file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$ 9 ?is text4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! end ( ?is docum5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,apple ,,gr[+ ,,apple ,,gr[+ ,,by ,m4,c4 ,,burritt ,,new ,,york ,,out+ ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,mcmxii ,,copyright1 #aiab1 ,,by ,,out+ ,,publi%+ ,,company4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,preface ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book ,i h tri$ to keep con/antly be=e me ! conditions ( ! av]age f>m 9 ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates ) its small apple or*>d4 ,x has be5 my aim to set d[n only su* facts z w\ld be ( practical value to an own] ( su* a f>m & to /ate ^! facts 9 ! pla9 language ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is book is 9 no s5se int5d$ z a f9al sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject1 & if x is ( any value 9 help+ to make ! fruit dep>tm5t ( ! g5]al f>m m pr(itable ! au?or w be entirely satisfi$4 ,! facts h]e9 set d[n 7 fir/ le>n$ 9 ! s*ool ( practical exp]i5ce on ! writ]'s own f>m 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds supplem5t$ by "s !oretical tra9+ & by a r wide obs]vation ( f>m or*>d conditions & me?ods 9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates & o!r contigu\s t]ritory4 ,^! facts 7 fir/ put toge!r 9 some?+ l _! pres5t =m 9 ! w9t] ( #aiji-aj1 :5 ! writ] gave a s]ies ( lectures on ,comm]cial ,fruit ,gr[+ to ! ,%ort ,c\rses 9 ,horticulture at ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,^! lectures 7 revis$ & repeat$ 9 #aiaj-aa & are n[ put 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,! au?or's s9c]e ?anks are due to ,pr(essor ,c4,s4 ,wilson1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,pomology at ,cornell ,univ]sity1 = _m valuable facts & sugge/ions us$ 9 ?is book1 & = a c>eful read+ ( ! manuscript4 ,he is also "u obligations to ,mr4 ,roy ,d4 ,an?ony ( ! same ,dep>tm5t = corrections & sugge/ions on ! *apt]s on ,insects & ,diseases & on ,spray+4 ,m4,c4 ,,burritt4 ,hilton1 ,n4,y4 ,febru>y1 #aiab4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,outlook ,,= ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,apples #aa ,,ii4 ,,plann+ ,,= ,,! ,,or*>d #ah ,,iii4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,gr[+ ,,! ,,or*>d #cj ,,iv4 ,,prun+ ,,! ,,trees #dh ,v4 ,,cultivation ,,& ,,cov] ,,cropp+ #fb ,,vi4 ,,manur+ ,,& ,,f]tiliz+ #gh ,,vii4 ,,insects ,,& ,,diseases ,,affect+ ,,! ,,apple #ib ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,spray+ #ajh ,,ix4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,& ,,/or+ #abg ,x4 ,,m>kets ,,& ,,m>ket+ #adb ,,xi4 ,,"s ,,h9ts ,,on ,,r5ovat+ ,,old ,,or*>ds #aec ,,xii4 ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,gr[+ ,,apples #afd ,,apple ,,gr[+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,outlook ,,= ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,apples ,! apple has long be5 ! mo/ popul> ( our tree fruits1 b ! la/ few ye>s h se5 a /eady gr[? 9 its appreciation & use4 ,?is is probably due 9 a l>ge measure to a bett] k ( its value & to ! developm5t ( new me?ods ( prep>ation = consumption4 ,few fruits c be utiliz$ 9 z _m ways z c ! apple4 ,9 addition to ! common use ( ! fre% fruit out ( h& & ( ! fre%1 sweet juice z cid]1 ?is ,k+ ( ,fruits c be cook$1 bak$1 dri$1 cann$1 & made into jellies & o!r appetiz+ di%es1 to enum]ate all ( :i* w\ld be to prep>e a li/ pages long4 ,few :o h ta/$ once want to be )\t _! apple sauce & apple pies 9 season1 n to m5tion ! crisp1 juicy specim5s to eat out ( h& by ! op5 fireplace 9 ! long w9t] ev5+s4 ,apples ?us s]v$ call up pleasant memories to mo/ ( u1 b only rec5tly h ! cul9>y possibilities ( ! apple1 especially z a dess]t fruit1 be5 fully realiz$4 ,x is d\btless ?is realization ( its great adaptability1 toge!r ) its long season1 :i* h br\ght ! apple into s great dem& ( late4 ,x is possible to h apples on ! table 9 "s =m ! ye> r\nd4 ,! fir/ summ] apples are almo/ always ) u be=e ! bottom ( ! ,russet b>rel is rea*$4 ,or1 %\ld ! fre% fruit be too exp5sive or = "s reason fail altoge!r1 ! h\sewife c fall back on ! cann$ & dri$ fruit :i* are almo/ z good4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ! price ( ?is /aple fruit has be5 con/antly upw>d dur+ ! la/ decade4 ,_m p are greatly surpris$ :5 ! fact t apples co/ m ?an oranges is call$ to _! att5tion4 ,! increase 9 consumption1 due to ! great] v>iety ( ways ( prep>+ ! apple = use1 has und\bt$ly be5 an important factor 9 ?is high] price4 ,b at lea/ an equally important factor is ! m>k$ decrease 9 ! supply ( ?is fruit4 ,to ^? :o are n famili> ) ! facts1 ! great fall+ (f 9 production :i* ! figures %[ w be no less ?an />tl+4 ,,production ,,( ,,apples ,,9 ,,b>rels ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,f #ahif ,,to #aiaj #ahif #fi1jgj1jjj #ahig #da1ecj1jjj #ahih #bh1egj1jjj #ahii #cg1dfj1jjj #aijj #ef1hbj1jjj ----------- ,total crop = five ye>s #bcc1dej1jjj ,av]age crop = five ye>s #df1fij1jjj #aija #bf1igj1jjj #aijb #df1fbe1jjj #aijc #db1fbf1jjj #aijd #de1cfj1jjj #aije #bd1caj1jjj ------------ ,total crop = five ye>s #ahe1hia1jjj ,av]age crop = five ye>s #cg1agh1bjj #aijf #ch1bhj1jjj #aijg #bi1edj1jjj #aijh #be1hej1jjj #aiji #be1dae1jjj #aiaj #bc1hbe1jjj ,total crop = five ye>s #adb1iaj1jjj ------------ ,av]age crop = five ye>s #bh1ehb1jjj ,e/imates ( #ahif1 #ahig1 & #ahih f ,bett] ,fruit1 ,vol4 #e1 ,no4 #e4 ,all o!r ye>s f ! e/imates ( ! ,am]ican ,agriculturi/4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! apple crop ( #aiaj 0 #de1bde1jjj b>rels less ?an t ( #ahif1 & t dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s ! decl9e has be5 regul>4 ,! av]age annual crop ( ! five ye> p]iod end+ ) #aije 0 #i1eaa1hjj b>rels less ?an ! av]age annual crop ( ! prec$+ five ye>s end+ ) #aijj1 & correspond+ly ! annual av]age crop ( ! la/ five ye>s1 end+ ) #aiaj1 0 #h1eif1bjj b>rels less ?an t ( ! second five ye> p]iod4 ,comp>+ ! fir/ & ! la/ five ye> p]iods1 we f9d t ! crop ( ! la/ 0 #ah1ajh1jjj b>rels less ?an t ( ! fir/4 ,^! facts alone are en\gh to expla9 ! high] price ( ?is fruit dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,,heavy ,,plant+s4--,moreov]1 x %\ld be fur!r not$ t ?is fall+ (f 9 ! apple crop has be5 9 ! face ( ! heavie/ plant+s ev] kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s old fruit gr[+ regions l we/]n ,new ,york h practically d\bl$ _! or*>d plant+s4 ,c>eful figures ga!r$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,college 9 an or*>d survey ( ,monroe ,c\nty %[ t #d1igb m trees 7#ba1bhi 9 all7 7 plant$ 9 "o repres5tative t[n%ip dur+ ! five ye> p]iod f #aijd to #aijh inclusive ?an 7 ev] plant$ 9 any o!r equal p]iod 9 its hi/ory4 ,new fruit regions l ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates & a l>ge "p ( ! ,%5&oah valley ( ,virg9ia h be5 develop$ by heavy plant+s4 ,^! ?ree are all great comm]cial sections4 ,to !m we might add ?\s&s ( or*>ds :i* are scatt]$ all ov] ! ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,/ates1 f ,mi*igan to ,ma9e & f ,ma9e to nor? ,georgia4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if ^! scatt]$ plant+s h made good ! old] trees :i* h di$ out4 ,sc>cely a season passes t hundr$s ( ^! old vet]an trees are n bl[n d[n or badly brok54 ,e w9d takes its toll4 ,aft] "o ( ^! w9d/orms 9 ,s\!rn ,new ,york ! writ] e/imat$ t at lea/ tw5ty p] c5t ( all ! /&+ old apple trees _h be5 de/roy$ or badly brok54 ,9 ! comm]cial regions only a small "p ( ! new plant+s h yet come to be>+ & ev5 "h ^! probably d n mu* m ?an make good ! losses ( old trees4 ,s t on ! :ole1 heavy z our plant+s h be51 x is extremely d\btful if !y h v mu* m ?an made good ! losses ( ! old] trees ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( note t ?is talk ( ov]-plant+ ! apple has be5 go+ on = ov] ?irty ye>s1 & :ile ! timid ones talk$ ^? :o _h fai? 9 ! bus9ess & ! c\rage ( _! convictions plant$ apples & reap$ gold5 h>ve/s :ile _! neighbors /ill talk$ ( ov]-plant+4 ,:e!r or n x is true t we h ov]-plant$ ! apple1 x mu/ be admitt$ t at ! pres5t "t ! dem& is s mu* great] ?an ! supply t ! poor] ( our p _c af=d to use apples commonly1 & t no class ( f>m] 9 ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates is m prosp]\s ?an ! fruit gr[]s4 ,! new plant+s mu/ ( necessity beg9 to be> & become factors 9 ! m>ket v sl[ly4 ,mean:ile ! great opportunity ( ! pres5t lies 9 mak+ ! mo/ possible out ( ! old] or*>ds :i* are already 9 be>+4 ,practically all ( ^! old f>m or*>ds :i* c pres5t a fairly clean bill ( heal?1 & 9 :i* ! v>ieties are desirable1 c ) a small am\nt ( well direct$ ef=t be put to "w at once & dur+ ! next t5 ye>s or m ( _! life "t1 !y may be made to add a sub/antial income to t ( ! g5]al f>m4 ,n[ is a "t ( opportunity = ! own] ( ! small f>m apple or*>d4 ,,future ,,( ,,apple ,,gr[+4--,9 ! writ]'s op9ion ! future ( apple gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is likely to %ape itself l>gely 9 ! great comm]cial regions4 ,z ^! become m & m develop$ & z ! indu/ry becomes m specializ$ ! f>m] :o is m]ely gr[+ apples z a side l9e1 except :]e he is deliv]+ directly to a special or a local m>ket1 w be cr[d$ out4 ,"h z else:]e x w be a case ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,9 ! production ( apples comm]cially ^? gr[]s :o c produce ! be/ article ! mo/ *eaply are b\nd to w9 out 9 ! end4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to be advisable = ! g5]al f>m] to plant apples only "u two conditions2 fir/1 :5 he has a v favorable location & site & plants heavily en\gh to make x wor? :ile to h ! equipm5t & skill$ labor necess>y to make ! ent]prise a success1 & second1 :5 he c m>ket 8 fruit directly 9 a local m>ket4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! imm$iate future ( apple gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates lies 9 ! small f>m or*>d z well z 9 ! comm]cial or*>ds1 b t ! m di/ant future lies 9 ! comm]cial or*>d except :]e special conditions surr\nd ! f>m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,plann+ ,,= ,,! ,,or*>d ,,location4--,hav+ decid$ t "u c]ta9 conditions ! plant+ ( an apple or*>d w prove a pr(itable v5ture1 & hav+ asc]ta9$ t ^? conditions prevail on y\r f>m1 ! next /ep w be to det]m9e ! be/ location on ! f>m = ! or*>d4 ,9 *oos+ ?is location x w be well to keep 9 m9d ! relative importance ( ! or*>d 9 ! s*eme ( f>m managem5t4 ,if ! or*>d is m]ely a s\rce ( home supply1 naturally x w n require z important a position on ! f>m z w be ! case if x is expect$ to yield a l>g] %>e ( ! f>m income4 ,if ! relatively l>ge net income p] acre :i* x is possible to obta9 f an apple or*>d is to be secur$1 ! be/ possible location is dem&$4 ,contr>y to ! common ideas & practice ( ! pa/1 ! or*>d %\ld n be put ^u ! poore/ soil on ! f>m4 ,! be/ or*>ds occupy ! be/ soils1 al?\gh fairly good results are (t5 obta9$ on poor or m$ium soils4 ,! relative importance :i* is atta*$ to ! or*>d ent]prise mu/ also gov]n ! *oice ( soil4 ,if apples are to be a prom95t crop !y %\ld be giv5 ! pref]5ce z to soil2 if n1 !y may be giv5 a place 9 accordance ) :at is expect$ ( !m4 ,,soils4--,9 g5]al1 ! apple pref]s a r /rong soil1 nei!r v heavy nor v light4 ,subsoil is r m important ?an surface soil1 al?\gh ! latt] %\ld be friable & easily work$4 ,! apple foll[s good timb] successfully4 ,heavy clay soils are apt to be too cold1 compact1 & wet2 light s&y soils too loose & dry4 ,a m$ium clay loam or a gravelly clay loam1 und]laid by a some:at heavi] b fairly op5 clay subsoil is ?\ght to be ! be/ soil = apples4 ,broadly consid]$1 m$ium loams are be/4 ,! light] ! soil ! bett] w be ! color ( ! fruit z a rule1 & s1 also1 ! heavi] ! soil & ! m nitrog5 & moi/ure x holds ! great] ! t5d5cy to poorly color$ fruit4 ,9 ! same way light soils give poor] wood & foliage gr[? z comp>$ ) ! l>ge rank leaves & wood ( trees on heavy1 ri* soils4 ,,v>ietal ,,soil ,,pref]5ces are beg9n+ to be recogniz$4 ,we _c g into ^! 9 detail 9 ?is brief discussion4 ,a few sugge/ions reg>d+ /&>d v>ieties mu/ suffice4 ,m$ium to light loams or heavy s&y loams1 und]laid by slightly heavi] loams or clay loams1 are pref]r$ by ! ,baldw91 :i* has a wid] soil adaptation ?an practically any o!r v>iety4 ,baldw9 soils %\ld dry quickly aft] a ra94 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+ requires a r ri*1 moi/1 b well dra9$ soil1 conta9+ an abundance ( organic matt]4 ,a light to heavy silty loam1 und]laid by a silty clay loam1 is consid]$ be/4 ,nor!rn ,spy is v exact+ 9 its soil requirem5ts4 ,a m$ium loam1 und]laid by a heavy loam or a light clay loam1 is excell5t4 ,heavy soils give ! ,spy a greasy sk94 ,light soils cause ! tree to gr[ upright & to be> fruit ( poor flavor4 ,! ,k+ likes a soil slightly light] ?an ! be/ ,gre5+ soils1 b ret5tive ( moi/ure4 ,hubb>dson w utilize ! s&ie/ soil ( any nor!rn v>iety1 pref]r+ ri*1 f9e1 s&y loams4 ,! p>ticul> location ( ! apple or*>d is l>gely a matt] ( conv5i5ce4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! apple requires mu* & con/ant att5tion1 !re=e ! or*>d %\ld be conv5i5t ( access4 ,! product is r bulky1 s t ! haul to ! highway %\ld be z %ort z possible4 ,o!r conditions be+ equally good !re1 ! common location ne> ! build+s & highway is be/4 ,,! ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,or*>d is a m important matt]4 ,two ess5tials %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 good air dra9age & a consid]able elevation4 ,al?\gh x is n s app>5t & !re=e less ?\ght ab\t1 cold air runs d[n hill ! same z wat]4 ,be+ heavi]1 x falls to ! surface ( ! l&1 fl[+ out ?r\gh ! wat] *annels & settl+ 9 pockets & depressions4 ,w>m air1 be+ light]1 rises4 ,x is desirable to avoid conditions ( /agnant air or cold air pockets :]e fro/ & fogs are liable to occur4 ,a free movem5t ( air1 especially a dra9+ away ( cold air1 is be/ secur$ by an elevation4 ,fifty to "o hundr$ feet1 or sometimes less1 is usually suffici5t1 especially :]e !re is good outlet bel[4 ,fro/s occur 9 /ill1 cle> air & ^! conditions occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! l[] areas4 ,aspect or slope requires less att5tion4 ,s\!rn exposures are w>m & ha/5 bud developm5t & op5+ 9 spr+4 ,nor!rn exposures are cold & ret>d ! blossom+ p]iod4 ,x is usually advisable to plant ! apple on ! cold] slopes :i* hold x back 9 spr+ until all dang] ( late fro/s is pa/4 ,nor!a/ exposures are be/ z a g5]al rule4 ,*oose a slope away f ! prevail+ w9d if possible4 ,if ?is is impracticable x is (t5 advisable to plant a w9d break ( p9e1 spruce1 or a quick1 ?ick gr[+ native tree to protect ! or*>d f heavy w9ds4 ,a l>ge body ( wat] is an important modifi] ( climate4 ,w>m+ up m sl[ly 9 ! spr+1 x ret>ds vegetation by sl[ly giv+ up its cold4 ,vice v]sa1 cool+ m sl[ly 9 ! fall giv+ up its heat w>ds (f ! e>ly fro/s4 ,x is !re=e desirable to locate ne> su* bodies ( wat] if possible4 ,_! influ5ce v>ies accord+ to _! size & dep?1 & ! di/ance ( ! or*>d f !m4 ,good examples ( ?is influ5ce are ! ,*autauqua ,grape ,belt on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,lake ,erie & ! ,we/]n ,new ,york ,apple ,belt on ! s\? %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,pr(essor ,brackett has well summ$ up ! :ole "q3 ,! selection ( ! soil & site = ! apple or*>d is n gov]n$ by any arbitr>y rule1 he says4 ,all f>ms d n af=d ! be/ soils or exposures = or*>ds4 ,! own]s ( su* z d n are un=tunate1 yet !y %\ld n feel disc\rag$ to ! ext5t ( n plant+ trees & c>+ = !m aft]w>d4 ,!re are a numb] ( factors :i* influ5ce n only a p]son :o wi%es to locate1 b "o already locat$1 ei!r favorably or unfavorably4 ,ab\t ^! ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t or*>di/s (t5 diff]4 ,we h only laid d[n g5]al pr9ciples & giv5 op9ions4 ,"h z else:]e application is a matt] ( judgm5t4 ,,v>ieties4--,a prop] soil & a good location & site hav+ be5 select$1 ! next important "q to be decid$ is ! v>ieties to be plant$4 ,s mu* & s v>iable advice is giv5 on ?is "q t _m p]sons are at a loss z to :at to plant & too (t5 decide ! matt] by plant+ ! wrong v>ieties4 ,rightly view$1 ! "q ( v>ieties is a comp>atively simple "o4 ,p]sonal pref]5ce1 temp]$ by c>eful /udy ( c]ta9 factors & good judgm5t1 are all t are requir$4 ,beg9n]s1 especially1 are too apt to rely entirely on ano!r's op9ion4 ,! only safe way is to le>n ! facts & !n decide = y\rself4 ,we h already indicat$ t soil is a det]m9ant 9 ! *oice ( v>ieties4 ,?is %\ld be absolute4 ,x is v unwise to try to gr[ any v>iety on a soil :]e exp]i5ce has %[n t x does n d well4 ,! exp]i5ce ( y\r neighbors is ! be/ guide 9 ?is respect4 ,! limitations ( climate %\ld also be c>efully he$$4 ,an apple may be at its be/ 9 "o latitude or "o situation & at its wor/ 9 ano!r4 ,f9d out f exp]i5c$ gr[]s 9 y\r region1 or f y\r ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ation :at v>ieties are be/ adapt$ climatically to ! place :]e y live4 ,x is an excell5t rule nev] to plant a v>iety t y _c gr[ at lea/ z well z any "o else1 or /ill bett]1 to plant a v>iety t y c gr[ bett] ?an anyone else4 ,gr[ some?+ t n ev]yone c gr[4 ,d n try to produce m ( a v>iety ( :i* !re is already an ov] supply4 ,a few examples may make ?is m cle>4 ,we/]n ,new ,york is ! home ( ! ,baldw91 ! ,tw5ty ,ounce & ! ,k+4 ,albem>le ,pipp9s gr[n on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,blue ,ridge are fam\s4 ,! ,spitz5burg appe>s at its be/ 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,! ,nor!rn ,spy1 ! ,mc,intosh1 & ! ,fameuse are n to be excell$ z !y are gr[n 9 ! ,*ampla9 ,valley1 9 ,v]mont1 or 9 ,ma9e4 ,to attempt to compete ) ^! sections 9 ! gr[+ ( ^! v>ieties1 except "u equally favorable conditions1 w\ld be fooli%4 ,y\r section probably gr[s "s v>ieties to p]fection4 ,f9d out :at ^! v>ieties are & plant !m4 ,all ^! are g5]al factors to be obs]v$ :i* _c be specifically settl$ )\t kn[+ ! soil & p>ticul> locality4 ,c]ta9 o!r factors gov]n+ ! *oice ( v>ieties c be m def9itely outl9$4 ,if ! prospective or*>di/ w get ^! factors ?or\ghly 9 m9d & apply !m ) judgm5t mi/akes 9 plant+ %\ld be mu* m r>e4 ,! m important ones are3 ,! purpose = :i* ! fruit is int5d$ to be us$1 :e!r = ! g5]al m>ket1 a dess]t or fancy trade1 or = cul9>y & g5]al table use2 :e!r ! trees are to be p]man5t & long liv$1 or tempor>y & us$ z fill]s2 :e!r ! e>lie/ possible income is desir$ or :e!r ?is is to be second>y to ! future developm5t ( ! or*>d2 :e!r ! /ock ( ! p>ticul> v>iety is /rong or weak gr[+2 :e!r ! v>iety is high1 m$ium1 or l[ z to quality2 & :e!r ! m>ket is to be local1 di/ant1 or export4 ,! foll[+ tables 7 orig9ally compil$ by ,pr(essor ,c4,s4 ,wilson ( ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,!y h be5 slightly revis$ & modifi$ = our purpose4 ,we believe t !y are ess5tially correct & t !y w be a safe guide = ! read] to foll[ 9 8 selection ( v>ieties3 ,,g5]al ,,m>ket ,,apples ,,dess]t ,,or ,,fancy ,,trade ,,comm]cial ,,box ,,well ,baldw9 ,mc,intosh ,b5 ,davis ,nor!rn ,spy ,hubb>dson ,fameuse ,nor!rn ,spy ,wag5] ,k+ ,grimes ,gold5 ,rome ,beauty ,yell[ ,newton ,old5burg ,r$ ,canada ,alex&] ,k+ ,tw5ty ,ounce ,sutton ,w9esap ,hubb>dson ,york ,imp]ial ,esopus ,spitz5burg ,,cul9>y ,,& ,,g5]al ,,table ,,use ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+ ,grimes ,gold5 ,grav5/e9 ,tw5ty ,ounce ,newt[n ,yell[ ,bellfl[] ,alex&] ,old5burg ,tolman ,sweet ,sweet ,w9esap ,,good ,,p]man5t ,,good ,,tempor>y ,,trees ,,trees--,,fill]s ,baldw9 ,mc,intosh ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+ ,weal?y ,nor!rn ,spy ,wag5] ,mc,intosh ,rome ,beauty 99,k+ ,old5burg 99,tw5ty ,ounce ,jona?an 99,hubb>dson ,alex&] ,alex&] ,tw5ty ,ounce ,rome ,beauty ,hubb>dson 99 ,:5 ?is v>iety is set z a p]man5t tree x %\ld be top work$ on a h>di] /ock1 su* z ,nor!rn ,spy4 ,age at :i* v>iety may be expect$ to beg9 to fruit4 7,add two ye>s = a pay+ crop74 ,,five ,,ye>s ,,or ,,"u ,,eight ,,ye>s ,,& ,,up ,rome ,beauty ,esopus ,spitz5burg ,old5burg ,fall ,pipp9 ,maid5 ,blu% ,gold5 ,russet ,wag5] ,nor!rn ,spy ,yell[ ,newton ,baldw9 ,mc,intosh ,grav5/e9 ,fameuse ,tolman ,sweet ,k+ ,rhode ,isl& ,gr4 ,tw5ty ,ounce ,w9esap ,,especially ,,h>dy ,,/ocks ,,poor ,,r ,,weak ,,gr[]s99 ,nor!rn ,spy ,k+ ,tolman ,sweet ,tw5ty ,ounce ,b5 ,davis ,esopus ,spitz5burg ,baldw9 ,hubb>dson ,fameuse ,grimes ,gold5 ,w9t] ,banana ,sutton ,canada ,r$ 99 ,o!r v>ieties are m$ium4 ,,high ,,9 ,,quality ,,local ,,or ,,p$dl]',s ,,v>ieties ,mc,intosh ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+ ,esopus ,spitz5burg ,weal?y ,nor!rn ,spy ,mc,intosh ,newt[n ,fameuse ,grav5/e9 ,tolman ,sweet ,r$ ,canada ,grimes ,gold5 ,fameuse ,jona?an ,grimes ,gold5 ,hubb>dson ,,good ,,g5]al ,,m>ket ,,v>ieties ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+ ,baldw9 ,,m$ium ,,to ,,poor ,,quality ,rhode ,isl& ,k+ ,b5 ,davis ,tw5ty ,ounce ,old5burg ,mc,intosh ,rome ,beauty ,hubb>dson ,roxbury ,russet ,nor!rn ,spy ,,good ,,export ,,v>ieties ,baldw9 ,newt[n ,b5 ,davis ,esopus ,spitz5burg ,nor!rn ,spy ,jona?an ,only ! be/ & mo/ common v>ieties = ! m nor!rn latitudes h be5 includ$ 9 ?is li/ z x w\ld make x too cumb]some to classify all our kn[n v>ieties4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is is n an arbitr>y classification & t x is made z a guide to indicate to ! read] ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! v>iety4 ,x %\ld be us$ z su* & n tak5 lit]ally4 ,! *>act]s ( ! diff]5t v>ieties grade into ea* o!r4 ,= example1 ! ,mc,intosh is v high & ! ,b5 ,davis is v l[ 9 quality b ! ,k+ & ! ,tw5ty ,ounce are nei!r v good nor v poor1 b midway betwe54 ,we mu/ aga9 rem9d ! read] t ! *oice ( v>ieties is a matt] ( judgm5t1 temp]$ by ! facts reg>d+ !m4 ,"o :o is n capable ( r5d]+ su* judgm5t aft] /udy+ 8 conditions & ! *>act]i/ics & requirem5ts ( lead+ v>ieties _h bett] /ay out ( ! apple bus9ess entirely1 z he w (t5 be call$ on = ! ex]cise ( good judgm5t 9 c>+ = ! or*>d4 ,! facts "h giv5 are int5d$ z sugge/ive4 ,! read] :o desires to "k m ( a p>ticul> v>iety w d well to consult ,bea*'s ,apples ( ,new ,york1 publi%$ by ! ,g5eva ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,plant+ ,,& ,,gr[+ ,,! ,,or*>d ,! prop] soil1 site1 & location hav+ be5 select$1 ! solution ( ! problems ( or*>d managem5t is only j begun1 al?\gh a good />t has c]ta9ly be5 made4 ,f>m managem5t br+s con/antly to "o's att5tion new problems & new phases ( old problems1 :atev] ! type ( f>m+4 ,! skill ) :i* ^! problems are met & a solution f\nd = !m det]m9es ! success or failure ( ! f>m manag]4 ,to "s m5 ! details ( ! or*>d bus9ess (f] ! greate/ ob/acles1 :ile to o!rs x is ! g5]al relation%ip ( "o detail to ano!r :i* is difficult4 ,bo? are ess5tials ( good managem5t4 ,if we are able 9 ?is *apt] to remove "s ( ^! m9or difficulties & at ! same "t indicate ! correct relation%ips we w h accompli%$ our purpose4 ,z we come n[ to ! actual plans = plant+ our or*>d _m que/ions come up = answ]4 ,:5 %all ,i plant8 ,:]e & ( :om %all ,i pur*ase my trees8 ,h[ old %\ld !y be8 ,is x wise to use fill]s or tempor>y trees1 & if s1 :at k9d8 ,h[ f> ap>t %\ld ! trees be plant$ & h[ _m are requir$ = an acre8 ,:at arrangem5t ( ! trees is mo/ advisable8 ,h[ %\ld ! gr\nd be prep>$8 ,:at is ! be/ me?od ( sett+8 ,:5 ! trees are plant$ %\ld !y be int]-cropp$1 & if s1 ) :at8 ,h[ %\ld ! "y trees be h&l$ & c>$ =8 ,he :o w\ld be a successful or*>di/ mu/ endeavor to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,plant4--,! "q ( fall or spr+ plant+ is a less important "o ) a comp>atively h>dy fruit l ! apple ?an x is ) a m t5d] fruit l ! pea*4 ,apples may safely be plant$ 9 ! fall :5 soils are well dra9$ & :5 ! "y trees are well matur$1 bo? ( :i* are v important if w9t] injury is to be avoid$4 ,fall plant+ has sev]al di/9ct advantages4 ,dur+ ! w9t] fall plant$ trees become well e/abli%$ 9 ! soil :i* enables !m to />t root gr[? e>li] 9 ! spr+4 ,consequ5tly ! "y trees are bett] able to endure dr\ghts4 ,9 ! fall ! wea!r is usually m settl$ & !re is bett] opportunity to plant "u favorable conditions ?an 9 ! unsettl$ wea!r ( spr+4 ,x is usually possible1 too1 to get a bett] selection ( trees at ! nurs]y 9 ! fall because mo/ ( ! trees are n sold until midw9t]4 ,/ill ! fact rema9s t ! common practice ( spr+ plant+ is ! m cons]vative c\rse4 ,!re is always dang] ( gett+ immature trees 9 ! fall1 & ( w9t] injury to fall plant$ trees4 ,trees may be set 9 ! fall any "t aft] ! buds are mature :i* is usually aft] ,octob] #a/ to #ah? 