,,memories ,,& ,,/udies  by  ,,william  
,,james        ,longmans1 ,gre51 & ,co4 
,f\r? ,av5ue & #cj? ,/reet1 ,new ,york  
,london1 ,bombay1 & ,calcutta #aiaa     
,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,h5ry ,james ,jr4 
,all ,rights ,res]v$     ,,prefatory    
,,note  ,pr(essor ,william ,james =m$ ! 
int5tion %ortly be=e 8 dea? ( republi%+ 
a numb] ( popul> addresses & essays "u !
 title :i* ?is book n[ be>s2 b          
un=tunately he f\nd no opportunity to   
att5d to any detail ( ! book himself1 or
 to leave def9ite in/ructions = o!rs4   
,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ,i h dep>t$ 9 no   
sub/antial degree f my fa!r's idea1     
except p]haps by includ+ two or ?ree    
%ort pieces :i* 7 fir/ address$ to      
special occasions or audi5ces & :i* n[  
seem cle>ly wor?y ( republication 9 _!  
orig9al =m1 al?\gh he might n h be5     
will+ to repr9t !m himself )\t ! reca/+s
 to :i* he 0 ev] mo/ att5tive :5 prep>+ 
= new read]s4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is volume has  
already appe>$ 9 pr9t 9 magaz9es or     
o!rwise1 & def9ite ackn[l$gem5ts are    

h]e9aft] made 9 ! appropriate places4   
,comp>ison ) ! orig9al texts w disclose 
slight v>iations 9 a few passages1 & x  
is !re=e prop] to expla9 t 9 ^! passages
 ! pres5t text foll[s em5dations ( !    
orig9al :i* h surviv$ 9 ! au?or's own   
h&writ+4  ,,h5ry ,,james1 ,,jr4         
,,cont5ts       ,i4 ,,l\is ,,agassiz    
,,ii4 ,,address ,,at ,,! ,,em]son       
,,c5t5>y ,,9 ,,concord   ,,iii4 ,,rob]t 
,,g\ld ,,%aw    ,,iv4 ,,francis ,,boott 
,v4 ,,?omas ,,davidson3 ,a              
,,knight-,,errant ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual
 ,,life    ,,vi4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s     
,,autobiography   ,,vii4 ,,fr$]ick      
,,my]s' ,,s]vices ,,to ,,psy*ology      
,,viii4 ,,f9al ,,impressions ,,( ,a     
,,psy*ical ,,rese>*]    ,,ix4 ,,on ,,"s 
,,m5tal ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,e>?quake    
,x4 ,,! ,,en]gies ,,( ,,m5    ,,xi4 ,,! 
,,moral ,,equival5t ,,( ,,w>   ,,xii4   
,,rem>ks ,,at ,,! ,,peace ,,banquet     
,,xiii4 ,,! ,,social ,,value ,,( ,,!    
,,college-,,br$   ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,univ]sity
 ,,& ,,! ,,individual        ,,! ,,ph4  

,d4 ,,octopus        ,,! ,,true ,,h>v>d 
,,/an=d',s ,,ideal ,,de/9y    ,,xv4 ,a  
,,plurali/ic ,,my/ic     ,i  ,,l\is     
,,agassiz#a  ,x w\ld be unnatural to h  
su* an assemblage z ?is meet 9 ! ,museum
 & ,faculty ,room ( ?is ,univ]sity & yet
 h no public ^w spok5 9 honor ( a "n :i*
 mu/ be sil5tly pres5t to ! m9ds ( all  
our visitors4  ,at "s ne> future day1 x 
is to be hop$ "s "o ( y :o is well      
acqua9t$ ) ,agassiz's sci5tific c>e] w  
disc\rse "h conc]n+ x1--,i c\ld n n[1   
ev5 if ,i w\ld1 speak to y ( t ( :i* y h
 f> m intimate k ?an ,i4  ,on ?is social
 occasion x has seem$ t :at ,agassiz    
/ood = 9 ! way ( "* & influ5ce is ! m   
fitt+ ?+ to commemorate1 & to t         
agreeable task ,i h be5 call$4  ,he made
 an impression t 0 unrivall$4  ,he left 
a sort ( popul> my?--! ,agassiz leg5d1 z
 "o might say--beh9d him 9 ! air ab\t u2
 & life comes k9dli] to all ( u1 we get 
m recognition f ! _w1 because we call   
ourselves naturali/s1--& t 0 ! class to 
:i* he also belong$4  ,! secret ( su* an

 extraord9>ily effective influ5ce lay 9 
! equally extraord9>y mixture ( ! animal
 & social gifts1 ! intellectual p[]s1 & 
! desires & passions ( ! man4  ,f 8     
boyhood1 he look$ on ! _w z if x & he 7 
made = ea* o!r1 & on ! va/ div]sity (   
liv+ ?+s z if he 7 !re ) au?ority to    
take m5tal possession ( !m all4  ,8     
habit ( collect+ began 9 *ildhood1 &    
dur+ 8 long life knew no b\nds save ^? t
 sep>ate ! ?+s ( ,nature f ^? ( human   
art4 ,already 9 8 /ud5t ye>s1 9 spite ( 
! mo/ /r+5t pov]ty1 8 :ole s*eme (      
exi/5ce 0 t ( "o pr$e/9$ to greatness1  
:o takes t fact = grant$1 & /&s =?      
imm$iately z a sci5tific lead] ( m54  ,8
 passion = kn[+ liv+ ?+s 0 comb9$ ) a   
rapidity ( obs]vation1 & a capacity to  
recognize !m aga9 & rememb] ev]y?+ ab\t 
!m1 :i* all 8 life x seem$ an easy      
triumph & delight = him to ex]cise1 &   
:i* nev] all[$ him to wa/e a mom5t 9    
d\bts ab\t ! comm5surability ( 8 p[]s ) 
8 tasks4  ,if ev] a p]son liv$ by fai?1 
he did4  ,:5 a boy ( tw5ty1 ) an        

all[ance ( two hundr$ & fifty doll>s a  
ye>1 he ma9ta9$ an arti/ atta*$ to 8    
employ1 a cu/om :i* nev] aft]w>ds 0     
dep>t$ f1--except :5 he ma9ta9$ two or  
?ree4 ,he lectur$ f ! v outset to all ^?
 :o w\ld he> him4  ,i feel )9 myself !  
/r5g? ( a :ole g5]ation1 he wrote to 8  
fa!r at t "t1 & laun*$ himself ^u !     
publication ( 8 co/ly ,poissons         
,fossiles ) no cle> vision ( ! qu>t] f  
:5ce ! paym5t might be expect$ to come4 
,at ,neu*atel 7:]e betwe5 ! ages (      
tw5ty-five & ?irty he enjoy$ a /ip5d t  
v>i$ f f\r hundr$ to six hundr$ doll>s7 
he organiz$ a regul> academy ( natural  
hi/ory1 ) its museum1 manag+ by "o      
exp$i5t or ano!r to employ arti/s1      
secret>ies1 & assi/ants1 & to keep a    
li?ographic & pr9t+ e/abli%m5t ( 8 own  
employ$ ) ! "w t he put =?4  ,fi%es1    
fossil & liv+1 e*9od]ms & glaci]s1      
transfigur$ !mselves "u 8 h&1 & at ?irty
 he 0 already at ! z5i? ( 8 reputation1 
recogniz$ by all z "o ( ^? naturali/s 9 
! unlimit$ s5se1 "o ( ^? folio copies ( 

mank9d1 l ,l9naeus & ,cuvi]1 :o aim at  
no?+ less ?an an acqua9tance ) ! :ole ( 
animat$ ,nature4 ,8 g5ius = classify+ 0 
simply m>vell\s2 &1 z 8 late/ biograph] 
says1 n[h]e _h a s+le p]son ev] giv5 s  
decisive an impulse to natural hi/ory4  
,su* 0 ! human be+ :o on an ,octob]     
morn+ fifty ye>s ago disemb>k$ at our   
port1 br++ 8 hungry he>t along ) him1 8 
confid5ce 9 8 de/9y1 & 8 imag9ation full
 ( plans4  ,! only p>ticul> res\rce he 0
 assur$ ( 0 "o c\rse ( ,l[ell ,lectures4
  ,b ( "o g5]al res\rce he always 0     
assur$1 hav+ always c\nt$ on x & nev]   
f\nd x to fail1--& t 0 ! good w ( e     
fell[-creature 9 ^: pres5ce he c\ld f9d 
an opportunity to describe 8 aims4  ,8  
belief 9 ^! 0 s int5se & unqualifi$ t he
 c\ld n conceive ( o!rs n feel+ !       
fur!rance ( !m to be a duty b9d+ also ^u
 !m4  ,velle non discitur1 z ,s5eca     
says3--,/r5g? ( desire mu/ be born ) a  
man1 x c't be taught4  ,& ,agassiz came 
be=e "o ) su* en?usiasm gl[+ 9 8        
c\nt5ance1--su* a p]suasion radiat+ f 8 

p]son t 8 projects 7 ! sole ?+s really  
fit to int]e/ man z man1--t he 0        
absolutely irresi/ible4  ,he came1 9    
,byron's words1 ) victory beam+ f 8     
brea/1 & e "o w5t d[n be=e him1 "s      
yield+ him money1 "s "t1 "s specim5s1 & 
"s labor1 b all contribut+ _! applause &
 _! godspe$4 ,& s1 liv+ among u f mon?  
to mon? & f ye> to ye>1 ) no relation to
 prud5ce except 8 p]t9aci\s violation ( 
all h] usual laws1 he on ! :ole a*iev$ !
 compass ( 8 desires1 /udi$ ! geology & 
fauna ( a cont95t1 tra9$ a g5]ation (   
zoologi/s1 f\nd$ "o ( ! *ief museums ( !
 _w1 gave a new impulse to sci5tific    
education 9 ,am]ica1 & di$ ! idol ( !   
public1 z well z ( 8 circle ( imm$iate  
pupils & fri5ds4  ,! secret ( x all 01 t
 :ile 8 sci5tific ideals 7 an integral  
"p ( 8 be+1 some?+ t he nev] =got or    
laid aside1 s t :]ev] he w5t he came    
=w>d z ! ,pr(essor1 & talk$ %op to e    
p]son1 "y or old1 great or little1 le>n$
 or unle>n$1 ) :om he 0 ?r[n1 he 0 at ! 
same "t s comm&+ a pres5ce1 s curi\s &  

inquir+1 s responsive & expansive1 & s  
g5]\s & reckless ( himself & ( 8 own1 t 
e "o said imm$iately1 ,"h is no mu/y    
savant1 b a man1 a great man1 a man on !
 h]oic scale1 n to s]ve :om is av>ice & 
s94  ,he elevat$ ! popul> notion ( :at a
 /ud5t ( ,nature c\ld be4  ,s9ce ,b5jam9
 ,frankl91 we _h nev] _h among u a p]son
 ( m popul>ly impressive type4  ,he did 
n wait = /ud5ts to come to him2 he made 
inquiry = promis+ y\?ful collectors1 &  
:5 he he>d ( "o1 he wrote1 invit+ & urg+
 him to come4  ,?us !re is h>dly "o n[ (
 ! ,am]ican naturali/s ( my g5]ation :om
 ,agassiz did n tra94  ,nay1 m2 he said 
to e "o t a ye> or two ( natural hi/ory1
 /udi$ z he und]/ood x1 w\ld give ! be/ 
tra9+ = any k9d ( m5tal "w4  ,sometimes 
he 0 amus+ly naf 9 ?is reg>d1 z :5 he   
(f]$ to put 8 :ole ,museum at !         
disposition ( ! ,emp]or ( ,brazil if he 
w\ld b come & labor !re4  ,& ,i well    
rememb] h[ c]ta9 (ficials ( ! ,brazilian
 empire smil$ at ! cordiality ) :i* he  
press$ ^u !m a simil> invitation4  ,b x 

_h a great effect4  ,natural hi/ory mu/ 
inde$ be a godlike pursuit1 if su* a man
 z ?is c s adore x1 p said2 & ! v       
def9ition & mean+ ( ! ^w naturali/      
und]w5t a favorable alt]ation 9 ! common
 m9d4  ,c]ta9 say+s ( ,agassiz's1 z !   
fam\s "o t he _h no "t = mak+ money1 & 8
 habit ( nam+ 8 occupation simply z t ( 
tea*]1 h caught ! public fancy1 & are   
p]man5t b5efactions4  ,we all enjoy m   
consid]ation = ! fact t he manife/$     
himself "h ?us be=e u 9 8 day4  ,he 0 a 
spl5did example ( ! temp]am5t t looks   
=w>d & n backw>d1 & nev] wa/es a mom5t 9
 regrets = ! irrevocable4  ,i _h !      
privilege ( admission to 8 society dur+ 
! ,?ay] exp$ition to ,brazil4  ,i well  
rememb] at night1 z we all swung 9 our  
hammocks 9 ! fairy-l moonlight1 on !    
deck ( ! /eam] t ?robb$ its way up !    
,amazon betwe5 ! =e/s gu>d+ ! /ream on  
ei!r side1 h[ he turn$ & :isp]$1 ,james1
 are y awake8 & cont9u$1 ,i _c sleep2 ,i
 am too happy2 ,i keep ?9k+ ( ^! glori\s
 plans4  ,! plans contemplat$ foll[+ !  

,amazon to its headwat]s1 & p5etrat+ !  
,&es 9 ,p]u4  ,& yet1 :5 he arriv$ at ! 
,p]uvian fronti] & le>n$ t t c\ntry _h  
brok5 into revolution1 t 8 lett]s to    
(ficials w\ld be useless1 & t t "p ( !  
project mu/ be giv5 up1 al?\gh he 0     
inde$ bitt]ly *agr9$ & excit$ = "p ( an 
h\r1 :5 ! h\r _h pass$ ov] x seem$ z if 
he _h q =gott5 ! disappo9tm5t1 s        
en?usia/ically 0 he occupi$ already ) ! 
new s*eme sub/itut$ by 8 active m9d4    
,agassiz's influ5ce on me?ods ( tea*+ 9 
our community 0 prompt & decisive1--all 
! m s t x /ruck p's imag9ation by its v 
excess4  ,! good old way ( committ+     
pr9t$ ab/ractions to memory seems nev]  
to h receiv$ su* a %ock z x enc\nt]$ at 
8 h&s4  ,!re is probably no public s*ool
 tea*] n[ 9 ,new ,engl& :o w n tell y h[
 ,agassiz us$ to lock a /ud5t up 9 a    
room full ( turtle %ells1 or lob/]      
%ells1 or oy/] %ells1 )\t a book or ^w  
to help him1 & n let him out till he _h 
discov]$ all ! tru?s :i* ! objects      
conta9$4  ,"s f\nd ! tru?s aft] weeks & 

mon?s ( lonely sorr[2 o!rs nev] f\nd !m4
  ,^? :o f\nd !m 7 already made into    
naturali/s !reby--! failures 7 blott$ f 
! book ( honor & ( life4 ,g to ,nature2 
take ! facts into y\r own h&s2 look1 &  
see = y\rself6--^! 7 ! maxims :i*       
,agassiz prea*$ :]ev] he w5t1 & _!      
effect on p$agogy 0 electric4  ,!       
extreme rigor ( 8 devotion to ?is       
concrete me?od ( le>n+ 0 ! natural      
consequ5ce ( 8 own peculi> type (       
intellect1 9 :i* ! capacity = ab/raction
 & causal reason+ & trac+ *a9s (        
consequ5ces f hypo!ses 0 s mu* less     
develop$ ?an ! g5ius = acqua9tance ) va/
 volumes ( detail1 & = seiz+ ^u         
analogies & relations ( ! m proximate & 
concrete k9d4  ,:ile on ! ,?ay]         
exp$ition1 ,i rememb] t ,i (t5 put      
que/ions to him ab\t ! facts ( our new  
tropical habitat1 b ,i d\bt if he ev]   
answ]$ "o ( ^! que/ions ( m9e outright4 
,he always said3 ,!re1 y see y h a      
def9ite problem2 g & look & f9d ! answ] 
= y\rself4  ,8 sev]ity 9 ?is l9e 0 a    

liv+ rebuke to all ab/ractioni/s &      
w\ld-be biological philosoph]s4  ,m ?an 
once h ,i he>d him quote ) deep feel+ ! 
l9es f ,fau/3    ,grau1 !ur] ,freund1 i/
 alle ,!orie4   ,und grun des ,leb5s    
goldn] ,baum4  ,! only man he really    
lov$ & _h use = 0 ! man :o c\ld br+ him 
facts4  ,to see facts1 n to argue or    
raisonnir51 0 :at life meant = him2 & ,i
 ?9k he (t5 positively loa!d !          
ratioc9at+ type ( m9d4  ,mr4 ,blank1 y  
are totally un$ucat$6 ,i he>d him once  
say to a /ud5t :o prop\nd$ to him "s    
glitt]+ !oretic g5]ality4  ,& on a      
simil> occasion he gave an admonition t 
mu/ h sunk deep into ! he>t ( him to :om
 x 0 address$4  ,mr4 ,x1 "s p p]haps n[ 
consid] y a bright "y man2 b :5 y are   
fifty ye>s old1 if !y ev] speak ( y !n1 
:at !y w say w be ?is3 ',t ,x1--oh1 yes1
 ,i "k him2 he us$ to be a v bright "y  
man6'  ,happy is ! conceit$ y\? :o at ! 
prop] mom5t receives su* salut>y cold   
wat] !rapeutics z ?is f "o :o1 9 o!r    
respects1 is a k9d fri5d4  ,we _c all   

escape f be+ ab/ractioni/s4  ,i myself1 
= in/ance1 h nev] be5 able to escape2 b 
! h\rs ,i sp5t ) ,agassiz s taught me ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 all possible            
ab/ractioni/s & all liv]s 9 ! light ( ! 
_w's concrete fulness1 t ,i h nev] be5  
able to =get x4  ,bo? k9ds ( m9d h _!   
place 9 ! inf9ite design1 b !re c be no 
"q z to :i* k9d lies ! ne>] to ! div9e  
type ( ?9k+4  ,agassiz's view ( ,nature 
0 saturat$ ) simple religi\s feel+1 & = 
?is deep b unconv5tional religiosity he 
f\nd at ,h>v>d ! mo/ sympa!tic possible 
environm5t4  ,9 ! fifty ye>s t h sp$    
s9ce he arriv$ "h our k ( ,nature has   
p5etrat$ into jo9ts & recesses :i* 8    
vision nev] pi]c$4  ,! causal elem5ts & 
n ! totals are :at we are n[ mo/        
passionately conc]n$ to und]/&2 & nak$ &
 pov]ty-/rick5 en\gh d ! /ripp$-out     
elem5ts & =ces occasionally appe> to u  
to be4  ,b ! tru? ( ?+s is aft] all _!  
liv+ fulness1 & "s day1 f a m comm&+    
po9t ( view ?an 0 possible to any "o 9  
,agassiz's g5]ation1 our desc5dants1    

enri*$ ) ! spoils ( all our analytic    
inve/igations1 w get r\nd aga9 to t     
high] & simpl] way ( look+ at ,nature4  
,mean:ile z we look back ^u ,agassiz1   
!re floats up a brea? z ( life's morn+1 
t makes ! "w seem "y & fre% once m4     
,may we all1 & especially may ^? y\ng]  
memb]s ( our association :o nev] knew   
him1 give a grateful ?\ght to 8 memory z
 we w&] ?r\gh t ,museum :i* he f\nd$1 & 
?r\gh ?is ,univ]sity ^: ideals he did s 
mu* to elevate & def9e4    #a ,words    
spok5 at ! reception ( ! ,am]ican       
,society ( ,naturali/s by ! ,presid5t & 
,fell[s ( ,h>v>d ,college at ,cambridge1
 ,decemb] #cj1 #ahif4  ,pr9t$ 9 ,sci5ce1
 ,n4 ,s4 ,v4 #bhe4     ,,ii  ,,address  
,,at ,,! ,,em]son ,,c5t5>y ,,9          
,,concord#a  ,! pa?os ( dea? is ?is1 t  
:5 ! days ( "o's life are end$1 ^? days 
t 7 s cr[d$ ) bus9ess & felt s heavy 9  
_! pass+1 :at rema9s ( "o 9 memory %\ld 
usually be s slight a ?+4  ,! phantom ( 
an attitude1 ! e*o ( a c]ta9 mode (     
?\ght1 a few pages ( pr9t1 "s inv5tion1 

or "s victory we ga9$ 9 a brief critical
 h\r1 are all t c survive ! be/ ( u4  ,x
 is z if ! :ole ( a man's significance  
_h n[ %runk into ! phantom ( an         
attitude1 into a m]e musical note or    
phrase sugge/ive ( 8 s+ul>ity--happy are
 ^? ^: s+ul>ity gives a note s cle> z to
 be victori\s ov] ! inevitable pity (   
su* a dim9ution & abridgm5t4  ,an ideal 
wrai? l ?is1 ( ,em]son's p]sonality1    
hov]s ov] all ,concord to-day1 tak+1 9 !
 m9ds ( ^? ( y :o 7 8 neighbors &       
intimates a some:at full] %ape1 rema9+ m
 ab/ract 9 ! y\ng] g5]ation1 b br++ home
 to all ( u ! notion ( a _s             
indescribably preci\s4  ,! =m t s lately
 mov$ ^u ^! /reets & c\ntry roads1 or   
await$ 9 ^! fields & woods ! belov$     
,muse's visits1 is n[ du/2 b ! s\l's    
note1 ! spiritual voice1 rises /rong &  
cle> above ! upro> ( ! times1 & seems   
securely de/9$ to ex]t an ennobl+       
influ5ce ov] future g5]ations4  ,:at    
gave a flavor s mat*less to ,em]son's   
individuality 01 ev5 m ?an 8 ri* m5tal  

gifts1 _! s+ul>ly h>moni\s comb9ation4  
,r>ely has a man s accurately kn[n !    
limits ( 8 g5ius or s unfail+ly kept )9 
!m4  ,/& by y\r ord]1 he us$ to say to  
y\?ful /ud5ts2 & p]haps ! p>am\nt       
impression "o gets ( 8 life is ( 8      
loyalty to 8 own p]sonal type & mission4
  ,! type 0 t ( :at he lik$ to call !   
s*ol>1 ! p]ceiv] ( pure tru?2 & !       
mission 0 t ( ! report] 9 wor?y =m ( ea*
 p]ception4  ,! day is good1 he said1 9 
:i* we h ! mo/ p]ceptions4  ,!re are    
times :5 ! caw+ ( a cr[1 a we$1 a       
sn[flake1 or a f>m] plant+ 9 8 field    
become symbols to ! intellect ( tru?s   
equal to ^? :i* ! mo/ maje/ic ph5om5a c 
op54  ,let me m9d my own *>ge1 !n1 walk 
alone1 consult ! sky1 ! field & =e/1    
s$ul\sly wait+ e morn+ = ! news conc]n+ 
! /ructure ( ! univ]se :i* ! good ,_s w 
give me4  ,?is 0 ! fir/ half ( ,em]son1 
b only half2 = g5ius1 z he said1 is     
insatiate = expression1 & tru? has to be
 clad 9 ! "r v]bal g>m5t4  ,! =m ( !    
g>m5t 0 s vital ) ,em]son t x is        

impossible to sep>ate x f ! matt]4  ,!y 
=m a *emical comb9ation--?\ghts :i* w\ld
 be trivial express$ o!rwise1 are       
important ?r\gh ! n\ns & v]bs to :i* he 
m>ri$ !m4  ,! /yle is ! man1 x has be5  
said2 ! man ,em]son's mission culm9at$ 9
 8 /yle1 & if we mu/ def9e him 9 "o ^w1 
we h to call him ,arti/4  ,he 0 an arti/
 ^: m$ium 0 v]bal & :o wr\ght 9         
spiritual mat]ial4  ,?is duty (         
spiritual see+ & report+ det]m9$ ! :ole 
t5or ( 8 life4  ,x 0 to %ield ?is duty f
 invasion & di/raction t he dwelt 9 !   
c\ntry1 t he consi/5tly decl9$ to       
entangle himself ) associations or to   
encumb] himself ) functions :i*1 h[ev]  
he might believe 9 !m1 he felt 7 duties 
= o!r m5 & n = him4  ,ev5 ! c>e ( 8     
g>d51 ) its /oop+s & f+]+s 9 a few y>ds 
( space1 he f\nd n>r[+ & poison+1 & took
 to long free walks & saunt]+s in/ead1  
)\t apology4  ,causes innum]able s\ght  
to enli/ him z _! work]--all got 8 smile
 & ^w ( sympa?y1 b none entrapp$ him    
into s]vice4  ,! /ruggle aga9/ slav]y   

itself1 deeply z x appeal$ to him1 f\nd 
him firm3 ,god mu/ gov]n 8 own _w1 &    
kn[s 8 way out ( ?is pit )\t my des]tion
 ( my po/1 :i* has none to gu>d x b me4 
,i h q o!r slaves to face ?an ^?        
,negroes1 to wit1 imprison$ ?\ghts f>   
back 9 ! bra9 ( man1 & :i* h no wat*man 
or lov] or def5d] b me4  ,?is 9 reply to
 ! possible que/ions ( 8 own consci5ce4 
,to hot-blood$ morali/s ) m objective   
ideas ( duty1 su* a fidelity to ! limits
 ( 8 g5ius mu/ (t5 h made him seem      
provok+ly remote & unavailable2 b we1 :o
 c see ?+s 9 m lib]al p]spective1 mu/   
unqualifiably approve ! results4  ,!    
faultless tact ) :i* he kept 8 safe     
limits :ile he s dauntlessly ass]t$     
himself )9 !m1 is an example fitt$ to   
give he>t to o!r !ori/s & arti/s ! _w   
ov]4  ,! insight & cre$ f :i* ,em]son's 
life foll[$ c be be/ summ$ up 9 8 own   
v]ses3    ,s nigh is gr&eur to our du/1 
,s ne> is ,god to man6  ,?r\gh !        
individual fact !re ev] %one = him !    
effulg5ce ( ! ,univ]sal ,reason4  ,!    

great ,cosmic ,intellect t]m9ates &     
h\ses itself 9 mortal m5 & pass+ h\rs4  
,ea* ( u is an angle ( its et]nal       
vision1 & ! only way to be true to our  
,mak] is to be loyal to ourselves4  ,o  
ri* & v>i\s ,man6 he cries1 ?\ palace ( 
sight & s\nd1 c>ry+ 9 ?y s5ses ! morn+ &
 ! night & ! unfa?omable galaxy2 9 ?y   
bra9 ! geometry ( ! city ( ,god2 9 ?y   
he>t ! b[] ( love & ! realms ( "r &     
wrong4  ,if ! individual op5 ?us        
directly into ! ,absolute1 x foll[s t   
!re is some?+ 9 ea* & all ( u1 ev5 !    
l[lie/1 t ought n to cons5t to borr[+   
traditions & liv+ at second h&4  ,if    
,john 0 p]fect1 :y are y & ,i alive8    
,em]son writes2 ,z long z any man exi/s 
!re is "s ne$ ( him2 let him fight = 8  
own4 ,?is fai? t 9 a life at fir/ h& !re
 is some?+ sacr$ is p]haps ! mo/        
*>act]i/ic note 9 ,em]son's writ+s4  ,! 
hotte/ side ( him is ?is non-con=mi/    
p]suasion1 & if 8 temp] c\ld ev] v]ge on
 common irascibility1 x w\ld be by      
reason ( ! passionate "* ( 8 feel+s on  

?is po9t4  ,! _w is /ill new & untri$4  
,9 see+ fre%ly1 & n 9 he>+ ( :at o!rs   
saw1 %all a man f9d :at tru? is4  ,ea*  
"o ( u c bask 9 ! great morn+ :i* rises 
out ( ! ,ea/]n ,sea1 & be himself "o ( !
 *ildr5 ( ! light4  ,tru/ ?yself1 e he>t
 vibrates to t iron /r+4  ,!re is a "t 9
 ea* man's education :5 he mu/ arrive at
 ! conviction t imitation is suicide2 :5
 he mu/ take himself = bett] or worse z 
8 portion2 & "k t ?\gh ! wide univ]se is
 full ( good1 no k]nel ( n\ri%+ corn c  
come to him b ?r\gh 8 toil be/[$ on t   
plot ( gr\nd :i* x 0 giv5 him to till4  
,! mat*less eloqu5ce ) :i* ,em]son      
proclaim$ ! sov]eignty ( ! liv+         
individual electrifi$ & emancipat$ 8    
g5]ation1 & ?is bugle-bla/ w d\btless be
 reg>d$ by future critics z ! s\l ( 8   
message4  ,! pres5t man is ! aborig9al  
reality1 ! ,in/itution is d]ivative1 & !
 pa/ man is irrelevant & oblit]ate =    
pres5t issues4  ,if anyone w\ld lay an  
axe to y\r tree ) a text f #a ,john1 v1 
#g1 or a s5t5ce f ,sa9t ,paul1 say to   

him1 ,em]son wrote1 ',my tree is        
,yggdrasil1 ! tree ( life4'  ,let him "k
 by y\r security t y\r conviction is    
cle> & suffici5t1 &1 if he 7 ,paul      
himself1 t y also are "h & ) y\r        
,creator4  ,cleave ev] to ,god1 he      
insi/$1 aga9/ ! "n ( ,god2--& s1 9 spite
 ( ! int5sely religi\s "* ( 8 total     
?\ght1 :5 he began 8 c>e] x seem$ to _m 
( 8 bre?r5 9 ! cl]ical pr(ession t he 0 
little m ?an an iconocla/ & desecrator4 
,em]son's belief t ! individual mu/ 9   
reason be adequate to ! vocation = :i* !
 ,_s ( ! _w has call$ him into be+1 is !
 s\rce ( ^? sublime pages1 he>t5]s &    
su/a9]s ( our y\?1 9 :i* he urges 8     
he>]s to be incorruptibly true to _! own
 private consci5ce4  ,no?+ c h>m ! man  
:o re/s 9 8 appo9t$ place & "*4  ,su* a 
man is invuln]able2 he balances !       
univ]se1 balances x z mu* by keep+ small
 :5 he is small1 z by be+ great &       
spread+ :5 he is great4  ,i love & honor
 ,epam9ondas1 said ,em]son1 b ,i d n wi%
 to be ,epam9ondas4  ,i hold x m j to   

love ! _w ( ?is h\r ?an ! _w ( 8 h\r4   
,nor c y1 if ,i am true1 excite me to ! 
lea/ uneas9ess by say+1 ',he act$ & ?\  
sitte/ /ill4'  ,i see action to be good 
:5 ! ne$ is1 & sitt+ /ill to be also    
good4  ,epam9ondas1 if he 0 ! man ,i    
take him =1 w\ld h sat /ill ) joy &     
peace1 if 8 lot _h be5 m9e4  ,heav5 is  
l>ge1 & af=ds space = all modes ( love &
 =titude4  ,! fact t ,i am "h c]ta9ly   
%[s me t ! ,s\l has ne$ ( an organ "h1 &
 %all ,i n assume ! po/8  ,! vanity (   
all sup]s]viceabl5ess & pret5ce 0 nev] m
 happily set =? ?an by ,em]son 9 ! _m   
passages 9 :i* he develops ?is aspect ( 
8 philosophy4  ,"* infallibly proclaims 
itself4  ,hide y\r ?\ghts6--hide ! sun &
 moon4  ,!y publi% !mselves to !        
univ]se4  ,!y w speak ?r\gh y ?\gh y 7  
dumb4  ,!y w fl[ out ( y\r actions1 y\r 
mann]s & y\r face4 4 4 4  ,don't say    
?+s3 ,:at y are /&s ov] y ! :ile &      
?und]s s t ,i _c say :at y say to !     
contr>y4 4 4 4 ,:at a man is engraves   
itself ^u him 9 lett]s ( light4         

,concealm5t avails him no?+1 boa/+ no?+4
  ,!re is confession 9 ! glances ( our  
eyes2 9 our smiles2 9 salutations2 & !  
grasp ( h&s4  ,8 s9 b$aubs him1 m>s all 
8 good impression4 ,m5 "k n :y !y d n   
tru/ him1 b !y d n tru/ him4  ,8 vice   
glasses ! eye1 ca/s l9es ( mean         
expression 9 ! *eek1 p9*es ! nose1 sets 
! m>k ( ! bea/ ^u ! back ( ! head1 &    
writes1 ,o fool6 fool6 on ! =ehead ( a  
k+4  ,if y w\ld n be kn[n to d a ?+1    
nev] d x2 a man may play ! fool 9 !     
drifts ( a des]t1 b e gra9 ( s& %all    
seem to see4--,h[ c a man be conceal$8  
,h[ c he be conceal$8  ,on ! o!r h&1    
nev] 0 a s9c]e ^w or a s9c]e ?\ght      
utt]ly lo/4  ,nev] a magnanimity fell to
 ! gr\nd b !re is "s he>t to greet &    
accept x unexpect$ly4 4 4 4  ,! h]o fe>s
 n t if he )/ood ! av[al ( a j & brave  
act1 x w g unwitness$ & unlov$4  ,"o    
kn[s x1--himself1--& is pl$g$ by x to   
sweetness ( peace & to nobl5ess ( aim1  
:i* w prove 9 ! end a bett] proclamation
 ?an ! relat+ ( ! incid5t4  ,! same     

indefeasible "r to be exactly :at "o is1
 provid$ "o only be au!ntic1 spreads    
itself1 9 ,em]son's way ( ?9k+1 f p]sons
 to ?+s & to times & places4  ,no date1 
no position is insignificant1 if ! life 
t fills x out be only g5u9e3--  ,9      
solitude1 9 a remote village1 ! ard5t   
y\? loit]s & m\rns4 ,) inflam$ eye1 9   
?is sleep+ wild]ness1 he has read ! /ory
 ( ! ,emp]or1 ,*>les ! ,fif?1 until 8   
fancy has br\ght home to ! surr\nd+     
woods ! fa9t ro> ( cannonades 9 !       
,milanese1 & m>*es 9 ,g]many4  ,he is   
curi\s conc]n+ t man's day4  ,:at fill$ 
x8  ,! cr[d$ ord]s1 ! /]n decisions1 !  
=eign despat*es1 ! ,ca/ilian etiquette8 
,! s\l answ]s--,behold 8 day "h6  ,9 !  
sigh+ ( ^! woods1 9 ! quiet ( ^! gray   
fields1 9 ! cool breeze t s+s out ( ^!  
nor!rn m\nta9s2 9 ! workm51 ! boys1 !   
maid5s y meet1--9 ! hopes ( ! morn+1 !  
ennui ( noon1 & saunt]+ ( ! aft]noon2 9 
! disquiet+ comp>isons2 9 ! regrets at  
want ( vigor2 9 ! great idea & ! puny   
execution1--behold ,*>les ! ,fif?'s day2

 ano!r1 yet ! same2 behold ,*a?am's1    
,hampd5's1 ,bay>d's1 ,alfr$'s1          
,scipio's1 ,p]icles's day1--day ( all t 
are born ( wom54  ,! diff]5ce (         
circum/ance is m]ely co/ume4  ,i am ta/+
 ! self-same life1--its sweetness1 its  
greatness1 its pa91 :i* ,i s admire 9   
o!r m54  ,d n fooli%ly ask ( !          
inscrutable1 oblit]at$ pa/ :at x _c     
tell1--! details ( t nature1 ( t day1   
call$ ,byron or ,burke2--b ask x ( !    
envelop+ ,n[4 4 4 4  ,be "l ( a day1 & y
 c put up y\r hi/ory books4  ,! deep    
to-day :i* all m5 scorn1 receives ?us f 
,em]son sup]b rev9dication4  ,o!r _w6   
!re is no o!r _w4  ,all ,god's life op5s
 into ! individual p>ticul>1 & "h & n[1 
or n[h]e1 is reality4  ,! pres5t h\r is 
! decisive h\r1 & e day is doomsday4    
,su* a conviction t ,div9ity is ev]y:]e 
may easily make ( "o an optimi/ ( !     
s5tim5tal type t refuses to speak ill ( 
any?+4 ,em]son's dra/ic p]ception (     
diff]5ces kept him at ! opposite pole f 
?is weakness4  ,aft] y h se5 m5 a few   

times1 he c\ld say1 y f9d mo/ ( !m z    
alike z _! b>ns & pantries1 & soon z    
mu/y & z dre>y4  ,nev] 0 su* a fa/idi\s 
lov] ( significance & di/9ction1 & nev] 
an eye s ke5 = _! discov]y4  ,8 optimism
 _h no?+ 9 common ) t indiscrim9ate     
hurrah+ = ! ,univ]se ) :i* ,walt ,:itman
 has made u famili>4  ,= ,em]son1 !     
individual fact & mom5t 7 inde$ suffus$ 
) absolute radiance1 b x 0 ^u a         
condition t sav$ ! situation--!y mu/ be 
wor?y specim5s1--s9c]e1 au!ntic1        
ar*etypal2 !y mu/ h made connection )   
:at he calls ! ,moral ,s5tim5t1 !y mu/ 9
 "s way act z symbolic m\?pieces ( !    
,univ]se's mean+4  ,to "k j :i* ?+ does 
act 9 ?is way1 & :i* ?+ fails to make ! 
true connection1 is ! secret 7some:at   
incommunicable1 x mu/ be confess$7 (    
se]%ip1 & d\btless we mu/ n expect ( !  
se] too rigor\s a consi/5cy4  ,em]son   
himself 0 a real se]4  ,he c\ld p]ceive 
! full squalor ( ! individual fact1 b he
 c\ld also see ! transfiguration4  ,he  
might easily h f\nd himself say+ ( "s   

pres5t-day agitator aga9/ our ,philipp9e
 conque/ :at he said ( ?is or t re=m] ( 
8 own "t4  ,he might h call$ him1 z a   
private p]son1 a t$i\s bore & cant]4  ,b
 he w\ld infallibly h add$ :at he !n    
add$3 ,x is /range & horrible to say    
?is1 = ,i feel t "u him & 8 p>tiality & 
exclusiv5ess is ! e>? & ! sea1 & all t 9
 !m is1 & ! axis r\nd :i* ! ,univ]se    
revolves passes ?r\gh 8 body :]e he /&s4
  ,be x h[ x may1 !n1 ?is is ,em]son's  
revelation3--,! po9t ( any p5 c be an   
epitome ( reality2 ! commone/ p]son's   
act1 if g5u9ely actuat$1 c lay hold on  
et]nity4  ,?is vision is ! head-spr+ (  
all 8 outp\r+s2 & x is = ?is tru?1 giv5 
to no previ\s lit]>y arti/ to express 9 
su* p5etrat+ly p]suasive tones1 t       
po/]ity w reckon him a prophet1 &1      
p]haps neglect+ o!r pages1 pi\sly turn  
to ^? t convey ?is message4 ,8 life 0 "o
 long conv]sation ) ! invisible div9e1  
express+ itself ?r\gh individuals &     
p>ticul>s3--,s nigh is gr&eur to our    
du/1 s ne> is ,god to man6  ,i spoke (  

h[ %runk5 ! wrai?1 h[ ?9 ! e*o1 ( m5 is 
aft] !y are dep>t$8  ,em]son's wrai?    
comes to me n[ z if x 7 b ! v voice (   
?is victori\s argum5t4  ,8 words to ?is 
effect are c]ta9 to be quot$ & extract$ 
m & m z "t goes on1 & to take _! place  
among ! ,scriptures ( humanity4  ',ga9/ 
dea? & all oblivi\s enmity1 %all y pace 
=?1 belov$ ,ma/]4 ,z long z our ,engli% 
language la/s m5's he>ts w be *e]$ & _! 
s\ls /r5g!n$ & lib]at$ by ! noble &     
musical pages ) :i* y h enri*$ x4    #a 
,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,c5t5>y ( !   
,bir? ( ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son 9         
,concord1 ,may #be1 #aijc1 & pr9t$ 9 !  
publi%$ proce$+s ( t meet+4     ,,iii   
,,rob]t ,,g\ld ,,%aw#a  ,y\r ,excell5cy1
 y\r ,honor1 ,soldi]s1 & ,fri5ds3 ,9 ^! 
unveil+ ex]cises ! duty falls to me (   
express+ 9 simple words "s ( ! feel+s   
:i* h actuat$ ! giv]s ( ,/4 ,gaud5s'    
noble "w ( bronze1 & ( briefly recall+ !
 hi/ory ( ,rob]t ,%aw & ( 8 regim5t to !
 memory ( ?is possibly too =getful      
g5]ation4  ,! m5 :o d brave de$s are    

usually unconsci\s ( _! picturesqu5ess4 
,= two nights previ\s to ! assault ^u   
,=t ,wagn]1 ! ,fifty-f\r? ,massa*usetts 
,regim5t _h be5 afoot1 mak+ =c$ m>*es 9 
! ra92 & on ! day ( ! battle ! m5 _h _h 
no food s9ce e>ly morn+4  ,z !y lay !re 
9 ! ev5+ twilight1 hungry & wet1 aga9/ !
 cold s&s ( ,morris ,isl&1 ) ! sea-fog  
drift+ ov] !m1 _! eyes fix$ on ! huge   
bulk ( ! =tress loom+ d>kly ?ree-qu>t]s 
( a mile ahead aga9/ ! sky1 & _! he>ts  
beat+ 9 expectation ( ! ^w t 0 to br+ !m
 to _! feet & laun* !m on _! desp]ate   
*>ge1 nei!r (fic]s nor m5 c\ld h be5 9  
any holiday mood ( contemplation4  ,_m &
 diff]5t mu/ h be5 ! ?\ghts t came & w5t
 9 !m dur+ t h\r ( bodeful rev]ie2 b    
h[ev] free ! flights ( fancy ( "s ( !m  
may h be51 x is improbable t any "o :o  
lay !re _h s wild & :irl+ an imag9ation 
z to =esee 9 prophetic vision ?is morn+ 
( a future ,may1 :5 we1 ! p ( a ri*] & m
 spl5did ,bo/on1 ) mayor & gov]nor1 &   
troops f o!r ,/ates1 & e circum/ance (  
c]emony1 %\ld meet toge!r to celebrate  

_! conduct on t ev5+1 & d _! memory ?is 
conspicu\s honor4  ,h[1 inde$1 comes x t
 out ( all ! great engagem5ts ( ! w>1   
engagem5ts 9 _m ( :i* ! troops (        
,massa*usetts _h borne ! mo/ di/+ui%$   
"p1 ?is (fic]1 only a "y colonel1 ?is   
regim5t ( black m5 & its maid5          
battle1--a battle1 moreov]1 :i* 0       
lo/1--%\ld be pick$ out = su* unusual   
commemoration8  ,! hi/oric significance 
( an ev5t is measur$ nei!r by its       
mat]ial magnitude1 nor by its imm$iate  
success4  ,!rmopylae 0 a defeat2 b to ! 
,greek imag9ation1 ,leonidas & 8 few    
,sp>tans /ood = ! :ole wor? ( ,grecian  
life4  ,bunk] ,hill 0 a defeat2 b = our 
p1 ! fight ov] t brea/work has always   
seem$ to %[ z well z any victory t our  
=efa!rs 7 m5 ( a temp] n to be f9ally   
ov]come4  ,& s "h4  ,! w> = our ,union1 
) all ! con/itutional que/ions :i* x    
settl$1 & all ! milit>y lessons :i* x   
ga!r$ 91 has ?r\gh\t its dilatory l5g? b
 "o mean+ 9 ! eye ( hi/ory4  ,& n[h]e 0 
t mean+ bett] symboliz$ & embodi$ ?an 9 

! con/itution ( ?is fir/ ,nor!rn negro  
regim5t4  ,look at ! monum5t & read !   
/ory2--see ! m+l+ ( elem5ts :i* !       
sculptor's g5ius has br\ght s vividly   
be=e ! eye4 ,!re on foot g ! d>k        
outca/s1 s true to nature t "o c almo/  
he> !m brea?+ z !y m>*4  ,/ate aft]     
,/ate by its laws _h d5i$ !m to be human
 p]sons4  ,! ,s\!rn lead]s 9            
congressional debates1 insol5t 9 _!     
security1 lov$ mo/ to designate !m by ! 
contemptu\s collective epi!t ( ?is      
peculi> k9d ( prop]ty4  ,!re !y m>*1    
w>m-blood$ *ampions ( a bett] day = man4
  ,!re on horseback1 among !m1 9 8 v    
habit z he liv$1 sits ! blue-ey$ *ild ( 
=tune1 ^u ^: happy y\? e div9ity _h     
smil$4  ,onw>d !y move toge!r1 a s+le   
resolution k9dl$ 9 _! eyes1 & animat+ _!
 o!rwise s diff]5t frames4  ,! bronze t 
makes _! memory et]nal betrays ! v s\l &
 secret ( ^? awful ye>s4  ,s9ce !       
'?irties ! slav]y "q be5 ! only "q1 & by
 ! end ( 'fifties our l& lay sick & %ak+
 ) x l a travell] :o has ?r[n himself   

d[n at night beside a pe/il5tial swamp1 
& 9 ! morn+ f9ds ! fev] ?r\gh ! m>r[ ( 8
 bones4  ,only muzzle ! ,abolition      
fanatics1 said ! ,s\?1 & all w be well  
aga96  ,b ! ,abolitioni/s w\ld n be     
muzzl$1--!y 7 ! voice ( ! _w's          
consci5ce1 !y 7 a "p ( de/9y4 ,weak z !y
 71 !y drove ! ,s\? to madness4  ,e /ep 
%e takes 9 h] bl9dness1 said ,w5dell    
,phillips1 is "o m /ep t[>ds ru94  ,& :5
 ,s\? ,c>ol9a took ! f9al /ep 9 batt]+  
d[n ,=t ,sumt]1 x 0 ! fanatics ( slav]y 
!mselves :o call$ ^u _! idoliz$         
in/itution ru9 swift & complete4 ,:at   
law & reason 7 unable to accompli%1 _h  
n[ to be done by t unc]ta9 & dreadful   
disp5s] ( ,god's judgm5ts1 ,w>--,w>1 )  
its abom9ably casual1 inaccurate me?ods1
 de/roy+ good & bad toge!r1 b at la/    
able to hew a way out ( intol]able      
situations1 :5 ?r\gh man's delusion (   
p]v]sity e bett] way is block$4  ,our   
great we/]n republic _h f its orig9 be5 
a s+ul> anomaly4 ,a l& ( fre$om1        
boa/fully s-call$1 ) human slav]y       

en?ron$ at ! he>t ( x1 & at la/ dictat+ 
t]ms ( unconditional surr5d] to e o!r   
organ ( its life1 :at 0 x b a ?+ (      
falsehood & horrible self-contradiction8
  ,= ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury x _h        
nev]!less endur$1 kept toge!r by policy1
 compromise1 & concession4  ,b at ! la/ 
t republic 0 torn 9 two2 & tru? 0 to be 
possible "u ! flag4  ,tru?1 ?ank ,god1  
tru?6 ev5 ?\gh = ! mom5t x mu/ be tru?  
writt5 9 hell-fire4  ,& ?is1            
fell[-citiz5s1 is :y1 aft] ! great      
g5]als h _h _! monum5ts1 & long aft] !  
ab/ract soldi]'s-monum5ts h be5 re>$ on 
e village gre51 we h *os5 to take ,rob]t
 ,%aw & 8 regim5t z ! subjects ( ! fir/ 
soldi]'s-monum5t to be rais$ to a       
p>ticul> set ( comp>atively undi/+ui%$  
m54  ,! v lack ( ext]nal complication 9 
! hi/ory ( ^! soldi]s is :at makes !m   
repres5t ) su* typical purity ! pr(\nd] 
mean+ ( ! ,union cause4  ,our nation _h 
be5 f\nd$ 9 :at we may call our ,am]ican
 religion1 baptiz$ & re>$ 9 ! fai? t a  
man requires no ma/] to take c>e ( him1 

& t common p c "w out _! salvation well 
en\gh toge!r if left free to try4  ,b ! 
f\nd]s _h n d>$ to t\* ! great          
intractable exception2 & slav]y _h      
wr\ght until at la/ ! only alt]native = 
! nation 0 to fight or die4  ,:at ,%aw &
 8 comrades /& = & %[ u is t 9 su* an   
em]g5cy ,am]icans ( all complexions &   
conditions c g =? l bro!rs1 & meet dea? 
*e]fully if ne$ be1 9 ord] t ?is        
religion ( our native l& %all n become a
 failure on e>?4  ,we ( ?is ,commonweal?
 believe 9 t religion2 & x is n at all  
because ,rob]t ,%aw 0 an exceptional    
g5ius1 b simply because he 0 fai?ful to 
x z we all may hope to be fai?ful 9 our 
measure :5 ! times dem&1 t we wi% 8     
beautiful image to /& "h = all "t1 an   
incit] to simil>ly unselfi% public de$s4
  ,%aw ?\ght b little ( himself1 yet he 
_h a p]sonal *>m :i*1 z we look back on 
him1 makes u repeat3 ,none knew !e b to 
love !e1 none nam$ !e b to praise4  ,?is
 grace ( nature 0 unit$ 9 him 9 !       
happie/ way ) a filial he>t1 a *e]ful w1

 & a judgm5t t 0 true & fair4  ,& :5 !  
w> came1 & great ?+s 7 do+ ( ! k9d t he 
c\ld help 91 he w5t z a matt] ( c\rse to
 ! front4  ,:at c\ntry "u heav5 has n   
?\s&s ( su* y\?s to rejoice 91 y\?s on  
:om ! safety ( ! human race dep5ds8     
,:e!r or n !y leave memorials beh9d !m1 
:e!r _! names are writ 9 wat] or 9      
m>ble1 dep5ds mo/ly on ! opportunities  
:i* ! accid5ts ( hi/ory ?r[ into _! pa?4
  ,%aw recogniz$ ! vital opportunity3 he
 saw t ! "t _h come :5 ! color$ p mu/   
put ! c\ntry 9 _! debt4  ,colonel ,lee  
has j told u some?+ ab\t ! ob/acles )   
:i* ?is idea _h to cont5d4  ,= a l>ge   
p>ty ( u ?is 0 /ill exclusively a :ite  
man's w>2 & %\ld color$ troops be tri$ &
 n succe$1 confusion w\ld gr[ worse     
conf\nd$4  ,%aw 0 a capta9 9 !          
,massa*usetts ,second1 :5 ,gov]nor ,&rew
 invit$ him to take ! lead 9 ! exp]im5t4
  ,he 0 v mode/1 & d\bt$1 = a mom5t1 8  
own capacity = s responsible a po/4  ,we
 may also imag9e human motives :isp]+   
o!r d\bts4  ,%aw lov$ ! ,second         

,regim5t1 illu/ri\s already1 & 0 sure ( 
promotion :]e he /ood4  ,9 ?is new      
negro-soldi] v5ture1 lonel9ess 0 c]ta91 
ridicule inevitable1 failure possible2 &
 ,%aw 0 only tw5ty-five2 &1 al?\gh he _h
 /ood among ! bullets at ,c$> ,m\nta9 & 
,antietam1 he _h till !n be5 walk+      
socially on ! sunny side ( life4  ,b    
:atev] d\bts may h beset him1 !y 7 ov] 9
 a day1 = he incl9$ naturally t[>d      
difficult resolves4  ,he accept$ !      
pr(f]$ comm&1 & f t mom5t liv$ b = "o   
object1 to e/abli% ! honor ( !          
,massa*usetts ,fifty-f\r?4  ,i h _h !   
privilege ( read+ 8 lett]s to 8 family f
 ! day ( ,april :51 z a private 9 ! ,new
 ,york ,sev5?1 he obey$ ! ,presid5t's   
fir/ call4  ,"s day !y mu/ be publi%$1 =
 !y =m a v]itable poem = s]5ity &       
simplicity ( tone4  ,he took to camp    
life z if x 7 8 native elem5t1 & 7l s _m
 ( our "y soldi]s7 he 0 at fir/ all     
eag]ness to make arms 8 p]man5t         
pr(ession4  ,drill+ & discipl9+2        
int]m9able m>*+ & c\nt]-m>*+1 &         

picket-duty on ! ,upp] ,potomac z       
lieut5ant 9 our ,second ,regim5t1 to :i*
 po/ he _h soon be5 promot$2 pride at ! 
discipl9e atta9$ by ! ,second1 & horror 
at ! bad discipl9e ( o!r regim5ts2 ^!   
are ! /aple matt] ( e>li] lett]s1 & la/ 
= _m mon?s4  ,^!1 & occasional m        
recreative incid5ts1 visits to ,virg9ian
 h\ses1 ! read+ ( books l ,napi]'s      
,p59sul> ,w>1 or ! ,idylls ( ! ,k+1     
,?anksgiv+ feats1 & races among (fic]s1 
t help$ ! we>y weeks to glide away4  ,!n
 ! bloodi] bus9ess op5s1 & ! plot ?ick5s
 till ! end is rea*$4  ,f fir/ to la/   
!re is n a rancor\s ^w aga9/ !          
enemy1--(t5 q ! rev]se1--& amid all !   
sc5es ( h>d%ip1 dea?1 & deva/ation t 8  
p5 soon has to write (1 !re is unfail+  
*e]fulness & ev5 a sort ( inn]mo/ peace4
  ,aft] he left x1 ,rob]t ,%aw's he>t   
/ill clung to ! =tunes ( ! ,second4     
,mon?s lat] :51 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ) !      
,fifty-f\r?1 he writes to 8 "y wife3 ,i 
%\ld h be5 major ( ! ,second n[ if ,i _h
 rema9$ !re & liv$ ?r\gh ! battles4 ,z  

reg>ds my own pleasure1 ,i _h r h t     
place ?an any o!r 9 ! army4  ,x w\ld h  
be5 f9e to g home a field (fic] 9 t     
regim5t6  ,poor fell[s1 h[ !y h be5     
slaught]$6  ,mean:ile he _h well taught 
8 new comm& h[ to d _! duty2 = only ?ree
 days aft] he wrote ?is he l$ !m up !   
p>apet ( ,=t ,wagn]1 :]e he & ne>ly half
 ( !m 7 left ^u ! gr\nd4  ,rob]t ,%aw   
quickly inspir$ o!rs ) 8 own love (     
discipl9e4 ,!re 0 some?+ almo/ pa!tic 9 
! e>ne/ness ) :i* bo? ! (fic]s & m5 ( ! 
,fifty-f\r? embrac$ _! mission ( %[+ t a
 black regim5t c\ld excel 9 e virtue    
kn[n to man4 ,!y _h good success1 & !   
,fifty-f\r? became a model 9 all        
possible respects4  ,almo/ ! only trace 
( bitt]ness 9 ,%aw's :ole correspond5ce 
is ov] an incid5t 9 :i* he ?\ght 8 m5 _h
 be5 morally disgrac$4  ,x _h become _! 
duty1 imm$iately aft] _! arrival at !   
seat ( w>1 to p>ticipate1 9 ob$i5ce to  
fanatical ord]s f ! head ( ! dep>tm5t1 9
 ! sack & burn+ ( ! in(f5sive little t[n
 ( ,d>i5 on ! ,georgia coa/4  ,i fe>1 he

 writes to 8 wife1 t su* actions w hurt 
! reputation ( black troops & ( ^?      
connect$ ) !m4  ,= myself ,i h gone     
?r\gh ! w> s f> )\t di%onor1 & ,i d n l 
to deg5]ate into a plund]] & a robb]1--&
 ! same applies to e (fic] 9 my regim5t4
  ,aft] go+ ?r\gh ! h>d campaign+ & !   
h>d fight+ 9 ,virg9ia1 ?is makes me v   
mu* a%am$4 ,!re are two c\rses only = me
 to pursue3 to obey ord]s & say no?+2 or
 to refuse to g ^u any m su* exp$itions1
 & be put "u arre/ & probably           
c\rt-m>tiall$1 :i* is a v s]i\s ?+4     
,=tunately = ,%aw1 ! g5]al 9 comm& ( t  
dep>tm5t 0 almo/ imm$iately reliev$4    
,f\r weeks ( camp life & discipl9e on ! 
,sea ,isl&s1 & ! regim5t _h its baptism 
( fire4  ,a small affair1 b x prov$ ! m5
 to be /aun*4  ,%aw aga9 writes to 8    
wife3 ,y don't "k :at a =tunate day ?is 
has be5 = me & = u all1 except+ "s poor 
fell[s :o 7 kill$ & w\nd$4  ,we h f\ght 
at la/ alongside ( :ite troops4  ,two   
hundr$ ( my m5 on picket ?is morn+ 7    
attack$ by five regim5ts ( infantry1 "s 

cavalry1 & a batt]y ( artill]y4  ,! ,t5?
 ,connecticut 7 on _! left1 & say !y    
w\ld h _h a bad "t if ! ,fifty-f\r? m5  
_h n /ood s well4  ,! :ole division 0 "u
 arms 9 fifte5 m9utes1 & aft] com+ up   
close 9 front ( u1 ! enemy1 f9d+ u s    
/rong1 fell back4 4 4 4  ,g5]al ,t]ry   
s5t me ^w he 0 highly gratifi$ ) !      
behavior ( our m51 & ! (fic]s & privates
 ( o!r regim5ts praise u v mu*4  ,all   
?is is v gratify+ to u p]sonally1 & a   
f9e ?+ = ! color$ troops4  ,i "k ?is w  
give y pleasure = x wipes out !         
remembrance ( ! ,d>i5 affair1 :i* y c\ld
 n b grieve ov]1 ?\gh we 7 innoc5t      
p>ticipators4  ,! adjutant ( !          
,fifty-f\r?1 :o made report ( ?is       
skirmi% to ,g5]al ,t]ry1 well expresses 
! feel+s ( lonel9ess t /ill prevail$ 9 t
 comm&3--  ,! g5]al's favorite regim5t1 
writes ! adjutant1#b ! ,tw5ty-f\r?      
,massa*usetts ,infantry1 "o ( ! be/ t _h
 s f> fac$ ! rebel foe1 l>gely (fic]$ by
 ,bo/on m51 0 surr\nd+ 8 headqu>t]s4  ,x
 _h be5 a liv+ brea?+ suspicion )       

u--p]haps n altoge!r ju/ly--t all :ite  
troops abhorr$ our pres5ce 9 ! army1 & t
 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? w\ld r he> ( u 9 "s      
remote corn] ( ! ,conf$]acy ?an tol]ate 
u 9 advance ( any battle 9 :i* !y       
!mselves 7 to act z res]ves or          
look]s-on4  ,c y n !n readily imag9e !  
pleasure :i* ,i felt z ,i alight$ f my  
horse be=e ,g5]al ,t]ry & 8 /aff--,i 0  
go+ to say 8 unfri5dly /aff1 b ( ?is ,i 
am n sure--to report to him1 ) ,colonel 
,%aw's complim5ts1 t we _h repuls$ !    
enemy )\t ! loss ( a s+le in* ( gr\nd4  
,g5]al ,t]ry bade me m\nt aga9 & tell   
,colonel ,%aw t he 0 pr\d ( ! conduct ( 
8 m51 & t he mu/ /ill hold ! gr\nd aga9/
 any future sortie ( ! enemy4  ,y c ev5 
n[ %>e ) me ! s5sation ( t mom5t (      
soldi]ly satisfaction4  ,! next night b 
"o aft] ?is episode 0 sp5t by !         
,fifty-f\r? 9 disemb>k+ on ,morris ,isl&
 9 ! ra91 & at noon ,colonel ,%aw 0 able
 to report _! arrival to ,g5]al ,/rong1 
to ^: brigade he 0 assign$4  ,a t]rific 
bomb>dm5t 0 play+ on ,=t ,wagn]1 !n !   

