about their roots4       
,others there are1 who set the nuts by  
hand at one foot distance1 to be        
transplanted the third year1 at a yard  
asunder3 ,but this work is not to be    
taken in hand so soon as the nuts fall1 
till winter be well advanc'd2 because   
they are exceedingly obnoxious to the   
frosts2 nor will they sprout till the   
,spring2 besides1 vermin are great      
devourers of them3 ,preserve them       
therefore moist1 not mouldy2 by laying  
them in their own dry leaves1 or in     
sand1 till ,january4      ,hasels from  
sets and suckers take4#acf3b  #c4 ,from 
whence they thrive very well1 the shoots

 being of the scantlings of small wands 
and switches1 or somewhat bigger1 and   
such as have drawn divers hairy twigs1  
which are by no means to be disbranch'd1
 no more than their roots1 unless by a  
very sparing and discreet hand4 ,thus1  
your coryletum1 or copp'ce of hasels1   
being planted about ,autumn1 may 7as    
some practise it7 be cut within three or
 four inches of the ground the ,spring  
following1 which the new cyon will      
suddenly repair in clusters1 and tufts  
of fair poles of twenty1 or sometimes   
thirty foot long3 ,but ,i rather should 
spare them till two or three years      
after1 when they shall have taken strong
 hold1 and may be cut close to the very 
earth1 the improsperous and feeble ones 
especially4 ,thus are likewise filberts 
to be treated1 both of them improved    
much by transplanting1 but chiefly by   
graffing1 and it would be try'd with    
filberts1 and even with almonds         
themselves1 for more elegant            
experiments4  ,in the mean time1 ,i do  

not confound the filbert1 pontic1 or    
filbord1 distinguish'd by its beard1    
among our foresters 7or bald hasel-nuts7
 which doubtless we had from abroad2 and
 bearing the names of avelan1 avelin1 as
 ,i find in some ancient records and    
deeds in my custody1 where my ancestors 
names were written ,avelan1 alias1      
,evelin1 generally4  #d4 ,for the place1
 they above all affect cold1 barren1    
dry1 and sandy grounds2 also mountains1 
and even rocky soils produce them2 and  
where quaries of free-stone lie         
underneath1 as that at ,hasulbery in    
,wilts1 ,haseling-field in              
,cambridge-shire1 ,haselmeer in ,surrey1
 and other places2 but more plentifully1
 if the ground be somewhat moist1       
dankish and mossie1 as in the fresher   
bottoms1 and sides of hills1 hoults1 and
 in hedge-rows4 ,such as are maintain'd 
for copp'ces1 may after twelve years be 
fell'd the first time2 the next1 at     
seven or eight1 c4 for by this period1  
their roots will be compleatly vigorous4

 ,you may plant them from ,october to   
,january1 provided you keep them        
carefully weeded1 till they have taken  
fast hold2 and there is not among all   
our store1 a more profitable wood for   
copp'ces1 and therefore good husbands   
should store them with it4  #e4 ,the use
 of the hasel is for poles1 spars1      
hoops1 forks1 angling-rods1 faggots1    
cudgels1 coals1 and springs to catch    
birds2 and it makes one of the best     
coals1 once us'd for gun-powder2 being  
very fine and light1 till they found    
alder to be more fit3 ,there is no wood 
which purifies wine sooner1 than the    
chips of hasel3 ,also for with's and    
bands1 upon which1 ,i remember1 ,pliny  
thinks it a pretty speculation1 that a  
wood should be stronger to bind withal1 
being bruis'd and divided1 than when    
whole and entire3 ,the coals are us'd by
 painters1 to draw with like those of   
,sallow3 ,lastly1 for riding switches1  
and divinatory rods for the detecting   
and finding out of minerals2 7at least1 

if that tradition be no imposture7 is   
very wonderful2 by whatsoever occult    
virtue1 the forked-stick 7so cut1 and   
skilfully held7 becomes impregnated with
 those invisible steams and exhalations2
 as by its spontaneous bending from an  
horizontal posture1 to discover not only
 mines1 and subterraneous treasure1 and 
springs of water1 but criminals1 guilty 
of murther1 c4 made out so solemnly1 and
 the effects thereof1 by the attestation
 of magistrates1 and divers other       
learned and credibile persons1 7who have
 critically examined matters of fact7 is
 certainly next to miracle1 and requires
 a strong faith3 ,let the curious       
therefore consult that philosophical    
treatise of#aci3a ,dr4 ,vallemont2 which
 will at least entertain them with a    
world of surprizing things4 ,but now    
after all the most signal honour it was 
ever employ'd in1 and which might       
deservedly exalt this humble and common 
plant above all the trees of the wood1  
is that of hurdles1 7especially the     

flexible white3 the red and brittle72   
not for that it is generally used for   
the folding of our innocent sheep1 an   
emblem of the church2 but for making the
 walls of one of the first ,christian   
,oratories in the world2 and            
particularly in this island1 that       
venerable and sacred fabrick at         
,glastenbury1 founded by ,st4 ,joseph of
 ,arimathea2 which is storied to have   
been first compos'd but of a few small  
hasel-rods interwoven about certain     
stakes driven into the ground2 and walls
 of this kind1 instead of laths and     
punchions1 superinduc'd with a course   
mortar made of loam and straw1 do to    
this day inclose divers humble cottages1
 sheads and out-houses in the countrey2 
and 'tis strong and lasting for such    
purposes1 whole1 or cleft1 and ,i have  
seen ample enclosures of courts and     
gardens so secur'd4  #f4 ,there is a    
compendious expedient for the thickning 
of copp'ces which are too transparent1  
by laying of a sampler or pole of an    

hasel1 ash1 poplar1 c4 of twenty or     
thirty foot in length 7the head a little
 lopp'd7 into the ground1 giving it a   
chop near the foot1 to make it succumb2 
this fastned to the earth with a hook or
 two1 and cover'd with some fresh mould 
at a competent depth 7as gardeners lay  
their carnations7 will produce a world  
of suckers1 thicken and furnish a       
copp'ce speedily4 ,i add no more of     
filberts1 a kinder and better sort of   
hasel-nut1 of larger and longer shape   
and beard2 the kernels also cover'd with
 a fine membrane1 of which the red is   
more delicate3 ,they both are propagated
 as the hasel1 and while more domestick1
 planted either asunder1 or in palisade1
 are seldom found in the copp'ces3 ,they
 are brought among other fruit1 to the  
best tables for desert1 and are said to 
fatten1 but too much eaten1 obnoxious to
 the asthmatic4 ,in the mean time1 of   
this ,i have had experience2 that       
hasel-nuts1 but the filberd specially1  
being full ripe1 and peel'd in warm     

water1 7as they blanch almonds7 make a  
pudding very little 7if at all7 inferior
 to that our ladies make of almonds4    
,but ,i am now come to the water-side2  
let us next consider the aquatic4       
,,footnotes3  #acf3a ,de nucum          
generibus1 vide ,macrob4 ,sect4 ,l4     
,,ii4 ,c4 #ad4  #acf3b      ,plantis    
dur coryli nascuntur44444444444444444444
      ,georg4 #b4  #aci3a ,vallemont1   
,physique occult ou traite de la baguet 
divinitoire1 c4 ,but concerning the     
exploration1 and superstitious original1
 see ,sir ,thomas ,brown1 ,vulg4 ,err4  
cap4 xxiv4 sect4 #ag4 and the           
commentators upon #d4 ,hosea4 #ab4      
,,chapter ,,xvii4  ,of the ,birch4   #a4
 ,the birch betula1 in ,british bedw1   
doubtless a proper indigene of ,england1
 7whence some derive the name of        
,barkshire7 though ,pliny calls it a    
,gaulish tree is altogether produc'd of 
roots or suckers1 7though it sheds a    
kind of samera about the ,spring7 which 
being planted at four or five foot      

interval1 in small twigs1 will suddenly 
rise to trees2 provided they affect the 
ground1 which cannot well be too barren1
 or spongy2 for it will thrive both in  
the dry1 and the wet1 sand1 and stony1  
marshes1 and bogs2 the water-galls1 and 
uliginous parts of forests that hardly  
bear any grass1 do many times           
spontaneously produce it in abundance1  
whether the place be high1 or low1 and  
nothing comes amiss to it4 ,plant the   
small twigs1 or suckers having roots1   
and after the first year1 cut them      
within an inch of the surface2 this will
 cause them to sprout in strong and     
lusty tufts1 fit for copp'ce1 and       
spring-woods2 or1 by reducing them to   
one stem1 render them in a very few     
years fit for the turner4 ,for  #b4     
,though birch be of all other the worst 
of timber1 yet has it its various uses1 
as for the husbandman's ox-yoaks2 also  
for hoops1 small screws1 paniers1       
brooms1 wands1 bavin-bands1 and wythes  
for fagots2 and claims a memory for     

arrows1 bolts1 shafts1 7our old ,english
 artillery27 also for dishes1 bowls1    
ladles1 and other domestic utensils1 in 
the good old days of more simplicity1   
yet of better and truer hospitality4 ,in
 ,new-,england our ,northern ,americans 
make canoos1 boxes1 buckets1 kettles1   
dishes1 which they sow1 and joyn very   
curiously with thread made of           
cedar-roots1 and divers other domestical
 utensils1 as baskets1 baggs1 with this 
tree1 whereof they have a blacker kind2 
and out of a certain excrescence from   
the bole1 a fungus1 which being boil'd1 
beaten1 and dry'd in an oven1 makes     
excellent spunck or touch-wood1 and     
balls to play withal2 and being reduc'd 
to powder1 astringent1 is an infallible 
remedy in the hmerhoids4 ,they make also
 not only this small ware1 but even     
small-craft1 pinnaces of birch1 ribbing 
them with white cedar1 and covering them
 with large flakes of birch-bark1 sow   
them with thread of spruse-roots1 and   
pitch them1 as it seems we did even here

 in ,britain1 as well as the ,veneti1   
making use of the willow1 whereof       
,lucan1      ,when ,sicoris to his own  
banks restor'd1     ,had quit the field1
 of twigs1 and willow-board     ,they   
build small craft1 cover'd with         
bullocks-hide1     ,in which they       
reach'd the rivers farther side3     ,so
 sail the ,veneti if ,padus flow1       
,the ,britains sail on their rough ocean
 so4#adb3a  ,also for fuel3 ,in many of 
the mosses in the ,west-,riding of      
,yorkshire1 are often dug up            
birch-trees1 that burn and flame like   
firr and candle-wood2 and ,i think      
,pliny says the ,gaules extracted a sort
 of bitumen out of birch3 ,great and    
small coal1 are made by the charring of 
this wood2 7see ,book ,,iii ,chap4 #d4  
of fuel7 as of the tops and loppings1   
,mr4 ,howard's new tanne4 ,the inner    
white cuticle and silken-bark1 7which   
strips off of it self almost yearly7 was
 anciently us'd for writing-tables1 even
 before the invention of paper2 of which

 there is a birch-tree in ,canada1 whose
 bark will serve to write on1 and may be
 made into books1 and of the twigs very 
pretty baskets2 with the outward thicker
 and courser part of the common birch1  
are divers houses in ,russia1 ,poland1  
and those poor northern tracts cover'd1 
instead of slates and tyle3 ,nay1 one   
who has lately publish'd an account of  
,sweden1#adb3b says1 that the poor      
people grind the very bark of           
birch-trees1 to mingle with their       
bread-corn4 ',tis affirm'd by ,cardan1  
that some birch-roots are so very       
extravagantly vein'd1 as to represent   
the shapes and images of beasts1 birds1 
trees1 and many other pretty            
resemblances4 ,lastly1 of the whitest   
part of the old wood1 found commonly in 
doating birches1 is made the grounds of 
our effeminate farin'd gallants sweet   
powder2 and of the quite consum'd and   
rotten 7such as we find reduc'd to a    
kind of reddish earth in superannuated  
hollow-trees7 is gotten the best mould  

for the raising of divers seedlings of  
the rarest plants and flowers2 to say   
nothing here of the magisterial fasces  
for which anciently the cudgels were    
us'd by the lictor1 for lighter faults1 
as now the gentler rods by our          
tyrannical pdagogues4  #c4 ,i should    
here add the uses of the water too1 had 
,i full permission to tamper with all   
the medicinal virtues of trees3 ,but if 
the sovereign effects of the juice of   
this despicable tree supply its other   
defects 7which make some judge it       
unworthy to be brought into the         
catalogue of woods to be propagated7 ,i 
may perhaps for once1 be permitted to   
play the empiric1 and to gratifie our   
laborious wood-man with a draught of his
 own liquor2 and the rather1 because    
these kind of secrets are not yet       
sufficiently cultivated2 and ingenious  
planters would by all means be          
encourag'd to make more trials of this  
nature1 as the ,indians and other       
nations have done on their palmes2 and  

trees of several kinds1 to their great  
emolument4 ,the mystery is no more than 
this3 ,about the beginning of ,march    
7when the buds begin to be proud and    
turgid1 and before they explain into    
leaves7 with a chizel and a mallet1 cut 
a slit almost as deep as the very pith1 
under some bough or branch of a         
well-spreading birch2 cut it oblique1   
and not long-ways 7as a good chirurgion 
would make his orifice in a vein7       
inserting a small stone or chip1 to keep
 the lips of the wound a little open4   
,sir ,hugh ,plat1 7giving a general rule
 for the gathering of sap1 and tapping  
of trees7 would have it done within one 
foot of the ground1 the first rind taken
 off1 and then the white bark slit      
over-thwart1 no farther than to the body
 of the tree3 ,moreover1 that this wound
 be made only in that part of the bark  
which respects the south-west1 or       
between those quarters2 because 7says   
he7 little or no sap riseth from the    
northern1 nor indeed when the east-wind 

blows4 ,in this slit1 by the help of    
your knife to open it1 he directs that a
 leaf of the tree be inserted1 first    
fitted to the dimensions of the slit1   
from which the sap will distil in manner
 of filtration3 ,take away the leaf1 and
 the bark will close again1 a little    
earth being clapped to the slit4 ,thus  
the ,knight for any tree4 ,but we have  
already shew'd how the birch is to be   
treated3 ,fasten therefore a bottle1 or 
some such convenient vessel appendant2  
this does the effect as well as         
perforation or tapping3 ,out of this    
aperture will extil a limpid and clear  
water1 retaining an obscure smack both  
of the tast and odor of the tree2 and   
which 7as ,i am credibly inform'd7 will 
in the space of twelve or fourteen days1
 preponderate1 and out-weigh the whole  
tree it self1 body and roots2 which if  
it be constant1 and so happen likewise  
in other trees1 is not only stupendous1 
but an experiment worthy the            
consideration of our profoundest        

philosophers3 ,an ex sola aqua fiunt    
arbores8 whether water only be the      
principle of vegetables1 and            
consequently of trees3 ,i say1 ,i am    
credibly inform'd2 and therefore the    
late unhappy#add3a angry-man might have 
spar'd his animadversion3 ,for he that  
said but twenty gallons run1 does he    
know how many more might have been      
gotten out of larger apertures1 at the  
insertion of every branch1 and foot in  
the principal roots during the whole    
season8 ,but ,i conceive ,i have good   
authority for my assertion1 out of the  
author cited in the margin1 whose words 
are these3 ,si mense ,martio            
perforaveris betulam1 c4 exstillabit    
aqua limpida1 clara1  pura1 obscurum    
arboris saporem  odorem referens1 qu    
spatio #ab aut #ad dierum1 prponderabit 
arbori cum ramis  radicibus1 c4 ,his    
exceptions about the beginning of ,march
 are very insignificant2 since ,i       
undertake not punctuality of time2 and  
his own pretended experience shew'd him1

 that in hard weather it did not run    
till the expiration of the month1 or    
beginning of ,april2 and another time on
 the tenth of ,february2 and usually he 
says1 about the twenty-fourth day1 c4 at
 such uncertainty3 ,what immane         
difference then is there between the    
twenty-fourth of ,feb4 and commencement 
of ,march8 ,besides1 these anomolous    
bleedings1 7even of the same tree7      
happen early or later1 according to the 
temper of the air and weather4 ,in the  
mean time1 evident it is1 that we know  
of no tree which does more copiously    
attract1 be it that so much celebrated  
spirit of the world1 7as they call it7  
in form of water 7as some7 or a certain 
specifique liquor richly impregnated    
with this balsamical property3 ,that    
there is such a magnes in this simple   
tree1 as does manifestly draw to it self
 some occult and wonderful virtue1 is   
notorious2 nor is it conceivable1       
indeed1 the difference between the      
efficacy of that liquor which distils   

from the bole1 or parts of the tree     
nearer to the root 7where ,sir ,hugh    
would celebrate the incision7 and that  
which weeps out from the more sublime   
branches1 more impregnated with this    
astral vertue1 as not so near the root1 
which seems to attract rather a cruder1 
and more common water1 through fewer    
strainers1 and neither so pure1 and     
aerial as in those refined percolations1
 the nature of the places where these   
trees delight to grow 7for the most part
 lofty1 dry1 and barren7 consider'd4    
,but ,i refer these disquisitions to the
 learned2 especially1 as mentioned by   
that incomparable philosopher1 and my   
most noble friend1 the ,honourable ,mr4 
,boyle1 in his second part of the       
,usefulness of ,natural ,philosophy1    
,sect4 #a4 ,essay #c;d4 where he speaks 
of the manna del corpo1 or trunk-manna1 
as well as of that liquor from the      
bough2 also of the sura which the       
coco-trees afford2 and that ,polonian   
secret of the liquor of the walnut-tree 

root2 with an encouragement of more     
frequent experiments to educe saccharine
 substances upon these occasions3 ,but  
the book being publish'd so long since  
this ,discourse was first printed1 ,i   
take only here the liberty to refer the 
reader to one of the best entertainments
 in the world4  ,but now before we      
expatiate farther concerning saps2 it is
 by some controverted1 whether this     
exhaustion would not be an extreme      
detriment to the growth1 substance1 and 
other parts of trees3 ,as to the growth 
and bulk1 if what ,i have observ'd of a 
birch1 which has for very many years    
been perforated at the usual season1    
7besides the scars made in the bark7 it 
still thrives1 and is grown to a        
prodigious substance1 the species       
consider'd4 ,what it would effect in    
other trees 7the vine excepted          
unseasonably launc'd7 ,i know not3 ,but 
this calls to mind1 a tryal of ,esq2    
,brotherton1 7mentioning some           
excortications and incisions1 by what he

 observ'd in pruning17 that most 7if not
 all7 of the sap ascends by the lignous 
part of trees1 not the cortical2 nor    
between the cortical and lignous3 ,and  
that the increase of a tree's growth in 
thickness1 is by the descent of the sap1
 and not by the ascent2 so as if there  
were no descent1 the tree would increase
 very little1 if at all2 for that there 
is a perpetual circulation of the sap1  
during the whole ,summer2 and whilst it 
is in this course1 and not a descent at 
,michaelmas only1 as some hold1 but     
evaporated by the branches1 during      
,summer and ,autumn1 and at ,spring     
supplied with rains4 ,he also thinks it 
probable1 that the bodies of plants1 as 
well as those of animals1 are nourish'd 
and increas'd by a double pabulum or    
food2 as water and air both impregnated1
 mixing and coalescing by a mutual      
conversion4  ,that all plants and       
animals seem to have a two-fold kind of 
roots1 one spreading into the earth1 the
 other shooting up into the air2 which1 

as they receive and carry up their      
proper nutriments to the body of the    
plant and root1 so they carry off the   
useless dregs and recrements1 c4 ,but   
this curious note seeming fitter to have
 been plac'd in our chapter of ,pruning1
 7upon which this learned gentleman has 
given us his experience7 ,i beg pardon  
for this diverticle1 and return to my   
subject4  #d4 ,but whilst the second    
edition was under my hand1 there came to
 me divers papers upon this subject1    
experimentally made by a worthy friend  
of mine1 a learned and most industrious 
person1 which ,i had here once resolv'd 
to have publish'd1 according to the     
generous liberty granted me for so      
doing2 but understanding he was still in
 pursuit of that useful1 and curious    
secret1 ,i chang'd my resolution into an
 earnest address1 that he would         
communicate it to the world himself1    
together with those other excellent     
enquiries and observations1 which he is 
adorning for the benefit of planters1   

and such as delight themselves in those 
innocent rusticities4 ,i will only by   
way of corollary1 hint some particulars 
for satisfaction of the curious2 and    
especially that we may in some sort     
gratifie those earnest suggestions and  
queries of the late most obliging#adh3a 
publisher of the ,philosophical         
,transactions1 to whose indefatigable   
pains the learned world has been        
infinitely engag'd4 ,in compliance      
therefore to his ,queries1 ,monday1     
,octob4 #ai4 #affh4 numb4 #dj4 p4 #gig1 
#hja1 c4 these generals are submitted3  
,that in such trials as my friend       
essay'd1 he has not yet encountred with 
any sap but what is very clear and      
sweet2 especially that of the sycomor1  
which has a dulcoration as if mixed with
 sugar1 and that it runs one of the     
earliest3 ,that the maple distill'd when
 quite rescinded from the body1 and even
 whilst he yet held it in his hand3     
,that the sycomor ran at the root1 which
 some days before yielded no sap from   

his branches2 the experiment made at the
 end of ,march3 ,but the accurate       
knowledge of the nature of sap1 and its 
periodic motions and properties in      
several trees1 should be observed by    
some at entire leisure to attend it     
daily1 and almost continually1 and will 
require more than any one person's      
industry can afford3 ,for it must be    
enquir'd concerning every tree1 its age1
 soil1 situation1 c4 the variety of its 
ascending sap depending on it2 and then 
of its sap ascending in the branches and
 roots2 descending in cut branches2     
ascending from root1 and not from       
branches2 the seasons and difference of 
time in which those accidents happen1 c4
 ,he likewise thinks the best expedient 
to procure store of liquor1 is1 to cut  
the trees almost quite through all the  
circles1 on both sides the pith1 leaving
 only the outmost circle1 and the barks 
on the north1 or north-east side        
unpierced2 and this hole1 the larger it 
is bored1 the more plentifully 'twill   

distill2 which if it be under1 and      
through a large arm1 near the ground1 it
 is effected with greatest advantage1   
and will need neither stone1 nor chip to
 keep it open1 nor spigot to direct it  
to the recipient4 ,thus it will1 in a   
short time1 afford liquor sufficient to 
brew with2 and in some of these sweet   
saps1 one bushel of mault will afford as
 good ale1 as four in ordinary waters1  
even in ,march it self2 in others1 as   
good as two bushels2 for this1          
preferring the sycomor before any other3
 ,but to preserve it in best condition  
for brewing1 till you are stored with a 
sufficient quantity1 it is advis'd1 that
 what first runs1 be insolated and      
placed in the sun1 till the remainder be
 prepar'd1 to prevent its growing sour3 
,but it may also be fermented alone1 by 
such as have the secret3 ,to the curious
 these essays are recommended3 ,that it 
be immediately stopp'd up in the bottles
 in which it is gathered1 the corks well
 wax'd1 and expos'd to the sun1 till 7as

 was said7 sufficient quantity be run2  
then let so much rye-bread 7toasted very
 dry1 but not burnt7 be put into it1 as 
will serve to set it a working2 and when
 it begins to ferment1 take it out1 and 
bottle it immediately4 ,if you add a few
 cloves1 c4 to steep in it1 'twill      
certainly keep the year about3 ',tis a  
wonder how speedily it extracts the tast
 and tincture of the spice4 ,mr4 ,boyle 
proposes a sulphurous fume to the       
bottles3 ,spirit of wine may haply not  
only preserve1 but advance the virtues  
of saps2 and infusions of rasins are    
obvious1 and without decoction best1    
which does but spend the more delicate  
parts4 ,note1 that the sap of the birch1
 will make excellent mead4  #e4 ,to     
these observations1 that of the weight  
and virtue of the several juices1 would 
be both useful and curious3 ,as whether 
that which proceeds from the bark1 or   
between that and the wood be of the same
 nature with that which is suposed to   
spring from the pores of the woody      

circles8 and whether it rise in like    
quantity1 upon comparing the incisures8 
,all which may be try'd1 first          
attempting through the bark1 and saving 
that apart1 and then perforating into   
the wood1 to the thickness of the bark1 
or more2 with a like separation of what 
distills4 ,the period also of its       
current would be calculated2 as how much
 proceeds from the bark in one hour1 how
 much from the wood or body of the tree1
 and thus every hour1 with still a      
deeper incision1 with a good large      
augre1 till the tree be quite           
perforated3 ,then by making a second    
hole within the first1 fitted with a    
lesser pipe1 the interior heart-sap may 
be drawn apart1 and examin'd by weight1 
quantity1 colour1 distillation1 c4 and  
if no difference perceptible be detected
 the presumption will be greater1 that  
the difference of heart and sap in      
timber1 is not from the saps plenty or  
penury1 but the season2 and then        
possibly1 the very season of squaring1  

as well as felling of timber1 may be    
considerable to the preservation of it4 
#f4 ,the notice likewise of the saps    
rising more plentifully1 and constantly 
in the sun1 than shade2 more in the day 
than night1 more in the roots than      
branch1 more southward1 and when that1  
and the west-wind blows1 than northward1
 c4 may yield many useful observations3 
,as for planting1 to set thicker1 or    
thinner 7si ctera sint paria7 namely1   
the nature of the tree1 soil1 c4 and not
 to shade overmuch the roots of those   
stems we desire should mount1 c4 ,that  
in transplanting trees we turn the best 
and largest roots towards the south1 and
 consequently the most ample and        
spreading part of the head correspondent
 to the roots3 ,for if there be a strong
 root on that quarter1 and but a feeble 
attraction in the branches1 this may not
 always counterpoise the weak roots on  
the north-side1 damnified by the too    
puissant attraction of over large       
branches3 ,this may also suggest a cause

 why trees flourish more on the         
south-side1 and have their integument   
and coats thicker on those aspects      
annually1 with divers other useful      
speculations1 if in the mean time1 they 
seem not rather to be puntillos over    
nice for a plain forester4 ,let the     
curious further consult ,philos4        
,transactions1 numb4 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #dh1
 #eg1 #eh1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga4 for farther   
instances and tryals1 upon this subject 
of sap4 ,and that excellent treatise of 
,hen4 ,meibomius4 ,de ,cervisiis        
,potibusque2  ,ebriaminibus extra       
,vinum1 annext to ,turnebus de ,vino1 c4
 ,where he shews how1 and by whom1      
7after the first use of water and milk7 
were introduc'd the drinks made from    
vegetables1 vines1 corn1 and other      
fruits and juices tapp'd out of trees1  
c4  #g4 ,to shew our reader yet1 that   
these are no novel experiments1 we are  
to know1 that a large tract of the      
world1 almost altogether subsists on    
these treen liquors2 especially that of 

the date1 which being grown to about    
seven or eight foot in height1 they     
wound1 as we have taught1 for the sap1  
which they call toddy1 a very famous    
drink in the ,east-,indies4 ,this tree  
increasing every year about a foot1 near
 the opposite part of the first         
incisure1 they pierce again1 changing   
the receiver2 and so still by opposite  
wounds and notches1 they yearly draw    
forth the liquor1 till it arrive to near
 thirty foot upward1 and of these they  
have ample groves and plantations which 
they set at seven or eight foot         
distance3 ,but then they use to         
percolate what they extract1 through a  
stratum made of the rind of the tree1   
well contus'd and beaten1 before which  
preparation1 it is not safe to drink it2
 and 'tis observed that some trees      
afford a much more generous wine than   
others of the same kind4 ,in the coco   
and palmeto trees1 they chop a bough1 as
 we do the btula2 but in the date1 make 
the incision with a chisel in the body  

very neatly1 in which they stick a leaf 
of the tree1 as a lingula to direct it  
into the appendant vessel1 which the    
subjoin'd figure represents1 and        
illustrates with its improvement to our 
former discourse4  ,note1 if there be no
 fitting arms1 the hole thus obliquely  
perforated1 and a faucet or pipe made of
 a swan's or goose's quill inserted1    
will lead the sap into the recipient2   
and this is a very neat way1 and as     
effectual3 ,i would also have it try'd1 
whether the very top twigs1 grasped in  
the hand together1 a little cropt with a
 knife1 and put into the mouth of a     
bottle1 would not instil1 if not as     
much1 yet a more refined liquor1 as some
 pretend4  #h4 ,the liquor of the birch 
is esteemed to have all the virtues of  
the spirit of salt1 without the danger  
of its acrimony2 most powerful for the  
dissolving of the stone in the bladder1 
bloody water and strangury3 ,helmont    
shews how to make a beer of the water2  
but the wine is a most rich cordial1    

curing 7as ,i am told7 consumptions1 and
 such interior diseases as accompany the
 stone in the bladder or reins#aeb3a3   
,the juice decocted with honey and wine1
 ,dr4 ,needham affirms he has often     
cur'd the scorbut with4 ,this wine1     
exquisitely made1 is so strong1 that the
 common sort of stone-bottles cannot    
preserve the spirits1 so subtile they   
are and volatile2 and yet it is gentle1 
and very harmless in operation within   
the body1 and exceedingly sharpens the  
appetite1 being drunk ante pastum3 ,i   
will present you a receipt1 as it was   
sent me by a fair lady1 and have often1 
and still use it4  ,illustration3 7a4   
b47 ,the ,body of the ,tree 7g47 boar'd 
at that part of the ,arm 7f47 join'd to 
the ,stem1 with an ,augre of an ,inch or
 more diameter1 according to the bigness
 of the ,tree4 7c47 ,a part of the      
,bark1 or if you will1 a ,faucet of     
,quill bent down into the ,mouth of the 
,bottle 7e47 to conduct the ,liqour into
 it4 7d47 ,the ,string about the ,arm   

7f47 by which the ,bottle hangs4  #i4   
,to every gallon of birch-water put a   
quart of honey1 well stirr'd together2  
then boil it almost an hour with a few  
cloves1 and a little limon-peel1 keeping
 it well scumm'd3 ,when it is           
sufficiently boil'd1 and become cold1   
add to it three or four spoonfuls of    
good ale to make it work 7which it will 
do like new ale7 and when the yest      
begins to settle1 bottle it up as you do
 other winy liquors4 ,it will in a      
competent time become a most brisk and  
spiritous drink1 which 7besides the     
former virtues7 is a very powerful      
opener1 and doing wonders for cure of   
the phthysick3 ,this wine may 7if you   
please7 be made as successfully with    
sugar1 instead of honey #a lb4 to each  
gallon of water2 or you may dulcifie it 
with raisins1 and compose a raisin-wine 
of it4 ,i know not whether the quantity 
of the sweet ingredients might not be   
somewhat reduc'd1 and the operation     
improv'd3 ,but ,i give it as receiv'd4  

,the author of the ,vinetum ,brit4 boils
 it but to a quarter or half an hour1   
then setting it a cooling1 adds a very  
little yest to ferment and purge it2 and
 so barrels it with a small proportion  
of cinamon and mace bruis'd1 about half 
an ounce of both to ten gallons1 close  
stopp'd1 and to be bottled a month      
after4 ,care must be taken to set the   
bottles in a very cool place1 to        
preserve them from flying2 and the wine 
is rather for present drinking1 than of 
long duration1 unless the refrigeratorie
 be extraordinarily cold4 ,the very     
smell of the first springing leaves of  
this tree1 wonderfully recreates and    
exhilerates the spirits4  #aj4 ,but     
besides these1 beech1 alder1 ash1       
sycomor1 elder1 c4 would be attempted   
for liquors3 ,thus crabs1 and even our  
very brambles may possibly yield us     
medical and useful wines4 ,the poplar   
was heretofore esteem'd more physical   
than the betula4 ,the sap of the oak1   
juice1 or decoction of the inner bark1  

cures the fashions1 or farcy1 a virulent
 and dangerous infirmity in horses1 and 
which 7like cancers7 were reputed       
incurable by any other topic1 than some 
actual1 or potential cautery3 ,but1 what
 is more noble1 a dear friend of mine   
assur'd me1 that a countrey neighbour of
 his 7at least fourscore years of age7  
who had lain sick of a bloody strangury 
7which by cruel torments reduc'd him to 
the very article of death7 was1 under   
,god1 recover'd to perfect1 and almost  
miraculous health and strength 7so as to
 be able to fall stoutly to his labour7 
by one sole draught of beer1 wherein was
 the decoction of the internal bark of  
the oak-tree2 and ,i have seen a        
composition of an admirable sudorific1  
and diuretic for all affections of the  
liver1 out of the like of the elm1 which
 might yet be drunk daily1 as our coffee
 is1 and with no less delight3 ,but     
quacking is not my trade2 ,i speak only 
here as a plain husband-man1 and a      
simple forester1 out of the limits      

whereof1 ,i hope ,i have not            
unpardonably transgressed3 ,pan was a   
physician1 and he 7you know7 was        
president of the woods4 ,but ,i proceed 
to the alder4   ,,footnotes3  #adb3a    
,primum cana salix madefacto vimine1    
parvam     ,texitur in puppim1 csoque   
induta juvenco1     ,vectoris patiens1  
tumidum super emicat amnem4     ,sic    
,venetus stagnante ,pado1 fusoque       
,britannus     ,navigat oceano4444444   
#adb3b ,see ,philos4 ,transact4 ,vol4   
#i4 num4 #aje4 p4 #ic4  #add3a ,dr4     
,stubb4 ,see the tractate intitled1     
,aditus novus ad occultas sympathi      
antipathi causas inveniendas1 per       
principia philosophi naturalis1         
fermentorum artificios anatomi hausta1  
patefactas1  ,silvestro ,rattray1 ,m4,d4
 ,glasquensi1 #afeh4 p4 #ee4  #adh3a    
,mr4 ,oldenburg4  #aeb3a ,de ,lithiasi1 
c4 #h4 n4 #bd1 #be1 c4     ,,chapter    
,,xviii4  ,of the ,alder4   #a4 ,alnus1 
the alder1 7both conifera and jlifera7  
is of all other the most faithful lover 

of watery and boggy places1 and those   
most despis'd weeping parts1 or         
water-galls of forests2 4444444444444   
crassisque paludibus alni2 for in better
 and dryer ground they attract the      
moisture from it1 and injure it4 ,they  
are propagated of trunchions1 and will  
come of seeds 7for so they raise them in
 ,flanders1 and make wonderful profit of
 the plantations7 like the poplar2 or of
 roots1 7which ,i prefer7 the trunchions
 being set as big as the small of ones  
leg1 and in length about two foot2      
whereof one would be plunged in the mud4
 ,this profound fixing of aquatick-trees
 being to preserve them steddy1 and from
 the concussions of the winds1 and      
violence of waters1 in their liquid and 
slippery foundations4 ,they may be      
placed at four or five foot distance1   
and when they have struck root1 you may 
cut them1 which will cause them to      
spring in clumps1 and to shoot out into 
many useful poles4 ,but if you plant    
smaller sets1 cut them not till they are

 arriv'd to some competent bigness1 and 
that in a proper season3 ,which is1 for 
all the aquaticks and soft woods1 not   
till ,winter be well advanc'd1 in regard
 of their pithy substance4 ,therefore1  
such as you shall have occasion to make 
use of before that period1 ought to be  
well grown1 and fell'd with the         
earliest1 and in the first quarter of   
the increasing moon1 that so the        
successive shoot receive no prejudice3  
,some1 before they fell1 disbark their  
alders1 and other trees2 of which see   
,cap4 ,,iii4 ,book ,,iii4 ,but there is 
yet another way of planting alders after
 the ,jersey manner1 and as ,i receiv'd 
it from a most ingenious gentleman of   
that country1 which is1 by taking       
trunchions of two or three foot long1 at
 the beginning of ,winter1 and to bind  
them in faggots1 and place the ends of  
them in water 'till towards the ,spring1
 by which season they will have         
contracted a swelling spire1 or knurr   
about that part1 which being set1 does  

7like the gennet-moil apple-tree7 never 
fail of growing and striking root4      
,there is a black sort more affected to 
woods1 and drier grounds2 and bears a   
black berry1 not so frequently found2   
yet growing somewhere about ,hampsted1  
as the learned ,dr4 ,tan4 ,robinson     
observes4  #b4 ,there are a sort of     
husbands who take excessive pains in    
stubbing up their alders1 where-ever    
they meet them in the boggie places of  
their grounds1 with the same indignation
 as one would extirpate the most        
pernicious of weeds2 and when they have 
finished1 know not how to convert their 
best lands to more profit than this     
7seeming despicable7 plant might lead   
them to1 were it rightly understood4    
,besides1 the shadow of this tree1 does 
feed and nourish the very grass which   
grows under it2 and being set1 and well 
plashed1 is an excellent defence to the 
banks of rivers2 so as ,i wonder it is  
not more practis'd about the ,thames1 to
 fortifie1 and prevent the mouldring of 

the walls1 and the violent weather they 
are exposed to4  #c4 ,you may cut       
aquatic-trees every third or fourth     
year1 and some more frequently1 as ,i   
shall shew you hereafter4 ,they should  
also be abated within half a foot of the
 principal head1 to prevent the         
perishing of the main stock2 and        
besides1 to accelerate their sprouting4 
,in setting the trunchions1 it were not 
amiss to prepare them a little after    
they are fitted to the size1 by laying  
them a while in water2 this is also     
practicable in willows1 c4  #d4 ,of old 
they made boats of the greater parts of 
this tree1 and excepting ,noah's ark1   
the first vessels we read of1 were made 
of this material4      ,when hollow     
alders first the waters try'd1#aeg3a    
,and down the rapid ,poe light alders   
glide4#aeg3b  ,and as then1 so now1 are 
over-grown alders frequently sought     
after1 for such buildings as lie        
continually under water1 where it will  
harden like a very stone2 whereas being 

kept in any unconstant temper1 it rots  
immediately1 because its natural        
humidity is of so near affinity with its
 adventitious1 as ,scaliger assigns the 
cause4 ,vitruvius tells us1 that the    
morasses about ,ravenna in ,italy1 were 
pil'd with this timber1 to superstruct  
upon1 and highly commends it4 ,i find   
also they us'd it under that famous     
,bridge at ,venice1 the ,rialto1 which  
passes over the ,gran-,canal1 bearing a 
vast weight4 ,jos4 ,bauhimus pretends1  
that in tract of time1 it turns to      
stone2 which perhaps it may seem to be  
7as well as other aquatick7 where it    
meets with some lapidescant quality in  
the earth and water4  #e4 ,the poles of 
alder are as useful as those of willows2
 but the coals far exceed them1         
especially for gun-powder3 ,the wood is 
likewise useful for piles1 pumps1       
hop-poles1 water-pipes1 troughs1 sluces1
 small trays1 and trenchers1            
wooden-heels2 the bark is precious to   
dyers1 and some tanners1 and            

leather-dressers make use of it2 and    
with it1 and the fruits 7instead of     
galls7 they compose an ink4 ,the fresh  
leaves alone applied to the naked soal  
of the foot1 infinitely refresh the     
surbated traveller4 ,the bark macerated 
in water1 with a little rust of iron1   
makes a black dye1 which may also be    
us'd for ink3 ,the interior rind of the 
black alder purges all hydropic1 and    
serous humours2 but it must be dry'd in 
the shade1 and not us'd green1 and the  
decoction suffer'd to settle two or     
three days1 before it be drunk4  ,being 
beaten with vinegar1 it heals the itch  
certainly3 ,as to other uses the        
swelling bunches1 which are now and then
 found in the old trees1 afford the     
inlayer pieces curiously chambletted1   
and very hard1 c4 but the faggots better
 for the fire1 than for the draining of 
grounds by placing them 7as the guise   
is7 in the trenches2 which old rubbish  
of flints1 stones1 and the like gross   
materials1 does infinitely exceed1      

because it is for ever1 preserves the   
drains hollow1 and being a little       
moulded over1 will produce good grass1  
without any detriment to the ground2 but
 this is a secret1 not yet well         
understood1 and would merit an express  
paragraph1 were it here seasonable1     
44444 jam nos inter opacas     ,musa    
vocat salices4444444   ,,footnotes3     
#aeg3a      ,tunc alnos primum fluvii   
sensre cavatas4      ,georg4 #a4  #aeg3b
      ,nec non  torrentem undam levis   
innatat alnus     ,missa ,pado          
444444444444      #b4     ,,chapter     
,,xix4  ,of the ,withy1 ,sallow1 ,ozier1
 and ,willow4   #a4 ,salix3 ,since ,cato
 has attributed the third place to the  
salictum1 preferring it even next to the
 very ortyard2 and 7what one would      
wonder at7 before even the olive1       
meadow1 or corn-field it self 7for      
salictum tertio loco1 nempe post vineam1
 c47 and that we find it so easily      
rais'd1 of so great1 and universal use1 
,i have thought good to be the more     

particular in my discourse upon it2     
especially1 since so much of that which 
,i shall publish concerning them1 is    
derived from the long experience of a   
most learned and ingenious person1 from 
whom ,i acknowledge to have received    
many of these hints4 ,not to perplex the
 reader with the various names1 ,greek1 
,gallic1 ,sabin1 ,amerine1 ,vitex1 c4   
better distinguish'd by their growth and
 bark2 and by ,latin authors all        
comprehended under that of salices2 our 
,english books reckon them promiscuously
 thus2 the common-white willow1 the     
black1 and the hard-black1 the rose of  
,cambridge1 the black-withy1 the        
round-long sallow2 the longest sallow1  
the crack-willow1 the round-ear'd       
shining willow1 the lesser broad-leav'd 
willow1 silver sallow1 upright          
broad-willow1 repent broad-leav'd1 the  
red-stone1 the lesser willow1 the       
strait-dwarf1 the long-leav'd yellow    
sallow1 the creeper1 the black-low      
willow1 the willow-bay1 and the ozier4  

,i begin with the withy4  #b4 ,the withy
 is a reasonable large tree1 7for some  
have been found ten foot about7 is fit  
to be planted on high banks1 and        
ditch-sides within reach of water and   
the weeping sides of hills2 because they
 extend their roots deeper than either  
sallows or willows4 ,for this reason you
 shall plant them at ten1 or twenty foot
 distance2 and though they grow the     
slowest of all the twiggie trees1 yet do
 they recompence it with the larger     
crop2 the wood being tough1 and the     
twigs fit to bind strongly2 the very    
peelings of the branches being useful to
 bind arbor-poling1 and in              
topiary-works1 vine-yards1              
espalier-fruit1 and the like3 ,and we   
are told of some that grow twisted into 
ropes of #abj paces1 serving instead of 
cables4 ,there are two principal sorts  
of these withies1 the hoary1 and the    
red-withy1 7which is the ,greek7        
toughest1 and fittest to bind1 whilst   
the twigs are flexible and tender4  #c4 