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york4 ,!y %\ld n be prun$ back 9 ! fall1 z ?is invites w9t] kill+ ( ! upp]mo/ buds4 ,! "q ( available "t mu/ also be consid]$4 ,on "s f>ms fall (f]s m "t2 on o!rs1 spr+4 ,to sum up ! matt]1 plant at ! mo/ conv5i5t "t1 provid+ ! conditions are favorable4 ,,:]e ,,to ,,buy4--,b "o rule z to :]e to buy trees c be laid d[n4 ,buy :]e y c secure ! be/ trees & :]e y c be sure ( ! mo/ reliable & hone/ deal]s4 ,bew>e ( ! tree ag5t1 :o has be5 guilty ( m di%one/y & misrepres5tation ?an almo/ any o!r travel+ ag5t4 ,buy ( a salesman "u "o condition only1 t he prove to y t he is ! bona fide repres5tative ( a well-kn[n & reputable nurs]y firm1 & !n make y\r ord] subject to inve/igation ( ! firm's /&+ & f9d+ x z repres5t$4 ,! safe/ c\rse is usually to pur*ase ( y\r home nurs]yman ) ^: /&+ & hone/y y are famili>1 & ^: trees y c p]sonally inspect4 ,su* a man has a reputation at /ake & w h an object 9 keep+ y\r trade4 ,moreov]1 y w save freight1 secure fre%] /ock ) less liability ( injury 9 h&l+1 & get trees gr[n "u y\r own conditions4 ,if /ock is pur*as$ away f home x is bett] to get x at a nurs]y 9 a m s\!rn latitude 9 ord] to secure trees ( bett] gr[?4 ,all trees %\ld be pur*as$ 9 ! late summ] or e>ly fall :5 ! nurs]yman has a full li/ ( v>ieties & y c get ! pick ( 8 /ock4 ,select a well gr[n mature tree two ye>s old f ! bud4 ,"o ye> old trees are pref]r$ by _m & if well gr[n & at lea/ five feet high !y are probably be/4 ,b a "o ye> old tree is r m delicate1 requir+ c>eful h&l+ & intellig5t tra9+4 ,unless a p]son buys f a s\!rn nurs]y & is an exp]t 9 h&l+ trees1 ! two ye> old tree is to be pref]r$1 b a skilful gr[] c make a m satisfactory tree f a "o ye> old se$l+4 ,! av]age buy] mu/ dep5d l>gely on 8 nurs]yman = gett+ trees true to "n1 :i* is ! reason = lay+ s mu* emphasis on pur*as+ f an hone/ deal]4 ,"s nurs]ym5 gu>antee _! v>ieties to be true to "n1 & all ought to d s4 ,buy]s %\ld dem& x4 ,! se$s ( ! apple r>ely come true to ! v>iety plant$4 ,!y are !re=e usually budd$ on "o ye> old se$l+s import$ f ,france4 ,sometimes !y are :ole or piece root graft$ :i* is equally z good a me?od ( propagation4 ,x is possible = a man to gr[ & bud or graft 8 own se$l+s1 b h>dly advisable = ! av]age small gr[] or g5]al f>m]1 z x is usually exp5sive :5 done on a small scale & requires consid]able skill4 ,always buy a high grade tree4 ,seconds are (t5 equally z good z fir/s :5 !y are simply small] z a result ( cr[d+ 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,a tree :i* is second grade because ( be+ /unt$1 crook$1 or poorly gr[n %\ld nev] be set4 ,?irds are seldom wor? consid]+ at any price4 ,,fill]s4--,:e!r or n ! plant] ( an apple or*>d %\ld use fill]s is a "q :i* he alone mu/ decide4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion !re are m advantages ?an disadvantages 9 s do+1 b we mu/ /ate bo? sides ( ! "q & let ! read] judge = himself4 ,! t]m fill] is "o us$ to designate a tree plant$ 9 ! or*>d = ! tempor>y purpose ( pr(itably occupy+ ! space betwe5 ! p]man5t trees :ile ^! are gr[+ & n yet 9 be>+4 ,fill]s make a m complete use ( ! l&1 br++ 9 l>g] z well z quick] returns f x1 ?ree di/9ct advantages4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xii1 ,! ,co/ ( ,gr[+ ,apples47 ,on ! o!r h&1 objections to _! use are t !y are (t5 left 9 s long t !y cr[d & s]i\sly injure ! p]man5t trees1 & t _! c>e (t5 requires diff]5t op]ations & at diff]5t times f ! o!r trees1 su* z spray+1 :i* may result 9 injury to ! p]man5t trees 9 ! or*>d4 ,trees us$ z fill]s = apples %\ld h two important *>act]i/ics2 !y %\ld be rapid1 vigor\s gr[]s & %\ld come into be>+ at a v e>ly age4 ,two k9ds ( fill]s are available1 ^? ( ! same species1 :i* may be ei!r dw>f or /&>d trees1 & ^? ( a diff]5t species1 ( :i* pea*es & plums1 & possibly pe>s1 are ! be/ adapt$4 ,dw>f trees may be dismiss$ f our plans ) ! /atem5t t !y h r>ely prov$ pr(itable "u ord9>y conditions1 z !y are mu* m difficult to gr[ ?an /&>ds & :5 gr[n !y h b few advantages ov] !m4 ,! v>ieties ( /&>d apples :i* are advisable z fill]s h be5 indicat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! use ( pea*es & ! ,japanese plums1 bo? ( :i* make excell5t fill]s because !y gr[ rapidly & come to heavy be>+ quickly1 is limit$ to _! soil & climatic adaptation4 ,!y are adapt$ to ! light] phases ( soil & ! m mod]ate climates & "u o!r conditions are impracticable4 ,on heavi] soils & 9 m rigor\s climates ! ,european plums & ! m rapid & e>ly be>+ pe>s1 su* z ! ,keiff]1 make fairly good fill]s4 ,on ! :ole1 ! writ] is incl9$ to advise ! use ( fill]s 9 ! g5]al f>m or*>d4 ,quick] returns f an inve/m5t ( ?is nature1 :i* is usually heavy & :i* at be/ mu/ be put (f sev]al ye>s1 are v important4 ,"u c>eful & intellig5t managem5t ! objections to _! use are easily ov]come4 ,,spac+ ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,trees4--,! di/ance ap>t ( plant+ dep5ds on ! v>iety plant$4 ,close head$1 upright gr[+ trees may be plant$ clos] toge!r ?an spread+ v>ieties4 ,"s v>ieties gr[ l>g] ?an o!rs1 & ! same v>iety may v>y 9 size on diff]5t soils4 ,x is seldom advisable to plant /&>d apple trees 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york clos] ?an ?irty feet1 or f>!r ap>t ?an fifty feet4 ,trees ( ! nature ( ,tw5ty ,ounce & ,old5burg 7,dut*ess7 %\ld be plant$ f ?irty-two to ?irty-six feet ap>t1 :ile ,baldw9s1 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+s1 & ,nor!rn ,spies repres5t ! o!r extreme & w require =ty1 & sometimes fifty feet ( space4 ,! me?od & ?or\ghness ( prun+ influ5ces ! size ( trees greatly1 & h5ce ! di/ance at :i* ,x is necess>y to set !m4 ,v>ieties top work$ on o!r /ocks h a t5d5cy to gr[ m upright & may be set clos] toge!r4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t ! roots ( a tree ext5d consid]ably beyond ! spread ( ! bran*es4 ,f ?irty-five to =ty feet is a good av]age di/ance & trees %\ld be tra9$ s z to occupy ?is space & no m4 ,:]e fill]s are us$ ! latt] di/ance is be/1 z ! tw5ty feet ap>t at :i* ! trees w !n /& is close en\gh = any /&>d v>iety4 ,,rectangul>4--,! me?od ( sett+ or ! arrangem5t ( ! trees w greatly influ5ce ! numb] ( trees :i* may be put ^u an acre & ! di/ance ap>t ( ! trees 9 ! r[4 ,! mo/ common me?od 9 ! pa/ has be5 ! regul> squ>e or rectangul> me?od1 e4g41 trees =ty by =ty feet1 or =ty by fifty feet1 & r[s at "r angles1 & ?is is /ill pref]r$ by _m4 ,x is easy to lay out an or*>d on ?is plan & !re is less liability ( mak+ mi/akes4 ,x is be/ adapt$ to regul> fields ) "r angle corn]s1 especially :]e ! or*>d is to be cropp$ ) a regul> rotation4 ,all tillage op]ations are mo/ easily p]=m$ 9 or*>ds set on ?is plan4 ,a slight modification ( ?is arrangem5t :i* is (t5 advisable1 especially :]e fill]s are us$1 is to set a tree 9 ! c5t] ( ! squ>e4 ,! trees !n /& l ! five spots ( a dom9o1 & ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 trees w be ab\t tw5ty-sev5 feet :5 ! trees 9 ! regul> r[s are =ty by =ty feet ap>t4 ,?is plan practically d\bles ! numb] ( trees :i* c be set on an acre4 ,,hexagonal ,,or ,,triangul>4--,ano!r me?od ( arrangem5t ( ! trees :i* is becom+ m & m popul> is ! hexagonal or triangul> sy/em4 ,m trees c be plant$ on an acre by ?is plan ?an by any o!r1 x be+ v economical ( space4 ,x makes all adjac5t trees equally di/ant f ea* o!r & is really a sy/em ( equilat]al triangles4 ,?is plan is bett] adapt$ to small areas & especially to irregul> ones1 & %\ld be employ$ :]e l& is exp5sive & culture v int5sive4 ,x is m difficult to set an or*>d aft] ?is me?od )\t error1 & x is op5 to ! objection ( inconv5i5ce 9 cultural op]ations4 ,mo/ p =get t :ile ! r[s runn+ corn]wise 9 a rectangul> or squ>e field set aft] ?is plan may be a /&>d di/ance ap>t1 yet ! "r angle r[s 7n trees7 9 :i* x may be m conv5i5t to "w are actually mu* clos] toge!r4 ,! be/ plan to foll[ to get ! r[s ( trees /raight on a level field is :at is kn[n z ! outside /ake me?od4 ,?is plan requires ! plac+ ( a r[ ( /akes on ea* ( ! f\r sides ( ! field :]e ! trees are to be set & usually ab\t two r[s ea* way ?r\gh ! middle4 ,= ?is purpose ord9>y build+ la?s are be/1 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty la?s1 or ?ree bundles1 be+ requir$ = five acres1 :i* is z l>ge a unit z c be set at once by ?is plan4 ,fir/1 det]m9e ! di/ance f ! road or f5ce to ! fir/ tree r[1 :i* w\ld be at lea/ eighte5 feet to all[ = turn+ ! teams1 & e/abli% base l9es on ea* side ( ! field at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,second1 beg9n+ at ! giv5 di/ance f ! side ( ! field1 set up a r[ ( /akes along ^! base l9es at ! exact di/ance ap>t at :i* ! trees are to be set & ab\t half way betwe5 ! f5ce & ! fir/ "r angle r[4 ,d ! same on all sides ( ! field4 ,?ird1 by sight+ across ! field f "o end /ake to ! o!r ! cross r[s ( /akes c be set ?r\gh ! middle ( ! field4 ,^! %\ld be ab\t six or eight rods ap>t1 & c>e %\ld be us$ to avoid sett+ !m :]e !y w int]f]e ) ! sight+ ( ! "r angle r[s4 ,?is plan has ! great m]it ( enabl+ ! entire or*>d to be set )\t mov+ a /ake1 z no /ake /&s :]e a tree is to be set4 ,if ! trees are set exactly :]e ! sight l9es cross at "r angles & if all r[s are an equal di/ance ap>t1 ! r[s w be p]fectly /raight4 ,on r\gh or roll+ l& ?is plan does n "w well4 ,"h m simple me?ods1 ?\gh requir+ m "t1 mu/ be us$4 ,l9es drawn ) a cord or m>k$ across ! field ) a corn plant] answ] well = small areas4 ,poles ( ! "r l5g? are (t5 us$ to good advantage4 ,9 sett+ trees aft] ! hexagonal plan an equilat]al triangle made ( light poles or wire is probably be/1 especially on small r\gh areas1 z x is v accurate1 simple1 & q rapid4 ,"s m5 pref] to make measurem5ts & set a /ake at e po9t :]e a tree is to be plac$4 ,9 ^! cases a simple device locates ! orig9al /akes aft] ! hole has be5 dug4 ,a light bo>d ab\t six feet long ) a not* 9 ! c5t] & holes ) pegs 9 !m at ea* end is plac$ ) ! not* at ! /ake4 ,"o end is !n swung r\nd & ! hole dug4 ,:5 ! end is replac$ on its peg ! tree set 9 ! hole %\ld re/ 9 ! not* :]e ! orig9al /ake did4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( trees requir$ p] acre at diff]5t di/ances = ! squ>e or rectangul> me?od & = ! hexagonal me?od4 ,sq4 ,hex4 ,sq4 ,hex4 #ab x #ab #cjb #cdd #bd x #bd #ge #hj #ab x #ae #bdb 444 #bd x #cj #fj 44 #ae x #ae #aic #bbd #cj x #cj #dh #ef #ae x #ah #afa 444 #cj x #cf #dj 44 #ae x #bj #ade 444 #cc x #cc #dj #df #ae x #cj #if 444 #cj x #dh #cj 44 #ah x #ah #acd #aef #cj x #fj #bd 44 #ah x #bj #aba 444 #cf x #cf #cc #ci #bj x #bj #ajh #abd #dj x #dj #bg #ca #bj x #cj #gb 444 #dj x #ej #ba 44 ,x w be not$ t ! hexagonal plan all[s ! sett+ ( f f\r to =ty trees m p] acre ?an ! squ>e plan1 ev5 :5 ! trees are set ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,?is is ! great advantage ( ?is plan ov] ! squ>e4 ,fill+ an or*>d "o way1 i4e41 betwe5 ! p]man5t r[1 9 "o direction only1 practically d\bles ! trees :i* c be set on an acre2 fill+ bo? ways quadruples ! numb]4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,soil4--,! previ\s condition & treatm5t ( a soil = an or*>d are important4 ,if ! soil has be5 9 a good rotation ( field crops1 includ+ "s cultivat$ crops1 x %\ld be 9 prime condition = ! trees4 ,old pa/ures & mead[s %\ld be pl[$ up1 cropp$1 & cultivat$ = a ye> or two be=e sett+ to obta9 ! be/ & quicke/ results4 ,if "o is 9 a hurry1 h[ev]1 ?is may be done aft] sett+ ! trees4 ,good results are sometimes obta9$ by sett+ trees "r among ! /umps on rec5tly cle>$ timb]l&4 ,:]e no /iff sod has =m$ ! trees />t quickly 9 ! ri* soil4 ,! be/ imm$iate treatm5t ( l& prep>atory to sett+ ! trees %\ld be su* z to place ! soil 9 good til?4 ,deep pl[+1 ?or\gh cultivation1 & ! application ( lib]al am\nts ( manure--twelve to fifte5 loads p] acre--are ! mo/ effective means ( do+ ?is4 ,! be/ crop imm$iately to prec$e trees is clov]4 ,sometimes an application ( "o ?\s& five hundr$ to two ?\s& p\nds ( lime w help to insure a /& ( clov] & at ! same "t improve ! physical condition ( ! soil4 ,fall pl[+ is a good practice on ! m$ium loams & m op5 soils1 b on ! heavy clays spr+ pl[+ is to be pref]r$1 z :5 pl[$ 9 ! fall ^! soils puddle & become h>d to h&le4 ,c>e %\ld always be tak5 to keep ! or*>d well furr[$ out z /&+ wat] is decid$ly inimical to satisfactory tree-gr[?4 ,tile dra9+ is frequ5tly advisable4 ,,int]cropp+4--,! "q ( int]cropp+ a "y or*>d is "o to be c>efully consid]$4 ,z x is (t5 practic$ x is v injuri\s to ! or*>d1 b x is possible to manage crops s z to be ( v little h>m to ! trees4 ,:ile ! practice may be inadvisable 9 _m comm]cial or*>ds1 yet on a g5]al f>m we %\ld by all means ?9k t x 0 ! "r ?+ to d4 ,c]ta9 facts mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 :i* h a be>+ on ! subject4 ,trees are a crop1 z mu* z corn or grass4 ,if we gr[ a crop betwe5 ! tree r[s we mu/ rememb] t we are d\ble cropp+ ! l& & t x mu/ be f$ & c>$ = accord+ly4 ,!re is absolutely no use 9 sett+ an apple or*>d1 expect+ x to take c>e ( itself1 j gr[+1 l ,topsy1 z num]\s dilapidat$ & brok5 d[n or*>ds be> ample te/imony4 ,if or*>ds are to be cropp$ ?is mu/ be judici\sly done ) ! trees prim>ily 9 m9d4 ,! be/ crops to gr[ 9 a "y apple or*>d are ^? requir+ cultivation1 or :i* p]mit ! cultivation ( ! l& e>ly 9 ! season4 ,field beans1 potatoes1 & g>d5 truck ( all k9ds1 z small vegetables1 melons1 etc41 are among ! v be/ crops to gr[ 9 ! "y or*>d4 ,corn w d if x does n %ade ! trees too mu*4 ,small gra9 & grass %\ld n be us$1 especially :]e !y come up close to ! trees4 ,^! crops =m too /iff a sod & use up too mu* moi/ure4 ,a mul* ( /raw1 cut grass1 or co>se manure w help to correct ?is condition some:at :5 ^! crops mu/ be us$4 ,aft] cultivation until midsumm] buck:eat makes a satisfactory or*>d crop 9 "s cases4 ,a regul> rotation may be us$ 9 ! "y or*>d to advantage :5 a space is left next ! trees to receive cultivation4 ,?is space %\ld be at lea/ two feet on ea* side ( ! tree ! fir/ ye> & %\ld be wid5$ ea* ye> z ! tree gr[s old] & l>g]1 to f\r1 six1 & eight feet4 ,?is me?od has be5 us$ by ! au?or v successfully = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,"s good rotations to use 9 a gr[+ or*>d are3 7#a7 ,:eat or rye "o ye>1 clov] "o ye>1 beans or potatoes "o ye>2 7#b7 oats "o ye>1 clov] "o ye>1 potatoes "o ye>2 7#c7 beans "o ye>1 rye pl[$ "u 9 spr+1 foll[$ by any cultivat$ crop "o or two ye>s4 ,! ess5tials ( a good rotation = an or*>d are3 ,a humus & f]tility supply+ crop1 pref]ably clov]1 9 ! nor?1 & c[ peas 9 ! s\?1 & at lea/ two crops 9 f\r requir+ cultivation up to ! middle ( ! summ]4 ,mo/ ( ! po9ts reg>d+ ! managem5t ( "y trees h already be5 m5tion$1 b a few o!rs %\ld h att5tion direct$ to !m4 ,fall plant$ trees %\ld n be cut back until spr+4 ,9 ! spr+ all newly plant$ trees %\ld h _! tops cut back r sev]ely to correspond ) ! injury to ! roots 9 transplant+1 ?us pres]v+ ! balance betwe5 root & top4 ,?is w usually be ab\t half to two-?irds ! previ\s season's gr[?4 ,f ?ree to five well di/ribut$ bran*es %\ld be left ) :i* to =m ! top4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( _! lives ! "y apple trees w ne$ little or no prun+1 except to %ape !m & remove cross+ or int]f]+ bran*es4 ,con/ant cultivation at frequ5t int]vals until midsumm] %\ld be ! rule ) "y gr[+ trees1 ) :i* ?is is ev5 m important ?an ) old] trees4 ,x is a good plan to pl[ ! or*>d 9 fall :]e possible1 always turn+ ! furr[s t[>d ! trees1 leav+ ! dead furr[s z dra9age dit*es betwe5 ! r[s4 ,at ,bee*wood ,f>m we h always bank$ ! trees ) e>? 9 ! fall1 us+ a %ovel4 ,?is n only firms ! soil ab\t ! tree1 hold+ x /raight & /rong ?r\gh ! w9t]1 b x af=ds good protection aga9/ rod5ts1 especially mice4 ,:]e rabbits are preval5t x is well to place a f9e me% wire nett+ ar\nd ! trees 9 addition to ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,prun+ ,,! ,,trees ,prun+ is n an entirely artificial op]ation z "o might at fir/ ?\ght suppose4 ,x is "o ( nature's mo/ common processes4 ,nature accompli%es ?is result ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( competition1 by />t+ _m m trees on a giv5 area ?an c possibly survive4 ,9 ! same way !re is a surplus ( buds & bran*es on ea* individual tree4 ,x is only by ! cr[d+ out & ! p]i%+ ( _m buds1 bran*es1 & trees t o!rs are enabl$ to rea* maturity & fulfill _! purpose4 ,?is be+ too sl[ & too exp5sive a process = him1 man accompli%es 9 a day ) ! knife & saw :at nature is ye>s 9 do+ by cr[d+1 %ad+1 & competition4 ,prop] prun+ is really an improvem5t on nature's me?od4 ,nei!r is x true1 z "s claim1 t prun+ is a devitaliz+ process4 ,on ! contr>y x is (t5 /imulat+ & may actually increase ! vigor ( a weak or decl9+ tree4 ,all practical exp]i5ce tea*es u t prun+ is a reasonable1 necess>y1 & advantage\s process4 ,true1 x is (t5 ov]done1 & improp]ly done4 ,z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples und]lie & %\ld gov]n practice4 ,:5 ^! are kn[n & obs]v$1 prun+ becomes a m simple matt]4 ,heavy prun+ dur+ ! dormant or w9t] season /imulates ! gr[? & t5ds to increase ! production ( wood4 ,9 ! same way prun+ dur+ ! summ] or gr[+ season /imulates ! gr[? & t5ds to induce fruitfulness1 if ! tree rema9s heal?y4 ,b ?is fruitfulness is apt to be at ! exp5se ( ! vigor ( ! tree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prun+ ( ! roots ( a tree t5ds to *eck ! gr[? ( wood1 ! same z poor fe$+4 ,z above not$ head+ back a tree :5 dormant t5ds to /imulate x to a m vigor\s gr[?4 ,! habit ( gr[? ( a v>iety has mu* to d ) its prun+4 ,"s v>ieties ( apples are upright1 o!rs are spread+ gr[]s4 ,climate & locality greatly affect ^! habits ( gr[?4 ,s also ! habit ( a "y tree (t5 diff]s f ! habit ( ! same tree 9 old age4 ,! t5d5cy is = a tree to cont9ue its gr[? f its upp]mo/ or t]m9al buds4 ,al?\gh ! head+ 9 ( new gr[? *ecks ?is upw>d t5d5cy & ?r[s ! en]gy ( ! tree into ! developm5t ( lat]al & dormant buds1 nev]!less ! prun$ tree soon resumes its natural upw>d gr[+ habit4 ,plant food is tak5 up by ! m9ute tree rootlets 9 solution & c>ri$ to ! leaves :]e x is elaborat$ & !n return$ = use to ! gr[+ tissues ( ! tree4 ,:5ev] !re is any ob/ruction above a bud ! t5d5cy is to ?r[ ! en]gy ( ! bran* into a lat]al bud1 b if ! ob/ruction is bel[ ! bud ! bran* m]ely ?ick5s & gr[? is *eck$4 ,:5 too heavy prun+ is practic$ ! balance betwe5 ! roots & top is di/urb$4 ,?is usually results 9 :at are commonly kn[n z suck]s4 ,^! are caus$ by an abnormal condition & :ile !y may be ! result ( disease or injury to ! tree1 !y are (t5 ( great value 9 re/or+ or readju/+ ! prop] balance betwe5 ! roots & top4 ,prun+ a tree is a way ( ?9n+ ! fruit & a good "o4 ,x may sometimes be us$ to influ5ce ! be>+ ye> ( trees l ! ,baldw91 :i* h an alt]nate be>+ habit1 b ?is is a m !oretical ?an practical me?od4 ,fruit be>+ is det]m9$ m by ! habitual p]=mance ( ! tree ?an by any me?od ( prun+1 & ?is is especially true ( old trees4 ,x is easi] to influ5ce "y trees4 ,conditions :i* t5d to produce heavy wood gr[? are unfavorable = ! =mation & developm5t ( fruit buds4 ,a quiesc5t /ate is a bett] condition = ?is4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,prun+4--,) ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 m9d we may safely outl9e a me?od ( prun+ an apple tree4 ,z ! desir$ end is diff]5t s w ! me?od ( prun+ a "y tree diff] f t ( an old "o4 ,!re are five important ?