,?is file is gratefully upload$ to ! ,,pg collection 9 honor ( ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s hav+ po/$ ov] #aj1jjj ebooks4 ,,agriculture ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,by ,,*>les ,,william ,,burkett ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,agriculturi/ ,,=m]ly ,,director ,,( ,,agricultural ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,kansas ,,/ate ,,agricultural ,,college ,,frank ,,l9coln ,,/ev5s ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,plant ,,pa?ology1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,=m]ly ,,tea*] ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,columbus1 ,,ohio ,,& ,,daniel ,,h>vey ,,hill ,,=m]ly ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,college ,,( ,,agriculture ,,& ,,me*anic ,,arts ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,bo/on 4 ,,new ,,york 4 ,,*icago 4 ,,london ,,atlanta 4 ,,dallas 4 ,,columbus 4 ,,san ,,francisco ,,copyright1 #aijc1 #aijd1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,william ,,burkett1 ,,frank ,,l9coln ,,/ev5s ,,& ,,daniel ,,h>vey ,,hill ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica #cbi4g ,! ,a!naeum ,press ,,g9n ,,& ,,company 4 ,,proprietors 4 ,,bo/on 4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gett+ ,,ready ,,= ,,w9t] ,,preface ,s9ce its fir/ publication ,agriculture = ,beg9n]s has f\nd a welcome 9 ?\s&s ( s*ools & homes4 ,naturally _m sugge/ions z to *anges1 additions1 & o!r improvem5ts h rea*$ its au?ors4 ,naturally1 too1 ! au?ors h busi$ !mselves 9 devis+ me?ods to add to ! effectiv5ess ( ! book4 ,"s additions h be5 made almo/ e ye> s9ce ! book 0 publi%$4 ,to embody all ^! *anges & helpful sugge/ions into a /rictly unifi$ volume2 to add "s fur!r topics & sections2 to br+ all f>m practices up to ! ideals ( to-day2 to include ! mo/ rec5t tea*+ ( sci5tific inve/igators--^! 7 ! objects s\ght 9 ! ?or\gh revision :i* has j be5 giv5 ! book4 ,! au?ors hope & ?9k t ! remak+ ( ! book has add$ to its usefulness & attractiv5ess4 ,!y believe n[1 z !y believ$ be=e1 t !re is no l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! sci5ce ( agriculture & ! practical art ( agriculture4 ,!y are assur$ by ! success ( ?is book t agriculture is em95tly a tea*able subject4 ,!y see no diff]5ce betwe5 tea*+ ! *ild ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( f>m+ & tea*+ ! same *ild ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ari?metic1 geography1 or gramm>4 ,!y hold t a y\? %\ld be tra9$ = ! f>m j z c>efully z he is tra9$ = any o!r occupation1 & t x is unreasonable to expect him to succe$ )\t tra9+4 ,if !y are "r 9 ^! views1 ! tra9+ mu/ beg9 9 ! public s*ools4 ,?is is true = two reasons3 #a4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t aptitudes are develop$1 ta/es acquir$1 & life habits =m$ dur+ ! ye>s t a *ild is 9 ! public s*ool4 ,h5ce1 dur+ ^! important ye>s e *ild int5d$ = ! f>m %\ld be taught to "k & love nature1 %\ld be l$ to =m habits ( obs]vation1 & %\ld be requir$ to beg9 a /udy ( ^? great laws ^u :i* agriculture is bas$4 ,a tra9+ l ?is goes f> t[>d mak+ 8 life-"w pr(itable & delightful4 #b4 ,mo/ boys & girls re>$ on a f>m get no educational tra9+ except t giv5 9 ! public s*ools4 ,if1 !n1 ! tru?s t unlock ! doors ( nature are n taught 9 ! public s*ools1 nature & nature's laws w always be hid 9 night to a majority ( our bread-w9n]s4 ,!y mu/ /ill 9 ignorance & hopeless drudg]y te> _! bread f a reluctant soil4 ,! au?ors return he>ty ?anks to ,pr(essor ,?omas ,f4 ,hunt1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia2 ,pr(essor ,augu/9e ,d4 ,selby1 ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation2 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,f4 ,massey1 horticulturi/ & agricultural writ]2 & ,pr(essor ,frankl9 ,%]man1 ,jr41 ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 = aid 9 pro(read+ & 9 ! prep>ation ( "s ( ! mat]ial4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,soil ,,section ,,page ,i4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,soil #a ,,ii4 ,,tillage ,,( ,,! ,,soil #f ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moi/ure ,,( ,,! ,,soil #i ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,wat] ,,rises ,,9 ,,! ,,soil #ac ,v4 ,,dra9+ ,,! ,,soil #ad ,,vi4 ,,improv+ ,,! ,,soil #ag ,,vii4 ,,manur+ ,,! ,,soil #ba ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,soil ,,& ,,! ,,plant ,,viii4 ,,roots #be ,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,plant ,,fe$s ,,f ,,! ,,soil #bi ,x4 ,,root-,,tub]cles #cj ,,xi4 ,,! ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops #cc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,plant ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,plant ,,fe$s ,,f ,,! ,,air #ci ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,sap ,,curr5t #dj ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,fl[] ,,& ,,! ,,se$ #db ,,xv4 ,,poll9ation #df ,,xvi4 ,,crosses1 ,,hybrids1 ,,& ,,cross-,,poll9ation #dh ,,xvii4 ,,propagation ,,by ,,buds #ea ,,xviii4 ,,plant ,,se$+ #ei ,,xix4 ,,select+ ,,se$ ,,corn #ff ,,xx4 ,,we$s #fi ,,xxi4 ,,se$ ,,purity ,,& ,,vitality #gb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,a ,,fruit ,,tree ,,xxii4 ,,graft+ #gh ,,xxiii4 ,,budd+ #ha ,,xxiv4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,prun+ #hc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,horticulture ,,xxv4 ,,m>ket-,,g>d5+ #hi ,,xxvi4 ,,fl[]-,,g>d5+ #ajh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,plants ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,cause ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,plant ,,disease #abb ,,xxviii4 ,,yea/ ,,& ,,bact]ia #abg ,,xxix4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,plant ,,disease #abi ,,xxx4 ,,"s ,,special ,,plant ,,diseases #acj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,or*>d1 ,,g>d51 ,,& ,,field ,,insects ,,xxxi4 ,,insects ,,9 ,,g5]al #add ,,xxxii4 ,,or*>d ,,insects #aeb ,,xxxiii4 ,,g>d5 ,,& ,,field ,,insects #afe ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,cotton-,,boll ,,weevil #agc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,f>m ,,crops ,,xxxv4 ,,cotton #ahj ,,xxxvi4 ,,tobacco #ahi ,,xxxvii4 ,,:eat #aib ,,xxxviii4 ,,corn #aig ,,xxxix4 ,,peanuts #bjb ,,xl4 ,,sweet ,,potatoes #bjd ,,xli4 ,,:ite1 ,,or ,,iri%1 ,,potatoes #bjf ,,xlii4 ,,oats #bji ,,xliii4 ,,rye #bac ,,xliv4 ,,b>ley #bae ,,xlv4 ,,sug> ,,plants #bag ,,xlvi4 ,,hemp ,,& ,,flax #bbf ,,xlvii4 ,,buck:eat #bbi ,,xlviii4 ,,rice #bca ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,timb] ,,crop #bcb ,l4 ,,! ,,f>m ,,g>d5 #bce ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fe$ ,,/uffs ,,li4 ,,grasses #bch ,,lii4 ,,legumes #bdd ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,dome/ic ,,animals ,,liii4 ,,horses #bfb ,,liv4 ,,cattle #bgj ,,lv4 ,,%eep #bgf ,,lvi4 ,,sw9e #bgi ,,lvii4 ,,f>m ,,p\ltry #bhb ,,lviii4 ,,bee ,,culture #bhf ,,lix4 ,,:y ,,we ,,fe$ ,,animals #bij ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,f>m ,,dairy+ ,,lx4 ,,! ,,dairy ,,c[ #bic ,,lxi4 ,,milk1 ,,cream1 ,,*urn+1 ,,& ,,butt] #big ,,lxii4 ,,h[ ,,milk ,,s\rs #cjb ,,lxiii4 ,,! ,,babcock ,,milk-,,te/] #cjd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,lxiv4 ,,gr[+ ,,fe$ ,,/uffs ,,on ,,! ,,f>m #cji ,,lxv4 ,,f>m ,,tools ,,& ,,ma*9es #cac ,,lxvi4 ,,lim+ ,,! ,,l& #cae ,,lxvii4 ,,birds #cah ,,lxviii4 ,,f>m+ ,,on ,,dry ,,l& #cbc ,,lxix4 ,,irrigation #cbf ,,lxx4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry #ccj ,,app5dix #cci ,,gloss>y #cdb ,,index #cea ,,to ,,! ,,tea*] ,tea*]s sometimes %r9k f und]tak+ ! tea*+ ( a simple textbook on agriculture because !y are n famili> ) all ! processes ( f>m+4 ,by ! same reason+ !y might hesitate to tea* ari?metic because !y d n "k calculus or to tea* a prim>y hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates because !y are n v]s$ 9 all hi/ory4 ,! art ( f>m+ is bas$ on ! sci5ces deal+ ) ! gr[? ( plants & animals4 ,?is book pres5ts 9 a simple way ^! fundam5tal sci5tific tru?s & sugge/s "s practices drawn f !m4 ,h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh _m tea*]s may n h pl[$ or s[$ or h>ve/$1 su* tea*]s ne$ n be emb>rass$ 9 ma/]+ & he>tily in/ruct+ a class 9 nature's prim>y laws4 ,if tea*]s realize h[ mu* ! effici5cy1 com=t1 & happ9ess ( _! pupils w be increas$ ?r\gh\t _! lives f be+ taught to cooep]ate ) nature & to take advantage ( h] wond]ful laws1 !y w eag]ly beg9 ?is /udy4 ,!y w f9d also t _! pupils w be actively int]e/$ 9 ^! /udies be>+ on _! daily lives1 & ?is int]e/ w be c>ri$ ov] to o!r subjects4 ,:5ev] y c1 take ! pupils into ! field1 ! g>d51 ! or*>d1 & ! dairy4 ,tea* !m to make exp]im5ts & to le>n by ! use ( _! own eyes & bra9s4 ,!y w1 if prop]ly l$1 a/oni% y by _! ef=ts & gr[?4 ,y w f9d 9 ! practical ex]cises _m sugge/ions z to exp]im5ts t y c make ) y\r class or ) individual memb]s4 ,d n neglect ?is fir/-h& tea*+4 ,x w be a delight to y\r pupils4 ,9 _m cases x w be be/ to f9i% ! exp]im5ts or obs]vational "w fir/1 & lat] turn to ! text to amplify ! pupil's k4 ,al?\gh ! book is arrang$ 9 logical ord]1 ! tea*] ought to feel free to tea* any topic 9 ! season be/ suit$ to its /udy4 ,omit any *apt] or section t does n be> on y\r crops or does n deal ) conditions 9 y\r /ate4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t & ! diff]5t /ate exp]im5t /ations publi% hundr$s ( bullet9s on agricultural subjects4 ,^! are s5t )\t co/1 on application4 ,x w be v helpful to get su* ( ^! bullet9s z be> on ! diff]5t sections ( ! book4 ,^! w be valuable additions to y\r s*ool libr>y4 ,! au?ors w\ld l to give a li/ ( ^! bullet9s be>+ on ea* *apt]1 b x w\ld soon be out ( date1 = ! bullet9s get out ( pr9t & are supplant$ by new] ones4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture pr9ts a mon?ly li/ ( its publications1 & ea* /ate exp]im5t /ation keeps a li/ ( its bullet9s4 ,a note to ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 or to y\r own /ate exp]im5t /ation w promptly br+ y ^! li/s1 & f !m y c select :at y ne$ = y\r s*ool4 ,,agriculture ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,soil ,,section ,i4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,! ^w soil occurs _m times 9 ?is little book4 ,9 agriculture ?is ^w is us$ to describe ! ?9 lay] ( surface e>? t1 l "s great blanket1 is tuck$ ar\nd ! wr9kl$ & age-beat5 =m ( our globe4 ,! h>d] & cold] e>? "u ?is surface lay] is call$ ! subsoil4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t 9 wat]less & sun-dri$ regions !re seems little diff]5ce betwe5 ! soil & ! subsoil4 ,plants1 insects1 birds1 bea/s1 m51--all alike are f$ on :at gr[s 9 ?is ?9 lay] ( soil4 ,if "s wild flood 9 sudd5 wra? c\ld sweep into ! ocean ?is e>?-wrapp+ soil1 food w\ld soon become z sc>ce z x 0 9 ,sam>ia :5 mo!rs ate _! sons4 ,! face ( ! e>? z we n[ see x1 da9tily rob$ 9 grass1 or uplift+ wav+ acres ( corn1 or ev5 nak$1 wat]-sc>r$1 & disfigur$ by man's neglect1 is v diff]5t f :at x 0 9 its e>lie/ days4 ,h[ 0 x !n8 ,h[ 0 ! soil =m$8 ,le>n$ m5 ?9k t at fir/ ! surface ( ! e>? 0 solid rock4 ,h[ 0 ?is rock *ang$ into workable soil8 ,occasionally a curi\s boy picks up a rott5 /one1 squeezes x1 & f9ds 8 h&s fill$ ) dirt1 or soil4 ,n[1 j z ! boy crumbl$ ) 8 f+]s ?is s+le /one1 ! great =ces ( nature ) b\ndless pati5ce crumbl$1 or1 z x is call$1 dis9tegrat$1 ! e>ly rock mass4 ,! simple b giant-/rong ag5ts t beat ! rocks into p[d] ) a clublike =ce a millionfold m p[]ful ?an ! club =ce ( ,h]cules 7 *iefly 7#a7 heat & cold2 7#b7 wat]1 fro/1 & ice2 7#c7 a v l[ =m ( vegetable life2 & 7#d7 t9y animals--if su* m9ute bodies c be call$ animals4 ,9 "s cases ^! =ces act$ s+ly2 9 o!rs1 all act$ toge!r to r5d & crumble ! unbrok5 /ret* ( rock4 ,let u glance at "s ( ! me?ods us$ by ^! skill$ soil-mak]s4 ,heat & cold are work+ p>tn]s4 ,y already "k t mo/ hot bodies %r9k1 or contract1 on cool+4 ,! e>ly rocks 7 hot4 ,z ! outside %ell ( rock cool$ f exposure to air & moi/ure x contract$4 ,?is %r9kage ( ! rigid rim ( c\rse broke _m ( ! rocks1 & "h & !re left cracks1 or fissures4 ,9 ^! fissures wat] collect$ & froze4 ,z freez+ wat] exp&s ) irresi/ible p[]1 ! expansion /ill fur!r broke ! rocks to pieces4 ,! small] pieces aga91 9 ! same way1 7 act$ on by fro/ & ice & aga9 crumbl$4 ,?is process is /ill a means ( soil-=mation4 ,runn+ wat] 0 ano!r giant soil-=m]4 ,if y w\ld und]/& its action1 obs]ve "s usually sp>kl+ /ream j aft] a wa%+ ra94 ,! cle> wat]s are discolor$ by mud wa%$ 9 f ! surr\nd+ hills4 ,z ?\gh dislik+ _! muddy burd51 ! wat]s /rive to ?r[ x (f4 ,"h1 z l[ banks (f] *ance1 !y run out into %all[s & drop "s ( x4 ,"h1 z !y pass a quiet pool1 !y deposit m4 ,at la/ !y rea* ! /ill wat] at ! m\? ( ! /ream1 & !re !y leave beh9d ! la/ ( _! mud load1 & (t5 =m ( x little ?ree-sid$ isl&s call$ deltas4 ,9 ! same way mighty riv]s l ! ,amazon1 ! ,mississippi1 & ! ,hudson1 :5 !y are swoll5 by ra91 be> great quantities ( soil 9 _! sweep to ! seas4 ,"s ( ! soil !y scatt] ov] ! l[l&s z !y :irl seaw>d2 ! re/ !y deposit 9 deltas at _! m\?s4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! ,mississippi c>ries to ! ocean ea* ye> en\gh soil to cov] a squ>e mile ( surface to a dep? ( two hundr$ & sixty-eight feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,rock ,,m>k$ ,,by ,,! ,,scrap+ ,,( ,a ,,glaci] ,,ov] ,,x ,! e>ly brooks & riv]s1 in/ead ( be>+ mud1 ran oceanw>d ei!r be>+ gr\nd /one t !y !mselves _h worn f ! rocks by ceaseless frett+1 or be>+ /ones t o!r =ces _h already dislodg$4 ,! l>ge pieces 7 :irl$ f side to side & beat5 aga9/ "o ano!r or aga9/ b$rock until !y 7 gr\nd into small] & small] pieces4 ,! riv]s di/ribut$ ?is rock soil j z ! lat] riv]s di/ribute muddy soil4 ,= ages ! mov+ wat]s gr\nd aga9/ ! rocks4 ,va/ 7 ! wat]s2 va/ ! numb] ( ye>s2 va/ ! results4 ,glaci]s 7 ano!r soil-produc+ ag5t4 ,glaci]s are /reams froz5 & mov+ sl[ly b irresi/ibly onw>ds1 d[n well-def9$ valleys1 gr9d+ & pulv]iz+ ! rock masses deta*$ by ! =ce & weight ( _! attack4 ,:]e & h[ 7 ^! glaci]s =m$8 ,once a great "p ( upp] ,nor? ,am]ica 0 a va/ %eet ( ice4 ,:atev] moi/ure fell f ! sky fell z sn[4 ,no "o kn[s :at made ?is long w9t] ( sn[1 b we d "k t sn[s pil$ on sn[s until m\nta9s ( :ite 7 built up4 ,! l[] sn[ 0 by ! pressure ( t above x pack$ into ice masses4 ,by & by "s *ange ( climate caus$ ! masses ( ice to break up some:at & to move s\? & we/4 ,^! mov+ masses1 c>ry+ rock & froz5 e>?1 gr\nd !m to p[d]4 ,k+ ?us describes ! /ately movem5t ( ^! sn[ m\nta9s3 ,b5ea? ! bottom ( ?is sl[ly mov+ %eet ( ice1 :i* ) m or less difficulty kept itself con=mable ) ! face ( ! l& ov] :i* x 0 rid+1 ! %>p] out/&+ po9ts 7 cut away & ! deep] riv] canons fill$ 94 ,desolate & rugg$ rocky wa/es 7 ?r[n d[n & spread ov] ) ri* soil4 ,! jo9t action ( air1 moi/ure1 & fro/ 0 /ill ano!r ag5t ( soil-mak+4 ,?is action is call$ wea!r+4 ,:5ev] y h notic$ ! outside /ones ( a spr+-h\se1 y h notic$ t t9y bits are crumbl+ f ! face ( ! /ones1 & add+ little by little to ! soil4 ,?is is a sl[ way ( mak+ additions to ! soil4 ,x is e/imat$ t x w\ld take #gbh1jjj ye>s to we> away lime/one rock to a dep? ( ?irty-n9e in*es4 ,b :5 y recall ! c\ntless ye>s ?r\gh :i* ! wea!r has /riv5 aga9/ ! rocks1 y c readily und]/& t its nev]-we>y+ activity has add$ imm5sely to ! soil4 ,9 ! rock soil =m$ 9 ^! v>i\s ways1 & inde$ on ! rocks !mselves1 t9y plants t live on food tak5 f ! air began to gr[4 ,!y grew j z y n[ see mosses & li*5s gr[ on ! surface ( rocks4 ,! decay ( ^! plants add$ "s f]tility to ! newly =m$ soil4 ,! life & dea? ( ea* succe$+ g5]ation ( ^! l[ly plants add$ to ! soil matt] accumulat+ on ! rocks4 ,sl[ly b unceas+ly ! soil increas$ 9 dep? until high] vegetable =ms c\ld fl\ri% & add _! dead bodies to x4 ,?is vegetable addition to ! soil is g5]ally kn[n z humus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,gr\nd ,,rock ,,at ,,end ,,( ,a ,,glaci] ,9 due c\rse ( "t l[ =ms ( animal life came to live on ^! plants1 & 9 turn by _! "w & _! dea? to aid 9 mak+ a soil fit = ! pl[man4 ,?us ) a delib]ation t fills man ) awe1 ! p[]ful =ces ( nature spl9t]$ ! rocks1 crumbl$ !m1 fill$ !m ) plant food1 & turn$ _! fl9ty gra9s into a s(t1 snug home = vegetable life4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,tillage ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,a good _m ye>s ago a man by ! "n ( ,je?ro ,tull liv$ 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 a f>m] & a mo/ successful man 9 e way4 ,he fir/ taught ! ,engli% p & ! _w ! value ( ?or\gh tillage ( ! soil4 ,be=e & dur+ 8 "t f>m]s did n till ! soil v intellig5tly4 ,!y simply prep>$ ! se$-b$ 9 a c>eless mann]1 z a great _m f>m]s d to-day1 & :5 ! crops 7 ga!r$ ! yields 7 n l>ge4 ,je?ro ,tull c5t]$ att5tion on ! important fact t c>eful & ?or\gh tillage increases ! available plant food 9 ! soil4 ,he did n "k :y 8 crops 7 bett] :5 ! gr\nd 0 frequ5tly & ?or\ghly till$1 b he knew t su* tillage did increase 8 yield4 ,he expla9$ ! fact by say+1 ,tillage is manure4 ,we h s9ce le>n$ ! reason = ! tru? t ,tull taught1 &1 :ile 8 explanation 0 incorrect1 ! practice t he 0 foll[+ 0 excell5t4 ,! /irr+ ( ! soil enables ! air to circulate ?r\gh x freely1 & p]mits a break+ d[n ( ! comp\nds t conta9 ! elem5ts necess>y to plant gr[?4 ,y h se5 h[ ! air helps to crumble ! /one & brick 9 old build+s4 ,x does ! same ) soil if p]mitt$ to circulate freely ?r\gh x4 ,! ag5t ( ! air t *iefly p]=ms ?is "w is call$ c>bonic acid gas1 & ?is gas is "o ( ! greate/ help]s ! f>m] has 9 c>ry+ on 8 "w4 ,we mu/ n =get t 9 soil prep>ation ! air is j z important z any ( ! tools & implem5ts us$ 9 cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,slope ,,to ,,wat] ,,%[s ,,soil ,,wea!r$ ,,f ,,face ,,( ,,cliff ,if ! soil is f]tile & if deep pl[+ has always be5 done1 good crops w result1 o!r conditions be+ favorable4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tillage is poor1 scanty h>ve/s w always result4 ,= mo/ soils a two-horse pl[ is necess>y to break up & pulv]ize ! l&4 ,a %all[ soil c always be improv$ by prop]ly deep5+ x4 ,! pr9ciple ( greate/ importance 9 soil-prep>ation is ! gradual deep5+ ( ! soil 9 ord] t plant-roots may h m com=table homes4 ,if ! f>m] has be5 accu/om$ to pl[ b f\r in*es deep1 he %\ld adju/ ! pl[ s z to turn five in*es at ! next pl[+1 !n six1 & s on until ! se$-b$ is n9e or t5 in*es deep4 ,?is gradual deep5+ w n injure ! soil b w put x quickly 9 good condition4 ,if to good tillage rotation ( crops be add$1 ! soil w become m f]tile ) ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,mix$ ,,grasses ,,gr[n ,,= ,,=age ,! pl[1 h>r[1 & roll] are all necess>y to good tillage & to a prop] prep>ation ( ! se$-b$4 ,! soil mu/ be made compact & clods ( all sizes mu/ be cru%$4 ,!n ! air circulates freely1 & pay+ crops are ! rule & n ! exception4 ,tillage does ^! ?+s3 x increases ! plant-food supply1 de/roys we$s1 & influ5ces ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! soil4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,:at tools are us$ 9 tillage8 #b4 ,h[ %\ld a poor & %all[ soil be treat$8 #c4 ,:y %\ld a poor & %all[ soil be well compact$ be=e s[+ ! crop8 #d4 ,expla9 ! value ( a circulation ( air 9 ! soil4 #e4 ,:at causes iron to ru/8 #f4 ,:y is a two-horse turn+-pl[ bett] ?an a "o-horse pl[8 #g4 ,:]e w clods d ! lea/ h>m--on top ( ! soil or bel[ ! surface8 #h4 ,d plant roots p5etrate clods8 #i4 ,are e>?worms a b5efit or an injury to ! soil8 #aj4 ,"n ?ree ?+s t tillage does4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moi/ure ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,did any "o ev] expla9 to y h[ important wat] is to ! soil1 or tell y :y x is s important8 ,(t51 z y "k1 crops entirely fail because !re is n en\gh wat] 9 ! soil = ! plants to dr9k4 ,h[ necess>y is x1 !n1 t ! soil be kept 9 ! be/ possible condition to cat* & hold en\gh wat] to c>ry ! plant ?r\gh dry1 hot spells6 ,p]haps y are ready to ask1 ,h[ does ! m\?less plant dr9k its /or$-up wat]8 ,! plant gets all its wat] ?r\gh its roots4 ,y h se5 ! t9y ?readlike roots ( a plant spread+ all ab\t 9 f9e soil2 !y are d[n 9 ! gr\nd tak+ up plant food & wat] = ! /alk & leaves above4 ,! wat]1 c>ry+ plant food ) x1 rises 9 a simple b peculi> way ?r\gh ! roots & /ems4 ,! plants use ! food = build+ new tissue1 t is1 = gr[?4 ,! wat] passes out ?r\gh ! leaves into ! air4 ,:5 ! summ]s are dry & hot & !re is b little wat] 9 ! soil1 ! leaves %r9k up4 ,?is is simply a me?od !y h ( keep+ ! wat] f pass+ too rapidly (f into ! air4 ,i am sure y h se5 ! corn blades all %rivel$ on v hot days4 ,?is %r9kage is nature's way ( dim9i%+ ! curr5t ( wat] t is /eadily pass+ ?r\gh ! plant4 ,a ?rifty f>m] w try to keep 8 soil 9 su* good condition t x w h a supply ( wat] 9 x = gr[+ crops :5 dry & hot wea!r comes4 ,he c d ?is by deep pl[+1 by subsoil+1 by add+ any k9d ( decay+ vegetable matt] to ! soil1 & by gr[+ crops t c be till$ frequ5tly4 ,! soil is a great /oreh\se = moi/ure4 ,aft] ! cl\ds h empti$ _! wat]s into ?is /oreh\se1 ! wat] ( ! soil comes to ! surface1 :]e x is evaporat$ into ! air4 ,! wat] comes to ! surface 9 j ! same way t oil rises 9 a lamp-wick4 ,?is ris+ ( ! wat] is call$ capill>ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,an ,,enl>g$ ,,view ,,( ,a ,,section ,,( ,,moi/ ,,soil1 ,,%[+ ,,air ,,spaces ,,& ,,soil ,,p>ticles ,x is necess>y to und]/& :at is meant by ?is big ^w4 ,if into a pan ( wat] y dip a glass tube1 ! wat] inside ! tube rises above ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! pan4 ,! small] ! tube ! high] w ! wat] rise4 ,! great] rise inside is p]haps due to ! fact t ! glass attracts ! p>ticles ( wat] m ?an ! p>ticles ( wat] attract "o ano!r4 ,n[ apply ?is pr9ciple to ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,! ,,"r ,,way ,,to ,,pl[ ,! soil p>ticles h small spaces betwe5 !m1 & ! spaces act j z ! tube does4 ,:5 ! wat] at ! surface is c>ri$ away by dry+ w9ds & w>m?1 ! wat] deep] 9 ! soil rises ?r\gh ! soil spaces4 ,9 ?is way wat] is br\ght f its soil /oreh\se z plants ne$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,te/+ ,,! ,,hold+ ,,( ,,wat] ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,soils ,( c\rse :5 ! und]gr\nd wat] rea*es ! surface x evaporates4 ,if we want to keep x = our crops1 we mu/ prep>e a trap to hold x4 ,nature has %[n u h[ ?is c be done4 ,pick up a plank z x lies on ! gr\nd4 ,"u ! plank ! soil is wet1 :ile ! soil n cov]$ by ! plank is dry4 ,:y8 ,capill>ity br\ght ! wat] to ! surface1 & ! plank1 by keep+ away w9d & w>m?1 act$ z a trap to hold ! moi/ure4 ,n[ ( c\rse a f>m] _c set a trap ( planks ov] 8 fields1 b he c make a trap ( dry e>?1 & t w d j z well4 ,:5 a crop l corn or cotton or potatoes is cultivat$1 ! f9e1 loose dirt /irr$ by ! cultivat+-pl[ w make a mul* t s]ves to keep wat] 9 ! soil 9 ! same way t ! plank kept moi/ure "u x4 ,! mul* also helps to absorb ! ra9s & prev5ts ! wat] f runn+ (f ! surface4 ,frequ5t cultivation1 !n1 is "o ( ! be/ possible ways ( sav+ moi/ure4 ,h5ce ! f>m] :o mo/ frequ5tly /irs 8 soil 9 ! gr[+ season1 & especially 9 seasons ( dr\ght1 reaps1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a m abundant h>ve/ ?an if tillage 7 neglect$4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,:y is ! soil wet "u a bo>d or "u /raw8 #b4 ,w a soil t is f9e & compact produce bett] crops ?an "o t is loose & cloddy8 ,:y8 #c4 ,s9ce ! wat] :i* a plant uses comes ?r\gh ! roots1 c ! morn+ dew af=d any assi/ance8 #d4 ,:y are we$s objectionable 9 a gr[+ crop8 #e4 ,:y does ! f>m] cultivate gr[+ corn & cotton8 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,wat] ,,rises ,,9 ,,! ,,soil ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,us+ ,,lamp-,,*imneys ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,soil ,:5 ! hot1 dry days ( summ] come1 ! soil dep5ds ^u ! subsoil1 or und]soil1 = ! moi/ure t x mu/ furni% its gr[+ plants4 ,! wat] 0 /or$ 9 ! soil dur+ ! fall1 w9t]1 & spr+ mon?s :5 !re 0 pl5ty ( ra94 ,if y dig d[n into ! soil :5 ev]y?+ is dry & hot1 y w soon rea* a cool1 moi/ und]soil4 ,! moi/ure increases z y dig deep] into ! soil4 ,n[ ! roots ( plants g d[n into ! soil = ?is moi/ure1 because !y ne$ ! wat] to c>ry ! plant food up into ! /ems & leaves4 ,y c see h[ ! wat] rises 9 ! soil by p]=m+ a simple exp]im5t4 ,,exp]im5t ,take a lamp-*imney & fill x ) f9e1 dry dirt4 ,! dirt f a road or a field w d4 ,tie ov] ! small] end ( ! lamp-*imney a piece ( clo? or a pocket h&k]*ief1 & place ?is end 9 a %all[ pan ( wat]4 ,if ! soil 9 ! lamp-*imney is clay & well pack$1 ! wat] w quickly rise to ! top4 ,by fill+ ?ree or f\r lamp-*imneys ) z _m diff]5t soils1 ! pupil w see t ! wat] rises m sl[ly 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,n[ take ! wat] pan away1 & ! wat] 9 ! lamp-*imneys w gradually evaporate4 ,/udy = a few days ! effect ( evaporation on ! sev]al soils4 ,,section ,v4 ,,dra9+ ,,! ,,soil ,a wise man 0 once ask$1 ,:at is ! mo/ valuable improvem5t ev] made 9 agriculture8 ,he answ]$1 ,dra9age4 ,(t5 soils unfit = crop-production because !y conta9 too mu* wat] are by dra9age r5d]$ ! mo/ valuable ( f>m+ l&s4 ,dra9age b5efits l& 9 ! foll[+ ways3 #a4 ,x deep5s ! subsoil by remov+ unnecess>y wat] f ! spaces betwe5 ! soil p>ticles4 ,?is admits air4 ,!n ! oxyg5 :i* is 9 ! air1 by aid+ decay1 prep>es plant food = vegetation4 #b4 ,x makes ! surface soil1 or topsoil1 deep]4 ,x /&s to reason t ! deep] ! soil ! m plant food becomes available = plant use4 #c4 ,x improves ! texture ( ! soil4 ,wet soil is /icky4 ,dra9age makes ?is /icky soil crumble & fall ap>t4 #d4 ,x prev5ts wa%+4 #e4 ,x increases ! porosity ( soils & p]mits roots to g deep] into ! soil = food & moi/ure4 #f4 ,x increases ! w>m? ( ! soil4 #g4 ,x p]mits e>li] work+ 9 spr+ & aft] ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,lay+ ,a ,,tile ,,dra9 #h4 ,x favors ! gr[? ( g]ms :i* *ange ! unavailable nitrog5 ( ! soil into nitrates2 t is1 into ! =m ( nitrog5 mo/ useful to plants4 #i4 ,x enables plants to resi/ dr\ght bett] because ! roots g into ! gr\nd deep] e>ly 9 ! season4 ,a soil t is h>d & wet w n gr[ good crops4 ,! nitrog5-ga!r+ crops w /ore ! greate/ quantity ( nitrog5 9 ! soil :5 ! soil is op5 to ! free circulation ( ! air4 ,^! valuable crops _c d ?is :5 ! soil is wet & cold4 ,s&y soils ) s&y subsoils d n (t5 ne$ dra9age2 su* soils are naturally dra9$4 ,) clay soils x is diff]5t4 ,x is v important to remove ! /agnant wat] 9 !m & to let ! air 94 ,:5 l& has be5 prop]ly dra9$ ! o!r /eps 9 improvem5t are easily tak54 ,aft] soil has be5 dri$ & mell[$ by prop] dra9age1 !n comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 b>ny>d manure1 c[peas1 & clov] c mo/ readily d _! great "w ( improv+ ! texture ( ! soil & ( mak+ x fitt] = plant gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,a ,,tile ,,9 ,,position ,tile ,dra9s4 ,tile dra9s are ! be/ & *eape/ t c be us$4 ,x w\ld n be too /rong to say t dra9+ by tiles is ! mo/ p]fect dra9age4 ,?\s&s ( practical te/s 9 ?is c\ntry h prov$ ! sup]iority ( tile dra9+ = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,good tile dra9s prop]ly laid la/ = ye>s & d n fill up4 #b4 ,!y furni% ! *eape/ possible means ( remov+ too mu* wat] f ! soil4 #c4 ,!y are out ( rea* ( all cultivat+ tools4 #d4 ,surface wat] 9 filt]+ ?r\gh ! tiles leaves its nutriti\s elem5ts = plant gr[?4 ,,exp]im5ts ,to %[ ! ,effect ( ,dra9age4 ,take two tomato cans & fill bo? ) ! same k9d ( soil4 ,pun* sev]al holes 9 ! bottom ( "o to dra9 ! soil above & to admit air circulation4 ,leave ! o!r unpunctur$4 ,plant se$s ( any k9d 9 bo? cans & keep 9 a w>m place4 ,add e ?ird day equal quantities ( wat]4 ,let se$s gr[ 9 bo? cans & obs]ve ! diff]5ce 9 gr[? = two or ?ree weeks4 ,to %[ ! ,effect ( ,air 9 ,soils4 ,take two tomato cans2 fill "o ) soil t is loose & w>m1 & ! o!r ) wet clay or muck f a swampy field4 ,plant a few se$s ( ! same k9d 9 ea* & obs]ve h[ mu* bett] ! dry1 w>m1 op5 soil is = gr[+ f>m crops4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,improv+ ,,! ,,soil ,we he> a great deal ab\t ! exhau/ion or we>+ out ( ! soil4 ,_m uncom=table p are always decl>+ t our l&s w no long] produce pr(itable crops1 & h5ce t f>m+ w no long] pay4 ,n[ x is true1 un=tunately1 t mu* l& has be5 robb$ ( its f]tility1 &1 because ?is is true1 we %\ld be mo/ deeply int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ t leads to ! improvem5t ( our soils4 ,:5 our c\ntry 0 fir/ discov]$ & trees 7 gr[+ ev]y:]e1 we _h virg9 soils1 or new soils t 7 ri* & productive because !y 7 fill$ ) vegetable matt] & plant food4 ,!re are n _m virg9 soils n[ because ! trees h be5 cut f ! be/ l&s1 & ^! l&s h be5 f>m$ s c>elessly t ! vegetable matt] & available plant food h be5 l>gely us$ up4 ,n[ t fre% l& is sc>ce x is v necess>y to re/ore f]tility to ^! exhau/$ l&s4 ,:at are "s ( ! ways 9 :i* ?is c be done8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,clov] ,,is ,a ,,soil-,,improv] ,!re are sev]al ?+s to be done 9 try+ to reclaim worn-out l&4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ^! is to till ! l& well4 ,_m ( y may h he>d ! /ory ( ! dy+ fa!r :o call$ 8 sons ab\t him & :isp]$ feebly1 ,!re is great treasure hidd5 9 ! g>d54 ,! sons c\ld h>dly wait to bury _! dead fa!r be=e1 ?ud1 ?ud1 ?ud1 _! picks 7 go+ 9 ! g>d54 ,day aft] day !y dug2 !y dug deep2 !y dug wide4 ,n a foot ( ! crop-worn g>d5 escap$ ! prob+ ( ! pick z ! sons fev]i%ly se>*$ = ! expect$ treasure4 ,b no treasure 0 f\nd4 ,_! "w seem$ entirely useless4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,increas+ ,,! ,,productive ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,second crop ( c[peas on old1 ab&on$ l& ,let u n lose e :it ( our labor2 let u plant ?is pick-sc>r$ g>d51 said ! elde/4 ,s ! g>d5 0 plant$4 ,9 ! fall ! hi!rto neglect$ g>d5 yield$ a h>ve/ s b\ntiful1 s unexpect$1 t ! mean+ ( _! fa!r's words dawn$ ^u !m4 ,truly1 !y said1 a treasure 0 hidd5 !re4 ,let u seek x 9 all our fields4 ,! /ory applies z well to-day z x did :5 x 0 fir/ told4 ,?or\gh culture ( ! soil1 frequ5t & intellig5t tillage--^! are ! f\ndations ( soil-re/oration4 ,along ) good tillage mu/ g crop-rotation & good dra9age4 ,a supply ( organic matt] w prev5t heavy ra9s f wa%+ ! soil & c>ry+ away plant food4 ,dra9age w aid good tillage 9 all[+ air to circulate betwe5 ! soil p>ticles & 9 arrang+ plant food s t plants c use x4 ,b we mu/ add humus1 or vegetable matt]1 to ! soil4 ,y rememb] t ! virg9 soils conta9$ a great deal ( vegetable matt] & plant food1 b by ! cont9u\s gr[+ ( crops l :eat1 corn1 & cotton1 & by con/ant %all[ tillage1 bo? humus & plant food h be5 us$ up4 ,consequ5tly mu* ( our cultivat$ soil to-day is h>d & dead4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( add+ humus & plant food to ?is lifeless l&3 ! fir/ way is to apply b>ny>d manure 7to adopt ?is me?od means t live/ock rais+ mu/ be a "p ( all f>m+72 ! second way is to adopt rotation ( crops1 & frequ5tly to pl[ "u crops l clov] & c[peas2 ! ?ird way is to apply comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,to summ>ize3 if we want to make our soil bett] ye> by ye>1 we mu/ cultivate well1 dra9 well1 & 9 ! mo/ economical way add humus & plant food4 ,,exp]im5t ,select a small area ( gr\nd at y\r home & divide x into f\r sections1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ sket*3 ,on ,section ,a apply b>ny>d manure2 on ,section ,b apply comm]cial f]tiliz]s2 on ,section ,c apply no?+1 b till well2 on ,section ,d apply no?+1 & till v poorly4 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c %\ld all be ?or\ghly pl[$ & h>r[$4 ,!n add b>ny>d manure to ,a1 comm]cial f]tiliz]s to ,b1 & h>r[ ,a1 ,b1 & ,c at lea/ f\r times until ! soil is mell[ & f9e4 ,d w mo/ likely be cloddy1 l _m fields t we (t5 see4 ,n[ plant on ea* plat "s crop l cotton1 corn1 or :eat4 ,:5 ! plats are ready to h>ve/1 measure ! yield ( ea* & det]m9e :e!r ! increas$ yield ( ! be/ plats has paid = ! outlay = tillage & manure4 ,! pupil w be mu* int]e/$ 9 ! results obta9$ f ! fir/ crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,n[ foll[ a sy/em ( crop-rotation on ! plats4 ,clov] c foll[ corn or cotton or :eat2 & c[peas1 :eat4 ,!n det]m9e ! yield ( ea* plat = ! second crop4 ,by foll[+ ^! plats = sev]al ye>s1 & increas+ ! numb]1 ! pupils w le>n _m ?+s ( greate/ value4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,manur+ ,,! ,,soil ,9 ! e>ly days ( our hi/ory1 :5 ! soil 0 new & ri*1 we 7 n compell$ to use l>ge am\nts ( manures & f]tiliz]s4 ,yet our hi/ories speak ( an ,indian nam$ ,squanto :o came into "o ( ! ,new ,engl& colonies & %[$ ! fir/ settl]s h[1 by putt+ a fi% 9 ea* hill ( corn1 !y c\ld obta9 l>g] yields4 ,if p 9 ^? days1 ) new & f]tile soils1 c\ld use manures pr(itably1 h[ mu* m ought we to use !m 9 our "t1 :5 soils h lo/ _! virg9 f]tility1 & :5 ! plant food 9 ! soil has be5 exhau/$ by ye>s & ye>s ( cropp+6 ,to sell ye> aft] ye> all ! produce gr[n on l& is a sure way to ru9 x4 ,if1 = example1 ! ri*e/ l& is plant$ e ye> 9 corn1 & no /able or f>my>d manure or o!r f]tiliz] return$ to ! soil1 ! l& s treat$ w ( c\rse soon become too poor to gr[ any crop4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 clov] or alfalfa or corn or cotton-se$ meal is f$ to /ock1 & ! manure f ! /ock return$ to ! soil1 ! l& w be kept ri*4 ,h5ce ^? f>m]s :o d n sell su* raw products z cotton1 corn1 :eat1 oats1 & clov]1 b :o m>ket articles made f ^! raw products1 f9d x easi] to keep _! l& f]tile4 ,= illu/ration3 if in/ead ( sell+ hay1 f>m]s fe$ x to %eep & sell meat & wool2 if in/ead ( sell+ cotton se$1 !y fe$ its meal to c[s1 & sell milk & butt]2 if in/ead ( sell+ /ov]1 !y fe$ x to beef cattle1 !y get a good price = products & 9 addition h all ! manure ne$$ to keep _! l& productive & increase its value ea* ye>4 ,illu/ration3,,fig4 #ad4 ,,relation ,,( ,,humus ,,to ,,gr[? ,,( ,,corn #a1 clay subsoil2 #b1 same1 ) f]tiliz]2 #c1 same1 ) humus ,if we wi% to keep up ! f]tility ( our l&s we %\ld n all[ any?+ to be lo/ f our f>ms4 ,all ! manures1 /raw1 roots1 /ubble1 heal?y v9es--9 fact ev]y?+ decomposable--%\ld be pl[$ "u or us$ z a top-dress+4 ,especial c>e %\ld be tak5 9 /or+ manure4 ,x %\ld be wat*fully protect$ f sun & ra94 ,if a f>m] has no %$ "u :i* to keep 8 manure1 he %\ld scatt] x on 8 fields z fa/ z x is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,! ,,cotton ,,plant ,,) ,,& ,,)\t ,,food ,9 left top pot1 no plant food2 9 left bottom pot1 plant food scanty2 9 bo? "r pots1 all elem5ts ( plant food pres5t ,he %\ld und]/& also t liquid manure is ( m value ?an solid1 because t important plant food1 nitrog51 is f\nd almo/ :olly 9 ! liquid portion4 ,"s ( ! phosphoric acid & consid]able am\nts ( ! pota% are also f\nd 9 ! liquid manure4 ,h5ce economy requires t none ( ?is escape ei!r by leakage or by f]m5tation4 ,sometimes "o c detect ! smell ( ammonia 9 ! /able4 ,?is ammonia is =m$ by ! decomposition ( ! liquid manure1 & its loss %\ld be *eck$ by spr9kl+ "s floats1 acid phosphate1 or muck ov] ! /able floor4 ,_m f>m]s f9d x desirable to buy f]tiliz]s to use ) ! manure made on ! f>m4 ,9 ?is case x is helpful to und]/& ! composition1 s\rce1 & availability ( ! v>i\s sub/ances compos+ comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,! ?ree mo/ valuable ?+s 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s are nitrog51 pota%1 & phosphoric acid4 ,! nitrog5 is obta9$ f 7#a7 nitrate ( soda m9$ 9 ,*ile1 7#b7 ammonium sulphate1 a by-product ( ! gas works1 7#c7 dri$ blood & o!r by-products ( ! slaught]-h\ses1 & 7#d7 cotton-se$ meal4 ,nitrate ( soda is soluble 9 wat] & may !re=e be wa%$ away be=e be+ us$ by plants4 ,= ?is reason x %\ld be appli$ 9 small quantities & at int]vals ( a few weeks4 ,pota% is obta9$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e x is f\nd 9 sev]al =ms4 ,x is put on ! m>ket z muriate ( pota%1 sulphate ( pota%1 ka9ite1 :i* conta9s salt z an impurity1 & 9 o!r impure =ms4 ,pota% is f\nd also 9 unlea*$ wood a%es4 ,phosphoric acid is f\nd 9 v>i\s rocks ( ,t5nessee1 ,florida1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & also to a l>ge ext5t 9 bones4 ,! rocks or bones are usually treat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,?is treatm5t *anges ! phosphoric acid into a =m ready = plant use4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( plant food are ord9>ily all t we ne$ to supply4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 lime has to be add$4 ,besides be+ a plant food itself1 lime helps mo/ soils by improv+ ! /ructure ( ! gra9s2 by sweet5+ ! soil1 !reby aid+ ! little liv+ g]ms call$ bact]ia2 by ha/5+ ! decay ( organic matt]2 & by sett+ free ! pota% t is lock$ up 9 ! soil4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,soil ,,& ,,! ,,plant ,,section ,,viii4 ,,roots ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,root-,,hairs ,,on ,a ,,radi% ,y h p]haps obs]v$ ! regul>ity ( arrangem5t 9 ! twigs & bran*es ( trees4 ,n[ pull up ! roots ( a plant1 z1 = example1 %eep sorrel1 ,jimson we$1 or "s o!r plant4 ,note ! bran*+ ( ! roots4 ,9 ^! !re is no su* regul>ity z is se5 9 ! twig4 ,trace ! rootlets to _! f9e/ tips4 ,h[ small1 sl5d]1 & delicate !y are6 ,/ill we d n see ! f9e/ ( !m1 = 9 tak+ ! plant f ! gr\nd we tore ! mo/ delicate away4 ,9 ord] to see ! real con/ruction ( a root we mu/ gr[ "o s t we may exam9e x un9jur$4 ,to d ?is1 spr\t "s oats 9 a g]m9ator or 9 any box 9 :i* "o glass side has be5 arrang$ & all[ ! oats to gr[ till !y are two or m in*es high4 ,n[ exam9e ! roots & y w see v f9e hairs1 simil> to ^? %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure1 =m+ a fuzz ov] ! surface ( ! roots ne> ! tips4 ,?is fuzz is made ( small hairs /&+ s close toge!r t !re are (t5 z _m z #ch1bjj on a s+le squ>e in*4 ,fig4 #ag %[s h[ a root looks :5 x has be5 cut crosswise into :at is kn[n z a cross section4 ,! figure is mu* increas$ 9 size4 ,y c see h[ ! root-hairs ext5d f ! root 9 e direction4 ,fig4 #ah %[s a s+le root-hair v greatly enl>g$1 ) p>ticles ( s& /ick+ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,a ,,slice ,,( ,a ,,root ,highly magnifi$ ,^! hairs are ! fe$+-organs ( ! roots1 & !y are =m$ only ne> ! tips ( ! f9e/ roots4 ,y see t ! l>ge1 co>se roots t y are famili> ) h no?+ to d ) absorb+ plant food f ! soil4 ,!y s]ve m]ely to conduct ! sap & n\ri%m5t f ! root-hairs to ! tree4 ,:5 y apply manure or o!r f]tiliz] to a tree1 rememb] t x is f> bett] to supply ! f]tiliz] to ! roots t are at "s di/ance f ! trunk1 = su* roots are ! real fe$]s4 ,! plant food 9 ! manure soaks into ! soil & imm$iately rea*es ! root-hairs4 ,y c und]/& ?is bett] by /udy+ ! di/ribution ( ! roots ( an or*>d tree1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,!re y c see t ! f9e tips are f\nd at a long di/ance f ! ma9 trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,a ,,root-,,hair ,,) ,,p>ticles ,,( ,,soil ,,/ick+ ,,to ,,x ,y c n[ readily see :y x is t plants usually wilt :5 !y are transplant$4 ,! f9e1 delicate root-hairs are !n brok5 (f1 & ! plant c b poorly keep up its food & wat] supply until new hairs h be5 =m$4 ,:ile ^! are =m+1 wat] has be5 evaporat+ f ! leaves1 & consequ5tly ! plant does n get en\gh moi/ure & !re=e droops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,apple-,,tree ,,roots ,w\ld y n conclude t x is v poor f>m+ to till deeply any crop aft] ! roots h ext5d$ betwe5 ! r[s f> en\gh to be cut by ! pl[ or cultivator8 ,9 cultivat+ betwe5 corn r[s1 = example1 if y f9d t y are di/urb+ f9e roots1 y may be sure t y are break+ (f millions ( root-hairs f ea* plant & h5ce are do+ h>m r ?an good4 ,fig4 #bj %[s h[ ! roots f "o corn r[ int]tangle ) ^? ( ano!r4 ,y see at a glance h[ _m ( ^! roots w\ld be de/roy$ by deep cultivation4 ,/irr+ ! upp] in* ( soil :5 ! plants are well gr[n is suffici5t tillage & does no injury to ! roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,corn ,,roots ,,rea* ,,f ,,r[ ,,to ,,r[ ,a deep soil is mu* bett] ?an a %all[ soil1 z its dep? makes x j s mu* easi] = ! roots to seek deep food4 ,fig4 #ba illu/rates well h[ f> d[n into ! soil ! alfalfa roots g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,,alfalfa ,,root ,,ex]cise ,dig up ! roots ( sev]al cultivat$ plants & we$s & comp>e !m4 ,d y f9d "s t are f9e or fibr\s8 "s fle%y l ! c>rot8 ,! d&elion is a good example ( a tap-root4 ,tap-roots are deep fe$]s4 ,exam9e v c>efully ! roots ( a m$ium-siz$ corn plant4 ,sift ! dirt away g5tly s z to loos5 z few roots z possible4 ,h[ d ! roots comp>e 9 area ) ! "p above ! gr\nd8 ,try to trace a s+le root ( ! corn plant f ! /alk to its v tip4 ,h[ long are ! roots ( mature plants8 ,are !y deep or %all[ fe$]s8 ,g]m9ate "s oats or beans 9 a glass-sid$ box1 z sugge/$1 & obs]ve ! root-hairs4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,plant ,,fe$s ,,f ,,! ,,soil ,plants receive _! n\ri%m5t f two s\rces--f ! air & f ! soil4 ,! soil food1 or m9]al food1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 mu/ rea* ! plant ?r\gh ! root-hairs ) :i* all plants are provid$ 9 great numb]s4 ,ea* ( ^! hairs may be comp>$ to a f+] rea*+ among ! p>ticles ( e>? = food & wat]4 ,if we exam9e ! root-hairs ev] s closely1 we f9d no holes1 or op5+s1 9 !m4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t no solid p>ticles c ent] ! root-hairs1 b t all food mu/ pass into ! root 9 solution4 ,an exp]im5t j "h w help u to und]/& h[ a root fe$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,exp]im5t ,,to ,,%[ ,,h[ ,,roots ,,take ,,up ,,food ,,exp]im5t ,secure a n>r[ glass tube l ! "o 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,if y _c get a tube1 a n>r[1 /raight lamp-*imney w1 ) a little c>e1 d ne>ly z well4 ,f a bladd] made s(t by soak+1 cut a piece l>ge en\gh to cov] ! end ( ! tube or *imney & to hang ov] a little all ar\nd4 ,make ! piece ( bladd] secure to ! end ( ! tube by wrapp+ tightly ) a wax$ ?read1 z at ,b4 ,p>tly fill ! tube ) molasses 7or x may be easi] 9 case y use a n>r[ tube to fill x be=e atta*+ ! bladd]74 ,put ! tube into a j> or bottle ( wat] s plac$ t ! level ( ! molasses inside & ! wat] outside w be ! same4 ,fa/5 ! tube 9 ?is position & obs]ve x frequ5tly = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ! "t y %\ld f9d t ! molasses 9 ! tube has ris5 above ! level ( ! liquid outside4 ,x may ev5 ov]fl[ at ! top4 ,if y use ! lamp-*imney ! rise w n be s cle>ly se51 s9ce a great] volume is requir$ to fill ! space 9 ! *imney4 ,?is increase 9 ! cont5ts ( ! tube is due to ! entrance ( wat] f ! outside4 ,! wat] has pass$ ?r\gh ! ?9 bladd]1 or membrane1 & has come to occupy space 9 ! tube4 ,!re is also a passage ! o!r way1 b ! molasses c pass ?r\gh ! bladd] membrane s sl[ly t ! passage is sc>cely noticeable4 ,!re are no holes1 or op5+s1 9 ! membrane1 b /ill !re is a free passage ( liquids 9 bo? directions1 al?\gh ! m heavily lad5 solution mu/ move m sl[ly4 ,a root-hair acts 9 mu* ! same way z ! tube 9 our exp]im5t1 ) ! exception t x is s made z to all[ c]ta9 sub/ances to pass 9 only "o direction1 t is1 t[>d ! inside4 ,! outside ( ! root-hair is ba!d 9 solutions ri* 9 n\ri%m5t4 ,! n\ri%m5t passes f ! outside to ! inside ?r\gh ! delicate membrane ( ! root-hair4 ,?us does food ent] ! plant-root4 ,f ! root-hairs1 foods are c>ri$ to ! inside ( ! root4 ,f ?is y c see h[ important x is = a plant to h f9e1 loose soil = its root-hairs2 also h[ necess>y is ! wat] 9 ! soil1 s9ce ! food c be us$ only :5 x is dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,?is passage ( liquids f "o side ( a membrane to ano!r is call$ osmosis4 ,x has _m uses 9 ! plant k+dom4 ,we say a root takes n\ri%m5t by osmosis4 ,,section ,x4 ,,root-,,tub]cles ,tub]cle is a big ^w1 b y ought to "k h[ to pron\nce x & :at is meant by root-tub]cles4 ,we are go+ to tell y :at a root-tub]cle is & some?+ ab\t its importance to agriculture4 ,:5 y h le>n$ ?is1 we are sure y w want to exam9e "s plants = y\rself 9 ord] t y may see j :at tub]cles look l on a real root4 ,root-tub]cles d n =m on all k9ds ( plants t f>m]s gr[4 ,!y are =m$ only on ^? k9ds t botani/s call legumes4 ,! clov]s1 c[peas1 vet*es1 soy beans1 & alfalfa are all legumes4 ,! tub]cles are little knotty1 w>t-l gr[?s on ! roots ( ! plants j nam$4 ,^! tub]cles are caus$ by t9y =ms ( life call$1 z y p]haps already "k1 bact]ia1 or g]ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,tub]cles ,,on ,,clov] ,,roots ,! specim5 at ! "r 0 gr[n 9 soil inoculat$ ) soil f an old clov] field4 ,! "o at ! left 0 gr[n 9 soil n inoculat$ ,in/ead ( liv+ 9 ne/s 9 trees l birds or 9 ! gr\nd l moles & worms1 ^! t9y g]ms1 less ?an "o tw5ty-five ?\s&? ( an in* long1 make _! homes on ! roots ( legumes4 ,ne/l+ snugly toge!r1 !y live1 gr[1 & multiply 9 _! sunless homes4 ,?r\gh _! activity ! soil is enri*$ by ! addition ( mu* nitrog5 f ! air4 ,!y are ! good fairies ( ! f>m]1 & no magician's w& ev] bless$ a l& s mu* z ^! invisible folk bless ! l& t !y live 94 ,j z bees ga!r honey f ! fl[]s & c>ry x to ! hives1 :]e !y prep>e x = _! own future use & = ! use ( o!rs1 s d ^! root-tub]cles ga!r nitrog5 f ! air & fix x 9 _! root homes1 :]e x c be us$ by o!r crops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,soy ,,beans ,,& ,,c[peas1 ,,two ,,great ,,soil-,,improv]s ,9 ! e>li] pages ( ?is book y 7 told some?+ ab\t ! food ( plants4 ,"o ( ! ma9 elem5ts ( plant food1 p]haps y rememb]1 is nitrog54 ,j z soon z ! roots ( ! legum9\s plants beg9 to pu% d[n into ! soil1 ! bact]ia1 or g]ms t make ! tub]cles1 beg9 to build _! homes on ! roots1 & 9 s do+ !y add nitrog5 to ! soil4 ,y n[ see ! importance ( gr[+ su* crops z peas & clov] on y\r l&1 = by _! tub]cles y c con/antly add plant food to ! soil4 ,n[ ?is mu*-ne$$ nitrog5 is ! mo/ co/ly "p ( ! f]tiliz]s t f>m]s buy e ye>4 ,if e f>m]1 !n1 w\ld gr[ ^! tub]cle-be>+ crops1 he w\ld rapidly add to ! ri*ness ( 8 l& & at ! same "t escape ! necessity ( buy+ s mu* exp5sive f]tiliz]4 ,,exp]im5t ,take a spade or %ovel & dig c>efully ar\nd ! roots ( a c[pea & a clov] plant2 loos5 ! e>? ?or\ghly & !n pull ! plants up1 be+ c>eful n to break (f any ( ! roots4 ,n[ wa% ! roots1 & aft] !y become dry c\nt ! nodules1 or tub]cles1 on !m4 ,obs]ve ! diff]5ce 9 size4 ,h[ are !y arrang$8 ,d all legum9\s plants h equal numb]s ( nodules8 ,h[ d ^! nodules help ! f>m]8 ,,section ,,xi4 ,,! ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops ,d\btless y "k :at is meant by rotation1 = y\r tea*] has expla9$ to y already h[ ! e>? rotates1 or turns1 on its axis & revolves ar\nd ! sun4 ,:5 we speak ( crop-rotation we mean n only t ! same crop %\ld n be plant$ on ! same l& = two successive ye>s b t crops %\ld foll[ "o ano!r 9 a regul> ord]4 ,_m f>m]s d n foll[ a sy/em ( f>m+ t involves a *ange ( crops4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! same fields are plant$ to corn or :eat or cotton ye> aft] ye>4 ,?is is n a good practice & soon] or lat] w we> out ! soil completely1 because ! soil-elem5ts t furni% ! food ( t con/ant crop are soon exhau/$ & good crop-production is no long] possible4 ,:y is crop-rotation s necess>y8 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( plant food 9 ! soil4 ,if any "o ( ^! is us$ up1 ! soil ( c\rse loses its p[] to fe$ plants prop]ly4 ,n[ ea* crop uses m ( "s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( foods ?an o!rs d1 j z y l "s k9ds ( food bett] ?an o!rs4 ,b ! crop _c1 z y c1 le>n to use ! k9ds ( food x does n l2 x mu/ use ! k9d t nature fitt$ x to use4 ,n only d diff]5t crops fe$ ^u diff]5t soil foods1 b !y use diff]5t quantities ( ^! foods4 ,n[ if a f>m] plant ! same crop 9 ! same field ea* ye>1 t crop soon uses up all ( ! available plant food t x likes4 ,h5ce ! soil c no long] prop]ly n\ri% ! crop t has be5 ye> by ye> robb+ x4 ,if t crop is to be successfully gr[n aga9 on ! l&1 ! exhau/$ elem5t mu/ be re/or$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,grass ,,foll[+ ,,corn ,?is c be done 9 two ways3 fir/1 by f9d+ out :at elem5t has "h be5 exhau/$1 & !n re/or+ ?is elem5t by means ei!r ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s or manure2 second1 by plant+ on ! l& crops t fe$ on diff]5t food & t w all[ or assi/ k9d ,"m ,nature to repair h] wa/e places4 ,an illu/ration may help y to rememb] ?is fact4 ,nitrog5 is1 z already expla9$1 "o ( ! commone/ plant foods4 ,x may almo/ be call$ plant bread4 ,! :eat crop uses up a good deal ( nitrog54 ,suppose a field 7 plant$ 9 :eat ye> aft] ye>4 ,mo/ ( ! available nitrog5 w\ld be tak5 out ( ! soil aft] a :ile1 & a new :eat crop1 if plant$ on ! field1 w\ld n get en\gh ( its prop] food to yield a pay+ h>ve/4 ,?is same l&1 h[ev]1 t c\ld n gr[ :eat c\ld produce o!r crops t d n require s mu* nitrog54 ,= example1 x c\ld gr[ c[peas4 ,c[peas1 aid$ by _! root-tub]cles1 are able to ga!r f ! air a great "p ( ! nitrog5 ne$$ = _! gr[?4 ,?us a good crop ( peas c be obta9$ ev5 if !re is little available nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,on ! o!r h& :eat & corn & cotton _c use ! free nitrog5 ( ! air1 & !y suff] if !re is an insuffici5t quantity pres5t 9 ! soil2 h5ce ! necessity ( gr[+ legumes to supply :at is lack+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,c[peas ,,& ,,corn--,,augu/ ,let u n[ see h[ easily plant food may be sav$ by ! rotation ( crops4 ,if y s[ :eat 9 ! autumn x is ready to be h>ve/$ 9 "t = plant+ c[peas4 ,pl[ or disk ! :eat /ubble1 & s[ ! same field to c[peas4 ,if ! :eat crop has exhau/$ ! great] "p ( ! nitrog5 ( ! soil1 x makes no diff]5ce to ! c[pea2 = ! c[pea w get its nitrog5 f ! air & n only provide = its own gr[? b w leave quantities ( nitrog5 9 ! que] nodules ( its roots = ! crops com+ aft] x 9 ! rotation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,c[peas ,,& ,,corn--,,octob] ,if corn be plant$1 !re %\ld be a rotation 9 j ! same way4 ,! corn plant1 a summ] gr[]1 ( c\rse uses a c]ta9 portion ( ! plant food /or$ 9 ! soil4 ,9 ord] t ! crop foll[+ ! corn may fe$ on :at ! corn did n use1 ?is crop %\ld be "o t requires a some:at diff]5t food4 ,moreov]1 x %\ld be "o t fits 9 well ) corn s z to make a w9t] crop4 ,we f9d j su* a plant 9 clov] or :eat4 ,l ! c[pea1 all ! v>ieties ( clov] h on _! roots tub]cles t add ! important elem5t1 nitrog51 to ! soil4 ,f ^! facts is x n cle> t if y wi% to improve y\r l& quickly & keep x always fruitful y mu/ practice crop-rotation8 ,,an ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,crop-,,rotation ,"h are two sy/ems ( crop-rotation z practic$ at "o or m agricultural exp]im5t /ations4 ,ea* furni%es an ideal plan = keep+ up l&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,second ,,ye> ,,?ird ,,ye> ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,summ] ,w9t] ,summ] ,w9t] ,summ] ,w9t] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,corn ,crimson ,cotton ,:eat ,c[peas ,rye = clov] pa/ure ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- or ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,summ] ,w9t] ,summ] ,w9t] ,summ] ,w9t] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,corn ,:eat ,clov] ,clov] ,grass ,grass = & grass & grass pa/ure or mead[ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,9 ^! rotations ! c[peas & clov]s are nitrog5-ga!r+ crops4 ,!y n only furni% hay b !y enri* ! soil4 ,! :eat1 corn1 & cotton are money crops1 b 9 addition !y are cultivat$ crops2 h5ce !y improve ! physical condition ( ! soil & give opportunity to kill we$s4 ,! grasses & clov]s are ( c\rse us$ = pa/urage & hay4 ,?is is only a sugge/$ rotation4 ,"w out "o t w meet y\r home ne$4 ,,ex]cise ,let ! pupils ea* pres5t a sy/em ( rotation t includes ! crops rais$ at home4 ,! sy/em pres5t$ %\ld z ne>ly z possible meet ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 #a4 ,legumes = ga!r+ nitrog54 #b4 ,money crops = ca% income4 #c4 ,cultivat$ crops = tillage & we$-de/ruction4 #d4 ,food crops = fe$+ live /ock4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,plant ,,section ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,a ,,plant ,,fe$s ,,f ,,! ,,air ,if y p>tly burn a mat* y w see t x becomes black4 ,?is black sub/ance into :i* ! mat* *anges is call$ c>bon4 ,exam9e a fre% /ick ( *>coal1 :i* is1 z y no d\bt "k1 burnt wood4 ,y see 9 ! *>coal e fib] t y saw 9 ! wood itself4 ,?is means t e "p ( ! plant conta9s c>bon4 ,h[ important1 !n1 is ?is sub/ance to ! plant6 ,y w be surpris$ to "k t ! total am\nt ( c>bon 9 plants comes f ! air4 ,all ! c>bon t a plant gets is tak5 9 by ! leaves ( ! plant2 n a p>ticle is ga!r$ by ! roots4 ,a l>ge tree1 weigh+ p]haps #aa1jjj p\nds1 requires 9 its gr[? c>bon f #af1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( air4 ,p]haps1 aft] ^! /atem5ts1 y may ?9k !re is dang] t ! c>bon ( ! air may sometime become exhau/$4 ,! air ( ! :ole _w conta9s ab\t #a1gfj1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( c>bon4 ,moreov]1 ?is is cont9ually be+ add$ to by our fires & by ! brea? ( animals4 ,:5 wood or coal is us$ = fuel ! c>bon ( ! burn+ sub/ance is return$ to ! air 9 ! =m ( gas4 ,"s l>ge factories burn great quantities ( coal & ?us turn mu* c>bon back to ! air4 ,a s+le factory 9 ,g]many is e/imat$ to give back to ! air daily ab\t #e1bhj1jjj p\nds ( c>bon4 ,y see1 !n1 t c>bon is con/antly be+ put back into ! air to replace t :i* is us$ by gr[+ plants4 ,! c>bon ( ! air c be us$ by none b gre5 plants1 & by !m only 9 ! sunlight4 ,we may comp>e ! gre5 color+ matt] ( ! leaf to a ma*9e1 & ! sunlight to ! p[]1 or en]gy1 :i* keeps ! ma*9e 9 motion4 ,by means1 !n1 ( sunlight & ! gre5 color+ matt] ( ! leaves1 ! plant secures c>bon4 ,! c>bon passes into ! plant & is !re made into two foods v necess>y to ! plant2 namely1 />* & sug>4 ,sometimes ! plant uses ! />* & sug> imm$iately4 ,at o!r times x /ores bo? away1 z x does 9 ! ,iri% & ! sweet potato & 9 beets1 cabbage1 peas1 & beans4 ,^! plants are us$ z food by man because !y conta9 s mu* n\ri%m5t2 t is1 />* & sug> :i* 7 /or$ away by ! plant = its own future use4 ,,ex]cise ,exam9e "s *>coal4 ,c y see ! r+s ( gr[?8 ,slightly *> pap]1 clo?1 meat1 sug>1 />*1 etc4 ,:at does ! turn+ black prove8 ,:at p] c5t ( ^! sub/ances d y ?9k is pure c>bon8 ,,section ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,sap ,,curr5t ,! root-hairs take n\ri%m5t f ! soil4 ,! leaves manufacture />* & sug>4 ,^! manufactur$ foods mu/ be c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ! plant4 ,!re are two curr5ts to c>ry !m4 ,"o passes f ! roots ?r\gh ! "y wood to ! leaves1 & "o1 a d[nw>d curr5t1 passes ?r\gh ! b>k1 c>ry+ ne$$ food to ! roots 7see ,fig4 #bh74 ,if y %\ld injure ! roots1 ! wat] supply to ! leaves w\ld be cut (f & ! leaves w\ld imm$iately )]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y remove ! b>k1 t is1 girdle ! tree1 y 9 no way int]f]e ) ! wat] supply & ! leaves d n )]4 ,girdl+ does1 h[ev]1 int]f]e ) ! d[nw>d food curr5t ?r\gh ! b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,sap ,,curr5t ,if ! tree be girdl$ ! roots soon] or lat] suff] f lack ( food supply f ! leaves4 ,ow+ to ?is food /oppage ! roots w cease to gr[ & w soon be unable to take 9 suffici5t wat]1 & !n ! leaves w beg9 to droop4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may n happ5 until sev]al mon?s aft] ! girdl+4 ,sometimes a p>tly girdl$ bran* gr[s mu* 9 ?ickness j above ! girdle1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,?is extra gr[? seems to be due to a /oppage ( ! ri* supply ( food :i* 0 on its way to ! roots ?r\gh ! b>k4 ,x c\ld g no f>!r & 0 !re=e us$ by ! tree to make an unnatural gr[? at ?is po9t4 ,y w n[ und]/& h[ & :y trees die :5 !y are girdl$ to cle> new gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,a ,,?ick5+ ,,above ,,! ,,wire ,,t ,,caus$ ,,! ,,girdl+ ,x is1 !n1 ! g5]al law ( sap-movem5t t ! upw>d curr5t f ! roots passes ?r\gh ! woody portion ( ! trunk1 & t ! curr5t be>+ ! food made by ! leaves passes d[nw>d ?r\gh ! b>k4 ,,ex]cise ,let ! tea*] see t ^! & all o!r exp]im5ts are p]=m$ by ! pupils4 ,d n all[ !m to guess1 b make !m see4 ,girdle valueless trees or sapl+s ( sev]al k9ds1 cutt+ ! b>k away 9 a complete circle ar\nd ! tree4 ,d n cut into ! wood4 ,h[ long be=e ! tree %[s signs ( injury8 ,girdle a s+le small limb on a tree4 ,:at happ5s8 ,expla94 ,,section ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,fl[] ,,& ,,! ,,se$ ,"s p ?9k t ! fl[]s by ! wayside are = ! purpose ( beautify+ ! _w & increas+ man's enjoym5t4 ,d y ?9k ?is is true8 ,und\bt$ly a fl[] is beautiful1 & to be beautiful is "o ( ! uses ( _m fl[]s2 b x is n ! *ief use ( a fl[]4 ,y "k t :5 pea* or apple blossoms are nipp$ by ! spr+ fro/ ! fruit crop is 9 dang]4 ,! fruit ( ! plant be>s ! se$1 & ! fl[] produces ! fruit4 ,t is its *ief duty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,pi/il ,d y "k any plant t produces se$ )\t fl[]s8 ,"s "o answ]s1 ,! corn1 ! elm1 & ! maple all produce se$1 b h no fl[]4 ,no1 t is n correct4 ,if y look closely y w f9d 9 ! spr+ v small fl[]s on ! elm & on ! maple1 :ile ! e> & ! tassel are really ! blossoms ( ! corn plant4 ,e plant t produces se$ has fl[]s1 al?\gh !y may sometimes seem v curi\s fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,a ,,butt]cup ,let u see :at a fl[] really is4 ,take1 = example1 a butt]cup1 cotton1 tobacco1 or plum blossom 7see ,figs4 #ca & #cb74 ,y w f9d on ! outside a r[ ( gre5 leaves inclos+ ! fl[] :5 x is /ill a bud4 ,^! leaves are ! sepals4 ,next on ! inside is a r[ ( color$ leaves1 or petals4 ,arrang$ inside ( ! petals are "s ?readlike p>ts1 ea* ) a knob on ! end4 ,^! are ! /am5s4 ,exam9e "o /am5 closely 7,fig4 #cc74 ,on ! knob at its tip y %\ld f9d1 if ! fl[] is fully op51 "s f9e gra9s1 or p[d]4 ,9 ! lily ?is p[d] is s abundant t 9 smell+ ! fl[] y (t5 bru% a quantity ( x (f on y\r nose4 ,?is sub/ance is call$ poll51 & ! knob on ! end ( ! /am51 on :i* ! poll5 is borne1 is ! an!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,a ,,plum ,,blossom ,! poll5 is ( v great importance to ! fl[]4 ,)\t x !re c\ld be no se$s4 ,! /am5s z poll5-be>]s1 !n1 are v important4 ,b !re is ano!r "p to ea* fl[] t is ( equal value4 ,?is "p y w f9d 9 ! c5t] ( ! fl[]1 inside ! circle ( /am5s4 ,x is call$ ! pi/il 7,fig4 #cb74 ,! swoll5 tip ( ! pi/il is ! /igma4 ,! swoll5 base ( ! pi/il =ms ! ov>y4 ,if y c>efully cut op5 ?is ov>y y w f9d 9 x v small immature se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,/am5s a1 an!r2 f1 filam5t ,"s plants be> all ^! p>ts 9 ! same fl[]2 t is1 ea* blossom has /am5s1 pi/il1 petals1 & sepals4 ,! pe> blossom & ! tomato blossom repres5t su* fl[]s4 ,o!r plants be> _! /am5s & pi/ils 9 sep>ate blossoms4 ,/am5s & pi/ils may ev5 occur 9 sep>ate plants1 & "s blossoms h no sepals or petals at all4 ,look at ! corn plant4 ,"h ! tassel is a clu/] ( _m fl[]s1 ea* ( :i* be>s only /am5s4 ,! e> is likewise a clu/] ( _m fl[]s1 ea* ( :i* be>s only a pi/il4 ,! du/ t y see fall+ f ! tassel is ! poll51 & ! long silky ?reads ( ! e> are ! /igmas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,a ,,tomato ,,blossom ,n[ no plant c be> se$s unless ! poll5 ( ! /am5 falls on ! /igma4 ,corn _c !re=e =m se$ unless ! du/ ( ! tassel falls ^u ! silk4 ,did y ev] notice h[ poorly ! cob is fill$ on a s+le corn/alk /&+ alone 9 a field8 ,d y see :y8 ,x is because :5 a plant /&s alone ! w9d bl[s ! poll5 away f ! tassel1 & little or none is receiv$ on ! /igmas bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,cucumb] ,,blossoms ,9 ! corn plant ! /am5s & pi/ils are sep>ate2 t is1 !y d n occur on ! same fl[]1 al?\gh !y are on ! same plant4 ,?is is also true ( ! cucumb] 7see ,fig4 #ce74 ,9 _m plants1 h[ev]1 su* z ! hemp1 hop1 sassafras1 will[1 & o!rs1 ! /am9ate p>ts are on "o plant & ! pi/illate p>ts are on ano!r4 ,?is is also true 9 sev]al o!r cultivat$ plants4 ,= example1 9 "s /rawb]ries ! /am5s are abs5t or useless2 t is1 !y be> no good poll54 ,9 su* cases ! gr[] mu/ see to x t ne> by are /rawb]ry plants t be> /am5s1 9 ord] t ^? plants :i* d n be> poll5 may become poll9at$2 t is1 may h poll5 c>ri$ to !m4 ,aft] ! /igma has be5 suppli$ ) poll51 a s+le poll5 gra9 s5ds a ?readlike spr\t d[n ?r\gh ! /igma into ! ov>y4 ,?is process1 if successfully complet$1 is call$ f]tilization4 ,,ex]cise ,exam9e sev]al fl[]s & id5tify ! p>ts nam$ 9 ! la/ section4 ,try 9 ! prop] season to f9d ! poll5 on ! maple1 will[1 ald]1 & p9e1 & on :eat1 cotton1 & ! morn+-glory4 ,h[ fa/ does ! ov>y ( ! apple blossom enl>ge8 ,measure "o & wat* x closely f day to day4 ,c y f9d any plants t h _! /am5s & ov>ies on sep>ate individuals8 ,,section ,,xv4 ,,poll9ation ,nature has sev]al int]e/+ ways ( br++ ab\t poll9ation4 ,9 ! corn1 will[1 & p9e ! poll5 is pick$ up by ! w9d & c>ri$ away4 ,mu* ( x is lo/1 b "s rea*es ! /igmas1 or receptive p>ts1 ( o!r corn1 will[1 or p9e fl[]s4 ,?is is a v wa/eful me?od1 & all plants us+ x mu/ provide mu* poll54 ,_m plants employ a mu* bett] me?od4 ,!y h le>n$ h[ to make insects be> _! poll54 ,9 plants ( ?is type ! p>ts ( ! blossom are s %ap$ & s plac$ z to deposit poll5 f ! /am5 on ! insect & to receive poll5 f ! insect on ! /igmas4 ,:5 y see ! clumsy bumblebee clamb]+ ov] & pu%+ 8 way into a clov] blossom1 y may be sure t he is gett+ well du/$ ) poll5 & t ! next blossom :i* he visits w secure a full %>e on its /igmas4 ,:5 fl[]s fit !mselves to be poll9at$ by insects !y c no long] use ! w9d & are helpless if insects d n visit !m4 ,!y !re=e cunn+ly plan two ways to invite ! visits ( insects4 ,fir/1 !y provide a sweet nect> z a repa/ = ! insect visitor4 ,! nect> is a sug>y solution f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ! fl[] & is us$ by ! visitor z food or to make honey4 ,second1 fl[]s adv]tise to let ea* insect "k t !y h some?+ = x4 ,! adv]tis+ is done ei!r by %[y colors or by p]fume4 ,insects h wond]ful p[]s ( smell4 ,:5 y see %[y fl[]s or smell fragrant ones1 y w "k t su* fl[]s are adv]tis+ ! pres5ce ei!r ( nect> or ( poll5 7to make beebread7 & t su* fl[]s dep5d on insects = poll9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,bees ,,c>ry+ ,,poll5 ,a season ( heavy1 cold ra9s dur+ blossom+-"t may (t5 injure ! fruit crop by prev5t+ insects f c>ry+ poll5 f fl[] to fl[]4 ,y n[ also und]/& :y plants (t5 fail to produce se$s indoors4 ,s9ce !y are %ut 91 !y _c receive prop] insect visits4 ,plants su* z tomatoes or o!r g>d5 fruits dep5d5t ^u insect poll9ation mu/1 if rais$ 9 ! gre5h\se :]e insects _c visit !m1 be poll9at$ by h&4 ,,ex]cise ,exclude insect visitors f "s fl[] or fl[] clu/]1 = example1 clov]1 by cov]+ ) a pap] bag1 & see :e!r ! fl[] c produce se$s t are capable ( gr[+4 ,comp>e z to numb] & vitality ! se$s ( su* a fl[] ) ^? ( an uncov]$ fl[]4 ,obs]ve insects closely4 ,d y ev] f9d poll5 on !m8 ,:at k9ds ( insects visit ! clov]8 ! c[pea8 ! s\rwood8 ! flax8 ,is :eat poll9at$ by insects or by ! w9d or by "s o!r means8 ,d bees fly 9 ra9y wea!r8 ,h[ w a long ra9y season at blossom+-"t affect ! apple crop8 ,:y8 ,%\ld bees be kept 9 an or*>d8 ,:y8 ,,section ,,xvi4 ,,crosses1 ,,hybrids1 ,,& ,,cross-,,poll9ation ,9 our /udy ( fl[]s & _! poll9ation we h se5 t ! se$ is usually ! desc5dant ( two p>5ts1 or at lea/ ( two organs--"o ! ov>y1 produc+ ! se$2 ! o!r ! poll51 :i* is necess>y to f]tilize ! ov>y4 ,x happ5s t sometimes ! poll5 ( "o blossom f]tilizes ! ov>y ( its own fl[]1 b m (t5 ! poll5 f "o plant f]tilizes ! ov>y ( ano!r plant4 ,?is latt] me?od is call$ cross-poll9ation4 ,z a rule cross-poll9ation makes se$ t w produce a bett] plant ?an simple poll9ation w\ld4 ,cross-poll9ation by h& is (t5 us$ by plant-bre$]s :51 = purposes ( se$-selection1 a specially /rong plant is desir$4 ,! /eps 9 h& poll9ation are z foll[s3 7#a7 remove ! an!rs be=e !y op51 to prev5t !m f poll9at+ ! /igma 7! /eps 9 ?is process are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #cg1 #ch-ci72 7#b7 cov] ! fl[] ?us treat$ ) a pap] bag to prev5t /ray poll5 f gett+ on x 7see ,fig4 #dj72 7#c7 :5 ! ov>y is suffici5tly develop$1 c>ry poll5 to ! /igma by h& f ! an!rs ( ano!r plant :i* y h select$ to furni% x1 & rebag to keep out any /ray poll5 :i* might accid5tally get 92 7#d7 collect ! se$s :5 !y are mature & label !m prop]ly4 ,h& poll9ation has ?is advantage--y "k bo? p>5ts ( y\r se$4 ,if poll9ation occur naturally y "k ! mat]nal b h no means ( judg+ ! pat]nal p>5t4 ,y c readily see1 !re=e1 h[ h& poll9ation enables y to secure se$ d]iv$ f two well-behav$ p>5ts4 ,sometimes we c bre$ "o k9d ( plant on ano!r4 ,! result ( su* cross-bre$+ is kn[n z a hybrid4 ,9 ! animal k+dom ! mule is a common example ( ?is cross-bre$+4 ,plant hybrids 7 =m]ly call$ mules also1 b ?is sugge/ive t]m is almo/ out ( use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,! bud on "r at top is 9 prop] condition = removal ( an!rs2 ! an!rs h be5 remov$ f ! buds bel[ ,x is only :5 plants ( two di/9ct k9ds are cross$ t ! result is call$ a hybrid2 = example1 a blackjack oak on a :ite oak1 an apple on a pe>4 ,if ! p>5t plants are closely relat$1 = example1 two k9ds ( apples1 ! result+ plant is kn[n simply z a cross4 ,hybrids & crosses are valuable 9 t !y usually diff] f bo? p>5ts & yet comb9e "s qualities ( ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,orange ,,blossom ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,cross+ ,fir/1 bud2 second1 an!rs unremov$2 ?ird1 an!rs remov$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,tomato ,,blossom ,,ready ,,to ,,cross ,fir/1 bud2 second1 an!rs unremov$2 ?ird1 an!rs remov$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,fir/1 blossom bagg$ to keep out /ray poll52 second1 fruit bagg$ = protection ,!y (t5 leave (f "s ( ! qualities ( ! p>5t plants & at o!r times h su* qualities m m>k$ly ?an did _! p>5ts4 ,?us !y (t5 produce an int]e/+ new k9d ( plant4 ,sometimes we are able by hybridization to comb9e 9 "o plant ! good qualities ( two o!r plants & ?us make a great advance 9 agriculture4 ,! new =ms br\ght ab\t by hybridization may be fix$1 or made p]man5t1 by su* selection z is m5tion$ 9 ,section ,,xviii4 ,hybridization is ( great aid 9 orig9at+ new plants4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a plant w be m fruitful :5 poll9at$ by "o v>iety ?an by "s o!r v>iety4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,a fruit-gr[] or f>m] %\ld "k mu* ab\t ^! subjects be=e select+ v>ieties = 8 or*>d1 v9ey>d1 etc4 ,,ex]cise ,) ! help ( y\r tea*] try to cross "s plants4 ,su* an exp]im5t w take "t1 b w be mo/ int]e/+4 ,y mu/ rememb] t _m crosses mu/ be attempt$ 9 ord] to ga9 success ) ev5 a few4 ,,section ,,xvii4 ,,propagation ,,by ,,buds ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! f>m] to make plants gr[1 or1 z x is g5]ally call$1 to propagate plants4 ,?is he does 9 "o ( two ways3 by buds 7t is1 by small pieces cut f p>5t plants71 or by se$s4 ,! *ief aim 9 bo? me?ods %\ld be to secure 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann] ! be/-pay+ plants4 ,_m plants are mo/ easily & quickly propagat$ by buds2 = example1 ! grape1 r$ raspb]ry1 fig1 & _m o!rs t we cultivate = ! fl[] only1 su* z ! c>nation1 g]anium1 rose1 & begonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,brighton poll9at$ by #a1 ,salem2 #b1 ,crevel+2 #c1 ,l9dley2 #d1 ,brighton2 #e1 ,self-poll9at$2 #f1 ,nect>2 #g1 ,jeff]son2 #h1 ,niag>a ,9 gr[+ plants f cutt+s1 a piece is tak5 f ! k9d ( plant t "o wi%es to gr[4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ord] to get a heal?y cutt+4 ,if we take a cutt+ f a poor plant1 :at c we expect b to gr[ a poor plant l ! "o f :i* our cutt+ 0 tak58 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a f9e1 /rong1 vigor\s1 fruitful plant be select$1 we %all expect to gr[ j su* a f9e1 heal?y1 fruitful plant4 ,we expect ! cutt+ to make exactly ! same v>iety ( plant z ! p>5t /ock4 ,we mu/ !re=e decide on ! v>iety ( b]ry1 grape1 fig1 c>nation1 or rose t we wi% to propagate1 & !n look = ! /ronge/ & mo/ promis+ plants ( ?is v>iety )9 our rea*4 ,! utmo/ c>e w n produce a f9e plant if we />t f poor /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,g]anium ,,cutt+ ,dott$ l9e %[s dep? to :i* cutt+ %\ld be plant$ ,:at qualities are mo/ desirable 9 a plant f :i* cutt+s are to be tak58 ,fir/1 x %\ld be productive1 h>dy1 & suit$ to y\r climate & y\r ne$s2 second1 x %\ld be heal?y4 ,d n take cutt+s f a diseas$ plant1 s9ce ! cutt+ may c>ry ! disease4 ,cutt+s may be tak5 f v>i\s p>ts ( ! plant1 sometimes ev5 f p>ts ( ! leaf1 z 9 ! begonia 7,fig4 #df74 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 !y are drawn f p>ts ( ! /em 7,figs4 #dc-de74 ,z to ! age ( ! twig f :i* ! cutt+ is to be tak51 ,pr(essor ,bailey says3 ,= mo/ plants ! prop] age or maturity ( wood = ! mak+ ( cutt+s may be det]m9$ by giv+ ! twig a quick b5d2 if x snaps & hangs by ! b>k1 x is 9 prop] condition4 ,if x b5ds )\t break+1 x is too "y & s(t or too old4 ,if x spl9t]s1 x is too old & woody4 ,"s plants1 z ! g]anium 7,fig4 #db71 succe$ be/ if ! cutt+s f :i* !y are gr[n are tak5 f s(t1 "y p>ts ( ! plant2 o!rs1 = example1 ! grape or rose1 d bett] :5 ! cutt+ is made f m mature wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,,grape ,,cutt+ ,%[+ dep? to :i* cutt+ %\ld be plant$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,c>nation ,,cutt+ ,cutt+s may v>y 9 size & may include "o or m buds4 ,aft] a h>dy1 vigor\s cutt+ is made1 ins]t x ab\t "o half or "o ?ird ( its l5g? 9 soil4 ,a soil free f organic matt] is mu* ! be/1 s9ce 9 su* soil ! cutt+s are mu* less liable to disease4 ,a f9e1 clean s& is commonly us$ by pr(essional g>d5]s4 ,:5 cutt+s h root$ well--?is may require a mon? or m--!y may be transplant$ to l>g] pots4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( cutt+ (f a piece & root+ x1 portions ( bran*es are made to root be=e !y are sep>at$ f ! p>5t plant4 ,?is me?od is (t5 foll[$1 & is kn[n z lay]+4 ,x is a simple process4 ,j b5d ! tip ( a b\gh d[n & bury x 9 ! e>? 7see ,fig4 #dg74 ,! black raspb]ry =ms lay]s naturally1 b g>d5]s (t5 aid x by bury+ ! ov]-hang+ tips 9 ! e>?1 s t m tips may easily take root4 ,/rawb]ries develop runn]s t root !mselves 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,grafts & buds are really cutt+s :i*1 in/ead ( be+ buri$ 9 s& to produce roots ( _! own1 are set on ! roots ( o!r plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,rose ,,cutt+ ,graft+ & budd+ are practic$ :5 ^! me?ods are m conv5i5t ?an cutt+s or :5 ! g>d5] ?9ks !re is dang] ( failure to get plants to take root z cutt+s4 ,nei!r graft+ nor budd+ is1 h[ev]1 necess>y = ! raspb]ry or ! grape1 = ^! propagate mo/ readily f cutt+s4 ,x is (t5 ! case t a budd$ or graft$ plant is m fruitful ?an a plant on its own roots4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 ( c\rse1 grafts or buds are us$4 ,! :ite1 or ,iri%1 potato is usually propagat$ f pieces ( ! potato itself4 ,ea* piece us$ = plant+ be>s "o eye or m4 ,! potato itself is really an und]gr\nd /em & ! eyes are buds4 ,?is me?od ( propagation is !re=e really a peculi> k9d ( cutt+4 ,s9ce ! eye is a bud & our potato plant = next ye> is to develop f ?is bud1 x is ( mu* importance1 z we h se51 to "k exactly :at k9d ( plant our potato comes f4 ,if ! potato is tak5 f a small plant t _h b a few poor potatoes 9 ! hill1 we may expect ! bud to produce a simil> plant & a correspond+ly poor crop4 ,we mu/ see to x1 !n1 t our se$ potatoes are drawn f v9es t 7 good produc]s1 because new potato plants are l ! plants f :i* !y 7 gr[n4 ,( c\rse :5 our potatoes are 9 ! b9 we _c tell f :at k9d ( plants !y came4 ,we mu/ !re=e select our se$ potatoes 9 ! field4 ,se$ potatoes %\ld always be select$ f ^? hills t produce mo/ b\ntifully4 ,be assur$ t ! increas$ yield w ri*ly repay ?is c>e 9 select+4 ,x matt]s n s mu* :e!r ! se$ potato be l>ge or small2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 come f a hill be>+ a l>ge yield ( f9e potatoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,begonia-,,leaf ,,cutt+ ,sweet-potato plants are produc$ f %oots1 or gr[+ buds1 tak5 f ! potato itself1 s t 9 _! case too ! piece t we use 9 propagat+ is a "p ( ! orig9al plant1 & w !re=e be l x "u simil> conditions4 ,j z ) ! ,iri% potato1 x is important to "k h[ good a yield] y are plant+4 ,y %\ld wat* dur+ h>ve/ & select = propagation = ! next ye> only su* plants z yield be/4 ,we %\ld ex]cise fully z mu* c>e 9 select+ prop] individuals f :i* to make a cutt+ or a lay] z we d 9 select+ a prop] animal to bre$ f4 ,j z we select ! f9e/ ,j]sey 9 ! h]d = bre$+ purposes1 s we %\ld *oose fir/ ! v>iety ( plant we desire & !n ! f9e/ individual plant ( t v>iety4 ,if ! v>iety ( ! potato t we desire to raise be ,e>ly ,rose1 x is n en\gh to select any ,e>ly ,rose plants1 b ! v be/ ,e>ly ,rose plants1 to furni% our se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,lay]+ ,x is n en\gh to select l>ge1 f9e potatoes = cutt+s4 ,a l>ge potato may n produce a b\ntifully yield+ plant4 ,x w produce a plant l ! "o t produc$ x4 ,x may be t ?is "o l>ge potato 0 ! only "o produc$ by ! orig9al plant4 ,if s1 ! plant t gr[s f x w t5d to be simil>ly unproductive4 ,?us y see ! importance ( select+ 9 ! field a plant t has exactly ! qualities desir$ 9 ! new plant4 ,"o ( ! ma9 reasons :y g>d5]s raise plants f buds in/ead ( f se$s is t ! se$ ( _m plants w n produce plants l ! p>5t4 ,?is failure to come true1 z x is call$1 is sometimes ( value1 = x occasionally leads to improvem5t4 ,= example1 suppose t a ?\s& apple or o!r fruit or fl[] se$s f plants usually propagat$ by cutt+s be plant$2 x may be t "o out ( a ?\s& or a million w be a v valuable plant4 ,if a valuable plant be s produc$1 x %\ld be mo/ c>efully gu>d$1 multipli$ by cutt+s or grafts1 & introduc$ f> & wide4 ,x is 9 ?is way t new v>ieties ( fruits & fl[]s are produc$ f "t to "t4 ,sometimes1 too1 a s+le bud on a tree w diff] f ! o!r buds & w produce a bran* diff]5t f ! o!r bran*es4 ,?is is kn[n z bud v>iation4 ,:5 !re is ?us develop$ a bran* :i* happ5s to be ( a sup]ior k9d1 x %\ld be propagat$ by cutt+s j z y w\ld propagate x if x _h orig9at$ f a se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,currant ,,cutt+ ,mr4 ,gideon ( ,m9nesota plant$ _m apple se$s1 & f !m all rais$ "o tree t 0 v fruitful1 f9ely flavor$1 & able to )/& ! cold ,m9nesota w9t]4 ,?is tree he multipli$ by grafts & nam$ ! ,weal?y apple4 ,x is said t 9 giv+ ?is "o apple to ! _w he b5efit$ mank9d to ! value ( m ?an "o million doll>s4 ,x w be well to wat* = any valuable bud or se$ v>iant & nev] let a promis+ "o be lo/4 ,plants gr[n 9 ?is way f se$s are usually spok5 ( z se$l+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,lusci\s ,,& ,,easily ,,gr[n ,,b]ry ,,plants ,,to ,,be ,,propagat$ ,,f ,,buds ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! names & me?ods by :i* our common g>d5 fruits & fl[]s are propagat$3 ,figs3 use cutt+s #h to #aj in*es long or lay]4 ,grapes3 use long cutt+s1 lay]1 or graft ^u old v9es4 ,apples3 graft ^u se$l+s1 usually crab se$l+s "o ye> old4 ,pe>s3 bud ^u pe> se$l+s4 ,*]ries3 bud ^u *]ry /ock4 ,plums3 bud ^u pea* /ock4 ,pea*es3 bud ^u pea* or plum se$l+s4 ,qu9ces3 use cutt+s or lay]4 ,blackb]ries3 propagate by suck]s2 cut f p>5t /em4 ,black raspb]ries3 lay]2 remove old /em4 ,r$ raspb]ries3 propagate by root-cutt+s or suck]s4 ,/rawb]ries3 propagate by runn]s4 ,currants & gooseb]ries3 use long cutt+s 7^! plants gr[ well only 9 cool climates2 if attempt$ 9 w>m climates1 set 9 cold exposure74 ,c>nations1 g]aniums1 roses1 begonias1 etc43 propagate by cutt+s root$ 9 s& & !n transplant$ to small pots4 ,,ex]cise ,propagate fruits 7grape1 fig1 /rawb]ry7 ( v>i\s k9ds2 also ornam5tal plants4 ,h[ long does x take !m to root8 ,g]aniums root$ 9 ! spr+ w bloom 9 ! fall4 ,d y "k any "o :o selects se$ potatoes prop]ly8 ,make a c>eful selection ( se$ at ! next h>ve/-"t4 ,,section ,,xviii4 ,,plant ,,se$+ ,9 propagat+ by se$1 z 9 reproduc+ by buds1 we select a portion ( ! p>5t plant--= a se$ is surely a "p ( ! p>5t plant--& place x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o great diff]5ce betwe5 a se$ & a bud4 ,! bud is really a piece ( ! p>5t plant1 b a piece ( "o plant only1 :ile a se$ comes f ! p>ts ( two plants4 ,y w und]/& ?is fully if y read c>efully ,sections ,,xiv-,,xvi4 ,s9ce ! se$ is made ( two plants1 ! plant t spr+s f a se$ is mu* m likely to diff] f its "m plant1 t is1 f ! plant t produces ! se$1 ?an is a plant produc$ m]ely by buds4 ,9 "s cases plants come true to se$ v accurately4 ,9 o!rs !y v>y greatly4 ,= example1 :5 we plant ! se$ ( :eat1 turnips1 rye1 onions1 tomatoes1 tobacco1 or cotton1 we get plants t are 9 mo/ respects l ! p>5t plant4 ,on ! o!r h& ! se$ ( a ,craw=d pea* or a ,baldw9 apple or a ,b>tlett pe> w n produce plants l its p>5t1 b w r resemble its wild =efa!rs4 ,^! se$l+s1 ?us tak+ aft] _! ance/ors1 are always f> inf]ior to our pres5t cultivat$ =ms4 ,9 su* cases se$+ is n practicable1 & we mu/ resort to bud propagation ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,:ile 9 a few plants l ^? j m5tion$ ! se$ does n come true1 mo/ plants1 = example1 cotton1 tobacco1 & o!rs1 d come true4 ,:5 we plant ,k+ cotton we may expect to raise ,k+ cotton4 ,!re w be1 h[ev]1 z e "o kn[s1 "s or ev5 consid]able v>iation 9 ! field4 ,"s plants1 ev5 9 exactly ! same soil1 w be bett] ?an ! av]age1 & "s w be poor]4 ,n[ we see ?is v>iation 9 ! plants ( our field1 & we believe t ! plant w be 9 ! ma9 l its p>5t4 ,:at %\ld we le>n f ?is8 ,surely t if we wi% to produce /urdy1 heal?y1 productive plants we mu/ g into our fields & pick out j su* plants to secure se$ f z we wi% to produce ano!r ye>4 ,if we wait until ! se$ is sep>at$ f ! plant t produc$ x be=e we select our cotton se$1 we %all be plant+ se$ f poor z well z f good plants1 & mu/ be cont5t ) a crop ( j su* /ock z we h plant$4 ,by select+ se$ f ! mo/ productive plants 9 ! field & by repeat+ ! selection ea* ye>1 y c cont9ually improve ! bre$ ( ! plant y are rais+4 ,9 select+ se$ = cotton y may foll[ ! plan sugge/$ bel[ = :eat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #di ,,& #ej4 ,,*rysan!mums ,,& ,,asp>agus ,! diff]5ce t y see betwe5 ! wild & ! cultivat$ *rysan!mums & betwe5 ! samples ( asp>agus %[n 9 ,figs4 #di & #ej 0 br\ght ab\t by j su* cont9u\s se$-selection f ! k9d ( plant want$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,two ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,flax ,,f ,,"o ,,p>5t ,,/ock ,by ! c>eful selection ( se$ f ! longe/ flax plants ! increase 9 l5g? %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure 0 ga9$4 ,! selection ( se$ f ^? plants be>+ ! mo/ se$1 reg>dless ( ! height ( ! plant1 has produc$ flax l t to ! "r 9 ! illu/ration4 ,^! two k9ds ( flax are f ! same p>5t /ock1 b slight diff]5ces h be5 emphasiz$ by cont9u$ se$-selection1 until we n[ h really two v>ieties ( flax1 "o a heavy se$-be>]1 ! o!r produc+ a long fib]4 ,y c 9 a simil> way improve y\r cotton or any o!r se$ crop4 ,sug> beets h be5 made by se$-selection to produce ab\t d\ble ! p]c5tage ( sug> t !y did a few ye>s ago4 ,prep>+ & till+ l& co/s too mu* 9 money & "w to all[ ! l& to be plant$ ) poor se$4 ,:5 y are try+ by se$-selection to increase ! yield ( cotton1 !re are two pr9ciples t %\ld be borne 9 m9d3 fir/1 se$ %\ld be *os5 only f plants t be> _m well-fill$ bolls ( long-/aple cotton2 second1 se$ %\ld be tak5 f no plant t does n by its heal?y condition %[ h>dihood 9 resi/+ disease & dr\?4 ,! plan ( *oos+ se$s f select$ plants may be appli$ to :eat2 b x w\ld ( c\rse be too "t-consum+ to select en\gh s+le :eat plants to furni% all ( ! se$ :eat = ! next ye>4 ,9 ?is case adopt ! foll[+ plan3 ,9 ,fig4 #eb let ,a repres5t ! total size ( y\r :eat field & let ,b repres5t a plat l>ge en\gh to furni% se$ = ! :ole field4 ,at h>ve/-"t g into section ,a & select ! be/ plants y c f9d4 ,pick ! heads ( ^! & ?re% !m by h&4 ,! se$ s obta9$ mu/ be c>efully sav$ = y\r next s[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,9 ! fall s[ ^! select$ se$s 9 area ,b4 ,?is area %\ld produce ! be/ :eat4 ,at ! next h>ve/ cull n f ! :ole field b f ! f9e/ plants ( plat ,b1 & aga9 save ^! z se$ = plat ,b4 ,use ! uncull$ se$ f plat ,b to s[ y\r crop4 ,by foll[+ ?is plan cont9u\sly y w e ye> h se$ f sev]al g5]ations ( *oice plants1 & ea* ye> y w improve y\r se$4 ,x is ( c\rse advisable to move y\r se$ plat ,b e ye> or two4 ,= ! new plat select l& t has rec5tly be5 plant$ 9 legumes4 ,always give ?is plat unwe>y+ c>e4 ,9 ! selection ( plants f :i* to get se$1 y mu/ "k :at k9d ( plants are really ! be/ se$ plants4 ,fir/1 y mu/ n reg>d s+le heads or gra9s1 b mu/ select se$ f ! mo/ p]fect plant1 look+ at ! plant z a :ole & n at any s+le "p ( x4 ,a fir/ consid]ation is yield4 ,select ! plants t yield be/ & are at ! same "t resi/ant to dr\?1 resi/ant to ru/ & to w9t]1 e>ly to rip51 plump ( gra91 & non%att]+4 ,:at a f9e ?+ x w\ld be to f9d ev5 "o plant free f ru/ 9 ! mid/ ( a ru/$ field6 ,x w\ld mean a ru/-resi/ant plant4 ,its (fspr+ also w\ld probably be ru/-resi/ant4 ,if y %\ld ev] f9d su* a plant1 be sure to save its se$ & plant x 9 a plat by itself4 ,! next ye> aga9 save se$ f ^? plants lea/ ru/$4 ,possibly y c develop a ru/-pro( race ( :eat6 ,keep y\r eyes op54 ,9 ,engl& ! av]age yield ( :eat is ?irty bu%els an acre1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is less ?an fifte5 bu%els6 ,9 "s /ates ! yield is ev5 less ?an n9e bu%els an acre4 ,let u select our se$ ) c>e1 z ! ,engli% p d1 & !n we c increase our yield4 ,by c>eful se$-selection a plant-bre$] 9 ,m9nesota increas$ ! yield ( 8 :eat by "o f\r?4 ,?9k :at x w\ld mean if tw5ty-five p] c5t 7 add$ to ! _w's supply ( :eat at comp>atively no co/2 t is1 at ! m]e co/ ( c>eful se$-selection4 ,?is w\ld mean an addition to ! _w's income ( ab\t #ejj1jjj1jjj ea* ye>4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld get ab\t "o fif? ( ?is pr(it4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a s+le plant 9 a crop ( corn1 cotton1 or :eat w be f> sup]ior to all o!rs 9 ! field4 ,su* a plant des]ves special c>e4 ,d n use x m]ely z a se$ plant1 b c>efully plant its se$s ap>t & t5d c>efully4 ,! foll[+ season select ! be/ ( its (fspr+ z favorites aga94 ,repeat ?is selection & culture = sev]al ye>s until y fix ! v>iety4 ,?is is ! way new v>ieties are orig9at$ f plants propagat$ by se$4 ,9 #ahfb ,mr4 ,abraham ,fultz ( ,p5nsylvania1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh a field ( be>d$ :eat1 f\nd ?ree heads ( be>dless1 or bald1 :eat4 ,^! he s[$ by !mselves t ye>1 & z !y turn$ out specially productive he cont9u$ to s[ ?is new v>iety4 ,soon he _h en\gh se$ to di/ribute ov] ! c\ntry4 ,x became kn[n z ! ,fultz :eat & is to-day "o ( ! be/ v>ieties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 a numb] ( =eign c\ntries4 ,?9k h[ _m bu%els ( :eat h be5 add$ to ! _w's annual supply by a few mom5ts ( intellig5t obs]vation & action on ! "p ( ?is "o man6 ,he saw 8 opportunity & us$ x4 ,h[ _m simil> opportunities d y ?9k are lo/8 ,h[ mu* does y\r /ate or c\ntry lose !reby8 ,,ex]cise ,select "o hundr$ se$s f a good1 & "o hundr$ f a poor1 plant ( ! same v>iety4 ,s[ !m 9 two plats f> en\gh ap>t to avoid cross-poll9ation1 yet try to h soil conditions ab\t ! same4 ,give ea* ! same c>e & comp>e ! yield4 ,try ?is ) corn1 cotton1 & :eat4 ,select se$s f ! be/ plant 9 y\r good plat & f ! poore/ 9 y\r poor plat & repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,?is w require b a few feet ( gr\nd1 & ! good plat w pay = itself 9 yield1 :ile ! poor plat w m ?an pay 9 ! lesson t x w tea* y4 ,write to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 & to y\r /ate exp]im5t /ation = bullet9s conc]n+ se$-selection & me?ods ( plant-improvem5t4 ,,section ,,xix4 ,,select+ ,,se$ ,,corn ,if a f>m] w\ld raise good crops he mu/1 z already /at$1 select good se$4 ,_m ( ! f>m]'s disappo9tm5ts 9 ! quantity & quality ( 8 crops--disappo9tm5ts (t5 ?\ght to come f o!r causes--are ! result ( plant+ poor se$4 ,se$s n fully rip5$1 if !y gr[ at all1 produce imp]fect plants4 ,good se$1 !re=e1 is ! fir/ ?+ necess>y = a good crop4 ,! se$ ( p]fect plants only %\ld be sav$4 ,by wise & p]si/5t selection1 made 9 ! field be=e ! crop is fully matur$1 corn c be improv$ 9 size & made to mature e>li]4 ,ga!r e>s only f ! mo/ productive plants & save only ! l>ge/ & be/ k]nels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,e> ,,to ,,select ,y h no d\bt se5 ! common ,am]ican blackbirds t usually migrate & fe$ 9 su* l>ge numb]s4 ,!y all look alike 9 e way4 ,n[1 has x ev] occurr$ to y to ask :y all blackbirds are black8 ,! blackbirds are black simply because _! p>5ts are black4 ,n[ 9 ! same way t ! "y blackbirds resemble _! p>5ts1 corn w resemble its p>5t /ock4 ,h[ _m e>s ( corn d y f9d on a /alk8 ,"o1 two1 sometimes ?ree or f\r4 ,y f9d two e>s ( corn on a /alk because x is ! nature ( t p>ticul> /alk to produce two e>s4 ,9 ! same way ! nature ( "s /alks is to produce b "o e>1 :ile x is ! nature ( o!rs sometimes to produce two or m4 ,?is resemblance ( (fspr+ to p>5t is kn[n to sci5ti/s z h]$ity1 or z l produc+ l4 ,"s ,s\!rn corn-bre$]s take advantage ( ?is law to improve _! corn crop4 ,if a /alk c be made to produce two e>s ( corn j z l>ge z ! s+le e> t mo/ /alks be>1 we %all get twice z mu* corn f a field 9 :i* ! two-e>$ v>iety is plant$4 ,9 ! ,nor? & ,we/ ! be/ v>ieties ( corn h be5 select$ to make b "o e> to ! /alk4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ?is is ! be/ practice = ! %ort] gr[+ seasons ( ! cold] /ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,select ,,se$ ,,f ,a ,,/alk ,,l ,,t ,,on ,,left ,^! facts ought to be v helpful to u next ye> :5 our fa!rs are plant+ corn4 ,we %\ld get !m to plant se$ secur$ only f /alks t produc$ ! mo/ corn1 :e!r ! /alk _h two or m e>s or only "o4 ,if we foll[ ?is plan ye> by ye>1 ea* acre ( l& w be made to produce m k]nels & h5ce a l>g] crop ( corn1 & yet no m "w w be requir$ to raise ! crop4 ,9 addition to enl>g+ ! yield ( corn1 y c1 by prop] selection ( ! be/ & mo/ productive plants 9 ! field1 gr[ a new v>iety ( se$ corn4 ,to d ?is y ne$ only take ! l>ge/ & be/ k]nels f /alks be>+ two e>s2 plant ^!1 & at ! next h>ve/ aga9 save ! be/ k]nels f /alks be>+ ! be/ e>s4 ,if y keep up ?is practice ) great c>e = sev]al ye>s1 y w get a vigor\s1 fruitful v>iety t w comm& a high price = se$4 ,,exp]im5t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,corn ,,by ,,selection ,boone ,c\nty :ite corn on left1 & orig9al type1 f :i* x 0 develop$ by selection1 on "r ,e s*ool boy & girl c make ?is exp]im5t at leisure4 ,f y\r own field get two e>s ( corn1 "o f a /alk be>+ only "o e> & ! o!r f a /alk be>+ two well-gr[n e>s4 ,plant ! gra9s f "o e> 9 "o plat1 & ! gra9s f ! o!r 9 a plat ( equal size4 ,use = bo? ! same soil & ! same f]tiliz]4 ,cultivate bo? plats 9 ! same way4 ,:5 ! crop is ready to h>ve/1 husk ! corn1 c\nt ! e>s1 & weigh ! corn4 ,!n write a %ort essay on y\r "w & on ! results & get y\r tea*] to correct ! /ory = y\r home pap]4 ,,section ,,xx4 ,,we$s ,h y ev] notic$ t "s we$s are kill$ by "o p>ticul> me?od1 b t ?is same me?od may entirely fail to kill o!r k9ds ( we$s8 ,if we wi% to free our fields ( we$s ) ! greate/ ease1 we mu/ "k ! nature ( ea* k9d ( we$ & !n attack x 9 ! way 9 :i* we c mo/ readily de/roy x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,pigwe$ ,! ord9>y pigwe$ 7,fig4 #ef7 diff]s f _m o!r we$s 9 t x lives = only "o ye>4 ,:5 w9t] comes1 x mu/ die4 ,ea* plant1 h[ev]1 be>s a great numb] ( se$s4 ,if we c prev5t ! plant f be>+ se$ 9 its fir/ ye>1 !re w n be _m se$s to come up ! next season4 ,9 fact1 only ^? se$s t 7 too deeply buri$ 9 ! soil to come up ! previ\s spr+ w be left1 & ( ^! two-ye>-old se$s _m w n g]m9ate4 ,dur+ ! next season "s old se$s w produce plants1 b ! numb] w be v mu* dim9i%$4 ,if c>e be ex]cis$ to prev5t ! pigwe$ f se$+ aga91 & ! same wat*fulness be cont9u$ = a few seasons1 ?is we$ w be almo/ entirely driv5 f our fields4 ,a plant l ! pigwe$1 :i* lives only "o ye>1 is call$ an annual & is "o ( ! easie/ we$s to de/roy4 ,mu/>d1 planta91 *ess1 dodd]1 cockle1 crab grass1 & ,jimson we$ are a few ( our mo/ disagreeable annual we$s4 ,! be/ "t to kill any we$ is :5 x is v small2 !re=e ! gr\nd 9 e>ly spr+ %\ld be con/antly /irr$ 9 ord] to kill ! "y we$s be=e !y gr[ to be /rong & h>dy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,wild ,,c>rot ,! wild c>rot diff]s f an annual 9 ?is way3 x lives ?r\gh\t "o :ole ye> )\t produc+ se$s4 ,dur+ its fir/ ye> x accumulates a quantity ( n\ri%m5t 9 ! root1 !n re/s 9 ! w9t]4 ,?r\gh\t ! foll[+ summ] x uses ?is n\ri%m5t rapidly to produce its fl[]s & se$s4 ,!n ! plant dies4 ,plants t live ?r\gh two seasons 9 ?is way are call$ bi5nials4 ,we$s ( ?is k9d may be de/roy$ by cutt+ ! roots bel[ ! leaves ) a grubb+-hoe or spud4 ,a spud may be describ$ z a *isel on a long h&le 7see ,fig4 #eh74 ,if bi5nials are n cut l[ en\gh !y w bran* out anew & make _m se$s4 ,among ! mo/ common bi5nials are ! ?i/le1 mo? mulle91 wild c>rot1 wild p>snip1 & burdock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,a ,,spud ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,h\nd',s ,,tongue ,a ?ird gr\p ( we$s consi/s ( ^? t live = m ?an two ye>s4 ,^! we$s are usually mo/ difficult to kill4 ,!y propagate by means ( runn+ root/ocks z well z by se$s4 ,plants t live m ?an two seasons are kn[n z p]5nials & include1 = example1 _m grasses1 dock1 ,canada ?i/le1 poison ivy1 passion fl[]1 horse nettle1 etc4 ,!re are _m me?ods ( de/roy+ p]5nial we$s4 ,!y may be dug entirely out & remov$4 ,sometimes 9 small areas !y may be kill$ by crude sulphuric acid or may be />v$ by cov]+ !m ) bo>ds or a /raw /ack or 9 "s o!r conv5i5t way4 ,a me?od t is v effective is to smo!r ! we$s by a d5se gr[? ( "s o!r plant1 = example1 c[peas or buck:eat4 ,c[peas are to be pref]r$1 s9ce !y also enri* ! soil by ! nitrog5 t ! root-tub]cles ga!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,canada ,,?i/le ,we$s d injury 9 num]\s ways2 !y %ade ! crop1 /eal its n\ri%m5t1 & wa/e its moi/ure4 ,p]haps _! only s]vice is to make lazy p till _! crops4 ,,ex]cise ,y %\ld le>n to "k by "n ! tw5ty wor/ we$s ( y\r vic9ity & to recognize _! se$s4 ,if !re are any we$s y are n able to recognize1 s5d a sample ( ea* to y\r /ate exp]im5t /ation4 ,make a collection1 prop]ly label$1 ( we$s & we$ se$s = y\r s*ool4 ,,section ,,xxi4 ,,se$ ,,purity ,,& ,,vitality ,se$s produce plants4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a l>ge & a small yield may dep5d ^u ! k9d ( plants we raise1 & ! k9d ( plant 9 turn is dep5d5t ^u ! se$s t we s[4 ,two ?+s are important 9 ! selection ( se$s--purity & vitality4 ,se$s %\ld be pure2 t is1 :5 s[n !y %\ld produce no o!r plant ?an ! "o t we wi% to raise4 ,!y %\ld be able to gr[4 ,! ability ( a se$ to gr[ is t]m$ its vitality4 ,good se$ %\ld be ne>ly or q pure & %\ld possess high vitality4 ,! vitality ( se$s is express$ z a p] c5t2 = example1 if #ig se$s out ( #ajj g]m9ate1 or spr\t1 ! vitality is said to be #ig4 ,! old] ! se$ ! less is its vitality1 except 9 a few r>e in/ances 9 :i* se$s _c g]m9ate "u two or ?ree ye>s4 ,cucumb] se$s may %[ #ij p] c5t vitality :5 !y are "o ye> old1 #ge p] c5t :5 two ye>s old1 & #gj p] c5t :5 ?ree ye>s old--! p] c5t ( vitality dim9i%+ ) increase ( ye>s4 ,! av]age l5g? ( life ( ! se$s ( cultivat$ plants is %ort3 = example1 ! tomato lives f\r ye>s2 corn1 two ye>s2 ! onion1 two ye>s2 ! radi%1 five ye>s4 ,! cucumb] se$ may reta9 life aft] t5 ye>s2 b ! se$s ( ?is plant too lose _! vitality ) an increase 9 ye>s4 ,x is important :5 buy+ se$s to te/ !m = purity & vitality4 ,deal]s :o are n hone/ (t5 sell old se$s1 al?