,sallows grow much faster1 if they are  
planted within reach of water1 or in a  
very moorish ground1 or flat plain2 and 
where the soil is 7by reason of         
extraordinary moisture7 unfit for       
arable1 or meadow2 for in these cases1  
it is an extraordinary improvement3 ,in 
a word1 where birch and alder will      
thrive4 ,before you plant them1 it is   
found best to turn the ground with a    
spade2 especially1 if you design them   
for a flat4 ,we have three sorts of     
sallows amongst us1 7which is one more  
than the ancients challeng'd1 who name  
only the black and white1 which was     
their nitellina7 the vulgar round       
leav'd1 which proves best in dryer      
banks1 and the hopping-sallows1 which   
require a moister soil1 growing with    
incredible celerity3 ,and a third kind1 
of a different colour from the other    
two1 having the twigs reddish1 the leaf 
not so long1 and of a more dusky green2 
more brittle whilst it is growing in    
twigs1 and more tough when arriv'd to a 

competent size3 ,all of them useful for 
the thatcher4  #d4 ,of these1 the       
hopping-sallows are in greatest esteem1 
being of a clearer terse grain1 and     
requiring a more succulent soil2 best   
planted a foot deep1 and a foot and half
 above ground 7though some will allow   
but a foot7 for then every branch will  
prove excellent for future setlings4    
,after three years growth 7being cropped
 the second and third7 the first years  
increase will be 'twixt eight and twelve
 foot long generally2 the third years   
growth1 strong enough to make rakes and 
pike-staves2 and the fourth for ,mr4    
,blithe's trenching plow1 and other like
 utensils of the husbandman4  #e4 ,if ye
 plant them at full height 7as some do  
at four years growth1 setting them five 
or six foot length1 to avoid the biting 
of cattel7 they will be less useful for 
streight staves1 and for setlings1 and  
make less speed in their growth2 yet    
this also is a considerable improvement4
  #f4 ,these would require to be planted

 at least five foot distance1 7some set 
them as much more7 and in the quincunx  
order3 ,if they affect the soil1 the    
leaf will come large1 half as broad as a
 man's hand1 and of a more vivid green1 
always larger the first year1 than      
afterwards3 ,some plant them sloping1   
and cross-wise like a hedge1 but this   
impedes their wonderful growth2 and     
7though ,pliny seems to commend it1     
teaching us how to excorticate some     
places of each set1 for the sooner      
production of shoots7 it is but a       
deceitful fence1 neither fit to keep out
 swine nor sheep2 and being set too     
near1 inclining to one another1 they    
soon destroy each other4  #g4 ,the worst
 sallows may be planted so near yet1 as 
to be instead of stakes in a hedge1 and 
then their tops will supply their       
dwarfishness2 and to prevent            
hedge-breakers1 many do thus plant them2
 because they cannot easily be pull'd   
up1 after once they have struck root4   
#h4 ,if some be permitted to wear their 

tops five or six years1 their palms will
 be very ample1 and yield the first and 
most plentiful relief to bees1 even     
before our abricots blossom4 ,the       
hopping-sallows open1 and yield their   
palms before other sallows1 and when    
they are blown 7which is about the exit 
of ,may1 or sometimes ,june7 the palms  
7or  frugiperd1 as ,homer terms them for
 their extream levity7 are four inches  
long1 and full of a fine lanuginous     
cotton4 ,of this sort1 there is a salix 
near ,dorking in ,surrey1 in which the  
julus bears a thick cottonous substance4
 ,a poor body might in an hour's space1 
gather a pound or two of it1 which      
resembling the finest silk1 might       
doubtless be converted to some          
profitable use1 by an ingenious         
house-wife1 if gather'd in calm         
evenings1 before the wind1 rain and dew 
impair them2 ,i am of opinion1 if it    
were dry'd with care1 it might be fit   
for cushions1 and pillows of chastity1  
for such of old was the reputation of   

the shade of those trees4  #i4 ,of these
 hopping sallows1 after three years     
rooting1 each plant will yield about a  
score of staves1 of full eight foot in  
length1 and so following1 for use1 as we
 noted above3 ,compute then how many    
fair pike-staves1 perches1 and other    
useful materials1 that will amount to in
 an acre1 if planted at five foot       
interval3 ,but a fat and moist soil1    
requires indeed more space1 than a lean 
or dryer2 namely1 six or eight foot     
distance4  #aj4 ,you may plant setlings 
of the very first years growth2 but the 
second year they are better1 and the    
third year1 better than the second2 and 
the fourth1 as good as the third2       
especially1 if they approach the water4 
,a bank at a foot distance from the     
water1 is kinder for them than a bog1 or
 to be altogether immers'd in the water4
  #aa4 ',tis good to new-mould them     
about the roots every second1 or third  
year2 but men seldom take the pains4 ,it
 seems that sallows are more hardy1 than

 even willows and oziers1 of which      
,columella takes as much care as of     
vines themselves4 ,but 'tis cheaper to  
supply the vacuity of such accidental   
decays1 by a new plantation1 than to be 
at the charge of digging about them     
three times a year1 as that author      
advises2 seeing some of them will decay1
 whatever care be used4  #ab4 ,sallows  
may also be propagated like vines1 by   
courbing1 and bowing them in arches1 and
 covering some of their parts with      
mould1 c4 ,also by cuttings and layers1 
and some years by the seeds likewise4   
#ac4 ,for setlings1 those are to be     
preferr'd which grow nearest to the     
stock1 and so 7consequently7 those      
worst1 which most approach the top4     
,they should be planted in the first    
fair and pleasant weather in ,february1 
before they begin to bud2 we about      
,london begin at the latter end of      
,december4 ,they may be cut in ,spring  
for fuel1 but best in ,autumn for use2  
but in this work 7as of poplar7 leave a 

twig or two2 which being twisted        
archwise1 will produce plentiful        
sprouts1 and suddenly furnish a head4   
#ad4 ,if in our copp'ces one in four    
were a sallow set1 amongst the rest of  
varieties1 the profit would recompence  
the care2 therefore where in woods you  
grub up trees1 thrust in trunchions of  
sallows1 or some aquatic kind4 ,in a    
word1 an acre or two furnish'd with this
 tree1 would prove of great benefit to  
the planter4  #ae4 ,the swift growing   
sallow is not so tough and hardy for    
some uses as the slower1 which makes    
stocks for gard'ners spades2 but the    
other are proper for rakes1 pikes1 mops1
 c4 ,sallow-coal is the soonest         
consum'd2 but of all others1 the most   
easie and accommodate for painters      
scribbets1 to design their work1 and    
first sketches on paper with1 c4 as     
being fine1 and apt to slit into        
pencils4  #af4 ,to conclude1 there is a 
way of graffing a sallow-trunchion2 take
 it of two foot and half long1 as big as

 your wrist2 graff at both ends a fig1  
and mulberry-cyon of a foot long1 and   
so1 without claying1 set the stock so   
far into the ground1 as the plant may be
 three or four inches above the earth3  
,this 7some affirm7 will thrive         
exceedingly the first year1 and in      
three1 be fit to transplant4 ,the season
 for this curiosity is ,february4 ,of   
the sallow 7as of the lime-tree7 is made
 the shooe-maker's carving or           
cutting-board1 as best to preserve the  
edge of their knives1 for its equal     
softness every way4  #ag4 ,oziers1 or   
the aquatick and lesser salix1 are of   
innumerable kinds1 commonly             
distinguish'd from sallows1 as sallows  
are from withies2 being so much smaller 
than the sallow1 and shorter liv'd1 and 
requiring more constant moisture1 yet   
would be planted in rather a dryish     
ground1 than over moist and spewing1    
which we frequently cut trenches to     
avert4 ,it likewise yields more limber  
and flexible twigs for baskets1         

flaskets1 hampers1 cages1 lattices1     
cradles1 the bodies of coaches and      
wagons1 for which 'tis of excellent use1
 light1 durable1 and neat1 as it may be 
wrought and cover'd3 for chairs1        
hurdles1 stays1 bands1 the stronger for 
being contus'd and wreathed1 c4 likewise
 for fish wairs1 and to support the     
banks of impetuous rivers3 ,in fine1 for
 all wicker and twiggy works3           
,viminibus salices4444444444444  #ah4   
,but these sort of oziers would be cut  
in the new shoot3 ,for if they stand    
longer1 they become more inflexible2 cut
 them close to the head 7a foot1 or so  
above earth7 about the beginning of     
,october2 unless you will attend till   
the cold be past1 which is better2 and  
yet we about ,london1 cut them in the   
most piercing seasons1 and plant them   
also till ,candlemas1 which those who do
 not observe1 we judge ill husbands1 as 
,i learn from a very experienc'd        
basket-maker2 and in the decrease1 for  
the benefit of the workman1 though not  

altogether for that of the stock1 and   
succeeding shoot3 ,when they are cut1   
make them up into bundles1 and give them
 shelter2 but such as are for white-work
 7as they call it7 being thus faggotted1
 and made up in bolts1 as the term is1  
severing each sort by themselves1 should
 be set in water1 the ends dipped2 and  
indeed all peel'd wares of the viminious
 kind1 are not otherwise preserved from 
the worm2 but for black and unpeel'd1   
shelter'd under covert only1 or in some 
vault or cellar1 to keep them fresh1    
sprinkling them now and then in         
excessive hot weather3 ,the peelings of 
the former1 are for the use of the      
gard'ner and cooper1 or rather the      
splicings4  #ai4 ,we have in ,england   
these three vulgar sorts2 one of little 
worth1 being brittle1 and very much     
resembling the fore-mentioned sallow1   
with reddish twigs1 and more greenish   
and rounder leaves3 ,another kind there 
is1 call'd perch1 of limber and green   
twigs having a very slender leaf2 the   

third sort is totally like the second1  
only the twigs are not altogether so    
green1 but yellowish1 and near the      
popinjay3 ,this is the very best for    
use1 tough and hardy4 ,but the most     
usual names by which basket-makers call 
them about ,london1 and which are all of
 different species 7therefore to be     
planted separately7 are1 the            
hard-gelster1 the horse-gelster1 whyning
 or shrivell'd-gelster1 the             
black-gelster1 in which ,suffolk        
abounds4 ,then follow the golstones1 the
 hard and the soft golstone1 7brittle1  
and worst of all the golstones7 the     
sharp and slender top'd yellow-golstone2
 the fine-golstone3 ,then is there the  
yellow ozier1 the green ozier1 the      
snake1 or speckled ozier1 swallow-tayl1 
and the ,spaniard3 ,to these we may add 
7amongst the number of oziers1 for they 
are both govern'd and us'd alike7 the   
,flanders-willow1 which will arrive to  
be a large tree1 as big as one's middle1
 the oftner cut1 the better3 ,with these

 our coopers1 tie their hoops to keep   
them bent4 ,lastly1 the white-sallow2   
which being of a year or two growth1 is 
us'd for green-work2 and if of the      
toughest sort1 to make                  
quarter-can-hoops1 of which our seamen  
provide great quantities1 c4  #bj4      
,these choicer sorts of oziers1 which   
are ever the smallest1 also the         
golden-yellow1 and white1 which is      
preferr'd for propagation1 and to breed 
of1 should be planted of slips of two or
 three years growth1 a foot deep1 and   
half a yard length1 in moorish grounds1 
or banks1 or else in furrows2 so that   
7as some direct7 the roots may          
frequently reach the water2 for         
fluminibus salices4444444444 though we  
commonly find it rots them1 and         
therefore never chuse to set them so    
deep as to scent it1 and at three or    
four foot distance4  #ba4 ,the season   
for planting is ,january1 and all       
,february1 though some not till         
,mid-,february1 at two foot square2 but 

cattle being excessively liquorish of   
their leaves and tender buds1 some talk 
of a graffing them out of reach upon    
sallows1 and by this1 to advance their  
sprouting2 but as the work would consume
 time1 so have ,i never seen it succeed4
  #bb4 ,some do also plant oziers in    
their eights1 like quick-sets1 thick1   
and 7near the water7 keep them not more 
than half a foot above ground2 but then 
they must be diligently cleansed from   
moss1 slab1 and ouze1 and frequently    
prun'd 7especially the smaller spires7  
to form single shoots2 at least1 that   
few1 or none grow double2 these they    
head every second year about ,september1
 the autumnal cuttings being best for   
use3 ,but generally  #bc4 ,you may cut  
withies1 sallows and willows1 at any    
mild and gentle season1 between leaf and
 leaf1 even in ,winter2 but the most    
congruous time both to plant and to cut 
them1 is crescente luna vere1 circa     
calendas ,martias2 that is1 about the   
new moon1 and first open weather of the 

early ,spring4  #bd4 ,it is in ,france1 
upon the ,loire1 where these eights 7as 
we term them7 and plantations of oziers 
and withies are perfectly understood2   
and both there1 and in divers other     
countries beyond seas1 they raise them  
of seeds contain'd in their juli1 or    
catkins1 which they sow in furrows1 or  
shallow trenches1 and it springs up like
 corn in the blade1 and comes to be so  
tender and delicate1 that they          
frequently mow them with a scyth3 ,this 
we have attempted in ,england too1 even 
in the place where ,i live1 but the     
obstinate and unmerciful weed did so    
confound them1 that it was impossible to
 keep them clean with any ordinary      
industry1 and so they were given over3  
,it seems either weeds grow not so fast 
in other countries1 or that the people  
7which ,i rather think7 are more patient
 and laborious4  ,note1 that these juli1
 are not all of them seed-bearers1 some 
are sterile1 and whatever you raise of  
them1 will never come to bear2 and      

therefore by some they are called the   
male sort1 as ,mr4 ,ray 7that learned   
botanist7 has observed4 ,the ozier is of
 that emolument1 that in some places ,i 
have heard twenty pounds has been given 
for one acre2 ten is in this part an    
usual price2 and doubtless1 it is far   
preferable to the best corn-land2 not   
only for that it needs but once         
planting1 but because it yields a       
constant crop and revenue to the world's
 end2 and is therefore in esteem of     
knowing persons1 valu'd in purchase     
accordingly2 consider'd likewise how    
easily 'tis renew'd when a plant now and
 then fails1 by but pricking in a twig  
of the next at hand1 when you visit to  
cut them3 ,we have in the parish near   
,greenwich1 where ,i lately dwelt1      
improv'd land from less than one pound1 
to near ten pounds the acre3 ,and when  
we shall reflect upon the infinite      
quantities of them we yearly bring out  
of ,france and ,flanders1 to supply the 
extraordinary expence of basket-work1 c4

 for the fruiterers1 lime-burners1      
gardeners1 coopers1 packers-up of all   
sorts of ware1 and for general carriage1
 which seldom last above a journey or   
two1 ,i greatly admire gentlemen do no  
more think of employing their moist     
grounds 7especially1 where tides near   
fresh rivers are reciprocal7 in planting
 and propagating oziers4 ,to omit       
nothing of the culture of this useful   
ozier1 ,pliny would have the place to be
 prepared by trenching it a foot and    
half deep1 and in that1 to fix the sets1
 or cuttings of the same length at six  
foot interval4 ,these 7if the sets be   
large7 will come immediately to be      
trees2 which after the first three      
years1 are to be abated within two foot 
of the ground4 ,then in ,april he       
advises to dig about them3 ,some raise  
them abundantly1 by laying poles of them
 in a boggy earth only3 ,of these they  
formerly made vine-props1 juga1 as      
,pliny calls them1 for archwise bending 
and yoaking1 as it were1 the branches to

 one another2 and one acre hath been    
known to yield props sufficient to serve
 a vine-yard of #be acres4  #be4 ,john  
,tradescant brought a small ozier from  
,s4 ,omers in ,flanders1 which makes    
incomparable net-works1 not much        
inferior to the ,indian twig1 or        
bent-works which we have seen2 but if we
 had them in greater abundance1 we      
should haply want the artificers who    
could employ them1 and the dexterity to 
vernish so neatly4  #bf4 ,our common    
salix1 or willow1 is of two kinds1 the  
white and the black3 ,the white is also 
of two sorts1 the one of a yellowish1   
the other of a browner bark3 ,the black 
willow is planted of stakes1 of three   
years growth1 taken from the head of an 
old tree1 before it begins to sprout3   
,set them of six foot high1 and ten     
distant2 as directed for the poplar4    
,those woody sorts of willow1 delight in
 meads and ditch-sides1 rather dry1 than
 over-wet 7for they love not to wet     
their feet1 and last the longer7 yet the

 black sort1 and the reddish1 do        
sometimes well in more boggy grounds1   
and would be planted of stakes as big as
 one's leg1 cut as the other1 at the    
length of five or six foot or more into 
the earth2 the hole made with an        
oaken-stake and beetle1 or with an iron 
crow 7some use a long auger7 so as not  
to be forced in with too great violence3
 ,but first1 the trunchions should be a 
little stop'd at both extreams1 and the 
biggest planted downwards3 ,to this1 if 
they are soaked in water two or three   
days 7after they have been siz'd for    
length1 and the twigs cut off ere you   
plant them7 it will be the better4 ,let 
this be done in ,february1 the mould as 
well clos'd to them as possible1 and    
treated as was taught in the poplar4 ,if
 you plant for a kind of wood1 or       
copp'ce 7for such ,i have seen7 set them
 at six foot distance1 or nearer1 in the
 quincunx1 and be careful to take away  
all suckers from them at three years    
end3 ,you may abate the head half a foot

 from the trunk1 viz4 three or four of  
the lustiest shoots1 and the rest cut   
close1 and bare them yearly1 that the   
three1 four or more you left1 may enjoy 
all the sap1 and so those which were    
spared1 will be gallant pearches within 
two years4 ,arms of four years growth1  
will yield substantial sets1 to be      
planted at eight or ten foot distance2  
and for the first three years well      
defended from the cattle1 who infinitely
 delight in their leaves1 green1 or     
wither'd4 ,thus1 a willow may continue  
twenty1 or five and twenty years1 with  
good profit to the industrious planter1 
being headed every four or five years2  
some have been known to shoot no less   
than twelve foot in one year1 after     
which1 the old1 rotten dotards may be   
fell'd1 and easily supply'd4 ,but if you
 have ground fit for whole copp'ces of  
this wood1 cast it into double dikes1   
making every foss near three foot wide1 
two and half in depth2 then leaving four
 foot at least of ground for the earth  

7because in such plantations the        
moisture should be below the roots1 that
 they may rather see1 than feel the     
water7 and two tables of sets on each   
side1 plant the ridges of these banks   
with but one single table1 longer and   
bigger than the collateral1 viz4 three1 
four1 five or six foot high1 and distant
 from each other1 about two yards4      
,these banks being carefully kept weeded
 for the first two years1 till the      
plants have vanquish'd the grass1 and   
not cut till the third2 you may then lop
 them traverse1 and not obliquely1 at   
one foot from the ground1 or somewhat   
more1 and they will head to admiration2 
but such which are cut at three foot    
height1 are most durable1 as least soft 
and aquatick3 ,they may also be graffed 
'twixt the bark1 or budded2 and then    
they become so beautiful1 as to be fit  
for some kind of delightful walks2 and  
this ,i wish were practis'd among such  
as are seated in low and marshy places1 
not so friendly to other trees4 ,every  

acre at eleven or twelve years growth1  
may yield you near a hundred load of    
wood3 ,cut them in the ,spring for      
dressing1 but in the ,fall for timber   
and fuel3 ,i have been inform'd1 that a 
gentleman in ,essex1 has lopp'd no less 
than #bjjj yearly1 all of his own       
planting4 ,it is far the sweetest of all
 our ,english fuel1 7ash not excepted7  
provided it be sound and dry1 and       
emitting little smoak1 is the fittest   
for ladies chambers2 and all those woods
 and twigs would be cut either to plant1
 work with1 or burn in the dryest time  
of the day4  ,to confirm what we have   
advanc'd in relation to the profit which
 may be made by this husbandry1 see what
 comes to me from a worthy person whom  
we shall have occasion to mention1 with 
great respect1 in the next chapter1 when
 we speak of quicksets4  ,the           
considerable improvement which may be   
made in common fields1 as well as       
inclosed grounds1 he demonstrates by a  
little spot of meadow1 of about a rod   

and half2 part of which being planted   
about #ej years since with willows 7in a
 clump not exceeding four pole in       
length1 on one side about #ab7 several  
of them at the first and second lopping1
 being left with a strait top1 run up   
like elms1 to #cj or #dj foot in height2
 which some years since yielded boards  
of #ad or #ae inches broad as good for  
flooring1 and other purposes within     
doors1 as deals1 last as long1 work     
finer1 white and beautiful3 'tis indeed 
a good while since they were planted1   
but it seems the crop answer'd this     
patience1 when he cut up as many of them
 7the year #agjj7 as were well worth    
#ajl4 ,and since that another tree1 for 
which a joyner offer'd him as much for  
those were left1 which was more by half 
than the whole ground it self was worth2
 so as having made #bjl4 of the spot1 he
 still possesses it without much damage 
to the grass4 ,the method of planting   
was first by making holes with an iron  
crow1 and widening them with a stake of 

wood1 fit to receive a lusty plant1 and 
sometimes boaring the ground with an    
auger2 but neither of these succeeding1 
7by reason the earth could not be ramm'd
 so close to the sides and bottom of the
 sets1 as was requisite to keep them    
steady1 and seclude the air1 which would
 corrupt and kill the roots7 he caus'd  
holes1 or little pits of a foot square  
and depth to be dug1 and then making a  
hole with the crow in the bottom of the 
pits1 to receive the set1 and breaking  
the turf which came out of it1 ramm'd it
 in with the mould close to the sets 7as
 they would do to fix a gate-post7 with 
great care not to gall the bark of it4  
,he had divers times before this        
miscarry'd1 when he us'd formerly to set
 them in plain ground1 without breaking 
the surface1 and laying it close to the 
sets2 and therefore1 if the soil be     
moist1 he digs a trench by the side of  
the row1 and applies the mould which    
comes out of it about the sets2 so that 
the edge of the bank raised by it1 may  

be somewhat higher than the earth next  
the set1 for the better descent of the  
rain1 and advantage of watering the sets
 in dry weather2 preventing likewise    
their rooting in the bank1 which they   
would do if the ground next the plant or
 set were made high1 and sloped2 and    
being left unfenc'd1 cattel would tread 
down the bank1 and lay the roots bare3  
,the ground should therefore not be     
raised above #b or #c inches towards the
 body of the set4 ,now if the ground be 
dry1 and want moisture1 he chuses to    
bank them round1 7as ,i have described  
it in my ,pomona1 cap4 ,,vii47 the      
fosses environing the mound and hillock1
 being reserves for the rain1 cools and 
refreshes the sets4  ,he farther        
instances1 that willows of about #bj    
years growth1 have been worth #cjs4 and 
another sold for #cl4 which was well    
worth #el4 and affirms1 that the willows
 planted in beds1 between double        
ditches1 in boggy ground1 may be fit to 
be cut every five years1 and pay as well

 as the best meadow-pasture1 which is of
 extraordinary improvement4  #bg4 ,there
 is a sort of willow of a slender and   
long leaf1 resembling the smaller ozier2
 but rising to a tree as big as the     
sallow1 full of knots1 and of a very    
brittle spray1 only here rehears'd to   
acknowledge the variety4  #bh4 ,there is
 likewise the garden-willow1 which      
produces a sweet and beautiful flower1  
fit to be admitted into our hortulan    
ornaments1 and may be set for partitions
 of squares2 but they have no affinity  
with other4 ,there is also in           
,shropshire another very odoriferous    
kind1 extreamly fit to be planted by    
pleasant rivulets1 both for ornament and
 profit3 ,it is propagated by cuttings  
or layers1 and will grow in any dry     
bottom1 so it be sheltred from the      
south1 affording a wonderful and early  
relief to the industrious bee3          
,vitruvius commends the vitex of the    
,latines 7impertinently called agnus    
castus1 the one being but the           

interpretation of the other7 as fit for 
building2 ,i suppose they had a sort of 
better stature than the shrub growing   
among the curious with us1 and which is 
celebrated for its chast effects1 and   
for which the ,ancients employ'd it in  
the rites of ,ceres3 ,i rather think it 
more convenient for the sculptor 7which 
he likewise mentions7 provided we may   
7with safety7 restore the text1 as      
,perrault has attempted1 by substituting
 lvitatem1 for the author's regiditatem 
stubborn materials being not so fit for 
that curious art4  #bi4 ,what most of   
the former enumerated kinds differ from 
the sallows1 is indeed not much         
considerable1 they being generally      
useful for the same purposes2 as boxes1 
such as apothecaries and goldsmiths use2
 for cart-saddle-trees1 yea gun-stocks1 
and half-pikes1 harrows1 shooe-makers   
lasts1 heels1 clogs for pattens1 forks1 
rakes1 especially the tooths1 which     
should be wedged with oak2 but let them 
not be cut for this when the sap is     

stirring1 because they will shrink2     
pearches1 rafters for hovels1 portable  
and light laders1 hop-poles1 ricing of  
kidney-beans1 and for supporters to     
vines1 when our ,english vineyards come 
more in request3 ,also for hurdles1     
sieves1 lattices2 for the turner1       
kyele-pins1 great town-tops2 for        
platters1 little casks and vessels2     
especially to preserve verjuices in1 the
 best of any3 ,pales are also made of   
cleft willow1 dorsers1 fruitbaskets1    
canns1 hives for bees1 trenchers1 trays1
 and for polishing and whetting         
table-knives1 the butler will find it   
above any wood or whet-stone2 also for  
coals1 bavin1 and excellent firing1 not 
forgetting the fresh boughs1 which of   
all the trees in nature1 yield the most 
chast and coolest shade in the hottest  
season of the day2 and this umbrage so  
wholsome1 that physicians prescribe it  
to feaverish persons1 permitting them to
 be plac'd even about their beds1 as a  
safe and comfortable refrigerium4 ,the  

wood being preserved dry1 will dure a   
very long time2 but that which is found 
wholly putrified1 and reduc'd to a loamy
 earth in the hollow trunks of          
superannuated trees1 is1 of all other1  
the fittest to be mingled with fine     
mould1 for the raising our choicest     
flowers1 such as anemonies1             
ranunculus's1 auriculas1 and the like4  
,what would we more8 low broom1 and     
sallows wild1     ,or feed the flock1 or
 shepherds shade1 or field     ,hedges  
about1 or do us honey yield4#age3a  #cj4
 ,now by all these plantations of the   
aquatick trees1 it is evident1 the lords
 of moorish commons1 and unprofitable   
wasts1 may learn some improvement1 and  
the neighbour bees be gratified2 and    
many tools of husbandry become much     
cheaper4 ,i conclude with the learned   
,stephanus's note upon these kind of    
trees1 after he has enumerated the      
universal benefit of the salictum3      
nullius enim tutior reditus1 minorisve  
impendii1 aut tempestatis securior4     

,,footnotes3  #age3a      ,quid majora  
sequor8 ,salices1 humilesque genist1    
,aut ill pecori frondem1 aut pastoribus 
umbram     ,sufficiunt1 sepemque satis  
pabula melli4      ,georg4 #b4          
,,chapter ,,xx4  ,of ,fences1           
,quick-sets1 c4   #a4 ,our main         
plantation is now finish'd1 and our     
forest adorned with a just variety3 ,but
 what is yet all this labour1 but loss  
of time1 and irreparable expence1 unless
 our young1 and 7as yet7 tender plants  
be sufficiently guarded with munitions  
from all external injuries8 ,for1 as old
 ,tusser1      ,,if ,,cattel1 ,,or      
,,tony ,,may ,,enter ,,to ,,crop1       
,,young ,,oak ,,is ,,in ,,danger ,,of   
,,losing ,,his ,,top4  ,but with        
something a more polish'd stile1 though 
to the same purpose1 the best of poets1 
,plash fences thy plantation round      
about1     ,and whilst yet young1 be    
sure keep ,cattel out2     ,severest    
,winters1 scorching sun infest1     ,and
 sheep1 goats1 bullocks1 all young      

plants molest2     ,yet neither cold1   
nor the hoar rigid frost1     ,nor heat 
reflecting from the rocky coast1        
,like cattel trees1 and tender shoots   
confound1     ,when with invenom'd teeth
 the twigs they wound4#agf3a  #b4 ,for  
the reason that so many complain of the 
improsperous condition of their         
wood-lands1 and plantations of this     
kind1 proceeds from this neglect2 though
 7sheep excepted7 there is no employment
 whatsoever incident to the farmer1     
which requires less expence to gratifie 
their expectations3 ,one diligent and   
skilful man1 will govern five hundred   
acres3 ,but if through any accident a   
beast shall break into his master's     
field2 or the wicked hunter make a cap  
for his dogs and horses1 what a clamour 
is there made for the disturbance of a  
years crop at most in a little corn6    
whilst abandoning his young woods all   
this time1 and perhaps many years1 to   
the venomous bitings and treading of    
cattel1 and other like injuries 7for    

want of due care7 the detriment is many 
times irreparable2 young trees once     
cropp'd1 hardly ever recovering3 ,it is 
the bane of all our most hopeful timber4
  #c4 ,but shall ,i provoke you by an   
instance8 ,a kinsman of mine has a wood 
of more than #fj years standing2 it was1
 before he purchas'd it1 expos'd and    
abandon'd to the cattel for divers      
years3 ,some of the outward skirts were 
nothing save shrubs and miserable       
starvlings2 yet still the place was     
dispos'd to grow woody2 but by this     
neglect continually suppress'd4 ,the    
industrious gentleman has fenced in some
 acres of this1 and cut all close to the
 ground2 it is come in eight or nine    
years1 to be better worth than the wood 
of sixty2 and will 7in time7 prove most 
incomparable timber1 whilst the other   
part 7so many years advanc'd7 shall     
never recover2 and all this from no     
other cause1 than preserving it fenc'd3 
,judge then by this1 how our woods come 
to be so decryed3 ,are five hundred     

sheep worthy the care of a shepherd8 and
 are not five thousand oaks worth the   
fencing1 and the inspection of a        
,hayward8      ,and shall men doubt to  
plant1 and careful be8#agg3a  ,let us   
therefore shut up what we have thus     
laboriously planted1 with some good     
quick-set hedge2 which1      4444444,all
 countries bear1 in every ground     ,as
 denizen1 or interloper found3     ,from
 gardens and till'd fields expell'd1 yet
 there1     ,on the extreams stands up1 
and claims a share4     ,nor            
mastiff-dog1 nor pike-man can be found  
,a better fence to the enclosed ground4 
,such breed the rough and hardy ,cantons
 rear1     ,and into all adjacent lands 
prefer1     ,though rugged churles1 and 
for the battle fit2     ,who courts and 
states with complement or wit1     ,to  
civilize1 nor to instruct pretend2      
,but with stout faithful service to     
defend4     ,this tyrants know full     
well1 nor more confide     ,on guards   
that serve less for defence than pride3 

,their persons safe they do not judge   
amiss1     ,and realms committed to     
their guard of ,swiss4#agg3b  ,for so   
the ingenious poet has metamorphos'd    
him1 and ,i could not withstand him4    
#d4 ,the haw-thorn1 7oxyacantha         
vulgaris7 and indeed the very best of   
common hedges1 is either rais'd of seeds
 or plants2 but then it must not be with
 despair1 because sometimes you do not  
see them peep the first year2 for the   
haw1 and many other seeds1 being        
invested with a very hard integument1   
will now and then suffer imprisonment   
two whole years under the earth2 and our
 impatience at this1 does often fustrate
 the resurrection of divers seeds of    
this nature2 so that we frequently dig  
up1 and disturb the beds where they have
 been sown1 in despair1 before they have
 gone their full time2 which is also the
 reason of a very popular mistake in    
other seeds2 especially1 that of the    
holly1 concerning which there goes a    
tradition1 that they will not sprout    

till they be pass'd through the maw of a
 thrush2 whence the saying1 turdus      
exitium suum cacat 7alluding to the     
viscus made thereof1 not the misselto of
 oak7 but this is an error1 as ,i am    
able to testifie on experience2 they    
come up very well of the ,berries1      
treated as ,i have shew'd in chap4 #bf4 
and with patience2 for 7as ,i affirm'd7 
they will sleep sometimes two entire    
years in their graves2 as will also the 
seeds of yew1 sloes1 phillyrea          
angustifolia1 and sundry others1 whose  
shells are very hard about the small    
kernels2 but which is wonderfully       
facilitated1 by being 7as we directed7  
prepar'd in beds1 and magazines of      
earth1 or sand for a competent time1 and
 then committed to the ground before the
 full in ,march1 by which season they   
will be chitting1 and speedily take     
root3 ,others bury them deep in the     
ground all ,winter1 and sow them in     
,february3 ,and thus ,i have been told  
of a gentleman who has considerably     

improv'd his revenue1 by sowing haws    
only1 and raising nurseries of          
quick-sets1 which he sells by the       
hundred far and near3 ,this is a        
commendable industry2 any neglected     
corners of ground will fit this         
plantation4 ,or were such places plow'd 
in furrow about the ground1 you would   
fence1 and sow'd with the mark of the   
cyder-press1 crab-kernels1 c4 kept      
secure from cattel till able to defend  
it self2 it would yield excellent stocks
 to graff and transplant3 ,and thus any 
larger plot1 by plowing and             
cross-plowing the ground1 and sowing it 
with all sorts of forest-seeds2 breaking
 and harrowing the clods1 and cleansing 
it from weeds with the haugh1 7till the 
plants over-top them7 a very profitable 
grove may be rais'd1 and yield magazin  
of singular advantage1 to furnish the   
industrious planter4  #e4 ,but          
,columella has another expedient for the
 raising of our spinetum1 by rubbing the
 now mature hips and haws1 ashen-keys1  

c4 into the crevices of bass-ropes1 or  
wisps of straw1 and then burying them in
 a trench3 ,whether way you attempt it1 
they must 7so soon as they peep1 and as 
long as they require it7 be sedulously  
cleans'd of the weeds2 which1 if in beds
 for transplantation1 had need be at the
 least three or four years2 by which    
time even your seedlings will be of     
stature fit to remove2 for ,i do by no  
means approve of the vulgar prmature    
planting of sets1 as is generally us'd  
throughout ,england2 which is to take   
such only as are the very smallest1 and 
so to crowd them into three or four     
files1 which are both egregious         
mistakes4  #f4 ,whereas it is found by  
constant experience1 that plants as big 
as ones thumb1 set in the posture1 and  
at the distance which we spake of in the
 horn-beam2 that is1 almost             
perpendicular 7not altogether1 because  
the rain should not get in 'twixt the   
rind and wood7 and single1 or at most1  
not exceeding a double row1 do prosper  

infinitely1 and much out-strip the      
densest and closest ranges of our       
trifling sets1 which make but weak      
shoots1 and whose roots do but hinder   
each other1 and for being couch'd in    
that posture1 on the sides of banks1 and
 fences 7especially where the earth is  
not very tenacious7 are bared of the    
mould which should entertain them1 by   
that time the rains and storms of one   
,winter have passed over them4 ,in      
,holland and ,flanders1 7where they have
 the goodliest hedges of this kind about
 the counterscarps of their invincible  
fortifications1 to the great security of
 their musketiers upon occasion7 they   
plant them according to my description1 
and raise fences so speedily1 and so    
impenetrable1 that our best are not to  
enter into the comparison4 ,yet1 that ,i
 may not be wanting to direct such as   
either affect the other way1 or whose   
grounds may require some bank of earth1 
as ordinarily the verges of copp'ces1   
and other inclosures do2 you shall by   

line1 cast up your foss of about three  
foot broad1 and about the same depth1   
provided your mould hold it2 beginning  
first to turn the turf1 upon which1 be  
careful to lay some of the best earth to
 bed your quick in1 and there lay1 or   
set the plants2 two in a foot space is  
sufficient2 being diligent to procure   
such as are fresh gathered1 streight1   
smooth1 and well rooted2 adding now and 
then1 at equal spaces of twenty or      
thirty foot1 a young oakling or         
elm-sucker1 ash1 or the like1 which will
 come in time 7especially in plain      
countries7 to be ornamental standards1  
and good timber3 ,if you will needs     
multiply your rowes1 a foot or somewhat 
less3 ,above that1 upon more congested  
mould1 plant another rank of sets1 so as
 to point just in the middle of the     
vacuities of the first1 which ,i        
conceive enough3 ,this is but for the   
single foss2 but if you would fortifie  
it to the purpose1 do as much on the    
other side1 of the same depth1 height1  

and planting2 and then last of all1 cap 
the top in pyramis with the worst1 or   
bottom of the ditch3 ,some1 if the mould
 be good1 plant a row or two on the     
edge1 or very crest of the mound1 which 
ought to be a little flatned3 ,here also
 may they set their dry-hedges1 for     
hedges must be hedg'd till they are able
 to defend and shade their              
under-plantation1 and ,i cannot reprove 
it3 ,but great care is to be had in this
 work1 that the main bank be well       
footed1 and not made with too sudden a  
declivity1 which is subject to fall-in  
after frosts and wet weather2 and this  
is good husbandry for moist grounds2 but
 where the land lies high1 and is hot   
and gravelly1 ,i prefer the lower       
fencing2 which1 though even with the    
area it self1 may be protected with     
stakes and a dry hedge1 on the fosse    
side1 the distance competent1 and to    
very good purposes of educating more    
frequent timber amongst the rows4  #g4  
,your hedge being yet young1 should be  

constantly weeded two or three years1   
especially before ,midsummer 7of        
brambles especially1 the great dock1 and
 thistle1 c47 though some admit not of  
this work till after ,michaelmas1 for   
reasons that ,i approve not3 ,it has    
been the practice of ,herefordshire1 in 
the plantation of quick-set-hedges1 to  
plant a crab-stock at every twenty foot 
distance2 and this they observe so      
religiously1 as if they had been under  
some rigorous statute requiring it3 ,but
 by this means they were provided in a  
short time with all advantages for the  
graffing of fruit amongst them1 which   
does highly recompence their industry4  
,some cut their sets at three years     
growth even to the very ground1 and find
 that in a year or two it will have shot
 as much as in seven1 had it been let   
alone4  #h4 ,when your hedge is now of  
near six years stature1 plash it about  
,february or ,october2 but this is the  
work of a very dextrous and skilful     
husbandman2 and for which our honest    

countrey-man ,mr4 ,markam gives         
excellent directions2 only ,i approve   
not so well of his deep cutting1 if it  
be possible to bend it1 having suffered 
in something of that kind3 ,it is almost
 incredible to what perfection some have
 laid these hedges1 by the rural way of 
plashing1 better than by clipping2 yet  
may both be used for ornament1 as where 
they are planted about our              
garden-fences1 and fields near the      
mansion4 ,in ,scotland1 by tying the    
young shoots with bands of hay1 they    
make the stems grow so very close       
together1 as that it encloseth rabbets  
in warrens instead of pales3 ,and for   
this robust use we shall prefer the     
blackthorn2 the extravagant suckers     
which are apt to rise at distance from  
the hedge-line1 being sedulously        
extirpated1 that the rest may grow the  
stronger and thicker4  #i4 ,and now     
since ,i did mention it1 and that most  
,i find do greatly affect the vulgar way
 of quicking 7that this our discourse be

 in nothing deficient7 we will in brief 
give it you again after ,george         
,markham's description1 because it is   
the best1 and most accurate1 although   
much resembling our former direction1 of
 which it seems but a repetition1 'till 
he comes to the plashing4 ,in a ground  
which is more dry than wet 7for watry   
places it abhors7 plant your quick thus3
 ,let the first row of sets be placed in
 a trench of about half a foot deep1    
even with the top of your ditch1 in     
somewhat a sloping1 or inclining        
posture2 then1 having rais'd your bank  
near a foot upon them1 plant another    
row1 so as their tops may just peep out 
over the middle of the spaces of your   
first row3 ,these cover'd again to the  
height or thickness of the other1 place 
a third rank opposite to the first1 and 
then finish your bank to its intended   
height4 ,the distances of the plants    
would not be above one foot2 and the    
season to do the work in1 may be from   
the entry of ,february1 till the end of 

,march2 or else in ,september to the    
beginning of ,december4 ,when this is   
finish'd1 you must guard both the top of
 your bank1 and outmost verge of your   
ditch1 with a sufficient dry-hedge1     
interwoven from stake to stake into the 
earth 7which commonly they do on the    
bank7 to secure your quick from the     
spoil of cattle4 ,and then being careful
 to repair such as decay1 or do not     
spring1 by supplying the dead1 and      
trimming the rest2 you shall after three
 years growth sprinkle some timber-trees
 amongst them2 such as oak1 beech1 ash1 
maple1 fruit1 or the like2 which being  
drawn young out of your nurseries1 may  
be very easily inserted4  ,i am not in  
the mean time ignorant of what is said  
against the scattering these masts and  
keys among our fences2 which grown to   
over-top the subnascent hedge1 may      
prejudice it with their shade and drip3 
,but this might be prevented by planting
 hollies 7proof against these           
impediments7 in the line or trench1     

where you would raise standards1 as far 
as they usually spread in many years1   
and which1 if placed at good distances1 
how close soever to the stem1 would     
7besides their stout defence7 prove a   
wondrous decoration1 to large and ample 
enclosures3 ,but to resume our former   
work2 that which we affirm'd to require 
the greatest dexterity1 is1 the         
artificial plashing of our hedge1 when  
it is now arrived to a six1 or seven    
years head2 though some stay till the   
tenth1 or longer4 ,in ,february         
therefore1 or ,october1 with a very     
sharp hand-bill1 cut away all           
superfluous sprays and straglers1 which 
may hinder your progress1 and are       
useless4 ,then1 searching out the       
principal stems1 with a keen and light  
hatchet1 cut them slant-wise close to   
the ground1 hardly three quarters       
through1 or rather1 so far only1 as till
 you can make them comply handsomely1   
which is your best direction1 7lest you 
rift the stem7 and so lay it from your  

sloping as you go1 folding in the lesser
 branches which spring from them2 and   
ever within a five or six foot distance1
 where you find an upright set 7cutting 
off only the top to the height of your  
intended hedge7 let it stand as a stake1
 to fortifie your work1 and to receive  
the twinings of those branches about it4
 ,lastly1 at the top 7which would be    
about five foot above ground7 take the  
longest1 most slender1 and flexible     
twigs which you reserved 7and being cut 
as the former1 where need requires7     
bind-in the extremities of all the rest1
 and thus your work is finished3 ,this  
being done very close and thick1 makes  
an impregnable hedge1 in few years2 for 
it may be repeated as you see occasion2 
and what you so cut-away1 will help to  
make your dry-hedges for your young     
plantations1 or be profitable for the   
oven1 and make good bavin4 ,namely1 the 
extravagant side branches springing the 
more upright1 'till the newly wounded   
are healed4 ,there are some yet who     

would have no stakes cut from the trees1
 save here and there one2 so as to leave
 half the head naked1 and the other     
standing2 since the over-hanging bows   
will kill what is under them1 and ruin  
the tree2 so pernicious is this         
half-toping3 ,but let this be a total   
amputation for a new and lusty spring3  
,there is nothing more prejudicial to   
subnascent young trees1 than when newly 
trim'd and prun'd1 to have their 7as yet
 raw7 wounds poyson'd with continual    
dripping2 as is well observed by ,mr4   
,nourse3 ,but this is meant of repairing
 decay'd hedges4 ,for stakes in this    
work1 oak is to be preferr'd1 tho' some 
will use elder1 but it is not good2 or  
the blackthorn1 crab-tree1 in moorish   
ground withy1 ash1 maple1 hasel1 not    
lasting1 7which some make hedges of2 but
 it being apt to the browsing of cattle1
 when the young shoots appeared1 it does
 better in copp'ces7 the rest not       
lasting1 should yet be driven well in at
 every yard of interval both before1 and

 after they are bound1 till they have   
taken the hard earth1 and are very fast2
 and even your plash'd-hedges1 need some
 small thorns to be laid over1 to       
protect the spring from cattle and      
sheep1 'till they are somewhat          
fortified2 and the doubler the winding  
is lodg'd1 the better2 which should be  
beaten1 and forced down together with   
the stakes1 as equally as may be4 ,note1
 that in sloping your windings1 if it be
 too low done 7as very usually7 it      
frequently mortifies the tops1 therefore
 it ought to be so bent1 as it may not  
impede the mounting of the sap3 ,if the 
plash be of a great1 and extraordinary  
age1 wind it at the neather boughs all  
together1 and cutting the sets as       
directed1 permit it rather to hang      
downwards a little1 than rise too       
forwards2 and then twist the branches   
into the work1 leaving a set free1 and  
unconstrain'd at every yard space1      
besides such as will serve for stakes1  
abated to about five foot length 7which 

is a competent stature for an hedge7 and
 so let it stand4 ,one shall often find 
in this work1 especially in old         
neglected hedges1 some great trees1 or  
stubs1 that commonly make gaps for      
cattle3 ,such should be cut so near the 
earth1 as till you can lay them thwart1 
that the top of one may rest on the root
 or stub of the other1 as far as they   
extend1 stopping the cavities with its  
boughs and branches2 and thus hedges    
which seem to consist but only of       
scrubby-trees and stumps1 may be reduced
 to a tolerable fence3 ,but in case it  
be superannuated1 and very old1 'tis    
advisable to stub all up1 being quite   
renewed1 and well guarded4 ,we have been
 the longer on these descriptions1      
because it is of main importance1 and   
that so few husband-men are so perfectly
 skill'd in it3 ,but he that would be   
more fully satisfied1 ,i would have to  
consult ,mr4 ,cook1 chap4 #cb4 or rather
 instar omnium 7and after all which has 
been said of this useful art of fencing7

 what ,i cannot without injury to the   
publick1 and ingratitude to the persons1
 7who do me the honour of imparting to  
me their experiences7 but as freely     
communicate4  ,it is then from the      
,reverend ,mr4 ,walker of               
,great-,billing near ,northampton1 that 
7with several other particulars relating
 to our rural subject7 ,i likewise      
receive from that worthy gentleman ,tho4
 ,franklin of ,ecton1 ,esq2 the         
following method of planting1 and       
fencing with quick-sets2 which we give  
you in his own words4       #aj4 ,about 
#aj or #ab years since1 ,i made some    
essays to set some      little clumps of
 hedges and trees1 of about two pole in 
breadth1      and three in length3 ,the 
out-fences ditch'd on the outside1 but  
the      quick-sets in the inside of the
 bank1 that the dead-hedges might       
stand on the outside thereof2 so that a 
small hedge of #ah or #bj      inches   
high1 made of small wood1 the stakes not
 much bigger than a      man's thumb1   

which 7the banks being high7            
sufficiently defended      them for four
 years time1 and were hedg'd with less  
than one load      of shreadings of     
willow-sets1 which1 7as my workmen told 
me7 would      have requir'd #f load of 
copp'ce-wood3 ,but the next year after  
their      being planted1 finding wast  
ground on the top of the bank of the    
outer fence1 between the dead-hedge and 
the quick1 ,i put a foot-set      in the
 same space between the quick and the   
dead-hedge1 which      prosper'd better 
than those planted in the side of the   
bank1 after      the vulgar way1 and    
hold it still4 ,this put me upon        
thinking1 that      a set cheaper and   
better of quick-fence1 might possibly be
 found      out2 and accordingly ,i made
 some tryals1 with good success1 7at    
least better than the old way7 tho' not 
to my full satisfaction1      till ,i   
had perus'd ,mr4 ,evelyn's ,silva1 c4   
,the method ,i us'd1 was      this3     
,first ,i set out the ground for ditches

 and quick1 in breadth      ten foot2   
then subdivided that by marking out #b  
foot  on each      side 7more or less1  
at pleasure7 for the ditches1 leaving #e
 in the      middle between them3 ,then 
digging up two foot in the midst of that
      #e foot1 plant the sets in2 tho'  
it require more labour and charge1      
,i found it soon repay'd the cost4 ,this
 done1 ,i began to dig the      fosses1 
and to set up one row of turfs on the   
outside of the said      five foot2     
namely1 one row on each side thereof1   
the green side      outmost1 a little   
reclining1 so as the grass might grow3  
,after      this1 returning to the place
 begun at1 ,i ordered one of the men to 
dig a spit of the under-turfmould1 and  
lay it between the turfs1      plac'd   
edge-wise1 as before describ'd1 upon the
 #b foot which was      purposely dug in
 the middle1 and prepar'd for the sets1 
which the      planter sets with two    
quicks upon the surface of the earth1   
almost      upright1 whilst another     

workman lays the mould forward1 about   
#ab      inches1 and then sets two more1
 and so continues4 ,some there are      
who plant three rows of sets about #h   
inches interval2 but ,i do not          
approve it2 for they choak one another4 
,this finished1 ,i order      another   
row of turfs to be plac'd on each side  
upon the top of the      former1 and    
fill the vacuity between the sets and   
the turfs1 as      high as their tops1  
always leaving the middle where the sets
 are      planted1 hollow1 and somewhat 
lower than the sides of the banks1 by   
#h or #aj inches1 that the rain may     
descend to their roots1 which is      of
 great advantage to their growth1 and   
far better than by the old      way2    
where the banks too much sloping1 the   
roots of the sets are      seldom wetted
 in an ordinary season1 the ,summer     
following2 but      which if it prove   
dry1 many of the sets perish1 especially
 the late      planted3 ,whereas those  
which ,i planted in the latter end of   

