,,! ,,h[-,,to-,,d-,,x ,,books ,,c>p5try ,,= ,,boys ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a ,typical ,"w ,b5*4 ,,! ,,h[-,,to-,,d-,,x ,,books ,,c>p5try ,,= ,,boys 9 simple language1 includ+ *apt]s on draw+1 lay+ out "w1 design+ & ar*itecture ,,) #bej ,,orig9al ,,illu/rations ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,z]be1 ,m4,e4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,electricity ,,= ,,boys ,,practical ,,me*anics ,,= ,,boys ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italics are m>k$ by und]score771 ,bold text is m>k$ by 1 ,small caps h be5 upp]cas$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,cont5ts ,,introductory ,i4 ,,tools ,,& ,,_! ,,uses ,page #e ,k ( ,tools4 ,a ,full ,kit ( ,tools4 ,! ,hat*et4 ,! ,claw ,hamm]4 ,ab\t ,saws--,cross-cut1 ,rip ,saw1 ,back ,saw4 ,planes--,jack ,plane1 ,smoo?+ ,plane1 ,pore ,plane4 ,gages4 ,*isels--,firm] ,*isel4 ,trusses4 ,saw ,clamps4 ,! ,gr9d/one4 ,oil/one4 ,mit] ,box4 ,! ,"w ,b5*4 ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr9d ,,& ,,%>p5 ,,tools ,page #af ,c>e ( ,tools---,fir/ ,requisites4 ,saws--,h[ to ,set4 ,saw-set ,errors4 ,saw ,sett+ ,block4 ,fil+4 ,! ,angle ( ,fil+4 ,fil+ ,pit*4 ,saw ,clamps4 ,fil+ ,sugge/ions4 ,! ,file4 ,us+ ! ,file4 ,! ,gr9d/one4 ,9 ! ,use ( ,gr9d/ones4 ,correct ,way ( ,hold+ ,tool 9 ,gr9d+4 ,c>e ( ,/one4 ,incorrect ,way to ,hold ,tool4 ,way to ,revolve or ,turn ,gr9d/one4 ,! ,plane4 ,! ,gage4 ,*isels4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4 ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,& ,,h&le ,,tools ,page #bi ,on ! ,hold+ ( ,tools4 ,! ,saw4 ,h[ to ,/>t a ,saw4 ,saw+ on a ,l9e4 ,! ,fir/ ,/roke4 ,! ,/>t+ ,cut = ,cross-cutt+4 ,=c+ a ,saw4 ,! ,/roke4 ,! ,*9ese ,saw4 ,?+s to ,avoid4 ,! ,plane4 ,angle = ,hold+ ,planes4 ,errors to be ,avoid$4 ,! ,gage4 ,hold+ ! ,gage4 ,! ,draw-knife4 ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,design ,,articles ,page #ci ,fundam5tals ( ,design+4 ,! ,comm]cial ,in/9ct4 ,fir/ ,requirem5ts ( ,design+4 ,conv5tional ,/yles4 ,! ,mission ,/yle4 ,cab9ets4 ,h>mony ( ,p>ts4 ,h>mony ( ,wood4 ,v4 ,,h[ ,,"w ,,is ,,laid ,,out ,page #dc ,concrete ,examples ( ,"w4 ,dim5sions4 ,lay+ ,out a ,table4 ,! ,top4 ,! ,mortises4 ,! ,fac+ ,bo>ds4 ,! ,t5ons4 ,tools ,us$4 ,*amf]$ ,t5ons4 ,! ,frame4 ,! ,draw] ,support4 ,! ,table ,frame4 ,! ,top4 ,! ,draw]4 ,h[ ,any ,/ructure is ,built ,up4 ,obs]vations ,ab\t ,mak+ a ,box4 ,po9ts4 ,bevel+ & ,mit]+4 ,prop] ,t]ms4 ,picture ,frames4 ,dovetail ,po9ts4 ,box ,po9ts4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,dovetail+4 ,cutt+ ,out ! ,spaces4 ,tools ,us$ 9 ,lay+ ,out ,mortises & ,t5ons4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,compass ,,& ,,! ,,squ>e ,page #ei ,! ,compass4 ,det]m9+ ,angles4 ,def9ition ( ,degrees4 ,degrees ,)\t a ,compass4 ,h[ ,degrees are ,calculat$ by ! ,divid]s4 ,,vii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,/ructural ,,p>ts ,,are ,,designat$ ,page #fe ,importance ( ,prop] ,designation4 ,h[ to ,expla9 ,me*anical ,=ms4 ,def9+ ,segm5t & ,sector4 ,arcade1 ,ar*1 ,buttress1 ,fly+ ,buttress1 ,*amf]1 ,cott]1 ,cr5elat$1 ,crosses1 ,curb ,ro(1 ,cupola1 ,cr[n ,po/1 ,corbels1 ,dorm]1 ,d[el1 ,drip1 ,det5t1 ,extrados1 ,engrail$1 ,facet1 ,fret1 ,fretwork1 ,frontal1 ,fru/rums1 ,fylfot1 ,gambrel ,ro(1 ,g>goyle1 ,gudgeon1 ,guillo*e4 ,half ,timb]$1 ,hamm] ,beam1 ,head]1 ,hip ,ro(1 ,hood ,mold+1 ,inclave1 ,int]lac+ ,ar*1 ,inv]t$1 ,inv]t$ ,ar*1 ,key ,/one1 ,k+ ,po/1 ,label1 ,l\v]1 ,l9tel1 ,lug1 ,m-,ro(1 ,mans>d ,ro(1 ,newel1 ,p>quetry1 ,pe51 ,p5dant1 ,p5da/yle1 ,p$e/al1 ,pl9?1 ,portico1 ,plate1 ,que5 ,po/1 ,quirk ,mold+1 ,re-ent]+ ,angle1 ,raft]1 ,sc>f+1 ,scotia ,mold+1 ,sill1 ,skewback1 ,sp&rel1 ,/rut1 ,/ud1 ,/ile1 ,tie ,beam1 ,timb]1 ,trammel1 ,turret1 ,transom1 ,valley ,ro(4 ,,viii4 ,,draw+ ,,& ,,its ,,utility ,page #gc ,fundam5tals 9 ,draw+4 ,repres5t+ ,objects4 ,=m+ ,l9es & ,%ad[s4 ,analysis ( ,l9es & ,%ad+s4 ,h[ to ,%[ ,pla9 ,surfaces4 ,concave ,surfaces4 ,convex ,surfaces4 ,%ad[s f a ,beam4 ,flat ,effects4 ,! ,direction ( ,light4 ,rais$ ,surfaces4 ,depress$ ,surfaces4 ,full ,%ad+4 ,illu/rat+ ,cube ,%ad+4 ,%ad+ ,effect4 ,heavy ,l9es4 ,p]spectives4 ,true ,p]spective ( a ,cube4 ,isometric ,cube4 ,flatt5$ ,p]spective4 ,te*nical ,designations4 ,sector & ,segm5t4 ,t]ms ( ,angles4 ,circles & ,curves4 ,irregul> ,curves4 ,ellipses & ,ovals4 ,focal ,po9ts4 ,produc$ ,l9e4 ,spirals1 ,p]p5dicul> & ,v]tical4 ,signs to ,indicate ,measurem5t4 ,def9itions4 ,abscissa4 ,angle4 ,apo!gm4 ,apsides or ,apsis4 ,*ord4 ,cycloid4 ,conoid4 ,conic ,section4 ,ellipsoid4 ,epicycloid4 ,evolute4 ,fly+ ,buttress4 ,focus4 ,gnomes4 ,hexagon4 ,hyp]bola4 ,hypo!nuse4 ,incid5tal4 ,isosceles4 ,triangle4 ,p>abola4 ,p>allelogram4 ,pelecoid4 ,polygons4 ,pyramid4 ,rhomb4 ,sector4 ,segm5t4 ,s9usoid4 ,tang5t4 ,tetrah$ron4 ,v]tex4 ,,ix4 ,,mold+s1 ,,) ,,practical ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,embelli%+ ,,"w ,page #ic ,mold+s4 ,! ,basis ( ,mold+s4 ,! ,simple/ ,mold+s4 ,! ,a/ragal4 ,! ,cavetto4 ,! ,ovolo4 ,! ,torus4 ,! ,apo!gm4 ,! ,cymatium4 ,! ,ogee4 ,ogee ,recta4 ,ogee ,rev]sa4 ,! 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( ,mortises4 ,rule = ,mortises4 ,true ,mortise ,"w4 ,/eps 9 ,cutt+ ,mortises4 ,?+s to ,avoid 9 ,mortis+4 ,lap-&-,butt ,jo9ts4 ,sc>f+4 ,! ,tongue & ,groove4 ,bead+4 ,ornam5tal ,bead ,f9i%4 ,! ,bead & ,rabbet4 ,%ad+ ) ,beads & ,rabbets4 ,,xi4 ,,h\se ,,build+ ,page #aac ,h\se ,build+4 ,! ,home & ,embelli%m5ts4 ,beauty ,n ,ornam5tation4 ,pla9 ,/ructures4 ,colonial ,type4 ,! ,ro( ! ,keynote4 ,bungal[ ,types4 ,g5]al ,h\se ,build+4 ,build+ ,plans4 ,! ,pla9 ,squ>e-,floor ,plan4 ,! ,rectangul> ,plan4 ,room ,measurem5ts4 ,front & ,side ,l9es4 ,! ,ro(4 ,ro( ,pit*4 ,! ,f\ndation4 ,! ,sills4 ,! ,floor+ ,joi/4 ,! ,/udd+4 ,sett+ ,up4 ,! ,plate4 ,int]m$iate ,/udd+4 ,wall ,head]s4 ,ceil+ ,joi/4 ,braces4 ,! ,raft]s4 ,! ,gutt]4 ,sett+ ,door & ,w9d[ ,frames4 ,pla/]+ & ,f9i% ,"w4 ,,xii4 ,,bridges1 ,,truss$ ,,"w ,,& ,,l ,,/ructures ,page #acj ,bridges4 ,self-support+ ,ro(s4 ,common ,trusses4 ,! ,v]tical ,upright ,truss4 ,! ,w>r5 ,gird]4 ,! ,b[/r+ ,gird]4 ,fundam5tal ,truss ,=ms4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,woods ,,= ,,! ,,beg9n] ,page #acd ,! ,be/ ,woods4 ,s(t ,woods4 ,h>d ,woods4 ,! ,mo/ ,difficult ,woods4 ,! ,h>d-ribb$ ,gra9 9 ,wood4 ,! ,easie/ ,work+ ,woods4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! ,work+ ( ,woods4 ,=c+ ,saws 9 ,wood4 ,,xiv4 ,,wood ,,turn+ ,page #ach ,advantages ( ,wood ,turn+4 ,simple ,turn+ ,la!4 ,! ,rails4 ,! ,legs4 ,c5t]+ ,blocks4 ,! ,tail-/ock4 ,! ,tool ,re/4 ,mat]ials4 ,! ,m&rel4 ,fly-:eel4 ,! ,tools ,requir$4 ,,xv4 ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/a9s ,page #adg ,s(t ,wood4 ,use ( ,/a9s4 ,/a9s z ,imitations4 ,good ,ta/e 9 ,/a9+4 ,great ,contra/s ,bad4 ,/a9+ ,contra/+ ,woods4 ,h>d ,wood ,imitations4 ,natural ,effects4 ,natural ,wood ,/a9s4 ,poli%+ ,/a9$ ,surfaces4 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,c>p5t] ,,& ,,! ,,ar*itect ,page #aeb ,,xvii4 ,,useful ,,articles ,,to ,,make ,page #aee ,common ,b5*4 ,its ,proportions4 ,squ>e ,top ,/ool4 ,fold+ ,black+ ,box4 ,conv5i5t ,easel4 ,hang+ ,book-rack4 ,sad ,iron ,hold]4 ,bookcase4 ,wood-box4 ,p>allel ,b>s = ,boys' ,use4 ,mission ,writ+ ,desk4 ,scre5 ,frame4 ,mission ,*air4 ,gr&fa!r's ,clock4 ,knockd[n & ,adju/able ,bookcase4 ,coal ,scuttle ,frame or ,case4 ,mission ,arm ,*air4 ,dog-h\se4 ,settle1 ,) ,conv5i5t ,%elves4 ,t[el ,rack4 ,s(a ,framework4 ,,xviii4 ,,special ,,tools ,,& ,,_! ,,uses ,page #agj ,bit & ,level ,adju/]4 ,mit] ,boxes4 ,swivel ,arm ,uprights4 ,movable ,/ops4 ,angle ,divid]s4 ,odd ,job ,tool4 ,bit ,braces4 ,rat*et ,me*anism4 ,int]lock+ ,jaws4 ,/eel ,frame ,brea/ ,drills4 ,horizontal ,bor+4 #c-;,jaw ,*uck4 ,planes4 ,rabbet+1 ,bead+ & ,mat*+4 ,cutt] ,adju/m5t4 ,dep? ,gage4 ,slitt+ ,gage4 ,dovetail ,tongue & ,groove ,plane4 ,r\t] ,planes4 ,bottom ,surfac+4 ,door ,trim ,plane4 ,,xix4 ,,ro(+ ,,trusses ,page #ahe ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trusses4 ,tie ,beams4 ,ornam5tation4 ,objects ( ,beams1 ,/ruts & ,braces4 ,utiliz+ ,space4 ,types ( ,/ructures4 ,gambrel ,ro(4 ,purl9 ,ro(4 ,! ,pr9cess ,truss4 ,ar*$1 or ,camb]$1 ,tie ,beam ,truss4 ,! ,mans>d4 ,scissors ,beam4 ,brac$ ,coll> ,beam4 ,rib & ,coll> ,truss4 ,hamm]-beam ,truss4 ,fly+ ,buttress4 ,,xx4 ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,jo9ts ,page #aig ,def9ition & ,uses4 ,diff]5t ,types4 ,bridle ,jo9t4 ,spur ,t5on4 ,saddle ,jo9ts4 ,joggle ,jo9t4 ,heel ,jo9ts4 ,/ub ,t5on4 ,tusk ,t5on4 ,d\ble ,tusk ,t5on4 ,cogg$ ,jo9ts4 ,an*or ,jo9ts4 ,deep ,an*or ,jo9ts4 ,,xxi4 ,,"s ,,mi/akes ,,& ,a ,,little ,,advice ,,9 ,,c>p5try ,page #bje ,lessons ,f ,mi/akes4 ,plan+ ! ,edge ( a ,bo>d ,/raight4 ,plan+ x ,squ>e4 ,plan+ to ,dim5sions4 ,hold+ ! ,plane4 ,h[ x ,%\ld be ,run on ! ,edge ( ! ,bo>d4 ,tru+ ,) ! ,weight ( ! ,plane4 ,a ,/eady ,grasp4 ,9 ,smoo?+ ,bo>ds4 ,correct ,s&-pap]+4 ,glu+4 ,remov+ ,surplus ,glue4 ,"w ,edge & ,"w ,side4 ,! ,scrib+ & ,m>k+ ,l9e4 ,f9i%+ ,surfaces4 ,saw+ a ,bo>d ,squ>e4 ,! ,/roke ( ! ,saw4 ,saw+ ,out ( ,true4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 #a4 ,a typical "w b5* ,frontispiece ,,page #b4 ,hat*et #f #c4 ,hamm] #g #d4 ,common saw #g #e4 ,plane #h #f4 ,jack plane bit #i #f;a4 ,=e plane bit #aj #g4 ,firm] *isel #aa #g;a4 ,mortis+ *isel #ab #h4 ,tre/le #ab #i4 ,mit] box #ac #aj4 ,incorrect saw sett+ #ag #aj;a4 ,correct saw sett+ #ag #aa4 ,saw sett+ device #ag #ab4 ,fil+ angle #ah #ac4 ,rip saw #ai #ad4 ,cross cut #bj #ae4 ,fil+ clamp #ba #af4 ,gr9d/one #bc #ag4 ,correct mann] ( hold+ tool #bd #ah4 ,incorrect way ( hold+ tool #bd #ai4 ,gage #bf #bj4 ,/>t+ a saw #ca #ba4 ,wrong saw+ angle #cb #bb4 ,correct saw+ angle #cc #bc4 ,?ru/ cut #cd #bd4 ,*9ese saw #cd #be4 ,mov+ angle = plane #ce #bf4 ,hold+ gage #cf #bg4 ,lay+ out table leg #dc #bh4 ,! fir/ m>k+ l9e #dd #bi4 ,scrib+ mortise l9e #dd #cj4 ,! corn] mortises #dd #ca4 ,! side rail #df #cb4 ,scrib+ ! t5ons #df #cc4 ,cross scor+ #dg #cd4 ,! t5on #dg #ce4 ,f9i%+ ! t5on #dg #cf4 ,! t5on & mortise #dh #cg4 ,! draw] support #dh #ch4 ,draw] cleats #di #ci4 ,assembl$ table frame #ej #dj4 ,! top #ea #da4 ,! draw] #eb #db4 ,bevel jo9t #ec #dc4 ,mit] jo9t #ec #dd4 ,picture frame jo9t #ed #de4 ,initial m>ks = dovetails #ee #df4 ,end m>ks = dovetails #ee #dg4 ,angles = dovetails #ee #dh4 ,cutt+ out recesses = dovetails #ef #di4 ,tongues = dovetails #ef #ej4 ,recess = dovetails #ef #ea4 ,det]m9+ angles #fa #eb4 ,m>k+ degrees #fc #ec4 ,angles f base l9es #fc #ed4 ,/epp+ (f spaces #fc #ee4 ,arcade #fg #ef4 ,ar* #fg #eg4 ,buttress #fg #eh4 ,*amf] #fg #ei4 ,coot] #fg #fj4 ,cr5elat$ #fg #fa4 ,crosses #fg #fb4 ,curb ro( #fg #fc4 ,cupola #fg #fd4 ,console #fg #fe4 ,corbels #fg #ff4 ,dorm] #fg #fg4 ,d[el #fg #fh4 ,drips #fg #fi4 ,detail #fh #gj4 ,extrados #fh #ga4 ,engrail$ #fh #gb4 ,facet #fh #gc4 ,fret #fh #gd4 ,frontal #fh #ge4 ,fru/rums #fh #gf4 ,fylfat #fh #gg4 ,gambrel #fh #gh4 ,g>goyle #fh #gi4 ,gudgeon #fh #hj4 ,guillo*e #fh #ha4 ,half timb]$ #fh #hb4 ,hamm] beam #fh #hc4 ,haun*es #fi #hd4 ,head] #fi #he4 ,hip ro( #fi #hf4 ,hood mold+ #fi #hg4 ,inclave #fi #hh4 ,int]lac+ ar* #fi #hi4 ,invect$ #fi #ij4 ,inv]t$ ar* #fi #ia4 ,key/one #fi #ib4 ,k+ po/ #fi #ic4 ,label #fi #id4 ,l\v] #fi #ie4 ,l9tel #gj #if4 ,lug #gj #ig4 ,m-ro( #gj #ih4 ,mans>d ro( #gj #ii4 ,newel po/ #gj #ajj4 ,p>quetry #gj #aja4 ,pe51 or pe9 #gj #ajb4 ,p5dant #gj #ajc4 ,p5ta/yle #gj #ajd4 ,p$e/al #gj #aje4 ,p9tle #gj #ajf4 ,portico #gj #ajg4 ,plate #gj #ajh4 ,que5 po/ #ga #aji4 ,quirk mold+ #ga #aaj4 ,re-ent]+ #ga #aaa4 ,raft] #ga #aab4 ,sc>f+ #ga #aac4 ,scotia mold+ #ga #aad4 ,sill #ga #aae4 ,skew back #ga #aaf4 ,sp&rel #ga #aag4 ,/rut #ga #aah4 ,/ud1 /udd+ #ga #aai4 ,/ile #gb #abj4 ,trammel #gb #aba4 ,turret #gb #abb4 ,transom #gb #abc4 ,valley ro( #gb #abe4 ,pla9 l9e #gd #abf4 ,concave %ad+ #gd #abg4 ,convex %ad+ #gd #abh4 ,wave %ad+ #ge #abi4 ,light pa/ concave surface #ge #acj4 ,light pa/ convex surface #ge #aca4 ,pla9 surface #ge #acb4 ,outl9es #gf #acc4 ,rais$ surface #gg #acd4 ,depress$ surface #gg #ace4 ,%ad+ rais$ surfaces #gh #acf4 ,%ad+ depress$ surfaces #gh #acg4 ,pla9 cubical outl9e #gi #ach4 ,indicat+ cube #gi #aci4 ,confus$ l9es #gi #adj4 ,heavy horizontal l9es #hj #ada4 ,heavy v]tical l9es #hj #adb4 ,isometric cube #ha #adc4 ,cube & circle #ha #add4 ,flatt5$ p]spective #hb #ade4 ,angles 9 isometric cube #hc #adf4 ,pla9 circle #hd #adg4 ,sph]e %ad+ #hd #adh4 ,draw+ regul> ellipse #hf #adi4 ,draw+ irregul> ellipse #hh #aej4 ,draw+ spiral #hi #aea4 ,abscissa #ij #aeb4 ,angle #ia #aec4 ,apo!gm #ia #aed4 ,apsides1 or apsis #ia #aee4 ,*ord #ia #aef4 ,convolute #ia #aeg4 ,conic sections #ia #aeh4 ,conoid #ia #aei4 ,cycloid #ia #afj4 ,ellipsoid #ia #afa4 ,epicycloid #ia #afb4 ,evolute #ia #afc4 ,focus #ia #afd4 ,gnome #ia #afe4 ,hyp]bola #ia #afg4 ,hypo!nuse #ia #afh4 ,incid5ce #ib #afi4 ,isosceles triangle #ib #agj4 ,p>abola #ib #aga4 ,p>allelogram #ib #agb4 ,pelecoid #ib #agc4 ,polygons #ib #agd4 ,pyramid #ib #age4 ,quadrant #ib #agf4 ,quadrilat]al #ib #agg4 ,rhomb #ib #agh4 ,sector #ib #agi4 ,segm5t #ib #ahj4 ,s9usoid #ib #aha4 ,tang5t #ib #ahb4 ,tetrah$ron #ib #ahc4 ,v]tex #ib #ahd4 ,volute #ib #ahe4 ,b& 7mold+7 #id #ahf4 ,a/ragal 7mold+7 #id #ahg4 ,cavetto 7mold+7 #id #ahh4 ,ovolo 7mold+7 #id #ahi4 ,torus 7mold+7 #ie #aij4 ,apophyges 7mold+7 #ie #aia4 ,cymatium 7mold+7 #ie #aib4 ,ogee-recta 7mold+7 #ie #aic4 ,ogee-rev]sa 7mold+7 #if #aid4 ,bead 7mold+7 #if #aie4 ,casem5t 7mold+7 #ig #aif4 ,! ,doric column #ih #aig4 ,front ( cab9et #ajj #aih4 ,facia bo>d #ajj #aii4 ,mold+ on facia bo>d #ajj #bjj4 ,ogee-recta on facia #aja #bja4 ,trim bel[ facia #aja #bjb4 ,trim bel[ ogee #aja #bjc4 ,trim above base #ajb #bjd4 ,trim above base mold+ #ajb #bje4 ,%ad[s ca/ by pla9 mold+s #ajc #bjf4 ,mortise & t5on jo9t #aje #bjg4 ,incorrect mortis+ #aje #bjh4 ,/eps 9 mortis+ #ajf #bji4 ,! %\ld]s ( t5ons #ajh #baj4 ,lap-&-butt jo9t #ajh #baa4 ,panel jo9t #aji #bab4 ,sc>f+ #aji #bac4 ,tongue & groove #aaj #bad4 ,bead+ #aaj #bae4 ,outside bead+ f9i% #aaj #baf4 ,edge bead+ #aaa #bag4 ,corn] bead+ #aaa #bah4 ,po9t bead+ #aaa #bai4 ,r\nd edge bead+ #aaa #bbj4 ,bead+ & mold+ #aaa #bba4 ,fir/ squ>e h\se plan #aag #bbb4 ,fir/ rectangul> h\se plan #aah #bbc4 ,squ>e h\se to scale #aai #bbd4 ,rectangul> h\se to scale #abj #bbe4 ,front elevation ( squ>e h\se #aba #bbf4 ,elevation ( rectangul> h\se #aba #bbg4 ,illu/rat+ "o-?ird pit* #abb #bbh4 ,illu/rat+ half pit* #abb #bbi4 ,! sills at ! corn] #abc #bcj4 ,! joi/ & sills #abc #bca4 ,! plate splice #abd #bcb4 ,! raft]s #abe #bcc4 ,! gutt] #abf #bcd4 ,! cornice #abg #bcd;a4 ,! f9i% )\t gutt] #abh #bce4 ,common truss #acj #bcf4 ,upright truss #aca #bcg4 ,v]tical upright truss #aca #bch4 ,w>r5 gird] #acb #bci4 ,ext5d$ ,w>r5 gird] #acb #bdj4 ,b[/r+ gird] #acb #bda4 ,frame details ( wood turn+ la! #aci #bdb4 ,tail /ock details #adj #bdc4 ,tool re/ details #adb #bdd4 ,section ( m&rel #adc #bde4 ,view ( turn+ la! #ade #bdf4 ,turn+ tools #adf #bdg4 ,b5* #aee #bdh4 ,/ool #aef #bdi4 ,black+ box #aef #bej4 ,easel #aeg #bea4 ,hang+ book rack #aeh #beb4 ,book %elf #aei #bec4 ,wood box #afj #bed4 ,horizontal b>s #afa #bee4 ,mission desk #afa #bef4 ,scre5 frame #afb #beg4 ,mission *air #afb #beh4 ,gr&fa!r's clock #afc #bei4 ,frame = bookcase #afd #bfj4 ,coal scuttle case #afe #bfa4 ,mission arm *air #afe #bfb4 ,dog h\se #afh #bfc4 ,settle #afg #bfd4 ,t[el rack #afh #bfe4 ,mission s(a frame #afh #bff4 ,bit & squ>e level #agj #bfg4 ,metal mit] box #aga #bfh4 ,p>ts ( metal mit] box #agb #bfi4 ,angle divid]s #agc #bgj4 ,an odd job tool #agd #bga4 ,univ]sal-jaw brace #agf #bgb4 ,tap]-%ank bit brace #agf #bgc4 ,alligator-jaw brace #agf #bgd4 ,/eel frame brea/ drill #agg #bge4 ,/eel frame brea/ drill #agg #bgf4 ,/eel frame brea/ drill #agg #bgg4 ,details ( metal plane #agi #bgh4 ,rabbet1 mat*+ & dado plane #ahj #bgi4 ,mold+ & bead+ plane #aha #bhj4 ,dovetail tongue & groove plane #ahb #bha4 ,r\t] planes #ahc #bhb4 ,r\t] planes #ahc #bhc4 ,door trim plane #ahd #bhd4 ,gambrel ro( #ahg #bhe4 ,purl9 ro( #ahh #bhf4 ,pr9cess truss #ahi #bhg4 ,ar*$1 or camb]$1 tie beam #aij #bhh4 ,! mans>d #aia #bhi4 ,scissors beam #aib #bij4 ,brac$ coll> beam #aic #bia4 ,rib & coll> truss #aid #bia-a_/b4 ,hamm]-beam truss #aie #bib4 ,bridle jo9ts #aig #bic4 ,spur t5ons #aih #bid4 ,saddle jo9ts #aih #bie4 ,joggle jo9ts #aii #bif4 ,fram+ jo9ts #aii #big4 ,heel jo9ts #bjj #bih4 ,/ub t5on #bjj #bii4 ,tusk t5on #bja #cjj4 ,d\ble tusk t5on #bjb #cja4 ,cogg$ jo9ts #bjc #cjb4 ,an*or jo9t #bjc #cjc4 ,deep an*or jo9t #bjd ,,c>p5try ,a ,,practical ,,c\rse1 ,,:i* ,,tells ,,9 ,,concise ,,& ,,simple ,,=m ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,x ,,introductory ,c>p5try is ! olde/ ( ! arts1 & x has be5 said t ! k necess>y to make a good c>p5t] fits "o = almo/ any trade or occupation requir+ ! use ( tools4 ,! hat*et1 ! saw1 & ! plane are ! ?ree primal implem5ts ( ! c>p5t]4 ,! value is 9 kn[+ h[ to use !m4 ,! in/itution ( ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ools ev]y:]e is b a t>dy recognition ( ! value ( sy/ematic tra9+ 9 ! use ( tools4 ,!re is no bran* ( indu/ry :i* ne$s su* div]sification1 9 ord] to become effici5t4 ,! skill ( ! blacksmi? is c5t]$ 9 8 ability to =ge1 to weld1 & to temp]2 t ( ! ma*9i/ dep5ds ^u ! callip]$ dim5sions ( 8 product2 ! pa9t] 9 8 ta/e = h>mony2 ! mason on 8 ability to cut ! /one accurately2 & ! pla/]] to produce a uni=m surface4 ,b ! c>p5t] mu/1 9 ord] to be an exp]t1 comb9e all ^! qualifications1 9 a great] or less degree1 & 8 vocation may ju/ly be call$ ! ,k+ ( ,trades4 ,rightly1 !re=e1 x %\ld be cultivat$ 9 ord] to le>n ! ess5tials ( manual tra9+ "w4 ,b !re is ano!r feature ( ! utmo/ importance & value1 :i* is g5]ally ov]look$1 & on :i* !re is plac$ too little /ress1 ev5 9 _m ( ! manual tra9+ s*ools4 ,! tra9+ ( ! m9d has be5 sy/ematiz$ s z to br+ into op]ation ! en]gies ( all ! bra9 cells4 ,manual tra9+ to be effici5t %\ld1 at ! same "t1 be direct$ into su* *annels z w mo/ widely /imulate ! muscul> developm5t ( ! *ild1 :ile at ! same "t cultivat+ 8 m9d4 ,!re is no trade :i* (f]s su* a useful field z c>p5try4 ,x may be said t ! v>i\s manual op]ations br+ into play e muscle ( ! body4 ,! saw1 ! plane1 ! hamm]1 ! *isel1 ea* requires its special muscul> en]gy4 ,! c>p5t]1 unlike ! blacksmi?1 does n put all 8 brawn into 8 %\ld]s1 nor develop 8 torso at ! exp5se ( 8 o!r muscles1 l ! mason4 ,x may also be said t1 unlike mo/ o!r occupations1 ! c>p5t] has bo? out-(-door & indoor ex]cise1 s t he is at all times able to foll[ 8 occupation1 summ] or w9t]1 ra9 or %9e2 & ?is also fur!r illu/rates ! value ( ?is bran* ( endeavor z a heal?ful recreation4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is book to tea* boys ! prim>y requirem5ts--n to g5]alize--b to %[ h[ to prep>e & h[ to d ! "w2 :at tools & mat]ials to use2 & 9 :at mann] ! tools us$ may be made mo/ s]viceable1 & us$ mo/ advantage\sly4 ,x w\ld be ( no value to describe & illu/rate h[ a bracket is made2 or h[ ! framework ( a /ructure is provid$ ) mortises & t5ons 9 ord] to hold x toge!r4 ,! boy mu/ h some?+ z a base :i* w enable him to design 8 own creations1 & n be an imitator2 8 m9d mu/ develop ) 8 body4 ,x is ! pr9cipal aim ( ?is book to give ! boy some?+ to ?9k ab\t :ile he is le>n+ h[ to br+ ea* individual "p to p]fection4 ,if ! boy und]/&s t !re is a pr9ciple und]ly+ ea* /ructural device2 t !re is a reason = mak+ c]ta9 ?+s a def9ite way1 he is imbu$ ) an inc5tive :i* w soon] or lat] develop into an initiative ( 8 own4 ,x is ?is phase 9 ! artisan's life :i* det]m9es :e!r he w be m]ely a ma*9e or an intellig5t organism4 ,?is "w puts toge!r 9 a simple1 concise =m1 n only ! fundam5tals :i* e me*anic %\ld le>n to "k1 b x def9es e /ructural =m us$ 9 ?is art1 & illu/rates all t]ms x is necess>y to use 9 ! employm5t ( c>p5try4 ,a full *apt] is devot$ to draw+s practically appli$4 ,all t]ms are diagramm$ & def9$1 s t ! m9d may readily grasp ! ideas involv$4 ,f9ally1 x w be obs]v$ t e illu/ration has be5 specially drawn = ?is book4 ,we h n adopt$ ! plan usually foll[$ 9 books ( ?is class1 ( tak+ /ock illu/rations ( manufactur]s' tools & devices1 nor h we ?\ght x advisable to take a picture ( a tool or a ma*9e & !n write a description ar\nd x4 ,we h illu/rat$ ! book to expla9 h[ to d ! "w2 also1 to tea* ! boy :at ! trade requires1 & to give him ! means :]eby he may readily f9d ! =m ( e device1 tool1 & /ructure us$ 9 ! art4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,tools ,,& ,,_! ,,uses ,,k ,,( ,,tools4--,a k ( tools & _! uses is ! fir/ & mo/ important requirem5t4 ,! saw1 ! plane1 ! hat*et & ! hamm] are well kn[n to all boys2 b h[ to use !m1 & :]e to use ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ea* k9d ( tool1 mu/ be le>n$1 because ea* tool grew out ( "s p>ticul> requirem5t 9 ! art4 ,^! uses w n[ be expla9$4 ,a ,,full ,,kit ,,( ,,tools4--,a kit ( tools necess>y = do+ any pla9 "w %\ld embrace ! foll[+3 #a4 ,a ,hat*et4 #b4 ,a ,claw ,hamm]--two sizes pref]r$4 #c4 ,cross-cut ,saw1 #bj in*es long4 #d4 ,rip ,saw1 #bd in*es long4 #e4 ,wood5 ,mallet4 #f4 ,jack ,plane4 #g4 ,smoo?+ ,plane4 #h4 ,compass ,saw4 #i4 ,brace4 #aj4 ,bits = ,brace1 rang+ f #a_/d in* to #a in* diamet]4 #aa4 ,sev]al small ,gimlets4 #ab4 ,squ>e4 #ac4 ,compass4 #ad4 ,draw-knife4 #ae4 ,rule4 #af4 ,two ,gages4 #ag4 ,set ( ,firm] ,*isels4 #ah4 ,two ,mortis+ ,*isels4 #ai4 ,small ,back ,saw4 #bj4 ,saw ,clamps4 #ba4 ,mit] ,box4 #bb4 ,bevel ,squ>e4 #bc4 ,small ,h& ,squ>e4 #bd4 ,pli]s4 #be4 ,pair ( ,awls4 #bf4 ,h& ,clamps4 #bg4 ,set ,files4 #bh4 ,glue ,pot4 #bi4 ,oil ,/one4 #cj4 ,gr9d/one4 #ca4 ,trusses4 #cb4 ,"w ,b5*4 #cc4 ,plumb ,bob4 #cd4 ,_s ,level4 ,,! ,,hat*et4--,! hat*et %\ld be gr\nd ) a bevel on ea* side1 & n on "o side only1 z is cu/om>y ) a pla/]]'s la?+ hat*et1 because ! blade ( ! hat*et is us$ = trimm+ (f ! edges ( bo>ds4 ,unless gr\nd (f ) a bevel on bo? sides x _c be controll$ to cut accurately4 ,a light hat*et is pref]able to a heavy "o4 ,x %\ld nev] be us$ = nail+ purposes1 except 9 em]g5cies4 ,! pole ( ! hamm]--t "p :i* is g5]ally us$ to /rike ! nail )--is requir$ 9 ord] to prop]ly balance ! hat*et :5 us$ = trimm+ mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,! ,,claw ,,hamm]4--,?is is ! prop] tool = driv+ nails & = draw+ !m out4 ,habits %\ld be =m$ ) ! beg9n]1 :i* w be ( great s]vice z ! education proce$s4 ,"o ( ^! habits is to p]si/ 9 us+ ! tool = ! purpose = :i* x 0 made4 ,! exp]t workman 7& he becomes exp]t because ( x7 makes ! hamm] d its prop] "w2 & s ) e o!r tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,ab\t ,,saws4--,!re are f\r well-def9$ k9ds4 ,fir/1 a long1 flat saw1 = cross-cutt+4 ,second1 a slightly l>g] saw = ripp+ purposes4 ,?ird1 a back saw1 ) a rib on ! re> edge to hold ! blade rigid1 us$ = mak+ t5ons2 &1 f\r?1 a compass or keyhole saw4 ,,cross-,,cuts4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 a cross-cut & a rip saw is1 t 9 ! latt] ! tee? h less pit* & are usually l>g] ?an 9 ! cross-cut saw4 ,! illu/rations 7,figs4 #ac & #ad7 w di/9ctly %[ ! diff]5ce 9 ! tee?4 ,:5 a cross-cut saw is us$ = ripp+ along ! gra9 ( ! wood1 ! tee?1 if dispos$ at an angle1 w ride ov] ! gra9 or fib] ( ! wood1 & refuse to take hold or bite into ! wood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! rip saw is us$ = cross-cutt+ purposes1 ! saw k]f w be r\gh & jagg$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! back saw is us$ almo/ exclusively = mak+ t5ons1 & has uni=mly f9e tee? s z to give a smoo? f9i% to ! wood4 ,,planes4--,! plane may be call$ ! /hetic tool 9 ! c>p5t]'s kit4 ,x is ! mo/ difficult tool to h&le & ! mo/ satisfactory :5 ?or\ghly ma/]$4 ,h[ to c>e = & h&le x w be ref]r$ to 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,we are n[ conc]n$ ) its uses only4 ,ea* complete kit mu/ h ?ree di/9ct planes1 namely1 ! jack plane1 :i* is = tak+ (f ! r\gh saw pr9t surface ( ! bo>d4 ,! %ort smoo?+ plane1 :i* is design$ to ev5 up ! inequalities made by ! jack plane2 & ! long f9i%+ plane1 or =e plane1 :i* is int5d$ to /raight5 ! edges ( bo>ds or ( f9i%$ surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,jack plane bit4 ,,! ,,jack ,,plane4--,?is plane has ! cutt+ edge ( its blade gr\nd s x is slightly curv$ 7,fig4 #f71 because1 z ! bit mu/ be driv5 out s x w take a deep bite into ! r\gh surface ( ! wood1 ! curv$ cutt+ edge prev5ts ! corn] edges ( ! bit f digg+ into ! plan$ surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bits ( ! smoo?+ & f9i%+ planes are gr\nd /raight across _! cutt+ edges4 ,9 ! =ego+ we h n enum]at$ ! diff]5t special planes1 design$ to make beads1 rabbets1 tongues & grooves1 b ea* type is fully illu/rat$1 s t an idea may be obta9$ ( _! *>act]i/ics4 7,fig4 #f;a74 ,,gages4--,"o ( ! mo/ valuable tools 9 ! :ole set is ! gage1 b x is1 9 fact1 ! lea/ kn[n4 ,?is is simply a /raight b>1 ) a %>p5$ po9t project+ out on "o side ne> its end1 & hav+ an adju/able slid+ head or *eekpiece4 ,?is tool is indisp5sable 9 mak+ mortises or t5ons1 because ! %>p5$ /eel po9t :i* projects f ! side ( ! b>1 s]ves to outl9e & def9e ! edges ( ! mortises or t5ons1 s t ! cutt+ l9e may readily be foll[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f;a4 ,=e-plane bit4 ,?is is ! mo/ difficult tool to hold :5 9 use1 b t w be fully expla9$ "u its prop] head4 ,ea* kit %\ld h two1 z 9 mak+ mortises & t5ons "o gage is requir$ = ea* side ( ! mortise or t5on4 ,,*isels4--,two k9ds are f\nd 9 e kit--"o call$ ! firm] 7,fig4 #g7 & ! mortis+ *isel4 ,! firm] has a flat body or blade1 & a full set ranges 9 wid? f ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* to two in*es4 ,! sizes mo/ desirable & useful are ! "o-half in*1 ! in* & ! in*-&-a-half wid?s4 ,^! are us$ = trimm+ out cross gra9s or rebates = sett+ door locks & h+es & = num]\s o!r uses :]e %>p-end tools are requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,! ,,mortis+ ,,*isel4--,! mortis+ *isel 7,fig4 #g;a71 on ! o!r h&1 is v n>r[ & ?ick1 ) a long tap] d[n to ! cutt+ edge4 ,!y are usually 9 su* wid?s z to make !m /ock sizes = mortises4 ,nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 use a hamm] or hat*et = driv+ *isels4 ,! mallet %\ld be us$ inv>iably4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g;a4 ,,trusses4--,!re %\ld be at lea/ two1 ea* ?ree feet 9 l5g? & tw5ty in*es 9 height4 ,,saw ,,clamps4--,^! are necess>y adjuncts1 & %\ld be made ( h>d wood1 p]fectly /raight & j wide en\gh to take 9 ! n>r[ back saw4 ,! illu/ration %[s _! %ape & =m4 ,,! ,,gr9d/ones4--,x is bett] to get a fir/-class /one1 :i* may be small & rigg$ up ) a foot treadle4 ,a s(t1 f9e-gra9$ /one is mo/ s]viceable1 & x %\ld h a wat] tray1 & nev] be us$ except+ ) pl5ty ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,an ,,oil ,,/one is z ess5tial z a gr9d/one4 ,= giv+ a good edge to tools x is sup]ior to a wat] /one4 ,x %\ld be provid$ ) a top1 & cov]$ :5 n 9 use1 to keep out du/ & grit4 ,^! are ! little ?