,transcriber's note3 ,the transcription schemes for characters that could not be used in a plain text version of this text have been listed at the end of this file under the heading ,transcriber's ,notes4 ,a ,,field ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,stars ,,by ,,william ,,tyler ,,olcott ,second ,edition1 revised and enlarged ,,with ,,fifty ,,diagrams ,g4,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,london ,the ,knickerbocker ,press ,,copyright1 #aijg ,,by ,,william ,,tyler ,,olcott ,,copyright1 #aiad ,,by ,,william ,,tyler ,,olcott 7,for ,second ,edition7 ,illustration3 ,the ,knickerbocker ,press1 ,new ,york ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america ,,introduction4 ,considering the ease with which a knowledge of the constellations can be acquired1 it seems a remarkable fact that so few are conversant with these time-honored configurations of the heavens4 ,aside from a knowledge of the ,dipper and the ,pleiades1 the constellations to the vast majority1 are utterly unknown4 ,to facilitate and popularize if possible this fascinating recreation of star-gazing the author has designed this field-book4 ,it is limited in scope solely to that purpose1 and all matter of a technical or theoretical nature has been omitted4 ,the endeavor has been to include in these pages only such matter as the reader can observe with the naked eye1 or an opera-glass4 ,simplicity and brevity have been aimed at1 the main idea being that whatever is bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when actually engaged in the observation of the heavens4 ,the constellations embraced in this manual are only those visible from the average latitude of the ,new ,england and ,middle ,states1 and owe their place in the particular season in which they are found to the fact that in that season they are favorably situated for observation4 ,with this brief explanatory note of the purpose and design of the book1 the author proceeds to outline the scheme of study4 ,,scheme ,,of ,,study4 ,the table of contents shows the scheme of study to be pursued1 and to facilitate the work it is desirable that the student follow the therein circumscribed order4 ,a knowledge on the part of the reader of ,ursa ,major1 or the ,dipper as it is commonly called1 and the ,pleiades1 the well-known group in ,taurus1 is presupposed by the author4 ,with this knowledge as a basis1 the student is enabled in any season to take up the study of the constellations4 ,by following out the order dictated1 he will in a few nights of observation be enabled to identify the various configurations making up the several constellations that are set apart for study in that particular season4 ,a large plate1 showing the appearance of the heavens at a designated time on the first night of the quarter1 is inserted before each season's work4 ,this should be consulted by the student before he makes an observation1 in order that he may obtain a comprehensive idea of the relative position of the constellations1 and also know in what part of the heavens to locate the constellation which he wishes to identify4 ,a knowledge of one constellation enables the student to determine the position of the next in order4 ,in this work1 the identification of each constellation depends on a knowledge of what precedes1 always bearing in mind the fact that each season starts as a new and distinct part to be taken by itself1 and has no bearing on that which comes before4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction iii ,,scheme ,,of ,,study v ,the ,constellations of ,spring4 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,heavens #i ,p4,m41 ,,april ,,first #c #a4 ,,ursa ,,major #d #b4 ,,ursa ,,minor #f ,located by the pointer stars in ,ursa ,major4 #c4 ,,gemini #h ,located by a line drawn through designated stars in ,ursa ,major4 #d4 ,,auriga #aj ,located in the same manner as ,gemini4 #e4 ,,cancer #ab ,located by a line drawn from ,auriga to ,gemini and prolonged4 #f4 ,,hydra #ad ,the head of ,hydra is to be seen just below ,cancer4 #g4 ,,leo #af ,located by a line drawn from ,gemini to ,cancer and prolonged4 #h4 ,,coma ,,berenices #ah ,position indicated by drawing a line through designated stars in ,leo4 #i4 ,,canis ,,minor #bj ,located by a line drawn from ,auriga to ,gemini and prolonged4 #aj4 ,,corvus #bb ,located by a line drawn from ,ursa ,minor through ,ursa ,major and prolonged4 #aa4 ,,crater #bd ,located south of ,leo and just west of ,corvus4 ,,meteoric ,,showers1 ,,april ,,to ,,july #bf ,the ,constellations of ,summer4 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,heavens #i ,p4,m41 ,,july ,,first #ca #ab4 ,,draco #cb ,lies between ,ursa ,major and ,ursa ,minor1 coiling about the latter4 #ac4 ,,lyra #cd ,vega1 its brightest star1 is #ab;deg ,s4,w4 of the ,dragon's head4 #ad4 ,,cygnus #cf ,deneb1 its brightest star1 is about #bj;deg east of ,vega4 #ae4 ,,aquila #ch ,located by a line drawn from the ,dragon's head through ,vega and prolonged4 #af4 ,,delphinus #dj ,located about #aj;deg northeast of ,altair in ,aquila4 #ag4 ,,sagittarius #db ,located by a line drawn from ,cygnus to ,aquila and prolonged4 #ah4 ,,ophiuchus ,,and ,,serpens #dd ,located by a line drawn from ,delphinus to ,aquila and prolonged4 #ai4 ,,scorpius #df ,located just under ,ophiuchus1 and west of ,sagittarius4 #bj4 ,,libra #dh ,located about #ae;deg west of the head of ,scorpius4 #ba4 ,,corona ,,borealis #ej ,located just above the head of ,serpens4 #bb4 ,,hercules #eb ,located by lines drawn from either ,vega or ,altair to ,corona4 #bc4 ,,bo3,o,,tes #ed ,located just west of the ,crown4 ,arcturus1 its brightest star1 is about #cj;deg southeast of e ,ursae ,majoris4 #bd4 ,,virgo #ef ,spica1 its brightest star1 is located by a line drawn from ,antares in ,scorpius through a in ,libra and prolonged about #bj;deg4 #be4 ,,canes ,,venatici #eh ,cor ,caroli1 its brightest star1 is about #ag;deg south of ,alioth in ,ursa ,major4 ,,meteoric ,,showers1 ,,july ,,to ,,october #fj ,the ,constellations of ,autumn4 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,heavens #i ,p4,m41 ,,october ,,first #fe #bf4 ,,cassiopeia #ff ,located by a line drawn from ,ursa ,major through the ,pole star1 the position of which is indicated by the pointer stars a and b ,ursae ,majoris4 #bg4 ,,cepheus #fh ,located by pointer stars in ,cassiopeia4 #bh4 ,,pegasus #gj ,the great square of ,pegasus is located by a line drawn from ,polaris to ,cassiopeia and prolonged4 #bi4 ,,andromeda #gb ,the star ,alpheratz in ,andromeda is at the northeast corner of the great square of ,pegasus4 #cj4 ,,perseus #gd ,lies #i;deg east of g ,andromedae4 #ca4 ,,pisces #gf ,the ,circlet in ,pisces is to be seen just below ,pegasus4 #cb4 ,,triangulum #gh ,a line drawn from ,pegasus to ,perseus passes through b in ,triangulum4 #cc4 ,,aquarius #hj ,the position of the water jar of ,aquarius is determined by pointer stars in ,pegasus4 #cd4 ,,capricornus #hb ,the head of the ,sea ,goat is located by a line drawn from a ,pegasi through z and th ,pegasi and prolonged about #be;deg4 #ce4 ,,aries #hd ,lies just south of ,triangulum4 ,a line drawn from g ,andromedae through b ,trianguli points out a ,arietis4 #cf4 ,,cetus #hf ,the head of ,cetus lies about #bj;deg southeast of ,aries4 #cg4 ,,musca #hh ,located between ,triangulum and ,aries4 ,,meteoric ,,showers1 ,,october ,,to ,,january #ij ,the ,constellations of ,winter4 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,heavens #i ,p4,m41 ,,january ,,first #ie #ch4 ,,taurus #if ,contains the celebrated and unmistakable group1 ,the ,pleiades1 to be seen almost overhead in the early evening during the ,winter months4 #ci4 ,,orion #ih ,the tips of the horns of the ,bull are pointer stars to ,betelgeuze1 in ,orion4 #dj4 ,,lepus #ajj ,located just below ,orion4 #da4 ,,columba #ajb ,located south of ,lepus1 close to the horizon4 #db4 ,,canis ,,major #ajd ,located by a line drawn from the stars forming ,orion's girdle4 #dc4 ,,argo ,,navis #ajf ,located by a line drawn from ,orion to ,canis ,major and prolonged #ah;deg4 #dd4 ,,monoceros #ajh ,located just east of ,orion4 #de4 ,,eridanus #aaj ,located just west of ,rigel1 in ,orion4 ,,meteoric ,,showers1 ,,january ,,to ,,april #aab ,,the ,,planets #aae ,,the ,,milky ,,way #abd ,,the ,,motions ,,of ,,the ,,stars #abf ,,meteors1 ,,or ,,shooting ,,stars #acj ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,stars ,,and ,,their ,,meanings #acc ,,index #aei ,,the ,,diagrams4 ,the diagrams1 it will be observed1 are grouped under the seasons1 and they indicate the positions of the constellations as they appear at #i o'clock ,p4,m4 in mid-season4 ,to facilitate finding and observing the constellations1 the student should face in the direction indicated in the text4 ,this applies to all constellations excepting those near the zenith4 ,the four large plates are so arranged that the observer is supposed to be looking at the southern skies4 ,by turning the plate about from left to right1 the eastern1 northern1 and western skies are shown successively4 ,on many of the diagrams the position of nebulae is indicated4 ,these are designated by the initial letter of the astronomer who catalogued them1 preceded by his catalogue number1 as for instance #h ,m4 signifies nebula number #h in ,messier's catalogue4 ,the magnitudes assigned to the stars in the diagrams are derived from the ,harvard ,photometry4 ,when a star is midway between two magnitudes the numeral is underlined1 thus #b1 indicates a star of magnitude #b4e4 ,if a star's magnitude is between #a and #a4e it is regarded as a first-magnitude star4 ,if it lies between #a4e and #b it is designated second magnitude4 ,,the ,,constellations ,,of ,,spring4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the principal stars visible from ,lat4 #dj;deg ,n4 at #i o'clock ,april #ast4 ,,ursa ,,major 7er'sa ma'-jor7--,,the ,,great ,,bear4 7,face ,north47 ,,location4--,ursa ,major is probably the best known of the constellations1 and in this work ,i presuppose that the reader is familiar with its position in the heavens4 ,it is one of the most noted and conspicuous constellations in the northern hemisphere1 and is readily and unmistakably distinguished from all others by means of a remarkable cluster of seven bright stars in the northern heavens1 forming what is familiarly termed ,the ,dipper4 ,the stars a and b are called the pointers1 because they always point toward the ,pole ,star1 #bh-c_/d;deg distant from a4 ,alioth is very nearly opposite ,shedir in ,cassiopeia1 and at an equal distance from the ,pole4 ,the same can be said of ,megres1 in ,ursa ,major1 and ,caph1 in ,cassiopeia4 ,the star o is at the tip of the ,bear's nose4 ,a clearly defined semicircle begins at o and ends in the pair i and k at the extremity of the ,bear's right fore paw4 ,this group of stars resembles a sickle4 ,note little ,alcor close to ,mizar4 ,this star was used by the ,arabs as a test of good eyesight4 ,mizar and ,alcor are known as the horse and his rider4 ,this plate shows the ,bear lying on his back1 his feet projected up the sky2 three conspicuous pairs of stars represent three of his four feet4 ,the ,chaldean shepherds and the ,iroquois ,indians gave to this constellation the same name4 ,the ,egyptians called it ,the ,thigh4 a and e are moving through space in a contrary direction to the remaining five stars in ,the ,dipper4 ,illustration3 ,,ursa ,,major ,,ursa ,,minor 7er'-sa mi'-nor7--,,the ,,little ,,bear4 7,face ,north47 ,,location4--,the two pointer stars in ,ursa ,major indicate the position of ,polaris1 the ,north ,star1 which represents the tip of the tail of the ,little ,bear1 and the end of the handle of the ,little ,dipper4 ,in all ages of the world1 ,ursa ,minor has been more universally observed and more carefully noticed than any other constellation1 on account of the importance of the ,north ,star4 ,polaris is a little more than #a-a_/d;deg from the true pole4 ,its light takes fifty years to reach us4 ,a line joining b ,cassiopeiae1 and ,megres1 in ,ursa ,major1 will pass through ,polaris4 ,at the distance of the nearest fixed star our sun would shine as a star no brighter than ,polaris which is presumably about the sun's size4 ,polaris revolves around the true pole once in twenty-four hours in a little circle #b-a_/b;deg in diameter4 ,within this circle two hundred stars have been photographed4 ,the ,north ,star is always elevated as many degrees above the horizon as the observer is north of the equator4 ,compare the light of the four stars forming the bowl of the ,little ,dipper1 as they are each of a different magnitude4 ,a standard first-magnitude star is #b-a_/b times brighter than a standard second magnitude star1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,ursa ,,minor ,,gemini 7jem'-i-ni7--,,the ,,twins4 7,face ,west47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from b to k ,ursae ,majoris and prolonged an equal distance ends near ,castor1 in ,gemini4 ,gemini is characterized by two nearly parallel rows of stars4 ,the northern row if extended would reach ,taurus1 the southern one ,orion4 ,note the fine cluster #ce ,m4 ,herschel discovered ,uranus in #agha a short distance southwest of it4 ,two wonderful streams of little stars run parallel northwest on each side of the cluster4 ,where the ecliptic crosses the solstitial colure is the spot where the sun appears to be when it is farthest north of the equator1 ,june #bast4 ,castor is a fine double for a telescope1 and ,pollux has three little attendant stars4 ,an isoceles triangle is formed by ,castor1 ,aldebaran in ,taurus1 and ,capella in ,auriga4 ,there is a record of an occultation in ,gemini noted about the middle of the fourth century ,b4,c4 ,the ,arabs saw in this group of stars two peacocks1 the ,egyptians two sprouting plants1 and the ,hindus twin deities1 while in the ,buddhist zodiac they represented a woman holding a golden cord4 ,since classic times1 however1 the figure has always been that of human twins4 ,at the point indicated near th a new star was discovered by ,enebo in ,march1 #aiab4 ,it attained a maximum of about magnitude #c4e and has at this writing waned to the eleventh magnitude4 ,illustration3 ,,gemini ,,auriga 7a-ri'-ga7--,,the ,,charioteer4 7,face ,northwest47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from d to a ,ursae ,majoris1 and prolonged about #de;deg1 ends near the bright ,capella1 in ,auriga1 a star of the first magnitude1 and one of the most brilliant in the heavens4 ,it is unmistakable1 having no rival in brightness near it4 ,auriga is a beautiful and conspicuous constellation4 ,it is characterized by a clearly defined pentagon4 ,note the three fourth-magnitude stars near ,capella known as ,the ,kids4 ,the star b is common to ,auriga and ,taurus1 being the former's right foot and the latter's northern horn4 ,the field within the pentagon is particularly rich in clusters4 ,capella forms a rude square with ,polaris1 e ,cassiopeiae1 and o ,ursae ,majoris1 and forms an equilateral triangle with ,betelgeuze in ,orion1 and the ,pleiades in ,taurus4 ,a line from th to a ,aurigae prolonged about #bj;deg ends near a ,persei4 ,capella is visible at some hour of every clear night throughout the year4 ,of the first-magnitude stars it is nearest to the ,pole1 and it rises almost exactly in the northeast4 ,to the ,arabs ,capella was ,the ,driver1 because it seemed to rise earlier than the other stars and so apparently watched over them1 or still more practically as ,the ,singer who rode before the procession cheering on the camels1 which last were represented by the ,pleiades4 ,illustration3 ,,auriga ,,cancer 7kan'-ser7--,,the ,,crab4 7,face ,west47 ,,location4--,cancer lies between ,gemini and ,leo4 ,a line drawn from ,nath in ,auriga to ,pollux in ,gemini1 and prolonged about #ae;deg1 ends in ,praesepe1 the ,manger1 the great star cluster in ,cancer1 which is also called ,the ,bee ,hive4 ,it contains #cjj stars4 ,the stars g and d are called the ,aselli--the ass's colts feeding from the silver manger4 ,the star b lies about #aj;deg northeast of ,procyon4 ,acubens1 a lies on the same line the same distance beyond b4 ,these two stars form the tips of the inverted ,y which distinguishes ,cancer4 ,an imaginary line from ,capella through ,pollux will point out ,acubens4 ,close to it are two faint stars4 ,the ,bee ,hive lies within an irregular square formed by g1 d1 e1 and th1 and looks like a nebula to the naked eye4 ,in ,june1 #ahie1 all the planets except ,neptune were in this quarter of the heavens1 and ,halley's comet was in this constellation on its first appearance in #aeca4 ,the dimness of g and d is an infallible precursor of rain1 and if the ,bee ,hive is not visible in a clear sky1 it is a presage of a violent storm4 ,illustration3 ,,cancer ,,hydra 7hi'-dra7--,,the ,,sea-,,serpent4 7,face ,south and ,southwest47 ,,location4--,the head of ,hydra1 a striking and beautiful arrangement of stars1 lies just below the ,bee ,hive1 in ,cancer1 #f;deg south of ,acubens in that constellation1 and forms a rhomboidal figure of five stars4 ,hydra is about #ajj;deg in length and reaches almost from ,canis ,minor to ,libra4 ,its stars are all faint except ,alphard1 or the ,hydra's heart1 a second-magnitude star remarkable for its lonely situation1 southwest of ,regulus1 in ,leo4 ,a line