,biblio!que nationale de ,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr7 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is file 0 produc$ f images g5]\sly made available by ! ,biblio!que nationale de ,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr4 ,,h&books ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religions ,,edit$ ,,by ,,morris ,,ja/r[1 ,jr41 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,semitic ,languages 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,,volume ,,ii ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria ,,by ,,morris ,,ja/r[1 ,jr41 ,,ph4,d4 7,,leipzig7 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,semitic ,,languages ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania ,,g9n ,,company ,,bo/on 4 ,,new ,,york 4 ,,*icago 4 ,,london ,,copyright1 #ahic ,by ,,morris ,,ja/r[1 ,jr4 ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ #ce4aa ,! ,a!naeum ,press ,,g9n ,,company 4 ,,proprietors ,,bo/on 4 ,,usa ,,to ,h4 ,b4 ,j4 ,,my ,,fai?ful ,,collaborator ,,preface4 ,x requires no pr(\nd k to rea* ! conclusion t ! "t has n yet come = an exhau/ive treatise on ! religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,b ev5 if our k ( ?is religion 7 m advanc$ ?an x is1 ! utility ( an exhau/ive treatm5t might /ill be que/ion$4 ,exhau/ive treatises are apt to be exhau/+ to bo? read] & au?or2 & h[ev] exhau/ive 7or exhau/+7 su* a treatise may be1 x _c be f9al except 9 ! fond imag9ation ( ! writ]4 ,= z long z activity prevails 9 any bran* ( sci5ce1 all results are provisional4 ,increas+ k leads necess>ily to a *ange ( p]spective & to a readju/m5t ( views4 ,! *ief reason = writ+ a book is to prep>e ! way = ! next "o on ! same subject4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al plan ( ?is ,s]ies#a ( ,h&books1 x has be5 my *ief aim to ga!r toge!r 9 conv5i5t arrangem5t & readable =m :at is at pres5t kn[n ab\t ! religion ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,! inve/igations ( s*ol>s are scatt]$ ?r\gh a l>ge v>iety ( p]iodicals & monographs4 ,! "t has come = focus+ ! results rea*$1 = sift+ ! c]ta9 f ! unc]ta91 & ! unc]ta9 f ! false4 ,?is "w ( ga!r+ ! disjecta membra ( ,assyriological sci5ce is ess5tial to future progress4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 my *ief aim1 ,i %all feel amply repaid = ! labor involv$4 ,9 ord] t ! book may s]ve z a guide to /ud5ts1 ! names ( ^? to ^: rese>*es our pres5t k ( ! subject is due h frequ5tly be5 introduc$1 & x w be f\nd1 ,i tru/1 t ,i h be5 fair to all4#b ,at ! same "t1 ,i h naturally n hesitat$ to indicate my diss5t f views advanc$ by ?is or t s*ol>1 & x w also be f\nd1 ,i tru/1 t 9 ! c\rse ( my /udies ,i h advanc$ ! int]pretation ( ! g5]al !me or ( specific facts at v>i\s po9ts4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! book is only 9 a second>y degree s5t =? z an orig9al contribution1 ! discussion ( moot$ po9ts w enhance its value1 ,i hope1 = ! speciali/1 z well z = ! g5]al read] & /ud5t = :om1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! volumes ( ?is s]ies are int5d$4 ,! disposition ( ! subject requires a ^w ( explanation4 ,aft] ! two introductory *apt]s 7common to all ! volumes ( ! s]ies7 ,i h tak5 up ! pan!on z ! natural means to a survey ( ! field4 ,! pan!on is treat$1 on ! basis ( ! hi/orical texts1 9 f\r sections3 7#a7 ! old ,babylonian p]iod1 7#b7 ! middle p]iod1 or ! pan!on 9 ! days ( ,hammurabi1 7#c7 ! ,assyrian pan!on1 & 7#d7 ! late/ or neo-,babylonian p]iod4 ,! mo/ difficult phase has naturally be5 ! old ,babylonian pan!on4 ,mu* is unc]ta9 "h4 ,n to speak ( ! *ronology :i* is /ill to a l>ge ext5t guesswork1 ! id5tification ( _m ( ! gods occurr+ 9 ! olde/ inscriptions1 ) _! lat] equival5ts1 mu/ be po/pon$ till future discov]ies %all h cle>$ away ! _m ob/acles :i* beset ! pa? ( ! s*ol>4 ,! discov]ies at ,telloh & ,nippur h occasion$ a reca/+ ( our views1 b new problems h aris5 z rapidly z old ones h be5 solv$4 ,i h be5 especially c>eful 9 ?is section n to pass beyond ! range ( :at is def9itely kn[n1 or1 at ! mo/1 :at may be reg>d$ z tol]ably c]ta94 ,?r\gh\t ! *apt]s on ! pan!on1 ,i h endeavor$ to pres]ve ! attitude ( be+ 'op5 to conviction'--an attitude on :i* at pres5t too mu* /ress c h>dly be laid4 ,! second division ( ! subject is repres5t$ by ! religi\s lit]ature4 ,) ?is lit]ature z a guide1 ! views held by ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians reg>d+ magic & oracles1 reg>d+ ! relation%ip to ! gods1 ! creation ( ! _w1 & ! views ( life aft] dea? h be5 illu/rat$ by copi\s translations1 toge!r ) discussions ( ! specim5s *os54 ,! translations1 ,i may add1 h be5 made direct f ! orig9al texts1 & aim to be z lit]al z is consonant ) pres5tation 9 idiomatic ,engli%4 ,! religi\s ar*itecture1 ! hi/ory ( ! temples1 & ! cult =m ! subject ( ! ?ird division4 ,"h aga9 !re is mu* :i* is /ill unc]ta91 & ?is unc]ta9ty acc\nts = ! unequal subdivisions ( ! !me :i* w n escape ! read]4 ,foll[+ ! g5]al plan ( ! s]ies1 ! la/ *apt] ( ! book is devot$ to a g5]al e/imate & to a consid]ation ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,9 ! translit]ation ( prop] names1 ,i h foll[$ conv5tional me?ods = well-kn[n names 7l ,nebu*adnezz>71 & ! g5]al usage ( s*ol>s 9 ! case ( o!rs4 ,9 "s cases ,i h furni%$ a translit]ation ( my own2 & = ! fam\s ,assyrian k+1 to :om we owe s mu* ( ! mat]ial = ! /udy ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian religion1 ,a%urbanabal1 ,i h reta9$ ! old] usage ( writ+ x ) a b1 foll[+ 9 ?is respect ,lehman1 ^: argum5ts#c 9 favor ( ?is pronunciation = ! la/ elem5t 9 ! "n ,i reg>d z on ! :ole acceptable4 ,i h reasons to regret ! proportions to :i* ! "w has gr[n4 ,^! proportions 7 entirely un=ese5 :5 ,i began ! book1 & h be5 occasion$ ma9ly by ! l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial t has be5 made available by num]\s important publications t appe>$ aft] ! actual writ+ ( ! book _h begun4 ,?is con/ant increase ( mat]ial necessitat$ con/ant revision ( *apt]s2 & su* revision 0 insep>able f enl>gem5t4 ,i may consci5ti\sly say t ,i h /udi$ ^! rec5t publications ?or\ghly z !y appe>$1 & h embodi$ at ! prop] place ! results rea*$ by o!rs & :i* appe>$ to me acceptable4 ,! "w1 !re=e1 z n[ giv5 to ! public may fairly be said to repres5t ! /ate ( pres5t k4 ,9 a sci5ce t gr[s s rapidly z ,assyriology1 to :i* m ?an to _m o!rs ! adage ( dies diem docet is applicable1 !re is great dang] ( produc+ a piece ( "w t is antiquat$ be=e x leaves ! press4 ,at times a publication appe>$ too late to be utiliz$4 ,s ,delitzs*'s important contribution to ! orig9 ( cunei=m writ+#d 0 publi%$ long aft] ! introductory *apt]s _h be5 pr9t$4 ,9 ?is book he practically ab&ons 8 position on ! ,sum]ian "q 7z set =? on p4 #bb ( ?is volume7 & once m jo9s ! opposite camp4 ,z f> z my own position is conc]n$1 ,i d n feel call$ ^u to make any *anges f ! /atem5ts f\nd 9 *apt] i41 ev5 aft] read+ ,weissba*'s ,die ,sum]is*e ,frage 7,leipzig1 #ahih71--! late/ contribution to ! subject1 :i* is valuable z a hi/ory ( ! controv]sy1 b (f]s little t is new4 ,delitzs*'s "n mu/ n[ be remov$ f ! li/ ( ^? :o accept ,halevy's !sis2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,halevy has ga9$ a /rong ally 9 ,f4 ,?ureau-,dang91 ^: special /udies 9 ! old ,babylonian inscriptions l5d great weight to 8 utt]ances on ! orig9 ( ! cunei=m script4 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,j]emias1 ( ,leipzig1 is likewise to be add$ to ! adh]5ts ( ,halevy4 ,! ,sum]o-,akkadian controv]sy is n yet settl$1 & mean:ile x is well to be> 9 m9d t n e ,assyriologi/ is qualifi$ to pron\nce an op9ion on ! subject4 ,a special /udy is requir$1 & b few ,assyriologi/s h made su* a /udy4 ,accept+ a view or a tradition f "o's tea*] does n con/itute a p]son an au?ority1 & "o may be a v good ,assyriologi/ )\t hav+ views on ! controv]sy t are ( any p>ticul> value4 ,la/ly1 ,i desire to call att5tion to ! ,bibliography1 on :i* mu* "t has be5 sp5t1 & :i* w1 ,i tru/1 be f\nd satisfactory4 ,9 a li/ ( add5da at ! end ( ! book1 ,i h not$ "s errors t slipp$ into ! book1 & ,i h also embodi$ a few additions4 ,! copi\s index is ! "w ( my /ud5t1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,koppe1 & x gives me pleasure to express my deep obligations to him = ! able & pa9/ak+ mann] 9 :i* he has c>ri$ out ! "w s k9dly und]tak5 by him4 ,! draw+ = ! map 0 made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,horace ,frank ( ,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to my wife m ?anks are due ?an ,i c convey 9 words = h] %>e 9 ! "w4 ,%e copi$ almo/ all ( ! manuscript1 & 9 do+ s made _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,)\t h] con/ant aid & enc\ragem5t ,i w\ld h %runk f a task :i* at times seem$ too =midable to be c>ri$ to a successful issue4 ,z ,i lay d[n my p5 aft] sev]al ye>s ( devotion to ?is book1 my la/ ?\ght is "o ( gratitude to ! belov$ p>tn] ( my joys & sorr[s4 ,,morris ,,ja/r[1 ,jr4 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,june1 #ahih4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,set =? 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! s]ies at ! back ( ! book & 9 ! ,editor's ,prefatory ,note to ,volume ,i4 #b ,9 ! ,index1 h[ev]1 names ( s*ol>s h only be5 introduc$ :]e absolutely necess>y to ! subject4 #c ,9 8 "w1 ,%amassum-uk9 ,ko5ig von ,babyloni51 pp4 #af-ba4 ,h5ce1 ,i also write ,a%urnasirbal4 #d ,die ,ent/ehung des aelte/5 ,s*riftsy/ems 7,leipzig1 #ahig74 ,,corrections ,,& ,,additions4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,^! *anges & additions are pr9t$ only "h2 ! ma9 text is z x 0 9 ! orig9al4 ,page1 ,l9e4 #bb4 ,see ,preface4 #ce1 #aj4 ,is9 or ,nis91 see ,lehmann's ,%ama%-%umuk91 ,i4 #gg2 ,meissn]'s ,beitraege zum altbabylonis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #abb4 #fa4 ,bau also appe>s z ,n9-d9-dug1 i4e41 '! lady :o re/ores life4' ,see ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 ,i4 #b1 ,nos4 #ie1 #ajf1 #aaa4 #gd4 ,on ,a1 see ,hommel1 ,j\rnal ( ,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 ,,xxviii4 #ce-cf4 #ii1 #bd4 ,ur-%ul-pa-uddu is a rul] ( ,ki%4 #ajb1 #ac4 ,= ,ku-anna1 see ,,iiir4 #fg1 #cb c-d4 #ajb1 #bd4 ,= ano!r ,u-mu z a title ( ,adad1 see ,delitzs*1 ,das ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #abe1 note4 #aaa1 #b4 ,nisaba is m5tion$ 9 company ) ! great gods by ,nebopolass> 7,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 ,i4 #a4 ,pl4 #cb1 col4 ,,ii4 #ae74 #afe4 ,note #b4 ,on ^! prop] names1 see ,delitzs*'s ,assyriologis*e ,miscell5 7,b]i*te d] phil4-hi/4 ,classe d] kgl4 sae*s4 ,gesell4 d4 ,wiss41 #ahic1 pp4 #ahc seq474 #dhh4 ,note #a4 ,see n[ ,s*eil's article ,recueil de ,travaux1 etc41 ,,xx4 #ee-ei4 #ebi4 ,! =m ,di-ib-ba-ra has n[ be5 f\nd4 ,see ,s*eil's ,recueil de ,travaux1 etc41 ,,xx4 #eg4 #ehi4 ,note #c4 ,see n[ ,hommel1 ,expository ,times1 ,,viii4 #dgb1 & ,baudiss91 ib4 ,,ix4 #dj-de4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,! ,l& & ! ,p #bf ,,iii4 ,g5]al ,traits ( ! ,old ,babylonian ,pan!on #dh ,,iv4 ,babylonian ,gods ,prior to ! ,days ( ,hammurabi #ea ,v4 ,! ,consorts ( ! ,gods #ajd ,,vi4 ,gudea's ,pan!on #ajf ,,vii4 ,summ>y #aab ,,viii4 ,! ,pan!on 9 ! ,days ( ,hammurabi #aaf ,,ix4 ,! ,gods 9 ! ,temple ,li/s & 9 ! ,legal & ,comm]cial ,docum5ts #afe ,x4 ,! ,m9or ,gods 9 ! ,p]iod ( ,hammurabi #aga ,,xi4 ,survivals ( ,animism 9 ! ,babylonian ,religion #ahj ,,xii4 ,! ,assyrian ,pan!on #ahh ,,xiii4 ,! ,triad & ! ,comb9$ ,invocation ( ,deities #bce ,,xiv4 ,! ,neo-babylonian ,p]iod #bci ,,xv4 ,! ,religi\s ,lit]ature ( ,babylonia #bde ,,xvi4 ,! ,magical ,texts #bec ,,xvii4 ,! ,pray]s & ,hymns #bid ,,xviii4 ,p5it5tial ,psalms #cab ,,xix4 ,oracles & ,om5s #cbh ,,xx4 ,v>i\s ,classes ( ,om5s #ceb ,,xxi4 ,! ,cosmology ( ! ,babylonians #djg ,,xxii4 ,! ,zodiacal ,sy/em ( ! ,babylonians #ded ,,xxiii4 ,! ,gilgame% ,epic #dfg ,,xxiv4 ,my?s & ,leg5ds #eah ,,xxv4 ,! ,views ( ,life ,aft] ,dea? #eef ,,xxvi4 ,! ,temples & ! ,cult #fab ,,xxvii4 ,conclusion #fij ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria4 7,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,,horace ,,frank47 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,introduction4 ,,s\rces ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy4 ,i4 ,until ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 our k ( ! religion ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians 0 exce$+ly scant4 ,no records exi/$ t 7 contemporane\s ) ! p]iod cov]$ by ,babylonian-,assyrian hi/ory2 no monum5ts ( ! pa/ 7 pres]v$ t might1 9 default ( records1 ?r[ light ^u ! religi\s ideas & cu/oms t once prevail$ 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! only s\rces at comm& 7 ! incid5tal notices--insuffici5t & fragm5t>y 9 "*--t occurr$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ,h]odotus1 9 ,eusebius1 ,syncellus1 & ,diodorus4 ,( ^!1 aga91 only ! two fir/-nam$1 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ,h]odotus1 c be t]m$ direct s\rces2 ! re/ simply reproduce extracts f o!r works1 notably f ,ctesias1 ! contempor>y ( ,x5ophon1 f ,b]osus1 a prie/ ( ! temple ( ,bel 9 ,babylonia1 :o liv$ ab\t ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 or %ortly aft]1 & f ,apollodorus1 ,abyd5us1 ,alex&] ,polyhi/or1 & ,nicolas ( ,damascus1 all ( :om be+ subsequ5t to ,b]osus1 ei!r quote ! latt] or are dep5d5t ^u him4 ,( all ^! s\rces x may be said1 t :at in=mation !y furni% ( ,babylonia & ,assyria be>s l>gely ^u ! political hi/ory1 & only to a v small degree ^u ! religion4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! two empires appe> only z !y ent] into relations ) ! ,hebrews1 & s9ce ,hebrew hi/ory is n trac$ back beyond ! appe>ance ( ! clans ( ,t]ah 9 ,pale/9e1 !re is f\nd previ\s to ?is p]iod1 b>r+ ! acc\nt ( ! migrations ( ! ,t]ahites 9 ,mesopotamia1 only ! m5tion ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates among ! /reams wat]+ ! leg5d>y ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ! incid5tal ref]5ce to ,nimrod & 8 empire1 :i* is made to include ! capitol cities ( ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,mesopotamian di/ricts1 & ! /ory ( ! f\nd+ ( ! city ( ,babylon1 foll[$ by ! disp]sion ( mank9d f _! c5tral habitation 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,! foll[]s ( ,abram1 becom+ involv$ 9 ! attempts ( ,pale/9ian *iefta9s to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( ,babylonian supremacy1 an occasion is f\nd = introduc+ ,mesopotamia aga91 & s ! family hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew tribes sup]9duces at odd times a ref]5ce to ! old settlem5ts on ! ,euphrates1 b x is n until ! political /ruggles ( ! two ,hebrew k+doms aga9/ ! inevitable subjection to ! sup]ior =ce ( ,assyrian arms1 & ^u ! fall ( ,assyria1 to ! ,babylonian p[]1 t ,assyria & ,babylonia engage ! frequ5t att5tion ( ! *ronicl]'s p5 & ( ! prophet's ^w4 ,"h1 too1 ! political situation is always ! *ief factor1 & x is only incid5tally t ! religion comes into play1--z :5 x is said t ,s5na*]ib1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 0 murd]$ :ile wor%ipp+ 9 ! temple d$icat$ to a deity1 ,nisro*2 or :5 a prophet1 to int5sify ! picture ( ! degradation to :i* ! pr\d k+ ( ,babylon is to be r$uc$1 introduces ,babylonian conceptions ( ! ne!r _w into 8 disc\rse4#e ,little1 too1 is furni%$ by ! ,book ( ,daniel1 despite ! fact t ,babylon is ! c5t] ( action1 & :at little !re is be>+ on ! religi\s /atus1 su* z ! significance atta*$ to dreams1 & ! impli$ contra/ betwe5 ! religion ( ,daniel & 8 companions1 & t ( ,nebu*adnezz> & ! ,babylonians1 loses "s ( its =ce by ! late orig9 ( ! book4 ,! same applies1 only 9 a /ill /rong] degree1 to ! ,book ( ,judi?1 9 :i* ,n9eveh is ! c5t] ( ! incid5ts describ$4 ,! rabb9ical lit]ature produc$ 9 ,pale/9e & ,babylonia is f> ri*] 9 notices be>+ on ! religi\s practices ( ,mesopotamia1 ?an is ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! l>ge settlem5ts ( ,jews 9 ,babylonia1 :i*1 beg9n+ 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 7 con/antly be+ increas$ by fre% accessions f ,pale/9e1 br\ght ! pr(essors ( ,judaism face to face ) religi\s conditions abhorr5t to _! s\ls4 ,9 ! regulations ( ! ,rabbis to gu>d _! foll[]s f ! influ5ces surr\nd+ !m1 !re is frequ5t ref]5ce1 op5 or impli$1 to ,babyloni% practices1 to ! fe/ivals ( ! ,babylonians1 to ! images ( _! gods1 to _! =ms ( incantations1 & o!r ?+s besides2 b ^! notices are r5d]$ obscure by _! indirect "*1 & require a comm5t>y t c only be furni%$ by t k ( ! times :i* !y take = grant$4 ,to ?is difficulty1 !re mu/ be add$ ! comp>atively late date ( ! notices1 :i* dem&s an ex]cise ( c>e be=e apply+ !m to ! v e>ly p]iod to :i* ! religion ( ! ,babylonians may be trac$4 ,com+ to ,h]odotus1 x is a matt] ( great regret t ! hi/ory ( ,assyria1 :i* he decl>es x 0 8 int5tion to write1#f 0 ei!r nev] produc$1 or if produc$1 lo/4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al usage ( 8 times1 ,h]odotus includ$ "u ,assyria ! :ole ( ,mesopotamia1 bo? ,assyria prop] 9 ! nor? & ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia4 ,8 hi/ory w\ld !re=e h be5 ( extraord9>y value1 & s9ce no?+ escap$ 8 obs]vant eye & well-tra9$ m9d1 ! religi\s cu/oms ( ! c\ntry w\ld h come 9 = _! full %>e ( att5tion4 ,z x is1 we h only a few notices ab\t ,babylonia & ,assyria1 incid5tal to 8 hi/ory ( ,p]sia4#g ,( ^!1 ! majority are purely hi/orical1 *ief among :i* is an epitome ( ! c\ntry's pa/--a curi\s m$ley ( fact & leg5d--& ! fam\s acc\nt ( ! capture ( ,babylon by ,cyrus4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re are f\r notices t treat ( ! religion ( ! inhabitants3 ! fir/1 a description ( an eight-/ori$ t[]1 surm\nt$ by a temple sacr$ to ! god ,bel2 a second furni%+ a r detail$ acc\nt ( ano!r temple1 also sacr$ to ,bel1 & situat$ 9 ! same prec9ct ( ! city ( ,babylon2 a ?ird notice speaks1 ?\gh ) provok+ brevity1 ( ! fun]al cu/oms ( ! ,babylonians2 :ile 9 a f\r? he describes ! rites connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! *ief goddess ( ! ,babylonians1 :i* impress ,h]odotus1 :o fail$ to appreciate _! my/ic significance1 z %ameful4 ,we h no reason to believe t ,ctesias' acc\nt ( ! ,assyrian mon>*y1 "u :i* he1 l ,h]odotus1 includ$ ,babylonia1 conta9$ any ref]5ce to ! religion at all4 ,:at he says ab\t ,babylonia & ,assyria s]v$ m]ely z an introduction to ,p]sian hi/ory--! real purpose ( 8 "w--& ! few fragm5ts kn[n *iefly ?r\gh ,diodorus & ,eusebius1 deal altoge!r ) ! succession ( dyna/ies4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! li/s ( ,ctesias h fall5 into utt] discr$it by ! side ( ! ev]-gr[+ confid5ce 9 ! native traditions z report$ by ,b]osus4 ,! loss ( ! latt]'s hi/ory ( ,babylon is deplorable inde$2 its value w\ld h be5 great] ?an ! hi/ory ( ,h]odotus1 because x 0 bas$1 z we "k1 on ! records & docum5ts pres]v$ 9 ,babylonian temples4 ,h[ mu* ( ! hi/ory dealt ) ! religion ( ! p1 x is difficult to det]m9e1 b ! extracts ( x f\nd 9 v>i\s writ]s %[ t />t+1 l ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 ,b]osus gave a full acc\nt ( ! cosmogony ( ! ,babylonians4 ,moreov]1 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,babylonia be+ l>gely leg5d>y1 z t ( e o!r nation1 tales ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! gods & mank9d--relations t are always close 9 ! e>li] /ages ( a nation's hi/ory--mu/ h ab\nd$ 9 ! pages ( ,b]osus1 ev5 if he did n include 9 8 "w a special section devot$ to an acc\nt ( ! religion t /ill 0 practic$ 9 8 days4 ,! quotations f ,b]osus 9 ! works ( ,josephus are all ( a hi/orical "*2 ^? 9 ,eusebius & ,syncellus1 on ! contr>y1 deal ) ! religion & embrace ! cosmogony ( ! ,babylonians1 ! acc\nt ( a deluge br\ght on by ! gods1 & ! build+ ( a t[]4 ,x is to be not$1 moreov]1 t ! quotations we h f ,b]osus are n direct1 = :ile x is possible1 ?\gh n at all c]ta91 t ,josephus 0 /ill able to consult ! works ( ,b]osus1 ,eusebius & ,syncellus ref] to ,apollodorus1 ,abyd5us1 & ,alex&] ,polyhi/or z _! au?orities = ! /atem5ts ( ,b]osus4 ,pass+ 9 ?is way ?r\gh sev]al h&s1 ! au?oritative value ( ! comp>atively paltry extracts pres]v$1 is dim9i%$1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( inaccuracy1 especially 9 details & 9 ! read+ ( prop] names1#h becomes almo/ inevitable4 ,la/ly1 x is to be not$ t ! li/ ( ,babylonian k+s f\nd 9 ! fam\s a/ronomical "w ( ,claudius ,ptolemaeus1 valuable z x is = hi/orical purposes1 has no connection ) ! religion ( ! ,babylonians4 ,,ii4 ,! sum total ( ! in=mation ?us to be glean$ f anci5t s\rces = an elucidation ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion is exce$+ly meagre1 suffic+ sc>cely = det]m9+ its mo/ g5]al traits4 ,moreov]1 :at !re is1 requires = ! mo/ "p a control ?r\gh confirmatory evid5ce :i* we seek = 9 va91 9 biblical or classical lit]ature4 ,?is control has n[ be5 furni%$ by ! rem>kable discov]ies made b5ea? ! soil ( ,mesopotamia s9ce ! ye> #ahdb4 ,9 t ye> ! ,fr5* consul at ,mosul1 ,p4 ,e4 ,botta1 aid$ by a gov]nm5t grant1 began a s]ies ( excavations 9 ! m\nds t l9e ! banks ( ! ,tigris opposite ,mosul4 ,! artificial "* ( ^! m\nds _h = "s "t be5 recogniz$4 ,botta's fir/ f9ds ( a pron\nc$ "* 7 made at a village kn[n z ,khorsabad1 :i* /ood on "o ( ! m\nds 9 "q4 ,"h1 at a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface1 he came across ! rema9s ( :at prov$ to be a palace ( enorm\s ext5t4 ,! sculptures t 7 f\nd 9 ?is palace--enorm\s bulls & lions re/+ on backgr\nds ( lime/one1 & gu>d+ ! approa*es to ! palace *amb]s1 or long r[s ( c>v+s 9 high relief l9+ ! palace walls1 & depict+ w> sc5es1 build+ op]ations1 & religi\s processions--left no d\bt z to _! belong+ to an anci5t p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,! writt5 *>act]s f\nd on ^! monum5ts sub/antiat$ ! view t ,botta _h come across an edifice ( ! ,assyrian empire1 :ile subsequ5t rese>*es furni%$ ! important detail t ! excavat$ edifice lay 9 a suburb ( ! anci5t capitol ( ,assyria1 ,n9eveh1 ! exact site ( :i* 0 directly opposite ,mosul4 ,botta's labors ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( two ye>s2 by ! end ( :i* "t1 hav+ laid b>e ! great] "p ( ! palace1 he _h ga!r$ a l>ge mass ( mat]ial includ+ _m small] objects--pott]y1 furniture1 jewelry1 & ornam5ts--t might s]ve = ! /udy ( ,assyrian art & ( ,assyrian antiquities1 :ile ! writt5 records accompany+ ! monum5ts plac$ = ! fir/ "t an equally consid]able quantity ( orig9al mat]ial at ! disposal ( s*ol>s = ! hi/ory ( ,assyria4 ,all t c\ld be transport$ 0 s5t to ! ,l\vre1 & ?is mat]ial 0 subsequ5tly publi%$4 ,botta 0 foll[$ by ,au/5 ,h5ry ,lay>d1 :o1 act+ z ! ag5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 conduct$ excavations dur+ ! ye>s #ahde-eb1 fir/ at a m\nd ,nimrud1 "s fifte5 miles to ! s\? ( ,khorsabad1 & aft]w>ds on ! site ( ,n9eveh prop]1 ! m\nd ,koyunjik1 opposite ,mosul1 besides visit+ & exam9+ o!r m\nds /ill fur!r to ! s\? )9 ! di/rict ( ,babylonia prop]4 ,! scope ( ,lay>d's excavations exce$$1 !re=e1 ^? ( ,botta2 & to ! "o palace at ,khorsabad1 he add$ ?ree at ,nimrud & two at ,koyunjik1 besides f9d+ traces ( a temple & o!r build+s4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! edifices 0 ( ! same ord] z ! "o une>!d by ,botta2 & z at ! latt]1 !re 0 a l>ge yield ( sculptures1 inscriptions1 & miscellane\s objects4 ,a new feature1 h[ev]1 ( ,lay>d's excavations 0 ! f9d+ ( sev]al rooms fill$ ) fragm5ts ( small & l>ge clay tablets closely inscrib$ on bo? sides 9 ! cunei=m *>act]s4 ,^! tablets1 ab\t #cj1jjj ( :i* f\nd _! way to ! ,briti% ,museum1 prov$ to be ! rema9s ( a royal libr>y4 ,_! cont5ts rang$ ov] all dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght1--hymns1 incantations1 pray]s1 epics1 hi/ory1 leg5ds1 my?ology1 ma!matics1 a/ronomy con/itut+ "s ( ! *ief divisions4 ,9 ! corn]s ( ! palaces1 ! f\ndation records 7 also f\nd1 conta9+ 9 ea* case m or less ext5d$ annals ( ! ev5ts t occurr$ dur+ ! reign ( ! mon>* ^: (ficial resid5ce 0 ?us br\ght to light4 ,?r\gh ,lay>d1 ! f\ndations 7 laid = ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian collections ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! p>ts ( :i* exhibit$ to ! public n[ fill six l>ge halls4 ,fre% s\rces ( a direct "* 7 ?us add$ = ! /udy1 n only ( ! hi/orical unfold+ ( ! ,assyrian empire1 b ?r\gh ! tablets ( ! royal libr>y1 = ! religion ( anci5t ,mesopotamia z well4 ,! /imulus giv5 by ,botta & ,lay>d to ! recov]y ( ! records & monum5ts ( antiquity t _h be5 hidd5 f view = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 l$ to a refre%+ rivalry betwe5 ,engl& & ,france 9 cont9u+ a "w t gave promise ( /ill ri*] returns by fur!r ef=ts4 ,victor ,place1 a ,fr5* ar*itect ( note1 :o succe$$ ,botta z ! ,fr5* consul at ,mosul1 devot$ 8 t]m ( s]vice1 f #ahea to #ahee1 t[>ds complet+ ! excavations at ,khorsabad4 ,a l>ge aft]ma? rew>d$ 8 ef=ts4 ,?anks1 too1 to 8 te*nical k & t ( 8 assi/ant1 ,felix ,?omas1 ,m4 ,place 0 enabl$ m accurately to det]m9e ! ar*itectural con/ruction ( ! temples & palaces ( anci5t ,assyria4 ,)9 ?is same p]iod 7#aheb-ahed7 ano!r explor+ exp$ition 0 s5t out to ,mesopotamia by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,fulg5ce ,fresnel1 9 ^: p>ty 7 ! above-m5tion$ ,?omas & ! di/+ui%$ s*ol> ,jules ,opp]t4 ,! objective po9t ?is "t 0 ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia1 ! m\nds ( :i* _h hi!rto n be5 t\*$1 _m n ev5 id5tifi$ z cov]+ ! rema9s ( anci5t cities4 ,mu* valuable "w 0 done by ?is exp$ition 9 its c>eful /udy ( ! site ( ! anci5t ,babylon1--9 ! neighborhood ( ! mod]n village ,hillah1 "s =ty miles s\? ( ,baghdad4 ,un=tunately1 ! antiquities recov]$ at ?is place1 & else:]e1 7 lo/ ?r\gh ! s9k+ ( ! rafts z !y c>ri$ _! preci\s burd5 d[n ! ,tigris4 ,9 ! s\? aga91 ! ,engli% foll[$ close ^u ! heels ( ! ,fr5*4 ,j4 ,e4 ,taylor1 9 #ahed1 visit$ _m ( ! huge m\nds t 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia 9 mu* l>g] numb]s ?an 9 ! nor?1 :ile 8 compatriot1 ,william ,k4 ,l(tus1 a few ye>s previ\s _h begun excavations1 ?\gh on a small scale1 at ,w>ka1 ! site ( ! anci5t city ( ,ere*4 ,he also conduct$ "s inve/igations at a m\nd ,mugheir1 :i* acquir$ special int]e/ z ! suppos$ site ( ! fam\s ,ur1--! home ( "s ( ! ,t]ahites be=e ! migration to ,pale/9e4 ,( /ill great] significance 7 ! exam9ations made by ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 9 #ahed1 ( ! only consid]able ru9s ( anci5t ,babylonia t rema9$ above ! surface1--! t[] ( ,birs ,nimrud1 :i* prov$ to be ! fam\s sev5-/ag$ temple z describ$ by ,h]odotus4 ,?is temple 0 complet$1 z ! f\ndation records %[$1 by ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii41 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ?is era2 b ! beg9n+s ( ! /ructure belong to a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,ano!r sanctu>y erect$ by ?is same k+ 0 f\nd ne> ! t[]4 ,subsequ5t rese>*es by ,hormuzd ,rassam made x c]ta9 t ,borsippa1 ! anci5t "n ( ! place :]e ! t[] & sanctu>ies /ood1 0 a suburb ( ! great city ( ,babylon itself1 :i* lay directly opposite on ! ea/ side ( ! ,euphrates4 ,! scope ( ! excavations cont9u$ to gr[ almo/ f ye> to ye>1 & :ile new m\nds 7 be+ attack$ 9 ! s\?1 ^? 9 ! nor?1 especially ,k\junjik1 cont9u$ to be ! subject ( att5tion4 ,rassam1 :o has j be5 m5tion$1 0 9 a favorable position1 ?r\gh 8 long resid5ce z ,engli% consul at ,mosul1 = extract+ new f9ds f ! m\nds 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,besides add+ m ?an a ?\s& tablets f ! royal libr>y discov]$ by ,lay>d1 8 mo/ notewor?y discov]ies 7 ! une>?+ ( a magnific5t temple at ,nimrud1 & ! f9d+ ( a l>ge bronze gate at ,balawat1 a few miles to ! nor!a/ ( ,nimrud4 ,rassam & ,rawl9son 7 aft]w>ds jo9$ by ,george ,smi? ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :o1 in/itut+ a fur!r se>* ?r\gh ! ru9s ( ,k\junjik1 ,nimrud1 ,kalah-,%]gat1 & else:]e1 made _m valuable additions to ! ,engli% collections1 until 8 un=tunate dea? 9 #ahgf1 dur+ 8 ?ird visit to ! m\nds1 cut him (f 9 ! prime ( a brilliant & mo/ useful c>e]4 ,! ,engli% explor]s ext5d$ _! labors to ! m\nds 9 ! s\?4 ,"h x 01 pr9cipally at ,abu-,habba1 t !y set _! =ces to "w4 ,! f9d+ ( ano!r temple d$icat$ to ! sun-god rew>d$ _! ef=ts4 ,! f\ndation records %[$ t ! edifice 0 "o ( great antiquity1 :i* 0 p]mitt$ to fall into decay & 0 !n re/or$ by a rul] ^: date c be fix$ at ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! anci5t "n ( ! place 0 %[n to be ,sipp>1 & ! fame ( ! temple 0 su*1 t subsequ5t mon>*s vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 add+ to its gr&eur4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! temple conta9$ no less ?an ?ree hundr$ *amb]s & halls = ! ar*ives & = ! accommodation ( ! l>ge body ( prie/s atta*$ to ?is temple4 ,9 ! ar*ives _m ?\s&s ( little clay tablets 7 aga9 f\nd1 n1 h[ev]1 ( a lit]>y1 b ( a legal "*1 conta9+ records ( comm]cial transactions conduct$ 9 anci5t ,sipp>1 su* z sales ( h\ses1 ( fields1 ( produce1 ( /uffs1 money loans1 receipts1 contracts = "w1 m>riage settlem5ts1 & ! l4 ,! execution ( ! laws be+ 9 ! h&s ( prie/s 9 anci5t ,mesopotamia1 ! temples 7 ! natural depositories = ! (ficial docum5ts ( ! law c\rts4 ,simil> collections to ^? ( ,sipp> h be5 f\nd 9 almo/ e m\nd ( ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia t has be5 op5$ s9ce ! days ( ,rassam4 ,s at ,djumdjuma1 situat$ ne> ! site ( ! anci5t city ( ,babylon1 "s ?ree ?\s& 7 une>!d t 7 add$ to ! fa/ gr[+ collections ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,at ,borsippa1 likewise1 ,rawl9son & ,rassam recov]$ a l>ge numb] ( clay tablets1 mo/ ( !m legal b "s ( !m ( a lit]>y "*1 :i* prov$ to be 9 "p duplicates ( ^? 9 ! royal libr>y ( ,a%urbanabal4 ,9 ?is way1 ! latt]'s /atem5t1 t he s5t 8 scribes to ! l>ge cities ( ! s\? = ! purpose ( collect+ & copy+ ! lit]ature t _h its rise !re1 met ) a /rik+ confirmation4 ,/ill fur!r to ! s\?1 at a m\nd kn[n z ,telloh1 a repres5tative ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 ,erne/ de ,s>zec1 began a s]ies ( excavations 9 #ahgg1 :i*1 cont9u$ to ! pres5t day1 h br\ght to light rema9s ( temples & palaces exce$+ 9 antiquity ^? hi!rto discov]$4 ,colossal /atues ( diorite1 cov]$ ) inscriptions1 ! pott]y1 tablets & ornam5ts1 %[$ t at a p]iod z e>ly z #cejj ,b4,c4 civilization 9 ?is region _h already rea*$ a v advanc$ /age4 ,! sy/ematic & ?or\gh mann] 9 :i* ,de ,s>zec1 ) inexhau/ible pati5ce1 explor$ ! anci5t city1 has result$ 9 l>gely ext5d+ our k ( ! mo/ anci5t p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory z yet kn[n to u4 ,! ,telloh f9ds 7 =w>d$ to ! ,l\vre1 :i* 9 ?is way secur$ a collection f ! s\? t =m$ a wor?y complem5t to ! ,khorsabad antiquities4 ,la/ly1 x is gratify+ to note ! %>e t our own c\ntry has rec5tly tak5 9 ! great "w t has furni%$ ! mat]ial ne$$ = foll[+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,mesopotamian /ates4 ,9 #ahhg1 an exp$ition 0 s5t out "u ! auspices ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 to conduct excavations at ,niff]1--a m\nd to ! s\!a/ ( ,babylon1 situat$ on a bran* ( ! ,euphrates1 & :i* 0 kn[n to be ! site ( "o ( ! mo/ fam\s cities 9 ?is region4 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,p4 ,pet]s 7n[ 9 ,new ,york71 :o 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 rais+ ! funds = ! purpose1 0 appo9t$ director ( ! exp$ition4 ,excavations 7 cont9u$ = two ye>s "u ,dr4 ,pet]s' p]sonal sup]vision1 & s9ce !n by ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,haynes1 ) mo/ satisfactory success4 ,a great temple d$icat$ to ! god ,bel 0 discov]$1 & "w has hi!rto be5 conf9$ *iefly to lay+ b>e ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! edifice4 ,! f\ndation ( ! build+ goes back to an e>li] p]iod ?an ! ru9s ( ,telloh4 ,x surviv$ ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! city 9 :i* x /ood1 & ea* p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory left its traces at ,niff] ?r\gh ! records ( ! _m rul]s :o s\ght ! favor ( ! god by enl>g+ or beautify+ 8 place ( wor%ip4 ,! temple became a favorite spot to :i* pilgrims came f all sides on ! great fe/ivals1 to (f] homage at ! sacr$ %r9es4 ,votive (f]+s1 9 ! %ape ( inscrib$ clay cones1 & little clay images ( ,bel & ( 8 female consort1 7 left 9 ! temple z witnesses to ! piety ( ! visitors4 ,! ar*ives 7 f\nd to be well /ock$ ) ! (ficial legal docum5ts dat+ *iefly f ! p]iod ( #agjj to #abjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! city appe>s to h rea*$ ! climax ( its glory4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! m\nd 7 op5$ at diff]5t dep?s1 & v>i\s lay]s :i* foll[$ ! *ronological developm5t ( ! place 7 det]m9$4#i ,aft] its de/ruction1 ! sanctity ( ! city 0 9 a measure cont9u$ by its becom+ a burial-place4 ,! =tunes ( ! place c ?us be foll[$ d[n to ! n9? or ! t5? c5tury ( our era1 a p]iod ( m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,already m ?an #bj1jjj tablets h be5 receiv$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 besides _m specim5s ( pott]y1 b[ls1 j>s1 cones1 & images1 z well z gold1 copp]1 & alaba/] "w4 ,f ?is survey ( ! "w done 9 ! la/ decades 9 explor+ ! long lo/ & almo/ =gott5 cities ( ! ,tigris & ( ! ,euphrates ,valley1 x w be app>5t t a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial has be5 made accessible = trac+ ! c\rse ( civilization 9 ?is region4 ,re/rict+ ourselves to t portion ( x t be>s on ! religion ( anci5t ,mesopotamia1 x may be gr\p$ "u two heads1 7#a7 lit]>y1 & 7#b7 ar*aeological4 ,! religi\s texts ( ,a%urbanabal's libr>y occupy ! fir/ place 9 ! lit]>y gr\p4 ,! incantations1 ! pray]s & hymns1 li/s ( temples1 ( gods & _! attributes1 traditions ( ! creation ( ! _w1 leg5ds ( ! deities & ( _! relations to m51 are s\rces ( ! mo/ direct "*2 & x is =tunate t among ! recov]$ portions ( ! libr>y1 su* texts are l>gely repres5t$4 ,equally direct are ! d$icatory inscriptions set up by ! k+s 9 ! temples erect$ to ! honor ( "s god1 & ( great importance are ! ref]5ces to ! v>i\s gods1 _! attributes1 _! p[]s1 & _! de$s1 :i* are f\nd at e turn 9 ! hi/orical records :i* ! k+s left beh9d !m4 ,_m ( ^! records op5 or close ) a long pray] to "s deity2 9 o!rs1 pray]s are f\nd int]sp]s$1 accord+ to ! occasion on :i* !y 7 (f]$ up4 ,attribut+ ! success ( _! und]tak+s--:e!r x be a milit>y campaign1 or ! con/ruction ( "s edifice1 or a successful hunt--to ! protection (f]$ by ! gods1 ! k+s d n tire ( s++ ! praises ( ! deity or deities z ^: favorites !y reg>d$ !mselves4 ,! gods are con/antly at ! mon>*'s side4 ,n[ we are told ( a dream s5t to enc\rage ! army on ! approa* ( a battle1 & aga9 ( "s port5t :i* bade ! k+ be ( good *e]4 ,to ! gods1 ! appeal is con/antly made1 & to !m all good ?+s are ascrib$4 ,f ! legal docum5ts1 likewise1 mu* may be ga!r$ be>+ on ! religion4 ,! protection ( ! gods is invok$ or _! curses call$ d[n2 ! oa? is tak5 9 _! "n2 :ile ! mann] 9 :i* ! temples are involv$ 9 ! comm]cial life ( anci5t ,babylonia r5d]s ^! tablets1 :i* are *iefly valuable z af=d+ u a rem>kable insight into ! p's daily life1 ( importance also 9 illu/rat+ c]ta9 phases ( ! religi\s organization ( ! c\ntry4 ,mo/ significant = ! position occupi$ by ! prie/s1 is ! fact t ! latt] are inv>iably ! scribes :o draw up ! docum5ts4 ,! ar*aeological mat]ial furni%$ by ! excavations consi/s ( ! temples ( ! gods1 _! int]ior arrangem5t1 & provisions = ! v>i\s religi\s functions2 secondly1 ! /atues ( ! gods1 demigods1 & ! demons1 ! alt>s & ! vessels2 & ?irdly1 ! religi\s sc5es1--! wor%ip ( "s deity1 ! c>ry+ ( ! gods 9 procession1 ! p\r+ ( libations1 ! p]=mance ( rites1 or ! repres5tation ( "s religi\s symbols sculptur$ on ! palace wall or on ! f\ndation /one ( a sacr$ build+1 or cut out on ! seal cyl9d]s1 us$ z signatures#aj & talismans4 ,l>ge z ! mat]ial is1 x is f> f be+ exhau/$1 &1 inde$1 f> f suffici5t = illu/rat+ all ! details ( ! religi\s life4 ,?is w n appe> surpris+1 if x be rememb]$ t ( ! m ?an "o hundr$ m\nds t h be5 id5tifi$ 9 ! region ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates z conta9+ rema9s ( buri$ cities1 only a small proportion h be5 explor$1 & ( ^! sc>cely m ?an a half doz5 ) an approa* to complet5ess4 ,! soil ( ,mesopotamia unque/ionably holds /ill great] treasures ?an ^? :i* x has already yield$4 ,! l9ks unit+ ! mo/ anci5t p]iod--at pres5t1 c4 #djjj ,b4,c4--to ! f9al de/ruction ( ! ,babylonian empire by ,cyrus1 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 are f> f be+ complete4 ,= entire c5turies we are :olly 9 ! d>k1 & = o!rs only a few skeleton facts are kn[n2 & until ^! gaps %all h be5 fill$1 our k ( ! religion ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians mu/ necess>ily rema9 incomplete4 ,n z incomplete1 inde$1 z _! hi/ory1 = religi\s rites are n subject to _m *anges1 & ! progress ( religi\s ideas does n keep pace ) ! con/ant *anges 9 ! political kaleidoscope ( a c\ntry2 b1 x is evid5t t no exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! religion c be giv5 until ! mat]ial %all h become adequate to ! subject4 ,,iii4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! division ( ! subject 9 h&1 "s explanation is call$ = ( ! me?od by :i* ! lit]>y mat]ial f\nd b5ea? ! soil has be5 made intelligible4 ,! *>act]s on ! clay tablets & cyl9d]s1 on ! lime/one slabs1 on /atues1 on alt>s1 on /one monum5ts1 are g5]ally kn[n z cunei=m1 because ( _! w$ge-%ap$ appe>ance1 ?\gh x may be not$ at once t 9 _! olde/ =m ! *>act]s are l9e> r ?an w$ge-%ap$1 pres5t+ ! m or less cle>ly def9$ outl9es ( objects f :i* !y appe> to be d]iv$4 ,at ! "t :5 ^! cunei=m inscriptions began to be f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia1 ! language :i* ^! *>act]s express$ 0 /ill totally unkn[n4 ,long previ\s to ! beg9n+ ( ,botta's labors1 inscriptions also %[+ ! cunei=m *>act]s _h be5 f\nd at ,p]sepolis on v>i\s monum5ts ( ! ru9s & tombs /ill exi/+ at t place4 ,! fir/ notice ( ^! inscriptions 0 br\ght to ,europe by a fam\s ,italian travel]1 ,pietro della ,valle1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,= a long "t x 0 d\bt$ :e!r ! *>act]s repres5t$ any?+ m ?an m]e ornam5tation1 & x 0 n until ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury1 aft] m accurate copies ( ! ,p]sepolitan *>act]s _h be5 furni%$ ?r\gh ,c>/5 ,niebuhr1 t s*ol>s began to apply !mselves to _! deciph]m5t4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts *iefly ( ,g]h>d ,ty*s51 pr(essor at ,ro/ock1 ,fr$]ick ,mu5t]1 a ,dani% s*ol>1 & ! di/+ui%$ ,silve/re de ,sacy ( ,p>is1 ! beg9n+s 7 made :i* f9ally l$ to ! discov]y ( ! key to ! my/]i\s writ+s1 9 #ahjb1 by ,georg ,fri$ri* ,grotef5d1 a tea*] at a public s*ool 9 ,goett+54 ,! obs]vation 0 made previ\s to ! days ( ,grotef5d t ! inscriptions at ,p]sepolis inv>iably %[$ ?ree /yles ( writ+4 ,:ile 9 all ?ree ! *>act]s 7 compos$ ( w$ges1 yet ! comb9ation ( w$ges1 z well z _! %ape1 diff]$ suffici5tly to make x evid5t1 ev5 to ! sup]ficial obs]v]1 t !re 0 z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 !m z1 say1 betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,g]man script4 ,! conclusion 0 drawn t ! ?ree /yles repres5t$ ?ree languages1 & ?is conclusion 0 /rik+ly confirm$ :51 ^u ! arrival ( ,botta's f9ds 9 ,europe1 x 0 se5 t "o ( ! /yles correspond$ to ! inscriptions f\nd at ,khorsabad2 & s 9 all subsequ5t discov]ies 9 ,mesopotamia1 ?is 0 f\nd to be ! case4 ,"o ( ! languages1 !re=e1 on ! monum5ts ( ,p]sepolis 0 presumably id5tical ) ! spee* ( anci5t ,mesopotamia4 ,grotef5d's key to ! read+ ( t /yle ( cunei=m writ+ :i* inv>iably occupi$ ! fir/ place :5 ! ?ree /yles 7 rang$ "o "u ! o!r1 or occupi$ ! mo/ prom95t place :5 a diff]5t arrangem5t 0 adopt$1 met ) univ]sal acceptance4 ,he det]m9$ t ! language ( ! /yle :i*1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 we may designate z ,no4 #a1 0 ,old ,p]sian1--! language spok5 by ! rul]s1 :o1 x 0 kn[n ?r\gh tradition & notices 9 classical writ]s1 _h erect$ ! s]ies ( edifices at ,p]sepolis1 "o ( ! capitols ( ! ,old ,p]sian or1 z x is also call$1 ! ,a*aem5ian empire4 ,by ! ye> #ahdj ! deciph]m5t ( ^! ,a*aem5ian inscriptions 0 practically complete1 ! inscriptions _h be5 read1 ! alphabet 0 def9itely settl$1 & ! gramm>1 9 all b m9or po9ts1 kn[n4 ,x 0 possible1 !re=e1 9 approa*+ ! ,mesopotamian /yle ( cunei=m1 :i*1 z occupy+ ! ?ird place1 may be designat$ z ,no4 #c1 to use ,no4 #a z a guide1 s9ce x 0 only legitimate to conclude t ,nos4 #b & #c repres5t$ translations ( ,no4 #a into two languages1 :i*1 by ! side ( ,old ,p]sian1 7 spok5 by ! subjects ( ! ,a*aem5ian k+s4 ,t "o ( ^! languages %\ld h be5 ! curr5t spee* ( ,mesopotamia 0 exactly :at 0 to be expect$1 s9ce ,babylonia & ,assyria =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ! ,p]sian empire4 ,! beg9n+ 0 made ) prop] names1 ! s\nd ( :i* w\ld necess>ily be ! same or v simil> 9 bo?1 or1 = t matt]1 9 all ! ?ree languages ( ! ,p]sepolitan inscriptions4#aa ,9 ?is way1 by c>eful comp>isons betwe5 ! two /yles1 ,nos4 #a & #c1 x 0 possible to pick out ! signs 9 ,no4 #c t correspond$ to ^? 9 ,no4 #a1 & inasmu* z ! same sign occurr$ 9 v>i\s names1 x 01 fur!rmore1 possible to assign1 at lea/ t5tatively1 c]ta9 values to ! signs 9 "q4 ,) ! help ( ! signs ?us det]m9$1 ! attempt 0 made to read o!r words 9 /yle ,no4 #c1 9 :i* ^! signs occurr$1 b x 0 "s "t be=e satisfactory results 7 obta9$4 ,an important advance 0 made :5 x 0 once det]m9$1 t ! writ+ 0 a mixture ( signs us$ bo? z words & z syllables1 & t ! language on ! ,assyrian monum5ts belong$ to ! gr\p kn[n z ,semitic4 ,! cognate languages--*iefly ,hebrew & ,arabic--=m$ a help t[>ds det]m9+ ! mean+ ( ! words read & an explanation ( ! morphological features !y pres5t$4 ,= all t1 ! task 0 "o ( /up5d\s proportions1 & _m 7 ! ob/acles t _h to be ov]come1 be=e ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! cunei=m writ+ 7 det]m9$1 & ! deciph]m5t plac$ on a firm & sci5tific basis4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] ^u a detail$ illu/ration ( ! me?od adopt$ by +5i\s s*ol>s1--notably ,edw>d ,h9cks1 ,isidor ,loew5/]n1 ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 ,jules ,opp]t1--to ^: unit$ ef=ts ! solution ( ! great problems involv$ is due2#ab & x w\ld also take too mu* space1 s9ce 9 ord] to make ?is me?od cle>1 x w\ld be necess>y to set =? ! key discov]$ by ,grotef5d = read+ ! ,old ,p]sian inscriptions4 ,suffice x to say t ! gu>antee = ! s\ndness ( ! conclusions rea*$ by s*ol>s is furni%$ by ! consid]ation1 t x 0 f small & mo/ mode/ beg9n+s t ! deciph]m5t began4 ,/ep by /ep1 ! problem 0 advanc$ by d9t ( a pa9/ak+ labor1 ! degree ( :i* _c easily be exagg]at$1 until to-day ! gramm> ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian language has be5 cle>ly set =? 9 all its ess5tial p>ticul>s3 ! sub/antive & v]b =mation is z def9itely kn[n z t ( any o!r ,semitic language1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! syntax1 z well z _m detail$ po9ts1 h be5 c>efully inve/igat$1 & z = ! read+ ( ! cunei=m texts1 ?anks to ! v>i\s helps at our disposal1 & ! fur!r elucidation ( ! v>i\s pr9ciples t ! ,babylonians !mselves adopt$ z a guide1 ! in/ance is a r>e "o :5 s*ol>s ne$ to confess _! ignorance 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,at mo/ !re may be a halt+ betwe5 two possibilities4 ,! difficulties t /ill h9d] ! complete und]/&+ ( passages 9 texts1 arise 9 "p f ! mutilat$ condition 9 :i*1 un=tunately1 s _m ( ! tablets & cyl9d]s are f\nd1 & 9 "p f a /ill imp]fect k ( ! lexicography ( ! language4 ,= _m a ^w occurr+ only once or twice1 & = :i* nei!r text nor comp>ison ) cognate languages (f]s a satisfactory clue1 ignorance mu/ be confess$1 or at be/1 a conjecture haz>d$1 until its m frequ5t occurr5ce enables u to settle ! "q at issue4 ,su* settlem5ts ( disput$ que/ions are tak+ place all ! "t2 & ) ! activity ) :i* ! /udy ( ! language & antiquities ( ,mesopotamia is be+ pu%$ by s*ol>s 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,norway1 & ,holl&1 & ) ! con/ant accession ( new mat]ial ?r\gh excavations & publications1 !re is no reason to despair ( cle>+ up ! obscurities1 /ill rema9+ 9 ! preci\s texts t a =tunate *ance has pres]v$ = u4 ,,iv4 ,a "q t /ill rema9s to be consid]$ z to ! orig9 ( ! cunei=m writ+ ( ,mesopotamia1 may prop]ly be introduc$ 9 connection ) ?is acc\nt ( ! excavations & deciph]m5t1 ?\gh x is ne$less to ent] into x 9 detail4 ,! ,p]sian /yle ( w$ge-writ+ is a direct d]ivative ( ! ,babylonian1 introduc$ 9 ! times ( ! ,a*aem5ians1 & x is no?+ b a simplification 9 =m & pr9ciple ( ! m cumb]some & complicat$ ,babylonian4 ,in/ead ( a comb9ation ( z _m z t5 & fifte5 w$ges to make "o sign1 we h 9 ! ,p]sian nev] m ?an five1 & frequ5tly only ?ree2 & in/ead ( writ+ words by syllables1 s\nds alone 7 employ$1 & ! syllab>y ( sev]al hundr$ signs r$uc$ to =ty-two1 :ile ! ideographic /yle 0 practically aboli%$4 ,! second /yle ( cunei=m1 g5]ally kn[n z ,m$ian or ,susian1#ac is aga9 only a slight modification ( ! ,p]sian4 ,besides ^! ?ree1 !re is a f\r? language 7spok5 9 ! nor?we/]n di/rict ( ,mesopotamia betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! ,orontes71 kn[n z ,mitanni1 ! exact /atus ( :i* has n be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$1 b :i* has be5 adapt$ to cunei=m *>act]s4 ,a fif? v>iety1 f\nd on tablets f ,cappadocia1 repres5ts aga9 a modification ( ! ord9>y writ+ met ) 9 ,babylonia4 ,9 ! inscriptions ( ,mitanni1 ! writ+ is a mixture ( ideographs & syllables1 j z 9 ,mesopotamia1 :ile ! s-call$ ,cappadocian tablets are writt5 9 a corrupt ,babylonian1 correspond+ 9 degree to ! corrupt =ms t ! signs take on4 ,9 ,mesopotamia itself1 q a numb] ( /yles exi/1 "s due to local influ5ces1 o!rs ! result ( *anges t took place 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,9 ! olde/ p]iod kn[n1 t is f #djjj to #cjjj ,b4,c41 ! writ+ is l9e> r ?an w$ge-%ap$4 ,! l9e> writ+ is ! modification t ! orig9al pictures und]w5t 9 be+ adapt$ = engrav+ on /one2 ! w$ges are ! modification natural to ! use ( clay1 ?\gh :5 once ! w$ges became ! /&>d me?od1 ! great] frequ5cy ) :i* clay z aga9/ /one came to be us$1 l$ to an imitation ( ! w$ges by ^? :o cut out ! *>act]s on /one4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !re develop$ two v>ieties ( w$ge-writ+3 ! "o t may be t]m$ lapid>y1 us$ = ! /one inscriptions1 ! (ficial hi/orical records1 & su* legal docum5ts z 7 prep>$ ) especial c>e2 ! o!r cursive1 occurr+ only on legal & comm]cial clay tablets1 & becom+ m frequ5t z we approa* ! late/ p]iod ( ,babylonian writ+1 :i* ext5ds to )9 a few decades ( our era4 ,9 ,assyria1 f9ally1 a special v>iety ( cunei=m develop$ t is easily di/+ui%$ f ! ,babylonian by its great] neatness & ! m v]tical position ( ! w$ges4 ,! orig9 ( all ! /yles & v>ieties ( cunei=m writ+ is1 !re=e1 to be s\ght 9 ,mesopotamia2 & )9 ,mesopotamia1 9 t "p ( x :]e culture beg9s--! extreme s\?2 b beyond say+ t ! writ+ is a direct developm5t f picture writ+1 !re is little ( any def9ite "* t c be ma9ta9$4 ,we d n "k :5 ! writ+ orig9at$1 we only "k t 9 ! olde/ inscriptions x is already fully develop$4 ,we d n "k :o orig9at$ x2 nor c ! "q be z yet def9itely answ]$1 :e!r ^? :o orig9at$ x spoke ! ,babylonian language1 or :e!r !y 7 ,semites at all4 ,until ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 x 0 g5]ally suppos$ t ! cunei=m writ+ 0 )\t d\bt ! inv5tion ( a non-,semitic race inhabit+ ,babylonia at an e>ly age1 f :om ! ,semitic ,babylonians adopt$ x1 toge!r ) ! culture t ?is non-,semitic race _h produc$4 ,^! inv5tors1 call$ ,sum]ians by "s & ,akkadians by o!rs1 & ,sum]o-,akkadians by a ?ird gr\p ( s*ol>s1 x 0 suppos$1 us$ ! cunei=m z a picture or 'ideographic' script exclusively2 & ! language !y spoke be+ agglut9ative & l>gely monosyllabic 9 "*1 x 0 possible = !m to /op %ort at ?is po9t ( developm5t4 ,! ,babylonians h[ev]1 9 ord] to adapt ! writ+ to _! language1 did n cont5t !mselves ) ! 'picture' me?od1 b us+ ! non-,semitic equival5t = _! own words1 employ$ ! =m] z syllables1 :ile reta9+1 at ! same "t1 ! sign z an ideograph4 ,to make ?is cle>] by an example1 ! num]al '#a' w\ld repres5t ! ^w '"o' 9 _! own language1 :ile ! non-,semitic ^w = '"o1' :i* let u suppose 0 a%1 !y us$ z ! phonetic value ( ! sign1 9 writ+ a ^w 9 :i* ?is s\nd occurr$1 z e4g41 a%-es4 ,s9ce ea* sign1 9 ,sum]o-,akkadian z well z 9 ,babylonian1 repres5t$ "s g5]al idea1 x c\ld /& = an entire s]ies ( words1 gr\p$ ab\t ?is idea & associat$ ) x1 'day1' = example1 be+ us$ = 'light1' 'brilliancy1' 'pure1' & s =?4 ,! v>iety ( syllabic & ideographic values :i* ! cunei=m *>act]s %[ c\ld ?us be acc\nt$ =4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 tempt+ z x is by its simplicity1 _c be accept$ 9 ?is unqualifi$ =m4 ,advanc+ k has made x c]ta9 t ! anci5t civilization1 includ+ ! religion1 is ,semitic 9 "*4 ,! assumption !re=e ( a purely non-,semitic culture = s\!rn ,babylonia is unt5able4 ,secondly1 ev5 9 ! olde/ inscriptions f\nd1 !re occur ,semitic words & ,semitic con/ructions :i* prove t ! inscriptions 7 compos$ by ,semites4 ,z long1 !re=e1 z no traces ( purely non-,semitic inscription are f\nd1 we _c g beyond ! ,semites 9 seek+ = ! orig9 ( ! culture 9 ?is region4 ,9 view ( ?is1 ! !ory fir/ advanc$ by ,pr(4 ,joseph ,halevy ( ,p>is1 & n[ support$ by ! mo/ em95t ( ,g]man ,assyriologi/s1 ,pr(4 ,fri$ri* ,delitzs*1 :i* claims t ! cunei=m writ+ is ,semitic 9 orig91 ne$s to be mo/ c>efully consid]$4 ,!re is mu* t speaks 9 favor ( ?is !ory1 mu* t may m easily be acc\nt$ = by x1 ?an by ! opposite "o1 :i* 0 orig9ally propos$ by ! di/+ui%$ ,ne/or ( cunei=m /udies1 ,jules ,opp]t1 & :i* is ) "s modifications /ill held by ! majority ( s*ol>s4#ad ,! "q is "o :i* _c be answ]$ by an appeal to philology alone4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal error ( ! advocates ( ! ,sum]o-,akkadian !ory1 :o appe> to ov]look ! fact t ! te/imony ( ar*aeological & an?ropological rese>* mu/ be confirmatory ( a philological hypo!sis be=e x c be accept$ z an indisputable fact4#ae ,! "t h[ev] has n yet come = ^! two sci5ces to pron\nce _! v]dict def9itely1 ?\gh x may be add$ t ! supposition ( a v>iety ( races once inhabit+ ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia f9ds support 9 :at we "k f ! pre-hi/oric rese>*es ( an?ropologi/s4 ,aga91 x is n to be d5i$ t ! !ory ( ! ,semitic orig9 ( ! cunei=m writ+ enc\nt]s ob/acles t _c easily be set aside4 ,:ile x seeks to expla9 ! syllabic values ( ! signs on ! g5]al pr9ciple t !y repres5t elem5ts ( ,babylonian words1 truncat$ 9 ?is fa%ion 9 ord] to answ] to ! gr[+ ne$ = phonetic writ+ ( words = :i* no ideographs exi/$1 x is difficult to imag9e1 z ,halevy's !ory dem&s1 t ! ideographic /yle1 z f\nd *iefly 9 religi\s texts1 is ! delib]ate inv5tion ( prie/s 9 _! desire to produce a me?od ( convey+ _! ideas t w\ld be reg>d$ z a my/]y by ! laity1 & be successfully conceal$ f ! latt]4 ,"h aga9 ! !ory bord]s on ! doma9 ( ar*aeology1 & philology alone w n help u out ( ! difficulty4 ,an imp>tial v]dict ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! problem might be summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t all ! lit]ature ( ,babylonia1 includ+ ! olde/ & ev5 t writt5 9 ! ideographic /yle1 :e!r we t]m x ,sum]o-,akkadian or hi]atic1 is ! "w ( ! ,semitic settl]s ( ,mesopotamia4 #b4 ,! culture1 includ+ ! religion ( ,babylonia1 is likewise a ,semitic production1 & s9ce ,assyria receiv$ its culture f ,babylonia1 ! same rem>k holds good = entire ,mesopotamia4 #c4 ,! cunei=m syllab>y is l>gely ,semitic 9 "*4 ,! ideas express$ by ! ideographic values ( ! signs give no evid5ce ( hav+ be5 produc$ 9 non-,semitic surr\nd+s2 &1 :atev] ! orig9 ( ! sy/em may be1 x has be5 s %ap$ by ! ,babylonians1 s ?or\ghly adapt$ to _! purposes1 t x is to all practical purposes ,semitic4 #d4 ,approa*$ f ! !oretical side1 !re rema9s1 aft] mak+ full all[ance = ! ,semitic elem5ts 9 ! sy/em1 a residuum t has n yet f\nd a satisfactory explanation1 ei!r by ^? :o favor ! non-,semitic !ory or by ^? :o hold ! opposite view4 #e4 ,p5d+ fur!r light to be ?r[n ^u ?is "q1 ?r\gh ! expect$ additions to our k ( ! ar*aeology & ( ! an?ropological conditions ( anci5t prehi/oric ,mesopotamia1 philological rese>* mu/ cont5t itself ) an ackn[l$gm5t ( its inability to rea* a conclusion t w appeal s =cibly to all m9ds1 z to place ! solution ( ! problem beyond dispute4 #f4 ,!re is a presumption 9 favor ( assum+ a mixture ( races 9 ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia at an e>ly day1 & a possibility1 !re=e1 t ! e>lie/ =m ( picture writ+ 9 ?is region1 f :i* ! ,babylonian cunei=m is d]iv$1 may h be5 us$ by a non-,semitic population1 & t traces ( ?is are /ill app>5t 9 ! develop$ sy/em aft] ! important /ep _h be5 tak51 m>k$ by ! advance f picture to phonetic writ+4 ,! important consid]ation = our purpose is1 t ! religi\s conceptions & practices z !y are reflect$ 9 ! lit]>y s\rces n[ at our comm&1 are di/9ctly ,babylonian4 ,) ?is we may re/ cont5t1 &1 leav+ !ories aside1 !re w be no necessity 9 an exposition ( ! religion ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians to diff]5tiate or to attempt to diff]5tiate betwe5 ,semitic & s-call$ non-,semitic elem5ts4 ,local conditions & ! long p]iod cov]$ by ! developm5t & hi/ory ( ! religion 9 "q1 are ! factors t suffice to acc\nt = ! mix$ & 9 _m respects complicat$ ph5om5a :i* ?is religion pres5ts4 ,hav+ set =? ! s\rces at our comm& = ! /udy ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion1 & hav+ indicat$ ! mann] 9 :i* ^! s\rces h be5 made available = our purposes1 we are prep>$ to take ! next /ep t w fit u = an und]/&+ ( ! religi\s practices t prevail$ 9 ,mesopotamia1--a consid]ation ( ! l& & ( its p1 toge!r ) a g5]al acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ! latt]4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,isaiah1 xlv4 ,= ! ,babylonian views conta9$ 9 ?is *apt]1 see ,alfr$ ,j]emias1 ,die ,babylonis*-,assyris*5 ,vor/ellung5 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode1 pp4 #aab-aaf4 #f ,book i4 sec4 #ahd4 #g ,book ,i4 7,clio71 secs4 #ie1 #ajb1 #agh-bjj4 #h ,an in/ructive in/ance is furni%$ by ! m5tion ( a my/ic p]sonage1 ,homoroka1 :i* n[ turns out to be--z ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,wright has %[n--a corruption ( ,m>duk4 7,see ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 x4 #ga-gd47 #i ,! excavations are /ill be+ cont9u$1 ?anks to ! g5]osity ( "s public-spirit$ citiz5s ( ,philadelphia4 #aj ,! p>ties conc]n$ roll$ _! cyl9d]s ov] ! clay tablet record+ a legal or comm]cial transaction4 #aa ,besides ^? at ,p]sepolis1 a l>ge tri-l+ual inscription 0 f\nd at ,behi/un1 ne> ! city ( ,kirm5%ah1 9 ,p]sia1 :i*1 conta9+ "s n9ety prop] names1 enabl$ ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son def9itely to e/abli% a basis = ! deciph]m5t ( ! ,mesopotamian inscriptions4 #ab ,! be/ acc\nt is to be f\nd 9 ,hommel's ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 pp4 #eh-acd4 ,a brief] /atem5t 0 furni%$ by ,pr(essor ,fr4 ,delitzs* 9 8 supplem5ts to ! ,g]man translation ( ,george ,smi?'s ,*aldaean ,g5esis 7,*aldaeis*e ,g5esis1 pp4 #beg-bfb74 ,a tol]ably satisfactory acc\nt 9 ,engli% is furni%$ by ,b4 ,t4 ,a4 ,evetts 9 8 "w1 ,new ,light on ! ,bible & ! ,holy ,l&1 pp4 #gi-abi4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ! excavations & ! deciph]m5t1 toge!r ) a summ>y ( results & specim5s ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian lit]ature1 ! read] may be ref]r$ to ,kaul5's ,assyri5 und ,babyloni5 na* d5 neue/5 ,entdeckung5 7#e? edition74 #ac ,! mo/ rec5t inve/igations %[ x to h be5 a ',turanian' language4 ,see ,weissba*1 ,a*aem5id5 ,ins*rift5 sweit] ,art1 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 #ad ,besides ,delitzs*1 h[ev]1 !re are o!rs1 z ,pognon1 ,jaeg]1 ,guy>d1 ,mc,curdy & ,br9ton1 :o side ) ,halevy4 #ae ,see n[ ,dr4 ,br9ton's pap]1 ,! ,protohi/oric ,e?nography ( ,we/]n ,asia 7,proce$4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 #ahie71 especially pp4 #ah-bb4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,l& ,,& ,,! ,,p4 ,i4 ,! ,babylonians & ,assyrians ) :om we are conc]n$ 9 ?is volume dwelt 9 ! region embrac$ by ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1--! ,babylonians 9 ! s\?1 or ! ,euphrates ,valley1 ! ,assyrians to ! nor!a/1 9 ! region ext5d+ f ! ,tigris into ! ,kurdi% ,m\nta9 di/ricts2 :ile ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,mesopotamia--! nor!rn half ( ! ,euphrates di/rict--0 ! seat ( v>i\s empires t 7 alt]nately ! rivals & ! subjects ( ei!r ,babylonia or ,assyria4 ,! entire l5g? ( ,babylonia 0 ab\t #cjj miles2 ! greate/ bread? ab\t #abe miles4 ,! entire surface area 0 "s #bc1jjj squ>e miles1 or ab\t ! size ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,! area ( ,assyria1 ) a l5g? ( #cej miles & a bread? v>y+ f #agj to #cjj miles1 cov]$ #ge1jjj squ>e miles1 :i* w\ld make x some:at small] ?an ! /ate ( ,nebraska4 ,9 ! /rict s5se1 ! t]m ,mesopotamia %\ld be limit$ to ! t]ritory ly+ betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris above _! junction1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,baghdad1 & ext5d+ nor?w>ds to ! conf9es ( ! ,taurus range2 :ile ! di/rict to ! s\? ( ,baghdad1 & rea*+ to ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 may m prop]ly be spok5 ( z ! ,euphrates ,valley2 & a ?ird division is repres5t$ by ! t]ritory to ! ea/ ( ! ,tigris1 f ,baghdad1 & up to ! ,kurdi% ,m\nta9s2 b :ile ?is di/9ction is "o t may be ju/ly ma9ta9$1 9 view ( ! diff]5t "* t ! s\!rn valley pres5ts f ! nor!rn pla91 x has become s cu/om>y1 9 popul> p>lance1 to ?9k ( ! entire t]ritory along & betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ,tigris z "o c\ntry1 t ! t]m ,mesopotamia 9 ?is broad s5se may be reta9$1 ) ! division sugge/$ by ,george ,rawl9son1 into ,upp] & ,l[] ,mesopotamia4 ,! two /reams1 z !y =m ! sali5t traits ( ! region1 are ! factors t condition ! "* ( ! inhabitants & ! culture t once fl\ri%$ !re4 ,! ,euphrates1 or1 to give ! m correct pronunciation1 ,purat1 signifies ! 'riv]' p> excell5ce4 ,x is a quiet /ream1 fl[+ along 9 maje/ic dignity almo/ f its two s\rces1 9 ! ,arm5ian m\nta9s1 n f> f ! t[n ( ,erz]um1 until x is jo9$ by ! ,tigris 9 ! extreme s\?4 ,z ! ,%att-el ,arab1 i4e41 ,arabic ,riv]1 ! two rea* ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,receiv+ _m tribut>ies z long z x rema9s 9 ! m\nta9s1 x fl[s fir/ 9 a we/]ly direction1 z ?\gh mak+ direct = ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 !n1 ve]+ sudd5ly to ! s\!a/1 x receives b few tribut>ies aft] x once passes ?r\gh ! ,taurus range into ! pla91--on ! "r side1 only ! ,sads*ur1 on ! left ! ,bali*us & ! ,khabur4 ,f ?is po9t on = ! rema9+ di/ance ( #hjj miles1 s f> f receiv+ fre% accessions1 x loses 9 quantity ?r\gh ! m>% b$s t =m on bo? sides4 ,:5 x rea*es ! alluvial soil ( ,babylonia prop]1 its curr5t & also its dep? are consid]ably dim9i%$ ?r\gh ! num]\s canals t =m an outlet = its wat]s4 ,( its entire l5g?1 #aghj miles1 x is navigable only = a small di/ance1 cat>acts =m+ a h9drance 9 its nor!rn c\rse & s&banks 9 ! s\?4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x nev] became at any "t an important av5ue = comm]ce1 & besides rafts1 :i* c\ld be float$ d[n to a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! only means ( communication ev] us$ 7 wick] baskets coat$ )9 & )\t ) bitum51 or "s =m ( a primitive f]ry = pass+ f "o %ore to ano!r4 ,an entirely diff]5t /ream is ! ,tigris--a corrupt$ =m ( ',idiklat4' ,x is only #aadf miles 9 l5g?1 & is m>k$1 z ! native "n indicates1 by ! 'swiftness' ( its fl[4 ,/>t+1 l ! ,euphrates1 9 ! rugg$ regions ( ,arm5ia1 x cont9ues its c\rse ?r\gh m\nta9 clefts = a long] p]iod1 & jo9$ at frequ5t int]vals by tribut>ies1 bo? be=e x m]ges into ! pla9 & aft] do+ s1 ! volume ( its wat]s is /eadily increas$4 ,ev5 :5 x approa*es ! alluvial soil ( ! s\?1 x does n lose its "* until well advanc$ 9 its c\rse to ! gulf4 ,advanc+ t[>ds ! ,euphrates & aga9 rec$+ f x1 x at la/ jo9s ! latt] at ,korna1 & toge!r !y p\r _! wat]s ?r\gh ! ,p]sian ,gulf into ! great ocean4 ,x is navigable f ,diabekr 9 ! nor?1 = its entire l5g?4 ,l>ge rafts may be float$ d[n f ,mosul to ,baghdad & ,basra1 & ev5 small /eam]s h asc5d$ z f> nor? z ,nimrud4 ,! ,tigris1 !n1 9 contra/ to ! ,euphrates1 is ! av5ue ( comm]ce = ,mesopotamia1 =m+ ! connect+ bond betwe5 x & ! re/ ( ! anci5t _w1--,egypt1 ,india1 & ! l&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! imp]fect "* ( ! means ( transportation 9 anci5t &1 = t matt]1 9 mod]n times1 ! voyage up ! /ream 0 impracticable4 ,! rafts1 re/+ on inflat$ bags ( goat or %eep sk91 c make no headway aga9/ ! rapid /ream1 & s1 ^u rea*+ ,baghdad or ,basra1 !y are brok5 up1 & ! bags s5t back by ! %ore r\te to ! nor?4 ,! contra/ pres5t$ by ! two riv]s is p>allel$ by ! traits di/+ui%+ ,upp] f ,l[] ,mesopotamia4 ,%ut (f to ! nor? & nor!a/ by ! ,arm5ian range1 to ! nor?we/ by ! ,taurus1 ,upp] ,mesopotamia reta9s1 = a consid]able ext5t1 & especially on ! ea/]n side1 a rugg$ aspect4 ,! ,kurdi% m\nta9s run close to ! ,tigris' b$ = "s di/ance bel[ ,mosul1 :ile betwe5 ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates prop]1 small ranges & promontories /ret* z f> z ! end ( ! ,taurus *a91 well on t[>ds ,mosul4 ,bel[ ,mosul1 ! region beg9s to *ange its "*4 ,! m\nta9s cease1 ! pla9 beg9s1 ! soil becomes alluvial & ?r\gh ! regul> ov]fl[ ( ! two riv]s 9 ! ra9y season1 develops an a/\nd+ f]tility4 ,?is ov]fl[ beg9s1 9 ! case ( ! ,tigris1 e>ly 9 ,m>*1 rea*es its height 9 ,may1 & ceases ab\t ! middle ( ,june4 ,! ov]fl[ ( ! ,euphrates ext5ds f ! middle ( ,m>* till ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 b ,septemb] is rea*$ be=e ! riv] resumes its natural /ate4 ,n only does ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,euphrates ?us ext5d ov] a long] p]iod1 b x ov]/eps its banks ) great] viol5ce ?an does ! ,tigris1 s t z f> nor? z ! juncture ) ! ,khabur1 & /ill m s 9 ! s\?1 ! c\ntry to bo? sides is flood$1 until x assumes ! appe>ance ( a great sea4 ,?r\gh ! viol5ce ( ^! ov]fl[s1 *anges con/antly occur 9 ! c\rse t ! riv] takes1 s t places :i* 9 anci5t times /ood on its banks are to-day remov$ f ! ma9 riv]-b$4 ,ano!r important *ange 9 ,s\!rn ,babylonia is ! con/ant accretion ( soil1 due to ! deposits f ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,?is increase proce$+ on an av]age ( ab\t "o mile 9 fifty ye>s has br\ght x ab\t t ! two riv]s to-day1 in/ead ( pass+ sep>ately into ! ,gulf1 unite at ,korna--"s di/ance /ill f ! entrance4 ,! contra/ ( seasons is great]1 z may be imag9$1 9 ,upp] ,mesopotamia ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,! w9t]s are cold1 ) sn[falls t may la/ = sev]al mon?s1 b ) ! beg9n+ ( ! dry season1 9 ,may1 a tropical heat sets 9 :i* la/s until ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 :5 ! ra9 beg9s4 ,assyria prop]1 t is1 ! ea/]n side ( ,mesopotamia1 is m affect$ by ! m\nta9 ranges ?an ! we/4 ,9 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 ! heat dur+ ! dry season1 f ab\t ,may till ,novemb]1 :5 = weeks1 & ev5 mon?s1 no cl\d is to be se51 begg>s description2 b /range en\gh1 ! ,arabs :o dwell !re at pres5t1 :ile endur+ ! heat )\t mu* discom=t1 are sev]ely affect$ by a w9t] temp]ature t = ,europeans & ,am]icans is exhil>at+ 9 its influ5ce4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w be cle> t ! ,euphrates is1 p> excell5ce1 ! riv] ( ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia or ,babylonia1 :ile ! ,tigris may be reg>d$ z ! riv] ( ,assyria4 ,x 0 ! ,euphrates t made possible ! high degree ( culture1 t 0 rea*$ 9 ! s\?4 ,?r\gh ! v int5se heat ( ! dry season1 ! soil develop$ a f]tility t r$uc$ human labor to a m9imum4 ,! return = s[+ ( all k9ds ( gra91 notably :eat1 corn1 b>ley1 is calculat$1 on an av]age1 to be fifty to a hundr$-fold1 :ile ! date palm fl\ri%es ) sc>cely any cultivation at all4 ,su/5ance be+ ?us provid$ = ) little ef=t1 x ne$$ only a c]ta9 c>e 9 protect+ oneself f damage ?r\gh ! too abundant ov]fl[1 to enable ! population to f9d t ease ( exi/5ce1 :i* is an indisp5sable condition ( culture4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by ! erection ( dikes1 & by direct+ ! wat]s ?r\gh *annels into ! fields4 ,assyria1 m rugg$ 9 "*1 did n enjoy ! same advantages4 ,its culture1 !re=e1 n only arose at a lat] p]iod ?an t ( ,babylonia1 b 0 a direct importation f ! s\?4 ,x 0 due to ! natural ext5sion ( ! civilization t cont9u$ = ! great] "p ( ! exi/5ce ( ! two empires to be c5tral 9 ! s\?4 ,b :5 once ,assyria 0 includ$ 9 ! circle ( ,babylonian culture1 ! great] ef=t requir$ 9 =c+ ! natural res\rces ( ! soil1 produc$ a great] v>iety 9 ! return4 ,besides corn1 :eat & rice1 ! olive1 banana & fig tree1 mulb]ry & v9e 7 cultivat$1 :ile ! vic9ity ( ! m\nta9 ranges furni%$ an abundance ( build+ mat]ial--wood & lime/one--t 0 lack+ 9 ! s\?4 ,! f]tility ( ,assyria prop]1 aga91 n be+ dep5d5t on ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,tigris1 prov$ to be ( great] endurance4 ,) ! neglect ( ! irrigation sy/em1 ,babylonia became a m]e wa/e1 & ! same riv] t 0 ! cause ( its prosp]ity became ! foe t1 m effectually ?an any human p[]1 contribut$ to ! ru9 & ! g5]al desolation t m>ks ! great] "p ( ! ,euphrates ,valley at ! pres5t "t4 ,assyria cont9u$ to play a "p 9 hi/ory long aft] its anci5t glory _h dep>t$1 & to ?is day enjoys a f> great] activity1 & is ( consid]able m significance ?an ! s\?4 ,,ii4 ,9 s f> z natural surr\nd+s affect ! "* ( two peoples belong+ to ! same race1 ! ,assyrians pres5t t contra/ to ! ,babylonians :i* "o may expect f ! diff]5ces1 j set =?1 betwe5 ! two di/ricts4 ,! =m] 7 rugg$1 m w>like1 & :5 !y acquir$ p[]1 us$ x 9 ! p]fection ( _! milit>y /r5g?2 ! latt]1 :ile n lack+ 9 ! ambition to ext5d _! dom9ion1 yet1 on ! :ole1 pres5t$ a m peaceful aspect t l$ to ! cultivation ( comm]ce & indu/rial arts4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 h v _m m traits 9 common ?an !y h m>ks ( di/9ction4 ,!y bo? belong n only to ! ,semitic race1 b to ! same bran* ( ! race4 ,pres5t+ ! same physical features1 ! languages spok5 by !m are id5tical1 b>r+ diff]5ces t d n always rise to ! degree ( dialectical v>iations1 & affect *iefly ! pronunciation ( c]ta9 consonants4 ,at :at "t ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians settl$ 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* we f9d !m1 :5ce !y came1 & :e!r ! ,euphrates ,valley or ! nor!rn ,tigris di/rict 0 ! fir/ to be settl$1 are que/ions t _c1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 be answ]$4 ,z to ! "t ( _! settlem5t1 ! high degree ( culture t ! ,euphrates ,valley %[s at ! e>lie/ p]iod kn[n to u1--ab\t #djjj ,b4,c41--& ! indig5\s "* ( ?is culture1 po9ts to v old settlem5t1 & makes x easi] to err on ! side ( n go+ back f> en\gh1 ?an on ! side ( go+ too f>4 ,aga91 :ile1 z has be5 sev]al times intimat$1 ! culture 9 ! s\? is old] ?an t ( ! nor?1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! settlem5t ( ,babylonia ant$ates t ( ,assyria4 ,! answ] to ?is "q w\ld dep5d ^u ! answ] to ! "q z to ! orig9al home ( ! ,semites4#af ,! probabilities1 h[ev]1 are 9 favor ( assum+ a movem5t ( population1 z ( culture1 f ! s\? to ! nor?4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria beg9s ) ! =m]1 & z a consequ5ce we are ju/ifi$ also 9 beg9n+ ) t phase ( ! religion = :i* we h ! e>lie/ records--! ,babylonian4 ,,iii4 ,at ! v outset ( a brief survey ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,babylonians1 a problem confronts u ( prim>y importance4 ,are !re any traces ( o!r settl]s besides ! ,semitic ,babylonians 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,euphrates ,valley8 ,^? :o cl+ to ! !ory ( a non-,semitic orig9 ( ! cunei=m syllab>y w1 ( c\rse1 be ready to answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,sum]ians & ,akkadians are ! names giv5 to ^! non-,semitic settl]s :o prec$$ ! ,babylonians 9 ! control ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,! names are d]iv$ f ! t]ms ,sum] & ,akkad1 :i* are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,babylonian & ,assyrian inscriptions1 9 connection ) ! titles ( ! k+s4 ,un=tunately1 s*ol>s are n a unit 9 ! exact location ( ! di/ricts compris$ by ^! names1 "s decl>+ ,sum] to be 9 ! nor? & ,akkad 9 ! s\?2 o!rs favor+ ! rev]se position4 ,! balance ( pro( re/s 9 favor ( ! =m] supposition2 b h[ev] t may be1 ,sum] & ,akkad repres5t1 f a c]ta9 p]iod on1 a g5]al designation to include ! :ole ( ,babylonia4 ,pr(essor ,hommel goes s f> z to decl>e t 9 ! types f\nd on /atues & monum5ts ( ! olde/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory--! monum5ts com+ f ! m\nd ,telloh--we h actual repres5tations ( ^! ,sum]ians1 :o are ?us made out to be a smoo?-fac$ race ) r prom95t *eek-bones1 r\nd faces1 & %av5 heads4#ag ,he pron\nces 9 favor ( ! highl&s ly+ to ! ea/ ( ,babylonia1 z ! home ( ! ,sum]ians1 :5ce !y made _! way into ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,un=tunately1 ! noses on ^! old /atues are mutilat$1 & ) su* an important feature miss+1 an?ropologi/s1 at lea/1 are unwill+ to pron\nce def9itely z to ! type repres5t$4 ,aga91 toge!r ) ^! suppos$ non-,semitic types1 o!r figures h be5 f\nd :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,hommel also admits1 %[ ! ord9>y ,semitic features4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ev5 accept+ ! hypo!sis ( a non-,semitic type exi/+ 9 ,babylonia at ?is "t1 ! ,semitic settl]s are j z old z ! suppos$ ,sum]ians2 & s9ce x is admitt$ t ! language f\nd on ^! /atues & figures conta9s ,semitic con/ructions & ,semitic words1 x is1 to say ! lea/1 haz>d\s to give ! ,sum]ians ! pref]5ce ov] ! ,semites s f> z ! p]iod ( settlem5t & orig9 ( ! ,euphratean culture is conc]n$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we are n w>rant$ 9 go+ beyond ! /atem5t t all evid5ce po9ts 9 favor ( a population ( mix$ races 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley f ! e>lie/ p]iod kn[n to u4 ,no positive pro( is =?com+ t ,sum] & ,akkad 7 ev] employ$ or und]/ood 9 any o!r s5se ?an z geographical t]ms4 ,?is "o safe conclusion1 h[ev]1 t ! ,semitic settl]s ( ,babylonia 7 n ! sole occupants1 b by _! side dwelt ano!r race1 or possibly a v>iety ( races1 possess+ entirely diff]5t traits1 is "o ( consid]able importance4 ,at v>i\s times ! non-,semitic hordes ( ,elam & ! m\nta9 di/ricts to ! ea/ ( ,babylonia swept ov] ! valley1 & succe$$1 = a long] or %ort] p]iod1 9 secur+ a firm foo?old4 ,! ease ) :i* ^! conqu]ors accommodat$ !mselves to _! surr\nd+s1 cont9u+ ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* !y f\nd !re1 mak+ b slight *anges 9 ! religi\s practices1 c be/ be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t ! mixture ( diff]5t races 9 ! valley _h br\ght ab\t an int]*ange & int]lac+ ( traits :i* result$ 9 ! approa* ( "o type to ! o!r4 ,aga91 x has rec5tly be5 made probable t z e>ly at lea/ z #bjjj1 or ev5 #bejj ,b4,c41 ,semitic invad]s ent]+ ,babylonia f ! side ( ,arabia drove ! native ,babylonian rul]s f ! ?rone2#ah & at a /ill e>li] p]iod int]c\rse betwe5 ,babylonia & di/ant nations to ! nor!a/ & nor?we/ 0 e/abli%$1 :i* left its traces on ! political & social conditions4 ,at e po9t we come across evid5ce ( ?is composite "* ( ,babylonian culture1 & ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! latt] may1 aft] all1 resolve itself into ! proposition t ! contact ( diff]5t races gave ! intellectual impetus :i* is ! fir/ condition ( a =w>d movem5t 9 civilization2 & :ile x is possible t1 at "o /age1 ! great] %>e 9 ! movem5t falls to ! non-,semitic cont+5t1 ! ,semites soon obta9$ ! intellectual asc5d5cy1 & s absorb$ ! non-,semitic elem5ts z to give to ! culture result+ f ! comb9ation1 ! homog5e\s "* x pres5ts on ! surface4 ,,iv4 ,our pres5t k ( ,babylonian hi/ory rea*es back to ! p]iod ( ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 ,at t "t we f9d ! ,euphrates ,valley divid$ into a s]ies ( /ates or pr9cipalities1 p>cell+ ,nor? & ,s\? ,babylonia betwe5 !m4 ,^! /ates gr\p !mselves ar\nd c]ta9 cities4 ,9 fact1 ! ,babylonian pr9cipalities arise f ! ext5sion ( ! city's jurisdiction1 j z ! lat] ,babylonian empire is naught b ! enl>gem5t1 on a great] scale1 ( ! city ( ,babylon4 ,( ^! old ,babylonian cities ! mo/ notewor?y1 9 ! s\?1 are ,eridu1 ,laga%1#ai ,ur1 ,l>sa1 ,uruk1 ,is92 & 9 ! nor?1 ,agade1 ,sipp>1 ,nippur1 ,ku?a1 & ,babylon4 ,! rul]s ( ^! cities call !mselves ei!r 'k+' 7lit]ally 'great man'7 or 'gov]nor1' accord+ z ! position is a purely indep5d5t "o1 or "o ( subjection to a m p[]ful *iefta94 ,?us ! e>lie/ rul]s ( ! di/rict ( ,laga%1 ( :om we h inscriptions 7c4 #cbjj ,b4,c47 h ! title ( 'k+1' b a few c5turies lat] ,laga% lo/ its indep5d5t position & its rul]s became 'patesis1' i4e41 gov]nors4 ,!y are 9 a position ( vassalage1 z x w\ld appe>1 to ! contemporane\s k+s ( ,ur1 ?\gh ?is does n h9d] !m f engag+ 9 milit>y exp$itions aga9/ ,elam1 & 9 ext5sive build+ op]ations4 ,! k+s ( ,ur1 9 addition to _! title z k+s ( ,ur1 are /yl$ k+s ( ,sum] & ,akkad4 ,:e!r at ?is "t1 ,sum] & ,akkad includ$ ! :ole ( ,babylonia1 or1 z seems m likely1 only ! s\!rn "p1 9 ei!r case1 ,laga% w\ld fall "u ! jurisdiction ( ^! k+s1 if _! title is to be reg>d$ z m ?an an empty boa/4 ,aga91 ! rul]s ( ,uruk are kn[n simply z k+s ( t place1 :ile ^? ( ,is9 incorporate 9 _! titles1 k+%ip ov] ,ur z well z ,sum] & ,akkad4 ,= ?is e>ly p]iod1 ext5d+ f ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 to #bcjj1 ! *ronology is z yet unc]ta94 ,beyond ! titles ( ! rul]s ov] ,babylonian /ates1 !re are b few safe indications = det]m9+ ! succession ( dyna/ies4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 is n[ c]ta91--t simultane\s ) ! gov]nors ( ,laga% & ! old] k+s ( ,ur1 !re 0 an indep5d5t /ate 9 ,nor!rn ,babylonia ) its seat at ,agade4 ,inde$ ! hi/ory ( ?is /ate c n[ be trac$ back six c5turies beyond t ( ,laga%4 ,two rul]s ( ,agade1 ,n>am-,s9 7c4 #chjj ,b4,c47 & ,s>gon 7or to give 8 full] "n1 ,%>gani-%>-ali#bj71 are ! e>lie/ rul]s z yet kn[n4 ,^! k+s ( ,agade ext5d$ _! jurisdiction z f> nor?1 at lea/1 z ,nippur on ! "o side & ,sipp> on ! o!r4 ,! city ( ,babylon itself1 if x exi/$ at ?is p]iod1 0 !re=e includ$ )9 ! t]ritory ( ^! k+s2 & x foll[s t if !re exi/$ rul]s ( ,babylon at ?is "t1 :i* is d\btful 7s9ce ! city is n m5tion$71 !y 7 9 ! same position ( dep5d5cy ^u ! rul]s ( ,agade z ! 'gov]nors' ( ,laga% 7 ^u "s great] p[]4 ,x is n until ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird mill5nium be=e ?is era1 t ,babylon comes into prom95ce4 ,9 ! s\?1 z already intimat$1 ! rul]s ( ,laga% & ! dyna/y ( ,ur are ! e>lie/ ( :i* we h any record4 ,!re is e reason to believe t fur!r excavations at ,mugheir w br+ to light ! names ( old] k+s1 & ! presumption is 9 favor ( reg>d+ ! s\!rn /ates1 or at lea/ "s ( !m1 e>li] ?an any 9 ! nor?4 ,! climax 9 ! p[] ( ! k+s ( ,ur1 ! p]iod :5 !y ex]t$1 9 fact z well z 9 "n1 ! sov]eignty ov] all ,sum] & ,akkad may be fix$ approximately at #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,h[ f> we %all be able to g beyond t1 = ! beg9n+s ( ?is /ate1 mu/1 = ! pres5t1 rema9 d\btful1 ) ! *ances 9 favor ( a consid]ably e>li] date2 & x may be t prior to ,ur & ,laga% !re 7 dyna/ies e/abli%$ else:]e1--at ,eridu1 p]haps1--! exi/5ce ( :i* w be reveal$ by future discov]ies4 ,an indep5d5t /ate ) its seat at ,uruk foll[s ^u ! culm9at+ p]iod ( ! glory ( ,ur1 & may be reg>d$1 inde$1 z an indication t ! rul]s ( ,ur _h lo/ _! control ov] ! :ole ( ,s\!rn ,babylonia4 ,is91 ^: site has n yet be5 det]m9$1 b :i* lay probably to ! nor? ( ,uruk1 0 ano!r political c5t]4 ,its rul]s1 s f> z we "k !m1 curi\sly assign ! f\r? place to ! title 'k+ ( ,is91' giv+ prec$5ce to _! control ov] ,nippur1 ,eridu1 & ,uruk4 ,we may conclude f ?is1 t at ! "t :5 ,is9 ext5d$ its supremacy1 ! great] lu/] atta*+ to ! old t[ns ( ,nippur & ,uruk1 0 emphasiz$ by ! prec$5ce giv5 to ^! c5t]s ov] ,is91 al?\gh ! ,is9 k+s are only '%eph]ds' & 'm]ciful lords' ov] ,nippur & ,uruk1 & n k+s4 ,at a subsequ5t p]iod1 ! k+s ( ,ur appe> to h rega9$ ! supremacy1 :i* 0 wre/$ f !m by ,is92 & ! rul]s ( ! latt] ackn[l$ge _! dep5d5ce ^u ! k+s ( ,ur4 ,?is s-call$ second dyna/y ( ,ur includes ,nippur4 ,! k+s are pr\d ( call+ !mselves ! gu>dians ( ! temple ( ,bel 9 ,nippur1 nom9at$ to ! (fice by ! god himself1 & reviv+ an old title ( ! k+s ( ,agade1 /yle !mselves also 'k+ ( ! f\r regions4' ,ano!r *ange 9 ! political horoscope is reflect$ 9 ! subjection ( ,ur to a di/rict ^: c5t] 0 ,l>sa1 n f> f ,ur1 & repres5t$ by ! m\nd ,s5k]eh4 ,!re are two k+s1 ,nur-,ramman 7i4e41 light ( ,ramman7 & ,s9-idd9a 7i4e41 ,s9 judges71 :o call !mselves gu>dians ( ,ur & k+s ( ,l>sa1 %[+ t ! c5t] ( ?is pr9cipality 0 ,l>sa1 ) ,ur z a dep5d5t di/rict4 ,t ^! rul]s take up ! dom9ion once held by ! k+s ( ,ur is fur!r manife/ 9 ! additional title t !y give to !mselves1 z 'k+s ( ,sum] & ,akkad1' :]eas ! omission ( ! title 'k+ ( ! f\r regions' indicates app>5tly ! exclusion ( ,agade & ,nippur2 & ) ^!1 probably ,nor? ,babylonia 9 g5]al1 f _! supremacy4 ,! p[] ( ,l>sa receives a fatal *eck ?r\gh ! invasion ( ,babylonia by ! ,elamites 7c4 #bcej ,b4,c474 ,^! v>iations 9 (ficial titles are a reflection ( ! natural rivalry exi/+ betwe5 ! v>i\s ,babylonian /ates1 :i* l$ to frequ5t %ift+s 9 ! political situation4 ,beyond ?is1 ! inscriptions ( ^! old ,babylonian rul]s1 be+ ord9>ily commemorative ( ! d$ication to a deity1 ( "s temple or o!r con/ruction--notably canals--or ( "s votive (f]+1 a cone or tablet1 un=tunately tell u little ( ! ev5ts ( ! "t4 ,p5d+ ! discov]y ( m complete annals1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ! g5]al indications ( ! civilization t prevail$1 & ( ! relations 9 :i* ! pr9cipalities /ood to "o ano!r1 & ) m or less d\btful recon/ructions ( ! sequ5ce 9 ! dyna/ies4 ,9 all ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! division betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,babylonia 0 kept tol]ably di/9ct1 ev5 ?\gh occasionally1 & = a c]ta9 p]iod1 a ,nor? ,babylonian city1 l t ( ,agade & ,nippur1 ext5d$ its jurisdiction ov] a section bord]+ on ! s\? & vice v]sa4 ,x rema9$ = a great conqu]or1 ,hammurabi1 ! six? k+ ( a dyna/y hav+ its seat 9 ! city ( ,babylon itself1 :o ab\t ! ye> #bcjj ,b4,c4 succe$$ 9 unit+ ,nor? & ,s\? ,babylonia "u "o rule4 ,) him1 !re=e1 a new epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,euphrates ,valley beg9s4 ,h5ce=? ! supremacy ( ! city ( ,babylon rema9s undisput$1 & ! o!r anci5t c5t]s1 los+ _! political importance1 reta9 _! significance only by virtue ( ! sanctu>ies exi/+ !re1 to :i* pilgrimages cont9u$ to be made1 & ?r\gh ! comm]cial activity t1 ^u ! union ( ! v>i\s ,babylonian di/ricts1 set 9 ) increas$ vigor4 ,att5tion 0 direct$ a few ye>s ago by ,pognon & ,sayce to ! fact t ! "n ( ,hammurabi1 z well z ! names ( f\r k+s t prec$$ him1 & ( a numb] t foll[$1 are n ,babylonian4 ,sayce express$ ! op9ion t !y 7 ,arabic1 & ,pr(essor ,hommel has rec5tly re5=c$ ! position ( ,sayce by %[+ ! close resemblance exi/+ betwe5 ^! names & ^? f\nd on ! monum5ts ( ,s\!rn ,arabia4#ba ,:ile no evid5ce has z yet be5 f\nd to w>rant u 9 c>ry+ back ! exi/5ce ( ! ,m9ean empire 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia beyond #aejj ,b4,c41 /ill s9ce at ?is p]iod1 ?is empire appe>s 9 a high /ate ( culture1 ) comm]cial int]c\rse e/abli%$ betwe5 x & ,egypt1 z well z ,pale/9e1 ! conclusion drawn by ,hommel t ,babylonia 0 invad$ ab\t #bejj ,b4,c4 by an ,arabic-speak+ p is to be s]i\sly consid]$4 ,elam1 z we h se51 0 con/antly ?reat5+ ,babylonia f ! ,ea/1 & %ortly be=e ,hammurabi's appe>ance1 succe$$ 9 putt+ an end to ! dyna/y ( ,l>sa4 ,x n[ appe>s t ! inhabitants ( ! ,euphrates ,valley 7 also ?reat5$ by an enemy lodg$ some:]e 9 ! s\?we/4 ,?\gh ,hommel's hypo!sis /ill ne$s confirmation1 & may p]haps be some:at modifi$ by future rese>*es1 /ill s mu* seems c]ta93 t ! great union ( ! ,babylonian /ates & ! supremacy ( ! city ( ,babylon itself 0 a*iev$ n by ,babylonians b by =eign]s :o ent]$ ,babylonia f its we/]n 7or s\?we/]n7 side4 ,! dyna/y ( :i* ,hammurabi is ! *ief repres5tative comes to an end c4 #bajj1 & is foll[$ by ano!r kn[n z ,%i%-,kha1#bb ^: rul]s likewise appe> to be =eign]s2 & :5 ?is dyna/y f9ally disappe>s aft] a rule ( almo/ f\r c5turies1 ,babylonia is once m conqu]$ by a p com+ f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,elam & :o are kn[n z ! ,cassites4#bc ,^! ,cassites1 ( ^: orig91 "*1 & language b little is kn[n z yet1 rul$ ov] ,babylonia = a p]iod ( no less ?an #egf ye>s2 b adapt+ !mselves to ! cu/oms & religion ( ! c\ntry1 _! pres5ce did n int]f]e ) ! normal progress ( culture 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,we may !re=e embrace ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi & 8 successors1 d[n ?r\gh ! rule ( ! ,cassite k+s1 "u "o head4 ,x is a p]iod m>k$ by ! /eady gr[? ( culture1 manife/+ itself 9 ! erection ( temples1 9 ! con/ruction ( canals1 & 9 ! expansion ( comm]ce4 ,active relation%ips 7 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ,babylonia & di/ant ,egypt4 ,?is movem5t did n suff] an int]ruption ?r\gh ! invasion ( ! ,cassites4 ,?\gh ,nippur1 r ?an ,babylon1 appe>s to h be5 ! favorite city ( ! dyna/y1 ! c\rse ( civilization fl[s on un9t]rupt$ly1 & x is n until ! gr[+ complications betwe5 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 due to ! /eady encroa*m5t on ! "p ( ! latt]1 t decid$ *anges beg9 to take place4 ,ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4 ! fir/ traces ( relation%ip betwe5 ,babylonia & ! nor!rn ,mesopotamian p[]1 ,assyria1 appe>4 ,^! relations 7 at fir/ ( a fri5dly "*1 b x is n long be=e ! gr[+ /r5g? ( ,assyria becomes a s]i\s m5ace to ,babylonia4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,assyrian arms advance ^u ! city ( ,babylon4 ,= "s decades1 ,babylon rema9s 9 subjection to ,assyria1 & al?\gh %e rega9s h] indep5d5ce once m1 & ev5 a fair measure ( h] =m] glory1 ! p[] ( ! ,cassites is brok54 ,int]nal diss5sions add to ! difficulties ( ! situation & lead to ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,cassites 7#aaea ,b4,c474 ,native ,babylonians once m occupy ! ?rone1 :o1 al?\gh able to *eck ! dang] /ill ?reat5+ f ,elam1 _c resi/ ! /rong arms ( ,assyria4 ,at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury ,tigla?piles] ,i4 secures a firm hold ^u ,babylonia1 :i* n[ s9ks to ! position ( a dep5d5cy ^u ! ,assyrian k+s4 ,v4 ,9 contra/ to ,babylonia1 :i* is f ! />t /amp$ z a civiliz+ p[]1 ,assyria1 f its rise till its fall1 is ess5tially a milit>y empire1 seek+ ! fulfillm5t ( its mission 9 ! enl>gem5t ( p[] & 9 incessant w>f>e4 ,its hi/ory may be trac$ back to ab\t #ahjj ,b4,c41 :5 its rul]s1 ) _! seat 9 ! anci5t city ( ,a%ur1 fir/ beg9 to make _! pres5ce felt4 ,! ext5sion ( _! p[] proce$s1 z 9 ,babylonia1 f ! gr[+ importance ( ! c5tral city1 & soon embraces all ( ,assyria prop]4 ,!y pass on into ! m\nta9 regions to ! ea/1 & advanc+ to ! we/1 !y enc\nt] ! vigor\s =ces ( ,egypt1 ^: ,asiatic campaigns beg9 ab\t ! same "t z ! rise ( ,assyria4 ,! ,egyptians1 abett$ by ! ,hittites--! possessors ( ! /rongholds on ! ,orontes-- successfully *eck ! gr[? ( ,assyria on ?is side1 at lea/ = a p]iod ( sev]al c5turies4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ! ,assyrian k+ ga!rs /r5g? en\gh to make an attack ^u ,babylonia4 ,! conflict1 once begun1 cont9ues1 z has be5 indicat$1 ) v>y+ =tunes4 ,occasional brea?+ spells are br\ght ab\t by a tempor>y agreem5t ( peace betwe5 ! two empires1 until at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ,assyria1 "u ,tigla?piles] ,i41 secures control ov] ! ,babylonian empire4 ,h] k+s add to _! long li/ ( titles t ( 'rul] ( ,babylonia4' ,!y ei!r take ! gov]nm5t ( ! s\? into _! h&s or ex]cise ! privilege ( appo9t+ a gov]nor ( _! *oice to regulate ! affairs ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,f ?is "t on1 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria may be view$ "u a s+le aspect4 ,! ?ird p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory--! second ( ,assyrian hi/ory--?us beg9s ab\t #aajj ,b4,c41 & cont9ues till ! fall ( ,assyria 9 ! ye> #fjf ,b4,c4 ,^! five c5turies repres5t ! mo/ glori\s epo* ( ! unit$ ,mesopotamian empire4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ,assyria rises to ! height ( an all-embrac+ p[]4 ,) f> great] success ?an ,egypt1 %e securely e/abli%$ h] sov]eignty ov] ! l&s bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,aft] sev]e /ruggles1 ! ,hittites are ov]come1 ! names ( _! /rongholds on ! ,orontes *ang$1 9 ord] to emphasize _! complete possession by ! ,assyrians1 & ! pr9cipalities ( ,nor!rn ,syria become tribut>y to ,assyria4 ,pho5icia & ! k+dom ( ,israel are conqu]$1 :ile ! s\!rn k+dom ( ,judah pur*ases a m]e %ad[ ( indep5d5ce by complete submission to ! conditions impos$ by ! great & irresi/ible mon>*y4 ,f> to ! nor!a/ ,assyria ext5ds h] sway1 :ile ,babylonia1 ?\gh occasionally ar\s$ to a resi/ance ( ! tyrannical bonds laid ^u h]1 only to be /ill fur!r weak5$1 reta9s a di/9ctive exi/5ce *iefly 9 "n4 ,! culture ( ! s\? is ! h]itage bequea!d by old ,babylonia to ! nor?4 ,babylonian temples become ! models = ,assyrian ar*itecture4 ,! lit]>y treasures 9 ! ar*ives ( ! sacr$ cities ( ! s\? are copi$ by ! scribes ( ! ,assyrian k+s1 & plac$ 9 ! palaces ( ! latt]4 ,mean:ile1 ! capital ( ,assyria moves t[>ds ! nor?4 ,a%ur gives way "u ! glori\s reign ( ,a%urnasirbal to ,calah1 :i* becomes ! capitol 9 ! ye> #hhj ,b4,c42 & ,calah1 9 turn1 yields to ,n9eveh1 :i* becomes1 f ! "t ( ,tigla?piles] ,,ii41 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! c5t] ( ! great k+dom4 ,"u ,a%urbanabal1 :o rules f #ffh to #fbf ,b4,c41 ! climax ( ,assyrian p[] is rea*$4 ,he c>ries 8 arms to ! banks ( ! ,nile1 & succe$s 9 realiz+ ! dreams ( 8 ance/ors ( a direct control ov] ! affairs ( ,egypt4 ,a patron ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 z s _m great conqu]ors1 ,a%urbanabal succe$s 9 mak+ ,n9eveh a lit]>y z well z a milit>y c5t]4 ,a va/ collection ( ! cunei=m lit]ature ( ,babylonia is ga!r$ by him = ! b5efit ( 8 subjects1 z he is at con/ant pa9s to tell u4 ,! city is fur!r embelli%$ ) magnific5t /ructures1 & on e side he e/abli%es 8 sov]eignty ) su* =ce1 t ! might ( ,assyria appe>s inv9cible4 ,! fatal bl[1 dealt ) a sudd5ness t rema9s a my/]y1 came f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,a great movem5t ( wild nor!rn hordes1 r vaguely kn[n z ! ,cimm]ians & ,scy?ians1 & advanc+ t[>ds ! s\?1 set 9 %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,a%urbanabal1 & creat$ great political di/urbances4 ,! va/ numb] ( ^! hordes1 _! muscul> /r5g?1 & _! unre/ra9$ cruelty1 made !m a foe :i* ,assyria f\nd z h>d to )/&1 z ,rome ! approa* ( ! ,v&als & ,go?s4 ,! s\rces = our k ( ! la/ days ( ! ,assyrian empire are n suffici5t to enable u to grasp ! details1 b x is c]ta9 t ! successful attempt ( ! ,babylonians to ?r[ (f ! ,assyrian yoke almo/ imm$iately aft] ,a%urbanabal's dea?1 0 a symptom ( ! ravages :i* ! hordes made 9 r$uc+ ! vitality ( ! ,assyrian empire4 ,h] foes ga9$ fre% c\rage f ! success t cr[n$ ! revolt ( ,babylonia4 ,! ,m$es1 a =midable nation to ! ea/ ( ,assyria1 & :i* _h (t5 cross$ arms ) ! ,assyrians1 ent]$ into comb9ation ) ,babylonia1 & ! two mak+ sev]al unit$ assaults ^u ,n9eveh1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,kyax>es1 at la/ succe$$ 9 effect+ an entrance4 ,! city 0 captur$ & burn$ to ! gr\nd4 ,) ! fall ( ,assyria1 a feel+ ( relief pass$ ov] ! entire ea/]n _w4 ,a great dang]1 ?reat5+ to ext+ui% ! indep5d5ce ( all ( ! !n kn[n nations ( ! globe1 0 av]t$4 ,! ,hebrew prophets liv+ at ! "t ( ?is d[nfall1 voice ! g5]al rejoic+ t ensu$ :5 !y decl>$1 t ev5 ! c$>s ( ,lebanon leap$ = joy4 ,! prov9ce ( ,assyria prop]1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,m$es1 b ,babylonia1 ) h] indep5d5ce e/abli%$ on a firm foot+1 0 ! real heir ( ,assyria's _s4 ,h] mo/ glori\s mon>*1 ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii4 7#fjd-efa ,b4,c471 seems to h dream$ ( ga9+ = ,babylon ! position1 once held by ,n9eveh1 ( mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,tak+ ,a%urbanabal z 8 model1 he c>ri$ 8 arms to ! we/1 subdu$ ! k+dom ( ,judah1 &1 pass+ on to ,egypt1 /rove to secure = ,babylon1 ! supremacy ex]cis$ !re = a %ort "t by ,assyrian mon>*s4 ,9 addition to 8 milit>y campaigns1 h[ev]1 he also appe>s 9 ! light ( a great build]1 enl>g+ & beautify+ ! temples ( ,babylonia1 erect+ new ones 9 ! v>i\s cities ( 8 realm1 /r5g!n+ ! walls ( ,babylon1 adorn+ ! capital ) embankm5t works & o!r improvem5ts1 t gave x a p]man5t place 9 ! traditions ( ! anci5t _w z "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ! univ]se4 ,! glory ( ?is second ,babylonian empire 0 ( %ort duration4 ,its vault+ ambition appe>s to h ov]leap$ itself4 ,realiz+ = a "t ! ,assyrian ideal ( a _w mon>*y1 ! fall 0 z sudd5 z its rise 0 unexpect$4 ,int]nal diss5sions gave ! fir/ indication ( ! holl[ness ( ! /ate4 ,nebu*adnezz>'s son 0 murd]$ 9 #efj ,b4,c41 )9 two ye>s aft] rea*+ ! ?rone1 by 8 own bro!r-9-law1 ,n]igliss>2 & ! latt] dy+ aft] a reign ( only f\r ye>s1 8 infant *ild 0 put out ( ! way & ,nabonn$os1 a high (fic] ( ! /ate1 b )\t royal pr]ogative1 m\nt$ ! ?rone4 ,9 ! ye> #eej news rea*$ ,babylon t ,cyrus1 ! k+ ( ,anzan1 _h dealt a fatal bl[ to ! ,m$ian empire1 captur+ its k+1 ,a/yages1 & jo9+ ,m$ia to 8 own di/rict4 ,he f\nd$ :at 0 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,p]sian empire4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! ,m$es gave ,cyrus control ov] ,assyria1 & x 0 to be expect$ t 8 gaze %\ld be turn$ 9 ! direction ( ,babylonia4 ,nabonn$os recogniz$ ! dang]1 b all 8 ef=ts to /r5g!n ! p[]s ( resi/ance to ! ,p]sian arms 7 ( no avail4 ,civil di/urbances divid$ ! ,babylonians4 ,! cohesion betwe5 ! v>i\s di/ricts 0 loos5$1 & )9 ! city ( ,babylon itself1 a p>ty arose antagoni/ic to ,nabonn$os1 :o 9 _! %ort-sight$ness hail$ ! advance ( ,cyrus4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,babylon fell an easy prey to ! ,p]sian conqu]or4 ,9 ! autumn ( ! ye> #eci ,cyrus ent]$ ! city 9 triumph1 & 0 receiv$ ) su* manife/ations ( joy by ! populace1 z to make "o almo/ =get t ) 8 entrance1 ! end ( a great empire _h come4 ,politically & religi\sly1 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria t]m9ates ) ! adv5t ( ,cyrus2 & ?is despite ! fact t x 0 8 policy to leave ! /ate ( affairs1 includ+ religi\s obs]vances1 z f> z possible1 undi/urb$4 ,a new _s _h1 h[ev]1 come into ! l& ) him4 ,! (ficial religion ( ! /ate 0 t practic$ by ,cyrus & 8 pr$ecessors 9 _! native l&4 ,! ess5tial doctr9es ( ! religion1 commonly kn[n z ,mazdeism or ,zoroa/rianism1 pres5t$ a %>p contra/ to ! beliefs t /ill 7 curr5t 9 ,babylonia1 & x 0 inevitable t ) ! influx ( new ideas1 ! fur!r developm5t ( ,babylonian wor%ip 0 cut %ort4 ,! respect paid by ,cyrus to ! ,babylonian gods 0 a m]e matt] ( policy4 ,/ill1 ! religi\s rites cont9u$ to be practic$ z ( old 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria = a long "t1 & :5 ! religion f9ally disappe>$1 "u ! subsequ5t conque/s ( ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,arabs1 x left its traces 9 ! popul> sup]/itions & 9 ! in]adicable traditions t surviv$4 ,b s f> z ! hi/ory ( ?is religion is conc]n$1 x comes to an end ) ! d[nfall ( ! second ,babylonian empire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! p]iod1 !n1 to be cov]$ by a treatm5t ( ! religion ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians ext5ds ov] ! long int]val betwe5 ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 & ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! developm5t ( ?is religion foll[s closely ! c\rse ( civilization & ( hi/ory 9 ! t]ritory "u consid]ation4 ,! tw(old division1 accord+ly1 into ,babylonia & ,assyria1 is ! "o t sugge/s itself also = ! religion4 ,! beg9n+1 z is evid5t f ! hi/orical sket* giv51 mu/ be made ) ,babylonia4 ,x w be se5 t1 :ile ! rites !re & 9 ,assyria are mu* ! same1 ! *>act]s ( ! gods z !y develop$ 9 ! s\? 7 q diff]5t f ^? ( ! nor?2 &1 aga91 x 0 inevitable t ! ,assyrian influ5ce manife/ 9 ! second ,babylonian empire %\ld give to ! religion ( ! s\? at ?is "t1 "s aspects :i* 7 abs5t dur+ ! days ( ! old ,babylonian empire4 ,9 ,babylonia1 aga91 ! political *anges =m ! basis = ! trans=mation to be obs]v$ 9 ! position occupi$ by ! deities at diff]5t p]iods2 & ! same g5]al rem>k applies to ! deities peculi> to ,assyria1 :o mu/ be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! c\rse pursu$ by ! ,assyrian empire4 ,! division ( ! subject :i* ?us =ces itself ^u u is tw(old1 7#a7 geographical1 & 7#b7 hi/orical4 ,x w be necess>y to treat fir/ ( ! beliefs & pan!on develop$ dur+ ! fir/ two p]iods ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 d[n to ! practical conque/ ( ,babylonia by ,assyria4 ,!n1 turn+ to ,assyria1 ! traits ( ! pan!on peculi> to ,upp] ,mesopotamia w be set =?4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! hi/ory ( ! religion w be trac$ 9 ,babylonia dur+ ! union ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian empire2 &1 la/ly1 ! new phases ( t religion :i* appe>$ 9 ! days ( ! second ,babylonian empire4 ,turn+ aft] ?is to o!r aspects ( ! religion1 x w be f\nd t ! religi\s rites 7 only to a small degree influ5c$ by political *anges1 :ile ! lit]ature & religi\s art are almo/ exclusively products ( ,babylonia4 ,9 treat+ ( ^! subjects1 accord+ly1 no geographical divisions are call$ =1 9 sett+ =? _! *ief features4 ,! g5]al e/imate to be giv5 at ! close ( ! volume w furni% an opportunity ( mak+ a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion & o!r religions ( ! anci5t _w1 ) a view to det]m9+ :at =eign influ5ces may be detect$ 9 x1 z well z asc]ta9+ ! influ5ce x ex]t$ ^u o!rs4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,i may be p]mitt$ to ref] to a publication by ,dr4 ,br9ton & myself1 ,! ,cradle ( ! ,semites 7,philadelphia1 #ahhi71 9 :i* ! v>i\s views z to ?is home are set =?4 #ag ,x has be5 sugge/$ t s9ce ! /atues ( ,telloh are ^? ( ! prie/-k+s1 only ! prie/ly classes %av$ _! hair (f4 #ah ,see an int]e/+ discussion ( ! "q by ,pr(essor ,hommel1 ,arabia accord+ to ! ,late/ ,discov]ies & ,rese>*es4--,sunday ,s*ool ,times1 #ahie1 nos4 #da & #dc4 #ai ,also kn[n z ,%irpurla :i* ,j5s5 7,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 #e7 ?9ks 0 ! lat] "n4 #bj ,see ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #af-ah4 ,n>am-,s9 signifies 'belov$ ( ! god ,s9' 7! moon-god72 ,%>gani-%>-ali-- '! legitimate k+1 k+ ( ! city4' ,! excavations ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania h ca/ new light ^u ?is mo/ anci5t p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! temple ( ,bel at ,nippur ant$ates ! reign ( ,n>am-,s91 & 9 ! fur!r publications ( ! ,univ]sity1 we may look = mat]ial :i* w enable u to pass beyond ! p]iod ( ,s>gon4 #ba ,sunday ,s*ool ,times1 #ahie1 no4 #da4 #bb ,= v>i\s views reg>d+ ! "n & "* ( ?is dyna/y see ,w9ckl]1 ,ges*i*te1 pp4 #fg1 #fh1 #cbh2 ,hilpre*t1 ,assyriaca1 pp4 #be-bh1 #ajb1 #ajc2 ,w9ckl]1 ,altori5talis*e ,=s*ung51 ,i4 #bge-bgg1 & ,rog]s1 ,outl9es1 #cb1 note4 #bc ,see ,delitzs*1 ,die ,spra*e d] ,kossa]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,traits ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,babylonian ,,pan!on4 ,! ,babylonian religion 9 ! olde/ =m kn[n to u may be/ be describ$ z a mixture ( local & nature cults4 ,/>t+ ) t phase ( religi\s beliefs kn[n z ,animism1 :i* has be5 asc]ta9$ to be practically univ]sal 9 primitive society1 ! ,babylonians1 f ascrib+ life to ! ph5om5a ( nature1 to trees1 /ones1 & plants1 z well z to su* natural ev5ts1 z /orm1 ra91 & w9d1 & z a matt] ( c\rse to ! great lum9>ies & to ! />s--w\ld1 on ! "o h&1 be l$ to invoke an inf9ite numb] ( spirits :o 7 suppos$ to be1 9 "s way1 ! embodim5t ( ! life t manife/$ itself 9 su* div]se mann]s2 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is t5d5cy w\ld be re/rict$ by ! exp]i5ce :i* w\ld po9t to c]ta9 spirits1 z ex]cis+ a m decisive influ5ce ^u ! affairs ( man ?an o!rs4 ,! result ( ?is w\ld be to give a prepond]ance to ! wor%ip ( ! sun & moon & ! wat]1 & ( su* natural ph5om5a z ra91 w9d1 & /orms1 ) _! accompanim5t ( ?und] & lightn+1 z aga9/ ! c\ntless sprites believ$ to be lurk+ ev]y:]e4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 w\ld n = ?is reason be ignor$ altoge!r4 ,s9ce ev]y?+ 0 end[$ ) life1 !re 0 n only a _s ( ! tree :i* produc$ ! fruit1 b !re 7 spirits 9 e field4 ,to !m ! gr\nd belong$1 & ^u _! m]cy dep5d$ ! success or failure ( ! produce4 ,to secure ! favor ( ! ra9 & ! sun 0 n suffici5t to ! agriculturi/2 he 0 oblig$ to obta9 ! protection ( ! gu>dian spirits ( ! soil1 9 ord] to be sure ( reap+ ! fruit ( 8 labors4 ,aga91 :5 ?r\gh association1 ! gr\p ( arable plots grew into a hamlet1 & !n ?r\gh cont9u$ gr[? into a t[n1 ! latt]1 reg>d$ z a unit by virtue ( its political organization "u a *ief rul]1 w\ld necess>ily be suppos$ to h "s special p[] presid+ ov] its de/9ies1 protect+ x f dang]1 & ready to def5d ! rights & privileges ( ^? :o /ood imm$iately "u its jurisdiction4 ,ea* ,babylonian city1 l>ge or small1 w\ld 9 ?is way obta9 a deity devot$ to its welf>e1 & z ! city grew 9 ext5t1 absorb+ p]haps o!rs ly+ ab\t1 & advanc+ 9 ?is way to ! dignity ( a di/rict1 ! city's god w\ld correspond+ly increase 8 jurisdiction4 ,z x encroa*$ ^u ! doma9 ( o!r local deities1 x w\ld by conque/ annihilate ! latt]1 or r$uce !m to a subs]vi5t position4 ,! new regime w\ld be express$ by mak+ ! conqu]$ deity1 ! s]vant ( ! victori\s1 or ! two might be view$ 9 ! relation ( fa!r to son2 & aga91 9 ! ev5t ( a peaceful amalgamation ( two cities or di/ricts1 ! protect+ deities might jo9 h&s 9 a compact1 mirror+ ! p>tn]%ip repres5t$ by ! conjugal tie4 ,9 ?is way1 !re arose 9 ,babylon a selection1 z x 71 out ( an inf9ite v>iety ( p]sonifi$ =ces1 manife/ or conceal$1 t at "o "t may h be5 objects ( wor%ip4 ,! uni=mity ( ! _s _w1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic trait ( primitive ,animism1 gave way to a diff]5tiation regulat$ by ! political developm5t & ! social gr[? ( ,babylonia4 ,! m important natural =ces became gods1 & ! inf]ior ones 71 z a g5]al ?+1 relegat$ to ! second>y position ( m]e sprites1 l ! j9ns1 9 ,arabic beliefs4 ,only 9 ! case ( ! gu>dian _s ( an entire city or di/rict1 w\ld !re result--& ev5 ?is n inv>iably--an elevation to ! grade ( deity1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ?is gu>dian deity might be a heav5ly body1 z ! moon or sun or />s1 all ( :i* 7 suppos$ to regulate ! fate ( mank9d or "s =ce ( nature1 z ! ra9 or ! /orm2 & ev5 if ?is 7 n orig9ally ! case1 ! protect+ deity might1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 become id5tifi$ ) "o ( ! =ces ( nature2 &1 if = no o!r reason1 simply because ( ! prom95ce :i* ! wor%ip ( ! =ce 9 "q acquir$ 9 ! place4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! mixture ( local & nature cults is s complete t x is (t5 impossible to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,x is h>d 9 _m cases to det]m9e :e!r ! deity :i* is id5tifi$ ) a c]ta9 city 0 orig9ally a m]e local _s wat*+ ov] a c]ta9 re/rict$ t]ritory1 or a p]sonification ( a natural =ce associat$ 9 "s way ) a c]ta9 section ( ,babylonia4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,babylonian ,,gods ,,prior ,,to ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,hammurabi4 ,) ^! prelim9>y rem>ks1 we may turn1 z ! fir/ "p ( our subject1 to a consid]ation ( ! olde/ ( ! ,babylonian gods4 ,our ma9 s\rces are ! inscriptions ( ! old ,babylonian rul]s1 above ref]r$ to4 ,^! are1 9 mo/ cases1 ( a d$icatory "*1 be+ inscrib$ on /atues1 cyl9d]s1 or tablets1 plac$ 9 ! temples or on objects--cones1 knobs1 /ones--pres5t$ z votive (f]+s to "s god4 ,besides ! inscriptions ( ! rul]s1 we h ^? ( (ficials & o!rs4 ,_m ( ^! are likewise connect$ directly or indirectly ) religi\s wor%ip4 ,! advantage ( ! hi/orical texts ov] ! purely religi\s ones consi/s 9 _! be+ dat$1 ei!r accurately or approximately4 ,= ?is reason1 ! =m] mu/ be made ! basis = a rational !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,babylonian pan!on ?r\gh ! v>i\s p]iods above in/anc$4 ,! data furni%$ by ! religi\s texts c be introduc$ only1 z !y accord ) ! facts reveal$ by ! hi/orical inscriptions 9 ea* p]iod4 ,tak+ up ! gr\p ( inscriptions prior to ! union ( ! ,babylonian ,/ates "u ,hammurabi1 i4e41 prior to #bcjj ,b4,c41 we f9d ^! gods m5tion$3 ,bel1 ,belit1 ,n9-kh>-sag1 ,n9-girsu1 also appe>+ z ,%ul-gur1 ,bau1 ,ga-tum-dug1 ,ea1 ,n9-a-gal1 ,n]gal1 ,%ama%1 "u v>i\s =ms ,a1 :o is ! consort ( ,%ama%1 ,nann> or ,s91 ,nana1 ,anunit1 ,i%t>1 ,innanna or ,n9ni1 ,n9a1 ,n9-m>1 ,dun-%agga1 ,gal-alim1 ,anu1 ,n9-gi%-zida1 ,n9-si-a1 ,n9-%akh1 ,dumu-zi1 ,lugal-b&a & 8 consort ,n9-gul1 ,dumuzi-zu-aba1 ,nisaba1 ,ku787anna1 ,lugal-erima7871 ,dagan1 ,i%um1 ,umu1 ,pa-sag1 ,n9-e-gal1 ,n9-gal1 ,%ul7or ,dun7-pa-uddu1 & ,n9-akha-kuddu4 ,reg>d+ ^! names1 x may be said at once t ! read+1 9 _m cases1 is to be look$ ^u z m]ely provisional4 ,writt51 z !y usually are1 9 ! ideographic /yle1 ! phonetic read+ c only be det]m9$ :5 ! deity 9 "q c be id5tifi$ ) "o1 ^: "n is writt5 at "s place phonetically1 or :5 ! ideographs employ$ are s gr\p$ z to place ! phonetic read+ beyond d\bt4 ,! plan to be foll[$ 9 ?is book w be to give ! ideographic read+#bd z provisional :]ev] ! real pronunciation is unkn[n or unc]ta94 ,! ideographic designation ( a deity is ( great value1 inasmu* z ! ideographs !mselves frequ5tly reveal ! "* ( ! god1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! additional advantage is obvi\s :5 ! "n appe>s 9 bo? ! ideographic & ! phonetic writ+4 ,x w1 !re=e1 =m "p ( a del9eation ( ! ,babylonian pan!on to int]pret ! picture1 z x 71 "u :i* ea* deity is view$4 ,en-lil or ,bel4 ,tak+ up ! gods 9 ! ord] nam$1 ! fir/ "o1 ,bel1 is also ! "o :o appe>s on ! olde/ monum5ts z yet une>!d--! inscriptions ( ,nippur4 ,8 "n is1 at ?is "t1 writt5 inv>iably z ,en-lil4 ,9 ! ,babylonian !ology1 he is '! "l ( ! l[] _w4' ,he repres5ts1 z x 71 ! unification ( ! v>i\s =ces ^: seat & sph]e ( action is among ! inhabit$ p>ts ( ! globe1 bo? on ! surface & b5ea?1 = ! t]m 'l[] _w' is "h us$ 9 contra/ to ! upp] or heav5ly _w4 ,su* a conception manife/ly belongs to ! doma9 ( ab/ract ?\ght1 & x may be conclud$1 !re=e1 t ei!r ! deity belongs to an advanc$ /age ( ,babylonian culture1 or t ! orig9al view ( ! deity 0 diff]5t f ! "o j m5tion$4 ,! latt] is ! case4 ,prim>ily1 ! ideograph ,lil is us$ to designate a 'demon' 9 g5]al1 & ,en-lil is !re=e ! '*ief demon4' ,primitive z su* a conception is1 x po9ts to "s sy/em ( ?\ght t transc5ds primitive ,animism1 :i* is *>act]iz$ r by ! equality accord$ to all spirits4 ,! antiquity ( ! association ( ,en-lil ) ,nippur ju/ifies ! conclusion t we h be=e u a local deity :o1 orig9ally ! protect+ _s m]ely1 ( a re/rict$ t]ritory1 acquires ! position ( '*ief demon' z ! t[n ( ,nippur gr[s to be ! capitol ( a l>ge & p[]ful di/rict4 ,! fame & sanctity ( ,nippur survives political vicissitudes2 &1 inde$1 9 proportion z ,nippur loses political pre/ige1 ! great deity ( ! place is releas$ f ! limitations due to 8 local orig9 & rises to ! /ill high] dignity ( a great p[] ^: doma9 is ! entire habitable univ]se4 ,z ! '"l ( ! l[] _w1' ,en-lil is contra/$ to a god ,anu1 :o presides ov] ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! age ( ,s>gon 7#chjj ,b4,c471 9 ^: inscriptions ,en-lil already occurs1 is "o ( consid]able culture1 z is suffici5tly evid5c$ by ! fl\ri%+ condition ( art1 & !re c !re=e be no objection aga9/ ! assumption t ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 a !ological sy/em %\ld h be5 evolv$ :i* gave rise to beliefs 9 great p[]s ^: dom9ion embraces ! 'upp]' & 'l[]' worlds4 ,x 0 because ( ?is wide scope ( 8 p[] t he became kn[n z ,bel1 i4e41 ! "l p> excell5ce2 & x is equally natural to f9d 8 wor%ip spread ov] ! :ole ( ,babylonia4 ,9 ! s\?1 ! patron deity ( ,laga% is designat$ by ,gudea z ! mighty w>rior ( ,bel1 %[+ ! supremacy accord$ to ! latt]4 ,a temple to ,en-lil at ,laga%1 & kn[n z ,e-adda1 'h\se ( ! fa!r1' by virtue ( ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! god ( ,nippur & ,n9-girsu1 is m5tion$ by ,uru-kag9a4 ,! temple is describ$ z a l(ty /ructure 'ris+ up to heav54' ,9 ! nor?1 ,nippur rema9s ! place :]e 8 wor%ip acquir$ ! greate/ importance1 s t ,nippur 0 kn[n z ! l& ( ,bel4 ,! temple sacr$ to him at t place 0 a great edifice1 fam\s ?r\gh\t ,babylonian hi/ory z ,e-,kur1 i4e41 m\nta9 h\se1 9 ! con/ruction ( :i*1 a long l9e ( ,babylonian rul]s took "p4 ,f ,n>am-,s91 rul] ( ,agade1 on ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ,cassite rule1 ! k+s ( ,nippur pr\dly include 9 _! titles t ( 'build] ( ! ,temple ( ,bel at ,nippur1' measur+ _! atta*m5t to ! deity by ! additions & repairs made to 8 sacr$ edifice4#be ,besides ! k+s ( ,agade1 ! rul]s ( o!r places pay _! devotions to ,bel ( ,nippur4 ,s1 a k+ ( ,ki%1 ^: "n is read ,alu-u%>%id by ,pr(essor ,hilpre*t1#bf br+s co/ly vases ( m>ble & lime/one f ,elam & (f]s !m to ,bel z a tok5 ( victory2 & ?is at a p]iod ev5 e>li] ?an ,s>gon4 ,ev5 :5 ,en-lil is oblig$ to yield a modicum ( 8 au?ority to ! gr[+ supremacy ( ! patron deity ( ! city ( ,babylon1 ! highe/ tribute t c be paid to ! latt]1 is to comb9e ) 8 real "n1 ,m>duk1 ! title ( ,bel1 :i* ( "r belongs to ,en-lil4 ,we %all see h[ ?is comb9ation ( ,en-lil1 or ,bel1 ) ,m>duk reflects political *anges t took place 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley2 & x is a direct consequ5ce ( ?is lat] association ( ! old ,bel ( ,nippur ) ! *ief god ( ,babylon1 t ! orig9al traits ( ! =m] become obscur$ 9 ! hi/orical & religi\s texts4 ,dimm$ popul> traditions1 :i* w be set =? 9 _! prop] place1 po9t to 8 hav+ be5 at "o "t reg>d$ z a p[]ful *iefta9 arm$ ) mighty weapons1 b engag$ 9 conflicts = ! ultimate b5efit ( mank9d4 ,on ! :ole1 he is a b5efic5t deity1 ?\gh ready to inflict sev]e puni%m5t = disob$i5ce to 8 comm&s4 ,we mu/ di/+ui%1 !n1 9 ! case ( ,en-lil1 at lea/ f\r phases3 #a4 ,8 orig9al role z a local deity2 #b4 ,! ext5sion ( 8 p[] to ! grade ( a great '"l' ov] a l>ge di/rict2 #c4 ,dissociation f local orig9s to become ! supreme "l ( ! l[] _w2 & #d4 ,! transf] ( 8 "n & p[]s z god ( ,nippur to ,m>duk1 ! god ( ,babylon4 ,! la/ two phases c be/ be set =? :5 we come to ! p]iod1 m>k$ by ! political supremacy ( ! city ( ,babylon4 ,x is suffici5t1 at ?is po9t1 to h made cle> 8 position z god ( ,nippur4 ,n9-lil or ,belit4 ,! consort ( ,en-lil is ,n9-,lil1 ! 'mi/ress ( ! l[] _w4' ,%e is kn[n also z ,belit1 ! fem99e =m to ,bel1 i4e41 ! lady p> excell5ce4 ,%e1 too1 _h h] temple at ,nippur1 ! age ( :i* goes back1 at lea/1 to ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,ur4 ,b ! glory ( ! goddess pales by ! side ( h] p[]ful "l4 ,%e is naught b a weak reflection ( ,bel1 z 9 g5]al ! consorts ( ! gods are4 ,ano!r title by :i* ?is same goddess 0 kn[n is ,n9-kh>-sag4#bg :i* means ! 'lady ( ! high or great m\nta94' ,! title may h "s ref]5ce to ! great m\nta9 :]e ! gods 7 suppos$ to dwell1 & :i* 0 kn[n to ,babylonians z ! 'm\nta9 ( ! l&s4' ,bel1 z ! *ief ( ! gods1 is m p>ticul>ly associat$ ) ?is m\nta94 ,h5ce 8 temple is call$ ! 'm\nta9 h\se4' ,f be+ reg>d$ z ! inhabitant ( ! m\nta91 he comes to be id5tifi$ ) ! m\nta9 itself4 ,accord+ly1 he is sometimes address$ z ! great m\nta91#bh & 8 consort w\ld !re=e be appropriately t]m$ '! lady ( ! great m\nta94' ,besides ! temple at ,nippur1 ,belit1 z ,n9-kh>-sag1 _h a sanctu>y at ,girsu1 "o ( ! qu>t]s at ,laga% 7see "u ,n9-girsu71 ! e>lie/ m5tion ( :i* occurs on an inscription ( ,ur-,bau4 ,! latt] calls ! goddess '! "m ( ! gods1' :i* fur!r e/abli%es h] id5tity ) ! consort ( ,bel4 ,entem5a1 ano!r gov]nor ( ,laga%1 places 8 doma9 "u ! protection ( ,n9-kh>-sag4 ,! wor%ip at ,nippur1 h[ev]1 rema9$ mo/ prom95t4 ,! cont9u$ popul>ity ( h] cult is atte/$ by ! =tress ,dur-zak>1 :i* a lat] k+1 ,samsu-iluna 7c4 #bbjj71 erect$ 9 h] honor4 ,n9-girsu4 ,9 ! inscriptions ( ,gudea & ( 8 "t1 ! god mo/ prom95tly m5tion$ is ! ,"l ( ,girsu4 ,girsu itself1 z ! inscriptions %[1 is "o ( ! f\r sections into :i* ! capitol city ( ,laga% 0 divid$4 ,x 0 !re t ! temple /ood :i* 0 sacr$ to ! patron deity1 & we may conclude f ?is t ,girsu is ! olde/ "p ( ! city4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,laga% became ! g5]al "n = ! capitol ?r\gh be+ ! qu>t] :]e ! great palace ( ! k+ 0 erect$4 ,t ,girsu 0 once q di/9ct f ,laga% is also evid5t f ! title ( k+ ( ,girsu1 ) :i* a c]ta9 ,uru-kag9a1 :o is to be plac$ some:at be=e ,gudea1 cont5ts himself4 ,! o!r ?ree qu>t]s1 all ( :i* 7 orig9ally indep5d5t cities1 are ,uru-azagga1 ,n9a1 & app>5tly ,gi%-galla4#bi ,n9-girsu is frequ5tly t]m$ ! w>rior ( ,bel1--! "o :o 9 ! s]vice ( ! '"l ( ! l[] _w1' appe>s 9 ! ?ick ( ! fight1 to aid ! subjects ( ,bel4 ,9 ?is role1 he is id5tical ) a sol> deity :o enjoys especial prom95ce among ! w>like ,assyrians1 ^: "n is provisionally read ,n9-ib1 b ^: real "n may turn out to be ,ad>4#cj ,! rul]s ( ,laga% decl>e !mselves to h be5 *os5 = ! high (fice by ,n9-girsu1 & z if to comp5sate !mselves = ! degradation impli$ 9 be+ m]ely patesis1 or gov]nors1 s]v+ "u "s p[]ful *ief1 !y call !mselves ! patesis ( ,n9-girsu1 imply+ t ! god 0 ! ma/] to :om !y ow$ allegiance4 ,! temple sacr$ to him at ,girsu 0 call$ ,e-n9nu1 & also by a long] "n t describ$ ! god z ! "o ':o *anges d>kness into light1'--! ref]5ce be+ to ! sol> "* ( ! god ,n9-ib ) :om ,n9-girsu is id5tifi$4 ,9 ?is temple1 ,gudea & o!r rul]s place colossal /atues ( !mselves1 b temp] ! vanity impli$1 by inscrib+ on ! front & back ( ^! /atues1 an expression ( _! devotion to _! god4 ,to ,n9-girsu1 mo/ ( ! objects f\nd at ,tell-loh are d$icat$2 conspicu\s among :i* are ! _m clay cones1 t became ! conv5tional objects = votive (f]+s4 ,!re 0 ano!r side1 h[ev]1 to 8 nature1 besides ! bellig]5t "o4 ,z ! patron ( ,laga%1 he also presid$ ov] ! agricultural prosp]ity ( ! di/rict4 ,9 ?is role he is address$ z ,%ul-gur or ,%ul-gur-an1 i4e41 ! god ( ! corn heaps2 ,entem5a & 8 son ,enanna-tuma 9 erect+ a k9d ( /oreh\se :i* !y place "u ! protection ( ,n9-girsu1 decl>e t _! god is ,%ul-gur2#ca & an old hymn#cb id5tifies him ) ,tammuz1 ! p]sonification ( agricultural activity4 ,su* a comb9ation ( app>5tly oppos+ attributes is a natural consequ5ce ( ! trans=mation ( :at may orig9ally h be5 ! p]sonification ( natural =ces1 into local deities4 ,ea* field _h its protect+ _s1 b = ! city z a :ole1 a local deity1 ^: rule mirror$ ! control ( ! human *ief ov] 8 subjects1 alone 0 available4 ,to him :o wat*$ ov] all ?+s p]ta9+ to ! welf>e ( ! t]ritory com+ "u 8 jurisdiction1 v>i\s attributes1 z occasion requir$1 7 ascrib$1 & q ap>t f 8 orig9al "*1 ! god c\ld ?us be reg>d$1 z ! w>rior & ! peaceful husb&man at ! same "t4 ,bau4 ,p]haps ! mo/ prom95t ( ! goddesses 9 ! anci5t ,babylonian p]iod 0 ,bau4 ,"o ( ! rul]s ( ,laga% has embodi$ ! "n ( ! goddess 9 8 "n1 call+ himself ,ur-,bau4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to f9d him m especially devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ?is deity4 ,he does n tire ( s++ h] praises1 & ( speak+ ( ! temple he erect$ 9 h] honor4 ,/ill1 ,ur-,bau does n /& alone 9 8 devotion2 ,uru-kag9a1 ,gudea1 & o!rs ref] to ,bau frequ5tly1 :ile 9 ! incantation texts1 %e is invok$ z ! great "m1 :o gives bir? to mank9d & re/ores ! body to heal?4 ,9 ! old ,babylonian inscriptions %e is call$ ! *ief daught] ( ,anu1 ! god ( heav54 ,among h] titles1 ! "o mo/ frequ5tly giv5 is t ( 'good lady4' ,%e is ! '"m' :o fixes ! de/9ies ( m5 & provides 'abundance' = ! till]s ( ! soil4 ,gudea calls h] 8 mi/ress1 & decl>es t x is %e :o fills him ) spee*1--a phrase ^: mean+ seems to be t to ,bau he owes ! p[] he wields4 ,locally1 %e is id5tifi$ ) ,uru-azagga 7mean+ 'brilliant t[n'71 a qu>t] ( ,laga%2 & x 0 !re t h] temple /ood4 ,z a consequ5ce1 we f9d h] 9 close association ) ,n9-girsu1 ! god ( ,girsu4 ,we may inde$ g fur!r & assume t ,girsu & ,uru-azagga are ! two olde/ qu>t]s ( ! city1 ! comb9ation ( ! two repres5t+ ! fir/ natural /eps 9 ! developm5t ( ! pr9cipality1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ,laga%1 ?r\gh ! addition ( o!r qu>t]s#cc4 ,%e is inde$ explicitly call$ ! consort ( ,n9-girsu2 & ?is relation is impli$ also1 9 ! int]e/+ phrase us$ by ,gudea1 :o pres5ts gifts to ,bau 9 ! "n ( ,n9-girsu1 & calls !m 'm>riage gifts'4#cd ,x is int]e/+ to f9d1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 ! evid5ce = ! cu/om t /ill prevails 9 ! ,ori5t1 :i* makes ! gifts ( ! bridegroom to 8 *os5 "o1 an indisp5sable =mality4#ce ,^! gifts 7 (f]$ on ! ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 kn[n z ,zag-muk1 & ! importance ( ! wor%ip ( ,bau is evid5c$ by ! designation ( ?is day1 z ! fe/ival ( ,bau4 ,! (f]+s1 !mselves1 consi/ ( lambs1 %eep1 birds1 fi%1 cream1 besides dates & v>i\s o!r fruits4 ,:5 ,uru-azagga becomes a "p ( ,laga%1 ,bau's dignity is height5$ to t ( '"m ( ,laga%4' ,z ! consort ( ,n+irsu1 %e is id5tifi$ ) ! goddess ,gula1 ! "n m commonly appli$ to ! 'pr9cely mi/ress' ( ,n9-ib1 ^: wor%ip cont9ues d[n to ! days ( ! neo-,babylonian mon>*y4 ,x is q c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,bau is orig9ally an indep5d5t goddess1 & t ! association ( ,uru-azagga & ,girsu#cf lead to h] id5tification ) ,gula4 ,reg>d+ h] orig9al nature1 a c]ta9 index is h] "* z daught] ( ,anu4 ,anu be+ ! god ( heav51 ,bau mu/ be s\ght 9 ! upp] realm ( p]sonifi$ =ces1 r ?an else:]e2 b exactly :i* "o %e is1 x is difficult to say4 ,hommel1 inde$1#cg is ( op9ion t %e is ! p]sonifi$ wat]y dep?1 ! primitive *aos :i* has only ! heav5s above x2 b 9 giv+ ?is explanation1 he is influ5c$ by ! desire to connect ! "n ( ,bau ) ! fam\s t]m = *aos 9 ,g5esis1 ,tohu-wa-bohu4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no pro( :atsoev] t ,bau & ,bohu h any?+ to d ) "o ano!r4 ,a goddess :o c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ,bau is ,ga-tum-dug4#ch ,inde$1 f ! fact t %e is also ! '"m ( ,laga%1' x might seem t ?is is b ano!r "n = ,bau4 ,h[ev]1 else:]e1 9 two li/s ( deities invok$ by ,gudea 7,inscr4 ,b1 col4 ii4 #ag71 ,ga-tum-dug is giv5 a sep>ate place by ! side ( ,bau1 once plac$ be=e & once aft] ! latt]2 & x is cle> !re=e t %e 0 orig9ally di/9ct f ,bau4 ,= ,gudea1 ,ga-tum-dug is ! "m :o produc$ him4 ,he is h] s]vant & %e is 8 mi/ress4 ,laga% is h] belov$ city1 & !re he prep>es = h] a dwell+-place1 :i* lat] rul]s1 l ,ent5a1 embelli%4 ,%e is call$ ! 'brilliant' 7,azag71 b z ?is title is m]ely a play ^u ! elem5t f\nd 9 ! city1 ,uru-azagga1 sacr$ to ,bau1 n mu* /ress is to be laid ^u ?is designation4 ,un=tunately1 too1 ! elem5ts compos+ h] "n are n cle>1#ci & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! read+ is purely provisional4 ,s mu*1 at lea/1 seems c]ta93 t ,bau & ,ga-tum-dug are two =ms "u :i* "o & ! same natural elem5t 0 p]sonifi$4 ,bau is call$ 9 ! incantation texts1 ! "m ( ,ea4 ,! latt] be+ di/9ctly a wat] god1 we may conclude t 9 "s way1 ,bau is to be connect$ ) wat] z a natural elem5t4 ,! conjecture may be haz>d$ t %e p]sonifies orig9ally ! wat]s ( ! upp] realm--! cl\ds4 ,s9ce ,ea1 :o is h] son1 repres5ts ! wat]s ( ! l[] realm1 ! relation ( "m & son reflects p]haps a primitive conception ( ! orig9 ( ! deep1 ?r\gh ! desc5t ( ! upp] wat]s4 ,:5 we come to ! cosmogony ( ! ,babylonians1 x w be se5 t ?is conception ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! two realms ( wat]s is a fundam5tal "o4 ,?is "* z a _s ( ! wat]y elem5ts is %>$ by o!rs ( ! goddesses appe>+ 9 ! old ,babylonian inscriptions4#dj ,en-ki or ,ea4 ,?is god1 :o1 z we %all see1 becomes mo/ prom95t 9 ! develop$ =m ( ,babylonian !ology1 does n occupy ! place "o %\ld expect 9 ! e>ly ,babylonian inscriptions4 ,ur-,bau erects a sanctu>y to ,ea1 at ,girsu4 ,ano!r ( ! gov]nors ( ,laga% calls himself1 prie/ ( ,ea1 describ+ ! god z ! supreme c\ncillor4 ,f him1 ! k+ receives wisdom4#da ,a rul]1 ,rim-,s91 ( ! dyna/y ( ,l>sa1 associates ,ea ) ,bel1 decl>+ t ^! great gods entru/$ ,uruk into 8 h&s ) ! injunction to rebuild ! city t _h fall5 9 ru9s4 ,! ideograms1 ) :i* 8 "n is writt51 ,en-ki1 designate him z god ( t ':i* is bel[1'--! e>? 9 ! fir/ place2 b ) a m precise diff]5tiation ( ! functions ( ! great gods1 ,ea becomes ! god ( ! wat]s ( ! deep4 ,:5 ?is /age ( belief is rea*$1 ,ea is frequ5tly associat$ ) ,bel1 :o1 x w be recall$1 is ! 'god ( ! l[] region1' b :o becomes ! god ( e>? p> excell5ce4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,bel & ,ea are invok$1 x is equival5t1 9 mod]n p>lance1 to call+ ^u e>? & wat]2 & j z ,bel is us$ to p]sonify1 z x 71 ! unification ( ! e>?ly =ces1 s ,ea becomes1 9 a compreh5sive s5se1 ! wat]y deep4 ,ea & ,bel assume !re=e conspicu\s proportions 9 ! develop$ ,babylonian cosmogony & !ology4 ,9 ! cosmogony1 ,bel is ! creator & *ampion ( mank9d1 & ,ea is ! subt]ranean deep :i* surr\nds ! e>?1 ! s\rce ( wisdom & culture2 9 ! !ology1 ,ea & ,bel are pictur$ 9 ! relation ( fa!r & son1 :o1 9 conc]t1 are appeal$ to1 :5 mis=tune or disease ov]takes ! sons ( man2 ,ea1 ! fa!r1 be+ ! p]sonification ( k1 & ,bel1 ! practical activity t 'emanates f wisdom1' z ,pr(essor ,sayce1#db adopt+ ! language ( ,gno/icism1 aptly puts x2 only t1 z already sugge/$1 ,m>duk assumes ! role ( ! old] ,bel4 ,conf9+ ourselves "h to ! e>li] phases ( ,ea1 x seems probable t he 0 orig9ally reg>d$ z ! god ( ,eridu1--"o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! holy cities ( ,s\!rn ,babylonia1 n[ repres5t$ by ,abu-,%ahre91 & :i* once /ood on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,ur-,bau expressly calls ! god ! 'k+ ( ,eridu4' ,! sacr$ness ( ! place is atte/$ by ,gudea1 :o boa/s ( hav+ made ! temple ( ,n9-girsu z sacr$ z ,eridu4#dc ,x is ov] ?is city t ,ea wat*es4 ,! importance ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! gr[? ( ! city1 w\ld make x natural to place ! seat ( ! god 9 ! wat]s !mselves4 ,! cult ( wat]-deities arises1 naturally1 at places :i* are situat$ on l>ge %eets ( wat]2 & 9 ! attributes ( wisdom :i* an old] age ascrib$ to ,ea1 !re may be se5 ! embodim5t ( ! tradition t ! c\rse ( civilization proce$s f ! s\?4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf ov] ! o!r wat]s ( ,babylon--ov] ! two great riv]s ) _! tribut>y /reams & canals--w\ld be ano!r factor t w\ld lead to ! god ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf be+ reg>d$ z ! p]sonification ( ! wat]y elem5t 9 g5]al4 ,= ! ,babylonians1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 /ret*+ out indef9itely1 & to all appe>ances "o ) ! great ocean ^: ult]ior %ores c\ld n be rea*$1 0 ! great ',okeanos1' t fl[$ ar\nd ! e>? & on :i* ! e>? re/$4 ,ea1 accord+ly 7some:at l ,en-lil71 0 delocaliz$1 z x 71 & 8 wor%ip 0 ma9ta9$ long aft] ! recollection ( 8 connection ) ,eridu _h all b disappe>$4 ,at ! same "t1 = ! v reason t he 0 cut loose f local associations1 no place c\ld lay claim to be+ ! seat ( ! deity4 ,ur-,bau1 :5 erect+ a sanctu>y to ,ea at ,girsu1 significantly calls ! god '! k+ ( ,eridu4' ,! sanctu>y is n1 9 ?is case1 ! dwell+-place ( ! god4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 go+ back _m c5turies1 be=e rea*+ ! p]iod :5 ,ea 01 m]ely1 ! local god ( ,eridu4 ,:e!r ,ea is to be reg>d$ z ! real "n ( ! god1 or is also an ideograph l ,en-ki1 is aga9 op5 to d\bt4 ,if ,ea is ! real pronunciation1 !n ! writ+ ( ! "n is a play ^u ! "* ( ! deity1 = x is compos$ ( two elem5ts t signify 'h\se' & 'wat]1'--! "n ?us sugge/+ ! "* & real seat ( ! deity4 ,a po9t 9 favor ( reg>d+ ,ea z ! real "n1 albeit n decisive1 is ! frequ5t use ( ! unmi/akable ideographic description ( ! god z ,en-ki4 ,! consort ( ,ea :o is ,dam-k9a also occurs 9 ! hi/orical texts ( ! fir/ p]iod4 ,! orig9 ( ,babylonian civilization at ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 toge!r ) ! dep5d5ce ( ,babylonia = h] f]tility ^u ! /reams & canals1 acc\nt = ! num]\s wat]-deities to be f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,babylonian pan!on1 "s ( :i* h already be5 discuss$4 ,we w meet ) o!rs fur!r on4 ,e /ream1 l>ge or small1 hav+ its special protect+ deity1 ! numb] ( wat]-deities naturally increases z ! l& becomes m & m dissect$ by ! canal sy/em t condition$ ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,ea1 z we %all see1 appe>s "u an unusually l>ge numb] ( names4#dd ,"o ( ^! is ,n9-a-gal1 :i*1 signify+ 'god ( great /r5g?1' is giv5 to him z ! patron ( ! smi?'s art4#de ,a god ( ?is "n is m5tion$ by ,ur-,bau1#df :o speaks ( a sanctu>y erect$ 9 honor ( ?is deity4 ,b s9ce ! k+ ref]s to ,ea 7z ,en-ki7 a few l9es previ\s1 x w\ld appe> t at ?is p]iod ,n9-agal is /ill an indep5d5t deity4 ,! lat] id5tification ) ,ea appe>s to be due to ! idea ( '/r5g?' involv$ 9 ! "n ( ,n9-agal4 ,9 ! same way1 _m ( ! names ( ,ea 7 orig9ally descriptive ( indep5d5t gods :o1 because ( ! simil>ity ( _! functions to ^? ( ! great ,ea1 7 absorb$ by ! latt]4 ,_! names transf]r$ to ,ea1 are frequ5tly ! only trace left ( _! orig9al indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,n]gal4 ,n]gal1 ! local deity ( ,cu?ah 7or ,kutu71 repres5t$ by ! m\nd ,tell-,ibrahim1 "s di/ance to ! ea/ ( ,babylon1 0 ( an entirely diff]5t "* f ,ea1 b 8 hi/ory 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,babylonian religion is h>dly less int]e/+4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( 8 fam\s temple at ,cu?ah is f\nd 9 an inscription ( ,dungi 7to be read ,ba'u-uk91 accord+ to ,w9ckl]#dg7 :o belongs to ! second dyna/y ( ,ur 7c4 #bgjj ,b4,c474 ,its orig91 h[ev]1 belongs to a /ill e>li] p]iod4 ,su* 0 ! fame ( ! temple kn[n z ,e-%id-lam1 & ! clos5ess ( ! connection betwe5 ! deity & 8 favorite seat1 t ,n]gal himself became kn[n z %id-lam-ta-ud-du-a1 i4e41 ! god t rises up f ,e-%id-lam4 ,x is by ?is epi!t t ! same ,dungi describes him 9 "o ( 8 inscriptions4#dh ,d[n to ! late/ p]iod ( ,assyro-,babylonian hi/ory1 ,n]gal rema9s id5tifi$ ) ,kutu1 be+ kn[n at all times z ! god ( ,kutu4#di ,:5 ,s>gon1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 ^u 8 conque/ ( ! k+dom ( ,israel 7c4 #gbb ,b4,c471 br\ght p f ,babylon1 ,cu?ah1 ,ava1 & s =?1 across to ! l&s ( ! ,jordan to take ! place ( ! deport$ ,israelites1 ! ,hebrew n>rator 7,,ii ,k+s1 xvii4 #bd-ce7 tells u 9 an int]e/+ mann] ( ! obnoxi\s =eign wor%ip :i* ^! p br\ght to ! l&1 ea* division br++ ! gods ( _! place ) !m4 ,! m5 ( ,cu?ah1 he adds 7v4 #cj71 made a /atue ( ,n]gal4 ,s+amil1 ( ! dyna/y1 hav+ its capital at ,uruk 7c4 #bgej ,b4,c471 likewise te/ifies to 8 devotion to ,n]gal by busy+ himself ) improvem5ts & additions to 8 temple at ,cu?ah4 ,8 wor%ip1 !re=e1 0 n conf9$ to ^? :o happ5$ to reside at ,cu?ah2 & closely z he is id5tifi$ ) ! place1 ! "* ( ! god is a g5]al & n a special "o4 ,! full =m ( 8 "n appe>s to h be5 ,n]-unu-gal1 ( :i* ,n]gal1 furni%$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t passage ref]r$ to1 w\ld !n be a contraction or a some:at corrupt =m4 ,! ?ree elem5ts compos+ 8 "n signify ! mighty "o ( ! great dwell+-place1 b x is1 aga91 an op5 "q :e!r ?is is a m]e play ^u ! "* ( ! god1 z 9 ! "n ( ,ea 7accord+ to "o ( ! int]pretations above sugge/$71 or :e!r x is an ideographic =m ( ! "n4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t %[s1 conclusively1 t ! "n _h "s su* pronunciation z ,n]gal4 ,j5s51 f o!r evid5ces1 incl9es to ! op9ion t ! writ+ ,n]-unu-gal is ! result ( a species ( etymology1 br\ght ab\t by ! prom95ce giv5 to ,n]gal z ! god ( ! region ( ! dead4 ,x is 9 ?is capacity t he already appe>s 9 ! inscription ( ,s+amil1 :o calls him 'k+ ( ! ne!r _w4' ,! great dwell+-place1 !re=e1 is cle>ly ! dom9ion ov] :i* ,n]gal rules1 & :5 we come to ! cosmogony ( ! ,babylonians1#ej x w be f\nd t ?is epi!t = ! ne!r _w--! great dwell+-place--accords ) _! conception ( ! life aft] dea?4 ,b :ile ,n]gal1 ) a ho/ ( less] demons ab\t him1 appe>s z ! ,babylonian ,pluto1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! religi\s texts1 8 functions are n limit$ to ! control ( ! dead4 ,he is ! p]sonification ( "s ( ! evils t br+ dea? to mank9d1 p>ticul>ly pe/il5ce & w>4 ,! dea? t foll[s 9 8 pa? is a viol5t "o1 & 8 de/ructive =ce is "o t acts ^u l>ge masses r ?an ^u ! individual4 ,h5ce1 "o ( ! mo/ common ideographs us$ to express 8 "n is t :i* signifies 'sword4' ,w> & pe/il5ce are intimately associat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,babylonians4 ,among o!r nations1 ! sword is1 simil>ly1 ! symbol ( ! deity1 z ! plague-br+] z well z ! w>rior4 ,to ?is day1 a pe/il5ce is ! g5]al accompanim5t ( w> 9 ! ,ea/1 or foll[s 9 its wake4 ,diff]5t f ,n9-ib1 :o is also a god ( w>1 ,n]gal symbolizes m p>ticul>ly ! de/ruction :i* accompanies w>1 & n ! /rong *ampion :o aids 8 subjects 9 ! fight4 ,n]gal is ess5tially a de/roy]1 & ! v>i\s epi!ts appli$ to him 9 ! religi\s texts1 %[ t he 0 view$ 9 ?is light4 ,he is at times ! 'god ( fire1' aga9 '! rag+ k+1' '! viol5t "o' '! "o :o burns'2 & f9ally id5tifi$ ) ! gl[+ heat ( flame4 ,(t51 he is describ$ by ^! attributes1 in/ead ( be+ call$ by 8 real "n4#ea ,dr4 ,j5s5 has rec5tly %[n 9 a satisfactory mann]1 t ?is phase ( 8 "* mu/ be ! />t+-po9t 9 trac+ ! ord] ( 8 developm5t4 ,z ! 'gl[+ flame1' ,n]gal is evid5tly a phase ( ! sun1 & ,j5s5 proves t ! functions & aspects ( ! sun at diff]5t p]iods be+ diff]5tiat$ among ! ,babylonians1 ,n]gal is m especially ! hot sun ( midsumm] or midday1 ! de/ructive =ce ( :i* 0 ! *ief feature t di/+ui%$ x4 ,! hot sun ( ,babylonia1 t burns ) fi]ce int5sity1 br+s pe/il5ce & dea?1 & c>ries on a sev]e conte/ aga9/ man4 ,f be+ ! cause ( dea?1 x is b a /ep1 & a natural "o1 to make ,n]gal preside ov] ! region1 prep>$ = ^? :om he has de/roy$4 ,! c\rse tak5 by ,babylonian !ology is responsible = ! prom95ce giv5 to ! latt] role ( ,n]gal1 :i* f9ally ov]%ad[s 8 o!r phases to ! ext5t ( sugge/+ ! fanciful int]pretation ( 8 "n z ! 'rul] ( ! great dwell+ place = ! dead4' ,9 ! light ( ! facts set =?1 ano!r explanation = 8 "n mu/ be look$ = t w\ld connect ! god ) sol> functions4 ,! "n may 9 fact be divid$ into two elem5ts1 ! fir/ hav+ ! =ce ( *ief or rul]1 ! second 'great4' ,! comb9ation w\ld be an appropriate designation = ! sun1 9 ! role ( a de/ructive p[]4 ,b ,n]gal1 aft] all1 repres5ts only "o phase ( ! sun-god4 ,! god :o 0 wor%ipp$ z ! p]sonification ( ! sun p> excell5ce & ! sun z a :ole1 0 ,%ama%4 ,writt5 ) an ideograph t describes him z ! 'god ( ! day1' !re is no deity ^: wor%ip enjoys an equally cont9u$ popul>ity 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,beg9n+ at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 & rea*+ to ! late/1 8 wor%ip suff]s no int]ruption4 ,%ama%1 moreov]1 ma9ta9s 8 orig9al "* ) sc>cely any modification ?r\gh\t ?is long p]iod4 ,= all t1 he be>s a "n :i* signifies 'att5dant' or 's]vitor1' & :i* suffici5tly %[s ! subsidi>y position t he occupi$ 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,"o ( ! rul]s belong+ to ! dyna/y ( ,is9 calls ! sun-god1 ! (fspr+ ( ,nann>1--"o ( ! names ( ! moon-god1--& ! la/ k+ ( ,babylonia1 ,nabonn$os1 does ! same4 ,9 comb9ation ) ! moon-god1 ! latt] takes prec$5ce ( ,%ama%1#eb & 9 ! enum]ation ( ! complete pan!on1 9 ! inscriptions ( bo? ,assyrian & ,babylonian k+s1 ! same ord] is pres]v$4 ,o!r evid5ce t po9ts to ! sup]ior rank accord$ to ,s91 ! moon-god ov] ! sun deity 9 ,babylonia1 is ! reckon+ ( "t by ! moon phases4 ,! day beg9s ) ! ev5+1 & n ) sunrise4 ,! moon1 z ! *ief ( ! />ry firmam5t1 & controll+ ! fate ( mank9d1 0 ! ma9 factor 9 giv+ to ! orb ( night1 ?is peculi> prom95ce4 ,! 's]vice1' accord+ly impli$ 9 ! "n ( ,%ama% appe>s to h be5 su* z 0 dem&$ by 8 subsidi>y position to ! moon-god4 ,beyond ! g5]al recognition1 h[ev]1 ( ?is relation%ip betwe5 ! two1 x does n appe> t ! wor%ip paid to ,%ama%1 0 at all affect$ by ! second>y place1 t he cont9u$ to hold 9 ! !oretically con/ruct$ pan!on4 ,less ?an is ! case ) ! o!r gods1 is he id5tifi$ ) any p>ticul> city1 & we !re=e f9d 9 ! mo/ anci5t p]iod1 two c5t]s ( ,s\!rn ,babylonia claim+ ,%ama% z _! patron sa9t1--,l>sa1 repres5t$ by ! m\nd ( ,s5k]eh1 & ,sipp>1 occupy+ ! site ( ! mod]n ,abu-,habba4 ,x is difficult to say :i* ( ! two 0 ! old]2 ! latt]1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ov]%ad[$ ! fame ( ! =m]1 & its hi/ory c be trac$ back consid]ably beyond ! sun-wor%ip at ,l>sa1 ! fir/ m5tion ( :i* occurs 9 ! inscriptions ( rul]s ( ! second dyna/y ( ,ur 7c4 #bijj ,b4,c474 ,s9ce ,ur1 z we %all see1 0 sacr$ to ! moon-god1 x is h>dly likely t ! ,%ama% cult 0 introduc$ at ,l>sa by ! rul]s ( ,ur4 ,! k+s ( ,ur w\ld n h =feit$ ! protection ( ,s91 by any manife/ation ( pref]5ce = ,%ama%4 ,:5 ,ur-,gur1 !re=e1 tells u t he 'built' a temple to ,%ama% at ,l>sa1 he mu/ mean1 z ,s9-idd9a ( ! dyna/y ( ,l>sa does1 9 us+ ! same phrase1 t he enl>g$ or improv$ ! edifice4 ,:at makes x all ! m likely t ,ur-,gur f\nd sun-wor%ip at ,l>sa 9 exi/5ce is1 t 9 ! v>i\s places ov] :i* ?is rul] spread 8 build+ activity1 he is c>eful 9 ea* case to pres]ve ! /atus ( ! presid+ deity4 ,s at ,nippur1 he engages 9 "w at ! temples ( ,en-lil & ( ,n9-lil2 :ile at ,uruk he devotes himself to ! temple ( ,nana4 ,9 ?us connect+ _! names ) ! v>i\s sacr$ edifices ( ,babylonia1 ! rul]s emphasiz$1 on ! "o h&1 _! control ( ! t]ritory 9 :i* ! build+ lay1 & on ! o!r1 _! allegiance to ! deity ( ! place1 ^: protection & favor !y s\ght to ga94 ,! m5tion ( a temple to ,%ama% at ,sipp> rev]ts to a /ill e>li] p]iod ?an t ( its rival4 ,nabonn$os tells u t x 0 f\nd$ by ,n>am-,s94 ,s>gon has put 8 "n on "s object#ec t he d$icates to ! sun-god at ,sipp>4 ,t !re 0 an hi/orical connection betwe5 ! two temples may be conclud$ f ! fact t ! "n ( ! sacr$ edifices 0 ! same 9 bo?1--,e-babb>a1 signify+ ! 'h\se ( lu/re4' ,su* a simil>ity po9ts to a dep5d5ce ( "o ^u ! o!r1 & ! transf] or ext5sion ( ! wor%ip directly f "o place to ! o!r2 b1 z intimat$1 we h no c]ta9 means ( det]m9+ :i* ( ! two is ! old]4 ,9 view ( ! g5]al obs]vation to be made 9 :at p]ta9s to ! religion ( ! ,babylonians1 t fame & age g h& 9 h&1 ! balance is 9 favor ( ,sipp>1 :i* became by f> ! m fam\s ( ! two1 receiv$ a great] %>e ( popul> affection1 & reta9$ its prom95ce to ! clos+ days ( ! neo-,babylonian mon>*y4 ,we %all h occasion 9 a succe$+ *apt] to trace ! hi/ory ( ! sun-temple at ,sipp> s f> z kn[n4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,nabonn$os1 feel+ ! end ( 8 p[] to be ne>1 und]takes1 z "o ( ! la/ resorts1 ! re/oration ( ?is edifice1 9 ! hope t by ?us turn+ once m to ! p[]ful ,%ama%1 he might secure 8 protection1 9 addition to t ( ,m>duk1 ! head ( ! lat] ,babylonian pan!on4 ,9 ,ur itself1 ,%ama% 0 also wor%ipp$ 9 e>ly days by ! side ( ! moon-god4 ,eannatum1 ( ! dyna/y ( ,is9 7c4 #bhjj ,b4,c471 tells ( two temples erect$ to him at t place2 & /ill a ?ird edifice1 sacr$ to bo? ,nann> 7! moon god7 & ,%ama% at ,ur1 is ref]r$ to by a k+ ( ! ,l>sa dyna/y1 ,rim-,s9 7c4 #bcjj ,b4,c474 ,! titles giv5 to ,%ama% by ! e>ly rul]s are suffici5tly def9ite to %[ 9 :at relation he /ood to 8 wor%ipp]s1 & :at ! conceptions 7 t 7 =m$ ( him4 ,he is1 alt]nately1 ! k+ & ! %eph]d4 ,s9ce ! k+s also call$ !mselves %eph]ds1 no especial ende>m5t is convey$ by ?is designation4 ,9 ! incantations1 ,%ama% is frequ5tly appeal$ to1 ei!r alone1 or :5 an entire gr\p ( spirits & deities are enum]at$4 ,he is call$ ^u to give life to ! sick man4 ,to him ! body ( ! "o :o is smitt5 ) disease is confid$4 ,z ! god ( light1 he is appropriately call$ ^u to bani% 'd>kness' f ! h\se1 d>kness be+ synonym\s ) mis=tune2 & ! appeal is made to him m p>ticul>ly z ! 'k+ ( judgm5t4' ,f ?is1 x is evid5t t ! b5efic5t action ( ! sun1 0 ! phase associat$ ) ,%ama%4 ,he 0 hail$ z ! god t gives light & life to all ?+s1 ^u ^: favor ! prosp]ity ( ! fields & ! well-be+ ( man dep5d4 ,he creates ! light & secures its bless+s = mank9d4 ,8 favor produces ord] & /ability2 8 wra? br+s discomfiture & ru9 to ! /ate & ! individual4 ,b 8 p[] 01 p]haps1 be/ express$ by ! title ( judge--! favorite "o 9 ! num]\s hymns t 7 compos$ 9 8 honor4 ,he 0 repres5t$ z seat$ on a ?rone 9 ! *amb] ( judgm5t1 receiv+ ! supplications ( m51 & accord+ z he manife/$ 8 favor or )drew x1 enact+ ! "p ( ! decid] ( fates4 ,he loos5s ! bonds ( ! imprison$1 grants heal? to ! sick1 & ev5 revivifies ! dead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he puts an end to wick$ness & de/roys enemies4 ,he makes ! weak /rong1 & prev5ts ! /rong f cru%+ ! weak4 ,f be+ ! judge1 &1 moreov]1 ! supreme judge ( ! _w1 x 0 b natural t ! conception ( ju/ice 0 b\nd up ) him4 ,8 light became symbolical ( righte\sness1 & ! abs5ce ( x1 or d>kness1 0 view$ z wick$ness4 ,m5 & gods look expectantly = 8 light4 ,he is ! guide ( ! gods1 z well z ! rul] ( m54 ,:ile !re are no direct indications 9 ! hi/orical texts kn[n at pres5t1 t ?is conception ( ! sun-god exi/$ 9 all its details be=e ! days ( ,hammurabi1 !re is e reason to believe t ?is 0 ! case2 ! m s1 9 t x does n at all transc5d ! range ( religi\s ideas t we h met ) 9 ! case ( ! o!r gods ( ?is p]iod4 ,nor does ?is conception 9 any way betray itself1 z be+ due to ! *ang$ political conditions t set 91 ) ! union ( ! /ates "u ,hammurabi4 ,/ill1 ! age ( ! religi\s texts n be+ fix$1 x is ?us necess>y to ex]cise "s caution be=e us+ !m )\t ! basis ( an allusion 9 ! hi/orical texts4 ,utu4 ,x b rema9s1 be=e pass+ on1 to note t ! same deity appe>s "u v>i\s names4 ,among ^! are ,utu#ed & app>5tly also ,babb>#ee 9 ! old ,babylonian inscriptions4 ,= ! latt]1 a ,semitic etymology is =?com+1 & we may !re=e reg>d x z repres5t+ a real pronunciation1 & n an ideographic writ+4 ,babb>1 a contract$ =m f ,b>b>1 is ! r$uplication ( ! same /em b>#ef t we h already met )1 9 ! "n ( ! temple sacr$ to ,%ama%4 ,l ,e-babb>a1 !re=e1 ,babb> is ! brilliantly %9+ "o1--a mo/ appropriate "n = ! sun1 & "o frequ5tly appli$ to him 9 ! religi\s texts4 ,z to ,utu1 !re is "s d\bt :e!r x repres5ts a real pronunciation or n4 ,my own op9ion is t x does1 & t ! und]ly+ /em is atu1 :i* 9 ,babylonian has almo/ ! same mean+ z b> or b>u1 viz41 'to see4' ',utu' w\ld ?us aga9 designate ! sun z 't :i* %9es =?4' ,x w be recall$1 t o!r in/ances h be5 not$ ( ! same god appe>+ "u diff]5t names4 ,! mo/ natural explanation = ?is ph5om5on is1 t ! v>iation corresponds to ! diff]5t localities :]e ! god 0 wor%ipp$4 ,! id5tification w\ld n be made until ! union ( ! v>i\s ,babylonian /ates _h be5 a*iev$4 ,su* a union w\ld be a pot5t factor 9 sy/ematiz+ ! pan!on4 ,:5 once x 0 recogniz$ t ! v>i\s names repres5t$1 9 reality1 "o & ! same deity1 x w\ld n be long be=e ! "n1 peculi> to ! place :]e ! wor%ip 0 mo/ prom95t1 w\ld set ! o!rs aside or r$uce !m to m]e epi!ts4 ,x may well be t ,%ama% 0 ! "n giv5 to ! god at ,sipp>1 :]eas at ,ur he may h be5 kn[n z ,utu4 ,ur-,bau 7( ! fir/ ,ur dyna/y7 calls him ,utu also1 :5 speak+ ( ! temple at ,l>sa1 b x w\ld be natural = ! k+s ( ,ur to call ! sun-god ( ,l>sa by ! same "n t he _h 9 ,ur4 ,t ,hammurabi1 h[ev]1 calls ! sun-god ( ,l>sa1 ,utu1 may be tak5 z an indication t1 z su* he 0 kn[n at t place1 = s9ce we h no record ( a sun-temple at ,babylon 9 ^! days1 !re w\ld be no motive t might induce him to transf] a "n1 o!rwise kn[n to him1 to ano!r place4 ,! te/imony ( ,hammurabi is !re=e z direct z t ( ,s>gon1 :o calls ! sun-god ( ,sipp>1 ,%ama%4 ,x is n always possible to det]m9e1 ) z mu* %[ ( probability1 z 9 ! case ( ! sun-god1 ! di/ribution ( ! v>i\s names1 b ! g5]al conclusion1 = all t1 is w>rant$ 9 e in/ance1 t a v>iety ( names ref]s1 orig9ally1 to an equal v>iety ( places ov] :i* ! wor%ip 0 spread1--only t c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to di/+ui% betwe5 di/9ctive names & m]e epi!ts4 ,a4 ,a consort ( ! sun-deity1 appe>+ frequ5tly at 8 side 9 ! incantation texts1 is ,a4 ,x is m p>ticul>ly ) ! ,%ama% ( ,sipp>1 t ,a is associat$4 ,%e is simply ! 