mo/ =midable e>?work ev] built1 & !     
g5]al1 kn[+ ,%aw's desire to place 8 m5 
beside :ite troops1 said to him3        
,colonel1 ,=t ,wagn] is to be /orm$ ?is 
ev5+1 & y may lead ! column1 if y say   
,yes4  ,y\r m51 ,i "k1 are worn out1 b d
 z y *oose4  ,%aw's face bright5$4      
,be=e answ]+ ! g5]al1 he in/antly turn$ 
to me1 writes ! adjutant1 :o reports !  
int]view1 & said1 ,tell ,colonel        
,hall[ell to br+ up ! ,fifty-f\r?       
imm$iately4'  ,?is 0 done1 & j be=e     
nightfall ! attack 0 made4  ,%aw 0      
s]i\s1 = he knew ! assault 0 desp]ate1 &
 _h a premonition ( 8 end4  ,walk+ up & 
d[n 9 front ( ! regim5t1 he briefly     
exhort$ !m to prove t !y 7 m54  ,!n he  
gave ! ord]3 ,move 9 quick "t till )9 a 
hundr$ y>ds1 !n d\ble quick & *>ge4     
,=w>d6 & ! ,fifty-f\r? advanc$ to !     
/orm+1 its colonel & colors at its head4
  ,on ov] ! s&1 ?r\gh a n>r[ defile :i* 
broke up ! =mation1 d\ble quick ov] !   
*evaux de frise1 into ! dit* & ov] x1 z 
be/ !y c\ld1 & up ! ramp>t ) ,=t ,sumt]1

 :i* _h se5 !m1 play+ on !m1 & ,=t      
,wagn]1 n[ "o mighty m\nd ( fire1 te>+  
out _! lives4  ,%aw l$ f fir/ to la/4   
,ga9+ successfully ! p>apet1 he /ood !re
 = a mom5t ) uplift$ sword1 %\t+1 ,=w>d1
 ,fifty-f\r?6 & !n fell headlong1 ) a   
bullet ?r\gh 8 he>t4  ,! battle rag$ =  
nigh two h\rs4 ,regim5t aft] regim5t1   
foll[+ ^u ! ,fifty-f\r?1 hurl$ !mselves 
^u its ramp>ts1 b ,=t ,wagn] 0 nobly    
def5d$1 & = t night /ood safe4  ,!      
,fifty-f\r? )drew aft] two-?irds ( its  
(fic]s & five-twelf?s or ne>ly half its 
m5 _h be5 %ot d[n or bayonet$ )9 !      
=tress or be=e its walls4  ,x 0 good    
behavior = a regim5t1 no "o ( ^: soldi]s
 _h _h a musket 9 8 h&s m ?an eighte5   
weeks1 & :i* _h se5 ! enemy = ! fir/ "t 
only two days be=e4  ,! negroes f\ght   
gallantly1 wrote a ,conf$]ate (fic]1 & 7
 head$ by z brave a colonel z ev] liv$4 
,z = ! colonel1 n a drum 0 he>d nor a   
fun]al note1 n a soldi] dis*>g$ 8       
f>ewell %ot1 :5 ! ,conf$]ates buri$ him1
 ! morn+ aft] ! engagem5t4  ,8 body1    

half /ripp$ ( its clo?+1 & ! corpses ( 8
 dauntless negroes 7 flung into "o      
common tr5* toge!r1 & ! s& 0 %ovell$ ov]
 !m1 )\t a /ake or /one to signalize !  
spot4  ,9 dea? z 9 life1 !n1 !          
,fifty-f\r? bore witness to ! bro!rhood 
( man4  ,! lov] ( h]oic hi/ory c\ld wi% 
= no m fitt+ sepul*re = ,%aw's          
magnanim\s "y he>t4  ,!re let 8 body    
re/1 unit$ ) ! =ms ( 8 brave nameless   
comrades4  ,!re let ! breezes ( !       
,atlantic sigh1 & its gales ro> _!      
requiem1 :ile ?is bronze effigy & ^!    
inscriptions keep _! fame alive long    
aft] y & ,i & all :o meet "h are =gott54
  ,h[ soon1 inde$1 are human ?+s =gott56
  ,z we meet "h ?is morn+1 ! ,s\!rn sun 
is %9+ on _! place ( burial1 & ! waves  
sp>kl+ & ! sea-gulls circl+ ar\nd ,=t   
,wagn]'s anci5t site4  ,b ! great       
e>?works & _! ?und]+ cannon1 ! comm&]s &
 _! foll[]s1 ! wild assault & repulse t 
= a brief space made night hide\s on t  
f>-(f ev5+1 h all sunk into ! blue gulf 
( ! pa/1 & = ! majority ( ?is g5]ation  

are h>dly m ?an an ab/ract "n1 a        
picture1 a tale t is told4 ,only :5 "s  
yell[-blea*$ photograph ( a soldi] ( !  
'sixties comes into our h&s1 ) t odd &  
vivid look ( individuality due to !     
mom5t :5 x 0 tak51 d we realize !       
concret5ess ( t by-gone hi/ory1 & feel  
h[ int]m9able to ! actors 9 !m 7 ^?     
lead5-foot$ h\rs & ye>s4  ,! photographs
 !mselves erelong w fade utt]ly1 & books
 ( hi/ory & monum5ts l ?is alone w tell 
! tale4  ,! great w> = ! ,union w be l !
 siege ( ,troy2 x w h tak5 its place    
among/ all o!r old1 unhappy1 f>-(f ?+s &
 battles long ago4  ,9 all su* ev5ts two
 ?+s mu/ be di/+ui%$--! moral s]vice (  
!m f ! =titude :i* !y display4  ,w> has 
be5 mu* prais$ & celebrat$ among u (    
late z a s*ool ( manly virtue2 b x is   
easy to exagg]ate ^u ?is po9t4  ,ages   
ago1 w> 0 ! gory cradle ( mank9d1 !     
grim-featur$ nurse t alone c\ld tra9 our
 savage prog5itors into "s semblance (  
social virtue1 tea* !m to be fai?ful "o 
to ano!r1 & =ce !m to s9k _! selfi%ness 

9 wid] tribal ends4  ,w> /ill excels 9  
?is pr]ogative2 & :e!r x be paid 9 ye>s 
( s]vice1 9 treasure1 or 9 life-blood1 !
 w> tax is /ill ! only tax t m5         
ungrudg+ly w pay4  ,h[ c\ld x be        
o!rwise1 :5 ! survivors ( "o successful 
massacre aft] ano!r are ! be+s f ^: lo9s
 we & all our contempor>y races spr+8   
,man is once = all a fight+ animal2     
c5turies ( peaceful hi/ory c\ld n bre$ !
 battle-in/9ct out ( u2 & our pugnacity 
is ! virtue lea/ 9 ne$ ( re9=cem5t by   
reflection1 lea/ 9 ne$ ( orator's or    
poet's help4  ,:at we really ne$ !      
poet's & orator's help to keep alive 9 u
 is n1 !n1 ! common & greg>i\s c\rage   
:i* ,rob]t ,%aw %[$ :5 he m>*$ ) y1 m5 (
 ! ,sev5? ,regim5t4  ,x is t m lonely   
c\rage :i* he %[$ :5 he dropp$ 8 w>m    
commission 9 ! glori\s ,second to head  
y\r dubi\s =tunes1 negroes ( !          
,fifty-f\r?4  ,t lonely k9d ( c\rage    
7civic c\rage z we call x 9 times (     
peace7 is ! k9d ( valor to :i* !        
monum5ts ( nations %\ld mo/ ( all be    

re>$1 = ! survival ( ! fitte/ has n br$ 
x into ! bone ( human be+s z x has br$  
milit>y valor2 & ( five hundr$ ( u :o   
c\ld /orm a batt]y side by side ) o!rs1 
p]haps n "o w\ld be f\nd ready to risk 8
 worldly =tunes all alone 9 resi/+ an   
en?ron$ abuse4  ,! deadlie/ enemies (   
nations are n _! =eign foes2 !y always  
dwell )9 _! bord]s4  ,& f ^! int]nal    
enemies civilization is always 9 ne$ (  
be+ sav$4  ,! nation ble/ above all     
nations is %e 9 :om ! civic g5ius ( ! p 
does ! sav+ day by day1 by acts )\t     
ext]nal picturesqu5ess2 by speak+1      
writ+1 vot+ reasonably2 by smit+        
corruption swiftly2 by good temp] betwe5
 p>ties2 by ! p kn[+ true m5 :5 !y see  
!m1 & pref]r+ !m z lead]s to rabid      
p>tisans or empty quacks4  ,su* nations 
h no ne$ ( w>s to save !m4  ,_! acc\nts 
) righte\sness are always ev52 & ,god's 
judgm5ts d n h to ov]take !m fitfully 9 
bloody spasms & convulsions ( ! race4   
,! lesson t our w> ought mo/ ( all to   
tea* u is ! lesson t evils mu/ be *eck$ 

9 "t1 be=e !y gr[ s great4  ,! ,almighty
 _c love su* long-po/pon$ acc\nts1 or   
su* trem5d\s settlem5ts4  ,& surely ,he 
hates all settlem5ts t d su* quantities 
( incid5tal devils' "w4  ,our pres5t    
situation1 ) its rancors & delusions1   
:at is x b ! direct outcome ( ! add$    
p[]s ( gov]nm5t1 ! corruptions &        
inflations ( ! w>8  ,e w> leaves su*    
mis]able legacies1 fatal se$s ( future  
w> & revolution1 unless ! civic virtues 
( ! p save ! ,/ate 9 "t4  ,rob]t ,%aw _h
 bo? k9ds ( virtue4  ,z he !n l$ 8      
regim5t aga9/ ,=t ,wagn]1 s surely w\ld 
he n[ be lead+ u aga9/ all less] p[]s ( 
d>kness1 _h 8 sweet "y life be5 sp>$4   
,y ?9k ( _m z ,i speak ( "o4  ,=1 ,nor? 
& ,s\?1 h[ _m lives z sweet1 unmonum5t$ 
= ! mo/ "p1 commemorat$ solely 9 ! he>ts
 ( m\rn+ mo!rs1 wid[$ brides1 or fri5ds 
did ! inexorable w> m[ d[n6  ,in/ead ( !
 full ye>s ( natural s]vice f s _m ( h] 
*ildr51 our c\ntry c\nts b _! poor      
memories1 ! t5d] grace ( a day t is     
dead1 l+]+ l e*oes ( pa/ music on !     

vacant air4  ,b s & s only 0 x writt5 t 
%e %\ld gr[ s\nd aga94 ,f t fatal e>li] 
uns\ndness ^? lives h br\ght = ,nor? &  
,s\? toge!r p]man5t release4  ,! w>f>e  
is accompli%$2 ! iniquity is p>don$4    
,no future problem c be l t problem4    
,no task laid on our *ildr5 c comp>e 9  
difficulty ) ! task ) :i* _! fa!rs _h to
 deal4  ,yet z we face ! future1 tasks  
en\gh await u4  ,! republic to :i*      
,rob]t ,%aw & a qu>t] ( a million l him 
7 fai?ful unto dea? is no republic t c  
live at ease h]eaft] on ! int]e/ ( :at  
!y h won4  ,democracy is /ill ^u its    
trial4  ,! civic g5ius ( our p is its   
only bulw>k1 & nei!r laws nor monum5ts1 
nei!r battle%ips nor public libr>ies1   
nor great newspap]s nor boom+ /ocks2    
nei!r me*anical inv5tion nor political  
adroitness1 nor *ur*es nor univ]sities  
nor civil s]vice exam9ations c save u f 
deg5]ation if ! inn] my/]y be lo/4  ,t  
my/]y1 z once ! secret & ! glory ( our  
,engli%-speak+ race1 consi/s 9 no?+ b   
two common habits1 two invet]ate habits 

c>ri$ into public life1--habits s homely
 t !y l5d !mselves to no rhetorical     
expression1 yet habits m preci\s1       
p]haps1 ?an any t ! human race has ga9$4
  ,!y c nev] be too (t5 po9t$ out or    
prais$4  ,"o ( !m is ! habit ( tra9$ &  
discipl9$ good temp] t[>ds ! opposite   
p>ty :5 x fairly w9s its inn+s4  ,x 0 by
 break+ away f ?is habit t ! ,slave     
,/ates ne>ly wreck$ our ,nation4  ,! o!r
 is t ( fi]ce & m]ciless res5tm5t t[>d e
 man or set ( m5 :o break ! public      
peace4  ,by hold+ to ?is habit ! free   
,/ates sav$ h] life4  ,o my c\ntrym51   
,s\!rn & ,nor!rn1 bro!rs h]eaft]1 ma/]s1
 slaves1 & enemies no m1 let u see to x 
t bo? ( ^? heirlooms are pres]v$4  ,s   
may our ransom$ c\ntry1 l ! city ( !    
promise1 lie =ev] f\rsqu>e "u ,heav51 & 
! ways ( all ! nations be lit up by its 
light4    #a ,oration at ! ,ex]cises 9 !
 ,bo/on ,music ,hall1 ,may #ca1 #ahig1  
^u ! ,unveil+ ( ! ,%aw ,monum5t4  #b ,g4
 ,w4 ,james3 ,! ,assault ^u ,=t ,wagn]1 
9 ,w> ,pap]s read be=e ! ,comm&]y ( !   

,/ate ( ,wiscons91 ,milit>y ,ord] ( !   
,loyal ,legion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4       
,milwaukee1 #ahia4     ,,iv  ,,francis  
,,boott#a  ,h[ (t5 does x happ5 "h 9    
,new ,engl& t we come away f a fun]al ) 
a feel+ t ! s]vice has be5 insuffici5t4 
,if x be purely ritual1 ! individuality 
( ! dep>t$ fri5d seems to play too small
 a "p 9 x4  ,if ! m9i/] conducts x 9 8  
own fa%ion1 x is apt to be too ?9 &     
monoton\s1 & if he 7 n an intimate      
fri5d1 too remote & (ficial4  ,we miss  
direct disc\rse ( simple human affection
 ab\t ! p]son1 :i* we f9d s (t5 9 ^? lay
 spee*es at ! grave ( :i* 9 ,france !y  
set u n[adays s _m good examples4  ,9 ! 
case ( ! fri5d ^: memory br+s u toge!r  
on ! pres5t occasion1 x 0 easy to       
organize ?is supplem5t>y s]vice4  ,n    
ev]yone leaves musical compositions ( 8 
own to fill ! h\r )4  ,& if we may      
believe t spirits c "k aught ( :at      
transpires 9 ! _w :i* !y h =sak51 x mu/ 
please u all to ?9k h[ de> old ,francis 
,boott's %ade mu/ n[ be t\*$ at see+ 9 !

 ,*apel ( ?is univ]sity to :i* 8 feel+s 
clung s loyally1 8 music & 8 life at la/
 become ! subjects ( cordial & admir+   
recognition & commemorat$ by s _m ( 8   
neighbors4  ,i c imag9e no?+ at any rate
 ( :i* ! =ekn[l$ge c\ld h giv5 him deep]
 satisfaction4  ,%y & s5sitive1 crav+   
praise z e normal human be+ craves x1   
yet gett+ little1 he _h1 ,i ?9k1 a c]ta9
 consci\sness ( liv+ 9 ! %ad[4  ,i      
greatly d\bt :e!r 8 daydreams ev] w5t s 
f> z to let him imag9e a s]vice l ?is4  
,su* a cordial & spontane\s outgo+ t[>ds
 him on our "p w\ld surprise z mu* z x  
w\ld delight him4  ,8 life 0 private 9 !
 /ronge/ s5se ( ! t]m4  ,8 contributions
 to lit]ature 7 all anonym\s1           
book-reviews *iefly1 or lett]s &        
p>agraphs 9 ! ,new ,york ,nation on     
musical or lit]>y topics4  ,good z 0 _! 
quality1 & witty z 0 _! =m1--8 only     
indep5d5t volume 0 an almo/ incr$ibly   
witty little book ( *>ades 9 v]se--!y 7 
too slight 9 bulk = commemoration2 & x 0
 only z a musical compos] t he t\*$ on  

any really public function4  ,) s _m ( 8
 compositions s\nd+ 9 y\r e>s1 x w\ld be
 out ( place1 ev5 7 ,i qualifi$1 to     
attempt to *>act]ize ,mr4 ,boott's      
musical g5ius4  ,let x speak = itself4  
,i pref] to speak ( ! man & fri5d :om we
 knew & :om s _m ( u lov$ s de>ly4  ,"o 
( ! usual classifications ( m5 is into  
^? ( expansive & ^? ( cons]vative temp]4
  ,! ^w cons]vative commonly sugge/s a  
dose ( religi\s & political prejudice1 &
 a fondness = traditional op9ions4  ,mr4
 ,boott 0 a lib]al 9 politics & !ology2 
& all 8 op9ions 7 self-made1 & z (t5 z n
 at v>iance ) e tradition4  ,yet 9 a    
wid] s5se he 0 pr(\ndly cons]vative4    
,he respect$ b\nds ( ord9ance1 &        
emphasiz$ ! fact ( limits4 ,he knew well
 8 own limits4  ,! k ( !m 0 9 fact "o ( 
! ?+s he liv$ by4  ,to judge ( ab/ract  
philosophy1 ( sculpture & pa9t+1 ( c]ta9
 l9es ( lit]>y art1 he admitt$1 0 n ( 8 
compet5cy4  ,b )9 ! sph]e :]e he ?\ght  
he _h a "r to judge1 he p>t$ 8 likes f 8
 dislikes & pres]v$ 8 pref]5ces ) a     

pa!tic /eadfa/ness4  ,he 0 fai?ful 9 age
 to ! lights t lit 8 y\?1 & obey$ at eve
 ! voice obey$ at prime1 ) a consi/5cy  
mo/ unusual4  ,else:]e ! op9ions ( o!rs 
might p]plex him1 b he laugh$ & let !m  
live4  ,)9 8 own appropriat$ sph]e he 0 
too scrupul\s a lov] ( ! tru? n to essay
 to correct !m1 :5 he ?\ght !m errone\s4
  ,a c]ta9 appe>ance comes 9 "h ( a     
self-contradictory "*1 = ,mr4 ,boott 0  
prim>ily mode/ & s5sitive1 & all 8      
int]e/s & pre-occupations 7 ) life's    
ref9em5ts & delicacies4  ,yet "o's m9d  
always pictur$ him z a rugg$ sort (     
p]son1 oppos+ successful resi/ance to   
all influ5ces t might seek to *ange 8   
habits ei!r ( feel+ or ( action4  ,8    
admirable heal?1 8 sob] life1 8 regul>  
walk twice a day1 :atev] might be !     
wea!r1 8 inv>iable ev5ness ( mood &     
op9ion1 s t1 :5 y once knew 8 range1 he 
nev] disappo9t$ y--all ?is 0 at v>iance 
) popul> notions ( ! arti/ic temp]am5t4 
,he 0 inde$1 a man ( reason1 no romanc]1
 s5tim5tali/ or dream]1 9 spite ( ! fact

 t 8 ma9 int]e/s 7 ) ! muses4  ,he 0    
exact & accurate2 affectionate1 inde$1 &
 sociable1 b nei!r greg>i\s nor         
demon/rative2 & su* words z hone/1      
/urdy1 fai?ful1 are ! adjectives fir/ to
 rise :5 "o ?9ks ( him4  ,a fri5d said  
to me soon aft] 8 dea?3 ,i seem /ill to 
see ,mr4 ,boott1 ) 8 two feet plant$ on 
! gr\nd1 & 8 cane 9 front ( him1 mak+ ( 
himself a sort ( tripod ( hone/y &      
v]acity4  ,old age *anges m5 9 diff]5t  
ways4  ,"s x s(t5s2 "s x h>d5s2 "s x    
deg5]ates2 "s x alt]s4  ,our old fri5d  
,boott 0 id5tical 9 spiritual ess5ce all
 8 life1 & ! effect ( 8 gr[+ old 0 n to 
alt]1 b only to make ! same man mell[]1 
m tol]ant1 m lovable4  ,sadd] he 01 ,i  
?9k1 = 8 life _h gr[n pretty lonely2 b  
he 0 a /oic & he nev] compla9$ ei!r (   
losses or ( ye>s1 & t contagi\s laugh ( 
8 at any & e pretext = laught] rang z   
free & true ^u 8 dea?b$ z at any previ\s
 "t ( 8 exi/5ce4  ,born 9 #ahac1 he _h  
liv$ ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations1 & se5 enorm\s
 social & public *anges4  ,:5 a c>p5t]  

has a surface to measure1 he slides 8   
rule along x1 & ov] all its             
peculi>ities4  ,i sometimes ?9k ( ,boott
 z su* a /&>d rule aga9/ :i* ! *ang+    
fa%ions ( humanity ( ! la/ c5tury might 
come to measurem5t4  ,a "* z heal?y &   
def9ite z 81 ( :atsoev] type x be1 ne$  
only rema9 entirely true to itself = a  
suffici5t numb] ( ye>s1 :ile ! out]     
conditions *ange1 to gr[ into some?+ l a
 common measure4  ,comp>$ ) its repose &
 p]man5t fitness to cont9ue1 ! *anges ( 
! g5]ations seem ephem]al & accid5tal4  
,x rema9s ! /&>d1 ! rule1 ! t]m (       
comp>ison4  ,mr4 ,boott's y\ng] fri5ds  
mu/ (t5 h felt 9 8 pres5ce h[ mu* m     
vitally ne> !y 7 ?an !y _h suppos$ to ! 
old ,bo/on long be=e ! w>1 to ! old]    
,h>v>d1 to ! old] ,rome & ,flor5ce4  ,to
 gr[ old aft] 8 mann] is ( itself to gr[
 important4  ,i said t ,mr4 ,boott 0 n  
demon/rative or s5tim5tal4 ,t5d]-he>t$  
he 0 & fai?ful z few m5 are1 9 fri5d%ip4
  ,he made new fri5ds1 & de> ones1 9 ! v
 la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 & x is good to ?9k (

 him z hav+ _h t consolation4  ,! w 9   
:i* he surpris$ s _m p]sons by rememb]+ 
!m--"o ( ! only purely beautiful wills  
,i h ev] read1 said a lawy]1--%[$ h[ mu*
 he c>$ at he>t = _m ( u to :om he _h   
r>ely made express pr(essions (         
affection4  ,good-by1 !n1 old fri5d4    
,we %all nev]more meet ! upright figure1
 ! blue eye1 ! he>ty laugh1 ^u ^!       
,cambridge /reets4  ,b 9 t wid] _w ( be+
 ( :i* ?is little ,cambridge _w ( ours  
=ms s inf9itesimal a "p1 we may be sure 
t all our spirits & _! missions "h w    
cont9ue 9 "s way to be repres5t$1 & t   
anci5t human loves w nev] lose _! own4  
#a ,an address deliv]$ at ! ,memorial   
,s]vice to ,francis ,boott 9 ! ,h>v>d   
,*apel1 ,sunday1 ,may #h1 #aijd4  ,pr9t$
 9 #ch ,h>v>d ,mon?ly1 #abe4     ,v     
,,?omas ,,davidson3 ,a ,,knight-,,errant
 ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,life4#a  ,i   
wi% to pay my tribute to ! memory ( a   
,scotti%-,am]ican fri5d ( m9e :o di$    
five ye>s ago1 a man ( a "*             
extraord9>ily & int5sely human1 9 spite 

( ! fact t he 0 class$ by obitu>y       
articles 9 ,engl& among ! twelve mo/    
le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t4  ,x w\ld d no honor to 
,?omas ,davidson's memory n to be frank 
ab\t him4  ,he h&l$ p )\t gloves1       
himself1 & "o has no "r to ret\* 8      
photograph until its features are s(t5$ 
into insipidity4  ,he _h defects &      
excesses :i* he wore ^u 8 sleeve1 s t   
ev]yone c\ld see !m4  ,!y made him _m   
enemies1 & if "o lik$ qu>rell+ he 0 an  
easy man to qu>rel )4  ,b 8 he>t & m9d  
held treasures ( ! r>e/4  ,he _h a g5ius
 = fri5d%ip4  ,money1 place1 fa%ion1    
fame1 & o!r vulg> idols ( ! tribe _h no 
hold on 8 imag9ation4  ,he l$ 8 own life
 absolutely1 9 :atev] company he f\nd   
himself1 & ! int5se individualism :i* he
 taught by ^w & de$1 is ! lesson ( :i*  
our g5]ation is p]haps mo/ 9 ne$4  ,all 
sorts ( contr>y adjectives come up z ,i 
?9k ( him4  ,to beg9 )1 !re 0 some?+    
physically ru/ic :i* sugge/$ to ! end 8 
f>m-boy orig94  ,8 voice 0 sweet & its  
,scotti% cad5ces mo/ musical1 & !       

extraord9>y sociability ( 8 nature made 
fri5ds = him z mu* among wom5 z among   
m52 he _h1 moreov]1 a sort ( physical   
dignity2 b nei!r 9 dress nor 9 mann] did
 he ev] gr[ q g5tlemanly or ,salonfhig 9
 ! conv5tional & oblit]at$ s5se ( !     
t]ms4  ,he 0 too cordial & emphatic = t4
  ,8 broad br[1 8 big *e/1 8 bright blue
 eyes1 8 volubility 9 talk & laught]    
told a tale ( vitality f> beyond !      
common2 b 8 f9e & n]v\s h&s1 & !        
vivacity ( all 8 reactions sugge/$ a    
degree ( s5sibility t "o r>ely f9ds     
conjo9$ ) s robu/ly animal a frame4  ,! 
great peculi>ity ( ,davidson did inde$  
consi/ 9 ?is comb9ation ( ! acute/      
s5sibilities ) massive faculties ( ?\ght
 & action1 a comb9ation :i*1 :5 ! ?\ght 
& actions are important1 gives to ! _w  
its greate/ m54  ,davidson's native mood
 0 happy4  ,he took optimi/ic views (   
life & ( 8 own %>e 9 x4  ,a sort (      
p]man5t satisfaction radiat$ f 8 face2 &
 ?is expression ( inw>d glory 7:i* 9    
reality 0 to a l>ge ext5t /ructural & n 

expressive at all7 0 displeas+ to _m new
 acqua9tances on :om x made an          
impression ( too mu* conceit4  ,!       
impression ( conceit 0 n dim9i%$ 9 _!   
eyes by ! fre$om ) :i* ,davidson        
contradict$1 correct$ & repreh5d$ o!r p4
  ,a long] acqua9tance inv>iably dim9i%$
 ! impression4  ,b x mu/ be confess$ t  
,t4 ,d4 nev] 0 exactly humble-m9d$1 & t 
! solidity ( 8 self-consci\sness )/ood  
/ra9s "u :i* t ( weak] m5 w\ld h        
crumbl$4 ,! malady :i* f9ally kill$ him 
0 "o ( ! mo/ exhau/+ to ! n]v\s tone to 
:i* our fle% is subject1 & x wore him   
out be=e x end$ him4  ,he told me ( !   
p>oxysms ( motiveless n]v\s dread :i*   
us$ to beset him 9 ! night-wat*es4  ,yet
 ^! nev] subdu$ 8 /alw>tness1 nor made  
him a sick-s\l 9 ! !ological s5se ( t   
appelation4  ,god is afraid ( me1 0 !   
phrase by :i* he describ$ 8 well-be+ to 
me "o morn+ :5 8 night _h be5 a good "o1
 & he 0 feel+ s cannibali/ic t he ?\ght 
he might get well4  ,!re are m5 ^:      
attitude is always t ( seek+ = tru?1 &  

m5 :o on ! contr>y always believe t !y h
 ! root ( x already 9 !m4  ,davidson 0 (
 ! latt] class4  ,l 8 c\ntrym51 ,c>lyle 
& ,rusk91 he felt himself to be 9 !     
possession ( some?+1 :e!r articulate or 
z yet articulat$ by himself1 t au?oriz$ 
him 7& au?oriz$ him ) uncommon op5ness &
 frequ5cy7 to condemn ! errors ( o!rs4  
,i ?9k t to ! la/ he nev] fully         
extricat$ ?is philosophy4  ,x 0 a       
t5d5cy1 a fai? 9 a direction1 :i* gave  
him an active p]suasion t o!r directions
 7 false1 b ( :i* ! c5tral insight nev] 
got fully =mulat$1 b rema9$ 9 a /ate :i*
 ,fr$]ic ,my]s w\ld h call$ sublim9al4  
,he v>i$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 8 wat*words & 
8 h]oes4  ,:5 ,i fir/ knew him all 0    
,ari/otle4  ,lat] all 0 ,rosm9i4  ,lat] 
/ill ,rosm9i seem$ =gott54  ,he knew s  
_m writ]s t he grew fond ( v v>i\s ones 
& _h a /range tol]ance = sy/ematiz]s &  
dogmatiz]s :om1 z ! consi/5t            
individuali/ t he 01 he %\ld h dislik$4 
,hegel1 x is true1 he dete/$2 b he      
always spoke ) rev]5ce ( ,kant4  ,(     

,mill & ,sp5c] he _h a l[ op9ion2 & :5  
,i l5t him ,pauls5's ,introduction to   
,philosophy 7!n j out71 z an example ( a
 k9d ( eclectic ?\ght t seem$ to be     
gr[+1 & ) :i* ,i l>gely sympa?iz$1 he   
return$ x ) ri*] expressions ( disda9   
?an (t5 fell ev5 f 8 lips3 ,x's !       
%abbie/1 se$ie/ pret5ce at a philosophy 
,i ev] dream$ ( z possible4  ,x's l a   
man dress$ 9 a black coat s ?readb>e z  
to be all %9y4  ,! mo/ pov]ty-/rick51   
out-at-elb[s ?+ ,i ev] read4  ,a p]fect 
monum5t ( se$9ess & %abb9ess1 etc4  ,!  
tru? is t ,davidson1 br\ght up on ! old]
 classical traditions1 nev] outgrew ^?  
habits ( judg+ ! _w by purely ae/hetic  
crit]ia :i* m5 f$ on ! sci5ces ( nature 
are s will+ to ab&on4  ,ev5 if a        
philosophy 7 true1 he c\ld easily fail  
to reli% x unless x %[$ a c]ta9 =mal    
nobility & dogmatic pret5sion to        
f9ality4  ,b ,i mu/ n describe him s mu*
 f my own pr(essional po9t ( view--x is 
z a vessel ( life at l>ge t "o ought to 
keep him 9 remembrance4  ,he came to    

,bo/on f ,/4 ,l\is1 :]e he _h be5 tea*+1
 ab\t ! ye> #ahgc4  ,he 0 ruddy &       
radiant1 & ,i soon saw mu* ( him1 ?\gh  
at fir/ x 0 )\t ! ?or\ghness ( sympa?y  
:i* we aft]w>ds acquir$ & :i* made u    
ov]fl[1 on meet+ aft] long abs5ces1 into
 su* laugh+ greet+s z3 ,ha6 y old ?ief6 
,ha6 y old blackgu>d6--pure             
contra/-effects ( affection & famili>ity
 pass+ beyond _! b\nds4  ,at t "t ,i saw
 mo/ ( him at a little philosophical    
club :i* us$ to meet e =tnight at 8     
rooms 9 ,temple ,/reet 9 ,bo/on4  ,( !  
o!r memb]s1 ,j4 ,elliot ,cabot & ,c4 ,c4
 ,ev]ett1 are n[ dead--,i w n "n !      
survivors4 ,we nev] work$ out h>moni\s  
conclusions4  ,davidson us$ to crack !  
:ip ( ,ari/otle ov] u2 & ,i rememb] t1  
:atev] topic 0 =mally appo9t$ = ! day1  
we inv>iably w\nd up ) a qu>rel ab\t    
,space & ,space-p]ception4  ,! ,club _h 
exi/$ be=e ,davidson's adv5t4  ,!       
previ\s ye> we _h gone ov] a good "p (  
,hegel's l>g] ,logic1 "u !              
self-con/itut$ lead]%ip ( two "y bus9ess

 m5 f ,ill9ois1 :o _h become en?usia/ic 
,hegelians &1 kn[+ almo/ no ,g]man1 _h  
actually possess$ !mselves ( a          
manuscript translation ( ! entire ?ree  
volumes ( ,logic1 made by an extraord9>y
 ,pom]anian immigrant1 nam$ ,brockmey]4 
,^! disciples 7 leav+ bus9ess = ! law & 
/udy+ at ! ,h>v>d law-s*ool2 b !y saw ! 
:ole univ]se ?r\gh ,hegelian spectacles1
 & a m admirable homo unius libri ?an "o
 ( !m1 ) 8 ?ree big folios ( ,hegelian  
manuscript1 ,i h nev] _h ! good =tune to
 "k4  ,i =get h[ ,davidson 0 e>n+ 8     
subsi/5ce at ?is "t4  ,he did "s lectur+
 & private tea*+1 b ,i d n ?9k !y 7     
great 9 am\nt4  ,9 ! spr+s & summ]s he  
frequ5t$ ! coa/1 & indulg$ 9 long swimm+
 b\ts & salt-wat] imm]sions1 :i* seem$  
to agree ) him greatly4  ,8 sociability 
0 b\ndless1 & 8 "t seem$ to belong to   
anyone :o ask$ = x4  ,i soon conceiv$ t 
su* a man w\ld be invaluable 9 ,h>v>d   
,univ]sity--a k9d ( ,socrates1 a devotee
 ( tru? & lov] ( y\?1 ready to sit up to
 any h\r1 & dr9k be] & talk ) anyone1   

lavi% ( le>n+ & c\nsel1 a contagi\s     
example ( h[ lightly & humanly a burd5 (
 erudition might be borne ^u a pair (   
%\ld]s4 ,9 faculty-bus9ess he might n   
run well 9 h>ness1 b z an inspiration & 
f]m5t ( "*1 z an example ( ! ranges (   
comb9ation ( s*ol>%ip ) manhood t are   
possible1 8 influ5ce on ! /ud5ts w\ld be
 priceless4  ,i d n "k :e!r ?is s*eme ( 
m9e c\ld "u any circum/ances h be5 c>ri$
 out4  ,9 po9t ( fact x 0 nipp$ 9 ! bud 
by ,t4 ,d4 himself4  ,a natural *air =  
him w\ld h be5 ,greek philosophy4       
,un=tunately1 j at ! decisive h\r1 he   
(f5d$ our ,greek dep>tm5t by a savage   
onslaught on its me?ods1 :i*1 )\t tak+  
anyone's c\nsel1 he s5t to ! ,atlantic  
,mon?ly1 ^: editor pr9t$ x4  ,?is1 ) 8  
o!r unconv5tionalisms1 made advocat+ 8  
cause m difficult1 & ! univ]sity        
au?orities1 nev]1 ,i believe1 s]i\sly   
?\ght ( an appo9tm5t = him4  ,i believe 
t 9 ?is case1 z 9 "o or two o!rs l x1   
:i* ,i might m5tion1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity  
lo/ a great opportunity4 ,organization &

 me?od mean mu*1 b contagi\s human      
*>act]s mean m 9 a univ]sity1 :]e a few 
undiscipl9ables l ,t4 ,d4 may be        
inf9itely m preci\s ?an a faculty-full (
 ord]ly r\t9i/s4  ,z to :at ,davidson   
might h become "u ! conv5tionaliz+      
influ5ces ( an (ficial position1 x w\ld 
be idle to speculate4  ,z ?+s fell out1 
he became m & m unconv5tional & ev5     
develop$ a sort ( antipa?y to all regul>
 academic life4  ,x subdu$              
individuality1 he ?\ght1 & made =       
,phili/9ism4  ,he e>ne/ly dissuad$ 8 "y 
fri5d ,bakewell f accept+ a pr(essor%ip2
 & ,i well rememb] "o d>k night 9 !     
,adirondacks1 aft] a good d9n] at a     
neighbor's1 ! eloqu5ce ) :i*1 z we      
trudg$ d[n-hill to 8 own qu>t]s ) a     
lant]n1 he d5\nc$ me = ! mu/y & m\ldy & 
g5]ally ignoble academicism ( my "*4    
,nev] be=e or s9ce1 ,i fancy1 has ! air 
( ! ,adirondack wild]ness vibrat$ m     
repugnantly to a vocable ?an x did t    
night to ! ^w academicism4  ,yet        
,davidson himself 0 always ess5tially a 

tea*]4  ,he mu/ give =?1 inspire1 & h ! 
"y ab\t him4  ,aft] leav+ ,bo/on =      
,europe & ,africa1 f\nd+ ! ,fell[%ip ( !
 ,new ,life 9 ,london & ,new ,york 7!   
pres5t ,fabian ,society 9 ,engl& is its 
(f%oot71 he hit ^u ! plan :i* pleas$ him
 be/ ( all :51 9 #ahhb or !reab\ts1 he  
b\ght a c\ple ( hundr$ acres on ,ea/    
,hill1 :i* closes ! beautiful ,ke5e     
,valley 9 ! ,adirondacks1 on ! nor?1 &  
f\nd$ !re1 at ! foot ( ,hurricane       
,m\nta91 8 place ,gl5more & its ,summ]  
,s*ool ( ! ,culture ,sci5ces4  ,al?\gh !
 primeval =e/ has dep>t$ f its imm$iate 
vic9ity1 ! region is /ill sylvan1 ! air 
is sweet & /rong & almo/ alp9e 9        
quality1 & ! m\nta9 panorama spread be=e
 "o is sup]lative4  ,davidson %[$ a     
bus9ess faculty :i* ,i %\ld h>dly h     
expect$ f him1 9 organiz+ 8 settlem5t4  
,he built a numb] ( cottages pretty 9   
design & ( ! simple/ con/ruction1 &     
dispos$ !m well = effect4  ,he turn$ a  
c\ple ( f>m build+s :i* 7 on ! gr\nds   
into a lectur+ place & a refectory2 &   

!re1 arriv+ 9 e>ly ,april & n leav+ till
 late 9 ,novemb]1 he sp5t ! happie/ "p (
 all 8 lat] ye>s1 surr\nd$ dur+ ! summ] 
mon?s by colleagues1 fri5ds1 & li/5]s to
 lectures1 & 9 ! spr+ & fall by a few   
indep5d5t wom5 :o 7 8 fai?ful fri5ds1 & 
:o _h f\nd ,ea/ ,hill a cong5ial        
resid5ce4  ,twice ,i w5t up ) ,t4 ,d4 to
 op5 ! place 9 ,april4  ,i rememb] leav+
 8 fireside "o night ) ?ree ladies :o 7 
also e>ly com]s1 & f9d+ ! !rmomet] at #h
 degrees ,fahr5heit & a trem5d\s gale   
bl[+ ! sn[ ab\t u4  ,davidson lov$ ^!   
blu/]+ vicissitudes ( climate4  ,9 !    
e>ly ye>s ! brook 0 nev] too cold = him 
to ba! 91 & he sp5t days 9 rambl+ ov] ! 
hills & up ! gl5s & ?r\gh ! =e/4  ,8 own
 cottage 0 full ( books ^: use 0 free to
 all :o visit$ ! settlem5t4  ,x /ood    
high on a hill 9 a grove ( silv]-bir*es 
& look$ ^u ! ,we/]n ,m\nta9s2 & x always
 seem$ to me an ideal dwell+ = su* a    
ba*elor-s*ol>4  ,"h 9 ,may & ,june he   
became almo/ "o ) ! resurg5t vegetation4
  ,"h1 9 ,octob]1 he 0 a witness ( !    

jewell$ pageant ( ! dy+ foliage1 & saw !
 hillsides reek+1 z x 71 & aflame ) ruby
 & gold & em]ald & topaz4  ,"o ,septemb]
 day 9 #aijj1 at ! ,kurhaus at ,nauheim1
 ,i took up a copy ( ! ,p>is ,new ,york 
,h]ald1 & read 9 capitals3 ,dea? (      
,pr(essor ,?omas ,davidson4  ,i _h well 
kn[n h[ ill he 01 yet su* 0 8 vitality t
 ! %ock 0 :olly unexpect$4  ,i did n    
realize till t mom5t h[ mu* t free      
companion%ip ) him e spr+ & autumn1     
surr\nd$ by t beautiful nature1 _h      
signifi$ to me1 or h[ big a piece w\ld  
be subtract$ f my life by its cessation4
  ,davidson's capacity = imp>t+         
in=mation seem$ endless4  ,!re 7 few    
subjects1 especially humani/ic subjects1
 9 :i* at "s "t or o!r he _h n tak5 an  
int]e/2 & z ev]y?+ t _h ev] t\*$ him 0  
in/antane\sly 9 rea* ( 8 omnipot5t      
memory1 he easily became a liv+         
diction>y ( ref]5ce4  ,z su* all 8      
fri5ds 7 wont to use him4  ,he 01 =     
example1 nev] at a loss to supply a     
quotation4  ,he lov$ poetry             

passionately1 & ! sympa!tic voice ) :i* 
he w\ld recall page aft] page (         
x--,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or           
,italian--is a ?+ always to be rememb]$4
  ,b not)/&+ ! in/ructive "p he play$ 9 
e conceivable conv]sation1 he 0 nev]    
prolix1 & he nev] lectur$4  ,f ,davidson
 ,i le>n$ :at immunities a p]fect memory
 be/[s ^u "o4  ,i nev] c\ld discov] :5  
he amass$ 8 le>n+ = he nev] seem$       
occupi$4  ,! secret ( x 0 t any odd "t  
w\ld d1 = he nev] _h to acquire a ?+    
twice ov]4  ,he avoid$ /at$ h\rs ( "w on
 pr9ciple4  ,repreh5d+ 7mildly7 a c]ta9 
*apt] ( my own on ,habit1 he said t x 0 
a fix$ rule ) him to =m no regul>       
habits4  ,:5 he f\nd himself 9 dang] (  
settl+ into ev5 a good "o1 he made a    
po9t ( int]rupt+ x4  ,habits & me?ods   
make a prison] ( a man1 de/roy 8        
read9ess1 keep him f answ]+ ! call ( !  
fre% mom5t4  ,individuali/  outrance1   
,davidson felt t e h\r 0 an unique      
entity1 to ^: claims "o %\ld lie op54   
,?us he 0 nev] ab/ract$ or preoccupi$1 b

 always seem$1 :5 ) y1 z if y 7 ! "o    
p]son :om x 0 !n "r to att5d to4  ,x 0  
?is individuali/ic religion t made ,t4  
,d41 democrat z he nev]!less 01 s ho/ile
 to all socialisms & adm9i/rative       
panaceas4  ,life mu/ be flexible4  ,y   
ask = a free man1 & ^! ,utopias give y  
an int]*angeable "p1 ) a fix$ numb]1 9 a
 rule-b\nd organism4  ,! real ?+ to aim 
at is lib]ation ( ! inn] int]e/s4  ,give
 man possession ( a s\l1 & he w "w out 8
 own happ9ess "u any set ( conditions4  
,accord+ly1 :51 9 ! p5ultimate ye> ( 8  
life1 he propos$ 8 night-s*ool to a     
meet+ ( "y ,ea/-,side work+m5 9 ,new    
,york1 he told !m t he _h no sympa?y    
:atev] ) ! griefs ( labor1 t outw>d     
circum/ances meant no?+ 9 8 eyes2 t     
?r\gh _! individual wills & intellects  
!y c\ld %>e1 j z !y 71 9 ! highe/       
spiritual life ( humanity1 & t he 0 !re 
to help !m sev]ally to t privilege4  ,! 
en?usiasm ) :i* !y respond$ speaks      
volumes1 bo? = 8 g5ius z a tea*] & = !  
sanity ( 8 position4  ,a small po/hum\s 

book ( articles by ,davidson & ( lett]s 
writt5 f ,gl5more to 8 class1 j publi%$1
 ) an introduction by 8 disciple        
,pr(essor ,bakewell1#b gives a full     
acc\nt ( ! exp]im5t1 & ought to /& z a  
model & inspir] to simil> attempts ! _w 
ov]4  ,davidson's idea ( ! univ]se 0 t (
 a republic ( immortal spirits1 ! *ief  
bus9ess ( :om 9 _! sev]al grades (      
exi/5ce1 %\ld be to "k & love & help "o 
ano!r4  ,cre$s are no?+1 life is ev]y?+4
 4 4 4  ,y c d f> m by pres5t+ to ! _w !
 example ( noble social relations ?an by
 enum]at+ any set ( pr9ciples4  ,"k all 
y c1 love all y c1 d all y c--t is !    
:ole duty ( man4 4 4 4  ,be fri5ds1 9 ! 
true/ s5se1 ea* to ! o!r4  ,!re is no?+ 
9 all ! _w l fri5d%ip1 :5 x is deep &   
real4 4 4 4  ,! div9e 4 4 4 is a        
republic ( self-exi/5t spirits1 ea*     
seek+ ! realization ( its ideas ?r\gh   
love1 ?r\gh intimacy ) all ! re/1 & f9d+
 its heav5 9 su* intimacy4  ,we all say 
& ?9k t we believe ?is sort ( ?+2 b     
,davidson believ$ x really & actively1 &

 t made all ! diff]5ce4 ,:5 ! "y        
wage-e>n]s :om he address$ f\nd t "h 0 a
 man ( measureless le>n+ ready to give 8
 s\l to !m z if he _h no?+ else to d )  
x1 life's ideal possibilities wid5$ to  
_! view4  ,:5 he 0 tak5 f !m1 !y f\nd$ 9
 ,new ,york ! ,?omas ,davidson ,society1
 = /udy & neighborhood "w1 :i* w        
probably become p]petual1 & ( :i* 8     
epi/les f ,gl5more w be ! rule1 & keep !
 /&>ds set by him f deg5]at+--unless1   
inde$1 ! ,society %\ld "s day gr[ too   
ri*1 ( :i* !re is no dang] at pres5t1 & 
f :i* may ,heav5 long pres]ve x4  ,9 "o 
( 8 lett]s to ! ,class1 ,davidson sums  
up ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce ( life 9  
tw5ty maxims1 z foll[s3   #a4 ,rely ^u  
y\r own en]gies1 & d n wait =1 or dep5d 
on o!r p4  #b4 ,cl+ ) all y\r might to  
y\r own highe/ ideals1 & d n be l$ a/ray
 by su* vulg> aims z weal?1 position1   
popul>ity4  ,be y\rself4  #c4 ,y\r wor? 
consi/s 9 :at y are1 & n 9 :at y h4     
,:at y are w %[ 9 :at y d4  #d4 ,nev]   
fret1 rep9e1 or envy4  ,d n make y\rself

 unhappy by comp>+ y\r circum/ances ) ^?
 ( m =tunate p2 b make ! mo/ ( !        
opportunities y h4  ,employ pr(itably e 
mom5t4  #e4 ,associate ) ! noble/ p y c 
f9d2 read ! be/ books2 live ) ! mighty4 
,b le>n to be happy alone4  #f4 ,d n    
believe t all greatness & h]oism are 9 !
 pa/4 ,le>n to discov] pr9ces1 prophets1
 h]oes1 & sa9ts among ! p ab\t y4  ,be  
assur$ !y are !re4  #g4 ,be on e>? :at  
good p hope to be 9 heav54  #h4         
,cultivate ideal fri5d%ips1 & ga!r into 
an intimate circle all y\r acqua9tances 
:o are hung]+ = tru? & "r4  ,rememb] t  
heav5 itself c be no?+ b ! intimacy (   
pure & noble s\ls4  #i4 ,d n %r9k f any 
useful or k9dly act1 h[ev] h>d or       
repell5t x may be4  ,! wor? ( acts is   
measur$ by ! _s 9 :i* !y are p]=m$4     
#aj4 ,if ! _w despise y because y d n   
foll[ its ways1 pay no he$ to x4  ,b be 
sure y\r way is "r4  #aa4 ,if a ?\s&    
plans fail1 be n di%e>t5$4  ,z long z   
y\r purposes are "r1 y h n fail$4  #ab4 
,exam9e y\rself e night1 & see :e!r y h 

progress$ 9 k1 sympa?y1 & helpfulness   
dur+ ! day4  ,c\nt e day a loss 9 :i* no
 progress has be5 made4  #ac4 ,seek     
enjoym5t 9 en]gy1 n 9 dalliance4  ,our  
wor? is measur$ solely by :at we d4     
#ad4 ,let n y\r goodness be pr(essional2
 let x be ! simple1 natural outcome (   
y\r "*4  ,!re=e cultivate "*4  #ae4 ,if 
y d wrong1 say s1 & make :at atonem5t y 
c4  ,t is true nobl5ess4  ,h no moral   
debts4  #af4 ,:5 9 d\bt h[ to act1 ask  
y\rself1 ,:at does nobility comm&8 ,be  
on good t]ms ) y\rself4  #ag4 ,look = no
 rew>d = goodness b goodness itself4    
,rememb] heav5 & hell are utt]ly immoral
 in/itutions1 if !y are meant z rew>d & 
puni%m5t4  #ah4 ,give :atev] c\nt5ance &
 help y c to e movem5t & in/itution t is
 work+ = good4  ,be n sect>ian4  #ai4   
,we> no plac>ds1 )9 or )\t4  ,be human  
fully4  #bj4 ,nev] be satisfi$ until y h
 und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! _w1 & ! purpose ( 
our own life1 & h r$uc$ y\r _w to a     
rational cosmos4   ,"o ( ! plac>ds      
,davidson tri$ h>de/ to keep 8 ,society 

f we>+ 0 t ( ,socialism4  ,yet no "o    
felt m deeply ?an he ! evils ( rapaci\s 
individual competition4  ,spontane\sly &
 flexibly organiz$ social settlem5ts or 
communities1 ) individual lead]s z _!   
c5tres1 seem to h be5 8 ideal1 ea* ) its
 own religi\s or e?ical elem5ts (       
discipl9e4  ,! pres5t isolation ( !     
family is too inhuman4  ,! ideal type ( 
future life1 he ?\ght1 w be some?+ l !  
mona/]y1 ) ! family in/ead ( !          
individual1 = its unit4  ,levell] upw>ds
 ( m5 z ,davidson 01 ^u ! intellectual &
 moral level1 he seem$ :olly )\t t sort 
( religion :i* makes s _m ( our         
contempor>y an>*i/s ?9k t !y ought to   
dip1 at lea/1 into "s manual occupation1
 9 ord] to %>e ! common burd5 ( humanity
 ,i nev] saw ,t4 ,d4 "w ) 8 h&s 9 any   
way4  ,he accept$ mat]ial s]vices ( all 
k9ds )\t apology1 z if he 7 a patrician1
 evid5tly feel+ t if he play$ 8 own m   
intellectual "p rightly1 society c\ld   
make no fur!r claim ^u him4  ,?is       
confid5ce t ! life ( ! _s is !          

absolutely highe/1 made ,davidson s]5e  
ab\t 8 outw>d =tunes4  ,pecuni>y worry  
w\ld n tally ) 8 program4  ,he _h a v   
small provision aga9/ a ra9y day1 b he  
did little to increase x4  ,he us$ to   
write z _m articles & give z _m         
lectures1 talks1 or read+s e w9t] z w\ld
 suffice to pay ! ye>'s exp5ses1 &      
!reaft] he refus$ additional            
invitations1 & repair$ to ,gl5more z    
e>ly 9 ! spr+ z possible4  ,i c\ld b    
admire ! temp] he %[$ :5 ! pr9cipal     
build+ !re 0 "o night burn$ to a%es4    
,!re 0 no insurance on x1 & x w\ld co/ a
 c\ple ( ?\s& doll>s to replace x4      
,excitable z ,davidson 0 ab\t small     
contr>ieties1 he wat*$ ?is fire )\t a   
syllable ( impati5ce4  ,plaie d'arg5t   
n'e/ pas mortelle1 he seem$ to say1 & if
 he felt %>p regrets1 he disda9$ to     
express !m4  ,no m did c>e ab\t 8 lit]>y
 reputation tr\ble him4  ,9 ! ord9>y    
gre$y s5se1 he seem$ q free f ambition4 
,dur+ 8 la/ ye>s he _h prep>$ a l>ge    
am\nt ( mat]ial = t hi/ory ( !          

int]action ( ,greek1 ,*ri/ian1 ,hebrew1 
& ,arabic ?\ght ^u "o ano!r be=e !      
revival ( le>n+1 :i* 0 to be 8 magnum   
opus4  ,x 0 a t]ritory to :i*1 9 its    
totality1 few liv+ m9ds _h access1 & 9  
:i* a c]ta9 propriet>y feel+ 0 natural4 
,kn[+ h[ %ort 8 life might be1 ,i once  
ask$ him :e!r he felt no conc]n le/ ! "w
 already done by him %\ld be fru/rate1 f
 ! lack ( its necess>y complem5t1 9 case
 he 7 sudd5ly cut (f4 ,8 answ] surpris$ 
me by its indiff]5ce4  ,he w\ld "w z    
long z he liv$1 he said1 b n all[       
himself to worry1 & look s]5ely at      
:atev] might be ! outcome4  ,?is seem$  
to me uncommonly high-m9d$4  ,i ?9k t   
,davidson's conviction ( immortality _h 
mu* to d ) su* a sup]iority to accid5ts4
  ,on ! surface1 & t[>ds small ?+s1 he 0
 irritable en\gh1 b ! und]tone ( 8 "* 0 
rem>kable = equanimity4  ,he %[$ x 9 8  
f9al illness1 ( :i* ! mis]y 0 really    
atroci\s4  ,!re 7 no g5]al compla9ts or 
lam5tations ab\t ! p]sonal situation or 
! arre/ to 8 c>e]4  ,x 0 ! human lot &  

he mu/ ev5 be> x2 s he kept 8 m9d ^u    
objective matt]s4  ,b1 z ,i said at !   
outset1 ! p>am\nt ?+ 9 ,davidson 9 my   
eyes 0 8 capacity = fri5d%ip4  ,8 fri5ds
 7 innum]able--boys & girls & old boys &
 old girls1 ,papi/s & ,prote/ants1 ,jews
 & ,g5tiles1 m>ri$ & s+le2 & he c>$     
deeply = ea* "o ( !m1 admir+ !m (t5 too 
extravagantly4  ,:at t]m c "n ^?        
recurr5t waves ( delight$ laught] t     
express$ 8 greet+1 beg9n+ f ! mom5t he  
saw y & accompany+ 8 words cont9u\sly1 z
 if 8 pleasure 9 y 7 int]m9able8  ,8 h& 
too1 /ret*$ out :5 y>ds away1 s t a     
c\ntry neighbor said x rea*$ f>!r ?an   
any h& he ev] met )4  ,! odd ?+ 0 t     
fri5d%ip 9 ,davidson seem$ s little to  
int]f]e ) criticism4  ,p]sons ) :om     
int]c\rse 0 "o long contradiction on 8  
"p1 & :o appe>$ to annoy him to         
ext]m9ation1 he none ! less lov$ t5d]ly1
 & enjoy$ liv+ ) !m4  ,he's ! mo/ utt]ly
 selfi%1 illib]al & n>r[-he>t$ human be+
 ,i ev] knew1 ,i he>d him once say (    
someone1 & yet he's ! de>e/1 nice/ fell[

 liv+4  ,8 en?usia/ic belief 9 any "y   
p]son :o gave a promise ( g5ius 0 t\*+4 
,naturally a man :o is will+1 z he 01 to
 be a prophet1 always f9ds "s wom5 :o   
are will+ to be disciples4  ,i nev] he>d
 ( any s5tim5tal weakness 9 ,davidson 9 
?is relation1 save possibly 9 "o case4  
,!y h>m$ !mselves at ! fire ( 8 s\l1 &  
he told !m tru?s )\t accommodation4 ,y  
're f>!r (f f ,god ?an any woman ,i ev] 
he>d (4  ,nay1 if y believe 9 a         
protective t>iff1 y 're 9 hell already1 
?\gh y may n "k x4  ,y _h a f9e hy/]ical
 "t la/ night1 didn't y1 :5 ,miss ,b 0  
br\ght up f ! rav9e ) h] dislocat$      
%\ld]4  ,to ,miss ,b he said3 ,i don't  
pity y4  ,x s]v$ y "r = be+ s ignorant z
 to g !re at t h\r4  ,seldom1 /range to 
say1 did ! recipi5ts ( ^! deliv]ances   
seem to res5t !m4  ,:at ) ,davidson's   
w>m? ( he>t & sociability1 ,i us$ to    
wond] at 8 nev] m>ry+4  ,two ye>s be=e 8
 dea? he told me ! reason--an unhappy   
y\?ful love-affair 9 ,scotl&4  ,twice 9 
lat] life1 he said1 temptation _h come  

to him1 & he _h _h to make 8 decision4  
,:5 he _h come to ! po9t1 he _h felt ea*
 "t t ! tie ) ! dead girl 0 prohibitive4
  ,:5 two p]sons h kn[n ea* o!r z we    
did1 he said1 nei!r c ev] fully belong  
to a /rang]4  ,s x w\ld n't d4  ,x w\ld 
n't d1 x w\ld n't d6 he repeat$1 z we   
lay on ! hillside1 9 a tone s musically 
t5d] t x *imes 9 my e> n[ z ,i write d[n
 8 confession4  ,x c surely be no brea* 
( confid5ce to publi% x--x is too       
cr$itable to ! pr(undity ( ,davidson's  
affections4  ,z ,i knew him1 he 0 "o ( !
 pure/ ( human be+s4  ,if "o asks1 n[1  
:at ! value ( ,?omas ,davidson 01 :at 0 
! g5]al significance ( 8 life1 ap>t f 8 
p>ticul> books & articles1 ,i h to say t
 x lay 9 ! example he set to u all ( h[1
 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ?is int5sely worldly    
social sy/em ( ours1 9 :i* ea* human    
int]e/ is organiz$ s collectively & s   
comm]cially1 a s+le man may /ill be a   
knight-errant ( ! intellectual life1 &  
pres]ve full fre$om 9 ! mid/ (          
sociability4  ,extreme z 0 8 ne$ (      

fri5ds1 & fai?ful z he 0 to !m1 he yet  
liv$ ma9ly 9 reliance on 8 private      
inspiration4  ,ask+ no man's p]mission1 
b[+ ! knee to no tribal idol1 r5\nc+ !  
conv5tional *annels ( recognition1 he   
%[$ u h[ a life devot$ to purely        
intellectual ends c\ld be beautifully   
:olesome outw>dly1 & ov]fl[ ) inn]      
cont5tm5t4  ,=tunately ?is type ( man is
 recurr5t1 & f g5]ation to g5]ation1    
lit]>y hi/ory pres]ves examples4  ,b x  
is infrequ5t en\gh = few ( u to h kn[n m
 ?an "o example--,i c\nt myself happy 9 
kn[+ two & a half6  ,! memory (         
,davidson w always /r5g!n my fai? 9     
p]sonal fre$om & its spontaneities1 &   
make me less unqualifi$ly respectful ?an
 ev] ( ,civilization1 ) its h]d+ & br&+1
 lic5s+ & degree-giv+1 au?oriz+ &       
appo9t+1 & 9 g5]al regulat+ & adm9i/]+  
by sy/em ! lives human be+s4  ,surely ! 
individual1 ! p]son 9 ! s+ul> numb]1 is 
! m fundam5tal ph5om5on1 & ! social     
in/itution1 ( :atev] grade1 is b        
second>y & m9i/]ial4  ,_m z are !       