drawn from g ,leonis through ,regulus points it out4 ,it is of a rich orange tint4 ,castor and ,pollux1 in ,gemini1 point southeast to it4 ,the constellations ,crater1 the ,cup1 and ,corvus1 the ,crow1 both stand on the coils of ,hydra1 south of ,denebola1 the bright star in the tail of the ,lion4 ,hydra is supposed to be the snake shown on a uranographic stone from the ,euphrates1 #abjj ,b4,c4 ,the little asterism ,sextans1 the ,sextant1 lies in the region between ,regulus and ,alphard4 ,it contains no stars brighter than the fourth magnitude4 ,illustration3 ,,hydra ,,leo 7le'o7--,,the ,,lion4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from ,pollux1 in ,gemini1 to g in ,cancer1 and prolonged about #ab;deg1 strikes ,regulus1 the brilliant star in the heart of the ,lion4 ,regulus lies about #i;deg east of ,acubens1 in ,cancer1 and about #ab;deg northeast of ,alphard1 in the heart of ,hydra4 ,leo is one of the most beautiful constellations in the zodiac4 ,it lies south of the ,great ,bear1 and its principal stars are arranged in the form of a sickle which nearly outlines the ,lion's head4 ,this group is so striking as to be unmistakable4 ,regulus is in the handle of the sickle4 ,it is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned1 lies almost exactly on the ecliptic1 and is visible for eight months in the year4 ,denebola1 the bright star in the ,lion's tail1 lies #be;deg east of ,regulus1 and about #ce;deg west of ,arcturus1 in ,bo3otes4 ,it is the same distance northwest of ,spica1 in ,virgo1 and forms with ,spica and ,arcturus a large equilateral triangle4 z is double1 and has three faint companion stars4 e has two seventh-magnitude companion stars1 forming a beautiful little triangle4 ,regulus is white in color1 g yellow1 p red4 g is a beautiful colored telescopic double star and has a companion visible in an opera-glass4 ,the figure of ,leo very much as we now have it appears in all the ,indian and ,egyptian zodiacs4 ,illustration3 ,,leo ,,the ,,sickle ,,coma ,,berenices 7ko'-ma ber-e-ni'-sez7--,,berenice',s ,,hair4 ,,location4--,a line drawn from ,regulus to ,zosma1 in ,leo1 and prolonged an equal distance1 strikes this fine cluster1 which is #ah;deg northeast of ,zosma1 d ,leonis4 ,the group lies well within a triangle formed by ,denebola1 ,arcturus1 in ,bo3otes1 and ,cor ,caroli1 in ,canes ,venatici1 which triangle is the upper half of the ,diamond of ,virgo4 ,twenty or thirty stars in this group can be counted with an opera-glass1 and the group can be easily distinguished with the naked eye1 when the moon is not visible4 ,the first half of the month of ,april can be called the most brilliant sidereal period of the year4 ,at this time eleven first-magnitude stars are visible in this latitude at #i ,p4,m4 ,from east to west they are3 ,vega1 ,arcturus1 ,spica1 ,regulus1 ,pollux1 ,procyon1 ,sirius1 ,capella1 ,aldebaran1 ,betelgeuze1 and ,rigel1 truly a glorious company1 an incomparable sight4 ,illustration3 ,,coma ,,berenices ,,canis ,,minor 7ka'-nis mi'-nor7--,,the ,,lesser ,,dog4 7,face ,west47 ,,location4--,procyon1 the ,little ,dog ,star1 lies about #bc;deg south of ,pollux1 in ,gemini4 ,a line drawn from ,nath1 in ,auriga1 to ,alhena1 in ,gemini1 and prolonged about #ah;deg1 reaches ,procyon4 ,procyon is equidistant from ,betelgeuze in ,orion1 and ,sirius in ,canis ,major1 and forms with them an equilateral triangle4 ,it forms a large right-angled triangle with ,pollux and ,betelgeuze4 ,the light from ,procyon is golden yellow4 ,four degrees northwest of it is the third-magnitude star ,gomeisa4 ,the glass shows two small stars forming a right-angled triangle with it4 ,procyon was distinctly mentioned by ,ptolemy4 ,it rises in this latitude a little north of east about half an hour before ,sirius1 the ,dog ,star1 hence it was called ,procyon from two ,greek words which signify before the dog4 ,procyon is one of our nearest neighbors in space1 at a distance of ten light years1 and is attended by a very faint companion which is only visible in the largest telescopes4 ,illustration3 ,,canis ,,minor ,,corvus 7kor'-vus7--,,the ,,crow4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from the ,bee ,hive1 in ,cancer1 through ,regulus1 in ,leo1 and prolonged about #dj;deg1 ends near the conspicuous quadrilateral which distinguishes ,corvus4 ,the brightest star in this region of the sky is ,spica1 in ,virgo4 ,it lies about #aj;deg northeast of ,algorab4 z is a double star for an opera-glass4 ,a faint pair of stars lie close below and to the west of b4 ,the ,crow is represented as standing on1 and pecking at1 the coils of ,hydra4 ,the star ,al ,chiba is in the ,crow's bill4 ,corvus was known as the ,raven in ,chaucer's time4 d is an interesting telescopic double4 ,a line drawn from g to b ,corvi and prolonged twice its length locates the third-magnitude star i ,centauri in the right shoulder of the ,centaur4 ,the brightest stars in this constellation are not visible in this latitude4 ,illustration3 ,,corvus ,,crater 7kra'-ter7--,,the ,,cup4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,crater is situated #ae;deg west of ,corvus1 and due south of th ,leonis4 ,it is easily distinguished by reason of a beautiful and very striking semicircle of six stars of the fourth magnitude1 forming the bowl of the cup4 ,the constellation resembles a goblet with its base resting on the coils of ,hydra4 ,the star ,alkes is common to ,hydra and ,crater1 and may be seen #bd;deg southeast of ,alphard in the heart of ,hydra4 ,it is distinguished by its forming an equilateral triangle with a and g1 stars of the same magnitude #f;deg south and east of it4 ,corvus and ,crater are to be seen half-way up the southern sky during the early evenings in spring4 d is now the lucida4 ,crater is situated at about the centre of ,hydra and is on the meridian1 ,april #bfth4 ,owing to its many faint stars it is best seen on a clear moonless night4 ,the zodiacal light is well worth observing at this season of the year4 ,it is to be seen in the western sky shortly after sundown1 and is most intense during the evenings of ,march4 ,illustration3 ,,crater ,,meteoric ,,showers4 ,,april ,,to ,,july4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,other ,dates ,name of ,shower ,date ,radiant ,point ,characteristics of ,location ,observation ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,beta or ,mu ,apr4 #i-af ,the ,dragon's head ,n4,e4 ,draconids ,apr4 #ah ,sw4 ,f4 ,apr4 #ag-be ,beta ,serpentids ,the ,serpent's head ,s4,e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,lyrids1 ,about #aj;deg from rich shower ,apr4 #bj ,vega toward ,v4 ,sw4 ,n4,e4 ,hercules ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,eta ,aquarids1 ,may #f ,near the ,water ,sw4 ,sk4 ,after #b ,a4,m4 ,e4 fine annual shower ,jar ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,alpha ,coronids1 ,may #aa ,near ,gemma ,sl4 ,f4 ,may #g-ah ,n4 well defined in #ahhe 7a7 ,coronae ,b4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,iota ,pegasids1 ,between ,cygnus ,sw4 ,sk4 ,may #bi- well defined shower ,may #cj and the ,great ,june #d after ,n4,e4 ,square #aj ,p4,m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,beta ,herculids ,june #g ,near the ,crown ,sl4 ,b4 ,a fire ball ,s4,e4 ,about #h;deg,s4 of radiant ,beta ,ophiuchids ,june #aj ,ras ,alhague ,sl4 ,june #aj1 #ac ,s4,e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,delta ,cepheids ,june #bj ,about #ac;deg from ,june #aj-bh1 7b7 ,cassiopeiae ,sw4 ,july #ai1 ,aug4 ,n4 #be1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,the ,abbreviations under ,characteristics are as follows3 ,v4--very4 ,m4--moderately4 ,sw4--swift4 ,sl4--slow4 ,sh4--short4 ,b4--bright4 ,f4--faint4 ,sk4--streak-leaving meteors4 ,t4--train-leaving meteors4 ,,the ,,constellations ,,of ,,summer4 ,illustration3 ,maps showing the principal stars visible from ,lat4 #dj;deg ,n4 at #i o'clock1 ,july first4 ,,draco 7dra'-ko7--,,the ,,dragon4 7,face ,north47 ,,location4--,about #aj;deg from a ,ursae ,majoris--from a to d is #aj;deg--slightly south of1 that is above1 the line from a to ,polaris1 is ,giansar1 l in the tip of the ,dragon's tail4 ,above l1 and almost in line with it1 are two more stars in ,draco1 which form with two stars in ,ursa ,major a quadrilateral4 7,see diagram47 ,draco now curves sharply eastward1 coiling about the ,little ,bear as shown1 then turns abruptly southerly1 ending in a characteristic and clearly defined group of four stars1 forming an irregular square1 representing the ,dragon's head4 ,this group is almost overhead in the early evening in summer4 ,the star in the heel of ,hercules lies just south of the ,dragon's head4 ,the brilliant ,vega will be seen about overhead1 #ab;deg southwest of the ,dragon's head4 ,eltanin1 one of the ,dragon's eyes1 is noted for its connection with the discovery of the law of aberration of light4 ,it is of an orange hue1 while the star b1 near it1 is white4 ,note ,thuban1 once the ,pole ,star1 at one corner of a quadrilateral that ,draco forms with ,ursa ,major4 ,thuban could be seen by day or night from the bottom of the central passage of several of the ,pyramids in ,egypt4 ,the rising of ,eltanin was visible about thirty-five hundred years ,b4,c4 through the central passages of the temples of ,hathor at ,denderah4 ,the ,egyptians called ,draco ,the ,hippopotamus4 ,vega and the four stars in the ,dragon's head offer an opportunity to compare the first five stellar magnitudes with which all should be familiar4 ,illustration3 ,,draco ,,lyra 7li'-ra7--,,the ,,lyre4 ,,location4--,lyra may be easily distinguished because of the brilliant ,vega1 its brightest star1 which is situated about #ab;deg southwest of the ,dragon's head4 ,it is unmistakable1 as it is the brightest star in this region of the heavens1 and the third brightest in this latitude4 ,in ,july and ,august ,vega is close to the zenith in the early evening4 ,the six bright stars in ,lyra form an equilateral triangle on one corner of a rhomboid4 ,a very characteristic figure4 e is a pretty double for an opera-glass1 and a #c glass reveals the duplicity of each star of this pair4 e is therefore a double double4 z is a double for a good glass4 b is a variable1 changing from magnitude #c4d to #d4d in twelve days4 ,at its brightest it is about equal to its near neighbor g ,lyrae4 ,the noted ring nebula lies between b and g4 ,a #c glass reveals it but a powerful telescope is required to render its details visible4 ,if the distance from the earth to the sun equalled one inch1 the distance from the earth to ,vega would be #aeh miles4 ,vega was the first star to be photographed1 in #ahej4 ,it is visible at some hour every clear night1 and has been called the arc-light of the sky4 ,its light has the bluish-white hue that suggests a diamond in the sky4 ,the spectroscope reveals that ,vega is a star probably only in its infancy1 as hydrogen is its predominating element4 ,illustration3 ,,lyra ,,cygnus 7sig'-nus7--,,the ,,swan1 ,,or ,,the ,,northern ,,cross4 ,,location4--,deneb1 the brightest star in ,cygnus1 is at the top of the cross1 and a little over #bj;deg east of ,vega4 ,it forms a triangle with ,vega and ,altair in ,aquila--,altair being at the apex1 about #ce;deg from ,deneb and ,vega4 b ,cygni is at the base of the cross1 and a line drawn from ,vega to ,altair nearly touches it4 ,it is a beautiful colored double for a small telescope4 ,note #fa1 one of the nearest stars to us4 ,it was the first star whose distance was measured 7by ,bessel in #ahch74 ,it is a double star and #aj4d light years distant4 ,the cross is nearly perfect and easily traced out4 ,it lies almost wholly in the ,milky ,way4 ,note ,the ,coal ,sack1 one of the dark gap in the ,milky ,way4 ,cygnus contains an unusual number of deeply colored stars and variable stars4 o ,cygni has a sixth-magnitude companion1 and g is in the midst of a beautiful stream of faint stars4 ,this region is perhaps richer than any similar extent in the heavens4 ,an opera-glass will reveal many of its beauties4 ,herschel counted #cca1jjj stars in an area of only #e;deg in ,cygnus4 ,illustration3 ,,cygnus ,,aquila 7ak'-wi-l3a7--,,the ,,eagle1 ,,and ,,antino3,u,s4 7,face ,southeast47 ,,location4--,half-way up the sky in the ,milky ,way1 you will see three stars in a line1 the middle one much brighter than the other two4 ,this bright star is ,altair1 in ,aquila4 ,it forms with ,vega and ,deneb an isosceles triangle4 ,altair is at the apex1 about #ce;deg from the other two4 ,a triangle is formed by ,vega1 ,altair1 and ,ras ,alhague1 in the ,serpent ,bearer1 which is about #cj;deg west of ,altair4 ,this is a double constellation composed of ,aquila and ,antino3us4 ,altair is in the neck of the ,eagle1 ,alschain in the head of ,antino3us4 ,when the moon is absent1 a rude arrowhead can be traced out1 embracing almost all the stars in ,aquila4 e is an interesting variable star1 changing from magnitude #c4e to #d4g and back again within a period of #g days #d hours #ab minutes4 ,altair rises about #h;deg north of the exact eastern point on the horizon4 ,in ,a4,d4 #chi a wonderful temporary star flashed out near ,altair that equalled ,venus in brightness and vanished within three weeks' time4 ,illustration3 ,,aquila ,,antino3,u,s ,,delphinus 7del-fi'-nus7--,,the ,,dolphin1 ,,or ,,job',s ,,coffin4 7,face ,southeast47 ,,location4--,the little cluster of five stars forming ,delphinus is to be seen about #aj;deg northeast of ,altair1 and1 though there are no bright stars in the group1 it can hardly escape notice4 ,a line drawn from ,vega to ,albireo1 and prolonged about #bj;deg1 strikes the star e in the tail of the ,dolphin4 ,the four other stars of prominence in the constellation are a little above e1 and form a diamond-shaped figure4 ,the little asterisms ,sagitta1 the ,arrow1 and ,vulpecula and ,anser1 the ,fox and ,goose1 are shown just above ,delphinus4 ,delphinus is also called ,job's ,coffin4 ,the origin of this appellation is unknown4 ,in ,greece1 ,delphinus was the ,sacred ,fish1 the sky emblem of philanthropy4 ,the ,arabs called it the ,riding ,camel4 ,the star g ,delphini is a fine double for a small telescope with a marked and beautiful contrast of colors4 ,the names for a and b reversed spell ,nicolaus ,venator1 the ,latinized name of the assistant to the astronomer ,piazzi4 ,illustration3 ,,delphinus ,,sagittarius 7saj-i-ta-ri-us7--,,the ,,archer4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from ,deneb1 in ,cygnus1 to ,altair1 in ,aquila1 and prolonged an equal distance1 terminates in ,sagittarius about #aj;deg east of its distinguishing characteristic1 the ,milk ,dipper4 ,sagittarius is one of the signs of the zodiac1 and lies between ,capricornus1 on the east1 and ,scorpius1 on the west4 ,the bow is easily traced out4 g marks the arrow's tip4 ,note the star m1 which serves to point out the ,winter ,solstice1 where the solstitial colure intersects the ecliptic4 ,on a clear night1 the pretty cluster known as ,corona ,australis1 the ,southern ,crown1 can be seen about #aj;deg below the bowl of the ,milk ,dipper4 ,its lucida1 the fourth-magnitude star ,alfecca ,meridiana culminates at #i ,p4,m41 ,august #acth4 ,sagittarius is about due south1 in a splendid position for observation1 during the month of ,july1 between the hours of nine-thirty and eleven o'clock ,p4,m4 ,observe with an opera-glass the fine clusters #bj ,m4 and #h ,m41 also an almost circular black void near the stars g and d1 and to the east of this spot another of narrow crescent form4 ,the stars ph and z in the ,milk ,dipper are moving in opposite directions4 ,future generations therefore will not have this time-honored figure to guide them in locating the ,archer in their summer night skies4 ,illustration3 ,,sagittarius ,,ophiuchus 7of-i-u-kus7--,,the ,,serpent ,,bearer1 ,,and ,,serpens4 7,face ,southwest47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from e ,delphini to g ,aquilae1 prolonged about #cj;deg1 strikes the star ,ras ,alhague1 the brightest star in the constellation and the head of ,ophiuchus4 ,it is at one angle of an isosceles triangle1 of which ,altair is at the apex1 and ,vega the third angle4 ,two constellations are here combined4 ,ophiuchus is represented as an old man1 holding in his hands a writhing serpent4 ,ras ,algethi1 marking the head of ,hercules1 lies just west of ,ras ,alhague4 ,equally distant southeast and southwest of ,ras ,alhague are to be seen two stars close together1 representing the shoulders of ,ophiuchus4 ,his foot rests on the ,scorpion just above ,antares4 ,the head of ,serpens is the star group in the form of an ,x just below the ,crown4 #afjd indicates the spot where in that year a famous temporary star appeared1 called ,kepler's star4 ,note the asterism the ,bull of ,poniatowski just east of g4 ,the star marked #gj is one of the most distant stars for which a parallax has been obtained4 ,its distance from the earth #a1cjj1jjj radii of the earth's orbit1 or #abj quadrillion miles4 ,there is something remarkable in the central position of this gigantic figure4 ,it is situated almost exactly in the mid-heavens1 being nearly equidistant from the poles1 and midway between the vernal and autumnal equinoxes4 ,illustration3 ,,ophiuchus ,,serpens ,,scorpius 7skor'-pi-us7--,,the ,,scorpion4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,scorpius1 