'belov$ "o' ( ! sun-deity1 ) no special "* ( h] own4 ,9 ! hi/orical texts1 h] role is q insignificant1 & = ! p]iod ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$ %e is only m5tion$ once by a ,nor? ,babylonian rul]1 ,ma-an-i%-tu-su1#eg :o d$icates an object to h]4 ,! read+ ( ! ideogram ,a1 or ,n9-,a 7i4e41 ,lady ,a71 is d\btful4 ,malkatu 7mi/ress or que57 is (f]$ z a plausible conjecture4#eh ,lehman 7,keils ,bibl4 iii4 ,i1 #bjb7 sugge/s ,a-,ja1 b on insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,9 any case ,a has ! =ce ( mi/ress1 & ,n9-,a simply designates ! goddess z ! lady1 mi/ress1 or que54 ,x is likely t ,a 0 orig9ally an indep5d5t deity1 & "o ( ! names ( ! sun-god 9 a p>ticul> locality4 ,x occurs 9 prop] names z a title ( ,%ama%4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( becom+ id5tifi$ ) ,%ama%1 ,a deg5]at$ into a pale reflection ( ,%ama%1 pictur$ "u ! relation%ip ( consort to him4 ,?is may h be5 due to ! union ( ,%ama% ) ! place :]e ,a 0 wor%ipp$4 ,if1 z seems likely1 t ne> ,sipp>1 !re 0 ano!r city on ! o!r side ( ! ,euphrates1 =m+ a suburb to x 7z ,borsippa did to ,babylon71 ! conclusion is p]haps w>rant$ t ,a 0 orig9ally ! sun-god wor%ipp$ at ! place :i* aft]w>ds became incorporat$ ) ,sipp>4#ei ,su* an amalgamation ( two orig9ally male deities into a comb9ation ( male & female1 /range z x may seem to u1 is 9 keep+ ) ! lack ( %>p di/9ction betwe5 male & female 9 ! olde/ =ms ( ,semitic religions4 ,9 ! old cunei=m writ+ ! same sign is us$ to indicate "l or lady :5 atta*$ to deities4 ,i%t> appe>s among ,semites bo? z a male#fj & z a female deity4 ,sex 0 prim>ily a "q ( /r5g?4 ,! /rong] god 0 view$ z mascul9e2 ! weak] z fem99e4 ,nann> & ,s94 ,nann>1 a r$uplicat$ =m l ,babb>1 ) ! assimilation ( ! fir/ r to n 7n>-n> nann>71 has v mu* ! same mean+ z ,babb>4 ,! latt]1 z we h se51 is ! lu/r\s "o1 ! =m]1 ! "o t furni%es light4 ,! simil>ity 9 mean+ is 9 keep+ ) ! simil>ity ( function ( ! two deities1 ?us nam$3 ,babb> be+ ! sun & ,nann>1 ! moon4 ,x 0 "u ! "n ( ,nann> t ! moon-god 0 wor%ipp$ at ,ur1 ! mo/ fam\s & probably ! olde/ ( ! cities ov] :i* ! moon-god presid$4 ,! association ( ,nann> ) ,ur is p>allel to t ( ,%ama% ) ,sipp>1--n t ! moon-god's jurisdiction or wor%ip 0 conf9$ to t place1 b t ! wor%ip ( ! deity ( t place eclips$ o!rs1 & ! fame & importance at ,ur l$ to ! ov]%ad[+ ( ! moon-wor%ip !re1 ov] ! obeisance to him paid else:]e4 ,:at fur!r motives l$ to ! *oice ( ! moon-god z ! patron ( ,ur1 lies beyond ! scope ( our k4 ,due all[ance mu/ be made = t natural selection1 :i* takes place 9 ! realm ( ?\ght z mu* z 9 ! doma9 ( nature4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! pr$om9ance giv5 by ! ,babylonians to ! moon ov] ! sun4 ,! latt] is expressly call$ ! (fspr+ ( ! "l ( brilliant beg9n+1 t is1 ! moon-god 7,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,hdw41 p4 #bcd a74 ,x is ne$less1 !re=e1 to d m1 at ?is place1 ?an to emphasize ! fact anew4 ,! moon s]v+ mu* m z a guide to man1 ?r\gh ! regul> "* ( its con/ant *anges1 ?an ! sun1 0 connect$ 9 ! religi\s sy/em ) bo? ! heav5ly & ! t]re/rial =ces4 ,9 view ( ,nann>'s position 9 ! heav5s1 he 0 call$ ! heif] ( ,anu4 ,anu1 x w be recall$1 0 ! god ( heav5 7& heav5 itself71 :ile ! heif]#fa is "h us$ metaphorically = (fspr+1 ! picture be+ sugge/$ probably by ! horn t ! moon pres5ts at a c]ta9 phase4 ,?is 'horn' con/itutes 8 cr[n1 & he is frequ5tly repres5t$ on seal cyl9d]s ) a cresc5t ov] 8 head1 & ) a long fl[+ be>d1 t is describ$ z hav+ ! color ( lapislazuli4 ,a frequ5t title is ! '"l ( ! cr[n4' ,on ! o!r h&1 by virtue ( its influ5ce on ! e>?1 regulat+1 z ! anci5ts obs]v$1 ! tides1 ! moon 0 connect$ by ! ,babylonians ) ! reckon+ ( "t4 ,because ( ?is connection ) ! 'l[] _w1' x seems1 he 0 also reg>d$ z ! fir/-born ( ,bel4 ,8 sacr$ edifice at ,ur 0 "o to :i* all rul]s ( ! place devot$ !mselves4 ,ur-,gur1 ,nur-,ramman1 ,s9-idd9a1 & ,kudur-mabuk tell ( _! embelli%m5t ( ! temple1 ea* "o appropriat+ to himself ! title ( 'build]1' 9 :i* !y glori$4 ,s close1 aga91 0 ! id5tification ( ! city ) ! deity1 t ! latt] 0 frequ5tly kn[n simply z ! god ( ,ur1 & ! =m]1 z ! city ( ,nann>4 ,ano!r "n ( ! moon-god 0 ,s91--! mean+ ( :i* escapes u4 ,at ! side ( ,ur1 ,h>ran is ! place mo/ celebrat$ by reason ( its moon-wor%ip1 & !re is e reason to believe t ! "n ,s9 0 orig9ally atta*$ to ,h>ran4 ,! migrations ( ! anci5t ,hebrews 7 connect$ z we n[ "k ) political movem5ts 9 ,babylonia4 ,!y proce$ f ,ur--or ,ur-,kasdim1 i4e41 ,*aldean ,ur--nor?w>d to ,h>ran1 :i*1 by virtue ( its position1 became a t[n ( mu* importance4 ,?is association ( ,ur ) ,h>ran furni%es an indication = hi/orical relations ( "s sort1 exi/+ betwe5 ! two places4 ,x is !re=e n accid5tal1 t ! patron deity ( bo? places 0 ! same4 ,z yet1 no excavations h be5 made at ,h>ran1 & we are1 !re=e1 dep5d5t ^u incid5tal notices = our k ( its hi/ory4 ,^! suffici5tly %[ t ! place cont9u$ ?r\gh a long p]iod to pres]ve its sacr$ "*4 ,! old temple !re1 0 "o ( ! _m t /irr$ up ! religi\s zeal ( ,nabonn$os2 & previ\s to ?is1 we f9d sev]al ,assyrian k+s occupi$ 9 embelli%+ & re/or+ ! /ructure4 ,an int]e/+ ref]5ce to ,h>ran1 be>+ witness to its anci5t dignity1 is f\nd 9 an inscription ( ,s>gon ,,ii4 ( ,assyria 7#gbb-gjf ,b4,c471 :o enum]ates among 8 claims to ! favor ( ! gods1 t he re/or$ ! laws & cu/oms ( ,h>ran1 by :i* he evid5tly means t he 0 in/rum5tal 9 giv+ ! place1 ! dignity x once enjoy$4 ,a curi\s feature connect$ ) ,s91 is ! occurr5ce ( ! "n 9 ,m\nt ,s9ai1 9 ! wild]ness ( ,s91 z well z 9 an inscription ( ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,may n ?is be a fur!r te/imony to ! association ( ,h>ran ) ,s91 s9ce x is f ,h>ran t ! dep>ture ( ! ,hebrews = ! we/ took place8 ,:at m natural ?an t 9 ! migrations :i* c>ri$ ! ,hebrews to ! we/1 ! wor%ip ( ,s9 %\ld h be5 transf]r$ to ,arabia8#fb ,important z ,ur & ,h>ran are z sacr$ t[ns1 politically !y d n reta9 _! prom95ce aft] ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,! amalgamation ( ,nann> ) ,s91 & ! almo/ exclusive occurr5ce ( ! latt] "n 9 lat] times1 does n ( necessity po9t to a prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ,h>ran ov] ,ur1 b may be due to ! great] fame :i* ! =m] place acquir$ z ! goal ( religi\s pilgrimages4 ,! situation ( ,h>ran--! "n itself signifies 'road'--z ! highway lead+ to ! we/1 mu/ h be5 an important factor1 9 br++ ?is ab\t4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,s9 & ,nann> are z ?or\ghly id5tical 9 ! p]iod foll[+ ,hammurabi1 z ,babb> & ,%ama%4 ,! attributes ( ! "o are transf]r$ to ! o!r s completely1 t a sep>ation ( ! two is no long] possible4 ,! ideographs ) :i* ! "n ( ,s9 is writt5 %[ him to h be5 reg>d$ z ! god ( wisdom1 b :ile wisdom & light may be connect$1 x is ,nann>'s "* z ! illum9ator t becomes ! *ief trait ( ! god4 ,no d\bt ! preem95ce ( ,ea 9 ?is respect1 :o is ! p]sonification ( wisdom1 p> excell5ce1 made x sup]flu\s to h ano!r deity possess+ ! same trait4 ,x is1 accord+ly1 z ! god ( light1 t ,s9 cont9ues to be ador$ 9 ! ,babylonian religion2 & :5 he is ref]r$ to1 9 ! hi/orical texts & hymns1 ?is side ( 8 nature is ! "o dwelt ^u4 ,?r\gh 8 light1 ! traps laid by ! evil spirits1 :o are active at night1 are reveal$4 ,9 lat] times1 app>5tly ?r\gh ,assyrian influ5ce1 ! reckon+ ( "t 0 alt]$ to ! ext5t ( mak+ ! day beg9 ) sunrise1 in/ead ( ) ! approa* ( night2 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! accommodation ( ! lun> cycle to ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 br\ght ab\t a p>tial *ange ( ! =m] conditions1 & gave some:at great] prom95ce to ,%ama%4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! role ( ,s9 is n z prom95t 9 ! hymns t belong to a lat] p]iod z 9 ^? ( e>li] days4 ,! oracles ( ! ,assyrian k+s are address$ to ,%ama%1 & n to ,s94 ,moreov]1 ! p]sonal factor 9 ! case ( ,s91 if "o may express oneself ?us1 is n z /rong z 9 t ( "s o!r gods4 ,8 traits are ( a m g5]al k9d4 ,he is supreme2 !re is none l him1 & ! spirits are subs]vi5t to 8 w4 ,b t]ms ( ende>m5t are few1 :ile on ! my?ological side1 comp>atively little is made ( him4 ,he is /rong & he is holy4 ,he is call$ ^u to clo! ! evil-do] ) leprosy1 z ) a dress4 ,9 a robe1 befitt+ 8 dignity1 he /alks ab\t4 ,)\t him1 no city is f\nd$1 no di/rict re/or$ to =m] glory4 ,s9 is call$ ! fa!r ( ! gods1 b 9 a metaphorical r ?an 9 a real s5se4 ,! only "o ( 8 *ildr5 :o takes an important "p 9 ! lat] phases ( ,babylonian-,assyrian wor%ip is 8 daught] ,i%t>4 ,%e seems to h tak5 to h]self "s ( ! traits ( "r belong+ to ,s91 & ! prom95ce ( h] wor%ip may be reg>d$ z an additional factor 9 acc\nt+ = ! comp>ative obscurity to :i* ,s9 gradually is assign$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,s9 is a feature ( ! e>li] p]iod ( ! ,babylonian religion r ?an ( ! lat] p]iods4 ,innanna4 ,! second>y position held by ! female deities 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on has be5 repeat$ly ref]r$ to4 ,?is trait ( ! religion f9ds an illu/ration n only 9 ! '%ad[y' "* ( ! consorts ( ! gods1 b also 9 ! mann] 9 :i* goddesses1 orig9ally di/9ct f "o ano!r & enjoy+ an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( any male consort1 lose _! individuality1 z x 71 & become m]ely s _m =ms ( "o & ! same deity4 ,inde$1 z we approa* ! mom5t :5 ! gods ( ! ,babylonian pan!on are rang$ into a sy/em1 ! t5d5cy becomes pron\nc$ to recognize only "o goddess1 repres5tative ( ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation--"o 'great "m1' end[$ ) a v>iety ( traits accord+ to ! political & social conditions prevail+ at diff]5t times 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod :i* we are n[ consid]+1 we c /ill di/+ui% a numb] ( goddesses :o aft]w>ds became m]g$ into ?is "o great goddess4 ,^! are ,n9ni 7or ,innanna71 ,nana1 & ,anunit4 ,n9ni & ,innanna are names t appe> to h a common orig94#fc ,bo? embody ! notion ( 'lady%ip4' ,! wor%ip ( ?is goddess c5t]s 9 ! di/rict ( ,laga%4 ,ur-,bau 7c4 #cjjj ,b4,c471 :o addresses h] z 'glori\s & supreme1' builds a temple 9 h] honor at ,gi%galla1 & ,gudea ref]s to a temple kn[n z ,e-anna1 i4e41 heav5ly h\se 9 ,girsu4#fd ,= ,gudea1 ,n9ni is ! mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,ano!r rul] ( ,laga% ^: "n is d\btfully read z ,e-d+ir-ra-na-g91#fe b :o is ev5 e>li] ?an ,ur-,bau1 decl>es t he has be5 'call$' by ,innanna to ! ?rone4 ,%e is m5tion$ by ! side ( ,n9-kh>-sag4 ,we are /ill 9 ! p]iod :]e local associations =m$ a controll+ factor 9 ensur+ ! popul>ity ( a deity1 & :ile ! goddesses atta*$ to ! gods ( ! important c5t]s are /ill diff]5tiat$1 ! t5d5cy already exi/s to designate ! female consorts simply z ! 'goddess1'--to apply to all1 ! traits t may once h be5 peculi> to "o4 ,z we pass f "o age to ! o!r1 !re is an increas+ difficulty 9 keep+ ! v>i\s local 'goddesses' ap>t4 ,ev5 ! names become int]*angeable2 & s9ce ^! goddesses all repres5t$ ess5tially ! same pr9ciple ( g5]ation & f]tility1 x 0 natural t ) ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates !y %\ld become m]g$ into "o great "m-goddess4 ,a 'local' goddess :o reta9s r m ( h] individuality ?an o!rs1 is ,nana4 ,h] "n is aga9 playfully int]pret$ by ! ,babylonians--?r\gh association ) ,n9--z '! lady' p> excell5ce4 ,%e 0 ! *ief goddess ( ! city ( ,uruk4 ,h] temple at ,uruk is fir/ m5tion$ by ,ur-,gur1 ( ! second dyna/y ( ,ur4 ,x is re/or$ & enl>g$ by ,dungi1 ! successor ( ,ur-,bau1 & s ?or\ghly is %e id5tifi$ ) h] edifice kn[n z ,e-anna 7aga9 a play ^u h] "n71 t %e becomes kn[n z ! ,lady ( ,e-anna4#ff ,%e appe>s to h _h a temple also at ,ur1 & x is to ?is edifice t lat] rul]s ( ,l>sa--,kudur-,mabuk & ,rim-,s91 z well z ! k+s ( ! ,is9 dyna/y1 ,gamil-,n9ib1 ,libit-,i%t>1 & ,i%me-,dagan--ref] 9 _! inscriptions4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,is9 dyna/y pride !mselves ^u _! control ov] ,uruk1 & naturally appe> z special devotees to ,nana1 ^: *os5 consort !y decl>e !mselves to be1 wield+ ! sceptre1 z x 71 9 union ) h]4 ,already at ?is p]iod1 ,nana is br\ght into connection ) ! moon-god1 be+ call$ by ,kudur-,mabuk ! daught] ( ,s94 ,! relation%ip 9 ?is case indicates1 prim>ily1 ! supremacy ex]cis$ by ,ur1 & also a simil>ity 9 ! traits ( ! two deities4 ,9 ! fully develop$ cosmology1 ,nana is ! planet ,v5us1 ^: v>i\s aspects1 z morn+ & ev5+ />1 sugge/$ an analogy ) ! phases ( ! moon4 ,v5us1 l ! moon1 s]v$ z a guide to man1 :ile h] inf]iority 9 size & importance to ! =m]1 w\ld naturally come to be express$ "u ! picture ( fa!r & daught]4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 all ! planets appe>+ at ! same "t & 9 ! same region ) ! moon 7 ! *ildr5 ( ! latt]4 ,s91 !re=e1 is appropriately call$ ! fa!r ( gods1 j z ,anu1 ! p]sonification ( ! heav5 itself1 is ! supreme fa!r ( ,s9 & ,%ama%1 & ( all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! metaphorical application ( 'fa!r' z 's\rce1' ?r\gh\t ,ori5tal p>lance1 mu/ be kept 9 m9d 9 int]pret+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ! gods4 ,/ill ano!r "n ( ! goddess is ,anunit1 :i* appe>s to h be5 peculi> to ! ,nor? ,babylonian city ,agade1 & emphasizes h] desc5t f ,anu1 ! god ( heav54 ,h] temple at ,agade1 kn[n z ,e-ul-ma%1 is ! object ( ,s>gon's devotion1 :i* makes h]1 ) ,bel & ,%ama%1 ! olde/ triad ( gods m5tion$ 9 ! ,babylonian inscriptions4 ,b ! "n :i* f9ally displaces all o!rs1 is ,i%t>4 ,:]e ! "n orig9at$ has n yet be5 asc]ta9$1 z little z its etymology1#fg b x seems to belong to ,nor!rn ,babylonia r ?an to ! s\?4 ,9 "t1 all ! names t we h be5 consid]+--,innanna1 ,nana1 & ,anunit--became m]ely s _m designations ( ,i%t>4 ,%e absorbs ! titles & qualities ( all1 & ! t5d5cy :i* we h po9t$ out f9ds its f9al outcome 9 ! recognition ( ,i%t> z ! "o & only goddess end[$ ) p[]s & an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( association ) any male deity1 ?\gh ev5 ?is indep5d5ce does n h9d] h] f be+ nam$ at times z ! associate ( ! *ief god ( ,assyria--! all-p[]ful ,a%ur4 ,! attempt has be5 made by ,sayce & o!rs to divide ! v>i\s names ( ,i%t> among ! aspects ( ,v5us z morn+ & ev5+ />1 b !re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! ,babylonians di/+ui%$ ! "o f ! o!r s %>ply z to make two goddesses ( "o & ! same planet4 ,x is m 9 accord ) :at1 z we h se51 has be5 ! g5]al "* ( ! ,babylonian pan!on1 to acc\nt = ! id5tification ( ,n9ni1 ,nana1 & ,anunit ) ,i%t> on ! supposition t ! diff]5t names belong$ orig9ally to diff]5t localities4 ,i%t> 0 appropriately d5om9at$ ! brilliant goddess4 ,%e is address$ z ! "m ( gods1 :i* signals h] supreme position among ! female deities4 ',! mi/ress ( c\ntries' alt]nat+ ) '! mi/ress ( m\nta9s1'#fh is "o ( h] common titles2 & z ! gr[+ uniqu5ess ( h] position is "o ( ! features ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion1 x is natural t %e %\ld become simply ! goddess4 ,?is 0 especially ! case ) ! ,assyrians1 to :om ,i%t> became a goddess ( w> & battle1 ! consort1 at times1 ( ! *ief god ( ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,at ! same "t x is important to note t ! w>like "* ( ! goddess goes back to ! "t ( ,hammurabi 7,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 #aac71 & is dwelt ^u by o!r ,babylonian k+s 7e4g41 ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 c4 #aacj ,b4,c47 prior to ! rise ( ! ,assyrian p[]4 ,h[ ,i%t> came to take on s viol5t a "* is n altoge!r cle>4 ,!re are no indications ( ?is role 9 ! incantation texts1 :]e %e is simply ! k9d "m :o is appeal$ to1 to release ! suff]] f ! p[] ( ! disease-br++ spirits4 ,9 ! pray]s1 z w be %[n 9 ! prop] place1 %e becomes ! vehicle = ! expression ( ! highe/ religi\s & e?ical ?\ght atta9$ by ! ,babylonians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! great ,babylonian epic1#fi deal+ ) ! adv5tures ( a fam\s h]o1 ,gilgame%1 ,i%t>1 :o makes h] appe>ance at ! summ] sol/ice1 is a rag+ goddess :o smites ^? :o disobey h] comm&s ) wa/+ disease4 ,/>t+ ) ?is phase ( ! goddess' "*1 "o c at lea/ und]/& ! process ( h] fur!r developm5t into a fi]ce deity presid+ ov] ! =tunes ( w>4 ,! epic j ref]r$ to belongs to ! old ,babylonian p]iod4 ,x embodies anci5t traditions ( rivalry betwe5 ! ,babylonian pr9cipalities1 ?\gh !re are traces ( sev]al reca/+s :i* ! epic receiv$4 ,! viol5t ,i%t>1 !re=e1 is a type go+ back to ! same p]iod z ! o!r side ( h] "* t is emphasiz$ else:]e4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ! ,i%t> 9 ! ,gilgame% epic is none o!r ?an ! *ief goddess ( ,uruk1 all fur!r d\bt z to ! union ( su* div]g+ traits 9 "o & ! same p]sonage falls to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is same epic1 ,i%t> appe>s z sympa?iz+ ) ! suff]+s ( mank9d1 & bewail+ ! de/ruction t 0 at "o "t decre$ by ! gods4 ,x is notewor?y t ! viol5t ,i%t> appe>s 9 t portion ( ! epic :i*1 on ! assumption ( a zodiacal int]pretation = ! composition1 corresponds to ! summ] sol/ice1 :]eas1 ! de/ruction :i* ar\ses h] sympa?y takes place 9 ! elev5? mon?4 ,x is q possible1 !re=e1 t ! two aspects ( ,v5us1 z ev5+ & morn+ />s1 correspond+1 z !y d1 to ! summ] & w9t] seasons1 are reflect$ 9 ?is d\ble "* ( ! goddess4 ,we are n ju/ifi$1 h[ev]1 9 go+ fur!r & assum+ t h] d\ble role z daught] ( ,s9 & daught] ( ,anu is to be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ! ,gilgame% epic1 %e is f\nd 9 association ) ,anu1 & to ! latt] %e appeals = protection z h] fa!r1 & yet x is z ! daught] ( ,s9 t %e ent]s ! _w ( ! dead to seek = ! wat]s t may heal h] bridegroom1 ,tammuz4#gj ,evid5tly1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ,i%t> z ! daught] ( ,anu & z ! daught] ( ,s9 is n an important "o1 ! t]m daught] 9 bo? cases be+ a metaphor to express a relation%ip bo? ( physical nature & ( a political "*4 ,( ! v>i\s =ms "u :i* ! goddess appe>s1 t ( ,anunit--a fem99e =m indicat+ desc5t f & app]ta9+ to ,anu--atta*es itself mo/ cle>ly to ! god ( heav51 & x may be t x 0 n until ! assimilation ( ,anunit & ,nana ) ,i%t> t ! goddess is view$ z at once ! daught] ( ,anu & ( ,s94 ,if ?is be s1 !re is surely no?+ /range 9 ! fact t a planet l ,v5us %\ld be reg>d$ 9 "o place z ! daught] ( heav5 & 9 ano!r br\ght into relation%ip ) ! moon4 ,%e actually belongs to bo?4 ,j z 9 ,babylonia1 s 9 ,assyria1 !re 7 v>i\s ,i%t>s1 or r v>i\s places :]e ! goddess 0 wor%ipp$ z ! gu>dian _s1 b h] role 9 ! nor? is s peculi> t all fur!r consid]ation ( x mu/ be po/pon$ until we come to consid]1 9 due "t1 ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,!re w be occasion1 too1 :5 treat+ ( ! ,gilgame% epic1 to dwell /ill fur!r on "s ( h] traits4 ,all t ne$ be said "h is to emphasize ! fact t ! popul>ity ( ! ,babylonian ,i%t> 9 ,assyria1 z manife/$ by ,es>haddon's zeal 9 re/or+ h] temple at ,uruk1 & ,a%urbanabal's re/oration ( ,nana's /atue 7c4 #fce ,b4,c47 :i* _h be5 captur$ by ! ,elamites #afce ye>s be=e ,a%urbanabal's reign1 is l>gely due to ! effect$ id5tity ) ! goddess :o1 = ! ,assyrians1 0 reg>d$ *iefly z ! goddess ( w> & /rife4 ,9 wor%ipp+ ! s\!rn ,i%t>s1 ! ,assyrian k+s felt !mselves to be %[+ _! allegiance to ! same deity to :om1 next to ,a%ur1 mo/ ( _! supplications 7 address$1 & ( :om z w>riors !y /ood 9 dread4 ,n9a4 ,a goddess :o1 :ile %>+ ! fate ( h] si/] goddesses 9 be+ ov]%ad[$ by ,i%t>1 yet m]its a special treatm5t1 is "o ^: "n is plausibly conjectur$ to be read ,n9a4 ,! comp\nd ideogram express+ ! deity signifies 'h\se ( ! fi%4' ,! ^w 'h\se' 9 ,semitic p>lance is figuratively ext5d$ to convey ! idea ( 'possess+ or h>bor+4' ,appli$ to a settlem5t1 ! ideogram w\ld be ! equival5t ( our ',fi%t[n4' ,x is ) ?is same ideogram t ! fam\s capitol ( ,assyria1 ,n9eveh1 is writt5 9 ! cunei=m texts1 & s9ce ! phonetic read+ = ! city1 ,ni-na-a1 also occurs1 x is only legitimate to conclude t ! latt] is ! correct read+ = ! deity z well4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 if ! goddess be>s a "n id5tical ) t ( a city1 x _c be ! ,assyrian city :i* is meant 9 ! old ,babylonian inscriptions1 b "s o!r place be>+ ! same "n4 ,su* a place actually occurs 9 ! inscriptions ( ,gudea4 ,x is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! ?ree t[ns t comb9$ ) ,%irpurla to create ! great capitol be>+ ! latt] "n2 & ,j5s5#ga has call$ att5tion to a passage 9 "o ( ,gudea's inscriptions 9 :i* ! goddess is br\ght into direct association ) ! t[n1 s t x w\ld appe> t ,n9a is ! patron ( ,n9a1 9 ! same way t ,n9-girsu is ! protector ( ,girsu4 ,9 keep+ ) ?is we f9d ! m5tion ( ! goddess limit$ to ! rul]s ( ,laga%4 ,sev]al ( !m--,en-anna-tuma1 ,entem5a1 & ,gudea--decl>e !mselves to h be5 *os5 by h]4 ,%e is said to reg>d ,gudea ) special favor4 ,%e det]m9es de/9ies4 ,ano!r k+1 ,ur-,n9a1 embodies ! "n ( ! goddess 9 8 own1 & devotes himself to ! enl>gem5t ( h] temple4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* %e is associat$ ) ,n9-girsu1 aid+ ! latt] 9 gu>d+ 8 temple ,e-n9nu1 & unit+ ) ! god 9 grant+ ! sceptre to ,gudea1 "o is tempt$ to conclude t ! two t[ns1 ,girsu & ,n9a1 7 amalgamat$ be=e _! absorption into ,laga%1 s t ! god & goddess acquir$ ! relation%ip to "o ano!r ( husb& & consort4 ,z = ! connection betwe5 ?is ,babylonian ,n9a & ! late ,assyrian capital1 x is q possible t ! orig9 ( ! latt] is to be trac$ to a settlem5t made by inhabitants ( ! =m]1 al?\gh x %\ld be add$ t !re is no positive evid5ce t c be adduc$ 9 support ( ?is proposition4 ,x accords1 h[ev]1 ) ! nor?w>d movem5t ( culture & civilization 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,if ?is connection betwe5 ! two ,n9evehs be accept$1 ! "q sugge/s itself :e!r1 9 "t1 ,n9a did n become m]ely ano!r =m ( ,i%t>4 ,! ,assyrian capital is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! 'belov$ city' ( ,i%t>1 & unless x be suppos$ t ?is epi!t simply reflects ! comp>atively late popul>ity ( ! di/9ctively ,assyrian ,i%t>1 ! mo/ natural explanation w\ld be to propose ! equation ,n9a ,i%t>4 ,9 ! incantation texts1 ,n9a is frequ5tly appeal$ to z ! daught] ( ,ea1--! god ( ! deep4 ,?is relation%ip1 z well z ! int]pretation ( ! ideogram above set =?1 po9ts to ! orig9al "* ( ! goddess z a wat]-deity4 ,?is goddess1 !re=e1 w\ld be ( an entirely diff]5t =m f ! ones discuss$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraphs4 ,in/ead ( be+ a memb] ( ! heav5ly pan!on1 h] place is ) ! k+dom ov] :i* ,ea presides1 & ^: dwell+-place is ! wat]y deep4 ,9 any case1 ,n9a is orig9ally di/9ct f ,i%t>1 ,nana1 & ,anunit2 & %e reta9s an indep5d5t exi/5ce to a lat] p]iod ?an mo/ ( ! o!r great goddesses t h be5 discuss$4 ,9 an inscription ( ! days ( ,belnad9aplu 7c4 #aajj ,b4,c471 publi%$ by ,hilpre*t1#gb ,n9a appe>s z ! patron deity ( ,d]1--a city ( ,s\!rn ,babylonia4 ,!re too %e is call$ ! 'daught] ( ,ea1' ! creator ( ev]y?+4 ,%e is '! mi/ress ( goddesses4' ,atta*$ to h] temple !re are l&s t hav+ be5 wrongfully wre/$ f ! prie/s are return$ ^u royal comm&1 "u solemn invocation ( ! goddess4 ,h[ h] wor%ip came to be transf]r$ to ,d] we d n "k4 ,%e appe>s 9 ! inscription 9 "q by ! side ( a goddess :o--foll[+ ,hommel--is none o!r ?an ,bau4 ,d] is call$ ! city ( ! god ,anu1 & we c only suppose t x mu/ at "o "t h ris5 to suffici5t importance to h>bor 9 its mid/ a numb] ( deities4 ,x is presumably#gc ! place :5ce ,nebu*adnezz> ,i4 sets out 9 ! twelf? c5tury to drive ! ,cassites (f ! ?rone ( ,babylonia4 ,may x be t1 dur+ ! days ( ! =eign rule1 prie/s atta*$ to ! s]vice ( v>i\s ( ! old gods & goddesses transf]r$ ! wor%ip ( ^! deities to places m secure f int]f]5ce8 ,be ?is z x may1 if our ,n9a has any connection ) ! goddess ( ,n9eveh1 x is c]ta9 t ,i%t> has reta9$ none ( ,n9a's traits4 ,! fusion 9 ?is case has be5 s complete t naught b ! fa9te/ tradition ( an orig9al & indep5d5t ,n9a has surviv$ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,anu4 ,?is god1 :o1 f a !oretical po9t ( view 7z w be %[n 9 a subsequ5t *apt]71 0 reg>d$ z /&+ at ! head ( ! organiz$ ,babylonian pan!on1 figures only incid5tally 9 ! inscriptions prior to ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,ur-,gur ( ! second dyna/y ( ,ur1 9 invok+ ,nann>1 calls ! latt] '! p[]ful bull ( ,anu4' ,! ref]5ce is int]e/+1 = x %[s t already 9 ^! e>ly days ! position ( ,anu1 z ! god ( ! heav5ly expanse1 0 fix$4 ,! moon appe>+ 9 ! heav5s1 & ! resemblance ( its cresc5t to a bull's horn1#gd are ! two factors t acc\nt = ! expressive epi!t us$ by ,ur-,bau4 ,t ! wor%ip ( ! god ( heav5 p> excell5ce %\ld n h enjoy$ great popul>ity 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,babylonian religion might seem /range at fir/ sight4 ,a little reflection1 h[ev]1 w make ?is cle>4 ,a god ( ! heav5s is an ab/ract conception1 & :ile x is possible t ev5 9 an e>ly age1 su* a conception may h aris5 9 "s m9ds1 x is n ( a "* calculat$ to take a popul> hold4 ,z we proce$ 9 our attempt to trace ! developm5t ( ! ,babylonian religion1 we w f9d ! l9e ( dem>cation sep>at+ ! !ological sy/em1 z evolv$ by ! s*oolm51 f ! popul> phases ( ! religion1 becom+ m m>k$4 ,9 ! inscriptions ( ! old ,babylonian rul]s1 comp>atively little ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,babylonian !ologians is to be detect$4 ,ev5 ! description ( ! moon z ! bull ( heav5 falls )9 ! doma9 ( popul> fancy4 ,x is diff]5t 9 ! days aft] ,hammurabi1 :5 political conc5tration leads to ! focuss+ ( intellectual life 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 ) all ! consequ5ces t ! e/abli%m5t ( a c5tral prie/hood1 ) gr[+ p[]s ov] ev]-increas+ t]ritory1 involves4 ,x is to be not$1 moreov]1 t ! mann] 9 :i* 9 ! old ,babylonian inscriptions ,anu is writt51#ge indicates t ! ab/raction involv$ 9 ! conception ( a god ( heav5 _h n yet be5 rea*$1 ?\gh "s measure ( p]sonification 0 ( c\rse inevitable at a "t :5 animi/ic notions /ill held sway4 ,a direct indication ( ?is p]sonification ( heav5 )\t ! deification appe>s 9 ! epi!t '*ild ( ,anu1' be/[$ ^u ! goddess ,bau4 ,! ref]5ce to ! heav5s 9 ?is connection is an allusion to ,bau's position z ! patroness ( t qu>t] ( ,laga% kn[n z ! 'brilliant t[n1'#gf & :]e ,bau's temple /ood4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! quality ( 'brilliancy' f ! t[n to ! goddess w\ld be express$ by call+ ! latt] ! (fspr+ ( t "p ( visible nature :i* is associat$ 9 ! m9d ) 'brilliancy4' ,some:at my/]i\s1 & /ill await+ a satisfactory explanation1 is ! title 'sacrific]1' or 'prie/ ( ,anu1' :i* "o ( ! rul]s ( ,laga%1 ,ur-,n9-girsu1 assumes4 ,x is sc>cely possible t ! god ( heav5 c be meant2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if we are to assume m]ely a p]sonification ( heav51 we enc\nt] fre% difficulties4 ,x seems to me t ! use ( ,anu#gg "h is purely metaphorical = 'high' or 'l(ty1' & t ! k+ m]ely wi%es to emphasize ! dignity ( 8 /ation by decl>+ himself to be ! heav5ly prie/1 some:at z we %\ld say 'prie/ by div9e grace1' or 'supreme prie/4' ,n9-si#gh-;a4 ,ur-,bau & ,gudea alone ( ! anci5t rul]s ref] to ?is god4 ,! =m] erects a temple 9 honor ( ! god 9 "s qu>t] ( 8 capitol city1 :ile ! latt] emphasizes ! /r5g? t ! god has giv5 him4 ,^! ref]5ces1 h[ev]1 %[ t ! god mu/ h be5 ( consid]able importance1 & 9 ?is case1 8 disappe>ance f ! lat] pan!on is probably due to ! absorption ( 8 role by ! great] god ( ,laga%1--,n9-girsu4 ,l ,n9-girsu1 ,n9-si-a 0 a god ( w>1 & 8 wor%ip1 import$ p]haps f "s anci5t site to ,laga%1 falls into desuetude1 z ! attribute accord$ to him becomes ! di/+ui%+ trait ( ! *ief deity ( ! place4 ,gal-alim4 ,among ! v>i\s deities to :om ,gudea gives praise = ! position & glory :i* he atta9s is ,gal-alim4#gi ,f him he has receiv$ great rule & a l(ty sceptre4 ,! phrase is ( a v g5]al nature & reveals no?+ z to ! special "* ( ! god 9 "q4 ,an e>li] k+1 ,uru-kag9a1 ref]s to ! temple ( ! god at ,laga%4 ,gal-alim may h be5 aga9 a m]ely local deity belong+ to "o ( ! t[ns t fell "u ,gudea's rule1 & ^: attributes aga9 7 s little m>k$ t ?is god too disappe>$ "u ! ov]%ad[+ importance ( ,n9-girsu4 ,he & ano!r god1 ,dun-%agga1 are view$ z ! sons ( ,n9-girsu4 99 99 99 99 99 ,com+ to "s ( ! deities t we may designate z m9or1 x is to be not$ t 9 ! case ( c]ta9 ones1 at lea/1 x w be f\nd t !y may be id5tifi$ ) o!rs m prom95t1 & t :at seem to be di/9ct names are 9 reality descriptive epi!ts ( gods already met )4 ,?is rem>k applies m p>ticul>ly to su* names z beg9 ) ! elem5t ,n91 signify+ ei!r '"l' or 'lady1' & :i*1 :5 foll[$ by ! "n ( a place1 always po9ts to its be+ a title1 &1 :5 foll[$ by an ideographic comp\nd1 only dim9i%es t probability to a slight degree4 ,we h already come across sev]al in/ances2 ?us ,n9-girsu1 ! "l ( ,girsu1 has be5 %[n to be a =m ( ,n9ib1 itself an ideogram1 ! read+ ( :i*1 x w be recall$1 is /ill unc]ta92 & aga91 ,n9-kh>-sag has be5 ref]r$ to1 z "o ( ! titles ( ! great goddess ,belit4 ,simil>ly1 ,n9-gi%-zida1 ^: "n signifies '! "l ( ! "r-h& 7or propiti\s7 sceptre1' becomes a title & n a "n1 & :5 ,gudea speaks ( ?is god z ! "o :o leads him to battle1 & calls him 'k+1' he is simply describ+ ! same god :o is else:]e spok5 ( z ,n9-girsu4 ,by ! side ( ,n9-girsu & ,n9-gi%-zida appe>s ,n9-%akh1 :o1 z ,opp]t#hj has %[n1 is l ,n9-girsu ! prototype ( ! well-kn[n god ( w>1 ,n9ib4 ,h[ev]1 ,n9-%akh occupies1 9 contradi/9ction to ,n9-gi%-zida & o!rs1 a position 9 ! old ,babylonian pan!on ( an indep5d5t "*1 s t x is h>dly ju/ifiable1 9 su* a case1 to id5tify him completely ) ,n9ib1 & place ! "n on a p> ) ! epi!ts j ref]r$ to4 ,! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! m]e title & an indep5d5t god ?us becomes at times v fa9t1 & yet x is well to ma9ta9 x :5ev] call$ =4 ,9 ! foll[+ enum]ation ( ! m9or gods ( ! old ,babylonian pan!on1 ! attempt w be made to br+ out ?is di/9ction 9 ea* in/ance4 ,beg9n+ ) ,n9-%akh ! elem5t ,n91 z has sev]al times be5 m5tion$1 po9ts to an ideographic =m4 ,! second elem5t signifies 'wild bo>1' & f o!r s\rces we "k t ?is animal 0 a sacr$ "o 9 ,babylonia1 z among o!r ,semitic nations4#ha ,its fle%1 on c]ta9 days ( ! ,babylonian cal5d>1 0 =bidd5 to be eat51 f :i* we are p]mitt$ to conclude t ^! days 7 d$icat$ to ! animal1 & ! prohibition repres5ts p]haps ! traces ( "s old religi\s fe/ival4 ,may ,n9-%akh !re=e h be5 a 'sw9e deity1' j z ,n]gal is symboliz$ by ! 'lion'8 ,9 bo? cases ! animal w\ld be a symbol ( ! viol5t & de/ructive "* ( ! god4 ,! f]oci\s "* ( ! 'sw9e' w\ld naturally result 9 assign+ to ,n9-%akh w>like attributes2 & z a matt] ( fact he is id5tifi$ at times ) ,n9ib4 ,8 subord9ate position1 h[ev]1 is indicat$ by 8 be+ call$ ! 's]vant1' g5]ally ( ,en-lil1 occasionally also ( ,anu1 & z su* he be>s ! "n ( ,pap-sukal1#hb i4e41 'div9e mess5g]4' ,rim-,s9 builds a temple to ,n9-%akh at ,uruk1 & f its designation z 8 'favorite dwell+ place' we may conclude t ,rim-,s9 only re/ores or enl>ges an anci5t temple ( ! deity4 ,9 ! light ( ?is1 ! relation%ip above set =? betwe5 ,n9-girsu1 ,n9-gi%-zida1 & ,n9-%akh becomes some:at cle>]4 ,! =m]1 ! local deity ( ,girsu1 w\ld naturally be call$ by ! k+s '! "l ( ! true sceptre1' :ile ! subord9ation ( ,girsu z a qu>t] ( ,laga% f9ds its reflection 9 ! relation%ip ( ma/] & s]vant pictur$ z exi/+ betwe5 ,en-lil & ,n9-girsu4 ,aga91 ! w>like "* ( ! patron deity ( ,girsu w\ld lead to an id5tification ) ,n9-%akh ( ,uruk1 possess+ ! same traits2 & ! incorporation ( ,uruk z a "p ( ! same empire :i* includ$ ,laga% & its qu>t]s1 w\ld be ! la/ l9k br++ ab\t ! full equation betwe5 ! ?ree4 ,) ,n9ib--! sol> deity--com+ into prom95ce z ! god ( w>1 all ?ree names1 ,n9-girsu1 ,n9-gi%-zida1 & ,n9-%akh1 w\ld be reg>d$ by a lat] age z m]ely descriptive ( "o & ! same god4 ,dun-%agga4 ,gudea makes m5tion 9 "o ( 8 inscriptions1 by ! side ( ,n9-gi%-zida1 ( a god ,dun-%agga1#hc ^: "n signifies ! '*ief h]o1' b ! phonetic read+ ( :i* x is impossible to det]m9e4#hd ,l ,n9-gi%-zida1 he is a w>like god1 & f t "o might suppose t he too is only ano!r =m ( ,n9-girsu-,n9ib4 ,at all ev5ts1 he did n diff] mat]ially f ! latt]4 ,x is f him1 t ,gudea aga9 decl>es 8 p[] to be d]iv$1 j z else:]e he accords to ,n9-girsu ?is di/9ction4 ,! elem5t ',dun1' :i* is v mu* ! same z ',n91' speaks 9 favor ( reg>d+ ,dun-%agga z a title2 b1 9 default ( positive evid5ce1 x w n be out ( place to give him an indep5d5t position1 & to reg>d 8 id5tification ) ,n9-girsu z a lat] phase due to ! ext5sion ( ,n9-girsu's jurisdiction & 8 correspond+ absorption ( a v>y+ numb] ( m9or gods4 ,?is t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! great] gods to absorb ! m9or ones is z di/9ctive a trait 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,babylonian religion1 z is ! subord9ation ( "o god to ! o!r1 :e!r express$ by mak+ ! subord9ate god ! consort1 ! *ief1 or ! s]vant ( a sup]ior "o4 ,we h se5 t su* t]ms ( relation%ip correspond to c]ta9 degrees ( political conditions exi/+ betwe5 ! conqu]+ & ! conqu]$ di/ricts4 ,amalgamation ( two cities or di/ricts is portray$ 9 ! relation ( ! two patron deities z husb& & wife1 ! /rong] ( ! two be+ ! =m]1 ! m subs]vi5t pictur$ z ! latt]4 ,! m pron\nc$ sup]iority ( ! "o place ov] ! o!r f9ds expression 9 ! relation ( fa!r to *ild1 :ile t ( ma/] & s]vant emphasizes ! complete control ex]cis$ by ! "o ov] ! o!r4 ,la/ly1 ! absorption ( "o deity into ano!r1 is correlative ei!r ) ! mo/ p]fect =m ( conque/1 or ! complete disappe>ance ( ! seat ( 8 wor%ip 9 consequ5ce ( ! gr[+ favor ( "o possess+ suffici5tly simil> qualities to w>rant id5tification ) ! o!r4 ,lugal-b&a4 ,s9-ga%id ( ! dyna/y ( ,uruk makes m5tion ( ?is deity at ! beg9n+ ( "o ( 8 inscriptions4 ,to him & to 8 consort1 ,n9-gul1 a temple z '! seat ( _! joy' at t place is devot$4 ,?is association ( ! god ) ! t[n po9ts aga9 to a local deity1 b possess+ a "* :i* leads to ! absorption ( ! god 9 ! sol> god1 ,n]gal1 :om we h already enc\nt]$1 & :o w occupy u a good deal :5 we come to ! p]iod aft] ,hammurabi4 ,! id5tification ( ! two is already =e%ad[$ 9 an inscription ( ano!r memb] ( ! same dyna/y1 ,s9-gamil1 :o places ! "n ( ,n]gal exactly :]e 8 pr$ecessor m5tions ,lugal-b&a4 ,! fir/ elem5t 9 8 "n signifies 'k+1' ! second app>5tly '/rong1' s t 9 ?is respect1 too1 ! god comes close to ,n]gal1 ^: "n likewise indicates 'great "l4' ,! consort ( ,lugal-b&a is ,n9-gul4 ,h] "n signifies '! de/ructive lady1'--an appropriate epi!t = ! consort ( a sol> deity4 ,x is ,s9-ga%id aga9 :o associates ,n+ul ) ,lugal-b&a1 & emphasizes 8 affection = ! goddess by call+ h] 8 "m4 ,9 "o inscription1 moreov]1 ,s9-ga%id addresses himself exclusively to ! goddess1 :o _h an equal %>e 9 ! temple at ,uruk4 ,dumuzi-zu-aba4 ,among ! deities appeal$ to by ,ur-,bau appe>s "o ^: "n is to be int]pret$ z ! 'un*angeable *ild ( ! wat]y deep4' ,! great god ( ! deep we h se5 is ,ea4 ,dumuzi-zu-aba !re=e belongs to ! wat]-deities1 & "o :o1 ?r\gh 8 subord9ate rank to ,ea1 s9ks to ! level ( a wat]-_s4 ,ur-,bau decl>es himself to be ! d>l+ ( ?is deity1 & 9 ! t[n ( ,girsu he erects a temple to him4 ,girsu1 h[ev]1 0 n ! patron city ( ! god1 = ,ur-,bau gives ,dumuzi-zu-aba1 ! appellation ( '! "l ( ,k9unira1'#he a place ! actual situation ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,dumuzi-zu-aba1 accord+ly1 is to be reg>d$ z a local deity ( a place :i*1 situat$ probably on an arm ( ! ,euphrates1 0 ! reason = ! wat]y attributes assign$ to ! god4 ,! comp>ative insignificance ( ! place is "o ( ! factors t acc\nts = ! m9or importance ( ! god1 & ! second factor is ! popul>ity enjoy$ by ano!r *ild ( ! great ,ea1 8 *ild p> excell5ce1 ,m>duk1 :o is be/ kn[n z ! patron god ( ! city ( ,babylon4 ,by ! side ( ,m>duk1 ! o!r *ildr5 ( ,ea1 ! m9or wat]-deities1 disappe>1 s t to a lat] g5]ation ,dumuzi-zu-aba appe>s m]ely z a =m ( ,m>duk4 ,) ,dumuzi-zu-aba1 we mu/ be c>eful n to confuse ,dumu-zi1 :o 9 ! old ,babylonian inscriptions is m5tion$ once by ,s9-idd9a1#hf 9 connection ) ! sun-god4 ,dumu-zi1 signify+ '*ild ( life1' has a d\ble aspect--an agricultural deity & at ! same "t a god ( ! l[] _w4 ,he plays an important "p 9 ! es*atological lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians1 b h>dly none at all 9 ! hi/orical & incantation texts4 ,a full] treatm5t may !re=e be res]v$ = a future *apt]4 ,lugal-erima4 ,a purely local deity1 if ! read+ & int]pretation (f]$ by ,j5s51 ',k+ ( ! city ,erim1' is correct4 ,! m5tion ( ! deity 9 an inscription ( ,ur-,bau1 :o calls himself ! 'belov$ s]vant' ( ?is god1 w\ld be due to ! circum/ance t ! di/rict )9 :i* ! city 9 "q lay 0 controll$ by ! rul]s ( ,laga%4 ,to invoke z l>ge a numb] ( deities z possible 0 n only a means ( secur+ protection f _m sides1 b 0 already 9 ! e>ly days ( ,babylonian hi/ory indulg$ 9 by rul]s1 z a means ( emphasiz+ ! ext5t & manifold "* ( _! jurisdiction4 ,n9-e-gal & ,n+al4 ,a temple 0 erect$ to ,n9-e-gal by ! wife ( ,rim-,s91 ( ! dyna/y rul+ 9 ,l>sa4 ,h] "n z int]pret$ 9 ! tablet d$icat$ to h]1 signifies aga91 z 9 sev]al cases already not$1 'great lady4' ,%e 0 probably !re=e only ! consort ( "s patron deity2 & ,nann> be+ ! mo/ prom95t god invok$ by ,rim-,s91 x w\ld seem t ! goddess to :om ! que5 pays h] respects is aga9 "o ( ! consorts ( ! moon-god4#hg ,?is conclusion is support$ by ! direct association ( ,nann> ( ,ur & ,n+al 9 an inscription emanat+ f an e>li] memb] ( ! same dyna/y to :i* ,rim-,s9 belongs4 ,nur-,ramman speaks ( build+ temples to ^! deities 9 ! city ( ,ur4 ,h5ce ! goddess is also repres5t$ z int]c$+ ) ,s9 on behalf ( ^? :o appeal to h]4 ,! =m ,n9-e-gal is b a v>iant ( ,n9-gal1 s t ! id5tification ( ! two lies beyond d\bt1 & x may v well be t ! temple erect$ by ! consort ( ,rim-,s9 is ! same z ! "o ref]r$ to by ,nur-,ramman4 ,9 a l& :]e polygamy 0 a prevail+ cu/om1 ! gods too might be repres5t$ z hav+ a numb] ( consorts4 ,!re w\ld ( c\rse be1 j z 9 human relations1 "o *ief consort1 b !re might be o!rs rang$ at ! side ( ! latt]4#hh ,"s ( ^! may h be5 consorts ( o!r m9or deities1 wor%ipp$ 9 ! same di/rict1 & :o 7 giv5 to ! m important div9ity z he gradually ov]%ad[$ ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is way1 we may acc\nt = ! l>ge v>iety ( 'ladies' & 'great ladies' met ) 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on1 & :o1 be+ m]ely 'reflections' ( male deities1 ) no %>ply m>k$ traits ( _! own1 w\ld naturally come to be confus$ ) "o ano!r1 & f9ally be reg>d$ z v>i\s =ms ( "o & ! same goddess4 ,a memb] ( ! dyna/y rul+ 9 ,is91 ,en-anna-tuma1 e>li] ev5 ?an ,nur-,ramman1 invokes ,n9-gal 9 an inscription f\nd 9 ! anci5t capital1 ,ur4 ,"h1 too1 ! goddess appe>s 9 association ) ,nann>2 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 %e is designat$ z ! "m ( ,%ama%4 ,x w be borne 9 m9d t 9 ! city ( ,ur1 ! sun-god occupi$ a second>y place at ! side ( ! moon-god4 ,?is relation%ip is probably indicat$ by ! epi!t '(fspr+ ( ,n9-gal1' accord$ to ,%ama% 9 ! inscription ref]r$ to4 ,! moon be+ sup]ior to ! sun1 ! consort ( ! moon-god becomes ! "m ( ! sun-god4 ,ref]5ce has sev]al times be5 made to ,n9-gi%-zida1 :o1 orig9ally a di/9ct sol> deity1 becomes sc>cely di/+ui%able f ,n9-girsu1 & is ev5tually id5tifi$ ) ! great ,n9-ib4#hi ,x is noticeable t ^! f\r deities1 ,n9-girsu1 ,n9-%akh1 ,n9-gi%-zida1 & ,n9-ib1 :o are ?us associat$ toge!r1 all conta9 ! elem5t ,n9 9 _! names1--a factor t may turn out to be ( "s importance :5 m abundant mat]ial %all be =?com+ = trac+ _! developm5t 9 detail4 ,"o ( ,gudea's inscriptions#ij beg9s ) ! significant /atem5t1 ',n9-gi%-zida is ! god ( ,gudea'2 & else:]e :5 speak+ ( him1 he is 'my god1' or '8 god4' ,none ( ! anci5t ,babylonian rul]s make m5tion ( him except ,gudea1 ?\gh 9 ! incantation texts he is introduc$ & significantly t]m$ '! ?rone-be>]' ( ! e>?4 ,! purely local "* ( ! deity is1 fur!rmore1 emphasiz$ by ! ref]5ce to 8 temple 9 ,girsu1 on a brick & on a cone conta9+ d$icatory inscriptions1 inscrib$ by ,gudea 9 honor ( ! god4#ia ,%ul 7or ,dun7-pa-uddu4 ,! wife ( ! fam\s ,gudea1 ,g9-,%ul-pa-uddu1 be>s a "n 9 :i* "o ( ! elem5ts is a deity1 ! phonetic read+ ( ^: "n is /ill unc]ta94#ib ,! elem5ts compris+ x1 namely1 '"l' 7871 'sceptre1' & 'radiant1' leave little d\bt z to ! sol> "* ( ! god4 ,besides ,gudea's wife1 a rul]1 ,ur-,%ul-pa-uddu1#ic belong+ app>5tly to a some:at e>li] p]iod1 embodies ?is deity 9 8 "n4 ,! wor%ip ( ! deity1 !re=e1 belongs to a v e>ly epo*1 & appe>s at "o "t to h enjoy$ consid]able popul>ity )9 a c]ta9 di/rict ( ,babylonia4 ,to :at region ( ,babylonia he belongs has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,judg+ f analog\s in/ances1 he repres5t$ "s phase ( ! sun wor%ipp$ 9 a p>ticul> locality1 ^: cult1 ) ! disappe>ance ( ! place f ! surface ( political affairs1 yield$ to ! t5d5cy to conc5trate sun-wor%ip 9 two or ?ree deities1--,%ama% & ,n9ib m especially4 ,9 ! a/ronomy ( ! ,babylonians ! "n surviv$ z a designation ( ,m>duk-,jupit]4#id ,n9-,m>4 ,a local deity1 designat$ z ! lady ( ,m>1 is invok$ by ,ur-,bau1 f :om we le>n t %e 0 ! daught] ( ,n9a4 ,m>1 ) ! det]m9ative = c\ntry1 ,ki1 appe>s to h be5 ! "n ( a di/rict ext5d+ to ! ,p]sian ,gulf4#ie ,! capital ( ! di/rict is repres5t$ by ! m\nd ,tel-,id1 n f> f ,w>ka4 ,h] subsidi>y position is indicat$ 9 ^! words1 & we may conclude t ,n9-,m> at an e>ly p]iod fell "u ! jurisdiction ( ! di/rict 9 :i* ,n9a 0 supreme4 ,= all t1 ,n9-,m>1 or ! city 9 :i* h] cult 0 c5traliz$1 mu/ h enjoy$ consid]able favor4 ,ur-,bau calls h] ! 'graci\s lady1' & erects a temple1 ! "n ( :i*1 ,i%-gu-tur1#if i4e41 accord+ to ,j5s5's plausible int]pretation1 '! h\se t s]ves z a c\rt = all p]sons1' po9ts to ,m> z a place ( pilgrimage to :i* p came f all sides4 ,gudea1 accord+ly1 does n omit to include '! lady ( ,m>' 9 8 li/ ( ! *ief deities to :om he pays 8 devotions2 & on ! assumption ( ! g5]al favor 9 :i* ! city ( ,m> /ood z a sacr$ t[n1 we may acc\nt = ! fact t a mu* lat] rul]1 ,dungi1 ( ! dyna/y ( ,ur1#ig erects a temple to h] honor4 ,pa-sag4 ,a deity1 ! phonetic read+ ( ^: "n is unkn[n1 or at all ev5ts unc]ta91#ih is m5tion$ once by ,gudea 9 ! long li/ ( deities t has be5 sev]al times ref]r$ to4 ,! ideographs ) :i* 8 "n is writt5 designate him z a *ief ( "s k9d1 & 9 accord ) ?is1 ,gudea calls him '! lead] ( ! l&4' ,pa-sag is m5tion$ imm$iately aft] ! sun-god ,utu1 & 9 view ( ! fact t ano!r sol> deity1 ,i-%um1 :om we %all come across 9 a future *apt]1 is designat$ by ! same title#ii z ,pa-sag1 x seems safe to conclude t ! latt] is likewise a sol> deity1 & 9 all probability1 ! prototype ( ,i-%um1 if n inde$ id5tical ) him4 ,nisaba 7or ,nidaba74 ,9 a dream :i* ! gods s5d to ,gudea1 he sees among o!r ?+s1 a goddess1 ^: "n may be read ,nisaba or ,nidaba4#ajj ,n9a1 :o int]prets ! dream to ! rul] ( ,%irpurla1 decl>es t ,nisaba is h] si/]4 ,9 a text belong+ to a /ill e>li] age1 ! deity is m5tion$ z ! begett] ( a k+ ^: "n is read ,lugal-zaggisi4#aja ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! "n ( ! goddess is writt51 z well z f o!r s\rces1 we "k t ,nisaba is an agricultural deity4 ,9 hi/orical texts %e plays sc>cely any role at all1 b 9 incantations %e is (t5 ref]r$ to2 & f ! fact t ,nisaba is appeal$ to1 to break ! p[] ( ! demons 9 conjunction ) ,ea1 x w\ld appe> t ! position once occupi$ by h] 0 no insignificant "o4 ,n9-girsu1 x w be recall$1 has also traits :i* connect him ) agricultural life1 & ,n9a be+ ! daught] ( ,n9-si-a1 "o ( ! =ms "u :i* ,n+irsu-,n9ib appe>s1 we may connect ,nisaba directly ) ! cults ( :i* ,laga% =m$ ! c5t]4 ,nisaba mu/ h be5 ! consort ( "o ( ! agricultural gods1 ^: jurisdiction falls )9 ,gudea's empire4 ,lugal-zaggisi1 z ! k+ ( ,uruk1 assigns to ! goddess a fir/ place4 ,h] orig9 mu/1 !re=e1 be s\ght 9 ?is region4 ,9 lat] days ! "n ( ! goddess is us$ to describe ! f]tility ( ! soil 9 g5]al4 ,s ,a%urbanabal1 describ+ ! prosp]ity exi/+ 9 8 days1 says t gra9 0 abundant ?r\gh ! 'increase ( ,nisaba4'#ajb ,,ku787-,anna4 ,a goddess ( ?is "n--read+ ( ! fir/ sign d\btful--is m5tion$ by ,ur-,bau1 :o builds a temple to h] 9 ,girsu4 ,if ,amiaud is correct 9 8 read+ ( ! fir/ sign1 ! goddess 0 id5tifi$ at "o "t by ! ,babylonians ) ! consort ( ,ramman--! /orm-god4 ,?is w\ld accord ) ! description t ,ur-,bau gives ( ! goddess4 ,%e is ! "o :o deluges ! l& ) wat]--belong+ !re=e to ! same ord] z ,bau4 ,9 a li/ ( deities enum]at$ by a rul] ( ,ere*1 ,lugal-zaggisi1#ajc are f\nd 7#a7 a local goddess1 ,umu1 designat$ z ! 'prie/ess ( ,uruk1'#ajd & occupy+ an inf]ior rank to 7#b7 a goddess1 ,n9-akha-kuddu1#aje :o is call$ '! mi/ress ( ,uruk4' ,! importance ( ,ere* 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,babylonia is emphasiz$ by ! inscriptions f ,nippur1 rec5tly publi%$ by ,dr4 ,hilpre*t4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to f9d sev]al deities ( a purely local type commemorat$ by k+s :o belong to ?is region4 ,! goddess ,umu is n he>d ( aga94 ,! great goddess ( ,uruk1 ,nana1 absorbs ! small] ones1 & h5ce ,n9-akha-kuddu survives *iefly 9 incantation texts z '! lady ( %9+ wat]s1' ( 'purification1' & ( 'incantations4'#ajf 99 99 99 99 99 ,la/ly1 a pass+ ref]5ce may be made to sev]al deities to :om sanctu>ies are erect$ by ,uru-,kag9a 9 ! great temple ( ,bau at ,uru-azaga1 & :om ,amiaud reg>ds z sons ( ,bau4 ,uru-,kag9a enum]ates ?ree1 ,za-za-uru1 ,im-pa-ud-du1 & ,gim-nun-ta-ud-du-a4#ajg ,! elem5t ud-du 9 ! la/ two names signifies 'radiant' or 'ris+ up'2 :ile pa-ud-du 7l 9 ,%ul-pa-ud-du1 p4 #ii7 means 'radiant sceptre4' ,if to ?is1 we add t ,im is '/orm1' x w appe> plausible to see 9 ! second "n a =m ( a rag+ sol> deity & p]haps also 9 ! ?ird2 gim nun 9 ! latt] "n may mean 'creat+ "l4' ,to ^! ,amiaud#ajh adds f o!r s\rces1 ,khi-gir-nunna1 ,khi-%aga1 ,gurmu1 & ,z>mu4 ,he takes ^! sev5 deities z sons ( ,bau1 b he (f]s no conclusive evid5ce = 8 !ory4 ,"s ( ^! deities may turn out to be synonym\s ) su* z h already be5 met )4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,indicat$ by sep>at+ ! syllables compos+ ! "n4 #be ,at ! p]iod :5 ! k+s ( ,ur ext5d _! rule ov] ,nippur1 !y1 too1 d n omit to ref] to ! di/9ction ( hav+ be5 call$ to ! s]vice ( ! great god at 8 temple4 #bf ,! "n signifies1 ',he has f\nd$ ! city1' ! subject ( ! v]b be+ "s deity ^: "n is omitt$4 #bg ,j5s51 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 p4 #bc1 proposes to read ,n9-,ur-sag1 b )\t suffici5t reason1 x seems to me4 ,! writ+ be+ a purely ideographic =m1 an epi!ton ornans1 ! "q ( h[ ! ideographs are to be read is n ( great mom5t4 #bh ,we may comp>e ! poetic application 'rock' to ,yahweh 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 e4g41 ,job #a4 #ab1 & frequ5tly 9 ,psalms1--lxii4 #c1 #g2 xcii4 #af1 #ah1 etc4 #bi ,read+ d\btful4 ,j5s5 sugge/s ,erim4 ,hommel 7,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 xv4 #cg seq47 endeavor$ to id5tify ! place ) ,babylon1 b 8 views are unt5able4 ,if ,gi%-galla 0 n a "p ( ,laga%1 x c\ld n h be5 f> remov$ f x4 ,x 0 ,amiaud :o fir/ sugge/$ t ,%ir-pur-la 7or ,laga%7 0 ! g5]al "n = a city t arose f an amalgamation ( f\r orig9ally di/9ct qu>t]s4 7,sirpurla 9 ,revue ,ar*eologique1 #ahhh47 ,! sugge/ion has be5 g5]ally1 ?\gh n univ]sally accept$4 #cj ,t ,n9ib is only an ideographic =m is suffici5tly cle> f ! elem5t ,,n9-1 "l4 ,! pro(1 h[ev]1 t ,n9ib is ,ad>1 is /ill want+4 ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #deg1 #deh4 #ca ,f ! context 7,de ,s>zec1 ,dec\v]tes1 pl4 #f1 no4 #d1 ll4 #ac-ba1 & pl4 #ca1 no4 #c1 col iii4 ll4 #b-f71 !re c be no d\bt t ,%ul-gur 7or ,%ul-gur-ana7 is an epi!t ( ,n9-girsu4 ,! ideographs descriptive ( ! edifice sugge/ a corn magaz9e ( "s k9d4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! /oreh\ses = gra9 9 ,egypt4 ,see ,j5s5's ,notes1 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 pp4 #ae1 #ah1 #gc4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two texts 9 "q makes x probable t ,ab-gi & ,e-bi-g> are synonym\s4 #cb ,rawl9son1 iv4 #bg1 no4 #f2 #aa1 #de-df4 #cc ,x is noticeable t !re is no m5tion made ( a special god ( ,laga%1 :i* po9ts to ! lat] orig9 ( ! "n4 #cd ,inscr4 ,d1 col4 li4 #ac2 ,g1 col4 ii4 ll4 #a-h2 iii4 #d seq4 #ce ,see ,g54 xxiv4 #ec4 ,burkh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s1 i4 #aji1 gives an example ( ! cu/om4 #cf ,! two names are us$ by ,gudea 7,inscr4 ,g1 col4 iii4 #ab7 9 a way to indicate t !y embrace ! :ole di/rict ( ,laga%4 #cg ,semit4 ,voelk]1 p4 #chb4 #ch ,see ,j5s51 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 #bh1 note #b4 #ci ,! fir/ signifies 'to make1' ! ?ird means good1 favorable1 b ! second1 ^u :i* s mu* dep5ds1 is n cle>4 ,amiaud reads tum in/ead ( sig4 #dj ,e4g41 ,n9a 7see bel[74 #da ,de ,s>zec1 pl4 #g1 col4 i4 #ab4 #db ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ajd4 #dc ,inscr4 ,d1 col4 iv4 ll4 #g1 #h4 #dd ,9 ,rawl9son1 ii4 #eh1 no4 #f1 !re is a li/ ( "s sev5ty names4 #de ,rawl9son1 ii4 #eh1 no4 #f1 #eh4 #df ,de ,s>zec1 pl4 #h1 col v4 ll4 #d-f4 #dg ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 #hj1 note #c4 #dh ,rawl9son1 iv4 #ce1 no4 #b1 #a4 #di ,see a syllab>y giv+ li/s ( gods1 ,rawl9son1 ii4 #fj1 #ab4 ,dungi1 inde$1 calls ,n]gal once ! k+ ( lawful control ov] ,laga% 7,rawl9son1 iv4 #ce1 no4 #b1 ll4 #b1 #c74 ,! exact =ce ( ! title is n cle>1 b 9 no case are we p]mitt$ to conclude z ,amiaud does 7,rec4 ( ! ,pa/1 ,n4,s41 i4 #ei7 t ,%id-lam-ta-udda is id5tical ) ,n9-girsu4 #ej ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #dgf-hg4 #ea ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #dgf-hg4 #eb ,s 9 ! inscription ( ,rim-,s9 7,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 p4 #ig74 #ec ,p]haps ! knob ( a sceptre4 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 viii4 #fh4 #ed ,e4g41 ,hammurabi 7,revue d',assyriologie1 ii4 col4 i4 #ba72 b also ,gudea & a /ill e>li] k+4 #ee ,s ,amlaud2 & !re seems "s reason to believe t ! "n 0 us$ by ! side ( ,utu1 ?\gh p]haps only z an epi!t4 #ef ,comp>e birbiru1 '%e51' & ! /em b>u1 'to see1' etc4 #eg ,see ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 ,i1 #ajj4 ,read+ ( "n unc]ta94 #eh ,sugge/$ by ,rawl9son1 ii4 #eg1 #aj4 ,see ,s*rad]1 ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 iii4 #cc seq4 #ei ,on ,sipp>1 see ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 etc41 #afh-afi1 :o f9ds 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t =m ,seph>vayim a trace ( ?is d\ble ,sipp>4 ,dr4 ,w>d's sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ,anb>1 z repres5t+ ?is 'second' ,sipp>1 is errone\s4 #fj ,e4g41 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,i4 #ei4 #fa ,9 ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 ! moon is comp>$ to a 'heif]' 7,talmud ,babli ,ro%-ha%ana #bb b74 #fb ,t ! "n ( ,s9 %\ld h be5 introduc$ into ,mesopotamia ?r\gh ! ',arabic' dyna/y 7see above1 p4 #ci7 is less probable1 ?\gh n impossible 9 ! light ( rec5t discov]ies4 #fc ,innanna may be sep>at$ into ,9 "l or lady1 & nanna2 9 & nanna w\ld !n be elem5ts add$ to lady1 convey+ p]haps ! idea ( greatness4 ,see ,j5s5's rem>ks1 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 ,i1 #bj1 note #d4 #fd ,rec4 ( ! ,pa/1 ,n4,s41 ii4 p4 #ajd4 #fe ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 ,i1 #af4 ,see ,j5s5's note on ! read+ ( ! "n4 #ff ,! fame ( ?is temple outla/s ! political importance ( ! place1 & z late z ! days ( ! ,assyrian mon>*y is an object ( fo/]+ c>e on ! "p ( ! k+s4 #fg ,t ! "n is ,semitic is no long] s]i\sly que/ion$ by any s*ol>4 ,! und]ly+ /em sugge/s etymological relation%ip ) ! god ,a%ur4 ,if ?is be s1 ,i%t> may mean '! goddess t br+s bless+' to mank9d1 b all ?is is t5tative1 z are ! num]\s o!r etymologies sugge/$4 #fh ,! ideographs = 'c\ntry' & 'm\nta9' are id5tical ,assyrian4 ,! alt]nation 9 ! title ( ,i%t> mu/ n be tak5 to po9t to a m\nta9\s orig9 ( ! goddess4 #fi ,a full acc\nt ( ?is epic w be giv5 at its prop] place4 #gj ,aga91 9 ! incantation texts %e appe>s only z ! daught] ( ,anu1 coo]d9ate ) ,s9 & ,%ama%4 #ga ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 #gb1 note4 ,"s s*ol>s1 z ,hommel 7,ges*4 d4 alt4 ,morg5l&es1 p4 #fh71 propose to id5tify ?is place ) ! ,assyrian ,n9eveh1 b ! conjecture lacks pro( & is altoge!r improbable4 #gb ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 ,i4 pls4 #cj1 #ca4 7,see n[ ,peis]1 ,keils ,bibl4 #d1 pp4 #fd-ff47 #gc ,que/ion$ by ,peis]1 ib4 #gd ,among _m nations ! moon is pictur$ z a horn$ animal4 ,see ,rob]t ,br[n's int]e/+ monograph on ,! ,unicorn1 pp4 #bg seq4 et passim2 also above1 p4 #gf4 #ge ,simply ! sign ,,an 7 god1 heav57 & ! phonetic complem5t na4 #gf ,see above1 p4 #ei4 #gg ,writt5 ,an-na1 )\t ! det]m9ative = deity4 ,de ,s>zec1 ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 pl4 #cg1 no4 #h4 #gh ,! second elem5t may also be read d>4 ,see ,j5s51 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 p4 #bd1 note #a4 #gi ,inscription ,b1 col4 ii4 #ai4 #hj ,see ,hommel1 ,semitis*e ,kultur51 p4 #chi4 #ha ,= ! sacr$ "* ( ! sw9e among ! ,semites1 see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #bja1 #bgb1 #ccb1 #deg4 ,rawl9son1 iii4 #fh1 #bb1 occurs a deity1 'sw9e ( ! "r h&1' i4e41 propiti\s4 #hb ,rawl9son1 ii4 #ei1 #bc4 ,! second elem5t 9 ,pap-sukal is ! common ,babylonian ^w = 's]vant1' or 'mess5g]2' o!r deities !re=e /&+ 9 a subsidi>y position are also call$ ,pap-sukal4 ,s e4g41 ,nebo & ,nusku4 ,see fur!r on & comp>e ,hommel1 ,semit51 pp4 #dgi1 #dhj4 #hc ,inscription ,b1 col iii4 #b4 #hd ,uru-kag9a1 e>li] ?an ,gudea 7de ,s>zec1 pl4 #cb71 appe>s to h built a temple to ,dun-%agga1 b ! passage is n altoge!r cle>4 ,! elem5t also appe>s 9 ! "n ( ! rul] ( ,ur1 ,dungi1 i4e41 '! legitimate h]o1' z ,s>gon is ! 'legitimate k+4' #he ,signify+1 accord+ to ,j5s51 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 p4 #be1 'fight+-place'4 #hf ,publi%$ by ,delitzs*1 ,beitraege zur ,assyr4 ,i4 #cja-caa4 #hg ,s also ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #ad1 note #c4 #hh ,s ,anu appe>s to h concub9es4 #hi ,see above1 pp4 #ib1 #ic4 #ij ,inscription ,c4 #ia ,de ,s>zec1 pl4 #cg1 no4 #e2 ,trans4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 vi4 #bgi4 #ib ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #abg1 proposes to read ,umun-pauddu4 #ic ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #b1 no4 #ic4 ,! "n also appe>s 9 syllab>ies z ,%ul-pa-ud-du-a4 ,= ! elem5t pa-udda1 see p4 #ajc4 ,9 ,n]gal's "n ,%id-lam-ta-uddu-a 7p4 #fe71 ! same f9al elem5ts are f\nd :i* appe> to be *>act]i/ic epi!ts ( sol> deities4 ,! fir/ elem5t 9 ! "n has also ! value ,dun 7z 9 ,dun-gi74 #id ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #abe1 #abf4 #ie ,see ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,septemb]-,octob]1 #ahie1 p4 #cic4 #if ,de ,s>zec1 pl4 #h1 col4 v4 ll4 #h-ab4 #ig ,,ir4 pl4 #b1 no4 #d4 #ih ,j5s5 reg>ds ,pa-sag z a possible phonetic =m1 b 8 view is h>dly t5able4 #ii ,see ,zimm]n1 ,busspsalm51 pp4 #fj1 #fa4 #ajj ,cyl9d] ,a1 cols4 iv4 & v4 ,amiaud read ! "n ,nirba4 #aja ,j publi%$ by ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #b1 pls4 #ch-dg4 ,cf4 p4 #eb #ajb ,,vr4 col4 i4 #dh4 #ajc ,see at close ( *apt] vi4 #ajd ,hilpre*t1 ib4 no4 #hg1 col i4 #cj4 #aje ,ib4 i4 #cb4 ,hilpre*t reads ,n9-a-gid-kha-du1 b ?is c h>dly be correct4 #ajf ,! two ideas1 'wat]' & 'incantation1' are correlat$4 ,! 'wat]s' meant are ^? us$ = purification purposes 9 connection ) ! magic =mulas4 #ajg ,de ,s>zec1 pl4 #cb1 col4 ii4 #i-aa4 #ajh ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,n4,s41 i4 #ei4 ,amiaud reads ! second "n ,im-ghud-ena & ! ?ird ,gim 7or ,ur7-nun-ta-ena4 ,! publication 9 ,de ,s>zec favors my read+s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,consorts ,,( ,,! ,,gods4 ,att5tion has already be5 direct$ to ! comp>atively small numb] ( female deities t appe> 9 ! inscriptions ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n conclude f ?is1 t su* deities did n exi/ 9 l>g] numb]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 we may feel c]ta9 t e god _h 8 consort1 & 9 "s cases m ?an "o4 ,sev]al in/ances ( su* consorts h be5 furni%$ 9 ?is *apt]2 b if ! consorts ( ! l>g] numb] ( ^! gods are unkn[n1 x is because ( ! insignificant role t ^! consorts play$4 ,! goddesses ( ,babylonia1 ) few exceptions1 become m]e %ad[y reflections ( ! gods1 ) b little indep5d5t p[]1 & 9 "s cases none at all4 ,!y owe :at popul>ity !y enjoy$ to _! association ) _! male companions4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is inf]ior role play$ by ! female deities1 ! t5d5cy becomes m pron\nc$1 z we pass f ! fir/ to ! second p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 to r$uce by assimilation ! small numb] t h indep5d5t attributes1 until we rea* a condition 9 :i* we h practically only "o goddess1 appe>+ "u _m =ms4 ,x is only 9 ! religi\s texts1 & 9 "s phases ( ! popul> beliefs1 t goddesses reta9 a c]ta9 degree ( prom95ce4 ,s1 a goddess ,allat1 z we %all see1 plays an important "p z ! *ief goddess ( ! subt]ranean cave t h\ses ! dead4 ,allat appe>s to h be5 orig9ally a consort ( ! fam\s ,bel ( ,nippur1 b ?r\gh association ) ,n]gal1 :o becomes ! *ief god ( ! l[] _w1 almo/ all traces ( ! orig9al "* ( ! goddess disappe>4 ,aga91 ,gula1 ! consort ( ,n9-ib1 :ile occasionally m5tion$ 9 ! hi/orical texts ( ! second & ?ird p]iod1 & "u ! =m ,ma-ma1 z an elem5t 9 a prop] "n belong+ to ! olde/ p]iod1#aji is m frequ5tly invok$ 9 incantations z ! heal] ( disease4 ,! same is ! case ) o!r goddesses2 s t we may conclude t f ! e>lie/ times1 ! ,babylonian religion %>$ ! trait s m>k$ 9 all ,semitic cults1 ( a comb9ation ( ! male & female pr9ciple 9 ! p]sonification ( ! p[]s t controll$ ! fate ( man4 ,9 "p1 no d\bt1 ! m9or importance ( wom51 s f> z ! outw>d aspects ( social & political life 7 conc]n$1 is a factor 9 ! altoge!r second>y importance atta*+ to ! consorts ( ! gods2 b we may feel c]ta9 t !re 0 no god1 h[ev] re/rict$ 9 8 jurisdiction1 or h[ev] limit$ 9 ! numb] ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 :o _h n associat$ ) him a female companion1 :o foll[s him z ! %ad[ foll[s ! sub/ance4 ,,footnotes3 #aji ,accord+ to ,hilpre*t1 ib4 p4 #dh1 note #f4 ,= ,ma-ma & ,me-me1 z names ( ,gula1 see *apt] viii4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,gudea',s ,,pan!on4 ,gudea manife/s a fondness = giv+ to 8 pan!on z l>ge a compass z possible4 ,9 ?is respect1 he foll[s e>li] examples1 & also sets an example :i* is foll[$ by _m ( ! rul]s ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 :o felt t ! l>g] ! numb] ( gods invok$ by !m1 ! m impressive w\ld _! own position appe> 9 ! eyes ( _! subjects4 ,moreov]1 by incorporat+ 9 _! pan!on ! gods associat$ ) di/ricts t !y controll$1 !y w\ld n only secure ! protection ( ^! deities1 b w\ld emphasize _! own claim to an ext5d$ sov]eignty4 ,! beg9n+ & ! close ( d$icatory & commemorative inscriptions 7 ! favorite opportunities1 seiz$ ^u by ! k+s1 = p>ad+ ! li/ ( ! p[]s "u ^: patronage !y wi%$ to appe>4 ,^! li/s are bo? int]e/+ & valuable1 z furni%+ 9 a conv5i5t =m a summ>y ( ! *ief gods includ$ 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on at ! v>i\s hi/orical p]iods4 ,at ! close ( "o ( 8 inscriptions1#aaj ,gudea furni%es a li/ ( no less ?an eighte5 deities4 ,9 rapid succession he enum]ates ,anu1 ,en-lil 7,bel71 ,n9-kh>-sag1 ,en-ki 7,ea71 ,en-zu 7,s971 ,n9-girsu1 ,n9a1 ,n9-si-a1 ,ga-tum-dug1 ,bau1 ,n9ni1 ,utu 7,%ama%71 ,pa-sag1 ,gal-alim1 ,dun-%agga1 ,n9-,m>1 ,dumuzi-zuaba1 ,n9-gi%-zida4 ,^! deities may be tak5 z indicative ( ! t]ritorial ext5t ( ,gudea's jurisdiction4 ,!y are call$ ^u to puni% him :o attempts to alt] ! decrees ( ! rul]1 or to efface ! memory ( 8 de$s4 ,aga91 at ! beg9n+ ( "o ( 8 inscriptions1 he appeals to ,n9-girsu1 ,en-lil1 ,n9a1 ,bau1 ,ga-tum-dug1 ,gal-alim1 & ,dun-%agga4 ,he rec\nts :at he has done to promote ! cults ( ^! deities1 & ^u 8 conduct he gr\nds 8 hope t !y w aid him 9 8 und]tak+s4 ,! li/s1 z w be obs]v$1 v>y 9 ! numb] & 9 ! ord] ( ! gods enum]at$4 ,9 ! second li/1 ! position ( ,n9-girsu at ! head is due to ! fact t ! inscription commemorates ! d$ication ( a sanctu>y to t god4 ,b ,n9-girsu1 despite 8 rank z ! *ief god ( ,laga%1 belongs to a second class ( deities4 ,/&+ f> above him is ! triad1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 ! gods t p]sonify1 z we h se51 ! great divisions ( ! univ]se1--heav51 e>?1 & wat]4 ,^! gods1 accord+ly1 take prec$5ce ( ,n9-girsu 9 ! fir/ li/4 ,9 a succe$+ *apt]1 ! significance ( ?is triad = ! ,babylonian religion w be fully set =?4 ,= ! pres5t1 x is suffici5t to note t ! sy/ematization ( popul> beliefs1 involv$ 9 ! di/9ctions ?us emphasiz$ 9 ! gr\p+s ( deities into classes1 beg9s at s e>ly a p]iod4 ,?is sy/ematization1 h[ev]1 has n yet assum$ f9al %ape4 ,true1 ! moon-god has already be5 giv5 ! place1 imm$iately foll[+ ^u ! triad1 t he w hold 9 ! develop$ =m ( ,babylonian !ology2 b :ile1 z we h se51 ,s9 prop]ly takes prec$5ce ( ! sun-god1 ! latt] %\ld foll[ 9 ! wake ( 8 associate4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ,n9-girsu prec$e1 b two o!r deities :o are closely relat$ 9 g5]al "* to ! 'w>rior deity' ( ,gudea's dom9ion4 ,!n1 ! two great goddesses1 ,bau & ,n9ni1 are introduc$1 & x is n until !y are dispos$ ( t ! sun-god1 toge!r aga9 ) ,pa-sag z a k9d ( lieut5ant1#aaa is invok$4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! five rema9+ deities1 no special pr9ciple c be recogniz$4 ,!y1 evid5tly1 occupy a m9or rank4 ,x is possible1 !n1 to di/+ui% no less ?an f\r classes 9 ! old ,babylonian pan!on3 7#a7 ! great triad1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea2 7#b7 a second gr\p1 z yet incomplete1 b :i* w ev5tually include ,s91 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman1 repres5t+ ! great p[]s ( nature--moon1 sun1 & /orm2 7#c7 ! great gods1 ! patron deities ( ! m important political c5t]s ( ! c\ntry2 & 7#d7 ! m9or ones1 repres5t+ ! local cults ( less important places4 ,naturally1 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two la/-nam$ classes is n %>ply m>k$1 & 9 accordance ) ! ev]-v>y+ political kaleidoscope1 local deities w rise f ! rank ( m9or gods to a high] place 9 ! pan!on2 :ile su* z once enjoy$ high e/eem w1 ?r\gh decl9e 9 ! political =tunes ( _! wor%ipp]s1 be br\ght d[n f ! high] to an inf]ior rank4#aab ,x is ?is con/ant int]action betwe5 ! political situation & ! relation%ip ( ! gods to "o ano!r1 t con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 z an organiz$ pan!on leads to great] /ability 9 ! doma9 ( !ological speculation1 ! influ5ce ( ! politics ( ! c\ntry on ! religion becomes less m>k$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,! v>i\s classes into :i* ! gods are divid$1 are def9itely fix$ by ! s*ools ( !ology t1 z we %all see1 take _! rise 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,! rivalry1 on ! "o h&1 betwe5 ! ,babylonian empire unit$ "u "o head1 & ! ,assyrian empire on ! o!r1 alone rema9s to br+ ab\t an occasional ex*ange ( places betwe5 ! two gods :o /& at ! head ( ! great gods ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian pan!on respectively4 ,! attempt has be5 made by ,amiaud#aac to arrange ! pan!on ( ?is olde/ p]iod 9 a g5ealogical ord]4 ,9 ,gudea's long li/ ( deities1 he detects ?ree g5]ations1--! ?ree *ief gods & "o goddess1 z ! prog5itors ( ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,n9-girsu1 ,bau1 & o!rs4 ,! gods ( ?is second division give rise to a ?ird class1 view$ aga9 z ! (fspr+ ( ! second4 ,pr(essor ,davis1 tak+ up ?is idea ( ,amiaud1 has q rec5tly ma9ta9$#aad t ! family idea mu/ =m our />t+-po9t = an und]/&+ ( ! pan!on ( ,laga%4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 does n admit ( consi/5t application4 ,!re are gods1 z ,amiaud recogniz$1 :o _c be br\ght "u 8 s*eme1 s f> at lea/ z pres5t te/imony is conc]n$2 & o!rs c only by an arbitr>y assumption be =c$ into accord ) ! !ory4 ,moreov]1 we %\ld expect to f9d traces ( ?is family idea 9 ! lat] phases ( ! ,assyro-,babylonian pan!on4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,a m reasonable & natural explanation ( ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 _m--n all--( ! gods ( ,gudea's pan!on has already be5 sugge/$4 ,9 "p1 we mu/ look to ! developm5t ( a !ological sy/em ( ?\ght 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley to acc\nt = ! sup]ior position accord$ to c]ta9 gods1 & 9 "p1 political conditions & political *anges af=d an explanation = ! union ( c]ta9 deities into a family gr\p4 ,s f>1 inde$1 ,amiaud is correct1 t ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! v>i\s deities1 0 z a rule express$ 9 t]ms applicable to human society4 ,! second>y position occupi$1 e4g41 by ,s9 :5 comp>$ ) a god ^: doma9 is ! entire 'l[] regions1' w\ld be aptly express$ by call+ ! moon-god ! elde/ son ( ,en-lil or ,bel2 &1 simil>ly1 a goddess l ,bau w\ld be call$ ! daught] ( ,anu4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to int]pret ! use ( 'daught]' & 'son' lit]ally4 ,su* t]ms are employ$ 9 all ,semitic languages 9 a figurative s5se1 to indicate a dep5d5t position ( "s sort4 ,aga91 we h se5 t ! union ( a numb] ( cities or /ates "u "o head w\ld be foll[$ by a union ( ! deities prop] to ^! cities or /ates4 ,t union w\ld be express$1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ei!r by plac+ ! deities on a foot+ ( equality--9 :i* case !y w\ld be consorts1 or bro!rs & si/]s1 (fspr+s !re=e ( "o & ! same god--or1 ! sup]ior rank ( "o patron god w\ld be indicat$ by assign+ to ! god ( a conqu]$ or subord9ate t]ritory ! rank ( (fspr+ or att5dant4 ,9 /udy+ su* a li/ z t pres5t$ by ,gudea1 we mu/1 !re=e1 make due all[ance = :at may be call$ local peculi>ities & local conditions4 ,x is only by comp>+ 8 li/ ) o!rs t we c diff]5tiate betwe5 ! g5]al features ( ,babylonian cults & ! special features due to political & local associations4 ,we are 9 a position n[ to in/itute ?is comp>ison = a p]iod :i* is c]ta9ly "s c5turies e>li] ?an ,gudea4 ,! date ( ! reign ( ,lugal-zaggisi1 k+ ( ,uruk1 :o has be5 sev]al times ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is fix$ by ,hilpre*t at c4 #dejj ,b4,c41 b x is d\btful :e!r s high an age w be accept$ by s*ol>s4 ,! *ronology = ! p]iod beyond ,gudea is /ill 9 a v unc]ta9 condition4 ,lugal-zaggisi1 9 a long li/ ( deities at ! beg9n+ ( an important inscription1 enum]ates 9 succession ,anu1 ! goddess ,nisaba1 ! gods ,en-lil 7or ,bel71 ,en-ki 7,ea71 ,en-zu 7,s971 ,utu 7! sun-god71 ! goddess ,n9ni 7or ,nana78771 ,n9-kh>-sag1 ,umu1 & ,n9-akha-kuddu4 ,z = ,anu1 ! k+ introduces ! "n1 z ,ur-,n+irsu ( ,laga% does 7see above1 p4 #ij71 9 call+ himself 'prie/ ( ,anu1' & :i*1 accord+ to ! explanation sugge/$1 means simply 'div9e prie/4' ,bel1 ,ea1 ,s91 & ,%ama% 7or ,utu7 are common to ,gudea & ,lugal-zaggisi4 ,^! con/itute1 !n1 ! great gods ^: wor%ip is no long] limit$ to any p>ticul> di/rict4 ,!y h become common prop]ty1 9 "p ?r\gh ! sanctity atta*$ to ! places :]e ! gods 7 wor%ipp$1 9 "p ?r\gh ! antiquity ( ^! places1 & 9 "p1 no d\bt1 z ! result ( a political developm5t ly+ beh9d ! p]iod "u consid]ation4 ,! prom95ce giv5 by ,lugal-zaggisi to ,nisaba is r surpris+4 ,he calls himself & also 8 fa!r1 'h]o' ( ,nisaba4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be borne 9 m9d t ( ! goddesses at lea/ two1 ,umu & ,n9-akha-kuddu1 are ( a local "*1 ! conclusion appe>s ju/ifi$ t ,nisaba 0 a goddess associat$ m p>ticul>ly ) ! di/rict 9 :i* ,uruk lay4 ,! goddess ,n9ni 7writt5 simply z '! goddess'7 is no d\bt id5tical ) ! great ,nana ( ,uruk1 & ,n9-kh>-sag is introduc$ z ! consort ( ,en-lil4 ,z a result ( ?is comp>ison1 we may note ! t5d5cy t[>ds a g5]al recognition ( c]ta9 great gods1 :i* is m fully develop$ 9 ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi4 ,at ! same "t1 ! loyalty ( ! rul]s to ! gods1 peculi> to _! own di/rict1 is manife/$ by ! prom95t place assign$ 9 ! sev]al cases to gods :o o!rwise play an insignificant role1 & :o ev5tually are absorb$ by o!rs2 & la/ly1 z betwe5 ,lugal-zaggisi & ,gudea1 ! obs]vation may be made ( ! disposition to emphasize local gods1 less = _! own sake1 ?an because ( ! eclat furni%$ by ! enum]ation ( a l>ge pan!on1 :i* %all be coequal 9 ext5t & dignity to ! di/rict claim$ by ! rul]s & to ! rank assum$ by !m4 ,,footnotes3 #aaj ,inscr4 ,b1 cols4 viii4 ix4 #aaa ,see above1 p4 #aja4 #aab ,see ,w9ckl]'s excell5t rem>ks on ! relation%ip betwe5 ! city & ! god 9 anci5t ,babylonia 7,altori5talis*e ,=s*ung51 ,,iii4 #bcb-bce74 #aac ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,n4,s41 i4 #eg-ei4 #aad ,9 a pap] on ,! ,gods ( ,%irpurla1 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society 9 ,april1 #ahie4 7,proce$+s1 ccxiii-ccxviii47 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,summ>y4 ,we h ?us pass$ 9 review ! old ,babylonian pan!on1 s f> z ! discov]$ texts h reveal$ _! names & epi!ts4 ,! li/ does n claim to be exhau/ive4 ,t future texts w add to its l5g?1 by reveal+ ! exi/5ce at ?is e>ly p]iod ( _m kn[n to u at pres5t only f lat] texts or f ! religi\s lit]ature1#aae is m ?an likely4 ,! nature ( ! old ,babylonian religion entails1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 an array ( gods t might be t]m$ endless4 ,local cults w\ld ev] t5d to increase ) ! rise ( new t[ns1 & :ile ! deities ?us wor%ipp$ w\ld n rise to any or mu* importance1 /ill _! names w\ld become kn[n 9 l>g] circles1 & a rul] might1 = ! sake ( increas+ 8 own lu/re1 make m5tion ( "o or m ( !m1 honor+ !m at ! same "t by an epi!t :i* might or might n accurately def9e _! "*4 ,z long z ! v>i\s di/ricts ( ,babylonia 7 n =mally unit$ "u "o head1 v>i\s local cults might rise to equally l>ge proportions1 :ile ! gods wor%ipp$ z ! special patrons ( ! great c5t]s1 z ,laga%1 ,ur1 ,uruk1 ,nippur1 & ! l1 w\ld reta9 _! prom95ce1 ev5 ?\gh ! political /atus ( ! cities sacr$ to !m suff]$ a decl9e4 ,! rul] ( ! di/rict t claim$ a supremacy ov] "o t =m]ly occupi$ an indep5d5t position1 w\ld ha/5 to emphasize ?is control by pr\dly claim+ ! patron deity z "p ( 8 pan!on4 ,! popul>ity ( ,s9 at ,ur suff]$ no dim9ution because ! supremacy ( ,ur yield$ to t ( ,uruk4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! god ga9$ new fri5ds :o /rove to rival ! old ones 9 manife/ations ( rev]5ce2 & :51 z happ5$ 9 sev]al in/ances1 ! patron deities 7 p]sonifications ( natural ph5om5a1 ^: wor%ip ?r\gh v>i\s circum/ances became associat$ ) p>ticul> localities1 !re 0 an additional reason = ! survival1 &1 inde$1 gr[+ importance ( su* local cults1 q indep5d5t ( ! political =tunes t befell ! cities 9 :i* ! gods 7 suppos$ to dwell4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re are a consid]able numb] ( deities :o are met ) bo? at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory--a p]iod1 be x rememb]$1 t1 s f> z kn[n1 already cov]s a di/ance ( #b1jjj ye>s4 ,^! are ( two classes1 7a7 deities ( purely local orig91 surviv+ ?r\gh ! hi/orical significance ( ! places :]e !y 7 wor%ipp$1 & 7b7 deities1 at once local 9 s f> z !y are associat$ ) a fix$ spot1 b at ! same "t hav+ a f> m g5]al "* by virtue ( be+ p]sonifications ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,! jurisdiction ( bo? classes ( deities might1 ?r\gh political vicissitudes1 be ext5d$ ov] a l>g] di/rict ?an ! "o to :i* !y 7 orig9ally conf9$1 & 9 s f> _! local "* w\ld t5d to be obscur$4 ,x w\ld dep5d1 h[ev]1 ^u o!r factors1 besides ! m]ely political ones1 :e!r ^! cults w\ld take a suffici5tly deep hold ^u ! p to lead to ! evolution ( deities1 entirely dissociat$ f fix$ seats1 :o might be wor%ipp$ any:]e1 & ^: attributes w\ld t5d to become m & m ab/ract 9 "*4 ,su* a process1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be complet$ by ! sil5t work+ ( :at1 = want ( a bett] "n1 we call ! g5ius ( ! p4 ,x requires ! assi/ance1 consci\s & 9 a measure p$antic1 ( ! ?9k]s & spiritual guides ( a p4 ,9 o!r words1 ! advance 9 religi\s conceptions f ! po9t at :i* we f9d !m :5 ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates takes place1 is condition$ ^u ! infusion ( ! !ological _s into ! mass ( beliefs t con/itut$ ! anci5t h]itage ( ! p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v>i\s circum/ances h already be5 sugge/$ t cooep]at$1 already prior to ! days ( ,hammurabi1 9 we$+ out ! sup]fluity ( deities1 at lea/ s f> z recognition ( !m 9 ! (ficial inscriptions ( ! rul]s 7 conc]n$4 ,deities1 atta*$ to places ( small & ev]-dim9i%+ importance w\ld1 aft] be+ at fir/ adopt$ into ! pan!on by "s rul] desir\s ( emphasiz+ 8 control ov] ! t[n 9 "q1 end 9 be+ entirely absorb$ by "s m p[]ful god1 ^: attributes 7 simil> to ^? ( 8 m9or companion4 ,especially w\ld ?is be ! case ) deities conceiv$ z grant+ assi/ance 9 w>f>e4 ,! glory ( ! small] w>rior gods w\ld fade ?r\gh ! success a*iev$ by a ,n9-girsu4 ,! names & epi!ts w\ld be transf]r$ to ! m p[]ful god1 &1 beyond an occasional m5tion1 ! weak] w\ld entirely pass out ( consid]ation4 ,aga91 ! wor%ip ( ! moon or ( ! sun1 or ( c]ta9 aspects ( ! sun1--! morn+ sun1 ! noonday sun1 & ! l1--at localities ( m9or importance1 w\ld yield to ! gr[+ popul>ity ( simil> wor%ip 9 important c5t]s4 ,z a consequ5ce1 names t =m]ly designat$ di/9ct deities or diff]5t phases ( "o & ! same deity1 w\ld1 by be+ transf]r$ to a s+le "o1 come to be m]e epi!ts ( ?is "o4 ,! v>i\s names w\ld be us$ int]*angeably1 )\t mu* reg>d to _! orig9al =ce4 ,all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! ,babylonian religion are already to be f\nd 9 ! conditions prevail+ dur+ ! p]iod t we h be5 consid]+4 ,"s new deities are met ) 9 ! p]iods t foll[$1 b !re is no reason to believe t any pr(\nd *anges 9 ! mann] ( wor%ip1 or 9 ! conceptions reg>d+ ! gods1 7 introduc$4 ,! relations1 h[ev]1 :i* ! gods be> to "o ano!r are consid]ably modifi$1 _! attributes become m %>ply def9$1 ! duties & privileges p]ta9+ to ea* are regulat$4 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is sy/ematization1 ! organization ( ! cult becomes m p]fect1 ! ritual ent]s ^u fur!r phases ( developm5t1 speculations reg>d+ ! unkn[n h _! outcome 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( dogmas4 ,f9ally ! pa/1 ) its traditions & leg5ds1 is view$ "u ! aspect ( lat] religi\s ?\ght4 ,! products ( popul> fancy are re%ap$1 giv5 a lit]>y turn t 0 orig9ally =eign to !m1 & s comb9$ & imbu$ ) a mean+ z to reflect ! ?\ghts & aspirations ( a comp>atively advanc$ age4 ,:at may be call$ ! fl[]+ ( ! !ological epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,babylonian religion1 view$ z a unit1 is s directly dep5d5t ^u ! political union ( ! ,babylonian /ates1 br\ght ab\t by ,hammurabi 7c4 #bcjj ,b4,c471 t x may be said to date f ?is ev5t4 ,,footnotes3 #aae ,q rec5tly !re h be5 f\nd at ,telloh "s ?irty ?\s& clay tablets1 *iefly li/s ( sacrifices1 temple inv5tories1 & legal docum5ts4 ,^! tablets w probably furni% additional names ( deities1 & p]haps ?r[ fur!r light on ^? kn[n4 ,fur!r excavations at ,nippur w likewise add to ! mat]ial4 ,b aft] all1 = our ma9 purpose 9 ?is *apt]1 :i* is ! illu/ration ( ! *ief traits ( ! ,babylonian pan!on 9 e>ly days1 ^! expect$ additions to ! pan!on w n be ( p>am\nt significance4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pan!on ,,9 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,hammurabi4 ,m>duk4 ,! imm$iate result ( ,hammurabi's ma/]-/roke 9 br++ ! v>i\s /ates ( ! ,euphrates ,valley "u a s+le control1 0 ! supremacy secur$ = 8 capital1 ( ! city ( ,babylon ov] all o!r ,babylonian cities1 & ) ?is supremacy1 ! sup]ior position h5ce=? assum$ by ! patron deity ( ! capital1 ,m>duk4#aaf ,x is ne$less = our purposes to ent] ^u ! "q z to ! age ( ! city ( ,babylon1#aag nor z to its political =tunes prior to ! rise ( ! dyna/y ( :i* ,hammurabi 0 ! six? memb]4 ,t its beg9n+s 7 mode/1 & t its importance1 if n its orig91 0 ( rec5t date 9 comp>ison ) su* places z ,eridu1 ,nippur1 ,laga%1 ,ur1 & ! l1 is prov$ by ! abs5ce ( ! god ,m>duk 9 any ( ! inscriptions t we h be5 consid]+ up to ?is po9t4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! god occurs 9 ! inscriptions ( ,hammurabi1 :]e he appe>s di/9ctly z ! god ( ! city ( ,babylon4 ,no d\bt ! imm$iate pr$ecessors ( ,hammurabi reg>d$ ,m>duk 9 ! same light z ! great conqu]or1 s t we are ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ ! data1 furni%$ by ! inscriptions ( ,hammurabi to su* ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ( :om records are /ill lack+4 ,x is to ,m>duk1 t ,hammurabi ascribes 8 success4 ,! k+ reg>ds himself z ! belov$ ( ,m>duk4 ,! god rejoices 8 he>t & gives him p[] & pl5ty4 ,ev5 :5 pay+ 8 homage at ! %r9es ( o!r deities1 he does n =get to c\ple ! "n ( ,m>duk ) t ( ! deity ^: protection he invokes4 ,s at ,sipp>1 sacr$ to ,%ama%1 & :]e ! k+ deposits a cyl9d] record+ ! improvem5ts t he in/igat$ 9 ! city1 he associates ! sun-god ) ,m>duk1 :]eas 9 contradi/9ction to ! rul]s ( ! old ,babylonian cities or /ates1 :5 address+ ,m>duk1 he does n f9d x necess>y to make m5tion at ! same "t ( an entire pan!on4 ,m>duk's protection suffices = all purposes4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n exclude ! wor%ip ( o!r gods4 ,a ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! k+'s c>e = ! city ( ,%ama%4 ,9 ?is respect1 he 0 b foll[+ ! example ( 8 pr$ecessors1 :o1 :ile reg>d+ ,babylon z _! capital1 7 zeal\s 9 do+ honor to anci5t c5t]s ( wor%ip4 ,s "o ( ^! pr$ecessors1 ,zabu1 re/ores ! temple ( ,%ama% at ,sipp>1 & t ( ,anunit at ,agade4 ,hammurabi1 besides 8 "w at ,sipp>1 builds a temple to ,innanna at ,hallabi4#aah ,babylon1 h[ev]1 is ! belov$ city ( ,m>duk1 & ^u its beautification & improvem5t ,hammurabi exp5ds 8 *ief en]gy4 ,su* are ! ende>+ t]ms 9 :i* he speaks ( 8 god1 z to give "o ! impression t1 :5 ?9k+ ( ,m>duk1 ! k+ = ! mom5t loses sight ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r gods4 ,! mo/ /rik+ tribute1 h[ev]1 t is paid to ,m>duk 9 ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi is 8 gradual assumption ( ! role play$ by ! old ,en-lil or ,bel ( ,nippur1 once ! head ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,?is id5tification is already =e%ad[$ 9 ! title belu rabu1 i4e41 'great "l1' :i* ,hammurabi is fond ( be/[+ ^u ,m>duk4 ,x is m cle>ly indicat$ 9 an inscription ( 8 son1 ,samsu-iluna1 :o repres5ts ,bel1 '! k+ ( heav5 & e>?1' z transf]r+ to ,m>duk1 ! 'fir/-born son ( ,ea1' rul]%ip ov] '! f\r regions1'--a phrase t at ?is "t _h already assum$ a mu* wid] mean+ ?an its orig9al port5t4 ,9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ?is age1 :i* reflects ! same t5d5cy1 ,bel expressly transf]s 8 title '"l ( ! l&s'#aai to ,m>duk1 :ile ,ea likewise pays homage to 8 son1 decl>+ t ! latt]'s '"n' %all also be ,ea4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! "n1 accord+ to ,babylonian notions1 is equival5t to a transf]5ce ( p[]4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ,bel & ,m>duk are bl5d$ into "o p]sonage1 ,m>duk becom+ kn[n z ,bel-,m>duk1 & f9ally1 ! fir/ "p ( ! comp\nd s9k+ to ! level ( a m]e adjective1 ! god is address$ z '"l ,m>duk1' or ',m>duk1 ! "l4' ,! old ,bel is entirely =gott51 or survives at be/ 9 conv5tional association ) ,anu & ,ea1 z a memb] ( ! anci5t triad4 ,x has be5 satisfactorily %[n#abj t ,m>duk 0 orig9ally a sol> deity4 ,8 association ) ,babylon1 !re=e1 mu/ be view$ 9 ! same light z ! association ( ,s91 ! moon-god1 ) ! city ( ,ur1 & ! association ( ,%ama%1 ! sun-god1 ) ,l>sa & ,sipp>4 ,j z 9 ! latt] places1 o!r cults besides t ( ! patron deity prevail$1 s 9 ,babylon x 0 m]ely ! prom95ce :i*1 = "s reason1 ! wor%ip ( ! sun-god acquir$1 t l$ to ! clos] id5tification ( ?is p>ticul> deity ) ! city1 until he became view$ z ! god p> excell5ce ( ! city1 & ! city itself z 8 favorite resid5ce4 ,z long z ,l>sa & ,sipp> reta9$ a prom95ce ov]%ad[+ t ( ,babylon1 ! sun cult at ! latt] place c\ld attract b little att5tion4 ,only z ,babylon began to rival1 & f9ally to sup]s$e1 o!r c5t]s ( sun-wor%ip1 c\ld ,m>duk be br\ght into ! front rank ( prevail+ cults4 ,x may appe> /range1 9 view ( ?is orig9al "* ( ,m>duk1 t nei!r 9 ! inscriptions ( ,hammurabi1 nor 9 ^? ( 8 successors1 is !re any direct ref]5ce to 8 qualities z a sol> deity4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ideographs compos+ 8 "n1 :i* are to be int]pret$ z '*ild ( ! day1'#aba & 9 ! zodiacal sy/em1 z p]fect$ by ! ,babylonian s*ol>s1 !re lurk traces ( ! god's sol> orig91 & beyond ?is1 p]haps1 9 c]ta9 set phrases1 surviv+ 9 pray]s address$ to him4 ,! explanation = ?is abs5ce ( sol> traits is to be s\ght 9 ! peculi> political conditions t result$ 9 br++ ,m>duk into su* prom95ce4 ,hammurabi 0 preem95tly a conqu]+ k+4 ,he wag$ w> on all sides1 & c>ri$ on 8 campaigns = _m ye>s4 ,:5 he f9ally succe$$ 9 br++ bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,babylonia "u 8 sway1 x /ill requir$ con/ant wat*+ to keep 8 empire toge!r4 ,8 patron god1 !re=e1 ! protector ( ! city1 ^: jurisdiction 0 ?us spread ov] a l>g] ext5t ( t]ritory ?an t ( any o!r deity1 mu/ h appe>$ to ,hammurabi & 8 foll[]s1 z well z to ^? vanqui%$ by him1 ess5tially z a w>rior4 ,x is he :o h&s ov] to k+s ! l& & its inhabitants4 ,! fact t he 0 a sol> deity w\ld become obscur$ by ! side ( ! m pot5t fact t1 z god ( ! city ( ,babylon1 8 sway 0 supreme4 ,he !re=e became ,m>duk1 ! 'great "l4' ,! epi!ts be/[$ ^u him naturally emphasiz$ ! mann] 9 :i* he manife/$ himself1 & ^! epi!ts1 !re=e1 ref]r$ to 8 p[]1 to 8 supremacy ov] o!r gods1 to 8 favor %[n to 8 wor%ipp]s by grant+ !m unprec$5t$ glory2 & s9ce ! political supremacy rema9$ undisput$ = _m c5turies1 no opportunity 0 af=d$ = ev] rev]t+ to ! attributes ( ! god z a sol> deity4 ,he rema9$--if "o may s express x--a political deity4 ,! political significance ( ,babylon p]mitt$ only "o phase ( 8 nature to be br\ght =w>d4 ,9 ! religi\s texts1 h[ev]1 pres]v+ z !y d ! m primitive conceptions by ! side ( ! mo/ advanc$ ones1 "s traces ( o!r attributes besides pr[ess 9 w> are f\nd4 ,by virtue ( 8 "* z a sol> deity1 ,m>duk1 l ! orb p]sonifi$ ?r\gh him1 is ess5tially a life-giv+ god4 ,:]eas ,%ama% is view$ z ! 'judge ( mank9d1' ,m>duk becomes ! god :o re/ores ! dead to life1 ?\gh he %>es ?is p[] ) ,%ama%1 ,gula1 ,nebo1 & ,n]gal4 ,b aft] all1 ev5 9 ! religi\s texts1 8 m prom95t role is t ( a rul]1--a magnifi$ k+4 ,he protects ! weak1 releases ! imprison$1 & makes great ! small4 ,he controls by 8 p[]ful h& ! m\nta9s & riv]s & f\nta9s4 ,he is ! c\nsellor :o guides ! decrees1 ev5 ( ! great gods1 ,anu & ,bel4 ,on 8 head re/s a cr[n ) high horns1 z ! symbol ( rul]%ip4 ,z ! supreme rul]1 life & dea? are 9 8 h&s4 ,bless+s fl[ f him2 & ( awe-inspir+ appe>ance1 8 wra? inflicts sev]e puni%m5t on ! evil-do]4 ,x is a notewor?y circum/ance1 & *>act]i/ic ( ! phase ( ! ,babylonian religion :i* we are consid]+1 t ! ext5sion ( ,m>duk's political sway did n lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,m>duk cults outside ( ,babylon4 ,"o reason = ?is 0 t1 9 accordance ) ! political conceptions1 dwelt ^u 9 ! introductory *apt]1 ! empire ( ,babylonia 0 reg>d$ simply z an ext5sion ( ! city ( ,babylon4 ,babylonia1 !re=e1 be+ id5tifi$ 9 !ory ) ! city ( ,babylon1 !re 0 no ne$ ( emphasiz+ ! p[] ( ,m>duk by e/abli%+ 8 cult else:]e4 ,)9 ! limits ( ,babylon1 h[ev]1 !re might be m ?an "o %r9e to ,m>duk1 & accord+ly1 :5 ! city 0 ext5d$ s z to include ! place kn[n z ,borsippa1 a temple to ,m>duk 0 also erect$ !re4 ,! temple on ! ea/ side ( ! ,euphrates1 kn[n z ,e-,sagila1 '! l(ty h\se1' 0 ! old]1 & dates probably f ! beg9n+s ( ,babylon itself2 t 9 ,borsippa1 kn[n z ,e-,zida1 '! true h\se1' seems to h be5 f\nd$ by ,hammurabi4#abb ,:ile x 0 n 9 accord ) ! dignity atta*+ to ,m>duk t 8 cult %\ld be e/abli%$ outside ( ! prec9cts ( ! city ( ,babylon1 x w\ld only add to 8 glory to h ! wor%ip ( o!r deities gr\p$ ar\nd 8 own sanctu>y4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld emphasize ! c5tral position ( ,m>duk among ! gods1 & accord+ly1 we f9d t ! *ief gods ( ,babylonia are repres5t$ by %r9es )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( 8 great temples at ,babylon & ,borsippa4 ,fir/ among ^! %r9es is t ( ,m>duk's consort1 ,s>panitum4 ,nei!r ,hammurabi nor 8 imm$iate successor make m5tion ( ,s>panitum1 & at no "t does %e appe> indep5d5tly ( ,m>duk4 ,! glory ( ,m>duk did n p]mit ( any rival1 & s 8 consort becomes m]ely 8 %ad[1--less significant ?an mo/ ( ! consorts ( ! male deities4 ,h] "n1 signify+ ! 'silv]y bright "o1' evid5tly /&s 9 "s connection ) ! sol> "* ( h] consort4 ,popul> etymology1 by a play ^u ! "n1 made ( ,s>panitum 7z ?\gh ,z]-banit7 ! '(fspr+-produc+' goddess4 ,%e _h h] %r9e )9 ! prec9cts ( ! great temple ,e-,sagila1 b we are n told ( any special honors be+ paid h]1 nor d we f9d h] invok$ to any ext5t 9 incantations or 9 votive inscriptions4 ,agumkakrimi1 or ,agum 7z he is also call$71 :o rules ab\t five c5turies aft] ,hammurabi1 speaks ( hav+ recov]$ ! image ( ,s>panitum1 & t ( ,m>duk1 out ( ! h&s ( a m\nta9\s p liv+ to ! nor?we/ ( ,babylonia1 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,bay ( ,isk5d]un & ! ,euphrates4 ,! capture ( ! /atues ( ! patron gods po9ts to a great humiliation :i* ,babylon mu/ h enc\nt]$4 ,^u receiv+ a favorable om5 f ! sun-god1 ,agum und]takes ! task ( br++ ,m>duk & ,s>panitum back to _! seats4 ,_! temples1 too1 at ,babylon appe> to h suff]$ damage dur+ ! invasion ( ! city1 & accord+ly ! /atues are plac$ 9 ! temple ( ,%ama% p5d+ ! re/oration ( ,e-,sagila4 ,agum dwells at l5g? ^u ! h&some g>m5ts & head-dress1 /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 t he prep>$ = ! god & 8 consort4 ,9 all ?is description1 "o feels t x is ,m>duk = :om ! honors are int5d$1 & t ,s>panitum is ( less ?an second>y importance1--%9+ m]ely by ! reflect$ glory ( h] great liege1 ^: pres5ce 9 ,babylon 0 ess5tial to a re/oration ( ,babylon's position4 ,!re are reasons = believ+1 h[ev]1 t ,s>panitum once enjoy$ consid]able importance ( h] own1 t prior to ! rise ( ,m>duk to 8 supreme position1 a goddess 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,babylon1 "o ( ^: special functions x 0 to protect ! prog5y :ile /ill 9 ! "m's womb4 ,a late k+ ( ,babylon1 ! great ,nebu*adnezz>1 appeals to ?is attribute ( ! goddess4 ,to h] 0 also attribut$ ! possession ( k conceal$ f m54 ,exactly to :at class ( deities %e belong$1 we are no long] able to say1 b x is c]ta9 t at "s "t1 probably ab\t ! "t ( ,hammurabi1 an amalgamation took place betwe5 h] & ano!r goddess kn[n z ,erua1#abc--;a "n t etymologically sugge/s ! idea ( 'begett+4'#abd ,%e is repres5t$ z dwell+ 9 ! temple ( ,e-,zida at ,borsippa1 & 0 orig9ally ! consort ( ,nabu1 ! *ief god ( ?is place4#abe ,a late rul] ( ,babylon--,%ama%-%umuk9--calls h] ! que5 ( ! gods1 & decl>es himself to h be5 nom9at$ by h] to "l x ov] m54 ,a factor 9 ?is amalgamation ( ,erua & ,s>panitum 0 ! close association br\ght ab\t 9 ,babylon betwe5 ,m>duk & a god ^: seat 0 orig9ally at ! ,p]sian ,gulf--,ea4 ,! cult ( ?is god1 z we %all see1 surviv$ 9 ,babylonia ?r\gh all political vicissitudes1 & s did t ( "s o!r m9or wat]-deities t belong to ?is region4 ,among ^! 0 ,erua1 ^: wor%ip c5t]$ 9 "o ( ! isl&s 9 or ne> ! gulf4 ,wisdom & ! life-giv+ pr9ciple 7 two ideas associat$ 9 ! ,babylonian m9d ) wat]4 ,z inf]ior 9 p[] to ,ea1 ,erua appe>s to h be5 reg>d$ z ! daught] ( ,ea1 & su* 0 ! sway ex]cis$ by ,ea ov] m5's m9ds1 t ev5 ! ,babylonian s*oolm5 did n v5ture to place ,m>duk ov] ,ea1 b pictur$ him z ,ea's son4 ,erua1 h[ev]1 0 n prom95t en\gh to become ,m>duk's "m1 & s %e 0 reg>d$ z 8 consort4 ,9 ?is capacity %e 0 associat$ ) ,s>panitum1 & ! two 7 m]g$ into "o p]sonality4 ,x r>ely happ5s t all ! l9ks 9 su* a process are pres]v$1 b 9 ?is case1 ! epi!ts borne by ,s>panitum-,erua1 su* z 'lady ( ! deep1' 'mi/ress ( ! place :]e ! fi% dwell1' 'voice ( ! deep1' po9t ! way t[>ds ! solution ( ! problem involv$ 9 ! amalgamation ( ,erua & ,s>panitum4#abf ,nabu4 ,! god ,nabu 7or ,nebo7 enjoys a great popul>ity 9 ! ,babylonian cult1 b he owes 8 pre/ige to ! accid5t t1 z god ( ,borsippa1 he 0 associat$ ) ,m>duk4 ,inde$1 8 case is a cle> in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,m>duk ov]%ad[s all 8 fell[s4 ,only z !y are br\ght into "s mann] ( relation%ip ) him d !y secure a position 9 ! pan!on dur+ ?is second p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,s9ce ,nabu's position 9 ! pan!on1 once e/abli%$1 incurs b little *ange1 x w be prop]1 9 treat+ ( him1 to include ! te/imony furni%$ by ! hi/orical records ( ! ,assyrian k+s4 ,! mo/ prom95t attribute ( ,nabu1 at lea/ 9 ! lat] phases ( ! ,babylonian religion1 is t ( wisdom4 ,he is ! wise1 ! all-kn[+4 ,he embodies 9 8 p]son all ! wisdom ( ! gods4 ,to him ! ,assyrian k+s are p>ticul>ly fond ( ascrib+1 n m]ely ! und]/&+ t !y possess1 b ! ?\ght ( pres]v+ ! wisdom ( ! pa/ = future ages2 & 9 do+ ?is ! ,assyrians 7 b guid$ by examples furni%$ by ! s\?4 ,wisdom be+ associat$1 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,babylonians1 ) ! wat]y deep1 "o is tempt$ to seek an aque\s orig9 = ,nabu4 ,su* a supposition1 al?\gh x _c be positively e/abli%$1 has mu* 9 its favor4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ?is proposition1 to remove ,nabu f ,borsippa4 ,! alluvial deposits made by ! ,euphrates ye>ly h already demon/rat$ t ,babylon lay mu* ne>] at "o "t to ! ,p]sian ,gulf ?an x does at pres5t4 ,! orig9al seat ( ,ea1 ^: wor%ip cont9u$ ?r\gh all times to enjoy great popul>ity at ,babylon1 0 at ,eridu1 :i*1 we "k1 once lay on ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 b does s no long]4 ,! simil>ity ( ! epi!ts be/[$ 9 v>i\s texts ^u ,ea & ,nabu po9t mo/ decid$ly to a simil> />t+-po9t = bo?2 & s9ce 9 a syllab>y#abg we f9d ! god actually id5tifi$ ) a deity ( ,dilmun1--probably "o ( ! isl&s ne> ,bahre91--!re are gr\nds = assum+ t a tradition surviv$ among ! s*oolm51 :i* br\ght ,nabu into "s connection ) ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,sayce#abh has already sugge/$ t ,borsippa may h orig9ally /ood on an inlet ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,nabu is inf]ior to ,ea1 & 7 x n = ! priority ( ,m>duk1 he w\ld h become 9 ,babylonian !ology1 ! son ( ,ea4 ,s9ce ?is di/9ction#abi is giv5 to ,m>duk1 no direct indication ( an orig9al relation%ip to ,ea has surviv$4 ,b besides be+ ! god ( wisdom & intellig5ce1 ,nabu is a patron ( agriculture1 :o causes ! gra9 to spr\t =?4 ,9 religi\s & hi/orical texts1 he is laud$ z ! deity :o op5s up ! subt]ranean s\rces 9 ord] to irrigate ! fields4 ,he heaps up ! gra9 9 ! /oreh\ses1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! )drawal ( 8 favor is foll[$ by fam9e & di/ress4 ,j5s5#acj w\ld conclude f ?is t he 0 orig9ally 7l ,m>duk1 !re=e7 a sol> deity4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is h>dly ju/ifi$1 s9ce x is j z reasonable to d$uce 8 role z ! produc] ( f]tility f 8 p[]s z "l ( "s body ( wat]4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 9 ! case ( ,nabu1 !re are no gr\nds = suppos+ t he repres5ts ! comb9ation ( two orig9ally di/9ct deities4 ,a lat]--*iefly !oretical--amalgamation ( ,nabu ) a god ,nusku w be discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4#aca ,hammurabi & 8 imm$iate successors1 x is notewor?y1 d n make m5tion ( ,nabu4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( inscriptions ( ?is p]iod exi/s to make x probable t ?is omission is n accid5tal4 ,?is dyna/y 0 *iefly conc]n$ 9 firmly e/abli%+ ! position ( ,m>duk4 ,o!r deities c\ld1 inde$1 be tol]at$ at 8 side1 provid$ !y 7 subs]vi5t to him2 b ,nabu1 ! god ( a place s ne> ,babylon1 might prove a dang]\s rival because ( ?is proximity4 ,! city on ! we/ bank ( ! ,euphrates 0 probably z old z t on ! ea/1 if n1 inde$1 old]4 ,x did n seem consi/5t ) ?is devotion to ,m>duk t ,hammurabi & 8 successors %\ld also recognize ,nabu4 ,policy dictat$ t ,nabu %\ld be ignor$1 t ! attempt mu/ be made to replace 8 wor%ip1 ev5 9 ,borsippa1 by t ( ,m>duk4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ,hammurabi's e/abli%m5t ( ! ,m>duk cult 9 ,borsippa assumes a peculi> significance4 ,x meant t ,borsippa 0 to be incorporat$ z "p ( ,babylon1 & t ,m>duk 0 h5ce=? to take ! place occupi$ by ,nabu4 ,9 ord] to emphasize ?is1 ,hammurabi actually transf]s ! "n ( ,nabu's temple 9 ,borsippa1 ,e-,zida1 to ! "o erect$ by him at t place to ,m>duk4 ,did he p]haps entirely suppress ! wor%ip ( ,nabu at ,borsippa8 ,x w\ld almo/ appe> s f ,agum's utt] omission ( ,nabu4 ,only ! /atues ( ,m>duk & ,s>panitum seem to h be5 robb$ by ! ,hani4 ,n a ^w is said z to ,nabu4 ,ei!r !re 0 no /atue at ! "t at ,borsippa1 or ! cult 0 ( su* insignificance t ! capture ( ! god 0 n consid]$ ( suffici5t mom5t to occupy ! ?\ghts ( ! enemy1 z little z x did t ( ! rul]s ( ,babylon at ! "t4 ,9 ! inscription 9 :i* ,hammurabi rec\nts ! build+ ( ,e-,zida 9 ,borsippa1 !re are c]ta9 expressions :i* g to sub/antiate ! proposition t ,nabu is int5tionally ignor$4#acb ,he calls ,m>duk ! "l ( ,e-,sagila & ( ,e-,zida2 he speaks ( ,borsippa z ! belov$ city ( ,m>duk1 j z ?\gh x 7 ,babylon4 ,tak+ unto himself ! functions ( ,nabu1 he ev5 appe>s to play ^u ! "n1 :i* signifies 'proclaim]1' & /yles himself ! nabiu ,anu1 '! proclaim] ( ,anu4' ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! attempt to suppress ,nabu did n succe$1--a pro( t 9 e>ly times he _h ga9$ popul> favor4 ,he _h to be readmitt$ into ! ,babylonian pan!on1 ?\gh 9 a subord9ate position to ,m>duk4 ,he took 8 place 9 ! !ological sy/em z ! son ( ,m>duk1 & on ! great fe/ival--! ,new ,ye>'s day--celebrat$ 9 honor ( ! great god ( ,babylon1 ! son %>$ "s ( ! honors accord$ to ! fa!r4 ,9 "t1 8 sanctu>y at ,borsippa 0 aga9 recogniz$4 ,! =m] rivalry gave way to a cordial ent5te4 ,nabu 0 ev5 grant$ a *apel 9 ,e-,sagila at ,babylon1 to :i* likewise ! "n ( ,e-,zida 0 giv54 ,e ,new ,ye>'s day ! son paid a visit to 8 fa!r1 on :i* occasion ! /atue ( ,nabu 0 c>ri$ 9 solemn procession f ,borsippa across ! riv]1 & along ! ma9 /reet ( ,babylon lead+ to ! temple ( ,m>duk2 & 9 return ! fa!r deity accompani$ 8 son "p way on ! trip back to ,e-,zida4 ,9 ?is way1 due homage 0 accord$ to ,m>duk1 & at ! same "t ! close & cordial bonds ( union betwe5 ,babylon & ,borsippa f\nd satisfactory illu/ration4 ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida become1 & rema9 ?r\gh\t ! duration ( ! ,babylonian religion1 ! c5tral sanctu>ies ( ! l& ar\nd :i* ! mo/ preci\s recollections clu/]1 z de> to ! ,assyrians z to ! ,babylonians4 ,! k+s ( ! nor!rn empire vie ) _! s\!rn c\s9s 9 beautify+ & enl>g+ ! /ructures sacr$ to ,m>duk & ,nabu4 ,9 view ( ! explanation (f]$ = ! sil5ce ma9ta9$ by ,hammurabi & 8 successors reg>d+ ,nabu1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 includ+ ,nabu 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on ( ^? days4 ,9 lat] times1 among ! ,assyrians1 ! ,nabu cult1 z already intimat$1 gr[s 9 popul>ity4 ,! nor!rn mon>*s1 9 fact1 seem to give ,nabu ! pref]5ce ov] ,m>duk4 ,!y d n tire ( proclaim+ him z ! s\rce ( wisdom4 ,! /aff is 8 symbol1 :i* is int]pret$ 9 a d\ble s5se1 z ! writ]'s /ylus & z ! rul]'s sceptre4 ,he becomes1 also1 ! be/[] ( royal p[] ^u 8 favorites4 ,)\t 8 aid1 ord] _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! l&4 ,disob$i5ce to him is puni%$ by ! introduction ( =eign rule4 ,political policy may h _h a %>e 9 ?is pref]5ce %[n = ! m9or god ( ,babylon4 ,! ,assyrian k+s 7 always anxi\s to d homage to ! gods ( ,babylon1 9 ord] to indicate _! control ov] ! s\!rn di/ricts4 ,!y 7 p>ticul>ly pr\d ( _! title 'gov]nor ( ,bel4'#acc ,on ! o!r h&1 !y 7 c>eful n to give (f5ce to ! *ief ( ! ,assyrian pan!on1--! god ,a%ur1--by pay+ too mu* honor to ,m>duk1 :o 0 9 a measure ,a%ur's rival4 ,9 consequ5ce1 z ,hammurabi & 8 successors endeavor$ to ignore ,nabu1 ! ,assyrian rul]s n[ turn$ ! tables by manife/+ a pref]5ce = ,nabu2 & oblig$ z !y 7 to ackn[l$ge t ! intellectual impulses came f ! s\?1 !y c\ld accept a s\!rn god ( wisdom )\t encroa*+ ^u ! prov9ce ( ,a%ur1 ^: claims to homage lay 9 ! pr[ess he %[$ 9 w>4 ,m>duk 0 too mu* l ,a%ur to f9d a place at 8 side4 ,nabu 0 a totally diff]5t deity1 & 9 wor%ipp+ him :o 0 ! son ( ,m>duk1 ! ,assyrian k+s felt t !y 7 pay+ due reg>d to ! feel+s ( _! ,babylonian subjects4 ,! cult ( ,nabu ?us became widely ext5d$ 9 ,assyria4 ,/atues ( ! god 7 erect$ & deposit$ 9 %r9es built = ! purpose1 al?\gh ! fact 0 n lo/ sight ( t ! real dwell+-place ( ! god 0 9 ,borsippa4 ,at ! end ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ?is cult seems to h rea*$ its height4 ,we le>n ( a temple at ,calah1 & ( no less ?an eight /atues ( ! god be+ erect$ 9 ! days ( ,ramman-nir>i ,,iii41 & ! t]ms 9 :i* ! god is address$ might lead "o to believe t an attempt 0 made to conc5trate ! cult 9 ,assyria on him4#acd ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 an impossibility4 ,z long z ,assyria cont9u$ to play ! role ( ! subdu] ( nations1 ,a%ur--! god ( w> p> excell5ce--necess>ily reta9$ 8 position at ! head ( ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,! popul>ity ( ,nabu1 :i* cont9u$ to ! end ( ! ,assyrian empire1 & ga9$ a fre% impetus 9 ! days ( ,a%urbanabal1 :o1 z a patron ( lit]ature1 invokes ,nabu on ?\s&s ( ! tablets ( 8 libr>y z '! op5] ( e>s to und]/&+1' react$ on 8 position 9 ! ,babylonian cult4 ,9 ! new ,babylonian empire1 :i* cont9u$ to s l>ge a degree ! traditions ( ,assyria1 x is no accid5t t ?ree ( ! k+s--,nabupolass>1 ,nebu*adnezz>1 & ,nabonn$os--be> names conta9+ ! deity z "o ( ! elem5ts4 ,:ile pay+ sup]ior devotion to ,m>duk1 :o once m became ! real & n m]ely ! nom9al head ( ! pan!on1 !y mu/ h held ,nabu 9 no small e/eem2 & inde$ ! la/-nam$ k+ 0 suspect$ ( try+ actually to div]t ! homage ( ! p away f ,m>duk to o!r gods1 ?\gh he did n1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 g s f> z to endeavor to usurp = ! son1 ! position held by ! fa!r4 ,x is probably due to ,assyrian influ5ce t ev5 9 ,babylonia1 f ! eigh? c5tury on1 ,nabu is occasionally m5tion$ be=e ,m>duk4 ,s ,m>duk-baladan ,,ii4 7#gba-gaj7 calls himself ! wor%ipp] ( ,nabu & ,m>duk1 & simil>ly o!rs4 ,9 (ficial lett]s likewise1 & 9 a/ronomical reports1 ,nabu is giv5 prec$5ce to ,m>duk1 b ?is may be due to ,nabu's functions1 z ! god ( writ+ & ! patron ( sci5ce4 ,! ,neo-,babylonian k+s are n sp>+ 9 ! epi!ts !y be/[ on ,nabu1 ?\gh !y emphasize m 8 qualities z hold] ( ! 'sceptre' ?an z "l ( ! '/ylus4' ,s ,nebu*adnezz> decl>es t x is he ':o gives ! sceptre ( sov]eignty to k+s to rule ov] all l&s4' ,9 ?is capacity he is '! uphold] ( ! _w1' '! g5]al ov]se]1' & 8 temple is call$ '! h\se ( ! sceptre ( ! _w4' ,8 "n signifies simply ! 'proclaim]1' or h]ald1 b we are left 9 d\bt z to :at he proclaims1--:e!r wisdom or sov]eignty4 ,sometimes he appe>s z ! 'h]ald' ( ! gods4 ,9 ?is role he receives ! "n ( ,papsukal 7i4e41 supreme or sacr$ mess5g]71 & x may be t ?is function 0 a v old "o4 ,b1 aga91 z god ( f]tility he c\ld also be appropriately t]m$ ! 'proclaim]4' ,! "q mu/1 accord+ly1 be left op5 z to ! precise =ce ( ! attribute conta9$ 9 8 "n4 ,f9ally1 an int]e/+ feature connect$ ) ,nabu1 t may be m5tion$ "h1 is t 9 ! "n borne by a fam\s m\nta9 9 ,moab1 ,nebo1 :]e ,moses--himself a 'proclaim]'#ace--;di$1 !re survives a te/imony t ! wor%ip ( ?is popul> deity ext5d$ beyond ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 to ,semites liv+ consid]ably to ! we/4 ,to ,nabu1 z to ,m>duk1 a consort 0 giv54 ,h] "n 0 ,ta%mitum4 ,! "n ,ta%mitum appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! k+'s ignor+ ( ! god ( ,borsippa4 ,:ile 8 attempt to suppress ! cult ( ,nabu 0 n successful1 he did succe$ 9 caus+ ! old consort ( ,nabu to disappe>4 ,?is consort appe>s to h be5 no o!r ?an ,erua4 ,x w be recall$ t up to v late times ! tradition surviv$ t h] dwell+-place 0 ,borsippa4#acf ,?is is nev] said ( ,s>panitum4 ,despite1 !re=e1 ! amalgamation ( ,s>panitum & ,erua1 ! association ( ! latt] ) ,nabu's dwell+-place rema9s impress$ ^u ! memory ( ! ,babylonian s*ol>s1 at lea/4 ,nabu's consort hav+ ?us be5 transf]r$ to ,m>duk1 a new mate _h to be f\nd = ! =m]1 :5 once 8 rivalry 0 no long] to be dread$1 & 8 cult aga9 rose to prom95ce4 ',ta%mitum' is an ab/ract n\n 9 ,assyrian1 signify+ 'revelation4' ,z su*1 x is be/[$ 9 hi/orical texts ^u ,nabu himself1 :o is call$ itu ta%imeti1 'god ( revelation4' ,nabu is1 above all1 a 'reveal+' god1--reveal+ k1 ! art ( writ+1 & ! me?od ( rul+4 ,! appellation is !re=e a mo/ appropriate "o1 & !re seems little reason to "q t ,ta%mitum 0 orig9ally no?+ b "o ( ! t]ms by :i* ,nabu 0 designat$1 j z he 0 call$ ,papsukal 9 8 role z 'mess5g]' ( ! gods1--! mess5g] ( 8 fa!r ,m>duk & ( 8 gr&fa!r ,ea1 9 p>ticul>4 ,b ,ta%mitum1 be+ fem99e 9 g5d]1 z an ab/ract n\n1 seem$ appropriate z ! designation ( a goddess4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ',revelation1' f be+ s con/antly associat$ ) ,nabu1 0 p]sonifi$1 dissociat$ f him1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! conception ( a di/9ct goddess be>+ ! "n ( ',ta%mitum4' ,?is process ( ?\ght1 9 giv+ rise to a new goddess1 may h be51 9 "p1 a popul> "o4 ,! translation ( a metaphor into reality is a ph5om5on t may be obs]v$ 9 almo/ all religions ( antiquity4 ,b ! process1 :atev] its c\rse 9 detail may h be51 0 n un9flu5c$ by ! !ological dogma :]eby a god 0 suppos$ to h a 'reflection' :o 0 pictur$ z 8 consort4 ,?r\gh ?is conception1 z we h already se51 _m a goddess once rul+ 9 h] own "r1 & enjoy+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 deg5]at$ into a m]e %ad[ ( "s male deity1 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! female deities w\ld h disappe>$ altoge!r b = ! opportunity ?us af=d$ !m ( becom+ 'atta*ees' to "s male deity4 ,?is !ory ( ! quasi-artificial "* & orig9 ( ,ta%mit f9ds support 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! m5tion ( h] "n is entw9$ ) t ( ,nabu4 ,s>panitum1 b\nd up z ! goddess is ) ,m>duk1 has at lea/ a %r9e ( h] own1 & occasionally %e is spok5 ( 9 ! texts )\t h] husb& ,m>duk4#acg ,! m5tion ( ,ta%mitum1 h[ev]1 inv>iably foll[s t ( ,nabu4 ,x is always ',nabu & ,ta%mitum1' & x is nev] ,ta%mitum )\t ,nabu4 ,:ile ! creation ( ,ta%mitum may be a product ( ,babylonian religi\s ?\ght1 x is 9 ,assyrian texts t h] "n is *iefly f\nd4 ,! great ,a%urbanabal1 9 ! conv5tional subscript atta*$ to 8 tablet1 is p>ticul>ly fond ( c\pl+ ,ta%mitum ) ,nabu1 z ! two deities :o op5$ 8 e>s to und]/&+ & prompt$ him to ga!r 9 8 palace ! lit]>y treasures produc$ by ! culture t fl\ri%$ 9 ! s\?4 ,ta%mit has no %r9e or temple1 s f> z kn[n1 ei!r 9 ,borsippa or 9 any ( ! places :i!r ! ,nabu cult spread4 ,%e has no attributes o!r ?an ^? t belong to ,nabu1 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 ! lat] ,babylonian k+s1 su* z ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii41 :5 !y deem x prop] to atta* a consort to ,nabu call h] ,nana1#ach i4e41 simply ! lady1 & n ,ta%mitum1 a pro(1 h[ little hold ! "n _h tak5 ^u ! ,babylonian populace4 ,if to ?is x be add$1 t 9 by f> ! great] numb] ( in/ances1 no ref]5ce :atsoev] to a consort is made :5 ,nabu is spok5 (1 an additional reason is f\nd = ! unreal1 ! %ad[y "* ( ?is goddess4 ,ea4 ,9 treat+ ( ! position occupi$ by ,ea 9 ! olde/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory 7see above1 pp4 #fa-fd71 x has already be5 m5tion$ t he gr[s to mu* l>g] proportions "u ! influ5ce ( a m fully develop$ !ological sy/em4 ,inde$1 !re is no god :o %[s su* pr(\nd traces ( hav+ be5 submitt$ to a !ological treatm5t1 & indirectly1 !re=e1 furni%es s di/9ct a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( !ological s*ools 9 ! anci5t c5t]s ( ,babylonian culture1 z ,ea4 ,! "q may ) propriety be "h discuss$1 to :at p]iod we are to attribute ! completion ( ! process1 :i*1 to summ>ize 8 position1 made ,ea ! special god ( humanity1 ! fa!r ( ,m>duk1 ! ?ird 9 a great triad1 ( :i* ! o!r two memb]s 7 ,anu1 ! god ( heav51 & ,bel1 ! god ( e>?4 ,already1 9 ! days prec$+ ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates "u "o head1 we h _h occasion to see traces ( an attempt to sy/ematize ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! gods4 ,a high degree ( culture1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( a p]fect$ =m ( writ+1 an advanc$ =m ( ar*itecture1 & comm]cial ent]prise reflect1 _c be dissociat$ f a high degree ( activity 9 ! doma9 ( philosophic or religi\s ?\ght4 ,accord+ly1 we are 9 no dang] ( attribut+ too great an antiquity to ! beg9n+s ( !ological speculation 9 ,babylonia4 ,be x rememb]$ t f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ days1 ! prie/s 7 ! scribes & t 9 _! capacity z writ]s ( ! texts1 !y w\ld be enjoy+ ! advantages ( an intellectual impulse4 ,b !y 7 also ! compos]s ( ! texts1 z well z ! writ]s1 & ! prom95ce giv5 to ! gods 9 texts ( :atev] description1 w\ld inevitably lead _! ?\ghts to speculations reg>d+ ! attributes ( ! gods4 ,! attempt w\ld at an e>ly p]iod be made to f9d "s unify+ pr9ciples 9 ! tangl$ mass ( gods4 ,by ! "t t ,hammurabi appe>s on ! sc5e1 we h e reason to believe t "s ( ! anci5t libr>ies ( ! s\?1 :i!r ,a%urbanabal s5t 8 scribes1 7 already well /ock$1 & t a goodly portion ( ! ,babylonian lit]ature kn[n to u already exi/$4 ,:at ^! portions 71 we w h occasion to po9t out :5 we come to discuss ! lit]ature ( ,babylonia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is lit]ature w\ld n only necess>ily increase z long z any degree ( intellectual activity exi/$ 9 ! c\ntry1 b ?is activity w\ld also manife/ itself 9 trans=m+ ?is lit]ature1 s z to adapt x to ! ?\ghts & aspirations ( a lat] age4 ,especially w\ld ?is be ! case 9 ! purely religi\s divisions ( lit]ature4 ,! anci5t traditions1 leg5ds1 & my?s1 once committ$ to writ+1 w\ld s]ve z a po9t ( dep>ture = fur!r speculations4 ,! exi/5ce ( a text to :i* any measure ( value is atta*$1 is b\nd to give rise to v>i\s attempts at int]pretation1 & if ?is value be connect$ ) ! religion ( a p1 ! result is1 inv>iably1 t ! anci5t words are inve/$ ) a mean+ con=mable to a lat] age4 ,ea* g5]ation among a p *>act]iz$ by intellectual activity has a signature ( its own1 & x w seek to give to ! religi\s ?\ghts ( ! "t its own p>ticul> impress4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! mat]ial ^u :i* any age works is n ( its own mak+1 b is furni%$ by a prec$+ "o1 x foll[s t mu* ( ! intellectual activity ( an age manife/s itself 9 a trans=mation ( its lit]>y or speculative h]itage4 ,?is process 0 con/antly go+ on 9 ,babylonia1 & _h we m mat]ial--& old] mat]ial--at our disposal1 we w\ld be able to trace m cle>ly ?an we c at pres5t1 ! v>i\s /ages t l$ to ! sy/em ( !ology1 z embodi$ 9 ! be/ productions ( ! anci5t ,babylonian s*oolm54 ,! days ( ,hammurabi1 z !y 7 politically ( great importance1 also appe> to h u%]$ 9 a new era 9 ! religi\s life ( ! p4 ,/irr+ political ev5ts are always apt to br+ 9 _! wake intellectual movem5ts1 & 9 a c\ntry l ,babylonia1 :]e politics react s =cibly on religi\s conditions1 ! p]man5t e/abli%m5t ( ! supremacy ( ! city ( ,babylon w\ld be fraught ) important consequ5ces = ! cult4 ,! ma9 *ange br\ght ab\t by ?is new epo* ( ,babylonian hi/ory 01 z we h se51 ! sup]ior position h5ce=? accord$ 9 ! pan!on to ,m>duk z ! patron deity ( ,babylon2 b ?is *ange entail$ s _m o!rs1 t x almo/ m]its be+ t]m$ a revolution4 ,9 ord] to ensure ,m>duk's place1 ! relations ( ! o!r deities to him _h to be regulat$1 ! leg5ds & traditions ( ! pa/ re%ap$1 s z to be br\ght into consi/5t accord ) ! new ord] ( ?+s1 & ! cult likewise to be1 at lea/ 9 "p1 remodell$1 s z to emphasize ! supremacy ( ,m>duk4 ,?is "w1 :i* 0 an inevitable "o1 0 prim>ily ( an intellectual ord]4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !n1 9 look+ = traces ( ?is activity 9 ! rema9s t h be5 recov]$ ( anci5t ,babylonian lit]ature4 ,we "k f direct evid5ce t ! comm]cial life ( ,babylonia _h already1 9 ! p]iod prec$+ ,hammurabi1 l$ to regulat$ legal =ms & practices = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out obligations & ( settl+ comm]cial & legal difficulties4 ,! pro( has be5 furni%$ by ,dr4 ,meissn]#aci t syllab>ies prep>$ = ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! =mulas & words employ$ 9 prep>+ ! legal & comm]cial tablets1 date1 9 "p1 f ! p]iod :i* we may r\ghly designate z t ( ,hammurabi1--cov]+1 say1 ! ?ree c5turies #bcjj to #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,) ?is evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( p$agogues devot$ to ! tra9+ ( novices 9 ! art ( read+ & writ+1 9 ord] to fit !m = _! future tasks z (ficial scribes1 we are safe 9 assum+ t ^! same s*oolm5 7 no less active 9 o!r fields ( lit]ature4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is1 we f9d t mu* ( ! religi\s lit]ature1 9 ! %ape t we h x1 reflects ! religi\s conditions su* z !y mu/ h %ap$ !mselves 9 consequ5ce ( ! promotion ( ,m>duk to ! head ( ! pan!on1 ! conclusion is =c$ ^u u t su* lit]>y productions date f ?is same epo* ( ,hammurabi4 ,?is influ5ce ( ! s*oolm5 :ile c5t]+1 z repeat$ly po9t$ out1 ar\nd ! position ( ,m>duk1 manife/s itself 9 a pron\nc$ fa%ion1 also1 9 ! *ang$ position h5ce=? accord$ to ! god ,ea4 ,x w be recall$ t 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 ,ea does n figure prom95tly4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ bew>e ( lay+ too mu* /ress ^u ! negative te/imony ( ! hi/orical texts4 ,besides ! /ill limit$ mat]ial ( ?is "* at our disposal1 ! non-m5tion ( a deity may be due to a v>iety ( circum/ances1 t may prop]ly be designat$ z accid5tal4 ,! gods to :om ! k+s ( ! anci5t ,babylonian /ates w\ld be apt to appeal w\ld be1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! local deities1 patrons ( ! city t happ5$ to be ! capital ( ! /ate2 9 ! second in/ance1 ! gods ( ! vanqui%$ t[ns2 & ?irdly1 "s ( ! great deities wor%ipp$ at ! sacr$ c5t]s ( ! ,euphrates valley1 & :o con/itut$1 z x 71 ! common h]itage ( ! pa/4 ,ea1 z ! god ( ! ,p]sian gulf1 ! region :i* =ms ! />t+-po9t ( ,babylonian culture1 & ar\nd :i* "s ( ! olde/ & mo/ preci\s recollections c5t]1 w\ld come )9 ! radius ( ! ?ird in/ance1 s9ce1 9 ! p]iod we h 9 m9d1 ,eridu no long] enjoy$ any political importance4 ,we may be sure1 !n1 despite ! sil5ce ( ! texts1 t ,ea 0 always held 9 great e/eem1 & t ev5 ! abs5ce ( temples 9 8 honor1 did n affect ! rev]5ce & awe t he inspir$4 ,z = ! epo* ( ,hammurabi1 ! hi/orical _s t is nev] abs5t 9 a truly intellectual age w\ld be c]ta9 to re/ore ,ea to 8 prop] pre/ige1 assum+ t a previ\s age _h p]mitt$ him to fall into neglect4 ,next to ,m>duk1 !re is no deity :o is giv5 su* di/9ction 9 ,babylonia1 aft] ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates1 z ,ea4 ,9 ! religi\s lit]ature1 moreov]1 z re%ap$ by ! s*oolm5 ( ! "t1 8 role is ev5 m prom95t ?an t ( ,m>duk4 ,z a wat]-god1 & m p>ticul>ly z ! god to :om ! l>ge/ body ( wat] kn[n to ! ,babylonians 0 sacr$1 ,ea 0 reg>d$ z ! s\rce & giv] ( wisdom4 ,f\nta9s ev]y:]e 7 sacr$ to him2 & s he becomes also ! giv] ( f]tility & pl5ty4 ,b]osus tells u ( a my/ic be+1 half man1 half fi%1 :o sp5t 8 nights 9 ! wat]s ( ! gulf1 b :o w\ld come out ( ! wat]s dur+ ! day to give in/ruction to ! p1 until t "t /eep$ 9 ignorance & b>b>ism4 ,?is ',oannes1' z ,b]osus is said#adj to h call$ him1 0 none o!r ?an ,ea4 ,z ! great b5efactor ( mank9d1 x is natural t ,ea %\ld h come to be view$ z ! god ^: special function x is to protect ! human race1 to advance x 9 all its good und]tak+s1 to protect x aga9/ ! evil designs ( gods or demons4 ,9 ?is role1 he appe>s 9 ! religi\s lit]ature--9 ! epics1 ! cosmogony1 & ! ritual--( ,babylonia4 ,!re is no god conceiv$ 9 s univ]sal a mann] z ,ea4 ,all local connection ) ,eridu disappe>s4 ,he belongs to no p>ticul> di/rict4 ,8 wor%ip is n limit$ to any p>ticul> spot4 ,all ( ,babylonia lays claim to him4 ,! e?ical import ( su* a conception is manife/ly great1 & traces ( x are to be f\nd 9 ! religi\s productions4 ,x impress$ ^u ! ,babylonians ! common bond unit+ all mank9d4 ,! cult ( ,ea mu/ h eng5d]$ humane feel+s1 s(t5+ ! rivalry exi/+ among ! anci5t c5t]s ( ,babylonian p[]1 & lead+ ! p a consid]able di/ance1 on ! road to ! conception ( a common humanity4 ,:5 ! gods decide to de/roy mank9d1 x is ,ea :o int]c$es on behalf ( humanity2 :5 ! demon ( disease has ent]$ a human body1 x is to ,ea t1 9 ! la/ resort1 ! appeal is made to free ! suff]] f 8 pa94 ,ea is ! god ( ! physicians4 ,nay1 m1 x is ,ea :o presid$ at ! bir? ( humanity1 s t 8 protection rea*es f> back1 beyond ev5 ! beg9n+s ( civilization1 almo/ to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,la/ly1 z ! god ( civilization1 x is to him t ! great works ( art are ascrib$4 ,he is ! god ( ! smi?y1 ! patron ( ! gold & silv]smi?s1 ( work]s 9 lapis-lazuli1 & all k9ds ( preci\s /ones4 ,he is ! god ( sculpture4 ,! great bulls & lions t gu>d$ ! approa*es to ! temple & palace *amb]s1 z well z ! /atues ( ! gods & k+s1 7 ! "w ( 8 h&s4 ,fur!rmore1 he is ! patron ( weav]s1 z ( o!r arts4 ,?is conception may h be5 p]fect$ 9 a g5]al way1 & 9 all probability 0 p]fect$ be=e ! days ( ,hammurabi1 ?\gh p]haps n prom95tly br\ght =w>d2 b important modifications 7 introduc$ into x1 ?r\gh ! compromise t _h to be arrang$ betwe5 ! position ( ,ea & t ( ,m>duk4 ,( c\rse1 nei!r ! rul]s nor ! prie/s ( ,babylon c\ld h p]mitt$ ! rev]5ce = ,ea to h gone to ! l5g? ( ?r[+ ,m>duk into ! %ade4 ,_m ( ! functions assign$ to ,ea seem$ to belong ( "r to ,m>duk1 :o1 z ! patron ( ,babylon1 presid$ ov] ! de/9ies ( :at to ! ,babylonians 0 ! ess5tial "p ( mank9d1--namely1 !mselves4 ,moreov]1 ,babylon be+ ! seat ( culture z well z ( p[]1 9 ! p]iod foll[+ ^u ,hammurabi1 ,m>duk 0 necess>ily conceiv$ z possess+ ! same wisdom t di/+ui%es ,ea4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! attributes ( ,ea 7 transf]r$ 9 a body to ,m>duk4 ,an amalgamation ( ! two1 h[ev]1 su* z took place 9 ! case ( o!r deities1 0 nei!r possible1 nor1 inde$1 desirable4 ,x 0 n possible1 because ( ! antiquity ( ! ,ea cult & ! peculi> position t he1 z a common heirloom ( all ,babylonia1 occupi$2 nor 0 x desirable1 = to d s w\ld be to cut (f completely ! bond unit+ ,babylon to its own pa/ & to ! re/ ( ,babylonia4 ,! solution ( ! problem 0 f\nd 9 mak+ ,ea1 ! fa!r ( ,m>duk--! lov+ & pr\d fa!r :o will+ly transf]s all 8 p[]s & qualities to 8 son1 :o rejoices 9 ! triumph ( 8 (fspr+1 & :o suff]s no pangs ( jeal\sy :5 behold+ ! sup]ior honors %[n to ,m>duk1 bo? by ! gods & by m54 ,ea & ,m>duk4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two gods is p>ticul>ly frequ5t 9 ! s-call$ incantation texts4 ,m>duk becomes ! m$iator betwe5 ,ea & mank9d4 ,! man smitt5 ) disease1 or o!rwise 9 tr\ble1 appeals to ,m>duk = help1 :o promptly br+s ! petition to 8 fa!r ,ea4 ,! latt]1 aft] mode/ly decl>+ t !re is no?+ t he kn[s :i* 8 son ,m>duk does n "k1 gives ,m>duk ! necess>y in/ructions1 :i* 9 turn are convey$ to ! "o cry+ = div9e succor4 ,x is cle> t ^! texts h be5 re%ap$ ) ! int5tion ( add+ to ! glory ( ,m>duk4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 remodell$ at a "t :5 ! ,m>duk cult 0 9 ! asc5dancy4 ,?is 0 aft] ! days ( ,hammurabi1 & be=e ! subjugation ( ,babylonia to ,assyrian rule4 ,! limits ?us assign$ are1 to be sure1 broad1 b f :at has above be5 said z to ! intellectual activity reign+ 9 ! days ( ,hammurabi1 we ne$ n desc5d f> bel[ ! dea? ( ! great conqu]or to f9d ! />t+-po9t = ! remodell+ ( ! texts 9 "q4 ,n all ( !m1 ( c\rse1 7 s re%ap$4 ,!re are q a numb] 9 :i* ,ea is alone & directly appeal$ to1 & ^! =m a welcome confirmation ( ! supposition t ^? 9 :i* ,ea is jo9$ to ,m>duk h be5 re%ap$ ) a desire to make !m con=m to ! position ( ,m>duk 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,aga91 !re are incantations 9 :i* ! "n ( ,m>duk appe>s )\t ,ea4 ,su* are ei!r productions ( a lat] p]iod1 ( ! "t :5 ,m>duk _h already assum$ 8 sup]ior position1 or :at is also possible1 ?\gh less probable1 old compositions 9 :i* ! "n ( ,ea has be5 simply replac$ by t ( ,m>duk4 ,an especially int]e/+ example ( ! mann] 9 :i* anci5t productions h be5 work$ ov] by ! ,babylonian !ologians1 ) a view to br++ _! favorite ,m>duk into great] prom95ce1 appe>s 9 "o ( ! episodes ( ! ,babylonian cosmogony4 ,prior to ! creation ( man a great mon/] kn[n z ,tiamat _h to be subdu$4 ,! gods all %r9k 9 t]ror be=e h]4 ,only "o succe$s 9 conqu]+ h]4 ,9 ! =m ( ! /ory1 z we h x1 ?is h]o is ,m>duk1 b x is q evid5t#ada t ! honor orig9ally belong$ to an entirely diff]5t god1 "o :o is mu* old]1 & :o /&s mu* high] ?an ! god ( ,babylon4 ,?is 0 ,bel1--! old god ( ,nippur :o 0 conceiv$ z ! god ( e>? p> excell5ce1 & to :om !re=e ! task ( prep>+ ! e>? = ! habitation ( mank9d prop]ly belong$4 ,h[ d ! ,babylonian !ologians1 :o /& "u ! influ5ce ( ! political conditions prevail+ 9 ,babylonia aft] ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates1 reconcile ?is old] & true =m ( ! episode ) ! =m 9 :i* !y h reca/ x8 ,! gods :o are call$ ! prog5itors ( ,m>duk are repres5t$ z rejoic+ ^u see+ ,m>duk equipp$ = ! fray4 ,9 *orus !y greet & bless him1 ,m>duk be k+4 ,!y pres5t him ) additional weapons1 & enc\rage him = ! conte/4 ,^u he>+ ( 8 success ! gods vie ) "o ano!r 9 conf]r+ honors ^u ,m>duk4 ,!y be/[ all mann] ( glori\s epi!ts ^u him2 &1 to cap ! climax1 ! old ,bel1 kn[n z 'fa!r ,bel1' /eps =w>d & transf]s to him 8 "n1 bel matati1#adb '"l ( l&s4' ,to be/[ ! "n 0 equival5t to transf]r+ ,bel's p[]s to ,m>duk2 & s ,m>duk is h5ce=? kn[n z ,bel4 ,b ,ea mu/ be introduc$ into ! episode4 ,x is n suffici5t t ,bel1 ! orig9al subdu] ( ,tiamat1 %\ld pay homage to ,m>duk2 ,ea also greets 8 son1 & be/[s 8 "n ^u him1#adc--t is1 transf]s 8 p[]s to 8 son4 ,!re is a special reason = ?is4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ,tiamat is foll[$ by ! creation ( man4 ,?is function prop]ly belongs to ,bel1 bo? z ! god ( e>? & z ! subdu] ( ,tiamat4 ,accord+ to "o--& probably ! olde/--v]sion ( ?is "p ( ! ,babylonian cosmogony :i* 0 embodi$ 9 ! "w ( ,b]osus#add1 x is ,bel :o creates mank9d4 ,! sub/itution ( ,m>duk = ,bel necessitat$ ! transf]5ce ( ! role ( creator to ,m>duk likewise1 & yet ! latt] c\ld n take ?is ^u himself )\t ! cons5t ( 8 fa!r ,ea1 :o _h become ! god ( humanity p> excell5ce4 ,ea c\ld int]pose no objection aga9/ ,bel be+ replac$ by ,m>duk 9 vanqui%+ ! mon/]1 b :5 x came to draw+ ! conclusion & replac+ ,bel by ,m>duk also 9 ! creation ( man1 ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,if ,bel 0 to be replac$1 ,ea _h a prior claim4 ,m>duk c\ld only take ! new functions ^u himself aft] receiv+ ! p[]s ( ,ea4 ,t is ! =ce ( ,ea's say+ t ,m>duk's "n also %all be ,ea j z 84 ,?is transf]5ce ( ! "n ( ,ea to ,m>duk is 9 itself an indication t !re mu/ h exi/$ a second v]sion 9 ,babylonia--probably ( lat] orig9 ?an ! o!r--( ! creation ( man1 accord+ to :i* ,ea1 & n ,bel1 0 ! creator4 ,we %all h occasion to see1 9 a future *apt]1 t !re 7 at lea/ two diff]5t v]sions curr5t 9 ,babylonia ( ! creation ( ! gods & ( ! univ]se4 ,! op5+ *apt]s 9 ,g5esis =m an int]e/+ p>allel to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* two diff]5t v]sions ( "o & ! same subject may be comb9$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ improbable 9 ! supposition t a lat] v]sion1 reflect+ a p]iod :5 ,bel _h sunk into comp>ative insignificance1 made ,ea ! creator ( mank9d in/ead ( ,bel1 & t /ill lat] a solution ( ! app>5t inconsi/5cy involv$ 9 transf]r+ only "p ( ,bel's p[]s to ,m>duk 0 f\nd by secur+ ,ea's cons5t to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,m>duk n m]ely z creator ( mank9d b ( ! heav5ly vault z well4 ,j5s5#ade has br\ght o!r evid5ce to %[ t ,ea 0 once reg>d$ z ! creator ( mank9d4 ,"o ( 8 titles is t ( 'pott]1' & mank9d1 accord+ to ,babylonian !ories1 0 =m$ ( 'clay4' ,moreov]1 9 a ,babylonian my? t w be set =? 9 its prop] place1 ,ea expressly figures 9 ! role ( creat+ a my/]i\s be+1 ,uddu%u-na-mir1 ^: "n signifies '8 light %9es4' ,su* a prop] "n1 too1 z ,ea-bani1 i4e41 ',ea creates1' po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,9 o!r lit]>y productions ( ,babylonia1 su* z1 e4g41 ! s-call$ ,izdub> epic1 ,ea aga9 appe>s )\t ,m>duk1 %[+ t ?is /ory has n be5 remodel$1 or t ! lat] v]sion1 9 :i* ! traces ( a reca/+ may h be5 se51 has n be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! deluge /ory1 :i* =ms "p ( ! ,izdub> epic1 ,ea alone is ! h]o4 ,x is he :o saves humanity f complete annihilation1 & :o pacifies ! ang]$ ,bel4 ,m>duk's "n does n appe> 9 ! entire epic4 ,we h f\nd x necess>y to dwell ?us at l5g? ^u ^! evid5ces ( ! reca/+ ( ! lit]>y products ( anci5t ,babylonia "u ! influ5ce ( *ang$ conceptions ( ! gods & ( _! relations to "o ano!r1 = ^u ! und]/&+ ( ^! *anges1 our appreciation ( ! developm5t ( religi\s beliefs 9 ,babylonia1 & all connect$ ) ^! beliefs1 h+es4 ,! epo* ( ,hammurabi 0 a crucial "o = ,babylonia f a religi\s z well z f a political po9t ( view4 ,damk9a4 ,! consort ( ,ea figures occasionally 9 ! hi/orical texts ( ,hammurabi's successors4 ,agumkakrimi invokes ,ea & ,damk9a1 ask+ ^! gods1 :o 'dwell 9 ! great ocean' surr\nd+ ! e>?1 to grant him long life4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! antiquity ( ! lit]>y productions 9 :i* h] "n appe>s ju/ifies u 9 reckon+ h] among ! gods ( ,babylonia ( ,hammurabi's "t4 ,h] "n signifies 'lady ( ! e>?1' & !re is evid5tly a !oretical sub/ratum to ?is association ( ,ea1 ! wat]-god1 ) an e>?-goddess4 ,! "o =ms ! complem5t to ! o!r2 & ,m>duk1 z ! son ( wat] & e>?1 takes 8 place 9 ! !ory z ! creator ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is =m ! 'natural philosophy' ( ,babylonia surviv$ to a late p]iod4 ,nicolas ( ,damascus /ill kn[s 7probably ?r\gh ,b]osus7 t ,ea & ,damk9a#adf _h a son ,bel 7i4e41 ,m>duk74 ,! survival ( ! "n is a pro( t1 despite ! sil5ce ( ! hi/orical texts1 %e 0 a prom95t p]sonage 9 ,babylonian my?ology1 ev5 ?\gh %e did n figure l>gely 9 ! cult4 ,%e appe>s 9 ! magical texts q frequ5tly at ! side ( ,ea4 ,9 a hymn#adg :]e a description occurs ( ! boat conta9+ ,ea1 ,damk9a 8 wife1 & ,m>duk _! son1 toge!r ) ! f]ryman & "s o!r p]sonages sail+ across ! ocean1 we may see traces ( ! process ( symbolization to :i* ! old figures ( my?ology 7 subject$4 ,%ama%4 ,pass+ on1 we f9d ,hammurabi z /rongly atta*$ to ! wor%ip ( ! old sun-god z any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,next to ,babylon1 he 0 mu* conc]n$ ) mak+ improvem5ts 9 ,sipp>4 ,! ,temple ( ,%ama% at ,l>sa also 0 improv$ & enl>g$ by him4 ,hammurabi's example is foll[$ by 8 successors4 ,agumkakrimi invokes ,%ama% z 'w>rior ( heav5 & e>?'2 & x is likely t ! prec$5t furni%$ by ^! two k+s1 :o consid]$ x consi/5t ) devotion to ,m>duk to s+le out ! places sacr$ to ,%ama% = special consid]ation1 _h mu* to d 9 ma9ta9+ ! popul>ity ( sun-wor%ip 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,k>a-inda%1 ( ! ,cassite dyna/y 7c4 #adej ,b4,c471 re/ores ! temple ( ,%ama% at ,l>sa1 & ,mili-%ikhu1 two c5turies lat]1 assigns to ,%ama% ! second place 9 8 pan!on1 nam+ him be=e ,m>duk4 ,=eign rul]s 7 naturally n s deeply atta*$ to ,m>duk z 7 ! natives ( ,babylon4 ,9 ! ,assyrian pan!on ,%ama% occupies ! ?ird place1 foll[+ imm$iately ^u ! two special deities ( ,assyria4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( ! nor!rn k+s erects a temple 9 honor ( ! god1 & ! lat] ,babylonian k+s vie ) "o ano!r 9 do+ honor to ! two olde/ sanctu>ies ( ,%ama%1 at ,sipp> & ,l>sa4 ,p]haps ! pri/9e aff9ity betwe5 ,m>duk1 :o1 z we saw1 0 orig9ally a sun-deity1 & ,%ama%1 also _h a %>e 9 ,hammurabi's fondness = c\pl+ ^! two gods4 ,:5 describ+ 8 op]ations at ,sipp> he speaks ( himself z 'do+ good to ! fle% ( ,%ama% & ,m>duk4' ,hammurabi felt himself to be honor+ ,m>duk1 ?r\gh pay+ homage to a deity hav+ aff9ity ) ! patron protector ( ,babylon4 ,innanna4 ,we h already come across a deity ( ?is "n 9 a previ\s *apt]4#adh ,hammurabi tells u1 9 "o ( 8 inscriptions1 t he has re/or$ ! temple 9 honor ( ,innanna at ,hallabi--a t[n ne> ,sipp>4#adi ,innanna1 or ,n9ni1 signify+ m]ely 'lady1' or 'great lady1' appe>s to h become a v g5]al "n = a goddess1 h5ce ! addition '( ,hallabi1' :i* ,hammurabi is c>eful to make4 ,at ! same "t ! designation 'lady ( ,hallabi' po9ts to h] be+ a consort ( a male deity :o 0 ! patron ( ! place4 ,may ?is h be5 ! moon-god aga91 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r ,innanna8 ,our k ( ?is goddess is conf9$ to :at ! k+ tells u ab\t h]4 ,= him %e is ! mi/ress ^: glory fills heav5 & e>?1 b :5 he adds t %e has plac$ 9 8 h&s ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 ?is only means t ! goddess recognizes 8 "r to supreme au?ority ov] ! ,babylonian /ates--n t he owes 8 p[] to h]4 ,x is aft] he has succe$$ 9 mak+ ,babylon ! capital ( a great k+dom t he proce$s to improve ! temple ( ,innanna4 ,bel & ! ,triad ( ,babylonian ,!ology4 ,among ! lit]>y rema9s ( ,hammurabi's days we h a hymn 9 :i* ! *ief gods wor%ipp$ by ! k+ are enum]at$ 9 succession4 ,! li/ beg9s ) ,bel1 & !n m5tions ,s91 ,n9ib1 ,i%t>1 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d at ! head ( ! li/ ,m>duk4 ,! hymn may be old] ?an ,hammurabi1 :o1 p]haps1 is quot+ or copy+ x1 & s9ce ! ,bel :o is "h at ! head ( ! pan!on is ! god ( ,nippur1 ! hymn may orig9ally h belong$ to ! ritual ( t place4 ,= ,hammurabi ! highe/ ',bel1' or "l1 is ,m>duk1 & !re is h>dly room = d\bt t 9 us+ ?is hymn z a means ( pass+ on to s++ 8 own praises1 ) :i* ! inscription 9 "q ends1 ,hammurabi has 9 m9d ! patron god ( ,babylon :5 speak+ ( ,bel4#aej ,x is ?is amalgamation ( ! old ,bel ) ,m>duk t m>ks1 z we h se51 ! transition to ! use ( ,bel's "n z a m]e title ( ,m>duk4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ,hammurabi uses ,bel to designate ! old god4 ,s :5 he calls himself ! proclaim] ( ,anu & ,bel#aea ! association ) ,anu makes x impossible t ,m>duk %\ld be meant4 ,at times he appe>s to ref] 9 ! same inscription1 n[ to ! old ,bel & aga9 to ,bel-,m>duk1 "u ! same designation4 ,:5 ,kurigalzu1 a memb] ( ! ,cassite dyna/y 7c4 #adjj ,b4,c471 speaks ( ',bel1 ! "l ( l&s1' to :om he erects a temple 9 ! new city1 ,dur-,kurigalzu-- "s =ty miles to ! nor!a/ ( ,babylon--x is ! old ,bel :o is aga9 meant4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ ,m>duk z "o ( ! *ief gods1 ^! =eign rul]s 9 ,babylonia--! ,cassites--did n feel ! same atta*m5t to him z ,hammurabi did4 ,!y gave ! pref]5ce to ! old god ( ,nippur1 &1 inde$1 succe$$ 9 _! attempt to give to ! old city ( ,nippur "s ( its pri/9e glory4 ,!y devot$ !mselves assidu\sly to ! c>e ( ! great temple at ,nippur4 ,!re are "s indications ( an attempt made by !m to make ,nippur ! capital ( _! empire4 ,9 ! case ( ,hammurabi's imm$iate successor1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! equation ,bel-,m>duk is di/9ctly set d[n1 b1 = all t1 ! d\ble employm5t ( ! "n cont9ues ev5 ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ! ,assyrian supremacy ov] ,babylonia4 ,! nor!rn rul]s n[ use ,bel to designate ! m anci5t god1 &1 aga91 m]ely z a designation ( ,m>duk4 ,tigla?piles] ,i4 7see note #a1 bel[7 expressly adds '! old]' :5 speak+ ( ,bel4 ,:5 ,s>gon ref]s to ,bel1 '! "l ( l&s1 :o dwells on ! sacr$ m\nta9 ( ! gods1' or :5 ,tigla?piles] ,i4 calls ,bel '! fa!r ( ! gods1' '! k+ ( ! gr\p ( spirits' kn[n z ! ,anunaki1 x is ( c\rse only ! old ,bel1 ! "l ( ! l[] region1 or ( ! e>?1 :o c be meant2 b :51 z is mu* m frequ5tly ! case1 ! k+s ( ,assyria1 d[n to ! fall ( ! empire1 associate ,bel ) ,nabu1 speak ( ,bel & ! gods ( ,akkad 7i4e41 ,babylonia71 & use ,bel1 moreov]1 to designate ,babylonia1#aeb x is equally cle> t ,m>duk is meant4 ,9 ! ,neo-,babylonian empire ,m>duk alone is us$4 ,! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( a god ,bel 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on1 despite ! amalgamation ( ,bel ) ,m>duk1 is a ph5om5on t calls = "s comm5t4 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! influ5ce ( ! !ological sy/em t mu/ h be5 develop$ 9 "p1 at lea/1 ev5 be=e ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates4#aec ,bel1 z ! god ( e>?1 0 associat$ ) ,anu1 z ! god ( heav51 & ,ea1 z ! god ( ! deep1 to =m a triad t embrac$ ! entire univ]se4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea 7 invok$1 x 0 equival5t to nam+ all ! p[]s t influ5c$ ! fate ( man4 ,!y embrac$1 z x 71 ! ?ree k+doms ( ! gods1 )9 :i* all ! o!r gods c\ld be compris$4 ,! sy/ematization involv$ 9 ! assumption ( a triad ( gods controll+ ! entire pan!on c h>dly be suppos$ to h be5 a popul> process4 ,x betok5s an am\nt ( ?\ght & speculation1 a compreh5sive view ( ! p[]s ( nature1 t c\ld only h aris5 9 m9ds sup]ior to ! av]age intellig5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! conception ( ! triad ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea is aga9 an evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( s*oolm5 & ( s*ools ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ! days ( ! anci5t empire4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z ,hammurabi is conc]n$1 he only ref]s to a duality--,anu & ,bel--:i*1 = him1 comprises all ! o!r gods4 ,he is ! 'proclaim] ( ,anu & ,bel4' ,x is ,anu & ,bel :o give him sov]eignty ov] ! l&4 ,9 ! texts ( ! second p]iod ! triad does n occur until we come to ! reign ( a k+1 ,mili-%ikhu1 :o lives at lea/ eight c5turies aft] ,hammurabi4 ,ea1 9 fact1 does n occur at all 9 ^? inscriptions ( ! k+ t h z yet be5 discov]$4 ,if any conclusion is to be drawn f ?is omission1 x is c]ta9ly ?is1--t !re are sev]al /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! anci5t !ological sy/em ( ,babylonia4 ,at fir/ a duality ( k+doms--! k+dom ( :at is above & bel[--0 conceiv$ z compris+ all ! p]sonifi$ p[]s ( nature1 b ?is duality 0 replac$ by a triad ?r\gh ! addition ( ! god :o /&s at ! head ( all wat]-deities4 ,( c\rse ! assumption ( a duality in/ead ( a triad may h be5 due to a diff]5ce among exi/+ s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re seems to be no political reason = ! addition ( ,ea1 & x is difficult to say1 !re=e1 h[ soon ! conception ( a triad /&+ at ! head ( ! pan!on arose4 ,we h f\nd x 9 ,gudea's days1 & x mu/1 !re=e1 h exi/$ 9 ! days ( ,hammurabi1 )\t1 p]haps1 be+ reg>d$ z an ess5tial dogma z yet4 ,a direct & natural consequ5ce ( ,bel's position 9 ! triad 0 t1 by ! side ( ,bel-,m>duk1 ! old] ,bel cont9u$ to be invok$ 9 hi/orical inscriptions4 ,s9ce ,anu & ,ea 7 appeal$ to by !mselves1 ! =m] occasionally1 ! latt] m frequ5tly1 !re 0 no reason :y a rul] %\ld n at times be prompt$ to introduce an invocation to ,bel1 )\t ! direct association ) ,anu & ,ea4 ,! confusion t ?us ensues betwe5 ! two ,bels 0 n ( s]i\s mom5t1 s9ce f ! context "o c\ld )\t difficulty det]m9e :i* ( ! two 0 meant2 & :at we1 ) our limit$ k ( anci5t ,babylonia1 are able to d1 mu/ h be5 an easy task = ! ,babylonians !mselves4#aed ,x is tempt+ to suppose t ! fir/ comm& ( ! ,decalogue 7,exodus1 xx7 conta9s an impli$ ref]5ce to ! ,babylonian triad4 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,! !ory ( ! triad succe$s 9 ma9ta9+ its hold ^u ,babylonian m9ds f a c]ta9 p]iod on1 ?r\gh all political & intellectual vicissitudes4 ,to invoke ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea becomes a /&+ =mula t ! rul]s ( ,babylonia z well z ( ,assyria are fond ( employ+4 ,^! ?ree are ! great gods p> excell5ce4 ,!y occupy a place ( _! own4 ,! k+s d n feel z close to !m z to ,m>duk1 or to ,a%ur1 or ev5 to ! sun-god1 or to ! moon-god4 ,! invocation ( ! triad p>takes m ( a =mal "*1 z ?\gh 9 giv+ to ^! ?ree gods ! fir/ place1 ! writ]s felt t !y 7 foll[+ an anci5t prec$5t t _h m ( a !oretical ?an a practical value = _! days4 ,s among ,assyrian rul]s1 ,a%ur-ri%-i%i 7c4 #aaej ,b4,c47 d]ives 8 "r to ! ?rone f ! au?ority ) :i* he is inve/$ by ! triad4 ,aga91 9 ! =mal curses :i* ! k+s call$ d[n ^u ! de/roy]s ( ! inscriptions or /atues t !y set up1 ! appeal to ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea is made4 ,a%urnasirbal calls ^u ! triad n to li/5 to ! pray]s ( su* z deface 8 monum5ts4 ,s>gon has an int]e/+ /atem5t 9 "o ( 8 inscriptions1 accord+ to :i* ! names ( ! mon?s 7 fix$ by ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,?is 'ar*aeological' !ory illu/rates v well ! extrane\s position occupi$ by ! triad4 ,! mon?s1 z we %all see1 are sacr$1 ea* to a diff]5t god4 ,! gods ?us di/+ui%$ are ! ones t are directly conc]n$ 9 ! =tunes ( ! /ate1--,s91 ,a%ur1 ,i%t>1 & ! l4 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea are n 9 ! li/1 & ! tradition1 or r ! dogma accord+ to :i* !y assign ! names is evid5tly an attempt to make good ?is omission by plac+ !m1 z x 71 beyond ! rea* ( ! cal5d>4 ,9 %ort1 s f> z ! hi/orical texts are conc]n$ :i* reflect ! popul> beliefs1 ! triad repres5ts a !ological doctr9e r ?an a liv+ =ce4 ,9 comb9ation1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea did n mean z mu*1 nor ! same ?+1 to a ,babylonian or an ,assyrian1 z :5 he said ,m>duk1 or ,nabu1 or ,a%ur1 or ,s91 z ! case might be4 ,x 0 diff]5t :5 address+ ^! gods individually1 z 0 occasionally done4 ,! ,assyrians 7 r fond ( introduc+ ,anu by himself 9 _! pray]s1 & ! ,babylonians 7 prompt$ to a frequ5t m5tion ( ,ea by virtue ( 8 relation%ip to ,m>duk1 b :5 ?is 0 done ,anu & ,ea meant some?+ diff]5t ?an :5 m5tion$ 9 "o brea? along ) ,bel4 ,belit4 ,"o might h suppos$ t :5 ,bel became ,m>duk1 ! consort ( ,bel w\ld also become ,m>duk's consort4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to be ! case1 at lea/ s f> z ! epo* ( ,hammurabi is conc]n$4 ,:5 he calls himself '! belov$ %eph]d ( ,belit1' x is ! wife ( ! old ,bel t is meant1 & s :5 ,agumkakrimi m5tions ,bel & ,belit toge!r1 z ! gods t decree 8 fate on e>?1 !re is no d\bt z to :at ,belit is meant4 ,9 lat] days1 h[ev]1 & 9 ,assyria m p>ticul>ly1 !re seems to be a t5d5cy t[>ds g5]aliz+ ! "n 7mu* z t ( ,bel7 to ! ext5t ( apply+ x 9 ! s5se ( 'mi/ress' to ! consort ( ! *ief god ( ! pan!on2 & t happ5+ to be ,a%ur 9 ,assyria acc\nts = ! fact1 :i* might o!rwise appe> /range1 t ,tigla?piles] ,i4 7c4 #aadj ,b4,c47 calls ,belit ! 'l(ty consort & belov$ ( ,a%ur4' ,a%urbanabal 7#ffh-fbf ,b4,c47 does ! same1 & ev5 goes fur!r & decl>es himself to be ! (fspr+ ( ,a%ur & ,belit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! int]val betwe5 ^! two k+s we f9d ,%almanes] ,,ii4 7#hfj-hbe ,b4,c47 call+ ,belit '! "m ( ! great gods' & '! wife ( ,bel1' mak+ x evid5t t ! old ,belit ( ! s\? is meant1 & s9ce ,a%urbanabal on "o occasion also calls ! goddess '! belov$ ( ,bel1'#aee x foll[s t 9 8 days two ,belits 7 /ill recogniz$1 or p]haps x w\ld be m accurate to say two uses ( ! t]m1--"o specifically = ! consort ( ! ,babylonian ,bel1 ! god ( ! e>?1 ) 8 anci5t seat at ,nippur2 ! o!r ( a m g5]al "*1 ?\gh /ill limit$ z 'lady' to ! consort ( ! *ief gods1 j z ',bel1' :ile acquir+ ! g5]al s5se ( '"l1' 0 re/rict$ 9 actual usage to ! greate/ 'lords' only4 ,an indication ( ?is di/9ction1 some:at p>allel to ! addition ( ,dagan to ,bel1 to indicate t ! old ,bel 0 meant1#aef appe>s 9 ! sobriquet '( ,babylonia1'#aeg :i* ,a%urbanabal gives to ! goddess 9 "o place :]e ! old ,belit is meant4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is ,assyrian ext5sion ( ! t]m1 ,nabopolass>1 9 ! ,neo-,babylonian p]iod1 applies ! title to ! consort ( ,%ama% at ,sipp>1 b he is c>eful to specify ',belit ( ,sipp>1' 9 ord] to avoid misund]/&+4 ,besides be+ appli$ to ! consorts ( ,a%ur & ( ,%ama%1 ',belit1' 9 ! g5]al s5se ( 'mi/ress1' is appli$ only to ano!r goddess1 ! great ,i%t> ( ! ,assyrian pan!on--g5]ally1 h[ev]1 z a title1 n z a "n ( ! goddess4 ,! important position %e occupi$ 9 ! ,assyrian pan!on seem$ to ju/ify ?is fur!r modification & ext5sion 9 ! use ( ! t]m4 ,occasionally1 ,i%t> is directly & expressly call$ ',belit4' ,s1 ,a%urbanabal speaks ( a temple t he has f\nd$ 9 ,calah to ',belit mati1'#aeh '! ,belit 7or lady7 ( ! l&1' :]e ! context speaks 9 favor ( id5tify+ ,belit ) ! great goddess ,i%t>4 ,aga9 ,a%urbanabal1 9 a d$icatory inscription giv+ an acc\nt ( improvem5ts made 9 ! temple ( ,i%t>1 addresses ! goddess z ,belit 'lady ( l&s1 dwell+ 9 ,e-ma%-ma%4'#aei ,anu & ,anatum4 ,9 ! second p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory ! wor%ip ( ! supreme god ( heav5 becomes ev5 m closely b\nd up ) ,anu's position z ! fir/ memb] ( ! insep>able triad ?an 0 ! case 9 ! fir/ p]iod4 ,= ,hammurabi1 z has be5 not$1 ,anu is only a half-real figure :o 9 association ) ,bel is repres5t$ z giv+ 8 endorsem5t to ! k+'s au?ority4#afj ,! mann] 9 :i* ,agumkakrimi introduces ,anu is no less *>act]i/ic = ! age ( ,hammurabi & 8 successors4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 long inscription1#afa he enum]ates ! *ief gods "u ^: protection he places himself4 ,z a ,cassitic rul]1 he assigns ! fir/ place to ! *ief ,cassite deity1 ,%ukamuna1 a god ( w> :om ! ,babylonian s*ol>s id5tifi$ ) _! own ,n]gal4#afb ,%ukamuna is foll[$ by ! triad ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,m>duk occupies a fif? place1 aft] :i* comes a second triad1 ,s91 ,%ama% ! mighty h]o1 & ,i%t>#afc ! /rong "o among ! gods4 ,! inscription is devot$ to ! k+'s successful capture ( ! /atues ( ,m>duk & ,s>panitum out ( ! h&s ( ! ,khani1 & ! re/oration ( ! %r9es ( ^! deities at ,babylon4 ,at ! close1 ! k+ ,agumkakrimi appeals to ,anu & 8 consort ,anatum1#afd :o are ask$ to bless ! k+ 9 heav51 to ,bel & ,belit :o are ask$ to fix 8 fate on e>?1 & to ,ea & ,damk9a1 inhabit+ ! deep1#afe :o are to grant him long life4 ,z 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! inscription1 ! ?