,april1      tho' the ,summer hapned to 
be somewhat dry1 generally scap'd1 very 
few of them miscarrying4 ,now the       
planting thus advanc'd1 the next        
care is fencing2 by setting an hedge of 
about #bj inches high upon      the top 
of the bank1 on each side thereof1      
leaning a little outward      from the  
sets1 which will protect them as well   
7if not better7 than      a hedge of #c 
foot1 or four inches more1 standing upon
 the surface      of the ground1 which  
being rais'd with the turfs and sods    
about #bj      inches1 and the hedge    
about #bj inches more1 will make #c foot
 #d      inches2 so as no cattle can    
approach the dead-hedge to prejudice    
it1 unless they set their feet in the   
ditch it self2 which will be      at    
least a foot deep1 and from the bottom  
of the fosse to the top      of the     
hedge1 about #d foot and 1 which they   
can hardly reach      over to crop the  
quick1 as they might in the old way2 and
 besides1      such an hedge will endure

 a year longer4 ,i have at this present1
 an      hedge which has stood these #e 
years2 and tho' #i or #aj foot be       
sufficient for both ditches and bank1   
yet where the ground is but             
indifferent1 'tis better husbandry to   
take #ab foot1 which will      allow of 
a bank at least #f foot broad1 and gives
 more scope to      place the dead      
hedges farther from the sets2 and the   
ditches being      shallow1 will in two 
years time1 graze2 tho' ,i confine my   
self for      the most part to #i or    
#aj2 because ,i would take off the only 
objection of wasting ground by this way1
 should others follow it4      ,in reply
 to this1 ,i affirm1 that if you take   
#ab foot in breadth1      for ditch and 
bank1 you wast more ground1 than by the 
common way3      ,for in that a quick is
 rarely set1 but there is #i foot       
between the      dead hedges1 which is  
entirely lost all the time of fencing3  
,when      as with double ditches1 there
 remains at least #ah inches on each    

side where the turfs were set on edge1  
that bear more grass than      when it  
lay on the flat4 444444444 ,but         
admitting it did totally lay      wast  
#c foot of ground1 the damage were very 
inconsiderable1 since      forty pearch1
 in lengh #bbj yards1 which makes       
pearches1 #g1 #be1 #i1      or #g pole 1
 which at #ac shil4 #d pence the acre1  
amounts not      to #g;d4  per ann4 ,now
 that this is not only the best and     
cheapest way of quick-setting1 will     
appear by comparing the charge      of  
both3 ,in the usual way1 the charge of a
 #c foot ditch is #d;d4      per pole1  
the owner providing sets2 if the workman
 finds them1 he      will have for      
making the said ditch1 and setting them1
 #h;d4 the      pole1 and for hedging1  
two pence2 that is1 for both sides #d;d4
 the      pole1 which renders the charge
 of hedging1 ditching1 and sets1        
#ab;d4 the pole2 that is1 for forty rod 
in length1 forty shillings3      ,then  
one load of wood out of the copp'ce     

costs us1 with the      carriage1 7tho' 
but two or #c miles distance7 ten       
shillings2 which      will seldom hedge 
above #h pole 7single hedge47 ,but      
allowing it to      do ten1 to fence #dj
 pole1 there must be at least #h load of
 wood1      which costs #dl4 making the 
whole expence for ditching1 setting1    
and fencing of #dj pole1 to be #fl4     
reck'ning with the least2 for ,i        
know not any that will undertake to do  
it under #cs4 #f;d4 per      pole1 and  
then the #dj pole costs #gl4 ,whereas1  
with double      ditches1 both of them1 
setting and sets1 will be done for #h;d4
      per pole1 and the husbandman get  
as good wages1 as with a single         
ditch1 7for tho' the labour about them  
is more1 yet the making the      table  
is saved7 which costs #al4 #fs4 #h;d4   
,and the hedges being      but low1     
they'll make better wages at hedging for
 a penny the pole1      than at two     
pence for common hedges2 which comes to 
#fs4 #h;d4 for      hedging forty pole  

on both sides3 ,thus one load of wood1  
will fence      #cj pole at least1 and  
#dj hedg'd with  of wood less1 than in  
the      other way1 and cost but #al4   
#fs4 #h;d4 which makes the whole        
charge of sets1 ditching1 fencing1 and  
wood1 but three pounds4         l4   s4 
d4        #ja   #jf   #jh        #jj    
#jf   #jh        #ja   #jf   #jh        
-------------        #jc   #jj   #jj    
-------------  ,hitherto this obliging  
and industrious gentleman4  #aa4 ,to    
other uses3 ,the ,root of an old thorn  
is excellent both for boxes and combs1  
and is curiously and naturally wrought3 
,i have read1 that they made ribs to    
some small boats or vessels with the    
white-thorn1 and it is certain1 that if 
they would plant them single1 and in    
standards1 where they might be safe1    
they would rise into large body'd trees 
in time1 and be of excellent use for the
 turner1 not inferior to box1 and       
accounted among the fortunate trees1 and
 therefore us'd in fasces nuptiarum1    

since the jolly shepherds carryed the   
white-thorn at the rapine of the        
,sabines2 and ever since counted#aib3a  
propitious4  ,the distill'd water1 and  
stone1 or kernels of the haw reduc'd to 
powder1 is generally agreed to be       
sovereign against the stone4 ,the       
black-crab rightly season'd and treated1
 is famous for walking-staves1 and if   
over-grown1 us'd in mill-work2 yea1 and 
for rafters of great ships4 ,here we owe
 due eulogy to the industry of the late 
,lord ,shaftsbury1 who has taught us to 
make such enclosures of crab-stocks     
only1 7planted close to one another7 as 
there is nothing more impregnable and   
becoming2 or you may sow cyder-kernels  
in a rill1 and fence it for a while1    
with a double dry hedge1 not only for a 
sudden and beautiful1 but a very        
profitable inclosure2 because1 amongst  
other benefits1 they will yield you     
cyderfruit in abundance3 ,but in        
,devonshire1 they build two walls with  
their stones1 setting them edge-ways1   

two1 and then one between2 and so as it 
rises1 fill the interval1 or cofer with 
earth 7the breadth and height as you    
please7 and continuing the stone-work1  
and filling1 and as you work1 beating in
 the stones flat to the sides1 they are 
made to stick everlastingly3 ,this is   
absolutely the neatest1 most saving1 and
 profitable fencing imaginable1 where   
slaty stones are in any abundance2 and  
it becomes not only the most secure to  
the lands1 but the best for cattle1 to  
lye warm under the walls2 whilst other  
hedges1 7be they never so thick7 admit  
of some cold winds in ,winter-time when 
the leaves are off4 ,upon these banks   
they plant not only quick-sets1 but even
 timber-trees1 which exceedingly thrive1
 being out of all danger4  #ab4 ,the    
pyracantha paliurus1 and like preciouser
 sorts of thorn and robust evergreens1  
adorn'd with caralin-berries1 might     
easily be propagated by seeds1 layers1  
or cutting1 into plenty sufficient to   
store even these vulgar uses1 were men  

industrious2 and then1 how beautiful and
 sweet would the environs of our fields 
be6 for there are none of the spinous   
shrubs more hardy1 none that make a more
 glorious shew1 nor fitter for our      
defence1 competently arm'd2 especially  
the rhannus1 which ,i therefore joyn to 
the oxyacantha1 for its terrible and    
almost irresistible spines1 able almost 
to pierce a coat of mail2 and for this  
made use of by the malicious ,jews1 to  
crown the sacred tempels of our ,blessed
 ,saviour1 and is yet preferred among   
the most venerable reliques in ,st4     
,chapel at ,paris1 as is pretended1 by  
the devotees1 c4 and hence has the tree 
7for it sometimes exceeds a shrub7 the  
name of ,christ's ,thorn4 ,thus might   
berberies now and then be also inserted 
among our hedges1 which1 with the hips1 
haws1 and cornel-berries1 do well in    
light lands1 and would rather be planted
 to the ,south1 than ,north or ,west1 as
 usually we observe them4  #ac4 ,some   
7as we noted7 mingle their very hedges  

with oaklings1 ash1 and fruit-trees1    
sown or planted1 and 'tis a laudable    
improvement2 though others do rather    
recommend to us sets of all one sort1   
and will not so much as admit of the    
black-thorn to be mingled with the      
white1 because of their unequal         
progress2 and indeed1 timber-trees set  
in the hedge 7though contemporaries with
 it7 do frequently wear it out2 and     
therefore ,i should rather encourage    
such plantations to be at some yards    
distance1 near the verges1 than         
perpendicularly in them4 ,lastly1 if in 
planting any the most robust            
forest-trees1 7especially oak1 elm1     
chesnut7 at competent spaces1 and in    
rows2 you open a ring of ground1 at     
about four foot distance from the stem1 
and prick in quick-set plants2 you may  
after a while1 keep them clipp'd1 at    
what height you please3 ,they will      
appear exceedingly beautiful to the eye1
 prove a good fence1 and yield useful   
bush1 bavin1 and 7if you maintain them  

unshorn7 hips and haws in abundance3    
,this would therefore especially be     
practis'd1 where one would invite the   
birds4  #ad4 ,in ,cornwal they secure   
their lands and woods1 with high mounds1
 and on them they plant acorns1 whose   
roots bind in the looser mould1 and so  
form a coronet of trees4 ,they do       
likewise 7and that with great           
commendation7 make hedges of our genista
 spinosa1 prickly furzes1 of which they 
have a taller sort1 such as the ,french 
imploy for the same purpose in          
,bretaigne1 where they are incomparable 
husbands4  #ae4 ,it is to be sown 7which
 is best7 or planted of the roots in a  
furrow3 ,if sown1 weeded till it be     
strong2 both tonsile1 and to be         
diligently clip'd1 which will render it 
very thick1 an excellent and beautiful  
hedge3 ,otherwise1 permitted to grow at 
large1 'twill yield very good faggot3   
,it is likewise admirable covert for    
wildfowl1 and will be made to grow even 
in moist1 as well as dry places3 ,the   

young and tender tops of furzes1 being a
 little bruis'd and given to a lean     
sickly horse1 will strangely recover and
 plump him4 ,thus1 in some places1 they 
sow in barren grounds 7when they lay    
them down7 the last crop with this seed1
 and so let them remain till they break 
them up again1 and during that interim1 
reap considerable advantage3 ,would you 
believe 7writes a worthy correspondent  
of mine7 that in ,herefordshire 7famous 
for plenty of wood7 their thickets of   
furzes 7viz4 the vulgar7 should yield   
them more profit than a like quantity of
 the best wheat-land of ,england8 for   
such is theirs3 ,if this be question'd1 
the scene is within a mile of ,hereford1
 and proved by anniversary experience1  
in the lands1 as ,i take it1 of a       
gentleman who is now one of the         
burgesses for that city4 ,and in        
,devonshire 7the seat of the best       
husbands in the world7 they sow on their
 worst land 7well plow'd7 the seeds of  
the rankest furzes1 which in four or    

five years becomes a rich wood3 ,no     
provender 7as we say7 makes horses so   
hardy as the young tops of these furzes2
 no other wood so thick1 nor more       
excellent fuel2 and for some purposes   
also1 yielding them a kind of timber to 
their more humble buildings1 and a great
 refuge for fowl and other game3 ,i am  
assur'd1 in ,bretaigne 'tis sometimes   
sown no less than twelve yards thick1   
for a speedy1 profitable1 and           
impenetrable mound3 ,if we imitated this
 husbandry in the dry and hot barren    
places of ,surrey1 and other parts of   
this nation1 we might exceedingly spare 
our woods2 and ,i have bought the best  
sort of ,french-seed at the shops in    
,london4 ,it seems that in the more     
eastern parts of ,germany1 and          
especially in ,poland1 this vulgar      
trifle1 and even our common ,broom is so
 rare1 that they have desired the seeds 
of them out of ,england1 and preserve   
them with extraordinary care in their   
best gardens2 this ,i learn out of our  

,johnson's ,herbal2 by which we may     
consider1 that what is reputed a curse1 
and a cumber in some places1 is esteem'd
 the ornament and blessing of another3  
,but we shall not need go so far for    
this1 since both beech and birch are    
almost as great strangers in many parts 
of this nation1 particularly            
,northampton and ,oxfordshire4 ,mr4     
,cook is much in praise of juniper for  
hedges1 especially for the more elegant 
inclosures1 and we daily see how it's   
improved of late4  #af4 ,this puts me in
 mind of the genista scoparia1 broom2   
another improvement for barren grounds1 
and saver of more substantial fuel3 ,it 
may be sown ,english1 or 7what is more  
sweet and beautiful7 the ,spanish1 with 
equal success4 ,in the western parts of 
,france1 and ,cornwal1 it grows with us 
to an incredible height 7however our    
poet gives it the epithet of humilis7   
and so it seems they had it of old1 as  
appears by ,gratius his genist          
altinates1 with which 7as he affirms7   

they us'd to make staves for their      
spears1 and hunting darts4 ,the seeds of
 broom1 vomit1 and purge1 whilst the    
buds1 and flowers being pickled1 are    
very grateful4  #ag4 ,lastly1 7sambucus7
 a considerable fence maybe made of the 
elder1 set of reasonable lusty          
trunchions2 much like the willow1 and   
7as ,i have seen them maintain'd7 laid  
with great curiosity1 and far excelling 
those extravagant plantations of them   
about ,london1 where the lops are       
permitted to grow without due and       
skilful laying4 ,there is a sort of     
elder which has hardly any pith2 this   
makes exceeding stout fences1 and the   
timber very useful for cogs of mills1   
butchers skewers1 and such tough        
employments4 ,old trees do in time      
become firm1 and close up the hollowness
 to an almost invisible pith4 ,but if   
the medicinal properties of the leaves1 
bark1 berries1 c4 were throughly known1 
,i cannot tell what our countrey-man    
could ail1 for which he might not fetch 

a remedy from every hedge1 either for   
sickness or wound3 ,the inner bark of   
elder1 apply'd to any burning1 takes out
 the fire immediately2 that1 or1 in     
season1 the buds1 boil'd in water-grewel
 for a break-fast1 has effected wonders 
in a fever2 and the decoction is        
admirable to asswage inflammations and  
tetrous humours1 and especially the     
scorbut3 ,but an extract1 or theriaca   
may be compos'd of the berries1 which is
 not only efficacious to eradicate this 
epidemical inconvenience1 and greatly to
 assist longvity2 7so famous is the     
story of ,neander7 but is a kind of     
catholicon against all infirmities      
whatever2 and of the same berries is    
made an incomparable spirit1 which drunk
 by it self1 or mingled with wine1 is   
not only an excellent drink1 but        
admirable in the dropsie3 ,in a word1   
the water of the leaves and berries is  
approved in the dropsie1 every part of  
the tree being useful1 as may be seen at
 large in ,blockwitzius's anatomy       

thereof4 ,the ointment made with the    
young buds1 and leaves in ,may with     
butter1 is most sovereign for aches1    
shrunk sinews1 hmorrhoids1 c4 and the   
flowers macerated in vinegar1 not only  
are of a grateful relish1 but good to   
attenuate and cut raw and gross humours4
 ,lastly1 the fungus 7which we call     
,jews-ears7 decocted in milk1 or        
macerated in vinegar1 is of known effect
 in the angina and sores of the throat4 
,and less than this could ,i not say    
7with the leave of the charitable       
physician7 to gratifie our poor         
wood-man2 and yet when ,i have said all 
this1 ,i do by no means commend the     
scent of it1 which is very noxious to   
the air1 and therefore1 though ,i do not
 undertake that all things which sweeten
 the air1 are salubrious1 nor all ill   
savours pernicious2 yet1 as not for its 
beauty1 so neither for its smell1 would 
,i plant elder1 near my habitation2     
since we learn from ,biesius1#aig3a that
 a certain house in ,spain1 seated      

amongst many elder-trees1 diseas'd and  
kill'd almost all the inhabitants1 which
 when at last they were grubb'd up1     
became a very wholsome and healthy      
place4 ,the elder does likewise produce 
a certain green fly1 almost invisible1  
which is exceedingly troublesome1 and   
gathers a fiery redness where it        
attaques4  #ah4 ,there is a shrub called
 the spindle-tree1 7euonymus1 or        
fusanum7 commonly growing in our hedges1
 which bears a very hard wood1 of which 
they sometimes made bows for viols1 and 
the inlayer us'd it for its colour1 and 
instrument-makers for toothing of       
organs1 and virginal-keys1              
tooth-pickers1 c4 ,what we else do with 
it1 ,i know not1 save that 7according   
with its name1 abroad7 they make        
spindles with it4 ,i also learn1 that   
three1 or four of the berries1 purge    
both by vomit1 and siege1 and the powder
 made of the berry1 being bak'd1 kills  
nits1 and cures scurfy heads4           
,matthiolus says1 the poor people about 

,trent1 press oyl out of the berries1   
wherewith to feed their lamps3 ,but why 
they were wont to scourge parricides    
with rods made of this shrub1 before    
they put them into the sack1 see        
,modestinus l4 penult ss4 ad legem      
,pomp4 de parricid4 cited by ,mr4 ,ray4 
,here might come in 7or be nam'd at     
least7 wild-cornel1 or dog-wood1 good to
 make mill-cogs1 pestles1 bobins for    
bone-lace1 spokes for wheels1 c4 the    
best skewers for butchers1 because it   
does not taint the flesh1 and is of so  
very hard a substance1 as to make wedges
 to cleave and rive other wood with1    
instead of iron4 7,but of this1 see     
chap4 ,,ii4 book ,,ii47 ,and lastly1 the
 viburnum1 or way-faring-tree1 growing  
also plentifully in every corner1 makes 
pins for the yoaks of oxen2 and         
superstitious people think1 that it     
protects their cattel from being        
bewitch'd and us'd to plant the shrub   
about their stalls2 'tis certainly the  
most plyant and best bands to fagot     

with4 ,the leaves and berries are       
astringent1 and make an excellent gargle
 for loose teeth1 sore throats1 and to  
stop fluxes3 ,the leaves decocted to a  
lie1 not only colour the hairs black1   
but fasten their roots2 and the bark of 
the root1 macerated under ground1 well  
beaten1 and often boil'd1 serves for    
birdlime4  #ai4 ,the ,american yucca is 
a hardier plant than we take it to be1  
for it will suffer our sharpest ,winter1
 7as ,i have seen by experience7 without
 that trouble and care of setting it in 
cases1 in our conservatories for        
hyemation2 such as have beheld it in    
flower 7which is not indeed till it be  
of some age7 must needs admire the      
beauty of it2 and it being easily       
multiplied1 why should it not make one  
of the best and most ornamental fences  
in the world for our gardens1 with its  
natural palisadoes1 as well as the more 
tender1 and impatient of moisture1 the  
aloes1 does for their vineyards in      
,languedoc1 c4 but we believe nothing   

improvable1 save what our grand-fathers 
taught us4 ,finally1 let tryal likewise 
be made of that thorn1 mentioned by     
,capt4 ,liggon in his ,history of       
,barbadoes2 whether it would not be made
 grow amongst us1 and prove as          
convenient for fences as there2 the     
seeds1 or sets transported to us with   
due care4 ,and thus1 having accomplished
 what 7by your commands7 ,i had to offer
 concerning the propagation of the more 
solid1 material1 and useful trees1 as   
well the dry1 as aquatical2 and to the  
best of my talent fenc'd our plantation 
in3 ,i should here conclude1 and set a  
bound likewise to my discourse1 by      
making an apology for the many errors   
and impertinencies of it1 did not the   
zeal and ambition of this illustrious   
,society to promote and improve all     
attempts which may concern publick      
utility or ornament1 perswade me1 that  
what ,i am adding for the farther       
encouragement to the planting of some   
other useful 7though less vulgar7 trees1

 will at least obtain your pardon if it 
miss of your approbation4  #bj4 ,to     
discourse in this stile of all such     
fruit-trees as would prove of greatest  
emolument to the whole nation1 were to  
design a just volume2 and there are     
directions already so many1 and so      
accurately deliver'd and publish'd 7but 
which cannot be affirm'd of any of the  
former classes of forest-trees1 and     
other remarks1 at the least to my poor  
knowledge and research7 that it would be
 needless to repeat4  #ba4 ,i do only   
wish 7upon the prospect1 and meditation 
of the universal benefit7 that every    
person whatsoever1 worth ten pounds per 
annum1 within ,her ,majesty's dominions1
 were by some indispensible statute1    
obliged to plant his hedge-rows with the
 best and most useful kinds of them2    
especially in such places of the nation1
 as being the more in-land counties1 and
 remote from the seas and navigable     
rivers1 might the better be excus'd from
 the planting of timber1 to the         

proportion of those who are more happily
 and commodiously situated for the      
transportation of it4  #bb4             
,undoubtedly1 if this course were taken 
effectually1 a very considerable part   
both of the meat and drink which is     
spent to our prejudice1 might be saved  
by the countrey-people1 even out of the 
hedges and mounds1 which would afford   
them not only the pleasure and profit of
 their delicious fruit1 but such        
abundance of cyder and perry1 as should 
suffice them to drink of one of the most
 wholsome and excellent beverages in the
 world4 ,old ,gerard did long since     
alledge us an example worthy to be      
pursu'd2 ,i have seen 7saith he1        
speaking of apple-trees1 lib4 #c4 cap4  
#aja47 in the pastures and hedge-rows   
about the grounds of a worshipful       
gentleman dwelling two miles from       
,hereford1 call'd ,mr4 ,roger ,bodnome1 
so many trees of all sorts1 that the    
servants drink for the most part no     
other drink but that which is made of   

apples3 ,the quantity is such1 that by  
the report of the gentleman himself1 the
 parson hath for tythe many hogs-heads  
of cyder3 ,the hogs are fed with the    
fallings of them1 which are so many1    
that they make choice of those apples   
they do eat1 who will not tast of any   
but of the best4 ,an example doubtless  
to be follow'd of gentlemen that have   
land and living2 but ,envy saith1 ,the  
poor will break down our hedges1 and we 
shall have the least part of the fruit3 
,but forward1 in the name of ,god1      
graff1 set1 plant1 and nourish up trees 
in every corner of your ground2 the     
labour is small1 the cost is nothing1   
the commodity is great2 your selves     
shall have plenty1 the poor shall have  
somewhat in time of want to relieve     
their necessity1 and ,god shall reward  
your good minds and diligence4 ,thus far
 honest ,gerard4 ,and in truth1 with how
 small a charge and infinite pleasure   
this were to be effected1 every one that
 is patron of a little nursery1 can     

easily calculate3 ,but by this expedient
 many thousands of acres1 sow'd now     
yearly with barley1 might be cultivated 
for wheat1 or converted into pasture1 to
 the increase of corn and cattel3       
,besides1 the timber which the          
pear-tree1 black-cherry and many thorny 
plums 7which are best for grain1 colour1
 and gloss7 afford1 comparable 7for     
divers curious uses7 with any we have   
enumerated4 ,the black-cherry-wood grows
 sometimes to that bulk1 as is fit to   
make stools with1 cabinets1 tables1     
especially the redder sort1 which will  
polish well2 also pipes1 and musical    
instruments1 the very bark employ'd for 
bee-hives3 ,but of this ,i am to render 
a more ample account1 in the appendix to
 this ,discourse4 ,i would farther      
recommend the more frequent planting and
 propagation of fir1 pine-trees1 and    
some other beneficial materials1 both   
for ornament and profit2 especially1    
since we find by experience1 they thrive
 so well1 where they are cultivated for 

curiosity only4   ,,footnotes3  #agf3a  
,texend sepes etiam1  pecus omne        
tenendum est3     ,prcipu1 dum frons    
tenera1 imprudensque laborum1     ,cui1 
super indignas hiemes1 solemque         
potentem1     ,silvestres uri assidu1   
capreque sequaces     ,illudunt3        
,pascuntur oves1 avidque juvenc4        
,frigora nec tantum cana concreta       
pruina1     ,aut gravis incumbens       
scopulis arentibus stas1     ,quantum   
illi nocuere greges1 durique venenum    
,dentis1  admorso signata in stirpe     
cicatrix4      ,georg4 #b4  #agg3a      
,et dubitant homines serere1 atque      
impendere curam8      ,georg4 #b4       
#agg3b      4444444444,omne solum natale
 est1 intrat ubique     ,ardelio2 illa  
quidem cultis excluditur agris          
,plerumque1 atque hortis2 sed           
circumsepit utrosque     ,atque omnes   
aditus servat fidissima custos1         
,utilior latrante cane1 armatoque       
,priapo4     ,aspera frigoribus saxisque
 ,helvetia tales     ,educat1  peregre  

terras emittit in omnes     ,enormes    
durosque viros1 sed fortia bello        
,pectora2 non illi cultu1 non moribus   
aulas1     ,atque urbes decorare valent1
 sed utrasque fideli     ,defendunt     
opera2 nec iis1 gens cauta1 tyranni1    
,prponunt speciosa magis1 multmque      
sonora     ,prsidia2 his certi vitam    
tutantur opesque1 c4      ,couleii1 pl4 
l4 #f4  #aib3a ,see ,varro in ,atis4    
,ovid1 ,fast4 #f      44444444444 de    
spina sumitur alba4  #aig3a ,bies4 de   
,aeris potestate4       ,,dendrologia   
,,the ,,second ,,book     ,,chapter ,i4 
,of the ,mulberry4   #a4 ,morus1 the    
mulberry3 ,it may possibly be wonder'd  
by some why we should insert this tree  
amongst our forest inhabitants2 but we  
shall soon reconcile our industrious    
planter1 when he comes to understand the
 incomparable benefit of it1 and that   
for its timber1 durableness1 and use for
 the joyner and carpenter1 and to make  
hoops1 bows1 wheels1 and even ribs for  
small vessels1 instead of oak1 c4 though

 the fruit and the leaves had not the   
due value with us1 which they deservedly
 enjoy in other places of the world4    
#b4 ,but it is not here ,i would        
recommend our ordinary black fruit      
bearers1 though that be likewise worth  
the propagation2 but that kind which is 
call'd the white mulberry 7which ,i have
 had sent me out of ,languedoc7 one of  
them of a broad leaf1 found there and in
 ,provence1 whose seeds being procured  
from ,paris1 where they have it from    
,avignon1 should be thus treated in the 
seminary4  #c4 ,in countries where they 
cultivate them for the silk-worm1 and   
other uses1 they sow the perfectly      
mature berries of a tree whose leaves   
have not been gather'd2 these they shake
 down upon an old sheet spread under the
 tree1 to protect them from gravel and  
ordure1 which will hinder you from      
discerning the seed3 ,if they be not    
ripe1 lay them to mature upon shelves1  
but by no means till they corrupt2 to   
prevent which1 turn them daily2 then put

 them in a fine sieve2 and plunging it  
in water1 bruise them with your hand2 do
 this in several waters1 then change    
them in other clear water1 and the seed 
will sink to the bottom1 whilst the pulp
 swims1 and must be taken off carefully3
 ,this done1 lay them to dry in the sun 
upon a linnen cloth1 for which one hour 
is sufficient1 then van and sift it from
 the husks1 and reserve it till the     
season4 ,this is the process of curious 
persons1 but the sowing of ripe         
mulberries themselves is altogether as  
good1 and from the excrement of hogs1   
and even dogs 7that will frequently eat 
them7 they will rise abundantly4 ,note1 
that in sowing of the berry1 'tis good  
to squash and bruise them with fine     
sifted mould1 and if it be rich1 and of 
the old bed1 so much the better3 ,they  
would be interr'd1 well moistned and    
cover'd with straw1 and then rarely     
water'd till they peep2 or you may      
squeze the ripe berries in ropes of hair
 or bast1 and bury them1 as is          

prescrib'd for hipps and haws2 the earth
 in which you sow them1 should be fine  
mould1 and as rich as for melons1 rais'd
 a little higher than the area1 as they 
make the beds for ordinary pot-herbs1 to
 keep them loose and warm1 and in such  
beds you may sow seeds as you do        
purslane1 mingled with some fine earth1 
and thinly cover'd1 and then for a      
fortnight1 strew'd over with straw1 to  
protect them both from sudden heat and  
from birds3 ,the season is ,april or    
,may1 though some forbear even till     
,july and ,august1 and in the second    
quarter of the moon1 the weather calm   
and serene4 ,at the beginning1 keep them
 moderately fresh 7not over wet7 and    
clean weeded1 secured from the rigor of 
frosts2 the second year of their growth1
 about the beginning of ,october1 or    
early ,spring1 draw them gently out1    
prune the roots1 and dipping them a     
little in pond-water1 transplant them in
 a warm place or nursery2 'tis best     
ranging them in drills1 two foot large1 

and one in depth1 each drill three foot 
distance1 and each plant two4 ,and if   
thus the new earth be somewhat lower    
than the surface of the rest1 'twill the
 better receive the rain3 ,being        
planted1 cut them all within three      
inches of the ground4 ,water them not in
 ,winter1 but in extream necessity1 and 
when the weather is warm1 and then do it
 in the morning4 ,in this cold season   
you shall do well to cover the ground   
with the leaves of trees1 straw1 or     
short litter1 to keep them warm2 and    
every year you shall give them three    
dressings or half diggings2 viz4 in     
,april1 ,june1 and ,august2 this1 for   
the first year1 still after rain3 ,the  
second ,spring after transplanting1     
purge them of all superfluous shoots and
 scions1 reserving only the most        
towardly for the future stem2 this to be
 done yearly1 as long as they continue  
in the nursery2 and if of the principal 
stem so left1 the frost mortifie any    
part1 cut it off1 and continue this     

government till they are near six foot  
high1 after which suffer them to spread 
into heads by discreetly pruning and    
fashioning them3 ,but if you plant where
 cattle may endanger them1 the stem had 
need be taller1 for they are extreamly  
liquorish of the leaves4  #d4 ,when now 
they are about five years growth1 you   
may transplant them without cutting the 
root 7provided you erradicate them with 
care7 only trimming the head a little2  
the season is from ,september to        
,november in the new-moon1 and if the   
holes or pits you set them in were dug  
and prepar'd some months before1 it     
would much secure their taking2 some    
cast horns1 bones1 shells1 c4 into them1
 the better to loosen the earth about   
them1 which should be rich1 and well    
refresh'd all ,summer4 ,a light1 and dry
 mould is best1 well expos'd to the sun 
and air1 which above all things this    
tree affects1 and hates watery low      
grounds3 ,in sum1 being a very lasting  
tree1 they thrive best where vines      

prosper most1 whose society they        
exceedingly cherish2 nor do they less   
delight to be amongst corn1 no way      
prejudicing it with its shade4 ,the     
distance of these standards would be    
twenty1 or twenty four foot every way1  
if you would design walks or groves of  
them2 if the environs of fields1 banks  
of rivers1 high-ways1 c4 twelve or      
fourteen foot may suffice1 but the      
farther distant1 the better2 for the    
white spreads its root much farther than
 the black1 and likes the valley more   
than the higher ground4  #e4 ,another   
expedient to increase mulberries1 is1 by
 layers from the suckers at the foot1   
this done in ,spring1 leaving not above 
two buds out of the earth1 which you    
must diligently water1 and the second   
year they will be rooted3 ,they will    
also take by passing any branch or arm  
slit1 and kept a little open with a     
wedge1 or stone1 through a basket of    
earth1 which is a very sure way3 ,nay1  
the very cuttings will strike in        

,spring1 but let them be from shoots of 
two years growth1 with some of the old  
wood1 though of seven or eight years2   
these set in rills1 like vines1 having  
two or three buds at the top1 will root 
infallibly1 especially if you twist the 
old wood a little1 or at least hack it1 
though some slit the foot1 inserting a  
stone1 or grain of an oat1 to suckle and
 entertain the plant with moisture4  #f4
 ,they may also be propagated by        
graffing them on the black mulberry in  
,spring1 or inoculated in ,july1 taking 
the cyons from some old tree1 that has  
broad1 even1 and round leaves1 which    
causes it to produce very ample and     
tender leaves1 of great emolument to the
 silk-master4  #g4 ,some experienc'd    
husbandmen advise to poll our mulberries
 every three or four years1 as we do our
 willows2 others not till #h years2 both
 erroneously4 ,the best way is yearly to
 prune them of their dry and superfluous
 branches1 and to form their heads round
 and natural4 ,the first year of removal

 where they are to abide1 cut off all   
the shoots1 to five or six of the most  
promising2 the next year leave not above
 three of these1 which dispose in       
triangle as near as may be1 and then    
disturb them no more1 unless it be to   
purge them 7as we taught7 of dead       
seare-wood1 and extravagant parts1 which
 may impeach the rest2 and if afterward 
any prun'd branch shoot above three or  
four cyons1 reduce them to that number4 
,one of the best ways of pruning is1    
what they practise in ,sicily and       
,provence1 to make the head hollow1 and 
like a bell1 by cleansing them of their 
inmost branches2 and this may be done1  
either before they bud1 viz4 in the     
new-moon of ,march1 or when they are    
full of leaves in ,june or ,july1 if the
 season prove any thing fresh4 ,here ,i 
must not omit what ,i read of the       
,chinese culture1 and which they now    
also imitate in ,virginia1 where they   
have found a way to raise these plants  
of the seeds1 which they mow and cut    

like a crop of grass1 which sprout1 and 
bear leaves again in a few months3 ,they
 likewise 7in ,virginia7 have planted   
them in hedges1 as near together as we  
do gooseberries and currans1 for their  
more convenient clipping1 which they    
pretend to do with scissers4  #h4 ,the  
mulberry is much improv'd by stirring   
the mould at root1 and letation4  #i4   
,we have already mentioned some of the  
uses of this excellent tree1 especially 
of the white1 so called because the     
fruit is of a paler colour1 which is    
also of a more luscious taste1 and      
lesser than the black2 the rind likewise
 is whiter1 and the leaves of a mealy   
clear green colour1 and far tenderer1   
and sooner produc'd by at least a       
fortnight1 which is a marvelous         
advantage to the newly disclos'd        
silk-worm3 ,also they arrive sooner to  
their maturity1 and the food produces a 
finer web4 ,nor is this tree less       
beautiful to the eye than the fairest   
elm1 very proper for walks and avenues3 

,the timber 7amongst other properties7  
will last in the water as well as the   
most solid oak1 and the bark makes good 
and tough bast-ropes4 ,it suffers no    
kind of vermin to breed on it1 whether  
standing or fell'd1 nor dares any       
caterpillar attack it1 save the         
silk-worm only4 ,the loppings are       
excellent fuel3 ,but that for which this
 tree is in greatest and most worthy    
esteem1 is for the leaves1 which        
7besides the silk-worm7 nourishes cows1 
sheep1 and other cattle2 especially     
young porkers1 being boil'd with a      
little bran2 and the fruit excellent to 
feed poultrey4 ,in sum1 whatever eats of
 them1 will with difficulty be reduc'd  
to endure any thing else1 as long as    
they can come by them3 ,to say nothing  
of their other soveraign qualities1 as  
relaxing of the belly1 being eaten in   
the morning1 and curing inflamations and
 ulcers of the mouth and throat1 mix'd  
with ,mel rosarum1 in which receipt they
 do best1 being taken before they are   

over-ripe4 ,i have#bji3a read1 that in  
,syria they make bread of them2 but that
 the eating of it makes men bald3 ,as   
for drink1 the juice of the berry mixed 
with cider-apples1 makes an excellent   
liquor1 both for colour and taste4  #aj4
 ,to proceed with the leaf 7for which   
they are chiefly cherish'd7 the benefit 
of it is so great1 that they are        
frequently let to farm for vast sums2 so
 as some one sole tree has yielded the  
proprietor a rent of twenty shillings   
per annum1 for the leaves only2 and six 
or seven pounds of silk1 worth as many  
pounds sterling1 in five or six weeks1  
to those who keep the worms4 ,we know   
that till after ,italy had made silk    
above a thousand years1 7and where the  
tree it self was not a stranger1 none of
 the ancients writing any thing         
concerning it7 they receiv'd it not in  
,france2 it being hardly yet an hundred1
 since they betook themselves to this   
manufacture in ,provence1 ,languedoc1   
,dauphine1 ,lionnois1 c4 and not in     

,tourain and ,orleans1 till ,hen4 the   
,fourth's time2 but it is incredible    
what a revenue it now amounts to in that
 kingdom4 ,about the same time1 or a    
little after1 it was that ,king ,james  
did with extraordinary care recommend it
 to this nation1 by a book of           
directions1 acts of council1 and all    
other princely assistance4 ,but this did
 not take1 no more than that of ,hen4   
the ,fourth's proposal about the        
environs of ,paris1 who filled the      
high-ways1 parks1 and gardens of ,france
 with the trees1 beginning in his own   
gardens for encouragement3 ,yet1 ,i say1
 this would not be brought into example1
 till this present great monarch1 by the
 indefatigable diligence of ,monsieur   
,colbert 7,superintendent of ,his       
,majesty's ,manufactures7 who has so    
successfully reviv'd it1 that 'tis      
prodigious to consider what an happy    
progress they have made in it2 to our   
shame be it spoken1 who have no other   
discouragements from any insuperable    

difficulty whatever1 but our sloth1 and 
want of industry2 since wherever these  
trees will grow and prosper1 the        
silk-worms will do so also2 and they    
were alike averse1 and from the very    
same suggestions1 where now that        
manufacture flourishes in our neighbour 
countries4 ,it is demonstrable1 that    
mulberries in four or five years may be 
made to spread all over this land2 and  
when the indigent1 and young daughters  
in proud families are as willing to gain
 three or four shillings a day for      
gathering silk1 and busying themselves  
in this sweet and easie employment1 as  
some do to get four pence a day for hard
 work at hemp1 flax1 and wooll2 the     
reputation of mulberries will spread in 
,england and other plantations4 ,i might
 say something like this of saffron1    
which we yet too much neglect the       
culture of2 but1 which for all this ,i  
do not despair of seeing reassum'd1 when
 that good genius returns4 ,in order to 
this hopeful prognostick1 we will add a 

few directions about gathering of their 
leaves1 to render this chapter one of   
the most accomplish'd1 for certainly one
 of the most accomplish'd and agreeable 
works in the world4  #aa4 ,the leaves of
 the mulberry should be collected from  
trees of seven or eight years old2 if of
 such as are very young1 it impairs     
their growth1 neither are they so       
healthful for the worms1 making them    
hydropical1 and apt to burst3 ,as do    
also the leaves of such trees as be     
planted in a too waterish1 or over-rich 
soil1 or where no sun comes1 and all    
sick1 and yellow leaves are hurtful4 ,it
 is better to clip1 and let the leaves  
fall upon a subtended sheet or blanket1 
than to gather them by hand3 and to     
gather them1 than to strip them1 which  
marrs and gauls the branches1 and       
bruises the leaves that should hardly be
 touched4 ,some there are who lop off   
the boughs1 and make it their pruning1  
and it is a tolerable way1 so it be     
discreetly done in the over-thick parts 

of the tree2 but these leaves gather'd  
from a separated branch1 will die1 and  
wither much sooner than those which are 
taken from the tree immediately1 unless 
you set the stem in water4 ,leaves      
gathered from boughs cut off1 will      
shrink in three hours2 whereas those you
 take from the living tree1 will last as
 many days2 and being thus a while kept1
 are better than over-fresh ones4 ,it is
 a rule1 never to gather in a rainy     
season1 nor cut any branch whilst the   
wet is upon it2 and therefore against   
such suspected times1 you are to provide
 before-hand1 and to reserve them in    
some fresh1 but dry place3 ,the same    
caution you must observe for the dew1   
tho' it do not rain1 for wet food kills 
the worms4 ,but if this cannot be       
altogether prevented1 put the leaves    
between a pair of sheets well dried by  
the fire1 and shake them up and down    
'till the moisture be drunk up in the   
linnen1 and then spreading them to the  
air a little1 on another dry cloth1 you 

may feed with them boldly4 ,the         
top-leaves and oldest1 would be gathered
 last of all1 as being most proper to   
repast the worms with1 towards their    
last change4 ,the gatherer must be neat1
 and have his hands clean1 and his      
breath sweet1 and not poison'd with     
onions1 or tabacco1 and be careful not  
to press the leaves1 by crouding them   
into the bags or baskets4 ,lastly1 that 
they gather only 7unless in case of     
necessity7 leaves from the present1 not 
from the former years sprigs1 or old    
wood1 which are not only rude and harsh1
 but are annex'd to stubb'd stalks1     
which injure the worms1 and spoil the   
denudated branches4 ,one note more let  
me add1 that in first hatching the eggs 
disclosing 7as sometimes7 earlier than  
there is provision for them on the tree1
 the tender leaves of lettuce1 dandelion
 or endive may supply1 so they feed not 
on them too long1 or overmuch1 which    
gives them the lask4  #ab4 ,this is what
 ,i thought fit to premonish concerning 

the gathering of the leaves of this tree
 for silk-worms1 as ,i find it in       
,monsieur ,isnard's ,instructions1 and  
that exact discourse of his1 published  
some years since1 and dedicated to      
,monsieur ,colbert1 7who has1 it seems1 
constituted this industrious and        
experienc'd person1 surveyor of this    
princely manufacture about ,paris7 and  
because the book it self is rare1 and   
known by very few4 ,i have no more to   
add1 but this for our encouragement1 and
 to encounter the objections which may  
be suggested about the coldness and     
moisture of our country2 that the       
,spring is in ,provence no less         
inconstant than is ours in ,england2    
that the colds at ,paris are altogether 
as sharp2 and that when in ,may it has  
continued raining for nine and twenty   
days successively1 ,monsieur ,isnard    
assures us1 he proceeded in his work    
without the least disaster2 and in the  
year #affd1 he presented the ,french    
,king his ,master1 with a considerable  

quantity of better silks1 than any      
,messina or ,bononia could produce1     
which he sold raw at ,lions1 for a      
pistol the pound2 when that of ,avignon1
 ,provence1 and ,dauphine produc'd      
little above half that price4 ,but you  
are to receive the compleat history of  
the silk-worm1 from that incomparable   
treatise1 which the learned ,malpighius 
has lately sent out of ,italy1 and      
dedicated to the ,royal ,society1 as a  
specimen and noble effect of its        
universal correspondence1 and           
concernments for the improvement of     
useful knowledge4 ,to this ,i add that  
beneficial passage of the learned ,dr4  
,beale1 communicated in the #abth4 vol4 
,philos4 ,transactions1 n4 #acc4 p4     
#haf1 where we find recommended the     
promotion of this tree in ,england1 from
 its success in several ,northern       
,counties1 and even in the moist places 
of ,ireland3 ,he shews how it may be    
improv'd by graffing on the fig2 or the 
larger black mulberry1 on that of the   

smallest kind3 ,also of what request the
 ,diamoron1 or ,guidenie made of the    
juice of this fruit1 was with the       
,ancients1 with other excellent         
observations3 ,what other incomparable  
remedies the fruit of this tree affords1
 see ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #bc4 cap4 
#g4 ,there is a mulberry-tree brought   
from ,virginia not to be contemn'd2 upon
 which they find silk-worms1 which would
 exceed the silk of ,persia it self1 if 
the planters of nauseous tabacco did not
 hinder the culture4 ,sir ,jo4 ,berkley 
7who was many years ,governor of that   
ample ,colony7 told me1 he presented the
 ,king 7,char4 ,,ii47 with as much of   
silk made there1 as made his ,majesty a 
compleat suit of apparel4 ,lastly1 let  
it not seem altogether impertinent1 if  
,i add one premonition to those less    
experienc'd gardners1 who frequently    
expose their orange1 and like           
tender-furniture trees of the           
green-house too early3 ,that the first  
leaves putting forth of this wise tree1 