\gh !y "k t se$s decrease 9 value ) age4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 to cloak di%one/y !y mix "s new se$s ) ! old1 or blea* old & yell[ se$s 9 ord] to make !m resemble fre% ones4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 t all se$s b\ght ( deal]s %\ld be ?or\ghly exam9$ & te/$2 = if !y d n gr[1 we n only pay = t :i* is useless b we are also 9 great dang] ( produc+ s few plants 9 our fields t we %all n get full use ( ! l&1 & ?us we may suff] a m s]i\s loss ?an m]ely pay+ = a few dead se$s4 ,x w !re=e be bo? int]e/+ & pr(itable to le>n h[ to te/ ! vitality ( se$s4 ,to te/ vitality plant "o hundr$ se$s 9 a pot ( e>? or 9 damp s&1 or place !m betwe5 moi/ pieces ( flannel1 & take c>e to keep !m moi/ & w>m4 ,c\nt ^? t g]m9ate & ?us det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( vitality4 ,g]m9at+ betwe5 flannel is mu* quick] ?an plant+ 9 e>?4 ,c>e %\ld be us$ to keep mice away f g]m9at+ se$s4 7,see ,fig4 #fa47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,a ,,se$-,,g]m9ator ,consi/+ ( two s\p plates1 "s s&1 & a piece ( clo? ,sometimes ! appe>ance ( a package w %[ :e!r ! se$ has be5 kept 9 /ock a long "t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m difficult to f9d out :e!r ! se$s are pure4 ,y c ( c\rse easily di/+ui% se$s t diff] mu* f ^? y wi% to plant1 b (t5 c]ta9 we$ se$s are s ne>ly l c]ta9 crop se$s z n to be easily recogniz$ by ! eye4 ,?us ! dodd] or love v9e1 :i* s (t5 ru9s ! clov] crop1 has se$s closely resembl+ clov] se$s4 ,! *ess1 or *eat1 has se$s s ne>ly l oats t only a close obs]v] c tell !m ap>t4 ,h[ev]1 if y wat* ! se$s t y buy1 & /udy ! appe>ance ( crop se$s1 y may become exp]t 9 recogniz+ ^? t h no place 9 y\r plant+4 ,"o case is report$ 9 :i* a se$-deal] int5tionally all[$ an impurity ( #cj p] c5t to rema9 9 ! crop se$s1 & ?is impurity 0 ma9ly ( we$ se$s4 ,!re 7 #dej1jjj ( "o k9d & #bhh1jjj ( ano!r 9 ea* p\nd ( se$4 ,?9k ( plant+ we$s at t rate6 ,sometimes ?ree f\r?s ( ! se$s y buy are we$ se$s4 ,9 pur*as+ se$s ! only safe plan is to buy ( deal]s ^: reputation c be reli$ ^u4 ,x n seldom happ5s t se$s1 l corn1 are /or$ 9 op5 cribs or b>ns be=e ! moi/ure is entirely dri$ out ( ! se$s4 ,su* se$s are liable to be froz5 dur+ a sev]e w9t]1 & ( c\rse if ?is happ5s !y w n spr\t ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! only way to tell :e!r su* se$s h be5 kill$ is to te/ samples ( !m = vitality4 ,te/+ is easy2 replant+ is co/ly & (t5 results 9 a %ort crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,impurities ,,9 ,,se$s ,tube #a repres5ts "o p\nd ( r$top grass z b\ght2 ,tube #b1 am\nt ( pure r$top grass se$s 9 ,tube #a2 ,tube #c1 am\nt ( *aff & dirt 9 ,tube #a2 ,tube #d1 am\nt ( we$ se$s 9 ,tube #a2 ,tube #e1 am\nt ( total wa/e 9 ,tube #a2 ,tube #f1 am\nt ( pure g]m9able se$s 9 ,tube #a ,,ex]cise ,exam9e se$s bo? = vitality & purity4 ,write = f>m]s' bullet9s on bo? ^! subjects4 ,:at w\ld be ! loss to a f>m] :o plant$ a t5-acre clov] field ) se$s t 7 #hj p] c5t bad8 ,c y recognize ! se$s ( ! pr9cipal cultivat$ plants8 ,g]m9ate "s beet se$s4 ,:at p] c5t comes up8 ,c y expla98 ,collect = y\r s*ool z _m k9ds ( wild & cultivat$ se$s z y c4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,a ,,fruit ,,tree ,let ea* pupil gr[ an apple tree ?is ye> & attempt to make x ! be/ 9 8 neighborhood4 ,9 y\r attempt suppose y try ! foll[+ plan4 ,9 ! fall take ! se$ ( an apple--a crab-apple is good--& keep x 9 a cool place dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! simple/ way to d ?is is to bury x 9 damp s&4 ,9 ! spr+ plant x 9 a ri*1 loose soil4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 ( ! "y %oot z soon z x appe>s above ! gr\nd4 ,y want to make x gr[ z tall & z /raight z possible dur+ ?is fir/ ye> ( its life1 h5ce y %\ld give x ri* soil & protect x f animals4 ,be=e ! gr\nd freezes 9 ! fall take up ! "y tree ) ! soil t 0 ar\nd x & keep x all w9t] 9 a cool1 damp place4 ,n[ :5 spr+ comes x w n d to set out ! c>efully t5d$ tree1 = an apple tree f se$ w n be a tree l its p>5t1 b w t5d to resemble a m di/ant ance/or4 ,! di/ant ance/or t ! "y apple tree is mo/ likely to take aft] is ! wild apple1 :i* is small1 s\r1 & o!rwise f> inf]ior to ! fruit we wi% to gr[4 ,x makes little diff]5ce1 !re=e1 :at k9d ( apple se$ we plant1 s9ce 9 any ev5t we _c be sure t ! tree gr[n f x w be> fruit wor? hav+ unless we =ce x to d s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,a ,,"y ,,fruit-,,gr[] ,,section ,,xxii4 ,,graft+ ,by a process kn[n z graft+ y c =ce y\r tree to produce :atev] v>iety ( apple y desire4 ,_m p raise fruit trees directly f se$ )\t graft+4 ,?us !y (t5 produce really wor?less trees4 ,by graft+ !y w\ld make sure n only ( hav+ good trees r ?an poor ones b also ( hav+ ! p>ticul> k9d ( fruit t !y wi%4 ,h5ce y mu/ n[ graft y\r tree4 ,fir/ y mu/ decide :at v>iety ( apple y want to gr[ on ! tree4 ,! ,magnum ,bonum is a great favorite z a fall apple4 ,! ,w9esap is a good w9t] apple1 :ile ! ,r$ ,a/ra*an is a pr(itable e>ly apple1 especially 9 ! l[l& ( ! coa/ region4 ,! ,nor!rn ,spy1 ,a,esop1 & ,spitz5burg are also admirable k9ds4 ,possibly "s o!r apple t y "k may suit y\r ta/e & ne$s bett] ?an any ( ^! v>ieties4 ,if y h decid$ to raise an ,a,esop or a ,magnum ,bonum or a ,w9esap1 y mu/ n[ cut a twig f ! tree ( y\r *oice & graft x ^u ! little tree t y h rais$4 ,*oose a twig t is ab\t ! ?ickness ( ! "y tree at ! po9t :]e y wi% to graft4 ,be c>eful to take ! %oot f a vigor\s1 heal?y "p ( ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,tongue ,,graft+ ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* y may jo9 ! *os5 %oot or twig ^u ! "y tree1 b p]haps ! be/ "o = y to use is kn[n z tongue graft+4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! upp] "p1 b1 :i* is ! %oot or twig t y cut f ! tree1 is kn[n z ! scion2 ! l[] "p1 a1 :i* is ! orig9al tree1 is call$ ! /ock4 ,cut ! scion & /ock z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,jo9 ! cut end ( ! scion to ! cut end ( ! /ock4 ,:5 y jo9 !m1 notice t "u ! b>k ( ea* !re is a ?9 lay] ( s(t1 juicy tissue4 ,?is is call$ ! cambium4 ,to make a successful graft ! cambium 9 ! scion mu/ exactly jo9 ! cambium 9 ! /ock4 ,be c>eful1 !n1 to see t cambium meets cambium4 ,y n[ see :y graft+ c be m successfully done if y select a scion & /ock ( ne>ly ! same size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,a ,,complet$ ,,graft ,%[+ scion & /ock f :i* x 0 made ,aft] fitt+ ! p>ts closely toge!r1 b9d !m ) cotton y>n 7see ,fig4 #fe7 t has be5 coat$ ) graft+ wax4 ,?is wax is made ( equal p>ts ( tall[1 beeswax1 & l9se$ oil4 ,sme> ! wax ?or\ghly ov] ! :ole jo9t1 & make sure t ! jo9t is completely air-tight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,to make a root graft1 cut along ! slant+ l9e ,! be/ "t to make ?is graft is :5 scion & /ock are dormant1 t is1 :5 !y are n 9 leaf4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 say 9 ,febru>y1 is ! be/ "t to graft ! tree4 ,set ! graft$ tree away aga9 9 damp s& until spr+1 !n plant x 9 loose1 ri* soil4 ,s9ce all p>ts gr[+ above ! graft w be ( ! same k9d z ! scion1 :ile all bran*es bel[ x w be l ! /ock1 x is well to graft l[ on ! /ock or ev5 ^u ! root itself4 ,! slant+ d\ble l9e 9 ,fig4 #ff %[s ! prop] place to cut (f = su* graft+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,a ,,complet$ ,,root ,,graft ,if y l y may sometime make ! int]e/+ & valuable exp]im5t ( graft+ scions f v>i\s k9ds ( apple trees on ! bran*es ( "o /ock4 ,9 ?is way y c secure a tree be>+ a numb] ( k9ds ( fruit4 ,y may ?us raise ! ,bonum1 ,r$ ,a/ra*an1 ,w9esap1 & z _m o!r v>ieties ( apples z y wi%1 ^u "o tree4 ,= ?is exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 y w f9d x bett] to resort to cleft graft+1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,cleft ,,graft+ ,lu!r ,burbank1 ! orig9ator ( ! ,burbank potato1 9 attempt+ to f9d a v>iety ( apple suit$ to ! climate ( ,cali=nia1 graft$ m ?an five hundr$ k9ds ( apple scions on "o tree1 s t he might wat* !m side by side & f9d out :i* k9d 0 be/ suit$ to t /ate4 ,,section ,,xxiii4 ,,budd+ ,if1 in/ead ( an apple tree1 y 7 rais+ a plum or a pea* tree1 a =m ( propagation kn[n z budd+ w\ld be bett] ?an graft+4 ,occasionally budd+ is also employ$ = apples1 pe>s1 *]ries1 oranges1 & lemons4 ,budd+ is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a s+le bud is cut f ! scion & is !n ins]t$ "u ! b>k ( a "o-ye>-old pea* se$l+1 s t ! cambium ( ! bud & /ock may gr[ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,a ,,bud ,,f ,a ,,scion ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,! ,,/eps ,,9 ,,budd+ ,cut scions ( ! k9d ( fruit tree y desire f a "o-ye>-old twig ( ! same v>iety4 ,wrap !m 9 a clean1 moi/ clo? until y are ready to use !m4 ,j be=e us+ cut ! bud f ! scion1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,?is bud is n[ ready to be ins]t$ on ! nor? side ( ! /ock1 j two or ?ree in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,! nor? side is select$ to avoid ! sun4 ,n[1 z %[n at a 9 ,fig4 #gj1 make a cross & an up-&-d[n incision1 or cut1 on ! /ock2 pull ! b>k back c>efully1 z %[n 9 ,b2 ins]t ! bud ,c1 z %[n 9 ,d2 !n fold ! b>k back & wrap ) y>n or raffia1 z %[n 9 ,e4 ,z soon z ! bud & bran*es h unit$1 remove ! wrapp+ to prev5t its cutt+ ! b>k & cut ! tree back close to ! bud1 z 9 ,fig4 #ga1 s z to =ce n\ri%m5t into ! ins]t$ bud4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,slop+ l9e %[s :]e to cut tree ,budd+ is done 9 ! field )\t di/urb+ ! tree z x /&s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! be/ "t to d budd+ is dur+ ! summ] or fall mon?s1 :5 ! b>k is loose en\gh to all[ ! buds to be easily ins]t$4 ,trees may be budd$ or graft$ on "o ano!r only :5 !y are ne>ly relat$4 ,?us ! apple1 crab-apple1 haw?orn1 & qu9ce are all relat$ closely en\gh to graft or bud on "o ano!r2 ! pe> gr[s on "s haw?orns1 b n well on an apple2 "s *e/nuts w unite ) "s k9ds ( oaks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,l9es %[ :]e to trim ,by us+ any ( ^! me?ods y c succe$ 9 gett+ ) c]ta9ty ! k9d ( tree t y desire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bo? ,,busy ,,/or+ ,,apples ,,section ,,xxiv4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,prun+ ,! apple tree t y graft$ %\ld be set out 9 ! spr+4 ,dig a hole ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet] :]e y wi% ! tree to gr[4 ,place ! tree 9 ! hole & be v c>eful to pres]ve all ! f9e roots4 ,spread ! roots out fully1 wat] !m1 & pack f9e1 ri* soil firmly ab\t !m4 ,place /akes ab\t ! "y tree to protect x f injury4 ,if ! spot select$ is 9 a w9dy location1 incl9e ! tree slightly t[>d ! prevail+ w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,pres5t %ape comes f prun+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,correct %ape ,y mu/ prune ! tree z x gr[s4 ,! object ( prun+ is to give ! tree prop] %ape & to promote fruit-be>+4 ,if ! bud at ! end ( ! ma9 %oot gr[s1 y w h a tall1 cone-%ap$ tree4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! end ( ! "y tree be cut or head$ back to ! l9es %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb1 ! buds bel[ ?is po9t w be =c$ to gr[ & make a tree l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! prop] height ( head+ = diff]5t fruits v>ies4 ,= ! apple tree a height ( two or ?ree feet is be/4 ,cutt+ an end bud ( a %oot or bran* always s5ds ! n\ri%m5t & gr[? into ! side buds4 ,trimm+ or p9*+ (f ! side buds ?r[s ! gr[? into ! end bud4 ,y c !re=e cause y\r tree to take almo/ any %ape y desire4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! trees %[n 9 ,figs4 #gc & #gd is entirely ! result ( prun+4 ,fig4 #gd illu/rates 9 g5]al a correctly %ap$ tree4 ,x is ev5ly balanc$1 admits light freely1 & yet has en\gh foliage to prev5t sun-scald4 ,figs4 #ge & #gf %[ ! effect ( wisely ?9n+ ! bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,un?9n$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,prop]ly ?9n$ ,! be/ "t to prune is ei!r 9 ! w9t] or be=e ! buds />t 9 ! spr+4 ,w9t] prun+ t5ds to favor wood-production1 :ile summ] prun+ less5s wood-production & induces fruitage4 ,ea* p>ticul> k9d ( fruit requires special prun+2 = example1 ! pea* %\ld be made to assume ! %ape illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,?is is done by successive trimm+s1 foll[+ ! plan illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ga1 #gh1 #gi4 ,y w ga9 sev]al advantages f ^! trimm+s4 ,fir/1 n\ri%m5t w be =c$ into ! pea* bud t y set on y\r /ock4 ,?is w secure a vigor\s gr[? ( ! scion4 ,by a second trimm+ take (f ! heel 7,fig4 #gh1 h7 close to ! tree1 & ?us prev5t decay at ?is po9t4 ,"o ye> aft] budd+ y %\ld r$uce ! tree to a :ip1 z 9 ,fig4 #gi1 by trimm+ at ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #gh4 ,?is e/abli%es ! head ( ! tree1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! pea* %\ld be v l[1--ab\t sixte5 in*es f ! gr\nd1--9 ord] t a l[ foliage may less5 ! dang] ( sun-scald to ! ma9 trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,! ,,cu/om>y ,,way ,,( ,,prun+ ,a ,,pea* ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,two-,,ye>-,,old ,,tree ,cut (f heel1 h ,9 prun+ nev] leave a /ump su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh1 h4 ,su* a /ump1 hav+ no s\rce ( n\ri%m5t1 w heal v sl[ly & ) great dang] ( decay4 ,if ?is heel is cleanly cut on ! l9e * 7,fig4 #gh71 ! w\nd w heal rapidly & ) little dang] ( decay4 ,leav+ su* a /ump endang]s ! s\ndness ( ! :ole tree4 ,fig4 #hj %[s ! results ( good & poor prun+ on a l>ge tree4 ,:5 l>ge limbs are remov$ x is be/ to pa9t ! cut surface4 ,! pa9t w w>d (f fung\s disease & ?us keep ! tree f rott+ :]e x 0 cut4 ,prun+ t leaves l>ge limbs bran*+1 z 9 ,fig4 #gd1 a1 is n to be recomm5d$1 s9ce ! limbs :5 load$ ) fruit or :5 beat5 by heavy w9ds are liable to break4 ,decay is apt to set 9 at ! po9t ( breakage4 ,! entrance ( decay-fungi ?r\gh "s su* w\nd or ?r\gh a t9y crevice at su* a crot* is ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( _m a fruitful tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,?ree-,,ye>-,,old ,,tree ,,cut ,,back ,sometimes a tree w g too mu* to wood & too little to fruit4 ,?is (t5 happ5s 9 ri* soil & may be rem$i$ by ano!r k9d ( prun+ kn[n z root-prun+4 ,?is consi/s 9 cutt+ (f a few ( ! roots 9 ord] to limit ! food supply ( ! plant4 ,y ought to le>n m ab\t root-prun+1 h[ev]1 be=e y attempt x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,refuses to ,heal--,heals promptly ,h[ is a pea* tree made8 ,fir/1 ! blossom appe>s4 ,!n poll9ation & f]tilization occur4 ,! fruit rip5s4 ,! pit1 or se$1 is sav$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! next ye> ! se$ is plant$4 ,! "y tree1 kn[n z ! /ock1 comes up quickly4 ,9 ,augu/ ( t ye> a bud ( ! v>iety :i* is want$ is ins]t$ 9 ! little /ock1 ne> ! gr\nd4 ,"o ye> lat]1 9 ! spr+1 ! /ock is cut (f j above ! bud4 ,! bud ?r[s out a %oot1 :i* gr[s to a height ( ab\t six feet1 & 9 ! fall ?is little pea* tree is sold z a "o-ye>-old tree4 ,h[ev]1 z is se51 ! root is two ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,ready ,,to ,,be> ,h[ is an apple tree made8 ,! se$s are sav$ 9 ! fall ( "o ye> & plant$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! se$l+s ( ! apple d n gr[ s rapidly z ^? ( ! pea*4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> !y are tak5 up & sort$1 & 9 ! foll[+ spr+ !y are plant$4 ,9 ,july or ,augu/ !y are budd$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! next ye> ! /ock is cut (f above ! bud1 & ! bud-%oot gr[s ?ree or f\r feet4 ,"o ye> lat] ! %oot bran*es & ! top beg9s to =m2 & 9 ! fall ( ! foll[+ ye> ! tree may be sold z a two-ye>-old1 al?\gh mo/ p]sons pref] to buy x a ye> lat] z a ?ree-ye>-old4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,we/1 ! little se$l+ is graft$ 9 ! second w9t]1 9 a graft+ room1 & ! "y grafts are set 9 ! nurs]y r[ 9 ! spr+ to complete _! gr[?4 ,! plant+ 9 ! or*>d ( ! "y pea* & ! "y apple tree is done 9 practically ! same way4 ,aft] ! hole = ! tree has be5 dug & aft] prop] soil has be5 provid$1 ! roots %\ld be spread & ! soil c>efully pack$ ar\nd !m4 ,,ex]cise ,d y "k any trees 9 y\r neighborhood t be> bo? wild & budd$ or graft$ fruit8 ,:at are ! *ief v>ieties ( apples gr[n 9 y\r neighborhood8 grapes8 currants8 plums8 *]ries8 figs8 ,:at is a good apple tree wor?8 ,is !re any l& ne> by t c\ld support a tree & is n n[ do+ s8 ,exam9e sev]al or*>ds & see :e!r ! trees h ! prop] %ape4 ,d y see any evid5ce ( poor prun+8 ,d y f9d any heels8 ,c y see any place :]e heels h result$ 9 rott5 or holl[ trees8 ,h[ c\ld y h prev5t$ ?is8 ,has ! removal ( bran*es ev] result$ 9 s]i\s decay8 ,h[ is ?is to be prev5t$8 ,if y\r home is n well /ock$ ) all ! pr9cipal k9ds ( fruit1 d y n want to propagate & att5d to "s ( ea* k9d8 ,y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ quickly trees w be> & h[ soon y w be eat+ fruit f y\r own plant+4 ,gr[+ y\r own trees w make y feel pr\d ( y\r skill4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,horticulture ,,section ,,xxv4 ,,m>ket-,,g>d5+ ,! ^w horticulture is "o ( ^? broad words "u :i* mu* is gr\p$4 ,x includes ! cultivation ( or*>d fruits1 su* z apples & plums2 ( small fruits1 su* z /rawb]ries & raspb]ries2 ( g>d5 vegetables = ! table2 ( fl[]s ( all sorts1 includ+ %rubb]y & ornam5tal trees & _! arrangem5t into beautiful l&scape effects ar\nd our homes4 ,horticulture !n is a "n = an art t is bo? f>-rea*+ & important4 ,! ^w g>d5+ is g5]ally giv5 to t "p ( horticulture :i* has = its *ief aim ! rais+ ( vegetables = our tables4 ,fl[]-g>d5+1 or ! cultivation ( plants valu$ = _! bloom 9 mak+ ornam5tal b$s & bord]s & furni%+ fl[]s = ! decoration ( ! home1 is g5]ally call$ floriculture4 ,l&scape-g>d5+ is ! art ( s arrang+ fl[]-b$s1 grass1 %rubb]y1 & trees z to produce pleas+ effects 9 ! gr\nds surr\nd+ our homes & 9 great public p>ks & pleasure gr\nds4 ,l&scape-g>d5+1 l ar*itecture1 has develop$ intoll z ! arti/ makes !m on canvas1 b uses natural objects 9 8 pictures in/ead ( pa9t & canvas4 ,m>ket-,g>d5+4 ,=m]ly m>ket-g>d5+ 0 done on small tracts ( l& 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( l>ge cities1 :]e supplies ( /able manure c\ld be us$ f ! city /ables4 ,b ) ! great increase 9 ! population ( ! cities1 ^! small areas c\ld no long] supply ! dem&1 & ! introduction ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s & ! build+ ( railroads enabl$ g>d5]s at great di/ances f city m>kets to gr[ & %ip _! products4 ,h5ce ! m>kets1 ev5 9 w9t]1 are n[ suppli$ ) fre% vegetables f regions :]e !re is no fro/4 ,!n1 z spr+ op5s1 fruits & vegetables are %ipp$ f m temp]ate regions4 ,lat] vegetables & fruits come f ! sections ne>] ! great cities4 ,?is gradual ne>+ ( ! supply fields cont9ues until ! g>d5s ne> ! cities c furni% :at is ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,/rawb]ry-,,gr[+ ,,is ,,an ,,art ,! m>ket-g>d5]s ar\nd ! great ,nor!rn cities1 f9d+ t w9t] products 7 com+ f ! ,s\? & f w>m] regions1 began to build ho?\ses & by means ( /eam & hot-wat] pipes to make w>m climates 9 ^! glass h\ses4 ,_m acres ( l& 9 ! cold] sections ( ! c\ntry are cov]$ ) heat$ glass h\ses1 & 9 !m dur+ ! w9t] are produc$ f9e crops ( tomatoes1 lettuce1 radi%es1 caulifl[]s1 eggplants1 & o!r vegetables4 ,! degree ( p]fection :i* ^! atta9 9 spite ( hav+ su* artificial culture1 & _! fre%ness z comp>$ to ! products br\ght f a great di/ance1 h made w9t] g>d5+ "u glass a v pr(itable bus9ess4 ,b x is a bus9ess t calls = ! highe/ skill & ! close/ att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,sett+ ,,plants ,,9 ,a ,,cold-,,frame ,no g>d51 ev5 = home use1 is complete )\t "s glass sa%es1 & ! g>d5 w be all ! m successful if !re is a small heat$ gre5h\se = />t+ plants t are aft]w>ds to be set 9 ! g>d54 ,hotb$s4 ,if !re is no gre5h\se1 a hotb$ is an important help 9 ! g>d54 ,! b$ is made by digg+ a pit two feet deep1 sev5 feet wide1 & z long z necess>y4 ,! mat]ial = ! hotb$ is fre% horse manure mix$ ) leaves4 ,?is is ?r[n into a heap to heat4 ,z soon z /eam is se5 com+ f ! heap ! manure is turn$ ov] & pil$ aga9 s t ! out] "p is ?r[n inside4 ,:5 ! :ole is uni=mly heat$ & has be5 turn$ two or ?ree times1 x is pack$ firmly into ! pit already dug4 ,a frame six feet wide1 twelve in*es high on ! nor? side & eight in*es on ! s\? side & z long z ! b$ is to be1 is n[ made ( plank4 ,?is is set ^u ! heat$ manure1 ?us leav+ six in*es on ea* side outside ! frame4 ,m manure is !n bank$ all ar\nd x1 & ?ree or f\r in*es ( f9e light & ri* soil are plac$ inside ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,! ,,gladiolus ,! frame is !n cov]$ ) hotb$ sa%es six feet long & ?ree feet wide4 ,^! slide up & d[n on /rips ( wood let into ! sides ( ! frame4 ,a !rmomet] is /uck into ! soil & closely wat*$1 = !re w be too mu* heat at fir/ = s[+ se$4 ,:5 ! heat 9 ! e>ly morn+ is ab\t #he deg41 se$s may be s[$4 ,! hotb$ is us$ = />t+ tomato plants1 eggplants1 cabbage plants1 & o!r vegetables t _c /& exposure4 ,x %\ld be made ab\t eight or t5 weeks be=e ! t5d] plants c be set out 9 ! locality4 ,9 ! ,s\? & ,s\?we/ x %\ld be />t$ e>li] ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,= gr[+ ! be/ tomato plants1 & = su* h>dy plants z lettuce & cabbage1 x w be bett] to h cold-frames 9 addition to ! hotb$2 ^! ne$ n be m ?an two or ?ree sa%es4 ,cold-,frames4 ,a cold-frame is l ! frame us$ = a hotb$1 b x is plac$ on well-manur$ soil 9 a %elt]$ spot4 ,x is cov]$ ) ! same k9d ( sa%es & is us$ = h>d5+ ! plants s[$ 9 ! hotb$4 ,! frame mu/ be well bank$ ) e>? on ! outside1 & ! glass mu/ be cov]$ on cold nights ) /raw1 mats1 or old c>pets to keep out fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,frame ,,to ,,c>ry ,,! ,,sa% ,,( ,a ,,hotb$ ,,or ,,cold-,,frame ,c>e ( ,hotb$ & ,cold-,frame4 ,if ! sun be all[$ to %9e brightly on ! glass ( a cold-frame or hotb$1 x w soon raise ! temp]ature 9 ! hotb$ to a po9t t w de/roy ! plants4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to pay close att5tion to ! b$ &1 :5 ! sun %9es1 to slip ! sa%es d[n or raise !m & place a block "u ! upp] end to all[ ! /eam to pass (f4 ,! cold-frame also mu/ be air$ :5 ! sun %9es1 & ! sa%es mu/ be gradually slipp$ d[n 9 mild wea!r4 ,f9ally1 !y may be remov$ entirely on sun%9y days1 s z to accu/om ! plants to ! op5 air1 b !y mu/ be replac$ at night4 ,= a :ile be=e sett+ ! plants 9 ! op5 g>d5s1 leave ! sa%es (f night & day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,gre5h\se ,,& ,,cold-,,frames ,:ile ! hotb$ may be us$ = />t+ plants1 x is mu* bett] & m conv5i5t to h a little gre5h\se ) fire heat = ?is purpose4 ,a little h\se ) b f\r sa%es on ea* side w be en\gh to />t a great _m plants1 & w also give room = "s fl[]s 9 pots4 ,) su* a h\se a /ud5t c le>n to manage a m ext5sive /ructure if he gives close att5tion to air+1 wat]+1 & keep+ out insects4 ,s[+4 ,! "t = s[+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( se$s is an important matt]4 ,se$s v>y greatly 9 _! requirem5ts4 ,all ne$ ?ree conditions--a prop] degree ( heat1 moi/ure1 & air4 ,"s se$s1 l ,engli% peas1 p>snips1 beets1 & radi%es1 w g]m9ate & gr[ :5 ! soil is /ill cool 9 ! e>ly spr+1 & peas w /& q a fro/ aft] !y are up4 ,!re=e we plant ,engli% peas z e>ly z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,b if we %\ld plant se$s l corn1 /r+ 7or snap7 beans1 squa%es1 & o!r t5d] plants be=e ! gr\nd is w>m en\gh1 !y w\ld decay4 ,se$s _c g]m9ate 9 soil t is p]fectly dry1 = !re mu/ be moi/ure to swell !m & to />t gr[?4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air is also necess>y1 & if se$s are buri$ s deeply t ! air _c rea* !m1 !y w n gr[1 ev5 if !y are w>m & moi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,ga!r+ ,,& ,,%ipp+ ,,cel]y ,! dep? ( plant+ mu/ v>y ) ! "* & size ( ! se$4 ,engli% peas may be cov]$ six in*es deep & w be all ! bett] = su* cov]+1 b if corn be cov]$ s deep1 x h>dly gets above ! gr\nd4 ,9 plant+ small se$s l ^? ( ! radi%1 cabbage1 turnip1 lettuce1 etc41 a good rule is to cov] !m ?ree times ! ?ickness ( ! se$4 ,9 s[+ se$s :5 ! gr\nd is r dry1 x is a good plan1 aft] cov]+ !m1 to tramp on ! r[ s z to press ! soil closely to ! se$s & to help x to reta9 moi/ure = g]m9ation1 b d n pack ! soil if x is damp4 ,9 spr+ nev] dig or pl[ ! g>d5 :ile x is /ill wet1 b always wait until ! soil is dry en\gh to crumble freely4 ,:at ,crops to gr[4 ,! crops to be rais$ w ( c\rse dep5d ^u ea* g>d5]'s climate1 surr\nd+s1 & m>kets4 ,sometimes x may pay a gr[]1 if 8 soil & climate are p>ticul>ly suit$ to "o crop1 to exp5d mo/ ( 8 "t & en]gy on ?is crop2 = example1 9 "s sections ( ,new ,york1 on potatoes2 9 p>ts ( ,mi*igan1 on cel]y2 9 ,georgia1 on wat]melons2 9 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 on cabbage4 ,if circum/ances all[ ?is sort ( g>d5+1 x has _m advantages1 = ( c\rse x is mu* easi] to acquire skill 9 gr[+ "o crop ?an 9 gr[+ _m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,a ,,l>ge ,,yield ,,( ,,cabbages ,on ! o!r h&1 x (t5 happ5s t a g>d5]'s situation requires him to gr[ mo/ ( ! crops kn[n to g>d5+4 ,ea* g>d5] !n mu/ be guid$ 9 8 selection ( crops by 8 surr\nd+s4 ,c>e ( ,crops4 ,! g>d5] :o wi%es to atta9 ! greate/ success 9 8 art mu/ d f\r ?+s3 ,fir/1 he mu/ make 8 l& ri* & keep x ri*4 ,mu* ( 8 success dep5ds on gett+ 8 crops on ! m>ket ahead ( o!r gr[]s4 ,to d ?is1 8 crops mu/ gr[ rapidly1 & crops gr[ rapidly only 9 ri* soil4 ,!n1 too1 l& conv5i5tly situat$ = m>ket-g>d5+ is ne>ly always co/ly4 ,h5ce ! successful m>ket-g>d5] mu/ plan to secure ! l>ge/ possible yield f z small an area z is practicable4 ,! l>ge/ yield c ( c\rse be secur$ f ! ri*e/ l&4 ,second1 ! g>d5] mu/ cultivate 8 ri* l& mo/ c>efully & economically4 ,he cr[ds 8 l& ) products t mu/ gr[ apace4 ,!re=e he1 lea/ ( all gr[]s1 c af=d to h any ( 8 soil g to fe$ we$s1 to h 8 l& wa%1 or to h 8 gr[+ crops suff] = lack ( timely & wise cultivation4 ,to cultivate 8 l& economically ! g>d5] mu/ use ! be/ tools & ma*9es & ! be/ me?ods ( soil managem5t4 ,?ird1 to get ! be/ results he mu/ gr[ p]fect vegetables4 ,to d ?is1 he mu/ add to good tillage a k ( ! common plant diseases & ( ! ways ( insects & bact]ial pe/s2 he mu/ "k h[ & :5 to spray1 h[ & :5 to treat 8 se$1 h[ & :5 to poison1 h[ & :5 to trap 8 insect foes & to de/roy _! hid+-places4 ,f\r?1 n only mu/ ! g>d5] gr[ p]fect vegetables1 b he mu/ put !m on ! m>ket 9 p]fect condition & 9 attractive %ape4 ,:o c>es to buy wilt$1 bruis$1 spoil+ vegetables8 ,ga!r+1 bundl+1 crat+1 & %ipp+ are all to be wat*$ c>efully4 ,baskets %\ld be neat & attractive1 crates clean & snug1 b>rels well pack$ & well head$4 ,c>eful att5tion to all ^! details br+s a ri* return4 ,among ! g>d5]'s important crops are ! foll[+3 ,asp>agus4 ,?is is a h>dy plant4 ,its se$ may be s[$ ei!r e>ly 9 ! spr+ or late 9 ! fall4 ,! se$s %\ld be plant$ 9 r[s4 ,if ! plants are well cultivat$ dur+ ! spr+ & summ]1 !y w make vigor\s roots = transplant+ 9 ! autumn4 ,9 ! fall prep>e a piece ( l& by break+ x unusually deep & by manur+ x heavily4 ,aft] ! l& is ?or\ghly prep>$1 make 9 x furr[s = ! asp>agus roots4 ,^! furr[s %\ld be six in*es deep & ?ree feet ap>t4 ,!n remove ! roots f ! r[s 9 :i* !y h be5 gr[+ dur+ ! summ]1 & set !m two feet ap>t 9 ! prep>$ furr[s4 ,cov] c>efully at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,a ,,crate ,,( ,,asp>agus ,9 ! foll[+ spr+ ! "y %oots mu/ be well cultivat$4 ,9 ord] to economize space1 beets or lettuce may be gr[n betwe5 ! asp>agus r[s dur+ ?is fir/ season4 ,) ! com+ ( cold wea!r ! asp>agus mu/ aga9 be freely manur$ & all dead tops cut (f4 ,"s plants w be ready = m>ket ! second spr+4 ,if ! b$ is kept free f we$s & well manur$1 x w increase 9 productiv5ess f ye> to ye>4 ,beans4 ,! mo/ g5]ally plant$ beans are ^? kn[n z /r+1 or snap1 beans4 ,( ! _m v>ieties1 all are s5sitive to cold & h5ce mu/ n be plant$ until fro/ is ov]4 ,ano!r widely gr[n k9d ( bean is ! lima1 or butt]1 bean4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ! lima bean4 ,"o is l>ge & g5]ally gr[s on poles4 ,?is k9d does be/ 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates4 ,! o!r is a small bean & may be gr[n )\t poles4 ,?is k9d is be/ suit$ to ! w>m] climates ( ! ,s\!rn /ates4 ,cabbage4 ,9 comp>atively w>m climates ! fir/ crop ( cabbage is g5]ally gr[n 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! se$s are s[$ 9 b$s 9 ,septemb]1 & ! plants gr[n f ?is s[+ are 9 ,novemb] transplant$ to gr\nd laid (f 9 %>p ridges4 ,! "y plants are set on ! s\? side ( ! ridges 9 ord] t !y may be some:at protect$ f ! cold ( w9t]4 ,z spr+ comes on1 ! ridge is p>tly cut d[n at ea* work+ until ! field is level$1 & !reaft] ! cultivation %\ld be level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,cabbage ,,ready ,,= ,,%ipm5t ,e>ly cabbages ne$ heavy applications ( manure4 ,9 ! spr+1 nitrate ( soda appli$ 9 ! r[s is v helpful4 ,se$s = ! crop foll[+ ?is e>ly crop %\ld be s[$ 9 ,m>*4 ,( c\rse ^! se$s %\ld be ( a lat] v>iety ?an ! fir/ us$4 ,! "y plants %\ld be transplant$ z soon z !y are l>ge en\gh4 ,e>ly cabbages are set 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 ! plants eighte5 in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,z ! lat] v>ieties gr[ l>g] ?an ! e>li] ones1 ! plants %\ld be set two feet ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,9 gr[+ late fall & w9t] cabbage ! "t ( s[+ v>ies ) ! climate4 ,= ! ,nor!rn & middle /ates1 se$+ %\ld be done dur+ ! la/ ( ,m>* & 9 ,april4 ,s\? ( a l9e pass+ we/ f ,virg9ia x is h>d to c>ry cabbages ?r\gh ! heat ( summ] & get !m to head 9 ! fall4 ,h[ev]1 if ! se$s are s[$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/ 9 ri* & moi/ soil & ! plants set 9 ! same sort ( soil 9 ,septemb]1 l>ge heads c be secur$ = ! ,decemb] m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,cel]y ,,trimm$1 ,,wa%$1 ,,& ,,bun*$ ,cel]y4 ,9 ! extreme nor!rn "p ( our c\ntry1 cel]y se$s are (t5 s[$ 9 a gre5h\se or hotb$4 ,?is is done 9 ord] to secure plants e>ly en\gh = summ] blan*+4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 suits only v cool climates4 ,9 ! middle /ates ! se$s are usually s[$ 9 a well-prep>$ b$ ab\t ,april4 ,! "y plants are mov$ to o!r b$s z soon z !y ne$ room4 ,g5]ally !y are transplant$ 9 ,july to r[s prep>$ = !m4 ,^! %\ld be f\r feet ap>t1 & ! plants %\ld be set six in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,! cel]y b$ %\ld be c>efully cultivat$ dur+ ! summ]4 ,9 ! fall1 hill ! /alks up en\gh to keep !m erect4 ,aft] ! gr[+ season is ov] dig !m & set !m 9 tr5*es4 ,! tr5*es %\ld be z deep z ! cel]y is tall1 & aft] ! cel]y is put 9 !m !y %\ld be cov]$ ) bo>ds & /raw4 ,9 ! m s\!rn /ates1 cel]y is usually gr[n 9 b$s4 ,! b$s are g5]ally made six feet wide1 & r[s a foot ap>t are run crosswise4 ,! plants are set six in*es ap>t1 9 ,septemb]1 & ! :ole b$ is e>!d up z ! season advances4 ,f9ally1 :5 w9t] comes ! b$s are cov]$ ) leaves or /raw to prev5t ! plants f freez+4 ,! cel]y is dug & bun*$ = m>ket at any "t dur+ ! w9t]4 ,by means ( cold-frames a pr(itable crop ( spr+ cel]y may be rais$4 ,h ! plants ready to g into ! cold-frames late 9 ,octob] or e>ly 9 ,novemb]4 ,! soil 9 ! frame %\ld be made v deep4 ,! plants %\ld make only a mod]ately rapid gr[? dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ !y w gr[ rapidly & s cr[d "o ano!r z to blan* well4 ,z cel]y gr[n 9 ?is way comes on ! m>ket at a "t :5 no o!r cel]y c be _h1 x comm&s a good price4 ,9 climates z w>m z t ( ,florida1 b$s ( cel]y c be rais$ 9 ?is way )\t ! protection ( cold-frames4 ,a slight freeze does n hurt cel]y1 b a long-cont9u$ freez+ spell w de/roy x4 ,"s k9ds ( cel]y seem to turn :ite naturally4 ,^! are call$ self-blan*+ k9ds4 ,o!r k9ds ne$ to be bank$ ) e>? 9 ord] to make ! /alks :it54 ,?is k9d usually gives ! be/ & crispe/ /alks4 ,cucumb]s & ,cantal\pes4 ,al?\gh cucumb]s & cantal\pes are v diff]5t plants1 !y are gr[n 9 precisely ! same way4 ,"s g>d5]s plant !m 9 hills4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is p]haps n ! be/ plan4 ,x is bett] to lay ! l& (f 9 furr[s six feet ap>t4 ,aft] fill+ ^! ) well-rott$ /able manure1 ?r[ soil ov] !m4 ,!n make ! top flat & plant ! se$s4 ,aft] ! plants are up ?9 !m out1 leav+ !m a foot or m ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,cultivate regul>ly & c>efully until ! v9es cov] ! entire gr\nd4 ,x is a good plan to s[ c[peas at ! la/ work+ ( cantal\pes1 9 ord] to furni% "s %ade = ! melons4 ,z bo? cucumb]s & cantal\pes are easily hurt by cold1 !y %\ld n be plant$ until ! soil is w>m & all dang] ( fro/ is pa/4 ,cucumb]s are always cut :ile !y are gre54 ,!y %\ld nev] be pull$ f ! v9e1 b %\ld always be cut ) a piece ( ! /em atta*$4 ,cantal\pes %\ld be ga!r$ be=e !y turn yell[ & %\ld be rip5$ 9 ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,/rip$ ,,cucumb] ,,beetle ,,& ,,l>va ,all magnifi$ ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry ! little /rip$ cucumb]-beetle attacks ! melons & cucumb]s z soon z !y come up4 ,^! beetles are v active1 & if _! attacks are n prev5t$ !y w de/roy ! t5d] plants4 ,bone du/ & tobacco du/ appli$ j z ! plants appe> above ! gr\nd w prev5t ^! attacks4 ,?is treatm5t n only keeps (f ! beetle1 b also helps ! gr[? ( ! plants4 ,eggplants4 ,eggplants are s t5d] t !y _c be transplant$ l tomatoes to cold-frames & gradually h>d5$ to /& ! cold spr+ air4 ,^! plants1 />t$ 9 a w>m place1 mu/ be kept !re until ! soil to :i* !y are to be transplant$ is well w>m$ by ! advance ( spr+4 ,aft] ! w>m wea!r has fully set 91 transplant !m to ri* soil1 sett+ !m ?ree feet ap>t ea* way4 ,?is plant ne$s mu* manure4 ,if l>ge1 p]fect fruit is expect$1 ! gr\nd c h>dly be made too ri*4 ,eggplants are subject to ! same bact]ial blight t is s de/ructive to tomatoes4 ,! only way to prev5t ?is disease is to plant 9 gr\nd n lately us$ = tomatoes or potatoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,an ,,onion ,,h>ve/ ,onions4 ,! me?od ( gr[+ onions v>ies ) ! use to :i* x is int5d$ to put !m4 ,to make ! e>ly sorts1 :i* are eat5 gre5 9 ! spr+1 little onions call$ sets are plant$4 ,^! are gr[n f se$s s[$ late 9 ! spr+4 ,! se$s are s[$ ?ickly 9 r[s 9 r poor l&4 ,! object ( select+ poor l& is t ! gr[? ( ! sets may be sl[4 ,:5 ! sets h rea*$ ! size ( small m>bles1 !y are ready = ! fall plant+4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! sets may be plant$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,plant !m 9 r[s 9 ri* & well-f]tiliz$ soil4 ,!y w be ready = m>ket 9 ,m>* or ,april4 ,9 ! m nor!rly /ates ! sets are to be plant$ z e>ly z possible 9 ! spr+4 ,to gr[ ripe onions ! se$s mu/ be s[$ z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,! plants are ?9n$ to a /& ( ?ree in*es 9 ! r[s4 ,z !y gr[1 ! soil is drawn away f !m s t ! onions sit on top ( ! soil ) only _! roots 9 ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,hotb$ ,,= ,,/>t+ ,,tomato ,,plants ,z soon z ! tops rip5 pull ! onions & let !m lie 9 ! sun until ! tops are dry4 ,!n put !m "u %elt]4 ,z onions keep be/ ) _! tops atta*$1 d n remove ^! until x is "t = m>ket+4 ,peas4 ,! ,engli% pea is ab\t ! fir/ vegetable ( ! season to be plant$4 ,x may be plant$ z soon z ! gr\nd is 9 workable condition4 ,peas are plant$ 9 r[s1 & x is a good plan to /ret* wire nett+ = !m to climb on4 ,h[ev]1 :]e peas are ext5sively cultivat$ !y are all[$ to fall on ! gr\nd4 ,!re are _m sorts ( peas1 diff]+ bo? 9 quality & 9 "t ( production4 ,! fir/ to be plant$ are ! extra-e>ly v>ieties4 ,^! are n s f9e z ! lat]1 wr9kl$ sorts1 b ! se$s are less apt to rot 9 cold gr\nd4 ,foll[+ ^!1 "s ( ! f9e1 wr9kl$ sorts are to be plant$ 9 regul> succession4 ,peas d n ne$ mu* manure & d be/ 9 a light1 w>m soil4 ,tomatoes4 ,!re is no vegetable gr[n t is m widely us$ ?an ! tomato4 ,:e!r fre% or cann$ x is a /aple article ( food t c be s]v$ 9 _m ways4 ,by c>eful selection & bre$+1 ! fruit ( ! tomato has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 mu* improv$4 ,!re are n[ _m v>ieties t produce p]fectly smoo? & solid fruit1 & ! gr[] c h>dly g amiss 9 8 selection ( se$s if he be>s 8 climate & 8 p>ticul> ne$s 9 m9d4 ,e>ly tomatoes are />t$ 9 ! gre5h\se or 9 ! hotb$ ab\t t5 weeks be=e ! "t = sett+ ! plants 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,!y are transplant$ to cold-frames z soon z !y are l>ge en\gh to h&le4 ,?is is done to h>d5 ! plants & to give !m room to gr[ /rong be=e ! f9al transplant+4 ,9 kit*5 g>d5s tomatoes are plant$ 9 r[s f\r feet ap>t ) ! plants two feet ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,!y are g5]ally tra9$ to /akes ) b "o /alk to a /ake4 ,:5 !re is pl5ty ( space1 h[ev]1 ! plants are all[$ to gr[ at w & to tumble on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way !y be> l>ge crops4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! m>kets are suppli$ ) tomatoes ei!r f tropical sections or f ho?\ses4 ,z ^? gr[n 9 ! ho?\ses are sup]ior 9 flavor to ^? %ipp$ f ,florida & f ! ,we/ ,indies1 & z !y comm& good prices1 great quantities are gr[n 9 ?is way4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! bact]ial blight :i* attacks ! plants ( ?is family is a s]i\s drawback to tomato culture4 ,! only way to escape ?is disease is to avoid plant+ tomatoes on l& 9 :i* eggplants1 tomatoes1 or potatoes h be5 blight$4 ,lime spread ar\nd ! plants seems to prev5t ! blight = "o season on "s soils4 ,at ! approa* ( fro/ 9 ! fall1 gre5 tomatoes c easily be pres]v$ by wrapp+ !m 9 pap]4 ,ga!r !m c>efully & wrap ea* sep>ately4 ,pack !m 9 boxes & /ore 9 a cell> t is close en\gh to prev5t ! freez+ ( ! fruit4 ,a few days be=e ! tomatoes are want$ = ! table unpack z _m z are ne$$1 remove ! pap]1 & all[ !m to rip5 9 a w>m room4 ,tomatoes require a ri* soil4 ,scatt]+ a small quantity ( nitrate ( soda ar\nd _! roots promotes rapid gr[?4 ,wat]melons4 ,z wat]melons ne$ m room ?an c usually be sp>$ 9 a g>d51 !y are commonly gr[n z a field crop4 ,a v light1 s&y soil suits wat]melons be/4 ,!y c be gr[n on v poor soil if a good supply ( compo/ be plac$ 9 ea* hill4 ,! l& = ! melons %\ld be laid (f 9 ab\t t5-foot *ecks2 t is1 ! furr[s %\ld cross "o ano!r at "r angles ab\t e t5 feet4 ,a wide hole %\ld be dug :]e ! furr[s cross1 & into ?is compo/$ manure %\ld be put4 ,! be/ manure = wat]melons is a compo/ ( /able manure & wood-mold f ! =e/4 ,pile ! manure & wood-mold 9 alt]nate lay]s = "s "t be=e ! plant+ season4 ,dur+ ! w9t] cut ?r\gh ! pile sev]al times until ! two are ?or\ghly mix$ & f9ely pulv]iz$4 ,be sure to keep ! compo/ heap "u %elt]4 ,compo/ w lose 9 value if x is expos$ to ra9s4 ,at plant+-"t1 put two or ?ree %ovelfuls ( ?is compo/ into ea* ( ! prep>$ holes1 & ov] ! top ( ! manure scatt] a h&ful ( any high-grade complete f]tiliz]4 ,!n cov] f]tiliz] & manure ) soil1 & plant ! se$s 9 ?is soil4 ,9 cultivat+1 pl[ bo? ways ( ! *eck$ r[s & ?r[ ! e>? t[>d ! plants4 ,"s gr[]s p9* (f ! v9es :5 !y h gr[n ab\t ?ree feet long4 ,?is is done to make !m bran* m freely1 b ! p9*+ is n necess>y4 ,a s]i\s disease1 ! wat]melon wilt1 is rapidly spread+ ?r\gh melon-gr[+ sections4 ,?is disease is caus$ by g]ms 9 ! soil1 & ! g]ms are h>d to kill4 ,if ! wilt %\ld appe> 9 y\r neighborhood1 d n all[ any /able manure to be us$ on y\r melon l&1 = ! g]ms are easily scatt]$ by means ( /able manure4 ,! g]ms also cl+ to ! se$s ( diseas$ melons1 & ^! se$s be> ! disease to o!r fields4 ,if y treat melon se$s z y are direct$ on page #ace to treat oat se$s1 ! g]ms on ! se$s w be de/roy$4 ,by cross+ ! wat]melon on ! citron melon1 a wat]melon t is resi/ant to wilt has rec5tly be5 develop$ & successfully gr[n 9 soils 9 :i* wilt is pres5t4 ,! new melon1 inf]ior 9 flavor at fir/1 is be+ improv$ f season to season & bids fair to rival o!r melons 9 flavor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,,dewb]ries ,,section ,,xxvi4 ,,fl[] ,,g>d5+ ,! com=ts & joys ( life dep5d l>gely ^u small ?+s4 ,( ^! small ?+s p]haps none holds a position ( great] importance 9 c\ntry life ?an ! adornm5t ( ! home1 indoors & outdoors1 ) fl[]s ta/efully arrang$4 ,_! selection & plant+ furni% pleasant recreation2 _! c>e is a pleas+ employm5t2 & ea* little plant1 z x spr\ts & gr[s & develops1 may become z mu* a pet z creatures ( ! si/] animal k+dom4 ,a beautiful1 well-kept y>d adds greatly to ! pleasure & attractiv5ess ( a c\ntry home4 ,if a beautiful y>d & home give joy to ! m]e pass]-by1 h[ mu* m mu/ _! beauty appeal to ! own]s4 ,! decorat+ ( ! home %[s ambition1 pride1 & en]gy--important elem5ts 9 a successful life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,an ,,easy ,,way ,,to ,,beautify ,,! ,,home ,plant trees & %rubs 9 y\r y>d & bord] y\r masses ( %rubb]y ) fl[]-b$s4 ,d n disfigure a lawn by plac+ a b$ ( fl[]s 9 x4 ,use ! fl[]s r to decorate ! %rubb]y1 & = bord]s along walks1 & 9 ! corn]s ne> /eps1 or aga9/ f\ndations4 ,if y wi% to raise fl[]s = ! sake ( fl[]s1 n z decorations1 make ! fl[]-b$s 9 ! back y>d or at ! side ( ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,a ,,back ,,y>d ,,to ,,ref9e ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,! ,,family ,plants may be gr[n f se$s or f bulbs or f cutt+s4 ,! root+ ( cutt+s is an int]e/+ task to all :o are fond ( fl[]s4 ,^? :o h no gre5h\se & :o wi% to root cutt+s ( g]aniums1 roses1 & o!r plants may d s 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,take a %all[ pan1 an old-fa%ion$ milk pan = in/ance1 fill x ne>ly full ( clean s&1 & !n wet ! s& ?or\ghly4 ,/ick ! cutt+s ?ickly into ?is wet s&1 set ! pan 9 a w>m1 sunny w9d[1 & keep ! s& 9 ! same wat]-soak$ condition4 ,mo/ cutt+s w root well 9 a few weeks & may !n be set into small fl[]-pots4 ,cutt+s ( tea roses %\ld h two or ?ree jo9ts & be tak5 f a /em t has j made a fl[]4 ,all[ "o ( ! rose leaves to rema9 at ! top ( ! cutt+4 ,/ick ?is cutt+ into ! s& & x w root 9 ab\t f\r weeks4 ,cutt+s ( ,cape jasm9e may be root$ 9 ! same way4 ,"s g]aniums1 ! rose g]anium = example1 may be gr[n f cutt+s ( ! roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,repott+ ,bulbs are simply ! l[] ends ( ! leaves ( a plant wrapp$ tightly ar\nd "o ano!r & inclos+ ! bud t makes ! future fl[]-/alk4 ,! hyac9?1 ! n>cissus1 & ! common g>d5 onion are examples ( bulb\s plants4 ,! flat "p at ! bottom ( ! bulb is ! /em ( ! plant r$uc$ to a flat disk1 & betwe5 ea* two adjac5t leaves on ?is flat /em !re is a bud1 j z above-gr\nd !re is a bud at ! base ( a leaf4 ,^! buds on ! /em ( ! bulb r>ely gr[1 h[ev]1 unless =c$ to d s artificially4 ,! numb] ( bulbs may be greatly increas$ by mak+ ^! buds gr[ & =m o!r bulbs4 ,9 increas+ hyac9?s ! matur$ bulbs are dug 9 ! spr+1 & ! "u "p ( ! flat /em is c>efully scrap$ away to expose ! base ( ! buds4 ,! bulbs are !n put 9 heaps & cov]$ ) s&4 ,9 a few weeks ea* bud has =m$ a little bulb4 ,! g>d5] plants ! :ole toge!r to gr[ "o season1 aft] :i* ! little bulbs are sep>at$ & gr[n into full-siz$ bulbs = sale4 ,o!r bulbs1 l ! n>cissus or ! daffodil1 =m new bulbs t sep>ate )\t be+ scrap$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,a ,,clematis ,!re are "s o!r plants :i* h und]gr\nd p>ts t are commonly call$ bulbs b :i* are n bulbs at all2 = example1 ! gladiolus & ! caladium1 or elephant's e>4 ,_! und]gr\nd p>ts are bulblike 9 %ape1 b are really solid flatt5$ /ems ) eyes l ! und]gr\nd /em ( ! ,iri% potato4 ,^! p>ts are call$ corms4 ,!y may be cut into pieces l ! potato & ea* "p w gr[4 ,! dahlia makes a mass ( roots t look greatly l sweet potatoes1 b !re are no eyes on !m z !re are on ! sweet potato4 ,! only eyes are on ! base ( ! /em to :i* !y are jo9$4 ,!y may be spr\t$ l sweet potatoes & !n s(t cutt+s made ( ! gre5 %oots1 aft] :i* !y may be root$ 9 ! gre5h\se & lat] plant$ 9 pots4 ,!re are _m p]5nial plants t w bloom ! fir/ season :5 gr[n f ! se$1 ?\gh su* se$l+s are seldom s good z ! plants f :i* !y came4 ,!y are g5]ally us$ to orig9ate new v>ieties4 ,se$s ( ! dahlia1 = in/ance1 c be s[$ 9 a box 9 a w>m room 9 e>ly ,m>*1 pott$ z soon z ! plants are l>ge en\gh to h&le1 & f9ally plant$ 9 ! g>d5 :5 ! wea!r is w>m4 ,!y w bloom ne>ly z soon z plants gr[n by divid+ ! roots or f cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,outdoor-,,gr[n ,,*rysan!mums ,9 gr[+ annual plants f se$1 !re is little difficulty if ! gr[] has a gre5h\se or a hotb$ ) a glass sa%4 ,ev5 )\t ^! ! plants may be gr[n 9 %all[ boxes 9 a w>m room4 ,! be/ boxes are ab\t f\r in*es deep ) bottoms made ( slats nail$ a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t to give prop] dra9age4 ,"s moss is laid ov] ! bottom to prev5t ! soil f sift+ ?r\gh4 ,! boxes %\ld !n be fill$ ) light1 ri* soil4 ,f9e black =e/ mold1 ?or\ghly mix$ ) "o f\r? its bulk ( well-rott$ manure1 makes ! be/ soil = fill+ ! se$-boxes4 ,if ?is soil be plac$ 9 an ov5 & heat$ v hot1 ! heat w de/roy _m we$s t w\ld o!rwise give tr\ble4 ,aft] ! soil is put 9 ! boxes x %\ld be well pack$ by press+ x ) a flat wood5 block4 ,s[ ! se$s 9 /raight r[s1 & at ! ends ( ! r[s put little wood5 labels ) ! names ( ! fl[]s on !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,! ,,c>nation 7,,eldorado7 ,se$s s[$ 9 ! same box %\ld be ( ! same g5]al size 9 ord] t !y may be prop]ly cov]$1 = se$s ne$ to be cov]$ accord+ to _! size4 ,aft] s[+ ! se$1 sift ! f9e soil ov] ! surface ( ! box4 ,! be/ soil = cov]+ small se$s is made by rubb+ dry moss & leaf-mold ?r\gh a sieve toge!r4 ,?is makes a light cov] t w n bake & w reta9 moi/ure4 ,aft] cov]+ ! se$s1 press ! soil firm & smoo? ) a wood5 block4 ,n[ spr9kle ! cov]+ soil lightly ) a wat]+-pot until x is fairly moi/5$4 ,lay "s panes ( glass ov] ! box to reta9 ! moi/ure1 & avoid fur!r wat]+ until moi/ure becomes absolutely necess>y4 ,too mu* wat]+ makes ! soil too compact & rots ! se$4 ,z soon z ! se$l+s h made a second pair ( leaves1 take !m up ) ! po9t ( a knife & transplant !m into o!r boxes fill$ 9 ! same way4 ,!y %\ld be set two in*es ap>t s z to give !m room to gr[ /rong4 ,!y may be transplant$ f ! boxes to ! fl[]-g>d5 by tak+ an old knife-blade & cutt+ ! e>? into squ>es1 & !n lift+ ! entire squ>e ) ! plant & sett+ x :]e x is want$4 ,!re are _m fl[]-se$s :i* are s small t !y mu/ n be cov]$ at all4 ,9 ?is class we f9d begonias1 petunias1 & ,*9ese primroses4 ,to s[ ^! prep>e boxes z = ! o!r se$s1 & press ! e>? smoo?4 ,!n scatt] "s f9e1 dry moss ?9ly ov] ! surface ( ! soil4 ,spr9kle ?is ) wat] until x is well moi/5$1 & at once scatt] ! se$s ?9ly ov] ! surface & cov] ! boxes ) panes ( glass until ! se$s g]m9ate4 ,transplant z soon z ! "y plants c be lift$ out sep>ately on ! blade ( a p5knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,! ,,poet',s ,,n>cissus ,_m k9ds ( fl[]-se$s may be s[$ directly 9 ! op5 gr\nd :]e !y are to rema94 ,! sweet pea is "o ( ! mo/ popul> fl[]s gr[n 9 ?is way4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[$ r ?ickly 9 r[s & cov]$ fully f\r in*es deep4 ,! s[+ %\ld be v>i$ 9 "t accord+ to ! climate4 ,f ,nor? ,c>ol9a s\?w>d1 sweet peas may be s[$ 9 ! fall or 9 ,janu>y1 z !y are v h>dy & %\ld be =c$ to bloom be=e ! wea!r becomes hot4 ,late spr+ s[+ w n give f9e fl[]s 9 ! ,s\?4 ,f ,nor? ,c>ol9a nor?w>d ! se$s %\ld be s[$ j z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z ! gr\nd c be easily work$4 ,:5 ! plants appe>1 /akes %\ld be set along ! r[s & a /rip ( wov5-wire f5ce /ret*$ = ! plants to climb on4 ,morn+-glory se$s are also s[$ :]e !y are to gr[4 ,! se$s ( ! moonfl[] are l>ge & h>d & w fail to gr[ unless !y are slightly cut4 ,to />t _! gr[? make a slight cut j ?r\gh ! h>d out] coat ( ! se$ s z to expose ! :ite inside4 ,9 ?is way !y w gr[ v readily4 ,! se$s ( ! canna1 or ,indian-%ot plant1 are treat$ 9 a simil> way to />t !m gr[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,a ,,cyclam5 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,sweet ,,pea ,! canna makes l>ge fle%y roots :i* 9 ! ,nor? are tak5 up1 cov]$ ) damp moss1 & /or$ "u ! b5*es ( ! gre5h\se or 9 a cell>4 ,if all[$ to get too dry1 !y w )]4 ,f c5tral ,nor? ,c>ol9a s\? x is be/ to cov] !m up ?ickly ) dead leaves & let !m /ay 9 ! gr\nd :]e !y grew4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ take !m up & divide = replant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,dahlias ,p]5nial plants1 su* z our fl[]+ %rubs1 are gr[n f cutt+s ( ! ripe wood aft] ! leaves h fall5 9 autumn4 ,f ,nor? ,c>ol9a s\?w>d ^! cutt+s %\ld be set 9 r[s 9 ! fall4 ,cutt+s t5 in*es long are set s t ! tops are j ev5 ) ! gr\nd4 ,a light cov] ( p9e leaves w prev5t damage f fro/4 ,f>!r nor? ! cutt+s %\ld be ti$ 9 bundles & well buri$ 9 ! gr\nd ) e>? heap$ ov] !m4 ,9 ! spr+ set !m 9 r[s = root+4 ,9 ! ,s\? all ! h>dy hybrid p]petual roses c be gr[n 9 ?is way1 & 9 any section ! cutt+s ( mo/ ( ! spr+-fl[]+ %rubs w gr[ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! ,japanese qu9ce1 :i* makes su* a %[ ( its sc>let fl[]s 9 e>ly spr+1 c be be/ gr[n f ?ree-in* cutt+s made ( ! roots & plant$ 9 r[s 9 ! fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,f\r-,o',,clocks ,,set ,,9 ,a ,,good ,,place ,_m ( our ornam5tal ev]gre5 trees1 su* z ! arbor vitae1 c be gr[n 9 ! spr+ f se$s s[$ 9 a frame4 ,cotton clo? %\ld be /ret*$ ov] ! trees :ile !y are "y1 to prev5t ! sun f scor*+ !m4 ,:5 a ye> old !y may be set 9 nurs]y r[s to develop until !y are l>ge en\gh to plant4 ,arbor vitae may also be gr[n f cutt+s made by sett+ "y tips 9 boxes ( s& 9 ! fall & keep+ !m w>m & moi/ ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,mo/ ( !m w be root$ by spr+4 ,! k9ds ( fl[]s t y c gr[ are almo/ c\ntless4 ,y c h>dly make a mi/ake 9 select+1 z all are int]e/+4 ,/>t ?is ye> ) a few & gradually increase ! numb] "u y\r c>e ye> by ye>1 & aim always to make y\r plants ! *oice/ ( _! k9d4 ,( annuals !re are ov] f\r hundr$ k9ds cultivat$4 ,y may select f ! foll[+ li/3 phlox1 petunias1 ,*9a a/]s1 ,cali=nia poppies1 sweet peas1 p9ks1 d\ble & s+le sunfl[]s1 hibiscus1 c&ytuft1 balsams1 morn+-glories1 /ocks1 na/urtiums1 v]b5as1 mignonette4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,a ,,w9d[ ,,box ,( p]5nials select ble$+-he>ts1 p9ks1 bluebells1 hollyhocks1 p]5nial phlox1 p]5nial hibiscus1 wild a/]s1 & gold5rods4 ,f bulbs *oose crocus1 tulip1 daffodil1 n>cissus1 lily ( ! valley1 & lily4 ,"s climb]s are cobaea1 honeysuckle1 ,virg9ia creep]1 ,engli% ivy1 ,bo/on ivy1 cypress v9e1 hyac9? bean1 climb+ na/urtiums1 & roses4 ,to make y\r plants d be/1 cultivate !m c>efully4 ,all[ no we$s to gr[ among !m & d n let ! surface ( ! soil dry into a h>d cru/4 ,bew>e1 h[ev]1 ( /irr+ ! soil too deep4 ,loos5+ ! soil ab\t ! roots int]rupts ! fe$+ ( ! plant & does h>m4 ,climb+ plants may be tra9$ to advantage on l[ wov5-wire f5ces4 ,^! are especially s]viceable = sweet peas & climb+ na/urtiums4 ,d n let ! plants g to se$1 s9ce se$+ is a heavy dra9 on n\ri%m5t4 ,moreov]1 ! plant has s]v$ its end :5 x se$s & is ready !n to /op blossom+4 ,y %\ld !re=e pick (f ! old fl[]s to prev5t _! develop+ se$s4 ,?is w cause _m plants :i* w\ld o!rwise soon /op blossom+ to cont9ue be>+ fl[]s = a long] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,a ,,w9d[-,,g>d5 ,w9d[-,g>d5+4 ,gr[+ plants indoors 9 ! w9d[ possesses _m ( ! attractions ( outdoor fl[]-g>d5+1 & is a means ( beautify+ ! room at v small exp5se4 ,especially d w9d[-g>d5s give delight dur+ ! b>r5 w9t] "t4 ,!y are a s\rce ( culture & pleasure to ?\s&s :o _c af=d ext5d$ & exp5sive ornam5tation4 ,! w9d[-g>d5 may v>y 9 size f an egg%ell hold+ a m9ute plant to boxes fill+ all ! available space ab\t ! w9d[4 ,! soil may be 9 pots = individual plants or gr\ps ( plants or 9 boxes = collections ( plants4 ,y may raise y\r fl[]s inside ( ! w9d[ on %elves or /&s1 or y may h a set ( %elves built outside ( ! w9d[ & inclos$ 9 glaz$ sa%es4 ,! illu/ration on page #aai gives an idea ( su* an ext]nal w9d[-g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,an ,,inside ,,w9d[ ,,box ,,9 ,,its ,,full ,,glory ,! soil mu/ be ri* & loose4 ,! be/ conta9s "s undecay$ organic matt] su* z leaf-mold or p>tly decay$ sods & "s s&4 ,raise y\r plants f bulbs1 cutt+s1 or se$1 j z 9 outdoor g>d5s4 ,"s plants d bett] 9 cool rooms1 o!rs 9 a w>m] temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,outside ,,( ,a ,,w9d[ ,,bloom ,if ! temp]ature ranges f #ce deg4 to #gj deg41 av]ag+ ab\t #ee deg41 azaleas1 daisies1 c>nations1 c&ytuft1 alyssum1 du/y mill]1 *rysan!mums1 c9]>ias1 camellias1 daphnes1 g]aniums1 petunias1 violets1 primroses1 & v]b5as make especially good gr[?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,beautiful ,,w9d[ ,,fl[] ,if ! temp]ature is f #ej deg4 to #ij deg41 av]ag+ #gj deg41 try abutilon1 begonia1 b\v>dia1 caladium1 canna1 ,cape jasm9e1 coleus1 fu*sia1 glox9ia1 heliotrope1 lantana1 lobelia1 roses1 & smilax4 ,if y\r box or w9d[ is %ad$ a good "p ( ! "t1 raise begonias1 camellias1 f]ns1 & ,asp>agus ,spr5g]i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,,f]ns ,,= ,,bo? ,,indoors ,,& ,,outdoors ,:5 ! soil is dry1 wat] x2 !n apply no m wat] until x aga9 becomes dry4 ,bew>e ( too mu* wat]4 ,! plants %\ld be wa%$ occasionally ) soapsuds & !n r9s$4 ,if r$ spid]s are pres5t1 sponge !m (f ) wat] z hot z c be borne com=tably by ! h&4 ,newspap]s af=d a good means ( keep+ (f ! cold4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,plants ,,section ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,cause ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,plant ,,disease ,plants h diseases j z animals d2 n ! same diseases1 to be sure1 b j z s]i\s = ! plant4 ,"s ( !m are s dang]\s t !y kill ! plant2 o!rs p>tly or :olly de/roy its usefulness or its beauty4 ,"s diseases are f\nd (t5e/ on v "y plants1 o!rs prey on ! middle-ag$ tree1 :ile /ill o!rs attack m]ely ! fruit4 ,:5ev] a f>m] or fruit-gr[] has disease on 8 plants1 he is sure to lose mu* pr(it4 ,y h all se5 rott5 fruit4 ,?is is diseas$ fruit4 ,fruit rot is a plant disease4 ,x co/s f>m]s millions ( doll>s annually4 ,a fruit-gr[] rec5tly lo/ sixty c>loads ( pea*es 9 a s+le ye> ?r\gh rot :i* c\ld h be5 l>gely prev5t$ if he _h kn[n h[4 ,_m ( ! yell[i% or discolor$ spots on leaves are ! result ( disease1 z is also ! smut ( :eat1 corn1 & oats1 ! blight ( ! pe>1 & ! wilt ( cotton4 ,_m ( ^! diseases are contagi\s1 or1 z we (t5 he> said ( measles1 cat*+4 ,?is is true1 among o!rs1 ( ! apple & pea* rots4 ,a heal?y apple c cat* ?is disease f a sick apple4 ,y (t5 see evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! apple b94 ,s1 too1 _m ( ! diseases f\nd 9 ! field or g>d5 are contagi\s4 ,sometimes :5 ! sk9 ( a rott5 apple has be5 brok5 y w f9d 9 ! brok5 place a blue mold4 ,x 0 ?is t caus$ ! apple to decay4 ,?is mold is a liv+ plant2 v small1 c]ta9ly1 b nev]!less a plant4 ,let u le>n a little ab\t molds1 9 ord] t we may bett] und]/& our apple & potato rots1 z well z o!r plant diseases4 ,if y cut a lemon & let x /& = a day or two1 !re w probably appe> a blue mold l t y h se5 on ! surface ( cann$ fruit4 ,bread also sometimes has ?is blue mold2 at o!r times bread has a black mold1 & yet aga9 a p9k or a yell[ mold4 ,^! & all o!r molds are t9y liv+ plants4 ,in/ead ( se$s !y produce _m v small bodies t s]ve ! purpose ( se$s & reproduce ! mold4 ,^! are call$ spores4 ,fig4 #aab %[s h[ !y are borne on ! p>5t plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,,tangl$ ,,?reads ,,( ,,blue ,,mold ,! s+le /alk on ! left %[s h[ spores are borne ,x is also ( great importance to decide :e!r by keep+ ! spores away we may prev5t mold4 ,possibly ?is exp]im5t w help u4 ,moi/5 a piece ( bread1 !n dip a mat* or a p9 into ! blue mold on a lemon1 & draw ! mat* across ! moi/ bread4 ,y w ?us plant ! spores 9 a r[1 ?