\ght ( ! triad--,anu1 ,bel1 ,ea--evid5tly und]lies ?is int]e/+ invocation1 b at ! same "t ! association ( a consort ) ,anu br+s ! god into clos] relation%ip ) 8 fell[s4 ,he takes on--if ! contradiction 9 t]ms be p]mitt$--a m human %ape4 ,8 consort be>s a "n t is simply ! fem99e =m to ,anu1 j z ,belit is ! fem99e to ,bel4 ',anu1' signify+ '! "o on high1'--a fem99e to x 0 =m$1 manife/ly "u ! influ5ce ( ! notion t e god mu/ h a consort ( "s k9d4 ,aft] ,agumkakrimi no fur!r m5tion ( ,anatum occurs1 nei!r 9 ! inscriptions ( ,babylonian nor ( ,assyrian rul]s4 ,we are p]mitt$ to conclude1 !re=e1 t ,anatum 0 a product ( ! s*ools1 & "o t nev] took a /rong hold on ! popul> m9d4 ,among ! ,assyrian k+s :o 9 o!r respects also %[ less dep5d5ce ^u ! doctr9es evolv$ 9 ! ,babylonian s*ools1 & ^: inscriptions reflect to a great] degree ! purely popul> phases ( ! fai?1 we f9d ,anu m5tion$ ) tol]able frequ5cy1 & 9 a mann] t betrays less emphasis ^u ! position ( ! god z a memb] ( ! triad4 ,/ill1 x is r curi\s t he does n appe> ev5 9 ! inscriptions ( ! ,assyrian k+s by himself1 b 9 association ) ano!r god4 ,?us ,tigla?piles] ,i4 7c4 #aacj ,b4,c47 gives an elaborate acc\nt ( an old temple to ,anu & ,ramman 9 ! city ( ,a%ur t he re/ores to m ?an its =m] gr&eur4#aff ,?is d$ication ( a temple to two deities is unusual4 ,ramman is ! god ( ?und] & /orms1 ^: seat ( c\rse is 9 ! heav5s4 ,he /&s close1 !re=e1 to ,anu1 ! supreme god ( heav54 ,9 ! religi\s productions1 ?is relation%ip is express$ by mak+ ,ramman ! son ( ,anu4 ,f a passage descriptive ( ?is temple x w\ld appe> t ! old temple f\nd$ by ,k+ ,samsi-,ramman1 :o liv$ sev]al c5turies be=e ,tigla?piles]1 0 d$icat$ to ,ramman4 ,x looks1 !re=e1 z ?\gh ! association ( ,anu ) ,ramman 0 ! "w ( ! lat] k+4 ,:at 8 motive 0 9 ?us comb9+ ,anu ) ,ramman x is difficult to say1 b 9 8 acc\nt ( ! re/oration ( ! sanctu>y1 he s consi/5tly m5tions ,anu & ,ramman toge!r1#afg designat+ !m unit$ly z '! great gods my lords1' t "o ga9s ! impression t ! two 7 insep>able 9 8 m9d1 ,ramman be+ p]haps reg>d$ simply z a manife/ation ( ,anu4 ,! supposition f9ds "s support 9 ! clos+ words ( ! inscription1 :]e1 9 hurl+ ! usual curses ^u ^? :o %\ld attempt to de/roy 8 monum5ts1 he invokes ,ramman alone1 :om he asks to puni% ! (f5d] by 8 d>ts1 by hung]1 by di/ress ( e k9d1 & by dea?4 ,else:]e ,anu appe>s 9 association ) ,dagan1 ( :om we %all h occasion to speak 9 ! *apt] on ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,suffice x to say "h t ,dagan 9 ?is connection is an equival5t ( ,bel4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,a%urbanabal & ,s>gon call !mselves '! favorite ( ,anu & ,dagan1' x is ! same z ?\gh !y spoke ( ,anu & ,bel4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ,anu only appe>s :5 a "p or ! :ole ( ! ,assyrian pan!on is enum]at$4 ,?us we come across ,anu1 ,ramman1 & ,i%t> z ! *ief gods ( ! city ( ,a%ur1#afh & aga9 ,anu1 ,a%ur1 ,%ama%1 ,ramman1 & ,i%t>4#afi ,f9ally1 ,s>gon :o names ! eight gates ( 8 palace aft] ! *ief gods ( ! l& does n omit ,anu1 :om he describes z ! '"o :o blesses 8 h&iwork4' ,o!rwise we h ,anu only :5 ! triad ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea is invok$4 ,once ,ramman-nir>i ,i4 7c4 #acbe ,b4,c47 adds ,i%t> to ! triad4 ,aft] ,s>gon we no long] f9d ,anu's "n at all among ! deities wor%ipp$ 9 ,assyria4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,anu's claim to rev]5ce re/s 9 ,assyria z well z 9 ,babylonia ^u 8 position 9 ! triad1 & :ile ,assyria is less influ5c$ by ! anci5t sy/em devis$ 9 ,babylonia :]eby ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea come to be ! repres5tatives ( ! ?ree k+doms among :i* ! gods are di/ribut$1 /ill ,anu z a specific deity1 rul+ 9 8 own "r1 rema9s a r %ad[y figure4 ,! only temple 9 8 honor is ! "o :i* he %>es ) ,ramman1 & :i*1 z not$1 appe>s to h be5 orig9ally devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! latt]4 ,"o o!r factor t mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt to expla9 ! disappe>ance ( ,anu is ! gradual en=cem5t ( ,a%ur's claim to ! absolute head%ip ( ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,ei!r ,anu or ,a%ur _h to be assign$ to ?is place1 & :5 circum/ances decid$ ! issue 9 favor ( ,a%ur1 !re 0 no place wor?y ( ,anu z a specific deity4 ,a%ur usurps 9 a measure ! role ( ,anu4 ,s f> z ,babylonia 0 conc]n$1 !re 0 /ill 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c4 a city ',d]' :i* is call$ ! 'city ( ,anu4' ,! city is probably ( v anci5t f\ndation1 & its cont9u$ association ) ,anu =ms an int]e/+ survival ( a local conception t appe>s to h be5 once curr5t ( ! god4 ,9 ! religi\s lit]ature1 especially 9 t "p ( x :i* furni%es u ) ! s*ola/ic reca/+s ( ! popul> traditions1 ,anu is a mu* m prom95t figure ?an 9 ! hi/orical texts4 ,f be+ m]ely ! p]sonification ( ! heav5s1 he is rais$ to ! /ill high] dignity ( symboliz+1 z ,j5s5 puts x1#agj ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( :i* bo? ! heav5s & e>? are emanations4 ,all ! e>lie/ gods conceiv$ ( by popul> tradition z exi/+ f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s are view$ z manife/ations ( ,anu1 or ( ,anu & ,anatum 9 comb9ation4 ,he gives e> to pray]s1 b he is n approa*$ directly4 ,! gods are 8 mess5g]s1 :o come & give him report ( :at is go+ on4#aga ,he is a god = ! gods r ?an = m54 ,:5 8 daught] ,i%t> is insult$ %e appeals to h] fa!r ,anu2 & :5 ! gods are t]rifi$ !y take refuge ) ,anu4 ,arm$ ) a mighty weapon ^: assault no?+ c )/&1 ,anu is surr\nd$ by a ho/ ( gods & p[]ful spirits :o are ready to foll[ 8 lead & to d 8 s]vice4 ,ramman4 ,) ,ramman we rea* a deity ^: introduction into ! ,babylonian pan!on & ^: position !re9 appe>s to be entirely indep5d5t ( ,m>duk4 ,! read+ ( ! "n z ,ramman 7or ,rammanu7 is provisional4 ,! ideograph ,im ) :i* ! "n is writt5 designates ! god z ! p[] presid+ ov] /orms2 & :ile x is c]ta9 t1 9 ,assyria at lea/1 ! god 0 kn[n z ,ramman1 :i* means '! ?und]]1' x is possible t ?is 0 an epi!t giv5 to ! god1 & n 8 real or 8 olde/ "n4 ,x is significant t 9 ! ,el-,am>na tablets 7c4 #aejj ,b4,c471 :]e ! god ,im appe>s z an elem5t 9 prop] names1 ! read+ ,addu is v\*$ =1 & ?is =m has be5 ju/ly br\ght into connection ) a v fam\s sol> deity ( ,syria1--,hadad4 ,! wor%ip ( ,hadad1 we "k1 0 widely spread 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria1 & !re is conclusive evid5ce t ,hadad 7or ,adad71 z a "n = ! god ,im1 0 kn[n 9 ,babylonia4 ,pr(essor ,opp]t is ( ! op9ion t ,adad repres5ts ! olde/ "n ( ! god4 ,q rec5tly ! proposition has be5 made t ! real "n ( ! deity 0 ,imm]u4#agb ,! ideograph 9 ?is case w\ld arise ?r\gh ! curtailm5t ( ! "n 7z is frequ5tly ! case 9 ! cunei=m syllab>y71 & ! association ( ,im ) '/orm' & 'w9d' w\ld be directly dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( ! deity 9 "q4 ,! mat]ial at h& is n suffici5t = decid+ ! "q4 ,besides ,imm]u1 ,adad1 & ,ramman1 ! deity 0 also kn[n z ,m]--connect$ app>5tly ) ,imm]u4#agc ,s mu* is c]ta91 t ,ramman appe>s to h be5 ! "n curr5tly us$ 9 ,assyria = ?is god4 ,adad may h be5 employ$ occasionally 9 ,babylonia1 z 0 ,m] 9 prop] names1 b t x 0 n ! common designation is prov$ by a li/ ( gods 7publi%$ by ,bezold#agd7 9 :i* ! =eign equival5t = ,im is set d[n z ,adad4 ,we may = ! pres5t1 !re=e1 reta9 ,ramman1 :ile be>+ 9 m9d t we h only pro( ( its be+ an epi!t appli$ to ! god1 n necess>ily 8 real "n & 9 all probabilities n ! olde/ "n4 ,we meet ) ! god = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hymn to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1#age & :]e ! god is m5tion$ toge!r ) ,%ama%4 ,if ! sugge/ion above ?r[n out is correct1 t ! hymn is old] ?an ! days ( ,hammurabi1 ,ramman too w\ld be old] ?an 8 fir/ m5tion 9 hi/orical texts4 ,h[ev]1 x is wor?y ( note t 9 ?is hymn ea* ( ! o!r gods m5tion$ receives a l9e = himself1 & t ,ramman is ! only "o :o is tack$ on to ano!r deity4 ,x is n /range t 9 mak+ copies ( old] texts1 especially ^? ( a religi\s "*1 ! scribes %\ld h introduc$ c]ta9 modifications4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! god does n acquire any degree ( prom95ce until ! days ( ,hammurabi2 s t :atev] 8 age & orig91 he belongs 9 a peculi> s5se to ! pan!on ( ,hammurabi r ?an to t ( ! old ,babylonian p]iod4 ,! successor ( ,hammurabi1 ,samsu-iluna1 d$icates a =t1 kn[n z ,dur-padda1 to ,ramman :om he addresses z 8 'help]'1 along ) sev]al o!r gods4 ,despite ?is fact1 8 wor%ip does n appe> to h be5 v firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,babylonia1 = ,agumkakrimi1 :o foll[s ^u ,samsu-iluna1 does n make m5tion ( ,ramman4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ! ,cassite dyna/y1 h[ev]1 ! wor%ip ( ,ramman appe>s to h ga9$ a /rong] foo?old4 ,sev]al k+s ( ?is dyna/y h incorporat$ ! "n ( ?is deity into _! own names1 & 9 an inscription deal+ ) ev5ts t transpir$ 9 ! reign ( "o ( ^! k+s1 ,ramman occupies a prom95t place4 ,imm$iately aft] ! great triad1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 !re is enum]at$ a second1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman1 & only !n !re foll[s ,m>duk4#agf ,m ?an ?is1 ,ramman is introduc$ = a second "t 9 conjunction ) ,%ama%1 z 9 ! hymn ( ,hammurabi4 ,! two are appeal$ to z '! div9e lords ( ju/ice4' ,! conqu]or ( ! ,cassites1 ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 also holds ,ramman 9 high e/eem4 ,= him1 ,ramman is ! god ( battle :o 9 companion%ip ) ,i%t> abets ! k+ 9 8 great und]tak+s4 ,he addresses ,ramman z ! great "l ( heav51 ! "l ( subt]ranean wat]s & ( ra91 ^: curse is invok$ aga9/ ! "o :o sets aside ! decrees ( ,nebu*adnezz> or :o defaces ! monum5t ! k+ sets up4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ ! supremacy ( ,m>duk1 ^u ^: appeal he proce$s to ,babylonia to rid ! c\ntry ( its oppressors1 ,nebu*adnezz> nev]!less %[s rem>kable p>tiality = ,ramman1 p]haps z a matt] ( policy to (fset ! suppos$ pref]5ce %[n by ,ramman t[>ds ! previ\s dyna/y4 ,ramman ) ,n]gal & ,nana are also enum]at$ z ! special gods ( ,nam>--a ,babylonian di/rict :i* caus$ ! k+ consid]able annoyance1 & :i* may h be5 "o ( ! /rongholds :5ce ! ,cassitic k+s cont9u$ _! attacks ^u ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e m precisely ! nature ( ?is deity1 x is necess>y to turn to ,assyria1 :]e 8 wor%ip dates f ! v e>lie/ times1 & :]e he appe>s consi/5tly 9 a s+le role1--t ( ! god ( /orms1 m p>ticul>ly ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,! olde/ ,assyrian rul] kn[n to u is ,samsi-,ramman 7c4 #ahej ,b4,c471 ^: "n1 conta9+ ! god z "o ( its elem5ts1 po9ts to ! antiquity ( ! cult ( ,ramman 9 ! nor?4 ,ano!r k+ :o has frequ5tly be5 m5tion$1 ,ramman-nir>i 7i4e41 ,ramman is my help]71 be>s evid5ce to ! same effect1 & ,tigla?piles] ,i4 speaks ( a temple to ,ramman ^: f\ndation c>ries u back sev]al c5turies beyond ! p]iod ( ^! two k+s--almo/ to ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,! !ory has accord+ly be5 advanc$ t ! wor%ip ( ,ramman came to ,babylonia f ! nor?1 & s9ce ! cult ( ?is same god is f\nd 9 ,damascus & ext5d$ z f> s\? z ! pla9 ( ,jezreel1 ! fur!r conclusion has be5 drawn t ! god is ( ,aramaic orig9 & 0 br\ght to ,assyria ?r\gh ,aramaic tribes :o _h settl$ 9 p>ts ( ,assyria4 ,! great antiquity ( ! ,ramman cult 9 ,assyria argues aga9/ a =eign orig94 ,x seems m plausible to reg>d ! ,ramman cult z indig5\s to ,assyria2 b rev]t+ to a "t :5 ! population ( ! nor? 0 /ill 9 ! nomadic /ate ( civilization1 ! cult may h be5 c>ri$ to ! we/ by "s ( ! w&]+ tribes :o aft]w>ds e/abli%$ !mselves ar\nd ,damascus4 ,up to a late p]iod ,aramaic hordes appe> f "t to "t 9 we/]n ,assyria2 & 9 a high] /age ( culture1 contact betwe5 ,aramaeans & ,assyrians 0 ma9ta9$ by comm]cial int]c\rse & by w>f>e4 ,s9ce ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ,ramman's cult is 9 ! city ( ,a%ur1 x may be t he 0 orig9ally connect$ ) t place4 ,z already intimat$1 he 0 ess5tially a /orm-god1 ^: manife/ation 0 se5 9 ! ?und] & lightn+1 & ! god 0 kn[n n m]ely z '! ?und]]1' b also z ,b>ku1 i4e41 lightn+4 ,p]haps x 0 because ( ?is t he 0 also br\ght into association ) ! great light ( heav51--! sun-god4 ,9 _m my?ologies1 ! sun & lightn+ are reg>d$ z correlat$ =ces4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! frequ5t association ( ,%ama% & ,ramman _c h be5 accid5tal4 ,?is d\ble nature ( ,ramman--z a sol> deity repres5t+ "s p>ticul> phase ( ! sun t escapes u & z a /orm-god--/ill pe]s ?r\gh ! inscription above not$ f ! ,cassite p]iod :]e ,ramman is call$ '! "l ( ju/ice1'--an attribute peculi> to ! sun-god2 b 9 ,assyria 8 role z ! ?und]-& /orm-god ov]%ad[s any o!r attributes t he may h _h4 ,!re are two aspects to ra9/orms 9 ,babylonia4 ,! flood+ ( ! fields :ile committ+ mu* havoc is ess5tial to ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,ramman is !re=e ! c>ri] ( bless+s to ! cities1 ! "o :o supplies wells & fields ) wat]2 b ! de/ructive "* ( ! ra9 & ?und] & lightn+ are mu* m /rongly emphasiz$ ?an _! b5efic5t aspects4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! fields be flood$1 ,ramman c cause ?orns to gr[ in/ead ( h]bs4 ,! same ideograph ,im t signifies ,ramman also means di/ress4 ,:5 ! failure ( ! crops br+s 9 its wake hung] & desolation1 x is ! 'god ( ! cl\ds1' ! 'god ( ra91' ! 'god ( ! ov]fl[1' ^: wra? has ?us manife/$ itself4 ,x is he :o 7z a hymn puts x7 'has eat5 ! l&4' ,no wond] t ! 'ro>' ( ! god is describ$ z 'p[]ful1' & t he is ask$ to /& at ! "r side ( ! petition] & grant protection4 ,:5 ,ramman lets 8 voice res\nd1 mis=tune is at h&4 ,x 0 natural t he :o ?us presid$ ov] ! battle ( ! elem5ts %\ld come to be conceiv$ ess5tially z a god ( w> to a p ^: *ief occupation grew to be conque/4 ,z su* he appe>s con/antly 9 ! inscriptions ( ,assyrian k+s1 & to su* a degree z to be a =midable rival1 at times1 to ! head ( ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,! f9al victory ( ! ,assyrian arms is g5]ally attribut$ to ,a%ur alone1 b j be=e ! battle & 9 ! mid/ ( ! fray1 ,ramman's pres5ce is felt almo/ z =cibly z t ( ,a%ur4 ,he %>es ) ! latt] ! honor ( invocations & sacrifices at su* critical mom5ts4 ,9 ?is capacity ,ramman is s ess5tially an ,assyrian god t x w be prop] to dwell ^u him aga9 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 :5 ! specially ,assyrian phases ( ! religion we are inve/igat+ w be tak5 up4 ,! consort ( ,ramman also1 ! goddess ,%ala1 w be/ be treat$ ( 9 connection ) ! ,assyrian phases ( ! ,ramman cult4 ,( ! o!r gods ^: names occur 9 ! inscriptions ( ,hammurabi1 b little ( a special "* is to be not$4 ,! attributes t he gives !m d n diff] f ^? t we come across 9 ! texts ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,x is suffici5t1 !re=e1 to enum]ate !m4 ,! longe/ li/ is furni%$ by ! hymn :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! text is un=tunately fragm5t>y1 & s we _c be sure t ! names embrace ! entire pan!on wor%ipp$ by him4 ,! li/ op5s ) ,bel 7:o1 z we h se51 is ! old ,bel ( ,nippur72 !n foll[ ,s91 ,n9ib1 ,i%t>1 ,%ama%1 ,ramman4 ,"h ! break 9 ! tablet beg9s &1 :5 ! text aga9 becomes intelligible1 a deity is prais$ 9 su* extravagant t]ms t "o is tempt$ to conclude t ,hammurabi has add$ to an old hymn a paean to 8 favorite ,m>duk#agg4 ,to ,bel is giv5 ! honor ( hav+ grant$ royal dignity to ! k+4 ,s9 has giv5 ! k+ 8 pr9cely glory2 f ,n9ib1 ! k+ has receiv$ a p[]ful weapon2 ,i%t> fixes ! battle array1 :ile ,%ama% & ,ramman hold !mselves at ! s]vice ( ! k+4 ,) ?is li/1 h[ev]1 we are f> f hav+ exhau/$ ! pan!on z x _h develop$ 9 ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,f ! inscriptions ( 8 successors we are p]mitt$ to add ! foll[+3 ,n9-kh>-sag1 ,n]gal1 & ,lugal-mit-tu1 furni%$ by ,samsu-iluna2 ,%ukamuna1 by ,agumkakrimi2 & pass+ d[n to ! p]iod ( ! ,cassite dyna/y1 we h 9 addition ,n9-dim-su1 ,ba-kad1 ,pap-u1 ,belit-ekalli1 ,%umalia4#agh ,dur+ ! ,cassitic rule1 ,m>duk does n play ! prom95t "p t he did "u ! native rul]s1 b he is re/or$ to 8 position by ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 :o1 x w be recall$1 succe$s 9 driv+ ! ,cassites out ( p[]4 ,b besides ,m>duk1 ,nebu*adnezz> invokes a l>ge numb] ( o!r deities4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison ) ! pan!on ( ,hammurabi1 & ( 8 imm$iate successors1 ,i give ! complete li/ & 9 ! ord] m5tion$ by him 9 ! only inscription t we h ( ?is k+4 ,!y are ,n9ib1 ,gula1 ,ramman1 ,%umalia1 ,n]gal1 ,%ir1 ,%ubu1 ,s91 ,belit ( ,akkad4 ,moreov]1 ,anu is ref]r$ to z ! especial god ( ,d]1 & a goddess ,eria#agi is wor%ipp$ 9 ,elam4 ,pass+ /ill fur!r d[n1 we obta9 z additional names1 ,malik & ,bun5e1 f ! inscription ( ,nabubalidd9 7c4 #hhc-heb ,b4,c474#ahj ,we may divide ?is long p]iod f ,hammurabi d[n to ! "t t ! gov]nors ( ,babylonia became m]e puppets ( ! ,assyrian rul]s into ?ree sections3 7#a7 ,hammurabi & 8 successors1 7#b7 ! ,cassite dyna/y1 7#c7 ! re/oration ( native rul]s to ! ?rone4 ,a comp>ison ( ! names furni%$ by ! inscriptions f ^! ?ree sections %[s t ! gods common to all are ,m>duk1 ,bel1 ,%ama%1 ,ramman4 ,b1 9 addition1 our inve/igations h %[n t we are ju/ifi$ 9 add+ ! foll[+ z =m+ "p ( ! ,babylonian pan!on dur+ ?is entire p]iod3 ,s>panitum1 ,belit1 ,ta%mitum1 ,s91 ,n9ib1 ,i%t>1 ,n]gal1 ,n9-kh>-sag1 & ! two o!r memb]s ( ! triad1 ,anu & ,ea1 ) _! consorts1 ,anatum & ,damk9a4 ,all ^! gods & goddesses are f\nd 9 ! texts f ! fir/ & ?ird section ( ! p]iod1 & ! abs5ce ( "s ( !m f texts ( ! second section is simply due to ! small] am\nt ( mat]ial t we h = ! hi/ory ( ! ,cassite dyna/y 9 ,babylonia4 ,"s ( ! deities 9 ?is li/1 :i* is f> f be+ exhau/ive1#aha are =eign1 s e4g41 ,%ukamuna & ,%umalia1 :o belong to ! ,cassitic pan!on2 o!rs are ( purely local significance1 z ,%ir & ,%ubu4#ahb ,z = ,s91 ,n9ib1 & ,i%t>1 ! wor%ip ( none ( ^! deities assumes any great degree ( prom95ce dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,no d\bt ! local cult 0 cont9u$ at ! old c5t]s mu* z be=e1 b except = an occasional invocation1 especially 9 ! clos+ p>agraphs ( an inscription1 :]e ! writ]s 7 fond ( gr\p+ a l>ge array ( deities s z to r5d] m impressive ! curses ^u enemies & vilifi]s1 ) :i* ! inscriptions usually t]m9at$1 !y d n figure 9 ! (ficial writ+s ( ! "t4 ,( ,s91 x is ( "s importance to note t "u ! ,cassite dyna/y he /&s already at ! head ( a second class ( triads :i* consi/s ( ,s91 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman1 or ,i%t> 7see note #c on page #aeb71 & t ?r\gh ! inscription ( ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 we le>n ( an additional di/rict ( ,babylonia1--t ( ,bit-,khabban1 :]e 9 association ) ,belit ( ,akkad1 ! consort ( ! old] ,bel1 he 0 wor%ipp$ z ! patron deity4 ,nebu*adnezz> himself does n enum]ate ,s9 among ! *ief gods4 ,n9ib appe>s 9 ! famili> role z a god ( w>4 ,aft] ,hammurabi he is only m5tion$ once 9 inscriptions ( ! ,cassitic p]iod & !n aga9 9 ! days ( ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 :o assigns a prom95t place to him4 ,x is ,n9ib :o1 ) ! title 'k+ ( heav5 & e>?1' leads (f 9 ! long li/ ( gods ^: curses are invok$ ^u ! k+'s oppon5ts4 ,simil>ly1 ! bellig]5t "* ( ,i%t> is ! only phase ( ! goddess dwelt ^u dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,:ile = ,agumkakrimi1 %e /ill occupies a comp>atively inf]ior rank1 com+ sev5? 9 8 li/1 ,nebu*adnezz> places h] imm$iately aft] ,anu & be=e ,ramman & ,m>duk4 ,?is advance =e%ad[s ! sup]ior role t %e is de/9$ to play 9 ! pan!on dur+ ! p]iod ( ,assyrian supremacy4 ,! cult ( ,n]gal does n figure prom95tly dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 fact1 s f> z ! hi/orical texts g1 he disappe>s f ! sc5e till ! "t ( ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 :5 he is incid5tally invok$ 9 a gr\p ) ,ramman & ,nana z ! gods ( a di/rict 9 ,babylonia kn[n z ,nam>4 ,exactly :]e ,nam> lay has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,s9ce ,n]gal1 z 0 %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 0 ! local patron ( ,cu?ah1 x may be t ! latt] city 0 includ$ 9 ! ,nam> di/rict4 ,at all ev5ts1 we may conclude f ! sil5ce ( ! texts z to ,n]gal1 t ,cu?ah play$ no conspicu\s "p 9 ! empire =m$ ( ! ,babylonian /ates1 & t ! cult ( ,n]gal1 ap>t f ! association ( ! deity 9 religi\s texts ) ! l[] _w1 did n dur+ ?is entire p]iod ext5d beyond local proportions4 ,la/ly1 x is int]e/+ to note t ,samsu-iluna1 ! son ( ,hammurabi1 ref]s to ,belit ( ,nippur z ,n9-kh>-sag1 :i* we h se5 0 "o ( h] olde/ titles4 ,,footnotes3 #aaf ,! "n is also writt5 ,ma-ru-duk1 :i* po9ts to its hav+ be5 reg>d$ 7= :i* !re is o!r evid5ce7 z a comp\nd ( m>u1 'son1' & an elem5t1 duk7u71 :i* 9 religi\s & o!r texts designates ! 'glori\s *amb]' 9 :i* ! god det]m9es ! fate ( humanity4 ,su* an 'etymology' is1 h[ev]1 m]ely a play ^u ! "n1 simil> to ! plays ^u prop] names f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! real etymology is unkn[n4 ,! =m ,m>duk is ,semitic1 & po9ts to an und]ly+ /em1 rdk4 ,m>duk appe>s "u a v>iety ( names :i* w be tak5 up at _! prop] place4 ,see ,s*rad]'s ,assyris*-,babyl4 ,keils*rift51 p4 #abi2 & ! same au?or's ,cunei=m ,inscrip4 & ! ,o4 ,t4 7p4 #dbb7 = o!r etymologies4 #aag ,hommel's view t ,gi%-galla1 9 ,gudea's inscriptions1 is ,babylon lacks conv9c+ evid5ce1 b ! city may be z old z ,gudea's days = all t4 #aah ,ne> ,sipp>4 #aai ,bel matati4 #abj ,sayce1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 pp4 #ih seq42 ,j5s51 ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 p4 #hh4 #aba ,s ,delitzs*1 ,beitraege sur ,assyriologie1 ii4 #fbc4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! "n is also us$ to designate ! '"y bullock1' & x is possible1 !re=e1 t ! god 0 pictur$ 9 ?is way1 z bo? ,anu & ,s9 are occasionally call$ 'bulls4' #abb ,l\vre ,inscription ,,ii1 col ii4 ll4 #ab-ag4 #abc ,!re is also a goddess ,eria wor%ipp$ 9 ,elam1 :o may be id5tical ) ,erua4 ,! scribes 9 ! days ( ,nebu*adnezz> 7c4 #aadj ,b4,c471 at lea/1 appe> to h ?\ght s1 = !y associate h] ) ,bel1 j z ,s>panitum is associat$ ) ,del-,m>duk4 7,see ! ,inscription ,,vr4 #eg1 col4 ii4 ll4 #aa1 #ab47 #abd ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 ! real mean+ ( ! "n is d\btful1 = ! "n ( ! goddess is also writt5 ,aru & ,arua1 :i* po9ts to a diff]5t v]bal /em4 #abe ,see bel[ "u ,ta%mitum4 #abf ,!re are indications also ( an arre/$ amalgamation ( ,erua-,s>panitum ) ,ta%mitum1 ! wife ( ,nabu4 7,see ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aab47 #abg ,rawl9son1 ii4 #fj1 #cj4 #abh ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aag4 #abi ,see fur!r on1 sub ,ea4 #acj ,kosmologie1 p4 #bci4 #aca ,sub ,nusku1 *apt] xiii4 #acb ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d4 ,religion i4 ,alt]?um1 i4 #aga & #ahh1 is ( ! op9ion t ,nabu is a late deity ^: wor%ip dates f a p]iod consid]ably subsequ5t to ,hammurabi4 ,?is conclusion f ! non-occurr5ce ( ! god 9 e>ly inscriptions is n ju/ifi$4 ,!re is no reason :y ,nabu %\ld h be5 add$ z a deity 9 lat] times1 & 9 g5]al we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ assum+ new deities subsequ5t to ,hammurabi4 ,x is mu* m plausible to assume ! re/or$ popul>ity ( v old ones4 #acc ,bel be+ ,m>duk1 ! title 0 equival5t to t ( 'gov]nor ( ,babylonia4' #acd ,s1 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d4 ,religion i4 ,alt]?um1 i4 #aia4 #ace ,! ,hebrew ^w = prophet1 nabi1 is ( ! same /em z ! ,assyrian ,nabu1 & ! popul> tradition is plac+ ! la/ sc5e 9 ! life ( ,moses on ,mt4 ,nebo is app>5tly influ5c$ by ! fact t ,moses 0 a nabi4 #acf ,see above1 p4 #abc4 #acg ,s 9 ! cyl9d] ( ,%ama%-%um-uk9 7,lehmann's publication1 pls4 viii4 seq474 #ach ,e4g41 9 ! s-call$ ,grotef5d ,cyl9d]1 col4 ii4 #cd4 #aci ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fu] die ,kunde d4 ,morg5l&es1 iv4 #cja-cjg4 #adj ,we only "k ! "n ?r\gh ,eusebius' extract f ,alex&] ,polyhi/or's dige/ ( ,b]osus4 ,! =m1 !re=e1 _c be v\*$ =4 ,! v>i\s mod]n attempts to expla9 ! "n h fail$ 7see e4g41 ,l5ormant's ,magic und ,wahrsagekun/ d] ,*alda]1 #b;d ,g]man edition1 pp4 #cgf-cgi74 ,!re may be "s ultimate connection betwe5 ,oannes & ,jonah 7see ,trumbull 9 ,j\rnal ( ,bibl4 ,lit]4 xl4 #eh1 note74 #ada ,= full] pro(1 see ! *apt] on ,! ,cosmology ( ! ,babylonians4 #adb ,?is1 x w be rememb]$ 7see above1 p4 #aah71 is "o ( ! titles ( ,m>duk 9 "o ( ,hammurabi's inscriptions1--an important po9t = ! date ( ! episode 9 its pres5t =m4 #adc ,lit]ally1 ',ea %all be 8 "n1 8 z m9e4' #add ,accord+ to ,syncellus4 ,9 cunei=m texts ! old ,bel is at times invok$ z ! creator ( mank9d4 #ade ,kosmologie1 pp4 #bic1 #bid4 #adf ,aos & ,dauke4 #adg ,rawl9son1 iv4 #be4 #adh ,see p4 #gi4 #adi ,see ,j5s51 ,keils ,bibl44 #c1 #a1 p4 #ajh1 note #e4 ,tiele1 ,ges*4 p4 #abf1 app>5tly id5tifies ,innanna ( ,hallabi ) ,ta%mit1 b1 s f> z ,i c see1 )\t suffici5t reason4 #aej ,"h writt5 ,en-lil1 z ! ,bel ( ,nippur4 #aea ,atta*$ to ! "n "h 7,rawl9son1 i4 #d1 no4 xv-#i71 :i* is writt5 ideographically ,en-,lil1 is ! designation da-gan-ni1 :i* has occasion$ consid]able discussion4 ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #ddi-def4 ,x seems to me t ! addition :i* emphasizes ?is id5tity ( ,bel ) ano!r god1 ,dagan1 is to indicate t ! ,bel ( ! triad1 & n ,bel-,m>duk1 is "h meant4 ,some:at 9 ! same way ,tigla?piles] ,i4 7,rawl9son1 i4 #ad1 vi4 #hg7 di/+ui%es ! old] ,bel by call+ him ',bel latura1' i4e41 ',bel ! old]4' #aeb ',gov]nor ( ,bel' = gov]nor ( ,babylonia1 & 'subjects ( ,bel' = subjects ( ,babylonia4 #aec ,see p4 #hi & *apt] vii4 #aed ,occasionally a k+ 7s e4g4 ,nabubalidd91 c4 #hhc ,b4,c47 associates ,anu ) ,ea1 & omits ,bel 7,rawl9son1 v4 #fj1 ii4 #ba71 z ?\gh ) ! int5t ( avoid+ confusion4 #aee ,rassam1 ,cyl9d] ix4 #ge4 #aef ,see *apt] xii41 ,! ,assyrian ,pan!on1 p4 #bjh4 #aeg ,rassam1 ,cyl9d] viii4 #ih1 #ii4 ',belit ( ,babylonia1 honor$ among ! great gods4' #aeh ,annals1 iii4 #ace4 #aei ,! "n ( ! temple4 ,see ,,iir4 #ff1 ll4 #a & #aj4 ,! title 'belit matati1' 'lady ( ! l&s' is evid5tly introduc$ 9 imitation ( 'bel matati1' '"l ( l&s1' belong+ to ,bel & !n to ,m>duk4 #afj ,sayce's view 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ahf71 accord+ to :i* ,anu 0 orig9ally ! local god ( ,ere*1 is errone\s4 #afa ,,vr4 pl4 #cc4 #afb ,delitzs*1 ,die ,kossa]1 pp4 #be1 #bg4 #afc ,! omission ( ,ramman "h1 ?\gh invok$ at ! close ( ! inscription1 is noticeable4 ,i%t> takes ! place t 9 ! m develop$ sy/em belongs to ! god ( /orms1 :o ) ! moon-god & sun-god con/itutes a second triad4 ,see p4 #afc4 #afd ,writt5 ) ! sign ,an1 & ! fem99e end+ tum1 b probably pron\nc$ ,anatum4 ,! =m ,anat 7)\t ! end+7 is us$ by _m s*ol>s1 z ,s>panit & ,ta%mit are us$ in/ead ( ,s>panitum & ,ta%mitum4 ,i pref] ! full] =ms ( ^! names4 ,anum simil>ly is bett] ?an ,anu1 b ! latt] has become s common t x might z well be reta9$4 #afe ,,vr4 #cc1 vii4 #cd-dd4 #aff ,,ir4 pl4 #ae1 col4 vii4 #ga-pl4 #af1 col4 viii4 #hh4 #afg ,no less ?an n9e times4 #afh ,tigla?piles] ,i4 #afi ,ramman-nir>i ,i4 #agj ,kosmologie1 p4 #bgd4 #aga ,see ! li/ ,,iiir4 #fh1 #bf seq4 #agb ,?ureau-,dang91 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahie1 pp4 #che-cic4 ,! "n ( ?is deity has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,= a full discussion ( ! subject ) an acc\nt ( ! rec5t lit]ature1 see an article by ! writ] 9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,semitic ,languages & ,lit]atures1 xii4 #aei-afb4 #agc ,aris+ p]haps aft] ,im came into use z ! ideographic =m4 #agd ,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*41 xi4 #agc-agd & pl4 #a1 col4 i4 #g4 #age ,see p4 #ade & also p4 #afa4 #agf ,bels] 9 ,haupt & ,delitzs*1 ,beitraege sur ,assyriologie1 ii4 #ahg seq41 col4 vi4 i4 #c seq4 #agg ,! "* ( ?is "p ( ! hymn is q diff]5t f t :i* prec$es4 #agh ,= fur!r notices ( ^! gods1 see *apt] x4 #agi ,see above1 p4 #abb4 #ahj ,"o might include 9 ! li/ also ,n9-igi-nang>-bu1 ,gu%g9-b&a1 ,n9-kurra1 ,n9-zadim 7f ,nabubalidd9's ,inscription71 b ^! are only s _m epi!ts ( ,ea or v>i\s =ms "u :i* ! god came to be wor%ipp$4 ,see p4 #agg4 #aha ,we may n[ look =w>d to f9d+ _m m gods 9 ! ri* mat]ial = ?is p]iod une>!d by ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,exp$ition to ,niff]4 #ahb ,see *apt] x4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,gods ,,9 ,,! ,,temple ,,li/s ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,legal ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,docum5ts4 ,besides ! hi/orical texts 9 ! prop] s5se1 !re is ano!r s\rce = ! /udy ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,bo? = ! fir/ & = ! second p]iods we n[ h a l>ge numb] ( li/s ( (f]+s made to ! temples ( ,babylonia & ( ?\s&s ( miscellane\s legal docum5ts4 ,de ,s>zec f\nd a numb] ( su* docum5ts at ,telloh "s ye>s ago1 & q rec5tly "s ?irty ?\s& tablets ( ! temple ar*ives h come to light4#ahc ,at ,tell-,sifr1 ,abu-,habba1 & else:]e1 _m ?\s&s also h be5 f\nd1 belong+ *iefly to ! second p]iod4 ,a feature ( ^! docum5ts is ! invocation ( ! gods1 introduc$ = v>i\s purposes1 at times 9 connection ) oa?s1 at times z a gu>antee aga9/ ! r5ewal ( claims4 ,aga91 c]ta9 gods are appeal$ to z witnesses to an act1 & 9 ! li/s ( temple (f]+s1 gods are con/antly introduc$4 ,s9ce _m ( ! comm]cial transactions record$ 9 ^! docum5ts1 moreov]1 conc]n ! temples ( ,babylonia1 fur!r occasions 7 f\nd = ! m5tion ( a god or gods4 ,! prop] names occurr+ 9 ^! docum5ts1 comp\nd$ z ^! names 9 mo/ cases are ) "s deity1#ahd furni% "s additions to ! pan!on ( ,babylonia4 ,naturally1 a di/9ction is to be made betwe5 deities introduc$ 9 temple li/s & 9 ! c\rse ( legal proce$+s1 & su* z are m]ely kn[n ?r\gh =m+ an elem5t 9 prop] names4 ,! =m] con/itute a "p ( :at might be call$ ! 'active' pan!on ( ! "t4 ,deities t are actually invok$ by contract+ p>ties = :atev] purpose are su* z are end[$ ) real significance2 & if any ( ^! are n m5tion$ 9 ! hi/orical texts prop]1 ! omission is due to ! lack ( mat]ial4 ,! te/imony ( ! legal docum5ts 9 ?is respect is fully z valid z is t ( ! hi/orical texts4 ,9 prop] names ! case is diff]5t4 ,cu/om be+ a prom95t1 if n a controll+1 factor 9 ! giv+ ( names1 x may happ5 t ! deity appe>+ z an elem5t 9 a "n is "o :o1 = v>i\s reasons1 is no long] wor%ipp$1 or ^: wor%ip has dim9i%$ 9 significance at ! "t we meet ) ! "n4 ,aga91 deities ( v re/rict$ local fame1 deities t occupy ! inf]ior rank ( m]e spirits or demons 9 ! !ological sy/em ( ! ,babylonians1 may /ill be incorporat$ 9 prop] names4 ,la/ly1 9 view ( ! descriptive epi!ts by :i* "s deities are (t5 kn[n1 z mu* z by _! real names1 x frequ5tly happ5s 9 ! case ( prop] names t a deity o!rwise kn[n is designat$ by "o ( 8 attributes4 ,?us we f9d 9 legal docum5ts ( ! second p]iod a goddess1 ,da-mu-gal1 :o is none o!r ?an ! well-kn[n ,gula1 ! great heal+ deity2 ,ud-zal1 :o is id5tical ) ,n9ib1 & s writt5 z ! god ( '! ris+ sun'2#ahe & ,m>-tu 7lit41 '! we/ god'71 :i* is a designation ( ,ramman4#ahf ,be>+ 9 m9d all ^! consid]ations1 we f9d 9 ! tablets ( ! fir/ p]iod1 s f> z publi%$1#ahg ! same deities t are met ) 9 ! hi/orical inscriptions3 ,en-lil1 ,bau1 ,en-zu 7or ,s971 ,n9-girsu1 ,n9-gi%-zida1 ,n9-m>1 ,nana1 ,n9a1 ,%ul-pa-uddu1 & o!rs4 ,no d\bt a complete publication ( ! ,telloh ar*ives w furni% "s--n _m--new deities n occurr+ 9 ! hi/orical texts ( ?is p]iod4 ,a r curi\s feature1 illu/rat$ by ^! temple ar*ives1 & "o ^u :i* we %all h occasion to dwell1 is ! div9e honors t appe> to h be5 paid t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory to "s ( ! e>li] rul]s1 notably ,gudea & ,dungi4#ahh ,alongside ( w9e1 oil1 :eat1 %eep1 etc41 (f]$ to ,bau1 ,n9-gi%-zida1 & ,%ul-pa-uddu1 ! great k+s & patesis ( ! pa/ are honor$4 ,m ?an ?is1 sanctu>ies sacr$ to ^! rul]s are erect$1 & 9 o!r respects !y are plac$ on a foot+ ( equality ) ! great gods ( ! p]iod4 ,pass+ on to ! li/s & ! legal docum5ts ( ! second p]iod1#ahi we may note t ! gods 9 ^: "n ! oa? is tak5 are *iefly ,m>duk1 ,%ama%1#aij ,a1 ,ramman1 & ,s94 ,g5]ally two or ?ree are m5tion$1 & (t5 ! "n ( ! reign+ k+ is add$ to l5d fur!r solemnity to ! oa?4 ,o!r gods directly introduc$ are ,nana1 ,i%t>1 ,nebo1 ,ta%mitum1 & ,s>panitum1 aft] :om ! ye>s are at times designat$1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( "s special honors accord$ to ! gods4 ,! /&+ phrase is '! ye> ( ! ?rone1' or simply '! ye>' ( su* & su* a deity4 ,n9-m> appe>s 9 ! days ( ,hammurabi z ! daught] ( ,m>duk4 ,among gods appe>+ = ! fir/ "t are ,khu%a#aia1 ,nun-gal1 & ,zamama4 ,m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! gates ( ! temple :]e ! judges held c\rt1 ! association ( ,khu%a ) ,m>duk1 ,%ama%1 ,s91 & ,n9-m> po9ts to a consid]able degree ( prom95ce enjoy$ by ?is deity4 ,( 8 nature & orig91 h[ev]1 we "k no?+4 ,nun-gal signifies ! 'great *ief4' ,8 temple /ood 9 ,sipp>1#aib & f ?is we may conclude t he 0 "o ( ! m9or gods ( ! place ^: orig9al significance becomes obscur$ by ! side ( ! all-p[]ful patron ( ,sipp>--! sun-god4 ,a syllab>y describes ! god z a 'rag+' deity1 a description t sugge/s sol> functions4 ,nun-gal appe>s1 !re=e1 to be ! ideograph prop] to a deity t symboliz$1 l ,n]gal1 ,n9ib1 & ,a1 "s phase ( ! sun4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! god w\ld ?us be naturally acc\nt$ =1 9 view ( ! t5d5cy t we h f\nd *>act]i/ic ( ! religion1 :]eby p[]ful gods absorb ! functions ( weak] ones ^: attributes resemble _! own4 ,b :ile ! god disappe>s1 ! "n survives4 ,nun-gal ) ! plural sign atta*$ becomes a collective designation = a gr\p ( p[]ful demons4#aic ,9 ?is survival & use ( ! "n we h an int]e/+ example ( ! mann] 9 :i*1 by a species ( diff]5tiation1 local gods1 unable to ma9ta9 !mselves by ! side ( m p[]ful rivals1 s9k to ! l[] grade ( demons1 ei!r b5efic5t or noxi\s4 ,9 ?is grade1 too1 di/9ctions are made1 z w be po9t$ out at ! prop] place4 ,!re is a 'pan!on' ( demons z well z ( gods 9 ! ,babylonian !ology4 ,nun-gal accord+ly recov]s "s ( 8 lo/ dignity by becom+ an exceptionally p[]ful demon--s p[]ful z to conf] 8 "n ^u an entire class4 ,! god ,zamama appe>s 9 connection ) a date atta*$ to a legal docum5t ( ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,! build+ ( a sanctu>y 9 honor ( ?is deity & 8 consort 0 ( suffici5t importance to make ! ye> kn[n by ?is ev5t4 ,zamama is occasionally m5tion$ 9 ! religi\s hymns4 ,he belongs to ! deities t =m a k9d ( c\rt ar\nd ,m>duk4 ,f syllab>ies1 we le>n t he 0 a =m ( ! sun-god1 wor%ipp$ 9 ! city ( ,ki% 9 nor!rn ,babylonia1 & x also appe>s t he 0 id5tifi$ at "o p]iod ) ,n9ib4 ,! temple to ,zamama--p]haps only a %r9e--/ood 9 ! city ( ,ki%1 :i* 0 remodel$ by ,hammurabi4 ,! %r9e1 or temple1 bore ! significant "n 'h\se ( ! w>rior's glory4' ,! w>rior is ( c\rse ! god1 & ! "n accord+ly %[s cle>ly ! "* ( ! god 9 ^: honor ! sanctu>y 0 built4 ,else:]e1 he is explicitly call$ a 'god ( battle4' ,associat$ ) ,zamama ( ,ki% 0 8 consort1 :o1 h[ev]1 is m]ely t]m$ aga9 9 a g5]al way1 ',n9ni1' i4e41 '! lady4' ,9 ! case ( su* a deity z ,zamama1 x is evid5t t ! abs5ce ( ! "n 9 hi/orical texts is accid5tal1 & t we may expect to come across x ) ! increase ( hi/orical mat]ial4 ,9 ! prop] names1 all ( ! prom95t deities discuss$ 9 ?is & ! previ\s *apt]s are f\nd1 ?\gh ) "s notable exceptions4 ,anu1 e4g41 is n met ) z an elem5t 9 prop] names1 b among ^? occurr+ may be m5tion$ ,%ama%1 ,a1 ,i%t>1 ,ramman 7also "u ! =ms ,im-me-ru & ,m>-tu71 ,m>duk1 sometimes call$ ,sag-ila aft] 8 temple 9 ,babylon1 ,nabu1 ,i%um1 ,%ala1 ,bau1 ,n9-ib1 ,n9-girsu1 ,s91 ,bun5e1 ,annuit1 & ,ea4 ,among gods appe>+ = ! fir/ "t 9 connection ) ! names1 x is suffici5t to record a goddess ,%ubula1 :o f o!r s\rces#aid we "k 0 ! local patron ( ! city ,%umdula1 a goddess ,ba%tum1#aie a goddess ,mamu 7a =m ( ,gula71 ,am-na-na1 ,lugal-ki-mu-na1 ,e-la-li 7p]haps an epi!t = ! fire-god ,gibil71 ,ul-ma%-%i-tum1 & a s]p5t god ,sir4 ,mo/ ( ^! may be safely put d[n z ( purely local orig9 & jurisdiction1 & x is h>dly likely t any ( !m embody an idea n already cov]$ by ^? :i* we h discuss$4 ,f ! li/s ( gods prep>$ by ! ,babylonian s*ol>s1 x is cle> t ! numb] ( local deities ^: names at lea/ surviv$ to a late p]iod 0 exce$+ly l>ge1 rang+ 9 ! ?\s&s2 & s9ce1 z seems likely1 ^! li/s 7 prep>$ 7z s mu* ( ! lexicographical lit]ature7 on ! basis ( ! temple li/s & ( ! comm]cial & legal docum5ts1 we may conclude t all1 or at any rate mo/1 ( ^! deities 7 9 use z elem5ts 9 prop] names1 )\t1 h[ev]1 hav+ mu* importance beyond ?is incorporation4 ,,footnotes3 #ahc ,! museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica h secur$ a l>ge proportion ( ^! ?r\gh pur*ase4 #ahd ,! long] names consi/ ( ?ree elem5ts3 subject1 v]b1 & object4 ,! deity is g5]ally ! subject2 e4g41 ,s9a*]ib,s9-akhe-irba1 i4e41 may ! god ,s9 increase ! bro!rs4 ,b !re are _m v>iations4 ,s ! imp]ative ( ! v]b is (t5 us$1 & 9 t case1 ! deity is 9 ! vocative case4 ,in/ead ( ?ree elem5ts1 !re are frequ5tly only two1 a deity & a p>ticiple or an adjective2 e4g41 ,s9-magir1 i4e41 ,s9 is favorable1 or a p]son is call$ '! son' or '! s]vant' ( a god4 ,! "n ( ! deity alone may also con/itute a prop] "n2 & _m names ( c\rse d n conta9 ! m5tion ( a deity at all1 ?\gh su* names are (t5 abbreviations f long] ones 9 :i* "s god 0 introduc$4 #ahe ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #deh4 #ahf ,arnold1 ,anci5t ,babylonian ,temple ,records1 p4 #e1 is ( ! op9ion t ,id-nik-m>-tu is also a designation ( ,ramman4 ,8 view is plausible1 b x /ill rema9s to be prov$4 #ahg ,s*eil1 ,le ,culte de ,gudea s\s le ,,iie ,dyna/ie d',ur 7,recueil des ,travaux1 etc4 xviii4 #fd-gd74 ,w4 ,r4 ,arnold1 ,anci5t ,babylonian ,temple ,records 7,new ,york1 #ahif74 ,! ,telloh tablets appe> to be l>gely li/s ( (f]+s made to ! temples at ,laga%1 & temple acc\nts4 7,see n[ ,reisn]1 ,tempelurkund5 aus ,telloh 7,b]l91 #aija747 #ahh ,see besides ,s*eil's article 7above71 ,lehmann's note1 ,zeits4 fu] ,assyr4 x4 #cha4 #ahi ,our k ( ! docum5ts ( ?is p]iod is due *iefly to ,/rassmai] & ,meissn]4 #aij ,at times "u r curi\s =ms1 e4g41 ,%u%-%a2 ,/rassmai]1 ,w>ka1 no4 #cj1 l4 #ba4 ,! =m ,%a-a%-%a also occurs 9 nos4 #dc & #aje 7cf4 ,meissn]'s note1 ,beitraege zum ,altbabylonis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #aef74 #aia ,meissn]1 no4 #db4 ,also 9 a prop] "n1 ,khu%a-ilu1 i4e41 ',khu%a is god4' #aib ,meissn]1 nos4 #dj & #aah4 #aic ,see *apt] xi4 #aid ,,iir4 #fj1 #ah;a4 ,p9*es 7,j\rnal ,victoria ,in/itute1 xxviii4 #cf reads ,%u-gid-la2 ,hommel1 ib4 #cf1 ,%u-sil-la74 #aie ,= ?is deity1 see a pap] by ! writ]1 ,! ,elem5t ,bo%e? 9 ,hebrew ,prop] ,names1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,bibl4 ,lit]4 xiii4 #bj-cj4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,m9or ,,gods ,,9 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,hammurabi4 ,com+ back n[ to ! hi/orical texts & plac+ ! m9or deities toge!r t occur 9 ! inscriptions ( ,hammurabi & 8 successors d[n ?r\gh ! re/oration ( native rul]s on ! ?rone ( ,babylonia1 we obta9 ! foll[+ li/3 ,zak>1 ,lugal-mit-tu 7871 ,n9-dim-su1 ,ba-kad1 ,pap-u1 ,belit-ekalli1 ,%umalia1 ,%ukamuna1 ,gula1 ,%ir1 ,%ubu1 ,belit ( ,akkad1 ,malik1 ,bun5e1 ,n9-igi-nang>-bu1 ,gu%g9-b&a1 ,n9-kurra1 ,n9-zadim4 ,9 view ( ! limit$ am\nt ( hi/orical mat]ial at our disposal = ! second p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 ! li/ ( c\rse does n p]mit u to =m a def9ite notion ( ! total numb] ( m9or gods t 7 /ill occasionally invok$ by ! side ( ! great gods4 ,by comp>ison1 h[ev]1 ) ! pan!on s f> z asc]ta9$ ( ! fir/ p]iod1 ! conclusion is ju/ifi$ t ) ! sy/ematization ( cults & beliefs *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hammurabi1 a m>k$ t5d5cy appe>s t[>ds a r$uction ( ! pan!on1 a we$+ out ( ! num]\s local cults1 _! absorption by ! l>g] ones1 & ! relegation ( ! m9or gods ( only local significance to a place among ! spirits & demons ( ! ,babylonian religion4 ,brief /atem5ts ( ^! m9or gods w suffice to indicate _! g5]al "*4 ,( mo/ ( ! gods 9 ?is li/ !re is b little we "k z yet beyond ! "n4 ,"s ( !m w occur aga9 9 ! ,assyrian & ,neo-,babylonian hi/orical texts1 o!rs 9 ! hymns & incantations2 "s are only f\nd 9 ! p]iod we are consid]+1 ?\gh ) ! mat]ial con/antly increas+ we mu/ bew>e ( draw+ any conclusions f ! fact ( a s+le m5tion4 ',zak>1' signify+1 probably1 'h]oic1' appe>s to h be5 wor%ipp$ 9 ,nippur1 :]e a wall kn[n z ! 'wall ( ,zak>' 0 built by ,samsu-iluna4 ,f ! fact t ?is wall 0 sacr$ to ,n9-kh>-sag or ,belit1 we may1 p]haps1 be p]mitt$ to conclude t ',zak>' /ood 9 close relation%ip to ,bel & ,belit ( ,nippur1--possibly a son1--or1 at all ev5ts1 belong$ to ! inn] circle ( deities wor%ipp$ 9 ! old city sacr$ to ! great ,bel4 ,ano!r wall 9 ,nippur 0 d$icat$ by ?is ,samsu-iluna to a god ^: "n is provisionally read by ,w9ckl]1 ,lugal-mit-tu4#aif ,lugal1 signify+ 'k+1' is an elem5t t ent]s z an ideograph 9 ! composition ( ! names ( sev]al deities4 ,?us we h ,lugal-ed9na1 'k+ ( ! field1' :i* is ! equival5t ( ,n]gal1 & aga9 = ! same god1 ! comb9ation ,lugal-gira1 :i* is1 z ,j5s5#aig has %[n1 'rag+ k+1' & a title ( ,n]gal 9 8 "* z ! god ( pe/il5ce & w>4 ,n9-dim-su1 ,ba-kad1 ,pap-u1 ,belit-ekalli1 ,%umalia1 & ,%ukamuna occur at ! close ( ! inscription ( ,meli%ikhu1 among ! gods ask$ to curse ! transgressors ( ! royal decree4#aih ,t "s ( ^! are ,cassite deities import$ into ,babylonia1 & ^: position 9 ! pan!on 0 !re=e ( a tempor>y "*1 !re seems little reason to "q4 ,ba-kad may1 & ,%umalia q c]ta9ly does1 belong to ?is class4 ,z = ,%ukamuna1 ! fact t ,agumkakrimi1 :o places 8 title1 'k+ ( ,cassite l&1' be=e t ( ,akkad & ,babylon1 op5s 8 inscription ) ! decl>ation t he is ! glori\s (fspr+ ( ,%ukamuna1 fixes ! "* ( ?is god beyond all d\bt2 & ,delitzs* has %[n#aii t ?is god 0 reg>d$ by ! ,babylonian s*oolm5 z ! equival5t ( _! own ,n]gal4 ,%ukamuna1 accord+ly1 0 ! ,cassite god ( w>1 :o1 l ,n]gal1 symboliz$ ! mid-day sun1--t is1 ! rag+ & de/ructive p[]4 ,%umalia is ! consort ( ,%ukamuna#bjj1 & is invok$ z ! 'lady ( ! %9+ m\nta9s4' ,n9-dim-su is a title ( ,ea1 z ! patron ( arts4 ,belit-ekalli--i4e41 ,belit ( ! palace--appe>s z ! consort ( ,n9ib1 ! epi!t 'ekalli' be+ add$ to specify :at ,belit is meant1 & to avoid confusion ) ! consort ( ,bel4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be confess$ t ! precise =ce ( ! qualification ( ',belit ( ! palace' 7or temple7 escapes u4 ,n9ib's consort1 z we "k f o!r s\rces1 0 ,gula4#bja ,?is "n is 9 "s way connect$ ) an ,assyrian /em signify+ 'great1' & x is at lea/ wor?y ( note t ! ^w = palace is writt5 by a species ( punn+ etymology ) two signs1 eh\se & gallul>ge4 ,! "q sugge/s itself :e!r ! title ',belit-ekalli' may n h its rise 9 a fur!r desire to play ^u ! goddess's "n1 j z h] title ,kallat-,e%>a 7bride ( ,e%>a1 or e>?7 re/s ^u su* a play4 ,su* plays on names are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,semites1 & inde$ 9 a measure are common to all anci5t nations1 to :om ! "n always meant mu* m ?an to u4 ,e nom51 z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( an object1 0 always & above all an om54 ,x is1 !re=e1 plausible to suppose t titles ( ! gods %\ld h be5 *os5 9 "p "u ! influ5ce ( ?is idea4#bjb ,a fur!r sugge/ion t ,i w\ld l to (f] is t 'ekallu1' z temple or palace 7lit41 l>ge h\se71 may be "o ( ! num]\s names ( ! ne!r _w4 ,a p>allel w\ld be furni%$ by ,ekur1 :i* signifies bo? 'temple' & 'e>?1'#bjc & is also "o ( ! names ( ! ga!r+-place ( ! dead4 ,gula1 be+ ! goddess ( ! ne!r _w :o re/ores ! dead to life1 w\ld be appropriately call$ '! lady ( ! ne!r _w4' ,"o %\ld l to "k m ( ,pap-u 7! phonetic read+ unkn[n71 :o is call$ ! (fspr+ ( ,e%>a1 & '! "l ( ! b\nd>y4' ,e%>a1 z ,j5s5 has %[n1#bjd is a poetical "n = e>?4 ,! god ,n9ib1 9 8 capacity z a god ( agriculture1 is call$ ! 'product ( ,e%>a4'#bje ,pap-u1 !re=e1 mu/ be a god some:at ( ! same "*--a conclusion :i* is borne out by ! description giv5 ( him z ! protector ( ! b\nd>y4 ,he is probably "o ( ! num]\s =ms ( b\nd>y gods t are met ) among all nations4 ,t we d n enc\nt] m 9 ,babylonia is due to ! decid$ t5d5cy t has be5 not$ t[>ds a c5tralization ( p[] 9 a limit$ numb] ( deities4 ,in/ead ( gods ( b\nd>ies1 we h num]\s demons & spirits 9 ! case ( ! develop$ ,babylonian religion1 into ^: h&s ! c>e ( pres]v+ ! rights ( own]s to _! l&s is entru/$4 ,symbols ( ^! spirits--s]p5ts1 unicorns1 scorpions1 & ! l--are add$ on ! monum5ts :i* 7 plac$ at ! b\nd>ies1 & on :i* ! t]ms 7 specifi$ t ju/ifi$ ! l& t5ure4 ,to ?is class ( monum5ts ! "n ( ',kudurru1' or 'b\nd>y' /ones1 0 giv5 by ! ,babylonians !mselves4 ,! inscription on :i* ! "n ( ,pap-u occurs belongs to ?is class2 & he is invok$1 z already said1 along ) _m o!r gods--9 fact1 ) ! :ole or a goodly portion ( ! pan!on4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t we h 9 ,pap-u a special b\nd>y god :o has surviv$ 9 t role f a m primitive p]iod ( ,babylonian culture4 ,he occupies a place usually assign$ to ! p[]ful demons :o are reg>d$ z ! real own]s ( ! soil4#bjf ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! m9or deities dur+ ?is second p]iod is ,gula4 ,z has j be5 /at$1 %e is ! consort ( ,n9ib4 ,%e is n m5tion$ 9 any ( ! inscriptions ( ?is p]iod till we come to ! days ( ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 :o invokes h] z ! bride ( ,e%>a1--i4e41 ( ! e>?4#bjg ,we also meet ) h] "n 9 t ( sev]al individuals1 ,balatsu-,gula#bjh & ,arad-,gula1#bji & we h se5 t %e is also kn[n z ,damu & ,mamu1 or ,meme4 ,we h a pro(1 !re=e1 ( h] cult be+ firmly e/abli%$ at an e>ly p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,h] role is t ( a 'life-giv]1' 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,%e is call$ ! 'great physician1' :o bo? pres]ves ! body 9 heal? & :o removes sickness & disease by ! 't\* ( h] h&4' ,gula is ! "o :o leads ! dead to a new life4 ,%e %>es ?is p[]1 h[ev]1 ) h] husb& ,n9ib4 ,h] p[] c be ex]t$ = evil z well z = good4 ,%e is appeal$ to1 to /rike ! enemy ) bl9dness2 %e c br+ on ! v diseases t %e is able to heal1 & su* is ! /ress laid ^u ^! qualities t %e is ev5 address$ z ! 'creator ( mank9d4' ,b al?\gh x is ! 'second' bir? ( mank9d ov] :i* %e presides1 %e does n belong to ! class ( deities ^: conc]n is ) ! dead r ?an ! liv+4 ,! ,babylonians1 z we %all h occasion to po9t out1 e>ly engag$ 9 speculations reg>d+ ! life aft] dea?1 &1 z a result1 !re 0 develop$ a special pan!on = ! ne!r _w4 ,gula occupies a r unique place int]m$iate1 z x 71 betwe5 ! gods ( ! liv+ & ! gods ( ! dead4 ,( ! o!r deities occurr+ 9 ! inscription ( ?is same ,nebu*adnezz> ,i4 x is suffici5t to note t two1 ,%ir & ,%ubu1 are enum]at$ among ! gods ( ,bit-,khabban4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 local deities ( "s t[ns t nev] rose to suffici5t importance to insure _! patrons a p]man5t place 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ',belit ( ,akkad1' :om ,nebu*adnezz> invokes1 is none o!r ?an ! great ,belit1 ! consort ( ,bel4 ',akkad' is "h us$ = ,babylonia1 & ! qualification is add$ to di/+ui% h] f o!r 'ladies1' z1 e4g41 ',belit-ekalli1' :o1 we h se51 0 ,gula4 ,malik & ,bun5e4 ,^u rea*+ s late a p]iod z ! days ( ,nabubalidd9 7c4 #hej ,b4,c471 x becomes d\btful :e!r we are ju/ifi$ 9 includ+ ! additional deities occurr+ 9 8 inscription among ! ,babylonian pan!on ( ! second p]iod4 ,! occurr5ce ( "s ( ^! gods 9 ! religi\s lit]ature is a presumption 9 favor ( reg>d+ !m z anci5t creations1 r ?an due to lat] influ5ces4 ,c]ta9ly ?is appe>s to be ! case ) ,malik & ,bun5e1 :o1 ) ,%ama%1 =m a triad t con/itutes ! *ief object ( wor%ip 9 ! great temple ,e-babb>a at ,sipp>1 to ^: re/or$ cult ,nabubalidd9 devotes himself4 ,bo? names1 moreov]1 occur z p>ts ( prop] names 9 ! age ( ,hammurabi4 ,malik--i4e41 rul]--is "o ( ! names frequ5tly assign$ to ,%ama%1 j z ! god's consort 0 kn[n z ,malkatu1 b = all t ,malik is n ! same z ,%ama%4 ,accompany+ ! inscription ( ,nabubalidd9 is a design#baj repres5t+ ! sun-god seat$ 9 8 %r9e4 ,be=e him on a table re/s a :eel1 & atta*$ to ! :eel are cords held by two figures1 :o are evid5tly direct+ ! c\rse ( ! :eel4 ,^! two figures are ,malik & ,bun5e1 a species ( att5dants1 !re=e1 on ! sun-god1 :o drive ! fi]y *>iot t symboliz$ ! great orb4 ,bun5e1 ?r\gh association ) ,malik1 becomes ! latt]'s consort1 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! ext5t to :i* ! t5d5cy ( ! ,babylonian religion to conceive ! gods 9 pairs goes4 ,bun5e is n ! only in/ance ( an orig9ally male deity becom+ ?r\gh v>i\s circum/ances ! female consort to ano!r4 ,orig9ally1 ,malik may h be5 a "n "u :i* ! sun-god 0 wor%ipp$ at "s place1 = ! conception t makes him ! *>iot-driv] to ,%ama% appe>s to be late4 ,! absorption by ! great] sun-cults 7at ,sipp> & ,l>sa m p>ticul>ly7 ( ! less] ones leads to ! complete transf] ( ! names ( m9or sun-deities to ! great ,%ama%1 b 9 "s in/ances ! m9or deities cont9ue to lead a %ad[y exi/5ce 9 "s role ( s]vice to ! great] ones4 ,n9-igi-nang>-bu1 ,gu%g9-b&a1 ,n9-kurra1 & ,n9-zadim4 ,we h se5 t ,ea1 among o!r p[]s assign$ to him1 0 reg>d$ z ! god ( f9e arts1--9 ! fir/ in/ance z ! god ( ! smi?y1 because ( ! antiquity & importance ( ! smi?'s art1 & !n ( art 9 g5]al1 includ+ especially ! production ( great /atues4 ,9 accordance ) ?is conception1 ,nabubalidd9 decl>es t x 0 ?r\gh ! wisdom ( ,ea t he succe$$ 9 manufactur+ ! great image ( ,%ama% t 0 set up by him 9 ! temple at ,sipp>4 ,b 9 ! days ( ,nabubalidd9 ! arts _h be5 diff]5tiat$ into v>i\s bran*es1 & ?is diff]5tiation 0 express$ by assign+ to ea* bran* "s patron god :o presid$ ov] t section4 ,9 ?is way1 ! old belief t art comes to m5 f ! gods surviv$1 :ile at ! same "t x ent]$ ^u new phases4#baa ,accord+ly1 ,nabubalidd9 assigns sev]al deities :o act ! "p ( assi/ants to ,ea4 ,! names ( ^! deities po9t to _! functions4 ,n9-igi-nang>-bu is ! '"l :o presides ov] metal-work]s'2 ,gu%g9-b&a1 'brilliant *ief1' is evid5tly ! patron ( ^? skill$ 9 ! work+ ( ! bright metals2 ,n9-kurra1 '"l ( m\nta91' ! patron ( ^? t qu>ri$ ! /ones2 :ile ,n9-zadim is ! patron ( sculpture4 ,ea /&s above ^! z a g5]al ov]se]1 b ! f\r classes ( labor]s symboliz$ by gods indicate ! mann] ( arti/ic con/ruction 9 ! advanc$ /ate ( ,babylonian art1 & ( ! v>i\s di/9ct pr(essions to :i* ?is art gave bir?4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ( c\rse1 ^! f\r gods associat$ ) ,ea belong to ! ,babylonian pan!on1 b n 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ,ea1 = example1 or ! o!r gods discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]1 belong to x4 ,!y _c ev5 be said to be gods ( a m9or ord]--!y are h>dly any?+ m ?an p]sonifications ( c]ta9 ph5om5a t h _! s\rce 9 ! human intellect4 ,9 giv+ to ^! p]sonifi$ p[]s ! det]m9ative indicative ( deity1 ! ,babylonian s*oolm5 7 n consci\s ( express+ any?+ m ?an _! belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! p[] & skill ex]cis$ by man4 ,to repres5t su* p[] z a god 0 ! only way 9 :i* ! p]sonification c\ld at all be effect$ "u ! conditions pres5t$ by ,babylonian beliefs4 ,:51 !re=e1 we meet ) su* gods z ,n9-zadim1 '"l ( sculpture1' x is mu* ! same z :5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we are told t ,tubal-ca9 0 ! 'fa!r' ( ^? t "w 9 metals1 & :]e simil>ly o!r arts are trac$ back to a s+le s\rce4 ',fa!r' 9 ,ori5tal hyp]bole signifies 's\rce1 orig9ator1 possessor1 or patron1' &1 inde$1 includes all ^! ideas4 ,! ,hebrew writ]1 ris+ to a high] level ( belief1 conceives ! arts to h orig9at$ ?r\gh "s s+le p]sonage end[$ ) div9e p[]s2#bab ! ,babylonian1 incapable z yet ( mak+ ?is di/9ction1 ascribes bo? ! orig9 & execution ( ! art directly to a god4 ,9 ?is way1 new deities 7 app>5tly creat$ ev5 at an advanc$ /age ( ! ,babylonian religion1 b deities t diff]$ totally f ^? t are *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] p]iods4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! arts1 & ! assignm5t ( a patron to ea* bran*1 reflect ! ?\ghts & ! aspirations ( a lat] age4 ,^! views mu/ h aris5 "u an impulse to arti/ic creation t 0 call$ =? by unusual circum/ances1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t ?is impulse is to be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,assyrian rul]s1 ^: greate/ ambition1 next to milit>y glory1 0 to leave beh9d !m arti/ic monum5ts ( !mselves t might unfold to lat] ages a tale ( greatness & ( p[]4 ,sculpture & works 9 metal 7 two arts t fl\ri%$ 9 a special degree 9 ! days :5 ,assyria 0 approa*+ ! z5i? ( h] glory4 ,nabubalidd9's reign falls )9 ?is p]iod2 & we mu/1 !re=e1 look f ?is "t on = traces ( ,assyrian influ5ce 9 ! culture1 ! art1 & also to "s ext5t 9 ! religi\s beliefs ( ! s\!rn di/rict ( ,mesopotamia4 ,,footnotes3 #aif ,! text is defective at ! po9t :]e ! god's "n is m5tion$4 ,see ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 p4 #acc4 ,k+ reads1 ,lugal-diri-tu-gab4 #aig ,kosmologie1 pp4 #dha seq4 #aih ,bels]1 ,beitraege zur ,assyr4 ii4 #bjc1 col4 vi4 #aii ,kossa]1 pp4 #be-bg4 #bjj ,delitzs*1 ,kossa]1 p4 #cc4 #bja ,see above1 p4 #aje4 #bjb ,examples ( punn+ etymologies on names ( gods are frequ5t4 ,see ,j5s5's discussion ( ,n]gal = examples ( v>i\s plays ^u ! "n ( ! god4 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #ahe seq4 #bjc ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #ahe seq4 & p4 #bah4 #bjd ,kosmologie1 p4 #aie4 #bje ,rawl9son1 i4 #bi1 #af4 #bjf ,?is notion t ! gr\nd belongs to ! gods1 & t man is only a t5ant1 survives to a late p]iod 9 ,semitic religions4 ,! belief und]lies ! ,p5tateu*al enactm5ts reg>d+ ! hold+ ( ! soil1 :i* is only to be tempor>y4 ,see ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #ia seq4 #bjg ,9 ,babylonian1 ,kallat ,e%>a1 ) ano!r play ^u h] "n4 ,see above1 p4 #agc4 #bjh ,i4e41 7,protect7 8 life1 ,o ,gula4 #bji ,s]vant ( ,gula4 #baj ,see ,v4,r4 pl4 #fj4 #baa ,to ?is day 9 ! ,ori5t1 f9e productions ( man's skill are attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( hidd5 spirits1 good or bad1 z ! case may be4 #bab ,?is position does n1 ( c\rse1 exclude ! fact t 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! tradition1 ,tubal-ca91 ,naamah1 & o!r p]sonages 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,g5esis 7 deities4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,survivals ,,( ,,animism ,,9 ,,! ,,babylonian ,,religion4 ,! ,assyrian influ5ce h[ev] 0 only "o factor1 & a m9or factor at t1 9 ma9ta9+ ! belief 9 c\ntless spirits t occupi$ a place ( m or less importance by ! side ( ! great & less] gods4 ,t cons]vatism :i* is a di/+ui%+ trait ( ! popul> =ms ( religion ev]y:]e1 s]v$ to keep alive ! view t all ! acts ( man1 8 moods1 ! accid5ts t befell him1 7 "u ! control ( visible or invisible p[]s4 ,! developm5t ( a pan!on1 grad$ & m or less regulat$ "u ! guidance ( ! ,babylonian s*oolm51 did n drive ! old animi/ic views out ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! religi\s lit]ature1 & m especially 9 ^? p>ts ( x :i* reflect ! popul> =ms ( ?\ght1 ! unorganiz$ mass ( spirits ma9ta9 an undisput$ sway4 ,9 ! incantation texts1 :i* w be discuss$ at l5g? 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 z well z 9 o!r sections ( ,babylonian lit]ature embody+ bo? ! primitive & ! advanc$ views ( ! ,babylonians reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 its subdivisions1 & its ord] ( developm5t1 &1 ?irdly1 9 ! leg5ds & epics1 hundr$s ( spirits are introduc$1 to :i* "s def9ite function or functions 7 assign$4 ,9 _m1 inde$ 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! precise "* ( ^! functions /ill escapes u4 ,! mat]ial at our disposal is z yet inadequate = any satisfactory treatm5t ( ?is phase ( ,babylonian belief1 & we mu/ cont5t ourselves = ! pres5t ) "s g5]alizations1 or at ! mo/ ) "s broad classifications4 ,besides ! texts !mselves1 we h prop] names conta9+ a _s z an elem5t1 & also li/s ( ^? spirits prep>$ by ! s*oolm5 on ! basis ( ! texts4 ,:51 z sometimes happ5s1 ^! li/s conta9 explanatory comm5ts on ! spirits enum]at$1 we are able to take "s /eps =w>d 9 our k ( ! subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x is important to be> 9 m9d t ! num]\s spirits1 :5 introduc$ into ! religi\s & o!r texts1 are almo/ inv>iably prec$$ by a sign--te*nically kn[n z a det]m9ative--:i* /amps !m z div9e4 ,?is sign be+ ! same z ! "o plac$ be=e ! names ( ! gods1 x is n always possible to di/+ui% betwe5 deities & spirits4 ,! use ( a common sign is significant z po9t+ to ! common orig9 ( ! two classes ( sup]ior p[]s t ?us cont9ue to exi/ side by side4 ,a god is naught b a _s writ l>ge4 ,z already intimat$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 a l>ge "p ( ! developm5t ( ! ,babylonian religion consi/s 9 ! diff]5tiation betwe5 ! gods & ! spirits1--a process t1 beg9n+ be=e ! p]iod ( writt5 records1 /eadily w5t on1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se 0 nev] complet$4 ,9 ! hi/orical texts1 ! gods alone1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 f9d (ficial recognition1 & x is l>gely ?r\gh ^! texts t we are enabl$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two classes ( p[]s1 ! gods & ! spirits2 b z a survival ( a primitive animism1 ! demons1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 reta9 _! place 9 ! popul> =ms ( religion4 ,sev]al hundr$ spirits occur 9 ! incantation texts1 & almo/ z _m m 9 o!r religi\s texts4 ,we may di/+ui% sev]al classes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are ! demons t cause disease & all mann] ( physical annoyances4 ,! *ief ( ^! w be consid]$ :5 we come to ! analysis ( ! incantation texts4 ,aga9/ ^! demons ! suff]] seeks protection by means ( =mulas1 ! utt]ance ( :i* is inve/$ ) peculi> p[]1 & aga9 by means ( c]ta9 rites ( an expiatory or purificatory "*4 ,next1 we h ! demons suppos$ to inhabit ! fields1 & to :om ! gr\nd is suppos$ to belong4 ,^! 7 imag$ "u v>i\s animal =ms1 s]p5ts & scorpions be+ ! favorite ones4 ,:5 possession 0 tak5 ( ! field1 ! spirits inhabit+ x _h to be propitiat$4 ,! own] plac$ himself "u _! protection1 & endeavor$ to insure 8 rights aga9/ wrongful encroa*m5t by call+ ^u ! demons to range !mselves on 8 side4 ,x 0 cu/om>y1 especially 9 ! case ( t]ritory acquir$ by special grant ( ! mon>*1 or "u extraord9>y circum/ances1 to set up a s-call$ b\nd>y /one1#bac on :i* ! own] ( ! field detail$ 8 "r to possession1 ?r\gh pur*ase or gift1 z ! case may be4 ,?is inscription clos$ ) an appeal to v>i\s gods to /rike ) _! curses any intrud] ^u ! own]'s rights4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! /ones are embelli%$ ) s]p5ts1 scorpions1 unicorns1 & v>i\s reali/ic or fanta/ic repres5tations ( animal =ms4 ,^!1 x w\ld seem1 symbolize ! spirits1 ! sight ( :i*1 x 0 hop$1 might act z a fur!r & effectual w>n+ aga9/ int]f]5ce ) ! own]'s rights4#bad ,a special class ( demons is =m$ by ^? :i* 7 suppos$ to infe/ ! re/+-places ( ! dead1 ?\gh !y /& 9 a c]ta9 relation%ip to ! demons t plague ! liv+4 ,a rem>kable monum5t f\nd a numb] ( ye>s ago1 & :i* w be fully describ$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 af=ds u a picture ( "s ( ^! demons ^: sph]e ( action is m p>ticul>ly 9 ! subt]ranean cave t =ms ! ga!r+-place ( ! dead4 ,!y are repres5t$ z half human1 half animal1 ) l>ge grotesque & t]ror-inspir+ features4#bae ,_! p[]1 h[ev]1 is limit$4 ,!y are subject to ! ord]s ( ! gods ^: dom9ion is ! l[] _w1 m p>ticul>ly to ,n]gal & 8 consort ,allatu4 ,9 ! advanc$ es*atology ( ! ,babylonians ! demons play a m9or "p4 ,x is ) ! gods t ! dead man mu/ make 8 peace4 ,_! protection assur$1 he has little to fe>2 b ! demons ( ! l[] _w frequ5tly asc5d to ! upp] regions to afflict ! liv+4 ,aga9/ !m precautions mu/ be tak5 simil> to ! means employ$ = ridd+ "o's self ( ! baneful influ5ce ( ! disease-& pa9-br++ spirits4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! spirits t belong to ! high] phases ( ,mesopotamian culture1--^? t h a %>e 9 ! production ( works ( skill & art4 ,we h se5 t 9 acc\nt+ = ^! we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ a high] phase ( religi\s belief4 ,! divid+ l9e betwe5 god & _s becomes fa9t1 & ! num]\s protect+ patrons ( ! h&icrafts t fl\ri%$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria c h>dly be plac$ 9 ! same category ) ^? we h s f> be5 consid]+4 ,/ill1 to ! popul> m9d ! a*ievem5ts ( ! human m9d 7 reg>d$ z due to ! work+s ( hidd5 =ces4 ,/range z x may seem1 !re 0 an indisposition to ascribe ev]y?+ to ! p[] ( ! gods4 ,ea & ,nabu1 al?\gh ! g5]al gods ( wisdom1 did n conc]n !mselves ) details4 ,^! 7 left to ! second>y p[]s1--! spirits4 ,h5ce x happ5s t by ! side ( ! great gods1 we h a l>ge numb] ( m9or p[]s :o preside ov] ! v>i\s bran*es ( human h&iwork & control ! products ( ! human m9d4 ,res]v+ fur!r details reg>d+ ! sev]al classes ( demons & spirits enum]at$1 x w suffice to say a few words ab\t "o p>ticul> gr\p ( spirits ^: role 0 peculi>ly prom95t 9 bo? hi/orical1 liturgical1 & g5]al religi\s texts4 ,! t5d5cy to sy/ematize ! beliefs 9 spirits manife/s itself 9 ,babylonia1 equally ) ! gr\p+ ( ! gods into c]ta9 classes4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is g5]al t5d5cy1 ! conception arose ( a gr\p ( spirits t compris$ ! associat$ second>y p[]s ( e>? & heav51 some:at z ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea summ$ up ! qu9tess5ce ( ! high] p[]s or gods4 ,?is gr\p 0 kn[n z ! ,anunnaki & ,igigi4 ,reg>d+ ^! names x may be said t ! =m] has n yet be5 satisfactorily int]pret$4 ,on ! assumption t ! union ( ! syllables ,a-nun-na-ki#baf repres5ts a comp\nd ideograph1 ! middle syllable nun signifies '/r5g?1' :]eas ! fir/ is ! ord9>y ideograph = 'wat]4' ,hommel#bag propos$ to int]pret ! "n !re=e z 'gods ( ! wat]y habitation4' ,! artificiality ( ?is mann] ( writ+ po9ts1 z 9 sev]al in/ances not$1 to a m]e 'play' ^u ! real "n4 ,anunna rem9ds "o =cibly ( ! god ,anu & ( ! goddess ,anunit1 & ! elem5t ak is q a common af=mative 9 ,babylonian sub/antives1 convey+ a c]ta9 emphatic mean+ to ! ^w4 ,if !re=e we may comp>e ,anun ) ! "n ( ! god ( heav51 ! "n ,anunnak embody+1 z x does 9 ?is case1 ! idea ( p[]1 w\ld be an appropriate designation = ! spirits1 or a gr\p ( spirits collectively4 ,be x und]/ood t ?is explanation is (f]$ m]ely z a conjecture1 :i*1 h[ev]1 f9ds support 9 ! mean+ atta*$ to ! t]m ',igigi4' ,?is1 z ,halevy & ,guy>d h recogniz$1 is a =mation ( a well-kn[n /em occurr+ 9 ,babylonian1 z well z 9 o!r ,semitic languages1 t has ! mean+ '/rong4' ,! ideographic =m ( writ+ ! "n likewise designates ! spirits z '! great *iefs4' ,! ',igigi1' !re=e1 are '! /rong ones1' & /r5g? be+ ! attribute mo/ commonly assign$ to ! ,semitic deities1#bah !re is a presumption1 at lea/1 9 favor ( int]pret+ ,anunnak1 or ,anunnaki1#bai 9 ! same way4 ,! ',igigi' are at times designat$ z ! sev5 gods1 b ?is numb] is simply an indication ( _! con/itut+ a l>ge gr\p4 ,sev5 is a r\nd numb] :i* m>k$ a l>ge quantity4 ,at an e>li] p]iod five repres5t$ a num]ical magnitude1 & h5ce ! ,anunnaki are at times reg>d$ z a gr\p ( five4#bbj ,! ,anunnaki & ,igigi appe> = ! fir/ "t 9 an hi/orical text 9 ! inscription ( ! ,assyrian k+ ,ramman-nir>i ,i41 :o includes !m 9 8 appeal to ! great gods4 ,he designates ! ,igigi z belong+ to heav51 ! ,anunnaki z belong+ to ! e>?4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he uses ! names %[s conclusively t1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 ! two gr\ps compreh5d$ ! entire doma9 ov] :i* spirits1 & = t matt] also ! gods1 ex]cis$ _! p[]4 ,inde$1 x w\ld appe> t at "o "t ! two names 7 us$ to include ! gods z well z ! spirits4 ,at lea/ ?is appe>s to be ! case 9 ,assyria1 & ! conclusion may be drawn1 f ! some:at vague use ( ! t]ms1 t ! names belong to a v e>ly p]iod ( ! religion1 :5 ! di/9ction betwe5 gods & spirits 0 n yet cle>ly m>k$4 ,h[ev] t may be1 9 ,babylonian hymns & incantations ! ,igigi & ,anunnaki play a v prom95t "p4 ,anu is repres5t$ z ! fa!r ( bo? gr\ps4 ,b !y are also at ! s]vice ( o!r gods1 notably ( ,bel1 :o is spok5 ( z _! '"l1' ( ,n9ib1 ( ,m>duk1 ( ,i%t>1 & ( ,n]gal4 ,!y pro/rate !mselves be=e ^! sup]ior ma/]s1 & ! latt] at times manife/ _! ang] aga9/ ! ,igigi4 ,!y are s5t out by ! gods to d s]vice4 ,_! "* is1 on ! :ole1 sev]e & cruel4 ,!y are n favorable to man1 b r ho/ile to him4 ,_! brilliancy consumes ! l&4 ,_! p[] is fe>$1 & ,assyrian k+s m p>ticul>ly are fond ( add+ ! ,igigi & ,anunnaki to ! high] p[]s--! gods prop]--:5 !y wi% to inspire a fe> ( _! own maje/y4 ,at times ! ,igigi alone are m5tion$1 b g5]ally ! ,igigi & ,anunnaki appe> 9 comb9ation4 ,to ! late/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory ^! two gr\ps cont9ue to receive (ficial recognition4 ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii4#bba d$icates an alt>1 :i* he erects at ! wall ( ! city ( ,babylon1 to ! ,igigi & ,anunnaki4 ,! alt> is call$ a /ructure ( 'joy & rejoic+1' & on ! fe/ival ( ,m>duk1 :o is ! '"l ( ! ,anunnaki & ,igigi1' sacrifices 7 (f]$ at ?is alt>4 ,9 ! great temple ( ,m>duk !re 0 a f\nta9 9 :i* ! gods & ! ,anunnaki1 accord+ to a ,babylonian hymn1 'ba! _! c\nt5ance'2 & :5 to ?is notice x be add$ t ano!r hymn praises !m z ! '%9+ *iefs' ( ! anci5t city ( ,eridu1 x w be app>5t t ! conceptions atta*$ to ?is gr\p span ! entire p]iod ( ,babylonian-,assyrian hi/ory4 ,besides ! ,igigi & ,anunnaki !re is /ill a ?ird gr\p ( sev5 spirits1 g5]ally designat$ z ! 'evil demons1' :o repres5t ! embodim5t ( all physical suff]+ to :i* man is subject4 ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 only 9 ! incantation texts1 & we may1 !re=e1 po/pone _! consid]ation until t subject is rea*$4 ,! po9t to be borne 9 m9d1 & :i* ,i h attempt$ to emphasize 9 ?is place1 is ! close relation%ip exi/+ 9 ! popul> =ms ( ! ,babylonian religion betwe5 ! gods & ! spirits4 ,! latt] belong to ! pan!on z mu* z ! =m]4 ,primitive animism cont9ues to en*a9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 despite ! diff]5tiation e/abli%$ betwe5 ! high] & ! second>y p[]s1 & despite ! high po9t ( developm5t rea*$ by ! s*oolm5 9 _! attempts to sy/ematize &1 9 a measure1 to purify ! anci5t beliefs4 ,,footnotes3 #bac ,! te*nical "n = ?is class ( monum5ts 0 ,kudurru1 i4e41 m>k1 & !n us$ l ! ,g]man ^w ,m>k bo? = b\nd>y & = ! t]ritory includ$ )9 ! b\nds4 ,a notable contribution to ! int]pretation ( ! ,kudurru monum5ts 0 made by ,bels]1 9 ! ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 ii4 #aaa-bjc4 #bad ,! "q has be5 rais$ 7see ,bels]1 ib4 p4 #aaa7 by ,p9*es :e!r ^! repres5tations are n ! symbols ( ! zodiac1 b1 z ,bels] ju/ly rem>ks1 ! attempt to int]pret ! pictures 9 ?is way has n be5 successful4 ,x /ill seems mo/ plausible to reg>d ! pictures z symbols ( spirits or demons4 ,su* an int]pretation is 9 accord ) ! ,babylonian & g5]al ,semitic view ( l& own]%ip4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be confess$ t we are /ill 9 ! d>k z to ! motives und]ly+ ! *oice ( ! animals portray$4 ,!re may be "s ultimate connection ) "s ( ! signs ( ! zodiac1--s ,hommel believes1--b su* connection w\ld h to be judg$ f ! e>li] =ms t animism takes on1 & n 9 ! light ( an advanc$ !ology su* z appe>s 9 ! zodiacal sy/em ( ! ,babylonians4 #bae ,see ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldaea & ,assyria1 ,i4 #cea4 #baf ,! elem5t ki is sometimes omitt$4 ,! =ce ( na is n cle>1 unless x be a phonetic complem5t m]ely4 #bag ,semitis*e ,voelk]1 p4 #cfi4 #bah ,v _m ( ! names ( ! ,semitic gods & h]oes signify /rong1 e4g41 ,el1 ,adon1 ,baal1 ,etana1 ,kemo%1 etc4 #bai ,! f9al v[el i w\ld1 on ! basis ( ! explanation (f]$1 be p>allel$ by ! i ( ,igigi--an indication ( ! plural4 ,see ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,gram4 ,sec4 #fg1 #a4 #bbj ,! ,igigi are designat$ ideographically z v plus ii1 & ,hommel 7,semitis*e ,voelk]1 p4 #dia7 prop]ly sugge/s t ?is peculi> writ+ po9ts to an e>li] use ( five z con/itut+ ! gr\p4 ,hommel1 h[ev]1 does n see t nei!r five nor sev5 are to be int]pret$ lit]ally1 b t bo? repres5t a l>ge r\nd numb]1 &1 !re=e1 also a holy "o4 #bba ,,ir4 #ee1 col4 iv4 ll4 #g-ac4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,assyrian ,,pan!on4 ,we h n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e x w be prop] to set =? ! phases t ! ,babylonian religion assum$ dur+ ! days ( ,assyrian supremacy4 ,an enum]ation ( ! gods occurr+ 9 ! inscriptions ( ! rul]s ( ,assyria f ! e>lie/ days to ! close ( ! empire1 s f> z publi%$1 w %[ bett] ?an any argum5t ! po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,^! gods are 9 alphabetical ord]3#bbb ,anu1 ,a%ur1 ,bel1 ,belit1 ,gaga1 ,gibil1 ,gamlat1 ,gula1 ,dibb>ra1 ,dagan1 ,damk9a1 ,ea1 ,i%t>1 ,kadi1 ,khani1 ,m>duk1 ,nabu1 ,nana1 ,n9-gal1 ,n]gal1 ,n9ib1 ,nusku1 ,ramman1 ,s91 ,%ala1 ,%alman1 ,%ama%1 ,%anitka7871 ,ta%mitum4 ,( ^! q a numb] are only m5tion$ incid5tally1 & 9 a mann] t indicates t !y d n belong to ! pan!on 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,o!rs1 l ,khani#bbc & ,gamlat1--i4e41 '! m]ciful "o1'#bbd--may turn out to be m]e epi!ts ( deities o!rwise kn[n2 & x w\ld h>dly be legitimate to ext5d ! li/ by includ+ deities t h n yet be5 id5tifi$1#bbe & :i* may simil>ly be only v>iant =ms1 descriptive ( su* z are already includ$4 ,b h[ev] mu* ?is li/ may be ext5d$ & modifi$ by fur!r publications & rese>*es1 ! hi/orical mat]ial at h& = ! ,assyrian p]iod ( ! religion is suffici5t to w>rant u 9 sett+ up two classes ( ! pan!on1--"o class con/itut+ ! active pan!on1 ! o!r1 deities introduc$ by ! k+s m]ely = purposes ( self-glorification1 or to give great] solemnity to ! invocations & w>n+s t =m$ a feature ( all commemorative & d$icatory inscriptions1 z well z ( ! annals prop]4 ,! future additions to ! li/1 x is safe to ass]t1 w increase ! second class & only slightly modify1 if at all1 ! fir/ class4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is di/9ction we may put d[n z active =ces 9 ,assyria ! foll[+3 ,anu1 ,a%ur1 ,bel1 ,belit1 ,gula1 ,dagan1 ,ea1 ,khani1 ,i%t>1 ,m>duk1 ,nabu1 ,n]gal1 ,n9ib1 ,nusku1 ,ramman1 ,s91 ,%ala1 ,%ama%1 ,ta%mitum4 ,comp>+ bo? ! full] & ! re/rict$ li/ ) ! ,babylonian pan!on dur+ ! two p]iods treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 we are /ruck by ?ree facts3 7#a7 ! small] compass ( ! ,assyrian pan!on2 7#b7 ! m re/rict$ introduction ( :at1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 we may call m9or deities2 & 7#c7 ! small numb] ( new deities met )4 ,to take up ! latt] po9t1 ! only gods 9 ! above li/ t are n f\nd 9 ,babylonian inscriptions are ,a%ur1 ,gibil1 ,gamlat1 ,dibb>ra1 ,kadi1 ,nusku1 ,%ala1 ,%anitka4 ,( ^! x is purely accid5tal t ,gibil1 ,dibb>ra1 ,nusku1 & ,%ala are n m5tion$1 =1 except ^? t are =eign importations1 !y belong to ,babylonia z mu* z to ,assyria & fall )9 ! p]iods ( ! ,babylonian religion t h be5 treat$ (4 ,kadi is a =eign deity4#bbf ,%anitka787 may only be a title ( "s goddess1 & ,%alman 7or ,%almannu7 occurs only 9 prop] names1 & may likewise be only a title ( "s god4#bbg ,!re rema9s1 z ! only god peculi> to ,assyria1 ! god ,a%ur4 ,b = ?is god1 ! ,babylonian & ! ,assyrian pan!on are id5tical4 ,:5 we come1 h[ev]1 to ! position held by ! gods 9 ! pan!on1 _! relation%ip to "o ano!r1 & ! traits :i* secur$ = !m popul> & royal favor1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! ,assyrian phases ( ! religion w be f\nd to be m acc5tuat$4 ,z = ! small] compass ( ! ,assyrian pan!on1 we may recognize 9 ?is a fur!r advance ( ! t5d5cy already not$ 9 ! second p]iod ( ! ,babylonian religion4 ,!re1 too1 we f\nd ! m9or local cults yield+ to ! gr[+ influ5ce & favor ( c]ta9 gods associat$ ) ! great c5t]s ( ,babylonian life1 or possess+ attributes t accord$ m ) ! new political ord] & ! g5]al advance ( culture4 ,"o ( ! *ief factors 9 ?is t5d5cy t[>ds c5tralization 01 z we saw1 ! supremacy accord$ to ,m>duk 9 ! new empire z ! patron god ( ! capital1 & t n only l$ to 8 absorb+ ! role ( o!r deities1#bbh b result$ also 9 /r5g!n+ ! belief t !re 7 only a limit$ numb] ( deities ^u ^: p[] & will+ness to aid dep5d5ce c\ld be plac$4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 9 a measure (fset by ! pride t ! rul]s ( ! second ,babylonian p]iod /ill took 9 p>ad+ at times1 z l>ge a numb] z possible ( deities "u ^: protection !y claim$ to /&4 ,z we pass f "o age to ! o!r1 ! numb] ( m9or deities ?us invok$ also t5ds to dim9i%1 & ! occasions likewise :5 !y are invok$ become limit$ to ! m solemn invocations at ! beg9n+ & ! close ( inscriptions4 ,n[1 9 ,assyria we h mu* ! same political conditions z 9 ,babylonia1 only int5sifi$4 ,"h1 too1 we h "o god t[]+ above ! o!rs1 only to a /ill great] degree ev5 ?an ,m>duk 9 ,babylonia4 ,m>duk1 :ile absorb+ ! role ( ! old ,bel1 is /ill b\nd to ackn[l$ge ! fa!r%ip ( ,ea4 ,= a "t he has to fe> ! rivalry ( ,nabu1 & we h se5 t dur+ ! ,cassitic rule1 ! glory ( ,m>duk is some:at dimm$4 ,! god :o comes to /& at ! head ( ! ,assyrian pan!on--,a%ur--suff]s f none ( ^! re/rictions4 ,he is indep5d5t ( o!r gods & is "u no obligations to any ( 8 fell[s1 & 8 rule once ackn[l$g$ rema9s supreme1 )1 p]haps1 "o %ort p]iod except$1#bbi ?r\gh\t all ! vicissitudes t ! empire und]goes4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is unique position1 ,a%ur is s completely id5tifi$ ) ,assyria1 t ) ! fall ( ! empire he1 too1 disappe>s1--:]eas ! ,m>duk cult survives ! loss ( ,babylonian indep5d5ce1 & is undi/urb$ ev5 by ! f9al absorption ( ,babylonia into ! empire ( ,cyrus4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds c5tralization ( ! cult is ev5 m pron\nc$1 !re=e1 9 ,assyria ?an 9 ,babylonia4 ,m>duk is a lead] :o has _m gods z foll[]s1 b all ( :om h _! di/9ct functions4 ,a%ur is a ho/ 9 himself4 ,he ne$s no att5dants4 ,8 aid suffices = all ?+s1 & su* is ! atta*m5t ( 8 subjects to him t x w\ld almo/ appe> l an insult to 8 dignity to atta* a long array ( m9or gods to him4 ,= ! ,assyrian k+s ! same motives did n exi/ z = ! ,babylonians to emphasize _! control ov] all p>ts ( _! empire by add+ ! *ief gods ( ^! di/ricts to ! pan!on4 ,assyria 0 nev] split up into indep5d5t /ates l ,babylonia be=e ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,! capital1 x is true1 *ang$ ) consid]able frequ5cy1 b !re 0 always only "o great c5t] ( political p[]4 ,s f> z ,assyrian control ov] ,babylonia 0 conc]n$1 x 0 suffici5t = ! purposes ( ! ,assyrian rul]s to claim ,m>duk z _! patron & protector1 &1 z we %all see1 !y always made a po9t ( emphasiz+ ?is claim4 ,h5ce we h only 'great gods1'#bcj & no m9or deities1 9 ! tra9 ( ,a%ur4 ,^! 'great gods' c\ld n be expung$ f ! pan!on )\t a complete sev]ance ( ! ties t b\nd ! ,assyrians to _! pa/4 ,k+s ( great empires seldom favor religi\s revolutions4 ,b by ! side ( ,a%ur ^! great gods pale1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! t5d5cy becomes m m>k$ to reg>d !m m]ely z =mal memb]s ( a little c\rt ) few functions ( _! own1 beyond t ( add+ by _! pres5ce to ! maje/y & glory ( ,a%ur4 ,"o receives ! impression t 9 ,assyria only a few ( ! gods invok$ by ! k+s at ! side ( ,a%ur ex]t any real influ5ce on ! lives ( ! p2 & su* z d1 ga9 favor ?r\gh possess+ 9 "s measure ! *ief attribute t di/+ui%$ ,a%ur1--pr[ess 9 w>4 ,!y are little ,a%urs1 z x 71 by ! side ( ! great "o4 ,! position ( ,a%ur 9 ! ,assyrian pan!on acc\nts = ! g5]al t5d5cies manife/$ by ! religion ( ! nor!rn empire1 & ^u a cle> conception ( ! "* ( ,a%ur dep5ds our und]/&+ ( ! special po9ts t di/+ui% ! o!r gods f :at we h le>n$ ( _! "* & traits 9 ! s\!rn /ates4 ,! beg9n+1 !re=e1 ( an acc\nt ( ! ,assyrian pan!on is prop]ly to be made ) ,a%ur4 ,a%ur4 ,! />t+-po9t ( ! c>e] ( ,a%ur is ! city ( ,a%ur1 situat$ on ! we/ bank ( ! ,tigris1 n f> f ! po9t :]e ! l[] ,zab fl[s into ! ,tigris4 ,a%ur is !re=e di/9ctly a local deity1 & s f> z ! te/imony ( ! texts goes1 he 0 nev] reg>d$ 9 e>ly days 9 any o!r light ?an z ! local patron ( ! city to :i* he has giv5 8 "n4 ,he 0 nev] wor%ipp$1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 z a manife/ation ( any ( ! great p[]s ( nature1--! sun or ! moon2 ?\gh1 if any?+1 he 0 orig9ally a sol> deity4#bca ,nor 0 he a symbol ( any ( ! elem5ts1--fire or wat]4 ,9 ?is respect he diff]s f ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,nusku1#bcb & ,ea1 ^: wor%ip 0 localiz$1 )\t affect+ ! quasi-univ]sal "* t ^! deities possess$4 ,z a local deity 8 wor%ip mu/ h be5 limit$ to ! city ov] :i* he spread 8 protect+ arm2 & if we f9d ! god aft]w>ds hold+ jurisdiction ov] a mu* l>g] t]ritory ?an ! city ( ,a%ur1 x is because 9 ! nor?1 z 9 ! s\?1 a di/9ct /ate or empire 0 simply reg>d$ z ! ext5sion ( a city4 ,a%ur became ! god ( ,assyria z ! rul]s ( ! city ( ,a%ur grew 9 p[]1--9 ! same way t ,m>duk1 ^u ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates "u ! supremacy ( ! city ( ,babylon1 became ! god ( all ,babylonia4 ,b a diff]5ce betwe5 ! nor? & ! s\? is to be not$4 ,:]eas ,m>duk1 al?\gh ! god ( ,babylonia1 0 wor%ipp$ only 9 ! city ( ,babylon :]e he 0 suppos$ to h 8 seat1 temples to ,a%ur exi/$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,assyrian empire4 ,! god accompani$ ! k+s 9 _! w>s1 & :]ev] ! rul]s settl$1 !re ! god 0 wor%ipp$4 ,s 9 ! v>i\s *anges ( (ficial resid5ces t took place 9 ! c\rse ( ,assyrian hi/ory f ,a%ur to ,calah1 & f ,calah to ,n9eveh1 & f ,n9eveh to ,khorsabad1 ! god took "p1 & 8 c5tral seat ( wor%ip dep5d$ ^u ! place t ! k+s *ose = _! (ficial resid5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ! cult 9 ! v>i\s temples t 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7 erect$ 9 8 honor probably cont9u$ )\t int]ruption1 !re 0 always "o place--! (ficial resid5ce--:i* =m$ ! c5tral spot ( wor%ip4 ,!re ! god 0 suppos$ to dwell = ! "t be+4 ,"o factor1 p]haps1 t ought to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 acc\nt+ = ?is movable disposition ( ! god 0 t he 0 n symboliz$ exclusively by a /atue1 z ,m>duk & ! o!r great gods 74 ,8 *ief symbol 0 a /&>d t c\ld be c>ri$ f place to place1 & inde$ 0 s made t x c\ld be c>ri$ into ! ?ick ( ! fray1 9 ord] to assure ! army ( ! god's pres5ce4 ,! /&>d consi/$ ( a pole surr\nd$ by a disc enclos$ )9 two w+s1 :ile above ! disc /ood ! figure ( a w>rior 9 ! act ( %oot+ an arr[4#bcc ,! /atues ( ! gods 7 deposit$ 9 %r9es1 & aft] be+ c>ri$ ab\t1 z 0 done on fe/ive days or o!r occasions1 !y w\ld be replac$ 9 _! %r9es4 ,! milit>y /&>d1 h[ev]1 foll[$ ! camp ev]y:]e1 & :5 ! k+s *ose to fix ^u a new place = _! milit>y encampm5t--& su* ! (ficial resid5ces ( ! ,assyrian w>rior-k+s 9 l>ge measure 7--! /&>d w\ld repose 9 ! place select$4 ,h[ ?is /&>d came to be *os51 & :51 is ano!r "q1 & "o m difficult to answ]4 ,x may be t ! repres5tation ( ! god by a /&>d 0 a consequ5ce ( ! fondness t ! rul]s ( ,a%ur manife/$ = p]petual w>f>e2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! god ,a%ur 0 repres5t$ by a /&>d s t he might be c>ri$ into ! battle & be mov$ f place to place4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! two ?+s--! /&>d & ! w>like "* ( ! subjects ( ,a%ur--/ood 9 close relation%ip to "o ano!r1 & ! fur!r conclusion is ju/ifi$ t :5 a milit>y /&>d came to be *os5 z ! symbol ( ,a%ur1 ! god 0 recogniz$ di/9ctly z a god ( w>4 ,! symbols accompany+ ! /&>d are ( importance z enabl+ u to det]m9e some?+ m reg>d+ ! "* ( ,a%ur4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fact t x conta9$ a figure may be tak5 z an indication t ! god 0 at "o "t repres5t$ by a /atue1--z inde$ we "k f o!r evid5ce1#bcd--;& t ! *ange ( 8 symbol f a /atue to a /&>d is a result ( ! milit>y activity ( ! ,assyrians4 ,! w+$ disc is s g5]al a symbol ( ! sun 9 ! religi\s sy/em ( v>i\s anci5t nations#bce t "o _c escape ! conclusion t ! symbol mu/ be simil>ly int]pret$ 9 ! case be=e u4 ,is x possible1 !re=e1 t 9 a p]iod ly+ beyond t reveal$ by ! olde/ inscriptions at our disposal1 ,a%ur 0 wor%ipp$ z a sol> deity8 ,"o is b\nd to confess t ! evid5ce does n w>rant u 9 reg>d+ ,a%ur z any?+ b ! patron ( ! city ( ,a%ur4 ,n[h]e d we f9d any allusion f :i* we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t he orig9ally repres5t$ "s elem5tal p[] or ph5om5on4 ,tiele#bcf is ( ! decid$ op9ion t ,a%ur 0 at 8 orig9 a nature god ( "s k9d1 & he goes s f> z to sugge/1 ?\gh ) due res]ve1 ! possible id5tification ( ,a%ur ) ,s94 ,no d\bt ,tiele is prompt$ to ?is view by ! example ( ! great god ( ! s\?1 ,m>duk1 :o is orig9ally a sol> deity1 & by all ! o!r great gods :o repres5t1 or repres5t$1 "s p[] ( nature4 ,analogy1 h[ev]1 is n a suffici5tly reliable guide to settle a "q = ! solution ( :i* hi/orical mat]ial is lack+4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 may be said1 t if we are to assume t ,a%ur p]sonifi$ orig9ally "s natural p[]1 ! symbol ( ! w+$ disc l5ds a /rong presumption 9 favor ( suppos+ him to h be5 "s phase ( ! sun4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! g5]al "* ( ,a%ur4 ,be=e pass+ on to a specification ( 8 role & 8 traits1 z reveal$ by ! hi/orical texts1 a ^w rema9s to be said z to ! etymology & =m ( ! "n4 ,a%ur is ! only in/ance t we h ( a god expressly giv+ 8 "n to a city1 = ! "n ( ! city c only be d]iv$ f t ( ! god1 & n vice v]sa4 ,! id5tification ( ! god ) 8 favorite t[n mu/ h be5 s complete t ! t[n1 :i* probably _h "s specific "n ( its own1 became kn[n simply z ! 'city ( ! god ,a%ur4' ,f su* a designation x is b a small /ep to call ! city simply1 ,a%ur4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! god & ! city w\ld be indicat$ by ! det]m9ative = deity1 :i* 0 only atta*$ to ! =m]1 :ile ! latt] 0 writt5 ) ! det]m9ative atta*$ to t[ns4 ,:5 ?is city ( ,a%ur ext5d$ its b\nds until x became coequal ) ! doma9 ( ,assyria1 ! "n ( ! god 0 transf]r$ to ! entire nor!rn di/rict ( ,mesopotamia1 :i*1 z ! c\ntry ( ! god ,a%ur1 0 writt5 ) ! det]m9ative = c\ntry4#bcg ,! ideographs :i* ! ,assyrian scribes employ$ 9 writ+ ! "n ( ! god reveal ! mean+ !y atta*$ to x4 ,he is describ$ ideographically z ! 'good god4' ,?is int]pretation accords admirably ) ! g5]al =ce ( ! v]bal /em und]ly+ ! "n4 ,9 bo? ,hebrew & ,assyrian a-%-r signifies 'to be graci\s1 to grant bless+1 to cause to prosp]4' ,a%ur1 !re=e1 is ! god t blesses 8 subjects1 & to ! latt] he w\ld accord+ly appe> z ! 'good god' p> excell5ce4 ,if ! tempt+ etymology ( our own ^w 'god1' :i* connects x ) 'good1' be correct1 'god' w\ld be almo/ ! p]fect equival5t ( ,a%ur4 ,x is n necess>y to conclude1 z ,tiele does1#bch t ,a%ur1 z ! 'good "o1' is an e?ical ab/raction1 b c]ta9ly a designation ( a god z 'a good "o' s\nds m l a descriptive epi!t ?an l a "n4 ,! supposition t ,a%ur 0 n1 !re=e1 ! orig9al "n ( ! god receives a c]ta9 measure ( =ce f ?is consid]ation4 ,moreov]1 !re are indications t !re actually exi/$ ano!r =m ( 8 "n1 namely1 ,an%>4#bci ,?is =m ,an%> w\ld1 accord+ to ! phonetic laws prevail+ 9 ,assyria1 t5d to become ,a%-%>4#bdj ,a%ur--! 'good "o'--w\ld ?us turn out to be an epi!t ( ! god1 *os5 z a 'play' sugge/$ by ,a%-%>1 j z we f\nd ,gula call$ ! lady ( ,ekalli1 & aga9 ,kallat 7bride74#bda ,! etymology ( ,an%> is z obscure z t ( mo/ ( ! anci5t gods ( ,babylonia1--z ( ,s91 ,m>duk1 ,i%t>1 & _m m4 ,b be=e leav+ ! subject1 x w be prop] to call att5tion to ! role t a god ,an%> plays 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian cosmological sy/em4 ,an%> & ,ki%> are ! second pair ( deities to be creat$1 ! fir/ pair be+ ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu4 ,9 ! great fight ( ! gods aga9/ ! mon/] ,tiamat1 x w\ld appe> t1 accord+ to "o v]sion at lea/1 ,an%> s5ds ,anu1 ,ea1 & f9ally ,bel-,m>duk1 9 turn to de/roy ! mon/]4 ,he appe>s1 !re=e1 to h ex]cis$ a k9d ( supremacy ov] ! gods4 ,assum+ ! correctness ( ! d$uctions1 accord+ to :i* ,a%ur is an epi!t aris+ by a play ^u ,a%-%> 7f an orig9al ,an%>71 x is h>dly op5 to d\bt t ?is ,an%> is ! same z ! "o :o appe>s 9 ! cosmology4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is difficult to suppose t ,an%> %\ld h play$ s significant a "p 9 ,babylonian traditions & yet f9d no m5tion 9 ! text ( ! rul]s ( ,babylonia4 ,be>+ 9 m9d :at has be5 said z to ! mann] 9 :i* anci5t traditions & my?s 7 remodel$ by ! s*oolm5 to con=m to lat] ideas1--we h se5 h[ 9 ?is process ! popul>ity ( ,m>duk l$ to 8 assum+ ! role orig9ally play$ by ,bel1--may n ! recognition giv5 to ,an%> be a concession1 made at ! "t t ,assyria _h begun h] glori\s c>e] 7c4 #adjj ,b4,c471 to ! *ief god ( ! nor!rn empire8 ,t su* t5d5cies to glorify ,a%ur may ju/ly be s\ght = 9 "p ( ! religi\s lit]ature is prov$ by a v]sion ( "o ( ! s]ies ( tablets giv+ an acc\nt ( ! creation1 & :i* assigns to ,an%> ! "w ( build+ ,e%>ra1--i4e41 ! e>?1--t1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion1 belongs to ,m>duk4#bdb ,evid5tly1 !n1 j z ! ,babylonian !ologians s\ght to glorify ,m>duk at ! exp5se ( ,bel1 s ,assyrian !ologians1 or su* z /ood "u ,assyrian influ5ces1 did n hesitate to replace ,m>duk by _! own favorite1 ,an%>4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ',cosmology' we w h occasion to come back to ?is po9t4 ,= pres5t purposes x is suffici5t to h %[n t ! position ( ,an%> 9 ! remodel$ traditions is an argum5t 9 favor ( reg>d+ ,an%> z ! real "n ( ! god :o /&s at ! head ( ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,9 ! olde/ ,assyrian inscription kn[n to u1 ! god ,a%ur is m5tion$4 ,samsi-,ramman1 :o does n yet assume ! title ( k+1 b only patesi1--i4e41 'religi\s *ief1'#bdc--prides himself ^u be+ '! build] ( ! temple ( ,a%ur4' ,! phrase does n mean t he f\nd$ ! temple1 b only t he und]took build+ op]ations 9 connection ) x4 ,! date ( ?is rul] may be fix$ r\ghly at #ahej ,b4,c41 & s9ce ! two inscrib$ bricks t we h ( ,samsi-,ramman 7 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,kalah-,%]gat1--! site ( ! anci5t city ( ,a%ur1--!re c1 ( c\rse1 be no d\bt t ! temple at t place is ref]r$ to4 ,! rul]s ( ,assyria1 ev5 aft] !y assum$ ! title ( 'k+' 7c4 #aejj ,b4,c471 7 /ill fond ( call+ !mselves ! 'prie/' ( ! god ,a%ur1 & frequ5tly gave ?is title ! pref]5ce ov] o!rs4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! temple ( ,a%ur seems to h suff]$ at ! h&s ( ! ,cassites1 :o attempt$ to ext5d _! p[] to ! nor?4 ,?is plan 01 h[ev]1 fru/rat$ by ,ramman-nir>i ,i41 :o =ces ! ,cassites to retreat1 successfully opposes o!r enemies ( ,assyria1 & re/ores ! injur$ p>ts ( ,a%ur's temple4 ,f ?is "t on1 & = a p]iod ( sev]al c5turies1 ,assyria assumes an aggressive attitude1 & z a consequ5ce ! dep5d5cy ^u ! god is m ke5ly felt ?an be=e4 ,! enemies aga9/ :om ! k+s proce$ are call$ '! enemies ( ,a%ur1' ! troops ( ! k+ are ! troops ( ,a%ur1 & ! weapons ) :i* !y fight are ! weapons ( ,a%ur4 ,x is he :o causes ! arms ( ,tigla?piles] ,i4 to /rike d[n 8 foes4 ,! nations _c endure ! awful sight ( ! god4 ,8 brilliancy--! ref]5ce be+ no d\bt to ! %9+ /&>d z x 0 c>ri$ into ! fray--inspires on e side a t]ror t ca/s all enemies to ! gr\nd4 ,all w>f>e is c>ri$ on 9 ! "n ( ,a%ur4 ,! /atem5t may be tak5 lit]ally1 = an oracle 0 s\ght at critical mom5ts to det]m9e ! c\rse t 0 to be pursu$4 ,! fight itself takes place ) ! help ( ! god1--aga9 to be tak5 lit]ally1 = ! god1 repres5t$ by 8 symbol1 is pres5t on ! battlefield4 ,! victory1 accord+ly1 belongs to ! god 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & only 9 a second>y degree to ! k+4 ,! nations are vanqui%$ by ,a%ur1 ! conqu]$ cities become subject to ,a%ur1 & :5 ! tribute is br\ght by ! conqu]$ foe1 x is to ,a%ur t x is (f]$ by ! k+s4 ,pr\d & haughty z ! latt] 71 & fill$ ) gre$ = glory & p[]1 !y nev] hesitat$ to humble !mselves be=e _! god4 ,!y freely ackn[l$g$ t ev]y?+ !y possess$ 0 due to ,a%ur's favor4 ,x 0 he :o call$ !m to ! ?rone1 :o gave !m ! sceptre & cr[n1 & :o firmly e/abli%$ _! sov]eignty4 ,?r\gh ,a%ur1 :o gives ! k+ 8 inv9cible weapon1--! mighty b[1--! k+dom is enl>g$1 until ! k+s feel ju/ifi$ 9 say+ ( !mselves t1 by ! nom9ation ( ,a%ur1 !y gov]n ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,nay1 ! rul]s g fur!r & decl>e !mselves to be ! (fspr+ ( ,a%ur4 ,x is n likely t !y ev] desir$ su* an ass]tion also to be int]pret$ lit]ally4 ,! phrase is r to be tak5 z ! /ronge/ possible indication ( ! atta*m5t !y felt = _! *ief god4 ,ev]y?+ t !y possess$ com+ directly f _! god1 h[ c\ld ?is be bett] express$ ?an by mak+ ! god ! s\rce ( _! be+8 ,! phrase1 at all ev5ts1 is int]e/+ z %[+ t ! elem5t ( love 0 n abs5t 9 ! emotions t ! ?\ght ( ,a%ur ar\s$ 9 ! brea/s ( 8 subjects4 ,! k+s _c f9d suffici5t t]ms ( glorification to be/[ ^u ,a%ur4 ,tigla?piles] ,i4 calls him '! great "l rul+ ! assembly ( gods1' & 9 simil> /yle1 ,a%urnasirbal invokes him z '! great god ( all ! gods4' ,= ,ramman-nir>i ,,iii41 he is ! k+ ( ! ,igigi--! heav5ly ho/ ( spirits4 ,s>gon lov+ly addresses him z ! fa!r ( ! gods4 ,s5na*]ib calls him ! great m\nta9 or rock1--a phrase t recalls a ,biblical metaphor appli$ to ! deity1--& ,es>haddon speaks ( him z ! 'k+ ( gods4' ,frequ5tly ,a%ur is invok$ toge!r ) o!r gods4 ,he is '! guide ( ! gods4' ,!re is only "o in/ance 9 :i* he does n occupy ! fir/ place4 ,ramman-nir>i ,i41 to :om ref]5ce has above be5 made1 gives ,anu ! pref]5ce ov] ,a%ur 9 a li/ ( gods1#bdd to :om conjo9tly he ascribes 8 victories4 ,we h already _h occasion 7see pp4 #aec-aee7 to note ! antiquity ( ,anu wor%ip 9 ,assyria1 ! f\ndation ( ^: temple takes u beyond ! p]iod ( ,samsi-,ramman4 ,a%ur's importance beg9s only ) ! mom5t t ! rul]s ( 8 city ent] ^u _! c>e] ( conque/4 ,be=e t1 8 p[] & fame 7 limit$ to ! city ov] :i* he presid$4 ,^? gods :o 9 ! s\? occupi$ a sup]ior rank 7 also ackn[l$g$ 9 ! nor?4 ,! religion ( ! ,assyrians does n acquire traits t di/+ui% x f t ( ,babylonia till ! rise ( a di/9ct ,assyrian empire4 ,"h1 z 9 ,babylonia1 ! religi\s conceptions1 & 9 a measure ! art1 are %ap$ by ! c\rse ( political ev5ts4 ,anu1 accord+ly1 takes prec$5ce to ,a%ur previ\s to ! supremacy ( ! city ( ,a%ur4 ,?is sup]ior rank belongs to him z ! supreme god ( heav54 ,ramman-nir>i's reign m>ks a turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,assyria4 ,! enemies ( ,a%ur1 :o _h succe$$ = a "t 9 obscur+ ! god's glory ?r\gh ! humiliation :i* 8 l& endur$1 7 driv5 back1 b nei!r ! p nor ! rul]s _h z yet become consci\s ( ! fact t x 0 solely to ,a%ur t ! victory 0 due4 ,h5ce1 o!r gods are associat$ ) ,a%ur by ,ramman-nir>i1 & ! old god ,anu is accord$ 8 prop] rank4 ,aft] ! days ( ,ramman-nir>i1 h[ev]1 ,a%ur's prec$5ce ov] all o!r gods is e/abli%$4 ,:e!r associat$ ) ,bel or ) ,ramman1 or ) ,%ama% & ,ramman1 or ) a l>g] repres5tation ( ! pan!on1 ,a%ur is inv>iably m5tion$ fir/4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! *ief trait ( ,assyrian hi/ory1 x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! popul>ity ( ,a%ur is due to ! milit>y successes ( ! ,assyrian armies2 & x foll[s1 ) equal necessity1 t ,a%ur1 :atev] he may orig9ally h be51 becomes purely a god ( w>1 f ! mom5t t ,assyria ent]s ^u :at appe>$ to be h] special mission4 ,all ! titles giv5 to ,a%ur by ! k+s may be said to foll[ f 8 role z ! god :o presides ov] ! =tunes ( ! w>s4 ,if he is ! 'rul] ( all ! gods1' & _! fa!r1 he is s simply by virtue ( t same sup]ior /r5g? :i* makes him ! 'law-giv]' = mank9d1 & n because ( any anci5t traditions1 nor z an expression ( "s nature-my?4 ,he lords x ov] gods & spirits1 b he lords x solely because ( 8 w>like qualities4 ,a%ur is ! giv] ( cr[n & sceptre1 & ! k+s ( ,assyria are ! patesis ( ! god1 8 lieut5ants4 ,he is ! god t embodies ! _s ( ,assyrian hi/ory1 & z su* he is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic p]sonage ( ! ,assyrian pan!on--9 a c]ta9 s5se ! only *>act]i/ic p]sonage4 ,s pr(\nd is 8 influ5ce t almo/ all ! o!r gods ( ! pan!on take on "s ( 8 "*4 ,:5ev] & :]ev] possible1 ^? phases ( ! god's nature are emphasiz$ :i* po9t to ! possession ( p[] ov] enemies4 ,! gods ( ! ,assyrian pan!on impress "o z dim9utive ,a%urs by ! side ( ! big "o1 & 9 proportion z !y approa* ne>] to ! "* ( ,a%ur himself1 is _! hold ^u ! royal favor /r5g!n$4 ,i%t>4 ,second 9 rank to ,a%ur dur+ ! mo/ glori\s "p ( ,assyrian hi/ory /&s ! great goddess ,i%t>4 ,t ! ,assyrian ,i%t> is id5tical ) ! great goddess ( ! ,babylonian pan!on is beyond reasonable d\bt4 ,%e approa*es close/ to ,nana1--! ,i%t> ( ,ere*2 b j z we f\nd ! ,babylonian ,i%t> appe>+ "u v>i\s names & =ms1 s !re are no less ?an ?ree ,i%t>s 9 ,assyria1 di/+ui%$ 9 ! texts z ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 ,i%t> ( ,arbela1 & ,i%t> :o presides ov] ! temple kn[n z ,kidmuru & :o = t reason is g5]ally call$ '! que5 ( ,kidmuru4' ,! seat ( ! latt] 0 9 ,n9eveh1 z 0 ( c\rse also ! seat ( ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh4 ,! ?ird ,i%t> _h h] cult at ,arbela1#bde a t[n ly+ to ! ea/ ( ,calah ab\t midway betwe5 ! upp] & l[] ,zab4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e :i* ( ^! ?ree ,i%t>s is ! olde/4 ,! ,assyrians !mselves seem to h be5 aw>e ( ! ,babylonian orig9 ( ,i%t>1 = ,tigla?piles] ,i4 is at pa9s to emphasize t ! temple he builds to ,i%t> 9 8 capital is d$icat$ to ! ',assyrian ,i%t>4'#bdf ,?is be+ ! olde/ m5tion ( ,i%t> 9 ,assyrian texts1 we are p]haps w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t ! cult ( ! goddess 0 transf]r$ ) ! seat ( gov]nm5t to ,n9eveh4 ,?is w\ld n necess>ily make ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh ! olde/ ( ! ?ree1 b acc\nts = ! high] rank t 0 accord$ to h]1 z aga9/ ! o!r two4 ,i%t> ( ,arbela & ! que5 ( ,kidmuru d n make _! appe>ance s f> z ! hi/orical texts are conc]n$ till ! "t ( ,es>haddon 7#fha1 ,b4,c47--a comp>atively late date4 ,tiele#bdg sugge/s t ,arbela became ! seat ( a s*ool ( prophets 9 ! s]vice ( ,i%t>4 ,! curi\s "n ( ! place1 ! 'f\r-god' city1 c]ta9ly speaks 9 favor ( suppos+ ,arbela to h be5 a great religi\s c5t]1 b until excavations %all h be5 conduct$ on ! mod]n site ( ! t[n1 ! problems connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,i%t> ( ,arbela _c be solv$4 ,x is q possible1 if n probable1 t ! ?ree ,i%t>s are ea* ( indep5d5t orig94 ,! 'que5 ( ,kidmuru1' inde$1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 is ! indig5\s ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 :o is oblig$ to yield h] place to ! s-call$ ',assyrian ,i%t>' ^u ! transf] ( ! capitol ( ,assyria to ,n9eveh1 & h5ce=? is kn[n by "o ( h] epi!ts to di/+ui% h] f h] =midable rival4 ,! cult ( ,i%t> at ,arbela is probably1 too1 ( anci5t date2 b special circum/ances t escape u appe> to h l$ to a revival ( int]e/ 9 _! cults dur+ ! p]iod :5 ,assyria rea*$ ! z5i? ( h] p[]4 ,! important po9t = u to be> 9 m9d is t no ess5tial di/9ctions betwe5 ^! ?ree ,i%t>s 7 made by ! ,assyrians4 ,_! traits & epi!ts are simil>1 & = all practical purposes we h only "o ,i%t> 9 ! nor!rn empire4 ,next to ,a%ur1 or r by ! side ( ,a%ur1 ,i%t> 0 invok$ z ! great goddess ( battle & w>4 ,?is trait1 h[ev]1 0 n giv5 to h] by ! ,assyrians4 ,hammurabi views ! goddess 9 ?is light1#bdh & 9 ! ,izdub> or ,gilgame% epic1 z already po9t$ out1 %e appe>s at times 9 ! role ( a viol5t de/roy]4 ,! w>like phase ( ! goddess's nature is l>gely acc5tuat$ 9 ! ,assyrian pan!on & dwelt ^u to ! exclusion ( t s(t] & mild] side :i* we h se5 *>act]iz$ h] z '! "m ( mank9d4' ,h] role z ! goddess ( w> gr[s 9 prom95ce z ! ,assyrian rul]s proce$ 9 _! triumphal c>e]s4 ,a%urri%i%i 7c4 #aaej ,b4,c47 invokes h] simply z ! sup]ior goddess1 b = ,tigla?piles] ,i4 & f 8 days on1 %e is prim>ily ! lady ( w>1 :o arranges ! ord] ( battle & enc\rages h] favorites to fight4 ,%e appe>s 9 dreams at critical mom5ts1 & :isp]s words ( *e] to ,k+ ,a%urbanabal4 ,:5 dang] ?reat5s1 x is to h] t ! great k+ spreads 8 h&s 9 pray]4 ,%e is n m]ely ! goddess ( ! k+s1 b ( ! p z well4 ,! latt] are in/ruct$ to honor h]4 ,no deity approa*es h] 9 spl5dor4 ,z ,a%ur rules ! ,igigi1 s ,i%t> is decl>$ to be 'mighty ov] ! ,anunnaki4' ,h] comm&s are n to be oppos$4 ,h] appe>ance is t ( a be+ clo!d ) fi]y flames1 & /reams ( fire are s5t d[n by h] ^u ! enemies ( ,a%urbanabal--a description t expresses admirably ! conception =m$ by ! ,assyrians ( a g5u9e goddess ( w>4 ,l ,a%ur1 %e is giv5 a supreme rank among ! gods4 ,%almanes] ,,ii4 calls h] ! fir/-born ( heav5 & e>?1 & = ,tigla?piles] ,i41 %e is ! fir/ among ! gods4 ,h] mild] attributes z ! graci\s "m ( creation1 ! giv] ( pl5ty1 & ! he>] ( ! supplications ( ! s9n]1 s prom95t 9 ! religi\s lit]ature1#bdi are n dwelt ^u 9 ! hi/orical texts4 ,/ill1 an elem5t ( love also ent]s into ! relation%ip ) h] subjects4 ,a%urnasirbal 7#hhe-hfj ,b4,c47 speaks ( h] z ! lady :o 'loves him & 8 prie/hood4' ,s5na*]ib simil>ly associates ,i%t> ) ,a%ur z ! lov] ( 8 prie/hood4 ,z a goddess ( w> %e is ( c\rse 'p]fect 9 c\rage1' z ,%almanes] ,,ii4 decl>es4 ,temples are erect$ to h] 9 ! city ( ,a%ur1 9 ,n9eveh & ,arbela4 ,a%urbanabal di/+ui%es c>efully betwe5 ! two ,i%t>s1--! "o ( ,n9eveh & ! "o ( ,arbela2 &1 /range en\gh1 :ile t]m+ ,n9eveh ! favorite city ( ,i%t>1 he seems to give ! pref]5ce to ,i%t> ( ,arbela4 ,x is to ! latt]#bej t :5 h>d press$ by ! ,elamites he addresses 8 pray]1 call+ h] '! lady ( ,arbela'2 & x is ?is ,i%t> :o appe>s to ! royal troops 9 a dream4 ,! mon? ( ,ab--! fif? mon? ( ! ,babylonian cal5d>--is sacr$ to ,i%t>4 ,a%urbanabal proce$s to ,arbela = ! purpose ( wor%ipp+ h] dur+ ?is sacr$ p]iod4 ,some?+ mu/ h occurr$ dur+ 8 reign1 to br+ ! goddess ( ,arbela into su* rem>kable prom95ce1 b ev5 ,a%urbanabal does n g s f> z to place ,i%t> ( ,arbela be=e ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 :5 enum]at+ ! gods ( ! pan!on4 ,"o po9t /ill rema9s to be m5tion$ be=e pass+ on4 ,a%urbanabal calls ,i%t>--he is speak+ ( ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh--! wife ( ,bel4#bea ,n[ ,i%t> nev] appe>s 9 ?is capacity 9 ! ,babylonian inscriptions4 ,if !re is "o goddess ) :om %e has no?+ 9 common1 x is ,belit ( ,nippur4 ,to acc\nt = ?is curi\s /atem5t on ! "p ( ! ,assyrian scribes1 x is only necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ! "n ,belit signifies 'lady1' & ,i%t> is con/antly spok5 ( z ! ,belit or lady ( battle4 ,mu* ! same tra9 ( ?\ght t l$ to reg>d+ ,bel 9 ! s5se ( '"l1' m]ely z a title ( ,m>duk1 gave rise to ! use ( ',belit1' z ! title ( ! great 'lady' ( ! ,assyrian pan!on4#beb ,f ?is x is b a small--b ( c\rse errone\s--/ep1 to speak ( ,belit-,i%t> z ! consort ( ,bel4 ,:e!r ! error is due only to ! scribe1 or :e!r x actually made its way into ! ,assyrian sy/em ( !ology1 x is difficult to say4 ,probably ! =m]2 = ! di/+ui%+ feature ( bo? ! ,babylonian & ! ,assyrian ,i%t> is h] indep5d5t position4 ,?\gh at times br\ght into close association ) ,a%ur1 %e is n reg>d$ z ! m]e consort ( any god--no m]e reflection ( a male deity1 b rul+ 9 h] own "r on a p]fect p> ) ! great gods ( ! pan!on4 ,%e is coequal 9 rank & dignity ) ,a%ur4 ,h] "n becomes synonym\s ) goddess1 z ,m>duk becomes ! synonym = god4 ,! female deities bo? native & =eign come to be reg>d$ z s _m =ms ( ,i%t>4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ,i%t> is ! only real goddess ( ! lat] ,assyrian pan!on1 ! only "o tak+ an active "p 9 ! religi\s & political life ( ! p4 ,at ! same "t x is to be not$ t by ! side ( ! ,assyrian ,i%t>1 ! ,babylonian ,i%t>1 especially ! "o associat$ ) ,ere* 7or ,w>ka7 is also wor%ipp$ by ! mon>*s ( ! nor?4 ,es>haddon devotes himself to ! improvem5t ( ! old temple at ,ere*1 & ,a%urbanabal prides himself ^u hav+ rescu$ out ( ! h&s ( ! ,elamites a /atue ( ,i%t> or ,nana ( ,ere* t _h be5 captur$ #afce ye>s previ\s4#bec ,anu4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! antiquity ( ! ,anu cult 9 ,assyria1 & t prior to ! "t t ! city ( ,a%ur assumes ! role ( mi/ress ( ! nor!rn di/rict1 ,anu /ood at ! head ( ! pan!on1 j z !oretically he cont9u$ to occupy ?is place 9 ! pan!on ( ! s\?4 ,:at is especially important1 he _h a temple 9 ! v city ( ,a%ur1 ^: patron god succe$$ 9 usurp+ ! place ( ! old 'god ( heav54' ,! "* ( ,anu 9 ! nor? diff]s 9 no way f ! traits assign$ to him 9 ! s\?4 ,he is ! k+ ( ! ,igigi & ,anunnaki1 t is1 ( all ! heav5ly & e>?ly spirits1 & he is ?is by virtue ( be+ ! supreme god ( heav54 ,8 cult1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h suff]$ ?r\gh ! ov]%ad[+ supremacy ( ,a%ur4 ,ev5 9 8 old temple at ,a%ur1 :i* ,tigla?piles] ,i4 on ! occasion ( 8 rebuild+ x1 tells u 0 f\nd$ #fda ye>s be=e ?is re/oration1#bed he is no long] accord$ sole homage4 ,ramman1 ! god ( ?und] & ( /orms1 because correlat$ to ,anu1 is plac$ by ! side ( ! latt] & p]mitt$ to %>e ! honors ) ,anu4#bee ,anu survives 9 ! ,assyrian z 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on by virtue ( be+ a memb] ( ! !ological triad1 compos$ z we h se5 ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,tigla?piles] ,i4 /ill invokes ,anu z a deity ( practical importance4 ,he associates him ) ,ramman & ,i%t> z ! great gods ( ! city ( ,a%ur or ) ,ramman alone1 b beyond an incid5tal m5tion by ,a%urnasirbal1 :o 9 a long li/ ( gods at ! beg9n+ ( 8 annals emphasizes ! fact ( 8 be+ ! favorite ( ,anu1 he appe>s only 9 comb9ation ) ,bel & ,ea4 ,! same degree ( rev]5ce1 h[ev]1 0 %[n to ! old triad 9 ,assyria z 9 ,babylonia4 ,! ?ree gods are ask$ n to li/5 to ! pray]s ( ! "o :o de/roys ! monum5ts set up by ! k+s4 ,s>gon tells u t x is ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea :o fix ! names ( ! mon?s1#bef & ?is same k+ :5 he comes to assign names to ! eight gates ( 8 great palace1 does n =get to include ,anu 9 ! li/ ( deities1#beg describ+ him z ! god :o blesses 8 h&iwork4 ,dagan4 ,coequal 9 antiquity ) ! cult ( ,anu 9 ,assyria is t ( ,dagan4 ,al?\gh occurr+ 9 ,babylonia z e>ly z ! days ( ,hammurabi1 & inde$ e>li]1#beh x w\ld appe> t 8 wor%ip 0 import$ f ! nor? into ! s\?4#bei ,at all ev5ts1 x is 9 ! nor? t ! cult ( ,dagan rises to prom95ce4 ,! "n ( ! god appe>s z an elem5t 9 ! "n ( ,i%me-,dagan 7! fa!r ( ,samsi-,ramman ,,ii471#bfj ^: date may be fix$ at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! =m ,dagan is int]e/+ z be+ almo/ id5tical ) ! "n ( ! *ief god ( ! ,phili/9es1 ,dagon1#bfa :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,judges4 ,! resemblance c h>dly be entirely accid5tal4 ,f o!r s\rces we "k t ,dagan 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,pale/9e z e>ly z ! f\rte5? or fifte5? c5tury1 & ! =m ,dagan1 if d]iv$ f ,dag1 conta9s an af=mative elem5t :i* /amps ! ^w z non-,assyrian4 ,! proposition has mu* 9 its favor :i* reg>ds ,dagan z a god ^: wor%ip 0 introduc$ into ,assyria at a v e>ly p]iod ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,aramaean hordes1 :o cont9ue ?r\gh\t ,assyrian hi/ory to skirt ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,tigris4 ,once introduc$1 h[ev]1 into ,assyria1 ,dagan assumes a diff]5t =m f ! "o t he receives among ! ,phili/9es4 ,to ! latt] he is ! god ( agriculture1 :ile 9 ,assyria he rises to ! rank ( second 9 ! pan!on1 & becomes ! associate ( ,anu4 ,! latt]'s dom9ion be+ ! heav5s1 ,dagan is conceiv$ z ! god ( e>?4 ,h5ce1 !re results ! fusion ) ! ,babylonian ,bel1 :i* has already be5 not$1#bfb & x is due to ?is fusion t ,dagan disappe>s almo/ entirely f ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,a%urnasirbal invokes ,dagan ) ,anu4 ,two c5turies lat]1 ,s>gon1 ^: scribes1 z ,j5s5 has notic$1 manife/ an 'ar*aeological' fondness = ! e>li] deities1 repeats ! phrase ( ,a%urnasirbal1 & also calls 8 subjects 'troops ( ,anu & ,dagan'2 b x is important to obs]ve t he does n include ,dagan among ! deities 9 ^: honor he assigns names to ! gates ( 8 palace4 ,we may1 !re=e1 fix ^u ! n9? c5tury z ! t]m9us = ! ,dagan cult 9 ,assyria4 ,prop] names comp\nd$ ) ,dagan d n occur aft] ! days ( ,a%urnasirbal4#bfc ,%ama%4 ,besides ! te/imony furni%$ by ! "n ( ! k+1 ,samsi-,ramman1 we h a pro( = ! antiquity ( ! ,%ama% cult 9 ,assyria 9 ! express /atem5t ( ,pudilu 7c4 #acej ,b4,c47 t he built a temple to ! sun-god 9 ! city ( ,a%ur4 ,he calls ,%ama% ! 'protect+ deity1' b ! protection v\*saf$ by ,%ama% is to be und]/ood 9 a peculi> s5se4 ,%ama% does n "w by caprice4 ,he is1 z we h se51 preem95tly a god ( ju/ice1 ^: favors are be/[$ 9 accordance ) un*angeable pr9ciples4 ,s f> z ,assyria is conc]n$1 ! conceptions reg>d+ ,%ama% rea* a high] e?ical level ?an ^? connect$ ) any o!r deity4 ,a%ur & ,i%t> are p>tial to ,assyria1 & uphold h] rul]s at any co/1 b ! favors ( ,%ama% are be/[$ ^u ! k+s because ( _! righte\sness1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 because ( _! claim to be+ righte\s4 ,= ,tigla?piles] ,i41 great & ru?less w>rior z he is1 ,%ama% is ! judge ( heav5 & e>?1 :o sees ! wick$ness ( ! k+'s enemies1 & %att]s !m because ( _! guilt4 ,:5 ! k+ m]cifully sets c]ta9 captives free1 x is 9 ! pres5ce ( ,%ama% t he p]=ms ?is act4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z ! advocate ( ! righte\s cause t ,tigla?piles] claims to h receiv$ ! glori\s sceptre at ! h&s ( ,%ama%2 & s also = ! successors ( ,tigla?piles]1 d[n to ! days ( ,s>gon1 ,%ama% is above all & fir/ ( all ! judge1 bo? ( m5 & ( ! gods4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no?+ new 9 ?is view ( ,%ama%1 :i* is precisely ! "o develop$ 9 ,babylonia2 b 9 ,assyria1 p]haps = ! reason t 9 ,%ama% is conc5trat$ almo/ all ( ! e?ical in/9ct ( ! nor!rn p1 ! judicial traits ( ,%ama% appe> to be ev5 m /rongly emphasiz$4 ,especially 9 ! days ( ,a%urnasirbal & ,%almanes] ,,ii4--! n9? c5tury--does ! sun-cult receive great prom95ce4 ,^! k+s call !mselves ! sun ( ! _w4 ,! phrase1#bfd inde$1 has s di/9ctly an ,egyptian flavor1 t1 9 connection ) o!r consid]ations1 x seems q plausible to assume t ! influ5ce ( ,egyptian rev]5ce = ,ra _h mu* to d ) ! popul>ity ( ! sun-cult ab\t ?is "t4 ,%almanes] be/[s num]\s epi!ts ^u ,%ama%4 ,he is ! guide ( ev]y?+1 ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 ! h]o1 ! judge ( ! _w :o guides mank9d aright1 &1 :at is mo/ significant1 ! "l ( law4 ,! ^w us$ = law1 t]tu1 is id5tical ) ! ,hebrew t]m tora t is us$ to designate ! ,p5tateu*al legislation4 ,no bett] te/imony c\ld be desir$ to %[ ! nature ( ! conceptions t mu/ h be5 curr5t ( ,%ama%4 ,s>gon1 aga91 :o is fond ( emphasiz+ ! j pr9ciples t inspire 8 acts1 goes to ! l5g? ( build+ a sanctu>y#bfe = ,%ama% f> beyond ! nor!rn limits ( ,assyria4 ,b ! k+s1 9 ?us plac+ !mselves "u ! protection ( ! great judge1 7 n oblivi\s to ! fact t ?is protection 0 p>ticul>ly desir$ on ! battlefield4 ,w> be+ upp]mo/ 9 _! ?\ghts1 ! o!r side ( ,%ama%'s nature--8 p[] & viol5ce--0 n ov]look$4 ,tigla?piles] invokes him also z ! w>rior1--a title t is (t5 giv5 to ,%ama% 9 ! religi\s lit]ature4 ,!re c be little d\bt t a nation ( w>riors ^: *ief deities 7 gods ( w>1 0 attract$ to ,%ama% n m]ely because he 0 ! judge ( all ?+s1 b also1 & 9 a l>ge degree1 because he possess$ "s ( ! traits t di/+ui%$ ,a%ur & ,i%t>4 ,ramman4 ,! association ( ,ramman ) ,%ama% 9 ! "n ( ! old rul] ( ,assyria1 ,samsi-,ramman1 is n accid5tal or due to m]e caprice4 ,only su* deities are comb9$ 9 prop] names t are1 or may be1 correlat$ to "o ano!r4 ,ramman1 z ! god ( /orms1 is naturally view$ z a p[] complem5t>y to ! great orb ( light4#bff ,! two 9 comb9ation1 view$ z ! b5efic5t & ! de/ructive p[]1 con/itute ! mo/ p[]ful elem5ts ( nature1 ^: good w x 0 mo/ important1 especially = a nation ( w>riors1 to secure4 ,"s su* ?\ght surely und]lies ?is association ( ,%ama% ) ,ramman4 ,! ,assyrian ,ramman diff]s 9 no way f ! ,ramman ( ,babylonia1 b he is mu* m popul> 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,! popul>ity ( ! god is b a reflection ( ! delight t ! ,assyrians took 9 milit>y pursuits4 ,ramman is h>dly any?+ m ?an ano!r ,a%ur4 ,tigla?piles] ,i41 :o once calls ! god ,m>-tu1 i4e41 ! ,we/ god1#bfg has left u an admirable description ( him4 ,he is ! h]o :o floods ! l&s & h\ses ( ! c\ntry's enemies4 ,! approa* ( ! ,assyrian troops is comp>$ to an onslaught ( ,ramman4 ,8 curses are ! mo/ dreadful t c befall a nation or an individual1 = 8 in/rum5ts ( de/ruction are lightn+1 hung]1 & dea?4 ,ref]5ce has sev]al times be5 made to ! mann] 9 :i* ,tigla?piles] honors ,ramman by mak+ him a p>tn] ( ,anu 9 ! great temple ( ! latt] at ,a%ur4 ,b ! successors ( ,tigla?piles] are no less zeal\s 9 _! rev]5ce = ,ramman4 ,x is to ,ramman t ! k+s (f] sacrifices dur+ ! campaign1 & :5 !y wi% to depict 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ! de/ruction t foll[s 9 ! wake ( an onslaught ( ! ,assyrian troops1 !y decl>e t !y swept ov] ev]y?+ l ,ramman4 ,x is natural1 9 view ( ?is1 t ,ramman %\ld h be5 to ! ,assyrians also ! 'mightie/ ( ! gods4'#bfh ,?r\gh ! ,assyrian inscriptions we le>n some?+ ( ! consort ( ,ramman4 ,%ala4 ,s5na*]ib tells u t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 campaign aga9/ ,babylonia he removes out ( ! city ( ,babylon1 & replaces 9 ,ekallate#bfi ! /atues ( ,ramman & ,%ala4 ,?is1 he says1 he did #dah ye>s aft] ! "t t !y _h be5 c>ri$ captive f ,ekallate to ,babylon by ,m>duknad9akhi4#bgj ,we "k no?+ m ( ?is ,ekallate except t x lay 9 ,assyria1--probably 9 ! s\!rn half1--& t ,ramman & ,%ala are call$ ! gods ( ! city4 ,! "n ',%ala' appe>s to signify 'woman4' ,x rem9ds u1 !re=e1 ( 'lady' 7,n9ni1 ,nana1 etc471 :i* we h f\nd to be ! designation = sev]al di/9ct goddesses4 ,x is possible t ,%ala1 likewise1 be+ a "n ( s indef9ite a "*1 0 appli$ to o!r goddesses4 ,a ',%ala ( ! m\nta9s1' :o is /at$ to be ! wife ( ,m>duk1 is m5tion$ 9 a li/ ( gods4#bga ,! wife ( ,bel1 too1 is once call$ ,%ala1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ! confusion betwe5 ,m>duk & ,bel may h l$ to transf]r+ ! "n f ! consort ( "o to ! consort ( ! o!r4 ,too mu* importance mu/ n be atta*$ to ! data furni%$ by ^! li/s ( gods4 ,!y repres5t 9 _m cases purely arbitr>y attempts to sy/ematize ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian pan!on1 & 9 o!r cases are valuable only z reflect+ ! views ( ! !ologians1 or r ( c]ta9 s*ools ( !ological ?\ght1 9 ,babylonia4 ,9 ! religi\s hymns1 too1 ! consort ( ,ramman f9ds m5tion1 & by a play ^u h] "n is describ$ z ! 'm]ciful "o4' ,! attribute giv5 to h] !re is ! 'lady ( ! field1' :i* puts h] 9 contra/ to ,ramman1 r ?an 9 p>tn]%ip ) him4 ,s9ce we he> little ( h] wor%ip 9 ,assyria1 beyond ! notices ( ,s5na*]ib1 we may conclude t1 l s _m goddesses1 ,%ala dw9dl$ to ! insignificant proportions ( a m]e pale reflection ( ! male deity4 ,n9-ib4 ,ano!r god1 :o by virtue ( 8 viol5t traits enjoys ! favor ( ! ,assyrian rul]s1 is ! old ,babylonian deity ^: "n is provisionally read ,n9-ib4 ,9 ! v fir/ m5tion ( him1 9 ! inscription ( ,a%urri%i%i 7c4 #aaej ,b4,c471 he is call$ ! 'mighty "o ( ! gods4' ,?r\gh ! protection ( ,n9-ib1 ,a%urri%i%i secures victory ov] 8 enemies on all sides4 ,simil>ly1 o!r ( ! ,assyrian rul]s emphasize ! /r5g? ( ,n9-ib4 ,tigla?piles] ,i4 calls him ! c\rage\s "o1 ^: special function is ! de/ruction ( ! k+'s enemies4 ,9 do+ s he becomes ! god ':o fulfills ! he>t's desire4' ,! unmi/akable "* ( ! god z a god ( w> is also %[n by 8 association ) ,a%ur4#bgb ,if ,a%ur is ! k+ ( ,igigi & ,anunnaki1 ,n9-ib is ! h]o ( ! heav5ly & e>?ly spirits4 ,to him ! rul]s fly = help4 ,( all ! k+s1 ,a%urnasirbal seems to h be5 especially devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,n9-ib4 ,! annals ( ?is k+1 in/ead ( beg9n+1 z is cu/om>y1 ) an invocation ( all or _m ( ! gods1 />ts out ) an address to ,n9-ib1 9 :i* ! k+ fairly exhau/s ! vocabul>y ( ! language 9 8 desire to secure ! favor ( ?is p[]ful deity4 ,almo/ all ! attributes he assigns to him h ref]5ce to ! god's p[]s 9 w>4 ,dwell+ 9 ! capital ,calah1 he is '! /rong1 ! mighty1 ! supreme "o1' ! p]fect h]o1 :o is inv9cible 9 battle1 ! 'de/roy] ( all opposition1 :o holds ! lock ( heav5 & e>?1 :o op5s ! deep2 ! /rong "o1 end[$ ) y\?ful vigor1 ^: decree is un*angeable1 )\t :om no decision is made 9 heav5 or on e>?1 ^: attack is l a flood1 :o sweeps away ! l& ( 8 enemies1' & s =?1 ?r\gh a bewild]+ array ( epi!ts4 ,! inscriptions ( ! ,assyrian k+s1 especially 9 ! introductions1 manife/ little orig9ality4 ,"o k+1 or r 8 scribe1 frequ5tly copies f e>li] productions1 or imitates !m4 ,h5ce1 x happ5s t ! gr&son ( ,a%urnasirbal1 ,%am%i-,ramman 7c4 #hbe-hab ,b4,c471 furni%es u ) an almo/ equally long array ( epi!ts1 exalt+ ! /r5g? & t]ror ( ,n9-ib4 ,l ,a%urnasirbal1 he decl>$ himself to h be5 *os5 by ?is god to occupy ! ?rone4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two li/s makes x evid5t t ! lat] "o is model$ ^u ! e>li] production4 ,! conclusion is ju/ifi$ t 9 ! c5tury cov]$ by ! reigns ( ,a%urnasirbal#bgc & ,%am%i-,ramman1 ! cult ( ,n9-ib mu/ h acquir$ great popul>ity1 ?\gh suff]+1 p]haps1 an int]ruption dur+ ! reign ( ,%almanes] ,,ii41--midway betwe5 ^! two k+s1--^: favorite we h se5 0 ,%ama%4 ,! great temple ( ,n9-ib /ood 9 ,calah1 :i* ,a%urnasirbal *ose z 8 (ficial resid5ce1 & x 0 9 ?is temple t ! k+ deposit$ a long inscription commemorat+ 8 de$s4 ,9 ! temple1 he also places a colossal /atue ( ! god4 ,^u ! completion ( ! edifice1 he d$icates x ) pray] & sacrifices4 ,! special fe/ivals ( ! god are fix$ = ! mon?s ( ,%abat & ,ulul1--! elev5? & six? mon?s1--& provision is made = ! regul> ma9t5ance ( ! cult4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 n be suppos$ t1 because ,n9-ib appe>s to be a favorite ( ! k+1 ! latt] conc5trates 8 att5tions ^u ?is god4 ,he appe>s to h be5 specially fond ( temple build+1 &1 besides ! "o to ,n9-ib1 he tells u ( sanctu>ies to ',belit ( ! l&1' i4e41 ,i%t>1#bgd ,s91 ,gula1 ,ea1 & ,ramman1--t he erects or improves4 ,"o might be l$ to reg>d x z /range t a god l ,n9-ib1 or ,%ama%1 %\ld claim s l>ge a %>e ( ! att5tion ( ! ,assyrian rul]s1 to ! app>5t neglect ( ,a%ur1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! position ( ,a%ur 0 s assur$ z to be beyond ! rea* ( rivalry4 ,! fact also t ,a%ur's popul> symbol 0 ! movable /&>d 0 no d\bt a reason :y s few temples 7 erect$ to him4 ,he did n /& 9 ne$ ( temples4 ,= ! v reason t ,a%ur 0 ! univ]sally ackn[l$g$ ma/] ( ev]y?+1 ! k+s felt call$ ^u to *oose1 by ! side ( ,a%ur1 "s additional deity1--a patron "u ^: special protection !y plac$ !mselves4 ,! natural desire = novelty--toge!r ) o!r circum/ances t escape u--l$ "o to *oose ,ramman1 ano!r ,n9-ib1 a ?ird ,%ama%1 & a f\r?1 z we %all see1 ,nabu4 ,9 do+ s !y 7 n consci\s ( any lack ( respect t[>ds ,a%ur1 ( ^: good w !y always felt c]ta94 ,besides ! s]vice r5d]$ by ,n9-ib 9 w>1 8 aid 0 also invok$ by ! k+s 9 _! recreations1 :i* p>took ( ! same viol5t "* z _! vocation4 ,_! favorite sport 0 hunt+1 especially ( lions1 wild horses1 elephants1 /ags1 bo>s1 & bulls4 ,!y ei!r proce$$ to di/ricts :]e ^! animals 7 to be f\nd1 or !y _h l>ge p>ks laid out ne> _! resid5ces1 :i* 7 !n /ock$ ) mat]ial = ! *ase4 ,a%urnasirbal does n %un a long j\rney to di/ant m\nta9\s regions to seek = sport1 & x is ,n9-ib :om he invokes1 toge!r ) ,n]gal4 ,^! two1 he decl>es1 :o1 l ,a%ur & ,i%t>1 love 8 prie/hood1 are ! ones t convey into 8 h&s ! hunt+ spoils4 ,tigla?piles] ,i4 0 especially fond ( lion & elephant hunt+4 ,he decl>es t on "o occasion he kill$ #aj elephants & #ibj lions 9 v>i\s p>ts ( nor?we/]n ,mesopotamia2 & he ascribes 8 success to ,n9-ib1 :o loves him1 & :o1 aga91 9 association ) ,n]gal1 & ,a%ur1 has plac$ 9 ! k+'s h&s ! mighty weapons & ! glori\s b[4 ,aft] ! days ( ,%am%i-,ramman we he> ( ,n9-ib *iefly 9 ! =mal li/s ( gods :i* ! lat] k+s ( ,assyria1 f ,s>gon#bge on1 are fond ( plac+ at ! beg9n+ & end ( _! inscriptions4 ,^! li/s1 aga91 copi$ ! "o f ! o!r1 are ( value only z indicat+ ! *ief gods ( ! pan!on1 b w>rant no conclusions z to ! activity reign+ 9 ! cults ( ! gods !re m5tion$4 ,be=e leav+ ,n9-ib a few words ne$ be said z to 8 relations to ! o!r gods4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! pan!on be=e ,hammurabi1#bgf ! id5tity ( ,n9-ib ) ! *ief god ( ,gudea's di/rict1 ,n9-girsu1 has be5 po9t$ out4 ,! sol> "* ( ! latt] be+ cle>1 x foll[s t ,n9-ib1 too1 is orig9ally a p]sonification ( ! sun1 l ,n9-gi%-zida & ,n9-%akh1 ^: roles are absorb$ by ,n9-ib4#bgg ,?is has long be5 recogniz$1 b x is ! m]it ( ,j5s5#bgh to h demon/rat$ t x is ! ea/ sun & ! morn+ sun :i* is m especially repres5t$ by ,n9-ib4 ,on ?is supposition1 "s ( ! titles giv5 to him 9 ! inscriptions ( ,a%urnasirbal & ,%am%i-,ramman become p]fectly cle>4 ,l ,m>duk1 :o1 x w be rememb]$1 is also orig9ally a phase ( ! sol> deity1 ,n9-ib is call$ ! fir/-born ( ,ea2 & z ! ris+ sun he is appropriately call$ ! (fspr+ ( ,ekur1--i4e41 ! e>?1--9 allusion to 8 app>5t asc5t f a place bel[ ! e>?4 ,ekur & ,e%>a be+ employ$ z synonyms1 ,%am%i-,ramman replaces ,ekur by ,e%>a1 & s9ce ,bel is ! "l ( ,ekur-,e%>a1 ,n9-ib also becomes ! fir/-born son ( ,bel4 ,o!r epi!ts1 su* z '! light ( heav5 & e>?1' '! "o :o pursues 8 pa? ov] ! wide _w1'#bgi are all 9 keep+ ) ! sol> "* ( ! deity1 & date1 !re=e1 f a p]iod :5 ! m purely 'nature' phases ( ! god 7 dwelt ^u4 ,b j z 9 ! case ( ,%ama% & ,n]gal 7also1 z we h se51 a sol> deity71 s 9 t ( ,n9-ib1 ! viol5t1 fi]y1 & de/ructive "* t ! sun has 9 a climate l t ( ,babylonia br\ght x ab\t t ,n9-ib 0 view$ z a de/ructive =ce1 ^: assi/ance 0 ( great value 9 milit>y /rife4 ,he becomes ! god ( ! cl\d /orm1 be=e :om1 z he passes along1 heav5 & e>? tremble4 ,by 8 /rong weapon he humiliates ! disob$i5t1 de/roys ! enemies ( ! k+s1 & grants all mann] ( protection to 8 favorites4 ,only 9 ! religi\s lit]ature are o!r qualities dwelt ^u1 su* z 8 'hol9ess4'#bhj ,= ,hammurabi1 x w be recall$1 ,n9-ib is already ! god ( w>1 & x is natural t 9 a c\ntry l ,assyria ?is side ( ! god's nature %\ld become acc5tuat$ to ! po9t ( obscur+ all o!rs1 until no?+ m is left ( 8 sol> "* ?an is indicat$ by /ray bits ( my?ological phrases1 p]haps only half und]/ood1 & introduc$ to add to ! impos+ array ( epi!ts t belong to ! t]rible god ( w>4 ,z ! consort ( ,n9-ib1 ! ,assyrians recogniz$ ,gula4 ,%e is only occasionally invok$ by ! ,assyrian rul]s4 ,a sanctu>y to ,gula1 z ! consort ( ,n9-ib1 is erect$ by ,a%urnasirbal1 & a fe/ival 9 honor ( ! goddess is ref]r$ to by ,a%urbanabal4 ,n]gal4 ,n]gal n only %>es ) ,n9-ib1 z already m5tion$1 ! honor ( be+ ! god "u ^: auspices ! royal *ase is c>ri$ on1 b he is also1 l ,n9-ib1 invok$ 9 t o!r sport ( :i* ! ,assyrian rul]s 7 s fond1--w>4 ,he is sc>cely diff]5tiat$ f ,n9-ib4 ,l ! latt] he is ! p]fect k+ ( battle1 :o m>*es be=e ! mon>* toge!r ) ,a%ur1 & he is pictur$ z c>ry+ ! mighty weapons :i* ,a%ur has pres5t$ to ! k+4 ,9 an inscription ( ,%almanes] ,,ii4#bha !re is an int]e/+ ref]5ce to ! city sacr$ to ,n]gal--,cu?ah4 ,! k+1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( 8 campaign aga9/ ,babylonia rea*es ,cu?ah1 br+s sacrifices to ,n]gal1 :om he speaks ( z '! h]o ( ! gods1 ! supreme rag+ sun4' ,a lat] k+1 ,s>gon1 also honors ! god by giv+ a =tress 9 ! di/ant l& ( ,nairi1 to ! nor!a/ ( ,assyria1 ! "n ( ,k>#bhb-,n]gal4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,s>gon1 a revival ( ! ,n]gal cult took place4 ,8 successor1 ,s5na*]ib1 erects a temple 9 honor ( ! god at ,t>bisu1 a suburb to ! nor? ( ,n9eveh prop]1 & ,a%urbanabal1 :o dwells at ,t>bisu = a :ile1 is engag$ 9 add+ to ! beauty ( ! edifice1--an indication ( ! honor 9 :i* ! god cont9u$ to be held4 ,n]gal's consort is ,laz1 b %e is n ref]r$ to by ! ,assyrian rul]s4 ,s94 ,! old ,babylonian moon-god plays a comp>atively insignificant role 9 ,assyria4 ,a%urnasirbal speaks ( a temple t he f\nd$ 9 ,calah--p]haps only a *apel--9 honor ( ,s94 ,x c\ld n h be5 ( mu* importance1 = we le>n no?+ fur!r ab\t x4 ,s>gon1 too1 :o manife/s a great fondness = reviv+ anci5t cults1 erects sanctu>ies to ,s9 along ) a quantity ( o!r gods 9 8 (ficial resid5ce at ,khorsabad & beyond ! nor!a/]n conf9es ( ,assyria at ,magganubba4 ,b :5 invok$ by ! k+s1 ,s9 %[s traces ( ! influ5ce :i* ! conceptions curr5t ab\t ,a%ur ex]t$ ^u 8 fell[ deities4 ,he takes on1 z o!r ( ! gods1 ! attributes ( ! w>-god4 ,in/ead ( be+ m]ely ! "l ( ! cresc5t1 z 9 ,babylonia1 & "o ( ! s\rces ( wisdom because ( ! connection ( a/rology ) lun> obs]vations1 he is pictur$ z capable ( inspir+ t]ror4 ,at ! same "t he is also ! "l ( pl5ty1 & 9 8 capacity z ! wise god he is reg>d$ z ! "l ( decisions4 ,b by ! side ( new epi!ts t are atta*$ to him 9 ! ,assyrian inscriptions1 !re is "o :i*1 j z 9 ! case ( ,n9-ib1 connects ! ,assyrian ,s9 cult ) ! olde/ phase ( moon-wor%ip 9 ! s\?4 ,x is "o ( ! la/ k+s ( ,assyria1 ,a%urbanabal1 :o calls ,s9 '! fir/born son ( ,bel4' ,he appe>s 9 ?is relation%ip to ,bel 9 ! religi\s texts ( ,babylonia4 ,! ,bel "h meant c only be ! great god ( ,nippur1 & ! title 'son ( ,bel' accord+ly %[s t ! moon-wor%ip ( ,assyria is ultimately d]iv$ f t :i* _h its seat 9 ! s\?4 ,s9's second>y position is indicat$ by mak+ him a son ( ,bel4 ,! rise ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy 9 connection ) a/rology1 01 z already sugge/$1 an important factor 9 spread+ & ma9ta9+ ! ,s9 cult 9 ! s\?1 :ile ! lack ( intellectual orig9ality 9 ,assyria w\ld equally acc\nt = ! comp>atively subord9ate position occupi$ by ,s9 9 ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,nusku4 ,t ,nusku is a ,babylonian god1 m]it+ a place 9 ! pan!on ( ,hammurabi1 if n ( ! days prior to ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates1 is %[n by ! fact 7#a7 t he _h a %r9e 9 ! great temple ( ,m>duk at ,babylon1 along ) ,nebo1 ,ta%miyum1 & ,ea2#bhc & 7#b7 t he appe>s 9 ! religi\s texts4 ,9 view ( ?is x might appe> /range t we f9d no ref]5ce to ! god 9 hi/orical texts till we rea* ! ,assyrian p]iod4 ,! reason1 or at lea/ "o reason1 is t ,nusku is on ! "o h& amalgamat$ ) ,gibil1 ! fire-god1 & on ! o!r id5tifi$ ) ,nabu4 ,! comp\nd ideogram ) :i* 8 "n is writt5 includes ! same sign--! /ylus or sceptre--t is us$ to designate ,nabu1 ! second "p ( ! ideogram add+ ! idea ( '=ce & /r5g?4' ,:e!r ?is graphical assimilation is to be reg>d$ z a factor 9 br++ ab\t ! id5tification ( ,nusku & ,nabu1 or is due to an orig9al simil>ity 9 ! traits ( ! two gods1 x is difficult to say4 ,h>dly ! latt]1 = ,nusku is a sol> deity1 :]eas1 z we h tri$ to %[1 ,nabu is orig9ally a wat]-deity4#bhd ,b h[ev] we may *oose to acc\nt = x1 ! prom95ce ( ,nusku is obscur$ by ,nabu4 ,z a sol> deity1 x is easy to see h[ he %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a phase ( ! fire-god1 & if ! v>i\s o!r sol> deities 7 n s reg>d$1 x is because 9 ! c\rse ( _! developm5t !y 7 clo!d ) o!r attributes t1 :ile obscur+ _! orig91 sav$ !m f ! loss ( _! id5tity4 ,ap>t f ! =mal li/s ( gods drawn up by ,s>gon & 8 successors1 ,%almanes] ,,ii4 & ,a%urbanabal are ! only k+s :o make special m5tion ( ,nusku4 ,! =m] calls him ! be>] ( ! brilliant sceptre1 j z ,nabu is s call$2 & aga91 j z ,nabu1 he is t]m$ ! wise god4 ,! two phases ( ! ideogram us$ 9 8 "n--! sceptre & ! /ylus--are ?us unit$ 9 ! p]sonage ( ,nusku precisely z 9 ,nabu4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,a%urbanabal speaks ( him reflects ! my?ological aspect ( ,nusku4 ,9 ! religi\s lit]ature ,nusku is ! mess5g] ( ,bel-,m>duk1 :o conveys ! message ( ! latt] to ,ea4 ,f be+ ! mess5g] ( ,bel1 he comes to be view$ z ! mess5g] ( ! gods 9 g5]al1 & accord+ly ,a%urbanabal addresses him z '! highly honor$ mess5g] ( ! gods1' b1 comb9+ ) ! my?ological ! m reali/ic aspect ( ,nusku1 ref]s to him also z ! "o :o glorifies sov]eignty & :o1 at ! comm& ( ,a%ur & ,belit1 /&s at ! k+'s side to aid 9 br++ ! enemies to fall4 ,z = ! fire-god ,gibil1 ) :om ,nusku is id5tifi$1 we h m]ely a ref]5ce to a mon? ( ! ye> sacr$ to ! s]vant ( ,gibil 9 a passage ( ! inscriptions ( ,s>gon4#bhe ,bel-,m>duk4 ,f ! "t t ! ,assyrian rul]s claim$ a great] or small measure ( control ov] ! affairs ( ,babylonia1 t is1 !re=e1 f ab\t ! twelf? c5tury1 !y 7 anxi\s to make good _! claim by includ+ 9 _! pan!on ! *ief god ( ,babylonia4 ,! ,assyrian inscriptions prove t1 z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury1 ! !oretical absorption on ! "p ( ,m>duk1 ( ! role tak5 by ! old god ,bel ( ,nippur1 :i* 0 enl>g$ ^u 9 a prec$+ *apt]1#bhf _h already tak5 place4 ,m>duk is n only frequ5tly kn[n z ,bel1 b :at is m1 ,babylonia is ! c\ntry ( ,bel1 or simply ,bel1 & ! ,babylonians are ref]r$ to z '! subjects ( ,bel1' or ! 'humanity ( ,bel4' ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 all ^! cases ,bel-,m>duk is meant & n ! old] ,bel4 ,9 ! days ( ,a%urri%i%i we already come across ! title 'gov]nor ( ,bel1' t to ! late/ days rema9s ! (ficial designation = political control ov] ! s\!rn empire4 ,s g5]al is ?is use ( ,bel = ,m>duk t ! latt] "n does n occur until we rea* ,%almanes] ,,ii41 i4e41 ! n9? c5tury4 ,!re seems to be no reason to "q1 !re=e1 t ev5 :5 ,tigla?piles] ,i4 applies to ,bel titles t c]ta9ly belong to ! old] ,bel1 su* z 'fa!r ( ! gods1' 'k+ ( all ! ,anunnaki1' ':o fixes ! decrees ( heav5 & e>?1' he means ,m>duk1 a pro( = :i* may be se5 9 ! epi!t bel matati1 '"l ( l&s1' :i* foll[s ^u ^! designations & :i*1 z we saw1 is a factor 9 ! evolution ( ,m>duk into ,bel-,m>duk4#bhg ,! importance t ,tigla?piles] ,i41 & !re=e also 8 successors1 atta*$ to _! control ov] ! old s\!rn di/rict1 is %[n by 8 accord+ to ,bel ! second place 9 ! pan!on1 invok+ him at ! beg9n+ ( 8 inscriptions imm$iately aft] ,a%ur4 ,! control ov] ,babylonia 0 an a*ievem5t t /irr$ ! pride ( ! ,assyrian rul]s to ! highe/ degree4 ,its age & its pa/ inspir$ respect4 ,besides be+ ! s\rce ( ! culture t ,assyria possess$1 ,babylonia _h sacr$ associations = ! ,assyrians1 z ! orig9al dwell+-places ( mo/ ( ! gods wor%ipp$ by !m4 ,! old sacr$ c5t]s l ,ur1 ,nippur1 ,uruk1 ,sipp>1 ) _! great temples1 _! elaborate cults1 _! great /oreh\ses ( religi\s lit]ature1 & _! great body ( influ5tial prie/s & !ologians & a/rolog]s 7 z de> to ! p ( ! nor? z to ^? ( ! s\?2 & 9 proportion z ^! old cities lo/ _! political importance1 _! rank z sacr$ c5t]s to :i* pilgrimages 7 made on ! occasion ( ! fe/ivals ( ! gods 0 correspond+ly rais$4 ,h5ce ! value t ! ,assyrian rul]s atta*$ to ! possession ( ,babylonia4 ,!y d n l to be rem9d$ t !y rule ! s\? by =ce ( arms4 ,!y pref]1 z ,tigla?piles] ,i4 decl>es1 to consid] !mselves 'nom9at$ by ! gods to rule ov] ! l& ( ,bel4' ,!y want to be reg>d$ z ! favorites ( ,bel1 & !y ascribe to him ! greatness ( _! rule4 ,x is he :o fulfills ! wi%es ( ! k+s2 & :5 ! k+s ent] ^u a campaign aga9/ ,babylonia1 z !y frequ5tly did to quell ! upris+s t 7 con/antly occurr+ 9 ! "o or ! o!r ( ! s\!rn di/ricts1 !y emphasize1 z ,%almanes] ,,ii4 does1 t he ent]s ^u ?is c\rse at ! comm& ( ,m>duk4 ,!y set !mselves up z ,m>duk's def5d]s1 & x mu/ be said = ! ,assyrian rul]s t !y 7 mild & sp>+ 9 _! treatm5t ( _! s\!rn subjects4 ,!y d n practise ^? cruelties--burn+ ( cities1 pillage1 & promiscu\s slaught]--t =m ! ma9 feature 9 _! campaigns aga9/ ! nations to ! nor!a/ & nor?we/1 & aga9/ ,elam4 ,!y accord to ! ,babylonians z mu* ( ! old indep5d5ce z 0 consi/5t ) an imp]ial policy4 ,! int]nal affairs cont9ue = a long "t to be regulat$ by rul]s :o are natives ( ,babylonia1 & x is n until a comp>atively late day--! "t ( ,s5na*]ib--t 9 consequ5ce ( ! endless tr\ble t ^! native rul]s gave ! ,assyrians ?r\gh _! con/ant attempt to make !mselves indep5d5t1 x became cu/om>y = ! ,assyrian k+s to appo9t a memb] ( ! royal h\se--a son or bro!r--to ! lieut5ancy ov] ,babylonia4 ,z = ! cult1 ! ,assyrian k+s 7 at great pa9s to leave x undi/urb$1 or :]e x _h be5 int]rupt$ to re/ore x1 & ?us secure ! favor ( ! s\!rn gods4 ,s ,%almanes] ,,ii4 ^u ! completion ( 8 campaign ent]s ,m>duk's great temple at ,babylon1 ,e-sagila1 & (f]s pray]s & sacrifices to ,bel & ,belit1 i4e41 ,m>duk & ,s>panitum4 ,f ,e-sagila he crosses ov] to ,borsippa1 & pays homage to ,nabu & to ,nabu's consort1 :om he calls ,nana4#bhh ,! k+s are fond1 especially :5 speak+ ( ! ,babylonian campaigns1 ( slipp+ 9 ! "n ( ,m>duk aft] t ( ,a%ur4 ,) ! help ( ,a%ur & ,m>duk _! troops are victori\s4 ,m>duk %>es ,a%ur's t]rible maje/y4 ,at times ,%ama%1 or ,%ama% & ,ramman1 are add$ to =m a little pan!on ^: assi/ance is invok$ 9 ! ,babylonian w>s4 ,f be+ us$ 9 re/rict$ application to ,babylonian affairs1 ,a%ur & ,m>duk came to be invok$ 9 a g5]al way4 ,es>haddon expressly sets up ! claim ( be+ ! savior ( ,m>duk's honor1 z a k9d ( apology = proce$+ aga9/ ,babylonia ) 8 armies4 ,s>gon1 to emphasize 8 legitimate control ov] ,babylonia z well z ,assyria1 says t he has be5 call$ to ! ?rone by ,a%ur & ,m>duk1 b ,a%urbanabal goes fur!r ev5 ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he proce$s to ,babylon on ! occasion ( ! =mal in/allation ( 8 bro!r ,%ama%-%umuk9 z vic]oy ( ! di/rict1 ent]s ! temple ( ,m>duk1 :om he does n hesitate to call '! "l ( lords1' p]=ms ! cu/om>y rites1 & closes ! c]emonies by a f]v5t pray] to ,m>duk = 8 cont9u$ good w & bless+4#bhi ,! great gods ,n]gal1 ,nabu1 & ,%ama% come f _! respective %r9es to d homage to ,m>duk4 ,a%urbanabal's bro!r ,%ama%-%umuk91 :5 he attempts z gov]nor ( ,babylon to make himself indep5d5t ( 8 bro!r1 endeavors by means ( sacrifices & o!r devices to secure ! favor ( ,m>duk1 well aw>e t 9 ?is way he w also ga9 ! support ( ! ,babylonians4 ,on ano!r occasion1 incid5tal to a nor!rn campaign1 ,a%urbanabal m5tions t ! day on :i* he broke up camp at ,damascus 0 ! fe/ival ( ,m>duk1--an indication t ! ,babylonian god 0 9 8 ?\ghts1 ev5 :5 he himself 0 f> away f ,babylonia4 ,es>haddon & ,a%urbanabal1 :5 approa*+ ! sun-god to obta9 an oracle1 make m5tion ( ,m>duk by ! side ( ,%ama%4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( passages 9 ! ,assyrian inscriptions 9 :i* :5 ,bel is spok5 (1 n ,m>duk b ! old god ,bel is meant4 ,bel4 ,tigla?piles] ,i4 tells u t he rebuilt a temple to ,bel 9 ! city ( ,a%ur1 & he qualifies ! "n ( ! god by add+ ! ^w 'old' to x4 ,9 ?is way he evid5tly di/+ui%$ ! god ( ,nippur f ,bel-,m>duk1 simil>ly z ,hammurabi 9 "o place adds ,dagan to ,bel1#bij to make x p]fectly cle> :at god he meant4 ,aga91 x is ,s>gon :o 9 consi/5t accord ) 8 fondness = display+ 8 ar*aeological ta/es1 introduces ,bel1 ! 'great m\nta91' '! "l ( c\ntries1' :o dwells 9 ,e-kh>-sag-kurkura1 i4e41 ! sacr$ m\nta9 on :i* ! gods are born1 z p>ticipat+ 9 ! fe/ival t takes place ^u ! d$ication ( ! k+'s palace 9 ,khorsabad4 ,! titles us$ by ! k+ are applicable only to ! old ,bel1 b :e!r he or 8 scribes 7 fully consci\s ( a diff]5tiation betwe5 ,bel & ,bel-,m>duk1 x is difficult to say4 ,bel is introduc$ 9 ! inscription 9 "q#bia imm$iately aft] ,a%ur1 & "o is !re=e incl9$ to suspect t ,s>gon's ar*aeological k fails him at ?is po9t 9 speak+ ( ! old ,bel1 :]eas he really meant to invoke ! protection ( ,bel-,m>duk z ! *ief god ( 8 mo/ important possession next to ,assyria4#bib ,besides ?is1 ! old ,bel is ( c\rse meant1 :5 associat$ ) ,anu1 z ! p[]s t1 toge!r ) ,belit1 grant victory1#bic or z a memb] ( ! old triad1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 ^: m5tion we h se5 is z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,assyrian inscriptions z ( ! ,babylonian4 ,la/ly1 ,s>gon calls "o ( ! gates ( 8 palace aft] ,bel1 :om he designates z ! "o :o lays ! f\ndation ( all ?+s4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 ! old ,bel is meant4 ,belit4 ,9 ! case ( ,belit a curi\s species ( confusion confronts u 9 ! ,assyrian inscriptions4 ,at times ,belit appe>s z ! wife ( ,bel1 aga9 z ! consort ( ,a%ur1 aga9 z ! consort ( ,ea1 & aga9 simply z a designation ( ,i%t>4#bid ,to acc\nt = ?is we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 t j z ,bel 9 ! s5se ( "l came to be appli$ m]ely z a title ( ! *ief god ( ,babylonia1 s ,belit z 'lady' 0 us$ 9 ,assyria to designate ! *ief goddess4 ,?is 01 z ! case may be1 ei!r ,i%t> or ! pale 'reflection' associat$ ) ,a%ur z 8 consort4 ,n[ ?is ,belit1 z ! wife ( ,a%ur1 absorbs ! qualities t di/+ui% ,belit1 ! wife ( ,bel-,m>duk4 ,! temple 9 ! city ( ,a%ur1 :i* ,tigla?piles] ,i4#bie enri*es ) pres5ts consi/+ ( ! images ( ! deities vanqui%$ by ! k+1 may 9 reality h be5 sacr$ to ! ,belit ( ,babylonia1 b ,tigla?piles]1 = :om ,bel becomes m]ely a designation ( ,m>duk1 does n feel call$ ^u to pay 8 devotions to ! ,babylonian ,s>panitum1 & s conv]ts ! old ,belit into '! l(ty wife1 belov$ ( ,a%ur4' ,s>gon1 on ! o!r h&1 :o calls "o ( ! gates ( 8 palace ,belit ilani 'mi/ress ( ! gods1' seems to mean by ?is1 ! consort ( ,ea4#bif ,simil>ly1 ,a%urbanabal reg>ds ,belit z ! wife ( ,a%ur1 & himself z ! (fspr+ ( ,a%ur & ,belit4 ,at ! same "t he gives to ?is ,belit ! title ( '"m ( great gods1' :i* ( "r belongs to ! consort ( ! ,babylonian ,bel4 ,9 ! full pan!on z enum]at$ by him1 ,belit occupies a place imm$iately beh9d h] consort ,a%ur4 ,a%urbanabal1 h[ev]1 goes /ill fur!r1 &1 influ5c$ by ! title ( ',belit' z appli$ to ,i%t>1 makes ! latt] ! consort ( ,a%ur4 ,?is at lea/ is ! case 9 an inscription f ! temple ( ,belit at ,n9eveh1#big kn[n z ,e-ma%-ma%1 & 9 :i* ,a%urbanabal alt]nately addresses ! goddess z ,belit & z ,i%t>1 :ile else:]e#bih ?is same ,belit1 ^: seat is 9 ,e-ma%-ma%1 is t]m$ ! consort ( ,a%ur4 ,h[ ,a%urbanabal or 8 scribes came to ?is confus+ id5tification we ne$ n /op to inquire4 ,9 "p1 no d\bt1 x 0 due to ! g5]al s5se ( 'goddess1' :i* ,i%t> began to acquire 9 8 days4#bii ,at all ev5ts1 ,a%urbanabal's conception m>ks a contra/ to ! proc$ure ( ,%almanes] ,,ii41 :o correctly id5tifies ! "m ( ! great gods ) ! wife ( ,bel4#cjj ,on ! o!r h&1 ! confusion t took place 9 ,a%urbanabal's days is =e%ad[$ by ! title ( ',belit mati1' i4e41 'mi/ress ( ! l&1' by :i* ,a%urbanabal appe>s to designate "s o!r ?an ,i%t>4#cja ,la/ly1 x is int]e/+ to note t ,a%urbanabal recognizes by ! side ( ,belit-,i%t>1 ! wife ( ,a%ur1 ! old] ,belit1 ! wife ( ! ,bel ( ,nippur1 to :om1 9 association ) ,anu & ,bel1 he attributes 8 victory ov] ! ,arabs4#cjb ,s>panitum4 ,! consort ( ,m>duk is only incid5tally ref]r$ to3 once by ,s>gon1#cjc :o gr\ps ,bel ) ,s>panitum & ,nabu & ,ta%mitum1 at ! head ( ! gods ( ,babylonia2 & simil>ly by ,tigla?piles] ,,iii41 on ! occasion ( 8 enum]at+ ! *ief gods ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,nabu4 ,! intimate association ( ,nabu ) ,m>duk 9 ! city ( ,babylon leads z a natural consequ5ce to a simil> association 9 ,assyria1 :5 once ! ,m>duk cult _h = political reasons become e/abli%$ 9 ! nor?4 ,! k+s invoke ! favor ( ,bel 7mean+ ,m>duk7 & ,nabu1 especially :5 deal+ ) ! affairs ( ,babylonia1#cjd z !y invoke ,a%ur & ,i%t>4 ,j z we h c]ta9 k+s devot$ to ,n9-ib & ,%ama% by ! side ( ,a%ur1 s !re are o!rs ^: special favorite is ,nabu4 ,9 ! days ( ,ramman-nir>i ,,iii4 7#hab-ghc ,b4,c47 ! ,nabu cult rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( popul>ity 9 ,assyria4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! k+ speaks ( ! god1 "o might draw ! conclusion t he attempt$ to conc5trate ! :ole ,assyrian cult ^u t god alone4 ,he erects a temple to ! god at ,calah1 & ov]:elms ! deity ) a great array ( titles4 ,! d$icatory inscription :i* ! k+ places on a /atue ( ,nebo closes ) ! significant words1 ',o ,po/]ity6 tru/ 9 ,nabu4 ,tru/ 9 no o!r god4'#cje ,/ill we mu/ n press su* phrases too h>d4 ,ramman-nir>i ,,iii4 _h no int5tion ( suppress+ ,a%ur wor%ip1 = he m5tions ! god else:]e1 & assigns to him ! same rank z ! o!r k+s d1 b s mu* we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 t next to ,a%ur & ,i%t> he feels mo/ /rongly atta*$ to ,nabu4 ,t ! ,babylonian ,nabu is meant1 is cle> f su* designations z '! (fspr+ ( ,e-sagila1 ! favorite ( ,bel1' 'he :o dwells at ,e-zida1' :i* appe> among ! epi!ts be/[$ ^u ! god2 & ! temple 9 ,calah1 :i* "o ( ! la/ k+s ( ,assyria1 ,a%uretililani1#cjf is engag$ 9 improv+1 be>s ! same "n ,e-zida1 z ,nabu's great temple at ,borsippa4 ,we h already set =? ! reasons#cjg = ! popul>ity ( ! ,nabu cult 9 ,assyria4 ,suffice x to recall t ! peculi> "* ( ! god z ! patron ( wisdom plac$ him beyond ! rea* ( any jeal\sy on ! "p ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! pan!on4 ,s ,ramman-nir>i ,,iii4 extols ,nabu z ! protector ( ! arts1 ! all-wise :o guides ! /ylus ( ! scribe1 & ! possessor ( wisdom 9 g5]al4 ,he is n m]ely ! orig9ator ( writ+1 b ! s\rce ( all wisdom1 & = ?is reason he is spok5 ( z ! son ( ,ea4 ,attributes ( m]e brutal =ce are r>ely assign$ to ,nabu1 b z befits a god ( wisdom1 m]cy1 nobility1 & maje/y con/itute 8 *ief attractions4 ,by virtue ( 8 wisdom1 ,s>gon calls him '! cle> se] :o guides all ! gods1' & :5 ! la/ k+ ( ,assyria--,s>acus1 z ! ,greek writ]s call$ him--invokes ,nabu z ! 