+s t contribute to success & %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,,! ,,mit] ,,box4--,?is %\ld be #ad in*es long & #c by #c inside1 made ( h>d wood #c_/d ?ick4 ,! sides %\ld be nail$ to ! bottom1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,! ,,"w ,,b5*4--,9 its prop] place we %[ 9 detail ! mo/ approv$ =m ( "w b5*1 fitt$ ) a tool rack to hold all ! tools1 conv5i5tly arrang$4 ,9 ?is *apt] we are m p>ticul>ly conc]n$ ) ! uses ( tools ?an _! con/ruction2 & we impress on boys ! necessity ( hav+ a place = ev]y?+1 & t e tool %\ld be kept 9 its prop] place4 ,a c>p5t]'s %op fill$ ) *ips1 %av+s & o!r refuse is n a desirable place = ! indiscrim9ate plac+ ( tools4 ,if correct habits are =m$ at ! outset1 by c>efully putt+ ea* tool 9 its place aft] us+1 x w save _m an h\r ( useless hunt+ & annoyance4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s 9 lay+ (f "w1 = in/ance1 on trusses1 is ! disposition ( ! saw & squ>e4 ,our illu/ration %[s ea* truss ) side cleats1 :i* w p]mit ! us] tempor>ily to deposit ! saw or ! squ>e s t x w be h&y1 & at ! same "t be out ( ! way ( ! "w & prev5t ei!r ( ! tools f be+ ?r[n to ! floor4 ,9 ! same way1 & = ! same purpose1 ! "w b5* has tempor>y hold+ cleats at ! end & a %elf 9 front1 :i* are p>ticul>ly desirable1 because ei!r a saw or a squ>e is an encumbrance on a "w b5* :ile ! "w is be+ assembl$1 & tools ( ?is k9d %\ld n be laid flat on a work+ surface1 nor %\ld !y be /ood 9 a lean+ position aga9/ a truss or "w b5*4 ,/rictly obs]ve ^! fundam5tals--,nev] place a tool ) ! cutt+ edge t[>d y4 ,always h ! racks or receptacles s made t ! h&le may be seiz$4 ,don't put a tool ) an expos$ cutt+ edge above or bel[ ano!r tool 9 su* a mann] t ! h& or ! tool y are h&l+ c come into contact ) ! edge4 ,nev] keep ! nail or screw boxes above ! "w b5*4 ,!y %\ld always be kept to "o side1 to prev5t1 z mu* z possible1 ! b5* f becom+ a depository = nails4 ,keep ! top ( ! b5* free f tools4 ,always keep ! planes on a n>r[ sub-%elf at ! re> ( ! b5*4 ,if ord] 0 ,heav5's fir/ law1 x is a good pr9ciple to apply x 9 a workman's %op1 & its obs]vance w =m a habit t w soon become a pleasure to foll[4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr9d ,,& ,,%>p5 ,,tools ,,c>e ,,( ,,tools4--,dull tools indicate ! "* ( ! workman4 ,9 an exp]i5ce ( ov] =ty ye>s1 ,i h nev] kn[n a good workman to keep poorly %>p5$ tools4 ,:ile x is true t ! capacity to %>p5 tools c be acquir$ only by practice1 correct habits at ! />t w mat]ially assi/4 ,9 do+ ?is "p ( ! artisan's "w1 x %\ld be und]/ood t !re is a "r z well z a wrong way4 ,!re is a pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! %>p5+ ( e tool1 :i* %\ld be obs]v$4 ,a skill$ artisan kn[s t !re is a p>ticul> way to gr9d ! bits ( ea* plane2 t ! mann] ( sett+ a saw n only contributes to its usefulness1 b w mat]ially add to ! life ( ! saw2 t a *isel _c be made to d good "w unless its cutt+ edge is squ>e & at ! "r work+ angle4 ,,fir/ ,,requisite4--,a beg9n] %\ld nev] attempt a piece ( "w until he le>ns h[ ! diff]5t tools %\ld be %>p5$1 or at lea/ le>n ! pr9ciple involv$4 ,practice w make p]fect4 ,,saws4--,z ! saw is su* an important "p ( ! kit1 ,i %all devote "s space to ! subject4 ,fir/1 z to sett+ ! saw4 ,! object ( ?is is to make ! tee? cut a wid] k]f ?an ! ?ickness ( ! blade1 & !reby cause ! saw to travel freely4 ,a great _m s-call$ saw sets are f\nd 9 ! m>ket1 _m ( !m built on wrong pr9ciples1 z w be %[n1 & ^! are incapable ( sett+ accurately4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,set4--,to set a saw accurately1 t is1 to drive out ea* too? ! same di/ance1 is ! fir/ requirem5t1 & ! second is to b5d out ! :ole too?1 & n ! po9t only4 ,9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #aj71 ! po9t is m]ely b5t out4 ,?is is wrong4 ,! "r way is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj;a4 ,! :ole too? is b5t1 %[+ ! correct way ( sett+4 ,! reasons = avoid+ "o way & foll[+ ! o!r are3 ,fir/1 t if ! po9t projects to "o side1 ea* po9t or too? w dig into ! wood1 & produce too? pr9ts 9 ! wood1 :i* make a r\gh5$ surface4 ,second1 t if !re are inequalities 9 sett+ ! tee? 7z is sure to be ! case :5 only ! po9ts are b5t out71 ! mo/ expos$ po9ts w fir/ we> out1 & !reby cause saw det]ioration4 ,?ird1 a saw ) ! po9ts /ick+ out causes a heavy1 dragg+ cut1 & means additional labor4 ,:]e ! :ole body ( ! too? is b5t1 ! saw w run smoo?ly & easily ?r\gh ! k]f & produce a smoo?-cut surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,our illu/ration 7,fig4 #aa7 %[s a v simple sett+ block1 ! pr9cipal m]it ( :i* is t any boy c make x1 & 9 ! use ( :i* he _c g wrong 9 sett+ a too?4 ,,simple ,,saw ,,sett]4--,take a block ( wood1 a #d by #d in* /udd+1 f\r in*es long4 ,get a piece ( metal "o-half in* ?ick & two in*es squ>e4 ,h a blacksmi? or ma*9i/ bore a qu>t]-in* hole ?r\gh x 9 ! c5t] & c\nt]s9k ! upp] side s x may be securely fa/5$ 9 a mortise 9 ! block1 ) its upp] side flu% ) ! upp] surface ( ! block4 ,n[1 ) a file1 f9i% (f "o edge1 go+ back = a qu>t] ( an in*1 ! angle at ,a to be ab\t #ab degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,rip-,saw4 ,,fil+ ,,angles4--,9 its prop] place w be %[n h[ y may easily calculate & measure degrees 9 "w ( ?is k9d4 ,fig4 #ab %[s an approximation to ! "r angle4 ,b1 ,b 7,fig4 #aa7 %\ld be a pair ( wood5 pegs1 driv5 into ! wood5 block on ea* side ( ! metal piece4 ,! tee? ( ! saw re/ aga9/ ! pegs s t !y s]ve z a guide or a gage1 & ! tee? ( ! saw1 !re=e1 project ov] ! incl9$ "p 7,b7 ( ! metal block4 ,n[1 ) an ord9>y pun* & a hamm]1 ea* alt]nate too? may be driv5 d[n until x re/s flat on ! incl9$ face 7,a71 s t x is impossible to set ! tee? wrongly4 ,:5 y glance d[n ! end ( a prop]ly set saw1 y w see a ,v-%ap$ *annel1 & if y w place a ne$le 9 ! groove & hold ! saw at an angle1 ! ne$le w travel d[n )\t fall+ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 cross-cut4 ,,fil+4--,! next /ep is ! fil+4 ,two ?+s mu/ be obs]v$3 ! pit* & ! angle4 ,by pit* is meant ! incl9ation ( ! tee?4 ,note ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ac71 :i* %[s ! tee? ( a rip saw4 ,y w see at ,a t ! pit* ( ! too? is at "r angles to ! edge ( ! saw4 ,9 ,fig4 #ad1 :i* %[s ! tee? ( a cross-cut saw1 ! pit* 7,b7 is ab\t #aj degrees (f4 ,! tee? ( ! rip saw are also l>g] ?an ^? ( ! cross-cut4 ,,! ,,angle ,,( ,,fil+4--,by angle is meant ! cutt+ position ( ! file4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab1 ! l9es ,b repres5t ! file dispos$ at an angle ( #ab degrees1 n m1 = a rip saw4 ,= a cross-cut ! angle ( ! file may be less4 ,,saw ,,clamps4--,y may easily make a pair ( saw clamps z foll[s3 ,take two pieces ( h>d wood1 ea* ?ree in*es wide1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & equal 9 l5g? to ! longe/ saw4 ,bevel "o edge ( ea* z %[n 9 ,a 7,fig4 #ae71 s z to leave an edge 7,b7 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,at "o end cut away ! corn] on ! side opposite ! bevel1 z %[n at ,c1 s ! clamps w fit on ! saw ar\nd ! saw h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,:5 ! saw is plac$ betwe5 ^! clamps & held toge!r by ! jaws ( ! vise1 y are ready = ! fil+ op]ation4 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ fil+ sugge/ions3 ,always hold ! file horizontal or level4 ,9 fil+1 use ! :ole l5g? ( ! file4 ,d ! "w by a sl[1 firm sweep4 ,d n file all ( ! tee? along ! saw at "o op]ation1 b only ! alt]nate tee?1 s z to keep ! file at ! same angle1 & ?us insure accuracy2 !n turn ! saw & keep ! file con/antly at "o angle = ! alt]nate set ( tee?4 ,give ! same numb] ( /rokes1 & ex]t ! same pressure on ! file = ea* too?1 to insure uni=mity4 ,le>n also to make a free1 easy & /raight movem5t back & =? ) ! file4 ,,! ,,file4--,9 ord] to exp]im5t ) ! fil+ motion1 take two blocks ( wood1 & try surfac+ !m (f ) a file4 ,:5 y place ! two fil$ surfaces toge!r aft] ! fir/ trial bo? w be convex1 because ! h&s1 9 fil+1 unless y ex]t ! utmo/ vigilance1 w assume a crank-l movem5t4 ,! fil+ te/ is s to file ! two blocks t !y w fit tightly toge!r )\t roll+ on ea* o!r4 ,be=e %ap+ & plan+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$1 ma*9i/s 7 compell$ to plane d[n & accurately f9i% (f surfaces ) a file4 ,9 us+ ! files on saws1 h[ev] small ! file may be1 "o h& %\ld hold ! h&le & ! o!r h& ! tip ( ! file4 ,a file bru% %\ld always be kept on h&1 z x pays to pres]ve files by clean+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,! ,,gr9d/one4--,z mo/ ( ! tools require a gr9d/one = %>p5+ purposes1 an illu/ration is giv5 z a guide1 ) a diagram to %[ ! prop] gr9d+ angle4 ,9 ,fig4 #af ! upright 7,a7 ( ! frame s]ves z a l9e = ! eye1 s t if ! po9t ( ! tool is br\ght to ! sight l9e1 & ! tool 7,c7 held level1 y w always be able to ma9ta9 ! correct angle4 ,!re is no objection to provid+ a re/1 = in/ance1 l ! cross b>s 7,d1 ,d71 b ! artisan disda9s su* contrivances1 & he usually avoids !m = two reasons3 ,fir/1 because habit enables him to hold ! tool horizontally2 &1 second1 by hold+ ! tool firmly 9 ! h& he has bett] control ( x4 ,!re is only "o ?+ :i* c be said 9 favor ( a re/1 & t is1 ! /one may be kept tru] circumf]5tially1 z all /ones h s(t spots or sides4 ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,gr9d/ones4--,!re are c]ta9 ?+s to avoid & to obs]ve 9 ! use ( /ones4 ,nev] use "o spot on ! /one1 h[ev] n>r[ ! tool may be4 ,always move ! tool f side to side4 ,nev] gr9d a set ( n>r[ tools successively4 ,if y h *isels to gr9d int]sp]se _! gr9d+ ) plane bits1 hat*et or o!r broad cutt+ tools1 s z to prev5t ! /one f hav+ grooves !re94 ,nev] use a tool on a /one unless y h wat] 9 ! tray4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,correct mann] ( hold+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,incorrect way ( hold+ tool4 ,,correct ,,way ,,to ,,hold ,,tool ,,= ,,gr9d+4--,!re is a correct way to hold ea* tool2 see illu/ration 7,fig4 #ag74 ,! left h& %\ld grasp ! tool firmly1 ne> ! %>p edge1 z %[n1 & ! "r h& %\ld loosely hold ! tool beh9d ! left h&4 ,!re is a reason = ?is :i* w be app>5t aft] y gr9d a few tools4 ,! firm grasp ( ! left h& gives y absolute control ( ! blade1 s x _c turn1 & :5 inequalities appe> 9 ! gr9d/one1 ! rigid hold w prev5t ! blade f turn+1 & ?us enable y to correct ! inequalities ( ! /one4 ,be> 9 m9d1 ! /one %\ld be tak5 c>e ( j z mu* z ! tools4 ,an exp]i5c$ workman is kn[n by ! condition ( 8 tools1 & ! gr9d/one is ! be/ fri5d he has among 8 tools4 ,,incorrect ,,way ,,to ,,hold ,,tool ,,= ,,gr9d+4--,! incorrect way ( hold+ a tool is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is1 ,i presume1 is ! univ]sal way 9 :i* ! novice takes ! tool4 ,x is wrong = ! reason t ! ?umbs ( bo? h&s are on top ( ! blade1 & !y s]ve z pivots on :i* ! tool may turn4 ,! result is t ! corn]s ( ! tool w dig into ! /one to a great] or less degree1 p>ticul>ly if x has a n>r[ blade1 l a *isel4 ,try ! exp]im5t ( gr9d+ a qu>t]-in* *isel by hold+ x ! incorrect way2 & !n grasp x firmly ) ! left h&1 & y w at once see ! diff]5ce4 ,! left h& s]ves bo? z a vise & z a fulcrum1 :]eas ! "r h& controls ! angle ( ! tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,^! rem>ks apply to all *isels1 plane bits & tools ( t "*1 b x is obvi\s t a drawknife1 :i* is always held by ! h&les 9 gr9d+1 & hat*ets1 axes & ! l1 _c be held 9 ! same mann]4 ,a too common error is to press ! tool too h>d on ! /one4 ,?is is wrong4 ,d n try to =ce ! gr9d+4 ,!n1 aga91 x is ! practice ( "s to turn ! /one away f ! tool4 ,! /one %\ld always move t[>d ! tool1 s z to prev5t =m+ a fea!r edge4 ,,! ,,plane4--,indiscrim9ate use ( planes %\ld be avoid$4 ,nev] use ! =e or smoo?+ planes on r\gh surfaces4 ,! jack plane is ! prop] tool = ?is "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =e plane %\ld inv>iably be us$ = /raight5+ ! edges ( bo>ds1 or = f9e surfac+ purposes4 ,z ! jack plane has its bit gr\nd ) a curv$ edge1 x is admirably adapt$ = tak+ (f ! r\gh saw pr9t surface4 ,,! ,,gage4--,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ai7 %[s "o ( ! mo/ useful tools 9 ! kit4 ,x is us$ to scribe ! ?ickness ( ! mat]ial :i* is to be dress$ d[n1 or = impr9t+ ! edges ( t5ons & mortises4 ,two %\ld be provid$ 9 e kit1 = conv5i5ce4 ,! scrib+ po9t %\ld be %>p5$ ) a file1 ! po9t be+ fil$ to =m a blade1 :i* is at "r angles to ! b>1 or p>allel ) ! movable *eekpiece4 ,,*isels4--,i h already po9t$ out1 9 g5]al1 h[ to hold tools = gr9d+ purposes1 ?is description apply+ p>ticul>ly to *isels1 b sev]al additional ?+s may be add$4 ,always be c>eful to gr9d ! *isel s its cutt+ edge is squ>e ) ! side edge4 ,?is w be difficult at fir/1 b y w see ! value ( ?is z y use ! tool4 ,= in/ance1 9 mak+ rebates = h+es1 or recesses & mortises = locks1 ! tool w inv>iably run crook$1 unless x is gr\nd squ>e4 ,! *isel %\ld nev] be /ruck ) a hamm] or metal in/rum5t1 z ! metal pole or peon ( ! hamm] w sliv] ! h&le4 ,! wood5 mallet %\ld inv>iably be us$4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4--,if ! workman w c>efully obs]ve ! =ego+ requirem5ts he w h tak5 ! mo/ important /eps 9 ! k ( ! art4 ,if he p]mits himself to comm5ce "w )\t hav+ 8 tools 9 fir/-class condition1 he is try+ to d "w "u circum/ances :]e ev5 a skill$ workman is liable to fail4 ,avoid mak+ = y\rself a lot ( unnecess>y "w4 ,! be/ artisans are ^? :o try to f9d out & "k :i* is ! be/ tool1 or h[ to make a tool = ea* requirem5t1 b t tool1 to be s]viceable1 mu/ be prop]ly made1 & t means x mu/ be rightly %>p5$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,& ,,h&le ,,tools ,obs]vation may =m "p ( ea* boy's lesson1 b :5 x comes to ! h&l+ ( tools1 practice becomes ! only available means ( mak+ a workman4 ,fifty ye>s ( obs]vation w\ld nev] make an obs]v] an ar*] or a m>ksman1 nor w\ld x enable him to %oe a horse or to build a table4 ,x sometimes happ5s t an appr5tice w1 ) little obs]vation1 seize a saw 9 ! prop] way1 or hold a plane 9 ! correct mann]1 &1 9 "t1 ! wat*ful boy w acquire fairly correct habits4 ,b :y put 9 useless "t & labor 9 ord] to ga9 t :i* a few well-direct$ h9ts & examples w convey8 ,tools are made & are us$ z %ort cuts t[>d a desir$ end4 ,be=e ! saw 0 inv5t$ ! knife 0 us$ labori\sly to sev] & %ape ! mat]ials4 ,be=e planes 7 inv5t$ a broad1 flat %>p5$ blade 0 us$ to smoo? (f surfaces4 ,holes 7 dug out by means ( small *isels requir+ inf9ite pati5ce & "t4 ,ea* succe$+ tool proclaim$ a %ort] & an easi] way to d a c]ta9 ?+4 ,! man or boy :o c make a new labor-sav+ tool is wor?y ( z mu* praise z ! man :o makes two blades ( grass gr[ :]e "o grew be=e4 ,let u n[ ?or\ghly und]/& h[ to hold & use ea* tool4 ,t is half ! value ( ! tool itself4 ,,! ,,saw4--,) su* a commonplace article z ! saw1 x might be assum$ t ! ord9>y appr5tice w\ld look ^u in/ruction ) a smile ( d]ision4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,/>t ,a ,,saw4--,if ! untri$ appr5tice has su* an op9ion set him to "w at ! task ( cutt+ (f a bo>d accurately on a l9e4 ,he w g5]ally make a failure ( ! attempt to />t ! saw true to ! l9e1 to say no?+ ( foll[+ ! l9e s ! k]f is true & squ>e ) ! bo>d4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,/>t ,,on ,a ,,l9e4--,! fir/ mi/ake he makes is to saw on ! l9e4 ,?is %\ld nev] be done4 ,! "w %\ld be s laid out t ! saw k]f is on ! disc>d$ side ( ! mat]ial4 ,! saw %\ld cut alongside ! l9e1 & ! l9e %\ld n be oblit]at$ 9 ! cutt+4 ,mat]ial mu/ be left = trimm+ & f9i%+4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/roke4--,n[1 to hold ! saw 9 />t+ is ! difficult task to ! beg9n]4 ,once ma/]$ x is simple & easy4 ,! only "t 9 :i* ! saw %\ld be firmly held by ! h& is dur+ ! initial cut or two2 aft]w>ds always hold ! h&le loosely4 ,!re is no?+ s tir+ z a tightly grasp$ saw4 ,! saw has b "o h&le1 h5ce x is design$ to be us$ ) "o h&4 ,sometimes1 ) long & tiresome jobs1 9 ripp+1 two h&s may be us$1 b "o h& c always control a saw bett] ?an two h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,! ,,/>t+ ,,cut4--,9 ord] to make our und]/&+ ( ! />t+ cut m explicit1 we ref] to ,fig4 #bj1 9 :i* ! ?umb ( ! left h& is %[n 9 ! position ( a guide--! end ( ! ?umb be+ held up a suffici5t di/ance to cle> ! tee?4 ,9 ?is position y ne$ n fe> t ! tee? ( ! saw 7,a7 w ride up ov] ! ?umb if y h a firm grasp ( ! saw h&le4 ,! fir/ /roke %\ld be upw>dly1 n d[nw>dly4 ,:ile 9 ! act ( draw+ up ! saw y c judge :e!r ! saw blade is held by ! ?umb gage 9 ! prop] position to cut along ! m>k1 & :5 ! saw moves d[nw>dly = ! fir/ cut1 y may be assur$ t ! cut is accurate1 or at ! "r place1 & ! ?umb %\ld be kept 9 its position until two or ?ree cuts are made1 & ! "w is !n fairly />t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,wrong saw+ angle4 ,,= ,,cross-,,cutt+4--,= ord9>y cross-cutt+ ! angle ( ! saw %\ld be at #de degrees4 ,= ripp+1 ! be/ results are f\nd at less ?an #de degrees1 b y %\ld avoid flatt5+ d[n ! angle4 ,an incorrect z well z a correct angle are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ba & #bb4 ,,=c+ ,a ,,saw4--,=c+ a saw ?r\gh ! wood means a crook$ k]f4 ,! m ne>ly ! saw is held at "r angles to a bo>d1 ! great] is ! =ce :i* mu/ be appli$ to x by ! h& to cause x to bite into ! wood2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! saw is laid d[n too f>1 z %[n 9 ! incorrect way1 x is a v difficult matt] to foll[ ! work+ l9e4 ,fur!rmore1 x is a h>d matt] to control ! saw s t x w cut squ>ely along ! bo>d1 p>ticul>ly :5 ripp+4 ,! eye mu/ be ! only guide 9 ! disposition ( ! saw4 ,"s boys make ! saw run 9 "o direction1 & o!rs cause x to lean ! opposite way4 ,aft] y h _h "s exp]i5ce & "k :i* way y lean1 correct y\r habits by dispos+ ! saw 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,"r saw+ angle4 ,,! ,,/roke4--,make a long /roke1 us+ ! full blade ( ! saw4 ,don't acquire ! j]ky /yle ( saw+4 ,if ! h&le is held loosely1 & ! saw is at ! prop] angle1 ! weight ( ! saw1 toge!r ) ! placem5t ( ! h&le on ! saw blade1 w be f\nd suffici5t to make ! requisite cut at ea* /roke4 ,y w notice t ! h&le ( e saw is m\nt$ ne>e/ ! back edge4 7,see ,fig4 #bc47 ,! reason = s m\nt+ x is1 t z ! cutt+ /roke is d[nw>d1 ! l9e ( ?ru/ is above ! too? l9e1 & z ?is l9e is at an angle to ! l9e ( ?ru/1 ! t5d5cy is to cause ! saw tee? to dig into ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*9ese ,,saw4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,saw4--,?is saw is design$ to saw ) an upw>d cut1 & ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bd7 %[s ! h&le jutt+ out bel[ ! too? l9e1 9 ord] to cause ! tee? to dig into ! mat]ial z ! h&le is drawn upw>dly4 ,ref]5ce is made to ^! features to impress ^u beg9n]s ! value ( obs]vation1 & to demon/rate ! reason = mak+ ea* tool a p>ticul> way4 ,,?+s ,,to ,,avoid4--,d n oscillate ! saw z y draw x back & =?4 ,?is is unnecess>y "w1 & %[s impati5ce 9 ! use ( ! tool4 ,!re is su* an inf9ite v>iety ( use = ! diff]5t tools t !re is no necessity = r5d]+ ! "w ( any p>ticul> tool1 or tools1 burd5some4 ,ea* 9 its prop] place1 h&l$ intellig5tly1 w become a pleasure1 z well z a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,,! ,,plane4--,! jack plane & ! =e plane are h&l$ ) bo? h&s1 & ! smoo?+ plane ) "o h&1 b only :5 us$ = dress+ ! ends ( bo>ds4 ,= o!r uses bo? h&s are requir$4 ,,angles ,,= ,,hold+ ,,planes4--,be=e comm5c+ to plane a bo>d1 always obs]ve ! direction 9 :i* ! gra9 ( ! wood runs4 ,?is precaution w save _m a piece ( mat]ial1 because if ! jack plane is set deep x w run into ! wood & cause a r\gh surface1 :i* c be cur$ only by an extra am\nt ( labor 9 plan+ d[n4 ,nev] move ! jack plane or ! smoo?+ plane ov] ! "w s t ! body ( ! tool is 9 a direct l9e ) ! movem5t ( ! plane4 ,x %\ld be held at an angle ( ab\t #ab or #ae degrees 7see ,fig4 #be74 ,! =e plane %\ld always be held /raight ) ! movem5t ( ! plane1 because ! l5g? ( ! =e plane body is us$ z a /raight5] = ! surface to be f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,errors ,,to ,,be ,,avoid$4--,nev] draw back ! plane ) ! bit re/+ on ! bo>d4 ,?is simply we>s out ! tool1 & if !re %\ld be any grit on ! bo>d x w be sure to ru9 ! bit4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ! jack plane1 b is bad practice ) ! o!rs z well4 ,a "w b5* is a receptacle = all k9ds ( dirt4 ,provide a special l$ge or %elf = ! planes1 & be sure to put ea* plane !re imm$iately aft] us+4 ,,! ,,gage4--,a man1 :o pr(ess$ to be a c>p5t]1 once told me t he nev] us$ a gage because he c\ld n make x run /raight4 ,a few mom5ts' practice conv9c$ him t he nev] knew h[ to hold x4 ,! illu/ration %[s h[ prop]ly to hold x1 & ! reason :y x %\ld s be held foll[s4 ,y w obs]ve 7,fig4 #bf7 t ! h& grasps ! /em ( ! gage beh9d ! *eekpiece1 s t ! ?umb is free to press aga9/ ! side ( ! /em to ! front ( ! *eekpiece4 ,,hold+ ,,! ,,gage4--,! h& s]ves to keep ! *eekpiece aga9/ ! bo>d1 :ile ! ?umb pu%es ! gage =w>d4 ,! h& mu/ n1 "u any circum/ances1 be us$ to move ! gage along4 ,9 fact1 x is n necess>y = ! f+]s to be clasp$ ar\nd ! gage /em1 if ! =ef+] presses tightly aga9/ ! *eekpiece1 s9ce ! ?umb p]=ms all ! op]ation ( mov+ x along4 ,naturally1 ! h& grasps ! tool 9 ord] to hold x d[n aga9/ ! mat]ial1 & to br+ x back = a new cut4 ,,! ,,draw-,,knife4--,x is difficult = ! appr5tice to become accu/om$ to h&le ?is useful tool4 ,x is mu* m s]viceable ?an a hat*et = trimm+ & p>+ "w4 ,9 apply+ x to ! wood always h ! tool at an angle ) ! bo>d1 s z to make a slic+ cut4 ,?is is specially desirable 9 work+ close to a l9e1 o!rwise !re is a liability ( cutt+ ov] x4 ,?is knife requires a firm grasp--firmness ( hold is m important ?an /r5g? 9 us+4 ,! flat side is us$ :olly = /raight edges1 & ! bevel$ side = concave surfaces4 ,x is ! int]m$iate tool betwe5 ! hat*et & ! plane1 z x has ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? ^? tools4 ,x is an ugly1 dang]\s tool1 m to be fe>$ :5 ly+ ar\nd ?an :5 9 use4 ,put x religi\sly on a rack :i* protects ! entire cutt+ edge4 ,keep x (f ! b5*4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h[ ,,to ,,design ,,articles ,,fundam5tals ,,( ,,design+4--,a great deal ( ! pleasure 9 mak+ articles consi/s 9 creative "w4 ,?is means1 n t y %all design "s entirely new article1 b t its g5]al =m1 or arrangem5t ( p>ts1 %all h "s new or /rik+ feature4 ,a new design 9 any art does n require a *ange 9 all its p>ts4 ,x is suffici5t t !re %all be an improvem5t1 ei!r 9 "s p>ticul> po9t1 z a matt] ( utility1 or "s *ange 9 an arti/ic direction4 ,a manufactur] 9 putt+ out a new *air1 or a pl[1 or an automobile1 adds "s /rik+ *>act]i/ic4 ,?is becomes 8 talk+ po9t 9 sell+ ! article4 ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,in/9ct4--,x is n en\gh t ! boy %\ld le>n to make ?+s correctly1 & z a matt] ( pa/ime & pleasure4 ,! comm]cial in/9ct is1 aft] all1 ! great inc5tive1 & %\ld be giv5 due consid]ation4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 9 a book ( ?is k9d1 to d m ?an to give ! fundam5tal pr9ciples necess>y 9 design+1 & to direct ! m9d solely to ess5tials1 leav+ ! individual to build up = himself4 ,,fir/ ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,design+4--,fir/1 !n1 let u see :at is necess>y to d :5 y int5d to set ab\t mak+ an article4 ,suppose we fix our m9ds ^u a table z ! article select$4 ,?ree ?+s are necess>y to "k3 ,fir/1 ! use to :i* x is to be put2 second1 ! dim5sions2 &1 ?ird1 ! mat]ial requir$4 ,assum+ x to be ! ord9>y table1 & ! dim5sions fix$1 we may conclude to use s(t p9e1 bir* or popl>1 because ( ease 9 work+4 ,!re are no regulation dim5sions = tables1 except z to height1 :i* is g5]ally uni=m1 & usually #cj in*es4 ,z to ! l5g? & wid?1 y w be gov]n$ by ! place :]e x is to be us$4 ,if ! table top is to h dim5sions1 say1 ( #cf #dh1 y may lay out ! framework six in*es less ea* way1 ?us giv+ y a top ov]hang ( ?ree in*es1 :i* is ! usual practice4 ,,conv5tional ,,/yles4--,n[1 if y wi% to dep>t f ! conv5tional /yle ( mak+ a table y may make v>iations 9 ! design4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,*ipp5dale /yle means sl5d] legs & ?9 top4 ,x involves "s fanciful designs 9 ! curv$ outl9es ( ! top1 & 9 ! crook ( ! legs4 ,or if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,mission type is pref]r$1 ! ov]hang ( ! top is v n>r[2 ! legs are /raight & heavy1 & ( ev5 size f top to bottom2 & ! table top is ?ick & ne>ly z broad z x is long4 ,su* furniture has ! appe>ance ( massiv5ess2 x is easily made & mo/ s]viceable4 ,,mission ,,/yle4--,! ,mission /yle ( ar*itecture also l5ds itself to ! mak+ ( *airs & o!r articles ( furniture4 ,a *air is1 probably1 ! mo/ difficult piece ( h\sehold furniture to make1 because /r5g? is requir$4 ,9 ?is type s(t wood may be us$1 z ! l>ge legs & back pieces are easily provid$ ) mortises & t5ons1 af=d+ great rigidity :5 complet$4 ,9 design+1 !re=e1 y may see h[ ! mat]ial itself becomes an important factor4 ,,cab9ets4--,9 ! mak+ ( cab9ets1 sidebo>ds1 dress]s & l articles1 ! +5i\s boy w f9d a wond]ful field = design+ ability1 because 9 ^! articles fancy alone dictates ! sizes & ! dim5sions ( ! p>ts4 ,n s ) *airs & tables4 ,! imag9ation plays an important "p ev5 9 ! mak+ ( draw]s1 to say no?