one of the signs of the zodiac1 is a beautiful star group1 and one that is easily traced out4 ,it lies just under the ,serpent ,bearer1 between ,sagittarius and ,libra4 ,the resemblance to a ,scorpion is not difficult to see1 hence this constellation is perhaps the most aptly named of any4 ,the ruddy star ,antares1 the brightest star in the constellation1 is in the heart of the ,scorpion4 ,it lies about #dj;deg southwest of ,ras ,alhague1 in ,ophiuchus1 and a little over #bj;deg west of the bow of ,sagittarius4 ,the fact that it is the most brilliant star in this region of the sky renders its identity unmistakable4 ,it is one of the reddest stars in the firmament4 ,there are several star clusters and double stars to be seen in this constellation4 ,their position is indicated in the diagram4 ,the curved tail of the ,scorpion is very conspicuous4 l and y are a striking pair and the fine clusters above them can be seen with the naked eye4 ,a record of a lunar occultation of b ,scorpii in #bie ,b4,c4 is extant4 ,note a pair just below b4 ,they are known as o#a and o#b4 ,in this region of the sky have appeared many of the brilliant temporary stars1 the first one in astronomical annals being discovered in #acd ,b4,c4 ,scorpius is mentioned by all the early writers on astronomy and is supposed to be so named because in ,egypt it was a sickly time of the year when the sun entered this sign4 ,illustration3 ,,scorpius ,,libra 7li'-bra7--,,the ,,scales4 7,face ,southwest47 ,,location4--,libra is one of the signs of the zodiac1 and lies between ,virgo and ,scorpius4 ,its two chief stars1 a and b1 may be recognized west of and above the head of the ,scorpion4 ,the star i ,librae is about #bj;deg northwest of ,antares in the ,scorpion4 ,spica in ,virgo1 a star of the first magnitude1 is a little over #bj;deg northwest of a ,librae4 ,a quadrilateral is formed by the stars a1 b1 g1 e1 which characterizes the constellation4 ,the star a ,librae looks elongated4 ,an opera-glass shows that it has a fifth-magnitude companion4 b is a pale green star4 ,its color is very unusual4 ,lyra1 ,corona1 and ,hercules are almost directly overhead in the early evening1 during ,july and ,august1 and can best be observed in a reclining position4 ,thus placed1 with an opera-glass to assist the vision1 you may study to the best advantage the wonderful sight spread out before you1 and search depths only measured by the power of your glass4 ,when the sun enters the sign ,libra the days and nights are equal all over the world and seem to observe a certain equilibrium like a balance1 hence the name of the constellation4 ,illustration3 ,,libra ,,corona ,,borealis 7ko-ro'n3a bo-re-a'-lis7--,,the ,,northern ,,crown4 ,,location4--,a line drawn from a ,cygni1 to a ,lyrae1 and projected a little over #dj;deg1 terminates in the ,crown1 which lies between ,hercules and ,bo3otes1 and just above the diamond-shaped group of stars in the head of the ,serpent4 ,the characteristic semicircle resembling a crown is easily traced out4 ,the principal stars are of the fourth magnitude excepting ,gemma1 which is a second-magnitude star and known as the ,pearl of the ,crown4 ,gemma1 sometimes called ,alphacca1 forms with the stars ,seginus and ,arcturus1 in ,bo3otes1 an isosceles triangle1 the vertex of which is at ,arcturus4 ,close to e a famous temporary appeared suddenly ,may #ab1 #ahff1 as a second-magnitude star4 ,it was known as the ,blaze ,star and was visible to the naked eye only eight days1 fading at that time to a tenth-magnitude star1 and then rising to an eighth-magnitude1 where it still remains4 ,the native ,australians called this constellation ,the ,boomerang4 ,to the ,hebrews it was ,ataroth and by this name it is known in the ,east to-day4 ,no two of the seven stars composing the ,crown are moving in the same direction or at the same rate4 a ,coronae is seventy-eight light years distant and sixty times brighter than the sun4 ,illustration3 ,,corona ,,borealis ,,hercules 7her'-ku-lez7--,,the ,,kneeler4 ,,location4--,a line drawn from either ,vega1 in ,lyra1 or ,altair1 in ,aquila1 to ,gemma1 in ,corona ,borealis1 passes through this constellation4 ,the left foot of ,hercules rests on the head of ,draco1 on the north1 and his head nearly touches the head of ,ophiuchus on the south4 ,the star in the head of ,hercules1 ,ras ,algethi1 is about #be;deg southeast of ,corona ,borealis4 a ,ophiuchi and a ,herculis are only about #e;deg apart4 ,the cluster #ac ,m41 the ,halley ,nebula1 can be easily seen in an opera-glass4 ,in a recent photograph of this cluster #ej1jjj stars are shown in an area of sky which would be entirely covered by the full moon4 ,hercules occupies the part of the heavens toward which the sun is bearing the earth and planets at the rate of twelve miles a second or #cgc million miles a year4 ,on a clear night the asterism ,cerberus1 the three-headed dog1 which ,hercules holds in his hand1 can be seen4 ,this constellation is said to have been an object of worship in ,phoenicia4 ,there is a good deal of mystery about its origin4 ,the ancient ,greeks called it ,the ,phantom and ,the ,man upon his ,knees4 ,the stars e1 z1 e1 and p form a keystone shaped figure that serves to identify the constellation4 ,illustration3 ,,hercules ,,bo3,o,,tes 7bo-o'tez7--,,the ,,herdsman1 ,,or ,,bear ,,driver4 7,face ,west47 ,,location4--,bo3otes lies just west of the ,crown1 and east of ,cor ,caroli4 ,it may be easily distinguished by the position and splendor of its principal star1 ,arcturus1 which shines with a golden yellow lustre4 ,it is about #ce;deg east of ,denebola1 in ,leo1 and nearly as far north of ,spica1 in ,virgo1 and forms with these two a large equilateral triangle4 ,a line drawn from z to e ,ursae ,majoris and prolonged about #cj;deg locates it1 as does one from d ,herculis to g ,coronae prolonged its length4 ,the brightest stars in ,bo3otes outline a characteristic kite-shaped figure4 ,arcturus is mentioned in the ,book of ,job and is often referred to as ,the ,star of ,job4 ,three stars of the fourth magnitude are situated in the right hand4 ,they are about #e;deg north of e ,ursae ,majoris4 ,contrast the color of ,arcturus with ,spica1 ,antares1 and ,vega4 ,the trapezium b1 g1 d1 and m1 was called ,the ,female ,wolves1 by the ,arabians2 th1 i1 k and l1 ,the ,whelps of the ,hyenas4 ,they knew the constellation as ,the ,vociferator4 ,arcturus is the fourth brightest star in the northern hemisphere4 ,it is #ajjj times the size of our sun and rushes through space toward ,virgo at the astounding rate of ninety miles a second4 ,it is forty light years distant4 ,the ancient ,greeks called this constellation ,lycaon1 a name which signifies a ,wolf4 ,the ,hebrew name for it was ,the ,barking ,dog4 ,illustration3 ,,bo3,o,,tes ,,virgo 7ver'-go7--,,the ,,virgin4 7,face ,west47 ,,location4--,an imaginary line drawn from ,antares in ,scorpius through a ,librae and prolonged a little over #bj;deg strikes ,spica1 the brightest star in ,virgo1 which star is about #cj;deg southwest of ,arcturus4 ,arcturus1 ,cor ,caroli1 ,denebola1 and ,spica form a figure about #ej;deg in length1 called the ,diamond of ,virgo4 ,the equator1 ecliptic1 and equinoctial colure intersect each other at a point close to the star e4 ,this is called the autumnal equinox4 ,the star e is known as the ,grape ,gatherer4 ,it is observed to rise just before the sun at vintage time4 ,within the rude square formed by ,denebola1 and e1 g1 and b1 ,virginis1 the telescope reveals many wonderful nebulae2 hence this region of the sky has been called ,the ,field of the ,nebula4 ,spica is an extremely beautiful pure white star4 ,it rises a very little south of the exact eastern point on the horizon4 g is a fine double star for a small telescope4 ,virgo is mentioned by the astronomers of all ages4 ,by the ,egyptians it was intended to represent the goddess ,isis1 and the ,greeks knew it as ,ceres4 ,spica represents the ear of corn held in the ,virgin's left hand4 ,illustration3 ,,virgo ,,canes ,,venatici 7ka'-nez ve-nat'-i-ci7--,,the ,,hunting ,,dogs4 7,face ,northwest47 ,,location4--,cor ,caroli1 the bright star in this constellation1 when on the meridian is about #ag;deg south of e ,ursae ,majoris4 ,a line drawn from e ,ursae ,majoris1 through ,berenice's ,hair1 to ,denebola1 in ,leo1 passes through it4 ,the dogs1 ,asterion and ,chara1 are represented as being held in leash by ,bo3otes1 the herdsman1 in his pursuit of the ,great ,bear4 ,cor ,caroli is in the southern hound1 ,chara1 and represents the heart of ,charles ,,ii of ,england4 ,it is a beautiful double star in a small telescope4 ,the so-called ,diamond of ,virgo1 is clearly shown on this plate4 ,it is formed by connecting with lines the stars ,cor ,caroli1 ,denebola1 ,spica1 and ,arcturus4 ,the fifth-magnitude star ,la ,superba1 about #g;deg north and #b-a_/b;deg west of ,cor ,caroli1 is especially noteworthy because of the flashing brilliancy of its prismatic rays4 ,illustration3 ,,canes ,,venatici ,,meteoric ,,showers4 ,,july ,,to ,,october4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,other ,dates ,name of ,shower ,date ,radiant ,point ,characteristics of ,location of ,observation ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,between ,june #ac-;,july #g ,vulpeculids or ,july #d ,cygnus and ,sw4 ,apr4 #bj1 ,e4 ,eta ,sagittids ,delphinus ,may #cj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,near ,deneb ,july #aa-ai1 ,cygnids ,july #ai 7a7 ,cygni ,sh4 ,sw4 ,f4 ,aug4 #bb1 ,july ,e4 #f-;,aug4 #af ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,between 7a7 ,sw4 ,b4 ,sk4 ,july #bc-;,aug4 #d 7a7-7b7 ,july #be and after ,sept4 #ae1 ,n4,e4 ,perseids 7b7 ,persei #aj ,p4,m4 ,nov4 #ac ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,aquarids1 a ,near the conspicuous ,july #bh water jar of ,sl4 ,b4 ,e4 shower ,aquarius ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,perseids1 fine ,aug4 #aj ,near 7a7 v4 ,sw4 ,sk4 ,n4,e4 shower ,persei ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,kappa ,cygnids ,aug4 #ag ,near the ,sw4 ,b4,t4 ,sh4 ,jan4 #ag1 ,aug4 #d1 ,s4,e4 ,dragon's head ,aug4 #ba-be ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,near ,capella ,after #i4cj ,sept4 #bb1 ,alpha ,aurigids ,aug4 #ba 7a7 ,aurigae ,p4,m4 ,oct4 #b ,n4,e4 v4 ,sw4 ,sk4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,omicron ,near the ,draconids4 ,rich,aug4 #bb ,dragon's head ,sl4 ,t4 ,aug4 #ba-be ,n shower in #ahgi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,between ,capella ,after #aj ,aug4 #ba1 #be1 ,epsilon ,sept4 #g and the ,p4,m4 ,sept4 #f-h1 #ba1 ,n4,e4 ,perseids ,pleiades v4 ,sw4 ,sk4 ,nov4 #bi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,alpha ,arietids ,sept4 #ba ,near ,hamal ,sl4 ,t4 ,aug4 #ab1 ,oct4 #g ,e4 7a7 ,arietis ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,gamma ,pegasids ,sept4 #bb ,near and ,s4,e4 ,sl4 ,july #ca1 ,aug4 ,e4 of ,great ,sq4 #be1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,the ,perseids are of a yellowish color1 and move with medium velocity4 ,their line of flight is from northeast to southwest4 ,they are probably visible for more than a month1 from the latter half of ,july to the last week in ,august4 ,the ,august meteors are known as the ,tears of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,the ,abbreviations under ,characteristics are as follows3 v4--very ,sl4--,slow ,sk4--,streak-leaving meteors4 ,m4--,moderately ,b4--,bright ,t4--,train-leaving meteors4 ,sw4--,swift ,f4--,faint ,sh4--,short meteors4 ,,the ,,constellations ,,of ,,autumn4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the principal stars visible from ,lat4 #dj;deg ,n4 at #i o'clock1 ,october first4 ,,cassiopeia 7kas-i-o-pe'-ya7--,,the ,,lady ,,in ,,the ,,chair4 7,face ,north47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from d ,ursae ,majoris1 through ,polaris1 strikes a ,cassiopeiae4 ,it is situated the same distance from ,polaris as ,ursa ,major1 and about midway between ,polaris and the zenith in the ,milky ,way4 ,cassiopeia is characterized by a zigzag row of stars which form a rude ,w1 but in mid-autumn1 to an observer facing north1 the ,w appears more like an ,m1 and is almost overhead4 ,note the spot marked #aegb4 ,this is where a very famous temporary star appeared in that year4 ,it was bright enough at one time to be seen in full sunshine4 ,the star e is sixteen light years distant4 ,caph is equidistant from the ,pole1 and exactly opposite the star ,megres in ,ursa ,major2 with a ,andromedae and g ,pegasi it marks the equinoctial colure4 ,these stars are known as ,the ,three ,guides4 ,the chair can be readily traced out2 b1 a1 and g mark three of the four corners of the back1 and d and e1 one of the front legs4 ,the word ,bagdei1 made up of the letters for the principal stars1 assists the memory4 ,the stars g and b are pointer stars to a fifth-magnitude star the lucida of the asterism ,lacerta1 the lizard about #ae;deg from b4 ,cassiopeia makes an excellent illuminated clock4 ,when b is above ,polaris it is noon1 when it is in the west at right angles to its first position it is #f ,p4,m4 ,at midnight it is on the northern horizon1 and at #f ,p4,m4 it is due east4 ,this is sidereal time which agrees with mean time on ,march #bb;d1 and gains on the latter at the rate of two hours a month4 ,illustration3 ,,cassiopeia ,,cepheus 7se'-fus7 7,face ,north47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from a to b ,cassiopeiae and prolonged about #ah;deg strikes a ,cephei4 ,the nearest bright star west of ,polaris is g ,cephei4 ,cepheus is an inconspicuous constellation1 lying partly in the ,milky ,way4 ,a view of this constellation through an opera-glass will repay the observer4 ,cepheus is characterized by a rude square1 one side of which is the base of an isosceles triangle4 ,look for the so-called garnet star m1 probably the reddest star visible to the naked eye in the ,united ,states4 ,the star z has a blue companion star4 a forms an equilateral triangle with ,polaris and e ,cassiopeiae4 ,it is claimed that ,cepheus was known to the ,chaldaeans twenty-three centuries before our era4 ,surrounding d1 e1 z1 and l1 which mark the king's head1 is a vacant space in the ,milky ,way1 similar to the ,coal ,sack of ,cygnus4 ,about #d;deg from g1 in the direction of k is a pretty pair of sixth-magnitude stars4 ,owing to precession1 g1 b1 and a ,cephei will be successively the ,pole ,star in #dejj1 #fjjj1 and #gejj ,a4,d4 respectively4 d is a double whose components are yellow and blue4 ,it is an interesting variable changing from magnitude #c4g to #d4i at intervals of #e days #h hours #dg minutes4 ,as it is three times as bright at maximum as at minimum and can be observed with the naked eye its variations are well worth observing4 ,illustration3 ,,cepheus ,,pegasus 7peg'-a-sus7--,,the ,,winged ,,horse4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,one corner of the ,great ,square is found by drawing a line from ,polaris to ,cassiopeia1 and prolonging it an equal distance4 ,the ,great ,square is a stellar landmark4 ,three of the corners of the square are marked by stars in ,pegasus2 the fourth1 and northeastern1 corner is marked by the star ,alpheratz in ,andromeda4 ,each side of the square is about #ah;deg long4 ,the horse is generally seen upside down1 with his fore feet projected up into the sky4 ,only the head1 neck1 and fore feet are represented4 ,the star ,enif marks the nose4 p is an interesting double1 easily seen in an opera-glass4 ,all the stars of the ,square are approaching us at an inconceivable speed4 ,the position of the asterism ,equus or ,equuleus1 the ,little ,horse1 or ,horse's ,head1 is shown in the diagram4 ,delphinus1 the water jar of ,aquarius1 and the circlet in the ,western ,fish1 are all in the vicinity of ,pegasus1 and indicated in the diagram4 ,the winged horse is found on coins of ,corinth #ejj to #dcj ,b4,c4 ,the ,greeks called this constellation ,greek3 hippos4 ,pegasus seems to have been regarded in ,phoenicia and ,egypt as the sky emblem of a ship4 ,within the area of the ,square ,argelander counted thirty naked-eye stars4 ,note a fine pair in ,equuleus just west of the star ,enif in ,pegasus4 ,the position of the equinoctial colure is defined by a line connecting ,polaris1 b ,cassiopeiae1 a ,andromedae1 and g ,pegasi4 ,illustration3 ,,pegasus ,,andromeda 7an-drom'-e-d3a7--,,the ,,chained ,,lady4 ,,location4--,the star a ,alpheratz is at the northeastern corner of the great square of ,pegasus1 one of the stellar landmarks4 ,running east from a1 at almost equal distances1 are four other stars1 two of which are of the second magnitude4 ,the most easterly one is b ,persei1 known as ,algol1 the famous variable4 ,lines connecting the stars g ,andromedae1 ,algol1 and a ,persei form a right-angled triangle4 ,the right angle is marked by ,algol4 ,the chief object of interest in this constellation is the great nebula1 the first to be discovered4 ,it can be seen by the naked eye and it is a fine sight in an opera-glass4 ,its location is indicated in the diagram4 ,the star g is the radiant point of the ,bielid meteors1 looked for in ,november4 ,it is a colored double visible in a #c glass4 ,the great nebula has been called the ,queen of the ,nebulae4 ,it is said to have been known as far back as ,a4,d4 #ije1 and it was