'lead] ( =ces1' he appe>s to h 9 m9d ! heav5ly troops r ?an e>?ly armies4 ,su* patrons ( le>n+ z ,s>gon & ,a%urbanabal 7 naturally fond ( p>ad+ _! devotion to ,nabu4 ,! =m] significantly calls him ! 'writ] ( ev]y?+1' & z = ,a%urbanabal1 almo/ e tablet 9 ! great lit]>y collection t he made at ,n9eveh closes ) a solemn invocation to ,nabu & 8 consort ,ta%mitum1 to :om he (f]s ?anks = hav+ op5$ 8 e>s to receive wisdom1 & :o p]suad$ him to make ! va/ lit]>y treasures ( ! pa/ accessible to 8 subjects4 ,ta%mitum4 ,! consort ( ,nabu 0 p]mitt$ to %>e ! honors 9 ! temple ( ,nabu at ,calah1 b beyond ?is & ,a%urbanabal's con/ant association ( ,ta%mitum ) ,nabu 9 ! subscript to 8 tablets1 %e appe>s only :5 ! k+s ( ,assyria com+ to ,babylonia z !y 7 wont to d1#cjh 9 ord] to p]=m sacrifices1 enum]ate ! *ief gods ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,ea4 ,ea takes 8 place 9 ! ,assyrian pan!on 9 ! d\ble capacity ( god ( wisdom & z a memb] ( ! old triad4 ,a%urnasirbal makes m5tion ( a sanctu>y erect$ to ! honor ( ,ea 9 ,a%ur4 ,a recollection ( ! role t ,ea plays 9 ,babylonian my?ology survives 9 ! titles ( 'creator' & 'k+ ( ! ocean1' :i* ,%almanes] gives him1#cji & ( ! '"o :o op5s ! f\nta9s' z ,a%urbanabal decl>es4#caj ,he is also1 z 9 ,babylonia1 ! "o :o det]m9es ! fates ( mank9d4 ,z ! "o :o has a c>e = ! arts1 he is ! wise god1 j z ,nabu1 & "u v>i\s titles1 z ,nu-gim-mud1#caa ,n9-igi-azag1 & ,igi-dug-gu1#cab all emphasiz+ 8 skill1 he is ! artific] :o aids ! k+s 9 _! build+ op]ations4 ,! simil>ity ( ! roles ( ,nabu & ,ea1 z gods ( wisdom & ! arts1 might easily h l$ to a confusion4 ,=tunately1 ! gr&iloqu5t & all-embrac+ titles accord$ to ! =m] did n alt] 8 "* z ess5tially ! god :o presides ov] ! art ( writ+1 :ile ,ea reta9s ! control ov] ! ar*itectural a*ievem5ts1--! great colossi1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t gu>d$ ! approa* ( palaces1 ! images ( ! gods 9 ! second1 & ! temples & palaces 9 g5]al z 8 ?ird function4 ,damk9a4 ,( ! consort ( ,ea1 x is suffici5t to note t %e is occasionally ref]r$ to 9 ! hi/orical texts ( ! ,assyrian p]iod4 ,9 ! inscriptions ( ,s>gon %e appe>s "u ! r /range title ( ',belit ilani1' i4e41 ! mi/ress ( ! gods4#cac ,?is 'mi/ress' _c be1 z might at fir/ blu% appe>1 ,i%t> or ! old ,belit1 = else:]e#cad ,i%t>1 ,belit1 & ,belit ilani occur side by side4 ,s>gon decl>es t he owes 8 wisdom to ,ea & ,belit ilani4 ,9 nam+ ! gates ( 8 palace1 he aga9 associates ,ea ) '! mi/ress ( ! gods1' f :i* x is cle> t ! epi!t is us$ ( ,ea's consort4 ,n9-gal4 ,a sanctu>y to ! old ,babylonian goddess ,n9-gal is includ$ by ,s>gon among ! holy edifices erect$ by him 9 8 (ficial resid5ce4#cae ,dibh>ra4 ,we h po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt] h[ fa9t ! divid+ l9e sometimes becomes betwe5 gods & spirits4 ,among ! m9or deities1 rank+ h>dly above demons1 is ! plague-god1 ^: "n may provisionally be read ,dibb>ra4#caf ,! god plays a role 9 "s ( ! anci5t leg5ds ( ,babylonia4 ,rema9s h be5 f\nd ( a k9d ( epic 9 :i* ,dibb>ra is ! *ief p]sonage4#cag ,9 ! hi/orical texts he is once incid5tally m5tion$ by ,a%urbanabal1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( 8 campaign aga9/ ,babylonia#cah describes h[ ! corpses ( ^? kill$ by ,dibb>ra1 i4e41 ?r\gh hung] & want1 fill$ ! /reets ( ! cities4 ,evid5tly ,dibb>ra "h is a m]e p]sonification ( ! dreadful demon ( want t s (t5 foll[s 9 ! wake ( a milit>y de/ruction4 ,/ill !re c be no d\bt t at "o "t he 0 reg>d$ z a real deity1 & n m]ely a _s or demon4 ,dibb>ra is id5tifi$ 9 ! !ological sy/em ( ,babylonia ) ,n]gal4 ,damku1 ,%>ru-ilu1 & ,%a-nit787-ka4 ,9 an int]e/+ passage rec\nt+ ! re/oration ( ! city ,magganubba1 ,s>gon#cai says t he pray$ to ,damku1 i4e41 'grace1' ,%>ru-ilu1 i4e41 'k+-god1' & ,%a-nit787-ka4 ,! two =m] he calls ! judges ( mank9d4 ,t ,damku & ,%>ru-ilu are titles & n names is evid5t f ! mean+ ( ! words1 b at pres5t x is impossible to say :at gods are meant4#cbj ,p]haps t ^! are ! translations ( names ( ! old deities ( ,magganubba4 ,we h at lea/ "o o!r example ( a =eign deity introduc$ into ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,at ,dur-ilu1 a t[n ly+ ne> ! ,elamitic fronti]1 !re fl\ri%$ ! cult ( ,ka-di1#cba evid5tly a god import$ into ! ,assyrian pan!on f ,elam or "s o!r ea/]n di/rict4 ,s>gon's scribes are fond ( translat+ =eign names & words1 & !y may h done s 9 ?is case1 & ?us add$ two new deities to ! glori\s pan!on protect+ _! royal *ief4 ,z = ,%a-nit787-ka1#cbb 7 x n t %e is call$ ! mi/ress ( ,n9eveh1 "o w\ld also put h] d[n z a =eign goddess4 ,9 view ( ?is1 h[ev]1 x may be t ,%a-nit787-ka is an ideographic designation ( ,i%t>4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject1 a ^w ne$s to be said reg>d+ ! relation betwe5 ! active ,assyrian pan!on & ! long li/s ( deities prep>$ by ! s*oolm5 ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ^! li/s4#cbc ,!y v>y 9 "*4 ,"s ( !m furni% an index ( ! v>i\s names "u :i* a god 0 kn[n1#cbd or ! titles assign$ to him4 ,^! names & titles are frequ5tly indications t "s great god has absorb$ ! attributes ( small] ones1 ^: indep5d5ce 0 9 ?is way de/roy$4 ,o!r li/s#cbe are simple enum]ations ( local deities1 & :5 to ^! names "s indications are add$1 z to ! locality to :i* ! gods belong1#cbf _! importance is correspond+ly increas$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t mo/ ( ^! li/s 7 prep>$ on ! basis ( ! occurr5ce ( ^! gods 9 texts1 & x seems mo/ plausible to conclude t ! texts 9 "q 7 ( a religi\s "*4 ,ref]5ces to local cults are num]\s 9 ! incantations :i* =m a consid]able proportion ( ! religi\s lit]ature1 :ile 9 hymns & pray]s1 gods are (t5 ref]r$ to by _! titles in/ead ( _! names4 ,9 "s respects1 h[ev]1 ^! li/s ( gods are /ill obscure4 ,x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e :e!r we are deal+ ) gods or spirits1 & ! orig9 & mean+ ( _m ( ! names & epi!ts assign$ to gods are simil>ly involv$ 9 d\bt4 ,use has be5 made ( ^! li/s 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( ! gods includ$ 9 ?is survey ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian pan!on1 b x w\ld be manife/ly prec>i\s to make additions to ?is pan!on on ! basis ( ! li/s alone4 ,despite ! t5d5cy t[>ds c5tralization ( div9e p[] 9 a limit$ numb] ( gods1 local cults1 no d\bt1 cont9u$ to enjoy "s importance 9 ,assyria z well z ,babylonia2 b1 9 ! pres5t /age ( our k1 we h no means ( det]m9+ ei!r ! numb] or ! "* ( ^! local cults4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 a complete treatm5t ( ! pan!on ( ,babylonia & ,assyria w\ld include all ! m9or local cults1 we may feel q c]ta9 t ^! local cults furni% few1 if any1 additions to ! concepts connect$ ) ^! gods :i* we h discuss$4 ,i h !re=e cont5t$ myself ) "s illu/rations1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree divisions "u :i* ! pan!on has be5 survey$1 ( "s ( ! m9or deities *os51 su* z actually occur 9 hi/orical1 comm]cial1 or religi\s texts4 ,= ! ,assyrian pan!on1 we may place ,n9-gal & mo/ ( ! consorts ( ! gods among ! m9or gods1 & also su* deities z ,ka-di1 ,khani1 ,gaga1 ,dibb>ra1 ,%]ua1 & ,azag-sir1 :o are m]ely incid5tally ref]r$ to4#cbg ,^! illu/rations suffice = plac+ cle>ly be=e u ! di/9ction to be made 9 ! pan!on betwe5 gods ^: wor%ip 0 actively c>ri$ on1 & ^? :o occupy m ( a !oretical position 9 ! sy/em p]fect$ by ! s*oolm51 /&+ "u ! political & social influ5ces ( _! days4 ,) ?is di/9ction cle>ly impress$ ^u u1 we w be prep>$ = su* modifications ( our views ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian pan!on z fur!r rese>*es & discov]ies may r5d] necess>y4 ,,footnotes3 #bbb ,semitic alphabet4 #bbc ,a =m ( ,nebo1 accord+ to ,meissn]-,ro/1 ,bau9s*rift5 ,sanh]ib's1 p4 #aje4 #bbd ,see ,meissn]-,ro/1 ib4 p4 #ajh4 #bbe ,z e4g41 ,en-e-9-pal 7,meissn]-,ro/1 ib4 p4 #gf74 ,%]ua & ,arag-sir 7ib4 p4 #aja74 ,= fur!r li/s ( deities1 see pp4 #bcd1 #bch4 #bbf ,! ,assyrian k+s are fond ( m5tion+ =eign deities1 & ( add+ !m to _! pan!on4 ,9 8 annals 7,,vr4 col4 vi4 ll4 #cj-dc7 ,a%urbanabal gives a li/ ( tw5ty ,elamitic deities captur$ by him4 #bbg ,tiele 7,babyl4-,assyr4 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #eai7 sugge/s ,ea4 #bbh ,an int]e/+ example ( ?is t5d5cy is furni%$ by a tablet publi%$ by ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es 7,j\rnal ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 xxviii4 #h-aj71 9 :i* ! "n ,m>duk is treat$ almo/ z a g5]ic t]m = deity4 ,n]gal is call$ '! ,m>duk ( w>f>e'2 ,nebo1 '! ,m>duk ( e>?ly possessions'2 ,n9ib1 '! ,m>duk ( /r5g?'2 ,en-lil1 '! ,m>duk ( sov]eignty'2 & s on1 9 a long enum]ation1 ! gods are reg>d$ z s _m =ms ( ,m>duk4 ,p9*es' conclusion t ! li/ po9ts to mono!i/ic beliefs is1 h[ev]1 unw>rant$4 ,! li/ only illu/rates a t5d5cy t[>ds a c5tralization ( div9e p[]s 9 ,m>duk1 t accompanies ! political c5tralization ( ! p]iod4 #bbi ,see bel[1 pp4 #bbh1 #bbi4 #bcj ,s ! gods ( ! ,assyrian pan!on are g5]ally t]m$ 9 ! inscriptions ( ! k+s4 #bca ,see bel[1 p4 #aie4 #bcb ,see bel[1 p4 #bbj4 #bcc ,a description ( ?is symbol occurs 9 a text ( ,s5na*]ib 7,meissn]-,ro/1 ,bau9s*rift5 ,sanh]ib's1 p4 #id74 ,! symbol itself is f\nd on sculptur$ slabs & on seal cyl9d]s4 #bcd ,s ,s5na*]ib /ill speaks ( ,images ( ,a%ur1 & ( ! great gods erect$ by him 7,meissn]-,ro/1 ,bau9s*rift5 ,sanh]ib's1 p4 #id74 #bce ,see ,/ev5son1 ,! ,fea!r & ! ,w+ 9 ,my?ology1 ,ori5tal ,/udies ( ! ,phila4 ,ori5tal ,club1 pp4 #bcf-bci4 #bcf ,babyl4-,assyr4 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #ecc4 #bcg ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce x is cu/om>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ,a%ur ! god1 & ! c\ntry by writ+ ! latt] ) a d\ble %--,a%%ur4 #bch ,ges*i*te1 p4 #ecc4 #bci ,see ,j5s5 ,zeits4 fu] ,assyr4 i4 #a seq4 & ,delitzs*1 ,das ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #id4 #bdj ,by ! assimilation ( ! n to ! foll[+ consonant4 #bda ,see above1 pp4 #agc1 #age4 #bdb ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #bge4 #bdc ,! comb9ation ( religi\s supremacy ) political p[]1 :i* *>act]izes ! social /ate ( anci5t ,babylonia & ,assyria1 gives to ! title patesi a d\ble significance4 ,9 ,babylonia1 moreov]1 x acquires ! =ce ( vassal-k+4 #bdd ,! full li/ is ,anu1 ,a%ur1 ,%ama%1 ,ramman1 & ,i%t>4 #bde ,m precisely ,arba-ilu1 signify+ 'city ( ! f\rfold div9ity' or 'f\r-god' city4 ,cf4 ! ,pale/9ian =m ,kirya?-,arba1 f\r city1--orig9ally p]haps1 likewise1 a city ( f\r gods1 r ?an f\r roads or f\r qu>t]s1 z commonly expla9$4 #bdf ,,ir4 #ad1 l4 #hf4 #bdg ,babyl4-,assyr4 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #he4 #bdh ,see above1 p4 #hc4 #bdi ,see above1 pp4 #hc1 #hd4 #bej ,cyl9d] ,b1 col4 v4 ll4 #cj seq42 else:]e 7,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 ii4 ll4 #aae seq47 he prays to ,a%ur & ,i%t>4 #bea ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 viii4 l4 #ib4 ,else:]e1 ,cyl9d] ,b1 col4 v4 #ag1 ,i%t> is call$ ! daught] ( ,bel4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be an error2 ei!r ,s9 mu/ be read = ,bel1 or khirat 7consort7 = m>at 7daught]74 #beb ,see above1 p4 #aea4 #bec ,see ,b>ton1 ,! ,semitic ,i%t> ,cult 7,hebraica1 x4 #i-ab74 #bed ,i4e41 c4 #ahjj ,b4,c4 #bee ,see p4 #aed4 #bef ,see above1 p4 #adi4 #beg ,see bel[1 p4 #bcg4 #beh ,a k+ ( ,nippur 7c4 #bejj ,b4,c47 be>s ! "n ,i%me-,dagan4 #bei ,see above1 p4 #aed2 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]?um1 i4 #agb4 #bfj ,see ,hommel1 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #dij4 ,h[ mu* e>li] ,samsi-,ramman ,i4 reign$ is n kn[n--p]haps only #dj or #ej ye>s4 #bfa ,! d ( ,dagon w\ld be repres5t$ by d 9 cunei=m writ+4 #bfb ,see p4 #aed4 #bfc ,an eponym 9 8 days be>s ! "n ,daganbelusur4 #bfd ,9 ! ,el-,am>na tablets 7c4 #adjj ,b4,c47 ! gov]nors ( ! ,pale/9ian /ates g5]ally address _! ,egyptian "l z 'my sun'4 #bfe ,exactly ( :at nature we d n "k4 ,! ,assyrian ^w us$1 ,cyl9d]1 l4 #dc1 is obscure4 #bff ,see p4 #afj4 #bfg ,,ir4 #h1 col4 i4 #he4 ,see above1 p4 #aff4 #bfh ,a%urnasirbal calls him s 9 8 annals1 e4g41 col4 iii4 #a4 #acj4 #bfi ,bavian ,inscription1 ll4 #dh-ej4 ,see also ,meissn]-,ro/1 ,bau9s*rift5 ,sanh]ib's1 p4 #ajb4 ,! read+ ( ! "n ( ! city is n c]ta94 ,x signifies 'city ( palaces4' #bgj c4 #aabj ,b4,c4 #bga ,,ii ,rawl9son1 #eg1 #cc4 #bgb ,s ,tigla?piles] associates ,a%ur & ,n9-ib1 z ^? ':o fulfill 8 desire4' #bgc ,a%urnasirbal's fa!r be>s ! "n ,tukulti-,n9ib4 #bgd ,see above1 pp4 #aea1 #bjf4 #bge ,"o ( ! gates ( ,s>gon's palace is call$ aft] ,n9-ib4 #bgf ,see above1 p4 #eg4 #bgg ,see above1 pp4 #ib-id4 #bgh ,kosmologie1 pp4 #deg-dge4 #bgi ,he is also call$ ! (fspr+ ( a goddess1 ,ku-tu-%>1 b ?is ref]5ce is n cle>4 ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #dfh1 note #e4 #bhj ,9 a religi\s text he is address$ z 'holy1 holy1 holy4' #bha ,balawat1 col4 v4 ll4 #d1 #e4 #bhb ,k> =tress4 #bhc ,see ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #dch1 & ,j5s5's important note1 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #dib-did4 #bhd ,see pp4 #abd1 #abe4 #bhe ,cyl9d]1 l4 #fa4 #bhf ,see pp4 #aag seq4 #bhg ,we may !re=e expect1 "s day1 to come across ! "n ,m>duk 9 ,assyrian texts e>li] ?an ! n9? c5tury4 #bhh ,see p4 #aca4 #bhi ,s also ,%almanes] ,,ii41 ,obelisk1 l4 #agi1 unless ,m>duk "h is an error = ,ramman1 cf4 l4 #age4 #bij ,see above1 p4 #adf4 #bia ,! s-call$ ,prunk9s*rift1 ll4 #agd seq4 #bib ,note ! frequ5t use ( ,a%ur & ,bel = ,assyria & ,babylonia4 #bic ,a%urbanabal1 ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col ix4 ll4 #gf1 #gg4 #bid ,see above1 p4 #bje4 #bie ,,ir4 ,,ii4 col4 iv4 ll4 #cd1 #ce4 #bif ,see bel[1 pp4 #bca1 #bcg4 #big ,rawl9son1 ii4 #ff4 #bih ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 x4 ll4 #be-bg4 #bii ,see ,tiele1 ,babyl4 ,assyr4 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #abg4 #cjj ,obelisk1 l4 #eb4 #cja ,annals1 col4 ii4 l4 #ace4 #cjb ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 x4 l4 #ge4 #cjc ,prunk9s*rift1 l4 #adc4 #cjd ,es>haddon1 ,,ir4 #df1 col4 ii4 l4 #dh2 ,rawl9son1 iii4 #af1 col4 iii4 l4 #bd4 #cje ,,ir4 #ce1 no4 #b1 l4 #ab4 #cjf ,,ir4 #h1 no4 #c1 ll4 #e seq4 #cjg ,see above1 p4 #abf4 #cjh ,e4g41 ,tigla?piles] ,,iii41 ,nimrud inscription 7,lay>d1 pl4 #ag1 l4 #ab74 #cji ,obelisk1 l4 #e4 #caj ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 i4 l4 #de4 #caa ,delitzs* 7,das ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #ii7 que/ions :e!r ,nu-gim-mud 7or ,nu-dim-mud7 0 orig9ally a designation ( ,ea4 ,nu-dim-mud be+ an epi!t might1 ( c\rse1 be appli$ to o!r gods1 b !re c be no d\bt t x 0 us$ to designate m p>ticul>ly ,ea z ! artific]4 ,see my rem>ks1 pp4 #ach1 #agg seq4 #cab ,meissn]-,ro/1 ,bau9scrift5 ,sanh]ib's1 p4 #aje4 #cac ,cyl9d]1 l4 #dh1 ideographically z ,n9-m5-an-na1 'lady ( ! heav5ly cr[n4' ,9 ! p>allel passage1 h[ev]1 z ,lyon 7,s>gontexte1 p4 #ga7 po9ts out1 ,belit ilani is us$4 #cad ,cyl9d]1 l4 #gj4 #cae ,cyl9d]1 l4 #fh4 #caf ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #dde1 reads ! "n ,gira4 ,see pp4 #ebg-bh4 #cag ,see ! au?or's "w on ,a ,fragm5t ( ! ,dibb>ra ,epic4 7,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahia74 #cah ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 lv4 ll4 #gi seq4 #cai ,cyl9d]1 ll4 #dd-ec4 #cbj ,delitzs*'s supposition 7see ,lyon1 ,s>gontexte1 p4 #ga7 t ,%>ru-ilu is ,izdub> is unt5able4 #cba ,babyl4 ,*ronicle1 col4 iii4 l4 #dd4 #cbb ,may also be read ,%a-u%-ka4 #cbc ,see above1 pp4 #ac1 #agj4 #cbd ,e4g41 ,,iir4 #eh1 no4 #e1 titles ( ,ea2 ,,iir4 #fj1 no4 #b1 titles ( ,nabu4 #cbe ,e4g41 ,,iir4 #fj1 no4 #a4 #cbf ,e4g41 ,,iiir4 #ff1 li/s ( gods wor%ipp$ 9 v>i\s temples ( ,assyria & also ( ,babylonia4 #cbg ,see pp4 #ahi1 #bch4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,triad ,,& ,,! ,,comb9$ ,,invocation ,,( ,,deities4 ,! ,assyrian k+s1 9 imitation ( ! example set by _! ,babylonian pr$ecessors1 are fond ( introduc+ into _! inscriptions1 a s]ies ( gods "u ^: protection !y place !mselves4 ,!y d n d ?is z ! e>li] ,babylonian rul]s did1 to emphasize ! ext5t ( _! jurisdiction by add+ to _! pan!on ! deities ( t[ns or di/ricts vanqui%$ by !m4 ,! day ( indep5d5t /ates be+ ov]1 ! importance ( m]ely local deities _h ceas$4 ,! !ological sy/em evolv$ 9 ,babylonia 9 comb9ation ) ! popul> in/9ct _h l$ to a selection out ( ! mass ( deities ( a limit$ numb]1 ea* ) tol]ably def9ite attributes1 & :o toge!r embrac$ all ! =ces "u ^: p[] mank9d /ood4 ,( ^! deities aga91 z we h se51 "s acquir$ great] favor 9 ,assyria ?an o!rs1 b = all t1 ! k+s especially ( ! lat] p]iod ( ,assyrian hi/ory 7 fond ( includ+ 9 an enum]ation ( ! pan!on1 ev5 ^? :o _h no special significance4 ,policy & ! mean+less imitation ( e>li] examples play$ an equal "p 9 ?us giv+ to ! li/s an aspect ( =mality t deprives !m ( ! impression t !y might o!rwise make4 ,! comb9$ invocations are f\nd usually at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ! inscriptions--at ! beg9n+ = invok+ ! aid ( ! gods1 at ! close = invok+ _! curses ^u ^? :o w\ld attempt to de/roy ! ambiti\s monum5ts set up by ! k+s4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! n>rative is int]rupt$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ackn[l$gm5t to a l>g] or small] s]ies ( gods = victory1 grant$ or hop$ =4 ,9 ^! comb9$ ref]5ces a sep>ate place belongs to ! triad1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,:ile n occupy+ ! prom95t position !y h 9 ,babylonian inscriptions1 /ill ! k+s (t5 m5tion ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea sep>ately1 or ,anu & ,bel alone1 ascrib+ victory to !m1 putt+ !m d[n z ! orig9ators ( ! cal5d> sy/em1 & decl>+ !mselves to h be5 nom9at$ by !m to rule ov] ,assyria4 ,s>gon1 ) 8 antiqu>ian zeal1 appe>s to h made an ef=t to re9/ate ! triad z a special gr\p 9 ! pan!on4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 !y take _! place ) o!r gods4 ,s ,ramman-nir>i ,i4 invokes ! curse ( ,a%ur1 ,anu1 ,bel1 ,ea1 & ,i%t>1 toge!r ) ! ,igigi & ,anunnaki2 b1 :at is m important1 already at an e>ly p]iod ! triad disappe>s altoge!r f ! pan!on1 except = ! artificial attempts ( ,s>gon to revive int]e/ 9 !m4 ,9 bo? ! long] & %ort] li/s ( gods enum]at$ by ! k+s f ! "t ( ,tigla?piles]1 ! triad is conspicu\s = its abs5ce4 ,z = ! o!r gods1 x is to "s ext5t a matt] ( caprice :i* ones happ5 to be invok$1 ?\gh j z frequ5tly we see ! motive = select+ c]ta9 ones ( ! pan!on4 ,?us1 :5 proce$+ to ,babylonia = w> or sacrifices1 ! gods ( ,babylonia are invok$1 ei!r ,m>duk & ,nabu alone1 z ! *ief gods1 or ,bel 7i4e41 ,m>duk71 ,s>panitum1 ,nabu1 ,ta%mitum1 ,nana1 ,n]gal1 ) ,a%ur1 or ,a%ur & ,m>duk1 or ,m>duk & ,nabu 9 comb9ation ) ,a%ur4 ,at o!r times x dep5ds ^u ! gods to :om c]ta9 k+s may be especially atta*$1 or ) :om !y may h special deal+s 9 _! inscriptions4 ,?us ,tigla?piles] ,i41 :5 speak+ ( ! temple ( ,anu & ,ramman1 cont5ts himself ) invok+ ^! two gods alone at ! close ( 8 great inscription4 ,else:]e1 :5 ref]r+ to ! special gods ( 8 city1 he comb9es ,anu & ,ramman ) ,i%t>2 b aga91 = no special reason1 8 pray] is address$ to ,a%ur1 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman4 ,! pan!on ( ,ramman-nir>i ,i4 consi/s ei!r ( ! long] "o above enum]at$1 or ( ,anu1 ,a%ur1 ,%ama%1 ,ramman1 & ,i%t>4 ,z we proce$ d[n ! c5turies1 ! =mal li/s at ! beg9n+ ( inscriptions h a t5d5cy to gr[ l>g]4 ,a%urnasirbal's pan!on consi/s ( ,bel & ,n9-ib1 ,anu & ,dagan1 ,s91 ,anu1 ,ramman1 &1 ( c\rse1 ,a%ur1 ?\gh on special occasions1 z :5 speak+ ( 8 a*ievem5ts 9 ! *ase1 he cont5ts himself ) a m5tion ( ,n9-ib & ,n]gal4 ,he loves1 too1 to v>y ! /yle ( 8 inscriptions by nam+ v>i\s gr\ps ( deities 9 pairs3 n[ ,a%ur & ,%ama%1 aga9 ,a%ur & ,n9-ib1 or ,a%ur & ,bel2 !n ,%ama% & ,ramman1 or a gr\p ( ?ree deities1 ,a%ur1 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman1 or ,s91 ,anu1 & ,ramman4 ,8 successors imitate ?is example1 ?\gh ea* "o *ooses 8 own comb9ations4 ,%almanes] ,,ii4's pan!on embraces ,a%ur1 ,anu1 ,bel1 ,ea1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,n9-ib1 ,n]gal1 ,nusku1 ,belit1 & ,i%t>--elev5 9 all4 ,s>gon's practice v>ies4 ,! be/ li/ is furni%$ by 8 acc\nt ( ! eight gates ( 8 palace & ( two walls1 :i* he names aft] ! gods 9 ! foll[+ ord]3#cbh ,%ama%1 :o grants victory4 ,z ! names = ! ,ramman1 :o br+s sup]abundance4 ea/]n gates4 ,bel1 :o lays f\ndations4 ,= ! nor!rn gates4 ,belit1 :o br+s f]tility4 ,anu1 :o blesses h&iwork4 ,= ! we/]n ,i%t>1 :o causes ! inhabitants to fl\ri%4 gates4 ,ea1 :o unlocks f\nta9s4 ,= ! s\!rn gates4 ,belit ilani1#cbi :o increases ! (fspr+4 ,a%ur1 :o p]mits ! k+ to gr[ old1 & protects ! troops4--,= ! inn] wall4 ,n9-ib1 :o lays ! f\ndations ( ! city4--,= ! out] wall4 ,! ord] "h is dictat$ by ! directions ( ! gates4 ,else:]e he sets up ! gr\p ,ea1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,nabu1 ,ramman1 ,n9-ib1 & _! consorts4 ,s5na*]ib's full] gr\p consi/s ( ,a%ur1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,bel 7i4e41 ,m>duk71 ,nabu1 ,n]gal1 ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 & ,i%t> ( ,arbela--only eight4 ,b at ! close ( "o ( 8 build+ inscriptions#ccj he invokes "s tw5ty deities1 add+ to ^! eight1 ,nusku1 ,khani1 ,gaga1 ,%]ua1 ,n9-gal1 a god ,azag-sir1 & ,n9-ib "u ?ree diff]5t =ms2 b x is evid5t t mo/ ( ^! are add$ to give effect & solemnity4 ,!y d n =m "p ( ! active pan!on4 ,8 successor1 ,es>haddon1 sets up v>i\s gr\ps4 ,at "o "t he enum]ates ,a%ur1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,nabu1 ,m>duk1 ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 ,i%t> ( ,arbela2 at ano!r he pref]s diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! gods4 ,a%urbanabal is m consi/5t ?an mo/ ( ! ,assyrian rul]s1 & furni%es at ! same "t ! be/ li/4 ,:ile he1 too1 frequ5tly m5tions only a few deities1 gr\p+ ?ree or f\r toge!r1 8 long] s]ies consi/s1 ) b "o or two exceptions1 inv>iably ( ! foll[+1 & :o always occur 9 ! same ord]3 ,a%ur1 ,belit1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,ramman1 ,bel 7i4e41 ,m>duk71 ,nabu1 ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 ! que5 ( ,kidmuru1 ,i%t> ( ,arbela1 ,n9-ib1 ,n]gal1 & ,nusku--?irte5 9 all4 ,( ^!1 z we h se51 only "s 7 actively wor%ipp$ at all times 9 ,assyria2 z = ! o!rs1 ! popul>ity ( _! cult v>i$ f age to age1 n[ be+ actively c>ri$ on "u ! /imulus af=d$ by ! erection or improvem5t ( an edifice sacr$ to ! god1 & aga9 fall+ into comp>ative insignificance2 b =mally1 at lea/1 all ^! gods 7 reg>d$ at all times z =m+ "p ( ! pan!on ( ! 'great gods4' ,! te/imony ( ,a%urbanabal ?us becomes valuable z a pro( t to ! late/ days ( ! ,assyrian mon>*y1 ! atta*m5t to ^! gods 0 /ill /rong en\gh to m]it ! =mal ackn[l$gm5ts ( ! k+ to !m on all occasions1 & t ?r\gh _! comb9$ aid ! glori\s a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/ & pres5t 7 atta9$4 ,,footnotes3 #cbh ,cyl9d]1 ll4 #fg-gc4 #cbi ,ea's consort2 see above1 p4 #bca4 #ccj ,meissn]-,ro/1 ,bau9s*rift5 ,sanh]ib's1 p4 #ii4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,neo-,,babylonian ,,p]iod4 ,:5 ^u ! fall ( ! ,assyrian empire1 9 #fjf ,b4,c41 ,babylonia rega9$ h] full measure ( indep5d5ce1 ,m>duk once m obta9$ undisput$ sway at ! head ( ! pan!on4 ,true1 s f> z ,babylonia 0 conc]n$1 ,m>duk 0 always ! ackn[l$g$ head1 b dur+ ! p]iod t ,assyria held ,babylonia 9 a m or less rigid =m ( subjection x 0 inevitable t ,a%ur %\ld l[] ! pre/ige ( ,m>duk4 ,:5 ! k+s ( ,assyria paid _! respects to ,m>duk1 x 0 always z second 9 rank to ,a%ur2 &1 :at is m1 !y claim$ ,m>duk & ! o!r gods ( ,babylonia z _! own1 & z uphold]s ( _! own sov]eignty4 ,:5 ! k+s feel impell$ to invade ! s\!rn di/ricts1 !y n only claim to be "u ! protection ( ! ,babylonian gods1 b !y c>ry ^! gods ) !m into ! l& to be invad$4 ',bel & ! gods ( ,akkad leave ,assyria & g to ,babylonia' is ! (ficial t]m 9 :i* a campaign aga9/ ,babylonia is describ$4#cca ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,babylonians su* a haughty assumption on ! "p ( ! ,assyrians mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z humiliat+ to ,m>duk1 ,nabu1 & _! associates4 ,! /ate ( affairs *ang$ :5 ,nebopolass> at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury once m claim$ indep5d5t control ov] ,babylonia4 ,m>duk triumphs ov] ,a%ur4 ,he is once m ! great god1 "l ( gods1 supreme k+ ( ! ,igigi1 ! fa!r ( ! ,anunnaki--all titles t ! ,assyrians 7 fond ( heap+ ^u ,a%ur4 ,"o feels ! anxiety ( ,nebopolass> to emphasize ! new ord] ( ?+s by attribut+ once m to ,m>duk :at 0 =m]ly claim$ = ,a%ur4 ,! successor ( ,nebopolass>1 ! great ,nebu*adnezz>1 cont9ues ! policy ( 8 fa!r4 ,he neglects no opportunity = exalt+ ,m>duk z ! k+1 ! creator1 ! lead] ( ! gods1 ! "l ( ev]y?+1 ! m]ciful "o1 ! light ( ! gods1 ! all-wise4 ,nabu %>es ! honors ) ,m>duk4 ,nebopolass>1 inde$1 accords to ,nabu an equal %>e1 & he does n hesitate at times to place ! "n ,nabu be=e t ( ,m>duk4#ccb ,he does n speak ( ,nabu z ! son ( ,m>duk1 & seems to be at p>ticul> pa9s to emphasize ! equality ( ,nabu ) ,m>duk4 ,9 ?is respect ,nebopolass> pres5ts a contra/ to ,hammurabi1 :o1 x w be recall$1 made an attempt to suppress ! ,nabu cult4#ccc ,nebopolass>1 h[ev]1 does n g to ! ext5t ( endeavor+ to make ,nabu sup]s$e ,m>duk4 ,he cont5ts himself ) manife/+ 8 p>tiality = ! =m]1 & x is probably no accid5t t bo? 8 (ficial "n & t ( 8 son conta9 ! god ,nabu z "o ( _! elem5ts1 & n ,m>duk4 ,"o is incl9$ to suspect t ?is popul>ity ( ! ,nabu cult is a trace ( ,assyrian influ5ce4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ,nebopolass>'s int5tion 9 exalt+ ,nabu at ! co/ ( ,m>duk1 ,nebu*adnezz> re/ores ! old relation%ip betwe5 ! two4 ,= him ,nabu is aga9 m]ely ! son ( ,m>duk1 & he honors ,nabu 9 ?is capacity4 ,l ! ,assyrian ,nabu1 ! god places ! sceptre 9 ! k+'s h&s1 b he is1 aft] all1 only ! supreme mess5g] ( ,m>duk4 ,9 ! clos+ days ( ! ,babylonian mon>*y a m s]i\s attempt1 x w\ld appe>1 0 made to displace ,m>duk4 ,nabonn$os =m$ ! design ( replac+ bo? ,m>duk & ,nabu by ! cult ( ,%ama%4 ,he incurs ! ill-w ( ! prie/s by pay+ mu* m att5tion to ! re/oration ( ! v>i\s ,%ama% temples 9 ,babylonia ?an w\ld appe> to be consi/5t ) devotion to ,m>duk4 ,cyrus1 !re=e1 9 8 conque/ ( ,babylonia1 sets up ! claim ( be+ ! savior ( ,m>duk's honor4#ccd ,! ,neo-,babylonian p]iod may prop]ly be designat$ z a religi\s age4 ,! rul]s1 anxi\s to manife/ _! gratitude to ! gods1 & prompt$ 9 "p1 no d\bt1 by ! desire to emulate ! glori\s ar*itectural a*ievem5ts ( ! ,assyrian mon>*s1 devote !mselves assidu\sly to ! improvem5t ( ! great temples ( ! city ( ,babylon1 & to ! re/oration or enl>gem5t ( ^? scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,nebopolass> sets ! example 9 ?is respect1 :i* is consid]ably improv$ ^u by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,ov] =ty temples & %r9es are m5tion$ 9 ! latt]'s inscriptions z hav+ be5 improv$1 enl>g$1 or re/or$ by him2 & ! la/ k+ ( ,babylonia1 ,nabonn$os1 endeavors to cont9ue ?is royal policy ( temple-build+4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,neo-,babylonian rul]s pres5t a contra/ to ! ,assyrian rul]s1 :o 7 mu* m conc]n$ 9 re>+ gr& edifices = !mselves4 ,:ile ! gods 7 n neglect$ 9 ,assyria1 "o he>s mu* m ( ! magnific5t palaces erect$ by ! k+s ?an ( temples & %r9es4 ,9 fact1 z comp>$ ) ,babylonia1 ,assyria 0 poor 9 ! numb] ( h] temples4 ,! *ief sanctu>ies to :i* ! ,neo-,babylonian k+s devot$ !mselves 71 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,e-sagila ( ,babylon & ,e-zida ( ,borsippa4 ,nebopolass> & 8 successors are fond ( giv+ !mselves ! title ( 'beautifi] ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-zida4' ,9 ^! great temples sacr$ to ,m>duk & ,nebo1 !re 7 %r9es to ,s>panitum1 ,ta%mitum1 ,nusku1 ,ea & o!rs1 :i* also engag$ ! en]gies ( ! rul]s4 ,aft] ,babylon came ! old sanctu>ies 9 ! anci5t religi\s c5t]s ( ! s\?1--! temples to ,%ama% & 8 consort at ,sipp> & ,l>sa1 ! temples to ,s9 at ,ur & ,h>ran1 to ! old ,i%t> or ,anunit at ,agade1 to ,nana 9 ,ere*4 ,?irdly1 ! cities ( ,babylon & ,borsippa1 to :i* ! k+s1 especially ,nebu*adnezz>1 are deeply atta*$1 7 enri*$ ) _m sanctu>ies m or less impos+1 sacr$ to a v>iety ( deities4 ,s ,%ama%1 ,s91 ,n9-makh1--i4e41 ! great lady1 or ,i%t>1--,n9-kh>-%ag1 ,gula1 also appe>+ z ,n9-,k>rak1#cce h _! temples 9 ,babylon1 :ile ,ramman has "o 9 ,borsippa1 & ,gula no less ?an ?ree sanctu>ies--p]haps only small *apels--9 ,borsippa4 ,f\r?ly1 !re are sanctu>ies ( m9or importance 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ,babylonia4 ,among ^! we f9d m5tion ( ! improvem5t ( sanctu>ies to ! local deity ( ,m>ad1 :om ,nebu*adnezz> simply calls ,lugal-,m>ada1 i4e41 k+ ( ,m>ad1 to ,bel-s>bi1 or ,%>-s>bi1 9 ,baz1--p]haps a title ( ,n]gal1--to ,n9-ib 9 ,dilbat1 to ,ramman 9 ,kum>i7874 ,mo/ ( ^! sanctu>ies are ref]r$ to 9 ! inscriptions ( ,nebu*adnezz>--a circum/ance :i*1 9 connection ) ! _m o!r gods :om he invokes on v>i\s occasions1 po9ts to a great revival ( anci5t cults 9 8 days4 ,"s ( ^! cults _h nev] rea*$ any degree ( importance prior to 8 "t4 ,h5ce x happ5s t we come across deities 9 8 inscriptions ( :om no m5tion is f\nd else:]e4 ,x is probable t su* gods 7 purely local deities1 "s ( !m1 if n _m1 be+ at ! same "t p]sonifications ( ! p[]s or ph5om5a ( nature1 :ile o!rs may be famili> gods1 masqu]ad+ "u /range attributes4 ,un=tunately mo/ ( ^! gods are writt5 9 ideographic fa%ion1 s t we _c be c]ta9 ( ! read+ ( _! names4 ,among ^! are ,n9-lil-anna1 a goddess call$ by ,nebu*adnezz> '! lady :o loves me1'#ccf & ,tur-lil-en1#ccg a god :o is describ$ z 'break+ ! weapons ( enemies4' ,z = ,bel-s>bi1 or ,%>-s>bi1 ! god ( ,baz1#cch !y appe> to be titles r ?an names4 ,dibb>ra1 ,n]gal & 8 consort ,laz1 & ,zamama are also includ$ 9 ! pan!on ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,9 reg>d to none ( ^! deities d we f9d any conceptions diff]5t f ^? develop$ 9 ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi1 any m ?an 9 ! conceptions ( ^? gods :o occupy a m prom95t place 9 ! pan!on4 ,%ama% is ! judge1 ,s9 is ! wise "o1 ,ramman ! ?und]]1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! li/4 ,x 0 n a p]iod favorable to ! production ( new religi\s ?\ght1 b only to ! m or less artificial revival ( old cults4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! conque/ ( ,babylonia by ,cyrus 9 #eci ,b4,c41 we rea* ! close ( ! p]iod to be embrac$ 9 a hi/ory ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion4 ,true1 ! ,m>duk & ,nabu cults 7 upheld by ! ,p]sian rul]s1 & ! policy ( ! latt] 9 n di/urb+ ! religi\s /atus 0 cont9u$ by ! ,greeks :5 !y 9 turn succe$$ ! ,p]sians 9 _! control ( ,babylonia1 b ! pres5ce ( /range civilizations ) totally diff]5t religi\s tra9s ( ?\ght 0 b\nd to affect ! "* ( ! old fai?1 & 9 "t to ?reat5 its exi/5ce4 ,at all ev5ts1 x ceases to h any int]e/ = u4 ,!re are no fur!r l9es ( developm5t ^u :i* x ent]s4 ,! p]iod ( decay1 ( sl[ b sure decay1 has set 94 ,! cunei=m writ+ cont9ues to be us$ till almo/ ! beg9n+ ( our era1 & s ! religi\s cults draw out _! exi/5ce to a late p]iod2 b z ! writ+ & ! civilization yield be=e new =ces t entirely alt] ! "* ( ,ori5tal culture1 s also ! religion1 aft] s9k+ ev] l[] into ! bogs ( sup]/ition1 disappe>s1 mu* z ! canals & little /reams ( ! ,euphrates valley1 ?r\gh ! neglect :i* settl$ ov] ! c\ntry1 become lo/ 9 ! dea?-bre$+ swamps & m>%es4 ,,footnotes3 #cca ,babylonian ,*ronicle ,b1 col4 iv4 ll4 #cd1 #ce4 #ccb ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 ,,ii4 #gb1 col4 i4 ll4 #b1 #c4 #ccc ,see above1 p4 #abg4 #ccd ,see a pap] by ,tiele1 on ,cyrus & ! ,babylonian ,religion1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am/]dam ,academy1 #ahif4 #cce ,= ! id5tity ( ,n9-,k>rak & ,gula1 see ! ',%urpu' ,incantation ,s]ies1 iv4 l4 #hf 7ed4 ,zimm]n71 :]e ! =m] is call$ ! 'great physician1'--! epi!t peculi> to ,gula4 #ccf ,ea/ ,india ,h\se ,inscription1 col4 iv4 l4 #dd4 #ccg ,,vr4 #cd1 col4 ii4 l4 #bf1 or simply ,tur-lil 7,ea/ ,india ,h\se ,inscription1 col4 iv4 l4 #di1 n ,tur-e1 z ,w9ckl]1 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #b1 #ah1 reads74 #cch ,i4e41 k+ or "l ( ,s>bi4 ,pognon 7,les ,inscriptions ,babyloni5nes de ,wadl ,brissa71 p4 #df1 is ( ! op9ion t s>bi is ! palm1 b he fails to br+ suffici5t pro(1 & 8 !ory is improbable4 ,! /em s>abu means to burn1 & ! fi]y "l is c]ta9ly an epi!t belong+ to "s sol> deity4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,babylonia4 ,! pan!on ( a religion pres5ts u ) ! ext]nal phases ( ! religion 9 "q4 ,9 ord] to p5etrate fur!r t[>ds ! core ( ! religion1 & to see x at its be/1 ! religi\s ?\ght z manife/$ 9 ! national lit]ature con/itutes our mo/ valuable guide4 ,! beg9n+s ( ,babylonian lit]ature are envelop$ 9 obscurity4 ,we h se5 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 pass+ beyond ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi#cci = ^! beg9n+s1 b exactly :5 & precisely h[ ! lit]>y _s fir/ manife/$ itself 9 ,babylonia w probably rema9 = a long "t1 if n = always1 a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! great political & religi\s c5t]s ( ,babylonia1 su* z ,ur1 ,sipp>1 ,agade1 ,eridu1 ,nippur1 ,uruk1 p]haps also ,laga%1 & lat] on ,babylon1 =m$ ! foci ( lit]>y activity1 z !y 7 ! />t+-po9ts ( comm]cial ent]prise4 ,?is intimate connection ( religion ) lit]ature left its impress ^u all bran*es into :i* ! ,babylonian lit]ature 0 9 ! c\rse ( "t diff]5tiat$4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se all ! lit]ature ( ,babylonia is religi\s4 ,ev5 ! legal =mulas1 z embodi$ 9 ! s-call$ contract tablets1 h a religi\s t+e4 ,! prie/s be+ ! scribes1 a contract ( any k9d betwe5 two or m p>ties 0 a religi\s compact4 ,! oa? :i* accompani$ ! compact involv$ an invocation ( ! gods4 ,! decree ( ! judges 9 a disput$ suit 0 confirm$ by an appeal to ! gods4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* ! p>ties b\nd !mselves consi/$ l>gely ( religi\s phrases1 & f9ally ! dat+ ( ! tablet (t5 conta9$ a ref]5ce to "s religi\s fe/ival or to "s ev5t ( religi\s import--su* z ! build+ ( a sanctu>y4 ,sci5ce1 s f> z x exi/$ 9 ,babylonia1 nev] loos5$ ! lead+-/r+s t b\nd x to ! prevail+ religi\s ?\ght4 ,! obs]vation ( ! />s 0 c>ri$ on "u ! belief ( ! suppos$ influ5ce ex]t$ by ! heav5ly bodies ^u ! fate ( man2 & surpris+ z we f9d ! developm5t ( a/ronomical calculations & =eca/s to be1 ma!matics does n pass beyond ! limits ( a/rology4 ,m$ic9e 0 likewise ! conc]n ( ! prie/s4 ,disease 0 a div9e infliction suppos$ to be due to ! direct pres5ce 9 ! body1 or to ! hidd5 influ5ce1 ( "s p]nici\s _s4 ,! cure 0 effect$ by ! exorcis+ ( ! tr\blesome _s ?r\gh prescrib$ =mulas ( suppos$ p[]1 accompani$ by symbolical acts4 ,!re is inde$ no bran* ( human k :i* s p]si/5tly reta9s its connection ) religi\s beliefs among all peoples ( antiquity z ! "o :i* to-day is reg>d$ z re/+ solely ^u a mat]iali/ic basis4 ,z a consequ5ce ! ,babylonians1 al?\gh !y made "s progress 9 m$ic9al me?ods1 & m especially 9 m$ical diagnosis1 nev] dissociat$ m$ic9al rem$ies f ! appeal to ! gods4 ,! recital ( =mulas 0 suppos$ to secure by _! magic =ce ! effectiv5ess ( ! m$ical potions t 7 (f]$ to ! suff]]4 ,z = ! hi/orical texts1 ! prec$+ *apt]s h illu/rat$ h[ full !y are ( religi\s allusions1 h[ at e turn we meet ) ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! prie/s z ! compos]s ( ^! texts4 ,almo/ all occurr5ces are giv5 a religi\s color+4 ,t ^! texts furni% u ) su* valuable mat]ial1 & su* a quantity ( x1 is inde$ to be trac$ directly to ! fact t ! hi/orical lit]ature is also ! direct production ( ! religi\s lead]s & guides ( ! p1 act+ at ! comm& ( rul]s1 :o 7 desir\s ( emphasiz+ _! dep5d5ce ^u ! gods ( ! c\ntry1 & :o made ?is dep5d5ce ! basis ( ! au?ority !y ex]t$4 ,su* be+ ! g5]al aspect ( ,babylonian lit]ature1 x is n always possible to draw a %>p l9e sep>at+ religi\s productions f su* z may prop]ly be t]m$ secul>4 ,= example1 ! zodiacal sy/em ( ! ,babylonians1 :i* we %all h occasion to discuss1 al?\gh pres5t+ a sci5tific aspect1 is 9 reality an outcome ( ! religi\s ?\ght2 & s at o!r po9ts x is necess>y to pass ov] into ! region ( secul> ?\ght = illu/rations ( ! religi\s beliefs4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we may set up a fivefold division ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians 9 ! /rict] s5se3 7#a7 ! magical texts1 7#b7 ! hymns & pray]s1 7#c7 om5s & =eca/s1 7#d7 ! cosmology1 7#e7 epics & leg5ds4 ,x w be app>5t t ! fir/ ?ree divisions repres5t a practical "p ( ! lit]ature1 :ile ! two latt] are ( a m purely lit]>y "*4 ,! magical texts1 z well z ! hymns & pray]s & om5s1 we c well imag9e 7 produc$ z circum/ances call$ !m =?1 & "o c also und]/& h[ !y %\ld1 at an e>ly age1 h be5 committ$ to writ+4 ,! incantations s]v+ ! practical purpose already ref]r$ to ( secur+ a control ov] ! _s1 x w be readily se5 t su* z _h demon/rat$ _! effectiv5ess w\ld become popul>4 ,! desire w\ld arise to pres]ve !m = future g5]ations4 ,) t natural t5d5cy ( loose cu/om to become fix$ law1 ^! incantations w\ld come to be p]man5tly associat$ ) c]ta9 temples4 ,rituals w\ld ?us arise4 ,! incantation w\ld be committ$ to writ+ s t "o g5]ation ( prie/s might be c]ta9 ( furni%+ or?odox in/ruction to ! o!r2 &1 once writt51 !y w\ld =m "p ( ! temple ar*ives1 f9d+ a place 9 ^! ar*ives by ! side ( ! contract tablets1 = :i* ! sacr$ edifices ( ! c\ntry also s]v$ z depositories4 ,! l>ge quantity ( incantation texts t h be5 f\nd 9 ,a%urbanabal's libr>y1#cdj z well z ! v>iations & contra/s !y pres5t :5 comp>$ ) "o ano!r1 are probably due to ! v>i\s s\rces :5ce ! scribes ( ! k+1 :o 7 s5t to ! libr>ies ( ! s\?1 collect$ _! mat]ial4 ,x is only reasonable to suppose t ea* great temple acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t a ritual ( its own1 :i*1 :ile p]haps n diff]+ 9 any ess5tial po9ts f t introduc$ 9 ano!r place1 yet deviat$ f x suffici5tly to imp>t to x a "* ( its own4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ! texts t h be5 pres]v$1 x is /ill possible to det]m9e ?r\gh c]ta9 traits t !y exhibit 9 :at religi\s c5t] !y 7 produc$4 ,) consid]able m gu>antee ( accuracy c ?is be done 9 ! case ( ! hymns & pray]s4 ,address$ z ! latt] 7 to c]ta9 deities1 x /&s to reason t !y 7 writt5 = use 9 ! temples sacr$ to ^? deities1 or1 if n to be us$1 at lea/ compos$ 9 honor ( c]ta9 sanctu>ies t conta9$ ! images ( ! deities ?us exalt$4 ,aga91 9 ! hi/orical inscriptions ( ! ,assyrian & ,neo-,babylonian p]iods1 pray]s are introduc$1 & we are z a g5]al ?+ expressly told on :at occasion !y 7 compos$ & 9 :at sanctu>y !y 7 utt]$4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ^? :i* h be5 pres]v$ indep5d5tly also s]v$ a practical purpose1 & 7 writt51 n m]ely = c]ta9 occasions1 b = c]ta9 places4 ,! practical purpose s]v$ by texts conta9+ om5s & =eca/s d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( ! planets & />s1 f mon/rosities--human & animal--f /range occurr5ces1 accid5ts1 & ! l1 is too obvi\s to require demon/ration4 ,b :ile duly emphasiz+ ! practical purpose t gave rise to ! incantation texts1 ! hymns1 ! pray]s & om5s1 we mu/ be c>eful n to press ?is po9t too f>4 ,! rituals ( ! v>i\s temples once be+ fix$1 ! impulse to lit]>y composition w\ld /ill g on 9 an age m>k$ by intellectual activity4 ,! practical purpose w\ld be foll[$ by ! pure love ( composition4 ,! atta*m5t to c]ta9 sanctu>ies or c]ta9 deities w\ld inspire e>ne/ & gift$ prie/s to fur!r ef=ts4 ,accord+ly1 :ile we _c be c]ta9 t among ! actual rema9s ( magical texts & hymns we may n h specim5s t belong to ?is class1 !re is no reason to "q t su* mu/ h be5 produc$4 ,! gu>antee = ?is hypo!sis is furni%$ by ! compositions t reflect ! cosmological beliefs1 ! epics & leg5ds t =m ! second half ( ! religi\s productions ( ,babylonia4 ,speculation reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se belongs to an e>ly p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( culture4 ,!re are few p1 h[ev] primitive _! culture1 :o are n attract$ by ! _s ( curiosity to seek = "s solution ( ! my/]ies :i* !y daily witness2 b ! sy/ematization ( ^! speculations does n take place until a body ( m5 arises among a p capable ( giv+ to ! popul> fancies a logical sequ5ce1 or ! approa* at lea/ to a rational int]pretation4 ,?is process1 :i* result$ 9 produc+ 9 ,babylonia compositions t unfold a sy/em ( creation1 is "o ( long duration4 ,x proce$s "u ! influ5ce ( ! intellectual movem5ts t manife/ !mselves f "t to "t ) ! att5dant result t1 z ! conceptions become m def9ite & m elaborate1 !y reflect m accurately ! aspirations ( ! v>i\s g5]ations engag$ 9 br++ ^! conceptions to _! f9al =m4 ,:5 f9ally ^! beliefs & speculations are committ$ to writ+1 x is done 9 "p = ! purpose ( assur+ !m a great] degree ( p]man5ce1 & 9 "p to e/abli% m def9itely ! doctr9es develop$ 9 ! s*ools--to def9e1 z x 71 ! norm ( !ological & philosophical ?\ght4 ,9 exam9+1 !re=e1 ! cosmological speculations ( ! ,babylonians z !y appe> 9 ! lit]>y productions1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ^? portions :i* are ! productions ( popul> fancy1 & !re=e old1 & ^? p>ts :i* give evid5ce ( hav+ be5 work$ out 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 a g5]al way1 also1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! cont5ts & ! =m giv5 to ! speculations 9 "q4 ,we %all see 9 due "t t a c]ta9 am\nt ( hi/orical tradition1 h[ev] dimm$1 has ent]$ into ! views evolv$ 9 ,babylonia reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ?+s1 inasmu* z ! sci5ce ( orig9s includ$ = ! ,babylonians ! beg9n+1 n m]ely ( gods1 m51 animals1 & plants1 b also ( cities & ( civilization 9 g5]al4 ,/ill m pron\nc$ is ! hi/orical _s 9 ! case ( ! epics & leg5ds t "h1 z ev]y:]e else1 grew to ev5 l>g] proportions1 & 7 modifi$ ev5 aft] !y 7 f9ally committ$ to writ+4 ,! great h]oes ( ! pa/ d n p]i% f ! memory ( a p1 nor does ! recollection ( great ev5ts entirely pass away4 ,9 proportion z ! traditions ( ! pa/ become dimm$1 ! m easily d !y l5d !mselves to a bl5d+ ) popul> my?s reg>d+ ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,to ?is mat]ial popul>ly produc$1 a lit]>y %ape w\ld be giv5 ?r\gh ! same m$ium t remodel$ ! popul> cosmological speculations4 ,! task w\ld h a m purely lit]>y aspect ?an t ( sy/ematiz+ ! curr5t views reg>d+ ! orig9 & ord] ( ?+s1 s9ce x w\ld be free f any doctr9al t5d5cy4 ,! *ief motive t w\ld prompt ! lit]ati to ?us collect ! /ories ( favorite h]oes & ! traditions & ! leg5ds ( ! pa/ w\ld be--9 addition1 p]haps1 to ! pure pleasure ( composition--! desire to pres]ve ! /ories = future g5]ations1 :ile a m9or factor t may h ent]$ into consid]ation w\ld be ! p$agogical "o ( add+ to ! mat]ial = /udy t might engage ! att5tion & ?\ghts ( ! "y aspirants to sacr$ & secul> lore4 ,:ile ! ultimate aim ( le>n+ 9 ,babylonia rema9$ = all times a practical "o1 namely1 ! ability to act z a scribe or to s]ve 9 ! cult1 to r5d] judicial decisions or to obs]ve ! movem5ts ( ! />s1 to int]pret ! signs ( nature & ! l1 x 0 inevitable t ?r\gh ! intellectual activity ?us evok$ !re w\ld arise a _s ( a love ( le>n+ = le>n+'s sake1 & at all ev5ts a fondness = lit]>y pursuits indep5d5t ( any purely practical purposes s]v$ by su* pursuits4 ,9 ?is way we may acc\nt = ! rise ( ! sev]al divisions ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,babylonia4 ,be=e turn+ to a detail$ exposition ( ea* ( ^! divisions1 x only rema9s to emphasize ! m9or "p tak5 9 all ^! lit]>y labors by ! ,assyrians4 ,! traditions embodi$ 9 ! cosmological productions1 ! epics & leg5ds ( ,babylonia1 are no d\bt z mu* ! prop]ty ( ! ,assyrians z ( _! s\!rn c\s9s1 j z ! conceptions und]ly+ ! incantation texts & ! hymns & pray]s & om5s1 ?\gh produc$ 9 ! s\?1 are on ! :ole id5tical ) ^? curr5t 9 ! nor?4 ,:atev] diff]5ces we h discov]$ betwe5 ! phases ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion1 z manife/$ 9 ! nor? & 9 ! s\?1 are n ( a "* to affect ! que/ions & views involv$ 9 ! religi\s lit]ature4 ,! /amp giv5 to ! lit]>y products 9 ?is field1 tak5 z a :ole1 is di/9ctly ,babylonian4 ,x is ! _s ( ! s\? t brea!s ?r\gh almo/ all ! religi\s texts t h z yet be5 discov]$4 ,only 9 "s ( ! pray]s & oracles & om5s t are ins]t$ 9 ! hi/orical inscriptions ( ,assyrian k+s1 or h be5 transmitt$ indep5d5tly1 d we recognize ! "w ( ,assyrian lit]ati1 imbu$ ) a _s peculi> to ,assyria4 ,p]haps1 too1 9 ! f9al %ape giv5 to ! tales connect$ ) ! creation ( ! gods & ( m5 we may detect an ,assyrian influ5ce on ,babylonian ?\ght1 "s concession made at a p]iod ( ,assyrian supremacy to c]ta9 religi\s conceptions peculi> to ! nor?4 ,b su* influ5ces are ( an indirect "*1 & we may accept ! /atem5t ( ,a%urbanabal z lit]ally true t ! lit]ature collect$ by him is a copy ( :at 0 f\nd 9 ! great lit]>y ar*ives ( ! s\?--& n only f\nd1 b produc$ !re4 ,9 imitation ( ! example set by ! s\?1 s*ools 7 ( a c]ta9ty e/abli%$ 9 ,n9eveh1 ,arbela1 & else:]e = ! education ( prie/s1 scribes1 & judges2 b we h no evid5ce to %[ t !y ev] develop$ to ! po9t ( becom+ intellectually indep5d5t ( ,babylonian models1 except p]haps 9 m9or p>ticul>s t ne$ n ent] into our calculations4 ,?is relation%ip betwe5 ! intellectual life ( ,babylonia & ,assyria f9ds its illu/ration & pro(1 n m]ely 9 ! religi\s lit]ature1 b 9 ! religi\s art & cult :i*1 z we %all see1 l ! lit]ature1 be> ! di/9ct impress ( _! s\!rn orig91 ?\gh modifi$ 9 pass+ f ! s\? to ! nor?4 ,,footnotes3 #cci ,see above1 pp4 #gb1 #aad1 #acc seq4 #cdj ,see pp4 #ab-ad4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,magical ,,texts4 ,turn+ to ! fir/ subdivision ( ,babylonian religi\s lit]ature1 we f9d rema9s suffici5t to ju/ify u 9 conclud+ t !re mu/ h be5 produc$ a va/ numb] ( texts conta9+ =mulas & directions = secur+ a control ov] ! spirits :i* 7 suppos$ at all times to be able to ex]cise a c]ta9 am\nt ( p[] ov] m54 ,by virtue ( ! aim s]v$ by ^! productions we may gr\p !m "u ! head ( magical texts1 or incantations4 ,we h already indicat$ ! mann] 9 :i* ^! incantations grew into m or less rigid temple rituals4 ,?is gr[? acc\nts = ! fact t ! incantations g5]ally fram$ 9 by c]emonial directions1 pray]s1 & reflections1 7 comb9$ into a cont9u\s s]ies 7or volume1 z we w\ld say7 ( v>y+ l5g?1 cov]+ n9e1 t51 a doz51 tw5ty tablets or m4 ,x has be5 g5]ally assum$ t ^! incantation texts con/itute ! olde/ division ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians4 ,! ass]tion 9 an unqualifi$ =m is h>dly accurate1 = ! incantation texts1 su* z !y lie be=e u1 give evid5ce ( hav+ be5 submitt$ to ! influ5ces ( an age mu* lat] ?an ! "o 9 :i* _! sub/ance 0 produc$4 ,conceptions h be5 c>ri$ into !m t 7 orig9ally abs5t1 & a =m giv5 to !m t obliges u to di/+ui% betwe5 ! und]ly+ concepts1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ^! concepts h be5 comb9$ ) views t reflect a lat] &1 9 _m respects1 a m advanc$ p]iod4 ,! incantation texts are c]ta9ly no old] ?an texts furni%+ om5s4 ,"s ( ! incantation texts inde$ may n be any old] ?an portions ( ! creation epic1 & 9 ! latt]1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! religi\s lit]ature1 !re are elem5ts z anci5t & z primitive z any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! om5s or incantations4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 is true1 t ! incantations repres5t ! e>lie/ ritual prop] to ! ,babylonian cult1 & t ! conceptions und]ly+ ?is ritual are ! emanation ( popul> ?\ght1 or1 if y *oose1 ( popul> fancy ( a mo/ primitive "*4 ,x is also true t1 on ! :ole1 ! incantation texts reta9 m traces ( primitive popul> ?\ght ?an o!r divisions ( ! religi\s lit]ature ) ! exception ( ! om5s4 ,! remodel+ to :i* !y 7 subject$ did n de/roy _! orig9al "* to ! ext5t t might h be5 expect$--a circum/ance due 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! p]si/5cy ( ! beliefs t call$ ^! texts =?4 ,_m ( ! texts conta9+ incantations 7 f\nd by ! mod]n explor]s 9 s mutilat$ a condition1 t "o c h>dly haz>d any g5]alizations z to ! sy/em foll[$ 9 putt+ ! incantations toge!r4 ,f ! fact1 h[ev]1 t 9 s _m in/ances ! incantations =m a s]ies ( long] or %ort] ext5t1 we may1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 conclude t ! s]ial =m 0 ! me?od g5]ally foll[$2 & at all ev5ts1 if n ! g5]al me?od1 c]ta9ly a favorite "o4 ,deviat+ f ! ord9>y cu/om ( call+ ! s]ies accord+ to ! op5+ l9e ( ! fir/ tablet1 ! incantation texts 7 giv5 a di/9ct title1 :i* 0 ei!r descriptive or *os5 ) ref]5ce to _! g5]al cont5ts4 ,s "o s]ies :i* cov]$ at lea/ sixte5 tablets 0 kn[n by ! v natural "n ( ! 'evil demon'2 ! incantations t x conta9$ be+ int5d$ z a protection aga9/ v>i\s classes ( demons4 ,ano!r is kn[n z ! s]ies ( 'head sickness1' & :i* deals1 ?\gh n exclusively1 ) v>i\s =ms ( d]angem5ts hav+ _! seat 9 ! bra94 ,x cov]$ no less ?an n9e tablets4 ,two o!rs be> names t are almo/ synonym\s1--,%urpu & ,maklu1 bo? signify+ 'burn+1' & s call$ f ! *ief topic dealt ) 9 !m1 ! burn+ ( images ( ! sorc]]s1 & ! incantations to be recit$ 9 connection ) ?is symbolical act4 ,! ,maklu s]ies embrac$ eight tablets & conta9$1 accord+ to ,tallqvi/'s calculations1#cda orig9ally ab\t #a1eej l9es1 or upw>ds ( #i1jjj words4 ,! ,%urpu s]ies1 al?\gh embrac+ n9e tablets1 appe>s to h be5 some:at %ort]4 ,9 view ( ! ext5sive "* ( ^! s]ies we are ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( incantation 'rituals4' ,! texts 7 evid5tly prep>$ ) a practical purpose 9 view4 ,! efficacy ( c]ta9 =mulas hav+ be5 demon/rat$1 x 0 obvi\sly ( importance t _! exact =m %\ld be pres]v$ = future ref]5ce4 ,b a giv5 =mula 0 effective only = a giv5 case1 or at mo/ = c]ta9 correlat$ cases1 & accord+ly x became necess>y to collect z _m =mulas z possible to cov] all em]g5cies4 ,! prie/s1 act+ z exorcis]s1 w\ld be ! ones int]e/$ 9 mak+ su* collections1 & we may assume1 z already sugge/$1 t ea* temple w\ld develop a collection ( its own1--an incantation code t s]v$ z a guide = its prie/s4 ,! natural t5d5cy w\ld be = ^! codes to increase f g5]ation to g5]ation1 p]haps n rapidly1 b /eadily4 ,new cases n z yet provid$ = w\ld arise1 & new =mulas ) new in/ructions w\ld be produc$2 or ! exorcis]s at a c]ta9 temple w\ld le>n ( rem$ies tri$ else:]e1 & w\ld embody !m 9 _! own special code4 ,9 %ort1 ! gr[? ( ^! incantation 'rituals' 0 probably simil> to ! mann] 9 :i*1 on ! basis ( actual practice1 religi\s codes grew up ar\nd ! sanctu>ies ( anci5t ,israel1--a process t t]m9at$ 9 ! production ( ! v>i\s codes & rituals con/itut+ ! legal docum5ts embodi$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! prom95ce giv5 to ,ea & to 8 favorite seat1 ! city ( ,eridu1 9 ! incantations sugge/s ! !ory t _m ( our texts are to be ultimately trac$ to ! temple ( ,ea1 t once /ood at ,eridu4 ,9 t case an additional pro( w\ld be furni%$ ( ! great antiquity ( ! use ( incantations 9 ,babylonia4 ,we mu/ %>ply di/+ui% h[ev]1 z already emphasiz$1 betwe5 ! orig9 & ! pres5t =m ( ! rituals4 ,aga91 ^? p>ts ( a ritual 9 :i* ,gibil1 or ,nusku1 appe>s prom95tly w\ld mo/ naturally be produc$ by prie/s connect$ ) a temple sacr$ to ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! gods4 ,! practice ( incantation1 h[ev]1 be+ common to all p>ts ( ,babylonia1 we c h>dly suppose t any temple %\ld h exi/$ :i* did n h its exorcis+ =mulas4 ,9 ! comb9ation ( ^! =mulas into a ritual1 due consid]ation w\ld naturally be _h to ! special gods invok$1 ! obvi\s result ( :i* w\ld be to produce ! long li/s ( deities t are (t5 embodi$ 9 a s+le incantation4 ,! details ( ?is process c ( c\rse no long] be disc]n$1 b ! inevitable t5d5cy w\ld be t[>ds increas+ complications4 ,! ef=t w\ld be made to collect ev]y?+1 & f all kn[n qu>t]s4 ,h5ce ! het]og5e\s elem5ts to be detect$ 9 ! texts1 & :i*1 :ile add+ to _! int]e/1 also increase ! difficulty ( _! int]pretation4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( su* het]og5e\s elem5ts1 x is difficult to det]m9e )9 an incantation s]ies any guid+ pr9ciples t prompt$ ! collectors4 ,/ill we c (t5 di/+ui% l>ge gr\ps 9 a s]ies t belong toge!r4 ,s we h :ole s]ies ( addresses to ! fire-god end+ ) incantations1 & aga9 a s]ies ( descriptions ( ! gr\p ( sev5 spirits s]v+ a simil> purpose z introductions to incantations1 b we _c see on :at gr\nds ! transition f "o subject to ! o!r takes place4 ,inde$ ! transitions are g5]ally m>k$ by _! abruptness4 ,! only legitimate inf]5ce is t ! ma9 purpose ( ! collectors ( incantation texts 0 to exhau/ ! subject s f> z lay 9 _! p[]4 ,!y includ$ 9 _! codes z mu* z possible4 ,! exorcis] w\ld h no difficulty 9 ?read+ 8 way ?r\gh ! complicat$ mass4 ,he w\ld select ! division appropriate to ! case be=e him )\t mu* conc]n ( :at prec$$ or foll[$ 9 ! text4 ,moreov]1 ^! divisions 9 ! texts 7 cle>ly m>k$ by divid+ l9es1 /ill to be se5 on ! clay tablets4 ,^! divisions correspond s completely to divisions 9 ! subject-matt] t ! purely practical purpose !y s]v$ c h>dly be call$ into "q1 :ile at ! same "t !y furni% additional pro( = ! compil$ "* ( ! texts4 ,z = ! date ( ! composition ( ! texts1 ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates "u ,hammurabi1 ) its necess>y result1 ! supremacy ( ,m>duk1 t f9ds its reflection 9 ! texts1 furni%es u ) a t]m9us a quo beyond :i* we ne$ n proce$ = f9al edit+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are indications 9 ! language :i* w>rant u 9 n pass+ bel[ #bjjj ,b4,c4 z ! p]iod :5 _m ( ! incantation texts receiv$ _! pres5t =m1 & ! editions 7 complet$ f :i* _m c5turies aft]w>ds ! ,assyrian scribes prep>$ _! copies = _! royal ma/]s4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no reason = assum+ t all our texts %\ld be ( "o age1 or t ! copy+ &1 9 "p1 ! edit+ %\ld n h gone on cont9ually4 ,necessity = fur!r copies w\ld arise ) ! /eady gr[? ( ! temples4 ,prie/s w\ld be engag$ 9 mak+ copies = !mselves1 ei!r = _! edification z a pi\s "w1 or = real use2 & accord+ly1 9 fix+ ^u any date = ! texts1 "o c h>dly d m ?an assign c]ta9 broad limits )9 :i* ! texts1 s f> z _! pres5t cont5ts are conc]n$1 may h be5 complet$4 ,! copies !mselves may ( c\rse belong to a mu* lat] p]iod )\t1 = t reason1 be+ m rec5t productions4 ,att5tion mu/ also be direct$ to ! s-call$ 'bil+ual' =m1 9 :i* _m ( ! incantation texts are edit$2 ea* l9e be+ fir/ writt5 9 ! ideographic /yle1 & !n foll[$ by a translit]ation into ! phonetic /yle4#cdb ,! use ( ! ideographic /yle is a survival ( ! anci5t p]iod :5 all texts 7 writt5 9 ?is mann]1 & ! cons]vatism atta*+ to all ?+s religi\s acc\nts = ! cont9uation ( ! ideographic /yle 9 ! religi\s rituals d[n to ! late/ p]iod1 beyond ! "t :5 ev5 accord+ to ^? :o see 9 ! ideographic /yle a language di/9ct f ,babylonian1 ?is suppos$ non-,semitic tongue 0 no long] spok5 by ! p1 & m]ely artificially ma9ta9$1 l ! ,lat9 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! frequ5t lack ( correspond5ce 9 m9or po9ts betwe5 ! ideographic /yle & ! phonetic translit]ation %[s t ! latt] 0 int5d$ m]ely z a v]sion1 z a guide & aid to ! und]/&+ ( ! 'cons]vative' me?od ( writ+4 ,x 0 n necess>y = a translit]ation to be accurate1 :]eas1 9 ! case ( a translation1 ! greate/ c>e w\ld naturally be tak5 to pres]ve ! orig9al sacr$ text ) all nicety & accuracy1 s9ce ^u accuracy & nicety ! :ole efficacy ( ! =mulas re/$4 ,! r$action ( ! incantation texts 9 ! d\ble /yle mu/ n be reg>d$ z a necess>y indication ( high antiquity1 b only z a pro( t ! olde/ incantation texts 7 writt5 9 ! ideographic /yle1 & t = ?is reason ! cu/om 0 cont9u$ d[n to ! late/ p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! addition ( ! translit]ation po9ts to a p]iod :5 ! old /yle c\ld no long] be read by ! prie/s ) facility )\t "s guide1 & incid5tally proves aga9 t ! texts h gone ?r\gh an edit+ process4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 additions to ! ritual 7 made1 writt5 9 ! phonetic /yle2 & !n x w\ld happ51 z a concession to religi\s cons]vatism1 t ! text w\ld be translat$ back into ! ideographic =m4 ,we w\ld !n h a bil+ual text1 consi/+ ( ,babylonian & an artificial ,sum]o-,akkadian4 ,t incantations 7 also compos$ 9 pure ,babylonian )\t ref]5ce to any ,sum]o-,akkadian orig9al is conclusively %[n by ! metrical traits frequ5tly introduc$4 ,_m ( ! sections--by no means all--c be divid$ into regul> /anzas ( f\r1 six1 or eight l9es1 & frequ5tly to ! /anza is add$ a l9e :i* =ms :at ,pr(essor ,d4 ,h4 ,muell]#cdc calls ! response4 ,! same metrical traits be+ f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,babylonian lit]ature1--s1 e4g41 9 ! creation epic1--_! occurr5ce 9 ! incantation texts is ( c\rse n accid5tal4 ,:51 !re=e1 we come across a ritual z ! ,maklu s]ies1 writt5 exclusively 9 ! phonetic /yle1 & giv+ evid5ce ( be+ 9 "p a metrical composition1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ ?is to h be5 ! orig9al =m4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( ano!r s]ies1--! ,%urpu1 9 "p ,babylonian1 9 "p bil+ual1#cdd--s9ce ! ,babylonian section %[s ! metrical =m1 x is likely t ! ideographic /yle repres5ts a translit]ation ( a phonetic1 or pure ,babylonian1 orig9al4 ,! *ief value ( ! incantation texts lies1 naturally1 9 ! insight !y af=d into ! popul> beliefs4 ,z among o!r nations1 s among ! ,babylonians1 ! use ( c]ta9 =mulas to secure release f ills1 pa9s1 & evils ( any k9d1 ei!r actual or port5d+1 re/s ^u ! !ory t ! accid5ts & mis=tunes to :i* man is heir are due l>gely to ! influ5ce ( m or less p[]ful spirits or demons1 act+ indep5d5tly or at ! comm& ( high] p[]s1--! gods4 ,?r\gh ! incantation rituals we are enabl$ to specify ! traits popul>ly ascrib$ to ^! demons & ! means employ$ to rid oneself ( _! baneful grasp4 ,demons4 ,! demons 7 ( v>i\s k9ds & ( v>i\s grades ( p[]4 ,! names ( _m ( !m1 z utukku1 %$u1 alu1 gallu1 po9t to '/r5g?' & 'greatness' z _! ma9 attribute2 o!r names1 z lilu1 'night-_s1' & ! fem99e =m lilitu1 are indicative ( ! mom5t *os5 by !m = _! "w2 :ile aga91 names l ekimmu1 ! 'seiz]1' akhkhazu1 ! 'captur]1' rabisu1 '! "o t lies 9 wait1' lab>tu1 '! oppressor1' & labasu1 '! ov]?r[]1' %[ ! aim t ! demons h 9 view4 ,putt+ ^! names toge!r1 we may =m a g5]al idea ( ! conceptions connect$ ) ! demons4 ,!y lurk 9 hidd5 or remote places1 9 graves1 9 ! %ad[ ( ru9s1 on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 9 ! wild]ness4 ,_! favorite "t ( activity is at dead ( night4 ,!y glide noiselessly l s]p5ts1 ent]+ h\ses ?r\gh holes & crevices4 ,!y are p[]ful1 b _! p[] is direct$ solely t[>ds evil4 ,!y take firm hold ( _! victims & torture !m m]cilessly4 ,to ^! demons all mann] ( evil is ascrib$4 ,_! pres5ce 0 felt 9 ! de/ructive w9ds t swept ! l&4 ,! pe/il5t fev]s t rise out ( ! m>%es ( ! ,euphrates valley & ! diseases br$ by ! humid heat ( summ] 7 alike trac$ to demons lurk+ 9 ! soil4 ,"s ( ^! diseases1 moreov]1 7 p]sonifi$1 z ,namt>1 ! demon ( 'plague1' & ,a%akku1 ! demon ( 'wa/+ disease4' ,b ! petty annoyances t di/urb ! peace ( man--a sudd5 fall1 an unlucky ^w1 a heada*e1 petty qu>rels1 & ! l--7 also due to ! in/igation ( ! demons2 :ile insanity & ! /irr+ up ( ! passions--love1 hatr$1 & jeal\sy--7 9 a special s5se indicative ( ! pres5ce & p[] ( ! demons4 ,m5 & wom5 /ood 9 con/ant dang] ( !m4 ,ev5 ! animals 7 n safe f _! attacks4 ,!y drive ! birds out ( _! ne/s1 /rike d[n lambs & bulls4 ,x 0 impossible to =e/all _! attacks4 ,!y ent] a man's dwell+1 !y w&] ?r\gh ! /reets1 !y make _! way into food & dr9k4 ,!re is no place1 h[ev] small1 :i* !y _c invade1 & none1 h[ev] l>ge1 t !y _c fill4 ,9 a text :i* furni%es ! sacr$ =mulas by means ( :i* "o c get rid ( ! demoniac influ5ce1 a description is giv5 ( ! demons :i* may s]ve z an illu/ration ( :at has j be5 said4 ,! incantation is direct$ aga9/ a v>iety ( ! demons3#cde ,! utukku#cdf ( ! field & ! utukku ( ! m\nta91 ,! utukku ( ! sea & ! "o t lurks 9 graves1 ,! evil %$u1 ! %9+ alu4 ,! evil w9d1 ! t]rible w9d1 ,t sets "o's hair on end4 ,aga9/ ^! ! spirits ( heav5 & e>? are invok$4 ,! text proce$s3 ,! utukku t seizes hold ( a man1 ,! ekimmu t seizes hold ( a man1 ,! ekimmu t works evil1 ,! utukku t works evil4 ,& aft] invok+ aga9/ ^! demons1 likewise1 ! spirits ( heav5 & e>?1 ! text passes on to an enum]ation ( a long li/ ( physical ills3 sickness ( ! entrails1 ( ! he>t1 ( ! head1 ( ! /oma*1 ( ! kidneys1 ( ! limbs & muscles1 ( ! sk91 & ( ! s5ses1 :i* are all ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( ! demons4 ,ap>t f ! demons t are naught b ! p]sonification ( c]ta9 diseases1 x does n appe> t ! demons 7 limit$ 9 _! p[] to "o specific k9d ( action4 ,9 o!r words1 %>p di/9ctions betwe5 ! demons d n appe> to h be5 drawn4 ,z appe>s f ! extracts above translat$1 ! utukku1 %$u1 alu1 & ekimmu 7 gr\p$ toge!r1 & h>dly reg>d$ z any?+ m ?an descriptive epi!ts ( a g5]al class ( demons4 ,at ! same "t x appe>s likely t at "o "t !y 7 diff]5tiat$ ) a great] degree ( precis5ess4 ,s ! ekimmu appe>s to be ! %ad[y demon t hov]s ar\nd graves1 a species ( gho/ or vampire t attacks p 9 ! dead ( night & lays !m pro/rate4 ,lilu & lilitu are ! spirits t flit by 9 ! night4 ,( a specific "* likewise are ! conceptions connect$ ) a demon kn[n z ardat lili1 'maid ( ! night1' a /range female 'w-o'-!-wisp1' :o approa*es m51 ar\ses _! passions1 b does n p]mit a satisfaction ( !m4 ,great importance be+ atta*$ by ! ,babylonians to dreams1 ! belief 9 a 'maid ( ! night' 0 probably due to ! un*eck$ play ( ! imag9ation dur+ ! h\rs ( sleep4 ,bad dreams came at ! in/igation ( ! demons1 & su* a demon z ! rabisu or ! lab>tu appe>s to h be5 especially associat$ ) ! horrible s5sations ar\s$ by a 'nightm>e4'#cdg ,aga9 ! utukku is repres5t$ at times z attack+ ! neck ( man2 ! gallu attacks ! h&1 ! ekimmu ! lo9s1 ! alu ! brea/4 ,b ^! di/9ctions c\nt = little 9 ! texts4 ,utukku becomes a g5]al "n = demon1 & gallu1 alu1 & %$u are ei!r us$ synonym\sly ) utukku or ?r[n toge!r ) ! latt] 9 a mann] t cle>ly %[s ! g5]al id5tity ( ! conceptions ultimately connect$ ) !m4 ,! same is ! case ) ! rabisu & gallu1 ) ! lab>tu1 akhkhazu1 & ekimmu4 ,! demons 7 always giv5 "s %ape1 animal or human1 = x 0 a necess>y coroll>y ( ! /age ( religi\s ?\ght to :i* ! belief 9 demons belongs1 t ! demon mu/ n only be some:]e1 ?\gh invisible to mank9d1 b also 9 some?+ t manife/s life4 ,among animals1 ^? calculat$ to inspire t]ror by _! my/]i\s movem5ts 7 *os51 z s]p5ts appe>+ & disappe>+ ) />tl+ sudd5ness1 or ugly scorpions1 aga9/ :om x 0 difficult to protect oneself1 or ! fabul\s mon/]s ) :i* graves & pe/if]\s spots 7 peopl$4 ,regions difficult ( access--! des]t1 ! deep wat]s1 ! high m\nta9s--7 ! favorite haunts ( ! demons4 ,"s ( ^! demons 7 frequ5tly pictur$ 9 ! b\nd>y /ones betwe5 fields1 9 ord] to emphasize ! curses hurl$ ^u ! head ( him :o %\ld trespass on ! lawful rights ( ! own] ( ! l&4#cdh ,x is to su* demons embodi$ 9 liv+ =m t epi!ts su* z ! 'seiz]1' ! '"o t lurks1' & ! l apply ) peculi> aptness4 ,9 a tablet belong+ to a long s]ies ( incantations1#cdi we f9d ref]5ces to v>i\s animals--! s]p5t1 ! scorpion1 mon/]s--t are reg>d$ z ! embodim5t ( demons4 ,9 ! di/9ctively religi\s art1 ! evil spirits are (t5 pictur$ z ugly mon/]s t 7 to inspire t]ror by _! v aspect4 ,depict$ on ! monum5ts1 s+ly or 9 gr\ps1#cej ! %ape ( wild animals 0 giv5 to ! head1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! body 0 sugge/ive ( a human =m4 ,) gap+ m\?s & arm$ ) "s weapon1 !y /& ready to make an attack4 ,! ,assyrian k+s1 up to ! late/ p]iod1 ackn[l$g$ ! p[] ( ! demons by mak+ huge repres5tations ( !m1 :i* !y plac$ at ! approa*es1 entrances1 & divisions ( _! temples & palaces1 9 ! hope ( ?us secur+ _! protection4 ,! great bulls & lions ) human heads--s famili> to e "o--are b ano!r =m ( ! same idea4 ,^! colossal /atues 7 actually kn[n by ! "n %$u1 :i* we h se5 is "o ( ! g5]al t]ms = 'demon4' ,b z a g5]al ?+1 ?is p]sonal phase ( ! demon's exi/5ce is lo/ sight (4 ,ev5 ?\gh embodi$ 9 animal =m1 ! demons c\ld make !mselves invisible to man2 & s9ce mo/ ( _! actions 7 p]=m$ 9 secret1 s t p 7 totally at _! m]cy1 ! diff]5tiation ( ! demons became a factor ( m9or importance4 ,) s l>ge a quantity ( demons at comm&1 x 0 difficult to hit ^u ! "o :o 0 manife/+ himself by "s evil at any giv5 mom5t4 ,accord+ly1 in/ead ( a s+le m5tion1 a numb] or a gr\p 7 enum]at$1 & ! magic =mulas pron\nc$ aga9/ !m 9 conc]t4 ,we h "o su* gr\p ( sev5 to :om q a numb] ( ref]5ces are f\nd 9 ! incantation texts4 ,a section 9 "o ( ^! texts gives a vivid description ( !m3#cea ,sev5 are !y1 !y are sev51 ,9 ! subt]ranean deep1 !y are sev51 ,p]*$ 787 9 ! sky1 !y are sev51 ,9 a section ( ! subt]ranean deep !y 7 re>$1 ,!y are nei!r male nor are !y female1 ,!y are de/ructive :irlw9ds1 ,!y h no wife1 nor d !y beget (fspr+4 ,compassion & m]cy !y d n "k1 ,pray] & supplication !y d n he>1 ,horses br$ on ! m\nta9s1 are !y ,ho/ile to ,ea#ceb are !y1 ,p[]ful ones among ! gods are !y4 ,to "w mis*ief 9 ! /reet !y settle !mselves 9 ! highway4 ,evil are !y1 !y are evil1 ,sev5 are !y1 !y are sev51 sev51 & aga9 sev5#cec are !y4 ,^! sev5 spirits1 :o are else:]e comp>$ to v>i\s animals1 h p[] ev5 to bewit* ! gods4 ,! eclipse ( ! moon 0 attribut$ to _! baneful influ5ce4 ,! numb] sev5 is probably n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,z among s _m nations1#ced sev5 _h a sacr$ significance = ! ,babylonians2 b l>gely1 if n solely1 = ! reason1 z ,i v5ture to ?9k1 because sev5 0 a l>ge numb]4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t sev5 is simil>ly us$ to designate a l>ge numb]4 ,a gr\p ( sev5 spirits1 accord+ly1 meant no m ?an a miscellane\s mass ( spirits1 & we may !re=e reg>d ?is 'song ( ! sev5' z a g5]al *>act]ization ( ! demons :o1 accord+ to ?is view1 appe> to move toge!r 9 gr\ps r ?an s+ly4 ,else:]e#cee we are told ( ?is same gr\p ( spirits 't !y 7 begott5 9 ! m\nta9 ( sunset1' i4e41 9 ! we/1 '& 7 re>$ 9 ! m\nta9 ( sunrise1' i4e41 ! ea/2 't !y dwell 9 ! holl[ ( ! e>?1 & t !y are proclaim$ on ! m\nta9 tops4' ,evid5tly a description ( ?is k9d is int5d$ to emphasize ! univ]sal pres5ce ( ! spirits4 ,!re is no place :]e !y are n f\nd2 & :5 we are fur!rmore told 7app>5tly 9 contradiction to :at has j be5 said7 't nei!r 9 heav5 nor e>? is _! "n pron\nc$ 7i4e41 are !y kn[n to be71 t among ! gods ( ! e>? 7i4e41 ! pan!on7 !y are n recogniz$1 t nei!r 9 heav5 nor e>? d !y exi/1' ?is is b ! rev]se ( ! picture int5d$ to illu/rate ! capability ( ! spirits to disappe> )\t leav+ any trace ( _! pres5ce4 ,!y are ev]y:]e & yet invisible4 ,!y come & !y g1 & no "o kn[s _! place4 ,no?+ is pro( aga9/ _! approa*4 ,( all ! demons x is true1 z ( ?is gr\p1 t !y slip ?r\gh bolts & doorpo/s & sockets1 glid+1 z we are told1 'l snakes4' ,su* are ! demons aga9/ :om man mu/ seek to protect himself4 ,! relation%ip ( ! demons or spirits to ! gods ( ! pan!on has be5 t\*$ ^u 9 a previ\s *apt]4#cef ,x is suffici5t "h to emphasize ! fact t ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two becomes at times exce$+ly fa9t4 ,a deity1 we h se51 is a _s writ l>ge2 b (t5 ! demon assumes dim5sions & is clo!d ) p[] t makes him 'little %ort ( div9e4' ,/r5g? is ! attribute ( ! demons z x is ! *ief feature ( ! gods4 ,bo? classes ( p[]s influ5ce man's c>e]4 ,! names ( ! demons are prec$$ by ! same det]m9ative t is us$ = ! gods4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _m ( ! spirits 7 orig9ally wor%ipp$ z local deities 9 "s re/rict$ t]ritory1 :i*1 los+ its importance1 bequea?s ! "n ( its protective g5ius to po/]ity4 ,9 ! realm ( religi\s belief1 z 9 ! doma9 ( nature1 absolute loss ( some?+ t once _h exi/5ce does n take place4 ,some?+ rema9s4 ,hundr$s ( old local gods ( ,babylonia ?us surviv$ 9 ! lit]ature z spirits or demons4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds mak+ a selection out ( ! great mass ( gods goes h& 9 h& ) ! multiplication ( spirits t might1 z occasion pres5t$ itself1 be invok$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! l>g] affairs ( life 7 consign$ into ! h&s ( ! gods2 ! petty annoyances--accid5ts1 pa9s1 ill luck1 & ! l--7 put d[n to ! acc\nt ( ! spirits4 ,! gods 71 on ! :ole1 favorably dispos$ t[>ds man4 ,!y 7 angry at times1 !y s5t puni%m5ts1 b !y c\ld be appeas$4 ,! spirits 71 on ! :ole1 ho/ile2 & al?\gh ! ,babylonians also invok$ favorable & k9d spirits1 :5 a _s 0 ho/ile !re 0 only "o me?od ( ridd+ oneself ( ! p]nici\s influ5ce1--to drive x out by means ( =mulas1 & ) ! help ( a prie/ act+ z exorcis]4 ,sorc]]s & ,sorc]esses4 ,a widespread & app>5tly v anci5t belief among ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians 0 t c]ta9 human be+s possess$ demoniac p[]1 & c\ld ex]cise x = evil purposes ov] :omsoev] !y pleas$4 ,?is belief may h orig9at$ 9 ! abnormal appe>ance pres5t$ by c]ta9 individuals 9 consequ5ce ( physical de=mities or peculi>ities4 ,! uncanny impression made by dw>fs1 p]sons ) mis%ap5 limbs1 ) a /range look 9 _! eyes1 &1 above all1 ! insane w\ld give rise to ! view t "s p1 = ! v reason ( _! v>iation f ! normal type1 possess$ peculi> p[]s4 ,b by ! side ( su* z 7 di/+ui%$ by bodily defects1 ^? :o outrank$ _! fell[s by virtue ( _! pr[ess or ( natural gifts1 by ke5ness ( intellect or cunn+1 w\ld also be suppos$ to h receiv$ _! p[] ?r\gh "s demoniac s\rce4 ,) ! giant & ! artific] !re w\ld ?us be associat$ ideas ( sorc]y & wit*craft1 z ) dw>fs1 ! de=m$1 & insane4 ,! sorc]]s might be ei!r male or female1 b1 = reasons :i* are h>d to fa?om1 ! pref]5ce 0 giv5 to females4 ,accord+ly1 x happ5s t among ! ,babylonians1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! wit* appe>s m frequ5tly ?an ! male sorc]]4 ,! wit*es h all ! p[]s ( ! demons1 & 9 ! incantation texts ! two are (t5 ?r[n toge!r4 ,j z ! demons1 s ! wit*es take away ! brea? ( man1 defile 8 food & dr9k1 or close up 8 m\?4 ,!y are able to p5etrate into ! body ( m51 & ?us produce simil> physical & m5tal di/urbances z ! animalic demons4 ,9 view ( ?is close relation%ip betwe5 wit*es & demons1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! two z v>y+ aspects ( "o & ! same belief4 ,! wit* appe>s to be m]ely ! p]son ?r\gh :om ! hi!rto 'invisible' demon has *os5 to manife/ itself4 ,f be+ id5tical 9 "* ) ! demons1 ! wit*es rea*$ a /age :i* made !m sup]ior to ! =m]4 ,!y c\ld n only d ev]y?+ t ! demons did1 b !y c\ld also control ! latt]1 :]eas ! demons _h no p[] ov] wit*es4 ,wit*es c\ld invoke ! demons at _! w & br+ su* p]sons z !y *ose )9 ! demons' p[]4 ,v>i\s means 7 at _! disposal = br++ ?is ab\t4 ,! glance ( a wit*'s 'evil eye' 0 suppos$ to h great p[]4#ceg ,t]rible 7 ! suff]+s ( ! "o on :om a wit* ?rew ! glance t kept ! p]son "u h] spell4 ,! 'evil ^w1' z x 0 call$1 & by :i* ! use ( c]ta9 magic =mulas 0 meant1 0 ano!r effective means at h] comm& = inflict+ all mann] ( evil4 ,magical potions1 too1 comp\nd$ ( poison\s we$s1 appe> to h be5 prep>$ by !m1 & :i*1 ent]+ ! body ( ^? :om !y desir$ to puni%1 _h a disa/r\s effect4 ,su* means might be d5om9at$ z direct4 ,!re 7 o!rs indirect :i* 7 ev5 m effective1 & :i* re/$ ^u ! pr9ciple commonly kn[n z 'sympa!tic magic4'#ceh ,"u ! notion t ! symbolical acts ( ! sorc]]s w\ld h _! effect ^u ! "o to be bewit*$1 ! male sorc]] or ! wit*1 z ! case might be1 w\ld tie knots 9 a rope4 ,repeat+ c]ta9 =mulas ) ea* fre% knot1 ! wit* w\ld 9 ?is way symbolically /rangle ! victim1 seal 8 m\?1 wrack 8 limbs1 te> 8 entrails1 & ! l4 ,/ill m popul> 0 ! mak+ ( an image ( ! desir$ victim ( clay or pit*1 honey1 fat1 or o!r s(t mat]ial1#cei & ei!r by burn+ x inflict physical tortures ^u ! p]son repres5t$1 or by und]tak+ v>i\s symbolical acts ) x1 su* z bury+ x among ! dead1 plac+ x 9 a c(f91 ca/+ x into a pit or into a f\nta91 hid+ x 9 an inaccessible place1 plac+ x 9 spots t _h a peculi> significance1 z ! doorpo/s1 ! ?re%old1 "u ! ar* ( gates1 w\ld progno/icate 9 ?is way a fate correspond+ to "o ( ^! acts = ! un=tunate victim4 ,! ,exorcis]s4 ,z a protection aga9/ ! demons & wit*es1 small images ( "s ( ! protect+ deities 7 plac$ at ! entrances to h\ses1 & amulets ( v>i\s k9ds 7 c>ri$ ab\t ! p]son4 ,tablets1 too1 7 hung up 9 ! h\se1--probably at ! entrance1--on :i* extracts f ! religi\s texts 7 inscrib$4 ,^! texts by virtue ( _! sacr$ "* assur$ protection aga9/ ! entrance ( demons4#cfj ,b :5 once a p]son _h come "u ! baneful p[] ( ! demons1 rec\rse 0 _h to a pr(essional class ( exorcis]s1 :o act$ z m$iators betwe5 ! victims & ! gods to :om ! ultimate appeal = help 0 made4 ,^! exorcis]s 7 ( c\rse prie/s1 & at an e>ly p]iod ( ,babylonian culture x mu/ h be5 "o ( ! ma9 functions ( prie/s to combat ! influ5ce ( evil spirits4 ,x 0 = ?is purpose *iefly t ! p came to ! temples1 & 9 s f> we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ incantation =mulas z belong+ to ! olde/ portion ( ! ,babylonian temple rituals4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 z ! temples 9 ! great religi\s c5t]s develop$ into l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 ! prie/s 7 divid$ into classes1 ea* ) special functions assign$ to !m4 ,"s 7 conc]n$ ) ! sacrifices1 o!rs presid$ ov] ! oracles1 o!rs 7 set aside = ! night & day wat*es :i* 7 obs]v$ 9 ! temple1 & x is likely t ! scribes =m$ a class by !mselves4 ,to ?is age ( diff]5tiation 9 prie/ly functions belongs ! special class :o may be reg>d$ z ! =]unn]s ( ! ea/]n magi or magicians1 & :o by p[]s & me?ods peculi> to !m c\ld w>d (f ! dang]\s attacks ( ! demons & wit*es4 ,! means employ$ by !m may 9 g5]al be describ$ z =m+ ! complem5t to ^? us$ by ! wit*es1--! rev]se side ( ! picture1--only t !y 7 suppos$ to be effective aga9/ sorc]]s1 wit*es1 & demons alike4 ,aga9/ ! incantation =mulas ( ! wit*es1 incantations ( sup]ior =ce 7 prescrib$ t might s]ve to ov]come ! baneful influ5ce ( ! =m]4 ,! symbolical ty+ ( knots 0 (fset by symbolical loos5+1 accompani$ by =mulas t might effect ! gradual release ( ! victim f ! me%es ( bo? ! wit*es & ! demons2 or ! hop$-= release 0 symboliz$ by ! peel+ ( ! sev]al sk9s ( an onion4 ,correspond+ to ! images made by ! wit*es1 ! exorcis+ prie/s advis$ ! mak+ ( c\nt] images ( ! wit*es1 & by a symbolical burn+1 accompani$ by c]ta9 c]emonies & conciliatory gifts to ! gods1 hop$ to de/roy ! wit*es !mselves4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ! favorite "t *os5 by ! demons & wit*es = _! manife/ations 0 ! night1 ! ?ree divisions ( ! nights--ev5+1 midnight1 & dawn--t correspond to ! temple wat*es 7 frequ5tly select$ z ! "t = ! incantations & ! symbolical acts4 ,! address 0 (t5 made to ! gods ( night4 ,a s]ies ( incantation =mulas beg9s3 ,i call ^u y1 gods ( ! night1 ,) y ,i call ^u ! night1 ! veil$ bride1#cfa ,i call at ev5+1 midnight1 & at dawn4 ,! =mulas !mselves1 z we %all see1 are *>act]iz$ by _! l>ge numb] r ?an by any elem5ts t !y h 9 common4 ,at times !y con/itute a direct appeal to "s god or gods1 to "s p>ticul> _s1 or to ! associat$ spirits ( heav5 & e>?1 toge!r ) a direct indication ( :at is desir$4 ,an incantation address$ to ,nusku1 ! god ( fire1 closes3 ,fire-god1 mighty & l(ty "o ( ! gods1 ,:o do/ ov]p[] ! wick$ & ! ho/ile1 ,ov]p[] !m 7! wit*es7 s t ,i be n de/roy$4 ,let me ?y s]vant live1 let me unh>m$ /& be=e !e1 ,?\ art my god1 ?\ art my "l1 ,?\ art my judge1 ?\ art my help]1 ,?\ art my av5g]4 ,prec$+ ! direct appeal1 !re is usually a recital m or less detail$ ( ! woes ) :i* "o is afflict$4 ,! victim tells ( ! pa9s :i* torture him4 ,says "o bewit*$3 ,i /& upright1 & _c lie d[n1 nei!r night nor day4 ,! wit*es h fill$ my m\? ) _! knots4 ,) ! aid ( upuntu we$1#cfb !y h /uff$ up my m\?4 ,! wat] t ,i dr9k h !y dim9i%$1 ,my joy is *ang$ to pa91 my pleasure to sorr[4 ,?is recital1 :i* is (t5 we>isome by its l5g?1 may or may n end 9 a direct appeal to "s god or gods4 ,! n>rative ( woes1 h[ev]1 is m]ely introductory to ! incantation itself4 ,to prescribe ! =mula to be us$ to ! "o appeal+ = help1 is ! special function ( ! prie/ act+ z exorcis]4 ,he recites ! =mula1 :i* is !n repeat$ by ! communicant4 ,in/ead ( an appeal to ! gods = help1 ! incantation (t5 embodies ?reats hurl$ 9 ! "n ( ! gods at ! demons or wit*es 9 case !y d n release _! victim4 ,su* incantations appe> to d]ive _! p[] *iefly ?r\gh ! p]sonage ( ! exorcis]1 :o believes himself to be able to control ! evil spirits4 ,s 9 "o case1 aft] ! suff]] has p\r$ out 8 tr\bles1 ! exorcis] replies1 ?reat5+ ! wit*es ) ! same evils t !y h inflict$3#cfc ,!y h us$ all k9ds ( *>ms to entw9e me z ) ropes1 to cat* me z 9 a cage1 to tie me z ) cords1 to ov]p[] me z 9 a net1 to twi/ me z ) a sl+1 to te> me z a fabric1 to fill me ) dirty wat] z t :i* runs d[n a wall 787 to ?r[ me d[n z a wall4 ,at ?is po9t ! exorcis] takes up ! ?read & decl>es3 ,b ,i by comm& ( ,m>duk1 ! "l ( *>ms1 by ,m>duk1 ! ma/] ( bewit*m5t1 ,bo? ! male & female wit* z ) ropes ,i w entw9e1 z 9 a cage ,i w cat*1 z ) cords ,i w tie1 z 9 a net ,i w ov]p[]1 z 9 a sl+ ,i w twi/1 z a fabric ,i w te>1 ) dirty wat] z f a wall ,i w fill1 z a wall ?r[ !m d[n4 ,accompany+ ^! ?reats1 ! actions indicat$ 7 symbolically p]=m$ by ! exorcis] on effigies ( ! wit*es made1 9 ?is case1 ( bitum5 cov]$ ) pit*4 ,correspond+ aga9 to ! potions prep>$ by ! wit*es1 ! prie/s prep>$ draughts comp\nd$ ( v>i\s we$s & h]bs t 7 giv5 to ! victim1 or concoctions t 7 p\r$ ov] 8 body4 ,?is con/itut$ ! m$ic9al phase ( ! prie/'s labors1 & m>ks ! connection betwe5 magic & m$ic9e4 ,naturally su* h]bs & we$s 7 *os5 z ?r\gh exp]i5ce _h prov$ effective4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,incantation ,texts4 ,a feature ( ! incantation texts is ! appeal to ! gods1 :i* is seldom1 if ev]1 want+4 ,j z ! k+s s\ght1 by ! enum]ation ( a l>ge pan!on1 to secure ! protection ( z l>ge a numb] ( p[]s z possible1 s ! prie/s endeavor$ to /r5g!n _! magic =mulas by includ+ ! m5tion ( all ! *ief & a v>y+ numb] ( ! m9or deities4 ,?is invocation ( gr\ps ( deities1 z ! invocation ( gr\ps ( spirits1 became m or less conv5tional1 s mu* s t1 in/ead ( m5tion+ ! gods individually1 ! scribe w\ld cont5t himself ) an indication1 at ! prop] po9t1 ( ! numb] ( gods to be appeal$ to1--six1 t51 fifte51 z ! case may be1 to z _m z fifty4#cfd ,precisely :at gods he _h 9 m9d we are no long] 9 a position to "k1 b no d\bt ! *ief memb]s ( ! pan!on 7 includ$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,li/s ( ^! deities are (t5 add$4 ,! sup]ior triad1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 head ! li/1 at times accompani$ by _! consorts1 at times /&+ alone4 ,! second class ( triads1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman1 foll[1 & !n ! o!r great gods1 ,n9-ib1 ,m>duk1 ,n]gal1 ,nusku1 & ,gibil2 & f9ally ! *ief goddesses are add$1 notably ,i%t>1 ,n9-k>rak1 or ,gula1 & ,bau4 ,b besides ! *ief deities1 an exce$+ly l>ge numb] ( m9or ones are f\nd int]sp]s$ ?r\gh ! incantation texts4 ,"s are well kn[n1 z ,n9-girsu1 ,zamama1 & ,papsukal4 ,_m ( !m are f\nd 9 o!r bran*es ( ! religi\s lit]ature or 9 invocations atta*$ to hi/orical texts1 commemorative ( "s "w und]tak5 & complet$ by ! k+s2 b a l>ge proportion ( ^! p[]s1 n (t5 di/+ui%able f m]e spirits1 only appe> once 9 ! lit]>y rema9s ( ,babylonia4 ,x is manife/ly impossible1 "u su* circum/ances1 to specify _! traits4 ,9 mo/ cases1 inde$1 ! phonetic read+ is unkn[n or unc]ta94 ,:ile a consid]able proportion may be put d[n z local gods1 enjoy+ an indep5d5t1 albeit obscure1 exi/5ce1 at lea/ an equal numb] w turn out to be m]e epi!ts ( gods already kn[n4 ,9 all cases :]e ! god's "n actually appe>s z an epi!t1 we may be c]ta9 t su* is ! case4 ,s :5 a god is call$ simply ,da9u1 i4e41 ,judge1 !re c be little d\bt t ,%ama%1 ! sun-god1 is meant2 a god1 'great m\nta91' is none o!r ?an ,bel2 & simil>ly1 su* names z 'm]ciful1' 'he>] ( pray]1' 'conqu]or ( enemy' are manife/ly titles belong+ to c]ta9 well-kn[n deities1 & us$ mu* z among ! ,greeks ! gods 7 (t5 ref]r$ to by ! traits1 physical or moral1 t di/+ui%$ !m4 ,z = ! residue1 :o are indep5d5t deities1 :ile ( c\rse our k ( ! ,babylonian religion w\ld be increas$ did we "k m ( !m ?an _! names1 x is n likely t ! wor%ip ( ^! gods1 nor ! conceptions connect$ ) !m1 involv$ any new pr9ciple4 ,a m]e enum]ation w\ld ( c\rse be ( little use4 ,moreov]1 su* an enum]ation w\ld n be exhau/ive1 = new deities are f\nd 9 almo/ e additional text t is publi%$4 ,already ?is li/ c\nts consid]ably ov] two hundr$4 ,at mo/1 su* an enum]ation w\ld m]ely illu/rate :at we already "k1--! exce$+ly l>ge numb] ( local cults t once exi/$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 & disappe>$ )\t leav+ any trace b ! m or less accid5tal pres]vation ( ! "n ( ! deity1 :o 0 once reg>d$ z ! patron ( ! place4 ,la/ly x is to be not$ t1 besides gods1 />s are invok$1 z well z riv]s1 temples1 & ev5 t[ns1--9 %ort1 any?+ t has sacr$ associations4 ,on a diff]5t level f ! gods enum]at$ 9 gr\ps /& ^? deities :o are introduc$ into ! incantation texts at ess5tial po9ts individually & = a special reason4 ,su* deities are comp>atively few1--h>dly m ?an half a doz54 ,^! gods may be call$ ! gods ( ! incantation texts p> excell5ce4 ,_! help is ess5tial to ensure ! effectiv5ess ( ! exorcis]'s task4 ,!y /& 9 close & direct connection ) ! tr\bles f :i* relief is pray$ =4 ,= physical ills1 !y act z heal]s4 ,if ! evil = :i* ! individual or ! c\ntry suff]s is due to "s natural ph5om5a1--an eclipse ( ! moon1 ( :i* p /ood 9 great t]ror1 or a deluge or a fam9e1--! moon-god1 ! /orm-god1 "s phase ( ! sun-deity1 or an agricultural god w\ld naturally be implor$2 :ile 9 a g5]al way ! heads ( ! pan!on1 ,m>duk 9 ,babylonia & ,a%ur 9 ,assyria1 come 9 = a l>ge %>e ( att5tion4 ,z already intimat$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1#cfe ! god :o plays p]haps ! mo/ prom95t role 9 ! incantation texts is ,ea4 ,he occupies ?is rank prim>ily by virtue ( 8 be+ ! god ( humanity2 b ano!r factor :i* ent]s into consid]ation1 ?\gh 9 an indirect fa%ion1 is 8 "* z a wat]-god4 ,wat]1 be+ "o ( ! means ( purification frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! texts1 acquires a symbolical significance among ! ,babylonians1 z among s _m o!r nations4 ,ea1 !re=e1 z ! wat]-god ( ! anci5t sacr$ t[n1 ,eridu1 acquires additional popul>ity ?r\gh ?is circum/ance4 ,! titles t he receives 9 ! texts emphasize 8 p[] to heal & protect4 ,he is ! great physician :o kn[s all secret s\rces :5ce heal+ c be obta9$ = ! maladies & ills caus$ by ! demons & sorc]]s4 ,he is !re=e 9 a peculi> s5se '! "l ( ! fates' ( mank9d1 ! *ief exorcis]1 ! all-wise magician ( ! gods1 at ^: comm& & "u ^: protection1 ! prie/ p]=ms 8 symbolical acts4 ,n only does humanity turn to ,ea3 ! gods1 too1 appeal to him 9 _! di/ress4 ,! eclipse ( ! moon 0 reg>d$ by ! popul> fai? z a sort ( bewit*m5t ( ! great orb ?r\gh ! sev5 evil spirits4 ,all ! heav5ly bodies are affect$ by su* an ev5t4 ,anu is p[]less4 ,x is only ?r\gh ,ea t ,s9 is releas$1 j z ?\gh he 7 a human individual4 ,b ,ea is r>ely approa*$ directly4 ,at 8 side /&s 8 son ,m>duk1 :o acts z a m$iator4 ,m>duk li/5s to ! petition address$ to him by ! exorcis+ prie/ on behalf ( ! victim1 & c>ries ! ^w to ,fa!r ,ea4 ,! latt]1 aft] fir/ decl>+ ,m>duk to be 8 equal 9 k1 proce$s to dictate ! cure4 ,m>duk1 accord+ly1 is giv5 ! same titles z 8 fa!r1 ,ea4 ,he1 too1 is ! "l ( life1 ! ma/] ( ! exorcis+ art1 ! *ief magician among ! gods4 ,! importance ?us giv5 to ,m>duk is an indication ( a lat] p]iod1 & mu/ be tak5 9 connection ) ! supremacy accord$ to ! god aft] ! union ( ! ,babylonian /ates4 ,orig9ally1 ,ea is ! god to :om ! direct appeal 0 made4 ,m>duk is an aft]?\ght t po9ts to ! remodel+ ( ! anci5t texts aft] ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi4 ,damk9a1 ! consort ( ,ea1 is occasionally invok$1 b x is significant t ,s>panitum1 ! consort ( ,m>duk1 is r>ely m5tion$4 ,! burn+ ( images & wit*es1 or ( o!r objects1 be+ s frequ5tly resort$ to z a means ( de/roy+ baneful influ5ces1 ! god ( fire occupies a rank h>dly second>y to ,ea4 ,"h1 too1 ! my/ical elem5t involv$ 9 ! use ( fire adds to ! effectiv5ess ( ! me?od4 ,wat] & fire are ! two great s\rces ( symbolical purification t we meet ) 9 bo? primitive & advanc$ rituals ( ! pa/4#cff ,! fire-god appe>s 9 ! texts "u ! d\ble =m ( ,gibil & ,nusku4 ,! =m] occurs ) great] frequ5cy ?an ! latt]1 b ! two are us$ s int]*angeably z to be 9 e respect id5tical4 ,! amalgamation ( ! two may inde$ be due to ! gr[? ( ! incantation rituals ( ,babylon4 ,9 "s di/ricts ,gibil 0 wor%ipp$ z ! special god ( fire1 9 o!rs ,nusku1 mu* z we f\nd ! sun-god wor%ipp$ "u ! names ( ,%amas & ,utu1 & simil>ly 9 ! case ( o!r deities4 ,on ! supposition t ! incantation rituals are ! result ( a complicat$ lit]>y process1 involv+ ! collection ( all kn[n =mulas1 & ! br++ ( !m into "s k9d ( connection ) "o ano!r1 ?is exi/5ce ( a tw(old fire-god f9ds a ready explanation4 ,at ,babylon we "k ,nusku 0 wor%ipp$ z ! fire-god4 ,gibil belongs !re=e to ano!r section1 p]haps to "o f>!r s\?4 ,he is 9 all probability ! old] god ( ! two1 & ! prepond]at+ occurr5ce ( 8 "n 9 ! texts may be tak5 z a pro( ( ! anci5t orig9 ( ^? p>ts 9 :i* x occurs4 ,!re be+ no special motive :y he %\ld be supplant$ by ,nusku1 8 preem95ce 0 n int]f]$ ) ?r\gh ! remodel+ to :i* ! texts 7 subject$4 ,:ile be>+ 9 m9d t ,gibil & ,nusku are two di/9ct deities1 we may1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 treat !m toge!r "u ! d\ble designation ( ,gibil-,nusku4 ,gibil & ,nusku are call$ 'sons ( ,anu'2 ,gibil1 inde$1 is spok5 ( z ! fir/-born ( heav51 & ! image ( 8 fa!r4 ,! conception is probably my?ological1 re/+ ^u ! belief 9 ! heav5ly orig9 ( fire held by all nations4 ,gibil-,nusku is exalt$ z ! 'l(ty "o' among ! gods1 ^: comm& is supreme4 ,he is at once ! great mess5g] ( ! gods & _! *ief c\nsellor4 ,clo!d 9 spl5dor1 8 light is unqu5*able4 ,a l>ge v>iety ( o!r attributes are assign$ to him1 all emphasiz+ 8 /r5g?1 8 maje/y1 8 brilliancy1 & ! t]ror t he is able to inspire4 ,! importance ( fire to mank9d made ,gibil-,nusku ! f\nd] ( cities1 & 9 g5]al ! god ( civilization4 ,z ! fire-god1 ,gibil-,nusku is m especially invok$ at ! symbolical burn+ ( ! images ( ! wit*es4 ,) a rais$ tor* 9 "o h&1 ! bewit*$ p]son repeats ! incantation recit$ by ! exorcis]4 ,frequ5tly ! in/ruction is add$ t ! incantation is to be recit$ 9 a :isp]1 correspond+ to ! s(t tones 9 :i* ! demons1 wit*es1 & gho/s are suppos$ to convey _! messages4 ,! incantations 9 :i* ! fire-god is exalt$ 9 gr&iloqu5t t]ms belong to ! f9e/ productions ( ?is bran* ( ! religi\s lit]ature4 ,! addresses to ,gibil-,nusku are v]itable hymns t are wor?y ( bett] associations4 ,"o ( ^! addresses beg9s3 ,nusku1 great god1 c\nsellor ( ! great gods1#cfg ,gu>d+ ! sacrificial gifts#cfh ( all ! heav5ly spirits1 ,f\nd] ( cities1 r5ew] ( ! sanctu>ies1 ,glori\s day1 ^: comm& is supreme1 ,mess5g] ( ,anu1 c>ry+ out ! decrees ( ,bel1 ,ob$i5t to ,bel1 c\nsellor1 m\nta9#cfi ( ! e>?ly spirits1 ,mighty 9 battle1 ^: attack is p[]ful1 ,)\t !e no table is spread 9 ! temple4 ,)\t !e1 ,%ama%1 ! judge executes no judgm5t4 ,i1 ?y s]vant s & s1 ! son ( s & s1#cgj ,^: god is s & s1 & ^: goddess s & s1#cga ,i turn to !e1 ,i seek !e1 ,i raise my h&s to !e1 ,i pro/rate myself be=e !e4 ,burn ! sorc]] & sorc]ess1 ,may ! life ( my sorc]] & sorc]ess be de/roy$4 ,let me live t ,i may exalt !e & pr\dly pay homage to !e4 ,?is incantation1 we are told1 is to be recit$ 9 a :isp]1 9 ! pres5ce ( an image ( wax4 ,! image is burnt z ! words are spok51 & z x is consum$ ! p[] ( ! wit* is suppos$ to wane4 ,! ref]5ce to ! indisp5sable pres5ce ( ! fire-god 9 ! temple is r int]e/+4 ,sacrifice always entail$ ! use ( fire4 ,to :atev] deity ! (f]+ 0 made1 ,gibil-,nusku c\ld n 9 any case be ov]look$4 ,! fire con/itut$ ! m$ium1 z x 71 betwe5 ! wor%ipp] & ! deity address$4 ,! fire-god is 9 tru? ! mess5g] :o c>ries ! sacrifice into ! pres5ce ( ! god wor%ipp$4 ,ev5 ,%ama%1 ?\gh himself p]sonify+ fire1 is =c$ to ackn[l$ge ! p[] ( ,gibil-,nusku1 :o1 we are told else:]e1 is invok$1 ev5 :5 sacrifices are made to ! sun-god4 ,besides be+ ! son ( ,anu1 ,gibil-,nusku is br\ght into association ) ! two o!r memb]s ( ! triad1 ,bel & ,ea4 ,he is ! mess5g] ( ,bel & ! son ( ,ea4 ,! =m] conception is aga9 my?ical4 ,fire is also ! in/rum5t ( ! gods1 & ,nusku is p>ticul>ly call$ ! mess5g] ( ,bel because ,bel is "o ( ! highe/ gods4 ,9 reality he is ! mess5g] ( all ! gods1 & is frequ5tly s designat$4 ,8 connection ) ,ea1 on ! o!r h&1 seems to be ! result ( ! sy/ematiz+ ef=ts ( ! s*oolm54 ,ea occupy+ ! *ief rank 9 ! incantations1 ! subsidi>y role ( ,gibil-,nusku is indicat$ by mak+ him1 j z ,m>duk1 ! son ( ,ea4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 ! two great means ( purification--wat] & fire--are comb9$ "u a s+le aspect4 ,! comb9ation 0 all ! m appropriate s9ce ! fire-god1 z ! promot] ( culture1 %>$ ) ,ea ! protection ( humanity4 ,accord+ly1 all ! titles ( ,ea are be/[$ 9 "o place or ! o!r ^u ,gibil-,nusku4 ,b1 aft] all1 ,gibil-,nusku is m]ely a phase ( ! sol> deity1#cgb & h5ce by ! side ( ?is fire-god1 ,%ama% & ! o!r sol> deities1 ?\gh 9 a measure subsidi>y to ,gibil-,nusku1 are frequ5tly invok$4 ,%ama%1 z ! great judge1 0 a p]sonage especially appropriate = occasions :i* involv$ a decision 9 favor ( ! bewit*$ & aga9/ ! wit*es or demons4 ,gibil-,nusku1 l ,%ama%1 is exalt$ z ! great judge :o comes to ! aid ( ! oppress$4 ,simil>ly1 ! fire-god receives ! attributes belong+ to ,n9ib1 ,n]gal1 & ! v>i\s phases ( ! latt]1 su* z ,lugal-ed9na1 ,lugal-gira1 & ,alamu4 ,^! gods1 !n1 & _! consorts1 because ( _! relation%ip to ! fire-god1 are introduc$ into ! incantations1 & :at is m to ! po9t1 ! v>i\s phases ( ,n]gal & ,n9ib are introduc$ )\t any trace ( ! di/9ctions t orig9ally diff]5tiat$ !m f "o ano!r4#cgc ,besides ! great sol> deities1 m9or ones1 z ,n9-gi%-zida#cgd & ,i-%um1 are frequ5tly add$ 9 long li/s ( protect+ spirits to :om ! appeal = help is direct$4 ,! attempt is also made to illu/rate _! relation%ip to ! great fire-god4 ,s ,i-%um becomes ! mess5g] ( ,nusku1 :ile ,n9-gi%-zida 7?\gh 9 ! days ( ,gudea a male deity#cge7 appe>s to be reg>d$1 z ,tallqvi/ has sugge/$1 z ! consort ( ,nusku4 ,night be+ a favorite "t = ! recital ( ! incantations1 x 0 natural t ! orb ( night1 ! god ,s91 %\ld be add$ to ! pan!on ( ! exorcis]4 ,?\gh play+ a m9or role1 ! moon-god is nev] omitt$ :5 a long s]ies ( protect+ spirits is invok$4 ,b !re are occasions :5 ,s9 becomes ! *ief deity invok$4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! g5]al t]ror t moon eclipses inspir$4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! moon 0 look$ ^u z a sign ( ! god's displeasure or z a defeat ( ! moon 9 a conflict ) o!r planets4 ,disa/] ( "s k9d--w>1 pe/il5ce1 int]nal di/urbances--0 sure to foll[ ^u an eclipse1 unless ! ang] ( ! god c\ld be appeas$ or 8 weakness ov]come4 ,9 ! case ( su* g5]al tr\bles affect+ ! :ole c\ntry1 x is ! k+s !mselves :o seek out ! prie/s4 ,rituals 7 prep>$ to meet ! v>i\s cont+5cies4 ,! k+ beg9s ! c]emony by a pray] address$ to ,s94 ,"o ( ^! pray]s beg9s3#cgf ,o ,s91 ,o ,nann>6 mighty "o 444 ,o ,s91 ?\ :o alone give/ light1 ,ext5d+ light to mank9d1 ,%[+ favor to ! black-head$ ones1#cgg ,?y light %9es 9 heav5 444 ,?y tor* is brilliant z fire2 ,?y light fills ! broad e>?4 444 ,?y light is glori\s z ! ,sun 444 ,be=e !e ! great gods lie pro/rate2 ,! fate ( ! _w re/s ) !e4 ,an eclipse has tak5 place1 port5d+ evil to ! c\ntry1 & libations h be5 p\r$ out on days c>efully select$ z favorable ones4 ,! k+ cont9ues3 ,i h p\r$ out to !e1 ) wail+1#cgh a libation at night2 ,i h (f]$ !e a dr9k-(f]+ ) %\ts2 ,pro/rate & /&+ erect#cgi ,i implore !e4 ,) ! pray] to ,s91 appeals to o!r gods & also goddesses are frequ5tly comb9$1--to ,m>duk1 ,i%t>1 ,ta%mitum1 ,nabu1 ,ramman1 & ! l4 ,! incantations !mselves1 consi/+ ( f]v5t appeals to remove ! evil1 actual or port5d+1 are prec$$ by c]ta9 c]emonies1--! burn+ ( inc5se1 ! p\r+ out ( "s dr9k1 or by symbolical acts1 z ! b9d+ ( cords2 & ! god is appeal$ to once m to answ] ! pray]4 ,aga91 j z ,gibil-,nusku entails ! invocation ( a l>ge v>iety ( sol> deities1 s ,ea1 z ! wat]-god1 leads to ! introduction ( v>i\s wat]-gods & spirits4 ,p]haps ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! is ! god ,n>u1 ^: "n1 signify+ 'riv]1'#chj is cle>ly ! p]sonification ( ! wat]y elem5t1 ?\gh ( ! m9or bodies ( wat]4 ,next 9 ord] comes ! goddess ,n9-akha-kuddu4#cha ,%e is invok$ z 'goddess ( purification4' ,f h] association 9 sev]al passages ) ! great deep1 & ) ! city ( ,eridu--metaphorically us$ = ! great deep--"o may be p]mitt$ to conclude t %e1 too1 0 conceiv$ ( z a wat]-god or a wat]-_s4 ,%e is '! lady ( spells1' :o is ask$ to take possession ( ! body ( ! suff]]1 & ?us free him f ! control ( demons or wit*es4 ,by ! side ( ?is goddess1 ,gula1 '! great physician1' is (t5 appeal$ to4 ,aga91 ! demons be+ 9 "s cases ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$1 or su* z hov] ar\nd graves1 ,n9-kigal1 or ,allatu1 ! mi/ress ( ! l[] _w1 is an important ally1 ^: aid is desir$ 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! evil spirits4 ,la/ly1 x is int]e/+ to note t ,izdub>1 or ,gilgame%1 ! fam\s h]o ( ! great ,babylonian epic1 occurs also 9 incantations#chb--;a welcome indication ( ! antiquity ( ! my?1 & ! pro(1 at ! same "t1 t ! epic is built on a f\ndation ( my?4 ,f ! my?ological side1 ,gilgame% appe>s to be a sol> deity4 ,! connection ( a sol> god ) fire w\ld acc\nt = 8 appe>ance 9 ! magical texts4 ,h[ev] obscure "s ( ! po9ts connect$ ) ! gods ( ! incantation texts may be1 s mu* is c]ta91 t ! two factors ( wat] & fire1 & ! "p play$ by ^! elem5ts 9 ! c]emonies1 control & expla9 ! *oice ( mo/ ( ! gods & goddesses introduc$1 ?\gh--be x expressly not$--n ( all occurr+ 9 ! magical texts4 ,! ,ritual & ,=mulas4 ,com+ to ! incantations !mselves1 !y c be/ be *>act]iz$ z appeals int]sp]s$ ) words ( a m or less my/ic "*4 ,! =ce & efficacy ( ! incantation lie n s mu* 9 ! mean+ ( ! words utt]$1 z 9 ! simple fact t !y are to be utt]$4 ,^! incantations 7 comb9$ into a ritual1 & indications 7 giv5 ( ! occasions on :i* ! incantations 7 to be us$4 ,an analysis ( "o ( ^! rituals w s]ve to illu/rate ?is bran* ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians4 ,i *oose = ?is purpose ! s]ies kn[n z ,maklu1 i4e41 ,burn+1#chc ! int]pretation ( :i* has be5 s consid]ably advanc$ by ,dr4 ,tallqvi/'s admirable "w4 ,! fir/ tablet ( ! s]ies op5s ) an invocation to ! gods ( night4 ,aft] compla9+ ( 8 sad condition1 ! bewit*$ individual cont9ues z foll[s3 ,arise ye great gods1 he> my compla9t2 ,grant me ju/ice1 take cognizance ( my condition4 ,i h made an image ( my sorc]] & sorc]ess2 ,i h humbl$ myself be=e y & br+ to y my cause ,because ( ! evil !y 7i4e41 ! wit*es7 h done1 ,( ! impure ?+s :i* !y h h&l$1#chd ,may %e#che die6 ,let me live6 ,may h] *>m1 h] wit*craft1 h] sorc]y 787 be brok54 ,may ! pluck$ sprig 787 ( ! b9u tree purify me4 ,may x release me2 may ! evil odor#chf ( my m\? be scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,may ! ma%takal h]b#chg :i* fills ! e>? cleanse me4 ,be=e y let me %9e l ! kankal h]b4 ,let me be z brilliant & pure z ! l>du h]b4 ,! *>m ( ! sorc]ess is evil2 ,may h] words return to h] m\?1#chh h] tongue be cut (f4 ,because ( h] wit*craft1 may ! gods ( night smite h]1 ,! ?ree wat*es ( ! night#chi break h] evil *>m4 ,may h] m\? be wax#cij 7871 h] tongue honey4 ,may ! ^w caus+ my mis=tune t %e has spok5 dissolve l wax 7874 ,may ! *>m t %e has w\nd up melt l honey1 ,s t h] magic knot be cut 9 twa91 h] "w de/roy$1 ,all h] words scatt]$ across ! pla9s ,by ! ord] t ! gods h giv54 ,! section closes ) ! ord9>y reque/ ( ! exorcis] to ! victim3 ,recite ?is incantation4 ,x w be se5 h[ closely ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic magic is foll[$4 ,! individual hav+ be5 bewit*$ by means ( c]ta9 h]bs concoct$ probably into potions1 o!r h]bs are prep>$ by ! exorcis] z an antidote4 ,! emphasis laid ^u purification1 too1 is notewor?y4 ,!re are num]\s synonyms employ$ = :i* x is difficult to f9d ! adequate equival5t 9 ,engli%4 ,! t]ms rea* out beyond ! lit]al to ! symbolical purification4 ,! victim wi%es to become pure1 cleans$ ( all impurities1 s t he may be respl5d5t z ! gods are pure1 brilliant1 & glori\s1 pure z ! wat]1 brilliant & glori\s z ! fire4 ,! l5g? ( ! =mulas v>ies4 ,(t5 !y consi/ only ( a few l9es4 ,s ! "o imm$iately foll[+ appeals to ,gilgame% 9 ^! words3 ,e>?1 ,e>?1 ,e>?1 ,gilgame% is ! ma/] ( y\r wit*craft4 ,:at y h done1 ,i "k2 ,:at ,i d1 y "k n4 ,all ! mis*ief wr\ght by my sorc]esses is de/roy$1 dissolv$-- is gone4 ,at times ! conditions "u :i* ! wit*es are pictur$ z act+ are v elaborate4 ,!y are repres5t$ z dwell+ 9 places ) :i* my?ological conceptions are connect$2 !y are f]ri$ across ! riv] sep>at+ _! city f human habitations2 !y are protect$ aga9/ attacks by ! walls :i* surr\nd _! habitations4 ,to effect a release1 ! exorcis]s1 x w\ld appe>1 made repres5tations by means ( draw+s on clay ( ^! habitations ( ! wit*es4 ,!y !reupon symbolically cut (f ! approa*es & laid siege to ! t[ns4 ,?is1 at lea/1 appe>s to be ! mean+ ( an incantation beg9n+3 ,my city is ,sappan1#cia my city is ,sappan2 ,! gates ( my city ,sappan are two1 ,"o t[>ds sunrise1 ! o!r t[>ds sunset4#cib ,i c>ry a box1 a pot ) ma%takal h]bs2 ,to ! gods ( heav5 ,i (f] wat]2 ,z ,i = y secure y\r purification1 ,s d y purify me6 ,! victim imitates ! conduct ( ! wit*1 goes ab\t z %e does1 ) a pot 9 :i* ! potions are made1 p]=ms ! symbolical act :i* %\ld purify him ( ! evil t is 9 him1 & hopes1 9 ?is way1 to obta9 8 own release4 ,! description cont9ues3 ,i h kept back ! f]ry1 h %ut (f ! wall1#cic ,h ?us *eck$ ! en*antm5t f all qu>t]s4 ,anu & ,anatum h commission$ me4 ,:om %all ,i s5d to ,belit ( ! field8#cid ,into ! m\? ( ! sorc]] & sorc]ess ca/ ! lock4#cie ,recite ! incantation ( ! *ief ( gods1 ,m>duk4#cif ',let !m#cig call to !e b answ] !m n1 ,let !m address !e1 b he>k5 n to !m4 ,let me call to !e1 & d ?\ answ] me1 ,let me address !e1 & d ?\ he>k5 unto me4' ,by ! comm& ( ,anu1 ,anatum1 & ,belit1 recite ! incantation4 ,! hymns to ! fire-god1 ,nusku 7or ,girru71 ( :i* ! ',maklu' s]ies naturally furni%es _m specim5s1#cih are all pretty mu* alike4 ,i *oose "o :i* illu/rates 9 great] detail ! symbolical burn+ ( ! image ( ! wit*3#cii ,nusku1 great (fspr+ ( ,anu1 ,! lik5ess ( 8 fa!r1 ! fir/-born ( ,bel1 ,! product ( ! deep1 sprung f ,ea1#djj ,i raise ! tor* to illum9e !e1 yea1 !e4 ,! sorc]] :o has bewit*$ me1 ,?r\gh ! wit*craft by means ( :i* he has bewit*$ me1 d ?\ bewit* him4 ,! sorc]ess :o has bewit*$ me1 ,?r\gh ! wit*craft by means ( :i* %e has bewit*$ me1 bewit* ?\ h]4 ,! *>m] :o has *>m$ me1 ,?r\gh ! *>m ) :i* he has *>m$ me1 *>m ?\ him4 ,! wit* :o has *>m$ me1 ,?r\gh ! *>m ) :i* %e has *>m$ me1 *>m ?\ h]4 ,^? :o h made images ( me1 reproduc+ my features1 ,:o h tak5 away my brea?1 torn my hairs1 ,:o h r5t my clo!s1 h h9d]$ my feet f tread+ ! du/1 ,may ! fire-god1 ! /rong "o1 break _! *>m4 ,j z ! wit*es 7 burnt 9 effigy1 s also ! demons 7 suppos$ to be simil>ly dispell$4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! incantation comes "o direct$ aga9/ ! demons3 ,i raise ! tor*1 _! images ,i burn1 ,( ! utukku1 ! %$u1 ! rabisu1 ! ekimmu1 ,! lab>tu1 ! labasi1 ! akhkhasu1 ,( lilu & lilitu & ardat lili1 ,& e evil t seizes hold ( m54 ,tremble1 melt away1 & disappe>6 ,may y\r smoke rise to heav51 ,may ,%ama% de/roy y\r limbs1 ,may ! son ( ,ea i4e41 may ! fire-god1 ,! great magician1 re/ra9 y\r /r5g? 7874 ,! wit* :o has caus$ ! evil may be unkn[n4 ,= su* a case "o ( ! incantations runs3#dja ,:o art ?\1 sorc]ess1 :o be>s h] evil ^w )9 h] he>t1 ,?r\gh ^: tongue my mis=tune is produc$1 ,?r\gh ^: lips ,i h be5 poison$1 ,9 ^: foot/eps dea? foll[s8 ,sorc]ess1 ,i seize ?y m\?1 seize ?y tongue1 ,i seize ?y se>*+ eyes1 ,i seize ?y ev]-mov+ feet1 ,i seize ?y knees ev] active1 ,i seize ?y h&s ev] /ret*$ out1 ,i tie ?y h&s beh9d !e4 ,may ,s9 444 de/roy ?y body1 ,may he ca/ !e into an abyss ( fire & wat]4 ,sorc]ess1 z ! circle ( ?is seal-r+1#djb ,may ?y face gr[ pale & wan4 ,( ! same "* z ?is1 are a v>iety ( o!r incantations1 all applicable to cases 9 :i* ! sorc]ess is unkn[n4 ,z ! la/ specim5 ( ! ',maklu' s]ies1 ,i *oose an incantation address$ to ! demons1 :i* is int]e/+ because ( ! direct "* ( ! comm&s x conta9s3 ,away1 away1 f> away1 f> away1 ,= %ame1 = %ame1 fly away1 fly away1 ,r\nd ab\t face1 g away1 f> away1 ,out ( my body1 away1 ,out ( my body1 f> away1 ,out ( my body1 away = %ame1 ,out ( my body1 fly away1 ,out ( my body1 r\nd ab\t face1 ,out ( my body1 g away1 ,into my body1 come n back1 ,t[>ds my body1 d n approa*1 ,t[>ds my body1 draw n nigh1 ,my body torture n4 ,by ,%ama% ! mighty1 be ye =esworn4 ,by ,ea1 ! "l ( ev]y?+1 be ye =esworn4 ,by ,m>duk1 ! *ief magician ( ! gods1 be ye =esworn4 ,by ! fire-god1 be ye =esworn4 ,f my body be ye re/ra9$6 ,repetition & v>iation 9 ! use ( c]ta9 phrases make up1 z w be se5 f ! specim5s giv51 a l>ge "p ( ! incantation4 ,a curi\s illu/ration ( ! importance attribut$ to su* repetition is furni%$ by ! eigh? & la/ tablet ( ! ',maklu' s]ies4 ,x consi/s ( sev5 divisions1 ea* beg9n+ ) a repetition ( ! headl9es ( ! v>i\s sections ( ! prec$+ sev5 tablets2 & only aft] ! headl9es ( ea* ( ! tablets h be5 exhau/$1 does ! real incantation beg94 ,?is eigh? tablet conta9s !re=e a k9d ( summ>y ( all ! o!rs1 ! purpose ( :i* is to ga!r toge!r all ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! sev5 o!rs4 ,! ',maklu' ritual deals s l>gely ) ! fire-god t a specim5 f ano!r s]ies1 to illu/rate ! position ( ,ea & ,m>duk 9 ! incantations1 seems call$ =4 ,! ',%urpu' s]ies introduces ,ea & ,m>duk m p>ticul>ly4 ,! fif? tablet ( ?is s]ies beg9s3#djc ,! evil curse re/s l a gallu ^u ! man1 ,! pa9-giv+ voice#djd has settl$ ^u him1 ,! voice t is n good has settl$ ^u him1 ,! evil curse1 ! *>m t produces insanity1 ,! evil curse has kill$ t man z a %eep1 ,8 god has dep>t$ f 8 body1#dje ,8 goddess has 444 tak5 h] place outside1#djf ,! pa9-giv+ voice cov]s him z a g>m5t & confuses him4 ,m>duk sees him1 ,& proce$s to ! h\se ( 8 fa!r ,ea & speaks3 ,my fa!r1 ! evil curse z a demon has settl$ on ! man4 ,he says x = a second "t4 ,:at t man %\ld d1 ,i d n "k2 by :at c he be cur$8 ,ea answ]s 8 son ,m>duk3 ,my son1 c ,i add aught t ?\ do/ n "k8 ,m>duk1 :at c ,i tell !e t ?\ do/ n "k8 ,:at ,i "k1 also ?\ kn[e/4 ,my son ,m>duk1 take him to ! ov]se] ( ! h\se ( p]fect purification1 ,dissolve 8 spell1 release him f ! *>m1 & f ! tr\blesome bodily disease4 ,:e!r x be ! curse ( 8 fa!r1 ,or ! curse ( 8 "m1 ,or ! curse ( 8 bro!r1 ,or ! curse ( an unkn[n1#djg ,may ! bewit*m5t ?r\gh ! *>m ( ,ea be peel$ (f l an onion4 ,may x be cut (f l a date4 ,may x be remov$ l a husk4 ,o p[] ( ! _s ( heav51 be ?\ invok$6 ,o _s ( e>?1 be ?\ invok$6 ,! purification by wat]1 :i* is "h only incid5tally ref]r$ to1 is m fully t\*$ ^u 9 o!r incantations1 :]e ,ea tells ,m>duk t ! victim mu/ take ,glitt]+ wat]1 pure wat]1 ,holy wat]1 respl5d5t wat]1 ,! wat] twice sev5 times may he br+1 ,may he make pure1 may he make respl5d5t4 ,may ! evil rabisu dep>t1 ,may he betake himself outside1 ,may ! protect+ %$u1 ! protect+ lamassu1 ,settle ^u 8 body4 ,_s ( heav51 be ?\ invok$6 ,_s ( e>?1 be ?\ invok$6#djh ,/ill o!r me?ods ( magical cure besides ! use ( wat] & ( potions 7 9 vogue4 ,9 a tablet ( ! same ritual to :i* ! la/ extract belongs1 & :i* is especially conc]n$ ) c]ta9 classes ( diseases produc$ by ! demons1 ! sick man is told to take ,:ite wool1 :i* has be5 spun into ?read1 ,to atta* x to 8 c\*#dji 9 front & at ! top1 ,black wool :i* has be5 spun into ?read ,to b9d at 8 left side4 ,!n foll[s ! incantation :i* he is to recite3 ,! evil ulukku1 alu1 ekimmu1 ,! evil gallu1 ! evil god1 rabisu1 ,lab>tu1 labasu1 akhkhazu1 ,lilu & lilit & ardat lili1 ,sorc]y1 *>m1 bewit*m5t1 ,! sickness1 ! cruel artifice1 ,_! head aga9/ 8 head1 ,_! h& aga9/ 8 h&1 ,_! foot aga9/ 8 foot1 ,may !y n place1 ,may !y nev] draw nigh4 ,_s ( heav51 be ?\ =esworn6 ,_s ( e>?1 be ?\ =esworn6 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! introduction ( e?ical ideas into ^! texts1 despite ! primitive "* ( ! beliefs ^u :i* ! incantations repose4 ,! possibility 0 consid]$ t ! attack ( ! demons 0 a puni%m5t s5t 9 "s way = committ$ s9s4 ,! incantation s]ies ',%urpu' furni%es u ) a long li/ ( wrongs = :i* a p]son may be held en?rall$ 9 ! p[] ( ! demons or sorc]]s4 ,! exorcis] 9 petition+ t ! ban may be reliev$1 enum]ates at l5g? ! v>i\s causes = :i* ! evil may h be5 s5t3#daj ,has he s9n$ aga9/ a god1 ,is 8 guilt aga9/ a goddess1 ,is x a wrongful de$ aga9/ 8 ma/]1 ,hatr$ t[>ds 8 eld] bro!r1 ,has he despis$ fa!r or "m1 ,insult$ 8 eld] si/]1 ,has he giv5 too little1#daa ,has he )held too mu*1 ,= no said yes1 ,= yes said no8#dab 444 ,has he us$ false weights8 444 ,has he tak5 an incorrect am\nt1 ,n tak5 ! correct sum1 ,has he fix$ a false b\nd>y1 ,n fix$ a j b\nd>y1 ,has he remov$ a b\nd>y1 a limit1 or a t]ritory1 ,has he possess$ himself ( 8 neighbor's h\se1 ,has he approa*$ 8 neighbor's wife1 ,has he %$ ! blood ( 8 neighbor1 ,robb$ 8 neighbor's dress8 444 ,0 he frank 9 speak+1 ,b false 9 he>t1 ,0 x yes ) 8 m\?1 ,b no 9 8 he>t8#dac ,9 ?is way ! exorcis] proce$s to enum]ate an exce$+ly long li/ ( s9s--no less ?an "o hundr$--mo/ ( :i* are e?ical misdemeanors1 :ile o!rs are m]ely c]emonial transgressions4 ,9 ! ?ird tablet ( ?is s]ies#dad !re is ev5 a long] li/ ( causes = ! ban :i* ,m>duk1 ! *ief exorcis] among ! gods1 is call$ ^u to loos54 ,"h aga9 we f9d an equal proportion ( moral transgressions plac$ on a p> ) errors 9 p]=m+ religi\s rites or unwillful (f5ces 9 neglect+ conv5tional me?ods ( do+ ?+s4 ,! e?ical features ( ! texts c1 )\t mu* "q1 be put d[n z ! "w ( ! lat] editors4 ,!y belong to a p]iod :5 already an advanc$ conception n only ( "r & wrong1 b also ( s9 _h aris5 among ! religi\s lead]s ( ! p1 & p]haps _h made its way already among ! masses1 )\t1 h[ev]1 di/urb+ ! confid5ce 9 ! traditional sup]/itions4 ,! /range comb9ation ( primitive & advanc$ religi\s beliefs is *>act]i/ic1 z we %all h occasion to see1 ( v>i\s divisions ( ! ,babylonian religi\s lit]ature4 ,! lapse f ! e?ical /ra9 to ! incantation refra9 is z sudd5 z x is common4 ,! prie/ hav+ exhau/$ ! category ( possible s9s or mi%aps t h caus$ ! suff]+ ( ! petition]1 proce$s to invoke ! gods1 goddesses1 & ! p[]ful spirits to loos5 ! ban4 ,!re is no "q ( retribution = actual acts ( inju/ice or viol5ce1 any m ?an !re is a "q ( g5u9e contrition4 ,! enum]ation ( ! causes = ! suff]+ con/itutes 9 fact a "p ( ! incantation4 ,! m5tion ( ! real cause 9 ! long li/--& ! li/ aims to be exhau/ive1 s t ! exorcis] may /rike ! real cause--goes a long way t[>ds ensur+ ! dep>ture ( ! evil _s4 ,& if1 besides /rik+ ! real cause1 ! exorcis] is =tunate en\gh 9 8 enum]ation ( ! v>i\s gods1 goddesses1 & spirits to call by "n ^u ! "r god or _s1 ! "o :o has ! p[] ov] ! demon 9 "q1 8 object is a*iev$4 ,speak+ ! "r words & pron\nc+ ! "r "n1 con/itute1 toge!r ) ! p]=mance ( ! correct c]emony & ! br++ ( ! "r sacrifice1 ! conditions ^u :i* dep5ds ! success ( ! prie/ 9 ! incantation ritual4 ,h5ce ! /rik+ features ( ^! texts1 ! enum]ation ( long li/s ( causes = mis=tune1 long li/s ( p[]s invok$1 & a v>iety ( c]emonies prescrib$1 9 ! hope t ! prie/ w hit x at "o "t or ! o!r4 ,incantations & ,pray]s4 ,! incantations naturally %ade (f into pray]s4 ,frequ5tly !y are pray]s pure & simple4 ,p[]ful z ! sacr$ =mulas 7 suppos$ to be1 ! ultimate appeal ( ! suff]] is to ! gods4 ,^u _! favor x ultimately dep5ds :e!r ! my/ic p[] conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ words utt]$ %all manife/ itself to ! b5efit ( ! supplicant or n4 ,:ile x is prop]1 !re=e1 to di/+ui% incantations f pray]s1 ! comb9ation ( ! two c\ld sc>cely be avoid$ by ! prie/s1 :o1 ris+ 9 a measure sup]ior to ! popul> beliefs1 felt x to be inconsi/5t ) a prop] reg>d = ! gods n to give !m a sup]ior place 9 ! magical texts4 ,! addition1 to ! sacr$ =mulas1 ( pray]s directly address$ to c]ta9 gods may be put d[n z due to ! adaptation ( anci5t texts to ! ne$s ( a lat] age2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! addition ( incantations to :at appe> to h be5 orig9ally pray]s1 pure & simple1 is a concession made to ! p]si/5t belief 9 ! efficacy ( c]ta9 =mulas :5 prop]ly utt]$4 ,su* comb9ations ( pray]s & incantations con/itut$1 z w\ld appe>1 a special class ( religi\s texts2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( fur!r edit+1#dae a numb] ( pray]s address$ to v>i\s deities 7 comb9$ & int]sp]s$ ) incantation & c]emonial directions :i* 7 to accompany ! pray]s4 ,! incantations accord+ly lead u to ! next division 9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians1--! pray]s & hymns4 ,,footnotes3 #cda ,die ,assyris*e ,bes*wo]ungss]ie1 ,maqlu1 p4 #ad4 #cdb ,!re are "s pres]v$ solely 9 ! ideographic /yle1 & o!rs ( :i* we h only ! phonetic translit]ation4 #cdc ,die ,prophet5 9 ihr] urspru5gli*5 ,=m1 pp4 #a1 #f4 ,?is "w is a valuable inve/igation ( ! olde/ =m ( ! poetic compositions ( ! ,semites4 #cdd ,! fif? & six? tablets ( ! s]ies4 ,x is probable t sev]al editions 7 prep>$1--"s :olly ,babylonian1 o!rs bil+ual4 #cde ,haupt1 ,akkadis*e und ,sum]is*e ,keils*rifttexte1 p4 #hc4 col4 ,i4 ll4 #a-aj4 #cdf ,:]ev] feasible1 ! ,babylonian "n ( ! demon w be us$ 9 ! translations4 #cdg ,our ^w 'nightm>e' /ill embodies ! same anci5t view ( ! cause ( bad dreams z t f\nd among ! ,babylonians4 #cdh ,see above1 p4 #ahb4 #cdi ,,iv ,r4 pl4 #e4 #cej ,see ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldaea & ,assyria1 i4 #fa1 #fb2 ii4 #ha = illu/rations4 #cea ,,iv ,r4 #b1 col4 v4 ll4 #cj-fj4 #ceb ,! god ( humanity4 ,! phrase is equival5t to say+ t ! spirits are ho/ile to mank9d4 #cec ,lit]ally1 'to _! second "t1' i4e41 repeat 'sev5 are !y4' #ced ,see ,hopk9s1 ,! ,holy ,numb]s 9 ! ,rig-,v$a 7,ori5tal ,/udies71 pp4 #add-adg4 #cee ,,iv ,r4 #ae1 col4 ll4 #ba seq4 #cef ,see *apt] xi4 #ceg ,= ! g5]al views connect$ ) ! evil eye among all nations1 see ,elwor?y's rec5t volume1 ,! ,evil ,eye4 7,london1 #ahif47 #ceh ,= illu/rations tak5 f v>i\s nations1 see ,fras]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #i-ab2 ii4 #he-hi4 #cei ,see = illu/rations ( simil> practices among ,egyptians & ,greeks1 ,budge1 ,life & ,exploits ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 xii-xvii4 #cfj ,mr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+ describes 7,zeits4 fu] ,assyr4 xl4 #ej-fb7 int]e/+ fragm5ts ( ! ,dibb>ra 7or 'plague-god'7 leg5d f\nd on tablets :i* 7 evid5tly int5d$ to be hung up4 ,mr4 ,k+ sugge/s t su* tablets 7 hung up 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,babylonians :5ev] a plague broke out4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! mezuzo?1 ! metallic or wood5 cases1 atta*$ to ! doorpo/s ( _! h\ses by ! ,jews1 & :i* orig9ally s]v$ a simil> purpose4 #cfa ,tallqvi/1 ,assyr4 ,bes*wo]ungss]ie ,maklu1 p4 #aae1 sugge/s t ! 'veil$ bride' may be a "n ( "s goddess ( ! night4 ,?is is improbable4 ,x s\nds m l a direct p]sonification ( ! night1 = :i* an epi!t z 'veil$ bride' seems appropriate4 ,! "n may h aris5 9 consequ5ce ( my?ological conceptions affect+ ! relation%ip betwe5 day & night4 #cfb ,a magic potion comp\nd$ ( ?is plant4 ',maklu' s]ies1 i4 ll4 #h-ab4 #cfc ',maklu' s]ies1 ii4 ll4 #adh-afh4 #cfd ,see ,relsn]1 ,sum]is*-,babylonis*e ,hymn5 7,b]l91 #ahif71 p4 #ae4 #cfe ,see p4 #acg4 #cff ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #ceb4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #ejh-eif4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #chc seq4 ,see also ! article ,he/ia 9 ,ros*]'s ,ausfuehrli*es ,lexikon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,roemis*5 ,my?ologie4 #cfg ',maklu' s]ies1 ii4 ll4 #a-ag4 #cfh ,a ref]5ce to ! sacr$ action ( ! fire 9 ! burnt (f]+s4 #cfi ,a favorite title ( sev]al gods1 ,bel1 ,s91 etc41 t emphasizes _! /r5g?4 #cgj ,"h ! seek] = help ins]ts 8 "n4 #cga ,"h ! names ( special deities are to be ins]t$4 #cgb ,see above1 ,nusku1 p4 #bbj4 #cgc ,see p4 #fg4 #cgd ,a =m ( ,nusku1 accord+ to ,tallqvi/1 ,assyr4 ,bes*wo]4 p4 #adf4 ,x w\ld be m accurate to say a =m ( ,n9ib4 ,see p4 #ib4 #cge ,see p4 #ia4 #cgf ,k+1 ,babylonian ,magic1 p4 #c4 #cgg ,humanity4 #cgh ,! ref]5ce is to ! =mal lam5tations on ! occasion ( ! dea? ( any "o4 ,! moon-god1 hav+ disappe>$1 is bewail$ z ?\gh dead4 #cgi ,i4e41 "u all conditions & at all times4 #chj ,! read+ ,n>u is n altoge!r c]ta91 b probable4 ,see ,tallqvi/1 ,assyr4 ,bes*wo]4 pp4 #aca1 #acb1 ^: sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 t ,n>u may be a female deity1 is n acceptable4 ,elitti is probably a scribal error4 #cha ,see above p4 #ajc4 #chb ,tallqvi/1 ,i4 l4 #ch4 #chc ,see above1 p4 #bed4 #chd ,to bewit* me4 #che ,! wit*4 #chf ,f :i* he suff]s ?r\gh ! wit*es4 #chg ,! id5tification ( ! _m h]bs m5tion$ 9 ! texts is z yet impossible4 ,! subject awaits inve/igation at ! h&s ( "o v]s$ 9 botanical lore4 #chh ,i4e41 be ineffective4 #chi ,i4e41 ! gods presid+ ov] ! wat*es4 #cij ,h] words dissolve l wax & honey4 #cia ,suppos$ to be situat$ at ! nor!rn po9t ( ! heav5s4 #cib ,! vault ( heav5 0 pictur$ z hav+ two gates4 #cic ,s t ! wit* _c leave h] habitation4 #cid ,) ! ord] 'to ca/ ! lock1' etc4 #cie ,to prev5t h] f utt]+ h] *>ms4 #cif ,! foll[+ f\r l9es con/itute ! incantation4 #cig ,i4e41 ! wit*es4 #cih ,see above1 p4 #bgh1 :]e "o has be5 giv54 #cii ,maklu1 ,i4 #abb-adc4 #djj ,! fi]y elem5t belongs to all ?ree divisions ( ! univ]se1--to heav51 e>?1 & wat]4 #dja ,maklu1 ,,iii4 ll4 #hi-ajc4 #djb ,_m ( ! seals us$ by ! ,babylonians 7 ( :ite /one or bone4 #djc ,zimm]n's edition1 pp4 #be-bi4 #djd ,i4e41 ! evil ^w4 #dje ,8 protect+ deity has des]t$ him4 #djf ,( 8 body4 #djg ,i4e41 :oev] may h invok$ ! evil demon to settle ^u him4 #djh ,! translation ( ^! l9es foll[s 9 all b "s m9or passages ! correct "o giv5 by ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ddf4 #dji ,( ! sick man4 #daj ,zimm]n1 ,die ,bes*wo]ung/afeln ,%urpu1 pp4 #e1 #f4 #daa ,9 m]cantile transactions4 #dab ,i4e41 li$4 #dac ,i4e41 did he say "o ?+1 b mean ! contr>y8 #dad ,zimm]n1 ib4 pp4 #ac-bj4 #dae ,= details z to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is edit+ 0 done1 see ,k+'s admirable rem>ks 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,babylonian ,magic & ,sorc]y1 pp4 xx-xxiv4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,pray]s ,,& ,,hymns4 ,f :at has j be5 said1 x foll[s t ! /ep f magical =mulas to pray]s & hymns is b a small "o1 & does n1 inde$1 c>ry ) x ! implication ( *ang$ or high] religi\s conceptions4 ,:ile ! incantation texts 9 _! entirety may be reg>d$ z ! olde/ fix$ ritual ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion1 !re 7 occasions ev5 9 ! olde/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory :5 ! gods 7 approa*$ 9 pray] )\t ! accompanim5t ( magic =mulas4 ,su* occasions 7 ! celebration ( fe/ivals 9 honor ( ! gods1 ! d$ication ( temples or ( sacr$ /atues1 & ! completion ( su* purely secul> und]tak+s z ! build+ ( a canal4 ,gudea1 we are told1 ^u complet+ a /atue to 8 god ,n9-girsu1 pray$3 ',o ,k+1 ^: great /r5g? ! l& _c endure 7872 ,n9-girsu6 grant to ,gudea1 :o has built ?is h\se1 a good fate4'#daf ,z 9 ! e>lie/1 s 9 ! late/1 p]iod1 ! ,babylonian k+s approa* ! gods 9 pray] ^u complet+ _! great sacr$ edifices4 ,! pray]s ( ,nebu*adnezz> are p>ticul>ly f9e--rem>kable1 inde$1 = _! diction & elevation ( ?\ght4 ,^u complet+ ! re/oration ( a temple to ,n9-k>rak or ,gula 9 ,sipp>1 he prays3#dag ,n9-k>rak1 l(ty goddess1 look ) favor ^u ! "w ( my h&s1 ,m]cy t[>ds me be ! comm& ( ?y lips1 ,long life1 abundance ( /r5g?1 ,heal?1 & joy1 grant to me z a gift4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,%ama% & ,m>duk cause my de$s to be reg>d$ ) favor1 ,comm& grace = me4 ,a pray] ( ! same k+ address$ to ,%ama%1 ^u re/or+ ! great temple at ,sipp>1 ,e-babb>a1 runs3#dah ,o ,%ama%1 great "l1 ^u ent]+ joyfully into ?y glori\s temple ,e-babb>a1 ,look ) favor ^u my preci\s h&iwork1 ,m]cy t[>ds me be ?y comm&2 ,?r\gh ?y righte\s ord]1 may ,i h abundance ( /r5g?4 ,long life1 & a firm ?rone1 grant to me4 ,may my rule la/ =ev]6 ,) a righte\s sceptre ( blissful rul]%ip1 ,) a legitimate /aff1 br++ salvation to mank9d1 adorn my sov]eignty =ev]4 ,) /rong weapons = ! fray1 protect my soldi]s2 ,!n1 ,o ,%ama%1 by oracle & dream1 answ] me correctly6 ,by ?y supreme comm&1 :i* is un*angeable1 ,may my weapons advance1 & /rike & ov]?r[ ! weapons ( ! enemies4 ,nebu*adnezz>'s inscriptions are *>act]iz$ by ! pray] ) :i* !y almo/ inv>iably close4 ,:e!r erect+ a sanctu>y or build+ a canal or improv+ ! walls ( ,babylon1 he does n fail to add to ! description ( 8 a*ievem5ts a pray] to "s deity1 9 :i* he asks = div9e grace & ! bless+s ( long life & prosp]ity4 ,!re 7 o!r occasions1 too1 9 :i*1 bo? 9 anci5t times & 9 m mod]n p]iods1 pray]s 7 s5t up to ! gods4 ,kudur-mabuk1 ( ! second dyna/y ( ,ur1 in=ms u t he built a temple1 ,e-nun-makh1 to ,s9 9 gratitude to ! god = hav+ he>k5$ to 8 pray]4 ,! ,assyrian k+s pray to ,a%ur or ,i%t> be=e ! battle1 & (f] ?anks aft] ! victory has be5 ga9$4 ,o goddess ( ,arbela6 says ,a%urbanabal1#dai ,i am ,a%urbanabal1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 ! product ( ?y h&s1 creat$ by !e 9 ! h\se ( my fa!r4 ,to r5ew ! sanctu>ies ( ,assyria1 & to enl>ge ! cities ( ,babylonia1 444 h ,i devot$ myself to ?y dwell+-places1 & h /eadfa/ly wor%ipp$ ?y sov]eignty4444 ,he>k5 unto me6 ,o ?\ mi/ress ( mi/resses1 supreme 9 battle1 mi/ress ( ! fray1 que5 ( ! gods1 444 :o speake/ good ?+s 9 ! pres5ce ( ,a%ur1 ! fa!r1 t produc$ !e4 ,teumman1 k+ ( ,elam1 has array$ 8 army & fix$ ^u battle1 br&i%es 8 weapons to proce$ aga9/ ,assyria4 ,d ?\ n[1 ,o w>rior1 l 444 drive him into ! mid/ ( ! fray1 pursue him ) a /orm1 ) an evil w9d4 ,i%t>1 ! n>rative tells u1 he>k5$ to ! f]v5t words ( ! k+4 ,be n afraid1 says ! goddess to h] royal subject4 ,else:]e ! same k+ prays m briefly to ,a%ur & ,i%t>4 ,may 8 corpse viz41 ( a c]ta9 enemy be ca/ be=e 8 enemy i4e41 be=e ,a%urbanabal1 & 8 rema9s be c>ri$ (f4#dbj ,^u asc5d+ ! ?rone1 we f9d ,nebu*adnezz> address+ a f]v5t pray] to ! great god ,m>duk3 ,o ,et]nal ,rul]6 ,"l ( ! ,univ]se6 ,grant t ! "n#dba ( ! k+ :om ?\ love/1 ,^: "n ?\ ha/ m5tion$1#dbb may fl\ri% z seems good to !e4 ,guide him on ! "r pa?4 ,i am ! rul] :o obeys !e1 ! creation ( ?y h&4 ,x is ?\ :o ha/ creat$ me1 ,& ?\ ha/ entru/$ to me sov]eignty ov] mank9d4 ,accord+ to ?y m]cy1 ,o "l1 :i* ?\ be/[e/ ^u all1 ,cause me to love ?y supreme rule4 ,implant ! fe> ( ?y div9ity 9 my he>t1 ,grant to me :atsoev] may seem good be=e !e1 ,s9ce x is ?\ t do/ control my life4 ,! curses also ) :i* s _m ( ! hi/orical texts ( ,babylonia & ,assyria close may be reg>d$ z pray]s4 ,we are also ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! (f]+ ( sacrifices1 :i* =m$ at all times an ess5tial feature ( ! cult1 bo? 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 0 always accompani$ by "s =m ( pray] address$ to "s deity or to a gr\p ( deities4 ,9 view ( all ?is1 no %>p *ronological l9e1 any m ?an a logical "o1 c be drawn m>k+ (f ! incantation =mulas f ! hymns & pray]s pure & simple4 ,! conceptions =m$ ( ! gods 9 ! incantation texts are precisely ^? :i* we h f\nd to be *>act]i/ic ( !m 9 ! p]iod :5 ?is phase ( ! religion rea*$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,ea is ! protector ( humanity1 ,%ama% ! "l ( ju/ice2 &1 if c]ta9 ideas t 9 ! pray]s are atta*$ to ! gods--z wisdom to ,s9--are abs5t f ! incantations1 x may be reg>d$ r z an accid5t ?an z an indication ( any diff]5ce ( conception4 ,! pan!on too1 b>r+ ! omission ( c]ta9 gods1 is ! same t we f9d x to be 9 ! hi/orical texts1 & ! ord] 9 :i* ! gods are enum]at$ corresponds q closely ) ! rank accord$ to !m 9 ! inscriptions ( ! k+s4 ,:at v>iations !re are are n suffici5tly pron\nc$ to w>rant any conclusions4 ,all ?is po9ts1 z has be5 emphasiz$ sev]al times1 to ! subsequ5t remodel+ ( ! texts 9 "q4 ,x is true t we f9d m traces ( e>li] & purely my?ological notions 9 ! incantations ?an 9 ! hymns & pray]s1 b su* notions are by no means =eign to ! latt]4 ,ev5 9 ^? religi\s productions ( ,babylonia :i* repres5t ! fl[] ( religi\s ?\ght1 we meet ) views t reflect a mo/ primitive mode ( ?\ght4 ,! prop] view1 !re=e1 to take ( ! pray]s & hymns is to reg>d !m z tw9 productions to ! magical texts1 due to ! same conceptions ( ! p[] ( ! gods1 an emanation ( ! same religi\s _s1 & produc$ at ! same "t t ! incantation rituals enjoy$ popul> favor & e/eem1 & )\t 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! practice ( ! rites t ^! rituals involv$4 ,?is position does n ( c\rse preclude t among ! pray]s & hymns t h be5 pres]v$ !re are "s betray+ a l(ti] _s1 a high] level ( religi\s ?\ght1 & m pron\nc$ e?ical t5d5cies ?an o!rs4 ,inde$1 ! "o important result ( ! dissociation ( ! address to ! gods f ! purely practical magic rites 0 to produce ! conditions favorable to a developm5t ( high] religi\s ?\ght4 ,an (f]+ ( praise to ! gods1 :e!r x 0 = victory grant$ or = a favor %[n1 call$ =? ! be/ & pure/ s5tim5ts ( :i* ! individual 0 capable4 ,fre$ f all l[] associations1 su* an act prov$ an inc5tive to view ! deity address$ f 8 mo/ favorable side1 to emphasize ^? phases :i* illu/rat$ 8 affection = 8 wor%ipp]s1 8 conc]n = _! ne$s1 8 discrim9ation1 & n m]ely 8 p[] & /r5g?4 ,9 %ort1 ! s(t] & ! m humane aspects ( ! religion w\ld ?us be br\ght out4 ,! individual w\ld address 8 god 9 t]ms betray+ 8 affection1 & w\ld c\ple ) him attributes t w\ld reflect ! wor%ipp]'s r ?an ! god's view ( ! purpose & aim ( exi/5ce4 ,:atev] p[]s ( idealization !re lay 9 ! wor%ipp]'s nature w\ld be br\ght into ! =egr\nd by ! intellectual ef=t involv$ 9 giv+ expression to 8 be/ ?\ghts1 :5 aim+ to come into close communion ) a p[] ^u :i* he felt himself dep5d5t4 ,= an und]/&+1 !re=e1 ( ! e?ical t5d5cies ( ! ,babylonian religion1 an appreciation ( ! pray]s & hymns is ( prime importance2 & we %all pres5tly see t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! highe/ level ( e?ical & religi\s ?\ght is rea*$ 9 "s ( ^! hymns4 ,! pray]s ( ,nebu*adnezz> repres5t1 p]haps1 ! be/ t has be5 atta9$ 9 ?is bran* ( religi\s lit]ature4 ,return+1 = a mom5t1 to ! d$ication pray] to ,m>duk1 address$ by ! k+ on ! occasion ( 8 m\nt+ ! ?rone1#dbc "o _c fail to be /ruck by ! high s5se ( ! importance ( 8 /ation ) :i* ! k+ is inspir$4 ,sov]eignty is n a "r t he c claim--x is a tru/ grant$ to him by ,m>duk4 ,he holds 8 great (fice n = purposes ( self-glorification1 b = ! b5efit ( 8 subjects4 ,9 pr(\nd humility he confesses t :at he has he owes entirely to ,m>duk4 ,he asks to be guid$ s t he may foll[ ! pa? ( righte\sness4 ,nei!r ri*es nor p[] con/itute 8 ambition1 b to h ! fe> ( 8 "l 9 8 he>t4 ,su* a plane ( ?\ght is nev] rea*$ 9 ! incantation texts4 ,= all t1 ! orig9al dep5d5ce ( ! pray]s & hymns ^u incantation =mulas1 t+es ev5 ! be/ productions4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ hymns1 9 :i* elevat$ ?\ghts are elaborat$ ) consid]able skill1 reveal _! orig9 by hav+ incantations atta*$ to !m4 ,aga91 o!rs :i* are entirely indep5d5t productions are full ( allusions to sickness1 demons1 & sorc]]s1 t %[ ! outgr[? ( ! hymns f ! incantations2 & none are entirely free f traces ( ! conceptions t are *>act]i/ic ( ! incantation texts4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two classes ( closely relat$ texts may be summ$ up 9 ! proposition t ! religi\s ?\ght :i* produc$ !m bo? is c>ri$ to a high] po9t ( elaboration 9 ! hymns4 ,! pray]s & hymns repres5t ! attempt ( ! ,babylonian m9d to free itself f a sup]/iti\s view ( ! relation%ip ( man to ! p[]s ar\nd him2 an attempt1 b--x mu/ be add$--an unsuccessful "o4 ,x is r un=tunate t _m ( ! hymns f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ,a%urbanabal are 9 s fragm5t>y a condition4 ,z a consequ5ce we are frequ5tly unable to det]m9e m ?an _! g5]al cont5ts4 ,! colophons g5]ally are miss+1--at lea/ 9 ^? hymns hi!rto publi%$1#dbd--s t we are left 9 ! d>k z to ! special occasion = :i* ! hymn 0 compos$4 ,)\t ?is k x is q impossible to assign to x any def9ite date except ^u int]nal evid5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! hymnal lit]ature ( ! great temples ( ,babylonia mu/ h gr[n to l>ge proportions1 &1 9 collect+ !m1 "s sy/em 0 c]ta9ly foll[$ by ! prie/s engag$ 9 ?is "w4 ,!re is evid5ce ( a collection hav+ be5 made at "s "t ( hymns address$ to ,%ama%4 ,"s ( ^! 7 int5d$ z a salute ^u ! sun's ris+1 o!rs celebrat$ 8 sett+4 ,^! hymns convey ! impression ( hav+ be5 compos$ = ! wor%ip ( ! god 9 "o ( 8 great temples--p]haps 9 ,e-babb>a1 at ,sipp>4 ,we h sev]al hymns also address$ to ,m>duk1 & "o c well suppose t at ! great temple ,e-sagila1 9 ,babylon1 a collection ( ,m>duk hymns mu/ h be5 prep>$1 & s = o!rs ( ! great gods4 ,b1 aga91 _m ( ! hymns convey ! impression ( be+ m]ely sporadic productions--compos$ = c]ta9 occasions1 & )\t any ref]5ce to a possible position 9 a ritual4 ,( ! hymns s f> publi%$1 ^? to ,%ama% are probably ! f9e/4 ,! conception ( ! sun-god z ! judge ( mank9d l5t itself readily to an e?ical elaboration4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d 9 ^! hymns ju/ice & righte\sness z ! two prom95t !mes4 ,a /rik+ passage 9 "o ( ^! hymns reads3#dbe ,! law ( mank9d do/ ?\ direct1 ,et]nally j 9 ! heav5s art ?\1 ,( fai?ful judgm5t t[>ds all ! _w art ?\4 ,?\ kn[e/ :at is "r1 ?\ kn[e/ :at is wrong4 ,o ,%ama%6 ,righte\sness has lift$ up its neck7872 ,o ,%ama%6 ,wrong l a ---- has be5 cut7872 ,o ,%ama%6 ,! support ( ,anu & ,bel art ?\2 ,o ,%ama%6 ,supreme judge ( heav5 & e>? art ?\4 ,aft] a break 9 ! tablet1 ! hymn cont9ues3 ,o ,%ama%6 ,supreme judge1 great "l ( all ! _w art ?\2 ,"l ( creation1 m]ciful "o ( ! _w art ?\4 ,! foll[+ l9es n[ reveal ! purpose ( ! hymn4 ,x is a pray] = ! life ( ! k+3 ,o ,%ama%6 on ?is day purify & cleanse ! k+1 ! son ( 8 god4 ,:atev] is evil )9 him1 let x be tak5 out4 ,! next few l9es are a di/9ct e*o ( ! incantation =mulas1 & %[ h[ readily pray] passes f a high] to a l[] /age ( ?\ght3 ,cleanse him l a vessel ----#dbf ,illum9e him l a vessel ( ----#dbf ,l ! copp] ( a poli%$ tablet1#dbg let him be bright4 ,release him f ! ban4 ,! same incantation occurs at ! close ( ano!r hymn to ,%ama%1 address$ to ! sun ^u 8 ris+4#dbh ,! colophon furni%es ! op5+ l9e ( ! next tablet1 :i* also beg9s ) an address to ,%ama%4 ,we h "h a cle> indication ( a k9d ( ,%ama% ritual ext5d+1 p]haps1 ov] a numb] ( tablets1 & to :i*1 9 all probability1 ! hymn j quot$ also belongs4 ,! op5+ l9es ( ! second hymn read3 ,o ,%ama%6 out ( ! horizon ( heav5 ?\ issue/ =?1 ,! bolt ( ! bright heav5s ?\ op5e/1 ,! door ( heav5 ?\ do/ op54 ,o ,%ama%6 ov] ! _w do/ ?\ raise ?y head4 ,o ,%ama%6 ) ! glory ( heav5 ?\ cov]e/ ! _w4 ,x w\ld be difficult to believe1 b = ! express te/imony furni%$ by ! hymn itself1 t a production giv+ evid5ce ( su* a l(ty view ( ! sun-god %\ld1 aft] all1 be no m ?an an incantation4 ,! same is ! case1 h[ev]1 ) all ! ,%ama% hymns s f> publi%$4 ,!y ei!r expressly or by implication =m "p ( an incantation ritual4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 su* addresses to ,%ama% are to be view$ 9 no o!r light ?an ! exaltation ( ,nusku 9 ! ',maklu' s]ies1#dbi & :i* we h f\nd 7 9 _m cases elaborate1 beautiful 9 diction1 & elevat$ 9 ?\ght4 ,s--to give "o m example--a hymn address$ to ! sun-god at ! sett+1 & :i* is especially int]e/+ because ( ! metaphors *os5 to describe ! sun's c\rse1 is prov$ by ! colophon to be aga9 an incantation4 ,x belongs to a s]ies--p]haps1 inde$1 to ! same z ! specim5s furni%$3#dcj ,o sun-god 9 ! mid/#dca ( heav5 at ?y sett+1 ,may ! enclosure ( ! pure heav5 greet !e1#dcb ,may ! gate ( heav5 approa* !e1 ,may ! direct+ god1 ! mess5g] :o loves !e1 direct ?y way4 ,9 ,e-babb>a1 ! seat ( ?y sov]eignty1 ?y supremacy rises l ! dawn4 ,may ,a1 ! wife :om ?\ love/1 come be=e !e ) joy2 ,may ?y he>t be at re/1#dcc ,may ! glory ( ?y div9ity be e/abli%$ = !e4 ,o ,%ama%6 w>rior h]o1 maye/ ?\ be exalt$2 ,o "l ( ,e-babb>a1 z ?\ m>*e/1 may ?y c\rse be direct$1 ,direct ?y pa?1 m>* along ! pa? fix$ = ?y c\rse 7874 ,o ,%ama%6 judge ( ! _w1 director ( its laws art ?\4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! hymns address$ to ! moon-god 9 connection ) eclipses h be5 ref]r$ to & %ort specim5s giv54 ,a m elaborate hymn to ,s9 w fur!r illu/rate ! conceptions curr5t ab\t ?is deity3#dcd ,o "l1 *ief ( ! gods1 :o on e>? & 9 heav5 alone is exalt$4 ,fa!r ,nann>1#dce "l ( increase1 *ief ( ! gods1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 heav5ly "l1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 moon-god1 *ief ( ! gods1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 "l ( ,ur1 *ief ( ! gods1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 "l ( ,e-gi%-%ir-gal1#dcf *ief ( ! gods1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 "l ( ! brilliant cresc5t1 *ief ( ! gods1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 ^: sov]eignty is br\ght to p]fection1 *ief ( ! gods1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 :o passes along 9 great maje/y1 ,o /rong ,bull1#dcg great ( horns1 p]fect 9 =m1 ) long fl[+ be>d#dch ( ! color ( lapus-lazuli4 ,p[]ful "o1 self-creat$1 a product 787 beautiful to look ^u1 ^: fullness has n be5 br\ght =?1#dci ,m]ciful "o1 begett] ( ev]y?+1 :o among liv+ ?+s occupies a l(ty seat1 ,fa!r1 m]ciful "o & re/or]1 ^: weapon 787 ma9ta9s ! life ( ! :ole _w4 ,"l1 ?y div9ity1 l ! di/ant heav5 & ! wide ocean1 is full 787 ( fe>4 ,rul] ( ! l&1 protector ( sanctu>ies1 proclaim] ( _! "n4 ,fa!r1 begett] ( ! gods & ( m51 e/abli%+ dwell+s & grant+ gifts1 ,call+ to sov]eignty1 giv+ ! sceptre1 :o decree/ de/9ies = di/ant days4 ,/rong *ief1 ^: wide he>t embraces 9 m]cy all t exi/s1 444 beautiful1 ^: knees d n gr[ we>y1 :o op5s ! road 787 = ! gods1 8 bro!rs1 444 :o1 f ! f\ndation ( heav5 till ! z5i?1 ,passes along 9 brilliancy 7871 op5+ ! door ( heav51 ,prep>+ ! fate 787 ( humanity4 ,fa!r1 begett] ( ev]y?+1 444 ,"l1 proclaim+ ! decisions ( heav5 & e>?1 ,^: comm& is n set aside1 444 & grant+ wat]#ddj = all t has life4 ,no god rea*es to ?y fullness4 ,9 heav5 :o is exalt$8 ,?\ alone art exalt$4 ,on e>? :o is exalt$8 ,?\ alone art exalt$4 ,?y /rong comm& is proclaim$ 9 heav51 & ! ,igigi pro/rate !mselves4 ,?y /rong comm& is proclaim$ on e>?1 & ! ,anunnaki kiss ! gr\nd4 ,?y /rong comm& on high1 l a /orm 9 ! d>kness1 passes along1 & n\ri%m5t /reams =?4 ,:5 ?y /rong comm& is e/abli%$ on ! e>?1 vegetation spr\ts =?4 ,?y /rong comm& /ret*es ov] mead[s & heights1 & life is increas$4 ,?y /rong comm& produces "r & proclaims ju/ice to mank9d4 ,?y /rong comm&1 ?r\gh ! di/ant heav5s & ! wide e>?1 ext5ds to :atev] !re is4 ,?y /rong comm&1 :o c grasp x8 ,:o c rival x8 ,"l1 9 heav5 is ?y sov]eignty1 on e>? is ?y sov]eignty4 ,among ! gods1 ?y bro!rs1 !re is none l !e4 ,o ,k+ ( ,k+s1 :o has no judge sup]ior to him1 ^: div9ity is n surpass$ by any o!r6#dda ,a m p]fect idealization ( ! my?ological notions connect$ ) ! moon-god c h>dly be imag9$4 ,! old metaphors are reta9$1 b int]pret$ 9 a mann] t reflects high] spiritual t5d5cies4 ,! moon is /ill figur$ z a bull1 b x is ! idea ( /r5g? t is extract$ f ! picture & dwelt ^u4 ,! writ] /ill ?9ks ( ! moon z an old man ) fl[+ be>d1 b he uses ! figure to convey ! impression ( ! brilliancy ( ! great orb4 ,! influ5ce ( ! moon ^u ! *ange ( seasons1 ^u vegetation1--a belief :i* ! ,babylonians %>$ ) o!r nations1--leads ! writ] to extol ! b5ign feel+s ( ! god t[>ds mank9d4 ,! sun-god1 ?r\gh ! gl[+ heat t he develops1 becomes1 z we h se51 ! w>rior & ev5 ! de/roy]1 ! consum+ =ce4 ,! moon-god is ! b5efactor ( mank9d :o re/ores ! en]gies ( man weak5$ f ! heat ( ! day4 ,nann>-,s9 becomes ! giv] ( life1 ^: m]cies are ext5d$ to all4 ,! gods & ! spirits foll[ ! example ( mank9d 9 pro/rat+ !mselves be=e ! great orb ( night4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! c\rse t he pursues 9 ! heav5s places him beyond ! control ( ! great judge ( ! _w1 ! mighty ,%ama%4 ,!re is no "o sup]ior to ,s91 no "o to ^: comm& he mu/ b5d4 ,) all ?is1 !re is a total abs5ce ( any allusion to 8 p[] ( remov+ ! influ5ce ( demons & wit*es4 ,we h "h a hymn purifi$ f all association ) ! incantation texts1 & !re is e reason to believe t x 0 compos$ = use 9 ! great temple at ,ur1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ l9es4 ,9 ! alt]nat+ "q & answ] we h also a valuable indication ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! hymn 0 to be recit$ or sung4 ,! :ole production appe>s to be arrang$ 9 a dialogue =m1 ! l9es to be alt]nately read by ! recit+ prie/ & ! *orus ( prie/s or wor%ipp]s4 ,! same me?od is foll[$ 9 o!r productions1 :ile 9 "s1 z we %all see1 ! dialogue does n proce$ 9 alt]nate l9es1 b is di/ribut$ among a v>y+ numb] ( sections4 ,we may see 9 ?is /yle ( composition "o ( ! natural outcomes ( ! me?od pursu$ 9 ! incantation texts1 :]e1 z w be rememb]$1 ! prie/ fir/ recites ! =mulas1 & !n calls ^u ! individual be=e him to repeat x once1 twice1 or (t5]1 z ! case may be4 ,su* a cu/om leads to recital & responses 9 ! hymns4 ,n _m ( ! hymns rise to su* a height z ! "o j quot$4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 gods only1 & aft] all n _m1 ^: nature 0 su* z to make an e?ical developm5t ( ! conceptions =m$ ( !m possible4 ,besides ,%ama% & ,s91 ,ea z ! god ( humanity & ,nebo z ! god ( wisdom belong to ?is class4 ,( ,ea1 h[ev]1 no hymns h z yet be5 f\nd4 ,?is may ( c\rse be accid5tal1 & /ill1 if "o be>s 9 m9d t 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ,babylonian hi/ory ,ea enjoy$ a !oretical popul>ity r ?an a practical "o1 ! abs5ce ( ,ea hymns might be expla9$ z due to ! lack ( a fix$ ritual 9 ! ,ea temples outside ( ! incantation texts4#ddb ,ea's position1 l t ( ,nusku1 0 too m>k$ 9 ! magical texts to enc\rage a conception ( !m entirely indep5d5t ( _! p[] to release victims f ! grasp ( ! demons4 ,a hymn to ,nebo1 :i* un=tunately is pres]v$ only 9 "p1 illu/rates ! ext5t to :i* poly!i/ic conceptions may be spiritualiz$3#ddc 444 ,"l ( ,borsippa1 444 son ( ,e-sagila4#ddd ,o ,"l6 ,to ?y p[] !re is no rival p[]1 ,o ,nebo6 ,to ?y p[]1 !re is no rival1 ,to ?y h\se1 ,e-zida1 !re is no rival1 ,to ?y city1 ,borsippa1 !re is no rival1 ,to ?y di/rict1 ,babylon1 !re is no rival4 ,?y weapon is ,u-sum-gallu1#dde f ^: m\? ! brea? does n issue1 blood does n fl[4#ddf ,?y comm& is un*angeable l ! heav5s4 ,9 heav5 ?\ art supreme4 ,!re are /ill pl5ty ( my?ological allusions 9 ?is hymn t take u back to a primitive p]iod ( ?\ght1 b x is a hymn prompt$ by ! love & rev]5ce t ,nebo inspir$4 ,its direct connection ) ! ,nebo cult is %[n aga9 by ! complem5t>y "* ( ea* two l9es4 ,! :ole hymn 0 probably adapt$ 9 ?is way to public wor%ip4 ,m>duk1 by virtue ( 8 relation%ip to ,ea1 & by 8 indep5d5t position z ! supreme god ( ,babylon1 occupies a middle gr\nd betwe5 ,%ama%1 ,ea1 & ,nusku on ! "o side1 & su* gods z ,s9 & ,nebo on ! o!r4 ,"s ( ! hymns address$ to him end 9 incantations2 o!rs =m "p ( ! cult arrang$ = solemn occasions1 :5 ! praises ( ! god 7 sung 9 connection ) sacrificial (f]+s4 ,9 confirmation ( ! !ory z to ! relation%ip betwe5 magical texts & hymns above advanc$1 we f9d sc>cely any diff]5ce 9 ! grade ( religi\s ?