+ ( plac+ !m ) an eye to conv5i5ce & arti/ic effect4 ,,h>mony ,,( ,,p>ts4--,b "o ?+ %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! mak+ ( furniture1 namely1 h>mony betwe5 ! p>ts4 ,= in/ance1 a table ) ?9 legs & a ?ick top gives ! appe>ance ( a top-heavy /ructure2 or ! wrong use ( two diff]5t /yles is bad f an arti/ic /&po9t2 moreov]1 x is ! height ( ref9$ education if1 9 ! use ( contra/+ woods1 !y are prop]ly bl5d$ to =m a h>moni\s :ole4 ,,h>moniz+ ,,wood4--,imag9e a *iffoni] ) ! base ( d>k wood1 l walnut1 & ! top ( p9e or maple1 or a l light-color$ wood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bo? walnut & maple1 = in/ance1 may be us$ 9 ! same article1 if !y are int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! entire article4 ,! body may be made ( d>k wood & trimm$ ?r\gh\t ) a light wood to produce a f9e effect4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,h[ ,,"w ,,is ,,laid ,,out ,,concrete ,,examples ,,( ,,"w4--,a concrete example ( do+ any "w is m valuable ?an an ab/ract /atem5t4 ,= ?is purpose ,i %all direct ! build+ ( a common table ) a draw] 9 x & %[ h[ ! "w is done 9 detail4 ,= conv5i5ce let u adopt ! ,mission /yle1 ) a top #cf #db & ! height #cj4 ,! legs %\ld be #b #b & ! top #a1 dress$4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be ( h>d wood ) natural f9i%1 or1 :at is bett] /ill1 a s(t wood1 l bir*1 :i* may be /a9$ a d>k br[n1 z ! ,mission /yle is m effective 9 d>k ?an 9 light woods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,,framework4--,z we n[ "k ! sizes1 ! fir/ ?+ is to build ! framework4 ,! legs %\ld be dress$ squ>e & smoo!d d[n ) ! =e plane to make !m p]fectly /raight4 ,n[1 lay out two mortises at ! upp] end ( ea* leg4 ,foll[ ! illu/rations to see h[ ?is is done4 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,! ,,legs4--,fig4 #bg %[s a leg ) squ>e cross m>ks 7,a7 at ea* end4 ,^! m>ks indicate ! f9i%$ l5g? ( ! leg4 ,y w also see crosses on two sides4 ,^! indicate :at is call$ ! "w sides4 ,! "w sides are select$ because !y are ! f9e/ surfaces on ! leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,mortises4--,!n take a small try squ>e 7,fig4 #bh7 & add two cross l9es 7,b1 ,c7 on ea* ( ! inn] surfaces1 ! second l9e 7,b7 "o-half in* f ! f9i% l9e 7,a71 & ! o!r l9e 7,c7 sev5 in*es d[n f ! l9e 7,a74 ,! side fac+ bo>ds1 h]eaft] describ$1 are sev5 in*es wide4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done = all ! legs1 prep>e y\r gage 7,fig4 #bi7 to make ! mortise scribe1 &1 = conv5i5ce 9 illu/rat+1 ! leg is rev]s$4 ,if ! fac+ bo>ds are #a ?ick1 & ! t5ons are int5d$ to be #a_/b ?ick1 ! fir/ scribe l9e 7,e7 %\ld be #a_/b f ! "w side1 because ! %\ld] on ! fac+ bo>d projects out #a_/d1 & ! out] surface ( ! fac+ bo>d %\ld n be flu% ) ! out] surface ( ! leg4 ,! second gage l9e 7,f7 %\ld be #a f ! "w side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,! ,,mortises4--,:5 ! mortises h be5 made !y w appe> z %[n 9 ! enl>g$ cross section ( ! leg 7,fig4 #cj71 ! total dep? ( ea* mortise be+ #a-a_/b4 ,! dep? ( ?is mortise det]m9es = u ! l5g? ( ! t5ons on ! fac+ bo>ds4 ,,! ,,fac+ ,,bo>ds4--,^! bo>ds are ea* #a in* ?ick & #g in*es wide4 ,z ! top ( ! table is #db in*es long1 & we mu/ provide an ov]hang1 say ( #b in*es1 we w fir/ take (f #d in*es = ! ov]hang & #d in*es = ! legs1 s t ! l5g? ( two ( ! fac+ bo>ds1 f %\ld] to %\ld]1 mu/ be #cd in*es2 & ! o!r two fac+ bo>ds #bh in*es4 ,!n1 z we mu/ add #a-a_/b in*es = ea* t5on1 two ( ! bo>ds w be #cg in*es long & two ( !m #ca in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ca7 %[s a bo>d m>k$ ) ! cross l9es 7,b7 at ea* end = ! end ( ! t5ons1 or ! extreme ends ( ! bo>ds4 ,,! ,,t5ons4--,d n neglect fir/ to select ! "w side & ! work+ edge ( ! bo>d4 ,! out] surface & ! upp] edges are ! sides to "w f4 ,! *eekpiece 7,a7 ( ! gage mu/ always re/ aga9/ ! work+ side4 ,! cross m>ks 7,b1 ,c7 %\ld be made ) ! po9t ( a %>p knife1 & be=e ! small back saw is us$ on ! cross-cuts ! l9es 7,b71 :i* indicate ! %\ld]s1 %\ld be scor$ ) a %>p knife1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,?is furni%es a guide = ! saw1 & makes a neat f9i% = ! %\ld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illus/ration ,fig4 #ce4 ,,tools ,,us$4--,! back saw is us$ = cutt+ ! t5on1 & ! end ( ! bo>d appe>s z %[n 9 ! enl>g$ ,fig4 #cd4 ,two ?+s are n[ necess>y to complete ! t5ons4 ,on ! upp] or "w edge ( ea* bo>d use ! gage to m>k (f a half-in* slice1 & !n cut away ! flat side ( ! t5on at ! end1 on its inn] surface1 s x w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,,*amf]$ ,,t5ons4--,! object ( ^! *amf]$ or bevel$ t5ons is to p]mit ! ends to approa* ea* o!r closely )9 ! mortise1 z %[n 9 ! assembl$ p>ts 7,fig4 #cf74 ,,! ,,frame ,,assembl$4--,! frame is n[ ready to assemble1 b be=e do+ s a draw] op5+ & supports %\ld be made4 ,! ends ( ! supports may be mortis$ into ! side pieces or secur$ by means ( ga9s4 ,mortises & t5ons are bett]4 ,,! ,,draw] ,,supports4--,take "o ( ! side-fac+ bo>ds 7,fig4 #cg7 & cut a rectangul> op5+ 9 x4 ,?is op5+ %\ld be #d in*es wide & #ah in*es long1 s plac$ t !re is #a in* ( /ock at ! upp] m>g9 & #b in*es ( /ock at ! l[] m>g9 ( ! bo>d4 ,at ea* l[] corn] make a mortise 7,a71 s t "o side ( ! mortise is on a l9e ) ! m>g9 ( ! op5+1 & s t x ext5ds a half in* pa/ ! v]tical m>g9 ( ! op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,y c easily cut a ga9 7,b7 9 a /rip1 or1 z 9 ,fig4 #ch1 y may use two /rips1 "o 7,c7 an in* wide & a half in* ?ick1 & on ?is nail a /rip 7,d7 along "o m>g94 ,?is =ms ! guide & re/ = ! draw]4 ,at ! upp] m>g9 ( ! op5+ is a rebate or ga9 7,e7 at ea* corn]1 ext5d+ d[n to ! top l9e ( ! draw] op5+1 into :i* are fitt$ ! ends ( ! upp] cross guides4 ,,! ,,table ,,frame4--,:5 ! entire table frame is assembl$ x w h ! appe>ance %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 & x is n[ ready = ! top4 ,,! ,,top4--,! top %\ld be made ( ?ree bo>ds1 ei!r tongu$ & groov$1 or d[el$ & glu$ toge!r4 ,9 ord] to give a massive appe>ance1 & also to prev5t ! end gra9 ( ! bo>ds f be+ expos$1 bevel$ /rips may be us$ to encase ! edges4 ,^! m>g9al cleats are #c_/d in* ?ick & #b in*es wide1 & jo9$ by bevel$ ends at ! corn]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,,! ,,draw]4--,! draw] 7,fig4 #da7 %[n 9 cross section1 has its front 7,a7 provid$ ) an ov]lapp+ flange 7,b74 ,x is n our object 9 ?is *apt] to %[ h[ ea* p>ticul> article is made1 b simply to po9t out ! und]ly+ pr9ciples1 & to illu/rate h[ ! fa/5+ elem5ts1 ! t5ons & mortises1 are =m$1 s t ! boy w "k ! prop] /eps 9 _! natural ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,h[ ,,any ,,/ructure ,,is ,,built ,,up4--,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ea* /ructure1 h[ev] small1 is usually built f ! base up4 ,j ! same z ! m pret5ti\s build+s are erect$3 ,fir/1 ! sill1 !n ! floor supports1 !n ! po/s & top plates1 ) _! connect+ gird]s1 &1 f9ally1 ! ro(4 ,! *apt] on ,h\se ,build+ w give m detail$ illu/rations ( l>ge /ructures1 & h[ !y are fram$ & brac$4 ,at ?is po9t we are m conc]n$ 9 kn[+ h[ to proce$ 9 ord] to lay out ! simple /ructural details1 & if "o subject ( ?is k9d is fully ma/]$ ! complicat$ "* ( ! article w n be difficult to ma/]4 ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,a ,,box4--,z simple a little article z a box frequ5tly becomes a burd5 to a beg9n]4 ,try x4 ,simply keep 9 m9d "o ?+2 ea* box has six sides4 ,n[1 suppose y want a box ) six equal sides--t is1 a cubical =m--x is necess>y to make only ?ree pairs ( sides2 two = ! ends1 two = ! sides & two = ! top & bottom4 ,ea* set has dim5sions diff]5t f ! o!r sets4 ,bo? pieces ( ! set1 repres5t+ ! ends1 are squ>e2 ! side pieces are ( ! same wid? z ! end pieces1 & slightly long]2 & ! top & bottom are long] & wid] ?an ! end pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,a box equal 9 all its dim5sions may be made out ( six bo>ds1 prop]ly cut4 ,make an attempt 9 ord] to see if y c get ! "r dim5sions4 ,,jo9ts4--,= jo9+ toge!r bo>ds at "r angles to ea* o!r1 su* z box corn]s1 draw]s & l articles1 t5ons & mortises %\ld nev] be resort$ to4 ,9 ord] to make f9e "w ! jo9ts %\ld be made by means ( dovetails1 rabbets or rebates1 or by bevel+ or mit]+ ! ends4 ,,bevel+ ,,& ,,mit]+4--,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! t]ms bevel+ & mit]+1 z us$ 9 ! art4 ,9 ,fig4 #db ! jo9t ,a is bevel$1 & 9 ,fig4 #dc ! jo9t ,b is mit]$1 ! diff]5ce be+ t a bevel is appli$ to an angle jo9t l a box corn]1 :ile a mit] has ref]5ce to a jo9t su* z is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dc1 su* z ! corn] ( a picture frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,,prop] ,,t]ms4--,x is ! application ( ! correct t]ms to ?+s t lays ! f\ndation = accurate ?9k+ & prop] expressions 9 describ+ "w4 ,a wise man once said t ! basis ( true sci5ce consi/s 9 correct def9itions4 ,,picture ,,frames4--,9 picture frames ! mit]$ corn]s may h a saw k]f 7,c7 cut across ! corn]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 & a ?9 blade ( h>d wood driv5 91 ! :ole be+ glu$ toge!r4 ,,dovetail ,,jo9ts4--,x is 9 ! lay+ out ( ! m complicat$ dovetail jo9ts t ! highe/ skill is requir$1 because exactness is ( m importance 9 ?is "w ?an 9 any o!r article 9 jo9]y4 ,9 ord] to d ?is "w accurately foll[ out ! examples giv51 & y w soon be able to make a beautiful dovetail corn]1 & d x quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,prep>+ ,a ,,box ,,jo9t4--,9 ord] to mat* a box jo9t = ! inn] end ( a table draw]1 ! fir/ /ep is to select two "w sides4 ,"o "w side w be ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & ! o!r ! side surface ( ! bo>d1 & on ^? surfaces we w put crosses1 z h]et(ore sugge/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps4--,n[ lap toge!r ! inn] surfaces ( ^! bo>ds 7,y1 ,z71 s ! ends are t[>d y1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,!n1 aft] measur+ ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds to be jo9$ 7! ?9ne/1 if !y are ( diff]5t ?icknesses71 set y\r compasses1 or divid]s1 = #a_/d in*1 provid+ ! bo>ds are #a_/b in* ?ick1 &1 comm5c+ at ! "w edge ( ! bo>d1 /ep (f & po9t1 z at ,a1 ! :ole wid? ( ! bo>d1 & ) a squ>e make ! two cross m>ks 7,b71 us+ ! two fir/ compass po9ts 7,a71 !n skipp+ "o1 us+ ! next two1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,:5 ?is is done1 turn up ! bo>d ,z 7,fig4 #df71 s t x is at "r angles to ! bo>d ,y1 & s ! out] surface ( ! bo>d ,z is flu% ) ! end ( ! bo>d ,x1 & ) a %>p knife po9t ext5d ! l9es ,b along ) ! gra9 ( ! wood on bo>d ,z1 up to ! cross m>k ,c4 ,?is cross m>k %\ld h be5 previ\sly made & is locat$ z f> f ! end ( ! bo>d ,z z ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d ,y4 ,we n[ h ! m>ks = ! out] surface ( ! bo>d ,z1 & ! end m>ks ( bo>d ,y4 ,= ! purpose ( gett+ ! angles ( ! end ( ! bo>d ,z & ! out] side ( bo>d ,y1 a cross l9e 7,d1 ,fig4 #dg7 is drawn across ! bo>d ,x ne> ! end1 ?is l9e be+ z f> f ! end z ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d ,z1 & a v]tical l9e 7,e7 is drawn midway betwe5 ! two fir/ cross m>ks 7,a74 ,n[1 ) y\r compass1 :i*1 9 ! meantime1 has n be5 *ang$1 make a m>k 7,f71 & draw d[n ! l9e 7,g71 :i* w give y ! work+ angle at :i* y may set ! bevel gage4 ,!n draw d[n an angle f ea* alt]nate cross l9e 7,a71 & turn ! bevel & draw d[n ! l9es 7,h74 ,^! l9es %\ld all be produc$ on ! opposite side ( ! bo>d1 s z to assure accuracy1 & to ?is end ! edges ( ! bo>d also %\ld be scrib$4 ,,cutt+ ,,out ,,! ,,spaces4--,9 cutt+ out ! int]v5+ spaces1 :i* %\ld be done ) a %>p *isel1 c>e %\ld be obs]v$ n to cut ov] ! %\ld] l9es4 ,to prev5t mi/akes y %\ld put "s di/9ctive m>k on ea* "p to be cut away4 ,9 ?is in/ance ,e1 ,h %[ ! p>ts to be remov$1 & 9 ,fig4 #dh two ( ! cutaway portions are indicat$4 ,:5 ! end ( ! bo>d ,z is turn$ up 7,fig4 #di71 x has m]ely ! longitud9al p>allel l9es ,b4 ,! bevel squ>e may n[ be us$ 9 ! same mann] z on ! side ( ! bo>d ,y1 & ! fitt+ angles w !n be accurately true4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej1 9 :i*1 also1 two ( ! cutaway p>ts are remov$4 ,,tools ,,us$ ,,9 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,t5ons ,,& ,,mortises4--,a %>p-po9t$ knife mu/ always be us$ = mak+ all m>ks4 ,nev] employ an awl = ?is "w1 z ! fib] ( ! wood w be torn up by x4 ,a small try squ>e %\ld always be us$ 7n ! l>ge iron squ>e71 & ?is ) a %>p-po9t$ compass & bevel squ>e w enable y to turn out a satisfactory piece ( "w4 ,! =ego+ examples1 c>efully /udi$1 w enable y to ga!r ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 lay+ (f any "w4 ,if y c once make a pres5table box jo9t1 s t all ! dovetails w accurately fit toge!r1 y w h accompli%$ "o ( ! mo/ difficult phases ( ! "w1 & x is an ex]cise :i* w amply repay y1 because y w le>n to appreciate :at accuracy means4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,compass ,,& ,,! ,,squ>e ,,! ,,squ>e4--,! squ>e is1 probably1 ! olde/ ( all tools1 & t1 toge!r ) ! compass1 or divid]s1 ) :i* ! squ>e is always associat$1 has con/itut$ ! craftsman's emblem f ! e>lie/ hi/orical times4 ,s f> z we n[ "k1 ! pla9 flat =m1 :i* has at lea/ "o "r angle & two or m /raight edges1 0 ! only =m ( squ>e us$ by ! workman4 ,b mod]n uses1 & ! developm5t ( jo9]y & cab9et mak+1 z well z ! m advanc$ =ms ( ma*9]y practice1 necessitat$ new /ructural =ms 9 ! squ>e1 s t ! bevel squ>e1 9 :i* !re is an adju/able blade set 9 a h&le1 0 f\nd necess>y4 ,,! ,,try ,,squ>e4--,9 ! use ( ! ord9>y l>ge metal squ>e x is necess>y to lay ! %ort limb ( ! squ>e on ! face ( ! "w1 & ! long limb mu/1 !re=e1 re/ aga9/ ! "w side or edge ( ! timb]1 s t ! scrib+ edge ( ! %ort limb does n re/ flat aga9/ ! "w4 ,z su* a tool is defective 9 "w requir+ accuracy1 x br\ght into exi/5ce :at is call$ ! try squ>e1 :i* has a rectangul> h&le1 usually ( wood1 into :i* is fitt$ at "o end a metal blade1 :i* is at "r angles to ! edge ( ! h&le4 ,! h&le1 !re=e1 always s]ves z a guide = ! blade 9 scrib+ "w1 because x lies flat d[n on ! "w4 ,,! ,t-,,squ>e is ano!r modification ( ! try squ>e1 its pr9cipal use be+ = draught+ purposes4 ,,! ,,compass4--,! compass is "o ( ! orig9al c>p5t]'s tools4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 compass & divid]s is t compasses h adju/able p5 or p5cil po9ts1 :]eas divid]s are )\t adju/able po9ts4 ,mod]n "w has br\ght ref9em5ts 9 ! "* ( ! compass & divid]s1 s t we n[ h ! b[-compass1 :i* is1 usually1 a small tool1 "o leg ( :i* c>ries a p5 or p5cil po9t1 ! two legs be+ secur$ toge!r1 usually1 by a spr+ b[1 or by a h+$ jo9t ) a spr+ atta*m5t4 ,,proportional ,,divid]s4--,a useful tool is call$ ! proportional divid]s1 ! legs ( :i* are h+$ toge!r int]m$iate ! ends1 s t ! pivotal jo9t is adju/able4 ,by means ( ?is tool ! scale ( "w may be *ang$1 al?\gh its wide/ field ( usefulness is "w laid (f on a scale :i* y int5d to r$uce or enl>ge proportionally4 ,,det]m9+ ,,angles4--,n[1 9 ord] to lay out "w ! boy %\ld "k quickly & accurately h[ to det]m9e v>i\s angles us$ or requir$ 9 8 "w4 ,! quicke/ way 9 :i* to le>n ?is is to become famili> ) ! degree 9 its v>i\s relations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,degree4--,a degree is n a measure1 z we w\ld designate a foot or a p\nd to det]m9e di/ance or quantity4 ,x is us$ to d5ote a division1 space1 int]val or position4 ,to illu/rate1 look at ! circle1 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! f\r c>d9al po9ts are =m$ by ! cross l9es 7,a1 ,b71 & 9 ea* "o ( ! quadrants ?us =m$ ! circle is divid$ into #ij degrees4 ,look at ! radial l9es 7,c1 ,d71 & y w f9d t ! di/ance betwe5 ^! l9es is diff]5t along ! curv$ l9e 7,e7 ?an along ! curv$ l9e 7,f74 ,! degree is1 !re=e1 to indicate only ! space1 division or int]val 9 ! circle4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,angle4--,mo/ important = "o to "k at a glance is t ( #de degrees1 because ! "o c ! m readily calculate ! o!r degrees1 approximately1 by hav+ #de degrees once fix$ 9 ! m9d1 & impress$ on ! visual image4 ,) a squ>e & a compass x is a comp>atively easy matt] accurately to /ep (f #de degrees1 z x is ! l9e ,c1 midway betwe5 ,a & ,b1 & ! o!r degrees may be calculat$ f ! l9e ,c & ! c>d9al l9es ,a or ,b4 ,,degrees ,,)\t ,a ,,compass4--,b 9 ! abs5ce ( a compass & :5 y d n wi% to /ep (f a circle1 y w 9 su* case lay d[n ! squ>e1 & m>k (f at ! out] m>g9 ( ! limbs two equal dim5sions4 ,suppose we take #b in*es on ea* limb ( ! squ>e4 ,! angle ?us =m$ by ! angle squ>e blade is #de degrees4 ,to f9d #cj degrees all[ ! blade ( ! angle squ>e to run f #b in*es on "o limb to #c-a_/b in*es on ! o!r limb1 & x w be f\nd t = #ae degrees ! blade runs f #b in*es on "o limb to #g-a_/b in*es on ! o!r limb4 ,x w\ld be well to fix firmly ^! ?ree po9ts1 at lea/1 9 y\r m9d1 z !y w be ( ! utmo/ value to y4 ,x is a comp>atively easy matt] n[ to f9d #aj degrees or #be degrees1 or any int]m$iate l9e4 ,,:at ,,degrees ,,are ,,calculat$ ,,f4--,! "q t n[ arises is :at l9e "o may use f :i* to calculate degrees1 or at :at po9t 9 ! circle z]o is plac$4 ,degrees may be calculat$ ei!r f ! horizontal or f ! v]tical l9e4 ,exam9e ,fig4 #ec4 ,! work+ m>g9 indicat$ by ! cross m>k is y\r base l9e1 & 9 specify+ an angle y calculate x f ! "w edge4 ,?us1 ! l9e ,a indicates an angle ( #cj degrees4 ,! dott$ l9e is #de degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,,! ,,divid]s4--,! divid]s are us$ n only = scrib+ circles1 b also = /epp+ & divid+ spaces equally4 ,!re is a knack 9 ! use ( ! divid]s1 :]e accuracy is want$1 & :]e ! surface is ( wood4 ,unless ! utmo/ c>e is obs]v$1 ! spaces w be unequal1 = ! reason t ! po9t ( ! divid]s w s9k m deeply into ! wood at "s places ?an at o!rs1 due to ! unev5 texture ( ! wood gra94 ,x w be bett] to make a l9e l5g?wise1 & a cross l9e 7,a7 = />t+ 7see ,fig4 #ed74 ,y may !n ins]t "o po9t ( ! divid]s at ! initial m>k 7,b71 & describe a small arc 7,c74 ,!n move ! divid]s ov] to ! int]section ( ! arc 7,c7 on ! l9e1 & make ! next m>k1 & s on4 ,"s useful h9ts along ?is same l9e w be f\nd "u ! *apt] on ,draw+1 :i* %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,h[ ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,/ructural ,,p>ts ,,are ,,designat$ ,,! ,,"r ,,"n ,,= ,,ev]y?+4--,always make x a po9t to apply ! "r t]m to ea* article or portion ( a /ructure4 ,y\r explanation1 to ^? :o d "k ! prop] te*nical t]ms1 w r5d] mu* easi] a ?or\gh und]/&+2 & to ^? :o d n "k1 y\r language w be 9 ! nature ( an education4 ,,prop] ,,designations4--,e "p 9 me*anism1 e po9t1 curve & angle has its peculi> designation4 ,a k ( t]ms is an indication ( ?or\ghness 9 education1 &1 z h]et(ore /at$1 becomes really ! basis ( art1 z well z ( ! sci5ces4 ,:5 y wi% to imp>t in=mation to ano!r y mu/ d x 9 t]ms und]/ood by bo?4 ,fur!rmore1 & = ?is v reason1 y %\ld /udy to f9d out h[ to expla9 or to def9e ! t]ms4 ,y may h a m5tal picture ( ! /ructure 9 y\r m9d1 b :5 ask$ to expla9 x y are lo/4 ,,le>n+ ,,me*anical ,,=ms4--,suppose1 = example1 we take ! words segm5t & sector4 ,)\t a ?or\gh und]/&+ 9 y\r own m9d y are likely to confuse ^! t]ms by tak+ "o = ! o!r4 ,b let u assume y are to be call$ ^u to expla9 a sector to "s "o :o has no idea ( t]ms & _! def9itions4 ,h[ w\ld y describe x8 ,:ile x is true x is w$ge-%ap$1 y w see by exam9+ ! draw+ t x is n l a w$ge4 ,! sector has two sides runn+ f a po9t l a w$ge1 b ! l>ge end ( ! sector is curv$4 ,if y 7 call$ ^u to def9e a segm5t y might say x _h "o /raight l9e & "o curve1 b ?is w\ld n def9e x v lucidly4 ,!re=e1 9 go+ ov] ! designations giv51 n only fix 9 y\r m9d ! p>ticul> =m1 b try to rememb] "s p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* y c cle>ly express ! =m1 ! %ape or ! relation ( ! p>ts4 ,= y\r guidance1 !re=e1 ,i h giv51 z f> z possible1 simple figures to aid y 9 becom+ acqua9t$ ) /ructures & _! designations1 )\t repeat+ ! m simple =ms :i* ,i h us$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4-;,fig4 #fe4 #ee4 ,arcade4--,a s]ies ( ar*es ) ! columns or pi]s :i* support !m1 ! sp&rels above1 & o!r p>ts4 #ef4 ,ar*4--,a curv$ memb] made up1 usually1 ( sep>ate w$ge-%ap$ solids1 ,a4 ,k1 ,key/one2 ,s1 ,spr+]s2 ,c1 ,*ord1 or span4 #eg4 ,buttress4--,a project+ mass ( masonry4 ,a1 us$ = resi/+ ! ?ru/ ( an ar*1 or = ornam5tation2 ,b1 a fly+ buttress4 #eh4 ,*amf]4--,! surface ,a =m$ by cutt+ away ! arris or angle =m$ by two faces1 ,b1 ,c1 ( mat]ial4 #ei4 ,cott] or ,cott] ,p94--,a p91 ,a1 ei!r flat1 squ>e or r\nd1 driv5 ?r\gh a project+ tongue to hold x 9 position4 #fj4 ,cr5elat$4--,a =m ( mold+ ind5t$ or not*$1 ei!r regul>ly or irregul>ly4 #fa4 ,crosses4--#a4 ,lat9 cross1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome c>ri$ be=e ,bi%ops4 #b4 ,d\ble cross1 c>ri$ be=e ,c>d9als & ,bi%ops4 #c4 ,triple or ,papal cross4 #d4 ,/4 ,&rew's & ,/4 ,pet]'s cross4 #e4 ,maltese cross4 #f4 ,/4 ,an?ony or ,egyptian cross4 #g4 ,cross ( ,j]usalem4 #h4 ,a cross patt or f]m 7head or fir/74 #i4 ,a cross patonce 7t is1 gr[+ l>g] at ! ends74 #aj4 ,greek cross4 #fb4 ,curb ,ro(4--,a ro( hav+ a d\ble slope1 or compos$ on ea* side ( two p>ts :i* h unequal incl9ations2 a gambrel ro(4 #fc4 ,cupola4--,s call$ on acc\nt ( its resemblance to a cup4 ,a ro( hav+ a r\nd$ =m4 ,:5 on a l>ge scale x is call$ a dome4 ,cr[n ,po/4--,see ,k+ ,po/4 #fd4 ,console4--,a bracket ) a projection n m ?an half its height4 #fe4 ,corbels4--,a mass ( brackets to support a %elf or /ructure4 ,l>gely employ$ 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4-;,fig4 #gi4 #ff4 ,dorm]4--,a w9d[ pi]c$ 9 a ro( & s set z to be v]tical1 :ile ! ro( slopes away f x4 ,also call$ a ,gablet4 #fg4 ,d[el4--,a p9 or /ud 9 "o block1 or body1 design$ to engage ) holes 9 ano!r body to hold !m toge!r 9 alignm5t4 #fh4 ,drip4--,t "p ( a cornice or sill c\rse ,a1 or o!r horizontal memb] :i* projects beyond ! re/1 s z to div]t wat]4 #fi4 ,det5ts4--,recesses to lock or to s]ve z a /op or hold+ place4 #gj4 ,extrados4--,! ext]ior curve ( an ar*1 especially ! upp] curv$ face ,a4 ,b is ! ,intrados or ,s(fit4 #ga4 ,engrail$4--,ind5t$ ) small concave curves1 z ! edge ( a bordure1 b5d1 or ! l4 #gb4 ,facet4--,! n>r[ pla9 surface1 z ,a1 betwe5 ! flut+ ( a column4 #gc4 ,fret1 ,fretwork4--,ornam5tal "w consi/+ ( small fillets1 or slats1 int]sect+ ea* o!r or b5t at "r angles4 ,op5work 9 relief1 :5 elaborat$ & m9ute 9 all its p>ts4 ,h5ce any m9ute play ( light & %ade4 ,a1 ,japanese fretwork4 ,b1 ,gre5 fret4 #gd4 ,frontal1 also call$ ,p$im5t4--,! triangul> space1 ,a1 above a door or w9d[4 #ge4 ,fru/ums4--,t "p ( a solid next ! base1 =m$ by cutt+ (f ! top2 or ! "p ( any solid1 z ( a cone1 pyramid1 etc41 betwe5 two planes1 :i* may ei!r be p>allel or incl9$ to ea* o!r4 #gf4 ,fylfat4--,a rebat$ cross us$ z a secret emblem & worn z an ornam5t4 ,x is also call$ ,gammadium1 & m commonly kn[n z ,swa/ika4 #gg4 ,gambrel ,ro(4--,a curb ro( hav+ ! same section 9 all its p>ts1 ) a l[]1 /eep] & long] "p4 ,see ,curb ,ro( & di/+ui% diff]5ce4 #gh4 ,g>goyle4--,a sp\t project+ f ! ro( gutt] ( a build+1 (t5 c>v$ grotesquely4 #gi4 ,gudgeon4--,a wood5 %aft1 ,a1 ) a socket1 ,b1 into :i* is fitt$ a ca/+1 ,c4 ,! ca/+ has a gudgeon1 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4-;,fig4 #ic4 #hj4 ,guillo*e4--,an ornam5t 9 ! =m ( two or m b&s or /r+s twi/$ toge!r or ov] or ?r\gh ea* o!r4 #ha4 ,half ,timb]$4--,con/ruct$ ( a timb] frame1 hav+ ! spaces fill$ 9 ) masonry4 #hb4 ,hamm] ,beam4--,a memb] ( "o description ( ro( truss1 call$ hamm]-beam truss1 :i* is s fram$ z n to h a tie beam at ! top ( ! wall4 ,a is ! hamm] beam1 & ,c ! p5dant po/4 #hc4 ,haun*es4--,! p>ts ,a1 ,a1 on ea* side ( ! cr[n ( an ar*4 ,ea* haun* is f "o-half to two-?irds ( ! half ar*4 #hd4 ,head]4--,a piece ( timb]1 ,a1 fitt$ betwe5 two trimm]s1 ,b1 ,b1 to hold ! ends ( ! tail beams1 ,c1 ,c4 #he4 ,hip ,ro(4--,! ext]nal angle =m$ by ! meet+ ( two slop+ sides or skirts ( a ro( :i* h _! wall plates runn+ 9 diff]5t directions4 #hf4 ,hood ,mold+4--,a project+ mold+ ov] ! head ( an ar*1 z at ,a1 =m+ ! out]-mo/ memb] ( ! ar*ivolt4 #hg4 ,inclave4--,! bord]1 or bord]s1 hav+ a s]ies ( dovetails4 ,"o v>iation ( mold+ or ornam5tation4 #hh4 ,int]lac+ ,ar*4--,ar*es1 usually circul>1 s con/ruct$ t _! ar*ivolts1 ,a1 int]sect & seem to be int]lac$4 #hi4 ,invect$4--,hav+ a bord] or outl9e compos$ ( semicircles or ar*es1 ) ! convexity outw>d4 ,! opposite ( engrail$4 #ij4 ,inv]t$ ,ar*4--,an ar* plac$ ) ! cr[n d[nw>d2 us$ 9 f\ndation "w4 #ia4 ,key/one4--,! c5tral or topmo/ /one1 ,a1 ( an ar*1 sometimes decorat$ ) a c>v+4 #ib4 ,k+ ,po/4--,a memb]1 ,a1 ( a common =m ( truss = ro(s4 ,x is /rictly a tie int5d$ to prev5t ! sagg+ ( ! tie beam1 ,b1 9 ! middle4 ,if !re are /ruts1 ,c1 support+ ! raft]s1 ,d1 !y ext5d d[n to ! foot ( ! ,k+ ,po/4 #ic4 ,label4--,! "n giv5 to ! project+ mold+1 ,a1 ar\nd ! top ( ! door op5+4 ,a =m ( m$ival ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4-;,fig4 #ajd4 #id4 ,l\v]4--,! slop+ bo>ds1 ,a1 set to %$ ra9 wat] outw>d 9 an op5+ ( a frame1 z 9 belfry w9d[s4 #ie4 ,l9tel4--,a horizontal memb]4 ,a spann+ or op5+ ( a frame1 & design$ to c>ry ! wall above x4 #if4 ,lug4--,a4 project+ piece1 z ,a1 to :i* any?