int]e/s :i* social sy/ems satisfy1      
always unsatisfi$ int]e/s rema9 ov]1 &  
among !m are int]e/s to :i* sy/em1 z    
su*1 does viol5ce :5ev] x lays its h& ^u
 u4  ,! be/ ,commonweal? w always be !  
"o t mo/ *]i%es ! m5 :o repres5t !      
residual int]e/s1 ! "o t leaves ! l>ge/ 
scope to _! peculi>ities4    #a ,fir/   
publi%$ 9 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e = ,may1  
#aije4  #b ,! ,education ( !            
,wage-,e>n]s4  ,bo/on1 ,g9n  ,company1  
#aijd4     ,,vi  ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s     
,,autobiography#a  ,god moves 9 a       
my/]i\s way 8 wond]s to p]=m4  ,if !    
greate/ ( all 8 wond]s be ! human       
individual1 ! ri*ness ) :i* ! specim5s  
!re( are div]sifi$1 ! limitless v>iety (
 outl9e1 f go?ic to classic or fl[+     
arabesque1 ! contradictory nature ( !   
fill+1 compos$ ( little & great1 (      
comic1 h]oic1 & pa!tic elem5ts bl5d$    
inextricably1 9 p]sonalities all ( :om c
 g1 & g successfully1 mu/ surely be     
reckon$ ! supreme miracle ( creative    
+5uity4  ,r>ely has ,nature p]=m$ an    

odd] or m ,dick5s-l feat ?an :5 %e      
delib]ately design$1 or accid5tally     
/umbl$ into1 ! p]sonality ( ,h]b]t      
,sp5c]4 ,greatness & smallness surely   
nev] liv$ s closely 9 "o sk9 toge!r4  ,!
 opposite v]dicts pass$ ^u 8 "w by 8    
contempor>ies be> witness to !          
extraord9>y m+l+ ( defects & m]its 9 8  
m5tal "*4  ,"h are a few1 juxtapos$3--  
,a philosophic saw-mill4--,! mo/        
capaci\s & p[]ful ?9k] ( all "t4  ,!    
,arry' ( philosophy4--,ari/otle & 8 ma/]
 7 n m beyond ! pygmies :o prec$$ !m ?an
 he is beyond ,ari/otle4  ,h]b]t        
,sp5c]'s *romo-philosophy4--,no o!r man 
t has walk$ ! e>? has s wr\ght & writt5 
himself into ! life ( ! _w4  ,! t\* ( 8 
m9d takes ! liv+ flavor out (           
ev]y?+4--,he is z mu* above & beyond all
 ! o!r great philosoph]s :o h ev] liv$ z
 ! telegraph is beyond ! c>ri]-pigeon1  
or ! railway beyond ! s$an *air4  ,he   
has m]ely comb9$ facts :i* we knew be=e 
into a huge fanta/ic contradictory      
sy/em1 :i* hides its nak$ness & empt9ess

 p>tly "u ! veil ( an impos+ t]m9ology1 
& p>tly 9 ! primeval fog4--,8           
contributions are ( a dep?1 pr(undity1 &
 magnitude :i* h no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory (
 m9d4  ,tak+ b "o--& "o only--( 8       
transc5d5t rea*es ( ?\ght1--namely1 t   
ref]r+ to ! positive s5se ( ! ,unkn[n z 
! basis ( religion1--x may unhesitat+ly 
be affirm$ t ! analysis & syn!sis by :i*
 he advances to ! almo/ sup]nal grasp ( 
?is mighty tru? give a s5se ( p[] & rea*
 v]g+ on ! pret]natural4  ,c ! two ?ick 
volumes ( autobiography :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] 
leaves beh9d him expla9 su* discrepant  
appreciations8  ,c we f9d reveal$ 9 !m !
 high] syn!sis :i* reconciles !         
contradictions8 ,p>tly !y d expla91 ,i  
?9k1 & ev5 ju/ify1 bo? k9ds ( judgm5t ^u
 _! au?or4  ,b ,i confess t 9 ! la/     
resort ,i /ill feel baffl$4  ,9 ,sp5c]1 
z 9 e concrete individual1 !re is a     
uniqu5ess t defies all =mulation4  ,we c
 feel ! t\* ( x & recognize its ta/e1 s 
to speak1 reli%+ or dislik+1 z ! case   
may be1 b we c give no ultimate acc\nt (

 x1 & we h 9 ! end simply to admire !   
,creator4  ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s task1 !        
unification ( all k into an articulate  
sy/em1 0 m ambiti\s ?an any?+ attempt$  
s9ce ,/4 ,?omas or ,desc>tes4  ,mo/     
?9k]s h conf9$ !mselves ei!r to         
g5]alities or to details1 b ,sp5c]      
address$ himself to ev]y?+4  ,he dealt 9
 logical1 metaphysical1 & e?ical fir/   
pr9ciples1 9 cosmogony & geology1 9     
physics1 & *emi/ry aft] a fa%ion1 9     
biology1 psy*ology1 sociology1 politics1
 & ae/hetics4 ,h>dly any subject c be   
nam$ :i* has n at lea/ be5 t\*$ on 9 "s 
"o ( 8 _m volumes4  ,8 erudition 0      
prodigi\s4  ,8 civic consci5ce & 8      
social c\rage bo? 7 admirable4  ,8 life 
0 pure4  ,he 0 devot$ to tru? &         
usefulness1 & 8 "* 0 :olly free f envy &
 malice 7?\gh n f contempt71 & f !      
p]v]se egoisms t s (t5 g ) greatness4   
,surely1 any "o he>+ ?is v]aci\s        
enum]ation w\ld ?9k t ,sp5c] mu/ h be5 a
 ri* & exub]ant human be+4  ,su* wide   
curiosities mu/ h gone ) ! wide/        

sympa?ies1 & su* a p[]ful h>mony ( "*1  
:e!r x 7 a cong5ital gift1 or 7 acquir$ 
by spiritual wre/l+ & eat+ bread ) te>s1
 mu/ 9 any case h be5 a glori\s         
spectacle = ! behold]4  ,s9ce ,goe!1 no 
su* ideal human be+ c h be5 visible1    
walk+ our poor e>?4  ,yet :5 we turn to 
! ,autobiography1 ! self-confession :i* 
we f9d is ?is3 ,an old-maidi% p]sonage1 
inhabit+ bo>d+-h\ses1 equable & lukew>m 
9 all 8 ta/es & passions1 hav+ no       
desultory curiosity1 %[+ little int]e/ 9
 ei!r books or p4 ,a petty fault-f9d] & 
/ickl] = trifles1 devoid 9 y\? ( any    
wide designs on life1 fond only ( ! m   
me*anical side ( ?+s1 yet drift+ z x 7  
involunt>ily into ! possession ( a      
_w-=mula :i* by d9t ( 8 extraord9>y     
p]t9acity he proce$$ to apply to s _m   
special cases t x made him a philosoph] 
9 spite ( himself4  ,he appe>s z mode/  
en\gh1 b ) a curi\s vanity 9 "s ( 8     
defici5cies1--8 lack ( desultory        
int]e/s1 = example1 & 8 noncon=mity to  
reign+ cu/oms4  ,he gives a que] s5se ( 

hav+ no emotional p]spective1 z if small
 ?+s & l>ge 7 on ! same plane ( vision1 
& equally comm&$ 8 att5tion4  ,9 spite (
 8 pr(ess$ dislike ( monotony1 "o feels 
an awfully monoton\s quality 9 him2 & 9 
spite ( ! fact t invalidism condemn$ him
 to avoid ?9k+1 & to saunt] & pott]     
?r\gh l>ge p>ts ( e day1 "o f9ds no     
twilight region 9 8 m9d1 & no capacity =
 dream9ess or passivity4  ,all p>ts ( x 
are fill$ ) ! same noonday gl>e1 l a dry
 des]t :]e e gra9 ( s& %[s s+ly1 & !re  
are no my/]ies or %ad[s4  ,look on ?is  
picture & on t1 & answ] h[ !y c be      
compatible4  ,= "o ?+1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]      
c]ta9ly writes himself d[n too mu*4 ,he 
compla9s ( a poor memory1 ( an idle     
disposition1 ( a g5]al dislike = read+4 
,d\btless !re h be5 m gift$ m5 9 all ^! 
respects4  ,b :5 ,sp5c] once buckl$ to a
 p>ticul> task1 8 memory1 8 indu/ry1 & 8
 read+ w5t beyond ^? ( ! mo/ gift$4  ,he
 _h excessive s5sibility to /imulation  
by a *all5ge1 & he _h prem95t p]t9acity4
  ,:5 ! notion ( 8 philosophic sy/em    

once grasp$ him1 x seem$ to possess     
itself ( e effective fibre ( 8 be+4  ,no
 faculty 9 him 0 left unemploy$1--nor1  
on ! o!r h&1 0 any?+ t 8 philosophy c\ld
 conta9 left un/at$4  ,r\ghly speak+1 ! 
task & ! man absorb$ ea* o!r )\t        
residuum4  ,comp>e ?is type ( m9d ) su* 
an opposite type z ,rusk9's1 or ev5 z   
,j4 ,s4 ,mill's1 or ,huxley's1 & y      
realize its peculi>ity4 ,beh9d ! "w ( ^?
 o!rs 0 a backgr\nd ( ov]fl[+ m5tal     
temptations4  ,! m5 loom l>g] ?an all _!
 publications1 & leave an impression (  
unexpress$ pot5tialities4  ,sp5c] toss$ 
all 8 inexpressibilities into !         
,unkn[able1 & gladly turn$ 8 back on !m 
=ev]4  ,8 books seem to h express$ all t
 !re 0 to express 9 8 "*4  ,he is v     
frank ab\t ?is himself4  ,no ,/urm und  
,drang ,p]iode1 no problematic /age (   
?\ght1 :]e ! burd5 ( !                  
mu*-to-be-/raight5$ exce$s ! p[]s (     
/raight5+4  ,:5 ,george ,eliot utt]$    
surprise at see+ no l9es on 8 =ehead1 8 
reply 03--,i suppose x is because ,i am 

nev] puzzl$4--,x has nev] be5 my way1 he
 cont9ues1 to set be=e myself a problem 
& puzzle out an answ]4  ,! conclusions  
at :i* ,i h f "t to "t arriv$1 h n be5  
arriv$ at z solutions ( que/ions rais$2 
b h be5 arriv$ at unaw>es--ea* z !      
ultimate outcome ( a body ( ?\ght :i*   
sl[ly grew f a g]m4  ,"s direct         
obs]vation1 or "s fact met ) 9 read+1   
w\ld dwell ) me2 app>5tly because ,i _h 
a s5se ( its significance4 4 4 4  ,a    
week aft]w>ds1 possibly1 ! matt] w\ld be
 rememb]$2 & ) fur!r ?\ght ab\t x1 might
 occur a recognition ( "s wid]          
application3 new in/ances be+ aggregat$ 
) ^? already not$4  ,aga91 aft] an      
int]val1 etc41 etc4  ,& ?us1 little by  
little1 9 unobtrusive ways1 )\t consci\s
 int5tion or appreciable ef=t1 !re w\ld 
gr[ up a coh]5t & organiz$ !ory 7vol4 i1
 page #dfd74  ,a sort ( mill1 ?is1 w\nd 
up to gr9d 9 a c]ta9 way1 & irresponsive
 o!rwise4  ,to apply day aft] day m]ely 
) ! g5]al idea ( acquir+ in=mation1 or (
 increas+ ability1 0 n 9 me4  ,any?+ l  

passive receptivity is =eign to my      
nature2 & !re results an unusually small
 t5d5cy to be affect$ by o!rs' ?\ghts4  
,x seems z ?\gh ! fabric ( my           
conclusions _h 9 all cases to be        
develop$ f )94  ,mat]ial :i* c\ld be    
tak5 9 & organiz$ s z to =m "p ( a      
coh]5t /ructure1 !re 0 always a read9ess
 to receive4  ,b ideas & s5tim5ts ( ali5
 k9ds1 or unorganizable k9ds1 71 if n   
reject$1 yet accept$ ) indiff]5ce1 &    
soon dropp$ away4  ,x has always be5 out
 ( ! "q = me to g on read+ a book !     
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( :i* ,i entirely  
diss5t f4  ,i take x = grant$ t if !    
fundam5tal pr9ciples are wrong ! re/ _c 
be "r2 & !reupon cease read+--be+1 ,i   
suspect1 r glad ( an excuse = do+ s4    
,sy/ematic books ( a political or e?ical
 k9d1 writt5 f po9ts ( view q unlike my 
own1 7 ei!r n consult$ at all1 or else  
!y 7 glanc$ at & !reaft] disreg>d$ 7vol4
 i1 pages #bae1 #bgg1 #bhi1 #cej74  ,!re
 is pride r ?an compunction 9 ^!        
confessions4  ,sp5c]'s m9d 0 s n>r[ly   

sy/ematiz$1 t he 0 at la/ almo/         
incapable ( believ+ 9 ! reality ( ali5  
ways ( feel+4  ,! inv>iable arrogance ( 
8 replies to criticisms %[s 8 absolute  
self-confid5ce4  ,e op9ion 9 ! _w _h to 
be articulately "r or articulately      
wrong1--s prov$ by "s pr9ciple or o!r ( 
8 infallible sy/em4  ,he confesses      
freely 8 own inflexibility &            
c5sori\sness4  ,8 acc\nt ( 8 fa!r makes 
"o believe 9 ! fatality ( h]$ity4 ,born 
( old noncon=mi/ /ock1 ! eld] ,sp5c] 0 a
 man ( absolute punctuality4  ,always he
 w\ld /ep out ( 8 way to kick a /one (f 
! pavem5t le/ somebody %\ld trip ov] x4 
,if he saw boys qu>rell+ he /opp$ to    
expo/ulate2 & he nev] c\ld pass a man :o
 0 ill-treat+ a horse )\t try+ to make  
him behave bett]4  ,he w\ld nev] take (f
 8 hat to any "o1 no matt] ( :at rank1  
nor c\ld he be induc$ to address any "o 
z ,esquire or z ,rev]5d4  ,he w\ld nev] 
put on any sign ( m\rn+1 ev5 = fa!r &   
"m2 & he adh]$ to "o /yle ( coat & hat  
?r\gh\t all *anges ( fa%ion4            

,improvem5t 0 8 wat*word always &       
ev]y:]e4  ,:atev] he wrote _h to be     
endlessly correct$1 & 8 love ( detail l$
 all 8 life to 8 neglect+ l>ge ends 9 8 
c>e = small ones4  ,a good he>t1 b a    
p$antic consci5ce1 & a sort (           
en]getically me*anical intellig5ce4  ,( 
himself ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says3 ,no "o w d5y
 t ,i am mu* giv5 to criticism4  ,along 
) exposition ( my own views !re has     
always gone a po9t+ out ( defects 9 ^? (
 o!rs4  ,& if ?is is a trait 9 my writ+1
 /ill m is x a trait 9 my conv]sation4  
,! t5d5cy to fault-f9d+ is              
dom9ant--disagreeably dom9ant4  ,!      
indicat+ ( errors 9 ?\ght & spee* made  
by ^? ar\nd has all ?r\gh life be5 an   
incurable habit--a habit = :i* ,i h (t5 
reproa*$ myself1 b to no purpose4  ,!   
,autobiography ab\nds 9 illu/rations ( !
 habit4  ,= in/ance3--  ,( late ,i h    
obs]v$ sundry cases 9 :i*1 hav+ f\nd !  
"r1 p delib]ately des]t x = ! wrong4 4 4
 4  ,a g5]ation ago salt-cell>s 7 made (
 conv5i5t %apes--ei!r ellipses or       

elongat$ p>allelograms3 ! advantage be+ 
t ! salt-spoon1 plac$ l5g?wise1 rema9$ 9
 its place4  ,b = "s "t pa/1 fa%ion has 
dictat$ circul> salt-cell>s1 on ! edges 
( :i* ! salt-spoon w n rema9 )\t skilful
 balanc+3 x falls on ! clo?4  ,9 my     
boyhood a jug 0 made ( a =m at once     
conv5i5t & graceful4 4 4 4  ,n[1 h[ev]1 
! almo/ univ]sal =m ( jug 9 use is a    
fru/um ( a cone ) a m9iature sp\t4  ,x  
comb9es all possible defects4  ,:5 any?+
 l full1 x is impossible to p\r out a   
small quantity )\t "p ( ! liquid trickl+
 d[n b5ea? ! sp\t2 & a l>g] quantity _c 
be p\r$ out )\t exce$+ ! limits ( ! sp\t
 & runn+ ov] on ea* side ( x4  ,if ! jug
 is half empty1 ! tilt+ mu/ be cont9u$ a
 long "t be=e any liquid comes2 & !n1 :5
 x does come1 x comes ) a ru%2 because  
its surface has n[ become s l>ge t a    
small incl9ation deliv]s a great deal4  
,to all :i* add t ! %ape is z ugly a "o 
z c well be hit ^u4  ,/ill m extraord9>y
 is ! folly ( a *ange made 9 ano!r      
ut5sil ( daily use--& ,sp5c] goes on to 

f9d fault ) ! cyl9drical =m ( c&le      
ext+ui%]1 prov+ by a description ( its  
%ape t x squa%es ! wick into ! melt$    
composition1 ! result be+ t :51 next    
day1 ! ext+ui%] is tak5 (f1 ! wick1     
imb$d$ 9 ! solidifi$ composition1 _c be 
light$ )\t difficulty 7vol4 ii1 page    
#bch74  ,! remorseless explicitness1 !  
punctuation1 ev]y?+1 make ^! specim5s ( 
public fault-f9d+ ) :at probably 0 !    
equipm5t ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s late/          
bo>d+-h\se1 s\nd l passages f ,! ,man   
v]sus ! ,/ate4  ,ano!r example3--       
,play+ billi>ds became 'my cu/om always 
( ! aft]noon4'  ,^? :o confess to       
billi>d-play+ commonly make "s k9d ( an 
excuse4 4 4 4  ,x suffices to me t ,i l 
billi>ds1 & ! atta9m5t ( ! pleasure giv5
 ,i reg>d z a suffici5t motive4  ,i h = 
a long "t delib]ately set my face aga9/ 
t asceticism :i* makes x an (f5ce to d a
 ?+ = ! pleasure ( do+ x2 & h habitually
 cont5d$ t1 s long z no injury is       
inflict$ on o!rs1 nor any ult]ior injury
 on self1 & s long z ! v>i\s duties (   

life h be5 dis*>g$1 ! pursuit ( pleasure
 = its own sake is p]fectly legitimate &
 requires no apology4  ,! opposite view 
is no?+ else ?an a remote sequ5ce ( !   
old devil wor%ip ( ! b>b>ian1 :o s\ght  
to please 8 god by inflict+ pa9s ^u     
himself1 & believ$ 8 god w\ld be angry  
if he made himself happy 7vol4 ii1 page 
#bfc74  ,! tone ( p$antic rectitude 9 ^!
 passages is *>act]i/ic4 ,e smalle/ ?+  
is ei!r "r or wrong1 & if wrong1 c be   
articulately prov$ s by reason+4  ,life 
gr[s too dry & lit]al1 & loses all arial
 p]spective at su* a rate2 & ! effect is
 ! m displeas+ :5 ! matt]s 9 dispute h a
 ri* v>iety ( aspects1 & :5 ! aspect f  
:i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] d$uces 8 conclusions is 
manife/ly p>tial4  ,= in/ance1 9 8      
art-criticisms4  ,sp5c] 9 8 y\? did mu* 
draw+1 bo? me*anical & arti/ic4  ,volume
 "o conta9s a photo-pr9t ( a v cr$itable
 bu/ :i* he modell$ ( 8 uncle4 ,he _h a 
musical e>1 & practic$ s++4  ,he paid   
att5tion to /yle1 & 0 n :olly ins5sible 
to poetry4  ,yet 9 all 8 deal+s ) !     

art-products ( mank9d he manife/s ! same
 curi\s dryness & me*anical lit]ality ( 
judgm5t--a dryness increas$ by pride 9 8
 non-con=mity4  ,he w\ld1 = example1 r  
give a l>ge sum ?an read to ! end (     
,hom]'s ,iliad1--! ceaseless repetition 
( battles1 spee*es1 & epi!ts l          
well-greav$ ,greeks1 horse-break+       
,trojans2 ! t$i\s enum]ation ( details (
 dresses1 arms1 & *>iots2 su*           
absurdities z giv+ ! g5ealogy ( a horse 
:ile 9 ! mid/ ( a battle2 & ! appeals to
 savage & brutal passions1 hav+ soon    
made ! poem intol]able to him 7vol4 i1  
page #cjj74  ,turn]'s pa9t+s he f9ds    
untrue1 9 t ! e>?-region is habitually z
 bright 9 tone z ! air-region4          
,moreov]1 ,turn] scatt]s 8 detail too   
ev5ly4  ,9 ,greek /atues ! hair is      
falsely treat$4  ,r5aissance pa9t+1 ev5 
! be/1 is spoil$ by unreal illum9ation1 
& non-r5d]+ ( reflect$ light 9 ! %ad[s4 
,v5etian go?ic s9s by mean+less         
ornam5tation4  ,/4 ,m>k's ,*ur* may be  
preci\s ar*aeologically1 b is n         

ae/hetically preci\s4 ,( ,wagn]'s music 
he admires no?+ b ! skilful             
specialization ( ! in/rum5ts 9 !        
or*e/ra4  ,! fault-f9d+ 9 all ^! cases  
re/s on obs]vation1 true z f> z x goes2 
b ! total abs5ce ( g5ial relations ) !  
entirety ( ! ph5om5on discuss$1 ! clut*+
 at "s paltry me*anical aspect ( x t    
l5ds itself to reason$ pro( by a plus b1
 & ! practical d5ial ( ev]y?+ t only    
appeals to vagu] s5tim5t1 %[ a m9d s    
oddly limit$ to ratioc9ative & explicit 
processes1 & s w$d$ to ! sup]ficial &   
flagrantly insuffici5t1 t "o beg9s to   
wond] :e!r 9 ! philosophic & sci5tific  
sph]es ! same m9d c h wr\ght out results
 ( extraord9>y value4  ,bo? yes & no are
 "h ! answ]4  ,e "o :o writes books or  
articles kn[s h[ he mu/ fl\nd] until he 
hits ^u ! prop] op5+4  ,once ! "r beg9n+
 f\nd1 ev]y?+ foll[s easily & 9 due     
ord]4  ,if a man1 h[ev] n>r[1 /rikes ev5
 by accid5t1 into "o ( ^! f]tile op5+s1 
& p]t9aci\sly foll[s ! lead1 he is almo/
 sure to meet tru? on 8 pa?4  ,"s ?\ghts

 act almo/ l me*anical c5tres (         
cry/allization2 facts clu/] ( !mselves  
ab\t !m4  ,su* a ?\ght 0 t ( ! gradual  
gr[? ( all ?+s1 by natural processes1   
out ( natural antec$5ts4  ,until !      
middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury no "o _h      
grasp$ x :olesale2 & ! ?9k] :o did s    
e>lie/ 0 b\nd to make discov]ies j 9    
proportion to ! exclusiv5ess ( 8 int]e/ 
9 ! pr9ciple4  ,he :o _h ! ke5e/ eye =  
in/ances & illu/rations1 & 0 lea/       
div]tible by casual side-curiosity1 w\ld
 score ! quicke/ triumph4  ,to ,sp5c] is
 c]ta9ly due ! imm5se cr$it ( hav+ be5 !
 fir/ to see 9 evolution an absolutely  
univ]sal pr9ciple4  ,if any "o else _h  
grasp$ its univ]sality1 x fail$ at any  
rate to grasp him z x grasp$ ,sp5c]4  ,=
 ,sp5c] x in/antly became ! guid+       
conception runn+ ?r\gh & connect+ all ! 
concrete sci5ces 7vol4 ii1 page #aif74  
,"h at la/ 0 an object at once l>ge &   
di/9ct en\gh to ov]come 8 con/itutional 
idl5ess4  ,) an important & def9ite end 
to a*ieve1 ,i c\ld "w 7vol4 i1 page     

#bae74  ,he became1 9 %ort1 ! victim ( a
 vivid obsession1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life
 seems to h gr[n g5u9ely ambiti\s4 ,e   
item ( 8 exp]i5ce1 small or great1 e    
idea 9 8 m5tal /oreh\se1 _h n[ to be    
consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its be>+ on ! new 
univ]sal pr9ciple4  ,on pages #aid-aii (
 volume two he gives an int]e/+ summ>y (
 ! way 9 :i* all 8 previ\s & subsequ5t  
ideas mov$ into h>moni\s cord9ation &   
subord9ation1 :5 once he _h ?is univ]sal
 key to insight4  ,apply+ x :olesale z  
he did1 innum]able tru?s unobs]v$ till  
!n _h to fall into 8 gamebag4  ,& 8     
peculi> trick1 a priggi% infirmity 9    
daily int]c\rse1 ( treat+ e smalle/ ?+  
by ab/ract law1 0 "h a m]it4  ,add 8    
sleu?-h\nd sc5t = :at he 0 aft]1 & 8    
untir+ p]t9acity1 to 8 priority 9       
p]ceiv+ ! "o great tru? & y fully ju/ify
 ! popul> e/imate ( him z "o ( ! _w's   
g5iuses1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! temp]am5t 
( g5ius1 s call$1 seems to h be5 s lack+
 9 him4  ,9 "o s5se1 !n1 ,sp5c]'s       
p]sonal n>r[ness & dryness 7 n h9d]+1 b 

help+ conditions ( 8 a*ievem5t4  ,grant 
t a va/ picture quelconque _h to be made
 be=e ! details c\ld be made p]fect1 & a
 great] ri*ness & receptivity ( m9d w\ld
 h result$ 9 hesitation4  ,! quality    
w\ld h be5 bett] 9 spots1 b !           
ext5siv5ess w\ld h suff]$4  ,sp5c] is   
?us ! philosoph] ( va/ness4  ,mispris$  
by _m speciali/s1 :o c>p at 8 te*nical  
imp]fections1 he has nev]!less enl>g$ ! 
imag9ation1 & set free ! speculative m9d
 ( c\ntless doctors1 eng9e]s1 & lawy]s1 
( _m physici/s & *emi/s1 & ( ?\ghtful   
laym5 g5]ally4  ,he is ! philosoph] :om 
^? :o h no o!r philosoph] c appreciate4 
,to be able to say ?is ( any man is     
great praise1 & gives ! yes answ] to my 
rec5t "q4  ,c ! no answ] be z           
unhesitat+ly utt]$8  ,i ?9k s1 if "o    
makes ! qualitative aspect ( ,sp5c]'s "w
 undo its quantitative aspect4  ,!      
luke-w>m equable temp]am5t1 ! n>r[ness (
 sympa?y & passion1 ! fondness =        
me*anical =ms ( ?\ght1 ! imp]fect       
receptivity & lack ( int]e/ 9 facts z   

su*1 dissev]$ f _! possible connection )
 a !ory2 nay1 ! v vividness itself1 !   
ke5ness ( sc5t & ! p]t9acity2 ^! all are
 qualities :i* may easily make =        
second-rat5ess1 & = cont5tm5t ) a *eap &
 loosely wov5 a*ievem5t4  ,z ,mr4       
,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples is ! book :i* 
m ?an any o!r has spread 8 popul>       
reputation1 ,i _h p]haps bett] expla9   
:at ,i mean by criticis+ "s ( its       
peculi>ities4  ,i read ?is book z a y\? 
:5 x 0 /ill appe>+ 9 numb]s1 & 0 c>ri$  
away ) en?usiasm by ! intellectual      
p]spectives :i* x seem$ to op54  ,:5 a  
matur] companion1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4       
,peirce1 attack$ x 9 my pres5ce1 ,i felt
 spiritually w\nd$1 z by ! defacem5t ( a
 sacr$ image or picture1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n 
v]bally def5d x aga9/ 8 criticisms4     
,lat] ,i h us$ x (t5 z a text-book )    
/ud5ts1 & ! total outcome ( my deal+s ) 
x is an exce$+ly unfavorable v]dict4    
,ap>t f ! great tru? :i* x en=ces1 t    
ev]y?+ has evolv$ someh[1 & ap>t f !    
inevitable /imulat+ effect ( any su*    

univ]sal picture1 ,i reg>d its tea*+s z 
almo/ a museum ( blund]+ reason+4  ,let 
me try to indicate briefly my gr\nds =  
su* an op9ion4  ,i pass by ! section on 
! ,unkn[able1 because ?is "p ( ,mr4     
,sp5c]'s philosophy has won few] fri5ds 
?an any o!r4  ,x consi/s *iefly ( a     
reha% ( ,mansel's reha% ( ,hamilton's   
,philosophy ( ! ,condition$1 & has h>dly
 rais$ its head s9ce ,john ,mill s      
effectively demoli%$ x4  ,if criticism (
 our human intellectual con/itution is  
ne$$1 x c be got out ( ,bradley to-day  
bett] ?an out ( ,sp5c]4  ,! latt]'s way 
( reconcil+ sci5ce & religion is1       
moreov]1 too absurdly naf4  ,f9d1 he    
says1 a fundam5tal ab/ract tru? on :i*  
!y c agree1 & t w reconcile !m4 ,su* a  
tru?1 he ?9ks1 is t !re is a my/]y4  ,! 
tr\ble is t x is ov] j su* common tru?s 
t qu>rels beg94  ,did ! fact t bo?      
believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,pope reconcile 
,lu!r & ,ignatius ,loyola8  ,did x      
reconcile ! ,s\? & ! ,nor? t bo? agre$ t
 !re 7 slaves8  ,religion claims t !    

my/]y is int]pretable by human reason2  
,sci5ce1 speak+ ?r\gh ,sp5c]1 insi/s t x
 is n4  ,! admission ( ! my/]y is ! v   
signal = ! qu>rel4  ,moreov]1 = n9e     
hundr$ & n9ety-n9e m5 out ( a ?\s& !    
s5se ( my/]y is ! s5se ( m-to-be-kn[n1 n
 ! s5se ( a ,m1 n to be kn[n4  ,b pass !
 ,unkn[able by1 & turn to ,sp5c]'s fam\s
 law ( ,evolution4  ,sci5ce works )     
sev]al types ( law4  ,! mo/ frequ5t &   
useful type is t ( ! elem5t>y law1--t ( 
! composition ( =ces1 t ( gravitation1 (
 refraction1 & ! l4  ,su* laws decl>e no
 concrete facts to exi/1 & make no      
prophecy z to any actual future4  ,!y   
limit !mselves to say+ t if a c]ta9 "*  
be f\nd 9 any fact1 ano!r "* w co-exi/ )
 x or foll[ x4  ,! usefulness ( ^! laws 
is proportionate to ! ext5t to :i* !    
*>act]s !y treat ( p]vade ! _w1 & to !  
accuracy ) :i* !y are def9able4         
,/ati/ical laws =m ano!r type1 &        
positively decl>e some?+ ab\t ! _w (    
actuality4  ,al?\gh !y tell u no?+ ( !  
elem5ts ( ?+s1 ei!r ab/ract or concrete1

 !y affirm t ! resultant ( _! actions   
drifts prepond]antly 9 a p>ticul>       
direction4  ,population t5ds t[>d       
cities2 ! work+ classes t5d to gr[      
discont5t$2 ! available en]gy ( !       
univ]se is runn+ d[n--su* laws prophesy 
! real future en gros1 b !y nev] help u 
to pr$ict any p>ticul> detail ( x4      
,sp5c]'s law ( ,evolution is ( !        
/ati/ical v>iety4  ,x def9es :at        
evolution means1 & :at dissolution      
means1 & ass]ts t1 al?\gh bo? processes 
are always go+ on toge!r1 !re is 9 !    
pres5t phase ( ! _w a drift 9 favor (   
evolution4  ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ,fir/   
,pr9ciples an evolutive *ange 9 any?+ 0 
describ$ z ! passage ( x f a /ate (     
indef9ite incoh]5t homog5eity to a      
def9ite coh]5t het]og5eity4  ,! exi/5ce 
( a drift 9 ?is direction 9 ev]y?+ ,mr4 
,sp5c] proves1 bo? by a survey ( facts1 
& by d$uc+ x f c]ta9 laws ( ! elem5t>y  
type1 :i* he sev]ally names ! in/ability
 ( ! homog5e\s1 ! multiplication (      
effects1 segregation1 & equilibration4  

,! two =m] insure ! het]og5eity1 :ile   
segregation br+s ab\t ! def9it5ess &    
coh]5ce1 & equilibration arre/s !       
process1 & det]m9es :5 dissolutive      
*anges %all beg94  ,! :ole panorama is  
respl5d5t = v>iety & inclusiv5ess1 & has
 ar\s$ an admiration = philosophy 9 m9ds
 t nev] admir$ philosophy be=e4  ,l     
,desc>tes 9 e>li] days1 ,sp5c] aims at a
 purely me*anical explanation ( ,nature4
  ,! kn[able univ]se is no?+ b matt] &  
motion1 & its hi/ory is no?+ b !        
r$i/ribution ( ^! entities4  ,! value ( 
su* an explanation = sci5tific purposes 
dep5ds altoge!r on h[ consi/5t & exact x
 is4  ,e ?+ mu/ be int]pret$ z a        
configuration1 e ev5t z a *ange (       
configuration1 e pr$icate ascrib$ mu/ be
 ( a geometrical sort4  ,measur$ by ^!  
requirem5ts ( me*anics ,sp5c]'s attempt 
has lam5tably fail$4  ,8 t]ms are       
vagu5ess & ambiguity inc>nate1 & he     
seems incapable ( keep+ ! me*anical po9t
 ( view 9 m9d = five pages              
consecutively4  ,def9ite1 = example1 is 

h>dly a physical idea at all4  ,e motion
 & e arrangem5t ( matt] is def9itely :at
 x is1--a fog or an irregul> scrawl1 z  
mu* s z a billi>d ball or a /raight l9e4
  ,sp5c] means by def9it5ess 9 a ?+ any 
"* t makes x arre/ our att5tion1 & =ces 
u to di/+ui% x f o!r ?+s4  ,! ^w ) him  
has a human1 n a physical connotation4  
,def9ite ?+s1 9 8 book1 f9ally appe>    
m]ely z ?+s t m5 h made sep>ate names =1
 s t !re is h>dly a pret5ce ( !         
me*anical view be+ kept4  ,( c\rse names
 increase z human hi/ory proce$s1 s     
def9it5ess 9 ?+s mu/ necess>ily m & m   
evolve4  ,coh]5t1 aga94  ,?is has !     
def9ite me*anical mean+ ( resi/+        
sep>ation1 ( /ick+ toge!r2 b ,sp5c]     
plays fa/ & loose ) ?is mean+4  ,coh]5ce
 ) him sometimes means p]man5ce 9 "t1   
sometimes su* mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts z  
is realiz$ 9 a widely scatt]$ sy/em ( no
 fix$ mat]ial configuration2 a comm]cial
 h\se1 = example1 ) its travell]s & %ips
 & c>s4  ,an hone/ly me*anical read]    
soon rubs 8 eyes ) bewild]m5t at ! orgy 

( ambiguity to :i* he is introduc$4  ,e 
t]m 9 ,sp5c]'s fireworks %imm]s ?r\gh a 
:ole spectrum ( mean+s 9 ord] to adapt  
itself to ! successive sph]es (         
evolution to :i* x mu/ apply4           
,integration1 = in/ance4  ,a def9ite    
coh]5ce is an ,integration2 & examples  
giv5 ( integration are ! contraction ( !
 sol> nebula1 ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/1 
! calcification ( c>tilage1 ! %ort5+ ( !
 body ( crabs1 ! loss ( 8 tail by man1 !
 mutual dep5d5ce ( plants & animals1 !  
gr[? ( p[]ful /ates1 ! t5d5cy ( human   
occupations to g to di/9ct localities1 !
 dropp+ ( t]m9al inflexions 9 ,engli%   
gramm>1 ! =mation ( g5]al concepts by ! 
m9d1 ! use ( ma*9]y in/ead ( simple     
tools1 ! developm5t ( composition 9 !   
f9e arts1 etc41 etc4  ,x is obvi\s t no 
"o =m ( ! motion ( matt] *>act]izes all 
^! facts4  ,! human ones simply embody !
 m & m successful pursuit ( c]ta9 ends4 
,9 ! second edition ( 8 book1 ,mr4      
,sp5c] supplem5t$ 8 fir/ =mula by a     
unify+ addition1 meant to be /rictly    

me*anical4 ,evolution1 he n[ said1 is ! 
progressive integration ( matt] &       
dissipation ( motion1 dur+ :i* bo? !    
matt] & ! motion und]go ! previ\sly     
designat$ k9ds ( *ange4  ,b ?is makes ! 
=mula worse in/ead ( bett]4  ,!         
dissipation ( motion "p ( x is simple   
vagu5ess1--= :at p>ticul> motion is     
dissipat$ :5 a man or /ate gr[s m highly
 evolv$8  ,& ! integration ( matt]      
belongs only to /ell> & geologic        
evolution4  ,nei!r height5$ specific    
gravity1 nor great] massiv5ess1 :i* are 
! only conceivable integrations ( matt]1
 is a m>k ( ! m evolv$ vital1 m5tal1 or 
social ?+s4  ,x is obvi\s t ! facts (   
:i* ,sp5c] "h gives s clumsy an acc\nt  
c\ld all h be5 set d[n m simply4  ,fir/ 
!re is sol>1 & !n !re is geological     
evolution1 processes accurately         
describable z integrations 9 ! me*anical
 s5se1 namely1 z decrease 9 bulk1 or    
gr[? 9 h>dness4  ,!n ,life appe>s2 &    
aft] t nei!r integration ( matt] nor    
dissipation ( motion play any "p :atev]4

  ,! result ( life1 h[ev]1 is to fill ! 
_w m & m ) ?+s display+ organic unity4  
,by ?is is meant any arrangem5t ( :i* "o
 "p helps to keep ! o!r p>ts 9 exi/5ce4 
,"s organic unities are mat]ial1--a     
sea-ur*91 = example1 a dep>tm5t /ore1 a 
civil s]vice1 or an ecclesia/ical       
organization4  ,"s are m5tal1 z a       
sci5ce1 a code ( laws1 or an educational
 programme4  ,b :e!r !y be mat]ial or   
m5tal products1 organic unities mu/     
accumulate2 = e old "o t5ds to cons]ve  
itself1 & if successful new ones arise  
!y also come to /ay4  ,! human use (    
,sp5c]'s adjectives integrat$1 def9ite1 
coh]5t1 "h no long] %ocks "o4  ,we are  
frankly on teleological gr\nd1 &        
metaphor & vagu5ess are p]missible4     
,?is t5d5cy ( organic unities to        
accumulate :5 once !y are =m$ is        
absolutely all ! tru? ,i c di/ill f     
,sp5c]'s unwieldy acc\nt ( evolution4   
,x makes a mu* less gaudy & *romatic    
picture1 b :at !re is ( x is exact4     
,c\ntless o!r criticisms sw>m t[>d my   

p51 b ,i h no he>t to express !m1--x is 
too sorry an occupation4  ,a ^w ab\t    
,sp5c]'s conception ( ,=ce1 h[ev]1      
insi/s on be+ add$2 = al?\gh x is "o ( 8
 mo/ ess5tial1 x is "o ( 8 vague/ ideas4
  ,ov] all 8 special laws ( evolution   
!re reigns an absolutely g5]al law1 t ( 
! p]si/5ce ( =ce4  ,by ?is ,sp5c]       
sometimes means ! ph5om5al law (        
cons]vation ( en]gy1 sometimes !        
metaphysical pr9ciple t ! quantity (    
exi/5ce is unalt]able1 sometimes !      
logical pr9ciple t no?+ c happ5 )\t a   
reason1 sometimes ! practical po/ulate t
 9 ! abs5ce ( any assignable diff]5ce y 
mu/ call a ?+ ! same4  ,?is law is "o   
va/ vagu5ess1 ( :i* ,i c give no cle>   
acc\nt2 b ( 8 special vagu5esses m5tal  
=ce & social =ce are good examples4  ,^!
 manife/ations ( ! univ]sal =ce1 he     
says1 are due to vital =ce1 & ?is latt] 
is due to physical =ce1 bo? be+         
proportionate to ! am\nt ( physical =ce 
:i* is trans=m$ into !m4  ,b :at on e>? 
is social =ce8  ,sometimes he id5tifies 

x ) social activity 7%[+ ! latt] to be  
proportionate to ! am\nt ( food eat571  
sometimes ) ! "w done by human be+s & _!
 /eam-eng9es1 & %[s x to be due         
ultimately to ! sun's heat4  ,x w\ld    
nev] occur to a read] ( 8 pages t a     
social =ce prop] might be any?+ t act$ z
 a /imulus ( social *ange1--a lead]1 =  
example1 a discov]y1 a book1 a new idea1
 or a national insult2 & t ! greate/ (  
=ces ( ?is k9d ne$ embody no m physical 
=ce ?an ! smalle/4  ,! measure (        
greatness "h is ! effect produc$ on !   
environm5t1 n a quantity antec$5tly     
absorb$ f physical nature4  ,mr4 ,sp5c] 
himself is a great social =ce2 b he ate 
no m ?an an av]age man1 & 8 body1 if    
cremat$1 w\ld dis5gage no m en]gy4  ,!  
effects he ex]ts are ( no nature (      
releases1--8 words pull trigg]s 9 c]ta9 
k9ds ( bra94  ,! fundam5tal di/9ction 9 
me*anics betwe5 =ces ( pu%-&-pull & =ces
 ( release is "o ( :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 8 
e>li] ye>s1 made no use :atev]4  ,only 9
 8 six? edition did he %[ t x _h s]i\sly

 arre/$ 8 att5tion4  ,9 biology1        
psy*ology1 & sociology ! =ces conc]n$   
are almo/ exclusively =ces ( release4   
,sp5c]'s acc\nt ( social =ces is nei!r  
good sociology nor good me*anics4  ,8   
feeble grasp ( ! conception ( =ce       
vitiates1 9 fact1 all 8 "w4  ,b ! task (
 a c>p] is repugnant4  ,! ,essays1      
,biology1 ,psy*ology1 ,sociology1 &     
,e?ics are all bett] ?an ,fir/          
,pr9ciples1 & conta9 num]\s & admirable 
bits ( p5etrat+ "w ( detail4  ,my       
impression is t1 ( ! sy/ematic treaties1
 ! ,psy*ology w rank z ! mo/ orig9al4   
,sp5c] broke new gr\nd "h 9 insi/+ t1   
s9ce m9d & its environm5t h evolv$      
toge!r1 !y mu/ be /udi$ toge!r4  ,he    
gave to ! /udy ( m9d 9 isolation a      
def9itive quietus1 & t c]ta9ly is a     
great ?+ to h a*iev$4  ,to be sure he   
ov]did ! matt]1 z usual1 & left no room 
= any m5tal /ructure at all1 except t   
:i* passively result$ f ! /orage (      
impressions receiv$ f ! out] _w 9 ! ord]
 ( _! frequ5cy by fa!rs & transmitt$ to 

_! sons4  ,! belief t :atev] is acquir$ 
by sires is inh]it$ by sons1 & ! ignor+ 
( purely inn] v>iations1 are weak po9ts2
 b to h br\ght 9 ! environm5t z vital 0 
a ma/] /roke4  ,i may say t ,sp5c]'s    
controv]sy ov] use-inh]itance )         
,weismann1 ent]$ into aft] he 0 sixty1  
seems to me 9 po9t ( quality bett] ?an  
any o!r "p ( 8 "w4  ,x is g5u9e labor   
ov] a puzzle1 g5u9e rese>*4  ,sp5c]'s   
,e?ics is a mo/ vital & orig9al piece ( 
attitude-tak+ 9 ! _w ( ideals4  ,8      
politico-e?ical activity 9 g5]al brea!s 
! pure/ ,engli% _s lib]ty1 & 8 attacks  
on ov]-adm9i/ration & criticisms on !   
inf]iority ( great c5traliz$ sy/ems are 
wor?y to be ! textbooks ( individuali/s 
! _w ov]4  ,i confess t x is ) ?is "p ( 
8 "w1 9 spite ( its h>dness &           
inflexibility ( tone1 t ,i p]sonally    
sympa?ize mo/4  ,look+ back on ,mr4     
,sp5c] z a :ole1 z ?is admirably        
tru?-tell+ ,autobiography reveals him1  
he is a figure unique = qua9t consi/5cy4
  ,he nev] v>i$ f t inimitable bl5d (   

small & va/ m9d$ness1 ( lib]ality &     
crabb$ness1 :i* 0 8 p]sonal note1 & :i* 
defies our =mulat+ p[]4  ,if an ab/ract 
logical concept c\ld come to life1 its  
life w\ld be l ,sp5c]'s1--! same        
def9it5ess ( exclusion & inclusion1 !   
same bloodlessness ( temp]am5t1 ! same  
n>r[ness ( int5t & va/ness ( ext5t1 !   
same p[] ( apply+ itself to numb]less   
in/ances4  ,b he 0 no ab/ract idea2 he 0
 a man vigor\sly devot$ to tru? & ju/ice
 z he saw !m1 :o _h deep insights1 & :o 
f9i%$1 "u t]rible fru/rations f bad     
heal?1 a piece ( "w t tak5 = all 9 all1 
is extraord9>y4  ,a human life is great]
 ?an all its possible apprais]s1        
assessors1 & critics4  ,9 comp>ison ) ! 
fact ( ,sp5c]'s actual liv+1 su*        
critical *>act]ization ( x z ,i h be5 at
 all ^! pa9s to produce seems a r       
unimportant z well z a decid$ly         
graceless ?+4    #a ,writt5 ^u !        
publication ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s           
,autobiography4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,atlantic  
,mon?ly = ,july1 #aijd4     ,,vii       

,,fr$]ic ,,my]s' ,,s]vices ,,to         
,,psy*ology#a  ,on ?is memorial occasion
 x is f ,engli% he>ts & tongues belong+1
 z ,i nev] _h ! privilege ( belong+1 to 
! imm$iate environm5t ( our lam5t$      
,presid5t1 t disc\rse ( him z a man & z 
a fri5d mu/ come4  ,x is = ^? :o        
p>ticipat$ 9 ! endless drudg]y ( 8      
labors = our ,society to tell ( ! high  
p[]s he %[$ !re2 & x is = ^? :o h some?+
 ( 8 burn+ int]e/ 9 ! problem ( our     
human de/9y to e/imate 8 success 9 ?r[+ 
a little m light into its d>k recesses4 
,to me x has be5 deem$ be/ to assign a  
cold] task4  ,fr$]ic ,my]s 0 a          
psy*ologi/ :o work$ ^u l9es h>dly       
admitt$ by ! m academic bran* ( !       
pr(ession to be legitimate2 & z = "s    
ye>s ,i bore ! title ( ,pr(essor (      
,psy*ology1 ! sugge/ion has be5 made 7& 
by me gladly welcom$7 t ,i %\ld sp5d my 
portion ( ?is h\r 9 def9+ ! exact place 
& rank :i* we mu/ accord to him z a     
cultivator & promot] ( ! sci5ce ( !     
,m9d4  ,br\ght up entirely ^u lit]ature 

& hi/ory1 & int]e/$ at fir/ 9 poetry &  
religion *iefly2 nev] by nature a       
philosoph] 9 ! te*nical s5se ( a man =c$
 to pursue consi/5cy among concepts = ! 
m]e love ( ! logical occupation2 n      
cramm$ ) sci5ce at college1 or tra9$ to 
sci5tific me?od by any passage ?r\gh a  
laboratory1 ,my]s _h z x 7 to recreate 8
 p]sonality be=e he became ! w>y critic 
( evid5ce1 ! skilful h&l] ( hypo!sis1 ! 
le>n$ neurologi/ & omnivor\s read] (    
biological & cosmological matt]1 ) :om 9
 lat] ye>s we 7 acqua9t$4  ,!           
trans=mation came ab\t because he ne$$  
to be all ^! ?+s 9 ord] to "w           
successfully at ! problem t lay ne> 8   
he>t2 & ! ardor ( 8 w & ! ri*ness ( 8   
intellect are prov$ by ! success ) :i*  
he und]w5t s unusual a trans=mation4  ,!
 problem1 z y "k1 0 t ( seek+ evid5ce = 
human immortality4  ,8 contributions to 
psy*ology 7 incid5tal to t rese>*1 &    
w\ld probably nev] h be5 made _h he n   
ent]$ on x4  ,b !y h a value = ,sci5ce  
entirely indep5d5t ( ! light !y %$ ^u t 

problem2 & x is q ap>t f x t ,i %all    
v5ture to consid] !m4   ,if we look at !
 hi/ory ( m5tal sci5ce we are imm$iately
 /ruck by div]se t5d5cies among its     
sev]al cultivators1 ! consequ5ce be+ a  
c]ta9 opposition ( s*ools & "s          
repugnance among _! disciples4 ,ap>t f !
 great contra/s betwe5 m9ds t are       
teleological or biological & m9ds t are 
me*anical1 betwe5 ! animi/s & !         
associationi/s 9 psy*ology1 !re is !    
entirely diff]5t contra/ betwe5 :at ,i w
 call ! classic-academic & ! romantic   
type ( imag9ation4  ,! =m] has a        
fondness = clean pure l9es & noble      
simplicity 9 its con/ructions4  ,x      
expla9s ?+s by z few pr9ciples z        
possible & is intol]ant ( ei!r          
nondescript facts or clumsy =mulas4  ,! 
facts mu/ lie 9 a neat assemblage1 & !  
psy*ologi/ mu/ be enabl$ to cov] !m &   
tuck !m 9 z safely "u 8 sy/em z a "m    
tucks h] babe 9 "u ! d[n cov]let on a   
w9t] night4  ,until q rec5tly all       
psy*ology1 :e!r animi/ic or             

associationi/ic1 0 writt5 on            
classic-academic l9es4  ,! consequ5ce 0 
t ! human m9d1 z x is figur$ 9 ?is      
lit]ature1 0 l>gely an ab/raction4  ,its
 normal adult traits 7 recogniz$4  ,a   
sort ( sun-lit t]race 0 exhibit$ on :i* 
x took its ex]cise4  ,b :]e t t]race    
/opp$1 ! m9d /opp$2 & !re 0 no?+ f>!r   
left to tell ( 9 ?is k9d ( philosophy b 
! bra9 & ! o!r physical facts ( nature  
on ! "o h&1 & ! absolute metaphysical   
gr\nd ( ! univ]se on ! o!r4  ,b ( late  
ye>s ! t]race has be5 ov]run by romantic
 improv]s1 & to pass to _! "w is l go+ f
 classic to go?ic ar*itecture1 :]e few  
outl9es are pure & :]e unc\? =ms lurk 9 
! %ad[s4 ,a mass ( m5tal ph5om5a are n[ 
se5 9 ! %rubb]y beyond ! p>apet4        
,fanta/ic1 ignoble1 h>dly human1 or     
frankly non-human are "s ( ^! new       
c&idates = psy*ological description4  ,!
 m5ag]ie & ! madh\se1 ! nurs]y1 !       
prison1 & ! hospital1 h be5 made to     
deliv] up _! mat]ial4  ,! _w ( m9d is   
%[n z some?+ inf9itely m complex ?an 0  

suspect$2 & :atev] beauties x may /ill  
possess1 x has lo/ at any rate ! beauty 
( academic neatness4  ,b despite !      
triumph ( romanticism1 psy*ologi/s z a  
rule h /ill "s l+]+ prejudice 9 favor ( 
! nobl] simplicities4 ,moreov]1 !re are 
social prejudices :i* sci5tific m5      
!mselves obey4  ,! ^w hypnotism has be5 
trail$ ab\t 9 ! newspap]s s t ev5 we    
ourselves r w9ce at x1 & avoid occasions
 ( its use4  ,mesm]ism1 clairvoyance1   
m$ium1--horrescimus ref]5tes6--& ) all  
^! ?+s1 infect$ by _! previ\s           
my/]y-mong]+ discov]]s1 ev5 our be/     
fri5ds _h r avoid complicity4  ,=       
in/ance1 ,i invite eight ( my sci5tific 
colleagues sev]ally to come to my h\se  
at _! own "t1 & sit ) a m$ium = :om !   
evid5ce already publi%$ 9 our ,proce$+s 
_h be5 mo/ notewor?y4  ,al?\gh x means  
at wor/ ! wa/e ( ! h\r = ea*1 five ( !m 
decl9e ! adv5ture4  ,i !n beg !         
,commission connect$ ) ! *air ( a c]ta9 
le>n$ psy*ologi/ 9 a neighbor+ univ]sity
 to exam9e ! same m$ium1 :om ,mr4       

,hodgson & ,i (f] at our own exp5se to  
s5d & leave ) !m4  ,!y also h to be     
excus$ f any su* entanglem5t4  ,i advise
 ano!r psy*ological fri5d to look into  
?is m$ium's case1 b he replies t x is   
useless2 = if he %\ld get su* results z 
,i report1 he w\ld 7be+ sugge/ible7     
simply believe himself halluc9at$4  ,:5 
,i propose z a rem$y t he %\ld rema9 9 !
 backgr\nd & take notes1 :il/ 8 wife has
 ! sitt+1 he expla9s t he c nev] cons5t 
to 8 wife's pres5ce at su* p]=mances4   
,?is fri5d ( m9e writes ex ca!dra on !  
subject ( psy*ical rese>*1 decl>+ 7,i   
ne$ h>dly add7 t !re is no?+ 9 x2 ! *air
 ( ! psy*ologi/ ) ! ,commission 0 f\nd$ 
by a spiriti/1 p>tly ) a view to        
inve/igate m$iums2 & "o ( ! five        
colleagues :o decl9$ my invitation is   
widely quot$ z an effective critic ( our
 evid5ce4  ,s runs ! _w away6 ,i %\ld n 
indulge 9 ! p]sonality & triviality (   
su* anecdotes1 7 x n t !y pa9t ! temp] (
 our "t1 a temp] :i*1 ?anks to ,fr$]ic  
,my]s m ?an to any "o1 w c]ta9ly be     

impossible aft] ?is g5]ation4  ,my]s 01 
,i ?9k1 decid$ly exclusive & intol]ant  
by nature4  ,b 8 ke5ness = tru? c>ri$   
him into regions :]e ei!r intellectual  
or social squeami%ness w\ld h be5 fatal1
 s he mortifi$ 8 am\r propre1 unclubb$  
himself completely1 & became a model (  
pati5ce1 tact & humility :]ev]          
inve/igation requir$ x4  ,bo? 8 example 
& 8 body ( doctr9e w make ?is temp] !   
only "o h5ce=w>d sci5tifically          
respectable4  ,if y ask me h[ 8 doctr9e 
has ?is effect1 ,i answ]3 ,by           
co-ord9at+6  ,= ,my]s' great pr9ciple ( 
rese>* 0 t 9 ord] to und]/& any "o      
species ( fact we ought to h all !      
species ( ! same g5]al class ( fact be=e
 u4  ,s he took a lot ( scatt]$ ph5om5a1
 "s ( !m recogniz$ z reputable1 o!rs    
outlaw$ f sci5ce1 or treat$ z isolat$   
curiosities2 he made s]ies ( !m1 fill$ 9
 ! transitions by delicate hypo!ses or  
analogies2 & b\nd !m toge!r 9 a sy/em by
 8 bold inclusive conception ( !        
,sublim9al ,self1 s t no "o c n[ t\* "o 

"p ( ! fabric )\t f9d+ ! re/ entangl$ ) 
x4  ,su* vague t]ms ( app]ception z     
psy*ologi/s h hi!rto be5 satisfi$ ) us+ 
= mo/ ( ^! ph5om5a1 z fraud1 rot1       
rubbi%1 w no m be possible h]eaft] ?an  
dirt is possible z a head (             
classification 9 *emi/ry1 or v]m9 9     
zoology4  ,:atev] !y are1 !y are ?+s ) a
 "r to def9ite description & to c>eful  
obs]vation4  ,i _c b acc\nt ?is z a     
great s]vice r5d]$ to ,psy*ology4  ,i   
expect t ,my]s w ere long di/9ctly      
figure 9 m5tal sci5ce z ! radical lead] 
9 :at ,i h call$ ! romantic movem5t4    
,?r\gh him = ! fir/ "t1 psy*ologi/s are 
9 possession ( _! full mat]ial1 & m5tal 
ph5om5a are set d[n 9 an adequate       
inv5tory4  ,to br+ unlike ?+s ?us toge!r
 by =m+ s]ies ( :i* ! int]m$i>y t]ms    
connect ! extremes1 is a proc$ure mu* 9 
use by sci5tific m54  ,x is a fir/ /ep  
made t[>ds secur+ _! int]e/ 9 ! romantic
 facts1 t ,my]s %\ld h %[n h[ easily ?is
 famili> me?od c be appli$ to _! /udy4  
,my]s' conception ( ! ext5siv5ess ( !   

,sublim9al ,self q ov]turns ! classic   
notion ( :at ! human m9d consi/s 94  ,! 
supralim9al region1 z ,my]s calls x1 !  
classic-academic consci\sness1 :i* 0    
once alone consid]$ ei!r by             
associationi/s or animi/s1 figures 9 8  
!ory z only a small segm5t ( ! psy*ic   
spectrum4  ,x is a special phase (      
m5tality1 teleologically evolv$ =       
adaptation to our natural environm5t1 & 
=ms only :at he calls a privileg$ case (
 p]sonality4  ,! out-ly+ ,sublim9al1    
accord+ to him1 repres5ts m fully our   
c5tral & abid+ be+4  ,i ?9k ! words     
sublim9al & supralim9al un=tunate1 b !y 
7 probably unavoidable4  ,i ?9k1 too1 t 
,my]s' belief 9 ! ubiquity & great ext5t
 ( ! ,sublim9al w dem& a f> l>g] numb] (
 facts ?an suffic$ to p]suade him1 be=e 
! next g5]ation ( psy*ologi/s %all      
become p]suad$4  ,he reg>ds ! ,sublim9al
 z ! envelop+ "m-consci\sness 9 ea* ( u1
 f :i* ! consci\sness we wot ( is       
precipitat$ l a cry/al4  ,b :e!r ?is    
view get confirm$ or get ov]?r[n by     

future inquiry1 ! def9ite way 9 :i*     
,my]s has ?r[n x d[n is a new & specific
 *all5ge to inquiry4  ,= half a c5tury  
n[1 psy*ologi/s h fully admitt$ !       
exi/5ce ( a sublim9al m5tal region1 "u !
 "n ei!r ( unconsci\s c]ebration or ( ! 
involunt>y life2 b !y h nev] def9itely  
tak5 up ! "q ( ! ext5t ( ?is region1    
nev] s\ght explicitly to map x out4     
,my]s def9itely attacks ?is problem1    
:i*1 aft] him1 x w be impossible to     
ignore4  ,:at is ! precise con/itution (
 ! ,sublim9al--su* is ! problem :i*     
des]ves to figure 9 our ,sci5ce h]eaft] 
z ! problem ( ,my]s2 & willy-nilly1     
inquiry mu/ foll[ on ! pa? :i* x has    
op5$ up4  ,b ,my]s has n only prop\nd$ !
 ,problem def9itely1 he has also inv5t$ 
def9ite me?ods = its solution4          
,po/hypnotic sugge/ion1 cry/al-gaz+1    
automatic writ+ & trance-spee*1 !       
will+-game1 etc41 are n[1 ?anks to him1 
in/rum5ts ( rese>*1 reag5ts l litmus    
pap] or ! galvanomet]1 = reveal+ :at    
w\ld o!rwise be hidd54  ,^! are s _m    

ways ( putt+ ! ,sublim9al on tap4  ,(   
c\rse )\t ! simultane\s "w on hypnotism 
& hy/]ia indep5d5tly begun by o!rs1 he  
c\ld n h pu%$ 8 own "w s f>4  ,b he is s
 f> ! only g5]aliz] ( ! problem & ! only
 us] ( all ! me?ods2 & ev5 ?\gh 8 !ory (
 ! ext5t ( ! ,sublim9al %\ld h to be    
subv]t$ 9 ! end1 its =mulation w1 ,i am 
sure1 figure always z a r mom5t\s ev5t 9
 ! hi/ory ( our ,sci5ce4  ,any          
psy*ologi/ :o %\ld wi% to read ,my]s out
 ( ! pr(ession--& !re are probably /ill 
"s :o w\ld be glad to d s to-day--is    
committ$ to a def9ite alt]native4  ,ei!r
 he mu/ say t we knew all ab\t !        
sublim9al region be=e ,my]s took x up1  
or he mu/ say t x is c]ta9 t /ates (    
sup]-normal cognition =m no "p ( its    
cont5t4  ,! fir/ cont5tion w\ld be too  
absurd4  ,! second "o rema9s m          
plausible4  ,!re are _m fir/ h&         
inve/igators into ! ,sublim9al :o1 n    
hav+ !mselves met ) any?+ sup]-normal1  
w\ld probably n hesitate to call all !  
reports ( x errone\s1 & :o w\ld limit ! 