\ght betwe5 ^! two classes ( ,m>duk hymns4 ,bo? are equally di/+ui%$ by _! f9e diction4 ,a hymn :i* celebrates ,m>duk z ! re/or] ( ! dead to life1 & yet =ms "p ( an incantation text1 reads3#ddg ,o m]ciful "o among ! gods6 ,o m]ciful "o :o love? to give life to ! dead6 ,m>duk1 k+ ( heav5 & e>?1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 "l ( ,e-sagila1 ,k+ ( ,e-zida1 "l ( ,e-makh-tila1 ,heav5 & e>? are ?9e4 ,! :ole ( heav5 & e>? are ?9e1 ,! spell af=d+ life is ?9e1 ,! brea? ( life is ?9e1 ,! pure incantation ( ! ocean#ddh is ?9e1 ,mank9d1 ! black-head$ race1#ddi ,! liv+ creatures1 z _m z !re are1 & exi/ on e>?1 ,z _m z !re are 9 ! f\r qu>t]s1 ,! ,igigi ( ! legions ( heav5 & e>?1 ,z _m z !re are1 ,to !e d !y incl9e 7874 ,?\ art ! %$u1 ?\ art ! lamassu4 ,?\ re/ore/ ! dead to life1 ?\ br+e/ ?+s to complet5ess 7874 ,o m]ciful "o among ! gods6 ,"o sc>cely detects any diff]5ce betwe5 su* a hymn & ^? to ,s9 & ,nebo4 ,! l9es are adapt$1 l ! o!r specim5s1 = recitation by two p>ties4 ,! la/ l9e =ms a solemn close to a section ( ?is hymn4 ,9 ! section t foll[s1 ! same "* is ma9ta9$ till we approa* ! close1 :5 ! exorcis] /eps 9 & asks ,m>duk to ,expel ! disease ( ! sick man1 ,! plague1 ! wa/+ disease 444 & ! v>i\s classes ( demons1 utukku1 alu1 etc41 are introduc$4 ,comp>e ?is n[ ) "s passages 9 a pray] address$ to ,m>duk3#dej ,a re/+-place = ! "l 7( ,e-sagila7 is ?y h\se4 ,a re/+-place = ! "l ( ,e-makh-tila is ?y h\se4 ,e-sagila1 ! h\se ( ?y sov]eignty1 is ?y h\se4 ,may ! city speak 're/'#dea to !e--?y h\se4 ,may ,babylon speak peace to !e#deb--?y h\se4 ,may ! great ,anu1 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 tell !e :5 !re w be re/4 ,may ! great m\nta91 ! fa!r ( ! gods1#dec tell !e :5 !re w be re/4 444 ,look favorably ^u ?y h\se1 ,look favorably ^u ! city1 ,o "l ( re/6 ,may he re/ore to 8 place ! bolt ,babylon1 ! enclosure ,e-sagila1 ! edifice ,e-zida1#ded ,may ! gods ( heav5 & e>? speak to !e1 ,o "l ( re/4 ,"h we h specific ref]5ces to ,m>duk4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t ! city ( ,babylon is associat$ ) ! god4 ,! great gods pay homage to ,m>duk4 ,! :ole hymn1 conceiv$ z a royal pray] to ! god1 cle>ly =m$ "p ( ! ritual prep>$ = ! great ,m>duk temple at ,babylon4 ,! hymn closes1 z s _m o!rs1 ) a pray] on behalf ( ! k+4 ,! god is ask$ ,to e/abli% firmly ! f\ndation ( ! ?rone ( 8 sov]eignty1 ,s t he may n\ri% 787 mank9d to di/ant days4 ',re/1' 9 ! liturgical language1 impli$ cessation ( ang]4 ,m>duk1 z ! '"l ( re/1' 0 ! pacifi$ deity2 & s9ce x 0 a necess>y condition 9 obta9+ an answ] to petitions t ! god %\ld be free f ang]1 ! city1 ! temple1 & ! gods are repres5t$ z unit$ly speak+ to him--appeal+ to him to be at 're/4' ,! production might1 !re=e1 be call$ a 'pacification hymn4' ,! god has %[n 8 ang] by br++ on mis=tune ( "s %ape4 ,8 div9e associates are no less anxi\s ?an 8 human subjects to pacify ! mighty god4 ,pass+ on to ano!r god1 a hymn to ! /orm-god1 ,ramman1 enables u to specify ! great t]ror t ! god1 z ! g5]al s\rce ( di/urbances 9 ! heav5ly ph5om5a1 inspir$4 ,! god is address$#dee z ,! "l :o 9 8 ang] holds ! heav5s 9 8 control1 ,ramman 9 8 wra? ! e>? has %ak54 ,! mighty m\nta9--?\ do/ ov]turn x4 ,at 8 ang]1 at 8 wra?1 ,! gods ( heav5 m\nt up to heav51#def ,! gods ( e>? ent] ! e>?4 ,into ! f\ndation ( heav5 ,%ama%#deg ent]s4 ,! illu/rations adduc$ w suffice to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,babylonians conceiv$ ! relation%ip betwe5 mank9d & ! gods4 ,! elem5t ( fe> alt]nat$ ) t ( love1 & no matt] h[ ne> ! gods 7 felt to be1 "o 0 nev] c]ta9 ( _! good w4 ,ano!r feature ( "s ( ^! hymns :i* calls = special m5tion is ! introduction ( ! deity z himself or h]self tak+ "p 9 ! dialogue4 ,a hymn address$ to ,i%t>1 z ! morn+ & ev5+ />1#deh belongs to ?is class4#dei ,x beg9s ) a glorification ( ! goddess z ! s\rce ( light1 ( be+1 & ( e>?ly bless+s4 ,! wor%ipp] speaks3 ,o light ( heav5 :o arises l fire ov] ! e>?1 :o art fix$ 9 ! e>?1 ,?\ art exalt$ 9 /r5g? l ! e>?4 ,z = !e1 a j pa? be graci\sly grant$ to !e ,:5 ?\ ent]e/ ! h\se ( man4 ,a hy5a on ! hunt = a "y lamb art ?\1 ,a re/less lion art ?\4 ,a de/ructive h&maid1 ! beauty ( heav51 ,a h&maid is ,i%t>1 ! beauty ( heav51 ,:o cause/ all be+ to emanate1 ,o beauty ( heav51 ,associate 787 ( ! sun1 ,o beauty ( heav56 ,at ?is po9t ! goddess speaks1 ?r\gh ! (ficiat+ prie/1 :o acts z ! m$iator3 ,= det]m9+ oracles#dfj ,i h be5 e/abli%$1 9 p]fection h ,i be5 e/abli%$4 ,= det]m9+ oracles ( my fa!r ,s91 ,i h be5 e/abli%$1 9 p]fection h ,i be5 e/abli%$4 ,= det]m9+ oracles ( my bro!r ,%ama%1 ,i h be5 e/abli%$1 9 p]fection h ,i be5 e/abli%$4 ,me has my fa!r ,s9 fix$1 to det]m9e oracles ,i h be5 e/abli%$1 ,%9+ anew 9 heav51 = det]m9+ oracles ,i h be5 e/abli%$1 9 p]fection h ,i be5 e/abli%$4 ,f ! regul> repetition ( ! refra9 at ! end ( ea* l9e1 "o is tempt$ to conclude t ^! utt]ances ( ! goddess 7 to be recit$ by an (ficiat+ prie/ ) ! assi/ance ( a *orus ( prie/s1 to :om ! refra9 0 assign$1 or x may be t ! l9es 7 alt]nately recit$ by ! prie/ & ! *orus4 ,9 ! section t foll[s1 ?is alt]native "* ( ! l9es is m cle>ly indicat$3 ,full ( delight is my maje/y1 full ( delight is my supremacy1 ,full ( delight d ,i z a goddess walk supreme4 ,i%t>1 ! goddess ( morn+ am ,i1 ,i%t>1 ! goddess ( ev5+ am ,i1 7,i am7 ,i%t>1--to op5 ! lock ( heav5 belongs to my supremacy4 ,heav5 ,i de/roy1 e>? ,i deva/ate1#dfa--su* is my supremacy4 ,! de/roy] ( heav51 ! deva/ator ( ! e>?1--su* is my maje/y4 ,to rise up out ( ! f\ndation ( heav51 ,^: fame %9es among ! habitation ( m51--su* is my supremacy4 ,que5 ( heav5 t on high & bel[ is invok$1--su* is my supremacy4 ,! m\nta9 ,i sweep away altoge!r1--su* is my supremacy4 ,! de/roy] ( ! m\nta9 walls am ,i1 _! great f\ndation am ,i1--su* is my supremacy4 ,! hymn closes ) a pray] t ! ang] ( ! god be appeas$3 ,may ?y he>t be at re/1 ?y liv]#dfb be pacifi$4 ,by ! great "l ,anu1 may ?y he>t be at re/4 ,by ! "l1 ! great m\nta9 ,bel1 may ?y liv] be pacifi$4 ,o goddess1 mi/ress ( heav51 may ?y he>t be at re/4 ,o supreme mi/ress ( heav51 may ?y liv] be pacifi$4 ,o supreme mi/ress ( ! ,e-anna1#dfc may ?y he>t be at re/4 ,o supreme mi/ress ( ! l& ( ,ere*1 may ?y liv] be pacifi$4 ,o supreme mi/ress ( ! %9+ ,ere*1 may ?y he>t be at re/4 ,o supreme mi/ress ( ! m\nta9 ( ! univ]se1 may ?y liv] be pacifi$4 ,o supreme mi/ress1 que5 ( ,e-tur-kalama1#dfd may ?y he>t be at re/4 ,o supreme mi/ress1 que5 ( ,babylon1 may ?y liv] be pacifi$4 ,o supreme mi/ress1 ^: "n is ,nana1 may ?y he>t be at re/4 ,o mi/ress ( ! h\se1 lady ( ! gods1 may ?y liv] be pacifi$4 ,,footnotes3 #daf ,inscription ,d1 col4 v4 ll4 #b-g4 #dag ,abel-,w9ckl]1 ,keils*rifttexte1 p4 #cc1 col4 iii4 ll4 #eb-eh4 #dah ,ball1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 xi4 #abd seq4 #dai ,annals1 ,cyl9d] ,b1 col4 v4 ll4 #cj-df4 #dbj ,)\t prop] burial1--! greate/ mis=tune t c\ld happ5 to ! dead4 #dba ,i4e41 life4 #dbb ,i4e41 call$ to ! ?rone4 #dbc ,see p4 #bif4 #dbd ,! pray]s & hymns ( ! ,babylonians are only beg9n+ to receive ! att5tion !y des]ve at ! h&s ( s*ol>s4 ,sayce1 e4g41 9 ! specim5s atta*$ to 8 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #dgi-ebj1 does n ev5 di/+ui% prop]ly betwe5 pure hymns & m]e incantations4 ,n[ t ,dr4 ,bezold's great catalogue ( ! ,k\junjik collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum is complet$1 ! opportunity is favorable = "s "o to /udy ! num]\s unpubli%$ fragm5ts ( hymns 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & produce 9 connection ) ^? t h be5 publi%$ a compreh5sive "w on ! subject4 ,knudtzon's ,assyris*e ,gebete an d5 ,sonn5gott may s]ve z a model = su* a "w4 #dbe ,,ivr4 #bh1 no4 #a4 #dbf ,"s specification ( ! k9d ( vessel meant4 #dbg ,inscriptions 7 writt5 on v>i\s metals1--gold1 silv]1 antimony1 lead1 copp]1 etc4 #dbh ,,ivr4 #bj1 no4 #b4 #dbi ,see above1 p4 #bhf4 #dcj ,publi%$ by ,b]t9 9 ! ,revue d',assyriologie1 no4 #d1 & translat$ by ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #egc4 ,i adopt ,sayce's translation1 ,b]t9's publication be+ inaccessible to me4 #dca ,probably 'horizon4' #dcb ,lit41 speak to !e ( peace4 #dcc ,i4e41 may ?y ang] dep>t4 #dcd ,,ivr4 #i4 #dce ',! illum9ator1' "o ( ! names ( ,s94 ,see above1 p4 #ge4 #dcf ,! "n ( ,s9's temple at ,ur4 #dcg ,a metaphor descriptive ( ! moon1 because ( ! resemblance ( ! cresc5t to a horn4 #dch ,! moon-god is pictur$ ) a long be>d on ! seal cyl9d]s4 ,see p4 #gf4 #dci ,i4e41 unlike o!r products1 ! moon's fullness is self-creat$4 #ddj ,a ref]5ce p]haps to ! suppos$ influ5ce ( ! moon on ! tides4 #dda ,! re/ ( ! hymn--"s doz5 l9es--is too fragm5t>y to w>rant translation4 #ddb ,we h1 h[ev]1 a li/ 7,,iir4 #eh1 no4 #e7 giv+ _m titles & names ( ,ea t mu/ h be5 prep>$ on ! basis ( ,ea hymns4 #ddc ,,ivr4 #bj1 no4 #c4 #ddd ,i4e41 ( ,m>duk4 #dde ,?is weapon plays a "p 9 "s ( ! ,babylonian my?s4 #ddf ,! weapon is miracul\s--,x kills in/antly1 b )\t caus+ blood to fl[4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! lightn+ /roke4 #ddg ,,ivr4 #bi1 no4 #a4 #ddh ,p]haps a ref]5ce to ,ea4 #ddi ,"n = ! inhabitants ( ,babylonla1 & !n us$ 9 g5]al = mank9d4 ,cf4 p4 #bha4 #dej ,,ivr4 #ah1 no4 #b4 ,badly pres]v$4 #dea ,i4e41 call ^u !e to be pacifi$4 #deb ,i4e41 salute !e4 #dec ,bel4 #ded ,! /rongly =tifi$ city ( ,babylon is comp>$ to a bolt & ! temple to an enclosure4 #dee ,,ivr4 #bh1 no4 #b4 #def ,i4e41 fly to a safe place4 #deg ,i4e41 ! sun is obscur$4 #deh ,see above1 p4 #hd4 #dei ,delitzs*1 ,assyris*e ,lese/uecke 7#c;d edition71 pp4 #acd-acf4 #dfj ,! port5ts tak5 ?r\gh obs]vation ( ! position ( ,i%t> or ,v5us 9 ! heav5s 7 ( especial value4 #dfa ,phrases introduc$ to illu/rate ! p[]1 n ! function1 ( ,i%t>4 #dfb ,! liv] z ! seat ( ! emotions4 #dfc ,i4e41 h\se ( heav54 ,"n ( ,i%t>'s temple at ,ere*4 #dfd ,i4e41 c\rt ( ! univ]se4 ,"n ( "o ( ,i%t>'s temples4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,p5it5tial ,,psalms4 ,x w be recall$ t bo? 9 ! ,i%t> hymn & 9 ! "o to ,m>duk above quot$1 great /ress is laid ^u pacify+ ! deity address$4 ,/>t+ f ! primitive conception t mis=tunes 7 a manife/ation ( div9e ang]1 ! ,babylonians nev] ab&on$ ! belief t transgressions c\ld be aton$ = only by appeas+ ! ang] ( ! deity4 ,b )9 ?is limitation1 an e?ical _s 0 develop$ among ! ,babylonians t surprises u by its l(t9ess & comp>ative purity4 ,in/ead ( hav+ rec\rse m]ely to incantation =mulas1 ! p]son smitt5 ) disease or pursu$ by ill =tune w\ld turn 9 pray] to "s god at ^: in/igation ! evil has come & appeal = ! pacification ( ! div9e wra?4 ,b :ile ! orig9 ( ! s-call$ p5it5tial psalms is ?us closely b\nd up ) ! same ord] ( ?\ght t gave rise to ! incantation texts1 no less significant is ! divorce betwe5 ! two classes ( compositions t beg9s already at an e>ly /age ( ! lit]>y p]iod4 ,! incantations1 x is true1 may be comb9$ ) compositions t belong to a high] ord] ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,we h se5 t !y h be5 s comb9$1 & yet ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two is also %>ply m>k$4 ,zimm]n1 to :om1 m ?an to any "o else1 ! int]pretation ( ^! p5it5tial psalms is due1 has sugge/$#dfe t national mis=tunes r ?an private grievances may h giv5 an impetus to ?is class ( lit]>y productions4 ,x is true t hi/orical ref]5ces are f\nd 9 "s ( ! hymns1 & x is also significant t n only d ^! psalms occasionally embody a pray] = ! k+1--?us giv+ to !m a national r ?an a p]sonal "*1--b ! k+s are call$ ^u 9 times ( di/ress to accompany _! libations to ! gods ) ! recitation ( a 'lam5t to quiet ! he>t1'#dff z ! ,babylonians call$ ?is class ( hymns4 ,"o c easily see h[ su* ev5ts z defeat 9 w> w\ld be ascrib$ to div9e wra?1 & n to ! work+s ( evil spirits or wit*es2 & :ile ! p]sonal tone t p]vades mo/ ( ! p5it5tial psalms makes !m applicable to conditions affect+ ! individual z well z ! nation1 ! peculi> fitness ( su* psalms = occasions ( national importance 0 a p[]ful factor 9 br++ ab\t _! %>p sep>ation f ! incantation =mulas4 ,j z 9 ! hymns we f\nd t ! m]e contemplation ( ! attributes ( ! gods1 ap>t f ! manife/ation ( ^! attributes 9 any p>ticul> in/ance1 l$ to a l(ti] int]pretation ( ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! gods & mank9d1 s ! ?\ght t evil 0 due 9 ! la/ in/ance to ! ang] ( "s god l$ to great] emphasis be+ laid ^u ?is relation%ip4 ,! ang] ( ! god prompt$ bo? ! individual & ! nation to great] zeal 9 secur+ ! deity's love4 ,to an ev5 great] ext5t ?an 9 ! hymns is ! elem5t ( love introduc$ into ! p5it5tial psalms1 & :5 n directly express$1 is s cle>ly impli$ z to =m ! necess>y complem5t to ! conception ( ! div9e wra?4 ,^! psalms inde$ %[ ! religi\s & e?ical ?\ght ( ,babylonia at its be/4 ,_! e?ical phase manife/s itself m p>ticul>ly 9 ! conception ( s9 :i* is unfold$ 9 !m4 ,! mis=tunes ( life1 m especially ^? :i* c\ld n s readily be ascrib$ to ! pres5ce ( evil spirits1 fill$ ! individual ) 8 s5se ( guilt4 ,9 "s way1 kn[n or unkn[n to him1 he mu/ h (f5d$ ! deity4 ,! ?\ght :e!r ! deity 0 ju/ifi$ 9 ex]cis+ 8 wra? did n tr\ble him any m ?an ! inve/igation ( ! "q :e!r ! puni%m5t 0 met$ out 9 accordance ) ! ext5t ( ! wrong committ$4 ,x 0 n necess>y = ! deity to be j2 x 0 suffici5t t "s god felt himself to be (f5d$1 :e!r ?r\gh ! omission ( c]ta9 rights or ?r\gh an error 9 ! p]=mance ( rites or :at n4 ,! two facts :i* pres5t$ !mselves ) ov]p[]+ =ce to ! p5it5t 7 ! ang] ( ! deity & ! necessity ( appeas+ t ang]4 ,beyond ?is conclusion ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians did n g1 b ?is reason+ also suffic$ to br+ ! conviction home to him t 8 mis=tunes 7 ! result ( "s (f5ce4 ,! man afflict$ 0 a s9n]1 & ! coroll>y to ?is position 0 t mis=tunes come 9 consequ5ce ( s94 ,?r\gh ! evils alone :i* ov]took "o1 x became cle> to an individual t he _h s9n$ aga9/ ! deity4 ,)9 ?is circle ( ideas ! p5it5tial psalms ( ,babylonia move4 ,!y d n pass :olly outside ( ! g5]al ,semitic view t s9 is a 'miss+ ( ! m>k1'--a failure1 :e!r volunt>y or involunt>y1 to comply ) :at 0 dem&$ by ! deity "u ^: protection "o /ood4 ,b "o became consci\s ( hav+ 'miss$ ! m>k' only :5 evil 9 "s =m--disease1 ill luck1 deluge1 dr\ght1 defeat1 de/ruction1 /orms1 pecuni>y losses1 family discords1 ! dea? ( de> ones--came to rem9d ! individual or ! nation ( ! necessity ( secur+ ! favor ( ! deity aga94 ,/ill )9 ?is sph]e !re 7 great possibilities ( e?ical progress1 & "s ( ! ,babylonian psalms brea! a _s & are c\*$ 9 a diction t h prompt$ a comp>ison ) ! ,biblical psalms4#dfg ,?r[n1 z ! s9n] felt himself to be1 ^u ! m]cy ( ! angry deity1 x matt]$ little :at _h call$ =? ?is wra? or :e!r ! deity 0 conceiv$ z act+ 9 accordance ) j ideas4 ,! ?\ght t w\ld engage ! entire att5tion ( ! p5it5t w\ld be ! appeasem5t ( 8 god4 ,to effect ?is1 he w\ld n /op %ort at exagg]at+ 8 own guilt4 ,he w\ld manife/ a contrition ( _s t w\ld n be ! less s9c]e = be+1 p]haps1 out ( proportion to ! "* ( 8 s9 :5 judg$ by our /&>ds4 ,correspond+ to ! humiliation ( m9d to :i* he w\ld be br\ght1 8 long+ to be reconcil$ to ! (f5d$ deity w\ld be int5sifi$4 ,he w\ld address ?is deity 9 t]ms ( /rong ende>m5t1 magnify 8 or h] p[]s1 z ! case may be1 & belittle himself & 8 own wor?4 ,! result ( su* a m5tal discipl9e c\ld n b react heal?fully on ! m9d ( ! p5it5t4 ,! p5it5t w\ld arise f 8 pray] ) a m spiritual conception ( ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 himself & 8 god4 ,n appeal+ = any mat]ial b5efits = ! "t be+1 b conc]n$ only ) appeas+ ! div9e wra?1 ! s+le burd5 ( 8 pray] t ! he>t ( ! (f5d$ god might be 'at re/' w\ld be m>k$ by an int5sity all ! /rong] = be+ at lea/ comp>atively pure ( gross] associations4 ,all ^! features comb9$ s]ve to make ! p5it5tial psalms ! fl[] ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,babylonia4 ,! productions n only repres5t ! highe/ /age :i* religi\s ?\ght rea*$ 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 b1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 con/itute ! only productions 9 cunei=m lit]ature t h a p]man5t lit]>y value4 ,we f9d ^! compositions m>k$ by a ?ird feature :i*1 h[ev]1 z we h already se51 is n peculi> to !m1--! dialogue =m4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t a reconciliation ) an ang]$ god1 ?ree p]sonages 7 necess>y 9 ! drama1--! god1 ! p5it5t1 &1 ?irdly1 ! prie/1 act+ z m$iator betwe5 ! s9n] & 8 deity4 ,! deity1 accord+ to ,babylonian notions1 c\ld n be approa*$ directly1 b only ?r\gh 8 *os5 mess5g]s1--! prie/s4 ,?is idea ( m$iation1 z aga9/ ! imm$iate approa*1 0 s pron\nc$ z to lead1 z we h se51 to ! frequ5t association ) a god ( a second div9e p]sonage1--8 son or 8 s]vant1--?r\gh :om ! petitions ( mank9d 7 br\ght to ! ?rone ( grace4#dfh ,! prie/ 0 simil>ly conceiv$ z ! mess5g] ( ! god1 &1 by virtue ( ?is (fice1 end[$ ) a c]ta9 measure1 at lea/1 ( div9e p[]4 ,he 01 9 ! full s5se1 ! god's vic> on e>?1--8 repres5tative1 :o c\ld1 z we saw 9 ! ,i%t> hymn1 speak 9 ! fir/ p]son on behalf ( ! god4#dfi ,! m manife/ mission ( ! prie/1 h[ev]1 0 to int]c$e on behalf ( ! mass ( mank9d4 ,accept+ ! sacrifices (f]$ by ! laity1 x 0 he t secur$ _! graci\s acceptance on ! "p ( ! deity4 ,x 0 ! prie/1 z we h se51 :o in/ruct$ ! individual to pron\nce ! magic =mulas t w\ld be appropriate to 8 case2 & j z 9 ! incantation texts ! prie/ accompani$ ! recitation ( ! =mulas ) an appeal ( 8 own1 s 9 ! p5it5tial psalms1 he /ood at ! p5it5t's side1 in/ruct+ him :at to say1 & emphasiz+ ! confessions ( ! p5it5t by an assurance to ! deity ( ! s9c]ity ( ! p5it5t1 c\pl$ ) a f]v5t reque/ t ! pray] = 'appeasem5t1' :i* involv$ all t we mean by =giv5ess1 be graci\sly answ]$4 ,x is un=tunate t ! text ( none ( ! p5it5tial psalms is p]fectly pres]v$4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 cont5t ourselves 9 our illu/rations ) m or less imp]fect extracts4 ,x is to be not$1 too1 t (t5 ! exact mean+ ( ! l9es escapes u1 ow+ to ! obscurity ( t]ms employ$ or to ! gaps 9 ! texts !mselves4 ,) few exceptions ! psalms appe> 9 ! d\ble /yle *>act]i/ic ( s l>ge a section ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians1 ! 'ideographic' composition be+ accompani$ by a phonetic translit]ation4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t we h at lea/ "o text 7,,ivr4 #ei1 no4 #b7 9 ! phonetic /yle alone1 is suffici5t to %[ t no special weight is to be atta*$ to ! suppos$ 'bil+ual' "* ( ! o!rs4 ,?is d\ble /yle is n a feature t ne$ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 det]m9+ ! age ( ?is class ( compositions4 ,! hi/orical ref]5ces 9 "s ( !m h prompt$ ,zimm]n to give 8 p>tial ass5t to ! op9ion :i* w\ld assign !m1 or "s ( !m1 to ! age ( ,hammurabi4 ,beyond su* ref]5ces1 :i* are n z cle> z !y might be1 we h no data ?r\gh :i* _! age c be det]m9$2 b s f> z ! ideas :i* !y convey & ! religi\s _s manife/$ 9 !m are conc]n$1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be assign$ to z e>ly a p]iod z "s ( ! incantation texts4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,babylonian1 z1 9 a measure1 ( all religions1 t ! old & ! new g h& 9 h&2 t m advanc$ conceptions1 s f> f sett+ aside primitive ones1 c live & ?rive 9 ! same atmosph]e ) ! latt]4 ,we may1 !re=e1 assume t p5it5tial psalms exi/$ z e>ly z #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,:e!r any ( ^! t h be5 pres]v$ g back to t p]iod is ano!r "q4 ,"o ga9s ! impression f a c>eful /udy ( !m t mo/ ( ^!1 if n all1 belong to a some:at lat] p]iod1 ne>] to ! fir/ mill5nium ?an to ! second mill5nium be=e our era4 ,! ,assyrians adopt$ ^! psalms1 z !y did ! o!r features ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians1 & enri*$ ! collection by productions ( _! own :i*1 h[ev]1 foll[ closely ! ,babylonian models4 ,a p>ticul>ly beautiful psalm1 judg+ f ! portion pres]v$1 repres5ts ! p5it5t address+ 8 goddess--probably ,i%t>--z foll[s3#dgj ,i1 ?y s]vant1 full ( sighs1 call ^u !e2 ,! f]v5t pray] ( him :o has s9n$ d ?\ accept4 ,if ?\ looke/ ^u a man1 t man lives4 ,o all-p[]ful mi/ress ( mank9d1 ,m]ciful "o1 to :om x is good to turn1 :o he>s#dga sighs6 ,at ?is po9t ! prie/ takes up ! ?read to emphasize ! appeal ( ! p5it5t by add+ to x 8 own4 ,he prays to ! goddess3 ,8 god & goddess be+ angry ) him1 he calls ^u !e1 ,turn t[>ds him ?y c\nt5ance1 take hold ( 8 h&4 ,! p5it5t cont9ues3 ,besides !e1 !re is no guid+ deity4 ,i implore !e to look ^u me & he> my sighs4 ,proclaim pacification1#dgb & may ?y s\l be appeas$4 ,h[ long1 ,o my mi/ress1 till ?y c\nt5ance be turn$ t[>ds me4 ,l doves1 ,i lam5t1 ,i satiate myself ) sighs4 ,! prie/ once m sums up ! p5it5t's pray]3 ,) pa9 & a*e1 8 s\l is full ( sighs2 ,te>s he weeps1 he p\rs =? lam5t 7874 ,a trait :i* appe>s 9 _m ( ^! psalms is ! anonymity b5ea? :i* ! (f5d$ deity is veil$4 ,8 or h] "n is (t5 n m5tion$1 ! deity be+ simply ref]r$ to z god or goddess1 & at times x is left d\btful :e!r ! s9n] has 's9n$' aga9/ ! dem&s ( a god or a goddess1 or aga9/ sev]al deities4 ,?is feature is n )\t significance4 ,9 "s cases1 no d\bt1 ! "n ( ! specific deity 0 to be add$ by ! p5it5t1#dgc b 9 o!rs ?is does n appe> to be indicat$4 ,! anonymity is ! natural result ( ! conception ( s9 involv$ 9 ^! productions4 ,! s9n]1 becom+ consci\s ( 8 guilt only z a conclusion drawn f ! fact ( 8 suff]+ f "s mis=tune1 c\ld only surmise1 b nev] be entirely c]ta91 :]e9 8 (f5ce consi/$ or :at deity he _h (f5d$4 ,9 ! case ( ! recital ( incantation =mulas1 ! "q z to ! (f5d$ deity 0 a m9or "o1 & may inde$1 at an e>li] /age ( ?\ght1 n h ent]$ into consid]ation at all4 ,?is anonymity1 !re=e1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! p5it5tial psalms 0 n due to any advance 9 ?\ght1 b "o c easily see h[ x l$ to su* an advance4 ,:at may be call$ ! p]sonal aspects ( ! gods 7 less acc5tuat$4 ,! v fact t no p>ticul> god c\ld 9 _m cases be specifi$ entail$1 z a consequ5ce1 t ! views held ( ! gods ga9$ 9 ab/ractness4 ,! g5]al ?\ght ( "o's dep5d5ce ^u ^! sup]natural p[]s1 )\t fur!r specification1 sup]9duc$ a gr\p+ ( ! gods "u a common aspect1 z ! directors ( man's fate4 ,9 %ort1 ! notion ( deity1 n inde$ z a unit1 b z a collective idea1 beg9s to dawn 9 ,babylonia4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ bew>e ( exagg]at+ ! =ce t ?is notion acquir$4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ trace ( any approa* to real mono!ism 9 ,babylonia1 nor c x ev5 be said t ! p5it5tial psalms con/itute a bridge lead+ to su* an approa*4 ,! /rong hold t a/rology at all times1 & up to ! late/ p]iods1 _h ^u bo? ! popul> & ! educat$ m9d 0 9 itself suffici5t to prev5t ! ,babylonians f pass+1 to any consid]able degree1 beyond ! /age 9 :i* ! p[]s ( nature 7 p]sonifi$ & imbu$ ) real life4 ,! p5it5tial psalms presuppose ?is belief z mu* z any o!r bran* ( ! religi\s lit]ature2 !y m]ely illu/rate ?is belief 9 ! pure/ =m ( :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 x 0 capable4 ,a psalm 9 :i* ?is anonymity ( ! (f5d$ god is m /rongly br\ght out beg9s z foll[s4#dgd ,! p5it5t prays3 ,o t ! wra? ( my "l's he>t return to its =m] condition1#dge ,o t ! god :o is unkn[n be pacifi$1 ,o t ! goddess unkn[n be pacifi$1 ,o t ! god kn[n or unkn[n#dgf be pacifi$1 ,o t ! goddess kn[n or unkn[n be pacifi$1 ,o t ! he>t ( my god be pacifi$1 ,o t ! god or goddess kn[n or unkn[n be pacifi$6 ,! p5it5t1 x w be se51 does n "k :e!r x is a god or a goddess :om he has (f5d$4 ,he !re=e appeals to bo?4 ,he goes on to say t he is n ev5 aw>e ( ! s9 t he has committ$3 ,! s9 t ,i h committ$ ,i "k n4 ,& yet he mu/ h s9n$ or he w\ld n suff] z he does4 ,9 addition to 8 confession1 he imposes ! h>d%ip ( fa/+ ^u himself by way ( p5ance3 ,food ,i h n eat52 ,cle> wat] ,i h n drunk4 ,! ref]5ce to fa/+ occurs s frequ5tly 9 ^! psalms t "o is tempt$ to conclude t su* a bodily ca/igation 0 dem&$ by ! ritual ( ! ,babylonians3#dgg ,an (f5ce h ,i unwitt+ly committ$ aga9/ my god1 ,a s9 aga9/ my goddess unwill+ly be5 guilty (1 ,o "l1 my s9s are _m1 great are my transgressions1 ,o my god1 my s9s are _m1 great are my transgressions1 ,o my goddess1 my s9s are _m1 great are my transgressions1 ,kn[n or unkn[n god1 my s9s are _m1 great are my transgressions4 ,aga9 ! s9n] prote/s 8 innoc5ce ( ! wrong he has done4 ,he only kn[s t ,! "l has look$ ^u me 9 ! rage ( 8 he>t1 ,a god has visit$ me 9 8 wra?1 ,a goddess has become angry ) me & br\ght me into pa91 ,a kn[n or unkn[n god has oppress$ me1 ,a kn[n or unkn[n goddess has br\ght sorr[ ^u me4 ,i seek = help1 b no "o takes my h&4 ,i weep1 b no "o approa*es me4 ,i call al\d1 b no "o he>s me4 ,full ( woe1 ,i grovel 9 ! du/ )\t look+ up4 ,to my m]ciful god ,i turn1 speak+ ) sighs4 ,! feet ( my goddess ,i kiss implor+ly 7874 ,to ! kn[n or unkn[n god d ,i speak ) sighs1 ,to ! kn[n or unkn[n goddess d ,i speak ) sighs4 ,o "l1 look ^u me1 accept my lam5t1 ,o goddess1 look ^u me1 accept my lam5t1 ,o kn[n or unkn[n goddess1 look ^u me1 accept my lam5t6 ,9 ?is /ra9 he proce$s = "s "t1 until he is int]rupt$ by ! prie/1 :o briefly adds3 ,o "l1 d n ca/ aside ?y s]vant1 ,ov]fl[+ ) te>s1#dgh take him by ! h&6 ,! p5it5t closes ! pray] by ano!r & /ill m e>ne/ appeal3 ,! s9 ,i h committ$ *ange to m]cy1 ,! wrong ,i h done1 may ! w9d c>ry (f4 ,te> asund] my _m transgressions z a g>m5t4 ,my god1 my s9s are sev5 times sev51#dgi =give me my s9s4 ,my goddess1 my s9s are sev5 times sev51 =give me my s9s1 ,kn[n or unkn[n god1 my s9s are sev5 times sev51 =give me my s9s4 ,kn[n or unkn[n goddess1 my s9s are sev5 times sev51 =give me my s9s4 ,=give me my s9s & ,i w humble myself be=e !e4 ,may ?y he>t be glad#dhj z ! he>t ( ! "m t has giv5 bir?1 ,may ?y he>t be glad z t ( a "m :o has giv5 bir?1 z t ( a fa!r :o has begott5 a *ild4 ,! proportions betwe5 ! p>ts tak5 by ! prie/ & p5it5t v>y consid]ably4 ,9 ! "o quot$1 ! prie/ is only incid5tally introduc$2 9 o!rs1#dha x is ! p5it5t :o plays ! m9or "p4 ,! p5it5tial ritual v>i$ accord+ly2 b s9ce we _c discov] "h1 z we c\ld 9 ! case ( ! incantation texts1 ! special occasions = ! v>iations1 except = ^? t conta9 hi/orical ref]5ces1 "o mu/ suppose t !y c\ld be us$ indiff]5tly at ! *oice ( ! p5it5t or ! prie/4 ,x is probable t at "o "t a l>ge collection ( su* psalms 0 made 9 ,babylonia1 & t ^? we h repres5t compositions made f ! rituals ( v>i\s temples4 ,9 "o psalm we h a di/9ct /atem5t f :i* we may conclude t x belong$ to ! ,e-sagila temple at ,babylon4 ,only a portion ( x is pres]v$4#dhb ,x is int]e/+1 also1 because ( a ref]5ce to a dream t x conta9s1 & :i* ! god ( ,babylon is call$ ^u to conv]t into a favorable sign = ! petition]4 ,zimm]n is ( ! op9ion t ! hymn may h be5 an ev5+ pray]1 b x seems m satisfactory to place x m]ely 9 ! g5]al category ( p5it5tial psalms1 ) a reque/ = a sign t ! deity has be5 appeas$4 ,! s9n]1 aft] describ+ 8 woeful /ate1-- ,in/ead ( food1 ,i eat bitt] te>s1 ,in/ead ( date-w9e1 ,i dr9k ! wat]s ( mis]y1 ,= my dr9k ,i h bitt] wat]s1 ,in/ead ( clo!s1 ,i am envelop$ 9 s91#dhc-- proce$s to a f]v5t appeal3 ,o my god :o art angry ) me1 accept my pray]1 ,o my goddess :o art wro? ) me1 accept my appeal1 ,accept my appeal1 may ?y liv] be at re/6 ,my "l 9 m]cy & compassion look ^u me8 ,:o guides ! span ( life aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts 787 ( dea?1 accept my pray]6 ,o my goddess1 look ^u me1 accept my appeal2 ,may my s9s be =giv51#dhd my transgressions be wip$ out4 ,may ! ban be loos5$1 ! *a9 brok51 ,may ! sev5 w9ds c>ry (f my sighs4 ,let me te> away my iniquity1 let ! birds c>ry x to heav51 ,let ! fi% take (f my mis=tune1 ! /ream c>ry x (f4 ,may ! bea/s ( ! field take x away f me1 ,! fl[+ wat]s ( ! /ream wa% me clean4 ,let me be pure l ! %e5 ( gold4 ,z a r+ 787 ( preci\s /one1 may ,i be preci\s be=e !e4 ,remove my iniquity1 save my s\l4 ,?y temple c\rt ,i w wat*1 ?y image 787 ,i w set up4#dhe ,grant to me t ,i may see a favorable dream1 ,! dream t ,i see1 let x be favorable1 ,! dream t ,i see1 let x be unfail+1 ,! dream t ,i see1 turn x to a favorable issue4 ,! god ,makhir 7871 ! god ( dreams /& at my head4 ,let me ent] into ,e-sagila1 ! temple ( ! gods1 ! h\se ( life4 ,comm5d me to ,m>duk1 ! m]ciful "o1 = favor1 ,i w be subs]vi5t to ?y greatness1 ,i w exalt ?y div9ity4 ,!re foll[s a l9e f :i* "o may fur!r conclude t ! psalm is "o compos$ = ! royal *ief ( ,babylonia4 ,x is evid5tly only a rul] :o c assure ! deity t ,! inhabitants ( my city1#dhf may !y glorify ?y p[]4 ,we "k f ! hi/orical texts t previ\s to a milit>y engagem5t ! k+s 7 p>ticul>ly desir\s ( "s sign f ! deity t might s]ve to enc\rage ! soldi]y4 ,su* a sign 0 ord9>ily a dream4 ,! circum/ances1 !re=e1 seem to po9t to our psalm be+ a royal pray] = =giv5ess ( transgressions1 utt]$ be=e "s imp5d+ national crisis1 9 ! hope ( secur+1 ) ! div9e p>don1 ! protection ( ! deity :o1 up to ?is po9t 9 ! campaign1 mu/ h manife/$ 8 displeasure r ?an 8 favor4 ,m di/9ct ref]5ces to national ev5ts are f\nd 9 ano!r royal p5it5tial psalm3#dhg ,h[ long1 ,o my mi/ress1 w ! mighty foe oppress ?y l&1 ,9 ?y great city ,ere* fam9e has settl$1 ,9 ,e-ulb>1 ! h\se ( ?y oracle1 blood is p\r$ out l wat]1 ,?r\gh\t ?y di/ricts he has k9dl$ conflagrations1 & p\r$ fire ov] !m 9 columns 7874#dhh ,o my mi/ress1 ,i am abundantly yok$ to mis=tune1 ,o my mi/ress1 ?\ ha/ encompass$ me1 ?\ ha/ br\ght me into pa91 ,! mighty foe has trodd5 me d[n z a re$1 ,i h no judgm5t1 ,i h no wisdom1 ,l a 'dry field' ,i am desolate night & day1 ,i ?y s]vant besee* !e1 ,may ?y he>t be at re/1 ?y liv] be pacifi$4 ,at times specific reque/s are ins]t$ into ^! hymns1 su* z release f physical ills4 ,sickness be+1 z any o!r evil1 due to div9e ang]1 ! sick man comb9es ) 8 pray] = =giv5ess ( ! s9 ( :i* he is guilty1 ! hope t 8 disease1 view$ z ! result ( 8 s91 may be remov$4 ,a hymn address$ to ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh by ,a%urnasirbal1 a k+ ( ,assyria1#dhi is ( ?is "*4 ,x beg9s by an adoration ( ! goddess1 :o is address$ z ,! produc]1 ! que5 ( heav51 ! glori\s lady1 ,to ! "o :o dwells 9 ,e-babb>a 444 :o ha? spread my fame1 ,to ! que5 ( ! gods to :om has be5 entru/$ ! comm&s ( ! great gods1 ,to ! lady ( ,n9eveh 444 ,to ! daught] ( ,s91 ! tw9-si/] ( ,%ama%1 rul+ ov] all k+doms1 ,:o issues decrees1 ! goddess ( ! univ]se1 ,to ! lady ( heav5 & e>?1 :o receives pray]1 :o he>k5s to ! petition1 :o accepts besee*+1 ,to ! m]ciful goddess :o loves righte\sness4 ,! k+ calls ^u ,i%t> to li/5 to 8 pray]s3 ,look ^u me1 ,o lady1 s t ?r\gh ?y turn+ t[>ds me ! he>t ( ?y s]vant may become /rong4 ,a%urnasirbal appeals to ! goddess on ! gr\nd ( :at he has done to promote ! glory ( ! goddess 9 8 l&4 ,he has devot$ himself to ! s]vice ( ! goddess4 ,he has obs]v$ ! fe/ivals 9 h] honor4 ,he has repair$ h] %r9es4 ,no less ?an f\rte5 images ( ! goddess 7 set up by ! k+4 ,nay1 m1 he claims t be=e 8 days ,i%t> 0 n prop]ly wor%ipp$4 ,i 0 )\t und]/&+1 & did n pray to ?y lady%ip1 ,! p ( ,assyria also lack$ judgm5t1 & did n approa* ?y div9ity2 ,b ?\1 ,o ,i%t>1 mighty weapon ( ! great gods1 ,by ?y grace#dij ?\ did/ in/ruct me1 & did/ desire me to rule4 ,! /atem5t t ! ,i%t> cult 0 introduc$ or ev5 re9/at$ by ,a%urnasirbal c h>dly be tak5 lit]ally2 b x di/9ctly po9ts to a movem5t 9 ! days ( ! dyna/y to :i* ! k+ belong$1 t br\ght ! wor%ip ( ! goddess into great prom95ce4 ,9 return = all t he has done to ! h\se ( ,i%t>1 ! k+ pleads3 ,i1 ,a%urnasirbal1 full ( affliction1 ?y wor%ipp]1 ,:o takes hold ( ?y div9e /aff1 ,:o prays to ?y sov]eignty1 ,look ^u me & let me appeal to ?y p[]6 ,may ?y liv] be appeas$ = t :i* has ar\s$ ?y ang]2 ,let ?y :ole he>t be /rong t[>ds me4 ,make my disease come =? & remove my s91 ,let ?y m\?1 ,o lady1 proclaim =giv5ess4 ,! prie/ly vassal :o wor%ips !e )\t *ange1 ,grant him m]cy & cut (f 8 affliction4 ,! hi/orical ref]5ces f\nd 9 ! p5it5tial psalms are valuable indications1 n only = det]m9+ ! age ( ^! compositions1 b = asc]ta9+ ! occasions on :i* !y 7 employ$4 ,nei!r ! ,babylonian nor ! ,assyrian rul]s ev] reveal to u 9 _! (ficial annals or dispat*es any *eck t !y may h enc\nt]$ 9 _! c>e]s or any mis=tune t may h occurr$ to !m or to ! /ate4 ,^! psalms tell _! own /ory4 ,!y po9t to seasons ( di/ress1 :5 rec\rse _h to be tak5 to appeals to ! gods1 accompani$ by ! confession ( wrongs committ$4 ,z aga9/ ! incantations :i* are ! outcome ( ! purely popul> _s1 & :i* are ! natural expression ( popul> beliefs1 ! p5it5tial psalms seem to repres5t a m (ficial me?od ( appeal+ to ! gods4 ,! advance 9 religi\s ?\ght :i* ^! productions signal may1 !re=e1 be due1 9 "p at lea/1 to a gr[+ importance atta*$ to ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! gods & ! k+dom z a :ole1 z aga9/ ! purely private pact betwe5 a god & 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! use ( ^! psalms by ,assyrian rul]s1 among :om ! idea ( ! k+dom assumes a great] significance ?an among ! ,babylonians1 po9ts 9 ?is direction4 ,x is significant1 at all ev5ts1 t su* psalms 7 also produc$ 9 ,assyria2 & :ile !y are entirely model$ ^u ! e>li] ,babylonian specim5s1 ! contribution to ! religi\s lit]ature ?us made 9 ! nor? mu/ be reg>d$1 n z ! outcome ( ! ext5sion ( ! lit]>y _s prevail+ 9 ,babylonia1 b z prompt$ by a special significance atta*$ to ! p5it5tial ritual 9 remov+ ! ob/acles to ! advancem5t ( ! affairs ( /ate4 ,despite1 !re=e1 ! elevat$ ?\ght & diction f\nd 9 ^! psalms1 !re is a close bond exi/+ betwe5 !m & ! next bran* ( ! religi\s lit]ature to be tak5 up1--! oracles & om5s1 :i* simil>ly /& 9 close contact ) affairs ( /ate1 & to :i*1 likewise1 additions1 & inde$1 consid]able additions1 to ! /ock receiv$ f ,babylonia 7 made by ! ,assyrian lit]ati4 ,,footnotes3 #dfe ,babylonis*e ,busspsalm51 pp4 #a1 #b4 #dff ,i4e41 ( ! deity4 #dfg ,see an article by ,francis ,br[n1 ,! ,religi\s ,poetry ( ,babylonia1 ,presbyt]ian ,review1 #ahhh4 #dfh ,comp>e ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ,ea & ,m>duk1 not$ above1 p4 #bgf4 ,simil>ly1 ,nusku 0 ! mess5g] to ,bel4 ,see p4 #bgi4 #dfi ,on ! wid] aspects ( ?is conception ( ! prie/ among anci5t nations1 see ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 passim4 #dgj ,zimm]n1 no4 #a2 ,,ivr4 #bi1 no4 #e4 #dga ,lit41 'accepts4' #dgb ,9 ! orig9al appe>s a phrase :i* signifies lit]ally ':5 at la/1'--an abbreviation = ':5 w !re be re/1' & :i* has become a k9d ( te*nical phrase to indicate1 aga91 ! hop$-= pacification ( ! deity4 #dgc ,! colophon to "o ( !m 7,,ivr4 #aj1 ,rev]se #eb7 decl>es t ! production 9 "q is a p5it5tial psalm = any god :atsoev]4 #dgd ,,ivr4 #aj4 ,zimm]n1 no4 #d4 #dge ,i4e41 be pacifi$4 #dgf ,i4e41 ':oev] he may be1' z we w\ld say4 #dgg ,among _m nations fa/+ is resort$ to z a means ( atonem5t4 ,x mu/ h be5 common among ! ,hebrews dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,babylonian exile--p]haps ?r\gh ,babylonian influ5ce4 ,see ,isaiah1 lviii4 #c4 #dgh ,lit41 ru%+ wat]4 #dgi ,i4e41 v num]\s4 #dhj ,be pacifi$4 #dha ,e4g41 ,,ivr4 #fa4 #dhb ,ib4 #ei1 no4 #b4 #dhc ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,wo]t]bu*1 p4 #cgh4 ,9 ano!r psalm ! p5it5t says simil>ly1 ,food ,i h n eat51 weep+ is my n\ri%m5t1 wat] ,i h n drunk1 te>s are my dr9k4 #dhd ,lit41 'releas$4' ,! und]ly+ metaphor repres5ts ! individual held fa/ by s91 j z ! demons seize hold ( a man4 #dhe ,a some:at puzzl+ l9e1 b :i* appe>s to convey ! promise on ! "p ( ! p5it5t t if =giv5 he w obs]ve ! rites dem&$ by ! deity4 #dhf ,babylon4 #dhg ,,ivr #ai1 no4 #c2 ,zimm]n1 no4 #e4 #dhh ,l a column4 ,! metaphor is ! same z 9 ! ,biblical phrase1 column ( smoke4 #dhi ,publi%$ by ,bru5n[1 ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 v4 #ff seq4 ,! k+ m5tions 8 fa!r1 ,%am%i-,ramman1 9 ! hymn4 ,if ?is is ,%am%i-,ramman ,,iii41 ! date ( ! hymn w\ld be c4 #aajj ,b4,c4 #dij ,lit41 'lift+ up ( ?y eyes4' ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,oracles ,,& ,,om5s4 ,a /rong elem5t ( magic1 we h se51 0 always pres5t 9 ! hymns & pray]s ( ! ,babylonians1 & ev5 9 su* z conta9$ religi\s s5tim5ts ( an elevat$ & pure "*4 ,! f9e/ pray] has almo/ inv>iably tack$ on to x an incantation1 or con/itutes 9 itself an incantation4 ,accompany+ ! pray] 7 (f]+s to ! deity address$1 or c]ta9 symbolical rites1 or bo?1 & ! efficacy ( ! pray] 0 suppos$ to reside p>tly 9 ! accompany+ acts & p>tly 9 ! my/ic p[] ( ! words ( ! pray] z su*4 ,9 l>ge measure ?is indissoluble association ( pray] & incantation is due to ! circum/ance t bo? ,babylonians & ,assyrians address$ _! deities only :5 some?+ 0 desir$ ( ! latt]1--! w>d+ (f ( "s evil or ! expectation ( "s favor4 ,ev5 9 ! p5it5tial psalms1 t m]it ! t]m 'sublime1' ! p5it5t p\rs out 8 s\l at ! %r9e ( grace 9 ord] to be releas$ f "s mis=tune t has come ov] him or t is imp5d+4 ,m]e praise ( ! gods )\t any ult]ior motive f9ds no place 9 ! ,babylonian or ,assyrian ritual4 ,! close/ approa* to ?is religi\s attitude may p]haps be se5 9 ! pray]s atta*$ by ! k+s to _! commemorative or d$icatory inscriptions4 ,"o feels t ! rul]s are impell$ to d ?is f a c]ta9 s5se ( love & devotion to _! protect+ deities4 ,nebu*adnezz>'s pray]s =m a conspicu\s example ( ! /r5g? :i* pure love & atta*m5t to ! gods acquir$ 9 ,babylonia2 b ev5 9 ^! specim5s1 a reque/ ( "s k9d--usually = long life & prosp]ity--is made4 ,! spiritualization ( ! ,babylonian religion has 9 ?is way mo/ def9ite limitations impos$ ^u x4 ,!re is a po9t beyond :i* x c\ld n g )\t giv+ rise to a totally *ang$ conception ( ! gods & _! relation%ip to m54 ,pray] 9 its high] =m1 z ! result ( an irresi/ible prompt+ ( ! emotions1 )\t any o!r purpose ?an ! long+ to come into clos] communion ) a sup]ior ,p[]1 involves su* a *ange 9 religi\s conceptions1 & h5ce is conspicu\s 9 ! ,babylonian ritual by its abs5ce4 ,a reque/ ( "s k9d be+ ?us ! motive t lies beh9d ! ,babylonian pray]s1 x foll[s t ! means tak5 to asc]ta9 ! w or int5tion ( ! gods ) reg>d to t reque/ =m$ an ess5tial feature ( ! ritual4 ,inde$1 to asc]ta9 ! w ( a deity con/itut$ "o ( ! mo/ important functions ( ! prie/--p]haps ! mo/ important function4 ,! pray] 0 ( no use unless x 0 answ]$1 & ! prie/ alone c\ld tell :e!r ! answ] 0 af=d$4 ,! ef=ts ( ! prie/ 7 accord+ly direct$ t[>ds ?is end--! progno/ication ( ! future4 ,:at 0 ! int5tion ( ! deity8 ,w\ld ! hop$-= deliv]ance f evil be realiz$8 ,w\ld ! demon ( disease leave ! body8 ,w\ld ! symbolical acts1 burn+ ( effigies1 loos5+ ( knots1 & ! l1 h ! desir$ effect8 ,^u ! success ( ! prie/ 9 p]=m+ ?is function ( progno/ication ev]y?+ dep5d$1 bo? = himself & = ! petition]4 ,! natural & inde$ necess>y complem5t to ! prie/ z exorcis] is ! prie/ z ! =eca/] ( ! future4 ,s9ce no "o1 n ev5 ! k+1 c\ld approa* a deity directly1 ! m$iation ( ! prie/ 0 ne$$ on e occasion ( a religi\s import4 ,! ord9>y means at ! disposal ( ! prie/ = asc]ta9+ ! div9e w or caprice 7 tw(old1--directly ?r\gh oracles or indirectly by means ( om5s d]iv$ f an exam9ation ( ! sacrifices (f]$4 ,a complete ,babylonian ritual !re=e requir$1 besides ! appeal made by ! petition] ?r\gh ! prie/s or ) _! assi/ance1 an incantation introduc$ 9 "s =m1 an (f]+1 c]ta9 symbolical acts & om5s4 ,! (f]+s & ! symbolical acts1 z a matt] ( fact1 appe> to h prec$$#dia ! pray] & ! incantation1 b 9 ! pray]s !y are ref]r$ to aga91 & g5]ally j be=e ! int]pretation ( ! om5s4 ,! om5s con/itut$ ! ult]ior end 9 view4 ,because ( ! look$-= om5s ! (f]+ 0 br\ght1 ! symbolical acts p]=m$1 ! incantations recit$4 ,all ^! rites =m$ ! prep>ation = ! gr& f9ale4 ,! wor%ipp] wait$ anxi\sly = ! decision ( ! prie/4 ,atta*$1 !re=e1 to ! pray]s we frequ5tly f9d directions int5d$ = ! prie/s z to ! signs to :i* 8 att5tion %\ld be direct$1 c]ta9 peculi>ities exhibit$ 9 p>ts ( ! animal sacrific$ f :i* c]ta9 conclusions may be drawn4 ,! obs]vation ( ^! signs gr[s to ! dim5sions ( a sci5ce equal 9 ext5t to ! obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies ^: movem5ts1 z inde$ ! :ole ( ! natural _w1 7 suppos$ to ex]t an influ5ce ov] ! fate ( mank9d4 ,x does n ( c\rse foll[ t 9 ! case ( e pray] an elaborate ritual 0 obs]v$4 ,_m ( ! pray]s to ! gods 9 _! pres5t =m d n embody om5s1 z inde$ _m conta9 no ref]5ce to (f]+s or symbolical acts4 ,:ile no conclusion c be drawn f ?is circum/ance1 s9ce ! omission may be due to ! po9t ( view f :i* 9 a giv5 case a collection ( pray]s 0 made by ! prie/1 /ill we may well believe t = ! exorcis+ ( evil spirits ! utt]ance ( sacr$ =mulas 0 (t5 consid]$ q suffici5t4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! ,babylonian religion ! prie/'s function may h end$ :5 he _h exorcis$ ! demons by means ( magic words4 ,! demons 7 =c$ to yield4 ,if !y nev]!less held out1 s mu* ! worse = !m or--= ! prie/1 :o1 x 0 conclud$1 mu/ h lo/ 8 p[] ov] ! spirits ?r\gh "s error committ$ by him4 ,! resort to om5s has wid] aspects1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 ?an ! connection ) pray]s & (f]+s1 & a mo/ reasonable view is t om5s 7 fir/ introduc$ into pray]s on occasions :5 a wor%ipp] wi%$ to asc]ta9 ! w ( a deity = a c]ta9 purpose1 & to regulate 8 own conduct accord+ly4 ,9 petition+ ! deity a sacrifice 0 naturally (f]$4 ,?r\gh ! sacrifice1 :i* 0 r5d]$ acceptable to ! deity by ! m$iation ( ! prie/1 ! desir$ answ] to a "q 0 obta9$4 ,f be+ resort$ to 9 su* in/ances1 om5s w\ld naturally come to =m "p ( ! ritual = almo/ any occasion :5 a deity 0 appeal$ to1 bo? 9 connection ) incantations & symbolical acts :5 ! om5s w\ld =m a supplem5t to ! magic elem5t 9 ! ritual1 z well z 9 cases :]e no specific incantations are introduc$4 ,9 bo? cases ! om5s w\ld con/itute ! means resort$ to = asc]ta9+ :e!r ! petition] might look = a favorable reply to a reque/ pr(f]$ or1 9 a m g5]al way1 f9d out any?+ t x may be important = him to "k4 ,! occasions = consult+ ! deity w\ld be ( a public or private "*4 ,h[ f> x became cu/om>y = ! g5]al public to secure ! m$iation ( a prie/ = secur+ aid f ! gods 9 matt]s app]ta9+ to p]sonal welf>e we h no means ( def9itely det]m9+4 ,we f9d1 = example1 a son consult+ an oracle on behalf ( 8 fa!r 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at day w\ld be favorable = und]tak+ "s build+ op]ation1#dib & he receives ! answ] t ! f\r? ( ! mon? w be propiti\s2 & s !re are o!r occasions on :i* private individuals consult ! prie/s1 b 9 g5]al x 0 only on occasions ( real di/ress t an individual w\ld come to ! sanctu>y1--to seek relief f bodily ills1 to w>d (f bl[s ( adv]sity1 to pacify a deity :o has manife/$ 8 or h] displeasure4 ,! exp5se involv$--= ! wor%ipp] 0 n to appe> empty-h&$--w\ld ( itself act z a det]r5t aga9/ too frequ5t visits to a sanctu>y4 ,! public welf>e occupi$ a mu* l>g] %>e 9 ! ,babylonian wor%ip4 ,9 ord] to ensure ! safety ( ! /ate1 occasions con/antly arose :5 ! deities _h to be consult$4 ,x is no accid5t t s _m ( ! pray]s--! hymns & psalms--conta9 ref]5ces to k+s & to ev5ts t transpir$ dur+ _! reigns4 ,9 ^! ref]5ces ! occasions = ! pray]s are to be s\ght4 ,rem>kable z is ! expression :i* ! consci\sness ( individual guilt f9ds 9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,babylonia1 ! ang] ( ! deity aga9/ 8 l& is mu* m prom95tly dwelt ^u ?an ! manife/ation ( 8 wra? t[>ds an individual4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise1 s9ce ! welf>e ( ! /ate condition$ to s l>ge an ext5t ! happ9ess ( ! individual4 ,! />tl+ ph5om5a ( nature1 su* z an eclipse1 a flood1 a /orm1 :ile affect+ individuals 7 n aim$ directly at !m1 b at ! c\ntry view$ z ! doma9 ( a c]ta9 god or ( c]ta9 gods4 ,blight$ crops1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce _h likewise a public z well z a private aspect4 ,on all su* occasions ! rul]s w\ld proce$ to ! sanctu>ies 9 ord]1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! prie/s1 to pacify ! ang]$ god4 ,x 0 n suffici5t at su* times to pron\nce sacr$ =mulas1 to make f]v5t appeals1 b "s assurances _h to be giv5 t ! words & ! symbolical acts w\ld h ! desir$ effect4 ,om5s 7 s\ght = f ! animals (f]$4 ,!re 7 o!r occasions besides ^? /at$1 :5 = ! sake ( ! public welf>e oracles 7 s\ght at ! sanctu>ies4 ,if a public improvem5t 0 to be und]tak51 su* z ! build+ ( a palace1 or ( a temple1 ( a canal1 or a dam1 x 0 ( ! utmo/ importance to "k :e!r ! ent]prise 0 acceptable to ! deity4 ,a day _h to be c>efully *os5 = lay+ ! f\ndations1 :5 ! god w\ld be favorably dispos$ t[>ds 8 subjects1--! k+s "u ^: auspices su* "w 0 c>ri$ on4 ,simil> precautions _h to be tak5 to select a favorable day = ! d$ication4 ,?is aga9 0 det]m9$ by means ( om5s ei!r d]iv$ f (f]+s or 9 "s o!r way4 ,! ,babylonians & ,assyrians believ$1 z did ! ,jews ^u _! return f ! ,babylonian exile1 t 'unless ! "l assi/s1 ! build]s "w 9 va94' ,:5 we come to milit>y campaigns :]e ! individual disappe>s altoge!r 9 ! pres5ce ( ! maje/ic figure ( ! /ate1 ! w & disposition ( ! gods _h to be consult$ at e /ep1--reg>d+ ! plans ( ! enemy1 at ! enemy's approa*1 be=e ! battle1 9 ! mid/ ( ! fray1 & at its t]m9ation4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* ! gods 7 approa*$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! /ate & ! public weal1 pli$ ) que/ions ^u :i* ! fate ( ! l& dep5d$1 is %[n by ! /]eotyp$ =m :i* su* (ficial solicitations 9 ! c\rse ( "t acquir$4 ,dat+ f ! reigns ( ,es>haddon & ,a%urbanabal we h an elaborate s]ies ( pray]s address$ to ! sun-god1 all deal+ ) que/ions ( a political import4 ,^! pray]s1 s admirably edit$ & analyz$ by ,knudtzon1#dic are all arrang$ accord+ to a s+le patt]n4 ,ea* "o op5s ) a "q or s]ies ( que/ions :i* ,%ama%1 ! sun-god1 is ask$ to answ]4 ,! god is !n implor$ n to be angry1 b to l5d 8 aid aga9/ any errors unwitt+ly committ$ 9 ! sacrificial rites4 ,= a second "t ! same "q is put 9 a some:at v>y+ =m4 ,ano!r appeal is made1 & ! v>i\s om5s d]iv$ f ! inspection ( animals are int]pret$ z a guide to ! prie/s4 ,accord+ to ! application ( ^! om5s to ! sacrifice be=e ! prie/1 a decision is r5d]$4 ,x w be suffici5t = our purposes to pres5t a s+le specim5 ( su* a fix$ ritual4#did ,es>haddon1 be+ h>d press$ by a gr\p ( nations to ! nor!a/ ( ,assyria1 l$ by a c]ta9 ,ka%t>iti1 & among ^: foll[]s ! ,gimirrites1 ! ,m$es1 & ,manneans are ! mo/ prom95t1 asks = an oracle f ,%ama% z to ! outcome ( ! situation4 ,! prie/1 act+ z m$iator1 addresses#die ! god3 ,o ,%ama%6 great "l6 ,z ,i ask !e1 d ?\ 9 true m]cy answ] me4 ,f ?is day1 ! #c;d day ( ?is mon? ( ,iy>#dif to ! #aa? day ( ! mon? ( ,ab#dig ( ?is ye>1 a p]iod ( "o hundr$ days & "o hundr$ nights is ! proscrib$ t]m = ! prie/ly activity4#dih ,w )9 ?is p]iod1 ,ka%t>iti1 toge!r ) 8 soldi]y1 w ! army ( ! ,gimirrites1 ! army ( ! ,m$es1 w ! army ( ! ,manneans1 or w any enemy :atsoev] succe$ 9 c>ry+ out _! plan1 :e!r by /rategy 787 or by ma9 =ce1 :e!r by ! =ce ( weapons ( w> & fight or by ! ax1 :e!r by a brea* made ) ma*9es ( w> & batt]+ rams#dii or by hung]1 :e!r by ! p[] resid+ 9 ! "n ( a god or goddess1#ejj :e!r 9 a fri5dly way or by fri5dly grace1#eja or by any /rategic device1 w ^! a=em5tion$1 z _m z are requir$ to take a city1 actually capture ! city ,ki%assu1 p5etrate into ! int]ior ( t same city ,ki%assu1 w _! h&s lay hold ( t same city ,ki%assu1 s t x falls into _! p[]8 ,?y great div9e p[] kn[s x4#ejb ,! capture ( t same city1 ,ki%assu1 ?r\gh any enemy :atsoev]1 )9 ! specifi$ p]iod1 is x def9itely orda9$ by ?y great & div9e w1 ,o ,%ama%6 ,w x actually come to pass8#ejc ,x w be obs]v$ t1 mu* z 9 a legal docum5t1 all cont+5cies are enum]at$4 ,9 o!r pray]s1 /ill m are m5tion$4 ,a def9ite answ] is requir$1 & c>e is tak5 n to leave any loophole op5 by means ( :i* ! deity may escape f ! obligation impos$ ^u him to manife/ 8 int5tion4 ,%ama% might answ] t ! city w n be captur$1 ) ! m5tal res]vation t x w surr5d]1 or he might ?r[ ,es>haddon (f 8 gu>d by ann\nc+ t n by might nor by /r5g? w ! city be tak51 & ! k+ may be surpris$ "s morn+ to le>n t ! cata/rophe has be5 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! p[] resid+ 9 ! '^w4' ,^! precautions 7 tak51 n s mu* because x 0 suppos$ t ! gods & prie/s 7 tricky1 b because all conditions _h to be c>efully fulfill$ 9 ord] to ensure an answ]1 &1 if at all possible1 ( c\rse a favorable answ]4 ,to ! same end1 great c>e _h to be tak5 t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! (f]+ :i* accompani$ ! pray] no mi/ake %\ld be made4 ,! sacrificial animal--9 ! case be=e u a lamb--_h to be gu>d$ aga9/ all imp]fections1 impurities1 & contam9ations4 ,! prie/ _h to be c>eful to put on ! prop] dress1 to speak ! prop] words1 & to be himself free f any rituali/ic impurity4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! inspection ( ! animal1 9 ord] to =eca/ ! future1 ! prie/ _h to take c>e t no?+ might happ5 to int]f]e ) ! prop] obs]vation ( ! rites4 ,?is section ( ! pray] is *>act]iz$ by ! ^w ezib repeat$ at ! beg9n+ ( e l9e1 & :i* conveys ! appeal t :at foll[s may be preclud$ f happ5+4#ejd ,! prie/ fir/ prays to ,%ama%3 ,preclude t aft] ! specifi$ p]iod ! cata/rophe may n come to pass1 ,preclude :atev] !y i4e41 ! enemies may plan may n be c>ri$ out 7871 ,preclude !m f mak+ a slaught] & f plund]+4444 ,:e!r ! decision ( ?is day be good or bad1 w>d (f a /ormy day ) p\r+ ra94 ,?is la/ phrase1 :i* is some:at obscure1 seems to be a reque/ made 9 ! cont+5cy ( an unfavorable om5 be+ receiv$4 ,! sun-god is ask$1 at all ev5ts1 n to hide 8 c\nt5ance "u cl\ds & ra9 on ! decisive day ( battle4 ,com+ aft] ^! prelim9>y reque/s to ! sacrifice1 ! prie/ cont9ues3 ,prev5t any?+ unclean f defil+ ! place ( inspection1#eje ,prev5t ! lamb ( ?y div9ity1 :i* is to be inspect$1 f be+ imp]fect & unfit4 ,gu>d him :o takes hold ( ! body ( ! lamb1 :o is clo!d 9 ! prop] sacrificial dress1 f hav+ eat51 drunk1 or h&l$ any?+ unclean4 ,! prie/ !reupon repeats 8 "q to ! sun-god3 ,i ask !e1 ,o ,%ama%6 great "l6 :e!r f ! #c;d day ( ?is mon? ( ,iy>1 up to ! #aa? day ( ! mon? ( ,ab ( ?is ye>1 ,ka%t>iti1 ) 8 soldi]s1 :e!r ! ,gimirrites1 ! ,manneans1 ! ,m$es1 or :e!r any enemy :atsoev] w take ! said city1 ,ki%assu1 ent] t said city1 ,ki%assu1 seize said city1 ,ki%assu1 ) _! h&s1 obta9 x 9 _! p[]4 ,! v>i\s t]ms us$ 9 describ+ ! tak+ ( a city are once m specifi$1 s z to fulfill all ! dem&s ( def9it5ess 9 ! "q4 ,! prie/ is n[ ready to proce$ ) an exam9ation ( ! animal be=e him4 ,a v>y+ li/ ( om5s are introduc$ into ! pray]s "u consid]ation4 ,t !y are s introduc$ is a pro( ( ! (ficial "* ( ^! texts4 ,! om5s 7 n1 ( c\rse1 int5d$ to be recit$4 ,!y are enum]at$ z a guide to ! prie/s4 ,! v>i\s signs t may be look$ = are not$1 & accord+ to :at ! prie/ f9ds he r5d]s 8 decision4 ,knudtzon has made ! obs]vation#ejg t 9 ! pray]s publi%$ by him1 ! signs f\nd on ! animal are not$ b n int]pret$4 ,?is r curi\s omission is aga9 naturally acc\nt$ = on ! assumption t ^! pray]s 9 _! pres5t =m are "p ( a ritual compil$ solely = ! b5efit ( prie/s atta*$ to a ,%ama% sanctu>y4 ,full directions 7 n requir$4 ,all t ! prie/ ne$$ 0 to "k :at to look =4 ,= ! re/1 he dep5d$ ^u tradition or 8 own k or judgm5t4 ,! om5s !mselves1 or r ! signs1 ref] to ! condition 9 :i* c]ta9 p>ts ( ! animal are f\nd or to peculi>ities 9 ! composition ( ! animal4 ,! prie/ is in/ruct$ to obs]ve :e!r 'at ! nape on ! left side' !re is a slit2 :e!r 'at ! bottom on ! left side ( ! bladd]' "s peculi>ity#ejh is f\nd or :e!r x is normal2 :e!r '! nape to ! "r side' is sunk & split or :e!r ! visc]a are s\nd4 ,! proportions1 too1 9 ! size ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body appe> to h be5 ( mom5t2 & 9 ?is way1 a l>ge numb] ( po9ts are giv5 to :i* ! prie/ is to direct 8 att5tion4 ,f a comb9ation ( all peculi>ities & signs 9 a giv5 in/ance1 he div9es ! disposition ( ! god address$1 :e!r x is favorable or n4 ,! :ole c]emony is br\ght to a close by ano!r appeal to ! god to s5d an answ] to ! "q put to him4 ,! prie/ prays3 ,by virtue ( ?is sacrificial lamb1 arise & grant true m]cy1 favorable conditions ( ! p>ts ( ! animal1 a decl>ation favorable & b5eficial be orda9$ by ?y great div9ity4 ,grant t ?is may come to pass4 ,to ?y great div9ity1 ,o ,%ama%6 great "l6 may x#eji be pleas+1#eaj & may an oracle be s5t 9 answ]6 ,9 "s ( ! pray]s a second s]ies ( om5 indications are giv54 ,:at ! oracle ann\nc$ we are1 ( c\rse1 n told4 ,! ritual is n conc]n$ ) results4 ,f ! analysis j giv5 x w be se5 t ! consultation ( a deity 0 (t5 entail$ ) mu* c]emony4 ,no d\bt ! prie/s did all 9 _! p[] to add to ! solemnity ( su* an occasion4 ,! k+s on _! side %[$ _! lavi%ness 9 furni%+ victims = ! sacrifice4 ,aga9 & aga9 does ,es>haddon solicit ,%ama% to reveal ! outcome ( ! milit>y campaigns 9 :i* ! k+ 0 engag$4 ,! same individual1 ,ka%t>iti1 & ! ,gimirrites1 ,m$es1 etc41 are m5tion$ 9 _m o!r pray]s prep>$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! campaign2 & else:]e o!r campaigns are introduc$4 ,:at ,es>haddon did1 no d\bt 8 successors also did1 z he himself foll[$ ! example set by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !n1 9 conclud+ t a regul> 'oracle & om5 ritual' 0 develop$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria--h[ e>ly x is ( c\rse impossible to say4 ,!re is e reason to believe t 9 "s =m su* a ritual exi/$ 9 ,babylonia be=e ! rise ( ,assyria1 b x is also evid5t t 9 a milit>y empire l ,assyria1 !re w\ld be m frequ5t occasion = secur+ oracles ?an 9 ,babylonia4 ,! ritual may !re=e h be5 c>ri$ to a great] degree ( p]fection 9 ! nor?4 ,! ,assyrian conqu]ors1 if we may judge f examples1 7 fond ( ask+ = an oracle at e turn 9 ! political situation4 ,! k+ int5ds to s5d an (ficial to a =eign l&1 b he is unc]ta9 z to ! wisdom ( 8 decision4 ,accord+ly1 he puts ! case be=e ! god4 ,if ?is decision is tak51 he asks1 ,w ! envoy c>ry out ! ord]s ( ! k+8 ,?y great div9ity kn[s x4 ,is x comm&$ & orda9$ by ?y great div9ity1 ,o ,%ama%8 ,is x to come to pass8#eaa ,9 a simil> way1 que/ions are ask$ ) ref]5ce to ! c\rse ( a campaign4 ,w ! ,assyrian k+ enc\nt] ! k+ ( ,e?iopia1 & w ! latt] give battle8 ,w ! k+ return alive f ! campaign8 is a "q frequ5tly ask$4 ,ev5 = _! quasi-private affairs1 ! k+s s\ght = an oracle4 ,be=e giv+ 8 daught] 9 m>riage to a =eign pot5tate1 ,es>haddon desires to "k :e!r ! "o seek+ ?is favor1 ,b>tatua1 ! k+ ( ,i%kuza1#eab is to be tru/$1 w he fulfill 8 promises1 w he obs]ve ! decrees ( ,es>haddon1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 & execute !m 9 good fai?8 ,aga91 :5 ! k+ is ab\t to associate 8 son ) himself 9 ! gov]nm5t1 he fir/ inquires :e!r ?is is agreeable to ! deity4#eac ,! k+ fe>s le/ 8 son may cause tr\ble1 may provoke diss5sions4 ,pa/ exp]i5ce prompts him to be c>eful be=e foll[+ 8 incl9ation4 ,is ! entrance ( ,s9idd9abal1 ! son ( ,es>haddon1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 ^: "n is writt5 on ?is tablet1 into ! gov]nm5t 9 accord ) ! comm& ( ?y great div9ity8 ,is x to come to pass8 ,! ref]5ce to ! writ+ ( ! "n is int]e/+4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! "q is actually writt5 by ! prie/ & plac$ be=e ! deity4 ,! ,greeks simil>ly put _! que/ions to ! ,delphian oracle 9 writ+4 ,may x be t among ! ,babylonians ! answ] ( ! god 0 at times also h&$ d[n on a tablet1 z ! ,greek & ,roman oracles 7 communicat$ 9 writ+ on ! leaves ( a tree8 ,if sickness ent]$ ! royal h\se1 an oracle 0 likewise s\ght4 ,! k+ is sick4 ,is x orda9$ t he w recov]8 ,we are told 9 "o case t#ead ,nika1 ! "m ( ,es>haddon1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 is sick4 ,%e sees ! h& ( ! goddess ,nana ( ,uruk laid heavily ^u h]4444 ,is x orda9$ t ?is h& w be lift$ (f f ! suff]]8 ,! occasions1 x is evid5t1 7 exce$+ly num]\s :5 ! ,assyrian rul]s appeal$ to ! prie/s = oracles4 ,naturally1 ?is appeal 0 n 9 all cases made ) ! elaborate =mality illu/rat$ by ,es>haddon's petitions to ,%ama%4 ,at times ! mon>*1 z ! individual1 w\ld cont5t himself ) s5d+ to ! prie/ = an answ] to a "q1 & ! prie/ w\ld reply 9 an equally simple & direct mann]4 ,q a numb] ( su* messages1 s5t by prie/s to _! ma/]1 are includ$ 9 ! valuable publication ( ',assyrian ,lett]s1' begun by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]4#eae ,! k+'s son wi%es to set out on a j\rney4 ,! fa!r s5ds to ! a/rolog]s ,balasi & ,nabu-akheirba1 & receives ! reply3#eaf ,z = ,a%ur-muk9palea1 ab\t :om ! k+1 our "l1 has s5t to u1 may ,a%ur1 ,bel1 ,nabu1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman bless him4 ,may ! k+1 our "l1 witness 8 welf>e 7874 ,conditions are favorable = ! j\rney4 ,! second day is favorable1 ! f\r? day v favorable4 ,simil>ly1 ! a/rolog]s s5d reports reg>d+ ! appe>ance & position ( ! moon & ! />s1 & ( v>i\s ph5om5a t _h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 mom5ts :]e decisive action _h to be tak54 ,be=e leav+ ! subject1 x may be ( int]e/ to po9t out t among ! lit]>y rema9s ( ! ,assyrian p]iod !re are blank =mulas = oracles1 ! names 9 ea* in/ance to be fill$ out by ! (ficiat+ prie/4 ,su* =mulas 7 prep>$1 no d\bt1 = cases ( common occurr5ce4 ,?us ,es>haddon1 be=e appo9t+ a p]son to a responsible position1 took ! precaution ( asc]ta9+ f "s deity :e!r ! appo9tm5t 0 a wise "o4 ,! "n ( ! individual be+ writt5 d[n1 ! prie/ asks ! deity 9 a g5]al way3#eag ,w ! man ^: "n appe>s on ?is tablet1 & :om he ! k+ is ab\t to appo9t to su* & su* a position1 keep good fai?1 or w he manife/ ho/ility t[>ds ! k+1 incit+ to rebellion8 ,es>haddon may h _h a special reason = us+ precautions aga9/ 8 (ficials1 & ev5 8 sons4 ,he came to ! ?rone dur+ a rebellion :i* involv$ ! assass9ation ( 8 fa!r4 ,es>haddon's own bro!rs 7 ! murd]]s4 ,we may well suppose t he trembl$ at e /ep he took1 b 8 position is aft] all *>act]i/ic ( ! ,assyrian rul]s 9 g5]al1 _m ( :om came to ! ?rone by viol5ce & ma9ta9$ !mselves ?r\gh =ce4 ,o!r texts enable u to /udy ! =m ( ! oracles !mselves4 ,z yet1 no oracle texts h be5 f\nd belong+ to ! old] ,babylonian p]iod1 b we h aga9 e reason to believe t :at holds good = ! days ( ,assyrian p[] applies to a mu* e>li] p]iod1 ?\gh at ! same "t ! great] frequ5cy ) :i* ,assyrian rul]s 7 wont to ply _! gods ) que/ions w\ld increase ! numb] ( ^? ^: special bus9ess x 0 to pron\nce ! oracles4 ,! manifold duties ( ! prie/hood w\ld t5d t[>ds a diff]5tiation ( ! prie/s into v>i\s classes4 ,! prie/1 z exorcis]1 w\ld become di/9ct f ! prie/ z ! inspector ( om5s2 & ! latt] diff]5t aga9 f ! pron\nc] ( oracles4 ,f ! fact t ,m>duk 0 reg>d$ z ! special god ( oracles by ! ,assyrians z well z ! ,babylonians1#eah we may conclude t ?is diff]5tiation ( ! prie/ly classes took place already 9 ! s\?1 or at all ev5ts t oracle-giv+ z a di/9ct prie/ly function 0 recogniz$ 9 ,babylonia & c>ri$ ov] to ! nor!rn empire4 ,if we may draw a g5]al conclusion f ! /ate ( affairs 9 ,es>haddon's days1 ?is function 0 l>gely 9 ! h&s ( wom54 ,we "k f o!r evid5ce t wom5 7 atta*$ to ! temple s]vice f anci5t times4#eai ,z sorc]esses1 too1 !y occupi$ a quasi-prie/ly position1 s9ce _! help c\ld be invok$ 9 driv+ evil spirits into ! p]son ( "o's enemy4 ,! oracle-giv] & ! sorc]] or sorc]ess are correlat$ p]sonages 9 religion4 ,= v>i\s reasons--9 "p1 p]haps1 because ( h] physical diff]5ces f man--woman 0 inve/$ ) a c]ta9 my/]y by anci5t nations4#ebj ,h5ce ! fact t among s _m nations wit*craft is associat$ ) woman1 & simil>ly among _m nations wom5 p]=m ! functions ( ! oracle4 ,9 a s]ies ( eight oracles address$ to ,es>haddon1#eba six are giv5 =? by wom54 ,^! oracles1 x s happ5s1 all issue f ! goddess ,i%t> ( ,arbela4 ,! cult ( ?is goddess at ,arbela /ood 9 high favor 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,an influ5tial body ( prie/s congregat$ !re1 & ! eight oracles 9 "q appe> to be a "p ( a m ext5sive collection made by ! !ologians ( ,arbela1 ( ^: intellectual activity !re are o!r traces4 ,arbela appe>s to h develop$ a special s*ool ( !ology1 m>k$ by ! attempt to accord a sup]ior position to ! great goddess ,i%t>4 ,! "o :o pron\nces ! oracle speaks on behalf ( ,i%t>1 & !re=e employs ! fir/ p]son4 ,! oracles all h ref]5ce to political ev5ts4 ,!y _c1 ( c\rse1 be ! answ]s to ! que/ions ask$ 9 ! pray]s analyz$ above1 s9ce ^! 7 address$ to ! sun-god2 b we may feel c]ta9 t ! oracles ( ! ,%ama% prie/s or prie/esses 7 mu* ( ! same ord]1 v>y+ only 9 m9or p>ticul>s4 ,! goddess inv>iably enc\rages ! k+4 ,! prie/1 x w\ld appe>1 he>s ! voice ( ! deity 9 ! w9d4 ,fe> n6 ,! w9d :i* speaks to !e-- ,comes ) spee* f me1 )hold+ no?+4#ebb ,?9e enemies1 l ! 444 ( ,siwan1#ebc ,at ?y feet w be p\r$ out4 ,! great mi/ress am ,i4 ,i am ,i%t> ( ,arbela1 :o =ces ?9e enemies to submission4 ,is !re any utt]ance ( m9e t ,i address$ to !e ^u :i* ?\ c\ld/ n rely8 ,i am ,i%t> ( ,arbela4 ,?9e enemies1 ! ,ukkites 7871 ,i give to !e1 ev5 ,i1 ,i%t> ( ,arbela4 ,9 front & beh9d !e ,i m>*4 ,fe> n6 ,?is oracle1 we are told 9 ! subscript1 0 pron\nc$ by a c]ta9 ,i%t>-la-ta%iat1 a son i4e41 a native ( ,arbela4 ,! dignity ( ! diction is v m>k$4 ,! v frequ5t assurance 'fe> n' & ! solemn repetition ( ',i am ,i%t>' l5d impressiv5ess to ! message4 ,! oracle1 x w be se51 deals 9 g5]al phrases4 ,?is indef9it5ess *>act]izes mo/ ( !m2 & ! m impressive ! diction1 ! great] vagu5ess 9 ! /atem5ts made4 ,s an oracle1 com+ f ,i%t> & ,nabu & utt]$ by a woman ,baya1 a native ( ,arbela1 ann\nces3 ,fe> n1 ,es>haddon1 ,i1 ! "l1 to !e d ,i speak4 ,! beams ( ?y he>t ,i /r5g!n z ?y "m1#ebd ,:o gave !e life4 ,sixty great gods are ) me#ebe ,drawn up to protect !e4 ,! god ,s9 is on ?y "r1 ,%ama% on ?y left4 ,sixty great gods are r\nd ab\t !e ,drawn up 9 battle array 9 ! c5t] ( ! citadel4 ,on m5 d n rely4 ,lift up ?9e eyes to me4 ,look up to me6 ,i am ,i%t> ( ,arbela4 ,a%ur is graci\s to !e4 ,?y weakness ,i w *ange to /r5g? 7874 ,fe> n6 glorify me6 ,is n ! enemy subdu$ ,:o has be5 h&$ ov] to !e8 ,i proclaim x al\d1 ,:at has be5 w be4#ebf ,i am ,nabu1 ! "l ( ! will+ tablet1 ,glorify me4 ,a message ( ?is k9d c\ld h>dly h be5 satisfactory except z a g5]al enc\ragem5t4 ,! popul>ity ( ! ,nabu cult 9 ,assyria1 x w be recall$1 is an (fset aga9/ ! supremacy ( ,m>duk 9 ! s\?4 ,! ,assyrian k+s f\nd x to _! int]e/ to incorporate z mu* ( ! ,babylonian cult z 0 possible into _! own religi\s ritual4 ,to ,%ama% !y assign$ ! role play$ by ,m>duk4 ,!re 0 no dang] 9 pay+ homage to ,nabu1 ! son ( ,m>duk4 ,i%t> !y reg>d$ z _! own goddess q z mu* z ,a%ur4 ,^! f\r deities1 !re=e1 ,i%t>1 ,%ama%1 ,nabu1 & ,a%ur1 are ! special gods ( oracles recogniz$ by ! ,assyrian rul]s4 ,m>duk1 :o is ! *ief s\rce ( oracles 9 ! s\?1 is m r>ely appeal$ to 9 ! nor?1 ?\gh ( c\rse recogniz$ z p[]ful4 ,he c\ld n be expect$ to reg>d ) favor an empire t s s]i\sly ?reat5$ 8 supremacy 9 ! pan!on4 ,! occasion :5 an oracle 0 ann\nc$ 0 (t5 "o ( great solemnity4 ,j z ! pray]s 9 :i* ! que/ions ( ! k+s 7 embodi$ 7 c>efully writt5 out1 s t ! prie/ 9 recit+ !m might n commit any mi/akes1 s ! answ] to ! pray]s 7 transmitt$ to ! k+ 9 writ+4 ,among ! oracles ( ! days ( ,es>haddon1 !re is "o com+ f ,a%ur 9 :i* ! c]emonies accompany+ ! deliv]ance are in/anc$4#ebg ,! oracle deals ) ! ,gimirrites1 ! same p 9 reg>d to :om ,es>haddon s (t5 consults ! sun-god4 ,x is m>k$ by ! m def9ite "* ( its ann\ncem5ts :5 comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,! text is 9 ! =m ( a communication made to ! k+1 &1 l o!r (ficial docum5ts1 x beg9s ) a salutation4 ,! gods give ,es>haddon greet+4#ebh ,a%ur has giv5 him ! f\r ends ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! h\se :]e he %9es & is great1#ebi ! k+ has no rival4 ,l ! ris+ sun he %9es4 ,?is is ! greet+ f ,bel ,t>basi#ecj & ! assembl$ gods4 ,! god ,a%ur himself n[ addresses ! k+3 ,z = ^? enemies t plot aga9/ !e1 t =ce !e to m>* out1 ,?\ did/ op5 ?y m\? say+1 ,v]ily ,i implore ,a%ur4 ,i h he>d ?y cry4 ,out ( ! great gate ( heav5 ,i proclaim al\d1 ',surely ,i w ha/5 to let fire dev\r !m4 ,?\ %all /& among !m4 ,9 front ( !e ,i %all rise up4#eca ,up onto ! m\nta9 ,i br+ !m4 ,!re to ra9 d[n ^u !m de/ructive /ones4 ,?9e enemies ,i hew d[n1 ,) _! blood ,i fill ! riv]4 ,let !m behold & glorify me1 ,= ,a%ur1 ! "l ( gods1 am ,i4' ,?is important & /rik+ message1 com+ direct f ,a%ur we are told1 is to be =mally pres5t$ & read 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+4 ,in/ructions are add$ to ! prie/s to p\r out a libation ( preci\s oil4 ,sacrifices ( animals & wav+ ( inc5se are to accompany ! pres5tation4 ,! oracle1 z ! god's answ] to ! k+'s que/ions1 ?us gave rise to a ritual z elaborate z ! rites connect$ ) ! prep>ations = ! answ]4 ,! oracles 7 n always tru/wor?y1 z we c well believe1 & (t5 !y 7 n def9ite en\gh4 ,if we may judge f an expression 9 "o ( ! div9e messages to ,es>haddon1 ! k+ appe>s to h ent]$ a compla9t aga9/ a =m] oracle1 :i* 0 n to 8 lik+4 ,i%t> accord+ly s5ds ! foll[+ message3#ecb ,! =m] ^w :i* ,i spoke to !e1 ,on x ?\ did/ n rely4 ,n[1 !n1 9 ! lat] "o y may h confid5ce4 ,glorify me6 ,cle>ly1 ! ,assyrian k+s believ$ t ! oracles exi/$ to ann\nce :at !y want$ to he>4 ,!y probably did n hesitate to foll[ _! own judgm5t :5ev] !y consid]$ x sup]ior to ! advice giv5 to !m by ! gods4 ,!re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = failures br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ob$i5ce to ! oracles4 ,! prie/s1 hemm$ 9 on e side by m9ute c]emonial obs]vances1 =feit$ _! p[] z m$iators by ! slighte/ failure 9 ! obs]vance ( ^! rites4 ,an error or a mi%ap w\ld entail mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,a mislead+ oracle1 !re=e1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t1 unfavorable om5s1 w\ld be ! fault ( ! prie/s4 ,! deity w\ld s5d 'a ly+ message'#ecc or br+ ab\t unfavorable om5s z a sign ( 8 or h] displeasure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prie/s 9 turn w\ld n hesitate--speak+ ( c\rse 9 ! "n ( ! gods--to accuse ! k+s ( neglect+ ,i%t> or ,nabu or ,%ama%1 z ! case may be4 ,9 an oracle address$ to ,es>haddon1#ecd ,i%t> ( ,arbela is repres5t$ z compla9+ t ! k+ has done no?+ = h]1 al?\gh %e has done s mu* = him4 ,su* a /ate ( affairs _c g on4 ,s9ce !y d no?+ = me1 ,i w n give any?+ to !e4 ,! k+ promptly responds by copi\s (f]+s1 & ! goddess appe>s to be pacifi$4 ,!re is ano!r feature connect$ ) ! oracles t mu/ be t\*$ ^u be=e pass+ on4 ,! oracles /& obvi\sly 9 close relation%ip to ! p5it5tial psalms4 ,x 01 naturally1 9 times ( political di/ress t ! k+s w\ld be p>ticul>ly zeal\s 9 ma9ta9+ !mselves on good t]ms ) ! p[]ful gods4 ,)\t _! aid success c\ld n be expect$ to cr[n any ef=ts4 ,guid+ _! /eps by frequ5t consultations ( ! prie/s1 ! appeals ( ! k+s w\ld increase 9 e>ne/ness & f]vor z ! campaign progress$ & assum$ m s]i\s aspects4 ,:5 disa/] />$ !m 9 ! face1 !y w\ld be =c$ to conclude t ! gods 7 ang]$1 & !re 0 only "o way left ( av]t+ ! div9e wra?--a free confession ( s9s1 accompani$1 ( c\rse1 by (f]+s & magic rites4 ,! ,assyrian k+s d n tell u 9 _! annals ( discomfitures t !y enc\nt]$4 ,! p5it5tial psalms supply ?is omission4 ,we h su* a psalm writt5 9 ! days ( ,a%urbanabal1#ece 9 :i* t pr\d mon>* humbles himself be=e ! great god ,nabu1 & has ! satisfaction 9 return ( receiv+ a reassur+ oracle4 ,he prays3 ,i confess to !e1 ,nabu1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great gods1 ,_m#ecf 787 are my s9s beyond endurance8#ecg ,"l 787 ( ,n9eveh1 ,i come be=e !e1 ! w>rior among ! gods1 8 bro!rs4 ,prolong 787 ! life ( ,a%urbanabal = a long p]iod4 444 ,at ! feet ( ,nabu ,i pro/rate myself4 ,! god reassures ! k+3 ,i w grant !e life1 ,o ,a%urbanabal1 ev5 ,i1 ,nabu1 to ! end ( days ,?y feet %all n gr[ we>y1 nor ?y h&s weak 7871 ,^! lips ( ?9e %all n cease to approa* me1 ,?y tongue %all n be remov$ f ?y lips1 ,= ,i give !e a favorable message4 ,i w raise ?y head1 ,i w increase ?y glory 9 ! temple ( ,e-babb>a4#ech ,! ref]5ce to ! temple ( ,%ama% at ,sipp> reveals ! situation4 ,babylonia 0 ! cause ( mu* tr\ble to ,a%urbanabal1 ow+ *iefly to ! intrigues ( 8 trea*]\s bro!r ,%ama%-%umuk94#eci ,a%urbanabal at "o "t 0 n m]ely 9 dang] ( los+ control ov] ! s\?1 b ( los+ 8 life 9 ! rebellion organiz$ by 8 'fai?less bro!r4' ,a successful rebellion is a cle> sign ( a god's displeasure4 ,m>duk1 z we h se51 0 n (t5 appeal$ to by ! ,assyrian k+s1 b ,nabu seem$ always ready to help !m4 ,h5ce ! k+ confesses 8 s9s & makes an appeal to ! great ,babylonian god & n to ,a%ur4 ,he is enc\rag$ by ! promise t 8 life w be sp>$1 & t 8 supremacy w be recogniz$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,! great sanctu>y ( ,sipp> is "h employ$ figuratively = ! temples ( ,babylonia 9 g5]al4 ,to be glorifi$ 9 t fam\s temple 0 equival5t to a recognition ( royal au?ority4 ,t ^! oracles s]v$ a practical purpose is def9itely prov$ by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are introduc$ by ! k+s 9 _! annals4 ,a%urbanabal tells u t 9 ! c\rse ( "o ( 8 campaigns aga9/ ,elam1 he address$ a f]v5t pray] to ,i%t> ( ,arbela1 & 9 reply ! message comes1 z 9 ! texts we h be5 consid]+1 ,fe> n2 & %e adds1 ,?y h&s rais$ t[>ds me1 & ?y eyes fill$ ) te>s1 ,i look ^u ) favor4#edj ,dreams4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n necess>y to assume t ! oracles ( ! gods 7 always deliv]$ 9 ! same =mal mann]1 accompani$ by elaborate c]emonies4 ,! gods at times reveal !mselves 9 a m direct mann] to _! favorites4 ,9 visions ( ! night !y appe> to enc\rage ! ,assyrian army by an oracle4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ! army ( ,a%urbanabal approa*$ a ru%+ /ream :i* !y 7 afraid to cross1 ,i%t> makes h] appe>ance at night1 & decl>es1 ,i walk 9 front ( ,a%urbanabal1 ! k+ :o is ! creation ( my h&s4#eda ,! army1 ?us reassur$1 crosses ! riv] 9 safety4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,a%urbanabal1 :5 ?reat5$ by ! k+ ( ,elam1 receives a message f ,i%t> reveal$ to a se] 9 a dream at night4 ,! se]--no d\bt a prie/--reports to ! k+3#edb ',i%t>1 dwell+ 9 ,arbela1 came ) quiv]s hung on h] "r & left side1 ) a b[ 9 h] h&1 & gird$ 787 ) a po9t$1 un%ea!d sword4 ,be=e !e i4e41 ! k+ %e /ood1 & l ! "m t bore !e4#edc ,i%t>1 supreme among ! gods1 address$ !e1 comm&+3 ,be enc\rag$#edd = ! fray4 ,:]ev] ?\ art1 ,i am4' ,9 connection ) ! importance t ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 9 common ) all anci5t nations1 atta*$ to dreams1 div9e messages ?us reveal$ _h a special significance fully on a p> ) ! oracles t 7 =mally deliv]$ ) an accompanim5t ( elaborate rites4 ,a god appe>+ to "o 9 a dream 0 a manife/ation1 ! =ce ( :i* c\ld n be disput$4 ,x matt]$ little to :om ! dream 0 s5t4 ,a%ur1 on "o occasion1 *ose to reveal himself to an enemy ( ,a%urbanabal ) a message4 ,he appe>s 9 a dream be=e ,gyges1 ! k+ ( ,lydia1 & tells him1#ede ,pay homage to ,a%urbanabal1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 & by ! p[] ( 8 "n conqu] ?9e enemies4 ,gyges obeys & s5ds a mess5g] to ! ,assyrian mon>* to in=m him ( ! dream4 ,occasionally 9 ?is way a deity might appe> to a k+1 b 9 g5]al x 0 to ! pr(essional 'dream]' r ?an to ! laity to :om oracles 7 ?us s5t4 ,! message 0 n necess>ily deliv]$ 9 p]son by ! deity4 ,s91 ! moon-god1 on "o occasion writes 8 message on ! moon's disc3 ,aga9/ all :o h evil designs ,& ho/ile s5tim5ts t[>ds ,a%urbanabal1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 ,w ,i s5d a mis]able dea?4#edf ,e dream 0 ( c\rse s5t by "s god1 b ! dreams ( o!rs ?an ^? :o act$ z m$iators betwe5 ! gods & m5 7 ( a diff]5t "*4 ,!y 7 om5s4 ,! gods w\ld reveal !mselves indirectly by means ( pictures or symbols1 & x w\ld require ! s]vices ( a prie/ aga9 to int]pret su* symbols or om5s4 ,! gods 7 ask$ to s5d su* dreams z might receive a favorable int]pretation1#edg & :5 a dream came unsolicit$1 ! gods 7 implor$ to conv]t ! dream into a favorable om54 ,9 ! case ( dreams1 x w be app>5t1 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 oracles prop] & om5s becomes exce$+ly fa9t & x is v d\btful :e!r ! ,babylonians or ,assyrians recogniz$ any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,! sugge/ion has already be5 ?r[n out t !re is a wid] aspect to om5s 9 ! ,babylonian religion ?an _! employm5t 9 connection ) sacrificial (f]+s4 ,we h rea*$ a po9t :5 x w be prop] to take up ?is wid] aspect4 ,,footnotes3 #dia ,see ,k+1 ,babylonian ,magic1 p4 xxx4 #dib ,h>p]'s ,assyrian ,lett]s1 no4 #bai4 #dic ,assyris*e ,gebete an d5 ,sonn5gott fu] ,/aat und ,ko5igli*es ,haus 7,leipzig1 #ahic1 #b vols474 #did ,knudtzon1 no4 #a4 #die ,t ! prie/ recites ! pray] & n ! k+ is %[n by ! frequ5t introduction ( ! k+'s "n 9 ! #c;d p]son4 ,see1 e4g41 ,knudtzon1 nos4 #dj-dg4 #dif #b;d mon?4 #dig #e? mon?4 #dih ,i4e41 ! prie/ is only ask$ = an oracle reg>d+ ! ev5ts ( ! next "o hundr$ days4 #dii ,v>i\s ma*9es are m5tion$4 ,! precise mean+ ( ! te*nical t]ms employ$ is n kn[n4 #ejj ,by invok+ ! assi/ance ( ! gods4 #eja ,peacefully1 by mutual agreem5t & ! promise ( favors4 #ejb ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! ,arabic phrase ,allah alone kn[s x1 s frequ5tly introduc$ 9 ,mohamm$an writ+s4 #ejc ,lit41 ',se5 w x be se51 he>d w x be he>d8' ,! emphatic con/ruction is id5tical ) ! "o frequ5tly employ$ 9 ,biblical ,hebrew4 #ejd ,knudtzon 7p4 #be7 did n grasp ! negative =ce ( ezib4 ,! ^w is a reque/ t some?+ might n happ54 #eje ,:]e ! animal is to be inspect$1 probably ! alt> itself4 #ejf ,9 ! ,jewi% ritual & _m o!rs1 /ress is laid ^u pron\nc+ ! words ( a pray] cle>ly & delib]ately1 especially su* words z h a p>ticul>ly sacr$ value4 #ejg ,assyris*e ,gebete1 p4 #ej4 #ejh ,exactly ( :at nature _c be asc]ta9$4 ,! text 7,knudtzon1 no4 #bi1 rev4 #ae7 is defective at ?is po9t4 #eji ,! pray] or ! lamb4 #eaj ,lit41 'proce$4' #eaa ,knudtzon1 no4 #ff4 ,o!r examples are furni%$ 9 ,george ,smi?'s ,hi/ory ( ,a%urbanabal1 pp4 #ahd1 #ahe4 #eab ,a di/rict to ! nor!a/ ( ,assyria2 ,knudtzon1 no4 #bi4 #eac ,ib4 no4 #ajg4 #ead ,ib4 no4 #aja4 #eae ,f\r volumes compris+ sev]al hundr$ lett]s h already appe>$ "u ! title1 ,assyrian ,lett]s ( ! ,k4 ,collection 7,london1 #ahif74 ,= a good summ>y ( ! "* ( ! ,assyrian epi/ol>y lit]ature1 see ,john/on's article 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 xviii4 #a1 pp4 #abe-acd4 #eaf ,h>p]1 no4 #gg4 #eag ,e4g41 ,knudtzon1 no4 #abd4 #eah ,zimm]n1 ,busspsalm51 p4 #cb4 ,! popul>ity ( ! sun-cult 9 ,assyria 9 connection ) om5s & oracles is probably due also 9 "p to ! influ5ce ( ,m>duk1 :o 01 z we h se51 a sol> deity4 #eai ,lehman1 ,samassumuk91 p4 #db4 #ebj ,see ,ploss1 ,das ,weib1 pp4 #eid-fjf2 also above1 p4 #bfg4 #eba ,,ivr4 pl4 #fa4 #ebb ,i4e41 ,i%t> s5ds ! w9d ) a cle> message4 #ebc #c;d mon?4 #ebd ,p]haps a prov]bial phrase1 hav+ ! =ce ( ',i nurture !e z ?y own "m did4' #ebe ,con/itut+ ! ho/ ( ,i%t>1 :i* is else:]e ref]r$ to1 e4g41 ,,ivr4 #b;d ,ed4 pt4 #fa1 col4 i4 #bg4 #ebf ,lit41 '! future or lat] ?+s l ! =m]4' #ebg ,publi%$ by ,s4 ,a4 ,/rong1 ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 ii4 #fbg-cc4 #ebh ,! op5+ l9es1 conta9+ a ref]5ce to ! ,gimirrites1 are imp]fectly pres]v$4 #ebi ,i4e41 he is ! greate/ scion ( ! reign+ dyna/y4 #ecj ',"l ( ! c\rt'--a title ( ,a%ur4 #eca ,z a protection1 j z ,jahwe appe>s 9 a pill> ( cl\d to protect 8 p4 #ecb ,,ivr4 #b;d ,ed4 #fa1 col4 vi4 #dg-eb4 #ecc ,see ,i ,k+s1 xxii4 #bc4 #ecd ,/rong1 ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 ii4 #fbh1 #fbi4 #ece ,publi%$ & translat$ by ,s4 ,a4 ,/rong1 ,transactions ( ! ,n9? ,int]national ,ori5tal ,congress 7#ahic71 ii4 #aii-bjh4 #ecf ,suppli$ f ! context1 ?r\gh comp>ison ) simil> compositions4 #ecg ,lit41 'my s\l _c ov]come4' #ech ,! composition cont9ues 9 ?is /ra91 ,a%urbanabal & ,nabu speak+ alt]nately4 #eci ,see ,tiele1 ,babyl4-,assyr4 ,ges*i*te1 pp4 #cga seq4 #edj ,george ,smi?1 ,annals ( ,a%urbanabal1 p4 #aba4 #eda ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 ,,vr4 col4 v4 ll4 #ie-ajc4 #edb ,george ,smi?1 ,annals ( ,a%urbanabal1 pp4 #aai-aba4 #edc ,) mat]nal k9dness4 #edd ,lit41 'look up4' #ede ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col ii4 ll4 #ih seq4 #edf ,ib4 col4 iii4 ll4 #abb-abd4 #edg ,e4g41 ,,ivr4 #ei1 no4 #b1 #ba;b4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,v>i\s ,,classes ,,( ,,om5s4 ,!re is a close connection betwe5 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,babylonia & ,assyria t we h hi!rto be5 consid]+4 ,! magic incantations are1 z we h se51 a =m ( pray]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pray]s1 :e!r hymns or confessions ( s9 ) an appeal = relief f suff]+ or di/ress1 or embody+ ! petition = a div9e response to "s "q or que/ions1 are nev] entirely dissociat$ f incantations1 & are inv>iably bas$ ^u ! same beliefs t give to ! elem5t ( magic su* a prom95t place 9 ! religion4 ,! om5s =m "p ( ?is same ord] ( beliefs4 ,! connect+ l9k betwe5 incantations & om5s is ! s5se ( my/]y impress$ ^u man by two ord]s ( ph5om5a--! ph5om5a ( 8 own life & ! ph5om5a ( ! ?+s ab\t him4 ,9 8 own life1 no?+ 0 m my/]i\s to him ?an ! p[] ( spee*4 ,x is d\btful :e!r he recogniz$ t ! animals communicat$ ) "o ano!r by means ( ! s\nds t !y emitt$2 b ev5 if he did1 ! great gap sep>at+ su* means ( communication f ! p[] resid+ 9 ! comb9ation ( s\nds1 ( :i* he c\ld avail himself1 mu/ h be5 all ! m impressive4 ,9 view ( ?is1 x is n difficult to und]/& t a magic =ce 0 attribut$ to words z su*4 ,( c\rse1 a some:at advanc$ degree ( culture mu/ h be5 rea*$ be=e su* a belief w\ld be giv5 a def9ite =m ( expression2 b ev5 9 ! simple/ =m ( social organization ! notion ( au?ority necess>ily exi/s1 & au?ority is insep>able f words4 ,! *ief comm&s1 & ! conclusion is naturally drawn t ! words he utt]s are imbu$ ) ! p[] to =ce ob$i5ce4 ,^! two factors--! my/]y ( spee* & ! practical demon/ration ( ! p[] resid+ 9 words--are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! "p play$ by incantations among all nations at a c]ta9 /age ( _! religi\s developm5t2 & once introduc$1 ! cons]vatism atta*+ to religi\s rites w\ld ensure _! cont9uance ev5 aft] ! popul> religi\s beliefs _h pass$ f> beyond ! /age 9 "q4 ,! modifications introduc$ into ! incantations w\ld be nigh endless4 ,!re w\ld develop a t5d5cy to great] complications 9 ! comb9ation ( words4 ,at ! same "t _! lit]>y =m w\ld be improv$4 ,pray]s & hymns reflect+ advanc$ religi\s s5tim5ts w\ld be produc$1 b ! magic elem5t connect$ ) ! words z su* w\ld n = t reason be lo/ sight (4 ,! efficacy ( su* pray]s w\ld /ill dep5d ^u _! be+ utt]$ 9 ! "r mann] &--:at is equally to ! po9t--by ! "r p]son4 ,correspond+ to ! *ief 9 secul> affairs--:o alone c pron\nce words t give evid5ce ( _! p[] by ! results produc$--is ! prie/ 9 religi\s affairs to :om1 z ! m$iator betwe5 ! gods & m51 ! secret is entru/$ ( utt]+ ! "r words 9 ! "r way1 s z to produce ! desir$ results1 to =ce1 z x 71 ob$i5ce f ! gods1 z a *ief =ces ob$i5ce f 8 subjects4 ,9 a m advanc$ /age ( religi\s culture1 ! position ( ! prie/ is no less p[]ful & important4 ,:5 incantations yield to pray]s 9 ! prop] s5se1 or are comb9$ ) pray]s1 x is only ! prie/s :o c make ! pray]s effective by _! int]c$+ 9 "s way ) ! gods1 :e!r by add+ _! appeal to t ( ! supplicant1 or by ! p]=mance ( ! rites accompany+ pray]1 or by _! aid 9 lead+ ! wor%ipp] into ! pres5ce ( ! deity & /&+ ) him be=e ! ?rone ( grace4 ,:5 man turns f a contemplation ( self to ! ?+s ar\nd him1 !re is add$ to ! s5se ( ! my/]i\s :i* is ar\s$ 9 him1 ! feel+ ( 8 own weakness :i* is borne 9 ^u him ) ov]p[]+ =ce4 ,he _c fail to realize h[ dep5d5t he is ^u ! sun1 ! moon1 ! ra91 & ! /orm4 ,at e /ep he takes dang]s beset 8 pa?4 ,! animal _w is at times ho/ile1 at times fri5dly2 b :e!r ! "o or ! o!r1 x is ess5tial = him to c>efully note all t is go+ on ar\nd him4 ,e happ5+ or sight ( an unusual "* ar\ses n[ 8 s5se ( fe>1 & aga9 8 hope4 ,he le>ns to atta* special importance to deviations f ! normal c\rse ( ?+s4 ,!re mu/ be a reason = ! exception f ! rule4 ,x betok5s some?+1 &1 conc]n$ z man prim>ily is = 8 own welf>e1 he naturally comes to connect bo? ! regul> ph5om5a ( nature z well z ! deviations1 ! normal traits & habits ( ! animal _w z well z peculi> features occasionally occurr+1 ) 8 own fate4 ,to =e/all ! future 0 8 only safegu>d aga9/ ! dang]s 9 /ore = him4 ,x 0 ( ! utmo/ importance to him to "k :at 0 com+ or1 at all ev5ts1 to be on ! look\t = some?+1 9 ord] to be 9 a prop] frame to receive ei!r ! b5efits or to meet ! difficulties ( ! situation4 ,8 p[]s ( obs]vation--^u :i* man 9 a primitive /ate dep5d$ almo/ entirely = 8 su/5ance--7 ?us fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! necessity ( protect+ himself1 s f> z possible1 aga9/ ! unc]ta9ties ( ! future4 ,no?+ w\ld escape him4 ,! movem5t ( ! />s & planets1 _! position at diff]5t seasons & p]iods1 ! appe>ance ( ! cl\ds1 an eclipse1 ! conditions ( ! /reams1 an e>?quake1 ! direction ( ! w9ds1 /orms1 ! flight ( birds1 ! b>k+ ( dogs1 ! movem5ts ( snakes & s]p5ts1 peculi> m>ks on ! bodies ( *ildr51 ( adults & animals1 mon/rosities among mank9d or ! brute creation1 ! meet+ ) c]ta9 p]sons or animals1 ! ru/l+ ( leaves1 ! *ange ( seasons1 ! lu/re ( preci\s /ones1 all attract$ man's att5tion4 ,:atev] he saw might port5d some?+ to him1 9 fact did port5d some?+2 h5ce ! "o great aim & ideal ( 8 life 0 to see ev]y?+4 ,see+ meant =esee+1 & ! man :o c\ld see ev]y?+--! se] p> excell5ce1 :o c\ld also und]/& :at he saw--held 9 8 h&s ! key t w\ld unlock ! secrets ( ! future4 ,he possess$ ! means ( =eca/+ ev5ts4 ,ap>t1 !n1 f ! int]pretation ( om5s 9 connection ) sacrifices & incantations1 ! individual _h to be on ! outlook at all times = signs & port5ts4 ,to neglect !m w\ld entail s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,?is wid] aspect ( om5s acc\nts = ! ext5sive om5 lit]ature t arose 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,fully "o-f\r? ( ! portion ( ,a%urbanabal's libr>y t has be5 discov]$ consi/s ( om5s1#edh tablets ( v>i\s size 9 :i* explanations are af=d$ ( all physical peculi>ities to be obs]v$ 9 animals & m51 ( natural ph5om5a1 ( ! position & movem5ts ( ! planets & />s1 ( ! incid5ts & accid5ts ( public & private life1--9 %ort1 ( all possible occurr5ces & situations4 ,z yet b a small proportion ( ?is lit]ature has be5 publi%$1 & a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( x is impossible until sy/ematic publications %all h be5 issu$4 ,mean:ile x is safe to ass]t t1 z 9 ! case ( incantations & pray]s1 ! om5s 7 g5]ally comb9$ into s]ies by ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian scribes4 ,om5s ,f ,planets & ,/>s4 ,ih]+ obs]ves#edi t ! />s 7 obs]v$ by ! ,babylonians 9 ! int]e/ ( navigation4 ,:ile ?is is true1 yet ! *ief motive 9 ! developm5t ( a/ronomy 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley 0 ! belief t ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies port5d$ some?+ t 0 important = man to "k4 ,t ! />s s]v$ z guides to ! m>9] 0 only an additional reason = atta*+ great importance to ! heav5ly ph5om5a4 ,sci5tific obs]vations 7 b means to an end2 & ! end 0 inv>iably ! d]ivation ( om5s f ! movem5ts & position ( ! planets & />s4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d ! a/ronom]s s5d+ reports to _! royal ma/]s app>5tly ( a purely sci5tific "*1 we may be c]ta9 t al?\gh no om5s are m5tion$1 bo? p>ties _h om5s 9 m9d4 ,! a/ronomical reports1 ( :i* q a numb] h already be5 publi%$1#eej may !re=e be reckon$ z "p ( ! om5 lit]ature4 ,! v]nal equ9ox 0 a p]iod ( mu* significance4 ,! a/ronom] royal accord+ly reports3#eea ,on ! six? day ( ,nisan1#eeb ,day & night 7 balanc$4 ,!re 7 six d\ble h\rs ( day1 ,six d\ble h\rs ( night4 ,may ,nabu & ,m>duk ,be graci\s to ! k+1 my "l4 ,on ano!r occasion ! equ9ox took place on ! #ae? ( ,nisan1#eec & accord+ly ?is is report$4 ,aga91 ! appe>ance ( ! new moon 0 anxi\sly look$ = ea* mon?1 & ! k+ is in=m$ :e!r or n x 0 se5 on ! #bi? or #cj? day ( ! mon?4#eed ,a wat* we kept ,on ! tw5ty-n9? day1 ,! moon we saw4 ,may ,nabu & ,m>duk ,be graci\s to ! k+1 my "l4 ,f ,nabua ( ! city ( ,a%ur4 ,an extraord9>y ev5t1 su* z an eclipse1 is made ! subject ( a m elaborate report4 ,! ,babylonian a/ronom]s _h develop$ _! sci5tific atta9m5ts to ! po9t ( calculat+ ! "t :5 an eclipse ( ! sun or ! moon w\ld take place4 ,z ?is p]iod approa*$1 !y wat*$ = ! eclipse4 ,we h an int]e/+ specim5 ( a report 9 :i* ! a/ronom] ann\nces t an expect$ eclipse = :i* a wat* 0 kept = ?ree days did n appe>4#eee ,ano!r address$ to an (ficial reads3#eef ,to ! ,agriculturi/1#eeg my "l1 ,?y s]vant ,nabu%umidd91 ,an (fic] ( ,n9eveh1 ,may ,nabu & ,m>duk be graci\s ,to ! ,agriculturi/1 my "l4 ,! f\rte5? day we kept a wat* = ! moon4 ,! moon suff]$ an eclipse4 ,! reports pass ov] into indications ( om5s ) an ease :i* %[s t ! obs]vations ( ! a/ronom]s 7 made ) ?is ult]ior motive 9 view4 ,a report :i* =ms a supplem5t to "o above translat$ furni%es ! int]pretation giv5 to ! v]nal equ9ox3#eeh ,! moon & sun are balanc$1 ,! subjects w be fai?ful1#eei ,! k+ ( ! l& w reign = a long "t4 ,! complem5t1 !n1 to ! purely sci5tific obs]vations is furni%$ by ^! (ficial communications to ! k+s & o!rs1 sett+ =? 9 response1 no d\bt1 to comm&s or inquiries1 ! mean+ ( any p>ticul> ph5om5on1 or ( ! position ( ! planets1 or ( any ( ! />s at any "t1 or ( _! movem5ts4 ,( su* communications we h a l>ge numb]4 ,!y illu/rate ! great att5tion t 0 paid to details 9 ! obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! moon z ! basis ( ! cal5drical sy/em occupies ! fir/ place 9 ^! reports4 ,its movem5ts 7 m v>i$ ?an ^? ( ! sun4 ,?r\gh its phases1 its appe>ance & disappe>ance at /at$ int]vals1 a safe po9t ( dep>ture 0 obta9$ = "t calculations4 ,:ile ! sun ?r\gh its daily c\rse regulat$ ! divisions ( ! day1 ! moon by its phases fix$ ! division ( weeks & mon?s4 ,! moon nev] appe>$ q ! same on two successive nights nor 9 ! same "p ( ! heav5s4 ,! m v>iety1 ! m significance--0 a pr9ciple ( g5]al application 9 ! int]pretation ( om5s4 ,:e!r ! ,babylonians also recogniz$ an influ5ce ( ! moon on ! tides1 we h no c]ta9 means ( det]m9+1 b x is em95tly likely t tra9$ z _! a/ronom]s 7 9 c>eful obs]vation1 ?is 0 ! case4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 !re 7 _m ev5ts 9 public & private affairs t appe>$ to !m to /& 9 close connection ) ! movem5ts ( ! orb ( night4 ,no?+ t occurr$ be+ reg>d$ z accid5tal1 ! conclusion 0 =c$ ^u ! ,babylonians t ! "t :5 some?+ 0 und]tak5 0 ( significance4 ,! fact t c]ta9 und]tak+s succe$$1 :ile o!rs fail$1 0 mo/ easily expla9$ ^u ! !ory t !re 7 p]iods favorable = ! action involv$ & p]iods unfavorable4 ,! ga!r+ ( pa/ exp]i5ce ?us becomes a guid+ pr9ciple 9 ! int]pretation ( ! movem5ts ( ! moon2 & :at applies to ! moon applies1 ( c\rse1 to ! o!r planets & to ! />s4 ,no d\bt o!r factors are involv$1 su* z association ( ideas2 b x is evid5t f a c>eful /udy ( ! om5 lit]ature t conclusions drawn f :at appe>s to u z ! accid5tal relation ( pa/ occurr5ces to ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! planets & />s con/itut$ fully ?ree-f\r?s ( ! wisdom ( ! ,euphratean augurs4 ,! same report1 ( :i* a portion has already be5 quot$1#efj cont9ues aft] int]pret+ ! mean+ ( ! equ9ox ) a diagnosis ( o!r concurr5t conditions3#efa ,sun & moon are se5 ap>t1#efb ,! k+ ( ! c\ntry w manife/ wisdom4#efc ,on ! f\rte5? day sun & moon are se5 toge!r1 ,!re w be loyalty 9 ! l&1 ,! gods ( ,babylonia are favorably incl9$1 ,! soldi]y w be 9 accord ) ! k+'s desire1 ,! cattle ( ,babylonia w pa/ure 9 safety4#efd ,f ,i%t>-%um]e%4 ,! same conditions appe>+ on ano!r day may port5d precisely ! rev]se4 ,s ano!r report in=ms ! k+3#efe ,on ! fifte5? day ! sun & moon are se5 toge!r1 ,a p[]ful enemy raises 8 weapons aga9/ ! l&1 ,! enemy w sma% ! great gate ( ! city1 ,! /> ,anu appe>s bright1 ,! enemy w deva/ate4 ,x is q evid5t t su* reports mu/ h be5 s5t 9 response to royal ord]s ask+ = ! mean+ ( exi/+ conditions or ( conditions t may be obs]v$ on c]ta9 days4 ,at times ! progno/ications assume a rem>kable degree ( def9it5ess :i* =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! g5]al vagu5ess ( ! oracles4 ,an (ficial1 ,balasi1 reports#eff on "o occasion reg>d+ ! significance ( ! moon appe>+ unexpect$ly3 ,! moon is se5 out ( season1 ,crops w be small4 ,on ! twelf? day ! moon is se5 toge!r ) ! sun4#efg ,contr>y to ! calculat$ "t1 ,! moon & sun appe> toge!r1 ,a /rong enemy w deva/ate ! l&4 ,! k+ ( ,babylonia w be =c$ to submit to 8 enemy4 ,on ! twelf? day1 ! moon ) ! sun is se51 ,on ! twelf? day is se54 ,evil is 9 /ore = ,babylonia4 ,x is a favorable sign = ,elam & ! we/ l&1 ,b surely unfavorable = ,babylonia4 ,! reports 7 n always conc]n$ ) political affairs4 ,frequ5tly !re is a ref]5ce to lions & hy5as t might be expect$ to make _! appe>ance because ( c]ta9 natural ph5om5a4 ,(t5 crops are ref]r$ to1 & accord+ z ! conditions are favorable or n1 f]tility or fam9e is pr$ict$ 9 ! (ficial reports4 ,on o!r occasions ! a/rolog]s v5ture ! v safe progno/ication t male *ildr5 w be born or t !re w be misc>riages1 ?\gh x seems likely t 9 su* cases ! =eca/ is int5d$ = ! affairs ( ! palace alone4 ,we h se5#efh :at great importance 0 atta*$ by ! ,babylonians to eclipses4 ,x w be appropriate1 !re=e1 to give a specim5 ( an a/rolog]'s report 9 ref]5ce to su* a ph5om5on3#efi ,! moon disappe>$1#egj evil w settle 9 ! l&4 ,! moon1 contr>y to calculation1 disappe>$4 ,an eclipse has tak5 place4 ,on ! tw5ty-n9? day ! moon disappe>$ ,& ! sun on ! day ( ! eclipse ent]$ ! circle4#ega ,x is an eclipse ( ,elam4#egb ,if 9 ! mon? ( ,kislev1#egc an eclipse is obs]v$ ,t encircles 787 ! sun & ! moon disappe>s1 ,^u ! obs]vation ( ! eclipse1 ,!n may ! k+ be exalt$4 ,may ! he>t ( ! k+1 my "l1 rejoice4 ,f ,khu%i-ilu1 ! s]vant ( ! k+1 ! eponym4 ,ano!r report reads3#egd ,to ! k+1 my "l1 ,?y s]vant ,i%t>-idd9abal1 ,! *ief ( ! a/ronom]s ( ,arbela4 ,may ,nabu1 ,m>duk1 ,i%t> ( ,arbela ,be graci\s to ! k+1 my "l1 ,on ! tw5ty-n9? day a wat* we kept4 ,at ! obs]vatory cl\ds1 ,! moon we did n see4 ,?is report 0 s5t on ! second day ( ! mon? ( ,%ebat4#ege ,f ^! specim5s & o!rs1 x is evid5t t reports reg>d+ ! appe>ance or non-appe>ance ( ! new moon 7 regul>ly s5t4 ,b 9 addition to ?is1 ! k+s s5t to ! obs]vatory on num]\s o!r occasions = in=mation ) ref]5ce to ! significance ( c]ta9 ph5om5a4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! moon1 s also = ! sun & ! />s1 reports 7 transmitt$ t s]v$ z guides 9 direct+ ! k+s 9 _! affairs4 ,s on "o occasion ,nabu-mu%esi =eca/s t#egf ,if ! 'great lion' /> is d>k1 ,x is favorable = ! c\ntry4 ,if ! 'k+' /> is d>k1 ,! *amb]la9#egg 787 ( ! palace dies4 ,! (ficial "* ( ^! reports is "o ( _! significant features4 ,_! great v>iety is an indication ( ! frequ5t occasions on :i* ! k+s consult$ ! a/rolog]s4 ,no important ent]prise 0 und]tak5 )\t fir/ asc]ta9+ :at ph5om5a might be look$ = on ! day fix$ = any action1 & :at ^! ph5om5a port5d$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,assyrian reports1 x is natural to f9d _m allusions to =eign nations1 s9ce w> occupi$ s mu* ( ! "t & en]gies ( ! ,assyrian rul]s4 ,b we h se5 t = private affairs ! a/rolog]s 7 also consult$1 z well z = ! int]nal affairs ( ! c\ntry4 ,! reports illu/rate ! practical application ( :at became kn[n 9 ! anci5t _w z ,*aldaean wisdom4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we w\ld "k ! s\rce :5ce ! a/rolog]s d]iv$ ! k :i* !y furni%$ 9 _! reports1 we mu/ turn to ! long li/s prep>$ by ! prie/s1 9 :i* all possible ph5om5a connect$ ) ! planets & />s 7 not$ & _! mean+ indicat$4 ,^! compilations con/itute ! ',prie/ly ,codes' ( ! ,babylonians1 &1 z already intimat$1 !y 7 comb9$ j z ! incantations & pray]s1 into s]ies4 ,_m su* s]ies mu/ h exi/$ at "o "t 9 ,babylonia4 ,a great temple 0 incomplete )\t its obs]vatory1 & we are w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t e great religi\s c5t] ( ! ,euphrates ,valley _h its collection ( om5 tablets4 ,! natural ambition ( ! prie/s 0 to make su* a s]ies z complete z possible4 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( obs]vations x conta9$1 ! great] ! possibility ( f9d+ an answ] to ! "q put to !m4 ,to ^! li/s additions w\ld con/antly be made1 &1 if we may judge f ! mann] ( lit]>y composition t prevail$ among ! anci5t ,hebrews & lat] among ! ,arabs1 ! "w ( ! compil]s ( om5 s]ies consi/$ ess5tially 9 comb9+ :atev] mat]ial !y c\ld obta91 & add+ su* obs]vations z !y !mselves _h made4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! om5 code ( "o place might diff] 9 details f t ( ano!r1 n only w\ld ! und]ly+ pr9ciples be ! same 9 all1 b ea* s]ies w\ld repres5t an aggregation ( exp]i5ces & obs]vations drawn f v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,a l>ge om5 s]ies ( :i* z yet only fragm5ts h be5 publi%$#egh be>s ! title ',illum9ation ( ,bel4' ,x is e/imat$ t ?is a/rological code embrac$ m ?an "o hundr$ tablets4 ,f ! fragm5ts publi%$1 ! g5]al me?od employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! s]ies c be ga!r$4 ,to ! moon & to ! sun1 to ea* ( ! planets1 & to ! important />s a sep>ate section 0 assign$4 ,9 ?is section ! peculi>ities1 regul> & irregul>1 connect$ ) ea* ( ! bodies 7 not$1 _! appe>ance & disappe>ance1 ! conditions prevail+ at ris+ & at sett+1 ! relation%ip ( ! moon to ! sun or to a />1 ( ! />s to "o ano!r & to ! ecliptic1 7 set =?4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! "t :5 a ph5om5on connect$ ) a planet or /> 0 z important z ! ph5om5on itself1 obs]vations 7 ent]$ = ! v>i\s mon?s ( ! ye> & = v>i\s days 9 ea* mon?4 ,! days 7 n arbitr>ily *os51 b1 z !re is e reason to believe1 select$ on ! basis ( pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,simil>ly ! int]pretations ( ! ph5om5a 7 f\nd$ on ! actual occurr5ce ( c]ta9 ev5ts at c]ta9 times :5 ! conditions indicat$ actually exi/$4 ,a s+le occurr5ce might suffice = pr$icat+ a connection betwe5 ! ev5t & ! ph5om5on4 ,! co9cid5ce w\ld con/itute an obs]vation1 b ! om5 w\ld naturally ga9 additional =ce if x 0 bas$ on a repeat$ obs]vation ( ! same ph5om5on on ! same day ( ! same mon?4 ,b su* a case w\ld be r>e1 & ! ef=t ( ! a/rolog]s w\ld be direct$ simply t[>ds ga!r+ z _m obs]vations ( ph5om5a z possible4 ,!y w\ld re/ cont5t :5 !y _h f\nd a s+le connection betwe5 ! ph5om5on & ! ev5t4 ,_! success 9 giv+ an answ] to a "q put to !m z to :at might happ5 on a c]ta9 day1 fix$ = battle or = lay+ ! f\ndations ( an edifice1 or = d$icat+ a temple1 = sett+ out on an exp$ition1 or = any und]tak+ :atsoev]1 w\ld dep5d on ! complet5ess ( _! li/s1 & correspond+ly ! int]pretation ( a ph5om5on occurr+ on any day w\ld entail no difficulties if 9 _! consultation li/s ! ph5om5on w\ld be record$4 ,! #bb;d tablet ( ! s]ies ',illum9ation ( ,bel' deals ) ! important subject ( eclipses4 ,x conta9s #hh l9es1 & furni%es u ) a good specim5 ( ! class ( om5s "u consid]ation4 ,x beg9s#egi ) eclipses t may take place dur+ ! fir/ mon?1 & runs along ?r\gh ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! #ad?1 #ae?1 #af?1 #bj?1 & #ba/ days ( ! mon? are ^? set d[n :5 eclipses h be5 obs]v$4 ,! (ficial "* ( ! om5s is indicat$ by _! repeat$ ref]5ces to ! nations ) :i* ,babylonia--& lat] ,assyria--came into contact1 & to ! fate 9 /ore = ! rul]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,= ! ?ird mon?1 ! tablet notes3 ,9 ! mon? ( ,sivan1 an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ad? day1 proce$+ f ea/ to we/1 beg9n+ ) ! middle wat*1#ehj & end+ ) ! morn+ wat*1 ! %ad[ be+ se5 9 ! ea/--! side ( obscuration--furni%es an om5#eha = ! k+ ( ,dilmun4#ehb ,! k+ ( ,dilmun is sla94 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ae? day1 ! k+ ( ,dilmun is sla91 & "s "o seizes ! ?rone4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #af? day1 ! k+ is depos$ & sla91 & a wor?less p]son seizes ! ?rone4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #bj? day1 ra9s desc5d f heav51 & ! canals are flood$4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ba/ day1 sorr[ & despair 9 ! l&4 ,! l& is full ( corpses4 ,! eclipses = ! f\r? mon? furni% om5s = ! k+ ( ,guti--ano!r di/rict ) :i* ,babylonia & ,assyria _h frequ5t deal+s4 ,an eclipse happ5+ 9 ! mon? ( ,tammuz on ! #ad? day1 proce$+ f ! we/ to ! s\?1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ wat* & end+ ) ! middle wat*1 ! %ad[ be+ se5 9 ! we/--! side ( obscuration--furni%es an om5 = ! k+ ( ,guti4 ,ov]?r[ ( ,guti by =ce1 foll[$ by complete submission4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ae? day#ehc1 ra9s desc5d f heav51 floods come ^u ! l&1 fam9e 9 ! l&4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #af? day1 wom5 h misc>riages4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #bj? day1 /orms set 9 & fam9e2 aft]w>ds = a ye> /orms de/roy prop]ty#ehd4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ba/ day1 ! armies ( ! k+ revolt & deliv] him into ! h&s ( enemies4 ,! eclipses ( ! foll[+ mon? deal ) sev]al c\ntries4 ,an eclipse 9 ! mon? ( ,ab#ehe on ! #ad? day1 proce$+ f ! s\? to ! ea/1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ wat*1 or ) ! morn+ wat*1 & end+ at sunrise1 ! %ad[ be+ se5 9 ! s\?--! side ( obscuration--furni%es an om5 = ! k+ ( ,umlia%4 ,! soldi]y are engag$ 9 sev]e conflicts = a ye>1 & are sla9 by =ce ( arms4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ae? day#ehf1 ! k+ dies1 & ra9s desc5d f heav51 & floods fill ! canals4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #af? day1 ! k+ ( ,babylonia dies4 ,pe/il5ce#ehg fe$s ^u ! c\ntry4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #bj? day1 ! k+ ( ! ,hittites#ehh 9 p]son 787 seizes ! ?rone4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ba/ day1 a deity /rikes 787 ! k+1 & fire consumes k+ & l&4 ,f ^! specim5s1 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! section is app>5t4 ,s9ce eclipses port5d public & political disa/]s ( "s k9d1 ! compil] has c>efully ga!r$ oracles giv5 on previ\s occasions to "s rul]1 or obs]vations ( ! ev5ts t occurr$ at ! "t ( ! record$ eclipses4 ,! app>5tly re/rict$ application ( ! om5s 0 no h9drance to _! practical use4 ,9 ! ev5t ( an a/rolog] be+ consult$ ) reg>d to ! significance ( an eclipse on a c]ta9 day1 8 li/ w\ld furni% a safe basis = fur!r progno/ications1 suitable to ! political conditions t prevail$4 ,b 9 ord] to meet all cont+5cies1 o!r li/s furni%+ fur!r om5s = eclipses 7 add$4 ,! #bb;d tablet ( ! ',illum9ation ( ,bel' s]ies is foll[$ by "o#ehi :i*1 :ile deal+ ) ! same subject1 approa*es x some:at diff]5tly1 & is bas$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,x beg9s aga9 ) ! fir/ mon?1 & 9 twelve p>agraphs takes up 9 succession ! mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,*oos+ = comp>ison ! same ?ree mon?s1 ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif?1 :i* we select$ 9 ! case ( ! #bb;d tablet1 x w be se5 t1 :ile ! ref]5ces are aga9 to public affairs1 ! progno/ications are ( a m g5]al "* & ( wid] applicability4 ,if 9 ! #c;d mon? an eclipse takes place on ! #ad? day1 ra9s w desc5d & flood ! canals4 ,/orms w cause inundations4 ,! soldi]y ( ,babylonia w de/roy ! c\ntry4 ,an eclipse on ! #ae? day indicates t k+ aga9/ k+ w s5d troops#eij4 ,! k+ ( legions dies4 ,an eclipse on ! #af? day signifies t ! k+ w be sla91 & t "s "o w seize ! ?rone4#eia ,an eclipse on ! #bj? day means t ! k+ w h& 8 ?rone to 8 son4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ba/ day port5ds ra91#eib & an invasion ( ! enemy's l&4 ,= ! #d? mon? an eclipse on ! #ad? day port5ds t ra9s w desc5d & ! canals w be flood$4 ,ra9s w cause inundations4 ,!re w be fam9e4 ,a l>ge c\ntry w be r$uc$ to a small "o4 ,an eclipse on ! #ae? day port5ds t ra9s w desc5d1 canals w be flood$1 & !re w be fam9e 9 ! l&4 ,an eclipse on ! #af? day port5ds fam9e = a ye>4 ,an eclipse on ! #bj? day port5ds de/ruction ( ! k+ & 8 army4 ,an eclipse happ5+ on ! #ba/ day indicates t !re w be a /rong w9d t w de/roy ! ri*es ( ! sea4#eic ,= ! #e? mon? an eclipse on ! #ad? day port5ds ra9s & flood+ ( canals4 ,! crops w be good & k+ w s5d peace to k+4#eid ,an eclipse on ! #ae? day port5ds de/ructive w>4 ,! l& w be fill$ ) corpses4 ,an eclipse on ! #af? day indicates t pregnant wom5 w be happily deliv]$ ( _! (fspr+4 ,an eclipse on ! #bj? day port5ds t lions w cause t]ror & t reptiles w appe>2 an eclipse on ! #ba/ day t de/ruction 787 w ov]take ! ri*es ( ! sea4#eic ,! vagu5ess ( _m ( ! progno/ications is 9 all probabilities int5tional1 j z we f\nd to be ! case 9 mo/ ( ! oracles ann\nc$ to ! k+s4 ,to pr$ict ra9s dur+ ! ra9y mon?s 0 comp>atively safe4 ,! /orms :i* visit$ ,babylonia annually br\ght ) !m de/ruction ( cattle4 ,!y condition$ ! f]tility ( ! c\ntry1 b pe/il5ce 0 (t5 caus$ by ! evaporation ( ! wat]s4 ,aga91 milit>y exp$itions 7 usually und]tak5 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> be=e ! great heat set 91 & 9 a c\ntry l ,assyria1 x 0 safe to haz>d a vague pr$iction t ho/ilities w\ld ensue1 & t "s di/rict w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,:at may be call$ ! 'eclectic' "* ( ! om5 s]ies "u consid]ation ?us becomes app>5t4 ,! li/s consi/$1 on ! "o h&1 ( om5s obta9$ on c]ta9 occasions & ) ref]5ce to "s specific circum/ance1 su* z a campaign aga9/ "s c\ntry1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( progno/ications ( a m g5]al "*1 bas$ on ! g5]al climatic conditions ( ! c\ntry1 & ref]r+ to ev5ts ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,all t ! scribes 9 prep>+ ! s]ies 7 conc]n$ )1 0 to collect z _m om5s z !y c\ld1 & to arrange !m 9 "s conv5i5t ord]4 ,j z !y prep>$ li/s ref]r+ to milit>y ev5ts1 s !y put toge!r o!rs 9 :i* "s o!r !me 0 treat$4 ,! reports & om5 tablets ?us complem5t "o ano!r4 ,! latt] are bas$ on ! =m]1 & ! =m] 7 obta9$ by ! int]pretation ( ph5om5a1 furni%$ by ! tablets & appli$ to ! p>ticul> case submitt$ to ! prie/s4 ,we ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 suppose t all progno/ications f\nd 9 ! s]ies1 especially 9 ^? p>ts ( x :i* are ( a m g5]al "*1 7 bas$ ^u reports actually made1 any m ?an t ! (ficial reports to ! k+s ev5 9 lat] days 7 always bas$ ^u a consultation ( "s s]ies ( tablets4 ,individual judgm5t1 bo? 9 compil+ a s]ies & 9 int]pret+ ph5om5a1 mu/ at all times h play$ "s "p4 ,! reports & ! s]ies also embody to "s ext5t ! results ( exp]i5ce n previ\sly put to writ+2 b ^! consid]ations d n alt] ! g5]al proposition set =? 9 ?is *apt] z to ! practical purpose s]v$ by ! om5 s]ies z well z by ! reports1 & ! pragmatic orig9 ( bo?4 ,! importance ( eclipses gave to om5s connect$ ) su* ev5ts a special significance4 ,eclipses1 h[ev]1 7 aft] all r>e ev5ts1 & :ile because ( _! r>ity !y always port5d$ some?+ ( great mom5t1 /ill ! ord9>y ph5om5a 7 ! ones t _h to be /udi$ by ! a/rolog]s ) great c>e 9 ord] to obta9 a rational view ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( nature & ! fate ( ! individual or ( ! /ate4 ,aga91 eclipses1 z a g5]al ?+1 po9t$ to a public disa/] ( "s k9d1 & ?is recogniz$ belief light5$ ! task ( ! prie/ consid]ably 9 ?is in/ance4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y ph5om5a x 0 mu* m difficult to f9d ! connection betwe5 cause & effect2 & 9 ! va/ majority ( in/ances :5 k+s & individuals s\ght ! temples = om5s1 ! heav5s mu/ h pres5t$ a normal & n an abnormal appe>ance4 ,:at answ]s 7 ! prie/s to give to ! que/ions put to !m8 ,0 x a favorable p]iod = und]tak+ a milit>y campaign8 ,on :at day %\ld ! k+ set out8 ,0 ! day fix$ on by ! c\ncil ( w> favorable = a battle8 ,on :at day %\ld ! f\ndation = ! temple or palace be laid8 ,w ! sick p]son recov]8 ,%\ld "o set out on a propos$ j\rney8 ,is ! day fix$ = a m>riage auspici\s8 ,recogniz+ by exp]i5ce t ! same ?+ und]tak5 at diff]5t times turn$ out diff]5tly1 9 ! "o case be+ br\ght to a successful issue1 9 ! o!r foll[$ by mis=tune1 ! conclusion 0 =c$ ^u ! popul> m9d 7z already set =? above7 t ! day on :i* some?+ 0 done or 0 to be done 0 ( great mom5t4 ,b h[ did "o day diff] f ! o!r8 ,t 0 ! "q = ! prie/s to det]m9e4 ,dur+ ! h\rs t ! sun 0 9 control1 ! cl\ds produc$ con/ant *anges 9 ! appe>ance ( ! heav5s1 b because ( _! irregul> "*1 ^! *anges impress$ ! ,babylonians less =cibly ?an ! /rik+ *anges t ! nights %[$4 ,! planets & />s nev] appe>$ alike on two successive nights4 ,!re 0 always "s *ange 9 ! position ( "s ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,to ^! *anges1 !n1 ! prie/s direct$ _! att5tion4 ,9 ! v>iations pres5t$ by ! heav5s at night !y saw a pot5t reason = ! v>y+ results produc$ by ! same act und]tak5 at diff]5t times4 ,if x made a diff]5ce at :at mom5t some?+ 0 done1 t diff]5ce c\ld only be det]m9$ by obs]v+ ! v>iations t "o night pres5t$ f ! o!r4 ,! a/rolog]s obs]v$ t _m ( ! />s 71 or seem$ to be1 fix$ 9 _! orbits2 o!rs rose & set l ! sun & moon1 & appe>$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! regul>ity ( ^! *anges made x possible to /udy ! c\rse ( ^! />s1 & z k progress$1 to det]m9e also 9 advance :]e a p>ticul> body w\ld be se5 at a c]ta9 "t4 ,! planets accord+ly 7 ! bodies to :i* ! a/rolog]s especially direct$ _! att5tion4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ ) "s %[ ( probability t "o ( ! purposes s]v$ by ! l(ty sev5 /ag$ t[]s1#eie :i* 7 atta*$ to _m ( ! great temples1 0 = ! bett] obs]vation ( ! movem5ts ( ! planets4 ,! (ficial /&+ ( ! a/rolog]s is indicat$ by ! ref]5ces 9 texts to ! 'c\rt a/rolog]4' ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is no d\bt t at all ! l>ge temples & at _m ( ! small] ones1 obs]vations ( ! planets 7 record$4 ,! collection ( ^! obs]vations =m$ ! manuals = ! prie/s 9 answ]+ _m ( ! que/ions put to !m4 ,ea* ( ! great planets 0 id5tifi$ 7by a process ( ?\ght t we w h occasion to describe7 ) "s deity1 ?\gh ?is 0 n done until ! attempt 0 also made to ga!r ! a/rological k ( ! day into "s k9d ( consi/5t sy/em4 ,our own names ( ! planets1 z h&$ d[n to u ?r\gh ! ,greeks & ,romans1 are b ! classical equival5ts ( ! ,babylonian deities4#eif ,jupit] is ,m>duk1 ! head ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,v5us is ! ,babylonian ,i%t>4 ,m>s is ,n]gal1 ! god ( w> & pe/il5ce4 ,m]cury is ,nabu1 ! god ( wisdom & ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 & ,saturn is ,n9ib4 ,among ! a/rological texts pres]v$1 ,i%t>-,v5us figures m prom95tly ?an ! o!r planets4 ,! appe>ance ( ,i%t> dur+ ea* mon? & = v>i\s days ( ! mon? 0 not$1 & !n int]pret$1 p>tly on ! basis ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 b also by o!r factors t = ! mo/ "p escape u4 ,a tablet1 furni%+ om5s d]iv$ f ! position ( ! planet ,v5us & :i* may belong to ! s]ies ',illum9ation ( ,bel1' deals ) ! p]iods ( ! disappe>ance ( ,v5us z ev5+ />1 & h] reappe>ance z morn+ />1 & vice v]sa#eig4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,tammuz 7#d? mon?7 ,v5us disappe>$ on ! #be? day at sunset1 = sev5 days 0 hidd5#eih1 & on ! #b;d day ( ,ab 7#e? mon?7 0 se5 at sunrise4 ,ra9s 9 ! l&4 ,de/ruction (#eii 444 ,9 ! mon? ( ,ad> 7#ab? mon?7 ,v5us disappe>$ on ! #be? day at sunrise4 ,= a ye> 787 weapons are wield$#fjj 7871 gold#eii 444 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>*e%wan 7#h? mon?71 #aj? day1 ,v5us disappe>$ at sunrise1 = two mon?s & six days 0 hidd51 & reappe>$ on ! #af? day ( ,tebet 7#aj? mon?74 ,!re w be abundant crops4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,elul 7#f? mon?71 #bf? day1 ,v5us disappe>$ at sunset1 = elev5 days 0 hidd51 & 9 ! second#fja ,elul1 on ! #g? day1 reappe>$ at sunset4 ,! he>t ( ! l& is good4#f ,9 ! mon? ( ,nisan 7#a/ mon?71 on ! #i? day1 ,v5us disappe>$ at sunsets#fjb 7871 & = five mon?s & sixte5 days 0 hidd51 & reappe>$ 9 ! mon? ( ,elul 7#f? mon?71 on ! #be? day1 at sunset4 ,! he>t ( ! l& is good4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,ab 7#e? mon?71 #aj? day1 ,v5us disappe>$ at sunset#fjc 7871 & = two#fjd mon?s & sixte5 days 0 hidd51 & reappe>$ on ! #bf? day ( ,m>*e%wan 7#h? mon?74 ,ra9s 9 ! l&4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,nisan1 #b;d day1 ,v5us appe>$ at sunrise4 ,!re w be di/ress 9 ! l&4 ,if ,v5us is /ation>y to ! #f? day ( ,kislev 7#i? mon?7 at sunrise1 & !n disappe>s on ! #g? day ( ,kislev1 & is hidd5 = ?ree mon?s to reappe> on ! #h? day ( ,ad> 7#ab? mon?7 at sunset1 x indicates t k+ aga9/ k+ w s5d ho/ility4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,kislev 7#i? mon?71 #aj? day1 ,v5us appe>$ at sunrise4 ,lack ( corn & hay 9 ! l&4 ,if %e rema9s 9 position up to ! #ad? day ( ,ab 7#e? mon?7 at sunrise1 & !n on ! #ae? day disappe>s1 & = ?ree mon?s is hidd51 & on ! #ae? day ( ,m>*e%wan 7#h? mon?7 rises at sunset1 ! crops ( ! l& w be good4 ,a colophon in=ms u t ! tablet 9 "q embodies a s]ies ( obs]vations ( ! movem5ts ( ,v5us record$ by ,babylonian s*ol>s4 ,x 0 evid5tly ! purpose ( ! compil]s to commit to writ+ z _m v>iations 9 ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ! planet z possible4 ,! om5s mu/ ei!r h be5 furni%$ at "o "t or !y embody actual occurr5ces t 7 obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! obs]vation record$4 ,9 ei!r case ! om5s s]v$ z guides = ! prie/s 9 _! replies to inquiries4 ,an om5 once furni%$ or an ev5t once obs]v$ z hav+ tak5 place "u giv5 conditions ( a planet s]v$ = all times4 ,! om5 li/s = ! o!r planets 7 arrang$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! ,v5us li/4 ,! motions ( ! planets 7 c>efully obs]v$4 ,x 0 not$ :e!r !y rose brilliantly or ) a pale color4 ,_! position t[>ds o!r />s 0 det]m9$1 & mu* m ! l4 ,besides ! planets1 v>i\s />s t 7 di/+ui%$ by _! brilliancy1 z ,sirius1 ,ant>es1 ,regulus1 & also comets1 7 includ$ 9 ! sph]e ( a/ronomical calculations1 & furni%$ om5s to ! prie/s4 ,^! om5s1 s f> z we may judge f ! texts at pres5t publi%$1 all h+e ar\nd ! same s]ies ( ev5ts t are ref]r$ to 9 ! illu/rations giv51--ra91 crops1 w>1 di/ress1 ! c\ntry's prosp]ity1 ! k+'s welf>e or mis=tune4 ,ano!r piece ( evid5ce is ?us furni%$ = ! hypo!sis t ^! li/s are bas$ ^u reports made to royal ma/]s1 & t ! reports aga9 are obta9$ f ! li/s prep>$ = public & political ne$s4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 conclude f ?is fact t ! obs]vation ( heav5ly ph5om5a 0 ( no significance at all = ! private individual1 b only t ! position ( ! k+ & ! g5]al welf>e ( ! c\ntry 7 reg>d$ ( l>g] mom5t4 ,j z ! gods 7 held responsible *iefly = ! l>g] affairs ( ?is _w1 ! trifles be+ relegat$ to ! spirits & demons1#fje s ! planets & />s1 z symbols ( ! gods1 7 reg>d$ z auguries = ! *ief ( ! c\ntry r ?an = ! miscellane\s population1 & m = ! g5]al welf>e ?an = individual prosp]ity4 ,! individual %>$ 9 ! om5 furni%$1 9 s f> z 8 well-be+ 0 dep5d5t ^u su* important cont+5cies z :e!r !re 0 to be w> or peace1 good crops or bad4 ,a population s l>gely engag$ 9 agriculture z ! ,babylonians 71 w\ld be satisfi$ if !y c\ld be reassur$ z to ! outcome ( _! "w 9 ! fields4 ,ih]+ has prop]ly emphasiz$ ! /rong hold t ! conception ( communal int]e/s obta9$ 9 ,babylonia4#fjf ,?is conception is reflect$ 9 ! prom95ce giv5 to public & political affairs 9 ! om5 li/s & 'om5' reports4 ,agriculture 0 ! primal factor 9 produc+ ?is conception 9 ! s\?2 w> :i* unit$ ! population1 ev5 ?\gh milit>y s]vice 0 =c$ ^u ! p1 0 ! second factor2 & 9 ,assyria1 :]e milit>y exp$itions occupi$ a mu* l>g] %>e ( public att5tion ?an 9 ,babylonia1 w> became ! *ief factor 9 keep+ alive ! ?\ght ( national solid>ity4 ,om5 ,cal5d>s4 ,!re 0 /ill ano!r reason :y ! k+ & ) him public affairs1 receiv$ su* prom95ce 9 ! om5 texts4 ,z ! nation's rul] he 0 n only an important p]sonage by virtue ( 8 p[] ov] 8 subjects1 b also by virtue ( 8 close relation%ip to ! gods4 ,! !ory ( ! 'div9e "r ( k+s' 0 rigidly adh]$ to 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,:5 ! mon>*s speak ( !mselves z nom9at$ by ?is or t god to be ! rul] ( ! c\ntry1 ?is 0 n a m]e phrase4 ,! k+ 0 ! vic> ( ! deity on e>?1 8 repres5tative :o enjoy$ div9e favor & :o 0 admitt$ into ! confid5ce ( ! gods4 ,9 e>li] days prie/ly functions 7 indissolubly associat$ ) k+%ip4 ,! olde/ k+s ( ,assyria call !mselves '! prie/s ( ,a%ur1' & x is only z ) ! gr[? ( political p[] a diff]5tiation ( functions takes place t ! prie/1 z ! m$iator betwe5 ! deity & 8 subjects1 becomes di/9ct f ! secul> rul]4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ?is process l$ to ! curi\s b p]fectly natural anomaly t ! k+1 f be+ orig9ally id5tical ) ! prie/1 becomes 9 l>ge measure dep5d5t ^u ! latt] 9 8 relations to ! gods4 ,9 ! m advanc$ /ages ( ! religi\s cult1 ! k+ requires ! s]vice ( a prie/ to act z m$iator betwe5 himself & ! gods1 precisely z all ( 8 subjects ne$ ?is m$iator%ip4 ,! k+ _c obta9 an oracle directly4 ,he mu/ s5d to ! temple & inquire ( ! prie/s4 ,! prie/ mu/ int]c$e = ! k+ :5 he ?r[s himself ^u ! m]cy ( an ang]$ god or goddess4 ,! royal sacrifice is n acceptable unless ! prie/ /&s by ! side ( ! k+4 ,/ill !re are traces left ( ! old direct relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! k+ & 8 gods4 ,a god sometimes reveals himself directly to a rul]4 ,i%t> appe>s 9 a dream & gives him directions4 ,ano!r & m significant trace ( ?is old] relation%ip is to be f\nd 9 ! importance assign$ to ! religi\s conduct ( ! k+4 ,if an individual (f5ds a deity1 ! individual alone suff]s1 or at ! mo/ 8 family is involv$ 9 ! puni%m5t inflict$2 b if ! k+ s9s1 ! :ole c\ntry suff]s1 & correspond+ly ! k+'s atonem5t & reconciliation ) ! gods is ess5tial = dispell+ "s national calamity4 ,fraz] has %[n by 8 admirable inve/igations#fjg t ?is view ( k+%ip is common to _m nations ( antiquity4 ,:ile x did n lead among ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians to t extreme :i* is be/ illu/rat$ by ,japan1 :]e ! ,mikado1 by virtue ( 8 div9e "r1 is h$g$ 9 ) prescrib$ =malities t make him almo/ a prison]1 s closely is he wat*$ by 8 att5dants le/ any mi/ake be made by him :i* is c]ta9 to entail s]i\s consequ5ces = ! c\ntry1 /ill ! prie/s _h to see to x t ! rul]s p]=m$ _! duties t[>ds ! gods 9 ! prescrib$ mann] & ) all possible accuracy4 ,! conduct ( ! k+ 0 ( special significance at p]iods :5 = "s reason or o!r1 ! gods 7 n favorably dispos$4 ,p>tly on ! basis ( actual obs]vation t eclipses 7:i* 7 especially fe>$7 _h occurr$ on c]ta9 days ( ! mon?1 p>tly z a consequ5ce ( ! belief t ! *ange 9 ! moon's phase augur$ some?+ good or evil = humanity1 & 9 "p p]haps ?r\gh ! co9cid5ce t on a c]ta9 day ( ! mon?1 mi%aps ( "s k9d _h occurr$ sev]al times1 c]ta9 mon?s & c]ta9 days ( ea* mon? 7 reg>d$ z favorable1 :ile o!rs 7 unfavorable4 ,"s mon?s & "s days 7 suitable = d$icat+ a build+1 o!rs 7 n4 ,on "s days an oracle might be s\ght1 on o!rs n4 ,"s days 7 days ( rejoic+1 on o!rs aga9 m\rn+ 0 appropriate4 ,advantage _h to be tak5 ( ! favorable days to keep ! deity 9 good humor1 & x 0 equally important on ! unfavorable ones to ex]cise great c>e n to d aught :i* might ar\se ! ang] ( a god1 ready to be inc5s$4 ,x is ! k+ :o c be/ accompli% ! "o ?+ & avoid ! o!r4 ,to him1 z /&+ ne>] ! deity ?an any private individual1 ! c\ntry look$ = safety & protection4 ,cal5d>s 7 prep>$ = ea* mon? ( ! ye>1 9 :i* ! peculi> "* ( ea* day 0 not$ & in/ructions add$ :at 0 to be done on ea* day4 ,^! in/ructions all h ref]5ce to ! k+ & to ! k+ alone4 ,a complete cal5d> = ! int]calat$ mon? ( ,elul has be5 pres]v$4#fjh ,x may s]ve z an example ( ! bran* ( ! om5 lit]ature to :i* x belongs4 ,! ?irty days ( ea* mon? are tak5 up 9 succession4 ,! deity to :i* ea* day is sacr$ is indicat$1 & v>i\s sacrifices or precautions prescrib$4 ,a curi\s feature ( ?is cal5d> 0 t1 s9ce x 0 ! hope to make e day 'favorable1' ea* day 0 call$ s1 ev5 :5 x is evid5t t x 0 n4 ,= ! #a/ day ( ,elul ! second1#fji sacr$ to ,anu & ,bel1 a favorable day4 ,:5 ! moon makes its appe>ance 9 ?is mon?1 ! k+ ( _m peoples br+s 8 gift1 a gazelle toge!r ) fruit1 444 8 gift to ,%ama%1 "l ( ! c\ntries1 & to ,s91 ! great god1 he gives4 ,sacrifices he (f]s1 & 8 pray] to 8 god#faj is acceptable4 ,on ! #b;d day sacr$ to goddesses1 a favorable day4 ,! k+ br+s 8 gift to ,%ama%1 ! "l#faa ( c\ntries4 ,to ,s91 ! great god1 he (f]s sacrifices4 ,8 pray] to ! god is acceptable4 ,on ! #c;d day1 a day ( supplication to ,m>duk & ,s>panitum1 a favorable day4 ,at night1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m>duk & ,i%t>1#fab ! k+ br+s 8 gift4 ,sacrifices he is to (f] s t 8 pray] may be acceptable4 ,on ! #f? day1 sacr$ to ,ramman & ,belit1#fac a favorable day4 ,! k+1 ) pray] & supplication 7871 at night 9 ! pres5ce ( ,ramman1 (f]s 8 gift4 ,sacrifices he is to br+ s t 8 pray] may be acceptable4 ,on ! #g? day1 supplication to ,m>duk & ,s>panitum1 a favorable day 7sc4 may x be74 ,an evil day4 ,! %eph]d ( _m nations is n to eat meat roa/$ by ! fire1 or any food prep>$ by ! fire4 ,! clo!s ( 8 body he is n to *ange1 f9e dress 787 he is n to put on4 ,sacrifices he is n to br+1 nor is ! k+ to ride 9 8 *>iot4 ,he is n to hold c\rt nor is ! prie/ to seek an oracle = him 9 ! holy ( holies4#fad ,! physician is n to be br\ght to ! sick room4#fae ,! day is n suitable = invok+ curses4#faf ,at night1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m>duk & ,i%t>1 ! k+ is to br+ 8 gift4 ,!n he is to (f] sacrifices s t 8 pray] may be acceptable4 ,?is #g? day1 x w be obs]v$1 is expressly call$ an evil day4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! phrase 'favorable day' 9 ! fir/ l9e expresses a hope & n a fact1 or is add$ to indicate ! mann] 9 :i* ! day c be conv]t$ into a favorable "o4 ,j z ! #g? day1 s ! #ad?1 #ba/1 & #bh? are call$ evil days1 & ! same c]emonies are prescrib$ = ! k+ on ^! days4 ,^! days 7 evid5tly *os5 z correspond+ to ! phases ( ! moon4 ,b besides ^! f\r days1 a fif?1 namely1 ! #ai?1 is s+l$ out 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,! comp>ison ) ! ,biblical ,sabba? naturally sugge/s itself4 ,! *oice ( ! #g? day & ( ! correspond+ ones re/s1 ( c\rse1 9 bo? in/ances ^u ! lun> cal5d>1 & !re is also ?is simil>ity betwe5 ! ,sabba? ( ! ,hebrews & ! 'evil day' ( ! ,babylonians1 t ! precautions prescrib$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*al codes--aga9/ k9dl+ fires1 aga9/ leav+ "o's home1 aga9/ any productive labor--po9t to ! ,hebrew ,sabba? z hav+ be5 at its orig9 an 'inauspici\s day1' on :i* x 0 dang]\s to %[ oneself or to call ! deity's att5tion to "o's exi/5ce4 ,despite ! attempts made to *ange ?is day to "o ( 'joy1' z ,isaiah w\ld h x1#fag ! ,hebrew ,sabba? cont9u$ to reta9 = a long "t z a trace ( its orig91 a r sev]e & sombre aspect4 ,a /rik+ diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! ,hebrew rites is ! abs5ce 9 ! latt] ( ! !ory t ! atonem5t ( a s+le individual suffices = ! community4 ,! precautions prescrib$ = ! ,sabba? are b9d+ ^u e "o4 ,emphasis is laid 9 ! ,p5tateu* ^u ! fact t ! :ole p is holy1 :]eas among ! ,babylonians ! k+ alone is holy4 ,he alone is to ab/a9 f 8 ord9>y acts1 to conduct himself on ! evil day ) becom+ humility1 to put on no f9]ies1 n to indulge 9 da9ty food1#fah n to appe> 9 royal /ate1 nei!r to appeal to ! gods 7= !y w n he> !m71 nor ev5 to int]f]e ) _! work+s by call+ 9 human aid aga9/ ! demon ( disease1 :o may h be5 s5t z ! mess5g] ( "o ( ! gods4 ,x is only at ! close ( ! day t he c br+ a sacrifice :i* w be acceptable4 ,! k+1 by obs]v+ ^! precautions1 insures ! welf>e ( 8 p4 ,! gods c>$ little = individual piety1 b !y kept a jeal\s eye on _! e>?ly repres5tative4 ,8 appeals 7 he>d if prop]ly pres5t$ & if pres5t$ at ! "r "t1 b woe to ! p ^: k+ has ar\s$ ! div9e ang]4 ,j z 8 acts ( p5it5ce h a repres5tative "*1 s ! gifts & sacrifices & supplications m5tion$ 9 ! cal5d> are (f]$ by ! k+ on behalf ( ! :ole p4 ,= ! rema9+ days ( ,elul1 ! ord9ances h mu* ! same "* z ^? in/anc$4 ,! v>iation consi/s *iefly 9 ! god or gods to :om ! days are sacr$4 ,n[ x is ,nabu & 8 consort ,ta%mitum--on ! #d?1 #h?1 & #ag? days--to :om gifts & pray]s are br\ght2 aga9 ,n9ib & 8 consort ,gula1 on ! #i?1#fai--or ,gula alone1 on ! #ai?4 ,to ,m>duk & ,s>panitum ! #af? day is assign$1 besides ! #c;d & #g? days z above set =?2 to ,ramman & 8 consort ! #f?1 to ! old ,bel & ,belit ! #e?1 ! #ab?1 ! #be?1 & to ,n]gal & ,bau ! #bg?4 ,at times two male deities are 9 association4 ,s ,anu & ,bel = ! #a/ & ! #cj? day1 ,ea & ,n]gal = ! #bh?1 ,s9 & ,%ama% = ! #ah?1 #bj?1 #ba/1 & #bb;d1 or two goddesses1 z ,ta%mitum & ,s>panitum1 or a god alone1 z ,ea = ! #bf?1 or ,s9 alone = ! #ac?1 & once--! #bi? day--,s9 & ,%ama% are comb9$ ) ! miscellane\s gr\p ( ,igigi & ,anunnaki4 ,all ! great gods are ?us repres5t$ 9 ! cal5d>4 ,! basis on :i* ! days are assign$ /ill escapes u4 ,x is h>d to believe t any /rict uni=mity exi/$ 9 ?is respect 9 ! cults atta*$ to ! v>i\s ,babylonian temples4 ,pref]5ce w\ld be %[n 9 ea* c5t] to ! *ief god wor%ipp$ !re1 :ile to o!rs w\ld be assign$ a position correspond+ to "s !ological sy/em devis$ by ! prie/s4 ,uni=mity & consi/5cy are two elem5ts t mu/ n be look$ = 9 ! om5 lit]ature ( any p4 ,! v fact t om5s h "s rational basis1 namely1 obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 is ! v reason :y ! om5 li/s & om5 cal5d>s ( "o place %\ld diff] f ^? ( ano!r1 & precisely to ! same degree t obs]vation & exp]i5ce diff]4 ,! int]calat$ mon?s1 by virtue ( _! extraord9>y "*1 _h p]haps a special significance1 b e day ( ! ye> _h an importance ( "s k9d4 ,?is is %[n by a ,babylonian cal5d>1 =tunately pres]v$ 9 great "p1#fbj 9 :i* e day ( ! ye> is includ$1 & ei!r its "* not$ or "s precautions prescrib$4 ,! indications 9 ?is cal5d> are m>k$ by _! brevity1 & impress "o z memor&a1 int5d$ z a guide to ! prie/s4 ,! cal5d> consi/s ( twelve columns4 ,at ! head ( ea* column /&s ! "n ( "o ( ! mon?s4 ,"o or1 at ! mo/1 two l9es are devot$ to ea* day ( ! mon?1 ! days be+ rang$ 9 succession f "o to ?irty4 ,= a s]ies ( days 9 ! #b;d mon? ! indications are3 #ba/ day1 ho/ility4 #bb;d day1 judgm5t favorable1 invok+ ( curses4 #bc;d day1 he>t n good4 #bd? day1 gladness ( he>t4 #be? day1 wife n to be approa*$1 he>t n good4 #bf? day1 secret4 ,su* indications x is evid5t are intelligible only to ! initiat$4 ,) ! help ( ! m complete cal5d>s1 su* z ! "o above expla9$1 we c 9 mo/ cases det]m9e :at is meant by ^! memor&a4 ,a note l 'ho/ility' is an om5 t ! gods are unfavorably incl9$ on t day4 ,! 'judgm5t' ref]r$ to on ! #bb;d day is ! oracle4 ,! day 9 "q is suitable = obta9+ a response to a "q put to ! deity1 & a favorable occasion = invok+ curses ^u ! enemy4 ,x w be recall$ t ! #g? day ( ! second int]calat$ ,elul is put d[n z "o :5 x is n advisable to secure ! ill w ( ! god aga9/ ! enemy4 ,an expression l 'he>t n good' is expla9$ by ! contra/ 'he>t glad4' ,! #bc;d day ( ! mon? is a day ( sorr[1 ! #bd? "o on :i* "o may be *e]ful )\t ar\s+ ! jeal\sy ( ! gods or demons4 ,! #be? is aga9 an unfavorable day 9 :i*1 z a precaution1 sexual int]c\rse is prohibit$4 ,la/ly1 ! ^w r5d]$ 'secret'#fba is ! same "o t we came across 9 ! precautions prescrib$ = ! #g? day ( ! second ,elul1 :]e we are told t ! prie/ is n to ent] ! 'secret' place4 ,?is t]m appe>s to describe ! 'holy ( holies' 9 ! ,babylonian temples :]e ! oracles 7 obta9$4 ,! s+le ^w 'secret' 0 a suffici5t indication = ! prie/ t on ! day 9 "q he might ent] ! my/]i\s *amb] ( ! temple )\t trepidation4 ,_m ( ! days ( ! ye> are simply set d[n z 'favorable' or 'unfavorable1' :ile o!rs 7 not$ z days port5d+ 'di/ress1' 'tr\ble1' 'te>s1' 'injury1' 'ev]y?+ favorable1' 'd>kness1' 'moon obscur$1' & ! l4 ,( special int]e/ are ! prohibitions reg>d+ food on c]ta9 days4 ,on ! #i? day ( ! #b;d mon? fi% is n to be eat5 or sickness w ensue4 ,sw9e's meat is =bidd5 on ! #cj? day ( ! #e? mon?1 & 9 ?is case ! p>ticul> k9d ( sickness--disease ( ! jo9ts--is specifi$ t w ensue 9 case ( disob$i5ce4 ,on ano!r day1 ! #be? ( ! #g? mon?1 beef z well z pork is =bidd51 :ile on ! #aj? day ( ! #h? mon? & ! #bg? day ( ! #f? mon?1 dates are =bidd5 z a precaution aga9/ eye disease4 ,"o is n to cross a /ream#fbb on ! #bj? day ( ! #e? mon?2 on c]ta9 days "o is n to sell gra92 o!r days are aga9 not$ z specially favorable = milit>y movem5ts4 ,"s ( ! precautions prescrib$ 9 ?is cal5d> may h be5 meant = ! populace 9 g5]al1 su* z ! ord] n to cross a /ream or to /rike a b>ga94 ,! belief 9 lucky & unlucky days has a di/9ct popul> flavor1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! ord9>y public consult$ ! prie/s1 z a g5]al ?+1 9 ord] to f9d out :at days 7 lucky & :at n4 ,x is m plausible to assume t ! prie/s embodi$ 9 _! (ficial cal5d>s "s ( ! notions t arose among ! p1 & gave to !m an (ficial sanction4 ,!re are a consid]able numb] ( ref]5ces to ! k+ 9 ! complete cal5d> "u consid]ation1 & we are p]mitt$ to assume1 !re=e1 t ! cal5d> s]v$ z a fur!r guide = ! prie/s 9 _! in/ructions to ! k+4 ,! allusion to oracles1 curses1 & weapons po9ts 9 ?is same direction1 & :51 z 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 a day is describ$ z "o on :i* ,%ama% or "s o!r god is 'angry1' x is 9 all probabilities aga9/ ! rul] r ?an aga9/ private individuals t ! god's displeasure has be5 manife/$4 ,a simil> (ficial & public "* is borne by ano!r cal5d>1 :]e mon?s alone are indicat$ & _! significance int]pret$4#fbc ,! twelve mon?s are arrang$ 9 z _m columns4 ,"u ea* column ! indications 'favorable' or 'n' are ent]$1 :ile at ! "r end ( ! tablet ! specifications are add$ = :at und]tak+s ! mon? is1 or is n1 favorable4 ,"o ( ^! specifications is ! soldi]y to make an attack ^u a ho/ile city1 & ^u ref]r+ to ! li/ ( mon?s1 we le>n t ! #b;d1 #f?1 #g?1 #h?1 & #ab? mon?s are favorable = su* an und]tak+1 b ! o!rs are 'n4' ,aga91 ! #a/1 #c;d1 #d?1 #f?1 #h?1 #i?1 #aj?1 & #aa? are 'favorable' = ! entrance ( any army ^u =eign soil1 b ! rema9d] 'n4' ,! o!r specifications ref] likewise to ! movem5ts ( ! armies4 ,su* a cal5d> 0 evid5tly drawn up on ! basis ( om5s1 = a specific purpose1 &1 we may add1 = "s specific exp$ition to s]ve z a guide to ! milit>y comm&]4 ,9 ! same way1 cal5d>s 7 drawn up devot$ to indications reg>d+ crops & = o!r purposes ( public int]e/4 ,to a m limit$ ext5t1 private affairs are also t\*$ ^u4 ,to ent] ^u a fur!r discussion ( details is unnecess>y at ?is po9t1 & w\ld c>ry u too f> f ! ma9 purpose ( ?is *apt]1 :i* is to po9t out ! div]se ways 9 :i* ! belief 9 om5s is illu/rat$ by ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians4 ,x is suffici5t to h made cle> t ! oracles & dreams1 ! li/s ( om5s d]iv$ f eclipses1 ! works on ! planets & />s & ! cal5d>s1 all h ! same orig9 due to obs]vation ( co9cid5ces1 to pa/ exp]i5ce1 & to a v>iety ( comb9ations1 "s logical & "s fanciful1 ( suppos$ relation%ips betwe5 cause & effect2 & n only ! same orig91 b ! li/s & cal5d>s s]v$ also ! same ma9 purpose ( guides = ! prie/s 9 reply+ to ! que/ions put to !m by _! royal ma/]s & 9 =w>d+ in/ructions to ! rul] = ! regulation ( 8 own conduct s t he & 8 p might enjoy ! protection & good w ( ! gods4 ,b ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s1 :ile play+ p]haps ! mo/ prom95t "p 9 ! d]ivation ( om5s1 0 n ! only res\rce at ! comm& ( ! prie/s = progno/icat+ ! future4 ,almo/ daily1 /range signs might be obs]v$ among m5 & animals1 & :atev] 0 /range 0 ( necessity fraught ) "s mean+4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! prie/ to discov] t mean+4 ,om5s ,f ,t]re/rial ,ph5om5a4 ,mon/rosities1 human & animal1 & all species ( mal=mations ar\s$ att5tion4 ,! r>] _! occurr5ce1 ! great] ! significance atta*$ to !m4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! movem5ts ( animals1 ! flight ( birds1 ! appe>ance ( snakes at c]ta9 places1 ( locu/s1 lions1 ! actions ( dogs1 ! direction ( ! w9ds1 ! /ate ( riv]s1 & all possible accid5ts & exp]i5ces t m5 may enc\nt] 9 _! h\se1 9 ! /reet1 9 cross+ /reams1 & 9 sleep 7 obs]v$4 ,ev]y?+ 9 any way unusual 0 important1 & ev5 common occurr5ces 7 ( "s significance4 ,! ext5sive om5 lit]ature t 0 produc$ 9 ,babylonia is an indication ( ! ext5t to :i* m5's lives 7 h$g$ 9 by ! belief 9 port5ts4 ,sev]al ?\s& tablets 9 ! portion ( ,a%urbanabal's libr>y t has be5 rescu$ f oblivion ?r\gh mod]n excavations1 deal ) om5s ( ?is g5]al class4 ,sev]al di/9ct s]ies1 "s embrac+ ov] "o hundr$ tablets1 h already be5 di/+ui%$4 ,"o ( ^! s]ies deals ) all k9ds ( peculi>ities t occur 9 human infants & 9 ! "y ( animals2 ano!r ) ! ?+s t may happ5 to a man2 a ?ird ) ! movem5ts ( v>i\s animals1 & m ! l4 ,z yet b a small portion ( ^! tablets h be5 publi%$1#fbd b ?anks to ! indications giv5 by ,dr4 ,bezold 9 8 great catalogue ( ! ,k\yunjik ,collection1 a fair idea ( ! g5]al "* ( ! ,babylonian om5 lit]ature may be =m$4 ,on :at pr9ciple ! om5s 7 d]iv$1 x is aga9 difficult to det]m9e 9 detail1 b t "s logical pr9ciples controll$ ! int]pretations _c be d\bt$4 ,jevons has %[n#fbe t 9 sympa!tic magic1--( :i* ! int]pretation ( om5s is an (f%oot1--! same logical me?ods are foll[$ z 9 mod]n sci5ce4 ,! fam\s ',*aldean wisdom1' :i* is to be look$ = 9 ?is widespread om5 lit]ature1 w\ld n h creat$ s deep an impression on ! anci5t _w1 if ! !ologians ( ! ,euphrates ,valley1 9 incorporat+ primitive magic 9 ! (ficial religion1 _h n be5 successful 9 giv+ to _! int]pretations ( occurr5ces 9 nature & 9 ! animal _w1 ! appe>ance1 at lea/1 ( a consi/5t sci5ce4 ,tak+ up z our fir/ illu/ration ! s]ies devot$ to bir? port5ts1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! sy/em foll[$ 9 pres5t+ ! v>i\s phases ( ! g5]al subject4 ,a broad di/9ction is drawn betwe5 significant ph5om5a 9 ! case ( human infants & 9 ! case ( ! "y ( animals4 ,ab\t a doz5 tablets are tak5 up ) an enum]ation ( om5s connect$ ) new-born *ildr51 & "o ga9s ! impression f ! va/ numb] ( port5ts includ$ 9 ! li/s t orig9ally e bir? port5d$ some?+4 ,! fact t bir?s 7 ( daily occurr5ce did n remove ! s5se ( my/]y ar\s$ by ?is sudd5 appe>ance ( a new life4 ,e "p ( ! body 0 embrac$ 9 ! om5s3 ! e>s1 eyes1 m\?1 nose1 lips1 arms1 h&s1 feet1 f+]s1 toes1 brea/1 g5]atory organs4 ,att5tion 0 direct$ to ! %apes ( ^! v>i\s memb]s & organs4 ,! e>s ( a *ild might sugge/ ! e>s ( a dog or ( a lion or ( a sw9e1 & simil>ly ! nose1 m\?1 lips1 h&s1 or feet might pres5t a peculi> appe>ance4 ,a s+le memb] or ! features 9 g5]al might be small or abnormally l>ge4 ,all ^! peculi>ities meant some?+2 & s9ce few if any *ildr5 are born )\t pres5t+ "s peculi>ities 9 "s "p ( ! body1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! int5tion ( ! compil]s ( ! s]ies 0 to provide a complete h&book = ! int]pretation ( signs connect$ ) ! bir? ( *ildr54 ,naturally ! total abs5ce ( "s memb] ( ! body 9 case ( ! new-born or any mal=mation 0 a sign ( especial significance4 ,h5ce we are told :at 0 port5d$ by a *ild born )\t h&s or feet or e>s or lips1 or ) only "o ( ^! memb]s1 or ) only "o eye1 or ) no m\? or no tongue1 or ) six f+]s on "o or on bo? h&s1 or six toes on "o or on bo? feet1 or )\t g5]atory organs4#fbf ,! r>] ! ph5om5on1 ! great] ! significance is1 z we h se51 a g5]al pr9ciple 9 ! sci5ce ( augury4 ,! bir? ( tw9s accord+ly plays an important role 9 ! s]ies4 ,9 fact1 ! op5+ tablet is devot$ 9 "p to ?is phase ( ! subject4 ,we are told1 = example1 t#fbg ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s1 "o male & "o female1 x is an unfavorable om54 ,! l& is 9 favor#fbh1 b t h\se 7:]e9 ! *ild 0 born7 w be r$uc$4 ,& aga91 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s1 & bo? are br\ght out alive7871#fbi b ! "r h& ( "o is lack+1 ! rul] 787 w be kill$ by =ce1 ! l& w be dim9i%$4444 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s1 & bo? are br\ght out alive 7871 b nei!r ( !m h "r h&s1 ! produce ( ! c\ntry w be consum$ by ! enemy4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s1 & bo? are br\ght out alive 7871 b ! "r foot ( "o is miss+1 an enemy w = "o ye> di/urb ! fix$ ord] ( ! c\ntry4#fcj ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! om5s be> on public z well z private affairs4 ,! "p play$ by public matt]s 9 !m v>ies1 b t ! k+ & ! c\ntry are s frequ5tly introduc$ is an indication aga9 ( ! (ficial "* giv5 to ^! om5 tablets4 ,only prie/s ^: *ief conc]n 0 ) ! c\rt & ! g5]al welf>e w\ld h be5 impell$ to m+le 9 ?is curi\s way ! fate ( ! individual ) t ( ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,! bir? ( tw9s 9 itself is an om5 = ! h\se :]e ! ev5t occurs2 b tw9s t are mon/rosities1 ) a foot or a h& lack+1 port5d some?+ ( import to ! g5]al welf>e4 ,! tablet proce$s1 aft] f9i%+ "o phase ( ! subject1 ) om5s to be d]iv$ f infants ^: features resemble ^? ( c]ta9 animals4 ,9 ?is case aga9 we w see t ! m9d ( ! compil] is n[ direct$ t[>ds ! fate ( ! individual & aga9 t[>d ! rul] or ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! #b;d tablet ( ! s]ies we read t ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) a lion's head1#fca a /rong k+ w rule 9 ! l&4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) a dog's head1 ! city 9 8 di/rict#fcb w be 9 di/ress1 & evil w be 9 ! c\ntry4 444 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) a sw9e's head1 (fspr+ & possession 787 w increase 9 t h\se4 444 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) a bird's head1 t l& w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) a s]p5t's head1 = ?irty days 787 ,n9-,gi%zida#fcc w br+ a fam9e 9 ! l&1 & ,gilgame%#fcd w rule z k+ 9 ! l&4 ,9 ! same tablet#fce su* mon/rosities are tak5 up z *ildr5 born ) two heads1 ) a d\ble pair ( eyes1 or ) ! eyes misplac$1 ) two m\?s or m ?an two lips4 ,! two heads1 /range en\gh1 g5]ally port5d good =tune1 ?