\gh !y are s small t p]haps y may n see any ( !m4 ,place ! bread 9 a damp place = a few days & wat* x4 ,does ! mold gr[ :]e y plant$ x8 ,does x gr[ else:]e8 ,?is exp]im5t %\ld prove to y t molds are liv+ ?+s & c be plant$4 ,if y f9d spots else:]e1 y mu/ be> 9 m9d t ^! spores are v small & light & t "s ( !m 7 probably bl[n ab\t :5 y made y\r s[+4 ,:5 y t\* ! moldy portion ( a dry lemon1 y see a cl\d ( du/ rise4 ,?is du/ is made ( millions ( spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,,magnifi$ ,,rose ,,mildew ,if y plant _m o!r k9ds ( mold y w f9d t ! molds come true to ! k9d t is plant$2 t l produces l ev5 among molds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,a ,,mildew$ ,,rose ,y c prove1 also1 t ! mold is caus$ only by o!r mold4 ,to d ?is1 put "s wet bread 9 a wide-m\!d bottle & plug ! m\? ( ! bottle ) cotton4 ,kill all ! spores t may be 9 ?is bottle by /eam+ x an h\r 9 a cook+-/eam]4 ,?is bread w n mold until y all[ live mold f ! outside to ent]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 at any "t y op5 ! bottle & all[ spores to ent]1 or if y plant spores !re91 & if !re be moi/ure en\gh1 mold w imm$iately set 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,a ,,highly ,,magnifi$ ,,section ,,( ,,diseas$ ,,pe> ,,leaf ,%[+ h[ spores are borne ,! little plants :i* make up ^! molds are call$ fungi4 ,"s fungi1 su* z ! toad/ools1 puffballs1 & devil's snuff-box1 are q l>ge2 o!rs1 namely ! molds1 are v small2 & o!rs are ev5 small] ?an ! molds4 ,fungi nev] h ! gre5 color ( ord9>y plants1 always reproduce by spores1 & fe$ on liv+ matt] or matt] t 0 once alive4 ,puffballs1 = example1 are f\nd on rott+ wood or dead twigs or roots4 ,"s fungi gr[ on liv+ plants1 & ^! produce plant disease by tak+ _! n\ri%m5t f ! plant on :i* !y gr[2 ! latt] plant is call$ ! ho/4 ,! same blue mold t gr[s on bread (t5 attacks apples t h be5 slightly bruis$2 x _c pi]ce heal?y apple sk94 ,y c plant ! mold 9 ! bruis$ apple j z y did on bread & wat* its rapid spread ?r\gh ! apple4 ,y le>n f ?is ! ne$ ( prev5t+ bruis$ or decay$ apples f com+ 9 contact ) heal?y fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,,spores ,,( ,,! ,,pe> ,,scab ,! spores are borne on /alks ,j z ! fungus /udi$ above lives 9 ! apple or bread1 s o!r v>ieties live on leaves1 b>k1 etc4 ,fig4 #aac repres5ts ! surface ( a mildew$ rose leaf greatly magnifi$4 ,?is mildew is a fungus4 ,y c see its creep+ /ems1 its upright /alk1 & num]\s spores ready to fall (f & spread ! disease ) ! fir/ brea? ( w9d4 ,y mu/ rememb] t ?is figure is greatly magnifi$1 & t ! :ole portion %[n 9 ! figure is only ab\t "o t5? ( an in* across4 ,fig4 #aad %[s ! g5]al appe>ance ( a twig affect$ by ?is disease4 ,mildew on ! rose or on any o!r plant may be kill$ by spray+ ! leaves ) a solution ( liv] ( sulphur2 to make ?is solution1 use "o ounce ( ! liv] ( sulphur to two gallons ( wat]4 ,! fungus t causes ! pe>-leaf spots has its spores 9 little pits 7,fig4 #aae74 ,! spores ( "s fungi also gr[ on /alks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,?is figure repres5ts an enl>g$ view ( ! pe> scab1 :i* causes s mu* de/ruction4 ,y see1 !n1 t fungi are liv+ plants t gr[ at ! exp5se ( o!r plants & cause disease4 ,n[ if y c cov] ! leaf ) a poison t w kill ! spore :5 x comes1 y c prev5t ! disease4 ,"o su* poison is ! ,bordeaux 7bor-d'7 mixture1 :i* has prov$ ( great value to f>m]s4 ,s9ce ! fungus 9 mo/ cases lives )9 ! leaves1 ! poison on ! outside does no good aft] ! fungus is e/abli%$4 ,! treatm5t c be us$ only to prev5t attack1 n to cure1 except 9 ! case ( a few mildews t live on ! outside ( ! leaf1 z does ! rose mildew4 ,,ex]cise ,:y d ?+s mold m readily 9 damp places8 ,d y n[ und]/& :y fruit is heat$ be=e x is cann$8 ,try to gr[ sev]al k9ds ( mold4 ,d y "k any fungi :i* may be eat58 ,transf] disease f a rott5 apple to a heal?y "o & note ! rapidity ( decay4 ,h[ _m really heal?y leaves c y f9d on a /rawb]ry plant8 ,d y f9d any spots ) r$di% bord]s & :ite c5t]s8 ,d y "k t ?is is a s]i\s disease ( ! /rawb]ry8 ,:at damage does fruit mold d to pea*es1 plums1 or /rawb]ries8 ,write to y\r exp]im5t /ation = bullet9s on plant diseases & me?ods = mak+ & us+ spray+ mixtures4 ,,section ,,xxviii4 ,,yea/ ,,& ,,bact]ia ,c y imag9e a plant s small t x w\ld take "o hundr$ plants ly+ side by side to equal ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( writ+-pap]8 ,!re are plants t are s small4 ,moreov]1 ^! same plants are ( ! utmo/ importance to man4 ,"s ( !m d him great injury1 :ile o!rs aid him v mu*4 ,y w see _! importance :5 y are told t c]ta9 ( !m 9 _! habits ( life cause great *ange 9 ! sub/ances 9 :i* !y live4 ,= example1 :5 liv+ 9 a sug>y sub/ance !y *ange ! sug> into a gas & an alcohol4 ,d y rememb] ! bright bubbles ( gas y h se5 ris+ 9 sweet cid] or 9 w9e z x s\r$8 ,^! bubbles are caus$ by "o ( ^! small plants--! yea/ plant4 ,z ! yea/ plant gr[s 9 ! sweet fruit juice1 alcohol is made & a gas is giv5 (f at ! same "t1 & ?is gas makes ! bubbles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,,yea/ ,,plants ,a1 a s+le plant2 ,b1 gr\p ( two budd+ cells2 ,c1 gr\p ( sev]al cells ,lat]1 o!r k9ds ( plants equally small w gr[ & *ange ! alcohol into an acid :i* y w recognize z v9eg> by its s\r ta/e & peculi> odor4 ,?us v9eg> is made by ! action ( two diff]5t k9ds ( little liv+ plants 9 ! cid]4 ,t ^! are liv+ be+s y c prove by heat+ ! cid] & keep+ x tightly seal$ s t no?+ c ent] x4 ,y w f9d t because ! liv+ g]ms h be5 kill$ by ! heat1 ! cid] w n f]m5t or s\r z x did be=e4 ,! g]ms c\ld ( c\rse be kill$ by poisons1 b !n ! cid] w\ld be unfit = use4 ,x is ?is same little yea/ plant t causes bread to rise4 ,:5 y see any decay+ matt] y may "k t 9 x m9ute plants mu* l ! yea/ plant are at "w4 ,s9ce decay is due to !m1 we take advantage ( ! fact t !y _c gr[ 9 /rong br9e or smoke2 & we prep>e meat = keep+ by salt+ x or by smok+ x or by bo? ( ^! me?ods4 ,y see t "s ( ! yea/ plants & bact]ia1 z _m ( ^! =ms are call$1 are v fri5dly to u1 :ile o!rs d u great h>m4 ,"s bact]ia gr[ )9 ! bodies ( m5 & o!r animals or 9 plants4 ,:5 !y d s !y may produce disease4 ,typhoid fev]1 diph!ria1 consumption1 & _m o!r s]i\s diseases are caus$ by bact]ia4 ,fig4 #aah1 e1 %[s ! bact]ium t causes typhoid fev]4 ,9 ! picture1 ( c\rse1 x is v greatly magnifi$4 ,9 reality ^! bact]ia are s small t ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& ( !m side by side w\ld ext5d only "o in*4 ,^! small be+s produce _! great effects by v rapid multiplication & by giv+ (f p[]ful poisons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,bact]ia a1 grippe2 b1 bubonic plague2 c1 diph!ria2 d1 tub]culosis2 e1 typhoid fev] ,bact]ia are s small t !y are readily borne on ! du/ p>ticles ( ! air & are (t5 tak5 into ! body ?r\gh ! brea? & also ?r\gh wat] or milk4 ,y c !re=e see h[ c>eful y %\ld be to prev5t g]ms f gett+ into ! air or into wat] or milk :5 !re is disease ab\t y\r home4 ,y %\ld he$ c>efully all in/ructions ( y\r physician on ?is po9t1 s t y may n spread disease4 ,,section ,,xxix4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,plant ,,disease ,9 ! la/ two sections y h le>n$ some?+ ( ! nature ( ^? fungi & bact]ia t cause disease 9 animals & plants4 ,n[ let u see h[ we c use ?is k to less5 ! diseases ( our crops4 ,f>m]s lose ?r\gh plant diseases mu* t c\ld be sav$ by prop] precaution4 ,fir/1 y mu/ rememb] t e diseas$ fruit1 twig1 or leaf be>s millions ( spores4 ,^! mu/ be de/roy$ by burn+4 ,!y mu/ n be all[$ to lie ab\t & spread ! disease 9 ! spr+4 ,see t decay$ fruit 9 ! b9 or on ! trees is de/roy$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,nev] ?r[ decay$ fruit into ! g>d5 or or*>d1 z x may cause disease ! foll[+ ye>4 ,second1 y c (t5 kill spores on se$s be=e !y are plant$ & ?us prev5t ! developm5t ( ! fungus 7see pp4 #acd-acg74 ,?ird1 (t5 ! foliage ( ! plant c be spray$ ) a poison t w prev5t ! g]m9ation ( ! spores 7see pp4 #ach-adj74 ,f\r?1 "s v>ieties ( plants resi/ disease mu* m /\tly ?an o!rs4 ,we may (t5 select ! resi/ant =m to great advantage 7see ,fig4 #aai74 ,fif?1 aft] big limbs are prun$ (f1 decay (t5 sets 9 at ! w\nd4 ,?is decay may be prev5t$ by coat+ ! cut surface ) pa9t1 t>1 or "s o!r sub/ance t w n all[ spores to ent] ! w\nd or to g]m9ate !re4 ,six?1 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! spore or fungus rema9s 9 ! soil4 ,?is is true 9 ! cotton wilt1 & ! rem$y is s to rotate crops t ! diseas$ l& is n us$ aga9 = ?is crop until ! spores or fungi h di$4 ,,section ,,xxx4 ,,"s ,,special ,,plant ,,diseases ,fire-,blight ( ! ,pe> & ,apple4 ,y h p]haps he>d y\r fa!r speak ( ! fire-blight ( pe> & apple trees4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ injuri\s & mo/ widely kn[n ( fruit diseases4 ,d y want to "k ! cause ( ?is disease & h[ to prev5t x8 ,fir/1 h[ w y recognize ?is disease8 ,if ! diseas$ b\gh at :i* y are look+ has true fire-blight1 y w see a black5$ twig ) )]$1 black5$ leaves4 ,dur+ w9t] ! leaves d n fall f blight$ twigs z !y d f heal?y ones4 ,! leaves )] because ( ! diseas$ twig1 n because !y are !mselves diseas$4 ,only r>ely does ! blight really ent] ! leaf4 ,sometimes a %>p l9e sep>ates ! blight$ f ! heal?y "p ( ! twig4 ,?is disease is caus$ by bact]ia1 ( :i* y h read 9 ano!r section4 ,! fire-blight bact]ia gr[ 9 ! juicy "p ( ! /em1 betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k4 ,?is t5d]1 fre% lay] 7z expla9$ on page #gi7 is call$ ! cambium1 & is ! "p t breaks away & all[s y to slip ! b>k (f :5 y make y\r b>k :i/le 9 ! spr+4 ,! gr[? ( new wood takes place 9 ! cambium1 & ?is "p ( ! twig is !re=e full ( n\ri%m5t4 ,if ?is n\ri%m5t is /ol5 ! plant ( c\rse soon suff]s4 ,! bact]ia caus+ fire-blight are readily c>ri$ f fl[] to fl[] & f twig to twig by insects2 !re=e to keep ^! & o!r bact]ia away f y\r trees y mu/ see to x t all ! trees 9 ! neighborhood ( y\r or*>d are kept free f mis*iev\s enemies4 ,if h>mful bact]ia exi/ 9 ne>-by trees1 insects w c>ry !m to y\r or*>d4 ,y mu/ !re=e wat* all ! relatives ( ! pe>2 namely1 ! apple1 haw?orn1 crab1 qu9ce1 & m\nta9 a%1 = any ( ^! trees may h>bor ! g]ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,a ,,resi/ant ,,v>iety ,,( ,,sea ,,isl& ,,cotton ,all ! o!r plants 9 ?is field di$4 ,?is "o r[ liv$ because x c\ld resi/ ! cotton wilt ,:5 any tree %[s blight1 e diseas$ twig on x mu/ be cut (f & burn$ 9 ord] to kill ! g]ms1 & y mu/ cut l[ en\gh on ! twig to get all ! bact]ia4 ,x is be/ to cut a foot bel[ ! black5$ portion4 ,if by *ance y\r knife %\ld cut into wood conta9+ ! liv+ g]ms1 & !n y %\ld cut into heal?y wood ) ! same knife1 y y\rself w\ld spread ! disease4 ,x is !re=e be/ aft] ea* cutt+ to dip y\r knife into a solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,?is w kill all bact]ia cl++ to ! knife-blade4 ,! sure/ "t to d complete trimm+ is aft] ! leaves fall 9 ! autumn1 z diseas$ twigs are mo/ easily recogniz$ at t "t1 b ! or*>d %\ld be c>efully wat*$ 9 ! spr+ also4 ,if a l>ge limb %[s ! blight1 x is p]haps be/ to cut ! tree entirely d[n4 ,!re is little hope = su* a tree4 ,a l>ge pe>-gr[] once said t no man ) a %>p knife ne$ fe> ! fire-blight4 ,yet our c\ntry loses greatly by ?is disease ea* ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,,fire-,,blight ,,bact]ia ,magnifi$ ,x may be add$ t w9t] prun+ t5ds to make ! tree =m mu* new wood & ?us favors ! disease4 ,ri* soil & f]tiliz]s make x mu* easi] 9 a simil> way = ! tree to become a prey to blight4 ,,ex]cise ,ask y\r tea*] to %[ y a case ( fire-blight on a pe> or apple tree4 ,c y di/+ui% betwe5 heal?y & diseas$ wood8 ,cut ! twig op5 l5g?wise & see h[ deep into ! wood & h[ f> d[n ! /em ! disease ext5ds4 ,c y tell surely f ! outside h[ f> ! twig is diseas$8 ,c y f9d any twig t does n %[ a di/9ct l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 diseas$ & heal?y wood8 ,if s1 ! bact]ia are /ill liv+ 9 ! cambium4 ,cut out a small bit ( ! diseas$ portion & ins]t x "u ! b>k ( a heal?y1 juicy twig )9 a few in*es ( its tip & wat* x f day to day4 ,does ! tree cat* ! disease8 ,?is exp]im5t may prove to y h[ easily ! disease spreads4 ,if y %\ld see any drops l dew hang+ f diseas$ twigs1 t\* a little ( ?is moi/ure to a heal?y fl[] & wat* = results4 ,cut & burn all diseas$ twigs t y c f9d4 ,e/imate ! damage done by fire-blight4 ,f>m]s' bullet9s on or*>d enemies are publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 & c be _h by writ+ = !m4 ,!y w help y\r fa!r mu* 9 treat+ fire-blight4 ,oat ,smuts4 ,let u g out into a ne>-by oat field & look = all ! black5$ heads ( gra9 t we c f9d4 ,h[ _m are !re8 ,to c\nt accurately let u select an area "o foot squ>e4 ,we mu/ look c>efully1 = _m ( ^! black5$ heads are s l[ t we %all n see !m at ! fir/ glance4 ,y w be surpris$ to f9d z _m z ?irty or =ty heads 9 e hundr$ s black5$4 ,^! black5$ heads are due to a plant disease call$ smut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,,loose ,,smut ,,( ,,oats ,! glumes at a m ne>ly de/roy$ ?an ! glumes at b ,:5 ?re%+-"t comes y w notice a great quantity ( black du/ com+ f ! gra9 z x passes ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,! air is full ( x4 ,?is black du/ consi/s ( ! spores ( a t9y fung\s plant4 ,! fung\s smut plant gr[s ^u ! oat plant1 rip5s its spores 9 ! head1 & is ready to be ?or\ghly scatt]$ among ! gra9s ( ! oats z !y come f ! ?re%+-ma*9e4 ,^! spores cl+ to ! gra9 & at ! next plant+ are ready to attack ! spr\t+ plantlet4 ,a curi\s ?+ ab\t ! smut is t x c ga9 a foo?old only on v "y oat plants2 t is1 on plants ab\t an in* long or ( ! age %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba4 ,:5 gra9 cov]$ ) smut spores is plant$1 ! spores develop ) ! spr\t+ se$s & are ready to attack ! "y plant z x breaks ?r\gh ! se$-coat4 ,y see1 !n1 h[ important x is to h se$ gra9 free f smut4 ,a sub/ance has be5 f\nd t w1 )\t injur+ ! se$s1 kill all ! smut spores cl++ to ! gra94 ,?is sub/ance is call$ =mal94 ,en\gh se$ to plant a :ole acre c be treat$ ) =mal9 at a co/ ( only a few c5ts4 ,su* treatm5t insures a full crop & clean se$ = future plant+4 ,try x if y h any smut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,a ,,crop ,,f ,,oats ,,treat$ ,,) ,,=mal9 ,fig4 #abb illu/rates :at may be ga9$ by us+ se$s treat$ to prev5t smut4 ,! annual loss to ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f smut on oats am\nts to sev]al millions ( doll>s4 ,all t is ne$$ to prev5t ?is loss is a little c>e 9 ! treatm5t ( se$ & a prop] rotation ( crops4 ,,ex]cise ,c\nt ! smutt$ heads on a pat* ?ree feet squ>e & e/imate ! p]c5tage ( smut 9 all ! :eat & oat fields ne> y\r home4 ,on :i* is x mo/ abundant8 ,d y "k ( any fields t h be5 treat$ = smut8 ,if s1 look = smut 9 ^! fields4 ,ask h[ !y 7 treat$4 ,d y "k ( any "o :o uses blue/one = :eat smut8 ,c oats be treat$ ) blue/one8 ,at plant+ "t get an ounce ( =mal9 at y\r drug /ore or f ! /ate exp]im5t /ation4 ,mix ?is ) ?ree gallons ( wat]4 ,?is am\nt w treat ?ree bu%els ( se$s4 ,spread ! se$s ?9ly on ! b>n floor & spr9kle !m ) ! mixture1 be+ c>eful t all ! se$s are ?or\ghly moi/5$4 ,cov] closely ) blankets = a few h\rs & plant v soon aft] treatm5t4 ,try ?is & e/imate ! p] c5t ( smut at next h>ve/-"t4 ,write to y\r exp]im5t /ation = a bullet9 on smut treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,a ,,scabby ,,se$ ,,potato ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,a ,,heal?y ,,se$ ,,potato ,potato ,scab4 ,! scab ( ! :ite1 or ,iri%1 potato is "o ( ! commone/ & at ! same "t mo/ easily prev5t$ ( plant diseases4 ,yet ?is disease dim9i%es ! pr(its ( ! potato-gr[] v mat]ially4 ,fig4 #abc %[s a v scabby potato1 :ile ,fig4 #abd repres5ts a heal?y "o4 ,?is scab is caus$ by a fung\s gr[? on ! surface ( ! potato4 ,( c\rse x less5s ! sell+-price ( ! potatoes4 ,if se$ potatoes be treat$ to a ba? ( =mal9 j be=e !y are plant$1 ! =mal9 w kill ! fungi on ! potatoes & greatly dim9i% ! am\nt ( scab at ! next h>ve/4 ,!re=e be=e !y are plant$1 se$ potatoes %\ld be soak$ 9 a weak solution ( =mal9 = ab\t two h\rs4 ,"o-half p9t ( =mal9 to fifte5 gallons ( wat] makes a prop] solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe ,f a scabby potato1 l ! "o 9 ,fig4 #abc1 ?is yield 0 obta9$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf ,f a heal?y potato1 l ! "o 9 ,fig4 #abd1 ?is yield 0 obta9$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,,effect ,,( ,,spray+ ,spray$ potatoes on left2 unspray$ on "r ,"o p9t ( =mal91 or en\gh = ?irty gallons ( wat]1 w co/ b ?irty-five c5ts4 ,s9ce ?is solution c be us$ repeat$ly1 x w d = _m bu%els ( se$ potatoes4 ,late ,potato ,blight4 ,! blight is ano!r s]i\s disease ( ! potato4 ,?is is q a diff]5t disease f ! scab & s requires diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! blight is caus$ by ano!r fungus1 :i* attacks ! foliage ( ! potato plant4 ,:5 ! blight s]i\sly attacks a crop1 x g5]ally de/roys ! crop completely4 ,9 ! ye> #ahde a potato fam9e ext5d+ ov] all ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe 0 caus$ by ?is disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,,yield ,,f ,,two ,,fields ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,size ,! "o at ! top 0 spray$2 ! "o at ! bottom 0 unspray$ ,spray+ is ! rem$y = potato blight4 ,fig4 #abh %[s ! effect ( spray+ ^u ! yield4 ,9 ?is case ! spray$ field yield$ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r bu%els an acre1 :ile ! unspray$ yield$ only "o hundr$ bu%els to an acre4 ,fig4 #abg %[s ! result ( ?ree applications ( ! spray+ mixture on ! diseas$ field4 ,figs4 #abi & #acj %[ h[ ! spray+ is done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,,spray+ ,,ma*9e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,,spray+ ,,ma*9e ,,ex]cise ,wat* ! potatoes at ! next h>ve/ & e/imate ! numb] t is damag$ by scab4 ,y w rememb] t =mal9 is ! sub/ance us$ to prev5t gra9 smuts4 ,write to y\r /ate exp]im5t /ation = a bullet9 tell+ h[ to use =mal91 z well z = in=mation reg>d+ o!r potato diseases4 ,give ! treatm5t a fair trial 9 a portion ( y\r field ?is ye> & wat* c>efully = results4 ,make an e/imate ( ! co/ ( treatm5t & ( ! pr(its4 ,h[ does ! scab injure ! value ( ! potato8 ,! late blight c (t5 be recogniz$ by its odor4 ,did y ev] smell x z y pass$ an affect$ field8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,,club ,,root ,club ,root4 ,club root is a disease ( ! cabbage1 turnip1 caulifl[]1 etc4 ,its g5]al effect is %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #aca74 ,sometimes ?is disease does great damage4 ,x c be prev5t$ by us+ f eighty to n9ety bu%els ( lime to an acre4 ,black ,knot4 ,black knot is a s]i\s disease ( ! plum & ( ! *]ry tree4 ,x attacks ! bran*es ( ! tree2 x is well illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #acb4 ,s9ce x is a contagi\s disease1 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to de/roy all diseas$ bran*es ( ei!r wild or cultivat$ plums or *]ries4 ,9 _m /ates its de/ruction is en=c$ by law4 ,all black knot %\ld be cut out & burn$ "s "t be=e ,febru>y ( ea* ye>4 ,?is w co/ little & save mu*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,,black ,,knot ,pea* ,leaf ,curl4 ,pea* leaf curl does damage am\nt+ to ab\t #c1jjj1jjj ye>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x c be almo/ entirely prev5t$ by spray+ ! tree ) ,bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur wa% be=e ! buds op5 9 ! spr+4 ,x is n safe to use /rong ,bordeaux mixture on pea* trees :5 !y are 9 leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,,moldy ,,pea*es ,cotton ,wilt4 ,cotton wilt :5 x once e/abli%es itself 9 ! soil completely de/roys ! crop4 ,! fungus rema9s 9 ! soil1 & no am\nt ( spray+ w kill x4 ,! only kn[n rem$y is to cultivate a resi/ant v>iety ( cotton or to rotate ! crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,,pea* ,,mummies ,fruit ,mold4 ,fruit mold1 or br[n rot1 (t5 attacks ! unripe fruit on ! tree1 & turns x s(t & br[n & f9ally fuzzy ) a coat ( mildew4 ,fig4 #acc %[s "s pea*es ?us attack$4 ,(t5 ! fruits d n fall f ! trees b %rivel up & become mummies 7,fig4 #acd74 ,?is rot is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s diseases ( plums & pea*es4 ,x probably dim9i%es ! value ( ! pea* h>ve/ f #ej to #ge p] c5t4 ,spray+ accord+ to ! directions 9 ! ,app5dix w kill ! disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,,half ,,( ,,tree ,,spray$ ,,to ,,prev5t ,,pea* ,,curl ,note ! diff]5ce 9 foliage & fruit on ! spray$ & unspray$ halves ( ! tree1 & ! diff]5ce 9 yield %[n bel[ ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,or*>d1 ,,g>d51 ,,& ,,field ,,insects ,,section ,,xxxi4 ,,insects ,,9 ,,g5]al ,! f>m] :o has f\ght bugs on crop aft] crop ne$s no argum5t to conv9ce him t insects are s]i\s enemies to agriculture4 ,yet ev5 he may be surpris$ to le>n t ! damage done by !m1 z e/imat$ by good au?ority1 am\nts to millions & millions ( doll>s ye>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,,ants ,e "o ?9ks he kn[s :at an insect is4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we are will+ 9 ?is matt] to make our notion agree ) t ( ! p :o h /udi$ insects mo/ & "k !m be/1 we mu/ include among ! true insects only su* air-brea?+ animals z h six legs1 no m1 & h ! body divid$ into ?ree p>ts--head1 ?orax1 & abdom54 ,^! p>ts are cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf1 :i* repres5ts ! ant1 a true insect4 ,all insects d n %[ ! divisions ( ! body s cle>ly z ?is figure %[s !m1 b on c>eful exam9ation y c usually make !m out4 ,! head be>s "o pair ( feel]s1 & ^! 9 _m insects s]ve also z organs ( smell & sometimes ( he>+4 ,less prom95t feel]s are to be f\nd 9 ! region ( ! m\?4 ,^! s]ve z organs ( ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,an ,,insect ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,,comp\nd ,,eye ,,( ,,dragon ,,fly ,! eyes ( insects are especially noticeable4 ,close exam9ation %[s !m to be made up ( a ?\s& or m simple eyes4 ,su* an eye is call$ a comp\nd eye4 ,an enl>g$ view ( "o ( ^! is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,atta*$ to ! ?orax are ! legs & also ! w+s1 if ! insect has w+s4 ,! re> portion is ! abdom51 & ?is1 l ! o!r p>ts1 is compos$ ( p>ts kn[n z segm5ts4 ,! insect brea!s ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! abdom5 & ?orax call$ spiracles 7see ,fig4 #acg74 ,an exam9ation ( spid]s1 mites1 & ticks %[s eight legs2 !re=e ^! d n belong to ! true insects1 nor d ! ?\s&-legg$ worms & _! relatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,fly a1 egg2 b1 l>va1 or maggot2 c1 pupa2 d1 adult male4 7,all enl>g$7 ,! *ief classes ( insects are z foll[s3 ! flies1 ) two w+s only2 ! bees1 wasps1 & ants1 ) f\r delicate w+s2 ! beetles1 ) f\r w+s--two h>d1 horny ones cov]+ ! two m delicate ones4 ,:5 ! beetle is at re/ its two h>d w+s meet 9 a /raight l9e d[n ! back4 ,?is peculi>ity di/+ui%es x f ! true bug1 :i* has f\r w+s4 ,! two out] w+s are p>tly horny1 & 9 fold+ lap ov] ea* o!r4 ,butt]flies & mo?s are mu* alike 9 appe>ance b diff] 9 habit4 ,! butt]fly works by day & ! mo? by night4 ,note ! knob on ! end ( ! butt]fly's feel] 7,fig4 #adc74 ,! mo? has no su* knob4 ,x is important to "k h[ insects take _! food1 = by kn[+ ?is we are (t5 able to de/roy insect pe/s4 ,"s are provid$ ) m\? p>ts = *ew+ _! food2 o!rs h a long tube ) :i* !y pi]ce plants or animals &1 l ! mosquito1 suck _! food f ! inside4 ,insects ( ?is latt] class _c ( c\rse be h>m$ by poison on ! surface ( ! leaves on :i* !y fe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,a ,,typical ,,bug a1 adult2 b1 side view ( suck+ m\?-"p ,bo? a & b are mu* enl>g$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,,beetle a1 l>va2 b1 pupa2 c1 adult2 d1 burr[ ,_m insects *ange _! =m f y\? to old age s mu* t y c sc>cely recognize !m z ! same creatures4 ,fir/ comes ! egg4 ,! egg hat*es into a worm-l animal kn[n z a grub1 maggot1 or cat]pill>1 or1 z sci5ti/s call x1 a l>va4 ,?is creature fe$s & gr[s until f9ally x settles d[n & sp9s a home ( silk1 call$ a cocoon 7,fig4 #ade74 ,if we op5 ! cocoon we %all f9d t ! animal is n[ cov]$ ) a h>d outside skeleton1 t x _c move freely1 & t x _c eat at all4 ,! animal 9 ?is /ate is kn[n z ! pupa 7,figs4 #ade & #adf74 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! pupa is n cov]$ by a cocoon1 sometimes x is s(t1 & sometimes x has "s p[] ( motion 7,fig4 #ada74 ,aft] a re/ 9 ! pupa /age ! animal comes out a mature insect 7,figs4 #adb & #adc74 ,f ?is y c see t x is especially important to "k all y c ab\t ! life ( injuri\s insects1 s9ce x is (t5 easi] to kill ^! pe/s at "o /age ( _! life ?an at ano!r4 ,(t5 x is bett] to aim at de/roy+ ! seem+ly h>mless beetle or butt]fly ?an to try to de/roy ! l>vae t hat* f its eggs1 al?\gh1 z y mu/ rememb]1 x is g5]ally ! l>vae t d ! mo/ h>m4 ,l>vae gr[ v rapidly2 !re=e ! food supply mu/ be great to meet ! ne$s ( ! insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,,mo? ,,& ,,cocoon ,"s insects1 ! gras%opp] = example1 d n completely *ange _! =m4 ,fig4 #adg repres5ts "s "y gras%opp]s1 :i* v closely resemble _! p>5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,,butt]fly ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,cat]pill> ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,,mo? ,,pupa ,,9 ,,cocoon ,insects lay _m eggs & reproduce ) rem>kable rapidity4 ,_! numb] !re=e makes !m a foe to be mu* dread$4 ,! que5 honeybee (t5 lays z _m z #djjj eggs 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a s+le h\se fly lays betwe5 #ajj & #aej eggs 9 "o day4 ,! mosquito lays eggs 9 quantities ( f #bjj to #djj4 ,! :ite ant (t5 lays #hj1jjj 9 a day1 & s cont9ues = two ye>s1 probably lay+ no less ?an #dj1jjj1jjj eggs4 ,9 "o summ] ! bluebottle fly c\ld h #ejj1jjj1jjj desc5dants if !y all liv$4 ,! plant l\se1 at ! end ( ! fif? brood1 has laid 9 a s+le ye> en\gh eggs to produce #cjj1jjj1jjj "y4 ,( c\rse e "o kn[s t1 ow+ to enemies & diseases 7= ! insects h enemies :i* prey on !m j z !y prey on plants7 comp>atively few ( ! insects hat*$ f ^! eggs live till !y are gr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,a ,,butt]fly ,,pupa ,note outl9e ( ! butt]fly ,! numb] ( insects :i* are hurtful to crops1 g>d5s1 fl[]s1 & =e/s seems to be increas+ ea* season4 ,!re=e f>m boys & girls %\ld le>n to recognize ^! h>mful insects & to "k h[ !y live & h[ !y may be de/roy$4 ,^? :o "k ! =ms & habits ( ^! enemies ( plants & trees are f> bett] prep>$ to fight !m ?an are ^? :o /rike 9 ! d>k4 ,moreov] su* k is always a s\rce ( int]e/ & pleasure4 ,if y beg9 to /udy insects1 y w soon f9d y\r love = ! /udy gr[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,a ,,gras%opp] ,,ex]cise ,collect cocoons & pupae ( insects & hat* !m 9 a bre$+-cage simil> to ! "o illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,make sev]al cages ( ?is k9d4 ,collect l>vae ( sev]al k9ds2 supply !m ) food f plants ^u :i* y f\nd !m4 ,f9d out ! "t x takes !m to *ange into ano!r /age4 ,write a description ( ?is process4 ,! plant l\se c\ld produce 9 its twelf? brood #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj (fspr+4 ,ea* l\se is ab\t "o t5? ( an in* long4 ,if all %\ld live & be arrang$ 9 s+le file1 h[ _m miles long w\ld su* a procession be8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,,plant ,,lice ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,,cage ,,9 ,,:i* ,,to ,,bre$ ,,insects ,fl[]-pot1 lamp-*imney1 & clo? ,,section ,,xxxii4 ,,or*>d ,,insects ,! ,san ,jose ,scale4 ,! ,san ,jose scale is "o ( ! mo/ dread$ enemies ( fruit trees4 ,x is 9 fact an outlaw 9 _m /ates4 ,x is an unlawful act to sell fruit trees affect$ by x4 ,fig4 #aej %[s a view ( a bran* ne>ly cov]$ ) ?is pe/4 ,al?\gh ?is scale is a v m9ute animal1 yet s rapidly does x multiply t x is v dang]\s to ! tree4 ,nev] all[ new trees to be br\ght into y\r or*>d until y feel c]ta9 t !y are free f ! ,san ,jose scale4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld 9 any way ga9 access to y\r or*>d1 y c prev5t its spread+ by ?or\gh spray+ ) :at is kn[n z ! lime-sulphur mixture4 ,?is mixture has long be5 us$ on ! ,pacific coa/ z a rem$y = v>i\s scale insects4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ tri$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! results 7 n satisfactory & its use 0 ab&on$4 ,h[ev]1 lat] exp]im5ts ) x h prov$ t ! mixture is ?or\ghly effective 9 kill+ ?is scale & t x is p]fectly h>mless to ! trees4 ,until ! lime-sulphur mixture prov$ to be successful ! ,san ,jose scale 0 a mo/ dread$ nurs]y & or*>d foe4 ,x 0 ev5 ?\ght necess>y to de/roy infect$ trees4 ,! lime-sulphur mixture & "s o!r sulphur wa%es n only kill ! ,san ,jose scale b are also useful 9 r$uc+ fung\s injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej ,,san ,,jose ,,scale ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,,s+le ,,san ,,jose ,,scale ,magnifi$ ,!re are sev]al ways ( mak+ ! lime-sulphur mixture4 ,x is g5]ally be/ to buy a prep>$ mixture f "s tru/wor?y deal]4 ,if y f9d ! scale on y\r trees1 write to y\r /ate exp]im5t /ation = directions = combat+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,,! ,,codl+ ,,mo? a1 burr[ ( worm 9 apple2 b1 place :]e worm ent]s2 c1 place :]e worm leaves2 e1 ! l>va2 d1 ! pupa2 i1 ! cocoon2 f & g1 mo?s2 h1 magnifi$ head ( l>va ,! ,codl+ ,mo?4 ,! codl+ mo? attacks ! apple & (t5 causes a loss ( f tw5ty-five to sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! crop4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york ?is insect is caus+ an annual loss ( ab\t ?ree million doll>s4 ,! effect x has on ! fruit is mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,! mo? lays its egg ^u ! "y leaves j aft] ! fall+ ( ! blossom4 ,%e flies on f apple to apple1 deposit+ an egg ea* "t until f fifty to sev5ty-five eggs are deposit$4 ,! l>va1 or worm1 soon hat*es & eats its way into ! apple4 ,_m affect$ apples rip5 too soon & drop z w9dfalls4 ,o!rs rema9 on ! tree & become ! common wormy apples s famili> to gr[]s4 ,! l>va t em]ges f ! w9dfalls moves g5]ally to a tree1 crawls up ! trunk1 & sp9s its cocoon "u a ridge 9 ! b>k4 ,f ! cocoon ! mo? comes ready to />t a new g5]ation4 ,! la/ g5]ation ( ! l>vae sp5ds ! w9t] 9 ! cocoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,,spray+ ,,! ,,or*>d ,,br+s ,,lusci\s ,,fruit ,! picture 9 ! corn] at ! top %[s ! "r "t to spray = codl+ mo? ,treatm5t4 ,de/roy or*>d tra% :i* may s]ve z a w9t] home4 ,scrape all loose b>k f ! tree4 ,spray ! tree ) ars5ate ( lead z soon z ! fl[]s fall4 ,a =m] me?od ( fight+ ?is pe/ 0 z foll[s3 b&s ( burlap f\r in*es wide ti$ ar\nd ! tree furni%$ a hid+-place = l>vae t came f w9dfalls or crawl$ f wormy apples on ! tree4 ,! l>vae caught "u ! b&s 7 kill$ e five or six days4 ,we "k n[1 h[ev]1 t a ?or\gh spray+ j aft] ! blossoms fall kills ! worms & r5d]s ! b&s unnecess>y4 ,fur!rmore1 spray+ prev5ts wormy apples1 :ile b&+ does n4 ,foll[ ! fir/ spray+ by a second two weeks lat]4 ,x is be/ to use lime-sulphur mixture or ! ,bordeaux mixture ) ars5ate ( lead = a spray4 ,?us "o spray+ s]ves aga9/ bo? fungi & insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,,plum ,,curculio ,l>va1 pupa1 adult1 & m>k on ! fruit4 7,enl>g$7 ,! ,plum ,curculio4 ,! plum curculio1 sometimes call$ ! plum weevil1 is a little creature ab\t "o fif? ( an in* long4 ,9 spite ( its small size ! curculio does1 if neglect$1 great damage to our fruit crop4 ,x injures pea*es1 plums1 & *]ries by /++ ! fruit z soon z x is =m$4 ,! ^w /++ :5 appli$ to insects--- & ?is case is no exception--means pi]c+ ! object ) ! egg-lay] 7ovipositor7 & deposit+ ! egg4 ,"s insects occasionally use ! ovipositor m]ely = def5se4 ,! curculio has an especially int]e/+ me?od ( lay+ h] egg4 ,fir/ %e digs a hole1 9 :i* %e places ! egg & pu%es x well d[n4 ,!n ) h] sn\t %e makes a cresc5t-%ap$ cut 9 ! sk9 ( ! plum1 ar\nd ! egg4 ,?is m>k is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aed4 ,z ?is peculi> cut is foll[$ by a fl[ ( gum1 y w always be able to recognize ! "w ( ! curculio4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ) "o plum1 ?is indu/ri\s work] makes h] way to o!r plums until h] eggs are all laid4 ,! maggotlike l>va soon hat*es1 burr[s ?r\gh ! fruit1 & causes x to drop be=e rip5+4 ,! l>va !n ent]s ! gr\nd to a dep? ( sev]al in*es4 ,!re x becomes a pupa1 & lat]1 z a mature beetle1 em]ges & w9t]s 9 cracks & crevices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,,leaf ,,galls ,,( ,,phyllox]a ,,on ,,cl9ton ,,grape ,,leaf ,treatm5t4 ,burn or*>d tra% :i* may s]ve z w9t] qu>t]s4 ,spray+ ) ars5ate ( lead1 us+ two p\nds ( ! mixture to fifty gallons ( wat]1 is ! only successful treatm5t = ! curculio4 ,= plums & pea*es1 spray fir/ :5 ! fruit is free f ! calyx caps1 or dri$ fl[]-buds4 ,repeat ! spray+ two weeks lat]4 ,= late pea*es spray a ?ird "t two weeks aft] ! second spray+4 ,?is poison\s spray w kill ! beetles :ile !y are fe$+ or cutt+ holes 9 :i* to lay _! eggs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,,! ,,cank]worm ,f[ls 9 ! or*>d d good by captur+ ! l>vae be=e !y c burr[1 :ile hogs w de/roy ! fall5 fruit be=e ! l>vae c escape4 ,! ,grape ,phyllox]a4 ,! grape phyllox]a is a s]i\s pe/4 ,y h no d\bt se5 its galls ^u ! grape leaf4 ,^! galls are caus$ by a small l\se1 ! phyllox]a4 ,ea* gall conta9s a female1 :i* soon fills ! gall ) eggs4 ,^! hat* into m females1 :i* em]ge & =m new galls1 & s ! phyllox]a spreads 7see ,fig4 #aee74 ,treatm5t4 ,! ,cl9ton grape is mo/ liable to injury f ?is pe/4 ,h5ce x is bett] to gr[ o!r m resi/ant k9ds4 ,sometimes ! lice attack ! roots ( ! grape v9es4 ,9 _m sections :]e irrigation is practic$ ! grape r[s are flood$ :5 ! lice are ?icke/4 ,! wat] dr[ns ! lice & does no h>m to ! v9es4 ,! ,cank]worm4 ,! cank]worm is ! l>va ( a mo?4 ,because ( its peculi> mode ( crawl+1 by loop+ its body1 x is (t5 call$ ! loop+ worm or measur+ worm 7,fig4 #aeg1 c74 ,^! worms are su* gre$y eat]s t 9 a %ort "t !y c s cut ! leaves ( an or*>d z to give x a scor*$ appe>ance4 ,su* an attack practically de/roys ! crop & does la/+ injury to ! tree4 ,! worms are gre5 or br[n & are /rip$ l5g?wise4 ,if ! tree is j>r$1 ! worm has a peculi> habit ( dropp+ t[>d ! gr\nd on a silk5 ?read ( its own mak+ 7,fig4 #aef74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,,! ,,spr+ ,,cank]worm a1 egg mass2 b1 egg1 magnifi$2 c1 l>va2 d1 female mo?2 e1 male mo? ,9 e>ly summ] ! l>vae burr[ )9 ! e>? & pupate !re2 lat] !y em]ge z adults 7,fig4 #aeg1 d & e74 ,y obs]ve ! peculi> diff]5ce betwe5 ! w+less female1 d1 & ! w+$ male1 e4 ,x is ! habit ( ?is w+less female to crawl up ! trunk ( "s ne>-by tree 9 ord] to deposit h] eggs ^u ! twigs4 ,^! eggs 7%[n at a & b7 hat* into ! gre$y l>vae t d s mu* damage to our or*>ds4 ,ne>ly all ! common birds fe$ freely ^u ! cank]worm1 & b5efit ! or*>d 9 s do+4 ,! *ickadee is p]haps ! mo/ useful4 ,a rec5t writ] is v positive t ea* *ickadee w dev\r on an av]age ?irty female cank]worm mo?s a day2 & t if ! av]age numb] ( eggs laid by ea* female is "o hundr$ & eighty-five1 "o *ickadee w\ld ?us de/roy 9 "o day five ?\s& five hundr$ & fifty eggs1 &1 9 ! tw5ty-five days 9 :i* ! cank]worm mo?s crawl up ! tree1 w\ld rid ! or*>d ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty4 ,^! birds also eat imm5se numb]s ( cank]worm eggs be=e !y hat* into worms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,,eggs ,,( ,,! ,,fall ,,cank]worm ,treatm5t4 ,! inability ( ! female to fly gives u an easy way to prev5t ! l>val (fspr+ f gett+ to ! foliage ( our trees1 = we "k t ! only highway op5 to h] or h] l>vae leads up ! trunk4 ,we mu/ ob/ruct ?is highway s t no crawl+ creature may pass4 ,?is is readily done by smoo?+ ! b>k & fitt+ close to x a b& ( pap]1 & mak+ sure t x is tight en\gh to prev5t any?+ f crawl+ und]nea?4 ,!n sme> ov] ! pap] some?+ s /icky t any mo? or l>va t attempts to pass w be entangl$4 ,pr9t]'s ink w d v well1 or y c buy ei!r d5drol5e or tanglefoot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,,apple-,,tree ,,t5t ,,cat]pill> a1 eggs2 b1 cocoon2 c1 cat]pill> ,enc\rage ! *ickadee & all o!r birds1 except ! ,engli% sp>r[1 to /ay 9 y\r or*>d4 ,?is is easily done by fe$+ & protect+ !m 9 _! times ( ne$4 ,! ,apple-,tree ,t5t ,cat]pill>4 ,! apple-tree t5t cat]pill> is a l>va s well kn[n t y only ne$ to be told h[ to gu>d aga9/ x4 ,! "m ( ?is cat]pill> is a r$di% mo?4 ,?is insect passes ! w9t] 9 ! egg /ate securely fa/5$ on ! twigs z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei1 a4 ,treatm5t4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal me?ods1 7#a7 ,de/roy ! eggs4 ,! egg masses are readily se5 9 w9t] & may easily be collect$ & burn$ by boys4 ,! *ickadee eats great quantities ( ^! eggs4 7#b7 ,) tor*es burn ! ne/s at dusk :5 all ! worms are )94 ,y mu/ be v c>eful 9 burn+ or y w h>m ! "y bran*es ) _! t5d] b>k4 7#c7 ,enc\rage ! resid5ce ( birds4 ,urge y\r neighbors to make w> on ! l>vae1 too1 s9ce ! pe/ spreads rapidly f f>m to f>m4 ,regul>ly spray$ or*>ds are r>ely tr\bl$ by ?is pe/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,,! ,,twig ,,girdl] ,,at ,,its ,,de/ructive ,,"w a1 ! girdl]2 b1 ! egg-hole2 c1 ! groove cut by girdl]2 e1 ! egg ,! ,twig ,girdl]4 ,! twig girdl] lays h] eggs 9 ! twigs ( pe>1 pecan1 apple1 & o!r trees4 ,x is necess>y t ! l>vae develop 9 dead wood4 ,?is ! "m provides by girdl+ ! twig s deeply t x w die & fall to ! gr\nd4 ,treatm5t4 ,s9ce ! l>vae sp5d ! w9t] 9 ! dead twigs1 burn ^! twigs 9 autumn or e>ly spr+ & ?us de/roy ! pe/4 ,! ,pea*-,tree ,bor]4 ,9 ,fig4 #afa y see ! effect ( ! pea*-tree bor]'s activity4 ,^! bor]s (t5 girdle & !reby kill a tree4 ,fig4 #afb %[s ! adult /ate ( ! insect4 ,! eggs are laid on pea* or plum trees ne> ! gr\nd4 ,z soon z ! l>va em]ges1 x bores into ! b>k & rema9s !re = mon?s1 pass+ ?r\gh ! pupa /age be=e x comes out to lay eggs = ano!r g5]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,,bor] ,,signs ,,ar\nd ,,base ,,( ,,pea* ,,tree ,treatm5t4 ,if !re are only a few trees 9 ! or*>d1 digg+ ! worms out ) a knife is ! be/ way ( de/roy+ !m4 ,y c "k ( ! bor]'s pres5ce by ! exud+ gum (t5 se5 on ! tree-trunk4 ,if y pile e>? ar\nd ! roots e>ly 9 ! spr+ & remove x 9 ! late fall1 ! w9t] freez+ & ?aw+ w kill _m ( ! l>vae4 ,,ex]cise ,h[ _m apples p] hundr$ d y f9d injur$ by ! codl+ mo?8 ,collect "s cocoons f a pe> or an apple tree 9 w9t]1 place 9 a bre$+-cage1 & wat* = ! mo?s t come out4 ,d y ev] see ! woodpeck] hunt+ = ^! same cocoons8 ,c y f9d cocoons t h be5 empti$ by ?is bird8 ,e/imate h[ _m he consid]s a day's ration4 ,h[ _m apples does he ?us save8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,,pea*-,,tree ,,bor]s1 ,,male ,,& ,,female ,female ) broad yell[ b& across abdom5 ,wat* ! curculio lay h] eggs 9 ! plums1 pea*es1 or *]ries4 ,:at p] c5t ( fruit is ?us injur$8 ,e/imate ! damage4 ,let ! s*ool (f] a prize = ! greate/ numb] ( t5t-cat]pill> eggs4 ,wat* su* trees z ! apple1 ! wild & ! cultivat$ *]ry1 ! oak1 & _m o!rs4 ,make a collection ( insects injuri\s to or*>d fruits1 %[+ 9 ea* case ! :ole life hi/ory ( ! insect1 t is1 eggs1 l>va1 pupa1 & ! mature insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tr\blesome ,,*9* ,,bug 7,,enl>g$7 #a1 bugs on plant2 #b1 eggs2 #c1 "y bug2 #d & #e1 old] bugs2 #f1 long-w+$ bug2 #g & #h1 %ort-w+$ bug ,,section ,,xxxiii4 ,,g>d5 ,,& ,,field ,,insects ,! ,cabbage ,worm4 ,! cabbage worm ( ! e>ly spr+ g>d5 is a famili> object1 b y may n "k t ! innoc5t-look+ little :ite butt]flies hov]+ ab\t ! cabbage pat* are lay+ eggs :i* are soon to hat* & make ! dread$ cabbage worms4 ,9 ,fig4 #afd a & b %[ ! common cabbage butt]fly1 c %[s sev]al examples ( ! cat]pill>1 & d %[s ! pupa case4 ,9 ! pupa /age ! insects pass ! w9t] among ! rema9s ( old plants or 9 ne>-by f5ces or 9 we$s or bu%es4 ,clean+ up & burn+ all tra% w de/roy _m pupae & ?us prev5t _m cabbage worms4 ,9 ,fig4 #afd e & f %[ ! mo? & zebra cat]pill>2 g repres5ts a mo? :i* is ! p>5t ( ! small gre5 worm %[n at h4 ,?is worm is a common foe ( ! cabbage plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,,! ,,dread$ ,,*9* ,,bug ,treatm5t4 ,birds aid 9 ! de/ruction ( ?is pe/4 ,p>is gre5 mix$ ) air-slak$ lime w also kill _m l>vae4 ,aft] ! cabbage has head$1 x is v difficult to de/roy ! worm1 b pyre?rum insect p[d] us$ freely is helpful4 ,! ,*9* ,bug4 ,! *9* bug1 attack+ z x does su* important crops z :eat1 corn1 & grasses1 is a well-kn[n pe/4 ,x probably causes m money loss ?an any o!r g>d5 or field enemy4 ,9 ,orange c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 f>m]s 7 once oblig$ to susp5d :eat-gr[+ = two ye>s on acc\nt ( ! *9* bug4 ,9 "o ye> 9 ! /ate ( ,ill9ois ?is bug caus$ a loss ( f\r million doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,,cabbage ,,worms ,,& ,,butt]flies ,treatm5t4 ,un=tunately we _c prev5t all ( ! damage done by *9* bugs1 b we c dim9i% x some:at by good clean agriculture4 ,de/roy ! w9t] homes ( ! insect by burn+ dry grass1 leaves1 & rubbi% 9 fields & f5ce r[s4 ,al?\gh ! insect has w+s1 x seldom or nev] uses !m1 usually travel+ on foot2 !re=e a deep furr[ ar\nd ! field to be protect$ w h9d] or /op ! progress ( an invasion4 ,! bugs fall into ! bottom ( ! furr[1 & may !re be kill$ by dragg+ a log up & d[n ! furr[4 ,write to ! ,division ( ,entomology1 ,wa%+ton1 = bullet9s on ! *9* bug4 ,o!r me?ods ( prev5tion are to be f\nd 9 ^! bullet9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,a ,,plant ,,l\se ,,colony ,! ,plant ,l\se4 ,! plant l\se is v small1 b x multiplies ) v great rapidity4 ,dur+ ! summ] ! "y are born alive1 & x is only t[>d fall t eggs are laid4 ,! individuals t hat* f eggs are g5]ally w+less females1 & _! "y1 born alive1 are bo? w+$ & w+less4 ,! w+$ =ms fly to o!r plants & />t new colonies4 ,plant lice mature 9 f eight to f\rte5 days4 ,! plant l\se gives (f a sweeti% fluid ( :i* "s ants are v fond4 ,y may (t5 see ! ants /rok+ ^! lice to induce !m to give (f a fre] fl[ ( ! honey dew4 ,?is is really a me?od ( milk+4 ,h[ev] fri5dly & useful ^! c[s may be to ! ant1 !y are enemies to man 9 de/roy+ s _m ( 8 plants4 ,treatm5t4 ,^! are suck+ insects4 ,poisons !re=e d n avail4 ,!y may be kill$ by spray+ ) k]os5e emulsion or a /rong soap solution or ) tobacco wat]4 ,lice on cabbages are easily kill$ by a mixture ( "o p\nd ( lye soap 9 f\r gallons ( w>m wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,a ,,*eap ,,spray+ ,,outfit ,! ,squa% ,bug4 ,! squa% bug does its greate/ damage to "y plants4 ,to su* its attack is (t5 fatal4 ,on l>g] plants s+le leaves may die4 ,?is insect is a s]i\s enemy to a crop & is p>ticul>ly difficult to get rid (1 s9ce x belongs to ! class ( suck+ insects1 n to ! bit+ insects4 ,= ?is reason poisons are useless4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,a ,,squa% ,,bug ,treatm5t4 ,ab\t ! only practicable rem$y is to pick ^! insects by h&4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 protect our "y plants by small nett+s & ?us tide !m ov] ! mo/ dang]\s p]iod ( _! lives4 ,^! bugs greatly pref] ! squa% z food4 ,y c !re=e dim9i% _! attack on y\r melons1 cucumb]s1 etc4 by plant+ among ! melons an occasional squa% plant z a trap plant4 ,h& pick+ w be easi] on a few trap plants ?an ov] ! :ole field4 ,a small bo>d or l>ge leaf laid beside ! "y plant (t5 furni%es night %elt] = ! bugs4 ,! bugs collect$ "u ! bo>d may easily be kill$ e morn+4 ,! ,flea-,beetle4 ,! flea-beetle inflicts mu* damage on ! potato1 tomato1 eggplant1 & o!r g>d5 plants4 ,! accompany+ figure %[s ! common /rip$ flea-beetle :i* lives on ! tomato4 ,! l>va ( ?is beetle lives inside ( ! leaves1 m9+ its way ?r\gh ! leaf 9 a real tunnel4 ,any sub/ance disagreeable to ! beetle1 su* z pla/]1 soot1 a%es1 or tobacco1 w repel its attacks on ! g>d5 crops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,,flea-,,beetle ,,& ,,l>va a1 l>va2 b1 adult4 ,l9es on sides %[ real l5g? ( insects ,! ,weevil4 ,! weevil is commonly f\nd among se$s4 ,its attacks are s]i\s1 b ! insect may easily be de/roy$4 ,treatm5t4 ,put ! infect$ se$s 9 an air-tight box or b91 plac+ on ! top ( ! pile a di% conta9+ c>bon disulphide1 a tablespoonful to a bu%el ( se$s4 ,! fumes ( ?is sub/ance are heavy & w pass ?r\gh ! mass ( se$s bel[ & kill all ! weevils & o!r animals !re4 ,! b9 %\ld be closely cov]$ ) canvas or heavy clo? to prev5t ! fumes f be+ c>ri$ away by ! air4 ,let ! se$s rema9 ?us f two to five days4 ,repeat ! treatm5t if any weevils are f\nd alive4 ,fumigate :5 ! temp]ature is #gj deg4 ,fahr5heit or above4 ,9 cold wea!r or 9 a loose b9 ! treatm5t is n successful4 ,caution3 ,d n approa* ! b9 ) a light1 s9ce ! fumes ( ! *emical us$ are highly inflammable4 ,! ,hessian ,fly4 ,! ,hessian fly does m damage to ! :eat crop ?an all o!r insects comb9$1 & probably ranks next to ! *9* bug z ! second wor/ insect enemy ( ! f>m]4 ,x 0 probably introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ! ,hessian troops 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,,! ,,hessian ,,fly ,9 autumn ! insect lays its eggs 9 ! leaves ( ! :eat4 ,^! hat* into ! l>vae1 :i* move d[n into ! cr[n ( ! plant1 :]e !y pass ! w9t]4 ,!re !y cause on ! plant a slight gall =mation1 :i* injures or kills ! plant4 ,9 ! spr+ adult flies em]ge & lay eggs4 ,! l>vae t hat* fe$ 9 ! l[] jo9ts ( ! gr[+ :eat & prev5t its prop] gr[?4 ,^! l>vae pupate & rema9 z pupae 9 ! :eat /ubble dur+ ! summ]4 ,! fall brood ( flies appe>s %ortly be=e ! fir/ heavy fro/4 ,treatm5t4 ,burn all /ubble & tra% dur+ ,july & ,augu/4 ,if ! fly is v bad1 x is well to leave ! /ubble unusually high to insure a rapid spread ( ! fire4 ,burn refuse f ! ?re%+-ma*9e1 s9ce ?is (t5 h>bors _m l>vae or pupae4 ,foll[ ! burn+ by deep pl[+1 because ! burn+ _c rea* ! insects t are 9 ! base ( ! plants4 ,delay ! fall plant+ until "t = heavy fro/s4 ,! ,potato ,beetle2 ,tobacco ,worm4 ,! potato beetle1 tobacco worm1 etc41 are too well kn[n to ne$ description4 ,suffice x to say t no good f>m] w neglect to protect 8 crop f any pe/ t ?reat5s x4 ,! increase1 ow+ to v>i\s causes1 ( insects1 ( fungi1 ( bact]ial diseases1 makes a /udy ( ^! pe/s1 ( _! orig91 & ( _! prev5tion a necess>y "p ( a successful f>m]'s tra9+4 ,tillage alone w no long] r5d] or*>d1 v9ey>d1 & g>d5 fruitful4 ,protection f e =m ( plant enemies mu/ be add$ to tillage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,,spray+ ,,! ,,or*>d ,"o way ( increas+ ! yield ( fruit ,9 deal+ ) plants1 z ) human be+s1 ! great object %\ld be n ! cure b ! prev5tion ( disease4 ,if disease c be prev5t$1 x is f> too co/ly to wait = x to develop & !n to attempt its cure4 ,m5 ( sci5ce are /udy+ ! new =ms ( diseases & new insects z fa/ z !y appe>4 ,^! m5 are f9d+ ways ( fight+ old & new enemies4 ,"y p :o expect to f>m %\ld e>ly le>n to foll[ _! advice4 ,,ex]cise ,h[ does ! squa% bug resemble ! plant l\se8 ,is ?is a true bug8 ,ga!r "s eggs & wat* ! developm5t ( ! insects 9 a bre$+-cage4 ,e/imate ! damage done to "s crops by ! flea-beetle4 ,:at is ! be/ me?od ( prev5tion8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,,an ,,apple ,,tree ,,%[+ ,,prop] ,,c>e ,d y "k ! l>ge mo? t is ! "m ( ! tobacco worm8 ,y may (t5 see h] visit+ ! blossoms ( ! ,jimson we$4 ,"s tobacco-gr[]s cultivate a few ( ^! we$s 9 a tobacco field4 ,9 ! blossom !y place a little cobalt or fly-/one & sirup4 ,:5 ! tobacco-worm mo? visits ?is fl[] & sips ! poison$ nect>1 %e w ( c\rse lay no m tr\blesome eggs4 ,,section ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,cotton-,,boll ,,weevil ,s f> z kn[n1 ! cotton-boll weevil1 an insect :i* is a native ( ! tropics1 cross$ ! ,rio ,gr&e ,riv] into ,texas 9 #ahia & #ahib4 ,x settl$ 9 ! cotton fields ar\nd ,br[nsville4 ,s9ce !n x has wid5$ its de/ructive area until n[ x has invad$ ! :ole t]ritory %[n by ! map on page #agg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,,adult ,,cotton-,,boll ,,weevil ,enl>g$ ,?is weevil is a small gray or r$di%-br[n sn\t-beetle h>dly ov] a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,9 proportion to its l5g? x has a long beak4 ,x belongs to a family ( beetles :i* bre$ 9 pods1 9 se$s1 & 9 /alks ( plants4 ,x is a gre$y eat]1 b fe$s only on ! cotton plant4 ,! gr[n weevils try to outlive ! cold ( w9t] by hid+ snugly away "u grass clumps1 cotton-/alks1 rubbi%1 or "u ! b>k ( trees4 ,sometimes !y g d[n into holes 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a com=table %elt] is (t5 f\nd 9 ! =e/s ne> ! cotton fields1 especially 9 ! moss on ! trees4 ,! weevils c /& a good deal ( cold1 b =tunately _m are kill$ by w9t] wea!r4 ,moreov] birds de/roy _m2 h5ce by spr+ ! la/ ye>'s crop is v greatly dim9i%$4 ,9 ! spr+1 g5]ally ab\t ! "t cotton beg9s to =m squ>es1 ! weevils %ake (f _! long w9t] sleep & ent] ! cotton fields ) appetites z %>p z razors4 ,!n %ortly ! females beg9 to lay eggs4 ,at fir/ ^! eggs are laid only 9 ! squ>es1 & g5]ally only "o to ! squ>e4 ,! "y grub hat*es f ^! eggs 9 two or ?ree days4 ,! newly hat*$ grub eats ! inside ( ! squ>e1 & ! squ>e soon falls to ! gr\nd4 ,entire fields may at times be se5 )\t a s+le squ>e on ! plants4 ,( c\rse no fruit c be =m$ )\t squ>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,,eggs ,,among ,,! ,,an!rs ,,( ,a ,,squ>e ,,at ,,! ,,po9t ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,! ,,arr[ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,,cross ,,section ,,%[+ ,,an!rs ,,( ,a ,,squ>e ,,) ,,egg ,,( ,,weevil1 ,,& ,,%[+ ,,! ,,hole ,,:]e ,,! ,,egg ,,0 ,,deposit$ ,greatly enl>g$ ,9 f "o to two weeks ! grub or l>va becomes fully gr[n &1 )\t *ang+ its home1 is trans=m$ into ! pupa /ate4 ,!n 9 ab\t a week m ! pupae come out z adult weevils & attack ! bolls4 ,!y puncture !m ) _! sn\ts & lay _! eggs 9 ! bolls4 ,! "y grubs1 ?is "t hat*+ out 9 ! boll1 rema9 !re until gr[n1 :5 !y em]ge ?r\gh holes t !y make4 ,^! holes all[ dampness to ent] & de/roy ! bolls4 ,?is life-r\nd cont9ues until cold wea!r drives ! insects to _! w9t] qu>t]s4 ,by t "t !y h increas$ s rapidly t !re is (t5 "o = e boll 9 ! field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,,! ,,l>va ,,( ,,! ,,cotton-,,boll ,,weevil ,,injur+ ,a ,,squ>e ,?is weevil is prov+ v h>d to de/roy4 ,at pres5t !re seem b few ways to fight x4 ,"o is to gr[ cotton t w mature too e>ly = ! weevils to d x mu* h>m4 ,a second is to kill z _m weevils z possible by burn+ ! homes t %elt] !m 9 w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,,pupa ,,( ,,cotton-,,boll ,,weevil ,,f ,,above ,,& ,,bel[ ,greatly enl>g$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,,! ,,pupa ,,( ,,! ,,cotton-,,boll ,,weevil ,,9 ,a ,,squ>e ,! places be/ adapt$ = a w9t] home = ! weevil are tra% piles1 rubbi%1 driftwood1 rott5 wood1 we$s1 moss on trees1 etc4 ,a fur!r help1 !re=e1 9 de/roy+ ! weevil is to cut d[n & burn all cotton-/alks z soon z ! cotton is h>ve/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,a ,,cotton ,,boll ,,) ,,fe$+-,,holes ,,( ,,weevil1 ,,& ,,be>+ ,,?ree ,,specim5s ,,( ,,! ,,insect ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,,! ,,mexican ,,cotton-,,boll ,,weevil1 ,,%[+ ,,/ructure ,?is de/roys c\ntless numb]s ( l>vae & pupae 9 ! bolls & greatly r$uces ! numb] ( weevils4 ,9 addition1 all corn/alks1 all tra%1 all l>ge clumps ( grass 9 neighbor+ fields1 %\ld be burn$1 s z to de/roy ^! w9t] homes ( ! weevil4 ,also avoid plant+ cotton ne> trees4 ,! b>k1 moss1 & fall5 leaves ( ! tree furni% a w9t] %elt] = ! weevils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,full ,,gr[n ,,weevils1 ,,%[+ ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,size ,a ?ird help 9 de/roy+ ! weevil is to rotate crops4 ,if cotton does n foll[ cotton1 ! weevil has no?