+ is atta*$1 or aga9/ :i* ano!r "p1 l ,b1 is held4 #ig4 ,m-,ro(4--,a k9d ( ro( =m$ by ! junction ( two common ro(s ) a valley betwe5 !m1 s ! section resembles ! lett] ,m4 #ih4 ,mans>d ,ro(4--,a hipp$ curb ro(1 t is1 a ro( hav+ on all sides two slopes1 ! l[] "o1 ,a1 be+ /eep] ?an ! upp] portion or deck4 #ii4 ,newel ,po/4--,! upright po/ at ! foot ( a /airway1 to :i* ! rail+ is atta*$4 #ajj4 ,p>quetry4--,a species ( jo9]y or cab9et "w1 consi/+ ( an inlay ( geometric or o!r patt]ns1 g5]ally ( diff]5t color$ woods1 us$ p>ticul>ly = floors4 #aja4 ,pe54 also ,pe94--,! r\nd1 r\nd-edg$ or hemisph]ical end1 z at ,a1 ( a hamm]4 #ajb4 ,p5dant4--,a hang+ ornam5t on ro(s1 ceil+s1 etc41 & mu* us$ 9 ! lat] /yles ( ,go?ic ar*itecture :]e x is ( /one4 ,imitat$ l>gely 9 wood & pla/] "w4 #ajc4 ,p5ta/yle4--,a pill>4 ,a portico hav+ five pill>s1 ,a1 is call$ ! ,p5ta/yle 9 temples ( classical con/ruction4 #ajd4 ,p$e/al4--,an upright ar*itectural memb]1 ,a1 "r-angl$ 9 plan1 con/ructionally a pi]1 b resembl+ a column1 hav+ a capital1 %aft & base to agree ) ! columns 9 ! /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4-;,fig4 #aag4 #aje4 ,p9tle4--,an upright pivot p91 or ! p9 ( a h+e2 ,a repres5ts ! p9tle ( a rudd]4 #ajf4 ,portico4--,a colonnade or cov]$ /ructure1 especially 9 classical /yle1 ( ar*itecture1 & usually at ! entrance ( a build+4 #ajg4 ,plate4--,a horizontal timb]1 ,a1 us$ z a top or head] = support+ timb]s1 ro(s & ! l4 #ajh4 ,que5 ,po/4--,"o ( two susp5d+ po/s 9 a ro( truss1 or o!r fram$ truss ( simple =m4 ,comp>e ) ,k+ ,po/4 ,a1 ,b1 tie beam2 ,c1 ,c1 que5 po/s2 ,d1 /ra9+ piece2 ,e1 pr9cipal raft]2 ,f1 raft]4 #aji4 ,quirk ,mold+4--,a small *annel1 deeply recess$1 9 proportion to its wid?1 us$ to insulate & give relief to a convex r\nd$ mold+4 ,an excell5t corn] po/ = furniture4 #aaj4 ,re-ent]+4--,! figure %[s an irregul> polygon 7t is1 _m-sid$ figure7 & is a re-ent]+ polygon4 ,! recess ,a is a re-ent]+ angle4 #aaa4 ,raft]4--,orig9ally any r\gh & heavy piece ( timb]1 b 9 mod]n c>p5try us$ to designate ! ma9 ro( support1 z at ,a4 ,see ,que5 ,po/4 #aab4 ,sc>f+4--,cutt+ timb] at an angle along its l5g?1 z ! l9e ,a4 ,sc>f+ jo9ts are v>i\sly made4 ,! ov]lapp+ jo9ts may be /raight or recess$ & provid$ ) a key block ,b4 ,:5 fitt$ toge!r !y are securely held by plates & bolts4 #aac4 ,scotia ,mold+4--,a sunk5 mold+ 9 ! base ( a pill>1 s call$ f ! d>k %ad[ :i* x ca/s4 #aad4 ,sill4--,9 c>p5try ! base piece1 or pieces1 ,a1 on :i* ! po/s ( a /ructure are set4 #aae4 ,skew-,back4--,! c\rse ( masonry1 su* z a /one1 ,a1 ) an incl9$ face1 :i* =ms ! abutm5t = ! v\ssoirs1 ,b1 or w$ge-%ap$ /ones compris+ ! ar*4 #aaf4 ,sp&rel4--,! irregul>1 triangul> space1 ,a1 betwe5 ! curve ( an ar* & ! enclos+ "r angle4 #aag4 ,/rut4--,9 g5]al1 any piece ( a frame1 su* z a timb] ,a1 or a brace ,b1 :i* resi/s pressure or ?ru/ 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4-;,fig4 #abc4 #aah4 ,/ud1 ,/udd+4--,! v]tical timb] or scantl+1 ,a1 :i* is "o ( ! small uprights ( a build+ to :i* ! bo>d+ or pla/]+ la? are nail$4 #aai4 ,/ile4--,! ma9 uprights ( a door1 z ,a1 ,a2 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 rails2 ,c1 ,c1 mullions2 ,d1 ,d1 panels4 ,tie ,beam4--,see ,que5 ,po/4 #abj4 ,trammel4--,a v useful tool = draw+ ellipses4 ,x comprises a cross1 ,a1 ) grooves & a b>1 ,b1 ) p9s1 ,c1 atta*$ to slid+ blocks 9 ! grooves1 & a p5 or /ylus1 ,d1 at ! project+ end ( ! b> to scribe ! ellipse4 #aba4 ,turret4--,a little t[]1 frequ5tly only an ornam5tal /ructure at "o ( ! angles ( a l>g] /ructure4 #abb4 ,transom4--,a horizontal cross-b>1 ,a1 above a door or w9d[ or betwe5 a door & a w9d[ above x4 ,transom is ! horizontal memb]1 & if !re is a v]tical1 l ! dott$ l9e ,b1 x is call$ a ,mullion4 ,see ,/ile4 #abc4 ,valley ,ro(4--,a place ( meet+ ( two slopes ( a ro( :i* h _! sides runn+ 9 diff]5t directions & =m$ on ! plan ( a re-entrant angle4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,draw+ ,,& ,,its ,,utility ,a k ( draw+1 at lea/ s f> z ! fundam5tals are conc]n$1 is ( great s]vice to ! beg9n]4 ,all "w1 aft] be+ conceiv$ 9 ! bra91 %\ld be transf]r$ to pap]4 ,a habit ( ?is k9d becomes a pleasure1 &1 if c>ri$ out p]si/5tly1 w prove a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,! boy ) a b[ p5 c easily draw circles1 & ) a draw+ or rul+ p5 he c make /raight l9es4 ,,repres5t+ ,,objects4--,b let him try to repres5t "s object1 & ! p5s become useless4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! use ( draw+ tools & free-h& draw+4 ,:ile ! boy :o is able to execute free-h& sket*es may become ! bett] arti/1 /ill t art w\ld n be ( mu* s]vice to him z a c>p5t]4 ,fir/1 because ! use ( tools gives precision1 & ?is is necess>y to ! build]2 &1 second1 because ! arti/ deals :olly ) p]spectives1 :]eas ! build] mu/ execute f plane surfaces or elevations4 ,,=m+ ,,l9es ,,& ,,%ad[s4--,x is n my int5tion to furni% a complete treatise on ?is subject1 b to d two ?+s1 "o ( :i* w be to %[1 among o!r features1 h[ simple l9es =m objects2 h[ %ad+ becomes an effective aid2 h[ proportions are =m$2 &1 second1 h[ to make irregul> =ms1 & h[ !y may readily be execut$ s t ! boy may be able to grasp ! ideas = all %apes & /ructural devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,l9e ,,%ad+4--,9 ! demon/ration ( ?is "w ,i %all give an analysis ( ! simple l9es =m$1 %[+ ! t]ms us$ to designate ! l9es1 curves1 & =mations1 s t :5 any "w is laid out ! beg9n] w be able1 ) ?is gloss>y be=e him1 to describe ar*itecturally1 z well z ma!matically1 ! angles & curves ) :i* he is work+4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,*>act]ize ,,surface4--,suppose we comm5ce simply ) /raight l9es4 ,h[ %all we det]m9e ! "* ( ! surface ( ! mat]ial betwe5 ! two /raight l9es %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe8 ,is x flat1 r\nd$1 or concav$8 ,let u see h[ we may treat ! surface by simple l9es s z to indicate ! configuration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,,concave ,,surfaces4--,9 ,fig4 #abf ! %ad+ l9es comm5ce at ! upp] m>g91 & are heavie/ !re1 ! l9es gradually gr[+ ?9n] & f>!r ap>t4 ,,convex ,,surfaces4--,9 ,fig4 #abg ! %ad+ is v light along ! upp] m>g91 & heavy at ! l[] m>g94 ,! fir/ %ad$ figure1 !re=e1 repres5ts a concav$ surface1 & ! second figure a convex surface4 ,b :y8 ,simply = ! reason t 9 draw+s1 z well z 9 nature1 light is project$ d[nw>dly1 h5ce :5 a beam ( light moves pa/ ! m>g9 ( an object1 ! contra/ at ! upp] "p1 :]e ! light is mo/ int5se1 is /ronge/4 ,! %ad+ ( ! ,s-%ap$ surface 7,fig4 #abh7 is a comp\nd ( ,figs4 #abf & #abg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,,%ad[s ,,f ,a ,,solid ,,body4--,we c und]/& ?is bett] by exam9+ ,fig4 #abi1 :i* %[s a v]tical bo>d1 & a beam ( light 7,a7 pass+ d[nw>dly beyond ! upp] m>g9 ( ! bo>d4 ,"u ^! conditions ! upp] m>g9 ( ! bo>d appe>s d>k] to ! vision1 by contra/1 ?an ! l[] "p4 ,x %\ld also be und]/ood t1 9 g5]al1 ! ne>] ! object ! light] x is1 s t z ! upp] edge ( ! bo>d is f>!/ f ! eye ! heavy %ad+ !re w at lea/ give ! appe>ance ( di/ance to t edge4 ,b suppose t in/ead ( hav+ ! surface ( ! bo>d flat1 x %\ld be concav$1 z 9 ,fig4 #acj1 x is obvi\s t ! holl[1 or ! concav$1 portion ( ! bo>d mu/ int5sify ! %ad[s or ! d>kness at ! upp] edge4 ,?is expla9s :y ! heavy %ad+ 9 ,fig4 #abf is at t upp] m>g94 ,,flat ,,effects4--,if ! bo>d is flat x may be %ad$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca1 9 :i* ! l9es are all ( ! same ?ickness1 & are spac$ f>!r & f>!r ap>t at regul>ly increas+ int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,light4--,n[1 9 draw+1 we mu/ obs]ve ano!r ?+4 ,n only does ! light always come f above1 b x comes also f ! left side4 ,i %[ 9 ,fig4 #acb two squ>es1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,all ! l9es are ( ! same ?ickness4 ,c y det]m9e by means ( su* a draw+ :at ! inn] squ>e repres5ts8 ,is x a block1 or rais$ surface1 or is x a depression8 ,,rais$ ,,surfaces4--,fig4 #acc %[s x 9 ! =m ( a block1 simply by ?ick5+ ! l[] & ! "r-h& l9es4 ,,depress$ ,,surfaces4--,if1 by *ance1 y %\ld make ! upp] & ! left-h& l9es heavy1 z 9 ,fig4 #acd1 x w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 appe> depress$1 & w\ld ne$ no fur!r explanation4 ,,full ,,%ad+1--,b1 9 ord] to furni% an additional example ( ! effect ( %ad+1 suppose we %ade ! surface ( ! l>ge squ>e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ace1 & y w at once see t n only is ! effect emphasiz$1 b x all ! m cle>ly expresses :at y want to %[4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ,fig4 #acf1 we %ade only ! space )9 ! inn] squ>e1 & x is only too obvi\s h[ %ad[s give u surface con=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,cube ,,%ad+4--,9 ,fig4 #acg ,i %[ m]ely n9e l9es jo9$ toge!r1 all l9es be+ ( equal ?ickness4 ,z ?us drawn x may repres5t1 = in/ance1 a cube1 or x may %[ simply a squ>e base 7,a7 ) two sides 7,b1 ,b7 ( equal dim5sions4 ,,%ad+ ,,effects4--,n[1 to exam9e x prop]ly s z to obs]ve :at ! draughtsman wi%es to express1 look at ,fig4 #ach1 9 :i* ! ?ree div]g+ l9es 7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 are increas$ 9 ?ickness1 & ! cube appe>s pla9ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,fig4 #aci1 ! ?ick5+ ( ! l9es 7,d1 ,e1 ,f7 %[s an entirely diff]5t /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 !re=e1 t to %[ rais$ surfaces ! g5]al direction is to %ade heavily ! l[] horizontal & ! "r v]tical l9es4 7,see ,fig4 #acc47 ,,heavy ,,l9es4--,b !re is an exception to ?is rule4 ,see two examples 7,fig4 #adj74 ,"h two p>allel l9es appe> close toge!r to =m ! edge ne>e/ ! eye4 ,9 su* cases ! second1 or upp]1 l9e is heavie/4 ,on v]tical l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #ada1 ! second l9e f ! "r is heavie/4 ,^! examples %[ pla9 geometrical l9es1 & ^? f ,figs4 #ach to #ada1 inclusive1 are 9 p]spective4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,,p]spective4--,a p]spective is a mo/ deceptive figure1 & a cube1 = in/ance1 may be drawn s t ! v>i\s l9es w diff] 9 l5g?1 & also be equidi/ant f ea* o!r4 ,or all ! l9es may be ( ! same l5g? & h ! di/ances betwe5 !m v>y4 ,suppos+ we h two cubes1 "o locat$ above ! o!r1 sep>at$1 say1 two feet or m f ea* o!r4 ,x is obvi\s t ! l9es ( ! two cubes w n be ! same to a cam]a1 because1 if !y 7 photograph$1 !y w\ld appe> exactly z !y are1 s f> z _! positions are conc]n$1 & n z !y appe>4 ,b ! cubes d appe> to ! eye z hav+ six equal sides4 ,! cam]a %[s t !y d n h six equal sides s f> z measurem5t is conc]n$4 ,y w see1 !re=e1 t ! position ( ! eye1 relative to ! cube1 is :at det]m9es ! angle1 or ! relative angles ( all ! l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,a ,,true ,,p]spective ,,( ,a ,,cube4--,fig4 #adb %[s a true p]spective--t is1 x is true f ! measurem5t /&po9t4 ,x is :at is call$ an isometrical view1 or a figure 9 :i* all ! l9es n only are ( equal l5g?1 b ! p>allel l9es are all spac$ ap>t ! same di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,,isometric ,,cube4--,i enclose ?is cube )9 a circle1 z 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,to =m ?is cube ! circle 7,a7 is drawn & bisect$ ) a v]tical l9e 7,b74 ,?is =ms ! />t+ po9t = /epp+ (f ! six po9ts 7,c7 9 ! circle1 us+ ! divid]s )\t resett+1 aft] y h made ! circle4 ,!n connect ea* ( ! po9ts 7,c7 by /raight l9es 7,d74 ,^! l9es are call$ *ords4 ,f ! c5t] draw two l9es 7,e7 at an angle & "o l9e 7,f7 v]tically4 ,^! are ! radial l9es4 ,y w see f ! =ego+ t ! *ords 7,d7 =m ! outl9e ( ! cube--or ! l9es f>!/ f ! eye1 & ! radial l9es 7,e1 ,f7 are ! ne>e/ to ! eye4 ,9 ?is position we are look+ at ! block at a true diagonal--t is1 f a corn] at "o side to ! extreme corn] on ! opposite side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,let u contra/ ?is1 & p>ticul>ly ,fig4 #adb1 ) ! cube :i* is plac$ high] up1 view$ f ! same /&po9t4 ,,flatt5$ ,,p]spective4--,fig4 #add %[s ! new p]spective1 9 :i* ! ?ree v]tical l9es 7,a1 ,a1 ,a7 are ( equal l5g?1 & ! six angul>ly dispos$ l9es 7,b1 ,c7 are ( equal l5g?1 b %ort] ?an ! l9es ,a4 ,! only *ange :i* has be5 made is to %ort5 ! di/ance across ! corn] f ,d to ,d1 b ! v]tical l9es 7,a7 are ! same 9 l5g? z ! correspond+ l9es 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,not)/&+ ?is *ange ! cubes 9 bo? figures appe> to be ( ! same size1 z1 9 fact1 !y really are4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,9 =m+ a p]spective1 !re=e1 x w\ld be a good idea = ! boy to h a cube ( wood always at h&1 :i*1 if laid d[n on a horizontal support1 alongside1 or )9 range ( ! object to be drawn1 w s]ve z a guide to ! p]spective4 ,,te*nical ,,designations4--,z all geometrical l9es h designations1 ,i h incorporat$ su* figures z w be mo/ s]viceable to ! boy1 ea* figure be+ accompani$ by its prop] def9ition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,be=e pass+ to t subject ,i c bett] %[ "s ( ! simple =ms by means ( suitable diagrams4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ade1 let u direct our att5tion to ! body 7,g71 =m$ by ! l9e 7,d7 across ! circle4 ,?is body is call$ a segm5t4 ,a *ord 7,d7 & a curve comprise a segm5t4 ,,sector ,,& ,,segm5t4--,n[ exam9e ! %ape ( ! body =m$ by two ( ! radial l9es 7,e1 ,e7 & t "p ( ! circle :i* ext5ds f "o radial l9e to ! o!r4 ,! body ?us =m$ is a sector1 & x is made by two radiat+ l9es & a curv$ l9e4 ,le>n to di/+ui% readily1 9 y\r m9d1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two figures4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,angles4--,! relation ( ! l9es to ea* o!r1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are jo9$ toge!r1 & _! comp>ative angles1 all h special t]ms & mean+s4 ,?us1 ref]r+ to ! isometric cube1 9 ,fig4 #ade1 ! angle =m$ at ! c5t] by ! l9es 7,b1 ,e7 is diff]5t f ! angle =m$ at ! m>g9 by ! l9es 7,e1 ,f74 ,! angle =m$ by ,b1 ,e is call$ an ext]ior angle2 & t =m$ by ,e1 ,f is an int]ior angle4 ,if y w draw a l9e 7,g7 f ! c5t] to ! circle l9e1 s x int]sects x at ,c1 ! l9es ,b1 ,d1 ,g =m an equilat]al or isosceles triangle2 if y draw a *ord 7,a7 f ,c to ,c1 ! l9es ,h1 ,e1 ,f w =m an obtuse triangle1 & ,b1 ,f1 ,h a "r-angl$ triangle4 ,,circles ,,& ,,curves4--,circles1 &1 9 fact1 all =ms ( curv$ "w1 are ! mo/ difficult = beg9n]s4 ,! simple/ figure is ! circle1 :i*1 if x repres5ts a rais$ surface1 is provid$ ) a heavy l9e on ! l[] "r-h& side1 z 9 ,fig4 #adf2 b ! prop] arti/ic expression is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adg1 9 :i* ! l[] "r-h& side is %ad$ 9 r+s runn+ only a "p ( ! way ar\nd1 gradually dim9i%+ 9 l5g?1 & spac$ f>!r & f>!r ap>t z y approa* ! c5t]1 ?us giv+ ! appe>ance ( a sph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,,irregul> ,,curves4--,b ! irregul> curves require ! mo/ c>e to =m prop]ly4 ,let u try fir/ ! elliptical curve 7,fig4 #adh74 ,! prop] ?+ is1 fir/1 to draw a l9e 7,a71 :i* is call$ ! major axis4 ,on ?is axis we m>k = our guidance two po9ts 7,b1 ,b74 ,) ! divid]s f9d a po9t 7,c7 exactly midway1 & draw a cross l9e 7,d74 ,?is is call$ ! m9or axis4 ,if we *oose to d s we may indicate two po9ts 7,e1 ,e7 on ! m9or axis1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 = conv5i5ce1 are s spac$ t ! di/ance along ! major axis1 betwe5 ,b1 ,b1 is twice ! l5g? across ! m9or axis 7,d71 along ,e1 ,e4 ,n[ f9d "o-qu>t] ( ! di/ance f ,b to ,c1 z at ,f1 & ) a compass p5cil make a half circle 7,g74 ,if1 n[1 y w set ! compass po9t on ! c5t] m>k 7,c71 & ! p5cil po9t ( ! compass on ,b1 & measure along ! m9or axis 7,d7 on bo? sides ( ! major axis1 y w make two po9ts1 z at ,h4 ,^! po9ts are y\r c5t]s = scrib+ ! long sides ( ! ellipse4 ,be=e proce$+ to /rike ! curv$ l9es 7,j71 draw a diagonal l9e 7,k7 f ,h to ea* m>k+ po9t 7,f74 ,d ?is on bo? sides ( ! major axis1 & produce ^! l9es s !y cross ! curv$ l9es 7,g74 ,:5 y ink 9 y\r ellipse d n all[ ! circle p5 to cross ! l9es 7,k71 & y w h a me*anical ellipse4 ,,ellipses ,,& ,,ovals4--,x is n necess>y to measure ! c5t]+ po9ts 7,f7 at c]ta9 specifi$ di/ances f ! int]section ( ! horizontal & v]tical l9es4 ,we may take any po9t along ! major axis1 z %[n1 = in/ance1 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,let ,b be ?is po9t1 tak5 at r&om4 ,!n describe ! half circle 7,c74 ,we may1 also1 arbitr>ily1 take any po9t1 z1 = in/ance1 ,d on ! m9or axis ,e1 & by draw+ ! diagonal l9es 7,f7 we f9d m>ks on ! circle 7,c71 :i* are ! meet+ l9es = ! l>ge curve 7,h71 ) ! small curve 7,c74 ,9 ?is case we h =m$ an ovate or an oval =m4 ,exp]i5ce w soon make p]fect 9 foll[+ out ^! directions4 ,,focal ,,po9ts4--,! focal po9t ( a circle is its c5t]1 & is call$ ! focus4 ,b an ellipse has two focal po9ts1 call$ foci1 repres5t$ by ,f1 ,f 9 ,fig4 #adh1 & by ,b1 ,b 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,a produc$ l9e is "o :i* ext5ds out beyond ! m>k+ po9t4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 #adh t "p ( ! l9e ,k betwe5 ,f & ,g repres5ts ! produc$ portion ( l9e ,k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,,spirals4--,!re is no m difficult figure to make ) a b[ or a circle p5 ?an a spiral4 ,9 ,fig4 #aej a horizontal & a v]tical l9e 7,a1 ,b71 respectively1 are drawn1 & at _! int]section a small circle 7,c7 is =m$4 ,?is n[ provides = f\r c5t]+ po9ts = ! circle p51 on ! two l9es 7,a1 ,b74 ,int]m$iate ^! po9ts indicate a second set ( m>ks halfway betwe5 ! m>ks on ! l9es4 ,if y w n[ set ! po9t ( ! compass at1 say1 ! m>k #c1 & ! p5cil po9t ( ! compass at ,d1 & make a curv$ m>k "o-eigh? ( ! way ar\nd1 say1 to ! radial l9e 7,e71 !n put ! po9t ( ! compass to #d1 & ext5d ! p5cil po9t ( ! compass s x co9cides ) ! curv$ l9e j drawn1 & !n aga9 make ano!r curve1 "o-eigh? ( a complete circle1 & s on ar\nd ! entire circle ( m>k+ po9ts1 successively1 y w produce a spiral1 :i*1 al?\gh n absolutely accurate1 is ! ne>e/ approa* ) a circle p54 ,to make ?is neatly requires c>e & pati5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,,p]p5dicul> ,,& ,,v]tical4--,a few words n[ z to t]ms4 ,! boy is (t5 confus$ 9 det]m9+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]p5dicul> & v]tical4 ,!re is a pron\nc$ diff]5ce4 ,v]tical means up & d[n4 ,x is on a l9e 9 ! direction a ball takes :5 x falls /raight t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,! ^w p]p5dicul>1 z usually employ$ 9 a/ronomy1 means ! same ?+1 b 9 geometry1 or 9 draft+1 or 9 its use 9 ! arts x means t a p]p5dicul> l9e is at "r angles to "s o!r l9e4 ,suppose y put a squ>e ^u a ro( s t "o leg ( ! squ>e ext5ds up & d[n on ! ro(1 & ! o!r leg projects outw>dly f ! ro(4 ,9 ?is case ! project+ leg is p]p5dicul> to ! ro(4 ,nev] use ! ^w v]tical 9 ?is connection4 ,,signs ,,to ,,indicate ,,measurem5ts4--,! small circle 77 is always us$ to designate degree4 ,?us #aj means t5 degrees4 ,feet are indicat$ by ! s+le m>k '2 & two closely alli$ m>ks are = in*es4 ,?us five feet t5 in*es %\ld be writt5 #e' #aj4 ,a l>ge cross 77 indicates ! ^w by1 & 9 express+ ! t]m six feet by ?ree feet two in*es1 x %\ld be writt5 #f' #c'b4 ,! =ego+ figures give "s ( ! fundam5tals necess>y to be acquir$1 & x may be said t if ! boy w le>n ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! draw+s he w h no difficulty 9 produc+ intelligible "w2 b z ?is is n a treatise on draw+ we _c g into ! m ref9$ phases ( ! subject4 ,,def9itions4--,! foll[+ figures %[ ! v>i\s geometrical =ms & _! def9itions3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4-;,fig4 #afe4 #aea4 ,abscissa4--,! po9t 9 a curve1 ,a1 :i* is ref]r$ to by c]ta9 l9es1 su* z ,b1 :i* ext5d out f an axis1 ,x1 or ! ord9ate l9e ,z4 #aeb4 ,angle4--,! inclos$ space ne> ! po9t :]e two l9es meet4 #aec4 ,apo!gm4--,! p]p5dicul> l9e ,a f ! c5t] to "o side ( a regul> polygon4 ,x repres5ts ! radial l9e ( a polygon ! same z ! radius repres5ts half ! diamet] ( a circle4 #aed4 ,apsides or ,apsis4--,"o ( two po9ts1 ,a1 ,a1 ( an orbit1 oval or ellipse f>!/ f ! axis1 or ! two small dots4 #aee4 ,*ord4--,a "r l9e1 z ,a1 unit+ ! extremities ( ! arc ( a circle or a curve4 #aef4 ,convolute 7see also ,involute74--,usually employ$ to designate a wave or folds 9 opposite directions4 ,a d\ble involute4 #aeg4 ,conic ,section4--,hav+ ! =m ( or resembl+ a cone4 ,=m$ by cutt+ (f a cone at any angle4 ,see l9e ,a4 #aeh4 ,conoid4--,any?+ t has a =m resembl+ t ( a cone4 #aei4 ,cycloid4--,a curve1 ,a1 g5]at$ by a po9t1 ,b1 9 ! plane ( a circle or :eel1 ,c1 :5 ! :eel is roll$ along a /raight l9e4 #afj4 ,ellipsoid4--,a solid1 all plane sections ( :i* are ellipses or circles4 #afa4 ,epicycloid4--,a curve1 ,a1 trac$ by a po9t1 ,b1 9 ! circumf]5ce ( a :eel1 ,c1 :i* rolls on ! convex side ( a fix$ circle1 ,d4 #afb4 ,evolute4--,a curve1 ,a1 f :i* ano!r curve1 l ,b1 on ea* ( ! inn] ends ( ! l9es ,c is made4 ,d is a spool1 & ! l9es ,c repres5t a ?read at diff]5t positions4 ,! ?read has a m>k]1 ,e1 s t :5 ! ?read is w\nd on ! spool ! m>k] ,e makes ! evolute l9e ,a4 #afc4 ,focus4--,! c5t]1 ,a1 ( a circle2 also "o ( ! two c5t]+ po9ts1 ,b1 ( an ellipse or an oval4 #afd4 ,gnome4--,! space includ$ betwe5 ! b\nd>y l9es ( two simil> p>allelograms1 ! "o )9 ! o!r1 ) an angle 9 common4 #afe4 ,hyp]bola4--,a curve1 ,a1 =m$ by ! section ( a cone4 ,if ! cone is cut (f v]tically on ! dott$ l9e1 ,a1 ! curve is a hyp]bola4 ,see ,p>abola4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4-;,fig4 #ahd4 #afg4 ,hypo!nuse4--,! side1 ,a1 ( a "r-angl$ triangle :i* is opposite to ! "r angle ,b1 ,c4 ,a1 regul> triangle2 ,c1 irregul> triangle4 #afh4 ,incid5ce4--,! angle1 ,a1 :i* is ! same angle z1 = in/ance1 a ray ( light1 ,b1 :i* falls on a mirror1 ,c4 ,! l9e ,d is ! p]p5dicul>4 #afi4 ,isosceles ,triangle4--,hav+ two sides or legs1 ,a1 ,a1 t are equal4 #agj4 ,p>abola4--,"o ( ! conic sections =m$ by cutt+ ( a cone s t ! cut l9e1 ,a1 is n v]tical4 ,see ,hyp]bola :]e ! cut l9e is v]tical4 #aga4 ,p>allelogram4--,a "r-l9$ quadrilat]al figure1 ^: opposite sides1 ,a1 ,a1 or ,b1 ,b1 are p>allel & consequ5tly equal4 #agb4 ,pelecoid4--,a figure1 some:at hat*et-%ap$1 b\nd$ by a semicircle1 ,a1 & two inv]t$ quadrants1 & equal to a squ>e1 ,c4 #agc4 ,polygons4--,_m-sid$ & _m ) angles4 #agd4 ,pyramid4--,a solid /ructure g5]ally ) a squ>e base & hav+ its sides meet+ 9 an apex or peak4 ,! peak is ! v]tex4 #age4 ,quadrant4--,! qu>t] ( a circle or ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle4 ,a horizontal l9e1 ,a1 & a v]tical l9e1 ,b1 make ! f\r quadrants1 l ,c4 #agf4 ,quadrilat]al4--,a plane figure hav+ f\r sides1 & consequ5tly f\r angles4 ,any figure =m$ by f\r l9es4 #agg4 ,rhomb4--,an equilat]al p>allelogram or a quadrilat]al figure ^: sides are equal & ! opposite sides1 ,b1 ,b1 p>allel4 #agh4 ,sector4--,a "p1 ,a1 ( a circle =m$ by two radial l9es1 ,b1 ,b1 & b\nd$ at ! end by a curve4 #agi4 ,segm5t4--,a "p1 ,a1 cut f a circle by a /raight l9e1 ,b4 ,! /raight l9e1 ,b1 is ! *ord or ! segm5tal l9e4 #ahj4 ,s9usoid4--,a wave-l =m4 ,x may be regul> or irregul>4 #aha4 ,tang5t4--,a l9e1 ,a1 runn+ out f ! curve at "r angles f a radial l9e4 #ahb4 ,tetrah$ron4--,a solid figure enclos$ or b\nd$ by f\r triangles1 l ,a or ,b4 ,a pla9 pyramid is b\nd$ by five triangles4 #ahc4 ,v]tex4--,! meet+ po9t1 ,a1 ( two or m l9es4 #ahd4 ,volute4--,a spiral scroll1 us$ l>gely 9 ar*itecture1 :i* =ms "o ( ! *ief features ( ! ,ionic capital4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,mold+s1 ,,) ,,practical ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,embelli%+ ,,"w ,,mold+s4--,! use ( mold+s 0 e>ly resort$ to by ! nations ( antiquity1 & we m>vel to-day at _m ( ! beautiful designs :i* ! ,phoenecians1 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans produc$4 ,if y analyze ! l9es us$ y w be surpris$ to le>n h[ few are ! designs :i* g to make up ! wond]ful columns1 spires1 m9>ets & domes :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! v>i\s types ( ar*itecture4 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,mold+s4--,suppose we take ! base type ( mold+s1 & see h[ simple !y are & !n1 by us+ ^! =ms1 try to build up or ornam5t "s article ( furniture1 z an example ( _! utility4 ,,! ,,simple/ ,,mold+4--,9 ,fig4 #ahe we %[ a mold+ ( ! mo/ elem5t>y "* kn[n1 be+ simply 9 ! =m ( a b& 7,a7 plac$ bel[ ! cap4 ,su* a mold+ gives to ! article on :i* x is plac$ ?ree di/9ct l9es1 ,c1 ,d & ,e4 ,if y /op to consid] y w note t ! mold+1 :ile x may add to ! /r5g? ( ! article1 is prim>ily ( s]vice because ! l9es & surfaces produce %ad[s1 & !re=e become valuable 9 an arti/ic s5se4 ,,! ,,a/ragal4--,fig4 #ahf %[s ! ankle-bone mold+1 te*nically call$ ! ,a/ragal4 ,?is =m is r\nd1 & prop]ly plac$ produces a good effect1 z x ?r[s ! d>ke/ %ad[ ( any =m ( mold+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,a/ragal or ,ankle ,bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,cavetto4 ,concave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,ovolo4 ,qu>t] r\nd4 ,,! ,,cavetto4--,fig4 #ahg is ! cavetto1 or r\nd type4 ,its prop] use gives a delicate outl9e1 b x is pr9cipally appli$ ) "s o!r =m ( mold+4 ,,! ,,ovolo4--,fig4 #ahh1 call$ ! ovolo1 is a qu>t] r\nd mold+ ) ! lobe 7,a7 project+ d[nw>dly4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! a/ragal because x ca/s less ( a %ad[ above & bel[4 ,,! ,,torus4--,fig4 #ahi1 kn[n z ! torus1 is a modifi$ =m ( ! ovolo1 b ! lobe 7,a7 projects out horizontally in/ead ( d[nw>dly4 ,,! ,,apophyges 7,pron\nc$ ap(-i-ges74--,fig4 #aij is also call$ ! scape1 & is a concav$ type ( mold+1 be+ a holl[$ curvature us$ on columns :]e its =m causes a m]g+ ( ! %aft ) ! fillet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,torus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,apophyge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,cymatium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,ogee-,recta4 ,,! ,,cymatium4--,fig4 #aia is ! cymatium 7d]iv$ f ! ^w cyme71 mean+ wave-l4 ,?is =m mu/ be 9 two curves1 "o inw>dly & "o outw>dly4 ,,! ,,ogee4--,fig4 #aib1 call$ ! ogee1 is ! mo/ useful ( all mold+s1 = two reasons3 ,fir/1 x may h ! concav$ surface upp]mo/1 9 :i* =m x is call$ ogee recta--t is1 "r side up2 or x may be inv]t$1 z 9 ,fig4 #aic1 ) ! concav$ surface bel[1 & is !n call$ ogee rev]sa4 ,contra/ ^! two views & y w note :at a diff]5ce ! m]e inv]sion ( ! /rip makes 9 ! appe>ance4 ,second1 because ! ogee has 9 x1 9 a comb9$ =m1 ! outl9es ( ne>ly all ! o!r types4 ,! only advantage !re is 9 us+ ! o!r types is because y may !reby build up & space y\r "w bett] ?an by us+ only "o simple =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,ogee-,rev]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,bead or ,re$y4 ,y w notice t ! ogee is some:at l ! cymatium1 ! diff]5ce be+ t ! concav$ "p is n s pron\nc$ z 9 ! ogee1 & ! convex$ portion bulges mu* fur!r ?an 9 ! ogee4 ,x is capable ( use ) o!r mold+s1 & may be rev]s$ ) j z good effect z ! ogee4 ,,! ,,re$y4--,fig4 #aid repres5ts ! re$y1 or ! bead--t is1 x is made up ( re$s4 ,x is a type ( mold+ :i* %\ld n be us$ ) any o!r pron\nc$ type ( mold+4 ,,! ,,casem5t 7,fig4 #aie74--;,9 ?is we h a =m ( mold+ us$ almo/ exclusively at ! base ( /ructures1 su* z columns1 porticoes & l "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,casem5t4 ,n[1 be=e proce$+ to use ^! mold+s1 let u exam9e a ,roman-,doric column1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s types ( ar*itecture produc$4 ,we %all see h[ ! anci5ts comb9$ mold+s to produce grace1 lights & %ad[s & arti/ic effects4 ,,! ,,roman-,,doric ,,column4--,9 ,fig4 #aif is %[n a ,roman-,doric column1 9 :i* ! cymatium1 ! ovolo1 cavetto1 a/ragal & ! ogee are us$1 toge!r ) ! fillets1 bases & caps1 & x is int]e/+ to /udy ?is because ( its beautiful proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,! p$e/al & base are equal 9 v]tical dim5sions to ! entablature & capital4 ,! entablature is b slightly n>r[] ?an ! p$e/al2 & ! l5g? ( ! column is1 approximately1 f\r times ! height ( ! p$e/al4 ,! base ( ! %aft1 :ile l>g] diametrically ?an ! capital1 is really %ort] measur$ v]tically4 ,!re is a reason = ?is4 ,! eye mu/ travel a great] di/ance to rea* ! upp] end ( ! %aft1 & is also at a great] angle to t "p ( ! %aft1 h5ce x appe>s %ort]1 :ile x is 9 reality long]4 ,= ?is reason a capital mu/ be long] or tall] ?an ! base ( a %aft1 & x is also small] 9 diamet]4 ,x w be well to /udy ! column n only on acc\nt ( ! wond]ful bl5d+ ( ! v>i\s =ms ( mold+s1 b because x w impress y ) a s5se ( proportions1 & give y an idea ( h[ simple l9es may be employ$ to great advantage 9 all y\r "w4 ,,lessons ,,f ,,! ,,doric ,,column4--,z an example1 suppose we take a pla9 cab9et1 & endeavor to embelli% x ) ! types ( mold+ describ$1 & y w see to :at elaboration ! op]ation may be c>ri$4 ,,apply+ ,,mold+4--,let ,fig4 #aig repres5t ! front1 top & bottom ( our cab9et2 & ! fir/ ?