described #ihf ,a4,d4 as the ,little ,cloud4 ,andromeda is very favorable for observation in ,september1 low in the eastern sky4 ,note the characteristic ,y shaped asterism known as ,gloria ,frederika or ,frederik's ,glory4 ,it lies about at the apex of a nearly isosceles triangle of which a line connecting ,alpheratz and b ,pegasi is the base4 ,a line drawn from d to a ,cassiopeiae and prolonged a little over twice its length points it out4 ,illustration3 ,,andromeda ,,perseus 7per'-sus7--,,the ,,champion4 7,face ,northeast47 ,,location4--a ,persei lies on a line drawn from b to g ,andromedae1 and is about #i;deg from the latter4 ,the most striking feature in ,perseus is the so-called segment of ,perseus1 a curve of stars beginning about #ab;deg below ,cassiopeia1 and curving toward ,ursa ,major4 ,note the famous variable ,algol the ,demon star4 ,it represents the ,medusa's head which ,perseus holds in his hand4 ,it varies from the second to the fourth magnitude in about three and one-half hours1 and back again in the same time1 after which it remains steadily brilliant for two and three-quarters days1 when the same change recurs4 ,algenib and ,algol form with g ,andromedae1 a right-angled triangle4 ,note a dull red star near ,algol1 and a pretty pair just above ,algenib4 ,an opera-glass reveals much that is worthy of observation in this region of the sky4 ,it has been said of the clusters between ,cassiopeia and ,perseus that they form the most striking sidereal spectacle in the northern heavens4 ,they are visible to the naked eye4 ,algenib never sets in the latitude of ,new ,york1 just touching the horizon at its lower culmination4 ,it is estimated that ,algol is a little over a million miles in diameter1 e has three faint stars on one side nearly in a line1 and one on the other--a miniature representation of ,jupiter and his satellites4 ,algol1 when on the meridian of ,new ,york ,city1 is only one tenth of a degree from the zenith point4 ,this remarkable variable has a dark companion star revolving near it obscuring its light in part from us at stated intervals4 ,by means of the spectroscope the speed diameter and mass of this invisible star has been reckoned4 ,illustration3 ,,perseus ,,pisces 7pis'ez7--,,the ,,fishes4 7,face ,southeast47 ,,location4--,this constellation is represented by two fishes each with a ribbon tied to its tail4 ,one1 the ,northern ,fish1 lies just below b ,andromedae1--the other1 represented by the circlet1 is just below ,pegasus4 ,the ribbons1 represented by streams of faint stars1 from a ,v with elongated sides1 and terminate in the star ,al ,rischa1 ,the ,knot4 ,below o1 and to the east of l the spot marked 7997 is the place which the sun occupies at the time of the equinox4 ,it is one of the two crossing places of the equinoctial1 or equator1 of the heavens1 and the ecliptic1 or sun's path4 ,below ,pisces is ,cetus1 the ,whale4 ,pisces is thought to have taken its name from its coincidence with the sun during the rainy season4 ,three distinct conjunctions of ,jupiter and ,saturn took place in this constellation in the year #gdg of ,rome4 ,pisces was considered the national constellation of the ,jews1 as well as a tribal symbol4 ,in #ahha1 ,jupiter1 ,saturn1 and ,venus were grouped together in ,pisces4 ,the ,circlet is a very striking group forming a pentagon4 ,the glass reveals two faint stars in addition1 making the figure seven-sided or elliptical in form4 ,as to the number of the stars as classified according to their magnitude1 that is their brightness1 it may be mentioned that there are approximately #bj stars of the first magnitude1 #fe of the second1 #cjj of the third1 and #dej of the fourth4 ,we cannot see stars fainter than the sixth magnitude with the naked eye4 ,illustration3 ,,pisces ,,triangulum 7tri-an'-gu-lum7--,,the ,,triangle4 7,face ,east47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from the star g ,pegasi to ,algol in ,perseus passes through b ,trianguli4 ,the triangle is clearly defined and a beautiful figure4 ,it lies just below ,andromeda1 and above ,aries4 ,triangulum is a very ancient constellation1 being formerly named ,deltoton1 from the ,greek letter ,delta ,d4 ,it was in this locality that ,piazzi discovered the asteroid ,ceres1 ,january #a1 #ahjj4 a ,trianguli is sometimes called ,caput ,trianguli4 a and b ,trianguli were known as ,the ,scale ,beam4 ,according to ,argelander the constellation contains fifteen stars4 ,the ,triangle has been likened to the ,trinity1 and the ,mitre of ,st4 ,peter4 ,illustration3 ,,triangulum ,,aquarius 7a-kwa'ri-us7--,,the ,,water ,,carrier4 7,face ,southwest47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from b ,pegasi to a of the same constellation1 and prolonged as far again1 ends just east of the so-called water jar of ,aquarius1 which is formed by a group of four stars in the form of a ,y1 as indicated in the diagram4 ,the ,arabians called these four stars a tent4 ,the jar is represented as inverted1 allowing a stream of water represented by dim stars in pairs and groups of three stars1 to descend1 ending in the bright star ,fomalhaut1 the mouth of the ,southern ,fish4 ,a rough map of ,south ,america can be traced in the stars th1 l1 t1 d1 #hh1 i4 ,a rude dipper can be made out in the western part of the constellation1 formed of the stars a1 b1 n1 e4 ,the stars t and z are doubles4 ,of the former pair1 one is white1 the other orange in color4 ,fomalhaut was the object of sunrise worship in the temple of ,demeter at ,eleusis in #ejj ,b4,c4 ,the ancients called this region of the sky the ,sea4 ,in the vicinity of d1 ,mayer observed in #agef what he termed a fixed star4 ,herschel thought it a comet4 ,it proved to be the planet ,uranus4 z is almost exactly on the celestial equator4 l is a red star1 the most prominent of the first stars in the stream4 ,the stars in ,piscis ,australis can be traced out with an opera-glass4 ,fomalhaut and ,capella1 in ,auriga1 rise almost exactly at the same minute4 ,fomalhaut is one of the four royal stars of astrology4 ,the others are ,regulus1 ,antares1 and ,aldebaran4 ,illustration3 ,,aquarius ,,capricornus 7kap-ri-kor'-nus7--,,the ,,sea ,,goat4 7,face ,southwest47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from a ,pegasi through z and th in the same constellation1 and projected about #be;deg1 strikes a and b in ,capricornus4 ,this constellation contains three principal stars--a and b mentioned above1 and d about #bj;deg east of them4 ,the water jar of ,aquarius is about the same distance northeast of d ,capricorni that ,fomalhaut1 in the ,southern ,fish1 is southeast of it4 a has a companion which can be seen by the naked eye4 ,it is a fine sight in an opera-glass4 ,these two stars are gradually separating4 b is a double star1 one being blue1 the other yellow4 ,the constellation resembles a chapeau1 or peaked hat1 upside down4 ,the stars in the head of the ,sea ,goat1 a and b are only #b;deg apart1 and can hardly be mistaken by an observer facing the southwestern sky during the early evening in autumn4 ,five degrees east of d is the point announced by ,le ,verrier as the position of his predicted new planet1 ,neptune4 ,flammarion claims that the ,chinese astronomers noted the five planets in conjunction in ,capricornus1 in the year #bddi ,b4,c4 ,the sign of the ,goat was called by the ancient ,orientalists ,the ,southern ,gate of the ,sun4 ,illustration3 ,,capricornus ,,aries 7a'-ri-ez7--,,the ,,ram4 7,face ,southeast47 ,,location4--,the star a in ,aries1 known as ,hamal1 and sometimes as ,arietis1 a star of the second magnitude1 is about #g;deg south of a ,trianguli4 ,a line drawn from the ,pole ,star to g ,andromedae1 and prolonged about #bj;deg1 ends at ,hamal4 ,aries contains three principal stars1 forming a characteristic obtuse-angled triangle4 ,the star g ,arietis was one of the first double stars discovered4 ,a telescope is required to split it4 ,hamal lies near the path of the moon1 and is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned4 ,below ,aries may be seen the characteristic pentagon in the head of ,cetus1 the ,whale4 ,more than two thousand years ago ,aries was the leading constellation of the zodiac1 and now stands first in the list of zodiacal signs4 ,the ,arabians knew this constellation as ,al ,hamal1 the sheep4 b and g are one instance out of many where stars of more than ordinary brightness are seen together in pairs1 the brightest star being generally on the east4 ,illustration3 ,,aries ,,cetus 7se'-tus7--,,the ,,whale4 7,face ,southeast47 ,,location4--,a line drawn from ,polaris1 to d ,cassiopeiae1 and prolonged two and one third times its original length1 reaches the centre of this constellation4 ,it lies just below ,aries and the ,triangle1 and resembles the figure of the prehistoric icthyosaurus1 while some see in the outline an easy chair4 ,the head of the beast is characterized by a clearly traced pentagon1 about #bj;deg southeast of ,aries4 ,the brightest star in the constellation is a of the second magnitude4 ,it is at one apex of the pentagon1 about #ae;deg east of ,al ,rischa in ,pisces1 and #cg;deg directly south of ,algol4 ,the noted variable ,mira also known as o ,ceti is the chief object of interest in this constellation4 ,it was discovered by ,fabricius in #aeif and varies from the ninth magnitude to the third or fourth in a period of #ccd days4 ,it can be observed during its entire range with a #c glass4 ,in #aggi ,mira is reported to have been as bright as the first-magnitude star ,aldebaran4 ,it lies almost exactly on a line joining g and z ,ceti a little nearer the former4 ,ten degrees south of it are four faint stars about #c;deg apart forming a square4 t ,ceti is one of our nearest neighbors at a distance of nine light years4 z is a naked-eye double star4 ,illustration3 ,,cetus ,,musca 7mus'-k3a7--,,the ,,fly4 7,face ,southeast47 ,,location4--,musca lies between ,triangulum and ,aries1 the diagram clearly defining its position4 ,the four stars composing it form a group shaped like the letter ,y4 ,there is nothing of particular interest to be noted in this asterism4 ,it does not appear on modern star charts and is considered obsolete4 ,so great is the distance that separates us from the stars that as for the great majority had they been blotted out of existence before the ,christian era1 we of to-day should still receive their light and seem to see them just as we do4 ,when we scan the nocturnal skies we study ancient history4 ,we do not see the stars as they are but as they were centuries on centuries ago4 ,illustration3 ,,musca ,,meteoric ,,showers4 ,,october ,,to ,,january4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,other ,dates ,name of ,shower ,date ,radiant ,point ,characteristics of ,location ,observation ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,between ,great ,ursids ,oct4 #d ,bear's head and ,sw4 ,sk4 ,aug4 #bj-bd ,n4 ,polaris ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,epsilon ,arietids ,east of ,hamal1 ,oct4 #aa-bd1 ,rich shower ,oct4 #ad near ,musca ,m4 ,sw4 ,oct4 #cj- ,e4 #ahgg ,nov4 #d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,orionids ,oct4 #ah ,near ,alhena in ,after #aa ,p4,m4 ,oct4 #af-bb ,e4 ,fine shower ,gemini ,sw4 ,sk4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,near ,castor and ,after #aj ,p4,m4 ,nov4 #g1 ,delta ,geminids ,oct4 #bi ,pollux v4 ,sw4 ,sk4 ,dec4 #d1 ,n4,e4 ,oct4 #af-bb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- 7e7 ,taurids4 ,rich,nov4 #b ,about #ac;deg ,sl4 ,b4,t4 ,nov4 #b-c ,e4 shower in #ahhf ,s4,e4 of ,aldebaran ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,leonids ,near 7g7 ,leonis,after midnight4 ,brilliant shower ,nov4 #ac ,in the ,sickle v4 ,sw4 ,nov4 #ab-ad ,n4,e4 ,sk4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,near 7m7 ,ursae ,after #aj ,p4,m4 ,sept4 #ae1 ,leo ,minorids ,nov4 #af ,maj41 the ,great v4 ,sw4 ,sk4 ,oct4 #af ,n4 ,bear's hind feet ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,andromedids4 ,near 7g7 ,nov4 #ag-bc ,the ,bielids4 ,nov4 #bg ,andromedae ,sl4 ,t4 ,nov4 #ba-bh ,overhead ,fine display ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,nov4 #cj;,between ,capella ,aug4 #af ,taurids and 7a7 ,persei ,v4 ,sw4 ,sept4 #ae1 ,overhead ,nov4 #bj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,zeta ,taurids4 ,dec4 #f ,near the horns ,active shower of the ,bull ,sl4 ,b4 ,e4 in #ahgf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,geminids4 ,dec4 #aj ,near ,castor ,sw4 ,dec4 #a-ad ,e4 ,fine shower ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,kappa ,draconids ,dec4 #bb ,near ,thuban ,sw4 ,sk4 ,nov4 #ad-bc 7a7 ,draconis ,dec4 #ah-bi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,fire ,ball ,dates ,nov4 #bi ,dec4 #b1 #ai1 #ba ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,the ,andromedes are usually red1 sluggish in their movements1 and leave only a small train4 ,brilliant displays were seen in #ahgb and #ahhe4 ,the ,leonids are characterized by their exceedingly swift flight4 ,they are of a greenish or bluish tint and leave behind them a vivid and persistent train4 ,in most years the display is not especially noteworthy4 ,once in thirty-three years they afford an exhibition grand beyond description as in #ahcc and #ahff4 ,,the ,,constellations ,,of ,,winter4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the principal stars visible from ,lat4 #dj;deg ,n4 at #i o'clock1 ,january first4 ,,taurus 7ta'-rus7--,,the ,,bull4 7,face ,southwest47 ,,location4--,taurus contains the well-known and unmistakable group the ,pleiades1 on the right shoulder of the ,bull4 ,a ,v shaped group known as the ,hyades is just to the southeast of the ,pleiades1 in the face of the ,bull1 forming one of the most beautiful objects in the sky4 ,the brightest star in ,taurus is ,aldebaran1 a ruddy-hued star known as ,the ,follower4 ,it is at the beginning of the ,v in the ,hyades1 and is at the apex of a triangle formed by ,capella1 in ,auriga1 and a ,persei1 and equally distant from them both4 ,the star b called ,nath1 is peculiarly white1 and is common to ,taurus and ,auriga4 ,it represents the tip of one of the ,bull's horns1 and the right foot of the ,charioteer4 ,the ,pleiades are mentioned in ,chinese annals in #bceg ,b4,c4 ,on a photograph of the group over #bjjj stars have been counted4 ,the ecliptic passes a little south of a point midway between the two horns1 where a scattered and broken stream of minute stars can be seen4 ,note two pretty pairs in the ,hyades1 one south of ,aldebaran1 the other northwest of it4 ,there are rich clusters below the tip of the horn over ,orion's head4 ,taurus was an important object of worship by the ,druids4 ,aldebaran is near one eye of the ,bull1 and used to be called ,the ,bull's ,eye4 ,an occultation of it by the moon1 which not infrequently occurs1 is a striking phenomenon4 ,the ,eskimos regard the ,pleiades as a team of dogs in pursuit of a bear4 ,the group is receding from us at the rate of thirteen miles a second and has a common eastward motion of about ten seconds a century4 ,illustration3 ,,taurus ,,orion 77o-ri'-on7--,,the ,,giant ,,hunter4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,orion is considered the finest constellation in the heavens4 ,a line drawn from ,nath to z ,tauri 7the tips of the ,bull's horns71 and extended #ae;deg1 strikes the brilliant ,betelgeuze in ,orion1 known as the martial star4 ,it forms the northeast corner of a conspicuous parallelogram4 ,the splendid first-magnitude star ,rigel is diagonally opposite ,betelgeuze1 and the girdle and sword of the ,hunter lie within the parallelogram1 a very striking group4 ,the former is represented by three bright stars in a line #c;deg long known as the ,three ,stars1 because there are no other stars in the heavens that exactly resemble them in position and brightness4 ,in the sword there is the most remarkable nebula in the heavens4 ,it may be seen with an opera-glass and in a telescope it is a wonderful sight4 ,bellatrix is called the ,amazon star4 ,note the contrasting colours of a and b4 ,about #i;deg west of ,bellatrix are eight stars in a curved line running north and south4 ,these point out the ,lion's skin held in the ,hunter's left hand4 ,below l there are two stars forming a triangle with it4 ,flammarion calls this region the ,california of the sky4 ,the celestial equator passes nearly through d4 ,orion was worshipped in ,china during the one thousand years before our era1 and was known to the ,chinese as the ,white ,tiger4 ,the ,eskimos see in the ,belt stars the three steps cut by some celestial ,eskimo in a steep snow bank to enable him to reach the top4 ,illustration3 ,,orion ,,lepus 7le'-pus7--,,the ,,hare4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,lepus crouches under ,orion's feet4 ,four stars in the constellation form an irregular and conspicuous quadrilateral4 g is a beautiful double of a greenish hue4 ,four or five degrees south of ,rigel are four faint stars which are in the ear of the hare4 ,they can be seen on a clear night with the naked eye4 ,the curved line of three stars th1 e1 and z1 are in the back of the hare4 ,lepus is about #ah;deg west of ,canis ,major1 and1 by reason of the earth's motion1 the ,great ,dog seems to be pursuing the ,hare around the heavens4 ,the first-magnitude stars that are visible