7sapientissima1 as#bac3a ,pliny calls   
it7 is a more infallible note when those
 delicate plants may be safely brought  
out to the air1 than by any other       
prognostick or indication4 ,for other   
species1 vid4 ,raii ,dendro4 p4 #ab4    
,,footnotes3  #bji3a ,andr4 ,medicus    
apud ,athenaeum1 ,deipnos4 lib4 #c cap4 
#bi4  #bac3a ,a mora1 ob tarditatem4    
,,chapter ,,ii4  ,of the ,platanus1     
,lotus1 ,cornus1 ,acacia1 c4   #a4      
,platanus1 that so beautiful and        
precious tree1 anciently sacred to#bad3a
 ,helena1 7and with which she crown'd   
the ,lar1 and ,genius of the place7 was 
so doated on by ,xerxes1 that lian and  
other authors tell us1 he made halt1 and
 stopp'd his prodigious army of         
seventeen hundred thousand soldiers1    
which even cover'd the sea1 exhausted   
rivers1 and thrust mount ,athos from the
 ,continent1 to admire the pulcritude   
and procerity of one of these goodly    
trees2 and became so fond of it1 that   
spoiling both himself1 his concubines1  

and great persons of all their jewels1  
he cover'd it with gold1 gems1          
neck-laces1 scarfs and bracelets1 and   
infinite riches3 ,in sum1 was so        
enamour'd of it1 that for some days1    
neither the concernment of his ,grand   
,expedition1 nor interest of honour1 nor
 the necessary motion of his portentous 
army1 could perswade him from it3 ,he   
styl'd it his mistress1 his minion1 his 
,goddess2 and when he was forc'd to part
 from it1 he caus'd the figure of it to 
be stamp'd in a medal of gold1 which he 
continually wore about him4 ,where-ever 
they built their sumptuous and          
magnificent colleges for the exercise of
 youth in gymnastics1 as riding1        
shooting1 wrestling1 running1 c4 7like  
to our ,french ,academies7 and where the
 graver philosophers also met to        
converse together1 and improve their    
studies1 betwixt the ,xista1 and        
subdiales ambulationes 7which were      
portico's open to the air7 they planted 
groves and walks of platans1 to refresh 

and shade the ,palstrit2 as you have    
them describ'd by ,vitruvius1 lib4 #e4  
cap4 #aa4 and as ,claudius ,perrault has
 assisted the text1 with a figure1 or   
ichnographical plot4 ,these trees#bae3a 
the ,romans first brought out of the    
,levant1 and cultivated with so much    
industry and cost1 for their stately and
 proud heads only1 that great orators   
and states-men1 ,cicero and ,hortensius1
 would exchange now and then a turn at  
the bar1 that they might have the       
pleasure to step to their villas1 and   
refresh their platans1 which they would 
often irrigate with wine instead of     
water2 crevit  affuso laetior umbra     
mero3 when ,hortensius taught trees to  
tipple wine2 and so priz'd the very     
shadow of it1 that when afterwards they 
transplanted them into ,france1 they    
exacted a#bae3b solarium and tribute of 
any of the natives1 who should presume  
but to put his head under it4 ,but      
whether for any virtue extraordinary in 
the shade1 or other propitious influence

 issuing from them1 a worthy ,knight1   
who stay'd at ,ispahan in ,persia1 when 
that famous city was infected with a    
raging pestilence1 told me1 that since  
they have planted a greater number of   
these noble trees about it1 the plague  
has not come nigh their dwellings4      
,pliny affirms1 there is no tree        
whatsoever which so well defends us from
 the heat of the sun in ,summer1 nor    
that admits it more kindly in ,winter4  
,and for our encouragement1 ,i do upon  
experience assure you1 that they will   
flourish and abide with us1 without any 
more trouble than frequent and plentiful
 watering1 which from their youth they  
excessively delight in1 and gratefully  
acknowledge by their growth accordingly2
 so as ,i am perswaded1 that with very  
ordinary industry1 they might be        
propagated to the incredible ornament of
 the walks and avenues to great-mens    
houses4 ,the introduction of this true  
plane among us1 is1 perhaps due to the  
great ,lord ,chancellor ,bacon1 who     

planted those 7still flourishing ones7  
at ,verulam2 as to mine1 to that        
honourable gentleman1 the late ,sir     
,george ,crook of ,oxfordshire1 from    
whose bounty ,i received an hopeful     
plant now growing in my villa3 ,nor     
methinks should it be so great a rarity1
 7if it be true7 that being brought from
 ,sicily1 it was planted as near us as  
the ,morini4  #c4 ,there was lately at  
,basil in ,switzerland1 an ancient      
goodly ,platanetum1 and now in ,france  
they are come again in vogue3 ,i know it
 was anciently accounted 2 but they may 
with us be rais'd of their seeds with   
care1 in a moist soil1 as here ,i have  
known them4 ,but the reason of our      
little success1 is1 that we very rarely 
have them sent us ripe2 which should be 
gather'd late in ,autumn1 and brought us
 from some more ,levantine parts than   
,italy4 ,they come also of layers       
abundantly1 affecting a fresh and       
feeding ground2 for so they plant them  
about their rivulets and fountains4 ,the

 ,west-,indian plane is not altogether  
so rare1 but it rises to a goodly tree1 
and bears a very ample and less jagged  
leaf3 ,that the ,turks use their        
platanus for the building of ships1 ,i  
learn out of ,ricciolus ,hydrog4 l4 #aj4
 c4 #cg4 and out of ,pliny1 canoos and  
vessels for the sea have been excavated 
out of their prodigious trunks4  #d4    
,the same opinion have ,i of the noble  
lotus arbor 7another lover of the water7
 which in ,italy yields both an         
admirable shade1 and timber immortal1   
growing to a vast tree1 where they come 
spontaneously2 but its fruit seems not  
so tempting as it is storied it was to  
the companions of ,ulysses3 ,the first  
who brought the lotus out of ,virginia1 
was the late industrious ,tradescant4   
,of this wood are made pipes1 and       
wind-instruments1 and of its root1 hafts
 for knives and other tools1 c4 ,the    
offer of ,crassus to ,domitius for half 
a dozen of these trees1 growing about an
 house of his in ,rome1 testifies in    

what esteem they were had for their     
incomparable beauty and use4  ,the      
cornell tree1 though not mention'd by   
,pliny for its timber1 is exceedingly   
commended for its durableness1 and use  
in wheelwork1 pinns and wedges1 in which
 it lasts like the hardest iron2 and it 
will grow with us to good bulk and      
stature2 and the preserv'd and pickl'd  
berries1 7or cherries rather7 are most  
refreshing1 an excellent condiment1 and 
do also well in tarts4 ,but that is very
 old1 which ,mathiolus affirms upon his 
own experience1 that one who has been   
bitten of a mad-dog1 if in a year after 
he handle the wood of this tree till it 
grow warm1 relapses again into his      
former distemper4  ,the same reported of
 the cornus femina1 or wild cornel2     
which is like the former for            
compactedness1 and made use of for      
cart-timber1 and other rustick          
instruments2 besides1 for the best of   
butchers skewers1 tooth-pickers1 and in 
some countries abroad they decoct the   

berries1 which press'd1 yield an oyl for
 the lamp4  ,lastly1 the acacia1 and    
that of ,virginian1 deserves a place    
among our avenue trees1 7could they be  
made to grow upright7 adorning our walks
 with their exotic leaf1 and sweet      
flowers2 very hardy against the pinching
 ,winter1 but not so proof against its  
blustring winds2 though it be arm'd with
 thorns3 nor do the roots take such hold
 of the ground1 insinuating1 and running
 more like liquorish1 and apt to        
emaciate the soil2 ,i will not therefore
 commend it for gardens1 unless for the 
variety2 of which there are several1    
some without thorns3 ,they love to be   
planted in moist ground4  ,one thing    
more there is1 which 7for the use and   
benefit which these and the like exotics
 afford us7 ,i would take hold of1 as   
upon all occasions ,i do in this work3  
,namely1 to encourage all imaginary     
industry of such as travel foreign      
countries1 and especially gentlemen who 
have concerns in our ,american          

plantations1 to promote the culture of  
such plants and trees 7especially       
timber7 as may yet add to those we find 
already agreeable to our climat in      
,england4 ,what we have said of the     
mulberry1 and the vast emolument rais'd 
by the very leaves1 as well as wood of  
that only tree 7beside those we now have
 mention'd1 strangers till of late1 and 
believ'd incicurable here17 were        
sufficient to excite and stir up our    
utmost industry4 ,history tells us1 the 
noble and fruitful countrey of ,france1 
was heretofore thought so steril and    
barren1 that nothing almost prospering  
in it1 the inhabitants were quite       
deserting it1 and with their wives and  
children going to seek some other more  
propitious abodes2 till some of them    
hapning to come into ,italy1 and tasting
 the juice of the delicious grape1 the  
rest of their countreymen took arms1 and
 invaded the territories where those    
vines grew2 which they transplanted into
 ,gallia1 and have so infinitely        

improv'd since1 that ,france alone      
yields more of that generous liquor1    
than not only ,italy and ,greece1 but   
all ,europe and ,asia beside3 ,who      
almost would believe that the austere   
,rhenish1 abounding on the fertile banks
 of the ,rhine should produce so soft   
and charming a liquor1 as does the same 
vine1 planted among the rocks and       
pumices of the so remote and mountainous
 ,canaries8  ,this for the encouragement
 and honour of those who improve their  
countries with things of use and general
 benefit3 ,now in the mean time1 how    
have ,i beheld a florist1 or meaner     
gardener transported at the casual      
discovery of a new little spot1 double  
leaf1 streak or dash extraordinary in a 
tulip1 anemony1 carnation1 auricula1 or 
amaranth6 cherishing and calling it by  
their own names1 raising the price of a 
single bulb1 to an enormous sum2 till a 
law in ,holland was made to check that  
tulipa-mania3 ,the florist in the mean  
time priding himself as if he had found 

the elixir1 or perform'd some notable   
atchievement1 and discover'd a new      
countrey4  ,this for the defects1 7for  
such those variegations produc'd by     
practice1 or mixture1 mangonisms and    
starving the root1 are by chance met    
with now and then7 of a fading flower3  
,how much more honour then were due in  
justice to those persons1 who bring in  
things of much real benefit to their    
countrey8 especially trees for fruit and
 timber2 the oak alone 7besides the     
shelter it afforded to our late         
,sovereign ,charles the ,,iid7 having so
 often sav'd and protected the whole    
nation from invasion1 and brought it in 
so much wealth from foreign countries4  
,i have been told1 there was an         
intention to have instituted an ,order  
of the ,royal-,oak2 and truly ,i should 
think it to become a green-ribbon 7next 
to that of ,st4 ,george7 superior to any
 of the romantick badges1 to which      
abroad is paid such veneration1         
deservedly to be worn by such as have   

signaliz'd themselves by their conduct  
and courage2 for the defence and        
preservation of their countrey4         
,bespeaking my reader's pardon for this 
digression1 we proceed in the next to   
other useful exoticks4   ,,footnotes3   
#bad3a ,euripides epithai4  #bae3a      
,macrob4 saturnal4 #c4 c4 #aa4  #bae3b  
,solarium quod pro folo pendetur1 as the
 pandects name the tax paid for the     
shades that bear no fruit4     ,,chapter
 ,,iii4  ,of the ,fir1 ,pine1 ,pinaster1
 ,pitch-tree1 ,larsh1 and ,subterranean 
trees4   #a4 ,abies1 picea1 pinus1      
pinaster1 larsh1 c4 are all of them     
easily rais'd of the kernels and nuts1  
which may be gotten out of their        
polysperm and turbinate cones1 clogs1   
and squams1 by exposing them to the sun1
 or a little before the fire1 or in     
warm-water1 till they begin to gape1 and
 are ready to deliver themselves of     
their numerous burthens4  #b4 ,there are
 of the fir two principal species2 the  
picea1 or male1 which is the bigger     

tree2 very beautiful and aspiring1 and  
of an harder wood1 and hirsute leaf3    
,and the silver-fir1 or female4 ,i begin
 with the first3 ,the boughs whereof are
 flexible and bending2 the cones        
dependent1 long and smooth1 growing from
 the top of the branch2 and where       
gaping1 yet retain the seeds in their   
receptacles1 when fresh gather'd1 giving
 a grateful fragrancy of the rosin3 ,the
 fruit is ripe in ,september4 ,but after
 all1 for a perfecter account of the    
true and genuine fir-tree1 7waving the  
distinction of sapinum1 from sapinus1   
liter sed un differing1 as of another   
kind7 is a noble upright tree from the  
ground1 smooth and even1 to the eruption
 of the branches2 as is that they call  
the sapinum1 and thence tapering to the 
summit of the fusterna3 ,the arms and   
branches 7with yew-like leaves7 grow    
from the stem opposite to one another1  
seriatim to the top1 7as do all         
cone-bearers7 discovering their age2    
which in time1 with their weight1 bend  

them from their natural tendency1 which 
is upright1 especially toward the top of
 aged trees1 where the leaf is flattish1
 and not so regular3 ,the cone great and
 hard1 pyramidal and full of            
winged-seeds4  ,the silver-fir1 of a    
whitish colour1 like rosemary under the 
leaf1 is distinguished from the rest1 by
 the pectinal shape of it3 ,the cones   
not so large as the picea1 grow also    
upright1 and this they call the female3 
,for ,i find botanists not unanimously  
agreed about the sexes of trees4 ,the   
layers1 and even cuttings of this tree1 
take root1 and improve to trees1 tho'   
more naturally by its winged-seeds3 ,but
 the masculine picea will endure no     
amputation2 nor is comparable to the    
silver-fir for beauty1 and so fit to    
adorn walks and avenues2 tho' the other 
also be a very stately plant2 yet with  
this infirmity1 that tho' it remain     
always green1 it sheds the old leaves   
more visibly1 and not seldom breaks down
 its ponderous branches3 ,besides1 the  

timber is nothing so white2 tho' yet    
even that colour be not always the best 
character3 ,that which comes from       
,bergin1 ,swinsound1 ,mott1 ,longland1  
,dranton1 c4 7which experienc'd work-men
 call the dram7 being long1 strait and  
clear1 and of a yellow more cedry       
colour1 is esteemed much before the     
white for flooring and wainscot1 for    
masts1 c4 those of ,prussia1 which we   
call spruce1 and ,norway 7especially    
from ,gottenberg7 and about ,riga1 are  
the best2 unless we had more commerce of
 them from our ,plantations in ,new     
,england1 which are preferable to any of
 them2 there lying rotting at present at
 ,pascataway1 a mast of such prodigious 
dimensions1 as no body will adventure to
 ship1 and bring away4 ,all these bear  
their seeds in conick figures1 and      
squamons1 after an admirable manner and 
closeness1 to protect their             
winged-seeds4  ,the hemlock-tree 7as    
they call it in ,new-,england7 is a kind
 of spruce3 ,in the ,scottish ,highlands

 are trees of wonderful altitude 7though
 not altogether so tall1 thick1 and fine
 as the former7 which grow upon places  
so unaccessible1 and far from the sea1  
that 7as one says7 they seem to be      
planted by ,god on purpose for nurseries
 of seed1 and monitors to our industry1 
reserved with other blessings1 to be    
discover'd in our days amongst the      
new-invented improvements of husbandry1 
not known to our southern people of this
 nation1 c4 ,did we consider the pains  
they take to bring them out of the      
,alps1 we should less stick at the      
difficulty of transporting them from the
 utmost parts of ,scotland4 ,to the     
former sorts we may add the ,esterund   
firs1 ,tonsberry1 ,frederick-stad1      
,hellerone1 ,holmstrand1 ,landifer1     
,stavenger1 ,lawrwat1 c4 ,there is      
likewise a kind of fir1 call'd in ,dutch
 the green-boome1 much us'd in building 
of ships1 though not for men of war1    
because of its lightness1 and that it is
 not so strong as oak2 but yet proper   

enough for vessels of great burden1 and 
which stand much out of the water3 ,this
 sort comes into ,holland from ,norway1 
and other ,eastland countries2 ,it is   
somewhat heavier yet than fir1 and      
stronger1 nor do either of them bend    
sufficiently3 ,as to the seeds1 they may
 be sown in beds or cases at any time1  
during ,march2 and when they peep1      
carefully defended with furzes1 or the  
like fence1 from the rapacious birds1   
which are very apt to pull them up1 by  
taking hold of that little infecund part
 of the seed1 which they commonly bear  
upon their tops3 ,the beds wherein you  
sow them had need be shelter'd from the 
southern aspects1 with some skreen of   
reed1 or thick hedge3 ,sow them in      
shallow rills1 not above half-inch-deep1
 and cover them with fine light mould3  
,being risen a finger in height1        
establish their weak stalks1 by sifting 
some more earth about them2 especially  
the pines1 which being more top-heavy1  
are more apt to swag4 ,when they are of 

two or three years growth1 you may      
transplant them where you please2 and   
when they have gotten good root1 they   
will make prodigious shoots1 but not for
 the three or four first years          
comparatively4 ,they will grow both in  
moist and barren gravel1 and poor       
ground1 so it be not over-sandy and     
light1 and want a loamy ligature2 but   
before sowing 7,i mean here for large   
designs7 turn it up a foot deep1 sowing1
 or setting your seeds an hand distance1
 and riddle earth upon them3 ,in five or
 six weeks they will peep4 ,when you    
transplant1 water them well before1 and 
cut the clod out about the root1 as you 
do melons out of the hot-bed1 which     
knead close to them like an egg3 ,thus  
they may be sent safely many miles1 but 
the top must neither be bruised1 nor    
much less cut1 which would dwarf it for 
ever3 ,one kind also will take of slips 
or layers1 interr'd about the latter end
 of ,august1 and kept moist4  #c4 ,the  
best time to transplant1 were in the    

beginning of ,april2 they would thrive  
mainly in a stiff1 hungry clay1 or      
rather loam2 but by no means in         
over-light1 or rich soil3 ,fill the     
holes therefore with such barren earth1 
if your ground be improper of it self2  
and if the clay be too stiff1 and       
untractable1 with a little sand1        
removing with as much earth about the   
roots as is possible1 though the fir    
will better endure a naked              
transplantation1 than the pine3 ,if you 
be necessitated to plant towards the    
latter end of ,summer1 lay a pretty deal
 of horse-litter upon the surface of the
 ground1 to keep off the heat1 and in   
,winter the cold2 but let no dung touch 
either stem or root3 ,you may likewise  
sow in such earth about ,february1 they 
will make a shoot the very first year of
 an inch2 next an handful1 the third    
year three foot1 and thence forward1    
above a yard annually4 ,a ,northern     
gentleman 7who has oblig'd me with this 
process upon his great experience7      

assures me1 that fir1 and this feralis  
arbor1 7as ,virgil calls the pine7 are  
abundantly planted in ,northumberland1  
which are in few years grown to the     
magnitude of ship-masts2 and from all   
has been said1 deduces these            
encouragements4 #a4 ,the facility of    
their propagation4 #b4 ,the nature of   
their growth1 which is to affect places 
where nothing else will thrive4 #c4     
,their uniformity and beauty4 #d4 ,their
 perpetual verdure4 #e4 ,their          
sweetness4 #f4 ,their fruitfulness2     
affording seed1 gum1 fuel1 and timber of
 all other woods the most useful1 and   
easy to work1 c4 ,all which highly      
recommend it as an excellent improvement
 of husbandry1 fit to be enjoyn'd by    
some solemn edict1 to the inhabitants of
 this our island1 that we may have      
masts1 and those other materials of our 
own growth3 ,in planting the silver     
abies1 set not the roots too deep1 it   
affects the surface more than the rest4 
#d4 ,the pine 7of which are reckon'd no 

less than ten several sorts1 preferring 
the domestic1 or sative for the fuller  
growth7 is likewise of both sexes1      
whereof the male growing lower1 with a  
rounder shape1 hath its wood more knotty
 and rude than the female2 it's lank1   
longer1 narrow and pointed2 bears a     
black1 thick1 large cone1 including the 
kernel within an hard shell1 cover'd    
under a thick scale3 ,the nuts of this  
tree 7not much inferior to the almond7  
are used among other ingredients1 in    
beatilla-pies1 at the best tables4 ,they
 would be gather'd in ,june1 before they
 gape2 yet having hung two years 7for   
there will be always some ripe1 and some
 green on the same tree7 preserve them  
in their nuts1 in sand1 as you treat    
acorns1 c4 'till the season invite1 and 
then set or sow them in ground which is 
cultivated like the fir1 in most        
respects2 only1 you may bury the nuts a 
little deeper4 ,by a friend of mine1    
they were rolled in a fine compost made 
of sheeps-dung1 and scatter'd in        

,february1 and this way never fail'd fir
 and pine2 they came to be above        
inch-high by ,may2 and a ,spanish author
 tells us1 that to macerate them five   
days in a child's urine1 and three days 
in water1 is of wonderful effect3 ,this 
were an expeditious process for great   
plantations2 unless you would rather set
 the pine as they do pease1 but at wider
 distances1 that when there is occasion 
of removal1 they might be taken up with 
the earth and all1 ,i say1 taken up1 and
 not remov'd by evulsion2 because they  
are 7of all other trees7 the most       
obnoxious to miscarry without this      
caution2 and therefore it were much     
better 7where the nuts might be         
commodiously set1 and defended7 never to
 remove them at all1 it gives this tree 
so considerable a check4 ,the safest    
course of all1 were to set the nuts in  
an earthen-pot1 and in frosty weather1  
shewing it a little to the fire1 the    
intire clod will come out with them1    
which are to be reserved1 and set in the

 naked earth1 in convenient and fit     
holes prepar'd beforehand1 or so soon as
 the thaw is universal3 ,some commend   
the strewing a few oats at the bottom of
 the fosses or pits in which you        
transplant the naked roots1 for a great 
promotement of their taking1 and that it
 will cause them to shoot more in one   
year than in three3 ,but to this ,i have
 already spoken4 ,other kinds not so    
rigid1 nor the bark1 leaf1 cone and nuts
 so large1 are those call'd the         
mountain-pine1 a very large stately     
tree3 ,there is likewise the wild1 or   
bastard-pine1 and tea1 clad with thin   
long leaves1 and bearing a turbinated   
cone3 ,abundance of excellent rosin     
comes from this tree4 ,there is also the
 pinaster1 another of the wild-kind2 but
 none of them exceeding the ,spanish1   
call'd by us1 the ,scotch pine1 for its 
tall and erect growth1 proper for large 
and ample walks and avenues3 ,several of
 the other wild sorts1 inclining to grow
 crooked4 ,but for a more accurate      

description of these coniferous trees1  
and their perfect distinctions1 consult 
our ,mr4 ,ray's most elaborate and      
useful work1 where all that can be      
expected or desir'd1 concerning this    
profitable1 as well as beautiful tree1  
is amply set down1 ,hist4 ,plant4 lib4  
#be4 cap4 ,i4  #e4 ,i am assur'd 7by a  
person most worthy of credit7 that in   
the territory of ,alzey 7a country in   
,germany1 where they were miserably     
distressed for wood1 which they had so  
destroy'd as that they were reduc'd to  
make use of straw for their best fuel7 a
 very large tract being newly plowed1   
7but the wars surprizing them1 not      
suffer'd to sow17 there sprung up the   
next year a whole forest of pine-trees1 
of which sort of wood there was none at 
all1 within less than fourscore miles2  
so as 'tis verily conjectur'd by some1  
they might be wafted thither from the   
country of ,westrasia1 which is the     
nearest part to that where they grow3   
,if this be true1 we are no more to     

wonder1 how1 when our oak-woods are     
grubb'd up1 beech1 and trees of other   
kinds1 have frequently succeeded them3  
,what some impetuous winds have done in 
this nature1 ,i could produce instances 
almost miraculous3 ,i shall say nothing 
of the opinion of our master ,varro1 and
 the learned#bbg3a ,theophrastus1 who   
were both of a faith1 that the seeds of 
plants drop'd out of the air4 ,pliny in 
his #afth4 book1 chap4 #cc4 upon        
discourse of the ,cretan cypress1       
attributes much to the indoles1 and     
nature of the soil1 virtue of the       
climate1 and impressions of the air4    
,and indeed it is very strange1 what is 
affirm'd of that pitchy-rain1 7reported 
to have fallen about ,cyrene1 the year  
#dcj4 ,u4 ,c47 after which1 in a short  
time1 sprung up a whole wood of the     
trees of ,laserpicium1 producing a      
precious gum1 not much inferior to      
benzoin1 if at least the story be       
warrantable3 ,but of these aerial       
irradiations1 various conceptions1 and  

quivocal productions without seed1 c4   
difficulties to be solv'd by our        
philosophers1 whence those leaves of the
 platan come2 which ,dr4 ,spon tells us 
7in his ,travels7 are found floating in 
some of the fountains of the isles of   
the ,strophades2 no such tree growing   
near them by #cj miles3 ,but these may  
haply be convey'd thro' some unknown    
subterranean passage2 for were it by the
 wind1 it having a very large leaf1 they
 would be been flying in1 or falling out
 of the air4  #f4 ,in transplanting of  
these coniferous trees1 which are       
generally resinaceous1 viz4 fir1 pine1  
larix1 cedar1 and which have but thin   
and single roots1 you must never        
diminish their heads1 nor be at all     
busie with their roots1 which pierce    
deep1 and is all their foundation1      
unless you find any of them bruised1 or 
much broken2 therefore such down-right  
roots as you may be forc'd to cut off1  
it were safe to sear with an hot iron1  
and prevent the danger of bleeding1 to  

which they are obnoxious even to        
destruction1 though unseen1 and         
unheeded3 ,neither may you disbranch    
them1 but with great caution1 as about  
,march1 or before1 or else in           
,september1 and then 'tis best to prune 
up the side-branches close to the trunk1
 cutting off all that are above a year  
old2 if you suffer them too long1 they  
grow too big1 and the cicatrice will be 
more apt to spend the tree in gum2 upon 
which accident1 ,i advise you to rub    
over their wounds with a mixture of     
cow-dung2 the neglect of this cost me   
dear1 so apt are they to spend their    
gum4 ,indeed1 the fir and pine seldom   
out-live their being lopp'd4 ,some      
advise us to break the shells of pines  
to facilitate their delivery1 and ,i    
have essay'd1 but to my loss2 nature    
does obstetricate1 and do that office of
 her self1 when it is the proper season2
 neither does this preparation at all   
prevent those which are so buried1      
whilst their hard integuments protect   

them both from rotting1 and the vermin4 
,pinastes1 the domestic pine grows very 
well with us1 both in mountains and     
plains2 but the pinaster1 or wilder 7of 
which are four sorts7 best for walks2   
pulcherrima in hortis1 7as already we   
have said7 because it grows tall and    
proud1 maintaining their branches at the
 sides1 which the other pine does less  
frequently4 ,there is in ,new-,england1 
a very broad pine1 which increases to a 
wonderful bulk and magnitude1 insomuch  
as large canoos have been excavated out 
of the body of it1 without any addition4
 ,but beside these large and gigantick  
pines1 there is the spinet1 with sharp  
thick bristles1 yielding a rosin or     
liquor odorous1 and useful in           
carpentary-work4  #h4 ,the fir grows    
tallest1 being planted reasonable close 
together2 but suffers nothing to thrive 
under them4 ,the pine not so            
inhospitable2 for 7by ,pliny's good     
leave7 it may be sown with any tree1 all
 things growing well under its shade1   

and excellent in woods2 hence ,claudian1
      ,the friendly pine the mighty oak 
invites4#bbi3a  #i4 ,they both affect   
the cold1 high1 and rocky grounds1 abies
 in montibus altis3 ,those yet which    
grow on the more southern1 and less     
expos'd quarters1 a little visited with 
the beams of the sun1 are found to      
thrive beyond the other1 and to afford  
better timber2 and this was observed    
long since by ,vitruvius of the         
infernates 7as he calls them7 in        
comparison with the supernates1 which   
growing on the ,northern and shady side 
of the ,appennines1 were nothing so     
good1 which he imputes to the want of   
due digestion4 ,they thrive 7as we said7
 in the most sterile places1 yet will   
grow in better1 but not in over-rich1   
and pinguid4 ,the worst land in ,wales  
bears 7as ,i am told7 large pine2 and   
the fir according to his aspiring       
nature1 loves also the mountain more    
than the valley2 but      1 it cannot   
endure the shade1 as ,theophrastus      

observes1 de ,pl4 l4 #d4 c4 #a4 ,but    
this is not rigidly true2 for they will 
grow in consort1 till they even shade   
and darken one another1 and will also   
descend from the hills1 and succeed very
 well1 being desirous of plentiful      
waterings1 till they arrive to some     
competent stature2 and therefore they do
 not prosper so well in an over sandy   
and hungry soil1 or gravel1 as in the   
very entrails of the rocks1 which afford
 more drink to the roots1 that penetrate
 into their meanders1 and winding       
recesses4 ,but though they require this 
refreshing at first1 yet do they        
perfectly abhor all stercoration2 nor   
will they much endure to have the earth 
open'd about their roots for            
ablaqueation1 or be disturb'd3 ,this is 
also to be understood of cypress4 ,a    
fir1 for the first half dozen years1    
seems to stand1 or at least make no     
considerable advance1 but it is when    
throughly rooted1 that it comes away    
miraculously4 ,that honourable and      

learned knight ,sir ,norton ,knatchbull1
 7whose delicious plantation of pines   
and firs ,i beheld with great           
satisfaction7 having assur'd me1 that a 
fir-tree of his raising1 did shoot no   
less than sixty foot in height1 in      
little more than twenty years2 and what 
are extant at ,sir ,peter ,wentworth's  
of ,lillingston ,lovel2 ,cornbury in    
,oxfordshire1 and other places2 but     
especially those trees growing now in   
,harefield ,park in the county of       
,middlesex 7belonging to ,mr4 ,serjeant 
,nudigate7 where there are two ,spanish 
or silver firs1 that at #b years growth 
from the seed1 being planted there an4  
#afjc1 are now become goodly masts3 ,the
 biggest of them from the ground to the 
upper bough1 is #ha feet1 though forked 
on the top1 which has not a little      
impeded its growth3 ,the girt1 or       
circumference below1 is thirteen foot1  
and the length 7so far as is timber1    
that is1 to six inches square7 #gc foot1
 in the middle #ag inches square1       

amounting by calculation to #adf foot of
 good timber3 ,the other tree is indeed 
not altogether so large1 by reason of   
its standing near the house when it was 
burnt 7about #dj years since7 when one  
side of the tree was scorched also2 yet 
it has not only recover'd that scar1 but
 thrives exceedingly1 and is within     
eight or nine foot1 as tall as the      
other1 and would probably have been the 
better of the two1 had not that         
impediment happen'd1 it growing so      
taper1 and erect1 as nothing can be more
 beautiful3 ,this ,i think 7if we had no
 other7 is a pregnant instance1 as of   
the speedy growing of that material2 so 
of all the encouragement ,i have already
 given for the more frequent cultivating
 this ornamental1 useful1 and profitable
 tree1 abounding doubtless formerly in  
this countrey of ours1 if what a grave  
and authentick author writes be true1   
,athenus relating1 that the stupendious 
vessel1 built so many ages since by     
,hiero1 had its mast out of ,britain4   

,take notice that none of these         
mountainous trees should be planted     
deep2 but as shallow as may be for their
 competent support4  ,the picea 7already
 describ'd7 grows on the ,alps among the
 pine1 but neither so tall1 nor so      
upright1 but bends its branches a       
little1 which have the leaf quite about 
them1 short and thick1 not so flat as   
the fir3 ,the cones grow at the point of
 the branches1 and are much longer than 
most other cones1 containing a small    
darkish seed4 ,this tree produces a gum 
almost as white and firm as             
frankincense3 ,but it is the larix      
7another sort of pine7 that yields the  
true ,venetian turpentine2 of which     
hereafter4  #aj4 ,there is also the     
piceaster1 already mention'd1 7a wilder 
sort7 7the leaves stiff and narrow      
pointed1 and not so close7 out of which 
the greatest store of pitch is boil'd4  
,the taeda likewise1 which is 7as some  
think7 another sort abounding in        
,dalmatia1 more unctuous1 and more      

patient of the warmer situations1 and so
 inflammable1 that it will slit into    
candles2 and therefore some will by no  
means admit it to be of a different     
species1 but a metamorphosis of         
over-grown fattiness1 to which the most 
judicious incline4 ,but of these1 the   
,grand ,canaries 7and all about the     
mountains near ,tenariff7 are full1     
where the inhabitants do usually build  
their houses with the timber of the     
pitch-tree3 ,they cut it also into      
wainscot1 in which it succeeds          
marvellously well2 abating that it is so
 obnoxious to firing1 that whenever a   
house is attacqu'd1 they make all       
imaginable hast out of the              
conflagration1 and almost despair of    
extinguishing it3 ,they there also use  
it for candle-wood1 and to travel in the
 night by the light of it1 as we do by  
links and torches3 ,nor do they make    
these teas 7as the ,spaniards call them7
 of the wood of pine alone1 but of other
 trees1 as of oak and hasel1 which they 

cleave and hack1 and then dry in the    
oven1 or chimny1 but have certainly some
 unctuous and inflammable matter1 in    
which they afterwards dip it2 but thus  
they do in ,biscay1 as ,i am credibly   
inform'd4  #aa4 ,the bodies of these    
being cut1 or burnt down to the ground1 
will emit frequent suckers from the     
roots2 but so will neither the pine nor 
fir1 nor indeed care to be topped3 ,but 
the fir may be propagated of layers1 and
 cuttings1 which ,i divulge as a        
considerable secret that has been       
essay'd with success4  #ab4 ,that all   
these1 especially the fir and pine will 
prosper well with us1 is more than      
probable1 because it is a kind of       
demonstration1 that they did heretofore 
grow plentifully in ,cumberland1        
,cheshire1 ,stafford1 and ,lancashire1  
if the multitudes of these trees to this
 day found entire1 and buried under the 
earth1 though suppos'd to have been     
o'rethrown and cover'd so ever since the
 universal ,deluge1 be indeed of this   

species3 ,dr4 ,plot speaks of a fir-tree
 in ,staffordshire1 of #aej foot high1  
which some think of spontaneous growth2 
besides several more so irregularly     
standing1 as shews them to be natives3  
,but to put this at last out of         
controversie1 see the extract of ,mr4 de
 la ,prim's letter to the ,royal        
,society1 ,transact4 n4 #bgg1 and the   
old map of ,crout1 and of the yet 7or   
lately7 remaining firs1 growing about   
,hatfield in the commons1 flourishing   
from the shrubs and stubs of those      
trees1 to which ,i refer the reader4 ,as
 for buried trees of this sort1 the late
 ,dr4 ,merrett1 in his ,pinax1 mentions 
several places of this nation1 where    
subterraneous-trees are found2 as       
namely1 in ,cornwal1 ad finem terr1 in  
agris ,flints2 in ,penbroke-shire       
towards the shore1 where they so abound1
 ut totum littus 7says the ,doctor7     
tanquam silva cdua apparet2 in ,cheshire
 also 7as we said7 ,cumberland and      
,anglesey1 and several of our           

,euro-boreal tracts1 and are called     
,noah's-ark4 ,by ,chatnesse in          
,lancashire 7says ,camden7 the low      
mossie ground was no very long time     
since1 carried away by an impetuous     
flood1 and in that place now lies a low 
irriguous vale1 where many prostrate    
trees have been digged out3 ,and from   
another ,i receive1 that in the moors of
 ,somersetshire 7towards ,bridgwater7   
some lengths of pasture growing much    
withered1 and parched more than other   
places of the same ground1 in a great   
drowth1 it was observ'd to bear the     
length and shape 7in gross7 of trees2   
they digg'd1 and found in the spot oaks1
 as black as ebony1 and have been from  
hence instructed1 to take up many       
hundreds of the same kind3 ,in a fenny  
tract of the ,isles of ,axholme1 7lying 
part in ,lincolnshire1 and part in      
,yorkshire7 have been found oaks five   
yards in compass1 and fifteen in length1
 some of them erect1 and standing as    
they grew2 in firm earth below the      

moors1 with abundance of fir1 which lie 
more stooping than the oak2 some being  
#cf yards long1 besides the tops3 ,and  
so great is the store of these          
subterraneans1 as the inhabitants have  
for divers years carried away above     
#bjjj cart-loads yearly3 ,see ,dugdal's 
,history of ,draining4 ,this might be of
 good use for the like detections in    
,essex1 ,lincolnshire1 and places either
 low situate1 or adjacent to the sea2   
also at ,binfield ,heath in ,kent1 c4   
,these trees were 7some think7 carried  
away in times past1 by some accident of 
inundation1 or by waters undermining the
 ground1 till their own weight1 and the 
winds bow'd them down1 and overwhelm'd  
them in the mud3 ,for 'tis observ'd1    
that these trees are no where found so  
frequently1 as in boggy places2 but that
 the burning of these trees so very     
bright1 should be an argument they were 
fir1 is not necessary1 since the        
bituminous quality of such earth1 may   
have imparted it to them2 and ,camden   

denies them to be fir-trees2 suggesting 
the query2 whether there may not        
possibly grow trees even under the      
ground1 as well as other things8        
,theophrastus indeed1 l4 iv4 c4 #h4     
speaks of whole woods2 bays and olives1 
bearing fruit2 and that of some oaks    
bearing acorns1 and those even under the
 sea2 which was so full of plants and   
other trees1 as 7'tis said7 ,alexander's
 forces sailing to the ,indies1 were    
much hindred by them4 ,there are in     
,cumberland1 on the sea-shore1 trees    
sometimes discover'd at low-water1 and  
at other times that lie buried in the   
sand2 and in other mossie places of that
 county1 'tis reported1 the people      
frequently dig up the bodies of vast    
trees without boughs1 and that by       
direction of the dew alone in ,summer2  
for they observe it never lies upon that
 part under which those trees are       
interr'd4 ,these particulars ,i find    
noted by the ingenious author of the    
,britannia ,baconica4 ,how vast a       

forest1 and what goodly trees were once 
standing in ,holland1 and those         
,low-countries1 till about the year     
#hfj1 that an hurricane obstructing the 
mouth of the ,rhine near ,catwic1 made  
that horrid devastation1 good authors   
mention2 and they do this day find      
monstrous bodies and branches1 7nay with
 the very nuts1 most intire7 of         
prostrate and buried trees1 in the      
,veene1 especially towards the south1   
and at the bottom of the waters3 ,also  
near ,bruges in ,flanders1 whole woods  
have been found twenty ells deep1 in    
which the trunks1 boughs1 and leaves do 
so exactly appear1 as to distinguish    
their several species1 with the series  
of their leaves yearly falling2 of which
 see ,boetius de ,boot4  ,dr4 ,plot in  
his ,nat4 ,hist4 of ,oxford and         
,staffordshires mentions divers         
subterraneous oaks1 black as ebony1 and 
of mineral substance for hardness2 7see 
cap4 #c4 oak7 quite through the whole   
substance of the timber1 caus'd 7as he  

supposes1 and learnedly evinces7 by a   
vitriolic humour of the earth2 of       
affinity to the nature of the ink-galls1
 which that kind of tree produces3 ,of  
these he speaks of some found sunk under
 the ground1 in an upright and growing  
posture1 to the perpendicular depth of  
sixty foot2 of which one was three foot 
diameter1 of an hardness emulating the  
politest ebony3 ,but these trees had    
none of them their roots1 but were found
 plainly to have been cut off by the    
kerf3 ,there were great store of        
hasel-nuts1 whose shells were as sound  
as ever1 but no kernel within4 ,it is   
there the inquisitive author gives you  
his conjecture1 how these deep          
interments happen'd2 namely1 by our     
ancesters 7many ages since7 clearing the
 ground for tillage1 and when wood was  
not worth converting to other uses1     
digging trenches by the sides of many   
trees1 in which they buried some2 and   
others they slung into quagmires1 and   
lakes to make room for more profitable  

agriculture3 ,but ,i refer you to the   
chapter4 ,in the mean time1 concerning  
this mossie-wood 7as they usually term  
it1 because1 for the most part1 dug-up  
in mossie and moory-bogs where they cut 
for turff7 it is highly probable 7with  
the learned ,mr4 ,ray7 that these places
 were many ages since1 part of firm-land
 covered with wood1 afterwards          
undermined1 and overwhelmed by the      
violence of the sea1 and so continuing  
submerg'd1 till the rivers brought down 
earth1 and mud enough to cover the      
trees1 filling up the shallows1 and     
restoring them to the terra-firma again1
 which he illustrates from the like     
accident upon the coast of ,suffolk1    
about ,dunwich1 where the sea does at   
this day1 and hath for many years past1 
much incroach'd upon the land1          
undermining1 and subverting by degrees1 
a great deal of high-ground2 so as by   
ancient writings it appears1 a whole    
wood of more than a mile and half1 at   
present is so far within the sea3 ,now  

if in succeeding ages 7as probable it is
 enough7 the sea shall by degrees be    
fill'd up1 either by its own working1 or
 by earth brought down by land-floods1  
still subsiding to the bottom1 and      
surmounting the tops of these trees1 and
 so the space again added to the        
firm-land2 the men that shall then live 
in those parts1 will1 it's likely1      
dig-up these trees1 and as much wonder  
how they came there1 as we do at present
 those we have been speaking of4  ,in   
the mean time1 to put an end to the     
various conjectures1 concerning the     
causes of so many trees being found     
submerg'd1 for the most part attributed 
to the destruction made by the ,noatick 
inundation2 after all has been said of  
what was found in the level of          
,hatfield1 7drain'd at the never to be  
forgotten charge and industry of ,sir   
,cornelius ,vermuiden7 ,i think there   
will need no more enquiry3 ,for there   
was discover'd trees not only of fir and
 pitch1 but of very goodly oaks1 even to

 the length of #ajj foot1 which were    
sold at #ae l4 the tree1 black and hard 
as ebony2 all their roots remaining in  
the soil1 and their natural posture1    
with their bodies prostrate by them1    
pointing for the most part north-east3  
,and of such there seem'd to be         
millions1 of all the usual species      
natural to this countrey1 sound and firm
 ash only excepted1 which were become so
 rotten1 and soft1 as to be frequently  
cut through with the spade only2 whereas
 willows and other tender woods1        
continu'd very sound and entire3 ,many  
of these subterranean trees of all      
sorts1 were found to have been cut and  
burnt down1 squar'd and converted for   
several uses1 into boards1 bales1       
stakes1 piles1 barrs1 c4 some trees half
 riven1 with the wedges sticking in     
them2 broken axe-heads in shape of      
sacrificing instruments1 and frequently 
several coins of the emperor ,vespasian1
 c4 ,there was among others1 one        
prodigious oak of #abj foot in length1  

and #ab in diameter1 #aj foot in the    
middle1 and #f at the small end2 so as  
by computation1 this monster must have  
been a great deal longer1 and for this  
tree was offered #bj l4 ,the truth and  
history of all this is so perfectly     
describ'd by ,mr4 ,alan4 de la ,pryme   
7inserted among the ,transactions of the
 ,r4 ,society7 that there needs no more 
to be said of it to evince1 that not    
only here1 but in other places1 where   
such trees are found in the like        
circumstances1 that it has been the work
 and effects of vast armies of the      
,romans1 when finding they could not    
with all their force subdue the         
barbarous inhabitants1 by reason of     
their continual issuing out of those    
intricate fortresses and impediments1   
they caused whole forests to be cut down
 by their legions and soldiers1 whom    
they never suffer'd to remain idle      
during their ,winter quarters1 but were 
continually exercis'd in such publick   
and useful works1 as required multitude 

of hands2 by which discipline they      
became hardy1 active1 and less at       
leisure to mutiny or corrupt one        
another3 ,i do not affirm that this     
answers all submerg'd trees1 but of very
 many imputed to other causes4  ,but we 
shall enquire farther concerning these  
subterranean productions anon1 and      
whether the earth1 as well as the water1
 have not the virtue of strange         
transmutations3 ,these trees are found  
in moors1 by poking with staves of three
 or four foot length1 shod with iron4   
#ac4 ,in ,scotland many submerged oaks  
are found near the river ,neffe2 and 7as
 we noted7 there is a most beautiful    
sort of fir1 or rather pine1 bearing    
small sharp cones1 7some think it the   
,spanish pinaster7 growing upon the     
mountains2 of which1 from the late      
,marquess of ,argyle1 ,i had sent me    
some seeds1 which ,i have sown with     
tolerable success2 and ,i prefer them   
before any other1 because they grow both
 very erect1 and fixing themselves      

stoutly1 need little1 or no support4    
,near ,loughbrun1 'twixt the ,lough1 and
 an hill1 they grow in such quantity1   
that from the spontaneous fall1 ruin and
 decay of the trees lying cross one     
another to a man's height1 partly       
covered with mosse1 and partly earth1   
and grass 7which rots1 fills up1 and    
grows again7 a considerable hill has in 
process of time been raised to almost   
their very tops1 which being an accident
 of singular remark1 ,i thought fit to  
mention4 ,both fir and pine 7sociable   
trees7 planted pretty near together     
7shread and clipt at proper seasons7    
make stately1 noble1 and very beautiful 
skreens and fences to protect orange1   
myrtile and other curious greens1 from  
the scorching of the sun1 and ruffling  
winds1 preferrable to walls3 ,see how to
 be planted and cultivated with the     
dimensions of a skreen1 in the rules for
 the defence of gardens1 annext to de la
 ,quintin1 num4 xv4 by ,mr4 ,london1 and
 ,mr4 ,wise4 ,in the mean time1 none of 