+s = :i* to prune a "y tree1 namely3 #a4 ,to pres]ve a prop] balance betwe5 ! top & root at ! "t ( sett+ out4 ,?is usually means cutt+ (f ! brok5 & ! v long roots to a reasonable l5g? & cutt+ back f "o-half to two-?irds ( ! gr[? ( ! previ\s season4 #b4 ,to make ! top op5 9 ord] to admit ! sunlight freely4 ,9 ! humid climate ( ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates1 x is usually advisable to prune a tree s z to h a r op5 top4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] prop]ly to color & mature ! fruit4 #c4 ,to regulate ! numb] ( limbs compos+ ! top4 ,probably ?ree bran*es well di/ribut$ on ! trunk w\ld make mo/ ne>ly ! ideal head1 b z ^! _c always be obta9$ ! be/ practice is to leave f ?ree to five bran*es f :i* to =m ! top4 #d4 ,to fix ! bran*es at ! prop] height f ! gr\nd4 ,?is is m or less a matt] ( op9ion1 "s gr[]s pref]r+ a l[ & o!rs a high head4 ,! "* ( ! tree gr[?1 ! me?od ( culture1 & ! purpose ( ! tree :e!r tempor>y or p]man5t greatly influ5ce ! height ( ! head4 ,an upright gr[+ v>iety %\ld be head$ l[] ?an a spread+ "o4 ,trees kept 9 sod or "u ext5sive me?ods c well be head$ l[] ?an ^? "u m int5sive culture :]e x is desirable to c>ry on cultural op]ations close ar\nd !m4 ,p]man5t trees %\ld be head$ high] ?an tempor>y trees4 ,apple trees %\ld seldom be head$ l[] ?an a foot f ! gr\nd1 nor m ?an f\r feet above x4 ,= upright gr[+ v>ieties int5d$ z p]man5ts1 ! writ] pref]s ?ree to ?ree & "o-half feet & = m spread+ v>ieties f\r feet2 :ile = tempor>y trees eighte5 in*es %\ld be a good height4 #e4 ,to d away ) weak crot*es & to remove cross+ or int]f]+ bran*es4 ,a crot* =m$ by two bran*es ( equal size1 especially :5 ! split is deep1 is a weak crot* & %\ld be avoid$4 ,/rong crot*es are =m$ by =c+ ! developm5t ( lat]al buds & mak+ almo/ a "r angle bran* f ! p>5t "o4 ,all bran*es :i* rub ea* o!r1 :i* t5d to occupy ! same space ) ano!r1 or :i* g5]ally seem out ( place1 are bett] remov$ z soon z any ( ^! t5d5cies are f\nd to exi/4 ,,ideals ,,9 ,,prun+4--,! g5]al me?od ( prun+ ! old trees & ! ideal 9 m9d = x w also influ5ce ! prun+ ( ! "y tree1 especially ! %ap+ ( x4 ,once det]m9$ ^u1 ! ideal %\ld be consi/5tly foll[$ out 9 ! prun+ ( ! tree z x becomes old]4 ,z ! tree comes to be>+ age x w be necess>y to prune some:at diff]5tly & = o!r purposes4 ,^! we c conv5i5tly consid] "u six heads3 #a4 ,e tree %\ld be prun$ ) a def9ite ideal z to size1 %ape1 & degree ( op5ness 9 m9d4 ,to h su* an ideal is v important4 ,x is only by indu/ri\sly & consi/5tly c>ry+ x out t ! ideal tree 9 ^! respects c be ev] obta9$4 ,haphaz>d cutt+ & saw+ )\t a def9ite purpose 9 m9d are really worse ?an no prun+ at all4 #b4 ,x almo/ goes )\t say+ t to remove all dead1 diseas$1 or injur$ wood is a prime purpose ( prun+4 ,dead & injur$ bran*es op5 ! way = rot & decay ( contigu\s bran*es1 & disease spreads ?r\gh ! tree4 ,! removal ( all su* bran*es is z ess5tial to ! heal? ( ! tree z x is to its good appe>ance4 ,9 remov+ !m ! cut %\ld be made well beh9d ! diseas$ or injur$ "p to insure ! *eck+ ( rot & disease4 #c4 ,all mature apple trees %\ld be s prun$ z to keep !m 9 ! mo/ easily manageable %ape & to facilitate 9 e possible way ! op]ations ( tillage1 spray+1 & h>ve/+4 ,x is mo/ important to h ! tree l[ en\gh d[n s t spray+ & pick+ c be easily done4 ,x is difficult to spray prop]ly a tree :i* is m ?an tw5ty-five feet 9 height4 ,ev5 ?is height necessitates a t[] on ! spray rig & ! use ( an ext5sion pole4 ,an apple tree %\ld be s prun$ t all ! fruit c be readily pick$ f ladd]s n long] ?an eighte5 to tw5ty-two feet4 ,( c\rse1 if ! tree has be5 all[$ to get high] ?an ?is "u previ\s managem5t1 sometimes we h to make ! be/ ( a bad situation4 ,if ! trees are too high head !m back by cutt+ (f ! lead]s1 b x is n always wise to l[] all trees to tw5ty-two feet4 ,head+ back ( old trees w be m fully discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,r5ovat+ ,old ,or*>ds4 ,ladd]s long] ?an tw5ty-two feet are heavy & clumsy to h&le4 ,if cultivation is to be c>ri$ on close up "u ! tree ! l[] limbs mu/ be prun$ s z to all[ ?is4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to drive a team clos] ?an twelve or fifte5 feet f a mature tree1 contr>y to ! common belief & practice4 ,cultivation is lea/ important 9 ! fir/ few feet ( space ar\nd a mature tree4 ,by ! use ( set-ov] tools1 all t is necess>y c be well cultivat$ )\t cr[d+ ! team "u or aga9/ ! bran*es4 #d4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! discussion ( ! prun+ ( "y trees1 9 humid regions :]e ! sunlight is none too abundant ?r\gh ! gr[+ season1 ! op5 head is mo/ desirable4 ,sunlight on ! leaves z well z on ! fruit is ess5tial to good color ( ! fruit1 & good color is a v important factor 9 ! flavor & attractive appe>ance ( ! fruit4 ,an op5 c5t] ) upright gr[+ lead]s remov$ gives ! greate/ opportunity = sunlight to p5etrate ?r\gh ! tree4 #e4 ,z we h se51 prun+ 9 ! dormant season t5ds to increase ! vigor ( ! tree4 ,?us w9t] prun+ s]ves to secure a normal & vigor\s wood gr[?1 :i* is mo/ ess5tial to a heal?y fruit-be>+ tree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* prun+ may be excessive & produce wood gr[? at ! exp5se ( fruit buds1 ?r[+ ! tree out ( be>+4 #f4 ,! six? & la/ reason = prun+ is to regulate ! numb] & di/ribution ( ! wood & ! fruit be>+ buds4 ,! prop] balance betwe5 ^! is greatly affect$ by prun+ & c be be/ regulat$ by exp]i5ce ) ! p>ticul> tree or v>iety4 ,a p]fect balance is h>d to get1 b ) /udy & skill x c be closely approximat$4 ,prun+1 too1 may ?9 ! fruit1 z remov+ bran*es removes fruit buds4 ,?is is be/ done by remov+ small bran*es ne> ! ends ( l>g] ones4 ,x is a mu* *eap] me?od ( ?9n+ ?an pick+ (f individual fruits1 b n z effective4 ,,"t ,,( ,,prun+4--,! p>ticul> "t ( ! ye> = prun+ is n vital4 ,z betwe5 summ] & w9t] prun+1 w9t] is to be pref]r$ because ( ! physical effect on ! tree4 ,summ] prun+ is an unnatural process & %\ld only be practic$ z a la/ resort to *eck gr[? or induce fruitfulness1 z x may result 9 injury to ! tree4 ,x is ess5tial t a tree mature its foliage1 :i* x frequ5tly does n d aft] summ] prun+4 ,diseas$1 dead1 or injur$ wood %\ld be remov$ :5 fir/ obs]v$1 summ] or w9t]4 ,spr+ is ! logical & usually ! mo/ conv5i5t "t to prune on ! g5]al f>m4 ,:ile dormant season prun+ may be done at any "t betwe5 ,novemb] #a/ & ,june #a/1 ! cuts heal m rapidly 9 ! spr+ :5 ! sap beg9s to fl[4 ,9 regions subject to sev]e & dry+ w9ds 9 ! w9t]1 prun+ %\ld be def]r$ at lea/ to late w9t]4 ,consid]$ f e /&po9t1 ,m>* & ,april are q ! be/ mon?s 9 :i* to prune4 ,aft] ! removal ( useless bran*es1 ! normal am\nt ( food mat]ial is deliv]$ to few] buds "u great] sap pressure & ! rema9+ buds are made m /rong & vigor\s4 ,9 remov+ small bran*es ) a knife or o!r cutt+ tool1 ! cut %\ld be made upw>d f bel[ & opposite a bud4 ,on upright gr[+ v>ieties ! la/ bud left %\ld be an outside "o to induce ! tree to spread z mu* z possible1 :ile on spread+ trees leav+ z ! la/ bud an inside "o has a t5d5cy to make ! tree gr[ m upright4 ,always cut close to ! p>5t bran*1 nev] leav+ a /ub no matt] h[ "y or old ! tree4 ,cuts ( lat]al bran*es %\ld be made j at ! %\ld] ( ! bran* :]e x jo9s ! p>5t4 ,a cut beh9d ! %\ld] w n heal1 nei!r w "o too f> ahead ( x4 ,a /ub left on a trunk or l>ge bran* does n heal1 b soon beg9s to rot at ! end :]e ! he>twood is expos$4 ,?is gradually works back into ! ma9 bran* & ! tree f9ally becomes rott5 at ! he>t4 ,all t is ne$$ to complete ! de/ruction is a heavy w9d1 an ice or a sn[ /orm1 or a heavy load ( fruit4 ,all w\nds m ?an two in*es 9 diamet] %\ld be pa9t$ ei!r ) a heavy lead pa9t1 :i* is pref]able1 or ) "s gas t> prep>ation4 ,^! ?+s d n 9 !mselves heal a cut1 b !y keep out ! decay+ elem5ts1 air & moi/ure1 ?us help+ to pres]ve ! bran* & by protect+ x to promote heal+ 9 nature's way4 ,a little lamp black w s]ve to dead5 ! color ( ! pa9t4 ,,prun+ ,,tools4--,! be/ tool to use 9 prun+ is "o :i* br+s y ne>e/ to y\r "w & ov] :i* y h ! greate/ control to make all k9ds ( cuts4 ,9 ! writ]'s exp]i5ce no tool does ?is s smoo?ly & conv5i5tly z a prop]ly %ap$ saw4 ,a good saw %\ld be q rigid1 r heavy at ! butt1 :]e its dep? %\ld be ab\t six in*es1 tap]+ d[n to ab\t two in*es at ! po9t4 ,x %\ld h a full1 firm grip1 be n m ?an ?irty in*es long1 & %\ld always be kept %>p4 ,two-edg$ saws %\ld n be us$ because ( ! injury done to ! tree :5 saw+ 9 crot*es4 ,cutt+ %e>s are (t5 v useful1 especially ! small]1 "o-h&$ type :i* is almo/ indisp5sable 9 prun+ "y trees4 ,! l>g]1 two-h&l$ %e>s are useful 9 ?9n+ out ! ends ( bran*es or 9 head+ back new gr[?4 ,!y %\ld n be too heavy1 z !y are tiresome to use4 ,! ext5sion h&l$ types are too cumb]some1 too sl[ to "w )1 & ! op]ator is ( necessity too f> away f 8 "w = ! be/ results4 ,,fruit ,,?9n+4--,a matt] :i* is q ne>ly relat$ to prun+ is ?9n+ ! fruit1 & may prop]ly be treat$ "h4 ,t ?is is n z common a practice ) mo/ fruit-gr[]s z x %\ld be1 ! great lack ( uni=mity 9 our ord9>y m>ket apples is ample evid5ce4 ,_m p]sons w at once raise ! "q z to :e!r or n x is practicable to ?9 ! fruit on l>ge apple trees4 ,! answ] is t _m gr[]s f9d x n only practicable1 b mo/ pr(itable to d s4 ,:]ev] fruit ( a uni=m size & color is desir$1 ?9n+ is a practical necessity1 especially :5 ! crop ( fruit is heavy4 ,! prop] "t to ?9 ! fruit is j aft] :at is commonly kn[n z ! ,june drop1 i4e41 ! fall+ (f ( ^? fruits n well en\gh poll9at$ or set to hold on to maturity4 ,9 ?9n+ ! fruit %\ld be tak5 (f until !y are n clos] ?an f f\r to six in*es ap>t on ! same bran*1 al?\gh ! di/ance ap>t on any bran* w dep5d some:at on ! am\nt ( ! crop on o!r p>ts ( ! tree4 ,nev] leave clu/]s ( fruit on any bran*es1 z "s ( !m are sure to be small & out ( %ape4 ,fur!rmore two apples ly+ toge!r af=d a f9e place = worms to get f "o apple to ano!r & !y seldom fail to improve ! opportunity4 ,/ep ladd]s & ord9>y rung ladd]s are us$ to get at ! fruit = ?9n+4 ,! co/ ( ! op]ation is n ne>ly z l>ge z might appe> at fir/ ?\ght & 9 practically all cases is a pay+ inve/m5t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,cultivation ,,& ,,cov] ,,cropp+ ,9 its broad s5se cultivation is ! treatm5t ( ! soil4 ,?us und]/ood or*>d cultivation includes ! sod mul* sy/em z well z ! /irr+ ( ! soil ) v>i\s implem5ts4 ,9 its m common & re/rict$ mean+1 h[ev]1 cultivation is ! /irr+ ( ! soil ab\t plants to enc\rage gr[? & productivity4 ,to h ! apple tree 9 sod 0 once ! commonly accept$ me?od ( or*>d treatm5t--a me?od ( neglect & ( lett+ well en\gh alone4 ,) ! adv5t ( m sci5tific apple culture ! /irr+ ( ! soil has come to be ! m popul> me?od4 ,b )9 ! la/ few ye>s an improv$ modification ( ! old sod me?od1 kn[n z ! sod mul* sy/em1 has attract$ mu* att5tion because ( ! success ) :i* a few m5 h practic$ x4 ,= a correct und]/&+ ( ^! practices & ( ! relative desirability ( ^! sy/ems we mu/ aga9 turn to und]ly+ pr9ciples & purposes4 ,x may be said on fir/ ?\ght t tillage is a practice contr>y to nature4 ,b x accompli%es :at nature does 9 ano!r way4 ,tillage has be5 practic$ on o!r crops ?an trees = s long t we ?9k ( x almo/ z a cu/om4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sci5tific & practical reasons = tillage4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,tillage on ! soil are ?ree fold1 physical1 *emical1 & increas+ ( wat] hold+ capacity4 ,tillage affects ! soil physically by f9+ & deep5+ x1 ?us increas+ ! fe$+ area ( roots1 & by br++ ab\t ! m free admission ( air w>ms & dries ! soil1 ?us r$uc+ extremes ( temp]ature & moi/ure4 ,*emical activities are augm5t$ by tillage 9 sett+ free plant food1 promot+ nutrification1 ha/5+ ! decomposition ( organic matt]1 & ! ext5d+ ( ^! ag5cies to great] dep?4 ,tillage cons]ves moi/ure by increas+ ! wat] hold+ capacity ( ! soil & by *eck+ evaporation4 ,( all ^! ?+s :i* tillage accompli%es 9 a soil1 two %\ld be especially emphasiz$ = ! apple or*>d1 namely1 soil moi/ure & soil texture4 ,t moi/ure is a v important consid]ation 9 ! apple or*>d ! effects ( our frequ5t dr\ghts are ample evid5ce4 ,! am\nt ( ra9fall 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates :5 x is prop]ly di/ribut$ is fully suffici5t = ! ne$s ( an apple tree4 ,by enl>g+ ! res]voir or wat] hold+ capacity ( ! soil & by prev5t+ ! loss ( wat] by evaporation1 an excess ( ra9fall 9 ! spr+ may be held = lat] di/ribution & use4 ,z a rule1 ! improvem5t ( a poor soil texture is z effective z ! supply+ ( plant food & mu* *eap]4 ,! latt] is ( no consequ5ce unless ! plant c use x4 ,sci5ti/s tell u t !re is an abundance ( plant food 9 mo/ soils4 ,! problem is to make x available4 ,plant food mu/ be 9 solution & 9 ! =m ( a film moi/ure surr\nd+ ! smalle/ soil p>ticles 9 ord] to be available to ! f9e plant rootlets :i* seek x4 ,good tillage supplies ^! conditions4 ,c !y be obta9$ equally well 9 ano!r way8 ,x is claim$ by ! advocates ( ! sod mul* sy/em ( or*>d culture t x also supplies ^! conditions4 ,humus or decay$ vegetable matt] holds moi/ure4 ,grass or o!r mul* decay+ 9 ! soil increases its humus cont5t & h5ce its wat] hold+ capacity4 ,by =m+ a mul* ov] ! soil evaporation may be *eck$ to "s ext5t1 al?\gh probably n z effectively 9 a practical way1 z by cultivation4 ,if !re is a good grass sod 9 ! or*>d1 moi/ure & plant food made available by t moi/ure are utiliz$1 & if ! grass is all[$ to g back into ! soil x cont9ues to furni% ^! elem5ts to ! tree4 ,b !re is a rapid evaporation ( moi/ure f ! surface ( ! leaves ( grass4 ,9 fact1 grass may well s]ve to remove an excess ( moi/ure 9 wet seasons1 or f wet l&s4 ,lay+ aside !oretical consid]ations1 let u see :at practical exp]i5ce tea*es on ?is subject4 ,we h ! accurate data on a l>ge numb] ( we/]n ,new ,york or*>ds %[+ ! results ( cultivation & o!r me?ods ( soil managem5t4 ,^! data are ov]:elm+ly 9 ! favor ( cultivation4 ,9 ,wayne ,c\nty ! av]age yield ( or*>ds till$ = five ye>s or m 0 #bga bu%els p] acre1 z comp>$ ) #bjj bu%els p] acre = ^? 9 sod five ye>s or m b o!rwise well c>$ =1--an increase ( ?irty-five p] c5t4 9 favor ( good tillage4 ,9 ,orleans ,c\nty1 "u ! same conditions1 ! increase 9 yield due to cultivation 0 =ty-five p] c5t4 & 9 ,niag>a ,c\nty x 0 tw5ty-two p] c5t4 ,records 7 made on hundr$s ( or*>ds & ! results %\ld be giv5 great weight 9 det]m9+ ! sy/em to be practic$1 z intellig5t consid]ation ( tru/wor?y records is to be enc\rag$4 ,^! results 7 obta9$ 9 "o region "u its conditions & x is q possible1 al?\gh n probable1 t o!r conditions might give diff]5t results4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 special conditions z w be po9t$ out lat]1 "u :i* ! sod mul* me?od might be m advisable ?an tillage4 ,x is *eap]1 makes a clean] cov] = ! drop fruit1 avoids ! damage f tillage implem5ts to :i* till$ trees are liable1 & c be practic$ on l&s too /eep to till4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 too1 t x fits into ! s*eme ( managem5t on a g5]al f>m bett] ?an ! m int5sive & specializ$ sy/em ( cultivation4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t we are deal+ ) ?is "q f ! po9t ( view ( ! home f>m r ?an ( ! comm]cial or*>di/4 ,s t :]e ! sod mul* gives equally good results x w\ld be pref]r$ "u ^! conditions4 ,,late ,,fall ,,& ,,e>ly ,,spr+ ,,pl[+4--,! common tillage practice 9 ! sections :]e x is mo/ foll[$ is to pl[ ei!r 9 late fall or z e>ly z possible 9 ! spr+4 ,:e!r fall or spr+ pl[+ is be/ dep5ds on two ?+s3 ! "* ( ! soil & conv5i5ce4 ,on heavy clay soils :]e dra9age is poor x is n advisable to pl[ 9 ! fall z ! soil is apt to puddle & !n to bake :5 x dries1 mak+ x h>d to h&le4 ,on gravel loams1 m$ium loams1 & all well dra9$ soils :i* are fairly op5 9 texture ei!r fall or spr+ pl[+ is practic$ dep5d+ on :i* p]iod af=ds ! mo/ "t4 ,on ! g5]al f>m :]e !re are sev]al crops = :i* ! l& mu/ be prep>$ 9 spr+1 x w\ld seem be/ to get z mu* ( ! pl[+ z possible done 9 ! fall4 ,b a l>ge crop ( apples or a l>ge & late corn husk+ or potato digg+ may int]f]e ) ?is on "s f>ms & make spr+ pl[+ m desirable4 ,always plan ?is "w 9 connection ) ! o!r f>m "w s z to give ! be/ di/ribution ( labor4 ,aft] fall pl[+ ei!r ! spr+-too? h>r[ or ! disk h>r[ is be/ to use to "w up ! soil & no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 gett+ at ?is z soon z ! l& is dry en\gh 9 ! spr+4 ,sometimes ! disk h>r[ c be us$ to "w up ! soil 9 ! or*>d 9 ! spr+ )\t any pl[+ at all1 especially on loose loams :]e !re are few /ones4 ,b on newly pl[$ l& a disk cuts too deep & !re is too great dang] ( injur+ ! roots4 ,on spr+ pl[$ l& ! spr+-too? h>r[ usually gives ! be/ results4 ,aft] ! soil is ?or\ghly f9$ & work$ into a mell[ b$ & z soon z ! p]iod ( excessive moi/ure 9 spr+ is pass$1 a light] implem5t l ! smoo?+ h>r[ or a light %all[ digg+ cultivator %\ld be us$ to /ir ! surface ( ! soil only4 ,! gr[+ p]iod = an apple tree beg9s z e>ly z gr[? />ts 9 ! spr+ & cont9ues up to ab\t midsumm]4 ,if cultivation is to /imulate gr[? z mu* z possible1 x %\ld be done dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! fir/ object ( cultivation 9 ! e>ly spr+ is to loos5 up1 a]ate1 & dry out ! soil1 :i* is usually too wet at t "t4 ,z cultivation is cont9u$ ! soil w become f9$ & firm$ aga9 by ! "t dri] wea!r comes on4 ,a fairly deep digg+ & lump cru%+ tool is ! be/ implem5t to use up to ?is "t1 & a disk or spr+-too? h>r[ meets ^! requirem5ts4 ,aft] ?is p]iod is pass$ & dur+ dri] wea!r1 cultivation is c>ri$ on = a diff]5t purpose1 namely1 to cons]ve moi/ure by mak+ a ?9 du/ mul* ( soil ov] ! surface4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ by %all[-go+ implem5ts ( :i* ! spike-too? h>r[1 ! acme h>r[1 or a light :eel cultivator are be/4 ,z ! season & ! am\nt ( ra9fall v>y1 s mu/ tillage op]ations be v>i$4 ,9 an e>ly dry season beg9 ) ! light] implem5ts e>li]4 ,9 a late wet season keep ! digg+ tools at "w lat]4 ,z soon z ! soil is 9 good physical condition ! pr9cipal object ( tillage is to modify moi/ure conditions4 ,z a matt] ( practice ?ree to f\r h>r[+s at int]vals ( a week to t5 days are necess>y4 ,sometimes m1 sometimes less are requir$1 accord+ to ! "* & condition ( ! soil & ! season4 ,! lat] moi/ure-cons]v+ tillage %\ld also be c>ri$ on e week or t5 days1 accord+ to wea!r conditions4 ,x is good practice to /ir ! soil aft] e heavy or mod]ately heavy ra94 ,use ! smoo?+ tools aft] light to m$ium ra9s & ! heavi] tools aft] pack+ or beat+ ra9s4 ,9 practice f five to eight or t5 ( ^! cultivations are necess>y4 ,! dri] ! season ! m necess>y does frequ5t cultivation become4 ,a ,,cov] ,,crop is s closely associat$ ) tillage t x is usually consid]$ a "p ( ! sy/em4 ,x %\ld be s[n 9 midsumm] z soon z tillage ceases4 ,?is "t w v>y f ,july fir/ to ,augu/ fifte5?1 dep5d+ on ! locality1 ! ra9fall1 ! crop ( fruit on ! trees1 & on h[ favorable ! conditions = secur+ a good /& ( ! cov] crop are4 ,! f>!r s\? ! locality1 or ! e>li] ! fruit1 ! soon] ! crop %\ld be s[n4 ,abs5ce ( suffici5t ra9fall necessitates a cont9uation ( ! cultivation1 bo? because x is necess>y to cons]ve all ! moi/ure possible & because x is difficult to get a good /& ( a cov] crop--especially ( "o hav+ small se$s--at a dry "t 9 midsumm]4 ,9 a ye> :5 !re is a full crop ( fruit on ! trees cultivation %\ld be cont9u$ z late z possible z all ! /imulus t c ?us be secur$ w be necess>y to help ! fruit atta9 good size & maturity1 & at ! same "t enable ! tree prop]ly to mature its fruit & leaf buds = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a ye> :5 !re is n a full crop ( fruit cultivation %\ld be /opp$ e>ly s z to avoid =c+ a too rank gr[? ( wood & foliage & cont9u+ ! gr[? ( ! next season's buds s late t !y may n mature & !re=e may be 9 dang] ( w9t] kill+4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( cov] crops :i* may be us$ 9 ! apple or*>d w be consid]$ 9 ! next *apt] z !y are s closely associat$ ) f]tilization4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 a cov] crop is us$ pr9cipally to secure its mul*+ & physical effects on ! soil 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! seasons ( tillage4 ,9 addition to its physical & fe$+ effects ! cov] crop s]ves to *eck ! gr[? ( trees 9 ! latt] "p ( ! season by tak+ up ! nitrates & a "p ( ! moi/ure1 ?us help+ to rip5 ! wood4 ,,sod ,,mul*4--,! ord9>y sod culture :i* is practic$ 9 s _m or*>ds %\ld n be confus$ ) ! sod mul* sy/em4 ,! "o is a sy/em ( neglect1 ! o!r ( int5tion4 ,9 ! sod mul* sy/em ! grass sod is /imulat$ & enc\rag$ & :5 ! grass dies or is cut1 x is left on ! gr\nd to decay1 =m+ a soil mul* mean:ile4 ,! removal ( grass f ! or*>d z hay is poor practice & %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,! grass mul* may well be supplem5t$ by ! addition ( o!r grass1 /raw1 leaves1 co>se manure1 or o!r simil> mat]ials4 ,sometimes ?is mul* is put on to ! dep? ( six in*es or ev5 a foot ar\nd ! tree4 ,?us practic$ x is v effective 9 cons]v+ moi/ure & 9 add+ ! humus :i* is s necess>y to ! soil4 ,sod & tillage h some:at diff]5t effects on ! tree & on ! fruit4 ,let u see :at ^! effects are4 ,x is common k t fruit is m highly color$ :5 gr[n 9 sod ?an :5 gr[n "u a tillage sy/em4 ,?is is probably l>gely due to ! fact t tillage keeps ! fruit gr[+ s late t x does n mature s well or s e>ly4 ,fruit is usually two or ?ree weeks lat] 9 till$ ?an 9 sod or*>ds4 ,x has be5 %[n t fruit gr[n "u tillage keeps f two to f\r weeks long] ?an t gr[n 9 sod4 ,x is claim$ also--b ?is is a disput$ po9t--t till$ fruit has a bett] quality & flavor4 ,c]ta9 x is t fruit gr[n 9 sod is dri] & less crisp & juicy4 ,! effect ( tillage on ! trees is m m>k$ & bett] kn[n4 ,till$ trees h a d>k]1 ri*] gre5 foliage1 indicat+ a bett] & m vigor\s heal?4 ,! leaves are also l>g] & m num]\s4 ,!y come out ?ree or f\r days e>li] 9 ! spr+ & /ay on ! trees two weeks lat] 9 ! fall ?an ! leaves on trees kept 9 sod4 ,till$ trees make ne>ly twice ! gr[? 9 a season t ^? 9 sod d1 9 fact !re is dang] ( _! mak+ wood gr[? at ! exp5se ( fruit buds4 ,tillage also gives a deep]1 bett] di/ribut$ root sy/em4 ,despite ! advantages & ! disadvantages ( ea* sy/em1 !re are times1 places1 & circum/ances "u :i* "o is m advisable ?an ! o!r4 ,on l&s ri* 9 humus & 9 plant food & level s z to be easily tillable1 cultivation is )\t d\bt ! be/ sy/em4 ,b x %\ld be practic$ 9 connection ) cov] crops1 & ! or*>d %\ld be giv5 occasional p]iods ( re/ 9 sod--say "o ye> 9 f ?ree to five4 ,! sod mul* sy/em ( or*>d culture is probably bett] adapt$ to r wet good grass l& & :]e mul*+ mat]ial is *eap & readily available4 ,x is und\bt$ly at its be/ on l&s too /eep or r\gh to till1 or o!rwise unsuitable to cultivation4 ,tillage is ! m int5sive me?od & :]e labor is sc>ce & high sod culture might be m advisable = ?is reason1 o!r conditions be+ n too unfavorable4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate a me?od ( managem5t "u ! tillage sy/em we may sugge/ ! foll[+ z a good "o = level to g5tly roll+ l&3 #aiab4 ,e>ly pl[+ 9 spr+1 cultivation to ,july fir/ to fifte5?4 ,!n s[ r$ clov] z a cov] crop4 #aiac4 ,repeat previ\s ye>'s treatm5t1 v>y+ ! "t ( s[+ cov] crop accord+ to conditions4 #aiad4 ,let ! clov] gr[1 m[+ & leav+ on ! gr\nd z a mul*1 ,june fifte5? to tw5tie?1 & aga9 9 ,augu/4 #aiae4 ,pl[ e>ly 9 spr+1 cultivate to midsumm]1 & !n s[ rye or buck:eat z a cov] crop ,july fifte5? to ,augu/ fifte5?4 #aiaf4 ,repeat #aiae treatm5t & if trees are n gr[+ too fa/1 s[ clov] or hairy vet* z a cov] crop4 #aiag4 ,same z #aiab1 etc4 ,,pa/ur+ ,,! ,,or*>d4--,! sod mul* sy/em expla9s itself & does n ne$ illu/ration4 ,sod or*>ds are (t5 manag$ z pa/ure = animals1 h[ev]1 & ?is practice %\ld be discuss$4 ,an or*>d is consid]$ z pa/ur$ :5 a consid]able numb] ( animals are turn$ into x = a great] or less portion ( ! ye>4 ,results 9 or*>ds :]e pa/urage has be5 ?or\ghly tri$ out %[ t x is nev] advisable to pa/ure an or*>d ) horses or cattle1 b t fairly good results may be expect$ :]e %eep or hogs are us$4 ,! evid5ce ( yield ( fruit & appe>ance ( trees bo? indicate1 t pa/ur+ an or*>d ) horses or cattle is ab\t ! wor/ possible practice4 ,^! animals rub aga9/ ! trees1 break ! bran*es1 br[se ! limbs & leaves1 & de/roy ! fruit z high z !y c rea*4 ,all exp]i5ce is aga9/ ?is practice :i* _c be too /rongly deprecat$4 ,pa/ur+ an or*>d ) %eep1 al?\gh a some:at d\btful practice1 (t5 gives good results4 ,%eep crop ! grass close to ! gr\nd & to "s ext5t prev5t ! ext5sive evaporation :i* usually takes place f ! leaves ( grass4 ,_! well di/ribut$ manure is wor? consid]able4 ,!y also br[se ! bran*es to "s ext5t & %\ld n be all[$ to run 9 ! or*>d late 9 ! season z !y w de/roy consid]able fruit4 ,pa/ur+ an or*>d ) sw9e gives bett] results ?an any o!r pa/ure treatm5t ( ! or*>d4 ,hogs d consid]able root+ :i* prev5ts ! =mation ( a /iff sod & itself may (t5 am\nt almo/ to cultivation 9 well /ock$ or*>ds4 ,a good deal ( manure is add$ to ! soil1 especially :5 ! hogs are f$ outside ! or*>d4 ,hogs also de/roy _m insects by eat+ ! wormy fruit4 ,pa/urage ( or*>ds has its advantages4 ,x gives a d\ble utilization ( ! l&4 ,x is a *eap me?od ( managem5t4 ,:5 ! animals are f$ outside ! or*>d1 z %\ld always be ! case1 x adds consid]able plant food to ! soil4 ,:5 pl5ty ( outside food c be giv5 & :5 ! or*>d is n ov]/ock$--! animals %\ld nev] be hungry--hogs & %eep may be us$ to advantage 9 pa/ur+ or*>ds4 ,9 v r\gh fields incapable ( tillage1 ?is is und\bt$ly ! v be/ sy/em ( or*>d managem5t4 ,pa/urage has ! disadvantage ( expos+ "y trees to injury f ! animals1 b ?is may be at lea/ p>tly avoid$ by protect+ !m ) /akes or a heavy wire me%$ scre54 ,hogs especially soil ! fruit & make ! l& r\gh & difficult to drive ov]4 ,"u ! prop] conditions pa/urage may be practic$ to advantage1 especially on small areas & on ! g5]al f>m :]e x is m advantage\s ?an x w\ld be comm]cially4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,manur+ ,,& ,,f]tiliz+ ,cov] crops may be said to be supplem5t>y to tillage4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] ?is function has be5 discuss$4 ,x n[ rema9s to po9t out ano!r important function--t ( a gre5 manure crop add+ humus & plant food to ! soil4 ,n only d "s cov] crops add plant food & all humus to ! soil1 b !y t5d to cons]ve ^! by prev5t+ lea*+1 especially ( nitrates1 & !y help to r5d] plant food m available by rework+ x & leav+ x 9 a =m m available = ! tree4 ,!y sometimes act z a protection aga9/ w9t] injury by hold+ sn[ & by _! own bulk4 ,!y also help to dry out ! soil 9 spr+1 ?us mak+ ! l& tillable e>li]4 ,!re are two great classes ( cov] or gre5 manure crops1 legum9\s & non-legum9\s4 ,a non-legum9\s crop m]ely adds humus & improves ! physical condition ( ! soil4 ,9 itself x adds no plant food1 al?