,sublim9al to dissolutive ph5om5a (     
consci\sness exclusively1 to laps$      
memories1 subconsci\s s5sations1        
impulses & phobias1 & ! l4  ,messrs4    
,janet & ,b9et1 = aught ,i "k1 may hold 
"s su* position z ?is4  ,aga9/ x ,my]s' 
!sis w\ld /& %>ply out4  ,( !           
,sublim9al1 he w\ld say1 we c give no   
ultra-simple acc\nt3 !re are discreet   
regions 9 x1 levels sep>at$ by critical 
po9ts ( transition1 & no "o =mula holds 
true ( !m all4  ,& any consci5ti\s      
psy*ologi/ ought1 x seems to me1 to see 
t1 s9ce ^! multiple modifications (     
p]sonality are only beg9n+ to be report$
 & obs]v$ ) c>e1 x is obvi\s t a        
dogmatically negative treatm5t ( !m mu/ 
be premature & t ! problem ( ,my]s /ill 
awaits u z ! problem ( f> ! deepe/ mom5t
 = our actual psy*ology1 :e!r 8 own     
t5tative solutions ( c]ta9 p>ts ( x be  
correct or n4  ,mean:ile1 desc5d+ to    
detail1 "o _c help admir+ ! great       
orig9ality ) :i* ,my]s wove su* an      
extraord9>ily deta*$ & discont9u\s s]ies

 ( ph5om5a toge!r4  ,unconsci\s         
c]ebration1 dreams1 hypnotism1 hy/]ia1  
inspirations ( g5ius1 ! will+-game1     
plan*ette1 cry/al-gaz+1 halluc9atory    
voices1 app>itions ( ! dy+1             
m$ium-trances1 demoniacal possession1   
clairvoyance1 ?\ght-transf]5ce1 ev5     
gho/s & o!r facts m d\btful2 ^! ?+s =m a
 *aos at fir/ sight mo/ disc\rag+4  ,no 
wond] t sci5ti/s c ?9k ( no o!r pr9ciple
 ( unity among !m ?an _! common appeal  
to m5's p]v]se prop5sity to sup]/ition4 
,yet ,my]s has actually made a sy/em (  
!m1 /r++ !m cont9u\sly ^u a p]fectly    
legitimate objective hypo!sis1 v]ifi$ 9 
"s cases & ext5d$ to o!rs by analogy4   
,tak+ ! "n automatism f ! ph5om5on (    
automatic writ+--,i am n sure t he may n
 himself h be5 ! fir/ s to baptize ?is  
latt] ph5om5on--he made "o great        
simplification at a /roke by treat+     
halluc9ations & active impulses "u a    
common head1 z s5sory & motor           
automatisms4 ,automatism he !n conceiv$ 
broadly z a message ( any k9d f !       

,sublim9al to ! ,supralim9al4  ,& he w5t
 a /ep f>!r 9 8 hypo!tic int]pretation1 
:5 he insi/$ on symbolism z "o ( ! ways 
9 :i* "o /ratum ( our p]sonality w (t5  
int]pret ! influ5ces ( ano!r4           
,obsessive ?\ghts & delusions1 z well z 
voices1 visions1 & impulses1 ?us fall   
subject to "o mode ( treatm5t4  ,to     
expla9 !m1 we mu/ explore ! ,sublim9al2 
to cure !m we mu/ practically influ5ce  
x4  ,my]s' "w on automatism l$ to 8     
brilliant conception1 9 #ahia1 ( hy/]ia4
  ,he def9$ x1 ) good reasons giv51 z a 
disease ( ! hypnotic /ratum4  ,h>dly _h 
he done s :5 ! wond]fully +5i\s         
obs]vations ( ,b9et1 & especially (     
,janet 9 ,france1 gave to ?is view !    
complete/ ( corroborations4  ,^!        
obs]vations h be5 ext5d$ 9 ,g]many1     
,am]ica1 & else:]e2 & al?\gh ,b9et &    
,janet work$ indep5d5tly ( ,my]s1 & did 
"w f> m objective1 he nev]!less w /& z !
 orig9al ann\nc] ( a !ory :i*1 9 my     
op9ion1 makes an epo*1 n only 9 m$ical b
 9 psy*ological sci5ce1 because x br+s 9

 an entirely new conception ( our m5tal 
possibilities4  ,my]s' mann] ( appreh5d+
 ! problem ( ! ,sublim9al %[s itself    
fruitful 9 e possible direction4  ,:ile 
(ficial sci5ce practically refuses to   
att5d to ,sublim9al ph5om5a1 ! circles  
:i* d att5d to !m treat !m ) a respect  
altoge!r too undiscrim9at+1--e          
,sublim9al deliv]ance mu/ be an oracle4 
,! result is t !re is no basis (        
int]c\rse betwe5 ^? :o be/ "k ! facts & 
^? :o are mo/ compet5t to discuss !m4   
,my]s imm$iately e/abli%es a basis by 8 
rem>k t 9 s f> z !y h to use ! same     
organism1 ) its pre=m$ av5ues (         
expression--:at may be v diff]5t /rata (
 ! ,sublim9al are condemn$ 9 advance to 
manife/ !mselves 9 simil> ways4  ,?is   
might acc\nt = ! great g5]ic lik5ess ( s
 _m automatic p]=mances1 :ile _! diff]5t
 />t+-po9ts beh9d ! ?re%old might acc\nt
 = c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 !m4  ,"s ( !m1     
namely1 seem to include elem5ts (       
sup]-normal k2 o!rs to %[ a curi\s      
subconsci\s mania = p]sonation &        

deception2 o!rs aga9 to be m]e drivel4  
,b ,my]s' conception ( v>i\s /rata or   
levels 9 ! ,sublim9al sets u to analyz+ 
!m all f a new po9t ( view4  ,! ^w      
,sublim9al = him d5otes only a region1 )
 possibly ! mo/ het]og5e\s cont5ts4     
,mu* ( ! cont5t is c]ta9ly rubbi%1 matt]
 t ,my]s calls dissolutive1 /uff t      
dreams are made (1 fragm5ts ( laps$     
memory1 me*anical effects ( habit &     
ord9>y sugge/ion2 "s belongs to a middle
 region :]e a /range manufacture ( inn] 
romances p]petually goes on2 f9ally1 "s 
( ! cont5t appe>s sup]iorly & subtly    
p]ceptive4  ,b ea* has to appeal to u by
 ! same *annels & to use organs p>tly   
tra9$ to _! p]=mance by messages f ! o!r
 levels4  ,"u ^! conditions :at c\ld be 
m natural to expect ?an a confusion :i* 
,my]s' sugge/ion w\ld !n h be5 ! fir/   
indisp5sable /ep t[>ds f9ally cle>+     
away4  ,once m1 !n1 :atev] be ! up%ot ( 
! pati5t "w requir$ "h1 ,my]s'          
res\rceful intellect has c]ta9ly done a 
s]vice to psy*ology4  ,i said a :ile ago

 t 8 intellect 0 n by nature philosophic
 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( be+ t ( a logician4   
,9 ! broad] s5se ( be+ a man ( wide     
sci5tific imag9ation1 ,my]s 0 mo/       
em95tly a philosoph]4  ,he has %[n ?is  
by 8 unusually d>+ grasp ( ! pr9ciple ( 
evolution1 & by ! wond]ful way 9 :i* he 
has work$ out sugge/ions ( m5tal        
evolution by means ( biological         
analogies4 ,^! analogies are1 if any?+1 
too pr(use & dazzl+ 9 8 pages2 b 8      
conception ( m5tal evolution is m       
radical ?an any?+ yet consid]$ by       
psy*ologi/s z possible4  ,x is          
absolutely orig9al2 &1 be+ s radical1 x 
becomes "o ( ^? hypo!ses :i*1 once      
prop\nd$1 c nev] be =gott51 b soon] or  
lat] h to be work$ out & submitt$ 9 e   
way to criticism & v]ification4  ,!     
corn]-/one ( 8 conception is ! fact t   
consci\sness has no ess5tial unity4  ,x 
aggregates & dissipates1 & :at we call  
normal consci\sness1--! ,human ,m9d (   
classic psy*ology1--is n ev5 typical1 b 
only "o case out ( ?\s&s4  ,slight      

organic alt]ations1 intoxications1 &    
auto-intoxications1 give supralim9al =ms
 completely diff]5t1 & ! sublim9al      
region seems to h laws 9 _m respects    
peculi>4  ,my]s !reupon makes !         
sugge/ion t ! :ole sy/em ( consci\sness 
/udi$ by ! classic psy*ology is only an 
extract f a l>g] total1 be+ a "p        
told-(f1 z x 71 to d s]vice 9 !         
adju/m5ts ( our physical organism to !  
_w ( nature4  ,?is extract1 aggregat$ & 
p]sonifi$ = ?is p>ticul> purpose1 has1 l
 all evolv+ ?+s1 a v>iety (             
peculi>ities4  ,hav+ evolv$1 x may also 
dissolve1 & 9 dreams1 hy/]ia1 & div]s   
=ms ( deg5]ation x seems to d s4  ,?is  
is a retrograde process ( sep>ation 9 a 
consci\sness ( :i* ! unity 0 once       
effect$4  ,b aga9 ! consci\sness may    
foll[ ! opposite c\rse & integrate /ill 
f>!r1 or evolve by gr[+ into yet untri$ 
directions4  ,9 v]idical automatisms x  
actually seems to d s4  ,x drops "s (   
its usual modes ( increase1 its ord9>y  
use ( ! s5ses1 = example1 & lays hold ( 

bits ( in=mation :i*1 9 ways t we _c ev5
 foll[ conjecturally1 leak into x by way
 ( ! ,sublim9al4  ,! ult]ior s\rce ( a  
c]ta9 "p ( ?is in=mation 7limit$ &      
p]v]t$ z x always is by ! organism's    
idiosyncrasies 9 ! way ( transmission & 
expression7 ,my]s ?\ght he c\ld         
reasonably trace to dep>t$ human        
intellig5ce1 or its exi/+ equival5t4  ,i
 pret5d to no op9ion on ?is po9t1 = ,i h
 z yet /udi$ ! evid5ce ) s little       
critical c>e t ,my]s 0 always surpris$  
at my neglig5ce4  ,i c !re=e speak )    
deta*m5t f ?is "q &1 z a m]e empirical  
psy*ologi/1 ( ,my]s' g5]al evolution>y  
conception4  ,z su* a psy*ologi/ ,i feel
 sure t ! latt] is a hypo!sis (         
fir/-rate philosophic importance4  ,x is
 bas$1 ( c\rse1 on 8 conviction ( !     
ext5t ( ! ,sublim9al1 & w /& or fall z t
 is v]ifi$ or n2 b :e!r x /& or fall1 x 
looks to me l "o ( ^? sweep+ ideas by   
:i* ! sci5tific rese>*es ( an entire    
g5]ation are (t5 m\ld$4  ,x w\ld n be   
surpris+ if x prov$ su* a lead+ idea 9 !

 inve/igation ( ! ne> future2 = 9 "o    
%ape or ano!r1 ! ,sublim9al has come to 
/ay ) u1 & ! only possible c\rse to take
 h5ce=? is radically & ?or\ghly to      
explore its significance4   ,look+ back 
f ,fr$]ic ,my]s' vision ( va/ness 9 !   
field ( psy*ological rese>* ^u !        
programme z mo/ academic psy*ologi/s    
frame x1 "o mu/ confess t its limitation
 at _! h&s seems n only implausible1 b 9
 tru?1 a little ridicul\s4  ,ev5 )      
brutes & madm51 ev5 ) hy/]ics &         
hypnotics admitt$ z ! academic          
psy*ologi/s admit !m1 ! (ficial outl9es 
( ! subject are f> too neat to /& 9 !   
light ( analogy ) ! re/ ( ,nature4  ,!  
ultimates ( ,nature1--h] simple elem5ts1
 x !re be su*1--may inde$ comb9e 9      
def9ite proportions & foll[ classic laws
 ( ar*itecture2 b h] proximates1 9 h]   
ph5om5a z we imm$iately exp]i5ce !m1    
,nature is ev]y:]e go?ic1 n classic4    
,%e =ms a real jungle1 :]e all ?+s are  
provisional1 half-fitt$ to ea* o!r1 &   
untidy4  ,:5 we add su* a complex k9d ( 

sublim9al region z ,my]s believ$ 9 to ! 
(ficial region1 we re/ore ! analogy2 &1 
?\gh we may be mi/ak5 9 mu* detail1 9 a 
g5]al way1 at lea/1 we become plausible4
 ,9 comp>ison ) ,my]s' way ( attack+ !  
"q ( immortality 9 p>ticul>1 ! (ficial  
way is c]ta9ly s f> f ! m>k z to be     
almo/ prepo/]\s4  ,x assumes t :5 our   
ord9>y consci\sness goes out1 ! only    
alt]native surviv+ k9d ( consci\sness t 
c\ld be possible is ab/ract m5tality1   
liv+ on spiritual tru?1 & communicat+   
ideal wisdom--9 %ort1 ! :ole classic    
platoniz+ ,sunday-s*ool conception4     
,fail+ to get t sort ( ?+ :5 x li/5s to 
reports ab\t m$iums1 x d5ies t !re c be 
any?+4 ,my]s approa*es ! subject ) no   
su* a priori requirem5t4  ,if he f9ds   
any positive indication ( spirits1 he   
records x1 :atev] x may be1 & is will+  
to fit 8 conception to ! facts1 h[ev]   
grotesque ! latt] may appe>1 r ?an to   
blot out ! facts to suit 8 conception4  
,b1 z 0 long ago said by our            
collaborator1 ,mr4 ,cann+ ,s*ill]1 9    

words m effective ?an any ,i c write1 if
 any conception %\ld be blott$ out by   
s]i\s lov]s ( ,nature1 x surely ought to
 be classic academic ,sunday-s*ool      
conception4  ,if any?+ is unlikely 9 a  
_w l ?is1 x is t ! next adjac5t ?+ to ! 
m]e surface-%[ ( our exp]i5ce %\ld be ! 
realm ( et]nal ess5ces1 ( platonic      
ideas1 ( cry/al battlem5ts1 ( absolute  
significance4  ,b :e!r !y be animi/s or 
associationi/s1 a supposition some?+ l  
?is is /ill ! assumption ( our usual    
psy*ologi/s4  ,x comes f _! be+ = ! mo/ 
"p philosoph]s1 9 ! te*nical s5se1 & f  
_! %[+ ! weakness ( t pr(ession =       
logical ab/ractions4  ,my]s 0 prim>ily a
 lov] ( life & n ( ab/ractions4  ,he    
lov$ human life1 human p]sons1 & _!     
peculi>ities4  ,s he c\ld easily admit !
 possibility ( level beyond level (     
p]fectly concrete exp]i5ce1 all que] &  
cactus-l ?\gh x might be1 be=e we t\* ! 
absolute1 or rea* ! et]nal ess5ces4     
,beh9d ! m9ute anatomi/s & !            
physiologi/s1 ) _! metallic in/rum5ts1  

!re h always /ood ! out-door naturali/s 
) _! eyes & love ( concrete nature4  ,! 
=m] call ! latt] sup]ficial1 b !re is   
some?+ wrong ab\t y\r                   
laboratory-biologi/ :o has no sympa?y ) 
liv+ animals4  ,9 psy*ology !re is a    
simil> di/9ction4  ,"s psy*ologi/s are  
fasc9at$ by ! v>ieties ( m9d 9 liv+     
action1 o!rs by ! dissect+ out1 :e!r by 
logical analysis or by brass in/rum5ts1 
( :atev] elem5t>y m5tal processes may be
 !re4  ,my]s mu/ decid$ly be plac$ 9 !  
=m] class1 ?\gh 8 p[]ful use ( analogy  
enabl$ him also to d "w aft] ! fa%ion ( 
! latt]4  ,he lov$ human nature z ,cuvi]
 & ,agassiz lov$ animal nature2 9 8     
view1 z 9 _! view1 ! subject =m$ a va/  
liv+ picture4  ,:e!r 8 "n w h 9         
psy*ology z honorable a place z _! names
 h ga9$ 9 ! si/] sci5ce1 w dep5d on :e!r
 future inquir]s %all adopt or reject 8 
!ories2 & ! rapidity ) :i* _! decision  
%apes itself w dep5d l>gely on ! vigor )
 :i* ?is ,society cont9ues its labor 9 8
 abs5ce4  ,x is at any rate a           

possibility1 & ,i am dispos$ to ?9k x a 
probability1 t ,fr$]ic ,my]s w always be
 rememb]$ 9 psy*ology z ! pione] :o /ak$
 out a va/ tract ( m5tal wild]ness &    
plant$ ! flag ( g5u9e sci5ce ^u x4  ,he 
0 an enorm\s collector4  ,he introduc$ =
 ! fir/ "t comp>ison1 classification1 & 
s]ial ord] into ! peculi> k9d ( fact :i*
 he collect$4  ,he 0 a g5ius at p]ceiv+ 
analogies2 he 0 f]tile 9 hypo!ses2 & z  
f> z conditions all[$ x 9 ?is meteoric  
region1 he reli$ on v]ification4  ,su*  
advantages are ( no avail1 h[ev]1 if "o 
has /ruck into a false road f ! outset4 
,b %\ld x turn out t ,fr$]ic ,my]s has  
really hit ! "r road by 8 div9+ in/9ct1 
x is c]ta9 t1 l ! names ( o!rs :o h be5 
wise1 8 "n w keep an honorable place 9  
sci5tific hi/ory4    #a ,writt5 = a     
meet+ ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*  
held aft] ! dea? ( ,fr$]ic ,my]s & fir/ 
publi%$ 9 ! ,society's ,proce$+s1 ,"p   
,,xlii1 ,page #ag 7#aija74     ,,viii   
,,f9al ,,impressions ,,( ,a ,,psy*ical  
,,rese>*]#a  ,! late ,pr(essor ,h5ry    

,sidgwick 0 celebrat$ = ! r>e mixture ( 
ardor & critical judgm5t :i* 8 "*       
exhibit$4  ,! lib]al he>t :i* he        
possess$ _h to "w ) an intellect :i*    
act$ de/ructively on almo/ e p>ticul>   
object ( belief t 0 (f]$ to its         
acceptance4  ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1   
sc&aliz$ by ! *aotic /ate ( op9ion      
reg>d+ ! ph5om5a n[ call$ by ! r        
ridicul\s "n ( psy*ic--ph5om5a1 ( :i* ! 
supply report$ seems inexhau/ible1 b :i*
 sci5tifically tra9$ m9ds mo/ly refuse  
to look at--he e/abli%$1 along )        
,pr(essor ,b>rett1 ,fr$]ic ,my]s &      
,edmund ,gurney1 ! ,society = ,psy*ical 
,rese>*4 ,^! m5 hop$ t if ! mat]ial 7   
treat$ rigor\sly1 &1 z f> z possible    
exp]im5tally1 objective tru? w\ld be    
elicit$1 & ! subject rescu$ f           
s5tim5talism on ! "o side & dogmatiz+   
ignorance on ! o!r4  ,l all f\nd]s1     
,sidgwick hop$ = a c]ta9 promptitude (  
result2 & ,i he>d him say1 ! ye> be=e 8 
dea?1 t if anyone _h told him at !      
outset t aft] tw5ty ye>s he w\ld be 9 ! 

same id5tical /ate ( d\bt & balance t he
 />t$ )1 he w\ld h deem$ ! prophecy     
incr$ible4  ,x appe>$ impossible t t    
am\nt ( h&l+ evid5ce %\ld br+ s little  
f9ality ( decision4  ,my own exp]i5ce   
has be5 simil> to ,sidgwick's4  ,=      
tw5ty-five ye>s ,i h be5 9 t\* ) !      
lit]ature ( psy*ical rese>*1 & h _h     
acqua9tance ) num]\s rese>*]s4  ,i h    
also sp5t a good _m h\rs 7?\gh f> few]  
?an ,i ought to h sp5t7 9 witness+ 7or  
try+ to witness7 ph5om5a4  ,yet ,i am   
!oretically no fur!r ?an ,i 0 at !      
beg9n+2 & ,i confess t at times ,i h be5
 tempt$ to believe t ! ,creator has     
et]nally int5d$ ?is dep>tm5t ( nature to
 rema9 baffl+1 to prompt our curiosities
 & hopes & suspicions all 9 equal       
measure1 s t1 al?\gh gho/s &            
clairvoyances1 & raps & messages f      
spirits1 are always seem+ to exi/ & c   
nev] be fully expla9$ away1 !y also c   
nev] be susceptible ( full              
corroboration4  ,! peculi>ity ( ! case  
is j t !re are s _m s\rces ( possible   

deception 9 mo/ ( ! obs]vations t ! :ole
 lot ( !m may be wor?less1 & yet t 9    
comp>atively few cases c aught m fatal  
?an ?is vague g5]al possibility ( error 
be plead$ aga9/ ! record4  ,sci5ce      
mean:ile ne$s some?+ m ?an b>e          
possibilities to build ^u2 s y\r g5u9ely
 sci5tific inquir]--,i don't mean y\r   
ignoramus sci5ti/--has to rema9         
unsatisfi$4  ,x is h>d to believe1      
h[ev]1 t ! ,creator has really put any  
big array ( ph5om5a into ! _w m]ely to  
defy & mock our sci5tific t5d5cies2 s my
 deep] belief is t we psy*ical rese>*]s 
h be5 too precipitate ) our hopes1 & t  
we mu/ expect to m>k progress n by      
qu>t]-c5turies1 b by half-c5turies or   
:ole c5turies4  ,i am /r5g!n$ 9 ?is     
belief by my impression t j at ?is mom5t
 a fa9t b di/9ct /ep =w>d is be+ tak5 by
 compet5t op9ion 9 ^! matt]s4  ,physical
 ph5om5a 7movem5ts ( matt] )\t contact1 
lights1 h&s & faces mat]ializ$1 etc47 h 
be5 "o ( ! mo/ baffl+ regions ( ! g5]al 
field 7or p]haps "o ( ! lea/ baffl+     

prima facie1 s c]ta9 & great has be5 !  
"p play$ by fraud 9 _! production72 yet 
ev5 "h ! balance ( te/imony seems sl[ly 
to be incl9+ t[>ds admitt+ !            
sup]naturali/ view4  ,eusapia ,palad9o1 
! ,neapolitan m$ium1 has be5 "u         
obs]vation = tw5ty ye>s or m4           
,s*iap>elli1 ! a/ronom]1 & ,lombroso 7 !
 fir/ sci5tific m5 to be conv]t$ by h]  
p]=mances4  ,s9ce !n innum]able m5 (    
sci5tific /&+ h se5 h]1 includ+ _m      
psy*ic exp]ts4  ,e "o agrees t %e *eats 
9 ! mo/ b>efac$ mann] :5ev] %e gets an  
opportunity4  ,! ,cambridge exp]ts1 ) ! 
,sidgwicks & ,ri*>d ,hodgson at _! head1
 reject$ h] 9 toto on t acc\nt4  ,yet h]
 cr$it has /eadily ris51 & n[ h] la/    
conv]ts are ! em95t psy*iatri/1         
,morselli1 ! em95t physiologi/1         
,botazzi1 & our own psy*ical rese>*]1   
,c>r+ton1 ^: book on ,! ,physical       
,ph5om5a ( ,spiritualism 7aga9/ !m r67  
makes 8 conque/ /rategically important4 
,if ,mr4 ,podmore1 hi!rto ! prosecut+   
attorney ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r41 s f> z        

physical ph5om5a are conc]n$ becomes    
conv]t$ also1 we may inde$ sit up & look
 ar\nd u4 ,gett+ a good heal? bill f    
,sci5ce1 ,eusapia w !n ?r[ retrospective
 cr$it on ,home & ,/a9ton ,moses1       
,flor5ce ,cook 7,pr(4 ,crookes' m$ium71 
& all simil> wond]-work]s4  ,! balance (
 presumptions w be *ang$ 9 favor (      
g5u95ess be+ possible at lea/ 9 all     
reports ( ?is p>ticul>ly crass & l[ type
 ( sup]natural ph5om5a4   ,n long aft]  
,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species appe>$ ,i 0   
/udy+ ) t excell5t anatomi/ & man1      
,jeffries ,wyman1 at ,h>v>d4  ,he 0 a   
conv]t1 yet s f> a half-hesitat+ "o1 to 
,d>w9's views2 b ,i he>d him make a     
rem>k t applies well to ! subject ,i n[ 
write ab\t4  ,:51 he said1 a !ory gets  
prop\nd$ ov] & ov] aga91 com+ up afre%  
aft] ea* "t or?odox criticism has buri$ 
x1 & ea* "t seem+ solid] & h>d] to      
aboli%1 y may be sure t !re is tru? 9 x4
  ,ok5 & ,lam>ck & ,*amb]s _h be5       
triumphantly despat*$ & buri$1 b "h 0   
,d>w9 mak+ ! v same h]esy seem only m   

plausible4  ,h[ (t5 has ,sci5ce kill$ (f
 all spook philosophy1 & laid gho/s &   
raps & telepa?y away und]gr\nd z s mu*  
popul> delusion4  ,yet nev] be=e 7 ^!   
?+s (f]$ u s volum9\sly1 & nev] 9 su*   
au!ntic-seem+ %ape or ) su* good        
cr$5tials4  ,! tide seems /eadily to be 
ris+1 9 spite ( all ! exp$i5ts (        
sci5tific or?odoxy4  ,x is h>d n to     
suspect t "h may be some?+ diff]5t f a  
m]e *apt] 9 human gullibility4  ,x may  
be a g5u9e realm ( natural ph5om5a4     
,falsus 9 uno1 falsus 9 omnibus1 once a 
*eat1 always a *eat1 su* has be5 ! motto
 ( ! ,engli% psy*ical rese>*]s 9 deal+ )
 m$iums4  ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t1 z a   
matt] ( policy1 x has be5 wise4         
,tactically1 x is f> bett] to believe   
mu* too little ?an a little too mu*2 & !
 exceptional cr$it atta*+ to ! r[ (     
volumes ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4's ,proce$+s1 is 
due to ! fix$ int5tion ( ! editors to   
proce$ v sl[ly4  ,bett] a little belief 
ti$ fa/1 bett] a small inve/m5t salt$   
d[n1 ?an a mass ( comp>ative insecurity4

  ,b1 h[ev] wise z a policy ! ,s4 ,p4   
,r4's maxim may h be51 z a te/ ( tru?1  
,i believe x to be almo/ irrelevant4  ,9
 mo/ ?+s human ! accusation ( delib]ate 
fraud & falsehood is grossly sup]ficial4
  ,man's "* is too sophi/ically mix$ = !
 alt]native ( hone/ or di%one/ to be a  
%>p "o4  ,sci5tific m5 !mselves w       
*eat--at public lectures--r ?an let     
exp]im5ts obey _! well-kn[n t5d5cy t[>ds
 failure4  ,i h he>d ( a lectur] on     
physics1 :o _h tak5 ov] ! app>atus ( !  
previ\s incumb5t1 consult+ him ab\t a   
c]ta9 ma*9e int5d$ to %[ t1 h[ev] !     
p]iph]al p>ts ( x might be agitat$1 its 
c5tre ( gravity rema9$ immovable4  ,x w 
wobble1 he compla9$4 ,well1 said !      
pr$ecessor1 apologetically1 to tell !   
tru?1 :5ev] ,i us$ t ma*9e ,i f\nd x    
advisable to drive a nail ?r\gh ! c5tre 
( gravity4  ,i once saw a di/+ui%$      
physiologi/1 n[ dead1 *eat mo/          
%amelessly at a public lecture1 at !    
exp5se ( a poor rabbit1 & all = ! sake (
 be+ able to make a *eap joke ab\t its  

be+ an ,am]ican rabbit--= no o!r1 he    
said1 c\ld survive su* a w\nd z he      
pret5d$ to h giv5 x4  ,to comp>e small  
m5 ) great1 ,i h myself *eat$           
%amelessly4  ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,s&]s   
,!at] at ,h>v>d1 ,i once _h *>ge ( a    
he>t on ! physiology ( :i* ,pr(essor    
,newell ,m>t9 0 giv+ a popul> lecture4  
,?is he>t1 :i* belong$ to a turtle1     
support$ an index-/raw :i* ?rew a mov+  
%ad[1 greatly enl>g$1 ^u ! scre51 :ile !
 he>t pulsat$4  ,:5 c]ta9 n]ves 7       
/imulat$1 ! lectur] said1 ! he>t w\ld   
act 9 c]ta9 ways :i* he describ$4  ,b ! 
poor he>t 0 too f> gone &1 al?\gh x     
/opp$ duly :5 ! n]ve ( arre/ 0 excit$1 t
 0 ! f9al end ( its life's te!r4        
,presid+ ov] ! p]=mance1 ,i 0 t]rifi$ at
 ! fiasco1 & f\nd myself sudd5ly act+ l 
"o ( ^? milit>y g5iuses :o on ! field ( 
battle conv]t disa/] into victory4  ,!re
 0 no "t = delib]ation2 s1 ) my =ef+] "u
 a "p ( ! /raw t ca/ no %ad[1 ,i f\nd   
myself impulsively & automatically      
imitat+ ! rhy?mical movem5ts :i* my     

colleague _h prophesi$ ! he>t w\ld      
und]go4  ,i kept ! exp]im5t f fail+2 & n
 only sav$ my colleague 7& ! turtle7 f a
 humiliation t b = my pres5ce ( m9d w\ld
 h be5 _! lot1 b ,i e/abli%$ 9 ! audi5ce
 ! true view ( ! subject4  ,! lectur] 0 
/at+ ?is2 & ! misconduct ( "o half-dead 
specim5 ( he>t ought n to de/roy !      
impression ( 8 words4  ,!re is no worse 
lie ?an a tru? misund]/ood1 is a maxim  
:i* ,i h he>d ascrib$ to a =m] v5]at$   
,presid5t ( ,h>v>d4 ,! he>t's failure   
w\ld h be5 misund]/ood by ! audi5ce &   
giv5 ! lie to ! lectur]4  ,x 0 h>d en\gh
 to make !m und]/& ! subject anyh[2 s t 
ev5 n[ z ,i write 9 cool blood ,i am    
tempt$ to ?9k t ,i act$ q correctly4  ,i
 0 act+ = ! l>g] tru?1 at any rate1     
h[ev] automatically2 & my s5se ( ?is 0  
probably :at prev5t$ ! m p$antic &      
lit]al "p ( my consci5ce f *eck+ !      
action ( my sympa!tic f+]4  ,to ?is day 
! memory ( t critical em]g5cy has made  
me feel *>itable t[>ds all m$iums :o    
make ph5om5a come 9 "o way :5 !y won't  

come easily 9 ano!r4  ,on ! pr9ciples ( 
! ,s4 ,p4 ,r41 my conduct on t "o       
occasion ought to discr$it ev]y?+ ,i ev]
 d1 ev]y?+1 = example1 ,i may write 9   
?is article1--a manife/ly unju/         
conclusion4  ,fraud1 consci\s or        
unconsci\s1 seems ubiquit\s ?r\gh\t !   
range ( physical ph5om5a ( spiritism1 & 
false pret5ce1 prev>ication & fi%+ =    
clues are ubiquit\s 9 ! m5tal           
manife/ations ( m$iums4  ,if x be n     
ev]y:]e fraud simulat+ reality1 "o is   
tempt$ to say1 !n ! reality 7if any     
reality !re be7 has ! bad luck ( be+    
fat$ ev]y:]e to simulate fraud4  ,!     
sugge/ion ( humbug seldom /ops1 & mixes 
itself ) ! be/ manife/ations4 ,mrs4     
,pip]'s control1 ,rector1 is a mo/      
impressive p]sonage1 :o disc]ns 9 an    
extraord9>y degree 8 sitt]'s inn] ne$s1 
& is capable ( giv+ elevat$ c\nsel to   
fa/idi\s & critical m9ds4 ,yet 9 _m     
respects he is an arrant humbug--su* he 
seems to me at lea/--pret5d+ to a k &   
p[] to :i* he has no title1 nonpluss$ by

 contradiction1 yield+ to sugge/ion1 &  
cov]+ 8 tracks ) plausible excuses4  ,n[
 ! non-rese>*+ m9d looks ^u su* ph5om5a 
simply accord+ to _! face-pret5sion &   
nev] ?9ks ( ask+ :at !y may signify bel[
 ! surface4  ,s9ce !y pr(ess = ! mo/ "p 
to be reveal]s ( _s life1 x is ei!r z   
be+ absolutely t1 or z be+ absolute     
frauds1 t !y are judg$4  ,! result is an
 inconceivably %all[ /ate ( public      
op9ion on ! subject4  ,"o set ( p]sons1 
emotionally t\*$ at he>+ ! names ( _!   
lov$ ones giv51 & consol$ by assurances 
t !y are happy1 accept ! revelation1 &  
consid] spiritualism beautiful4  ,m     
h>d-head$ subjects1 disgu/$ by !        
revelation's contemptible cont5ts1      
outrag$ by ! fraud1 & prejudic$ be=eh&  
aga9/ all spirits1 high or l[1 av]t _!  
m9ds f :at !y call su* rot or bo%       
entirely4  ,?us d two opposite          
s5tim5talisms divide op9ion betwe5 !m6  
,a good expression ( ! sci5tific /ate ( 
m9d occurs 9 ,huxley's ,life & ,lett]s3 
,i regret1 he writes1 t ,i am unable to 

accept ! invitation ( ! ,committee ( !  
,dialectical ,society4 4 4 4  ,i take no
 int]e/ 9 ! subject4  ,! only case (    
',spiritualism' ,i h ev] _h !           
opportunity ( exam9+ into = myself 0 z  
gross an impo/ure z ev] came "u my      
notice4  ,b suppos+ ^! ph5om5a to be    
g5u9e--!y d n int]e/ me4  ,if anybody   
w\ld end[ me ) ! faculty ( li/5+ to !   
*att] ( old wom5 & curates 9 ! ne>e/    
prov9cial t[n1 ,i %\ld decl9e !         
privilege1 hav+ bett] ?+s to d4  ,& if !
 folk 9 ! spiritual _w d n talk m wisely
 & s5sibly ?an _! fri5ds report !m to d1
 ,i put !m 9 ! same category4  ,! only  
good t ,i c see 9 ! demon/ration ( !    
',tru? ( ,spiritualism' is to furni% an 
additional argum5t aga9/ suicide4       
,bett] live a cross+-sweep]1 ?an die &  
be made to talk twaddle by a 'm$ium'    
hir$ at a gu9ea a ,seance4 #b  ,obvi\sly
 ! m9d ( ! excell5t ,huxley has "h b two
 :ole-s\l$ categories namely revelation 
or impo/ure1 to app]ceive ! case by4    
,s5tim5tal reasons b> revelation out1 = 

! messages1 he ?9ks1 are n romantic     
en\gh = t2 fraud exi/s anyh[2 !re=e !   
:ole ?+ is no?+ b impo/ure4  ,! odd po9t
 is t s few ( ^? :o talk 9 ?is way      
realize t !y & ! spiriti/s are us+ !    
same major premise & diff]+ only 9 !    
m9or4  ,! major premise is3 ,any        
_s-revelation mu/ be romantic4 ,! m9or (
 ! spiriti/ is3 ,?is is romantic2 t ( ! 
,huxley an is3 ?is is d+y twaddle--:5ce 
_! opposite conclusions6  ,mean:ile !   
fir/ ?+ t anyone le>ns :o att5ds s]i\sly
 to ^! ph5om5a is t _! causation is f>  
too complex = our feel+s ab\t :at is or 
is n romantic en\gh to be spiritual to  
?r[ any light ^u x4  ,! causal factors  
mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ & trac$ ?r\gh  
s]ies1 f _! simple/ to _! /ronge/ =ms1  
be=e we c beg9 to und]/& ! v>i\s        
resultants 9 :i* !y issue4  ,my]s &     
,gurney began ?is "w1 ! "o by 8 s]ial   
/udy ( ! v>i\s sorts ( automatism1      
s5sory & motor1 ! o!r by 8 exp]im5tal   
pro(s t a split-(f consci\sness may     
abide aft] a po/-hypnotic sugge/ion has 

be5 giv54  ,"h we h subjective factors2 
b are n transsubjective or objective    
=ces also at "w8  ,v]idical messages1   
app>itions1 movem5ts )\t contact1 seem  
prima facie to be su*4  ,x 0 a good     
/roke on ,gurney's "p to con/ruct a !ory
 ( app>itions :i* br\ght ! subjective & 
! objective factors into h>moni\s       
co-op]ation4  ,i d\bt :e!r ?is telepa?ic
 !ory ( ,gurney's w hold along ! :ole   
l9e ( app>itions to :i* he appli$ x1 b x
 is unque/ionable t "s !ory ( t mix$    
type is requir$ = ! explanation ( all   
m$iumi/ic ph5om5a2 & t :5 all !         
psy*ological factors & elem5ts involv$ h
 be5 told (f--& !y are _m--! "q /ill    
=ces itself ^u u3 ,are ^! all1 or are   
!re indications ( any residual =ces act+
 on ! subject f beyond1 or ( any        
meta-psy*ic faculty 7to use ,ri*et's    
useful t]m7 ex]t$ by him8  ,?is is !    
problem t requires real exp]tness1 & ?is
 is :]e ! simple s5tim5talisms ( !      
spiriti/ & sci5ti/ leave u 9 ! lur*     
completely4  ,psy*ics =m inde$ a special

 bran* ( education1 9 :i* exp]ts are    
only gradually becom+ develop$4  ,!     
ph5om5a are z massive & wide-spread z is
 any?+ 9 ,nature1 & ! /udy ( !m is z    
t$i\s1 repell5t & undignifi$4  ,to      
reject x = its unromantic "* is l       
reject+ bact]iology because p5icillium  
glaucum gr[s on horse-dung & bact]ium   
t]mo lives 9 putrefaction4 ,sci5tific m5
 h long ago ceas$ to ?9k ( ! dignity ( !
 mat]ials !y "w 94  ,:5 impo/ure has be5
 *eck$ (f z f> z possible1 :5 *ance     
co9cid5ce has be5 all[$ =1 :5           
opportunities = normal k on ! "p ( !    
subject h be5 not$1 & skill 9 fi%+ &    
foll[+ clues unwitt+ly furni%$ by !     
voice or face ( by/&]s h be5 c\nt$ 91 ^?
 :o h ! fulle/ acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5a  
admit t 9 good m$iums !re is a residuum 
( k display$ t c only be call$          
sup]normal3 ! m$ium taps "s s\rce (     
in=mation n op5 to ord9>y p4  ,my]s us$ 
! ^w telepa?y to indicate t ! sitt]'s   
own ?\ghts or feel+s may be ?us directly
 tapp$4  ,mrs4 ,sidgwick has sugge/$ t  

if liv+ m9ds c be ?us tapp$             
telepa?ically1 s possibly may ! m9ds (  
spirits be simil>ly tapp$--if spirits   
!re be4  ,on ?is view we %\ld h "o      
di/9ct !ory ( ! p]=mances ( a typical   
te/-m$ium4  ,!y w\ld be all orig9ally   
due to an odd t5d5cy to p]sonate1 f\nd 9
 h] dream life z x expresses itself 9   
trance4  ,mo/ ( u reveal su* a t5d5cy   
:5ev] we h&le a ouija-bo>d or a plan*et1
 or let ourselves write automatically ) 
a p5cil4  ,! result is a control1 :o    
purports to be speak+2 & all ! res\rces 
( ! automati/1 includ+ 8 or h]          
trance-faculty ( telepa?y are call$ into
 play 9 build+ ?is fictiti\s p]sonage   
out plausibly4  ,on su* a view ( !      
control1 ! m$ium's w to p]sonate runs ! 
:ole %[2 & if spirits be involv$ 9 x at 
all1 !y are passive be+s1 /ray bits ( ^:
 memory %e is able to seize & use = h]  
purposes1 )\t ! _s be+ any m aw>e ( x   
?an ! sitt] is aw>e ( x :5 8 own m9d is 
simil>ly tapp$4  ,?is is "o possible way
 ( int]pret+ a c]ta9 type ( psy*ical    

ph5om5on4  ,x uses psy*ological z well z
 spiritual factors1 & q obvi\sly x ?r[s 
op5 = u f> m que/ions ?an x answ]s1     
que/ions ab\t our subconsci\s           
con/itution & its curi\s t5d5cy to      
humbug1 ab\t ! telepa?ic faculty1 & ab\t
 ! possibility ( an exi/5t _s-_w4  ,i d 
n in/ance ?is !ory to def5d x1 b simply 
to %[ :at complicat$ hypo!ses "o is     
inevitably l$ to consid]1 ! mom5t "o    
looks at ! facts 9 _! complexity & turns
 "o's back on ! nave alt]native (       
revelation or impo/ure1 :i* is z f> z   
ei!r spiriti/ ?\ght or ord9>y sci5ti/   
?\ght goes4  ,! ph5om5a are endlessly   
complex 9 _! factors1 & !y are s little 
und]/ood z yet t (f-h& judgm5ts1 :e!r ( 
spirits or ( bo% are ! "o z silly z !   
o!r4  ,:5 we complicate ! subject /ill  
f>!r by consid]+ :at connection su* ?+s 
z rapp+s1 app>itions1 polt]gei/s1       
_s-photographs1 & mat]ializations may h 
) x1 ! bo% end ( ! scale gets heavily   
load$1 x is true1 b y\r g5u9e inquir]   
/ill is loa? to give up4  ,he lets !    

data collect1 & bides 8 "t4  ,he        
believes t bo% is no m an ultimate      
elem5t 9 ,nature1 or a really           
explanatory category 9 human life ?an   
dirt is 9 *emi/ry4  ,e k9d ( bo% has its
 own factors & laws2 & pati5t /udy w br+
 !m def9itely to light4  ,! only way to 
rescue ! pure bo% view ( ! matt] is "o  
:i* has sometimes appeal$ to my own     
fancy1 b :i* ,i imag9e few read]s w     
s]i\sly adopt4  ,if1 namely1 "o takes ! 
!ory ( evolution radically1 "o ought to 
apply x n only to ! rock-/rata1 !       
animals & ! plants b to ! />s1 to !     
*emical elem5ts1 & to ! laws ( nature4  
,!re mu/ h be5 a f>-(f antiquity1 "o is 
!n tempt$ to suppose1 :5 ?+s 7 really   
*aotic4  ,little by little1 out ( all ! 
haphaz>d possibilities ( t "t1 a few    
connect$ ?+s & habits arose1 & !        
rudim5ts ( regul> p]=mance began4  ,e   
v>iation 9 ! way ( law & ord] add$      
itself to ?is nucleus1 :i* inevitably   
grew m consid]able z hi/ory w5t on2 :ile
 ! ab]rant & incon/ant v>iations1 n be+ 

simil>ly pres]v$1 disappe>$ f be+1 w&]$ 
(f z unrelat$ vagrants1 or else rema9$ s
 imp]fectly connect$ ) ! "p ( ! _w t _h 
gr[n regul> z only to manife/ _! exi/5ce
 by occasional lawless intrusions1 l ^? 
:i* psy*ic ph5om5a n[ make into our     
sci5tifically organiz$ _w4  ,on su* a   
view1 ^! ph5om5a ought to rema9 pure bo%
 =ev]1 t is1 !y ought to be =ev]        
intractable to intellectual me?ods1     
because !y %\ld n yet be organiz$ en\gh 
9 !mselves to foll[ any laws4  ,wisps & 
%r$s ( ! orig9al *aos1 !y w\ld be       
connect$ en\gh ) ! cosmos to affect its 
p]iph]y e n[ & !n1 z by a mom5t>y :iff  
or t\* or gleam1 b n en\gh ev] to be    
foll[$ up & hunt$ d[n & bagg$4  ,_!     
relation to ! cosmos w\ld be tang5tial  
solely4  ,look$ at dramatically1 mo/    
occult ph5om5a make j ?is sort (        
impression4  ,!y are inw>dly z incoh]5t 
z !y are outw>dly wayw>d & fitful4  ,if 
!y express any?+1 x is pure bo%1 pure   
discont9uity1 accid5t1 & di/urbance1 )  
no law app>5t b to int]rupt1 & no       

purpose b to baffle4  ,!y seem l /ray   
ve/iges ( t primordial irrationality1 f 
:i* all our rationalities h be5 evolv$4 
,to settle dogmatically into ?is        
bo%-view w\ld save labor1 b x w\ld g    
aga9/ too _m intellectual prepossessions
 to be adopt$ save z a la/ resort (     
despair4  ,y\r psy*ical rese>*] !re=e   
bates no jot ( hope1 & has fai? t :5 we 
get our data num]\s en\gh1 "s sort (    
rational treatm5t ( !m w succe$4  ,:5 ,i
 he> good p say 7z !y (t5 say1 n )\t %[ 
( reason71 t dabbl+ 9 su* ph5om5a r$uces
 u to a sort ( jelly1 dis9tegrates !    
critical faculties1 liquifies ! "*1 &   
makes ( "o a gobe-m\*e g5]ally1 ,i      
console myself by ?9k+ ( my fri5ds      
,fr$]ic ,my]s & ,ri*>d ,hodgson4  ,^! m5
 liv$ exclusively = psy*ical rese>*1 & x
 conv]t$ bo? to spiritism4 ,hodgson w\ld
 h be5 a man among m5 any:]e2 b ,i d\bt 
:e!r "u any o!r baptism he w\ld h be5 t 
happy1 sob] & righte\s =m ( en]gy :i* 8 
face proclaim$ him 9 8 lat] ye>s1 :5    
he>t & head alike 7 :olly satisfi$ by 8 

occupation4  ,my]s' "* also grew /rong] 
9 e p>ticul> = 8 devotion to ! same     
inquir+s4  ,br\ght up on lit]ature &    
s5tim5t1 some?+ ( a c\rti]1 passionate1 
disda9ful1 & impati5t naturally1 he 0   
made ov] aga9 f ! day :5 he took up     
psy*ical rese>* s]i\sly4  ,he became    
le>n$ 9 sci5ce1 circumspect1 democratic 
9 sympa?y1 endlessly pati5t1 & above    
all1 happy4  ,! =titude ( 8 la/ h\rs    
t\*$ ! h]oic1 s completely 7 ! atroci\s 
suff]+s ( 8 body ca/ into insignificance
 by 8 int]e/ 9 ! cause he liv$ =4  ,:5 a
 man's pursuit gradually makes 8 face   
%9e & gr[ h&some1 y may be sure x is a  
wor?y "o4  ,bo? ,hodgson & ,my]s kept   
gr[+ ev] h&som] & /rong]-look+4  ,su*   
p]sonal examples w conv]t no "o1 & (    
c\rse !y ought n to4  ,nor d ,i seek at 
all 9 ?is article to conv]t any "o to   
belief t psy*ical rese>* is an important
 bran* ( sci5ce4  ,to d t1 ,i %\ld h to 
quote evid5ce2 & ^? = :om ! volumes (   
,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,proce$+s already publi%$   
c\nt = no?+ w\ld rema9 9 _! dogmatic    

slumb]1 ?\gh "o rose f ! dead4 ,no1 n to
 conv]t read]s1 b simply to put my own  
/ate ( m9d ^u record publicly is !      
purpose ( my pres5t writ+4  ,"s "o said 
to me a %ort "t ago t aft] my tw5ty-five
 ye>s ( dabbl+ 9 ,psy*ics1 x w\ld be r  
%ameful 7 ,i unable to /ate any def9ite 
conclusions :atev] z a consequ5ce4  ,i  
_h to agree2 s ,i n[ proce$ to take up !
 *all5ge & express su* convictions z h  
be5 eng5d]$ 9 me by t l5g? ( exp]i5ce1  
be ! same true or false ones4  ,i may be
 doom+ myself to ! pit 9 ! eyes (       
bett]-judg+ po/]ity2 ,i may be rais+    
myself to honor2 ,i am will+ to take !  
risk1 = :at ,i %all write is my tru?1 z 
,i n[ see x4   ,i began ?is article by  
confess+ myself baffl$4  ,i am baffl$1 z
 to _s-return1 & z to _m o!r special    
problems4  ,i am also con/antly baffl$ z
 to :at to ?9k ( ?is or t p>ticul> /ory1
 = ! s\rces ( error 9 any "o obs]vation 
are seldom fully kn[able4  ,b weak /icks
 make /rong faggots2 & :5 ! /ories fall 
into consi/5t sorts t po9t ea* 9 a      

def9ite direction1 "o gets a s5se ( be+ 
9 pres5ce ( g5u9ely natural types (     
ph5om5a4  ,z to !re be+ su* real natural
 types ( ph5om5a ignor$ by or?odox      
sci5ce1 ,i am n baffl$ at all1 = ,i am  
fully conv9c$ ( x4  ,"o _c get          
demon/rative pro( "h4  ,"o has to foll[ 
"o's p]sonal s5se1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is     
liable to err1 ( ! dramatic             
probabilities ( nature4  ,our critics "h
 obey _! s5se ( dramatic probability z  
mu* z we d4  ,take raps = example1 & !  
:ole bus9ess ( objects mov+ )\t contact4
  ,nature1 ?9ks ! sci5tific man1 is n s 
unutt]ably silly4  ,! cab9et1 ! d>kness1
 ! ty+1 sugge/ a sort ( human rat-hole  
life exclusively & sw9dl+ is = him !    
dramatically suffici5t explanation4  ,x 
probably is1 9 an indef9ite majority (  
in/ances2 yet x is to me dramatically   
improbable t ! sw9dl+ %\ld n h accret$  
r\nd "s orig9ally g5u9e nucleus4  ,if we
 look at human impo/ure z a hi/oric     
ph5om5on1 we f9d x always imitative4    
,"o sw9dl] imitates a previ\s sw9dl]1 b 

! fir/ sw9dl] ( t k9d imitat$ "s "o :o 0
 hone/4  ,y c no m create an absolutely 
new trick ?an y c create a new ^w )\t   
any previ\s basis4--,y don't "k h[ to g 
ab\t x4  ,try1 read]1 y\rself1 to inv5t 
an unprec$5t$ k9d ( physical ph5om5on ( 
spiritualism4 ,:5 ,i try1 ,i f9d myself 
m5tally turn+ ov] ! regul> m$ium-/ock1 &
 ?9k+ h[ ,i might improve "s item4  ,?is
 be+ ! dramatically probable human way1 
,i ?9k diff]5tly ( ! :ole type1 tak5    
collectively1 f ! way 9 :i* ,i may ?9k (
 ! s+le in/ance4  ,i f9d myself believ+ 
t !re is some?+ 9 ^! nev] end+ reports (
 physical ph5om5a1 al?\gh ,i h n't yet !
 lea/ positive notion ( ! some?+4  ,x   
becomes to my m9d simply a v wor?y      
problem = inve/igation4  ,ei!r ,i or !  
sci5ti/ is ( c\rse a fool1 ) our        
opposite views ( probability "h2 & ,i   
only wi% he might feel ! liability1 z   
cordially z ,i d1 to p]ta9 to bo? ( u4  
,i fe> ,i look on ,nature g5]ally ) m   
*>itable eyes ?an 81 ?\gh p]haps he w\ld
 pause if he realiz$ z ,i d1 h[ va/ !   

fraudul5cy is :i* inconsi/5cy he mu/    
attribute to h]4  ,nature is brutal     
en\gh1 ,heav5 kn[s2 b no "o yet has held
 h] non-human side to be di%one/1 & ev5 
9 ! human sph]e delib]ate deceit is f>  
r>] ?an ! classic intellect1 ) its few &
 rigid categories1 0 ready to ackn[l$ge4
  ,!re is a hazy p5umbra 9 u all :]e ly+
 & delusion meet1 :]e passion rules     
beliefs z well z conduct1 & :]e ! t]m   
sc\ndrel does n cle> up ev]y?+ to !     
dep?s z x did = our =efa!rs4  ,! fir/   
automatic writ+ ,i ev] saw 0 =ty ye>s   
ago4  ,i unhesitat+ly ?\ght ( x z       
deceit1 al?\gh x conta9$ vague elem5ts (
 sup]normal k4  ,s9ce !n ,i h come to   
see 9 automatic writ+ "o example ( a    
dep>tm5t ( human activity z va/ z x is  
enigmatic4 ,e sort ( p]son is liable to 
x1 or to some?+ equival5t to x2 & :oev] 
enc\rages x 9 himself f9ds himself      
p]sonat+ someone else1 ei!r sign+ :at he
 writes by fictiti\s "n1 or1 spell+ out1
 by ouija-bo>d or table-tips1 messages f
 ! dep>t$4  ,our subconsci\s region     

seems1 z a rule1 to be dom9at$ ei!r by a
 crazy w to make-believe1 or by "s      
curi\s ext]nal =ce impell+ u to         
p]sonation4  ,! fir/ diff]5ce betwe5 !  
psy*ical rese>*] & ! inexp]t p]son is t 
! =m] realizes ! commonness & typicality
 ( ! ph5om5on "h1 :ile ! latt]1 less    
in=m$1 ?9ks x s r>e z to be unwor?y (   
att5tion4  ,i wi% to g on record = !    
commonness4  ,! next ?+ ,i wi% to g on  
record = is ! pres5ce1 9 ! mid/ ( all ! 
humbug1 ( really sup]normal k4  ,by ?is 
,i mean k t _c be trac$ to ! ord9>y     
s\rces ( in=mation--! s5ses namely1 ( ! 
automati/4  ,9 really /rong m$iums ?is k
 seems to be abundant1 ?\gh x is usually
 spotty1 caprici\s & unconnect$4        
,really /rong m$iums are r>ities2 b :5  
"o />ts ) !m & works d[nw>ds into less  
brilliant regions ( ! automatic life1 "o
 t5ds to int]pret _m slight b odd       
co9cid5ces ) tru? z possibly rudim5t>y  
=ms ( ?is k9d ( k4  ,:at is "o to ?9k ( 
?is que] *apt] 9 human nature8  ,x is   
odd en\gh on any view4  ,if all x means 

is a prepo/]\s & inf]ior monkey-l t5d5cy
 to =ge messages1 sy/ematically emb$d$ 9
 ! s\l ( all ( u1 x is weird2 & weird]  
/ill t x %\ld !n own all ?is sup]normal 
in=mation4  ,if on ! o!r h& ! sup]normal
 in=mation be ! key to ! ph5om5on1 x    
ought to be sup]ior2 & !n h[ ought we to
 acc\nt = ! wick$ p>tn]1 & = ! und5iable
 m5dacity & inf]iority ( s mu* ( !      
p]=mance8  ,we are ?r[n1 = our          
conclusions1 ^u our in/9ctive s5se ( !  
dramatic probabilities ( nature4  ,my   
own dramatic s5se t5ds in/9ctively to   
picture ! situation z an int]action     
betwe5 slumb]+ faculties 9 ! automati/'s
 m9d & a cosmic environm5t ( o!r        
consci\sness ( "s sort :i* is able to "w
 ^u !m4 ,if !re 7 9 ! univ]se a lot (   
diffuse s\l-/uff1 unable ( itself to get
 into consi/5t p]sonal =m1 or to take   
p]man5t possession ( an organism1 yet   
always crav+ to d s1 x might get its    
head into ! air1 p>asitically1 s to     
speak1 by pr(it+ by weak spots 9 ! armor
 ( human m9ds1 & slipp+ 9 & /irr+ up !re

 ! sleep+ t5d5cy to p]sonate4  ,x w\ld  
induce habits 9 ! subconsci\s region ( !
 m9d x us$ ?us1 & w\ld seek above all   
?+s to prolong its social opportunities 
by mak+ itself agreeable & plausible4   
,x w\ld drag /ray scraps ( tru? ) x f ! 
wid] environm5t1 b w\ld betray its m5tal
 inf]iority by kn[+ little h[ to weave  
!m into any important or significant    
/ory4  ,?is1 ,i say1 is ! dramatic view 
:i* my m9d spontane\sly takes1 & x has !
 advantage ( fall+ into l9e ) anci5t    
human traditions4  ,! views ( o!rs are j
 z dramatic1 = ! ph5om5on is actuat$ by 
w ( "s sort anyh[1 & wills give rise to 
dramas4  ,! spiriti/ view1 z held by    
,messrs4 ,hyslop & ,hodgson1 sees a w to
 communicate1 /ruggl+ ?r\gh             
inconceivable lay]s ( ob/ruction 9 !    
conditions4  ,i h he>d ,hodgson lik5 !  
difficulties to ^? ( two p]sons :o on   
e>? %\ld h only dead-drunk s]vants to   
use z _! mess5g]s4  ,! sci5ti/1 = 8 "p1 
sees a w to deceive1 wat*+ its *ance 9  
all ( u1 & able 7possibly87 to use      

telepa?y 9 its s]vice4  ,:i* k9d ( w1 & 
h[ _m k9ds ( w are mo/ inh]5tly         
probable8  ,:o c say ) c]ta9ty8  ,! only
 c]ta9ty is t ! ph5om5a are enorm\sly   
complex1 especially if "o includes 9 !m 
su* intellectual flights ( m$ium%ip z   
,sw$5borg's1 & if "o tries 9 any way to 
"w ! physical ph5om5a 94  ,t is :y ,i   
p]sonally am z yet nei!r a conv9c$      
believ] 9 p>asitic demons1 nor a        
spiriti/1 nor a sci5ti/1 b /ill rema9 a 
psy*ical rese>*] wait+ = m facts be=e   
conclud+4  ,out ( my exp]i5ce1 su* z x  
is 7& x is limit$ en\gh7 "o fix$        
conclusion dogmatically em]ges1 & t is  
?is1 t we ) our lives are l isl&s 9 !   
sea1 or l trees 9 ! =e/4 ,! maple & !   
p9e may :isp] to ea* o!r ) _! leaves1 & 
,conanicut & ,newport he> ea* o!r's     
fog-horns4  ,b ! trees also comm+le _!  
roots 9 ! d>kness und]gr\nd1 & ! isl&s  
also hang toge!r ?r\gh ! ocean's bottom4
  ,j s !re is a cont9uum ( cosmic       
consci\sness1 aga9/ :i* our             
individuality builds b accid5tal f5ces1 