these sorts are to be mingled in taller 
woods or copp'ces1 in which they starve 
one another1 and lose their beauty4 ,and
 now those who would see what ,scotland 
produces 7of innumerable trees of this  
kind7 should consult the learned ,sir   
,rob4 ,sibald4  #ad4 ,for the many1 and 
almost universal use of these trees1    
both sea and land will plead1      ,the 
useful pine for ships4444444444#bci3a   
,hence ,papinius #f4 ,thebaid4 calls it 
audax abies4 ,they make our best mast1  
sheathing1 scaffold-poles1 c4 heretofore
 the whole vessel2 ,it is pretty 7saith 
,pliny7 to consider1 that those trees   
which are so much sought after for      
shipping1 should most delight in the    
highest of mountains1 as if it fled from
 the sea on purpose1 and were afraid to 
descend into the waters4 ,with fir we   
likewise make all intestine works1 as   
wainscot1 floors1 pales1 balks1 laths1  
boxes1 bellies for all musical          
instruments in general1 nay the ribs and
 sides of that enormous stratagem1 the  

so famous ,trojan#bci3b horse1 may be   
thought to be built of this material1   
and if the poet mistake not1            
4444444444,the ribs with deal they      
fit4#bdj3a  ,there being no material    
more obedient and ready to bend for such
 works4  ,in ,holland they receive their
 best mast out of ,norway1 and even as  
far as ,moscovy1 which are best         
esteemed1 7as consisting of long fibers1
 without knots7 but deal-boards from the
 first2 and though fir rots quickly in  
salt-water1 it does not so soon perish  
in fresh2 nor do they yet refuse it in  
merchant-ships1 especially the          
upper-parts of them1 because of its     
lightness3 ,the true pine was ever      
highly commended by the ,ancients for   
naval architecture1 as not so easily    
decaying2 and we read that ,trajan      
caused vessels to be built both of the  
true1 and spurious kind1 well pitch'd1  
and over-laid with lead1 which perhaps  
might hint our modern sheathing with    
that metal at present4 ,fir is exceeding

 smooth to polish on1 and therefore does
 well under gilding-work1 and takes     
black equal with the pear-tree3 ,both   
fir1 and especially pine1 succeed well  
in carving1 as for capitals1 festoons1  
nay1 statues1 especially being gilded1  
because of the easiness of the grain1 to
 work and take the tool every way2 and  
he that shall examine it nearly1 will   
find that famous image of the ,b4       
,virgin at ,loretto1 7reported to be    
carved by the hands of ,st4 ,luke7 to be
 made of fir1 as the grain easily       
discovers it3 ,the torulus 7as          
,vitruvius terms it7 and heart of deal1 
kept dry1 rejecting the albumen and     
white1 is everlasting2 nor does there   
any wood so well agree with the glew1 as
 it1 or is so easie to be wrought3 ,it  
is also excellent for beams1 and other  
timber-work in houses1 being both light1
 and exceedingly strong1 and therefore  
of very good use for bars1 and bolts of 
doors1 as well as for doors themselves1 
and for the beams of coaches1 a board of

 an inch and half thick1 will carry the 
body of a coach with great ease1 by     
reason of a natural spring which it has1
 not easily violated4 ,you shall find1  
that of old they made carts and other   
carriages of it2 and for piles to       
superstruct on in boggy grounds2 most of
 ,venice1 and ,amsterdam is built upon  
them1 with so excessive charge1 as some 
report1 the foundations of their houses 
cost as much1 as what is erected on     
them2 there being driven in no fewer    
than #acfei great masts of this timber1 
under the new ,stadt-house of           
,amsterdam4 ,for scaffolding also there 
is none comparable to it2 and ,i am sure
 we find it an extraordinary saver of   
oak1 where it may be had at reasonable  
price4 ,i will not complain what an     
incredible mass of ready money1 is      
yearly exported into the northern       
countries for this sole commodity1 which
 might all be saved were we industrious 
at home1 or could have them out of      
,virginia1 there being no country in the

 whole world stor'd with better2        
besides1 another sort of wood which they
 call cypress1 much exceeding either fir
 or pine for this purpose2 being as     
tough and springy as yew1 and bending to
 admiration2 it is also lighter than    
either1 and everlasting in wet or dry2  
so as ,i much wonder1 that we enquire no
 more after it3 ,in a word1 not only    
here and there an house1 but whole      
towns1 and great cities are1 and have   
been built of fir only2 nor that alone  
in the north1 as ,mosco1 c4 where the   
very streets are pav'd with it1 7the    
bodies of the trees lying prostrate one 
by one in manner of a raft7 but the     
renowned city of ,constantinople2 and   
nearer home ,tholose in ,france1 was    
within little more than an hundred      
years1 most of fir1 which is now wholly 
marble and brick1 after #hjj houses had 
been burnt1 as it often chances at      
,constantinople2 but where no accident  
even of this devouring nature1 will at  
all move them to re-edifie with more    

lasting materials4 ,to conclude with the
 uses of fir1 we have most of our       
pot-ashes of this wood1 together with   
torch1 or funebral-staves2 nay1 and of  
old1 spears of it1 if we may credit     
,virgil's ,amazonian combat1            
44444444444444444 ,she prest     ,a long
 fir-spear through his exposed          
breast4#bdb3a  ,lastly1 the very chips1 
or shavings of deal-boards1 are of other
 use than to kindle fires alone3 ,thomas
 ,bartholinus in his ,medicina ,danorum 
,dissert4 #g1 c4 where he disclaims the 
use of hops in beer1 7as pernicious and 
malignant1 and from several instances   
how apt it is to produce and usher in   
infections1 nay1 plagues1 c47 would     
substitute in its place1 the shavings of
 deal-boards1 as he affirms1 to give a  
grateful odor to the drink2 and how     
soveraign those resinous-woods1 the tops
 of fir1 and pines1 are against the     
scorbut1 gravel in the kidneys1 c4 we   
generally find3 ,it is in the same      
chapter1 that he commends also wormwood1

 marrubium1 chamelagnum1 sage1 tamarisc1
 and almost any thing1 rather than hops4
 ,the bark of the pine heals ulcers2 and
 the inner rind cut small1 contus'd1 and
 boil'd in store of water1 is an        
excellent remedy for burns and scalds1  
washing the sore with the decoction1 and
 applying the softned bark3 ,it is also 
soveraign against frozen and benumb'd   
limbs3 ,the distill'd water of the green
 cones takes away the wrinkles of the   
face1 dipping cloaths therein1 and      
laying them on it becomes a cosmetic not
 to be despis'd4 ,the pine1 or picea    
buried in the earth never decay3 ,from  
the latter transudes a very bright and  
pellucid gum2 hence we have likewise    
rosin2 also of the pine are made boxes  
and barrels for dry goods2 yea1 and it  
is cloven into 7scandul7 shingles for   
the covering of houses in some places2  
also hoops for wine-vessels1 especially 
of the easily flexible wild-pine2 not to
 forget the kernels 7this tree being    
always furnish'd with cones1 some ripe1 

others green7 of such admirable use in  
emulsions2 and for tooth-pickers1 even  
the very leaves are commended3 ,in sum1 
they are plantations which exceedingly  
improve the air1 by their odoriferous   
and balsamical emissions and1 for       
ornament1 create a perpetual ,spring    
where they are plentifully propagated4  
,and if it could be proved that the     
almugim-trees1 recorded#bdc3a #a ,reg4  
#aa1 #ab4 7whereof pillars for that     
famous temple1 and the royal palace1    
harps1 and psalteries1 c4 were made7    
were of this sort of wood 7as some doubt
 not to assert7 we should esteem it at  
another rate2 yet we know ,josephus     
affirms they were a kind of pine-tree1  
though somewhat resembling the fig-tree 
wood to appearance1 as of a most        
lustrous candor4 ,in the #b ,chron4 #b1 
#h4 there is mention of almug-trees to  
grow in ,lebanon2 and if so1 methinks it
 should rather be 7as ,buxtorf thinks7 a
 kind of cedar2 7yet we find fir also in
 the same period7 for we have seen a    

whiter sort of it1 even very white as   
well as red2 though some affirm it to be
 but the sap of it 7so our              
cabinet-makers call it7 ,i say1 there   
were both fir and pine-trees also       
growing upon those mountains1 and the   
learned ,meibomius1 7in that curious    
treatise of his ,de ,fabrica ,triremium7
 shews that there were such trees       
brought out of ,india1 or ,ophir4 ,in   
the mean time1 ,mr4 ,purchas informs us1
 that ,dr4 ,dee writ a laborious        
treatise almost wholly of this subject1 
7but ,i could never have the good hap to
 see it7 wherein1 as commissioner for   
,solomon's timber1 and like a learned   
architect and planter1 he has summon'd a
 jury of twelve sorts of trees2 namely1 
#a4 the fir1 #b4 box1 #c4 cedar1 #d4    
cypress1 #e4 ebony1 #f4 ash1 #g4        
juniper1 #h4 larch1 #i4 olive1 #aj4     
pine1 #aa4 oak1 and #ab4 sandal-trees1  
to examine which of them were this      
almugim1 and at last seems to concur    
with ,josephus1 in favour of pine or    

fir2 who possibly1 from some antient    
record1 or fragment of the wood it self1
 might learn something of it2 and 'tis  
believ'd1 that it was some material both
 odoriferous to the scent1 and beautiful
 to the eye1 and of fittest temper to   
refract sounds2 besides its             
serviceableness for building2 all which 
properties are in the best sort of pine 
or thyina1 as ,pliny calls it2 or       
perhaps some other rare wood1 of which  
the ,eastern ,indies are doubtless the  
best provided2 and yet ,i find1 that    
those vast beams which sustain'd the    
roof of ,st4 ,peter's church at ,rome1  
laid 7as reported7 by ,constantine the  
,great1 were made of the pitch-tree1 and
 have lasted from anno #ccf1 down to our
 days1 above #acjj years4  #ac4 ,but now
 whilst ,i am reciting the uses of these
 beneficial trees1#bde3a ,mr4 ,winthorp 
presents the ,royal ,society with the   
process of making the tar and pitch in  
,new-,england1 which we thus abbreviate4
 ,tar is made out of that sort of       

pine-tree1 from which naturally         
turpentine extilleth2 and which at its  
first flowing out1 is liquid and clear2 
but being hardned by the air1 either on 
the tree1 or where-ever it falls1 is not
 much unlike the ,burgundy pitch2 and we
 call them pitch-pines out of which this
 gummy substance transudes3 ,they grow  
upon the most barren plains1 on rocks   
also1 and hills rising amongst those    
plains1 where several are found blown   
down1 and have lain so many ages1 as    
that the whole bodies1 branches1 and    
roots of the trees being perished1 some 
certain knots only of the boughs have   
been left remaining intire1 7these knots
 are that part where the bough is joyn'd
 to the body of the tree7 lying at the  
same distance and posture1 as they grew 
upon the tree for its whole length4 ,the
 bodies of some of these trees are not  
corrupted through age1 but quite        
consum'd1 and reduc'd to ashes1 by the  
annual burnings of the ,indians1 when   
they set their grounds on fire2 which   

yet has1 it seems1 no power over these  
hard knots1 beyond a black scorching2   
although being laid on heaps1 they are  
apt enough to burn4 ,it is of these     
knots they make their tar in            
,new-,england1 and the country adjacent1
 whilst they are well impregnated with  
that terebinthine1 and resinous matter1 
which like a balsom1 preserves them so  
long from putrefaction4 ,the rest of the
 tree does indeed contain the like      
terebinthine sap1 as appears 7upon any  
slight incision of bark on the stem1 or 
boughs7 by a small crystalline pearl    
which will sweat out2 but this1 for     
being more watery and undigested1 by    
reason of the porosity of the wood1     
which exposes it to the impressions of  
the air and wet1 renders the tree more  
obnoxious2 especially1 if it lie        
prostrate with the bark on1 which is a  
receptacle for a certain intercutaneous 
worm1 that accelerates its decay4 ,they 
are the knots then alone1 which the     
tar-makers amass in heaps1 carrying them

 in carts to some convenient place not  
far off1 where finding clay or loam fit 
for their turn1 they lay an hearth of   
such ordinary stone as they have at     
hand3 ,this1 they build to such an      
height from the level of the ground1    
that a vessel may stand a little lower  
than the hearth1 to receive the tar as  
it runs out3 ,but first1 the hearth is  
made wide1 according to the quantity of 
knots to be set at once1 and that with a
 very smooth floor of clay1 yet somewhat
 descending1 or dripping from the       
extream parts to the middle1 and thence 
towards one of the sides1 where a gullet
 is left for the tar to run out at4 ,the
 hearth thus finish'd1 they pile the    
knots one upon another1 after the very  
same manner as our colliers do their    
wood for charcoal2 and of a height      
proportionable to the breadth of the    
hearth2 and then cover them over with a 
coat of loam1 or clay1 7which is best7  
or in defect of those1 with the best and
 most tenacious earth the place will    

afford2 leaving only a small spiracle at
 the top1 whereat to put the fire in2   
and making some little holes round about
 at several heights1 for the admission  
of so much air1 as is requisite to keep 
it burning1 and to regulate the fire1 by
 opening and stopping them at pleasure4 
,the process is almost the same with    
that of making charcoal1 as will appear 
in due place2 for1 when it is well on   
fire1 that middle hole is also stopp'd1 
and the rest of the registers so        
govern'd1 as the knots may keep burning1
 and not be suffocated with too much    
smoak2 whilst all being now             
through-heated1 the tar runs down to the
 hearth1 together with some of the more 
watry sap1 which hasting from all parts 
towards the middle1 is convey'd by the  
foremention'd gutter1 into the barrel or
 vessel placed to receive it3 ,thus1 the
 whole art of tar-making is no other1   
than a kind of rude distillation per    
descensum1 and might therefore be as    
well done in furnaces of large capacity1

 were it worth the expence4 ,when the   
tar is now all melted out1 and run1 they
 stop up all the vents very close2 and  
afterwards find the knots made into     
excellent charcoal1 preferr'd by the    
smiths before any other whatsoever1     
which is made of wood2 and nothing so   
apt to burn out when their blast        
ceaseth2 neither do they sparkle in the 
fire1 as many other sorts of coal do2 so
 as1 in defect of sea-coal1 they make   
choice of this1 as best for their use1  
and give greater prices for it4 ,of     
these knots likewise do the planters    
split out small slivers1 about the      
thickness of one's finger1 or somewhat  
thinner1 which serve them to burn       
instead of candles2 giving a very good  
light4 ,this they call candle-wood1 and 
it is in much use both in ,new-,england1
 ,virginia1 and amongst the ,dutch      
planters in their villages2 but for that
 it is something offensive1 by reason of
 the much fuliginous smoak which comes  
from it1 they commonly burn it in the   

chimney-corner1 upon a flat stone or    
iron2 except1 occasionally1 they carry a
 single stick in their hand1 as there is
 need of light to go about the house4   
,it must not be conceiv'd1 by what we   
have mention'd in the former description
 of the knots1 that they are only to be 
separated from the bodies of the trees  
by devouring time1 or that they are the 
only materials1 out of which tar can be 
extracted3 ,for there are in these      
tracts1 millions of trees which abound  
with the same sort of knots1 and full of
 turpentine fit to make tar3 ,but the   
labour of felling these trees1 and of   
cutting out their knots1 would far      
exceed the value of the tar2 especially1
 in countries where work-men are so very
 dear3 ,but those knots above-mention'd1
 are provided to hand1 without any other
 labour1 than the gathering only4 ,there
 are sometimes found of those sort of   
pine-trees1 the lowest part of whose    
stems towards the root is as full of    
turpentine1 as the knots2 and of these  

also may tar be made3 ,but such trees   
being rarely found1 are commonly        
preserved to split into candle-wood2    
because they will be easily riven out   
into any lengths1 and scantlings        
desir'd1 much better than the knots4    
,there be1 who pretend an art of as     
fully impregnating the body of any      
living pine-tree1 for six or eight foot 
high2 and some have reported that such  
an art is practis'd in ,norway3 ,but    
upon several experiments1 by girdling   
the tree 7as they call it7 and cutting  
some of the bark round1 and a little    
into the wood of the tree1 six or eight 
foot distant from the ground1 it has yet
 never succeeded2 whether the just      
season of the year were not observ'd1 or
 what else omitted1 were worth the      
disquisition2 if at least there be any  
such secret amongst the ,norwegians1    
,swedes1 or any other nation4 ,of tar1  
by boiling it to a sufficient height1 is
 pitch made3 ,and in some places where  
rosin is plentiful1 a fit proportion of 

that1 may be dissolv'd in the tar whilst
 it is boiling1 and this mixture is     
soonest converted to pitch2 but it is of
 somewhat a differing kind from that    
which is made of tar only1 without other
 composition4 ,there is a way which some
 ship-carpenters in those countries have
 us'd1 to bring their tar into pitch for
 any sudden use2 by making the tar so   
very hot in an iron-kettle1 that it will
 easily take fire1 which when blazing1  
and set in an airy place1 they let burn 
so long1 till1 by taking out some small 
quantity for trial1 being cold1 it      
appears of a sufficient consistence3    
,then1 by covering the kettle close1 the
 fire is extinguish'd1 and the pitch is 
made without more ceremony4 ,there is a 
process of making rosin also1 out of the
 same knots1 by splitting them out into 
thin pieces1 and then boiling them in   
water1 which will educe all the resinous
 matter1 and gather it into a body1     
which 7when cold7 will harden into pure 
rosin4 ,it is moreover to be understood1

 that the fir1 and most coniferous      
trees1 yield the same concretes1        
lachrym1 turpentines1 and there is a fir
 which exstills a gum not unlike the    
balm of ,gilead1 and a sort of tus2     
rosins1 hard1 naval stone1 liquid pitch1
 and tar for remedies against the cough1
 arthritic and pulmonic affections2 are 
well known1 and the chyrurgion uses them
 in plaisters also2 and in a word1 for  
mechanic and other innumerable uses2 and
 from the burning fuliginous vapour of  
these1 especially the rosin1 we have our
 lamp1 and printers black1 c4 ,i am     
perswaded the pine1 pitch and fir trees 
in ,scotland1 might yield ,his ,majesty 
plenty of excellent tar1 were some      
industrious person employ'd about the   
work2 so as ,i wonder it has been so    
long neglected4 ,but there is another   
process not much unlike the former1     
which is given us by the present        
archbishop of ,samos1 ,joseph           
,georgirenes1 in his description of     
that1 and other islands of the gan4     

,their way of making pitch 7says he7 is 
thus3 ,they take sapines1 that is1 that 
part of the fir1 so far as it hath no   
knots2 and shaving away the extream     
parts1 leave only that which is nearest 
to the middle1 and the pith3 ,that which
 remains1 they call dadi 7from the old  
,greek word 1 whence the ,latin1 taeda73
 ,these they split into small pieces1   
and laying them on a furnace1 put fire  
to the upper part1 till they are all    
burnt1 the liquor in the mean time      
running from the wood1 and let out from 
the bottom of the furnace1 into a hole  
made in the ground1 where it continues  
like oyl3 ,then they put fire to't1 and 
stir it about till it thicken1 and has a
 consistence3 ,after this1 putting out  
the fire1 they cast chalk upon it1 and  
draw it out with a vessel1 and lay it in
 little places cut out of the ground1   
where it receives both its form1 and a  
firmer body for easie transportation3   
,thus far the archbishop2 but it is not 
so instructive and methodical as what we

 have describ'd above4  ,other processes
 for the extracting of these substances1
 may be seen in ,mr4 ,ray's ,hist4      
,plant41 already mentioned1 lib4 xxix4  
cap4 #a4 ,and as to pitch and tar1 how  
they make it near ,marselles1 in        
,france1 from the pines growing about   
that city1 see ,philos4 ,trans4 n4 #bac4
 p4 #bia4 an4 #afif1 very well worthy   
the transcribing1 if what is mentioned  
in this chapter were at all defective4  
,i had in the former editions of ,sylva1
 plac'd the larix among the trees which 
shed their leaves in ,winter 7as indeed 
does this7 but not before there is an   
almost immediate supply of fresh2 and   
may therefore1 both for its similitude1 
stature1 and productions1 challenge rank
 among the coniferous3 ,we raise it of  
seeds1 and grows spontaneously in       
,stiria1 ,carinthia1 and other ,alpine  
,countries3 ,the change of the colour of
 the old leaf1 made an ignorant gardiner
 of mine erradicate what ,i had brought 
up with much care1 as dead2 let this    

therefore be a warning3 ,the leaves are 
thin1 pretty long and bristly2 the cones
 small1 grow irregular1 as do the       
branches1 like the cypress1 a very      
beautiful tree1 the pondrous branches   
bending a little1 which makes it differ 
from the ,libanus cedar1 to which some  
would have it ally'd1 nor are any found 
in ,syria4 ,of the deep wounded bark1   
exsudes the purest of our               
shop-turpentine1 7at least as reputed7  
as also the drug agaric3 ,that it       
flourishes with us1 a tree of good      
stature 7not long since to be seen about
 ,chelmsford in ,essex7 sufficiently    
reproaches our not cultivating so useful
 a material for many purposes1 where    
lasting and substantial timber is       
required3 ,for we read of beams of no   
less than #abj foot in length1 made out 
of this goodly tree1 which is of so     
strange a composition1 that 'twill      
hardly burn2 whence ,mantuan1 et robusta
 larix igni impenetrabile lignum3 for so
 ,csar found it in a castle he besieg'd1

 built of it2 7the story is recited at  
large by ,vitruvius1 l4 #b4 c4 #i47 but 
see what ,philander says upon the place1
 on his own experience3 ,yet the coals  
thereof were held far better than any   
other1 for the melting of iron1 and the 
lock-smith2 and to say the truth1 we    
find they burn it frequently as common  
fuel in the ,valtoline1 if at least it  
be the true larix1 which they now call  
melere4 ,there is abundance of this     
larch timber in the buildings at        
,venice1 especially about the palaces in
 ,piazza ,san ,marco1 where ,i remember 
,scamozzi says he himself us'd much of  
it1 and infinitely commends it4 ,nor did
 they only use it in houses1 but in     
naval architecture also3 ,the ship      
mention'd by ,witsen 7a late ,dutch     
writer of that useful art7 to have been 
found not long since in the ,numidian   
,sea1 twelve fathoms under water1 being 
chiefly built of this timber1 and       
cypress1 both reduc'd to that induration
 and hardness1 as greatly to resist the 

fire1 and the sharpest tool2 nor was any
 thing perished of it1 though it had    
lain above a thousand and four hundred  
years submerg'd3 ,the decks were cover'd
 with linnen1 and plates of lead1 fixed 
with nails guilt1 and the intire ship   
7which contain'd thirty foot in length7 
so stanch1 as not one drop of water had 
soaked into any room4 ,tiberius we find 
built that famous bridge to his         
,naumachia with this wood1 and it seems 
to excel for beams1 doors1 windows1 and 
masts of ships1 resists the worm3 ,being
 driven into the ground1 it is almost   
petrified1 and will support an          
incredible weight2 which 7and for its   
property of long resisting fire7 makes  
,vitruvius wish1 they had greater plenty
 of it at ,rome to make goists of1 where
 the ,forum of ,augustus was 7it seems7 
built of it1 and divers bridges by      
,tiberius2 for that being attempted with
 fire1 it is long in taking hold1       
growing only black without2 and the     
timber of it is so exceedingly          

transparent1 that cabanes being made of 
the thin boards1 when in the dark night 
they have lighted candles in them1      
people1 who are at a distance without   
doors1 would imagine the whole room to  
be on fire1 which is pretty odd1        
considering there is no material so 7as 
they pretend7 unapt to kindle4 ,the     
larix bears polishing excellently well1 
and the turners abroad much desire it3  
,vitruvius says 'tis so ponderous1 that 
it will sink in the water3 ,it also     
makes everlasting spouts1 pent-houses1  
and featheridge1 which needs neither    
pitch or painting to preserve them2 and 
so excellent pales1 posts1 rails1       
pedaments and props for vines1 c4 to    
which add the palats on which our       
painters separate and blend their       
colours1 and were 7till the use of      
canvas and bed-tike came7 the tables on 
which the great ,raphael1 and most      
famous artists of the last age1         
eterniz'd their skill4   ,,footnotes3   
#bbg3a ,de causis1 l4 #a4 cap4 #e4      

#bbi3a      ,et comitem quercum pinus   
amica trahit4  #bci3a      444444dant   
utile lignum     ,navigiis pinus4444444 
,georg4 #b4  #bci3b ,macrob4 ,sat4 #ef4 
cap4 #i4  #bdj3a      4444444444        
,sectaque intexunt abiete costas4       
n4 #b4  #bdb3a      444444444444 ,cujus 
apertum     ,adversi long transverberat 
abiete pectus4      n4 #aa4  #bdc3a     
,where the ,,lxx calls it 1 non         
dedolata2 others ligna undulata4 ,see   
,ezek4 #bg4 #e1 #f4  #bde3a ,see ,plin4 
,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #af4 cap4 #aa4 or     
rather ,theophrastus ,hist4 lib4 #i4    
cap4 #b1 #c4  lib4 #ad4 cap4 #bj4 lib4  
#bc4 c4 #a4 lib4 #bd4 c4 #f4            
,,chapter ,,iv4  ,of the ,cedar1        
,juniper1 ,cypress1 ,savine1 ,thuya c4  
#a4 ,but now after all the beautiful and
 stately trees1 clad in perpetual       
verdure1      ,quid tibi odorato referam
 sudantia ligno8  ,should ,i forget the 
cedar8 which grows in all extreams2 in  
the moist ,barbadoes1 the hot ,bermudas1
 7,i speak of those trees so            

denominated7 the cold ,new ,england1    
even where the snows lie1 as ,i am told1
 almost half the ,year2 for so it does  
on the mountains of ,libanus1 from      
whence ,i have received cones and seeds 
of those few remaining trees3 why then  
should they not thrive in old ,england1 
,i know not1 save for want of industry  
and trial4  ,they grow in the bogs of   
,america1 and in the mountains of ,asia2
 so as there is1 it seems1 no place or  
clime which affrights it2 and ,i have   
frequently rais'd them from their seeds 
and berries1 of which we have the very  
best in the world from the              
,summer-,islands1 though now almost     
exhausted by the unaccountable          
negligence of the planters2 as are      
likewise those of ,m4 ,libanus1 by the  
wandring and barbarous ,arabs4 ,the     
cedars we have from ,jamaica1 are a     
spurious sort and of so porous a        
contexture1 that wine will sink into it3
 ,on the contrary1 that of ,carolina so 
firm and close1 that barrels1 and other 

vessels1 preserve the strongest spirits 
in vigour3 ,the ,new ,england cedar is a
 lofty grower1 and prospers into        
excellent timber1 which being sawn into 
planks1 make delicate floors3 ,they     
shingle their houses also with it1 and  
generally employ it in all their        
buildings3 ,why have we no more of it   
brought us1 to raise1 plant1 and convert
 to the same uses8 ,there is the        
oxycedrus of ,lycia1 which the architect
 ,vitruvius describes1 to have its leaf 
like cypress2 but the right ,phnician   
resembles more the juniper1 bearing a   
cone not so pointed as the other1 as we 
shall come to shew4  ,after these1 ,i   
shall not here descend to the inferior  
kinds1 which some call dwarfs1 and      
common juniper-like shrubs1 fitter to   
head the borders of coronary gardners1  
and to be shorn4 ,there is yet another  
of the ,north-,america1 lighter than    
cork it self1 of a fragrant scent1 which
 is its only virtue4 ,in short1  ,after 
all these exotics brought from our      

plantations1 answering to the name of   
cedar1 ,i should esteem that of the     
,vermuda1 little inferior1 if not       
superior1 to the noblest ,libanon1 and  
next1 that of ,carolina for its many    
uses1 and lasting4  ,having spoken of   
their several species1 we come now to   
the culture1 best rais'd from the seeds1
 since it would be difficult to receive 
any store from abroad3 ,to begin with   
that of ,m4 ,libanus2 ,those which seem 
of the greatest antiquity1 are indeed   
majestical1 extending the boughs and    
branches1 with their cones sursum       
spectantia1 as by most we are told2     
though a late#bee3a traveller found     
otherwise1 and depending1 like other    
coniferous trees2 the sturdy arms1      
though in smaller sprigs1 grow in time  
so weighty1 as often to bend the very   
stem1 and main shaft1 whilst that which 
is most remarkable1 is the structure of 
the cones and seeds receptacles1 tack'd 
and rang'd between the branch-leaves1 in
 such order1 as nothing appears more    

curious and artificial1 and at a little 
distance1 exceedingly beautiful3 ,these 
cones have the bases rounder1 shorter1  
or rather thicker1 and with blunter     
points1 the whole circum-zon'd1 as it   
were1 with pretty broad thick scales1   
which adhere together in exact series to
 the very top and summit1 where they are
 somewhat smaller2 but the entire       
lorication smoother couch'd than those  
of the fir-kind3 ,within these          
repositories under the scales1 nestle   
the small nutting seeds1 or rather      
kernels1 of a pear-shape1 though        
somewhat bigger2 which how nourish'd and
 furnish'd from the central style1 with 
their other integuments1 is admirably   
describ'd by ,mr4 ,ray1 as that of the  
stalk of the clogs1 thicker and longer1 
and so firmly knit to them1 that it     
requires considerable force to part them
 from the branch1 without splitting the 
arm it self4 ,we have said nothing      
concerning the leaf of this tree1 which 
much resembles those of the larix1 but  

somewhat longer and closer set1 erect   
and perpetually green1 which those of   
the larch are not2 but hanging down1    
drop-off1 and desert the tree in        
,winter4  ,the seeds drop out of the    
cones as other fir1 pine-kernels and    
nuts do1 when the air1 sun1 or moisture 
open and unglue the scales1 which       
naturally it else does not in those of  
the cedar till the second year2 but     
which after all the preparations of     
burying in holes made in the earth and  
sand 7in which they are apter to rot7   
may more safely be done1 by exposing the
 clogs discreetly to the sun1 or before 
the soft and gentle fire1 or ,i think1  
best of all1 by soaking them in         
warm-water3 ,the cones 7thus discharged7
 the gaping seeds1 together with the    
rest of the skeleton1 adhere a long     
while to the branches1 which not seldom 
hang on above two years2 as we likewise 
find in those of other resinous trees1  
though falling sooner4  ,the lachrym1   
gum1 and other transudations1 serving   

more for unguents and the chyrurgeon's  
box1 than for other medicaments1 in     
which we find ,pliny has little faith3  
,but that which is more remarkable1 is  
the virtue of the famous timber of this 
noble tree1 being proof against all     
putrefaction of human and other bodies1 
above all other ingredients and         
compositions of embalmers2 and that by a
 pretty contradiction1 giving life as it
 were to the dead1 and destroying the   
worms which are living2 and as it does  
where any goods are kept in chests and  
presses of the wood1 excepting          
woollen-cloth and furs1 which 'tis      
observ'd they corrupt4 ,in the mean     
time1 touching the manner of these      
operations1 as it concerns the          
preservation of the dead1 see more where
 we speak of cypress1 c4 ,the effects   
being ascrib'd to the extream bitterness
 of the resinous juices1 whilst the odor
 is most grateful3 ,the worthy ,mr4 ,ray
 mentions the powder and sawdust of     
cedar to be one of the greatest secrets 

us'd by our pollinctors and mountebanks1
 who pretend to this embalming mystery2 
and indeed1 that the dust and very chips
 are exitial to moths and worms1 daily  
experience shews us2 tho' none in mine1 
than the dry'd leaves and stalks of     
,marum-,syriacum1 familiarly planted in 
our gardens3 ,what therefore the late   
traveller ,dampier speaks of cedar1     
which he has seen worm-eaten1 could     
neither be that of ,libanus or          
,bermudas1 but haply of ,barbados1      
,jamaica1 or some other species3 note1  
that the cedar is of so dry a nature1   
that it does not well endure to be      
fastened with nails1 from which it      
usually shrinks1 and therefore pins of  
the same wood are better4 ,whatever     
other property this noble tree is       
deservedly famous for1 it is said to    
yield an oyl1 which above all other1    
best preserves the monuments of the     
learned1 books and writings2 whence     
cedro dignus became one of the highest  
eulogies3 ,but whether that of the      

ingenius poet1      ,notandus minio1 nec
 cedro charta notatur1  refers not to   
the colour rather1 which was usually    
red1 and perhaps temper'd with this     
bitter oyl 7as some conjecture7 let our 
antiquaries determine3 ,the horns and   
knobs at the ends of the rolling-staves1
 on which those sheets of parchment1 c4 
7before the invention of printing1 and  
compacted covers now in use7 as at      
present our maps and geographical charts
 7peeping out a little beyond the       
volume7 were likely colour'd with this  
rutilant mixture4  ,touching the        
diternity of this material1 'tis        
recorded1 that in the temple of ,apollo 
,utica1 there was found timber of near  
two thousand years old2 and at ,sagunti 
in ,spain1 a beam in a certain oratory  
consecrated to ,diana1 which has been   
brought to ,zant1 two centuries before  
the destruction of ,troy3 ,that great   
,sesostris ,king of ,egypt had built a  
vessel of cedar of #bhj cubits1 all over
 gilded without and within3 ,and the    

,goddess in the famous ,ephesine temple1
 was said to be of this material also1  
as was most of the timber-work of that  
glorious structure3 ,though as to the   
idol   mention'd in the ,acts1 7when the
 mob rose up against the apostle7 some  
will have to be of ebony1 others of a   
vine-tree1 the most unlikely of all the 
rest fit for the carver4 ,the sittim    
mention'd in ,holy ,writ1 is thought to 
have been a kind of cedar of which most 
precious utensils were formed4  ,as to  
the magnitude of cedar-trees3 ,we read  
of divers whose bodies eight or nine    
persons could not embrace1 7as we shall 
shew hereafter7 not here to let pass    
what ,josephus relates ,solomon planted 
in ,judea1 who doubtless try'd many     
experiments of this nature1 none being  
more kingly than of planting for        
posterity3 ,i do not speak of those     
growing on the mountains of ,libanon1 in
 the northern and colder tracts of      
,syria2 or what store those forests of  
them then afforded3 ,but1 as we are     

inform'd by that curious traveller#beh3a
 ,ranwolsius1 7since confirm'd also by  
the virtuoso1 ,monconys7 there were not 
remaining above twenty five of those    
stately trees1 and since they were      
there1 but sixteen of that small number1
 as the ingenious ,mr4 ,mandevill       
reports in his journey from ,aleppo to  
,jerusalem3 ,there was yet1 he says1    
abundance of young trees1 and a single  
old one of prodigious size1 twelve yards
 and six inches in the girth2 ,i suppose
 the same describ'd by the late         
traveller ,bruyn1 who speaking of the   
shadow of this umbragious tree1 alludes 
to that of ,hosea1 ,cap4 ,,xiv4 ,ver4   
#e4 which 'tis not improbable might be  
one of those yet remaining1 where that  
heroick prince employ'd fourscore       
thousand hewers at work1 for the        
materials of one only temple1 and the   
palace he built in the city2 a pregnant 
instance what time1 negligence and war  
will bring to ruin4 ,but to return to   
what is said of their present number1   

,le ,bruyn 7whom just now we mention'd7 
makes them #ce or #cf1 for he could not 
exactly tell1 and pretends 7like our    
,stonedge on ,salisbury ,plain7 none    
could ever yet agree of their number4   
,in short1 upon reflection of what we   
have hitherto concerning the universal  
waste and destruction of timber trees1  
7where due regard is not taken to       
propagate and supply them7 whole        
countries have suffer'd1 as well as     
particular provinces3 ,thus the         
,apennines are stripp'd of their goodly 
pine and fir-trees 7which formerly the  
naturalist commends those mountains for7
 to that degree1 as to render not only  
the city of ,florence1 but ,rome her    
self so expos'd to the nipping          
,tramontan's 7for so they call the      
northern winds7 that almost nothing     
which is rare and curious1 will thrive  
without hyemation and art2 so as even   
thro' the most of those parts of ,italy1
 on this side the ,kingdom of ,naples1  
flank'd by the ,alpestral ,hills1 7clad 

as they perpetually are with snow7 they 
are fain to house1 and retire their     
orange1 citron1 and other delicate and  
tender plants1 as we do in ,england4    
,there remains yet one mountain among   
the ,appennines1 cover'd and crown'd    
with cypress2 whereof some are of       
considerable stature3 ,nor is all this  
indeed so great a wonder1 if we find the
 entire species of some trees totally   
lost in countries1 as if there never had
 been any such planted or growing in    
them3 ,be this applied to fir and pine1 
and several other trees1 for want of    
culture1 several accidents in the soil1 
air1 c4 which we daily find produces    
strange alterations in our woods2 the   
beech almost constantly succeeding the  
oak1 to our great disadvantage2 whilst  
we neglect new seminations4 ,herodotus  
speaking of the palms1 7plentifully     
growing about ,delos7 says the whole    
species was utterly lost3 ,more ,i might
 add on this subject2 but having perhaps
 been too long on these remarks1 and    

long enough on cold ,m4 ,libanus1 ,i    
pass to1  #a4 ,juniper2 let it not seem 
unduly plac'd1 if after such gyants1 we 
bring that humble shrub 7such as abound 
with us being so reckon'd7 to claim     
affinity to the tallest cedar2 since    
were not ours continually cropp'd1 but  
maintain'd in single stems1 we might    
perhaps see some of them rise to        
competent trees2 fit for many curious   
works1 tables1 cabinets1 coffers1       
inlaying1 floors1 carvings1 c4 we have  
of some of these trees so large1 as to  
have made beams and rafters for a       
certain temple in ,spain1 dedicated to  
,diana2 nor need we question their being
 fit for other buildings2 celebrated for
 its emulating the cedar1 tho' not in   
stature1 yet in its lastingness3 ,and   
such1 ,i think1 the learned ,dr4 ,sloane
 mentions growing in ,jamaica1 little   
inferior to the ,vermudas4  #b4 ,of     
juniper1 we have three or four sorts1   
male1 female1 dwarf2 whereof one is much
 taller1 and more fit for improvement4  

,the wood is yellow1 and being cut in   
,march1 sweet as cedar1 whereof it is   
accounted a spurious kind2 all of them  
difficult to remove with success2 nor   
prosper1 they being shaded at all1 or   
over-drip'd3 ,the ,swedish juniper 7now 
so frequent in our new modish gardens1  
and shorn into pyramids7 is but a taller
 and somewhat brighter sort of the      
vulgar4  #c4 ,i have rais'd them        
abundantly of their seeds 7neither      
watering1 nor dunging the soil7 which in
 two months will peep1 and being        
governed like the cypress1 apt for all  
the employments of that beautiful tree3 
,to make it grow tall1 prune1 and       
cleanse it to the very stem2 the male   
best4 ,the discreet loosening of the    
earth about the roots also1 makes it    
strangely to prevent your expectations1 
by suddenly spreading into a bush fit   
for a thousand pretty employments2 for  
coming to be much unlike that which     
grows wild1 and is subject to the       
treading and cropping of cattle1 c4 it  

may be form'd into most beautiful and   
useful hedges3 ,my late brother having  
formerly cut out of one only tree1 an   
arbour capable for three to sit in1 it  
was at my last measuring seven foot     
square1 and eleven in height2 and would 
certainly have been of a much greater   
altitude1 and farther spreading1 had it 
not continually been kept shorn3 ,but   
what is most considerable1 is1 the      
little time since it was planted1 being 
then hardly ten years1 and then it was  
brought out of the common a slender     
bush1 of about two foot high3 ,but ,i   
have experimented a proportionable      
improvement in my own garden1 where ,i  
do mingle them with cypress1 and they   
would perfectly become their stations1  
where they might enjoy the sun1 and may 
very properly be set where cypress does 
not so well thrive2 namely1 in such     
gardens and courts as are open to the   
eddy-winds1 which indeed a little       
discolours our junipers when they blow  
easterly towards the ,spring1 but they  

constantly recover again2 and besides1  
the shrub is tonsile1 and may be shorn  
into any form4 ,i wonder ,virgil should 
condemn its shadow4 ,juniperi gravis    
umbra44444 ,i suspect him mis-reported4 
,in the mean time1 botanists are not    
fully agreed to what species many noble 
and stately trees1 passing under the    
names of cedar1 are to be reckon'd2 and 
therefore 7for ,i cannot but mention    
those of the ,vermuda again in this     
place7 being so beautiful1 tall1        
thick-set with evergreen-leaves1 like   
the juniper1 with berries indeed much   
larger1 and may also be propagated by   
layers3 ,affording a timber close1 ruddy
 for the most part2 easy to work1 and   
yielding excellent flooring1 fit for    
wainscot1 and all curious cabinet-works2
 keeping its agreeable odor and         
fragrancy longer than the rest3 ,there  
is also made a pleasant and wholsome    
drink of the seeds1 as they do of our   
common juniper2 of which hereafter4     
,nearest the ,bermuda juniper1 comes the

 ,virginia1 both yet exceeded by that of
 ,carolina1 for the perfections already 
mention'd1 speaking of cedar1 not       
forgetting the ,oxy-,cedrus1 which is   
reputed a sort of juniper3 ,the berries 
so abounding on our uncultivated bushes1
 and barren heaths1 always pregnant1    
annually ripen1 tho' not all at a time2 
some sticking longer1 so as there will  
be black1 green1 and gray1 succeeding   
one another4  #d4 ,and these afford     
7besides a tolerable pepper7 one of the 
most universal remedies in the world1 to
 our crazy forester3 the berries        
swallow'd only1 instantly appease the   
wind-collic1 and in decoction most      
soveraign against an inveterate cough3  
,they are of rare effect1 being steeped 
in beer2 and in some northern countries1
 they use a decoction of the berries1 as
 we do coffee and tea4 ,the water is a  
most singular specifique against the    
gravel in the reins2 but all is         
comprehended in the virtue of the       
theriacle1 or electuary1 which ,i have  

often made for my poor neighbours1 and  
may well be term'd the forester's       
panacea against the stone1 rheum1       
pthysic1 dropsie1 jaundies1 inward      
imposthumes2 nay1 palsie1 gout1 and     
plague it self1 taken like              
,venice-treacle4 ,of the extracted oyl  
7with that of nuts7 is made an excellent
 good varnish for pictures1 wood-work1  
and to preserve polish'd iron from the  
rust4 ,the gum is good to rub on        
parchment or paper1 to make it bear ink1
 and the coals1 which are made of the   
wood1 endure the longest of any2 so as  
live embers have been found after a     
year's being cover'd in the ashes3 ,see 
,st4 ,hierom ad ,fabiolam1 upon that    
expression1 ,psal4 #abj4 v4 #d4 ,if it  
arrive to full growth1 spits and spoons1
 imparting a grateful relish1 and very  
wholesome1 where they are us'd1 are made
 of this wood1 being well dried and     
season'd4 ,and the very chips render a  
wholesome perfume within doors1 as well 
as the dusty blossoms in ,spring        

without1 and excellent within to correct
 the air1 and expel infection2 for which
 purpose the wood should be cut about   
,may1 and the rasures well dried4  #e4  
,and since we now mention pepper1 it is 
by the most prudent and princely care of
 his late ,majesty1 ,char4 ,,ii4 that ,i
 am assur'd of a late solemn ,act of    
,council1 enjoyning the preserving of   
that incomparable spice1 which comes to 
us from ,jamaica under that             
denomination2 though in truth it be a   
mixture of so many aromatics in one1    
that it might as well have been call'd  
cinamon1 nutmeg or mace1 and all-spice1 
to every of which it seems something    
allied3 ,and that there is not only     
prohibited the destruction of these     
trees 7for it seems some prodigals us'd 
to cut them down1 for the more easie    
gathering7 but order taken likewise for 
their propagation1 and that assays1 and 
samples be from time to time sent over1 
what other fruits1 trees1 gums1 and     
vegetables may there be found1 and which