+ we %all d is to add a base 7,a7 & a cap 7,b74 ,n[1 comm5c+ at ! top1 suppose we utilize ! simple/ =m ( mold+1 ! b&4 ,?is we may make ( any desir$ wid?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aih4 ,on ?is b& we c apply ! ogee type 7,fig4 #aii7 "r side up4 ,b = v>iation we may decide to use ! ogee rev]s$1 z 9 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,?is w af=d u some?+ else to ?9k ab\t & w call ^u our p[]s ( initiative 9 ord] to f9i% (f ! l[] m>g9 or edge ( ! ogee rev]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,if we take ! ogee recta1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bja1 we may use ! cavetto1 or ! ovolo 7,fig4 #bjb72 b if we use ! ogee rev]sa we mu/ use a convex mold+ l ! cavetto at "o base1 & a convex mold+1 l ! torus or ! ovolo1 at ! o!r base4 ,9 ! latt] 7,fig4 #bjb7 f\r diff]5t mold+s are us$ ) ! ogee z ! pr9cipal /ructure4 ,,base ,,embelli%m5ts4--,9 l mann] 7,fig4 #bjd7 ! base may h ! casem5t type fir/ atta*$ 9 ! corn]1 & !n ! ovolo1 or ! a/ragal add$1 z 9 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,,/raight-,,fac$ ,,mold+s4--,n[ let u c>ry ! pr9ciple /ill fur!r1 &1 in/ead ( us+ v>i\s type ( mold+s1 we w employ no?+ b /raight /rips ( wood4 ,?is treatm5t w soon indicate to y t ! true me*anic or artisan is he :o c take advantage ( :atev] he f9ds at h&4 ,let u take ! same cab9et front 7,fig4 #bje71 & bel[ ! cap 7,a7 place a n>r[ /rip 7,b71 ! l[] corn] ( :i* has be5 *amf]$ (f1 z at ,c4 ,bel[ ! /rip ,b is a ?9n] /rip 7,d71 v]tically dispos$1 & ab\t two-?irds its wid?4 ,! l[] corn] ( ?is is also *amf]$1 z at ,f4 ,to f9i%1 apply a small /rip 7,g7 9 ! corn]1 & y h an embelli%$ top t has ! appe>ance1 f a %ort di/ance1 ( be+ made up ( mold+4 ,,pla9 ,,mold$ ,,base4--,! base may be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! ma9 /rip 7#d7 has its upp] corn] *amf]$ (f1 z at ,i1 & on ?is is nail$ a ?91 n>r[ f9i%+ /rip 7,j74 ,! upp] "p or mold$ top1 9 ?is case1 has elev5 di/9ct l9es1 & ! base has six l9es4 ,by exp]im5t+ y may soon put toge!r ! mo/ available k9ds ( mold+ /rips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,,div]sifi$ ,,uses4--,= a great ov]hang y may use ! cavetto1 or ! apophyges1 & bel[ t ! a/ragal or ! torus2 & = ! base ! casem5t is ! mo/ s]viceable mold+1 & x may be f9i%$ (f ) ! ovolo or ! cymatium4 ,pages ( examples might be cit$ to %[ ! v>iety & ! div]sification available ) diff]5t types4 ,,%ad[s ,,ca/ ,,by ,,mold+s4--,always be> 9 m9d t a curv$ surface makes a bl5d$ %ad[4 ,a /raight1 flat or pla9 surface does n1 & x is = t reason ! concav$ & ! convex$ surfaces1 br\ght out by mold+s1 become s important4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,a little /udy & exp]im5t+ w soon tea* y h[ a convex1 a concave or a flat surface1 & a corn] or corn]s %\ld be arrang$ relatively to ea* o!r2 h[ mu* "o %\ld project beyond ! o!r2 & :at ! proportional wid?s ( ! diff]5t mold+ b&s %\ld be4 ,an entire volume w\ld sc>cely exhau/ ?is subject4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,t5on+1 ,,mortis+1 ,,rabbet+ ,,& ,,bead+ ,9 ! *apt] on ,h[ ,"w is ,laid ,out1 an example 0 giv5 ( ! p>ticul> mann] pursu$ 9 lay+ out mortises & t5ons1 & also dovetail$ "w4 ,i deem x advisable to add "s details to ! subject1 z well z to direct att5tion to "s features :i* d n prop]ly belong to ! lay+ out ( "w4 ,,:]e ,,mortises ,,%\ld ,,be ,,us$4--,mo/ important ( all is a g5]al idea ( places & conditions "u :i* mortises %\ld be resort$ to4 ,!re are f\r ways 9 :i* diff]5t memb]s may be secur$ to ea* o!r4 ,fir/1 by mortises & t5ons2 second1 by a lap-&-butt2 ?ird1 by sc>f+2 &1 f\r?1 by tongu+ & groov+4 ,,dep? ,,( ,,mortises4--,:5 a c]ta9 article is to be made1 ! fir/ consid]ation is1 h[ ! jo9t or jo9ts %all be made4 ,! g5]al rule = us+ ! t5on & mortise is :]e two p>ts are jo9$ :]e9 ! gra9s ( ! two memb]s run at "r angles to ea* o!r1 z 9 ! foll[+ figure4 ,,rule ,,= ,,mortises4--,fig4 #bjf %[s su* an example4 ,y w notice ?is 9 doors p>ticul>ly1 z an example ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,! next consid]ation is1 %all ! mortises be cut entirely ?r\gh ! piece8 ,?is is answ]$ by ! qu]y z to :e!r or n ! end ( ! t5on w be expos$2 & usually1 if a smoo? f9i% is requir$1 ! mortise %\ld n g ?r\gh ! memb]4 ,9 a door1 h[ev]1 ! t5ons are expos$ at ! edges ( ! door1 & are1 !re=e1 se51 s t we mu/ apply "s o!r rule4 ,! "o univ]sally adopt$ is1 t :]e1 z 9 a door /ile1 x is broad & comp>atively ?91 or :]e ! memb] hav+ ! mortise 9 its edge is mu* ?9n] ?an its wid?1 ! mortise %\ld g ?r\gh f edge to edge4 ,! reason = ?is lies 9 ! inability to s9k ! mortises ?r\gh ! /ile 7,a1 ,fig4 #bjg7 p]fectly true1 & usually ! job is turn$ out some?+ l ! illu/ration %[s4 ,! side ( ! rail 7,b7 mu/ be /raight ) ! side ( ! /ile4 ,if ! "w is done by ma*9]y x results 9 accuracy unatta9able 9 h& "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,,true ,,mortise ,,"w4--,! ess5se ( good jo9+ "w is ! ability to s9k ! *isel true ) ! side ( ! memb]4 ,m unev5 "w is produc$ by ha/e ?an by inability4 ,! t5d5cy ( all beg9n]s is to /rike ! *isel too h>d1 9 ord] ! m quickly to get d[n to ! bottom ( ! mortise4 ,h5ce1 bad "w foll[s4 ,,/eps ,,9 ,,cutt+ ,,mortises4--,exam9e ,fig4 #bjh1 :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 gives six successive /eps 9 mak+ ! mortise4 ,! m>ks a1 b designate ! limits1 or ! l5g?1 ( ! mortise4 ,! *isel 7,c7 is n />t$ at ! m>k+ l9e 7,a71 b at lea/ an eigh? ( an in* f x4 ,! fir/ cut1 z at ,b1 gives a />t+ po9t = ! next cut or placem5t ( ! *isel4 ,:5 ! second cut 7,b7 has ?us be5 made1 ! *isel %\ld be turn$ ar\nd1 z 9 dott$ l9e d1 position ,c1 !reby mak+ a f9i% cut d[n to ! bottom ( ! mortise1 l9e e1 s t :5 ! f\r? cut has be5 made along l9e f1 we are ready = ! fif? cut1 position ,c2 !n ! six? cut1 position ,d1 :i* leaves ! mortise z %[n at ,e4 ,!n turn ! *isel to ! position %[n at ,f1 & cut d[n ! la/ end ( ! mortise squ>e1 z %[n 9 ,g1 & clean out ! mortise well be=e mak+ ! f9i%+ cuts on ! m>k+ l9es 7a1 b74 ,! p>ticul> reason = clean+ out ! mortise be=e mak+ ! f9i% cuts is1 t ! corn]s ( ! mortise are us$ z fulcrums = ! *isels1 & ! eigh? ( an in* /ock /ill rema9+ protects ! corn]s4 ,,?+s ,,to ,,avoid ,,9 ,,mortis+4--,y mu/ be c>eful to refra9 f und]cutt+ z y\r *isel goes d[n at ! l9es a1 b1 because if y commit ?is error y w make a bad jo9t4 ,z mu* c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 produc+ ! t5on1 al?\gh ! mo/ common error is apt to occur 9 mak+ ! %\ld]4 ,?is %\ld be a trifle und]cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,see ! l9es 7,a1 ,fig4 #bji71 :i* illu/rate ?is4 ,,lap-,,&-,,butt ,,jo9t4--,! lap-&-butt is ! =m ( unit+ memb]s :i* is mo/ g5]ally us$ to splice toge!r timb]s1 :]e !y jo9 ea* o!r end to end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,bolts are us$ to secure ! laps4 ,b ! lap-&-butt =m is also us$ 9 doors & 9 o!r cab9et "w4 ,x is ( great s]vice 9 panel+4 ,a rabbet is =m$ to receive ! edge ( ! panel1 & a mold+ is !n secur$ to ! o!r side on ! panel1 to hold ! latt] 9 place4 ,,sc>f+4--,?is me?od ( secur+ memb]s toge!r is ! mo/ rigid1 & :5 prop]ly p]=m$ makes ! jo9t ! /ronge/ "p ( ! timb]4 ,ea* memb] 7,a1 ,fig4 #bab7 has a /ep diagonally cut 7,b71 ! two /eps be+ on diff]5t planes1 s !y =m a hook jo9t1 z at ,c1 & z ea* po9t or t]m9al has a blunt end1 ! memb]s are s con/ruct$ z to )/& a longitud9al /ra9 9 ei!r direction4 ,! ov]lapp+ plates 7,d7 & ! bolts 7,e7 hold ! jo9t rigidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,,! ,,tongue ,,& ,,groove4--,?is =m ( unit+ memb]s has only a limit$ application4 ,x is s]viceable = floors1 table tops1 panel+1 etc4 ,9 ,fig4 #bac1 a door panel is %[n1 & ! door mullions 7,b7 are also s secur$ to ! rail 7,c74 ,! tongue-&-groove me?od is nev] us$ by itself4 ,x mu/ always h "s support or re9=c+ means4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,,bead+4--,?is "p ( ! "w p]ta9s to surface f9i%+s1 & may or may n be us$ 9 connection ) rabbet+4 ,figs4 #bad & #bae %[ ! simple/ & mo/ g5]ally adopt$ =ms 9 :i* x is made & us$ 9 connection ) rabbet+1 or ) ! tongue & groove4 ,! bead is plac$ on "o or bo? sides ( t m>g9 ( ! bo>d 7,fig4 #bad7 :i* has ! tongue1 & ! adjo9+ bo>d has ! usual floor+ groove to butt aga9/ & receive ! tongue4 ,x is frequ5tly ! case t a bl9d bead1 z 9 ,fig4 #bae1 runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ! bo>d1 s z to give ! appe>ance ( n>r[ /rips :5 us$ = wa9scot+1 or = ceil+s4 ,! beads also s]ve to hide ! jo9ts ( ! bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,,ornam5tal ,,bead ,,f9i%4--,^! figures %[ h[ ! bead may be us$ = f9i%+ corn]s1 edges & projections4 ,fig4 #baf has a bead at ea* corn] ( a /ile 7,a71 & a f9i%+ /rip ( half-r\nd mat]ial 7,b7 is nail$ to ! flat edge4 ,fig4 #bag has simply ! corn]s !mselves bead$1 & x makes a mo/ s]viceable f9i% = ! edges ( project+ memb]s4 ,fig4 #bah1 us$ = wid] memb]s1 has ! corn]s bead$ & a fancy mold+ 7,c72 or ! r$uc$ edge ( ! /ile itself is r\nd$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,,! ,,bead ,,& ,,rabbet4--,a m amplifi$ =m ( "w is available :]e ! rabbet plane is us$ ) ! bead]4 ,^! two planes toge!r w1 if prop]ly us$1 (f] a /rong sub/itute = mold+ & mold+ effects4 ,fig4 #bai has bo? sides fir/ rabbet$1 z at ,a1 & ! corn]s !n bead$1 z at ,b1 ) ! r$uc$ "p ( ! memb] r\nd$ (f1 z at ,c4 ,or1 z 9 ,fig4 #bbj1 ! r$uc$ edge ( ! memb] may h ! corn]s bead$1 z at ,d1 & ! rabbet$ corn]s fill$ 9 ) a r\nd or concav$ m\ld+ 7,e74 ,,%ad+ ,,) ,,beads ,,& ,,rabbets4--,y w see f ! =ego+1 t ^! embelli%m5ts are s]viceable because !y provide ! article ) a l>ge numb] ( angles & surfaces to ca/ lights & %ad[s2 & = ?is reason ! boy %\ld /rive to produce ! effects :i* ?is class ( "w requires4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h\se ,,build+ ,h\se build+ is ! c>p5t]'s craft2 cab9et-mak+ ! jo9]'s trade1 yet bo? are s intimately associat$1 t x is difficult to draw a l9e4 ,! same tools1 ! same me?ods & ! same mat]ials are employ$4 ,!re is no trade m ennobl+ ?an home build+4 ,x is a vocation :i* t\*es e man & woman1 & to make x really an art is1 or %\ld be1 ! true aspiration ( e craftsman4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,& ,,embelli%m5ts4--,! ref9$ arts1 su* z sculpture & pa9t+1 m]ely embelli% ! home or ! ca/le1 s t :5 we build ! /ructure x %\ld be made ) an eye n only to com=t & conv5i5ce1 b fitt+ 9 an arti/ic & /hetic s5se4 ,x is j z easy to build a beautiful home z an ugly1 unga9ly1 illy proportion$ /ructure4 ,,beauty ,,n ,,ornam5tation4--,! boy1 9 8 e>ly tra9+1 %\ld le>n ?is fundam5tal tru?1 t beauty1 ar*itecturally1 does n dep5d ^u ornam5tation4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful /ructures 9 ! _w are v pla94 ,beauty consi/s 9 proportions1 9 prop] correlation ( p>ts1 & 9 adaptation = ! uses to :i* ! /ructure is to be put4 ,,pla9 ,,/ructures4--,a h\se ) a pla9 faade1 hav+ a ro( prop]ly pit*$ & ) a simple cornice1 if jo9$ to a w+ :i* is n unga9ly or out ( prop] proportions1 is inf9itely m beautiful ?an a rambl+ /ructure1 9 :i* "o "p sugge/s "o ord] ( ar*itecture & ! o!r "p "s o!r type or no type at all1 & 9 :i* ! embelli%m5ts are out ( keep+ ) ! size or pret5sions ( ! h\se4 ,,colonial ,,type4--,= real beauty1 on a l>g] scale1 !re is no?+ to-day :i* equals ! old ,colonial type ) ! ,cor9?ian columns & entablature4 ,! ,lee mansion1 n[ ! ,national ,cemet]y1 at ,wa%+ton1 is a f9e example4 ,su* h\ses are usually squ>e or rectangul> 9 plan1 sev]ely pla91 ) ! :ole ornam5tation consi/+ ( ! columns & ! portico4 ,?is type pres5ts an appe>ance ( massiv5ess & gr&eur & is an excell5t illu/ration ( a =m :]e9 ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! /ructure is conc5trat$ or mass$ at "o po9t4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,madela9e1 ,p>is1 is ano!r /rik+ example ( ?is p]iod ( ar*itecture4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be out ( place ) cottages & small h\ses1 b x is well to /udy & to "k :at =ms are mo/ available & desirable to adopt1 & p>ticul>ly to "k some?+ ( ! art 9 :i* y are int]e/$4 ,,! ,,ro( ,,! ,,keynote4--,n[1 !re is "o ?+ :i* %\ld1 & does1 di/+ui% ! resid5ce f o!r types ( build+s1 except+ *ur*es4 ,x is ! ro(4 ,a h\se is dom9at$ by its cov]+4 ,i ref] to ! mod]n home4 ,x is n true ) ! ,colonial or ! ,grecian types4 ,9 ^? ! faade or ! columns & cornices pr$om9ate ov] ev]y?+ else4 ,,bungal[ ,,types4--,if y w take up any book on bungal[ "w & note ! outl9es ( ! views y w see t ! ro( =ms ! ma9 elem5t or !me4 ,9 fact1 9 mo/ build+s ( ?is k9d ev]y?+ is subm]g$ b ! ro( & ro( details4 ,!y are made exce$+ly flat1 ) diff]5t pit*es ) dorm]s & gables int]m+l$ & indiscrim9ately plac$1 ) cornices illy assort$ & ( diff]5t k9ds1 s t ! multiplicity ( div]sifi$ details gives an appe>ance ( great elaboration4 ,_m ( ^? designs are mon/rosities & %\ld1 if possible1 be legally prohibit$4 ,i _c attempt to give ev5 s mu* z an outl9e ( :at con/itutes art 9 its relation to build+1 b my object is to call att5tion to ?is phase ( ! "q1 & z y proce$ 9 y\r /udies & y\r "w y w realize ! value & tru?fulness ( ! =ego+ obs]vations4 ,,g5]al ,,h\se ,,build+4--,we are to treat1 g5]ally1 on ! subject ( h\se build+1 h[ ! "w is laid out1 & h[ built1 & 9 do+ s ,i %all take a concrete example ( ! "w4 ,?is c be made m effectual = ! purpose if x is on simple l9es4 ,,build+ ,,plans4--,we mu/ fir/ h a plan2 & ! real c>p5t] mu/ h ! ability to plan z well z to d ! "w4 ,we want a five-room h\se1 compris+ a p>lor1 d9+ room1 two b$rooms1 a kit*5 & a ba?room4 ,j a mode/ little home1 to :i* we c devote our sp>e h\rs1 & :i* w be neat & com=table :5 f9i%$4 ,x mu/ be a "o-/ory h\se1 & t fact at once settles ! ro( "q4 ,we c make ! h\se p]fectly squ>e 9 plan1 or rectangul>1 & divide up ! space into ! prop] divisions4 ,,! ,,pla9 ,,squ>e ,,floor ,,plan w fir/ be tak5 up1 z x is su* an easy ro( to build4 ,( c\rse1 x is sev]ely pla94 ,fig4 #bba %[s our propos$ plan1 drawn 9 ! r\gh1 )\t any attempts to measure ! diff]5t ap>tm5ts1 & ) ! floor plan exactly squ>e4 ,suppos+ we run a hall 7,a7 ?r\gh ! middle4 ,on "o side ( ?is let u plan = a d9+ room & a kit*51 a portion ( ! kit*5 space to be giv5 ov] to a closet & a ba?room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,! *imney 7,b7 mu/ be made accessible f bo? rooms4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! hallway ! space is divid$ into a p>lor & two b$rooms4 ,,! ,,rectangul> ,,plan4--,9 ! rectangul> floor plan 7,fig4 #bbb7 a portion ( ! floor space is cut out = a por* 7,a71 s t we may use ! end or ! side = ! entrance4 ,suppos+ we use ! end ( ! h\se = ?is purpose4 ,! entrance room 7,b7 may be a b$room1 or a reception & liv+ room1 & to ! re> ( ?is room is ! d9+ room1 connect$ ) ! reception room by a hall 7,c74 ,?is hall also leads to ! kit*5 & to ! ba?room1 z well z to ! o!r b$room4 ,! p>lor is connect$ ) ! entrance room 7,b71 & also ) ! b$room4 ,all ( ?is is optional1 ( c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,!re are also two *imneys1 "o *imney 7,d7 hav+ two flues & ! o!r *imney 7,e7 hav+ ?ree flues1 s t e room is accommodat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,,room ,,measurem5ts4--,we mu/ n[ det]m9e ! dim5sions ( ea* room1 & !n h[ we %all build ! ro(4 ,9 ,figs4 #bbc & #bbd1 we h n[ drawn out 9 detail ! sizes1 ! locations ( ! door & w9d[s1 ! *imneys & ! closets1 z well z ! ba?room4 ,all ?is "w may be *ang$ or modifi$ to suit conditions & ! ta/e ( ! design]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,,front ,,& ,,side ,,l9es4--,f ! floor diagram1 & ! door & w9d[ spaces1 z m>k$ out1 we may n[ proce$ to lay out r\gh front & side outl9es ( ! build+4 ,! ceil+s are to be #i feet1 & if we put a r l[-pit*$ ro( on ! squ>e /ructure 7,fig4 #bbc7 ! front may look some?+ l ,fig4 #bbe1 & a great] pit* giv5 to ! rectangul> plan 7,fig4 #bbd7 w pres5t a view z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,,! ,,ro(4--,! pit* ( ! ro( 7,fig4 #bbe7 is :at is call$ ?ird pit*1 & ! ro( 7,fig4 #bbf7 has a half pit*4 ,a ?ird pit* is det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,,ro( ,,pit*4--,9 ,fig4 #bbg draw a v]tical l9e 7,a7 & jo9 x by a horizontal l9e 7,b74 ,!n /rike a circle 7,c7 & /ep x (f into ?ree p>ts4 ,! l9e 7,d71 :i* int]sects ! fir/ m>k 7,e7 & ! angle ( ! l9es 7,a1 ,b71 is ! pit*4 ,9 ,fig4 #bbh ! l9e ,a is /ruck at #ae degrees1 :i* is halfway betwe5 l9es ,b & ,c1 & x is1 !re=e1 t]m$ half-pit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,?us1 we h made ! gr\nd plans1 ! elevations & ! ro(s z simple z possible4 ,let u proce$ next ) ! details ( ! build+4 ,,! ,,f\ndation4--,?is may be ( brick1 /one or concrete1 & its dim5sions %\ld be at lea/ #a-a_/b in*es fur!r out ?an ! sill4 ,,! ,,sills4--,we are go+ to build :at is call$ a balloon frame2 &1 fir/1 we put d[n ! sills1 :i* w be a c\rse ( #b #f1 or #b #h joi/s1 z 9 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,,! ,,floor+ ,,joi/4--,! floor+ joi/s 7,a7 are !n put d[n 7,fig4 #bcj74 ,^! %\ld ext5d cle> across ! h\se f side to side1 if possible1 or1 if ! plan is too wide1 !y %\ld be lapp$ at ! middle wall & spik$ toge!r4 ,! ends %\ld ext5d out flu% ) ! out] m>g9s ( ! sills1 z %[n1 b 9 putt+ d[n ! fir/ & la/ sill1 space mu/ be left along ! sides ( ! joi/ ( suffici5t wid? to place ! /udd+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,,! ,,/udd+4--,! next /ep is to put ! /udd+ into position4 #d #d mu/ be us$ = corn]s & at ! sides ( door & w9d[ op5+s4 #d #f may be us$ at corn]s1 if pref]r$4 ,consult y\r plan & see :]e ! op5+s are = doors & w9d[s4 ,measure ! wid?s ( ! door & w9d[ frames1 & make a measur+ /ick = ?is purpose4 ,y mu/ leave at lea/ "o-half in* cle>ance = ! w9d[ or door frame1 s z to give suffici5t room to plumb & set ! frame4 ,,sett+ ,,up4--,fir/ set up ! corn] po/s1 plumb+ & brac+ !m4 ,cut a top plate = ea* side y are work+ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,,! ,,plate4--,z x w be necess>y 9 our job to use two or m l5g?s ( #b #d scantl+ = ! plate1 x w be necess>y to jo9 !m toge!r4 ,d ?is ) a lap-&-butt jo9t 7,fig4 #bca74 ,!n set up ! #d #d po/s = ! sides ( ! doors & w9d[s1 & = ! p>tition walls4 ,! plate %\ld be laid d[n on ! sill1 & m>k$ ) a p5cil = e scantl+ to correspond ) ! sill m>k+s4 ,! plate is !n put on & spik$ to ! #d #d po/s4 ,,int]m$iate ,,/udd+4--,x w !n be an easy matt] to put 9 ! int]m$iate #b #d /udd+1 plac+ !m z ne>ly z possible #af in*es ap>t to accommodate ! #dh-;in* pla/]+ la?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,,wall ,,head]s4--,:5 all ! /udd+ are 9 y w ne$ head]s above & rails bel[ ! w9d[s & head]s above all ! doors1 s t y w h timb]s to nail ! sid+ to1 z well z = ! la?+4 ,,ceil+ ,,joi/s4--,we are n[ ready = ! ceil+ joi/s1 :i* are1 usually1 #b #f1 unless !re is an upp] floor4 ,^! are laid #af in*es ap>t f c5t] to c5t]1 pref]ably p>allel ) ! floor joi/4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! ceil+ joi/ mu/ always be put on ) ref]5ce to ! ro(4 ,?us1 9 ,fig4 #bcb1 ! ceil+ joi/s 7,a7 h _! ends re/+ on ! plate 7,b71 s t ! raft]s are 9 l9e ) ! joi/s4 ,,braces4--,x w\ld also be well1 9 putt+ up ! /udd+1 to use pl5ty ( braces1 al?\gh = a "o-/ory build+ ?is is n s ess5tial z 9 two-/ory /ructures1 because ! wea!r bo>d+ s]ves z a sy/em ( brac+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,,! ,,raft]s4--,^! may be made to provide = ! gutt] or n1 z may be desir$4 ,!y %\ld be ( #b #d scantl+4 ,,! ,,gutt]4--,9 ,fig4 #bcc ,i %[ a mo/ s]viceable way to provide = ! gutt]4 ,a ,v-%ap$ not* is cut out ( ! upp] side ( ! raft]1 9 :i* is plac$ ! floor & a side4 ,?is floor piece is rais$ at "o end to provide an incl9e = ! wat]4 ,a face-bo>d is !n appli$ & nail$ to ! ends ( ! raft]s4 ,?is face-bo>d is surm\nt$ by a cap1 :i* has an ov]hang1 b5ea? :i* is a mold+ ( any conv5i5t patt]n4 ,! face-bo>d projects d[n at lea/ two in*es bel[ ! angl$ cut ( ! raft]1 s t :5 ! base-bo>d is appli$1 ! l[] m>g9 ( ! face-bo>d w project "o in* bel[ ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,?is base-bo>d is horizontal1 z y w see4 ,! facia-bo>d may be ( any desir$ wid?1 & a corn] mold+ %\ld be add$4 ,x is optional to use ! brackets1 b if add$ !y %\ld be spac$ ap>t a di/ance n great] ?an twice ! height ( ! bracket4 ,a mu* simpl] =m ( gutt] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcd1 9 :i* a ,v-%ap$ not* is also cut 9 ! raft]1 & ! *annel is made by ! pieces4 ,! end ( ! raft] is cut at "r angles1 s ! face-bo>d is at an angle4 ,?is is also surm\nt$ by an ov]hang+ cap & a mold+4 ,! base is nail$ to ! l[] edges ( ! raft]s1 & ! facia is !n appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd;a4 ,9 ,fig4 #bcd;a ! ro( has no gutt]1 s t ! end ( ! raft] is cut (f at an angle & a mold+ appli$ on ! face-bo>d4 ,! base is nail$ to ! raft]s4 ,?is is ! *eape/ & simple/ =m ( /ructure = ! ro(4 ,,sett+ ,,door ,,& ,,w9d[ ,,frames4--,! next /ep 9 ord] is to set ! door & w9d[ frames prep>atory to apply+ ! wea!r bo>d+4 ,x is !n ready = ! ro(1 :i* %\ld be put on be=e ! floor is laid4 ,,pla/]+ ,,& ,,inside ,,f9i%4--,next 9 ord] is ! pla/]+1 !n ! base-bo>ds & ! cas+2 &1 f9ally1 ! door & w9d[s %\ld be fitt$ into position4 ,en\gh has be5 said "h m]ely to give a g5]al outl9e1 ) "s details1 h[ to proce$ ) ! "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,bridges1 ,,truss$ ,,"w ,,& ,,l ,,/ructures ,,bridges4--,bridge build+ is n1 /rictly1 a "p ( ! c>p5t]'s education at ! pres5t day1 because mo/ /ructures ( ?is k9d are n[ built ( /eel2 b !