\gh n inv>iably4 ,?us an infant ) two heads is an om5 ( /r5g? = ! c\ntry2 & aga9 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) two heads1 two m\?s1 b ! regul> numb] ( eyes1 h&s1 & feet#fcf1 x is an om5 ( vigor\s life = ! c\ntry1 b ! son w seize ! k+ 8 fa!r & kill him4 ,b ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) two heads & two m\?s1 & ! two h&s & two feet are betwe5 !m#fcg1 disease w settle ^u t city 7:]e ! mon/rosity 0 born74 ,if ! de=mity consi/s 9 ! misplacem5t ( c]ta9 organs1 ! om5 is inv>iably bad4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) two eyes on ! left side1 x is a sign t ! gods are angry aga9/ ! l&1 & ! l& w be de/roy$4 ,& aga91 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) ?ree eyes on ! left side & "o on ! "r1 ! gods w fill ! l& ) corpses4 ,! ?ird tablet proce$s ) o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,x beg9s ) a li/ ( peculi>ities obs]v$ 9 reg>d to ! e>s4 ,! resemblance ( c]ta9 features 9 *ildr5 to ! correspond+ features ( animals is an obs]vation made by _m nations4 ,9 mod]n times ,lavat]1 x w be recall$1 bas$ 8 /udy ( human physiognomy 9 "p ^u ! resemblance ( ! nose1 eyes1 m\?1 & e>s1 & g5]al %ape ( ! head to ! features ( su* animals z ! lion1 jackass1 dog1 & sw9e4 ,we may well believe1 !re=e1 t :5 ! ,babylonians ref] to a *ild ) a lion's or a dog's e>1 !y _h 9 m9d m]ely a resemblance1 b did n mean t ! *ild actually _h ! e> ( a lion or dog or ! l4 ,at times ! connection betwe5 ! om5 & its int]pretation is q obvi\s4 ,9 a portion ( ?is same s]ies we are told t#fch ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) a lion-l e>1 a mighty k+ w arise 9 ! l&4 ,x w be recall$ t a 'lion head' port5ds ! same1 & x is evid5t t 9 bo? cases ! lion sugge/s /r5g?4 ,we are 9 ! pres5ce ( ! same ord] ( ideas t controls ! belief 9 'sympa!tic magic4' ,! coroll>y to 'l produces l' is 'l means l4' ,9 o!r cases1 ! logic und]ly+ ! int]pretation ( ! om5 mu/ be s\ght = 9 views connect$ ) "s accompany+ feature4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) ! "r e> miss+1 ! days ( ! rul] w be long4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) ! left e> miss+1 di/ress w ent] ! l& & weak5 x4 ,:ile 9 g5]al ! abs5ce ( any "p ( ! body is a sign ( di/ress = ! c\ntry & individual by a p]fectly natural association ( ideas1 yet ?is g5]al pr9ciple is modifi$ by ! fur!r consid]ation t '"r' is a good om5 & 'left' a bad "o4 ,b ?is consid]ation :i* makes ! abs5ce ( ! '"r' e> a good om5 may aga9 be (fset by ! entrance ( a ?ird factor4 ,s we are told t ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) a small#fci "r e>1 ! h\se ( ! man#fdj w be de/roy$4 ,! om5 ( mis=tune 9 ?is case is ! de=mity 9 ! organ1 & ! fact t ! m important "r e> is de=m$1 s f> f mitigat+ ! =ce ( ! om51 acc5tuates its consequ5ces4 ,if a de=m$ "r e> is disa/r\s1 we are prep>$ to le>n t ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) bo? e>s %ort1 ! h\se ( ! man w be utt]ly root$ out4 ,no less ?an elev5 v>ieties ( de=m$ e>s are enum]at$4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! factors involv$ 9 ?is om5 sci5ce are always or ev5 g5]ally s simple4 ,9 mo/ cases ! connection betwe5 ! sign & ! conclusion drawn1 is n cle> to u because ( ! multiplicity ( factors involv$4 ,fur!r publication & /udy ( om5 texts w no d\bt make "s po9ts cle> :i* are n[ obscure1 b we _c expect ev] to f9d out all ! factors t 7 tak5 into acc\nt by ! populace & ! s*oolm51 9 propos+ & accept+ c]ta9 int]pretations ( c]ta9 om5s1 any m ?an we c fa?om ! reasons = ! simil> sup]/ition f\nd among o!r nations#fda ( antiquity & mod]n times4 ,recogniz+ c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 "s ( ! om5s1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t :atev] else det]m9$ ! int]pretation ( om5s1 caprice did n ent] into consid]ation1 b r an association ( ideas t escapes u1 simply because our logic diff]s f ! logic ( primitive peoples 9 c]ta9 important p>ticul>s4 ,! li/ ( peculi>ities occurr+ 9 ! case ( babes cont9ues z foll[s3 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ^: m\? is %ap$ l a bird's1 ! c\ntry w be /irr$ up4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild )\t any m\?1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se w die4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) ! "r no/ril lack+1 mis=tune is port5d+4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) bo? no/rils lack+1 ! l& w witness di/ress1 & disease w de/roy ! h\se ( ! man4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ^: jaw is lack+1 ! days ( ! rul] w be long1 b ! h\se ( ! man w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ^: l[] jaw is lack+1 ! gr\nd w n be> fruit dur+ ! ye>4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 :ile mo/ ( ! port5ts are evil1 ! rul] ( ! l& is "h g5]ally v\*saf$ immunity4 ,! prie/s _h to be some:at on _! gu>d le/ by ! v t]ror t !y ar\s$1 ! hold ( ! rul]s ov] ! p might be loos5$4 ,moreov]1 ! rul]s 7 suffici5tly h$g$ 9 by _! positions1 z we h se51 & 7 9 no dang] ( reg>d+ !mselves z safe f ! ang] ( ! gods4 ,/ill q frequ5tly ev5 ! k+ is involv$ 9 ! evil prophecy4 ,! portion ( ! s]ies deal+ ) port5ts d]iv$ f de=m$ h&s & feet conta9s in/ances ( ?is k9d4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) ! "r h& lack+1 ! l& advances to de/ruction4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) bo? h&s lack+1 ! city w witness no m bir?s1 & ! l& w be utt]ly de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) ! f+]s ( ! "r h& lack+1 ! rul] w be captur$ by 8 enemy4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) six toes on ! "r foot1 ?r\gh di/ress 7871 ! h\se ( ! man w p]i%4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) six v small toes on ! left foot1 di/ress 787 w come to pass4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a *ild ) six toes on ! "r foot1 "s disa/] is port5d+4 ,altoge!r no less ?an n9ety k9ds ( human de=mities 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body are enum]at$ & int]pret$4 ,! significance ( ! port5ts is naturally increas$ if ! woman :o gives bir? to a mon/rosity happ5s to belong to ! royal h\se4 ,9 su* a case1 ! om5 has direct be>+s on national affairs4 ,! good or evil sign affects ! c\ntry exclusively4 ,f a tablet ( ?is nature1#fdb belong+ to a diff]5t s]ies ?an ! "o we h be5 consid]+1 we le>n t six toes on ! "r foot or six on ! left foot mean defeat1 :]eas six toes on bo? feet mean victory4 ,royal tw9s 7 a good om51 & s also a royal *ild born ) tee? or ) hair on its face or ) unusually develop$ features4 ,! same desire to f9d "s mean+ 9 deviations f normal types l$ to ! c>eful obs]vation ( de=mities or peculi>ities 9 ! case ( ! "y ( dome/ic animals4 ,9 ! fif? tablet ( ! s]ies t we h *os5 z an illu/ration1 ! compil] passes f babes to ! (fspr+ ( dome/ic animals4 ,f ! op5+ l9e1 :i* is all t has be5 publi%$ z yet1#fdc & :i* reads3 ,if 9 ! flock#fdd a dog is born1 weapons w de/roy life & ! k+ w n be triumphant x w\ld appe> t ! fir/ subject tak5 up 0 ! anomal\s unions among animals1 :i* naturally ar\s$ att5tion :5 !y occurr$4 ,a numb] ( tablets--at lea/ sev5--foll[ 9 :i* mon/rosities occurr+ among ! "y ( %eep are not$4 ,! s]ies passes on to signs to be obs]v$ among colts4 ,f ?is po9t on1 ! s]ies is too defective 7s f> z publi%$7 to w>rant any fur!r d$uctions2 b x is safe to suppose t1 z ! "y ( ewes & m>es 7 consid]$ 9 special sections1 s ! "y ( sw9e & ( c[s 7 tak5 up 9 succession4 ,! :ole s]ies w\ld ?us aim to cov] t section ( ! animal k+dom t conc]n$ man mo/1--8 own (fspr+1 & ! "y ( ^? animals by :i* he 0 surr\nd$4 ,9 ^! om5s d]iv$ f ! "y ( dome/ic animals1 we are aga9 ov]:elm$ at ! mass ( cont+5cies includ$ by ! prie/s 9 _! compilations4 ,j z 9 ! case ( om5s d]iv$ f infants1 s "h ! p>ts ( ! body are tak5 up "o aft] ! o!r4 ,all possible1 & "o is incl9$ to add v>i\s impossible1 v>iations f ! normal types are not$4 ,! om5 v>ies z ! female ?r[s (f "o1 two1 ?ree1 or :atev] numb] ( "y ones up to t54 ,= example3#fde ,if among ! %eep1 five "y ones are born1 x is a sign ( deva/ation 9 ! l&4 ,! own] ( ! %eep dies1 & 8 h\se is de/roy$4 ,?is is ! om5 9 ! case t ! litt] consi/s ( five "y ones1 all normal4 ,b if anomalies occur1 z1 e4g41 ,if five "y ones are born1 "o ) a bull's head1 "o ) a lion's head1 "o ) a dog's head1 & "o ) a %eep's head1 !re w be a s]ies ( deva/ations 9 ! l&4 ,aga91 ,if sev5 "y are ?r[n (f1 ?ree male & f\r female1 t man#fdf w p]i%4 ,& s if eight are born1 x is a bad sign = ! k+ :o1 we are told1 w be driv5 out ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh s$ition4 ,! v>iations are nigh endless4 ,if 9 ! flock1 "y ones are ?r[n (f ) five legs1 x is a sign ( di/ress 9 ! l&4 ,! h\se ( ! man w p]i% & 8 /alls w be swept away4 ,if ! "y ones h six legs1 ! population w decrease & deva/ation w settle ov] ! c\ntry4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ) litt]s1 ! s]ies proce$s to peculi> m>ks f\nd on s+le specim5s2 lambs t h a head & tail %ap$ l a lion or t h a lion's head & a mane l t ( an ass1 or a head l a bird's1 or l a sw9e1 & s ?r\gh a long & r tiresome li/4 ,mal=mations 9 ! %ape or position ( memb]s ( ! animal1 p>ticul>ly ! m\?1 e>s1 tongue1 tail1 & eyes1 or ! abs5ce ( any "o or ( sev]al ( ^! p>ts 7 fraught ) an importance correspond+ to ^! symptoms among new-born babes4 ,if a "y "o has its e>s on "o side1 & its head is twi/$ 7871 & x has no m\?1 ! rul] w cut (f ! supply ( wat] f 8 enemy4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! 'twi/+' & ! abs5ce ( ! m\? appe> to sugge/ ! act ( turn+ a canal into a diff]5t direction1 s z to isolate a besieg$ city4 ,:5 ! text goes on to decl>e t ,if ! "y "o has its e>s at its neck1#fdg ! rul] w be )\t judgm5t1 x is ! association ( ideas betwe5 'e>s' & 'judgm5t1'#fdh t supplies ! l9k4 ,a misplac$ e> is equival5t to misdirect$ judgm5t4 ,consi/5t ) ?is int]pretation1 ! next l9e in=ms u t ,if ! "y "o has its e>s bel[ ! neck1#fdi ! union ( ! c\ntry is weak5$4 ,su* glimpses into ! peculi> ?\ght controll+ ^! om5s are p]haps all t we w be able to obta9 at lea/ = a long "t to come4 ,= ! re/1 comp>ative /udies ) ! om5s ( ! o!r nations w alone s]ve to det]m9e ! multitud9\s factors involv$ 9 ! int]pretations ( ! signs4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject1 h[ev]1 a few m illu/rations may be (f]$4 ,ano!r portion ( ! same tablet--! elev5?--cont9ues ! om5s d]iv$ f peculi>ities 9 ! e>s ( lambk9s3 ,if ! "y "o has no "r e>1 ! rule ( ! k+ w come to an end1 8 palace w be uproot$1 & ! population ( ! city w be swept away1 ! k+ w lose judgm5t1 444 ! produce ( ! c\ntry w be small1 ! enemy w cut (f ! supply ( wat]4 ,if ! left e> ( ! "y "o is miss+1 ! deity w he> ! pray] ( ! k+1 ! k+ w capture 8 enemy's l&1 & ! palace ( ! enemy w be de/roy$1 ! enemy w lack judgm5t1 ! produce ( ! enemy's l& w be tak5 away & ev]y?+ w be plund]$ 7874 ,if ! "r e> ( ! "y "o falls (f1 ! /all#fej w be de/roy$4 ,if ! left e> ( ! "y "o falls (f1 ! /all w be increas$1 ! /all#fea ( ! enemy w be de/roy$4 ,if ! "r e> ( ! "y "o is split 7871 t /all w be de/roy$1 ! enemy 787 w advance aga9/ ! city4 ,if ! left e> ( ! "y "o is split 7871 t /all w be increas$1 ! k+#feb w advance aga9/ ! enemy's l&4 ,9 all ^! cases x w be obs]v$ t a defect 9 ! "r e> or an accid5t happ5+ to x is an evil om51 :]eas ! same ?+ occurr+ 9 ! case ( ! left is a favorable indication4 ,! great] importance ( ! "r side ( any?+ evid5tly sugge/s 9 ?is case ! int]pretation (f]$1 & yet ?is pr9ciple1 z we h se51 is f> f be+ ( univ]sal application4 ,x dep5ds ^u :at happ5s to ! "r e>4 ,above1 we h se5 t an unusually l>ge e> betok5s "s good =tune1 & 9 ! tablet "u consid]ation1 illu/rations are af=d$ ( accid5ts to ! "r e> :i* furni% a good om51 :ile ! same accid5t 9 ! case ( ! left e> is reg>d$ z a bad om54 ,our text cont9ues3 ,if ! "r e> ( ! "y "o is %runk 7871 ! h\se ( ! own] w prosp]4 ,if ! left e> is %runk1 ! h\se ( ! own] w p]i%4 ,if ! "r e> is torn (f1 ! h\se ( ! own] w prosp]4 ,if ! left e> is torn (f1 ! h\se ( ! own] w p]i%4 ,b imm$iately foll[+ ?is we h aga9 an evil om5 = ! "r e> & a favorable "o = ! left4 ,?ree m tablets are tak5 up ) om5s associat$ ) all mann] ( peculi>ities 9 ! =mation ( ! e>s1 head1 lips1 m\?1 & feet ( lambk9s1 & x is n until ! fifte5? tablet ( ! s]ies is rea*$ t ano!r subject1 ! "y ( m>es1 is introduc$4 ,! progno/ications 9 ! case ( colts h ab\t ! same "* z ^? 9 ! case ( lambk9s4 ,! same signs are s+l$ out = m5tion1 & ! om5s are n only1 j z 9 ! illu/rations adduc$1 ev5ly divid$ betwe5 ! fate ( ! c\ntry & its rul]1 & ( ! own] ( ! colt or m>e1 b we c also obs]ve a consi/5t application ( ! same pr9ciples1 s f> z ^! pr9ciples may be detect$4 ,a few illu/rations w make ?is cle>3#fec ,if a colt has no "r legs1 ! h\se#fed w be de/roy$4 ,if a colt has no left legs1 ! days ( ! rul] w be long4 ,if a colt has no legs1 ! c\ntry w be de/roy$4 ,if a colt has ! "r leg %ort5$1#fee 444 8 /all#d w be de/roy$4 ,if a colt has ! left leg %ort5$1 ! /all#fef w be de/roy$ 444 ,if a colt has no ho( on ! "r =eleg1 ! wife w cause tr\ble to h] husb&4 ,if a colt has no ho(s at all1 !re w be diss5sions 787 )9 ! c\ntry1 & ! enemy w ent] ! rul]'s l&4 ,9 ?is way1 tw5ty-"o om5s d]iv$ f z _m v>ieties ( /range =mations 9 ! legs ( colts are enum]at$4 ,z 9 ! case ( lambk9s1 s = colts1 ! appe>ance ( tw9s is end[$ ) a special significance4 ,if a m>e gives bir? to tw9s1 male & female1 & ea* has only "o eye1 ! enemy triumphs & deva/ates ,babylonia4 ,if ! male or female colt has a mane l a lion1 ! c\ntry w be r$uc$4 ,if ! male or female colt has a dog's ho(1 ! c\ntry w be r$uc$4 ,if ! male or female colt has a lion's claw1 ! c\ntry w be enl>g$4 ,if ! male or female colt has a dog's head1 ! woman's#feg life w be bad4 ,! c\ntry w be r$uc$4 ,if ! male or female colt has a lion's head1 ! rul] w be /rong4 ,if bo? colts1 ! male & female1 resemble lions1 ! rul] ov] 8 enemies prevails 7874 ,if bo? colts1 male & female1 resemble dogs1 ! rul] ov] 8 enemy's c\ntry prevails 7874 ,if ei!r a male or female colt is born resembl+ a lion1 ! k+ w be /rong4 ,if ei!r a male or female colt resembles a dog1 h]ds ( cattle w die1 & !re w be fam9e4 ,if a colt is born )\t a head1 its ma/] w be /rong4 ,if a colt is born )\t eyes1 ! god ,bel w br+ ab\t a *ange ( dyna/y4 ,if a colt is born )\t feet1 ! k+ increases 8 army & a slaught] w ensue4 ,if a colt is born )\t e>s1 = ?ree ye>s ! gods w r$uce ! l&4 ,if a colt is born )\t a tail1 ! rul] w die4 ,9 conclusion x may be obs]v$ t1 ap>t f ! unusual "* ( ^! freaks :i* w\ld suffice to attribute a special import to !m1 ! notions curr5t among ! ,babylonians1 z among s _m p ( a p]iod :5 creatures exi/$1 ! v>i\s p>ts ( :i* 7 comp\nd$ ( diff]5t animals1 may be reg>d$ z an additional factor t s]v$ to add =ce to ! class ( om5s we are consid]+4 ,! mon/]s gu>d+ ! approa*es to temples & palaces#feh 7 b "o =m :i* ?is popul> belief assum$1 & :5 a colt 0 obs]v$ to h a lion's or a dog's claw1 an ocul> demon/ration 0 af=d$ :i* at once /r5g!n$ & s]v$ to ma9ta9 a belief t at bottom is naught b a crude & primitive =m ( a !ory ( evolution4 ,9 a dim way man always felt ! unity ( ! animal _w4 ,animals resembl$ "o ano!r1 & man _h "s features 9 common ) animals4 ,:at m natural ?an to conclude t at "s p]iod1 ! animals 7 composite creatures1 & t ev5 mank9d & ! animal _w 7 once bl5d$ toge!r4 ,! prevail+ religi\s & semi-my?ological ideas1 accord+ly1 ent] z factors 9 ! significance t 0 atta*$ to infants or to ! "y ( animals1 s]v+ z illu/rations ( 'hybrid' =mations4 ,om5s f ! ,actions ( ,animals4 ,! same ord] ( ideas1 only /ill fur!r ext5d$1 may be detect$ 9 ! sacr$ness atta*$ to c]ta9 animals by s _m nations ( antiquity4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t ?is 'sacr$ness' has two sides4 ,a sacr$ animal may be 'taboo1' t is1 s sacr$ t x mu/ n be t\*$1 mu* less kill$ or eat52 &1 on ! o!r h&1 its orig9al sanctity may lead p to reg>d x z unclean1 some?+ aga9 to be avoid$1 because ( ! p[] to d evil involv$ 9 ! primitive conception ( 'sacr$ness4'#fei ,! sw9e & ! dog are illu/rations ( ?is d\ble nature ( sanctity among ! ,semites4 ,! =m] 0 sacr$ to "s ( ! inhabitants ( ,syria4#ffj ,! ,babylonians1 z we h se51 ab/a9$ f eat+ x on c]ta9 days ( ! ye>1 :ile ! ,hebrews & ,arabs reg>d$ x z an absolute 'taboo4' ,! dog to ?is day is 9 ! ,ori5t an unclean animal1 & yet x is =bidd5 to d dogs any injury4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d ! ,babylonians atta*+ significance to ! movem5ts ( ?is animal1 x is obvi\s t by !m1 too1 ! dog 0 reg>d$ z1 9 "s way1 sacr$4 ,x 0 an 'animal ( om51' sometimes good1 at o!r times bad4 ,a tablet in=ms u#ffa t3 ,if a yell[ dog ent]s a palace1 x is a sign ( a di/ressful fate = ! palace4 ,if a speckl$ dog ent]s a palace1 ! palace#ffb w give peace to ! enemy4 ,if a dog ent]s a palace & "s "o kills him1 ! peace ( ! palace w be di/urb$4 ,if a dog ent]s a palace & cr\*es on ! c\*1 no "o w enjoy t palace 9 peace4 ,if a dog ent]s a palace & cr\*es on ! ?rone1 t palace w suff] a di/ressful fate4 ,if a dog ent]s a palace & lies on a l>ge b[l1 ! palace w secure peace f ! enemy4 ,!re foll[ om5s 9 case dogs ent] a sacr$ edifice3 ,if a dog ent]s a temple1 ! gods w n enl>ge ! l&4 ,if a :ite dog ent]s a temple1 ! f\ndation ( t temple w be firm4 ,if a black dog ent]s a temple1 ! f\ndation ( t temple w n be firm4 ,if a br[n#ffc dog ent]s a temple1 t temple w witness ju/ice4 ,if a yell[ dog ent]s a temple1 t temple w#ffd witness ju/ice4 ,if a speckl$ dog ent]s a temple1 ! gods w %[ favor to t temple4 ,if dogs ga!r toge!r & ent] a temple1 ! city's peace w be di/urb$4 ,! juxtaposition ( palace & temple is an indication t a l>ge measure ( sanctity 0 atta*$ to ! =m] z ! dwell+-place ( "o :o /ood ne> to ! gods4 ,! om5s1 accord+ly1 9 ! case ( bo? palace & temple are aga9 conc]n$ ) public affairs4 ,b f ! same tablet we le>n t an equal degree ( significance 0 atta*$ to ! actions ( dogs :5 !y ent]$ private dwell+s4 ,precautions mu/ h be5 tak5 aga9/ ! pres5ce ( dogs 9 t "p ( ! h\se :i* 0 res]v$ = a man's family1 = we are told3#ffe ,a dog ent]+ a man's h\se 0 an om5 t ! ultimate fate ( t h\se w\ld be de/ruction by fire4 ,c>e _h to be tak5 le/ dogs defil$ a p]son or any "p ( ! h\se4 ,! om5s v>i$ aga9 accord+ to ! color ( ! dog4 ,if a :ite dog defiles#fff a man1 de/ruction w seize him4 ,if a black dog defiles a man1 sickness w seize him4 ,if a br[n dog defiles a man1 t man w p]i%4 ,if a dog defiles a man's c\*1 a sev]e sickness w seize t man4 ,if a dog defiles a man's *air1 ! man w n survive ! ye>4 ,if a dog defiles a man's b[l1#ffg a deity w %[ ang] t[>ds ! man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dogs 7 n to be driv5 out ( ! /reets4 ,_! pres5ce 9 ! roads 0 ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! place4 ,h5ce an om5 reads3 ,if dogs d n ent] ! highway1#ffh de/ruction f an enemy w visit ! city4 ,?r\gh ,diodorus1 ,jambli*us1 & o!r anci5t writ]s we "k t ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians atta*$ importance to ! movem5ts ( o!r animals1 notably s]p5ts1 birds1 & c]ta9 insects4 ,! symbols on ! b\nd>y /ones :i* h be5 ref]r$ to#ffi are bas$ on ?is belief4 ,! s]p5t figures prom95tly among ^! symbols4 ,9 ! ,babylonian deluge /ory1 ! dove1 rav51 & swall[ are introduc$4 ,( ^!1 ! swall[ appe>s to be ! bird ^: flight 0 mo/ c>efully obs]v$4 ,! sign :i* repres5ts ?is bird 9 ! cunei=m syllab>y also signifies 'fate4'#fgj ,! mis*ief wr\ght by sw>ms ( insects1 z gras%opp]s & locu/s1 ! dang] lurk+ 9 ! bites ( scorpions suffici5tly expla9 ! importance atta*$ to ! actions ( ^! animals4 ,! my/]i\s appe>ance & disappe>ance ( s]p5ts & _! /range twi/+s add$ an elem5t 9 _! case t increas$ ! awe !y inspir$1 :ile if ,ih]+ be correct1#fga ! om5s d]iv$ f ! flight ( birds are a survival ( ! migratory p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( a nation1 :5 birds s]v$ z a natural guide 9 *oos+ ! easie/ c\rse to pass f "o place to ano!r4 ,a l>ge numb] ( tablets 9 ,a%urbanabal's libr>y treat ( ! significance atta*$ to ! action ( ^! v>i\s animals1 & x is likely t ^! tablets =m "p ( a l>ge s]ies1 ( :i* ! illu/rations above adduc$ reg>d+ ! movem5ts ( dogs =m a "p4 ,9 ?is s]ies1 ! application ( ! om5s to individuals is m /rongly emphasiz$ ?an 9 ! s]ies ( bir? port5ts4 ,naturally s1 = x 0 ! individual z a g5]al ?+ :o enc\nt]$ ! signs4 ,9 ! case ( ! appe>ance ( a s]p5t or snake1 = example1 ! om5 consi/$ 9 ! fact t a c]ta9 p]son beheld x1 & t p]son 0 involv$ 9 ! consequ5ces4 ,f9e di/9ctions are aga9 introduc$ t illu/rate ! intricacies ( ! sy/em ( int]pretation p]fect$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,if a snake passes f ! "r to ! left side ( a man1 x means "o ?+2 if f ! left to ! "r1 ano!r2 if ! man :o sees a snake does n tread ^u x1 ! om5 is diff]5t ?an 9 ! case :5 he attempts to cru% x4 ,aga9 ! om5 v>ies accord+ to ! occupation ( ! man :o enc\nt]$ a snake4 ,if he be a g>d5]1 ! appe>ance ( ! snake means some?+ diff]5t ?an 9 ! case ( 8 be+ a sailor4 ,! place :]e ! animal appe>s is also ( import1 :e!r 9 ! /reet1 ! h\se1 or ! temple1 & aga91 ! "t ( its appe>ance1 9 :at mon? or on :at day4 ,9 ! same way1 an endless v>iety ( om5s are d]iv$ f ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 birds1 ! direction ( _! flight1 _! flutt]+ ar\nd ! head ( a man or ent]+ a man's h\se4 ,s1 e4g41 ,if a rav5#fgb ent]s a man's h\se1 t man w secure :atev] he desires4 ,& aga93 ,if a bird ?r[s a bit ( meat or any?+ into a man's h\se1 t man w secure a l>ge =tune4 ,! om5s f ! appe>ance ( flocks ( birds 9 a t[n bore1 z appe>s natural1 ^u public affairs r ?an ^u ! fate ( individuals1 & simil>ly ! appe>ance ( birds 9 a temple 0 an om5 = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! public or private "* ( ! om5s 0 ?us dep5d5t 9 l>ge measure ^u ! "q :e!r ! ph5om5a appe>$ to an individual directly or to ! population ( a place 9 g5]al4 ,meet+ a snake or scorpion 9 ! c\rse ( a walk ?r\gh ! fields 0 an individual om51 & simil>ly ! actions ( %eep 9 a man's /all1 :]eas1 a mad bull ru%+ ?r\gh ! city 0 a g5]al om54 ,s we are told t ,if %eep 9 ! /alls d n bleat 7871 t /all w be de/roy$4 ,:]eas#fgc ,a bull cr\*+ at ! gate ( a city is an om5 t ! enemy w capture t gate4 ,a bull gor+ an ox 9 ! city is an unfavorable om5 = ! city1 b if ! bull ent]s ! prec9cts ( an individual1 x is favorable = ! individual4 ,a s]ies ( om5s d]iv$ f ! appe>ance ( locu/s aga9 illu/rates ?is pr9ciple4 ,:5 ! insects ent] private prec9cts1 ! individual & 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s are affect$4#fgd ,if black & speckl$ locu/s appe> 9 a man's h\se1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se w die4 ,if black & yell[ locu/s appe> 9 a man's h\se1 ! supports ( t h\se w fall4 ,if l>ge :ite locu/s appe> 9 a man's h\se1 t h\se w be de/roy$ & ! own] w be 9 di/ress4 ,if :ite & br[n locu/s appe> 9 a man's h\se1 t h\se w be de/roy$4 ,if small :ite & br[n locu/s appe> 9 a man's h\se1 ! h\se w be de/roy$ & ! own] w be 9 di/ress4 ,if yell[ locu/s appe> 9 a man's h\se1 ! supports ( t h\se w fall & ! own] ( ! h\se w be unlucky4 ,if yell[-w+$ locu/s appe> 9 a man's h\se1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se w die & t h\se w be ov]?r[n4 ,om5s ,f ,dreams4 ,x made little diff]5ce :e!r "o enc\nt]$ some?+ :ile awake or saw x 9 "o's dream4 ,9 fact1 :at "o saw :ile asleep _h z a g5]al ?+ m importance4 ,a special god ( dreams1 ,makhir1 is (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! religi\s texts1 & ?is is b ano!r way ( express+ ! belief t ! dreams 7 s5t to a man z om5s4 ,an unusually wide scope 0 af=d$ to ! compil]s ( om5 s]ies 9 _! int]pretations ( dreams1 = :at might n a man see 9 visions ( ! night8 ,if a lion#fge appe>s to a man1 x means t ! man w c>ry out 8 purpose2 if a jackal1 x signifies t he w secure favor 9 ! eyes ( ! gods2 a dog port5ds sorr[2 a m\nta9 goat1 t ! man's son w die ( "s disease2 a /ag1 t 8 daught] w die2 & s ?r\gh a long li/4 ,aga9 we are told#fgf t ,if 79 a dream7 a date appe>s on a man's head1#fgg x means t t man w be 9 di/ress4 ,if a fi% appe>s on a man's head1 t man w be p[]ful4 ,if a m\nta9 appe>s on a man's head1 t man w be )\t a rival4 ,if salt appe>s on a man's head1 8 h\se w be well protect$ 7874 ,simil>ly1 int]pretations are (f]$ = ! app>ition ( ! dead or ( demons1 9 dreams4 ,! book ( ,daniel af=ds an illu/ration ( ! importance atta*$ to dreams 9 ,babylonia1 & ( ! sci5ce develop$ out ( ! int]pretations4 ,! s>ca/ic t\* introduc$ by ! compil] ( ! book1#fgh :o repres5ts ,nebu*adnezz> z dem&+ ( 8 prie/s n m]ely to int]pret 8 dream1 b to tell him :at he dream$1 is int5d$ to illu/rate ! limitations ( ! f>-fam$ ',*aldean wisdom4' ,x is also int]e/+ to note 9 connection ) ! illu/rations adduc$1 t ! dreams ( ,nebu*adnezz> & ,bel%azz>#fgi 9 ! book ( ,daniel are s l>gely conc]n$ ) app>itions ( animals4 ,! om5s tak5 f dreams1 toge!r ) ! accid5ts t occurr$ to an individual1 or ! ph5om5a occurr+ 9 a man's h\se1 af=d u an insight into ! purely popul> phases ( ! sci5ce ( augury4 ,:ile eclipses & ! movem5ts ( planets be> *iefly & almo/ exclusively on public affairs1 & ev5 bir? port5ts frequ5tly port5d some?+ to ! rul] or to ! c\ntry1 x 0 ?r\gh su* om5s z p>took ( a purely p]sonal "* t ! int5tions ( ! gods t[>ds ! individual 7 made manife/4 ,by means ( om5s1 ! bond betwe5 ! individual & ! gods 0 n1 inde$1 e/abli%$1 b 9 l>ge measure ma9ta9$4 ,"h 0 a phase ( ! religion t t\*$ ea* individual closely4 ,:at a p]son saw1 :at he dream$1 :at happ5$ to him1 :at appe>$ 9 8 h\se or among ! memb]s ( 8 h\sehold 0 ( significance to him4 ,to "k :at e ph5om5on port5d$ 0 ess5tial to 8 welf>e2 & we may feel c]ta9 t ! relations ( ! individual to ! prie/s1 s f> z ^! exi/$1 consi/$ l>gely 9 obta9+ f ! latt] ! int]pretation ( ! om5s t he enc\nt]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p[] ( ! prie/s ov] ! populace 0 due to ! popul> belief 9 port5ts1 & ! att5tion giv5 by ! !ologians to ! collection ( exhau/ive om5 s]ies is a pro( t ! prie/s knew h[ to use _! p[]4 ,^! ,dream ,books mu/ h be5 v num]\s4 ,! success ( ! prie/s "h dep5d$ ev5 m ?an 9 o!r bran*es ( ! om5 lit]ature ^u exhau/+1 s f> z possible1 all cont+5cies4 ,no d\bt !y 7 guid$ "h also by two factors3 association ( ideas1 & pa/ exp]i5ce ?r\gh mak+ ( a s+le co9cid5ce betwe5 a dream & "s occurr5ce1 a pr9ciple ( g5]al application4 ,"s ( ! om5s f dreams1 h[ev]1 appe> to h !mselves =m$ "p ( a l>g] s]ies deal+ 9 g5]al ) ,om5s ,f ,individual ,exp]i5ces4 ,if "o may judge f ! specim5s furni%$ by ,dr4 ,bezold 9 8 catalogue1 ?is s]ies 0 unusually ext5sive1 embrac+ a l>ge numb] ( subjects connect$ ) human activity1--a man's "w 9 ! field1 8 actions 9 comm]cial affairs1 incid5ts ( travel on sea or l&1 8 relations to 8 k9dr$--! dead z well z ! liv+--disease & dea?1 d[n to su* app>5t trifles z ! conditions ( ! walls ( 8 h\se4 ,cracks 9 ! wall 7 an om52 meet+ a snake 9 ! highway 0 an om54 ,a fall 0 an om52 dropp+ an in/rum5t 0 an om52 9 %ort1 x is difficult to say :at 0 n an om54 ,! "* ( ! om5s 9 ?is s]ies does n diff] 9 any ess5tial p>ticul>s f ^? ( o!r s]ies4 ,! important feature ( ! s]ies is t x af=ds ano!r & p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( t phase ( ! om5 lit]ature :i* conc]ns ! individual directly1 &1 x seems safe to add1 exclusively4 ,take1 = example1 om5s connect$ ) symptoms occurr+ 9 c]ta9 diseases4 ,we are told t ,if ! "r brea/ is br[n1 x is a fatal 787 sign4 ,if bo? brea/s are br[n1 !re w be no recov]y4 ,if ! left brea/ is gre51 ! sickness w be sev]e4 ,! symptoms affect ! individual alone4 ,?r\gh ?is s]ies we are ?us enabl$ to det]m9e m def9itely ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 om5s involv+ ! affairs ( ! c\ntry & k+1 & ^? involv+ ! individual4 ,a ph5om5on affect+ an individual1 or appe>+ to him alone1 or br\ght ab\t ?r\gh "s action ( 8 ( a purely private "*1 c>ries 9 its tra9 an om5 ( significance = himself or 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s2 b ! mom5t t ^! r n>r[ limits are transc5d$1 ! fate ( ! individual becomes m or less closely b\nd up ) ! =tunes ( ! population & ( ! rul] ( ! c\ntry 9 g5]al4 ,! s]ies also illu/rates1 p]haps bett] ?an any o!r1 ! control ex]cis$ by popul> beliefs ov] ! acts ( ! individual4 ,= we may conclude1 t if "w on c]ta9 days or travel+ at c]ta9 p]iods or ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 animals indicat$ some?+ unfavorable to a man1 he w\ld /udi\sly avoid br++ mis=tune ^u himself & obs]ve ! precautions involv$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! va/ mass ( ! accid5ts & incid5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,! task 0 a difficult "o1 inde$1 impossible ( be+ c>ri$ out to p]fection1 b ?is w\ld n h9d] him f mak+ ! attempt4 ,he 0 satisfi$ if he w>d$ (f at lea/ a fair numb] ( unfavorable om5s4 ,correspond+ly1 he w\ld endeavor to s regulate 8 c\rse z to enc\nt] z l>ge a numb] z possible ( om5s t 7 favorable to him4 ,9 ?is way 8 life w\ld be sp5t ) a con/ant ?\ght ( ! gods & spirits1 :o controll$ all ?+s 9 ?is _w4 ,! popul> belief 9 om5s made x incumb5t ^u ! individual n to lose sight at any "t ( 8 dep5d5ce ^u p[]s ov] :i* he _h b a limit$ control4 ,a c]ta9 phase ( 8 religion ?us ent]$ l>gely into 8 life4 ,t phase w\ld occupy him by day & by night4 ,x 0 a "p ( 8 religion :i* lit]ally engag$ him ^u ly+ d[n at night1 & ^u ris+ up1 :ile sitt+ 9 ! h\se1 & :ile walk+ on ! way4 ,if1 despite all 8 ef=ts1 mis=tune came1--& mis=tunes1 ( c\rse1 came con/antly1--!re 0 no o!r rec\rse b to ?r[ himself ^u ! m]cy ( "s god or gods4 ,! gods1 especially ,m>duk1 ,i%t>1 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman1 by putt+ 'grace' into ! om5s1 c\ld at any "t *ange !m into favorable indications4 ,,footnotes3 #edh ,illu/rat$ by ! f\r volumes ( ,bezold's ,catalogue ( ! ,k\junjik1 ,collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,london1 #ahhi-if74 #edi ,vorges*i*te d] ,indo-,europa]1 pp4 #bba seq4 #eej ,e4g41 ,,iiir4 #ea4 #eea ,ib4 no4 #a4 #eeb ,! #a/ mon? ( ! ye>4 #eec ,,iiir4 #ea4 no4 #b4 #eed ,ib4 no4 #c4 #eee ,,iiir4 #ea1 no4 #i4 #eef ,ib4 no4 #g4 #eeg ,:at ! /ation ( ?is (ficial 0 we are n told4 #eeh ,,iiir4 #eh1 no4 #g4 #eei ,lit41 'true spee* 9 ! m\? ( ! p1' i4e41 !re w be no s$ition4 #efj ,,iiir4 #eh1 no4 #g4 #efa ,ib4 no4 #f4 #efb ,are n se5 at ! same "t4 #efc ,8 decision w be wise4 #efd ,safe f attacks4 #efe ,,iiir4 #eh1 no4 #ac4 #eff ,ib4 no4 #ab4 #efg ,?is appe>s to be ! unusual occurr5ce involv$4 #efh ,see above1 pp4 #bha1 #ccb4 #efi ,,iiir4 #eh1 no4 #ad4 #egj ,i4e41 contr>y to calculation4 #ega ,! %ad[4 #egb ,favorable to ,elam 7s ,opp]t translates74 #egc #i? mon?4 #egd ,,iiir4 #ea1 no4 #e4 #ege #aa? mon?4 #egf ,,iiir4 #ei1 no4 #ac4 #egg ,"s palace (ficial is m5tion$4 #egh ,e4g41 ,,iiir4 #eb1 no4 #b2 #fj & #fa4 ,pr(essor ,craig ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan is n[ prep>+ = publication all ! fragm5ts ( ?is s]ies4 7,see 8 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,religi\s ,texts1 ii4 #g47 #egi ,,iiir4 #fj4 ,! fir/ elev5 l9es are brok5 (f4 #ehj ,i4e41 ( ! night4 ,! night1 x w be recall$1 0 divid$ into ?ree wat*es ( f\r h\rs ea*4 #eha ,lit41 a 'div9e decision 7or oracle7 is giv54' #ehb ,an isl& ne> ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! hi/orical texts4 ,see ,tiele1 ,babyl4-,assyr4 ,ges*4 p4 #hh1 etc4 #ehc ,"u ! same circum/ances4 #ehd ,lit41 'cattle'2 b cattle appe>s to be us$ = 'prop]ty' 9 g5]al1 j z our ,engli% ^w '*attel4' #ehe #e? mon?4 #ehf ,"u ! same circum/ances4 #ehg ,lit41 ,n]gal--! p]sonification ( pe/il5ce & dea?4 #ehh ,repeat$ 9 ! text by an error ( ! scribe4 #ehi ,,iii ,r4 #fj1 col4 ii4 #ij to col4 iii4 #bd4 #eij ,i4e41 !re w be w>4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! mod]n sup]/ition :i* associates w> ) ! 'nor!rn light' 9 ! heav5s4 #eia ,i4e41 !re w be s$ition4 #eib ,s a v>iant text4 #eic ,i4e41 w play havoc ) ! ,inhabitants ( ! deep4 #eid ,i4e41 !re w be peace4 #eie ,see ! *apt] on ,! ,temples ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 #eif ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #acd-aci4 #eig ,,iiir4 #fc4 #eih ,lit41 delay$ 9 ! heav5s4 #eii ,tablet defective4 #fjj ,i4e41 !re is w>4 #fja ,int]calat$ mon?4 #fjb ,i4e41 x is a good sign4 #fjc ,tablet defective4 #fjd ,text errone\sly '"o mon?4' #fje ,see above1 p4 #ahc4 #fjf ,see ,ih]+1 ,vorges*i*te d] ,indo-,europa]1 pp4 #ahb seq4 #fjg ,see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 passim4 #fjh ,,iv ,rawl9son1 pls4 #cb1 #cc4 #fji ,i4e41 ! ,int]calat$ ,elul4 ,aft] ! #f? mon? 7,elul7 & aft] ! #ab? 7,ad>71 a mon? 0 int]calat$ at c]ta9 int]vals 9 ord] to br+ ! sol> & lun> ye>s into conjunction4 #faj ,lit41 'rais+ ( 8 h& to a god'--! attitude 9 pray]4 #faa ,text errone\sly 'mi/ress4' #fab ,"h & else:]e ,i%t> is us$ 9 a g5]ic s5se = '*ief goddess'2 9 ! pres5t case ,s>panitum4 ,see above1 pp4 #hb1 #aea1 #bjf4 #fac ',belit1' z 'mi/ress' 9 g5]al4 #fad ,lit41 'place ( secrecy1' ! ref]5ce be+ to t portion ( ! temple :]e ! god sat en?ron$4 #fae ,i4e41 ( ! palace4 #faf ,i4e41 ^u "o's enemies4 #fag ,isaiah1 lviii4 #ac4 #fah ,meat1 j z w9e1 0 consid]$ at all times a symbol ( joy 9 ! ,ori5t4 #fai ,p]haps also ! #bd?4 #fbj ,v ,rawl9son1 pls4 #dh1 #di4 #fba ,! plural is us$1 b 9 a collective s5se4 #fbb ,! ,euphrates or ,tigris is no d\bt meant4 #fbc ,,iiir4 #eb1 no4 #c1 rev]se4 #fbd ,! mo/ ext5sive publication ( om5s is ,boissi]'s ,docum5ts ,assyri5s ,relatifs aux ,presages1 ( :i* two volumes h appe>$4 ,boissi]'s me?od ( publication is n altoge!r satisfactory4 #fbe ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 pp4 #bh-ce4 #fbf ,a p>ticul>ly bad om54 ,see ,,iiir4 #fe1 #bb1 obv]se4 #fbg ,boissl]1 ,docum5ts ,assyri5s ,relatifs aux ,presages1 pp4 #aaj seq4 ,boissi] has publi%$ portions ( "s tw5ty tablets ( ! s]ies1 ib4 pp4 #aaj-aha4 #fbh ,i4e41 w n suff]4 #fbi ,! phrase us$ is obscure4 ,my translation is (f]$ z a conjecture4 #fcj ,i4e41 an enemy w keep ! l& 9 turmoil4 #fca ,i4e41 l a lion4 ,else:]e ! preposition 'l' is us$4 #fcb ,:]e ! *ild is born4 #fcc ,a sol> deity2 see above1 p4 #ii4 ,ref]5ce to m9or deities are frequ5t 9 ^! om5 texts4 #fcd ,! ref]5ce appe>s to be to "s mis=tune t w be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! sol> deity ,gilgame%4 #fce ,boissi]1 ,docum5ts1 etc41 pp4 #aah-abj4 #fcf ,i4e41 only two4 #fcg ,betwe5 ! two heads1 ,i4e41 ! h&s & feet are misplac$4 #fch ,,iiir4 #fe1 no4 #a4 #fci ,abnormally small4 #fdj ,i4e41 ! fa!r or ma/]4 #fda ,! ,egyptians c>ri$ ! obs]vation & int]pretation ( om5s to q z high a degree z ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,see1 e4g41 ,*abas1 ,melanges ,egyptologiques1 #c;e s]ie1 tome ii42 ,wi$emann's ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #bfc4 #fdb ,l5ormant1 ,*oix des ,textes ,cunei=mes1 no4 #hg4 #fdc ,occurr+ at ! end ( ! f\r? tablet1 z an aid = ! correct arrangem5t ( ! s]ies4 ,,iiir #fe1 no4 #a1 rev]se1 l4 #bh4 #fdd ,lit41 '/all1' :i* includes %eep1 ox51 & sw9e4 #fde ,boissi]1 ,docum5ts1 etc41 pp4 #acb1 #acc4 #fdf ,i4e41 ! own] ( ! /all4 ,a v>iant reads 'k+' in/ead ( 'man4' #fdg ,i4e41 misplac$4 #fdh ,9 ,babylonian1 'e>' is a synonym ( 'und]/&+4' #fdi ,/ill fur!r misplac$4 #fej ,:]e ! "y "o 0 born4 #fea ,i4e41 ! flocks4 #feb ,boissl]'s text has 'man1'--probably 9 error = 'k+4' #fec ,,iiir4 #fe1 no4 #b1 obv]se4 #fed ,( ! ma/]4 #fee ,lit41 'cut (f4' #fef ,( ! own]4 #feg ,! wife ( ! own] ( ! m>e appe>s to be meant4 #feh ,see above1 p4 #ach4 #fei ,see ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 *apt]s vi4-ix4 #ffj ,rob]tson ,smi?2 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #adc1 #bgc4 #ffa ,l5ormant1 ,*oix des ,textes ,cunei=mes1 no4 #hi2 ,boissi]1 ,docum5ts1 etc41 p4 #ajd4 #ffb ,i4e41 ! rul] ( ! palace4 #ffc ,lit41 'd>k color$4' #ffd ',n1' p]haps omitt$4 #ffe ,boissi]1 p4 #ajc4 #fff ,by vomit+ on him4 #ffg ,out ( :i* "o eats4 #ffh ,i4e41 keep away f x4 #ffi ,see p4 #ahb4 #fgj ,accord+ to ,hilpre*t 7,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 ,i4 "p #b1 p4 #ce71 'a goose or simil> wat]-bird' 0 orig9ally pictur$ by ! sign1 ?\gh he admits t ! picture 0 'lat]' us$ = swall[4 #fga ,vorges*i*te d] ,indo-,europa]1 pp4 #dea-ee4 #fgb ,! t]m us$ is ,unagga1 ,bezold's ,catalogue ( ! ,k\junjik ,collection1 p4 #ahda4 ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #aec4 #fgc ,bezold1 ,catalogue1 p4 #agaj4 #fgd ,boissi]1 ,docum5ts1 etc41 pp4 #c1 #d4 #fge ,bezold1 ,catalogue1 pp4 #adcg1 #adch4 #fgf ,bezold1 ib4 p4 #iah4 #fgg ,i4e41 ov] him4 #fgh ,*apt] ii4 #d-f4 #fgi ,*apt] ii4 #ca-ce1 & vii4 #b-ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,cosmology ,,( ,,! ,,babylonians4 ,v>i\s traditions 7 curr5t 9 ,babylonia reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! univ]se came into exi/5ce4 ,! labors ( ! !ologians to sy/ematize ^! traditions did n succe$ 9 br++ ab\t _! unification4 ,some:at l 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 :]e two v]sions ( ! creation /ory h be5 comb9$ by "s editor1#fhj s portions ( :at 7 cle>ly two indep5d5t v]sions h be5 f\nd among ! rema9s ( ,babylonian lit]ature4 ,b :]eas 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! two v]sions are pres5t$ 9 comb9ation s z to =m a h>monic :ole1 ! two ,babylonian v]sions cont9u$ to exi/ side by side4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! v]sions 7 limit$ to two4 ,9 fact1 a v>iant to an important episode 9 ! creation /ory has be5 discov]$ :i* po9ts to a ?ird v]sion4#fha ,! sugge/ion has be5 ?r[n out t ^! v>i\s v]sions arose 9 ! v>i\s religi\s c5t]s ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,s f> z ! edit+ ( ! v]sions is conc]n$1 ! sugge/ion is wor?y ( consid]ation1 = x is h>dly reasonable to suppose t ! !ological s*ools ( "o & ! same place %\ld h develop$ m ?an "o cosmological sy/em4 ,! traditions !mselves1 h[ev]1 ap>t f ! lit]>y =m :i* !y ev5tually assum$1 ne$ n h be5 limit$ to c]ta9 di/ricts nor h be5 peculi> to ! place :]e ! sy/ematization took place4 ,no?+ is m common ?an ! int]*ange ( my?s & popul> traditions4 ,!y travel f "o place to ! o!r1 & contradictory acc\nts ( "o & ! same ev5t may be circulat$1 & f9d cr$5ce 9 "o & ! same place4 ,! two di/9ct ,babylonian v]sions ( ! creation ( ! _w t h up to ! pres5t "t be5 f\nd1 h come to u 9 a fragm5t>y =m4 ,( ! "o1 inde$1 only "s =ty l9es exi/1 & ^! are introduc$ incid5tally 9 an incantation text2#fhb ( ! o!r v]sion1 portions ( six tablets#fhc h be5 recov]$2 :ile ( two fragm5ts x is d\btful#fhd :e!r !y belong to ?is same v]sion or repres5t a ?ird v]sion1 z does c]ta9ly a fragm5t conta9+ a v>iant acc\nt ( ! episode describ$ 9 ! f\r? tablet ( ! l>g] gr\p4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! long] v]sion--9 all #bc--;enable u to =m a tol]ably complete picture ( ! ,babylonian cosmology1 & ) ! help ( num]\s allusions 9 hi/orical1 religi\s & a/ronomical texts & 9 classical writ]s1 we c fur!rmore fill out "s ( ! gaps4 ,tak+ up ! long] v]sion1 :i* mu/ = ! pres5t s]ve z our *ief s\rce = ! cosmology ( ! ,babylonians1 x is important to note at ! outset t ! s]ies con/itutes1 9 reality1 a gr& hymn 9 honor ( ,m>duk4 ,! acc\nt ( ! beg9n+ ( ?+s & ( ! ord] ( creation is b incid5tal to an episode :i* is int5d$ to illu/rate ! greatness ( ,m>duk1 ! head ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,?is episode is ! conque/ ( a great mon/] kn[n z ,tiamat1--a p]sonification1 z we %all see1 ( primaeval *aos4 ,:at foll[s ^u ?is episode1 likewise turns ^u ! ov]%ad[+ p]sonality ( ,m>duk4 ,?is prom95ce giv5 to ,m>duk po9ts ( c\rse to ,babylon z ! place :]e ! e>ly traditions receiv$ _! lit]>y =m4 ,in/ead ( designat+ ! s]ies z a ',creation ,epic' x w\ld be q z appropriate to call x ',! ,epic ( ,m>duk4' ,! god ( ,babylon is ! h]o ( ! /ory4 ,to him ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies is ascrib$4 ,x is he :o br+s ord] & light into ! _w4 ,he supplants ! roles orig9ally belong+ to o!r gods4 ,bel & ,ea give way to him4 ,anu & ! o!r great gods *e]fully ackn[l$ge ,m>duk's p[]4 ,! e>ly traditions h all be5 color$ by ! endeavor to glorify ,m>duk2 & s9ce ,m>duk is "o ( ! late/ ( ! gods to come into prom95ce1 we mu/ desc5d "s c5turies bel[ ,hammurabi be=e rea*+ a p]iod :5 ,m>duk's position 0 s g5]ally recogniz$ z to lead to a trans=mation ( popul> traditions at ! h&s ( ! !ologians4 ,! evid5t purpose ( ! 'epic' to glorify ,m>duk also acc\nts = ! imp]fect mann] 9 :i* ! creation ( ! univ]se is rec\nt$4 ,only ! g5]al po9ts are t\*$ ^u4 ,_m details are omitt$ :i* 9 a cosmological epic1 compos$ = ! specific purpose ( sett+ =? ! ord] ( creation1 w\ld h>dly h be5 want+4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,babylonian v]sion aga9 resembles ! ,biblical acc\nt ( creation1 :i* is simil>ly m>k$ by its brevity1 & is z significant = its omissions z = :at x conta9s4 ,x b rema9s be=e pass+ on to an analysis ( ! 'epic' to note ! great c>e be/[$ ^u its lit]>y =m4 ,?is is evid5c$ n only by ! poetic diction1 b by its metrical =m1--a po9t to :i* ,budge 0 ! fir/ to direct att5tion#fhe & :i* ,zimm]n#fhf cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,ea* l9e consi/s ( two divisions1 & z a g5]al ?+ f\r or eight l9es con/itute a /anza4 ,! pr9ciple ( p>allelism1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,biblical poetry1 is also introduc$1 ?\gh n consi/5tly c>ri$ out4 ,! epic 0 kn[n f its op5+ words z ! s]ies ':5 above4' ,?r\gh ?is "n we are c]ta9 ( possess+ a portion ( ! fir/ tablet--b alas6 only a portion4 ,a fragm5t ( fifte5 l9es & ^! imp]fectly pres]v$ is all t has z yet be5 f\nd4 ,s f> z deciph]able1 x reads3 ,!re 0 a "t :5 above ! heav5 0 n nam$4#fhg ,bel[1 ! e>? bore no "n4 ,apsu 0 !re1 ! orig9al1 _! begettor1#b ,mummu & ,tiamat1 ! "m ( !m all4#fhh ,b _! wat]s#fhi 7 ga!r$ toge!r 9 a mass4 ,no field 0 m>k$ (f1 no m>%#fij 0 se54 ,:5 none ( ! gods 0 z yet produc$1 ,no "n m5tion$1 no fate det]m9$1 ,!n 7 creat$ ! gods 9 _! totality4 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu1 7 creat$4 ,days w5t by#e 444 ,an%> & ,ki%> 7 creat$4 ,_m days elaps$#fia 444 ,anu ,bel & ,ea 7 creat$4#fib ,an%>1 ,anu 787 444 ,at ?is po9t ! fragm5t breaks (f4 ,brief z x is1 x af=ds a cle> view ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,babylonians reg>d$ ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,wat] 0 ! primaeval elem5t4 ',apsu' is ! p]sonifi$ great 'ocean'--! ',deep' t cov]s ev]y?+4 ,) ,apsu !re is associat$ ,tiamat4 ,tiamat is ! equival5t ( ! ,hebrew ,t'hom1#fic :i* occurs 9 ! second v]se ( ! op5+ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 & :i* is1 l ,apsu1 ! p]sonification ( ! 'wat]y deep4' ,apsu & ,tiamat are1 accord+ly1 synonym\s4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two may be reg>d$ z due to ! introduction ( ! !ological doctr9e :i* we h se5 plays s prom95t a "p 9 ! sy/ematiz$ pan!on1 namely1 ! association ( ! male & female pr9ciple 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) activity or ) ! life ( ! univ]se4 ,apsu repres5ts ! male & ,tiamat ! female pr9ciple ( ! primaeval univ]se4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is t ! two conceptions are :olly dissociat$ f popul> traditions4 ,!ological sy/ems1 x w be f\nd1 are always atta*$ at "s po9t to popul> & (t5 to primitive beliefs4 ,tiamat 0 popul>ly pictur$ z a huge mon/] ( a =bidd+ aspect4 ,traces ( a simil> conception connect$ ) ,t'hom are to be met ) 9 ! poetry ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4#fid ,! ',rahab' & ',levia?an' & ! ',dragon' ( ! apocalypse belong to ! same ord] ( ideas t produc$ ,tiamat4 ,all ^! mon/]s repres5t a popul> attempt to picture ! *aotic condition t prevail$ be=e ! great gods obta9$ control & e/abli%$ ! ord] ( heav5ly & t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,! belief t wat] 0 ! orig9al elem5t exi/+ 9 ! univ]se & ! 's\rce' ( ev]y?+1 may also h _h its rise 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,x 0 sugge/$ 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 9 "p1 by ! long-cont9u$ ra9y season1 z a result ( :i* ! entire region 0 annually flood$4 ,! dry l& & vegetation appe>$1 only aft] ! wat]s _h rec$$4 ,! ye>ly ph5om5on br\ght home to ! m9ds ( ! ,babylonians1 a picture ( primaeval *aos4 ,9 ! s*ools ( !ology t arose ) ! advance ( culture1 ^! two notions--wat] z ! fir/ elem5t & a g5]al conception ( *aos--7 work$ out ) ! result t ,apsu & ,tiamat became my?ical be+s ^: dom9ion prec$$ t ( ! gods4 ,fur!r ?an ?is ! que/ion+s ( ! s*oolm5 did n g4 ,!y conceiv$ ( a "t :5 nei!r ! upp] firmam5t nor ! dry l& exi/$ & :5 ! gods 7 n yet plac$ 9 control1 b !y c\ld n conceive ( a "t :5 !re 0 'no?+' at all4 ,?is cosmological !ory :i* we may d$uce f ! fragm5t ( ! fir/ tablet ( ! creation s]ies is confirm$ by ! acc\nts t h come d[n to u--*iefly ?r\gh ,damascius--( ! treatm5t ( ! subject by ,b]osus4#fie ,damascius explicitly places ! ,babylonians among ^? nations :o fail to c>ry back ! univ]se to an ultimate s+le s\rce4 ,!re is no?+ e>li] ?an ! two be+s--,apsu & ,tiamat4#fif ,! mass+ toge!r ( ! primaeval wat]s completes ! picture ( *aos 9 ! cunei=m acc\nt4 ,f ! popul> side1 ! comm+l+ corresponds to ! ,tohu wa ,bohu ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 b = ! ,babylonian !ologians1 ?is embrace ( ,apsu & ,tiamat becomes a symbol ( 'sexual' union4#fig ,z ! outcome ( ?is union1 ! gods are produc$4 ,?is dep5d5ce ( ! gods ^u ,apsu & ,tiamat is b vaguely indicat$4 ,ano!r !ory appe>s to h exi/$ accord+ to :i* ! gods 7 contemporane\s ) primaeval *aos4 ,! vagu5ess may !re=e be ! result ( a compromise betwe5 conflict+ s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! mom5t t ! gods appe>1 a conflict ensues betwe5 !m & ,apsu-,tiamat4 ,?is conflict repres5ts ! evolution f *aos to ord]4 ,b be=e tak+ up ?is phase ( ! epic1 a few words mu/ be said z to ! names ( ! gods m5tion$1 & z to ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( deities enum]at$4 ,! fir/ two classes consi/1 ea*1 ( a pair ( deities :ile ! ?ird is ! well-kn[n triad ( ! old ,babylonian !ology4 ,betwe5 ! creation ( ea* class a long p]iod elapses--a circum/ance t may be reg>d$ z an evid5ce ( ! orig9ally indep5d5t "* ( ea* class4 ,n[ x has rec5tly be5 %[n#fih t ,lakhamu is ! fem99e ( ,lakhmu4 ,! fir/ class ( deities is1 !re=e1 an illu/ration aga9 ( ! conv5tional male & female pr9ciples introduc$ into ! curr5t !ology4 ,:ile !re are ref]5ces to ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu 9 ! religi\s texts1#fii p>ticul>ly 9 incantations1 ^! two deities play no "p :atsoev] 9 ! active pan!on1 z reveal$ by ! hi/orical texts4 ,9 popul> tradition1#gjj ,lakhmu surviv$ z a "n ( a my?ical mon/]4 ,alex&] ,polyhi/or#gja quotes ,b]osus z say+ 9 8 book on ,babylonia t ! fir/ result ( ! mixture ( wat] & *aos--i4e41 ( ,apsu & ,tiamat--0 ! production ( mon/]s p>tly human1 p>tly be/ial4 ,! w+$ bulls & lions t gu>d$ ! approa*es to temples & palaces are illu/rations ( ?is old notion1 & x is to ?is class ( my?ical be+s t ,lakhmu belongs4 ,! s*ools ( !ology1 seiz+ hold ( ?is popul> tradition1 add aga9 to ,lakhmu a female mate & conv]t ! tradition into a symbol ( ! fir/ /ep 9 ! evolution ( ord] out ( ! orig9al *aos4 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu are made to /& = an entire class ( be+s t are ! (fspr+ ( ,apsu & ,tiamat4 ,?is class does n diff] ess5tially f ,apsu & ,tiamat1 nor f ! ',levia?an1' ! ',dragon1' ! w+$ s]p5ts1 & ! w+$ bulls t are all emanations ( ! same ord] ( ideas4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu associat$ ) ,tiamat :5 ! conflict ) ! gods beg9s4 ,!y are products ( *aos & yet at ! same "t contempor>y ) *aos1--mon/]s n s fi]ce z ,tiamat1 b )al mon/]s :o _h to be subdu$ be=e ! planets & ! />s1 vegetation & man c\ld appe>4 ,! introduction ( ,an%> & ,ki%> z int]m$iate betwe5 ! mon/]s & ! triad ( gods appe>s to be due entirely to ! attempt at !ological sy/ematization t cle>ly /amps ! creation epic z ! consci\s "w ( s*oolm51 ?\gh %ap$1 z mu/ always be borne 9 m9d1 out ( ! mat]ial furni%$ by popul> tradition4 ,9 connection ) ! etymology & orig9al =m ( ! *ief ( ! ,assyrian pan!on1#gjb ! sugge/ion 0 made t ! introduction ( ,an%> into ! creation epic is a concession made to ! prom95ce t ,a%ur acquir$ 9 ! nor?4 ,we are n[ able to put ?is sugge/ion 9 a m def9ite =m4 ,! pan!on ( ! nor?1 z we h se51 0 d]iv$ f ! s\?4 ,n t all ! gods ( ! s\? are wor%ipp$ 9 ! nor?1 b ^? t are wor%ipp$ 9 ! nor? are also f\nd 9 ! s\?1 & orig9ate !re4 ,! di/9ctive features ( ,a%ur are due to ! political conditions t 7 develop$ 9 ,assyria1 b ! unfold+ ( ! conceptions connect$ ) ?is god :i* make him ! *>act]i/ic deity ( ,assyria1 inde$1 ! only di/9ctive ,assyrian figure 9 ! ,assyrian pan!on1 does n preclude ! possibility1 ( ! s\!rn orig9 ( ,a%ur4 ,if1 z has be5 made plausible by ,hommel1 ,n9eveh1 ! lat] capital ( ! ,assyrian empire1 repres5ts a settlem5t made by inhabitants ( a ,n9eveh situat$ 9 ! s\?1 !re is no reason :y a s\!rn deity be>+ ! "n ,an%> %\ld n h be5 transf]r$ f ! s\? to ! nor?4 ,! attempt has be5 made#gjc to expla9 ! *ange f ,an%> to ,a%ur4 ,! lat] "n ,a%ur1 because ( its om9\s "*1 effectually effac$ ! e>li] "o 9 popul> ?\ght4 ,! introduction ( ! old] =m ,an%>1 n m]ely 9 ! fir/ tablet ( ! creation s]ies1 b1 z we %all pres5tly see1 else:]e1 confirms ! view ( a s\!rn orig9 = ,a%ur1 & also po9ts to ! great antiquity ( ! ,an%>-,a%ur cult4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d colonies m cons]vative 9 matt]s ( religi\s ?\ght & cu/om ?an ! mo!rl&1 & !re is no?+ improbable 9 ! int]e/+ conclusion ?us rea*$ t ,a%ur1 ! head ( an empire1 s mu* lat] 9 po9t ( "t ?an ,babylonia1 %\ld turn out to be an old] deity ?an ! *ief p]sonage 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on aft] ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,b :ile ,an%>-,a%ur "u ?is view is a figure surviv+ f an anci5t p]iod1 he is trans=m$ by association ) a complem5t>y deity ,ki%> into a symbol1 j z we h f\nd to be ! case ) ,lakhmu4 ,by a play ^u 8 "n1 re/+ ^u an arbitr>y division ( ,an%> into ,an & ,%>1 ! deity becomes ! '"o t embraces all t is above4' ,! elem5t ,an is ! same t we h 9 ,anu1 & is ! 'ideographic'#gjd =m = 'high' & 'heav54' ,%> signifies 'totality' & has "s connection ) a well-kn[n ,babylonian ^w = 'k+4' ,! natural consort to an all-embrac+ upp] p[] is a p[] t 'embraces all t is bel['2 & s9ce ,ki is ! ideographic =m = 'e>?1' x is evid5t t ,ki-,%> is a creation ( ! !ologians1 introduc$ 9 ord] to supply ,an%> ) an appropriate associate4 ,! two 9 comb9ation repres5t a pair l ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu4 ,z ! latt] pair embrace ! _w ( mon/]s1 s ,an%> & ,ki%> /& 9 ! !ological sy/em = ! old] ord] ( gods1 a class ( deities antec$5t to ! s]ies ( :i* ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea are ! repres5tatives4 ,besides ! antiquity ( ,an%> & ! factor involv$ 9 ! play ^u ! "n1 ! prom95ce ( ! ,a%ur cult 9 ! nor? also ent]$ into play 7z already sugge/$7 9 secur+ = ,an%>-,a%ur1 a place 9 ! sy/ematiz$ cosmology4 ,! ,babylonian prie/s1 :ile always emphasiz+ ! pr$om9ance ( ,m>duk1 c\ld n entirely resi/ ! influ5ces t came to !m f ! nor?4 ,a%ur 0 n accord$ a place 9 ! ,babylonian cult1 b he c\ld n be ignor$ altoge!r4 ,moreov]1 ,assyria _h h] prie/s & s*ools1 & we are p]mitt$ to see 9 ! introduction ( ,an%> 9 ! creation epic1 a concession t reflects ! influ5ce1 no d\bt indirect1 & 9 "p p]haps unconsci\s1 b = all t1 ! decid$ influ5ce ( ! nor? ov] ! s\?4 ,! "p play$ by ,an%> 9 ! mo/ important episode ( ! creation epic w be f\nd to fur!r /r5g!n ?is view4#gje ,ki%>1 at all ev5ts1 =ms no "p ( ei!r ! ,babylonian or ( ! active ,assyrian pan!on4 ,%e does n occur 9 hi/orical or religi\s texts4 ,h] exi/5ce is purely !oretical--a creation ( ! s*ools )\t any w>rant 9 popul> tradition1 s f> z we c see4 ,a tablet is =tunately pres]v$#gjf 7?\gh only 9 "p7 :i* enables u to come a /ep ne>] t[>ds det]m9+ ! "* ( ! s]ies ( p[]s reg>d$ z antec$5t to ! well-kn[n deities4 ,9 ?is tablet1 no less ?an t5 pairs ( deities are enum]at$ t are expressly not$ z ',fa!r-"m ( ,anu1' t is1 z antec$5t to ,anu4#gjg ,among ^! we f9d ,an%> & ,ki%>1 & by _! side1 su* pairs z ,an%>-gal1 i4e41 'great totality ( :at is on high1' & ,ki%>-gal1 i4e41 'great totality ( :at is bel[1' ,en%> & ,n9%>1 i4e41 '"l' & 'mi/ress1' respectively1 ( 'all !re is1' ,du'ar & ,da'ur1 =ms ( a /em :i* may signify 'p]petuity1' ,alala1 i4e41 '/r5g?1' & a consort ,belili4 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu are also f\nd 9 ! li/4 ,:ile "s ( ! names are q obscure1 & ! composition ( ! li/ is due to ! s*ola/ic _s emanat+ f ! s*ools ( !ology1 ! fact t "s ( ! deities1 z ,alala1 ,belili1 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu1 occur 9 incantations %[s t ! !ologians 7 guid$ 9 "p by dimm$ traditions ( "s deities t 7 wor%ipp$ prior to ! ones ^: cult became prom95t 9 hi/oric times4 ,an%>1 ,alala1 ,belili1 ,lakhmu1 & ,du'ar 7 su* deities4 ,to ea* ( ^! an associate 0 giv51 9 accord ) ! e/abli%$ doctr9e ( 'duality' t *>act]izes ! m advanc$ ( ! anci5t ,semitic cults 9 g5]al4 ,o!rs1 l ,an%>-gal & ,en%>1 seem to be pure ab/ractions--p]haps only 'v>iants' ( ,an%>1 & ! numb] t5 may h "s my/ical significance t escapes u4 ,s mu*1 at all ev5ts1 seems c]ta9 t ev5 ! old ,babylonian pan!on1 z reveal$ by ! olde/ hi/orical texts1 repres5ts a comp>atively advanc$ /age ( ! religion :5 "s /ill old] gods _h already yield$ to o!rs & a sy/em 0 already 9 "p produc$ :i* left out ( consid]ation ^! old] deities4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! occurr5ce ( ! triad ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea z e>ly z ! days ( ,gudea1#gjh & x is ?is triad :i* 9 ! creation epic foll[s ^u ! old] s]ies symboliz$ by ,an%> & ,ki%>4 ,! lat] '!ology' f\nd a solution ( ! problem by assum+ f\r s]ies ( deities repres5t$ by ,apsu & ,tiamat1 by ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu1 by ,an%> & ,ki%>1 & by ! triad ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,9 a vague way1 z we h se51 ,apsu & ,tiamat are ! prog5itors ( ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu4 ,! priority1 aga91 ( ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu1 z well z ( ,an%> & ,ki%>1 is express$ by mak+ !m 'ance/ors' ( ,anu1 ,bel & ,ea4 ,:ile 9 ! li/ above ref]r$ to1 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu are put 9 a class ) ,an%> & ,ki%>1 9 ! creation epic !y =m a sep>ate class1 & ,delitzs* has ju/ly recogniz$1#gji 9 ?is sep>ation1 ! int5tion ( ! compil]s to emphasize an advance 9 ! evolution ( *aos to ord]1 :i* is ! keynote ( ! ,babylonian cosmology4 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu repres5t ! 'mon/]' _w :]e creatures are produc$ 9 /range confusion1 :]eas ,an%> & ,ki%> indicate a division ( ! univ]se into two di/9ct & %>ply def9$ p>ts4 ,! splitt+ ( '*aos' is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds its f9al disappe>ance4 ,! creation ( ,an%> & ,ki%> m>ks inde$ ! beg9n+ ( a sev]e conque/ :i* ends 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ,tiamat1 & :ile 9 ! pres5t =m ( ! epic1 ! conte/ is n decid$ be=e ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea & ! *ief deities ( ! hi/oric pan!on are creat$1 "o c see traces ( an e>li] =m ( ! tradition 9 :i* ,an%>--p]haps ) "s associates--is ! *ief figure 9 ! /rife4 ,( ! fir/ tablet1 we h two fur!r fragm5ts supplem5t+ "o ano!r1 9 :i* ! beg9n+s ( ?is t]rible conflict are describ$4 ,) ,apsu & ,tiamat !re are associat$ a v>iety ( mon/]s :o prep>e !mselves = ! fray4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! associates %[s t ! 'epic' does n aim to acc\nt = ! real orig9 ( ?+s1 b only = ! orig9 ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,at ! beg9n+ !re 0 *aos1 b '*aos1' s f> f repres5t+ empt9ess 7z came to be ! case "u a mono!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se7 0 on ! contr>y m>k$ by a sup]abundant fullness4 ,?r\gh ,alex&] ,polyhi/or1#gaj z already m5tion$1 we obta9 a satisfactory description ( ?is p]iod ( *aos z furni%$ by ,b]osus4 ,at ! "t :5 all 0 d>kness & wat]1 !re fl\ri%$ /range mon/]s1 human be+s ) w+s1 be+s ) two heads1 male & female1 hybrid =mations1 half-man1 half-animal1 ) horns ( rams & horses' ho(s1 bulls ) human faces1 dogs ) f\rfold bodies end+ 9 fi% tails1 horses ) heads ( dogs1 & v>i\s o!r mon/rosities4 ,?is acc\nt ( ,b]osus is n[ confirm$ by ! cunei=m records4 ,! associates ( ,tiamat are describ$ 9 a mann] t leaves no d\bt z to _! be+ ! mon/]s ref]r$ to4 ,we are told t ,ummu-,khubur1#gaa ! creator ( ev]y?+1 add$ ,/rong w>riors1 creat+ great s]p5ts1 ,%>p ( too?1 m]ciless 9 attack4 ,) poison 9 place ( blood1 %e fill$ _! bodies4 ,furi\s vip]s %e clo!d ) t]ror1 ,fitt$ !m out ) awful spl5dor1 made !m high ( /ature787 ,t _! c\nt5ance might inspire t]ror & ar\se horror1 ,_! bodies inflat$1 _! attack irresi/ible4 ,%e set up basilisks 787 great s]p5ts & mon/]s#gab ,a great mon/]1 a mad dog1 a scorpion-man ,a rag+ mon/]1 a fi%-man1 a great bull1 ,c>ry+ m]ciless weapons1 n dread+ battle4 ,9 all1 elev5 mon/r\s be+s are creat$ by ,tiamat = ! great conque/4 ,at _! head %e places a be+ ,k+u1 :om %e raises to ! dignity ( a consort4 ,! =mal in/allation ( ,k+u is describ$ z foll[s3 ,%e rais$ ,k+u among !m to be _! *ief4 ,to m>* at ! head ( ! =ces1 to lead ! assembly4 ,to comm& ! weapons to /rike1 to give ! ord]s = ! fray4 ,to be ! fir/ 9 w>1 supreme 9 triumph4 ,%e orda9$ him & clo!d him ) au?ority 7874 ,tiamat !n addresses ,k+u directly3 ,?r\gh my ^w to !e1 ,i h made !e ! greate/ among ! gods4 ,! rule ov] all ! gods ,i h plac$ 9 ?y h&4 ,! greate/ %alt ?\ be1 ?\1 my consort1 my only "o4 ,tiamat !reupon ,gives him ! tablets ( fate1 hangs !m on 8 brea/1 & dismisses him4 ',?y comm& be inv9cible1 ?y ord] au?oritative4'#gac ,! plan ( proc$ure1 x w\ld appe>1 is ! result ( a c\ncil ( w> held by ,apsu & ,tiamat1 :o feel !mselves p[]less to c>ry on ! conte/ by !mselves4 ,! portion ( ! tablet#gad 9 :i* ?is c\ncil is rec\nt$ is 9 s bad a condition t b little c be made out ( x4 ,associat$ ) ,apsu & ,tiamat 9 c\ncil1 is a be+ ,mummu1 & s9ce ,damascius expressly notes on ! direct au?ority ( ,b]osus t ,apsu & ,tiamat produc$ a son ,m\mis1#gae !re is e reason to believe t ,mummu repres5ts ?is (fspr+4 ,9 ! subsequ5t n>rative1 h[ev]1 nei!r ,apsu nor ,mummu play any "p4 ,tiamat has transf]r$ to ,k+u & ! elev5 mon/]s all au?ority1 & x is only aft] !y are defeat$ t ,tiamat--b ,tiamat alone--ent]s ! fray4 ,! rage ( ,tiamat is direct$ aga9/ ,an%>1 ,ki%>1 & _! (fspr+4 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 :ile /&+ at ! head ( ! latt]1 are n ! only gods introduc$4 ,:5 ! conte/ beg9s1 all ! great gods & also ! m9or ones are 9 exi/5ce4 ,! cause ( ,tiamat's rage is indicat$1 ?\gh vaguely1 9 ! portions pres]v$4 ,9 ! op5+ l9es ( ! epic !re is a ref]5ce to ! "t ':5 fates 7 n yet decid$4' ,! decision ( fates is 9 ! ,babylonian !ology "o ( ! *ief functions ( ! gods4 ,x con/itutes ! ma9spr+ ( _! p[]4 ,to decide fates is practically to control ! arrangem5t ( ! univ]se--to e/abli% ord]4 ,x is ?is function :i* ar\ses ! natural opposition ( ,tiamat & h] brood1 = ,tiamat feels t once ! gods are 9 control1 h] sway mu/ come to an end4 ,on ! "p ( ! gods !re is great t]ror4 ,!y are anxi\s to conciliate ,tiamat & are n actuat$ by any motives ( rivalry4 ,ord] is n aggressive4 ,x is *aos :i* manife/s opposition to 'ord]4' ,9 ! second tablet ( ! s]ies1 ,an%> s5ds 8 son ,anu ) a message to ,tiamat3 ,g & /ep be=e ,tiamat4 ,may h] liv] be pacifi$1 h] he>t s(t5$4 ,anu obeys1 b at ! sight ( ,tiamat's awful visage takes flight4 ,x is un=tunate t ! second tablet is s badly pres]v$4 ,we are dep5d5t l>gely ^u conjecture = :at foll[s ! failure ( ,anu's mission4 ,f ref]5ces 9 subsequ5t tablets1 x seems c]ta9 t ,an%> s5ds out ,ea z a second mess5g] & t ,ea also fails4 ,tiamat is det]m9$ ^u de/roy+ ! gods1 or at lea/ ^u keep+ f !m ! 'decision ( fates4' ,an%>1 x w be se51 /&s at ! head ( ! pan!on1 & x seems natural t he1 & n "o ( 8 (fspr+1 %\ld be ! f9al victor4 ,?is inde$ appe>s to h be5 ! orig9al =m ( ! my? or at lea/ "o =m ( x4 ,9 a second =m x 0 ,bel to :om ! victory 0 ascrib$1 & ?is ,bel ( ! triad1 we h se51 0 ,en-lil1 ! *ief god ( ,nippur2 b bo? ,an%> & ,bel mu/ give way to ! patron deity ( ! city ( ,babylon--,m>duk4 ,an%>-,a%ur1 ! head ( ! ,assyrian pan!on1 c\ld n be tol]at$ by ! ,babylonian prie/s z a p[] sup]ior to ,m>duk4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,an%> c\ld n be set aside1 = he surviv$ 9 popul> tradition4 ,! result is a compromise4 ,m>duk ga9s ! victory ov] ,tiamat1 b is commission$ to d s by ! assembly ( ! gods1 includ+ ,an%>4 ,z = ! old] ,bel1 he volunt>ily transf]s to ,m>duk 8 "n4 ,9 ?is way1 ! god ,bel ( ! triad becomes "o ) ,m>duk4 ,p]haps 9 "o religi\s c5t] & at a "t :5 ,ea 0 ! *ief god1 /ill ano!r v]sion exi/$ :i* assign$ ! triumph to ,ea1 = z w be po9t$ out1 traditions wav] betwe5 assign+ to ,ea or to ,bel-,m>duk s fundam5tal a function z ! creation ( mank9d4 ,9 %ort1 ! pres5t =m ( ! creation epic is 'eclectic' & embodies :at ! ,g]mans call a t5d5z4 ,to ea* ( ! great gods1 ,an%>1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 "s "p 9 ! conte/ is assign$1 b ! greate/ role belongs to ,m>duk4 ,! second tablet closes ) ,an%>'s decision to s5d 8 son ,m>duk aga9/ ,tiamat3 ,m>duk he>d ! ^w ( 8 fa!r4 ,8 he>t rejoic$ & to 8 fa!r he spoke4 ,) joy\s he>t he is ready to proce$ to ! conte/1 b he at once makes good 8 claim to supreme control 9 case he is victori\s4 ,he addresses ! assembl$ gods3 ,:5 ,i %all h become y\r av5g]1 ,b9d+ ,tiamat & sav+ y\r life1 ,!n come 9 a body1 ,9 ,ub%u-k5na1#gaf let y\rselves d[n joyfully1 ,my au?ority in/ead ( y\rs w assume control1 ,un*angeable %all be :atev] ,i d1 ,irrevocable & irresi/ible1 be ! comm& ( my lips4 ,! decl>ation =e%ad[s ! result4 ,! ?ird tablet is tak5 up ) ! prelim9>ies = ! great conte/1 & is int]e/+ *iefly because ( ! insight x af=ds u into ,babylonian me?ods ( lit]>y composition4 ,an%> s5ds ,gaga#gag to ! ho/ile camp ) ! =mal ann\ncem5t ( ,m>duk's read9ess to take up ! cause ( ! gods4 ,gaga does n face ,tiamat directly1 b leaves ! message ) ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu3 ,g ,gaga1 mess5g] 787 joy ( my liv]1 ,to ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu ,i w s5d !e4 ,! message prop] beg9s z foll[s3 ,an%> y\r son has s5t me1 ,! desire ( 8 he>t he has entru/$ to me4 ,tiamat1 our "m is full ( hate t[>ds u1 ,) all h] might %e is bitt]ly enrag$4 ,! elev5 associates t ,tiamat has rang$ on h] side are aga9 enum]at$1 toge!r ) ! appo9tm5t ( ,k+u z *ief ( ! t]ror-inspir+ army4 ,gaga comes to ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu & deliv]s ! message v]batim1 s t altoge!r ?is portion ( ! n>rative is repeat$ no less ?an f\r times4#gah ,! same t5d5cy t[>ds repetition is met ) 9 ! ,gilgame% epic & 9 ! be/ ( ! lit]>y productions ( ,babylonia4 ,x may be ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! religi\s hymns & incantations :]e repetition1 z we h se51 is also common1 ?\gh s]v+ a good purpose4 ,! message concludes3 ,i s5t ,anu1 he c\ld n endure h]#gai pres5ce4 ,ea#gbj 0 afraid & took to flight4 ,m>duk has /epp$ =w>d1 ! *ief ( ! gods1 y\r son1 ,to proce$ aga9/ ,tiamat1 he has set 8 m9d4 ,m>duk's decl>ation is !n repeat$4 ,^u he>+ ! message ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu & all ! ,igigi#gba are di/ress$1 b are p[]less to av]t ! com+ disa/]4 ,! =mal decl>ation ( w> hav+ be5 s5t1 ! foll[]s ( ,an%> assemble at a meal :i* is reali/ically describ$3 ,!y ate bread1 !y drank w9e4 ,! sweet w9e took away _! s5ses4 ,!y became drunk1 & _! bodies swell$ up4 ,) ?is description ! ?ird tablet closes4 ,! meal symbolizes ! solemn ga!r+ ( ! gods4 ,at its conclusion1 s x w\ld seem1 ,m>duk is =mally in/all$ z ! lead] to proce$ aga9/ ,tiamat4 ,! gods vie ) "o ano!r 9 %[]+ honors ^u ,m>duk4 ,!y enc\rage him = ! fight by prais+ 8 unique p[]s3 ,?\ art honor$ among ! great gods1 ,?y de/9y is unique1 ?y comm& is ,anu4#gbb ,m>duk1 ?\ art honor$ among ! great gods1 ,?y de/9y is unique1 ?y comm& is ,anu1 ,h5ce=? ?y ord] is absolute4 ,to elevate & to l[] is 9 ?y h&s1 ,:at issues f !e is fix$1 ?y ord] _c be oppos$1 ,none among ! gods may trespass ^u ?y dom9ion4 444 ,?y weapons w nev] be vanqui%$2 !y w %att] ?y enemies4 ,o "l6 grant life to him :o tru/s 9 !e1 ,b de/roy ! life ( ! god :o plots evil4 ,z a pro( ( ! p[] ?us entru/$ to ,m>duk1 ! gods give ! latt] a 'sign4' ,m>duk p]=ms a miracle4 ,a g>m5t is plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! gods4 ,comm& t ! dress disappe>6 ,!n comm& t ! dress return6 ,m>duk proce$s to ! te/4 ,z he gave ! comm&1 ! dress disappe>$4 ,he spoke aga9 & ! dress 0 !re4 ,?is 'sign1' :i* rem9ds "o ( ,yahwe's signs to ,moses z a pro( ( ! latt]'s p[]1#gbc is to be reg>d$ z an indication t de/ruction & creation are 9 ,m>duk's h&s4 ,! gods rejoice at ! exhibition ( ,m>duk's p[]4 ,9 *orus !y exclaim1 ,m>duk is k+4 ,! insignia ( royalty1 ?rone1 sceptre1 & au?ority are conf]r$ ^u him4 ,n[ g aga9/ ,tiamat1 cut (f h] life1 ,let ! w9ds c>ry h] blood to hidd5 regions4#gbd ,m>duk !reupon fa%ions 8 weapons = ! fray4 ,my? & realism are /rangely int]tw9$ 9 ! description ( ^! weapons4 ,b[ & quiv]1 ! lance & club are m5tion$1 toge!r ) ! /orm & ! lightn+ fla%4 ,9 addition to ?is he ,con/ructs a net :]e) to enclose ! life ( ,tiamat4 ,! f\r w9ds he grasp$ s t %e c\ld n escape4#gbe ,! s\? & nor? w9ds1 ! ea/ & we/ w9ds ,he br\ght to ! net1 :i* 0 ! gift ( 8 fa!r ,anu4 ,8 outfit is n yet complete4 ,he creates a de/ructive w9d1 a /orm1 a hurricane1 ,mak+ ( ! f\r w9ds1 sev5#gbf de/ructive & fatal ones2 ,!n he let loose ! w9ds he creat$1 ! sev51 ,to de/roy ! life#gbg ( ,tiamat1 !y foll[$ aft] him4 ,m>duk1 tak+ 8 mo/ p[]ful weapon 9 8 h&1#gbh m\nts 8 *>iot1 :i* is driv5 by fi]y /e$s4 ,! picture ?us furni%$ ( ! god1 /&+ upright 9 8 *>iot1 ) 8 weapons hung ab\t him & ! sev5 w9ds foll[+ 9 8 wake1 is mo/ impressive4 ,he makes /raight = ! ho/ile camp4 ,! sight ( ! god inspires t]ror on all sides4 ,! "l comes ne>] ) 8 eye fix$ ^u ,tiamat1 ,pi]c+ ) 8 glance 787 ,k+u h] consort4 ,k+u />ts back 9 al>m4 ,he _c endure ! 'maje/ic halo' :i* surr\nds ,m>duk4 ,k+u's associates--! mon/]s--are t]rifi$ at _! lead]'s discomfiture4 ,tiamat alone does n lose h] c\rage4 ,m>duk1 br&i%+ 8 great weapon1 addresses ,tiamat3 ,:y ha/ ?\ set ?y m9d ^u /irr+ up de/ructive conte/8 ,he reproa*es h] = ! hatr$ %e has %[n t[>ds ! gods1 & boldly calls h] out to ! conte/3 ,/& up6 ,i & ?\1 come let u fight4 ,tiamat's rage at ?is *all5ge is sup]bly pictur$3 ,:5 ,tiamat he>d ^! words ,%e act$ z possess$1 h] s5ses left h]2 ,tiamat %riek$ wild & l\d1 ,trembl+ & %ak+ d[n to h] f\ndations4 ,%e pron\nc$ an incantation1 utt]$ h] sacr$ =mula4 ,m>duk is undismay$3 ,!n ,tiamat & ,m>duk1 *ief ( ! gods1 advanc$ t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,!y advanc$ to ! conte/1 drew nigh = fight4 ,! fight & discomfiture ( ,tiamat are next describ$3 ,! "l spread out 8 net 9 ord] to enclose h]4 ,! de/ructive w9d1 :i* 0 beh9d him1 he s5t =? into h] face4 ,z ,tiamat op5$ h] m\? full wide1 ,he#gbi drove 9 ! de/ructive w9d1 s t %e c\ld n close h] lips4 ,! /rong w9ds inflat$ h] /oma*4 ,h] he>t 0 beset1#gcj %e op5$ /ill wid] h] m\?1#gca ,he seiz$ ! spe> & plung$ x into h] /oma*1 ,he pi]c$ h] entrails1 he tore ?r\gh h] he>t1 ,he seiz$ hold ( h] & put an end to h] life1 ,he ?rew d[n h] c>cass & /epp$ ^u h]4 ,! me?od employ$ by ,m>duk is s graphically describ$ t no comm5t is necess>y4 ,aft] hav+ vanqui%$ ,tiamat1 ! valiant ,m>duk attacks h] associates4 ,!y try to flee1 b he captures !m all--includ+ ,k+u--)\t mu* difficulty & puts !m into 8 great net4 ,mo/ important ( all1 he te>s ! tablets ( fate f ,k+u & places !m on 8 brea/4 ,?is act m>ks ! f9al victory4 ,h5ce=?1 ! gods ) ,m>duk--& no long] ,tiamat & h] brood--decree ! fate ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is great rejoic+ among ! gods1 :o heap pres5ts & (f]+s ^u ,m>duk4 ,z ! vanqui%] ( *aos1 ,m>duk is naturally s+l$ out to be ! e/abli%] ( ! fix$ =m & ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,! close ( ! f\r? tablet describes ?is "w ( ! god1 & ! subject is cont9u$ 9 ! foll[+ ones4 ,un=tunately1 ^! tablets are badly pres]v$1 s t we are f> f hav+ a complete view ( ! v>i\s acts ( ,m>duk4 ,he beg9s by tak+ ! c>cass ( ,tiamat & cutt+ x 9 half4 ,he cuts h] l "o does a flatt5$ fi% into two halves4 ,previ\s to ?is he _h trampl$ ^u h] & sma%$ h] skull1 z we are expressly told1 s t ! comp>ison ( ! mon/]1 ?us press$ out1 to a flatt5$ fi% is appropriate4 ,he splits h] l5g?wise4 ,! "o half he fa%ion$ z a cov]+ = ! heav5s1 ,atta*+ a bolt & plac+ !re a gu>dian1 ,) ord]s n to p]mit ! wat]s to come out4 ,x is evid5t t ! canopy ( heav5 is meant4 ,su* is ! enorm\s size ( ,tiamat t "o-half ( h] body flatt5$ out s z to s]ve z a curta91 is /ret*$ across ! heav5s to keep ! 'upp] wat]s'--'! wat]s above ! firmam5t' z ! ,book ( ,g5esis puts x--f com+ d[n4 ,to ensure ! execution ( ?is design1 a bolt is drawn 9 front ( ! canopy & a gu>dian plac$ !re1 l at a city wall1 to prev5t any "o or any?+ f com+ out4 ,?is act corresponds closely to ! creation ( a firmam5t 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,! int]pretation is borne out by ! /atem5t ( ,alex&] ,polyhi/or :o1 quot+ f ,b]osus1 /ates t out ( "o-half ( ,tiamat ! heav5s 7 made4#gcb ,! fur!r /atem5t t out ( ! o!r half ! e>? 0 fa%ion$ is n def9itely /at$ 9 our v]sion ( ! creation4 ,! n>rative proce$s z foll[s3 ,he pass$ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 he inspect$ ! expanse4#gcc ,to und]/& ?is phrase1 we mu/ consid] ! g5]al "* ( ! epic1 :i* is1 z we h already se51 a composite production1 =m$ ( popul> elem5ts & ( m advanc$ speculations4 ,! popul> elem5t is ! int]pretation ( ! /orms & ra9s t regul>ly visit ! ,euphrates ,valley be=e ! summ] season sets 91 z a conflict betwe5 a mon/] & ! sol> deity ,m>duk4 ,aft] a /ruggle1 w9ds at la/ drive ! wat]s back2 ,tiamat is vanqui%$ by ! entrance ( ! 'bad w9d' into h] body4 ,! sun appe>s 9 ! heav5s & runs across ! expanse1 pass+ 9 8 c\rse ov] ! entire vault4 ,! conflict1 :i* 9 ! s*ola/ic sy/em ( ! !ologians is plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 is 9 reality a ph5om5on ( annual occurr5ce4 ,! endeavor to make ,m>duk m ?an :at he orig9ally 0--a sol> deity--leads to ! introduction ( a v>iety ( episodes t prop]ly belong to a diff]5t class ( deities4 ,= all t1 ! orig9al role ( ,m>duk is n obscur$4 ,m>duk's passage across ! heav5s is a trace ( ! popul> phases ( ! nature my?1 & :ile 9 "o s5se1 x is appropriately introduc$ aft] ! fa%ion+ ( ! expanse1 x m prop]ly foll[s imm$iately ^u ! conflict ) ,tiamat4 ,9 %ort1 we h rea*$ a po9t 9 ! n>rative :]e ! nature my? symboliz+ ! annual succession ( ! seasons bl5ds ) a cosmological sy/em :i* is ! product ( comp>atively advanc$ s*ools ( ?\ght1 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] x difficult to draw ! l9e :]e my? ends & cosmological sy/em beg9s4 ,= ! mom5t1 ! nature my? controls ! c\rse ( ! n>rative4 ,! sun1 ^u runn+ its c\rse across ! heav5s1 appe>s to drop into ! great ocean1 :i* ! ,babylonians1 9 common ) _m anci5t nations1 imag9$ to surr\nd & to pass und]nea? ! e>?4 ,h5ce ! next act und]tak5 by ,m>duk is ! regulation ( ! c\rse ( ?is subt]ranean sea4 ,! "n giv5 to ?is sea 0 ,apsu4 ,m>duk h[ev] does n create ! ,apsu4 ,x is 9 exi/5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 b he places x "u ! control ( ,ea4 ,9 front ( ,apsu1 he prep>$ ! dwell+ ( ,nu-dimmud4#gcd ,?is ,apsu1 z we le>n f o!r s\rces1#gce fl[s on all sides ( ! e>?1 & s9ce x also fills ! holl[ "u ! e>?1 ! latt] 9 reality re/s ^u ! ,apsu4 ,ea is frequ5tly call$ ! "l ( ,apsu1 b ! creation epic1 9 assign+ to ,m>duk ! privilege ( prep>+ ! dwell+ ( ,ea1 rev]ses ! true ord] ( ?+s1 :i* may /ill be se5 9 ! common belief t made ,m>duk ! son ( ,ea4 ,m>duk1 ! sun ris+ up out ( ! ocean1 becomes ! (fspr+ ( ,ea1 & ev5 ! political supremacy ( ,m>duk c\ld n set aside ! pr]ogatives ( ,ea 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,9 ! cosmological sy/em1 h[ev]1 z develop$ 9 ! s*ools1 su* an attempt 0 made4 ,:ile recogniz+ ! 'deep' z ! doma9 ( ,ea1 ! !ologians sav$ ,m>duk's honor by hav+ him take a "p 9 fix+ ,ea's dwell+ & 9 det]m9+ its limitations4 ,) ! c>cass ( ,tiamat /ret*$ across ! upp] firmam5t & safely gu>d$1 & ) ! ,apsu "u control1 ! way is cle> = ! =mation ( ! e>?4 ,?is act 9 ! drama ( creation is ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ l9es1 ?\gh 9 a mann]1 t is n free f obscurity4 ,! e>? is pictur$ z a great /ructure plac$ ov] ! ,apsu & correspond+ 9 dim5sion ) x--at lea/ 9 "o direction4 ,! "l measur$ out ! /ructure ( ,apsu4 ,correspond+ to x1 he fa%ion$ a great /ructure#gcf ,e%>ra4 ,e%>ra is a poetical designation ( ! e>? & signifies1 z ,j5s5 has satisfactorily %[n1 h\se ( fullness#gcg or h\se ( f]tility4 ,! e>? is reg>d$ z a great /ructure1 & plac$ z x is ov] ! ,apsu1 its size is dep5d5t ^u ! latt]4 ,its measurem5t f "o end to ! o!r _c exce$ ! wid? ( ! ,apsu1 nor c x be any n>r[]4 ,! ends ( ! e>? span ! great ,apsu4 ,! foll[+ l9e specifies ! %ape giv5 to ,e%>ra3 ,! great /ructure ,e%>ra1 :i* he made z a heav5ly vault4 ,! e>? is n a sph]e accord+ to ,babylonian ideas1 b a holl[ hemisph]e hav+ an appe>ance exactly l ! vault ( heav51 b plac$ 9 position b5ea? ! heav5ly canopy4 ,z a hemisph]e x sugge/s ! picture ( a m\nta91 ris+ at "o end1 m\nt+ to a culm9at+ po9t1 & desc5d+ at ! o!r end4 ,h5ce by ! side ( ,e%>ra1 ano!r "n by :i* ! e>? 0 kn[n 0 ,ekur1 t is1 '! m\nta9 h\se4' ,diodorus ,seculus1 9 speak+ ( ! ,babylonian cosmology1 employs a happy illu/ration4 ,he says t accord+ to ,babylonian notions ! _w is a boat turn$ upside d[n4 ,! k9d ( boat meant is1 z ,l5ormant recogniz$1#gch ! deep-bottom$ r\nd skiff ) curv$ edges t is /ill us$ = c>ry+ loads across & along ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 ! same k9d ( boat t ! compil]s ( ,g5esis _h 9 view :5 describ+ ,noah's ,ark4 ,! appe>ance 9 outl9e ?us pres5t$ by ! ?ree divisions ( ! univ]se--! heav5s1 ! e>?1 & ! wat]s--w\ld be t ( two heavy ra9b[s1 "o b5ea? ! o!r at "s di/ance ap>t1 re/+ ^u a l>ge body ( wat] t fl[s ar\nd ! horizons ( bo? ra9b[s1 & also fills ! holl[ ( ! second "o4#gci ,! upp] 'ra9b[' is =m$ by "o-half ( ! c>cass ( ,tiamat /ret*$ across 9 semi-circul> %ape2 ! l[] "o is ! great /ructure ,e%>ra made by ,m>duk1 :ile ! ,apsu und]nea? is ! dwell+ ( ,ea4 ,! creation epic1 x may be not$ once m1 takes mu* = grant$4 ,its *ief aim be+ to glorify ,m>duk1 b little emphasis is laid ^u details ( int]e/ to u4 ,! p>cell+ out ( ^! ?ree divisions among ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea is !re=e m]ely allud$ to 9 ! clos+ l9e ( ! f\r? tablet3 ,he e/abli%$ ! di/ricts#gdj ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,! n>rative assumes :at we "k f o!r s\rces1 t ! heav5s con/itute ! doma9 ( ,anu1 ,e%>ra belongs to ,bel1 :ile ,apsu belongs to ,ea4 ,! m5tion ( ! triad takes u away f popul> my? to ! s*ola/ic sy/em z devis$ by ! !ologians4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! triad 9 full control m>ks ! introduction ( fix$ ord] into ! univ]se4 ,all traces ( ,tiamat h disappe>$4 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea symbolize ! et]nal laws ( ! univ]se4 ,!re are1 z we h se51 two factors involv$ 9 ! role assign$ to ,m>duk 9 ! v]sion ( ! creation epic "u consid]ation1--"o ! orig9al "* ( ! god z a sol> deity1 ! o!r ! lat] position ( ! god z ! head ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,9 ! 'epic1' ! fight ( ,m>duk ) ,tiamat belongs to ,m>duk z a sol> deity4 ,! my? is bas$1 z 0 above sugge/$1#gda ^u ! annual ph5om5on witness$ 9 ,babylonia :5 ! :ole valley is flood$ & /orms sweep across ! pla9s4 ,! sun is obscur$4 ,a conflict is go+ on betwe5 ! wat]s & /orms1 on ! "o h&1 & ! sun1 on ! o!r h&4 ,! latt] f9ally is victori\s4 ,m>duk subdues ,tiamat1 fixes limitations to ! 'upp] & l[] wat]s1' & triumphantly m>*es across ! heav5s f "o end to ! o!r1 z g5]al ov]se]4 ,?is nature my? 0 admirably adapt$ to s]ve z ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! enl>gem5t ( ! role ( ,m>duk1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! advancem5t ( ! god to ! head ( ! pan!on4 ,ev]y?+ _h to be ascrib$ to ,m>duk4 ,n m]ely humanity1 b ! gods also _h to ackn[l$ge1 & ackn[l$ge freely1 ! supremacy ( ,m>duk4 ,! sol> deity ?us becomes a p[] at ^: comm& ! laws ( ! univ]se are e/abli%$1 ! e>? creat$ & all t is on x4 ,9 ?us mak+ ,m>duk ! s+le creator1 ! !ologians 7 z mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ,m>duk's political supremacy1 z !y help$ to confirm t supremacy by _! sy/em4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 ! annual ph5om5on 0 trans=m$ into an acc\nt ( :at happ5$ 'once ^u a "t4' ,:at impress$ ! ?9k]s mo/ 9 ! univ]se 0 ! regul> work+ ( ! laws ( nature4 ,ascrib+ ^! laws to ,m>duk1 !y naturally pictur$ ! beg9n+s ( ?+s z a lawless p]iod4 ,into ! old & popul> ,m>duk-,tiamat nature my?1 c]ta9 t\*es 7 ?us introduc$ t *ang$ its entire "*4 ,?is once done1 x 0 a comp>atively simple matt] to foll[ up ! conflict ( ,m>duk & ,tiamat by a s]ies ( acts on ,m>duk's "p1 complet+ ! "w ( g5]al creation4 ,! old nature my? end$ ) ! conque/ ( ! ra9s & /orm & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sun's regul> c\rse1 precisely z ! deluge /ory 9 ,g5esis1 :i* conta9s e*oes ( ! ,m>duk-,tiamat my?1 ends ) ! promulgation ( ! fix$ laws ( ! univ]se4#gdb ,:at foll[s ^u ?is episode 9 ! ,babylonian epic is ! elaboration ( ! c5tral !me1 work$ out 9 ! s*ools ( ,babylonian ?\ght & int5d$1 on ! "o h&1 to illu/rate ,m>duk's position z creator &1 on ! o!r1 to =mulate ! details ( ! cosmological sy/em4 ,) ! fif? tablet1 !re=e1 we leave ! doma9 ( popul> my? completely & pass into ! doma9 ( cosmological speculation4 ,fragm5t>y z ! fif? tablet is1 en\gh is pres]v$ to %[ t x assumes ! p]fection ( ! zodiacal sy/em ( ! ,babylonian s*ools & ! complete regulation#gdc ( ! cal5d>4 ,9 ?is zodiacal sy/em1 z has be5 intimat$ & z w be m fully set =? 9 a special *apt]1 ! planets & />s are id5tifi$ ) ! gods4 ,! gods h _! '/ations' & _! 'pictures' 9 ! />ry sky4 ,! />s are ! 'draw+s' or 'designs ( heav54' ,x is ,m>duk aga9 :o is repres5t$ z arrang+ ^! /ations3 ,he e/abli%$ ! /ations = ! great gods4#gdd ,! />s1 _! lik5ess1#gde he set up z con/ellations4#gdf ,he fix$ ! ye> & m>k$ ! divisions4#gdg ,! twelve mon?s he divid$ among ?ree />s4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> till ! close 787 ,he e/abli%$ ! /ation ( ,nibir#gdh to indicate _! b\nd>y4 ,s t !re might be no deviation nor w&]+ away f ! c\rse ,he e/abli%$ ) him1#gdi ! /ations ( ,bel & ,ea4 ,an epitome ( ! a/ronomical sci5ce ( ! ,babylonians is compris$ 9 ^! l9es4 ,! gods be+ id5tifi$ ) />s & ea* ( ! latt] hav+ its place 9 ! heav5s 'to e/abli% ! /ations = ! great gods' is equival5t to putt+ ! />s 9 position4 ,! regulation ( ! ye> =ms "p ( ! a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,! ?ree />s t con/itute 'divisions' to aid 9 m>k+ (f ! mon?s are ,nibir1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,t ! ,babylonians _h su* a sy/em z is "h outl9$ is confirm$ by ,diodorus ,seculus4#gej ,! position ( ,nibir1 or ,jupit]1 ^: c\rse keeps clos] to ! ecliptic ?an t ( any o!r planet1 s]v$ z an important guide 9 cal5drical calculations4 ,! />s are repres5t$ z cl++ to _! c\rse ?r\gh ma9ta9+ _! relation%ip to ,nibir1 :ile at ! side ( ,nibir & z additional guides1 ,bel is id5tifi$ ) ! nor? pole ( ! equator & ,ea ) a /> 9 ! extreme s\!rn heav5s1 to be s\ght =1 p]haps1 9 ! con/ellation ,argo4 ,! description concludes3 ,he atta*$ l>ge gates to bo? sides1 ,made ! bolt secure to ! left & "r4 ,! heav5s are ?us made firm by two gates1 fa/5$ ) bolts & plac$ at ei!r end4 ,?r\gh "o ( ^! gates ! sun passes out 9 ! morn+1 & at ev5+ ent]s into ! o!r4 ,b ! mo/ important body 9 ! heav5s is ! moon4 ,its functions are describ$ 9 an int]e/+ way3 ,9 ! mid/#gea he made ! z5i?#geb 787 ,nann>#gec he caus$ to g =? & h&$ ov] to him#e ! night4 ,he fix$ him#ged z ! lum9>y ( night to m>k (f ! days4 ,! passage is made cle> by a ref]5ce to ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 i4 #af1 :]e we are told t ! moon 0 creat$ '= ! rule ( night4' ,a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,biblical & ! cunei=m cosmology at ?is po9t is no less significant4 ,:ile accord+ to ,babylonian ideas1 ! moon alone1 or at mo/ ! moon ) ! />s1 regulates ! days1 ! ,hebrew v]sion makes ! moon & sun toge!r ! basis = ! regulation ( ! 'days & ye>s4' ,! sun accord+ to ,babylonian notions does n prop]ly belong to ! heav5s1 s9ce x passes daily beyond ! limits ( ! latt]4 ,! sun1 !re=e1 plays an insignificant "p 9 ! cal5drical sy/em 9 comp>ison ) ! moon4 ,m>duk addresses ! moon1 specify+ its duties1 :at position x is to occupy t[>ds ! sun at c]ta9 p]iods dur+ ! mon?ly c\rse1 & ! l4 ,! tablet at ?is po9t becomes defective1 & be=e ! address comes to an end1 we are left entirely 9 ! lur*4 ,to speculate z to ! fur!r cont5ts ( ! fif? tablet & ( ! six? 7( :i* no?+ has z yet be5 f\nd7 seems idle4 ,zimm]n supposes t aft] ! heav5ly ph5om5a _h be5 dispos$ (1 ! =mation ( ! dry l& & ( ! seas 0 tak5 up1 & ,delitzs* is ( ! op9ion t 9 ! six? tablet ! creation ( plants & trees & animals 0 also rec\nt$4 ,i v5ture to "q :e!r ! creation ( ! 'dry l& & seas' 0 specifically m5tion$4 ,e%>ra1 ! e>?1 is 9 exi/5ce & ! ,apsu appe>s to include all wat]s1 b t ! epic treat$ ( ! creation ( plant & animal life & !n ( ! creation ( man is em95tly likely4 ,we h inde$ a fragm5t ( a tablet#gee 9 :i* ! creation ( ! 'cattle ( ! field1 bea/s ( ! field1 & creep+ ?+s ( ! field' is ref]r$ to2 b s9ce x is ! 'gods :o 9 unison' are !re repres5t$ z hav+ creat$ ! animal k+dom1 x is h>dly likely t ! fragm5t =ms "p ( our 'epic' 9 :i* all de$s are ascrib$ to ,m>duk4 ,x belongs 9 all probability to a diff]5t cosmological v]sion1 b s mu* c be conclud$ f x1 t ! ,babylonians ascrib$ ! creation ( animals to "s div9e p[] or p[]s2 & t !re=e our 'epic' mu/ h conta9$ a section 9 :i* ?is act 0 assign$ to ,m>duk4 ,a simil> v>iation exi/s ) ref]5ce to ! tradition ( ! creation ( mank9d4 ,!re are di/9ct traces t ! belief 0 curr5t 9 p>ts ( ,babylonia :i* made ,ea ! creation ( mank9d4#gef ,ea1 x w be recall$1 is ! 'god ( humanity' p> excell5ce1 & yet 9 ! sev5? 7& probably clos+7 tablet ( ! s]ies1 ,m>duk is spok5 ( z ! "o :o creat$ mank9d4#geg ,v>iant traditions ( ?is k9d po9t to ! exi/5ce ( v>i\s c5t]s ( culture & ?\ght 9 rivalry ) "o ano!r4 ,! great paean to ,m>duk w\ld h be5 sadly incomplete _h x n conta9$ an acc\nt ( ! creation ( mank9d--! cr[n+ "w ( ! univ]se--by ! head ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t a tablet conta9+ ! address ( a deity to mank9d belongs to our s]ies#geh & embodies ord]s & w>n+s giv5 by ,m>duk aft] ! creation ( man1 j z he addresses ! moon aft] e/abli%+ x 9 ! heav5s4 ,purity ( he>t is enjo9$ z pleas+ to ! deity4 ,pray] & supplication & pro/ration are also comm&$4 ,x is said t ,fe> ( god begets m]cy1 ,sacrifice prolongs life1 ,& pray] dissolves s94 ,! tablet cont9ues 9 ?is /ra94 ,x is p]haps n ! k9d ( address t we w\ld expect ,m>duk to make aft] ! act ( creation1 b = ! pres5t we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ?is conjecture1 z also ) ! supposition t ! creation ( mank9d con/itut$ ! f9al act 9 ! great drama 9 :i* ,m>duk is ! h]o4 ,:5 ,m>duk's "w is f9i%$1 ! ,igigi ga!r ar\nd him 9 adoration4 ,?is sc5e is describ$ 9 a tablet :i* = ! pres5t we may reg>d#gei z ! close ( ! s]ies4 ,no less ?an fifty names are be/[$ ^u him by ! gods1 ! numb] fifty correspond+ accord+ to "s traditions to ! numb] ( ! ,igigi4 ,m>duk accord+ly absorbs ! qualities ( all ! gods4 ,su* is ! purpose ( ?is tablet4 ,! diction is at times exce$+ly impressive4 ,god ( pure life1 !y call$ him 9 ! ?ird place1 ! be>] ( purification4 ,god ( favorable w9d1#gfj "l ( response#gfa & ( m]cy1 ,creator ( abundance & fullness1 grant] ( bless+s1 ,:o increases ! ?+s t 7 small1 ,^: favorable w9d we exp]i5c$ 9 sore di/ress4 ,?us let !m#gfb speak & glorify & be ob$i5t to him4 ,! gods recall ) gratitude ,m>duk's s]vice 9 vanqui%+ ,tiamat4 ,m>duk is also prais$ = ! m]cy he %[$ t[>ds ! associates ( ,tiamat1 :om he m]ely captur$ )\t putt+ !m to dea?4 ,z ! god ( ! %9+ cr[n 9 ! f\r? place1 let !m i4e41 mank9d exalt him4 ,! "l ( cleans+ incantation1 ! re/or] ( ! dead to life1 ,:o %[$ m]cy t[>ds ! captur$ gods1 ,remov$ ! yoke f ! gods :o 7 ho/ile to him4 ,a lat] fancy id5tifi$ ! 'captur$ gods' ) elev5 ( ! heav5ly con/ellations4#gfc ,mank9d is enjo9$ n to =get ,m>duk ,:o creat$ mank9d out ( k9dness t[>ds !m1 ,! m]ciful "o1 ) :om is ! p[] ( giv+ life4 ,may 8 de$s rema9 & nev] be =gott5 ,by humanity1 creat$ by 8 h&s4 ,among o!r names assign$ to him are '! "o :o kn[s ! he>t ( ! gods1' ':o ga!rs ! gods toge!r1' ':o rules 9 tru? & ju/ice4' ,9 allusion aga9 to 8 conte/ ) ,tiamat1 he is call$ '! de/roy] ( ! enemy & ( all wick$ ones1' ':o fru/rates _! plans4' ,) ! help ( a pun ^u 8 hav+ 'pi]c$' ,tiamat2 he is call$ ,nibir1 i4e41 ! planet ,jupit]4#gfd ,nibir be 8 "n1 :o took hold ( ! life ( ,tiamat4 ,! c\rse ( ! />s ( heav5 may he direct4 ,may he pa/ure all ( ! gods l %eep4#gfe ,b ! climax is rea*$ :51 ^u he>+ :at ! ,igigi h done1 ! great gods1 fa!r ,bel & fa!r ,ea *e]fully be/[ _! own names ^u ,m>duk4 ,because he creat$ ! heav5s & =m$ ! e>? ',"l ( ,l&s'#gff fa!r ,bel call$ 8 "n4 ,:5 he he>d ( all ! names t ! ,igigi be/[$ ,ea's liv] rejoic$ ,t !y _h be/[$ exalt$ names ^u 8 son4 ,he z ,i--,ea be 8 "n4 ,! control ( my comm&s be entru/$ to him4 ,to him my ord]s %all be transmitt$4 ,! hi/orical backgr\nd to ?is transf]5ce ( ! "n ( ,bel has be5 dwelt ^u 9 a previ\s *apt]4#gfg ,?is ,m>duk hymn is to ju/ify ! transf]5ce ( ! role ( ! old] ,bel ( ,nippur to ! y\ng] god ,m>duk4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! tablet describ+ ! conte/ ( ,m>duk ) ,tiamat1 ,m>duk is call$ ,bel1#gfh & :ile ?is "n is us$ 9 ! g5]ic s5se ( "l1 ! transf]5ce ( ! "n ( ,bel to ,m>duk is evid5tly introduc$ to acc\nt = 8 assum+ ! pr]ogatives belong+ to ano!r god4 ,! orig9al '"l' 0 ,en-lil ( ,nippur4 ,! sacr$ significance ( anci5t ,nippur made its patron deity ! mo/ important rival ( ,m>duk4 ,bel c\ld n be dispos$ ( z ,ea1 :o by virtue ( 8 my?ological relation%ips to ,m>duk--a sol> deity--c\ld be reta9$ z ! fa!r ( ,m>duk4 ,!re 0 no?+ left b = ,m>duk to take ! place ( ,bel4 ,! con/ant introduction ( ! epi!t ',bel' into ! ,tiamat /ory po9ts to an old] v]sion 9 :i* ,bel 0 ! h]o4 ,9 popul> traditions1 ,bel cont9u$ to be pictur$ z arm$ ) mighty weapons1#gfi &1 ?\gh ready to inflict sev]e puni%m5t = disob$i5ce to 8 comm&s1 he engages 9 conte/s = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,! e>? be+ 8 special sph]e ( action1 :at m natural ?an t he %\ld h _h a prom95t %>e 9 adapt+ x z a habitation = mank9d4 ,he w\ld be directly int]e/$ 9 fight+ ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,9 ! weapons t ,m>duk employs1 p>ticul>ly ! lightn+ & ! w9ds :i* belong to an atmosph]ic god r ?an a sol> deity1 we may disc]n traces ( ! old] n>rative :i* has be5 comb9$ ) ! ,m>duk-,tiamat nature my?4#ggj ,x may be t ,k+u repres5ts ,bel's p>ticul> rival4 ,9 ! n>rative1 x w be recall$1 ! conte/ ) ,tiamat is %>ply sep>at$ f t ) ,k+u & 8 associates4 ,! division t ?us sugge/s itself betwe5 ,m>duk & ,tiamat1 on ! "o h&1 ,bel & ! mon/]s ) ,k+u at _! head1 on ! o!r1 may c]ta9ly be t]m$ a natural "o4 ,! sol> deity ,m>duk dispos$ ( ! /orms & ra9s ( ! w9t]1 :]eas1 a god ( t :i* is bel[1#gga i4e41 ! e>? & ! atmosph]e imm$iately above ! e>?1 w\ld appropriately be repres5t$ z ridd+ ! e>? ( ! mon/]s 9 ord] to prep>e x z a habitation = mank9d4 ,ea 0 n su* a s]i\s rival to ,m>duk z ! old] ,bel4 ,political rivalry betwe5 ,nippur & ,babylonia probably contribut$ t[>ds ! disposition to h ,m>duk completely absorb ! role ( ,bel1 :]eas1 ?is rivalry be+ abs5t 9 ! case ( ,eridu 7! orig9al seat ( ,ea wor%ip7 & ,babylon1 ! my?ological relations betwe5 ,ea & ,m>duk l$1 z already po9t$ out1 9 a p]fectly natural way to mak+ ,m>duk ! son ( ,ea4 ,/ill1 :ile *e]fully ackn[l$g$ by ,ea z 8 equal1 x is evid5t t 9 old] traditions ,ea 0 f> sup]ior to ,m>duk1 & ! latt] replaces ,ea z he does ,bel4 ,! real creator ( mank9d1 accord+ to c]ta9 traditions1 is ,ea1 j z 9 all probabilities a ?ird tradition exi/$ :i* arose 9 ,nippur giv+ to ,bel t di/9ction4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 = ,ea to decl>e t ,m>duk's "n 7i4e41 8 p[]7 is ! same z ,ea4 ,! alt]ation ( ! traditions is ?us ju/ifi$ by a h>moni/ic !ology4 ,m>duk has triumph$ ov] ,bel & ,ea4 ,! god ( ,babylon reigns supreme1 8 sway ackn[l$g$ by ^? :om he supplants4 ,m>duk's decl>ation t 9 ! ev5t ( 8 vanqui%+ ,tiamat he w assume au?ority ov] all ! gods is ?us =mally confirm$4 ,! epic closes gr&iloqu5tly3 ,) fifty names1 ! great gods ,accord+ to _! fifty names1 proclaim$ ! supremacy ( 8 c\rse4 ,! compil] has add$ to ! epic :at ,delitzs* appropriately designates an 'epilogue1'--a decl>ation ( affection = ,m>duk4 ,! epilogue consi/s ( ?ree /anzas4 ,all mank9d--royalty & subjects--are call$ ^u to be> 9 m9d ,m>duk's glori\s de$s1 a*iev$ = ! b5efit ( ! _w4 ,let ! wise & intellig5t toge!r pond] ov] x4 ,let ! fa!r relate x & tea* x to 8 son4#ggb ,to lead] & %eph]d#ggc be x told4 ,let all rejoice 9 ! "l ( gods1 ,m>duk ,t he may cause 8 l& to prosp] & grant x peace4 ,8 ^w is firm1 8 ord] irrevocable4 ,:at issues f 8 m\?1 no god c alt]4 ,m>duk's ang]1 ! poet says 9 clos+1 t]rifies ev5 ! gods1 b he is a god ^u ^: m]cy "o may rely1 ?\gh he puni%es ! evil-do]4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! g5]al nature ( ! creation epic we h discuss$1 we mu/ ( c\rse 9 our conclusions di/+ui% betwe5 ^? elem5ts 9 x :i* reflect ! int5t ( ! compil] or compil]s to glorify ,m>duk at ! exp5se ( o!r gods & su* p>ts z be> ! /amp ( be+ g5]ally accept$ beliefs4 ,sett+ aside1 !re=e1 ! special role assign$ to ,m>duk1 we f9d t ! ,babylonians nev] develop$ a !ory ( real beg9n+s4 ,! creatio ex nihilo 0 a ?\ght beyond ! grasp ev5 ( ! s*ools4 ,!re 0 always some?+1 & inde$ !re 0 always a great deal--z mu* p]haps at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s z at any o!r "t4 ,b !re 0 no cosmic ord]4 ,in/ead ( a doctr9e ( creation1 we h a doctr9e ( evolution f *aos to ! imposition ( et]nal laws4 ,! manife/ation ( ^! laws 0 se5 fir/ ( all 9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!re 0 a great expanse1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a /ret*$-out curta9 or a cov]+ to :i* ! />s & moon 7 atta*$4 ,along ?is expanse ! w&]+ />s mov$ ) a c]ta9 regul>ity4 ,! moon1 too1 _h its c\rse mapp$ out & ! sun appe>$ 9 ?is expanse daily1 z an ov]se]1 pass+ along ! :ole ( x4 ,?is wond]ful sy/em 0 ! fir/ to be p]fect$1 & to ! sol> deity1#ggd :i* seem$ to control ev]y?+1 0 ascrib$ ! di/9ction ( hav+ introduc$ ! heav5ly ord]4 ,?is notion we may well believe 0 ( popul> orig91 ?\gh elaborat$ 9 ! s*ools to con=m to a develop$ a/rological sci5ce4 ,! />s & moon nev] pass$ beyond c]ta9 limits1 &1 accord+ly1 ! view 0 develop$ :i* gave to ! canopy ( heav5 fix$ b\nd>ies4 ,at ea* end ( ! canopy 0 a great gate1 prop]ly gu>d$4 ,?r\gh "o ( ^! ! sun pass$ 9 ris+ out ( ! ocean1 ?r\gh ! o!r x pass$ out :5 x _h run its c\rse4 ,le>n$ speculation c\ld n improve ^u ?is popul> fancy4 ,z ! heav5s _h _! limitations1 s also ! great bodies ( wat] 7 kept 9 *eck by laws1 :i*1 ?\gh et]nal1 7 yet n q z inexorable z ^? controll+ ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! ye>ly ov]fl[ ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris 0 too s]i\s a matt] to be ov]look$1 & we %all see 9 a foll[+ *apt]#gge h[ ?is ph5om5on 0 int]pret$ z a rivalry betwe5 ,bel & ,ea1 delib]ately caus$ by ! =m] 9 ang] t[>d mank9d4 ,/ill1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! 'deep1' presid$ ov] by ,ea1 kept )9 ! limits assign$ to x4 ,! wat]s above ! canopy 7 "u rigid control1 & ! l[] wat]s fl[$ ar\nd ! e>? & und]nea? x1 & bord]$ ! canopy ( heav5 at its two ends4 ,! e>? itself 0 a va/ holl[ /ructure1 erect$ z a place ( f]tility "u ! canopy ( heav5 & re/+ on ! great 'deep4' ,its vegetation 0 ! gift ( ! gods4 ',f]tility' summ$ up ! law fix$ = ! e>?4 ,mu* z 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 to multiply & increase 0 ! ord] proclaim$ = ! life ) :i* ! e>? 0 fill$4 ,! creation ( mank9d 0 ! la/ act 9 ! great drama4 ,assign$ 9 "s traditions to ,ea1 9 o!rs z x w\ld seem to ,bel1 ! transf] ( ! traditions to ,m>duk is ! delib]ate "w ( ! s*ools ( !ological ?\ght4 ,! ess5tial po9t = u is t mank9d1 accord+ to all traditions1 is ! product ( ! gods4 ,9 "s =m or o!r1 ?is belief 0 popul>ly held ev]y:]e4 ,its orig9al =m1 h[ev]1 is obscur$ beyond recognition by ! !ory :i* x is made to s]ve4 ,a second v]sion ( ! c\rse ( creation#ggf agrees 9 ! ma9 ) ! fir/ "o1 b adds "s po9ts ( int]e/4 ,9 ?is v]sion1 likewise1 ,m>duk is assign$ ! mo/ important role--an evid5ce t x 0 produc$ "u simil> influ5ces z ! l>g] epic4 ,s f> z pres]v$1 ! second v]sion diff]s f ! fir/ 9 its brevity & 9 ! prom95ce giv5 to su* !mes z ! developm5t ( animal life & ! gr[? ( civilization4 ,x fills out to a c]ta9 degree ! gaps 9 ! fir/ v]sion1 due to ! fragm5t>y condition ( ! fif? tablet & ! loss ( ! six?4 ,! brevity ( ! second v]sion is due 9 "p to ! fact t x is introduc$ into an incantation text1 &1 :at is m1 incid5tally introduc$4 ,x beg9s z does ! l>g] epic ) ! /atem5t reg>d+ ! p]iod :5 ! pres5t ph5om5a ( ! univ]se 7 n yet 9 exi/5ce1 b x specifies ! p]iod 9 a mann] :i* gives a some:at m def9ite "* to ! conception ( ?is anci5t "t4 ,! bright h\se ( ! gods 0 n yet built on ! bright place1 ,no re$ grew & no tree 0 =m$1 ,no brick 0 laid nor any brick edifice#ggg re>$1 ,no h\se erect$1 no city built1 ,no city re>$1 no conglom]ation#ggh =m$4 ,nippur 0 n re>$1 ,e-,kur#ggi n erect$4 ,ere* 0 n re>$1 ,e-,anna#ghj n erect$4 ,! deep#gha n =m$1 ,eridu#ghb n re>$4 ,! bright h\se1 ! h\se ( ! gods n yet con/ruct$ z a dwell+4 ,! _w#ghc 0 all a sea4 ,aga9 x w be obs]v$ t nei!r popul> nor s*ola/ic speculation c picture ! beg9n+ ( ?+s 9 any o!r way ?an z an abs5ce ( ?+s *>act]i/ic ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,! bright#ghd h\se ( ! gods corresponds to ,e%>a & ! canopy ( heav5 9 ! fir/ v]sion4 ,! gods are aga9 id5tifi$ ) ! />s1 & x is 9 ! heav5s--! bright place--t ! gods dwell4#ghe ,! ref]5ce to ! abs5ce ( vegetation agrees closely ) ! correspond+ passage 9 ! l>g] creation epic4 ,! limitations ( ! cosmological speculations ( ! ,babylonians f9d a /rik+ illu/ration 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! beg9n+s ( human culture are plac$ on a level ) ! beg9n+s ( heav5ly & t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,nippur1 ,ere*1 & ,eridu1 :i* are ?us %[n to be ! olde/ religi\s c5t]s ( ! ,euphrates ,valley1 7 indissolubly associat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p ) ! beg9n+ ( ord] 9 ! univ]se4 ,su* 0 ! antiquity ( ^? cities z seats ( ! great gods1 ,bel1 ,i%t>1 & ,ea1 t ! "t :5 !y did n exi/ 0 n diff]5tiat$ f ! creation ( ! heav5s & ( plant life4 ,?is conception is m cle>ly emphasiz$ by ! p>allelism impli$ betwe5 ,eridu & ! 'deep4' ,! '=mation' ( ,apsu corresponds to ! '/ructure' made by ,m>duk accord+ to ! fir/ v]sion1 z ! seat ( ,ea4 ,! wat]s 7 n creat$ by ,m>duk1 b !y 7 conf9$ by him )9 a c]ta9 space4 ,9 a vague way1 ! 'deep' itself re/$ 9 a va/ tub4 ,! wat]s fl[$ freely & yet n )\t limitation4 ,! conte/ ) ,tiamat is n ref]r$ to 9 ?is second v]sion1 & ?is may be tak5 z an indication t ! 'nature' my? 0 n an +r$i5t "p ( cosmological speculations1 b only introduc$ into ! fir/ v]sion because ( its associations ) ,m>duk4 ,! appe>ance ( dry l& is describ$ some:at vaguely z foll[s3 ,!re 0 a *annel#ghf )9 ! sea4 ,at t "t ,eridu 0 erect$1 ,e-,sagila#ghg 0 built1 ,e-,sagila 9 ! mid/ ( ! 'deep1' :]e ! god ( ! glori\s abode#ghh dwells4 ,! m5tion ( ! *annel appe>s to imply t ! wat]s 7 p]mitt$ to fl[ (f 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,! conception w\ld !n be simil> to ! view express$ 9 ,g5esis1 :]e ! dry l& appe>s 9 consequ5ce ( ! wat]s be+ 'ga!r$' into "o place4#ghi ,! temple at ,eridu is reg>d$ z synonym\s ) ! city1 z ! temples ,e-,kur & ,e-,anna are synonym\s ) ,nippur & ,ere* respectively4 ,eridu at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 :i* = ! ,babylonians 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! great ',okeanos' surr\nd+ ! _w1#gij is ! fir/ dry l& to appe> & h5ce ! olde/ place 9 ! _w4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! n>rative a l9e is int]polat$ :i* cle>ly betrays ! lat5ess ( ! v]sion4 ,! m5tion ( ,e-,sagila sugge/s to a ,babylonian1 naturally1 ! great temple ( ,m>duk 9 ! city ( ,babylon--'! l(ty h\se4' ,local pride & ! desire to connect ,babylon ) ! beg9n+ ( ?+s leads to ! ins]tion3 ,babylon 0 re>$1 ,e-,sagila built4 ,) ?is m5tion ( ,babylon1 ! connect+ l9k is e/abli%$ :i* leads easily to ! glorification ( ,babylon & ,m>duk4 ,! ?\ght once introduc$ is n ab&on$4 ,! re/ ( ! n>rative1 s f> z pres]v$1 is conc]n$ ) ,m>duk4 ,eridu alone is beyond 8 jurisdiction4 ,ev]y?+ else1 vegetation1 mank9d1 riv]s1 animals1 & all cities1 includ+ ev5 ,nippur & ,ere*1 are ,m>duk's "w4 ,! ,anunnaki#gia he#gib creat$ toge!r ,& be/[$ glori\s epi!ts ^u ! glori\s city1 ! seat de> to _! he>t4 ,! 'glori\s city' is ,eridu1 ?\gh ! compil] w\ld h u apply x to ,babylon4 ,) ! f\nd+ ( ,eridu1 a limit 0 fix$ = ! 'deep4' ,! re/ ( ! dry l& is =m$ accord+ to ! !ory ( ! writ] by ! ext5sion ( ?is place4 ,m>duk con/ruct$ an enclosure ar\nd ! wat]s1 ,he made du/ & heap$ x up )9 ! enclosure4#gic ,! naivete ( ! conception ju/ifies u 9 reg>d+ x z ( popul> orig91 incorporat$ by ! !ologians into _! sy/em4 ,b ?is l& is creat$ prim>ily = ! b5efit ( ! gods4 ,t ! gods might dwell 9 ! place de> to _! he>t4 ,naturally n all ( ! gods are meant1--p]haps only ! ,anunnaki1--= ! great gods dwell 9 heav54 ,! creation ( mank9d is next describ$1 & is boldly ascrib$ to ,m>duk4 ,mank9d he creat$4#gid ,9 ! foll[+ l9e1 h[ev]1 we come across a trace aga9 ( an old] tradition1 :i* has be5 embodi$ 9 ! n>rative 9 a r awkw>d mann]4 ,associat$ ) ,m>duk 9 ! creation ( mank9d is a goddess ,aruru4 ,! goddess ,aruru creat$ ! se$ ( m5 toge!r ) him4#gie ,we enc\nt] ?is goddess ,aruru 9 ! ,gilgame% epic1#gif :]e %e is repres5t$ z creat+ a human be+1--,eabani2 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 %e creates him 9 agreem5t ) ! ,biblical tradition1 out ( a lump ( clay4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t accord+ to "o tradition ,ea is ! creator ( mank9d1#gig & ! conjecture has also be5 advanc$ t at ,nippur1 ,bel 0 s reg>d$4 ,9 ,aruru we h evid5tly a figure to :om ano!r tradition1 t arose 9 "s di/rict1 ascrib$ ! honor ( hav+ creat$ mank9d4 ,! ,gilgame% /ory is connect$ ) ! city ( ,ere*1 & x is probable t ! tale--at lea/ 9 "p--orig9at$ !re4 ,x becomes plausible1 !re=e1 to trace ! tradition ascrib+ ! creation ( man to ,aruru to ! same place4 ,a passage 9 ! ,deluge /ory1 :i* =ms an episode ( ! ,gilgame% epic1 adds "s =ce to ?is conjecture4 ,aft] ! dreadful deluge has come1 ,i%t> breaks out 9 wild lam5t t mank9d1 h] (fspr+1 has p]i%$3 ,:at ,i creat$1 :]e is x8#gih ,%e is call$ '! mi/ress ( ! gods1'#gii & if ,j5s5 is correct 9 an +5i\s re/oration ( a defective text1#hjj ,aruru is giv5 ! same epi!t 9 a lexicographical tablet4 ,! ,i%t> occurr+ 9 ! ,gilgame% /ory is ! old ,i%t> ( ,ere*4 ,i v5ture to sugge/1 !re=e1 t ,aruru & ,i%t> ( ,ere* are "o & ! same p]sonage4 ,i%t> is1 ( c\rse1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 m]ely a g5]ic "n#hja = ! 'great goddess' wor%ipp$ "u _m =ms4 ,! m specific "n by :i* ,i%t> ( ,ere* 0 kn[n 0 ,nana1 b ,nana aga9 is no?+ b an epi!t1 mean+1 z ! ,babylonians !mselves int]pret$ x1 ! 'lady' p> excell5ce4 ,h we p]haps 9 ,aruru ! real "n ( ! old goddess ( ,ere*8 ,at all ev5ts1 ! occurr5ce ( ,aruru 9 ?is second 'creation' /ory po9ts to h] z belong+ to ! di/rict ( :i* ,ere* 0 ! c5t]4 ,9 ?is way1 ea* "o ( ! ?ree mo/ anci5t sacr$ t[ns ( ,babylonia w\ld h its 'creator1'--,bel 9 ,nippur1 ,ea 9 ,eridu1 & ,aruru 9 ,ere*4 ,! *ief deity ( ,ere*1 x w be recall$1 0 always a goddess1--a circum/ance t supports ! association ( ,aruru ) t place4 ,aruru be+ a goddess1 x 0 n s easy to h ,m>duk take up h] role1 z he supplant$ ,bel4 ,aga91 ,ere* & ,babylon 7 n political rivals to ! degree t ,nippur & ,babylon 74 ,accord+ly a compromise 0 effect$1 z 9 ! case ( ,m>duk & ,ea4 ,aruru is associat$ ) ,m>duk4 ,%e creates mank9d ) ,m>duk1 & x w\ld seem to be a consequ5ce ( ?is association t ! "n ( ,m>duk's real consort1 ,s>panitum1 is playfully b ) int5t int]pret$ by ! ,babylonian p$ants z 'se$-produc+4'#hjb ,our second v]sion ?us turns out to be1 l ! fir/1 an adaptation ( old traditions to new conditions4 ,babylon & ,m>duk are design$ly introduc$4 ,9 ! orig9al =m ,nippur1 ,eridu1 & ,ere* alone figur$1 & presumably1 !re=e1 only ! deities ( ^! ?ree places4 ,among !m ! "w ( creation 0 9 "s way p>cel$ out4 ,?is di/ribution may itself h be5 ! result ( a comb9ation ( indep5d5t traditions4 ,9 any e>ly comb9ation1 h[ev]1 we may feel c]ta9 t ,m>duk 0 n introduc$4 ,aft] ?is incid5tal m5tion ( ,aruru1 ! n>rative passes back undi/urb$ to ,m>duk4 ,! animals ( ! field1 ! liv+ creatures ( ! field he creat$1 ,! ,tigris & ,euphrates he =m$ 9 _! places1 gave !m good names1 ,soil 7871 grass1 ! m>%1 re$1 & =e/ he creat$1 ,! v]dure ( ! field he produc$1 ,! l&s1 ! m>%1 & ?icket1 ,! wild c[ ) h] "y1 ! "y wild ox1 ,! ewe ) h] "y1 ! %eep ( ! fold1 ,p>ks & =e/s1 ,! goat & wild goat he br\ght =?4 ,! text at ?is po9t becomes defective1 b we c /ill make out t ! clay z build+ mat]ial is creat$ by ,m>duk1 & t he con/ructs h\ses & re>s cities4 ,correspond+ to ! op5+ l9es1 we may supply sev]al l9es z foll[s3 ,h\ses he erect$1 cities he built1 ,cities he built1 dwell+s he prep>$1 ,nippur he built1 ,e-,kur he erect$1 ,ere* he built1 ,e-,anna he erect$4 ,"h ! break 9 ! tablet beg9s4 ,! new po9ts d]iv$ f ?is second v]sion are1 7a7 ! details 9 ! creation ( ! animal & plant _w1 7b7 ! m5tion ( ,aruru z ! "m ( mank9d1 & 7c7 ! inclusion ( human culture 9 ! /ory ( ! 'beg9n+s4' ,be=e leav+ ! subject1 a brief comp>ison ( ^! two v]sions ) ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis is call$ =4 ,t ! ,hebrew & ,babylonian traditions spr+ f a common s\rce is s evid5t z to require no fur!r pro(4 ,! agreem5ts are too close to be accid5tal4 ,at ! same "t1 ! v>iations 9 detail po9t to indep5d5t elaboration ( ! traditions on ! "p ( ! ,hebrews & ,babylonians4 ,a direct borr[+ f ! ,babylonians has n tak5 place1 & :ile ! ,babylonian records are 9 all probabilities mu* old] ?an ! ,hebrew1 ! latt] aga9 conta9 elem5ts1 z ,gunkel has %[n1 ( a m primitive "* ?an ! ,babylonian production4 ,?is relation%ip c only be satisfactorily expla9$ on ! assumption t ! ,hebrews possess$ ! traditions ^u :i* ! ,g5esis n>rative re/s long be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,babylonian exile1 :5 ! /ory appe>s1 inde$1 to h receiv$ its f9al & pres5t %ape4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! ,babylonian cosmology =m$ "p ( a /ock ( traditions t ,hebrews & ,babylonians 7& probably o!rs7 receiv$ f "s common s\rce or1 to put x m vaguely1 held 9 common f a p]iod1 ! limits ( :i* c no long] be det]m9$4 ,:ile ! two ,babylonian v]sions agree 9 ! ma91 embody+ ! same g5]al traditions reg>d+ ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies & conta9+ ! same g5]al conception ( an evolution 9 ! _w f confusion & caprice to ord]1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( law1 ! v>iations 9 reg>d to ! t]re/rial ph5om5a mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ v]sion1 mank9d appe>s z ! la/ episode ( creation2 9 ! second1 mank9d prec$es vegetation & animal life4 ,if we n[ take up ! two v]sions ( creation f\nd 9 ,g5esis1 we w see t ! same diff]5ces may be obs]v$4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ! s-call$ ,elohi/ic v]sion1#hjc mank9d is n creat$ until ! la/ day ( creation2 accord+ to ! second1#hjd ! s-call$ ,yahwi/ic v]sion1 mank9d is fir/ creat$1 !n a g>d5 is made & trees are plant$4 ,aft] t1 ! bea/s ( ! field & ! birds ( heav5 are call$ into exi/5ce4 ,! resemblance ( ! second ,babylonian v]sion to ! ,yahwi/ic v]sion ext5ds ev5 to c]ta9 phrases :i* !y h 9 common4 ,! op5+ words ( ! ,yahwi/-- ,& no plant ( ! field 0 yet 9 ! e>?1 & no h]b ( ! field _h yet sprung up-- might s]ve almo/ z a translation ( ! second l9e ( ! ,babylonian c\nt]p>t4 ,! ref]5ce to ! ,tigris & ,euphrates 9 ! second ,babylonian v]sion rem9ds "o ( ! f\r /reams m5tion$ 9 ! ,yahwi/ic v]sion1 two ( :i* are likewise ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,aga91 ,tiamat is m5tion$ only 9 ! fir/ ,babylonian v]sion1 & ,t'hom simil>ly only 9 ! ,elohi/ic v]sion2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! build+ ( cities is includ$ 9 ! ,yahwi/ic v]sion1#hje z x =ms "p ( ! second ,babylonian v]sion4 ,! po9ts m5tion$ suffice to %[ t ! ,elohi/ic v]sion is closely relat$ to ! l>g] creation epic ( ! ,babylonians1 :ile ! ,yahwi/ic v]sion--m concise1 too1 ?an ! ,elohi/ic--agrees to an a/oni%+ degree ) ! second & m concise ,babylonian record4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is ju/ifi$ t ! v>iations betwe5 ! ,babylonian v]sions re/ ^u v>y+ traditions t mu/ h aris5 9 diff]5t places4 ,! attempt 0 made to comb9e ^! traditions by ! ,babylonians1 & among ! ,hebrews we may see ! result ( a simil> attempt 9 ! fir/ two or1 m /rictly speak+1 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,at ! same "t1 ! mann] 9 :i* bo? traditions h be5 work$ ov] by ! ,hebrew compil]s ( ,g5esis precludes1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! !ory ( a direct borr[+ f cunei=m docum5ts4 ,! climatic conditions involv$ 9 ! ,hebrew v]sions are ^? peculi> to ,babylonia4 ,x is 9 ,babylonia t ! ?\ght w\ld naturally arise ( mak+ ! _w beg9 ) ! close ( ! /orms & ra9s 9 ! spr+4 ,! ,t]ahites mu/ !re=e h br\ght ^! cosmological traditions ) !m ^u migrat+ f ! ,euphrates ,valley to ! ,jordan di/rict4 ,! traditions reta9$ _! hold ?r\gh all ! vicissitudes t ! p und]w5t4 ,! int]c\rse1 political & comm]cial1 betwe5 ,pale/9e & ,mesopotamia 0 un9t]rupt$1 z we n[ "k1 f at lea/ ! fifte5? c5tury be=e our era d[n to ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz>1 & ?is con/ant int]c\rse 0 no d\bt an important factor 9 ma9ta9+ ! life ( ! old traditions t b\nd ! two peoples toge!r4 ,! s-call$ ,babylonian exile br\ght ,hebrews & ,babylonians once m side by side4 ,"u ! /imulus ( ?is direct contact1 ! f9al %ape 0 giv5 by ,hebrew writ]s to _! cosmological speculations4 ,yahwe is assign$ ! role ( ,bel-,m>duk1 ! division ( ! "w ( creation into six days is def9itely made1#hjf & "s fur!r modifications introduc$4 ,:ile1 z emphasiz$1 ?is f9al %ape is due to ! indep5d5t elaboration ( ! common traditions1 &1 :at is ev5 m to ! po9t1 %[s an indep5d5t int]pretation ( ! traditions1 x is by no means impossible1 b on ! contr>y q probable1 t ! f9al compil]s ( ! ,hebrew v]sions _h be=e !m ! cunei=m tablets1 embody+ ! lit]>y =m giv5 to ! traditions by ,babylonian writ]s4#hjg ,su* a circum/ance1 :ile n imply+ direct borr[+1 w\ld acc\nt = ! close p>allels exi/+ betwe5 ! two ,hebrew & ! two ,babylonian v]sions1 & w\ld also furni% a motive to ! ,hebrew writ]s = embody+ two v]sions 9 _! n>rative4 ,,footnotes3 #fhj ,! s-call$ ,elohi/ic v]sion1 ,g54 i4 #a-;ii4 #d2 ! ,yahwi/ic v]sion1 ,g54 ii4 #e-bd4 ,traces h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ( o!r popul> v]sions reg>d+ creation4 ,see ,gunkel1 ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 pp4 #bi-aad1 #aai-aba4 #fha ,gunkel1 ib4 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 ,:at ,sayce 7e4g41 ,rec4 ( ! ,pa/1 ,n4 ,s41 ,i4 #adg1 #adh7 calls ! ',cu?aean leg5d ( ! creation' conta9s1 simil>ly1 a v>iant description ( ,tiamat & h] brood4 #fhb ,publi%$ by ,p9*es1 ,j\rnal ,royal ,asiat4 ,soc41 #ahia1 pp4 #cic-djh4 #fhc ,complete publication by ,delitzs*1 ,das ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos 7,leipzig1 #ahif7 ) elaborate comm5t>y4 #fhd ,see ,zimm]n 9 ,gunkel's ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 pp4 #dae1 #daf1 & on ! o!r side1 ,delitzs*1 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #bj4 ,zimm]n's d\bts are ju/ifi$4 #fhe ,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 vi4 #g4 #fhf ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 viii4 #aba-abd4 ,delitzs*1 9 8 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 pp4 #fa-fh1 has elaborately set =? ! pr9ciples ( ! poetic composition4 ,see also ,d4 ,h4 ,muell]1 ,die ,prophet5 9 ihr] urspru5gli*5 ,=m1 pp4 #e-ad4 #fhg ,i4e41 did n exi/4 ,to be 'call$' or to 'be> a "n' meant to be call$ into exi/5ce4 #fhh ,i4e41 ( ! wat]s4 #fhi ,i4e41 ( heav5 & e>?4 #fij ,! ^w us$ is obscure4 ,j5s5 & ,zimm]n r5d] re$4 ,delitzs*1 ,i ?9k1 comes ne>] ! real mean+ ) m>%4 ,see ,haupt's translation1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,ori5tal ,soc41 #ahif1 p4 #afa4 #fia ,delitzs* supplies a p>allel phrase l p]iods elaps$4 #fib ,suppli$ f ,damascius' extract ( ! "w ( ,b]osus on ,babylonia4 ,see ,cory1 ,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 p4 #ib2 ,delitzs*1 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #id4 #fic ,! o is repres5t$ 9 ,babylonian by a1 & ! end+ at 9 ,tiamat is an affix :i* /amps ! ,babylonian "n z fem99e4 ,t'hom 9 ,hebrew is likewise a fem99e n\n1 b x %\ld be not$ t at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,semitic languages1 ! fem99e is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! plural & collective4 #fid ,gunkel1 ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 pp4 #bi-hb1 #cgi-cih4 #fie ,= our purposes x is suffici5t to ref] = ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ,damascius & ! cunei=m records to ,smi?'s ,*aldaeis*e ,g5esis1 pp4 #fc-ff1 to ,l5ormant's ,essai de ,comm5taire sur les fragm5ts ,cosmogoniques de ,b]ose1 pp4 #fg seq41 & to ,j5s5's ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #bgj-bgb4 #fif ,! names are giv5 by ,damascius z ,apason & ,tau!4 #fig ,sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,haupt 7,s*rad]1 ,cunei=m ,inscriptions & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #g74 #fih ,hommel1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*41 xviii4 #ai4 #fii ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe4 #gjj ,agumkakrimi ,inscription 7,,vr4 #cc1 iv4 #ej72 ,nabonn$os 7,cyl9d]1 ,,vr4 #fd1 ll4 #af1 #ag74 #gja ,cory's ,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 p4 #eh4 #gjb ,see above1 pp4 #aih1 #aii4 #gjc ,see above1 pp4 #aih1 #aii4 #gjd ,i avoid ! t]m ,sum]ian "h1 because ,i feel conv9c$ t ! play on ,an%> is ( an entirely artificial "* & has no philological basis4 #gje ,see bel[1 pp4 #dba-dbc4 #gjf ,,iir4 #ed1 no4 #c4 #gjg ,= a diff]5t int]pretation ( ! phrase1 see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #bgc1 #bgd4 #gjh ,see p4 #ajg4 #gji ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #id4 #gaj ,cory's ,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 p4 #eh4 #gaa ,an epi!t descriptive ( ,tiamat4 ,ummu is "m & khubur signifies holl[2 "m ( ! holl[ w\ld be a poetic expression = s\rce ( ! deep1 & an appropriate t]m to apply to ,tiamat4 ,x has no?+ to d ) ,omoroka4 ,! latt]1 z ,wright has %[n1 is a corruption ( ,o ,m>duk 7,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 x4 #ga-gd74 #gab ,! ^w us$ is ,lakhami1 ! plural ( ,lakhamu4 #gac ,?is sc5e1 ! description ( ! mon/]s & ! in/allation ( ,k+u1 occurs f\r times 9 ! ',epic4' ,see p4 #dbd4 #gad ,delitzs*1 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #be4 #gae ,cory1 ib4 p4 #ib4 #gaf ,! *amb] ( fates :]e ,m>duk sits on ,new ,ye>'s ,day & decides ! fate ( mank9d = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,j5s5 & ,zimm]n read up%ug9a1 b see ,delitzs*1 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #ace4 #gag ,! deity is m5tion$ by ,s5na*]ib 7,meissn]-,ho/1 ,bau9s*rift51 p4 #ajh74 ,see above1 p4 #bch4 #gah ,9 ! fir/ tablet1 9 ! second 9 connection ) ! mission ( ,anu1 & twice 9 ! ?ird 9 connection ) ,m>duk's visit4 #gai ,tiamat's pres5ce4 #gbj ,call$ ,nudimmud4 ,delitzs*1 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #ii1 que/ions ! id5tity ) ,ea1 b 8 skepticism is unw>rant$1 ?\gh ! title is also us$ ( ,bel4 #gba ,"h us$ to comprise ! army ( ,tiamat4 #gbb ,i4e41 ?y p[] is equal to t ( ,anu4 #gbc ,exod4 iv4 #b-h2 o!r p>allels might be adduc$4 #gbd ,i4e41 f> (f4 #gbe ,i4e41 t a w9d might n c>ry h] (f4 #gbf ,add+ ?ree to ! ord9>y w9ds f ! f\r directions4 #gbg ,= ! explanation ( ! t]m us$ 9 ! orig9al--kirbi%--see ,delitzs*'s excell5t rem>ks1 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos4 pp4 #acb-acd4 #gbh ,lit41 '/orm1'--p]haps ! ?und]bolt1 z ,delitzs* sugge/s4 #gbi ,m>duk4 #gcj ,%e lo/ h] reason4 #gca ,gasp+1 z x 71 = brea?4 #gcb ,cory's ,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 p4 #di4 #gcc ,lit41 'places1' "h us$ z a synonym = 'heav5s1' z an ,assyrian comm5tator expressly /ates4 ,see ,delitzs*'s rem>ks 7,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 p4 #adg7 aga9/ ,j5s5's & ,zimm]n's int]pretation4 #gcd ,i4e41 ,ea4 ,see above1 p4 #dbd1 note #c4 #gce ,! complete pro( is br\ght by ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #bdf-bec4 #gcf ,to r5d] ! ^w us$ z ,palace 7s ,delitzs*71 :ile n incorrect1 is some:at mislead+4 #gcg ,kosmologie1 p4 #aii4 #gch ,magie und ,wahrsagekun/ d] ,*alda]1 p4 #afc4 #gci ,see ! illu/ration 9 ,j5s5's ,kosmologie1 pl4 #c4 #gdj ,! ^w us$ also means cities4 ,a ,babylonian di/rict is naught b an ext5d$ city4 #gda ,see p4 #dbi4 #gdb ,g54 viii4 #bb4 #gdc ,see above1 p4 #cgj1 & *apt] xxii4 #gdd ,i4e41 = ea* ( ! great gods4 #gde ,i4e41 ( ! gods4 #gdf ,a p>ticul> gr\p ( />s--! ma%i />s--is m5tion$1 b ! t]m seems to be us$ 9 a r g5]al s5se4 ,i _c %>e ,delitzs*'s extreme skepticism ) reg>d to ! int]pretation ( ! fif? tablet4 ,j5s5 seems to h solv$ ! *ief difficulties4 #gdg ,j5s5 & ,zimm]n int]pret he drew ! pictures1 ref]r+ ! phrase to ! cont\rs ( ! />s2 b ! p>allelism speaks 9 favor ( connect+ ! words ) ! ye>4 ,! divisions ( ! ye> or seasons seem to be meant4 #gdh ,i4e41 ! planet ,m>duk1 or ,jupit]4 #gdi ,i4e41 ) ,nibir4 #gej ,see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #ced4 ,george ,smi? already int]pret$ ! passage 9 ?is way4 #gea ,i4e41 ( ! heav5s4 ,delitzs* r5d]s ,s*w]punkt4 #geb ,text elati4 ,j5s51 ,zimm]n1 & ,halevy translate z5i?1 b ,delitzs* que/ions ?is4 #gec ,! moon-god4 #ged ,i4e41 ! moon4 #gee ,publi%$ by ,delitzs*1 ,assyris*e ,lese/uecke 7#c;d edition71 p4 #id4 #gef ,see ! pro( z put toge!r by ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #bic1 #bid4 #geg ,l9e #ae4 #geh ,s ,delitzs*1 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #gei ,foll[+ ,delitzs*1 ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 ,i pass ov] two fragm5ts :i* ,delitzs* adds to our 'epic4' ,!y are n suffici5tly cle> to be utiliz$ = our purposes4 ,delitzs* may be "r ) reg>d to no4 #bj1 b if s1 x =ms "p or ano!r v]sion ( ! ,m>duk-,tiamat episode4 ,no4 #ai1 treat+ ( ! b[ ( ,m>duk 7871 does n seem to belong to our s]ies4 #gfj ,a /&+ phrase = favor 9 g5]al4 #gfa ,to pray]4 #gfb ,! gods or ! ,igigi4 #gfc ,see p4 #dhf & ,gunkel's note1 ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 p4 #bf4 #gfd ,see above1 p4 #dcd4 ,! play is betwe5 ,nibir 7z ?\gh f ! /em eb]u7 & itebbiru 7he pi]c$71 a =m ( eb]u1 & mean+ 'to pass ?r\gh4' #gfe ,?is metaphor is c>ri$ ov] into a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,! planets are kn[n z w&]+ %eep4 ,see p4 #dei4 #gff ,bel matate4 #gfg ,see p4 #aah4 #gfh ,simil>ly 9 ano!r v]sion ( ! conte/ publi%$ by ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,wo]t]bu*1 p4 #cij4 #gfi ,see p4 #ed4 #ggj ,tiele 7,ges*4 d] ,religion im ,alt]?um1 ,i4 #agf7 assigns to ,m>duk a d\ble "*1 mak+ him bo? a god ( light & a god ( /orms1 b ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! latt] attribute repres5ts ! transf]5ce ( ,en-lil's p[] to ,m>duk4 #gga ,s ,bel is call$ 9 contra/ to ,anu4 ,see p4 #ec4 #ggb ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! ,biblical injunction ) reg>d to ! ,laws ( ,yahwe1 ,deut4 vi4 #g3 ,?\ %all tea* !m to ?y sons & speak con/antly ( !m4 #ggc ,i4e41 to ! k+s :o are frequ5tly call$ '%eph]ds' 9 ! hi/orical texts4 #ggd ,or1 accord+ to ! e>li] view1 to an atmosph]ic god4 #gge ,! ,gilgame% ,epic4 #ggf ,fir/ publi%$ by ,p9*es1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #ahia1 pp4 #cic-djh4 #ggg ,clay1 x w be recall$1 0 ! build+ mat]ial 9 ,babylonia4 #ggh ,! ^w 9 ! text is g5]ally appli$ to a mass ( animals1 b also to human productions4 ,see ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #dfg4 #ggi ,bel's temple at ,nippur4 #ghj ,temple ( ,i%t> at ,ere* or ,uruk4 #gha ,i4e41 ,apsu4 #ghb ,city sacr$ to ,ea at ! m\? ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 #ghc ,lit41 'totality ( l&s4' #ghd ,zimm]n's r5d]+ 7,gunkel1 ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 p4 #dai7 sacr$ 7in/ead ( 'bright'7 misses ! po9t4 #ghe ,cf4 ,s4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,miscellane\s1 ,k4 #bhff1 l4 #h1 ! great gods dwell+ 9 ! heav5 ( ,anu4 ,! ref]5ce1 !re=e1 _c be to ! ga!r+ place ( ! gods1 :]e ! fates ( mank9d are decid$4 #ghf ,! orig9al has ratum4 ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #ffc1 comp>es ,hebrew rahat1 tr\gh4 ,zimm]n 7,gunkel1 ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 p4 #dai7 translates ,bewegung1 b on :at gr\nds ,i d n "k4 ,! passage is obscure2 ! text possibly defective4 #ghg ,if ! read+ ,e-,sagila is orig9al4 ,x is "h us$ z ! "n ( ,ea's temple 9 ,eridu1 b x is ( c\rse possible t ,e-,sagila has be5 delib]ately introduc$ to enhance ! glory ( ,m>duk's temple 9 ,babylon4 #ghh ,ea4 #ghi ,g54 i4 #i4 #gij ,see ,haupt1 ,wo lag das ,p>adies1 p4 #g 7,ueb] ,l& und ,me]1 #ahid-ie1 no4 #ae1 ,sond]abdruck71 :o furni%es num]\s illu/rations ( ! indef9ite geographical notions ( ! anci5ts4 #gia ,! gr\p ( cele/ial be+s4 #gib ,i4e41 ,m>duk4 #gic ,read a-ma-mi4 #gid ,zimm]n purposes to connect ?is l9e ) ! prec$+1 b ! s5se 9 t case is n at all cle>4 #gie ,i4e41 ) ,m>duk4 #gif ,haupt's edition1 p4 #h1 l4 #cd4 #gig ,see above1 p4 #dcg4 #gih ,haupt1 ib4 p4 #aci1 l4 #aaf4 #gii ,ib4 l4 #aaa4 #hjj ,kosmologie1 p4 #bid1 note #a4 #hja ,see p4 #hb4 #hjb ,z]banitum1 z ?\gh comp\nd$ ( z] 7se$71 & bani 7create74 ,see p4 #aba4 #hjc ,g54 i4 #a-;ii4 #d1 embodi$ 9 ! ,prie/ly ,code4 #hjd ,g54 ii4 #d & ext5d+ 9 reality z f> z iv4 #be4 #hje ,g54 iii4 #ag4 #hjf ,see ,gunkel1 ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 p4 #ac4 #hjg ,on ! acqua9tance ( ,hebrew writ]s ( ! ,babylonian exile ) cunei=m lit]ature & on ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! latt]1 see ,d4 ,h4 ,muell]1 ,eze*iel/udi54 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,zodiacal ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,babylonians4 ,planets1 ,/>s1 & ,cal5d>4 ,x w be appropriate at ?is po9t1 to give a brief acc\nt ( ! a/ronomical sy/em z develop$ by ! ,babylonian s*ol>s4 ,! sy/em =ms a "p ( ! ,babylonian cosmology4 ,! 'creation' n>ratives we h be5 consid]+ are bas$ ^u ! sy/em1 & ! om5 lit]ature is full ( allusions to x4 ,moreov]1 ! und]/&+ ( "s ( ! purely religi\s doctr9es ( ! ,babylonians is dep5d5t ^u a prop] conception ( ! curi\s a/rological speculations :i* f ,babylonia made _! way to ! ,greeks1 & h left _! traces 9 ! a/ronomy ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! />s 7 reg>d$ by ! ,babylonians z pictorial designs on ! heav5s4 ,a conception ( ?is k9d is ! outcome ( popul> fancy1 & has its p>allel among o!r nations ( antiquity4 ,we pass beyond ! popul> /age1 h[ev]1 :5 we f9d ! />s describ$ z ! 'writ+ ( heav54'#hjh ,su* a t]m is ! product ( ! s*ools1 & f9ds a ready explanation if we rememb] t ! cunei=m script1 l o!r scripts1 0 9 its fir/ /ages pictorial4 ,! ,babylonian s*ol>s n only knew ?is1 b s well did !y "k x t writ+ cont9u$ to be reg>d$ by !m z picture draw+4 ,! *>act]s us$ by !m 7 'lik5esses'#hji long aft] !y _h pass$ beyond ! /age :5 !y bore any resemblance to ! pictures !y orig9ally repres5t$4 ,! expression 'writ+ ( heav5' 01 !re=e1 equival5t to 'picture ( heav54' ,! heav5s !mselves be+ reg>d$ z a fix$ vault1 x foll[$ t ! movem5ts obs]v$ !re 7 caus$ by ! />s *ang+ _! position2 & ! regul> *>act]s ( ^! movem5ts )9 c]ta9 p]iods l$ to speak+ ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies z _! 'c\rses4' ,x 0 fur!rmore app>5t1 ev5 to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 t "s ( ! />s seem$ fix$ to _! places1 :ile o!rs mov$ ab\t4 ,a di/9ction 0 ?us drawn betwe5 w&]+ />s or planets & fix$ />s4 ,gr\ps ( />s1 ! s+le memb]s ( :i* appe>$ 9 a con/ant relation%ip to "o ano!r1 7 di/+ui%$ p>tly by natural obs]vation & p>tly z a conv5i5t means ( obta9+ a g5]al view ( ! />ry canopy4 ,x 0 su* a gr\p t m p>ticul>ly ju/ifi$ ! view :i* reg>d$ ! />s z pictorial designs4 ,a l9e drawn s z to connect ! />s ( ! gr\p turn$ out to be a design ( "s sort4 ,on om5 tablets1 geometrical figures are (t5 f\nd#haj & int]pret$ z om5s1 & x is plausible to suppose t ! outl9es pres5t$ by ! />s ( a gr\p fir/ sugge/$ ! idea ( atta*+ significance to comb9ations ( l9es & curves4 ,to connect ^! outl9es ) ! pictures t =m$ ! />t+-po9t = ! developm5t ( ! script 0 aga9 a p]fectly natural proc$ure1 al?\gh a s*ola/ic "o4 ,! inve/igations ( ,delitzs* h %[n t ! m ?an f\r hundr$ cunei=m *>act]s 9 use c be r$uc$ to a comp>atively small numb] ( 'outl9es' ( pictures--to ab\t =ty-five4 ,! subjects ( ^! 'outl9es' are all famili> ones1--sun1 moon1 />s1 m\nta91 man1 ! p>ts ( ! human body1 animals1 plants1 & ut5sils4#haa ,association ( ideas l$ to giv+ to ! outl9es pres5t$ by ! gr\ps ( />s1 a simil> int]pretation4 ,! factor ( imag9ation1 ( c\rse1 ent]$ into play1 b x is also likely t ! comp>ison ( ^! heav5ly figures ) ! pictures ( ! script 0 ! controll+ factor t l$ to id5tify+ a c]ta9 gr\p ( />s ) a bull1 ano!r ) a scorpion1 a ?ird ) a ram1 a f\r? ) a fi%1 /ill ano!r ) a pig1 & m ! l4 ,t animals 7 *os5 0 due to ! influ5ce ( animi/ic !ories1 & ! r fanta/ic %ape ( ! animals di/+ui%$ l$ to fur!r speculations4 ,s1 elev5 con/ellations1 t is to say1 ! entire zodiac ) ! exception ( ! bull--! sign ( ,m>duk--7 id5tifi$ ) ! elev5 mon/]s =m+ ! ho/ ( ,tiamat4 ,! passage 9 ! ,m>duk-,tiamat my?#hab :i* speaks ( ! capture ( ^! mon/]s ?r\gh ,m>duk appe>s to h sugge/$ ?is id5tification1 :i*1 fanciful ?\gh x is1 has a s*ola/ic r ?an a popul> aspect4 ,j5s5 7to :om1 toge!r ) ,epp+ & ,/rassmai]1#hac mo/ ( our k ( ?is subject is due7 has %[n#had t ( ! twelve con/ellations 9 our mod]n zodiac1 ! great] numb] are id5tical ) ^? di/+ui%$ by ! ,babylonians2 & :ile x is probable t two or ?ree ( our con/ellations are ( occid5tal orig91 ! zodiacal sy/em z a :ole is ! product ( ! ,babylonian s*ools ( a/ronomy4 ,f ,babylonia ! sy/em made its way to ! we/ & ?r\gh we/]n1 m p>ticul>ly ?r\gh ,greek1 influ5ce back aga9 to ,india & ! di/ant ea/4 ,! numb] ( con/ellations di/+ui%$ by ! ,babylonian a/ronom]s has n yet be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,!y c]ta9ly recogniz$ m ?an twelve4 ,fur!r inve/igations may %[ t !y knew ( mo/ ( ! =ty-eight con/ellations enum]at$ by ,ptolemy4 ,! g5]al regul>ity ( ! c\rses tak5 by ! sun1 moon1 & planets made x a comp>atively simple matt] to map out ! limits )9 :i* ^! bodies mov$4 ,^! limits impress$ ! ,babylonians1 z we h se51 ) ! ?\ght ( ! et]nal & un*angeable laws "u :i* ! planets /ood4 ,! laws regulat+ t]re/rial ph5om5a1 did n appe> to be s rigid4 ,!re 7 symptoms ( caprice1 s t ! ord] ( ! e>? has ! appe>ance ( be+ an aft]?\ght1 sugge/$ by ! absolute ord] prevail+ 9 ! heav5s4 ,comets1 meteors1 & eclipses alone seem$ to int]rupt ?is absolute ord]4 ,z sci5ce advanc$1 x 0 f\nd t ev5 eclipses fell )9 ! prov9ce ( law4 ,! c\rse ( a/ronomical sci5ce 0 ?us cle>ly m>k$ out--! det]m9ation ( ^! laws4 ,! pa? tak5 by ! sun s]v$ z a guide & z a means ( comp>ison4 ,anu be+ bo? ! *ief god ( heav5 & ! p]sonification ( heav51#hae ! sun's ecliptic became kn[n z ! 'way ( ,anu4' ,! division ( ?is ecliptic into c]ta9 sections1 det]m9$ by ! con/ellations )9 ! belt ( ! ecliptic1 0 ! next /ep4 ,! c\rse ( ! moon & planets 0 det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to ! sun's ecliptic1 & gradually a zodiacal sy/em 0 evolv$1 ! p]fection ( :i* is be/ exemplifi$ by ! fact t s mu* ( ! a/ronomical language ( ! pres5t "t is ! same z t us$ by ! anci5t a/ronom]s ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,! sun & moon be+ reg>d$ z deities1 "u ! influ5ce ( primitive animi/ic ideas1#haf ! />s w\ld also come to be look$ ^u z div9e4 ,! ideograph designat+ a '/>' & :i* is prefix$ z a det]m9ative to ! names ( />s1 consi/s ( ! sign = god repeat$ ?ree times2#hag & 9 ! case ( ^? />s :i* are id5tifi$ ) p>ticul> deities1 ! simple det]m9ative = god is employ$4 ,to reg>d ! />s 9 g5]al z gods is a consequ5ce ( animi/ic notions2 b ! fur!r /eps 9 ! process :i* l$ to connect+ ! planets & c]ta9 o!r />s ) p>ticul> deities :o orig9ally _h no?+ to d ) ! />s1 fall )9 ! prov9ce ( s*ola/ic !ory4 ,z ! jurisdiction ( gods orig9ally wor%ipp$ 9 a limit$ di/rict increas$1 a difficulty naturally arose among ! m advanc$ m9ds z to ! exact place :]e ! deity dwelt4 ,?is difficulty w\ld be acc5tuat$ 9 ! case ( a god l ,m>duk becom+ ! *ief god ( ! :ole ,babylonian ,empire4 ,8 ard5t wor%ipp]s w\ld c]ta9ly n cont5t !mselves ) ! notion t a s+le edifice1 ev5 ?\gh x be 8 great temple at ,babylon1 c\ld conta9 him4 ,aga91 ! developm5t ( a pan!on1 sy/ematiz$1 & 9 :i* ! v>i\s gods wor%ipp$ 9 ,babylonia came to occupy fix$ relation%ips to "o ano!r1 w\ld lead to ! view ( putt+ all ! gods 9 "o place4 ,! sun & moon be+ 9 ! heav5s1 ! mo/ natural place to assign to ! gods z a dwell+-place 0 9 ! region :]e ,%ama% & ,s9 7z e "o c\ld see = himself7 _h _! seats4 ,! doctr9e ?us arose t ! great gods dwell 9 ! 'heav5 ( ,anu4' ,a doctr9e ( ?is k9d w\ld be intelligible to ! g5]al populace1 b x is d\btful :e!r a belief :i* involv$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a direct connection betwe5 ! mo/ prom95t />s--! planets ) ! *ief gods--ev] enjoy$ popul> favor 9 ,babylonia4 ,! association is m>k$ by an artificiality & a c]ta9 arbitr>9ess t /amps x n only z ! product ( !ological s*ools1 b z a ?\ght t w\ld rema9 conf9$ to a limit$ circle ( ! population4 ,j5s5 sugge/s#hah t ! planets may at "o "t h be5 m]ely reg>d$ z /&+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! great gods1 & t a planet f be+ reg>d$ z ! /> controll$ by ,m>duk1 became id5tifi$ ) ,m>duk4 ,x seems m plausible t ! association %\ld h be5 direct4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ,babylonians may n h _h any k ( ! relative mass ( ! planets1 9 "s way ,jupit] mu/ h appe>$ to !m z ! l>ge/ ( ! planets1 & = ?is reason 0 id5tifi$ ) ! head ( ! ,babylonian pan!on1 ,m>duk4 ,9 ! creation epic1 z we h se51 ,jupit]-,m>duk1 "u ! "n ( ,nibir1 is repres5t$ z ex]cis+ a control ov] all ! />s4 ,my?ological associations appe> to h play$ a "p 9 id5tify+ ! planet ,v5us ) ! goddess ,i%t>4 ,a widely spread nature my?1#hai symboliz+ ! *ange ( seasons1 repres5ts ,i%t>1 ! p]sonification ( f]tility1 ! great "m ( all t manife/s life1 z proce$+ to ! region ( d>kness & rema9+ !re = "s "t4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! planet ,v5us at c]ta9 seasons1 z morn+ /> to reappe> z ev5+ />1 sugge/$ ! id5tification ( ?is planet ) ,i%t>4 ,f ^! two examples we may conclude t ! process :i* result$ 9 ! id5tification ( ,saturn ) ,n9ib1 ,m>s ) ,n]gal1 ,m]cury ) ,nabu re/$ simil>ly on an association ( ideas1 d]iv$ f c]ta9 conceptions held ( ! gods involv$4 ,9 reg>d to ,n9ib & ,n]gal x is ( "s importance to be> 9 m9d t1 l ,m>duk1 !y are at _! orig9 sol> deities1 ,n9ib repres5t+ 9 ! p]fect$ !ological sy/em ! morn+ sun1 ,m>duk ! sun ( ! e>ly spr+1 & ,n]gal ! mid-day sun & summ] sol/ice4#hbj ,! position ( ! planets ,saturn & ,m>s1 accord+ly1 ) ref]5ce to ! sun at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye>1 may well h be5 a factor 9 ! association ( ideas involv$4 ,! position ( ! sun1 z ! g5]al ov]se] ( ! planets1 l$ to ! application ( an int]e/+ metaphor to express ! relation%ip betwe5 ! sun & ! planets4 ,j z ! human *iefs or k+s 7 call$ '%eph]ds1'--a metaphor sugge/$1 no d\bt1 by agricultural life1--s ! planets 7 commonly kn[n z '%eep' or1 z ,j5s5 sugge/s1#hba 'w&]+ %eep1' & x is r curi\s t ,m>s-,n]gal %\ld h be5 designat$ z ! '%eep'#hbb p> excell5ce4 ,! 's]vice' 9 :i* ! planets /ood to ! sun is exemplifi$ by ano!r t]m appli$ to !m1 :i* designates !m z ! m$iators c>ry+ out ! ord]s ( _! sup]ior4 ,la/ly1 x may be not$ t ea* planet receives a v>iety ( names & epi!ts 9 ! a/ronomical texts1--a circum/ance t po9ts to ! composite "* ( ! develop$ planet>y sy/em ( ! ,babylonians4 ,"s ( ^! names are ( s di/9ctive a "* z to ju/ify ! conclusion t !y arose 9 ! diff]5t c5t]s :]e a/ronomical s*ools exi/$4 ,! process involv$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! sy/em is ?us complicat$ by factors introduc+ views orig9ally conf9$ to c]ta9 di/ricts1 & x becomes d\btful :e!r we w ev] be able to trace all ! /eps involv$ 9 ! process4 ,correspond+ to ! unique position occupi$ by ! sup]ior triad ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea 9 ! !ological sy/em1 a special place 0 assign$ to !m 9 ! a/ronomical sy/em4 ,anu is ! pole /> ( ! ecliptic1 ,bel ! pole /> ( ! equator1 :ile ,ea 9 ! s\!rn heav5s 0 id5tifi$1 accord+ to ,j5s51#hbc ) a /> 9 ! con/ellation ,argo4 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea repres5t$ ! ?ree mo/ prom95t fix$ />s1 b by ! side ( ^! a l>ge numb] ( o!r />s 7 di/+ui%$ & _m ( !m id5tifi$ ) "s deity4 ,= "s ( ^! />s ! mod]n equival5ts h be5 asc]ta9$ ?r\gh rec5t rese>*es2#hbd o!rs /ill rema9 to be det]m9$4 ,! a/ronomical sci5ce ( ! ,babylonians ?us resolves itself into ^! natural divisions3 7#a7 ! con/ellations1 especially ^? ( ! zodiac1 7#b7 ! five great planets1 7#c7 ! fix$ />s1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 7#d7 miscellane\s />s1 & 7#e7 ! sun & moon4 ,! rivalry betwe5 ! two great lum9>ies ends 9 a sup]ior rank be+ accord$ to ! sun4 ,natural & inde$ inevitable z ?is conclusion 01 ! sci5tific !ory 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley 0 presumably influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ! circum/ance t ! head ( ! pan!on 0 a sol> deity4 ,we h se5 t ! tradition ( ?is orig9al "* ( ,m>duk surviv$ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,( ! sun b little ne$ be said "h4 ,z repres5t$ 9 ! creation /ory1 he 0 fre] 9 8 movem5ts ?an any ( ! planets4 ,he pass$ across ! heav5s daily z an ov]se] to see t ev]y?+ 0 ma9ta9$ 9 good ord]4 ,z 9 ,greek my?ology1 ! sun 0 repres5t$ z rid+ 9 a *>iot drawn by horses4#hbe ,sci5tific speculation advanc$ b little ^u ^! popul> fancies4 ,! c\rse t ! sun took on ! ecliptic 0 det]m9$1 & ! ecliptic itself s]v$ z ! guide = det]m9+ ! position & movem5ts ( ! />s4 ,"u ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! ,m>duk cult & ( su* deities z ,n9ib1 ,n]gal1 & ,nabu1 associat$ ) ,m>duk my?ologically or politically1 ! old moon wor%ip lo/ mu* ( its pre/ige2 b 9 a/ronomical sci5ce1 ! =m] indep5d5t rank ( ! moon is /ill 9 l>ge measure pres]v$4 ,9 ! enum]ation ( ! planets ! moon is m5tion$ fir/4#hbf ,! moon is n a '%eep' belong+ to ! flock ( ,%ama%4 ,! importance ( ! moon 9 ! regulation ( ! cal5d> sav$ h] f ?is fate4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! cal5drical sy/em1 inde$1 may well h be5 ( popul> orig94 ,ih]+#hbg is ( ! op9ion t agricultural occupations made ! m>k+ (f ( "t a popul> necessity1 & ?is view is borne out by ! e>ly epi!ts ( ! mon?s among ! ,babylonians1#hbh :i*1 z among ! ,hebrews1 are connect$ ) agriculture & ! life ( ! agriculturi/4 ,! lat] names also be> traces ( ! same tra9 ( ?\ghts4 ,leav+ aside details into :i* x is ne$less to ent] "h1 ! "p ( ! cal5d> :i* t\*es ^u ! religion ( ! ,babylonians is ! sacr$ "* giv5 to ! mon?s by mak+ ea* "o devot$ to "s god or gods4 ,9 ?is association !re may be obs]v$ ! same curi\s mixture ( sev]al factors t controll$ ! id5tification ( ! planets ) ! gods4 ,! !ory und]ly+ ! pan!on & c]ta9 my?ological conceptions are two ( ! factors t c be cle>ly se5 at "w4 ,! triad ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea are accord$ ! fir/ rank4#hbi ,! fir/ mon?1 ,nisan1 is sacr$ to ,anu & ,bel4 ,! second1 ,iy>1 is sacr$ to ,ea z ! "l ( humanity4 ,!n foll[s ,s9 to :om1 z ! fir/-born ( ,bel1#hcj ! ?ird mon?1 ,siwan1 is devot$4 ,! f\r succe$+ mon?s are p>cel$ out among deities closely connect$ ) "o ano!r1--,n9ib1 ,n9-gi%zida1 ,i%t>1 & ,%ama%4 ,( ^!1 ,n9ib & ,n9-gi%zida are sol> deities4 ,n9ib1 z ! morn+ sun1 symbolizes ! approa* ( ! summ] season1 :ile ,n9-gi%zida1 ano!r sol> deity1#hca repres5ts an advance 9 ?is season4 ,to !m1 !re=e1 ! f\r? & fif? mon?s1 ,tammuz 7or ,du'zu7 & ,ab respectively1 are sacr$4 ,i%t> is ! goddess ( f]tility1 & ! six? mon?1 :i* repres5ts ! culm9ation ( ! summ] season1 is accord+ly devot$ to h]4 ,z ! la/ ( ! gr\p comes ,%ama% himself1 to :om ! sev5? mon?1 ,ti%ri 7or ,ta%ritum71 is sacr$4 ,m>duk & ,n]gal come next1 ! eigh? mon?1 ,m>*e%wan1#hcb be+ sacr$ to ! =m]1 ! n9? ,kislev to ! great w>rior ,n]gal4 ,! factors "h involv$ are n cle>1 nor d we "k :y ! t5? mon? is sacr$ to ,papsukal--p]haps "h us$ z an epi!t ( ,nabu--to ,anu1 & to ,i%t>4 ,! elev5? mon?1 ! height ( ! ra9y season & kn[n z ! mon? ( ! c\rse ( ra9/orms1 is appropriately made sacr$ to ,ramman1 '! god ( /orms4' ,! la/ mon?1 ,ad>1 fall+ )9 ! ra9y season is presid$ ov] by ! sev5 evil spirits4 ,la/ly1 an int]e/+ trace ( ,assyrian influ5ce is to be se5 9 devot+ to ,a%ur1 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 ! int]calat$ mon?1 ! second ,ad>4 ,?is introduction ( ,a%ur po9ts to ! late addition ( ?is int]calat$ mon?1 & makes x probable also t ! int]calation is ! "w ( a/ronom]s /&+ "u ,assyrian au?ority4 ,a second int]calat$ mon? is ,elul ! second4 ,?is mon? is sacr$ to ,anu & ,bel1 j l ,nisan1 ! fir/ mon?4 ,! li/1 !re=e1 beg9s anew ) ! int]calat$ mon?4 ,su* a proc$ure is natural1 & "o is incl9$ to conclude t ! int]calat$ ,elul is ( ,babylonian orig9 & old] ?an ! int]calat$ ,ad>4 ,x does n appe> t ! female consorts ( ! gods %>$ 9 ! honors ?us be/[$ ^u ! male deities4 ,v>iations f ! li/ z giv5 also occur4 ,s ,a%urbanabal calls ! sev5? mon?1 ,elul1 ! mon? ( '! k+ ( gods ,a%ur1'#hcc :ile ,s>gon#hcd assigns ! f\r? mon? to ! 's]vant ( ,gibil1' ! fire-god1 by :i* ,n9-gi%zida is meant1 & ! ?ird mon? he calls ! mon? ( ! god ( brick /ructures4#hce ,9 fact1 ! assign+ ( ! mon?s to ! gods appe>s to p>take m or less ( an arbitr>y "*4 ,absolute uni=mity probably did n prevail ?r\gh\t ,babylonia until a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,nor does x appe> t any popul> significance 0 atta*$ to ! sacr$ "* ?us giv5 to ! mon?s4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ! s*ools1 z are mo/ ( ! features involv$ 9 ! elaboration ( ! cal5d>4 ,9 some:at clos] t\* ) popul> notions & popul> obs]vances 7 ! names ( ! mon?s4 ,conf9+ ourselves to ! lat] names1--! =ms 9 :i* !y 7 transmitt$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,babylonian exile to ! ,jews1#hcf--we f9d t ! fir/ mon? :i*1 z we %all see1 0 m>k$ by sacr$ obs]vances 9 ! temples ( ,m>duk & ,nabu at ,babylon & ,borsippa 0 designat$ ideographically z '! mon? ( ! sanctu>y1' ! ?ird z ! p]iod ( 'brick-mak+1' ! fif? z ! 'fi]y' mon?1 ! six? z ! mon? ( ! 'mission ( ,i%t>'--a ref]5ce to ! goddess' desc5t into ! region ( d>kness4 ,designations l 'tak+ 7i4e41 scatt]+7 se$' = ! f\r? mon?1 'copi\s f]tility' = ! n9? mon?1 'gra9-cutt+' p]iod = ! twelf?1 & 'op5+ ( dams'#hcg = ! eigh? conta9 di/9ct ref]5ces to agriculture4 ,! "n 'de/ructive ra9' = ! elev5? mon? is sugge/$ by climatic conditions4 ,/ill obscure is ! designation ( ! sev5? mon? z ! mon? ( ! 'respl5d5t m\nd1'#hch & s also is ! designation ( ! second mon?4#hci ,! cal5d> is ?us %[n to be ! product ( ! same g5]al ord] ( religi\s ideas t we h detect$ 9 ! zodiacal & planet>y sy/ems4 ,its gr[? mu/ h be5 gradual1 = its composite "* is "o ( its mo/ /rik+ features4 ,! task 0 no easy "o to br+ ! lun> ye> into prop] conjunction ) ! sol> ye>1 & !re are gr\nds = believ+ t prior to ! division ( ! ye> into twelve p>ts1 !re 0 a ye> ( t5 mon?s correspond+ to a simpl]1 p]haps a decimal1 sy/em1 :i* appe>s to h prec$$ ! elaborate sexagesimal sy/em4#hdj ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! po9t ( importance = our purposes is to detect ! ext5sion ( religi\s ideas into ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to note ! reaction ( sci5tific !ories on ! developm5t ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! cosmology ( ! ,babylonians results f ! cont9u$ play ( ^! two factors4 ,h5ce ! /range mixture ( popul> notions & fancies ) comp>atively advanc$ !ological speculations & /ill m advanc$ sci5tific !ories t is f\nd 9 ! cosmological sy/em4 ,ev5 my/icism is giv5 a sci5tific aspect 9 ,babylonia4 ,! id5tification ( ! gods ) ! />s arises1 z we h se51 f a sci5tific impulse1 & x is a sci5tific _s aga9 t leads to ! introduction ( ! gods into ! ma!matics ( ! day4#hda ,a numb] is assign$ to ea* ( ! *ief gods4 ,&1 ?\gh su* a proc$ure has its natural outcome 9 ,cabbali/ic t5d5cies1 we c /ill disc]n 9 ! ideas t lead to ?is association ( numb]s ) gods1 influ5ces at "w t emanat$ f ! a/ronomical s*ools4 ,?us ! moon-god ,s9 is id5tifi$ ) ! numb] ?irty1 sugge/$ by ! days ( ! ord9>y mon?4 ,i%t>1 ! daught] ( ,s91 is numb] fifte51 ! half ( ?irty4 ,! unit 9 ! sexagesimal--! numb] sixty--is assign$ to ,anu1 ! *ief ( ! triad1 :ile ! o!r two memb]s1 ,bel & ,ea1 foll[ z fifty & =ty respectively4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ?is species ( id5tification ^u ! cal5drical sy/em is made manife/ by ! inf]ior rank giv5 to ! sun1 :i* receives ! numb] tw5ty1 ! decimal next to t assign$ to ,s91 :ile ,ramman1 ! ?ird memb] ( ! second triad1#hdb is id5tifi$ ) t54#hdc ,absolute consi/5cy 9 ?is process is1 ( c\rse1 z little to be expect$ z 9 o!r semi-my/ical aspects ( ! sci5ce ( ! ,babylonians2 nor is x necess>y = our purposes to ent] ^u ! fur!r consequ5ces result+ f ?is comb9ation ( gods ) numb]s4 ,! association ( ideas involv$ 9 ! comb9ation furni%es ano!r & r /rik+ illu/ration ( ! close contact betwe5 sci5ce & religion 9 ! rem>kable culture ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,!re 0 no conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion 9 anci5t ,babylonia4 ,ea* react$ on ! o!r1 b ! two factors 7 at all times closely unit$ 9 p]fect h>mony1--a h>mony s p]fect1 inde$1 z to be impressive despite its naivete4 ,,footnotes3 #hjh ,e4g41 ,,ir4 #eb1 no4 #c1 col4 ii4 l4 #b2 ,,iir4 #ch1 #bg;b4 #hji ,! ,greek "n = ! lett]s ( ! alphabet--symbolon1 i4e41 a lik5ess--illu/rates ! same view ( ! pictorial orig9 ( writ+4 #haj ,= illu/rations1 see ,l5omant1 ,magie und ,wahrsagekun/ d] ,*alda]1 pp4 #ebj-ebc4 #haa ,see ! summ>y on pp4 #aih1 #aii1 ( ,delitzs*1 ,ursprung d] ,keils*riftzei*54 #hab ,see p4 #dcf4 #hac ,epp+ & ,/rassmai]1 ,a/ronomis*es aus ,babylon 7,freiburg1 #ahhi74 #had ,kosmologie1 pp4 #eg-ie4 ,see especially ! summ>y1 pp4 #hb-hd4 #hae ,see p4 #hi4 #haf ,see p4 #dh4 #hag ,on ?is ideograph1 see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie pp4 #dc1 #dd4 #hah ,kosmologie1 p4 #acd4 #hai ,see ! foll[+ *apt] on ,! ,gilgame% ,epic1 & *apt] xxv1 ,! ,views ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians ( ! ,life aft] ,dea?4 #hbj ,j5s51 ib4 p4 #adj4 ,see above1 p4 #fg4 #hba bibbu4 #hbb ,ib4 p4 #ii4 #hbc ,ib4 p4 #bg4 #hbd ,see especially ,j5s5's ,kosmologie1 pp4 #df-eg & #add-afj4 #hbe ,j5s51 ib4 pp4 #ajh1 #aji4 #hbf ,! con/ant ord] is moon1 sun1 ,m>duk1 ,i%t>1 ,n9ib1 ,n]gal1 ,nabu4 ,e4g41 ,,iir4 #dh1 #dh-cd;a-b4 #hbg ,vorges*i*te d] ,indo-,europa]1 pp4 #aea seq4 #hbh ,on ! old] & lat] names ( ! ,babylonians1 see ,meissn]1 ,zeits*rift fu] die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 v4 #ahj1 #aha1 & on ! g5]al subject ( ! ,babylonian mon?s1 ,muss-,arnolt's valuable articles 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 xi4 #gb-id & #afj-agf4 #hbi ,,ivr4 pl4 #cc4 #hcj ,en-lil4 #hca ,see above1 p4 #ii4 #hcb ,lit41 ',arakh-%amnu1' i4e41 mon? eight4 #hcc ,rassam1 ,cyl9d]1 col4 lii4 l4 #cb4 #hcd ,cyl9d]1 ,inscription l4 #fa4 #hce ,ib4 l4 #eh1--;a r curi\s title ( ,s94 #hcf ,! ,talmud pres]ves ! tradition ( ! ,babylonian orig9 ( ! ,hebrew cal5d> 7,i]usalem ,talmud ,ro%-,ha%%ana1 l4 #a74 #hcg ,= ! irrigation ( ! fields4 #hch ,9 "s way indicative ( its sacr$ "*4 ,x is to be not$ t ?is mon?