& into :i* our sev]al m9ds plunge z into
 a "m-sea or res]voir4  ,our normal     
consci\sness is circumscrib$ =          
adaptation to our ext]nal e>?ly         
environm5t1 b ! f5ce is weak 9 spots1 & 
fitful influ5ces f beyond leak 91 %[+ ! 
o!rwise unv]ifiable common connection4  
,n only psy*ic rese>*1 b metaphysical   
philosophy1 & speculative biology are l$
 9 _! own ways to look ) favor on "s su*
 panpsy*ic view ( ! univ]se z ?is4      
,assum+ ?is common res]voir (           
consci\sness to exi/1 ?is bank ^u :i* we
 all draw1 & 9 :i* s _m ( e>?'s memories
 mu/ 9 "s way be /or$1 or m$iums w\ld n 
get at !m z !y d1 ! "q is1 ,:at is its  
own /ructure8  ,:at is its inn]         
topography8  ,?is "q1 fir/ squ>ely      
=mulat$ by ,my]s1 des]ves to be call$   
,my]s' problem by sci5tific m5 h]eaft]4 
,:at are ! conditions ( individuation or
 insulation 9 ?is "m-sea8  ,to :at      
tracts1 to :at active sy/ems function+  
sep>ately 9 x1 d p]sonalities           
correspond8  ,are individual spirits    

con/itut$ !re8  ,h[ num]\s1 & ( h[ _m   
hi]>*ic ord]s may ^! !n be8  ,h[        
p]man5t8  ,h[ transi5t8  ,& h[ conflu5t 
) "o ano!r may !y become8  ,:at aga91   
are ! relations betwe5 ! cosmic         
consci\sness & matt]8  ,are !re subtl]  
=ms ( matt] :i* ^u occasion may ent]    
into functional connection ) !          
individuations 9 ! psy*ic sea1 & !n1 &  
!n only1 %[ !mselves8--,s t our ord9>y  
human exp]i5ce1 on its mat]ial z well z 
on its m5tal side1 w\ld appe> to be only
 an extract f ! l>g] psy*o-physical _w8 
,va/1 inde$1 & difficult is ! inquir]'s 
prospect "h1 & ! mo/ significant data = 
8 purpose w probably be j ^! d+y little 
m$iumi/ic facts :i* ! ,huxleyan m9ds (  
our "t f9d s unwor?y ( _! att5tion4  ,b 
:5 0 n ! sci5ce ( ! future /irr$ to its 
conqu]+ activities by ! little rebelli\s
 exceptions to ! sci5ce ( ! pres5t8     
,h>dly1 z yet1 has ! surface ( ! facts  
call$ psy*ic begun to be scrat*$ =      
sci5tific purposes4  ,x is ?r\gh foll[+ 
^! facts1 ,i am p]suad$1 t ! greate/    

sci5tific conque/s ( ! com+ g5]ation w  
be a*iev$4  ,khn i/ das ,mh51 h]rli* d] 
,lohn6    #a ,publi%$ "u ! title        
,confid5ces ( a ,psy*ical ,rese>*] 9 !  
,am]ican ,magaz9e1 ,octob]1 #aiji4  ,= a
 m complete & less popul> /atem5t ( "s  
!ories sugge/$ 9 ?is article see ! la/  
pages ( a ,report on ,mrs4 ,pip]'s      
,hodgson-,control 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,eng4 
,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 #aiji1    
#dgj2 also pr9t$ 9 ,proc4 ( ,am4 ,soc4 =
 ,psy*ical ,rese>* = ! same ye>4  #b ,t4
 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,life & ,lett]s1 ,i1 #bdj4
     ,,ix  ,,on ,,"s ,,m5tal ,,effects  
,,( ,,! ,,e>?quake#a  ,:5 ,i dep>t$ f   
,h>v>d = ,/an=d ,univ]sity la/ ,decemb]1
 almo/ ! la/ good-by ,i got 0 t ( my old
 ,cali=nian fri5d ,b3 ,i hope !y'll give
 y a t\* ( e>?quake :ile y 're !re1 s t 
y may also become acqua9t$ ) t          
,cali=nian in/itution4  ,accord+ly1 :51 
ly+ awake at ab\t half pa/ five on !    
morn+ ( ,april #ah 9 my little flat on !
 campus ( ,/an=d1 ,i felt ! b$ beg9 to  
waggle1 my fir/ consci\sness 0 "o (     

gleeful recognition ( ! nature ( !      
movem5t4  ,by ,jove1 ,i said to myself1 
"h's ,b'ssold ,transcrib]'s note3 ',b's 
old'8 e>?quake1 aft] all6  ,& !n1 z x   
w5t cresc5do4  ,& a jolly good "o x is1 
too6 ,i said4  ,sitt+ up involunt>ily1 &
 tak+ a kneel+ position1 ,i 0 ?r[n d[n  
on my face z x w5t =tior %ak+ ! room    
exactly z a t]ri] %akes a rat4  ,!n     
ev]y?+ t 0 on any?+ else slid (f to !   
floor1 ov] w5t bureau & *iffoni] ) a    
cra%1 z ! =tissimo 0 rea*$2 pla/]       
crack$1 an awful ro>+ noise seem$ to    
fill ! out] air1 & 9 an in/ant all 0    
/ill aga91 save ! s(t babble ( human    
voices f f> & ne> t soon began to make  
itself he>d1 z ! inhabitants 9 co/umes  
negligs 9 v>i\s degrees s\ght ! great]  
safety ( ! /reet & yield$ to !          
passionate desire = sympa!tic           
communication4  ,! ?+ 0 ov]1 z ,i und]/&
 ! ,lick ,obs]vatory to h decl>$1 9     
=ty-eight seconds4  ,to me x felt z if  
ab\t t l5g? ( "t1 al?\gh ,i h he>d o!rs 
say t x seem$ to !m long]4  ,9 my case1 

s5sation & emotion 7 s /rong t little   
?\ght1 & no reflection or volition1 7   
possible 9 ! %ort "t consum$ by !       
ph5om5on4  ,! emotion consi/$ :olly (   
glee & admiration2 glee at ! vividness  
:i* su* an ab/ract idea or v]bal t]m z  
e>?quake c\ld put on :5 translat$ into  
s5sible reality & v]ifi$ concretely2 &  
admiration at ! way 9 :i* ! frail little
 wood5 h\se c\ld hold itself toge!r 9   
spite ( su* a %ak+4  ,i felt no trace   
:atev] ( fe>2 x 0 pure delight &        
welcome4  ,g x1 ,i almo/ cri$ al\d1 & g 
x /rong]6  ,i ran into my wife's room1 &
 f\nd t %e1 al?\gh awak5$ f s\nd sleep1 
_h felt no fe>1 ei!r4  ,( all ! p]sons  
:om ,i lat] int]rogat$1 v few _h felt   
any fe> :ile ! %ak+ la/$1 al?\gh _m _h  
_h a turn1 z !y realiz$ _! n>r[ escapes 
f bookcases or bricks f *imney-brea/s   
fall+ on _! b$s & pill[s an in/ant aft] 
!y _h left !m4  ,z soon z ,i c\ld ?9k1  
,i disc]n$ retrospectively c]ta9 peculi>
 ways 9 :i* my consci\sness _h tak5 9 ! 
ph5om5on4  ,^! ways 7 q spontane\s1 &1 s

 to speak1 inevitable & irresi/ible4    
,fir/1 ,i p]sonifi$ ! e>?quake z a      
p]man5t individual entity4 ,x 0 !       
e>?quake ( my fri5d ,b's augury1 :i* _h 
be5 ly+ l[ & hold+ itself back dur+ all 
! int]v5+ mon?s1 9 ord]1 on t lu/r\s    
,april morn+1 to invade my room1 &      
en]gize ! m int5sely & triumphantly4  ,x
 came1 moreov]1 directly to me4  ,x /ole
 9 beh9d my back1 & once inside ! room1 
_h me all to itself1 & c\ld manife/     
itself conv9c+ly4  ,animus & int5t 7    
nev] m pres5t 9 any human action1 nor   
did any human activity ev] m def9itely  
po9t back to a liv+ ag5t z its s\rce &  
orig94  ,all :om ,i consult$ on ! po9t  
agre$ z to ?is feature 9 _! exp]i5ce4   
,x express$ int5tion1 ,x 0 vici\s1 ,x 0 
b5t on de/ruction1 ,x want$ to %[ its   
p[]1 or :at n4  ,to me1 x want$ simply  
to manife/ ! full mean+ ( its "n4  ,b   
:at 0 ?is ,x8  ,to "s1 app>5tly1 a vague
 demonic p[]2 to me an individualiz$    
be+1 ,b's e>?quake1 namely4  ,"o in=mant
 int]pret$ x z ! end ( ! _w & ! beg9n+ (

 ! f9al judgm5t4  ,?is 0 a lady 9 a ,san
 ,francisco hotel1 :o did n ?9k ( its   
be+ an e>?quake till aft] %e _h got into
 ! /reet & "s "o _h expla9$ x to h]4    
,%e told me t ! !ological int]pretation 
_h kept fe> f h] m9d1 & made h] take !  
%ak+ calmly4  ,= sci5ce1 :5 ! t5sions 9 
! e>?'s cru/ rea* ! break+-po9t1 & /rata
 fall into an alt]$ equilibrium1        
e>?quake is simply ! collective "n ( all
 ! cracks & %ak+s & di/urbances t happ54
  ,!y are ! e>?quake4  ,b = me !        
e>?quake 0 ! cause ( ! di/urbances1 & ! 
p]ception ( x z a liv+ ag5t 0           
irresi/ible4  ,x _h an ov]p[]+ dramatic 
conv9c+ness4  ,i realize n[ bett] ?an   
ev] h[ inevitable 7 m5's e>li] my?ologic
 v]sions ( su* cata/rophes1 & h[        
artificial & aga9/ ! gra9 ( our         
spontane\s p]ceiv+ are ! lat] habits    
into :i* sci5ce educates u4  ,x 0 simply
 impossible = untutor$ m5 to take       
e>?quakes into _! m9ds z any?+ b        
sup]natural w>n+s or retributions4  ,a  
good in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* !            

trem5d\sness ( a cata/rophe may bani%   
fe> 0 giv5 me by a ,/an=d /ud5t4  ,he 0 
9 ! f\r? /ory ( ,enc9a ,hall1 an imm5se 
/one dormitory build+4 ,awak5$ f sleep1 
he recogniz$ :at ! di/urbance 01 &      
sprang f ! b$1 b 0 ?r[n (f 8 feet 9 a   
mom5t1 :ile 8 books & furniture fell    
r\nd him4  ,!n ) an awful1 s9i/]1 gr9d+ 
ro>1 ev]y?+ gave way1 & ) *imneys1      
floor-beams1 walls & all1 he desc5d$    
?r\gh ! ?ree l[] /ories ( ! build+ into 
! basem5t4  ,?is is my end1 ?is is my   
dea?1 he felt2 b all ! :ile no trace (  
fe>4  ,! exp]i5ce 0 too ov]:elm+ = any?+
 b passive surr5d] to x4  7,c]ta9 heavy 
*imneys _h fall5 91 c>ry+ ! :ole c5tre (
 ! build+ ) !m47  ,arriv$ at ! bottom1  
he f\nd himself ) raft]s & dbris r\nd   
him1 b n p9n$ 9 or cru%$4  ,he saw      
daylight1 & crept t[>d x ?r\gh !        
ob/acles4  ,!n1 realiz+ t he 0 9 8      
nightg[n1 & feel+ no pa9 any:]e1 8 fir/ 
?\ght 0 to get back to 8 room & f9d "s m
 pres5table clo?+4  ,! /airways at      
,enc9a ,hall are at ! ends ( ! build+4  

,he made 8 way to "o ( !m1 & w5t up !   
f\r flights1 only to f9d 8 room no long]
 extant4  ,!n he notic$ pa9 9 8 feet1   
:i* _h be5 injur$1 & came d[n ! /airs ) 
difficulty4  ,:5 he talk$ ) me t5 days  
lat] he _h be5 9 hospital a week1 0 v ?9
 & pale1 & w5t on crut*es1 & 0 dress$ 9 
borr[$ clo?+4  ,s mu* = ,/an=d1 :]e all 
our exp]i5ces seem to h be5 v simil>4   
,ne>ly all our *imneys w5t d[n1 "s ( !m 
dis9tegrat+ f top to bottom2 p>lor      
floors 7 cov]$ ) bricks2 pla/] /rew$ !  
floors2 furniture 0 ev]y:]e upset &     
dislocat$2 b ! wood5 dwell+s sprang back
 to _! orig9al position1 & 9 h\se aft]  
h\se n a w9d[ /uck or a door scrap$ at  
top or bottom4  ,wood ar*itecture 0     
triumphant6  ,ev]ybody 0 excit$1 b !    
excitem5t at fir/1 at any rate1 seem$ to
 be almo/ joy\s4  ,"h at la/ 0 a real   
e>?quake aft] s _m ye>s ( h>mless       
waggle6  ,above all1 !re 0 an           
irresi/ible desire to talk ab\t x1 &    
ex*ange exp]i5ces4  ,mo/ p slept        
outdoors = sev]al subsequ5t nights1     

p>tly to be saf] 9 case ( recurr5ce1 b  
also to "w (f _! emotion1 & get ! full  
unusualness out ( ! exp]i5ce4  ,! vocal 
babble ( e>ly-wak+ girls & boys f !     
g>d5s ( ! campus1 m+l+ ) ! birds' songs 
& ! exquisite wea!r1 0 = ?ree or f\r    
days delightful sunrise ph5om5on4  ,n[  
turn to ,san ,francisco1 ?irty-five     
miles di/ant1 f :i* an automobile ere   
long br\ght u ! dire news ( a city 9    
ru9s1 ) fires beg9n+ at v>i\s po9ts1 & !
 wat]-supply int]rupt$4  ,i 0 =tunate   
en\gh to bo>d ! only tra9 ( c>s--a v    
small "o--t got up to ! city2 =tunate   
en\gh also to escape 9 ! ev5+ by ! only 
tra9 t left x4  ,?is gave me & my       
valiant fem99e escort "s f\r h\rs (     
obs]vation4  ,my bus9ess is ) subjective
 ph5om5a exclusively2 s ,i w say no?+ ( 
! mat]ial ru9 t greet$ u on e h&--!     
daily pap]s & ! weekly j\rnals h done   
full ju/ice to t topic4  ,by midday1 :5 
we rea*$ ! city1 ! pall ( smoke 0 va/ & 
! dynamite detonations _h begun1 b !    
troops1 ! police & ! firem5 seem$ to h  

e/abli%$ ord]1 dang]\s neighborhoods 7  
rop$ (f ev]y:]e & picket$1 saloons      
clos$1 vehicles impress$1 & e "o at "w  
:o c\ld "w4  ,x 0 inde$ a /range sight  
to see an entire population 9 ! /reets1 
busy z ants 9 an uncov]$ ant-hill       
scurry+ to save _! eggs & l>vae4  ,e    
horse1 & ev]y?+ on :eels 9 ! city1 f    
huck/]s' wagons to automobiles1 0 be+   
load$ ) :at effects c\ld be scrap$      
toge!r f h\ses :i* ! advanc+ flames 7   
?reat5+4  ,! sidewalks 7 cov]$ )        
well-dress$ m5 & wom51 c>ry+ baskets1   
bundles1 valises1 or dragg+ trunks to   
spots ( great] tempor>y safety1 soon to 
be dragg$ f>!r1 z ! fire kept spread+6  
,9 ! saf] qu>t]s1 e door/ep 0 cov]$ ) ! 
dwell+'s t5ants1 sitt+ surr\nd$ ) _! m  
indisp5sable *attels1 & ready to flee at
 a m9ute's notice4  ,i ?9k e "o mu/ h   
fa/$ on t day1 = ,i saw no "o eat+4     
,!re 0 no appe>ance ( g5]al dismay1 &   
little ( *att] or ( inco-ord9at$        
excitem5t4  ,e "o seem$ dogg$ly b5t on  
a*iev+ ! job :i* he _h set himself to   

p]=m2 & ! faces1 al?\gh some:at t5se &  
set & grave1 7 inexpressive ( emotion4  
,i notic$ only ?ree p]sons ov]come1 two 
,italian wom51 v poor1 embrac+ an ag$   
fell[ c\ntrywoman1 & all weep+4         
,physical fatigue & s]i\sness 7 ! only  
inn] /ates t "o c\ld read on c\nt5ances4
  ,) lights =bidd5 9 ! h\ses1 & ! /reets
 light$ only by ! conflagration1 x 0    
appreh5d$ t ! crim9als ( ,san ,francisco
 w\ld hold high c>nival on ! ensu+      
night4  ,b :e!r !y fe>$ ! discipl9>y    
me?ods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates troops1 :o 7   
visible ev]y:]e1 or :e!r !y 7 !mselves  
solemniz$ by ! imm5sity ( ! disa/]1 !y  
lay l[ & did n manife/1 ei!r !n or      
subsequ5tly4  ,! only v discr$itable ?+ 
to human nature t occurr$ 0 lat]1 :5    
hundr$s ( lazy bumm]s f\nd t !y c\ld    
keep camp+ 9 ! p>ks1 & make alim5t>y    
/orage-batt]ies ( _! /oma*s1 ev5 9 "s   
cases gett+ en\gh ( ! free rations 9 _! 
huts or t5ts to la/ !m well into !      
summ]4  ,?is *>m ( paup]iz$ vagabondage 
seems all along to h be5 ,satan's mo/   

s]i\s bait to human nature4  ,!re 0 !ft 
f ! outset1 b conf9$1 ,i believe1 to    
petty pilf]+4  ,ca% 9 h& 0 ! only money1
 & millionaires & _! families 7 no bett]
 (f 9 ?is respect ?an any "o4  ,:oev]   
got a vehicle c\ld h ! use ( x2 b !     
ri*e/ (t5 w5t )\t1 & sp5t ! fir/ two    
nights on rugs on ! b>e gr\nd1 ) no?+ b 
:at _! own arms _h rescu$4  ,=tunately1 
^? nights 7 dry & comp>atively w>m1 &   
,cali=nians are accu/om$ to camp+       
conditions 9 ! summ]1 s suff]+ f        
exposure 0 less great ?an x w\ld h be5  
else:]e4  ,by ! f\r? night1 :i* 0 ra9y1 
t5ts & huts _h br\ght mo/ camp]s "u     
cov]4  ,i w5t ?r\gh ! city aga9 eight   
days lat]4  ,! fire 0 out1 & ab\t a     
qu>t] ( ! area /ood unconsum$4  ,intact 
skyscrap]s dom9at$ ! smok+ level        
maje/ically & sup]bly--!y & a few walls 
t _h surviv$ ! ov]?r[4  ,?us has !      
c\rage ( our ar*itects & build]s receiv$
 triumphant v9dication6  ,! in]t elem5ts
 ( ! population _h mo/ly got away1 & ^? 
t rema9$ seem$ :at ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells  

calls effici5ts4  ,%$s 7 already go+ up 
z tempor>y />t+-po9ts ( bus9ess4  ,e "o 
look$ *e]ful1 9 spite ( ! awful         
discont9uity ( pa/ & future1 ) e famili>
 association ) mat]ial ?+s dissev]$2 & !
 discipl9e & ord] 7 practically p]fect4 
,z ^! notes ( m9e mu/ be %ort1 ,i _h    
bett] turn to my m g5]aliz$ reflections4
  ,two ?+s 9 retrospect /rike me        
especially1 & are ! mo/ emphatic ( all  
my impressions4  ,bo? are reassur+ z to 
human nature4  ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! rapidity
 ( ! improvisation ( ord] out ( *aos4   
,x is cle> t j z 9 e ?\s& human be+s !re
 w be /ati/ically s _m arti/s1 s _m     
a?letes1 s _m ?9k]s1 & s _m pot5tially  
good soldi]s1 s !re w be s _m pot5tial  
organiz]s 9 times ( em]g5cy4  ,9 po9t ( 
fact1 n only 9 ! great city1 b 9 !      
outly+ t[ns1 ^! natural ord]mak]s1 :e!r 
amateurs or (ficials1 came to ! front   
imm$iately4  ,!re seem$ to be no        
possibility :i* !re 0 n "s "o !re to ?9k
 (1 or :i* )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 n 9 "s   
way provid$ =4  ,a good illu/ration is  

?is3 ,mr4 ,kei? is ! great l&scape-pa9t]
 ( ! ,pacific slope1 & 8 pictures1 :i*  
are _m1 are arti/ically & pecuni>ily    
preci\s4  ,two citiz5s1 lov]s ( 8 "w1   
e>ly 9 ! day div]t$ _! att5tion f all   
o!r int]e/s1 _! own private ones        
includ$1 & made x _! duty to visit e    
place :i* !y knew to conta9 a ,kei?     
pa9t+4  ,!y cut !m f _! frames1 roll$ !m
 up1 & 9 ?is way got all ! m important  
ones into a place ( safety4  ,:5 !y !n  
s\ght ,mr4 ,kei?1 to convey ! joy\s news
 to him1 !y f\nd him /ill 9 8 /udio1 :i*
 0 remote f ! fire1 beg9n+ a new pa9t+4 
,hav+ giv5 up 8 previ\s "w = lo/1 he _h 
resolv$ to lose no "t 9 mak+ :at am5ds  
he c\ld = ! disa/]4  ,! complet5ess (   
organization at ,palo ,alto1 a t[n ( t5 
?\s& inhabitants close to ,/an=d        
,univ]sity1 0 almo/ comical4  ,p fe>$   
exodus on a l>ge scale ( ! r[dy elem5ts 
( ,san ,francisco4 ,9 po9t ( tact1 v few
 refugees came to ,palo ,alto4  ,b )9   
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 rations1 clo?+1         
hospital1 qu>ant9e1 dis9fection1 wa%+1  

police1 milit>y1 qu>t]s 9 camp & 9      
h\ses1 pr9t$ in=mation1 employm5t1 all 7
 provid$ = "u ! c>e ( s _m volunte]     
committees4  ,mu* ( ?is read9ess 0      
,am]ican1 mu* ( x ,cali=nian2 b ,i      
believe t e c\ntry 9 a simil> crisis    
w\ld h display$ x 9 a way to a/oni% !   
spectators4  ,l soldi]+1 x lies always  
lat5t 9 human nature4  ,! second ?+ t   
/ruck me 0 ! univ]sal equanimity4  ,we  
soon got lett]s f ! ,ea/1 r++ ) anxiety 
& pa?os2 b ,i n[ "k fully :at ,i h      
always believ$1 t ! pa!tic way ( feel+  
great disa/]s belongs r to ! po9t ( view
 ( p at a di/ance ?an to ! imm$iate     
victims4  ,i he>d n a s+le really pa!tic
 or s5tim5tal ^w 9 ,cali=nia express$ by
 any "o4  ,! t]ms awful1 dreadful fell  
(t5 en\gh f p's lips1 b always ) a sort 
( ab/ract mean+1 & ) a face t seem$ to  
admire ! va/ness ( ! cata/rophe z mu* z 
x bewail$ its cutt+ness4  ,:5 talk 0 n  
directly practical1 ,i might almo/ say t
 x express$ 7at any rate 9 ! n9e days ,i
 0 !re7 a t5d5cy m t[>d n]v\s excitem5t 

?an t[>d grief4  ,! he>ts conceal$      
private bitt]ness en\gh1 no d\bt1 b !   
tongues disda9$ to dwell on ! mis=tunes 
( self1 :5 almo/ ev]ybody "o spoke to _h
 suff]$ equally4  ,surely ! cutt+ edge (
 all our usual mis=tunes comes f _! "* (
 lonel9ess4  ,we lose our heal?1 our    
wife or *ildr5 die1 our h\se burns d[n1 
or our money is made way )1 & ! _w goes 
on rejoic+1 leav+ u on "o side & c\nt+ u
 out f all its bus9ess4  ,9 ,cali=nia e 
"o1 to "s degree1 0 suff]+1 & "o's      
private mis]ies 7 m]g$ 9 ! va/ g5]al sum
 ( privation & 9 ! all-absorb+ practical
 problem ( g5]al recup]ation4 ,!        
*e]fulness1 or1 at any rate1 !          
/eadfa/ness ( tone1 0 univ]sal4  ,n a   
s+le :9e or pla9tive ^w did ,i he> f !  
hundr$ los]s :om ,i spoke to4  ,in/ead (
 t !re 0 a temp] ( helpfulness beyond ! 
c\nt+4  ,x is easy to glorify ?is z     
some?+ *>act]i/ically ,am]ican1 or      
especially ,cali=nian4  ,cali=nian      
education has1 ( c\rse1 made ! ?\ght (  
all possible recup]ations easy4  ,9 an  

exhau/$ c\ntry1 ) no m>g9al res\rces1 ! 
outlook on ! future w\ld be mu* d>k]4   
,b ,i l to ?9k t :at ,i write ( is a    
normal & univ]sal trait ( human nature4 
,9 our draw+-rooms & (fices we wond] h[ 
p ev] d g ?r\gh battles1 sieges &       
%ipwrecks4 ,we quiv] & sick5 9          
imag9ation1 & ?9k ^? h]oes sup]human4   
,physical pa9 :e!r suff]$ alone or 9    
company1 is always m or less unn]v+ &   
intol]able4  ,b m5tal pa?os & angui%1 ,i
 fancy1 are usually effects ( di/ance4  
,at ! place ( action1 :]e all are       
conc]n$ toge!r1 heal?y animal           
ins5sibility & he>t9ess take _! place4  
,at ,san ,francisco ! ne$ w cont9ue to  
be awful1 & !re w d\btless be a crop (  
n]v\s wrecks be=e ! weeks & mon?s are   
ov]1 b mean:ile ! commone/ m51 simply   
because !y are m51 w g on1 s+ly &       
collectively1 %[+ ?is admirable =titude 
( temp]4    #a ,at ! "t ( ! ,san        
,francisco e>?quake ! au?or 0 at ,lel&  
,/an=d ,univ]sity ne>by4  ,he succe$$ 9 
gett+ into ,san ,francisco on ! morn+ ( 

! e>?quake1 & sp5t ! rema9d] ( ! day 9 !
 city4  ,^! obs]vations appe>$ 9 !      
,y\?'s ,companion = ,june #g1 #aijf4    
,x  ,,! ,,en]gies ,,( ,,m5#a  ,ev]yone  
kn[s :at x is to />t a piece ( "w1 ei!r 
intellectual or muscul>1 feel+ /ale--or 
oold1 z an ,adirondack guide once put x 
to me4  ,& ev]ybody kn[s :at x is to w>m
 up to 8 job4  ,! process ( w>m+ up gets
 p>ticul>ly /rik+ 9 ! ph5om5on kn[n z   
second w9d4  ,on usual occasions we make
 a practice ( /opp+ an occupation z soon
 z we meet ! fir/ effective lay] 7s to  
call x7 ( fatigue4  ,we h !n walk$1     
play$1 or work$ en\gh1 s we desi/4  ,t  
am\nt ( fatigue is an efficaci\s        
ob/ruction on ?is side ( :i* our usual  
life is ca/4  ,b if an unusual necessity
 =ces u to press onw>d a surpris+ ?+    
occurs4 ,! fatigue gets worse up to a   
c]ta9 critical po9t1 :5 gradually or    
sudd5ly x passes away1 & we are fre%]   
?an be=e4  ,we h evid5tly tapp$ a level 
( new en]gy1 mask$ until !n by !        
fatigue-ob/acle usually obey$4  ,!re may

 be lay] aft] lay] ( ?is exp]i5ce4  ,a  
?ird & a f\r? w9d may sup]v5e4  ,m5tal  
activity %[s ! ph5om5on z well z        
physical1 & 9 exceptional cases we may  
f9d1 beyond ! v extremity (             
fatigue-di/ress1 am\nts ( ease & p[] t  
we nev] dream$ ourselves to own1--s\rces
 ( /r5g? habitually n tax$ at all1      
because habitually we nev] pu% ?r\gh !  
ob/ruction1 nev] pass ^? e>ly critical  
po9ts4  ,= _m ye>s ,i h mus$ on !       
ph5om5on ( second w9d1 try+ to f9d a    
physiological !ory4  ,x is evid5t t our 
organism has /or$-up res]ves ( en]gy t  
are ord9>ily n call$ ^u1 b t may be     
call$ ^u3 deep] & deep] /rata (         
combu/ible or explosible mat]ial1       
discont9u\sly arrang$1 b ready = use by 
anyone :o probes s deep1 & repair+      
!mselves by re/ z well z d ! sup]ficial 
/rata4  ,mo/ ( u cont9ue liv+           
unnecess>ily ne> our surface4  ,our     
en]gy-budget is l our nutritive budget4 
,physiologi/s say t a man is 9 nutritive
 equilibrium :5 day aft] day he nei!r   

ga9s nor loses weight4  ,b ! odd ?+ is t
 ?is condition may obta9 on a/oni%+ly   
diff]5t am\nts ( food4 ,take a man 9    
nutritive equilibrium1 & sy/ematically  
increase or less5 8 rations4  ,9 ! fir/ 
case he w beg9 to ga9 weight1 9 ! second
 case to lose x4  ,! *ange w be greate/ 
on ! fir/ day1 less on ! second1 less   
/ill on ! ?ird2 & s on1 till he has ga9$
 all t he w ga91 or lo/ all t he w lose1
 on t alt]$ diet4  ,he is n[ 9 nutritive
 equilibrium aga91 b ) a new weight2 &  
?is nei!r less5s nor increases because 8
 v>i\s combu/ion-processes h adju/$     
!mselves to ! *ang$ diet>y4  ,he gets   
rid1 9 "o way or ano!r1 ( j z mu* ,n1   
,c1 ,h1 etc41 z he takes 9 p] diem4  ,j 
s "o c be 9 :at ,i might call           
effici5cy-equilibrium 7nei!r ga9+ nor   
los+ p[] :5 once ! equilibrium is rea*$7
 on a/oni%+ly diff]5t quantities ( "w1  
no matt] 9 :at direction ! "w may be    
measur$4  ,x may be physical "w1        
intellectual "w1 moral "w1 or spiritual 
"w4  ,( c\rse !re are limits3 ! trees   

don't gr[ into ! sky4  ,b ! pla9 fact   
rema9s t m5 ! _w ov] possess am\nts (   
res\rce :i* only v exceptional          
individuals pu% to _! extremes ( use4 ,b
 ! v same individual1 pu%+ 8 en]gies to 
_! extreme1 may 9 a va/ numb] ( cases   
keep ! pace up day aft] day1 & f9d no   
reaction ( a bad sort1 s long z dec5t   
hygi5ic conditions are pres]v$4  ,8 m   
active rate ( en]giz+ does n wreck him2 
= ! organism adapts itself1 & z ! rate (
 wa/e augm5ts1 augm5ts correspond+ly !  
rate ( repair4  ,i say ! rate & n ! "t (
 repair4  ,! busie/ man ne$s no m h\rs (
 re/ ?an ! idl]4  ,"s ye>s ago ,pr(essor
 ,patrick1 ( ! ,i[a ,/ate ,univ]sity1   
kept ?ree "y m5 awake = f\r days &      
nights4  ,:5 8 obs]vations on !m 7      
f9i%$1 ! subjects 7 p]mitt$ to sleep    
!mselves out4  ,all awoke f ?is sleep   
completely refre%$1 b ! "o :o took      
longe/ to re/ore himself f 8 long vigil 
only slept "o-?ird m "t ?an 0 regul> )  
him4  ,if my read] w put toge!r ^! two  
conceptions1 fir/1 t few m5 live at _!  

maximum ( en]gy1 & second1 t anyone may 
be 9 vital equilibrium at v diff]5t     
rates ( en]giz+1 he w f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t a v
 pretty practical problem ( national    
economy1 z well z ( individual e?ics1   
op5s ^u 8 view4  ,9 r\gh t]ms1 we may   
say t a man :o en]gizes bel[ 8 normal   
maximum fails by j s mu* to pr(it by 8  
*ance at life2 & t a nation fill$ ) su* 
m5 is inf]ior to a nation run at high]  
pressure4  ,! problem is1 !n1 h[ c m5 be
 tra9$ up to _! mo/ useful pit* ( en]gy8
  ,& h[ c nations make su* tra9+ mo/    
accessible to all _! sons & daught]s4   
,?is1 aft] all1 is only ! g5]al problem 
( education1 =mulat$ 9 slightly diff]5t 
t]ms4  ,r\gh t]ms1 ,i said j n[1 because
 ! words en]gy & maximum may easily     
sugge/ only quantity to ! read]'s m9d1  
:]eas 9 measur+ ! human en]gies ( :i* ,i
 speak1 qualities z well z quantities h 
to be tak5 into acc\nt4  ,ev]yone feels 
t 8 total p[] rises :5 he passes to a   
high] qualitative level ( life4  ,writ+ 
is high] ?an walk+1 ?9k+ is high] ?an   

writ+1 decid+ high] ?an ?9k+1 decid+ no 
high] ?an decid+ yes--at lea/ ! man :o  
passes f "o ( ^! activities to ano!r w  
usually say t ea* lat] "o involves a    
great] elem5t ( inn] "w ?an ! e>li]     
ones1 ev5 ?\gh ! total heat giv5 out or 
! foot-p\nds exp5d$ by ! organism1 may  
be less4  ,j h[ to conceive ?is inn] "w 
physiologically is z yet impossible1 b  
psy*ologically we all "k :at ! ^w means4
  ,we ne$ a p>ticul> spur or ef=t to />t
 u ^u inn] "w2 x tires u to su/a9 x2 &  
:5 long su/a9$1 we "k h[ easily we      
lapse4  ,:5 ,i speak ( en]giz+1 & its   
rates & levels & s\rces1 ,i mean !re=e  
our inn] z well z our out] "w4  ,let no 
"o ?9k1 !n1 t our problem ( individual &
 national economy is solely t ( !       
maximum ( p\nds raisable aga9/ gravity1 
! maximum ( locomotion1 or ( agitation (
 any sort1 t human be+s c accompli%4  ,t
 might signify little m ?an hurry+ &    
jump+ ab\t 9 inco-ord9at$ ways2 :]eas   
inn] "w1 ?\gh x s (t5 re9=ces out] "w1 q
 z (t5 means its arre/4  ,to relax1 to  

say to ourselves 7) ! new ?\ght]s7      
,peace6 be /ill6 is sometimes a great   
a*ievem5t ( inn] "w4 ,:5 ,i speak (     
human en]giz+ 9 g5]al1 ! read] mu/ !re=e
 und]/& t sum-total ( activities1 "s    
out] & "s inn]1 "s muscul>1 "s          
emotional1 "s moral1 "s spiritual1 ( ^: 
wax+ & wan+ 9 himself he is at all times
 s well aw>e4  ,h[ to keep x at an      
appreciable maximum8  ,h[ n to let !    
level lapse8 ,t is ! great problem4  ,b 
! "w ( m5 & wom5 is ( innum]able k9ds1  
ea* k9d be+1 z we say1 c>ri$ on by a    
p>ticul> faculty2 s ! great problem     
splits into two sub-problems1 ?us3      
7#a74 ,:at are ! limits ( human faculty 
9 v>i\s directions8  7#b74 ,by :at      
div]sity ( means1 9 ! diff]+ types (    
human be+s1 may ! faculties be /imulat$ 
to _! be/ results8  ,read 9 "o way1 ^!  
two que/ions s\nd bo? trivial & famili>3
 !re is a s5se 9 :i* we h all ask$ !m   
ev] s9ce we 7 born4  ,yet z a me?odical 
programme ( sci5tific inquiry1 ,i d\bt  
:e!r !y h ev] be5 s]i\sly tak5 up4  ,if 

answ]$ fully2 almo/ ! :ole ( m5tal      
sci5ce & ( ! sci5ce ( conduct w\ld f9d a
 place "u !m4  ,i propose1 9 :at foll[s1
 to press !m on ! read]'s att5tion 9 an 
in=mal way4  ,! fir/ po9t to agree ^u 9 
?is ent]prise is t z a rule m5          
habitually use only a small "p ( ! p[]s 
:i* !y actually possess & :i* !y might  
use "u appropriate conditions4  ,e "o is
 famili> ) ! ph5om5on ( feel+ m or less 
alive on diff]5t days4  ,e "o kn[s on   
any giv5 day t !re are en]gies slumb]+ 9
 him :i* ! incitem5ts ( t day d n call  
=?1 b :i* he might display if ^! 7      
great]4  ,mo/ ( u feel z if a sort (    
cl\d weigh$ ^u u1 keep+ u bel[ our      
highe/ not* ( cle>ness 9 disc]nm5t1     
sur5ess 9 reason+1 or firmness 9 decid+4
  ,comp>$ ) :at we ought to be1 we are  
only half awake4  ,our fires are damp$1 
our drafts are *eck$4  ,we are mak+ use 
( only a small "p ( our possible m5tal &
 physical res\rces4  ,9 "s p]sons ?is   
s5se ( be+ cut (f f _! rightful res\rces
 is extreme1 & we !n get ! =midable     

neura/h5ic & psy*a/h5ic conditions )    
life gr[n into "o tissue (              
impossibilities1 t s _m m$ical books    
describe4  ,/at+ ! ?+ broadly1 ! human  
individual ?us lives usually f> )9 8    
limits2 he possesses p[]s ( v>i\s sorts 
:i* he habitually fails to use4  ,he    
en]gizes bel[ 8 maximum1 & he behaves   
bel[ 8 optimum4  ,9 elem5t>y faculty1 9 
co-ord9ation1 9 p[] ( inhibition &      
control1 9 e conceivable way1 8 life is 
contract$ l ! field ( vision ( an hy/]ic
 subject--b ) less excuse1 = ! poor     
hy/]ic is diseas$1 :ile 9 ! re/ ( u x is
 only an invet]ate habit--! habit (     
inf]iority to our full self--t is bad4  
,admit s mu*1 !n1 & admit also t ! *>ge 
( be+ inf]ior to _! full self is f> tru]
 ( "s m5 ?an ( o!rs2 !n ! practical "q  
ensues3 to :at d ! bett] m5 owe _!      
escape8 &1 9 ! fluctuations :i* all m5  
feel 9 _! own degree ( en]giz+1 to :at  
are ! improvem5ts due1 :5 !y occur8  ,9 
g5]al t]ms ! answ] is pla93  ,ei!r "s   
unusual /imulus fills !m ) emotional    

excitem5t1 or "s unusual idea (         
necessity induces !m to make an extra   
ef=t ( w4  ,excitem5ts1 ideas1 & ef=ts1 
9 a ^w1 are :at c>ry u ov] ! dam4  ,9 ^?
 hyp]e/hetic conditions :i* *ronic      
invalidism s (t5 br+s 9 its tra91 ! dam 
has *ang$ its normal place4  ,! slighte/
 functional ex]cise gives a di/ress :i* 
! pati5t yields to & /ops4  ,9 su* cases
 ( habit-neurosis a new range ( p[] (t5 
comes 9 consequ5ce ( ! bully+-treatm5t1 
( ef=ts :i* ! doctor obliges ! pati5t1  
mu* aga9/ 8 w1 to make4 ,fir/ comes ! v 
extremity ( di/ress1 !n foll[s unexpect$
 relief4  ,!re seems no d\bt t we are   
ea* & all ( u to "s ext5t victims (     
habit-neurosis4  ,we h to admit ! wid]  
pot5tial range & ! habitually n>r[      
actual use4  ,we live subject to arre/  
by degrees ( fatigue :i* we h come only 
f habit to obey4  ,mo/ ( u may le>n to  
pu% ! b>ri] f>!r (f1 & to live 9 p]fect 
com=t on mu* high] levels ( p[]4        
,c\ntry p & city p1 z a class1 illu/rate
 ?is diff]5ce4 ,! rapid rate ( life1 !  

numb] ( decisions 9 an h\r1 ! _m ?+s to 
keep acc\nt (1 9 a busy city man's or   
woman's life1 seem mon/r\s to a c\ntry  
bro!r4  ,he does n't see h[ we live at  
all4  ,a day 9 ,new ,york or ,*icago    
fills him ) t]ror4  ,! dang] & noise    
make x appe> l a p]man5t e>?quake4  ,b  
settle him !re1 & 9 a ye> or two he w h 
caught ! pulse-beat4  ,he w vibrate to !
 city's rhy?ms2 & if he only succe$s 9 8
 avocation1 :atev] t may be1 he w f9d a 
joy 9 all ! hurry & ! t5sion1 he w keep 
! pace z well z any ( u1 & get z mu* out
 ( himself 9 any week z he ev] did 9 t5 
weeks 9 ! c\ntry4  ,! /imuli ( ^? :o    
successfully sp5d & und]go !            
trans=mation "h1 are duty1 ! example (  
o!rs1 & cr[d-pressure & contagion4  ,!  
trans=mation1 moreov]1 is a *ronic "o3 !
 new level ( en]gy becomes p]man5t4  ,! 
duties ( new (fices ( tru/ are con/antly
 produc+ ?is effect on ! human be+s     
appo9t$ to !m4  ,! physiologi/s call a  
/imulus dynamog5ic :5 x increases !     
muscul> contractions ( m5 to :om x is   

appli$2 b appeals c be dynamog5ic       
morally z well z muscul>ly4  ,we are    
witness+ "h 9 ,am]ica to-day !          
dynamog5ic effect ( a v exalt$ political
 (fice ^u ! en]gies ( an individual :o  
_h already manife/$ a heal?y am\nt (    
en]gy be=e ! (fice came4  ,humbl]       
examples %[ p]haps /ill bett] :at *ronic
 effects duty's appeal may produce 9    
*os5 individuals4  ,john ,/u>t ,mill    
some:]e says t wom5 excel m5 9 ! p[] (  
keep+ up su/a9$ moral excitem5t4  ,e    
case ( illness nurs$ by wife or "m is a 
pro( ( ?is2 & :]e c "o f9d great]       
examples ( su/a9$ endurance ?an 9 ^?    
?\s&s ( poor homes1 :]e ! woman         
successfully holds ! family toge!r &    
keeps x go+ by tak+ all ! ?\ght & do+   
all ! "w--nurs+1 tea*+1 cook+1 wa%+1    
sew+1 scrubb+1 sav+1 help+ neighbors1   
*or+ outside--:]e does ! catalogue end8 
,if %e does a bit ( scold+ n[ & !n :o c 
blame h]8  ,b (t5 %e does j ! rev]se2   
keep+ ! *ildr5 clean & ! man good       
temp]$1 & soo?+ & smoo?+ ! :ole         

neighborhood into f9] %ape4  ,eighty    
ye>s ago a c]ta9 ,montyon left to !     
,acadmie ,franaise a sum ( money to be  
giv5 9 small prizes1 to ! be/ examples (
 virtue ( ! ye>4  ,! academy's          
committees1 ) great good s5se1 h %[n a  
p>tiality to virtues simple & *ronic1 r 
?an to h] spasmodic & dramatic flights2 
& ! exempl>y h\sewives report$ on h be5 
wond]ful & admirable en\gh4  ,9 ,paul   
,b\rget's report = ?is ye> we f9d num]\s
 cases1 ( :i* ?is is a type2 ,jeanne    
,*aix1 elde/ ( six *ildr52 "m insane1   
fa!r *ronically ill4 ,jeanne1 ) no money
 b h] wages at a pa/ebo>d-box factory1  
directs ! h\sehold1 br+s up ! *ildr51 & 
successfully ma9ta9s ! family ( eight1  
:i* ?us subsi/s1 morally z well z       
mat]ially1 by ! sole =ce ( h] valiant w4
  ,9 "s ( ^! ,fr5* cases *>ity to       
outsid]s is add$ to ! inn] family burd52
 or helpless relatives1 "y or old1 are  
adopt$1 z if ! /r5g? 7 inexhau/ible &   
ample = e appeal4  ,details are too long
 to quote "h2 b human nature1 respond+  

to ! call ( duty1 appe>s n[h]e sublim]  
?an 9 ! p]son ( ^! humble h]o9es (      
family life4  ,turn+ f m *ronic to acut]
 pro(s ( human nature's res]ves ( p[]1  
we f9d t ! /imuli t c>ry u ov] ! usually
 effective dam are mo/ (t5 ! classic    
emotional ones1 love1 ang]1             
cr[d-contagion or despair4  ,despair    
lames mo/ p1 b x wakes o!rs fully up4   
,e siege or %ipwreck or pol> exp$ition  
br+s out "s h]o :o keeps ! :ole company 
9 he>t4  ,la/ ye> !re 0 a t]rible       
colli]y explosion at ,c\rri]es 9        
,france4  ,two hundr$ corpses1 if ,i    
rememb] rightly1 7 exhum$4  ,aft] tw5ty 
days ( excavation1 ! rescu]s he>d a     
voice4  ,me voici1 said ! fir/ man      
une>!d4  ,he prov$ to be a colli] nam$  
,nemy1 :o _h tak5 comm& ( ?irte5 o!rs 9 
! d>kness1 discipl9$ !m & *e]$ !m1 &    
br\ght !m out alive4  ,h>dly any ( !m   
c\ld see or speak or walk :5 br\ght into
 ! day4  ,five days lat]1 a diff]5t type
 ( vital endurance 0 unexpect$ly unburi$
 9 ! p]son ( "o ,b]ton :o1 isolat$ f any

 b dead companions1 _h be5 able to sleep
 away mo/ ( 8 "t4  ,a new position (    
responsibility w usually %[ a man to be 
a f> /rong] creature ?an 0 suppos$4     
,cromwell's & ,grant's c>e]s are ! /ock 
examples ( h[ w> w wake a man up4  ,i   
owe to ,pr(essor ,c4 ,e4 ,norton1 my    
colleague1 ! p]mission to pr9t "p ( a   
private lett] f ,colonel ,baird-,smi?   
writt5 %ortly aft] ! six weeks' siege ( 
,delhi1 9 #aheg1 = ! victori\s issue (  
:i* t excell5t (fic] 0 *iefly to be     
?ank$4  ,he writes z foll[s3  4 4 4  ,my
 poor wife _h "s reason to ?9k t w> &   
disease betwe5 !m _h left v little ( a  
husb& to take "u nurs+ :5 %e got him    
aga94  ,an attack ( camp-scurvy _h fill$
 my m\? ) sores1 %ak5 e jo9t 9 my body1 
& cov]$ me all ov] ) sores & livid      
spots1 s t ,i 0 m>vell\sly unlovely to  
look ^u4  ,a sm>t knock on ! ankle-jo9t 
f ! spl9t] ( a %ell t bur/ 9 my face1 9 
itself a m]e bagatelle ( a w\nd1 _h be5 
( necessity neglect$ "u ! press+ &      
incessant calls ^u me1 & _h gr[n worse &

 worse till ! :ole foot bel[ ! ankle    
became a black mass & seem$ to ?reat5   
mortification4  ,i insi/$1 h[ev]1 on be+
 all[$ to use x till ! place 0 tak51    
mortification or no2 & ?\gh ! pa9 0     
sometimes horrible ,i c>ri$ my po9t &   
kept up to ! la/4  ,on ! day aft] !     
assault ,i _h an unlucky fall on "s bad 
gr\nd1 & x 0 an op5 "q = a day or two   
:e!r ,i hadn't brok5 my arm at ! elb[4  
,=tunately x turn$ out to be only a     
sev]e spra91 b ,i am /ill consci\s ( !  
wr5* x gave me4  ,to cr[n ! :ole        
pleasant catalogue1 ,i 0 worn to a %ad[ 
by a con/ant di>rhoea1 & consum$ z mu*  
opium z w\ld h done cr$it to my         
fa!r-9-law ,?omas ,de ,qu9cey4  ,h[ev]1 
?ank ,god1 ,i h a good %>e ( ,tapleyism 
9 me & come out /rong "u difficulties4  
,i ?9k ,i may confid5tly say t no man   
ev] saw me out ( he>t1 or ev] he>d "o   
croak+ ^w f me ev5 :5 our prospects 7   
gloomie/4  ,we 7 sadly sc\rg$ by !      
*ol]a1 & x 0 almo/ appall+ to me to f9d 
t out ( tw5ty-sev5 (fic]s pres5t1 ,i    

c\ld only mu/] fifte5 = ! op]ations ( ! 
attack4  ,h[ev]1 x 0 done1 & aft] x 0   
done came ! collapse4  ,don't be        
horrifi$ :5 ,i tell y t = ! :ole ( !    
actual siege1 & 9 tru? = "s little "t   
be=e1 ,i almo/ liv$ on br&y4  ,appetite 
= food ,i _h none1 b ,i =c$ myself to   
eat j suffici5t to su/a9 life1 & ,i _h  
an incessant crav+ = br&y z ! /ronge/   
/imulant ,i c\ld get4  ,/range to say1  
,i 0 q unconsci\s ( its affect+ me 9 !  
slighte/ degree4  ,! excitem5t ( ! "w 0 
s great t no less] "o seem$ to h any    
*ance aga9/ x1 & ,i c]ta9ly nev] f\nd my
 intellect cle>] or my n]ves /rong] 9 my
 life4  ,x 0 only my wret*$ body t 0    
weak1 & ! mom5t ! real "w 0 done by our 
becom+ complete ma/]s ( ,delhi1 ,i broke
 d[n )\t delay & discov]$ t if ,i wi%$  
to live ,i mu/ cont9ue no long] ! sy/em 
t _h kept me up until ! crisis 0 pass$4 
,) x pass$ away z if 9 a mom5t all      
desire to /imulate1 & a p]fect loa?+ (  
my late /aff ( life took possession (   
me4  ,su* exp]i5ces %[ h[ pr(\nd is !   

alt]ation 9 ! mann] 9 :i*1 "u excitem5t1
 our organism w sometimes p]=m its      
physiological "w4  ,! processes ( repair
 become diff]5t :5 ! res]ves h to be    
us$1 & = weeks & mon?s ! deep] use may g
 on4  ,morbid cases1 "h z else:]e1 lay !
 normal ma*9]y b>e4  ,9 ! fir/ numb] (  
,dr4 ,morton ,pr9ce's ,j\rnal (         
,abnormal ,psy*ology1 ,dr4 ,janet has   
discuss$ five cases ( morbid impulse1 ) 
an explanation t is preci\s = my pres5t 
po9t ( view4  ,"o is a girl :o eats1    
eats1 eats1 all day4  ,ano!r walks1     
walks1 walks1 & gets h] food f an       
automobile t escorts h]4  ,ano!r is a   
dipsomaniac4  ,a f\r? pulls out h] hair4
  ,a fif? w\nds h] fle% & burns h] sk94 
,hi!rto su* freaks ( impulse h receiv$  
,greek names 7z bulimia1 dromomania1    
etc47 & be5 sci5tifically dispos$ ( z   
episodic syndromata ( h]$it>y           
deg5]ation4  ,b x turns out t ,janet's  
cases are all :at he calls psy*a/h5ics1 
or victims ( a *ronic s5se ( weakness1  
torpor1 le?>gy1 fatigue1 insuffici5cy1  

impossibility1 unreality & p[]lessness (
 w2 & t 9 ea* & all ( !m ! p>ticul>     
activity pursu$1 delet]i\s ?\gh x be1   
has ! tempor>y result ( rais+ ! s5se (  
vitality & mak+ ! pati5t feel alive     
aga94  ,^! ?+s reanimate3 !y w\ld       
reanimate u1 b x happ5s t 9  ea* pati5t 
! p>ticul> freak-activity *os5 is ! only
 ?+ t does reanimate2 & !re9 lies !     
morbid /ate4  ,! way to treat su* p]sons
 is to discov] to !m m usual & useful   
ways ( ?r[+ _! /ores ( vital en]gy into 
ge>4  ,colonel ,baird-,smi?1 ne$+ to    
draw on altoge!r extraord9>y /ores (    
en]gy1 f\nd t br&y & opium 7 ways ( ?r[+
 !m into ge>4  ,su* cases are humanly   
typical4  ,we are all to "s degree      
oppress$1 unfree4  ,we don't come to our
 own4  ,x is !re1 b we don't get at x4  
,! ?re%old mu/ be made to %ift4  ,!n _m 
( u f9d t an ecc5tric activity--a spree1
 say--relieves4  ,!re is no d\bt t to "s
 m5 sprees & excesses ( almo/ any k9d   
are m$ic9al1 tempor>ily at any rate1 9  
spite ( :at ! morali/s & doctors say4   

,b :5 ! normal tasks & /imulations (    
life don't put a man's deep] levels (   
en]gy on tap1 & he requires di/9ctly    
delet]i\s excitem5ts1 8 con/itution     
v]ges on ! abnormal4  ,! normal op5] (  
deep] & deep] levels ( en]gy is ! w4  ,!
 difficulty is to use x1 to make ! ef=t 
:i* ! ^w volition implies4  ,b if we d  
make x 7or if a god1 ?\gh he 7 only !   
god ,*ance1 makes x ?r\gh u71 x w act   
dynamog5ically on u = a mon?4  ,x is    
notori\s t a s+le successful ef=t (     
moral volition1 su* z say+ no to "s     
habitual temptation1 or p]=m+ "s        
c\rage\s act1 w laun* a man on a high]  
level ( en]gy = days & weeks1 w give him
 a new range ( p[]4  ,9 ! act ( uncork+ 
! :iskey bottle :i* ,i _h br\ght home to
 get drunk ^u1 said a man to me1 ,i     
sudd5ly f\nd myself runn+ out into !    
g>d51 :]e ,i sma%$ x on ! gr\nd4  ,i    
felt s happy & uplift$ aft] ?is act1 t =
 two mon?s ,i 0 n't tempt$ to t\* a     
drop4  ,! emotions & excitem5ts due to  
usual situations are ! usual incit]s ( !

 w4  ,b ^! act discont9u\sly2 & 9 !     
int]vals ! %all[] levels ( life t5d to  
close 9 & %ut u (f4  ,accord+ly ! be/   
practical kn[]s ( ! human s\l h inv5t$ !
 ?+ kn[n z me?odical ascetic discipl9e  
to keep ! deep] levels con/antly 9 rea*4
  ,beg9n+ ) easy tasks1 pass+ to h>d]   
ones1 & ex]cis+ day by day1 x is1 ,i    
believe1 admitt$ t disciples (          
asceticism c rea* v high levels ( fre$om
 & p[] ( w4  ,ignatius ,loyola's        
spiritual ex]cises mu/ h produc$ ?is    
result 9 innum]able devotees4  ,b ! mo/ 
v5]able ascetic sy/em1 & ! "o ^: results
 h ! mo/ volum9\s exp]im5tal            
corroboration is und\bt$ly ! ,yoga sy/em
 9 ,h9du/an4  ,f "t immemorial1 by ,ha?a
 ,yoga1 ,raja ,yoga1 ,k>ma ,yoga1 or    
:atev] code ( practice x might be1 ,h9du
 aspirants to p]fection h tra9$         
!mselves1 mon? 9 & out1 = ye>s4  ,!     
result claim$1 & c]ta9ly 9 _m cases     
accord$ by imp>tial judges1 is /r5g? (  
"*1 p]sonal p[]1 un%akability ( s\l4  ,9
 an article 9 ! ,philosophical          

,review1#b f :i* ,i am l>gely copy+ "h1 
,i h quot$ at great l5g? ! exp]i5ce )   
,ha?a ,yoga ( a v gift$ ,european fri5d 
( m9e :o1 by p]si/5tly c>ry+ out =      
sev]al mon?s its me?ods ( fa/+ f food & 
sleep1 its ex]cises 9 brea?+ &          
?\ght-conc5tration1 & its fanta/ic      
po/ure-gymna/ics1 seems to h succe$$ 9  
wak+ up deep] & deep] levels ( w & moral
 & intellectual p[] 9 himself1 & to h   
escap$ f a decid$ly m5ac+ bra9-condition
 ( ! circul> type1 f :i* he _h suff]$ = 
ye>s4  ,judg+ by my fri5d's lett]s1 (   
:i* ! la/ ,i h is writt5 f\rte5 mon?s   
aft] ! ,yoga tra9+ began1 !re c be no   
d\bt ( 8 relative reg5]ation4  ,he has  
und]gone mat]ial trials ) indiff]5ce1   
travell$ ?ird-class on ,m$it]ranean     
/eam]s1 & f\r?-class on ,african tra9s1 
liv+ ) ! poore/ ,arabs & %>+ _!         
unaccu/om$ food1 all ) equanimity4  ,8  
devotion to c]ta9 int]e/s has be5 put to
 heavy /ra91 & no?+ is m rem>kable to me
 ?an ! *ang$ moral tone ) :i* he reports
 ! situation4  ,a pr(\nd modification   

has unque/ionably occurr$ 9 ! runn+ ( 8 
m5tal ma*9]y4  ,! ge>+ has *ang$1 & 8 w 
is available o!rwise ?an x 04  ,my fri5d
 is a man ( v peculi> temp]am5t4  ,few (
 u w\ld h _h ! w to />t ^u ! ,yoga      
tra9+1 :i*1 once />t$1 seem$ to conjure 
! fur!r willp[] ne$$ out ( itself4  ,& n
 all ( ^? :o c\ld laun* !mselves w\ld h 
rea*$ ! same results4  ,! ,h9dus        
!mselves admit t 9 "s m5 ! results may  
come )\t call or bell4  ,my fri5d writes
 to me3 ,y are q "r 9 ?9k+ t religi\s   
crises1 love-crises1 indignation-crises 
may awak5 9 a v %ort "t p[]s simil> to  
^? rea*$ by ye>s ( pati5t               
,yoga-practice4  ,probably mo/ m$ical m5
 w\ld treat ?is individual's case z "o (
 :at x is fa%ionable n[ to call by ! "n 
( self-sugge/ion1 or expectant          
att5tion--z if ^? phrases 7 explanatory1
 or meant m ?an ! fact t c]ta9 m5 c be  
influ5c$1 :ile o!rs _c be influ5c$1 by  
c]ta9 sorts ( ideas4  ,?is leads me to  
say a ^w ab\t ideas consid]$ z          
dynamog5ic ag5ts1 or /imuli = unlock+   