+ on :i* to fe$ ! second ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,cotton-,,boll ,,weevil ,,9 #aiac ,9 adopt+ ! fir/ me?od m5tion$ ! cotton gr[]s h f\nd t by ! c>eful selection ( se$1 by e>ly plant+1 by a free use ( f]tiliz]s conta9+ phosphoric acid1 & by frequ5t pl[+1 !y c mature a crop ab\t ?irty days e>li] ?an !y usually d4 ,9 ?is way a good crop c be h>ve/$ be=e ! weevils are ready to be mo/ de/ructive4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,f>m ,,crops ,e crop ( ! f>m has be5 *ang$ & improv$ 9 _m ways s9ce its =efa!rs 7 wild plants4 ,^? plants t be/ s]ve ! ne$s ( ! f>m] & ( f>m animals h und]gone ! mo/ *anges & h receiv$ also ! greate/ c>e & att5tion 9 _! production & improvem5t4 ,:ile we h _m diff]5t k9ds ( f>m crops1 ! cultivat$ soil ( ! _w is occupi$ by a v few4 ,9 our c\ntry ! crop t is mo/ valuable & t occupies ! greate/ l& area is g5]ally kn[n z ! grass crop4 ,includ$ 9 ! g5]al t]m grass crop are ! grasses & clov]s t are us$ = pa/urage z well z = hay4 ,next to grass 9 value come ! great c]eal1 corn1 & ! mo/ important fib] crop1 cotton1 closely foll[$ by ! great bread crop1 :eat4 ,oats rank fif? 9 value1 potatoes six?1 & tobacco sev5?4 7,^! figures are = #aiac47 ,success 9 gr[+ any crop is l>gely due to ! suitabl5ess ( soil & climate to t crop4 ,:5 ! plant] selects bo? ! mo/ suitable soil & ! mo/ suitable climate = ea* crop1 he gets n only ! mo/ b\ntiful yield f ! crop b1 9 addition1 he gets ! mo/ desirable quality ( product4 ,a little c>eful obs]vation & /udy soon tea* :at k9ds ( soil produce crops ( ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,?is le>n$1 ! plant] is able to gr[ 9 ea* field ! sev]al crops be/ adapt$ to t special type ( soil4 ,?us we h tobacco soils1 truck+ soils1 :eat & corn soils4 ,dairy+ c be mo/ pr(itably foll[$ 9 sections :]e crops l c[peas1 clov]1 alfalfa1 & corn are peculi>ly at home4 ,no "o %\ld try to gr[ a new crop 9 8 section until he has f\nd out :e!r ! crop :i* he wants to gr[ is adapt$ to 8 soil & 8 climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,,alfalfa ,,9 ,,! ,,/ack ,?is is ! second cutt+ ( ! season ,! figures bel[ give ! av]age am\nt ( money made annually an acre on our *ief crops3 ,fl[]s & plants1 #aiaa2 nurs]y products1 #bfa2 onions1 #adj2 sug> cane1 #ee2 small fruits1 #aaj2 hops1 #age2 vegetables1 #gh2 tobacco1 #hj2 sweet potatoes1 #ee2 hemp1 #ec2 potatoes1 #gh2 sug> beets1 #ed2 sorghum cane1 #bb2 cotton1 #bb2 or*>d fruits1 #aaj2 peanuts1 #ba2 flax-se$1 #ad2 c]eals1 #ad2 hay & =age1 #aa2 ca/or beans1 #f 7,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,report74 ,,section ,,xxxv4 ,,cotton ,al?\gh cotton 0 cultivat$ on ! ,ea/]n cont95t be=e ,am]ica 0 discov]$1 ?is crop owes its pres5t k+ly place 9 ! bus9ess _w to ! zeal & intellig5ce ( its ,am]ican gr[]s4 ,s great an influ5ce does x wield 9 mod]n indu/rial life t x is (t5 call$ ,k+ ,cotton4 ,?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( p scan ! newspap]s ea* day to see :at price its /aple is br++4 ,f its b\nty a va/ army ( toil]s1 :o plant its se$1 :o pick its bolls1 :o g9 its /aple1 :o sp9 & weave its l9t1 :o gr9d its se$1 :o ref9e its oil1 draw daily bread4 ,does n its prop] production des]ve ! be/ ?\ght t c be giv5 x8 ,9 ! cotton belt almo/ any well-dra9$ soil w produce cotton4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( soil are admirably suit$ to ?is plant3 r$ & gray loams ) good clay subsoil2 s&y soils ov] clay & s&/one & lime/one2 ri*1 well-dra9$ bottom-l&s4 ,! safe/ soils are m$ium loams4 ,cotton l& mu/ always be well dra9$4 ,cotton 0 orig9ally a tropical plant1 b1 /range to say1 x seems to ?rive be/ 9 temp]ate zones4 ,! cotton plant does be/1 accord+ to ,newman1 9 climates :i* h 7#a7 six mon?s ( fre$om f fro/2 7#b7 a mod]ate1 well-di/ribut$ ra9fall dur+ ! plant's gr[+ p]iod2 & 7#c7 abundant sun%9e & little ra9 dur+ ! plant's matur+ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,cotton ,,f ,,day ,,to ,,day ,9 ,am]ica ! ,s\!rn /ates f ,virg9ia to ,texas h ^! climatic qualities1 & x is 9 ^! /ates t ! cotton indu/ry has be5 develop$ until x is "o ( ! giant indu/ries ( ! _w4 ,?is developm5t has be5 v rapid4 ,z late z #agcf ! cotton plant 0 gr[n z an ornam5tal fl[]+ plant 9 _m front y>ds2 9 #aiaa1 #af1bej1bgf bales ( cotton 7 gr[n 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! soil & climate ( l[] ,cali=nia & p>ts ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico h be5 f\nd well adapt$ to cotton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,,cotton ,,9 ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,season ,!re are a great _m v>ieties ( cotton4 ,two types are ma9ly gr[n by ! practical ,am]ican f>m]4 ,^! are ! %ort-/apl$1 upl& v>iety mo/ commonly gr[n 9 all ! ,s\!rn /ates1 & ! beautiful1 long-/apl$1 black-se$$ sea-isl& type t gr[s ^u ! isl&s & a portion ( ! ma9l& ( ,georgia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,florida4 ,! air ( ! coa/ seems necess>y = ! production ( ?is latt] v>iety4 ,! se$s ( ! sea-isl& cotton are small1 smoo?1 & black4 ,!y are s smoo? & /ick s loosely to ! l9t t !y are sep>at$ f x by roll]-g9s in/ead ( by saw-g9s4 ,:5 ^! se$s are plant$ away f ! soil & air ( _! ocean home1 ! plant does n ?rive4 ,_m attempts h be5 made & are /ill be+ made to increase ! l5g? ( ! /aple ( ! upl& types4 ,! me?ods us$ are z foll[s3 selection ( se$ hav+ a long fib]2 special cultivation & f]tilization2 cross+ ! %ort-/apl$ cotton on ! long-/apl$ cotton4 ,?is la/ process1 z already expla9$1 is call$ hybridiz+4 ,_m ( ^! attempts h succe$$1 & !re are n[ a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties :i* excel ! old] v>ieties 9 pr(itable yield4 ,! new v>ieties are ea* ye> be+ m widely gr[n4 ,e f>m] %\ld /udy ! new types & select ! "o t w be/ suit 8 l&4 ,! new types h be5 develop$ "u ! be/ tillage4 ,!re=e if a f>m] w\ld keep ! new type z good z x 0 :5 he began to gr[ x1 he mu/ give x ! same good tillage1 & practice se$-selection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,,cotton ,,ready ,,= ,,pick+ ,! cotton plant is n\ri%$ by a tap-root t w seek food z deeply z loose e>? w p]mit ! root to p5etrate2 h5ce1 9 prep>+ l& = ?is crop ! fir/ pl[+ %\ld be done at lea/ ) a two-horse pl[ & %\ld be deep & ?or\gh4 ,?is deep pl[+ n only all[s ! tap-root to p5etrate1 b x also admits a circulation ( air4 ,on "s cotton f>ms x is ! practice to break ! l& 9 w9t] or e>ly spr+ & !n let x lie nak$ until plant+-"t4 ,?is is n a good practice4 ,! w9t] ra9s wa% m plant food out ( unprotect$ soil ?an a s+le crop w\ld use4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 9 ! late summ] or fall1 to plant crimson clov] or "s o!r protective & enri*+ crop on l& t is to be plant$ 9 cotton 9 ! spr+4 ,?is crop1 9 addition to keep+ ! l& f be+ injuri\sly wa%$1 w\ld greatly help ! com+ cotton crop by leav+ ! soil full ( vegetable matt]4 ,9 prep>+ = cotton-plant+1 fir/ disk ! l& ?or\ghly1 !n break ) a heavy pl[ & h>r[ until a f9e & mell[ se$-b$ is =m$4 ,d n sp>e ! h>r[ at ?is "t4 ,x de/roys _m a we$ t1 if all[$ to gr[1 w\ld h to be cut by co/ly hoe+4 ,?or\gh "w be=e plant+ saves mu* exp5sive "w 9 ! lat] days ( ! crop4 ,moreov]1 no man c af=d to all[ 8 plant food & moi/ure to g to n\ri% we$s1 ev5 = a %ort "t4 ,! r[s %\ld be f ?ree to f\r feet ap>t4 ,! wid? dep5ds ^u ! ri*ness ( ! soil4 ,on ri* l& ! r[s %\ld be at lea/ f\r feet ap>t4 ,?is wid? all[s ! luxuriant plant to bran* & fruit well4 ,on poor] l&s ! di/ance ( ! r[s %\ld n be s great4 ,! di/ribution ( ! se$ 9 ! r[ is ( c\rse mo/ *eaply done by ! plant]4 ,z a rule x is be/ n to ridge ! l& = ! se$4 ,flat culture saves moi/ure & (t5 prev5ts damage to ! roots4 ,9 "s sections1 h[ev]1 :]e ! l& is flat & full ( wat]1 ridg+ seems necess>y if ! l& _c be dra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,,pick+ ,,cotton ,! *eape/ way ( cultivat+ a crop is to prev5t grass & we$s f root+1 n to wait to de/roy !m aft] !y are well root$4 ,to d ?is1 x is well to run ! two-horse smoo?+-h>r[ ov] ! l&1 across ! r[s1 a few days aft] ! "y plants are up4 ,repeat ! h>r[+ 9 six or eight days4 ,9 addition to de/roy+ ! "y grass & we$s1 ?is h>r[+ also removes _m ( ! "y cotton plants & !reby saves mu* hoe+ at *opp+-out "t4 ,:5 ! plants are ab\t two in*es high !y are *opp$ out to secure an ev5ly di/ribut$ /&4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om to leave two /alks to a hill1 b _m gr[]s are n[ leav+ only "o4 ,! numb] ( times ! crop has to be work$ dep5ds on ! soil & ! season4 ,if ! soil is dry & por\s1 cultivate z (t5 z possible1 especially aft] ea* ra94 ,nev] all[ a cru/ to =m aft] a ra92 ! roots ( plants mu/ h air4 ,cultivation aft] ea* ra9 =ms a dry mul* on ! top ( ! soil & ?us prev5ts rapid evaporation ( moi/ure4 ,if ! fib] 7! l9t7 only is remov$ f ! l& on :i* cotton is gr[n1 cotton is ! lea/ exhau/ive ( ! great crops gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,accord+ to "s rec5t exp]im5ts an av]age crop ( cotton removes 9 ! l9t only #b4ge p\nds ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 pota%1 lime1 & magnesia p] acre1 :ile a crop ( t5 bu%els ( :eat p] acre removes #cb4cf p\nds ( ! same elem5ts ( plant food4 ,inasmu* z ?is crop takes s little plant food f ! soil1 ! cotton-f>m] has no excuse = all[+ 8 l& to decrease 9 productiv5ess4 ,two ?+s w keep 8 l& 9 b\nte\s h>ve/ condition3 fir/1 let him return ! se$s 9 "s =m to ! l&1 or1 :at is bett]1 fe$ ! gr\nd se$s to cattle1 make a pr(it f ! cattle1 & return manure to ! l& 9 place ( ! se$s2 second1 at ! la/ work+1 let him s[ "s crop l crimson clov] or rye 9 ! cotton r[s to protect ! soil dur+ ! w9t] & to leave humus 9 ! gr\nd = ! spr+4 ,! /able manure1 if t is us$1 %\ld be broadca/$ ov] ! fields at ! rate ( six to t5 tons an acre4 ,if comm]cial f]tiliz]s are us$1 x may be be/ to make two applications4 ,to give ! "y plants a good />t1 apply a portion ( ! f]tiliz] 9 ! drill j be=e plant+4 ,!n :5 ! fir/ blooms appe>1 put ! rema9d] ( ! f]tiliz] 9 drills ne> ! plants b n too close4 ,_m good cotton-gr[]s1 h[ev]1 apply all ! f]tiliz] at "o "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,,weigh+ ,a ,,day',s ,,pick+ ,,( ,,cotton ,relation ( ,/ock to ! ,cotton ,crop4 ,on _m f>ms mu* ( ! money = :i* ! cotton is sold 9 ! fall has to g to pay = ! comm]cial f]tiliz] us$ 9 gr[+ ! crop4 ,%\ld n ?is fact sugge/ ef=ts to raise j z good crops )\t hav+ to buy s mu* f]tiliz]8 ,is !re any way by :i* ?is c be done8 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions may be helpful4 ,raise en\gh /ock to use all ! cotton se$ gr[n on ! f>m4 ,to g ) ! food made f ! cotton se$1 gr[ on ! f>m pea-v9e hay1 clov]1 alfalfa1 & o!r su* nitrog5-ga!r+ crops4 ,?is c be done at small co/4 ,:at w be ! result8 ,fir/1 to say no?+ ( ! money made f ! cattle1 ! l>ge quantity ( /able manure sav$ w l>gely r$uce ! am\nt ( comm]cial f]tiliz] ne$$4 ,! cotton-f>m] _c af=d to neglect cattle-rais+4 ,! cattle sections ( ! c\ntry are likely to make ! greate/ progress 9 agriculture1 because !y h manure always on h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,,mod]n ,,cotton ,,bales ,second1 ! nitrog5-ga!r+ crops1 :ile help+ to fe$ ! /ock1 also r$uce ! f]tiliz] bills by supply+ "o ( ! co/ly elem5ts ( ! f]tiliz]4 ,! ord9>y cotton f]tiliz] consi/s pr9cipally ( nitrog51 ( pota%1 & ( phosphoric acid4 ,( ^! ?ree1 by f> ! mo/ co/ly is nitrog54 ,n[ peas1 beans1 clov]1 & peanuts w leave en\gh nitrog5 9 ! soil = cotton1 s t if !y are rais$1 x is necess>y to buy only phosphoric acid & sometimes pota%4 ,,section ,,xxxvi4 ,,tobacco ,! tobacco plant connects ,indian agriculture ) our own4 ,x has always be5 a s\rce ( great pr(it to our p4 ,9 ! e>ly colonial days tobacco 0 almo/ ! only money crop4 ,_m ri* m5 came to ,am]ica 9 ^? days m]ely to raise tobacco4 ,al?\gh tobacco w gr[ 9 almo/ any climate1 ! leaves1 :i*1 z mo/ ( y "k1 are ! salable "p ( ! plant1 get _! desirable or undesirable qualities v l>gely f ! soil & f ! climate 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,! soil 9 :i* tobacco ?rives be/ is "o :i* has ! foll[+ qualities3 dryness1 w>m?1 ri*ness1 dep?1 & s&9ess4 ,comm]cial f]tiliz]s also are almo/ a necessity2 =1 z tobacco l& is limit$ 9 area1 ! same l& mu/ be (t5 plant$ 9 tobacco4 ,h5ce ev5 a fre%1 ri* soil t did n at fir/ require f]tiliz+ soon becomes exhau/$1 &1 aft] ! l& has be5 robb$ ( its plant food by crop aft] crop ( tobacco1 frequ5t application ( f]tiliz]s & o!r manures becomes necess>y4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 tobacco gr[]s %\ld rotate _! crops z mu* z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,a ,,leaf ,,( ,,tobacco ,deep pl[+--f n9e to ?irte5 in*es--is also a necessity 9 prep>+ ! l&1 = tobacco roots g deep into ! soil4 ,aft] ?is deep pl[+1 h>r[ until ! soil is ?or\ghly pulv]iz$ & is z f9e & mell[ z t ( ! fl[]-g>d54 ,unlike mo/ o!r f>m crops ! tobacco plant mu/ be />t$ fir/ 9 a se$-b$4 ,to prep>e a tobacco b$ ! almo/ univ]sal cu/om has be5 to proce$ z foll[s4 ,c>efully select a protect$ spot4 ,ov] ?is spot pile bru%wood & !n burn x4 ,! soil w be left dry1 & all ! we$ se$s w be kill$4 ,! b$ is !n c>efully rak$ & smoo!d & plant$4 ,"s f>m]s are n[ prep>+ _! b$s )\t burn+4 ,a tablespoonful ( se$ w s[ a pat* tw5ty-five feet squ>e4 ,a *eap clo? cov] is put ov] ! b$4 ,if ! se$s come up well1 a pat* ( ?is size ought to furni% transplants = five or six acres4 ,9 s[+1 x is n wise to cov] ! se$ deeply4 ,a light rak+ 9 or an ev5 roll+ ( ! gr\nd is all t is ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,a ,,promis+ ,,crop ,,( ,,tobacco ,! "t requir$ = spr\t+ is f two to ?ree weeks4 ,! plants ought to be ready = transplant+ 9 f f\r to six weeks4 ,we$s & grass %\ld ( c\rse be kept out ( ! se$-b$4 ,! plants1 :5 ready1 are transplant$ 9 v mu* ! same way z cabbages & tomatoes4 ,! transplant+ 0 =m]ly done by h&1 b an effective ma*9e is n[ widely us$4 ,! r[s %\ld be f ?ree to ?ree & a half feet ap>t1 & ! plants 9 ! r[s ab\t two or ?ree feet ap>t4 ,if ! plants are set s t ! pl[ & cultivator c be run ) ! r[s & also across ! r[s1 !y c be m economically work$4 ,tobacco1 l corn1 requires %all[ cultivation4 ,( c\rse ! plants %\ld be work$ (t5 en\gh to give clean culture & to provide a soil mul* = sav+ moi/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,,topp+ ,,tobacco ,9 tobacco culture x is necess>y to p9* (f ! buttons & to cut (f ! tops ( ! ma9 /alk1 else mu* n\ri%m5t t %\ld g to ! leaves w be giv5 to ! se$s4 ,! suck]s mu/ also be cut (f = ! same reason4 ,! prop] "t = h>ve/+ is n easily fix$2 "o becomes skillful 9 ?is "w only ?r\gh exp]i5ce 9 ! field4 ,briefly1 we may say t tobacco is ready to be cut :5 ! leaves on be+ held up to ! sun %[ a light or gold5 color1 :5 !y are /icky to ! t\*1 & :5 !y break easily on be+ b5t4 ,plants t are ov]ripe are inf]ior to ^? t are cut e>ly4 ,! op]ations includ$ 9 cutt+1 h\s+1 dry+1 %ipp+1 sweat+1 & pack+ require skill & practice4 ,,section ,,xxxvii4 ,,:eat ,:eat has be5 cultivat$ f e>lie/ times4 ,x 0 a *ief crop 9 ,egypt & ,pale/9e1 & /ill holds its importance 9 ! temp]ate portions ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,a ,,h& ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,,:eat ,,heads ,?is crop ranks ?ird 9 value 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x gr[s 9 cool1 9 temp]ate1 & 9 w>m climates1 & 9 _m k9ds ( soil4 ,x does be/ 9 clay loam1 & wor/ 9 s&y soils4 ,clogg$ & wat]-soak$ l& w n gr[ :eat ) pr(it to ! f>m]2 = ?is reason1 :]e good :eat-production is desir$ ! soil mu/ be well dra9$ & 9 good physical condition--t is1 ! soil mu/ be op51 crumbly1 & mell[4 ,clay soils t are h>d & lifeless c be made valuable = :eat-production by cov]+ ! surface ) manure1 by good tillage1 & by a ?or\gh sy/em ( crop-rotation4 ,c[peas & o!r legumes make a mo/ valuable crop to prec$e :eat1 = 9 gr[+ !y add atmosph]ic nitrog5 to ! soil1 & _! roots loos5 ! root-b$1 !reby admitt+ a free circulation ( air & add+ humus to ! soil4 ,moreov]1 ! legumes leave ! soil ) its gra9s fairly close pack$1 & ?is is a help 9 :eat gr[+4 ,"o may secure a good se$-b$ aft] cotton & corn z well z aft] c[peas & o!r legumes4 ,!y are summ]-cultivat$ crops1 & ! clean culture t has be5 giv5 !m r5d]s ! surface soil mell[ & ! und]soil firm & compact4 ,!y are n s good1 h[ev]1 z c[peas1 s9ce !y add no atmosph]ic nitrog5 to ! soil1 z all legum9\s crops d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,,roots ,,( ,a ,,s+le ,,:eat ,,plant ,f "o to two in*es is ! mo/ satisfactory dep? = plant+ :eat4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( se$s comes up :5 plant$ at ?is dep?4 ,a mell[ soil is v helpful to good com+ up & provides a mo/ com=table home = ! roots ( ! plant4 ,a compact soil bel[ makes a moi/ und]soil2 & ?is is desirable1 = ! soil wat] is ne$$ to dissolve plant food & to c>ry x up ?r\gh ! plant1 :]e x is us$ 9 build+ tissue4 ,!re are a great _m v>ieties ( :eat3 "s are be>d$1 o!rs are smoo?2 "s are w9t] & o!rs are spr+ v>ieties4 ,! smoo?-head$ v>ieties are mo/ agreeable to h&le dur+ h>ve/ & at ?re%+-"t4 ,"s ( ! be>d$ v>ieties1 h[ev]1 d s well 9 "s soils & climates t x is desirable to cont9ue gr[+ !m1 ?\gh !y are less agreeable to h&le4 ,no matt] :at v>iety y are accu/om$ to raise1 x may be improv$ by c>eful se$-selection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,,select+ ,,:eat ,,se$ ,! se$-drill is ! be/ implem5t = plant+ :eat4 ,x di/ributes ! gra9s ev5ly ov] ! :ole field & leaves ! mell[ soil 9 a condition to cat* :at sn[ may fall & secure :at protection x af=ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,,adjo9+ ,,:eat ,,fields ,! yield ( ! l[] field1 =ty-five bu%els p] acre1 is due to intellig5t f>m+ ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 because n en\gh live /ock is rais$1 !re is (t5 too little manure to apply to ! :eat l&4 ,:]e ?is is ! case comm]cial f]tiliz]s mu/ be us$4 ,s9ce soils diff] greatly1 x is impossible to sugge/ a f]tiliz] adapt$ to all soils4 ,! elem5ts usually lack+ 9 :eat soils are nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,! l& may be lack+ 9 "o ( ^! plant foods or 9 all2 9 ei!r case a maximum crop _c possibly be rais$4 ,! section on manur+ ! soil w be helpful to ! :eat-gr[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,a ,,b\ntiful ,,crop ,,( ,,:eat ,x %\ld be rememb]$ always 9 buy+ f]tiliz]s = :eat t :5ev] :eat foll[s c[peas or clov] or o!r legumes !re is seldom ne$ ( us+ nitrog5 9 ! f]tiliz]2 ! tub]cles on ! pea or clov] roots w furni% t4 ,h5ce1 z a rule1 only pota% & phosphoric acid w h to be pur*as$ z plant food4 ,! f>m] is assi/$ always by a /udy ( 8 crop & by a k ( h[ x gr[s4 ,if he f9d ! /raw inf]ior & %ort1 x means t ! soil is defici5t 9 nitrog52 b on ! o!r h&1 if ! /raw be luxuriant & ! heads small & poorly fill$1 he may be sure t 8 soil conta9s too little phosphoric acid & pota%4 ,,ex]cise ,let ! pupils secure sev]al heads ( :eat & ?re% ea* sep>ately by h&4 ,! gra9s %\ld !n be c\nt$ & _! plumpness & size obs]v$4 ,! practical importance ( ?is is obvi\s1 = ! l>g] ! heads & ! great] ! numb] ( gra9s1 ! l>g] ! yield p] acre4 ,let !m plant "s ( ! l>ge & "s ( ! small gra9s4 ,a s+le te/ ( ?is k9d w %[ ! importance ( c>eful se$-selection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih ,a ,,widely ,,gr[n ,,crop ,,section ,,xxxviii4 ,,corn ,:5 ! :ite man came to ?is c\ntry he f\nd ! ,indians us+ corn2 = ?is reason1 9 addition to its "n maize1 x is call$ ,indian corn4 ,be=e t "t ! civiliz$ _w did n "k t !re 0 su* a crop4 ,! increase 9 ! yield & ! ext5sion ( ! acres plant$ 9 ?is /rictly ,am]ican crop h kept pace ) ! rapid & wond]ful gr[? ( our c\ntry4 ,corn is k+ ( ! c]eals & ! mo/ important crop ( ,am]ican agriculture4 ,x gr[s 9 almo/ e section ( ,am]ica4 ,!re is h>dly any limit to ! uses to :i* its gra9 & its /alks are n[ put4 ,animals ( _m k9ds are f$ on rations into :i* x ent]s4 ,its gra9s 9 "s =m furni% food to m p ?an does any o!r crop except possibly rice4 ,its /alk & its cob are manufactur$ into _m diff]5t & useful articles4 ,a soil ri* 9 ei!r decay+ animal or vegetable matt]1 loose1 w>m1 & moi/ b n wet1 w produce a bett] crop ( corn ?an any o!r4 ,corn soil %\ld always be well till$ & cultivat$4 ,! prop] "t to beg9 ! cultivation ( corn is be=e x is plant$4 ,pl[ well4 ,a %all[1 worn-out soil %\ld n be us$ = corn1 b = c[peas or rye4 ,aft] ?or\gh pl[+1 ! h>r[--ei!r ! disk or spr+-too?--%\ld be us$ to de/roy all clods & leave ! surface mell[ & f9e4 ,! be/ results w be obta9$ by turn+ "u a clov] sod t has be5 manur$ f ! sav+s ( ! b>ny>d4 ,:5 manure is n available1 comm]cial f]tiliz]s w (t5 prove pr(itable on poor l&s4 ,c>eful trials w be/ det]m9e h[ mu* f]tiliz] to an acre is necess>y1 & :at k9ds are to be us$4 ,a little /udy & exp]im5t+ on ! f>m]'s "p w soon enable him to f9d out bo? ! k9d & ! am\nt ( f]tiliz] t is be/ suit$ to 8 l&4 ,! se$ = ?is crop %\ld be select$ accord+ to ! plan sugge/$ 9 ,section ,,xix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,,corn ,,%ock$ ,,= ,,! ,,%r$d] ,! mo/ economical me?od ( plant+ is by means ( ! horse plant]1 :i*1 accord+ to its adju/m5t1 plants regul>ly 9 hills or 9 drills4 ,a few days aft] plant+1 ! cornfield %\ld be h>r[$ ) a f9e-too? h>r[ to loos5 ! top soil & to kill ! grass & ! we$ se$s t are g]m9at+ at ! surface4 ,:5 ! corn plants are f a half in* to an in* high1 ! h>r[ may aga9 be us$4 ,a little "w be=e ! we$s spr\t w save _m days ( labor dur+ ! re/ ( ! season1 & increase ! yield4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,is ,,due ,,to ,,tillage ,corn is a crop t ne$s con/ant cultivation1 & dur+ ! gr[+ season ! soil %\ld be /irr$ at lea/ f\r times4 ,?is cultivation is = ?ree reasons3 #a4 ,to de/roy we$s t w\ld take plant food & wat]4 #b4 ,to provide a mul* ( dry soil s z to prev5t ! evaporation ( moi/ure4 ,! action ( ?is mul* has already be5 expla9$4 #c4 ,because tillage is manure4 ,con/ant /irr+ ( ! soil all[s ! air to circulate 9 x1 provides a m effective mul*1 & helps to *ange unavailable plant food into ! =m t plants use4 ,deep culture ( corn is n advisable4 ,! roots 9 _! e>ly /ages ( gr[? are %all[ fe$]s & spread widely only a few in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,! cultivation t de/roys or di/urbs ! roots injures ! plants & less5s ! yield4 ,we cultivate because ( ! ?ree reasons giv5 above1 & n to /ir ! soil ab\t ! roots or to loos5 x !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! corn/alks are left /&+ 9 ! fields or are burn$4 ,?is is a great mi/ake1 = ! /alks are wor? a good deal = fe$+ horses1 cattle1 & %eep4 ,^! /alks may always be sav$ by ! use ( ! husk] & %r$d]4 ,corn aft] be+ matur$ & cut c be put 9 %ocks & left ?us until dry en\gh to run ?r\gh ! husk] & %r$d]4 ,?is ma*9e sep>ates ! corn f ! /alk & husks x4 ,at ! same "t x %r$s tops1 leaves1 & butts into a food t is bo? nutriti\s & palatable to /ock4 ,= ! am\nt t animals w eat1 almo/ z mu* fe$+ value is obta9$ f corn /ov] treat$ 9 ?is way z f timo?y hay4 ,! practice ( n us+ ! /alks is wa/eful & is fa/ be+ ab&on$4 ,! only reason t s mu* good food is be+ left to decay 9 ! field is because s _m p h n fully le>n$ ! fe$+ value ( ! /ov]4 ,,ex]cise ,to %[ ! effect ( cultivation on ! yield ( corn1 let ! pupils lay (f five plats 9 "s conv5i5t field4 ,ea* plat ne$ consi/ ( only two r[s ab\t tw5ty feet long4 ,treat ea* plat z foll[s3 ,plat #a4 ,no cultivation3 let we$s gr[4 ,plat #b4 ,mul* ) /raw4 ,plat #c4 ,%all[ cultivation3 n deep] ?an two in*es & at lea/ five times dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,plat #d4 ,deep cultivation3 at lea/ f\r in*es deep1 s z to injure & te> out "s ( ! roots 7?is is a common me?od74 ,plat #e4 ,root-prun+3 t5 in*es f ! /alk & six in*es deep1 prune ! roots ) a long knife4 ,cultivate five times dur+ ! season4 ,obs]ve plats dur+ ! summ]1 & at husk+-"t note results4 ,,section ,,xxxix4 ,,peanuts ,?is plant is ri* 9 names1 be+ kn[n locally z gr\nd pea1 goob]1 e>?nut1 & p9d>1 z well z g5]ally by ! "n ( peanut4 ,! peanut is a true legume1 &1 l o!r legumes1 be>s nitrog5-ga!r+ tub]cles ^u its roots4 ,! fruit is n a real nut b r a k9d ( pea or bean1 & develops f ! blossom4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! blossom ! spike1 or fl[]-/alk1 pu%es its way into ! gr\nd1 :]e ! nut develops4 ,if unable to p5etrate ! soil ! nut dies4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,virg9ia1 & ,t5nessee h ! mo/ favorable climates = peanut culture4 ,suitable climate & soil1 h[ev]1 may be f\nd f ,new ,j]sey to ! ,mississippi valley4 ,a high1 por\s1 s&y loam is ! mo/ suitable4 ,/iff] soils1 :i* may 9 "s cases yield l>g] crops ?an ! loams1 are yet n s pr(itable1 = /iff soils injure ! color ( ! nut4 ,lime is a necessity & mu/ be suppli$ if ! soil is defici5t4 ,phosphoric acid & pota% are ne$$4 ,great] c>e ?an is usually be/[$ %\ld be giv5 to ! selection ( ! peanut se$4 ,9 addition to foll[+ ! pr9ciples giv5 9 ,section ,,xviii1 all mu/y1 defective se$s mu/ be avoid$ & all fro/$ k]nels mu/ be reject$4 ,be=e x dries1 ! peanut se$ is easily injur$ by fro/4 ,! slighte/ fro/ on ! v9es1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! plants are dug1 does mu* h>m to ! t5d] se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,a ,,peanut ,,plant ,9 gr[+ peanuts1 ?or\gh prep>ation ( ! soil is mu* bett] ?an lat] cultivation4 ,de/roy ! crop ( "y we$s1 b d n di/urb ! peanut crop by late cultivation4 ,h>ve/ be=e fro/1 & %ock high to keep ! v9es f ! gr\nd4 ,! av]age yield ( peanuts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tw5ty-two bu%els an acre4 ,9 ,t5nessee ! yield is tw5ty-n9e bu%els an acre1 & 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia x rea*es ?irty bu%els an acre4 ,,section ,,xl4 ,,sweet ,,potatoes ,! roots ( sweet potatoes are put on ! m>ket 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,aside f ! =m 9 :i* !y are ord9>ily sold1 "s potatoes are dri$ & !n gr\nd into fl\r1 "s are cann$1 "s are us$ to make />*1 "s furni% a k9d ( sug> call$ glucose1 & "s are ev5 us$ to make alcohol4 ,! fact t !re are ov] eighty v>ieties ( potatoes %[s ! popul>ity ( ! plant4 ,n[ x is evid5t t all ( ^! v>ieties _c be equally desirable4 ,h5ce ! wise gr[] w select 8 v>ieties ) prud5t =e?\ght4 ,he %\ld /udy 8 m>ket1 8 soil1 & 8 se$ 7see ,section ,,xviii74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,,sweet ,,potatoes ,f\r mon?s ( mild wea!r1 mon?s free f fro/ & cold w9ds1 are necess>y = ! gr[+ ( sweet potatoes4 ,9 a mild climate almo/ any loose1 well-dra9$ soil w produce !m4 ,a light1 s&y loam1 h[ev]1 gives a clean] potato & "o1 !re=e1 t sells bett]4 ,! sweet potato draws pota%1 nitrog51 & phosphoric acid f ! soil1 b 9 apply+ ^! z f]tiliz]s ! gr[] mu/ /udy & "k 8 own soil4 ,if he does n he may wa/e bo? money & plant food by ! addition ( elem5ts already pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity 9 ! soil4 ,! only way to come to reliable conclusions z to ! ne$s ( ! soil is to try two or ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( f]tiliz]s on plats ( ! same soil1 dur+ ! same season1 & notice ! result+ crop ( potatoes4 ,sweet potatoes w d well aft] almo/ any ( ! usual field crops4 ,?is caution1 h[ev]1 %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,potatoes %\ld n foll[ a sod4 ,?is is because sods are (t5 ?ick ) cutworms1 "o ( ! s]i\s enemies ( ! potato4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! gr\nd mu/ be kept clean by ?or\gh cultivation until ! v9es take full possession ( ! field4 ,9 h>ve/+1 extreme c>e %\ld be us$ to avoid cutt+ & bruis+ ! potato1 s9ce bruises are z dang]\s to a sweet potato z to an apple1 & r5d] decay almo/ a c]ta9ty4 ,lay aside all bruis$ potatoes = imm$iate use4 ,= %ipm5t ! potatoes %\ld be grad$ & pack$ ) c>e4 ,an extra outlay ( fifty c5ts a b>rel (t5 br+s a return ( a doll> a b>rel 9 ! m>ket4 ,"o fact (t5 neglect$ by ,s\!rn gr[]s :o raise potatoes = a ,nor!rn m>ket is t ! ,nor!rn m>kets dem& a potato t w cook dry & mealy1 & t !y w n accept ! juicy1 sug>y potato s popul> 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! /orage ( sweet potatoes pres5ts difficulties ow+ to _! great t5d5cy to decay "u ! influ5ce ( ! ev]-pres5t fungi & bact]ia4 ,?is t5d5cy c be met by prev5t+ bruises & by keep+ ! b9 free f rott+ potatoes4 ,! potatoes %\ld be clean$1 & aft] ! moi/ure has be5 dri$ (f !y %\ld be /or$ 9 a dry1 w>m place4 ,! sweet-potato v9e makes a fair quality ( hay & ) prop] precaution may be us$ = ensilage4 ,small1 defective1 unsalable potatoes are ri* 9 sug> & />* & are !re=e good /ock food4 ,s9ce !y conta9 s mu* wat] !y mu/ be us$ only z an aid to o!r diet4 ,,section ,,xli4 ,,:ite1 ,,or ,,iri%1 ,,potatoes ,maize1 or ,indian corn1 & potatoes are ! two greate/ gifts 9 ! way ( food t ,am]ica has be/[$ on ! o!r nations4 ,s9ce _! adoption 9 ! sixte5? c5tury z a new food f rec5tly discov]$ ,am]ica1 :ite potatoes h become "o ( ! _w's mo/ important crops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,,cultivat+ ,,& ,,ridg+ ,,potatoes ,no gr[] w h>ve/ l>ge crops ( potatoes unless he *ooses soil t suits ! plant1 selects 8 se$ c>efully1 cultivates ?or\ghly1 fe$s 8 l& suffici5tly1 & sprays regul>ly4 ,! soil %\ld be free f potato scab4 ,?is disease rema9s 9 l& = sev]al ye>s4 ,h5ce if l& is kn[n to h any =m ( scab 9 x1 d n plant potatoes 9 su* l&4 ,select = ?is crop a deep & mod]ately light1 s&y loam :i* has an op5 subsoil & :i* is ri* 9 humus4 ,! soil mu/ be light en\gh = ! potatoes1 or tub]s1 to enl>ge easily & dry en\gh to prev5t rot or blight or o!r diseases4 ,potato soil %\ld be s close-gra9$ t x w hold moi/ure dur+ a dry spell & yet s well-dra9$ t ! tub]s w n be hurt by too mu* moi/ure 9 wet wea!r4 ,if ! l& select$ = potatoes is lack+ 9 humus1 f9e compo/ or well-rott$ manure w greatly increase ! yield4 ,h[ev]1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t gre5 manure makes a good home = ! gr[? ( scab g]ms4 ,h5ce x is safe/ to apply ?is sort ( manure 9 ! fall1 or1 bett] /ill1 use a heavy dress+ ( manure on ! crop :i* ! potatoes are to foll[4 ,legum9\s crops supply bo? humus & nitrog5 &1 at ! same "t1 improve ! subsoil4 ,!re=e su* crops are excell5t to g imm$iately be=e potatoes4 ,if l& is well suppli$ ) humus1 comm]cial f]tiliz]s are p]haps saf] ?an manure1 = :5 ^! f]tiliz]s are us$ ! am\nt ( plant food is m easily regulat$4 ,select a f]tiliz] t is ri* 9 pota%4 ,= g>d5s unlea*$ wood a%es make a valuable f]tiliz] because !y supply pota%4 ,e>ly potatoes ne$ m f]tilization ?an d late ones4 ,:ile potatoes d be/ on ri* l&1 !y %\ld n be ov]f$1 = a too heavy gr[? ( foliage is likely to cause blight4 ,be c>eful to select se$ f s\nd potatoes :i* are entirely free f scab4 ,get ! k9ds t ?rive be/ 9 ! section 9 :i* !y are to be plant$ & :i* suit be/ ! m>kets 9 :i* !y are to be sold4 ,se$ potatoes %\ld be kept 9 a cool place s t !y w n spr\t be=e plant+-"t4 ,z a rule consum]s pref] a smoo?1 regul>ly %ap$1 %all[-ey$ :ite or fle%-color$ potato :i* is mealy :5 cook$4 ,!re=e1 select se$ tub]s ) ^! qualities4 ,x seems prov$ t :5 :ole potatoes are us$ = se$ ! yield is l>g] ?an :5 slic$ potatoes are plant$4 ,x is ( c\rse too co/ly to plant :ole potatoes1 b x is a good practice to cause ! plants to ?rive by plant+ l>ge se$ pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,,ga!r+ ,,potatoes ,l o!r crops1 potatoes ne$ a ?or\ghly prep>$ se$-b$ & intellig5t cultivation4 ,break ! l& deep4 ,!n g ov] x ) an ord9>y h>r[ until all clods are brok5 & ! soil is f9e & well clos$4 ,! r[s %\ld be at lea/ ?ree feet f "o ano!r & ! se$s plac$ f twelve to eighte5 in*es ap>t 9 ! r[1 & cov]$ to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es4 ,a late crop %\ld be plant$ deep] ?an an e>ly "o4 ,be=e ! plants come up x is well to g ov] ! field once or twice ) a h>r[ s z to kill all we$s4 ,d n fail to save moi/ure by frequ5t cultivation4 ,aft] ! plants />t to gr[1 all cultivation %\ld be %all[1 = ! roots fe$ ne> ! surface & %\ld n be brok54 ,cultivate z (t5 z ne$$ to keep d[n we$s & grass & to keep ! gr\nd f9e4 ,all[ potatoes to dry ?or\ghly be=e !y are /or$1 b nev] all[ !m to rema9 long 9 ! sun%9e4 ,nev] dig !m 9 damp wea!r1 = ! moi/ure cl++ to !m w cause !m to rot4 ,aft] ! tub]s are dry1 /ore !m 9 b>rels or b9s 9 a dry1 cool1 & d>k place4 ,nev] all[ !m to freeze4 ,among ! common diseases & insect pe/s t attack ! leaves & /ems ( potato v9es are e>ly blight1 late blight1 br[n rot1 ! flea-beetle1 & ! potato beetle1 or potato bug4 ,spray+ ) ,bordeaux mixture to :i* a small portion ( ,p>is gre5 has be5 add$ w control bo? ! diseases & ! pe/s4 ,! spray+ %\ld beg9 :5 ! plants are five or six in*es high & %\ld n cease until ! foliage beg9s to die4 ,scab is a disease ( ! tub]s4 ,x may be prev5t$ 7#a7 by us+ se$ potatoes t are free f scab2 7#b7 by plant+ l& 9 :i* !re is no scab2 & 7#c7 by soak+ ! se$ 9 =mal9 7see page #ace74 ,,section ,,xlii4 ,,oats ,! oat plant belongs to ! grass family4 ,x is a h>dy plant &1 "u good conditions1 a vigor\s gr[]4 ,x /&s cold & wet bett] ?an any o!r c]eal except possibly rye4 ,oats l a cool1 moi/ climate4 ,9 w>m climates1 oats d be/ :5 !y are s[$ 9 ! fall4 ,9 cool] sections1 spr+ se$+ is m g5]ally practic$4 ,!re are a great _m v>ieties ( oats4 ,no "o v>iety is be/ adapt$ to all sections1 b _m v>ieties make f9e crops 9 _m sections4 ,any v>iety is desirable :i* has ^! qualities3 p[] to resi/ disease & insect enemies1 heavy gra9s1 ?9 hulls1 good color1 & suitability to local surr\nd+s4 ,z oats & rye make a bett] yield on poor l& ?an any o!r c]eals1 "s f>m]s usually plant ^! crops on _! poore/ l&s4 ,h[ev]1 no l& is too good to be us$ = s valuable a crop z oats4 ,oats require a great deal ( moi/ure2 h5ce light1 s&y soils are n s well adapt$ to ?is crop z are ! s&y loams & f9e clay loams ) _! clos] & heavi] texture4 ,if oats are to be plant$ 9 ! spr+1 ! gr\nd %\ld be brok5 9 ! fall1 w9t]1 or e>ly spr+ s t no delay may occur at se$+-"t4 ,b to h a ?or\ghly settl$1 compact se$-b$ ! break+ ( ! l& %\ld be done at lea/ a mon? be=e ! se$+1 & x w help greatly to run ov] ! l& ) a disk h>r[ imm$iately aft] ! break+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,,oats ,common oats at left2 side oats at "r ,oats may be plant$ by scatt]+ !m broadca/ or by means ( a drill4 ,! drill is bett]1 because ! gra9s are m uni=mly di/ribut$ & ! dep? ( plant+ is bett] regulat$4 ,! se$s %\ld be cov]$ f "o & a half to two in*es deep4 ,9 a v dry season ?ree in*es may n be too deep4 ,! am\nt ( se$ ne$$ to ! acre v>ies consid]ably1 b g5]ally ! se$+ is f two to ?ree bu%els an acre4 ,on poor l&s two bu%els w be a fair av]age se$+2 on good l&s z mu* z ?ree bu%els %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,oats ,?is crop fits 9 well1 ov] wide areas1 ) v>i\s rotations4 ,z ! purpose ( all rotation is to keep ! soil productive1 oats %\ld alt]nate e few ye>s ) "o ( ! nitrog5-ga!r+ crops4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 c[peas1 soy beans1 clov]s1 & vet*es may be us$ 9 ?is rotation4 ,9 ! ,nor? & ,we/ ! clov]s mix$ ) timo?y hay make a useful comb9ation = ?is purpose4 ,spr+-s[$ oats1 s9ce !y h a %ort gr[+ season1 ne$ _! nitrog5\s plant food 9 a =m :i* c be quickly us$4 ,to supply ?is nitrog5 a top-dress+ ( nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( lime is helpful4 ,! plant c ga!r its food quickly f ei!r ( ^! two4 ,z fall-s[$ oats h ( c\rse a long] gr[+ season1 ! nitrog5 c be suppli$ by well-rott$ manure1 blood1 tankage1 or fi%-scrap4 ,use b>ny>d manure c>efully4 ,d n apply too mu* j be=e se$+1 & use only ?or\ghly rott$ manure4 ,x is always desirable to h a b\ntiful supply ( humus 9 l& on :i* oats are to be plant$4 ,! "t ( h>ve/+ w v>y ) ! use :i* is to be made ( ! oats4 ,if ! crop is to be ?re%$1 ! h>ve/+ %\ld be done :5 ! k]nels h pass$ out ( ! milk into ! h>d d\gh /ate4 ,! l[] leaves ( ! /alks w at ?is "t h turn$ yell[1 & ! k]nels w be plump & full4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 wait too long1 = if y d ! gra9 w %att] & ! /raw lose 9 fe$+ value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! oats are to be cut = hay x is be/ to cut !m :ile ! gra9s are /ill 9 ! milk /age4 ,at ?is /age ! leaves are /ill gre5 & ! plants are ri* 9 prote94 ,oats %\ld be cur$ quickly4 ,x is v important t ?re%$ oats %\ld be dry be=e !y are /or$4 ,%\ld !y on be+ /or$ /ill conta9 moi/ure1 !y w be likely to heat & to discolor4 ,any discolor+ w r$uce _! value4 ,nor %\ld oats ev] be all[$ to rema9 long 9 ! fields1 no matt] h[ well !y may seem to be %ock$4 ,! dew & ! ra9 w injure _! value by discolor+ !m m or less4 ,oats are muscle-build]s r ?an fat-=m]s4 ,h5ce !y are a valuable ration = "w animals1 dairy c[s1 & bre$+-/ock4 ,,section ,,xliii4 ,,rye ,rye has ! p[] ( ga!r+ its food f a wid] area ?an mo/ o!r plants4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 x is a f9e crop = poor l&1 & f>m]s (t5 plant x only on worn l&4 ,h[ev]1 x is too good a c]eal to be treat$ 9 s ung5]\s a fa%ion4 ,z a cov]-crop = poor l& x adds mu* humus to ! soil & makes capital graz+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,,rye ,,ready ,,= ,,cutt+ ,!re are two types ( rye--! w9t] & ! spr+4 ,! w9t] type is *iefly gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,rye se$s %\ld be b\ght z ne> home z possible1 = ?is plant ?rives be/ :5 ! new crop gr[s "u ! same conditions z ! se$ crop4 ,rye w gr[ on almo/ any soil t is dra9$4 ,soils t are too s&y = :eat w g5]ally yield good crops ( rye4 ,clay soils1 h[ev]1 are n adapt$ to ! plant nor to ! graz+ = :i* ! plant is g5]ally s[$4 ,= w9t] rye ! l& %\ld be brok5 f f\r to six in*es4 ,h>r[s %\ld foll[ ! pl[s until ! l& is well pulv]iz$4 ,9 "s cold prairie l&s1 h[ev]1 rye is put 9 ) a gra9-drill be=e a pl[ removes ! /ubble f ! l&4 ,! purpose ( plant+ 9 ?is way is to let ! /ubble protect ! "y plants f cold1 driv+ w9ds4 ,rye %\ld g into ! gr\nd e>li] ?an :eat4 ,9 cold1 bleak climates1 z well z on poor l&1 ! se$+ %\ld be e>ly4 ,! "y plant ne$s to get root$ & topp$ be=e cold wea!r sets 94 ,! only dang] 9 v e>ly plant+ is t leaf-ru/ sometimes attacks ! =w>d crop4 ,( c\rse ! e>li] ! rye is ready = fall & w9t] pa/urage1 ! bett]4 ,if a drill is us$ = plant+1 a se$+ ( f ?ree to f\r pecks to ! acre %\ld give a good /&4 ,9 case ! se$s are to be s[$ broadca/1 a bu%el or a bu%el & a half = e acre is ne$$4 ,! se$ %\ld be cov]$ z :eat se$ is & ! gr\nd roll$4 ,rye is g5]ally us$ z a graz+ or z a soil+ crop4 ,!re=e its value w dep5d l>gely on its vigor\s gr[? 9 /ems & leaves4 ,to get ?is gr[?1 lib]al am\nts ( nitrog5\s f]tiliz] w h to be appli$ unless ! l& is v ri*4 ,put b>ny>d manure on ! l& j aft] ! fir/ break+ & disk ! manure into ! soil4 ,acid phosphate & ka9ite add$ to ! manure may pay h&somely4 ,a spr+ top-dress+ ( nitrate ( soda is usually helpful4 ,rye has a /iff /raw & does n fall1 or lodge1 s badly z "s ( ! o!r c]eals4 ,z soon z rye t is meant = ?re%+ is cut1 x %\ld be put up 9 %ocks until x is ?or\ghly dry4 ,beg9 ! cutt+ :5 ! k]nels are 9 a t\gh d\gh /ate4 ,! gra9 %\ld nev] /& long 9 ! %ocks4 ,,section ,,xliv4 ,,b>ley ,b>ley is "o ( ! olde/ crops kn[n to man4 ,! old hi/orian ,pl9y says t b>ley 0 ! fir/ food ( mank9d4 ,mod]n man h[ev] pref]s :eat & corn & potatoes to b>ley1 & z a food ?is anci5t crop is 9 ,am]ica turn$ ov] to ! l[] animals4 ,brew]s use b>ley ext5sively 9 mak+ malt liquors4 ,b>ley gr[s 9 ne>ly all sections ( our c\ntry1 b a few /ates--namely1 ,m9nesota1 ,cali=nia1 ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 & ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota--are se$+ l>ge areas to ?is crop4 ,= malt+ purposes ! b>ley rais$ on r light1 friable1 por\s soil is be/4 ,soils ( ?is k9d are likely to produce a m$ium yield ( bright gra94 ,f]tile loamy & clay soils make g5]ally a heavi] yield ( b>ley1 b ! gra9 is d>k & fit only to be f$ to /ock4 ,b>ley is a %all[ fe$]1 & c rea* only su* plant food z is f\nd 9 ! top soil1 s its food %\ld always be put )9 rea* by a ?or\gh break+1 h>r[+1 & mell[+ ( ! soil1 & by f]tiliz+ if ! soil is poor4 ,b>ley has be5 successfully rais$ bo? by irrigation & by dry-f>m+ me?ods4 ,x requires a bett]-prep>$ soil ?an ! o!r gra9 crops2 x makes f9e yields :5 x foll[s "s crop t has receiv$ a heavy dress+ ( manure4 ,capital yields are produc$ aft] alfalfa or aft] root crops4 ,?is crop usually matures )9 a hundr$ days f its se$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,,b>ley ,:5 ! crop is to be sold to ! brew]s1 a gra9 ri* 9 />* %\ld be secur$4 ,b>ley int5d$ = malt+ %\ld be f]tiliz$ to ?is end4 ,_m exp]im5ts h %[n t a f]tiliz] :i* conta9s mu* pota% w produce />*y b>ley4 ,if ! b>ley be int5d$ = /ock1 y %\ld bre$ s z to get prote9 9 ! gra9 & 9 ! /alk4 ,h5ce b>ley :i* is to be f$ %\ld be f]tiliz$ ) mixtures conta9+ nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,"y b>ley plants are m likely to be hurt by cold ?an ei!r :eat or oats4 ,h5ce b>ley ought n to be se$$ until all dang] f fro/ is ov]4 ,! se$s %\ld be cov]$ deep] ?an ! se$s ( :eat or ( oats4 ,f\r in*es is p]haps an av]age dep? = cov]+4 ,b ! cov]+ w v>y ) ! "t ( plant+1 ) ! k9d ( gr\nd1 ) ! climate1 & ) ! nature ( ! season4 ,few] se$s w be ne$$ if ! b>ley is plant$ by means ( a drill4 ,l o!r c]eals1 b>ley %\ld n be gr[n cont9u\sly on ! same l&4 ,x %\ld take its place 9 a well-plann$ rotation4 ,x may pr(itably foll[ potatoes or o!r ho$ crops1 b x %\ld n come fir/ aft] :eat1 oats1 or rye4 ,b>ley %\ld be h>ve/$ z soon z mo/ ( its k]nels h rea*$ ! h>d d\gh /ate4 ,x is m likely to %att] its gra9 ?an are o!r c]eals1 & x %\ld !re=e be h&l$ ) c>e4 ,x mu/ also be wat*$ to prev5t its spr\t+ 9 ! %ocks4 ,be sure to put few bundles 9 ! %ock & to cap ! %ock securely en\gh to keep out dew & ra94 ,if possible ! b>ley %\ld be ?re%$ directly f ! %ock1 z mu* h&l+ w occasion a s]i\s loss f %att]+4 ,,section ,,xlv4 ,,sug> ,,plants ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are ?ree s\rces f :i* sug> is obta9$2 namely1 ! sug>-maple1 ! sug>-beet1 & ! sug>-cane4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( our c\ntry consid]able quantities ( maple sirup & maple sug> 7 made4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ s\rce ( sug>4 ,!n sug>-cane began to be gr[n4 ,lat] ! sug>-beet 0 introduc$4 ,maple ,products4 ,9 _m /ates sirup & sug> are /ill made f maple sap4 ,9 ! spr+ :5 ! sap is fl[+ freely maple trees are tapp$ & sp\ts are ins]t$4 ,?r\gh ^! sp\ts ! sap fl[s into vessels set to cat* x4 ,! sap is boil$ 9 evaporat+-pans1 & made into ei!r sirup or sug>4 ,f\r gallons ( sap yield ab\t "o p\nd ( sug>4 ,a s+le tree yields f two to six p\nds ( sug> 9 a season4 ,! sap _c be kept long aft] x is collect$4 ,practice & skill are ne$$ to produce an attractive & palatable grade ( sirup or ( sug>4 ,sug>-,beets4 ,! sug>-beet is a comp>atively new root crop 9 ,am]ica4 ,! am\nt ( sug> t c be obta9$ f beets v>ies f twelve to tw5ty p] c5t4 ,! ri*ness 9 sug> dep5ds some:at on ! v>iety gr[n & on ! soil & ! climate4 ,s f> mo/ ( our sug>-beet se$s h be5 br\ght ov] f ,europe4 ,"s ( our plant]s are n[1 h[ev]1 ga9+ ! skill & ! k ne$$ to gr[ ^! se$s4 ,x is ( c\rse important to gr[ se$s t w produce beets conta9+ mu* sug>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,,cat*+ ,,maple ,,sap ,^! beets d well 9 a great v>iety ( soils if ! l& is ri*1 well prep>$1 & well dra9$1 & has a por\s subsoil4 ,beets _c gr[ to a l>ge size 9 h>d l&4 ,h5ce deep pl[+ is v necess>y = ?is crop4 ,! soil %\ld be loose en\gh = ! :ole body ( ! beet to rema9 und]gr\nd4 ,"s gr[]s pref] spr+ pl[+ & "s fall pl[+1 b all agree t ! l& %\ld n be turn$ less ?an eight or t5 in*es4 ,! subsoil1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be turn$ up too mu* at ! fir/ deep pl[+4 ,too mu* c>e _c be tak5 to make ! se$-b$ firm & mell[ & to h x free f clods4 ,if ! soil is dry at plant+-"t & !re is likelihood ( high w9ds1 ! se$-b$ may be roll$ ) pr(it4 ,exp]i5c$ gr[]s use f t5 to twelve p\nds ( se$s to an acre4 ,x is bett] to use too _m r ?an too few se$s1 = x is easy to ?9 out ! plants1 b r difficult to transplant !m4 ,! se$s are usually drill$ 9 r[s ab\t tw5ty in*es ap>t4 ,( c\rse1 if ! soil is r w>m & moi/ at plant+-"t1 few] se$s w be ne$$ ?an :5 g]m9ation is likely to be sl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,,sug>-,,beet ,a good rotation %\ld always be plann$ = ?is beet4 ,a v successful "o is z foll[s3 = ! fir/ ye>1 corn heavily f]tiliz$ ) /able manure2 = ! second ye>1 sug>-beets2 = ! ?ird ye>1 oats or b>ley2 = ! f\r? ye>1 clov]2 !n g back aga9 to corn4 ,9 addition to keep+ ! soil f]tile1 !re are two ga9s f ?is rotation3 fir/1 ! clean cultivation ( ! corn crop j ahead ( ! beets de/roys _m ( ! we$ se$s2 second1 ! beets mu/ be protect$ f too mu* nitrog5 9 ! soil1 = an excess ( nitrog5 makes a beet too l>ge to be ri* 9 sug>4 ,! manure1 heavily appli$ to ! corn1 w leave en\gh nitrog5 & o!r plant food 9 ! soil to make a good crop ( beets & avoid any dang] ( an excess4 ,:5 ! outside leaves ( ! beet take on a yell[ t+e & drop to ! gr\nd1 ! beets are ripe4 ,! mature beets are ri*] 9 sug> ?an ! immature1 !re=e !y %\ld n be h>ve/$ too soon4 ,!y may rema9 9 ! gr\nd )\t injury = "s "t aft] !y are ripe4 ,cold wea!r does n injure ! roots unless x is accompani$ by freez+ & ?aw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,,sug>-,,beets ,,on ,,! ,,way ,,to ,a ,,factory ,! beets are h>ve/$ by sug>-beet pull]s or by h&4 ,if ! roots are to be ga!r$ by h& !y are usually loos5$ by pl[+ on ea* side ( !m4 ,if ! roots are /or$ !y %\ld be put 9 long1 n>r[ piles & cov]$ ) /raw & e>? to protect !m f fro/4 ,a v5tilator plac$ at ! top ( ! pile w enable ! heat & moi/ure to escape4 ,if ! beets get too w>m !y w f]m5t & "s ( _! sug> w be lo/4 ,sug>-,cane4 ,sug>-cane is gr[n along ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,s\? ,atlantic coa/4 ,9 ,mississippi1 9 ,alabama1 ,florida1 ,georgia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 nor!rn ,l\isiana1 & 9 nor!rn ,texas x is g5]ally made into sirup4 ,9 s\!rn ,l\isiana & s\!rn ,texas ! cane is usually cru%$ = sug> or = molasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,,/alk ,,( ,,sug>-,,cane ,a-,b1 jo9ts ( cane %[+ roots2 ,b-,c1 /em2 ,c-,d1 leaves ,! sug>-cane is a huge grass4 ,! /alk1 :i* is r\nd1 is f "o to two in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! /alks v>y 9 color4 ,"s are :ite1 "s yell[1 "s gre51 "s r$1 "s purple1 & "s black1 :ile o!rs are a mixture ( two or ?ree ( ^! colors4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bad ! /alk has jo9ts at di/ances ( f two to six in*es4 ,^! jo9ts are call$ nodes1 & ! sections betwe5 ! nodes are kn[n z int]nodes4 ,! int]nodes rip5 f ! roots upw>d1 & z ea* rip5s x ca/s its leaves4 ,! /alk1 :5 ready = h>ve/+1 has only a few leaves on ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,,/ick ,,( ,,sug>-,,cane ,a1 buds1 or eyes2 ,c1 nodes2 ,d1 int]nodes2 ,x1 semi-transp>5t dots 9 r[s ,"u ea* leaf & on alt]nate sides ( ! cane a bud1 or eye1 =ms4 ,f ?is eye ! cane is usually propagat$2 =1 :ile 9 tropical c\ntries ! cane =ms se$s1 yet ^! se$s are r>ely f]tile4 ,:5 ! cane is ripe x is /ripp$ ( leaves1 topp$1 & cut at ! gr\nd ) a knife4 ,! sug> is conta9$ 9 solution 9 ! pi? ( ! cane4 ,cane requires an enorm\s am\nt ( wat] = its be/ gr[?1 & :]e ! ra9fall is n great en\gh1 ! plants are irrigat$4 ,x requires f sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ gallons ( wat] to make a p\nd ( sug>4 ,cane does be/ :]e !re is a ra9fall ( two in*es a week4 ,at ! same "t a well-dra9$ soil is necess>y to make vigor\s canes4 ,! soils suit$ to ?is plant are ^? :i* conta9 l>ge am\nts ( f]tiliz+ mat]ial & :i* c hold mu* wat]4 ,9 s\!rn ,l\isiana alluvial loams & loamy clay soils are cultivat$4 ,9 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 & ,florida light1 s&y soils1 :5 prop]ly f]tiliz$ & work$1 make good crops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,,plant+ ,,sug>-,,cane ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,,load+ ,,sug>-,,cane ,cane is usually plant$ 9 r[s f five to six feet ap>t4 ,a tr5* is op5$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! r[ ) a pl[ & 9 ?is op5 furr[ is plac$ a cont9u\s l9e ( /alks :i* are c>efully cov]$ ) pl[1 cultivator1 or hoe4 ,f "o to ?ree cont9u\s l9es ( /alks are plac$ 9 ! furr[4 ,f two to six tons ( se$ cane are ne$$ = an acre4 ,9 favorable wea!r ! cane soon spr\ts & cultivation beg9s4 ,cane %\ld be cultivat$ at %ort int]vals until ! plants are l>ge en\gh to %ade ! soil4 ,9 ,l\isiana "o plant+ ( cane usually gives two crops4 ,! fir/ is call$ plant cane2 ! second is kn[n z fir/-ye> /ubble1 or ratoon4 ,sometimes second-ye> /ubble is gr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,a ,,common ,,type ,,( ,,sirup ,,factory ,9 ,l\isiana l>ge quantities ( tankage1 cotton-se$ meal1 & acid phosphate are us$ to f]tilize cane-fields4 ,ea* c\ntry has its own "t = plant+ & h>ve/+4 ,9 ,l\isiana1 = example1 canes are plant$ f ,octob] to ,april4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cane is h>ve/$ ea* ye> because ( fro/1 b 9 tropical c\ntries ! /alks are p]mitt$ to gr[ f fifte5 to tw5ty-f\r mon?s4 ,on _m f>ms a small mill1 ! roll]s ( :i* are turn$ by horses1 is us$ = cru%+ ! juice out ( ! cane4 ,! juice is !n evaporat$ 9 a kettle or pan4 ,?is equipm5t is v *eap & c easily be op]at$ by a small family4 ,:ile ^! mills r>ely extract m ?an "o half ( ! juice 9 ! cane1 ! sirup made by !m is v palatable & usually comm&s a good price4 ,co/ly ma*9]y :i* saves mo/ ( ! juice is us$ 9 ! l>ge comm]cial sug> h\ses4 ,,section ,,xlvi4 ,,hemp ,,& ,,flax ,9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w1 mank9d is suppos$ to h worn v little or no clo?