--,ti%ri--is ! fe/ival mon? among ! ,hebrews & orig9ally also among ! ,arabs4 ,! 'm\nd' is a ref]5ce to ! temples :i* 7 erect$ on natural or artificial em95ces4 #hci ,! latt] is describ$ by a s]ies ( ideographs1 h]d & to prosp]4 ,is !re p]haps a ref]5ce to c[s giv+ bir? to calves 9 ?is mon?1 ! e>ly spr+8 ,= ano!r1 b improbable1 explanation1 see ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record1 iv4 #cg4 #hdj ,lehmann 7,actes du #h;eme ,congres ,int]nationel des ,ori5tali/s1 ,leid51 #ahia1 i4 #afi1 note7 admits ! probability ( an e>li] & m natural sy/em4 #hda ,lotz1 ,quae/iones de ,hi/oria ,sabbati1 pp4 #bg-bi4 #hdb ,s91 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman4 ,see pp4 #ajh1 #afc4 #hdc ,see = o!r comb9ations ,lotz ib41 & comp>e1 e4g41 ,,vr4 #cf1 :]e ! numb] t5 is associat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( gods1--,anu1 ,anatum1 ,bel1 ,i%t>1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,gilgame% ,,epic4 ,we h se5#hdd t ! religion ( ,babylonia p]meates all bran*es ( lit]ature1 s t x is n always possible to draw a %>p divid+ l9e betwe5 sacr$ & secul> productions4 ,to acc\nt = ?is1 x is b necess>y to be> 9 m9d :at ! previ\s *apt]s h aim$ to make cle>1 t religion furni%$ ! /imulus = ! unfold+ ( intellectual life1 & t ! lit]>y & sci5tific productions repres5t ! "w ( m5 prim>ily int]e/$ 9 religion4 ,! significance atta*$ z om5s to heav5ly ph5om5a l$ by degrees to ! elaborate a/ronomical sy/em outl9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,b ! a/ronom]s ( ,babylonia 7 prie/s1 & inde$ ! same prie/s :o compil$ ! hymns & incantations4 ,:at is true ( a/ronomy applies to m$ic9e1 s f> z m$ic9e _h an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( incantations1 & also to law4 ,! physician 0 a prie/1 z 0 ! judge & likewise ! scribe4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to f9d t :at may be call$ ! great national epic ( ! ,babylonians 0 ( a religi\s "*4 ,! int]pretation giv5 to ! traditions ( ! pa/ 0 religi\s4 ,! di/ant pa/ bl5d$ ) ! ph5om5a ( nature 9 su* a way z to =m a /range comb9ation ( poetry & realism4 ,b ?anks to ?is comb9ation1 :i* is ess5tially a process ( ! popul> m9d1 ! production t we are ab\t to consid] br+s u mu* clos] to ! popul> phases ( ! ,babylonian religion ?an does ! cosmology or ! zodiacal sy/em4 ,aft] all1 a nation is mu* m int]e/$ 9 its h]oes & 9 its own beg9n+s1 ?an 9 ! beg9n+s ( ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,"s speculation reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se is p]haps inevitable ! mom5t t ! _s ( inquiry arises1 b ^! speculations are soon entru/$ into ! h&s ( a m9ority1--! ?9k]s1 ! prie/s1 ! a/ronom]s1--:o elaborate a sy/em t gradually sep>ates itself f popul> ?\ght & ex]cises little influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( religi\s ideas among ! masses4 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis passes rapidly ov] ! creation ( />s1 plants1 & animals1 z ?\gh anxi\s to rea* ! hi/ory ( man1 & :5 x comes to ! traditions reg>d+ ! ance/ors ( ! ,hebrews1 ! details are dwelt ^u at l5g? & pictur$ ) a lov+ h&4 ,simil>ly among ! ,babylonians1 !re is a fre%ness ab\t ! /ory ( ! adv5tures ( a great h]o ( ! pa/ t pres5ts a contra/ to ! r ab/ruse speculations embodi$ 9 ! creation epic4 ,9 ?is /ory1 9 :i* a v>iety ( anci5t traditions h be5 comb9$1 !re is comp>atively little trace ( ! s*ola/ic _s1 & al?\gh1 z we %all see1 ! /ory has be5 giv5 its f9al %ape "u ! same influ5ces t det]m9$ ! o!r bran*es ( religi\s lit]ature1 ! =m has n obscur$ ! popul> "* ( ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! /ory has be5 con/ruct$4 ,! "n ( ! h]o ( ! /ory 0 = a long "t a puzzle to s*ol>s4 ,writt5 inv>iably 9 ideographic fa%ion1 ! provisional read+ ,izdub>#hde 0 ! only safe rec\rse until a few ye>s ago1 :5 ,p9*es discov]$ 9 a lexicographical tablet ! equation ,izdub> ,gilgame%4#hdf ,! equation prov$ t ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians id5tifi$ ! h]o ) a leg5d>y k+1 ,gilgamos1 :o is m5tion$ by ,aelian4#hdg ,to be sure1 :at ,aelian tells ( ?is h]o is n f\nd 9 ! ,izdub> epic1 & appe>s to h orig9ally be5 rec\nt$ ( ano!r leg5d>y p]sonage1 ,etana4#hdh ,!re is !re=e a reasonable d\bt :e!r ! id5tification made by ,babylonian s*ol>s repres5ts an old tradition or is m]ely a late conjecture aris+ at a "t :5 ! traditions ( ,izdub> 7 confus$ ) ^? ( ,etana4 ,/ill1 s9ce ,etana appe>s to be a phonetic read+ & c be expla9$ etymologically 9 a satisfactory mann]1 ! presumption is 9 favor ( connect+ ,gilgame% ) ! h]o ( ! great epic4 ,= ! pres5t1 !re=e1 we may accept ! id5tification & assume t 9 ,aelian1 z well z 9 ! s\rces :5ce he drew 8 in=mation1 ,izdub>-,gilgame% has be5 confus$ ) ,etana4#hdi ,! ideographic =m ( ! "n is prec$$ inv>iably by ! det]m9ative = deity1 b ! ?ree elem5ts compos+ ! "n1 iz1 du1 & b>1 are exce$+ly obscure4 ,! fir/ elem5t is a v common det]m9ative1 prec$+ objects made ( wood or any h>d sub/ance4 ,! ^w = weapon is always writt5 ) ?is det]m9ative2 & s9ce ,izdub> is ess5tially a w>rior1 "o %\ld expect dub> to repres5t "s k9d ( a weapon t he c>ries4 ,on seal cyl9d]s ,gilgame% appe>s arm$ ) a l>ge lance4#hej ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,j]emias' proposition to r5d] ! "n z div9e judge ( e>?ly affairs#hea is unt5able1 & ! same may be said ( o!r conjectures4 ,! fact t ! "n is writt5 ) ! det]m9ative = deity mu/ n lead u to a purely my?ical int]pretation ( ! epic4 ,!re 0 a /rong t5d5cy 9 ,babylonia to reg>d ! e>ly k+s z gods4 ,dungi & ,gudea1 :o are f> f be+ ! e>lie/ rul]s 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 appe> 9 tablets ) ! det]m9ative = deity atta*$ to _! names1#heb & x w\ld be natural1 !re=e1 t a h]o belong+ to a remote p]iod %\ld likewise be deifi$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re is a hi/orical backgr\nd to ! ,gilgame% epic1 & !re is equally no reason to "q ! exi/5ce ( an anci5t k+ or h]o :o bore ! "n ,gilgame%4 ,! deification ( ! h]o sup]9duc$ ! introduction ( my?ical elem5ts4 ,x 0 an easy process also1 t l$ to tales :i* arose z popul> symbols ( occurr5ces 9 nature1 be+ likewise br\ght into connection ) a h]o1 :o 0 at ! same "t a god4 ,! ,gilgame% epic ?us takes %ape z a comp\nd ( fa9t hi/orical tradition & ( nature my?s4 ,! deifi$ h]o becomes m p>ticul>ly a sol> deity4 ,! popul>ity ( ! h]o-god is atte/$ by ! introduction ( 8 "n 9 incantations1#hec & by special hymns be+ compos$ 9 8 honor4 ,"o ( ^! hymns1#hed ( a p5it5tial "*1 is int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! survival ( ! recollection ( 8 human orig94 ,gilgame% is address$ by a p5it5t1 :o seeks heal+ f disease3 ,o ,gilgame%1 great k+1 judge ( ! ,anunnaki1 ,pr9ce1 great oracle#hee ( mank9d1 ,ov]se] ( all regions1 rul] ( ! _w1 "l ( :at is on e>?1 ,?\ do/ judge &1 l a god1 ?\ give/ decisions1#hef ,?\ art e/abli%$ on ! e>?1 ?\ fulfille/ judgm5t1 ,?y judgm5t is un*angeable1 ?y comm& is n revok$1 ,?\ do/ inquire1 ?\ comm&e/1 ?\ judge/1 ?\ see/1 & ?\ directe/4 ,%ama% has entru/$ into ?y h& sceptre & decision4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,gilgame% is appeal$ to z a 'k+' & 'pr9ce4' ,8 dom9ion is ! e>?1 & ! emphasis plac$ ^u ?is circum/ance is significant4 ,9 accord ) ?is peculi> prov9ce ( ! god1 ! hymn cont9ues3 ,k+s1 *iefs1 & pr9ces b[ be=e !e1 ,?\ see/ _! laws1 ?\ preside/ ov] _! decisions4 ,at ! same "t1 8 dep5d5ce ^u ,%ama% is emphasiz$4 ,z a m9or sol> deity1 he receives 8 p[]s f ! great judge ,%ama%4 ,?is d\ble "* ( ,gilgame% furni%es ! key to ! int]pretation ( ! epic 9 :i* he is ! c5tral figure4 ,! poem 9 its f9al %ape compris$ twelve tablets ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& l9es4 ,un=tunately only ab\t half ( ! epic has be5 f\nd up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! num]\s fragm5ts repres5t at lea/ f\r di/9ct copies1 all belong+ to ! libr>y ( ,a%urbanabal4 ,to ,pr(essor ,paul ,haupt we are indebt$ = a practically complete publication ( ! fragm5ts ( ! epic2#heg & x is likewise ow+1 *iefly1 to ,pr(essor ,haupt t ! sequ5ce 9 ! incid5ts ( ! epic z well z ! g5]al int]pretation ( ! composition has be5 e/abli%$4#heh ,! c5t] ( action 9 ! fir/ tablets ( ! s]ies & 9 ! olde/ portions ( ! epic is ! anci5t city ,uruk1 or ,ere*1 9 s\!rn ,babylonia1 inv>iably spok5 ( z ,uruk supuri1 t is1 ! 'wall$' or =tifi$ ,uruk4 ,a special significance atta*es to ?is epi!t4 ,x 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( e anci5t t[n1 = reasons :i* ,ih]+ has brilliantly set =?1#hei to be wall$4#hfj ,! designation ( ,uruk z 'wall$1' !re=e1 /amps x z a city1 b t ! t]m 0 add$1 also po9ts to ! great antiquity ( ! place1--to a p]iod :5 t[ns z di/+ui%$ f m]e agricultural villages 7 suffici5tly r>e to w>rant "s special nom5clature4 ,f o!r s\rces ! great age ( ,uruk is confirm$1 & ,hilpre*t#hfa is ( ! op9ion t x 0 ! capitol ( a k+dom contemporane\s ) ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,a lexicographical tablet#hfb in=ms u t ,uruk 0 specially well =tifi$4 ,x 0 kn[n z ! place ( sev5 walls &1 9 view ( ! cosmic significance ( ! numb] sev5 among ! ,babylonians1 ,j5s5 supposes#hfc t ! city's walls are an imitation ( ! sev5 conc5tric zones into :i* ! _w 0 divid$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 a city s anci5t & s well =tifi$ mu/ h play$ a mo/ important "p 9 old ,babylonian hi/ory1 second only 9 importance1 if n equal1 to ,nippur4 ,! cont9u$ influ5ce ( ! ,i%t> or ,nana cult ( ,ere* also illu/rates ! significance ( ! place4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to f9d traditions surviv+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! place4 ,! fir/ tablet ( ! ,gilgame% epic conta9s su* a rem9isc5ce4 ,! city is h>d press$ by an enemy4 ,! mis=tune appe>s to be s5t z a puni%m5t = "s (f5ce4#hfd ,ev]y?+ is 9 a /ate ( confusion4 ,asses & c[s de/roy _! "y4 ,m5 weep & wom5 sigh4 ,! gods & spirits ( wall$ ,uruk h become ho/ile =ces4 ,= ?ree ye>s ! enemy lays siege to ! place4 ,! gates ( ! city rema9 clos$4 ,:o ! enemy is we are n told1 & su* is ! fragm5t>y condition ( ! tablet t we are left to conjecture ! outcome ( ! city's di/ress4 ,9 ! second tablet1 ,gilgame% is introduc$ z a h]o ( sup]ior /r5g? & 9 control ( ,uruk4 ,is he ! savior ( ! city or its conqu]or8 ,"o is incl9$ to assume ! latt]1 = ! inhabitants ( ,uruk are repres5t$ z compla9+ t ,gilgame% has tak5 away ! sons & daught]s ( ! place4 ,f a passage 9 a subsequ5t tablet x appe>s t ,uruk is n ! native place ( ! h]o1 b ,m>ada4#hfe ,moreov]1 ! "n ,gilgame% is n ,babylonian1 s t ! pres5t evid5ce speaks 9 favor ( reg>d+ ! fir/ episode 9 ! epic z a rem9isc5ce ( ! ext5sion ( ,gilgame%'s dom9ion by ! conque/ ( ,uruk4 ,:5 ?is ev5t took place we h no means ( det]m9+ ) ev5 a remote degree ( probability4 ,! repres5tation ( ,gilgame% on v anci5t seal cyl9d]s#hff w>rants u 9 pass+ beyond ! ?ird mill5nium1 b m ?an ?is c h>dly be said4 ,gilgame% is a h]o ( irresi/ible p[]4 ,! inhabitants ( ,uruk appeal = help to ,aruru1 :o has creat$ ,gilgame%3 ,he has no rival4444 ,?y inhabitants appeal = aid84 ,gilgame% does n leave a son to 8 fa!r4 ,day & night1444 ,he1 ! rul] ( wall$ ,uruk1444 ,he1 _! rul]1444 ,! /rong1 ! preem95t1 ! cunn+1444 ,gilgame% does n leave ! virg9 to h] "m1 ,! daught] to h] w>rior1 ! wife to h] husb&4 ,! gods ( heav5 he> _! cry4 ,!y cry al\d to ,aruru1 ,?\ ha/ creat$ him1 ,n[ create a rival 787 to him1 equal to tak+ up ! fight aga9/ him 7874 ,s mu* at lea/ is cle> f ! badly mutilat$ l9es t ,gilgame% has play$ sad havoc ) ! inhabitants ( ,uruk4 ,9 p]sonal combat1 z x w\ld appe>1 he has triumph$ ov] ! w>riors ( ! place4 ,! son is tak5 away f 8 fa!r1 ! virg9s are tak5 captive1 w>riors & husb&s are snat*$ f ^? de> to !m4 ,aruru is "h appeal$ to z ! creator ( mank9d4#hfg ,%e :o has creat$ ! h]o is ask$ to produce "s "o :o c successfully resi/ ,gilgame%4 ,aruru proce$s to d s4 ,aruru1 ^u he>+ ?is1 =ms a man ( ,anu4#hfh ,aruru wa%es h] h&s1 takes a bit ( clay1 & ?r[s x on ! gr\nd4 ,%e creates ,eabani1 a h]o1 a l(ty (fspr+1 ! possession ( ,n9ib4#hfi ,?is creature ,eabani is describ$ z hav+ a body cov]$ ) hair4 ,he has long fl[+ locks & lives ) ! animals ab\t him4 ,eat+ h]bs ) gazelles1 ,dr9k+ f a tr\gh ) cattle1 ,sport+ ) ! creatures ( ! wat]s4 ,! description evid5tly recalls man liv+ 9 a savage /ate1 &1 to judge f illu/rations ( ,eabani on seal cyl9d]s1 ! my?ological fancy ( ! p]iod :5 /range mon/]s exi/$ ( hybrid =mation1 half-man1 half-bea/1 has influ5c$ ! conception ( ?is /range creature :o is to combat ! inv9cible ,gilgame%4 ,b ,gilgame% fru/rates ! plan4 ,he s5ds a mess5g] kn[n z ,sadu1 t is1 '! hunt]1' & describ$ z a wick$ man1 to ensn>e ,eabani4#hgj ,= ?ree days 9 succession1 ! hunt] sees ,eabani dr9k+ at ! tr\gh ) ! cattle1 b is unable to cat* him4 ,! sight ( ?is 'wild man ( ! woods' fright5s ! hunt]4 ,he returns to ,gilgame% = fur!r in/ructions4 ,gilgame% spoke to ! hunt]3 ,g1 hunt] m9e1 & take ) !e ,ukhat ,:5 ! cattle comes to ! tr\gh1 ,let h] te> (f h] dress & disclose h] nak$ness4 ,he#hga w see h] & approa* h]4 ,8 cattle1 :i* grew up on 8 field1 w =sake him4 ,ukhatu is a "n = a h>lot devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,i%t>4 ,o!r names = su* devotees are ,kh>imtu#hgb & ,kizritu4#hgc ,else:]e ! city ,uruk is call$ ! dwell+ ( ,anu & ,i%t>1 ! city ( ! ,kizreti1 ,ukhati1 & ,kh>imati#hgd & 9 a subsequ5t tablet ( ! ,gilgame% epic#hge ^! ?ree classes ( h>lots are introduc$ z ! att5dants ( ,i%t>1 ob$i5t to h] call4 ,! conclusion is !re=e ju/ifi$ t ,uruk 0 "o ( ! c5t]s--p]haps ! c5t]--( ! obsc5e rites to :i* ,h]odotus#hgf has sev]al ref]5ces4 ,sev]al o!r incid5tal allusions 9 cunei=m lit]ature to ! sacr$ pro/itution c>ri$ on at ,babylonian temples confirm ,h]odotus' /atem5t 9 g5]al1#hgg al?\gh ! rite nev] assum$ ! l>ge proportions t he reports4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h]odotus does n appe> to h und]/ood ! religi\s significance ( ! cu/om t he designates z '%ameful4' ,! "n giv5 to ! h>lot among ,babylonians & ,hebrews1#hgh ,kadi%tu or ,k'de%a1 t is1 '! sacr$ "o1' is suffici5t evid5ce t1 at its orig91 ! rite 0 n ! product ( obsc5e t5d5cies1 b due to naive conceptions connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,i%t> z ! goddess ( f]tility4 ,! introduction ( ,ukhat1 h[ev]1 z an aid to c>ry out ! designs ( ,gilgame% is devoid ( religi\s significance1 & "o is incl9$ to reg>d ! ,eabani episode1 or at lea/ c]ta9 portions ( x1 z hav+ _h at "o "t an exi/5ce q indep5d5t ( ,gilgame%'s adv5tures4 ,! description ( ,eabani is1 z we h se51 bas$ ^u my?ological ideas4 ,! creation ( ,eabani recalls ! ,biblical tradition ( ! =mation ( ! fir/ man1 & ,ukhat appe>s to be ! ,babylonian equival5t to ! ,biblical ,eve1 :o ?r\gh h] *>ms entices ,eabani away f ! gazelles & cattle1#hgi & br+s him to ,uruk1 ! symbol ( civiliz$ exi/5ce4 ,x is significant t 9 ! ,biblical n>rative1 ! sexual in/9ct & ! beg9n+s ( culture z symboliz$ by ! tree ( k are closely associat$4 ,accord+ to rabb9ical traditions1 ! s]p5t is ! symbol ( ! sexual passion4#hhj ,eve obta9s control ( ,adam ) ! aid ( ?is passion4 ,9 ! episode ( ,eabani1 ,ukhat1 & ! hunt]--:o1 be x not$1 plays ! "p ( ! tempt]--we seem to h an anci5t leg5d =m+ "p ( "s tradition reg>d+ ! beg9n+s ( man's hi/ory1 & :i* has be5 br\ght into connection ) ! ,gilgame% epic1--:5 & h[1 x is impossible1 ( c\rse1 to say4 ,! hunt] foll[s ! in/ructions ( ,gilgame%4 ,eabani falls a victim to ,ukhat's attractions4 ,ukhat expos$ h] brea/1 reveal$ h] nak$ness1 took (f h] clo?+4 ,unaba%$ %e entic$ him4 ,! details ( ! meet+ are describ$ ) a frank simplicity t po9ts aga9 to ! antiquity ( ! leg5d4 ,= six days & sev5 nights ,eabani enjoy$ ! love ( ,ukhat4 ,aft] he _h satiat$ himself ) h] *>ms1 ,he turn$ 8 c\nt5ance to 8 cattle4 ,! repos+ gazelles saw ,eabani1 ,! cattle ( ! field turn$ away f him4 ,eabani 0 />tl$ & grew fa9t1 ,8 limbs grew /iff z 8 cattle ran (f4 ,b ,ukhat has ga9$ control ( him4 ,he gives up ! ?\ght ( gazelles & cattle1 & returns to enjoy ! love ( ,ukhat4 ,8 s5ses return1 ,& he aga9 turns 9 love1 en?rall$ at ! feet ( ! h>lot1 ,looks up into h] face & li/5s z ! woman speaks to him4 ,! woman#hha speaks to ,eabani3 ,l(ty art ?\1 ,eabani1 l to a god4 ,:y do/ ?\ lie ) ! bea/s8 ,come1 ,i w br+ !e to wall$ ,uruk1 ,to ! glori\s h\se1#hhb ! dwell+ ( ,anu & ,i%t>1 ,to ! seat ( ,gilgame%1 p]fect 9 p[]1 ,surpass+ m5 9 /r5g?1 l a m\nta9 bull4 ,x w\ld appe> f ^! l9es t previ\s to ! com+ ( ,ukhat1 ,eabani _h satisfi$ 8 desire on ! bea/s4 ,9 ,ukhat1 h[ev]1 he f\nd a wor?i] mate1 & he accord+ly ab&ons 8 =m] associates to cl+ to h]4 ,he yields & obeys h] comm&4 ,9 ! wisdom ( 8 he>t he recogniz$ a companion4#hhc ,9 ! cont9uation ( ! /ory ,eabani becomes ! companion ( ,gilgame%1 b ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! title 0 transf]r$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! epic f ,ukhat1 to :om x orig9ally belong$4 ,x is %e :o awak5s 9 ,eabani a s5se ( dignity :i* made him sup]ior to ! animals4 ,! ^w translat$ 'companion'#hhd may be appropriately appli$ to ,ukhat4 ,eabani cl+s to h]1 z ,adam does to ,eve aft] %e 'is br\ght'#hhe to him4 ,ukhat becomes ,eabani's 'companion1' j z ,eve becomes ! 'helpmate' ( ,adam4 ,^! consid]ations /r5g!n ! supposition t ! ,eabani-,ukhat episode is q di/9ct f ! c>e] ( ,gilgame%4 ,_h ! epic orig9at$ 9 ,babylon or ,nippur1 ,eabani & ,ukhat w\ld h be5 br\ght to ,babylon or ,nippur4 ,z x is1 ,eabani asks ,ukhat to conduct him ,to ! glori\s dwell+1 ! sacr$ seat ( ,anu & ,i%t>1 ,to ! seat ( ,gilgame%1 p]fect 9 p[]1 ,surpass+ m5 9 /r5g? l a m\nta9 bull4 ,un=tunately1 ! tablet at ?is po9t is defective1#hhf & ! foll[+ ?ree tablets are repres5t$ by small fragm5ts only1 f :i* x is exce$+ly difficult to det]m9e m ?an ! g5]al c\rse ( ! n>rative4 ,ukhat & ,eabani proce$ to ,uruk4 ,!re is an int]e/+ ref]5ce to 'a fe/ival' & to fe/ive g>m5ts1#hhg b :e!r1 z w\ld appe>1 ,ukhat & ,eabani are ! ones :o clo! !mselves#hhh ^u rea*+ ,uruk or :e!r1 z ,j]emias believes1 a fe/ival 0 be+ celebrat$ at ! place x is impossible to say4 ,eabani is w>n$ 9 a dream n to und]take a te/ ( /r5g? ) ,gilgame%1#hhi ,^: p[] is /rong] ?an ?9e1 ,:o re/s n1 444 nei!r by day or night4 ,o ,eabani1 *ange ?y 444 ,%ama% loves ,gilgame%1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea h giv5 him wisdom4 ,be=e ?\ come/ f ! m\nta9 ,gilgame% 9 ,uruk w see ?y dream4#hij ,dreams play an important "p 9 ! epic4 ,!y con/itute ! regul> means ( communication betwe5 man & ! gods1 s regul> t at times ! compil]s ( ! epic d n f9d x necess>y to specify ! fact1 b take x = grant$4 ,to ,gilgame%1 ,eabani's com+ is reveal$ & he asks 8 "m ,aruru to int]pret ! dream4 ,! ?ird & f\r? tablets take u back to ! hi/ory ( ,uruk4 ,gilgame%1 aid$ by 8 patron ,%ama%1 succe$s 9 ga9+ ,eabani z a 'companion' 9 a conte/ t is to be wag$ aga9/ ,khumbaba1 :o ?reat5s ,uruk4 ,! "n ( ?is enemy is ,elamitic1 & x has be5 cu/om>y to ref] ! campaign aga9/ him to ! tradition record$ by ,b]osus ( a native upris+ aga9/ ,elamitic rule1 :i* took place ab\t #bdjj ,b4,c4#hia ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t !re is no satisfactory evid5ce = ?is supposition4 ,elam1 ly+ to ! ea/ ( ! ,euphrates1 0 at all times a s]i\s m5ace to ,babylonia4 ,ho/ilities ) ,elam are frequ5t be=e & aft] ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,if ,gilgame%1 z seems c]ta91 is a ,cassite1#hib ! conflict betwe5 him & ,khumbaba w\ld repres5t a rivalry among ,cassitic or ,elamitic hordes = ! possession ( ,uruk & ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,:ile ! ,cassites d n come to ! front till ! eighte5? c5tury1 at :i* "t ! c5t] ( _! k+dom is ,nippur1 !re is e reason to believe t !y 7 settl$ 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley long be=e t p]iod4 ,! c\rse ( conque/--z ( civilization 9 ,babylonia--be+ f ! s\? to ! nor?1 we w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 look+ = ! ,cassites 9 ,uruk be=e !y ext5d$ _! dom9ion to ,nippur4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! conflict betwe5 ,gilgame% & ,khumbaba mu/ be ref]r$ to a mu* m anci5t p]iod ?an ! rise ( ! city ( ,babylon z a political c5t]4 ,%ama% & ,gilgame% promise ,eabani royal honors if he w jo9 fri5d%ip ) !m4 ,come1 & on a great c\*1 ,on a f9e c\* he#hic w place !e4 ,he w give !e a seat to ! left4 ,! rul]s ( ! e>? w kiss ?y feet4 ,all ! p ( ,uruk w cr\* be=e !e4 ,eabani cons5ts1 & 9 company ) ,gilgame% proce$s to ! =tress ( ,khumbaba4 ,x is a long & h>d road t !y h to travel4 ,! t]ror inspir$ by ,khumbaba is comp>$ to t ar\s$ by a viol5t /orm1 b ,gilgame% receives assurances1 9 no less ?an ?ree dreams1 t he w come =? unh>m$ out ( ! ordeal4 ,! =tress ( ,khumbaba is situat$ 9 a grove ( wond]ful gr&eur1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !re is a l>ge c$>1 af=d+ %ade & diffus+ a sweet odor4 ,! description rem9ds "o =cibly ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 & ! "q sugge/s itself :e!r 9 ?is episode ( ! ,gilgame% epic1 we h n aga9 a composite production due to ! comb9ation ( ,gilgame%'s adv5tures ) ! traditions reg>d+ ,eabani4 ,un=tunately ! description ( ! conte/ ) ,khumbaba is miss+4 ,!re is a ref]5ce to ! tyrant's dea?1#hid b t is all4 ,9 ! six? tablet1 ,gilgame% is celebrat$ z ! victor & n ,eabani4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t ! episode belongs orig9ally to ,gilgame%'s c>e]1 & t ,eabani has be5 introduc$ into x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ,eabani to be plac$ 9 a beautiful g>d5 w\ld be a natural consequ5ce ( 8 des]t+ ! gazelles & cattle1--! rew>d1 z x 71 ( 8 cl++ to ,ukhat4 ,sep>at+ ! composite elem5ts ( ! epic 9 ?is way1 we h z di/9ct episodes 9 ,gilgame%'s c>e]1 ! conque/ ( ,uruk & ( o!r places1#hie & 8 successful campaign aga9/ ,khumbaba4 ,) ?is /ory !re has be5 comb9$ a popul> tradition ( man's e>ly savage /ate1 8 dep>ture f ?is condition ?r\gh ! sexual passion ar\s$ by ,ukhat1 :o becomes 8 'companion1' & ) :om or ?r\gh :om he is l$ to a beautiful g>d5 z a habitation4 ,! six? tablet introduces a ?ird elem5t into ! epic1--a my?ological "o4 ,! goddess ,i%t> pleads = ! love ( ,gilgame%4 ,%e is attract$ to him by 8 a*ievem5ts & 8 p]sonality4 ,! tablet beg9s ) a description ( ! celebration ( ,gilgame%'s victory4 ,! h]o ex*anges 8 blood-/a9$ clo!s = :ite g>m5ts1 poli%es 8 weapons1 & places a cr[n on 8 head4 ,to secure ! grace ( ,gilgame%1 ! exalt$ ,i%t> raises h] eyes4 ,come1 ,gilgame%1 be my husb&1 ,?y love#hif grant me z a gift1 ,be ?\ my husb& & ,i w be ?y wife ,i w place !e on a *>iot ( lapis lazuli & gold1 ,) :eels ( gold & horns ( sapphire 787 ,drawn by great 444 /e$s 7874 ,) sweet odor ( c$>s ent] our h\se4 ,^u ent]+ our h\se1 444 w kiss ?y feet4 ,k+s1 lords1 & pr9ces w be submissive to !e1 ,products ( m\nta9 & l&1 !y w br+ z tribute to !e4 ,i%t> appe>s "h z ! goddess ( love & f]tility4 ,z su* %e promises ,gilgame% also abundance ( h]ds4 ,b ,gilgame% rejects ! (f]1 giv+ z 8 reason ! sad fate enc\nt]$ by ^! :o 7 victims ( ,i%t>'s love3 ,tammuz1 ! consort ( ?y y\? 7871 ,?\ cause/ to weep e ye>4 ,! bright-color$ allallu bird ?\ did/ love4 ,?\ did/ cru% him & break 8 p9ions4 ,9 ! woods he /&s & lam5ts1 ,o my p9ions6 ,?\ did/ love a lion ( p]fect /r5g?1 ,sev5 & sev5 times#hig ?\ did/ bury him 9 ! corn]s 7871 ,?\ did/ love a horse sup]ior 9 ! fray1 ,) :ip & spur#hih ?\ did/ urge him on1 ,?\ did/ =ce him on = sev5 d\ble h\rs1#hii ,?\ did/ =ce him on :5 we>i$ & ?ir/y2 ,8 "m ,silili ?\ made/ weep4 ,9 ?is way ,gilgame% proce$s to upbraid ! goddess1 in/anc+1 9 addition1 h] cruel treatm5t ( a %eph]d1 & app>5tly also ( a giant1 :om %e *ang$ to a dw>f4 ,! allusions1 :ile obscure1 are all ( a my?ological "*4 ,! weep+ ( ,tammuz symbolizes ! decay ( vegetation aft] ! summ] season4 ,! mis=tunes t afflict ! bird1 lion1 & horse simil>ly indicate ! loss ( beauty & /r5g?1 :i* is ! univ]sal fate ( ^? :o once enjoy$ ^? attributes4 ,i%t>1 z ! great "m1 produces life & /r5g?1 b %e is unable to make life & /r5g? p]man5t4 ,popul> belief makes h] responsible = decay & dea?1 s9ce life & f]tility appe> to be 9 h] h&4 ,gilgame%1 z a popul> h]o1 is br\ght into association by popul> traditions ) ,i%t>1 z he is br\ght into relation%ips ) ,eabani & ,ukhat4 ,a factor 9 ?is association 0 ! necessity ( acc\nt+ = ,gilgame%'s dea?4 ,z a h]o1 ! favorite ( ! gods & inv9cible 9 battle1 he ought to enjoy ! privilege ( ! gods--immortality4 ,! "q _h to be answ]$ h[ he came to =ego ?is di/9ction4 ,! insult he (f]s to ,i%t> is ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,kn[+ t ,i%t>1 al?\gh ! giv] ( life1 does n grant a cont9uance ( x1 he :o is produc$ by ,aruru w h no?+ to d ) ! great goddess4 ,b 8 refusal leads to a dire puni%m5t1 m disa/r\s ev5 ?an ! alliance ) ,i%t>1 :i* w\ld h culm9at$ 9 8 be+ ev5tually %orn ( 8 /r5g?4 ,i%t>1 det]m9$ t ,gilgame% %\ld n escape h]1 flies 9 rage to h] fa!r ,anu1 ! god ( heav51 & tells ( ! mann] 9 :i* %e has be5 treat$4 ,anu com=ts h]4 ,yield+ to ,i%t>'s reque/ he creates a div9e bull1 kn[n z ,alu1 i4e41 ! /rong or supreme "o1#ijj :o is to de/roy ,gilgame%4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! n>rative ,eabani is aga9 introduc$4 ,gilgame% & ,eabani toge!r proce$ to ! conte/ ) ! bull1 z !y =m]ly proce$$ aga9/ ,khumbaba4 ,on seal cyl9d]s ?is fight is frequ5tly pictur$4#ija ,9 agreem5t ) ! description 9 ! n>rative1 ,eabani takes hold ( ! tail ( ! animal1 :ile ,gilgame% despat*es him by driv+ a spe> into ! bull's he>t4 ,i%t>'s plan is ?us fru/rat$4 ,i%t> m\nts ! wall ( wall$ ,uruk4 ,9 viol5t rage %e pron\nces a curse3 ,curs$ be ,gilgame%1 :o has enrag$ me1 ,:o has kill$ ! div9e bull4 ,eabani adds insult to injury by *all5g+ ! goddess4 ,eabani1 ^u he>+ ^! words ( ,i%t>1 ,takes ! c>cass 787 ( ! div9e bull & ?r[s x into h] face4 ,woe to !e6 ,i w subdue !e1 ,i w d to !e z ,i h done to him4#ijb ,! my?ological motives t prompt$ ! introduction ( ,i%t> into ?is tablet n[ become app>5t4 ,! division ( ! epic into twelve p>ts is due to s*ola/ic influ5ces4 ,x is c]ta9ly n accid5tal t ! cal5d> also consi/s ( twelve mon?s4 ,:ile x is by no means ! case t ea* tablet corresponds to "s mon?1 /ill 9 ! case ( ! six? &1 z we %all see1 9 ! case ( ! sev5? & elev5? tablets1 ?is correspond5ce is c]ta94 ,! six? mon? is designat$ z ! mon? ( ! ,mission ( ,i%t>4 ,:at ?is mission is we %all see 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4#ijc ,9 ?is mon? 0 celebrat$ a fe/ival to ,tammuz1 ! "y bridegroom ( ,i%t>1 :o is sla9 by ! goddess4 ,! prophet ,ezekiel gives u a picture ( ! weep+ = ,tammuz1#ijd :i* =m$ ! *ief c]emony ( ! day4 ,x is ?is "* ( ! mon? t acc\nts n only = ! introduction ( ! ,i%t> episode 9 ! six? tablet1 b :i* f9ds fur!r illu/rations 9 ! m\rn+ :i* ,i%t> & h] att5dants indulge 9 aft] ! dea? ( ! div9e bull4 ,i%t> assembl$ ! ,kizreti1 ,ukhalti & ,kh>imati4 ,ov] ! c>cass ( ,alu !y rais$ a lam5tation4 ,^! ?ree classes ( sacr$ pro/itutes h already be5 dwelt ^u4#ije ,) m mat]ial at our disposal reg>d+ ! cult ( ,i%t> or ,nana ( ,ere*1 we w\ld be 9 a position to specify ! "* ( ! rites p]=m$ at ?is temple4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,h]odotus & ( o!r writ]s suffice1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ! ?ree t]ms repres5t classes ( prie/esses atta*$ to ! temple4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,i%t> cult ( ,ere* 0 n unique1 = we h ref]5ces to prie/esses else:]e4 ,h[ev]1 ! function ( ! prie/ess 9 religi\s hi/ory diff]s mat]ially f t ( ! prie/4 ,%e is n a m$iator betwe5 ! god & 8 subjects1 nor is %e a repres5tative ( ! deity4 ,x is z a 'wit*1' t by virtue ( ! association ( ideas above set =?1#ijf %e is able to det]m9e ! int5tions ( ! gods4 ,h] p[] to d h>m is supplem5t$ by h] ability to furni% oracles4 ,9 ?is capacity we h already come across h]1#ijg & we may assume t giv+ oracles con/itut$ a *ief function ( ! prie/ess 9 ,babylonia4 ,x 0 fur!rmore natural to conclude t z a 'wit*' & 'oracle-giv]1' ! prie/ess belong$ to ! deity f :om %e d]iv$ h] p[]4 ,:5 we come to ! cult ( a goddess l ,i%t>1 :o is ! symbol ( f]tility1 obs]vances t illu/rat$ ?is c5tral notion w\ld naturally =m an +r$i5t "p ( t 'sympa!tic magic1'--! imitation ( an action 9 ord] to produce ! reality--:i* dom9ates s l>ge a proportion ( e>ly religi\s c]emonialism4 ,among _m nations ! my/]i\s aspects ( woman's f]tility lead to rites t by a p]v]sion ( _! orig9al import appe> to be obsc5e4#ijh ,9 ! ref]5ce to ! ?ree classes ( sacr$ pro/itutes1 we h an evid5ce t ! ,babylonian wor%ip =m$ no exception to ! rule4 ,b ) ?is proposition t ! pro/itutes 7 prie/esses atta*$ to ! ,i%t> cult & :o look "p 9 c]emonies int5d$ to symbolize f]tility1 we mu/ = ! pres5t re/ cont5t4 ,gilgame%1 secure 9 8 victory1 proce$s to (f] ! horns ( ! div9e bull to 8 patron ,lugal-,m>ada1 ! 'k+' ( ,m>ad1 & :o appe>s to be id5tical ) ,%ama% himself4 ,! (f]+ is accompani$ by gifts to ! sanctu>y ( preci\s /ones & oil4 ,!re is g5]al rejoic+4 ,! episode ( ,gilgame%'s conte/ ) ! bull also belongs to ! my?ological phases ( ! epic4 ,! bull is 9 ,babylonian my?ology#iji z among o!r nations a symbol ( ! /orm4 ,x is 9 8 role z a sol> deity t ,gilgame% triumphs ov] ! /orm s5t by ,anu1 t is1 f on high4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 we w come across ano!r =m ( ?is same my? sugge/$ evid5tly1 z 0 ! fight ( ,m>duk ) ,tiamat1 by ! annual /orms rag+ 9 ,babylonia4 ,gilgame% triumphs z does ,m>duk1 b :5 once ! summ] sol/ice1 :i* repres5ts ! sun's triumph1 is pa/1 ! decl9e ( ! sun's /r5g? beg9s to set 94 ,?is is indicat$ by ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ! n>rative4 ,! sc5e ( rejoic+ at ,gilgame%'s triumph is *ang$ to "o ( sadness4 ,eabani is snat*$ away f ,gilgame%4 ,! few fragm5ts ( ! sev5? & eigh? tablets d n suffice = det]m9+ exactly 9 :at way ?is happ5$1 b ,i%t> is evid5tly ! cause ( ! mis=tune4 ,a fatal illness1 x w\ld seem1 seizes hold ( ,eabani1--:e!r z ! result ( a fur!r conte/ or directly s5t1 x is impossible to say4 ,= twelve days he l+]s & !n is tak5 away4 ,z usual1 ! cata/rophe is =ese5 9 dreams4 ,= a ?ird "t#iaj he sees a vision ( fire & lightn+1 :i* =ebodes ! end4 ,! fragm5t>y condition ( ! epic at ?is po9t is p>ticul>ly un=tunate4 ,!re is a ref]5ce to ,nippur1#iaa ( :i* x w\ld be important to "k ! purpose4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ,gilgame% & ,eabani w\ld be mu* cle>] if ! sev5? & eigh? tablets 7 pres]v$ 9 good condition4 ,! disappe>ance ( ,eabani be=e ! end ( ! epic confirms1 h[ev]1 ! view "h ma9ta9$1 t ! c>e] ( ,eabani 0 orig9ally q indep5d5t ( ,gilgame%'s adv5tures4 ,8 dea? is z sup]flu\s z is 8 association ) ,eabani4 ,9 all critical mom5ts ,gilgame% appe>s to /& alone4 ,he conqu]s ,uruk1 & x is he :o celebrates ! victory ( ! div9e bull4 ,! subsequ5t c\rse ( ! n>rative aft] ,eabani's dea?1 except = ! frequ5t m5tion ( ,gilgame%'s lam5t = 8 companion1 proce$s undi/urb$4 ,moreov]1 ,eabani's puni%m5t appe>s to be id5tical ) t met$ out to ,gilgame%4 ,! latt] is also /rick5 ) disease1 b 9 8 case1 ! disease has a mean+ t fits 9 ) ! my?ological phases ( ! epic4 ,! sev5? mon?--! "o foll[+ ! summ] sol/ice--m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a turn+-po9t 9 ! ye>4 ,z ! ye> advances1 vegetation dim9i%es1 & ! conclusion 0 naturally drawn t ! sun ^u :om vegetation dep5d$ _h lo/ "s ( 8 =ce4 ,?is loss ( /r5g? is pictur$ z a disease ) :i* ! sun is afflict$4 ,9 ?is way1 ! sev5? tablet--& possibly also ! eigh?--cont9ues ! nature my? embodi$ 9 ! six?4 ,haupt has +5i\sly conjectur$ t ! sickness :i* affects ,gilgame% is ( a v5]eal "*4 ,! h]o w&]s ab\t 9 se>* ( heal+4 ,8 suff]+ is increas$ by 8 deep sorr[ ov] ! loss ( 8 'companion4' ,! dea? ( ,eabani presages 8 own de/ruction1 & he dreads ! dre>y fate 9 /ore = him4 ,! n9? tablet introduces u to ?is situation4 ,gilgame% weeps = 8 companion ,eabani4 ,9 di/ress he is /ret*$ out on ! gr\nd4#iab ',i w n die l ,eabani4 ,sorr[ has ent]$ my body4 ,?r\gh fe> ( dea?1 ,i lie /ret*$ out on ! gr\nd4' ,he det]m9es to seek out a my/]i\s p]sonage1 :om he calls ,p>napi%tim1#iac ! son ( ,kid9-,m>duk4#iad ,?is p]sonage has 9 "s way escap$ ! fate ( mank9d & enjoys immortal life4 ,he is call$ ! di/ant "o4 ,8 dwell+ is f> (f1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! /reams4 ,! road to ! place is full ( dang]s1 b ,gilgame%1 undaunt$1 und]takes ! j\rney4 ,! h]o himself furni%es ! description4 ,i came to a gl5 at night1 ,lions ,i saw & 0 afraid4 ,i rais$ my head & pray$ to ,s94 ,to ! lead] 787 ( ! gods my pray] came4 ,he he>d my pray] 7871 & 0 graci\s to me4 ,on _m seal cyl9d]s & on monum5ts1 ,gilgame% is pictur$ 9 ! act ( fight+ ) or /rangl+ a lion4 ,9 ! pres]v$ portions ( ! epic no ref]5ce to ?is conte/ has be5 f\nd4#iae ,we %\ld look = x at ?is po9t ( ! n>rative4 ,! foll[+ l9es conta9 a ref]5ce to weapons1--ax & sword1--& 9 s f> ju/ify ! supposition t "s conte/ takes place4 ,b ! text is too mutilat$ to w>rant fur!r conjectures4 ,aft] escap+ f ! dang] occasion$ by ! lions1 ,gilgame% comes to ! m\nta9 ,ma%u1 :i* is describ$ z a place ( t]rors1 ! entrance to :i* is gu>d$ by 'scorpion-m54' ,he rea*$ ! m\nta9 ,ma%u1 ,^: exit is daily gu>d$1 444 ,^: back ext5ds to ! dam ( heav51 ,& ^: brea/#iaf rea*es to ,aralu2#iag ,scorpion-m5 gu>d its gate1 ,( t]ror-inspir+ aspect1 ^: appe>ance is deadly1 ,( awful spl5dor1 %att]+ m\nta9s4 ,at sunrise & sunset !y keep gu>d ov] ! sun4 ,x w be recall$ t ! e>? is pictur$ by ! ,babylonians z a m\nta94 ,! description ( ,ma%u is dep5d5t ^u ?is conception4 ,! m\nta9 seems to be coext5sive ) ! e>?4 ,! dam ( heav5 is ! po9t ne> :i* ! sun rises1 & if ! scorpion-m5 gu>d ! sun at sunrise & sunset1 ! m\nta9 mu/ ext5d across to ! gate ?r\gh :i* ! sun passes at night to dip into ! great ,apsu4#iah ,aralu is situat$ "u ! e>?1 & ,ma%u1 rea*+ d[n to ,aralu1 mu/ be aga9 coext5sive ) ! e>? 9 ?is direction4 ,! description ( ,ma%u accord+ly is a reflex ( ! cosmological conceptions develop$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,! scorpion-m5 pictur$ on seal cyl9d]s#iai belong to ! my?ical mon/]s1 half-man1 half-bea/1 ) :i* ! _w 0 peopl$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,h[ev]1 !re is also an hi/orical backgr\nd to ! description4 ,! "n ,ma%u appe>s 9 texts z ! ,arabian des]t to ! we/ & s\?we/ ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4#ibj ,x is call$ a l& ( dryness1 :]e nei!r birds nor gazelles nor wild asses are f\nd4 ,ev5 ! bold ,assyrian armies hesitat$ be=e pass+ ?r\gh ?is region4 ,9 ! light ( ! e>ly relation%ips betwe5 ,babylonia & ,arabia1#iba ?is ref]5ce to ,ma%u may embody a tradition ( "s exp$ition to ,s\!rn ,arabia4#ibb ,beyond ,ma%u lay a great sea1--p]haps ! ,arabian ,sea1--:i* ,gilgame% is oblig$ to cross ere he rea*es 8 goal4 ,gilgame% is t]rifi$ at ! sight ( ^! scorpion-m5 b ! latt] h receiv$ notice ( 8 com+ & p]mit him to pass ?r\gh ! gate4 ,a scorpion-man addresses 8 wife3 ,he :o comes to u is ( div9e appe>ance4 ,! wife ( ! scorpion-man agrees t ,gilgame% is 9 "p div9e1 b %e adds t 9 "p he is human4 ,9 fur!r conv]sation1 ! scorpion-man ann\nces t x is by express comm& ( ! gods t ,gilgame% has come to ! m\nta94 ,gilgame% approa*es & tells ! scorpion-man ( 8 purpose4 ,! h]o1 recov]+ 8 c\rage1 is n held back by ! description t ! scorpion-man gives him ( ! dang]s t beset ! "o :o v5tures to ent] ! dreadful di/rict4 ,! gate is op5$ & ! j\rney beg9s4 ,he gropes 8 way = "o d\ble h\r1 ,) d5se d>kness enclos+ him on all sides4 ,he gropes 8 way = two d\ble h\rs1 ,) d5se d>kness enclos+ him on all sides4 ,aft] trav]s+ a di/ance ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs' m>*1 ,gilgame% beholds a tree ( spl5did appe>ance1 decorat$ ) preci\s /ones & be>+ beautiful fruit4 ,f9ally he rea*es ! sea1 :]e ! maid5 ,sabitum has h] palace & ?rone4 ,^u see+ ! h]o1 ! maid5 locks ! gates ( h] palace & w n p]mit ,gilgame% to pass across ! sea4 ,gilgame% pleads ) ,sabitum1 tells ( ! loss ( 8 fri5d ,eabani1 ':o has become du/1'#ibc & ^: fate he does n wi% to %>e4 ,gilgame% speaks to ,sabitum3 ,n[ ,sabitum1 :i* is ! way to ,p>napi%tim8 ,if x is possible1 let me cross ! ocean4 ,if x is n possible1 let me /ret* myself on ! gr\nd4#ibd ,sabitum speaks to ,gilgame%3 ,o ,gilgame%6 !re has nev] be5 a f]ry1 ,& no "o has ev] cross$ ! ocean4 ,%ama%1 ! h]o1 has cross$ x1 b except ,%ama%1 :o c cross x8 ,difficult is ! passage1 v difficult ! pa?4 ,impassible 787 ! wat]s ( dea? t are gu>d$ by a bolt4 ,h[ can/ ?\1 ,o ,gilgame%1 trav]se ! ocean8 ,& aft] ?\ ha/ cross$ ! wat]s ( dea?1 :at wilt ?\ d8 ,sabitum !n tells ,gilgame% t !re is "o possibility ( 8 accompli%+ 8 task4 ,if ,ardi-,ea1#ibe ! f]ryman#ibf ( ,p>napi%tim1 w take ,gilgame% across1 well & good2 if n1 he mu/ ab&on all hope4 ,! ocean1 ?\gh n expressly call$ ,apsu1 is evid5tly id5tical ) ! great body ( wat]s suppos$ to bo? surr\nd ! e>? & to fl[ b5ea? x4#ibg ,! ref]5ce to '! wat]s ( dea?' ?us becomes cle>4 ,! ga!r+-place ( ! dead be+ "u ! e>?1 ne> to ! ,apsu1 ! great ',okeanos' =ms a means ( approa* to ! ne!r _w4 ,x is into ?is ocean1 =m+ "p ( ! ,apsu1 t ! sun dips at ev5+ & ?r\gh :i* x passes dur+ ! night4 ,! sc5e betwe5 ,gilgame% & ,sabitum accord+ly is sugge/$1 9 "p1 by ! same cosmological conceptions t condition ! description ( ! m\nta9 ,ma%u4 ,sabitum h]self is a figure t /ill awaits satisfactory explanation4 ,%e is call$ ! goddess ,siduri4#ibh ,! "n ( ?is goddess is f\nd z an elem5t 9 prop] names1 b ( h] traits we "k no?+4 ,sabitum appe>s orig9ally to h be5 a t]m descriptive ( h]1 & ,hommel#ibi may be "r 9 expla9+ ! "n z '! "o f ,sabu1'#icj & 9 tak+ ! latt] z ! "n ( a di/rict 9 ,arabia4 ,x is tempt+ to ?9k ( ! fam\s ,saba 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,ob$i5t to ! advice ( ,sabitum1 ,gilgame% tells ,ardi-,ea 8 /ory & also 8 desire4 ,n[ ,ardi-,ea1 :i* is ! way to ,p>napi%tim84 ,if x is possible1 let me cross ! ocean1 ,& if n possible1 let me lie out/ret*$ on ! gr\nd4 ,ardi-,ea cons5ts1 & tells ,gilgame% to take 8 ax1 to g into ! woods1 & to cut d[n a l>ge pole t may s]ve z a rudd]4 ,gilgame%1 ^u he>+ ?is1 ,takes an ax 9 8 h&1 444 ,goes to ! wood & makes a rudd] five g>#ica long4 ,gilgame% & ,ardi-,ea m\nt ! %ip4 444 ,! %ip tosses f side to side4 ,aft] a c\rse ( "o mon? & fifte5 days1 on ! ?ird day#icb ,ardi-,ea rea*es ! wat]s ( dea?4 ,?is appe>s to be ! mo/ dang]\s "p ( ! voyage4 ,ardi-,ea urges ,gilgame% to cl+ to ! rudd]1 & c\nts ! /rokes he is to take4#icc ,! wat]s are n ext5sive1 = only twelve /rokes are enum]at$2 b ! curr5t is s /rong t x is ) ! utmo/ difficulty t ,gilgame% succe$s 9 pass+ ?r\gh !m4 ,at la/1 ,gilgame% is face to face ) ,p>napi%tim4 ,! latt] is a/oni%$ to see a liv+ p]son come across ! wat]s4 ,gilgame% addresses ,p>napi%tim f ! %ip1 rec\nts 8 de$s1 among :i* we di/+ui%#icd ! kill+ ( a pan!r1 ( ,alu1 ( ! div9e bull1 & ( ,khumbaba4 ,! dea? ( ,eabani is also dwelt ^u1 & !n ,gilgame% pleads ) ,p>napi%tim1 tells him ( ! long1 difficult way t he has travel$1 & ( all t he has enc\nt]$ on ! road4 ,difficult l&s ,i pass$ ?r\gh1 ,all seas ,i cross$4 ,p>napi%tim expresses 8 sympa?y3 ,gilgame% has fill$ 8 he>t ) woe1 ,b nei!r gods nor m5 c help him 7874 ,p>napi%tim !reupon addresses ,gilgame%1 %[+ him h[ impossible x is = any mortal to escape dea?4 ,! inexorable law w prevail z long z 'h\ses cont9ue to be built1' z long z 'fri5d%ips' & 'ho/ilities' prevail1 z long 'z ! wat]s fill 787 ! sea4' ,! ,anunnaki1 ! great gods1 & ! goddess ,mammitum1 ! creators ( ev]y?+ ,det]m9e dea? & life4 ,no "o kn[s ! days ( dea?4#ice ,at ?is po9t ,gilgame% prop\nds a mo/ natural "q3 ,h[ comes x1 if :at ,p>napi%tim says is true1 t ! latt] is alive1 :ile possess+ all ! traits ( a human be+8 ,! elev5? tablet ( ! epic beg9s3 ,gilgame% speaks to him1 to ,p>napi%tim1 ! f>-remov$3 ,i gaze at !e 9 amazem5t1 ,p>napi%tim4 ,?y appe>ance is normal4 ,z ,i am1 s art ?\4 ,?y entire nature#icf is normal4 ,z ,i am1 s art ?\4 ,?\ art completely equipp$ = ! fray4#icg ,armor#ich 787 ?\ ha/ plac$ ^u !e4 ,tell me h[ ?\ did/ come to obta9 et]nal life among ! gods4 ,9 reply1 ,p>napi%tim tells ! /ory ( 8 escape f ! common fate ( mank9d4 ,! /ory is a long "o & has no connection ) ! c>e] ( ,gilgame%4 ,x embodies a recollection ( a ra9-/orm t once visit$ a city1 caus+ a g5]al de/ruction1 b f :i* ,p>napi%tim & 8 family miracul\sly escap$4 ,! ma9 purport ( ! tale is n to emphasize ?is miracle1 b ! f> great] "o t1 aft] hav+ be5 sav$ f ! cata/rophe1 ,p>napi%tim %\ld also h be5 grant$ immortal life4 ,! moral1 h[ev]1 is t ! exception proves ! rule4 ,) ?is tradition ( ! de/ruction ( a c]ta9 place1 !re has be5 comb9$ a nature my? symboliz+ ! annual ov]fl[ ( ! ,euphrates1 & ! tempor>y disappe>ance ( all l& t ?is inundation br\ght ab\t1 prior to ! elaborate canal sy/em t 0 develop$ 9 ! valley4 ,x is ! same my? t we h come across 9 ! creation epic & :i*1 z we h se51 0 in/rum5tal 9 m\ld+ ! advanc$ cosmological conceptions ( ! ,babylonians4 ,9 ,p>napi%tim's tale1 ! my? is giv5 a m popul> =m4 ,!re is no attempt made to imp>t a s*ola/ic int]pretation to x4 ,9 keep+ ) :at we h se5 to be ! g5]al "* ( ! ,gilgame% epic1 ! episode introduc$ at ?is po9t embodies popul> traditions &1 on ! :ole1 popul> conceptions4 ,! _s ( ! :ole epic is ! same t we f9d 9 ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights or 9 ! ,arabian romance ( ,ant>4 ,! ori5tal love ( /ory-tell+ has produc$ ! ,gilgame% epic &1 l a true /ory1 x gr[s 9 l5g?1 ! (t5] x is told4 ,gilgame% is m]ely a peg ^u :i* v>i\s curr5t traditions & my?s are hung4 ,h5ce ! comb9ation ( ,gilgame%'s adv5tures ) ^? ( ,eabani1 & h5ce also ! association ( ,gilgame% ) ,p>napi%tim4 ,a trace1 p]haps1 ( s*ola/ic influ5ce may be se5 9 ! purport ( ,p>napi%tim's n>rative to prove ! hopelessness ( man's secur+ immortality2 & yet1 :ile ! !ology ( ! s*ools may ?us h _h "s %>e 9 giv+ to ! tale ( ,p>napi%tim its pres5t %ape1 ! problem pres5t$ by ,gilgame%'s adv5tures is a popul> r ?an a s*ola/ic "o4 ,ev5 to ! primitive m9d1 = :om life r ?an dea? con/itutes ! great my/]y to be solv$1 ! "q w\ld sugge/ itself :e!r dea? is an absolutely necess>y phase ?r\gh :i* man mu/ pass4 ,! sun1 moon1 & />s d n die1 ! /reams h p]petual life2 & s9ce all manife/ations ( life 7 look$ at f "o po9t ( view1 :y %\ld n man also rema9 alive8 ,beyond "s t\*es 9 ! n>rative1 we may1 !re=e1 reg>d ,p>napi%tim's /ory1 toge!r ) ! 'lesson' x tea*es1 z an int]e/+ trace ( ! e>ly !ology z x took %ape 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,:at adds int]e/ to ! /ory t ,p>napi%tim tells1 is its close resemblance to ! ,biblical /ory ( ! ,deluge4 ,x also recalls ! de/ruction ( ,sodom1 & we %all h occasion#ici to %[ ! significance ( ^! po9ts ( contact4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! indep5d5t "* ( ! ,p>napi%tim episode1 & ! motives t l$ to its be+ incorporat$ 9 ! adv5tures ( ,gilgame%1 we may proce$ ) our analysis ( ?is int]e/+ elev5? tablet4 ,?anks to ! labors ( ,haupt1 ! num]\s fragm5ts ( x repres5t+ sev]al copies1 h be5 piec$ toge!r s z to =m an almo/ complete text4#idj ,9 reply to ,gilgame%'s qu]ies1 ,p>napi%tim spoke to ,gilgame%3 ,i w tell !e1 ,gilgame%1 ! secret /ory1 ,& ! secret ( ! gods ,i w tell !e4 ,! city ,%urippak1 a city :i*1 z ?\ kn[e/1 ,lies on ! ,euphrates1 ,t city 0 old1#ida = ! gods !re(1 ,decid$ to br+ a ra9/orm ^u x4 ,all ( ! great gods1 ,anu1 _! fa!r1 ,_! c\nsellor1 ! w>rior ,bel1 ,! h]ald ,n9ib1 ,_! lead] ,en-nugi1 ,! "l ( unse>*able wisdom1 ,ea1 0 ) !m1 ,to proclaim _! resolve to ! re$-huts4 ,re$-hut1 re$-hut1 wall1 wall6 ,re$-hut1 he>6 ,wall1 give e>6 ,! ord9>y h\ses ( ,babylonia 7 con/ruct$ ( re$s1 :ile ! temples & palaces 7 built ( h>d-bak$ clay4 ,re$-hut & clay /ructure1 ?us embrac+ ! ar*itecture ( ! c\ntry1 are poetically us$ to designate ! inhabitants ( ,%urippak4 ,! address to ! huts & /ructures has be5 appropriately comp>$ by ,pr(essor ,haupt to ! op5+ words ( ,isaiah's prophecies4#idb ,he>1 ,heav5s6 & give e>1 ,e>?6 ,ea's words are int5d$ z a w>n+ to ! p ( ,%urippak4 ,! w>n+ comes appropriately f ,ea z ! god ( humanity1 :o accord+ to "s traditions is also ! creator ( mank9d1 & :o is ! tea*] & protector ( mank9d4 ,oppos$ to ,ea is ,bel1 ! old ,bel ( ,nippur1 :o is repres5t$ z favor+ ! de/ruction ( humanity4 ,! /ory 9 ?is way reflects a rivalry betwe5 ! ,ea & ,bel cults4 ,( ,%urippak1 aga9/ :i* ! ang] ( ! gods is enk9dl$1 we un=tunately "k no?+1#idc b x is fair to assume t !re 0 an anci5t city ( t "n1 & :i* 0 de/roy$ by an ov]fl[ ( ! ,euphrates dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,! city ne$ n necess>ily h be5 "o ( mu* importance4 ,its sad fate w\ld naturally h impress$ itself ^u ! memory ( ! p1 & giv5 rise to leg5ds precisely z ! disappe>ance ( ,sodom#idd or ( ! de/ruction ( ! tribes ( ,ad & ,?amud gave rise to fanta/ic /ories among ,hebrews & ,arabs respectively4#ide ,ea1 n cont5t ) ! g5]al w>n+1 s5ds a special message to ,p>napi%tim1 "o ( ! inhabitants ( ,%urippak4 ,o man ( ,%urippak1 son ( ,kid9-,m>duk6#idf ,erect a /ructure1#idg build a %ip1 ,ab&on y\r goods1 look aft] ! s\ls1#idh ,?r[ aside y\r possessions1 & save y\r life1 ,load ! %ip ) all k9ds ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! god !n tells ,p>napi%tim 9 :at mann] to build ! %ip4 ,its dim5sions %\ld be c>efully measur$4 ,its bread? & dep? %\ld be equal1 & :5 x is f9i%$1 ,p>napi%tim is to float x4 ,! w>n+ f ,ea comes to him 9 a dream1 z we le>n f a subsequ5t "p ( ! /ory4 ,p>napi%tim does n deem x necess>y to dwell ^u ?is1 = x is only ?r\gh dreams t ! gods communicate ) k+s & h]oes4 ,p>napi%tim decl>es 8 read9ess to obey ! ord]s ( ,ea1 b l ,moses ^u receiv+ ! comm& ( ,yahwe1 he asks :at he %\ld say :5 p "q him4 ,:at %all ,i answ] ! city1 ! p1 & ! eld]s8 ,ea replies3 ,?us answ] & speak to !m3 ,bel has ca/ me out 9 8 hatr$1 ,s t ,i c no long] dwell 9 y\r city4 ,on ,bel's t]ritory ,i d>e no long] %[ my face2 ,!re=e1 ,i g to ! 'deep' to dwell ) ,ea my "l4 ,bel's doma9 is ! e>?1 :ile ,ea controls ! wat]y elem5ts4 ,bel's ho/ility to mank9d is limit$ to ! inhabitants ( ! dry l&4 ,! mom5t t ,p>napi%tim ent]s ,ea's doma9 he is safe4 ,! answ] ?us n only furni%es ! real motive = ! build+ ( ! %ip1 b fur!r illu/rates ! purport ( ! n>rative 9 its pres5t =m4 ,x is a glorification ( ,ea at ! exp5se ( ,bel1 & x is n difficult to detect ! ?\ght und]ly+ ! /ory t ! evils afflict+ mank9d on e>? are due to ! ho/ility ( ! '*ief demon1'#idi :o becomes ! controll] ( ! e>? & ( ! atmosph]e imm$iately above ! e>?4 ,ea's answ] is n int5d$ to be equivocal1 = he fur!r ord]s ,p>napi%tim to ann\nce to 8 fell[-citiz5s ! com+ de/ruction4 ,ov] y a ra9/orm w come1 ,m51 birds1 & bea/s w p]i%4 ,! foll[+ l9e#iej is defective1 b x appe>s to except f ! g5]al de/ruction ! fi% z ! inhabitants ( ! doma9 controll$ by ,ea4 ,! "t :5 ! cata/rophe is to take place is vaguely indicat$4 ,:5 ,%ama% w br+ on ! "t1 !n ! "l ( ! :irl/orm ,w cause de/ruction to ra9 ^u y 9 ! ev5+4 ,! '"l ( ! :irl/orm' is ,ramman1 & ! ref]5ce to ?is deity specifies ! mann] 9 :i* ! cata/rophe w be br\ght ab\t4 ,z 9 ! ,biblical /ory1 '! w9d[s ( heav5 are to be op5$1' ! ra9s w come d[n1 driv5 by ! w9ds t are to be let loose4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t because ! %ip ( ,p>napi%tim drifts to ! nor? t ! /orm came f ! s\?4#iea ,no /ress1 h[ev]1 is laid ^u ! "q ( direction 9 ! ,babylonian n>rative4 ,! ph5om5on ( a :irl/orm ) ra9 is ( ord9>y occurr5ce2 its viol5ce alone makes x an exceptional ev5t1 b--be x not$--n a miracul\s "o4 ,nor are we ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ ! deluge to ! ru% ( wat]s f ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 = ?is %eet ( wat] is p>ticul>ly sacr$ to ,ea z ! beg9n+ ( ! great deep4 ,x w\ld be an insult to ,ea's dignity to suppose t he is unable to gov]n 8 own t]ritory4 ,! cata/rophe comes f above1 f ,ramman & 8 associates :o act at ! in/igation ( ! bellig]5t ,bel4 ,p>napi%tim beg9s at once to build ! %ip4 ,he ga!rs 8 mat]ial1 & on ! fif? day is ready to con/ruct ! hull4 ,! %ip resembles ! ord9>y craft /ill us$ on ! ,euphrates4 ,x is a flat-bottom$ skiff ) upturn$ edges4 ,on ?is %ell ! real 'h\se'#ieb ( ,p>napi%tim is plac$4 ,! /ructure is accurately describ$4 ,its height is "o hundr$ & tw5ty cubits1 & its bread? is ! same1 9 accordance ) ! express ord]s giv5 by ,ea4 ,no less ?an six floors are erect$1 "o above ! o!r4 ,!n ,i built six /ories1#iec ,s t ! :ole consi/$ ( sev5 ap>tm5ts4 ,! int]ior#ied ,i divid$ into n9e p>ts4 ,! /ructure may prop]ly be call$ a 'h\se boat1' & its elaborate "* appe>s f ! fact t x conta9s no less ?an sixty-?ree comp>tm5ts4 ,p>napi%tim c>efully provides plugs to fill out all crevices1 & fur!rmore sme>s a l>ge quantity ( bitum5 )\t & )94 ,i provid$ a pole1#iee & all t 0 necess>y1 ,six s>#ief ( bitum5#ieg ,i sme>$ on ! outside1#ieh ,?ree s> ( pit* ,i sme>$ on ! inside4 ,he also has a l>ge quantity ( oil plac$ on ! boat1 ox51 j>s fill$ ) mead#iei oil1 & w9e = a fe/ival1 :i* he in/itutes at ! completion ( ! /ructure4 ,! prep>ations are on a l>ge scale1 z = ! great ,new ,ye>'s ,day celebrat$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,! %ip is laun*$1 &1 if ,pr(essor ,haupt is correct 9 8 int]pretation1 ! %ip took wat] to ! ext5t ( two-?irds ( its height4 ,! side ( ! %ip dipp$ two-?irds into wat]4 ,p>napi%tim n[ proce$s to take 8 family & *attels on bo>d4 ,all t ,i _h1 ,i load$ on ! %ip4 ,) all ! silv] t ,i _h1 ,i load$ x1 ,) all ! gold t ,i _h1 ,i load$ x1 ,) liv+ creatures ( all k9ds ,i load$ x4 ,i br\ght on bo>d my :ole family & h\sehold1 ,cattle ( ! field1 bea/s ( ! field1 workm51--all ?is ,i took on bo>d4 ,p>napi%tim is ready to ent] ! %ip1 b he waits until ! "t fix$ = ! /orm arrives4 ,:5 ! "t came ,= ! "l ( ! :irl/orm to ra9 d[n de/ruction1 ,i gaz$ at ! e>?1 ,i 0 t]rifi$ at its sight1 ,i ent]$ ! %ip1 & clos$ ! door4 ,to ! capta9 ( ! %ip1 to ,puzur-,%adurabu1#ifj ! sailor1 ,i entru/$ ! /ructure#ifa ) all its cont5ts4 ,! description ( ! /orm foll[s1 9 diction at once impressive & =cible4 ,^u ! fir/ appe>ance ( dawn1 ,!re arose f ! horizon d>k cl\ds1 ,)9 :i* ,ramman caus$ 8 ?und] to res\nd4 ,nabu & ,%>ru#ifb m>*$ at ! front1 ,! de/roy]s pass$ across m\nta9s & l&1 ,dibb>ra#ifc lets loose !4444#ifd ,n9ib advances 9 furi\s ho/ility4 ,! ,anunnaki raise tor*es1 ,^: %e5 illum9es ! univ]se1 ,z ,ramman's :irlw9d sweeps ! heav5s1 ,& all light is *ang$ to d>kness4 ,! de/ructive elem5ts1 ?und]1 lightn+1 /orm1 ra91 are ?us let loose4 ,! dreadful /orm la/s = sev5 days4 ,! t]ror ( m5 & gods is spl5didly portray$4 ,bro!r does n look aft] bro!r1 ,m5 c>e n = ano!r4 ,9 ! heav5s1 ,ev5 ! gods are t]rifi$ at ! /orm4 ,!y take refuge 9 ! heav5 ( ,anu4#ife ,! gods c[]$ l dogs at ! edge ( ! heav5s4 ,) ?is description ! climax 9 ! n>rative is rea*$4 ,! reaction beg9s4 ,i%t> is ! fir/ to bewail ! de/ruction t has be5 br\ght ab\t1 & h] example is foll[$ by o!rs ( ! gods4 ,i%t> groans l a woman 9 ?roes1 ,! l(ty goddess cries ) l\d voice1 ,! _w ( old has become a mass ( clay4#iff ,i%t> appe>s "h 9 ! role ( ! "m ( mank9d4 ,%e feels t %e has none b h]self to blame = ! cata/rophe1 =1 z "o ( ! great gods1 %e mu/ h be5 pres5t at ! c\ncil :5 ! /orm 0 decid$ on1 & mu/ h c\nt5anc$ x4 ,%e !re=e reproa*es h]self3 ,t ,i %\ld h ass5t$#ifg to ?is evil among ! gods6 ,t :5 ,i ass5t$ to ?is evil1 ,i 0 = ! de/ruction ( my own creatures6#ifh ,:at ,i creat$1 :]e is x8 ,l s _m fi%1 x#ifi fills ! sea4 ,f ! words ( ,i%t> x w\ld appe> t ! /orm _h assum$ l>g] dim5sions ?an ! gods1 or at lea/ ?an "s ( !m1 _h anticipat$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! episode1 ,%urippak alone is m5tion$1 & ,i%t> app>5tly wi%es to say t :5 %e agre$ to ! br++ on ( ! /orm1 %e 0 n aw>e t %e 0 decree+ ! de/ruction ( all mank9d4 ,x is evid5t t two di/9ct traditions h be5 weld$ toge!r 9 ! pres5t =m ( ! ,babylonian docum5t1 "o recall+ ! de/ruction ( a s+le city1 ! o!r embody+ 9 my?ological =m ! de/ructive ra9s ( ,babylonia t 7 wont to annually flood ! entire c\ntry be=e ! canal sy/em 0 p]fect$4 ,"s p>ticul>ly de/ructive season may h =m$ an additional factor 9 ! comb9ation ( ! traditions4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! /orm appe>s to h got beyond ! control ( ! gods1 & none b ,bel approves ( ! widespread havoc t has be5 wr\ght4 ,x is no unusual ph5om5on 9 anci5t religions to f9d ! gods p[]less to control occurr5ces t !y !mselves produc$4 ,! ,anunnaki--ev5 m directly implicat$ ?an ,i%t> 9 br++ on ! cata/rophe--jo9 ! goddess 9 h] lam5t at ! complete de/ruction wr\ght4 ,! gods1 toge!r ) ! ,anunnaki1 wept ) h]4 ,! gods1 9 _! depression1 sat d[n to weep1 ,press$ _! lips toge!r1 7 ov]:elm$ ) grief 7874 ,! /orm c\ld no long] be quiet$4 ,= six days & nights ,w9d1 ra9-/orm1 hurricane swept along2 ,:5 ! sev5? day arriv$1 ! /orm began to mod]ate1 ,:i* _h wag$ a conte/ l a great ho/4 ,! sea quiet$ d[n1 w9d & ra9-/orm ceas$4 ,p>napi%tim !n gazes at ! de/ruction4 ,bitt]ly weep+ ,i look$ at ! sea1 ,= all mank9d _h be5 turn$ to clay4#igj ,9 place ( dams1 ev]y?+ _h become a m>%4 ,i op5$ a hole s z to let ! light fall ^u my face1 ,& dumbf\nd$1 ,i sat d[n & wept4 ,te>s fl[$ d[n my face4 ,i look$ 9 all directions1--naught b sea4 ,b soon ! wat]s began to dim9i%4 ,aft] twelve d\ble h\rs#iga an isl& appe>$1 ,! %ip approa*$ ! m\nta9 ,nisir4 ,! "n giv5 to ! fir/ promontory to appe> is significant4 ,nisir signifies 'protection' or 'salvation4' ,! h\seboat cl+s to ?is spot4 ,at ?is m\nta91 ! m\nta9 ,nisir1 ! boat /uck fa/4 ,= six days ! boat rema9s 9 ! same position4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? day1 ,p>napi%tim endeavors to asc]ta9 :e!r ! wat]s h abat$ suffici5tly to p]mit him to leave ! boat4 ,:5 ! sev5? day approa*$ ,i s5t =? a dove4 ,! dove flew ab\t ,b1 f9d+ no re/+ place1 return$2 ,!n ,i s5t =? a swall[4 ,! swall[ flew ab\t ,b1 f9d+ no re/+ place1 return$2 ,!n ,i s5t =? a rav54 ,! rav5 flew (f1 &1 see+ t ! wat]s _h decreas$1 ,cauti\sly#igb 787 wad$ 9 ! mud1 b did n return4 ,p>napi%tim is satisfi$1 leaves ! %ip1 & br+s a sacrifice to ! gods on ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,9 sev5 l>ge b[ls he places calamus1 c$>wood1 & inc5se4 ,! gods inhal$ ! odor1 ,! gods inhal$ ! sweet odor1 ,! gods ga!r$ l flies ar\nd ! sacrific]4 ,a solemn sc5e ensues4 ,i%t>1 ! 'mi/ress ( ! gods1' swe>s by ! necklace giv5 to h] by h] fa!r1 ,anu1 t %e w nev] =get ^! days4 ,let ! gods come to ! sacrifice1#igc ,b ,bel mu/ n come to ! sacrifice2 ,s9ce1 )\t consultation1#igd he caus$ ! ra9-/orm1 ,& h&$ ov] my creation#ige to de/ruction4 ,bel ?us appe>s to be ! "o :o alone knew ( ! ext5t :i* ! de/ruction 0 de/9$ to rea*4 ,! annihilation ( all mank9d 0 8 "w1 und]tak5 )\t consult+ 8 associates4 ,! latt] 7 aw>e only ( ! int5d$ de/ruction ( a s+le place1--,%urippak4 ,at ?is mom5t ,bel approa*es4 ,he does n d5y 8 de$1 b is enrag$ t ! plann$ de/ruction %\ld n h be5 complete1 s9ce ,p>napi%tim & 8 h\sehold h escap$4 ,z ,bel approa*$ ,& saw ! %ip1 he 0 enrag$1 ,fill$ ) ang] aga9/ ! gods--! ,igigi4 ',:at p]son has escap$ 7878 ,no "o 0 to survive ! de/ruction4' ,n9ib reveals ! fact ( ,ea's int]f]5ce3 ,n9ib op5$ 8 m\? & spoke1 spoke to ! bellig]5t ,bel3 ,:o b ,ea c\ld h done ?is8 ,= is x n ,ea :o kn[s all arts8 ,ea appeals to ,bel3 ,ea op5$ 8 m\? & spoke1 spoke to ! bellig]5t ,bel3 ,?\ art ! bellig]5t lead] ( ! gods1 ,b :y did/ ?\1 )\t consultation1 br+ on ! ra9/orm8 ,puni% ! s9n] = 8 s9s1 ,puni% ! evil-do] = 8 evil de$s1 ,b be m]ciful s z n to root out completely1 ,be consid]ate n to de/roy ev]y?+4 ,! t]rors inspir$ by ! deluge are well portray$ 9 ! cont9uation ( ,ea's spee*4 ,he tells ,bel t he %\ld h br\ght on any?+ b a deluge4 ,in/ead ( br++ on a deluge1 ,let lions come & dim9i% mank9d4#igf ,in/ead ( br++ on a deluge1 ,let tig]s come & dim9i% mank9d4 ,in/ead ( br++ on a deluge1 ,let fam9e come & smite ! l&4 ,in/ead ( br++ on a deluge1 ,let pe/il5ce#igg come & wa/e ! l&4 ,ea !n confesses t ?r\gh 8 in/igation ,p>napi%tim 0 sav$4 ,:ile ,i did n reveal ! decision ( ! great gods1 ,i s5t ,adra-,khasis#igh a dream :i* told him ( ! decision ( ! gods4 ,x is a misconception to reg>d ?is answ] ( ! god z equivocal4 ,ea means to say t he did n int]f]e ) ! div9e decree4 ,he simply told ,p>napi%tim to build a %ip1 leav+ to ! latt] to div9e ! reason4 ,ea1 x is true1 tells ,p>napi%tim ( ,bel's hatr$1 b he does n reveal ! secret ( ! gods4 ,aft] ,ea's effective spee* ,bel is reconcil$1 & ! sc5e closes dramatically1 z foll[s3 ,bel came to 8 s5ses1 ,/epp$ on bo>d ( ! %ip1 ,took me by ! h& & lift$ me up1 ,br\ght up my wife1 & caus$ h] to kneel at my side1 ,turn$ t[>ds u1 /epp$ betwe5 u1 & bless$ u4 ',hi!rto ,p>napi%tim 0 human1#igi ,b n[ ,p>napi%tim & 8 wife %all be gods l u4#ihj ,p>napi%tim %all dwell 9 ! di/ance1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! /reams4' ,!n !y took me & plac$ me 9 ! di/ance1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! /reams4 ,! /reams are1 accord+ to ,haupt1#iha ! f\r riv]s--,euphrates1 ,tigris1 ,k>un1 & ,k]*a1 :i* at "o "t empti$ _! wat]s indep5d5tly into ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,p>napi%tim's dwell+-place is id5tical ) ! traditional ,p>adise ( ! ,babylonians & ,hebrews4 ,x w be prop] be=e leav+ ! subject1 to dwell briefly ^u ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ?is ,babylonian tale & ! ,biblical n>rative ( ! ,deluge4 ,! s\rce ( ! tradition mu/ be s\ght 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,! ark ( ,noah c only be und]/ood 9 ! light ( me?ods ( navigation prevail+ 9 ,babylonia2 & x is 9 ,babylonia1 & n ,pale/9e1 t ! ph5om5on 0 annually se5 ( l>ge portions ( l& disappe>+ f view4 ,! ,babylonian tale is to be diff]5tiat$1 z already sugge/$1 into two p>ts1--! de/ruction ( ,%urippak & ! annual ph5om5on ( ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,euphrates4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! two elem5ts results 9 ! impression convey$ by ,p>napi%tim's n>rative t ! ra9-/orm took on l>g] dim5sions ?an 0 orig9ally anticipat$ by ! gods4 ,! ,biblical n>rative is bas$ ^u ?is comb9ation1 b disc>d+ ^? portions ( ! tale :i* are ( purely local int]e/ makes ! /ory ( a deluge1 a m$ium = illu/rat+ ! favor %[n by ,yahwe t[>ds ! righte\s man1 z repres5t$ by ,noah4 ,! ,biblical n>rative ends1 z does ! ,babylonian c\nt]p>t1 ) ! assurance t a deluge w n sweep ov] ! e>? aga92 b view$ f a mono!i/ic aspect1 ?is promise is int]pret$ z signify+ ! e/abli%m5t ( et]nal laws1--a ?\ght t is :olly =eign to ! purpose ( ! ,babylonian n>rative4 ,! slight v>iations betwe5 ! ,biblical & ,babylonian n>ratives1 & ^u :i* x is ne$less to dwell1 ju/ify ! conclusion t ! ,hebrew /ory is n directly borr[$ f ! ,babylonian v]sion4#ihb ,! div]g5ces are j ( ! "* t w arise ?r\gh ! indep5d5t developm5t & ! indep5d5t int]pretation ( a common tradition4 ,! de/ruction ( ,%urippak has a ,biblical p>allel 9 ! de/ruction ( ,sodom#ihc & ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,sodom1 l ,%urippak1 is a city full ( wick$ness4 ,lot & 8 h\sehold are sav$ ?r\gh direct int]v5tion1 j z ,p>napi%tim & 8 family escape ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,ea4 ,moreov]1 !re are traces 9 ! ,sodom n>rative ( a tradition :i* once gave a l>g] "* to x1 involv+ ! de/ruction ( all mank9d1#ihd mu* z ! de/ruction ( ,%urippak is enl>g$ by ,babylonian traditions into a g5]al annihilation ( mank9d4 ,x is to be not$1 too1 t no emphasis is laid ^u ,lot's piety1 & 9 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 ,p>napi%tim be>s m resemblance to ,lot ?an to ,noah4 ,! ho/ility betwe5 ,bel & ,ea1 :i* we h se5 plays a "p 9 ! ,babylonian n>rative1 belongs to ! l>g] my?ological elem5t 9 ! episode1 n to ! specific ,%urippak incid5t4 ,bel1 z ! god ^: dom9ion includes ! atmosph]e above ! e>?1 controls ! 'upp] wat]s4' ,at 8 in/igation ^! wat]s desc5d & br+ de/ruction ) !m4 ,b ,ea's dom9ion--! 'deep' & ! /reams--are b5efic5t p[]s4 ,! desc5t ( ! upp] wat]s is 9 ! nature ( an attack ^u ,ea's k+dom4 ,x is ?r\gh ,ea t ! mis*ief produc$ by ,bel is aga9 made good4 ,su* a conception falls )9 ! doma9 ( popul> my?ology4 ,an anci5t rivalry betwe5 ,nippur1 ! seat ( ,bel & ,eridu 7or "s o!r seat ( ,ea wor%ip71 may also h ent]$ z a factor1 if n 9 giv+ rise to ! /ory1 at lea/ 9 ma9ta9+ x4 ,if ?is be s1 ! /ory w\ld belong to a p]iod e>li] ?an ,hammurabi1#ihe s9ce ) ! asc5dancy ( ,babylon & ( ,m>duk1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( religi\s ?\ght is t[>ds imbu+ ! gods ) a k9dly _s t[>ds "o ano!r1 jo9+ issues1 z 9 ! creation epic1 = ! glorification ( ,m>duk4 ,! abs5ce ( ,m>duk f ! deluge /ory is ano!r indication ( ! antiquity ( ! tradition4 ,com+ back n[ to ! epic1 ,p>napi%tim1 ^: sympa?y has be5 ar\s$ by ! sight ( ,gilgame%1 makes an attempt to heal ! h]o ( 8 illness4 ,! life t ?\ seeke/1 ?\ wilt obta94 ,n[ sleep6 ,gilgame% falls into a heavy /upor1 & cont9ues 9 ?is /ate = six days & sev5 nights4 ,an int]e/+ dialogue ensues betwe5 ,p>napi%tim & 8 wife4 ,p>napi%tim says to 8 wife3 ,look at ! man ^: desire is life4 ,sleep has fall5 ^u him l a /orm4 ,says ! wife to ,p>napi%tim3 ,trans=m him1 let ! man eat ( ! *>m-root1#ihf ,let him return1 re/or$ 9 heal?1 on ! road t he came4 ,?r\gh ! gage let him pass out1 back to 8 c\ntry4 ,p>napi%tim says to 8 wife3 ,! torture ( ! man pa9s !e4 ,cook ! food#ihg = him & place x at 8 head4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! woman appe>s z ! exorcis] ( ! disease4 ,! wife ( ,p>napi%tim--^: "n is n m5tion$ z little z is ! wife ( ,noah or ,lot--proce$s to prep>e ! magic food4 ,a plant ( "s k9d is tak5 & elaborately treat$4 ,:ile he#ihh slept on bo>d ( 8 %ip1 ,%e cook$ ! food & plac$ x at 8 head4 ,:ile he#ihh slept on bo>d ( 8 vessel1 ,fir/ly1 8 food 444 2 ,secondly1 x 0 peel$2 ,?irdly1 moi/5$2 ,f\r?ly1 8 b[l 787 0 cleans$2 ,fif?ly1 ,%iba#ihi 0 add$2 ,six?ly1 x 0 cook$2 ,sev5?ly1 ( a sudd5 ! man 0 trans=m$ & ate ! magic food4#iij ,gilgame% awakes & asks :at has be5 done to him4 ,p>napi%tim tells him4 ,b ,gilgame% is n completely heal$4 ,8 body is /ill cov]$ ) sores4 ,! magic potion mu/ be foll[$ by imm]sion into ! f\nta9 ( life4 ,p>napi%tim in/ructs ,ardi-,ea to convey ,gilgame% to ?is f\nta94 ,he speaks to ! f]ryman4 ,! man :om ?\ ha/ br\ght is cov]$ ) sores4 ,! eruption on 8 sk9 has de/roy$ ! beauty ( 8 body4 ,take him1 ,o ,ardi-,ea1 to ! place ( purification1 ,to wa% 8 sores 9 ! wat]1 t he may become :ite z sn[4 ,let ! ocean c>ry (f ! eruption on 8 sk91 ,t 8 body may become pure4#iia ,let 8 turban be r5ew$ & ! g>m5t t cov]s 8 nak$ness4 ,ardi-,ea c>ries out ^! in/ructions & ,gilgame% at la/ is heal$4 ,! h]o is n[ ready to return to 8 l&4 ,b ?\gh return+ 9 re/or$ heal?1 he is n pro( aga9/ dea?4 ,p>napi%tim1 at ! sugge/ion ( 8 wife1 reveals ! 'secret ( life' to ,gilgame% j be=e ! latt]'s dep>ture4 ,! %ip is br\ght ne>] to ! %ore1 & ,p>napi%tim tells ,gilgame% ( a plant t w\nds z a ?i/le1 b :i* possesses wond]ful p[]4 ,gilgame% dep>ts on ! %ip1 & ) ! help ( ,ardi-,ea f9ds ?is plant1 :i* is call$ '! re/oration ( old age to y\?4' ,x is a long j\rney to ! place4 ,! plant gr[s at ! side or at ! bottom ( a f\nta94 ,gilgame% secures x1 b sc>cely h 8 h&s grasp$ ! plant :5 x slips out ( 8 h& & is snat*$ away by a demon t takes on ! =m ( a s]p5t4 ,all is lo/6 ,gilgame% sits d[n & weeps bitt] te>s4 ,he p\rs out 8 woe to ,ardi-,ea1 b !re is no?+ left except to return to ,uruk4 ,he rea*es ! city 9 safely4 ,8 mission--! se>* = immortality--has fail$4 ,?\gh heal$ f 8 disease1 ! fate ( mank9d--old age & dea?--is 9 /ore = him4 ,) ! return to ,uruk ! elev5? tablet ends4 ,x b rema9s1 be=e pass+ on1 to note t ! n>rative ( ! deluge 9 ?is tablet is connect$ ) ! "* ( ! elev5? mon?1 :i* is call$ ! 'mon? ( ra94' ,we may conclude f ?is t ! my?ological elem5t 9 ! /ory--! annual ov]fl[--pr$om9ates ! local incid5t ( ! de/ruction ( ,%urippak4 ,gilgame%1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 has no?+ to d ) ei!r ! local tale or ! my?1 except to give to bo? an int]pretation t 0 orig9ally =eign to ! composite n>rative4 ,9 ! twelf? tablet--:i* is 9 l>ge "p obscure--we f9d ,gilgame% w&]+ f "o temple to ! o!r1 f ! temple ( ,bel to t ( ,ea1 lam5t+ = ,eabani1 & ask+1 aga9 & aga91 :at has become ( 8 companion4 ,:at has be5 8 fate s9ce he 0 tak5 away f ! l& ( ! liv+8 ,! h]o1 n[ conv9c$1 z x seems1 t dea? w come to him1 & reconcil$ 9 a measure to 8 fate1 seeks to le>n ano!r secret1--! secret ( exi/5ce aft] dea?4 ,he appeals to ! gods ( ! ne!r _w to grant him at lea/ a sight ( ,eabani4 ,n]gal1 ! *ief ( ?is pan!on1 cons5ts4 444 he op5$ ! e>?1 ,& ! _s#iib ( ,eabani ,he caus$ to rise up l a w9d4 ,gilgame% puts 8 "q to ,eabani3 ,tell me1 my companion1 tell me1 my companion1 ,! nature ( ! l& :i* ?\ ha/ exp]i5c$1 oh6 tell me4 ,eabani replies3 ,i _c tell !e1 my fri5d1 ,i _c tell !e6 ,he seems to feel t ,gilgame% c\ld n endure ! description4 ,! life aft] dea?1 z w be %[n 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 is n pictur$ by ! ,babylonians z joy\s4 ,eabani reveals glimpses ( ! sad conditions t prevail !re4 ,x is ! doma9 ( ! t]rible ,allatu1 & ,etana#iic is nam$ among ^? :o dwell 9 ?is region4 ,eabani bewails 8 fate4#iid ,he curses ,ukhat1 :om1 toge!r ) ,sadu1 he holds responsible = hav+ br\ght dea? ^u him4 ,9 ,g5esis1 x w be recall$1 dea? likewise is view$ z ! consequ5ce ( ,adam's yield+ to ! allurem5ts ( ,eve4 ,special significance1 too1 atta*es to ! fur!r p>allel to be drawn betwe5 ,adam's puni%m5t & ,eabani's fate4 ,du/ ?\ art1 & unto du/ %all ?\ return applies to ,eabani z well z to ,adam4 ,he 0 =m$ ( clay1 z we h se51#iie & :5 he dies he is 'turn$ to clay4'#iif ,/ill ! =tunes await+ ^? :o die are n alike4 ,^? :o die 9 battle seem to enjoy special privileges1 provid$1 h[ev]1 !y are prop]ly buri$ & !re is "s "o to make !m com=table 9 _! la/ h\r & to look aft] !m :5 dead4 ,su* p]sons are happy 9 comp>ison ) ! fate 9 /ore = ^? :o are neglect$ by ! liv+4 ,! "o :o is prop]ly c>$ =1 :o ,on a s(t c\* re/s1 ,dr9k+ pure wat]1 ,:o dies 9 battle1 z y & ,i h se51#iig ,8 fa!r & "m support+ 8 head1 ,8 wife#iih 444 at 8 side1-- ! _s ( su* a "o is at re/4 ,! circum/ances att5d+ dea? presage 9 a measure ! individual's life aft] dea?4 ,b he ^: corpse rema9s 9 ! field1 ,z y & ,i h se51 ,8 _s#iii has no re/ 9 ! e>?4 ,! "o ^: _s is n c>$ = by any "o1 ,z y & ,i h se51 ,he is consum$ by gnaw+ hung]1 by a long+ = food4 ,:at is left on ! /reet he is oblig$ to eat4#ajjj ,to be left unburi$ 0 ! greate/ mis=tune t c\ld happ5 to a dead p]son4 ,) ?is s5tim5t ! epic closes4 ,gilgame% mu/ re/ cont5t ) ! unsatisfactory consolation t ,eabani (f]s him4 ,man mu/ die1 & ,gilgame% _c escape ! univ]sal fate4 ,let him hope = &1 if possible1 provide = prop] burial :5 dea? does ov]take him4 ,he w !n1 at lea/1 n suff] ! pangs ( hung] 9 ! _w ( spirits to :i* he mu/ g4 ,! twelf? tablet exhibits some:at m traces ( ! !ology ( ! s*ools ?an ! o!rs4 ,eabani's spee*1 :ile convey+ s5tim5ts t ?or\ghly repres5t ! popul> beliefs ( ,babylonia1 is c\*$ 9 t]ms t give to ! address ! "* ( a =mal decl>ation ( doctr9es4 ,! conjur+ up ( ! _s ( ,eabani is also a feature t appe>s to be due to !ological influ5ces1 & ! :ole episode ( ,gilgame%'s w&]+ f place to place seek+ = in=mation appe>s to be a 'd\blet' sugge/$ by ! h]o's w&]+s1 z n>rat$ 9 ! n9? & t5? tablets4 ,! problem prop\nd$ 9 ! e>li] tablets--! se>* = immortality--is1 z has be5 %[n1 a p]fectly natural "o & ( popul> orig91 b ! problem ) :i* ,gilgame% wre/les 9 ! twelf? tablet1--! secret ( ! life aft] dea?1--:ile sugge/$ by ! o!r1 belongs r to ! doma9 ( !ological & my/ic speculation4 ,?is aspect ( ! twelf? tablet is borne out also by ! fact t ! problem is n solv$4 ,! epic ends z unsatisfactorily z ! ,book ( ,job or ,ecclesia/es4 ,!re is a tone ( despair 9 ! f9al spee* ( ,eabani1 :i* savors ( ! s*ools ( advanc$ ?\ght 9 ,babylonia4 ,= ! problem ( immortality1 a def9ite solution at lea/ is (f]$4 ,man c rea* old age2 he may be snat*$ = a "t f ! grasp ( dea?1 z ,gilgame% 0 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,p>napi%tim1 b he only deludes himself by indulg+ 9 hopes ( immortal life4 ',man mu/ die' is ! refra9 t r+s 9 our e>s4 ,! plant ( 'et]nal y\?' slips out ( "o's h& at ! v mom5t t "o believes to h secur$ x4 ,! ,gilgame% epic1 z we h x1 ?us turns out to be a composite production4 ,gilgame%1 a popul> h]o ( antiquity1 becomes a m$ium = ! p]petuation ( v>i\s popul> traditions & my?s4 ,! adv5tures ( 8 c>e] are comb9$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( man4 ,( actual de$s p]=m$ by ,gilgame%1 & :i* belong to ,gilgame%'s c>e] z a h]o1 w>rior1 & rul]1 we h only f\r1--! conque/ ( ,ere*1 8 victory ov] ,khumbaba1 ! kill+ ( ! div9e bull1 & ! /rangl+ ( ! lion4#ajja ,! /ory ( ,eabani1 ,ukhat1 & ,sadu is indep5d5t ( ,gilgame%'s c>e]1 & s also is ! /ory ( 8 w&]+s to ,ma%u & 8 enc\nt] ) ,p>napi%tim4 ,gilgame% is br\ght into association ) ,eabani by :at may be call$1 a natural process ( assimilation4 ,! life ( ! h]o is plac$ back at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 & 9 ?is way ,gilgame% is br\ght into direct contact ) leg5ds ( man's e>ly =tunes1 ) anci5t hi/orical rem9isc5ces1 z well z ) nature-my?s t symbolize ! *ange ( seasons & ! annual inundations4 ,popul> philosophy also ent]s into ! life ( ! h]o4 ,reg>d$ z a god & yet ( human orig91 ,gilgame% becomes an appropriate illu/ration = det]m9+ ! l9e t m>ks (f man's c>e] f ! indef9ite ext5sion ( activity t is a trait ( ! gods4 ,gilgame% revolts aga9/ ! univ]sal law ( decay & is puni%$4 ,he is reliev$ f suff]+1 b _c escape ! doom ( dea?4 ,! six? tablet m>ks an important division 9 ! epic4 ,! ,i%t> & ,sabitum episodes & ! n>rative ( ,p>napi%tim--itself a comp\nd ( two indep5d5t tales1 "o semi-hi/orical1 ! o!r a nature-my?--repres5t accretions t may ref] to a "t :5 ,gilgame% _h become little m ?an a "n1--a type ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,f9ally1 s*ola/ic speculation takes hold ( ,gilgame%1 & makes him ! m$ium = illu/rat+ ano!r & m advanc$ problem t is ( int5se int]e/ to mank9d1--! secret ( dea?4 ,dea? is inevitable1 b :at does dea? mean8 ,! problem is n solv$4 ,! close ( ! elev5? tablet sugge/s t ,gilgame% w die4 ,! twelf? tablet adds no?+ to ! situation--except a moral4 ,prop] burial is ess5tial to ! comp>ative well-be+ ( ! dead4 ,! fact t ,gilgame% is view$ z a type 9 ! latt] half ( ?is rem>kable specim5 ( ,babylonian lit]ature ju/ifies u 9 speak+ ( x1 "u prop] qualification1 z a 'national epic4' ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,gilgame% himself belongs to a section ( ,babylonia only1 & n to ! :ole ( x2 & x is r curi\s t "o1 ( :om x c be said ) c]ta9ty t he is n ev5 a native ( ,babylonia1 %\ld become ! p]sonage to :om popul> fancy 0 pleas$ to atta* traditions & my?s t are di/9ctively ,babylonian 9 "* & orig94 ,! /ory ( ,gilgame% 0 c>ri$ beyond ! conf9es ( ,babylonia4#ajjb ,gilgame%1 to be sure1 is n id5tical ) ! ,biblical ,nimrod1#ajjc b ! ,gilgame% /ory has evid5tly influ5c$ ! description giv5 9 ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis ( ,nimrod1 :o is view$ z ! type ( ,babylonian p[] & ( ! ext5sion ( ,babylonian culture to ! nor?4 ,! ,gilgame% epic is n a sol> my?1 z 0 once suppos$1#ajjd nor is ! ,biblical /ory ( ,samson a pure my?1 b ,gilgame% becomes a sol> deity1 & x is h>dly accid5tal t ,samson1 or to give ! ,hebrew =m ( ! "n1 ,%im%on1 is a v>iant =m ( ,%ama%#ajje--! "n ( ! sun 9 ,babylonian & ,hebrew4 ,! ,biblical ,samson appe>s to be modell$ ^u ! "* ( ,gilgame%4 ,bo? are h]oes1 bo? conqu]ors1 bo? /rangle a lion1 & bo? are woo$ by a woman1 ! "o by ,delila1 ! o!r by ,i%t>1 & bo? ?r\gh a woman are %orn ( _! /r5g?4 ,! hi/orical traits are ( c\rse diff]5t4 ,z = ! relation%ips ( ! ,gilgame% epic to ! ,h]cules /ory1 ! au?ority ( ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorf#ajjf is aga9/ an ori5tal orig9 ( ! ,greek tale1 & yet su* p>allels z ,h]cules' fight ) a lion1 8 conque/ ( dea?1 8 j\rney & se>* = immortality 7:i* 9 contra/ to ,gilgame% he secures71 c]ta9ly po9t to an influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ori5tal tale ^u ! ,greek /ory4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! elem5ts contribut$ ?r\gh ?is influ5ce h be5 s modifi$ 9 ! process ( adaptation to ! purely ,greek elem5ts ( ! ,h]cules /ory1 &1 above all1 to ! ,greek _s1 z to obscure _! ea/]n orig94#ajjg ,mo/ curi\s z illu/rat+ ! cont9u$ popul>ity ( ! ,gilgame% /ory 9 ! ,ori5t is ! incorporation ( portions ( ! epic 9 ! c>e] ( ,alex&] ! ,great4#ajjh ,9 ,greek1 ,syriac1 & ,rabb9ical writ+s1 ,alex&] is depict$ z w&]+ ?r\gh a region#ajji ( d>kness & t]ror 9 se>* ( ! 'wat] ( life4' ,he enc\nt]s /range be+s1 rea*es ! sea1 b1 l ,gilgame%1 fails to secure immortality4 ,su* 7 ! pr(\nd *anges wr\ght by ,alex&]'s conque/s t popul> fancy1 guid$ by a correct in/9ct ( appreciation ( 8 c>e]1 conv]t$ ! hi/orical ,alex&] into a leg5d>y h]o ( va/ dim5sions4#ajaj ,! process t produc$ ! ,gilgame% epic is repeat$1 only on a l>g] scale1 9 ! case ( ,alex&]4 ,n "o c\ntry1 b ! entire anci5t culture _w1--,babylonia1 ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,judea1 & ,syria1--comb9e to =m ! leg5d>y ,alex&]4 ,ea* c\ntry contributes its %>e ( popul> leg5ds1 my?s1 & traditions4 ,babylonia (f]s z h] tribute ! exploits ( ,gilgame%1 :i* x transf]s 9 "p to ,alex&]4 ,! national h]o becomes ! type ( ! 'great man1' & z ) new conditions1 a new favorite1 repres5tative ( ! new era1 arises to take ! place ( an old] "o1 ! old is made to survive 9 ! new4 ,gilgame% lives aga9 9 ,alex&]1 j z traits ( ! leg5d>y ,alex&] pass d[n to subsequ5t h]oes4 ,,footnotes3 #hdd ,see above1 pp4 #bde-bdg4 #hde ,or ,gi%dub> or ,gi%tub>4 #hdf ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record1 iv4 #bfd4 ,= previ\s read+s ( ! "n1 see ,j]emias' article on ',izdub>' 9 ,ros*]'s ,ausfuehrli*es ,lexicon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,roemis*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 col4 #ggc1 #ggd4 #hdg ,hi/oria ,animalum1 xii4 #ba4 #hdh ,see p4 #ebd4 #hdi ,9 ! ,ori5tal leg5ds ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ?is confusion is fur!r illu/rat$4 ,to ,alex&] are atta*$ /ories belong+ to bo? ,izdub> & ,etana4 ,see ,meissn]'s ,alex&] & ,gilgamos1 pp4 #ac-ag 7,leipzig1 #ahid74 #hej ,see1 e4g41 ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 i4 #hd4 #hea ,article ',izdub>1' col4 #ggf2 see ,delitzs*1 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #fgh4 ,hommel 7e4g41 ,altisraelitis*e ,ueb]lief]ung1 p4 #ci7 reg>ds ,gilgame% z a contraction f ,gibil 7! fire-god7 & ,gam 7or ,gab71 toge!r ) i%1 an ',elamitic' end+4 ,if ! "n is ,elamitic1 "o %\ld h>dly expect a ,babylonian deity ent]+ z "o ( ! elem5ts4 #heb ,see above1 p4 #afg4 #hec ,see above1 p4 #bhd4 #hed ,haupt's ,das ,babylonis*e ,nimrodepos1 p4 #ic4 #hee ,lit41 'he :o is appli$ to = giv+ a decision4' #hef ,ta-p>-ra-z4 #heg ,das ,babylonis*e ,nimrodepos 7,leipzig1 #ahhd-ia74 ,?is edition includes all b ! twelf? tablet1 :i* 0 publi%$ by ,haupt 9 ! ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 i4 #dh-gi4 ,= o!r publications ( ,haupt on ! ,gilgame% epic1 see ! ,bibliography1 ,sec4 #f4 ,! id5tification ) ! ,biblical ,nimrod is n[ def9itely ab&on$ by s*ol>s1 ?\gh ! picture drawn ( ,nimrod is influ5c$ by ! traditions reg>d+ ,gilgame%4 ,see p4 #eae4 #heh ,! be/ g5]al "w on ! epic 7bas$ on ,haupt's edition7 is ,a4 ,j]emias' ,izdub>-,nimrod 7,leipzig1 #ahia71 a repr9t ) additions1 ( 8 article on ',izdub>' 9 ,ros*]'s ,ausfuehrli*es ,lexicon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,roemis*5 ,my?ologie ii4 #hei ,vorges*i*te d] ,indo-,europa]1 p4 #aab4 #hfj ,! words = 'city' 9 ! ,semitic languages embody ?is idea4 #hfa ,old ,babylonian ,inscription1 i4 #b1 p4 #dh4 #hfb ,,iir4 #ej1 #ee-eg2 ,,vr4 #da1 #ag1 #ah4 ,an int]e/+ ref]5ce to ! wall ( ,fre* occurs ,hilpre*t1 ib4 i4 #a1 no4 #bf4 #hfc ,kosmologie1 p4 #agb4 #hfd ,j]emias' ,izdub>-,nimrod1 p4 #ae1 conjectures t ! dea? ( ! k+ has evok$ di/ress1 b t is highly improbable4 ,t ! fragm5t "u consid]ation belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! epic is tol]ably c]ta91 ?\gh n absolutely s4 #hfe ,six? tablet1 l4 #aib4 ,he br+s (f]+s to ,lugal-,m>ada1 i4e41 ! k+ ( ,m>ada--a sol> deity4 ,see p4 #dhf4 #hff ,heuzey1 ,sceaux in$its des ,rois d',agade 7,revue d',assyriologie1 iv4 #c1 p4 #i74 #hfg ,see above1 p4 #ddh4 #hfh ,anu "h us$ 9 ! g5]ic s5se ( 'l(ty1' 'div9e4' ,! phrase is equival5t to ! ,biblical 'image ( ,god4' #hfi ,a phrase 9 "s way aga9 indicative ( ,eabani's lik5ess to a deity4 #hgj ,t ,gilgame% und]takes ?is1 & n ! gods act+ 9 ! int]e/ ( ,uruk 7z ,j]emias & o!rs assume71 foll[s f a passage 9 ,haupt's edition1 pp4 #aj1 #dj4 #hga ,eabani4 #hgb ,id5tical ) our own ^w h>em4 #hgc ,p]haps ensn>]4 #hgd ,s 9 ! ,dibb>ra leg5d4 ,see p4 #eca & ,delitzs*1 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #da4 #hge ,six? tablet1 ll4 #ahd1 #ahe4 #hgf ,book #a4 ,sec4,sec4 #aha1 #ahb1 #aii4 #hgg ,see ,j]emias' ,izdub>-,nimrod1 pp4 #ei1 #fj2 ,nikel1 ,h]odot und die ,keils*rift=s*ung1 pp4 #hd-hf4 #hgh ,! prote/ ( ! ,p5tateu* 7,deut4 xxiii4 #ah7 aga9/ ! ,k'de%a1 z also aga9/ ! 'male devotee' 7,kade%71 %[s ! cont9u$ popul>ity ( ! rites4 #hgi ,x is to be not$ t 9 ! ,yahwi/ic n>rative1 ,adam is 9 close communication ) ! animals ab\t him 7,g54 ii4 #bj74 ,x is tempt+ also to connect ! ,hebrew =m ( ,eve1 ,khauwa 7or ,khauwat7 9 "s way ) ,ukhat1 n etymologically ( c\rse1 b z sugge/ive ( a dep5d5ce ( "o ^u ! o!r1--! ,hebrew ^u ! ,babylonian t]m4 ,pr(essor ,/ade 7,zeits4 f4 ,altte/4 ,wiss41 #ahig1 p4 #baj7 comm5t+ ^u ,g54 ii4 #bj1 po9ts out t ,yahwe's motive = ask+ ,adam to "n ! animals 0 ! hope t he w\ld f9d a 'helpmate' among !m4 ,9 ! light ( ! ,babylonian /ory ( ,eabani liv+ ) animals1 ,/ade's sugge/ion receives a /rik+ illu/ration4 #hhj ,see ,trumbull1 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 p4 #bci4 #hha ,kh>imtu4 ,9 ,arabic ! ^w is likewise us$ = 'woman' 9 g5]al4 #hhb ,! temple at ,uruk is meant4 #hhc ,j]emias translates 'seeks a fri5d1' & ref]s ! words to ,gilgame%1 b !re is no?+ 9 ! n>rative to ju/ify u 9 assum+ t ,eabani 0 ?9k+ ( ! h]o4 #hhd ,x is us$ z a synonym ( tappu 'associate1' ,delitzs*1 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #aj4 ,ideographically1 x is compos$ ( two elem5ts1 '/r5g?' & 'acquire4' ',companion 9 arms' is ! fell[%ip orig9ally meant4 #hhe ,! ,hebrew v]b 7,g54 ii4 #bb7 expresses sexual union & precisely ! same v]b is us$ 9 ! cunei=m n>rative :5 ,eabani comes to ,ukhat 7,haupt's edition1 p4 #aa1 l4 #ba74 #hhf ,we c /ill di/+ui% 7,haupt1 #ab1 #dg7 ',i w fet* him4' ,j]emias' r5d]+1 ,i w fight ) him1 is errone\s4 #hhg ,haupt1 #ac1 #g-h4 #hhh ,cf4 ,g54 iii4 #e & #ba4 #hhi ,! text ( ! foll[+ l9es re/or$ by comb9+ ,haupt1 p4 #ac1 ) a supplem5t>y fragm5t publi%$ by ,j]emias' ,izdub>-,nimrod1 pl4 #c4 #hij ,i4e41 he w be told ab\t ?y dream ?r\gh ! wisdom giv5 to him4 #hia ,see1 e4g41 ,j]emias' ,izdub>-,nimrod1 p4 #ba4 #hib ,s1 e4g41 ,hommel 7,altisraelitis*e ,ueb]lief]ung1 p4 #ce74 ,he is c]ta9ly n a native ( ,babylonia4 #hic ,gilgame%4 #hid ,haupt1 p4 #bf4 #hie ,a city ,ganganna is m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ tablet 7,haupt1 pp4 #ea1 #f74 #hif ,s ,haupt1 ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 i4 #aab4 #hig ,i4e41 aga9 & aga94 #hih ,?is is ! g5]al s5se ( ! ?ree t]ms us$4 #hii ,i4e41 an army's m>* ( f\rte5 h\rs4 ,see pp4 #dij1 #ejc1 #eba4 #ijj ,! same ^w appe>s 9 incantation texts z a t]m = a class ( demons4 #ija ,see1 e4g41 ,j]emias' ,izdub>-,nimrod1 p4 #bf4 #ijb ,i4e41 to ! bull4 #ijc ,*apt] ,,xxv4 #ijd ,ez4 viii4 #ad4 #ije ,see above1 p4 #dge4 #ijf ,see p4 #bfg4 #ijg ,see above1 p4 #bcd4 #ijh ,trumbull1 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 *apt] vii4 #iji ,see p4 #ecf4 #iaj ,or z a ?ird dream4 ,x w be recall$ t 9 a previ\s portion ( ! epic 7p4 #dha71 ,gilgame% has ?ree dreams 9 succession4 #iaa ,haupt1 pp4 #de1 #ec4 #iab ,attitude ( despair4 #iac ,i4e41 '(fspr+ ( life4' ,i adopt ,delitzs*'s read+ ( ! "n4 ,zimm]n & ,j5s5 pref] ,sitnapi%tim1 b see ,haupt's rem>ks on ! objections to ?is read+ 9 ,s*rad]1 ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t 7#c;d edition7 a4 l4 ,at ! rec5t ,elev5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 ,s*eil pres5t$ a tablet deal+ ) ! deluge n>rative4 ,if 8 read+ is correct1 ! evid5ce w\ld be f9al = ! =m ,pirnapi%tim1 =m]ly propos$ by ,zimm]n 7,babylonis*e ,busspsalm51 p4 #bf74 ,see p4 #ejg1 note #a4 #iad ,cli5t ( ,m>duk4 ,! "n ,m>duk appe>s "h "u ! ideographic designation ,tutu4 ,! id5tification ) ,m>duk may be due to lat] traditions4 #iae ,j]emias' sugge/ion 7,indub>-,nimrod1 p4 #ah7 t ! fight ) ! lion belongs to ! fir/ tablet1 :]e m5tion is made ( a wild animal ( "s k9d1 is n acceptable4 #iaf ,i4e41 inn] side4 #iag ,! "n ( ! cave und]nea? ! e>? :]e ! dead dwell4 #iah ,see above1 p4 #ddc4 #iai ,see1 e4g41 ,j]emias' ,izdub>-,nimrod1 p4 #bh4 #ibj ,see ! passages 9 ,delitzs*1 ,wo ,lag das ,p>adies1 pp4 #bdb1 #bdc4 #iba ,see above1 p4 #ci1 & ,hommel's full discussion1 ,altisraelitis*e ,ueb]lief]ung1 *apt] iii4 #ibb ,hommel 7,altisraelitis*e ,ueb]lief]ung1 pp4 #ce1 #cg7 sugge/s a migration ( ,cassites f ,elam to ,ea/]n ,africa4 #ibc ,haupt1 pp4 #ab1 #fg4 #ibd ,attitude ( despair4 #ibe ,i4e4 's]vant ( ,ea4' ,! read+ ,ardi-,ea is pref]able to ,arad-,ea4 #ibf ,lit41 'sailor4' #ibg ,see above1 p4 #ddc4 #ibh ,haupt1 pp4 #fd1 #cf2 #fe1 #a4 #ibi ,altisraelitis*e ,ueb]lief]ung1 p4 #ce4 #icj ,tum is ! fem99e end+4 #ica ,a l>ge measure4 #icb ,( ! week8 ,hommel & o!rs int]pret t ,gilgame% accompli%es ! '=ty-five days' j\rney' 9 ?ree days4 #icc ,?is ,i take to be ! mean+ ( ! numb]s introduc$ at ?is po9t4 #icd ,! text is badly mutilat$4 #ice ,!re is no limit to ! rule ( dea?4 ,dea? alone is 'immortal4' #icf ,z ,haupt correctly int]prets4 #icg ,?is appe>s to be ! s5se ( ?is r obscure l9e4 #ich ,read sir-la-am8 #ici ,see bel[1 p4 #ejg4 #idj ,! re/or$ text 9 ,haupt's edition ( ! ,nimrodepos1 pp4 #acd-adi4 #ida ,zimm]n +5i\sly sugge/s la bir1 n pure1 in/ead ( ! r5d]+ 'old4' #idb ,isaiah i4 #a4 #idc ,see ,j5s5's rem>ks1 ,kosmologie1 p4 #chg4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to ,%urippak 9 ,,iir4 #df1 #a1 z ,haupt has %[n 7see 8 note 9 ! #crd edition ( ,s*rad]'s ,keil9scrift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t74 #idd ,g54 xix4 #ide ,hughes1 ,diction>y ( ,islam1 sub ,ad & ,salih4 #idf ,see above1 p4 #dhh1 note #b4 #idg ,lit41 'con/ruct a h\se'2 h\se is us$ = any k9d ( /ructure 9 g5]al4 #idh ,i4e41 let y\r prop]ty g & save y\r family4 #idi ,see above1 p4 #ec4 #iej ,l4 #de4 #iea ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #cfh2 ,j]emias1 ,izdub>-,nimrod1 p4 #cg4 #ieb ,see above1 p4 #dif1 note #f4 #iec ,or decks 7s ,haupt74 #ied ,( ea* /ory or deck4 #iee ,poles are us$ to ?is day to propel ! crafts on ! ,euphrates4 #ief ,! l>ge/ measure4 #ieg ,! same ^w 7kupru7 is us$ z 9 ,g54 vi4 #ad4 #ieh ,"s "p ( ! outside ( ! /ructure is designat$4 #iei ,haupt translates ,sesamme?4 #ifj ,puzur signifies 'hidd51' 'protect$4' ,%adu rabu1 i4e41 'great m\nta91' is a title ( ,bel & ( o!r gods 7see above1 pp4 #ef & #bgh74 ,"h1 probably1 ,%ama% is meant4 #ifa ,lit4 'great h\se' or 'palace4' #ifb ,i4e41 'k+1' frequ5tly f\nd z a title ( ,m>duk 9 a/ronomical texts 7,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #ade74 #ifc ,! god ( w> & pe/il5ce4 #ifd ,t>-gul-le1 "s mis*iev\s =ces4 #ife ,! highe/ "p ( heav54 #iff ,i4e41 has be5 de/roy$4 #ifg ,lit41 'spok5' or 'ord]$4' #ifh ,lit41 'my mank9d4' #ifi ,i4e41 ,mank9d4 #igj ,f :i* !y 7 made4 ,see pp4 #ddh & #eaa4 #iga ,see p4 #dhb1 note #d4 #igb ,haupt & ,delitzs* r5d] ikkal1 'ate1' z ?\gh f akalu1 b ?is is h>dly 9 place4 ,i take ! /em ( ! ^w to be nakalu4 #igc ,to h a %>e 9 x4 #igd ,j5s5 & ,haupt translate inconsid]ately1 b ?is r5d]+ misses ! po9t4 #ige ,lit41 'my humanity4' #igf ,n de/roy x altoge!r4 #igg ,lit4 '! god ,dibb>ra4' #igh ,i4e41 ! 'v clev]' or 'v pi\s1' an epi!t giv5 to ,p>napi%tim4 ,! inv]t$ =m1 ,khasis-adra1 0 di/ort$ into ,xisu/hros1 :i* appe>s 9 ! writ]s dep5d5t ^u ,b]osus z ! "n ( ! h]o ( ! ,babylonian deluge4 ,see1 e4g41 ,cory's ,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 pp4 #eb1 #ed1 #fj1 etc4 ,! epi!t appe>s also 9 ! ,leg5d ( ,etana 7pp4 #ebc1 #ebd71 :]e x is appli$ to a 'wise' "y eagle4 #igi ,i4e41 mortal4 #ihj ,i4e41 immortal4 ,cf4 ,g54 iii4 #bb4 #iha ,wo ,lag das ,p>adies 7,ueb] ,l& und ,me]1 #ahid-ie1 no4 #ae74 #ihb ,! ,hebrew acc\nt1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 consi/s ( two n>ratives dovetail$ into "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ! "o v]sion--! ,yahwi/ic--! ra9/orm cont9u$ = =ty days & =ty nights2 accord+ to ! o!r--! prie/ly n>rative--"o hundr$ & fifty days pass be=e ! wat]s began to dim9i% & a ye> elapses be=e ,noah leaves ! ark4 ,! ,yahwi/ic n>rative lays /ress ^u ! rituali/ic di/9ction ( clean & unclean animals1 b on ! :ole1 ! ,yahwi/ic v]sion approa*es clos] to ! ,babylonian tale4 ,evid5ce has n[ be5 furni%$ t among ! ,babylonians1 too1 m ?an "o v]sion ( ! tradition exi/$4 ,at ! ,elev5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s 7,septemb]1 #ahig71 ,s*eil pres5t$ a tablet1 dat+ f ! days ( ,hammurabi1 9 :i* ! /ory ( a deluge is n>rat$ 9 a mann] q diff]5t f ! ,gilgame% epic4 ,! tablet also furni%es ! phonetic read+ pi-ir1 & ,s*eil is ( ! op9ion t ^! two syllables =m ! fir/ elem5t 9 ! "n ( ! h]o4 ,un=tunately1 ! tablet is badly mutilat$ at ?is po9t1 s t ! "q ( ! read+ is n absolutely c]ta94 ,see p4 #dhh1 note #b4 ,! read+ ,ut-napi%tim is n[ g5]ally adopt$4 #ihc ,g54 xix4 #ihd ,note ! phrase 9 ,g54 xix4 #ca1 !re is no "o on e>?1 & see ,piets*man1 ,ges*i*te d] ,phonizi]1 p4 #aae4 #ihe ,t ! /ory 0 curr5t z e>ly z ,hammurabi is n[ e/abli%$ by ,s*eil's fragm5t 7see note #b on prec$+ page74 #ihf ,! ^w us$ is tu :i* means a *>m or incantation 9 g5]al4 #ihg ,made ( ! *>m root4 #ihh ,gilgame%4 #ihi ,i4e41 'old age1' ! "n giv5 to "s plant ( magic p[]4 #iij ,tu4 #iia ,lit41 'good4' #iib ,utukku--! "n1 x w be recall$1 giv5 to a class ( demons4 ,see p4 #bfj4 #iic ,see p4 #eah4 #iid ,haupt1 ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 i4 #cah1 #cai1 has made x plausible t pp4 #af-ai ( 8 edition belong to ! twelf? tablet ( ! epic1 ?\gh p]haps to a diff]5t edition ( ! epic1 z ,j]emias sugge/s 7,izdub>-,nimrod1 p4 #dc74 #iie ,see above1 p4 #dgd4 #iif ,haupt's edition1 pp4 #fg1 #ab4 #iig ,lit41 '?\ ha/ se5 x1 ,i h se5 x4' #iih ,text defective4 ,j]emias conjectures kneel+4 #iii ,ekimmu1 ano!r "n = a class ( demons4 ,see p4 #bfj4 #ajjj ,! correct translation ( ^! l9es we owe to ,haupt 7,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 i4 #fi1 #gj74 #ajja ,! ref]5ce to ! kill+ ( a pan!r 9 ! t5? tablet 7,haupt1 p4 #ga1 #f7 is too obscure to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,gilgame%'s fight ) a 'buffalo' 7s ,w>d1 ,babylonian ,gods 9 ,babylonian ,art1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,or4 ,soc41 ,may1 #ahij1 p4 xv7 is pictur$ on seal cyl9d]s4 ,no d\bt1 v>i\s de$s ( ,gilgame% 7 rec\nt$ 9 ! miss+ portions ( ! epic1 & x is also q likely t besides ! /ories 9 ! epic1 o!rs 7 curr5t ( ,gilgame% to :i* a lit]>y =m 0 nev] giv54 #ajjb ,! ,p>napi%tim episode pass$ on to ! ,arabs1 :]e ! h]o ( ! deluge appe>s "u ! "n ( ,khadir--a corruption ( ,adra-,khasis4 ,see ,lidzb>ski1 ,w] i/ ,*adir8 ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 vii4 #aji-aab1 :o also sugge/s t ,ahasv]us1 '! ,w&]+ ,jew1' is a corruption ( ,adrakhasis4 #ajjc ,x w be recall$ t ,nimrod is t]m$ a 'mighty hunt]' 7saeid74 ,?is sugge/s a comp>ison ) ,sadu1 '! hunt]1' 9 ! ,gilgame% epic4 ,see above1 p4 #dge4 #ajjd ,orig9ally sugge/$ by ,h4 ,c4 ,rawl9son4 #ajje ,! end+ on is an emphatic affix--frequ5t 9 prop] names4 #ajjf ,euripides' ,h]akles1 ,e9leitung4 #ajjg ,on ?is subject see ! ,introduction to ,b]>d's ,de l'orig9e des cultes ,arcadi5s1 & = a fur!r discussion ( ! relation%ips betwe5 ,izdub> & ,h]cules1 see ,j]emias' ,izdub>-,nimrod1 pp4 #gj-gc1 or 8 article 9 ,ros*]'s ,ausfuehrli*es ,lexicon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,roemis*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #hba-hbc4 #ajjh ,meissn]1 ,alex&] und ,gilgamos 7,leipzig1 #ahid71 pp4 #ac-ag4 #ajji ,9 ! ,greek & o!r v]sions1 ! m\nta9 ,musas or ,masis is m5tion$1--t is1 ,ma%u1 z 9 ! ,gilgame% epic4 ,see p4 #dhh4 #ajaj ,see especially ,budge1 ,! ,life & ,exploits ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7,london1 ,introduction1 #ahif72 ,noeldeke1 ,beitraege zur ,ges*i*te des ,alex&]-,romans 7,vi5na1 #ahij7 & ,ga/]1 ,an ,old ,hebrew ,romance ( ,alex&] 7,j\rnal ,royal ,asiat4 ,soc41 #ahig1 pp4 #dhe-dih74 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,my?s ,,& ,,leg5ds4 ,n _m ye>s ago ! impression appe>$ to be well f\nd$ t ! ,semites 7 poor 9 ! production ( my?s & leg5ds z comp>$1 = example1 to ! ,h9dus or ,greeks4 ,! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians1 orig9at+ und\bt$ly ) ! ,semitic inhabitants ( ! ,euphrates ,valley1 rev]ses ! impression4 ,! 'creation' & ',gilgame%' epics suffice1 n m]ely = :at !y conta91 b = :at !y imply1 to accord to ,babylonian my?ology a high rank2 b 9 addition to ^! epics we h a l>ge numb] ( tales ( gods1 demigods1 demons1 & spirits t illu/rate ! capacity ( ! ,babylonians = ! production ( my?s4 ,inde$1 !re is no long] any reason = d\bt+ t ! ,babylonian my?ology ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce ^u t ( ! ,greeks4 ,fur!r discov]ies & rese>*es may %[ t di/ant ,india also felt at an e>ly p]iod ! intellectual /imulus emanat+ f ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,at all ev5ts1 _m ( ! features f\nd 9 ,babylonian my?s & leg5ds be> s /rik+ a resemblance to ^? occurr+ 9 l&s ly+ to ! ea/ & we/ ( ,babylonia1 t a /udy ( ,aryan my?ology is sadly defici5t :i* does n take into acc\nt ! mat]ial furni%$ by cunei=m lit]ature4 ,h[ ext5sive ! ,babylonian my?ology 0 mu/ rema9 = ! pres5t a matt] ( conjecture1 b x is easi] to err on ! side ( und]e/imation ?an on ! side ( exagg]ation4 ,if x be rememb]$ t by f> ! small] portion only ( ,a%urbanabal's libr>y has be5 recov]$1 & t ( ! v>i\s lit]>y collections t 7 ga!r$ 9 ! religi\s c5t]s ( ! s\?1 sc>cely any?+ has z yet be5 f\nd1 x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t we %\ld be 9 possession ( an elaborate tale ( a demi-god1 ,etana1 ( an ext5sive leg5d rec\nt+ ! de$s ( ! w> & plague-god ,dibb>ra1 & ( two g5u9e /orm my?s1 :ile ! indications 9 ,dr4 ,bezold's catalogue ( ! ,k\yunjik collection ju/ify u 9 add+ to ! li/ sev]al o!r my?s & leg5ds1 among ! /ill unpubli%$ tablets ( ! ,briti% ,museum4#ajaa ,^! my?s & leg5ds h a tw(old value = u1 a direct value because ( ! popul> religi\s ideas conta9$ 9 !m1 & an indirect value by virtue ( ! int]pretation giv5 to ^! ideas by ! compil]s4 ,9 ! lit]>y =m t ! popul> productions receiv$1 ! influ5ce ( ^? :o guid$ ! religi\s ?\ght into its prop] *annels is to be cle>ly se54 ,! ,etana ,leg5d4 ,x w be recall$ t we came across a h]o ,etana 9 ! ,gilgame% epic4#ajab ,! "n ( ! h]o is ,semitic1 & signifies '/rong4'#ajac ,an id5tical "n appe>s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1#ajad & x is possible t ! ,babylonian ,etana repres5ts1 l ,gilgame%1 "s anci5t hi/orical p]son ( :om a dim tradition has surviv$ among o!r nations besides ! ,babylonians4 ,! de$s rec\nt$ ( him1 h[ev]1 place ! h]o entirely 9 ! doma9 ( my?4 ,8 patron is ,%ama%1 ! sun-god1 & 9 popul> tradition he becomes a memb] ( ! pan!on ( ! ne!r _w4 ,9 ! portions ( ! ,etana leg5d pres]v$1#ajae two episodes are detail$ 9 ! h]o's c>e]1 "o reg>d+ ! bir? ( a son1 ! o!r a miracul\s j\rney4 ,! =m] episode ju/ifies ! assumption ( a hi/orical />t+-po9t = ! leg5d ( ,etana4#ajaf ,among _m nations ! bir? ( a h]o or ( a h]o's son is pictur$ z tak+ place "u great difficulties4 ,etana's wife is 9 di/ress because %e is unable to br+ to ! _w a *ild :i* %e has conceiv$4 ,etana appeals to ,%ama%4 ,?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! prie/s he has (f]$ sacrifices1 & he n[ prays to ,%ama% to %[ him ! plant ( bir?4 ,! oracles#ajag h complet$ my sacrifices1 ,!y h complet$ my free-w (f]+s to ! gods4 ,o ,"l1 let ?y m\? comm&1 ,& give me ! plant ( bir?1 ,reveal to me ! plant ( bir?1 ,br+ =? ! fruit1 grant me an (fspr+4 ,( ,%ama%'s reply only "o l9e is pres]v$ intact1 9 :i* he tells ,etana3 ,take ! road1 asc5d ! m\nta94 ,x is presumably ^u ! m\nta9 t ! plant gr[s ^: magical p[] w insure ! happy deliv]y ( ! expect$ (fspr+4 ,h>p] calls att5tion to a rem>kable p>allel to ?is incid5t :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,arm5ian & ,m&aean leg5ds ( ! bir? ( ,ru/em1 ! son ( ,sal4 ,! latt]'s wife is unable to deliv] h] *ild because ( its size4 ,sal1 :o 0 re>$ by an eagle1 has 9 8 possession a p9ion ( ! eagle1 by means ( :i* he c1 :5 9 di/ress1 invoke ! pres5ce ( ! bird4 ,! fa!r ?r[s ! p9ion into ! fire1 & ! eagle appe>s4 ,! latt] gives ! "m a m$ic9al potion1 & ! *ild is cut out ( ! womb4 ,etana1 l ,ru/em1 is accompani$ by an eagle1 & x w\ld appe> t ! eagle aids ,etana 9 obta9+ ! plant4#ajah ,! eagle1 9 _m my?ologies1 is a symbol ( ! sun1 & x is plausible to conclude t ! bird is s5t to ,etana at ! in/igation ( ,%ama%4 ,:o ! son is t ,etana expects we are n told1 & naturally f a s+le episode l ?is--& "o s fragm5t>ily pres]v$--no safe conclusions may be drawn4 ,b ! epic 7if we may apply ?is t]m7 mu/ h rec\nt$ "s a*ievem5ts ( ,etana1 & z ! '/rong' "o1 8 de$s mu/ h borne "s resemblance to ^? ( ,gilgame%4 ,! bir? ( ! son1 x is fur!rmore fair to presume1 took place t[>ds ! end ( ,etana's c>e]1 :5 8 own life 0 draw+ to a close4 ,if a fragm5t#ajai ( ! tale 7 only bett] pres]v$1 we w\ld h an episode ( ,etana's e>li] c>e]4 ,b su* is ! condition ( ?is fragm5t t1 at ! mo/1 x c be said t ,etana is engag$ 9 "s conflict aga9/ a city1 9 :i* ,i%t>1 ,bel1 ! ,anunnaki1 ! ,igigi1 & "s m9or gods1 z ,en-n9na1 ,sibittum1 are involv$4 ,! ,etana s]ies1 z we le>n f ! colophon to ?is fragm5t1 0 kn[n by a designation 9 :i* a city#ajbj occurs1 & x may be t ?is is ! city aga9/ :i* ,etana1 aid$ by ! gods1 proce$s4 ,leav+ ?is aside1 x is =tunate t we h at lea/ ano!r episode 9 ,etana's c>e] :i* enables u to e/abli% ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! h]o z an hi/orical p]sonage & z a god or demi-god4 ,z ,gilgame% (f]s an insult to ,i%t>1 s ,etana enc\nt]s ! ill-w ( ! great goddess1 ?\gh ?r\gh no direct (f5se4 ,! eagle tempts ,etana to m\nt ) him into ! upp] regions4 ,etana is repres5t$ z giv+1 9 "p1 an acc\nt ( ?is adv5ture1 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,! gates ( ! upp] regions are op5$1 & ,etana is t]rifi$ at ! maje/ic sight :i* greets him4 ,he sees a ?rone1 & ?r[s himself on 8 c\nt5ance 9 t]ror4 ,! gates are significantly designat$ z ! gate ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 & ! gate ( ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,ramman1 & ,i%t>4 ,! introduction ( ! two classes ( ! !ological triads#ajba reveals ! influ5ce ( a s*ola/ic elaboration ( "s popul> my?4 ,! eagle reassures ,etana1 & addresses him z foll[s3 ,my fri5d lift up 787 ?y c\nt5ance1 ,come & let me c>ry !e to ! heav5 ( ,anu4 ,on my brea/ place ?y brea/1 ,on my p9ion place ?y palms1 ,on my side place ?y side4 ,etana obeys1 & ?us1 securely atta*$ to ! eagle1 beg9s ! d>+ j\rney4 ,!y fly = ! space ( a d\ble h\r1#ajbb :5 ,! eagle addresses ,etana3 ,look1 my fri5d1 h[ ! e>? appe>s2 ,look at ! sea & at its side1 ! h\se ( wisdom2#ajbc ,! e>? appe>s z a m\nta91 ! sea has become a pool 7874 ,a second d\ble h\r he 7i4e41 ! eagle7 c>ri$ him on high4 ,! eagle spoke to ,etana3 ,look1 my fri5d1 h[ ! e>? appe>s2 ,! sea is a m]e belt 787 ar\nd ! e>?4 ,a ?ird d\ble h\r he c>ri$ him on high4 ,! eagle spoke to ,etana3 ,look1 my fri5d1 h[ ! e>? appe>s2 ,! sea is a m]e g>d5]'s dit*4#ajbd ,9 ?is way !y rea* ! gate ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea 9 safety1 :]e !y take a re/4 ,! eagle is n yet satisfi$1 & urges ,etana to foll[ him to ! doma9 ( ,i%t>4 ,come1 my fri5d let me c>ry !e to ,i%t>1 ,) ,i%t>1 ! mi/ress ( ! gods1 ?\ %all dwell1 ,9 ! glory ( ,i%t>1 ! mi/ress ( ! gods1 ?\ %all sit84 ,on my side place ?y side1 ,on my p9ion place ?y palms4 ,! gods1 x w be se51 dwell on high 9 accordance ) ! view develop$ by a/ronomical speculations4#ajbe ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea are "h evid5tly id5tifi$ ) ! fix$ />s be>+ _! names1#ajbf :ile "u ,i%t> ! planet ,i%t>-,v5us is meant4 ,etana yields to ! eagle's sugge/ion4 ,!y m\nt /ill high]4 ,e>? & ocean gr[ /ill small]1 ! =m] appe>+ only z l>ge z 'a g>d5 b$1' ! latt] l 'a c\rty>d4' ,= ?ree d\ble h\rs !y fly4 ,etana appe>s to w>n ! eagle to desi/ f 8 ra% int5tion1 b ! w>n+ comes too late4 ,etana & ! eagle are ?r[n d[n f ! l(ty regions4 ,) lightn+ spe$ ! desc5t takes place1 until ! two rea* ! gr\nd4 ,! fur!r c\rse ( ! n>rative is obscure4 ,0 ,etana puni%$ by be+ s5t to ! ne!r _w1 :]e we f9d him 9 ! ,gilgame% epic8#ajbg ,!re is a ref]5ce1 un=tunately q obscure1 to ! dea? ( ,etana1 & p]haps to 8 %ade1#ajbh 9 a portion ( ! tablet4 ,"o c]ta9ly expects bo? ,etana & ! eagle to be puni%$ = _! ra% act1 b until we c det]m9e ) c]ta9ty :at became ( bo?1 & ) :at purport ! tale is introduc$ into ! c>e] ( ,etana1 ! "q mu/ be left op51 z also ! possibility ( a connection betwe5 ?is flight ( ,etana & ! simil> ,greek my? ( ,ganym$e4 ,! introduction ( ! eagle po9ts cle>ly to ! my?ological "* ( ! tale1 b flights ( eagles occur s frequ5tly 9 ! my?s & leg5ds ( v>i\s nations t no great /ress is to be laid ^u fur!r p>allels t might be adduc$4#ajbi ,! /ory f\nd 9 ,aelian & :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to#ajcj alone calls = m5tion "h4 ,accord+ to ?is /ory1 ,gilgame%1 ^: bir? is fe>$ by 8 cruel gr&fa!r ,sokk>os1 k+ ( ,babylonia1 is ?r[n f ! t[] :]e 8 "m 0 imprison$ & 9 :i* he 0 born1 b 9 fall+ is caught by an eagle & tak5 to a g>d5] :o re>s ! *ild4 ,! eagle be+ ! associate ( ,etana1 ! suspicion is ju/ifi$ t ! *ild ?us miracul\sly sav$ is 9 reality ,etana & n ,gilgame%4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re mu/ be "s connection betwe5 ! /ory ( ,aelian & ! ,babylonian leg5d "u consid]ation4 ,! fate ( ! eagle is rec\nt$ 9 ano!r tablet ( ! ,etana s]ies1#ajca :i* aga9 furni%es an episode p>allel$ 9 ! my?ologies ( o!r nations4 ,! eagle has lo/ favor ) ,%ama%4 ,enmity has aris5 betwe5 ! eagle & ! s]p5t1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! latt] /&s "u ! protection ( ! sun-god4 ,:at ! cause ( ! enmity betwe5 eagle & s]p5t 01 may h be5 rec\nt$ 9 a miss+ portion ( ! tablet4 ,! eagle =ms a plan ( de/roy+ ! s]p5t's brood4 ,he is w>n$ aga9/ ?is act by a "y eagle1 :o is designat$ z a 'v clev] "y "o4' ,d n eat1 ,o my fa!r1 ! net ( ,%ama% is laid 7872 ,! trap1 ! ban ( ,%ama%1 w fall ^u !e & cat* !e4 ,:o transgresses ! law ( ,%ama%1 f him ,%ama% w exact rev5ge4 ,b ! eagle1 we are told1 paid no he$ to ! w>n+4 ,he desc5d$ & ate ( ! "y ( ! s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t appeals to ,%ama%4 ,he tells ! sun-god ( ! cruel de$ ( ! eagle3 ,see1 ,o ,%ama%1 ! evil t he has done to me4 ,help 7871 ,o ,%ama%1 ?y net is ! broad e>?4 ,?y trap is ! di/ant heav5s4 ,:o c escape ?y net8#ajcb ,zu1#ajcc ! work] ( evil1 ! s\rce ( evil did n escape8#ajcd4 ,%ama% responds to ! appeal3 ,^u 8 he>+ ! lam5t ( ! s]p5t1 ,%ama% op5$ 8 m\? & spoke to ! s]p5t3 ,g & asc5d ! m\nta92 ,! c>cass ( a wild ox make ?y hid+-place4 ,op5 him1 te> op5 8 belly4 ,make a dwell+ place ( 8 belly4 ,all ! birds ( heav5 w come d[n2 ,! eagle ) !m w come d[n4 444 ,^u p5etrat+ to ! meat he w ha/ily proce$1 ,mak+ = ! hidd5 p>ts4#ajce ,z soon z he has rea*$ ! inside1#ajcf seize him by 8 w+1 ,te> out 8 w+1 8 fea!r 7871 8 p9ion1 ,te> him to pieces1 & ?r[ him into a corn]1 ,to die a dea? ( hung] & ?ir/4 ,?is devili% plan is successfully c>ri$ out4 ,) consid]able skill ! n>rative describes h[ ! eagle1 suspect+ "s mis*ief1 did n jo9 ! o!r birds1 b :5 he saw t !y escap$ )\t h>m felt reassur$4 ,he tells 8 brood3 ,come1 let u g & let u also p\nce d[n ^u ! c>cass ( ! wild ox & eat1 we too4 ,! eagle is aga9 w>n$ by 8 v clev] (fspr+4 ,! re/ ( 8 brood jo9 9 ! appeal1 b ,he did n he>k5 to !m1 & obey$ n ! advice ( 8 brood1 ,he swoop$ d[n & /ood ^u ! wild ox4 ,/ill1 he is n entirely free f suspicion1 & ! n>rative cont9ues3 ,! eagle inspect$ ! c>cass1 look+ c>efully to ! front & beh9d him4 ,he aga9 inspect$ ! c>cass1 look+ c>efully to ! front & beh9d him4 ,detect+ no?+ to ju/ify 8 suspicions1 he digs 8 beak into ! c>cass1 b sc>cely has he done s :5 ! s]p5t seizes hold ( him4 ,! eagle cries = m]cy1 & promises ! s]p5t a pres5t ( :atev] he desires4 ,! s]p5t is rel5tless4 ,to release ! eagle w\ld be to play false to ,%ama%4 ,if ,i release !e 444 ,?y puni%m5t w be transf]r$ to me4 ,?us ! s]p5t ju/ifies :at he is ab\t to d4 ,9 accordance ) ! in/ructions ( ! sun-god1 ! eagle is /ripp$ ( 8 w+s & fea!rs1 & left to die a mis]able dea?4 ,9 its pres5t =m ?is tale ( ! eagle & s]p5t =ms "p ( ! ,etana /ory4#ajcg ,j]emias is "r 9 que/ion+ :e!r x orig9ally _h any?+ to d ) ,etana4#ajch ,two di/9ct /ories h be5 comb9$1 mu* z 9 ! ,gilgame% epic sev]al tales h be5 ?r[n toge!r4 ,! association ( ,etana ) ! eagle sugge/s ! introduction ( ! episode ( ! eagle's discomfiture4 ,if "o may judge ( ! two episodes relat$ ( ,etana1 he is n a p]sonage reg>d$ ) favor by ! compil]s4 ,9 bo? episodes we f9d him 9 di/ress4 ,8 flight ) ! eagle is reg>d$ z a defiance ( ! gods1 ?\gh m blame atta*es to ! eagle ?an to him4 ,%ama% c h>dly h reg>d$ ) favor ! ambition ( a human be+ to m\nt to ! dwell+ ( ! gods4 ,gilgame% makes no su* attempt1 & ,p>napi%tim is n c>ri$ on high1 b to ! conflu5ce ( ! /reams4 ,gilgame%1 x w also be recall$1 is unable to pass to ! ne!r _w :]e ,eabani is plac$1 & 9 ! foll[+ *apt] we w come across a tale int5d$ to illu/rate ! impossibility ( any "o ev] return+ f ! holl[ "u ! e>? :]e ! dead dwell4 ,! /ory ( ,etana appe>s1 !re=e1 to emphasize ! equal impossibility = any mortal to asc5d to ! dwell+ ( ! gods4 ,etana is deifi$1 b he belongs p]man5tly to ! region :]e all mortals g aft] _! c>e] on e>? is end$1--! ne!r _w4 ,"o ga9s ! impression1 !re=e1 t ,etana is a h]o ( antiquity :o is n approv$ ( by ! ,babylonian prie/s4 ,simil>ly1 ! conflict betwe5 ! eagle & ! s]p5t sugge/s an opposition to ! view :i* makes ! eagle ! symbol & mess5g] ( ,%ama%4 ,! eagle recalls ! w+$ disc1 ! symbol ( ,a%ur1#ajci & ! eagle occurs also z a /&>d among ! ,hittites1#ajdj ) :om1 z we "k1 ! ,babylonians came into contact4 ,! /ory ( ,%ama%1 himself1 lay+ ! trap = ! eagle looks l a my? produc$ ) "s specific int5t1 an illu/ration ( legitimate sun-wor%ip aga9/ rival cults4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 ! case ( su* a my?1 x is difficult to say :]e its popul> "* ends & ! speculative or s*ola/ic !ory beg9s4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! orig9al purport ( ! tale1 = our purposes its significance consi/s 9 ! view unfold$ ( ,%ama% z ! "o :o wreaks v5geance on ! evil-do]4 ,%ama% appe>s 9 ! episode 9 ! role ( ! j judge t *>act]izes him 9 ! hymns & incantations4 ,etana's reliance ^u ! eagle leads to disgrace & defeat4 ,9 a repres5tation ( ! h]o's flight on a seal cyl9d]1#ajda ! disapproval ( ! act is indicat$ by ! addition ( two dogs 9 a cr\*+ position1 _! gaze direct$ t[>ds ! bird4 ,! dogs are a symbol ( ! sol>-god ,m>duk4#ajdb ,! ,leg5d ( ,dibb>ra4 ,( m direct religi\s import is a /ory rec\nt$ 9 a s]ies compris+ five tablets ( ! de$s ( ! w> & plague-god ^: "n is provisionally read ,dibb>ra4#ajdc ,he is a sol> deity id5tifi$ 9 ! !ological sy/em ( ! ,babylonians ) ,n]gal1 b orig9ally di/9ct & 9 all probability "o ( ! num]\s local sol> deities ( ,babylonia l ,n9-girsu & ,n9-gi%zida1 ,i%um & o!rs1 ^: roles are absorb$ by "o or ! o!r ( ! f\r great sol> deities1--,%ama%1 ,m>duk1 ,n9ib1 & ,n]gal4 ,n]gal repres5t+ ! sun ( midday & ( ! summ] sol/ice1 :i* br+s 9 its wake de/ruction ( v>i\s k9ds1 x 0 appropriate t a god :o came to be specifically view$ z ! god :o causes disease %\ld be reg>d$ z an aspect ( ! t]rible ,n]gal4 ,9 ! leg5d t we are ab\t to consid]1 ,dibb>ra appe>s z ! god ( w>4 ,he is designat$ z ! 'w>rior4' ,! "n ( ! god is writt5 ideographically ) a sign t has ! mean+ ( 's]vant' & 'man4' ,to ?is sign ! phonetic complem5t ra is add$4 ,9 view ( a passage 9 a lexicographical tablet1 accord+ to :i* ! "n ( ! god is designat$ z ! equival5t ( ! god ,gir-ra1 ,j5s5 conclud$ t ! "n 0 to be read ,gira1 & ,delitzs*#ajdd is incl9$ to foll[ him4 ,a difficulty1 h[ev]1 arises ?r\gh ! circum/ance t ! elem5t ,gir 9 ! "n ,gir-ra is itself an ideograph4 ,9 any case1 ! designation ( ! god z a 's]vant' %[s t he is describ$ "h by an epi!t1#ajde & n by 8 real "n1 :i* is to be s\ght r 9 ! s5se ( '/rong1' t is "o ( ! mean+s ( ! ideograph gir4 ,! epi!t 's]vant' belongs to ! p]iod :5 ! god took 8 place 9 ! !ological sy/em z "o ( ! att5dants ( ! great ,n]gal1 j z ! plague-god is himself accompani$ by a god ,i%um1 :o acts z a k9d ( mess5g] or att5dant to him4 ,x %\ld be add$ t :at little evid5ce !re 0 = ! conv5tional read+ ,dibb>ra#ajdf has n[ be5 dispell$1 s t b = ! desire to avoid useless additions to ! nom5clature ( ! ,babylonian deities1 ! =m ,gir-ra w\ld h be5 introduc$ "h1 z = ! pres5t pref]able4 ,:]e ! cult ( ,dibb>ra c5t]$ we d n "k1 b t he presid$ ov] a di/rict t mu/ h play$ a prom95t "p at "s p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory is %[n by ! elaborate leg5d ( 8 de$s = :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ,gilgame% & ,etana1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ an hi/orical backgr\nd4 ,9 fact1 ! leg5d ( ,dibb>ra is naught b a poetic & semi-my?ical disguise = sev]e conflicts wag$ aga9/ c]ta9 ,babylonian cities by "s rival p[] t _h its seat likewise 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,( ! five tablets1 b f\r fragm5ts h z yet be5 f\nd 9 su* a condition z to be utiliz$4 ,! longe/ ( ^! conta9s an address to ,dibb>ra by 8 fai?ful att5dant ,i%um1 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! w>-god is prais$ & "s ( 8 de$s rec\nt$4 ,! sons ( ,babylon 7 7z7 birds ,& ?\ _! falcon]4 ,9 a net ?\ did/ cat* !m1 enclose !m1 & de/roy !m1 ,o6 ,w>rior ,dibb>a1 ,leav+ ! city1#ajdg ?\ did/ pass to ! outside1 ,tak+ on ! =m ( a lion1 ?\ did/ ent] ! palace4 ,! p saw !e & drew 787 _! weapons4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ^! l9es is to an attack ^u ! city ( ,babylon4 ,! w>-god is pictur$ z /rik+ out 9 all directions1 imprison+ ! inhabitants ( ,babylon )9 ! city walls1 work+ havoc outside ( ! city1 & n /opp+ %ort at ent]+ ! palace4 ,! metaphor ( ! w>-god tak+ on ! =m ( a lion confirms ! id5tification ( ,dibb>ra ) ,n]gal1 :o is g5]ally pictur$ z a lion4 ,9 ! foll[+ l9es ! enemy :o makes ?is attack on ,babylon is introduc$4 ,he is designat$ z a 'gov]nor1' & ,dibb>ra is repres5t$ z giv+ him c]ta9 in/ructions to c>ry out4 ,! title 'gov]nor' giv5 to ?is enemy may be tak5 z an indication t ! epic deals ) ! rivalry exi/+ among ! /ates ( ,babylonia1 ea* repres5t$ by its capital4 ,i%um cont9ues 8 address to ,dibb>ra3 ,! he>t ( ! gov]nor1 int5t ^u tak+ v5geance on ,babylon1 0 enrag$1 ,= captur+ ! possessions ( ! enemy1 he s5ds out 8 army1 ,fill$ ) enmity t[>ds ! p4 ,dibb>ra is repres5t$ z address+ ?is gov]nor3 ,9 ! city :i!r ,i s5d !e1 ,?\ %all fe> no "o1 nor h compassion4 ,kill ! "y & old alike1 ,! t5d] suckl+ likewise--sp>e no "o4 ,! treasures ( ,babylon c>ry (f z booty4 ,i%um cont9ues 8 n>rative3 ,! royal ho/ 0 ga!r$ toge!r & ent]$ ! city4 ,! b[ 0 /rung1 ! sword un%ea!d4 ,?\ did/ blunt#ajdh 787 ! weapons ( ! soldi]s1 ,! s]vitors ( ,anu & ,dagan4 ,_! blood ?\ caus$ to fl[ l torr5ts ( wat] ?r\gh ! city's highways4 ,?\ did/ te> op5 _! inte/9es1 & cause ! /ream to c>ry !m (f4 ,dagan is "h us$ = ,bel1#ajdi & ! phrase 's]vitors ( ,anu & ,dagan' embraces ! inhabitants ( ,babylon4 ,m>duk1 ! "l ( ,babylon1 is enrag$ at ! sight1 b app>5tly is p[]less4 ,! great "l ,m>duk saw x & cri$ ,alas6 ,8 s5ses left him4 ,a viol5t curse issu$ f 8 m\?4 ,at ?is po9t ! tablet is defective1 & :5 x aga9 becomes intelligible we f9d ,i%um describ+ an attack ( ,dibb>ra ^u ano!r ( ! great c5t]s ( ! ,euphrates ,valley--! city ( ,uruk4 ,uruk is call$ ! 'dwell+ ( ,anu & ,i%t>1' ! city ( ! ,kizreti1 ,ukhati1 & ,kh>imati#ajej--! sacr$ h>lots4 ,uruk suff]s ! same fate z ,babylon3 ,a cruel & wick$ gov]nor ?\ did/ place ov] !m1 ,:o br\ght mis]y ^u !m1 broke d[n 787 _! laws4 ,i%t> 0 enrag$ & fill$ ) ang] because ( ,uruk4 ,h] opposition1 h[ev]1 is z p[]less to /em ,dibb>ra's attack z 0 ,m>duk's grief at ! onslaught on ,babylon4 ,dibb>ra's gre$ is insatiable4 ,i%um cont9ues 8 address to him3 ,o w>rior ,dibb>ra1 ?\ do/ dispat* ! j1 ,?\ do/ dispat* ! unju/1 ,:o s9s aga9/ !e1 ?\ do/ dispat*1 ,& ! "o :o does n s9 aga9/ !e ?\ do/ dispat*4 ,! foll[+ l9es reveal ! purpose ( ,i%um's long spee*4 ,a w> m t]rible ev5 ?an ! conflicts rec\nt$ is plann$ by ,i%um1 "o t is to involve all creation & ext5d to ! high] regions4 ,i%um asks ,dibb>ra's cons5t to ! fe>ful de/ruction held 9 view3 ,! brightness ( ,%ul-pauddu#ajea ,i w de/roy4 ,! root ( ! tree ,i w te> out ,t x no long] blossom2 ,aga9/ ! dwell+ ( ! k+ ( gods1 ,i w proce$4444 ,! w>rior ,dibb>ra he>d him4#ajeb ,! spee* ( ,i%um 0 pleasant to him z f9e oil1 ,& ?us ! w>rior ,dibb>ra spoke3 ,sea-coa/ aga9/ sea-coa/1 ,sub>tu aga9/ ,sub>tu1 ,assyrian aga9/ ,assyrian1 ,elamite aga9/ ,elamite1 ,cassite aga9/ ,cassite1 ,sutaean aga9/ ,sutaean1 ,ku?aean aga9/ ,ku?aean1 ,lullubite aga9/ ,lullubite1 ,c\ntry aga9/ c\ntry1 h\se aga9/ h\se1 man aga9/ man4 ,bro!r is to %[ no m]cy t[>ds bro!r2 !y %all kill "o ano!r4 ,! l9es rem9d "o ( ! description 9 ! ,gilgame% epic ( ! t]ror ar\s$ by ! deluge1#ajec & "o might be tempt$ to comb9e ,dibb>ra's spee* ) ! prec$+ words ( ,i%um1 & int]pret ?is "p ( ! ,dibb>ra leg5d z ano!r phase ( ! same nature my?1 :i* ent]s z a factor 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,deluge4 ,h[ev]1 ! cont9uation ( ,dibb>ra's spee* %[s t a great milit>y conflict is =etold4 ,! c\ntries nam$ are ^? adjac5t to ,babylonia1 & ! int5tion ( ! writ] is evid5tly to imply t ! :ole _w is to be /irr$ up4 ,?is fe>ful /ate ( ho/ility is to cont9ue until ,aft] a "t ! ,akkadian w come1 ,ov]?r[ all & conqu] all ( !m4 ,akkad1 x w be recall$1 is a "n = ,babylonia4 ,! triumph ( ,babylon is =etold 9 ^! l9es4 ,! ,akkadian is1 !re=e1 none o!r ?an ,hammurabi1 :o succe$s 9 obta9+ ! supremacy ov] ! entire ,euphrates ,valley1 & ^: successors = _m c5turies claim$ control ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,x is evid5t f ?is 'prophecy' t ! ,dibb>ra leg5d receiv$ its f9al %ape "u influ5ces emanat+ f ,babylon1 precisely z we f\nd to be ! case 9 ! 'creation' /ory & 9 ! ,gilgame% epic4 ,! ho/ility t prec$es ! com+ ( ,hammurabi po9ts to ! viol5ce ( ! conflicts 9 :i* t w>rior 0 engag$1 :ile ! exagg]ation ( ?is ho/ility %[s h[ /rong & p]man5t ! impression ( ,hammurabi's a*ievem5ts mu/ h be54 ,! designation ( ! conqu]or z ! ,akkadian gives him to a c]ta9 ext5t ! "* ( a ,messiah1 :o is to inaugurate an era ( peace1 & ^: com+ w appease ! grim ,dibb>ra4 ,x is by no means impossible t ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian conceptions ( a g5]al w>f>e :i* is to prec$e ! gold5 age ( peace are influ5c$ by ! ,babylonian leg5d "u consid]ation4 ,dibb>ra gives 8 cons5t to ,i%um's plan3 ,g1 ,i%um1 c>ry out ! ^w ?\ ha/ spok5 9 accordance ) ?y desire4 ,i%um proce$s to d s4 ,! m\nta9 ,khi-khi is ! fir/ to be attack$4 ,i%um direct$ 8 c\nt5ance to ! m\nta9 ,khi-khi4 ,! god ,sibi1#ajed a w>rior )\t rival1 ,/orm$ beh9d him4 ,! w>rior#ajee arriv$ at ! m\nta9 ,khi-khi4 ,he rais$ 8 h&1 de/roy$ ! m\nta94 ,he levell$ ! m\nta9 ,khi-khi to ! gr\nd4 ,! v9ey>ds 9 ! =e/ ( ,kha%ur he de/roy$4 ,9 a geographical li/#ajef a m\nta9 ,khi-khi1 belong+ to ! ,amoritic c\ntry1 is m5tion$1 & a m\nta9 ,kha%ur describ$ z a c$> di/rict4 ,!re c be1 !re=e1 no d\bt t "s milit>y exp$ition to we/]n l&s is rec\nt$ 9 our tablet4 ,! cont9uation ( ! n>rative is lo/1 all b a small fragm5t1#ajeg :i* tells ( ! de/ruction ( a city--o!rwise unkn[n--call$ ,inm>m>u4 ,at ! in/igation ( ,dibb>ra1 ,i%um ent]s ?is city & de/roys x4 ,! outrages committ$ are describ$ at "s l5g?4 ,ea1 ! god ( humanity1 he>s ( ! havoc wr\ght4 ,he is 'fill$ ) wra?4' ,un=tunately1 ! fragm5t is too mutilat$ to p]mit u to asc]ta9 :at /eps ,ea takes aga9/ ,dibb>ra4 ,m>duk is also m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 "o c only conjecture t 9 ! miss+ portions ( ?is tablet1 & p]haps also 9 two o!rs1 ! w>s prec$+ ! adv5t ( ! ,akkadian#ajeh are rec\nt$ 9 poetic & semi-my?ical =m4 ,if ?is conjecture is ju/ifi$1 ! ma9 purport at lea/ ( ! ,dibb>ra leg5d becomes cle>4 ,x is a collection ( w>-songs recall+ ! ,hebrew an?ology1 ,battles ( ,yahwe1#ajei 9 :i* ! milit>y exploits ( ! ,hebrews 7 poetically set =?4 ,! clos+ tablet ( ! ,dibb>ra leg5d is pres]v$1#ajfj ?\gh only 9 "p4 ,x describes ! appeasem5t ( ! dreadful w>-god4 ,all ! gods1 toge!r ) ! ,igigi & ,anunnaki1 are ga!r$ ar\nd ,dibb>ra1 :o addresses !m3 ,li/5 all ( y to my words4 ,because ( s9 did ,i =m]ly plan evil1 ,my he>t 0 enrag$ & ,i swept peoples away4 ,he tells h[ he de/roy$ ! flocks & deva/at$ ! fruits 9 ! fields1 h[ he swept ov] ! l&s1 puni%+ ! j & ! wick$ alike1 & sp>+ no "o4 ,i%um takes up ! /ra9 & urges ,dibb>ra to desi/ f 8 wra?3 ,d ?\ appease ! gods ( ! l&1 :o 7 angry1 ,may fruits 787 & corn#ajfa fl\ri%1 ,may m\nta9s & seas br+ _! produce4 ,! era ( peace & prosp]ity is ?us inaugurat$1 & ! leg5d closes ) solemn assurances f ,dibb>ra t he w bless & protect ^? :o prop]ly honor him4 ,he :o glorifies my "n w rule ! _w4 ,:o proclaims ! glory ( my p[] ,w be )\t a rival4 ,! s+] :o s+s ( my de$s w n die ?r\gh pe/il5ce4 ,to k+s & nobles 8 words w be pleas+4 ,! writ] :o pres]ves !m w escape f ! grasp ( ! enemy4 ,9 ! temple :]e ! p proclaim my "n ,i w op5 8 e>2#ajfb ,9 ! h\se :]e ?is tablet is set up1 ?\gh w>#ajfc may rage1 ,& god ,sibi "w havoc1 ,sword & pe/il5ce w n t\* him--he w dwell 9 safety4 ,let ?is song res\nd =ev] & endure = et]nity4 ,let all l&s he> x & proclaim my p[]4 ,let ! inhabitants ( all places le>n to glorify my "n4 ,?is clos+ address repres5ts a late addition to ! poem t some:at modifies its orig9al import4 ,w>s did n cease ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ,babylon's control4 ,_m conflicts arose1 b on ! :ole1 ,babylonia 0 an empire ( peace4 ,! p 7 incl9$ t[>ds a life ( ease1 & ! developm5t ( comm]ce s]v$ z a :olesome *eck aga9/ too frequ5t milit>y di/urbances4 ,! w>-songs1 z a glorification ( ! nation's pa/1 reta9$ _! popul>ity1 b ! lesson drawn f ! songs 0 ! great bless+ t peace & fre$om f turmoil br\ght ) !m4 ,= ! w>like ,assyrians1 ,dibb>ra enrag$ may h be5 a m popul> figure1 b to ! peace-lov+ ,babylonian1 ! appeas$ ,dibb>ra appeal$ ) great] =ce4 ,! /ory ( ,dibb>ra's de$s became 9 ?is way 9 ! c\rse ( "t an object lesson1 a k9d ( religi\s allegory h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ! o!r z an illu/ration ( ! horrors ( w> & ( viol5ce 9 g5]al4 ,) ! t5d5cy--s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,babylonian religion#ajfd--;= great gods to absorb ! roles ( m9or ones1 ,n]gal became ! god ( w> p> excell5ce1 :ile ,dibb>ra1 ,i%um1 & ,sibi 7 *iefly view$ z p[]s responsible = su* =ms ( viol5ce z pe/il5ce & di/ress4 ,to ensure ! favor ( a god ( pe/il5ce 0 ( importance = e individual1 & "o ( ! safe/ means ( obta9+ ?is favor 0 to s+ 8 praises1 to recall 8 p[]1--to glorify him & ?us to keep him1 z x 71 9 good humor4 ,:at bett] means ( accompli%+ ?is ?an to h ! record ( 8 de$s con/antly be=e "o's eyes8 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s two specim5s ( tablets on :i* a portion ( ! ,dibb>ra leg5d is inscrib$1 & :i* are pi]c$ ) holes 9 a mann] z to leave no d\bt#ajfe t ! tablets 7 int5d$ to be hung up 9 h\ses ) a view ( secur+ protection f ,dibb>ra & 8 associates4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ! clos+ l9es ( ! /ory3 ,! h\se :]e ?is tablet is set up1 ?us becomes cle>4 ,z ! ,hebrews 7 comm&$1 9 ord] to secure ! protection ( ,yahwe1 to write 8 law ,on ! doorpo/s ( ! h\se1#ajff s ! ,babylonians 7 in/ruct$ by _! prie/s to hang tablets 9 _! homes--probably at ! entrance--on :i* ,dibb>ra 0 glorifi$4 ,naturally1 x 0 impossible to inscribe ! :ole /ory on a little tablet1 j z x 0 impossible to place ! entire law ( ,yahwe on ! doorpo/s4 ,9 bo? cases a significant extract s]v$ z a "p1 repres5tative ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,dibb>ra leg5d1 ! clos+ portion 0 select$1 :i* emphasiz$ ! necessity ( keep+ ! de$s ( ,dibb>ra & ! greatness ( 8 p[] 9 m9d4 ,l ! ,gilgame% epic1 s ! ,dibb>ra leg5d 0 to be taught by ! fa!r to 8 son4 ,! scribes 7 enjo9$ to tea* ! /ory to ! p4 ,! poets 7 to make x ! subject ( _! songs1 & k+s & nobles 7 n exempt f ! obligation to li/5 to ! tale4 ,! ,my? ( ! ,/orm-,god ,zu4 ,birds & bulls 7 to ! ,babylonians ! symbols ( /orms & cl\ds4 ,9 ! ,gilgame% epic1 x w be recall$1 ,anu s5ds a div9e bull to engage 9 a conte/ ) ,gilgame%4#ajfg ,! text ( ! epic be+ un=tunately defective1 we h no def9ite indication ( ! "* ( ! attack to be made ^u ! h]o by ! mess5g] f ! god ( heav52 b s9ce /orms & disease are ! two *ief weapons 9 ! h&s ( ! gods1 & inasmu* z ,gilgame% 9 a lat] section ( ! epic is /ruck d[n by disease1 x is m ?an likely t ! bull repres5ts a /orm t is to sweep ! h]o & 8 companion (f ! e>?4 ,! w+$ bulls plac$ at ! entrance ( palaces embody ! same idea1 & 9 addition to ! explanation = ^! fanta/ic figures above#ajfh sugge/$1 x is notewor?y t ! two types ( animals *os5 = ?is symbolical decoration ( edifices1 ! bull & ! lion1 aga9 illu/rate ! same two means at ! disposal ( ! gods = ! puni%m5t ( man1 ! bull repres5t+ ! /orms1 & ! lion be+ ! symbol ( ,n]gal1 :o is ! god ( pe/il5ce1 z well z ( w> & ( viol5t de/ruction 9 g5]al4 ,a /orm-god symboliz$ "u ! =m ( a bird is ,zu4 ,! und]ly+ /em ( ! ^w conveys ! notion ( /r5g? & viol5ce4 ,h[ bulls came to be *os5 z symbols ( /orms is n altoge!r cle>4 ,possibly ! elem5t ( /r5g? =m$ ! connect+ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ! association ( ideas4 ,9 ! case ( birds1 on ! o!r h&1 ! association is to be s\ght 9 ! appe>ance ( ! cl\ds dur+ a /orm mov+ across ! heav5s l a flock ( birds4 ,9 ! ,etana leg5d1 a ref]5ce occurs to ,zu1 :o1 z x w\ld appe>1 is unable to escape f ! control ( ! supreme judge ,%ama%4#ajfi ,zu is !re call$ ! *ief work] ( evil--a k9d ( ar* satan4 ,a /ory has be5 f\nd :i* illu/rates an attempt made by ! bird ,zu to break loose f ! control ( ! sun4 ,a /orm 0 view$ z a conflict betwe5 ! cl\ds & ! sun1 mu* z an eclipse symboliz$ a revolt 9 ! heav5s4 ,! my? repres5ts ! conflict z tak+ place betwe5 ,zu & ,en-lil1 ! ,bel ( ,nippur4 ,! latt] holds 9 8 possession ! tablets ( fate1 by means ( :i* he enjoys supreme au?ority ov] m5 & gods4 ,zu's jeal\sy is ar\s$1 & he plans to te> ^! tablets f ,en-lil4 ,! tablets ( fate1 x w be recall$1 play an important "p 9 ! ,m>duk-,tiamat episode4#ajgj ,k+u--! symbol ( *aos1 l ,tiamat--we>s !m on 8 brea/1 b he is oblig$ to yield !m to ! conqu]or ( ,tiamat & ( h] brood1 :o replaces '*aos' by 'ord]4' ,?is conqu]or 0 orig9ally ,bel ( ,nippur1 & ! ,zu my? 9 repres5t+ ,en-lil z hold+ ! tablets ( fate confirms ! view above set =?1#ajga accord+ to :i* ! orig9al ,tiamat tale has be5 modifi$ by ! sub/itution ( ,m>duk = ! old ,bel4 ,b ! /ory1 :ile ?us admitt+ ! legitimacy ( ,en-lil's claim to supreme p[]1 is yet s con/ruct$ z to contribute to ! glory ( ,m>duk4 ,! attack ( ! ,zu-bird 0 sugge/$--z ! ,tiamat my?--by ! annual /orms t "w su* havoc 9 ,babylonia4 ,! =ces ( '*aos' are let loose1 & an attempt is made to ov]?r[ ! 'ord]' ( ! _w1 symboliz$ by ! tablets ( fate :i* ,en-lil holds 9 8 possession4 ,:oev] has ^! tablets is inv9cible4 ,b ,en-lil is unable to resi/ ! attack ( ,zu4 ,! tablets are tak5 away f him1 & x is left = ,m>duk to recapture !m4 ,! tablets once 9 ,m>duk's possession1 ,en-lil's supremacy comes to an end1 & ! triumph ( ,m>duk is complete4 ,to sub/antiate ?is int]pretation ( ! my?1 an analysis ( ! text is necess>y4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! /ory is un=tunately miss+4 ,x appe>s to h be5 devot$ to a glorification ( ! god :o controls ! fate ( ! univ]se4 ,! second column op5s z foll[s3 ,& ! oracles ( all ! gods he det]m9$4 ,f ! context x is cle> t ,bel ( ,nippur is meant4 ,up to ?is po9t1 ! my? reflects ! old view accord+ to :i* x 0 ,en-lil :o succe$$ 9 ov]com+ ,tiamat or at any rate1 9 snat*+ ! tablets ( fate f ! brea/ ( ,k+u4 ,nippur's god lays claim to be+ ! "o :o e/abli%$ 'ord]' 9 ! univ]se4 ,8 au?ority c\ld only be ?reat5$ if he 7 robb$ ( ! tablets :i* symbolize absolute control ov] ! c\rse ( affairs4 ,zu boldly attempts ?is3 ,8 eyes saw ! m>k ( rul]%ip1 ,! cr[n ( 8#ajgb sov]eignty1 ! g>m5t ( 8#ajgb div9ity4 ,zu saw ! div9e tablets ( fate4 ,he look$ at ! fa!r ( ! gods1 ! god ( ,dur-an-ki1#ajgc ,desire = rul]%ip seizes hold ( 8 he>t4#ajgd ',i w take ! tablets ( ! gods ,& decree ! decisions ( all ! gods4 ,i w e/abli% my ?rone1 ,i w proclaim laws4 ,i w give all ord]s to all ! ,igigi4' ,zu proce$s to ! dwell+-place ( ,en-lil & waits = a favorable mom5t to make an attack4 ,8 he>t 0 b5t on ! conte/4 ,) 8 gaze direct$ t[>d ! entrance ( ! dwell+1#ajge he awaits = ! beg9n+ ( day4 ,z ,en-lil p\r$ =? ! brilliant wat]s1 ,took 8 seat on 8 ?rone & put on 8 cr[n1 ,he#ajgf snat*$ ! tablets ( fate out ( 8 h&s1 ,seiz$ ! au?ority--! promulgation ( laws4 ,!reupon ,zu flew (f & hid himself 9 8 m\nta94 ,on seal cyl9d]s a god is frequ5tly pictur$ p\r+ =? /reams ( wat] f j>s plac$ on 8 %\ld]s4 ,?is is g5]ally ! sun-god1 b ! symbol also seems to belong to o!r deities#ajgg & is appropriate to ,bel ( ,nippur1 :o z ! god ( ! atmosph]e above ! e>?1 controls ! upp] wat]s4 ,z long z ^! are p\r$ out by him1 !y are b5efic5t2 b once beyond 8 control1 ! bless+ ( ra9 is turn$ into ! curse ( a deluge & /orm1 flood+ ! fields & sweep+ away ! habitations ( m54 ,?is mis=tune happ5s :5 ,zu robs ,en-lil ( ! tablets by means ( :i* law & ord] are e/abli%$4 ,en-lil is p[]less4 ,! bold act ( ,zu causes con/]nation among ! gods4 ,anu calls ^u "s "o to pursue ,zu & capture him4 ,! bird dwells 9 an inaccessible recess 9 ! m\nta9s1 & ! gods are afraid to approa* 8 ne/4 ,! sc5e t ensues rem9ds u ( ! episode ( ! creation epic1 :]e ,an%> calls ^u ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea 9 turn to subdue ,tiamat4 ,anu op5s 8 m\? & speaks1 ,address+ ! gods 8 *ildr53 ',:o w =ce ,zu to submit ,& ?us make 8 "n great among ! inhabitants ( ! :ole _w8' ,ramman ! /orm-god p> excell5ce is fir/ call$ ^u by ! assembl$ gods3 ',ramman ! *ief1' !y cri$1 '! son ( ,anu4' ,anu communicat$ to him#ajgh ! ord]4#ajgi ',g1 my son ,ramman1 conqu]or :o yields to no "o1 ,subdue ,zu ) ?y weapon1#ajhj ,t ?y "n be glorifi$ 9 ! assembly ( ! great gods4 ,?\ %all be )\t a rival among ! gods ?y bro!rs4' ,anu fur!rmore promises ,ramman t if he triumphs1 l(ty %r9es w be erect$ 9 8 honor 9 _m cities4 ',temples w be built 9 ?y honor1 ,9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w ?y cities#ajha w be situat$1 ,?y cities#ajhb w rea* up to ,ekur4#ajhc ,%[ ?yself /rong among ! gods1 s t ?y "n be p[]ful4' ,ramman1 h[ev]1 is afraid ( ! conte/4 ,ramman answ]$ ! spee*1 ,address+ 8 fa!r ,anu3 ',my fa!r1 :o c proce$ to ! inaccessible m\nta98 ,:o is !re l ,zu among ! gods1 ?y *ildr58' ,he fur!rmore pleads t ,zu1 :o has ! tablets ( fate 9 8 h&s1 is inv9cible4 ,he has ! p[] to decree ! fates ( ! gods1 & all mu/ b[ to 8 w4 ,at ?is po9t1 un=tunately1 ! text becomes defective4 ,anu calls ^u two o!r gods to take up ! conte/ ) ,zu4 ,! "n ( "o ( ^! is altoge!r lo/2 ! second is call$ ,b>1#ajhd & is designat$ z an (fspr+ ( ,i%t>4 ,bo? ^! deities decl9e1 answ]+ ,anu 9 precisely ! same mann] z ,ramman4 ,:at f9ally happ5s we are left to conjecture4 ,h>p]#ajhe supposes t ,%ama% is f9ally call$ ^u by ,anu & accepts ! *all5ge4 ,he bases ?is op9ion ^u ! passage 9 ! ,dibb>ra leg5d#ajhf :]e ! s]p5t1 appeal+ to ,%ama%1 extols ! sun-god's p[] by decl>+ t ev5 ,zu c\ld n escape ! net ( ,%ama%4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 grave objections to ?is view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! passage 9 "q occurs 9 a defective "p ( ! text1 & ,h>p] himself#ajhg is n c]ta9 ( ! re/oration t he proposes4#ajhh ,secondly1 if ,%ama% conqu]s ,zu1 we %\ld expect ! sun-god to h ! tablets ( fate 9 8 possession4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 & ! only god besides ,en-lil :o is repres5t$ 9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians z hold+ ! tablets is ,m>duk4 ,moreov]1 9 a hymn to ,m>duk1 :i* ,h>p] himself quotes1#ajhi ! bird ,zu is ref]r$ to z among ! evil =ces captur$ by ,m>duk4 ,9 view ( ?is1 !re seems no reason to "q t1 9 ! pres5t =m ( ! ,zu my?1 ,m>duk 0 introduc$ z ! h]o1 precisely z1 9 ! pres5t =m ( ! ,tiamat episode1 ,m>duk successfully c>ries out a de$ f :i* ! o!r gods %r9k 9 fe>4 ,! !ological purport ( ! my? ?us becomes cle>4 ,x is to acc\nt = ! fact t ,m>duk holds ! tablets :i* 7 orig9ally 9 ! h&s ( ,en-lil4 ,m>duk supplants ! old ,bel4 ,9 ! ,tiamat episode 8 "n is sub/itut$ = t ( ,en-lil1 & ! latt] is repres5t$ z giv+ 8 cons5t to ! transf] ( 8 "n to ! god ( ,babylon4 ,9 ! ,zu my?1 ,en-lil's claim to ! supreme control ( ! laws & fate ( ! univ]se is freely ackn[l$g$1 b1 ,en-lil be+ unable to resi/ ! attack ( ,zu1 x 0 left = ,m>duk to capture ! bird & ?us acquire by 8 own ef=ts :at ! old ,bel _h lo/ ?r\gh lack ( /r5g?4 ,babylon replaces ,nippur z ! c5t] ( p[] 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 & ! god ( ,babylon1 naturally1 0 imbu$ by 8 wor%ipp]s ) pr]ogatives t orig9ally belong$ to ! rival god ( ,nippur4#ajij ,if ?is view is correct1 ,h>p]'s int]pretation mu/ be ab&on$4 ,! ,zu my? does n repres5t1 z he supposes1 an attack ^u ,m>duk z ! symbol ( ! e>ly morn+ sun1 b ^u ,en-lil1 ! ,bel ( ,nippur1 z ! "o :o1 by virtue ( hav+ ! tablets ( fate 9 8 possession1 controls ! laws ( ! univ]se & fixes ! fate ( ! gods & ( mank9d4 ,! annual ra9-/orm pass+ app>5tly beyond ! control ( ! gods is view$ z a revolt aga9/ ,en-lil's au?ority4 ,x is left = ,m>duk to ree/abli% ord]1 & 9 return1 he reta9s control ( ! preci\s tablets4 ,t ! conception ( ,m>duk z a sol> deity con/itutes a factor 9 ! my? is n1 ( c\rse1 to be d5i$1 precisely z 9 ! ,tiamat my?1 ! sol> "* ( ,m>duk plays an important "p4 ,! sun triumphs ov] ! /orms4 ,ra9 & w9d are oblig$ at la/ to yield _! au?ority to ! =m]4 ,b = ! !ologians ( ,babylon1 ! position ( ,m>duk z ! head ( ! pan!on 0 a mu* m important factor4 ,! my? s]v$ to %[ h[ ,m>duk came to supplant ! role ( ! old ,bel ( ,nippur4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ! ,zu my? appe>s 9 m s5ses ?an "o z a p5dant to ! ,m>duk-,tiamat episode4 ,n only d bo? symbolize ! same natural ph5om5on1 b 9 bo?1 ,bel ( ,nippur 0 orig9ally ! c5tral figure ( ! pan!on1 & 9 bo? ,m>duk replaces ,bel4 ,! ,zu my? is made to acc\nt 9 a some:at m respectful1 conciliatory mann] = ! position ( ,m>duk z ! head ( ! pan!on4 ,in/ead ( sett+ aside ,en-lil altoge!r1 z 0 done by ! compil]s ( ! ,tiamat my?1 ,m>duk conqu]s = himself ! supremacy t 8 foll[]s claim$ = him4 ,! contradictions betwe5 ! two my?s ne$ n di/urb u4 ,z v>iant v]sions ( a tale int5d$ to acc\nt = "o & ! same fact1--! supremacy ( ,m>duk1--!y may well h aris5 ev5 9 ! same place4 ,su* inconsi/5cies z ! assumption1 9 ! ,zu v]sion ( ! nature my?1 t ,en-lil is ! orig9al e/abli%] ( ord] 9 ! _w1 z aga9/ ! ,tiamat v]sion :]e ,m>duk snat*es ! tablets ( fate directly f ,k+u1 are inevitable :5 /ories t arose among ! p are tak5 9 h& by !ologians & modifi$ & adapt$ to s]ve doctr9es develop$ "u s*ola/ic influ5ces4 ,! ,adapa ,leg5d4 ,! my?s & leg5ds t we h s f> consid]$--includ+ ! creation & ,gilgame% epics--w h illu/rat$ two important po9ts3 fir/ly1 ! mann] 9 :i* hi/orical occurr5ces 7 clo!d 9 my?ical =m & int]wov5 ) purely leg5d>y tales1 &1 secondly1 ! way 9 :i* nature my?s 7 treat$ to tea* c]ta9 doctr9es4 ,! /ory ( ,gilgame% is an illu/ration ( ! hopelessness ( a mortal's attempt to secure ! k9d ( immortal life :i* is ! pr]ogative ( ! gods4 ,popul> tales1 illu/rative ( ! climatic conditions ( ,babylonia1 s]ve z a means ( unfold+ a doctr9e ( evolution & ( impress+ ^u ! p a !ological sy/em ( beliefs reg>d+ ! relation%ip ( ! gods to "o ano!r4 ,a collection ( w>-songs is giv5 a semi-my?ical =m1 & ! orig9al purport ( ! collection is modifi$ to s]ve z a talisman aga9/ mis=tunes4 ,9 ! case ( ^! leg5ds x is necess>y &1 z we h se51 also possible to di/+ui% betwe5 _! orig9al & pres5t =m & to sep>ate ! /ory1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,gilgame% epic1 into its compon5t p>ts4 ,! leg5d t we are ab\t to consid] proves t ?is process ( ! adaptation ( popul> my?s beg9s at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! text 0 f\nd on ! cunei=m tablets discov]$ at ,el-,am>na 9 ,egypt4#ajia ,s9ce ! ,el-,am>na tablets date f ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 we h a pro( ( ! compilation ( ! leg5d 9 "q at ?is date4 ,! leg5d is aga9 sugge/$ by ! /orms :i* visit$ ,babylonia1 b in/ead ( a pure nature-my?1 we h a tale :i* conc]ns ! relation%ip betwe5 ! gods & mank9d4 ,9 its pres5t =m1 x is an object lesson deal+ ) ! same problem t we came across 9 ! ,gilgame% epic & t we w meet aga9 9 ano!r =m1--! problem ( immortality4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! /ory1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,zu my?1 is miss+1 b we are 9 a position to re/ore at lea/ ! g5]al context4 ,a fi%]man1 ,adapa1 is engag$ 9 ply+ 8 trade :5 a /orm arises4 ,adapa is designat$ z ! son ( ,ea4 ,! place :]e he is fi%+ is spok5 ( z '! sea4' ,! ,p]sian ,gulf is meant1 & ?is body ( wat] 7z ! beg9n+ ( ! great ,okeanos7 be+ sacr$ to ,ea1#ajib ! description ( ,adapa z ! son ( ,ea is a way ( convey+ ! idea t1 l ,p>napi%tim1 he /&s "u ! protection ( ,ea4 ,! /ory1 l mo/ leg5ds1 assumes a p]iod ( close int]c\rse betwe5 gods & m51 a "t :5 ! relation%ip involv$ 9 be+ 'a son ( a god' _h a lit]al =ce :i* 0 lo/ to a m advanc$ g5]ation4 ,adapa1 accord+ly1 is portray$ z fi%+ = ! 'h\se ( 8 "l1' i4e41 = ,ea4 ,:5 ! /orm breaks loose ! fi%]man1 ?\gh a mortal1 subdues ! fi]ce elem5t4 ,! /orm comes f ! s\?1 ! direction f :i* ! mo/ de/ructive w9ds came to ,babylonia4 ,! s\? w9d is pictur$1 z 9 ! ,zu my?1 "u ! =m ( a bird4 ,! w9d sweeps ,adapa into ! wat]s1 b1 s9ce ?is elem5t is controll$ by ,adapa's fa!r1--! god ,ea1--,adapa succe$s 9 ma/]+ ! s\? w9d1 &1 z we le>n f ! c\rse ( ! n>rative1 9 break+ ! w+s ( ! /orm-bird4 ,:5 ! tablet becomes intelligible we f9d ,adapa engag$ 9 ?is conte/ ) ! s\? w9d4#ajic ,! s\? w9d blew & drove him#ajid "u ! wat]4 ,into ! dwell+-place#ajie ( ! fi% x engulfs him4 ',o s\? w9d1 ?\ ha/ ov]:elm$ me ) ?y cruelty 7874 ,?y w+s ,i w break4' ,adapa's ?reat is c>ri$ out4 ,ev5 z he spoke ! w+s ( ! s\? w9d 7 brok54 ,= sev5 days ! s\? w9d did n bl[ across ! l&4 ,sev5 is to be int]pret$ z a r\nd numb]1 z 9 ! ,deluge /ory1 & indicates a r long1 ?\gh indef9ite1 p]iod4 ,anu1 ! god ( heav51 is a/oni%$ at ?is long-cont9u$ disappe>ance ( ! s\? w9d1 & asks a mess5g] ( 81 :o is call$ ! god ,ilabrat1 = ! cause4 ,anu inquires3 ,:y has ! s\? w9d n bl[n = sev5 days across ! l&8 ,8 mess5g] ,ilabrat answ]$ him3 ,my "l6 ,adapa1 ! son ( ,ea1 has brok5 ! w+s ( ! s\? w9d4 ,( ?is god ,ilabrat no?+ is kn[n4 ,! int]pretation ( 8 "n is d\btful4#ajif ,he probably is "o ( ! num]\s local gods :o 0 absorb$ by "s m p[]ful "o & :o ?us came to h a position ( inf]ior rank 9 ! pan!on4 ,anu1 ^u he>+ ! news1 is enrag$1 & cries = 'help' aga9/ an int]f]5ce 9 8 doma94 ,he d5\nces ,adapa 9 solemn assembly1 & dem&s 8 pres5ce ( ,ea1 9 ^: doma9 ,adapa has tak5 refuge4 ,! text at ?is po9t is defective1 b "o c ga!r t ,ea1 :o con/itutes himself ,adapa's protector1 w>ns ! latt]1 z he w>n$ ,p>napi%tim4 ,he advises him to pres5t himself at ! ?rone ( ,anu = trial1 & to secure ! int]v5tion ( two gods1 ,tammuz & ,gi%zida1 :o are /ation$ at ! gate ( heav51 ,anu's dwell+-place4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ,adapa is to clo! himself 9 g>m5ts ( m\rn+1 & :5 ! doorkeep]s ask him ! reason = 8 m\rn+1 he is to answ]3 444 ,two gods h disappe>$ f our e>?1 !re=e d ,i appe> ?us4 ,& :5 he is ask$3 ,:o are ! two gods :o h disappe>$ f ! e>?8 ,tammuz & ,gi%zida w look at "o ano!r2 !y w sigh & speak a favorable ^w be=e ,anu1 & ! glori\s c\nt5ance ( ,anu !y w %[ !e4 ,tammuz & ,gi%zida w "k t !y are meant4 ,! m\rn+ ( ,adapa w be reg>d$ z a sign ( rev]5ce = ! two gods1 ^: sympa?y & good-w w ?us be secur$4 ,! introduction ( ,tammuz & ,gi%zida introduces a widely spread nature-my? into ! /ory4 ,gi%zida is id5tical ) ,n9-gi%zida1 a sol> deity :om we came across 9 ! old ,babylonian pan!on4#ajig ,tammuz simil>ly is a sol> deity4 ,bo? repres5t local sol> cults4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ,n9-gi%zida is entirely absorb$ by ,n9ib1 b ! ,adapa leg5d af=ds u a glimpse ( ! god /ill occupy+ an indep5d5t1 ?\gh already inf]ior1 position4 ,! ,babylonian cal5d>#ajih designates ! fif? mon? z sacr$ to ,gi%zida1 :ile ! f\r? mon? is nam$ = ,tammuz4 ,! two deities1 !re=e1 take _! place 9 ! sy/ematiz$ pan!on z symbolical ( ! phases ( ! sun peculi> to its approa* to ! summ] sol/ice4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! two gods signifies ! decl9e ( ! ye> aft] ! summ] sol/ice4 ,( ,tammuz1 ! popul> my? relat$ t x 0 ,i%t>1#ajii repres5t$ z 8 consort1 :o c>ri$ him (f4 ,s9ce ! disappe>ance ( ,gi%zida embodies precisely ! same idea z t ( ,tammuz1 x 0 natural t ! /ory %\ld 9 "t h be5 told only ( ! "o4 ,! annual m\rn+ = ,tammuz 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ,babylonia to a v late p]iod4 ,! ,adapa leg5d %[s u t at "o "t ! fe/ival 0 celebrat$ 9 honor ( ! two relat$ deities4 ,! ,tammuz fe/ival 0 celebrat$ j be=e ! summ] sol/ice set 91 s t ! m\rn+ 0 foll[$ imm$iately by rejoic+ at ! reappe>ance ( ! god ^: com+ h]ald$ ! culm9ation ( vegetation4 ,! de/ructive /orms take place dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 ,tammuz & ,gi%zida h disappe>$4 ,adapa's m\rn+ is ?us an indication ( ! season ( ! ye> :5 8 enc\nt] ) ! s\? w9d took place4 ,s9ce ,adapa succe$s 9 ov]com+ ! de/ructive w9d1 ! w9try season has pass$ by4 ,summ] is approa*+4 ,! "t = celebrat+ bo? ! fa/ & ! fe/ival ( ! two sol> deities has arriv$4 ,tammuz & ,gi%zida1 ! gods ( spr+1 accord+ly /& at ,adapa's side1 ready to plead 8 cause be=e ,anu4 ,s mu* be+ cle>1 we may advance a /ep fur!r 9 ! int]pretation ( ! leg5d4 ,by ! side ( ,tammuz & ,gi%zida1 !re is /ill a ?ird sol> deity :o belongs to ! spr+ ( ! ye>1--,m>duk1 :o1 by virtue ( 8 lat] position z ! head ( ! pan!on1 sets aside 8 two fell[s & becomes ! sol> god ( spr+ p> excell5ce4 ,m>duk1 x w be recall$1 is commonly designat$ z ! son ( ,ea1#aajj & we h se5 t1 ap>t f political consid]ations1 ! sun ris+ out ( ! ocean--! doma9 ( ,ea--0 a factor 9 ?is association4 ,adapa dwells at ! sea1 & is =c$ into ! ocean by ! s\? w9d1 9 ! same way t ! sun dips into ! great ',okeanos' e ev5+4 ,! id5tification ( ,adapa ) ,m>duk#aaja ?us becomes app>5t1 & z a matt] ( fact ! ,babylonian scribes ( lat] times#aajb accept$ ?is id5tification4 ,! basis ( ! ,adapa leg5d is1 !re=e1 ! nature-my? ( ! annual fight ( ! sun ) ! viol5t elem5ts ( nature4 ,at ! same "t1 o!r ideas h be5 introduc$ into x1 & ,adapa himself1 :ile play+ ! role ( ,m>duk1 is yet n entirely conf\nd$ ) ?is god4 ,8 "n is nev] writt5 ) ! det]m9ative = deity4 ,moreov]1 ! nature-my? is soon lo/ sight (1 9 ord] to make room = an entirely diff]5t ord] ( ideas4 ,! real purport ( ! leg5d 9 its pres5t =m is =e%ad[$ by ! fur!r advice t ,ea (f]s to ,adapa3 ,:5 ?