:at w\ld o!rwise be unus$ res]voirs (   
individual p[]4  ,"o ?+ t ideas d is to 
contradict o!r ideas & keep u f believ+ 
!m4  ,an idea t ?us negates a fir/ idea 
may itself 9 turn be negat$ by a ?ird   
idea1 & ! fir/ idea may ?us rega9 its   
natural influ5ce ov] our belief &       
det]m9e our behavior4  ,our philosophic 
& religi\s developm5t proce$s ?us by    
cr$ulities1 negations1 & ! negat+ (     
negations4  ,b :e!r = ar\s+ or = /opp+  
belief1 ideas may fail to be efficaci\s1
 j z a wire1 at "o "t alive )           
electricity1 may at ano!r "t be dead4   
,"h our insight into causes fails u1 &  
we c only note results 9 g5]al t]ms4  ,9
 g5]al1 :e!r a giv5 idea %all be a live 
idea dep5ds m on ! p]son into ^: m9d x  
is inject$ ?an on ! idea itself4  ,:i*  
is ! sugge/ive idea = ?is p]son1 & :i* =
 t "o8  ,mr4 ,flet*]'s disciples        
reg5]ate !mselves by ! idea 7& ! fact7 t
 !y are *ew+1 & re-*ew+1 & sup]-*ew+ _! 
food4  ,dr4 ,dewey's pupils reg5]ate    
!mselves by go+ )\t _! breakfa/--a fact1

 b also an ascetic idea4  ,n e "o c use 
^! ideas ) ! same success4  ,b ap>t f   
su* individually v>y+ susceptibilities1 
!re are common l9es along :i* m5 simply 
z m5 t5d to be inflammable by ideas4  ,z
 c]ta9 objects naturally awak5 love1    
ang]1 or cupidity1 s c]ta9 ideas        
naturally awak5 ! en]gies ( loyalty1    
c\rage1 endurance1 or devotion4  ,:5 ^! 
ideas are effective 9 an individual's   
life1 _! effect is (t5 v great inde$4   
,!y may transfigure x1 unlock+          
innum]able p[]s :i*1 b = ! idea1 w\ld   
nev] h come into play4  ,fa!rl&1 !      
,flag1 ! ,union1 ,holy ,*ur*1 ! ,monroe 
,doctr9e1 ,tru?1 ,sci5ce1 ,lib]ty1      
,g>ibaldi's phrase1 ,rome or ,dea?1     
etc41 are s _m examples ( en]gy-releas+ 
ideas4  ,! social nature ( su* phrases  
is an ess5tial factor ( _! dynamic p[]4 
,!y are =ces ( det5t 9 situations 9 :i* 
no o!r =ce produces equival5t effects1 &
 ea* is a =ce ( det5t only 9 a specific 
gr\p ( m54  ,! memory t an oa? or v[ has
 be5 made w n]ve "o to ab/95ces & ef=ts 

o!rwise impossible2 witness ! pl$ge 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ! temp]ance movem5t4  ,a m]e   
promise to 8 swee!>t w clean up a y\?'s 
life all ov]--at any rate = "t4 ,= su*  
effects an educat$ susceptibility is    
requir$4  ,! idea ( "o's honor1 =       
example1 unlocks en]gy only 9 ^? ( u :o 
h _h ! education ( a g5tleman1 s call$4 
,t delightful be+1 ,pr9ce               
,pueckl]-,muskau1 writes to 8 wife f    
,engl& t he has inv5t$ a sort (         
artificial resolution respect+ ?+s t are
 difficult ( p]=mance4  ,my device1 he  
cont9ues1 is ?is3 ,i give my ^w ( honor 
mo/ solemnly to myself to d or to leave 
undone ?is or t4  ,i am ( c\rse         
extremely cauti\s 9 ! use ( ?is exp$i5t1
 b :5 once ! ^w is giv51 ev5 ?\gh ,i    
aft]w>ds ?9k ,i h be5 precipitate or    
mi/ak51 ,i hold x to be p]fectly        
irrevocable1 :atev] inconv5i5ces ,i     
=esee likely to result4  ,if ,i 7       
capable ( break+ my ^w aft] su* mature  
consid]ation1 ,i %\ld lose all respect =
 myself1--& :at man ( s5se w\ld n pref] 

dea? to su* an alt]native8 4 4 4  ,:5 ! 
my/]i\s =mula is pron\nc$1 no alt]ation 
9 my own view1 no?+ %ort ( physical     
impossibilities1 mu/1 = ! welf>e ( my   
s\l1 alt] my w4 4 4 4  ,i f9d some?+ v  
satisfactory 9 ! ?\ght t man has ! p[] (
 fram+ su* props & weapons out ( ! mo/  
trivial mat]ials1 inde$ out ( no?+1     
m]ely by ! =ce ( 8 w1 :i* !reby truly   
des]ves ! "n ( omnipot5t4 #c            
,conv]sions1 :e!r !y be political1      
sci5tific1 philosophic1 or religi\s1 =m 
ano!r way 9 :i* b\nd en]gies are let    
loose4 ,!y unify u1 & put a /op to      
anci5t m5tal int]f]5ces4  ,! result is  
fre$om1 & (t5 a great enl>gem5t ( p[]4  
,a belief t ?us settles ^u an individual
 always acts z a *all5ge to 8 w4  ,b1 = 
! p>ticul> *all5ge to op]ate1 he mu/ be 
! "r *all5gee4  ,9 religi\s conv]sions  
we h s f9e an adju/m5t t ! idea may be 9
 ! m9d ( ! *all5gee = ye>s be=e x ex]ts 
effects2 & :y x %\ld d s !n is (t5 s f> 
f obvi\s t ! ev5t is tak5 = a miracle ( 
grace1 & n a natural occurr5ce4  ,:atev]

 x is1 x may be a highwat] m>k ( en]gy1 
9 :i* noes1 once impossible1 are easy1 &
 9 :i* a new range ( yeses ga9s ! "r (  
way4  ,we are j n[ witness+ a v copi\s  
unlock+ ( en]gies by ideas 9 ! p]sons ( 
^? conv]ts to ,new ,?\ght1 ,*ri/ian     
,sci5ce1 ,metaphysical ,heal+1 or o!r   
=ms ( spiritual philosophy1 :o are s    
num]\s among u to-day4  ,! ideas "h are 
heal?y-m9d$ & optimi/ic2 & x is q obvi\s
 t a wave ( religi\s activity1 analog\s 
9 "s respects to ! spread ( e>ly        
,*ri/ianity1 ,buddhism1 & ,mohamm$anism1
 is pass+ ov] our ,am]ican _w4  ,!      
common feature ( ^! optimi/ic fai?s is t
 !y all t5d to ! suppression ( :at ,mr4 
,horace ,flet*] calls fe>?\ght4         
,fe>?\ght he def9es z ! self-sugge/ion (
 inf]iority2 s t "o may say t ^! sy/ems 
all op]ate by ! sugge/ion ( p[]4  ,& !  
p[]1 small or great1 comes 9 v>i\s %apes
 to ! individual1--p[]1 z he w tell y1 n
 to m9d ?+s t us$ to vex him1 p[] to    
conc5trate 8 m9d1 good *e]1 good        
temp]--9 %ort1 to put x mildly1 a firm]1

 m ela/ic moral tone4  ,! mo/ g5u9ely   
sa9tly p]son ,i h ev] kn[n is a fri5d ( 
m9e n[ suff]+ f canc] ( ! brea/--,i hope
 t %e may p>don my cit+ h] "h z an      
example ( :at ideas c d4  ,h] ideas h   
kept h] a practically well woman = mon?s
 aft] %e %\ld h giv5 up & gone to b$4   
,!y h annull$ all pa9 & weakness & giv5 
h] a *e]ful active life1 unusually      
b5efic5t to o!rs to :om %e has af=d$    
help4  ,h] doctors1 acquiesc+ 9 results 
!y c\ld n und]/&1 h _h ! good s5se to   
let h] g h] own way4  ,h[ f> ! m9d-cure 
movem5t is de/9$ to ext5d its influ5ce1 
or :at intellectual modifications x may 
yet und]go1 no "o c =etell4  ,x is      
ess5tially a religi\s movem5t1 & to     
academically nurtur$ m9ds its utt]ances 
are ta/eless & (t5 grotesque en\gh4 ,x  
also incurs ! natural enmity ( m$ical   
politicians1 & ( ! :ole trades-union w+ 
( t pr(ession4  ,b no unprejudic$ obs]v]
 c fail to recognize its importance z a 
social ph5om5on to-day1 & ! high] m$ical
 m9ds are already try+ to int]pret x    

fairly1 & make its p[] available = _!   
own !rapeutic ends4  ,dr4 ,?omas        
,hyslop1 ( ! great ,we/ ,rid+ ,asylum 9 
,engl&1 said la/ ye> to ! ,briti%       
,m$ical ,association t ! be/            
sleep-produc+ ag5t :i* 8 practice _h    
reveal$ to him1 0 pray]4  ,i say ?is1 he
 add$ 7,i am sorry "h t ,i mu/ quote f  
memory71 purely z a m$ical man4  ,!     
ex]cise ( pray]1 9 ^? :o habitually ex]t
 x1 mu/ be reg>d$ by u doctors z ! mo/  
adequate & normal ( all ! pacifi]s ( !  
m9d & calm]s ( ! n]ves4  ,b 9 few ( u   
are functions n ti$ up by ! ex]cise (   
o!r functions4  ,relatively few m$ical  
m5 & sci5tific m51 ,i fancy1 c pray4    
,few c c>ry on any liv+ comm]ce ) ,god4 
,yet _m ( u are well aw>e ( h[ mu* fre] 
& abl] our lives w\ld be1 7 su*         
important =ms ( en]giz+ n seal$ up by ! 
critical atmosph]e 9 :i* we h be5 re>$4 
,!re are 9 e "o pot5tial =ms ( activity 
t actually are %unt$ out f use4 ,"p ( ! 
imp]fect vitality "u :i* we labor c ?us 
be easily expla9$4  ,"o "p ( our m9d    

dams up--ev5 damns up6--! o!r p>ts4     
,consci5ce makes c[>ds ( u all4  ,social
 conv5tions prev5t u f tell+ ! tru? aft]
 ! fa%ion ( ! h]oes & h]o9es ( ,b]n>d   
,%aw4  ,we all "k p]sons :o are models (
 excell5ce1 b :o belong to ! extreme    
phili/9e type ( m9d4  ,s deadly is _!   
intellectual respectability t we c't    
conv]se ab\t c]ta9 subjects at all1 c't 
let our m9ds play ov] !m1 c't ev5 m5tion
 !m 9 _! pres5ce4  ,i h numb]$ among my 
de>e/ fri5ds p]sons ?us inhibit$        
intellectually1 ) :om ,i w\ld gladly h  
be5 able to talk freely ab\t c]ta9      
int]e/s ( m9e1 c]ta9 au?ors1 say1 z     
,b]n>d ,%aw1 ,*e/]ton1 ,edw>d ,c>p5t]1  
,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 b x w\ld n't d1 x made  
!m too uncom=table1 !y w\ld n't play1 ,i
 _h to be sil5t4  ,an intellect ?us ti$ 
d[n by lit]ality & decorum makes on "o !
 same sort ( an impression t an         
able-bodi$ man w\ld :o %\ld habituate   
himself to d 8 "w ) only "o ( 8 f+]s1   
lock+ up ! re/ ( 8 organism & leav+ x   
unus$4  ,i tru/ t by ?is "t ,i h said   

en\gh to conv9ce ! read] bo? ( ! tru? & 
( ! importance ( my !sis4  ,! two       
que/ions1 fir/1 t ( ! possible ext5t (  
our p[]s2 &1 second1 t ( ! v>i\s av5ues 
( approa* to !m1 ! v>i\s keys = unlock+ 
!m 9 div]se individuals1 dom9ate ! :ole 
problem ( individual & national         
education4  ,we ne$ a topography ( !    
limits ( human p[]1 simil> to ! *>t :i* 
oculi/s use ( ! field ( human vision4   
,we ne$ also a /udy ( ! v>i\s types (   
human be+ ) ref]5ce to ! diff]5t ways 9 
:i* _! en]gy-res]ves may be appeal$ to &
 set loose4  ,biographies & individual  
exp]i5ces ( e k9d may be drawn ^u =     
evid5ce "h4#d    #a ,?is 0 ! title      
orig9ally giv5 to ! ,presid5tial        
,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,am]ican        
,philosophical ,association at ,columbia
 ,univ]sity1 ,decemb] #bh1 #aijf1 &     
publi%$ z !re deliv]$ 9 ! ,philosophical
 ,review = ,janu>y1 #aijg4  ,! address 0
 lat] publi%$1 aft] slight alt]ation1 9 
! ,am]ican ,magaz9e = ,octob]1 #aijg1 "u
 ! title ,! ,p[]s ( ,m54  ,! m popul> =m

 is "h repr9t$ "u ! title :i* ! au?or   
himself pref]r$4  #b ,! ,en]gies ( ,m54 
,philosophical ,review1 vol4 xvi1 ,no4  
#a1 ,janu>y1 #aijg4  ,cf4 ,note on p4   
#bbi4  #c ,t\r 9 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 &      
,france1 ,philadelphia1 #ahcc1 p4 #dce4 
#d ,?is w\ld be an absolutely concrete  
/udy 4 4 4  ,! limits ( p[] mu/ be      
limits t h be5 realiz$ 9 actual p]sons1 
& ! v>i\s ways ( unlock+ ! res]ves ( p[]
 mu/ h be5 exemplifi$ 9 individual lives
 4 4 4  ,s "h is a program ( concrete   
individual psy*ology 4 4 4  ,x is       
replete ) int]e/+ facts1 & po9ts to     
practical issues sup]ior 9 importance to
 any?+ we "k4 ,f ! address z orig9ally  
deliv]$ be=e ! ,philosophical           
,association2 ,see xvi4  ,philosophical 
,review1 #a1 #ai4     ,,xi  ,,! ,,moral 
,,equival5t ,,( ,,w>#a  ,! w> aga9/ w>  
is go+ to be no holiday excursion or    
camp+ p>ty4  ,! milit>y feel+s are too  
deeply gr\nd$ to abdicate _! place among
 our ideals until bett] sub/itutes are  
(f]$ ?an ! glory & %ame t come to       

nations z well z to individuals f ! ups 
& d[ns ( politics & ! vicissitudes (    
trade4  ,!re is some?+ highly p>adoxical
 9 ! mod]n man's relation to w>4  ,ask  
all our millions1 nor? & s\?1 :e!r !y   
w\ld vote n[ 77 su* a ?+ possible7 to h 
our w> = ! ,union expung$ f hi/ory1 & ! 
record ( a peaceful transition to !     
pres5t "t sub/itut$ = t ( its m>*es &   
battles1 & probably h>dly a h&ful (     
ecc5trics w\ld say yes4  ,^? ance/ors1  
^? ef=ts1 ^? memories & leg5ds1 are !   
mo/ ideal "p ( :at we n[ own toge!r1 a  
sacr$ spiritual possession wor? m ?an   
all ! blood p\r$ out4  ,yet ask ^? same 
p :e!r !y w\ld be will+ 9 cold blood to 
/>t ano!r civil w> n[ to ga9 ano!r      
simil> possession1 & n "o man or wom5   
w\ld vote = ! proposition4 ,9 mod]n     
eyes1 preci\s ?\gh w>s may be1 !y mu/ n 
be wag$ solely = ! sake ( ! ideal h>ve/4
  ,only :5 =c$ ^u "o1 only :5 an enemy's
 inju/ice leaves u no alt]native1 is a  
w> n[ ?\ght p]missible4  ,x 0 n ?us 9   
anci5t times4  ,! e>li] m5 7 hunt+ m51 &

 to hunt a neighbor+ tribe1 kill !      
males1 loot ! village & possess !       
females1 0 ! mo/ pr(itable1 z well z !  
mo/ excit+1 way ( liv+4  ,?us 7 ! m     
m>tial tribes select$1 & 9 *iefs &      
peoples a pure pugnacity & love ( glory 
came to m+le ) ! m fundam5tal appetite =
 plund]4  ,mod]n w> is s exp5sive t we  
feel trade to be a bett] av5ue to       
plund]2 b mod]n man inh]its all ! innate
 pugnacity & all ! love ( glory ( 8     
ance/ors4  ,%[+ w>'s irrationality &    
horror is ( no effect ^u him4  ,!       
horrors make ! fasc9ation4  ,w> is !    
/rong life2 x is life 9 extremis2       
w>-taxes are ! only ones m5 nev]        
hesitate to pay1 z ! budgets ( all      
nations %[ u4  ,hi/ory is a ba? ( blood4
  ,! ,iliad is "o long recital ( h[     
,diom$es & ,ajax1 ,s>p$on & ,hector     
kill$4  ,no detail ( ! w\nds !y made is 
sp>$ u1 & ! ,greek m9d f$ ^u ! /ory4    
,greek hi/ory is a panorama ( j+oism &  
imp]ialism--w> = w>'s sake1 all !       
citiz5s be+ w>riors4  ,x is horrible    

read+1 because ( ! irrationality ( x    
all--save = ! purpose ( mak+ hi/ory--& !
 hi/ory is t ( ! utt] ru9 ( a           
civilization 9 intellectual respects    
p]haps ! highe/ ! e>? has ev] se54  ,^? 
w>s 7 purely piratical4  ,pride1 gold1  
wom51 slaves1 excitem5t1 7 _! only      
motives4  ,9 ! ,peloponnesian w> =      
example1 ! ,a!nians ask ! inhabitants ( 
,melos 7! isl& :]e ! ,v5us ( ,milo 0    
f\nd71 hi!rto neutral1 to own _!        
lord%ip4  ,! envoys meet1 & hold a      
debate :i* ,?ucydides gives 9 full1 &   
:i*1 = sweet reasonabl5ess ( =m1 w\ld h 
satisfi$ ,mat!w ,arnold4  ,! p[]ful     
exact :at !y c1 said ! ,a!nians1 & !    
weak grant :at !y mu/4  ,:5 ! ,meleans  
say t soon] ?an be slaves !y w appeal to
 ! gods1 ! ,a!nians reply3 ,( ! gods we 
believe & ( m5 we "k t1 by a law ( _!   
nature1 :]ev] !y c rule !y w4  ,?is law 
0 n made by u1 & we are n ! fir/ to h   
act$ ^u x2 we did b inh]it x1 & we "k t 
y & all mank9d1 if y 7 z /rong z we are1
 w\ld d z we d4  ,s mu* = ! gods2 we h  

told y :y we expect to /& z high 9 _!   
good op9ion z y4  ,well1 ! ,meleans /ill
 refus$1 & _! t[n 0 tak54  ,! ,a!nians1 
,?ucydides quietly says1 !reupon put to 
dea? all :o 7 ( milit>y age & made      
slaves ( ! wom5 & *ildr54  ,!y !n       
coloniz$ ! isl&1 s5d+ ?i!r five hundr$  
settl]s ( _! own4  ,alex&]'s c>e] 0     
piracy pure & simple1 no?+ b an orgy (  
p[] & plund]1 made romantic by ! "* ( ! 
h]o4  ,!re 0 no rational pr9ciple 9 x1 &
 ! mom5t he di$ 8 g5]als & gov]nors     
attack$ "o ano!r4  ,! cruelty ( ^? times
 is incr$ible4  ,:5 ,rome f9ally conqu]$
 ,greece1 ,paulus ,aemilius1 0 told by !
 ,roman ,s5ate to rew>d 8 soldi]s = _!  
toil by giv+ !m ! old k+dom ( ,epirus4  
,!y sack$ sev5ty cities & c>ri$ (f a    
hundr$ & fifty ?\s& inhabitants z       
slaves4 ,h[ _m !y kill$ ,i "k n2 b 9    
,etolia !y kill$ all ! s5ators1 five    
hundr$ & fifty 9 numb]4  ,brutus 0 !    
noble/ ,roman ( !m all1 b to reanimate 8
 soldi]s on ! eve ( ,philippi he        
simil>ly promises to give !m ! cities ( 

,sp>ta & ,!ssalonica to ravage1 if !y w9
 ! fight4  ,su* 0 ! gory nurse t tra9$  
societies to cohesiv5ess4  ,we inh]it ! 
w>like type2 & = mo/ ( ! capacities (   
h]oism t ! human race is full ( we h to 
?ank ?is cruel hi/ory4 ,dead m5 tell no 
tales1 & if !re 7 any tribes ( o!r type 
?an ?is !y h left no survivors4  ,our   
ance/ors h br$ pugnacity into our bone &
 m>r[1 & ?\s&s ( ye>s ( peace won't bre$
 x out ( u4  ,! popul> imag9ation fairly
 fatt5s on ! ?\ght ( w>s4  ,let public  
op9ion once rea* a c]ta9 fight+ pit*1 & 
no rul] c )/& x4  ,9 ! ,bo] w> bo?      
gov]nm5ts began ) bluff b c\ld n't /ay  
!re1 ! milit>y t5sion 0 too mu* = !m4   
,9 #ahih our p _h read ! ^w w> 9 lett]s 
?ree in*es high = ?ree mon?s 9 e        
newspap]4  ,! pliant politician         
,mc,kinley 0 swept away by _! eag]ness1 
& our squalid w> ) ,spa9 became a       
necessity4  ,at ! pres5t day1 civiliz$  
op9ion is a curi\s m5tal mixture4  ,!   
milit>y in/9cts & ideals are z /rong z  
ev]1 b are confront$ by reflective      

criticisms :i* sorely curb _! anci5t    
fre$om4 ,innum]able writ]s are %[+ up ! 
be/ial side ( milit>y s]vice4  ,pure    
loot & ma/]y seem no long] morally      
av[able motives1 & pretexts mu/ be f\nd 
= attribut+ !m solely to ! enemy4       
,engl& & we1 our army & navy au?orities 
repeat )\t ceas+1 arm solely = peace1   
,g]many & ,japan x is :o are b5t on loot
 & glory4  ,peace 9 milit>y m\?s to-day 
is a synonym = w> expect$4  ,! ^w has   
become a pure provocative1 & no gov]nm5t
 wi%+ peace s9c]ely %\ld all[ x ev] to  
be pr9t$ 9 a newspap]4  ,e up-to-date   
diction>y %\ld say t peace & w> mean !  
same ?+1 n[ 9 posse1 n[ 9 actu4  ,x may 
ev5 reasonably be said t ! int5sely %>p 
competitive prep>ation = w> by ! nations
 is ! real w>1 p]man5t1 unceas+2 & t !  
battles are only a sort ( public        
v]ification ( ! ma/]y ga9$ dur+ !       
peace-int]val4  ,x is pla9 t on ?is     
subject civiliz$ man has develop$ a sort
 ( d\ble p]sonality4  ,if we take       
,european nations1 no legitimate int]e/ 

( any "o ( !m w\ld seem to ju/ify !     
trem5d\s de/ructions :i* a w> to compass
 x w\ld necess>ily entail4  ,x w\ld seem
 z ?\gh common s5se & reason ought to   
f9d a way to rea* agreem5t 9 e conflict 
( hone/ int]e/s4  ,i myself ?9k x our   
b\nd5 duty to believe 9 su* int]national
 rationality z possible4  ,b1 z ?+s /&1 
,i see h[ desp]ately h>d x is to br+ !  
peace-p>ty & ! w>-p>ty toge!r1 & ,i     
believe t ! difficulty is due to c]ta9  
defici5cies 9 ! program ( pacificism :i*
 set ! milit>i/ imag9ation /rongly1 & to
 a c]ta9 ext5t ju/ifiably1 aga9/ x4  ,9 
! :ole discussion bo? sides are on      
imag9ative & s5tim5tal gr\nd4  ,x is b  
"o utopia aga9/ ano!r1 & ev]y?+ "o says 
mu/ be ab/ract & hypo!tical4  ,subject  
to ?is criticism & caution1 ,i w try to 
*>act]ize 9 ab/ract /rokes ! opposite   
imag9ative =ces1 & po9t out :at to my   
own v fallible m9d seems ! be/ ,utopian 
hypo!sis1 ! mo/ promis+ l9e (           
conciliation4  ,9 my rem>ks1 pacifici/  
?\gh ,i am1 ,i w refuse to speak ( !    

be/ial side ( ! w>-rgime 7already done  
ju/ice to by _m writ]s7 & consid] only !
 high] aspects ( milit>i/ic s5tim5t4    
,patriotism no "o ?9ks discr$itable2 nor
 does any "o d5y t w> is ! romance (    
hi/ory4  ,b inord9ate ambitions are !   
s\l ( e patriotism1 & ! possibility (   
viol5t dea? ! s\l ( all romance4  ,!    
milit>ily patriotic & romantic-m9d$     
ev]y:]e1 & especially ! pr(essional     
milit>y class1 refuse to admit = a mom5t
 t w> may be a transitory ph5om5on 9    
social evolution4  ,! notion ( a %eep's 
p>adise l t revolts1 !y say1 our high]  
imag9ation4  ,:]e !n w\ld be ! /eeps (  
life8 ,if w> _h ev] /opp$1 we %\ld h to 
re-inv5t x1 on ?is view1 to r$eem life f
 flat deg5]ation4  ,reflective apologi/s
 = w> at ! pres5t day all take x        
religi\sly4  ,x is a sort ( sacram5t4   
,its pr(its are to ! vanqui%$ z well z  
to ! victor2 & q ap>t f any "q ( pr(it1 
x is an absolute good1 we are told1 = x 
is human nature at its highe/ dynamic4  
,its horrors are a *eap price to pay =  

rescue f ! only alt]native suppos$1 ( a 
_w ( cl]ks & tea*]s1 ( co-education &   
zo-ophily1 ( consum]'s leagues &        
associat$ *>ities1 ( indu/rialism       
unlimit$1 & fem9ism unaba%$4  ,no scorn1
 no h>dness1 no valor any m6  ,fie ^u   
su* a cattley>d ( a planet6  ,s f> z !  
c5tral ess5ce ( ?is feel+ goes1 no      
heal?y m9d$ p]son1 x seems to me1 c help
 to "s degree p>tak+ ( x4 ,milit>ism is 
! great pres]v] ( our ideals ( h>dihood1
 & human life ) no use = h>dihood w\ld  
be contemptible4  ,)\t risks or prizes =
 ! d>]1 hi/ory w\ld be insipid inde$2 & 
!re is a type ( milit>y "* :i* e "o     
feels t ! race %\ld nev] cease to bre$1 
= e "o is s5sitive to its sup]iority4 ,!
 duty is incumb5t on mank9d1 ( keep+    
milit>y *>act]s 9 /ock--( keep+ !m1 if n
 = use1 !n z ends 9 !mselves & z pure   
pieces ( p]fection1--s t ,roosevelt's   
weakl+s & mollycoddles may n end by mak+
 ev]y?+ else disappe> f ! face ( nature4
  ,?is natural sort ( feel+ =ms1 ,i ?9k1
 ! inn]mo/ s\l ( army-writ+s4  ,)\t any 

exception kn[n to me1 milit>i/ au?ors   
take a highly my/ical view ( _! subject1
 & reg>d w> z a biological or           
sociological necessity1 uncontroll$ by  
ord9>y psy*ological *ecks & motives4    
,:5 ! "t ( developm5t is ripe ! w> mu/  
come1 reason or no reason1 = !          
ju/ifications plead$ are inv>iably      
fictiti\s4  ,w> is1 9 %ort1 a p]man5t   
human obligation4  ,g5]al ,hom] ,lea1 9 
8 rec5t book ,! ,valor ( ,ignorance1    
plants himself squ>ely on ?is gr\nd4    
,read9ess = w> is = him ! ess5ce (      
nationality1 & ability 9 x ! supreme    
measure ( ! heal? ( nations4  ,nations1 
,g5]al ,lea says1 are nev] /ation>y--!y 
mu/ necess>ily exp& or %r9k1 accord+ to 
_! vitality or decrepitude4  ,japan n[  
is culm9at+2 & by ! fatal law 9 "q x is 
impossible t h] /atesm5 %\ld n long s9ce
 h ent]$1 ) extraord9>y =esight1 ^u a   
va/ policy ( conque/--! game 9 :i* !    
fir/ moves 7 h] w>s ) ,*9a & ,russia &  
h] treaty ) ,engl&1 & ( :i* ! f9al      
objective is ! capture ( ! ,philipp9es1 

! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 ,alaska1 & ! :ole ( 
our ,coa/ we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,passes4  ,?is 
w give ,japan :at h] ineluctable        
vocation z a /ate absolutely =ces h] to 
claim1 ! possession ( ! entire ,pacific 
,ocean2 & to oppose ^! deep designs we  
,am]icans h1 accord+ to our au?or1 no?+ 
b our conceit1 our ignorance1 our       
comm]cialism1 our corruption1 & our     
fem9ism4  ,g5]al ,lea makes a m9ute     
te*nical comp>ison ( ! milit>y /r5g? :i*
 we at pres5t c\ld oppose to ! /r5g? (  
,japan1 & concludes t ! isl&s1 ,alaska1 
,oregon1 & ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 w\ld fall  
almo/ )\t resi/ance1 t ,san ,francisco  
mu/ surr5d] 9 a =tnight to a ,japanese  
inve/m5t1 t 9 ?ree or f\r mon?s ! w>    
w\ld be ov]1 & our republic1 unable to  
rega9 :at x _h he$lessly neglect$ to    
protect suffici5tly1 w\ld !n            
dis9tegrate1 until p]haps "s ,caes> %\ld
 arise to weld u aga9 into a nation4  ,a
 dismal =eca/ inde$6  ,yet n            
implausible1 if ! m5tality ( ,japan's   
/atesm5 be ( ! ,caes>ian type ( :i*     

hi/ory %[s s _m examples1 & :i* is all t
 ,g5]al ,lea seems able to imag9e4 ,b   
!re is no reason to ?9k t wom5 c no     
long] be ! mo!rs ( ,napoleonic or       
,alex&rian *>act]s2 & if ^! come 9      
,japan & f9d _! opportunity1 j su*      
surprises z ,! ,valor ( ,ignorance pa9ts
 may lurk 9 ambu% = u4  ,ignorant z we  
/ill are ( ! inn]mo/ recesses (         
,japanese m5tality1 we may be foolh>dy  
to disreg>d su* possibilities4  ,o!r    
milit>i/s are m complex & m moral 9 _!  
consid]ations4  ,! ,philosophie des     
,krieges1 by ,s4 ,r4 ,/e9metz is a good 
example4  ,w>1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 is 
an ordeal in/itut$ by ,god1 :o weighs ! 
nations 9 its balance4  ,x is ! ess5tial
 =m ( ! ,/ate1 & ! only function 9 :i*  
peoples c employ all _! p[]s at once &  
conv]g5tly4  ,no victory is possible    
save z ! resultant ( a totality (       
virtues1 no defeat = :i* "s vice or     
weakness is n responsible4  ,fidelity1  
cohesiv5ess1 t5acity1 h]oism1 consci5ce1
 education1 inv5tiv5ess1 economy1 weal?1

 physical heal? & vigor--!re is n't a   
moral or intellectual po9t ( sup]iority 
t does n't tell1 :5 ,god holds 8 assizes
 & hurls ! peoples ^u "o ano!r4  ,die   
,weltges*i*te i/ das ,weltg]i*t2 & ,dr4 
,/e9metz does n believe t 9 ! long run  
*ance & luck play any "p 9 apportion+ ! 
issues4  ,! virtues t prevail1 x mu/ be 
not$1 are virtues anyh[1 sup]iorities t 
c\nt 9 peaceful z well z 9 milit>y      
competition2 b ! /ra9 on !m1 be+        
inf9itely int5s] 9 ! latt] case1 makes  
w> inf9itely m se>*+ z a trial4  ,no    
ordeal is comp>able to its w9n[+s4  ,its
 dread hamm] is ! weld] ( m5 into       
cohesive /ates1 & n[h]e b 9 su* /ates c 
human nature adequately develop its     
capacity4  ,! only alt]native is        
deg5]ation4  ,dr4 ,/e9metz is a         
consci5ti\s ?9k]1 & 8 book1 %ort z x is1
 takes mu* into acc\nt4  ,its up%ot c1 x
 seems to me1 be summ$ up 9 ,simon      
,patt5's ^w1 t mank9d 0 nurs$ 9 pa9 &   
fe>1 & t ! transition to a              
pleasure-economy may be fatal to a be+  

wield+ no p[]s ( def5ce aga9/ its       
dis9tegrative influ5ces4 ,if we speak ( 
! fe> ( emancipation f ! fe>-rgime1 we  
put ! :ole situation into a s+le phrase2
 fe> reg>d+ ourselves n[ tak+ ! place ( 
! anci5t fe> ( ! enemy4  ,turn ! fe> ov]
 z ,i w 9 my m9d1 x all seems to lead   
back to two unwill+nesses ( !           
imag9ation1 "o ae/hetic1 & ! o!r moral2 
unwill+ness1 fir/ to envisage a future 9
 :i* army-life1 ) its _m elem5ts ( *>m1 
%all be =ev] impossible1 & 9 :i* !      
de/9ies ( peoples %all nev]more be      
decid$1 quickly1 ?rill+ly1 & tragically1
 by =ce1 b only gradually & insipidly by
 evolution2 &1 secondly1 unwill+ness to 
see ! supreme !atre ( human /r5u\sness  
clos$1 & ! spl5did milit>y aptitudes (  
m5 doom$ to keep always 9 a /ate (      
lat5cy & nev] %[ !mselves 9 action4  ,^!
 insi/5t unwill+nesses1 no less ?an o!r 
ae/hetic & e?ical insi/5cies1 h1 x seems
 to me1 to be li/5$ to & respect$4  ,"o 
_c meet !m effectively by m]e           
c\nt]-insi/5cy on w>'s exp5siv5ess &    

horror4  ,! horror makes ! ?rill2 & :5 !
 "q is ( gett+ ! extreme/ & supreme/ out
 ( human nature1 talk ( exp5se s\nds    
ignom9i\s4  ,! weakness ( s mu* m]ely   
negative criticism is evid5t--pacificism
 makes no conv]ts f ! milit>y p>ty4  ,! 
milit>y p>ty d5ies nei!r ! be/iality nor
 ! horror1 nor ! exp5se2 x only says t  
^! ?+s tell b half ! /ory4  ,x only says
 t w> is wor? !m2 t1 tak+ human nature z
 a :ole1 its w>s are its be/ protection 
aga9/ its weak] & m c[>dly self1 & t    
mank9d _c af=d to adopt a peace-economy4
  ,pacifici/s ought to ent] m deeply    
into ! ae/hetical & e?ical po9t ( view (
 _! oppon5ts4  ,d t fir/ 9 any          
controv]sy1 says ,j4 ,j4 ,*apman1 !n    
move ! po9t1 & y\r oppon5t w foll[4  ,s 
long z anti-milit>i/s propose no        
sub/itute = w>'s discipl9>y function1 no
 moral equival5t ( w>1 analog\s1 z "o   
might say1 to ! me*anical equival5t (   
heat1 s long !y fail to realize ! full  
inw>dness ( ! situation4  ,& z a rule !y
 d fail4  ,! duties1 p5alties1 &        

sanctions pictur$ 9 ! ,utopias !y pa9t  
are all too weak & tame to t\* !        
milit>y-m9d$4 ,tol/oi's pacificism is ! 
only exception to ?is rule1 = x is      
pr(\ndly pessimi/ic z reg>ds all ?is    
_w's values1 & makes ! fe> ( ! ,"l      
furni% ! moral spur provid$ else:]e by !
 fe> ( ! enemy4  ,b our sociali/ic      
peace-advocates all believe absolutely 9
 ?is _w's values2 & in/ead ( ! fe> ( !  
,"l & ! fe> ( ! enemy1 ! only fe> !y    
reckon ) is ! fe> ( pov]ty if "o be     
lazy4  ,?is weakness p]vades all !      
sociali/ic lit]ature ) :i* ,i am        
acqua9t$4  ,ev5 9 ,l[es ,dick9son's     
exquisite dialogue1#b high wages & %ort 
h\rs are ! only =ces invok$ = ov]com+   
man's di/a/e = repulsive k9ds ( labor4  
,mean:ile m5 at l>ge /ill live z !y     
always h liv$1 "u a pa9-&-fe> economy--=
 ^? ( u :o live 9 an ease-economy are b 
an isl& 9 ! /ormy ocean--& ! :ole       
atmosph]e ( pres5t-day ,utopian         
lit]ature ta/es mawki% & di%wat]y to p  
:o /ill keep a s5se = life's m bitt]    

flavors4  ,x sugge/s1 9 tru?1 ubiquit\s 
inf]iority4  ,inf]iority is always ) u1 
& m]ciless scorn ( x is ! keynote ( !   
milit>y temp]4  ,dogs1 w\ld y live =ev]8
 %\t$ ,fr$]ick ! ,great4  ,yes1 say our 
,utopians1 let u live =ev]1 & raise our 
level gradually4  ,! be/ ?+ ab\t our    
inf]iors to-day is t !y are z t\gh z    
nails1 & physically & morally almo/ z   
ins5sitive4  ,utopianism w\ld see !m s(t
 & squeami%1 :ile milit>ism w\ld keep _!
 call\sness1 b transfigure x into a     
m]itori\s *>act]i/ic1 ne$$ by ! s]vice1 
& r$eem$ by t f ! suspicion (           
inf]iority4  ,all ! qualities ( a man   
acquire dignity :5 he kn[s t ! s]vice ( 
! collectivity t owns him ne$s !m4  ,if 
pr\d ( ! collectivity1 8 own pride rises
 9 proportion4  ,no collectivity is l an
 army = n\ri%+ su* pride2 b x has to be 
confess$ t ! only s5tim5t :i* ! image ( 
pacific cosmopolitan indu/rialism is    
capable ( ar\s+ 9 c\ntless wor?y brea/s 
is %ame at ! idea ( belong+ to su* a    
collectivity4  ,x is obvi\s t ! ,unit$  

,/ates ( ,am]ica z !y exi/ to-day       
impress a m9d l ,g5]al ,lea's z s mu*   
human blubb]4  ,:]e is ! %>pness &      
precipit\sness1 ! contempt = life1 :e!r 
"o's own1 or ano!r's8  ,:]e is ! savage 
yes & no1 ! unconditional duty8  ,:]e is
 ! conscription8  ,:]e is ! blood-tax8  
,:]e is any?+ t "o feels honor$ by      
belong+ to8  ,hav+ said ?us mu* 9       
prep>ation1 ,i w n[ confess my own      
,utopia4 ,i dev\tly believe 9 ! reign ( 
peace & 9 ! gradual adv5t ( "s sort ( a 
sociali/ic equilibrium4  ,! fatali/ic   
view ( ! w>-function is to me nons5se1 =
 ,i "k t w>-mak+ is due to def9ite      
motives & subject to prud5tial *ecks &  
reasonable criticisms1 j l any o!r =m ( 
ent]prise4  ,& :5 :ole nations are !    
armies1 & ! sci5ce ( de/ruction vies 9  
intellectual ref9em5t ) ! sci5ces (     
production1 ,i see t w> becomes absurd &
 impossible f its own mon/rosity4       
,extravagant ambitions w h to be replac$
 by reasonable claims1 & nations mu/    
make common cause aga9/ !m4  ,i see no  

reason :y all ?is %\ld n apply to yell[ 
z well z to :ite c\ntries1 & ,i look    
=w>d to a future :5 acts ( w> %all be   
=mally outlaw$ z betwe5 civiliz$        
peoples4  ,all ^! beliefs ( m9e put me  
squ>ely into ! anti-milit>i/ p>ty4  ,b  
,i d n believe t peace ei!r ought to be 
or w be p]man5t on ?is globe1 unless !  
/ates pacifically organiz$ pres]ve "s ( 
! old elem5ts ( army-discipl9e4  ,a     
p]man5tly successful peace-economy _c be
 a simple pleasure-economy4  ,9 ! m or  
less sociali/ic future t[>ds :i* mank9d 
seems drift+ we mu/ /ill subject        
ourselves collectively to ^? sev]ities  
:i* answ] to our real position ^u ?is   
only p>tly hospitable globe4  ,we mu/   
make new en]gies & h>dihoods cont9ue !  
manl9ess to :i* ! milit>y m9d s         
fai?fully cl+s4  ,m>tial virtues mu/ be 
! endur+ cem5t2 intrepidity1 contempt ( 
s(tness1 surr5d] ( private int]e/1      
ob$i5ce to comm&1 mu/ /ill rema9 ! rock 
^u :i* /ates are built--unless1 inde$1  
we wi% = dang]\s reactions aga9/        

commonweal?s fit only = contempt1 &     
liable to invite attack :5ev] a c5tre ( 
cry/allization = milit>y-m9d$ ent]prise 
gets =m$ any:]e 9 _! neighborhood4  ,!  
w>-p>ty is assur$ly "r 9 affirm+ &      
reaffirm+ t ! m>tial virtues1 al?\gh    
orig9ally ga9$ by ! race ?r\gh w>1 are  
absolute & p]man5t human goods4         
,patriotic pride & ambition 9 _! milit>y
 =m are1 aft] all1 only specifications (
 a m g5]al competitive passion4  ,!y are
 its fir/ =m1 b t is no reason = suppos+
 !m to be its la/ =m4  ,m5 n[ are pr\d (
 belong+ to a conqu]+ nation1 & )\t a   
murmur !y lay d[n _! p]sons & _! weal?1 
if by s do+ !y may f5d (f subjection4   
,b :o c be sure t o!r aspects ( "o's    
c\ntry may n1 ) "t & education &        
sugge/ion en\gh1 come to be reg>d$ )    
simil>ly effective feel+s ( pride &     
%ame8  ,:y %\ld m5 n "s day feel t x is 
wor? a blood-tax to belong to a         
collectivity sup]ior 9 any ideal        
respect8  ,:y %\ld !y n blu% ) indignant
 %ame if ! community t owns !m is vile 9

 any way :atsoev]8  ,individuals1 daily 
m num]\s1 n[ feel ?is civic passion4  ,x
 is only a "q ( bl[+ on ! sp>k till !   
:ole population gets inc&esc5t1 & on !  
ru9s ( ! old morals ( milit>y honor1 a  
/able sy/em ( morals ( civic honor      
builds itself up4  ,:at ! :ole community
 comes to believe 9 grasps ! individual 
z 9 a vise4  ,! w>-function has grasp$ u
 s f>2 b con/ructive int]e/s may "s day 
seem no less imp]ative1 & impose on !   
individual a h>dly light] burd54  ,let  
me illu/rate my idea m concretely4  ,!re
 is no?+ to make "o indignant 9 ! m]e   
fact t life is h>d1 t m5 %\ld toil &    
suff] pa94  ,! planet>y conditions once 
= all are su*1 & we c /& x4  ,b t s _m  
m51 by m]e accid5ts ( bir? &            
opportunity1 %\ld h a life ( no?+ else b
 toil & pa9 & h>dness & inf]iority      
impos$ ^u !m1 %\ld h no vacation1 :ile  
o!rs natively no m des]v+ nev] get any  
ta/e ( ?is campaign+ life at all1--?is  
is capable ( ar\s+ indignation 9        
reflective m9ds4  ,x may end by seem+   

%ameful to all ( u t "s ( u h no?+ b    
campaign+1 & o!rs no?+ b unmanly ease4  
,if n[--& ?is is my idea--!re 71 in/ead 
( milit>y conscription a conscription ( 
! :ole y\?ful population to =m = a c]ta9
 numb] ( ye>s a "p ( ! army enli/$ aga9/
 ,nature1 ! inju/ice w\ld t5d to be ev5$
 out1 & num]\s o!r goods to !           
commonweal? w\ld foll[4  ,! milit>y     
ideals ( h>dihood & discipl9e w\ld be   
wr\ght into ! gr[+ fibre ( ! p2 no "o   
w\ld rema9 bl9d z ! luxuri\s classes n[ 
are bl9d1 to man's relations to ! globe 
he lives on1 & to ! p]man5tly s\r & h>d 
f\ndations ( 8 high] life4  ,to coal &  
iron m9es1 to freight tra9s1 to fi%+    
fleets 9 ,decemb]1 to di%wa%+1          
clo!s-wa%+1 & w9d[-wa%+1 to road-build+ 
& tunnel-mak+1 to f\ndries & /oke-holes1
 & to ! frames ( skyscrap]s1 w\ld our   
gild$ y\?s be draft$ (f1 accord+ to _!  
*oice1 to get ! *ildi%ness knock$ out ( 
!m1 & to come back into society )       
heal?i] sympa?ies & sob]] ideas4  ,!y   
w\ld h paid  _! blood-tax1 done _! own  

"p 9 ! immemorial human w>f>e aga9/     
nature2 !y w\ld tread ! e>? m pr\dly1 ! 
wom5 w\ld value !m m highly1 !y w\ld be 
bett] fa!rs & tea*]s ( ! foll[+         
g5]ation4  ,su* a conscription1 ) ! /ate
 ( public op9ion t w\ld h requir$ x1 & !
 _m moral fruits x w\ld be>1 w\ld       
pres]ve 9 ! mid/ ( a pacific            
civilization ! manly virtues :i* !      
milit>y p>ty is s afraid ( see+ disappe>
 9 peace4  ,we %\ld get t\ghness )\t    
call\sness1 au?ority ) z little crim9al 
cruelty z possible1 & pa9ful "w done    
*e]ily because ! duty is tempor>y1 &    
?reat5s n1 z n[1 to degrade ! :ole      
rema9d] ( "o's life4  ,i spoke ( ! moral
 equival5t ( w>4  ,s f>1 w> has be5 !   
only =ce t c discipl9e a :ole community1
 & until an equival5t discipl9e is      
organiz$1 ,i believe t w> mu/ h its way4
  ,b ,i h no s]i\s d\bt t ! ord9>y      
prides & %ames ( social man1 once       
develop$ to a c]ta9 int5sity1 are       
capable ( organiz+ su* a moral equival5t
 z ,i h sket*$1 or "s o!r j z effective 

= pres]v+ manl9ess ( type4  ,x is b a "q
 ( "t1 ( skilful propag&ism1 & (        
op9ion-mak+ m5 seiz+ hi/oric            
opportunities4  ,! m>tial type ( "* c be
 br$ )\t w>4  ,/r5u\s honor &           
dis9t]e/$ness ab\nd else:]e4  ,prie/s & 
m$ical m5 are 9 a fa%ion educat$ to x & 
we %\ld all feel "s degree ( x imp]ative
 if we 7 consci\s ( our "w z an         
obligatory s]vice to ! /ate4  ,we %\ld  
be own$1 z soldi]s are by ! army1 & our 
pride w\ld rise accord+ly4  ,we c\ld be 
poor1 !n1 )\t humiliation1 z army (fic]s
 n[ are4  ,! only ?+ ne$$ h5ce=w>d is to
 inflame ! civic temp] z pa/ hi/ory has 
inflam$ ! milit>y temp]4  ,h4 ,g4       
,wells1 z usual1 sees ! c5tre ( !       
situation4  ,9 _m ways1 he says1 milit>y
 organization is ! mo/ peaceful (       
activities4  ,:5 ! contempor>y man /eps 
f ! /reet1 ( clamor\s ins9c]e           
adv]tisem5t1 pu%1 adult]ation1 und]sell+
 & int]mitt5t employm5t into !          
b>rack-y>d1 he /eps on to a high] social
 plane1 into an atmosph]e ( s]vice &    

coop]ation & ( inf9itely m honorable    
emulations4  ,"h at lea/ m5 are n flung 
out ( employm5t to deg5]ate because !re 
is no imm$iate "w = !m to d4  ,!y are f$
 & drill$ & tra9$ = bett] s]vices4  ,"h 
at lea/ a man is suppos$ to w9 promotion
 by self-=getfulness & n by self-seek+4 
,& beside ! feeble & irregul> end[m5t ( 
rese>* by comm]cialism1 its little      
%ort-sight$ snat*es at pr(it by         
innovation & sci5tific economy1 see h[  
rem>kable is ! /eady & rapid developm5t 
( me?od & appliances 9 naval & milit>y  
affairs6  ,no?+ is m /rik+ ?an to comp>e
 ! progress ( civil conv5i5ces :i* has  
be5 left almo/ entirely to ! trad]1 to !
 progress 9 milit>y app>atus dur+ ! la/ 
few decades4  ,! h\se-appliances (      
to-day = example1 are little bett] ?an  
!y 7 fifty ye>s ago4  ,a h\se ( to-day  
is /ill almo/ z ill-v5tilat$1 badly     
heat$ by wa/eful fires1 clumsily arrang$
 & furni%$ z ! h\se ( #aheh4  ,h\ses a  
c\ple ( hundr$ ye>s old are /ill        
satisfactory places ( resid5ce1 s little

 h our /&>ds ris54  ,b ! rifle or       
battle%ip ( fifty ye>s ago 0 beyond all 
comp>ison inf]ior to ^? we possess2 9   
p[]1 9 spe$1 9 conv5i5ce alike4  ,no "o 
has a use n[ = su* sup]annuat$ ?+s4 #c  
,wells adds#d t he ?9ks t ! conceptions 
( ord] & discipl9e1 ! tradition ( s]vice
 & devotion1 ( physical fitness1 un/9t$ 
ex]tion1 & univ]sal responsibility1 :i* 
univ]sal milit>y duty is n[ tea*+       
,european nations1 w rema9 a p]man5t    
acquisition1 :5 ! la/ ammunition has be5
 us$ 9 ! fireworks t celebrate ! f9al   
peace4  ,i believe z he does4  ,x w\ld  
be simply prepo/]\s if ! only =ce t c\ld
 "w ideals ( honor & /&>ds ( effici5cy  
into ,engli% or ,am]ican natures %\ld be
 ! fe> ( be+ kill$ by ! ,g]mans or !    
,japanese4  ,great inde$ is ,fe>2 b x is
 n1 z our milit>y en?usia/s believe &   
try to make u believe1 ! only /imulus   
kn[n = awak5+ ! high] ranges ( m5's     
spiritual en]gy4  ,! am\nt ( alt]ation 9
 public op9ion :i* my utopia po/ulates  
is va/ly less ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 !   

m5tality ( ^? black w>riors :o pursu$   
,/anley's p>ty on ! ,congo ) _! cannibal
 w>-cry ( ,meat6  ,meat6 & t ( !        
g5]al-/aff ( any civiliz$ nation4       
,hi/ory has se5 ! latt] int]val bridg$  
ov]3 ! =m] "o c be bridg$ ov] mu* m     
easily4    #a ,writt5 = & fir/ publi%$  
by ! ,association = ,int]national       
,conciliation 7,leaflet ,no4 #bg7 & also
 publi%$ 9 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 ,augu/1
 #aiaj1 & ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1   
,octob]1 #aiaj4  #b ,ju/ice & ,lib]ty1  
,n4 ,y41 #aiji4  #c ,fir/ & ,la/ ,?+s1  
#aijh1 p4 #bae4  #d ,fir/ & ,la/ ,?+s1  
#aijh1 p4 #bbf4     ,,xii  ,,rem>ks ,,at
 ,,! ,,peace ,,banquet#a  ,i am only a  
philosoph]1 & !re is only "o ?+ t a     
philosoph] c be reli$ on to d1 & t is1  
to contradict o!r philosoph]s4 ,9 anci5t
 times philosoph]s def9$ man z !        
rational animal2 & philosoph]s s9ce !n h
 always f\nd mu* m to say ab\t !        
rational ?an ab\t ! animal "p ( !       
def9ition4  ,b look$ at c&idly1 reason  
be>s ab\t ! same proportion to ! re/ (  

human nature t we 9 ?is hall be> to !   
re/ ( ,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa &
 ,polynesia4  ,reason is "o ( ! v       
feeble/ ( nature's =ces1 if y take x at 
only "o spot & mom5t4  ,x is only 9 ! v 
long run t its effects become           
p]ceptible4  ,reason assumes to settle  
?+s by weigh+ !m aga9/ ea* o!r )\t      
prejudice1 p>tiality or excitem5t2 b :at
 affairs 9 ! concrete are settl$ by is1 
& always w be1 j prejudices1            
p>tialities1 cupidities & excitem5ts4   
,appeal+ to reason z we d1 we are 9 a   
sort ( =lorn-hope situation1 l a small  
s&bank 9 ! mid/ ( a hungry sea ready to 
wa% x out ( exi/5ce4  ,b s&-banks gr[ :5
 ! conditions favor2 & weak z reason is1
 x has ?is unique advantage ov] its     
antagoni/s t its activity nev] lets up &
 t x presses always 9 "o direction1 :ile
 m5's prejudices v>y1 _! passions ebb & 
fl[1 & _! excitem5ts are int]mitt5t4    
,our s&-bank1 ,i absolutely believe1 is 
b\nd to gr[4  ,bit by bit x w get dyk$ &
 breakwat]$4  ,b sitt+ z we d 9 ?is w>m 

room1 ) music & lights & smil+ faces1 x 
is easy to get too sangu9e ab\t our     
task2 & s9ce ,i am call$ to speak1 ,i   
feel z if x might n be out ( place to   
say a ^w ab\t ! /r5g?4  ,our p]man5t    
enemy is ! root$ bellicosity ( human    
nature4  ,man1 biologically consid]$1 & 
:atev] else he may be into ! b>ga91 is !
 mo/ =midable ( all bea/s ( prey1 &1    
inde$1 ! only "o t preys sy/ematically  
on 8 own species4  ,we are once = all   
adapt$ to ! milit>y /atus4  ,a mill5nium
 ( peace w\ld n bre$ ! fight+           
disposition out ( our bone & m>r[1 & a  
function s +ra9$ & vital w nev] cons5t  
to die )\t resi/ance1 & w always f9d    
impassion$ apologi/s & idealiz]s4  ,n   
only m5 born to be soldi]s1 b           
non-combatants by trade & nature1       
hi/orians 9 _! /udies1 & cl]gym5 9 _!   
pulpits1 h be5 w>'s idealiz]s4  ,!y h   
talk$ ( w> z ( ,god's c\rt ( ju/ice4    
,&1 inde$1 if we ?9k h[ _m ?+s beside ! 
fronti]s ( /ates ! w>s ( hi/ory h       
decid$1 we mu/ feel "s respectful awe1 9

 spite ( all ! horrors4  ,our actual    
civilization1 good & bad alike1 has _h  
pa/ w>s = its det]m9+ condition4 ,great 
m9d$ness among ! tribes ( m5 has always 
meant ! w to prevail1 & all ! m1 s if   
prevail+ includ$ slaught]+ & be+        
slaught]$4  ,rome1 ,p>is1 ,engl&1       
,br&5burg1 ,pi$mont1--possibly soon     
,japan1--along ) _! arms h _! traits (  
"* & habits ( ?\ght prevail among _!    
conqu]$ neighbors4  ,! bless+s we       
actually enjoy1 su* z !y are1 h gr[n up 
9 ! %ad[ ( ! w>s ( antiquity4  ,! v>i\s 
ideals 7 back$ by fight+ wills1 & :5    
nei!r w\ld give way1 ! ,god ( battles _h
 to be ! arbit]4  ,a %all[ view ?is1    
truly2 = :o c say :at might h prevail$  
if man _h ev] be5 a reason+ & n a fight+
 animal8  ,l dead m51 dead causes tell  
no tales1 & ! ideals t w5t "u 9 ! pa/1  
along ) all ! tribes t repres5t$ !m1 f9d
 to-day no record]1 no expla9]1 no      
def5d]4  ,b ap>t f !oretic def5d]s1 &   
ap>t f e soldi]ly individual /ra9+ at ! 
lea% & clamor+ = opportunity1 w> has an 

omnipot5t support 9 ! =m ( our          
imag9ation4  ,man lives by habits inde$1
 b :at he lives = is ?rills &           
excitem5ts4 ,! only relief f habit's    
t$i\sness is p]iodical excitem5t4 ,f "t 
immemorial w>s h be51 especially =      
non-combatants1 ! supremely ?rill+      
excitem5t4  ,heavy & dragg+ at its end1 
at its outset e w> means an explosion ( 
imag9ative en]gy4  ,! dams ( r\t9e bur/1
 & b\ndless prospects op54  ,! remote/  
spectators %>e ! fasc9ation ( t awful   
/ruggle n[ 9 process on ! conf9es ( !   
_w4  ,!re is n a man 9 ?is room1 ,i     
suppose1 :o doesn't buy bo? an ev5+ & a 
morn+ pap]1 & fir/ ( all p\nce on ! w>  
column4  ,a deadly li/lessness w\ld come
 ov] mo/ m5's imag9ation ( ! future if  
!y c\ld s]i\sly be br\ght to believe t  
nev] aga9 9 soecula soeculorum w\ld a w>
 tr\ble human hi/ory4  ,9 su* a /agnant 
summ] aft]noon ( a _w1 :]e w\ld be ! ze/
 or int]e/8  ,?is is ! con/itution (    
human nature :i* we h to "w aga9/4 ,!   
pla9 tru? is t p want w>4  ,!y want x   

anyh[2 = itself1 & ap>t f ea* & e       
possible consequ5ce4  ,x is ! f9al      
b\quet ( life's fireworks4  ,! born     
soldi]s want x hot & actual4  ,!        
non-combatants want x 9 ! backgr\nd1 &  
always z an op5 possibility1 to fe$     
imag9ation on & keep excitem5t go+4 ,its
 cl]ical & hi/orical def5d]s fool       
!mselves :5 !y talk z !y d ab\t x4  ,:at
 moves !m is n ! bless+s x has won = u1 
b a vague religi\s exaltation4  ,w> is  
human nature at its utt]mo/4  ,we are "h
 to d our utt]mo/4  ,x is a sacram5t4   
,society w\ld rot )\t ! my/ical         
blood-paym5t4  ,we d ill1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1
 to talk mu* ( univ]sal peace or ( a    
g5]al dis>mam5t4  ,we mu/ g 9 =         
prev5tive m$ic9e1 n = radical cure4  ,we
 mu/ *eat our foe1 circumv5t him 9      
detail1 n try to *ange 8 nature4  ,9 "o 
respect w> is l love1 ?\gh 9 no o!r4    
,bo? leave u int]vals ( re/2 & 9 !      
int]vals life goes on p]fectly well )\t 
!m1 ?\gh ! imag9ation /ill dallies ) _! 
possibility4  ,equally insane :5 once   

ar\s$ & "u headway1 :e!r !y %all be     
ar\s$ or n dep5ds on accid5tal          
circum/ances4  ,h[ are old maids & old  
ba*elors made8  ,n by delib]ate v[s (   
celibacy1 b by slid+ on f ye> to ye> )  
no suffici5t matrimonial provocation4   
,s ( ! nations ) _! w>s4  ,let ! g5]al  
possibility ( w> be left op51 9 ,heav5's
 "n1 = ! imag9ation to dally )4  ,let ! 
soldi]s dream ( kill+1 z ! old maids    
dream ( m>ry+4  ,b organize 9 e         
conceivable way ! practical ma*9]y =    
mak+ ea* successive *ance ( w> abortive4
  ,put peace m5 9 p[]2 educate ! editors
 & /atesm5 to responsibility4  ,h[      
beautifully did _! tra9$ responsibility 
9 ,engl& make ! ,v5ezuela incid5t       
abortive6  ,seize e pretext1 h[ev]      
small1 = arbitration me?ods1 & multiply 
! prec$5ts2 fo/] rival excitem5ts1 &    
inv5t new outlets = h]oic en]gy2 & f "o 
g5]ation to ano!r ! *ances are t        
irritation w gr[ less acute & /ates (   
/ra9 less dang]\s among ! nations4      
,armies & navies w cont9ue1 ( c\rse1 &  

fire ! m9ds ( populations ) _!          
pot5tialities ( greatness4  ,b _! (fic]s
 w f9d t someh[ or o!r1 ) no delib]ate  
int5tion on any "o's "p1 ea* successive 
incid5t has manag$ to evaporate & to    
lead n[h]e1 & t ! ?\ght ( :at might h   
be5 rema9s _! only consolation4  ,! la/ 
weak runn+s ( ! w> _s w be punitive     
exp$itions4  ,a c\ntry t turns its arms 
only aga9/ unciviliz$ foes is1 ,i ?9k1  
wrongly taunt$ z deg5]ate4  ,( c\rse x  
has ceas$ to be h]oic 9 ! old gr& /yle4 
,b ,i v]ily believe t ?is is because x  
n[ sees some?+ bett]4  ,x has a         
consci5ce4  ,x w /ill p]petrate         
peccadillos4  ,b x is afraid1 afraid 9 !
 good s5se1 to engage 9 absolute crimes 
aga9/ civilization4    #a ,publi%$ 9 !  
,(ficial ,report ( ! ,univ]sal ,peace   
,congress1 held 9 ,bo/on 9 #aijd1 & 9 ! 
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #aijd4     
,,xiii  ,,! ,,social ,,value ,,( ,,!    
,,college-,,br$#a  ,( :at use is a      
college tra9+8  ,we :o h _h x seldom he>
 ! "q rais$2 we might be a little       

nonpluss$ to answ] x (fh&4 ,a c]ta9     
am\nt ( m$itation has br\ght me to ?is z
 ! pi?ie/ reply :i* ,i myself c give3 ,!
 be/ claim t a college education c      
possibly make on y\r respect1 ! be/ ?+ x
 c aspire to accompli% = y1 is ?is3 t x 
%\ld help y to "k a good man :5 y see   
him4  ,?is is z true ( wom5's z ( m5's  
colleges2 b t x is nei!r a joke nor a   
"o-sid$ ab/raction ,i %all n[ endeavor  
to %[4  ,:at talk d we commonly he> ab\t
 ! contra/ betwe5 college education & ! 
education :i* bus9ess or te*nical or    
pr(essional s*ools conf]8  ,! college   
education is call$ high] because x is   
suppos$ to be s g5]al & s dis9t]e/$4    
,at ! s*ools y get a relatively n>r[    
practical skill1 y are told1 :]eas !    
colleges give y ! m lib]al culture1 !   
broad] outlook1 ! hi/orical p]spective1 
! philosophic atmosph]e1 or some?+ :i*  
phrases ( t sort try to express4  ,y are
 made into an effici5t in/rum5t = do+ a 
def9ite ?+1 y he>1 at ! s*ools2 b1 ap>t 
f t1 y may rema9 a crude & smoky k9d (  

petroleum1 incapable ( spread+ light4   
,! univ]sities & colleges1 on ! o!r h&1 
al?\gh !y may leave y less effici5t =   
?is or t practical task1 suffuse y\r    
:ole m5tality ) some?+ m important ?an  
skill4  ,!y r$eem y1 make y well-br$2 !y
 make good company ( y m5tally4  ,if !y 
f9d y ) a naturally boori% or caddi%    
m9d1 !y _c leave y s1 z a te*nical s*ool
 may leave y4  ,?is1 at lea/1 is        
pret5d$2 ?is is :at we he> among        
college-tra9$ p :5 !y comp>e _!         
education ) e o!r sort4  ,n[1 exactly h[
 mu* does ?is signify8  ,x is c]ta91 to 
beg9 )1 t ! n>r[e/ trade or pr(essional 
tra9+ does some?+ m = a man ?an to make 
a skilful practical tool ( him--x makes 
him also a judge ( o!r m5's skill4      
,:e!r 8 trade be plead+ at ! b> or      
surg]y or pla/]+ or plumb+1 x develops a
 critical s5se 9 him = t sort (         
occupation4  ,he und]/&s ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 second-rate & fir/-rate "w 9 8   
:ole bran* ( indu/ry2 he gets to "k a   
good job 9 8 own l9e z soon z he sees x2