\gh x may take up1 utilize1 & leave beh9d plant food 9 a m available =m = ! tree's use4 ,b 9 addition to ^! b5efits1 legum9\s crops actually add to ! soil plant food 9 ! =m ( nitrog5 :i* !y h ! ability to assimilate f ! air by means ( bact]ial organisms on _! roots4 ,,non-,,legum9\s ,,crops4--,! mo/ important ( ! non-legum9\s crops are rye1 buck:eat1 turnips or rape1 b>ley1 oats1 & millet4 ,! fir/ m5tion$ are ! mo/ commonly us$4 ,also 9 ord] ( importance ! foll[+ are ! usual legum9\s cov] & gre5 manure crops to be us$3 clov]s1 w9t] vet*1 soy beans1 alfalfa1 c[ peas 7fir/ 9 ! ,s\?74 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! relative advisability ( ! use ( ^! v>i\s crops let u n[ look at "s ( _! *>act]i/ics & requirem5ts4 ,rye is "o ( ! be/ non-legum9\s cov] crops1 especially 9 ! "y or*>d1 z x does n gr[ z well 9 %ade z 9 ! op54 ,a p>ticul>ly /rong po9t ab\t rye is t x gr[s rapidly q late 9 ! fall & />ts e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,/>t+ e>li] ?an mo/ crops 9 ! spr+1 x makes a consid]able am\nt ( gr[? be=e ! l& is fit to pl[4 ,especially 9 w>m] climates rye %\ld n be s[n too e>ly 9 ! fall--n usually be=e ,septemb] #a/--because ( ?is too heavy gr[?4 ,rye is also adapt$ to a great v>iety ( soils & h5ce w (t5 gr[ :]e o!r crops w n d well4 ,ab\t two bu%els ( se$ are requir$ p] acre4 ,buck:eat is probably ab\t equally z good z rye = an or*>d cov] crop1 al?\gh x does n produce q z mu* organic matt]4 ,x w g]m9ate at almo/ any season ( ! ye> ev5 if x is v dry4 ,x is a great soil improv] because ( its ability to fe$ & ?rive on soils too poor = o!r crops1 due to its num]\s %all[ fe$+ rootlets4 ,x gr[s rapidly & cov]s ! gr\nd well1 b l rye does n ?rive z well 9 %ade4 ,buck:eat %\ld n be us$ to excess on ! heavi] types ( soil z x is r h>d on ! l&4 ,"o bu%el ( se$ to an acre makes a good se$+4 ,turnips or rape (t5 make good pione] cov] or gre5 manure crops4 ,!y are great soil improvem5t crops & x is comp>atively easy to secure a good /& ( !m ev5 9 dry wea!r4 ,s[n 9 late ,july 9 ! ,nor? !y w produce a great bulk ( humus & add mu* moi/ure to ! soil1 especially if !y cov] ! gr\nd well4 ,_! broad1 abundant leaves & high tops also hold ! sn[ well 9 w9t]4 ,c[ ,horn is ! be/ v>iety ( turnips to use1 z x is a l>ge1 rank gr[]4 ,use "o to two p\nds ( se$ to ! acre4 ,rape makes an excell5t pa/ure crop 9 an or*>d bo? = %eep & hogs1 b especially = ! =m]4 ,eight or n9e p\nds ( se$ are necess>y to ! acre4 ,b>ley1 oats1 & millet are n z good crops z ! =ego+1 because1 ) ! possible exception ( millet1 !y make _! be/ gr[? e>ly 9 ! season4 ,moreov] !y take up too mu* moi/ure f ! soil at a "t :5 ! tree mo/ ne$s ?is moi/ure4 ,9 fact !y are sometimes us$ = ?is specific purpose on wet l& 9 too wet seasons4 ,two to two & "o half bu%els ( oats or b>ley & "o to "o & "o half bu%els ( millet to ! acre are necess>y = a good se$+4 ,al?\gh we$s c h>dly be classifi$ z cov] crops1 !y are (t5 valuable ones4 ,!y gr[ rapidly & rank1 mak+ a l>ge bulk ( humus1 )\t ! exp5se ( se$+4 ,if !y are n all[$ to g to se$ s z to scatt] ! se$ ab\t ! f>m1 !y (t5 make ! be/ ( cov] crops4 ,?is necessitates a m[+ 9 ,septemb]4 ,we$s are plants out ( place1 & :5 ^! plants are 9 place !y are n necess>ily we$s1 z !y h !n become s]viceable4 ,,legumes4--,9 g5]al1 legumes are m valuable z cov] & gre5 manure crops ?an non-legum9\s plants1 because z a rule !y are m rank gr[]s & m deeply root$1 z well z because !y add nitrog5 to ! soil4 ,b x is r m difficult to secure a good /& ( mo/ legumes ?an x is ( ! crops previ\sly m5tion$ = sev]al reasons4 ,z a rule ! se$s are small] & a l>ge se$ usually has great] g]m9at+ p[] ?an a small "o4 ,?is (t5 means mu* at ! "t ( ! ye> :5 ! cov] crop is s[n4 ,!n legumes are m difficult to gr[1 requir+ bett] soil conditions4 ,/ill ^! %\ld be pres5t 9 good or*>d soils4 ,dra9age mu/ be good1 ! soil mu/ be at lea/ av]age 9 f]tility & physical condition1 x mu/ n be s\r--h5ce x is (t5 necess>y to use lime--& soils frequ5tly require inoculation be=e !y w gr[ legumes satisfactorily4 ,:]e ! clov]s gr[ well !y make excell5t cov] crops z well z gre5 manure crops4 ,! *ief difficulty ) !m is t ( obta9+ a good /& 9 a dry midsumm]4 ,! mammo? r$ & ! m$ium r$ clov]s are probably ! be/ ( _! g5us on ! heavi] soils1 :ile crimson clov] is be/ on s&y soils & :]e x w gr[1 on ! light] gravel loams4 ,! latt] is especially well adapt$ to build+ up run d[n s&y soils4 ,al?\gh x is some:at easi] to secure a /& ( ?is clov]1 alsike does n gr[ rank en\gh to make a good cov] or gre5 manure crop4 ,mo/ clov]s are deep root$ plants & !re=e great soil improv]s physically z well z be+ great nitrog5 ga!r]s4 ,! am\nts ( se$ requir$ p] acre = ! diff]5t k9ds are ab\t z foll[s3 mammo? fifte5 to tw5ty p\nds2 r$ 7m$ium7 twelve to fifte5 p\nds2 crimson twelve to fifte5 p\nds2 & alsike t5 to twelve p\nds4 ,:]e x c be readily & successfully gr[n alfalfa is really a bett] cov] & gre5 manure crop ?an ! clov]s4 ,x is deep] root$1 makes a bett] top gr[?1 & !re=e adds m nitrog5 & m humus to ! soil ?an ! clov]s4 ,x _c be recomm5d$ = common use1 h[ev]1 z x is s difficult to gr[ except "u favorable conditions4 ,x requires a m f]tile soil ?an clov]1 a soil ) little or no acidity1 good dra9age1 & usually ! soil mu/ be inoculat$4 ,only :]e ^! conditions prevail c alfalfa be g5]ally recomm5d$4 ,vet* is an excell5t cov] & gre5 manure crop1 =m+ a ?ick1 close mat ( h]bage :i* makes a good cov] = ! soil4 ,x is v quick to />t gr[+ & a rapid gr[] 9 ! spr+4 ,x also adds l>g] quantities ( nitrog54 ,! hairy or w9t] vet* lives ?r\gh ! h>d freez+ w9t]s4 ,summ] vet*1 al?\gh an equally good gr[]1 is kill$ by freez+4 ,"o bu%el ( se$ is requir$ p] acre & ! se$ is exp5sive1 :i* is ! greate/ objection to ! use ( ?is excell5t crop4 ,two o!r less well kn[n & us$ legum9\s crops are well wor? trial z cov] crops--soy beans 9 ! ,nor? & c[ peas 9 ! ,s\?4 ,bo? are great nitrog5 ga!r]s & z !y are rank & rapid gr[]s add l>ge quantities ( humus to ! soil4 ,"u favorable conditions !y w cov] ! gr\nd ) a p]fect mat ( vegetation 9 a v %ort "t4 ,be+ l>g] se$$1 x is consid]ably easi] to obta9 a /& on dry soils & 9 dry seasons ?an x is ( ! small] se$$ clov]s4 ,x is usually be/ to s[ 9 drills ! ord9>y wid?1 sev5 in*es1 ap>t4 ,c[ peas are univ]sally us$ z a cov] & gre5 manure crop 9 ! ,s\?1 b !y d n ?rive s well 9 ! ,nor?4 ,"o & "o half to two bu%els ( se$ are requir$ p] acre4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! e>li] matur+ v>ieties ( soy beans are almo/ equally good4 ,"o to "o & "o half bu%els ( se$ are s[n p] acre4 ,legum9\s cov] crops are also ! be/ & ! *eape/ s\rce ( nitrog5 = ! apple or*>d1 aft] !y are well e/abli%$4 ,_! use may be ov]done1 h[ev]4 ,too mu* nitrog5 results 9 a gr[? ( wood at ! exp5se ( fruit buds4 ,to avoid ?is x is (t5 advisable to use non-legum9\s & legum9\s crops alt]nately1 :5 ! or*>d is mak+ a satisfactory gr[?4 ,sometimes also ^! two k9ds ( crops1 z buck:eat & clov] = example1 may be comb9$ ) good results4 ,:5 ?is is done "o half ! usual am\nt ( se$ ( ea* %\ld be us$4 ,,e>ly ,,pl[+4--,_m p make ! common mi/ake ( ?9k+ t a gre5 manure crop mu/ be all[$ to gr[ until late 9 ,june 9 ord] to secure ! maximum am\nt ( gr[?4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ?is is n good practice4 ,9 ! fir/ place cultivation is mo/ ess5tial 9 ! e>ly spr+ z has be5 po9t$ out4 ,!n moi/ure is bett] cons]v$ by pl[+ "u ! crop e>ly & a bett] physical condition ( ! soil secur$4 ,pl[+ e>ly 9 ! spr+ w>ms up ! soil & sets plants to "w m quickly4 ,la/ly1 mat]ial rots mu* m quickly 9 ! e>ly spr+ :5 moi/ure is m abundant1 :i* is v important4 ,an apple tree is z mu* a crop z any?+ gr[n on ! f>m & mu/ be s reg>d$ by ^? :o w\ld become successful or*>di/s4 ,:5 x is n prop]ly f$ & c>$ =1 good yields ( fruit may n ju/ly be expect$4 ,especially is ?is true ( an or*>d :i* is be+ int]cropp$4 ,b because ( ! fact t an apple tree is n an annual crop b ! product ( _m ye>s' gr[?1 because its root sy/em is deep] & m widely spread out ?an ^? ( o!r crops1 & because ! am\nt ( plant food remov$ 9 a crop ( fruit is comp>atively small1 f]tilization is less important ?an _m p]sons w\ld h u ?9k4 ,x is a fact t :]e or*>ds receive good cultivation & a lib]al supply ( humus comm]cial f]tiliz]s give b m$ium results4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,f]tility4--,?ree elem5ts are necess>y = ! gr[? ( apple trees1 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,to ^! lime may be add$1 al?\gh its b5efit is indirect r ?an direct z a plant food4 ,h[ badly any ( ^! elem5ts may be ne$$ dep5ds on ! soil1 its previ\s treatm5t1 & on ! sy/em ( managem5t4 ,by le>n+ :at are ! effects ( ^! elem5ts on ! tree & fruit we may det]m9e "u :at conditions1 if any1 _! use is advisable4 ,nitrog5 promotes ! gr[? ( new wood & leaves1 giv+ ! latt] a d>k gre5 color4 ,9 fact ! color ( ! leaves & ! am\nt ( ! wood gr[? are usually good indicators ( ! ne$ ( nitrog54 ,nitrog5 9 excess develops ov] vigor\s gr[? & prev5ts ! maturity ( wood & buds4 ,x always has a t5d5cy to delay ! maturity ( ! fruit by keep+ x gr[+ late4 ,on _m v>ieties x t5ds to produce poorly color$ fruits4 ,:5 trees are mak+ a normal am\nt ( gr[? 9 a ye>--say a foot to ?ree feet or m--& :5 ! leaves are ( good size & a d>k gre5 9 color1 !re is little ne$ ( nitrog54 ,b :5 trees are n gr[+ satisfactorily & ! leaves h a sickly yell[ color1 !n ! ne$ ( nitrog5 is evid5t4 ,on e>ly soils & 9 long gr[+ seasons nitrog5 may be m freely & safely us$ ?an "u o!r conditions4 ,! effect ( phosphoric acid & pota% on ! tree & fruit is mu* m unc]ta94 ,!y are suppos$ to influ5ce ! quality & ! flavor ( ! fruit1 giv+ bett] color & flavor1 & ?is !y und\bt$ly d to "s ext5t4 ,pota% probably gives ! leaves a d>k] gre5 color4 ,! precise effect ( ^! two elem5ts is at pres5t a subject ( mu* discussion1 "o set ( inve/igators ma9ta9+ aft] a long & c>eful inve/igation t ^! effects are too small to be wor? :ile1 & ! o!r claim+ t !y h a m>k$ effect 9 ! ways above indicat$4 ,! only safe guide is ! actual local result4 ,if ! fruit is satisfactory 9 e way x w be ( little use to try f]tiliz]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is n1 !n x w pay to exp]im5t ) !m4 ,! ne$s ( & ! results on diff]5t soils are s v>iable t x is always wise to exp]im5t on a small scale be=e us+ f]tiliz]s ext5sively4 ,,/able ,,manure4--,! necess>y plant food is be/ suppli$ by /able manure appli$ at ! rate ( t5 loads p] acre = a light application to tw5ty loads p] acre = a heavy application4 ,?is am\nts to a load = f two to five mature trees4 ,su* an application w n only g f> t[>d supply+ ! necess>y nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 b especially if co>se w add consid]able humus & improve ! physical condition ( ! soil4 ,except on l& :i* wa%es badly1 manure %\ld be appli$ 9 ! fall & w9t]4 ,x %\ld n be pil$ ne> ! trunk ( ! tree b spread uni=mly ov] ! entire surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is p>ticul>ly important to spread ! manure "u & beyond ! f>!/ ext5t ( ! bran*es z ?is is ! mo/ important fe$+ root area ( ! tree4 ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s4--,:]e manure is n available or :]e x _c be appli$ 9 suffici5t am\nts1 comm]cial f]tiliz]s may be resort$ to1 aft] !y h be5 exp]im5tally te/$ out4 ,legum9\s cov] crops are ! be/ s\rce ( nitrog51 z has be5 indicat$1 b :]e ^! d n gr[ well1 or 9 seasons :5 !y h = "s reason fail$1 nitrate ( soda or dri$ blood are good sub/itutes4 ,f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! may be appli$ broadca/ 9 ! spr+ soon aft] gr[? is well />t$ & all dang] ( its be+ *eck$ by fro/ or cold wea!r is pa/4 ,x is well to apply ! nitrate ( soda 9 two applications a few weeks ap>t1 especially on soils :i* are lea*y & 9 wet seasons1 z "p ( ! nitrog5 may lea* away if all is appli$ at once4 ,^! %\ld be ?or\ghly work$ into ! soil ) a spr+-too? h>r[4 ,to supply ! o!r two elem5ts1 f two hundr$ to f\r hundr$ p\nds ( treat$ rock phosphate or basic slag = ! phosphoric acid1 & ! same am\nt ( sulphate ( pota% = ! pota%1 %\ld be appli$ at any "t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 pref]ably j be=e a light ra91 & work$ into ! soil z be=e4 ,home-made wood a%es are a good s\rce ( bo? ^! elem5ts1 & especially ( ! pota%4 ,!y _c be pur*as$ economically 9 any quantity1 b on ! g5]al f>m !re c\ld be no bett] way to utilize ! wood a%es made ar\nd ! place ?an by apply+ !m two or ?ree bu%els to a full gr[n tree e ye> or two4 ,wood a%es are also a good s\rce ( lime1 be+ ab\t "o-?ird calcium oxide4 ,?us a l>ge am\nt ( available plant food w be suppli$ to ! tree1 & :]e x is ne$$ %\ld result n only 9 bett] wood gr[? b 9 ! =mation ( vigor\s leaf & fruit buds = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,lime is n usually consid]$ z a f]tiliz] except on soils actually defici5t 9 x4 ,b x w usually be advisable to apply f "o ?\s& five hundr$ to two ?\s& p\nds ( fre% burn$ lime or its equival5t1 9 ord] to correct any natural soil acidity1 to ha/5 ! decay ( organic mat]ial1 to increase ! activity ( ! soil bact]ia1 & to improve ! physical condition ( ! soil by floculat+ ! soil p>ticles & help+ to break up lumpy soils4 ,lime also helps to lib]ate plant food by recomb9+ x ) c]ta9 o!r elem5ts 9 ! soil4 ,all ^! effects make a m cong5ial m$ium = ! legum9\s crops to gr[ 91 & x is frequ5tly advisable to use lime = ?is purpose alone4 ,aft] ?is fir/ heavy application ab\t #hjj p\nds ( lime %\ld be appli$ p] acre e f\r or five ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,insects ,,& ,,diseases ,,affect+ ,,! ,,apple ,x is a common say+ among f>m]s :o h gr[n apples on _! f>ms = _m ye>s t !re are _m m pe/s to fight ?an !re us$ to be4 ,h[ (t5 we h he>d a f>m] tell ( ! p]fect apples t grew on a c]ta9 tree :5 he 0 a boy1 be=e p _h g5]ally he>d ( codl+ mo?1 ,san ,jose scale1 apple scab1 or o!r tr\bles n[ only too common4 ,we nev] spray$1 b ! apples 7 f9e1 he says4 ,is ?is ! usual glorification ( ! my?ical pa/ or is x true8 ,9 all probability x is a little ( bo?1 b x is und\bt$ly true t insects & fung\s diseases h increas$ rapidly ( late ye>s4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,pe/ ,,increase4--,:5 !re is an abundance ( food & conditions are o!rwise favorable1 any animal or plant w ?rive bett] ?an :5 ! food supply is sc>ce & conditions unfavorable4 ,z long z apple trees 7 scatt]$ & few 9 numb] !re 0 n ! opportunity = ! developm5t ( apple pe/s1 b z soon z !y became num]\s ! prosp]ity ( bugs & m9ute plant p>asites 0 wond]ful to see4 ,ano!r factor :i* has be5 at lea/ p>tly responsible = ! great increase 9 our insect life is t man has upset nature's balance by de/roy+ s _m birds1 &1 by int]f]+ ) _! natural surr\nd+s1 driv5 !m away4 ,birds are great de/roy]s ( insects1 & _! pres5ce 9 ! or*>d %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 e possible way4 ,add to ^! facts ! m>vel\s fecundity ( ! insect tribe1 & ! increase is less rem>kable4 ,loss f ^! or*>d pe/s has n[ run up into ! millions4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! loss 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f wormy apples alone is ov] #aa1jjj1jjj annually4 ,?us has ! necessity = fight+ ^! enemies ( good fruit aris54 ,9 ord] successfully to combat an insect or a disease x is v necess>y to h a some:at detail$ k ( its life hi/ory & to "k its mo/ vuln]able po9t ( attack4 ,x is impossible to "w mo/ intellig5tly & effectively )\t ?is k1 :i* %\ld include ! sev]al /ages ( ! insect or disease1 ! po9t ( attack1 ! "t ( mak+ x1 & :5 & ) :at x c be mo/ easily de/roy$4 ,! numb] ( insects & diseases :i* affect ! apple is s great t x is simply out ( ! "q to treat !m all 9 detail "h4 ,we h !re=e select$ n9e insects & ?ree diseases z ^? pe/s ( ! apple :i* are mo/ common & ^: effects are usually mo/ s]i\s4 ,! ess5tial facts 9 _! life hi/ories & _! vuln]able po9ts w n[ be po9t$ out4 ,! me?od ( /udy may be tak5 z applicable to any o!r pe/s :i* x may be necess>y to combat4 ,,insect ,,pe/s4--,( ! _m insects :i* affect ei!r ! tree or ! fruit ( ! apple1 ! n9e select$ probably inflict ! mo/ damage & are ! mo/ difficult to control ( all ^? 9 ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates4 ,accord+ to _! me?od ( attack all insects may be divid$ into two classes3 bit+ & suck+4 ,bit+ insects are ^? :i* actually eat p>ts ( ! tree1 z ! leaves or fruit4 ,^! are combat$ by ! use ( /oma* poisons z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,suck+ insects are ^? :i* d n eat ! tree or fruit directly1 b by means ( a tubelike proboscis suck ! juices or sap f ! limbs1 leaves or fruit4 ,( ! bit+ insects ! five :i* we %all discuss are3 7#a7 codl+ mo?1 7#b7 apple maggot1 7#c7 bud mo?1 7#d7 cig> case be>]1 7#e7 curculio4 ,! f\r suck+ insects discuss$ are3 7#f7 ,san ,jose scale1 7#g7 oy/] %ell scale1 7#h7 bli/] mite1 & 7#i7 aphis or plant l\se4 #a4 ,,! ,,codl+ ,,mo?1 ! mo/ insidi\s ( all apple pe/s1 is ma9ly responsible = wormy apples4 ,! adult is a night fly+ mo? ) a w+ expanse ( f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,! mo?s appe> ab\t ! "t ! apple trees are 9 bloom4 ,ea* female is suppos$ to lay ab\t fifty eggs :i* are deposit$ on bo? ! leaves & fruit1 b mo/ly on ! calyx end ( ! "y apples4 ,! eggs hat* 9 ab\t a week & ! "y l>vae or cat]pill>s beg9 at once to gnaw _! way into ! core ( ! fruit4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( !m ent] ! apple ?r\gh its bl[ end4 ,aft] tw5ty to ?irty days ( eat+ 9 ! apple1 dur+ :i* "t !y become full gr[n & ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 !y leave ! apple1 usually ?r\gh its side4 ,! full gr[n cat]pill> n[ secretes itself 9 ! crevices 9 ! b>k ( ! tree or 9 rubbi% b5ea? ! tree & sp9s a t\gh b slight silk5 cocoon 9 :i* ! pupal p]iod is pass$4 ,?is la/s ab\t a =tnight1 :5 ! process is sometimes repeat$1 s t 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates !re are (t5 two broods ea* season4 ,! mo/ vuln]able po9t 9 ! c>e] ( ?is little animal is :5 x is ent]+ ! fruit4 ,if a f9e poison spray cov]s ! surface ( ! fruit1 & especially if x cov]s ! calyx end ( ! apple inside & out1 :5 ! "y l>vae beg9 to eat !y w surely be kill$4 ,x is e/imat$ t birds de/roy eighty-five p] c5t4 ( ! cocoons on ! b>k ( trees4 #b4 ,,apple ,,maggot4--,x is =tunate t ! apple maggot1 (t5 call$ ! railroad worm because ( its w9d+ tunnels all ?r\gh ! fruit1 is n z s]i\s a pe/ z ! codl+ mo? = x is mu* m difficult to control ) a poison4 ,a two-w+$ fly appe>s 9 e>ly summ] & deposits h] eggs 9 a puncture ( ! sk9 ( ! apple4 ,9 a few days ! eggs hat* & ! maggots beg9 to burr[ indiscrim9ately ?r\gh ! fruit4 ,! full gr[n l>vae are a gre5i% :ite 9 color & ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long4 ,f ! fruit ?is insect goes to ! gr\nd :]e ! pupal /age is pass$ 9 ! soil4 ,! next summ] ! fly aga9 em]ges & lays its eggs4 ,spray+ is n effective aga9/ ?is insect z ! poison _c be plac$ :]e x w be eat5 by ! maggots4 ,! be/ kn[n rem$y is to de/roy ! fruit :i* drops to ! gr\nd & = ?is purpose hogs 9 ! or*>d are v effective4 ,! di/ribution ( ?is insect 9 ! or*>d is limit$ & x has %[n a m>k$ pref]5ce = summ] & autumn v>ieties4 #c4 ,,! ,,bud ,,mo? closely resembles ! codl+ mo? 9 =m & size1 b diff]s f x 9 color & life hi/ory4 ,! l>vae1 aft] hib]nat+ ?r\gh ! w9t]1 appe> z little br[n cat]pill>s ab\t ,may fir/ or z soon z ! buds beg9 to op51 & a week or two lat] beg9 _! "w ( de/ruction4 ,!y inflict great damage on ! "y leaf & fruit buds by fe$+ on !m4 ,:5 full gr[n ! l>vae1 c9namon br[n 9 color ) a %9+ black head1 are ab\t "o-half in* long4 ,!y !n roll !mselves up 9 a tube made f a leaf or p>ts ( leaves securely fa/5$ toge!r ) silk5 ?reads4 ,9 ?is cocoon pupation1 :i* la/s ab\t t5 days1 takes place4 ,e>ly 9 ,june ! mo?s appe>4 ,!re is b "o brood 9 ! ,nor?4 ,^! insects c be successfully combat$ ) a poison spray appli$ e>ly be=e ! buds op54 #d4 ,,! ,,cig> ,,case ,,be>] w9t]s 9 its case atta*$ to a twig4 ,:5 ! buds beg9 to op5 9 ! spr+ x moves to !m1 c>ry+ its case ) x1 & beg9s to fe$ on ! "y & t5d] buds4 ,by ! "t ! leaves are well op51 x has f$ a good deal on ! t5d] buds & "y leaves & is ready to make a new & l>g] case4 ,?is x does by cutt+ a leaf to suit & !n roll+ x up 9 ! =m ( a cig>1 :5ce its "n4 ,9 ?is case ! l>vae cont9ue fe$+ ab\t a mon?1 caus+ mu* injury to ! leaves1 al?\gh ?is is n z s]i\s z ! mutilation ( ! "y buds 9 ! spr+1 be=e ! tree is fully leaf$ out4 ,ab\t ! la/ ( ,june pupation takes place & 9 ab\t t5 days ! mo? em]ges4 ,! eggs are !n lay$ along ! midribs ( ! leaves & hat* 9 ab\t fifte5 days4 ,! newly hat*$ l>vae become leaf m9]s dur+ ,augu/1 & migrate to ! bran*es aga9 9 ! fall :]e !y pass ! w9t]4 ,^! leaf & bud eat+ insects c be de/roy$ by apply+ a poison to ! buds be=e !y op5 & aga9 lat] to ! op5+ leaf & fl[] buds4 #e4 ,,curculio ,,beetles pass ! w9t] "u leaves & grass4 ,9 ! spr+ !y fe$ on ! blossoms & ! t5d] leaves4 ,z soon z ! "y fruits are =m$ ! female deposits h] eggs 9 a puncture made j inside a %ort1 cresc5t-%ap$ cut 9 ! little apple4 ,! eggs soon hat* & ! "y grubs burr[ into ! fruit to ! core :]e !y rema9 two or ?ree weeks1 or until full gr[n4 ,! l>vae !n bore _! way out ( ! fruit & drop to ! soil :]e !y pupate4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! beetles to em]ge aga9 fe$ on ! fruit4 ,! pr9cipal damage f ?is pe/ comes f ! fe$+ ( ! beetles & ! "w ( ! l>vae1 al?\gh ! latt] is n z bad 9 ! apple z 9 ! /one fruits4 ,a poison on ! "y foliage z soon z ! beetles beg9 to fe$ is ! be/ me?od ( combat+ curculio4 ,j>r+ ! tree is n z practicable ) ! apple z x is ) ! plum4 #f4 ,,! ,,san ,,jose ,,scale1 "o ( our wor/ apple tree pe/s1 is a suck+ insect extract+ ! juices ( ! tree f ! trunk1 limbs or bran*es1 or ev5 f ! leaves & fruit :5 x is v abundant4 ,at fir/ ! gr[? is *eck$ only1 b z ! insects develop _! "w f9ally results 9 ! dea? ( ! "p1 unless !y are de/roy$4 ,! insect w9t]s 9 an immature condition on ! b>k "u a grayi%1 circul>1 some:at convex scale ab\t ! size ( a p9head4 ,! "y1 ( :i* a great _m broods are produc$1 are s(t bodi$ b soon =m a scale4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ small two-w+$ insects issue f ^! scales4 ,aft] mat+ ! males die1 b ! females cont9ue to gr[ & 9 ab\t a mon? beg9 ! production ( liv+ "y--m9ute1 yell[1 oval creatures4 ,^! "y settle on ! b>k & pu% _! sl5d] beaks into ! plant f :i* !y beg9 to suck out ! sap4 ,9 ab\t twelve days ! insects molt & 9 eight to t5 m !y *ange to pupae1 & 9 f ?irty-?ree to =ty days are !mselves be>+ "y4 ,a s+le female may give bir? to f\r hundr$ "y 9 "o season & !re are sev]al g5]ations 9 a season4 ,?is great prolificacy is :at makes ! scale s s]i\s a pe/4 ,9 fight+ x e scale mu/ be de/roy$ or ?\s&s m are soon born4 ,9 ord] to be able to use a /rong en\gh mixture ( lime & sulphur to de/roy !m by smo!r+ or *ok+ ! spray mu/ be appli$ on ! dormant wood 9 ! spr+ or fall or bo?4 ,?or\ghness is mo/ ess5tial4 #g4 ,,! ,,oy/] ,,%ell ,,scale1 al?