 ,i prognostick will at last also incite
 the planters there1 to think of        
procuring cinamon1 cloves1 and          
nutmeg-trees indeed1 from the           
,east-,indies1 and what other useful    
curiosities do not approach our northern
 ,bear1 7and that are yet incicurabiles 
amongst us7 and to plant them in        
,jamaica1 and other of the ,western     
,islands1 as a more safe and frugal     
expedient to humble our emulous         
neighbours2 since there is nothing in   
their situation1 or defect of nature's  
benignity1 which ought in the least to  
discourage us3 ,and what if some of the 
trees of those countries 7especially    
such as aspire to be timber1 and may be 
of improvement amongst us7 were more    
frequently brought to us likewise here  
in ,england2 since we daily find how    
many rare exotics1 and strangers1 with  
little care1 become endenizon'd1 and so 
contented to live amongst us1 as may be 
seen in the platanus1                   
,constantinople-chesnut1 the greater    

glandiferous ilex1 cork1 nux vesicaria  
7which is an hard wood1 fit for the     
turner1 c47 the styrax1 bead-tree1 the  
famous lotus1 ,virginian acacia1        
guaiacum ,patavinum1 paliurus1 cypress1 
pines1 fir1 and sundry others1 which    
grow already in our gardens1 expos'd to 
the weather2 and so doubtless would many
 more3 ,so judiciously observ'd is that 
of the learned author of the history of 
the ,royal ,society1 part4 #c4 sect4    
#bh1       #8,that whatever attempts of 
this nature have succeeded1 they have   
redounded to the great advantage of the 
undertakers4 ,the orange of      ,china 
being of late brought into ,portugal1   
has drawn a great      revenue every    
year from ,london alone4 ,the vine of   
the ,rhene1 taking      root in the     
,canaries1 has produc'd a far more      
delicious juice1 and      has made the  
rocks1 and sun-burnt ashes of those     
islands1 one of      the richest spots  
of ground in the world4 ,and ,i will    
also instance      in that which is now 

in a good forwardness3 ,virginia has    
already      given silk for the         
cloathing of our ,king2 and it may      
happen      hereafter1 to give cloaths  
to a great part of ,europe1 and a vast  
treasure to our ,kings3 ,if the         
silk-worms shall thrive there1 7of      
which there seems to be no doubt7 the   
profit will be inexpressible4      ,we  
may guess at it1 by considering what    
numbers of caravans1 and      how many  
great cities in ,persia1 are maintain'd 
by that manufacture      alone1 and what
 mighty customs it yearly brings unto   
the ,sophi's      revenue4'  ,thus he3  
,to which we might add2 that not only   
the ,china-orange mention'd by the      
,doctor1 but the whole race of          
orange-trees1 were strangers in ,italy1 
and unknown at ,rome2 nor grew they     
nearer than ,persia1 whence first they  
travell'd into ,greece1 as ,athenaeus   
tells us4 ,but to return to that of     
,china1 and give some account of its    
propagation in ,europe3 ,the first was  

sent for a present to the old ,conde    
,mellor1 then ,prime ,minister to the   
,king of ,portugal3 ,but of that whole  
case1 7they came to ,lisbon in7 there   
was but one only plant1 which escap'd   
the being so spoil'd and tainted2 that  
with great care it hardly recovered1 to 
be since become the parent and          
progenitor of all those flourishing     
trees of that name1 cultivated by our   
gardeners1 tho' not without sensibly    
degenerating4 ,receiving this account   
from the illustrious son of the ,conde  
7successor in title and favour7 upon his
 being recall'd 7then an exile at our   
,court1 where ,i had the honour to be   
known to him7 ,i thought fit to mention 
it in this place1 for an instance of    
what the industry we have recommended1  
would questionless in less than half an 
age1 produce of wonders1 by             
introduction1 if not of quite different1
 yet of better kinds1 and such variety  
for pulchritude and sweetness2 that when
 by some princely example1 our late     

pride1 effeminacy1 and luxury1 7which   
has to our vast charges1 excluded all   
the ornaments of timber1 c4 to give     
place to hangings1 embroideries1 and    
foreign leather7 shall be put out of    
countenance1 we may hope to see a new   
face of things1 for the encouragement of
 planters 7the more immediate work of   
,god's hands7 and the natural1          
wholesome1 and ancient use of timber1   
for the more lasting occasions1 and     
furniture of our dwellings3 ,and though 
,i do not speak all this for the sake of
 joyn'd-stools1 benches1 cup-boards1    
massy tables1 and gigantic bed-steads1  
7the hospitable utensils of our         
fore-fathers7 yet ,i would be glad to   
encourage the carpenter1 and the joyner1
 and rejoice to see1 that their work and
 skill do daily improve2 and that by the
 example and application of his         
,majesty's ,universities1 and ,royal    
,society1 the restoration and           
improvement of shipping1 mathematical1  
and mechanical arts1 the use of timber  

grows daily in more reputation4 ,and it 
were well if great persons might only be
 indulg'd to inrich1 and adorn their    
palaces with tapestry1 damask1 velvet1  
and ,persian furniture2 whilst by some  
wholesome sumptuary laws1 the universal 
excess of those costly and luxurious    
moveables1 were prohibited meaner men1  
for divers politic considerations and   
reasons1 which it were easie to produce2
 but by a less influence than severer   
laws1 it will be very difficult1 if not 
altogether impossible1 to recover our   
selves from a softness and vanity1 which
 will in time not only effeminate1 but  
undo the nation4  #f4 ,cupressus1 the   
cypress-tree is either the ,sative1 or  
garden-tree1 the most pyramidal and     
beautiful2 or that which is call'd the  
male1 7though somewhat preposterously7  
which bears the small cones1 but is of a
 more extravagant shape3 ,should we     
reason only from our common experience1 
even the cypress-tree was1 but within a 
few years past1 reputed so tender1 and  

nice a plant1 that it was cultivated    
with the greatest care1 and to be found 
only amongst the curious2 whereas we see
 it now1 in every garden1 rising to as  
goodly a bulk and stature1 as most which
 you shall find even in ,italy it self2 
for such ,i remember to have once seen  
in his late ,majesty's gardens at       
,theobalds1 before that princely seat   
was demolish'd4 ,i say1 if we did argue 
from this topic1 methinks it should     
rather encourage our country-men to add 
yet to their plantations1 other foreign 
and useful trees1 and not in the least  
deter them1 because many of them are not
 as yet become endenizon'd amongst us3  
,but of this ,i have said enough1 and   
yet cannot but still repeat it4  #g4 ,we
 may read that the peach was at first   
accounted so tender1 and delicate a     
tree1 as that it was believ'd to thrive 
only in ,persia2 and even in the days of
 ,galen1 it grew no nearer than ,egypt1 
of all the ,roman provinces1 but was not
 seen in the city1 till about thirty    

years before ,pliny's time2 whereas1    
there is now hardly a more common1 and  
universal in ,europe3 ,thus likewise1   
the ,avellana from ,pontus in ,asia2    
thence into ,greece1 and so ,italy1 to  
the city of ,abellino in ,campania4     
,una tantm litera immutata1 ,avellina   
dici1 qu prius ,abellina4  ,i might     
affirm the same of our ,damasco plum1   
quince1 medlar1 fig1 and most ordinary  
pears1 as well as of several other      
peregrine trees1 fruit-bearers1 and     
others2 for even the very damask-rose it
 self1 7as my ,lord ,bacon tells us1    
,cent4 #b4 exp4 #fei47 is little more   
than an hundred years old in ,england3  
,methinks this should be of wonderful   
incitement4 ,it was #fhj years after the
 foundation of ,rome1 e'er ,italy had   
tasted a cherry of their own1 which     
being then brought thither#bfh3a out of 
,pontus 7as the above-mention'd filberts
 were7 did after #abj years1 travel ad  
ultimos ,britannos4  #h4 ,we had our    
first myrtils out of ,greece1 and       

cypress from ,crete1 which was yet a    
meer stranger in ,italy1 as ,pliny      
reports1 and most difficult to be       
raised2 which made ,cato to write more  
concerning the culture of it1 than of   
any other tree3 ,notwithstanding1 we    
have in this country of ours1 no less   
than three sorts1 which are all of them 
easily propagated1 and prosper very     
well1 if they are rightly ordered2 and  
therefore ,i shall not omit to disclose 
one secret1 as well to confute a popular
 error1 as for the instruction of our   
gardeners4  #i4 ,the tradition is1 that 
the cypress 7being a symbol of          
mortality1 ferales  invisas1 they should
 say of the contrary7 is never to be    
cut1 for fear of killing it4 ,this makes
 them to impale1 and wind them about1   
like so many gyptian mummies2 by which  
means1 the inward parts of the tree     
being heated1 for want of air and       
refreshment1 it never arrives to any    
perfection1 but is exceedingly          
troublesome1 and chargeable to maintain2

 whereas indeed1 there is not a more    
tonsile and governable plant in nature2 
for the cypress may be cut to the very  
roots1 and yet spring afresh1 as it does
 constantly in ,candy1 if not yielding  
suckers 7as ,bellonius affirms17 ,i     
rather think produced by the seeds1     
which the mother-trees shed at the      
motion of the stem in the felling3 ,and 
this we find was the husbandry in the   
,isle of naria1 where they us'd to fell 
it for copp'ce3 ,for the cypress being  
rais'd from the nursery of seeds sown in
 ,september 7or rather ,march17 and     
within two years after transplanted1    
should at two years standing more1 have 
the master-stem of the middle shaft cut 
off some hand-breadth below the summit2 
the sides1 and smaller sprigs shorn into
 a conique1 or pyramidal form1 and so   
kept clipt from ,april to ,september1 as
 oft as there is occasion2 and by this  
regiment1 they will grow furnish'd to   
the foot1 and become the most beautiful 
trees in the world1 without binding or  

stake2 still remembring to abate the    
middle stem1 and to bring up the        
collateral branches in its stead1 to    
what altitude you please2 but when ,i   
speak of short'ning the middle shoot1 ,i
 do not intend the dwarfing of it1 and  
therefore it must be done discreetly1 so
 as it may not over-hastily advance1    
till the foot thereof be perfectly      
furnished3 ,but there is likewise       
another1 no less commendable expedient1 
to dress this tree with all the former  
advantages2 if sparing the shaft        
altogether1 you diligently cut away all 
the forked branches1 reserving only such
 as radiate directly from the body1     
which being shorn1 and clipt in due     
season1 will render the tree very       
beautiful2 and though more subject to   
obey the shaking winds1 yet the natural 
spring of it1 does immediately redress  
it1 without the least discomposure2 and 
this is a secret worth the learning of  
gardeners1 who subject themselves to the
 trouble of stakes and binding1 which is

 very inconvenient4 ,thus likewise may  
you form them into hedges1 topiary      
works1 limits and boundary1 metas       
imitata cupressus2 or by sowing the     
seeds in a shallow furrow1 and plucking 
up the supernumeraries1 where they come 
too close and thick3 ,for in this work1 
it will suffice to leave them within a  
foot of each other2 and when they are   
risen about a yard in height1 7which may
 be to the half of your palisado7 cut   
off their tops1 as you are taught1 and  
keep the sides clipp'd1 that they ascend
 but by degrees1 and thicken at the     
bottom as they climb4 ,thus1 they will  
present you 7in half a dozen or eight   
years7 with incomparable hedges2 because
 they are perpetually green1 able to    
resist the winds better than most which 
,i know1 the holly only excepted1 which 
indeed has no peer4  #aj4 ,for1 when ,i 
say winds1 ,i mean their fiercest gusts1
 not their cold3 ,for though it be said1
 brumque illsa cupressus1 and that      
indeed no frost impeaches them 7for they

 grow even on the snowy tops of ,ida17  
yet our cruel eastern winds do sometimes
 mortally invade them which have been   
late clipp'd1 seldom the untouch'd or   
that were dressed in the ,spring only3  
,the effects of ,march and ,april winds 
7in the ,year #affc1 and #affe7         
accompanied with cruel frosts1 and cold 
blasts1 for the space of more than two  
months1 night and day1 did not amongst  
near a thousand cypresses 7growing in my
 garden7 kill above three or four1 which
 for being very late cut to the quick   
7that is1 the latter end of ,october7   
were raw of their wounds1 took cold1 and
 gangreen'd2 some few others which were 
a little smitten towards the tops1 might
 have escaped all their blemishes1 had  
my gardener capp'd them but with a wisp 
of hay or straw1 as in my absence ,i    
commanded4 ,as for the frost of those   
winters 7than which ,i believe there was
 never known a more cruel and deadly    
piercing since ,england had a name7 it  
did not touch a cypress of mine1 till it

 join'd forces with that destructive    
wind3 ,therefore for caution1 clip not  
your cypresses late in ,autumn1 and     
cloath them 7if young7 against these    
winds2 for the frosts they only         
discolour them1 but seldom1 or never    
hurt them1 as by long experience ,i have
 found2 nor altogether despair of the   
resurrection of a cypress1 subverted by 
the wind2 for some have redress'd       
themselves2 and one 7as ,ziphilinus     
mentions7 that rose the very next day2  
which happening about the reign of the  
emperor ,vespasian1 was esteem'd an     
happy omen3 ,but of such accidents1 more
 hereafter4  #aa4 ,if you affect to see 
your cypress in standard1 and grow wild1
 7which may in time come to be of a     
large substance1 fit for the most       
immortal of timber1 and indeed are the  
least obnoxious to the rigours of our   
,winters1 provided you never clip or    
disbranch them7 plant of the reputed    
male-sort2 it is a tree which will      
prosper wonderfully2 and where the      

ground is hot and gravelly1 though 7as  
we said7 he be nothing so beautiful2 and
 it is of this1 that the ,venetians make
 their greatest profit4  #ab4 ,i have   
already shew'd how this tree is to be   
rais'd from the seed2 but there was     
another method amongst the ,ancients1   
who 7as ,i told you7 were wont to make  
great plantations of them for their     
timber2 ,i have practis'd it my self1   
and therefore describe it4  #ac4 ,if you
 receive your seed in the roundish small
 nuts1 which use to be gather'd thrice a
 year1 7but seldom ripening with us7    
expose them to the sun till they gape1  
or near a gentle fire1 or put them in   
warm water1 7as was directed in those of
 cedar7 by which means the seeds will be
 easily shaken out2 for if you have them
 open before1 they do not yield you half
 their crop3 ,about the beginning of    
,april 7or before1 if the weather be    
showery7 prepare an even bed1 which     
being made of fine earth1 clap down with
 your spade1 as gardeners do for        

purselain seed 7of old they roll'd it   
with some stone1 or cylinder72 upon this
 strew your seeds pretty thick2 then    
sift over them some more mould1 somewhat
 better than half an inch in height3    
,keep them duly watered after sunset1   
unless the season do it for you2 and    
after one year's growth1 7for they will 
be an inch high in little more than two 
months7 you may transplant them where   
you please3 ,if in the nursery1 set them
 at a foot or #ah inches distance in    
even lines1 kept watered and moist1     
'till they are well rooted1 and fit to  
be remov'd4 ,in watering them1 ,i give  
you this caution 7which may also serve  
you for most tender and delicate seeds7 
that you bedew them rather with a broom1
 or spergitory1 than hazard the beating 
them out with the common watering-pot2  
and when they are well come up1 be but  
sparing of water3 ,be sure likewise that
 you cleanse them when the weeds are    
very young and tender1 lest instead of  
purging1 you quite eradicate your       

cypress3 ,we have spoken of watering1   
and indeed whilst young1 if well        
follow'd1 they will make a prodigious   
advance4 ,when that long and            
incomparable walk of cypress at         
,frascati near ,rome1 was first planted1
 they drew a small stream 7and indeed   
irrigare is properly thus1 aquam        
inducere riguis 7i4 e47 in small gutters
 and rills7 by the foot of it1 7as the  
water there is in abundance tractable7  
and made it 7as ,i was credibly         
inform'd7 arrive to seven or eight foot 
height in one year2 7which does not     
agree with the epithet1 lenta           
cupressus72 but with us1 we may not be  
too prodigal2 since1 being once well    
taken1 they thrive best in our sandy1   
light and warmest grounds1 whence       
,cardan says1 juxta aquas arescit2      
meaning in low and moorish places1 stiff
 and cold earth1 c4 where they never    
thrive4  ,there is also a ,virginian    
cypress1 of an enormous height1         
beautiful and very spreading1 the       

branches and leaves large and regular1  
with the clogs resembling the cypress2  
and though the timber be somewhat course
 and cross-grain'd1 'tis when polish'd1 
very agreeable2 as ,i can shew in a very
 large table1 made out of the planks of 
a spurr only2 and had experience of its 
lastingness1 tho' expos'd both to the   
air and weather4  #ad4 ,what the uses of
 this timber are1 for chests1 and other 
utensils1 harps1 and divers other       
musical instruments 7it being a very    
sonorous wood1 and therefore employ'd   
for organ-pipes1 as heretofore for      
supporters of vines1 poles1 rails1 and  
planks1 7resisting the worm1 moth1 and  
all putrefaction to eternity7 the       
,venetians sufficiently understood2 who 
did every twenty year1 and oftner 7the  
,romans every thirteen7 make a          
considerable revenue of it out of       
,candy3 ,and certainly1 a very gainful  
commodity it was1 when the fell of a    
cupressetum1 was heretofore reputed a   
good daughters portion1 and the         

plantation it self call'd dos fili4 ,but
 there was in ,candy a vast wood of     
these trees1 belonging to the           
,republique1 by malice1 or accident 7or 
perhaps by solar heat1 as were many     
woods #gd years after1 even here in     
,england7 set on fire1 which anno #adjj1
 burning for seven years continually1   
before it could be quite extinguish'd1  
fed so long a space by the unctuous     
nature of the timber1 of which there    
were to be seen at ,venice planks of    
above four foot in breadth2 and formerly
 the valves of ,st4 ,peter's church at  
,rome1 were fram'd of this material1    
which lasted from the great             
,constantine1 to ,pope ,eugenius the    
,fourth's time1 eleven hundred years2   
and then were found as fresh1 and entire
 as if they had been new3 ,but this     
,pope would needs change them for gates 
of brass1 which were cast by the famous 
,antonio ,philarete2 not in my opinion  
so venerable1 as those of cypress4 ,it  
was in coffins of this material1 that   

,thucydides tells us1 the ,athenians    
us'd to bury their heroes1 and the      
mummy-chests brought with those condited
 bodies out of ,egypt1 are many of them 
of this material1 which 'tis probable   
may have lain in those dry1 and sandy   
crypta1 many thousand years4  #ae4 ,the 
timber of this wood was of infinite     
esteem with the ,ancients3 ,that lasting
 bridge built over the ,euphrates by    
,semiramis1 was made of this material2  
and it is reported1 ,plato chose it to  
write his laws in1 before brass it self1
 for the diuturnity of the matter3 ,it  
is certain1 that it never rifts or      
cleaves1 but with great violence2 and   
the bitterness of its juice1 preserves  
it from all worms and putrifaction4 ,to 
this day those of ,crete and ,malta make
 use of it for their buildings2 because 
they have it in plenty1 and there is    
nothing out-lasts it1 or can be more    
beautiful1 especially1 than the root of 
the wilder sort1 incomparable for its   
crisped undulations4 ,divers learned    

persons have conceiv'd the gopher       
mention'd in ,holy ,writ1 ,gen4 #f4 #ad4
 7and of which the ,ark was built7 to   
have been no other than this 1 cupar1 or
 cuper1 by the easie mutation of        
letters2 ,aben ,ezra names it a light   
wood apt to swim2 so does ,david        
,kimchi2 which rather seems to agree    
with fir or pine1 and such as the       
,greeks call   quadrangular trees1 about
 which criticks have made a deal of     
stir3 ,but ,isa4 ,vossius 7on the ,,lxx4
 ,c4 ,,ii47 has sufficiently made it    
out1 that the timber of that            
denomination was of those sort of trees 
whose branches breaking out just        
opposite to one another at right angles1
 make it appear to have been fir1 or    
some sort of wood whose arms grew in a  
uniform manner2 but surely this is not  
to be universally taken2 since we find  
yew1 and divers other trees1 brittle1   
heavy1 and unapt for shipping1 do often 
put forth in that order3 ,the same      
learned author will have gopher to      

signifie only pitch1 or bitumen1 as much
 as if the text had said1 make an ark of
 resinous timber4 ,the ,chaldee         
paraphrase translates it cedar1 or as   
,junius and ,tremellius1 cedrelaten1 a  
species between fir and cedar3 ,munster 
contends for the pine1 and divers able  
divines endeavour to prove it cypress2  
and besides1 'tis known1 that in ,crete 
they employ'd it for the same use in the
 largest contignations1 and did formerly
 build ships of it3 ,and ,epiphanius    
,hres1 l4 #a4 tells us1 some reliques of
 that ark 7circa campos sennaar7 lasted 
even to his days1 and was judged to have
 been of cypress4 ,some indeed suppose  
that gopher was the name of a place1    
cupressis1 as ,elon  quercubus2 and     
might possibly be that which ,strabo    
calls ,cupressetum1 near ,adiabene in   
,assyria3 ,but for the reason of its    
long lasting1 coffins 7as noted7 for the
 dead were made of it1 and thence it    
first became to be diti sacra2 and the  
valves1 or doors of the ,ephesine temple

 were likewise of it1 as we observ'd but
 now1 were those of ,st4 ,peters at     
,rome3 ,works of cypress-wood1 permanent
 ad diuturnitatem1 says ,vitruvius l4   
#b4 ,and the poet                       
44444444444444perpetu nunquam moritura  
cupresso4      ,mart4 ,e4 #f4 #f4  ,the 
medical virtues of this tree are for all
 affects of the nerves1 astringent and  
refrigerating1 for the hernia1 apply'd  
outwardly1 or taken inwardly1 for the   
dysentary1 strangury1 c4  ,but to resume
 the disquisition1 whether it be truly  
so proper for shipping1 is controverted2
 though we also find in ,cassiodorus    
,var4 l4 #e4 ep4 #af1 ,theodoric        
7writing to the ,prtorio-prfectus7      
caused store of it to be provided for   
that purpose2 and ,plato 7who we told   
you made laws1 and titles to be engraven
 in it7 nominates it1 inter arbores     
utiles l4 #d4 leg4 and so does ,diodorus
 l4 #ai4 ,and as travellers observe1    
there is no other sort of timber more   
fit for shipping1 #bgf3a though others  

think it too heavy3 ,aristobulus affirms
 that the ,assyrians made all their     
vessels of it2 and indeed the ,romans   
prais'd it1 pitch'd with ,arabian pitch3
 ,and so frequent was this tree about   
those parts of ,assyria 7where the ,ark 
is conjectur'd to have been built7 that 
those vast ,armada's1 which ,alexander  
the ,great caus'd to be equipp'd and set
 out from ,babylon1 consisted only of   
cypress1 as we learn out of ,arrian in  
,alex4 l4 #g4 and ,strabo l4 #af4       
,plutar4 ,sympos4 l4 #a1 prob4 #b4      
,vegetius l4 #ad4 c4 #cd1 c4 ,paulus    
,colomesius 7in his  literaria cap4     
#bd47 perstringes the most learned ,is4 
,vossius1 that in his vindiciae pro     
,,lxx4 interp4 he affirms cypress not   
fit for ships1 as being none of the 3   
,but besides what we have produced1     
,fuller1 ,bochartus1 c4 ,lilius         
,gyraldus 7,lib4 de navig4 c4 #d47 and  
divers others sufficiently evince it1   
and that the vessel built by ,trajan was
 of that material1 lasting uncorrupt    

near #adjj years1 when it was afterwards
 found in a certain lake2 if it were not
 rather 7as ,i suspect7 that which neas 
,silvius reports to have been discovered
 in his time1 lying under water in the  
,numidian ,lake1 crusted over with a    
certain ferruginous mixture of earth and
 scales1 as if it had been of iron2 but 
7as we have elsewhere noted7 it was     
pronounced to be larix1 and not cypress1
 employ'd by ,tiberius3 ,finally 7not to
 forget even the very chips of this     
precious wood1 which give that flavour  
to muscadines1 and other rich wines7 ,i 
commend it for the improvement of the   
air1 and a specific for the lungs1 as   
sending forth most sweet1 and aromatick 
emissions1 whenever it is either        
clipp'd1 or handled1 and the chips or   
cones1 being burnt1 extinguish moths1   
and expels the gnats and flies1 c4 not  
omitting the gum which it yields1 not   
much inferior to the terebinthine or    
lentise4  ,we have often mention'd the  
virtue of these odoriferous woods1 for  

the improvement of the air2 upon which  
,i take occasion here to add1 what ,i   
have 7some years since7 already#bgg3a   
publish'd1 concerning the melioration of
 it1 in1 and about this great and       
populous city1 accidentally obnoxious to
 the effects of those nauseous vapours1 
exhaling from those many unclean places1
 and tainting that dismal cloud of      
sulphurous 7if not arsenical7 smoke1    
which we uncessantly breathe in4 ,i know
 the late terrible conflagration1 by the
 care and industry of the magistrate1 in
 causing so many kennels1 sinks1        
gutters1 lay-stalls and other nuisances 
7receptacles of a stagnant filth7 to be 
removed1 must needs have exceedingly    
contributed to the purifying of the air2
 as ,i am persuaded would appear upon a 
political observation in the bills of   
mortality3 ,but what ,i yet cannot but  
deplore1 is1 that1 7when that spacious  
area1 was so long a rasa tabula7 the    
church-yards had not been banish'd to   
the ,north-walls of the city1 where a   

grated inclosure of competent breadth   
7for a mile in length7 might have served
 for an universal cmetery1 to all the   
parishes1 distinguish'd by the like     
separations1 and with ample walks of    
trees2 the walks adorn'd with monuments1
 inscriptions and titles apt for        
contemplation and memory of the defunct2
 and that wise1 and ancient law of the  
,,xii ,tables restor'd and reviv'd3 ,but
 concerning this1 and hortulan buryings 
upon this and other weighty reasons1 see
 cap4 ,i4 book ,,iv4 ,happy in the mean 
time1 had it been for the further       
purgation of this august metropolis1 had
 they there1 7or did they yet7 banish   
and proscribe those hellish vulcanos1   
disgorging from the brew-houses1 sope   
and salt-boilers1 chandlers1 hat-makers1
 glass-houses1 forges1 lime-kilns1 and  
other trades1 using such quantities of  
sea-coals1 one of whose funnels vomits  
more smoak than all the culinary and    
chamber-fires of a whole parish1 as ,i  
have 7with no small indignation7        

observed1 at what time they usually put 
out their fires1 on ,saturday evening1  
and re-kindle on ,sunday night1 or      
,monday morning2 perniciously infecting 
the ambient air1 with a black melancholy
 canopy1 to the detriment of the most   
valuable moveables and furniture of the 
inhabitants1 and the whole countrey     
about it4 ,a bar of iron shall be more  
exeded and consum'd with rust in one    
year in this city1 than in thrice-seven 
in the countrey3 ,why might it not      
therefore be worth a severe and publick 
edict1 to remove these vulcanos and     
infernal houses of smoak to competent   
distance2 some down the river1 others   
7which require conveniency of           
fresh-water7 up the ,thames1 among the  
streams about ,wandsworth1 c8 ,their    
commodities and manufactures brought up 
to capacious wharfs1 on the bank1 or    
,london side1 to the increase of a      
thousand water-men and other labourers1 
of which we cannot have too many8  ,now 
to demonstrate that not only the amoval 

of these unsufferable nuisances would   
infinitely clarifie the air1 and render 
it more wholsome1 and to return to my   
subject of trees and plants2 the        
reputation they have had for            
contributing to the health of whole     
countries and cities1 frequently occur  
in history3 ,for instance1 in the island
 of ,cyprus1 abounding with the trees of
 that name1 and other resinous plants1  
curing ulcerated lungs1 c4 ,sardinia1   
melancholy and madness1 replanted with  
true ,anticyran hellebore1 was famous2  
whilst ,thusus 7especially in ,summer7  
brought almost all the inhabitants to   
lunacy and distraction for want of it4  
,and what the effects and benefit of    
such plantations have produc'd1 is      
conspicuous in one of the most          
celebrated cities of the ,east1 the     
famous ,ispahan1 clear'd of the         
pestilence1 since the surrounding it    
with that beautiful platan1 as ,i have  
already noted4 ,to these add1 the       
bay-tree1 for abating all such          

infections2 of which see many famous    
instances in cap4 vi4 to which ,i refer4
 ,not that there are no nociferous      
trees1 as well as saniferous1 which by  
removing the one1 and planting other in 
their places1 make sensible changes for 
the better4 ,i give instance1 when we   
speak of the yew2 and even that         
otherwise incomparably useful shrub1 the
 elder4  ,upon what therefore has been  
produc'd of expedients for the          
melioration of the air by plantations of
 proper trees2 ,i cannot but wish1 that 
since these precious materials may now  
be had at such tolerable rates 7as      
certainly they might from               
,cape-,florida1 the ,vermuda1 or other  
parts of the ,west-,indies72 ,i say1 ,i 
cannot but suggest that our more wealthy
 citizens of ,london1 every day building
 and embellishing their dwellings1 might
 be encourag'd to make use of it in     
their shops1 at least for shelves1      
counters1 chests1 tables1 and wainscot1 
c4 the fancerings 7as they term it7 and 

mouldings2 since beside the             
everlastingness of the wood1 enemy to   
worms1 and those other corruption we    
have named1 it would likewise greatly   
cure and reform the malignancy and      
corrosiveness of the air4  ,sabin1 or1  
as we call it1 savine1 not for dignity  
to be nam'd with the former2 but for its
 being absolutely the best ,succedaneum 
to cypress1 7which the rigour of our    
climat is not so benign to73 ,if our    
gardners did only increase and cultivate
 it for the other's defects1 and bring  
up nurseries of them for pyramids1 and  
other tonsile and topiary works1 they   
would oftner use it instead of cypress3 
,as to its other quality1 it has1       
indeed1 an ill report1 7as most other   
things have when not rightly apply'd17  
whilst there is nothing more efficacious
 for the destruction of worms in little 
children1 the juice being given in a    
spoonful of milk1 dulcified with a      
little sugar1 which brings them away in 
heaps2 as it does in horses and other   

cattel above all other remedies4  ,there
 is another berry-bearing savine in     
warmer climats1 which also resembles the
 cypress1 commonly taken for the        
,tarrentine cypress1 so much celebrated 
by ,cato1 which grew to noble standards3
 ,but that1 and the ,melesian1 worthy   
the culture1 are rare with us1 and      
indeed is as well supply'd by the more  
hardy1 as well as the ,swedish juniper1 
and other shrubs4 ,the sabine is easily 
propagated by slips and cuttings sooner 
than by the seeds1 though sometimes     
found in the small squamous seed-cases4 
,tamaric1 7growing to a considerable    
tree7 for its aptness to be shorn and   
govern'd like the sabine and cypress1   
may be entertain'd1 but not for its     
lasting verdure1 which forsakes it in   
,winter1 but soon again restores it4 ,it
 was of old counted infelix1 and under  
malediction1 and therefore used to      
wreath1 and be put on the heads of      
malefactors3 ,but it has other excellent
 properties1 in particular sovereign    

against the spleen1 which as#bha3a      
,camden tells us was therefore brought  
first into ,england by ,grindal         
,archbishop of ,canterbury3 ,they also  
made cans to drink1 out of this wood4   
,thuya2 by some call'd arbor vitae1     
7brought us from ,canada17 is an hardy  
green all the ,winter1 7though a little 
tarnish'd in very sharp weather7 rais'd 
to a tree of moderate stature1 bearing a
 ragged leaf1 not unlike the cypress1   
only somewhat flatter1 and not so thick 
set and close3 ,it bears small longish  
clogs and seeds1 but takes much better  
by layers and slips1 as those we have   
before mentioned1 and may be kept into  
the same shapes1 but most delights in   
the shade1 where the roots running      
shallow1 the stem needs support3 ,the   
leaf being bruised between the fingers1 
emits a powerful scent not easily       
conquer'd1 seeming to breathe something 
of a sanative unguent1 and 7as ,i am    
told7 makes one of the best for the     
closure of green and fresh wounds3 ,but 

that those curious utensils and works of
 the turners1 bowls1 boxes1 cups1       
mortars1 pestles1 c4 are of this        
material 7as is pretended7 and pass     
under the name of lignum vitae1 7or     
rather of some of the exotic1 more close
 and ponderous wood7 as ,brasile1       
log-wood1 c4 is a mistake3 ,upon        
recension therefore of these exotics1 ,i
 cannot but encourage the more frequent 
raising the rest of those               
semper-vivents1 especially such as are  
fittest for the shrubby parts1 and      
furniture of our groves1 mere gardens of
 pleasure1 which none but the ever-green
 become4 ,to these we might add 7not for
 their verdure only7 other more rare    
exotics1 styrax arbor1 and terebynth1   
noting by the way1 that we have no true 
turpentine to be bought in our shops1   
but what is from the larch2 whilst      
apothecaries substitute that which      
extills from the fir-tree1 instead of   
it3 ,all of them minding me again of the
 great opportunities and encouragement  

we have of every day improving our      
stores with so many useful trees from   
the ,american plantations2 for which ,i 
have the suffrage of the often-cited    
,mr4 ,ray1 who is certainly a very able 
judge3 ,might we not therefore attempt  
the more frequent locust1 sassafras1 c4 
and that sort of elm1 or sugar-tree1    
whose juice yields that sweet halymus   
latifolius1 and several others for      
encouragement8 ,but  #ad4 ,i produce not
 these particulars1 and other amna      
vireta already mentioned1 as signifying 
any thing to timber1 the main design of 
this treatise1 7tho' ,i read of some    
myrtils so tall1 as to make             
spear-shafts7 but to exemplifie in what 
may be farther added to ornament and    
pleasure1 by a cheap and most agreeable 
industry4   ,,footnotes3  #bee3a ,le    
,bruyn4  #beh3a ,in ,itin4  #bfh3a ,a   
cerasunte4 ,indeed ,servius1 l4 #b4     
,geor4 #a4 says1 it was earlier in      
,italy2 but hard and wild and usually   
call'd corna1 and sometimes             

corno-cerosa1 perhaps the black-cherry4 
#bgf3a ,hadrian4 ,junius ,animadv4 l4   
#a4 c4 #bj4  #bgg3a ,fumifugium4  #bha3a
 ,elizab4     ,,chapter ,v4  ,of the    
,cork1 ,ilex1 ,alaternus1 ,celastrus1   
,ligustrum1 ,philyrea1 ,myrtil1         
,lentiscus1 ,olive1 ,granade1 ,syring1  
,jasmine and other ,exoticks4   ,we do  
not exclude this useful tree from those 
of the glandiferous and forest2 but     
being inclin'd to gratify the curious1  
,i have been induc'd to say something   
farther of such semper virentia1 as may 
be made to sort with those of our own1  
7especially of the next ,chapter47 ,i   
begin with the  #a4 ,cork1 suber of     
which there are two sorts 7and divers   
more in the ,indies7 one of a narrow1 or
 less jagged leaf1 and perennial2 the   
other of a broader1 falling in ,winter2 
grows in the coldest parts of ,biscay1  
in the north of ,new-,england1 in the   
south-,west of ,france1 especially the  
second species1 fittest for our climate2
 and in all sorts of ground1 dry heaths1

 stony and rocky mountains1 so as the   
roots will run even above the earth1    
where they have little to cover them2   
all which considered1 methinks we should
 not despair4 ,we have said where they  
grow plentifully in ,france2 but by     
,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #af4 c4 #h4 it  
should seem they were since transplanted
 thither2 for he affirms there were none
 either there1 or in ,italy1 in his     
time3 ,but ,i exceedingly wonder that   
,carolus ,stephanus1 and ,cursius1      
should write so peremptorily1 that there
 were none in ,italy2 where ,i my self  
have travell'd through vast woods of    
them about ,pisa1 ,aquin1 and in divers 
tracts between ,rome1 and the kingdom of
 ,naples1 and in ,france4 ,the ,spanish 
cork is a species of the enzina1        
differing chiefly in the leaf1 which is 
not so prickly2 and in the bark1 which  
is frequently four or five inches thick3
 ,the manner of decortication thereof is
 once in two or three years1 to strip it
 in a dry season2 otherwise1 the        

intercutaneous moisture endangers the   
tree1 and therefore a rainy season is   
very pernicious2 when the bark is off1  
they unwarp it before the fire1 and     
press it even1 and that with weights    
upon the convex part1 and so it         
continues1 being cold4  #b4 ,the uses of
 cork is well known amongst us1 both at 
sea and land1 for its resisting both    
water and air3 ,the fisher-men who deal 
in nets1 and all who deal with liquors1 
cannot be without it3 ,ancient persons  
prefer it before leather for the soles  
of their shooes1 being light1 dry1 and  
resisting moisture1 whence the ,germans 
name it ,pantoffel-holts 7slipper-wood7 
perhaps from the ,greek   2 for ,i find 
it first applied to that purpose by the 
,grecian ladies1 whence they were call'd
 light-footed2 ,i know not whether the  
epithet do still belong to that sex2 but
 from them it's likely the ,venetian    
dames took it up for their monstrous    
choppines2 affecting1 or usurping an    
artificial eminency above men1 which    

nature has denied them4 ,of one of the  
sorts of cork are made pretty cups1 and 
other vessels1 esteem'd good to drink   
out of for hectical persons3 ,the       
,egyptians made their coffins of it1    
which being lin'd with a resinous       
composition1 preserved their dead       
incorrupt3 ,the poor people in ,spain1  
lay broad planks of it by their         
beds-side1 to tread on 7as great persons
 use ,turky and ,persian carpets7 to    
defend them from the floor1 and         
sometimes they line or wainscot the     
walls1 and inside of their houses built 
of stone1 with this bark1 which renders 
them very warm1 and corrects the        
moisture of the air3 ,also they employ  
it for bee-hives1 and to double the     
insides of their contemplores1 and      
leather-cases1 wherein they put         
flasqura's with snow to refrigerate     
their wine4 ,this tree has beneath the  
cortex or cork1 two other coats1 or     
libri1 of which one is reddish1 which   
they strip from the hole when 'tis      

fell'd only2 and this bears good price  
with the tanner2 ,the rest of the wood  
is very good firing1 and applicable to  
many other uses of building1            
palisade-work1 c4 ,the ashes drunk1 stop
 the bloody-flux4  #c4 ,ilex1 major     
glandifera1 or great scarlet-oak of     
several species1 and various in the     
shape of their leaf1 pointed rounder1   
longer1 c4 7a devoted tree of old1 and  
therefore incaedua7 thrives manifestly  
with us2 witness ,his ,majesty's        
privy-garden at ,white-hall1 where once 
flourish'd a goodly tree1 of more than  
fourscore years growth1 and there was   
lately a sickly imp of it remaining3    
,and now very many rais'd by me1 have   
thriv'd wonderfully1 braving the most   
severe ,winters1 planted either in      
standards or hedges1 which they most    
beautifully become4 ,the only difficulty
 is in their being dextrously removed   
out of the nursery1 with the mould      
adhering to the roots2 otherwise apt to 
miscarry2 and therefore best trusting to

 the acorn for a goodly standard1 and   
that may be removed without prejudice1  
tryals should be made by graffing the   
ilex in the oak-stock1 taken out of our 
woods1 or better1 grown from the acorn  
to the bigness of one's little finger4  
#d4 ,by what ,i have touch'd in the     
chapter of the elms1 concerning the     
peregrination of that tree into ,spain1 
7where even in ,pliny's time there were 
none1 and where now they are in great   
abundance7 why should we not more       
generally endeavour to propagate the    
ilex amongst us2 ,i mean1 that which the
 ,spaniards call the enzina1 and of     
which they have such woods1 and         
profitable plantations8 ,they are an    
hardy sort of tree1 and familiarly      
rais'd from the acorn1 if we could have 
them sound1 and well put up in earth or 
sand1 as ,i have found by experience4   
#e4 ,the wood of these ilex's is        
serviceable for many uses1 as stocks of 
tools1 mallet-heads1 mall-balls1 chairs1
 axletrees1 wedges1 beetles1 pins1 and  

above all1 for palisadoes us'd in       
fortifications4 ,besides1 it affords so 
good fuel1 that it supplies all ,spain  
almost with the best1 and most lasting  
of charcoals1 in vast abundance4 ,of the
 first kind is made the painter's lac1  
extracted from the berries2 to speak    
nothing of that noble confection        
alkermes1 and that noble scarlet-die the
 learned ,mr4 ,ray gives us the process 
of at large1 in his chapter of the      
ilexes2 where also of their medicinal   
uses3 ,to this add that most accurate   
description of this tree1 and the       
vermicula2 see ,quinqueranus1 ,l4 #b4 de
 laud4 provid4 fol4 #dh4 naturally      
abounding about ,alos4 ,the acorns of   
the coccigera1 or dwarf-oak1 yield      
excellent nourishment for rustics1      
sweet1 and little if at all inferior to 
the chesnut2 and this1 and not the      
fagus1 was doubtless the true esculus of
 the ,ancients1 the food of the ,golden 
,age4 ,the wood of the enzina when old1 
is curiously chambletted1 and           

embroider'd with natural vermiculations1
 as if it were painted4 ,note1 that the 
kermes tree does not always produce the 
coccum1 but near the sea1 and where it  
is very hot2 nor indeed when once it    
comes to bear acorns2 and therefore the 
people do often burn down the old trees1
 that they may put forth fresh branches1
 upon which they find them3 ,this1 7as  
well as the oak1 cork1 beech1 and       
corylus7 is numbred amongst the felices1
 and lucky-trees3 ,but for what reason1 
the alaternus 7which ,i am next speaking
 of7 together with the agrifolium holly 
pines1 salix1 c4 should be              
excommunicated1 as infelices1 ,i know   
not1 unless for their being dedicated to
 the ,infernal ,deities2 of which       
,macrob4 ,sat4 lib4 #ab4 cap4 #af4 ,in  
the mean time1 take this for a general  
rule2 that those were call'd infelices  
only1 which bare no fruit2 for so ,livy1
 lib4 #e4 nulla felix arbor1 nihil      
frugiferum in agro relictum4 ,whence    
that of ,phdrus1 l4 #c4 ,fab4 upon      

,jupiter's esculus3      ,o nata1 merito
 sapiens dicere omnibus     ,nisi utile 
est quod facimus1 stulta est gloria1    
reciting the ancient trees sacred to the
 deity1 the most desirable being those  
that were fruitful1 and for use4  #f4   
,the alaternus1 which we have lately    
receiv'd from the hottest parts of      
,languedoc1 7and that is equal with the 
heat of almost any country in ,europe7  
thrives with us in ,england1 as if it   
were an indigine and natural2 yet       
sometimes yielding to a severe ,winter1 
follow'd with a tedious eastern wind in 
the ,spring1 of all the most hostile and
 cruel enemies of our climate2 and      
therefore to be artificially and timely 
provided against with shelter4  #g4 ,i  
have had the honour to be the first who 
brought it into use and reputation in   
the kingdom1 for the most beautiful and 
useful of hedges and verdure in the     
world 7the swiftness of the growth      
consider'd7 and propagated it from      
,cornwall1 even to ,cumberland3 ,the    

seed grows ripe with us in ,august2 and 
the honey-breathing blossoms afford an  
early and marvellous relief to the bees4
  #h4 ,the celastrus 7of the same class7
 ligustrum and privits1 so flexible and 
accommodate for topiary-works1 and so   
well known1 ,i shall need say no more   
of4  #i4 ,the philyrea1 7of which there 
are five or six sorts1 and some         
variegated7 are sufficiently hardy1     
7especially the serratifole7 which makes
 me wonder to find the angustifolia     
planted in cases1 and so charily set    
into the stoves1 amongst the oranges and
 lemmons2 when by long experience1 ,i   
have found it equalling our holley1 in  
suffering the extreamest rigours of our 
cruel frosts and winds1 which is        
doubtless 7of all our ,english trees7   
the most insensible and stout4  #aj4    
,they are 7both alaternus1 and this7    
raised of the seeds1 7though those of   
the philyrea will be long under ground7 
and being transplanted for espalier     
hedges1 or standards1 are to be governed

 by the shears1 as oft as there is      
occasion3 ,the alaternus will be up in a
 month or two after it is sown3 ,i was  
wont to wash them out of the berry1 and 
drying them a little in a cloath1 commit
 them to the nursery-bed4 ,plant it out 
at two years growth1 and clip it after  
rain in the ,spring1 before it grows    
sticky1 and whilst the shoots are       
tender2 thus will it form an hedge      
7though planted but in single rows1 and 
at two foot distance7 of a yard in      
thickness1 twenty foot high 7if you     
desire it7 and furnish'd to the bottom3 
but for an hedge of this altitude1 it   
would require the friendship of some    
wall1 or a frame of lusty poles1 to     
secure against the winds one of the most
 delicious objects in nature3 ,but if we
 could have store of the philyrea folio 
leviter serrato 7of which ,i have rais'd
 some very fine plants from the seeds7  
we might fear no weather1 and the       
verdure is incomparable1 and all of them
 tonsile1 fit for cradle-work and       

umbracula frondium3 a decoction of the  
angustifolia soveraign for sore mouths4 
#aa4 ,the myrtil4 ,the vulgar ,italian  
wild myrtil 7though not indeed the most 
fragrant7 grows high1 and supports all  
weathers and climates2 they thrive      
abroad in ,bretany1 in places cold and  
very sharp in ,winter2 and are observ'd 
no where to prosper so well1 as by the  
sea-coasts1 the air of which is more    
propitious to them 7as well as to       
oranges and lemmons1 c47 than the inland
 air4 ,i know of one near eighty years  
old1 which has been continually expos'd2
 unless it be1 that in some exceeding   
sharp seasons1 a little dry straw has   
been thrown upon it2 and where they are 
smitten1 being cut down near the ground1
 they put forth and recover again2 which
 many times they do not in pots and     
cases1 where the roots are very         
obnoxious to perish with mouldiness4    
,the shelter of a few mats1 and straw1  
secur'd very great trees 7both leaf and 
colour in perfection7 this last ,winter 

also1 which were planted abroad2 whilst 
those that were carried into the        
conserve1 were most of them lost4       
,myrtils 7which are of six or eight     
sorts7 may be rais'd of seeds2 as also  
may several varieties of oranges and    
lemmons1 and made 7after some years     
attendance7 to produce fruit in the cold
 ,rhetia and ,helvetick valleys2 but    
with great caution1 and after all1      
seldom prove worth the pains1 being so  
abundantly multiplied of suckers1 slips 
and layers3 ,the double-flower 7which is
 the most beautiful7 was first          
discovered by the incomparable ,fabr4   
,piereshy1 which a mule had cropt from a
 wild shrub4 ,note1 that you cannot give
 those plants too much compost or       
refreshing1 nor clip them too often1    
even to the stem2 which will grow tall1 
and prosper into any shape2 so as       
arbours have been made of single trees  
of the hardy kind1 protected in the     
,winter with sheads of straw and reeds4 
,both leaves and berries refrigerate1   

and are very astringent and drying1 and 
therefore seldom us'd within1 except in 
fluxes3 ,with wine and honey it heals   
the noisome polypus1 and the powder     
corrects the rankness of the arm-pits1  
and gousset 7as the ,french term it7 to 
which divers of the female sex are      
subject3 ,the berries mitigate the      
inflammations of the eyes1 consolidate  
broken-bones2 and a decoction of the    
juice1 leaves1 and berries1 dyes the    
hair black1  enecant vitiligenes1 as    
,dioscorides says1 l4 #a4 c4 #abh4 ,and 
there is an excellent sweet water       
extracted from the distill'd leaves and 
flowers3 ,to which the naturalist adds1 
that they us'd the berries instead of   
pepper1 to stuff and farce with them4   
,hence the mortadella a mortatula1 still
 so call'd by the ,italians1 perhaps the
  of ,athenus1 deip4 l4 #b4 c4 #ab4 ,the
 vinum myrtites so celebrated by        
the#bij3a ancients1 and so the oyl2 ,and
 in some places the leaves for tanning  
of leather3 and trees have grown to such

 substance1 as of the very wood curious 
cups and boxes have been turn'd4  ,the  
variety of this rare shrub1 now         
furnishing the gardens and portico's 7as
 long as the season and weather suits7  
and even in the severest ,winters in the
 conclave1 are cut and contriv'd into   
various figures1 and of divers          
variegations1 most likely to be produc'd
 by the seeds1 as our learned ,mr4 ,ray 
believes1 rather than by layers1        
suckers1 or slips1 or from any          
difference of species3 ,in the mean     
time1 let gardeners make such trials1   
whilst those most worth the culture1 are
 the small and broad-leav'd1 the        
,tarentine1 the ,belgick1 latifolia1 and
 double-flower'd1 and several more among
 the curious2 and of old1 sacred to     
,venus1 so call'd from a virgin belov'd 
of ,minerva1 the garlands of the leaves 
and blossoms1 impaling the brows of     
incruentous1 and unbloody victors and   
ovations4  ,and now if here for the name
 only1 ,i mention the myrtus            