 & gett+ to "k ?is 9 8 own l9e1 he gets 
a fa9t s5se ( :at good "w may mean      
anyh[1 t may1 if circum/ances favor1    
spread into 8 judgm5ts else:]e4  ,s\nd  
"w1 clean "w1 f9i%$ "w3 feeble "w1 slack
 "w1 %am "w--^! words express an        
id5tical contra/ 9 _m diff]5t dep>tm5ts 
( activity4  ,9 s f> =?1 !n1 ev5 !      
humble/ manual trade may beget 9 "o a   
c]ta9 small degree ( p[] to judge ( good
 "w g5]ally4  ,n[1 :at is suppos$ to be 
! l9e ( u :o h ! high] college tra9+8   
,is !re any broad] l9e--s9ce our        
education claims prim>ily n to be       
n>r[--9 :i* we also are made good judges
 betwe5 :at is fir/-rate & :at is       
second-rate only8  ,:at is especially   
taught 9 ! colleges has long be5 kn[n by
 ! "n ( ! humanities1 & ^! are (t5      
id5tifi$ ) ,greek & ,lat94 ,b x is only 
z lit]atures1 n z languages1 t ,greek & 
,lat9 h any g5]al humanity-value2 s t 9 
a broad s5se ! humanities mean lit]ature
 prim>ily1 & 9 a /ill broad] s5se ! /udy
 ( ma/]pieces 9 almo/ any field ( human 

endeavor4 ,lit]ature keeps ! primacy2 = 
x n only consi/s ( ma/]pieces1 b is     
l>gely ab\t ma/]pieces1 be+ little m ?an
 an appreciative *ronicle ( human       
ma/]-/rokes1 s f> z x takes ! =m (      
criticism & hi/ory4  ,y c give humani/ic
 value to almo/ any?+ by tea*+ x        
hi/orically4  ,geology1 economics1      
me*anics1 are humanities :5 taught )    
ref]5ce to ! successive a*ievem5ts ( !  
g5iuses to :i* ^! sci5ces owe _! be+4 ,n
 taught ?us lit]ature rema9s gramm>1 art
 a catalogue1 hi/ory a li/ ( dates1 &   
natural sci5ce a %eet ( =mulas & weights
 & measures4  ,! sift+ ( human          
creations6--no?+ less ?an ?is is :at we 
ought to mean by ! humanities4          
,ess5tially ?is means biography2 :at our
 colleges %\ld tea* is1 !re=e1          
biographical hi/ory1 t n ( politics     
m]ely1 b ( any?+ & ev]y?+ s f> z human  
ef=ts & conque/s are factors t h play$  
_! "p4 ,/udy+ 9 ?is way1 we le>n :at    
types ( activity h /ood ! te/ ( "t2 we  
acquire /&>ds ( ! excell5t & durable4   

,all our arts & sci5ces & in/itutions   
are b s _m que/s ( p]fection on ! "p (  
m52 & :5 we see h[ div]se ! types (     
excell5ce may be1 h[ v>i\s ! te/s1 h[   
flexible ! adaptations1 we ga9 a ri*]   
s5se ( :at ! t]ms bett] & worse may     
signify 9 g5]al4  ,our critical         
s5sibilities gr[ bo? m acute & less     
fanatical4  ,we sympa?ize ) m5's mi/akes
 ev5 9 ! act ( p5etrat+ !m2 we feel !   
pa?os ( lo/ causes & misguid$ epo*s ev5 
:ile we applaud :at ov]came !m4  ,su*   
words are vague & su* ideas are         
inadequate1 b _! mean+ is unmi/akable4  
,:at ! colleges--tea*+ humanities by    
examples :i* may be special1 b :i* mu/  
be typical & pregnant--%\ld at lea/ try 
to give u1 is a g5]al s5se ( :at1 "u    
v>i\s disguises1 sup]iority has always  
signifi$ & may /ill signify4 ,! feel+ = 
a good human job any:]e1 ! admiration ( 
! really admirable1 ! dise/eem ( :at is 
*eap & tra%y & imp]man5t1--?is is :at we
 call ! critical s5se1 ! s5se = ideal   
values4  ,x is ! bett] "p ( :at m5 "k z 

wisdom4  ,"s ( u are wise 9 ?is way     
naturally & by g5ius2 "s ( u nev] become
 s4  ,b to h sp5t "o's y\? at college1 9
 contact ) ! *oice & r>e & preci\s1 &   
yet /ill to be a bl9d prig or vulg>ian1 
unable to sc5t out human excell5ce or to
 div9e x amid its accid5ts1 to "k x only
 :5 ticket$ & labell$ & =c$ on u by     
o!rs1 ?is inde$ %\ld be acc\nt$ ! v     
calamity & %ipwreck ( a high] education4
  ,! s5se = human sup]iority ought1 !n1 
to be consid]$ our l9e1 z bor+ subways  
is ! eng9e]'s l9e & ! surgeon's is      
app5dicitis4  ,our colleges ought to h  
lit up 9 u a la/+ reli% = ! bett] k9d ( 
man1 a loss ( appetite = m$iocrities1 & 
a disgu/ = *eap jacks4  ,we ought to    
smell1 z x 71 ! diff]5ce ( quality 9 m5 
& _! proposals :5 we ent] ! _w ( affairs
 ab\t u4  ,exp]tness 9 ?is might well   
atone = "s ( our awkw>dness at acc\nts1 
= "s ( our ignorance ( dynamos4  ,! be/ 
claim we c make = ! high] education1 !  
be/ s+le phrase 9 :i* we c tell :at x   
ought to d = u1 is1 !n1 exactly :at ,i  

said3 x %\ld enable u to "k a good man  
:5 we see him4  ,t ! phrase is any?+ b  
an empty epigram foll[s f ! fact t if y 
ask 9 :at l9e x is mo/ important t a    
democracy l ours %\ld h its sons &      
daught]s skilful1 y see t x is ?is l9e m
 ?an any o!r4  ,! p 9 _! wisdom--?is is 
! k9d ( wisdom mo/ ne$$ by ! p4         
,democracy is on its trial1 & no "o kn[s
 h[ x w /& ! ordeal4  ,ab\nd+ ab\t u are
 pessimi/ic prophets4  ,fickl5ess &     
viol5ce us$ to be1 b are no long]1 !    
vices :i* !y *>ge to democracy4  ,:at   
its critics n[ affirm is t its pref]5ces
 are invet]ately = ! inf]ior4  ,s x 0 9 
! beg9n+1 !y say1 & s x w be _w )\t end4
  ,vulg>ity en?ron$ & in/itutionaliz$1  
elb[+ ev]y?+ sup]ior f ! highway1 ?is1  
!y tell u1 is our irrem$iable de/9y2 & !
 picture-pap]s ( ! ,european cont95t are
 already draw+ ,uncle ,sam ) ! hog      
in/ead ( ! eagle = 8 h]aldic emblem4  ,!
 privileg$ ari/ocracies ( ! =etime1 )   
all _! iniquities1 did at lea/ pres]ve  
"s ta/e = high] human quality1 & honor  

c]ta9 =ms ( ref9em5t by _! endur+       
traditions4  ,b :5 democracy is         
sov]eign1 its d\bt]s say1 nobility w =m 
a sort ( invisible *ur*1 & s9c]ity &    
ref9em5t1 /ripp$ ( honor1 prec$5ce1 &   
favor1 w h to vegetate on suff]ance 9   
private corn]s4  ,!y w h no g5]al       
influ5ce4  ,!y w be h>mless             
ecc5tricities4  ,n[1 :o c be absolutely 
c]ta9 t ?is may n be ! c>e] ( democracy8
  ,no?+ future is q secure2 /ates en\gh 
h inw>dly rott$2 & democracy z a :ole   
may und]go self-poison+4  ,b1 on ! o!r  
h&1 democracy is a k9d ( religion1 & we 
are b\nd n to admit its failure4  ,fai?s
 & ,utopias are ! noble/ ex]cise ( human
 reason1 & no "o ) a sp>k ( reason 9 him
 w sit d[n fatali/ically be=e ! croak]'s
 picture4  ,! be/ ( u are fill$ ) !     
contr>y vision ( a democracy /umbl+     
?r\gh e error till its in/itutions gl[ )
 ju/ice & its cu/oms %9e ) beauty4  ,our
 bett] m5 %all %[ ! way & we %all foll[ 
!m2 s we are br\ght r\nd aga9 to !      
mission ( ! high] education 9 help+ u to

 "k ! bett] k9d ( man :5ev] we see him4 
,! notion t a p c run itself & its      
affairs anonym\sly is n[ well kn[n to be
 ! sillie/ ( absurdities4  ,mank9d does 
no?+ save ?r\gh initiatives on ! "p (   
inv5tors1 great or small1 & imitation by
 ! re/ ( u--^! are ! sole factors active
 9 human progress4  ,individuals ( g5ius
 %[ ! way1 & set ! patt]ns1 :i* common p
 !n adopt & foll[4  ,! rivalry ( !      
patt]ns is ! hi/ory ( ! _w4  ,our       
democratic problem ?us is /atable 9     
ultra-simple t]ms3 ,:o are ! k9d ( m5 f 
:om our majorities %all take _! cue8    
,:om %all !y treat z rightful lead]s8   
,we & our lead]s are ! x & ! y ( !      
equation "h2 all o!r hi/oric            
circum/ances1 be !y economical1         
political1 or intellectual1 are only !  
backgr\nd ( occasion on :i* ! liv+ drama
 works itself out betwe5 u4  ,9 ?is v   
simple way does ! value ( our educat$   
class def9e itself3 we m ?an o!rs %\ld  
be able to div9e ! wor?i] & bett]       
lead]s4  ,! t]ms "h are mon/r\sly       

simplifi$1 ( c\rse1 b su* a bird's-eye  
view lets u imm$iately take our be>+s4  
,9 our democracy1 :]e ev]y?+ else is s  
%ift+1 we alumni & alumnae ( ! colleges 
are ! only p]man5t pres5ce t corresponds
 to ! ari/ocracy 9 old] c\ntries4  ,we h
 cont9u\s traditions1 z !y h2 our motto1
 too1 is noblesse oblige2 &1 unlike !m1 
we /& = ideal int]e/s solely1 = we h no 
corporate selfi%ness & wield no p[]s (  
corruption4  ,we ought to h our own     
class-consci\sness4  ,les               
,intellectuels6  ,:at pr\d] club-"n c\ld
 !re be ?an ?is "o1 us$ ironically by ! 
p>ty ( r$blood1 ! p>ty ( e /upid        
prejudice & passion1 dur+ !             
anti-,dreyfus craze1 to satirize ! m5 9 
,france :o /ill reta9$ "s critical s5se 
& judgm5t6  ,critical s5se1 x has to be 
confess$1 is n an excit+ t]m1 h>dly a   
bann] to c>ry 9 processions4            
,affections = old habit1 curr5ts (      
self-int]e/1 & gales ( passion are !    
=ces t keep ! human %ip mov+2 & !       
pressure ( ! judici\s pilot's h& ^u !   

till] is a relatively insignificant     
en]gy4  ,b ! affections1 passions1 &    
int]e/s are %ift+1 successive1 &        
di/raught2 !y bl[ 9 alt]nation :ile !   
pilot's h& is /eadfa/4  ,he kn[s !      
compass1 &1 ) all ! leeways he is oblig$
 to tack t[>d1 he always makes "s       
headway4  ,a small =ce1 if x nev] lets  
up1 w accumulate effects m consid]able  
?an ^? ( mu* great] =ces if ^! "w       
inconsi/5tly4  ,! ceaseless :isp] ( ! m 
p]man5t ideals1 ! /eady tug ( tru? &    
ju/ice1 give !m b "t1 mu/ w>p ! _w 9 _! 
direction4  ,?is bird's-eye view ( !    
g5]al /e]+ function ( ! college-br$ amid
 ! drift+s ( democracy ought to help u  
to a wid] vision ( :at our colleges     
!mselves %\ld aim at4  ,if we are to be 
! yea/-cake = democracy's d\gh1 if we   
are to make x rise ) culture's          
pref]5ces1 we mu/ see to x t culture    
spreads broad sails4  ,we mu/ %ake ! old
 d\ble reefs out ( ! canvas into ! w9d &
 sun%9e1 & let 9 e mod]n subject1 sure t
 any subject w prove humani/ic1 if its  

sett+ be kept only wide en\gh4  ,/ev5son
 says some:]e to 8 read]3 ,y ?9k y are j
 mak+ ?is b>ga91 b y are really lay+ d[n
 a l9k 9 ! policy ( mank9d4  ,well1 y\r 
te*nical s*ool %\ld enable y to make y\r
 b>ga9 spl5didly2 b y\r college %\ld %[ 
y j ! place ( t k9d ( b>ga9--a pretty   
poor place1 possibly--9 ! :ole policy ( 
mank9d4  ,t is ! k9d ( lib]al outlook1 (
 p]spective1 ( atmosph]e1 :i* %\ld      
surr\nd e subject z a college deals ) x4
  ,we ( ! colleges mu/ eradicate a      
curi\s notion :i* numb]s ( good p h ab\t
 su* anci5t seats ( le>n+ z ,h>v>d4  ,to
 _m ignorant outsid]s1 ! "n sugge/s     
little m ?an a k9d ( /]iliz$ conceit &  
incapacity = be+ pleas$4  ,9 ,edi?      
,wyatt's exquisite book ( ,*icago       
sket*es call$ ,e ,"o 8 ,own ,way !re is 
a c\ple :o /& = culture 9 ! s5se (      
exclusiv5ess1 ,ri*>d ,elliot & 8 fem99e 
c\nt]p>t--feeble c>icatures ( mank9d1   
unable to "k any good ?+ :5 !y see x1   
incapable ( enjoym5t unless a pr9t$     
label gives !m leave4  ,possibly ?is    

type ( culture may exi/ ne> ,cambridge &
 ,bo/on4  ,!re may be specim5s !re1 =   
priggi%ness is j l pa9t]'s colic or any 
o!r trade-disease4  ,b e good college   
makes its /ud5ts immune aga9/ ?is       
malady1 ( :i* ! microbe haunts !        
neighborhood ( pr9t$ pages4  ,x does s  
by its g5]al tone be+ too he>ty = !     
microbe's life4  ,real culture lives by 
sympa?ies & admirations1 n by dislikes &
 disda9s2 "u all mislead+ wrapp+s x     
p\nces un]r+ly ^u ! human core4  ,if a  
college1 ?r\gh ! inf]ior human influ5ces
 t h gr[n regnant !re1 fails to cat* !  
robu/] tone1 its failure is colossal1 = 
its social function /ops3 democracy     
gives x a wide b]?1 turns t[>d x a deaf 
e>4  ,tone1 to be sure1 is a t]ribly    
vague ^w to use1 b !re is no o!r1 & ?is 
:ole m$itation is ov] que/ions ( tone4  
,by _! tone are all ?+s human ei!r lo/  
or sav$4  ,if democracy is to be sav$ x 
mu/ cat* ! high]1 heal?i] tone4  ,if we 
are to impress x ) our pref]5ces1 we    
ourselves mu/ use ! prop] tone1 :i* we1 

9 turn1 mu/ h caught f our own tea*]s4  
,x all rev]ts 9 ! end to ! action (     
innum]able imitative individuals ^u ea* 
o!r & to ! "q ( ^: tone has ! highe/    
spread+ p[]4  ,z a class1 we college    
graduates %\ld look to x t ours has     
spread+ p[]4  ,x ought to h ! highe/    
spread+ p[]4  ,9 our ess5tial function (
 indicat+ ! bett] m51 we n[ h =midable  
competitors outside4  ,mc,clure's       
,magaz9e1 ! ,am]ican ,magaz9e1 ,colli]'s
 ,weekly1 &1 9 its fa%ion1 ! ,_w's ,"w1 
con/itute toge!r a real popul> univ]sity
 along ?is v l9e4  ,x w\ld be a pity if 
any future hi/orian 7 to h to write     
words l ^!3 ,by ! middle ( ! tw5tie?    
c5tury ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ _h   
lo/ all influ5ce ov] public op9ion 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates4  ,b ! mission ( rais+ !  
tone ( democracy1 :i* !y _h prov$       
!mselves s lam5tably unfitt$ to ex]t1 0 
assum$ ) r>e en?usiasm & prosecut$ )    
extraord9>y skill & success by a new    
educational p[]2 & = ! cl>ification ( _!
 human sympa?ies & elevation ( _! human 

pref]5ces1 ! p at l>ge acquir$ ! habit (
 resort+ exclusively to ! guidance (    
c]ta9 private lit]>y adv5tures1 commonly
 designat$ 9 ! m>ket by ! affectionate  
"n ( t5-c5t magaz9es4  ,mu/ n we ( !    
colleges see to x t no hi/orian %all ev]
 say any?+ l ?is8  ,vague z ! phrase (  
kn[+ a good man :5 y see him may be1    
diffuse & indef9ite z "o mu/ leave its  
application1 is !re any o!r =mula t     
describes s well ! result at :i* our    
in/itutions ought to aim8  ,if !y d t1  
!y d ! be/ ?+ conceivable4  ,if !y fail 
to d x1 !y fail 9 v de$4  ,x surely is a
 f9e syn!tic =mula4  ,if our faculties &
 graduates c\ld once collectively come  
to realize x z ! great und]ly+ purpose  
t[>d :i* !y h always be5 m or less      
obscurely grop+1 a great cle>ness w\ld  
be %$ ov] _m ( _! problems2 &1 z = _!   
influ5ce 9 ! mid/ ( our social sy/em1 x 
w\ld emb>k ^u a new c>e] ( /r5g?4    #a 
,address deliv]$ at a meet+ ( !         
,association ( ,am]ican ,alumnae at     
,radcliffe ,college1 ,novemb] #g1 #aijg1

 & fir/ publi%$ 9 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e =
 ,febru>y1 #aijh4     ,,xiv  ,,!        
,,univ]sity ,,& ,,! ,,individual   ,i4  
,,! ,,ph4,d4 ,,octopus#a  ,"s ye>s ago  
we _h at our ,h>v>d ,graduate ,s*ool a v
 brilliant /ud5t ( ,philosophy1 :o1 aft]
 leav+ u & support+ himself by lit]>y   
labor = ?ree ye>s1 receiv$ an appo9tm5t 
to tea* ,engli% ,lit]ature at a         
si/]-in/itution ( le>n+4  ,! gov]nors ( 
?is in/itution1 h[ev]1 _h no soon]      
communicat$ ! appo9tm5t ?an !y made !   
awful discov]y t !y _h enroll$ ^u _!    
/aff a p]son :o 0 unprovid$ ) ! ,ph4,d4 
degree4 ,! man 9 "q _h be5 satisfi$ to  
"w at ,philosophy = h] own sweet 7or    
bitt]7 sake1 & _h disda9$ to consid] t  
an academic bauble %\ld be 8 rew>d4  ,8 
appo9tm5t _h ?us be5 made "u a          
misund]/&+4  ,he 0 n ! prop] man2 & !re 
0 no?+ to d b to in=m him ( ! fact4  ,x 
0 notifi$ to him by 8 new ,presid5t t 8 
appo9tm5t mu/ be revok$1 or t a ,h>v>d  
doctor's degree mu/ =?) be procur$4     
,al?\gh x 0 already ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 our 

,subject1 be+ a man ( _s1 took up !     
*all5ge1 turn$ 8 back ^u lit]ature 7:i* 
9 view ( 8 approa*+ duties might h seem$
 8 m urg5t conc]n7 & sp5t ! weeks t 7   
left him1 9 writ+ a metaphysical !sis & 
gr9d+ 8 psy*ology1 logic & hi/ory (     
philosophy up aga91 s z to pass our     
=midable ordeals4  ,:5 ! !sis came to be
 read by our committee1 we c\ld n pass  
x4 ,brilliancy & orig9ality by !mselves 
won't save a !sis = ! doctorate2 x mu/  
also exhibit a heavy te*nical app>atus (
 le>n+2 & ?is our c&idate _h neglect$ to
 br+ to be>4  ,s1 tell+ him t he 0      
tempor>ily reject$1 we advis$ him to pad
 out ! !sis prop]ly1 & return ) x next  
ye>1 at ! same "t in=m+ 8 new ,presid5t 
t ?is signifi$ no?+ z to 8 m]its1 t he 0
 ( ultra ,ph4,d4 quality1 & "o ( !      
/ronge/ m5 ) :om we _h ev] _h to deal4  
,to our surprise we 7 giv5 to und]/& 9  
reply t ! quality p] se ( ! man signifi$
 no?+ 9 ?is connection1 & t ?ree magical
 lett]s 7 ! ?+ s]i\sly requir$4  ,!     
,college _h always glori$ 9 a li/ (     

faculty memb]s :o bore ! doctor's title1
 & to make a gap 9 ! galaxy1 & admit a  
common fox )\t a tail1 w\ld be a        
degradation impossible to be ?\ght (4   
,we wrote aga91 po9t+ out t a ,ph4,d4 9 
philosophy w\ld prove little anyh[ z to 
"o's ability to tea* lit]ature2 we s5t  
sep>ate lett]s 9 :i* we outdid ea* o!r 9
 eulogy ( our c&idate's p[]s1 = inde$ !y
 7 great2 & at la/1 mirabile dictu1 our 
eloqu5ce prevail$4  ,he 0 all[$ to reta9
 8 appo9tm5t provisionally1 on condition
 t "o ye> lat] at ! f>!/ 8 mis]ably nak$
 "n %\ld be prolong$ by ! sacr$ app5dage
 ! lack ( :i* _h giv5 s mu* tr\ble to   
all conc]n$4  ,accord+ly he came up "h !
 foll[+ spr+ ) an adequate !sis 7kn[n   
s9ce 9 pr9t z a mo/ brilliant           
contribution to metaphysics71 pass$ a   
fir/-rate exam9ation1 wip$ out ! /a91 & 
br\ght 8 college into prop] relations ) 
! _w aga94 ,:e!r 8 tea*+1 dur+ t fir/   
ye>1 ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 0 made any !  
bett] by ! imp5d+ exam9ation 9 a diff]5t
 subject1 is a "q :i* ,i w n try to     

solve4  ,i h relat$ ?is incid5t at su*  
l5g? because x is s *>act]i/ic (        
,am]ican academic conditions at ! pres5t
 day4 ,graduate s*ools /ill are some?+ (
 a novelty1 & high] diplomas some?+ ( a 
r>ity4  ,! latt]1 !re=e1 c>ry a vague   
s5se ( preci\sness & honor1 & h a       
p>ticul>ly up-to-date appe>ance1 & x is 
no wond] if small] in/itutions1 unable  
to attract pr(essors already em95t1 &   
=c$ usually to recruit _! faculties f ! 
relatively "y1 %\ld hope to comp5sate = 
! obscurity ( ! names ( _! (fic]s (     
in/ruction by ! abundance ( decorative  
titles by :i* ^? names are foll[$ on !  
pages ( ! catalogues :]e !y appe>4  ,!  
dazzl$ read] ( ! li/1 ! p>5t or /ud5t1  
says to himself1 ,?is mu/ be a t]ribly  
di/+ui%$ cr[d1--_! titles %9e l ! />s 9 
! firmam5t2 ,ph4,d4's1 ,s4,d4's1 &      
,litt4,d4's1 bespangle ! page z if !y 7 
spr9kl$ ov] x f a pepp] ca/]4  ,human   
nature is once = all s *ildi% t e       
reality becomes a %am some:]e1 & 9 !    
m9ds ( ,presid5ts & ,tru/ees ! ,ph4,d4  

degree is 9 po9t ( fact already look$ ^u
 z a m]e adv]tis+ res\rce1 a mann] (    
?r[+ du/ 9 ! ,public's eyes4  ,no       
in/ructor :o is n a ,doctor has become a
 maxim 9 ! small] in/itutions :i*       
repres5t dem&2 & 9 ea* ( ! l>g] ones :i*
 repres5t supply1 ! same belief 9       
decorat$ s*ol>%ip expresses itself 9 two
 antagoni/ic passions1 "o = multiply+ z 
mu* z possible ! annual output (        
doctors1 ! o!r = rais+ ! /&>d (         
difficulty 9 pass+1 s t ! ,ph4,d4 ( !   
special in/itution %all c>ry a high]    
blaze ( di/9ction ?an x does else:]e4   
,?us we at ,h>v>d are pr\d ( ! numb] (  
c&idates :om we reject1 & ( ! inability 
( m5 :o are n di/+us 9 intellect to pass
 our te/s4  ,am]ica is ?us z a nation   
rapidly drift+ t[>ds a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* 
no man ( sci5ce or lett]s w be acc\nt$  
respectable unless "s k9d ( badge or    
diploma is /amp$ ^u him1 & 9 :i* b>e    
p]sonality w be a m>k ( outca/ e/ate4   
,x seems to me high "t to r\se ourselves
 to consci\sness1 & to ca/ a critical   

eye ^u ?is decid$ly grotesque t5d5cy4   
,o!r nations suff] t]ribly f ! ,m&>9    
disease4  ,are we doom$ to suff] l !    
re/8  ,our high] degrees 7 in/itut$ = ! 
laudable purpose ( /imulat+ s*ol>%ip1   
especially 9 ! =m ( orig9al rese>*4     
,exp]i5ce has prov$ t great z ! love (  
tru? may be among m51 x c be made /ill  
great] by adv5titi\s rew>ds4  ,! w9n+ ( 
a diploma c]tify+ ma/]y & m>k+ a b>ri]  
successfully pass$1 acts z a *all5ge to 
! ambiti\s2 & if ! diploma w help to ga9
 bread-w9n+ positions also1 its p[] z a 
/imulus to "w is trem5d\sly increas$4   
,s f>1 we are on innoc5t gr\nd2 x is    
well = a c\ntry to h rese>* 9 abundance1
 & our graduate s*ools d b apply a      
normal psy*ological spur4  ,b !         
in/itutioniz+ on a l>ge scale ( any     
natural comb9ation ( ne$ & motive always
 t5ds to run into te*nicality & to      
develop a tyrannical ,ma*9e ) un=ese5   
p[]s ( exclusion & corruption4          
,obs]vation ( ! work+s ( our ,h>v>d     
sy/em = tw5ty ye>s pa/ has br\ght "s (  

^! drawbacks home to my consci\sness1 & 
,i %\ld l to call ! att5tion ( my read]s
 to ?is disadvantage\s aspect ( !       
picture1 & to make a c\ple ( rem$ial    
sugge/ions1 if ,i may4  ,9 ! fir/ place1
 x w\ld seem t to /imulate /udy1 & to   
increase ! gelehrtes ,publikum1 ! class 
( highly educat$ m5 9 our c\ntry1 is !  
only positive good1 & consequ5tly ! sole
 direct end at :i* our graduate s*ools1 
) _! diploma-giv+ p[]s1 %\ld aim4  ,if  
o!r results h develop$ !y %\ld be deem$ 
second>y incid5ts1 & if n desirable 9   
!mselves1 !y %\ld be c>efully gu>d$     
aga9/4  ,to int]f]e ) ! free developm5t 
( tal5t1 to ob/ruct ! natural play (    
supply & dem& 9 ! tea*+ pr(ession1 to   
fo/] academic snobb]y by ! pre/ige (    
c]ta9 privileg$ in/itutions1 to transf] 
accr$it$ value f ess5tial manhood to an 
outw>d badge1 to blight hopes & promote 
invidi\s s5tim5ts1 to div]t ! att5tion (
 aspir+ y\? f direct deal+s ) tru? to ! 
pass+ ( exam9ations1--su* consequ5ces1  
if !y exi/1 ought surely to be reg>d$ z 

drawbacks to ! sy/em1 & an enlight5$    
public consci\sness ought to be ke5ly   
alive to ! importance ( r$uc+ _! am\nt4 
,c&idates !mselves d seem to be ke5ly   
consci\s ( "s ( ^! evils1 b outside ( _!
 ranks or 9 ! g5]al public no su*       
consci\sness1 s f> z ,i c see1 exi/s2 or
 if x does exi/1 x fails to express     
itself al\d4  ,s*ools1 ,colleges1 &     
,univ]sities1 appe> en?usia/ic ov] !    
entire sy/em1 j z x /&s1 & unanim\sly   
applaud all its developm5ts4  ,i beg !  
read] to consid] "s ( ! second>y evils  
:i* ,i h enum]at$4  ,fir/ ( all1 is n   
our gr[+ t5d5cy to appo9t no in/ructors 
:o are n also doctors an in/ance ( pure 
%am8  ,w any "o pret5d = a mom5t t !    
doctor's degree is a gu>antee t its     
possessor w be successful z a tea*]8    
,notori\sly 8 moral1 social & p]sonal   
*>act]i/ics may utt]ly disqualify him = 
success 9 ! class-room2 & ( ^!          
*>act]i/ics 8 doctor's exam9ation is    
unable to take any acc\nt :atev]4       
,c]ta9 b>e human be+s w always be bett] 

c&idates = a giv5 place ?an all !       
doctor-applicants on h&2 & to exclude ! 
=m] by a rigid rule1 & 9 ! end to h to  
sift ! latt] by private inquiry into _! 
p]sonal peculi>ities among ^? :o "k !m1 
j z if !y 7 n doctors at all1 is to     
/ultify "o's own proc$ure4  ,y may say t
 at lea/ y gu>d aga9/ ignorance ( !     
subject by consid]+ only ! c&idates :o  
are doctors2 b h[ !n ab\t mak+ doctors 9
 "o subject tea* a diff]5t subject8 ,?is
 happ5$ 9 ! in/ance by :i* ,i introduc$ 
?is article1 & x happ5s daily & h\rly 9 
all our colleges8  ,! tru? is t !       
,doctor-,monopoly 9 tea*+1 :i* is becom+
 s root$ an ,am]ican cu/om1 c %[ no     
s]i\s gr\nds :atsoev] = itself 9 reason4
 ,z x actually prevails & gr[s 9 vogue  
among u1 x is due to *ildi% motives     
exclusively4  ,9 reality x is b a %am1 a
 bauble1 a dodge1 :]eby to decorate !   
catalogues ( s*ools & colleges4  ,next1 
let u turn f ! g5]al promotion ( a _s ( 
academic snobb]y to ! p>ticul> damage   
done to individuals by ! sy/em4  ,!re   

are pl5ty ( individuals s well end[$ by 
nature t !y pass ) ease all ! ordeals ) 
:i* life confronts !m4  ,su* p]sons are 
born = pr(essional success4             
,exam9ations h no t]rors = !m1 & int]f]e
 9 no way ) _! spiritual or worldly     
int]e/s4  ,!re are o!rs1 n s gift$ :o   
nev]!less rise to ! *all5ge1 get a      
/imulus f ! difficulty1 & become        
doctors1 n )\t "s baleful n]v\s we> &   
te> & ret>dation ( _! purely inn] life1 
b on ! :ole successfully1 & ) advantage4
  ,^! two classes =m ! natural ,ph4,d4's
 = :om ! degree is legitimately         
in/itut$4  ,to be sure1 ! degree is ( no
 consequ5ce "o way or ! o!r = ! fir/    
sort ( man1 = 9 him ! p]sonal wor?      
obvi\sly out%9es ! title4  ,to ! second 
set ( p]sons1 h[ev]1 ! doctor ordeal may
 contribute a t\* ( en]gy & solidity (  
s*ol>%ip :i* o!rwise !y might h lack$1 &
 7 our c&idates all drawn f ^! classes1 
no oppression w\ld result f !           
in/itution4  ,b !re is a ?ird class (   
p]sons :o are g5u9ely1 & 9 ! mo/ pa!tic 

s5se1 ! in/itution's victims4  ,= ?is   
type ( "* ! academic life may become1   
aft] a c]ta9 po9t1 a virul5t poison4    
,m5 )\t m>k$ orig9ality or native =ce1 b
 fond ( tru? & especially ( books &     
/udy1 ambiti\s ( rew>d & recognition1   
poor (t51 & ne$+ a degree to get a tea*+
 position1 weak 9 ! eyes ( _!           
exam9]s1--among ^! we f9d ! v]itable    
*air  canon ( ! w>s ( le>n+1 ! unfit 9 !
 academic /ruggle = exi/5ce4  ,!re are  
individuals ( ?is sort = :om to pass "o 
degree aft] ano!r seems ! limit ( e>?ly 
aspiration4  ,y\r private advice does n 
disc\rage !m4  ,!y w fail1 & g away to  
recup]ate1 & !n pres5t !mselves = ano!r 
ordeal1 & sometimes prolong ! process   
into middle life4  ,or else1 if !y are  
less h]oic morally !y w accept ! failure
 z a s5t5ce ( doom t !y are n fit1 & are
 brok5-spirit$ m5 !reaft]4  ,we ( !     
univ]sity faculties are responsible =   
delib]ately creat+ ?is new class (      
,am]ican social failures1 & heavy is !  
responsibility4  ,we adv]tise our s*ools

 & s5d out our degree-requirem5ts1 kn[+ 
well t aspirants ( all sorts w be       
attract$1 & at ! same "t we set a /&>d  
:i* int5ds to pass no man :o has n      
native intellectual di/9ction4  ,we "k t
 !re is no te/1 h[ev] absurd1 by :i*1 if
 a title or decoration1 a public badge  
or m>k1 7 to be won by x1 "s weakly     
sugge/ible or hauntable p]sons w\ld n   
feel *all5g$1 & rema9 unhappy if !y w5t 
)\t x4  ,we dangle our ?ree magic lett]s
 be=e ! eyes ( ^! pr$e/9$ victims1 & !y 
sw>m to u l mo?s to an electric light4  
,!y come at a "t :5 failure c no long]  
be repair$ easily & :5 ! w\nds x leaves 
are p]man5t2 & we say delib]ately t m]e 
"w fai?fully p]=m$1 z !y p]=m x1 w n by 
itself save !m1 !y mu/ 9 addition put 9 
evid5ce ! "o ?+ !y h n got1 namely ?is  
quality ( intellectual di/9ction4       
,occasionally1 out ( %e] human pity1 we 
ignore our high & mighty /&>d & pass !m4
  ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! /&>d1 & n !        
c&idate1 comm&s our fidelity4  ,! result
 is caprice1 majorities ( "o on ! jury1 

& on ! :ole a confession t our          
pret5sions ab\t ! degree _c be liv$ up  
to consi/5tly4  ,?us1 p>tiality 9 !     
favor$ cases2 9 ! unfavor$1 blood on our
 h&s2 & 9 bo? a bad consci5ce1--are !   
results ( our adm9i/ration4  ,! m       
widespread becomes ! popul> belief t our
 diplomas are indisp5sable hall-m>ks to 
%[ ! /]l+ metal ( _! hold]s1 ! m        
widespread ^! corruptions w become4  ,we
 ought to look to ! future c>efully1 = x
 takes g5]ations = a national cu/om1    
once root$1 to be gr[n away f4  ,all !  
,european c\ntries are seek+ to dim9i% !
 *eck ^u individual spontaneity :i* /ate
 exam9ations ) _! tyrann\s gr[? h br\ght
 9 _! tra94 ,we h _h to in/itute /ate   
exam9ations too2 & x w p]haps be =tunate
 if "s day h]eaft] our desc5dants1      
comp>+ ma*9e ) ma*9e1 d n sigh ) regret 
= old times & ,am]ican fre$om1 & wi% t !
 rgime ( ! de> old bosses might be      
re9/all$1 ) pla9 human nature1 ! glad h&
 & ! m>ble he>t1 lik+ & dislik+1 &      
man-to-man relations gr[n possible aga94

  ,mean:ile1 :atev] evolution our       
/ate-exam9ations are de/9$ to und]go1   
our univ]sities at lea/ %\ld nev] cease 
to reg>d !mselves z ! jeal\s cu/odians (
 p]sonal & spiritual spontaneity4  ,!y  
are inde$ its only organiz$ & recogniz$ 
cu/odians 9 ,am]ica to-day4 ,!y ought to
 gu>d aga9/ contribut+ to ! increase (  
(ficialism & snobb]y & ins9c]ity z aga9/
 a pe/il5ce2 !y ought to keep tru? &    
dis9t]e/$ labor always 9 ! =egr\nd1     
treat degrees z second>y incid5ts1 & 9  
season & out ( season make x pla9 t :at 
!y live = is to help m5's s\ls1 & n to  
decorate _! p]sons ) diplomas4  ,!re    
seem to be ?ree obvi\s ways 9 :i* !     
increas+ hold ( ! ,ph4,d4 ,octopus ^u   
,am]ican life c be kept 9 *eck4  ,! fir/
 way lies ) ! univ]sities4  ,!y c l[] _!
 fanta/ic /&>ds 7:i* "h at ,h>v>d we are
 s pr\d (7 & give ! doctorate z a matt] 
( c\rse1 j z !y give ! ba*elor's degree1
 = a due am\nt ( "t sp5t 9 pati5t labor 
9 a special dep>tm5t ( le>n+1 :e!r ! man
 be a brilliantly gift$ individual or n4

  ,surely native di/9ction ne$s no      
(ficial /amp1 & %\ld disda9 to ask = "o4
  ,on ! o!r h&1 fai?ful labor1 h[ev]    
commonplace1 & ye>s devot$ to a subject1
 always des]ve to be ackn[l$g$ &        
requit$4  ,! second way lies ) bo? !    
univ]sities & colleges4  ,let !m give up
 _! unspeakably silly ambition to       
bespangle _! li/s ( (fic]s ) ^!         
doctorial titles4  ,let !m look m to    
sub/ance & less to vanity & %am4  ,!    
?ird way lies ) ! individual /ud5t1 & ) 
8 p]sonal advis]s 9 ! faculties4  ,e man
 ( native p[]1 :o might take a high]    
degree1 & refuses to d s1 because       
exam9ations int]f]e ) ! free foll[+ out 
( 8 m imm$iate intellectual aims1       
des]ves well ( 8 c\ntry1 & 9 a rightly  
organiz$ community1 w\ld n be made to   
suff] = 8 indep5d5ce4  ,) _m m5 ! pass+ 
( ^! extrane\s te/s is a v griev\s      
int]f]5ce inde$4  ,private lett]s (     
recomm5dation f _! in/ructors1 :i* 9 any
 ev5t are ultimately ne$ful1 ought1 9 ^!
 cases1 completely to (fset ! lack ( !  

breadw9n+ degree2 & in/ructors ought to 
be ready to advise /ud5ts aga9/ x ^u    
occasion1 & to pl$ge !mselves to back !m
 lat] p]sonally1 9 ! m>ket-/ruggle :i*  
!y h to face4  ,x is inde$ odd to see   
?is love ( titles--& su* titles--gr[+ up
 9 a c\ntry or :i* ! recognition (      
individuality & b>e manhood h s long be5
 suppos$ to be ! v s\l4  ,! indep5d5ce (
 ! ,/ate1 9 :i* mo/ ( our colleges /&1  
relieves u ( ^? m odi\s =ms ( academic  
politics :i* cont95tal ,european        
c\ntries pres5t4  ,any?+ l ! elaborate  
univ]sity ma*9e ( ,france1 ) its ?rottl+
 influ5ces ^u individuals is unkn[n "h4 
,! spectacle ( ! ,ra? di/9ction 9 its   
innum]able sph]es & grades1 ) :i* all   
,g]many is crawl+ to-day1 is displeas+  
to ,am]ican eyes2 & displeas+ also 9 "s 
respects is ! in/itution ( knigh?ood 9  
,engl&1 :i*1 ap+ z x does an ari/ocratic
 title1 enables "o's wife z well z "o's 
self s easily to dazzle ! s]vants at !  
h\se ( "o's fri5ds4  ,b are we ,am]icans
 ourselves de/9$ aft] all to hung] aft] 

simil> vanities on an inf9itely m       
contemptible scale8  ,& is individuality
 ) u also go+ to c\nt = no?+ unless     
/amp$ & lic5s$ & au!nticat$ by "s       
title-giv+ ma*9e8  ,let u pray t our    
anci5t national g5ius may long pres]ve  
vitality en\gh to gu>d u f a future s   
unmanly & s unbeautiful6    #a ,publi%$ 
9 ! ,h>v>d ,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aijc4        
,,ii4 ,,! ,,true ,,h>v>d#a  ,:5 a man   
gets a decoration f a =eign in/itution1 
he may take x z an honor4  ,com+ z m9e  
has come to-day1 ,i pref] to take x = t 
f> m valuable ?+1 a tok5 ( p]sonal good 
w f fri5ds4  ,recogniz+ ! good w & !    
fri5dl9ess1 ,i am go+ to respond to !   
*airman's call by speak+ exactly z ,i   
feel4  ,i am n an alumnus ( ! ,college4 
,i h n ev5 a degree f ! ,sci5tific      
,s*ool1 9 :i* ,i did "s /udy =ty ye>s   
ago4  ,i h no "r to vote = ,ov]se]s1 &  
,i h nev] felt until to-day z if ,i 7 a 
*ild ( ! h\se ( ,h>v>d 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 
,h>v>d is _m ?+s 9 "o--a s*ool1 a =c+   
h\se = ?\ght1 & also a social club2 & ! 

club aspect is s /rong1 ! family tie s  
close & subtle among our ,ba*elors (    
,arts t all ( u "h :o are 9 my plight1  
no matt] h[ long we may h liv$ "h1      
always feel a little l outsid]s on      
,comm5cem5t day4  ,we h no class to walk
 )1 & we (t5 /ay away f ! procession4   
,x may be fooli%1 b x is a fact4  ,i    
don't believe t my de> fri5ds ,%al]1    
,hollis1 ,lanman1 or ,royce ev] h felt q
 z happy or z mu* at home z my fri5d    
,b>rett ,w5dell feels ^u a day l ?is4   
,i wi% to use my pres5t privilege to say
 a ^w = ^! outsid]s ) :om ,i belong4    
,_m ye>s ago !re 0 "o ( !m f ,canada    
"h--a man ) a high-pit*$ voice1 :o c\ld 
n't fully agree ) all ! po9ts ( my      
philosophy4  ,at a lecture "o day1 :5 ,i
 0 9 ! full flood ( my eloqu5ce1 8 voice
 rose above m9e1 exclaim+3 ,b1 doctor1  
doctor6 to be s]i\s = a mom5t 4 4 4 1 9 
s s9c]e a tone t ! :ole room bur/ out   
laugh+4  ,i want y n[ to be s]i\s = a   
mom5t :ile ,i say my little say4  ,we   
are glorify+ ourselves to-day1 & :5ev] !

 "n ( ,h>v>d is emphatically utt]$ on   
su* days1 frantic *e]s g up4  ,!re are  
days = affection1 :5 pure s5tim5t &     
loyalty come rightly to ! =e4 ,b beh9d  
our m]e animal feel+ = old s*oolmates & 
! ,y>d & ! bell1 & ,memorial & ! clubs &
 ! riv] & ! ,soldi]s' ,field1 !re mu/ be
 some?+ deep] & m rational4  ,!re ought 
at any rate to be "s possible gr\nd 9   
reason = "o's boil+ ov] ) joy t "o is a 
son ( ,h>v>d1 & 0 n1 by "s unspeakably  
horrible accid5t ( bir?1 pr$e/9$ to     
graduate at ,yale or at ,cornell4  ,any 
college c fo/] club loyalty ( t sort4   
,! only rational gr\nd = pre-em95t      
admiration ( any s+le college w\ld be   
its pre-em95t spiritual tone4  ,b to be 
a college man 9 ! m]e clubh\se s5se--,i 
c>e n ( :at college--af=ds no gu>antee (
 real sup]iority 9 spiritual tone4  ,!  
old notion t book le>n+ c be a panacea =
 ! vices ( society lies pretty well     
%att]$ to-day4  ,i say ?is 9 spite (    
c]ta9 utt]ances ( ! ,presid5t ( ?is     
,univ]sity to ! tea*]s la/ ye>4  ,t     

sangu9e-he>t$ man seem$ !n to ?9k t if !
 s*ools w\ld only d _! duty bett]1      
social vice might cease4  ,b vice w nev]
 cease4  ,e level ( culture bre$s its   
own peculi> br& ( x z surely z "o soil  
bre$s sug>-cane1 & ano!r soil bre$s     
cranb]ries4  ,if we 7 ask$ t            
disagreeable "q1 ,:at are ! bosom-vices 
( ! level ( culture :i* our l& & day h  
rea*$8 we %\ld be =c$1 ,i ?9k1 to give !
 /ill m disagreeable answ] t !y are     
sw9dl+ & adroitness1 & ! indulg5ce (    
sw9dl+ & adroitness1 & cant1 & sympa?y )
 cant--natural fruits ( t extraord9>y   
idealization ( success 9 ! m]e outw>d   
s5se ( gett+ !re1 & gett+ !re on z big a
 scale z we c1 :i* *>act]izes our pres5t
 g5]ation4  ,:at 0 ,reason giv5 to man  
=1 "s satiri/ has said1 except to enable
 him to inv5t reasons = :at he wants to 
d4  ,we might say ! same ( education4   
,we see college graduates on e side ( e 
public "q4  ,"s ( ,tammany's /an*e/     
support]s are ,h>v>d m54 ,h>v>d m5 def5d
 our treatm5t ( our ,filip9o allies z a 

ma/]piece ( policy & morals4  ,h>v>d m51
 z j\rnali/s1 pride !mselves on produc+ 
copy = any side t may enli/ !m4  ,!re is
 n a public abuse = :i* "s ,h>v>d       
advocate may n be f\nd4  ,9 ! successful
 s5se1 !n1 9 ! worldly s5se1 9 ! club   
s5se1 to be a college man1 ev5 a ,h>v>d 
man1 af=ds no sure gu>antee = any?+ b a 
m educat$ clev]ness 9 ! s]vice ( popul> 
idols & vulg> ends4  ,is !re no inn]    
,h>v>d )9 ! out] ,h>v>d :i* means       
def9itively m ?an ?is--= :i* ! outside  
m5 :o come "h 9 su* numb]s1 come8  ,!y  
come f ! remote/ outskirts ( our c\ntry1
 )\t introductions1 )\t s*ool           
affiliations2 special /ud5ts1 sci5tific 
/ud5ts1 graduate /ud5ts1 poor /ud5ts ( !
 ,college1 :o make _! liv+ z !y g4  ,!y 
seldom or nev] d>k5 ! doors ( ! ,pudd+  
or ! ,porcellian2 !y hov] 9 ! backgr\nd 
on days :5 ! crimson color is mo/ 9     
evid5ce1 b !y nev]!less are intoxicat$ &
 exultant ) ! n\ri%m5t !y f9d "h2 & _!  
loyalty is deep] & subtl] & m a matt] ( 
! inmo/ s\l ?an ! greg>i\s loyalty ( !  

clubh\se patt]n (t5 is4  ,inde$1 !re is 
su* an inn] spiritual ,h>v>d2 & ! m5 ,i 
speak (1 & = :om ,i speak to-day1 are   
its true mission>ies & c>ry its gospel  
into infidel p>ts4  ,:5 !y come to      
,h>v>d1 x is n prim>ily because %e is a 
club4  ,x is because !y h he>d ( h]     
p]si/5tly atomi/ic con/itution1 ( h]    
tol]ance ( exceptionality & ecc5tricity1
 ( h] devotion to ! pr9ciples (         
individual vocation & *oice4  ,x is     
because y _c make s+le "o-idea$ regim5ts
 ( h] classes4  ,x is because %e *]i%es 
s _m vital ideals1 yet makes a scale (  
value among !m2 s t ev5 h] app>5tly     
incurable second-rat5ess 7or only       
occasional fir/-rat5ess7 9              
int]collegiate a?letics comes f h] see+ 
s well t sport is b sport1 t victory ov]
 ,yale is n ! :ole ( ! law & ! prophets1
 & t a popgun is n ! crack ( doom4  ,!  
true ,*ur* 0 always ! invisible ,*ur*4  
,! true ,h>v>d is ! invisible ,h>v>d 9 !
 s\ls ( h] m tru?-seek+ & indep5d5t &   
(t5 v solit>y sons4  ,?\ghts are !      

preci\s se$s ( :i* our univ]sities %\ld 
be ! botanical g>d5s4 ,bew>e :5 ,god    
lets loose a ?9k] on ! _w--ei!r ,c>lyle 
or ,em]son said t--= all ?+s !n h to    
re>range !mselves4 ,b ! ?9k]s 9 _! y\?  
are almo/ always v lonely creatures4    
,alone ! great sun rises & alone spr+ ! 
great /reams4  ,! univ]sity mo/ wor?y ( 
rational admiration is t "o 9 :i* y\r   
lonely ?9k] c feel himself lea/ lonely1 
mo/ positively fur!r$1 & mo/ ri*ly f$4  
,on an occasion l ?is x w\ld be poor    
ta/e to draw comp>isons betwe5 !        
colleges1 & 9 _! m]e clubh\se quality !y
 _c diff] widely3--all mu/ be wor?y ( ! 
loyalties & affections !y ar\se4  ,b z a
 nurs]y = indep5d5t & lonely ?9k]s ,i d 
believe t ,h>v>d /ill is 9 ! van4  ,"h  
!y f9d ! climate s propiti\s t !y c be  
happy 9 _! v solitude4  ,! day :5 ,h>v>d
 %all /amp a s+le h>d & fa/ type ( "* ^u
 h] *ildr51 w be t ( h] d[nfall4  ,our  
undiscipl9ables are our pr\de/ product4 
,let u agree toge!r 9 hop+ t ! output ( 
!m w nev] cease4    #a ,spee* at !      

,h>v>d ,comm5cem5t ,d9n]1 ,june #bd1    
#aijc1 aft] receiv+ an ,,ll4,d4 degree4 
,pr9t$ 9 ! ,graduates' ,magaz9e =       
,septemb]1 #aijc4     ,,iii4 ,,/an=d',s 
,,ideal ,,de/9y#a  ,=eign]s1 comm5t+ on 
our civilization1 h ) great unanimity   
rem>k$ ! privileg$ position t           
in/itutions ( le>n+ occupy 9 ,am]ica z  
receiv]s ( b5efactions4  ,our typical m5
 ( weal?1 if !y d n f\nd a college1 w at
 lea/ s+le out "s college or univ]sity  
on :i* to lavi% legacies or gifts4  ,all
 ! m s1 p]haps1 if !y are n college-br$ 
m5 !mselves4  ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,cl>k          
,univ]sity1 are spl5did examples ( ?is  
rule4  ,/eadily1 ye> by ye>1 my own     
univ]sity1 ,h>v>d1 receives f "o to two 
& a half millions4  ,!re is some?+ almo/
 pa!tic 9 ! way 9 :i* our successful    
bus9ess m5 seem to idealize ! high]     
le>n+ & to believe 9 its efficacy =     
salvation4  ,nev] hav+ %>$ 9 its        
bless+s1 !y d _! utmo/ to make ! y\? (  
com+ g5]ations m =tunate4 ,usually !re  

is little orig9ality ( ?\ght 9 _! g5]\s 
f\ndations4  ,! donors foll[ ! beat5    
track4  ,_! good w has to be vague1 = !y
 lack ! inside k4  ,:at !y usually ?9k (
 is a new college l all ! old] colleges2
 or !y give new build+s to a univ]sity  
or help to make x l>g]1 )\t any def9ite 
idea z to ! improvem5t ( its inn] =m4   
,improvem5ts 9 ! "* ( our in/itutions   
always come f ! g5ius ( ! v>i\s         
presid5ts & faculties4  ,! donors furni%
 means ( propulsion1 ! exp]ts )9 ! pale 
lay out ! c\rse & /e] ! vessel4  ,y all 
?9k ( ! names ( ,eliot1 ,gilman1 ,hall &
 ,h>p] z ,i utt] ^! words--,i m5tion no 
"n ne>] home4  ,?is is f\nd]s' day "h at
 ,/an=d--! day set ap>t ea* ye> to      
quick5 & reanimate 9 all ( u !          
consci\sness ( ! deep] significance (   
?is little univ]sity to :i* we p]man5tly
 or tempor>ily belong4  ,i am ask$ to   
use my voice to contribute to ?is       
effect4  ,h[ c ,i d s bett] ?an by utt]+
 q simply & directly ! impressions t ,i 
p]sonally receive8  ,i am "o among our  

innum]able ,am]ican tea*]s1 re>$ on !   
,atlantic coa/ b admitt$ = ?is ye> to be
 "o ( ! family at ,/an=d4  ,i see ?+s n 
:olly f )\t1 z ! casual visitor does1 b 
p>tly f )94  ,i am probably a typical   
obs]v]4  ,z my impressions are1 s w be !
 impressions ( o!rs4  ,& ^? impressions1
 tak5 toge!r1 w probably be ! v]dict (  
hi/ory on ! in/itution :i* ,lel& & ,jane
 ,/an=d f\nd$4  ,:]e !re is no vision1 !
 p p]i%4  ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,/an=d evid5tly  
_h a vision ( ! mo/ prophetic sort4  ,!y
 saw ! opportunity = an absolutely      
unique creation1 !y seiz$ ^u x ) !      
boldness ( great m9ds2 & ! passionate   
en]gy ) :i* ,mrs4 ,/an=d aft] h] husb&'s
 dea?1 drove ! orig9al plans ?r\gh 9 !  
face ( e dismay+ ob/acle1 =ms a *apt] 9 
! biography ( h]oism4  ,h]oic also !    
loyalty ) :i* 9 ^? d>k ye>s ! presid5t &
 faculty made ! univ]sity's cause1 _!   
cause1 & %>$ ! unc]ta9ties & privations4
  ,& :at is ! result to-day8  ,to-day ! 
key-note is triumphantly /ruck4  ,! fir/
 /ep is made beyond recall4  ,! "* ( !  

mat]ial f\ndation is assur$ = all "t z  
some?+ unique & unp>allel$4  ,x         
logically calls = an equally unique &   
unp>allel$ spiritual sup]/ructure4      
,c]ta9ly ! *ief impression :i* ! exi/+  
univ]sity mu/ make on e visitor is (    
some?+ unique & unp>allel$4  ,its       
attributes are almo/ too famili> to y to
 be> recapitulation4  ,! classic sc5]y (
 its site1 rem9d+ "o ( ,greece1 ,greek  
too 9 its atmosph]e ( opalesc5t fire1 z 
if ! hills t close u 9 7 ba!d 9 e!r1    
milk & sun%9e2 ! great city1 ne> en\gh =
 conv5i5ce1 too f> ev] to become        
invasive2 ! climate1 s fri5dly to "w t e
 morn+ wakes "o fre% = new am\nts ( "w2 
! noble ar*itecture1 s g5]\sly plann$ t 
!re room & to sp>e = e requirem5t2 !    
democracy ( ! life1 no "o sup]flu\sly   
ri*1 yet all %>+1 s f> z _! high] ne$s  
g1 9 ! common end[m5t--:]e c\ld a g5ius 
devot$ to ! se>* = tru?1 & unworldly z  
mo/ g5iuses are1 f9d on ! e>?'s :ole    
r\nd a place m advantage\s to come & "w 
98  ,die ,luft d] ,freiheit weht6 ,all !

 traditions are individuali/ic4  ,r$    
tape & organization are at _! m9imum4   
,int]ruptions & p]turb+ di/ractions     
h>dly exi/4  ,ea/]n in/itutions look all
 d>k & huddl$ & confus$ 9 comp>ison )   
?is purity & s]5ity4  ,%all x n be      
auspici\s8 ,surely ! "o de/9y to :i* ?is
 happy beg9n+ seems to call ,/an=d is t 
x %\ld become some?+ int5se & orig9al1 n
 necess>ily 9 po9t ( weal? or ext5t1 b 9
 po9t ( spiritual quality4  ,! f\nd]s h1
 z ,i said1 triumphantly /ruck !        
keynote1 & laid ! basis3 ! quality ( :at
 !y h already giv5 is unique 9 "*4  ,x  
re/s ) ! (ficials ( ! pres5t & future   
,/an=d1 x re/s ) ! devotion & sympa!tic 
insight ( ! gr[+ body ( graduates1 to   
prolong ! vision :]e ! f\nd]s' vision   
t]m9at$1 & to insure t all ! succe$+    
/eps1 l ! fir/ /eps1 %all s+le out ?is  
univ]sity m & m z ! univ]sity ( quality 
peculi>ly4  ,& :at makes ess5tial       
quality 9 a univ]sity8  ,ye>s ago 9 ,new
 ,engl& x 0 said t a log by ! roadside )
 a /ud5t sitt+ on "o end ( x1 & ,m>k    

,hopk9s sitt+ on ! o!r end1 0 a         
univ]sity4  ,x is ! quality ( its m5 t  
makes ! quality ( a univ]sity4  ,y may h
 y\r build+s1 y may create y\r          
committees & bo>ds & regulations1 y may 
pile up y\r ma*9]y ( discipl9e & p]fect 
y\r me?ods ( in/ruction1 y may sp5d     
money till no "o c approa* y2 yet y w   
add no?+ b "o m trivial specim5 to !    
common h]d ( ,am]ican colleges1 unless y
 s5d into all ?is organization "s brea? 
( life1 by inoculat+ x ) a few m51 at   
lea/1 :o are real g5iuses4  ,& if y once
 h ! g5iuses1 y c easily disp5se ) mo/ (
 ! organization4  ,l a contagi\s        
disease1 almo/1 spiritual life passes f 
man to man by contact4  ,education 9 !  
long run is an affair t works itself out
 betwe5 ! individual /ud5t & 8          
opportunities4  ,me?ods ( :i* we talk s 
mu*1 play b a m9or "p4  ,(f] !          
opportunities1 leave ! /ud5t to 8       
natural reaction on !m1 & he w "w out 8 
p]sonal de/9y1 be x a high "o or a l[   
"o4  ,above all ?+s1 (f] ! opportunity (

 high] p]sonal contacts4  ,a univ]sity  
provides ^! anyh[ )9 ! /ud5t body1 = x  
attracts ! m aspir+ ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry1 
& !y befri5d & elevate "o ano!r4  ,b we 
are only beg9n+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) our     
extraord9>y ,am]ican reliance on        
organization1 to see t ! alpha & omega 9
 a univ]sity is ! tone ( x1 & t ?is tone
 is set by human p]sonalities           
exclusively4  ,! _w1 9 fact1 is only    
beg9n+ to see t ! weal? ( a nation      
consi/s m ?an 9 any?+ else 9 ! numb] (  
sup]ior m5 t x h>bors4  ,9 ! practical  
realm x has always recogniz$ ?is1 & kn[n
 t no price is too high to pay = a great
 /atesman or great capta9 ( indu/ry4  ,b
 x is equally s 9 ! religi\s & moral    
sph]e1 9 ! poetic & arti/ic sph]e & 9 ! 
philosophic & sci5tific sph]e4  ,g5iuses
 are f]m5ts2 & :5 !y come toge!r z !y h 
done 9 c]ta9 l&s at c]ta9 times1 ! :ole 
population seems to %>e 9 ! high] en]gy 
:i* !y awak54  ,! effects are           
incalculable & (t5 n easy to trace 9    
detail1 b !y are p]vasive & mom5t\s4    