\gh x is ess5tially ! same 9 its habits & 9 its me?ods ( suck+ ! sap f ! tree is n z bad a pe/ z ! ,san ,jose scale because x is less prolific1 !re be+ b "o brood a ye>4 ,/ill ?is scale (t5 de/roys a bran* & sometimes a :ole tree4 ,! lice w9t] z eggs "u ! scale & hat* 9 late ,may or e>ly ,june4 ,aft] crawl+ ab\t ! b>k = two or ?ree days1 ! "y fix _! beaks into x & rema9 fa/5$ !re = life1 suck+ out ! sap4 ,by ! end ( ! season !y h matur$ & secret$ a scaly cov]+ "u :i* _! eggs = ! next season's crop w9t]4 ,a smo!r+ spray l lime & sulphur appli$ /rong :5 ! trees are dormant w practically control ?is scale4 ,b ! "y may be de/roy$ 9 summ] by a contact spray su* z tobacco leaf extract or :ale oil soap4 #h4 ,,! ,,leaf ,,bli/] ,,mite is a small1 f\r-legg$ animal1 s small z h>dly to be visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,x passes ! w9t] 9 ! bud scales & z soon z ^! beg9 to op5 9 ! spr+ x passes to ! t5d] leaves :i* x punctures1 produc+ light gre5 or r$di% pimples accord+ to ! v>iety ( apple4 ,^! lat] develop into galls or bli/]s ( a blacki% or r$di% br[n color & f9ally result 9 ! de/ruction ( ! leaf4 ,trees are sometimes practically defoliat$ by ?is pe/1 & ?is at a "t :5 a good foliage is mo/ ne$$4 ,inside ( ! galls eggs are deposit$ & :5 ! "y hat* !y burr[ 9 all directions4 ,9 ,octob] ! mites ab&on ! leaves to hib]nate 9 ! bud scales aga94 ,a /rong contact spray ( lime sulphur :5 ! trees are dormant de/roys ! "y mites :ile !y are yet on ! bud scales1 :i* is practically ! only "t :5 !y are vuln]able4 #i4 ,,aphides1 or plant lice1 are ( seasonal importance4 ,al?\gh ne>ly always pres5t1 x is only occasionally t !y become s num]\s z s]i\sly to damage mature apple trees4 ,b !y are m (t5 s]i\s pe/s on "y trees :]e !y %\ld be c>efully wat*$4 ,_! pres5ce is det]m9$ by ! curl$ & di/ort$ condition ( ! t]m9al leaves on ! "u side ( :i* ! gre5 or p9ki% lice w be f\nd4 ,eggs deposit$ 9 autumn pass ! w9t] 9 ?is condition1 hat*+ 9 ! spr+ ab\t ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,f ^! w9t] eggs females are hat*$ :i* be> liv+ "y1 :i* may also be> liv+ "y & s on = sev]al g5]ations until autumn1 :5 eggs are aga9 deposit$ = ! w9t] /age4 ,=tunately wea!r conditions toge!r ) p>asitic & pr$ace\s insects hold !m m or less 9 *eck4 ,because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ at ! und]side ( ! curl$ leaves :]e ^! lice mo/ly "w !y are extremely h>d to control4 ,lime & sulphur :5 ! trees are dormant de/roy z _m ( ! eggs z x comes 9 contact )4 ,a tobacco extract is q effective z a contact spray 9 ! gr[+ season4 ,! trees mu/ be closely wat*$ & if ! lice appe> 9 any consid]able numb] !y mu/ be promptly att5d$ to or s]i\s damage is likely to result4 ,^! are by no means all ! insect pe/s :i* ! fruit gr[] has to combat1 b !y are usually ! mo/ important4 ,cank] worm & t5t cat]pill>s (t5 d great damage 9 unspray$ or*>ds1 b !y are easily controll$ by an application ( a poison z soon z !y appe>4 ,! same is true ( o!r cat]pill>s & leaf eat+ worms4 ,apple tree bor]s are frequ5tly s]i\s1 especially 9 "y or*>ds1 :]e ! trees %\ld be regul>ly grubb$ & ! bor]s dug out or kill$ ) a piece ( wire4 ,!y may be prev5t$ to "s ext5t by pa9t+ ! tree trunks ) a heavy lime & sulphur or "s gas t> prep>ation4 ,,diseases4--,al?\gh n z num]\s z insects1 ! diseases :i* attack ! apple inflict great damage & are fully z difficult to control4 ,!y are caus$ by bact]ia & by fungi :i* may be comp>$ to we$s gr[+ on or 9 ! tree in/ead ( ! soil4 ,if ei!r ( ^! works )9 ! plant1 z is sometimes ! case1 x mu/ be attack$ be=e x ent]s4 ,x is v necess>y to be ?or\gh 9 ord] to control ^! diseases4 ,wea!r conditions influ5ce ne>ly all ( !m mat]ially4 ,( ^? :i* attack ! apple tree or fruit we h select$ ?ree z ! mo/ s]i\s & ! mo/ necess>y = ! gr[] to combat1 namely1 7#a7 apple scab1 7#b7 ,new ,york apple tree cank]1 & 7#c7 fire blight4 ,to ^! %\ld be add$ 9 ! ,s\? & middle latitudes1 sooty blot* & bitt] rot4 ,baldw9 spot is also frequ5tly s]i\s 9 "s seasons & localities4 7#a7 ,,! ,,apple ,,scab1 commonly kn[n among gr[]s z ! fungus1 is ! mo/ important ( our common apple diseases & is mo/ evid5t on ! fruit1 al?\gh x attacks ! leaves z well4 ,9 "s seasons ! fruit is made almo/ unsalable4 ,?is disease lives ?r\gh ! w9t] on old leaves4 ,9 ! spr+ ab\t blossom+ "t ! spores are scatt]$ by ! w9d & o!r ag5cies1 & rea*+ ! t5d] %oots g]m9ate & ent] ! tissues ( ! plant4 ,_! developm5t is greatly dep5d5t on ! wea!r4 ,9 a season 9 :i* !re is little fog or cont9u$ damp or humid wea!r1 !y may n develop at all1 b :]e ^! conditions are pres5t !y frequ5tly become v virul5t4 ,spray+ w be gov]n$ by ! wea!r conditions1 b ! mixture mu/ be appli$ v promptly z soon z x is evid5t t x is likely to be necess>y & mu/ cov] e "p ( ! tree to be effective4 ,! object is to prev5t ! spores f g]m9at+1 ! spray be+ entirely a prev5tive & 9 no s5se a cure4 ,! disease mo/ frequ5tly fir/ manife/s itself on ! t5d] new gr[? & on ! blossoms4 ,two mixtures h be5 f\nd to control x1 namely1 ,bordeaux & a weak solution ( lime & sulphur4 ,"o or o!r ( ^! %\ld be appli$ j be=e ! blossoms op51 j be=e !y fall1 & :5 necess>y two & n9e weeks lat]4 7#b7 ,,new ,,york ,,apple ,,tree ,,cank] is usually f\nd ma9ly on ! trunks ( old trees1 b x also affects ! small] bran*es4 ,practically e old or unc>$ = or*>d has m or less ( ?is cank]1 & :]e x is n *eck$ x ev5tually de/roys ! tree4 ,?is fungus is ! cause ( mo/ ( ! dead wood f\nd 9 old or*>ds4 ,! surface ( ! cank] is black & r\gh & cov]$ ) m9ute black pimples4 ,x lives ov] w9t] & spreads f "o bran* or tree to ano!r4 ,z x mo/ frequ5tly ent]s a bran* ?r\gh w\nds made 9 prun+1 ^! %\ld be promptly pa9t$ ov] ) a heavy lead & oil pa9t4 ,all diseas$ p>ts %\ld be cut out & remov$ z soon z obs]v$4 ,! value ( spray+ = ?is disease is n def9itely kn[n1 b x is seldom v tr\blesome 9 well spray$ & well c>$ = or*>ds4 7#c7 ,,blight appe>s on apple trees 9 ?ree =ms1 z blossom blight1 z twig blight1 & z blight cank]s4 ,x is a bact]ial disease :i* is di/ribut$ by flies1 bees1 birds1 etc41 & _c be controll$ by spray+4 ,! bact]ia are c>ri$ ov] ! w9t] 9 cank]s on ! ma9 limbs & bodies ( ! trees1 ooz+ out 9 a /icky mass 9 ! spr+4 ,^! cank]s %\ld be cut out ) a %>p knife cutt+ well into ! heal?y b>k & !n wa%+ ! w\nd ) corrosive sublimate1 "o "p to "o ?\s& ( wat]4 ,cutt+ out & de/roy+ are also ! *ief rem$ies to be us$ :5 ! blight appe>s 9 ! twigs & blossoms4 ,x is n usually z s]i\s on apples z on pe>s4 ,"s v>ieties1 l ,alex&]1 are m subject to x ?an o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,spray+ ,! spray+ ( fruit trees 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 hav+ be5 a g5]al comm]cial practice = less ?an two decades4 ,x involves ! pr9ciple ( apply+ ) =ce & 9 ! =m ( a f9e ra9 or mi/1 wat] 9 :i* a poison or a sub/ance :i* kills by contact is susp5d$4 ,! fir/ application ( ! pr9ciple 0 aga9/ *ew+ insects ) hellebore4 ,pure ars5ic 0 e>ly us$ & soon l$ to ! use ( o!r ars5icals4 ,our greate/ fungicide1 ,bordeaux mixture1 0 discov]$ by accid5t 9 #ahhb :5 x 0 f\nd to control mildew 9 ,france4 ,up until ab\t five ye>s ago ,bordeaux mixture z ! fungicide & p>is gre5 z ! poison 7 almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 !re h be5 develop$ two sub/itutes :i*1 al?\gh kn[n & us$ to "s ext5t = tw5ty ye>s1 h only rec5tly come into su* g5]al use z practically to replace ! old sprays4 ,^! are lime & sulphur z ! fungicide & p>tial insecticide & ars5ate ( lead z a p>tial insecticide4 ,! necessity = & ! advisability ( spray+ h already be5 po9t$ out4 ,!re is an increas+ dem& = f9e fruit ! supply+ ( :i* is possible only ) ?or\gh spray+4 ,9 ! humid ,ea/ especially ! competition ( m progressive sections 9 ! ,we/ is dem&+ m & bett] spray+4 ,!re is no cure-all 9 ?is process4 ,x does n make a tree m fruitful except z x improves its g5]al heal?1 b x does br+ a l>g] p]c5tage ( ! fruit to p]fection4 ,c]ta9 k is fundam5tal2 ! gr[] mu/ "k :at he is spray+ =1 :5 & ) :at to combat x & h[ to accompli% ! desir$ result mo/ effectively4 ,spray+ is an insurance aga9/ anticipat$ tr\bles ) ! fruit1 & ! be/ & mo/ successful gr[]s are ^? mo/ completely insur$4 ,x has _m g5]al advantages also4 ,x /imulates ! gr[] to a great] int]e/ 9 8 bus9ess because ( ! extra k & skill requir$4 ,x compels ?or\ghness4 ,x necessitates sp5d+ money1 !re=e a return is look$ =4 ,to be sure1 x is only "o ( ! op]ations necess>y to success1 b x enables u to gr[ a quality ( fruit :i* we c\ld n obta9 )\t x4 ,,spray ,,mat]ials are conv5i5tly divid$ into two classes1 insecticides & fungicides4 ,an insecticide is a poison by :i* ! insect is kill$ ei!r directly by eat+ x1 or indirectly by ! cau/ic1 smo!r+1 or /ifl+ effects result+ f clos+ its brea?+ pores4 ,direct poisons are us$ = insects :i* eat "s "p ( ! tree or fruit & are call$ /oma* poisons4 ,sprays :i* kill indirectly are us$ = insects :i* suck ! sap or juice f ! tree or fruit & are call$ contact sprays4 ,ars5ical comp\nds h supplant$ practically all o!r sub/ances us$ to combat ext]nal bit+ insects4 ,two /oma* poisons are commonly us$1 namely1 ars5ate ( lead & p>is gre51 b ! =m] is rapidly replac+ ! latt]4 ,,ars5ate ,,( ,,lead is prep>$ by mix+ ?ree p>ts ( cry/alliz$ ars5ate ( soda ) sev5 p>ts ( cry/alliz$ :ite sug> 7acetate7 ( lead 9 wat]1 b x w n z a rule pay ! gr[] to mix 8 own mat]ial1 z ars5ate ( lead c be pur*as$ 9 conv5i5t comm]cial =m at a reasonable price4 ,! prep>ation on ! m>ket is a f9ely pulv]iz$ precipitate 9 two =ms1 "o a p[d] & ! o!r a pa/e4 ,^! are probably ab\t equally good & are readily kept susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,less free ars5ic is conta9$ 9 ?is =m ?an 9 any o!r comp\nd ( ars5ic1 mak+ x saf] to use1 especially 9 heavy applications4 ,ars5ate ( lead may be us$ )\t dang] ( burn+ ! foliage z /rong z five or six p\nds to fifty gallons ( wat]1 b ?ree p\nds is ! usual & a suffici5t am\nt = ! control ( any apple insect = :i* x is efficaci\s4 ,,p>is ,,gre5 is be+ rapidly displac$ by ars5ate ( lead = sev]al reasons4 ,x is a comp\nd ( :ite ars5ic1 copp] oxide1 & acetic acid4 ,! comm]cial =m is a cry/al :i* 9 susp5sion settles rapidly1 a s]i\s fault4 ,x is m soluble ?an ars5ate ( lead & h5ce !re is great] dang] ( burn+ ! foliage ) x4 ,moreov]1 x co/s f tw5ty to tw5ty-five c5ts a p\nd1 & ! ars5ate ( lead c be pur*as$ = f eight to t5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,! am\nt :i* x is safe to use 9 fifty gallons ( wat] is f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd4 ,:5 p>is gre5 is us$ alone z a poison lime %\ld be add$4 ,bo? ^! ars5icals %\ld be ?or\ghly wet up by /irr+ 9 a small] receptacle be=e !y are put into ! spray tank1 9 ord] to get !m 9 z complete susp5sion z possible4 ,!y may be us$ 9 ! same mixture ) ,bordeaux or lime sulphur4 ,,contact ,,sprays4--,f\r comp\nds are us$ z contact sprays 9 combat+ suck+ insects1 namely1 lime sulphur1 soaps su* z :ale oil soap1 k]os5e emulsion1 & tobacco extract4 ,( ^! lime sulphur is ! mo/ us$ & = w9t] spray+ is probably ! be/4 ,?is prep>ation is made by boil+ toge!r = "o h\r or until !y unite1 tw5ty p\nds ( quick lime1 fifte5 p\nds ( fl[] ( sulphur1 & fifty gallons ( wat]4 ,al?\gh ! home made mixture is mu* *eap] ?an ! comm]cial =m :i* may be pur*as$ on ! m>ket1 _m p pref] ! latt] because ( ! inconv5i5ce & tr\ble ( prep>+ ! mixture1 al?\gh !re is no?+ difficult ab\t x4 ,?is contact spray is us$ *iefly = ! ,san ,jose scale & ! bli/] mite1 & 9 ord] to control ^! mu/ be appli$ /rong on ! dormant wood4 ,! /r5g? necess>y w v>y f "o "p ( ! mixture above m5tion$ or ( ! comm]cial prep>ation1 to f sev5 to t5 p>ts ( wat]1 accord+ to ! d5sity te/ ( ! mat]ial1 :i* %\ld be ar\nd tw5ty-eight p] c5t4 ,beaume 7a scale = measur+ ! d5sity ( a liquid7 = home made1 & ?irty-two p] c5t4 = ! comm]cial mixture4 ,any good soap is effective 9 de/roy+ s(t bodi$ insects su* z plant lice4 ,! fi% oil soaps1 al?\gh v>iable 9 composition1 are (t5 valuable1 especially ! "o kn[n 9 ! trade z :ale oil soap4 ,?is soap dissolv$ 9 wat] by boil+ at ! rate ( two p\nds ( soap to "o gallon ( wat]1 makes a good w9t] spray = scale b %\ld be appli$ be=e x gets cold z x is !n apt to become gelat9\s4 ,= a summ] contact spray aga9/ lice1 "o p\nd ( soap to sev5 gallons ( wat] is /rong en\gh to be effective4 ,x is objectionable because ( its odor & because x is disagreeable to make & h&le4 ,lime sulphur is to be pref]r$ z a w9t] spray1 b ! soap spray is (t5 necess>y & valuable = summ] suck+ insects4 ,k]os5e emulsion 0 =m]ly m commonly us$ ?an n[ aga9/ ! scale & plant lice4 ,x is a mixture ( "o-half p\nd ( soap & two gallons ( k]os5e 9 "o gallon ( wat]--pref]ably 9 hot wat]4 ,= dormant trees "o gallon ( ?is mixture %\ld be dilut$ ) six gallons ( wat]4 ,:ile ?is spray is effective x is no m s ?an lime-sulphur & is q difficult & disagreeable to h&le4 ,z a summ] spray1 h[ev]1 x is (t5 necess>y4 ,sev]al prep>ations ( petroleum kn[n z ! miscible oils are sometimes us$4 ,_! use is ! same z t ( lime-sulphur & !y are n z good4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a tobacco concoction kn[n z black leaf tobacco extract 7nicot9e sulphate7 has come into q common use4 ,x c be pur*as$ comm]cially "u v>i\s br& names1 & %\ld be dilut$ accord+ to its /r5g?1 b usually ab\t "o "p to fifty ( wat]4 ,x may be made by boil+ "o p\nd ( good tobacco /ems 9 two gallons ( wat] = "o-half-h\r4 ,objections to x are t x evaporates v quickly1 al?\gh x is suppos$ to be non-volatile1 & t x is exp5sive1 b x is v conv5i5t to use1 c be readily mix$ ) o!r summ] sprays1 & is v effective aga9/ plant lice & mites4 ,,bordeaux ,,mixture4 ,fungicides are mixtures ( *emical comp\nds made up = ! purpose ( controll+ plant diseases caus$ by a class ( plant we$s kn[n z fungi4 ,!re are ?ree commonly well kn[n & us$ fungicides1 ,bordeaux mixture1 comm]cial lime sulphur1 & ! self-boil$ lime-sulphur4 ,! ,bordeaux mixture is ! be/ all-ar\nd fungicide kn[n4 ,x is a mixture ( ?ree p\nds ( copp] sulphate 7blue vitriol or blue/one7 ) ?ree or m p\nds ( fre% burn$ /one lime 9 fifty gallons ( wat]4 ,! two comp\nds %\ld be put toge!r z fruit gr[]s say ) wat] betwe51 t is ea* %\ld be dilut$ ) ! wat] sep>ately be=e ! two are mix$4 ,! be/ plan is to h /ock mixtures ( ea* 9 b>rels1 fifty gallon cid] or v9eg> b>rels mak+ good receptacles = ! purpose4 ,place ! blue/one 9 an old f]tiliz] or meal sack & susp5d x ab\t midway 9 ! b>rel ( wat]4 ,9 a few h\rs x w all be dissolv$ & w rema9 9 susp5sion = "s l5g? ( "t v well4 ,if say fifty p\nds ( ! copp] sulphate are dissolv$ 9 fifty gallons ( wat]1 ea* gallon ( wat] w conta9 "o p\nd ( ! blue/one1 :i* makes a v conv5i5t way to measure x4 ,s also fifty p\nds ( fre% burn$ /one lime %\ld be plac$ 9 a b>rel--9 ?is case 9 ! bottom ( ! b>rel r ?an 9 a sack--j cov]$ ) wat] & all[$ to slake1 m wat] be+ add$ z requir$ up to fifty gallons4 ,if too mu* wat] is add$ to ! lime at ! fir/ x w be dr[n$ & its slak+ *eck$4 ,^! two /ock mixtures1 ea* gallon conta9+ "o p\nd ( ! copp] sulphate or "o p\nd ( ! lime1 are !n mix$ toge!r4 ,x is well to fill ! tank ab\t half full ( wat]1 !n put 9 ! requir$ am\nt ( ! copp] sulphate1 & aft] /irr+ well add ! lime milk4 ,x is a good plan to add an excess ( lime z x m9imizes ! dang] ( burn+ & aids ! mixture 9 /ick+ to ! leaves well4 ,if "o is sure t he has at lea/ z mu* lime1 or an excess ( lime1 x w n be necess>y to te/ ! mixture1 b if he is n1 a simple te/ may be made ) f]ro-cyanide ( potassium1 obta9$ at a drug /ore4 ,a few drops ( ?is mixture w disappe> if ! lime is equal or 9 excess ( ! copp] sulphate1 t is1 x w be neutraliz$1 b if x is n1 !y w rema9 a bright purpli% r$4 ,bordeaux mixture is us$ 9 /r5g?s v>y+ f ?ree to five p\nds ea* ( blue/one & lime 9 fifty gallons ( wat]1 b ! =m] is usually suffici5t4 ,,lime-,,sulphur4--,! m important fungicides1 ! comm]cial lime sulphur & ! self-boil$ lime-sulphur1 are practically sup]s$+ ,bordeaux z a fungicide1 n because !y are necess>ily bett]1 b because !re is frequ5tly mu* burn+ ( ! foliage & russet+ ( ! fruit f ! use ( ! ,bordeaux4 ,?is is un=tunate z ! latt] is a r m effective fungicide z well z m conv5i5t & pleasant to use4 ,! self-boil$ lime sulphur is a comb9ation ( lime & sulphur :i* is boil$ by ! heat ( ! slak+ lime alone1 & makes a pretty good sub/itute = ! ,bordeaux :5 x injures foliage or fruit4 ,?is prep>ation ( lime & sulphur diff]s f ! comm]cial =m us$ z a w9t] wa% 9 t x is :olly a me*anical mixture & n p>tly *emical l ! latt]4 ,x may !re=e be us$ on ! foliage 9 summ] at a great] /r5g?1 !re be+ only a v small p]c5tage ( sulphur 9 solution :5 ! mixture is prop]ly made4 ,equal am\nts ( lime & sulphur are us$1 ^! be+ f eight to t5 p\nds ea* to fifty gallons ( wat]4 ,! mixture is be/ prep>$ 9 l>g] quantities s z to get heat en\gh f ! slak+ lime to produce a viol5t boil+ = a few m9utes4 ,fir/1 place say =ty p\nds ( lime 9 a b>rel & p\r on j wat] en\gh to />t x slak+ nicely--ab\t a gallon to ea* ?ree or f\r p\nds ( lime is usually suffici5t4 ,!n add ! sulphur & en\gh m wat] to slake ! pa/e1 keep+ x well /irr$ mean:ile4 ,! viol5t boil+ ( ! lime 9 slak+ w cook ! mixture 9 f five to fifte5 m9utes1 dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! lime & h[ fa/ x is slak$4 ,j z soon z ! viol5t boil+ is ov] add en\gh cold wat] to /op all action4 ,if ?is is n done1 "s sulphur w unite ) ! lime & burn+ may be ! result4 ,?is self-boil$ mixture is entirely h>mless to apple foliage & ev5 appe>s to h a /imulat+ effect ^u x4 ,aga9/ ! apple scab1 h[ev]1 x is n z effective z ! boil$ wa%1 or ! comm]cial prep>ations4 ,= ?is disease a /r5g? ( f "o to ?irty to "o to =ty 7t is ab\t "o & "o-half gallons ( ! prep>$ mixture te/+ #ca to #cc ,beaume to fifty gallons ( wat]7 ( ! comm]cial lime-sulphur is mo/ effective4 ,,spray ,,pumps4--,! application ( ! =ego+ spray mixtures is fully z important z ! sprays !mselves1 = on ! "r application at ! "r "t dep5ds ! efficacy ( ! spray4 ,= ?is purpose a consid]able am\nt ( special ma*9]y has be5 devis$4 ,lack ( space prev5ts u f go+ into mu* detail on ?is "q1 s we mu/ be cont5t ) m]ely outl9+ ! diff]5t types ( ma*9es & m5tion+ _! accessories4 ,sprays are =c$ ?r\gh s+le1 d\ble or triple act+ pumps1 ei!r by h& or p[]4 ,! ?ree types ( p[] available are traction1 compress$ air1 & gasol9e1 ! la/ be+ ! mo/ us$4 ,/eam p[] is practically obsolete4 ,! knapsack is ! simple/ type ( h& pump1 b x is ( no practical use 9 ! mature apple or*>d4 ,= small or*>ds & small trees sev]al types ( h& pumps are q effective4 ,! lev] type ( pump1 :]e ! h&le is pu%$ f & pull$ t[>d ! op]ator1 probably gives ! mo/ p[] ) ! lea/ tir+ effect1 because x enables "o to use ! weight ( ! body to "s ext5t4 ,x is be/ n to h ! pump atta*$ to ! spray b>rel or tank1 b set on a movable base ( its own1 z !n x c be us$ = any "o ( a numb] ( b>rels4 ,su* an outfit may be obta9$ = f tw5ty-five to =ty doll>s4 ,x is well to buy a /&>d make ( pump1 pref]ably f a ne>by deal]1 s t repairs may be readily secur$4 ,= all or*>ds up to ?ree or f\r acres 9 size1 & = l>g] or*>ds :]e ! trees are n ov] twelve or fifte5 feet 9 height1 ?is k9d ( spray rig is ! mo/ practicable & advisable1 :5 ! exp5se is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,?is applies especially to ! g5]al f>m4 ,! p[] ( a traction spray] is develop$ f ! :eels4 ,!re is mu* discussion z to :e!r suffici5t p[] to ?r[ an effective spray c be suppli$ by ?is me?od4 ,by accumulat+ consid]able pressure by extra driv+ at ! ends ( ! r[s & !n skipp+ e o!r tree 9 ord] to keep up ! pressure1 go+ ov] ! r[s twice1 a v satisfactory pressure c be obta9$ = trees :i* are n too l>ge4 ,! argum5t = ?is type ( ma*9e1 & x is especially applicable on ! g5]al f>m1 is t x c be us$ = o!r spray+ on ! f>m z well z = ! apple or*>d1 especially = potatoes & small fruits4 ,x is a comp>atively *eap type ( p[]1 p>ticul>ly :5 x c be us$ = sev]al purposes4 ,! compress$ air gas spray] comes next 9 po9t ( simplicity & co/ = a p[] spray]4 ,its mo/ economic use is f\nd :]e or*>d+ is c>ri$ on ext5sively en\gh to pay to compress ! air or gas "r 9 ! or*>d4 ,?is is ( c\rse impracticable on ! g5]al f>m4 ,!re=e ! air or gas mu/ be pur*as$ & %ipp$ to ! f>m 9 /eel tubes4 ,?is (t5 causes delay at critical times & is r exp5sive4 ,moreov]1 ! gas is op5 to ! objection ( int]f]+ ) ! lime-sulphur comp\nd by precipitat+ "s ( ! sulphur4 ,! gasol9e eng9e is ! mo/ useful & popul> type ( p[] = ! or*>d spray]1 z well z = g5]al use on ! f>m4 ,_m makes are n[ s p]fect$ t !y give little or no tr\ble4 ,"o & a half or two horsep[] are fully suffici5t = spray+1 b mo/ f>m]s pref] f ?ree to five horsep[] 9 ord] to be able to use ! eng9e m = o!r purposes4 ,! latt] p[] is op5 to objection = spray+ purposes on acc\nt ( its weight1 z especially 9 e>ly spr+ x is v difficult to haul s heavy a rig ov] ! s(t gr\nd4 ,su* an outfit is also r exp5sive4 ,/&>d makes ( gasol9e eng9es ( suffici5t p[] = spray+ co/ f #ge4jj to #aej4jj accord+ to horsep[] & effici5cy4 ,= v l>ge trees1 = mature or*>ds1 & = all or*>ds l>g] ?an f\r or five acres1 ! gasol9e eng9e is ! be/ s\rce ( p[] = spray+1 p>ticul>ly :]e x c be us$ = o!r purposes on ! f>m4 ,a d\ble act+ or two cyl9d] pump is mo/ desirable4 ,if !re is pl5ty ( p[] a triplex or ?ree cyl9d] pump is /ill bett]4 ,! requirem5ts ( a good pump are3 suffici5t p[] = ! "w desir$ ( x2 /rong b n too heavy2 fewe/ possible numb] ( p>ts consi/5t ) effici5cy2 brass p>ts & valves2 & a good siz$ air *amb]4 ,a numb] ( /&>d makes ( pumps answ] ^! conditions v well4 ,pumps %\ld always be wa%$ out ) clean wat] :5 ! op]ator is ?r\gh ) !m & ! metal p>ts coat$ ) vasel9e4 ,nev] leave wat] 9 a pump *amb] or 9 ! eng9e jacket 9 cold wea!r4 ,! ord9>y h& pump & b>rel give satisfactory use :5 plac$ on a wagon1 unless ! trees are v high4 ,b = l>ge or*>ds1 high trees1 & :]e l>g] tanks & p[] pumps are us$ x is desirable to h a special truck = ! outfit4 ,! front :eel %\ld be made l[ s z to turn "u ! tank to enable ! driv] to make %ort turns ar\nd ! trees4 ,a t[] is desirable :]e high old trees are to be spray$4 ,?is %\ld be sub/antial b z small z is consi/5t ) ! purpose s z n to cat* on ! limbs & make x difficult to get close up ar\nd ! trees4 ,! height ( ! plat=m mu/ be regulat$ by ! ne$ & by ! r\ghness ( ! gr\nd4 ,on /eep side hills ! wagon body on :i* ! tank re/s %\ld be und]slung4 ,9 ord] to get z ne> to ! "w z possible get a long hose--f tw5ty to ?irty feet accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! be/ quality1 ?ree to five ply1 is none too good4 ,hose %\ld be ?ree-eigh?s to "o-half in* 9 diamet]1 "o in* be+ too heavy4 ,ext5sion rods are a practical necessity4 ,!y %\ld be t5 to twelve feet long & made ( bamboo l9$ ) brass1 t is1 z light z possible4 ,nozzles are v important 9 ?or\gh & effective spray+4 ,!re is no be/ nozzle1 nor "o ) :i* all ! "w c be done4 ,sev]al ?