in the winter season in this latitude present a fine contrast in color4 ,even the untrained eye can see a decided difference between the bluish white color of the brilliant ,sirius1 the ,dog star that the ,belt stars point south to1 and ,rigel1 and the ruddy ,betelgeuze4 ,procyon has a yellowish tinge and resembles the condition of our sun1 while ,betelgeuze is surrounded by heavy metallic vapors and is thought to be approaching extinction4 ,r marks the location of ,hind's crimson star1 a famous variable4 ,illustration3 ,,lepus ,,columba ,,noachi 7co-lum'-b3a no-3a'-ki7--,,noah',s ,,dove4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,columba is situated just south of ,lepus4 ,a line drawn from ,rigel1 in ,orion1 to b ,leporis1 and prolonged as far again1 ends near a and b1 the two brightest stars in ,columba4 ,a line drawn from the easternmost star in the belt of ,orion1 #cb;deg directly south1 will point out ,phaet1 in ,columba4 ,it makes with ,sirius1 in ,canis ,major1 and ,naos1 in the ,ship1 a large equilateral triangle4 ,the star b ,columbae may be known by means of a smaller star just east of it1 marked g4 ,the ,chinese call a ,chang ,jin1 the old ,folks4 ,lockyer thinks it was of importance in ,egyptian temple worship1 and observed from ,edfu and ,philae as far back as #fdjj ,b4,c4 ,on a clear starlight night there are not more than a thousand stars visible to the naked eye at one time4 ,the largest telescope reveals nearly a hundred million4 ,illustration3 ,,columba ,,canis ,,major 7ka'-nis ma-jor7--,,the ,,greater ,,dog4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,the three stars in ,orion's girdle point southeast to ,sirius1 the dog star1 in ,canis ,major1 the most brilliant star in the heavens4 ,it was connected in the minds of the ,egyptians with the rising of the ,nile1 and is receding from the earth at the rate of twenty miles a second4 ,the star n is a triple4 ,the cluster 7#da ,m47 can be seen with an opera-glass1 just below it4 ,between d and o#a note a remarkable array of minute stars1 also the very red star #bb4 d and z are doubles for an opera-glass4 ,below e there is a fine group4 ,betelgeuze1 in ,orion1 ,procyon1 in ,canis ,minor1 and ,sirius form a nearly equilateral triangle4 ,these stars with ,naos1 in the ,ship1 and ,phaet1 in the ,dove1 form a huge figure known as the ,egyptian ,x4 ,from earliest times ,sirius has been known as the ,dog of ,orion4 ,it is #cbd times brighter than the average sixth-magnitude star1 and is the nearest to the earth of all the stars in this latitude1 its distance being #h4g light years4 ,at this distance the ,sun would appear as a star a little brighter than the ,pole ,star4 ,illustration3 ,,canis ,,major ,,argo ,,navis 73ar'-go na'-vis7--,,the ,,ship ,,argo4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,argo is situated southeast of ,canis ,major4 ,if a line joining ,betelgeuze and ,sirius be prolonged #ah;deg southeast1 it will point out ,naos1 a star of the second magnitude in the rowlock of the ,ship4 ,this star is in the southeast corner of the ,egyptian ,x4 ,the star p is of a deep yellow or orange hue4 ,it has three little stars above it1 two of which form a pretty pair4 ,the star z has a companion1 which is a test for an opera-glass4 ,the star k is a double for an opera-glass4 ,note the fine star cluster 7#df ,m474 ,the star ,markeb forms a small triangle with two other stars near it4 ,the ,egyptians believed that this was the ark that bore ,osiris and ,isis over the ,deluge4 ,the constellation contains two noted objects invisible in this latitude1 ,canopus1 the second brightest star1 and the remarkable variable star e4 ,illustration3 ,,puppis ,,monoceros 7mo-nos'-e-ros7--,,the ,,unicorn4 7,face ,south47 ,,location4--,monoceros is to be found east of ,orion between ,canis ,major and ,canis ,minor4 ,three of its stars of the fourth magnitude form a straight line northeast and southwest1 about #i;deg east of ,betelgeuze1 and about the same distance south of ,alhena1 in ,gemini4 ,the region around the stars #h1 #ac1 #ag is particularly rich when viewed with an opera-glass4 ,note also a beautiful field about the variable ,s1 and a cluster about midway between a and b4 ,two stars about #g;deg apart in the tail of the ,unicorn are pointer stars to ,procyon4 ,these stars are known as #cj and #ca4 ,the former is about #af;deg east of ,procyon1 and is easily identified as it has a sixth-magnitude star on either side of it4 ,about #d;deg southwest of this star a good field-glass will reveal a beautiful star cluster4 ,illustration3 ,,monoceros ,,eridanus 7e-rid'-a-nus7--,,or ,,the ,,river ,,po4 7,face ,southwest47 ,,location4--,three degrees north and #b;deg west of ,rigel1 in ,orion1 lies b ,eridani1 the source of the ,river4 ,thence it flows west till it reaches p ,ceti1 then drops south #e;deg1 thence east southeast1 its total length being about #acj;deg4 ,the great curve the ,river takes1 just east of the ,whale1 resembles a horseshoe4 ,acherna1 the first-magnitude star in ,eridanus1 is too far south to be seen in this latitude4 ,note the pretty star group around b and a pair of stars of an orange hue below n4 ,the asterism known as ,the ,brandenburg ,sceptre1 consisting of four stars of the fourth and fifth magnitudes1 can be seen arranged in a straight line north and south below the first bend in the ,river just west of ,lepus4 ,illustration3 ,,eridanus ,,meteoric ,,showers4 ,,january ,,to ,,april4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,other ,dates ,name of ,shower ,date ,radiant ,point ,characteristics of ,location ,observation ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,quadrantids4 ,jan4 #b 7#dd7 ,bo3otis1 ,rich annual between ,bo3otes ,m4 ,sw4 ,b4 ,jan #c4 ,e4 shower and ,dragon's head ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,zeta ,cancrids ,jan4 #b-d 7z7 ,cancri1 ,e4 near ,bee ,hive ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,theta ,ursids ,jan4 #e ,about #aj;deg from ,small b away from g ,sh4 ,sw4 ,f4 ,jan4 #b-h ,n4 ,ursae ,maj4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,alpha ,draconids ,feb4 #a ,near ,thuban ,sl4 ,jan4 #i ,n4 a ,draconis ,dec4 #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,near ,capella ,aug4 #ba ,high in ,alpha ,aurigids ,feb4 #g a ,aurigae ,sl4 ,sept4 #ab-bb ,southern ,sky ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,tau ,leonids ,feb4 #af t ,leonis1 ,nov4 #bg between ,leo ,sl4 ,sk4 ,dec4 #ab ,e4 and ,crater ,mar4 #a-d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,alpha ,canum ,feb4 #bj ,near ,cor ,caroli ,ven4 ,well and ,coma ,v4 ,sw4 ,b4 ,e4 defined #ahgg ,berenices ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- a-b ,mar4 #a ,between a ,v4 ,sl4 ,july--,dec4 ,n4,w4 ,perseids and b ,persei ,mar4 #ac-ai ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,beta ,leonids or,mar4 #ad ,near ,denebola ,sl4 ,b4 ,mar4 #c1 #d ,s4,e4 ,beta ,virginids b ,leonis ,dec4 #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,kappa ,cepheids ,mar4 #ah ,near ,polaris ,sl4 ,b4 ,oct4 #d-ag ,n4 ,mar4 #ac-ai ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,apr4 #aj-af ,beta ,ursids ,mar4 #bd ,near b ,sw4 ,mar4 #ac-ad ,n4 ,ursae ,maj4 ,dec4 #b-i ,precise ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,zeta ,draconids ,mar4 #bh ,near the ,sl4 ,july #bi ,n4 ,dragon's ,head ,aug4 #bd1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,the ,abbreviations under ,characteristics are as follows3 ,v4 ,very ,sh4 ,short ,m4 ,moderately ,b4 ,bright ,sw4 ,swift ,f4 ,faint ,sl4 ,slow ,sk4 ,streak leaving meteors ,t4 ,train leaving meteors ,if you know the constellations1 and memorize the following rhyme you will have ever at hand for reference at night1 a reliable time-piece1 a compass1 and a perpetual calendar4 ,the numbers above the star names indicate consecutively the months of the year in which these respective objects rise about the first instant in the eastern sky4 ,in addition to first-magnitude stars the rhyme refers to the head of ,capricornus1 the ,sea ,goat1 the ,great ,square of ,pegasus1 and ,orion's ,belt4 ,all except ,arcturus rise between #i and #i4cj ,p4,m4 ,arcturus rises at #aj ,p4,m41 ,february #ast4 #a ,first ,regulus gleams on the view1 #b #c #d ,arcturus1 ,spica1 ,vega1 blue1 #e #f ,antares1 and ,altair1 #g #h #i ,the ,goat's head1 ,square1 and ,fomalhaut1 #aj #aa ,aldebaran1 the ,belt1 a-glow1 #ab ,then ,sirius most fair4 ,eight months of the year are identified by the position of the ,dipper at #i ,p4,m4 ,in ,april and ,may it is north of the zenith4 ,during ,july and ,august it is west of north4 ,in ,october and ,november it lies close to the northern horizon and in ,january and ,february it is east of north with the pointers highest4 ,,the ,,planets4 ,it is not within the scope of this work to dwell at length on a discussion of the planets4 ,certain explanatory matter regarding them is necessary1 however1 to prevent confusion2 for the student must bear in mind the fact that from time to time the planets appear in the constellations1 and unless identified would lead him to think that the diagrams were inaccurate4 ,the reader is referred to any one of the four large plates that precede each season4 ,he will observe that a portion of an ellipse has been traced on each of them1 and that this line has been designated the ,ecliptic1 which simply means the sun's apparent pathway across the sky4 ,this pathway is divided into twelve equal parts of thirty degrees each1 and to these twelve divisions are given the names of the constellations of the ,zodiac in the following order3 ,aries 7,symbol3 ,aries71 ,taurus 7,symbol3 ,taurus71 ,gemini 7,symbol3 ,gemini71 ,cancer 7,symbol3 ,cancer71 ,leo 7,symbol3 ,leo71 ,virgo 7,symbol3 ,virgo71 ,libra 7,symbol3 ,libra71 ,scorpio 7,symbol3 ,scorpio71 ,sagittarius 7,symbol3 ,sagittarius71 ,capricornus 7,symbol3 ,capricornus71 ,aquarius 7,symbol3 ,aquarius71 ,pisces 7,symbol3 ,pisces74 ,the sun1 starting from the first degree of ,aries1 the first day of spring1 passes through one constellation a month4 ,the planets follow the same pathway4 ,confusion1 therefore1 respecting their identity can only arise in connection with a study of one of the twelve constellations named above1 so that whenever a star of any size is seen in one of these constellations1 not accounted for in the diagram1 the student may conclude that this is a planet2 especially if the unknown star does not twinkle4 ,it now remains to identify the planet4 ,this can best be done by referring to an almanac1 which states what planets are above the horizon1 and which are morning and evening stars4 ,by morning star is meant that the planet is east of the sun2 by evening star1 that it is west of the sun4 ,if the planet is in the west1 and very brilliant1 it is safe to assume that it is the planet ,venus4 ,if it is brighter than any of the fixed stars1 and is some distance from the sun1 it is doubtless the colossal ,jupiter4 ,if it is very red1 it will probably be ,mars4 ,saturn is distinguished because of its pale1 steady1 yellow light4 ,as for ,mercury1 ,uranus1 and ,neptune1 the former is very near the sun1 and seldom seen2 while ,uranus and ,neptune are so inconspicuous as to lead to no confusion on the part of the novice4 ,a few notes of interest relative to the planets follow1 taking them up in regular order passing outward from the sun3 ,mercury1 ,venus1 ,mars1 ,jupiter1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 ,neptune4 ,,mercury4 ,mercury is the nearest to the sun of any of the planets4 ,on this account1 and because of its rapid changes1 it is seldom seen4 ,the most favorable time for observing it is just after sunset1 or just before sunrise1 during the months of ,march1 ,april1 ,august1 and ,september1 when it may be seen for a few successive days4 ,the greatest distance it ever departs from the sun on either side varies approximately from sixteen to twenty-eight degrees4 ,its motion resembles a pendulum1 swinging from one side of the sun to the other4 ,,venus4 ,venus approaches nearer to the earth and is more brilliant than any other planet4 ,it is bright enough to cast a shadow at night1 and is sometimes visible even at noonday4 ,it is almost as large as the earth1 and appears to oscillate1 as ,mercury does1 on either side of the sun4 ,it never appears more than three hours after sunset1 and as long before the sunrise1 and is never more than forty-eight degrees from the sun4 ,,mars4 ,mars is most like the earth of any of the planets1 and1 although not as interesting an object to view as the more brilliant planets1 ,venus and ,jupiter1 it claims our attention chiefly because of the surmises respecting its habitability4 ,mars appears to the naked eye as a bright red star1 and when at a favorable opposition to the earth 7which occurs only once in every fifteen years7 it rivals ,jupiter in splendor4 ,the planet may be mistaken for the first magnitude stars1 ,antares in ,scorpius1 and ,aldebaran in ,taurus1 near which it frequently passes4 ,the fixed stars1 however1 twinkle1 while ,mars glows steadily4 ,if there is any doubt in the student's mind as to the identity of the planet1 a few nights of observation1 noting the changes in the planet's position1 will decide the point4 ,it takes ,mars about fifty-seven days to pass through one constellation in the ,zodiac4 ,,jupiter4 ,jupiter is the largest of all the planets in the solar system1 and it is easily distinguished from the fixed stars because of its brilliancy and splendor1 exceeding in brightness all the planets excepting ,venus1 and casting a perceptible shadow4 ,it moves slowly and majestically across the sky1 advancing through the ,zodiac at the rate of one constellation yearly4 ,it is therefore a simple matter to forecast its position1 for1 in whatever constellation it is seen to-day1 one year hence it will be seen equally advanced in the next constellation4 ,although ,jupiter appears to move slowly1 it really travels at the incomprehensible rate of five hundred miles a minute4 ,the most interesting feature about ,jupiter for the amateur astronomer consists in observing four of its moons1 which are visible with a small telescope4 ,they appear like mere dots of light1 and their transit of or occultation with the planet 7that is1 their disappearance before or behind its disk7 can be watched1 and is a never failing source of pleasure4 ,a large telescope alone reveals ,jupiter's four other moons4 ,,saturn4 ,saturn is farther removed from the earth than any of the planets in the solar system1 visible to the naked eye4 ,it is distinguished from the fixed stars by the steadiness of its light1 which is dull and of a yellow hue1 though to some it appears to be of a greenish tinge4 ,it seems barely to move1 so slow is its motion among the stars1 for it takes two and one half years to pass through a single constellation of the ,zodiac4 ,saturn has eight moons4 ,titan1 its largest one1 can be seen with a #c glass4 ,its celebrated rings are telescopic objects but a small glass reveals them4 ,,uranus4 ,the student will hardly mistake ,uranus for a fixed star1 as it is only under the most favorable circumstances that it can be seen with the naked eye4 ,at its nearest approach to the earth1 it is as bright as a sixth-magnitude star4 ,uranus is accompanied by four moons1 and takes seven years to pass through a constellation of the ,zodiac4 ,,neptune4 ,neptune is the most distant of the planets in the solar system1 and is never visible to the naked eye4 ,the earth comes properly under a discussion of the planets1 but a description of it is hardly within the scope of this work4 ,confusion in identifying the planets is really confined to ,mars and ,saturn1 for ,venus and ,jupiter are much brighter than any of the fixed stars1 and their position in the heavens identifies them1 as we have seen before4 ,the following table of first-magnitude stars in the ,zodiacal constellations confines the question of identifying the planets to a comparison of the unknown star with the following-named stars3 ,castor and ,pollux in ,gemini4 ,spica ,virgo4 ,regulus ,leo4 ,aldebaran ,taurus4 ,antares ,scorpius4 ,the first four stars named above are white in color1 so that either ,mars or ,saturn is readily distinguished from them4 ,as for ,aldebaran and ,antares1 which are both red stars1 not unlike ,mars and ,saturn in color and magnitude1 the fact that the latter do not twinkle1 and that they do not appear in the diagrams1 should satisfy the observer of their identity4 ,reference to an almanac1 or a few nights of observation1 will in any case set at rest any doubt in the matter4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,planetary ,,orbits ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,size ,,of ,,the ,,planets4 ,,the ,,milky ,,way4 ,the ,milky ,way1 or ,galaxy as it is sometimes called1 is a great band of light that stretches across the heavens4 ,certain portions of it are worthy of being viewed with an opera-glass1 which separates this seemingly confused and hazy stream into numberless points of light1 emanating from myriads of suns4 ,this wonderful feature of the heavens is seen to best advantage during the months of ,july1 ,august1 ,september1 and ,october4 ,beginning near the head of ,cepheus1 about thirty degrees from the ,north ,pole1 it passes through ,cassiopeia1 ,perseus1 ,auriga1 part of ,orion1 and the feet of ,gemini1 where it crosses the ,ecliptic1 and thence continues into the southern hemisphere1 beyond our ken in these latitudes4 ,it reappears in two branches in the region of ,ophiuchus1 one running through the tail of ,scorpius1 the bow of ,sagittarius1 ,aquila1 ,delphinus1 and ,cygnus2 the other above and almost parallel to it1 uniting with the first branch in ,cygnus1 and passing to ,cepheus1 the place of beginning4 ,the student should note especially the strange gap between a1 g1 and e ,cygni4 ,this dark space has been called the ,coal ,sack4 ,the ,milky ,way in the vicinity of ,cassiopeia is particularly rich1 and well repays a search with an opera-glass4 ,the ,galaxy covers more than one tenth of the visible heavens1 contains nine-tenths of the visible stars1 and seems a vast zone-shaped nebula1 nearly a great circle of the sphere1 the poles being at ,coma and ,cetus4 ,,the ,,motions ,,of ,,the ,,stars4 ,it may be that the student desires to proceed in this conquest of the sky at a more rapid pace than the scheme of study permits4 ,to assist such1 it should be borne in mind that the circumpolar constellations1 as ,ursa ,major1 ,ursa ,minor1 ,draco1 ,cepheus1 and ,cassiopeia1 are designated1--are visible in our latitude in the northern sky every night4 ,a reference to their diagrams1 and a glance at any of the large plates showing the entire group in their respective positions1 will suffice for the student to identify them4 ,the hours of darkness alone limit the speed with which a knowledge of the constellations can be acquired4 ,let us suppose that the student begins his search for the constellations on the night of ,april #ast1 at nine ,p4,m4 ,he has for his guide the large plate1 and the spring group of eleven constellations set forth in the diagrams4 ,the remaining three constellations of the circumpolar group are1 as we have seen before1 visible in the north4 ,if he faces the western sky1 he will see ,andromeda just setting1 and ,perseus1 ,taurus1 ,orion1 ,lepus1 and ,canis ,major but a short distance above the horizon4 ,if he is so fortunate as to be able to identify these1 and the spring group1 he may turn his attention wholly to the eastern sky1 where new constellations await him4 ,in the southeast he may see ,virgo4 ,in the east well up blazes ,arcturus1 the gem of ,bo3otes1 below which is the beautiful ,northern ,crown1 with the diamond in the head of ,serpens beneath it4 ,hercules is rising1 and ,vega in the ,lyre should be seen just flashing on the view in the northeast4 ,this completes the list of wonders visible at this precise time1 but the stars apparently are never still1 and doubtless1 while the student has been passing from one constellation to another in the western and southern skies1 others have been rising in the east and northeast4 ,at ten ,p4,m4 the ,lyre is well up1 and ,ophiuchus and ,libra can be discerned4 ,at midnight ,scorpius and ,cygnus are ready to claim the attention4 ,by two o'clock ,a4,m41 ,aquila1 ,delphinus1 and ,sagittarius have risen1 and at break of day ,andromeda1 ,pegasus1 and ,capricornus can be seen if the student has had the courage to remain awake this length of time4 ,in no way can the seeming movement of the stars be better understood than by actual observation4 ,the observer must bear in mind that the movement is an apparent one3 that it is the earth that is moving and not the stars4 ,he has only to think of the analogy of the moving train beside the one that is standing still1 and the true state of affairs will at once be evident4 ,to further appreciate this apparent change in the situation of the constellations1 the student should refer to the large plates successively4 ,in each successive one he will note the advancement westward of the constellations mentioned above1 rising in the east late at night4 ,the student can best get an idea of this westward apparent movement of the stars by noting the position of some bright first-magnitude star from night to night4 ,he will soon be able to calculate the position of this star a month or more ahead1 and this calculation applies to all the constellations and stars4 ,it is not within the scope of this work to go into this matter in detail4 ,the author merely desires to mention this fact of apparent change of position in the stars1 a fact that will be noticeable to the observer in a short time1 and a fact that it is hoped he will be able to explain to his own satisfaction with the aid of the foregoing remarks4 ,it will be noticed that the stars on the diagrams are all numbered and lettered4 ,the numbers refer to the magnitude of the star1--that is1 the brightness of it1 the first-magnitude stars being the brightest1 the second-magnitude stars two-and-a-half times less bright1 etc4 ,the letters are those of the ,greek alphabet1 and the student if not familiar with it is advised to consult a ,greek grammar4 ,in the text1 in referring to certain stars in the constellations1 the genitive case of the ,latin name of the constellation is given2 for example1 ,vega is known as a ,lyrae1 meaning alpha of ,lyra1 ,aldebaran as a ,tauri1 alpha of ,taurus1 etc4 ,the twilight hour affords an excellent opportunity of fixing the relative positions of the first-magnitude stars in the mind1 for at that time they alone1 save the planets1 are visible4 ,,meteors1 ,,or ,,shooting-,,stars4 ,as this work is designed primarily to cover what is observable in the starlit heavens with the naked eye1 the subject of meteors1 or shooting-stars1 comes properly within its scope4 ,there are few persons1 if any1 who have not witnessed the sight of a splendid meteor speeding across the sky1 and such a sight always calls forth exclamations of wonder and delight4 ,apparently these evanescent wanderers in space are without distinctive features1 and baffle classification2 but1 like all that nature reveals to us1 they have been found1 for the most part1 to conform to certain laws1 and to bear certain marks of resemblance that permit of their identification and classification4 ,by careful observation for over fifty years the meteors1 generally speaking1 have been so arranged that they come under the head of one of the nearly three hundred distinct showers which are now recognized by astronomers4 ,many of these showers are too feeble and faint to be worthy of the attention of one not especially interested in the subject1 but certain ones are well worth observing4 ,there is always a pleasure in being able to recognize at a glance a certain definite manifestation of nature1 be it a rare flower or a flashing meteor4 ,the generally accepted theory respecting the meteors is that they were all originally parts of comets now disintegrated1 and the four well-known showers of ,april #bjth1 ,august #ajth and #adth1 and ,november #bgth1 bear testimony to this theory4 ,the apparent velocity of the meteors is between ten and forty-five miles a second1 and their average height is about seventy-six miles at first appearance1 and fifty-one miles at disappearance4 ,occasionally a meteor is so large and compact as to escape total destruction1 and falls to the earth4 ,specimens of these meteorites are to be found in our best museums4 ,i have seen fit to divide the principal meteor showers into four groups1 according to the seasons in which they appear1 and have placed them respectively at the conclusion of each season's work on the constellations4 ,by radiant point is meant the point from which the meteors start on their flight4 ,this point is an apparent one1 however1 due to an illusion of perspective1 for the meteors really approach the earth in parallel paths4 ,the dates given for these showers are those of the maxima1 and the meteors should be looked for several nights before and after the dates specified4 ,the showers that are to be seen after midnight are1 unless of special note1 omitted4 ,there are1 besides the meteors that have been classified1 certain shooting-stars that apparently have no determined radiant point4 ,these are called sporadic meteors4 ,in these lists of meteors1 the radiant point is only approximately given2 for scientific purposes a far more exact position is required in terms of right ascension and declination4 ,there are several good lists of meteoric showers to be obtained1 which afford this information for those who care to pursue the matter more in detail4 ,see the ,rev4 ,t4,w4 ,webb's book1 entitled ,celestial ,objects for ,common ,telescopes4 ,for purposes of identification1 the radiant points here given will be found for the most part sufficient4 ,,note4 ,many readers of this book may be the fortunate possessors of small telescopes4 ,it may be that they have observed the heavens from time to time in a desultory way and have no notion that valuable and practical scientific research work can be accomplished with a small glass4 ,if those who are willing to aid in the great work of astrophysical research will communicate with the author he will be pleased to outline for them a most practical and fascinating line of observational work that will enable them to share in the advance of our knowledge respecting the stars4 ,it is work that involves no mathematics1 and its details are easily mastered4 ,,the ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,stars ,,and ,,their ,,meanings4 ,,acubens1 a ,cancri1 the claws4 ,situated in one of the ,crab's claws4 ,it is white in color and culminates#a ,march #ahth4 ,a-,,dar'-,a1 e ,canis ,majoris1 the virgins1 a name for four stars1 of which ,adara is brightest4 ,situated in the ,dog's right thigh4 ,it is pale orange in color1 and culminates ,feb4 #aath4 ,,adhil1 e ,andromedae1 the train of a garment4 ,situated in the left shoulder of the chained lady4 ,,aladfar 7al-ad-f3ar71 m ,lyrae1 the talons 7of the falling eagle7 ,,al ,,bali1 e ,aquarii1 the good fortune of the swallower4 ,,al-,,bi'-,,reo1 or ,,al-,,bir'3,e-,o b ,cygni1 origin doubtful4 ,means the beak of the hen4 ,situated in the beak of the ,swan and the base of the ,cross4 ,its color is topaz yellow1 and it culminates ,aug4 #bhth4 ,,alcaid1 e ,ursae ,majoris4 ,see ,benetnasch4 ,,alchiba 7al-ke-b3a'71 a ,corvi1 the tent1 the desert title for the constellation4 ,situated in the eye of the ,crow4 ,orange in color4 ,,alcor 7al'-kor71 g ,ursae ,majoris1 the cavalier or the rider4 ,situated close to ,mizar in the handle of the ,dipper4 ,silver white in color4 ,the ,arabs called this star ,saidak1 meaning the proof1 because they used it to test a good eye4 ,,al-,,cy'-,o-,,ne1 e ,tauri4 ,greenish yellow in color4 ,the brightest of the ,pleiades4 ,situated in the neck of the ,bull4 ,,al-,,deb'-,a-,,ran1 a ,tauri1 the hindmost or the follower1 i4e4 of the ,pleiades4 ,situated in the eye of the ,bull4 ,pale rose in color4 ,it is receding from the earth at the rate of thirty miles per second1 and culminates ,jan4 #aj4 a ,tauri is sometimes called ,palilicium4 ,,alderamin 7,al-der-am'-in71 a ,cephei the right arm4 ,it now marks the shoulder of ,cepheus4 ,white in color4 ,it culminates ,sept4 #bgth4 ,,aldhafera1 z ,leonis4 ,situated in the ,sickle1 and the neck of the ,lion4 ,it culminates ,april #hth4 ,,alfirk 7al-ferk'71 or ,,alphirk1 stars of the flock1 b ,cephei4 ,the ,arab name for the constellation4 ,situated in the girdle of ,cepheus4 ,white in color4 ,it culminates ,oct4 #b;d4 ,,algeiba 7al-je'-b3a71 g ,leonis1 the mane4 ,situated in the ,sickle1 and the shoulder of the ,lion4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-four miles per second1 and culminates ,april #ith4 ,,al'-,,ge-,,nib1 g ,pegasi1 the wing1 possibly the flank or side4 ,situated in the wing of the ,horse4 ,white in color1 and culminates ,nov4 #adth4 ,,al'-,,ge-,,nib1 a ,persei1 the side1 or ,mirfak1 the elbow4 ,situated in the right side of ,perseus4 ,lilac in color and approaching the earth at the rate of six miles per second4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #ast4 ,this star is also called ,alchemb4 ,,algenubi 7al-je-n3o'-bi71 e ,leonis1 the head of the ,lion4 ,a yellow star situated in the ,lion's mouth4 ,,al'-,,gol1 b ,persei1 the ghoul or demon4 ,situated in the head of the ,medusa held in the ,hero's left hand4 ,white in color4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of one mile per second1 and culminates ,dec4 #bc;d4 ,,algorab 7al-go-r3ab'71 or ,,algores1 7d7 ,corvi1 the raven4 ,situated on the right wing of the ,crow4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,may #adth4 ,,alhena 7al-hen'-a71 g ,geminorum1 a brand on the right side of the camel's neck1 or a ring or circlet4 ,situated in the left foot of ,pollux4 ,white in color1 and culminates ,feb4 #hth4 ,alhena is sometimes called ,almeisam4 ,,al-,i-,,oth1 e ,ursae ,majoris1 disputed derivation4 ,situated in the tail of the ,great ,bear4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of nineteen miles per second4 ,it culminates ,may #bjth4 ,alioth1 the name sometimes given to a and th ,serpentis4 ,,al-,,kaid 7al-kad71 ,see ,,alcaid4 ,,alkalurops 7al-ka-lu'-rops71 m ,bo3otis1 a herdsman's club1 crook1 or staff4 ,situated near the right shoulder of the ,herdsman4 ,its color is flushed white4 ,,alkes 7al'-kes71 a ,crateris1 from ,al ,kas1 the cup1 the ,arab name for the constellation4 ,situated in the base of the ,cup4 ,orange in color1 and culminates ,april #bjth4 ,,almac1 g ,andromedae1 a badger1 possibly the boot4 ,situated in the left foot of ,andromeda4 ,orange in color1 and culminates ,dec4 #hth4 ,,al ,,naaim1 t and n ,pegasi1 the cross bars over a well4 ,,al ,,nasl 7al-nas'l71 or ,,elnasl 7el-nas'-l71 g ,sagittarii1 the point head of the arrow4 ,situated in the arrow's tip4 ,it is yellow in color1 and culminates ,aug4 #dth4 ,this star sometimes called ,nushaba and ,warida4 ,,al ,,nath1 or ,,nath g ,aurigae1 and b ,tauri1 the heel of the rein-holder1 the butter i4e4 the horn4 ,situated in the right foot of the ,charioteer1 and the tip of the northern horn of the ,bull4 ,brilliant white in color1 and culminates ,dec4 #aath4 ,,alnilam 7al-ni-lam'71 e ,orionis1 a belt of spheres or pearls4 ,situated in ,orion's belt4 ,it is bright white in color1 and is receding from the earth at the rate of sixteen miles per second4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #beth4 ,,alnitak 7al-ni-tak'71 z ,orionis1 the girdle4 ,situated in ,orion's belt4 ,topaz yellow in color4 ,it is receding from the earth at the rate of nine miles per second1 and culminates ,jan4 #bfth4 ,,al-,,niyat1 s ,scorpii1 the outworks of the heart4 ,situated near the ,scorpion's heart4 ,it is creamy white in color4 ,,al'-,,phard or 7al-f3ard'71 a ,hydrae1 the solitary one in the serpent4 ,situated in the heart of ,hydra4 ,orange in color1 and culminates ,mar4 #bfth4 ,the ,chinese called this star the ,red ,bird4 ,,al-,,phec'-,,ca1 a ,coronae ,borealis1 the bright one of the dish4 ,see ,gemma4 ,century ,dictionary gives meaning the cup or platter of a dervish4 ,,al'-,,phe-,,ratz1 or 7al-fe-rats'71 a ,andromedae1 the head of the woman in chains4 ,the navel of the horse4 ,situated in the head of ,andromeda4 ,white and purplish in color4 ,it culminates ,nov4 #ajth4 ,alpheratz is some times called ,sirrah4 ,,al-,,phirk1 b ,cephei1 from al-,firk1 the flock4 ,,al ,,rakis1 m ,draconis1 the dancer4 ,situated in the ,dragon's nose4 ,brilliant white in color4 ,the ,century ,dictionary gives for this star ,arrakis1 ,the trotting camel4 ,,al ,,rescha1 a ,piscium1 the cord or knot4 ,situated in the knot joining the ribbons that hold the ,fishes together4 ,pale green in color1 and culminates ,dec4 #gth4 ,,alsafi s ,draconis4 ,,alschain 7al-shan'71 b ,aquilae1 part of the ,arab name for the constellation4 ,situated in the head of ,antino3us4 ,pale orange in color1 and culminates ,sept4 #c;d4 ,,al ,,shat1 n ,capricorni1 the sheep4 ,,al'-,,tair1 or ,,atair1 a ,aquilae1 the flying eagle1 part of the ,arab name for the constellation4 ,situated in the neck of the ,eagle4 ,yellow in color1 and culminates ,sept4 #ast4 ,,alterf 7al-terf'71 l ,leonis1 the glance1 i4e4 the ,lion's eye4 ,situated in the ,lion's mouth1 the point of the ,sickle4 ,red in color4 ,,aludra 7al-3o'-dra71 e ,canis ,majoris1 the virgins4 ,the four stars near each other in ,canis ,major4 ,situated in the ,great ,dog's tail4 ,pale red in color1 and culminates ,feb4 #bast4 ,,alula ,,borealis1 n ,ursae ,majoris4 ,,alula ,,australis1 z ,ursae ,majoris ,the northern and southern wing4 ,situated in the ,southern hind foot of the ,great ,bear4 ,the latter star is sometimes called ,el ,acola4 ,,al'-,,ya1 th ,serpentis4 ,situated in the tip of the ,serpent's tail4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #ahth4 ,,ancha1 th ,aquarii1 the hip4 ,situated in the right hip of ,aquarius4 ,,ant-,a,r-,,es1 or ,,an-,,ta'-,,rez1 a ,scorpii1 the rival of ,mars4 ,situated in the heart of the ,scorpion4 ,fiery red and emerald green in color4 ,it culminates ,july #aath4 ,,arc-,t,u-,,rus1 a ,bo3otis1 the leg of the lance-bearer1 or the bear-keeper4 ,situated in the left knee of the ,herdsman4 ,golden yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,june #hth4 ,,arided1 ,see ,,deneb4 ,,arneb 73ar'-neb71 a ,leporis1 the hare1 the ,arab name for the constellation4 ,situated in the heart of the ,hare4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #bdth4 a ,leporis is sometimes called ,arsh4 ,,arkab 73ar'-kab71 b ,sagittarii1 the tendon uniting the calf of the leg to the heel4 ,situated in the ,archer's left fore leg4 ,,ashfar1 m and e ,leonis1 the eyebrows4 ,situated close to the ,lion's right eye4 m orange in color1 sometimes called ,alshemali or ,asmidiske4 ,,aspidiski 7as-pi-dis'ke7 or ,,asmidiske1 i ,argus1 in the gunwale4 ,situated in the shield which ornaments the vessel's stern4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,the ,century ,dictionary gives a little shield as the meaning for this star name4 ,,ascella1 z ,sagittarii1 the armpit4 ,situated near the ,archer's left armpit4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #aith4 ,,ascellus1 th ,bo3otis4 ,it marks the finger tips of the ,herdsman's upraised hand4 ,,ascellus ,,borealis1 n ,cancri1 northern ass4 ,straw color4 ,,ascellus ,,australis1 d ,cancri1 the southern ass4 ,situated on the back of the ,crab4 ,straw color4 ,,atik1 o ,persei4 ,situated in the wing on the right foot of ,perseus4 ,,azelfafage1 p ,cygni1 the horse's foot or track4 ,,azha1 e ,eridani1 the ostrich's nest4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,,baham1 th ,pegasi1 the young of domestic animals4 ,situated near the left eye of ,pegasus4 ,,bat',,en ,,kaitos1 z ,ceti1 the whale's belly4 ,a topaz-yellow-colored star1 which culminates ,dec4 #eth4 ,,beid 7ba'-id71 o ,eridani1 the egg4 ,a very white star4 ,,bel'-,,la-,,trix1 g ,orionis1 the female warrior4 ,the ,amazon star4 ,situated in the left shoulder of ,orion4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,it is receding from the earth at the rate of six miles per second1 and culminates ,jan4 #bb;d4 ,the ,century ,dictionary gives the color as very white4 ,,be-,,net'-,,nasch1 e ,ursae ,majoris1 the chief or governor of the mourners 7alluding to the fancied bier74 ,situated in the tip of the ,great ,bear's tail4 ,brilliant white in color4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of sixteen miles per second1 and culminates ,june #b;d4 ,this star is also called ,alkaid1 from al-kaid1 the ,governor4 ,,betelgeuze 7,,bet-,,el-,,gerz'71 a ,orionis1 the giant's shoulder1 or the armpit of the central one4 ,situated in the right shoulder of ,orion4 ,orange in color4 ,it is receding from the earth at the rate of ten miles per second1 and culminates ,jan4 #bith4 ,sometimes called ,mirzam1 the roarer4 ,,botein 7bo-te-in'71 d ,arietis1 the little belly4 ,,ca-,,pel'-,,la1 a ,aurigae1 the she-goat4 ,situated in the left shoulder of the ,charioteer4 ,it is a white star1 and is receding from the earth at the rate of fifteen miles per second4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #aith4 ,the color of ,capella is nearly that of the sun4 ,,caph 7kaf71 b ,cassiopeiae1 the camel's hump1 or the hand4 ,it is white in color1 and culminates ,nov4 #aath4 ,,cas'-,,tor1 a ,geminorum1 the horseman of the twins4 ,its color is bright white1 and it culminates ,feb4 #bc;d4 ,situated in the head of ,castor4 ,the ,century ,dictionary gives the color as greenish4 ,,cheleb1 b ,ophiuchi1 also ,,ceb',,elr_/,a,i from kelb1 the shepherd's dog4 ,situated in the head of the ,serpent4 ,it is a yellow star1 and culminates ,aug4 #cjth4 ,,chort 7chort71 th ,leonis4 ,situated in the hind quarters of the ,lion4 ,it culminates ,april #bdth4 ,the ,century ,dictionary has th ,centauri for this star4 ,,cor ,,caroli 7kor kar'-o-li71 a ,can4 ,ven41 the heart of ,charles ,,ii4 ,it is flushed white in color1 and culminates ,may #bjth4 ,a yellowish star according to the ,century ,dictionary4 ,,cujam1 o ,herculis4 ,word used by ,horace for the club of ,hercules4 ,,cursa 7,,ker' ,,sa71 b ,eridani1 the footstool of the central one1 or the chair or throne4 ,situated about at the source of the river near ,orion4 ,topaz yellow in color1 and culminates ,january #acth4 ,this star is also known as ,dhalim 7,tha'lim7 7the ostrich74 ,,dabih 7d3a'-be71 b ,capricorni1 the lucky one of the slaughterers1 or the slayer's lucky star4 ,situated in the head of the ,sea-,goat4 ,it is an orange-colored star1 and culminates ,sept4 #ajth4 ,d,e'-,,neb1 or ,,arided 7ar'-i-ded71 a ,cygni1 the hen's tail1 the hindmost4 ,situated in the tail of the ,swan1 and at the top of the ,cross4 ,brilliant white in color4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of thirty-six miles per second4 ,it culminates ,sept4 #afth4 ,,deneb ,,al ,,okab 7den'-eb al-o-kab71 e and z ,aquilae1 the eagle's tail4 ,,deneb ,,algedi 7den'-eb al'-je-de71 d ,capricorni1 the tail of the goat4 ,situated in the tail of the ,sea-,goat4 ,,deneb ,,al ,,shemali 7den'-eb-al-she-m3a-le71 i ,ceti ,a bright yellow star situated at the tip of the northern fluke of the monster's tail4 ,,deneb ,,kaitos 7den'-eb ki'-tos71 b ,ceti1 the tail of the whale4 ,situated in the tail of the ,whale4 ,it is a yellow star1 and culminates ,nov4 #bast4 ,this star sometimes called ,diphda4 ,,de-,,neb'-,o-,,la1 b ,leonis1 the lion's tail4 ,it is a blue star which is approaching the earth at the rate of twelve miles per second4 ,it culminates ,may #c;d4 ,this star also called ,dafirah1 and ,serpha4 ,,dschubba1 d ,scorpii1 the front of the forehead4 ,situated in the head of the ,scorpion4 ,it culminates ,july #dth4 ,,dsiban1 ps ,draconis4 ,pearly white in color4 ,,dub'-,,he 7d3ob'-he71 a ,ursae ,majoris1 a bear4 ,the northern pointer star4 ,it is a yellow star1 and is approaching the earth at the rate of twelve miles per second4 ,it culminates ,april #bast4 ,the ,arabs called the four stars in the ,dipper the bier4 ,,el ,,nath b ,tauri1 the one who butts4 ,this star is receding at the rate of five miles a second4 ,,eltanin1 or ,,etanin 7et'-a-nin71 g ,draconis1 the dragon1 the dragon's head4 ,it is orange in color and culminates ,aug4 #dth4 ,rasaben is another name for this star4 ,e'-,,nif1 or en'-if1 e ,pegasi1 the nose4 ,situated in the nose of ,pegasus4 ,it is a yellow star1 which is receding from the earth at the rate of five miles per second1 and culminates ,oct4 #dth4 ,this star was also called fum-al-far-as1 the mouth of the horse4 ,,er ,,rai 7er-ra'-e71 g ,cephei1 the shepherd4 ,situated in the left knee of ,cepheus4 ,it is yellow in color and culminates ,nov4 #ajth4 ,,fomalhaut 7,fo'-mal-o71 7disputed pronunciation71 a ,piscis ,austri1 the fish's mouth4 ,situated in the head of the ,southern ,fish4 ,it is reddish in color1 and culminates ,oct4 #beth4 ,this star was also known as the first frog1 the second frog being b ,ceti4 ,,furud1 or ,,phurud 7fu-rod71 z ,canis ,majoris1 the bright single one4 ,situated in the left hind paw of the ,greater ,dog4 ,it is light orange in color4 ,,gem'-,,ma1 a ,coronae ,borealis1 a bud4 ,the brightest star in the ,northern ,crown4 ,it is brilliant white in color1 and is receding from the earth at the rate of twenty miles per second4 ,it culminates ,june #bhth4 ,this star is also known as ,alphecca and ,alfeta4 ,,giansar l ,draconis1 the twins1 the poison place4 ,situated in the tip of the ,dragon's tail4 ,an orange-colored star4 ,it culminates ,april #bhth4 ,,giedi1 a ,capricorni1 also called ,algied'-i1 the goat4 ,situated in the head of the ,sea-,goat4 ,it is a yellow star1 and culminates ,sept4 #ith4 ,,gienah1 g ,corvi1 the right wing of the raven4 ,situated in the ,crow's wing4 ,it culminates ,may #ajth4 ,,gienah1 e ,cygni1 the wing4 ,situated in the ,swan's wing4 ,it is a yellow star1 and culminates ,sept4 #agth4 ,,gomeisa 7go-mi'-z3a71 ,,gomelza1 b ,canis ,minoris1 ,watery-eyed1 weeping4 ,a white star4 ,situated in the neck of the ,lesser ,dog4 ,,graffias1 b ,scorpii1 derivation unknown2 the name may mean the crab4 ,this star was also called ,ak'rab1 the ,scorpion4 ,situated in the head of the ,scorpion4 ,it is a pale white star1 and culminates ,july #eth4 ,,grumium 7gr3o'-mi-um71 x ,draconis1 the dragon's under jaw4 ,a yellow star4 ,,ham'-,,al or 7ha-m3al'71 a ,arietis1 the head of the sheep4 ,situated in the forehead of the ,ram4 ,it is yellow in color1 and is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles per second4 ,it culminates ,dec4 #aath4 ,,homam 7ho-mam'71 z ,pegasi1 the lucky star of the hero1 or the whisperer4 ,situated in the neck of ,pegasus4 ,light yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,oct4 #bb;d4 ,the ,century ,dictionary gives this star name to e ,pegasi4 ,,hyadum ,i1 g ,tauri4 ,situated in the ,hyades1 the nose of the ,bull4 ,a yellow star4 ,,izar 7e-z3ar71 ,mirach1 or ,mizar1 e ,bo3otis1 the girdle4 ,pale orange in color4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of ten miles per second1 and culminates ,june #afth4 ,a beautiful colored double star4 ,,jabbah 7,jab'-b3a71 n ,scorpii1 crown of the forehead4 ,a triple star4 ,,kaus 7kas71 ,,australis1 e ,sagittarii1 the southern part of the bow4 ,an orange-colored star4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #hth4 ,,kaus 7kas71 ,,borealis1 l ,sagittarii1 the northern part of the bow4 ,orange color4 ,,kitalpha1 a ,equulei1 the ,arab name for the asterism4 ,in the head of the ,little ,horse4 ,it culminates ,sept4 #bdth4 ,,ko'-,,chab 7ko-k3ab'71 b ,ursae ,minoris1 the star of the ,north4 ,situated in the right shoulder of the ,little ,bear4 ,one of the two ,guardians of the ,pole4 ,it is reddish in color1 and is receding from the earth at the rate of eight miles per second4 ,it culminates ,june #aith4 ,,kornephoros1 b ,herculis1 the ,arab name for the constellation4 ,situated in the right arm-pit of ,hercules4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-two miles per second4 ,it culminates ,july #abth4 ,,lesuth1 n ,scorpii1 the sting4 ,situated in the tip of the ,scorpion's tail4 ,it culminates ,july #bgth4 ,,marfak 7m3ar'fak71 th ,cassiopeiae1 the elbow4 ,situated in the left elbow of ,cassiopeia4 ,this star name is also given to m ,cassiopeiae4 ,,marfic 7m3ar'-fik71 l ,ophiuchi1 the elbow4 ,situated in the left elbow of the ,serpent ,bearer4 ,yellowish white in color4 ,,marfik 7m3ar' fik71 or ,,marsic1 k ,herculis1 the elbow4 ,situated in the right elbow of ,hercules4 ,light yellow in color4 ,,mar'-,,kab 7m3ar'kab71 a ,pegasi1 ,arab word for saddle4 ,century ,dictionary gives a wagon or chariot4 ,situated in the base of the ,horse's neck4 ,it is a white star which is receding from the earth at the rate of three quarters of a mile a second4 ,it culminates ,nov4 #c;d4 ,,markeb1 k ,argus4 ,situated in the stern of the ,ship4 ,it culminates ,mar4 #beth4 ,,marsym1 l ,herculis1 the wrist4 ,situated in the left wrist of ,hercules4 ,deep yellow in color4 ,,matar or ,,sad 7,s3ad71 a lucky star1 or more fully1 ,sad-,mator1 e ,pegasi1 the fortunate rain4 ,situated in the left fore leg of ,pegasus4 ,,mebusta1 ,,mebsuta 7,meb-s3o'-ta71 or ,,meboula1 e ,geminorum1 the outstretched4 ,a brilliant white star situated in the right knee of ,castor4 ,,media1 or ,,kaus ,,media1 d ,sagittarii1 middle 7of the7 bow4 ,orange yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #hth4 ,m,e-,,gres1 or 7,me'-grez71 d ,ursae ,majoris1 the root of the bear's tail4 ,it is a pale yellow star1 and culminates ,may #ajth4 ,this star is the faintest of the seven which form the ,dipper4 ,,meissa1 l ,orionis4 ,situated in the face of the ,giant ,hunter4 ,pale white in color4 ,,mekbuda 7mek-bu'-da71 z ,geminorum1 the contracted 7arm74 ,situated in the left knee of ,pollux4 ,pale topaz in color4 ,,menkalinan 7men-ka-le-nan' or ,men-kal'-i-nan71 b ,aurigae1 the shoulder of the rein-holder or driver4 ,situated in the right arm of the ,charioteer4 ,a lucid yellow star which is receding from the earth at the rate of seventeen miles per second4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #bith4 ,this star was one of the first discovered and most remarkable spectroscopic binaries4 ,,menkar 7men'k3ar71 a ,ceti1 the nose1 or snout4 ,situated in the nose of ,cetus4 ,bright orange in color4 ,it culminates ,dec4 #bast4 ,sometimes written ,menkab4 ,,menkib1 x ,persei1 the shoulder4 ,situated in the calf of the right leg of ,perseus4 ,,merak 7me'rak71 b ,ursae ,majoris1 the loin of the bear4 ,a greenish white star which is approaching the earth at the rate of eighteen miles per second4 ,it culminates ,apr4 #bjth4 ,the southern of the two pointers4 ,,mesartim 7me-s3ar'tim71 g ,arietis1 the ,hebrew word for minister4 ,situated in the ,ram's left horn4 ,bright white in color4 ,,mintaka 7min'ta-k3a71 d ,orionis1 the belt 7of the giant74 ,one of the three stars in ,orion's belt4 ,a brilliant white star with very little motion4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #bdth4 ,m,i'-,,ra 7mi'ra or me'ra71 o ,ceti4 ,situated in the neck of ,cetus4 ,a famous variable1 flushed yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,dec4 #aeth4 ,m,i',,rach1 or ,,mirak 7mi'rak or me'rak71 b ,andromedae1 the girdle1 or the loins4 ,a yellow star culminating ,nov4 #bhth4 ,m,i,,zar 7miz3ar or me'z3ar71 z ,ursae ,majoris1 a girdle or apron4 ,situated in the tail of the ,great ,bear4 ,brilliant white in color4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of nineteen miles per second4 ,it culminates ,may #bhth4 ,,muliphen1 g ,canis ,majoris4 ,situated in the neck of the ,greater ,dog4 ,it culminates ,feb4 #bfth4 ,,muphrid 7mu'-frid71 e ,bo3otis1 the solitary star of the lancer4 ,situated in the calf of the left leg of the ,herdsman4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,june #dth4 ,,murzim or ,,mirzam 7mer-z3am'71 b ,canis ,majoris1 the announcer or the roarer4 ,situated in the ,greater ,dog's left fore paw4 ,a white star culminating ,feb4 #eth4 ,,muscida1 o ,ursae ,majoris1 the muzzle4 ,situated in the nose of the ,great ,bear4 ,,nekkar1 or ,,nakkar 7nak'-k3ar71 b ,bo3otis1 the herdsman1 the ,arab name for the whole constellation4 ,situated in the head of ,bo3otes4 ,a golden yellow star which culminates ,june #bjth4 ,,naos 7na'-os71 z ,argus1 the ship4 ,situated in the stern of the ,ship4 ,it culminates ,mar4 #c;d4 ,,nashira1 g ,capricorni1 the fortunate one1 or the bringer of good tidings4 ,situated in the tail of the ,sea-,goat4 ,it culminates ,oct4 #c;d4 ,,nihal1 b ,leporis4 ,situated in the right foot of the ,hare4 ,deep yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #bc;d4 ,,nodus ,,secundus1 d ,draconis1 the second of the four knots or convolutions4 ,deep yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #bdth4 ,,nunki1 s ,sagittarii1 the star of the proclamation of the sea1 or ,,sadira 7sad'-e-ra71 the ostrich returning from the water4 ,situated in the upper part of the ,archer's left arm4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #agth4 ,,phad1 ,,phec'-,,da1 or ,,phaed 7fa'-ed71 g ,ursae ,majoris1 the thigh 7of the bear74 ,topaz yellow in color4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of sixteen miles per second4 ,it culminates ,may #dth4 ,,phaet or ,,phact1 a ,columbae4 ,situated in the heart of the ,dove4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #bfth4 ,,pherkad 7fer'-kad71 g ,ursae ,minoris1 the calf4 ,situated in the right fore leg of the ,little ,bear4 ,,po-,l_/,a-,,ris1 a ,ursae ,minoris1 the pole star4 ,situated in the tip of the ,little ,bear's tail4 ,topaz yellow in color4 ,it is receding from the earth at the rate of sixteen miles per second4 ,,pol'-,,lux1 b ,geminorum1 ,ovid's ,pugil1 the pugilist of the two brothers4 ,situated in the head of ,pollux4 ,an orange-colored star which is receding from the earth at the rate of one mile per second4 ,it culminates ,feb4 #bfth4 ,the ,century ,dictionary gives the color of ,pollux as very yellow4 ,,porrima 7por'-i-m3a71 g ,virginis1 ,latin name for a goddess of prophecy4 ,situated in the ,virgin's left arm4 ,it culminates ,may #agth4 ,,pro'-,,cy-,,on1 a ,canis ,minoris1 the foremost dog4 ,a yellowish-white star4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of six miles per second4 ,it culminates ,feb4 #bdth4 ,it is situated in the right side of the ,lesser ,dog4 ,dr4 ,elkin gives its distance as #ab4c light years1 and its proper motion as #ac4i miles per second4 ,,propus 7pro'-pus71 e ,geminorum1 the forward foot4 ,situated in the northern foot of ,castor4 ,,rasalas 7ras'-a-las71 m ,leonis1 the lion's head toward the south4 ,situated in the ,sickle1 close to the ,lion's right eye4 ,an orange-colored star4 ,it culminates ,apr4 #ast4 ,alshemali and ,borealis are other names for this star4 ,,ras ,,algethi 7r3as-al-ge'-thi71 a ,herculis1 the kneeler's head4 ,orange red in color4 ,it culminates ,july #bc;d4 ,,ras'-,,al-,h,a,g'-,,ue1 a ,ophiuchi1 the head of the serpent charmer4 ,a sapphire-hued star4 ,it is receding from the earth at the rate of twelve miles per second4 ,it culminates ,july #bhth4 ,,rastaban 7r3as-ta-b3an'71 b or g ,draconis the dragon's head1 or the head of the basilisk4 ,a yellow star culminating ,aug4 #c;d4 ,this star also called ,alwaid 7al-wid'7 the sucking camel-colts4 ,the three stars near it are included in this appellation4 ,,reg'-,u-,,lus1 a ,leonis1 diminutive of the earlier ,rex4 ,situated in the handle of the ,sickle1 and the right fore paw of the ,lion4 ,it is flushed white in color1 and is approaching the earth at the rate of five miles per second4 ,it culminates ,april #fth4 ,according to ,dr4 ,elkin it is #ce4a light years distant1 and has a proper motion of #h4e miles per second4 ,,rigel 7ri'-jel71 b ,orionis1 the left leg of the ,jabbah1 or giant4 ,a bluish-white star1 which is receding from the earth at the rate of ten miles per