+4 ,!n leaves & ! inn] b>k ( trees 7 fa%ion$ into a protection f ! wea!r4 ,^! flimsy g>m5ts 7 lat] replac$ by sk9s & furs4 ,z man advanc$ 9 k1 he le>n$ h[ to twi/ wool & hairs into ?reads & to weave ^! into durable g>m5ts4 ,/ill lat]1 p]haps1 he discov]$ t "s plants conceal "u _! out] b>k s(t1 t\gh fib]s t c be *ang$ into excell5t clo?4 ,flax & hemp 7 d\btless among ! fir/ plants to furni% ?is fib]4 ,flax4 ,among ! fib] crops ( ! _w1 flax ranks next to cotton4 ,x is ! mat]ial f :i* is wov5 ! l95 = %eets1 t[els1 tableclo?s1 %irts1 coll>s1 dresses1 & a ho/ ( o!r articles4 ,=tunately = man1 flax w ?rive 9 _m c\ntries & 9 _m climates4 ,! fib] f :i* ^! useful articles are made1 unlike cotton fib]1 does n come f ! fruit1 b f ! /em4 ,x is ! s(t1 silky l9+ ( ! b>k :i* lies betwe5 ! woody outside & ! pi? cells ( ! /em4 ,! ,old ,_w engages l>gely 9 flax culture & flax manufacture1 b 9 our c\ntry flax is gr[n pr9cipally = its se$4 ,f ! se$s we make l9se$ oil1 l9se$-oil cake1 & l9se$ meal4 ,flax gr[s be/ on deep1 loamy soils1 b also makes a pr(itable gr[? on clay soils4 ,) suffici5t f]tiliz+ mat]ial x c be gr[n on s&y l&s4 ,nitrog5 is especially ne$$ by ?is plant & %\ld be lib]ally suppli$4 ,to meet ?is dem& = nitrog51 x pays to plant a legum9\s crop imm$iately be=e flax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,,flax ,aft] a mell[ se$-b$ has be5 made ready & aft] ! wea!r is fairly w>m1 s[1 if a se$ crop is desir$1 at ! rate ( f two to ?ree pecks an acre4 ,a good se$ crop w n be h>ve/$ if ! plants are too ?ick4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a fib] crop is to be rais$1 x is desirable to plant m ?ickly1 s t ! /alks may n bran*1 b run up into a s+le /em4 ,f a bu%el to two bu%els ( se$ is 9 ?is case us$ to an acre4 ,flax requires c>e & "w f />t to f9i%4 ,:5 ! se$s are full & plump ! flax is ready = h>ve/+4 ,9 ,am]ica a b9d] is g5]ally us$ = cutt+ ! /alks4 ,our av]age yield ( flax is f eight to fifte5 bu%els an acre4 ,hemp4 ,l flax1 hemp adapts itself wond]fully to _m c\ntries & _m climates4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,am]ica mo/ ( our hemp is gr[n 9 ,k5tucky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,,cutt+ ,,hemp ,hemp ne$s soil ri* en\gh to give ! "y plants a v rapid gr[? 9 _! e>ly days s t !y may =m long fib]s4 ,to give ?is crop abundant nitrog5 )\t great co/1 x %\ld be gr[n 9 a rotation :i* includes "o ( ! legumes4 ,ri*1 well-dra9$ bottom-l&s produce ! l>ge/ yields ( hemp1 b upl&s :i* h be5 heavily manur$ make pr(itable yields4 ,! gr\nd = hemp is prep>$ z = o!r gra9 crops4 ,! se$ is g5]ally broadca/$ = a fib] crop & !n h>r[$ 94 ,no cultivation is requir$ aft] se$+4 ,if hemp is gr[n = se$1 x is be/ to plant ) a drill s t ! crop may be cultivat$4 ,! /alks aft] be+ cut are put 9 %ocks until !y are dry4 ,!n ! se$s are ?re%$4 ,l>ge am\nts ( hemp se$ are sold = cag$ birds & = p\ltry2 x is also us$ = pa9t-oils4 ,,section ,,xlvii4 ,,buck:eat ,buck:eat %>es ) rye & c[peas ! p[] to make a fairly good crop on poor l&4 ,at ! same "t1 ( c\rse1 a full crop c be expect$ only f f]tile l&4 ,! ?ree v>ieties mo/ gr[n 9 ,am]ica are ! common gray1 ! silv]-hull1 & ! ,japanese4 ,! se$s ( ! common gray are l>g] ?an ! silv]-hull1 b n s l>ge z ! ,japanese4 ,! se$s f ! gray v>iety are g5]ally reg>d$ z inf]ior to ! o!r two4 ,?is crop is gr[n to be/ advantage 9 climates :]e ! nights are cool & moi/4 ,x matures m quickly ?an any o!r gra9 crop & is rem>kably free f disease4 ,! yield v>ies f t5 to =ty bu%els an acre4 ,buck:eat does n seem to draw plant food heavily f ! soil & c be gr[n on ! same l& f ye> to ye>4 ,9 f]tiliz+ buck:eat l&1 gre5 manures & ri* nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s %\ld be avoid$4 ,^! cause su* a luxuriant gr[? t ! /alks lodge badly4 ,! "t ( se$+ w h to be settl$ by ! height ( ! l& & by ! climate4 ,9 nor!rn climates & 9 high altitudes ! se$+ is g5]ally done 9 ,may or ,june4 ,9 s\!rn climates & 9 l[ altitudes ! plant+ may wait until ,july or ,augu/4 ,! plant usually matures 9 ab\t sev5ty days4 ,x _c /& w>m wea!r at bloom+-"t1 & mu/ always be plant$ s t x may escape w>m wea!r 9 its bloom+ p]iod & cold wea!r 9 its matur+ season4 ,! se$s are commonly broadca/$ at an av]age rate ( f\r pecks to ! acre4 ,if ! l& is loose & pulv]iz$1 x %\ld be roll$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,,buck:eat ,,9 ,,%ock ,buck:eat rip5s unev5ly & w cont9ue to bloom until fro/4 ,h>ve/+ usually beg9s j aft] ! fir/ crop ( se$s h matur$4 ,to keep ! gra9s f %att]+1 ! h>ve/+ is be/ done dur+ damp or cl\dy days or e>ly 9 ! morn+ :ile ! dew is /ill on ! gra94 ,! gra9 %\ld be ?re%$ z soon z x is dry en\gh to g ?r\gh ! ?re%]4 ,buck:eat is gr[n l>gely = table use4 ,! gra9 is cru%$ into a d>k fl\r t makes mo/ palatable breakfa/ cakes4 ,! gra91 especially :5 mix$ ) corn1 is becom+ popul> = p\ltry food4 ,! middl+s1 :i* are ri* 9 fats & prote91 are priz$ = dairy c[s4 ,,section ,,xlviii4 ,,rice ,! ,unit$ ,/ates produces only ab\t "o half ( ! rice t x consumes4 ,!re is no satisfactory reason = our n rais+ m ( ?is /aple crop1 = five great /ates along ! ,gulf ( ,mexico are well adapt$ to its culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,,?re%+ ,,rice ,!re are two di/9ct k9ds ( rice1 upl& rice & l[l& rice4 ,upl& rice dem&s 9 g5]al ! same me?ods ( culture t are requir$ by o!r c]eals1 = example1 oats or :eat4 ,! gr[+ ( l[l& rice is consid]ably m difficult & includes ! necessity ( flood+ ! fields ) wat] at prop] times4 ,a /iff1 half-clay soil ) "s loam is be/ suit$ to ?is crop4 ,! soil %\ld h a clay subsoil to reta9 wat] & to give /iffness en\gh to all[ ! use ( h>ve/+-ma*9]y4 ,"s good rice soils are s /iff t !y mu/ be flood$ to s(t5 !m en\gh to admit ( pl[+4 ,pl[ deeply to give ! roots ample fe$+-space4 ,good tillage1 :i* is too (t5 neglect$1 is valuable4 ,c>eful se$-selection is p]haps ev5 m ne$$ = rice ?an = any o!r crop4 ,consum]s want k]nels ( ! same size4 ,be sure t y\r se$ is free f r$ rice & o!r we$s4 ,drill+ is mu* bett] ?an broadca/+1 z x secures a m ev5 di/ribution ( ! se$4 ,! notion g5]ally prevails t flood+ returns to ! soil ! ne$$ f]tility4 ,?is may be true if ! flood+-wat] deposits mu* silt1 b if ! wat] be cle> x is untrue1 & f]tiliz]s or legum9\s crops are ne$$ to keep up f]tility4 ,c[peas replace ! lo/ soil-elem5ts & keep d[n we$s1 grasses1 & r$ rice4 ,r$ rice is a we$ close k9 to rice1 b ! se$ ( "o w n produce ! o!r4 ,d n all[ x to get mix$ & s[$ ) y\r rice se$ or to g to se$ 9 y\r field4 ,,section ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,timb] ,,crop ,=e/ trees are n usually reg>d$ z a crop1 b !y are c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ important crops4 ,we %\ld accu/om ourselves to look on our trees z ne$+ & z des]v+ ! same c>e & ?\ght t we give to our o!r field crops4 ,! total numb] ( acres giv5 to ! gr[? ( =e/ trees is /ill enorm\s1 b we %\ld ea* ye> add to ?is acreage4 ,un=tunately v few =e/s are s manag$ z to add ye>ly to _! value & to pres]ve a model /& ( trees4 ,axm5 g5]ally fell ! great trees )\t ?\ght ( ! "y trees t %\ld at once beg9 to fill ! places left vacant by ! fall5 giants4 ,own]s r>ely /udy _! woodl&s to be sure t ! trees are ?ick en\gh1 or to f9d out :e!r ! sapl+s are ru9\sly cr[d+ "o ano!r4 ,disease is (t5 all[$ to slip 9 un*eck$4 ,old trees /& long aft] !y h outliv$ _! usefulness4 ,! f>m wood-lot1 too1 is (t5 neglect$4 ,z =e/s are be+ swept away1 fuel is ( c\rse becom+ sc>c] & m co/ly4 ,e f>m] ought to plant trees en\gh on 8 wa/e l& to make sure ( a con/ant supply ( fuel4 ,! l& sav$ = ! wood-lot %\ld be select$ f l& unfit = cultivation4 ,/eep hillsides1 rocky slopes1 rav9es1 banks ( /reams--^! c1 )\t mu* exp5se or labor1 be set 9 trees & insure a nev]-end+ fuel supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,,wood ,,lot ,be=e prop] treatm5t ,! mo/ common enemies ( ! =e/ crop are3 ,fir/1 =e/ fires4 ,! wa/e f =e/ fires 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is mo/ />tl+4 ,_m ( ^! fires are ! result ( c>elessness or ignorance4 ,mo/ ( ! /ates h made or are n[ mak+ laws to prev5t & to control su* fires4 ,second1 fung\s diseases4 ,! timb] loss f ^! diseases is exce$+ly great4 ,?ird1 insects ( _m k9ds prey on ! trees4 ,"s /rip all ! leaves f ! bran*es4 ,o!rs bore into ! roots1 trunk1 or bran*es4 ,"s lead to a sl[ dea?2 o!rs are m quickly fatal4 ,f\r?1 improp] graz+4 ,turn+ animals into "y woods may lead to s]i\s loss4 ,! animals frequ5tly ru9 "y trees by eat+ all ! foliage4 ,hogs (t5 une>? & consume mo/ ( ! se$s ne$$ = a good gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,,wood ,,lot ,aft] prop] treatm5t ,! h&l+ ( =e/s is a bus9ess j z ! gr[+ ( corn is a bus9ess4 ,9 old =e/s1 dead & dy+ trees %\ld be cut4 ,trees t occupy space & yet h little comm]cial value %\ld give way to m valuable trees4 ,a quick-gr[+ tree1 if x is equally desirable1 %\ld be pref]r$ to a sl[ gr[]4 ,an ev5 di/ribution ( ! trees %\ld be secur$4 ,9 all !re are ab\t five hundr$ species ( trees :i* are natives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,probably n ov] sev5ty ( ^! are desirable = =e/s4 ,9 select+ trees to plant or to all[ to gr[ f _! own se$+1 pick ^? t make a quick gr[?1 t h a /eady m>ket value1 & t suit ! soil1 ! place ( gr[?1 & ! climate4 ,,section ,l4 ,,! ,,f>m ,,g>d5 ,e f>m] ne$s a g>d5 9 :i* to gr[ n only vegetables b small fruits = ! home table4 ,! g>d5 %\ld always be )9 conv5i5t di/ance ( ! f>mh\se4 ,if possible1 ! spot select$ %\ld h a soil ( mix$ loam & clay4 ,e foot ( soil 9 ! g>d5 %\ld be made ri* & mell[ by manure & cultivation4 ,! wor/ soils = ! home g>d5 are light1 s&y soils1 or /iff1 clayey soils2 b any soil1 by judici\s & intellig5t culture1 c be made suitable4 ,9 lay+ out ! g>d5 we %\ld be> 9 m9d t h& labor is ! mo/ exp5sive k9d ( labor4 ,h5ce we %\ld n1 z is commonly done1 lay (f ! g>d5 spot 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 b we %\ld m>k (f = our purpose a long1 n>r[ piece ( l&1 s t ! cultivat+ tools may all be conv5i5tly drawn by a horse or a mule4 ,! use ( ! pl[ & ! horse cultivator enables ! cultivation ( ! g>d5 to be done quickly1 easily1 & *eaply4 ,ea* vegetable or fruit %\ld be plant$ 9 r[s1 & n 9 little pat*es4 ,beg9n+ ) "o side ( ! g>d5 ! foll[+ plan ( arrangem5t is simple & complete3 two r[s to corn = table use2 two to cabbages1 beets1 radi%es1 & eggplants2 two to onions1 peas1 & beans2 two to oy/]-plants1 okra1 p>sley1 & turnips2 two to tomatoes2 !n f\r on ! o!r side c be us$ = /rawb]ries1 blackb]ries1 raspb]ries1 currants1 & gooseb]ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,,:]e ,,delici\s ,,g>d5 ,,vegetables ,,gr[ ,! g>d51 :5 s arrang$1 c be till$ 9 ! spr+ & t5d$ ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season ) little labor & little loss ( "t4 ,9 return = ?is odd-h\r "w1 ! f>m]'s family w h ?r\gh\t ! ye> an abundance ( fre%1 palatable1 & heal?-giv+ vegetables & small fruits4 ,! keynote ( successful g>d5+ is to /ir ! soil4 ,/ir x (t5 ) f\r objects 9 view3 #a4 ,to de/roy we$s4 #b4 ,to let air ent] ! soil4 #c4 ,to enri* ! soil by ! action ( ! air4 #d4 ,to reta9 ! moi/ure by prev5t+ its evaporation4 corn corn cabbage beets radi%es cabbage beets eggplants onions peas beans onions peas beans oy/]-plants okra p>sley p>snips oy/]-plants okra p>sley p>snips tomatoes tomatoes /rawb]ries currants raspb]ries blackb]ries /rawb]ries currants raspb]ries blackb]ries /rawb]ries currants raspb]ries blackb]ries /rawb]ries currants raspb]ries blackb]ries ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,lay ,,out ,,! ,,g>d5#a ,?is illu/ration %[s t practically e g>d5 vegetable & all ! small fruits c be includ$ 9 ! f>m g>d51 & all ! "w be done by horse-drawn tools4 ,footnote #a3 ,! numb] ( r[s & arrangem5t ( ! vegetables 9 ! outl9e above are m]ely sugge/ive4 ,!y %\ld be *ang$ to meet ! ne$s & ! ta/es ( ea* p>ticul> family4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,fe$ ,,/uffs ,,section ,,li4 ,,grasses ,"u usual conditions no f>m] expects to gr[ live /ock successfully & economically )\t sett+ ap>t a l>ge "p ( 8 l& = ! gr[? ( m[+ & pa/ure crops4 ,!re=e to ! gr[] ( /ock ! managem5t ( grass crops is all-important4 ,9 plant+ ei!r = a mead[ or = a pa/ure1 ! f>m] %\ld mix diff]5t v>ieties ( grass se$s4 ,nature mixes !m :5 %e plants1 & ,nature is always a tru/wor?y tea*]4 ,9 plant+ = a pa/ure ! aim %\ld be to s[ su* se$s z w give gre5 grass f e>ly spr+ to late/ fall4 ,9 se$+ = a mead[ su* v>ieties %\ld be s[$ toge!r z rip5 ab\t ! same "t4 ,ev5 9 ^? sections ( ! c\ntry :]e x gr[s sp>+ly & :]e x is easily cr[d$ out1 clov] %\ld be mix$ ) all grasses s[$1 = x leaves 9 ! soil a weal? ( plant food = ! grasses com+ aft] x to fe$ on4 ,ne>ly e "p ( our c\ntry has "s clov] t exp]i5ce %[s to be exactly suit$ to its soil & climate4 ,/udy ^! clov]s c>efully & mix !m ) y\r grass se$4 ,! reason = mix+ clov] & grass is at once se54 ,! true grasses1 s f> z sci5ce n[ %[s1 get all _! nitrog5 f ! soil2 h5ce !y m or less exhau/ ! soil4 ,b1 z sev]al times expla9$ 9 ?is book1 ! clov]s are legumes1 & all legumes are able by means ( ! bact]ia t live on _! roots to use ! free nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,h5ce )\t co/ to ! f>m] ^! clov]s help ! soil to fe$ _! neighbors1 ! true grasses4 ,= ?is reason "s light p]5nial legume %\ld always be add$ to grass se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,,s+le ,,plant ,,( ,,giant ,,millet ,x is n possible = grasses to d well 9 a soil t is full ( we$s4 ,= ?is reason x is always be/ to s[ grass 9 fields f :i* cultivat$ crops h j be5 tak54 ,soil :i* is to h grass s[$ 9 x %\ld h its p>ticles press$ toge!r4 ,! small grass se$s _c take root & gr[ well 9 l& t has j be5 pl[$ & :i*1 consequ5tly1 has its p>ticles loose & comp>atively f> ap>t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l& f :i* a crop ( corn or cotton has j be5 h>ve/$ is 9 a compact condition4 ,! soil p>ticles are press$ well toge!r4 ,su* l& :5 mell[$ by h>r[+ makes a spl5did b$ = grass se$s4 ,a firm soil draws moi/ure up to ! se$s1 :ile a mell[ soil acts z a blanket to keep moi/ure f wa/+ into ! air1 & at ! same "t all[s ! heat$ air to circulate 9 ! soil4 ,9 case l& has to be pl[$ = grass-se$+1 ! pl[+ %\ld be done z f> z possible 9 advance ( ! se$+4 ,!n ! pl[$ l& %\ld be h>r[$ sev]al times to get ! l& 9 a s(t1 mell[ condition4 ,if ! se$-b$ be c>efully prep>$1 little "w on ! gr\nd is necess>y aft] ! se$s are s[$4 ,"o light h>r[+ is suffici5t to cov] ! broadca/ se$s4 ,?is h>r[+ %\ld always be done z soon z ! se$s are scatt]$1 = if !re be moi/ure 9 ! soil ! t9y se$s w soon spr\t1 & if ! h>r[+ be done aft] g]m9ation is some:at advanc$1 ! t5d] grass plants w be injur$4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( pa/ure & mead[ grasses4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 timo?y1 r$ clov]1 & r$top are g5]ally us$ = ! m[+ crop4 ,= p]man5t pa/ure1 9 addition to ^? m5tion$1 !re %\ld be add$ :ite clov] & ei!r ,k5tucky or ,canadian blue grass4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn /ates a good mead[ or pa/ure c be made ( or*>d grass1 r$ clov]1 & r$top4 ,= a p]man5t pa/ure 9 ! ,s\?1 ,japan clov]1 ,b]muda1 & su* o!r local grasses z h be5 f\nd to adapt !mselves readily to ! climate %\ld be add$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,/ates tempor>y mead[s & pa/ures are g5]ally made ( timo?y & r$ clov]1 :ile = p]man5t pa/ures :ite clov] & blue grass ?rive well4 ,9 ! m we/]n /ates ! grasses previ\sly sugge/$ are readily at home4 ,alfalfa is prov+ its adaptability to ne>ly all sections & climates1 & is 9 _m respects ! mo/ promis+ grass crop ( ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,,b]muda ,x h>dly ev] pays to pa/ure mead[s1 except slightly1 ! fir/ season1 & !n only :5 ! soil is dry4 ,x is also poor policy to pa/ure any k9d ( grass l& e>ly 9 ! spr+ :5 ! soil is wet1 because ! tramp+ ( animals cru%es & de/roys ! cr[ns ( ! plants4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye> ! sw>d becomes ?ick] & t\gh]1 & ! grass is n at all injur$ if x is graz$ wisely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,,alfalfa ,,! ,,wond]ful ,! fir/ crop ( ! season is be+ cut & /or$ = w9t] ,! /ate ( maturity at :i* grass %\ld be h>ve/$ to make hay ( ! be/ quality v>ies some:at ) ! diff]5t grasses & ) ! use :i* is to be made ( ! hay4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is a good rule to cut grass = hay j z x is beg9n+ to bloom or j aft] ! bloom has fall54 ,all grasses become less palatable to /ock z !y mature & =m se$4 ,if grass be all[$ to g to se$1 mo/ ( ! nutrition 9 ! /alk is us$ to =m ! se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,alfalfa ,h5ce a good deal ( food is lo/ by wait+ to cut hay until ! se$s are =m$4 ,pa/ure l&s & mead[ l&s are (t5 greatly improv$ by repl[+ & h>r[+ 9 ord] to break up ! turf t =ms & to admit air m freely into ! soil4 ,! plant-roots t are de/roy$ by ! pl[+ or h>r[+ make quickly available plant food by _! decay1 & ! physical improvem5t ( ! soil leads to a ?ick] & bett] /&4 ,9 ! old] sections ( ! c\ntry comm]cial f]tiliz] c be us$ to advantage 9 produc+ hay & pa/urage4 ,if1 h[ev]1 clov] has j be5 gr[n on grass l& or if x is gr[+ well ) ! grass1 !re is no ne$ to add nitrog54 ,if ! grass seems to lack suffici5t n\ri%m5t1 add phosphoric acid & pota%4 ,h[ev]1 grass n gr[n 9 company ) clov] (t5 ne$s dri$ blood1 nitrate ( soda1 or "s o!r nitrog5-supply+ ag5t4 ,( c\rse x is und]/ood t no bett] f]tiliz] c be appli$ to grass ?an b>ny>d manure4 ,,section ,,lii4 ,,legumes ,(t5 l& :i* 0 once ?\ght excell5t is left to gr[ up 9 we$s4 ,! own] says t ! l& is worn out1 & t x w n pay to plant x4 ,:at does worn out mean8 ,simply t con/ant cropp+ has us$ up ! plant food 9 ! l&4 ,!re=e1 plants on worn-out l& are too ne>ly />v$ to yield b\ntifully4 ,su* we>+ out is s easily prev5t$ t no own] ought ev] to all[ 8 l& to become pov]ty-/rick54 ,b 9 case ?is mis=tune has happ5$1 h[ c ! l& be aga9 made f]tile8 ,on page #bd y le>n$ t phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & nitrog5 are ! foods mo/ ne$$ by plants4 ,worn out1 !n1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 usually means t a soil has be5 robb$ ( "o ( ^! plant necessities1 or ( two or ( all ?ree4 ,to make ! l& once m fruitful x is necess>y to re/ore ! miss+ food or foods4 ,h[ c ?is be done8 ,two ( ^! plant foods1 namely1 phosphoric acid & pota%1 are m9]als4 ,if ei!r ( ^! is lack+1 x c be suppli$ only by putt+ on ! l& "s f]tiliz] conta9+ ! miss+ food4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 nitrog51 ! mo/ co/ly ( ! plant foods1 c be readily & *eaply return$ to poor l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,,alfalfa ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,?ird ,,cutt+ ,z expla9$ on page #cb ! legum9\s crops h ! p[] ( draw+ nitrog5 f ! air &1 by means ( _! root-tub]cles1 ( /or+ x 9 ! soil4 ,h5ce by gr[+ ^! crops on poor l& ! exp5sive nitrog5 is quickly re/or$ to ! soil1 & only ! two *eap] plant foods ne$ be b\ght4 ,h[ important x is !n to gr[ ^! legum9\s plants6 ,e f>m] %\ld s rotate 8 plant+ t at lea/ once e two or ?ree ye>s a crop ( legumes may add to ! fruitfulness ( 8 fields4 ,moreov] ^! crops help l& 9 ano!r way4 ,!y s5d a multitude ( roots deep into ! gr\nd4 ,^! roots loos5 & pulv]ize ! soil1 & _! decay1 at ! end ( ! gr[+ season1 leaves mu* humus 9 ! soil4 ,l& w r>ely become worn out if legumes are regul>ly & wisely gr[n4 ,f ! fact t !y d well 9 s _m diff]5t sections & 9 s _m diff]5t climates1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ useful legumes3 alfalfa1 clov]s1 c[peas1 vet*es1 & soy beans4 ,alfalfa4 ,alfalfa is prim>ily a hay crop4 ,x ?rives 9 ! ,f> ,we/1 9 ! ,middle ,we/1 9 ! ,nor?1 & 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 fact1 x w d well :]ev] ! soil is ri*1 moi/1 deep1 & und]laid by an op5 subsoil4 ,! va/ areas giv5 to ?is valuable crop are ye>ly increas+ 9 e section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,alfalfa1 h[ev]1 unlike ! c[pea1 does n take to poor l&4 ,= its cultivation1 !re=e1 good f]tile l& t is moi/ b n wat]-soak$ %\ld be select$4 ,good f>m]s are p>tial to alfalfa = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 x yields a heavy crop ( =age or hay4 ,second1 be+ a legume1 x improves ! soil4 ,?ird1 "o se$+ la/s a long "t4 ,?is l5g? ( life may1 h[ev]1 be de/roy$ by pa/ur+ or abus+ ! alfalfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,,%eep ,,fatt5+ ,,on ,,alfalfa ,,/ubble ,alfalfa is diff]5t f mo/ plants 9 ?is respect3 ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s mu/ h c]ta9 k9ds ( bact]ia 9 x4 ,^! cause ! gr[? ( tub]cles on ! roots4 ,^! bact]ia1 h[ev]1 are n always pres5t 9 l& t has n be5 plant$ 9 alfalfa4 ,h5ce if ?is plant is to be gr[n successfully ^! helpful bact]ia mu/ sometimes be suppli$ artificially4 ,!re are two v easy ways ( supply+ ! g]ms4 ,fir/1 f9e soil f an alfalfa field may be scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! fields to be se$$4 ,second1 a small mass ( alfalfa tub]cle g]ms may be put into a liquid conta9+ prop] food to make ^! g]ms multiply & gr[2 !n ! se$s to be plant$ are soak$ 9 ?is liquid 9 ord] t ! g]ms may fa/5 on ! se$s4 ,be=e ! se$s are s[$ ! soil %\ld be mell[$4 ,ov] ?is well-prep>$ l& ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( se$ to ! acre %\ld be scatt]$4 ,! se$ may be scatt]$ by h& or by a se$-s[]4 ,cov] ) a light h>r[4 ,! "t ( plant+ v>ies some:at ) ! climate4 ,except :]e ! w9t]s are too sev]e ! se$ may be s[$ ei!r 9 ! spr+ or 9 ! fall4 ,9 ! ,s\? s[ only 9 ! fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,,h]d ,,( ,,dairy ,,cattle ,,graz+ ,,on ,,alfalfa ,,/ubble ,dur+ ! fir/ season "o m[+1 p]haps m1 is necess>y to insure a good /& & also to keep d[n ! we$s4 ,:5 ! fir/ blossoms appe> 9 ! e>ly summ]1 x is "t to />t ! m[]4 ,aft] ?is ! alfalfa %\ld be cut e two1 ?ree1 or f\r weeks4 ,! numb] ( times dep5ds on ! rapidity ( gr[?4 ,?is crop r>ely makes a good yield ! fir/ ye>1 b if a good /& be secur$1 ! yield /eadily increases4 ,aft] a good /& has be5 secur$1 a top-dress+ ( ei!r comm]cial f]tiliz] or /able manure w be v helpful4 ,an occasional cutt+-up ( ! sod ) a disk h>r[ does mu* good4 ,clov]s4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( clov]s w sometimes gr[ on h>d or poor soil1 b !y d f> bett] if ! soil is enri*$ & prop]ly prep>$ be=e ! se$ is s[$4 ,9 _m p>ts ( our c\ntry x has be5 ! practice = g5]ations to s[ clov] se$ ) "s ( ! gra9 crops4 ,b>ley1 :eat1 oats1 & rye are ! crops ) :i* clov] is usually plant$1 b _m good f>m]s n[ pref] to s[ ! se$ only ) o!r grass se$4 ,circum/ances mu/ l>gely det]m9e ! mann] ( se$+4 ,crimson clov]1 :i* is a w9t] legume1 usually does be/ :5 se$$ alone1 al?\gh rye or "s o!r gra9 (t5 seems helpful to x4 ,?is k9d ( clov] is an excell5t crop ) :i* to foll[ cotton or corn4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5tly s[$ at ! la/ cultivation ( ^! crops4 ,common r$ clov]1 :i* is ! /&>d clov] ov] mo/ ( ! c\ntry1 is usually se$$ ) timo?y or ) or*>d grass or ) "s o!r ( ! grasses4 ,9 s[+ bo? crimson & r$ clov]1 ab\t t5 to fifte5 p\nds ( se$ = ea* acre are g5]ally us$4 ,to make good pa/ures1 :ite & ,japan clov] are favorites4 ,:ite clov] does well 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & ,japan clov] is especially valuable 9 w>m ,s\!rn climates4 ,bo? w d well ev5 :5 ! soil is p>tly %ad$1 b !y d be/ 9 l& fully op5 to ! sun4 ,c>eful att5tion is requir$ to cure clov] hay well4 ,! clov] %\ld always be cut be=e x =ms se$4 ,! be/ "t to cut is :5 ! plants are 9 full bloom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,,crimson ,,clov] ,let ! m[] be />t$ 9 ! morn+4 ,!n a few h\rs lat] run ov] ! field ) ! t$d]4 ,?is w loos5 ! hay & let 9 air & sun%9e4 ,if ! wea!r be fair let ! hay lie until ! next day1 & !n rake x into r[s = fur!r dry+4 ,aft] be+ rak$1 ! hay may ei!r be left 9 ! r[s = f9al cur+ or x may be put 9 cocks4 ,if ! wea!r be unsettl$1 x is be/ to cock ! hay4 ,_m f>m]s h clo? cov]s to protect ! cocks & ^! (t5 aid greatly 9 sav+ ! hay crop 9 a ra9y season4 ,9 case ! hay is put 9 cocks1 x %\ld be op5$ = a f9al dry+ be=e x is h\s$4 ,c[peas4 ,! c[pea is an excell5t soil-enri*]4 ,x supplies m f]tiliz+ mat]ial to turn into ! soil1 9 a %ort "t & at small co/1 ?an any o!r crop4 ,moreov]1 by good tillage & by ! use ( a v small am\nt ( f]tiliz]1 ! c[pea c be gr[n on l& too poor to produce any o!r crop4 ,its roots g deep into ! soil4 ,h5ce !y ga!r plant food & moi/ure t %all[-root$ plants fail to rea*4 ,^! qualities make x an invaluable help 9 br++ worn-out l&s back to f]tility4 ,! c[pea is a w>m-wea!r legume4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x succe$s be/ 9 ! s\? & s\?we/4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 9 rec5t ye>s be5 gr[n z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 & ,m9nesota1 b 9 ^! cold climates o!r legumes are m useful4 ,c[peas %\ld nev] be plant$ until all dang] ( fro/ is pa/4 ,"s v>ieties make _! full gr[? 9 two mon?s2 o!rs ne$ f\r mon?s4 ,!re are ab\t two hundr$ v>ieties ( c[peas4 ,^! v>ieties diff] 9 =m1 9 ! size ( se$ & ( pod1 9 ! color ( se$ & ( pod1 & 9 ! "t ( rip5+4 ,!y diff]1 too1 9 ! mann] ( gr[?4 ,"s gr[ erect2 o!rs sprawl on ! gr\nd4 ,9 select+ v>ieties x is well to *oose ^? t gr[ /raight up1 ^? t are h>dy1 ^? t fruit e>ly & abundantly1 & ^? t hold _! leaves4 ,! v>iety select$ = se$ %\ld also suit ! l& & ! climate4 ,! c[pea w gr[ 9 almo/ any soil4 ,x ?rives be/ & yields mo/ b\ntifully on well-dra9$ s&y loams4 ,! plant also does well on clay soils4 ,on light1 s&y soils a fairly good crop may be made1 b on su* soils1 wilt & root-knot are dang]\s foes4 ,a w>m1 moi/1 well-pulv]iz$ se$-b$ %\ld always be provid$4 ,few plants equal ! c[pea 9 repay+ c>eful prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,,c[peas ,if ?is crop is gr[n = hay1 ! me?od ( se$+ & cultivat+ w diff] some:at f ! me?od us$ :5 a se$ crop is desir$4 ,:5 c[peas are plant$ = hay ! se$s %\ld be drill$ or broadca/$4 ,if ! se$s are small & ! l& some:at ri*1 ab\t f\r pecks %\ld be s[$ on ea* acre4 ,if ! se$s are comp>atively l>ge & ! soil n s f]tile1 ab\t six pecks %\ld be s[$ to ! acre4 ,x is saf] to disk 9 ! se$s :5 !y are s[$ broadca/ ?an x is to rely on a h>r[ to cov] !m4 ,9 s[+ m]ely = a hay crop1 x is a good practice to mix sorghum1 corn1 soy beans1 or millet ) ! c[peas4 ,! mix$ hay is m easily h>ve/$ & m easily cur$ ?an unmix$ c[pea hay4 ,%ortly aft] se$+1 x pays to run ov] ! l& lightly ) a h>r[ or a we$] 9 ord] to break any cru/ t may =m4 ,m[+ %\ld beg9 z soon z ! /alks & ! pods h f9i%$ gr[+ & "s ( ! l[] leaves h begun to turn yell[4 ,an ord9>y m[] is p]haps ! be/ ma*9e = cutt+ ! v9es4 ,if possible1 select only a bright day = m[+ & d n />t ! ma*9e until ! dew on ! v9es is dri$4 ,all[ ! v9es to rema9 z !y fell f ! m[] till !y are wilt$2 !n rake !m into w9dr[s4 ,! v9es %\ld g5]ally /ay 9 ! w9dr[s = two or ?ree days & be turn$ on ! la/ day4 ,!y %\ld !n be put 9 small1 airy piles or pil$ ar\nd a /ake t has crosspieces nail$ to x4 ,! dry+ v9es %\ld nev] be pack$2 air mu/ circulate freely if good hay is to be made4 ,z pil+ ! v9es ar\nd /akes is some:at labori\s1 "s gr[]s wat* ! cur+ c>efully & succe$ 9 gett+ ! v9es dry en\gh to haul directly f ! w9dr[s to ! b>ns4 ,nev] all[ ! v9es to /ay expos$ to too mu* sun%9e :5 !y are fir/ cut4 ,if ! sun /rikes !m too /rongly1 ! leaves w become brittle & %att] :5 !y are mov$4 ,:5 c[peas are gr[n = _! pods to rip51 ! se$s %\ld be plant$ 9 r[s ab\t a y>d ap>t4 ,f two to ?ree pecks ( se$s to an acre %\ld be suffici5t4 ,! gr[+ plants %\ld be cultivat$ two or ?ree times ) a good cultivator4 ,c[peas 7 =m]ly ga!r$ by h&1 b su* a me?od is ( c\rse sl[ & exp5sive4 ,pick]s are n[ commonly us$4 ,"s f>m]s use ! c[pea crop only z a soil-enri*]4 ,h5ce !y nei!r ga!r ! se$s nor cut ! hay1 b pl[ ! :ole crop into ! soil4 ,!re is an av]age ( ab\t =ty-sev5 p\nds ( nitrog5 9 ea* ton ( c[pea v9es4 ,mo/ ( ?is valuable nitrog5 is drawn by ! plants f ! air4 ,?is am\nt ( nitrog5 is equal to t conta9$ 9 #iejj p\nds ( /able manure4 ,9 addition ea* ton ( c[pea v9es conta9s t5 p\nds ( phosphoric acid & tw5ty-n9e p\nds ( pota%4 ,!re is dang] 9 pl[+ into ! soil at "o "t any b\ntiful gre5 crop l c[peas4 ,z already expla9$ on page #aj1 a process call$ capill>ity enables moi/ure to rise 9 ! soil z plants ne$ x4 ,n[ if a heavy c[pea crop or any o!r simil> crop be at "o pl[+ turn$ into ! soil1 ! soil p>ticles w be s sep>at$ z to de/roy capill>ity4 ,too mu* vegetation turn$ "u at once may also1 if ! wea!r be w>m1 cause f]m5tation to set 9 & s\r ! l&4 ,bo? ( ^! tr\bles may be avoid$ by cutt+ up ! v9es ) a disk h>r[ or o!r implem5t be=e cov]+ !m4 ,! cu/om ( plant+ c[peas betwe5 ! r[s at ! la/ work+ ( corn is a good "o1 & :]ev] ! climate p]mits ?is cu/om %\ld be foll[$4 ,vet*es4 ,! vet*es h be5 rapidly gr[+ 9 favor = "s ye>s4 ,/ock eat vet* hay gre$ily1 & ?is hay increases ! fl[ ( milk 9 dairy animals & helps to keep animals fat & sleek4 ,only two species ( vet* are widely gr[n4 ,^! are ! t>e1 or spr+ vet*1 & ! w9t]1 or hairy1 vet*4 ,spr+ vet* is gr[n 9 comp>atively few sections ( our c\ntry4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 gr[n widely 9 ,engl& & nor!rn cont95tal ,europe4 ,:at we say "h w be conf9$ to hairy vet*4 ,aft] a soil has be5 suppli$ ) ! g]ms ne$$ by ?is plant1 ! hairy vet* is productive on _m diff]5t k9ds ( soil4 ,! plant is mo/ vigor\s on f]tile loams4 ,by good tillage & prop] f]tilization x may be =c$ to gr[ r b\ntifully on poor s&y & clay loams4 ,acid or wet soils are n suit$ to vet*4 ,l&s t are too poor to produce clov]s w frequ5tly yield fair crops ( vet*4 ,if ?is is borne 9 m9d1 _m poor soils may be wond]fully improv$ by gr[+ on !m ?is valuable legume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,,vet* ,vet* ne$s a f9e well-compact$ se$-b$1 b x is (t5 s[$ ) good results on /ubble l&s & betwe5 cotton & corn r[s1 :]e x is cov]$ by a cultivator or a we$]4 ,! se$s ( ! vet* are co/ly & are br\ght *iefly f ,g]many1 :]e ?is crop is mu* priz$4 ,! pods rip5 s irregul>ly t !y h to be pick$ by h&4 ,9 nor!rn climates e>ly spr+ s[+ is f\nd mo/ satisfactory4 ,9 s\!rn climates ! se$+ is be/ done 9 ! late summ] or e>ly fall4 ,z ! vet* v9es h a t5d5cy to trail on ! gr\nd1 x is wise/ to plant ) ! vet* "s crop l oats1 b>ley1 rye1 or :eat4 ,^! plants w support ! vet* & keep its v9es f be+ injur$ by fall+ on ! gr\nd4 ,d n use rye ) vet* 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x rip5s too e>ly to be ( mu* assi/ance4 ,if s[$ ) oats ! se$+ %\ld be at ! rate ( ab\t tw5ty or ?irty p\nds ( vet* & ab\t "o & a half or two bu%els ( oats to ! acre4 ,vet* is cov]$ 9 ! same way z :eat & rye4 ,few crops enri* soil m rapidly ?an vet* if ! :ole plant is turn$ 94 ,x ( c\rse adds nitrog5 to ! soil & at ! same "t supplies ! soil ) a l>ge am\nt ( organic matt] to decay & *ange to humus4 ,z ! crop gr[s dur+ ! w9t]1 x makes an excell5t cov] to prev5t wa%+4 ,_m or*>d-gr[]s ( ! ,nor?we/ f9d vet* ! be/ w9t] crop = ! or*>ds z well z = ! fields4 ,soy1 or ,soja1 ,bean4 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan ! soy bean is gr[n l>gely z food = man4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is us$ z a =age plant & z a soil-improv]4 ,x bids fair to become "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! legumes4 ,l ! c[pea1 ?is bean is at home only 9 a w>m climate4 ,"s ( ! e>ly-rip5+ v>ieties h1 h[ev]1 be5 plant$ ) fair success 9 cold climates4 ,:ile !re are a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties ( ! soy bean1 only ab\t a doz5 are commonly gr[n4 ,!y diff] ma9ly 9 ! color1 size1 & %ape ( ! se$s1 & 9 ! "t ne$$ = rip5+4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties are m hairy ?an o!rs4 ,soy beans may take _m places 9 good crop-rotations1 b !y are unusually valuable 9 %ort rotations ) small gra9s4 ,! gra9s c be cut 9 "t = ! beans to foll[ !m1 & 9 turn ! beans c be h>ve/$ 9 ! e>ly fall & make way = ano!r gra9 crop4 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$ t soy beans w n ?rive unless ! l& on :i* !y are to gr[ is already suppli$1 or is suppli$ at ! "t ( s[+1 ) bean bact]ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,,*9ese ,,soy ,,beans ,! plant w gr[ on _m diff]5t k9ds ( soil1 b x ne$s a ri*] soil ?an ! c[pea does4 ,z ! crop c ga!r mo/ ( its own nitrog51 x g5]ally requires only ! addition ( phosphoric acid & pota% = its gr[? on poor l&4 ,:5 ! fir/ crop is se$$1 apply to ea* acre f\r hundr$ p\nds ( a f]tiliz+ mixture :i* conta9s ab\t t5 p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 f\r p] c5t ( pota%1 & f "o to two p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,if ! crop is plant$ = hay or = graz+1 mell[ ! gr\nd well1 & !n broadca/ or drill 9 closely ab\t "o & a half bu%els ( se$ to ea* acre4 ,cov] f "o to two in*es deep1 b nev] all[ a cru/ to =m ov] ! se$1 = ! plant _c break ?r\gh a cru/ well4 ,:5 ! beans are plant$ = se$s1 a half bu%el ( se$ to ! acre is usually suffici5t4 ,! plants %\ld /& 9 ! r[s f f\r to six in*es ap>t1 & ! r[s %\ld be f ?irty to =ty in*es f "o ano!r4 ,nev] plant until ! sun has ?or\ghly w>m$ ! l&4 ,! bean may be s[$1 h[ev]1 e>li] ?an c[peas4 ,a mo/ conv5i5t "t is j aft] corn is plant$4 ,! r[s %\ld be cultivat$ (t5 en\gh to keep out we$s & grass & to keep a good du/ mul*1 b ! cultivation mu/ be %all[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,,soy ,,beans ,z soy beans are gr[n = hay & also = se$1 ! h>ve/+ w1 z ) ! o!r legumes1 be controll$ by ! purpose = :i* ! crop 0 plant$4 ,9 h>ve/+ = a hay crop x is desirable to cut ! beans aft] ! pods are well =m$ b be=e !y are fully gr[n4 ,if ! cutt+ is delay$ until ! pods are ripe1 ! fruit w %att] badly4 ,!re is a loss1 too1 9 ! food value ( ! /ems if ! cutt+ is late4 ,! ord9>y m[+-ma*9e ) a rake atta*$ is g5]ally ! ma*9e us$ = cutt+ ! /alks4 ,! leaves %\ld be mo/ c>efully pres]v$1 = !y conta9 mu* n\ri%m5t = /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,,soy ,,beans ,,9 ,,corn ,:5ev] ! beans are gr[n = se$s1 h>ve/+ %\ld beg9 :5 ?ree f\r?s ( ! leaves h fall5 & mo/ ( ! pods are ripe4 ,d n wait1 h[ev]1 until ! pods are s dry t !y h begun to split & drop _! se$s4 ,a slight am\nt ( dampness on ! plants aids ! cutt+4 ,! ?re%+ may be done ) a flail1 ) pea-hull]s1 or ) a gra9-?re%+ ma*9e4 ,! beans produce m se$ to ! acre ?an c[peas d4 ,=ty bu%els is a high yield4 ,! av]age yield is betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty bu%els4 ,,descriptive ,,table ,,adaptation ,,z ,crop ,,food ,,= ,,animals ,,life ,,rem>ks ,alfalfa ,hay ,p]5nial ,all animals l x2 hogs eat x ev5 :5 x is dry4 ,r$ clov] ,hay & pa/ure ,p]5nial ,be/ ( ! clov]s = hay4 ,alsike clov] ,hay & pa/ure ,p]5nial ,se$s itself = tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is clov] is a great favorite ) bees4 ,mammo? clov] ,hay & pa/ure ,p]5nial ,be/ = gre5 manure4 ,:ite clov] ,pa/ure ,p]5nial ,excell5t = lawns & bees4 ,japan clov] ,pa/ure ,p]5nial ,excell5t = =e/ & old soils4 ,c[pea ,hay & gra9 ,annual ,us$ = hay1 gre5 manure1 & pa/ures4 ,soy bean ,hay & gra9 ,annual ,(t5 put 9 silo ) corn4 ,vet*es ,hay & soil+ ,annual ,pa/ure = %eep & sw9e4 ,) c]eals x makes excell5t hay & soil+-food4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,dome/ic ,,animals ,! progress t a nation is mak+ c ) reasonable accuracy be measur$ by ! k9d ( live /ock x raises4 ,! g5]al rule is1 poor /ock1 poor p4 ,all ! prosp]\s nations ( ! globe1 especially ! gra9-gr[+ nations1 get a l>ge %>e ( _! weal? f rais+ improv$ /ock4 ,! /ock br$ by ^! nations is n[1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t f ! /ock rais$ by ! same nations ye>s ago4 ,z soon z man began to progress 9 ! art ( agriculture he became dissatisfi$ ) inf]ior /ock4 ,he !re=e b5t 8 en]gies to raise ! /&>d ( excell5ce 9 dome/ic animals4 ,by sl[ /ages ( animal improvem5t ! ugly1 ?9-flank$ wild bo> ( e>ly times has be5 trans=m$ into ! sleek ,b]k%ire or ! well-r\nd$ ,pol&-,*9a4 ,9 ! same mann] ! wild %eep ( ! ,old ,_w h be5 develop$ into wool & mutton bre$s ( ! f9e/ excell5ce4 ,by con/ant c>e1 att5tion1 & selection ! ?91 long-legg$ wild ox has be5 br$ into ! b\nte\s milk-produc+ ,j]seys & ,hol/e9s or into ! ,%or?orn m\nta9s ( fle%4 ,f ! small1 bony1 co>se1 & %aggy horse ( anci5t times h desc5d$ ! heavy ,norman1 or ,p]*]on1 draft horse & ! fleet ,arab c\rs]4 ,! matt] ( meat-production is "o ( vital importance to ! human race1 = animal food mu/ always supply a l>ge "p ( man's ration4 ,live /ock ( v>i\s k9ds consume ! co>s] foods1 l ! grasses1 hays1 & gra9s1 :i* man _c use4 ,z a result ( ?is consumption !y /ore 9 _! bodies ! exact sub/ances requir$ = build+ up ! tissues ( man's body4 ,:5 ! animal is us$ by man = food1 "o class ( foods /or$ away 9 ! animal's body produces muscle2 ano!r produces fat1 heat1 & en]gy4 ,! food furni%$ by ! slaught] ( animals seems necess>y to ! full developm5t ( man4 ,x is true t ! fle% ( an animal w n support human life s long z w\ld ! gra9 t ! animal ate :ile gr[+1 b x is also true t animal food does n require s mu* ( man's =ce to dige/ x4 ,h5ce ! use ( meat =ces a "p ( man's life-/ruggle on ! l[] animal4 ,:5 m5 fe$ gra9 to /ock1 ! animals receive 9 return p[] & food 9 _! mo/ available =ms4 ,m5 /r5g!n ! animal t !y !mselves may be /r5g!n$4 ,"o ( ! great que/ions1 !n1 = ! /ock-gr[]'s consid]ation is h[ to make ! lea/ am\nt ( food f$ to animals produce ! mo/ p[] & fle%4 ,,section ,,liii4 ,,horses ,:ile we h a great _m k9ds ( horses 9 ,am]ica1 horses are n natives ( ?is c\ntry4 ,j :]e wild horses 7 fir/ tam$ & us$ is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,x is believ$ t 9 e>ly ages ! horse 0 a mu* small] animal ?an x n[ is1 & t x gradually atta9$ its pres5t size4 ,:]e food 0 abundant & nutriti\s & ! climate mild & heal?ful1 ! e>ly horses develop$ l>ge frames & heavy limbs & muscles2 on ! o!r h&1 :]e food 0 sc>ce & ! climate cold & bleak1 ! animals rema9$ z dw>f$ z ! ponies ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,,! ,,family ,,pet ,"o ( ! fir/ records conc]n+ ! horse is f\nd 9 ,g5esis xlix1 #ag1 :]e ,jacob speaks ( an add] t bite? ! horse heels4 ,ph>aoh took six hundr$ *os5 *>iots & ) all ! horses & *>iots pursu$ ! ,israelites4 ,! ,greeks at fir/ drove ! horse fa/5$ to a rude *>iot2 lat] !y rode on its back1 le>n+ to manage ! animal ) voice or swit* & )\t ei!r saddle or bridle4 ,?is ?9k+ p soon inv5t$ ! snaffle bit1 & bo? rode & drove ) its aid4 ,! curb bit 0 a ,roman inv5tion4 ,%oe+ 0 n practic$ by ei!r ,greeks or ,romans4 ,saddles & h>nesses 7 at fir/ made ( sk9s & sometimes ( clo?4 ,among ! ,t>t>s ( middle & nor!rn ,asia & also among "s o!r nations1 m>e's milk & ! fle% ( ! horse are us$ = food4 ,old & o!rwise wor?less horses are regul>ly fatt5$ = ! meat m>kets ( ,france & ,g]many4 ,v>i\s uses are made ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a horse's body4 ,! mane & tail are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( mattresses1 & also furni% a hairclo? = uphol/]+2 ! sk9 is tann$ into lea!r2 ! ho(s are us$ = glue1 & ! bones = mak+ f]tiliz]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,,p]*]on ,,horse 7,a ,,draft ,,type7 ,climate1 food1 & natural surr\nd+s h all aid$ 9 produc+ *anges 9 ! horse's =m1 size1 & appe>ance4 ,! v>y+ circum/ances "u :i* horses h be5 rais$ h giv5 rise to ! diff]5t bre$s4 ,9 addition1 ! ma/]s' ne$s _h mu* to d 9 develop+ ! type ( horses want$4 ,"s ma/]s desir$ "w horses1 & kept ! heavy1 muscul>1 /\t-limb$ animals2 o!rs desir$ rid+ & driv+ horses1 s !y sav$ = _! use ! light-limb$1 angul> horses t _h endurance & mettle4 ,! foll[+ table gives "s ( ! diff]5t bre$s & ! places ( _! developm5t3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,diagram %[s ! prop] %ape ( ! =e & h9d legs ( a horse4 ,:5 ! /raight l9es divide ! legs equally1 ! leg action is /raight & regul> ,i4 ,draft1 or ,heavy1 ,bre$s #a4 ,p]*]on1 f ! prov9ce ( ,p]*e1 ,france4 #b4 ,fr5* ,draft1 develop$ 9 ,france4 #c4 ,belgian ,draft1 develop$ by ,belgian f>m]s4 #d4 ,clydesdale1 ! draft horse ( ,scotl&4 #e4 ,suffolk ,pun*1 f ! ea/]n "p ( ,engl&4 #f4 ,engli% ,%ire1 also f ! ea/]n "p ( ,engl&4 ,,ii4 ,c>riage1 or ,coa*1 ,bre$s #a4 ,clevel& ,bay1 develop$ 9 ,engl&4 #b4 ,fr5* ,coa*1 ! g5tleman's horse ( ,france4 #c4 ,g]man ,coa*1 f ,g]many4 #d4 ,old5burg ,coa*1 ,old5burg1 ,g]many4 #e4 ,hackney1 ! ,engli% high-/epp]4 ,,iii4 ,light1 or ,road/]1 ,bre$s #a4 ,am]ican ,trott]1 develop$ 9 ,am]ica4 #b4 ,?or\ghbr$1 ! ,engli% runn+ horse4 #c4 ,am]ican ,saddle ,horse1 f ,k5tucky & ,virg9ia4 ,!re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! =m & type ( ^! horses1 & on ?is diff]5ce _! usefulness dep5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,,wide ,,hock ,?is horse /&s great /ra9s & is n fatigu$ easily ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,,n>r[ ,,hock ,?is horse becomes exhau/$ v easily ,! draft bre$s h %ort legs1 & h5ce _! bodies are comp>atively close to ! gr\nd4 ,! dep? ( ! body %\ld be ab\t ! same z ! l5g? ( leg4 ,all draft horses %\ld h upright %\ld]s1 s z to provide an easy support = ! coll>4 ,! hock %\ld be wide1 s t ! animal %all h great lev]age ( muscle = pull+4 ,a horse hav+ a n>r[ hock is n able to draw a heavy load & is easily exhau/$ & liable to curb-diseases 7see ,figs4 #bdb & #bdc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,,! ,,road/] ,,type ,! legs ( all k9ds ( horses %\ld be /raight2 a l9e dropp$ f ! po9t ( ! %\ld] to ! gr\nd %\ld divide ! knees1 canon1 fetlock1 & foot into two equal p>ts4 ,:5 ! animal is =m$ 9 ?is way ! feet h room to be /raight & squ>e1 ) j ! bread? ( a ho( betwe5 !m 7,fig4 #bda74 ,road/]s are light] 9 bone & less heavily muscl$2 _! legs are long] ?an ^? ( ! draft horses &1 z horsem5 say1 m daylight c be se5 "u ! body4 ,! neck is long & ?91 b fits nicely into ! %\ld]s4 ,! %\ld]s are slop+ & long & give ! road/] ability to rea* well out 9 8 /ride4 ,! head is set gracefully on ! neck & %\ld be c>ri$ ) ease & erectness4 ,e man :o is to deal ) horses ought to become1 by obs]vation & /udy1 an exp]t judge ( =ms1 qualities1 types1 defects1 & excell5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,legs ,! diagram %[s h[ ! /raight l9es ought to cross ! legs ( a prop]ly %ap$ horse ,! horse's foot makes an int]e/+ /udy4 ,! horny outside protects ! foot f mud1 ice1 & /ones4 ,inside ! ho( are ! bones & gri/le t s]ve z cu%ions to dim9i% ! %ock receiv$ :ile walk+ or runn+ on h>d roads or /reets4 ,:5 %oe+ ! horse ! frog %\ld n be t\*$ ) ! knife4 ,x is v seldom t any cutt+ ne$ be done4 ,_m blacksmi?s d n "k ?is & (t5 greatly injure ! foot4 ,s9ce ! horse has b a small /oma*1 ! food giv5 %\ld n be too bulky4 ,9 proportion to ! horse's size1 its gra9 ration %\ld be l>g] ?an t ( o!r animals4 ,draft horses & mules1 h[ev]1 c be f$ a m bulky ration ?an o!r horses1 because !y h l>g] /oma*s & consequ5tly h m room to /ore food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,measure ,a ,,horse ,! horse %\ld be groom$ e day4 ,?is keeps ! pores ( ! sk9 op5 & ! hair bright & glossy4 ,:5 horses are work+ h>d1 ! h>ness %\ld be remov$ dur+ ! noon h\r4 ,dur+ ! cool seasons ( ! ye>1 :5ev] a horse is wet ) sweat1 x %\ld on /opp+ "w1 or :5 /&+ = a:ile1 be blanket$1 = ! animal is z liable z man to get cold 9 a draft or f moi/ure evaporat+ rapidly f its sk94 ,,ex]cise ,if ! pupil w take an ord9>y tape measure1 he c make "s measurem5ts ( ! horse t w be v int]e/+ z well z pr(itable4 ,let him measure3 #a4 ,! height ( ! horse at ! )]s1 #a to #a4 #b4 ,! height ( ! horse at cr\p1 #b to #b4 #c4 ,l5g? ( %\ld]1 #a to #c4 #d4 ,l5g? ( back1 #d4 #e4 ,l5g? ( head1 #e4 #f4 ,dep? ( body1 #f to #f4 #g4 ,daylight "u body1 #g to #g4 #h4 ,di/ance f po9t ( %\ld] to qu>t]1 #c to #c4 #i4 ,wid? ( =ehead4 #aj4 ,wid? betwe5 hips4 ,,note4 ,_m int]e/+ comp>isons c be made 7#a7 by measur+ sev]al horses2 7#b7 by /udy+ ! proportion betwe5 p>ts ( ! same horse4 ,,proportions ,,( ,a ,,horse #a4 ,h[ _m times long] is ! body ?an ! head8 ,d y get ! same result f diff]5t horses8 #b4 ,h[ does ! height at ! )]s comp>e ) ! height at ! cr\p8 #c4 ,h[ d ^! comp>e ) ! di/ance f qu>t] to %\ld]8 #d4 ,h[ does ! l5g? ( ! head comp>e ) ! ?ickness ( ! body & ) ! op5 space1 or daylight1 "u ! body8 ,,section ,,liv4 ,,cattle ,all f>m animals 7 once call$ cattle2 n[ ?is t]m applies only to beef & dairy animals--neat cattle4 ,our improv$ bre$s are desc5d$ f ! wild ox ( ,europe & ,asia1 & h atta9$ _! size & usefulness by c>e1 food1 & selection4 ,! uses ( cattle are s famili> t we ne$ sc>cely m5tion !m4 ,_! fle% is a "p ( man's daily food2 _! milk1 cream1 butt]1 & *eese are on mo/ tables2 _! hides g to make lea!r1 & _! hair = pla/]2 _! ho(s are us$ = glue1 & _! bones = f]tiliz]s1 ornam5ts1 buttons1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,a ,,prize-,,w9n] ,!re are two ma9 classes ( cattle--beef bre$s & dairy bre$s4 ,! pr9cipal bre$s ( ea* class are z foll[s3 ,i4 ,beef ,bre$s #a4 ,ab]de5-,angus1 br$ 9 ,scotl&1 & (t5 call$ doddies4 #b4 ,gall[ay1 f ,scotl&4 #c4 ,%or?orn1 an ,engli% bre$ ( cattle4 #d4 ,h]e=d1 also an ,engli% bre$4 #e4 ,sussex1 f ! c\nty ( ,sussex1 ,engl&4 ,,ii4 ,dairy ,bre$s #a4 ,j]sey1 f ! ,isle ( ,j]sey4 #b4 ,gu]nsey1 f ! ,isle ( ,gu]nsey4 #c4 ,ayr%ire1 f ,scotl&4 #d4 ,hol/e9-,frisian1 f ,holl& & ,d5m>k4 #e4 ,br[n ,swiss1 f ,switz]l&4 ,o!r bre$s ( cattle are ,devon1 ,dut* ,belt$1 ,r$-,poll$1 ,k]ry1 & ,we/ ,highl&4 ,9 g5]al /ructure !