+s %\ld be consid]$ 9 select+ a nozzle4 ,fir/ ( all1 x mu/ be ( conv5i5t =m s z n to cat* 9 trees & s con/ruct$ t x w n clog easily4 ,second1 = apple trees x %\ld h good capacity & deliv] z spread+ a spray z possible4 ,?ird1 ! nature ( ! spray is v important4 ,insecticides %\ld usually be appli$ ) =ce 9 a comp>atively co>se driv+ spray1 b fungicides %\ld be appli$ 9 a f9e mi/ or fog s t !y w settle on e "p ( ! tree4 ,!re9 lies ! difficulty ( apply+ insecticides & fungicides toge!r4 ,,"t ,,( ,,spray+4--,=tunately x is n necess>y to make a sep>ate application = ea* insect & disease1 b !y may be treat$ toge!r to "s ext5t4 ,9 mo/ cases exp$i5cy dem&s t ! ars5icals be us$ ) ! fungicides4 ,_m gr[]s are f9d+ ! mo/ satisfactory results1 h[ev]1 f apply+ ! ars5ical spray sep>ately1 j aft] ! blossoms fall1 because ( ! physical impossibility ( prop]ly apply+ ! two sprays--! driv+ & ! mi/ spray--toge!r4 ,= mo/ practical purposes on ! g5]al f>m1 ?ree spray+s are necess>y 9 ord] to secure clean fruit & f\r1 sometimes five1 are (t5 advisable4 ,^! may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,) lime-sulphur1 w9t] /r5g?1 on ! dormant wood 9 e>ly spr+4 #b4 ,) lime-sulphur & ars5ate ( lead j be=e ! blossoms op5 7may sometimes be omitt$74 #c4 ,) ! same 7or ,bordeaux = scab7 j aft] ! blossoms fall4 #d4 ,) ! same two or ?ree weeks lat]4 #e4 ,) ars5ate ( lead eight or n9e weeks lat] 7may sometimes be omitt$74 7,9 ! s\? & middle latitudes :]e bitt] rot & apple blot* occur two o!r spray+s may be necess>y47 #f4 ,) ,bordeaux ab\t eight or t5 weeks aft] ! blossoms fall4 #g4 ,aga9 ) ! same ab\t two weeks lat]4 ,a ,cal5d> = ,spray+ ,apples ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,insects ,nature ,be=e ,be=e ,aft] ,9 #b ,9 #h ,mat]ials ( ,leaf ,fl[] ,petals to #c to #i to ,injury ,buds ,buds ,fall ,weeks ,weeks ,use ,op5 ,op5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,codl+ ,eat+ x x x ,lead ,mo? ,worm ,ars5ate or ,p>4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,san ,jose,suck+ x ,lime ,scale ,insect ,sulphur ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,oy/] ,suck+ x ,lime ,%ell ,insect ,sulphur ,scale ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,bli/] ,leaf x ,lime ,mite ,m9] ,sulphur ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,plant ,suck+ :5 se5 ,:ale ,oil ,l\se ,insect ,soap or ,tobacco ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,cig> ,eat+ x x x ,lead ,case ,insect ,ars5ate ,be>] or ,p>4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,apple ,eat+ x x de/roy fruit ,lead ,maggot ,worm ,ars5ate or ,p>4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,bud ,eat+ x x x ,lead ,mo? ,worm ,ars5ate or ,p>4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,curculio ,eat+ x x ,lead ,worm ,ars5ate ,beetle or ,p>4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,diseases ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,apple ,fungus x x x x if ,lime ,scab necess>y ,sulphur or ,bordeaux #c-c4ej ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,new ,york ,fungus x8 cut out ,lime ,apple infections ,sulphur ,tree ,cank] ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,leaf ,fungus x x x ,lime ,spot ,sulphur ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sooty x x x ,bordeaux ,blot* ,mixture & ,lime ,sulphur ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h>ve/+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,apples are practically nev] all[$ to rip5 on ! trees b are pick$ & %ipp$ gre54 ,by gre5 we mean n fully ripe1 n ripe en\gh to eat out ( h&4 ,?is is necess>y = all fruit :i* is to be %ipp$ any consid]able di/ance or :i* is to be /or$4 ,us$ 9 ?is s5se gre5 has no ref]5ce to color1 b z a matt] ( fact1 mu* ( our fruit is pick$ too gre51 be=e x has ev5 rea*$ its full size & is well color$4 ,!re is no exact "t at :i* apples mu/ be pick$1 b ?is dep5ds on _m factors su* z ! v>iety1 ! di/ance to be %ipp$1 ! soil1 ! climate1 & v>i\s o!r conditions1 to say no?+ ( seasonal diff]5ces4 ,! "t at :i* any v>iety %\ld be pick$ 9 a p>ticul> section w be le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,9 g5]al1 apples %\ld be left on ! tree z long z possible 9 ord] to get ! be/ size & color4 ,:5 ! apples beg9 to drop badly x is a pretty sure indication t x is "t to pick4 ,if ! fruit is to be sold 9 ! local m>ket or = imm$iate consumption1 x may be all[$ to get rip] ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,) mo/ v>ieties "o pick+ is suffici5t1 b 9 ! case ( v>ieties l ! ,weal?y :i* does n rip5 uni=mly1 or l ! ,tw5ty ,ounce1 :i* does n always color ev5ly1 two or ?ree pick+s %\ld be made4 ,two or ?ree pick+s are practically always necess>y :]e fancy fruit is desir$1 9 ord] to get ! ideal size1 color1 & uni=mity4 ,,ladd]s4--,!re are two g5]al types ( pick+ ladd]s1 ! rung & ! /ep ladd]s4 ,= l>ge trees ! rung ladd]s are ! be/4 ,!y may be obta9$ 9 l5g?s to suit ! height ( ! tree4 ,l5g?s ( m ?an tw5ty-two or tw5ty-f\r feet become too heavy & clumsy to h&le1 ev5 :5 made ( p9e1 :i* is ! be/ mat]ial z x is light & /rong = its weight4 ,9 v old1 high trees ext5sion rung ladd]s are sometimes us$4 ,!y are also useful = int]ior "w b are heavy to h&le4 ,rung ladd]s co/ f t5 to tw5ty c5ts a runn+ foot4 ,/ep ladd]s are useful only on "y & small trees4 ,! two /yles1 ! ?ree 7,japanese7 & f\r legg$1 are bo? q satisfactory :]e "o c rea* ! fruit f !m4 ,receptacles = pick+ usually hold ab\t half a bu%el4 ,bo? baskets & bags are us$1 "s pref]r+ "o & "s ! o!r1 & a *oice betwe5 !m is m]ely a matt] ( p]sonal pref]5ce4 ,!re is a little less liability ( bruis+ ! apples 9 bags ?an 9 baskets1 b ! latt] are m conv5i5t 9 "s ways4 ,fruit %\ld nev] be ?r[n or dropp$ into a basket b always h&l$ c>efully4 ,"s v>ieties1 z ,mc,intosh1 %[ almo/ e f+] m>k & lit]ally require h&l+ ) gloves4 ,,h&l+4--,! old cu/om ( pick+ & lay+ on ! gr\nd 9 ! or*>d is a poor "o & %\ld n be foll[$1 z x causes unnecess>y h&l+ & bruis+4 ,moreov]1 fruit %\ld be pack$ & haul$ to /orage z soon aft] pick+ z possible4 ,pick+ & plac+ directly on ! pack+ table f :i* ! apples are imm$iately pack$ is ! be/ plan :]e x is practicable1 b z ! wea!r at pick+ "t 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates is frequ5tly q unc]ta91 x is n always possible to foll[ ?is plan z closely z c be done 9 ! ,we/1 :]e dry air & sun%9e prevail4 ,/ill1 :]ev] !re is a consid]able quantity ( fruit & sev]al pick]s1 ! plan ( pack+ directly f ! table is be/4 ,_m gr[]s pick 9 boxes & b>rels & haul ! apples to a pack+ %$ to be pack$ lat]4 ,conv5i5ce & exp$i5cy mu/ gov]n ! g5]al f>m] :o is n always at lib]ty to *oose ! be/ plan1 (t5 hav+ to d z he c4 ,,pack+ ,,tables enable ! gr[] to pack 8 fruit bett] because he c see bett] :at he is do+1 & to h&le ! fruit m *eaply & quickly & ) less injury4 ,!y %\ld be portable s t !y c be mov$ ab\t ! or*>d4 ,a conv5i5t type has "o end m\nt$ on :eels s t x c be pu%$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,! top ( ! table %\ld be made ( two /rong lay]s ( canvas1 "o tack$ firmly to ! framework ( ! table ) ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es ( dip & ! o!r laid loosely ov] x4 ,?is plan provides a s(t re/+ place = ! fruit & ! table c be easily clean$ (f by simply ?r[+ back ! upp] lay] ( canvas4 ,?ree feet six in*es is ab\t ! "r wid? = ! table1 & ! same slop+ to ?ree feet f\r in*es at "o end1 is ! correct height f ! gr\nd4 ,mo/ pack]s l to h ?is gradual slope to "o end s t ! apples w naturally fe$ t[>d t end4 ,! l5g? may be any?+ up to eight or t5 feet1 beyond :i* ! table becomes heavy & unmanageable4 ,,b>rels4--,! /&>d apple b>rel adopt$ by ! ,national ,apple ,%ipp]s' ,association & made law 9 ,new ,york ,/ate has a l5g? ( /ave ( tw5ty-eight & "o-half in*es & a diamet] ( head ( sev5te5 & "o-eigh? in*es4 ,! outside circumf]5ce ( ! bilge is sixty-f\r in*es & ! di/ance betwe5 ! heads is tw5ty-six in*es4 ,x conta9s "o hundr$ qu>ts dry measure4 ,! /aves are mo/ly made ( elm1 p9e1 & r$ gum1 & ! heads pr9cipally ( p9e ) "s bee* & maple4 ,9 mo/ apple gr[+ sections b>rels are made 9 regul> coop] %ops :]e _! manufacture is a bus9ess by itself4 ,only ! l>ge/ gr[]s set up _! own b>rels4 ,practically all b>rels are pur*as$ knock$ d[n & x co/s f f\r to six c5ts ea* to set !m up4 ,b>rels c ord9>ily be pur*as$ = ab\t ?irty-five c5ts ea*1 b ! co/ v>ies some:at ) ! season & ! region4 ,apple packages %\ld always pres5t a neat1 clean1 & attractive appe>ance4 ,nev] use fl\r b>rels1 soil$ or ununi=m b>rels ( any k9d4 ,if a head cu%ion is us$ a good deal ( wa/e f ! cru%+ & bruis+ ( ! fruit w be sav$4 ,a head l9+ ( pla9 or fr+$ pap] also adds mu* to ! attractiv5ess ( ! package4 ,! wrapp+ ( apples = b>rel pack+ is h>dly advisable4 ,! fruit is press$ into ! b>rel tightly ) "o ( two types ( presses1 bo? ( :i* are good4 ,! lev] press is m responsive & ! pressure is m easily *ang$1 b x is h>d] to op]ate4 ,! screw press di/ributes ! pressure m ev5ly ) less injury to ! fruit & is m p[]ful4 ,! /eps 9 prop]ly pack+ a b>rel ( apples are3 ,fir/1 see t ! middle & clos$ end hoops are tight1 if necess>y1 nail+ !m & cl9*+ ! nails2 second1 m>k ! head pla9ly ) ! grade & v>iety & ! "n ( ! pack] or own]2 !n place ! b>rel on a solid floor or plank & lay 9 ! fac+ pap]s 7! face end be+ pack$ fir/72 select ! fac]s1 :i* %\ld be ! be/ repres5tatives ( ! grade be+ pack$1 & no o!rs1 & place !m 9 two c\rses 9 regul> ord] /ems d[n2 ) a drop h&le basket fill ! b>rel1 us+ c>e n to bruise ! fruit1 & j>r+ ! b>rel back & =? on ! plank z ea* basket is put into x 9 ord] to settle ! fruit firmly 9 place2 la/ly1 arrange a lay] ( apples /ems up & apply ! press1 us+ a hat*et to get ! head 9 place & to drive on & tight5 ! hoops4 ,,! ,,box ,,package is rapidly gr[+ 9 favor1 especially z a c>ri] ( fancy fruit4 ,!re is no /&>d box ! size ( :i* is fix$ by law unless x be a box label$ a bu%el4 ,b two sizes ( boxes are 9 common use1 bo? probably be+ necess>y on acc\nt ( ! v>iation 9 ! size ( diff]5t v>ieties4 ,! ,/&>d box is #aja_/b by #aaa_/b by #ah in*es inside measurem5t & conta9s #b1agc4e cubic in*es 7! lawful /rick5 bu%el is #b1aej4d cubic in*es74 ,! ,special box is #aj by #aa by #bj in*es inside measurem5t & conta9s #b1bjj cubic in*es4 ,! bulge :5 prop]ly made w add ab\t #aej cubic in*es m1 mak+ ! two boxes hold #b1cbc4e cubic in*es & #b1cej cubic in*es respectively4 ,spruce is ! mo/ reliable & 9 g5]al ! be/ mat]ial4 ,fir is sometimes us$1 b is likely to split4 ,p9e is good if /rong en\gh4 ,! ends %\ld be ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* mat]ial2 ! sides ( ?ree-eigh?-in*1 & ! tops & bottoms--two pieces ea*--( "o-qu>t]-in* mat]ial4 ,!re %\ld also be two cleats ea* = top & bottom4 ,! sides ( ! box %\ld be nail$ ) f\r1 pref]ably five-p5ny cem5t-coat$ nails1 at ea* end4 ,! cleats %\ld be put neatly on ea* end & f\r nails put into !m1 go+ ?r\gh into ! top & bottom4 ,boxes commonly come knock$ d[n or 9 ! flat & are usually put toge!r by ! gr[]4 ,!y co/ f t5 to ?irte5 c5ts ea* 9 ! flat4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( packs1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! apples & ! *oice ( ! gr[]4 ,! diagonal pack ) ea* apple re/+ ov] ! spaces betwe5 o!rs is pref]able1 b on acc\nt ( ! size ( ! apples "o is (t5 =c$ to use ! /raight pack ) ! apples 9 regul> "r angle r[s = "s sizes4 ,! (fset pack1 fir/ ?ree 7or f\r7 on "o side & !n on ! o!r1 is v mu* l ! diagonal1 b n mu* us$ on acc\nt ( its accommodat+ too few apples 9 a box4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! packs1 numb] ( r[s1 numb] ( apples 9 ! r[1 box to use1 & numb] ( apples us$ to ! box1 z us$ at ,hood ,riv]1 ,oregon3 ,no4 ,size express$ apples ,no4 9 ,no4 apples 9 lay]s 9 ,box p] box ,ti] ,pack r[ dep? us$ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #de #c #c ,/4 #e-e #c ,/&>d #ed #c #c ,/4 #f-f #c ,special #fc #c #c ,/4 #g-g #c ,special #fd #ca_/b #b-b ,diag4 #d-d #d ,/&>d #gb #ca_/b #b-b ,diag4 #d-e #d ,/&>d #hj #ca_/b #b-b ,diag4 #e-e #d ,/&>d #hh #ca_/b #b-b ,diag4 #e-f #d ,/&>d #if #ca_/b #b-b ,diag4 #f-f #d ,special #ajd #ca_/b #b-b ,diag4 #f-g #d ,special #aab #ca_/b #b-b ,diag4 #g-g #d ,special #abj #ca_/b #b-b ,diag4 #g-h #d ,special #abh #d #d ,/4 #h-h #d ,special #add #d #d ,/4 #i-i #d ,special #aej #da_/b #c-b ,diag4 #f-f #e ,/&>d #afc #da_/b #c-b ,diag4 #f-g #e ,/&>d #age #da_/b #c-b ,diag4 #g-g #e ,/&>d #ahe #da_/d #c-b ,diag4 #g-h #e ,special #bjj #da_/b #c-b ,diag4 #h-h #e ,special ,x is good practice to wrap apples pack$ 9 boxes4 ,= ?is purpose a heavy-weight tissue pap] 9 two sizes1 #h by #aj & #aj by #aj1 accord+ to ! size ( ! apple1 is us$4 ,a l9+ pap] #ah by #bd 9 size & :ite news 9 grade is fir/ plac$ 9 ! box4 ,betwe5 ! lay]s ( apples a color$ tagbo>d pap]1 size #aga_/d by #aa or #bj by #ic_/d1 accord+ to ! box us$1 is laid s z to make ! lay]s come out "r at ! top4 ,9 pack+ ! box is incl9$ t[>d ! pack] = conv5i5ce 9 plac+ ! fruit4 ,aft] lay+ 9 ! l9+ pap] ea* apple is wrapp$ & put 9 place4 ,z an aid to pick+ up ! ?9 wrapp+ pap] a rubb] f+] is us$ on ! =ef+]4 ,:5 ! box is pack$ ! lay]s %\ld /& a qu>t] to a half in* high] 9 ! middle ?an at ! ends1 9 ord] to give a bulge or spr+ to ! top & bottom :i* holds ! fruit firmly 9 place )\t bruis+4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to :e!r ! box or ! b>rel is ! bett] package = apples4 ,?is is ne$less1 = z a matt] ( fact ea* is be/ = its own p>ticul> purpose4 ,! b>rel is be/ adapt$ z a package = l>ge comm]cial quantities ( fruit & :]e labor c\ld n be _h to pack apples 9 boxes ev5 if ! trade want$ !m4 ,! b>rel p]mits ! pack+ ( a great] v>iety 9 size & %ape ?an does ! box1 & ^! c be m easily & *eaply h&l$ 9 pack+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! box is ! ideal package = small am\nts ( fancy fruit1 to be us$ = a family-or fruit-/& trade4 ,x pres5ts a neat] & m fancy appe>ance & is a m conv5i5t package to h&le1 z well z "o :i* is m op5 to inspection4 ,x already has a bett] reputation z a quality conta9] ?an ! b>rel4 ,z a fancy package = a limit$ private trade f ! small g5]al f>m or*>d ) high-class v>ieties l ! ,nor!rn ,spy1 ,mc,intosh1 & o!rs !re is no comp>ison ( ! box ) ! b>rel4 ,,/orage4--,c> refrig]ation & cold /orage ( fruit are comp>atively mod]n developm5ts4 ,few p]sons :o h n be5 affect$ directly realize :at a trem5d\s influ5ce !y h _h ^u ! fruit1 & p>ticul>ly ! apple indu/ry4 ,apples c\ld n be %ipp$ any v great di/ance4 ,crops _h to be m>ket$ imm$iately & :5 !y 7 l>ge ! m>kets 7 soon glutt$ & ! fruit became almo/ valueless4 ,! fir/ hot spell w\ld demoralize ! trade altoge!r4 ,!n lat] 9 ! season ! supply w\ld become exhau/$ & fam9e w\ld ensue :]e b a few weeks be=e !re _h be5 a fea/4 ,"u su* conditions x is n surpris+ t ! apple indu/ry did n develop v rapidly & t apple gr[+ 0 mo/ly conf9$ to areas ne> ! l>g] m>kets4 ,! com+ ( ! refrig]ator c> ext5d$ fruit-gr[+ ov] a mu* wid] area4 ,refrig]ation on %ipbo>d op5$ up & enl>g$ ! export trade4 ,cold /orage w>eh\ses l5g!n$ ! season by hold+ ov] ! surplus ( fruit1 ?us reliev+ fall gluts 9 ! m>ket & provid+ a w9t] supply ( apples4 ,^! conditions creat$ a m /able m>ket ) m uni=m prices1 ext5d+ ! bus9ess f a side issue to "o ( *ief importance4 ,m>ket+ has become almo/ a bus9ess by itself1 induc+ ! =mation ( gr[]s' associations & creat+ a pr(itable occupation = l>ge deal]s & commission m54 ,^! conditions1 too1 h l$ to speculation4 ,two k9ds ( /orage are us$1 common or cell> /orage & cold /orage4 ,bo? are ab\t equally available1 b ! latt] is too exp5sive = ! small gr[]4 ,!re is always a "q z to ! advisability ( ! small gr[] /or+ 8 fruit4 ,/orage means a degree ( speculation4 ,a bird 9 ! h& is wor? two 9 ! bu%1 especially :5 ! bird is a good "o4 ,s f> z rules c be laid d[n1 ! foll[+ are pretty safe ones to keep 9 m9d3 ,x is safe/ to /ore apples :5 !y are ( ! highe/ quality2 9 a season mo/ unfavorable to common /orage2 :5 ! fewe/ are be+ /or$2 :5 ! price 9 ! fall is m$ium to l[1 nev] :5 high2 & :5 "o c af=d to lose ! :ole crop4 ,successful /orage requires sev]al ?+s3 good fruit1 /or$ imm$iately aft] pick+1 c>eful sort+ & h&l+1 subsequ5t re/1 & a reasonable control ( ! temp]ature4 ,! functions ( /orage are to arre/ rip5+1 ret>d ! developm5t ( disease1 & furni% a uni=m1 cold temp]ature4 ,/orage ( apples does n rem$y ov]-rip5ess nor prev5t det]ioration ( already diseas$1 bruis$1 or p>tly rott$ fruit4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al me?ods ( /orage3 7#a7 by v5tilation1 7#b7 by ! use ( ice & 7#c7 by me*anical means4 ,cool+ by v5tilation (f]s ! mo/ practical sy/em = a f>m /orage4 ,x requires t !re be p]fect insulation aga9/ outside temp]ature *anges1 adequate v5tilation1 & c>eful wat*+ ( temp]atures4 ,to provide = good insulation a dead air space is necess>y4 ,?is c be secur$ by a c\rse ( good two-in* bo>ds ) "o or two lay]s ( build+ pap] inside & out1 ov] a framework ( two-by-f\rs4 ,ov] ! build+ pap] tight1 well mat*$ sid+ %\ld be laid also inside & out4 ,two ( ! dead air spaces w make insulation d\bly sure4 ,to provide = prop] v5tilation con/ruct an intake = cold air at ! bottom1 & an outlet = w>m air at ! top ( ! room4 ,^! %\ld s]ve all p>ts ( ! room1 "o be+ necess>y = ?is purpose e twelve to sixte5 feet4 ,d n dep5d too mu* on w9d[s4 ,w>m-air flues %\ld be twelve in*es squ>e & six to twelve feet long4 ,! att5tion to su* a h\se is mo/ important4 ,keep x clos$ tightly e>ly 9 ! fall ) bl9d$ w9d[s4 ,:5 nights get cool op5 ! doors & w9d[s to let 9 cold air1 clos+ !m aga9 dur+ ! day4 ,on hot days close ! v5tilators also4 ,9 ?is way a temp]ature ( #cf to #dj degrees ,fahr4 c be secur$ 9 e>ly fall & "o ( #cb to #cc degrees ,fahr4 lat]4 ,?is is probably ! *eape/ z well z ! mo/ practical me?od ( f>m /orage4 ,ice /orage is q practical 9 ! ,nor?1 b m exp5sive4 ,! pr9ciple ( su* a /orage is to keep ice above ! fruit1 all[+ ! cold air to fl[ d[n ! sides ( ! room4 ,a %aft 9 ! middle ( ! room w s]ve to remove ! w>m air4 ,?is me?od is op5 to ! objection ( difficulty 9 /or+ ! ice above ! fruit4 ,moreov] ! uni=mity ( its cold air supply is que/ionable4 ,me*anical /orage 9 :i* cold temp]atures are secur$ by ! compression or absorption ( gases is altoge!r impracticable = individual gr[]s1 z x co/s f #a4ej to #b4jj a b>rel ( capacity to con/ruct su* a /orage4 ,r5ts ( ?is k9d ( /orage range f #aj to #be c5ts a b>rel p] mon?1 or #be to #ej c5ts a b>rel = ! season ( f f\r to six mon?s4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,m>kets ,,& ,,m>ket+ ,hav+ produc$ a good product1 !re rema9s ! problem ( mak+ a pr(itable & satisfactory disposition ( x4 ,9 _m ways m>ket+ is ! measure ( successful fruit gr[+4 ,( :at use is x to prune well1 cultivate well1 spray ?or\ghly1 or ev5 pack well ! f9e/ k9d ( product1 if aft] ! exp5se ( ^! op]ations is paid & ! railroad & commission ag5ts h _h _! %>e1 no pr(it rema9s to ! produc]8 ,_m gr[]s f9d x easi] to produce good fruit ?an to m>ket x at a good price1 & ?is is especially true ( ! g5]al f>m]4 ,failure to m>ket well spells failure 9 ! bus9ess ( fruit gr[+4 ,successful m>ket+ presupposes a k ( ! requirem5ts ( diff]5t m>kets z to quality1 v>ieties1 & supply dem&$ 9 ^? m>kets4 ,me?ods ( di/ribution are also "o ( ! great factors 9 ?is problem ( m>ket+4 ,,types ,,( ,,m>kets4--,!re are two g5]al types ( m>kets1 ! local1 :i* is a special m>ket & ! g5]al or :olesale m>ket1 bo? ( :i* h diff]5t b def9ite requirem5ts4 ,! local m>ket h&les fruit 9 small quantities1 b usually ) a l>g] m>g9 ( pr(it p] unit to ! produc]4 ,z a rule deliv]y is direct 9 a local m>ket1 & ?us commissions are sav$4 ,competition is also m or less limit$ to "o's neighbors4 ,m v>ieties1 includ+ less well kn[n ones1 are call$ =4 ,appe>ance does n c\nt = z mu* z quality1 :i* is ( fir/ importance4 ,fruit may be rip] z x is consum$ m quickly & meets ) less r\gh h&l+4 ,packages are usually return$ to ! gr[]4 ,special m>kets are (t5 will+ to pay extra = fruit out ( season1 & !y always require special /udy & adaptation to meet _! ne$s4 ,! g5]al or :olesale m>ket h&les fruit 9 l>g] quantities1 usually ) a small] m>g9 ( pr(it4 ,a sell+ ag5t or commission man is ! means ( dispos+ ( fruit 9 su* a m>ket1 :]e competition is op5 to ! :ole c\ntry & sometimes to ! _w4 ,only /&>d well-kn[n v>ieties f9d a ready & pr(itable sale4 ,great att5tion is paid to appe>ance & comp>atively little to quality4 ,fruit %ipp$ to a :olesale m>ket mu/ be pack$ 9 a /&>d package1 :i* is n return$1 b goes ) ! fruit1 & mu/ be pack$ s z to endure r\gh treatm5t4 ,out ( season fruit is n 9 dem&1 b ev5 ! g5]al m>ket sometimes has special pref]5ces4 ,almo/ e m>ket has favorite v>ieties = :i* x is will+ to pay a l>g] price ?an o!r m>kets4 ,j z ,bo/on wants a br[n egg & ,new ,york a :ite "o1 s ^! & o!r cities h _! favorite v>ieties ( apples4 ,"s m>kets pref] a r$ apple1 o!rs a gre5 "o1 al?\gh ! =m] is mo/ g5]ally popul>4 ,9 ! m9+ & manufactur+ t[ns work+ p want small] gre5 apples1 or seconds1 because !y are *eap]4 ,_m second-class hotels pref] small apples1 if !y are well color$1 z !y g f>!r4 ,! fa%ionable re/aurant & ! fruit /& are ! m>kets = l>ge1 p]fect1 & highly color$ specim5s4 ,h\sewives dem& cook+ apples l ,gre5+s1 hotels want a good out-(-h& apple l ! ,mc,intosh1 :ile private families h _! own special favorites4 ,z w readily be se51 ! produc]'s problem is to f9d ! special m>ket = :at he gr[s4 ,x has be5 said t diff]5t m>kets h special v>ietal pref]5ces1 pay+ a bett] price = ^! ?an d o!r m>kets = ! same quality4 ,we c only take ! space "h to po9t out a few ( ^! pref]5ces4 ,! ,baldw9 is by all odds our be/ g5]al m>ket & export v>iety4 ,x is ! work+man's apple & f9ds its be/ sale 9 our l>ge/ cities1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,! ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+ is a bett] sell] 9 ! nor!rn m>kets ?an x is 9 ! s\!rn1 f9d+ its be/ sale 9 ,bo/on & 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ,nor!rn ,spy is highly reg>d$ by all our l>ge nor!rn & ea/]n m>kets1 is fairly well lik$ by ! middle latitude m>kets1 b n popul> s\? ( ,baltimore & ,pittsburgh or we/ ( ,milwaukee4 ,c5tral we/]n m>kets appe> to pref] ! ,hubb>dson1 b ?is apple is fairly good 9 all m>kets4 ,k+ is well ?\ght ( ne>ly ev]y:]e4 ,b5 ,davis is a favorite 9 ! ,s\?1 ,new ,orleans especially pref]r+ x on acc\nt ( its keep+ quality4 ,jona?an has a good reputation ev]y:]e4 ,dut*ess ( ,old5burg is reg>d$ z excell5t 9 ,buffalo & ,*icago4 ,weal?y1 al?\gh g5]ally a local m>ket apple1 is well kn[n & lik$ 9 all m>kets4 ,tw5ty ,ounce is spok5 well ( ne>ly ev]y:]e4 ,! ,fameuse is n well lik$ 9 ! ,s\?1 b popul> 9 ! ,nor?1 etc4 ,^! p>ticul> facts z to v>ieties are be/ le>n$ by exp]i5ce & by obs]vation ( ! m>ket quotations4 ,,! ,,commission ,,man4--,! pres5t sy/em ( m>ket+ fruit products makes ! commission man almo/ a necessity 9 ! g5]al m>ket4 ,nei!r ! gr[] nor ! local deal] c %ip directly to ! consum] or ev5 to ! retail]1 except 9 a v limit$ way4 ,x may be impracticable to devise any o!r workable sy/em1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t e man :o t\*es a b>rel ( apples on its j\rney f produc] to consum] mu/ be paid = do+ s1 & ?is pay mu/ come ei!r out ( ! sell]'s price or be add$ to ! buy]'s price4 ,b s long z pres5t conditions ( m>ket+ & di/ribution prevail1 s long w a sell+ ag5t 9 ! g5]al m>ket be necess>y1 & ! evil _c be ameliorat$ by rant+ aga9/ x4 ,an un=tunate impression prevails t all commission m5 are di%one/4 ,?is is n true1 al?