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples involv$ 9 bridge con/ruction :i* ! c>p5t] %\ld ma/]4 ,,self-,,support+ ,,ro(s4--,9 putt+ up1 = in/ance1 self-support+ ro(s1 or ceil+s ) wide spans1 & /eeples or t[]s1 ! bridge pr9ciple ( truss$ memb]s %\ld be und]/ood4 ,! mo/ simple bridge or truss$ =m is ! well-kn[n ,a-%ap$ ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,,common ,,trusses4--,"o =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bce1 ) a v]tical k+ po/4 ,9 ,fig4 #bcf !re are two v]tical support+ memb]s1 call$ que5 po/s1 us$ 9 long] /ructures4 ,bo? ( ^! =ms are equally well adapt$ = small bridges or = ro( supports4 ,,! ,,v]tical ,,upright ,,truss4--,?is =m ( truss naturally develops into a type ( wood5 bridge kn[n all ov] ! c\ntry1 z its fram+ is simple1 & calculations z to its capacity to su/a9 loads may readily be made4 ,figs4 #bcg1 #bch & #bci illu/rate ^! =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,,! ,,w>r5 ,,gird]4--,out ( ?is simple truss grew ! ,w>r5 gird]1 a type ( bridge p>ticul>ly adapt$ = iron & /eel con/ruction4 ,?is is ! simple/ =m = metal bridge truss1 or gird]4 ,x is n[ also l>gely us$ 9 /eel build+s & = o!r "w requir+ /r5g? ) small weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,,! ,,b[/r+ ,,gird]4--,only "o o!r =m ( bridge truss ne$ be m5tion$ "h1 & t is ! b[/r+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,9 ?is type ! b[ receives ! entire compression ?ru/1 & ! *ords act m]ely z susp5d+ memb]s4 ,,fundam5tal ,,truss ,,=m4--,9 e =m ( truss1 :e!r = build+ or = bridge "w1 ! pr9ciples ( ! fam\s ,a-truss mu/ be employ$ 9 "s =m or o!r2 & ! boy :o is exp]im5tally incl9$ w readily evolve means to det]m9e :at degree ( /r5g? ! upp] & ! l[] memb]s mu/ h = a giv5 l5g? ( truss to su/a9 a specifi$ weight4 ,!re are rules = all ^! problems1 "s ( !m v intricate1 b all ( !m int5sely int]e/+4 ,x w be a valuable addition to y\r k to give ?is subject e>ne/ /udy4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,be/ ,,woods ,,= ,,! ,,beg9n] ,9 ?is place consid]ation w be giv5 to "s ( ! features relat+ to ! mat]ials to be employ$1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* !y c be work$ to ! be/ advantage1 r ?an to _! uses4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,woods4--,! prime wood1 & ! "o ) :i* mo/ boys are famili>1 is :ite p9e4 ,x has an ev5 texture ?r\gh\t1 is g5]ally /raight gra9$1 & is s(t & easily work$4 ,:ite p9e is a wood requir+ a v %>p tool4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! be/ mat]ial = ! beg9n]1 z x w at ! outset tea* him ! important lesson ( keep+ ! tools 9 a good1 %>p condition4 ,,s(t ,,woods4--,x is also well = ! novice to d 8 initial "w ) a s(t wood1 because 9 jo9+ ! p>ts toge!r inaccuracies may be easily correct$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 mortis+ & t5on+1 ! edge ( ! mortis$ memb] is n true1 or1 r1 is n squ>e1 ! %\ld] ( ! t5on on "o side w abut be=e ! o!r side does1 & ?us leave a crack1 if ! wood is h>d4 ,if ! wood is s(t !re is always en\gh yield to enable ! workman to spr+ x toge!r4 ,!re=e1 until y h le>n$ h[ to make a true jo9t1 use s(t wood4 ,popl> is ano!r good wood = ! beg9n]1 z well z r$wood1 a we/]n product4 ,,h>d ,,woods4--,( ! h>d woods1 *]ry is ! mo/ desirable = ! c>p5t]'s tool4 ,= work+ purposes x has all ! advantages ( a s(t wood1 & none ( its disadvantages4 ,x is n apt to w>p1 l popl> or bir*1 & its %r9k+ unit is less ?an t ( any o!r wood1 except+ r$wood4 ,!re is practically no %r9kage 9 r$wood4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,difficult ,,woods4--,a% is by f> ! mo/ difficult wood to "w4 ,:ile n z h>d z oak1 x has ! disadvantage t ! entire bo>d is seam$ ) gr[? ribs :i* are extremely h>d1 :ile ! int]v5+ lay]s betwe5 ^! ribs are s(t1 & h op5 pores1 s t1 = in/ance1 9 mak+ a mortise1 ! *isel is liable to foll[ ! h>d ribs1 if ! gra9 runs at an angle to ! c\rse ( ! mortise4 ,,! ,,h>d-,,ribb$ ,,gra9 ,,9 ,,wood4--,?is peculi>ity ( ! gra9 9 a% makes x a beautiful wood :5 f9i%$4 ,( ! light-color$ woods1 oak only excels x1 because 9 ?is latt] wood ea* ye>'s gr[? %[s a wid] b&1 & ! int]/ices betwe5 ! ribs h /rong] contra/+ colors ?an a%2 s t 9 fill+ ! surface1 be=e f9i%+ x1 ! gra9 ( ! wood is br\ght out ) mo/ effective cle>ness & ) a beautifully bl5d$ contra/4 ,,! ,,easie/ ,,work+ ,,woods4--,! same ?+ may be said1 relatively1 conc]n+ *]ry & walnut4 ,:ile *]ry has a beautiful f9i%+ surface1 ! bl5d+ contra/s ( colors are n s effective z 9 walnut4 ,oregon p9e is extremely h>d to "w1 ow+ to ! same difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 h&l+ a%2 b ! f9i%$ ,oregon p9e surface makes x a mo/ desirable mat]ial = c]ta9 articles ( furniture4 ,d n attempt to employ ?is nor a% until y h ma/]$ ! trade4 ,conf9e y\rself to p9e1 popl>1 *]ry & walnut4 ,^! woods are all easily obta9able ev]y:]e1 & f !m y c make a mo/ cr$itable v>iety ( useful articles4 ,sug> & maple are two h>d woods :i* may be add$ to ! li/4 ,sug>1 p>ticul>ly1 is a good-work+ wood1 b maple is m difficult4 ,spruce1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! /ronge/ & t\ghe/ wood1 consid]+ its weight1 :i* is b a little m ?an t ( p9e4 ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,work+ ,,( ,,woods4--,diff]5t woods are n work$ ) equal facility by all ! tools4 ,oak is an easy wood to h&le ) a saw1 b is1 probably1 aside f a%1 ! mo/ difficult wood kn[n to plane4 ,a% is h>d = ! saw or ! plane4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no wood s easy to manipulate ) ! saw or plane z *]ry4 ,p9e is easily work$ ) a plane1 b difficult to saw2 n on acc\nt ( h>dness1 b because x is s s(t t ! saw is liable to te> x4 ,,=c+ ,,saws ,,9 ,,wood4--,"o ( ! reasons :y ! =c+ ( saws is su* a bad practice w be obs]v$ 9 cutt+ :ite or yell[ p9e4 ,= cross-cutt+1 ! saw %\ld h f9e tee?1 n heavily set1 & ev5ly fil$4 ,to d a good job ( cross-cutt+1 ! saw mu/ be held at a great] angle1 or %\ld lay d[n flatt] ?an 9 ripp+1 z by s do+ ! l[] side ( ! bo>d w n break away z mu* z if ! saw %\ld be held m ne>ly v]tical4 ,^! g5]al obs]vations are made 9 ! hope t !y w s]ve z a guide to enable y to select y\r lumb] ) "s degree ( intellig5ce be=e y comm5ce "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,wood ,,turn+ ,,advantages ,,( ,,wood ,,turn+4--,?is is n1 /rictly1 9 ! c>p5t]'s doma92 b a k ( its use w be ( great s]vice 9 ! trade1 & p>ticul>ly 9 cab9et mak+4 ,i urge ! +5i\s y\? to rig up a wood-turn+ la!1 = ! reason t x is a tool easily made & "o :i* may be readily turn$ by foot1 if o!r p[] is n available4 ,,simple ,,turn+ ,,la!4--,a v simple turn+ la! may be made by foll[+ ^! in/ructions3 ,,! ,,rails4--,procure two /raight #b #d scantl+ 7,a71 f\r feet long1 & plan$ on all sides4 ,bore f\r #c_/h-;in* holes at ea* end1 z %[n1 & #aj in*es f "o end f\r m holes4 ,a plan ( ^! holes is %[n 9 ,b1 :]e ! exact spac+ is indicat$4 ,!n prep>e two pieces #b #d scantl+ 7,c71 plan$1 #db in*es long1 "o end ( ea* be+ *amf]$ (f1 z at #b1 & provid$ ) f\r bolt holes4 ,t5 in*es d[n1 & on ! same side1 ) ! *amf] 7#b7 is a cross ga9 7#c71 ! same angle z ! *amf]4 ,midway betwe5 ! cross ga9 7#c7 & ! l[] end ( ! leg is a ga9 7#d7 9 ! edge1 at "r angles to ! cross ga9 7#c74 ,,! ,,legs4--,n[ prep>e two legs 7,d7 = ! tail end ( ! frame1 ea* #cb in*es long1 ) a *amf] 7#e7 at "o end1 & provid$ ) f\r bolt holes4 ,at ! l[] end bore a bolt hole = ! cross base piece4 ,?is piece 7,e7 is #d #d1 #ba in*es long1 & has a bolt hole at ea* end & "o ne> ! middle4 ,! next piece 7,f7 is #b #d1 #ad-a_/b in*es long1 provid$ ) a rebate 7#f7 at ea* end1 to fit ! cross ga9s 7#d7 ( ! legs 7,c74 ,ne> ! middle is a j\rnal block 7#g74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,frame details4 ,,c5t]+ ,,blocks4--,next provide a #d #d piece 7,g71 #dj in*es long1 ?r\gh :i* bore a #c_/d-;in* hole 7#h71 #b in*es f ! upp] end1 & f\r bolt holes at "r angles to ! %aft hole 7#h74 ,!n1 ) a saw split d[n ?is be>+1 z %[n at #i1 to a po9t #d in*es f ! end4 ,t5 in*es bel[ ! upp] end prep>e two cross ga9s 7#aj71 ea* an in* deep & f\r in*es wide4 ,9 ^! ga9s are plac$ ! top rails 7,a71 s ! bolt holes 9 ! ga9s 7#aj7 w co9cide ) ! bolt holes 7#aa7 9 ! piece ,a4 ,bel[ ! ga9s 7#aj7 ?is po/ has a j\rnal block 7#ab71 int5d$ to be 9 l9e ) ! j\rnal block 7#g7 ( ! piece ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,tail ,/ock4 ,!n make a block 7,h7 #b #d1 & #f in*es long4 ,?is also mu/ h a %aft hole 7,b71 & a saw k]f 7#ad71 simil> to ! arrangem5t on ! upp] end ( ! po/ 7,g72 also bore f\r bolt holes1 z %[n4 ,?is block re/s betwe5 ! upp] ends ( ! lugs 7,c74 ,ano!r block 7,i71 #b #d1 & #f feet long1 ) f\r bolt holes1 w be requir$ = ! tail end ( ! frame1 to keep ! rails 7,a7 two in*es ap>t at t end4 ,,! ,,tail ,,/ock4--,?is "p ( ! /ructure is made ( ! foll[+ describ$ mat]ial3 ,procure a scantl+ 7,j71 plan$1 #d #d1 #bd in*es long1 ! upp] end ( :i* is to be provid$ ) f\r bolt holes1 & a c5t]+ hole 7#ae74 ,at ! l[] end ( ! piece is a slot 7#af7 #h in*es long & #a-a_/b in*es wide1 & !re are also two bolt holes bor$ transv]sely ?r\gh ! piece to receive bolts = re9=c+ ! end4 ,a pair ( *eekpieces 7,k71 #b #d1 & ea* #ab in*es long1 are mit]$ at ! ends1 & ea* has f\r bolt holes by means ( :i* ! ends may be bolt$ to ! upright 7,j74 ,!n a /ep w$ge 7,l7 is made ( #a-c_/h #b mat]ial1 #aj in*es long4 ,?is has at lea/ f\r /eps 7#ag71 ea* /ep be+ #b in*es long4 ,a w$ge #a-c_/h in*es ?ick1 #aj in*es long1 & tap]+ f #b in*es to #a-c_/h in*es1 completes ! tail-/ock4 ,,! ,,tool ,,re/4--,?is is ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! :ole la!1 z x mu/ be rigid1 & s con/ruct$ t x has a revolvable motion z well z be+ capable ( a movem5t to & f ! mat]ial 9 ! la!4 ,select a good #d #d scantl+ 7,m71 #ad in*es long1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,two in*es f "o end cut a cross ga9 7,i71 #a-a_/b in*es deep & #a in* wide1 & r\nd (f ! upp] edge1 z at #b4 ,!n prep>e a piece 7,n71 #a in* ?ick1 #h in*es wide1 & #aj in*es long4 ,r\nd (f ! upp] edge to =m a nose1 & midway betwe5 its ends cut a cross ga9 #d in*es wide & #a-a_/b in*es deep4 ,! l[] m>g9 may be cut away1 at an angle on ea* side ( ! ga94 ,all t is necess>y n[ is to make a block 7,o71 #h in*es long1 r\nd$ on "o edge1 & a w$ge 7,p74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bdc4 ,tool ,re/4 ,a lea!r belt or /rap 7,q71 #a-a_/b in*es wide1 =m$ into a loop1 z %[n 9 ! p]spective view 7,r71 s]ves z a means = hold+ ! re/ rigidly :5 ! w$ge is driv5 94 ,,mat]ials4--,!n procure ! foll[+ bolts3 #d-c_/h bolts1 #aj long4 #h-c_/h '' #f '' #bj-c_/h '' #e '' #e-c_/h '' #i '' ,,! ,,m&rel4--,a piece ( /eel tub+ 7,s71 ,no4 #aj gage1 #c_/d in* 9 diamet]1 #aa-a_/b in*es long1 w be requir$ = ! m&rel4 ,get a blacksmi?1 if a ma*9e %op is n conv5i5t1 to put a fix$ c5t] 7#a7 9 "o end1 & a removable c5t]+ memb] 7#b7 9 ! o!r end4 ,on ?is m&rel place a coll> 7#c71 held by a set screw1 & alongside ( x a pair ( pulleys1 ea* #a-a_/b in*es wide1 "o ( !m1 be+1 say1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! o!r #c in*es4 ,?is m&rel is held 9 position by means ( ! po/s ( ! frame :i* c>ry ! split j\rnal be>+s4 ,?is =m ( be>+ w make a durable la!1 free f *att]+1 z ! bolts c be us$ = tight5+ ! m&rel :5ev] !y we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,m&rel4 ,! c5t] po9t 7#a7 is design$ to re/ aga9/ a metal plate 7#d7 bolt$ to ! wood5 po/1 z %[n 9 ! l>ge draw+4 ,,fly-,,:eel4--,x n[ rema9s only to provide a fly-:eel & treadle ) ! communicat+ belt4 ,! fly-:eel may be ( any conv5i5t size1 or x may be "s disc>d$ pulley or :eel4 ,suppose x is two feet 9 diamet]2 !n1 z y\r small pulley is #b in*es 9 diamet]1 ea* revolution ( ! l>ge :eel makes twelve revolutions 9 ! m&rel1 & y c readily turn ! :eel eighty times a m9ute4 ,9 t case y\r m&rel w revolve #ifj revolutions p] m9ute1 :i* is ample spe$ = y\r purposes4 ,! :eel %\ld be m\nt$ on a piece ( #c_/d-;in* /eel tub+1 "o end hav+ a crank #c in*es long4 ,?is crank is connect$ up by a pitman rod1 ) ! triangul>ly %ap$ treadle frame4 ,su* a la! is easily made1 z x requires b little metal or ma*9e "w1 & x is "h describ$ because x w be a pleasure = a boy to make su* a useful tool4 ,:at he ne$s is ! prop] plan & ! "r dim5sions to c>ry out ! "w1 & 8 own +5uity w make ! modifications suitable to 8 purpose4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bde7 %[s su* a la! assembl$ ready = "w4 ,,! ,,tools ,,requir$4--,a few simple tools w complete an outfit capable ( do+ a great v>iety ( "w4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bdf7 %[s five *isels1 ( :i* all o!r *isels are modifications4 ,a & ,b are bo? oblique firm] *isels1 ,a be+ gr\nd ) a bevel on "o side only1 & ,b ) a bevel on ea* side4 ,c is a broad gage1 ) a holl[ blade1 & a curv$ cutt+ edge1 gr\nd ) a tap] on ! r\nd$ side only4 ,d is a n>r[ gage simil>ly gr\nd1 & ,e is a ,v-%ap$ gage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,x may be obs]v$ t 9 wood-turn+ %>p tools are absolutely necess>y1 h5ce a good oil /one1 or sev]al small1 r\nd & ,v-%ap$ /ones %\ld be us$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/a9s ,z ?is subject prop]ly belongs to ! pa9t] & decorator1 x is n necess>y to g into details conc]n+ ! me?ods us$ to f9i% (f y\r "w4 ,z y may n be able to af=d ! luxury ( hav+ y\r productions pa9t$ or /a9$1 en\gh in=mation w be giv5 to enable y1 if ! "* ( ! wood ju/ifies x1 to d ! "w y\rself to a limit$ ext5t4 ,,s(t ,,wood4--,z1 presumably1 mo/ ( y\r fir/ "w w be done ) p9e1 popl>1 or o!r light-color$ mat]ial1 &1 z _m p pref] ! furniture to be d>k 9 color1 y %\ld be prep>$ to accommodate !m4 ,,use ,,( ,,/a9s4--,our subject has no?+ to d ) ! te*nique ( /a9+1 b has ref]5ce1 solely1 to ! use ( /a9s4 ,i recomm5d1 !re=e1 t1 s9ce all k9ds ( /a9s are n[ kept 9 /ock1 & = sale ev]y:]e1 y w\ld bett] rely ^u ! manufactur$ goods r ?an to endeavor to mix up ! pa9ts y\rself4 ,,/a9s ,,z ,,imitations4--,x w be well to rememb] "o ?+ z to /a9s4 ,nev] attempt to /a9 any?+ unless t /a9 is int5d$ to produce an imitation ( "s real wood4 ,!re are /a9s made up :i*1 :5 appli$1 d n imitate any kn[n wood4 ,?is is bad ta/e & %\ld be avoid$4 ,aga9 y %\ld "k t ! same /a9 t9t w n produce l effects on ! diff]5t light-color$ woods4 ,try ! *]ry /a9 on pieces ( p9e1 popl>1 & bir*1 & y w readily see t :ile p9e gives a brilliant r$1 comp>atively speak+1 p9e or bir* w be mu* d>k]1 & ! effect on popl> w be t ( a muddy color4 ,9 fact1 popl> does n /a9 *]ry to good advantage2 & = bir* ! ord9>y /a9 %\ld h a small addition ( v]milion4 ,by mak+ trials ( y\r /a9s be=e apply+ !m to ! furniture1 y w readily see ! value ( ?is sugge/ion4 ,,good ,,ta/e ,,9 ,,/a9+4--,oak1 mahogany1 *]ry1 black walnut1 & l imitations are always good 9 an arti/ic s5se1 b imitations ( unfamili> woods mean no?+ to ! av]age p]son4 ,! too common mi/ake is to try to imitate oak by /a9+ p9e or popl> or bir*4 ,x may1 ) good effect1 be /a9$ to imitate *]ry4 ,oregon p9e1 or "s light-color$ wood1 ) a /rong contra/+ gra9 may be us$ = /a9+ 9 imitation ( oak4 ,,great ,,contra/s ,,bad4--,viol5t contra/s 9 furniture /a9+ h ! effect ( *eapness1 unless ! contra/+ outl9es are arti/ically di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! article1 f base to top f9i%4 ,,/a9+ ,,contra/+ ,,woods4--,!n1 aga91 d n /a9 a piece ( furniture s t "o "p repres5ts a *eap1 s(t wood1 & ! o!r "p a d>k or co/ly wood4 ,imag9e1 = in/ance1 a cab9et ) ! /iles1 rails & mullions ( mahogany1 & ! panels ( p9e or popl>1 or ! rev]se1 & y c und]/& h[ incongru\s w\ld be ! result produc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld n be a v arti/ic job to make ! panels ( *]ry & ! mullions & /iles ( mahogany1 because ! two woods d n h>monize1 al?\gh frequ5tly wrongly comb9$4 ,,h>d ,,wood ,,imitations4--,x w\ld be bett] to use1 = in/ance1 a% or oak = "o portion ( ! "w1 & a d>k wood1 l *]ry or walnut1 = ! o!r "p2 b usually a *]ry cab9et %\ld be made ( *]ry ?r\gh\t2 :ile a curly maple *iffoni] c\ld n be improv$ by hav+ ! legs ( "s o!r mat]ial4 ,^! consid]ations %\ld det]m9e = y :e!r or n y c safely use /a9s to repres5t diff]5t woods 9 ! same article4 ,,natural ,,effects4--,if effects are want$1 ! skill$ workman w prop]ly rely ^u ! natural gra9 ( ! wood2 h5ce1 9 /a9+1 y %\ld try to imitate nature1 because 9 /a9+ y w dep5d = contra/ on ! natural gra9 ( ! wood to help y out 9 produc+ pleas+ effects4 ,,natural ,,wood ,,/a9s4--,x %\ld be said1 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 t a /a9 is1 at be/1 a poor make%ift4 ,!re is no?+ s pleas+ z ! natural wood4 ,x always has an appe>ance ( cleanl9ess & op5ness4 ,to /a9 ! wood %[s an attempt to cov] up *eapness by a *eap contrivance4 ,! exception to ?is rule is mahogany1 :i* is g5]ally enri*$ by ! application ( a ruby t9t :i* s]ves pr9cipally to emphasize ! beautiful m>k+s ( ! wood4 ,,poli%+ ,,/a9$ ,,surfaces4--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y wi% to g to ! labor ( poli%+ ! furniture to a high degree1 /a9+ becomes an art1 & w add to ! beauty & durability ( any s(t or *eap wood1 except+ popl>4 ,:5 ! article is highly poli%$1 s a good1 smoo? surface is provid$1 /a9+ does n *eap51 b1 on ! o!r h&1 s]ves to embelli% ! article4 ,z a rule1 !re=e1 x is well to inculcate ?is lesson3 ,d n /a9 unless y poli%2 o!rwise1 x is f> bett] to pres]ve ! natural color ( ! wood4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful sidebo>ds ,i ev] saw 0 made ( ,oregon p9e1 & ! natural wood1 well fill$ & highly poli%$4 ,t f9i% gave x an effect :i* enhanc$ its value to a price :i* equal$ any *]ry or mahogany product4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,c>p5t] ,,& ,,! ,,ar*itect ,a c>p5t] has a trade2 ! ar*itect a pr(ession4 ,x is n to be assum$ t "o vocation is m honorable ?an ! o!r4 ,a pr(ession is def9$ z a call+1 or occupation1 if n me*anical1 agricultural1 or ! l1 to :i* "o devotes himself & 8 en]gies4 ,a trade is def9$ z an occupation :i* a p]son has le>n$ & engages 91 especially me*anical employm5t1 z di/+ui%$ f ! lib]al arts1 or ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,opportunity is ! great boon 9 life4 ,to ! ambiti\s "y man ! c>p5t]'s trade (f]s a field = v5tur+ into ! le>n$ pr(essions by a r\te :i* _c be equal$ 9 any o!r pursuit4 ,9 8 "w he daily ent]s into contact ) problems :i* require ma!matics ( ! highe/ ord]1 geometry1 ! me?ods ( calculat+ /ra9s & /resses1 z well z lay+ out angles & curves4 ,?is is a trade :]e9 he mu/ keep 9 m9d _m calculations z to mat]ials1 numb]1 size1 & me?ods ( jo9+2 he mu/ rememb] all ! small details :i* g to make up ! entire /ructure4 ,?is ex]cise necessitates a m5tal picture ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,8 imag9ation is ?us direct$ to concrete objects4 ,z ! m9d develops1 x becomes creative 9 its "*1 & ! f\ndation is laid = a high] sph]e ( usefulness 9 :at is call$ ! pr(essional field4 ,a good c>p5t] naturally develops into an ar*itect1 & ! be/ ar*itect is he :o kn[s ! trade4 ,x is a pr(ession :i* requires n only ! arti/ic ta/e1 b a te*nical k ( details1 ( h[ practically to c>ry out ! "w1 h[ to sup]9t5d con/ruction1 & :at ! diff]5t me?ods are = do+ ?+s4 ,! ar*itect mu/ h a sci5tific education1 :i* gives him a k ( ! /r5g? ( mat]ials1 & ( /ructural =ms2 ( ! durability ( mat]ials2 ( ! price1 quality1 & use ( ev]y?+ :i* goes into a /ructure2 ( labor conditions2 & ( ! laws p]ta9+ to build+s4 ,_m ( ^! que/ions w naturally pres5t !mselves to ! c>p5t]4 ,!y are 9 ! sph]e ( 8 employm5t1 b x dep5ds ^u himself to make ! prop] use ( ! mat]ial ?us daily br\ght to him4 ,x is ) a view to in/il t desire & ambition 9 e "y man1 to make ! bra9 d :at ! h& has h]et(ore done1 t ,i sugge/ ?is c\rse4 ,! le>n$ pr(ession is y\rs if y des]ve x1 & y c des]ve x only ?r\gh /udy1 application1 & p]sev]ance4 ,d well t :i* y attempt to d4 ,don't d x 9 t mann] because "s "o has done x 9 t way be=e y4 ,if1 9 ! trade1 ! exp]i5ce ( ages has taught ! craftsman t "s p>ticul> way ( do+ ?+s is correct1 !re is no law to prev5t y f combat+ t me?od4 ,y\r way may be bett]4 ,b y mu/ rememb] t 9 e plan = do+ a ?+ !re is "s p>ticul> reason1 or reasons1 :y x is c>ri$ out 9 t way4 ,/udy & le>n to apply ^? reasons4 ,s 9 y\r leisure or 9 y\r active mom5ts1 if y wi% to advance1 y mu/ be al]t4 ,"k = y\rself ! reasons = ?+s1 & y w !reby =m ! /epp+ /ones t w lead y upw>d & contribute to y\r success4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,useful ,,articles ,,to ,,make ,z /at$ 9 ! ,introductory1 ! purpose ( ?is book is to %[ h[ to d ! ?+s1 & n to draw a picture 9 ord] to write a description ( x4 ,m]ely 9 ! l9e ( sugge/ion1 we give 9 ?is *apt] views & brief descriptions ( useful h\sehold articles1 all ( :i* may be made by ! boy :o has c>efully /udi$ ! prec$+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,?is figure %[s a common b5* :olly made ( mat]ial #a in* ?ick1 ! top be+ #ab in*es wide & #d feet long4 ,! legs are #ad in*es high & #ac in*es wide2 & ! side support+ rails are #c in*es wide4 ,^! proportions may1 ( c\rse1 be v>i$4 ,y w note t ! sides ( ! top or seat h an ov]hang ( #a_/b in* on ea* m>g94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,?is is a common1 squ>e-top /ool1 ! seat be+ #ab #ab1 & ! legs #ad in*es high4 ,two ( ! pieces =m+ ! legs are #aj in*es wide & ! o!r two #h in*es wide1 s t :5 ! wide pieces are nail$ to ! edges ( ! n>r[ pieces ! leg body w be #aj #aj & ?us give ! seat an ov]hang ( #a in* ar\nd ! m>g9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,a mo/ useful article is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,x is a black+-box ) a lid1 a fold+ %oe re/ & ?ree comp>tm5ts4 ,! deta*$ figure %[s a v]tical cross-section ( ! body ( ! box1 & illu/rates h[ ! %oe re/ is h+$ to ! sides ( ! box4 ,! box itself is #ad #af 9 dim5sions2 ! sides are #f in*es wide & ! legs #e in*es 9 height4 ,9 ord] to give /r5g? to ! legs1 ! bottom has its corn]s cut out1 to p]mit ! upp] ends ( ! legs to re/ 9 ! recesses ?us =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,?is is a conv5i5t =m ( easel1 made ( f\r uprights4 ,! ma9 front uprights are ( /rips #e_/h #a-a_/d1 & ! re> uprights are ( #a_/b #a mat]ial4 ,a ?9 broom/ick w s]ve z ! pivot b> = ! upp] end4 ,! re/ is made ( two /rips1 ea* #a_/b #a1 nail$ toge!r to =m an ,l1 & nails or wood5 p9s w s]ve to hold ! re/ 9 any desir$ position4 ,! front uprights %\ld be at lea/ #e feet long4 ,a simple hang+ book-rack is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bea4 ,! two v]tical /rips are ea* #d in*es wide1 #a in* ?ick & #d feet long4 ,f\r %elves are provid$1 ea* #c_/d in* ?ick1 #i in*es wide & #d feet long4 ,ea* %elf is secur$ to ! uprights by h+es on ! upp] side1 s z to p]mit x to be swung upw>dly1 or fold$2 & bel[ ea* h+e is a triangul> block or bracket1 fix$ to ! %elf1 to support x 9 a horizontal position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,a sad-iron hold]1 or bookcase1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #beb1 is ano!r simple =m ( /ructure4 ,x may be suffici5tly l>ge to s]ve z a /&+ case by hav+ ! uprights at ! ends s]ve z legs1 or ! uprights may h holes at _! upp] ends1 by means ( :i* x c be susp5d$ on a wall4 ,z %[n1 x is #cj in*es long f bottom to top1 & #bj in*es wide4 ,! %elves are #h in*es wide4 ,all ! mat]ial is1 pref]ably1 #c_/d-;in* /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4 ,fig4 #bec %[s a wood-box1 or x may readily be adapt$ = coal4 ,= wood x %\ld be #b feet long1 #a foot #h in*es wide & #a foot #aj in*es high4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be made ( su* dim5sions z to suit ! wood to be /or$ 9 x1 & bo? ! flat-top z well z ! slop+ portion ( ! top %\ld be h+$1 s t ! entire top c be op5$ = fill+ purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,a pair ( p>allel b>s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bed4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is w v>y1 & be dep5d5t on ! size ( ! boy int5d+ to use x2 b a size be/ adapt$ is to make ! po/s #c feet high1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! b>s #af in*es4 ,?is gives ample room = ! ex]cises requir$4 ,! l5g? betwe5 ! po/s along ! b>s %\ld be at lea/ #e feet4 ,! entire /ructure c be made ( s(t wood1 except ! b>s1 :i* %\ld be ( h>d1 rigid wood4 ,! po/s c be made ( #b #b mat]ial1 & ! braces #b #a4 ,! base pieces1 bo? longitud9al & transv]se1 %\ld also be ( #b #b mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,fig4 #bee repres5ts a mission type ( writ+ desk = a boy's use4 ,all ! po/s1 braces & horizontal b>s are ( #b #b mat]ial1 secur$ to ea* o!r by mortises & t5ons4 ,! legs are #bg in*es high up to ! table top1 & ! n>r[ %elf is #ab in*es above ! top4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t size = ! top is #bf #dh4 ,! top bo>ds may be #a in* ?ick & ! %elf ! same ?ickness1 or ev5 #c_/d in*4 ,x is well brac$ & light1 & its beauty w dep5d l>gely on ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,! scre5 7,fig4 #bef7 repres5ts simply ! framework1 %[+ h[ simple ! /ructure is4 ,! b>s are all ( #a-a_/b #a-a_/b mat]ial1 secur$ toge!r by mortises & t5ons4 ,fig4 #beg repres5ts a mission *air to mat* ! desk 7,fig4 #bee71 & %\ld be made ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! po/s are all ( #b #b mat]ial4 ,! seat ( ! *air %\ld be #af in*es1 & ! re> po/s %\ld ext5d up above ! seat at lea/ #ah in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,fig4 #beh is a good example ( a gr&fa!r's clock 9 mission /yle4 ,! framework only is %[n4 ,! frame is #ab #ab1 & #e feet high1 & made up ( #b #b mat]ial4 ,:5 neatly fram$ toge!r1 x is a mo/ attractive article ( furniture4 ,! top may be cov]$ 9 any suitable way1 %[+ a ro( effect4 ,! op5+ = ! dial face ( ! clock %\ld be at "o ( ! gable ends4 ,a m pret5ti\s bookcase is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bei1 9 :i* ! frame is made up :olly ( #b #b mat]ial4 ,! cross-end b>s s]ve z l$ges to support ! %elves4 ,?is may be l9$ int]iorly & back$ ) suitable cas+ mat]ial1 su* z ,l9cru/a ,walton1 or fib]-bo>d1 & ! front provid$ ) doors4 ,our only object is to %[ ! framework = y\r guidance1 & m]ely to make sugge/ions z to /ructural =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,ano!r mo/ s]viceable article is a case = a coal scuttle 7,fig4 #bfj74 ,?is %\ld be made ( #a-;in* bo>ds1 & ! size ( ! door1 :i* c>ries ! scuttle %elf1 %\ld be #ab #af 9 size4 ,f ?is y c readily measure ! dim5sions ( ! case itself1 ! ext]ior dim5sions ( :i* are #ae #bj1 s t :5 ! #a-;in* top is plac$ on1 x w be #ba in*es high4 ,! case f front to re> is #ab in*es1 & ! %elf above ! top is #aa in*es wide1 & elevat$ #aj in*es above ! top ( ! case4 ,?is is a mo/ useful box = cul9>y articles1 if n ne$$ = coal1 because ! l$ge1 us$ = ! coal scuttle1 c be us$ to place ut5sils on1 & :5 ! door is op5$ all ! ut5sils are expos$ to view1 & are1 !re=e1 mu* m accessible ?an if /or$ away 9 ! case itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,a mission arm*air4 ,fig4 #bfa is m elaborate ?an ! *air %[n 9 ,fig4 #beg1 b x is ! same 9 g5]al "*1 & is also made ( #b #b /ock4 ,! seat is elevat$ #af in*es f ! floor1 & ! re> po/s are #bh in*es high4 ,! arms are #h in*es above ! seat4 ,a *air ( ?is "* %\ld h ample seat space1 s ! seat is #ah #ah4 ,! dog h\se 7,fig4 #bfb71 made 9 imitation ( a dwell+1 is #bd in*es squ>e1 & #ah in*es high to ! eaves ( ! ro(4 ,! op5+ 9 front is #h #aj1 exclusive ( ! %ap$ portion ( ! op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,fig4 #bfc %[s a simple & easily con/ruct$ settee ) an "u %elf4 ,! seat is #af in*es f ! floor & #bd in*es wide4 ,! back ext5ds up #bd in*es f ! seat4 ,! l[] %elf is midway betwe5 ! floor & seat1 & is #ai in*es wide4 ,?is may or may n be uphol/]$1 dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made4 ,if uphol/]$1 ! bo>ds may be ( second-class mat]ial1 pref]ably ( p9e or o!r light1 s(t wood4 ,a t[el rack 7,fig4 #bfd7 is always a ne$$ article 9 ! kit*54 ,! roll] may be an old curta9 roll] cut d[n to #ah in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! top piece is #b-a_/b in*es wide & #ba in*es long4 ,! v]tical b>s are ea* #a-a_/b in*es wide & #i in*es long4 ,! brackets are #a-a_/b in*es wide & made ( #c_/d-;in* mat]ial4 ,fig4 #bfe repres5ts ! framework ( a s(a1 ! seat ( :i* is #af in*es high1 ! front po/s up to ! arm-re/s #bd in*es1 & ! re> po/s #ch in*es4 ,f front to re> ! seat is #ah in*es4 ,! po/s are ( #c #c mat]ial4 ,?is makes a v rigid article ( furniture1 if mortis$ & t5on$ & prop]ly glu$4 ,! seat is #f feet long1 b x may be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ to suit ! position 9 :i* x is to be plac$4 ,x is a companion piece to ! *air 7,fig4 #bfa74 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,special ,,tools ,,& ,,_! ,,uses ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s we h ref]r$ ! read] to ! simple tools1 b x is ?