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! beef & dairy bre$s4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,! beef c[ is squ>e1 full ov] ! back & lo9s1 & /raight 9 ! back4 ,! hips are cov]$ ev5ly ) fle%1 ! legs full & ?ick1 ! "u l9e1 or /oma* l9e1 p>allel to ! back l9e1 & ! neck full & %ort4 ,! eye %\ld be bright1 ! face %ort1 ! bones ( f9e texture1 & ! sk9 s(t & pliable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,,ab]de5-,,angus ,,c[ 7,a ,,beef ,,type7 ,! dairy c[ is widely diff]5t f ! beef c[4 ,%e %[s a decid$ w$ge %ape :5 y look at h] f front1 side1 or re>4 ,! back l9e is crook$1 ! hip bones & tail bone are prom95t1 ! ?ighs ?9 & poorly fle%$2 !re is no bread? to ! back1 z 9 ! beef c[1 & little fle% cov]s ! %\ld]s2 ! neck is long & ?94 ,! udd] ( ! dairy c[ is mo/ important4 ,x %\ld be full b n fle%y1 be well atta*$ beh9d1 & ext5d well =w>d4 ,! l>g] ! udd] ! m milk w be giv54 ,! sk9 ( ! dairy c[1 l t ( ! beef bre$s1 %\ld be s(t & pliable & ! bones f9e-textur$4 ,! ,dairy ,type4 ,because ( lack ( fle% on ! back1 lo9s1 & ?ighs1 ! c[ ( ! dairy type is n pr(itably rais$ = beef1 nor is ! beef s good z t ( ! beef types4 ,?is is because 9 ! dairy-animal food goes to produce milk r ?an beef4 ,9 ! same way ! beef c[ gives little milk1 s9ce h] food goes r to fat ?an to milk4 ,= ! same reasons t y d n expect a pl[ horse to w9 on ! race track1 y d n expect a c[ ( ! beef type to w9 premiums z a milk]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,,j]sey ,,c[ 7,a ,,dairy ,,type7 ,scrub cattle are n pr(itable4 ,!y mature sl[ly & consequ5tly consume mu* food be=e !y are able to give any return = x4 ,ev5 :5 fatt5$1 ! fat & lean portions are n ev5ly di/ribut$1 & *oice cuts are few & small4 ,by f> ! *eape/ me?od ( secur+ a heal?y & pr(itable h]d ( dairy or beef cattle is to save only ! calves ^: sires are pure-br$ animals & ^: mo!rs are native c[s4 ,9 ?is way f>m]s ( ev5 little means c soon build up an excell5t h]d4 ,improv+ ,cattle4 ,! fact t x is n possible = e f>m] to possess pure-br$ cattle is no reason :y he %\ld n improve ! /ock he has4 ,he c d ?is by us+ pure-br$ sires t possess ! qualities mo/ to be desir$4 ,scrub /ock c be quickly improv$ by ! cont9u\s use ( good sires4 ,x is nev] wise to use grade1 or cross-br$1 sires1 s9ce ! be/ qualities are n fix$ 9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,,head ,,( ,a ,,gall[ay ,,c[ ,moreov]1 x is possible = e f>m] to det]m9e exactly ! produc+-p[] ( 8 dairy c[s4 ,:5 ! c[s are milk$1 ! milk %\ld be weigh$ & a record kept4 ,if ?is be done1 x w be f\nd t "s c[s produce z mu* z five hundr$1 & "s z mu* z t5 hundr$1 gallons a ye>1 :ile o!rs produce n m ?an two or ?ree hundr$ gallons4 ,if a f>m] kills or sells 8 poor c[s & keeps 8 be/ ones1 he w soon h a h]d ( only heavy milk]s4 ,ask y\r fa!r to try ?is plan4 ,read ev]y?+ y c f9d ab\t tak+ c>e ( c[s & improv+ !m1 & !n />t a h]d ( y\r own4 ,conclusions4 7#a7 ,a c[ ) a t5d5cy to get fat is n pr(itable = ! dairy4 7#b7 ,a ?91 op51 angul> c[ w make exp5sive beef4 7#c7 ,! sire is half ! h]d4 ,?is means t a good sire is necess>y to improve a h]d ( cattle4 ,! improvem5t f scrubs upw>d is z foll[s3 ! fir/ g5]ation is "o-half pure2 ! second is ?ree-f\r?s pure2 ! ?ird is sev5-eigh?s pure2 ! f\r? is fifte5-sixte5?s pure1 etc4 7#d7 ,by keep+ a record ( ! quantity & quality ( milk ea* c[ gives y c tell :i* are pr(itable to raise f & :i* are n4 7#e7 ,good food1 clean wat]1 k9dness1 & c>e are necess>y to successful cattle-rais+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,,hol/e9 ,,c[ ,! own]%ip ( a well-br$ animal usually ar\ses s mu* pride 9 ! own] t ! animal receives all ! c>e t x m]its4 ,! wat*ful c>e giv5 to su* an animal leads to m ?\ght ( ! o!r animals on ! f>m1 & (t5 br+s ab\t ! upbuild+ ( an entire h]d4 ,,section ,,lv4 ,,%eep ,! %eep 0 p]haps ! fir/ animal dome/icat$ by man1 & to-day ! dome/icat$ %eep is f\nd :]ev] man lives4 ,x is f\nd dome/icat$ or wild 9 almo/ e climate1 & f9ds means to ?rive :]e o!r animals c sc>cely live2 x provides man ) meat & clo?+1 & is "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable & mo/ easily c>$-= ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,a ,,"y ,,%eph]d ,%eep increase s rapidly1 mature at su* an e>ly age1 & h fle% s :olesome = food t ne>ly e f>m %\ld h its flock4 ,ano!r consid]ation t may be urg$ 9 favor ( %eep-rais+ is t %eep improve ! l& on :i* !y are pa/ur$4 ,%eep are docile & easily h&l$1 & !y live on a great] div]sity ( food & require less gra9 ?an any o!r k9d ( live /ock4 ,9 mix$ f>m+ !re is en\gh food wa/$ on mo/ f>ms to ma9ta9 a small flock ( %eep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,,%eep ,,h ,,long ,,be5 ,,call$ ,,! ,,gold5-,,ho($ ,,animals ,%eep may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 ,i4 ,f9e-,wool$ ,bre$s #a4 ,am]ican ,m]9o4 #b4 ,dela9e ,m]9o4 #c4 ,ramb\illets4 #d4 ,hamp%ire ,d[n4 #e4 ,ox=d ,d[n4 #f4 ,*eviot4 ,,ii4 ,m$ium-,wool$ ,bre$s #a4 ,s\?d[n4 #b4 ,%rop%ire4 #c4 ,horn$ ,dorset4 ,,iii4 ,long-,wool$ ,bre$s #a4 ,leice/]4 #b4 ,l9coln4 #c4 ,cotswold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,,9 ,,! ,,pa/ure ,! fir/ gr\p is gr[n pr9cipally = wool1 & mutton is second>y2 9 ! second gr\p1 mutton comes fir/ & wool second2 9 ! ?ird gr\p bo? are important consid]ations4 ,wool is nature's protection = ! %eep4 ,h y ev] op5$ ! fleece & obs]v$ ! clean sk9 9 :i* ! fib]s gr[8 ,^! fib]s1 or hairs1 are s r\gh5$ t !y pu% all dirt away f ! sk9 t[>d ! outside ( ! fleece4 ,wool is valuable 9 proportion to ! l5g? & ev5ness ( ! fib] & ! d5sity ( ! fleece4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,h[ _m p\nds ought a fleece ( wool to weigh8 #b4 ,:i* makes ! bett] clo?+1 co>se or f9e wool8 #c4 ,:y are %eep wa%$ be=e be+ %e>$8 #d4 ,does cold wea!r tr\ble %eep8 wet wea!r8 ,,section ,,lvi4 ,,sw9e ,! wild bo> is a native ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,! wild hogs are ! p>5ts f :i* all our dome/ic bre$s h sprung4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ! wild bo> is /ill f\nd4 ,^! animals are active & p[]ful1 & z !y gr[ old] are fi]ce & dang]\s4 ,9 _! wild /ate !y seek moi/1 s&y1 & well-wood$ places1 close to /reams ( wat]4 ,_! favorite foods are fruits1 grass1 & roots1 b :5 press$ by hung] !y w eat snakes1 worms1 & ev5 high] animals1 l birds1 f[ls1 & fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,,:i* ,,w ,,y ,,raise8 ,man captur$ "s ( ^! wild animals1 f$ !m abundant & nutriti\s food1 accu/om$ !m to dome/ic life1 select$ ! be/ ( !m to raise f1 & 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations develop$ our pres5t bre$s ( hogs4 ,! ma9 *anges br\ght ab\t 9 hogs 7 ^!3 ! legs became %ort]1 ! sn\t & neck likewise %ort5$1 ! %\ld]s & hams increas$ _! p[] to take on fle%1 & ! frame 0 /r5g!n$ to c>ry ! add$ burd5 ( fle%4 ,z ! animal grew heavi] x roam$ less widely1 & z x grew accu/om$ to man its temp] became less fi]ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,pork]s ,meat c be m *eaply obta9$ f hogs ?an f any o!r animal4 ,:5 a hog is prop]ly f$ & c>$ = x w make ! f>m] m money 9 proportion to co/ ?an any o!r animal on ! f>m4 ,! mo/ pr(itable type ( hog has %ort legs1 small bones1 /raight back & "u l9e1 heavy hams1 small well-di%$ head1 & heavy %\ld]s4 ,! scrub & razorback hogs are v unpr(itable1 & require an undue am\nt ( food to produce a p\nd ( ga94 ,x requires two ye>s to get ! scrub to weigh :at a well-br$ pig w weigh :5 n9e mon?s old4 ,scrub hogs c be quickly *ang$ 9 =m & type by ! use ( a pure-br$ sire4 ,a boy ^: p>5ts 7 too poor to s5d him to college once decid$ to make 8 own money & get an education4 ,he b\ght a s[ & began to raise pigs4 ,he e>n$ ! food = ! "m & h] pigs4 ,8 hogs increas$ s rapidly t he _h to "w h>d to keep !m 9 food4 ,by sav+ ! money he receiv$ f ! sale ( 8 hogs he _h en\gh to keep him two ye>s 9 college4 ,suppose y try 8 plan1 & let ! hog %[ y h[ fa/ x c make money4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4 ,a ,,good ,,type ,we h sev]al bre$s ( sw9e4 ,! important ones are3 ,i4 ,l>ge ,bre$s #a4 ,*e/] ,:ite4 #b4 ,improv$ ,york%ire4 #c4 ,tamwor?4 ,,ii4 ,m$ium ,bre$s #a4 ,b]k%ire4 #b4 ,pol&-,*9a4 #c4 ,duroc-,j]sey4 #d4 ,*e%ire4 ,,iii4 ,small ,bre$s #a4 ,victoria4 #b4 ,suffolk4 #c4 ,essex4 #d4 ,small ,york%ire4 ,hogs w be mo/ successfully rais$ :5 kept z little z possible 9 p5s4 ,!y l ! fields & ! pa/ure grass1 ! op5 air & ! sun%9e4 ,almo/ any k9d ( food c be giv5 !m4 ,unlike o!r /ock1 !y w dev\r gre$ily & tirelessly ! ri*e/ fe$+-/uffs4 ,! mo/ desirable hog to raise is "o t w produce a m or less ev5 mixture ( fat & lean4 ,:]e only corn is f$1 ! body becomes v fat & is n s desirable = food z :5 middl+s1 tankage1 c[peas1 or soy beans are add$ z a "p ( ! ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 ,,d9n] ,,is ,,ov] ,:5 hogs are kept 9 p5s1 cleanl9ess is mo/ important1 = only by cleanl9ess c disease be avoid$4 ,,section ,,lvii4 ,,f>m ,,p\ltry ,our geese1 ducks1 turkeys1 & dome/ic h5s are all desc5dants ( wild f[ls1 & are m or less simil> to !m 9 appe>ance4 ,! e>lie/ record$ uses ( f[ls 7 = food1 = fight+1 & = sacrifice4 ,to-day ! dome/ic f[l has f\r well-def9$ uses--egg-production1 meat-production1 fea!r-production1 & pe/-de/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/&>d-,,br$ ,,f[ls ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rocks1 male & female2 ,:ite ,wy&ottes1 female & male ,h5s ( c\rse produce mo/ ( our eggs4 ,"s duck eggs are sold = table use4 ,goose & duck body-fea!rs br+ good prices4 ,z pe/-de/roy]s turkeys & *ick5s are mo/ useful4 ,!y eat l>ge numb]s ( bugs & worms t are h>mful to crops4 ,a little prop] att5tion w\ld v l>gely increase ! already h&some sum d]iv$ f our f[ls4 ,!y ne$ dry1 w>m1 well-light$1 & tidily kept h\ses4 ,!y mu/ h1 if we want ! be/ returns1 an abundant supply ( pure wat] & a v>iety ( nutriti\s foods4 ,9 cold1 ra9y1 or sn[y wea!r !y %\ld h a %elt]$ y>d1 & 9 good wea!r %\ld be all[$ a range wide en\gh to give !m ex]cise4 ,_! bodies & _! ne/s mu/ be protect$ f e =m ( v]m94 ,= eggs1 ! ,leghorn v>ieties are popul>4 ,"s h5s ( ?is bre$ h be5 kn[n to lay m ?an two hundr$ eggs 9 a ye>4 ,specially c>$-= flocks h av]ag$ elev5 or ev5 twelve doz5 eggs a ye>4 ,f>m flocks ( ord9>y bre$s av]age less ?an eight doz54 ,o!r excell5t egg bre$s are ! ,spani%1 ,&alusian1 & ,m9orca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,,cock ,! pr9cipal s-call$ meat bre$s are ! ,brahma1 ,co*91 & ,lang%an4 ,^! are v l>ge1 b r sl[-gr[+ f[ls1 & are n not$ z lay]s4 ,!y are f> less popul> 9 ,am]ica1 ev5 z meat-produc]s1 ?an ! g5]al-purpose bre$s4 ,! ,plym\? ,rock1 ,wy&otte1 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$1 & ,orp+ton are ! lead+ g5]al-purpose bre$s4 ,!y are favorites because !y are at once good-siz$1 good lay]s1 tame1 & good mo!rs4 ,! *icks ( ^! bre$s are h>dy & ?rifty4 ,9 addition to ^! bre$s1 !re are _m s-call$ fancy bre$s t are priz$ = _! looks r ?an = _! value4 ,among ^! are ! ,hamburg1 ,poli%1 ,sultan1 ,silkie1 & ! _m ,bantam bre$s4 ,! lead+ duck bre$s are ! ,pek91 ,aylesbury1 ,indian ,runn]1 ,muscovy1 ,r\51 & ,cayuga4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties ( geese are ! ,t\l\se1 ,emd51 ,*9ese1 & ,african4 ,among ! be/ bre$s ( turkeys are ! ,bronze1 ,:ite ,holl&1 ,n>ragansett1 ,b\rbon1 ,slate1 & ,buff4 ,geese1 ducks1 & turkeys are n s g5]ally rais$ z h5s1 b !re is a con/ant dem& at good prices = ^! f[ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,,brood] ,! v>ieties ( ! dome/ic h5 are z foll[s3 ,i4 ,egg ,bre$s #a4 ,leghorn4 #b4 ,m9orca4 #c4 ,spani%4 #d4 ,blue ,&alusian4 #e4 ,anconas4 ,,ii4 ,meat ,bre$s #a4 ,brahma4 #b4 ,co*94 #c4 ,lang%an4 #d4 ,dork+4 #e4 ,corni%4 ,,iii4 ,g5]al-,purpose ,bre$s #a4 ,plym\? ,rock4 #b4 ,wy&otte4 #c4 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$4 #d4 ,orp+ton4 ,,iv4 ,fancy ,bre$s #a4 ,poli%4 #b4 ,game4 #c4 ,sultan4 #d4 ,bantam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,,bre$+ ,,y>ds ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,,incubator ,z ! price ( bo? eggs & f[ls is /eadily advanc+1 a great _m p are n[ rais+ f[ls by means ( an incubator = hat*+1 & a brood] z a sub/itute = ! "m h54 ,! use ( ! incubator is ext5d+ ea* ye> & is n[ almo/ univ]sal :]e any consid]able numb] ( *icks are to be hat*$4 ,d\btless x w cont9ue to be us$ :]ev] p\ltry-production is engag$ 9 on a l>ge scale4 ,! brood] is employ$ to take c>e ( ! *ick5s z soon z !y leave ! incubator4 ,,section ,,lviii4 ,,bee ,,culture ,/ock-rais]s select bre$s t are be/ adapt$ to _! ne$s4 ,plant-gr[]s ex]cise great c>e 9 _! *oice ( plants1 select+ = ea* plant+ ^? be/ suit$ to ! conditions "u :i* !y are to be gr[n4 ,und\bt$ly a l>g] yield ( honey c\ld be _h ea* ye> if simil> c>e 7 ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ! bre$ ( bees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,a ,,c>niolan ,,work] ,to prove ?is1 "o has only to comp>e ! yield ( two diff]5t k9ds4 ,! common ,ea/ ,indian honey bee r>ely produces m ?an t5 or twelve p\nds to a hive1 :ile ! ,cyprian bee1 :i* is a mo/ indu/ri\s work]1 has a record ( "o ?\s& p\nds 9 "o season f a s+le colony4 ,?is bee1 besides be+ indu/ri\s :5 honey mat]ial is pl5tiful1 is also v p]sev]+ :5 su* mat]ial is h>d to f9d4 ,! ,cyprians h two o!r v desirable qualities4 ,!y /& ! cold ( w9t] well & /\tly def5d _! hives aga9/ robb] bees & o!r enemies4 ,! ,italian is ano!r good bee4 ,?is v>iety 0 br\ght into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahfj4 ,:ile ! yield f ! ,italian is some:at less ?an f ! ,cyprian1 ! ,italian bees produce a :it] comb & are a trifle m easily manag$4 ,! common black or br[n bee is f\nd wild & dome/icat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,:5 honey mat]ial is abundant1 ^! bees equal ! ,italians 9 honey-production1 b :5 ! season is poor1 !y fall f> %ort 9 ! am\nt ( honey produc$4 ,! pur*ase ( a good ,cyprian or ,italian hive w ri*ly repay ! buy]4 ,su* a colony w co/ m at ! outset ?an an ord9>y colony1 b w soon pay = its high] co/ by great] production4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,a ,,c>niolan ,,drone ,a beehive 9 ! spr+ conta9s "o que51 sev]al hundr$ drones1 & f ?irty-five to =ty ?\s& work]s4 ,! duty ( ! que5 is to lay all ! eggs t are to hat* ! future bees4 ,?is %e does ) untir+ indu/ry1 (t5 lay+ z _m z f\r ?\s& 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! work] bees d all ! "w4 ,"s ( !m visit ! fl[]s1 take up ! nect> into ! honey-sac1 locat$ 9 _! abdom5s1 & c>ry x to ! hive4 ,!y also ga!r poll5 9 basketlike cavities 9 _! h9d legs4 ,poll5 & nect> are ne$$ to prep>e food = ! "y bees4 ,9 ! hive o!r work]s create a breeze by buzz+ ) _! w+s & produce heat by _! activity--all to cause ! wat] to evaporate f ! nect> & to conv]t x into honey be=e x is seal$ up 9 ! comb4 ,aft] a successful day's ga!r+ y may (t5 he> ^! tireless work]s buzz+ till late into ! night or ev5 all ?r\gh ! night4 ,y "k t ! bees get nect> f ! fl[]s ( v>i\s plants4 ,"s ( ! *ief honey plants are alfalfa1 buck:eat1 horsem9t1 s\rwood1 :ite sage1 wild p5nyroyal1 black gum1 holly1 *e/nut1 magnolia1 & ! tulip tree4 ,! yield ( honey may (t5 be increas$ by provid+ special pa/urage = ! bees4 ,! l9d5 tree1 = example1 besides be+ ornam5tal & valuable = timb]1 produces a mo/ bee-invit+ fl[]4 ,vet*1 clov]1 & mo/ ( ! legumes & m9ts are valuable plants to furni% pa/ure = bees4 ,catnip may be cultivat$ = ! bees & sold z an h]b z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,a ,,c>niolan ,,que5 ,9 spray+ fruit trees to prev5t disease y %\ld always avoid spray+ :5 ! trees are 9 bloom1 s9ce ! poison ( ! spray s]i\sly endang]s ! lives ( bees4 ,! eggs laid by ! que51 if !y are to produce work]s1 require ab\t tw5ty-"o days to br+ =? ! p]fect bee4 ,! newly hat*$ bee comm5ces life z a nurse4 ,:5 ab\t t5 days old x beg9s to try its w+s 9 %ort flights1 & a few days lat] x beg9s active "w4 ,! life ( a work] bee 9 ! busy season is only ab\t six weeks4 ,y may di/+ui% "y ex]cis+ bees f real work]s by ! fact t !y d n fly directly away on em]g+ f ! hive1 b circle ar\nd a bit 9 ord] to make sure t !y c recognize home aga91 s9ce !y w\ld receive no cordial welcome if !y %\ld attempt to ent] ano!r hive4 ,!y hesitate ^u return+ f ev5 ^! %ort flights1 to make sure t !y are 9 front ( _! own door4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,,good ,,=m ,,( ,,hive ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( enemies ( ! bee :i* all beekeep]s %\ld "k4 ,"o ( ^! is ! robb] bee1 t is1 a bee f ano!r colony attempt+ to /eal honey f ! rightful own]s1 an attempt (t5 result+ 9 frightful slaught]4 ,mu* robb]y c be avoid$ by clean h&l+2 t is1 by leav+ no honey ab\t to cultivate a ta/e = /ol5 sweets4 ,! bee mo? is ano!r s]i\s enemy4 ,! l>va ( ! mo? fe$s on ! wax4 ,keep ! colonies ( bees /rong s t !y may be able to ov]come ?is mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,,anti-,,robb+ ,,entrance /1 /ation>y piece2 s1 slide2 p1 p91 or /op ,que5less or o!rwise weak colonies %\ld be protect$ by a n>r[ entrance t admits only "o bee at a "t1 = su* a pass may be easily gu>d$4 ,fig4 #bfg %[s a good anti-robb]y entrance :i* may be readily provid$ = e weak colony4 ,mice may be kept out by t9-l9$ entrances4 ,! widespread fe> ( ! k+bird seems unf\nd$4 ,he r>ely eats any?+ b drones1 & few ( !m4 ,?is is also true ( ! swall[4 ,toads1 liz>ds1 & spid]s are1 h[ev]1 true enemies ( ! honeybee4 ,,ex]cise ,c y recognize drones1 work]s1 & que5s8 ,d bees usually limit _! visits to "o k9d ( blossom on any "o trip8 ,:at effect has ! k9d ( fl[] on ! flavor ( ! honey produc$8 ,:at k9ds ( fl[]s %\ld ! beekeep] provide = 8 bees8 ,is ! k+bird really an enemy to ! bee8 ,,section ,,lix4 ,,:y ,,we ,,fe$ ,,animals ,9 ! fir/ place1 we give v>i\s k9ds ( fe$ /uffs to our animals t !y may live4 ,! he>t beats all ! "t1 ! lungs contract & exp&1 dige/ion is tak+ place1 ! blood circulates ?r\gh ! body--some?+ mu/ supply =ce = ^! acts or ! animal dies4 ,?is =ce is d]iv$ f food4 ,9 ! next place1 food is requir$ to keep ! body w>m4 ,food 9 ?is respect is fuel1 & acts 9 ! same way t wood or coal does 9 ! /ove4 ,our bodies are w>m all ! "t1 & !y are kept w>m by ! food we eat at mealtime4 ,!n1 9 ! ?ird place1 food is requir$ to enable ! body to enl>ge--to gr[4 ,if y fe$ a colt j en\gh to keep x alive & w>m1 !re w be no mat]ial pres5t to enable x to gr[2 h5ce y mu/ add en\gh food to =m bone & fle% & muscle & hair & fat4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 we fe$ to produce /r5g? = "w4 ,an animal poorly f$ _c d s mu* "w at ! pl[ or on ! road z "o t receives all ! food ne$$4 ,bo? food & ! =ce produc$ by x result f ! activity ( plants4 ,by means ( sunlight & moi/ure a spr\t+ se$1 tak+ out ( ! air & soil diff]5t elem5ts1 gr[s into a plant4 ,!n1 j z ! plant fe$s on ! air & soil to get its gr[?1 s ! animal fe$s on ! plant1 to get its gr[?4 ,h5ce1 s9ce our animals fe$ ^u plants1 we mu/ f9d out :at is 9 plants 9 ord] to "k :at animal food consi/s (4 ,plants conta9 prote91 c>bohydrates1 fat1 m9]al matt]1 wat]1 & vitam9s4 ,y h se5 prote9 comp\nds l ! :ite ( an egg1 lean meat1 or ! glut5 ( :eat4 ,! bodies ( plants d n conta9 v mu* prote94 ,on ! o!r h&1 all plant se$s conta9 a good deal ( ?is sub/ance4 ,animals make use ( prote9 to =m new blood1 muscles1 & organs4 ,because ( ! quality ( prote91 milk is ! be/ food = *ildr5 & "y animals4 ,! prote9 9 "s foods is ( poor quality4 ,to insure a well-balanc$ supply ( prote9 a v>iety 9 foods is desirable4 ,d n rely on a s+le k9d ( mill fe$1 b comb9e sev]al k9ds1 su* z cotton-se$ meal1 l9se$ meal1 :eat bran & middl+s1 glut51 & simil> gra9 by-products4 ,tankage = "y pigs & meat scraps = *ick5s are high-grade prote9s & are ( animal orig94 ,x is no less important to get ! necess>y vitam9s--^? my/]i\s sub/ances t keep ! body heal?y & promote gr[? & well-be+4 ,sci5ti/s claim t _m diseases are food-defici5cy diseases--! body gets out ( ord] because ^! peculi> vitam9s are lack+ 9 ! food4 ,*ildr5 require ab\t "o or two qu>ts ( milk a day1 fre% fruits1 c]eal breakfa/ foods1 leafy vegetables z salads1 & cook$ vegetables4 ,f>m animals require ! vitam9s also4 ,! legume pa/ure or hay1 milk1 gra9 conc5trates :5 suppli$ 9 v>iety1 pa/ure grass1 & gre5 =age crops are basic foods = f>m animals4 ,v "y animals %\ld h milk also4 ,let u next consid] ! c>bohydrates4 ,sometimes ! words />*y foods are us$ to describe ! c>bohydrates4 ,y h long kn[n =ms ( ^! 9 ! :ite mat]ial ( corn & ( potatoes4 ,! c>bohydrates are =m$ ( ?ree elem5ts--c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog54 ,! use ( ^! c>bohydrates is to furni% to animal bodies ei!r heat or en]gy or to enable !m to /ore fat4 ,9 ! next place1 let u look at ! fat 9 plant food4 ,?is consi/s ( ! oil /or$ up 9 ! se$s & o!r p>ts ( ! plant4 ,! gra9s conta9 mo/ ( ! oil4 ,fat is us$ by ! animal to make heat & en]gy or to be /or$ away 9 ! body4 ,! next animal food 9 ! plant t we are to ?9k ab\t is ! m9]al matt]4 ,! a%es ( a burnt plant furni% a common example ( ?is m9]al matt]4 ,! animal uses ?is mat]ial ( ! plant to make bone1 tee?1 & tissue4 ,! la/ ?+ t ! plant furni%es ! animal is wat]--j common wat]4 ,"y plants conta9 comp>atively l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,?is is "o reason :y !y are s(t1 juicy1 & palatable4 ,b1 s9ce animals get _! wat] *iefly 9 ano!r way1 ! wat] 9 fe$ /uffs is n important4 ,,:at ,,^! ,,comp\nds ,,d ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,prote9 #a4 ,=ms fle%1 bone1 blood1 int]nal organs1 hair1 & milk4 #b4 ,may be us$ to make fat4 #c4 ,may be us$ = heat4 #d4 ,may be us$ to produce en]gy4 ,c>bohydrates #a4 ,furni% body heat4 #b4 ,furni% en]gy4 #c4 ,make fat4 ,fat #a4 ,furni%es body heat4 #b4 ,furni%es en]gy4 #c4 ,furni%es body fat4 ,m9]al ,matt] ,furni%es m9]al matt] = ! bones 9 ! body4 ,wat] ,supplies wat] 9 ! body4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,f>m ,,dairy+ ,,section ,,lx4 ,,! ,,dairy ,,c[ ,success 9 dairy f>m+ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! prop] fe$+ ( /ock4 ,!re are two que/ions t ! dairy f>m] %\ld always ask himself3 ,am ,i fe$+ z *eaply z ,i c8 &1 ,am ,i fe$+ ! be/ rations = milk & butt] production8 ,( c\rse c[s c be kept alive & 9 fairly good milk fl[ on _m diff]5t k9ds ( food1 b 9 fe$+1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 !re is an ideal to be s\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4 ,,milk+-,,"t ,:at1 !n1 is an ideal ration = a dairy c[8 ,be=e try+ to answ] ?is "q ! ^w ration ne$s to be expla9$4 ,by ration is meant a suffici5t quantity ( food to support prop]ly an animal = "o day4 ,if ! animal is to h a prop] ration1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d :at ! animal ne$s 9 ord] to be be/ n\ri%$4 ,to get mat]ial = muscle1 = blood1 = milk1 & = "s o!r ?+s1 ! animal ne$s1 9 ! fir/ place1 food t conta9s prote94 ,to keep w>m & fat1 ! animal mu/1 9 ! second place1 h food conta9+ c>bohydrates & fats4 ,^! foods mu/ be mix$ 9 "r proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4 ,a ,,dairy ,) ^! facts 9 m9d we are prep>$ = an answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is an ideal ration8 ,fir/1 x is a ration t1 )\t wa/e1 furni%es bo? 9 weight & bulk ( dry matt] a suffici5t am\nt ( dige/ible1 nutriti\s food4 ,second1 x is a ration t is comp>atively *eap4 ,?ird1 x is a ration 9 :i* ! milk-=m+ food 7prote97 is rightly proportion$ to ! heat-mak+ & fat-mak+ food 7c>bohydrates & fat74 ,any ration 9 :i* ?is proportion is neglect$ is badly balanc$4 ,n[ te/ "o or two commonly us$ rations by ^! rules4 ,w\ld a ration ( cotton-se$ meal & cotton-se$ hulls be a model ration8 ,no4 ,su* a ration1 s9ce ! se$s are gr[n at home1 w\ld be *eap en\gh4 ,h[ev]1 x is badly balanc$1 = x is too ri* 9 prote92 h5ce x is a wa/eful ration4 ,w\ld a ration ( corn meal & corn /ov] be a desirable ration8 ,?is1 too1 s9ce ! corn is home-gr[n1 w\ld be *eap = ! f>m]2 b1 l ! o!r1 x is badly balanc$1 = x conta9s too mu* c>bohydrate food & is !re=e a wa/eful ration4 ,a badly balanc$ ration does h>m 9 two ways3 fir/1 ! milk fl[ ( ! c[ is less5$ by su* a ration2 second1 ! c[ does n pr(itably use ! food t %e eats4 ,! foll[+ table gives an excell5t dairy ration = ! f>m] :o has a silo4 ,if he does n h a silo1 "s o!r food c be us$ 9 place ( ! ensilage4 ,! table also %[s :at ea* food conta9s4 ,z y gr[ old]1 x w pay y to /udy su* tables mo/ c>efully4 ,,dige/ible ,,matt] ---------------------------------- ,,fe$ ,,/uffs ,dry ,prote9,c>bohydrates ,fat matt] ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,c[pea hay #ae p\nds#a #ac4ej #a4fb #e4gi 4#af ,corn /ov] #aj p\nds #e4ie 4#ag #c4bd 4#jg ,corn ensilage #cj p\nds #f4bg 4#bg #c4ci 4#ba ,cotton-se$ meal #b p\nds #a4hc 4#gd 4#cc 4#bd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total #eg p\nds #bg4ee #b4hj #ab4ge 4#fh ,footnote #a3 ,alfalfa or clov] hay may take ! place ( c[pea hay4 ,c>e ( ! ,c[4 ,z ! c[ is "o ( ! be/ money-mak]s on ! f>m1 %e %\ld1 = ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 be com=tably h\s$1 well f$ & wat]$1 & mo/ k9dly treat$4 ,9 y\r ?\ghts = h] well-be+1 be> ! foll[+ directions 9 m9d3 #a4 ,if y are n foll[+ a balanc$ ration1 fe$ ea* day sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( food4 ,9 ?is way y w be lea/ likely to wa/e food4 #b4 ,fe$ at regul> h\rs4 ,c[s1 l p1 ?rive be/ :5 _! lives are ord]ly4 #c4 ,milk at regul> h\rs4 #d4 ,bru% ! udd] c>efully ) a moi/ clo? be=e y beg9 to milk4 ,cleanl9ess 9 h&l+ makes ! milk keep long]4 #e4 ,always milk 9 buckets or cups t h be5 scald$ s9ce ! la/ us+4 ,! hot wat] kills ! bact]ia t collect 9 ! d5ts or cracks ( ! ut5sil4 #f4 ,nev] let ! milk pail rema9 9 ! /able4 ,milk rapidly absorbs impurities4 ,^! spoil ! flavor & cause ! milk to s\r4 #g4 ,nev] scold or /rike ! c[4 ,%e is a n]v\s animal1 & r\gh usage *ecks ! milk fl[4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,g5]ations ,,( ,,high-,,br$ ,,c[s ,,section ,,lxi4 ,,milk1 ,,cream1 ,,*urn+1 ,,& ,,butt] ,milk4 ,milk is1 z y "k1 nature's fir/ food = mammals4 ,?is is because milk is a model food--x conta9s wat] to slake ?ir/1 a% to make bone1 prote9 to make fle% & muscle1 & fat & sug> to keep ! body w>m & to furni% en]gy4 ,! ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,milk4 ,:ole1 or unskimm$1 milk1 skimm$ milk1 & butt]milk are too famili> to ne$ description4 ,:5 a c[ is j fre%1 h] milk is call$ colo/rum4 ,colo/rum is ri* 9 ! v food t ! baby calf ne$s4 ,aft] ! calf is a few days old1 colo/rum *anges to :at is commonly kn[n z milk4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( ea* ( ! diff]5t =ms ( milk3 ,,dige/ible ,,matt] ,,9 #ajj ,,p\nds ---------------------------------- ,,composition ,,( ,,milk ,dry ,prote9,c>bohydrates ,fat matt] ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,colo/rum #be4d #ag4f #b4g #c4f ,milk 7unskimm$7 #ab4h #c4f #d4i #c4g ,skimm$ milk #i4d #b4i #e4b #a4c ,butt]milk #i4i #c4i #d4j #a4a ,a noticeable fact 9 ?is table is t skimm$ milk diff]s f unskimm$ ma9ly 9 ! )drawal ( ! fat4 ,h5ce1 if calves are f$ on skimm$ milk1 !y %\ld h 9 addition "s food l corn meal to take ! place ( ! fat )drawn4 ,a calf _c ?rive on skimm$ milk alone4 ,! am\nt ( n\ri%+ fat t a calf gets out ( en\gh milk to make a p\nd ( butt] c be b\ght1 9 ! =m ( l9se$ or corn meal1 = a v small am\nt1 :ile ! butt]-fat co/s1 = table use1 a mu* l>g] sum4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 x is n economical to all[ calves to use unskimm$ milk4 ,"s p und]value skimm$ milk2 ) ! addition ( "s fatty food x makes an excell5t ration = calves1 pigs1 & f[ls4 ,along ) its dry matt]1 its prote91 its c>bohydrates1 & its fats1 milk & its products possess ano!r mo/ important prop]ty4 ,?is prop]ty is h>d to describe1 = its elem5ts & its p[]s are n yet fully und]/ood4 ,we d1 h[ev]1 "k c]ta9ly ?is mu*3 milk & ! foods made f x h p[] to promote heal? & favor gr[? 9 a m m>k$ degree ?an any o!r foods4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ?is is due to ! heal?-promot+ & heal?-pres]v+ sub/ances :i* are call$ vitam9es4 ,m5 ( sci5ce are work+ ) mu* c>e to try to add to our k ( ^! vitam9es1 :i* h s m>vel\s an influ5ce on ! heal? ( all animals4 ,unless food1 no matt] h[ good o!rwise1 conta9s ^! vitam9es1 x does n n\ri% ! body nor pres]ve bodily heal? z x %\ld4 ,a complete lack ( vitam9es 9 our food w\ld cause dea?4 ,s9ce1 !n1 milk & its products--butt]1 *eese1 curds--are ri* 9 vitam9es1 ^! heal?-giv+ & heal?-pres]v+ foods %\ld =m a regul> "p ( ea* p]son's diet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,,air+ ,,! ,,cans ,cream4 ,cream is simply a mixture ( butt]-fat & milk4 ,! butt]-fat floats 9 ! milk 9 little globe-%ap$ bodies1 or globules4 ,s9ce ^! globules are light] ?an milk1 !y rise to ! surface4 ,skimm+ ! milk is a m]e ga!r+ toge!r ( ^! butt]-fat globules4 ,z mo/ ( ! butt]-fat is conta9$ 9 ! cream1 pa9s %\ld be tak5 to get all ! cream f ! milk at skimm+ "t4 ,aft] ! cream has be5 collect$1 x mu/ be all[$ to rip5 or to s\r 9 ord] t x may be m easily *urn$4 ,*urn+ is only a second /ep to collect 9 a compact %ape ! fat globules4 ,x (t5 happ5s t at *urn+-"t ! cream is too w>m = successful sep>ation ( ! globules4 ,:5ev] ?is is ! case ! cream mu/ be cool$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4 ,a ,,h& ,,sep>ator ,! ,*urn4 ,revolv+ *urns )\t inside fixtures are be/4 ,h5ce1 9 buy+1 select a b>rel or a squ>e box *urn4 ,?is k9d ( *urn br+s ! butt] by ! fall+ ( ! cream f side to side z ! *urn is revolv$4 ,nev] fill ! *urn m ?an "o-?ird or "o-half full ( cream4 ,a small *urn is always to be avoid$4 ,*urn+4 ,! prop] temp]ature = *urn+ ranges f #eh deg4 to #fb deg4 ,fahr5heit4 ,te/ ! cream :5 x is put into ! *urn4 ,if x be too cold1 add w>m wat] until ! prop] temp]ature is rea*$2 if too w>m1 add cold wat] or ice until ! temp]ature is br\ght d[n to #fb deg44 ,d n *urn too long1 = ?is spoils butt]4 ,z soon z ! granules ( butt] are some:at small] ?an gra9s ( :eat1 /op ! *urn4 ,!n draw (f ! butt]milk & at a temp]ature z l[ z #ej deg4 wa% ! butt] 9 ! *urn4 ,?is wa%+ ) cold wat] s h>d5s ! granules t !y d n mass too solidly & ?us de/roy ! gra94 ,butt]4 ,! butt] s *urn$ is n[ ready to be salt$4 ,use good f9e dairy salt4 ,co>se b>rel salt is n fit = butt]4 ,! salt c be add$ :ile ! butt] is /ill 9 ! *urn or aft] x is put ^u ! butt]-work]4 ,nev] "w by h&4 ,! object ( work+ is to get ! salt ev5ly di/ribut$ & to drive out "s ( ! br9e4 ,x is usually be/ to "w butt] twice4 ,! two work+s br+ ab\t a m ev5 mixture ( ! salt ) ! butt] & drive (f m wat]4 ,b "o _c be too p>ticul> n to ov]work butt]4 ,delicate color+1 attractive /amp+ ) ! dairy own]'s special /amp1 & prop] cov]+ ) pap] co/ little & ( c\rse add to ! ready & pr(itable sale ( butt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,a ,,p[] ,,*urn ,,dairy ,,rules ,/able & ,c[s #a4 ,:itewa% ! /able once or twice ea* ye>2 use l& pla/]1 muck1 or loam daily 9 ! manure-gutt]s4 #b4 ,on _! way to pa/ure or milk+-place1 d n all[ ! c[s to be driv5 at a fa/] gait ?an a com=table walk4 #c4 ,give abundance ( pure wat]4 #d4 ,d n *ange fe$ sudd5ly4 #e4 ,keep salt always )9 rea* ( ea* c[4 ,milk+ #a4 ,milk ) dry h&s4 #b4 ,nev] all[ ! milk to t\* ! milk]'s h&s4 #c4 ,require ! milk] to be clean 9 p]son & dress4 #d4 ,milk quietly1 quickly1 ?or\ghly4 ,nev] leave a drop ( milk 9 ! c['s udd]4 #e4 ,d n all[ cats1 dogs1 or o!r animals ar\nd at milk+-"t4 ,ut5sils #a4 ,use only t9 or metal cans & pails4 #b4 ,see t all ut5sils are ?or\ghly clean & free f ru/4 #c4 ,require all cans & pails to be scald$ imm$iately aft] !y are us$4 #d4 ,aft] milk+1 keep ! ut5sils inv]t$ 9 pure air1 & sun !m1 if possible1 until !y are want$ = use4 #e4 ,always /]ilize ! *urn ) /eam or boil+ wat] be=e & aft] *urn+4 ,?is prev5ts any odors or bad flavors f affect+ ! butt]4 ,all cans1 pails1 & bottles %\ld also be /]iliz$ daily4 ,illu/ration ,,section ,,lxii4 ,,h[ ,,milk ,,s\rs ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,,microscopic ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,pure ,,& ,,impure ,,milk ,at ! left1 pure milk2 at ! "r1 milk aft] /&+ 9 a w>m room = a few h\rs 9 a dirty di%1 %[+1 besides ! fat-globules1 _m =ms ( bact]ia ,on ano!r page y h be5 told h[ ! yea/ plant gr[s 9 cid] & causes x to s\r1 & h[ bact]ia sometimes cause disease 9 animals & plants4 ,n[ y mu/ le>n :at ^! same liv+ =ms h to d ) ! s\r+ ( milk1 & maybe y w n =get h[ y c prev5t y\r milk f s\r+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 milk s\rs because bact]ia f ! air fall into ! milk1 beg9 to gr[1 & v %ortly *ange ! sug> ( ! milk to an acid4 ,:5 ?is acid becomes abundant1 ! milk beg9s to curdle4 ,z y "k1 ! bact]ia are 9 air1 9 wat]1 & 9 b>n du/2 !y /ick on bits ( hay & /ick to ! c[4 ,!y are mo/ pl5tiful1 h[ev]1 9 milk t has s\r$2 h5ce1 if we p\r a little s\r milk into a pail ( fre% milk1 ! fre% milk w s\r v quickly1 because we h1 s to speak1 se$$ or plant$ ! fre% milk ) ! s\r+ g]ms4 ,no "o1 ( c\rse1 ev] does ?is purposely 9 ! dairy1 yet p sometimes d :at am\nts to ! same ?+--t is1 put fre% milk into poorly clean$ pails or pans1 ! cracks & corn]s ( :i* are cozy homes = millions ( g]ms left f ! la/ s\r milk conta9$ 9 ! vessel4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t all ut5sils us$ 9 ! dairy %\ld be ?or\ghly scald$ s z to kill all g]ms pres5t1 & p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 to clean ! cracks & crevices1 = 9 !m ! g]ms lurk4 ,9 addition to ?is ?or\gh cleans+ ) hot wat]1 we %\ld be c>eful nev] to /ir up ! du/ ( ! b>n j be=e milk+4 ,su* du/y "w z pit*+ hay or /ov] or arrang+ b$d+ %\ld be done ei!r aft] or long be=e milk+-"t1 = m g]ms fall into ! milk if ! air be full ( du/4 ,to fur!r avoid g]ms ! milk] %\ld we> clean ov]alls1 %\ld h clean h&s1 &1 above all1 %\ld nev] wet 8 h&s ) milk4 ,?is la/ habit1 9 addition to be+ fil?y1 less5s ! keep+ p[] ( ! milk4 ,! milk] %\ld also moi/5 ! p>ts ( ! c[ :i* are ne>e/ him1 s t du/ f ! c['s sides may n fall into ! milk]'s pail4 ,= great] cleanl9ess & safety _m milkm5 curry _! c[s4 ,! fir/ few /reams f ea* teat %\ld be ?r[n away1 because ! teat at its m\? is fill$ ) milk :i*1 hav+ be5 expos$ to ! air1 is full ( g]ms1 & w d mu* t[>d s\r+ ! o!r milk 9 ! pail4 ,b>ely a gill w be lo/ by ?r[+ ! fir/ draw+s away1 & ?is ( ! poore/ milk too4 ,! increase 9 ! keep+ quality ( ! milk w mu* m ?an repay ! small loss4 ,if ^! precautions are tak51 ! milk w keep sev]al h\rs or ev5 sev]al days long] ?an milk c>elessly h&l$4 ,by tak+ ^! /eps to prev5t g]ms f fall+ into ! milk1 a c ( milk 0 once kept sweet = ?irty-"o days4 ,! "w ( ! g]m 9 ! dairy is n1 h[ev]1 conf9$ to s\r+ ! milk4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( g]ms give to ! diff]5t sorts ( *eeses _! m>k$ flavors & to butt] its flavor4 ,if ! "r g]m is pres5t1 *eese or butt] gets a prop] flavor4 ,sometimes undesirable g]ms ga9 entrance & give flavors t we d n l4 ,su* g]ms produce *eese or butt] diseases4 ,bitt] butt] is "o ( ^! diseases4 ,to keep out all unpleasant m$dl]s1 ?or\ghly cleanse & scald e ut5sil4 ,,ex]cise ,:at causes milk to s\r8 ,:y d unclean ut5sils affect ! milk8 ,h[ %\ld milk be c>$ = to prev5t its s\r+8 ,prep>e two samples1 "o c>efully1 ! o!r c>elessly4 ,place !m side by side4 ,:i* keeps long]8 ,:y8 ,,section ,,lxiii4 ,,! ,,babcock ,,milk-,,te/] ,x is n suffici5t = a f>m] or a dairyman to "k h[ mu* milk ea* ( 8 c[s yields4 ,he %\ld also "k h[ ri* ! milk is 9 butt]-fat4 ,wide-awake mak]s ( butt] & *eese n[ buy milk1 n by ! p\nd or by ! gallon1 b by ! am\nt ( butt]-fat conta9$ 9 ea* p\nd or gallon ( milk4 ,a gallon ( milk conta9+ f\r & a half p] c5t ( fat w consequ5tly be wor? m ?an a gallon conta9+ only ?ree p] c5t ( fat4 ,s x may happ5 t a c[ giv+ only two gallons ( milk may pay a butt]-mak] m ?an a c[ giv+ ?ree gallons ( milk4 ,( c\rse x is easy to weigh or measure ! quantity ( milk giv5 by a c[1 & mo/ milk]s keep ?is record2 b until rec5t ye>s !re 0 no way to f9d out ! am\nt ( fat 9 a c['s milk except by a sl[ & co/ly *emical te/4 ,dairym5 c\ld only guess at ! ri*ness ( milk4 ,9 #ahij ,dr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,babcock ( ! ,wiscons9 ,exp]im5t ,/ation inv5t$ a wond]ful little ma*9e t quickly & *eaply measures ! fat 9 milk4 ,few ma*9es are m useful4 ,s desir\s 0 ,dr4 ,babcock ( help+ ! f>m]s t he w\ld n add to ! co/ ( 8 ma*9e by tak+ out a pat5t on 8 inv5tion4 ,8 only rew>d has be5 ! fame won by ! inv5tion ( ! ma*9e1 :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,?is mo/ useful te/] is n[ made 9 v>i\s sizes s t e h&l] ( milk may buy "o suit$ to 8 ne$s & d 8 own te/+ at v little co/4 ,! op]ation ( ! ma*9e is v simple4 ,suppose t ! memb]s ( ! class /udy+ ?is book h be5 ask$ to take a ,babcock ma*9e & te/ ! milk ( a small h]d ( c[s4 ,!y c readily d s by foll[+ ^! directions3 ,:ile ! milk is /ill w>m f ! fir/ c[ to be te/$1 mix x ?or\ghly by p\r+ x at lea/ f\r times f "o vessel to ano!r4 ,a few ounces ( ?is mix$ milk is !n tak5 = a sample1 & c>efully m>k$ ) ! "n ( ! c[4 ,a numb] is also put on ! sample1 & bo? ! c['s "n & ! numb] ent]$ 9 a notebook4 ,a small glass in/rum5t1 call$ a pipette1 comes ) ea* ma*9e4 ,put "o end ( ! pipette into ! milk sample & ! o!r end into ! m\?4 ,suck milk into ! pipette until ! milk comes up to ! m>k on ! side ( ! pipette4 ,z soon z ! m>k is rea*$1 )draw ! pipette f ! m\? & quickly press ! =ef+] on ! m\? end4 ,! pressure ( ! f+] w keep ! milk f runn+ out4 ,!n put ! l[] end ( ! pipette into "o ( ! small long-neck$ bottles ( ! ma*9e1 &1 lift+ ! f+]1 all[ ! milk to fl[ g5tly into ! bottle4 ,expel all ! milk by bl[+ ?r\gh ! pipette4 ,! next /ep is to add a /rong1 bit+ acid kn[n z sulphuric acid to ! te/-bottle into :i* y h j put ! milk4 ,a glass m>k$ to %[ j h[ mu* acid to use also comes ) ! ma*9e4 ,fill ?is glass measure to ! m>k4 ,!n p\r ! acid c>efully into ! te/-bottle4 ,be sure n to drop any ( ! acid on y\r h&s or y\r clo!s4 ,z ! acid is heavi] ?an ! milk1 x w s9k to ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,) a g5tle :irl+ motion1 %ake ! bottle until ! two fluids are ?or\ghly mix$4 ,! mixture w turn a d>k br[n & become v w>m4 ,n[ fill ! o!r bottles 9 ! same way ) samples drawn f diff]5t c[s4 ,treat all ! samples precisely z y did ! fir/4 ,d n =get to put on ea* sample ! "n ( ! c[ giv+ ! milk & on ea* te/-bottle a numb] correspond+ to ! "n ( ! c[4 ,y are n[ ready to put ! te/-bottles 9 ! sockets ( ! ma*9e4 ,arrange ! bottles 9 ! sockets s t ! :irl+ frame ( ! ma*9e w be balanc$4 ,fit ! cov] on ! ma*9e & turn ! h&le sl[ly4 ,gradually ga9 9 spe$ until ! ma*9e is :irl$ rapidly4 ,cont9ue ! turn+ = ab\t sev5 m9utes at ! spe$ /at$ 9 ! book ( directions4 ,aft] ?is fir/ turn+ is f9i%$1 p\r en\gh hot wat] into ea* te/-bottle to cause ! fat to rise to ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,re-cov] ! ma*9e & turn = "o m9ute4 ,aga9 add hot wat] to ea* bottle until all ! fat rises into ! neck ( ! bottle & aga9 turn "o m9ute4 ,!re rema9s n[ only ! read+ ( ! record4 ,on ! neck ( ea* bottle !re are m>ks to measure ! am\nt ( fat4 ,if ! fat inside ! tube rea*es only f ! l[e/ m>k to ! second m>k1 !n !re is only "o p] c5t ( fat 9 ?is c['s milk4 ,?is means t ! own] ( ! c[ gets only "o p\nd ( butt]-fat f ea* hundr$ p\nds ( h] milk4 ,su* a c[ w\ld n be at all pr(itable to a butt]-sell]4 ,if ! fat 9 ano!r te/-bottle rea*es f ! l[e/ m>k to ! f\r? m>k1 !n y put 9 y\r record-book t ?is c['s milk conta9s f\r p] c5t ( butt]-fat4 ,?is record %[s t ! second c['s milk yields f\r p\nds ( fat to e hundr$ p\nds ( milk4 ,?is c[ is ?ree times m valuable to a butt]-mak] ?an ! fir/ c[4 ,9 ! same way add "o m p] c5t = ea* high] m>k rea*$ by ! fat4 ,f\r & "o-half p] c5t is a good record = a c[ to make4 ,"s c[s yield z high z five or six p] c5t b !y d n g5]ally keep up ?is record all ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,,babcock ,,te/] ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x ,! te/]1 acid1 acid measure1 te/-bottle1 & !rmomet] at bottom2 fill+ ! pipette on "r2 add+ ! acid & measur+ ! fat at top ,! ,babcock te/] %[s only ! am\nt ( pure butt]-fat 9 ! milk4 ,x does n tell ! exact am\nt ( f9i%$ butt] :i* is made f #ajj p\nds ( milk4 ,?is is because butt] conta9s a few o!r ?+s 9 addition to pure butt]-fat4 ,f9i%$ & salt$ butt] weighs on an av]age ab\t "o six? m ?an ! fat %[n by ! te/]4 ,h5ce to get ! exact am\nt ( butt] 9 e #ajj p\nds ( milk1 y w h to add "o six? to ! record %[n by ! te/]4 ,suppose1 = example1 y took "o sample f #fjj p\nds ( milk & t y\r te/ %[$ #d p] c5t ( fat 9 e #ajj p\nds ( milk4 ,!n1 z y _h #fjj p\nds ( milk1 y w\ld h #bd p\nds ( butt]-fat4 ,?is fat1 aft] x has be5 salt$ & aft] x has absorb$ moi/ure z butt] does1 w ga9 "o six? 9 weight4 ,z "o six? ( #bd is #d1 ?is new #d p\nds mu/ be add$ to ! weight ( ! butt]-fat4 ,h5ce ! #fjj p\nds ( milk w\ld produce ab\t #bh p\nds ( butt]4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,f9d ! numb] ( p\nds ( butt] 9 #abjj p\nds ( milk t te/s #c p] c5t ( butt]-fat4 #b4 ,a c[ yields #dhjj p\nds ( milk 9 a ye>4 ,h] milk te/s #d p] c5t ( butt]-fat4 ,f9d ! total am\nt ( butt]-fat %e yields4 ,f9d also ! total am\nt ( butt]4 #c4 ,! milk ( two c[s 0 te/$3 "o yield$ 9 a ye> #fjjj p\nds ( milk t te/$ #c p] c5t ( fat2 ! o!r yield$ #ejjj p\nds t te/$ #d p] c5t4 ,:i* c[ yield$ ! m butt]-fat8 ,:at 0 ! money value ( ! butt] produc$ by ea* if butt]-fat is wor? tw5ty-five c5ts a p\nd8 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,miscellane\s ,,section ,,lxiv4 ,,gr[+ ,,fe$ ,,/uffs ,,on ,,! ,,f>m ,economy 9 rais+ live /ock dem&s ! production ( all r\ghness or r\ghage mat]ials on ! f>m4 ,by r\ghness1 or r\ghage1 ( c\rse y und]/& t bulky food1 l hay1 grass1 clov]1 /ov]1 etc41 is meant4 ,x is possible to pur*ase all r\ghage mat]ials & yet make a f9ancial success ( gr[+ f>m animals1 b ?is c]ta9ly is n ! sure/ way to succe$4 ,e f>m %\ld raise all its fe$ /uffs4 ,9 decid+ :at =age & gra9 crops to gr[ we %\ld decide3 #a4 ,! crops be/ suit$ to our soil & climate4 #b4 ,! crops be/ suit$ to our l9e ( bus9ess4 #c4 ,! crops t w give u ! mo/ prote94 #d4 ,! crops t produce ! mo/4 #e4 ,! crops t w keep our soil 9 ! be/ condition4 #a4 ,! crops be/ suit$ to our soil & climate4 ,f>m crops1 z e *ild ( ! f>m kn[s1 are n equally adapt$ to all soils & climates4 ,cotton _c be produc$ :]e ! climate is cool & ! seasons %ort4 ,timo?y & blue grass are mo/ productive on cool1 lime/one soils4 ,c[peas dem& w>m1 dry soils4 ,b 9 spite ( climatic limitations1 ,nature has be5 g5]\s 9 ! wide v>iety ( =age %e has giv5 u4 ,our aim %\ld be to make ! be/ use ( :at we h1 to improve by selection & c>e ^? k9ds be/ adapt$ to our soil & climate1 & to secure1 by bett] me?ods ( gr[+ & cur+1 ! greate/ yields at ! lea/ possible co/4 #b4 ,! crops be/ suit$ to our l9e ( bus9ess4 ,a f>m] necess>ily becomes m or less ( a speciali/2 he ga!rs ^? k9ds ( live /ock ab\t him :i* he likes be/ & :i* he f9ds ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,he %\ld1 on 8 f>m1 select = 8 ma9 crops ^? t he c gr[ ) ! greate/ pleasure & ) ! greate/ pr(it4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4 ,,fill+ ,,! ,,b>n ,,) ,,r\ghage ,,f ,,! ,,f>m ,! successful railroad manag] det]m9es by practical exp]i5ce :at di/ances 8 eng9es & crews ought to run 9 a day1 :at coal is mo/ economical = 8 eng9es1 :at s*$ules be/ suit ! ne$s ( 8 road1 :at tra9s pay him be/4 ,^! & a ?\s& & "o o!r matt]s are settl$ by ! special ne$s ( 8 road4 ,ought ! man :o wants to make 8 f>m pay be less prud5t & less f>-sight$8 ,%\ld n 8 pa/ failures & 8 pa/ triumphs decide 8 future8 ,if he be a dairy f>m]1 ought he n by practical te/s to settle = himself n only :at crops are mo/ at home on 8 l& b also :at crops 9 8 circum/ances yield him ! l>ge/ returns 9 milk & butt]8 ,if sw9e-rais+ be 8 bus9ess1 h[ long ought he to guess :at crop on 8 l& yields him ! greate/ am\nt ( hog food8 ,%\ld a colt be f$ on "o k9d ( =age :5 ! l& t produc$ t =age w\ld produce twice z mu* equally good =age ( ano!r k9d8 ,all ^! que/ions ! prud5t f>m] %\ld answ] promptly & 9 ! light ( wise exp]im5ts4 #c4 ,! crops t w give u ! mo/ prote94 ,x is ! f>m]'s bus9ess to gr[ all ! grass & =age t 8 f>m animals ne$4 ,he ought nev] to be oblig$ to pur*ase a bale ( =age4 ,moreov]1 he %\ld gr[ ma9ly ^? crops t are ri* 9 prote9 mat]ials1 = example1 c[peas1 alfalfa1 & clov]4 ,if su* crops are produc$ on ! f>m1 !re w be little ne$ ( buy+ s mu* cotton-se$ meal1 corn1 & bran = fe$+ purposes4 #d4 ,! crops t produce ! mo/4 ,we (t5 call a crop a crop )\t consid]+ h[ mu* x yields4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,we ought to gr[1 :5 we h *oice ( two crops1 ! "o t is ! be/ & ! mo/ productive on ! f>m4 ,av]age corn1 = in/ance1 yields on an acre at lea/ twice ! quantity ( fe$+-mat]ial t timo?y does4 #e4 ,! crops t w keep our soil 9 ! be/ condition4 ,a good f>m] %\ld always be ?9k+ ( h[ to improve 8 soil4 ,he wants 8 l& to support him & to ma9ta9 8 *ildr5 aft] he is dead4 ,s9ce c[peas1 clov]1 & alfalfa add atmosph]ic nitrog5 to ! soil & at ! same "t are ! be/ fe$+-mat]ials1 x foll[s t ^! crops %\ld hold an important place 9 e sy/em ( crop-rotation4 ,by prop] rotat+1 by prop] t]rac+1 & by prop] dra9age1 l& may be made to reta9 its f]tility = g5]ations4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,:y are c[peas1 clov]1 & alfalfa s important to ! f>m]8 #b4 ,:at is meant by ! prote9 ( a food8 #c4 ,:y is x bett] to fe$ ! f>m crops to animals on ! f>m r ?an to sell ^! crops8 ,,section ,,lxv4 ,,f>m ,,tools ,,& ,,ma*9es ,! drudg]y ( f>m life is be+ less5$ f ye> to ye> by ! inv5tion or improvem5t ( f>m tools & ma*9es4 ,p]haps "s ( y "k h[ tiresome 0 ! old up-&-d[n *urn da%] t has n[ g5]ally giv5 place to ! quick-com+ *urns4 ,! too!d1 horse-drawn cultivator has ne>ly displac$ ! man ) ! hoe1 :ile ! scy!1 sl[ & back-break+1 is ev]y:]e gett+ out ( ! way ( ! m[+-ma*9e & ! hors]ake4 ,! old heavy1 sweat-draw+ gra9-cradle is sl9k+ into ! backwoods1 & 9 its place we h ! horse-drawn or /eam-drawn h>ve/] t cuts & b9ds ! gra91 & ev5 ?re%es & measures x at "o op]ation4 ,in/ead ( ! pl[man's we>ily mak+ "o furr[ at a "t1 ! gang-pl[s ( ! pla9s cut _m furr[s at "o "t1 & in/ead ( walk+ ! pl[man rides4 ,! %r$d] & husk] turns ! hi!rto useless corn/alk into food1 & at ! same "t husks1 or %ucks1 ! corn4 ,! f>m] ( ! future mu/ "k ?ree ?+s well3 fir/1 :at ma*9es he c pr(itably use2 second1 h[ to manage ^! ma*9es2 ?ird1 h[ to c>e = ^! ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,,prop]ly ,,protect$ ,,tools ,,& ,,ma*9es ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,,unprotect$ ,,tools ,,& ,,ma*9es ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,,! ,,h>ve/] ,,at ,,"w ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4 ,,9 ,,ne$ ,,( ,,improvem5t ,! ma*9]y t makes f>m+ s mu* m economical & t makes ! f>m]'s life s mu* easi] & m com=table is too complicat$ to be put into ! h&s ( bungl]s :o w soon de/roy x1 & x is too co/ly to be left 9 ! fields or "u trees to ru/ & rot4 ,if x is n conv5i5t = e f>m] to h a sep>ate tool-h\se1 he %\ld at lea/ set ap>t a room 9 8 b>n1 or a %$ = /or+ 8 tools & ma*9es4 ,z soon z a pl[1 h>r[1 cultivator--inde$ any tool or ma*9e--has f9i%$ its %>e ( "w = ! season1 x %\ld receive :atev] att5tion x ne$s to prev5t ru/+1 & %\ld be c>efully h\s$4 ,su* c>e1 :i* is nei!r co/ly nor burd5some1 w add _m ye>s to ! life ( a ma*9e4 ,,section ,,lxvi4 ,,lim+ ,,! ,,l& ,occasionally1 :5 a cook puts too mu* v9eg> 9 a salad1 ! di% becomes s s\r t x is unfit to eat4 ,! v9eg> :i* ! cook uses belongs to a l>ge gr\p ( comp\nds kn[n z acids4 ,! acids are common 9 nature4 ,!y h ! p[] n only ( mak+ salads s\r b also ( mak+ l& s\r4 ,frequ5tly l& becomes s s\r f acids =m+ 9 x t x w n be> its usual crops4 ,! acids mu/ !n be remov$ or ! l& w become useless4 ,! l& may be s\r$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,:5ev] a l>ge am\nt ( vegetable matt] decays 9 l&1 acids are =m$1 & at times s\rness ( ! soil results4 ,(t5 soils s\r because !y are n well dra9$ or because1 f lack ( prop] tillage1 air _c make its way into ! soil4 ,sometimes all ^! causes may comb9e to produce s\rness4 ,s9ce mo/ crops _c ?rive on v s\r soil1 ! f>m] mu/ f9d "s me?od ( mak+ 8 l& sweet aga94 ,s f> z we n[ "k1 lim+ ! l& is ! *eape/ & sure/ way ( ov]com+ ! s\rness4 ,9 addition to sweet5+ ! soil by ov]com+ ! acids1 lime aids ! l& 9 o!r ways3 x quick5s ! gr[? ( helpful bact]ia2 x loos5s /iff1 heavy clay soils & !reby fits !m = easi] tillage2 x indirectly sets free ! pota% & phosphoric acid s mu* ne$$ by plants2 & x increases ! capill>ity ( soils4 ,h[ev]1 too mu* mu/ n be expect$ ( lime4 ,(t5 a f>m]'s yield is s increas$ aft] he has scatt]$ lime ov] 8 fields t he ?9ks t lime alone w keep 8 l& f]tile4 ,?is belief expla9s ! say+1 ,lime enri*es ! fa!r b begg>s ! son4 ,! cont9u$ use ( lime )\t o!r f]tilization w inde$ leave poor l& = ! son4 ,lime is j z necess>y to plant gr[? z ! pota% & nitrog5 & phosphoric acid ab\t :i* we he> s mu*1 b x _c take ! place ( ^! plant foods4 ,its duty is to aid1 n to displace !m4 ,we c tell by ! ta/e :5 salads are too s\r2 x is m difficult to f9d out :e!r l& is s\r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s me?ods t w help to det]m9e ! s\rness ( ! soil4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if l& is unusually s\r1 y c det]m9e ?is fact by a simple te/4 ,buy a p5nywor? ( blue litmus pap] f a drug /ore4 ,mix "s ( ! suspect$ soil ) a little wat] & bury ! litmus pap] 9 ! mixture4 ,if ! pap] turns r$ ! soil is s\r4 ,9 ! second place1 ! legum9\s crops are fond ( lime4 ,clov] & vet* remove s mu* lime f ! soil t !y are (t5 call$ lime plants4 ,if clov] & vet* refuse to gr[ on l& on :i* !y =m]ly fl\ri%$1 x is g5]ally1 ?\gh n always1 a sign t ! l& ne$s lime4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 :5 wat] grasses & c]ta9 we$s spr+ up on l&1 t l& is usually acid1 & lime w be helpful4 ,moreov]1 fields adjo9+ l& on :i* cranb]ries1 raspb]ries1 blackb]ries1 or gallb]ries are gr[+ wild1 may always be suspect$ ( m or less s\rness4 ,f\r =ms ( lime are us$ on l&4 ,^!1 ea* call$ by diff]5t names1 are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 quicklime1 :i* is also call$ burnt lime1 cau/ic lime1 build]s' lime1 rock lime1 & unslak$ lime4 ,second1 air-slak$ lime1 :i* is also kn[n z c>bonate ( lime1 agricultural lime1 m>l1 & lime/one4 ,?ird1 wat]-slak$1 or hydrat$1 lime4 ,f\r?1 l& pla/]1 or gypsum4 ,?is =m ( lime is kn[n to ! *emi/s z sulphate ( lime4 ,d n =get t ?is la/ =m is nev] to be us$ on s\r l&s4 ,we %all !re=e n consid] x fur!r4 ,air-slak$ lime is simply quicklime :i* has tak5 f ! air a gas call$ c>bon dioxide4 ,?is is ! same gas t y brea! out f y\r lungs4 ,wat]-slak$ lime is quicklime to :i* wat] has be5 add$4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? ( ^! are m]ely weak5$ =ms ( quicklime4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( quicklime is equal 9 ri*ness to #acb p\nds ( wat]-slak$ lime & to #agh p\nds ( air-slak$ lime4 ,^! figures %\ld be rememb]$ by a f>m] :5 he is buy+ lime4 ,if he c buy a fair grade ( quicklime deliv]$ at 8 railway /ation = #e4jj a ton1 he _c af=d to pay m ?an #c4ge a ton = wat]-slak$ lime1 nor m ?an #b4ge = air-slak$ lime ( equal grade4 ,quicklime %\ld always be slak$ be=e x is appli$ to ! soil4 ,z a rule lime %\ld be spread broadca/ & !n h>r[$ or disk$ ?or\ghly into ! soil4 ,?is is be/ done aft] ! gr\nd has be5 pl[$4 ,= pa/ures or mead[s air-slak$ lime is us$ z a top-dress+4 ,:5 air-slak$ lime is us$ x may be spread broadca/ 9 ! spr+2 ! o!r =ms %\ld be appli$ 9 ! fall or 9 ! e>ly w9t]4 ,,section ,,lxvii4 ,,birds ,:at d birds d 9 ! _w8 is an important "q = u to ?9k ab\t4 ,fir/1 we mu/ ga9 by obs]vation & by p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! liv+ birds a k ( _! "w & _! way ( do+ x4 ,9 gett+ ?is k1 let u also consid] :at we c d = our birds to r5d] _! "w z complete & effective z possible4 ,?9k ( :at ! birds are do+ on e f>m1 9 e g>d51 & ab\t e home 9 ! l&4 ,?9k ( ! millions ( beautiful w+s1 ( ! graceful & attractive figures1 ( ! cunn+ ne/s1 & ( ! s++ ?roats6 ,d y ?9k t ! :ole s]vice ( ! birds is to be beautiful1 to s+ *>m+ly1 & to re> _! little ones8 ,by no means is ?is _! *ief s]vice to man4 ,aside f ^! s]vices ! greate/ "w ( birds is to de/roy insects4 ,x is "o ( ! wise provisions ( nature t _m ( ! mo/ brilliantly w+$ & mo/ en*ant+ song/]s are our mo/ practical fri5ds4 ,n all birds fe$ on insects & animals2 b ev5 ^? t eat b a small am\nt ( insect food may /ill de/roy insects t w\ld h damag$ fruit & crops mu* m ?an ! birds !mselves d4 ,z to _! food1 birds are divid$ into ?ree g5]al classes4 ,fir/1 ^? t live :olly or almo/ :olly on insects4 ,^! are call$ insectivor\s birds4 ,*ief among ^! are ! w>bl]s1 cuckoos1 swall[s1 m>t9s1 flycat*]s1 nigh?awks1 :ippoorwills1 swifts1 & humm+-birds4 ,we _c h too _m ( ^! birds4 ,!y %\ld be enc\rag$ & protect$4 ,!y %\ld be suppli$ ) %elt] & wat]4 ,birds ( ! second class fe$ by pref]5ce on fruits1 nuts1 & gra94 ,! bluebird1 rob91 wood ?ru%1 mock+-bird1 catbird1 *ickadee1 c$>-bird1 mead[ l>k1 oriole1 jay1 cr[1 & woodpeck] belong to ?is gr\p4 ,^! birds nev] fail to p]=m a s]vice = u by dev\r+ _m we$ se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,a ,,k+bird ,! ?ird class is kn[n z ! h>d-bill$ birds4 ,x includes ^? birds :i* live pr9cipally on se$s & gra9--! can>y1 goldf9*1 sp>r[1 & "s o!rs4 ,birds t come e>ly1 l ! bluebird1 rob91 & r$w+1 are ( special s]vice 9 de/roy+ insects be=e ! insects lay _! eggs = ! season4 ,! rob9s on ! lawn se>* out ! cat]pill>s & cutworms4 ,! *ipp+ sp>r[ & ! wr5 9 ! %rubb]y look out = all k9ds ( insects4 ,!y wat* ov] ! or*>d & fe$ freely on ! enemies ( ! apple & o!r fruit trees4 ,! trunks ( ^! trees are (t5 attack$ by bor]s1 :i* gnaw holes 9 ! b>k & wood1 & (t5 cause ! dea? ( ! trees4 ,! woodpeck]s hunt = ^! appetiz+ bor]s & by means ( _! b>b$ tongues br+ !m f _! hid+-places4 ,on ! outside ( ! b>k ( ! trunk & bran*es ! b>k lice "w4 ,^! are dev\r$ by ! nu?at*es1 creep]s1 & *ickadees4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! b>k is ! hid+-place = hib]nat+ insects1 :i*1 l plant lice1 fe$ 9 summ] on ! leaves4 ,?r\gh\t ! w9t] a s+le *ickadee w de/roy great numb]s ( ! eggs ( ! cank]worm mo? & ( ! plant l\se4 ,! blackbirds1 mead[ l>ks1 cr[s1 quail1 & sp>r[s are ! great protectors ( ! mead[ & field crops4 ,^! birds fe$ on ! army worms & cutworms t d s mu* injury to ! "y %oots2 !y also de/roy ! *9* bug & ! gras%opp]1 bo? ( :i* fe$ on cultivat$ plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4 ,a ,,w>bl] ,a c\nt ( all ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals %[s t insects make up n9e t5?s ( !m4 ,h5ce x is easy to see t if some?+ did n *eck _! increase !y w\ld soon almo/ ov]run ! e>?4 ,our =e/s & or*>ds furni% homes & bre$+-places = mo/ ( ^! insects4 ,suppose ! injuri\s insects 7 all[$ to multiply un*eck$ 9 ! =e/s1 _! numb]s w\ld s increase t !y w\ld invade our fields & create z mu* t]ror among ! f>m]s z !y did 9 ,ph>aoh's ,egypt4 ,! birds are ! only direct fri5ds man has to de/roy ^! h>mful insects4 ,:at b5efactors1 !n1 ^! little fea!r$ neighbors are6 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t a bird w dev\r ?irty insects daily4 ,ev5 9 a widely ext5d$ =e/ region a v few birds to ! acre1 if !y kept up ?is rate1 w\ld daily de/roy _m bu%els ( insects t w\ld play havoc ) ! neighbor+ or*>ds & fields4 ,d n imag9e1 h[ev]1 t to de/roy insects is ! only use ( birds4 ,! day is f> m delightful :5 ! birds s+1 & :5 we see !m flit 9 & out1 giv+ u a glimpse n[ & !n ( _! pretty coats & qua9t ways4 ,by giv+ !m a home we c surr\nd ourselves ) _m birds1 sweet ( song & brilliant ( plumage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,,! ,,hairy ,,woodpeck] ,if ! birds felt t man 7 a fri5d & n a foe1 !y w\ld (t5 turn to him = protection4 ,dur+ times ( sev]e /orm1 extreme dr\ght1 or sc>city ( food1 if ! birds 7 suffici5tly tam$ to come to man z _! fri5d1 z !y d 9 r>e cases n[1 a little food & %elt] might tide !m ov] ! h>d "t & _! s]vice aft]w>ds w\ld repay ! outlay a ?\s&fold4 ,if ! boys 9 y\r families w\ld build bird-h\ses ab\t ! h\se & b>n & 9 %ade trees1 !y might save ye>ly a great numb] ( birds4 ,9 build+ ^! places ( %elt] & com=t1 due c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep !m cle> ( ,engli% sp>r[s & out ( ! rea* ( cats & bird-dogs4 ,:atev] we d to attract ! birds to make homes on ! premises mu/ be done at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r way4 ,?9k out c>efully :at mat]ials to provide = !m4 ,bits ( /r+1 l951 cotton1 y>n1 t[ & o!r wa/e mat]ial1 all help to induce a pair to build 9 ! g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4 ,,protect+ ,,our ,,fri5ds ,x is an int]e/+ /udy--! prep>ation ( homes = ! birds4 ,trees may be prun$ to make invit+ crot*es4 ,a tangl$1 ov]gr[n corn] 9 ! g>d5 w invite "s birds to ne/4 ,wr5s1 bluebirds1 *ickadees1 m>t9s1 & "s o!r v>ieties are all glad to set up h\sekeep+ 9 man-made h\ses4 ,! prop] size = a bird-room is easily rememb]$4 ,give ea* room six squ>e in*es ( floor space & make x eight in*es high4 ,old1 wea!r$ bo>ds %\ld be us$2 or1 if pa9t is employ$1 a dull color to resemble an old tree-trunk w be mo/ invit+4 ,a s+le op5+ ne> ! top %\ld be made two in*es 9 diamet] = ! l>g] birds2 b if ! h\se is to be headqu>t]s = ! wr51 a "o-in* op5+ is q l>ge en\gh1 & ! small door s]ves all ! bett] to keep out ,engli% sp>r[s4 ,! b>n attic %\ld be turn$ ov] to ! swall[s4 ,small holes may be cut high up 9 ! gables & left op5 dur+ ! "t t ! swall[s rema9 ) u4 ,!y w m ?an pay = %elt] by ! good "w !y d 9 ridd+ ! b>n ( flies1 gnats1 & mosquitoes4 ,,section ,,lxviii4 ,,f>m+ ,,on ,,dry ,,l&s ,almo/ 9 ! c5t] ( ! we/]n half ( our cont95t !re is a va/ area 9 :i* v little ra9 falls4 ,?is section includes ne>ly ?ree hundr$ million acres ( l&4 ,x /ret*es f ,canada on ! nor? into ,texas on ! s\?1 & f ! ,miss\ri ,riv] 7includ+ ! ,dakotas & we/]n ,m9nesota7 on ! ea/ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s on ! we/4 ,9 ?is great area f>m+ has to be done ) little wat]4 ,?is sort ( f>m+ is !re=e call$ dry-f>m+4 ,! soil 9 ?is section is z a rule v f]tile4 ,!re=e ! diff]5ce betwe5 f>m+ 9 ?is dry belt & f>m+ 9 mo/ ( ! o!r sections ( our c\ntry is a diff]5ce ma9ly due to a lack ( moi/ure4 ,z wat] is s sc>ce 9 ?is region two ?+s are ( ! utmo/ importance3 fir/1 to save all ! ra9 z x falls2 second1 to save all ! wat] aft] x has fall54 ,to save ! fall+ ra9 x is necess>y = ! gr\nd to be 9 su* a condition t none ( ! mu*-ne$$ ra9 may run (f4 ,e drop %\ld g into ! soil4 ,h5ce ! f>m] %\ld nev] all[ 8 top soil to h>d5 into a cru/4 ,su* a cru/ w keep ! ra9 f s9k+ into ! ?ir/y soil4 ,moreov] ! soil %\ld be deeply pl[$4 ,! deep] ! soil ! m wat] x c hold4 ,! l& %\ld also be kept z por\s z possible1 = wat] ent]s a por\s soil freely4 ,! addition ( humus 9 ! =m ( vegetable manures w keep ! soil 9 ! por\s condition ne$$4 ,second1 aft] ! wat] has ent]$ ! soil x is important to hold x !re s t x may supply ! gr[+ crops4 ,if ! l& is all[$ to rema9 untill$ aft] a ra9 or dur+ a hot spell1 ! wat] 9 x w evaporate too rapidly & ?us ! soil1 l a well1 w g dry too soon4 ,to prev5t ?is ! top soil %\ld be /irr$ frequ5tly ) a disk or smoo?+ h>r[4 ,?is /irr+ w =m a mul* ( dry soil on ! surface1 & ?is w hold ! wat]4 ,o!r =ms ( mul* h be5 sugge/$1 b ! soil mul* is ! only practical "o4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is surface cultivation mu/ be regul>ly kept up if ! moi/ure is to be reta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4 ,,! ,,disk ,,h>r[ ,"s exp]im5ts 9 :eat-gr[+ h %[n h[ readily wat] might be sav$ if pl[+ 7 done at ! "r "t4 ,:eat s[$ on l& t 0 pl[$ z soon z ! summ] crops 7 tak5 (f yield$ a v mu* l>g] return ?an :eat s[$ on l& t rema9$ untill$ = "s "t aft] ! summ] crops 7 ga!r$4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 yield on l&s ( ! same f]tility 0 due to ! fact t ! e>ly pl[+ enabl$ ! l& to take up a suffici5t quantity ( moi/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4 ,,r$ ,,kafir ,,corn ,,9 ,,%ock ,9 addition to a vigilant cat*+ & sav+ ( wat]1 ! f>m] 9 ^! dry climates mu/ give 8 l& ! same c>eful att5tion t l&s 9 o!r regions ne$4 ,! se$-b$ %\ld be mo/ c>efully prep>$4 ,x %\ld be deep1 por\s1 & excell5t 9 til?4 ,dur+ ! gr[+ season all crops %\ld be frequ5tly cultivat$4 ,! h>r[1 ! cultivator1 & ! pl[ %\ld be kept busy4 ,! soil %\ld be kept abundantly suppli$ ) humus4 ,"s crops ne$ a little diff]5t managem5t 9 dry-f>m+4 ,corn1 = example1 does be/ :5 x is li/$2 t is1 plant$ s t x w come up ?ree or f\r in*es b5ea? ! surface4 ,if plant$ 9 ?is way1 x roots bett]1 /&s up bett]1 & requires less "w4 ,j z bre$]s /udy :at animals are be/ = _! climates1 s f>m]s 9 ! dry belt %\ld /udy :at crops are be/ suit$ to _! l&s4 ,"s crops1 l ! sorghums & ,kafir corn1 are peculi>ly at home 9 scantily wat]$ l&s4 ,o!rs d n ?rive4 ,exp]i5ce is ! only sure guide to ! prop] selection4 ,to sum up1 !n1 f>m]s c gr[ good crops 9 ^! l&s only :5 f\r ?+s are done3 fir/1 ! l& mu/ be ?or\ghly till$ s t wat] c freely ent] ! soil2 second1 ! l& mu/ be frequ5tly cultivat$ s t ! wat] w be kept 9 ! soil2 ?ird1 ! crops mu/ be prop]ly rotat$ s z to use to be/ advantage ! food & wat] supply2 f\r?1 humus mu/ be freely suppli$ s z to keep ! soil 9 ! be/ possible condition4 ,,section ,,lxix4 ,,irrigation ,irrigation is ! "n giv5 to ! plan ( supply+ wat] 9 l>ge quantities to gr[+ crops4 ,s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory ?is practice has be5 m or less foll[$ 9 ,asia1 9 ,africa1 & 9 ,europe4 ,! ,spani% settl]s 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,am]ica 7 probably ! fir/ to introduce ?is cu/om into our c\ntry4 ,9 ,new ,mexico !re is an irrigat+ tr5* t has be5 9 con/ant use = ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4 ,,pump+ ,,wat] ,,= ,,irrigation ,! mo/ common s\rce ( wat] = irrigat+ purposes is a riv] or a small] /ream4 ,artesian wells are us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,w9dmills are sometimes us$ :5 only a small supply ( wat] is ne$$4 ,eng9es1 hydraulic rams1 & wat]-:eels are also employ$4 ,! wat]-:eel is "o ( ! olde/ & "o ( ! mo/ useful me?ods ( rais+ wat] f /reams4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( ^! 9 use 9 ! dry regions ( ! ,we/4 ,small buckets are fa/5$ to a l>ge :eel1 :i* is turn$ by ! curr5t ( a /ream4 ,z ! :eel turns1 ! buckets are fill$1 rais$1 & !n empti$ into a tr\gh call$ a flume4 ,! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! flume into ! irrigat+ dit*es1 :i* di/ribute x z x is ne$$ 9 ! fields4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,cali=nia & o!r comp>atively dry sections1 wells are sunk 9 or ne> ! b$s ( und]gr\nd /reams1 & !n ! wat] is pump$ into dit*es :i* convey x to ! fields to be irrigat$4 ,eng9es are (t5 us$ = pump+ wat] f /reams & transf]r+ x to dit*es or canals4 ,! canals di/ribute ! wat] ov] ! l& or ov] ! gr[+ crops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4 ,,! ,,ma9 ,,dit* ,,( ,,an ,,irrigation ,,plant ,none ( ^! me?ods1 h[ev]1 c be us$ = wat]+ v l>ge areas ( l&4 ,h5ce1 z ! value ( f>m l&s increas$ o!r me?ods 7 s\ght4 ,%rewd m5 began to turn long+ eyes on ! wide /ret*es ( b>r5 l& 9 ! ,we/4 ,!y knew t ^! wa/e l&s1 seem+ly s unf]tile1 w\ld become mo/ fruitful z soon z wat] 0 turn$ on !m4 ,c\ld wat] en\gh be f\nd8 ,new plans to p5 up floods ( wat] 7 prep>$1 & imm5se sums 7 sp5t 9 c>ry+ out ^! plans4 ,enorm\s dams ( cem5t$ /one 7 ?r[n across ! gorges 9 ! foo?ills ( ! m\nta9s4 ,beh9d ^! solid dams ! wat] f ! ra9s & ! melt+ sn[ ( ! m\nta9s 0 back$ = miles1 & 0 at once ready to *ange b>r5ness into fruitfulness4 ,! /or$ wat] is l$ by means ( ma9 canals & cross dit*es :]ev] x is ne$$1 & c\ntless acres h be5 br\ght "u cultivation4 ,wat] is g5]ally appli$ ei!r by mak+ furr[s = its passage ?r\gh ! fields or by flood+ ! l&4 ,! latt] plan is ! *eap]1 b x c be us$ only on level l&s4 ,:]e ! l& is some:at irregul> a *eck+ sy/em1 z x is call$1 is us$ to di/ribute ! wat]4 ,x is tak5 f *eck to *eck until ! entire field has be5 irrigat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,irrigat+ ,,corn ,! furr[ me?od is usually employ$ = fruits & = f>m & g>d5 crops4 ,9 _m places ! grass & gra9 crops are n[ suppli$ ) wat] by furr[s in/ead ( by flood+4 ,irrigat$ l&s %\ld be c>efully & ?or\ghly till$4 ,! wat] = irrigation is co/ly1 & %\ld be made to g z f> z possible4 ,good tillage saves ! wat]4 ,moreov]1 all cultivat$ crops l corn1 potatoes1 & or*>d & truck crops ought to be cultivat$ frequ5tly to save ! moi/ure1 to keep ! soil 9 fit condition1 & to aid ! bact]ia 9 ! soil4 ,x 0 a wise f>m] :o said1 ,"o does n ne$ to gr[ crops _m ye>s 9 ord] to le>n t no?+ c take ! place ( /irr+ ! soil4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,irrigat+ ,,crops ,tree fruits4 ,wat] is conduct$ ?r\gh v n>r[ furr[s f ?ree to five feet ap>t1 & all[$ to s9k ab\t f\r feet deep1 & to spread "u ! gr\nd4 ,!n ! supply is cut (f4 ,! object is to wet ! soil deeply1 & !n by tillage to hold ! moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,small fruits4 ,! common practice is to run wat] on ea* side ( ! r[ until ! r[s are soak$4 ,potatoes4 ,a ?or\gh soak+ is giv5 ! l& be=e plant+-"t1 & !n no m ?an is absolutely necess>y until blossom+-"t4 ,aft] ! blossoms appe> keep ! soil moi/ until ! crop rip5s4 ,g>d5 crops4 ,any me?od may be employ$1 b ! vital po9t is to cultivate ! gr\nd z e>ly z x c be work$ aft] x has be5 irrigat$4 ,mead[s & alfalfa4 ,flood+ is ! mo/ common me?od 9 use4 ,! fir/ irrigation comes e>ly 9 ! spr+ be=e gr[? has advanc$ mu*1 & ! successive wat]+s aft] ! h>ve/+ ( ea* crop4 ,,section ,,lxx4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,z ours is a c\ntry 9 :i* ! p rule1 e boy & e girl ought to be tra9$ to take a wide-awake int]e/ 9 public affairs4 ,?is tra9+ _c beg9 too e>ly 9 life4 ,a wise old man once said1 ,9 a republic y ought to beg9 to tra9 a *ild = good citiz5%ip on ! day ( its bir?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4 ,,beauty ,,f ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,grass ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4 ,a ,,c\ntry ,,road ,,9 ,,meckl5burg ,,c\nty1 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,happy w\ld x be = our nation if all ! "y p :o live 9 ! c\ntry c\ld beg9 _! tra9+ 9 good citiz5%ip by becom+ work]s = ^! f\r ?+s3 ,fir/1 attractive c\ntry homes4 ,second1 attractive c\ntry s*oolh\ses & s*ool gr\nds4 ,?ird1 good c\ntry s*ools4 ,f\r?1 good roads4 ,if ! ?\s&s on ?\s&s ( pupils 9 our s*ools w\ld become active work]s = ^! ?+s & cont9ue _! "w ?r\gh life1 !n1 9 less ?an half a c5tury1 life 9 ! c\ntry w\ld be an un5d+ delight4 ,"o ( ! problems ( our day is h[ to keep bright1 ?\ghtful1 sociable1 ambiti\s boys & girls cont5t$ on ! f>m4 ,e /ep tak5 to make ! c\ntry home m attractive1 to make ! s*ool & its gr\nds m enjoyable1 to make ! way easy to ! homes ( neighbors1 to s*ool1 to po/-(fice1 & to *ur*1 is a /ep tak5 t[>d keep+ on ! f>m ! v boys & girls :o are mo/ apt to succe$ !re4 ,n e man :o lives 9 ! c\ntry c h a %[y or co/ly home1 b z long z grass & fl[]s & v9es & trees gr[1 any man :o wi%es c h an attractive h\se4 ,n e woman :o is to sp5d a lifetime at ! head ( a rural home c h a luxuri\sly furni%$ home1 b any woman :o is will+ to take a little tr\ble c h a cozy1 ta/efully furni%$ home--a home fitt$ ) ! conv5i5ces t dim9i% h\sehold drudg]y4 ,ev5 9 ?is day ( *eap lit]ature1 all p>5ts _c fill _! *ildr5's home ) pap]s1 magaz9es1 & books1 b by means ( s*ool & ,sunday-s*ool libr>ies1 by means ( circulat+ book clubs1 & by a little self-d5ial1 e>ne/ p>5ts c fe$ hungry m9ds j z !y fe$ hungry bodies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,fl[]s ,,= ,,! ,,home ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4 ,,an ,,attractive ,,c\ntry ,,home ,agricultural pap]s t ar\se ! int]e/ & quick5 ! ?\ght ( f>m boys by discuss+ ! be/1 easie/1 & *eape/ ways ( f>m+2 j\rnals full ( da9ty sugge/ions = h\sehold adornm5t & com=t2 illu/rat$ pap]s & magaz9es t amuse & *e] e memb] ( ! family2 books t re/ tir$ bodies & op5 & /r5g!n gr[+ m9ds--all ( ^! are s *eap t ! money res]v$ f ! sale ( "o hog w keep a family fairly suppli$ = a ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4 ,,an ,,unimprov$ ,,s*oolh\se ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic4 ,,an ,,improv$ ,,s*oolh\se ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4 ,,! ,,same ,,road ,,aft] ,,& ,,be=e ,,improvem5t ,if ! p>5ts1 tea*]s1 & pupils ( a s*ool jo9 h&s1 an unsightly1 ill-furni%$1 ill-light$1 & ill-v5tilat$ s*ool-h\se c at small co/ be *ang$ into "o ( com=t & beauty4 ,9 _m places pupils h p]suad$ _! p>5ts to =m clubs to beautify ! s*ool gr\nds4 ,ea* fa!r s5ds a man or a man ) a pl[ once or twice a ye> to "w a day on ! gr\nds4 ,/umps are remov$1 trees trimm$1 dra9s put 91 grass s[$1 fl[]s1 %rubb]y1 v9es1 & trees plant$1 & ! gr\nds ta/efully laid (f4 ,?us at sc>cely noticeable money co/ a r\gh & unsightly s*ool gr\nd gives place to a *>m+ s*ool y>d4 ,_c ! pupils 9 e s*ool 9 :i* ?is book is /udi$ get _! p>5ts to =m su* a club1 & make _! s*ool gr\nd a sil5t tea*] ( neatness & beauty8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie4 ,,wa%+ton',s ,,c\ntry ,,home ,life 9 ! c\ntry w nev] be z attractive z x ought to be until all ! roads are improv$4 ,w9t]-wa%$ roads1 p5n+ "y p 9 _! own homes = _m mon?s ea* ye> & de/roy+ s _m ( ! innoc5t pleasures ( y\?1 build t[ns & cities out ( ! wreck ( c\ntry homes4 ,c "y p :o love _! c\ntry & _! c\ntry homes engage 9 a nobl] crusade ?an a crusade = improv$ highways8 ,,app5dix ,,spray+ ,,mixtures ,,= ,,bit+ ,,insects ,,dry ,,p>is ,,gre5 ,p>is gre5 #a lb4 ,lime or fl\r #d to #af lb4 ,,wet ,,p>is ,,gre5 ,p>is gre5 #a_/d to #b lb4 ,lime #a_/d to #a_/b lb4 ,wat] #ej gal4 ,,= ,,s(t-,,bodi$ ,,suck+ ,,insects ,,k]os5e ,,emulsion ,h>d soap 79 f9e %av+s7 #a_/b lb4 ,s(t wat] #a gal4 ,k]os5e #b gal4 ,dissolve soap 9 boil+ wat]1 add k]os5e to ! hot wat]1 *urn ) spray+ pump = at lea/ t5 m9utes1 until ! mixture *anges to a creamy1 !n to a s(t1 butt]like1 mass4 ,?is gives ?ree gallons ( #ff-p]-c5t oil emulsion1 :i* may be dilut$ to ! /r5g? desir$4 ,to get #ae-p]-c5t oil emulsion add t5 & "o-half gallons ( wat]4 ,,= ,,fung\s ,,diseases ,,copp] ,,sulphate ,copp] sulphate #a lb4 ,wat] #ah to #be gal4 ,use only be=e foliage op5s1 to kill w9t]+ spores4 ,,bordeaux ,,mixture ,copp] sulphate 7blue/one7 #d to #e lb4 ,lime 7good1 unslak$7 #e to #f lb4 ,wat] #ej gal4 ,dissolve ! copp] sulphate 7blue/one7 9 tw5ty-five gallons ( wat]4 ,slake ! lime sl[ly s z to get a smoo?1 ?ick cream4 ,nev] cov] ! lime ) too mu* wat]4 ,aft] ?or\gh slak+ add tw5ty-five gallons ( wat]4 ,:5 ! lime & ! blue/one h dissolv$1 p\r ! two liquids into a ?ird vessel4 ,be sure t ea* /ream mixes ) ! o!r be=e ei!r ent]s ! vessel4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh a co>se clo?4 ,mix fre% = ea* "t4 ,use = molds & fungi g5]ally4 ,apply 9 f9e spray ) a good nozzle4 ,,bordeaux-,,p>is-,,gre5 ,,mixture ,ord9>y ,bordeaux mixture #ej gal4 ,p>is gre5 #d oz4 to #b lb4 ,use = bo? fungi & insects on apple1 potato1 etc4 ,,bordeaux-,,ars5ate-,,(-,,lead ,,mixture ,ord9>y ,bordeaux mixture #ej gal4 ,ars5ate ( lead #b to #c lb4 ,us$ = fung\s & insect enemies ( ! potato1 & ( ! apple :5 bitt] rot is tr\blesome4 ,,comm]cial ,,lime-,,sulphur ,,ars5ate ,,( ,,lead ,comm]cial lime-sulphur #a-a_/b gal4 ,ars5ate ( lead #b to #c lb4 ,wat] #ej gal4 ,use = spray+ apples4 ,,ammoniacal ,,copp] ,,c>bonate ,copp] c>bonate #e oz4 ,ammonia 7#bf deg4 ,baume7 ab\t #c pt4 ,wat] #ej gal4 ,dissolve ! copp] c>bonate 9 ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( ammonia4 ,?is solution may be kept 9 /ock & dilut$ to ! prop] /r5g? z ne$$4 ,use ?is in/ead ( ! ,bordeaux mixture aft] ! fruit has rea*$ half or two ?irds ( ! mature size4 ,x leaves no spots z does ! lime-sulphur wa% or ! ,bordeaux mixture4 ,,sprays ,,= ,,bo? ,,fung\s ,,& ,,insect ,,pe/s ,,home-,,made ,,lime-,,sulphur ,,wa% ,lime #bj lb4 ,sulphur #ae lb4 ,wat] #ej gal4 ,! lime1 ! sulphur1 & ab\t half ( ! wat] requir$ are boil$ toge!r = =ty-five m9utes 9 a kettle ov] a fire1 or 9 a b>rel or o!r suitable tank by /eam1 /ra9$1 & !n dilut$ to #ej gallons4 ,?is is ! wa% regul>ly us$ aga9/ ! ,san ,jose scale4 ,x may be sub/itut$ = ,bordeaux mixture :5 spray+ trees 9 ! dormant /ate4 ,comm]cial lime-sulphur may also be us$ 9 place ( ?is homemade wa%4 ,use "o gallon ( ! comm]cial lime-sulphur to n9e gallons ( wat] 9 ! dormant season4 ,,self-,,boil$ ,,lime-,,sulphur ,,wa% ,! self-boil$ lime-sulphur wa% is a comb9ation ( lime & sulphur boil$ only by ! heat ( ! slak+ lime1 & is us$ *iefly = summ] spray+ on pea*es1 plums1 *]ries1 etc4 z a sub/itute = ! ,bordeaux mixture4 ,lime #h lb4 ,sulphur #f to #h lb4 ,wat] #ej gal4 ,! lime %\ld be plac$ 9 a b>rel & en\gh wat] p\r$ on x to />t x slak+ & to keep ! sulphur (f ! bottom ( ! b>rel4 ,! sulphur1 :i* %\ld fir/ be work$ ?r\gh a sieve to break up ! lumps1 may !n be add$1 &1 f9ally1 en\gh wat] to slake ! lime into a pa/e4 ,consid]able /irr+ is necess>y to prev5t cak+ on ! bottom4 ,aft] ! viol5t boil+ :i* accompanies ! slak+ ( ! lime is ov]1 ! mixture %\ld be dilut$ ready = use1 or at lea/ en\gh cold wat] add$ to /op ! cook+4 ,f five to fifte5 m9utes are requir$ = ! process4 ,if ! hot mass is p]mitt$ to /& undilut$ z a ?ick pa/e1 a liquid is produc$ t is injuri\s to pea* foliage &1 9 "s cases1 to apple foliage4 ,! mixture %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a sieve ( tw5ty me%es to ! in* 9 ord] to remove ! co>se p>ticles ( lime1 b all ! sulphur %\ld be work$ ?r\gh ! /ra9]4 ,,gloss>y ,to enable "y read]s to und]/& ! te*nical words necess>ily us$ 9 ! text only popul> def9itions are giv54 ,abdom53 ! "p ( an insect ly+ beh9d ! ?orax4 ,acid3 a *emical "n giv5 to _m s\r sub/ances4 ,v9eg> & lemon juice owe _! s\r ta/e to ! acid 9 !m4 ,adult3 a p]son1 animal1 or plant gr[n to full size & /r5g?4 ,ammonia 7ammonium73 a comp\nd ( nitrog5 readily usable z a plant food4 ,x is "o ( ! products ( decay4 ,annual3 a plant t be>s se$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( its exi/5ce & !n dies4 ,an!r3 ! "p ( a /am5 t be>s ! poll54 ,atmosph]ic nitrog53 nitrog5 9 ! air4 ,great quantities ( ?is valuable plant food are 9 ! air2 b1 /range to say1 mo/ plants _c use x directly f ! air1 b mu/ take x 9 o!r =ms1 z nitrates1 etc4 ,! legumes are an exception1 z !y c use atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,available plant food3 food 9 su* condition t plants c use x4 ,bact]ia3 a "n appli$ to a numb] ( k9ds ( v small liv+ be+s1 "s b5eficial1 "s h>mful1 "s disease-produc+4 ,!y av]age ab\t "o tw5ty-?\s&? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,balanc$ ration3 a ration made up ( ! prop] am\nts ( c>bohydrates1 fats1 & prote91 z expla9$ 9 text4 ,su* a ration avoids all wa/e ( food4 ,bi5nial3 a plant t produces se$ dur+ ! second ye> ( its exi/5ce & !n dies4 ,blight3 a diseas$ condition 9 plants 9 :i* ! :ole or a "p ( a plant )]s or dries up4 ,blue/one3 a *emical2 copp] sulphate4 ,x is us$ to kill fungi1 etc4 ,bordeaux ,mixture3 a mixture inv5t$ 9 ,bordeaux1 ,france1 to de/roy disease-produc+ fungi4 ,bud 7n\n73 an undevelop$ bran*4 ,bud 7v]b73 to ins]t a bud f ! scion ^u ! /ock to insure bett] fruit4 ,bud v>iation3 occasionally "o bud on a plant w produce a bran* diff]+ 9 "s ways f ! re/ ( ! bran*es2 ?is is bud v>iation4 ,! %oot t is produc$ by bud v>iation is call$ a sport4 ,calyx3 ! out]mo/ r[ ( leaves 9 a fl[]4 ,cambium3 ! gr[+ lay] ly+ betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k4 ,canon3 ! %ank bone above ! fetlock 9 ! =e & h9d legs ( a horse4 ,c>bohydrates3 c>bohydrates are foods free f nitrog54 ,!y make up ! l>ge/ "p ( all vegetables4 ,examples are sug>1 />*1 & cellulose4 ,c>bolic acid3 a *emical (t5 us$ to kill or prev5t ! gr[? ( g]ms1 bact]ia1 fungi1 etc4 ,c>bon3 a *emical elem5t4 ,*>coal is ne>ly pure c>bon4 ,c>bon disulphide3 a *emical us$ to kill insects4 ,c>bonic acid gas3 a gas consi/+ ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,x is produc$ by brea?+1 & :5ev] c>bon is burn$4 ,x is ! s\rce ( ! c>bon 9 plants4 ,c]eal3 ! "n giv5 to grasses t are rais$ = ! food conta9$ 9 _! se$s1 su* z corn1 :eat1 rice4 ,cobalt3 a poison\s *emical us$ to kill insects4 ,cocoon3 ! case made by an insect to conta9 its l>va or pupa4 ,comm]cial f]tiliz]3 an enri*+ plant food b\ght to improve soil4 ,compact3 a soil is said to be compact :5 ! p>ticles are closely pack$4 ,conc5trat$3 :5 appli$ to food ! ^w means t x conta9s mu* fe$+ value 9 small bulk4 ,contagi\s3 a disease is said to be contagi\s :5 x c be spread or c>ri$ f "o individual to ano!r4 ,cross3 ! result ( bre$+ two v>ieties ( plant toge!r4 ,cross poll9ation3 ! poll9ation ( a fl[] by poll5 br\ght f a fl[] on "s o!r plant4 ,cr\p3 ! top ( ! hips4 ,culture3 ! art ( prep>+ gr\nd = se$ & rais+ crops by tillage4 ,curb disease3 a swell+ on ! back "p ( ! h9d leg ( a horse j beh9d ! l[e/ "p ( ! hock jo9t4 ,x g5]ally causes lam5ess4 ,curculio3 a k9d ( beetle or weevil4 ,d5drol5e3 a pat5t$ sub/ance us$ = cat*+ cank]worms4 ,dige/ion3 ! act by :i* food is prep>$ by ! juices ( ! body to be us$ by ! blood4 ,dormant3 a ^w us$ to describe sleep+ or re/+ bodies1--bodies n 9 a /ate ( activity4 ,dra9age3 ! process by :i* an excess ( wat] is remov$ f ! l& by dit*es1 t]races1 or tiles4 ,elem5t3 a sub/ance t _c be divid$ into simpl] sub/ances4 ,ensilage3 gre5 foods pres]v$ 9 a silo4 ,evaporate3 to pass (f 9 vapor1 z a fluid (t5 does2 to *ange f a solid or liquid /ate into vapor1 usually by heat4 ,exhau/ion3 ! /ate 9 :i* /r5g?1 p[]1 & =ce h be5 lo/4 ,:5 appli$ to l&1 ! ^w means t l& has lo/ its p[] to produce well4 ,f]m5tation3 a *emical *ange produc$ by bact]ia1 yea/1 etc4 ,a common example ( f]m5tation is ! *ange ( cid] into v9eg>4 ,f]tility3 ! /ate ( be+ fruitful4 ,l& is said to be f]tile :5 x produces well4 ,f]tilization3 ! act :i* foll[s poll9ation & enables a fl[] to produce se$4 ,fetlock3 ! long-hair$ cu%ion on ! back side ( a horse's leg j above ! ho(4 ,fib]3 any f9e1 sl5d] ?read or ?readlike sub/ance1 z ! rootlets ( plants or ! l9t ( cotton4 ,filt]3 to purify a liquid1 z wat]1 by caus+ x to pass ?r\gh "s sub/ance1 z pap]1 clo?1 scre5s1 etc4 ,=mal93 a =ty p] c5t solution ( a *emical kn[n z =maldehyde4 ,=mal9 is us$ to kill fungi1 bact]ia1 etc4 ,=mula3 a recipe = ! mak+ ( a comp\nd2 = example1 f]tiliz] or spray+ comp\nds4 ,fungicide3 a sub/ance us$ to kill or prev5t ! gr[? ( fungi2 = example1 ,bordeaux ,mixture or copp] sulphate4 ,fung\s3 belong+ to or caus$ by fungi4 ,fungus 7plural fungi73 a l[ k9d ( plant life lack+ 9 gre5 color4 ,molds & toad/ools are examples4 ,g]m3 t f :i* any?+ spr+s4 ,! t]m is (t5 appli$ to any v small organism or liv+ ?+1 p>ticul>ly if x causes great effects su* z disease1 f]m5tation1 etc4 ,g]m9ate3 to spr\t4 ,a se$ g]m9ates :5 x beg9s to gr[4 ,girdle3 to make a cut or groove ar\nd a limb or tree4 ,glaci]3 an imm5se field or /ream ( ice =m$ 9 ! region ( con/ant sn[ & mov+ sl[ly d[n a slope or valley4 ,globule3 a small p>ticle ( matt] %ap$ l a globe4 ,glucose3 a k9d ( sug> v common 9 plants4 ,! sug> f grapes1 honey1 etc4 is glucose4 ,t f ! sug> cane is n4 ,glut53 a vegetable =m ( prote9 f\nd 9 c]eals4 ,graft3 to place a liv+ bran* or /em on ano!r liv+ /em s t x may gr[ !re4 ,x insures ! gr[? ( ! desir$ k9d ( plant4 ,granule3 a little gra94 ,gypsum3 l& pla/]4 ,head back3 to cut or prune a tree s z to =m its head1 t is1 ! place :]e ! ma9 trunk fir/ gives (f its bran*es4 ,h]$ity3 ! resemblance ( (fspr+ to p>5t4 ,hib]nat+3 to pass ! w9t] 9 a torpid or inactive /ate 9 close qu>t]s4 ,hock3 ! jo9t 9 ! h9d leg ( quadrup$s betwe5 ! leg & ! %ank4 ,x corresponds to ! ankle 9 man4 ,ho/3 ! plant ^u :i* a fungus or insect is prey+4 ,humus3 ! portion ( ! soil caus$ by ! decay ( animal or vegetable matt]4 ,hybrid3 ! result ( bre$+ two diff]5t k9ds ( plants toge!r4 ,hydrog53 a *emical elem5t4 ,x is pres5t 9 wat] & 9 all liv+ ?+s4 ,individual3 a s+le p]son1 plant1 animal1 or ?+ ( any k9d4 ,inoculate3 to give a disease by ins]t+ ! g]m t causes x 9 a heal?y be+4 ,insectivor\s3 any?+ t eats insects4 ,ka9it3 salts ( pota% us$ 9 mak+ f]tiliz]s4 ,k]nel3 a s+le se$ or gra91 z a k]nel ( corn4 ,k]os5e emulsion3 see ,app5dix4 ,l>va 7plural l>vae73 ! "y or immature =m ( an insect4 ,l>val3 belong+ to l>va4 ,lay]3 to propagate plants by a me?od simil> to cutt+1 b diff]+ f cutt+ 9 t ! "y plant takes root be=e x is sep>at$ f ! p>5t plant4 ,legume3 a plant belong+ to ! family ( ! pea1 clov]1 & bean2 t is1 hav+ a fl[] ( simil> /ructure4 ,li*53 a k9d ( fl[]less plant t gr[s on /ones1 trees1 bo>ds1 etc4 ,loam3 an e>?y mixture ( clay & s& ) organic matt]4 ,magnesia3 an e>?y :ite sub/ance some:at simil> to lime4 ,magnify3 to make a ?+ l>g] 9 fact or 9 appe>ance2 to enl>ge ! appe>ance ( a ?+ s t ! p>ts may be se5 m easily4 ,membrane3 a ?9 lay] or fold ( animal or vegetable matt]4 ,mildew3 a cobwebby gr[? ( fungi on diseas$ or decay+ ?+s4 ,mold3 see mildew4 ,mul*3 a cov]+ ( /raw1 leaves1 or l sub/ances ov] ! roots ( plants to protect !m f heat1 dr\ght1 etc41 & to pres]ve moi/ure4 ,nect>3 a sweeti% sub/ance 9 blossoms ( fl[]s f :i* bees make honey4 ,nitrate3 a readily usable =m ( nitrog54 ,! mo/ common nitrate is saltpet]4 ,nitrog53 a *emical elem5t1 "o ( ! mo/ important & mo/ exp5sive plant foods4 ,x exi/s 9 f]tiliz]s1 9 ammonia1 9 nitrates1 & 9 organic matt]4 ,nodule3 a little knot or bump4 ,nutri5t3 any sub/ance :i* n\ri%es or promotes gr[?4 ,organic matt]3 sub/ances made ?r\gh ! gr[? ( plants or animals4 ,ov>y3 ! p>ticul> "p ( ! pi/il t be>s ! immature se$4 ,ovipositor3 ! organ ) :i* an insect deposits its eggs4 ,oxyg53 a gas pres5t 9 ! air & necess>y to brea?+4 ,p>ticle3 any v small "p ( a body4 ,p]5nial3 liv+ ?r\gh sev]al ye>s4 ,all trees are p]5nial4 ,petal3 a s+le leaf ( ! corolla4 ,phosphoric acid3 an important plant food occurr+ 9 bones & rock phosphates4 ,pi/il3 ! "p ( ! blossom t conta9s ! immature se$s4 ,poll53 ! p[d]y sub/ance borne by ! /am5 ( ! fl[]4 ,x is necess>y to se$ production4 ,poll9ation3 ! act ( c>ry+ poll5 f /am5s to pi/ils4 ,x is usually done by ! w9d or by insects4 ,porosity3 ! /ate ( hav+ small op5+s or passages betwe5 ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,pota%3 an important "p ( plant foods4 ,! *ief s\rce ( pota% is ka9it1 muriate ( pota%1 sulphate ( pota%1 wood a%es1 & cotton-hull a%es4 ,propagate3 to cause plants or animals to increase 9 numb]4 ,prote93 ! "n ( a gr\p ( sub/ances conta9+ nitrog54 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ important ( fe$+ /uffs4 ,prun+3 trimm+ or cutt+ p>ts t are n ne$$ or t are injuri\s4 ,pulv]ize3 to r$uce to a du/like /ate4 ,pupa3 an insect 9 ! /age ( its life t comes j be=e ! adult condition4 ,purity 7( se$73 se$s are pure :5 !y conta9 only "o k9d ( se$ & no =eign matt]4 ,ration3 a fix$ daily all[ance ( food = an animal4 ,raup5leim3 a pat5t$ /icky sub/ance us$ to cat* ! cank]worm4 ,resi/ant3 a plant is resi/ant to disease :5 x c w>d (f attacks ( ! disease2 = example1 "s v>ieties ( ! grape are resi/ant to ! phyllox]a4 ,rotation 7( crops73 a well-arrang$ succession ( diff]5t crops on ! same l&4 ,scion3 a %oot1 spr\t1 or bran* tak5 to graft or bud ^u ano!r plant4 ,se$ b$3 ! lay] ( e>? 9 :i* se$s are s[n4 ,se$ selection3 ! c>eful selection ( se$ f p>ticul> plants ) ! object ( keep+ or increas+ "s desirable quality4 ,se$l+3 a "y plant j f ! se$4 ,sepal3 "o ( ! leaves 9 ! calyx4 ,set3 a "y plant = propagation4 ,silo3 a h\se or pit = pack+ away gre5 food = w9t] use s z to exclude air & moi/ure4 ,sire3 fa!r4 ,smut3 a disease ( plants1 p>ticul>ly ( c]eals1 :i* causes ! plant or "s "p ( x to become a p[d]y mass4 ,spike3 a l5g!n$ fl[] clu/] ) /alkless fl[]s4 ,spiracle3 an air op5+ 9 ! body ( an insect4 ,spore3 a small body =m$ by a fungus to reproduce ! fungus4 ,x s]ves ! same use z se$s d = fl[]+ plants4 ,spray3 to apply a liquid 9 ! =m ( a v f9e mi/ by ! aid ( a spray+ pump = ! purpose ( kill+ fungi or insects4 ,/am53 ! "p ( ! fl[] t be>s ! poll54 ,/am9a3 endurance4 ,/]ilize3 to de/roy all ! g]ms or spores 9 or on any?+4 ,/]iliz+ is (t5 done by heat or *emicals4 ,/igma3 ! "p ( ! pi/il t receives ! poll54 ,/ock3 ! /em or ma9 "p ( a tree or plant4 ,9 graft+ or budd+ ! scion is ins]t$ ^u ! /ock4 ,/ov]3 z us$ 9 ?is book ! ^w means ! dry /alks ( corn f :i* ! e>s h be5 remov$4 ,subsoil3 ! soil "u ! topsoil4 ,sulphur3 a yell[i% *emical elem5t2 brim/one4 ,taproot3 ! ma9 root ( a plant1 :i* runs directly d[n into ! e>? to a consid]able dep? )\t divid+4 ,t]race3 a ridge ( e>? run on a level ar\nd a slope or hillside to keep ! l& f wa%+4 ,?orax3 ! middle "p ( ! body ( an insect4 ,! ?orax lies betwe5 ! abdom5 & ! head4 ,!rmomet]3 an in/rum5t = measur+ heat4 ,tillage3 ! act ( prep>+ l& = se$1 & keep+ ! gr\nd 9 a prop] /ate = ! gr[? ( crops4 ,transplant3 a plant gr[n 9 a b$ ) a view to be+ remov$ to o!r soil2 a te*nical t]m us$ by g>d5]s4 ,tub]cle3 a small1 w>t-l gr[? on ! roots ( legumes4 ,udd]3 ! milk vessel ( a c[4 ,ut5sil3 a vessel us$ = h\sehold purposes4 ,v>iety3 a p>ticul> k9d4 ,= example1 ! ,w9esap1 ,bonum1 ,a,esop1 etc41 are diff]5t v>ieties ( apples4 ,v5tilate3 to op5 to ! free passage ( air4 ,virg9 soil3 a soil :i* has nev] be5 cultivat$4 ,vitality 7( se$73 vitality is ! ability to gr[4 ,se$ are ( good vitality if a l>ge p] c5t ( !m w spr\t4 ,wea!r+3 ! action ( moi/ure1 air1 fro/1 etc4 ^u rocks4 ,we$3 a plant out ( place4 ,a :eat plant 9 a rose b$ or a rose 9 ! :eat field w\ld be reg>d$ z a we$1 z w\ld any plant gr[+ 9 a place 9 :i* x is n want$4 ,wilt 7( cotton73 a disease ( cotton 9 :i* ! :ole plant droops or wilts4 ,)]s3 ! ridge betwe5 ! %\ld] bones ( a horse1 at ! base ( ! neck4 ,yea/3 a prep>ation conta9+ ! yea/ plant us$ to make bread rise1 etc4 ,,index ,acid phosphate1 #bc1 #bad1 #bbe ,alfalfa1 #bh1 #agi1 #ahg1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf-bdh ,alfalfa root1 #bh ,animals1 dome/ic1 #bfa-bib :y we fe$1 #bij ,annual1 #fi1 #aab1 #aah1 #bfj ,ant1 #add1 #aej ,an!r1 #dc ,apple1 #db1 #ei1 #gf1 #gh1 #hc-he1 #abc fire-blight (1 #acj ,apple-tree t5t cat]pill>1 #afa1 #afb ,ars5ate ( lead1 #aef1 #aeg ,a%es1 #bjg ,asp>agus1 #ih ,babcock milk-te/]1 #cjd ,bact]ia1 #bd1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca1 #acc ,balanc$ ration1 #bid-bie ,b>ley1 #bae-bag ,beans1 #ie1 #ih ,bee1 #bhf-bij ,beehive1 anti-robb+ entrance (1 #bhi ,beet1 #ie1 #if sug>-1 #bah-bba ,beet sug>1 #bah ,beetle1 #adf1 #adh cucumb]1 #ajb potato1 #agj ,bi5nials1 #gj ,bird homes1 #cbb ,birds1 #cah-cbc ,black knot1 #adj ,blackb]ry1 #ei ,blight1 #ajf eggplant1 #ajc pe> & apple1 #acj potato1 #ach1 #bji tomato1 #ajf ,bordeaux mixture1 #abg1 #ada1 #adb1 #aef1 #bji ,bor]1 pea*1 #afc1 #afd ,bre$+-cage1 insect1 #aeb ,buck:eat1 #bbi-bcj ,bud v>iation1 #eh ,budd+1 #ee1 #ha-hb ,buds1 #ea1 #ei ,bug1 #adg ,bulbs1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa ,burbank1 ,lu!r1 #hj ,butt]1 #big1 #cjj ,butt]fly1 #adf1 #adh1 #adi ,cabbage1 #ic1 #ie1 #if1 #ii ,cabbage worm1 #afe1 #aff ,caladium1 #aaa ,cambium1 #gi1 #aca ,cank]worm1 #aei1 #afj ,canna1 #aaf ,cantal\pes1 #aja ,cape jasm9e1 #aaj ,capill>ity1 #aj ,c>bohydrates1 #bia1 #bib1 #bie ,c>bon1 #ci1 #dj1 #bia ,c>bon disulphide1 #afi ,c>bonic acid gas1 #f1 #cag ,cat]pill>1 #adg1 #adi1 #afa ,cattle1 #bgj-bge beef type (1 #bgb dairy type (1 #bgc improv+ (1 #bgd ,caulifl[]1 #ia1 #adj ,cel]y1 #ajj1 #aja ,*]ries1 #ei1 #ha1 #afd ,*9* bug1 #afe1 #afg ,*urn1 !1 #big1 #bii1 #cjj ,*urn+1 #bii ,cleft graft+1 #hj ,clov]1 #ahg1 #bdi-bea ,club root1 #adj ,cocoon1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea ,codl+ mo?1 #aed1 #aef1 #afd ,cold-frame1 #ic-ig1 #aja ,colo/rum1 #big ,consumption1 g]m (1 #abi ,corms1 #aaa ,corn1 #aig-bjb blossom (1 #de freez+ ( se$1 #ge roots (1 #bg1 #bh selection ( se$1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh ,cotton1 #ahj-ahh resi/ant v>iety (1 #acb ,sea ,isl&1 #acb1 #ahb %ort-/apl$1 #ahb ,cotton wilt1 #adb ,cotton-boll weevil1 #agc ,cotton-se$ meal1 #bd1 #bbe1 #bie ,c[ ,ab]de5 ,angus1 #bgb ,gall[ay1 #bgd ,hol/e91 #bge ,j]sey1 #bgc c>e (1 #bif ! dairy1 #bic-bif ,c[peas1 #bea-bed ,cream1 #big1 #bih ,crop-rotation1 #cc-cg ,crops1 #agh-bcg rotation (1 #bj1 #cc1 #ahi1 #baa1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbh value (1 p] acre1 #agi ,cross section1 #bf ,crosses1 #di ,cross-poll9ation1 #dh ,cucumb]1 #gc1 #aja ,cucumb] beetle1 #ajb ,curculio1 plum1 #aef ,currant1 #ei ,cutt+s1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #aji ,cyclam51 #aae ,dahlia1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aaf ,dairy rules1 #cja ,dairy+1 #big-cja ,d5drol5e1 #afj ,diph!ria1 g]m (1 #abi ,diseases ( plants1 #abb-adc ,dome/ic animals1 #bfa-bib ,dra9age1 b5efits (1 #ae ,dry f>m+1 #cbc-cbf ,ducks1 #bhb ,eggplants1 #ajb1 #ajc ,ensilage1 #bie ,f>m crops1 #agh-bcg ,f>m g>d51 #bce-bcg ,f>m tools1 #cac-cae ,f>m+ on dry l&s1 #cbc-ccj ,fats1 #bia1 #bib1 #bie ,fe$ /uffs1 #bch-bfj dige/ible nutri5ts 91 #bij-bib gr[+1 on ! f>m1 #cji-cac ,fe$+ animals1 #bij reasons =1 #bij1 #bib ,f]tilization1 #de ,f]tiliz]s1 #bb-bd ,field insects1 #add-agg ,figs1 #ea1 #ei ,fire-blight1 #acj ,flax1 #bbf-bbi ,flea-beetle1 #afi1 #agb1 #bji ,floriculture1 #hi1 #ajh ,fl[]1 !1 #db1 #dc ,fl[] box1 #aab ,fl[] g>d5+1 #ajh-aba ,fly1 #adf1 #aej ,=mal91 #ace1 #acf1 #ach ,f[ls1 #bhb-bhf ,fruit mold1 #abf1 #adb ,fruit rot1 #abb ,fruit tree1 h[ to raise a1 #gf-hg ,fultz1 ,abraham1 #fe ,fungi1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg ,g>d51 #bce-bcg ,g>d5 insects1 #afe-agg ,g>d5+1 m>ket-1 #hi-ij ,geese1 #bhd ,g]anium1 #eb1 #ed1 #aji1 #aaj ,g]ms1 #bd1 #abg1 #abi1 #aca1 #ace2 see also ,bact]ia ,girdl]1 #afb ,girdl+1 #da ,glaci]1 #c1 #d1 #e ,gladiolus1 #ib1 #aaa ,gooseb]ries1 #ei ,graft+1 #ee1 #gh-ha cleft1 #hj root1 #gi "t =1 #gi tongue1 #gi1 #hj ,graft+ wax1 #gi ,grape1 #ea1 #ec1 #eh1 #ei ,grape cutt+1 #ed ,grape phyllox]a1 #aeg1 #aeh ,grape poll9ation1 #eb1 #ec ,grasses1 #bch-bdd ,gras%opp]1 #adh1 #aea ,gre5h\se1 #ia-id ,head+ back1 #hc ,hemp1 #bbf-bbi ,h5s1 #bhb-bhf ,h]$ity1 #fg ,hessian fly1 #agj ,homes1 c\ntry1 #ccj-ccg ,honey dew1 #afg ,horse1 #bfb-bgj diagrams by :i* to judge1 #bfe-bfi ,p]*]on1 #bfd proportions (1 #bgj road/]1 #bfg ,horticulture1 #hi-aba ,ho/1 #abf ,hotb$1 #ia-ig ,h[ to raise a fruit tree1 #gf-hg ,humus1 #e1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #aic1 #bjg ,husk] & %r$d]1 #bja ,hybrids1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #ahc ,insects1 cage = bre$+1 #aeb classes (1 #adf eggs (1 #aej eyes (1 #ade field1 #add1 #afe g>d51 #add-agg g5]al1 #add h[ !y fe$1 #adf1 #adg or*>d1 #add p>ts (1 #ade ,iri%1 or :ite1 potato1 #bjf-bji propagation (1 #ef1 #eg ,irrigation1 #cbf-ccj me?od (1 #ccj ,kafir corn1 #cbe1 #cbf ,ka9ite1 #bad ,k]os5e emulsion1 #afh ,l&1 improvem5t (1 #ag1 #ba1 #ca1 #cd1 #bdd ,l&scape-g>d5+1 #hi ,l>va1 #adg1 #adh ,lay]+1 #ee1 #eg ,legumes1 #ca1 #bjg1 #bdd-bfj ,lettuce1 #ia1 #ic1 #ie ,life 9 ! c\ntry1 #ccj-ccg ,lime1 #adj ,lime-sulphur wa%1 #ada1 #adb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef ,lim+ l&1 #cae-cah ,l\se1 plant1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #afg ,ma*9es1 f>m1 #cac-cae ,maize1 #aig ,manures1 #bj1 #ba-bd ,maple sug>1 #bag ,m>ket-g>d5+1 #hi1 #ij ,mead[s1 #bdj1 #bdb ,melons1 #aja1 #ajf ,mildew1 #abd h[ to prev5t1 #abf ,milk1 #big s\rs1 h[1 #cjb ,milk-te/]1 ,babcock1 #cjd ,m9]al matt]1 #bia1 #bib ,moi/ure1 #i ,mold1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe ,moonfl[]1 #aae ,morn+-glory1 #aae ,mo?1 #adh codl+1 #aed1 #aef1 #afd mosquito1 #aej ,mul*1 #ab ,n>cissus1 #aad ,nect>1 #df1 #dg ,nitrate ( soda1 #bd1 #ii1 #baa1 #bad ,nitrog51 #ae1 #bc1 #bd1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ahh1 #bdf ,nitrog5-ga!r+ crops1 #ae1 #ah1 #bdd-bfj ,nodules1 #cf ,oats1 #bji-bae ,oat smut1 #acd ,onion1 #ajc1 #ajd ,or*>d insects1 #adc ,osmosis1 #cj ,ov>y1 #dd ,ovipositor1 #aeg ,p>is gre51 #afe1 #bji ,p>snips1 #id ,pa/ure grasses1 #bch-bdd ,pea*1 #db1 #ei1 #ha1 #hd1 #he1 #hg1 #ada1 #adb ,pea* curl1 #ada1 #adc ,pea* mold1 #adb ,pea* mummies1 #adb ,pea* tree1 h[ made1 #hf-hg ,pea*-tree bor]1 #afc1 #afd ,peanuts1 #bjb-bjc ,pe>1 #dd1 #di1 #ei1 #ha1 #acj ,pe> fire-blight1 #acj ,peas1 #ie1 #ajd1 #bea-bed ,p]5nials1 #ga1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aah1 #bfj ,petal1 #dc ,phosphoric acid1 #bc1 #bd1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aif1 #baf1 #bdd1 #bed ,phyllox]a1 #aeg1 #aeh ,pipette1 #cje ,pi/il1 #dc1 #dd ,plant1 !1 #be1 #ci ,plant disease1 cause (1 #abb nature (1 #abb prev5tion (1 #abb1 #abi ,plant food1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd f air1 #ci f soil1 #bi k9ds (1 #cc ,plant l\se1 #aej1 #aeb1 #afg1 #afh ,plant se$+1 #ei1 #aji ,plant+ a tree1 #gf-hg ,plant-propagation1 #ea-ei by buds1 #ea ,plants gr[n f se$1 #aji f bulbs1 #aji ,pl[1 "r way to1 #aa ,plum curculio1 #aef1 #aeg ,plums1 #dc1 #ei1 #ha1 #afd ,poll51 #dc1 #dg1 #dh ,poll9ation1 #de-dh by h&1 #di cross-1 #di1 #ej grape1 #eb1 #ec ,pota%1 #bc1 #bd1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aif1 #bjg1 #baf1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bed ,potato1 sweet1 #bjd1 #bje :ite1 or ,iri%1 #ef1 #eg1 #bjf-bji ,potato beetle1 #agj1 #bji ,potato blight1 #ach1 #bji ,potato scab1 #acf1 #bje1 #bji ,potato se$1 #ef1 #eg ,p\ltry1 #bhb-bhf ,prev5tion ( plant diseases1 #abi1 #acj ,propagation ( plants by buds1 #eh by cutt+s1 #eb ,prote91 #bab1 #bia1 #bid1 #bie1 #big ,prun+1 #hc1 #hd-hg root1 #he1 #hf ,pupa1 #adg1 #aej1 #aea ,purity ( se$1 #gb-ge ,pyre?rum p[d]1 #afe ,qu9ce1 #ei ,radi%1 #ie ,raspb]ry1 #ei ,ration1 balanc$1 #bid1 #bie ,ratoon1 #bbe ,r$ raspb]ry1 #ei ,rice1 #bca-bcb ,roads1 #ccb1 #ccg ,root-hairs1 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #bi1 #cb ,root-prun+1 #hf ,roots1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh ,root-tub]cles1 #cj1 #cg ,rose1 #aji1 #aba1 #abd ,rot ( fruit1 #abb ,rotation ( crops1 #h1 #bj1 #ba1 #cc-cg1 #ahi1 #baa1 #bag1 #bai1 #beh ,rye1 #bac-bae ,san ,jose scale1 #aeb1 #aec ,sap curr5t1 !1 #dj ,scab1 #acf1 #bji ,s*oolh\ses1 #ccd ,scion1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb ,se$1 #db ,se$ purity1 #gb-ge ,se$ vitality1 #gb-ge ,se$-g]m9ation1 #gd ,se$-g]m9ator1 #gd ,se$+1 #fj1 #aad ,se$-selection1 #ef1 #fb1 #fd1 #ff 9 ! field1 #ef1 #fb1 #fh ( corn1 #ff ( cotton1 #fj1 #fa ( potatoes1 #ef1 #eg ( :eat1 #fd1 #fe ,se$-selection plat1 #fc1 #fd ,selection ( se$4 ,see ,se$-selection ,sepal1 #dc ,%eep1 #bgf-bgi ,silo1 #bie ,smuts1 #acd1 #ace ,soil1 #a bact]ia 91 #bd deep5+ (1 #h def9ition (1 #a dra9age (1 #ad ,soil1 h[ =m$1 #b1 #c h[ wat] rises 91 #ac improv+1 #ag manur+ (1 #ba moi/ure (1 #i orig9 (1 #a p>ticles (1 magnifi$1 #aj & plant1 #be ret5tion ( wat] by1 #ab tillage (1 #f virg91 #ag1 #ah ,s[+ se$1 #id ,soy beans1 #bef-bfj ,spid]s1 r$1 #aba ,spiracles1 #ade ,spores1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #acj1 #ace prev5tion (1 #acj ,spray+1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #bji ,spray+ outfit1 #ach1 #aee1 #afh1 #aga ,squanto1 #ba ,squa%1 #de1 #ie ,squa% bug1 #afh ,/am51 #dc-dh ,/>*1 #dj ,/>*y food1 #bia ,/igma1 #dd-de ,/ock1 #gi1 #hb ,/rawb]ry1 #de1 #ee1 #ei1 #ij ,/yle1 #dc ,subsoil1 #a ,subsoil+1 #aj ,sug>1 #dj ,sug> plants1 #bag ,sug>-beet1 #bah-bba ,sug>-cane1 #bba ,sug>-maple1 #bag ,sulphate ( ammonia1 #baa ,sun-scald1 #hd ,sweet pea1 #aad1 #aae ,sweet potato1 #ef1 #eg1 #aaa1 #bjd-bje ,sw9e1 #bgi-bhb ,t5t cat]pill>1 #afb ,tile dra91 #ae1 #af b5efits (1 #ad ,tillage1 #f-i1 #ai1 #bh1 #bjj ,timb]1 #bcb-bce enemies (1 #bcc ,tobacco1 #ahi-aib ,tobacco worm1 #agj1 #agb ,tomato1 #dj1 #aje ,tongue graft+1 #gi1 #hj ,tools1 #cac ,topp+ tobacco1 #aia ,trap plant1 #afh ,tree1 manur+ (1 #bf ,truck crops1 #ih-ajg ,tub]cle1 #cj1 #cb ,tull1 ,je?ro1 #f ,turkeys1 #bhb ,turnip1 #ie ,twig girdl]1 #afb ,typhoid fev]1 g]m (1 #abi ,vet*es1 #bee-beg ,vitality ( se$1 #gb-ge ,vitam9es1 #bih ,wasp1 #adf ,wat]1 #aj absorption (1 by plants1 #aj ret5tion (1 by soil1 #i rise (1 9 soil1 #ac sav$ by plants1 #aj sav$ by soils1 #ab ,wat]melons1 #ajf ,wax1 #gi ,wea!r+1 #d1 #g ,we$s1 #fi1 #gd annual1 #fi bi5nial1 #gj p]5nial1 #ga ,weevil1 #afi cotton-boll1 #agc-agg plum1 #aef ,:eat1 #aib-aig selection ( se$1 #fc yield (1 #fd ,:y fe$ animals1 #bij ,wilt cotton1 #adb wat]melon1 #ajg ,w9d[ box1 #aah ,w9d[-g>d51 #aai-aba ,w9d[-g>d5+1 #aai ,worn-out l&1 reclaim+ (1 #ai1 #bdd ,yea/1 #abg1 #abh