,:o c measure ! effects on ! national   
,g]man s\l ( ! spl5did s]ies ( ,g]man   
poets & ,g]man m5 ( le>n+1 mo/ ( !m     
academic p]sonages8  ,f ! b>e economic  
po9t ( view ! importance ( g5iuses is   
only beg9n+ to be appreciat$4  ,h[ c we 
measure ! ca%-value to ,france ( a      
,pa/eur1 to ,engl& ( a ,kelv91 to       
,g]many ( an ,o/wald1 to u "h ( a       
,burbank8  ,"o ma9 c>e ( e c\ntry 9 !   
future ought to be to f9d out :o its    
fir/-rate ?9k]s are & to help !m4  ,co/ 
"h becomes some?+ entirely irrelevant1 !
 returns are sure to be s               
incomm5surable4  ,?is is :at wise m5 !  
_w ov] are p]ceiv+4  ,& z ! univ]sities 
are already a sort ( ag5cy provid5tially
 provid$ = ! detection & enc\ragem5t (  
m5tal sup]iority1 x w\ld seem z if t "o 
among !m t foll[$ ?is l9e mo/           
successfully w\ld quicke/ rise to a     
position ( p>am\ntcy & di/9ction4  ,:y  
%\ld n ,/an=d imm$iately adopt ?is z h] 
vital policy8 ,h] position is "o (      
unprec$5t$ fre$om4  ,n trammell$ by !   

s]vice ( ! /ate z o!r univ]sities on ?is
 coa/ are trammell$1 indep5d5t ( /ud5ts'
 fees & consequ5tly ( numb]s1 ,utopian 9
 ! mat]ial respects ,i h enum]at$1 %e   
only ne$s a boldness l t %[n by h]      
f\nd]s to become ! seat ( a gl[+        
intellectual life1 sure to be admir$ &  
envi$ ! _w ov]4  ,let h] claim h] place2
 let h] esp\se h] de/9y4  ,let h] call  
great inve/igators f :atev] l&s !y live 
91 f ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,japan1 z
 well z f ,am]ica4  ,%e c d ?is )\t     
presumption1 = ! advantages ( ?is place 
= /eady m5tal "w are s unp>allel$4  ,let
 ^! m51 foll[+ ! happy traditions ( !   
place1 make ! univ]sity4  ,! orig9al    
f\ndation _h some?+ ecc5tric 9 x2 let   
,/an=d n fe> to be ecc5tric to ! end1 if
 ne$ be4  ,let h] n imitate2 let h]     
lead1 n foll[4 ,especially let h] n be  
b\nd by vulg> traditions z to ! *eapness
 or de>ness ( pr(essorial s]vice4  ,!   
day is c]ta9ly ab\t to dawn :5 "s       
,am]ican univ]sity w break all prec$5ts 
9 ! matt] ( in/ructors' sal>ies1 & w    

!reby imm$iately take ! lead1 & rea* !  
w9n+ po/ = quality4  ,i l to ?9k (      
,/an=d be+ t univ]sity4  ,g5iuses are   
s5sitive plants1 9 "s respects l prima  
donnas4  ,!y h to be treat$ t5d]ly4 ,!y 
don't ne$ to live 9 sup]fluity2 b !y ne$
 fre$om f h>ass+ c>e2 !y ne$ books &    
in/rum5ts2 !y are always ov]work+1 s !y 
ne$ g5]\s vacations2 & above all ?+s !y 
ne$ occasionally to travel f> & wide 9 !
 int]e/s ( _! s\ls' developm5t4  ,:]e   
quality is ! ?+ s\ght aft]1 ! ?+ (      
supreme quality is *eap1 :atev] be !    
price "o has to pay = x4  ,consid]+ all 
! conditions1 ! quality ( ,/an=d has f !
 fir/ be5 a/oni%+ly good bo? 9 ! faculty
 & 9 ! /ud5t body4  ,c we n1 z we sit "h
 to-day1 frame a vision ( :at x may be a
 c5tury h5ce1 ) ! honors ( ! int]v5+    
ye>s all roll$ up 9 its traditions8  ,n 
va/1 b int5se2 less a place = tea*+ y\?s
 & maid5s ?an = tra9+ s*ol>s2 devot$ to 
tru?2 radiat+ influ5ce2 sett+ /&>ds2    
%$d+ abroad ! fruits ( le>n+2 m$iat+    
betwe5 ,am]ica & ,asia1 & help+ ! m     

intellectual m5 ( bo? cont95ts to und]/&
 ea* o!r bett]4  ,:at a hi/ory6 & h[ c  
,/an=d ev] fail to ent] ^u x8    #a ,an 
,address at ,/an=d ,univ]sity on        
,f\nd]s' ,day1 #aijf4  ,pr9t$ 9 ,sci5ce1
 = ,may #be1 #aijf4     ,,xv  ,a        
,,plurali/ic ,,my/ic#a  ,n = ! ignoble  
vulg> d ,i write ?is article1 b only =  
^? dialectic-my/ic s\ls :o h an         
irresi/ible ta/e1 acquir$ or native1 =  
high] flights ( metaphysics4  ,i h      
always held ! op9ion t "o ( ! fir/      
duties ( a good read] is to summon o!r  
read]s to ! enjoym5t ( any unkn[n au?or 
( r>e quality :om he may discov] 9 8    
explorations4  ,n[ = ye>s my own ta/e1  
lit]>y z well z philosophic1 has be5    
exquisitely titillat$ by a writ] ! "n ( 
:om ,i ?9k mu/ be unkn[n to ! read]s (  
?is article2 s ,i no long] cont9ue sil5t
 ab\t ! m]its ( ,b5jam9 ,paul ,blood4   
,mr4 ,blood inhabits a city o!rwise1 ,i 
imag9e1 q unvisit$ by ! ,muses1 ! t[n   
call$ ,am/]dam1 situat$ on ! ,new ,york 
,c5tral ,railroad4  ,:at 8 regul> or    

bread-w9n+ occupation may be ,i "k n1 b 
x c't h made him sup]-weal?y4  ,he is an
 au?or only :5 ! fit /rikes him1 & =    
%ort spurts at a "t2 %y1 moreov]1 to !  
po9t ( publi%+ 8 compositions only z    
private tracts1 or 9 lett]s to su*      
f>-f-rev]b]ant organs ( publicity z !   
,gazette or ! ,record] ( 8 native       
,am/]dam1 or ! ,utica ,h]ald or !       
,albany ,times4  ,odd places = su*      
subtile ef=ts to appe> 91 b cr$itable to
 ,am]ican editors 9 ^! deg5]ate days6   
,once1 inde$1 ! lam5t$ ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris ( 
! old ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy
 got w9d ( ^! epi/les1 & ! result 0 a   
revision ( "s ( !m = t review           
7,philosophic ,rev]ies1 #ahhi74  ,also a
 c\ple ( poems 7 repr9t$ f _! leaflets  
by ! editor ( ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e 7,!   
,lion ( ! ,nile1 #ahhh1 & ,nemesis1     
#ahii74  ,b ap>t f ^! ?ree da%es be=e ! 
footlights1 ,mr4 ,blood has kept beh9d !
 curta9 all 8 days4#b  ,! au?or's maid5 
adv5ture 0 ! ,anoe/hetic ,revelation1 a 
pamphlet pr9t$ privately at ,am/]dam 9  

#ahgd4  ,i =get h[ x fell into my h&s1 b
 x fasc9at$ me s weirdly t ,i am        
consci\s ( its hav+ be5 "o ( !          
/epp+-/ones ( my ?9k+ ev] s9ce4 ,x gives
 ! ess5ce ( ,blood's philosophy1 & %[s  
mo/ ( ! features ( 8 tal5t--albeit "o   
f9ds 9 x little humor & no v]se4  ,x is 
full ( v]bal felicity1 felicity         
sometimes ( precision1 sometimes (      
metaphoric rea*2 x beg9s ) dialectic    
reason+1 ( an extremely ,fi*tean &      
,hegelian type1 b x ends 9 a            
trumpet-bla/ ( oracul> my/icism1 /raight
 f ! insight wr\ght by anae/hetics--(   
all ?+s 9 ! _w--& unlike any?+ "o ev]   
he>d be=e4  ,! practically unanim\s     
tradition ( regul> my/icism has be5     
unque/ionably moni/ic2 & inasmu* z x is 
! *>act]i/ic ( my/ics to speak1 n z !   
scribes1 b z m5 :o h be5 !re & se5 ) _! 
own eyes1 ,i ?9k t ?is sov]eign mann]   
mu/ h made "s o!r plurali/ic-m9d$ /ud5ts
 hesitate1 z ,i confess t x has (t5 giv5
 pause to me4  ,"o _c criticise ! vision
 ( a my/ic--"o c b pass x by1 or else   

accept x z hav+ "s am\nt ( evid5tial    
weight4  ,i felt unable to d ei!r ) a   
good consci5ce until ,i met ) ,mr4      
,blood4  ,8 my/icism1 :i* may1 if "o    
likes1 be und]/ood z moni/ic 9 ?is e>li]
 utt]ance1 develops 9 ! lat] ones a sort
 ( left-w+ voice ( defiance1 & breaks   
into :at to my e> has a radically       
plurali/ic s\nd4  ,i confess t ! exi/5ce
 ( ?is novel br& ( my/icism has made my 
c[]+ mood dep>t4  ,i feel n[ z if my own
 pluralism 7 n )\t ! k9d ( support :i*  
my/ical corroboration may conf]4        
,morrison c no long] claim to be ! only 
b5efici>y ( :atev] "r my/icism may      
possess to l5d pre/ige4  ,?is is my     
philosophic1 z di/+ui%$ f my lit]>y1    
int]e/1 9 introduc+ ,mr4 ,blood to ?is m
 fa%ionable audi5ce3 8 philosophy1 h[ev]
 my/ical1 is 9 ! la/ resort n dissimil> 
f my own4  ,i mu/ treat him by extract+ 
him1 & simplify--c]ta9ly all too        
viol5tly--z ,i extract4  ,he is n       
consecutive z a writ]1 aphori/ic &      
oracul> r2 & be+ moreov] sometimes      

dialectic1 sometimes poetic1 & sometimes
 my/ic 9 8 mann]2 sometimes moni/ic &   
sometimes plurali/ic 9 8 matt]1 ,i h to 
run my own risk 9 mak+ him orate pro    
domo mea1 & ,i am n q unprep>$ to he>   
him say1 9 case he ev] reads ^! pages1 t
 ,i h entirely miss$ 8 po9t4  ,no matt]2
 ,i w proce$4   ,i  ,i w sep>ate 8      
div]se phases & take him fir/ z a pure  
dialectician4  ,dialectic ?\ght ( !     
,hegelian type is a :irlpool into :i* "s
 p]sons are suck$ out ( ! /ream :i* !   
/raight=w>d und]/&+ foll[s4  ,once 9 !  
eddy1 no?+ b rot>y motion c g on4  ,all 
:o h be5 9 x "k ! feel ( its swirl--!y  
"k !nce=w>d t ?9k+ unreturn+ on itself  
is b "o "p ( reason1 & t rectil9e>      
m5tality1 9 philosophy at any rate1 w   
nev] d4  ,?\gh ea* "o may report 9      
diff]5t words ( 8 rotational exp]i5ce1 !
 exp]i5ce itself is almo/ *ildi%ly      
simple1 & :osoev] has be5 !re in/antly  
recognizes o!r au!ntic reports4  ,to h  
be5 9 t eddy is a freemasonry ( :i* !   
common password is a fie on all !       

op]ations ( ! simple popul> und]/&+4  ,9
 ,hegel's m9d ! vortex 0 at its         
livelie/1 & any "o :o has dipp$ into    
,hegel w recognize ,mr4 ,blood to be ( !
 same tribe4 ,t ,hegel 0 p]vad$ by !    
great tru?1 ,blood writes1 _c be d\bt$4 
,! eyes ( philosophy1 if n set directly 
on him1 are set t[>ds ! region :i* he   
occupi$4  ,?\gh he may n be ! f9al      
philosoph]1 yet pull him out1 & all !   
re/ w be drawn into 8 vacancy4  ,drawn  
into ! same :irlpool1 ,mr4 ,blood means4
  ,non-dialectic ?\ght takes facts z    
s+ly giv51 & acc\nts = "o fact by ano!r4
  ,b :5 we ?9k ( all fact1 we see t no?+
 ( ! nature ( fact c expla9 x1 = t 7 b  
"o m add$ to ! li/ ( ?+s to be acc\nt$  
=4 4 4 4  ,! beg9n+ ( curiosity1 9 !    
philosophic s5se1 ,mr4 ,blood aga9      
writes1 is ! />e ,transcrib]'s note3    
/ate8 ( be+ at itself1 9 ! wond] :y     
any?+ is at all1 & :at ?is be+          
signifies4  ,naturally we fir/ assume ! 
void1 & !n wond] h[1 ) no gr\nd & no    
f]tility1 any?+ %\ld come into x4  ,we  

treat x z a positive nihility1 a b>ri] f
 :i* all our batt$ balls ( be+ reb\nd4  
,^u ?is idea ,mr4 ,blood passes ! usual 
transc5d5tali/ criticism4 ,!re is no su*
 sep>ate opposite to be+2 yet we nev]   
?9k ( be+ z su*--( pure be+ z di/+ui%$ f
 specific =ms ( be+--save z :at /&s     
reliev$ aga9/ ?is imag9>y backgr\nd4    
,be+ has no outl9e b t :i* non-be+      
makes1 & ! two ideas =m an insep>able   
pair4  ,ea* limits & def9es ! o!r4 ,ei!r
 w\ld be ! o!r 9 ! same position1 = "h  
7:]e !re is z yet no "q ( cont5t1 b only
 ( be+ itself7 ! position is all & !    
cont5t is no?+4  ,h5ce arose t p>adox3  
',be+ is by no?+ m real ?an n-be+4'     
,popul>ly1 ,mr4 ,blood goes on1 we ?9k (
 all t is z hav+ got ! bett] ( non-be+4 
,if all 7 n--t1 we ?9k1 7 easy3 !re 7 no
 wond] !n1 no tax on +5uity1 no?+ to be 
acc\nt$ =4  ,?is conclusion is f ! ?9k+ 
:i* assumes all reality z imm$iately    
giv5 assumes k z a simple physical      
light1 r ?an z a di/9ction involv+ light
 & d>kness equally4  ,we assume t if !  

light 7 to g out1 ! %[ w\ld be end$ 7& s
 x w\ld72 b we =get t if ! d>kness 7 to 
g out1 t w\ld be equally calamit\s4  ,x 
7 bad en\gh if ! ma/] _h lo/ 8 crayon1 b
 ! loss ( ! blackbo>d w\ld be j z fatal 
to ! demon/ration4  ,)\t d>kness light  
w\ld be useless--univ]sal light z bl9d z
 univ]sal d>kness4  ,univ]sal ?+ &      
univ]sal no-?+ 7 indi/+ui%able4  ,:y1   
!n1 assume ! positive1 ! imm$iately     
affirmative1 z alone ! +5i\s8  ,is n !  
m\ld z %apely z ! model8  ,! orig9al    
+5uity does n %[ 9 br++ light out (     
d>kness1 nor 9 br++ ?+s out ( no?+1 b 9 
evolv+1 ?r\gh ! j opposition ( light &  
d>kness1 ?is wondr\s picture1 9 :i* !   
black & :ite l9es h equal               
significance--9 evolv+ f life & dea? at 
once1 ! consci\s _s4 4 4 4  ,x is our   
habit to ?9k ( life z de>1 & ( dea? z   
*eap 7?\gh ,ti?onus f\nd !m o!rwise71   
or1 cont9u+ ! simile ( ! picture1 t pap]
 is *eap :ile draw+ is exp5sive2 b !    
engrav] _h a diff]5t e/imation 9 "o     
s5se1 = all 8 labor 0 sp5t on ! :ite    

gr\nd1 :ile he left unt\*$ ^? p>ts ( !  
block :i* make ! l9es 9 ! picture4  ,if 
be+ & non-be+ are bo? necess>y to !     
pres5ce ( ei!r1 nei!r %all claim        
priority or pref]5ce4  ,inde$1 we may   
fancy an intellig5ce :i*1 in/ead (      
reg>d+ ?+s z simply own+ entity1 %\ld   
reg>d *iefly _! backgr\nd z affect$ by !
 holes :i* ?+s are mak+ 9 x4 ,ev5 s1 !  
pap]-mak] might see y\r picture z       
intrusive6  ,?us does ! negation ( be+  
appe> z indisp5sable 9 ! mak+ ( x4  ,b  
to anyone :o %\ld appeal to p>ticul> =ms
 ( be+ to refute ?is p>adox1 ,mr4 ,blood
 admits t to say t a picture1 or any o!r
 s5su\s ?+1 is ! same z ! want ( x1 7 to
 utt] nons5se inde$3 !re is a diff]5ce  
equival5t to ! :ole /uff & m]it ( !     
picture2 b 9 s f> z ! picture c be !re =
 ?\ght1 z some?+ ei!r ass]t$ or negat$1 
its pres5ce or its abs5ce are ! same &  
indiff]5t4  ,by its abs5ce we d n mean !
 abs5ce ( any?+ else1 nor abs5ce 9      
g5]al2 & h[1 =soo?1 does its abs5ce     
diff] f ^! o!r abs5ces1 save by conta9+ 

a complete description ( ! picture8  ,! 
hole is z r\nd z ! plug2 & f our ?\ght !
 'picture' _c get away4  ,! negation is 
specific & descriptive1 & :at x de/roys 
x pres]ves tor our conception4  ,!      
result is t1 :e!r x be tak5 g5]ally or  
tak5 specifically1 all t :i* ei!r is or 
is n is or is n by di/9ction or         
opposition4  ,& obs]ve ! life1 !        
process1 ?r\gh :i* ?is slipp]y d\bl5ess 
endures4  ,let u suppose ! pres5t t5se1 
t gods & m5 & angels & devils m>* all   
abrea/ 9 ?is pres5t in/ant1 & ! only    
real "t & date 9 ! univ]se is n[4  ,&   
:at is ?is in/ant n[8  ,:atev] else1 x  
is process--becom+ & dep>t+2 ) :at      
betwe58  ,simply division1 diff]5ce2 !  
pres5t has no bread? = if x _h1 t :i* we
 seek w\ld be ! middle ( t bread?4  ,!re
 is no precipitate1 z on a /ation>y     
plat=m1 ( ! process ( becom+1 no        
residuum ( ! process ( dep>t+1 b betwe5 
! two is a curta91 ! app>ition (        
diff]5ce1 :i* is all ! _w4  ,i am us+ my
 scissors some:at at r&om on my au?or's 

p>agraphs1 s9ce "o place is z good z    
ano!r = ent]+ a r+ by1 & ! exp]t read] w
 disc]n at once ! au!ntic dialectic     
circl+4 ,o!r p>agraphs %[ ,mr4 ,blood z 
m ,hegelian /ill1 & ?or\ghly            
ideali/ic3--  ,assume t kn[+ is         
di/+ui%+1 & t di/9ction is ( diff]5ce2  
if "o kn[s a diff]5ce1 "o kn[s x z (    
entities :i* af=d x1 & :i* also he kn[s2
 & he mu/ "k ! entities & ! diff]5ce    
ap>t1--"o f ! o!r4  ,kn[+ all ?is1 he   
%\ld be able to answ] ! tw9 "q1 ',:at is
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 sam5ess & diff]5ce8' 
,x is a 'tw9' "q1 because ! two t]ms are
 equal 9 ! proposition1 & ea* is full ( 
! o!r4 4 4 4  ,sam5ess has 'all !       
diff]5ce 9 ! _w'--f diff]5ce2 & diff]5ce
 is an entity z diff]5ce--x be+         
id5tically t4  ,!y are alike & diff]5t  
at once1 s9ce ei!r is ! o!r :5 ! obs]v] 
w\ld contra/ x ) ! o!r2 s t ! sam5ess & 
! diff]5ce are 'subjective1' are !      
prop]ty ( ! obs]v]3 8 is ! 'limit' 9 _! 
unlimit$ field4 4 4 4  ,we are ?us      
appriz$ t di/9ction involves & c>ries   

its own id5tity2 & t ultimate           
di/9ction--di/9ction 9 ! la/            
analysis--is self-di/9ction1 'self-k1' z
 we realize x consci\sly e day4  ,k is  
self-ref]r$3 to "k is to "k t y "k1 & to
 be kn[n z well4  ',ah6 b bo? 9 ! same  
"t8' inquires ! logician4  ,a           
subject-object kn[+ itself z a seamless 
unit1 :ile yet its two items %[ a real  
di/9ction3 ?is passes all und]/&+4  ,b !
 :ole ( idealism goes to ! pro( t ! two 
sides _c succe$ "o ano!r 9 a "t-process4
  ,to say y "k1 & y "k t y "k1 is to add
 no?+ 9 ! la/ clause2 x is z idle z to  
say t y lie1 & y "k t y lie1 = if y "k x
 n y lie n4  ,philosophy seeks to grasp 
totality1 b ! p[] ( grasp+ or cons5t+ to
 totality involves ! p[] ( ?\ght to make
 itself its own object4  ,totality      
itself may inde$ be tak5 by ! nave      
intellect z an imm$iate topic1 9 ! s5se 
( be+ j an object1 b x _c be j t2 = !   
kn[]1 z o!r or opposite1 w\ld /ill be )9
 t totality4  ,! 'univ]se' by def9ition 
mu/ conta9 all opposition4  ,if         

di/9ction %\ld vani%1 :at w\ld rema98   
,to :at o!r c\ld x *ange z a :ole8  ,h[ 
c ! loss ( di/9ction make a diff]5ce8   
,any loss1 at its utmo/1 (f]s a new     
/atus ) ! old1 b obvi\sly x is too late 
n[ to efface di/9ction by a *ange4  ,!re
 is no possible conjecture1 b su* z     
c>ries ) x ! subjective t holds x2 & :5 
! conjecture is ( di/9ction 9 g5]al1 !  
subjective fills ! void ) di/9ction (   
itself4  ,! ultimate1 ineffaceable      
di/9ction is self-di/9ction1            
self-consci\sness4 4 4 4  ',?\ art !    
unansw]$ "q1 c\ld/ see ?y prop] eye4' 4 
4 4  ,! ?\ght t mu/ be is ! v ?\ght (   
our exp]i5ce2 ! ultimate opposition1 !  
to be & n to be1 is p]sonality1         
_s--some:at t is 9 kn[+ t x is1 & is    
no?+ else b ?is kn[+ 9 its va/          
relations4#c  ,"h lies ! b$-rock2 "h !  
bra9-sweat ( tw5ty-five c5turies        
cry/allizes to a jewel five words long3 
',! ,univ]se has ,no ,opposite4'  ,= !re
 ! wond] ( t :i* is1 re/s safe 9 !      
p]ception t all ?+s are only ?r\gh !    

opposition :i* is _! only fe>4  ,!      
inevitable g5]ally1 9 %ort1 is exactly &
 id5tically t :i* 9 po9t ( fact is      
actually "h4  ,?is is ! famili>         
n9ete5?-c5tury developm5t ( ,kant's     
ideali/ic vision4  ,to me x s\nds       
moni/ic en\gh to *>m ! moni/ 9 me       
unres]v$ly4  ,i li/5 to !               
felicit\sly-word$ concept-music circl+  
r\nd itself1 z on "s dr[sy summ] noon "o
 li/5s "u ! p9es to ! murmur+ ( leaves &
 insects1 & ) z little ?\ght (          
criticism4  ,b ,mr4 ,blood /rikes a /ill
 m vibrant note3 ,no m c be ?an         
rationally is2 & ?is 0 always true4     
,!re is no reason = :at is n2 b = :at   
!re is reason1 t is & ev] 04            
,especially is !re no becom+ ( reason1 &
 h5ce no reason = becom+1 to a suffici5t
 intellig5ce4  ,9 ! suffici5t           
intellig5ce all ?+s always are1 & are   
rational4  ,to say !re is some?+ yet to 
be :i* nev] 01 n ev5 9 ! suffici5t      
intellig5ce :]e9 ! _w is rational & n a 
bl9d & orphan waif1 is to ignore all    

reason4  ,aught t might be assum$ z     
cont+5tly com+ to be c\ld only h        
'fre$om' = its orig92 & 'fre$om' has n  
f]tility or inv5tion1 & is n a reason = 
any special ?+1 b ! v vacuity ( a gr\nd 
= any?+ 9 pref]5ce to its room4  ,nei!r 
is !re 9 b>e "t any pr9ciple or         
orig9ality :]e any?+ %\ld come or g4 4 4
 4  ,su* idealism enures greatly to !   
dignity & repose ( man4  ,no bl9d fate1 
prior to :at is1 %all necessitate t all 
fir/ be & aft]w>d be kn[n1 b k is fir/1 
) fate 9 h] own h&s4 ,:5 we are depress$
 by ! weight & imm5sity ( ! imm$iate1 we
 f9d 9 idealism a wondr\s consolation4  
,! ali5 positive1 s va/ & ov]:elm+ by   
itself1 r$uces its pret5sions :5 ! :ole 
negative confronts x on our side4#d  ,x 
matt]s little = its greatness :5 an     
equal greatness is oppos$4  ,:5 "o      
rememb]s t ! balance & motion ( !       
planets are s delicate t ! mom5t>y sc[l 
( an eclipse may fill ! heav5s ) tempe/1
 & ev5 affect ! v b[els ( ! e>?--:5 we  
see a balloon1 t c>ries p]haps a ?\s&   

p\nds1 leap up a hundr$ feet at !       
dis*>ge ( a %eet ( note pap]--or feel x 
/& dea?ly /ill 9 a hurricane1 because x 
goes ) ! hurricane1 sides ) x1 & ignores
 ! ru%+ _w bel[--we %\ld realize t "o   
tittle ( pure orig9ality w\ld outweigh  
?is crass objective1 & turn ^! va/      
masses into m]e brea? & tissue-pap] %[4 
#e  ,b ^: is ! orig9ality8  ,!re is no?+
 9 :at ,i am treat+ z ?is phase ( our   
au?or's ?\ght to sep>ate x f !          
old-fa%ion$ rationalism4  ,!re mu/ be a 
reason = e fact2 & s mu* reason1 s fact4
  ,! reason is always ! :ole foil &     
backgr\nd & negation ( ! fact1 ! :ole   
rema9d] ( reality4 ,a man may feel good 
only by feel+ bett]4 4 4 4  ,pleasure is
 ev] 9 ! company & contra/ ( pa92 =     
in/ance1 9 ?ir/+ & dr9k+1 ! pleasure ( !
 "o is ! exact measure ( ! pa9 ( ! o!r1 
& !y cease precisely toge!r--o!rwise !  
pati5t w\ld dr9k m4  ,! black & yell[   
gonfalon ( ,lucif] is indisp5sable 9 any
 spiritual picture4  ,?us d tru?'s two  
compon5ts seem to balance1 vibrat+      

across ! c5tre ( indiff]5ce2 be+ &      
non-be+ h equal value & co/1 & ma9ly are
 conv]tible 9 _! t]ms4 #f  ,?is s\nds   
radically moni/ic2 & moni/ic also is !  
fir/ acc\nt ( ! ,e!r-revelation1 9 :i*  
we read t !nce=? ea* is all1 9 ,god4 4 4
 4  ,! ,"o rema9s1 ! _m *ange & pass2 & 
e "o ( u is ! ,"o t rema9s4   ,,ii  ,x  
seems to me t any transc5d5tal ideali/  
:o reads ?is article ought to disc]n 9 !
 fragm5t>y utt]ances :i* ,i h quot$ ?us 
f>1 ! note ( :at he consid]s ! tru]     
dialectic pr(undity4  ,he ought to ext5d
 ! glad h& ( fell[%ip to ,mr4 ,blood2 & 
if he f9ds him aft]w>ds palav]+ ) !     
enemy1 he ought to c\nt him1 n z a      
simple ignoramus or ,phili/9e1 b z a    
r5egade & relapse4 ,he _c possibly be   
treat$ z "o :o s9s because he nev] has  
kn[n bett]1 or z "o :o walks 9 d>kness  
because he is cong5itally bl9d4  ,well1 
,mr4 ,blood1 expla9 x z "o may1 does    
turn t[>ds ! d>kness z if he _h nev] se5
 ! light4  ,j li/5 = a mom5t to su*     
irrationali/ deliv]ances on 8 "p z ^!3--

  ,reason is nei!r ! fir/ nor ! la/ ^w 9
 ?is _w4  ,reason is an equation2 x     
gives b a p\nd = a p\nd4  ,nature is    
excess2 %e is ev]more1 )\t co/ or       
explanation4    ',is heav5 s poor t     
ju/ice     ,metes ! b\nty ( ! skies8    
,s poor t e bless+     ,fills ! debit ( 
a co/8   ,t all process is return+8     
,& all ga9 is ( ! lo/8'  ,g back into   
reason1 & y come at la/ to fact1 no?+   
m--a giv5-ness1 a some?+ to wond] at &  
yet admit1 l y\r own w4 ,& all ^! tricks
 = logiciz+ orig9ality1 self-relation1  
absolute process1 subjective            
contradiction1 w )] 9 ! brea? ( !       
my/ical tact2 !y w swirl d[n ! corridors
 be=e ! besom ( ! ev]la/+ ,yea4  ,or    
aga93 ,! moni/ic notion ( a on5ess1 a   
c5tr$ :ol5ess1 ultimate purpose1 or     
climact]ic result ( ! _w1 has :olly giv5
 way4  ,?\ght evolves no long] a c5tr$  
:ole1 a ,"o1 b r a numb]less _m1 adju/ x
 h[ we w4  ,or /ill aga93 ,! plurali/s h
 talk$ philosophy to a /&/ill--,nature  
is cont+5t1 excessive & my/ical         

ess5tially4  ,h we "h contradiction     
simply1 a man conv]t$ f "o fai? to its  
opposite8  ,or is x only dialectic      
circl+1 l ! opposite po9ts on ! rim ( a 
revolv+ disc1 "o mov+ up1 "o d[n1 b     
replac+ "o ano!r endlessly1 :ile ! :ole 
disc nev] moves8  ,if x be ?is          
latt]--,mr4 ,blood himself uses !       
image--! dialectic is too pure = me to  
cat*3 a deep] man mu/ m$iate ! moni/ic )
 ! plurali/ic ,blood4  ,let my          
incapacity be ca/igat$1 if my ,subject  
ev] reads ?is article1 b let me treat   
him f n[ onw>ds z ! simply plurali/ic   
my/ic :i* my read+ ( ! re/ ( him        
sugge/s4  ,i confess to "s dread ( my   
own fate at 8 h&s4 ,9 mak+ s f> an      
ord9>y transc5d5tal ideali/ ( him1 ,i h 
tak5 lib]ties1 runn+ sep>ate s5t5ces    
toge!r1 inv]t+ _! ord]1 & ev5 alt]+ s+le
 words1 = all :i* ,i beg p>don2 b 9     
treat+ my au?or f n[ onw>ds z a         
plurali/1 int]pretation is easi]1 & my  
h&s c be less /a9$ 7if !y are /a9$7 )   
exegetic blood4   ,i h spok5 ( 8 v]bal  

felicity1 & allud$ to 8 poetry4 ,be=e   
pass+ to 8 my/ic gospel1 ,i w refre% !  
read] 7d\btless n[ fatigu$ ) s mu*      
dialectic7 by a sample ( 8 v]se4  ,!    
,lion ( ! ,nile is an allegory ( !      
*ampion _s ( ! _w 9 its v>i\s           
inc>nations4  ,?us x beg9s3--    ,:elp$ 
on ! des]t s&s1 & des]t br$   ,f dugs ^:
 su/5ance 0 blood alone--   ,a life     
translat$ out ( o!r lives1   ,i grew !  
k+ ( bea/s2 ! hurricane   ,lean$ l a    
fea!r on my royal fell2   ,i took !     
,hyrcan tig] by ! scruff   ,& tore him  
piecemeal2 my hot b[els laugh$   ,& my  
fangs ye>n$ = prey4  ,e>? 0 my lair3    
,i slept on ! r$ des]t )\t fe>3   ,i    
roam$ ! jungle dep?s ) less design      
,?an e'en to "l _! solitude2 on crags   
,t cr+e f lightn+--black & bla/$ fronts 
,t cr\* b5ea? ! w9d-ble>$ />s1 ,i told  
,my he>t's fruition to ! univ]se1   ,&  
all night long1 ro>+ my fi]ce defy1   ,i
 ?rill$ ! wild]ness ) asp5 t]rors1   ,& 
*all5g$ dea? & life4 4 4 4   ,aga93     
,nak$ ,i /ood ^u ! rak$ ar5a   ,b5ea? ! 

p5nants ( ,vespasian1   ,:ile s]i$ ?\s&s
 gaz$--/rang]s f ,caucasus1   ,m5 ( !   
,grecian ,isles1 & ,b>b>y pr9ces1   ,to 
see me grapple ) ! c\nt]p>t   ,( t ,i _h
 be5--! raptorial jaws1   ,! arms t wont
 to cru% ) /r5g? alone1   ,! eyes t gl>$
 v9dictive4--,fall5 !re1   ,va/ w+s     
upheav$ me2 f ! ,alp9e peaks   ,^:      
avalan*es swirl ! valley mi/s   ,& :elm 
! helpless cottage1 to ! cr[n   ,(      
,*imborazo1 on ^: *angeless jewels   ,! 
torrid rays recoil1 ) ne'er a cl\d   ,to
 swa! _! bli/]$ /eps1 ,i re/$ n1   ,b   
prey$ on all t v5tur$ f ! e>?1   ,an    
outlaw ( ! heav5s4--,b ev]more   ,mu/   
dea? release me to ! jungle %ades2   ,& 
!re l ,samson's grew my locks aga9   ,9 
! old walks & ways1 till scapeless fate 
,won me z ev] to ! haunts ( m51   ,lur+ 
my lives ) battle & ) love4 4 4 4   ,i  
quote less ?an a qu>t] ( ! poem1 ( :i* !
 re/ is j z good1 & ,i ask3 ,:o ( u all 
h&les 8 ,engli% vocabul>y bett] ?an ,mr4
 ,blood8#g  ,8 proclamations ( ! my/ic  
insight h a simil> v]bal p[]3--  ,!re is

 an inv>iable & reliable condition 7or  
uncondition7 ensu+ ab\t ! in/ant (      
recall f anae/hetic /upor to 'com+ to1' 
9 :i* ! g5ius ( be+ is reveal$4 4 4 4   
,no words may express ! impos+ c]ta9ty (
 ! pati5t t he is realiz+ ! primordial  
,adamic surprise ( ,life4  ,repetition (
 ! exp]i5ce f9ds x ev] ! same1 & z if x 
c\ld n possibly be o!rwise4  ,! subject 
resumes 8 normal consci\sness only to   
p>tially & fitfully rememb] its         
occurr5ce1 & to try to =mulate its      
baffl+ import1--) b ?is consolatory     
aft]?\ght3 t he has kn[n ! olde/ tru?1 &
 t he has done ) human !ories z to !    
orig91 mean+1 or de/9y ( ! race4 ,he is 
beyond in/ruction 9 'spiritual ?+s4' 4 4
 4  ,x is ! in/ant contra/ ( ?is        
'ta/eless wat] ( s\ls' ) =mal ?\ght z we
 'come to1' t leaves 9 ! pati5t an      
a/oni%m5t t ! awful my/]y ( ,life is at 
la/ b a homely & a common ?+1 & t aside 
f m]e =mality ! maje/ic & ! absurd are (
 equal dignity4  ,! a/oni%m5t is        
aggravat$ z at a ?+ ( c\rse1 miss$ by   

sanity 9 ov]/epp+1 z 9 too =eign a se>*1
 or ) too eag] an att5tion3 z 9 f9d+    
"o's spectacles on "o's nose1 or 9 mak+ 
9 ! d>k a /ep high] ?an ! /air4 ,my fir/
 exp]i5ces ( ?is revelation _h _m       
v>ieties ( emotion2 b z a man gr[s calm 
& det]m9$ by exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 s am ,i  
n[ n only firm & famili> 9 ?is once     
weird condition1 b triumphant1 div9e4   
,to m9ds ( sangu9e imag9ation !re w be a
 sadness 9 ! t5or ( ! my/]y1 z if !     
key-note ( ! univ]se 7 l[2 = no poetry1 
no emotion kn[n to ! normal sanity (    
man1 c furni% a h9t ( its primeval      
pre/ige1 & its all-b appall+ solemnity2 
b = su* z h felt sadly ! in/ability (   
temporal ?+s !re is a com=t ( s]5ity &  
anci5t peace2 :ile = ! resolv$ & imp]i\s
 _s !re are maje/y & supremacy          
unspeakable4  ,nor c x be long until all
 :o ent] ! anae/hetic condition 7& !re  
are hundr$s e secul> day7 w be taught to
 expect ?is revelation1 & w date f its  
exp]i5ce _! initiation into ! ,secret ( 
,life4 4 4 4  ,?is has be5 my moral     

su/5ance s9ce ,i h kn[n ( x4  ,9 my fir/
 pr9t$ m5tion ( x ,i decl>$3 ',! _w is  
no m ! ali5 t]ror t 0 taught me4        
,spurn+ ! cl\d-grim$ & /ill sultry      
battlem5ts :5ce s lately ,jehovan ?und]s
 boom$1 my gray gull lifts h] w+ aga9/ !
 night fall1 & takes ! dim leagues ) a  
fe>less eye4'  ,& n[1 aft] tw5ty-sev5   
ye>s ( ?is exp]i5ce1 ! w+ is gray]1 b ! 
eye is fe>less /ill1 :ile ,i r5ew &     
d\bly emphasize t decl>ation4  ,i "k1 z 
hav+ kn[n1 ! mean+ ( ,exi/5ce2 ! sane   
c5tre ( ! univ]se--at once ! wond] & !  
assurance ( ! s\l4   ,aft] ?is r lit]>y 
int]lude ,i return to ,blood's          
philosophy aga94  ,i spoke a :ile ago ( 
its be+ an irrationali/ic philosophy 9  
its late/ phase4  ,beh9d e fact         
rationalism po/ulates its reason4       
,blood p>odizes ?is dem& 9 true         
nom9ali/ic fa%ion4  ,! goods are n      
en\gh1 b !y mu/ h ! invoice ) !m4  ,!re 
mu/ be a "n1 some?+ to read4  ,i ?9k (  
,dick5s's horse t always fell d[n :5 !y 
took him out ( ! %afts2 or ( ! fell[ :o 

felt weak :5 nak$1 b /rong 9 8 ov]coat4 
,no bad mock]y1 ?is1 surely1 (          
rationalism's habit ( expla9+ ?+s by    
putt+ v]bal d\bles ( !m b5ea? !m z _!   
gr\nd6  ,all t philosophy has s\ght z   
cause1 or reason1 he says1 pluralism    
subsumes 9 ! /atus & ! giv5 fact1 :]e x 
/&s z plausible z x may ev] hope to /&4 
,!re may be disease 9 ! pres5ce ( a "q z
 well z 9 ! lack ( an answ]4  ,we d n   
wond] s /rangely at an +5i\s &          
well-set-up effect1 = we feel su* 9     
ourselves2 b a cause1 rea*+ out beyond !
 v]ge ( fact & dangl+ its legs 9        
non5tity1 ) ! hope ( a rational foo?old1
 %\ld realize a /r5u\s life4  ,pluralism
 believes 9 tru? & reason1 b only z     
my/ically realiz$1 z liv$ 9 exp]i5ce4   
,up f ! brea/ ( a man1 up to 8 tongue & 
bra91 comes a free & /rong det]m9ation1 
& he cries1 orig9ally1 & 9 spite ( 8    
:ole nature & environm5t1 ',i w4'  ,?is 
is ! ,jovian fiat1 ! pure cause4  ,?is  
is reason2 ?is or no?+ %all expla9 ! _w 
= him4  ,= h[ %all he ent]ta9 a reason  

bigg] ?an himself8 4 4 4  ,let a man /& 
fa/1 !n1 z an axis ( ! e>?2 ! obsequi\s 
m]idians w b[ to him1 & graci\s         
latitudes w measure f 8 feet4  ,?is     
seems to be ,blood's my/ical answ] to 8 
own moni/ic /atem5t :i* ,i quot$ above1 
t fre$om has no f]tility1 & is no reason
 = any special ?+4#h  ,philosophy1 ,mr4 
,blood writes to me 9 a lett]1 is pa/4  
,x 0 ! long endeavor to logicize :at we 
c only realize practically or 9 imm$iate
 exp]i5ce4  ,i am m & m impress$ t      
,h]aclitus insi/s on ! equation ( reason
 & unreason1 or *ance1 z well z ( be+ & 
n-be+1 etc4  ,?is ?r[s ! secret beyond  
logic1 & makes my/icism outclass        
philosophy4  ,! insight t my/]y1--!     
,my/]y1 z su* is f9al1 is ! hymnic ^w4  
,if y use reason pragmatically1 & d5y x 
absolutely1 y c't be beat52 be assur$ ( 
t4  ,b ! ,fact rema9s1 & ( c\rse !      
,my/]y4 #i  ,! ,fact1 z ,i und]/& !     
writ] "h to mean x1 rema9s 9 its native 
dissem9at$ %ape4  ,f e realiz$ am\nt (  
fact "s o!r fact is abs5t1 z be+        

un9volv$4  ,!re is n[h]e m ( x          
consecutively1 p]haps1 ?an appe>s ^u ?is
 pres5t page4  ,!re is1 inde$1 to put x 
o!rwise1 no m "o all-envelop+ fact ?an  
!re is "o all-envelop+ spire 9 an       
endlessly gr[+ spiral1 & no m "o        
all-g5]at+ fact ?an !re is "o c5tral    
po9t 9 :i* an endlessly conv]g+ spiral  
ends4  ,hegel's bad inf9ite belongs to !
 eddy z well z to ! l9e4  ,progress8    
writes our au?or4  ,& to :at8  ,"t turns
 a we>y & a wi/ful face2 has he n       
trav]s$ an et]nity8 & %all ano!r give ! 
secret up8  ,we h dream$ ( a climax & a 
consummation1 a f9al triumph :]e a _w   
%all burn en b>becue2 b !re is n1 _c be1
 a purpose ( et]nity2 x %all pay ma9ly z
 x goes1 or n at all4  ,! %[ is on2 &   
:at a %[1 if we w b give our att5tion6  
,b>becues1 bonfires1 & bann]s8  ,n tw5ty
 worlds a m9ute w\ld keep up our bonfire
 ( ! sun2 & :at bann]s ( our fancy c\ld 
eclipse ! meteor p5nants ( ! pole1 or ! 
opal9e spl5dors ( ! ev]la/+ ice8 4 4 4  
,d\btless we are o/5sibly progress+1 b  

!re h be5 prosp]ity & highj9ks be=e4    
,n9eveh & ,tyre1 ,rome1 ,spa91 & ,v5ice 
also _h _! day4  ,we are go+1 b x is a  
"q ( our /&+ ! pace4  ,x w\ld seem t !  
news mu/ become less int]e/+ or         
trem5d\sly m s--'a brea? c make u1 z a  
brea? has made4'  ,else:]e we read3     
,v>iety1 n uni=mity1 is m likely to be !
 key to progress4  ,! g5ius ( be+ is    
:imsical r ?an consi/5t4  ,our /rata %[ 
brok5 bones ( hi/ories all =gott54 ,h[ c
 x be o!rwise8  ,!re c be no purpose (  
et]nity4  ,x is process all4  ,! mo/    
sublime result1 if x appe>$ z !         
ultimatum1 w\ld g /ale 9 an h\r2 x c\ld 
n be endur$4  ,( c\rse f an intellectual
 po9t ( view ?is way ( ?9k+ mu/ be      
class$ z scepticism4  ,cont+5cy =bids   
any inevitable hi/ory1 & conclusions are
 absurd4  ,no?+ 9 ,hegel has kept !     
planet f be+ bl[n to pieces4  ,obvi\sly 
! my/ical security1 ! apodal suffici5cy 
yield$ by ! anae/hetic revelation1 are v
 diff]5t moods ( m9d f aught t          
rationalism c claim to fa!r--m active1  

pr\d]1 m h]oic4  ,f 8 e!r-intoxication  
,blood may feel t[>ds ord9>y rationali/s
 z ,clive felt t[>ds ^? millions (      
,ori5tals 9 :om honor _h no "p4  ,on    
page #f1 above1 ,i quot$ f 8            
,nemesis--,is heav5 s poor t ju/ice1    
etc4  ,! writ] goes on1 address+ !      
goddess ( comp5sation or rational       
balance2--    ,h[ %alt ?\ poise ! c\rage
     ,t covets all ?+s h>d8   ,h[ pay ! 
love unmeasur$     ,t c\ld n brook      
rew>d8   ,h[ prompt self-loyal honor    
,supreme above desire1   ,t bids ! /rong
 die = ! weak1     ,! m>tyrs s+ 9 fire8 
,:y d ,i droop 9 b[]     ,& sigh 9 sacr$
 hall8   ,:y /ifle "u %elt]8     ,yet   
:]e1 ?r\gh =e/ tall1   ,! brea? ( hungry
 w9t]     ,9 /++ spray resolves1   ,i s+
 to ! nor? w9d's fury     ,& %\t ) !    
co>se-hair$ wolves8        99      99   
99      99      99      99    ,:at ( ?y 
prie/s' confut+1     ,( fate & =m & law1
   ,( be+ & ess5ce & c\nt]poise1     ,( 
poles t drive & draw8   ,ev] "s         
comp5sation1     ,"s p&]+ pur*ase /ill6 

,b ! vehm ( a*iev+ reason     ,is !     
all-patrician ,w6   ,mr4 ,blood mu/     
manage to re-write ! la/ two l9es2 b !  
contra/ ( ! two securities1 8 & !       
rationali/'s1 is pla9 en\gh4  ,!        
rationali/ sees safe conditions4  ,b    
,mr4 ,blood's revelation1 :atev] !      
conditions be1 helps him to /& ready = a
 life among !m4  ,9 ?is1 8 attitude     
seems to resemble t ( ,nietzs*e's amor  
fati6 ,simply1 he writes to me1 we d n  
"k4  ,b :5 we say we d n "k1 we are n to
 say x weakly & meekly1 b ) confid5ce & 
cont5t4 4 4 4  ,k is & mu/ ev] be       
second>y1 a witness r ?an a pr9cipal1 or
 a 'pr9ciple'6--9 ! case4 ,!re=e        
my/icism = me6  ,reason1 he pr9ts       
else:]e1 is b an item 9 ! duplex pot5cy 
( ! my/]y1 & beh9d ! pr\de/ consci\sness
 t ev] reign$1 ,reason & ,wond] blu%$   
face to face4  ,! leg5d s9ks to         
burlesque if 9 t great argum5t :i*      
ant$ates man & 8 mutt]+s1 ,lucif] _h n a
 fight+ *ance4 4 4 4  ,x is giv5 to !   
writ] & to o!rs = :om he is p]mitt$ to  

speak--& we are grateful t x is ! cu/om 
( g5tlem5 to believe "o ano!r--t !      
highe/ ?\ght is n a milk-&-wat] equation
 ( s mu* reason & s mu* result--'no     
s*ool sum to be ca/ up4'  ,we h realiz$ 
! highe/ div9e ?\ght ( itself1 & !re is 
9 x z mu* ( wond] z ( c]ta9ty2          
inevitable1 & solit>y & safe 9 "o s5se1 
b que] & cactus-l no less 9 ano!r s5se1 
x appeals unutt]ably to exp]i5ce alone4 
,!re are sadness & dis5*antm5t = !      
novice 9 ^! inf]5ces1 z if ! keynote ( !
 univ]se 7 l[1 b exp]i5ce w approve !m4 
,c]ta9ty is ! root ( despair4  ,!       
inevitable /ales1 :ile d\bt & hope are  
si/]s4  ,n un=tunately ! univ]se is     
wild--game flavor$ z a hawk's w+4       
,nature is miracle all4  ,%e kn[s no    
laws2 ! same returns n1 save to br+ !   
diff]5t4  ,! sl[ r\nd ( ! engrav]'s la! 
ga9s b ! bread? ( a hair1 b ! diff]5ce  
is di/ribut$ back ov] ! :ole curve1 nev]
 an in/ant true--ev] n q4  ,ev] n       
q6--?is seems to wr+ ! v la/ pant+ ^w   
out ( rationali/ic philosophy's m\?4  ,x

 is fit to be pluralism's h]aldic       
device4  ,!re is no complete            
g5]alization1 no total po9t ( view1 no  
all-p]vasive unity1 b ev]y:]e "s        
residual resi/ance to v]balization1     
=mulation1 & discursification1 "s g5ius 
( reality t escapes f ! pressure ( !    
logical f+]1 t says h&s (f1 & claims its
 privacy1 & means to be left to its own 
life4  ,9 e mom5t ( imm$iate exp]i5ce is
 some:at absolutely orig9al & novel4    
,we are ! fir/ t ev] bur/ into ?is sil5t
 sea4  ,philosophy mu/ pass f words1 t  
reproduce b anci5t elem5ts1 to life     
itself1 t gives ! integrally new4  ,!   
inexplicable1 ! my/]y1 z :at !          
intellect1 ) its claim to reason out    
reality1 ?9ks t x is 9 duty b\nd to     
resolve1 & ! resolution ( :i* ,blood's  
revelation w\ld elim9ate f ! sph]e ( our
 duties1 rema9s2 b x rema9s z some?+ to 
be met & dealt ) by faculties m ak9 to  
our activities & h]oisms & will+nesses1 
?an to our logical p[]s4  ,?is is !     
ane/hetic insight1 accord+ to our au?or4

  ,let my la/ ^w1 !n1 speak+ 9 ! "n (   
intellectual philosophy1 be 8 ^w4--,!re 
is no conclusion4  ,:at has conclud$1 t 
we might conclude 9 reg>d to x8  ,!re   
are no =tunes to be told1 & !re is no   
advice to be giv54--,f>ewell6    #a     
,writt5 dur+ ! e>ly summ] ( #aiaj &     
publi%$ 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,july ( t 
ye>4  #b ,yes6  ,paul is q a            
correspond5t6 said a good citiz5 (      
,am/]dam1 f :om ,i inquir$ ! way to ,mr4
 ,blood's dwell+ _m ye>s ago1 aft]      
alight+ f ! tra94  ,i _h s\ght to       
id5tify him by call+ him an au?or1 b 8  
neighbor ?\ght ( him only z a writ] (   
lett]s to ! j\rnals ,i h nam$4  #c ,h[  
%all a man "k he is alive--s9ce 9 ?\ght 
! kn[+ con/itutes ! be+ alive1 )\t kn[+ 
t ?\ght 7life7 f its opposite1 & s kn[+ 
bo?1 & s f> z be+ is kn[+1 be+ bo?8     
,ea* def9es & relieves ! o!r1 ea* is    
impossible 9 ?\ght )\t ! o!r2 !re=e ea* 
has no di/9ction save z pres5tly        
contra/+ ) ! o!r1 & ea* by itself is !  
same1 & no?+4  ,cle>ly1 !n1 consci\sness

 is nei!r ( "o nor ( ! o!r nor ( bo?1 b 
a kn[+ subject p]ceiv+ !m & itself      
toge!r & z "o4 4 4 4  ,s1 9 com+ out ( !
 anae/hetic exhil>ation 4 4 4 we want to
 tell some?+2 b ! ef=t in/antly proves t
 some?+ w /ay back & d ! tell+--"o mu/  
utt] "o's own ?roat1 "o mu/ eat "o's own
 tee?1 to express ! be+ t possesses "o4 
,! result is ludicr\s & a/\nd+ at       
once--a/\nd+ 9 ! cle> p]ception t ?is is
 ! ultimate my/]y ( life1 & is giv5 y z 
! old ,adamic secret1 :i* y !n feel t   
all intellig5ce mu/ sometime "k or h    
kn[n2 yet ludicr\s 9 its famili>        
simplicity1 z some:at t any man %\ld    
always p]ceive at 8 be/1 if 8 head 7    
only level1 b :i* 9 our ord9>y ?9k+ has 
gr[n into a ?\s& cre$s & !ories dignifi$
 z religion & philosophy4  #d ,else:]e  
,mr4 ,blood writes ( ! =ce ( ! negative 
?us3--,z :5 a fad$ lock ( woman's hair  
%all cause a man to cut 8 ?roat 9 a     
b$room at five o'clock 9 ! morn+2 or :5 
,albany res\nds ) legislation1 b a      
little h5peck$ judge 9 a du/y (fice at  

,h]kim] or ,john/[n sadly writes across 
! page ! ^w 'uncon/itutional'--! glory (
 ! ,capitol has fad$4  #e ,else:]e      
,blood writes3--,b :at !n1 9 ! "n (     
common s5se1 is ! ext]nal _w8  ,if a    
dead man c\ld answ] he w\ld say ,no?+1  
or z ,macbe? said ( ! air-drawn dagg]1  
'!re is no su* ?+4'  ,b a live man's    
answ] might be 9 ?is way3 ,:at is !     
multiplication table :5 x is n writt5   
d[n8  ,x is a necessity ( ?\ght2 x 0 n  
creat$1 x _c b be2 e intellig5ce :i*    
goes to x1 & ?9ks1 mu/ ?9k 9 t =m or ?9k
 falsely4  ,s ! univ]se is ! /atic      
necessity ( reason2 x is n an object =  
any intellig5ce to f9d1 b x is half     
object & half subject2 x nev] co/ any?+ 
z a :ole2 x nev] 0 made1 b always is    
made1 9 ! ,logos1 or expression (       
reason--! ,^w2 & sl[ly b surely x w be  
und]/ood & utt]$ 9 e intellig5ce1 until 
he is "o ) ,god or reason itself4  ,z a 
man1 = all he kn[s1 or has kn[n1 /&s at 
any giv5 in/ant ! realization ( only "o 
?\ght1 :ile all ! re/ ( him is invisibly

 l9k$ to t 9 ! necess>y =m &            
concat5ation ( reason1 s ! man z a :ole 
( exploit$ ?\ghts is a mom5t 9 ! front (
 ! concat5at$ reason ( ! univ]sal :ole2 
& ?is :ole is p]sonal only z x is       
p]sonally a*iev$4  ,?is is ! ,k+dom t is
 ')9 y1 & ! ,god :i* 'no man ha? se5 at 
any "t4'  #f ,!re are passages 9 ,blood 
t s\nd l a well-kn[n essay by ,em]son4  
,= in/ance3--,exp]i5ce burns into u !   
fact & ! necessity ( univ]sal           
comp5sation4  ,! philosoph] takes x f   
,h]aclitus1 9 ! insight t ev]y?+ exi/s  
?r\gh its opposite2 & ! bumm] com=ts    
himself = 8 morn+ heada*e z only ! r\gh 
side ( a squ>e deal4  ,we accept readily
 ! doctr9e t pa9 & pleasure1 evil &     
good1 dea? & life1 *ance & reason1 are  
necess>y equations--t !re mu/ be j z mu*
 ( ea* z ( its o!r4  ,x grieves u little
 t ?is great comp5sation _c at e in/ant 
balance its beam on e individual c5tre1 
& disp5se ) an "u dog 9 e fight2 we "k t
 ! p>ts mu/ subs]ve ! :ole2 we h fai? t 
our "t w come2 & if x comes n at all 9  

?is _w1 our lack is a bid = immortality1
 & ! mo/ promis+ argum5t = a _w h]eaft]4
  ',?\gh ,he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9   
,him4'  ,?is is ! fai? t baffles all    
calamity1 & ensures g5ius & pati5ce 9 ! 
_w4  ,let n ! cr$itor ha/5 ! settlem5t3 
let n ! injur$ man hurry t[>d rev5ge2   
!re is no?+ t draws bigg] int]e/ ?an a  
wrong1 & to 'get ! be/ ( x' is ev] 9 "s 
s5se to get ! wor/4  #g ,or :at ?9ks !  
read] ( ! v]biage ( ^! v]ses8--address$ 
9 a mood ( human defiance to ! cosmic   
,gods--    ,^: lightn+s tawny leap f    
furtive lairs1   ,to helpless murd]1    
:ile ! %ips g d[n   ,swirl$ 9 ! crazy   
/\nd1 & m>9]s' pray]s   ,g up 9 noisome 
bubbles--su* to !m2--   ,or :5 !y tramp 
ab\t ! c5tral fires1   ,b5d+ ! /rata )  
aeonian tread   ,till /eeples tott]1 &  
all ways are lo/1--   ,deem !y ( wife or
 *ild1 or home or fri5d1   ,do+ ^! ?+s z
 ! long ye>s lead on   ,only to o!r ye>s
 t mean no m1   ,t cure no ill1 nor make
 = use or pro(--   ,de/roy+ ev]1 ?\gh to
 re> aga94  #h ,i subjo9 a poetic       

apo/rophe ( ,mr4 ,blood's to fre$om3    
,let x ne'er be kn[n4   ,if 9 "s book ( 
! ,inevitable1   ,dog-e>$ & /ale1 !     
future /&s engross$   ,e'en z ! pa/4    
,!re %all be news 9 heav51   ,& "q 9 !  
c\rts !re(2 & *ance   ,%all h its fl+1  
e'en at ! erm9$ b5*4        99      99  
99      99      99      99      ,ah1    
long ago1 above ! ,indian ocean1   ,:]e 
wan />s brood ov] ! dream+ ,ea/1   ,i   
saw1 :ite1 liquid1 palpitant1 ! ,cross2 
,& fa9t & f> came bells ( ,calv>y   ,z  
planets pass$1 s++ t !y 7 sav$1   ,sav$ 
f !mselves3 b ev] l[ ,orion--   ,= hunt]
 too 0 ,i1 born ( ! wild1   ,& ! game   
flavor ( ! inf9ite   ,ta9t$ me to !     
bone--he wav$ me on1   ,on to ! tang5t  
field beyond all orbs1   ,:]e =m nor    
ord] nor cont9uance   ,ha? ?\ght nor "n2
 !re unity exhales   ,9 want ( conf9e1 &
 ! protoplasm   ,may beat & beat1 9     
aimless vehem5ce1   ,?r\gh vagrant      
spaces1 homeless & unkn[n4        99    
99      99      99      99      99      
,!re ends ,"o's empire6--b s ends n all2

   ,"o kn[s n all2 my griefs at lea/ are
 m9e--   ,by me _! measure1 & to me _!  
lesson2   ,e'en ,i am "o--7poor deuce to
 call ! ,ace67   ,& to ! op5 be>s my    
gonfalon1   ,m9e aegis1 ,fre$om6--,let  
me ne'er look back   ,accus+1 = ! )]$   
leaves & lives   ,! sat$ pa/ ha? /rewn1 
! %e>s ( fate1   ,b =? to brav] days4   
,o1 ,lib]ty1   ,bur!n ( e sigh6--?\ gold
 ( gold1   ,beauty ( ! beautiful1 /r5g? 
( ! /rong6   ,my s\l = ev] turns agaze =
 !e4   ,!re is no purpose ( et]nity   ,=
 fai? or pati5ce2 b ?y buoyant tor*     
,/ill light$ f ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1      
,o'erbe>s all pres5t = pot5tial heav5s  
,:i* are n--ah1 s m ?an all t are6   ,^:
 *ance po/pones ! ennui ( ! skies6   ,be
 ?\ my g5ius--be my hope 9 !e6   ,= ?is 
7 heav53 to be1 & to be free4  #i ,9    
ano!r lett] ,mr4 ,blood writes3--,i ?9k 
we are ?r\gh ) '! ,:ole1' & ) 'causa    
sui1' & ) ! 'negative unity' :i* assumes
 to id5tify ea* ?+ z be+ :at x lacks (  
ev]y?+ else4  ,y c1 ( c\rse1 build out a
 *ip by modell+ ! sph]e x 0 *ipp$ f2--b 

if x 0 n't a sph]e8  ,:at a we>9ess x is
 to look back ov] ! tw5ty odd volumes ( 
! ',j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy' &
 see ,h>ris's m9d :olly fill$ by t "o   
conception ( self-det]m9ation--ev]y?+ to
 be ?\ght z '"p ( a sy/em'--a ':ole' &  
'causa sui4'--,i %\ld l to see su* an   
idea get into ! head ( ,edison or       
,george ,we/+h\se4