,brasantica1 or candle-berry shrub      
7which our plantations in ,virginia1 and
 other places have in plenty7 let it be 
admitted3 ,it bears a berry1 which being
 boil'd in water1 yields a suet or      
pinguid substance1 of a green colour1   
which being scumm'd and taken off1 they 
make candles with1 in the shape of such 
as we use of tallow1 or wax rather2     
giving not only a very clear and        
sufficient light1 but a very agreeable  
scent1 and are now not seldom brought   
hither to us1 but the tree it self1 of  
which ,i have seen a thriving one4  #ab4
 ,lentiscus 7a very beautiful evergreen7
 refuses not our climate1 protected with
 a little shelter1 amongst other exposed
 shrubs1 by suckers and layers3 ,it is  
certainly an extraordinary astringent   
and dryer1 applicable in the hernia1    
strangury1 and to stop fluxes2 closes   
and cures wounds1 being infus'd in      
red-wine1 is also us'd to tinge hairs of
 that colour1 to black and brown4 ,not  
forgetting the best tooth-pickers in the

 world1 made of the wood2 but above all1
 the gum for fastning loose-teeth in the
 gums2 the mastick1 gather'd from this  
profitable bush in the ,island of ,scio2
 beside other uses3 ,and as the lentisc1
 so may the  #ac4 ,olive be admitted1   
tho' it produce no other fruit than the 
verdure of the leaf2 nor will it kindly 
breath our air1 nor the less tender     
oleaster1 without the indulgent         
winter-house take them in4 ,but the     
#ad4 ,granata malus punica is nothing so
 nice4 ,there are of this glorious shrub
 three sorts1 easily enough educated    
under any warm shelter1 even to the     
raising hedges of them1 nor indeed      
affects it so much heat1 as plentiful   
watering3 ,they supported a very severe 
winter in my garden1 #affc1 without any 
trouble or artifice2 and if they present
 us their blushing double flowers for   
the pains of recision and well pruning1 
7for they must diligently be purg'd of  
superfluous wood7 it is recompence      
enough2 tho' placed in a very benign    

aspect1 they have sometimes produc'd a  
pretty small pome3 ,it is a perdifolia  
in ,winter1 and growing abroad1 requires
 no extraordinary rich earth1 but that  
the mould be loosen'd and eas'd about   
the root1 and hearty compost applied in 
,spring and ,autumn3 ,thus cultivated1  
it will rise to a pretty tree1 tho' of  
which there is in nature none so        
adulterate a shrub3 ',tis best increas'd
 by layers1 approch and inarching 7as   
they term it7 and is said to marry with 
laurels1 the damson1 ash1 almond1       
mulberry1 citron1 too many ,i fear to   
hold4 ,but after all1 they do best being
 cas'd1 the mould well mixt with rotten 
hogs-dung1 its peculiar delight1 and    
kept to a single stem1 and treated like 
other plants in the ,winter-shelter2    
they open the bud and flower1 and       
sometimes with a pretty small fruit2 the
 juice whereof is cooling2 the rest of  
an astringent quality3 ,the rind may    
also supply the gall for making ink1 and
 will tan leather4  #ae4 ,the syring    

lilac or pipe-tree1 so easily propagated
 by suckers or layers2 the flower of the
 white 7emulating both colour and flavor
 of the orange7 ,i am told is made use  
of by the perfumers2 ,i should not else 
have named it among the evergreens2 for 
it loses the leaf1 tho' not its life1   
however expos'd in the ,winter3 ,there  
are besides this the purple1 by our     
botanists call'd the ,persian julsamine1
 which next leads me to the other       
jasmines4  #af4 ,the jasmine1 especially
 the ,spanish larger flower1 far        
exceeding all the rest1 for the         
agreeable odor and use of the perfumer3 
,the common white and yellow would      
flower plentifully in our groves1 and   
climb about the trees1 being as hardy as
 any of our periclimena and             
honey-suckles4  ,how 'tis increas'd by  
submersion and layers1 every gardner    
skills2 and were it as much employ'd for
 nose-gays1 c4 with us1 as it is in     
,italy and ,france1 they might make     
money enough of the flowers2 one sorry  

tree in ,paris1 where they abound1 has  
been worth a poor woman near a pistol a 
year4  ,there is no small curiosity and 
address in obtaining the oyl1 or essence
 7as we call it7 of this delicate and   
evanid flower1 which ,i leave to the    
chymist and the ladies who are worthy   
the secrets4   ,,footnotes3  #bij3a     
,cato1 ,columella1 ,paladius4           
,,chapter ,,vi4  ,of the ,arbutus1 ,box1
 ,yew1 ,holly1 ,pyracanth1 ,laurel1     
,bay1 c4   #a4 ,the arbutus1 7by us     
call'd the strawberry-tree7 too much ,i 
think neglected by us2 making that a    
rarity1 which grows so common and       
naturally in ,ireland3 ,it is indeed    
with some difficulty raised by seeds1   
but propagated by layers1 if skilfully  
prun'd1 grows to a goodly tree1 patient 
of our clime1 unless the weather be very
 severe3 ,it may be contriv'd into most 
beautiful palisades1 is ever verdant3 ,i
 am told the tree grows to a huge bulk  
and height in ,mount ,athos and other   
countries3 ,virgil reports its          

inoculation with the nut2 and ,i find   
,bauhinus commends the coal for the     
goldsmiths works2 and the poet          
,arbutean harrows1 and the mystick      
van4#bid3a  #b4 ,buxus1 the box1 which  
we begin to proscribe our gardens 7and  
indeed bees are no friend to it7 should 
not yet be banish'd from our care2      
because the excellency of the wood does 
commute for the unagreeableness of its  
smell3 ,therefore let us furnish our    
cold and barren hills and declivities   
with this useful shrub1 ,i mean the     
taller sort2 for dwarf and more tonsile 
in due place2 it will increase          
abundantly of slips set in ,march1 and  
towards ,bartholomew-tide1 as also of   
the seeds contain'd in the cells3 ,these
 trees rise naturally at ,boxley in     
,kent in abundance1 and in the county of
 ,surrey1 giving name to that ,chalky   
,hill 7near the famous ,mole or         
,swallow7 whither the ladies1 gentlemen 
and other water-drinkers from the       
neighbouring ,ebesham-,spaw1 often      

resort during the heat of ,summer to    
walk1 collation and divert themselves in
 those antilex natural alleys1 and shady
 recesses1 among the box-trees2 without 
taking any such offence at the smell1   
which has of late banish'd it from our  
groves and gardens2 when after all1 it  
is infinitely to be preferr'd for the   
bordering of flower-beds1 and flat      
embroideries1 to any sweeter les-lasting
 shrub whatever1 subject after a year or
 two to grow dry1 sticky and full of    
gaps2 which box is so little obnoxious  
to1 that1 braving all seasons1 it needs 
not to be renew'd for #bj years         
together1 nor kept in order with the    
garden-sheers1 above once or twice a    
year1 and immediately upon that1 the    
casting water on it1 hinders all those  
offensive emissions1 which some complain
 of3 ,but whilst ,i speak in favour of  
this sort of edging1 ,i only recommend  
the use of the ,dutch-box1 7rarely found
 growing in ,england7 which is a pumil  
dwarf kind1 with a smaller leaf1 and    

slow of growth1 and which needs not be  
kept above two inches high1 and yet     
grows so close1 that beds bordered with 
boards1 keep not the earth in better    
order2 beside the pleasantness of the   
verdure is incomparable4  ,one thing    
more ,i think fit to add2 ,that it may  
be convenient once in four1 or five1 or 
six years1 to cut off the strings and   
roots which straggle into the borders1  
with a very sharp spade1 that they may  
not prejudice the flowers1 and what else
 one plants in them4  ,i need not speak 
much of the uses of this tree1 7growing 
in time to considerable stature7 so     
continually sought after for many       
utensils1 being so hard1 close and      
pondrous as to sink like lead in water1 
and therefore of special use for the    
turner1 ingraver1 carver1               
mathematical-instrument1 comb and       
pipe-makers 7si buxos inflare           
juvat444444 ,virg47 give great prices   
for it by weight1 as well as measure2   
and by the seasoning1 and divers manner 

of cutting1 vigorous insolations1       
politure and grinding1 the roots of this
 tree 7as of even our common and        
neglected thorn7 do furnish the inlayer 
and cabinet-makers with pieces rarely   
undulated1 and full of variety4 ,also of
 box are made wheels or shivers 7as our 
ship-carpenters call them7 and pins for 
blocks and pullies2 pegs for musical    
instruments2 nut-crackers1              
weavers-shuttles1 hollar-sticks1        
bump-sticks1 and dressers for the       
shooe-maker1 rulers1 rolling-pins1      
pestles1 mall-balls1 beetles1 topps1    
tables1 chess-men1 screws1 male and     
female1 bobins for bone-lace1 spoons1   
nay the stoutest axle-trees1 but above  
all1      44444444,box-combs bear no    
small part     ,in the militia of the   
female-art2     ,they tye the links     
which hold our gallants fast1     ,and  
spread the nets to which fond lovers    
hast4#bif3a  #c4 ,the chymical oyl of   
this wood has done the feats of the best
 guajacum 7though in greater quantity7  

for the cure of venereal diseases1 as   
one of the most expert physicians in    
,europe has confess'd4 ,the oyl asswages
 the tooth-ache4 ,but1 says ,rhodoginus1
 the honey which is made at ,trevisond  
in box-trees1 7,i suppose he means      
gather'd among them2 for there are few1 
,i believe1 if any1 so large and hollow 
as to lodge and hive them7 renders them 
distracted who eat of it4 ,lib4 ,,xxiii4
 cap4 #be4  ,v4 ,since the use of bows  
is laid aside amongst us1 the           
propagation of the yew-tree 7of which we
 have two sorts1 and other places reckon
 more1 as the ,arcadian black and red2  
the yellow of ,ida1 infinitely esteem'd 
of old7 is likewise quite forborn2 but  
the neglect of it is to be deplor'd2    
seeing that 7besides the rarity of it in
 ,italy and ,france1 where but little of
 it grows7 the barrenest grounds1 and   
coldest of our mountains 7for           
444444444,aquilonem  frigora taxi7      
might be profitably replenish'd with    
them3 ,i say1 profitably1 for1 besides  

the use of the wood for bows            
444444444,ityraeos taxi torquentur in   
arcus4  7,for which the close and more  
deeply dy'd is best7 the forementioned  
artists in box1 cabinet-makers1         
inlayers1 and for the parquet-floors1   
most gladly employ it2 and in ,germany  
they use to wainscot their stoves with  
boards of this material3 ,also for the  
cogs of mills1 posts to be set in moist 
grounds1 and everlasting axel-trees1    
there is none to be compared with it2   
likewise for the bodies of lutes1       
theorbo's1 bowles1 wheels1 and pins for 
pullies2 yea1 and for tankards to drink 
out of2 whatever ,pliny reports         
concerning its shade1 and the stories of
 the air about ,thasius1 the fate of    
,cativulcus mention'd by ,csar1 and the 
ill report which the fruit has vulgarly 
obtain'd in ,france1 ,spain1 and        
,arcadia3 ,but      ,how are poor trees 
traduc'd8#big3a  #e4 ,the toxic quality 
was certainly in the liquor1 which those
 good fellows tippl'd out of those      

bottles1 not in the nature of the wood2 
which yet he affirms is cur'd of that   
venenous quality1 by driving a          
brazen-wedge into the body of it3 ,this 
,i have never tried1 but that of the    
shade and fruit ,i have frequently1     
without any deadly or noxious effects3  
,so that ,i am of opinion1 that tree    
which ,sestius calls smilax1 and our    
historian thinks to be our yew1 was some
 other wood2 and yet ,i acknowledge that
 it is esteem'd noxious to cattle when  
'tis in the seeds1 or newly sprouting2  
though ,i marvel there appear no more   
such effects of it1 both horses and     
other cattle being free to brouse on it1
 where it naturally grows3 ,but what is 
very odd 7if true7 is that which the    
late ,mr4 ,aubrey recounts 7in his      
,miscellanies7 of a gentlewoman that had
 long been ill1 without any benefit from
 the physician2 who dream'd1 that a     
friend of hers deceased1 told her       
mother1 that if she gave her daughter a 
drink of yew pounded1 she should        

recover3 ,she accordingly gave it her1  
and she presently died3 ,the mother     
being almost distracted for the loss of 
her daughter1 her chambermaid1 to       
comfort her1 said1 surely what she gave 
her was not the occasion of her death1  
and that she would adventure on it her  
self2 she did so1 and died also3        
,whether all this be but a dream1 ,i    
cannot tell1 but it was haply from these
 lugubrous effects1 that garlands of    
taxus were usually carried at funerals1 
as ,statius implies in ,epicedium       
vernae3 ,however1 to prevent all funest 
accidents1 ,i commend the tree only for 
the usefulness of the timber1 and       
hortulan ornament4 ,that we find it so  
universally planted in our church-yards1
 was doubtless some symbol of           
immortality1 the tree being so lasting1 
and always green3 ,our bee-masters      
banish it from about their apiaries4    
,one thing more1 whilst ,i am speaking  
of this tree2 it minds me of that very  
odd story ,i find related by ,mr4       

,camden1 of a certain amorous           
clergy-man1 that falling in love with a 
pretty maid who refus'd his addresses1  
cut off her head2 which being hung upon 
a yew-tree 'till it was rotten1 the tree
 was reputed so sacred1 not only whilst 
the virgin's head hung on it1 but as    
long as the tree it self lasted2 to     
which the people went in pilgrimage1    
plucking and bearing away branches of   
it1 as an holy relique1 whilst there    
remain'd any of the trunk left1         
persuading themselves1 that those small 
veins and filaments1 7resembling hairs  
between the bark and the body of the    
tree7 were the hairs of the virgin3 ,but
 what is yet stranger1 that the resort  
to this place 7then call'd ,houton7     
7from a despicable village7 occasion'd  
the building of the now famous town     
,hallifax1 in ,york-shire1 which imports
 holy-hair3 ,by this1 and the like1 may 
we estimate what a world of impostures1 
have through craft and superstition     
gained the repute of holy-places1       

abounding with rich oblations 7their de 
voto's74  ,pliny speaks of an old lotus 
tree in a grove near ,rome1 which they  
call'd capitale1 upon which the vestals 
present 7as our nuns7 were us'd to hang 
their hair cut off at their profession3 
,plin4 lib4 #af4 c4 #dc4 ,but that is   
nothing to this4  ,i may not in the mean
 time omit what has been said of the    
true taxus of the ancients1 for being a 
mortiferous plant3 ,dr4 ,belluccio1     
,president of the ,medical ,garden at   
,pisa in ,tuscany1 7where they have this
 curiosity7 affirms1 that when his      
gardners clip it 7as sometimes they do7 
they are not able to work above half an 
hour at a time1 it makes their heads so 
ake3 ,but the leaves of this tree are   
more like the fir1 and is very bushy1   
furnish'd with leaves from the very     
root1 and seeming rather an hedge than a
 tree1 tho' it grow very tall4  #f4     
,this ,english yew-tree is easily       
produc'd of the seeds1 wash'd and       
cleans'd from their mucilage1 then      

buried and dry'd in sand a little moist1
 any time in ,december1 and so kept in  
some vessel in the house all ,winter1   
and in some cool shady place abroad all 
the ,summer1 sow them the ,spring after3
 ,some bury them in the ground like     
haws2 it will commonly be the second    
,winter e're they peep1 and then they   
rise with their caps on their heads3    
,being three years old1 you may         
transplant them1 and form them into     
standards1 knobs1 walks1 hedges1 c4 in  
all which works they succeed marvellous 
well1 and are worth our patience for    
their perennial verdure and durableness3
 ,i do again name them for hedges1      
preferable for beauty1 and a stiff      
defence to any plant ,i have ever seen1 
and may upon that account 7without      
vanity7 be said to have been the first  
which brought it into fashion1 as well  
for defence1 as for a succedaneum to    
cypress1 whether in hedges1 or pyramids1
 conic-spires1 bowls or what other      
shapes1 adorning the parks or larger    

avenues1 with their lofty tops #cj foot 
high1 and braving all the efforts of the
 most rigid ,winter1 which cypress      
cannot weather2 ,i have said how long   
lasting they are1 and easily to be      
shap'd and clipp'd2 nay cut down1       
revive3 ,but those which are much       
superannuated1 and perhaps of many      
hundred years standing1 perish if so    
us'd4  #g4 ,he that in ,winter should   
behold some of our highest hills in     
,surrey1 clad with whole woods of these 
two last sort of trees1 for divers miles
 in circuit 7as in those delicious      
groves of them1 belonging to the        
,honourable1 my noble friend1 the late  
,sir ,adam ,brown of                    
,bech-worth-,castle1 from ,box-hill7    
might without the least violence to his 
imagination1 easily fancy himself       
transported into some new or enchanted  
country2 for1 if any spot of ,england1  
44444444',tis here     ,eternal ,spring1
 and ,summer all the year4#cjj3a  ,of   
which ,i have already spoken in the     

former section4  #h4 ,but1 above all the
 natural greens which inrich our        
home-born store1 there is none certainly
 to be compar'd to the agrifolium1 7or  
acuifolium rather7 our holly so         
spontaneously growing here in this part 
of ,surrey1 that the large vale near my 
own dwelling1 was anciently call'd      
,holmes-,dale2 famous for the flight of 
the ,danes3 ,the inhabitants of great   
antiquity 7in their manners1 habits1    
speech7 have a proverb1 ,holmes-,dale   
never won2 he never shall4 ,it had once 
a fort1 call'd ,homes-,dale ,castle3 ,i 
know not whether it might not be that of
 ,rygate2 but leaving this uncertain1   
and return to the plant1 ,i have often  
wonder'd at our curiosity after foreign 
plants1 and expensive difficulties1 to  
the neglect of the culture of this      
vulgar1 but incomparable tree2 whether  
we will propagate it for use and        
defence1 or for sight and ornament4     
,a hedge of holly1 thieves that would   
invade1     ,repulses like a growing    

palizade2     ,whose numerous leaves    
such orient greens invest1     ,as in   
deep ,winter do the ,spring             
arrest4#cja3a  ,which makes me wonder   
why it should be reckon'd among the     
unfortunate trees1 by ,macrobius1 ,sat4 
lib4 ,,iii4 cap4 #bj4 others among the  
lucky2 for so it seems they us'd to send
 branches of it1 as well as of oak 7the 
most fortunate1 according to the        
,gentile theology7 with their strenae   
7new-year's gifts7 begun 7as ,symachus  
tells us7 by ,k4 ,tatius1 almost as old 
as ,rome her self4  ,but to say no more 
of these superstitious fopperies1 which 
are many other about this tree1 we still
 dress up both our churches and houses1 
on ,christmas and other festival days1  
with this cheerful green and rutilant   
berries4  #i4 ,is there under heaven a  
more glorious and refreshing object of  
the kind1 than an impregnable hedge of  
about four hundred foot in length1 nine 
foot high1 and five in diameter2 which  
,i can shew in my now ruin'd gardens at 

,say's-,court1 7thanks to the ,czar of  
,moscovy7 at any time of the year1      
glitt'ring with its arm'd and varnish'd 
leaves8 ,the taller standards at orderly
 distances1 blushing with their natural 
coral3 ,it mocks at the rudest assaults 
of the weather1 beasts1 or              
hedge-breakers1      ,et illum nemo     
impun lacessit4  ,it is with us of two  
eminent kinds1 the prickly1 and smoother
 leav'd2 or as some term it1 the        
free-holly1 not unwelcome when tender1  
to sheep and other cattle3 ,there is    
also of the white-berried1 and a golden 
and silver1 variegated in six or seven  
differences2 which proceeds from no     
difference in the species1 but          
accidentally1 and naturae lusu1 as most 
such variegations do2 since we are      
taught how to effect it artificially1   
namely1 by sowing the seeds1 and        
planting in gravelly soil1 mixed with   
store of chalk1 and pressing it hard    
down2 it being certain1 that they return
 to their native colour when sown in    

richer mould1 and that all the fibers of
 the roots recover their natural food4  
#aj4 ,i have already shew'd how it is to
 be rais'd of the berries1 7of which    
there is a sort bears them yellow1 and  
propagate their colour7 when they are   
ready to drop1 this only omitted1 that  
they would first be freed from their    
tenacious and glutinous mucilage by     
being wash'd1 and a little bruised1 then
 dry'd with a cloath2 or else bury them 
as you do the yew and hipps2 and let our
 forester receive this for no common    
secret1 and take notice of the effect3  
,if you will sow them in the berry1 keep
 them in dry sand till ,march2 remove   
them also after three or four years2 but
 if you plant the sets 7which is        
likewise a commendable way1 and the     
woods will furnish enough7 place'em     
northwards1 as they do quick4 ,of this1 
might there living pales and enclosures 
be made1 7such as the ,right ,honourable
 my ,lord ,dacres1 somewhere in ,sussex1
 has a park almost environ'd with1 able 

to keep in any game1 as ,i am credibly  
inform'd7 and cut into square hedges1 it
 becomes impenetrable1 and will thrive  
in hottest1 as well as the coldest      
places4 ,i have seen hedges1 or if you  
will1 stout walls of holly1 #bj foot in 
height1 kept upright1 and the gilded    
sort budded low1 and in #b or #c places 
one above another1 shorn and fashion'd  
into columns and pilasters1             
architectonially shap'd1 and at due     
distance2 than which nothing can        
possibly be more pleasant1 the berry    
adorning the intercolumniations1 with   
the scarlet festoons and encarpa4 ,of   
this noble tree one may take thousands  
of them four inches long1 out of the    
woods 7amongst the fall'n leaves        
whereof1 they sow themselves7 and so    
plant them2 but this should be before   
the cattle begin to crop them1          
especially sheep1 who are greedy of them
 when tender3 ,stick them into the      
ground in a moist season1 ,spring1 or   
early ,autumn2 especially the ,spring1  

shaded 7if it prove too hot and         
scorching7 till they begin to shoot of  
themselves1 and in very sharp weather1  
and during our eastern etesians1 cover'd
 with dry straw or haume2 and if any of 
them seem to perish1 cut it close1 and  
you shall soon see it revive4 ,of these 
seedlings1 and by this culture1 ,i have 
rais'd plants and hedges full four foot 
high in four years3 ,the lustier and    
bigger the sets are1 the better1 and if 
you can procure such as are a           
thumbs-breadth thick1 they will soon    
furnish into an hedge4 ,at ,dengeness in
 ,kent1 they grow naturally amongst the 
very beach and pibbles2 but if your     
ground be stiff1 loosen it with a little
 fine gravel3 ,this rare hedge 7the     
boast of my villa7 was planted upon a   
burning gravel1 expos'd to the meridian 
sun2 for it refuses not almost any sort 
of barren ground1 hot or cold1 and often
 indicates where coals are to be dug4   
#aa4 ,true it is1 that time must bring  
this tree to perfection2 it does so to  

all things else1  posteritati pangimus4 
,but what if a little culture about the 
roots 7not dunging1 which it abhors7 and
 frequent stirring of the mould1 double 
its growth8 ,we stay seven years for a  
tolerable quick1 it is worth staying it 
thrice1 for this1 which has no          
competitor4  #ab4 ,and yet there is an  
expedient to effect it more insensibly1 
by planting it with the quick3 ,let     
every fifth or sixth be an holly-set2   
they will grow up infallibly with your  
quick2 and as they begin to spread1 make
 way for them by extirpating the        
white-thorn1 till they quite domineer3  
,thus was my hedge first planted1       
without the least interruption to the   
fence1 by a most pleasant metamorphosis4
 ,but there is also another1 not less   
applauded1 by laying along well-rooted  
sets 7a yard or more in length7 and     
stripping off the leaves and branches1  
letting only something of the tops      
appear3 ,these1 cover'd with a competent
 depth of earth1 will send forth        

innumerable suckers1 which will suddenly
 advance into an hedge2 and grows as    
well under the shade as sun1 provided   
you keep them weeded1 and now and then  
loosen the earth2 towards which1 if     
thro' extream neglect1 or other         
accident1 it grow thin1 being close cut 
down1 it will fill and become stronger  
and thicker than ever4  ,of this stately
 shrub 7as some reckon it7 there is     
lately found an holly1 whose leaves are 
as thorny and bristly1 not only at the  
edges1 but all over1 as an hedge-hog1   
which it may properly be call'd2 and ,i 
think was first brought by ,mr4 ,london 
out of ,france4  #ac4 ,the timber of the
 holly 7besides that it is the whitest  
of all hard woods1 and therefore us'd by
 the inlayer1 especially under thin     
plates of ivory1 to render it more      
conspicuous7 is for all sturdy uses2 the
 mill-wright1 turner and engraver1      
prefer it to any other3 ,it makes the   
best handles and stocks for tools1      
flails1 riding rods the best1 and       

carters-whips2 bowles1 shivers1 and pins
 for blocks3 ,also it excels for        
door-bars and bolts2 and as of the elm1 
so of this especially1 they made even   
hinges and hooks to serve instead of    
iron1 sinking in the water like it2 and 
of the bark is compos'd our bird-lime   
thus3  #ad4 ,pill a good quantity of the
 bark about ,midsummer1 fill a vessel   
with it1 and put to it spring-water2    
then boil it1 till the gray and white   
bark rise from the green1 which will    
require near twelve hours boiling2 then 
taking it off the fire1 separate the    
barks1 the water first well drained from
 it3 ,then lay the green bark on the    
earth1 in some cool vault or cellar1    
covering it with any sort of green and  
rank weeds1 such as dock1 thistles1     
hemlock1 c4 to a good thickness3 ,thus  
let it continue near a fortnight1 by    
which time 'twill become a perfect      
mucilage3 ,then pound it all exceedingly
 in a stone mortar1 'till it be a tough 
past1 and so very fine1 as no part of   

the bark be discernable3 ,this done1    
wash it accurately well in some running 
stream of water1 as long as you perceive
 the least ordure or motes in it1 and so
 reserve it in some earthen-pot1 to     
purge and ferment1 scumming it as often 
as any thing arises for four or five    
days1 and when no more filth comes1     
change it into a fresh vessel of earth1 
and reserve it for use1 thus3 ,take what
 quantity you please of it1 and in an   
earthen pipkin1 add a third part of     
capons or goose-grease to it1 well      
clarified2 or oyl of walnuts1 which is  
better3 ,incorporate these on a gentle  
fire1 continually stirring it 'till it  
be cold1 and thus your composition is   
finish'd4 ,but to prevent frosts 7which 
in severe weather will sometimes invade 
it on the rods7 take a quarter of as    
much oyl of petroleum1 as you do of     
grease1 and no cold whatever will       
congeal it4 ,the ,italians make their   
vischio of the berries of the misselto  
of trees1 7and indeed it is from this it

 is said of the thrush1 exitium suum    
cacat1 that bird being so exceeding     
devourers of them7 treated much after   
the same manner2 but then they mix it   
with nut-oyl1 an ounce to a pound of    
lime1 and taking it from the fire1 add  
half an ounce of turpentine1 which      
qualifies it also for the water4 ,great 
quantities of bird-lime are brought to  
us out of ,turky1 and from ,damascus1   
which some conceive to be made of       
sebestens1 finding sometimes the        
kernels3 ,this lime is of a greener     
colour1 subject to frosts1 and impatient
 of wet1 nor will last above a year or  
two good3 ,another sort comes also out  
of ,syria1 of a yellow hue2 likewise    
from ,spain1 whiter than the rest1 which
 will resist the water1 but is of an ill
 scent4 ,i have been told that the      
cortex of our lantana1 or wayfaring     
shrub1 will make as good bird-lime as   
the best4 ,but let these suffice1 being 
more than as yet any one has publish'd4 
,the superior leaves of holly-trees1    

dry'd to a fine powder1 and drunk in    
white-wine1 are prevalent against the   
stone1 and cure fluxes2 and a dozen of  
the mature berries1 being swallow'd1    
purge phlegm without danger4 ,to which  
the learned ,mr4 ,ray 7in ,append4      
,plant4 ,angl47 adds a zythogalum1 or   
posset made of milk and beer1 in which  
is boil'd some of the most pointed      
leaves1 for asswaging the torment of the
 collic1 when nothing else has          
prevailed4 ,and now ,i might have here  
planted the  #ae4 ,pyracantha1 both for 
its perpetual verdure1 if the fences had
 not already challeng'd it1 chap4 #bj4  
lib4 ,i4  #af4 ,the lauro-cerasus on    
cherry-bay1 which by the use we commonly
 put it to1 seems as if it had been only
 destin'd for hedges1 and to cover bare 
walls3 ,being planted upright1 and kept 
to the standard1 by cutting away the    
collateral branches1 and maintaining one
 stem1 will rise to a very considerable 
tree2 and 7for the first twenty years7  
resembling the most beautiful-headed    

orange1 in shape and verdure1 arrive in 
time to emulate even some of our lusty  
timber-trees2 so as ,i dare pronounce   
the laurel to be one of the most proper 
and ornamental trees for walks and      
avenues1 of any growing4  #ag4 ,pity it 
is they are so abus'd in the hedges1    
where the lower branches growing sticky 
and dry1 by reason of their frequent and
 unseasonable cutting 7with the genius  
of the tree1 which is to spend much in  
wood7 they never succeed1 after the     
first six or seven years2 but are to be 
new-planted again1 or abated to the very
 roots for a fresh shoot1 which is best1
 and soon would furnish the places4 ,in 
a word2 as to the pruning of            
evergreen-hedges1 there is no small     
skill and address to be us'd1 in forming
 and trimming them for beauty and       
stability2 by leaving the lower parts   
next the ground broader 7two foot were  
sufficient for the thickness of the     
tallest hedge7 than the tops1 gradually1
 so as not much to exceed a foot breadth

 at the upmost verge1 7as architects    
diminish walls of stone and brick from  
the foundation7 for they will else be   
apt to bend and swagg1 especially laden 
with ,winter-snows or ice2 grow too     
thick1 heat1 wither1 and foul within1   
dry and sticky especially2 when it were 
more than time they were cut close to   
earth1 for a fresh and verdant ,spring2 
and this method is to be practis'd in   
all hedges whatsoever4  #ah4 ,but would 
you yet improve the standard which ,i   
celebrate1 to greater and more speedy   
exaltation8 ,bud your laurel on the     
black-cherry stock to what height you   
please3 ,this ,i had from an ocular     
testimony1 who was more than somewhat   
doubtful of such alliances2 though      
something like it in ,palladius speaks  
it not so impossible2      ,a cherry    
graft on laurel-stock does stain        
,the virgin fruit in a deep double      
grain4#cjh3a  #ai4 ,they are rais'd of  
the seeds or berries with extraordinary 
facility1 or propagated by layers1      

taleae1 and cuttings1 set about the     
latter end of ,august1 or earlier at    
,st4 ,james-tide1 where-ever there is   
shade and moisture4 ,besides that of the
 wood1 the leaves of this laurel boil'd 
in milk1 impart a very grateful tast of 
the almond2 and of the berry 7or        
cherries rather1 of which poultrey      
generally feed on7 is made a wine1 to   
some not unpleasant3 ,i find little     
concerning the uses of this tree2 of the
 wood are said to be made the best      
plow-handles4 ,now that this rare tree  
was first brought from ,civita ,vecchia 
into ,england1 by the ,countess of      
,arundel1 wife to that illustrious      
patron of arts and antiquities1 ,thomas 
,earl of ,arundel and ,surrey1 ,great   
,great ,grand-,father to his ,grace the 
present ,duke of ,norfolk1 whom ,i left 
sick at ,padoa1 where he died2 highly   
displeased at his grand-son ,philip's   
putting on the friars-frock1 tho'       
afterwards the purple1 when ,cardinal of
 ,norfolk3 ,after all1 ,i cannot easily 

assent to the tradition1 tho' ,i had it 
from a noble hand3 ,i rather think it   
might first be brought out of some more 
northerly clime1 the nature of the tree 
so delighting and flourishing in the    
shady and colder exposures1 and         
abhorrence of heat4  ,to crown this     
chapter then1 tho' in the last place1   
7for so finis coronat opus7 we reserve  
the bay tree4  #bj4 ,bays1 laurus       
vulgaris4 ,the learned ,isaac ,vossius  
and etymologists are wonderfully        
curious1 in their conjecture concerning 
its derivation2 7a laude says ,issidor17
 and from the ingenious poet1 we learn  
how it became sacred to ,apollo1 the    
patron of the wits1 and ever since the  
meed of conquerors and heroic persons4  
,but leaving fiction1 we pass to the    
culture of this noble and fragrant tree1
 propagated both by their seeds1 roots1 
suckers or layers3 ,they 7namely1 the   
berries7 should be gather'd             
dropping-ripe3 ,pliny has a particular  
process for the ordering of them1 not to

 be rejected1 which is to gather them in
 ,january1 and spreading them till their
 sweat be over2 then he puts them in    
dung and sows them3 ,as for the steeping
 in wine1 water does altogether as well1
 others wash the seeds from their       
mucilage1 by breaking and bruising      
glutinous berries2 then sow them in rich
 ground in ,march1 by scores in a heap2 
and indeed so they will come up in      
clusters1 but nothing so well1 nor fit  
for transplantation1 as where they are  
interr'd with a competent scattering1 so
 as you would furrow pease3 ,both this  
way1 and by setting them apart 7which ,i
 most commend7 ,i have rais'd           
multitudes1 and that in the berries1    
kept in sand till the ,spring1 without  
any farther preparation2 only for the   
first two years1 they would be defended 
from the piercing winds1 which          
frequently destroy them2 and yet the    
scorching of their tender leaves ought  
not to make you despair1 for many of    
them will recover beyond expectation2   

nay1 tho' quite cut down1 they          
repullulate and produce young suckers3  
,such as are rais'd of berries1 may at  
#c years growth be transplanted2 which  
let alone too long1 are difficult to    
take4  #ba4 ,this aromatic tree greatly 
loves the mothers shade1 7under which   
nothing else will prosper7 yet thrives  
best in our hottest gravel1 having once 
pass'd those first difficulties3 ,age1  
and culture about the roots1 wonderfully
 augment its growth2 so as ,i have seen 
trees near thirty foot high of them1 and
 almost two foot diameter4 ,they make   
walking-staves1 strait1 strong and      
light1 for old gentlemen2 and are fit   
also both for arbour and palisade-work1 
so the gardener understand when to prune
 and keep it from growing too woody4    
,and here ,i cannot but take notice of  
those beautiful case-standards1 which of
 late you have had out of ,flanders1 c4 
with stems so even and upright2 heads so
 round1 full1 and flourishing1 as seem  
to exceed all the topiary ornaments of  

the garden2 that one tree of them has   
been sold for more than twenty pounds2  
tho' now the mystery reveal'd1 the price
 be much abated3 ,and doubtless as good 
might be rais'd here1 7without sending  
beyond-sea for them7 were our gardeners 
as industrious to cultivate and shape   
them3 ,some there are1 who imagine them 
of another species than our ordinary    
bay1 but erroneously4 ,i wonder we plant
 not whole groves of them1 and abroad2  
they being hardy enough1 grow upright1  
and would make a noble daphneon4 ,the   
berries are emollient1 soveraign in     
affections of the nerves1 collics1      
gargarisms1 baths1 salves1 and perfumes3
 ,bay-leaves dryed in a fire-pan1 and   
reduc'd to a fine powder1 as much as    
will cover half a crown1 being drank in 
wine1 seldom fail of curing an ague4    
,and some have us'd the leaves instead  
of cloves1 imparting its relish in      
sauce1 especially of fish2 and the very 
dry sticks of the tree1 strew'd over    
with a little powder or dust of sulphur1

 and vehemently rub'd against one       
another1 will immediately take fire2 as 
will likewise the wood of an old ivy2   
nay1 without any intentive addition1 by 
friction only4  #ba4 ,amongst other     
things1 it has of old been observ'd that
 the bay is ominous of some funest      
accident1 if that be so accounted which 
,suetonius 7in ,galba7 affirms to have  
happen'd before the death of the monster
 ,nero1 when these trees generally      
wither'd to the very roots in a very    
mild winter3 ,and much later1 that in   
the year #afbi1 when at ,padoa1         
preceding a great pestilence1 almost all
 the bay-trees about that famous        
,university grew sick and perish'd3     
,certo quasi praesagio 7says my author7 
,apollinem musaque subsequenti anno urbe
 illa bonarum literarum domicilio       
excessuras4 --,but that this was        
extraordinary1 we are told the emperor  
,claudius upon occasion of a raging     
pestilence1 was by his physicians       
advis'd to remove his court to          

,laurentium1 the aromatick emissions of 
that tree being in such reputation for  
clearing the air1 and resisting         
contagion2 upon which account ,i        
question not but ,pliny 7the nephew7 was
 so frequently at his beloved           
,laurentium1 so near the city4 ,besides1
 for their vertue against lightning1    
which ,tiberius so exceedingly dreaded1 
that when it came with thunder1 he would
 creep under his bed to avoid it1 and   
shaded his head with the boughs4 ,the   
story of the branch in the bill of the  
white-hen1 let fall into the lap of     
,livia ,drusilla1 being planted1        
prosper'd so floridly1 as made it       
reputed so sacred1 as to use it for     
impaling the heads of the triumphing    
emperors1 and to adorn the limina of the
 temples and royal palace of the great  
,pontiff2 and thence call'd janitrices  
,caesarum3      ,cum tandem apposita    
velantur limina lauro1     ,cingit      
,augustas arbor opaca fores6     ,num   
quia perpetuos meruerunt ista triumphos8