\ght desirable to add to ! in=mation ?us giv51 an outl9e ( num]\s special tools :i* h be5 devis$ & are n[ on ! m>ket4 ,,bit ,,& ,,level ,,adju/]4--,x is frequ5tly necess>y to bore holes at c]ta9 angles4 ,?is c be done by us+ a bevel squ>e1 & hold+ x s "o limb w %[ ! bor+ angle4 ,b ?is is difficult to d 9 _m cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4 ,bit & ,squ>e level4 ,?is tool has ?ree pairs ( ,v slots on its back edges4 ,! %ank ( ! bit w lie 9 ^! slots1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bff1 ei!r v]tically1 or at an angle ( #de degrees1 & bor+ c be done ) ! utmo/ accuracy4 ,x may be atta*$ to a ,c>p5t]'s squ>e1 ?us mak+ x an accurate plumb or level4 ,,mit] ,,boxes4--,! advantages ( metal mit] boxes is app>5t1 :5 accurate "w is requir$4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #bfg1 %[s a metal tool ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* ! entire frame is 9 "o solid ca/+4 ,! saw guide uprights are clamp$ 9 tap]$ sockets 9 ! swivel arm & c be adju/$ to hold ! saw )\t play1 & ?is w also c\nt]act a saw t runs out ( true1 due to improp] sett+ or fil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,metal ,mit] ,box4 ,a second socket 9 ! swivel arm p]mits ! use ( a %ort saw or all[s a mu* long] /roke ) a /&>d or regul> saw4 ,! swivel arm is provid$ ) a tap]+ index p9 :i* engages 9 holes plac$ on ! "u side ( ! base4 ,! edge ( ! base is graduat$ 9 degrees1 z pla9ly %[n1 & ! swivel arm c be set & automatically fa/5$ at any degree desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,p>ts ( ,metal ,mit] ,box4 ,! uprights1 front & back are graduat$ 9 sixte5?s ( in*es1 & movable /ops c be set1 by means ( ?umb-screw to ! dep? ( ! cut desir$4 ,figure #bfh %[s ! p>ts ( ! mit] box1 9 :i* ! numb]s designate ! v>i\s p>ts3 #aja is ! frame2 #ajb ! frame bo>d2 #ajd frame leg2 #ajf guide /ock2 #ajg /ock guide clamp2 #aji /ock guide plate2 #aaj swivel arm2 #aaa swivel arm bu%+2 #aab swivel bu%+ screw2 #aac index clamp+ lev]2 #aae index clamp+ lev] cat*2 #aaf index clamp+ lev] spr+2 #abb swivel complete2 #abc ,t-base2 #abd-a_/b uprights2 #abf saw guide cap2 #abg saw guide cap plate2 #acb saw guide tie b>2 #acc left saw guide /op & screw2 #acd "r side guide /op & screw2 #ace saw guide /op spr+2 #acf saw guide cyl9d]2 #acg saw guide cyl9d] plate2 #ach trip lev] 7back72 #aci trip lev] 7front72 #ada level+ screw2 #adb trip clamp & screw2 #adf ,t-base clamp screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,angle ,divid]s4 ,,angle ,,divid]s4--,?is is ano!r tool1 :i* does n co/ mu* & is ( great s]vice to ! c>p5t] 9 fitt+ mold+s :]e !y are appli$ at odd angles4 ,to lay out ! cut ) an ord9>y bevel necessitates ! use ( divid]s & a second h&l+ ( ! bevel1 mak+ ?ree op]ations4 ,,! ,,odd ,,job ,,tool4--,a mo/ useful special tool1 :i* comb9es 9 its make-up a level1 plumb try-squ>e1 mit]-squ>e1 bevel1 scrat* awl1 dep? gage1 m>k+ gage1 mit] gage1 beam compass1 & a "o-foot rule4 ,to ! boy :o wi%es to economize 9 ! pur*ase ( tools ?is is an article :i* %\ld be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,odd ,job ,tool4 ,figure #bgj %[s ! simplicity ( ! tool1 & h[ x is appli$ 9 use4 ,,bit ,,braces4--,^! tools are n[ made ) s _m improv$ features t !re is really no excuse = gett+ poor tools4 ,! illu/rations %[ m]ely ! heads & ! l[] op]at+ p>ts ( ! tools4 ,fig4 #bga %[s a metal-clad ball-be>+ head1 s call$1 z its "u side is completely encas$ 9 metal securely screw$ to ! wood & revolv+ aga9/ ! ball ?ru/ be>+4 ,d repres5ts a conceal$ rat*et 9 :i* ! cam r+ gov]ns ! rat*et1 &1 be+ 9 l9e ) ! bit1 makes x m conv5i5t 9 h&l+ ?an :5 x is at "r angles4 ,! rat*et p>ts are entirely enclos$1 ?us keep+ out moi/ure & dirt1 reta9+ lubrication & protect+ ! us]s' h&s4 ,! rat*et me*anism is int]*angeable1 & may be tak5 ap>t by remov+ "o screw4 ,! two-piece clut*1 :i* is drop =g$1 is back$ by a v /rong spr+1 insur+ a secure lock4 ,:5 lock$1 t5 tee? are 9 engagem5t1 :ile five are employ$ :ile work+ at a rat*et4 ,x has univ]sal jaws 7,g7 = bo? wood & metal work]s4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgb1 ,b repres5ts a regul> ball be>+ head1 ) ! wood screw on ! l>ge sp9dle & ?ree small screws to prev5t its work+ loose4 ,?is also has a ball ?ru/4 ,e is ! rat*et box1 & ?is %[s ! ge> tee? cut on ! extra heavy sp9dle1 & encas$1 s t ! us]'s h&s are protect$ f ! tee?4 ,! int]lock+ jaws 7,h71 :i* are be/ = tap] %anks1 hold up to ,no4 #b ,cl>k's expansion1 & are !re=e p>ticul>ly adapt$ = c>p5t]'s use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,types ( ,bit ,braces4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgc ! pla9 be>+ head 7,c7 has no ball ?ru/4 ,! head is screw$ on ! sp9dle & held f turn+ (f by two small screws4 ,! op5 rat*et 7,f7 %[s ! ge> p9n$ to ! sp9dle & expos$4 ,?is has alligator jaws 7,j71 & w hold all ord9>y size tap] %ank bits1 also small & m$ium r\nd %ank bits or drills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,fig4 #bge4 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,/eel ,frame ,brea/ ,drills4 ,,/eel ,,frame ,,brea/ ,,drill4--,^! drills are made ) bo? s+le & d\ble spe$1 ea* spe$ hav+ ?ree v>ieties ( jaws4 ,! s+le spe$ is v high1 ! ratio be+ #d-a_/b to #a1 :i* makes x desirable to use = small drills1 or = use 9 wood4 ,a level is firmly set 9 ! frames ( ^! tools to assi/ ! us] to ma9ta9 a horizontal position 9 bor+4 ,ea* ( ! =ms %[n has a ball ?ru/ be>+ betwe5 ! p9ion & frame4 ,! brea/ plate may be adju/$ to suit & is lock$ by a set screw4 ,! sp9dle is kept f turn+ :ile *ang+ drills1 by means ( ! lat* m\nt$ on ! frame1 & readily engag+ ) ! p9ion4 ,! crank is pi]c$ 9 ?ree places s t ! h&le c be set = ?ree diff]5t sweeps1 dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! "w4 ,figure #bgd has a ?ree jaw *uck1 & has only s+le spe$4 ,figure #bge has an int]lock+ jaw1 & is provid$ ) d\ble spe$ ge>+4 ,figure #bgf has a univ]sal jaw1 & d\ble spe$4 ,,planes4--,! mo/ s]viceable planes are made 9 iron1 & x might be well to %[ a few ( ! mo/ important1 to br+ out ! mann] employ$ to make ! adju/m5ts ( ! bits4 ,9 ord] to famili>ize ! boy ) ! diff]5t t]ms us$ 9 a plane1 exam9e ,figure #bgg4 ,! p>ts are designat$ z foll[s3 #a;,a is ! d\ble plane iron2 #a s+le plane iron2 #b plane iron cap2 #c cap screw2 #d lev] cap2 #e lev] cap screw2 #f frog complete2 #g ,y adju/+ lev]2 #h adju/+ nut2 #i lat]al adju/+ lev]2 #aa plane h&le2 #ab plane knob2 #ac h&le bolt & nut2 #ad knob bolt & nut2 #ae plane h&le screw2 #af plane bottom2 #dd frog p92 #de frog clamp+ screw2 #df frog adju/+ screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,details ( ,metal ,plane4 ,,rabbet+1 ,,mat*+ ,,& ,,dado ,,planes4--,figure #bgh %[s a useful =m ( plane = ! reason t x is design$ to receive a v>iety ( irons1 adapt$ to cut rabbets4 ,! deta*$ sections ( ,fig4 #bgh %[ ! v>i\s p>ts1 z well z ! bits :i* belong to x4 #a1 #a repres5t ! s+le plane irons2 #d ! lev] cap2 #af ! plane bottom1 #ej ! f5ce2 #ea ! f5ce ?umb screw2 #fa ! %ort arm2 #gj ! adju/able dep? gage2 #ga ! dep? gage :i* goes ?r\gh ! screw2 & #he ! spurs ) screws4 ,,mold+ ,,& ,,bead+ ,,plane4--,a plane ( ! "* %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgi w d an imm5se v>iety ( "w 9 mold+1 bead+ & dado "w1 & is equally well adapt$ = rabbet+1 = fillet/]s & = mat* plan+4 ,! regul> equipm5t ) ?is tool comprises fifty-two cutt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,rabbet1 ,mat*+ & ,dado ,plane4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgi1 ! plane has a ma9 /ock 7,a71 :i* c>ries ! cutt] adju/m5t1 a h&le1 a dep? gage1 a slitt+ gage1 & a /eel bottom =m+ a be>+ = ! o!r end ( ! cutt]1 & slides on arms secur$ to ! ma9 /ock4 ,?is bottom c be rais$ or l[]$1 s t1 9 addition to all[+ ! use ( cutt]s ( diff]5t wid?s1 cutt]s c be us$ hav+ "o edge high] or l[] ?an ! edge support$ 9 ! ma9 /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,mold+ & ,bead+ ,plane4 ,! auxili>y c5t] bottom 7,c71 :i* c be adju/$ = wid? or dep?1 fulfils ! requirem5t ( prev5t+ ! plane f tilt+ & g\g+ ! "w4 ,! f5ce ,d has a lat]al adju/m5t by means ( a screw1 = extra f9e "w4 ,! f\r small cuts 9 ! corn]s %[ h[ ! bottoms %\ld be set = diff]5t =ms ( cutt]s1 & ! great importance ( hav+ ! f5ces adju/$ s t ! cutt]s w n run4 ,! samples ( "w illu/rat$ %[ "s ( ! mold+s :i* c be turn$ out ) ! plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,dovetail ,tongue & ,groove ,plane4 ,,dovetail ,,tongue ,,& ,,groove ,,plane4--,?is is a v novel tool1 & has _m features to recomm5d x4 ,figure #bhj %[s its =m1 & h[ x is us$4 ,x is design$ to make ! dovetail$ tongue z well z ! groove4 ,x w cut any size groove & tongues to fit ) sides ( tw5ty degrees fl>e1 :]e ! wid? ( ! neck is m ?an "o-qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & ! dep? ( ! groove n m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,! tongue & groove are cut sep>ately1 & c be made ) p>allel or tap]+ sides4 ,! op]ation ( ! plane is v simple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,r\t] ,planes4 ,,r\t] ,,planes4--,?is is a type ( plane us$ = surfac+ ! bottom ( grooves or o!r depressions p>allel ) ! g5]al surface ( ! "w4 ,! planes are made 9 two types1 "o1 l ,fig4 #bha1 :i* has a clos$ ?roat1 & ! o!r1 ,fig4 #bhb1 ) an op5 ?roat4 ,bo? are s]viceable1 b ! latt] is pref]able4 ,^! planes w level (f bottoms ( depression1 v accurately1 & ! tool is n an exp5sive "o4 ,,door ,,trim ,,plane4--,?is is a tool = mak+ mortises = butts1 face plates1 /rike plates1 escut*eons1 & ! l1 up to a dep? ( #e_/af1 & a wid? ( #c in*es4 ,! pr9cipal feature 9 ! plane is ! me?od ( m\nt+ ! cutt]1 :i* c be in/antly set to "w f ei!r end ( ! plane or across x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,door ,trim ,plane4 ,! cutt]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhc1 is cu%ion$ by a spr+ :i* prev5ts tak+ a heavi] *ip ?an c be easily c>ri$4 ,a f5ce regulates ! position ( ! cut & insures ! sides ( ! cut be+ p>allel4 ,! dep? ( ! cut is gov]n$ by a positive /op4 ,by remov+ ! f5ce & lock+ ! cutt] po/ ) ! ?umb screw1 in/ead ( us+ ! spr+1 a v sup]ior r\t] plane is obta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,ro(+ ,,trusses ,! *apt] on ,bridge ,build+ gives "s sugge/ions z to =m ( trusses1 ! p>ticul> types !re %[n be+ pr9cipally = wide spans4 ,su* trusses 7 made = "o purpose only1 namely1 to take great weight1 & !y 71 z a consequ5ce1 s con/ruct$ z to provide /r5g?4 ,b a ro(+ truss1 :ile design$ to hold ! accumulat$ mat]ials1 su* z sn[ & ice1 likely to be deposit$ !re1 is ( su* a design1 pr9cipally1 s z to af=d means ( ornam5tation4 ,?is rem>k has ref]5ce to su* types z disp5se ) ! cross1 or tie beam1 :i* is ! di/+ui%+ feature 9 bridge build+4 ,! tie beam is also an important elem5t 9 _m types ( trusses1 :]e ornam5tation is n requir$1 or 9 su* /ructures z h ! ro($ portion ( ! build+s enclos$ by ceil+ walls1 or :]e ! space betwe5 ! ro(s is us$ = /orage purposes4 ,9 ,engl&1 & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 are ?\s&s ( trusses /ructur$ to support ! ro(s1 :i* are m>vels ( beauty4 ,"s ( !m are bewild]+ 9 _! =mation4 ,! mold+s1 bead$ surfaces1 & ! c>v$ outl9es ( ! s(fits1 ( ! ar*es1 & ( ! purl9s1 are wond]ful 9 detail4 ,! wood5 ro( ( ,we/m9/] ,hall1 :ile v simple 9 /ructure1 z comp>$ ) _m o!rs1 looks l an intricate maze ( beams1 /ruts & braces1 b x is1 nev]!less1 s h>moniz$ t ! effect is mo/ pleas+ to ! eye1 & its v appe>ance gives ! impression ( gr&eur & /r5g?4 ,ne>ly all ( ! =ms %[n h]e9 h come d[n to u f m$ival times1 :5 m /ress 0 laid on wood5 /ructures ?an at ! pres5t "t1 b mo/ ( ! /one & metal build+s grew out ( ! wood5 prototypes4 ,n[ ! prime object ( ne>ly all ! d\ble-ro($ trusses 0 to utilize ! space betwe5 ! raft]s s z to give height & maje/y to ! int]ior4 ,a l>ge dome is gr&1 ow+ to its great simplicity1 b ! same pla9 outl9es1 or lack ( ornam5tation1 9 ! ceil+ ( a squ>e or rectangul> build+ w\ld be pa9ful to view1 h5ce1 ! braces1 beams1 plates1 & v>i\s supports ( ! ro($ truss s]v$ z ornam5tal p>ts1 & x is 9 ?is p>ticul> t ! art ( ! design] f9ds 8 inspiration4 ,be=e proce$+ to apply ! matt] ( ornam5tation1 x might be well to develop ^! ro( =ms1 />t+ ) ! old type ,b>n ,ro(1 :]e ! space betwe5 ! raft]s mu/ be utiliz$ = ! /orage ( hay4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,gambrel ,ro(4 ,! ,gambrel ,ro(1 ,fig4 #bhd1 requires a tie beam1 7,a71 z %[n1 b ! space above ! beam is free ( all ob/ructions1 & gives a l>ge /orage space4 ,! ro( has two sets ( raft]s 7,b1 ,c71 & ( diff]5t pit*1 ! l[] raft]s 7,b7 hav+ a pit* ( ab\t #cj degrees1 & ! upp] ones 7,c71 ab\t #de degrees4 ,a tie b> 7,d7 jo9s ! middle portion ( ea* ( ! raft]s 7,b1 ,c7 & ano!r tie b> 7,e7 jo9s ! middle "p ( ! raft] 7,b71 & ! support+ po/ 7,f74 ,! cross tie beam 7,g7 completes ! span1 & a little /udy w %[ ! complete int]dep5d5ce ( "o piece ^u ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,purl9 ,ro(4 ,! ,purl9 ,ro( is a type ( /ructure us$ v l>gely ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = wide b>ns4 7,a7 is ! cross beam2 7,b1 ,b7 ! purl9 po/s2 7,c1 ,c7 ! purl9 plates2 7,d1 ,d7 ! raft]s2 & 7,e1 ,e7 ! support+ braces4 ,! raft]s 7,d7 are 9 two sections1 ! di/ance f ! eaves to ! comb be+ too great = s+le l5g? raft]s1 & ! purl9 plates are n design$ to make :at is call$ a self-support+ ro(1 b m]ely to s]ve z supports = ! regul> raft]s4 ,! ,pr9cess ,truss1 on ! o!r h&1 is design$ to act z a support = ! diff]5t l5g?s ( raft]s 7,a1 ,b1 ,c71 & z a means = hold+ ! ro(4 ,x is adapt$ = l[ pit* & wide spans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,pr9cess ,truss4 ,! ma9 truss is made up ( ! cross beam 7,d71 raft]s 7,e1 ,e7 & ?ru/ beam 7,f74 ,purl9 po/s 7,g1 ,g7 are plac$ at an angle int]m$iate ! ends ( ! raft]s1 & ! purl9 plates 7,h1 ,h7 support ! ro( raft]s 7,a1 ,b1 ,c72 ,i1 ,i are ! v]tical tie rods4 ,?is type is probably ! olde/ =m ( truss = build+ purposes1 & x has be5 modifi$ 9 _m ways1 ! mo/ usual modification be+ ! sub/itution ( po/s = ! tie rods 7,i1 ,i74 ,foll[+ out ! =ego+ =ms1 we may call att5tion to "o m type :i* p]mitt$ ornam5tation to a consid]able degree1 al?\gh x /ill requir$ ! tie beam4 ,9 fact ! tie beam itself 0 ! feature on :i* ! ar*itect dep5d$ to make ! greate/ effect by elaborat+ x4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhg1 & is call$ ! ,ar*$1 or ,camb]$1 ,tie ,beam ,truss4 ,x is a v old type1 samples ( :i* h be5 f\nd :i* take x back to a v remote age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,ar*$1 or ,camb]$1 ,tie ,beam4 ,! tie beam ,a1 9 wide spans1 0 made 9 two sections1 prop]ly ti$ toge!r1 & sometimes ! out] ends 7 v wide1 & to add to ! effect ( ! ar*1 x might also be rais$ 9 ! middle1 some?+ 9 ! =m %[n by ! dott$ l9e 7,b74 ,! ,mans>d is :at may be call$ a d\ble-m\nt$ ro(1 & x w be se5 h[ x 0 evolv$ f ! prec$+ types4 ,x w be not$ t ! simple truss =m$ by ! memb]s 7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 is m]ely sup]pos$ on ! lean+ po/s1 ! tie beam also be+ necess>y 9 ?is con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,! ,mans>d4 ,b ! mo/ elaborate =mations are ^? :i* 7 int5d$ to provide trusses = build+s :]e9 ! tie beams 7 disp5s$ )4 ,! simple/ =m kn[n is call$ ! ,scissors ,beam1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,?is has be5 utiliz$ = small spaces1 & /eep pit*es4 ,ea* raft] 7,a7 has an angl$ beam or brace 7,b71 spr++ f its base1 to ! opposite raft] 7,a71 to :i* x is jo9$1 midway betwe5 its ends1 z at ,c4 ,:]e ! two braces 7,b7 cross ea* o!r !y are secur$ toge!r1 z at ,d4 ,z a result1 ?ree trusses are =m$1 namely1 #a1 #b1 #c1 & x possesses rem>kable /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,scissors ,beam4 ,,brac$ ,,coll> ,,beam4--,?is is a modification ( ! la/ type1 b is adapt$ = ?ick walls only4 ,! tie rod braces 7,a1 ,a7 h to be br\ght d[n l[ to give a good brac+ action1 & ?is arrangem5t is capable ( consid]able ornam5tation4 ,! /eep] ! pit* ! high] up w\ld be ! inn] & l[] brace po/s 7,b1 ,b7 :i* 7 support$ by ! top ( ! wall4 ,?is =m is n available = wide spans1 & is %[n to illu/rate h[ ! developm5t 0 made into ! succe$+ types4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4 ,brac$ ,coll> ,beam4 ,,! ,,rib ,,& ,,coll> ,,truss1 ,fig4 #bia1 is ! fir/ important /ructural arrangem5t :i* p]mitt$ ! ar*itect to give full sway to embelli%m5t4 ,! inw>dly-project+ memb]s 7,a1 ,a7 are call$ ,hamm] ,beams4 ,!y 7 devis$ z a sub/itute = ! ?ick walls us$ 9 ! ,brac$ ,coll> ,beam ,truss1 & small brackets 7,b1 ,b7 7 plac$ b5ea? z supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,rib & ,coll> ,truss4 ,! %ort tie beam 7,c71 ne> ! apex1 s]ves z ! memb] to receive ! ?ru/ & /ress ( ! curv$ ribs 7,d1 ,d74 ,x =ms a mo/ graceful type ( ro(1 & is capable ( ! mo/ exquisite ornam5tation1 b x is us$ = ! high pit*$ ro(s only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij-a_/b4 ,hamm] ,beam ,truss4 ,! acme ( all con/ructions1 9 :i* /r5g?1 beauty1 & capacity = ornam5tation are bl5d$1 is ! ,hamm] ,beam ,truss4 ,"h ! hamm] beam projects inw>dly f>!r ?an 9 ! prec$+ figure1 & has a deep] bracket 7,b71 & ?is also ext5ds d[n ! p5dant po/ 7,c7 a great] di/ance4 ,! curv$ support+ ar* 7,d71 on ea* side1 is n ribb$1 z 9 ! ,rib & ,coll> ,truss1 b in/ead1 is provid$ ) op5work 7n %[n h]e971 toge!r ) bead+s & mold+s1 & o!r ornam5tal *>act]i/ics1 & "s ( ! mo/ beautiful ar*itectural =ms 9 exi/5ce are 9 ?is type ( ro(4 ,:at are call$ ,fly+ ,buttresses 7,e7 are sometimes us$ 9 connection ) ! ,hamm] ,beam ,truss1 :i*1 ) heavy ro(s & wide spans1 is f\nd to be absolutely necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,jo9ts ,9 unit+ two or m elem5ts1 "s p>ticul> type ( jo9t is necess>y4 ,9 fram+ timb]s1 9 mak+ braces1 9 ro( con/ruction & supports1 9 floor beams1 & 9 num]\s o!r places1 :]e /r5g? is requir$1 ! workman %\ld h at 8 comm& a k ( ! mo/ s]viceable me?ods4 ,illu/rations c mo/ =cibly convey ! diff]5t types2 b ! sizes mu/ be det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! mat]ial y are work+ )4 ,our aim is to give ! idea involv$1 & ! "n by :i* ea* is kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,bridle ,jo9ts4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ,*apt] ,x1 to c]ta9 =ms ( sc>f+ & lapp+ pieces4 ,?is *apt] has to d ) a v>iety ( o!r /ructural =ms1 b pr9cipally ) su* z are us$ 9 heavy build+ "w1 & 9 cases :]e nei!r fi% plates nor sc>f+ w answ] ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4 ,spur ,t5on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4 ,saddle ,jo9ts4 ,,bridle ,,jo9ts4--,?is is a =m ( jo9t :]e p]man5cy is n desir$1 & :]e x is necess>y to readily seat or unseat ! v]tical timb]4 ,x is also obvi\s t ! socket = ! upright is ( su* a "* t x w n weak5 x to any great ext5t4 ,,spur ,,t5on4--,?is t5on c be us$ 9 _m places :]e ! regul> "o is n available4 ,?is1 l ! prec$+1 is us$ :]e ! p>ts are desir$ to be deta*able1 & ! second =m is "o :i* is us$ 9 _m /ructures4 ,,saddle ,,jo9t4--,?is is /ill ano!r mann] 9 :i* a quickly deta*able jo9t c be con/ruct$4 ,! saddle may be m\nt$ on ! ma9 base1 or cut into ! base piece4 ,an inf9ite v>iety ( =ms ( saddles are made1 mo/ ( !m be+ us$ 9 dock "w1 & = fram+ ( t "* :]e l>ge timb]s are us$1 z 9 ! build+ ( coal *utes1 & ! l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,joggle ,jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,fram+ ,jo9ts4 ,,joggle ,,jo9t4--,?is jo9t is us$ almo/ exclusively = brace "w :]e great weight mu/ be support$4 ,! brace has a t5on1 & ! end mu/ also be s arrang$ t x w h a direct be>+ aga9/ ! upright1 :i* x braces & supports1 or x may h two faces1 z 9 ! second figure1 :i* is an exce$+ly /rong con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,heel ,jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,/ub ,t5on4 ,,fram+ ,,jo9ts4--,^! are ! simple/ =m 9 :i* two memb]s are secur$ toge!r4 ,!y are us$ almo/ :olly 9 raft] "w1 & h v few modifications4 ,! dep? ( ! cut1 = ! toe ( ! raft]1 dep5ds on ! load to be c>ri$1 & also on ! di/ance ! end ( ! raft] is f ! end ( ! horizontal memb] on :i* ! raft] re/s4 ,,heel ,,jo9ts4--,?is is by f> ! mo/ secure ( ! fram+ type ( jo9ts4 ,?is1 if prop]ly made1 is mu* bett] ?an ! con/ruction %[n 9 ! previ\s illu/ration1 b ! difficulty is to make ! raft] fit into ! recesses prop]ly4 ,?is is no excuse = failure to use1 b x is on acc\nt ( inability to make close fits t is acc\ntable = lack ( use4 ,x w be se5 t 9 case "o ( ! heels re/s aga9/ ! recess1 & ! o!rs d n1 & ! pressure is great1 !re is a liability to te> out ! entire jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4 ,tusk ,t5on4 ,,/ub ,,t5on4--,?is is ano!r =m ( t5on :i* is made & design$ to be us$ :]e x is 9 close proximity to ano!r t5on1 or :]e ! mortises1 if made full size1 w weak5 ! memb]4 ,! long tusk c be %ort5$1 to suit ! place :]e x projects1 & ! /ub t5on on ea* side ( ! tusk may be made v %ort1 & "o side long] ?an ! o!r if necess>y4 ,,tusk ,,t5on4--,two =ms ( tusk con/ruction are giv54 ,any numb] ( =ms h be5 devis$1 all = special purposes1 & design$ = diff]5t k9ds ( woods4 ,^! %[n are p>ticul>ly adapt$ = s(t woods1 & ! pr9cipal feature t is valuable lies 9 ! fact t !y h a numb] ( %\ld]s )9 ! mortise1 ea* ( :i*1 necess>ily adds to ! /r5g?4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tusk t5on1 ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to h x fit ! mortise tightly1 & ?is has ref]5ce to ! bottom & %\ld] ends z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,d\ble ,tusk ,t5on4 ,,d\ble ,,tusk ,,t5ons4--,! di/+ui%+ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ is 9 ! tusk1 :i* 9 ?is =m ( con/ruction goes ?r\gh ! upright memb]1 & is held by a cross key4 ,! d\ble tusk is int5d$ = h>d woods1 & x is reg>d$ z ! f9e/1 z well z ! /ronge/1 jo9t kn[n4 ,,cogg$ ,,jo9ts4--,?is diff]s f ! regul> t5on+ & mortis+ me?ods1 pr9cipally because ! groove or recess is 9 ! =m ( an op5 ga94 ,x is us$ :]e ! memb] is to be ins]t$ aft] ! ma9 /ructure is put toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4 ,cogg$ ,jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,an*or ,jo9t4 ,,an*or ,,jo9t4--,?is =m ( connection is design$ = v l>ge timb]s1 & :]e great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 mak+ ! p>ts fit toge!r nicely1 z ev]y?+ dep5ds on ?is4 ,?is /yle is nev] us$ :]e ! angles are less ?an #de degrees1 & ! dep? ( ! ga9 9 ! timb] receiv+ ! brace is dep5d5t on ! ?ru/ ( ! brace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,deep ,an*or ,jo9t4 ,! ,deep ,an*or ,jo9t is an ext5sion ( ! tongue ( ! ,an*or t5on1 s t x af=ds a great] support = ! end ?ru/4 ,to cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ =m1 x might be said t ! ,an*or ,jo9t is "o design$ to protect ! memb] conta9+ ! ga9s1 :ile ! ,deep ,an*or ,jo9t favors ! brace1 by giv+ x a great] p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,"s ,,mi/akes1 ,,& ,a ,,little ,,advice ,,9 ,,c>p5try ,9 ! me*anical arts1 work]s are z likely to le>n f ! mi/akes committ$ z ?r\gh correct in=mation imp>t$4 ,advice1 !re=e1 might be consid]$ sup]flu\s4 ,b !re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* are easily rememb]$ & may be borne 9 m9d :ile engag$ 9 turn+ out any "w4 ,?is *apt] is n giv5 = ! purpose ( call+ att5tion to all ! errors :i* are s common1 b m]ely to po9t out a few :i* ! boy w commit z he tries to c>ry out 8 "w = ! fir/ "t4 ,"o ( ! difficult ?