\gh und\bt$ly !re are _m sc\ndrels among !m1 z !y h %ipp]s almo/ completely at _! m]cy4 ,! be/ me?od "u our pres5t sy/em is to *oose an hone/ commission man 9 ! city :]e y sell1 to get acqua9t$ ) him1 to let him "k t y\r trade w be 9 8 h&s only s long z he treats y fairly1 & !n supply him ) z good quality ( /uff z y c produce4 ,?is plan has work$ out well ) _m successful gr[]s & m>ket]s4 ,p]haps ! greate/ difficulty to be ov]come 9 successfully f9d+ good m>kets is t ( prop] di/ribution4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 !re has be5 a great increase 9 ! production ( apples & h5ce 9 competition1 accompani$ by speculation & m int5sive me?ods 9 all phases ( ! bus9ess4 ,a necessity has aris5 = ! production ( ! be/ at a m9imum co/1 z well z = f9d+ ! be/ m>ket = t product4 ,9 ! ru% = ! be/ m>ket e sell] is apt to be guid$ only by 8 own imm$iate int]e/ )\t due reg>d = ! fact t o!rs are act+ 9 ! same way or t !re is a future4 ,! result is ! pil+ up ( fruit 9 a m>ket ( high quotations1 & a subsequ5t drop 9 ! price4 ,!n all turn f su* a m>ket to a bett] "o ) ! result t a fam9e (t5 results :]e b a few weeks or ev5 days be=e !re _h be5 a fea/4 ,?us x (t5 happ5s t "o m>ket may h m fruit ?an x c possibly dispose ( at ! "t1 :ile ano!r1 p]haps equally good1 goes begg+4 ,su* conditions are ru9\s to trade4 ,gr[]s are disappo9t$ & ascribe ! cause to ! commission man4 ,consum]s are unable _m times to pr(it by a glut 9 ! m>ket b promptly blame ! middleman or ! gr[] :5 ! supply is small & ! price high4 ,o!r difficulties ) our sy/em ( m>ket+ are non-uni=mity ( ! grades1 ! packages1 or ! fruit itself4 ,!re %\ld be a cle> def9ition ( j :at fir/s & seconds are & ?is def9ition rigidly adh]$ to4 ,transportation is too frequ5tly insuffici5t1 n rapid en\gh1 especially :5 p]i%able fruit is %ipp$ 9 small lots1 & usually at a too high rate4 ,!re are und\bt$ly too _m middlem5 betwe5 produc] & consum]4 ,gr[]s sell to local deal]s :o sell to :olesal]s at ! receiv+ end4 ,^! sell to :olesal]s at ! consum+ end1 :o may sell to jobb]s1 :o sell to retail]s4 ,ea* man mu/ h 8 pr(its1 all ( :i* greatly increases co/s4 ,,co-,,op]ation4--,individuals h practically no p[] to rem$y su* a /ate ( affairs4 ,s long z produc]s act indep5d5tly !y w h little p[] ei!r to br+ ab\t favorable legislation or to bett] su* m>ket conditions4 ,act+ toge!r z a unit gr[]s h accompli%$ great ?+s :i* c be repeat$4 ,! co-op]ative pr9ciple has be5 well tri$ out 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e x 0 fir/ put into op]ation ) citr\s fruits1 9 sev]al o!r ,we/]n ,/ates ) apples1 & 9 ,mi*igan & ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io4 ,co-op]ative associations /udy c>efully ! law ( supply & dem& & take /eps to adapt _! %ipm5ts to x4 ,!y /&>dize ! grade1 ! package1 & ! fruit1 & gov]n _! %ipm5ts to giv5 m>kets by ! ne$s & ! dem&s ( ^? m>kets4 ,_! unity ( ef=t enables !m to make great sav+s 9 ! pur*ase ( supplies1 su* z packages1 spray+ mat]ial1 f]tiliz]s1 etc41 & 9 obta9+ & di/ribut+ frequ5tly k ( m>kets & m>ket conditions4 ,!y also adv]tise _! products1 mak+ !m bett] kn[n1 creat+ a dem& = !m1 & by means ( correspond5ce or travel+ ag5ts seek out ! be/ m>kets4 ,!re are n[ sev]al l>ge fruit ex*anges op]at+ ov] wide sections ( c\ntry4 ,b ! local associations are ! vital units 9 any co-op]ative movem5t4 ,su* associations %\ld be incorporat$ "u ,/ate laws s t !y c d all sorts ( bus9ess :5 necess>y4 ,six simple objects %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 namely1 7#a7 to prev5t unnecess>y competition1 & to sup]vise & control di/ribution ( products2 7#b7 to provide = uni=mity 9 ! grade1 package1 & fruit2 7#c7 to build up a high /&>d ( excell5ce & to create a dem& = x2 7#d7 to economize 9 buy+ supplies & sell+ products2 7#e7 to promote education reg>d+ all phases ( ! fruit bus9ess2 & 7#f7 :5 necess>y to act z a buy+ & sell+ ag5t = ! community4 ,su* an association requires a bo>d ( directors1 a treasur]1 & an active & well-paid manag]4 ,! latt] is mo/ important1 z ^u 8 hone/y1 ability1 & en]gy w l>gely dep5d ! success or failure ( ! organization4 ,sometimes :]e fruit is pack$ 9 a c5tral pack+ h\se or "u an association br& or gu>antee1 a =eman pack] is also necess>y4 ,! capitalization requir$ = su* an ent]prise is n necess>ily l>ge1 unless w>eh\ses or pack+ h\ses are built4 ,^! are usually bett] r5t$ until ! organization becomes well e/abli%$4 ,! %>es %\ld be small s t e memb] may be f9ancially well repres5t$1 & memb]s %\ld be prohibit$ f hold+ m ?an a small p]c5tage ( ! total %>es1 9 ord] to prev5t possible monopoly4 ,divid5ds on /ock held %\ld only be expect$ f bus9ess done outside ! association memb]%ip1 int]e/ on money inve/$ be+ obta9$ 9 ! h&l+ ( memb]s' products at co/4 ,receipts %\ld be giv5 gr[]s = j :at !y br+ 91 & !y %\ld !n be paid accord+ to ! grade ( fruit :i* !y contribute1 prices = ! same grade be+ pool$4 ,! *>ge to gr[]s = h&l+ %\ld be actual co/1 b outsid]s' products %\ld be h&l$ at a small pr(it 9 ord] to induce !m to come into ! association4 ,! same me?od %\ld be foll[$ 9 pur*as+ supplies4 ,! g5]al result ( su* co-op]ation is t ! consum] gets a bett] product = 8 money & ! gr[] receives a bett] price = 8 product4 ,x is v ess5tial to ! success ( ! organization t gr[]s /ick toge!r1 ev5 ?r\gh l[ prices & disc\ragem5t :i* s (t5 come1 until !y are firmly e/abli%$4 ,sub/antial r$uction 9 ! co/ ( ! product to consum]s c only come by simil> co-op]ation among !m at ! buy+ end & by ! co-op]ation ( bo? consum]s & produc]s = di/ribution & h&l+ 9 m>ket4 ,if a neighborhood does n feel yet ready to attack ?is problem 9 ?is ?or\gh & bus9esslike way1 x w be advantage\s & a /ep 9 ! "r direction if !y simply agree on c]ta9 /&>ds ( quality & pack+ & !n pool _! product = m>ket+4 ,?is me?od has also be5 foll[$ ) success4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,"s ,,h9ts ,,on ,,r5ovat+ ,,old ,,or*>ds ,ne>ly e g5]al f>m 9 ! humid "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has its small1 old apple or*>d4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^! or*>ds 7 plant$ 9 ord] to h a home s\rce ( supply ( ?is popul> fruit4 ,9 fact1 b few or*>ds h be5 plant$ on a comm]cial scale ) a view ( sell+ ! fruit1 until rec5tly & outside ( a few sections4 ,!re=e1 z a rule we f9d ^! old f>m or*>ds to consi/ ( a few acres conta9+ f tw5ty-five to two hundr$ trees4 ,^! trees are usually good /&>d v>ieties :i* h be5 ! s\rce ( mu* apple sass1 _m an apple pie1 & _m a b>rel ( cid]-v9eg>4 ,n hav+ be5 set = pr(it1 ^! trees receiv$ little c>e4 ,or*>ds 7 cropp$ 9 ! regul> rotation1 or ) hay1 or pa/ur$4 ,f>m]s !n knew little ( mod]n me?ods ( or*>d managem5t4 ,! or*>d 0 reg>d$ z an incumbrance to ! l&1 :i* _h to be f>m$ to z good advantage z possible "u ! circum/ances1 & if ! apple trees by any *ance yield$ a crop1 ! own] reg>d$ himself z =tunate inde$4 ,b conditions h n[ *ang$4 ,bo? local & =eign m>kets h be5 op5$ up & develop$ s t ! dem& = good fruit is great4 ,x w be "s "t be=e ! ?\s&s ( acres ( or*>ds :i* h be5 & are be+ plant$ to meet ?is dem& w be able to d s 9 any adequate way4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,i h[ heavy has be5 ! fall+ (f 9 ! supply1 ev5 9 ! face ( ^! heavy plant+s4 ,mean:ile we mu/ turn to ! old neglect$ f>m or*>ds = our supply ( apples4 ,j at ?is p>ticul> "t ! r5ovation ( ^! old or*>ds (f]s a spl5did opportunity to increase ! f>m income4 ,! "q is a live "o on ne>ly e g5]al f>m 9 ! ,ea/4 ,w x pay to try to r5ovate my old apple trees8 ,if s1 :at %\ld ,i d to make !m pr(itable8 ,:at w x co/ & :at returns may be expect$8 ,! latt] "q w be tak5 up 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 b "h we mu/ try to indicate "u :at conditions x may pay to r5ovate an old or*>d1 z well z ^? "u :i* x may n pay1 & also h[ to g ab\t ! problem4 ,,necess>y ,,qualities4--,an apple or*>d mu/ h c]ta9 qualifications 9 ord] to make x wor? :ile to sp5d ! "t & money necess>y to accompli% ! desir$ results4 ,^! we may take up briefly "u five heads3 7#a7 v>ieties1 7#b7 age1 7#c7 numb] or /& ( trees1 7#d7 vigor & heal? ( ! trees1 & 7#e7 soil1 site1 & location4 ,! discussion ( ^! subjects 9 ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii has equal application "h1 b we may p]haps po9t out _! specific application m def9itely 9 ! case ( ! old neglect$ f>m or*>d4 7#a7 ,v>ieties %\ld be desirable sorts4 ,if !y are ! be/ /&>d m>ket v>ieties1 z is (t5 ! case1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,o!rwise little is ga9$ by improv+ ! tree & fruit4 ,poor or unkn[n v>ieties h little or no m>ket value1 except p]haps a v local "o4 ,if ! trees are n too old & are fairly vigor\s1 poor v>ieties may sometimes be work$ ov] by top graft+ to bett] v>ieties4 ,*>act]i/ics :i* may make1 a v>iety undesirable are3 inf]ior quality2 unattractiv5ess 9 color1 %ape1 or size2 lack ( h>d9ess 9 ! tree or keep+ quality 9 ! fruit2 l[ yield2 or be+ unkn[n 9 ! m>ket ) its consequ5t small dem&4 ,summ] v>ieties are wor? r5ovat+ only :5 !y are 9 good dem& 9 a ne>by local m>ket4 7#b7 ,vigor is m important ?an age 9 ! tree1 b is closely correlat$ ) x4 ,ord9>ily "o %\ld hesitate to try to r5ovate a tree m ?an =ty or fifty ye>s old1 b ?is mu/ always dep5d almo/ :olly on its condition & o!r *>act]i/ics4 7#c7 ,9 ord] to make a bus9ess ( r5ovation & to d ?or\gh "w :i* means exp5se1 !re mu/ be en\gh ( ! or*>d to ju/ify ! exp5diture ( ! "t & money4 ,?is affects ! results n only 9 exp5se1 b 9 economy 9 managem5t1 equipm5t1 & m>ket+4 ,!re %\ld be at lea/ an acre ( say ?irty trees1 & bett]1 m ?an t numb] to ju/ify ! exp5se ( "t & money necess>y = r5ovation4 ,"o hundr$ trees w\ld c]ta9ly ju/ify x1 o!r conditions be+ favorable4 ,!n1 too1 ! trees %\ld be 9 su* %ape t !y c be prop]ly treat$ )\t too great tr\ble & exp5se1 i4e41 n too scatt]$ or isolat$ or 9 ! mid/ ( regul> fields bett] adapt$ = o!r crops4 7#d7 ,vigor & good g5]al heal? are ( great importance4 ,_m old trees are too f> gone ) neglect1 hav+ be5 too long />v$ or hav+ _! vitality too mu* weak5$ by disease to make an ef=t = _! rehabilitation wor? :ile4 ,good vigor1 ev5 ?\gh x be dormant1 is absolutely ess5tial4 ,disease weak5s ! tree1 mak+ ! exp5se ( r5ovation great]4 ,moreov]1 all diseas$ bran*es mu/ be remov$1 requir+ sev]e cutt+ & (t5 s]i\sly injur+ ! tree4 ,disease too (t5 /unts ! tree to su* an ext5t z to make /imulation practically impossible4 ,su* matt]s %\ld be c>efully look$ into be=e attempt+ r5ovation4 7#e7 ,if ! soil1 site1 & location are all unfavorable or ev5 if two ( ^! are n good1 "t & money are likely to be wa/$ on r5ovation4 ,:at con/itutes unfavorable conditions 9 ^! respects has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,practically ! same pr9ciples ( prun+1 cultivation1 f]tilization & spray+ apply 9 ! managem5t ( ! old or*>d z 9 any o!r or*>d4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to re/ate ^!1 briefly po9t+ out _! special value & application to ! old neglect$ or*>d toge!r ) ! few modifications ( practice necess>y4 ,! /eps to be tak5 are f\r3 7#a7 prun+1 7#b7 f]tiliz+1 7#c7 cultivat+1 & 7#d7 spray+4 7#a7 ,,prun+4--,old & long-neglect$ apple or*>ds usually h a l>ge am\nt ( dead wood 9 !m4 ,?is may be remov$ at any "t ( ! ye>1 b fall & w9t] are good times to beg9 ! "w4 ,if ! trees are high & ! limbs scatt]$ & sprawl+ s t ! middle ( ! trees is n well fill$ out1 ! trees %\ld be head$ back r sev]ely4 ,su* trees may safely h _! highe/ limbs cut back f five to t5 feet4 ,x is be/ n to remove too _m bran*es 9 "o ye>1 b to spread sev]e cutt+ back ov] at lea/ two ye>s1 z s mu* prun+ at "o "t weak5s ! tree & causes an excessive gr[? ( suck]s4 ,ea* limb %\ld be cut back to a r /rong & vigor\s lat]al bran* :i* may !n take up ! gr[? ( ! upright "o4 ,! effect ( su* head+ back w be to /imulate ! bran*es l[] d[n & probably to br+ 9 m or less suck]s4 ,! foll[+ ye> ! be/ ( ^! suck]s %\ld be select$ at prop] po9ts ab\t ! tree1 head$ 9 s z to develop _! lat]al buds1 & enc\rag$ by ! removal ( all o!r suck]s to fill 9 ! top & c5t] ( ! tree 9 ! way desir$4 ,all su* sev]e head+ 9 %\ld be/ be done 9 ! e>ly spr+4 7#b7 ,,f]tiliz+4--,at "s "t dur+ ! late fall or w9t] twelve to fifte5 loads ( /able manure %\ld be appli$ broadca/ on ea* acre1 scatt]+ x well out "u ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,?is w am\nt to a load to f ?ree to five trees4 ,9 case manure is n available1 or sometimes ev5 supplem5t>y to x 9 cases :]e quick results are want$ #ajj to #bjj p\nds ( nitrate ( soda1 #cjj to #ejj p\nds ( acid phosphate1 & #aej to #bjj p\nds ( sulphate or muriate ( pota% %\ld be appli$ 9 two applications z a top dress+ 9 spr+1 z soon z gr[? />ts1 & ?or\ghly work$ into ! soil4 ,?is w give ! trees an abundance ( available plant food1 :i* is usually badly ne$$1 & help to /imulate !m to a vigor\s gr[?4 ,su* heavy fe$+ may easily be ov]done & %\ld be adju/$ accord+ to conditions & ! ne$s ( ! or*>d4 7#c7 ,,cultivat+4--,if ! or*>d has be5 9 sod = a numb] ( ye>s1 z is (t5 ! case1 x is usually be/ to pl[ x 9 ! fall ab\t f\r in*es deep1 j deep en\gh to turn "u ! sod4 ,by s do+ a l>ge numb] ( roots w probably be brok51 b su* injury w be mu* m ?an (fset by ! /imulus to ! trees ! next season4 ,x is a good plan to apply ! /able manure on ! top ( ?is pl[$ gr\nd e>ly 9 ! w9t]4 ,fall pl[+ gives a bett] opportunity = rott+ ! sod & exposes to ! w9t] action ( ! elem5ts ! soil1 :i* is usually /ale & inactive aft] ly+ s long unturn$4 ,9 ! spr+ ! regul> treatm5t ) spr+too? & spiketoo? h>r[s %\ld be foll[$ z outl9$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 7#d7 ,,spray+ 9 ! old or*>d is ess5tially ! same z else:]e4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to emphasize ! fir/ spray1 ! dormant "o1 w9t] /r5g? on ! wood4 ,?is is ! mo/ important spray = a neglect$ or*>d & x %\ld be v ?or\ghly appli$4 ,x is a sort ( clean+-up spray = scale1 fungus1 & insects :i* w9t] on ! b>k4 ,9 or*>ds :]e ! ,san ,jose scale is bad a /rong lime-sulphur spray %\ld also be us$ 9 ! late fall 9 ord] to make d\bly sure a ?or\gh clean+ up4 ,x is usually a pretty good plan to scrape old trees z high up z ! r\gh1 %aggy b>k ext5ds1 de/roy+ ! scrap+s4 ,= ?is purpose an old & dull hoe does v well4 ,?is treatm5t w get rid ( _m insects by de/roy+ !m & _! w9t] qu>t]s4 ,,pat*+ ,,old ,,trees4--,a few sugge/ions on pat*+ up ! weak places 9 an old tree may n be entirely out ( place4 ,! "q is (t5 ask$1 w x pay to fill up ! decay$ c5t]s or sides ( old trees8 ,if ! tree is o!rwise desirable to save1 x usually w4 ,scrape out all ! dead & rott5 mat]ial1 clean+ d[n to ! s\nd he>t wood4 ,!n fill up ! cavity ) a r\gh cem5t1 be+ c>eful to exclude all air & f9i%+ ) a smoo?1 slop+ surface s z to dra9 away all moi/ure4 ,?is treatm5t w probably prev5t fur!r decay & (t5 acts z a sub/antial me*anical support4 ,trees :i* are badly split or :i* h s gr[n t a heavy crop is likely to break !m ov] %\ld be brac$ ) wires or bolts4 ,:]e ! limbs are close toge!r a bolt driv5 "r ?r\gh !m ) wide1 /rong wa%]s at ! ends is v effective 9 /r5g!n+ ! tree4 ,:]e limbs mu/ be brac$ f "o side ( ! tree across to ! o!r wires are ! be/ to use4 ,!y may be fa/5$ to bolts ?r\gh ! limbs ) wide wa%]s on ! outside hooks on ! inside1 or by pass+ ! wire ar\nd ! bran*es4 ,9 ! latt] case "s wide1 fairly rigid mat]ial su* z t91 pieces ( wood1 or heavy lea!r %\ld be us$ to protect ! tree f ! wire :i* w\ld o!rwise cut into ! b>k & p]haps girdle ! limb4 ,,co/4--,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o w\ld l to get "s idea ( ! probable co/ ( r5ovat+ old apple or*>ds1 ! foll[+ e/imate made by ! writ] 9 a rec5t gov]nm5t publication on ?is subject is giv54 ,?is e/imate has be5 c>efully made up f actual records kept on sev]al ,new ,york f>ms4 ,because ^! co/s are v v>iable accord+ to ! condition ( ! or*>d1 bo? maximum & m9imum am\nts are giv5 p] acre = ! fir/ ye> only4 ,m9imum ,maximum co/ co/ ,pl[+ #b4jj #c4jj ,manure1 #aj to #bj loads at #a1 or _! equival5t 9 comm]cial f]tiliz] #aj4jj #bj4jj ,haul+ manure #e4jj #aj4jj ,prun+ & haul+ bru% #e4jj #aj4jj ,disk+ or h>r[+ twice #a4jj #a4ej ,disk+ or h>r[+ #c;d or #d? "t 4#ej #a4jj ,cultivat+ two to f\r times 4#ej #a4jj ,spray+ once ) ,l4,s4 dilution #a to #i--mat]ial #b4jj #d4jj ,spray+ once1 ,l4,s41 labor #a4jj #a4ej ,spray+ second "t ) ,l4,s4 dilution #a to #dj1 labor & mat]ial #a4ej #b4ej ,spray+ ?ird "t ) same #a4ej #b4ej ------ ------ ,total co/ #cj4jj #eg4jj ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,gr[+ ,,apples ,two factors h always op]at$ to det] _m p]sons f tak+ up fruit gr[+ z a bus9ess or ev5 z a side issue on ! f>m1 & !y w probably cont9ue to be an ob/acle = m "t to come4 ,^! are ! comp>atively l>ge inve/m5t requir$ & ! necess>ily long p]iod ( wait+ be=e pay+ returns c be obta9$4 ,f>m]s :o h n gone into ! bus9ess ( fruit gr[+ because !y c\ld n af=d ?is heavy inve/m5t or to wait s long = returns h be5 wise4 ,o!rs :o1 ?\gh lack+ ! necess>y capital1 /ill h plant$ heavily h le>n$ to _! sorr[ ! importance ( capital 9 ! bus9ess bo? = ! orig9al inve/m5t & to c>ry ! ent]prise4 ,& yet ) suffici5t capital & ! prop] conditions !re is no m attractive or pr(itable l9e ( agriculture ?an fruit gr[+4 ,:o kn[s :at x co/s to gr[ an or*>d to be>+ age8 ,or :at x co/s to produce a b>rel ( apples8 ,we v5ture to say t v few p]sons d4 ,because ( ! l>ge inve/m5t bo? 9 fix$ & 9 work+ capital x is mo/ important to "k ^! co/s4 ,moreov] an accurate k ( ! f9ancial conditions & facts 9 any bus9ess is ( fir/ importance to intellig5t managem5t4 ,= ^! reasons e gr[] ought to keep c>eful records ( ! co/ & income f ea* field or or*>d e ye> 9 ord] to det]m9e z accurately z possible :at 8 crops h co/ him p] unit & p] acre & :at rate ( int]e/ he has realiz$ on 8 inve/m5t4 ,z f>m+ becomes m int5sive competition increases1 co/s multiply1 & ! m>g9 ( pr(it on any giv5 unit becomes small]4 ,x !re=e becomes increas+ly necess>y to h accurate records on ! co/ ( production4 ,,factors ,,9 ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,production4--,! value ( records dep5ds on _! accuracy & on _! complet5ess4 ,!re are a great _m factors :i* ent] into ! co/ ( production4 ,= conv5i5ce ^! may be classifi$ z ca% co/s & labor co/s4 ,labor *>ges %\ld include ! "w ( bo? m5 & teams at a rate det]m9$ by _! actual co/ or by a c>eful e/imate4 ,man labor co/s are easily reckon$1 z !y are ei!r simple ca% or ca% plus bo>d & c]ta9 privileges1 ! value ( :i* %\ld be e/imat$ 9 ca%4 ,! value ( horse labor is m difficult to det]m9e4 ,x is made up ( int]e/ on valuation1 depreciation1 /able r5tal1 fe$1 c>e1 etc4 ,a fair e/imate ( ?is co/ is #aj a mon? or #abj a ye> = a horse4 ,ca% co/s are int]e/ on ! inve/m5t & on ! equipm5t 9 ma*9]y1 etc41 or r5tal ( ! same1 taxes1 a prop] %>e ( ! g5]al f>m exp5ses su* z insurance & repairs ( build+s1 telephone1 etc41 ! co/ ( spray+ mat]ial1 packages1 f]tiliz]s1 etc4 ,!re are _m ways ( keep+ su* a record4 ,any me?od :i* accompli%es ! result 9 a conv5i5t & accurate mann] is a good "o4 ,x w usually be f\nd necess>y to keep a ca% acc\nt or day book1 ent]+ all items 9 en\gh detail to make possible _! lat] di/ribution to ! prop] field or crop1 & also to keep a di>y ( all labor4 ,any =m ( di>y w answ] ! purpose1 b "o :i* has rul$ columns at ! "r side ( ! page 9 :i* to indicate ! crop or field work$ ^u1 & ! numb] ( h\rs work$ is m conv5i5t & !re=e m desirable4 ,,an ,,example4--,= a numb] ( ye>s ! au?or has kept su* records on 8 f>m 9 we/]n ,new ,york4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! me?od & 9 ord] to give ! read] a g5]al idea z to :at ! co/s above ref]r$ to are likely to be we v5ture to give ! foll[+ tables4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t practically ev]yone ( ! above m5tion$ factors v>ies ) ! conditions "u :i* ! or*>d is manag$ & t ^! figures are n an av]age b "o av]age & on "o f>m4 ,true av]ages are arriv$ at only by br++ toge!r a l>ge numb] ( figures4 ,9 any case1 ! "q ( co/ is ess5tially an individual problem on e f>m4 ,^! figures are ( value only z an example ( ! me?od & ! co/ on "o f>m "u its own special conditions4 ,! or*>d = :i* ! foll[+ figures 7 giv5 0 set 9 ! spr+ ( #aijc1 & ! records beg9 ) t ye> & end ) #aiaj1 cov]+ a p]iod ( eight ye>s 9 all4 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod o!r crops h be5 gr[n betwe5 ! tree r[s1 !reby (fsett+ to a l>ge ext5t ! co/ ( gr[+ ! or*>d4 ,=ty trees at ! nor? end ( ! or*>d are pe>s1 b !y h receiv$ sub/antially ! same treatm5t z ! apples & h n affect$ ! co/4 ,9 #aijd1 #baa plum trees 7 set z fill]s "o way4 ,! apple trees 7 set #cf by #cf feet ap>t1 s t1 fill$ "o way1 ! trees /& #ah by #cf feet ap>t4 ,! or*>d is t5 r[s wide & =ty-sev5 long1 conta9+ 9 all #dfg trees4 ,,br++ ,,to ,,be>+ ,,age4--,! fir/ ( ! foll[+ tables is giv5 z a sample ( "o ye>'s records1 t ( #aijg1 on ?is or*>d 9 ord] to %[ bo? ! mann] 9 :i* ! co/s 7 made up & :at ! items am\nt$ to 9 "o ye>3 ,,field ,a--#aijg4 ,,fif? ,,ye> ,total ,h\rs ,co/ ,co/ h\rs ,total p] acre p] p] ,op]ation ,man ,horse co/ ,man ,horse acre #ajj ,mul*+ #c #f #a4je 4#dee 4#ia #j4af #j4bb ,prun+ #aa 444 #a4fe #a4fg 444 4#be 4#ce ,cultivat+ #a #g #g #a4ge #a4jf #a4jf 4#bf 4#ch ,cultivat+ #b #aj #aj #b4ej #a4ea #a4ea 4#ch 4#ed ,cultivat+ #c #f #f #a4ej 4#ia 4#ia 4#bc 4#cb ,pl[+ 9 fall #dg #id #af4de #g4ab #ad4be #b4ej #c4eb ,bank+ trees #ab 444 #a4hj #a4hb 444 4#bg 4#ci ,h>r[+ #ba #db #g4ce #c4ah #f4cf #a4aa #a4eh --- --- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ,total lab4 co/4 #aag #afe #cd4je #ag4gc #be4jj #e4af #g4cj #d loads manure at #a4ej #f4jj 4#ia #a4bi ,equipm5t *>ge #a4ae 4#agd 4#be ,taxes #e4bi 4#hja #a4ac ,int]e/ #ch4dh #e4hc #h4bc ------ ------- ------ ,total co/ #hd4ig #ab4hge #ah4bj ,,income1 ,,co/ ,,& ,,pr(it ,,on ,,beans--,,field ,a--#aijg ,income ,co/ ,pr(it #ge bu%els at #a4ej #aab4ej #ca_/b tons pods at #f #ba4jj #acc4fe #id4ej #ch4he ,,loss ,,on ,,field ,a--#aijg ,total ,p] acre ,net income f beans #ch4he #e4hi ,co/ ( or*>d #hd4ig #ab4hg ------ ------ ,loss #df4ab #f4ih ,a summ>y ( ! co/ ( ! or*>d1 ! net income f ! crop1 ! income f ! or*>d & ! pr(it & loss by ye>s = ! eight ye>s foll[s3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,co/s ,,= ,,eight ,,ye>s1 ,,field ,a ,net ,income ,crop income f ,co/ ( #f4f acres ,ye> gr[n f crop or*>d or*>d ,pr(it ,loss #aijc ,corn #ae4ag 444 #aji4hg 444 #id4gj #aijd ,beans #db4eg 444 #baf4af 444 #agc4ei #aije ,beans #dc4ac 444 #hc4gh 444 #dj4fe #aijf ,beans #abj4ij 444 #hj4ad #dj4gf 444 #aijg ,beans #ch4he 444 #hd4ig 444 #df4ab #aijh ,corn #cg4fh 444 #fd4bb 444 #bf4ed #aiji ,oats & /rawb]ries #ajj4fa #bg4hh #hd4gc #dc4gf 444 #aiaj ,:eat #fj4gj #ch4fe #if4ce #c4jj 444 ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ,totals #dei4fa #ff4ec #fbj4bb #hg4eb #cha4fj ,net loss on field = eight ye>s #bid4jh ,av]age annual loss #ch4gf ,total co/ an acre1 exclusive ( income #abd4bg ,total co/ an acre1 includ+ income #dd4ee ,total net co/ a hundr$ trees #fb4ig ,total net co/ an apple tree #a4cg ,total net co/ an apple tree1 exclusive ( income #c4hj ,total labor co/ an acre #ce4ji ,total ca% co/ an acre #hi4ai ,we f9d t ?is or*>d has co/ #abd4bg an acre dur+ ! eight ye>s ( its life1 b t ! #gi4gb an acre ( crops gr[n 9 ! or*>d has br\ght ?is co/ d[n to #dd4ee an acre4 ,x is safe to say t ! or*>d w\ld h co/ ev5 m ?an x did _h x n be5 = ! crops1 = _m op]ations *>g$ directly to ! crops w\ld ( necessity h be5 *>g$ to ! trees4 ,! co/ a hundr$ trees does n mean mu*1 z x (t5 happ5s t n all ! trees are cov]$ by an op]ation & z ! numb] ( trees an acre greatly affects ^! co/s4 ,we h ano!r & y\ng] or*>d ^u :i* a record has be5 kept4 ,?is or*>d ( five acres conta9s #abf /&>d apple trees1 fill$ bo? ways ) #cge pea* trees4 ,x 0 set 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh1 s t ! trees h gr[n f\r seasons4 ,! p]man5ts 7apples7 are set #cf by #dj feet ap>t1 s t1 ) ! pea*es betwe51 ! trees /& #ah by #bj feet ap>t4 ,a crop ( beans has be5 gr[n betwe5 ! tree r[s ea* season4 ,! fir/ season a full sev5 r[s1 tw5ty-eight in*es ap>t1 7 plant$ 9 ! wid] space2 ! second & ?ird season six r[s1 & ! la/ season only f\r r[s4 ,! crop has be5 v good ea* ye> until ! la/4 ,"o application ( manure1 "o crop ( clov] & "o se$+ ( rye h be5 pl[$ "u1 & 9 addition a lib]al am\nt ( comm]cial f]tiliz] has be5 us$ ) ea* crop4 ,?is ye> ! pea* trees bore _! fir/ crop4 ,! record ( ! f\r ye>s is z foll[s3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,a ,,f\r-,,ye>-,,old ,,apple ,,& ,,pea* ,,or*>d ,net ,income ,crop income f ,co/ ( ,ye> gr[n f crop or*>d or*>d ,pr(it ,loss #aijh ,beans #fc4cg 444 #acj4ab 444 #fb4ge #aiji ,beans #ff4gj 444 #he4jc 444 #ah4cc #aiaj ,beans #gi4ha 444 #hc4ci 444 #c4eh #aiaa ,beans #ec4bj #df4je #fa4ie #cg4cj 444 ------- ------ ------- ------ ------ ,totals #bfg4jh #df4je #cfj4di #cg4cj #hd4ff ,total co/ an acre1 exclusive ( income #gb4aj ,total co/ an acre1 includ+ income #i4dg ,total net co/ a hundr$ trees #d4gc ,total net co/ an apple tree 4#cgf ,total net co/ an apple tree1 exclusive ( income #b4hf ,^! figures %[ a /ill l[] co/ ( gr[+ trees to be>+ age4 ,aft] pay+ all exp5ses connect$ ) ! gr[+ ( ! trees1 includ+ ! int]e/ on ! l& at #aej an acre1 & d$uct+ ! net pr(it f ! crops ( beans & ! sales f ! fir/ crop ( pea*es we f9d t ! gr[+ ( ! trees has co/ u #i4dg an acre1 or #cga_/b c5ts an apple tree at f\r ye>s old4 ,_h no crop be5 gr[n 9 ! or*>d x w\ld h co/ u at lea/ #fb4hi an acre aft] d$uct+ ! income f ! fir/ pea* crop4 ,! pea* trees are n[ at full be>+ age1 & %\ld %[ a good pr(it f ?is "t on4 ,possibly at five & c]ta9ly at six ye>s ( age ?is or*>d w entirely h paid = itself4 ,! only possible fur!r *>ge :i* c\ld be made aga9/ ?is or*>d is ! crop income :i* might h be5 obta9$ f ! l& _h ! trees n be5 !re4 ,we e/imat$ t ! pres5ce ( ! trees cut d[n ! crop ( beans f ! l& #cj p] c5t4 ,z ! av]age net income f beans 0 #ac4ce an acre ?is w\ld am\nt to #d an acre a ye>--an insignificant sum4 ,,9 ,,be>+4--,hav+ giv5 ! read] an idea ( ! probable co/ ( br++ an or*>d to be>+ age1 x may be well also to give ! co/ ( produc+ apples 9 a mature apple or*>d4 ,our be>+ apple or*>d consi/s ( #f4a acres conta9+ #bcd trees4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ! trees1 or #aaj1 are #cf ye>s old4 ,! rema9d] are ne>ly #ej ye>s ( age4 ,z !y are all 9 "o block & h&l$ toge!r1 ! *>ges _c well be sep>at$4 ,"o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r ( ! trees are ,baldw9s1 #dd ,tw5ty ,ounce1 #dj ,tompk9s ,c\nty ,k+s1 & ! rema9d] odd v>ieties4 ,= ! :ole p]iod ( t5 ye>s ! or*>d has _h v good c>e & att5tion4 ,a cov] crop 0 n s[n e ye>1 b :5 x 0 us$ ! *>ge 0 made aga9/ ! or*>d4 ,! manure *>ge1 omitt$ because ( unc]ta9ty z to ! exact am\nt appli$ & z to its real value1 is ! only ?