  ,as still at present in ,rome and     
other cities1 they use to trim up their 
churches and monastries on solemn       
festivals1 when there is station and    
indulgences granted in honour of the    
saint or patron2 as also on occasion of 
signal victories1 and other joyful      
tidings2 and those garlands made up with
 hobby-horse tinsel1 make a glitterring 
show1 and rattling noise when the air   
moves them4  ,with the leaves of laurel1
 they made up their dispatches and      
letters1 laureis involutae1 wrapt in    
bay-leaves1 which they sent to the      
senate from the victorious general3 ,the
 spears1 lances and fasces1 nay1 tents  
and ships1 c4 were all dress'd up with  
laurels2 and in triumph every           
common-soldier carryed a sprig in their 
hand1 as we may see in the ancient and  
best bass-relievo of the ancients1 as of
 virtue to purge them from blood and    
slaughter4 ,and now after all this1     
might one conjecture by a mere          
inspection of those several sculps1     

statues1 and medals yet exstant1        
representing the heads of emperors1     
poets1 c4 the wreaths and coronets seem 
to be compos'd of a more flexible and   
compliant species than the common bay1  
and more applicable to the brows1 except
 where the ends and stalks of the tender
 branch were tyed together with a       
lemnisc or ribbon4 ,and there be        
yet#cac3a who contend for the           
,alexandrian laurel1 and the tinus as   
more ductile2 but without any good      
evidence4 ,pliny ,i find says nothing of
 this question1 naming only the ,cyprian
 and ,delphic2 besides1 the figure1     
colour of the rind and leaf1 crackling  
in the fire1 which it impugns1 7as 'tis 
said it does lightning7 gives plainly   
the honour of it to the common bay4 ,we 
say nothing of its sacred use in the    
,gentile lustration1 purgation1 and     
several other attributes4 ,to conclude2 
,from laurel#cac3c chew'd the ,pythian  
priestess rose1     ,events of future   
actions to disclose4     ,laurel        

triumphant generals did wear1     ,and  
laurel heralds in their hands did bear4 
,poets ambitious of unfading praise1    
,phoebus1 the ,muses all are crown'd    
with bays4     ,and vertue to her sons  
the prize does name     ,symbol of      
glory1 and immortal fame4#cac3b  ,i have
 now finish'd my planting3 ,a word or   
two concerning their preservation1 and  
the cure of their infirmities1 expect in
 the following chapter4   ,,footnotes3  
#bid3a      ,arbute crates1  mystica    
vannus ,iacchi4      ,georg4 #a4  #bif3a
              444444444444,non ultima   
belli     ,arma puellaris2 laqueos hc   
nectit amantm1     ,et venatricis       
disponit retia form4      ,couleii pl4  
l4 #f4  #big3a      ,qum multa arboribus
 tribuuntur crimina falsa8  #cjj3a      
,hic ver perpetuum1 atque alienis       
mensibus stas4  #cja3a      44444,mala  
furta hominum densis mucronibus arcens  
,securum defendit inexpugnabilis hortum2
     ,exornatque simul1 toto spectabilis
 anno1     ,et numero1  viridi foliorum 

luce nitentm4      ,couleii ,pl4 l4 #f4 
#cjh3a      ,inseritur lauro cerasus1   
partuque coacto       ,tingit adoptivus 
virginis ora pudor4  #cac3a ,carol4     
,avanti not4 in cornan4 ,bapt4 ,fiera4  
#cac3b      ,tu sacros ,phoebi tripodas1
 tu sidera sentis1     ,et casus aperis 
rerum praesaga futuros4     ,te juvat   
armorum strepitus1 clangorque tubarum2  
,perque acies medias1 saevique pericula 
belli1     ,accendis bellantm animos2 te
 ,cynthius ipse1     ,te ,musae1        
vatesque sacri optavre coronam3         
,ipsa suis virtus te spem proponit      
alumnis1     ,tantm servatus valuit     
pudor1  bona fama4      ,rapinus4       
#cac3c ,daphnephagi were such as after  
eating the leaves of the bay1 became    
inspir'd4     ,,chapter ,,vii4  ,of the 
infirmities of trees1 c4   ,so many are 
the infirmities and sicknesses of trees1
 and indeed of the whole family of      
vegetables1 that it were almost         
impossible to enumerate and make a just 
catalogue of them2 and as difficult to  

such infallible cures and remedies as   
could be desired2 the effects arising   
from so many1 and such different causes3
 ,whenever therefore our trees and      
plants fail and come short of the fruit 
and productions we expect of them1 7if  
the fault be not in our want of care7 it
 is certainly to be attributed to those 
infirmities1 to which all elementary    
things are obnoxious1 either from the   
nature of the things themselves1 and in 
themselves1 or from some outward injury1
 not only through their being           
unskilfully cultivated by men1 and      
expos'd to hurtful beasts1 but subject  
to be prey'd upon and ruin'd by the most
 minute and despicable insect1 besides  
other casualties and accidents          
innumerable1 according to the rustick   
rhyme1      ,the calf1 the wind-shoc and
 the knot1     ,the canker1 scab1 scurf1
 sap and rot1  affecting the several    
parts3 ,these invade the roots2 stony   
and rocky grounds1 ivy1 and all         
climbers1 weeds1 suckers1 fern1 wet1    

mice1 moles1 winds1 c4 to these may be  
added siderations1 pestiferous air1     
fogs1 excessive heat1 sulphurous and    
arsenic smoak1 and vapours1 and other   
plagues1 tumours1 distortions1          
lacrymations1 tophi1 gouts1 carbuncles1 
ulcers1 crudities1 fungosities1         
gangreens1 and an army more1 whereof    
some are hardly discernable1 yet        
enemies1 which not foreseen1 makes many 
a bargain of standing-wood 7though      
seemingly fair7 very costly ware3 ,in a 
word1 whatsoever is exitial to men1 is  
so to trees2 for the aversion of which1 
they had of old recourse to the         
robigalia and other ,gentile ceremonies3
 but no longer abus'd by charmers and   
superstitious fopperies1 we have in this
 chapter endeavoured to set down and    
prescribe the best and most approved    
remedies hitherto found out1 as well    
natural as artificial4  ,and first1     
weeds are to be diligently pull'd up by 
hand after rain1 whiles your seedlings  
are very young1 and till they come to be

 able to kill them with shade1 and      
over-dripping3 ,and then are you for the
 obstinate1 to use the haw1 fork1 and   
spade1 to extirpate dog-grass1          
bear-bind1 c4  ,and here mentioning     
shade and dripping1 though ,i cannot    
properly speak of them as infirmities of
 trees1 they are certainly the causes of
 their unthriving till remov'd2 such as 
that of the oak and mast-holme1         
wall-nut1 pine and fir1 c4 the thickness
 of the leaves intercepting the sun and 
rain2 whilst that of other trees good1  
as the elm1 and several other4  #b4     
,suckers shall be duly eradicated1 and  
with a sharp spade dexterously separated
 from the mother-roots1 and transplanted
 in convenient places for propagation1  
as the season requires4  ,here note1    
that fruit graffed upon suckers1 are    
more dispos'd to produce suckers1 than  
such as are propagated upon good stocks4
  #c4 ,fern1 is best destroy'd by       
striking off the tops1 as ,tarquin did  
the heads of the poppies3 ,this done    

with a good wand1 or cudgel1 at the     
decrease in the ,spring1 and now and    
then in ,summer1 kills it 7as also it   
does nettles7 in a year or two1 7but    
most infallibly1 by being eaten down at 
its spring1 by ,scotch-sheep7 beyond the
 vulgar way of mowing1 or burning1 which
 rather encreases1 than diminishes it4  
#d4 ,over-much wet is to be drain'd by  
trenches1 where it infests the roots of 
such kinds as require drier ground3 ,but
 if a drip do fret into the body of a   
tree by the head 7which will certainly  
decay it7 cutting first the place       
smooth1 stop and cover it with loam and 
hay1 or a cerecloth1 till a new bark    
succeed4 ,but not only the wet1 which is
 to be diverted by trenching the ground1
 is exitial to many trees1 but their    
repletion of too abundant nourishment2  
and therefore sometimes there may be as 
much occasion to use the lancet1 as     
phlebotomy and venaesection to animals2 
especially if the hypothesis hold1 of   
the superfluous moisture's descent into 

the roots1 to be re-concocted2 but      
where1 in case it be more copious       
than#caf3a can be there elaborated1 it  
turns to corruption1 and sends up a     
tainted juice1 which perverts the whole 
habit of the tree3 ,in this exigence    
therefore1 it were perhaps more         
counsellable to draw it out by a deep   
incision1 and to depend upon a new      
supply1 than upon confidence of         
correcting this evil quality1 by other  
medications1 to let it perish4 ,other   
causes of their sickness 7not always    
taken notice of7 proceed from too       
liberal refreshments and over-watering  
in dry and scorching seasons2 especially
 in nurseries3 ,the water should        
therefore be fitly qualify'd1 neither   
brackish1 bitter1 stagnat1 or putrid1   
sower1 acrimonious1 vitriolic1 arenous  
and gravelly1 churlish1 harsh and lean2 
7,i mention them promiscuously7 and     
whatever vicious quality they are       
perceptibly tinctur'd and impregnate    
with1 being by no means proper drink for

 plants3 ,wherefore a very critical     
examen of this so necessary an element  
7the very principle1 as some think1 and 
only nutriment of vegetables7#cag3a is  
highly to be regarded1 together with    
more than ordinary skill how to apply   
it3 ,in order to which1 the constitution
 and texture of plants and trees are    
philosophically to be consider'd2 some  
affecting macerations with dung and     
other mixtures 7which ,i should not much
 commend7 others quite contrary1 the    
quick and running spring1 dangerous     
enough1 and worse than snow-water1 which
 is not in some cases to be rejected3   
,generally therefore that were to be    
chosen1 which passing silently through  
ponds and other receptacles1 exposed to 
the sun and air1 nearest approaching to 
that of rain1 dropping from the uberous 
cloud1 is certainly the most natural and
 nursing3 ,as to the quantity1 some     
plants require plentiful watering1      
others1 rather often1 than all at once2 
all of them sucking it in by the root   

for the most part1 which are their      
mouths1 and carry it thence through all 
the canales1 organs and members of the  
whole vegetable body1 digested and      
qualified so as to maintain and supply  
their being and growth1 for the         
producing of whatever they afford for   
the use of man1 and other living        
creatures4  #e4 ,the bark-bound are to  
be released by drawing your knife       
rind-deep from the root1 as far as you  
can conveniently1 drawing your knife    
from the top downwards half-way1 and at 
a small distance1 from the bottom       
upwards1 the other half2 this1 in more  
places1 as the bulk of the stem         
requires2 and if crooked1 cut deep1 and 
frequent in the ham2 and if the gaping  
be much filling the rift with a little  
cow-dung2 do this on each side1 and at  
,spring1 ,february or ,march3 ,also     
cutting off some branches is profitable2
 especially such as are blasted1 or     
lightning-struck3 ,if 7as sometimes     
also7 it proceed from the baking of the 

earth about the stem1 lighten1 and stir 
it4  #f4 ,the teredo1 cossi1 and other  
worms1 lying between the body and the   
bark1 7which it separates7 poyson that  
passage to the great prejudice of some  
trees2 but the holes being once found1  
they are to be taken out with a light   
incision1 the wound covered with loam2  
or let the dry-part of the wood 7bark   
and all7 be cut3 applying only a wash of
 piss and vinegar twice or thrice a week
 during a month3 ,the best means to find
 out their quarters1 is to follow the   
wood-pecker1 and other birds1 often     
pitching upon the stem 7as you may      
observe them7 and knocking with their   
bills1 give notice that the tree is     
infected1 at least1 between the bark4   
,but there are divers kinds of these  of
 which the  or tarmes we have mentioned1
 will sometimes make such a noise in a  
tree1 as to awaken a sleeping man3 ,the 
more rugous are the cossi1 of old had in
 deliciis amongst the epicures1 who us'd
 to fatten them in flower2 and this1 7as

 ,tertullian1 and ,s4 ,hierom tells us7 
was the chief food of the hierophantae  
,cereris2 as they are at this day a     
great regalo in ,japan3 ,in the mean    
time1 experience has taught us1 that    
millipedes wood-lice 7to be plentifully 
found under old timber-logs1 being dry'd
 and reduc'd to powder1 and taken in    
drink7 are an admirable specific against
 the jaundies1 scorbut1 c4 to purifie   
the blood1 and clarifie the sight4      
,there is a pestilent green-worm which  
hides it self in the earth1 and gets    
into pots and cases1 eating our         
seedlings1 and gnawing the very roots1  
which should be searched out3 ,and now  
we mention roots1 over-grown toads will 
sometimes nestle at the roots of trees1 
when they make a cavern1 which they     
infect with a poysonous vapour1 of which
 the leaves famish'd and flagging give  
notice1 and the enemy dug out with the  
spade3 ,but this chiefly concerns the   
gardners mural fruit-trees2 though ,i   
question not but that even our          

forest-trees suffer by such pernicious  
vapours1 rats1 and other stinking       
vermine making their nests within them4 
,but of all these1 let our industrious  
planter1 7especially the learned        
favourers of the most refined parts of  
horticulture7 consult the ,discourses   
and experiments of ,sign4 ,fran4 ,redi1 
,malphigius1 ,levenhock1 ,swamerdam1 c4 
with our own learned ,doctors1 ,lyster1 
,sloane1 ,hook1 7and other sagacious    
naturalists7 to shew1 that none of these
 diseases and infirmities in plants     
proceed from any pure accidental1 but   
real cause2 flatus1 venemous liquor1 and
 infections3 ,which some1 even of the   
minutest animals1 are provided with     
instruments to pierce the very solid    
substances of trees and plants1 and     
infuse their pestiferous taint2 where   
likewise they leave their eggs1 boaring 
those nestling places with a certain    
terebra1 where we find those innumerable
 perforations which we call worm-eaten2 
the wider latebrae are made by erucae1  

caterpillars1 ants1 and bigger insects1 
raising morbid tumors and excrescences1 
and preying upon the fruit1 as well as  
on the leaves1 buds and flowers1 so soon
 as their eggs are hatch'd1 when they   
creep out of their little caverns in    
armies1 like the ,egyptian locusts1     
invading all that's green1 and tender   
rudiments first1 and then attacking the 
tougher and solider parts of vegetables3
 ,to those learned persons above1 we may
 not forget the late worthy and pious   
,mr4 ,ray1 where in the second part of  
his treatise1 of the ,wisdom of ,god in 
the ,creation1 we have a brief1 but     
ingenious account of what concerns this 
subject1 together with what is added    
about spontaneous productions of these  
despicable animals1 to which ,i refer   
the curious4  ,trees 7especially        
fruit-bearers7 are infested with the    
measels1 by being burned and scorched   
with the sun in great droughts3 ,to this
 commonly succeeds lousiness1 which is  
cur'd by boring an hole into the        

principal root1 and pouring in a        
quantity of brandy1 stopping the orifice
 up with a pin of the same wood4        
,crooked trees are reform'd by taking   
off or topping the prponderers1 whilst  
charg'd with leaves1 or woody and       
hanging counterpoises4  ,excorticated   
and bark-bared trees1 may be preserved  
by nourishing up a shoot from the foot1 
or below the stripped place1 and        
inserting it into a slit above the      
wounded part2 to be done in the ,spring1
 and secur'd from air1 as you treat a   
graff3 ,this ,i have out of the very    
industrious ,mr4 ,cook1 p4 #dh4 ,but    
,dr4 ,merret brought us in this relation
 to the ,royal ,society1 that making a  
square section of the rinds of ash1 and 
sycomore 7,march #affd17 whereof three  
sides were cut1 and one not1 the success
 was1 that the whole bark did unite1    
being bound with pack-thread1 leaving   
only a scar3 ,but being separated       
intirely from the tree1 namely several  
parts of the bark1 and at various       

depths1 leaving on some part of the     
bark1 others cut to the very wood it    
self1 being tied on as the former1 a new
 rind succeeded in their place2 but what
 was cover'd over beyond the places of  
incision with diachylon plaister1 and   
also bound as the rest1 did within the  
space of three weeks1 unite to the tree1
 tho' with some shriveling and scar3    
,the same experiment try'd about        
,michaelmas1 and in the ,winter1 came to
 nothing3 ,where some branches were     
decorticated quite round1 without any   
union1 a withering of the branch beyond 
the incision1 ensu'd3 ,also a twig      
separated from a branch1 with a sloping 
cut1 and fastn'd to it again in the same
 posture1 bound and cover'd with the    
former plaister1 wither'd in three days 
time3 ,among other easie remedies1 a    
cere-cloth of fresh-butter and hony1    
apply'd whilst the wound is green1      
7especially in ,summer7 and bound about 
with a thrum-rope of moist hay1 and     
rubb'd with cow-dung has healed many3   

,but for rare and more tender trees1    
after pruning1 take purely refined      
tallow1 mingled and well harden'd with a
 little loamy earth1 and horse-dung     
newly made4  ,dr4 ,plot speaks of an elm
 growing near the bowling-green at      
,magdalen-,college1 quite round         
disbark'd almost for a yard near the    
ground1 which yet flourishes            
exceedingly2 upon which he dilates into 
an accurate discourse1 how it should    
possibly be2 all trees being held to    
receive their nutrition between the wood
 and the bark1 and to perish upon their 
separation2 this tree being likewise    
hollow as a drum1 and its outmost       
surface 7where decorticated7 dry1 and   
dead4 ,the solution of this phaenomenon 
7and to all appearance1 from the verdant
 head7 could not have been more         
philosophically resolv'd1 than by the   
hypothesis there produc'd by the        
,doctor1 who assures me1 he was yet     
deliberating whether the tree being     
hollow1 it might not possibly proceed   

from some other latent cause1 as        
afterwards he discover'd when having    
obtain'd permission to open the body of 
it1 he found another elm1 letting down  
its stem all the length of this empty   
case1 and striking root when it came to 
the earth1 from whence it deriv'd       
nourishment1 maintains a flourishing    
top1 and has 7till now7 pass'd for a    
little miracle1 as it still may do for a
 thing extraordinary1 and rare enough2  
considering not only its passage1 and   
how it should come there1 unless haply  
some of the samera1 or seed of the old  
tree 7when pregnant7 should have luckily
 fallen down within the hollow pipe1 or 
7as might be conjectur'd7 from some     
sucker springing of a juicy root3 ,but  
the strange incorporating of the        
superior part of the bole1 with the old 
hollow tree which embraces it1 not by   
any perceptible roots1 but as if it were
 but one body with it1 whilst the rest  
of the vaginated stem touches no other  
part of the whole cavity1 till it comes 

to the ground1 is surprizing4 ,this     
being besides very extraordinary1 that a
 tree1 which naturally grows taper as it
 approaches the top1 should swell1 and  
become bigger there than it is below4   
,but this the ,doctor will himself      
render a more minute account of in the  
next impression of that excellent piece 
of his2 nor had ,i anticipated it on    
this occasion1 but to let the world know
 7in the mean time7 how ingenuously     
ready he is to acknowlege the mistake1  
as he has been successful in discovering
 it4  ,deer1 conies1 and hares1 by      
barking the trees in hard ,winters1     
spoil very many tender plantations3     
,next to the utter destroying them1     
there is nothing better than to anoint  
that part which is within their reach1  
with stercus humanum1 tempered with a   
little water1 or urine1 and lightly     
brushed on2 this renewed after every    
great rain3 ,but a cleanlier than this1 
and yet which conies1 and even cattle   
most abhor1 is to water1 or sprinkle    

them with tanners liquor1 viz4 that1    
which they use for dressing their hides2
 or to wash with slak'd lime and water1 
altogether as expedient3 ,also to tye   
thumb-bands of hay and straw round them 
as far as they can reach4  #h4 ,moss1   
7which is an adnascent plant7 is to be  
rubb'd and scrap'd off with some fit    
instrument of wood1 which may not       
excorticate the tree1 or with a piece of
 hair-cloth after a sobbing rain2 or by 
setting it on fire with a wisp of straw1
 about the end of ,december1 if the     
season be dry1 as they practise it in   
,stafford-shire2 but the most infallible
 art of emuscation1 is taking away the  
cause1 7which is superfluous moisture in
 clayie and spewing grounds7 by dressing
 with lime4  #i4 ,ivy is destroy'd by   
digging up the roots and loosning its   
hold3 ,and yet even ivy it self 7the    
destruction of many fair trees7 if very 
old1 and where it has long invested its 
support1 if taken off7 does frequently  
kill the tree1 by a too sudden exposure 

to the unaccustom'd cold3 ,of the roots 
of ivy 7which with small industry may be
 made a beautiful standard7 are made    
curiously polish'd1 and fleck'd cups and
 boxes1 and even tables of great value4 
,misselto1 and other excrescences to be 
cut and broken off4 ,but the fungi      
7which prognosticate a fault in the     
liver and entrails of trees1 as we may  
call it7 is remedied by abrasion1       
friction1 interlucation and exposure to 
the sun4  #aj4 ,the bodies of trees are 
visited with canker1 hollowness1        
hornets1 earwigs1 snails1 c4  #aa4 ,the 
wind-shock is a bruise1 and shiver      
throughout the tree1 though not         
constantly visible1 yet leading the warp
 from smooth renting1 caused by         
over-powerful winds1 when young1 and    
perhaps1 by subtil lightnings1 by which 
the strongest oaks 7and other the most  
robust trees7 are fain to submit1 and   
will be twisted like a rope of hemp1 and
 therefore of old not us'd to kindle the
 sacrifice4 ,the same injury trees      

likewise often suffer by rigorous and   
piercing colds and frosts2 such as in   
the year #afhc1 rived many stately      
timber-trees from head to foot2 which as
 the weather grew milder1 clos'd again1 
so as hardly to be discern'd2 but were  
found at the felling miserably          
shatter'd1 and good for little3 ,the    
best prevention is shelter1 choice of   
place for the plantation1 frequent      
shreading1 whilst they are yet in their 
youth4 ,wind-shaken is also discover'd  
by certain ribs1 boils and swellings on 
the bark1 beginning at the foot of the  
stem1 and body of the tree1 to the      
boughs4 ,but against such frosts and    
fire from heaven there is no charm4     
#ab4 ,cankers1 of all other diseases the
 most pernicious1 corroding and eating  
to the heart1 and difficult to cure1    
whether 7caused by some stroak1 or      
galling1 or by hot and burning land7 are
 to be cut out to the quick1 the scars  
emplastred with tar mingled with oyl1   
and over that1 a thin spreading of loam2

 or else with clay and horse-dung2 but  
best with hogs-dung alone1 bound to it  
in a rag2 or by laying wood-ashes1      
nettles1 or fern to the roots1 c4 ,you  
will know if the cure be effected1 by   
the colour of the wounds growing fresh  
and green1 and not reddish3 ,but if the 
gangreen be within1 it must be cured by 
nitrous1 sulphureous and drying         
applications1 and by no means1 by any   
thing of an unctious nature1 which is   
exitial to trees3 ,tar1 as was said1    
only excepted1 which ,i have            
experimentally known to preserve trees  
from the envenom'd teeth of goats1 and  
other injuries2 the entire stem smear'd 
over1 without the least prejudice1 to my
 no small admiration3 ,but for over-hot 
and torrid land1 you must sadden the    
mould about the root with pond-mud1 and 
neats-dung2 and by graffing fruit trees 
on stocks rais'd in the same mould1 as  
being more homogeneous4  #ac4           
,hollowness1 is contracted1 when by     
reason of the ignorant1 or careless     

lopping of a tree1 the wet is suffer'd  
to fall perpendicularly upon a part1    
especially the head1 or any other part  
or arms1 in which the rain getting in1  
is conducted to the very heart of the   
stem and body of the tree1 which it soon
 rots3 ,in this case1 if there be       
sufficient sound wood1 cut it to the    
quick1 and close to the body cap the    
hollow part with a tarpaulin1 or fill it
 with good stiff loam1 horse-dung and   
fine hay mingled1 or with well-temper'd 
mortar1 covering it with a piece of     
tarpaulin3 ,this is one of the worst of 
evils1 and to which the elm is most     
obnoxious4 ,old broken boughs1 if very  
great1 are to be cut off at some        
distance from the body1 but the smaller1
 close4  #ad4 ,hornets and wasps1 c4 by 
breeding in the hollowness of trees1 not
 only infect them1 but will peel them   
round to the very timber1 as if cattle  
had unbark'd them1 as ,i observed in    
some goodly ashes at ,casioberry 7near  
the garden of that late noble ,lord1 and

 lover of planting1 the ,earl of        
,essex71 and are therefore to be        
destroy'd1 by stopping up their         
entrances with tar and goose-dung1 or by
 conveying the fumes of brimstome into  
their cells3 ,cantharides attack the ash
 above all other bobs of the betle kind3
 ,chafers1 c4 are to be shaken down and 
crush'd1 and when they come in armies1  
7as sometimes in extraordinary droughts7
 they are to be driven away or destroy'd
 with smoaks2 which also kills gnats and
 flies of all sorts3 ,note1 that the    
rose-bug never1 or very seldom1 attacks 
any other tree1 whilst that sweet bush  
is in flower3 ,whole fields have been   
freed from worms by the reek and smoak  
of ox-dung wrapt in mungy straw1 well   
soak'd with strong lie4  #ae4 ,earwigs  
and snails do seldom infest             
forest-trees1 but those which are       
fruit-bearers2 and are destroy'd by     
setting boards or tiles against the     
walls1 or the placing of neat-hoofs1 or 
any hollow thing upon small stakes2 also

 by enticing them into sweet waters1 and
 by picking the snails off betimes in   
the morning1 and rainy evenings2 ,i     
advise you visit your cypress-trees on  
the first rains in ,april2 you shall    
sometimes find them cover'd with young  
snails no bigger than small pease3      
,lastly1 branches1 buds and leaves      
extreamly suffer from the blasts1       
jaundies1 and catterpillars1 locusts1   
rooks1 c4 ,note1 that you should visit  
the boards1 tiles and hoofs which you   
set for the retreat of those insects1 c4
 in the heat of the day1 to shake them  
out1 and kill them4  #af4 ,the blasted  
parts of trees 7and so should gum7 be   
cut away to the quick2 and to prevent   
it1 smoak them in suspicious weather1 by
 burning moist straw with the wind1 or  
rather the dry and superfluous cuttings 
of aromatic plants1 such as rosemary1   
lavender1 juniper1 bays1 c4 ,i use to   
whip and chastise my cypresses with a   
wand1 after their winter-burnings1 till 
all the mortified and scorch'd parts    

fly-off in dust1 as long almost as any  
will fall1 and observe that they recover
 and spring the better4 ,mice1 moles and
 pismires cause the jaundies in trees1  
known by the discolour of the leaves and
 buds4  #ag4 ,the moles do much hurt1 by
 making hollow passages1 which grow     
musty1 but they may be taken in traps1  
and kill'd1 as every woodman knows3 ,it 
is certain that they are driven from    
their haunts by garlick for a time1 and 
other heady smells1 buried in their     
passages4  #ah4 ,mice1 rats1 with traps1
 or by sinking some vessel almost level 
with the surface of the ground1 the     
vessel half full of water1 upon which   
let there be strew'd some hulls1 or     
chaff of oats2 also with bane1 powder of
 orpiment in milk1 and aconites mix'd   
with butter3 ,cop'ras or green-glass    
broken with honey3 ,morsels of sponge   
chopp'd small and fry'd in lard1 c4 are 
very fit baits to destroy these nimble  
creatures1 which else soon will ruin a  
semination of nuts1 acorns and other    

kernels in a night or two1 and rob the  
largest beds of a nursery1 carrying them
 away by thousands to their cavernous   
magazines1 to serve them all the        
,winter3 ,i have been told1 that        
hop-branches stuck about trees1 preserve
 them from these theivish creatures4    
#ai4 ,destroy pismires with scalding    
water1 and disturbing their hills1 or   
rubbing the stem with cow-dung1 or a    
decoction of tithymale1 washing the     
infested parts2 and this will insinuate1
 and chase them quite out of the chinks 
and crevices1 without prejudice to the  
tree1 and is a good prevention of other 
infirmities2 also by laying soot1       
sea-coal1 or saw-dust1 or refuse tobacco
 where they haunt1 often renew'd1       
especially after rain2 for becoming     
moist1 the dust and powder harden1 and  
then they march over it4  #bj4          
,caterpillars1 by cutting off their webs
 from the twigs before the end of       
,february1 and burning them2 the sooner 
the better3 ,if they be already hatched1

 wash them off with water1 in which some
 of the caterpillars themselves1 and    
garlick have been bruis'd1 or the juice 
of rue1 decoctions of colloquintida1    
hemp-seed1 worm-wood1 tobacca1          
wall-nut-shells1 when green1 with the   
leaves of sage1 urine and ashes1 and the
 like aspersions4 ,take of two or three 
of the ingredients1 of each an handful  
in two pails of water2 make them boil in
 it half an hour1 then strain the       
liquor1 and sprinkle it on the trees    
infected with caterpillars1 the         
black-flea1 c4 in two or three times it 
will clear them1 and should be us'd     
about the time of blossoming4 ,another1 
is to choak and dry them with smoak of  
galbanum1 shoo-soals1 hair2 and some    
affirm that planting the pionie near    
them1 is a certain remedy2 but there is 
no remedy so facile1 as the burning them
 off with small wisps of dry straw1     
which in a moment rids you4  #ba4 ,rooks
 do in time1 by pinching off the buds   
and tops of trees for their nests1 cause

 many trees and groves to decay3 ,their 
dung propagates nettles and choaks young
 seedlings3 ,they are to be shot1 and   
their nests demolish'd4 ,the bullfinch  
and titmouse also eat off and spoil the 
buds of fruit-trees2 prevented by       
clappers1 or caught in the wyre         
mouse-trap with teeth1 and baited with a
 piece of rusty bacon1 also with        
lime-twigs4 ,but if cattle break in     
before the time1 conclamatum est1       
especially goats1 whose mouths and      
breath is poison to trees2 they never   
thrive well after2 and ,varro affirms1  
if they but lick the olive-tree1 they   
become immediately barren4 ,and now we  
have mention'd barrenness1 we do not    
reckon trees to be sterile1 which do not
 yield a fruitful burden constantly     
every year 7as juniper and some         
annotines do7 no more than of pregnant  
women3 ,whilst that is to be accounted a
 fruitful tree which yields its product 
every second or third year1 as the oak  
and most forresters do2 no more may we  

conclude that any tree or vegetable are 
destitute of seeds1 because we see them 
not so perspicuously with our naked     
eyes1 by reason of their exility1 as    
with the nicest examination of the      
microscope4  #bb4 ,another touch at the 
winds2 for though they cannot properly  
be said to be infirmities of trees2 yet 
they are amongst the principal causes   
that render trees infirm4 ,i know no    
surer protection against them1 than 7as 
we said7 to shelter and stake them      
whilst they are young1 till they have   
well establish'd roots2 and with this   
caution1 that in case any goodly trees  
7which you would desire especially to   
preserve and redress7 chance to be      
prostrated by some impetuous and        
extraordinary storm2 you be not         
over-hasty to carry him away1 or despair
 of him2 7nor is it of any ominous      
concern at all1 but the contrary7 fausti
 ominis1 as ,pliny says2 and gives many 
illustrious instances3 ,and as to other 
strange and unusual events following the

 accidental subversion of trees2        
concerning omens2 and that some are     
portentous1 others fortunate1 of which  
see#cbi3a ,pierius1 speaking of a garden
 of the ,duke of ,tuscany1 belonging to 
a palace of his at ,rome1 a little      
before the death of ,pope ,leo2 and     
before this1 about the time of our      
country-man1 ,pope ,adrian the ,i,vth4  
,first then1 let me perswade you to pole
 him close1 and so let him lie some     
time2 for by this means1 many vast trees
 have rais'd themselves by the vigour   
only of the remaining roots1 without any
 other assistance2 so as people have    
pronounc'd it miraculous1 as ,i could   
tell you by several instances1 besides  
what ,theophrastus relates1 l4 #e4 c4   
#ai4 of that huge platanus1 which rose  
in one night in his observation2 which  
puts me in mind of what ,i remember the 
very learned critic ,palmerius affirms  
of an oak1 subverted by a late tempest  
near ,breda1 7where this old soldier    
militated under ,prince ,maurice1 at the

 town when besieg'd by the famous ,marq4
 ,spinola7 which tree1 after it had lain
 prostrate about #b months1 7the        
side-branches par'd off7 rose up of it  
self1 and flourish'd as well as ever4   
,which event was thought so             
extraordinary1 that the people reserved 
sprigs and boughs of it1 as sacred      
reliques2 and this he affirms to have   
seen himself4 ,i take the more notice of
 these accidents1 that none who have    
trees blown down1 where it may cause a  
deform'd gap in some avenue near their  
seats1 may not altogether despair of    
their resurrection1 with patience and   
timely freeing them4 ,and the like to   
this ,i find happen'd in more than one  
tree near ,bononia in ,italy1 anno      
#afeg4 when of late a turbulent gust had
 almost quite eradicated a very large   
tract of huge poplars1 belonging to the 
,marchioness ,elephantucca ,spada1 that 
universally erected themselves again1   
after they were beheaded1 as they lay   
even prostrate4#ccj3a ,what says the    

naturalist8 ,prostratas restitui        
plerumque1  quadam terrae cicatrice     
reviviscere1 vulgare est3 ',tis familiar
 7says ,pliny7 in the platanus1 which   
are very obnoxious to the winds1 by     
reason of the thickness of their        
branches1 which being cut off and       
discharged1 restore themselves4 ,this   
also frequently happens in wall-nuts1   
olive-trees1 and several others1 as he  
affirms1 l4 #af4 c4 #ca4 ,but we have   
farther instances than these1 and so    
very lately as that dreadful storm      
happening #bf ,nov4 #agjc1 when after so
 many thousand oaks1 and other          
timber-trees were quite subverted1 a    
most famous and monstrous1 oak growing  
at ,epping in ,essex1 7blown down7      
raised it self1 and withstood that      
hurricane4 ,these 7amongst many others7 
are the infirmities to which            
forest-trees are subject1 whilst they   
are standing2 and when they are fell'd1 
to the worm2 especially if cut before   
the sap be perfectly at rest3 ,but to   

prevent or cure it in the timber1 ,i    
commend this secret as the most         
approv'd4  #bc4 ,let common yellow      
sulphur be put into a cucurbit-glass1   
upon which pour so much of the strongest
 aqua-fortis1 as may cover it three     
fingers deep3 distil this to dryness1   
which is done by two or three           
rectifications3 ,let the sulphur        
remaining in the bottom 7being of a     
blackish or sad-red colour7 be laid on a
 marble1 or put into a glass1 where it  
will easily dissolve into oil3 ,with    
this1 anoint what is either infected1 or
 to be preserved of timber4 ,it is a    
great and excellent arcanum for tinging 
the wood with no unpleasant colour1 by  
no art to be washed out2 and such a     
preservative of all manner of woods2    
nay1 of many other things2 as ropes1    
cables1 fishing-nets1 masts of ships1 c4
 that it defends them from putrefaction1
 either in waters under or above the    
earth1 in the snow1 ice1 air1 ,winter or
 ,summer1 c4 ,it were superfluous to    

describe the process of the aqua-fortis2
 ,it shall be sufficient to let you     
know1 that our common coperas makes this
 aqua-fortis well enough for our        
purpose1 being drawn over by a retort3  
,and for sulphur1 the ,island of ,st4   
,christophers yields enough1 7which     
hardly needs any refining7 to furnish   
the whole world4 ,this secret 7for the  
curious7 ,i thought fit not to omit2    
though a more compendious1 three or four
 anointings with linseed-oyl1 has prov'd
 very effectual3 ,it was experimented in
 a wall-nut-table1 where it destroy'd   
millions of worms immediately1 and is to
 be practis'd for tables1 tubes1        
mathematical-instruments1 boxes1        
bed-steads1 chairs1 rarities1 c4 ,oyl of
 wall-nuts will doubtless do the same1  
is sweeter1 and a better varnish2 but   
above all1 is commended oyl of cedar1 or
 that of juniper2 whilst oyl of spike   
does the cure as effectual as any4  ,but
 after all these sweeping plagues and   
destructions inflicted on trees1        

7braving all humane remedies7 such      
frosts as not many years#ccb3a since    
hap'ned1 left such marks of their deadly
 effects1 not sparing the goodliest and 
most flourishing trees1 timber1 and     
other of the stoutest kind2 as some ages
 will hardly repair3 ,nay1 'twas        
observ'd1 that the oak in particular    
7counted the most valiant and sturdy of 
the whole forest7 was more prejudic'd   
with this excessive cold1 and the drowth
 of the year ensuing1 than any of the   
most nice and tender constitution3      
,always here excepting 7as to a         
universal strages7 the hurricane of     
,sept4 #agjc1 which begins the epocha of
 the calamities1 which have since       
follow'd1 not only by the late tempest  
about ,august#ccb3b last1 but by that   
surprizing blast1 accompany'd doubtless 
with a fiery spirit1 which smote the    
most flourishing foresters and fruit    
trees1 burning their buds and leaves to 
dust and powder1 not sparing the very   
fruit4 ,this being done in a moment1    

must be look'd upon as a plague not to  
be prevented3 ,in the mean time1 that   
the malignity proceed no farther1 it may
 be advisable to cut1 and top the       
summities of such tender mural trees1   
rare shrubs1 c4 as have most suffer'd1  
and are within reach1 rubbing off the   
scorchings in order to new spring4      
,there was in my remembrance1 certain   
prayers1 litanies and collects1 solemnly
 us'd by the parish-minister in the     
field1 at the limits of their           
perambulations on the ,rogation-days2   
from an ancient and laudable custom of  
above #ajjj years1 introduc'd by ,avitus
 the pious bishop of ,vienna1 in a great
 dearth1 unseasonable weather1 and other
 calamities1 7however in tract of time  
abus'd by many gross superstitions and  
insignificant rites1 in imitation of the
 pagan robigalia7 upon which days1      
7about the ,ascension1 and beginning of 
,spring especially7 prayers were made1  
as well deprecatory of epidemical evils1
 7amongst which blasts and smut of corn 

were none of the least7 as supplications
 for propitious seasons1 and blessings  
on the fruits of the earth4 ,whether    
there was any peculiar ,office1 7besides
 those for ,ember-weeks7 appointed1 ,i  
do not know3 ,but the pious and learned 
bishop of ,winchester1 ,andrews has in  
his ,devotions1 left us a prayer so     
apposite and comprehensive for these    
emergencies1 that ,i cannot forbear the 
recital4  ,remember1 ,o ,lord1 to renew 
the year with thy goodness1 and the     
season with a promising temper3 ,for the
 eyes of all wait upon thee1 ,o ,lord3  
,thou givest them meat2 thou openest thy
 hand1 and fillest all things living    
with thy bounty4 ,vouchsafe therefore1  
,o ,lord1 the blessings of the heavens1 
and the dews from above3 ,the blessings 
of the springs1 and the deep from       
beneath3 ,the returns of the sun1 the   
conjunctions of the moon3 ,the benefit  
of the rising mountains1 and the lasting
 hills3 ,the fullness of the earth1 and 
all that breed therein4             ,a  

fruitful season1              ,temperate
 air1              ,plenty of corn1     
,abundance of fruits1            ,health
 of body1 and              ,peaceable   
times1         ,good1 and wise          
government1              ,prudent       
counsels1                 ,just laws1   
,righteous judgments1                   
,loyal obedience1          ,due         
execution of justice1                   
,sufficient store for life1             
,happy births1           ,good1 and fair
 plenty1     ,breeding and institution  
of children3  ,that our sons may grow up
 as the young plants1 and our daughters 
may be as the polished corners of the   
,temple3 ,that our garners may be full  
and plenteous with all manner of store3 
,that our sheep may bring forth         
thousands3 ,that our oxen may be strong 
to labour3 ,that there be no decay2 no  
leading into captivity2 no complaining  
in our streets3 ,but that every man may 
sit under his own vine1 and under his   
own fig-tree1 in thankfulness to thee2  

sobriety and charity to his neighbour2  
and in whatsoever other estate1 thou    
wilt have him1 therewith to be          
contented3 ,and this for ,jesus ,christ 
his sake1 to whom be glory for ever1    
,amen4  #bd4 ,thus hitherto ,i have     
spoken of trees1 their kinds1 and       
propagation in particular2 with such    
prescriptions for the cure and healing  
their infirmities1 as from long and late
 experience have been found most        
effectual4 ,now a word or two concerning
 the laws relating to forest-trees1     
casting such other accidental lessons   
into a few aphorisms1 as could not well 
be more regularly inserted4  ,lastly1 ,i
 shall conclude with some more serious  
observations1 in reference to the main  
design and project of this discourse1 as
 it concerns the improvement of the     
royal forests1 and other timber-trees1  
for the honour1 security1 and benefit of
 the whole kingdom2 with an historical  
account of standing-groves1 which will  
be the subject of the next books4       

,,footnotes3  #caf3a ,see ,cap4 #c lib4 
#c sect4 #be4  #cag3a ,see ,cap4 #b     
,book #a4  #cbi3a ,hierog4 l4 #ej4      
#ccj3a ,see cap4 #d4 lib4 #b4 of a      
cypress4  #ccb3a #afhc4  #ccb3b #agje4  
99       99       99       99       99  
99       99       99       99        99 
99       99       99       99           
,,transcriber',s ,,notes  ,the spelling 
and punctuation in the original are     
idiosyncratic and inconsistent4 ,a few  
clear typographical errors have been    
corrected1 and are noted below4         
,citations have not been checked for    
correctness2 errors that came to the    
transcriber's attention are noted below4
 ,citation references do not always     
follow a standard format4  ,modern      
conventions are not used for parentheses
 774 ,in particular1 nested parentheses 
are opened many times1 but closed only  
once1 or vice versa4  ,the arabic       
numeral #a and the roman numeral ,i are 
indistinguishable in the original4 ,it  
has not always been possible to tell    

unambiguously which was meant4  ,many   
footnote markers are midway between two 
words in the original4 ,they have been  
left like that in this transcription4   
,the markers for many footnotes giving  
the source of poetry quotations are at  
the beginning of the relevant quotation 
in the original4 ,they have been moved  
to the end of the quotation for ease of 
presentation4  ,,corrections and ,,notes
  ,table of ,contents    8,holly1       
,pyracinth10 changed to 8,holly1        
,pyracanth10 on page vi    ,volume ,,ii 
7books ,,iii and ,,iv71 whose contents  
are listed on page vii1   is not        
included in this etext4  ,introduction  
,i    8,newton in mathamatical0 changed 
to 8,newton in mathematical0 on page ix 
8,secretary of the ,admirality0 changed 
to   8,secretary of the ,admiralty0 on  
page xv  ,introduction ,,iii    8he was 
bled of the physican0 changed to   8he  
was bled of the physician0 on page xxvii
  ,introduction ,v    8these numerous   
parishes71' 0 changed to   8these       

numerous parishes'71 0 on page xxxix    
8commerial work controlled by the       
,council of ,plantations0 changed to    
8commercial work controlled by the      
,council of ,plantations0 on page xlv   
,introduction ,,vi    8,in ,may #aijd0  
changed to 8,in ,may #afid0 on page li  
8,during the course of his long and     
distinguised life0 changed to   8,during
 the course of his long and             
distinguished life0 on page liii4       
,introduction ,,viii    8,quarterly     
,review aricles was connected0 changed  
to   8,quarterly ,review articles was   
connected0 on page lxv    8a royal      
proclamamation0 changed to   8a royal   
proclamation0 on page lxvi  ,title page 
of #dth edition    8,richard ,cbiswell  
in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard0 changed to 
8,richard ,chiswell in ,st4 ,paul's     
,churchyard0 on page lxxiii  ,to the    
,king    8,monarchs of this ,nation1    
since0 changed to   8,monarchs of this  
,nation1 since0 on page lxxv  ,footnotes
 lxxx3#b and lxxx3#c    ,in the         

original1 the marker for footnote #b on 
page lxxx was by   8not the ,majesty of 
a ,consul01 but the text of footnote #c 
clearly   belongs to this marker4 ,it   
has been assumed that footnote #b       
actually   belongs to the latin         
quotation ending 8nec ullius acuminis   
,rusticationem40  ,footnote lxxxiii3#a  
,the marker for this footnote is missing
 in the original4 ,the footnote   refers
 to the latin quotation ending 8neque   
,discipulos cognovi40  ,to the ,reader  
8their scatter'd ,phnomena0 changed to  
8their scatter'd ,phnomena0 on page     
lxxxviii    8,ptoleman ,hypotheses0     
changed to   8,ptoleman ,hypotheses0  on
 page lxxxix    8on which to lay the    
stress120 changed to   8on which to lay 
the stress20 on page lxxxix    8 2  0   
changed to   8   0 on page xcvii        
8,parts thoughout this ,discourse0      
changed to   8,parts throughout this    
,discourse0 on page xcviii  ,the ,garden
    ,stanza beginning 8,where does the  
,wisdom and the ,power ,divine0 was     

numbered #f in the original on page     
cxiv4 ,this has been corrected to #i1   
as it comes between #h and #aj4  ,book  
,i  ,chapter ,i #a    8,i have long     
since publih'd an ample account0 changed
 to   8,i have long since publish'd an  
ample account0 on page #a  ,footnote    
#i3a    8,fumefugium0 changed to        
8,fumifugium0  ,chapter ,,ii #a         
8,columella1 #a4 #c4 c4 #e40 changed to 
8,columella1 l4 #c4 c4 #e40 on page #ab 
,footnote #ad3a    ,the latin quotation 
starting 8,proinde nemus sparsa0 is not 
marked as a   footnote in the original1 
but clearly belongs to footnote marker  
#a on   page #ad4  ,chapter ,,ii #b     
8which washes and drives away the mould0
 changed to   87which washes and drives 
away the mould0 on page #ae  ,chapter   
,,ii #g    8noble person has affur'd me0
 changed to   8noble person has assur'd 
me0 on page #bc  ,chapter ,,ii #i       
8,and these terr-filii1 are0 changed to 
8,and these terr-filii1 are0 on page #bh
    8,the glandifer1 oaks and ilex's    

yield acorns0 changed to   8,the        
glandifer1 oaks and ilex's yield acorns0
 on page #bi     ligatures changed to   
on page #bi in   8are the nucifer1 c4 to
 the conifer1 resinifer1 squammifer1    
c4 belong the whole tribe of cedars1    
firs1 pines1 c4 apples1 pears1          
quinces1 and several other edul fruits2 
peaches1 abricots1 plums1 c4   are      
reduc'd to the pomifer3 ,the baccifer1  
are such as produce   kernels1 sorbs1   
cherries1 holley1 bays1 laurell1 yew1   
juniper1 elder1   c4 and all the        
berry-bearers4 ,the genist in general1  
and such as   bear their seeds in cods1 
come under the tribe of siliquos30      
8are such at bed their seeds0 changed to
   8are such as bed their seeds0 on page
 #cj  ,chapter ,,iii #a    8 0 changed  
to 8 0 on page #ca  ,chapter ,,iii #b   
80 changed to 80 on page #cb  ,chapter  
,,iii #d    8   0 changed to 8   0 and  
8   0 changed to   8   0 on page #cg4   
,footnote #da3b    ,there are two       
markers for footnote #a on page #da4    

,the second marker   is clearly intended
 to mark footnote #b4  ,chapter ,,iii #g
    ,the citation in ,footnote #db3a is 
to book #a of the ,georgics1 but the    
quotation in question is actually from  
book #b4  ,footnote #fb3a    ,there is  
no marker for this footnote in the      
original4 ,it has been   assumed that it
 belongs to 8all those other forms that 
philosophers   have enumerated40        
,chapter ,,vi #b    8none to be         
deceived10 changed to 8none to be       
deceived40 on page #hd  ,chapter ,,ix #b
    8,it is certain1 that the mens      
nucin0 changed to   8,it is certain1    
that the mens nucin0 on page #ajd4      
,chapter ,,xiii #a    8     0 changed to
   8     0 on page #abb  ,chapter ,,xiii
 #b    8thus it will becone 7of all     
other70 changed to   8thus it will      
become 7of all other70 on page #abc     
,footnote #abg3a    8,couleii1 #a4 #f1  
,pl0 changed to   8,couleii1 l4 #f1     
,pl40  ,chapter ,,xiv #a    8in abudance
 by every set or slip0 changed to   8in 

abundance by every set or slip0 on page 
#abh  ,chapter ,,xiv #h     ligatures   
changed to  on page #acc in             
8,vitruvius l4 de ,materia ,cdenda1     
reckons it among the   building-timbers1
 qu maxime in dificiis sunt idone40     
,footnote #adb3b    ,there is no marker 
for this footnote in the original4 ,it  
has been   assumed that it belongs to   
8one who has lately publish'd an account
   of ,sweden40  ,footnote #add3a       
ligatures changed to  in   8,aditus     
novus ad occultas sympathi  antipathi   
causas inveniendas1   per principia     
philosophi naturalis0  ,chapter ,,xvii  
#aj    8friend of mine affur'd me0      
changed to   8friend of mine assur'd me0
 on page #aed  ,footnote #agg3b         
8,coulcii0 changed to 8,couleii0  ,book 
,,ii  ,footnote #bdc3a    80 changed to 
80 and   8others ligna undulata0 changed
 to 8others ligna undulata40  ,chapter  
,,ii #ab    8#aj4 pine1 #aa1 oak10      
changed to 8#aj4 pine1 #aa4 oak10 on    
page #bdd  ,chapter ,,iv #a    8,thoug  

has to the idol0 changed to 8,though as 
to the idol0 on page #beh  ,chapter ,,iv
 #ad    8plantation it self call'd dos  
fili0 changed to   8plantation it self  
call'd dos fili0 on page #bgc  ,footnote
 #bgf3a    ,there is no marker for this 
footnote in the original4 ,it has been  
assumed that it belongs to 8though      
others think it too heavy40  ,footnote  
#bif3a    8,couleii pl4 #a4 #f40 changed
 to 8,couleii pl4 l4 #f40  ,chapter ,,vi
 #h    8,holmes-,dale never won2 ne     
never shall0 changed to   8,holmes-,dale
 never won2 he never shall0 on page #cja
  ,chapter ,,vii #b    8with - sharp    
spade dexterously separated from the    
mothera roots0   changed to   8with a   
sharp spade dexterously separated from  
the mother-roots0   on page #cae        
,chapter ,,vii #f    8in great drougths0
 changed to 8in great droughts0 on page 
#cbj  ,chapter ,,vii #ah    8amost level
 with the surface of the ground0 changed
 to   8almost level with the surface of 
the ground0 on page #cbg