second4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #bjth4 ,this star is sometimes called ,algebar 7al'-je-b3ar74 ,,rotanev 7rot'-a-nev71 b ,delphini1 from ,venator1 assistant to ,piazzi1 his name reversed4 ,it culminates ,sept4 #aeth4 ,,ruchba1 o ,cygni1 the hen's knee4 ,a pale red star4 ,,ruchbah1 or ,,rucbah1 d ,cassiopeiae1 the knee4 ,situated in the left knee of ,cassiopeia4 ,it culminates ,dec4 #b;d4 ,,rukbat1 a ,sagittarii1 the archer's knee4 ,situated in the left fore foot of the ,archer4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #bdth4 ,,sabik1 e ,ophiuchi4 ,a pale yellow star in the left leg of the ,serpent ,bearer4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #bast4 ,,sadachbia 7sad-ak-be'-y3a71 g ,aquarii1 the luck star of hidden things4 ,greenish in color and situated in the water jar of ,aquarius4 ,it culminates ,oct4 #afth4 ,,sad ,,al ,,bari1 l and m ,pegasi1 the good luck of the excelling one4 ,situated close to the fore legs of ,pegasus4 ,,sadal ,,melik 7s3ad-al-mel'-ik71 or ,,rucbah1 a ,aquarii1 the lucky star of the king4 ,a red star situated in the right shoulder of ,aquarius4 ,it culminates ,oct4 #ith4 ,,sadalsund1 or ,,sadalsuud 7s3ad-al-s3o-3od71 b ,aquarii1 the luckiest of the lucky4 ,pale yellow in color4 ,situated in the left shoulder of ,aquarius4 ,it culminates ,sept4 #bith4 ,,sadatoni 7sad-a-to'-ni71 z ,aurigae4 ,one of the three stars known as the kids4 ,orange color4 ,,sadr 7sadr71 or ,,sadir 7sa'-der71 g ,cygni1 the hen's breast4 ,this star is approaching the earth at the rate of four miles per second4 ,it culminates ,sept4 #aath4 ,,saiph 7sa-if'71 k ,orionis1 the sword of the giant4 ,situated in ,orion's right knee4 ,it culminates ,jan4 #bgth4 ,,sargas1 th ,scorpii4 ,a red star situated in the tail of the ,scorpion4 ,it culminates ,july #bgth4 ,,scheat 7she'-at71 or ,menkib1 b ,pegasi1 the upper part of the arm4 ,situated in the left fore-leg of ,pegasus4 ,it is deep yellow in color1 and is receding from the earth at the rate of four miles per second4 ,it culminates ,oct4 #beth4 ,,schemali1 see ,deneb al schemali1 i ,ceti4 ,,seginus 7se-ji'nus71 g ,bo3otis1 from ,ceginus of the constellation1 possibly4 ,situated in the left shoulder of ,bo3otes4 ,it culminates ,june #acth4 ,,shaula 7sha'-l3a71 l ,scorpii1 the sting4 ,in the tip of the ,scorpion's tail4 ,,shedar1 ,,schedir1 or ,,shedir1 a ,cassiopeiae1 the breast1 or from ,el ,seder1 the sedar tree1 a name given to this constellation by ,ulugh ,beigh4 ,pale rose in color4 ,it culminates ,nov4 #ahth4 ,,sheliak1 or ,,shelyak 7shel'-yak71 a tortoise1 b ,lyrae1 ,arabian name for the constellation4 ,a very white star culminating ,aug4 #agth4 ,,sheratan 7sher-a-tan'71 b ,arietis1 a sign1 or the two signs4 ,situated in the ,ram's horn4 ,a pearly white star culminating ,dec4 #gth4 ,,sir'-,i-,,us1 a ,canis ,majoris1 the sparkling star or scorcher4 ,situated in the mouth of the ,great ,dog4 ,brilliant white in color4 ,the brightest of the fixed stars4 ,it culminates ,feb4 #aath4 ,,situla 7sit'-u-la71 k ,aquarii1 the water jar or bucket4 ,situated in the rim of the ,water ,jar4 ,,skat1 or ,,scheat1 d ,aquarii1 a wish1 or possibly it means a shin bone4 ,situated in the right leg of ,aquarius4 ,,spi',,ca1 a ,virginis1 the ear of wheat or corn 7held in the ,virgin's left hand74 ,a brilliant flushed white star1 which is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles a second4 ,it culminates ,may #bhth4 ,,sualocin1 or ,,svalocin 7sval'-o-sin71 ,nicolaus reversed1 a ,delphini4 ,a pale yellow star culminating ,sept4 #aeth4 ,,sulafat1 or ,,sulaphat 7s3o'-l3a-f3at71 the tortoise1 g ,lyrae4 ,arabian title for the whole constellation4 ,it is bright yellow in color1 and culminates ,aug4 #aith4 ,,syrma1 i ,virginis2 this name used by ,ptolemy to designate this star in the train of the ,virgin's robe4 ,,talita 7t3a'-le-t3a71 k or i ,ursae ,majoris1 the third vertebra4 ,situated in the right fore paw of the ,great ,bear4 ,topaz yellow in color4 ,,tania ,,borealis1 l ,ursae ,majoris4 ,,tania ,,australis1 m ,ursae ,majoris1 a red star4 ,these stars are situated in the right hind foot of the ,great ,bear4 ,the former star culminates ,apr4 #hth4 ,,tarazed 7tar'-a-zed71 g ,aquilae1 the soaring falcon1 part of the ,persian title for the constellation4 ,situated in the body of the ,eagle4 ,a pale orange star1 culminating ,aug4 #cast4 ,,tegmeni1 z ,cancri1 in the covering4 ,a yellow-colored star4 ,,te'-,,jat1 m ,geminorum4 ,,thu'-,,ban or 7tho-ban'71 a ,draconis1 the dragon1 the ,arab title for the constellation4 ,situated in one of the ,dragon's coils4 ,it is pale yellow in color1 and culminates ,june #gth4 ,,unuk ,,al ,,hay or ,,unukalhai 7u'-nuk-al-h3a'-i71 a ,serpentis1 the neck of the snake4 ,a pale yellow star which is receding from the earth at the rate of fourteen miles a second4 ,it culminates ,july #bhth4 ,v3,e',,ga1 or ,,wega1 a ,lyrae1 falling1 i4e41 the falling bird1 the harp star4 ,a beautiful pale star sapphire in color4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles a second4 ,it culminates ,aug4 #abth4 ,,vindemiatrix1 e ,virginis1 the vintager or grape gatherer4 ,situated in the ,virgin's right arm4 ,a bright yellow star culminating ,may #bb;d4 ,,wasat 7w3a'-sat71 d ,geminorum1 the middle4 ,situated in the body of ,pollux4 ,pale white in color4 ,it culminates ,feb4 #aith4 ,,wesen1 d ,canis ,majoris1 the weight4 ,a light yellow star in the right side of the ,great ,dog4 ,it culminates ,feb4 #agth4 ,,yed ,,prior 7yed71 d ,ophiuchi1 the hand1 the star behind or following4 ,deep yellow in color4 ,it culminates ,july #gth4 ,it is in the left hand of the ,serpent ,bearer4 ,,yed ,,posterior1 e ,ophiuchi1 the hand4 ,a red star culminating ,july #hth4 ,,yildum1 d ,ursae ,minoris4 ,situated in the tail of the ,little ,bear4 ,a greenish-hued star culminating ,aug4 #abth4 ,,zaniah1 e ,virginis4 ,situated in the ,virgin's left shoulder4 ,,zaurak 7za'-rak71 g ,eridani1 the bright star of the boat4 ,a yellow star4 ,,zavijava 7zav-ija'-va71 b ,virginis1 angle or corner1 the retreat or kennel of the barking dog4 ,situated on the ,virgin's left wing4 ,a pale yellow star culminating ,may #c;d4 ,,zosma 7zos'-ma71 d ,leonis1 a girdle4 ,situated at the root of the ,lion's tail4 ,a pale yellow star which is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles a second4 ,it culminates ,apr4 #bdth4 ,this star is also called ,duhr1 and sometimes ,zubra4 ,,zubenakravi 7z3oben-ak'-ra-vi or -bi71 g ,scorpii1 the claw of the ,scorpion4 ,a red star4 ,,zuben ,,elgenubi 7z3o-ben-el-jen-u'-bi71 a ,librae1 the southern claw 7of the ,scorpion74 ,a pale yellow star culminating ,june #agth4 ,this star is also called ,kiffa ,australis4 ,,zuben ,,eschamali 7z3o-ben-es-she-ma'-li71 b ,librae1 the northern claw4 ,a pale emerald color1 a very unusual color for a star4 ,it is approaching the earth at the rate of six miles a second and culminates ,june #bc;d4 ,this star is also known as ,kiffa ,borealis4 ,in the compilation of the foregoing list1 the author has been greatly assisted by ,allen's ,star ,names and their ,meanings4 ,footnote #a3 ,it will be noted that the date of culmination is given in almost every case4 ,by culmination is meant the highest point reached by a heavenly body in its path1 at which point it is said to be on the meridian4 ,in this hemisphere this is in each case the highest point north4 ,for example3--the culmination of the sun occurs at noon4 ,the time when the stars here mentioned culminate on the dates specified is in each case nine o'clock ,p4,m4 ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,stars ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,magnitude ,,rising ,,in ,,the ,,eastern ,,sky ,,at ,,nine ,o',,clock ,p4,m4 ,,on ,,the ,,dates ,,specified4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,date ,,name ,,of ,,star ,,constellation ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january #a ,regulus1 #ast4 ,leo4 #h ,alphard1 #b;d4 ,hydra4 #aa ,cor ,caroli4 ,canes ,venatici4 ,february #bj ,arcturus1 #ast4 ,bo3otes4 ,march #a ,spica1 #ast4 ,virgo4 #e ,gemma1 #b;d4 ,corona ,borealis4 ,april #a ,vega1 #ast4 ,lyra4 #bj ,ras ,alhague1 #b;d4 ,ophiuchus4 #bb ,deneb1 #b;d4 ,cygnus4 ,may #i ,antares1 #ast4 ,scorpius4 #bf ,altair1 #ast4 ,aquila4 ,june #e ,delphinus4 ,july #ag ,algenib1 #b;d4 ,perseus4 ,august #f ,algol4 ,perseus4 #ba ,capella1 #ast4 ,auriga4 ,hamal1 #b;d4 ,aries4 #bg ,fomalhaut1 #ast4 ,piscis ,australis4 ,september #ac ,the ,pleiades in ,taurus4 ,october #b ,aldebaran1 #ast4 ,taurus4 #bf ,bellatrix1 #b;d4 ,orion4 #cj ,castor1 #b;d4 ,gemini4 ,betelgeuze1 #ast4 ,orion4 ,november #d ,pollux1 #ast4 ,gemini4 ,rigel1 #ast4 ,orion4 #bg ,procyon1 #ast4 ,canis ,minor4 ,december #d ,sirius1 #ast4 ,canis ,major4 #h ,phaet1 #b;d4 ,columba4 #ad ,the ,bee ,hive in ,cancer4 #af ,the head of ,hydra4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,index ,,name ,,page ,andromeda1 #gc ,antino3us1 #ci ,aquarius1 #ha ,aquila1 #ci ,argo ,navis1 #ajg ,aries1 #he ,auriga1 #aa ,bo3otes1 #ee ,brandenburg ,sceptre1 ,the1 #aaa ,bull of ,poniatowskio1 #de ,camelopardalis1 #g ,cancer1 #ac ,canes ,venatici1 #ei ,canis ,major1 #aje ,canis ,minor1 #ba ,capricornus1 #hc ,cassiopeia1 #fg ,cepheus1 #fi ,cerberus1 #ec ,cetus1 #hg ,columba1 #ajc ,coma ,berenices1 #ai ,corona ,australis1 #dc ,corona ,borealis1 #ea ,corvus1 #bc ,crater1 #be ,cygnus1 #cg ,delphinus1 #da ,draco1 #cc ,equ3uleus1 #ga ,eridanus1 #aaa ,gemini1 #i ,gloria ,frederica1 #gc ,hercules1 #ec ,herschel's ,telescope1 #aa ,hydra1 #ae ,leo1 #ag ,leo ,minor1 #ie ,lepus1 #aja ,libra1 #di ,lupus1 #dg ,lynx1 #ie ,lyra1 #ce ,monoceros1 #aji ,musca1 #hi ,ophiuchus1 #de ,orion1 #ii ,pegasus1 #ga ,perseus1 #ge ,pisces1 #gg ,piscis ,australis1 #ha ,sagitta1 #cg ,sagittarius1 #dc ,scorpius1 #dg ,serpens1 #de ,sobieski's ,shield1 #ci ,taurus1 #ig ,triangulum1 #gi ,ursa ,major1 #e ,ursa ,minor1 #g ,virgo1 #eg ,vulpecular and ,anser1 #da ,popular ,books on ,astronomy ,by ,william ,tyler ,olcott ,excellently arranged1 and copiously illustrated1 these little manuals--real field-books--should prove valuable for all who want to become familiar with the stars ,a ,field ,book of the ,stars #afmo4 ,with ,fifty ,diagrams4 ,to facilitate the fascinating recreation of star-gazing the author has designed this field-book4 ,all matters of a technical or theoretical nature have been omitted4 ,only what the reader can observe with the naked eye or with an opera-glass have been included in it4 ,simplicity and brevity have been aimed at1 the main idea being that whatever is bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when one is engaged in the observation of the heavens4 ,in ,starland with a ,three-,inch ,telescope ,a ,conveniently ,arranged ,guide for the ,use of the ,amateur ,astronomer #afmo4 ,with ,forty ,diagrams of the ,constellations and ,eight of the ,moon4 ,the raison d'etre therefore for the book is convenience and arrangement4 ,the author has found by experience that what the student most needs when he is observing with a telescope1 is a page to glance at that will serve as a guide to the object he desires to view1 and which affords concise data relative to that object4 ,the diagrams therefore direct the student's vision and the subject-matter affords the necessary information in each case4 ,star ,lore of ,all ,ages ,a ,collection of ,myths1 ,legends1 and ,facts ,concerning the ,constellations of the ,northern ,hemisphere #hvo4 ,fully ,illustrated4 ,will appeal alike to those who are interested in folk-lore and those who are attracted by astronomy4 ,in it the author has gathered together the curious myths and traditions that have attached themselves from the earliest times to different constellations and even to individual stars4 ,g4,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,new ,york ,london ,the ,essence of ,astronomy ,things ,every ,one ,should ,know ,about the ,sun1 ,moon and ,stars ,by ,edward ,w4 ,price #abmo4 ,fully ,illustrated4 ,here is a volume quite different from the usual popular book on astronomy4 ,it answers in untechnical language the every-day questions of every-day people1 the material being so arranged that it is readily available for quick reference use1 as well as for interesting consecutive reading4 ,an individual chapter is devoted to each member of the ,solar ,system4 ,special space is given to ,curiosities of the ,skies4 ,the illustrations are from photographs taken at the great observatories4 ,the drawings of ,mars are the most recent published1 being made by ,professor ,lowell in ,january1 #aiad4 ,the chronological table and annotated bibliography are of real value4 ,sun ,lore of ,all ,ages ,a ,collection of ,myths and ,legends ,concerning the ,sun and its ,worship ,by ,william ,tyler ,olcott ,author of ,star ,lore of ,all ,ages1 ,a ,field ,book of the ,stars1 etc4 #hvo4 ,with #cj ,illustrations4 ,a companion volume to ,star ,lore of ,all ,ages by the same author4 ,it comprises a compilation of the myths1 legends1 and facts concerning the sun1 of equal interest to the lay-reader or to the student4 ,the literature of the subject is teeming with interest1 linked as it is with the life story of mankind from the cradle of the race to the present day1 for the solar myth lies at the very foundation of all mythology1 and as such must forever claim pre-eminence4 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york ,london ,astronomy in a ,nutshell ,the ,chief ,facts and ,principles ,explained in ,popular ,language for ,general ,readers and for ,schools ,by ,garrett ,p4 ,serviss ,cr4 #hvo4 ,with #dg ,illustrations4 ,presents the subject of astronomy in a succinct1 popular form4 ,no mathematical knowledge beyond the simplest outlines is assumed on the part of the reader4 ,the great underlying facts and principles of astronomy are presented in a shape which any intelligent person can comprehend4 ,the book may be used either for self-instruction or for schools4 ,history of ,astronomy ,by ,george ,forbes1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,formerly ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy1 ,anderson's ,college1 ,glasgow #afmo4 ,adequately ,illustrated4 ,no4 #a4 ,a ,history of the ,science ,series ,the author traces the evolution of intellectual thought in the progress of astronomical discovery1 recognizing the various points of view of the different ages1 giving due credit even to the ancients4 ,it has been necessary to curtail many parts of the history1 to lay before the reader in unlimited space enough about each age to illustrate its tone and spirit1 the ideals of the workers1 the gradual addition of new points of view and of new means of investigation4 ,an ,easy ,guide to the ,constellations ,with a ,miniature ,atlas of the ,stars ,by ,james ,gall ,author of ,the ,people's ,atlas of the ,stars1 etc4 ,new and ,enlarged ,edition1 with #cj ,maps #afmo4 ,this new edition of ,an ,easy ,guide to the ,constellations has been thoroughly revised3 five additional plates have been added1 so as to include all the constellations of the ,zodiac1 and render the book complete for ,southern ,europe and the ,united ,states4 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york ,london ,the ,destinies of the ,stars ,by ,svante ,arrhenius ,author of ,worlds in the ,making1 etc4 #abmo4 #bf ,illustrations4 ,with keenness1 brilliancy1 and distinguished learning1 ,dr4 ,arrhenius1 a ,nobel ,prize winner1 having had occasion repeatedly to treat new questions of a cosmological nature1 questions largely arisen from new discoveries and observations within the scope of astronomy1 opens to the reader vast new vistas1 through the study of the relation of the stars to the ,milky ,way and through observations of our neighbor planets4 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york ,london ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,the original text contains many characters that cannot be rendered properly in a #g bit 7ascii7 version of the text4 ,accented characters markup scheme3 ,accented characters indicate pronunciation4 ,the accented character and the symbol representing the accent are surrounded with square brackets4 ,symbols in this text have been placed in front of the character as the accents all appear above the character4 ,accent ,symbol acute _/ macron breve 7 diaresis 3 circumflex ,greek characters markup scheme3 ,greek characters indicate specific stars within a given constellation4 ,the ,greek character has been transcribed and surrounded with square brackets4 ,where the transcription resulted in an accented character this character was rendered according to the character markup scheme 7above7 and both sets of square brackets were retained4 ,example e4 ,other symbols markup scheme3 ,symbols that represent the various signs of the zodiac were rendered according to the following example ,symbol3 ,gemini ,the degree symbol is represented by deg ,acute accent as a single character represented by '4 ,the ae ligature has been expanded to ae4 ,superscripted characters are preceded by a ,corrections made3 ,page #ab ,au iga corrected to ,auriga4 ,page #aah preceptible corrected to perceptible4 ,page #adh ,oeti corrected to ,ceti4 ,page #afc cometimes corrected to sometimes4 ,inconsistencies retained3 ,alphecca and ,alphacca4 ,gloria ,frederika and ,gloria ,frederica4 ,bull of ,poniatowskio and ,bull of ,poniatowski4