+ lack+ 9 ?is table4 ,two or ?ree spray+s h be5 made e ye>4 ,until #aiji1 ,bordeaux mixture & ,p>is gre5 7 us$1 b s9ce !n ! comm]cial br&s ( lime sulphur & ars5ate ( lead h tak5 _! place1 ne>ly d\bl+ ! co/ ( ! spray mat]ial4 ,! av]age co/ ( ! mat]ial = spray+ has be5 #b4ej p] acre1 or ne>ly ?ree & "o-half c5ts p] b>rel ( apples h>ve/$4 ,9 #aiaj ?is co/ 0 #c4ib p] acre & sev5 c5ts a b>rel4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,items ,,( ,,exp5se ,,9 ,,produc+ ,,apples ,,9 ,a ,,six ,,acre ,,or*>d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #e ,cov],spray+ int4 ,equip4 ,o'vh'd ,labor ,total ,ye> crop mat4 ,b>4 on inv4*>ge *>ge co/ co/ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aijb #f4fd #aag4hhbg4de #be4jj #b4ig #cci4de #eai4ci #aijc #aa4bb #afd4ib #bh4hh #be4jj #b4hh #bdi4ee #dhb4ef #aijd #aj4ej #aji4ij #cj4ej #be4jj #c4ic #ahj4ee #cfj4ch #aije #f4aj #ab4de #hh4hj #cj4ej #be4jj #c4dj #aeh4jf #cbd4ca #aijf #ad4he #aab4ce #cc4jf #be4jj #d4gh #baa4gf #dja4hj #aijg #aj4jj #af4he #gi4hj #ce4ef #be4jj #d4hi #aib4cj #cfd4dj #aijh #i4ge #bje4de #cg4gf #cj4ji #e4ji #bic4ej #ehc4ee #aiji #h4fh #ai4bf #aif4ce #da4ig #ch4ih #e4ia #bhj4gh #eia4ic #aiaj #bc4hi #aaf4ij #de4ge #cb4ci #e4eh #age4bf #cii4gg #aiaa #aj4ej #bg4jh #bjf4ch #de4ge #cb4ci99 #e4ec99 #bge4jj99 #fjb4fc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aj yr4 av4 #ae4be #aci4hg #ce4gc #bh4cg #d4gh #bce4fb #dfc4jg ,av4 p] acre #b4ej #bb4ic #e4hf #d4fe 4#gh #ch4fc #ge4ib ,av4 p] bbl 4#jcf 4#cbg 4#jhd 4#jff 4#jaa 4#eeb -#a4jh 99 ,p>tly e/imat$1 records n yet complete4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,! co/ ( ! package has v>i$ f #bh to #ch c5ts & has av]ag$ ab\t #cba_/b c5ts1 or #bb4ic p] acre4 ,( c\rse ! latt] am\nt v>ies greatly ) ! crop4 ,int]e/ has 9 all cases be5 figur$ at five p] c5t41 b z ! price ( ! l& has v>i$ f #ij an acre at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod to its pres5t valuation ( #afj1jj an acre1 due bo? to its improvem5t & to a g5]al increase 9 ! price ( l&1 ! am\nt ( int]e/ has also v>i$4 ,! same is true ( ! equipm5t *>ge :i* has /eadily increas$ ea* ye>4 ,! av]age valuation ( ! l& = ! t5-ye> p]iod 0 #aag4ae an acre4 ,?is means an annual int]e/ *>ge ( #e4hf p] acre1 or #ha_/b c5ts a b>rel4 ,! equipm5t *>ge1 :i* is int]e/1 repairs1 & depreciation on ! ma*9]y us$ 9 ! or*>d1 am\nts to m ?an #fa_/b c5ts a b>rel1 or #d4fe p] acre4 ,taxes & insurance on ! build+s di/ribut$ p] acre = ! f>m av]age 4#gh p] acre1 or a trifle ov] "o c5t p] b>rel4 ,^! co/s h also increas$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,labor is ! l>ge/ s+le item4 ,= ! fir/ f\r ye>s ?is 0 e/imat$ on ! basis ( ! co/ = ! la/ six ye>s1 = :i* m c>eful records 7 kept4 ,x is comput$ at its actual co/ to u on ! f>m1 :i* 0 #aea_/b c5ts an h\r = m5 & #aca_/b c5ts an h\r = horses4 ,?is am\nts to #d4be p] day = man & team4 ,! co/ ( ! labor to gr[1 pick1 pack1 & m>ket a b>rel ( apples 0 #ee c5ts1 or #ch4fc p] acre ) an av]age yield ( #gj b>rels p] acre4 ,to sum up ^! items ( co/ we f9d t tak+ ! av]age ( t5 ye>s ) an annual crop ( #dbg b>rels1 or #gj p] acre1 on #f4a acres ( old apple or*>d t ! co/s p] b>rel h be5 z foll[s3 spray mat]ial1 4#jcf2 packages1 4#cbg2 int]e/ on ! l&1 4#jhd2 use ( equipm5t1 4#jff2 taxes1 4#jaa2 labor1 4#eeb2 & a total ( #a4jh p] b>rel4 ,if ! e/imat$ co/ ( manure1 six c5ts a b>rel be add$1 ! total w be #a4ad4 ,z we h said1 ^! co/s p] b>rel v>y ) ! crop4 ,:5 our yield 0 #ajj b>rels p] acre ! co/ p] b>rel 0 only 4#ii1 b :5 x 0 #cd b>rels p] acre ?is co/ rose to #a4gc p] b>rel4 ,9 #aiaj we grew a crop ( #ee b>rels p] acre = #a4bj p] b>rel4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to "s to "k :at ! income & pr(it 7 on ?is or*>d4 ,= ?is purpose we give ! foll[+ table %[+ ! yield1 income1 co/1 & net pr(it = ea* ( ! t5 ye>s1 & ! av]age3 ,yield 9 ,income ,income ,co/ ,net ,pr(it bbls4 bbls4 inc4 culls p] bbls4 inc4 culls ,ye> p] ,a4 only & drops bbl4 alone & drops #aijb #ajc #a4if99 #a4df99 4#hc #a4ac 4#fc #aijc #ga #a4ij #b4bc #a4aa 4#gi #a4ab #aijd #ea #a4ff #a4gh #a4ae 4#ea 4#fc #aije #di #b4cj #b4fh #a4aj #a4bj #a4eh #aijf #ec #a4if #b4be #a4be 4#ga #a4cj #aijg #cd #c4di #d4aj #a4gc #a4gf #b4cg #aijh #if #b4jc #b4cb 4#ii #a4jd #a4cc #aiji #ib #c4jj #c4ch #a4jf #a4id #b4cb #aiaj #ee #b4fi #c4jc #a4bj #a4di #a4hc #aiaa #ajj #b4jf #b4cb 4#ii #a4jg #a4cc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #aj yr4 av4 #gj #b4ae #b4dg #a4jh #a4jg #a4ci 99 ,9 arriv+ at ^! incomes diff]5t divisors 7 us$4 ,two hundr$ b>rels ( ! crop 7 sold 9 bulk & ^! 7 n us$ 9 gett+ ! av]age income f b>rels only1 b 7 us$ 9 gett+ ! av]age income includ+ culls & drops4 ,p>tly e/imat$1 records n yet be+ complete = ! season4 ,,! ,,end ,,out+ ,,h&books ,ea* book deals ) a sep>ate subject & deals ) x ?or\ghly4 ,if y want to "k any?+ ab\t ,air$ales an ,,out+ ,,h&book gives y all y want4 ,if x's ,apple ,gr[+1 ano!r ,,out+ ,,h&book meets y\r ne$4 ,! ,fi%]man1 ! ,camp]1 ! ,p\ltry-rais]1 ! ,automobili/1 ! ,horseman1 all v>ieties ( outdoor en?usia/s1 w f9d sep>ate volumes = _! sep>ate int]e/s4 ,!re is no wa/e space4 ,! s]ies is bas$ on ! plan ( "o subject to a book & ea* book complete4 ,! au?ors are exp]ts4 ,ea* book has be5 specially prep>$ = ?is s]ies & all are publi%$ 9 uni=m /yle1 flexible clo? b9d+1 sell+ at ! fix$ price ( sev5ty c5ts p] copy4 ,two hundr$ titles are project$4 ,! s]ies cov]s all phases ( outdoor life1 f bee-keep+ to big game %oot+4 ,among ! books n[ ready are ^? describ$ on ! foll[+ pages4 ,,out+ ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,out+ ,,magaz9e ,ya*t+ ,,out+ ,,h&books #ada-ade ,,we/ #cf? ,,/4 ,,new ,,york #abb ,s4 ,,mi*igan ,,ave4 ,,*icago ,,! ,,air$ale4 ,by ,williams ,haynes4 ,! book op5s ) a %ort *apt] on ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! ,air$ale1 z a di/9ctive bre$4 ,! au?or !n takes up ! problems ( type z be>+ on ! selection ( ! dog1 bre$+1 tra9+ & use4 ,! book is design$ = ! non-pr(essional dog fanci]1 :o wi%es common s5se advice :i* does n involve elaborate prep>ation or exp5diture4 ,*apt]s are includ$ on ! c>e ( ! dog 9 ! k5nel & simple rem$ies = ord9>y diseases4 ,a spl5did book on ! bre$ & %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e own] ( an ,air$ale :e!r novice or bre$]4--,! ,k5nel ,review4 ,x ought to be read & /udi$ by e ,air$ale own] & admir]4--,h[>d ,keel]1 ,air$ale ,f>m ,k5nels4 ,,apple ,,gr[+4 ,by ,m4,c4 ,burritt4 ,mr4 ,burritt takes up ! "q ( ! pr(it 9 apple gr[+1 ! v>i\s k9ds be/ suit$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry & diff]5t conditions ( soil1 topography1 & s on4 ,he discusses also ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( plann+ a new or*>d & takes up 9 detail ! problems connect$ ) ! cultivation1 f]tilization1 & prun+4 ,! book conta9s *apt]s on ! re/oration ( old or*>ds1 ! c>e ( ! trees1 _! protection aga9/ v>i\s insect-enemies & blight1 & ! mo/ approv$ me?od ( h>ve/+1 h&l+ & /or+ ! fruit4 ,,! ,,automobile--,its ,selection1 ,c>e & ,use4 ,by ,rob]t ,sloss4 ,?is is a pla91 practical discussion ( ! ?+s t e man ne$s to "k if he is to buy ! "r c> & get ! mo/ out ( x4 ,! v>i\s details ( op]ation & c>e are giv5 9 simple1 intellig5t t]ms4 ,f x ! c> own] c easily le>n ! me*anism ( 8 motor & ! art ( locat+ motor tr\ble1 z well z h[ to use 8 c> = ! greate/ pleasure4 ,a *apt] is includ$ on build+ g>ages4 ,x is ! "o book deal+ ) autos1 t gives reliable in=mation4--,! ,gr& ,rapids 7,mi*47 ,h]ald4 ,,backwoods ,,surg]y ,,& ,,m$ic9e4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,moody1 ,m4,d4 ,a h&y book = ! prud5t lov] ( ! woods :o doesn't expect to be ill b believes 9 be+ on ! safe side4 ,common-s5se me?ods = ! treatm5t ( ! ord9>y w\nds & accid5ts are describ$--sett+ a brok5 limb1 r$uc+ a dislocation1 c>+ = burns1 cuts1 etc4 ,practical rem$ies = camp diseases are recomm5d$1 z well z ! ord9>y indications ( ! mo/ probable ailm5ts4 ,includes a li/ ( ! necess>y m$ical & surgical supplies4 ,! manag] ( a m9e 9 ,nome1 ,alaska1 writes z foll[s3 ,i h be5 on ! trail = ye>s 7twelve 9 ! ,klondike & ,alaska7 & h always want$ j su* a book z ,dr4 ,moody's ,backwoods ,surg]y & ,m$ic9e4 ,,camp ,,cook]y4 ,by ,horace ,keph>t4 ,! less a man c>ries 9 8 pack1 ! m he mu/ c>ry 9 8 head1 says ,mr4 ,keph>t4 ,?is book tells :at a man %\ld c>ry 9 bo? pack & head4 ,e /ep is trac$--! selection ( provisions & ut5sils1 ) ! k9d & quantity ( ea*1 ! prep>ation ( game1 ! build+ ( fires ! cook+ ( e conceivable k9d ( food t ! camp outfit or woods1 fields1 or /reams may provide--ev5 to ! mak+ ( dess]ts4 ,e receipt is ! result ( h>d practice & long exp]i5ce4 ,e recipe has be5 c>efully te/$4 ,x is ! book = ! man :o wants to d9e well & :olesomely1 b 9 true wild]ness fa%ion )\t reliance on groc]y /ores or elaborate camp outfits4 ,x is adapt$ equally well to ! trips ( e l5g? & to all conditions ( climate1 season or c\ntry2 ! be/ possible companion = "o :o wants to travel light & live well4 ,! *apt] head+s tell _! own /ory4 ,provisions--,ut5sils--,fires--,dress+ & ,keep+ ,game & ,fi%--,meat--,game--,fi% & ,%ell ,fi%--,cur$ ,meats1 etc4--,eggs--,bread-/uffs & ,c]eals--,vegetables--,s\ps--,bev]ages & ,dess]ts4 ,scores ( new h9ts may be obta9$ by ! h\sekeep] z well z ! camp] f ,camp ,cook]y4--,portl& ,oregonian4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! advice conta9$ 9 ,mr4 ,keph>t's book is to be reli$ on4 ,i _h to /op read+ 8 receipts = cook+ wild f[l--!y made me hungry4--,new ,york ,h]ald4 ,! mo/ useful & valuable book to ! camp] yet publi%$4--,gr& ,rapids ,h]ald4 ,camp ,cook]y is de/9$ to be 9 ! kit ( e t5t dwell] 9 ! c\ntry4--,edw9 ,m>kham 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,exam9]4 ,,camps ,,& ,,cab9s4 ,by ,oliv] ,kemp4 ,a work+ guide = ! man :o wants to "k h[ to make a tempor>y %elt] 9 ! woods aga9/ ! /orm or cold4 ,?is describes ! mak+ ( lean-tos1 bru% %elt]s1 sn[ %elt]s1 ! utilization ( ! canoe1 & s =?4 ,practically ! only tools requir$ are a /\t knife or a pocket axe1 & ,mr4 ,kemp %[s h[ "o may make %ift ev5 )\t ^! implem5ts4 ,m elaborate camps & log cab9s1 also1 are describ$ & detail$ plans reproduc$4 ,illu/rat$ ) draw+s by ! au?or4 ,,ex]cise ,,& ,,heal?4 ,by ,dr4 ,woods ,hut*9son4 ,dr4 ,hut*9son takes ! common-s5se view t ! greate/ problem 9 ex]cise = mo/ ( u is to get en\gh ( ! "r k9d4 ,! greate/ error 9 ex]cise is n to take en\gh1 & ! greate/ dang] 9 a?letics is 9 giv+ !m up4 ,! ,*apt] heads are illum9at+4 ,errors 9 ,ex]cise--,ex]cise & ! ,he>t--,muscle ,make? ,man--,! ,dang] ( ,/opp+ ,a?letics--,ex]cise t ,re/s4 ,x is writt5 9 a direct matt]-(-fact mann] ) an avoidance ( m$ical t]ms1 & a /rong emphasis on ! rational1 all-r\nd mann] ( liv+ t is be/ calculat$ to br+ a man to a ripe old age ) little illness or consci\sness ( body weakness4 ,x conta9s good physiology z well z good common s5se1 writt5 by an acute obs]v] & a logical reason]1 :o has ! c\rage ( 8 convictions & is a ma/] ( ,engli% /yle4--,d4,a4 ,s>g5t1 ,m4,d41 ,s>g5t ,s*ool = ,physical ,education4 ,"o ( ! mo/ readable books ev] writt5 on physical ex]cise4--,lu!r ,h4 ,gulick1 ,m4,d41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,*ild ,hygi5e1 ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation4 ,a little book = ! busy man writt5 9 brilliant /yle4--,kansas ,city ,/>4 ,,! ,,f9e ,,art ,,( ,,fi%+4 ,by ,samuel ,g4 ,camp4 ,comb9es ! pleasure ( cat*+ fi% ) ! gratification ( foll[+ ! sport 9 ! mo/ approv$ mann]4 ,! sugge/ions (f]$ are helpful to beg9n] & exp]t angl]s4 ,! range ( fi% & fi%+ conditions cov]$ is wide & includes su* subjects z ,ca/+ ,f9e & ,f> ,(f1 ,/rip-,ca/+ = ,bass1 ,fi%+ ,= ,m\nta9 ,tr\t & ,autumn ,fi%+ = ,lake ,tr\t4 ,! book is p]vad$ ) a _s ( love = ! /reamside & ! out-doors g5]ally :i* ! g5u9e angl] w appreciate4 ,a companion book to ,fi%+ ,kits & ,equipm5t4 ,! advice on outfitt+ s capably giv5 9 t book is supplem5t$ 9 ?is lat] "w by equally valuable in=mation on h[ to use ! equipm5t4 ,w enc\rage ! beg9n] & give pleasure to ! exp]t fi%]man4--,n4,y4 ,sun4 ,a ve9 ( cat*+ en?usiasm runs ?r\gh e *apt]4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,fi%+ ,,kits ,,& ,,equipm5t4 ,by ,samuel ,g4 ,camp4 ,a complete guide to ! angl] buy+ a new outfit4 ,e detail ( fi%+ kit ( ! fre%wat] angl] is describ$1 f rodtip to creel & clo?+4 ,special emphasis is laid on outfitt+ = fly fi%+1 b full in/ruction is also giv5 to ! man :o wants to cat* pick]el1 pike1 muskellunge1 lake-tr\t1 bass & o!r fre%-wat] game fi%es4 ,prices are quot$ = all articles recomm5d$ & ! approv$ me?od ( select+ & te/+ ! v>i\s rods1 l9es1 lead]s1 etc41 is describ$4 ,a complete guide to ! angl] buy+ a new outfit4--,peoria ,h]ald4 ,! man advis$ by ,mr4 ,camp w cat* 8 fi%4--,seattle ,p4,i4 ,ev5 ! season$ angl] w read ?is hook ) pr(it4--,*icago ,tribune4 ,,! ,,horse--,its ,bre$+1 ,c>e & ,use4 ,by ,david ,buffum4 ,mr4 ,buffum takes up ! common1 e-day problems ( ! ord9>y horse-us]1 su* z fe$+1 %oe+1 simple home rem$ies1 break+ & ! cure = v>i\s equ9e vices4 ,an important *apt] is t trac+ ! influx ( ,arabian blood into ! ,engli% & ,am]ican horses & its value & limitations4 ,*apt]s are includ$ on draft-horses1 c>riage horses1 & ! developm5t ( ! two-m9ute trott]4 ,x is di/9ctly a s5sible book = ! s5sible man :o wi%es to "k h[ he c improve 8 horses & 8 horseman%ip at ! same "t4 ,i am recomm5d+ x to our /ud5ts z a useful ref]5ce book = bo? ! practical f>m] & ! /ud5t4--,t4 ,r4 ,arkell1 ,animal ,husb&man1 ,n4,h4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,has a great deal ( m]it f a practical /&po9t & is valuable = ref]5ce "w4--,pr(4 ,e4,l4 ,jordon1 ,pr(essor ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,l\isiana ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,,mak+ ,,& ,,keep+ ,,soil4 ,by ,david ,buffum4 ,?is deals ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( soil & _! adaptibility to diff]5t crops1 common s5se te/s z to ! use ( soils1 & also ! common s5se me?ods ( cultivation & f]tilization 9 ord] to re/ore worn-out soil & keep x at its highe/ productivity "u con/ant use4 ,,! ,,motor ,,boat--,its ,selection1 ,c>e & ,use4 ,by ,h4,w4 ,slauson4 ,! int5d+ pur*as] ( a motor boat is advis$ z to ! type ( boat be/ suit$ to 8 p>ticul> ne$s1 ! p[] requir$ = ! desir$ spe$s1 & ! equipm5t necess>y = ! v>y+ uses4 ,! c>e ( ! eng9e receives special att5tion & *apt]s are includ$ on ! use ( ! boat 9 camp+ & cruis+ exp$itions1 its c>e ?r\gh ! w9t]1 & its effici5cy 9 ! summ]4 ,,navigation ,,= ,,! ,,amateur4 ,by ,capt4 ,e4,t4 ,morton4 ,a %ort treatise on ! simpl] me?ods ( f9d+ position at sea by ! obs]vation ( ! sun's altitude & ! use ( ! sextant & *ronomet]4 ,x is arrang$ especially = ya*tsm5 & amateurs :o wi% to "k ! simpl] =mulae = ! necess>y navigation involv$ 9 tak+ a boat any:]e (f %ore4 ,illu/rat$ ) draw+s4 ,,outdoor ,,signall+4 ,by ,elb]t ,wells4 ,mr4 ,wells has p]fect$ a me?od ( signall+ by means ( wig-wag1 light1 smoke1 or :i/le :i* is z simple z x is effective4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple c be le>nt 9 t5 m9utes & its application is f> easi] ?an t ( any o!r code n[ 9 use4 ,x p]mits also ! use ( ciph] & c be adapt$ to almo/ any imag9able conditions ( wea!r1 light1 or topography4 ,i f9d x to be ! simple/ & mo/ practical book on signall+ publi%$4--,frank ,h4 ,s*r5k1 ,director ( ,camp ,belgrade4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ?+s ( ! k9d ,i h ev] se54 ,i believe my sev5 ye> old boy c le>n to use ?is sy/em1 & ,i "k t we w f9d x v useful "h 9 our ,boy ,sc\t "w4--,lyman ,g4 ,haskell1 ,physical ,director1 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,jacksonville1 ,fla4 ,,practical ,,p\ltry ,,keep+4 ,by ,r4,b4 ,s&o4 ,! *apt]s outl9$ 9 ?is book are p\ltry keep+ & keep]s1 h\s+ & y>d+1 fixtures & equipm5t1 *oos+ & buy+ /ock1 foods & fe$+1 hat*+ & rais+ *icks4 ,inbre$+1 caponiz+1 etc41 ,:at to d at diff]5t seasons4 ,! m]its ( secrets & sy/ems1 ,! tru? ab\t common p\ltry fallacies & get-ri*-quick s*emes4 ,p\ltry p>asites & diseases4 ,a complete li/ ( ! bre$s & subjects is atta*$4 ,x is 9 effect a compreh5sive manual = ! in/ruction ( ! man :o desires to beg9 p\ltry rais+ on a l>ge or small scale & to avoid ! ord9>y mi/akes to :i* ! beg9n] is prone4 ,all ! /atem5ts are bas$ on ! au?ors own exp]i5ce & special c>e has be5 tak5 to avoid s5sationalism or exagg]ation4 ,,pr(itable ,,bre$s ,,( ,,p\ltry4 ,by ,ar?ur ,s4 ,:eel]4 ,mr4 ,:eel] has *apt]s on "s ( ! be/ kn[n g5]al purpose birds su* z ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s1 ,plym\? ,rocks1 ,wy&ottes1 ,m$it]raneans1 ,orp+tons1 & ,corni%1 describ+ ! peculi>ities & possibilities ( ea*4 ,!re are additional *apt]s on ! me?od ( h&l+ a p\ltry f>m on a small scale ) "s in/ructions z to h\s+ ! birds1 & s =?1 & also a *apt] on ! m>ket side ( p\ltry gr[+4 ,,rifles ,,& ,,rifle ,,%oot+4 ,by ,*>les ,ask9s4 ,"p ,i describes ! v>i\s makes & me*anisms tak+ up su* po9ts z range & adaptibility ( ! v>i\s calib]s1 ! relative m]its ( lev]1 bolt & pump action1 ! claims ( ! automatic1 & s =?4 ,"p ,,ii deals ) rifle %oot+1 giv+ full in/ruction = t>get practice1 snap %oot+1 & w+ %oot+4 ,,scotti% ,,& ,,iri% ,,t]ri]s4 ,by ,williams ,haynes4 ,?is is a companion book to ,! ,air$ale & deals ) ! orig9 ( ! bre$s1 ! /&>d types1 approv$ me?ods ( bre$+1 k5nel+1 tra9+1 c>e & s =?1 ) *apt]s on %[+ & also on ! ord9>y diseases & simple rem$ies4 ,,sport+ ,,fire>ms4 ,by ,horace ,keph>t4 ,?is book is devid$ into two p>ts1 ,"p ,i deal+ ) ! ,rifle & ,"p ,,ii ) ! ,%otgun4 ,mr4 ,keph>t goes at "s l5g? into ! que/ions ( range1 trajectory & kill+ p[] ( ! diff]5t types ( rifles & *>ges & also has *apt]s on rifle me*anisms1 sights1 b>rels1 & s =?4 ,9 ! "p deal+ ) %otguns he takes up ! "q ( range1 ! effectiv5ess ( v>i\s loads1 suitability ( ! diff]5t types ( bor+1 ! te/+ ( ! %otguns by patt]n1 & s =?4 ,,tracks ,,& ,,track+4 ,by ,josef ,brunn]4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s ( pati5t /udy & practical exp]i5ce1 ,mr4 ,brunn] c1 f 8 intimate k1 speak ) au?ority on ?is subject4 ,tracks & ,track+ %[s h[ to foll[ intellig5tly ev5 ! mo/ intricate animal or bird tracks4 ,x tea*es h[ to int]pret tracks ( wild game & deciph] ! _m tell-tale signs ( ! *ase t w\ld o!rwise pass unnotic$4 ,x proves h[ x is possible to tell f ! footpr9ts ! "n1 sex1 spe$1 direction1 :e!r & h[ w\nd$1 & _m o!r ?+s ab\t wild animals & birds4 ,all mat]ial has be5 ga!r$ fir/ h&2 ! draw+s & half-tones f photographs =m an important "p ( ! "w1 z ! au?or has made fai?ful pictures ( ! tracks & signs ( ! game foll[$4 ,! li/ is3 ,! ,:ite-,tail$ or ,virg9ia ,de]--,! ,fan-,tail$ ,de]--,! ,mule-,de]--,! ,wapiti or ,elk--,! ,moose--,! ,m\nta9 ,%eep--,! ,antelope--,! ,be>--,! ,c\g>--,! ,lynx--,! ,dome/ic ,cat--,! ,wolf--,! ,coyote--,! ,fox--,! ,jack ,rabbit--,! ,v>y+ ,h>e--,! ,cottontail ,rabbit--,! ,squirrel--,! ,m>t5 & ! ,black-,foot$ ,f]ret--,! ,ott]--,! ,m9k--,! ,erm9e--,! ,beav]--,! ,badg]--,! ,porcup9e--,! ,skunk--,fea!r$ ,game--,upl& ,birds--,wat]f[l--,pr$atory ,birds--,?is book is invaluable to ! novice z well z ! exp]i5c$ hunt]4 ,?is book /udi$ c>efully1 w enable ! read] to become z well v]s$ 9 track+ lore z he c\ld by ye>s ( actual exp]i5ce4--,lewi/on ,j\rnal4 ,,w+ ,,& ,,trap-,,%oot+4 ,by ,*>les ,ask9s4 ,! only practical manual 9 exi/ance deal+ ) ! mod]n gun4 ,x conta9s a full discussion ( ! v>i\s me?ods1 su* z snap-%oot+1 sw+ & half-sw+1 discusses ! flight ( birds ) ref]5ce to ! gunn]'s problem ( lead & range & makes special application ( ! v>i\s po9ts to ! diff]5t birds commonly %ot 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a *apt] is includ$ on trap %oot+ & ! book closes ) a =ceful & common-s5se pres5tation ( ! etiquette ( ! field4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ anyone :o takes a delight 9 hunt+ c af=d to be )\t ?is valuable book4--,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ,bullet91 ,portl&1 ,ore4 ,?is book w prove an invaluable manual to ! true sportsman1 :e!r he be a tyro or exp]t4--,book ,news ,mon?ly4 ,its clos+ *apt] on field etiquette des]ves c>eful read+4--,n4,y4 ,times4 ,,! ,,ya*tsman',s ,,h&book4 ,by ,comm&] ,c4,s4 ,/anwor?1 ,u4,s4,n4 & ,o!rs4 ,deals ) ! practical h&l+ ( sail boats1 ) "s light on ! op]ation ( ! gasol9e motor4 ,x includes su* subjects z h&l+ gr\nd tackle1 h&l+ l9es & tak+ s\nd+s1 & use ( ! lead l9e2 h&l+ sails1 eng9e tr\bles t may be avoid$1 c>e ( ! gasol9e motor & ya*t+ etiquette4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors correct$ 9 text3 ,page #ab3 'toge!r ) is long season' replac$ ) 'toge!r ) its long season' ,page #cb3 prunn$ replac$ ) prun$ ,page #cf3 pr(iable replac$ ) pr(itable ,page #fe3 hum\s replac$ ) humus ,page #hb3 'x mu/ be s\r' correct$ to 'x mu/ n be s\r' ,9 s5t5ce ref]r+ to lime :i* is us$ to r$uce acidity 7s\rness74 ,page #hh3 prs5t replac$ ) pres5t ,page #aje3 tisses replac$ ) tissues ,page #ajg3 'c>ri$ ov] ! w9t] cank]s' correct$ to 'c>ri$ ov] ! w9t] 9 cank]s' ,page #abf3 ,jose replac$ ) ,jose ,page #afc3 7table7 ,syray+ replac$ ) ,spray+ ,page #afc3 7table7 ,syrap+ replac$ ) ,spray+ ,page #afd3 ',! factors h always op]at$ to det]' correct$ to ',two factors h always op]at$ to det]' ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99