+s = any "o to le>n1 9 work+ ) wood1 is to plane ! edge ( a bo>d /raight & squ>e at ! same "t4 ,?is is made d\bly difficult if x is desir$ to plane x /rictly to dim5sions4 ,usually be=e ! edge is /raight x is d[n to ! prop] wid? desir$1 & x is !n too late to correct any error1 because fur!r "w w make x too n>r[4 ,! :ole difficulty is 9 ! hold+ ( ! plane4 ,x matt]s n h[ rigidly x is held1 & h[ c>efully x is gu>d$ to ve] x t[>d "o side or ! o!r1 x w be f\nd a mo/ difficult task4 ,if ! =e1 or f9i%+1 plane is us$1 & :i* is ! prop] tool = ! purpose1 ! impression seems to be1 t to squ>e up ! edge & make x cut (f a ?ick] %av+ on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 requires t ! plane %\ld be press$ d[n ) =ce1 s z to make x dig 9 & cut a ?ick] %av+4 ,:5 ?is is resort$ to ! bo>d is liable to get out ( true f end to end4 ,a mu* bett] plan is to put ! plane on ! edge ( ! bo>d true & /raight4 ,if x is too high on ! edge ne>e/ y1 br+ ! plane ov] s ! inside edge is flu% ) ! inside edge ( ! bo>d4 ,!n use ! f+]s ( ! left h& z a gage to keep ! plane f runn+ ov]4 ,n[1 ! weight ( ! plane 9 su* a condition is suffici5t to take (f a ?ick] %av+ at ! high edge1 & ?is w be done )\t any ef=t1 & w enable y to conc5trate y\r ?\ghts on keep+ ! plane /raight ) ! bo>d4 ,! weight ( ! plane w make a ?ick] %av+ on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 & correct inequalities1 provid$ y d n attempt to =ce ! plane4 ,x requires an exce$+ly /eady h& to hold a plane firmly = squ>+ up a half-in* bo>d4 ,s+ul> z x may seem1 x is almo/ z difficult a job ) a two-in* plank4 ,9 ! case ( ! ?9 bo>d ! plane w move lat]ally1 unless ! utmo/ c>e is ex]cis$2 9 ! tru+ up ! ?ick plank ! con/ant t5d5cy is to move ! plane along ! surface at a slight diagonal1 & ?is is sure to cause tr\ble4 ,x only emphasizes ! fact mo/ cle>ly1 t to d a good job ! plane mu/ be firmly held1 t x mu/ move along ! bo>d ) ! utmo/ precision1 & t x %\ld n be =c$ into ! wood4 ,9 smoo?+ d[n a bo>d ) ! %ort smoo?+ plane1 prep>atory to s&pap]+ x1 ! bett] plan is to move ! plane slightly across ! gra94 ,?is w enable ! bit to take hold bett]1 & :5 ! s&pap] is appli$ ! c\rse ( ! movem5t %\ld be across ! gra9 opposite ! direction tak5 by ! smoo?+ plane4 ,x is nev] satisfactory to draw ! s&pap] directly along 9 ! c\rse ( ! gra94 ,su* a habit w cause ! s&pap] to fill up v rapidly1 p>ticul>ly ) c]ta9 woods4 ,:5 glu+ toge!r jo9ts or t5ons1 always wipe (f ! surplus glue ) w>m wat] tak5 f ! glue pot4 ,if y d n foll[ ?is advice ! glue w gum up ! tools & ! s&pap] us$ to f9i% ! "w4 ,nev] try to "w f opposite sides ( a piece ( mat]ial4 ,h a "w side & a "w edge1 & make all measurem5ts !refrom4 ,m>k ea* piece z y g along4 ,take a note m5tally j h[ ea* piece is to be plac$1 & :at mu/ be done ) x4 ,! c>p5t]1 above all o!rs1 mu/ be able to c>ry a m5tal picture ( 8 product4 ,nev] saw out ! scrib+ or m>k+ l9e1 ei!r 9 cutt+ or 9 ripp+4 ,! l9es %\ld be oblit]at$ by ! plane1 :5 x is be+ f9i%$1 & n be=e4 ,make x a habit to f9i% (f ! surfaces & edges true & smoo? be=e ! ends are cut1 or ! mortises or t5ons are made4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t mi/akes4 ,no job c be a p]fect "o unless y\r mat]ial has be5 work$ d[n to prop] dim5sions4 ,le>n to saw across a bo>d squ>ely4 ,?is may be a h>d ?+ = ! novice to d4 ,a long1 easy /roke ( ! saw w prev5t x f runn+1 unless too badly set or fil$1 & w also enable y to hold x m ne>ly squ>e ) ! bo>d4 ,if y f9d t y inv>iably saw out ( true1 !n take "s saw+ lessons = y\r own b5efit1 until y c judge :e!r ! saw is held true or n4 ,x is bett] to saw up a half doz5 bo>ds 9 mak+ ! te/ ?an commit ! error :ile work+ on a job4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,words ,,us$ ,,9 ,,text ,,( ,,?is ,,volume ,acute4 ,%>p1 to ! po9t4 ,adju/]4 ,a tool :i* measures di/ances & relative spaces4 /hetic4 ,! !ory ( ta/e2 sci5ce ( ! beautiful 9 nature & art4 ,ab/ract4 ,t :i* exi/s 9 ! m9d only2 sep>ate f matt]2 to ?9k ( sep>ately z a quality4 ,alligator jaws4 ,a t]m us$ to designate a pair ( s]rat$ b>s :i* are held toge!r 9 a headpiece1 & capable ( clamp+ bits betwe5 !m4 ,analyz$4 ,sep>at$ into its primitive or orig9al p>ts4 ,an*or4 ,any device = hold+ an object 9 a fix$ position4 ,angle divid]s4 ,a sort ( d\ble bevel tool s arrang$ t an angle c be made at ! same "t on bo? side ( a base l9e4 ,angul>ly dispos$4 ,=m+ an angle ) ref]5ce to "s "p or position4 ,ar*ivolt4 ,! ar*itectural memb] surr\nd+ ! curv$ op5+ ( an ar*4 ,m commonly ! mold+ or o!r ornam5ts ) :i* ! wall face ( an ar* is *ang$4 ,artisan4 ,"o tra9$ 9 "s me*anic's art or trade4 ,bead$4 ,a piece ( wood or iron hav+ r\nd$ creases on its surface4 ,beam compass4 ,a draw+ compass 9 :i* ! po9ts are arrang$ to slide on a rod1 in/ead ( be+ fix$ on divid]s4 ,belfry4 ,a bell-t[]1 usually atta*$ to a *ur*4 ,bevel squ>e4 ,a h&le to :i* is pivotally atta*$ a blade1 :i* may be swung & held at any desir$ angle4 ,bisect$4 ,to divide1 m>k1 or cut into two portions4 ,bit4 ,a small tool1 ei!r = drill+1 or = cutt+1 z a plane iron4 ,brac$ coll>4 ,a =m ( ro(+ truss1 9 :i* ! upp] cross memb] is support$ by a pair ( angl$ braces4 ,brea/ drill4 ,a tool = hold+ bor+ tools1 & design$ to h ! head held aga9/ ! brea/ = =c+ 9 ! bor+ tool4 ,bridle jo9t4 ,a =m = secur+ elem5ts toge!r :i* provides a %all[ depression 9 "o memb]1 & a *amf]$ memb] at its end to fit !re94 ,bungal[4 ,a ,b5galese t]m2 orig9ally a ?at*$ or til$ h\se or cottage1 s+le /ory1 usually surr\nd$ by a v]&a4 ,bu%+4 ,a sub/ance ( any k9d int]pos$1 z1 = in/ance1 a we>+ surface betwe5 a m&rel & its be>+4 ,butts4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 h+es1 usually ( ! l>ge type4 ,callip]$4 ,a measur$ portion :i* has its side or ?ickness fix$ by a f9ely graduat$ in/rum5t4 ,camb]$4 ,slightly ris+ 9 ! middle portion4 ,an upw>d b5d1 or projection4 ,capital4 ,a small head or top ( a column2 ! head or upp]mo/ memb] ( a pila/]4 ,c>d9al4 ,pre-em95t1 *ief1 ma9 l9e2 ,c>d9al l9e is ! pr9cipal l9e to make calculations or measurem5ts f4 ,c5t]+ po9t4 ,a place = ! reception ( ! po9t ( an in/rum5t1 l a compass or a divid]s1 or = ! dead c5t] ( ! tail-/ock ( a la!4 ,*eekpiece4 ,a piece or pieces at "r angles to ano!r piece1 ei!r fix$ or movable1 :i* s]ves z a re/ or a guide4 ,*iffoni]4 ,a movable & ornam5tal closet or piece ( furniture ) %elves & draw]s4 ,*ute4 ,a *annel 9 any mat]ial1 or made ( any sub/ance1 = convey+ liquids or solids4 ,circumf]5ce4 ,! di/ance ar\nd an object4 ,circumf]5tially4 ,surr\nd+ or encircl+4 ,classical4 ,relat+ to ! fir/ class or rank1 especially 9 lit]ature or art4 ,cogg$4 ,hav+ tee?1 ei!r at regul> or at irregul> int]vals4 ,concrete4 ,express+ ! ?+ itself specifically2 also ! quality2 a specific example4 ,configuration4 ,=m1 z dep5d+ on ! relative disposition ( ! p>ts ( a ?+2 a %ape or a figure4 ,co9cide4 ,to occupy ! same place 9 space2 to correspond exactly2 to agree2 to concur4 ,correlation4 ,a ref]5ce1 z f "o ?+ to ano!r2 ! putt+ toge!r ( v>i\s p>ts4 ,conv5tional4 ,some?+ :i* gr[s out ( or dep5ds ^u cu/om1 or is sanction$ by g5]al usage4 ,craftsman4 ,"o skill$ 9 a craft or trade4 ,curvature4 ,! act ( curv+ or be+ b5t4 ,conc5trat$4 ,to br+ to a common c5t]2 to br+ toge!r 9 "o mass4 ,dado4 ,a pla9 flat surface betwe5 a base & a surbase mold+4 ,sometimes a pa9t$ or encru/$ skirt+ on int]ior walls4 ,dep? gage4 ,a tool by means ( :i* ! dep?s ( grooves & recesses are measur$4 ,degree4 ,measure ( advancem5t2 quality2 ext5t2 a division or space4 ,disc>d$4 ,ca/ (f2 to reject or put away4 ,det]ioration4 ,to gr[ worse2 impair+ 9 quality4 ,depress$4 ,a sunk5 surface or "p4 ,diagrammatical4 ,a draw+ made to illu/rate ! work+ or ! s*eme1 )\t %[+ all ! p>ts or giv+ _! relative positions or measurem5ts4 ,diametrically4 ,a direction t[>d ! c5t] or across ! middle ( a figure or ?+4 ,diagonal4 ,a direction :i* is n p>allel ) or p]p5dicul> to a l9e4 ,dom9ate4 ,to gov]n2 controll+4 ,door trim4 ,! h>dw>e :i* is atta*$ to a door4 ,d\ble-ro($4 ,all =m ( ro( /ructure :]e !re is an inn] frame to support ! raft]s4 ,drop =g$4 ,metal =ms :i* are /ruck up by means ( heavy hamm]s1 9 :i* are ! molds or patt]ns ( ! article to be =m$4 ,elaboration4 ,wr\ght ) labor2 f9i%$ ) great c>e4 ,elevation4 ,! act ( rais+ f a l[] to a high] degree2 a projection ( a build+ or o!r object on a plane p]p5dicul> to ! horizon4 ,elliptical4 ,hav+ ! =m ( an ellipse4 ,embelli%m5t4 ,! act ( adorn+2 t :i* adds beauty or elegance4 ,entablature4 ,! /ructure :i* lies horizontally ^u ! columns4 ,equidi/ant4 ,be+ at an equal di/ance f a po9t4 ,escut*eon4 ,an ornam5tal plate l t "p ab\t a keyhole4 ,evolve4 ,to unfold or unroll2 to op5 & exp&4 ,faade4 ,! front ( a build+2 ! pr9cipal front hav+ "s ar*itectural pret5sions4 ,fac+-bo>ds4 ,! f9i%+ ( ! face ( a wall ( diff]5t mat]ial ?an ! ma9 "p ( ! wall2 ! wide bo>d bel[ ! cornice or b5ea? ! w9d[s4 ,factor4 ,"o ( ! elem5ts1 circum/ances or influ5ces :i* contribute to produce a result4 ,f5ce4 ,a t]m us$ to designate a metal b>ri] or gu>d on a "p ( a tool4 ,fi% plate4 ,a pair ( plates1 usually plac$ on opposite sides ( ! pieces to be secur$ toge!r1 & held by cross bolts4 ,fl>e4 ,a pit*2 an angle2 an incl9ation4 ,flu%4 ,unbrok51 or ev5 9 surface2 on a level ) ! adjac5t surface4 ,frog clamp+ screw4 ,a screw :i* is design$ to hold or adju/ two angl$ pieces4 ,fulcrum4 ,t by :i* a lev] is su/a9$1 or on :i* a lev] re/s 9 turn+ or mov+ a body4 ,flut+4 ,! *annel or *annels 9 a body2 z ! grooves 9 a column4 ,ga94 ,a squ>e or bevel$ not* or groove cut out ( a gird]1 beam1 po/ or o!r mat]ial1 at a corn]4 ,gambrel4 ,a ro( hav+ two diff]5t pit*es1 ! upp] mu* great] ?an ! l[]4 ,geometry4 ,p]ta9+ to t bran* ( ma!matics :i* inve/igates ! relations1 prop]ties & measurem5ts ( solids1 surfaces1 l9es & angles4 ,gird]4 ,a ma9 beam2 a /raight horizontal beam to span an op5+ or c>ry a weight1 su* z ! ends ( floor beams4 ,gloss>y4 ,a collection or explanation ( words & passages ( ! works ( an au?or2 a p>tial diction>y4 ,graduat$4 ,cut up into /eps2 divid$ into equal p>ts4 ,guide /ock4 ,a memb] :i* is ! ma9 portion ( ! tool1 & f :i* all measurem5ts are tak54 ,hamm] beam4 ,a memb] 9 a truss ro( /ructure1 at ! base ( ! ro( prop]1 :i* consi/s ( an inw>dly project+ "p1 on :i* ! ro( re/s1 & f :i* x is brac$4 ,hamm]-pole4 ,! peon1 or r\nd end ( a hamm] :i* is us$ = driv+ nails4 ,hemisph]ical4 ,p]ta9+ to a half globe or sph]e4 ,horizontal4 ,on ! level2 at "r angles to a l9e :i* po9ts to ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,incorporat$4 ,unit$ 9 "o body4 ,index p94 ,a small movable memb] :i* is design$ to limit ! movem5t ( ! op]ative "p ( a ma*9e4 ,initial4 ,to make a beg9n+ )2 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( acts or ?+s4 ,insulate4 ,to place 9 a deta*$ position2 to sep>ate f4 ,int]*angeable4 ,"o = ! o!r4 ,int]val4 ,a space betwe5 ?+s2 a void space2 betwe5 two objects4 ,int]e/4 ,to engage ! att5tion (2 to awak5 or attract att5tion4 ,int]lock+ jaw4 ,two or m p>ts ( a piece ( me*anism 9 :i* ! said p>ts pass ea* o!r 9 _! motions4 ,int]section4 ,! po9t or l9e 9 :i* "o l9e or surface cuts ano!r4 ,int]v5+4 ,! portion betwe54 ,inv]t$4 ,turn$ ov]2 to put upside d[n4 ,joggle-jo9t4 ,a =m ( connection :i* has /ruts atta*$ to a p5dant po/4 ,jo9]y4 ,! art or trade ( jo9+ wood4 ,k]f4 ,a not*1 *annel or slit made 9 any mat]ial by cutt+ or saw+4 ,kit4 ,a work+ outfit2 a collection ( tools or implem5ts4 ,level4 ,a tool design$ to indicate horizontal or v]tical surfaces4 ,lib]al4 ,n n>r[ or contract$4 ,lobe4 ,any projection1 especially ( a r\nd$ =m2 ! project+ "p ( a cam-:eel4 ,longitud9al4 ,9 ! direction ( ! l5g?2 runn+ l5g?wise4 ,lubrication4 ,! sy/em ( af=d+ oil+ means to a ma*9e or to any article4 ,m&rel4 ,! live sp9dle ( a la!2 ! revolv+ arbor ( a circul> saw4 ,mans>d4 ,a type ( ro( /ructure ) two pit*es1 "o1 ! l[]1 be+ v /eep1 & ! o!r v flat pit*4 ,manual4 ,( or p]ta9+ to ! h&2 done or made by h&4 ,m>g9al4 ,! bord] or edge ( an object4 ,m>k+ gage4 ,a b> on :i* is plac$ a s]ies ( po9ts1 usually equidi/ant f ea* o!r4 ,mat*+4 ,plac+ tongue 9 "o memb] & a correspond+ groove 9 ano!r memb]1 s t !y w jo9 ea* o!r p]fectly4 ,m$ival4 ,( or relat+ to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,mit]-box4 ,a tool = ! purpose ( hold+ a saw true at any desir$ adju/able angle4 ,mit]-squ>e4 ,a tool :i* provides adju/m5t at any desir$ angle4 ,mullion4 ,a sl5d] b> or pi] :i* =ms ! v]tical division betwe5 ! lights ( w9d[s1 scre5s1 etc42 also1 indoors1 ! ma9 uprights are /iles1 & ! int]m$iate uprights are mullions4 ,oblit]at$4 ,eras$ or blott$ out4 ,obtuse4 ,n po9t$2 b5t4 ,orbit4 ,! pa? made by a heav5ly body 9 its travel ar\nd ano!r body4 ,ord9ate4 ,! di/ance ( any po9t 9 a curve or a /raight l9e1 measur$ on a l9e call$ ! axis ( ord9ates1 or on a l9e p>allel to x f ano!r l9e1 at "r angles !reto1 call$ ! axis ( abscissas4 ,ornam5tation4 ,to embelli%2 to improve 9 appe>ance4 ,oscillate4 ,to sw+ l a p5dulum4 ,ov]hang4 ,9 a g5]al s5se t :i* projects out4 ,panel+4 ,a sunk5 comp>tm5t or portion ) rais$ m>g9s1 mold$ or o!rwise1 z indoors1 ceil+s wa9scot+1 etc4 ,p>allelogram4 ,a "r-l9$ quadrilat]al figure1 ^: opposite sides are p>allel &1 consequ5tly1 equal4 ,p>allel4 ,ext5d$ 9 ! same direction1 & 9 all p>ts equally di/ant4 ,p]spective4 ,a view2 a vi/a2 ! effect ( di/ance ^u ! appe>ance ( objects1 by means ( :i* ! eye recognizes !m z be+ at a m or less measurable di/ance4 ,pivot4 ,a fix$ p91 or %ort axis1 on ! end ( :i* a :eel or o!r body turns4 ,pit*4 ,slope2 desc5t2 declivity1 l ! slope ( a ro(4 ,placem5t4 ,! act ( plac+2 9 ! /ate ( be+ plac$4 ,pr$om9ate4 ,to be sup]ior 9 numb]1 /r5g?1 influ5ce or au?ority2 controll+4 ,produc$4 ,to l5g!n out2 to ext5d4 ,prototype4 ,! orig9al2 t f :i* lat] =ms sprang4 ,purl94 ,a longitud9al piece ( timb]1 "u a ro(1 midway betwe5 ! eaves & comb1 to hold ! raft]s4 ,rabbet+4 ,! mann] ( cutt+ grooves or recesses4 ,rat*et4 ,a :eel1 b>1 or o!r =m ( memb]1 hav+ tee? or recesses4 ,rebate4 ,a rectangul>1 longitud9al recess or groove1 cut 9 ! corn] or edge ( a body4 ,rail4 ,a horizontal piece 9 a frame or panel+4 ,rectangul>4 ,"r-angl$2 hav+ "o or m angles ( n9ety degrees2 a f\r-sid$ figure hav+ only "r angles4 ,rib & coll>4 ,a =m ( ro( truss 9 :i* ! coll> betwe5 raft]s is us$ z ! ?ru/ be>+ = ! ribs :i* project up f ! hamm] beam4 ,r\t]4 ,a tool = cutt+ grooves or recesses4 ,saddle jo9t4 ,a =m ( connection 9 :i* "o "p has a portion cut away1 resembl+ a saddle1 & 9 :i* ! "p to be atta*$ has its end cut s z to fit ! saddle ?us =m$4 ,sc>f+4 ,! cutt+ away ( ! ends ( timb]s to be jo9$1 s ! two p>ts on lapp+ w unite ev5ly4 ,scissors beam4 ,a =m ( truss1 9 :i* !re is a pair ( int]ior braces =m$ l %e>s1 & secur$ to ! ma9 raft]s !mselves4 ,score1 ,scor$4 ,%e>2 cut2 divide2 also not*+ or m>k+4 ,scrat* awl4 ,a %>p-po9t$ tool1 ) a h&le4 ,scribe4 ,to cut1 ind5t or m>k ) a tool1 su* z a knife1 awl or compass1 s z to =m a cutt+ l9e = ! workman4 ,self-support+4 ,held by itself2 n dep5d+ ^u outside aid4 ,%ank4 ,usually ! h&le1 or portion to :i* ! h&le is atta*$4 ,slitt+ gage4 ,a tool :i* is design$ to cut along a c]ta9 l9e guid$ by an adju/able f5ce4 ,s(fit4 ,! "u side ( an ar*4 ,solid4 ,n holl[2 full ( matt]2 hav+ a fix$ =m2 h>d2 oppos$ to liquid or fluid4 ,sp9dle4 ,a small m&rel2 an arbor2 a turn+ %aft4 ,spr+]4 ,! po/ or po9t at :i* an ar* re/s ^u its support1 & f :i* x seems to spr+4 ,sph]e4 ,a body or space cont9u$ "u a s+le surface :i*1 9 e "p1 is equally di/ant f a po9t )9 call$ its c5t]4 ,spur4 ,a small "p jutt+ f ano!r4 ,/rike plate4 ,a plate s]v+ z a keep] = a bevel$ lat* bolt & aga9/ :i* ! latt] /rikes 9 clos+4 ,/eel ,tub+4 ,pipes made f /eel2 tub+ is measur$ across f outside to outside2 pip+ is measur$ on ! inside4 ,/ep-w$ge4 ,a w$ge hav+ "o /raight edge1 & ! o!r edge provid$ ) a succession ( /eps1 by means ( :i* ! piece gradually gr[s wid]4 ,/ra91 ,/resses4 ,to act ^u 9 any way s z to cause *ange ( =m or volume2 z =ces on a beam to b5d x4 ,/rut4 ,any piece ( timb] :i* runs f "o timb] to ano!r1 & is us$ to support a "p4 ,/ub4 ,a project+ "p1 usually ( "s def9$ =m1 & usually design$ to ent] or engage ) a correspond+ recess 9 ano!r memb]4 ,subm]g$4 ,to be buri$ or cov]$1 z ) a fluid2 to put "u4 ,swivel4 ,a pivot$ memb]1 us$ 9 _m =ms ( tools1 9 :i* "o "p turns on ! o!r4 ,tail-/ock4 ,! slid+ support or block 9 a la!1 :i* c>ries ! dead sp9dle1 or adju/able c5t]4 ,te*nical4 ,( or p]ta9+ to ! useful 9 me*anical arts1 or to any sci5ce1 bus9ess1 or ! l4 ,texture4 ,! disposition ( ! sev]al p>ts ( any body 9 connection ) ea* o!r2 or ! mann] 9 :i* ! p>ts are unit$4 ,tool re/4 ,t "p ( a la!1 or o!r me*anism1 :i* supports a tool1 or holds ! tool support4 ,torso4 ,! human body z di/+ui%$ f ! head & limbs4 ,transv]se4 ,9 a crosswise direction2 ly+ across2 at "r angles to ! longitud9al4 ,trimm]4 ,a beam1 into :i* are fram$ ! ends ( head]s 9 floor fram+1 z :5 a hole is left = /airs1 *imneys1 & ! l4 ,truss4 ,an assemblage ( memb]s ( wood or iron1 support$ at two po9ts1 & arrang$ to transmit pressure v]tically to ^? po9ts ) ! lea/ possible /ra91 across ! l5g? ( any memb]4 ,tusk4 ,9 me*anism1 a long project+ "p1 long] ?an a t5on1 & usually appli$ to ! long or project+ "p ( a t5on4 ,univ]sal jo9t4 ,a jo9t :]e9 "o memb] is made to turn ) ano!r1 al?\gh ! two turn+ memb]s are n 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,vocation4 ,employm5t2 trade2 pr(ession2 bus9ess4 ,voissoir4 ,"o ( ! w$gelike /ones ( :i* an ar* is compos$4 ,,! ,,h[-,,to-,,d-,,x ,,books ,,c>p5try ,,= ,,boys ,a book :i* treats1 9 a mo/ practical & fasc9at+ mann]1 all subjects p]ta9+ to ! ,k+ ( ,trades2 %[+ ! c>e & use ( tools2 draw+2 design+1 & ! lay+ out ( "w2 ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! build+ ( v>i\s k9ds ( /ructures1 & ! rudim5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,x conta9s ov] two hundr$ & fifty illu/rations made especially = ?is "w1 & includes also a complete gloss>y ( ! te*nical t]ms us$ 9 ! art4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive volume on ?is subject ev] publi%$ = boys4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,= ,,boys ,! au?or has adopt$ ! unique plan ( sett+ =? ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ea* phase ( ! sci5ce1 & practically apply+ ! "w 9 ! successive /ages4 ,x %[s h[ ! k has be5 develop$1 & ! reasons = ! v>i\s ph5om5a1 )\t us+ te*nical words s z to br+ x )9 ! compass ( e boy4 ,x has a complete gloss>y ( t]ms1 & is illu/rat$ ) two hundr$ orig9al draw+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,practical ,,me*anics ,,= ,,boys ,?is book takes ! beg9n] ?r\gh a compreh5sive s]ies ( practical %op "w1 9 :i* ! uses ( tools1 & ! /ructure & h&l+ ( %op ma*9]y are set =?2 h[ !y are utiliz$ to p]=m ! "w1 & ! mann] 9 :i* all dim5sional "w is c>ri$ out4 ,e subject is illu/rat$1 & model build+ expla9$4 ,x conta9s a gloss>y :i* comprises a new sy/em ( cross ref]5ces1 a feature t w prove a welcome dep>ture 9 expla9+ subjects4 ,fully illu/rat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,price #fj c5ts p] volume 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company #adg ,,f\r? ,,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,wond] ,,isl& ,,boys ,,by ,,rog] ,t4 ,,f9lay ,?rill+ adv5tures by sea & l& ( two boys & an ag$ ,pr(essor :o are ca/ away on an isl& ) absolutely no?+ b _! clo?+4 ,by gradual & natural /ages !y succe$ 9 con/ruct+ all =ms ( devices us$ 9 ! me*anical arts & le>n ! sci5tific !ories involv$ 9 e walk ( life4 ,^! subjects are all treat$ 9 an incid5tal & natural way 9 ! progress ( ev5ts1 f ! mo/ fundam5tal /&po9t )\t te*nicalities1 & include e dep>tm5t ( k4 ,num]\s illu/rations accompany ! text4 ,two ,?\s& ?+s e boy ought to "k4 ,e page a romance4 ,e l9e a fact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,six titles--#fj c5ts p] volume 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wond] ,,isl& ,,boys ,! ,ca/aways ,,! ,,wond] ,,isl& ,,boys ,explor+ ! ,isl& ,,! ,,wond] ,,isl& ,,boys ,! ,my/]ies ( ! ,cav]ns ,,! ,,wond] ,,isl& ,,boys ,! ,tribesm5 ,,! ,,wond] ,,isl& ,,boys ,! ,capture & ,pursuit ,,! ,,wond] ,,isl& ,,boys ,! ,conque/ ( ! ,savages ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company #adg ,,f\r? ,,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,hickory ,,ridge ,,boy ,,sc\ts ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,books ,,= ,,boys ,:i*1 9 addition to ! int]e/+ boy sc\t /ories by ,,capta9 ,,alan ,,d\glas1 ,sc\tma/]1 conta9 articles on nature lore1 native animals & a fund ( o!r in=mation p]ta9+ to out-(-door life1 t w appeal to ! boy's love ( ! op54 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,! ,campfires ( ! ,wolf ,patrol ,_! fir/ camp+ exp]i5ce af=ds ! sc\ts spl5did opportunities to use _! rec5tly acquir$ k 9 a practical way4 ,elm] ,*5[e?1 a lad f ! nor?we/ woods1 a/oni%es ev]yone by 8 famili>ity ) camp life4 ,a clean1 :olesome /ory e boy %\ld read4 ,,ii4 ,woodcraft2 or1 ,h[ a ,patrol ,lead] ,made ,good ,?is tale pres5ts _m /irr+ situations 9 :i* "s ( ! boys are call$ ^u to ex]cise all _! +5uity & unselfi%ness4 ,a /ory fill$ ) heal?ful excitem5t4 ,,iii4 ,pa?f9d]2 or1 ,! ,miss+ ,t5d]foot ,"s my/]ies are cle>$ up 9 a mo/ unexpect$ way1 greatly to ! cr$it ( our "y fri5ds4 ,a v>iety ( incid5ts foll[ fa/1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,,iv4 ,fa/ ,n9e2 or1 a ,*all5ge ,f ,fairfield ,!y %[ ! same team-"w "h z :5 9 camp4 ,! description ( ! f9al game ) ! team ( a rival t[n1 & ! outcome !re(1 =m a /irr+ n>rative4 ,"o ( ! be/ baseball /ories ( rec5t ye>s4 ,v4 ,great ,hike2 or1 ,! ,pride ( ,! ,khaki ,troop ,aft] weeks ( prep>ation ! sc\ts />t out on _! greate/ und]tak+4 ,_! m>* takes !m f> f home1 & ! good-natur$ rivalry ( ! diff]5t patrols furni%es _m int]e/+ & amus+ situations4 ,,vi4 ,endurance ,te/2 or1 ,h[ ,cle> ,grit ,won ! ,day ,few /ories get u m ?an illu/rations ( pluck 9 ! face ( app>5t failure4 ,our h]oes %[ ! /uff !y are made ( & surprise _! mo/ ard5t admir]s4 ,"o ( ! be/ /ories ,capta9 ,d\glas has writt54 99 99 99 99 99 ,boy ,sc\t ,nature ,lore to be ,f\nd 9 ,! ,hickory ,ridge ,boy ,sc\t ,s]ies ,wild ,animals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,track+--9 ,numb] ,i4 ,trees & ,wild ,fl[]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,numb] ,,ii4 ,reptiles ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,numb] ,,iii4 ,fi%es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,numb] ,,iv4 ,insects ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,numb] ,v4 ,birds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,numb] ,,vi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,clo? ,b9d+ ,cov] ,illu/rations 9 ,f\r ,colors #dj;c4 ,p] ,volume ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company #adg ,,f\r? ,,av5ue 7ne> #ad? ,/47 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,campfire & ,trail ,s]ies #a4 ,9 ,camp on ! ,big ,sunfl[]4 #b4 ,! ,rivals ( ! ,trail4 #c4 ,! ,/range ,cab9 on ,catam\nt ,isl&4 #d4 ,lo/ 9 ! ,great ,dismal ,swamp4 #e4 ,) ,trapp] ,jim 9 ! ,nor? ,woods4 #f4 ,caught 9 a ,=e/ ,fire4 ,,by ,,lawr5ce ,j4 ,,leslie ,a s]ies ( :olesome /ories = boys told 9 an int]e/+ way & appeal+ to _! love ( ! op54 ,ea*1 #abmo4 ,clo?4 #dj c5ts p] volume ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company #adg ,,f\r? ,,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,*ri/y ,ma!wson's ,book ,illu/ration3 ,,won ,,9 ,,! ,,n9? ,,*ri/y ,,ma!wson ,a ,ripp+ ,good ,baseball ,/ory by ,"o ,:o ,kn[s ! ,game ,?is book has atta9$ a l>g] sale ?an any baseball /ory ev] publi%$4 ,! n>rative deals ) ! /ud5ts ( a l>ge univ]sity & _! baseball team1 ! memb]s ( :i* h names :i* enable ! read] to recognize !m z "s ( ! =emo/ baseball />s ( ! day be=e _! entrance into ! major leagues4 ,"o ga9s a v cle> idea ( inside baseball /ripp$ ( we>isome te*nicalities4 ,! book is pr(usely illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t & conta9s also a numb] ( plates %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ,ma!wson ?r[s 8 deceptive curves1 toge!r ) brief description ( ea*4 ,clo? b\nd #e-a_/b x #g-e_/h ,price #fj;c4 p] volume ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company #adg ,,f\r? ,,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,economical ,,cook+ ,primrose ,edition ,plann$ = ,two or ,m ,p]sons ,by ,,miss ,,w9ifr$ ,s4 ,,gibbs ,dietitian & ,tea*] ( ,cook+ ( ! ,new ,york ,association = ,improv+ ! ,condition ( ! ,poor ,pr9t$ on ,f9e ,quality ,book ,pap]4 ,cov] ,design 9 ,colors ,_m ,cook ,books h be5 publi%$1 f "t to "t1 to meet v>i\s requirem5ts1 or to elucidate c]ta9 !ories1 b v few h be5 writt5 to meet ! ne$s ( ! l>ge proportion ( our population :o are acutely affect$ by ! con/antly increas+ co/ ( food products4 ,not)/&+ t by its valuable sugge/ions ?is book helps to r$uce ! exp5se ( supply+ ! table1 ! recipes are s plann$ t ! economies effect$ !reby are n (fset by any less5+ 9 ! attractiv5ess1 v>iety or palatability ( ! di%es4 ,( equal importance are ! sections ( ?is "w :i* deal ) food values1 ! treatm5t ( infants & invalids & ! prop] s]vice ( v>i\s di%es4 ,! recipes are plann$ = two p]sons1 b may readily be adapt$ = a l>g] numb]4 ,! book is replete ) illu/rations & tables ( food compositions--! latt] tak5 f ! late/ ,gov]nm5t /ati/ics4 ,clo? ,b9d+ ,illu/rat$ #dj;c4 p] volume1 po/paid ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company #adg ,,f\r? ,,av5ue 7ne> #ad? ,/47 ,,new ,,york ,,cut-,,out ,,& ,,pa9t ,,books ,illu/ration3 ,,scissors ,,book ,dolls ( ,all ,nations ,an orig9al l9e ( art /udies pr9t$ 9 full ri* colors on high grade pap]4 ,?is s]ies introduces _m novel features ( int]e/1 & z ! subject matt]s h be5 select$ ) unusual c>e1 ! books make a /rong appeal n only to ! little ones b ev5 to ^? ( rip] ye>s4 ,po/ ,c>ds ,pa9t+ ,book ,dolls ( all ,nations ,scissors ,book ,our ,army ,scissors ,book ,*ildr5's ,pets ,puzzle ,book ,size #h-a_/d x #aj-a_/d in*es ,price #ae;c4 p] copy ,s5d = sample & trade disc\nt ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company #adg ,,f\r? ,,av5ue ,,new ,,york