\ come/ be=e ,anu !y w (f] !e food ( dea?4 ,d n eat4 ,!y w (f] !e wat]s ( dea?4 ,d n dr9k4 ,!y w (f] !e a g>m5t4 ,put x on4 ,!y w (f] !e oil4 ,ano9t ?yself4 ,! ord] t ,i give !e d n neglect4 ,! ^w t ,i speak to !e take to he>t4 ,! mess5g] ( ,anu approa*$4#aajc ',adapa has brok5 ! w+s ( ! s\? w9d4 ,deliv] him into my h&s4444' ,ea obeys ! ord]1 deliv]s up ,adapa1 & ev]y?+ happ5s z 0 =etold4 ,^u m\nt+ to heav5 & on 8 approa* to ! gate ( ,anu1 ,tammuz & ,gi%zida 7 /ation$ at ! gate ( ,anu4 ,!y saw ,adapa & cri$ ',help1#aajd ,"l6 ,:y art ?\ ?us attir$8 ,= :om ha/ ?\ put on m\rn+8'#aaje ,adapa replies3 ',two gods h disappe>$ f ! e>?1 !re=e d ,i we> a m\rn+ g>m5t4' ',:o are ! two gods :o h disappe>$ f ! e>?8' ,tammuz & ,gi%zida look$ at "o ano!r1 broke out 9 lam5t4 ',o ,adapa6 ,/ep be=e ,k+ ,anu4' ,z he approa*$1 ,anu saw him & cri$ out to him3 ',come1 ,adapa1 :y ha/ ?\ brok5 ! w+s ( ! s\? w9d8' ,adapa answ]$ ,anu3 ',my "l6 ,= ! h\se ( my "l#aajf ,i 0 fi%+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea4 ,! wat]s lay /ill ar\nd me1 :5 ! s\? w9d began to bl[ & =c$ me und]nea?4 ,into ! dwell+ ( ! fi% x drove me4 ,9 ! ang] ( my he>t ,i broke ! w+s ( ! s\? w9d4' ,tammuz & ,gi%zida !reupon int]c$e ) ,anu on behalf ( ,adapa1 & succe$ 9 appeas+ ! god's wra?4 ,if ! /ory end$ "h1 we w\ld h a pure nature-my?--! same my? 9 a diff]5t =m t we enc\nt]$ 9 ! ,creation epic1 9 ! ,deluge /ory1 & 9 ! ,zu leg5d4 ,adapa w\ld be m]ely a designation ( ,m>duk & no?+ m4 ,! sun triumphs ov] ! /orms1 & ! only objectionable feature 9 ! tale--to a ,babylonian--w\ld be ! degradation involv$ 9 oblig+ ,m>duk to secure ! int]cession ( o!r gods4 ,b ?is feature ( itself sugge/s t ! nature-my? has be5 embodi$ 9 ! leg5d1 b does n con/itute ! :ole ( x4 ,a second elem5t & "o entirely indep5d5t 9 its "* has be5 add$ to ! my?4 ,anu is appeas$1 b he is a/oni%$ at ,ea's patronage ( ,adapa1 z a result ( :i* a mortal has actually appe>$ 9 a place set aside = ! gods4 ,:y did ,ea p]mit an impure mortal to see ! int]ior ( heav5 & e>?8 ,he made him great & gave him fame4#aajg ,! privilege accord$ to ,adapa appe>s to al>m ! gods4 ,z among ! ,greeks & o!r nations1 s also ! ,babylonian deities 7 n free f jeal\sy at ! p[] & a*ievem5ts ( humanity4 ,adapa1 hav+ view$ ! secrets ( heav5 & e>?1 !re 0 no?+ left = ! gods b to admit him into _! circle4 ,! n>rative accord+ly cont9ues3 ',n[ :at %all we grant him8 ,(f] him food ( life1 t he may eat ( x4' ,!y br\ght x to him1 b he did n eat4 ,wat]s ( life !y br\ght him1 b he did n dr9k4 ,a g>m5t !y br\ght him4 ,he put x on4 ,oil !y br\ght him4 ,he ano9t$ himself4 ,adapa foll[s ! in/ructions ( ,ea1 b ! latt]1 x w be recall$1 tells ,adapa t food & wat] ( dea? w be (f]$ him4 ,x is ,ea1 !re=e1 :o1 al?\gh ! god ( humanity1 & :o1 moreov]1 accord+ to ! tradition involv$ 9 ! ,adapa leg5d1 is ! creator ( mank9d1 :o prev5ts 8 creatures f ga9+ immortality4 ,! situation is v mu* ! same t we f9d 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :5 ,god1 :o creates man1 takes precautions le/ mortals eat ( ! tree ( life & 'live =ev]4' ,! problem pres5t$ by ! ,hebrew & ,babylonian /ories is ! same3 :y %\ld n man1 :o is desc5d$ f ! gods1 :o is creat$ 9 ! lik5ess ( a god1 :o by virtue ( 8 intellect c pe] into ! secrets ( heav5 & e>?1 :o /&s sup]ior to ! re/ ( creation1 :o1 to use ! psalmi/'s figure1 is only 'a scale l[] ?an god1' :y %\ld he n be l ! gods & live =ev]8 ,! ,hebrew leg5d solves ! problem 9 a frank] way ?an does ! ,babylonian4 ,god1 :ile z anxi\s z ,ea to keep man f eat+ ( ! tree ( life1 cautions ,adam aga9/ ! act1 :]eas ,ea practises a deception 9 ord] to prev5t man f eat+4 ,t 9 bo? tales et]nal life is conta9$ 9 food po9ts aga9 7z we h f\nd to be ! case ) ! ,biblical n>ratives ( ,creation & ( ! ,deluge7 to a common s\rce = ! two traditions4 ,simil>ly ! phrase 'wat]s ( life' is a figure ( spee* ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,biblical lit]ature 9 bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,x is no argum5t aga9/ a common s\rce = ! ,hebrew & ,babylonian /ories expla9+ h[ man came to =ego immortality1 t ! wat]s ( life %\ld be f\nd 9 ! "o & n 9 ! o!r4 ,if we assume ) ,gunkel#aajh t ! /ories embodi$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 7 long curr5t among ! ,hebrews be=e !y 7 giv5 a p]man5t =m1 ! adaptation ( old traditions to an entirely new ord] ( beliefs involves a ca/+ aside ( features t c\ld n be us$ & a disc>d+ ( su* z seem$ sup]flu\s4 ,! /rik+ dep>tures 9 ! case ( ! ,hebrew leg5ds f _! ,babylonian c\nt]p>ts are z full ( significance z ! /rik+ agreem5ts betwe5 ! two4 ,! dep>tures & agreem5ts mu/ bo? be acc\nt$ =4 ,= bo? !re are reasons4 ,s1 to emphasize only "o po9t1 9 a mono!i/ic solution ( ! problem "u consid]ation1 !re 0 no place = any conflict among ! gods4 ,9 ,g5esis ,god simply wills t man %\ld n eat ( ! tree ( life4 ,9 ! ,adapa leg5d ! gods1 includ+ ,anu1 are will+ to grant a mortal ! food & wat] ( life1 simply because !y believe t ,ea1 ! creator ( man1 wi%es him to h x4 ,accord+ly1 ,anu & 8 associates are repres5t$ at ! close ( ! leg5d z be+ griev$ t ,adapa %\ld h =egone ! privilege4 ,anu look$ at him#aaji & lam5t$ ov] him4 ',come1 ,adapa1 :y did/ ?\ n eat & n dr9k8 ,n[ ?\ can/ n live4' ,adapa replies1 unconsci\s ( ! deception practis$ on him3 ',ea1 my "l1 comm&$ me n to eat & n to dr9k4' ,adapa returns to ! e>?4 ,:at 8 subsequ5t fate is we d n "k1 = ! tablet "h comes to an end4 ,x is possible t he le>ns :at ,ea has done1 & t ! god gives him ! reason = ! deception practis$4 ,a sc5e ( ?is k9d c\ld n f9d a place 9 ! ,hebrew v]sion t emphasizes ! supreme au?ority ( a p[] besides :om none o!r 0 recogniz$4 ,god acts alone4 ,adam1 x w be recall$1 aft] eat+ ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( k1 makes a g>m5t = himself4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re is a close connection betwe5 ?is tradition & ! feature 9 ! ,adapa leg5d1 :]e ,adapa1 :o has be5 %[n ! 'secrets ( heav5 & e>?1'--t is1 has acquir$ k1--is comm&$ by ,ea to put on ! g>m5t t is (f]$ him4 ,! ano9t+ oneself ) oil1 ?\gh an ess5tial "p ( ! toilet 9 ! anci5t & mod]n ,ori5t1 0 disc>d$ 9 ! ,hebrew tale z a sup]flu\s feature4 ,! idea convey$ by ! use ( oil 0 ! same z ! "o indicat$ 9 clo?+ "o's nak$ness4 ,bo? are symbols ( civilization :i* man is p]mitt$ to atta91 b 8 developm5t /ops !re4 ,he _c secure et]nal life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 comp>+ ! ,hebrew & ,babylonian v]sions ( ! problem ( k & immortality1 "o _c help be+ /ruck by ! pessimi/ic tone ( ! =m] z aga9/ ! m consolatory _s ( ! latt]4 ,god does n want man to atta9 ev5 k4#aaaj ,he secures x 9 disob$i5ce to ! div9e w1 :]eas ,ea will+ly grants him ! k ( all !re is 9 heav5 & e>?4 ,9 ?is way ! ,hebrew & ,babylonian m9d1 ea* develop$ ! common tradition 9 its own way4 ,leav+ ! comp>ison aside & com+ back = a mom5t to ! ,adapa /ory1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t z we h two tales1 bo? int5d$ to expla9 ! position ( ,m>duk at ! head ( ! pan!on1 ! "o by mak+ him ! conqu]or ( ,tiamat & =c+ f ,k+u ! tablets ( fate1 ! o!r by repres5t+ him z recov]+ f ,zu ! tablets :i* ,en-lil1 :o orig9ally held !m1 c\ld n protect aga9/ ! /orm-bird1 s we h two solutions (f]$ = ! problem ( immortality4 ,! "o 9 ! ,gilgame% epic1 :]e ! h]o is told ( ! plant ( life1 succe$s 9 f9d+ x1 b z he is ab\t to eat ! 'food' loses 8 grasp ^u x4 ,! ex]tions ( man are 9 va94 ,true1 !re is ,p>napi%tim1 a mortal :o ) 8 wife has obta9$ immortal life4 ,he is ! exception t proves ! rule4 ,moreov]1 x is ,bel1 & n ,ea1 :o places ,p>napi%tim 'at ! conflu5ce ( /reams1' !re to live =ev]1 & ,bel does ?is z a pro( ( 8 pacification1 a k9d ( indemnity (f]$ to ,ea = hav+ de/roy$ ! (fspr+ ( ! god ( humanity4 ,! ,adapa leg5d attacks ! problem m s]i\sly4 ,ea1 ! same god :o has creat$ man1 end[$ him ) wisdom1 be/[$ all mann] ( b5efits ^u him1 ,ea1 :o protects humanity aga9/ ,anu1 aga9/ ,bel1 & o!r gods1 ,ea himself deceives man4 ,evid5tly ! lesson t ! ,babylonian !ologians int5d$ to tea* ?r\gh ! ,adapa leg5d 01 t x 0 n good = man to 'live =ev]4' ,ea himself prev5ts x4 ,t is ! po9t ( ! /ory4 ,anu & ! o!r gods are satisfi$1 b ,ea does n desire x1 & ,ea's decision _c be to ! disadvantage ( mank9d1 s de>ly belov$ by him4 ,) ?is conclusion humanity mu/ be cont5t--& be resign$ to ! inevitable4 ,( ! v>i\s leg5ds t we h be5 consid]+1 ! /ory ( ,adapa is p]haps ! mo/ significant1 & none ! less s = ! mann] 9 :i* a philosophical problem has be5 graft$ on to a nature-my?4 ,adapa is made to play ! role ( ,m>duk1 & x is no?+ %ort ( rem>kable t at s e>ly a p]iod z ! "o to :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! /ory c be trac$ back1 a nature-my? %\ld h be5 div]t$ f its orig9al purpose & adapt$ to ! end t ! ,adapa /ory s]ves 9 its pres5t =m4 ,! process involv$ 9 ?is adaptation is a complicat$ "o4 ,! /ory s]ves z an evid5ce ( ! intellectual activity display$ 9 ! s*ools ( !ological ?\ght t mu/ h fl\ri%$ = _m c5turies be=e a /ory l t ( ,adapa c\ld h be5 produc$ out ( a nature-my?4 ,h>dly less rem>kable is x t ! !ologians & scribes ( lat] times no long] und]/ood ! /ory1 = o!rwise !y w\ld n h id5tifi$ ,adapa ) ,m>duk ?r\gh ! sup]ficial circum/ance t he is introduc$ into ! /ory in/ead ( ,m>duk1 or "s o!r sol> deity alli$ to ,m>duk4 ,! ,adapa leg5d takes u back to ! beg9n+ ( man's c>e]--to ! "t :51 z 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 man /ood clos] to ! gods ?an at a lat] "t1 ! "t :5 !re 0 a con/ant int]c\rse betwe5 man & ! gods1 & m especially betwe5 man & 8 protector1 ,ea4 ,! /ory =ms "p ( a /ock ( traditions ( :i* we h ano!r specim5 9 ! ,eabani-,ukhat episode1 incorporat$ 9 ! ,gilgame% epic4#aaaa ,no d\bt :5 ! treasures /ill exi/+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %all h be5 ?or\ghly exam9$ & z additional rema9s ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians w be br\ght to light1 we w f9d fur!r traces ( ^! e>ly traditions z well z ( o!r my?s4 ,^? t we h discuss$ 9 ?is & 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s illu/rate ! sy/em adopt$ by ! prie/s 9 elaborat+ ^! traditions & my?s & 9 adapt+ !m to s]ve z illu/rations ( c]ta9 doctr9es & beliefs4 ,we may also feel tol]ably confid5t t ! religi\s ideas convey$ ?r\gh ^! v>i\s epics & leg5ds & my?s fairly repres5t bo? ! popul> & ! advanc$ ?\ght1 z x unfold$ itself 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,by ! aid ( ^! specim5s ( ! religi\s lit]ature1 we h be5 enabl$ to analyze ! views ( ! ,babylonians reg>d+ ! creation ( ! _w1 its /ructure1 & gov]nm5t4 ,we h obta9$ an insight into ! problems ( life & dea? :i* engag$ ! ,babylonian ?9k]s1 & we h not$ "s ( ! solutions (f]$ = ^! problems4 ,9 a consid]ation ( ! views held by ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians ( ! life aft] dea?1 to :i* we n[ turn1 x w aga9 be a specim5 ( ! religi\s lit]ature t w s]ve z our ma9 guide4 ,,footnotes3 #ajaa ,"s ( ^! 7 already indicat$ 7b only indicat$7 by ,george ,smi? 9 8 ,*aldaeis*e ,g5esis 7,g]man translation71 pp4 #acf-adb4 ,x is ! m]it ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,h>p] to h prep>$ an excell5t publication ( ! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ,smi?'s "w1 pp4 #ajc-abj1 "u ! title ,die ,babylonis*5 ,leg5d5 von ,etana1 ,zu1 ,adapa und ,dibb>ra 7,delitzs* & ,haupt's ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 ii4 #cij-eba74 ,additional mat]ial is furni%$ by two publications ( m9e3 7a7 a monograph1 ,a ,fragm5t ( ! ,dibb>ra ,epic 7,bo/on1 #ahia71 & 7b7 ,a ,new ,fragm5t ( ! ,babylonian ,etana ,leg5d 7,delitzs* & ,haupt's ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 iii4 #cfc-cha74 ,see also ,fri$ri* ,j]emias 9 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye's ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te 7#bnd edition71 i4 #bah-bba4 #ajab ,see above1 p4 #eaa4 #ajac ,see my rem>ks 9 ,delitzs* & ,haupt's ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 iii4 #cgf4 #ajad ,i ,k+s1 v4 #aa4 #ajae ,h>p] 9 ,delitzs* & ,haupt's ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 ii4 #cia-djh4 #ajaf ,ib4 pp4 #dje seq4 #ajag ,lit41 '! ,inquir]s1' a designation ( ! prie/s 9 _! capacity ( oracle-seek]s4 #ajah ,! matt] is n c]ta9 because ( ! sad condition ( ! fragm5ts4 #ajai ,k4 #bfjf1 ,h>p]1 ib4 pp4 #cii1 #djj4 #ajbj ,only a "p ( ! "n1 ,i-si1 is pres]v$4 #ajba ,see pp4 #ajh1 #afc4 #ajbb ,i4e41 an army's m>* ( two h\rs4 #ajbc ,! dwell+ ( ,ea4 ,see ,meissn]1 ,alex&] & ,gilgamos1 p4 #ag4 #ajbd ,i4e41 /ill small]4 #ajbe ,see above1 p4 #deh4 #ajbf ,see p4 #dfj4 #ajbg ,see p4 #eaa4 #ajbh ,h>p]1 ib44 p4 #djd1 note4 #ajbi ,see ,h>p]1 ib44 pp4 #djf1 #djg4 #ajcj ,see above1 p4 #dfi4 #ajca ,h>p]1 pp4 #cib-cid4 #ajcb ,i4e41 "o _c escape f ,%ama%1 s9ce he trav]ses all space4 #ajcc ,a p]sonification ( ! /orm4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #ecg seq4 ,! l9e is v obscure ow+ to ! break 9 ! tablet4 #ajcd ,s ,h>p]1 b see pp4 #eda1 #edb4 #ajce ,i4e41 he w dig 8 beak into ! juicy "p ( ! meat4 #ajcf ,( ! c>cass4 #ajcg ,z %[n by ! colophon ( ,k4 #bfjf1 & also by ! fact t ,k4 #aedg1 :i* conta9s on ! obv]se ! tale1 conta9s on ! rev]se ,etana's pray] to ,%ama%4 #ajch ,de la ,saussaye's ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te 7#bnd edition71 i4 #bah4 #ajci ,see above1 p4 #aie4 #ajdj ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,s>d9ia1 ,pho5icia1 ,judea1 ,syria1 & ,asia ,m9or1 ii4 #agf4 #ajda ,p9*es1 ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,cyl9d]s1 etc41 ( ,sir ,h5ry ,peak1 no4 #ah4 ,cf4 ,h>p]1 ib4 p4 #djh4 #ajdb ,a lexicographical tablet1 ,,iir4 #ef1 col4 iii4 #bb-ce1 m5tions f\r dogs ( ,m>duk4 #ajdc ,see p4 #bcb4 #ajdd ,see ,h>p]1 ib4 p4 #dbf4 #ajde ,! ra is ei!r a phonetic complem5t to ! ideograph or is p]haps add$ to sugge/ to ! read] ! id5tification ) ,gir-ra4 #ajdf ,namely1 ! connection ) ,hebrew deb]1 'pe/il5ce4' ,cf4 ,h>p]1 ib4 p4 #dbf4 #ajdg ,babylon4 #ajdh ,text obscure4 ,%>p5 badly seems to be ! idiomatic phrase us$4 #ajdi ,see above1 p4 #aed4 #ajej ,see p4 #dge4 #ajea ,a sol> deity4 ,see p4 #ii4 #ajeb ,i%um4 #ajec ,see above1 p4 #eja4 #ajed ,i4e41 sev54 ,a collective p]sonification ( ! sev5 evil spirits4 #ajee ,i%um4 #ajef ,,iir4 #ea1 #ai;c & #d;a4 ,kha%ur is also us$ z a "n = ! c$>4 ,see ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #bie;a4 #ajeg ,! "o publi%$ by ! writ]4 #ajeh ,hammurabi is ! conqu]or ( ,pale/9e m5tion$ 9 ,g54 xlv4 "u ! "n ,amraphel4 ,see1 e4g41 ,hommel1 ,altisraelitis*e ,ueb]lief]ung1 p4 #ajf4 #ajei ,num4 xxi4 #ad4 ,! 'song ( ,deborah' 7,judges1 v47 belongs to ?is collection4 ,= fur!r specim5s ( ,babylonian w>-songs1 see ,hommel1 ib4 pp4 #ahj-aij1--;all deal+ ) ! memorable ,hammurabi p]iod4 #ajfj ,k4 #abhb1 ,h>p]1 ib41 pp4 #dcb seq41 & ,k+'s fragm5t1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 xl4 #fj1 #fa4 #ajfa ,! gods ( vegetation are m5tion$4 #ajfb ,i4e41 give wisdom to ! "o :o honors me4 #ajfc ,text ',dibb>ra4' #ajfd ,see above1 p4 #aad4 #ajfe ,z ,mr4 ,k+ has %[n 7,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 xi4 #ec74 ,see above1 p4 #bfi4 #ajff ,deut4 vi4 #i4 #ajfg ,see p4 #dhc4 #ajfh ,see p4 #bfc4 #ajfi ,see p4 #ebe4 #ajgj ,see p4 #dbj1 #dbh4 #ajga ,see pp4 #dci seq4 #ajgb ,i4e41 ,en-lil's4 #ajgc ,i4e41 '! bond ( heav5 & e>?1' ! "n probably ( a temple-t[] 9 ,nippur1 sacr$ to ,en-lil4 #ajgd ,zu's he>t4 ,^! two l9es are repeat$4 #ajge ,! ^w ,kissu applies m especially to ! dwell+ places ( ! gods4 ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #cdi;b4 #ajgf ,zu4 #ajgg ,see e4g41 ,w>d1 ,seal ,cyl9d]s ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 p4 #ab4 #ajgh ,ramman4 #ajgi ,^! two l9es are repeat$4 #ajhj ,! ?und]bolt4 #ajha ,cities sacr$ to !e4 #ajhb ,i4e41 ! sacr$ edifices 9 ^! cities4 #ajhc ,! l(ty dwell+ ( ! gods is "h meant4 ,see *apt] xxvii4 #ajhd ,ideographic read+--! ideograph signifies '%r9e4' ,! v]bal /em b>>u means 'to %9e4' #ajhe ,see p4 #dad4 #ajhf ,see p4 #ebe4 #ajhg ,see p4 #djj4 #ajhh ,x is q possible t ! l9e 9 "q decl>es t ,zu is 9 collusion ) ! eagle1 aga9/ :om ! s]p5t seeks ! assi/ance ( ,%ama%4 #ajhi ,see p4 #dag4 #ajij ,x is h>dly possible t ! illu/ration on seal cyl9d]s m5tion$ by ,w>d1 ib4 pp4 #ac1 #ad1 repres5ts ! ,zu bird br\ght be=e a deity = puni%m5t2 & c]ta9ly n be=e ,%ama%1 :o only ent]s into ! /ory 9 s f> z ,m>duk is a sol> deity4 #ajia ,publi%$ by ,w9ckl] & ,abel1 ,d] ,?ontafelfund von ,el-,am>na1 iii4 #aff;a1 b2 translat$ also by ,h>p]1 ib4 pp4 #dbj1 #dba4 #ajib ,see above1 p4 #fc4 #ajic ,my r5d]+ is giv5 9 cont9u\s l9es4 ,! leg5d is 9 n>rative1 n 9 poetic =m4 #ajid ,adapa4 #ajie ,lit41 'h\se4' #ajif ,nei!r ,delitzs*'s sugge/ion 'god ( dwell+s' nor ,h>p]'s 'god ?\ art /rong' is acceptable4 #ajig ,see p4 #ii4 #ajih ,see p4 #dfb4 #ajii ,see ! foll[+ *apt]4 #aajj ,see pp4 #aci seq4 #aaja ,fir/ sugge/$ by ,zimm]n4 #aajb ,( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,see ,h>p]1 ib4 p4 #dbd4 #aajc ,to ,ea4 #aajd ,anu1 x w be recall$1 utt]s ! same cry4 ,see p4 #edf4 #aaje ,ref]r+ to 8 g>m5ts ( m\rn+4 #aajf ,i4e41 ,ea4 #aajg ,i foll[ ,zimm]n's r5dition ( ! l9e4 #aajh ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 pp4 #afh seq4 #aaji ,adapa4 #aaaj ,! phrase 'k ( good & evil' 7,g54 ii4 #ag7 is simply an expression equival5t to our 'ev]y?+1' or to ! ,babylonian 'secrets ( heav5 & e>?4' #aaaa ,see pp4 #dgf seq4 ,sayce has ev5 gone s f> z to sugge/ an id5tification ( ,adapa 7by read+ ,adawa7 ) ! ,biblical ,adam1 b ?is conjecture is unt5able4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,views ,,( ,,life ,,aft] ,,dea?4 ,! problem ( immortality1 we h se51 engag$ ! s]i\s att5tion ( ! ,babylonian !ologians4 ,:ile ! solutions !y _h to (f] c\ld h>dly h be5 satisfactory ei!r to !mselves or to ! masses1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! d5ial ( immortality to man involv$ ! total ext9ction ( consci\s vitality4 ,nei!r ! p nor ! lead]s ( religi\s ?\ght ev] fac$ ! possibility ( ! total annihilation ( :at once 0 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,dea? 0 a passage to ano!r k9d ( life1 & ! d5ial ( immortality m]ely emphasiz$ ! impossibility ( escap+ ! *ange 9 exi/5ce br\ght ab\t by dea?4 ,! gods alone d n pass f "o phase ( exi/5ce to ! o!r4 ,dea? 0 my/]i\s1 b n m my/]i\s ?an life4 ,! ,babylonian religion does n transc5d ! /age ( belief1 *>act]i/ic ( primitive culture ev]y:]e1 :i* _c conceive ( ! possibility ( life com+ to an absolute end4 ,life ( "s k9d & 9 "s =m 0 always presuppos$4 ,s f> z man 0 conc]n$1 creat$ by "s god1--,bel1 ,ea1 ,aruru1 or ,i%t>1 accord+ to ! v>i\s traditions t 7 curr5t1#aaab--no div9e fiat c\ld wipe out :at 0 end[$ ) life & ! p[] ( reproduction4 ,no d\bt1 ! impossibility = ! individual to conceive ( himself z =ev] depriv$ ( consci\sness1 0 at ! bottom ( ! primitive !ory ( ! p]petuity ( exi/5ce 9 "s =m4 ,among anci5t religions1 ,buddhism alone frees itself f ?is !ory & unfolds a bold doctr9e ( ! possibility ( a complete annihilation4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! cont9uity ( exi/5ce 0 a bless+ or a curse 0 rais$ by _m anci5t nations4 ,! ,babylonians are among ^! :o are incl9$ to take a gloomy view ( ! passage f ?is _w to ! exi/5ce 9 /ore = humanity aft] dea?1 & ! religi\s lead]s 7 ei!r p[]less or dis9cl9$ to controv]t ?is view4 ,location & ,names ( ! ,ga!r+ ,place ( ! ,dead4 ,we h already _h occasion#aaac to ref] to ! great cave und]nea? ! e>? 9 :i* ! dead 7 suppos$ to dwell1 & s9ce ! e>? itself 0 reg>d$ z a m\nta91 ! cave is pictur$ z a holl[ )91 or r und]nea?1 a m\nta94 ,a conception ( ?is k9d mu/ h aris5 among a p t 0 once famili> ) a m\nta9\s di/rict4 ,! settl]s ( ! ,euphrates ,valley br\ght ! belief ) !m f an e>li] m\nta9 home4 ,! cave1 moreov]1 po9ts to cave-dwell+ & to cave-burial z conditions t prevail$ at "o "t among ! populace1 precisely z ! imitation ( ! m\nta9 ) its caves 9 ! case ( ! ,egyptian pyramids1 is due to simil> influ5ces4 ,to ?is cave v>i\s names are assign$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians1--"s ( popul> orig91 o!rs reflect+ s*ola/ic views4 ,! mo/ common "n is ,aralu4#aaad ,we also f9d ! t]m 'h\se ( ,aralu4'#aaae ,! etymology ( ! t]m is obscure4 ,aralu 0 pictur$ z a va/ place1 d>k & gloomy4 ,x is sometimes call$ a l&1 sometimes a great h\se4 ,! approa* to x 0 difficult4 ,x lay 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! m\nta9 t repres5t$ ! e>?1 n f> f ! holl[ und]nea? ! m\nta9 into :i* ! ',apsu' fl[$4 ,surr\nd$ by sev5 walls & /rongly gu>d$1 x 0 a place to :i* no liv+ p]son c\ld g & f :i* no mortal c\ld ev] dep>t aft] once ent]+ x4 ,to ,aralu all w5t ^: exi/5ce 9 ?is _w _h come to an end4 ,ano!r "n :i* specifies ! relation%ip ( ,aralu to ! _w is ,ekur or 'm\nta9 h\se' ( ! dead4 ,ekur is "o ( ! names = ! e>?1#aaaf b is appli$ m p>ticul>ly to t "p ( ! m\nta91 also kn[n z ,kh>sag#aaag-kurkura1 i4e41 '! m\nta9 ( all l&s' :]e ! gods 7 born4 ,be=e ! lat] speculative view 0 develop$1 accord+ to :i* ! gods1 or mo/ ( !m1 h _! seats 9 heav51#aaah x 0 on ?is m\nta9 also t ! gods 7 suppos$ to dwell4 ,h5ce ,ekur became also "o ( ! names = temple1#aaai z ! seat ( a god4 ,! dwell+ ( ! dead 0 reg>d$ z a "p ( ! 'great m\nta94' ,x belong$ to ,ekur1 & ! fact t x 0 designat$ simply z ,ekur1#aabj is a valuable indication t ! dead 7 br\ght into close association ) ! gods4 ,?is association is also indicat$ by ! lat] use ( ,aralu z ! designation ( ! m\nta9 )9 :i* ! di/rict ( ! dead1 ,aralu prop]1 lay#aaba--synonym\s1 !re=e1 ) ,ekur4 ,we %all see 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt] t ! dead are plac$ ev5 m ?an ! liv+ "u ! direct sup]vision ( ! gods4 ,a ?ird "n = ! ne!r _w :i* conveys an important addition to ! views held reg>d+ ! dead1 0 ,%ualu4 ,j5s51 x is true1 foll[+ ,b]t91 que/ions ! exi/5ce ( ?is t]m 9 ,babylonian1#aabb b "o does n see h[ ! evid5ce ( ! passages 9 ! lexicographical tablets c be set aside 9 ! way t he proposes4 ,zimm]n#aabc does n appe> to be conv9c$ by ,j5s5's argum5ts & reg>ds ! "q z an op5 "o4 ,j5s5's me?od ( dispos+ ( ,%ualu1 besides be+ op5 to s]i\s objections1 fails to acc\nt = ! fact t ,%ualu is br\ght into association ) v>i\s ,babylonian t]ms & ideographs = ! grave4#aabd ,?is _c be accid5tal4 ,t ! t]m has hi!rto be5 f\nd only 9 lexicographical tablets ne$ n surprise u4 ,aralu1 too1 is ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ! religi\s texts4 ,! prie/s appe> to avoid ! names = ! ne!r _w1 :i* 7 ( ill om51 & pref]r$ to describe ! place by "s epi!t1 z 'l& )\t return1' or 'd>k dwell+1' or 'great city1' & ! l4 ,( su* descriptive t]ms we h a l>ge numb]4#aabe ,! /em und]ly+ ,%ualu signifies 'to ask4' ,%ualu is a place ( inquiry1#aabf & ! inquiry meant is ( ! nature ( a religi\s oracle4 ,! "n1 accord+ly1 is an indication ( ! p[] accord$ to ! dead1 to aid ! liv+ by furni%+ !m ) answ]s to que/ions1 j z ! gods furni% oracles ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! prie/s4#aabg ,! ,old ,te/am5t supplies u ) an admirable illu/ration ( ! me?od ( obta9+ oracles ?r\gh ! dead4 ,saul1 :5 he desires to "k :at ! outcome ( a battle is to be1 seeks out a sorc]ess1 & ?r\gh h] calls up ! dead ,samuel#aabh & puts ! "q to him4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,gilgame% epic1 ! h]o1 ) ! aid ( ,n]gal1 obta9s a sight ( ,eabani#aabi & plies him ) que/ions4 ,! belief1 !re=e1 9 ?is p[] ( ! dead 0 common to ,babylonians & ,hebrews1 &1 no d\bt1 0 %>$ by o!r bran*es ( ! ,semites4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to f9d ! ,babylonian t]m ,%ualu p>allel$ by ! ,hebrew ,%eol1 :i* is ! common designation 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = ! dwell+-place ( ! dead4#aacj ,h[ widespread ! cu/om 0 among ,babylonians ( inquir+ '?r\gh ! liv+ ( ! dead'#aaca x is difficult1 9 default ( satisfactory evid5ce1 to say4 ,! gr[+ p[] ( ! prie/s z m$iators betwe5 m5 & gods mu/ h act$ z a *eck to su* practices4 ,! prie/s1 z ! inquir]s1#aacb naturally proce$$ direct to ! p>ticul> god ^: repres5tative !y claim$ to be1 & ! developm5t ( an elaborate c]emonial 9 ! temples 9 connection ) ! oracles#aacc 0 a fur!r factor t mu/ h influ5c$ ! gradual ab&onm5t ( ! cu/om1 at lea/ z an elem5t ( ! (ficial cult4 ,moreov]1 ! belief itself belongs 9 ! doma9 ( ance/or wor%ip1 & 9 hi/orical times we f9d b little trace ( su* wor%ip among ! ,babylonians4 ,we may1 !re=e1 associate ! cu/om ) ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,babylonian religion4 ,?is view c>ries ) x ! antiquity ( ! t]m ,%ualu4 ,l ,aralu & ! designation ,ekur1 x embodies ! close association ( ! dead ) ! gods4 ,! dead n only dwell ne> ! gods1 b1 l ! gods1 !y c direct ! affairs ( mank9d4 ,_! answ]s to que/ions put to !m h div9e ju/ification4 ,f ?is view ( ! dead to ! deification ( ! latt] is b a %ort /ep4 ,x does n1 ( c\rse1 foll[1 f ! fact t ,%ualu or ,%eol is ! place ( 'oracles1' t all ! dead h ! p[] to furni% oracles or c be invok$ = ?is purpose4 ,correspond+ly1 if we f9d t ! ,babylonians did deify _! dead1 x does n mean t at "o "t all ! dead 7 reg>d$ z gods4 ,popul> leg5ds are conc]n$ only ) ! h]oes1 ) ! popul> favorites--n ) ! great masses4 ,eabani1 :o appe>s to ,gilgame%1 is a h]o1 & s is ,samuel4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we h s f> only f\nd evid5ce t ! anci5t rul]s ^: memory l+]$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p 7 reg>d$ by lat] g5]ations z gods4 ,s ! names ( ,dungi & ,gudea#aacd are writt5 on tablets t belong to ! c5turies imm$iately foll[+ _! reign1 ) ! det]m9ative t is plac$ be=e ! names ( gods4 ,fe/ivals 7 celebrat$ 9 honor ( ^! k+s1 sacrifices 7 (f]$ to !m1 & _! images 7 plac$ 9 temples4#aace ,aga91 ,gimil-,s9 7c4 #bejj ,b4,c471 ( ! second dyna/y ( ,ur1 appe>s to h be5 deifi$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 & !re 0 a temple 9 ,laga% :i* 0 nam$ aft] him4#aacf ,no d\bt o!r k+s w be f\nd :o 7 simil>ly honor$4 ,we may expect to come across a god ,hammurabi "s day4 ,gilgame% is1 z we h se51 a hi/orical p]sonage ^: c>e] has be5 s ?or\ghly amalgamat$ ) nature-my?s t he ends by becom+ a sol> deity :o is invok$ 9 incantations4 ,! t5d5cy to connect leg5d>y & my?ical incid5ts ) anci5t rul]s is "p & p>cel ( ?is process ( deification4 ,( an anci5t k+1 ,s>gon1#aacg a /ory 0 relat$ h[ he 0 expos$ 9 a boat1 &1 'kn[+ nei!r fa!r nor "m1' 0 f\nd by a f]ryman4 ,! exploits ( ?is k+ & ( 8 successor1 ,n>am-,s91 7 incorporat$ 9 an om5 text#aach--;a circum/ance t aga9 illu/rates h[ ! popul> fancy connect$ ! h]oes ( ! pa/ ) its religi\s int]e/s4 ,/ill1 !re is no m reason to "q ! hi/orical reality ( ,s>gon#aaci ?an to "q ! exi/5ce ( ,moses1 because a /ory ( 8 e>ly y\? is n>rat$ 9 ,exodus#aadj :i* =ms a curi\s p>allel to ! ,s>gon leg5d1 or to "q ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonage by ! "n ( ,abraham1 because an ,abrahamitic cult arose t cont9ues to ! pres5t day4#aada ,?is close association ( ! dead ) ! gods1 ^u :i* ! deification ( ! dead re/s1 may be reg>d$ z a legacy ( ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,babylonian religion1 ( ! "t :5 ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! gods & ! liv+ 0 also direct4 ,! belief & rites connect$ ) ! dead con/itute ! mo/ cons]vative elem5ts 9 ! religion ( a p4 ,! organiz$ cult affects ! liv+ *iefly4 ,s f> z ! latt] are conc]n$1 ! rise ( a prie/hood to :om ! religi\s ne$s ( ! p are entru/$1 removes ! liv+ f t imm$iate contact ) ! gods :i* we note 9 ! traditions ( e p reg>d+ ! beg9n+s ( mank9d4 ,! prie/s h no p[] ov] ! dead4 ,! dead require no 'm$iator4' ,h5ce1 ^? :o dwell 9 ,aralu return to ! e>ly /ate ( mank9d :5 gods & mank9d 'walk$ toge!r4' ,ano!r "n t is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 religi\s texts is ,kigallu1 :i* describes ! ne!r _w z a di/rict ( great ext5t1 situat$ )9 ! e>?4#aadb ,! *ief goddess ( ! ne!r _w is commonly kn[n z ! 'que5 ( ,kigallu4' ,fur!rmore1 ,irkalla1 :i* 0 int]pret$ by ! ,babylonian !ologians z 'great city' 7or 'di/rict'71 is us$ bo? z a designation = ! dwell+-place ( ! dead & = ! consort ( ! que5 ( ,aralu4#aadc ,beside ! names = ! ne!r _w above discuss$1 a l>ge numb] ( epi!ts & metaphors are f\nd 9 ! religi\s texts4 ,! place to :i* ! dead g is call$ ! 'd>k dwell+1' '! l& f :i* !re is no return1' 'h\se ( dea?1' '! great city1' '! deep l&1' &1 s9ce ,n]gal1 ! rul] ( ! l[] _w1 0 ! patron ( ! city ,cu?ah#aadd 7or ,kutu71 ! "n ,cu?ah 0 also us$ z a designation = ,aralu4 ,la/ly1 x is int]e/+ to note t 9 poetical usage ! words = 'grave'#aade 7 also employ$ to describe ! ne!r _w4 ,! "q rais$ by ?is metaphor z to ! relation%ip betwe5 ! grave & ! l[] _w c be/ be discuss$ :5 we come to consid] ! fun]al rites4#aadf ,! ,condition ( ! ,dead & ! ,impossibility ( an ,escape f ,aralu4 ,among ! rema9s ( ,babylonian lit]ature !re is a rem>kable production1 :i* furni%es u ) an admirable view ( ! fate 9 /ore = ^? :o h left ?is _w4#aadg ,! composition is bas$ ^u a nature-my?1 symboliz+ ! *ange ( seasons4 ,i%t>1 ! great "m goddess1 ! goddess ( f]tility :o produces vegetation1 is1 z we saw 9 ! ,gilgame% epic1#aadh also ! "o :o br+s ab\t ! decl9e ( vegetation4 ,! *ange 9 nature t takes place aft] ! summ] sol/ice is pass$ & ! crops h rip5$ 0 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,accord+ to "o1 &1 z x w\ld seem1 ! favorite1 tradition1 ! goddess is repres5t$ z h]self de/roy+ ! sol> deity1 ,tammuz1 :om %e _h *os5 z a consort4 ,rep5tant & weep+1 ,i%t> passes to ! l[] _w 9 se>* ( h] y\?ful husb&1--! symbol ( ! sun on its approa* to ! summ] sol/ice4 ,:ile ,i%t> is 9 ! l[] _w1 all f]tility ceases1 9 ! fields1 z well z 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,at la/ ,i%t> reappe>s1 & nature is joy\s once m4 ,9 ! ,semitic ,ori5t !re are only two seasons3#aadi w9t]1 or ! ra9y season1 & summ]1 or ! dry season4 ,! my? 01 !re=e1 a symbol ( ! great contra/ t ! two seasons pres5t$ to "o ano!r4 ,"u v>i\s =ms & num]\s disguises1 we f9d ! my? among sev]al bran*es ( ! ,semites1 z well z 9 ,egypt & among ,aryans :o came into contact ) ,semitic ideas4#aaej ,a fe/ival celebrat$ 9 honor ( ,tammuz by ! ,babylonians is "o expression ( _m t ! my? receiv$4 ,! designation ( ! six? mon? z ! mission ( ,i%t>#aaea is ano!r4 ,?is my? 0 adapt$ by ! !ologians to illu/rate ! doctr9es t 7 develop$ reg>d+ ! k9d ( exi/5ce l$ by ! dead4 ,! lit]>y me?od adopt$ is ! same t *>act]izes ! elaboration ( ! ,adapa my? & ( ! my?s incorporat$ into ! ,gilgame% epic4 ,! /ory =ms ! po9t ( dep>ture1 b its orig9al purport is set aside to a great] or less degree1 necess>y modifications are introduc$1 & ! moral or lesson is di/9ctly indicat$4 ,9 ! case ( ! production t we are ab\t to consid]1 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s visit to ! ne!r _w is told--p]haps by a prie/--to a p]son :o seeks consolation4 ,a de> relative has dep>t$ ?is life1 & a survivor1--a bro!r1 app>5tly1--is anxi\s to "k :e!r ! dead w ev] come back aga94 ,! situation rem9ds "o ( ,gilgame% seek+ out ,eabani1#aaeb ) ?is diff]5ce3 t1 :]eas ,gilgame%1 aid$ by ,n]gal1 is accord$ a sight ( 8 fri5d1 ! ord9>y m\rn] mu/ cont5t himself ) ! answ] giv5 to him4 ,b :at ,gilgame% is n p]mitt$ to he>1#aaec ! m\rn] is told4 ,a description is giv5 him ( h[ ! dead f>e 9 ,aralu4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 is some:at diff]5t 9 ! /ory ( ! desc5t ( ,i%t>1 f ! "o prop\nd$ 9 ! twelf? tablet ( ! ,gilgame% epic4 ,! "q upp]mo/ 9 ! m9d ( ! m\rn] is ,w ! dead return8 ,! condition ( ! dead1 :i* is mo/ prom95t 9 ,gilgame%'s m9d1 is second>y4 ,bo? que/ions1 h[ev]1 are answ]$1 & bo? answ]s are hopelessly sad4 ,! ne!r _w is joyless4 ,ev5 ! goddess ,i%t> is badly treat$ ^u ent]+ x4 ,! place is synonym\s ) inactivity & decay2 &1 ?\gh ! goddess returns1 ! conclusion drawn is t ! exception proves ! inexorable rule4 ,a goddess may escape1 b mortals are doom$ to ev]la/+ soj\rn1 or r imprisonm5t1 9 ! realm presid$ ov] by ,allatu & h] consort ,n]gal4 ,! tale beg9s ) a description ( ! l& to :i* ,i%t> proce$s3 ,to ! l& :5ce !re is no return1 ! l& ( d>kness 787#aaed ,i%t>1 ! daught] ( ,s91 turn$ h] m9d1 ,! daught] ( ,s9 turn$ h] m9d2 ,to ! h\se ( d>kness1 ! dwell+ ( ,irkalla1 ,to ! h\se :5ce no "o issues :o has once ent]$ x4 ,to ! road f :i* !re is no return1 :5 once x has be5 trodd54 ,to ! h\se ^: inhabitants#aaee are depriv$ ( light4 ,! place :]e du/ is _!#aaef n\ri%m5t1 _! food clay4 ,!y#aaeg h no light1 dwell+ 9 d5se d>kness4 ,& !y are clo!d l birds1 9 a g>m5t ( fea!rs2 ,:]e ov] gate & bolt1 du/ is scatt]$4 ,i%t>1 x w be obs]v$1 is "h call$ ! daught] ( ! moon-god1 :]eas 9 ! ,gilgame% epic %e appe>s z ! daught] ( ,anu1 ! god ( heav54 ,bo? designations reflect ! views develop$ 9 ! s*ools1 & prove t ! /ory has be5 produc$ "u s*ola/ic influ5ces4 ,! goddess has h] place 9 ! heav5s1 9 ! planet be>+ h] "n1 & ! designation ( ?is planet z ! daught] ( ,s9 c only be und]/ood 9 connection ) ! a/ronomical sy/em1 9 :i* ! moon plays s prom95t a role#aaeh & becomes ! fa!r ( all ! great gods 7except ,%ama%7 :o con/itute ! less] lum9>ies ( ! night4 ,irkalla is "o ( ! names#aaei = a god ( ! ne!r _w1 :o is reg>d$ z ! associate ( ,allatu4 ,! dwell+ is else:]e spok5 ( z a 'great palace' 9 :i* ,allatu & h] consort ,n]gal h _! ?rones4 ,a gloomi] place ?an ! "o describ$ 9 ^! op5+ l9es ( ! /ory _c well be imag9$4 ,! picture reflects ! popul> views1 & up to ?is po9t1 ! doctr9es ( ! s*ool are 9 agreem5t ) ! e>ly beliefs4 ,! description ( ! l[] _w is evid5tly sugge/$ by ! grave or ! cave 9 :i* ! dead 7 laid4 ,! ref]5ce to du/ & clay z ! food ( ! dead %[s t ! doctr9e taught 9 ! ,gilgame% epic1#aafj ( man's be+ =m$ ( clay & return+ to clay1 0 ! common "o4 ,?is view helps u to und]/& h[ ! words = grave came to be us$ z synonyms = ! ne!r _w4 ,! dead be+ plac$ bel[ ! e>?1 !y 7 actually convey$ )9 ! realm ( :i* ,aralu 0 a "p1 & s9ce x became cu/om>y = ! ,babylonians to bury _! dead toge!r1 ! cities ( ! dead t ?us arose c\ld easily be imag9$ to con/itute ! k+dom presid$ ov] by ,allatu & ,n]gal4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! speculations ( ! s*ools beg9 to div]ge f ! popul> notions4 ,we may well "q :e!r ! ,babylonian populace ev] attempt$ to make cle> to itself 9 :at =m ! dead cont9u$ _! exi/5ce4 ,x may be t ! argum5t f dreams1 z ! basis = ! primitive belief 9 ! cont9uation ( life1 9 "s =m1 aft] dea? has be5 too h>d press$1#aafa b c]ta9ly ! appe>ance ( ! dead 9 ! dreams ( ! liv+ mu/ h produc$ a pr(\nd impression1 & s9ce ! dead appe>$ 9 ! same =m t !y _h :ile alive1 ! conclusion 0 natural t1 ev5 ?\gh ! body decay$1 a vague outl9e rema9$ t bore ! same relation to ! corpus z ! %ad[ to ! figure ca/+ x4 ,two rem>kable *apt]s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t#aafb illu/rate ?is popul> view prevail+ 9 ,babylonia1 z to ! condition ( ! dead 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,! prophets ,isaiah & ,ezekiel bo? portray ! dead z hav+ ! same =m t !y possess$ :ile alive4 ,! k+s h _! cr[ns on _! heads2 ! w>riors lie ) _! swords gird$ ab\t !m4 ,! dead ,eabani1 x w be recall$1 appe>s to ,gilgame% & is at once recogniz$ by ! latt]4 ,:at di/+ui%es ! dead f ! liv+ is _! inactivity4 ,!y lie 9 ,aralu )\t do+ any?+4 ,ev]y?+ !re is 9 a /ate ( neglect & decay4 ,! dead c speak1 b ! ,babylonians probably believ$1 l ! ,hebrews1 t ! dead talk 9 :isp]s1 or *irp l birds4#aafc ,! dead are weak1#aafd &1 !re=e1 unless o!rs att5d to _! ne$s1 !y suff] pangs ( hung]1 or mu/ cont5t !mselves ) 'du/ & clay' z _! food4 ,t5d] c>e dur+ ! la/ mom5ts ( life 0 ess5tial to comp>ative well-be+ 9 ,aralu4#aafe ,! p]son :o goes to ,aralu 9 sorr[ & neglect w cont9ue sorr[ful & neglect$4 ,! !ologians1 :ile accept+ ^! views 9 g5]al1 pass$ beyond !m 9 an important p>ticul>4 ,!y c\ld n reconcile ! evid5t dissolution ( ! body ) a cont9uation ( ev5 a %ad[y outl9e4 ,:5 a man di$1 ! '_s1' :i*1 accord+ to ! animi/ic !ory1 lodg$ some:]e )9 ! body & produc$ ! manife/ations ( life1 s\ght = refuge 9 "s o!r sub/ance4 ,! ease ) :i* birds mov$ f "o place to ano!r sugge/$ ^! be+s z ! ones 9 :i* ! dislodg$ _s f\nd a home4 ,! ,babylonian ?9k]s 7 n alone 9 develop+ ! view t ! dead assum$ ! =m ( birds4 ,p>allels to ! pictures ( ! dead 9 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s desc5t may be f\nd 9 ,egypt & else:]e4#aaff ,b :at is important = our purposes is ! consid]ation t1 9 ,babylonia at lea/1 ! view 9 "q is n ! popul> "o1 b ! result ( speculations ab\t a problem t appeals only to ^? :o make ! attempt1 at lea/1 to cl>ify _! ideas reg>d+ ! my/]y ( dea?4 ,! next section ( ! /ory af=ds u a picture ( ! entrance to ,aralu3 ,:5 ,i%t> arriv$ at ! gate ( ! l& )\t return1 ,%e spoke to ! wat*man ( ! gate3 ,ho6 wat*man--op5 ?y gate4 ,op5 ?y gate t ,i may ent]4 ,if ?\ do/ n op5 ! gate1 if ?\ refuse/ me admission1 ,i w sma% ! door1 break ! bolt4 ,i w sma% ! ?re%old1 =ce op5 ! portals4 ,i w raise up ! dead to eat ! liv+ ,until ! dead outnumb] ! liv+4 ,! entrance to ! ne!r _w is /rongly gu>d$4 ,f o!r s\rces we le>n t !re 0 a 'spy'--p]haps id5tical ) ! wat*man--/ation$ at ! portal ( ! l[] _w1 :o reports all happ5+s to ! que5 ,allatu ?r\gh ,namt>1 ! god 7or _s7 ( pe/il5ce4 ,! wat*man is to prev5t ! liv+ f ent]+1 & also ! dead f escap+4 ,! viol5ce ( ,i%t> is an int]e/+ t\* 9 ! n>rative4 ,z a goddess1 %e res5ts any opposition to h] desires4 ,h] anxiety to ent] ,aralu indicates t ! orig9al =m ( ! my?1 :i* mu/ h repres5t$ ! desc5t z =c$ & n volunt>y1 has be5 modifi$ by ! introduction ( a new factor1--! se>* = h] dead consort1 ,tammuz4 ,! "* ( ,i%t> z ! goddess ( w>#aafg may also h influ5c$ ?is portrayal ( h] rage4 ,9 h] viol5ce1 %e ?reat5s a conflict betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+4 ,! =m] w de/roy#aafh ! latt]1 z a victori\s army but*]s ! ho/ile ho/4 ,! wat*man endeavors to pacify ! enrag$ ,i%t>3 ,! wat*man op5$ 8 m\? & spoke4 ,spoke to ! great ,i%t>3 ,hold1 ,o mi/ress1 d n de/roy !m4#aafi ,i w g & m5tion ?y "n to ! que5 ,allatu4 ,allatu is griev$ ^u he>+ ! news ( ,i%t>'s arrival1 = ,i%t>'s disappe>ance f ! _w means dea?4 ,i mu/ weep = ! ma/]s :o =sake _! consorts4 ,i mu/ weep = ! wives :o are torn f _! husb&s' side4 ,= ! *ildr5 ,i mu/ weep :o are snat*$ away 787 be=e _! "t4 ,g1 wat*man1 op5 ?y gate4 ,deal ) h] accord+ to ! anci5t laws4 ,! sc5e t foll[s embodies1 aga91 views ( ! ne!r _w z develop$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,correspond+ to ! sev5 zones surr\nd+ ! e>?1#aagj ! ne!r _w is pictur$ z enclos$ by sev5 gates4 ,?r\gh ^! ,i%t> mu/ pass1 be=e %e is u%]$ into ! pres5ce ( ,allatu4 ,! wat*man w5t & op5$ 8 gate4 ,ent]1 ,o mi/ress1 welcome 9 ,cu?ah4#aaga ,! great h\se#aagb ( ! l& )\t return greets !e4#aagc ,?r\gh ! fir/ gate he l$ h]1 & boldly remov$ ! great cr[n f h] head4 ,:y1 ,o wat*man1 do/ ?\ remove ! great cr[n f my head8 ,ent]1 ,o mi/ress1 su* are ! laws ( ,allatu4 ,at ! second gate1 he removes ! e>r+s ( ! goddess2 at ! ?ird1 h] necklace is tak5 away1 &1 simil>ly1 at ea* succe$+ gate1 a portion ( h] dress1 ! ornam5ts on h] brea/1 h] belt ( preci\s /ones1 h] bracelets1 until1 :5 ! sev5? gate is rea*$1 ! cov]+ ov] h] lo9s is remov$1 & %e /&s nak$ be=e ,allatu4 ,at ea* gate ,i%t> asks ! same "q1 :y ! wat*man /rips h]1 & ! same answ] is giv54 ,! removal ( "o ornam5t aft] ! o!r symbolizes1 evid5tly1 ! gradual decay ( vegetation1 n1 z has be5 suppos$1 t ! dead ent] ,aralu nak$4 ,allatu calls ^u h] mess5g]1 ,namt>1 to /rike ! goddess ) disease 9 all p>ts ( h] body4 ,! disease expresses ! same idea z ! removal ( ! ornam5ts1--decay ( /r5g?4 ,!re foll[s a description ( ! desolation on e>? dur+ ,i%t>'s soj\rn ) ,allatu4 ,productivity comes to a /&/ill4 ,! ox does n m\nt ! c[1 ! ass does n b5d ov] ! %e-ass4 ,among mank9d1 likewise1 f]tility ceases4 ,! gods lam5t ! abs5ce ( ,i%t> & ! fate t ov]took h]4 ,! a/ronomical conception ( ,i%t> z ! planet ,v5us1 at ?is po9t1 is app>5t4 ,! gods compla94 ,i%t> has desc5d$ to ! e>?1 & has n come up4 ,z a planet1 ,i%t>'s seat is 9 ! heav5s4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! planet has be5 comb9$ ) ! nature-my? ( ! decay ( vegetation4 ,z ! ev5+ />1 ,v5us dips d[n into ! we/1 to reappe> aft] a long int]val 9 ! ea/4 ,! a/ral "* ( ,i%t> dom9ates ! latt] half ( ! /ory 9 its pres5t =m4 ,x is n ! goddess ( love & f]tility nor ! goddess ( w> :o is rescu$ f h] prison by ,ea1 b ! planet ,i%t>4 ,%ama% is in=m$ ( ! disa/] by 8 s]vant1 ,pap-sukal4#aagd ,! sun-god proce$s = aid to ,s9 & ,ea4 ,! latt] furni%es relief4 ,! sun ent]s ,ea's doma9 e ev5+1 &1 s9ce x is 9 ! we/ t ! planet s9ks l ! sun1 ! association ( ideas becomes app>5t :i* sugge/s ,ea z ! savior & ! sun z ! m$iator4 ,ea creat$ 9 8 wisdom a male be+4 ,he =m$ ,uddu%u-namir1 a div9e s]vant4 ,g1 ,uddu%u-namir1 to ! gate ( ! l& )\t return1 turn ?y face4 ,! sev5 gates ( ! l& )\t return w be op5$ be=e !e4 ,allatu w see !e & welcome !e ,aft] h] he>t is pacifi$1 h] _s#aage bright5$4 ,invoke aga9/ h] ! "n ( ! great gods4 ,raise ?y c\nt5ance1 to ,sukhal-ziku direct ?y att5tion4 ,come1 mi/ress1 grant me ,sukhal-ziku1 t ,i may dr9k#aagf !refrom4 ,ea appe>s "h aga9 9 ! role ( ,creator4#aagg ,! "n ( ! my/]i\s be+ creat$ by ,ea signifies 'r5ewal ( light4' ,! incid5t1 x w be se51 is :olly symbolical4 ,a t\* ( my/icism has also be5 introduc$4 ,sukhal-ziku is a comp\nd ( a ^w mean+ 'to spr9kle' & ano!r :i* may mean 'grotto4'#aagh ,sukhal-ziku appe>s1 !re=e1 to be ! "n = a my/]i\s f\nta91 ! wat]s ( :i* re/ore ! dead to life4 ,uddu%u-namir hav+ pron\nc$ ! "n ( ! gods be=e ,allatu1 & hav+ ?us secur$ _! aid1 8 reque/ is 9 ! nature ( an ord]4 ,b ! reque/ mu/ n be int]pret$ lit]ally1 z ?\gh ! wat]s 7 int5d$ = him4 ,x is = ! sake ( ,i%t> t he desires to h ! use ( ,sukhal-ziku4 ,allatu und]/&s ,uddu%u-namir's spee* 9 ?is s5se1 & is enrag$ at ! ord] to yield up ,i%t>4 ,allalu1 ^u he>+ ?is1 ,smote h] sides & bit h] f+]4#aagi ,?\ ha/ dem&$ ( me a reque/ t %\ld n be reque/$4 ,come1 ,uddu%u-namir1 ,i w curse !e ) a t]rible curse4 ,food f ! gutt]s ( ! city be ?y n\ri%m5t4 ,! sew]s 787 ( ! city be ?y dr9k4 ,! %ad[ ( ! wall be ?y seat4 ,! ?re%old be ?y dwell+4 ,exile & bani%m5t break ?y /r5g?4 ,! =ce ( ! curse lies 9 ! clos+ words4 ,uddu%u-namir is to be an outca/4 ,he w n be p]mitt$ to ent] ei!r city or h\se1 b mu/ rema9 at ! wall or /op at ! ?re%old4 ,prop]ly prep>$ food & dr9k are to be d5i$ him4 ,he %all />ve or p]i% mis]ably4 ,b ! mission ( ,uddu%u-namir has be5 accompli%$4 ,allatu may curse z %e pleases2 ! ord] ( ,ea mu/ be obey$4 ,! goddess ,allalu op5$ h] m\? & spoke4 ,to ,namt>1 h] mess5g]1 %e address$ an ord]3 ,g1 ,namt>1 sma% ! true palace4#aahj ,break d[n ! ?re%old1 de/roy ! door-po/s 7874 ,br+ out ! ,anunnaki & place !m on gold5 ?rones4 ,bespr9kle ,i%t> ) ! wat]s ( life & take h] f me4 ,namt> obeys ! ord]4 ,i%t> is l$ ?r\gh ! sev5 gates4 ,at ea* "o1 ! articles tak5 f h] on h] entrance are return$3 at ! fir/1 ! lo9 clo?2 at ! second1 ! bracelets & ankle r+s1 & s on1 until %e em]ges 9 h] full beauty4 ,! close ( ! /ory ?us br+s to our gaze once m ,i%t> z goddess ( f]tility1 :o gradually br+s vegetation1 /r5g?1 & productivity back aga94 ,?is curi\s mixture 9 ! /ory ( ! a/ral ,i%t>1--! creation ( ! a/ronom]s1--& ! popul> ,i%t>1 is a trait :i* %[s h[ ! old nature-my? has be5 elaborat$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! lit]ati4 ,! v>i\s /eps 9 ! process c /ill be se54 ,9 ! orig9al =m1 ! goddess mu/ h be5 =c$ into an exile to ! ne!r _w1 ! exile symboliz+ ! w9try season :5 f]tility & productivity#aaha come to an end4 ,i%t> is /ripp$ ( h] glory4 ,%e comes to ,allatu1 :o grieves at h] approa*1 b imprisons h] 9 ! 'great h\se1' & refuses to yield h] up1 until =c$ to d s by ord] ( ! gods4 ,a simil> /ory mu/ h be5 told ( ,tammuz1 ! sun-god1 :o is also ! god ( vegetation4 ,! two /ories 7 comb9$4 ,i%t> m>ries ,tammuz1 & !n de/roys him4 ,! goddess produces f]tility1 b _c ma9ta9 x4 ,tammuz goes to ! ne!r _w4 ,i%t> rep5ts1 bewails h] loss1 & goes to seek = h] consort & to rescue him4 ,9 rage %e advances to ,allatu1 ?reat5s to sma% ! door & break ! lock unless admitt$4 ,! /ory 9 ?is =m mu/ h end$ 9 ! re/oration ( ,tammuz4 ,! id5tification ( ,i%t> ) ! planet ,v5us introduc$ a new factor4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! planet fitt$ 9 well ) ! orig9al nature-my?4 ,! comb9ation ( ! ,i%t>-,tammuz /ory ) ?is factor result$ 9 ! tale z we h x n[4 ,! enrag$ ,i%t> is ! "o :o seeks = h] consort4 ,! ,i%t> :o is =c$ to give up h] ornam5ts is ! old goddess :o falls into ! h&s ( ,allatu4 ,dur+ h] abs5ce1 production comes to a /&/ill2 decay sets 94 ,! ,i%t> :o is rescu$ by ,ea ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ',r5ewal ( ,light' is ! a/ral ,i%t>1 z develop$ by ! a/ronom]s1 &1 f9ally1 ! ,i%t> :o receives h] ornam5ts back aga9 & comes to ! upp] _w1 is once m ! goddess ( vegetation1 rescu$ f h] exile to new glory4 ,up to ?is po9t1 ,tammuz has n be5 m5tion$ 9 ! /ory4 ,9 ! advice1 h[ev]1 t is giv5 at ! conclusion ( ! tale to m\rn]s1 ! consort ( ,i%t> is introduc$4 ,if %e#aahb w n grant h] r$emption1#aahc turn to h]#aahd ?y c\nt5ance8 ,to ,tammuz1 h] y\?ful consort1 ,p\r out pure wat]s1 co/ly oil (f] him84 ,! m\rn]s are fur!rmore in/ruct$ to in/itute a =mal lam5tation4 ,! ,ukhati1#aahe ! prie/esses ( ,i%t>1 are to s+ dirges2 flutes are to accompany ! song4 ,! ?\ght int5d$1 app>5tly1 to be convey$ is t if ,allatu w n give up ! dead1 ! surviv+ relatives %\ld endeavor to secure ! good grace ( ,i%t> & ,tammuz1 :o succe$$ 9 subdu+ ,allatu4 ,! clos+ l9es are r5d]$ obscure by a ref]5ce to ! goddess ,belili1 :o appe>s to be ! si/] ( ,tammuz4 ,! ref]5ce assumes ! k ( a tale 9 :i* ! goddess 0 repres5t$ z break+ a co/ly vessel adorn$ ) preci\s /ones1 9 sign ( h] grief = ! lo/ ,tammuz4 ,suitable m\rn+ = ,tammuz1 !re=e1 w secure ! sympa?y ( ,belili also4 ,! /ory ?us ends ) a w>n+ to all :o m\rn = _! dead to rememb] ,tammuz1 to obs]ve ! rites set aside = ! fe/ival celebrat$ 9 8 honor4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! t5tative "* ( any int]pretation = ! clos+ l9es1 we may m5tion ,j]emias'#aahf supposition t x is a deceas$ si/] :o addresses h] sorr[+ bro!r at ! end ( ! /ory4 ,my only bro!r1 let me n p]i%4 ,on ! day ( ,tammuz1 play = me on ! flute ( lapis lazuli1 toge!r ) ! lyre#aahg ( pe>l play = me4 ,toge!r let ! pr(essional dirge s+]s1 male & female1 play = me1 ,t ! dead may arise & inhale ! inc5se ( (f]+s4 ,! l9es impress "o z snat*es f a dirge1 sung or recit$ 9 memory ( ! dead1 & introduc$ "h z an appropriate illu/ration ( ! conclusion to be drawn f ! tale4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! consolation t ! m\rn] receives lies 9 ?is ?\ght1--! dead c he> ! lam5tation4 ,! survivors are call$ ^u n to =get ! dead4 ,:5 ! fe/ival ( ,tammuz comes1 let !m comb9e ) ! weep+ = ! god1 a dirge 9 memory ( ! dead4 ,let !m pray to ,i%t> & ,tammuz4 ,if rememb]$ by ! liv+1 ! dead w at lea/ enjoy ! (f]+s made to !m1 rega91 z x 71 a tempor>y s5se ( life2 b m _c ) c]ta9ty be hop$ =4 ,! outlook = ! dead1 x w be se51 is n hopeful4 ,_! condition is at be/ a tol]able "o4 ,:at we may glean f o!r s\rces b confirms ! g5]al impression1 convey$ by ! op5+ & clos+ l9es ( ! ,i%t> /ory1 or makes ! picture a /ill gloomi] "o4 ,! day ( dea? is a day ( sorr[1 '! day )\t m]cy4' ,! ^w = corpse conveys ! idea t ?+s h 'come to an end4' ,:5ev] dea? is ref]r$ to 9 ! lit]ature1 x is describ$ z an unmitigat$ evil4 ,a dirge introduc$ into an impressive hymn to ,n]gal#aahh lam5ts ! fate ( him :o 444 has desc5d$ to ! brea/ ( ! e>?1 ,satiat$1#aahi he has gone to ! l& ( ! dead4 ,full ( lam5t on ! day t he enc\nt]$ sorr[1 ,9 ! mon? :i* does n br+ to completion ! ye>1#aaij ,on ! road ( de/ruction = mank9d1 ,to ! wail+-place 7871 ,! h]o has gone1 to ! di/ant invisible l&4 ,we mu/ n be misl$ by an epi!t be/[$ ^u sev]al gods1 ,m>duk1 ,n9ib1 & ,gula1 ( '! re/or] ( ! dead to life1' into ! belief t ! dead c\ld be br\ght back f ,aralu4 ,^! epi!ts appe> *iefly 9 incantations & hymns address$ to ! gods = "s specific purpose1 su* z deliv]ance ( a suff]] f disease4 ,! gods are appeal$ to aga9/ ! demons1 ^: grasp means dea?4 ,n9ib & ,gula are view$ z gods ( heal+4#aaia ,to be cur$ ?r\gh _! aid 0 to be snat*$ f ! jaws ( dea?4 ,moreov]1 ,n9ib & ,m>duk1 z sol> deities1 symbolize ! sun ( spr+1 :i* br+s ab\t ! revivification ( nature4 ,! return ( vegetation sugge/s ! ?\ght t ,n9ib & ,m>duk h fill$ ) new life :at appe>$ to be dead4 ,! trees t seem$ entirely dead blossom =?2 ! b>e e>? is cov]$ ) v]dure4 ,simil>ly1 ! suff]+ individual /rick5 ) disease c\ld be awak5$ to new life4 ,x is ?is 're/oration' :i* lies 9 ! p[] ( ! gods1 b once a man has be5 c>ri$ (f to ,aralu1 no god c br+ him back to ?is e>?4 ,an app>5t exception to ! rule1 accord+ to :i* all mank9d ev5tually comes to ,aralu1 is =m$ by ,p>napi%tim & 8 wife1 :o dwell 9 a place vaguely describ$ z 'di/ant1' situat$ at ! 'conflu5ce ( ! /reams4' ,! place1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]1#aaib lies 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 &1 s9ce x c only be rea*$ by wat]1 ! natural conclusion is t x is an isl&4 ,! temptation is /rong to comp>e ! dwell+ ( ,p>napi%tim ) ! belief f\nd among ! ,greeks & o!r nations1 ( 'an isl& ( ! bless$4' ,?is has be5 done by ,j]emias#aaic & o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! po9t 9 ,p>napi%tim's n>rative is t he & 8 wife d n die4 ,!y are remov$ to ! di/ant place by ! gods & cont9ue to live !re4 ,aga91 we d n le>n ( any o!r p]son :o inhabits ?is isl&4 ,if to ^! consid]ations we add1 t ! "n ,p>napi%tim signifies '(fspr+ ( life1' t 8 wife's "n is n m5tion$1 t we are n told :at becomes ( 8 family & s]vants1 :o are also sav$ f ! deluge1 x is evid5t t ! incid5t ( ,p>napi%tim's escape is an allegory1 introduc$ into ! /ory z a dramatic means ( tea*+ ! doctr9e :i* we h se5 dom9ates ! tale1--t man1 ord9>ily1 _c secure immortal life4 ,if !re is any connection betwe5 ! isl& :]e ,p>napi%tim dwells & ! ,greek conception ( 'an isl& ( ! bless$1' x is a trace ( =eign influ5ce 9 ,babylonian my?ology4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t among ! ,babylonians1 ei!r among ! populace or 9 ! s*ools1 a belief arose 9 a 'p>adise' :i!r privileg$ p]sons 7 transport$ aft] dea?1 nor is any di/9ction made by !m betwe5 ! good & ! bad1 s f> z ! future habitation is conc]n$4 ,all mank9d1 k+s & subjects1 virtu\s & wick$1 g to ,aralu4 ,^? :o h obta9$ ! good w ( ! gods receive _! rew>d 9 ?is _w1 by a life ( happ9ess & ( good heal?4 ,! gods c w>d (f disease1 or1 r1 s9ce disease 7z all ills & mis=tunes7 is a puni%m5t s5t by "s god or demon1 =giv5ess c be secur$1 ! pro( ( :i* w consi/ 9 ! re/oration ( ! sick to heal?1 b ! mom5t t dea? ensues ! control ( ! gods ends4 ,to ! ,babylonians1 ! words ( ! ,psalmi/1#aaid :o praises !e1 ,o ,god1 9 ,%eol8 came home ) t]rible =ce4 ,!y express$1 admirably1 ! ,babylonian view ( ! limitations ( div9e p[]4 ,! dead d n praise ! gods1 simply because x w\ld be useless4 ,! conc]n ( ! gods is ) ! liv+4 ,we are =tunate 9 possess+ a pictorial repres5tation ( ! ne!r _w t confirms ! view to be d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! religi\s lit]ature4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago1 ,cl]mont-,ganneau direct$ att5tion to a rem>kable bronze tablet :i* 0 pur*as$ at ,hama? 9 nor!rn ,syria4#aaie ,! art 0 cle>ly ,babylonian1 & !re 0 no reason to "q ! g5u95ess ( ! production4 ,q rec5tly a duplicate has be5 f\nd at ,zurghul1 9 ,babylonia1#aaif s t all suspicions are remov$4 ,! bronze tablet conta9s on ! "o side1 ! figure ( a mon/] ) a lion-l face & body1 b provid$ ) huge w+s4 ,/&+ erect1 8 head rises above ! tablet1 8 =e legs re/ on ! edge1 & ! demon is ?us repres5t$ 9 ! attitude ( look+ ov] to ! o!r side ( ! tablet4 ,at ! side ( ! mon/]1 are two heads ( hide\s appe>ance4 ,! illu/rations on ! rev]se are devot$ to a portrayal ( a fun]al c]emony1 & ( ! g5]al aspects ( ! ne!r _w4 ,!re are five di/9ct divisions1#aaig m>k$ (f f "o ano!r by f\r heavy l9es drawn across ! tablet4 ,9 ! fir/ division appe> ! symbols ( ! *ief gods ( ! ,assyrian pan!on1 ,m>duk1 ,nabu1 ,s91 ,i%t>1 ,%ama%1 ,ramman1 etc4#aaih ,^! gods1 z inhabit+ ! heav51 are plac$ at ! head ( ! tablet4 ,next come sev5 evil spirits figur$ z v>i\s animals1#aaii :o1 z inf]ior to ! gods1 & p]haps also z mess5g]s ( ! latt]1 are assign$ a place midway betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,9 ! ?ird section1 !re is pictur$ ! fun]al c]emony prop]4 ,a dead body lies on a c\*4 ,two r /range figures1 b app>5tly prie/s1 h tak5 up a position1 "o at ea* end ( ! fun]al bi]1 p]=m+ "s rite ( purification4 ,"o ( ! prie/s has a robe ( fi% scales & is be>d$2 ! o!r is smoo?-fac$ & clo!d 9 a long g>m5t4 ,c5s]s are plac$ ne> ! prie/s4 ,! latt] appe> at ! same "t to be protect+ ! body aga9/ two demons ^: ?reat5+ ge/ures sugge/ t !y are endeavor+ to secure possession ( ! dead4#abjj ,^! demons may be ! special mess5g]s ( ! gods ( ! ne!r _w1 :o h br\ght ab\t ! dea? ( _! victim4 ,bel[ ?is sc5e1 we come to a view ( ! ne!r _w4 ,! division is mu* l>g] ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,two hide\s figures dom9ate ! sc5e1 bo? ( fanta/ic %ape1 & evid5tly s portray$ z to sugge/ ! horror ( ! ne!r _w4 ,"o ( ^! figures#abja /&s erect 9 a m5ac+ attitude2 ! o!r is re/+ 9 a kneel+ position on a horse4#abjb ,! second figure is a repres5tation ( ! *ief goddess ( ! ne!r _w--,allatu4 ,! demon at h] side w\ld !n be ! special mess5g] ( ?is goddess1 ,namt>4 ,! goddess has h] two arms ext5d$1 9 ! act ( /rangl+ a s]p5t4 ,! act symbolizes h] /r5g?4 ,h] face is t ( a lioness1 & %e is suckl+ two "y lions at h] brea/s4 ,if x be recall$ t ,n]gal1 ! *ief god ( ! l[] _w1 is also pictur$ z a lion1#abjc x seems b natural to conclude t ! mon/] cov]+ ! "o side ( ! tablet is none o!r ?an ! consort ( ,allatu1 ! heads on ei!r side ( him repres5t+ 8 att5dants4 ,at ! left side ( ,allatu are a s]ies ( objects1--a j>1 b[l1 an arr[head 7871 a trid5t1 :i*1 z be+ buri$ ) ! dead1 are symbols ( ! grave4 ,! goddess & ! demon at h] side direct _! gaze t[>ds ^! objects4 ,! ne!r _w rea*es d[n to ! ,apsu1--! 'deep' t fl[s und]nea? ! e>?4 ,?is is indicat$ 9 ! design by plac+ ! horse1 on :i* ! goddess re/s1 9 a b>k4 ,! b>k1 aga91 is ( fanta/ic %ape1 ! "o end t]m9at+ 9 ! head ( a s]p5t1 ! o!r 9 t ( "s o!r animal1--p]haps a bull4 ,! b>k rea*es into ! fif? division1#abjd :i* is a picture ( fl[+ wat] ) fi% swimm+ f ! left to ! "r1 z an indication ( ! direction 9 :i* ! wat] fl[s4 ,at ! v]ge ( ! wat] /& two trees4#abje ,:at ^! trees symbolize is n kn[n1 & !re are o!r details 9 ! ?ird & f\r? sections t /ill escape u4 ,= our purposes1 x is suffici5t to note3 7a7 t ! sections repres5t 9 a g5]al way ! divisions ( ! univ]se1 ! heav5s1 ! atmosph]e1 ! e>?1 ! ne!r _w1 & ! deep2#abjf 7b7 t ! ne!r _w is 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 rea*+ d[n to ,apsu2 & 7c7 t ?is int]ior is pictur$ z a place full ( horrors1 & is presid$ ov] by gods & demons ( great /r5g? & fi]c5ess4 ,su* be+ ! view ( ! ne!r _w1 x is natural t ! liv+ %\ld reg>d ) dread1 n only ! place b also its inhabitants4 ,! gloom t surr\nd$ ! latt] react$ on _! disposition4 ,9 g5]al1 ! dead 7 n favorably dispos$ t[>ds ! liv+1 & !y 7 incl9$ to use :at p[] !y _h to "w evil r ?an = good4 ,9 ?is respect !y resembl$ ! demons1 & x is noticeable t an important class ( demons 0 kn[n by ! "n ekimmu1 :i* is "o ( ! common t]ms = ! %ades ( ! dead4 ,?is fe> ( ! dead1 :i* is ! natural coroll>y to ! rev]5ce felt = !m1 ent]s z an important factor 9 ! honors paid by ! liv+ to ! memory ( ! deceas$4 ,to provide ! dead ) food & dr9k1 to recall _! virtues 9 dirges1 to br+ sacrifices 9 _! honor1--su* rites 7 practis$1 z mu* f a desire to secure ! favor ( ! dead & to w>d (f _! evil designs z f motives ( piety1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 7 n abs5t4 ,! dead :o 0 n prop]ly c>$ = by 8 surviv+ relatives w\ld take 8 rev5ge ^u ! liv+ by plagu+ !m z only a demon c\ld4 ,! demons t infe/$ gravey>ds 7 9 "s way id5tifi$ ) ! 'spirits1' or p]haps mess5g]s1 ( ! dead1 :o1 9 _! ang] t[>ds ! liv+1 lay 9 wait = an attack ^u ^? aga9/ :om !y _h a grudge4 ,! ,pan!on ( ,aralu4 ,we h se5 h[ ! my/]y c\pl$ ) dea? l$ to ! view :i* br\ght ! dead into m direct relation%ip ) ! gods4 ,closely alli$ ) ?is view is ! p[] ascrib$ to ! dead to "w evil or good &1 l ! gods1 to furni% oracles4 ,?is p[] once ackn[l$g$1 x 0 b a %ort /ep to ! deification ( ! dead1 or1 r1 ( su* p]sonalities :o 9 life ex]cis$ au?ority1 by virtue ( _! position or innate qualities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gloom9ess ( ! ne!r _w1 ! sad condition ( its inhabitants1 ! impossibility ( an escape or a return to ?is _w1 necess>ily sugge/$ to ! ,babylonians t ! gods wor%ipp$ by ! liv+ _h no control ov] ! fate ( ! dead4 ,! gods1 to be sure1 7 at times wra?ful1 b1 on ! :ole1 !y 7 well dispos$ t[>ds mank9d4 ,:5 angry1 !y c\ld be pacifi$1 & x 0 impossible to believe t !y %\ld delib]ately consign _! creatures to su* a sad lot z await$ ^? :o w5t d[n to ,aralu4 ,! gods :o rul$ ! dead mu/ be diff]5t f ^? :o direct$ ! fate ( ! liv+4 ,a special pan!on = ! ne!r _w 0 ?us develop$4 ,su* deities z ,m>duk1 ,ea1 ,nabu1 ,%ama%1 or ,a%ur1 :o act$1 ea* 9 8 way1 z protectors ( mank9d1 c\ld f9d no place 9 ?is pan!on2 b a god l ,n]gal1 :o symboliz$ ! midday sun1 & ! sun ( ! summ] sol/ice t br\ght mis]y & fev] to ! inhabitants ( ! ,euphrates ,valley2 ,n]gal1 :o became ! god ( viol5t de/ruction 9 g5]al1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ! god ( w>1 ! god ^: emblem 0 ! lion1 :o 0 cruel & ( =bidd+ aspect1--su* a god 0 admirably adapt$ to rule ^? :o c\ld only look =w>d to a mis]able imprisonm5t 9 a region fill$ ) horror4 ,n]gal1 !re=e1 became ! *ief god ( ! pan!on ( ! l[] _w4 ,9 ! religi\s texts1 ! cruel aspects ( ?is god are almo/ exclusively emphasiz$4 ,he is ! "o god t[>ds :om no love is felt1 = he is a god )\t m]cy4 ,! fi]ce aspects ( ! sol> ,n]gal are acc5tuat$ 9 ,n]gal1 ! *ief ( ! pan!on ( ,aralu4 ,he becomes ev5 m f]oci\s ?an he already 01 z a god ( w>4 ,8 battle is ) all mank9d4 ,he is gre$y = victims to be =ev] enclos$ 9 8 great & gloomy doma94 ,de/ruction is 8 "o & s+le object2 no?+ c )/& 8 attack4 ,arm$ ) a sword1 8 favorite "t = /alk+ ab\t is at night1 :5 he /rikes 8 un]r+ bl[s4 ,horrible demons ( pe/il5ce & ( all mann] ( disease con/itute 8 tra91 :o are s5t out by him on missions ( dea?4 ,! favorite titles by :i* he is kn[n appe> 9 a hymn#abjg address$ to him1 z god ( ! l[] _w4 ,he is invok$ z ! ,w>rior1 /rong :irlw9d1 sweep+ ! ho/ile l&1#abjh ,w>rior1 rul] ( ,aralu4 ,ano!r hymn#abji describes him z a ,great w>rior :o is firm z ! e>?4 ,sup]ior z heav5 & e>? art ?\1 444 ,:at is !re 9 ! deep t ?\ do/ n secure8 ,:at is !re 9 ! deep t ?\ do/ n clut*8 ,:ile ref]5ces to ! local "* ( ! god z patron ( ,cu?ah survive1 ! "n ,cu?ah itself becomes synonym\s ) ! ne!r _w4 ,! old sol> deity is completely ov]%ad[$ by ! t]rible rul] ( ! l[] _w4 ,x is due to ?is t ! real consort ( ! local ,n]gal1 ! goddess ,laz1 is r>ely m5tion$ 9 ! religi\s lit]ature4 ,! prie/s1 :5 !y spoke ( ,n]gal1 _h 9 m9d always ! companion%ip ) ,allatu4 ,b ! association ( ideas :i* ?us l$ to assign+ a god :o 0 orig9ally a sol> deity1 a place 9 ! l[] _w be>s ! impress ( ! s*ools4 ,! popul> developm5t ( ,n]gal ceas$1 :5 he became ! local god ( ,cu?ah4 ,x is only z an outgr[? ( ! sy/ematiz$ pan!on t we c und]/& ! trans=mation involv$ 9 mak+ ( a local deity1 ! head ( a pan!on t is itself an outcome ( ! lat] phases assum$ by ! religion4 ,! problem sugge/$ by ?is trans=mation 0 recogniz$ by ! !ologians4 ,a curi\s tale 0 f\nd among ! ,el-,am>na tablets :i* endeavors to acc\nt = ,n]gal's pres5ce 9 ! _w ( ! dead4 ,un=tunately1 ! tablet on :i* ! /ory is inscrib$ is s badly mutilat$ t we c h>dly ga!r m ?an ! g5]al outl9es4#abaj ,a conflict has aris5 betwe5 ! gods on high & a goddess :o has h] seat 9 ! l[] _w4 ,?is goddess is none o!r ?an ,allatu4 ,%e is describ$ z ,ere%-,kigal1#abaa i4e41 que5 ( ,kigal or ( ! ne!r _w4 ,! sc5e rem9ds u ( ! conte/ betwe5 ! gods & ,tiamat1 z embodi$ 9 ! creation epic4 ,! gods *oose ,n]gal z _! lead]4 ,assi/$ by f\rte5 companions1 ^: names--'fev]1' 'fi]y he>t1' 'lightn+ s5d]'--rem9d u aga9 ( ! elev5 mon/]s t con/itute ,tiamat's assi/ants1#abab ,n]gal proce$s to ! l[] _w1 & knocks at ! gate = admission4 ,namt>1 ! plague-demon1 acts z ! mess5g]4 ,he ann\nces ! arrival ( ,n]gal to ,allatu4 ,! latt] is oblig$ to admit ,n]gal1 j z 9 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s desc5t1 %e is =c$ to receive ,i%t>4 ,f\rte5 gates ( ! l[] _w are m5tion$4 ,at ea* "o1 ,n]gal /ations "o ( 8 companions & passes on to ! h\se ( ,allatu4 ,he seizes ! goddess1 drags h] f h] ?rone1 & is ab\t to kill h] :5 %e appeals = m]cy4 ,%e breaks out 9 te>s1 (f]s h]self 9 m>riage if ,n]gal w sp>e h]4 ,y %all be my husb& & ,i w be y\r wife4 ,! tablets ( wisdom ,i w lay 9 y\r h&s4 ,y %all be ma/] & ,i mi/ress4 ,n]gal accepts ! condition1 kisses ,allatu1 & wipes away h] te>s4 ,"o _c resi/ ! conclusion t ! tale is1 z already sugge/$1 an imitation ( ! ,m>duk-,tiamat episode4 ,allatu is a female l ,tiamat4 ,n]gal acts = ! gods j z ,m>duk does4 ,! att5dants ( ,n]gal are sugge/$ by ! mon/]s accompany+ ,tiamat2 ! tables ( wisdom :i* ,n]gal receives1 correspond to ! tablets ( fate :i* ,m>duk snat*es f ,k+u4#abac ,b :ile ! conflict betwe5 ,m>duk & ,tiamat is an intelligible nature-my?1 symboliz+ ! annual ra9/orms t sweep ov] ,babylonia1 !re is no su* int]pretation possible 9 ! conte/ betwe5 ,n]gal & ,allatu4 ,! /ory is n ev5 a glorification ( a local deity1 = ,n]gal appe>s solely 9 ! role ( a sol> deity4 ,! att5dants giv5 to him--heat1 lightn+1 & disease--are ! popul> traits 9 ! /ory2 b ) ! *ief *>act]s 9 ! old nature-my? *ang$1--,m>duk or ! orig9al ,bel replac$ by ,n]gal1 & ,tiamat by ,allatu1--! /ory loses its popul> aspect1 & becomes a m$ium = illu/rat+ a doctr9e ( ! s*ools4 ,if ?is view ( ! tale be correct1 we w\ld incid5tally h a pro( 7= :i* !re is o!r evid5ce7 t z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,m>duk-,tiamat /ory _h already receiv$ a def9ite %ape4 ,b ! mo/ valuable conclusion to be drawn f ! ,n]gal-,allatu tale is t1 accord+ to ! popul> conceptions1 ! real & old] head ( ! pan!on ( ! l[] _w 0 a goddess1 & n a god4 ,allatu takes prec$5ce ( ,n]gal4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s desc5t to ! l[] _w1 a trace ( ! e>li] view survives4 ,allatu is introduc$ z ! rul] ( ! l[] _w4 ,n]gal plays no "p4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ! design ( ! tale we h j discuss$ becomes /ill m evid5t4 ,x 0 inconsi/5t ) ! prom95ce assign$ to male deities 9 ! sy/ematiz$ pan!on1 t ! *ief deity ( ! l[] _w %\ld be a female4 ,allatu c\ld n be set aside1 = ! belief 9 h] p[] 0 too /rongly imb$d$ 9 ! popul> m9d2 b a male consort c\ld be giv5 h] :o might rule ) h]4 ,ano!r factor t may h ent]$ into play 9 ! adaptation ( ! ,m>duk-,tiamat /ory to ,n]gal & ,allatu1 & t gave to ! adaptation m plausibility1 0 ! disappe>ance ( ! summ] sun aft] he _h done 8 "w4 ,n]gal did n ex]t 8 p[] dur+ ! :ole ye>1 & ev5 z ! sun ( midday1 he 0 n 9 control all day4 ,:5 he disappe>$1 !re 0 only "o place to :i* he c\ld g4 ,z ( ,t>mmuz & ( o!r sol> deities1#abad x 0 probably relat$ ( ,n]gal1 also1 t he 0 c>ri$ to ! l[] _w4 ,?is popul> basis = ! pres5ce ( ,n]gal 9 ! l[] _w may h s]v$ z a po9t ( dep>ture = ! s*ola/ic developm5t ( ,n]gal4 ,h[ev]1 ! tale ( ,n]gal & ,allatu goes f> beyond ! l5g? ( popul> belief 9 mak+ ,n]gal conqu] ,allatu1 & =ce himself1 9 a measure1 into h] place4 ,be=e ,n]gal appe>s on ! sc5e1 a god1 ,n9azu1 0 reg>d$ z ! consort ( ,allatu4#abae ,! conception :i* gives ! ,babylonian ,hades a que5 z rul] is ( popul> orig91 9 contra/ to ! s*ola/ic aspect ( ,n]gal z ! lat] k+ ( ! l[] region4 ,j5s5 is ( ! op9ion t ! fem99e g5d] ( ! ^w = e>? 9 ,babylonian sup]9duc$ ! belief t ! rul] ( ! k+dom situat$ )9 ! e>? 0 a woman4 ,allatu w\ld1 accord+ to ?is view1 be a p]sonification ( ! 'e>?4' ,b a factor t also ent]s into play is ! notion ( productivity & f]tility :i* gave rise to ! conception ( ! great "m-goddess1 ,i%t>4#abaf ,allatu is correlat$ to ,i%t>4 ,f ! e>? comes vegetation4 ,! orig9 ( mank9d1 too1 is trac$ to ! e>?1 & to ! e>? mank9d ultimately returns4#abag ,h5ce1 ! receiv] ( life is a goddess equally ) ! giv] ( life1 & inde$1 ,i%t> & ,allatu are b ! two aspects ( "o & ! same ph5om5on4#abah ,allatu signifies '/r5g?4' ,! "n is relat$ to ! ,arabic ,allah & ! ,hebrew ,eloah & ,elohim4 ,! same mean+--/r5g?1 p[]1 rule--atta*es to _m ( ! names ( ! gods ( ! ,semites3 ,adon1 ,etana1 ,baal1 ,el1 & ! l4#abai ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! *ief goddess ( ,arabia is ,allat#abbj--;a "n id5tical ) our ,allatu4 ,! bronze relief above describ$ furni%$ u ) a picture ( ?is que5 ( ! l[] _w4 ,! gloom envelop+ ! region controls ?is picture4 ,allatu is ( z =bidd+ an aspect z ,tiamat4 ,%e is w>like & f]oci\s4 ,:5 enrag$1 h] ang] kn[s no b\nds4 ,h] *ief att5dants are ! t]rible ,namt> & a scribe--also a female--kn[n z ,belit-s]i4 ,( ^! two p]sonages1 ,namt>1 ! p]sonification ( disease1 is a popul> conception1 :]eas ! addition ( a scribe po9ts aga9 to ! influ5ce ( ! s*ools4 ,m>duk1 ! *ief god ( ! liv+1 has a scribe :o writes d[n1 at ! god's dictation1 ! fate decre$ = individuals4 ,correspond+ to ?is1 ! rul] ( ! l[] _w has a scribe :o writes d[n on ! tablets ( wisdom ! decrees ( ! goddess1 &1 at a lat] /age1 ! decrees ( ,n]gal z well4 ,belit-s]i1 ^: "n signifies 'mi/ress ( ! field1' 0 orig9ally a goddess ( vegetation1 "s local deity :o has be5 r$uc$ to ! rank ( an att5dant ^u a great] "o2 & x is significant t almo/ all ! memb]s ( ! ne!r-_w pan!on are 9 "s way connect$ ) vegetation4 ,tammuz1 ( ^: position 9 ?is pan!on we h already _h occasion to speak1 is ! god ( spr+ vegetation4 ,ano!r sol> deity1 ,n9-gi%zida1#abba :o is associat$ 9 ! ,adapa leg5d ) ,tammuz1 is ! deity :o presides ov] ! gr[? ( trees4 ,en-me%>a1 :o also belongs to ! c\rt ( ,n]gal & ,allatu1 appe>s to repres5t vegetation 9 g5]al4 ,to ^! may be add$ ,girra 7or ,gira71 :o orig9ally1 z x w\ld appe>1 a god ( vegetation1 is ev5tually id5tifi$ ) ,dibb>ra1#abbb ,gil1 :om ,j5s5#abbc reg>ds z '! god ( foliage1' & ,belili1 ! si/] ( ,tammuz4#abbd ,( ?is gr\p ( deities1 ,tammuz & ,n9-gi%zida are ! mo/ important4 ,9 ! ,adapa leg5d1 x w be recall$1 !y are /ation$ z gu>dians 9 heav54 ,z sol> deities1 !y prop]ly belong !re4 ,l ,n]gal1 !y h be5 transf]r$ to ! ne!r _w2 & 9 ! case ( all ?ree1 ! process t l$ to ! *ange appe>s to h be5 ! same4 ,! trees blossom1 be> fruit1 & !n decay2 ! fields are clo!d 9 glory1 & !n %orn ( _! /r5g?4 ,! decay ( vegetation 0 popul>ly figur$ z due to ! weakness#abbe ( ! god :o produc$ ! f]tility4 ,tammuz has be5 deceiv$ by ,i%t>2 ,n9-gi%zida has be5 c>ri$ (f to ! l[] _w4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,tebet1--! t5? mon?1--!re 0 celebrat$ a fe/ival ( m\rn+ = ! lo/ ,en-me%>a4 ,x is ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,a simil> fate mu/ h ov]tak5 ,belit-s]i1 ,girra1 & ,gil4 ,= a "t1 at lea/1 !y are hidd5 9 ! realm ( ,allatu4 ,( all ^! deities1 /ories 7 no d\bt curr5t t =m$ s _m v>iations ( "o & ! same !me1 symboliz+ _! disappe>ance & ! hop$-= return1 ! same /ory t we enc\nt] 9 ! my? ( ,v5us & ,adonis1 9 ! my? ( ,osiris1 &1 9 "s guise or o!r1 among _m o!r nations ( ! anci5t _w4 ,( ,girra1 x may be well to rememb] t he is view$ m]ely z a =m ( ,n]gal 9 ! lat] texts4 ,belili1 x w be recall$1 is associat$ ) ,tammuz 9 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s j\rney4#abbf ,%e is n1 h[ev]1 ! consort ( ! god1 b 8 si/]4 ,! antiquity ( h] cult foll[s f ! occurr5ce ( h] "n 9 ! li/ ( gods antec$5t to ,anu1#abbg & :]e ,alala is ent]$ z h] consort4 ,:atev] else ! relation%ip ( 'si/]' to ,tammuz means1 x c]ta9ly indicates t ,belili belongs to ! deities ( vegetation1 & x may be t %e w turn out to be id5tical ) ,belit-s]i1 :i* is m]ely ! designation ( "s goddess1 & n a real "n4#abbh ,"o is incl9$ also to suspect "s1 albeit remote1 connection betwe5 ,alala1 ! consort ( ,belili1 & ! ,alallu bird :o is spok5 ( 9 ! ,gilgame% epic z hav+ be5 depriv$ ( h] p9ions by ,i%t>4#abbi ,9 ! tale1 ,tammuz1 ! ,alallu bird1 a lion1 & a horse are successively introduc$ z ^? once lov$ & !n deceiv$ by ,i%t>4 ,! lion is1 z has be5 sev]al times indicat$1 ! symbol ( ,n]gal2 ! horse appe>s 9 ! ,hades relief above describ$ z ! animal ^u :i* ,allatu is seat$1 & x seems legitimate1 !re=e1 to seek = ,alallu also 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,:ile x may be t a long process int]v5$1 be=e su* a species ( symbolization 0 br\ght ab\t z ! repres5tation ( an anci5t deity 9 ! guise ( a bird1 /ill1 if x w be recall$ t ,zu is a deity1 pictur$ z a bird1#abcj !re is e reason to int]pret ! bird ,alallu m]ely z ! symbol ( "s deity1 j z ! lion is c]ta9ly su* a symbol4 ,j5s5 w\ld add ,etana to ! li/ ( gods ( vegetation :o =m "p ( ,allatu's c\rt4 ,:ile ! etymology he proposes = ! "n is n acceptable1 !re is no d\bt t to ,etana1 l ,gilgame%1 ! "* ( a sol> deity has be5 imp>t$4 ,8 pres5ce 9 ! ne!r _w is due to ! /ory ( 8 flight ) ! eagle & ! fall4#abca ,if he falls f heav51 he naturally ent]s ! realm ( ,allatu1 & x is possible t ! /ory 9 its orig9al =m 0 sugge/$ by a my? illu/rat+ ! *ange ( seasons4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 mu/ = ! pres5t rema9 an op5 "o4 ,a god associat$ ) ! ne!r _w :o aga9 appe>s to be a sol> deity is ,n9-azu4 ,8 "n po9ts to 8 be+ '! god ( heal+4' ,a text /ates#abcb t ,allatu is 8 consort4 ,su* a relation%ip to ! *ief goddess ( ! ne!r _w may be reg>d$ z a survival ( ! p]iod :5 ,n]gal _h n yet be5 assign$ to ?is place4 ,! introduction ( a di/9ctly b5efic5t god into ! pan!on ( ! l[] _w1 & z second 9 rank1 %[s also t ! gloomy conception ( ! l[] _w 0 "o t develop$ gradually4 ,tammuz1 ,n9-gi%zida1 & ! l are held en?rall$ by ,allatu1 & rema9 9 ! ne!r _w aga9/ _! w2 b if ,allatu *ooses z h] consort a 'god ( heal+1' %e mu/ h be5 view$ z a goddess :o c\ld at times1 at lea/1 be actuat$ by k9dly motives4 ,! phase ( ! sun symboliz$ by ,n9-azu is1 z 9 ! case ( ,tammuz & o!rs1 ! sun ( ! spr+time & ( ! morn+4 ,if x be recall$ t ,gula1 ! great goddess ( heal+1 is ! consort ( ,n9ib1#abcc x w be cle> t ,n9-azu mu/ be closely relat$ to ,n9ib--& is1 inde$1 id5tifi$ ) ! latt]4#abcd ,) ,n]gal 9 control1 ,n9-azu _h to yield 8 privilege to be ! husb& ( ,allatu4 ,! sub/itute ( ! fi]ce sun ( ! summ] sol/ice = ! sun ( spr+ is a mo/ int]e/+ symptom ( ! direction tak5 by ! ,babylonian beliefs1 reg>d+ ! fate ( ! dead4 ,x may be t 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 :5 m optimi/ic views ( ,aralu 7 curr5t1 ,gula1 :o is call$ ! "o ':o re/ores ! dead to life1' may h _h a place 9 ! pan!on ( ! l[] _w2 n t ! ,babylonians at any "t believ$ 9 ! return ( ! dead1 b because ! liv+ c\ld be sav$ f ! clut*es ( dea?4 ,n9ib & ,gula1 z gods ( spr+1 furni%$ ! spectacle ( su* a miracle 9 ! return ( vegetation4 ,9 ?is s5se1 we h se5 t ,m>duk1 ! god ( spr+1 0 also address$ z '! re/or] to life4' ,b :ile ! revivification ( nature controls ! conception ( gods ( heal+1 l ,n9-azu1 ,n9ib1 & ,gula1 ! ext5sion ( ! idea w\ld lead1 naturally1 to ! association ( ^! gods ) ! rul] ( ! ne!r _w1 at a "t :5 x 0 /ill believ$ t ?is rul] c\ld be mov$ by appeals to loos5 h] hold ^u ^? :om %e 0 ab\t to drag to h] k+dom4 ,b x is important always to be> 9 m9d t beyond ?is app>5t re/oration ( ! dead to life1 ! ,babylonians at no "t w5t4 ,9 ! ,i%t> /ory#abce a god ,irkalla is introduc$4 ,j]emias#abcf takes ?is z "o ( ! names ( ,allatu1 b ?is is unlikely4#abcg ,f o!r s\rces#abch we "k t ,irkalla is "o ( ! names ( ! ne!r _w4 ,x is 9 "s way connect$ ) ,urugal1#abci i4e41 'great city1' :i* is also a common designation = ! dwell+-place ( ! dead4 ,h5ce1 ,irkalla is an epi!t describ+ a deity z '! god ( ! great city4' ,! ,babylonian s*ol>s1 :o 7 fond ( plays ^u words1 br\ght ! "n ,n]gal1 z ?\gh comp\nd$ ( ,ne-uru-gal 7i4e41 'rul] ( ! great city'71 into connection ) ,uru-gal1 & ?us id5tifi$ ,irkalla ) ,n]gal4 ,b1 orig9ally1 "s o!r god mu/ h be5 meant1 s9ce ,allatu appe>s z ! sole rul] ( ! l[] _w 9 ! ,i%t> /ory1 unless1 inde$1 we are to assume t ! "n has be5 introduc$ at a late p]iod z a concession to ,n]gal4 ,x is m plausible t a god l ,n9-azu 0 und]/ood "u '! god ( ! great city4' ,besides ^! gods1 !re is ano!r s]ies ( be+s :o belong to ,allatu's c\rt1--! demons :o are directly responsible = dea? 9 ! _w4 ,( ?is s]ies1 ,namt> is ! *ief & ! repres5tative4 ,z ! "o :o ga!rs 9 ! liv+ to ! d>k abode1 x is natural t he %\ld be pictur$ z gu>dian at ! gates ( ! great palace ( ,allatu4 ,b by ! side ( ,namt> /& a l>ge numb] ( demons1 ^: task is simil> to t ( _! *ief4 ,a text#abdj calls ! entire gr\p ( demons1--! demon ( wa/+ disease1 ! demon ( fev]1 ! demon ( erysipelas1#abda & ! l1--'! (fspr+ ( ,aralu1' '! sons & mess5g]s ( ,namt>1 ! be>]s ( de/ruction = ,allatu4' ,^! demons are s5t out f ,aralu to plague ! liv+1 b once !y h br\ght _! victims to ,aralu1 _! task is done4 ,!y d n tr\ble ! dead4 ,! latt] /&1 z we h se51 "u ! direct control ( ! gods4#abdb ,! /ory ( ,i%t>'s desc5t to ! l[] _w#abdc %[s u t ! gr\p ( spirits kn[n z ! ,anunnaki1 also1 belong to ! c\rt ( ,n]gal & ,allatu4 ,ramman-nir>i ,i4 already designates ! ,anunnaki z belong+ to ! e>?1#abdd ?\gh x is an indication ( ! vagu5ess ( ! notions connect$ ) ! gr\p t 9 hymns1 bo? ! ,anunnaki & ! ,igigi are designat$ z (fspr+ ( ,anu1--! god ( heav54#abde ,!y are n exclusively at ! s]vice ( ,n]gal & ,allatu4 ,bel1 ,n9ib1 ,m>duk1 & ,i%t> also s5d !m out on missions4 ,evid5tly1 ! fact t _! *ief function 0 to injure mank9d sugge/$ ! doctr9e :i* gave !m a place 9 ! l[] _w ) ! demons4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,anunnaki & ! ,igigi is n %>ply ma9ta9$ 9 ! religi\s lit]ature4 ,?\gh ,ramman-nir>i places ! ,igigi 9 heav51 x is n impossible t a lat] view transf]r$ !m1 l ! ,anunnaki1 to ! l[] _w4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 "s mis=tunes t 7 s5t aga9/ mank9d f on high--,ramman 0 a god :o requir$ su* mess5g]s z ! ,igigi1 & besides ! ,igigi1 !re 7 o!r spirits s5t out f above4 ,b1 z 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! g5]al doctr9e 0 develop$ :i* made ! gods1 on ! :ole1 favorably incl9$ t[>ds man1 :ile ! evil 0 ascrib$ to ! demons#abdf--;z occupy+ ! l[] rank ( div9e be+s--we note ! t5d5cy also to ascribe ! ills t humanity is heir to1 to ! =ces t dwell "u ! e>?1--to ,n]gal & ,allatu & to ^? :o did _! bidd+4 ,probably1 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu 7 also reg>d$1 at lea/ by ! !ologians1 z "p ( ,allatu's c\rt1 j z ,alala & ,belili#abdg 7 s reg>d$4 ,! confusion result+ f ! d\ble position ( ,n]gal 9 ! religi\s lit]ature1 z ! deity ( ! summ] sol/ice & z ! *ief ( ! ne!r-_w pan!on1 raises a d\bt :e!r "s gods :o are closely associat$ ) ,n]gal are to be plac$ on high ) ! gods or h _! seats bel[ ) ,n]gal4 ,among ^!1 ?ree require m5tion "h3 ,dibb>ra1 ,gibil1 & ,i%um4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ two are directly id5tifi$ ) ,n]gal 9 ! sy/ematiz$ pan!on#abdh1 :ile ,i%um is closely associat$ ) ,n]gal1 or appe>s z ! att5dant ( ,dibb>ra#abdi4 ,^! gods1 symboliz+ viol5t de/ruction ?r\gh w> & fire1 are evid5tly relat$ to ! ,n]gal ( ! upp] _w1--to ,n]gal1 ! sol> deity2 b 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! religion1 ! ,n]gal ( ! l[] _w almo/ completely sets aside ! e>li] conception4 ,x is1 !re=e1 likely t deities :o /& s close to ! t]rible god z ^? "u consid]ation1 7 also reg>d$ z hav+ a position ne> 8 ?rone 9 ! l[] _w4 ,! pan!on ( ,aralu ?us assumes consid]able dim5sions4 ,at ! same "t1 we obs]ve ! same t5d5cy t[>ds conc5tration ( p[] 9 ?is pan!on z we h se5 0 ! case 9 ! pan!on ( ! upp] _w#abej4 ,z 9 ,babylonia !re are practically only a few gods1--,m>duk1 ,nabu1 ,i%t>1 ,%ama%1 & ,s91--:o ex]cis$ consid]able control2 &1 z 9 ,assyria we f9d ?is t5d5cy /ill m acc5tuat$ 9 ! supreme rank accord$ to ,a%ur1 s 9 ! l[] _w ,n]gal & ,allatu are ! real rul]s4 ,! o!r gods1 &1 naturally1 also ! demons1 occupy inf]ior positions4 ,z mess5g]s1 gu>dians1 spies1 or att5dants1 !y gr\p !mselves ar\nd ! ?rone ( ! two rul]s4 ,a noticeable feature1 h[ev]1 9 ! pan!on ( ! l[] _w consi/s 9 ! high position held by ! consort ( ! head ( ! pan!on4 ,allatu does n s9k to ! insignificant rank ( be+ m]ely a pale reflection ( ,n]gal1 z d ! consorts ( ,m>duk1 ,%ama%1 ,a%ur1 & ! l#abea4 ,z a trace ( ! e>li] supreme control ex]cis$ by h]1 %e cont9ues to reign ) h] husb&4 ,9 ! popul> m9d1 inde$1 despite ! influ5ce ( !ological doctr9es1 ,allatu cont9ues to be m prom95t ?an ,n]gal4 ,n]gal is oblig$ to abide by ! compact he made ) ,allatu4 ,he rules ) h]1 b n ov] h]4 ,! !ology ( ! s*ools did n v5ture to set ,allatu aside altoge!r2 & ?is limitation 9 ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e t else:]e gave ! male pr9ciple ! supremacy ov] ! female1 may be tak5 z a valuable indication ( ! c\nt]-influ5ce1 ex]cis$ by deeply root$ popul> beliefs1 ov] ! !oretical elaboration ( ! religion at ! h&s ( ! religi\s guides4 ,! ,tombs & ! ,burial ,cu/oms4 ,our k ( ! cu/oms obs]v$ by ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians 9 dispos+ ( _! dead leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,mo/ ( ! graves discov]$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,babylonian cities belong to ! ,p]sian or to ! ,greek p]iod4 ,9 "s cases1#abeb :]e we h reason to believe t old] graves h be5 f\nd1 x is almo/ impossible to e/imate _! age4 ,rec5tly1 ! exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania to ,nippur has une>!d rema9s t appe> to belong to an old] p]iod1 ?\gh no?+ c be dat$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty e>li] ?an #bejj ,b4,c4#abec ,/ill1 ) prop] caution1 ev5 ! mat]ial belong+ to a lat] p]iod may be us$ = ! old] p]iods4 ,burial cu/oms1 z has already be5 emphasiz$1 con/itute ! mo/ cons]vative elem5ts 9 a religion4 ,su* rites are mu* less liable to *ange ?an ! cult ( ! gods4 ,=eign invasion w\ld n affect ! fun]al rites1 ev5 :]e o!r religi\s cu/oms are alt]$4 ,ev5 s viol5t a *ange z t produc$ by ! introduction ( ,mohamm$anism into ,mesopotamia has n remov$ traces ( ! old ,babylonian religion4 ,dr4 ,pet]s has %[n t ! di/rict 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley select$ by ! mod]n ,arabs & ,p]sians = ! int]m5t ( _! dead#abed d]ives its sanctity f ! days ( ! old ,babylonian k+dom1 & _m ( ! cu/oms obs]v$ by ! mod]n ,moslems tally ) ! fun]al rites ( anci5t ,babylonia4#abee ,t ! dead 7 always buri$1 & t cremation 0 practically unkn[n1 may n[ be reg>d$ z c]ta94 ,! conception ( ,aralu1 :i*1 we h se51 belongs to ! mo/ anci5t p]iod ( religion1 is only intelligible ^u ! assumption t burial 0 ! prevail+ cu/om4 ,on "o ( ! olde/ monum5ts ( ,babylonian art1--! /ele ( vultures1--e>?-burial is repres5t$4#abef ,a few ye>s ago1 "s ,g]man s*ol>s#abeg claim$ to h furni%$ ! pro( t ! ,babylonians cremat$ _! dead4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! age ( ! tombs f\nd by !m 0 n cle>ly e/abli%$2 &1 secondly1 x 0 n c]ta9 :e!r ! *>r$ rema9s ( human bodies 7 due to int5tional burn+ or accid5tal de/ruction by fire1 at ! "t t ! city explor$ by ! ,g]man s*ol>s 0 de/roy$4 ,! fact t1 z ! explor]s !mselves obs]v$1 ! bodies 7 n completely burn$ argues 9 favor ( ! latt] supposition4 ,! explanation (f]$ by ,koldewey#abeh = ?is peculi> condition ( ! rema9s--t ! burn+ 0 symbolical1 &1 !re=e1 n complete--is unsatisfactory 9 e p>ticul>4 ,!re c be no d\bt t "s1 at lea/1 ( ! tombs discov]$ at ,w>ka by ,l(tus#abei belong to ! p]iod be=e ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry by ,cyrus1 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! case ) _m ( ! tombs discov]$ at ,nippur4 ,n[h]e d we f9d traces ( burn+ ( bodies4#abfj ,if x %\ld turn out t cremation prevail$ = a c]ta9 p]iod1 ! fa%ion1 we may feel c]ta91 0 due to =eign influ5ces1 b x is m ?an que/ionable :e!r x 0 ev] introduc$ at all4 ,c]ta9ly1 e>?-burial is ! *>act]i/ically ,babylonian 7& g5]al ,semitic7 me?od ( dispos+ ( ! dead4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,babylonian tombs is _! simplicity4 ,! dead body1 :i* 0 (t5 cov]$ ) palm woods1 0 plac$ g5]ally on ! side--?\gh occasionally on ! back--on a bo>d ( wood1 or wrapp$ 9 a mat ( re$s or palm fib]s1 & cov]$ ) a tub-%ap$ clay di%4 ,on ! di% !re 0 frequ5tly an ornam5tal design1 b beyond ?is1 !re 0 no attempt at decoration4 ,! body 0 frequ5tly press$ toge!r 9 ord] to be br\ght )9 ! compass ( ! di%4 ,sometimes1 ! knees 7 pull$ up or ! body plac$ 9 a semi-sitt+ po/ure1 & !re are indications t ! bodies 7 (t5 divid$ into two or ?ree p>ts prior to burial4 ,on ! /ele ( vultures1#abfa repres5t+ ! triumph ( ,eannatum ov] 8 enemies1 att5dants are se5 build+ a m\nd ov] ! symmetrically arrang$ bodies ( ! k+'s soldi]s sla9 9 battle4 ,! monum5t belongs to ! mo/ anci5t p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 & we are ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 reg>d+ ?is me?od ( e>?-burial z ! olde/ 9 vogue4 ,! dead1 x w\ld seem1 are plac$ on ! gr\nd1 or ne> ! surface1 & cov]$ ) a m\nd4 ,?is cu/om w\ld acc\nt = ! use ( a di% to cov] ! body aft] x became cu/om>y to place ! dead 9 small h\ses or vaults built = ! purpose4 ,! %ape ( ! di%1 or tub1 recalls ! e>?-m\nd ov] ! dead1 & ! t5acity ( conv5tional me?ods is app>5t 9 ! mod]n cu/om1 ev5 among ,we/]n nations1 ( rais+ a m\nd ov] ! grave1 ev5 ?\gh ! body is plac$ at a dep? ( six feet & m bel[ ! surface4 ,a modification ( ! =m ( c(f9 0 ! j> into :i* ! body 0 =c$4 ,to d ?is1 /ill great] viol5ce _h to be employ$4 ,in/ead ( "o j>1 two 7 also us$1 ! body plac$ p>tly 9 "o1 p>tly 9 ! o!r1 & ! two 7 !n jo9$ ) bitum54 ,9 ! ,p]sian p]iod1 a slipp]-%ap$ c(f9 0 us$1 into :i* ! body 0 ins]t$ ?r\gh an ap]ture at "o end2 b !re is no evid5ce t ! ,babylonians employ$ ?is me?od4 ,) ! bodies1 v>i\s objects 7 int]r$1 _m ( :i* _h a special significance4 ,except1 p]haps1 at a v e>ly p]iod#abfb ! dead 7 n buri$ nak$1 b cov]$ ) a g>m5t4 ,! seal cyl9d]1 :i*1 z ,h]odotus tells u1#abfc e p]son ( position c>ri$ ab\t 8 p]son1 & :i*1 :5 impress$ on a clay tablet1 s]v$ z 8 signature1 0 buri$ ) ! dead z an ornam5t t _h a p]sonal value4 ,! /aff :i* ! man 0 9 ! habit ( c>ry+ is f\nd 9 ! grave1 & also su* weapons z arr[heads & spe>s4 ,v>i\s ornam5ts ( copp]1 iron1 gold1 & /one1 r+s1 necklaces or b&s ( gold 7 probably plac$ ) ! dead z a sign ( affection1 n because ( any belief t ! deceas$ ne$$ ^! objects4 ,toys1 too1 are f\nd 9 ! graves1 & we may assume t ^! 7 plac$ 9 ! tombs ( *ildr54 ,! frequ5t pres5ce ( %ells 9 ! tombs is /ill unexpla9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 rema9s ( food1 dates1 gra91 p\ltry1 & fi%1 t h be5 f\nd 9 graves belong+ to v>i\s p]iods1 may be reg>d$ z a pro( = ! exi/5ce ( ! belief t ! dead c\ld suff] pangs ( hung]4 ,! clos+ l9es ( ! ,gilgame% epic1#abfd :]e ! fate ( ! neglect$ dead is portray$1 confirms ?is view4 ,b su* rema9s are m frequ5t 9 ! e>ly graves ?an 9 ^? ( a lat] "t4 ,animal sacrifices at ! grave appe> to be v old4#abfe ,(f]+s ( food & wat] 7 made to ! dead1 n only at ! "t ( ! burial1 b aft]w>ds by surviv+ relatives4 ,! son p]=ms ! (fice ( p\r+ out wat] to ! memory ( 8 fa!r4#abff ,! close ( ! leg5d ( ,i%t>'s j\rney sugge/s t ! fe/ival ( ,tammuz 0 select$ z an ',all-,s\ls' day4 ,! weep+ = ! lo/ ,tammuz s]v$ z an appropriate l9k = comb9+ ) ! m\rn+ = ! god ! lam5t = ! dead4 ,! wat] j> is nev] abs5t 9 ! old ,babylonian tombs1 & by ! side ( ! j> ! b[l ( clay or bronze is f\nd1 & :i* probably s]v$ ! same purpose z a dr9k+ ut5sil = ! dead4 ,h[ e>ly x became cu/om>y to bury ! dead toge!r we d n "k4 ,x may be t at "o "t !y 7 buri$ b5ea? ! dwell+s t !y occupi$ :5 alive1 "u ! ?re%old or 9 ! walls2#abfg b ! conception ( ,aralu z a great ga!r+-place ( ! dead w\ld h>dly h aris51 unless ! 'city ( ! dead' by ! side ( ! 'city ( ! liv+' _h become an e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,we are1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t z ! villages grew into t[ns1 ! huddl+ toge!r ( ! liv+ sugge/$ plac+ ! dead toge!r 9 a portion ( ! t[n set aside = ! purpose4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! elaborate con/ructions 9 ! ,egyptian cities ( ! dead1 ! ,babylonian necropolis 0 a %abby affair4 ,vaults1 r>ely m ?an five feet high1 s]v$ z ! place :]e ! dead 7 deposit$4 ,^! vaults 7 con/ruct$ ( bricks1 & an ext5d$ s]ies ( !m gave to ! necropolis ! appe>ance ( little h\ses1 sugge/ive ( primitive mud huts4 ,?is simplicity1 due 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! lack ( /one z build+ mat]ial 9 ,babylonia1 correspond$ to ! v simple "* :i* ! dwell+-h\se reta9$4 ,! "o-/ory type ( dwell+1 ) simple p>titions1 prevail$ to ! late/ p]iod4 ,x 0 only 9 ! temples & palaces t ar*itectural skill 0 develop$4 ,9 ,assyria1 al?\gh s(t /one 0 accessible1 ! example ( ,babylonia 0 slavi%ly foll[$4 ,x is due to ?is t s few traces ( private h\ses h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,mesopotamian explorations1#abfh & ! almo/ primitive "* ( ! graves--m primitive1 by virtue ( ! /r5g? ( ! cons]vative in/9ct 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! dead1 ?an ! dwell+s ( ! liv+--readily acc\nts = _! ne>ly complete de/ruction4 ,simple z ! h\ses ( ! dead 71 !y 7 yet c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ ! invasion ( air & du/2 & ev5 aft] c5turies ( neglect ! cont5ts are f\nd to be p]fectly dry4 ,! explorations at ,nippur %[ t ! tub & b[l =ms ( ! c(f9 cont9u$ to be us$ dur+ ! p]iod ext5d+ f ,hammurabi to ,nabonn$os4 ,9 lat] times1 x w\ld appe>1 ! cu/om ( plac+ food & dr9k ) ! dead fell into disuse4#abfi ,we may p]haps f9d t1 z 0 ! case 9 ,egypt1 symbolical repres5tations ( food--a clay plate ) ! food model$ 9 clay--took ! place ( ! old cu/om4 ,few] ut5sils1 too1 are f\nd 9 ! graves ( ! lat] p]iod2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ornam5ts increase1 until1 :5 we rea* ! ,p]sian & ,greek p]iods1 mirrors are q common1 & gold5 veils are plac$ ov] ! dead1 :ile h&some e>r+s1 brea/p9s1 & necklaces indicate ! gr[? ( ?is luxuri\s display4 ,! clay c(f9s1 too1 are beautifully glaz$ & ornam5t$ ) elaborate designs4 ,a trace ( =eign--p]haps ,graeco-,egyptian--influ5ce may be se5 9 ! human head model$ on ! c(f94 ,naturally1 at all times ! diff]5t ranks occupi$ by ! dead involv$ m or less modifications ( ! prevail+ cu/oms4 ,! ri* 7 plac$ 9 m c>efully built vaults ?an ! poor4 ,! cov]+s & ornam5ts v>i$ ) ! /ation ( ! deceas$2 b 9 g5]al x may be said t1 dur+ ! e>li] p]iods ( ,babylonian-,assyrian hi/ory1 simplicity 0 ! rule1 & ! objects plac$ 9 ! tombs 7 m c>efully *os5 ) ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( ! dead & ! c>e] t he l$ :ile liv+1 :ile ! t5d5cy 9 lat] times 0 away f ! religi\s beliefs t gave rise to ! fun]al cu/oms1 & 9 ! direction ( luxury & display4 ,?is developm5t1 h[ev]1 is indep5d5t ( prop] burial1 ^u :i*1 z we h already _h occasion to see1 great /ress 0 at all times laid4 ,! greate/ mis=tune t c\ld happ5 to a dead p]son 0 = 8 body to rema9 ov]gr\nd1 or to be remov$ f ! tomb & expos$ to ! light ( day4 ,9 ! e>ly monum5t ( ,babylonian art1--! '/ele ( vultures1'#abgj--;already ref]r$ to1 ! dead foes are puni%$ by be+ /ripp$ ( _! clo?+ & expos$ to ! attack ( vultures1 :o are se5 c>ry+ (f human heads1 legs1 & arms4 ,to emphasize ! contra/1 ! k+'s soldi]s are portray$ z be+ buri$ 9 symmetrical r[s1 ! head ( ea* body be+ cov]$ by ! feet ( ! body 9 ! r[ above4 ,:5 ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian k+s wi% to curse ! "o :o might v5ture to de/roy ! monum5ts set up by !m1 !y "k ( no?+ /rong] ?an to express ! hope ,t 8 body may be ca/ aside1 ,no grave be 8 lot4#abga ,! k+s puni%$ _! enemies by leav+ _! bodies to rot 9 ! sun1 or !y expos$ !m on poles z a w>n+ to rebels4 ,a%urbanabal on "o occasion speaks ( hav+ scatt]$ ! corpses ( ! enemy's ho/ 'l ?orns & ?i/les' ov] ! battlefield4#abgb ,! corpses ( ! ,babylonians :o _h aid$ 9 ! rebellion aga9/ ! k+ 7 giv5 'to dogs1 sw9e1 to ! birds ( heav51 to ! fi% ( ! sea' z food4#abgc ,! same k+ takes pleasure 9 relat+ t he de/roy$ ! graves ( ,elamitic k+s & dragg$ ! bodies f _! re/+-place#abgd to ,assyria4 ,_! %ades1 he adds1 7 ?us unprotect$4 ,no food c\ld be t5d]$ !m & no sacrifices (f]$ 9 _! honor4 ,s5na*]ib1 aft] he has cru%$ a rebellion t broke out 9 ,babylonia1 takes a t]rible rev5ge ^u ! in/igator ( ! opposition1 ,m>dukbalidd91 by remov+ ! bodies ( ! latt]'s ance/ors f ! vaults :]e9 !y 7 deposit$4 ,! bones ( an enemy are enum]at$ by ,a%urbanabal among ! spoil secur$ by him4#abge ,! mutilation ( ! dead body 0 also a t]rible puni%m5t to ! dead1#abgf & we are told t ! p]son :o di/urb$ a grave is n to be p]mitt$ to ent] ! temple4 ,! desecration ( ! grave affect$ n only ! individual ^: re/ 0 ?us di/urb$1 & :o1 9 consequ5ce1 suff]$ pangs ( hung] & o!r mis]ies1 b rea*$ ! survivors z well4 ,! unburi$ or dis5tomb$ %ade assum$ ! =m ( a demon1#abgg & afflict$ ! liv+4 ,( ! c]emonies incid5tal to burial1 ! bronze tablet above describ$ af=ds u at lea/ a glimpse4 ,! dead 7 plac$ on a bi] & wrapp$ 9 "s k9d ( a cov]4 ,prie/s 7 call$ 9 to p]=m rites ( purification4 ,"o ( ! prie/s1 x w be recall$1#abgh is clad 9 a fi% co/ume4 ,! fi% is ! symbol ( ,ea1 ! god ( ! deep1 :o becomes ! *ief deity appeal$ to 9 incantations involv+ ! use ( wat]4 ,! prie/ assumes ! role ( ,ea1 z x 71 by ! symbolical dress t he puts on4 ,! rites appe> to consi/ ( ! burn+ ( inc5se & ! spr9kl+ ( wat]4 ,x does n ( c\rse foll[ t ev]y:]e ! same cu/om 0 obs]v$1 b we may at lea/ be c]ta9 t ! prie/ play$ an important "p 9 ! la/ honors paid to ! dead4 ,! purification 0 int5d$ to protect ! dead f ! evil spirits t infe/ ! grave4 ,! demons ( disease1 x is true1 c\ld no long] tr\ble him4 ,!y _h done _! "w z mess5g]s ( ,allatu4 ,b !re 7 o!r demons :o 7 gre$y = ! blood & fle% ( ! dead4 ,?\gh ! dead _h pass$ out ( ! control ( ! gods1 ! latt] _h at lea/ ! p[] to re/ra9 ! demons f di/urb+ ! peace ( ! grave4 ,9 ! e>li] days1 :5 ! bodies 7 plac$ on ! gr\nd or only a %ort di/ance bel[ x1 ! build+ ( ! grave-m\nd 0 a c]emony to :i* importance 0 atta*$4 ,9 ! /ele ( vultures1 att5dants are portray$--p]haps prie/s--) baskets on _! heads1 conta9+ ! e>? to be plac$ ov] ! fall5 soldi]s4#abgi ,^! att5dants are b>e to ! wai/4 ,! removal ( ! g>m5ts is probably a sign ( m\rn+1 j z among ! ,hebrews & o!r ,semites x 0 cu/om>y to put on ! primitive lo9-clo?#abhj z a sign ( grief4 ,9 some:at lat] times1 we f9d sorr[+ relatives te>+ _! clo?+#abha-- orig9ally te>+ (f _! clo?+--& cutt+ _! hair z signs ( m\rn+4 ,! =mal lam5t = ! dead 0 ano!r c]emony ^u :i* /ress 0 laid4 ,x la/$ f ?ree to sev5 days4#abhb ,! pr(essional wail]s1 male & female1 c be trac$ back to ! e>lie/ days ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,gudea speaks ( !m4#abhc ,x w\ld appe> t at ?is e>ly p]iod p]sons 7 engag$1 z is ! case to ?is day 9 ! ,ori5t1 to s+ dirges 9 memory ( ! dead4#abhd ,! function is "o t belongs naturally to prie/s & prie/esses2 &1 :ile 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! connection ) ! temple ( ^? :o act$ z wail]s became less =mal1 x is d\btful :e!r t connection 0 ev] entirely cut (f4 ,! 'dirge s+]s1 male & female1' ref]r$ to 9 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s j\rney#abhe 7 9 ! s]vice ( "s temple4 ,! hymns to ,n]gal#abhf may be tak5 z samples ( ! ,babylonian dirges4 ,! praise ( ,n]gal & ,allatu 0 comb9$ ) ! lam5t = ! sad fate ( ! dead4 ,gilgame% weep+ = 8 fri5d ,eabani#abhg furni%es an illu/ration4 ,gilgame% is describ$ z /ret*$ out on ! gr\nd4 ,! same cu/om is ref]r$ to 9 ! inscriptions ( ,cyrus1#abhh & x is int]e/+ to note t a simil> mode ( manife/+ grief /ill prevails 9 ! mod]n ,ori5t4 ,9 ! ,babylonian dirges1 x w\ld seem1 ! ref]5ces to ! virtues ( ! deceas$ 7:i* are prom95tly introduc$ into ! dirges ( ! pres5t day7 7 few4 ,! refra9 =ms a regul> feature ( ^! dirges1--an indication t1 z is /ill ! case 9 ! ,ori5t1 !re 0 a lead] :o sang ! dirge1 :ile ! *orus *im$ 9 at ! prop] mom5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! /anza ( two l9es1 "o long & "o %ort1 t1 z ,budde has %[n1#abhi controls ! wail+ songs 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7includ+ ! ,book ( ,lam5tations1 :i* is bas$ ^u ?is v cu/om ( lam5t+ ! dead71 may be detect$ 9 ! ,babylonian compositions4 ,! accompanim5t ( musical in/rum5ts to ! dirges also appe>s to be a v old cu/om 9 ,babylonia4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s j\rney ! wail]s are call$ ^u to /rike _! in/rum5ts4 ,:at k9d ( in/rum5ts 7 us$ 9 anci5t times we d n "k4 ,9 ! ,assyrian p]iod1 ! h>p & flute appe> to be ! mo/ common4#abij ,at ! "t t food & dr9k 7 plac$ ) ! dead 9 ! grave1 "s arrangem5ts mu/ h be5 made = r5ew+ ! n\ri%m5t4 ,entrances to tombs h be5 f\nd1#abia & ,koldewey#abib is ( ! op9ion t ! clay dra9s f\nd 9 quantities 9 ! tombs1 s]v$ z well to secure a supply ( fre% wat] = ! dead4 ,! wail+ = ! dead took place n only imm$iately aft] dea?1 b subsequ5tly4 ,a%urbanabal speaks ( visit+ ! graves ( 8 ance/ors4 ,he appe>s at ! tomb ) r5t g>m5ts1 p\rs out a libation to ! memory ( ! dead1 & (f]s up a pray] address$ to !m4 ,we h e reason to believe t ! graves 7 frequ5tly visit$ by ! survivors4 ,! fe/ival ( ,tammuz became an occasion#abic :5 ! memory ( ^? :o _h ent]$ ,aralu 0 recall$4 ,:ile !re are _m details connect$ ) ! c]emonies = ! dead /ill to be det]m9$1 :at has be5 asc]ta9$ illu/rates h[ closely & consi/5tly ^! c]emonies foll[$ ! views held by ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians reg>d+ ! life aft] dea?4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) dea? is gloomy4 ,! grave is z d>k z ,aralu2 ! fun]al rites consi/ ( dirges t lam5t n s mu* ! loss su/a9$ by ! liv+ z ! sad fate 9 /ore = ! dead4 ,n a ray ( sun%9e illum9es ! d>kness t surr\nds ^! rites4 ,all t is hop$ = is to protect ! dead aga9/ ! attack ( demons gre$y = human fle%1 to secure re/ = ! body1 & to gu>d ! dead aga9/ hung] & ?ir/4 ,x is almo/ />tl+ to note1 to :at a degree ! views embodi$ 9 ,old ,te/am5t writ+s reg>d+ ! fate ( ! dead1 co9cide ) ,babylonian conceptions4 ,! descriptions ( ,%eol f\nd 9 ,job1 9 ! ,psalms1 9 ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1 & else:]e are h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ^? t we h enc\nt]$ 9 ,babylonian lit]ature4 ,= ,job1#abid ,%eol is ,! l& ( d>kness & deep %ad[s4 ,! l& ( d5se/ gloom & n ( light4 ,ev5 :]e !re is a gleam1 !re x is z d>k night4#abie ,! description might s]ve z a p>aphrase ( ! op5+ l9es 9 ! /ory ( ,i%t>'s j\rney4 ,! ,hebrew ,%eol is situat$1 l ! ,babylonian ,aralu1 deep d[n 9 ! e>?4#abif ,x is pictur$ z a cav]n4 ,! entrance to x is ?r\gh gates t are provid$ ) bolts4 ,%eol is describ$ z a l& fill$ ) du/4 ,sil5ce reigns supreme4 ,x is ! ga!r+-place ( all ! liv+1 )\t exception4 ,he :o s9ks into ,%eol does n rise up aga94 ,he does n return to 8 h\se4 ,8 place kn[s him no m4#abig ,x is1 cle>ly1 'a l& )\t return1' z ! ,babylonians conceiv$ x4 ,! condition ( ! dead 9 ,%eol is sad1 precisely z ! ,babylonians pictur$ ! life 9 ,aralu4 ,! dead are designat$ by a "n#abih t indicates _! weak condition4 ,!y c only talk 9 :isp]s or !y *irp l birds4 ,_! gait is un/eady4 ,9 g5]al1 !y are pictur$ z ly+ quiet1 doom$ to inactivity4 ,dea? is lam5t$ z an evil4 ,! dead h pass$ out ( ! control ( ,yahwe1 ^: conc]n is ) ! liv+4 ,yahwe's bless+s are met$ out 9 ?is _w1 b n 9 ,%eol4 ,^! bless+s consi/ *iefly ( long life & pl5ty ( (fspr+4 ,! dead ne$ n praise ,yahwe4 ,ecclesia/es--al?\gh a late composition--expresses ! old popul> view 9 ! summ>y ( ! fate ( ! dead1#abii :5 x is said t ! dead "k no?+ ( :at is go+ on4 ,_! memory is gone2 !y nei!r love nor hate1 & !y are devoid ( any ambition4 ,!re is no plann+1 no wisdom1 no judgm5t 9 ,%eol4 ,l ! ,babylonians1 ! ,hebrews also believ$ t ! condition ( ! individual at ! "t ( dea? 0 an index ( ! condition 9 /ore = him 9 ,%eol4 ,he :o goes to ,%eol 9 sorr[ is pursu$ by sorr[ aft] dea?4 ,jacob does n want to g d[n to ,%eol 9 sorr[1#acjj because he kn[s t 9 t case sorr[ w be 8 fate aft] dea?4 ,to die neglect$ by "o's family 0 fatal to "o's well-be+ 9 ,%eol4 ,life 9 ,%eol 0 a cont9uation1 9 a measure1 ( ! e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,h5ce1 ! w>rior is buri$ ) 8 weapons2 ! prophet is recogniz$ by 8 cloak2 ! k+s we> _! cr[ns2 ! p ( v>i\s l&s are kn[n by _! dress4#acja ,ev5 de=mities1 z lam5ess1 foll[ ! individual into ! grave4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! dead 7 weak & g5]ally inactive1 al?\gh capable ( suff]+1 !y 7 also reg>d$ by ! ,hebrews z possess+ p[]s sup]ior to ^? ( ! liv+4 ,z among ! ,babylonians1 ! dead /& s close to ! high] p[]s z to be !mselves possess$ ( div9e qualities4 ,s*wally aptly *>act]izes ?is app>5t contradiction by say+ 't ! dead are ,refa'im 7weak71 b1 at ! same "t1 ,elohim1 i4e4 div9e be+s4'#acjb ,yahwe has no p[] ov] ! dead1 b !y receive "s ( 8 qualities4 ,!y are invok$ by ! liv+4 ,! dead c furni% oracles1 precisely z ,yahwe c4 ,!y n only appe> to ! liv+ 9 dreams1 b _! %ades c be rais$ up f ,%eol4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( wor%ip 0 c]ta9ly paid to ! dead by ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,naturally1 ^! popul> views 7 subject$ to consid]able modification ) ! developm5t ( ! religion ( ! ,hebrews4 ,:ile _m features rema9$1 z is %[n by ! occurr5ce ( ! primitive conception ( ,%eol 9 comp>atively late productions1 9 "o important p>ticul>1 m especially1 did ! spread ( an advanc$ e?ical mono!ism lead to a complete dep>ture f ! ,babylonian conceptions4 ,:ile1 9 ! popul> m9d1 ! belief t !re 0 no escape f ,%eol cont9u$ = a long "t1 ?is belief 0 inconsi/5t ) ! conception ( a ,div9e ,be+1 :o1 z creator & sole rul] ( ! univ]se1 _h control ( ! dead z well z ! liv+4 ,z long z ,yahwe 0 m]ely "o god among _m1 no exception 0 made ( ! rule t ! conc]n ( ! gods 0 ) ! liv+2 b ,yahwe z ! "o & only god1 c\ld n be pictur$ z limit$ 9 8 scope4 ,he 0 a god = ! dead1 z well z = ! liv+4 ,! s-call$ song ( ,hannah#acjc expresses ! new view :5 x praises ,yahwe z ! "o ':o kills & re/ores to life1 :o leads to ,%eol1 & :o c lead out ( x4' ,su* a description ( ,yahwe is totally diff]5t f ! ,babylonians' praise ( ,n9ib1 ,gula1 or ,m>duk z ! 're/or] ( ! dead to life1' :i* simply meant t ^! gods c\ld re/ra9 ,allatu4 ,! p[] to snat* ! individual f ! grasp ( ,%eol 0 also ascrib$ to ! national god1 ,yahwe4 ,elijah's re/oration ( ! wid['s *ild#acjd to life is an in/ance ( ?is p[]1 & ,jonah1#acje :o praises ,yahwe = hav+ deliv]$ him :5 ! gates ( ,%eol already seem$ bolt$1 may n h _h any?+ m 9 m9d ?an :at ! ,babylonians meant2 b :5 ! ,psalmi/1 to indicate ! univ]sal rule ( ,yahwe1 exclaims ,if ,i m\nt to heav51 ?\ art !re1 ,if ,i make ,%eol my c\*1 ?\ art !re1#acjf ! dep>ture f ! old ,hebrew & ,babylonian views ( ! limitation ( div9e p[] is cle>ly m>k$4 ,! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! view held ( ,yahwe & ! limitation ( 8 p[] 0 n1 h[ev]1 always recogniz$4 ,h5ce1 ev5 9 late portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we f9d views ( ! life aft] dea? t are closely alli$ to ! popul> notions prevail+ 9 ! e>li] productions4 ,x is n1 inde$1 till we rea* a p]iod bord]+ close on our era t ! conflict betwe5 ! old & ! new is br\ght to a decid$ issue 9 ! disputes ( ! sects t arose 9 ,pale/9e4#acjg ,! doctr9es ( retribution & ( ! resurrection ( ! dead are ! inevitable consequ5ces ( ! lat] e?ical fai? & f9ally triumph2 b ! old views1 :i* br+ ! anci5t ,hebrews into su* close connection ) ! ,babylonians1 left _! impress 9 ! vagu5ess t = a long "t *>act]iz$ ^! doctr9es1 ev5 aft] _! promulgation4 ,! p]si/5cy ( ! old beliefs is a pro( ( ! /rong hold t !y acquir$1 z also ( ! close bond unit+1 at "o "t & = a long p]iod1 ,hebrews & ,babylonians4 ,:at applies to ! beliefs reg>d+ ! dead holds good also = ! rites4 ,_m a mod]n ,jewi% cu/om#acjh /ill be>s witness to ! orig9al id5tity ( ! ,hebrew & ,babylonian me?ods ( dispos+ ( & c>+ = ! dead4 ,!re is b "o explanation = ?is close agreem5t1--! same explanation t 0 giv5 = ! id5tity ( traditions reg>d+ ! creation ( ! _w1 & = ! v>i\s o!r po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! two peoples t we h met )4 ,:5 ! ,hebrew clans left _! homes 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 !y c>ri$ ) !m ! traditions1 beliefs1 & cu/oms t 7 curr5t 9 t di/rict1 & :i* !y %>$ ) ! ,babylonians4 ,"u new surr\nd+s1 "s new features 7 add$ to ! traditions & beliefs1 b ! additions did n obscure ! di/9ctive "* impress$ ^u !m by ,babylonian contact4 ,we n[ "k t relations ) ,babylonia 7 nev] entirely brok5 (f by ! ,hebrews4 ,! old traditions surviv$ all vicissitudes4 ,!y 7 adapt$ to totally *ang$ phases ( belief1 b ! k]nel /ill rema9$ ,babylonian4 ,beliefs 7 modifi$1 new doctr9es arose2 b1 ) a happy inconsi/5cy1 ! old 0 embodi$ 9 ! new4 ,h5ce x happ5s1 t 9 ord] to und]/& ! ,hebrews1 _! religion1 _! cu/oms1 & ev5 _! mann] ( ?\ght1 we mu/ turn to ,babylonia4 ,fur!r discov]ies b5ea? ! m\nds ( ,mesopotamia & fur!r rese>*es 9 ,babylonian lit]ature w add m evid5ce to ! indebt$ness ( ! ,hebrews to ,babylonia4 ,x w be f\nd t 9 ! sacrificial ord9ances ( ! ,p5tateu*1 9 ! legal regulations1 9 me?ods ( ju/ice & puni%m5t1 ,babylonian models 7 l>gely foll[$1 or1 :at is an equal te/imony to ,babylonian influ5ce1 an opposition to ,babylonian me?ods 0 dom9ant4 ,x is n /range t :5 by a curi\s fate1 ! ,hebrews 7 once m c>ri$ back to ! 'great riv] ( ,babylon1'#acji ! p felt s ?or\ghly at home !re4 ,x 0 only ! poets & "s ard5t patriots :o hung _! h>ps on ! will[s & sigh$ = a return to ,zion4 ,! ,jewi% population /eadily increas$ 9 ,babylonia1 & soon also ! intellectual activity ( ,babylonian ,jews out/ripp$ t ( ,pale/9e4#acaj ,! f9i%+ t\*es to ! /ructure ( ,judaism 7 giv5 9 ,babylonia--on ! soil :]e ! f\ndations 7 laid4 ,,footnotes3 #aaab ,see above1 p4 #ddh4 #aaac ,see pp4 #dhg1 #dhi1 #eaa1 #eab4 #aaad ,or ,arallu4 #aaae ,,iir4 #fa1 #ah4 ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #bbj1 takes ?is z ! "n ( a temple2 b1 s9ce ,aralu 0 pictur$ z a 'great h\se1' !re is no reason :y ! designation %\ld n ref] to ! ne!r _w4 #aaaf ,see ! admirable argum5t 9 ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #ahe-aie4 #aaag ,or1 m fully1 ,kh>sag-gal-kurkura1 'great m\nta9 ( all l&s4' #aaah ,see above1 p4 #deh4 #aaai ,see ! foll[+ *apt]4 #aabj ,see ! passages 9 ,j]emias' ,die ,babylonis*-,assyris*5 ,vor/ellung5 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode1 p4 #fb4 #aaba ,s>gon ,annals1 ,i4 #aef4 ,j5s5's int]pretation ( ! passage 7,kosmologie1 p4 #bca7 is =c$1 z is also 8 explanation ( ,,iir4 #ea1 #aa;a1 :]e a m\nta9 ,aralu is cle>ly designat$4 #aabb ,kosmologie1 pp4 #bbb-bbd4 #aabc ,gunkel's ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 p4 #aed1 note #e4 #aabd ,9 an article on ',%ualu' publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,semitic ,languages 7xiv471 ,i h set =? my reasons = accept+ ?is ^w z a ,babylonian t]m = ! ne!r _w4 #aabe ,9 ! lat] portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! use ( ,%eol is also avoid$4 ,see ! passages 9 ,s*wally1 ,das ,leb5 na* dem ,tode na* d5 ,vor/ellung5 des ,alt5 ,israels1 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 #aabf ,n ',ort d] ,ents*eidung1' z ,j]emias1 ib4 p4 #aji1 proposes4 #aabg ,see above1 p4 #cbi4 #aabh ,i ,sam4 xxviii4 #aa4 #aabi ,see p4 #eaa4 #aacj ,see ,s*wally1 ib4 pp4 #ei-fc4 #aaca ,isaiah1 viii4 #ai4 #aacb ,"o ( ! names = ! prie/ 9 ,babylonia is ,%a'ilu1 i4e41 'inquir]1' & ! correspond+ ,hebrew ^w ,%o'el is simil>ly us$ 9 a few passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 e4g41 ,deut4 xviii4 #aa2 ,micah1 vii4 #c4 ,see an article by ! writ] on ,! ,/em ,%a'al & ! ,"n ( ,samuel1 9 a =?com+ numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,lit]ature4 #aacc ,see above1 pp4 #ccc seq4 #aacd ,see p4 #afg4 #aace ,see above1 p4 #afg1 & ,s*eit1 ,le ,culte de ,gudea1 etc4 7,recueil des ,travaux1 xviii4 #fd seq47 #aacf ,?ureau-,dang91 ,le ,culte des ,rois dans la p]iode ,prebabyloni5ne 7,recueil des ,travaux1 etc41 xix4 #dhf74 #aacg ,see above1 p4 #cf4 ,! text is publi%$ ,,iiir4 pl4 #d1 no4 #g4 ,rec5tly1 ,mr4 ,p9*es has publi%$ a v>iant v]sion ( ?is /ory 7,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 xviii4 #beg1 #beh74 #aach ,,ivr4 #cd4 #aaci ,9 view ( rec5t discussions ( ! subject1 x is important to note t ,tiele already fifte5 ye>s ago recogniz$ t ,s>gon 0 a hi/orical p]sonage4 ,see 8 rem>ks1 ,babyl4 ,assyr4 ,ges*41 p4 #aab4 #aadj ,*apt] ii4 #aada ,see ,w9t]bo?am1 ,! ,cult ( ,fa!r ,abraham1 9 ! ,expositor1 #ahig1 pp4 #agg-ahf4 #aadb ,see ,j5s5's ,kosmologie1 p4 #bae1 & ,meissn]1 ,altbabylonis*es ,privatre*t1 p4 #ba4 ,! ^w is us$ = ! f\ndation ( a build+1 & is an indication1 !re=e1 ( ! great dep? at :i* ! ne!r _w 0 plac$4 #aadc ,see bel[1 p4 #efg1 & ,j5s5's ,kosmologie1 p4 #bei4 #aadd ,see pp4 #fe1 #ff4 #aade ,kabru & ,gegunu 7'd>k place'74 #aadf ,see also bel[1 pp4 #eff1 #efg4 #aadg ,publi%$ ,,iv ,rawl9son 7#bnd edition71 pl4 #ca4 #aadh ,see p4 #dhc4 #aadi ,! ,old ,te/am5t recognizes only two seasons1 summ] & w9t]4 ,see1 e4g41 ,g54 viii4 #bb4 #aaej ,see ! discussion 9 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,religions ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #cia-cid2 & also ,f>nall1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ii4 #fdd-fdi4 #aaea ,see above1 p4 #dhd4 #aaeb ,see above1 p4 #eaj4 #aaec ,i4e41 accord+ to "o v]sion 7p4 #eaa74 ,ano!r v]sion ( ?is "p ( ! ,gilgame% epic1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is influ5c$ by ! tale ( ,i%t>'s visit1 is publi%$ 9 ,haupt's ,nimrodepos1 pp4 #af-ai4 ,9 ?is v]sion ,eabani gives ,gilgame% a description ( ,aralu1 :i* tallies ) ! "o f\nd 9 ! ,i%t> tale4 #aaed ,text defective4 ,j]emias' sugge/ion1 ! l& t ?\ kn[e/1 misses ! po9t4 ,! p]son address$ does n "k ! l&4 ',decay' is ,s*rad]'s conjecture 7,die ,hoell5fahrt d] ,i/>1 p4 #bd74 ,see ,haupt's ,nimrodepos1 pp4 #ag1 #dj1 & ,delitzs*'s ,assyr4 ,wo]t]bu*1 p4 #cba1 note4 #aaee ,lit41 '! "o :o has ent]$ x4' #aaef ,i4e41 ( ! inhabitants4 #aaeg ,! inhabitants4 #aaeh ,see p4 #dfa4 #aaei ,see bel[1 p4 #eia4 #aafj ,see pp4 #ejb1 #eaa4 #aafa ,p>ticul>ly by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & 8 foll[]s4 #aafb ,isaiah1 xiv #i-bj1 & ,ezekiel1 xxxii4 #ah-ca4 ,9 ,isaiah1 ! ,babylonian ,aralu is specifically describ$1 :ile ,ezekiel writes "u ! influ5ce ( ,babylonian ideas4 #aafc ,isaiah1 viii4 #ai4 #aafd ,! ,hebrew ^w = '! dead1' refaim1 conveys ?is idea4 #aafe ,see p4 #eab4 #aaff ,see ,s>a ,y4 ,/ev5son1 ,on ,c]ta9 ,symbols us$ 9 ! ,decoration ( ,"s ,pot%]ds f ,daphne & ,naukratis 7,philadelphia1 #ahib71 p4 #h4 #aafg ,see above1 p4 #hc4 #aafh ',eat+' appe>s to be a metaphor = de/ruction 9 g5]al4 #aafi ,! portals 7874 #aagj ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 pp4 #agc seq4 #aaga ,"h us$ z an epi!t ( ! ne!r _w4 ,see above1 p4 #efc4 #aagb ,or 'palace4' ,! l[] _w1 x w be recall$1 is pictur$ z a h\se or a c\ntry4 ,"h ! two t]ms are comb9$4 ,see ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,wo]t]bu*1 p4 #cda4 #aagc ,! phrases us$ are ! ord9>y t]ms ( greet+4 ,see1 e4g41 ,,vr4 #fe1 #ag;b4 #aagd ,gibil-,nusku may be meant4 ,see ! hymn1 p4 #bgh4 ,pap-sukal is a title ( ,nabu 7p4 #acj71 b also ( o!r gods4 #aage ,lit41 'liv]4' #aagf ,= ! translation ( ^! l9es see ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #bcc4 #aagg ,see above1 p4 #dda4 #aagh ,s ,j]emias' ,vor/ellung51 etc42 see p4 #ci4 ,zikutu f ! same /em means a 'dr9k+ b[l4' #aagi ,a bit+ ( ! lips is else:]e introduc$ z a figure4 ,see ! au?or's monograph1 ,a ,fragm5t ( ! ,babylonian ,dibb>ra ,epic1 p4 #ad4 #aahj ,see ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,wo]t]bu*1 p4 #cda4 #aaha ,s f> z ! dome/ic animals are conc]n$1 x is true t !y ?r[ (f _! "y 9 ! spr+4 ,! ref]5ce to a simil> int]ruption 9 ! case ( mank9d 7see above1 p4 #ega7 may embody ! recollection ( a p]iod :5 a regul> pair+ season & bre$+ "t exi/$ among mank9d4 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #bg seq4 #aahb ,allatu4 #aahc ,i4e41 ( ! dead p]son4 #aahd ,i%t>4 #aahe ,see p4 #dge4 #aahf ,vor/ellung51 pp4 #f-h4 #aahg ,"s in/rum5t is m5tion$4 #aahh ,,ivr4 #cj1 no4 #c1 obv]se #bc-ce4 #aahi ,! ^w is expla9$ by a gloss1 ',%ama% has made him great4' #aaij ,i4e41 ! mon? 9 :i* "o dies4 #aaia ,see p4 #age4 #aaib ,see pp4 #eje1 #ejf4 #aaic ,vor/ellung51 p4 #ha4 #aaid ,psalms1 vi4 #f4 #aaie ,l',enf] ,assyri5 7,revue ,ar*aeologique1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ccg-cdi74 ,see also ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldaea & ,assyria1 ,i4 #cdi seq4 #aaif ,describ$ by ,s*ell 9 ! ,recucil de ,travaux1 etc41 xx4 nos4 #a & #b4 ,s*ell reg>ds ! ,zurghul duplicate z old] ?an ! o!r4 #aaig ,only f\r on ! ,zurghul duplicate4 #aaih ,= ! int]pretation ( ^! symbols1 see ,lus*an1 ,ausgrabung5 9 ,s5ds*irli1 pp4 #ag-bg1 & ,s*eil's article4 ,on ! ,zurghul tablet !re are eight symbols1 :ile ! o!r conta9s n9e4 #aaii ,see pp4 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,a text ,,ivr4 #e1 col4 i4 comp>es ea* ( ! sev5 spirits to "s animal4 ,on ! duplicate six demons are plac$ 9 ! second division & ! sev5? 9 ! ?ird4 #abjj ,on ! duplicate ^? two demons d n occur4 #abja ,s*ell ?9ks t ! face is t ( a dog4 #abjb ,on ! ,zurghul duplicate ! horse is n pictur$4 #abjc ,see p4 #ebi4 #abjd ,?is division is n m>k$ 9 ! duplicate f ,zurghul4 #abje ,n occurr+ on ! duplicate4 #abjf ,s*eil que/ions :e!r ! divisions h ?is purpose4 ,:ile p]haps n mu* /ress is laid by ! arti/ ^u ?is symbolism1 its exi/5ce c h>dly be que/ion$4 ,note ! five divisions ( ! univ]se 9 ,smi?'s ,miscellane\s ,texts1 p4 #af4 ,! wat] c]ta9ly repres5ts ! ,apsu4 ,allatu re/s ^u ! b>k4 ,we d n f9d among ! ,babylonians 7z ,s*eil supposes7 ! view t ! dead are convey$ across a %eet ( wat] to ! ne!r _w4 ,! dead are buri$1 & by virtue ( ?is fact ent] ,aralu1 :i* is 9 ! e>?4 ,egyptian influ5ce is possible1 b unlikely4 #abjg ,,ivr4 #bf1 no4 #a4 #abjh ,i4e41 ! ne!r _w4 #abji ,,ivr4 #cj1 no4 #a2 obv]se #e1 #ad4 #abaj ,see ,j5s5's valuable articles1 ,! ,que5 9 ! ,babylonian ,hades & h] ,consort1 9 ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,times1 ,m>* #ac & #bj1 #ahig4 ,! text is publi%$1 ,w9ckl] & ,abel1 ,d] ,?ontafelfund von ,el-,am>na1 iii4 #afd1 #afe4 #abaa ,writt5 phonetically e-ri-i%4 ,! ^w is ent]$ z a synonym ( %>ratum1 'que51' ,,vr4 #bh1 no4 #b2 obv]se #ca4 ,?is phonetic writ+ furni%es ! read+ = ,n9 9 ,n9-,klgal4 #abab ,see pp4 #dah1 #dai4 #abac ,see p4 #dbh4 #abad ,see bel[1 p4 #ehh seq4 #abae ,see bel[1 p4 #eij4 #abaf ,see above1 p4 #gi4 #abag ,see pp4 #ddh1 #eaa4 #abah ,see ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ii4 #fbg4 #abai ,see ! ref]5ce 9 note #c to p4 #eai4 #abbj ,wellhaus51 ,re/e ,arabis*5 ,heid5?ums1 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 ,t ! ,syro-,arabian ,allat resembles ,i%t> r ?an ,allatu1 po9ts aga9 to ! orig9al id5tity ( ! two goddesses4 #abba ,see p4 #edf seq4 #abbb ,see bel[1 p4 #eid1 note #a1 & ,j5s5's ,kosmologie1 pp4 #ade1 #dhj1 #dhc1 #dhg4 #abbc ,sunday ,s*ool ,times1 #ahig1 p4 #aci4 #abbd ,see p4 #egd4 #abbe ,see ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #bdj seq4 & #bgd1 #bge4 #abbf ,see p4 #egd4 #abbg ,see p4 #dag4 #abbh ,*eyne 7,expository ,times1 #ahig1 pp4 #dbc1 #dbd7 +5i\sly reg>ds ,belili z ! s\rce ( ! ,hebrew ^w ,beliyaal or ,belial1 :i*1 by a species ( popul> etymology1 is writt5 by ! anci5t ,hebrew s*ol>s z ?\gh comp\nd$ ( two ,hebrew words signify+ ')\t return4' ,! popul> etymology is valuable z confirm+ ! proposition to place ,belili 9 ! pan!on ( ! l[] _w4 ,f its orig9al mean+1 ! ^w became a poetical t]m 9 ,hebrew = 'wor?less1' 'useless1' & ! l1 e4g41 9 ! well-kn[n phrase ,sons ( ,belial4 #abbi ,see p4 #dhb4 #abcj ,see p4 #ecg4 #abca ,see above1 p4 #ebc4 #abcb ,,iir4 #ei2 rev]se #cc-ce4 #abcc ,see above1 p4 #age4 #abcd ,,iir4 #eg1 #ea;a1 a />1 ,n9-azu1 is ent]$ z "o ( ! names ( ! planet ,n9ib4 #abce ,see above1 p4 #efe4 ,! "n occurs also 9 ,haupt's ,nimrodepos1 pp4 #ai1 #bi4 #abcf ,vor/ellung51 p4 #fh4 #abcg ,! "n ( ! goddess is writt5 ?r\gh\t ! /ory ,n9-,kigal2 i4e41 'que5 ( ! ne!r _w4' ,n9-,ere%4 ,see p4 #ehd1 note #b4 #abch ,smi?1 ,miscellane\s ,texts1 p4 #af4 #abci ,j5s51 ,kosmologie1 p4 #bei1 note4 #abdj ,,ivr4 #a1 col4 i4 #ab2 col iii4 #h-aj4 #abda ,te'u4 ,see ,,ivr4 #bb1 #eab1 & ,b>tels1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 viii4 #agi-ahd4 #abdb ,see above1 pp4 #ahc1 #efj4 #abdc ,obv]se ll4 #cc1 #cg4 #abdd ,see above1 p4 #ahe4 #abde ,see p4 #ahf4 #abdf ,see p4 #ahc4 #abdg ,see pp4 #dag1 #eih4 #abdh ,j5s5's ,kosmologie1 pp4 #dhc1 #dhd4 ,9 ! new fragm5t ( ! ,deluge /ory discov]$ by ,s*eil 7ref]r$ to above1 p4 #ejg1 & n[ publi%$ 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 xix4 no4 #c7 ! ^w di-ib-ba-ra occurs1 & ! context %[s t x means 'de/ruction4' ,9 view ( ?is1 ! "q is aga9 op5$ z to ! read+ ( ! "n ( ! god ( w> & pe/il5ce4 ,! id5tification ( ?is god ) ,girra 7pp4 #ebh1 #ehh7 may belong to a late p]iod4 #abdi ,see p4 #ebi4 #abej ,see pp4 #aaa1 #aga1 #aij4 #abea ,see *apt] v4 #abeb ,s at ,zurghul 7or ,z]ghul7 & el-,hibba4 ,see ,koldewey 9 ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 ii4 #djc-dcj4 #abec ,see ! valuable *apt] 9 ,pet]s' "w on ,nippur1 ii4 #bad-bcd4 #abed ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 #ahif1 p4 #aff4 ,! dead are (t5 convey$ hundr$s ( miles to be int]r$ 9 ,nejef & ,k]bela4 #abee ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #cbe1 #cbf4 #abef ,see bel[1 p4 #eig4 #abeg ,koldewey1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 ii4 #djf seq4 #abeh ,ib4 #abei ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,*aldaea & ,susiana1 *apt] xviii4 #abfj ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #bcd4 ,o!r m\nds exam9$ by ,pet]s betwe5 ,w>ka & ,nippur be> out ! conclusion4 #abfa ,de ,s>zec1 ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 pl4 #c4 #abfb ,on ! /ele ( vultures1 ! dead are nak$4 #abfc ,book ,i1 ,sec4 #aie4 #abfd ,see p4 #eab4 #abfe ,su* sacrifices are pictur$ on ! /ele ( vultures4 #abff ,,iiir4 #dc1 col4 iv4 l4 #bj2 ,bels]1 ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 ll4 #age1 #ah2 ,p9*es1 ,babylonian ,texts1 p4 #ah4 #abfg ,= ?is cu/om see ,trumbull1 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 p4 #be2 ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #bjb1 #bjc4 #abfh ,rec5tly1 ,s*eil has discov]$ "s private dwell+s at ,abu-,habba1 :i* w be describ$ 9 8 =?com+ volume on 8 explorations at t place4 ,see also ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #bjj1 #bja4 #abfi ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #bbj4 #abgj ,see p4 #eig4 ,! date ( ! monum5t is prior to ,s>gon2 i4e41 e>li] ?an #chjj ,b4,c4 #abga ,,vr4 #fa1 col4 vi4 ll4 #ed1 #ee4 #abgb ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 iii4 l4 #dj4 #abgc ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 iv4 ll4 #gd-gf4 #abgd ,ib4 col4 vi4 ll4 #gj-gf4 #abge ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 iii4 l4 #fd4 ,! favorite mutilation 0 ! cutt+ (f ( ! head4 ,on "o ( ! sculptur$ slabs f ! palace ( ,a%urbanabal1 a pyramid ( heads is portray$4 ,! cutt+ (f ( ! h&s1 ! lips1 ! nose1 & ! male organ1 z well z ! flay+ ( ! sk91 7 also practis$4 7,see ,s5na*]ib's acc\nt ,,ir4 #db1 col4 vi4 ll4 #a-f2 ,rassam ,cyl9d] 7,a%urbanabal71 ii4 #d & iv4 #acf47 #abgf ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 vii4 ll4 #df-dh4 #abgg ekimmu4 ,see p4 #ehj4 #abgh ,see p4 #egh4 #abgi ,heuzey (f]s ano!r explanation ( ! sc5e :i* is less plausible4 7,see ,de ,s>zec1 ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 p4 #ih47 #abhj ,hebrew ^w ,sak4 ,! o!r rite ( m\rn+ among ! ,hebrews1 ! putt+ ( e>? on ! head 7e4g41 ,i ,sam4 iv4 #ab2 ,,ii ,sam4 i4 #b & xv4 #cb2 ,neh4 ix4 #a71 is a survival ( ! me?od ( burial z portray$ 9 ! '/ele ( vultures4' ,! e>? 0 orig9ally plac$ 9 a basket on ! head & us$ to cov] ! dead body4 #abha ,! m\rn+ g>b m5tion$ 9 ! ,adapa leg5d 7p4 #edf7 is probably a 'torn' g>m5t4 #abhb ,hag51 ,cyrus-,texte 7,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 ii4 #bai1 #bbc74 #abhc ,inscription ,b1 col4 v4 ll4 #c-e4 #abhd ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 ll4 #bhf4 #abhe ,see p4 #ege4 #abhf ,ib4 #abhg ,see p4 #dhg4 #abhh ,hag51 ,cyrus-,texte1 ib4 & p4 #bdh4 #abhi ,! ,folk-,song ( ,israel1 ,! ,new ,_w1 ii4 #ce2 also 8 article ,das ,hebraeis*e ,klageli$1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,altte/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 ii4 #a-eb4 #abij ,9 ,egypt at pres5t ! tamb\r9e is us$ to accompany ! dirges 7,lane1 ib4 p4 #bgh74 #abia ,pet]'s ,nippur1 ii4 #agc1 & else:]e4 #abib ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 ii4 #dad4 #abic ,see above1 p4 #ege4 #abid ,job1 x4 #ba1 #bb4 #abie ,i4e41 ! d>kness is s d5se t no light c remove x4 #abif ,see ! ref]5ces 9 ,s*wally1 ,das ,leb5 na* dem ,tode na* d5 ,vor/ellung5 des ,alt5 ,israels1 pp4 #ei-fh1 & ,j]emias' ,vor/ellung51 pp4 #ajf-aaf4 #abig ,job1 vii4 #aj4 #abih ,refa'im4 #abii ,*apt] ix4 #e-aj4 #acjj ,g54 xlii4 #ch4 #acja ,incid5tally1 a pro( t ! dead 7 n buri$ nak$4 #acjb ,das ,leb5 na* dem ,tode1 etc1 p4 #fg4 #acjc ,i ,sam4 ii4 ,recogniz$ by ! critics z an ins]tion4 ,see ,budde1 ,die ,bue*] ,ri*t] und ,samuel1 p4 #aig4 #acjd ,i ,k+s1 xvii4 #ba1 #bb4 #acje ,*apt] ii4 #g4 #acjf ,psalms1 cxxxix4 #h2 a v late production4 #acjg ,s*u]]1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,division li4 pp4 #ch1 #ci1 #agi-aha4 #acjh ,e4g41 ! cu/om /ill 9 vogue among ,or?odox ,jews ( plac+ ! body wrapp$ 9 a %r\d ^u a bo>d1 in/ead ( 9 a c(f94 #acji ,pr(essor ,haupt has rec5tly %[n 79 a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 ,april1 #ahig1 & be=e ! ,elev5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 ,septemb]1 #ahig7 t su* is ! mean+ ( ! phrase1 ,psalms1 cxxxvii4 #a1 :i* is ord9>ily translat$ 'riv]s ( ,babylon4' #acaj ,! ,talmud ( ,babylonia1 & n ! ,talmud ( ,pale/9e1 became ! au?oritative "w 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,temples ,,& ,,! ,,cult4 ,! religi\s ar*itecture ( ,babylonia & ,assyria is ( int]e/ *iefly z an expression ( ! religi\s e>ne/ness ( rul]s & p1 & only 9 a m9or degree z a manife/ation ( arti/ic in/9cts4 ,! lack ( a picturesque build+ mat]ial 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley 0 suffici5t to *eck ! developm5t ( su* in/9cts4 ,important z ! adaptation ( ! clay soil ( ,babylonia = simple con/ruction 0 = ! gr[? ( ,babylonian culture1 ! limitations to ! employm5t ( bricks z a build+ mat]ial are no less significant4 ,ih]+ has endeavor$ to %[#acaa by an argum5t t is c]ta9ly brilliant & almo/ conv9c+1 t ! settlem5t ( ,semites 9 a di/rict1 ! soil ( :i* c\ld be s readily us$ to replace ! primitive habitations ( man by solid /ructures1 made ! ,semites ! tea*]s ( ! ,aryans 9 almo/ ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to civilization4 ,h\se-build+ produc$ ! art ( measur+1 l$ to m elaborate furni%+s ( ! habitation1 creat$ v>i\s trades1 introduc$ social di/9ctions1 necessitat$ divisions ( "t1 & gave ! /imulus to comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! arti/ic possibilities ( brick /ructures 7 soon exhau/$4 ,! h\se c\ld be indef9itely ext5d$ 9 l5g? & ev5 height1 b su* an ext5sion only add$ to ! monoton\s effect4 ,) clay z a build+ mat]ial1 s readily m\ld$ into any desir$ %ape1 & t c\ld be bak$1 if ne$ be1 by ! action ( ! sun )\t ! use ( fire1 x 0 almo/ z easy to build a l>ge h\se z a small "o4 ,b ! addition ( rooms & w+s & /ories :i* diff]5tiat$ ! h\se f ! palace & ! palace f ! temple1 s]v$ to make hug5ess ! index ( gr&eur4 ,! be/ specim5s ( ! religi\s ar*itecture ( ,babylonia & ,assyria are *>act]iz$ by su* hug5ess4 ,a proportionate increase ( ext]nal beauty c\ld only be secur$ by a modification ( ar*itectural /yle2 b ! cons]vative in/9cts ( ! p disc\rag$ any deviation f ! conv5tional %apes ( ! temples1 :i* appe> inde$ to h be5 firmly e/abli%$ long be=e ! days ( ,hammurabi4 ,! influ5ce ( conv5tionality f9ds a /rik+ illu/ration 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! temples ( ,assyria foll[ ,babylonian models4 ,s(t & h>d /one suitable = p]man5t /ructures 0 easily procur$ 9 ! m\nta9\s di/rict adjac5t to ,assyria4 ,! ,assyrians us$ ?is mat]ial = /atues1 alt>s1 & = ! slabs ) :i* !y decorat$ ! ext]ior & int]ior walls ( _! great edifices4 ,_h !y also employ$ x z a build+ mat]ial1 we %\ld h _h ! developm5t ( new ar*itectural /yles2 b ! ,assyrians1 s dep5d5t 9 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to culture ^u ! s\?1 c\ld n cut !mselves loose f anci5t traditions1 & cont9u$ to erect huge piles ( brick1 z ! homage mo/ pleas+ 9 ! eyes ( _! gods4 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis *>act]iz$ ! c5tral idea ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian temples :5 x repres5t$ ! p ga!r$ 9 ! valley ( ,%9>--t is1 ,babylonia--z say+3 ',come1 let u build a city & a t[] t %all rea* up to heav54'#acab ,! ,babylonian & ,assyrian k+s pride !mselves ^u ! height ( _! temples4 ,employ+1 inde$1 almo/ ! v same phrase t we f9d 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !y boa/ ( hav+ made ! tops ( _! sacr$ edifices z high z 'heav54'#acac ,! temple 0 to be 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w a 'high place4' ,b1 ap>t f ! factor ( natural gr[?1 !re 0 a special reason :y ! ,babylonians aim$ to make _! sacr$ edifices high4 ,! olde/ temple ( ,babylonia at ! pres5t "t kn[n to u1 ! temple ( ,bel at ,nippur1 be>s ! *>act]i/ic "n ( ,e-,kur1 'm\nta9 h\se4' ,! "n is m ?an a metaphor4 ,! sacr$ edifices ( ,babylonia 7 int5d$ z a matt] ( fact to be imitations ( m\nta9s4 ,x is ,j5s5's m]it to h sugge/$ ! explanation = ?is r surpris+ ideal ( ! ,babylonian temple4#acad ,accord+ to ,babylonian notions1 x w be recall$1 ! e>? is pictur$ z a huge m\nta94 ,among o!r names1 ! e>? is call$ ,e-,kur1 'm\nta9 h\se4' ,! popul> & e>ly !ology conceiv$ ! gods z sprung f ! e>?4 ,!y are born 9 ,kh>sag-kurkura1#acae '! m\nta9 ( all l&s1' :i* is aga9 naught b a designation = ! e>?1 ?\gh at a lat] p]iod "s p>ticul> "p ( ! e>?1 "s m\nta9 peak1 may h be5 pictur$ z ! bir?place ( ! gods1 mu* z among ! ,indians1 ,p]sians1 & ,greeks we f9d a p>ticul> m\nta9 s+l$ out z ! "o on :i* ! gods dwell4 ,! transf] ( ! gods or ( "s ( !m to places 9 ! heav5s 01 z we saw1#acaf a s*ola/ic !ory1 & n a popul> belief4 ,x 0 a natural association ( ideas1 accord+ly1 t l$ ! ,babylonians to give to _! temples ! =m ( ! dwell+ :i* !y ascrib$ to _! gods4 ,! temple1 9 s f> z x 0 erect$ to s]ve z a habitation = ! god & an homage to him1 0 to be ! reproduction ( ! cosmic ,e-,kur1--'a m\nta9 h\se' on a small scale1 a m9iature ,kh>sag-kurkura4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is view1 x is suffici5t to po9t out t ,e-,kur is n m]ely ! "n ( ! temple to ,bel at ,nippur1 b is frequ5tly us$ z a designation = temple 9 g5]al2 &1 moreov]1 a plural is =m$ ( ! ^w :i* is us$ = div9ities4#acag ,9 ,assyria we f9d "o ( ! olde/ temples be>+ ! "n ,e-kh>sag-kurkura1#acah t /amps ! edifice z ! reproduction ( ! 'm\nta9 ( all l&s'2 & !re are o!r temples t likewise be> names#acai 9 :i* ! idea ( a m\nta9 is introduc$4 ,to produce ! m\nta9 effect1 a m\nd ( e>? 0 pil$ up & on ?is m\nd a t]race 0 =m$ t s]v$ z ! f\ndation plane = ! temple prop]1 b x 0 p]fectly natural also t in/ead ( mak+ ! edifice consi/ ( "o /ory1 a second 0 sup]impos$ on ! fir/ s z to height5 ! resemblance to a m\nta94 ,! outcome ( ?is ideal 0 ! s-call$ /ag$ t[]1 kn[n z ! zikkurat4 ,! "n signifies simply a 'high' edifice1 & embodies ! same idea t l$ ! ,canaanites & ,hebrews to call _! temples 'high places4'#acbj ,! olde/ zikkurat z yet f\nd is ! "o excavat$ by ,drs4 ,pet]s & ,haynes at ,nippur1#acba ! age ( :i* c be trac$ back to ! second dyna/y ( ,ur--ab\t #bgjj ,b4,c4 ,?is appe>s to h consi/$ ( ?ree /ages1 "o sup]impos$ on ! o!r4 ,!re is a ref]5ce to a zikkurat 9 ! inscriptions ( ,gudea t may be sev]al c5turies old]2 b s9ce b5ea? ! zikkurat at ,nippur rema9s ( an e>li] build+ 7 f\nd1 x is a "q :e!r ! /ag$ t[] repres5ts ! olde/ type ( a ,babylonian temple4 ,at no "t does any special /ress appe> to h be5 laid ^u ! numb] ( /ories ( :i* ! zikkurat 0 to consi/4 ,x is n until a comp>atively late p]iod t rivalry among ! rul]s & natural ambition l$ to ! increase ( ! sup]impos$ /ages until ! numb] sev5 0 rea*$4 ,! old] zikkurats 7 impos+ *iefly because ( ! elevation ( ! t]race on :i* !y 7 erect$1 & inasmu* z ! ideal ( ! temple is realiz$ to all practical purposes by ! erection ( a high edifice on an elevat$ m\nd1 ! *ief /ress 0 laid ^u ! height ( ! t]race4 ,! t]race1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 is ! orig9al zikkurat--! real 'high place'--& ! temple ( "o /ory naturally prec$es ! /ag$ t[]1 & may h rema9$ ! type = "s "t be=e ! m elaborate /ructure 0 evolv$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 associat+ ! m\nta9 motif ) ! beg9n+s ( religi\s ar*itecture 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 precisely z ! und]ly+ cosmic notions belong to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h any k4 ,t ! /ag$ t[] :5 once evolv$ 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ satisfactory expression ( ! religi\s ideas foll[s f ! fact t all ! l>ge c5t]s ( ,babylonia _h a zikkurat ( "s k9d d$icat$ to ! patron deity1 & probably _m ( ! small] places likewise4 ,a li/ ( zikkurats#acbb furni%es ! names ( no less ?an tw5ty2 & :ile all ( ! important places are includ$1 !re are o!rs :i* d n appe> to h play$ an important "p 9 ei!r ! religi\s or political hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 & :i* nev]!less _h _! zikkurat4 ,to judge f ! fact t 9 ?is li/ sev]al names ( zikkurat are connect$ ) "o & ! same place1 m ?an "o zikkurat1 inde$1 c\ld be f\nd 9 a l>ge religi\s c5t]4#acbc ,! ,con/ruction & ,"* ( ! ,zikkurats4 ,! zikkurat 0 quadrangul> 9 %ape4 ,! ori5tation ( ! f\r corn]s t[>ds ! f\r c>d9al po9ts 0 only approximate4#acbd ,inasmu* z ! rul]s ( ,babylonia f a v e>ly p]iod call !mselves 'k+ ( ! f\r regions1'#acbe x has be5 suppos$ t ! quadrangul> %ape 0 *os5 design$ly2 b !re is no pro( t any /ress 0 laid ^u symbolism ( ?is k9d1 or ^u ! ori5tation ( ! corn]s ( ! sacr$ edifices4 ,m att5tion 0 be/[$ ^u mak+ ! brick /ructure huge & massive4 ,! height ( ! zikkurats v>i$4 ,^? at ,nippur & ,ur#acbf appe> to h be5 ab\t #ij feet high1 :ile ! t[] at ,borsippa :i* ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son c>efully exam9$#acbg atta9$ a height ( #adj feet4 ,! base ( ?is zikkurat1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a specim5 ( ! t[] 9 its mo/ elaborate =m1 0 a quadrangul> mass #bgb feet squ>e & #bf feet high4 ,! second & ?ird /ories 7 ( equal height1 b ! squ>e mass dim9i%$ ) ea* /ory by #db feet4 ,! height ( ! f\r upp] /ories 0 #ae feet ea*4 ,at ! same "t1 ! mass dim9i%$ /eadily at ! rate ( #db feet1 s t ! sev5? /ory consi/$ ( a mass ( only #bj feet squ>e4 ,s>gon's zikkurat at ,khorsabad 7! suburb ( ,n9eveh7 0 ab\t ! same height4 ,! av]age numb] ( /ages ( ! zikkurat appe>s to h be5 ?ree1 z at ,nippur & ,ur1 or f\r1 z at ,l>sa4#acbh ,9 ! pictorial repres5tations ( ! t[]s1#acbi we simil>ly f9d ei!r ?ree or f\r4 ,9 ^! small] zikkurats1 ! height ( ea* t[]1 z 9 ! fir/ ?ree /ories ( ! t[] at ,borsippa1 appe>s to h be5 alike2 b ! mass dim9i%$ 9 proportion 9 ord] to secure a space = a /aircase lead+ f "o /ory to ! o!r4 ,?is me?od ( asc5t 0 old] ?an ! w9d+ balu/rade1 :i* 0 bett] adapt$ to ! m elaborate /ructures ( lat] times4 ,no d\bt1 z ! t[]s increas$ 9 height1 o!r v>iations 7 introduc$--z1 e4g41 9 ! proportions ( ! /ories--)\t int]f]+ ) ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! zikkurat4 ,! unga9ly appe>ance pres5t$ by ! huge t[]s 0 some:at reliev$ by decorations ( ! friezes & by ! judici\s use ( color4 ,enamel$ bricks ( bright hues1 su* z yell[ & blue1#accj became common1 & 9 ! case ( "s ( ! t[]s x w\ld appe> t a diff]5t color 0 *os5 = ea* /ory4 ,:e!r all ! bricks 9 ea* /ory 7 color$ or only ^? at ! edge1 or1 p]haps1 "s r[s1 x is impossible to say4 ,f ,h]odotus' description ( ! sev5 conc5tric walls ( ,ecbatana1#acca 9 :i* ea* wall 0 di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 color1 ! conclusion has be5 drawn t ! same colors--:ite1 black1 sc>let1 blue1 orange1 silv]1 & gold--7 employ$ by ! ,babylonians = ! /ages ( _! t[]s2 b !re is no satisfactory evid5ce t ?is 0 ! case4 ,t ^! colors 7 br\ght into connection ) ! planets1 z "s s*ol>s h suppos$1 is highly improbable4 ,z already po9t$ out1 no special /ress seems to h be5 laid ^u ! numb] ( /ories ( :i* ! zikkurat consi/$1 b ! natural result ( ambition & rivalry among build]s t5d$ t[>ds an increase ( ! height1 & ?is end c\ld be mo/ readily atta9$ by add+ to ! numb] ( /ories4 ,/ill1 !re may h be5 "s symbolism :i* l$ to ! *oice ( ?ree1 f\r1 or sev5 /ories1 inasmu* z ^! numb]s h a sacr$ import among s _m nations4#accb ,= ! numb] sev51 ! influ5ce ( cosmological associations is q cle>4 ,! two mo/ fam\s ( ! zikkurats ( sev5 /ages 7 ^? 9 ,babylon & 9 ,borsippa1 opposite ,babylon4 ,! latt] be>s ! significant "n ,e-ur-im9-an-ki1#accc i4e41 '! h\se ( ! sev5 directions ( heav5 & e>?4' ,! 'sev5 directions' 7 int]pret$ by ! ,babylonian !ologians z a ref]5ce to ! sev5 great cele/ial bodies1--! sun & moon & ! five planets ,i%t>1 ,m>duk1 ,n9ib1 ,n]gal1 & ,nabu4#accd ,to ea* ( ^! gods "o /ory 0 suppos$ to be d$icat$1 & ! t[] ?us became a cosmological symbol1 elaborat+ 9 !ological fa%ion ! fundam5tal idea ( ! zikkurat z a reproduction ( ! dwell+-place ( ! gods4 ,! id5tification ( ! five gods ) ! planets is a pro( ( ! s*ola/ic "* ( ! int]pretation1 & h5ce ( its comp>atively late orig94 ,?is int]pretation ( ! numb] sev51 h[ev]1 0 n ! only "o propos$ 9 ! ,babylonian s*ools4 ,two mu* old] t[]s ?an ^? ( ,babylon & ,borsippa be> names 9 :i* 'sev5' is introduc$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! zikkurat to ,n9-girsu at ,laga%1 :i* ,gudea#acce describes z '! h\se ( sev5 divisions ( ! _w'2 ! o!r1 ! t[] at ,uruk1#accf :i* bore ! "n 'h\se ( sev5 zones4' ,! ref]5ce 9 bo? cases is1 z ,j5s5 has %[n1#accg to ! sev5 conc5tric zones into :i* ! e>? 0 divid$ by ! ,babylonians4 ,x is a conception t we enc\nt] 9 ,india & ,p]sia1 & t survives 9 ! sev5 'climates' into :i* ! _w 0 divid$ by ,greek & ,arabic geograph]s4 ,x seems cle> t ?is int]pretation ( ! numb] sev5 is old] ?an ! "o :i* id5tifi$ ea* /ory ) "o ( ! planets4#acch ,bo? int]pretations h a s*ola/ic aspect1 h[ev]1 & ! v fact t !re are two int]pretations1 ju/ifies ! suspicion t nei!r furni%es ! real explanation :y ! numb] sev5 0 *os54 ,x by no means foll[s f ! names borne by ! zikkurats at ,laga% & ,uruk t !y actually consi/$ ( sev5 /ories4 ,! 'sev5 divisions' & ! 'sev5 zones' are m]ely t]ms equival5t to 'univ]se4' ,! names giv5 to ! t[]s w\ld h be5 equally appropriate if !y consi/$--z !y probably did--( few] /ories ?an sev54 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! introduction ( ! numb] sev5 into ! names may be reg>d$ z a factor :i* influ5c$ ambiti\s build]s to make ! numb] ( /ories sev54 ,ov] & above ?is1 h[ev]1 sev5 0 *os51 prim>ily1 because x 0 a l>ge numb]1 &1 secondly1 because x 0 a sacr$ numb]1--sacr$ 9 "p because l>ge1 s9ce 'l>g5ess' & 'sacr$ness' are correlat$ ideas 9 ! popul> phases ( e>ly religi\s ?\ght4 ,9 ! same way1 x is because sev5 0 popul>ly sacr$ t ! _w 0 divid$ into sev5 zones & t ! planets 7 fix$ at sev51 n vice v]sa4 ,! op9ion ( "s s*ol>s#acci t ! zikkurats 7 us$ = a/ronomical obs]vations rema9s a pure conjecture1 ( :i* x _c ev5 be said t x has probability 9 its favor4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! a/ronomical obs]vations1 s9ce !y 7 conduct$ by ! prie/s1 7 made 9 ! temple prec9cts2 b a small room at ! top ( a pyramid difficult ( access seems h>dly a spot adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,moreov]1 ! sacr$ "* ( ! zikkurat speaks aga9/ ! supposition t x %\ld h be5 put to su* con/ant use1 & = purposes n directly connect$ ) ! cult4 ,9 ! num]\s a/ronomical reports t we h1 !re is n a s+le ref]5ce f :i* "o c\ld conclude t ! obs]vations report$ 7 made f ! top ( a zikkurat4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld appe> t z ! zikkurat develop$ f a "o-/ory edifice into a t[]1 & z ! numb] ( ! /ages increas$1 ! zikkurat assum$ m ( an ornam5tal "*4 ,:ile ! asc5t ( ! t[] cont9u$ to be reg>d$ to ! late/ days z a sacr$ duty1 pleas+ 9 ! eyes ( ! deity1 = ! ord9>y & m practical purposes ( ! cult1 o!r build+s 7 erect$ ne> ! t[]4 ,)9 ! temple area & bord]+ on x !re 7 small] %r9es1 :ile 9 front ( ! zikkurat !re 0 a l>ge op5 place1 :]e ! pilgrims :o flock$ to ! sacr$ city1 congregat$4 ,! sacrifices :i* =m$ ! ess5tial feature ( wor%ip 7 br\ght1 n at ! top ( ! zikkurat1 b on alt>s t 7 erect$ at ! base4 ,! ideographic designation ( ! zikkurat z a 'conspicu\s h\se1'#acdj :i* accords admirably ) ! motive ascrib$ 9 ! elev5? *apt] ( ,g5esis to ! build]s ( a zikkurat to erect an edifice t c\ld be se51 supports ! view "h tak5 ( ! m decorative position :i* ! /ag$ t[] came to occupy1--an homage to ! gods r ?an a place :]e !y 7 to be wor%ipp$1 some?+ t sugge/$ ! dwell+-place ( a god1 to be visit$ only occasionally by ! wor%ipp]--9 %ort1 a monum5t =m+ "p ( a religi\s sanctu>y1 b n coext5sive ) ! sanctu>y4 ,! diff]5tiation t ?us arose betwe5 ! dwell+-place ( ! god & ! place :]e he 0 to be wor%ipp$ is a p]fectly natural "o4 ,to emphasize ! fact t ! zikkurat 0 ! temple = ! god1 a small room 0 built at ! top ( ! zikkurat1#acda & x 0 a direct consequ5ce ( ?is same di/9ction betwe5 a temple = ! gods & a temple = actual wor%ip t l$ to assign+ to zikkurats special names1 & su* z diff]$ f ! designation ( ! sacr$ qu>t] ( :i* ! zikkurat =m$ ! mo/ conspicu\s feature4 ,?us ! "n ,e-,kur1 'm\nta9 h\se1' ?\gh evid5tly an appropriate designation = ! zikkurat1 becomes ! t]m = ! sacr$ area :i* includ$ 9 "t a l>ge s]ies ( build+s us$ = ! cult1 :]eas ! zikkurat itself receives ! special "n ( 'h\se ( oracle'2#acdb & simil>ly 9 ! case ( ! v>i\s o!r religi\s c5t]s ( ,babylonia1 ! "n ( ! zikkurat is di/9ct f t ( ! sacr$ qu>t]--! temple 9 ! broad] s5se4 ,! special position :i* ! zikkurat ?us came to occupy is1 ( c\rse1 m]ely an outcome ( ! gr[? ( ! religi\s c5t]s ( ! c\ntry1 & involves no dep>ture f ! religi\s ideals ( e>li] days4 ,! di/9ction is mu* ( ! same ord] z we f9d 9 ! case ( ! ,hebrew temple at ,j]usalem1 :]e ! c\rt 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s ga!r$ 0 di/9ct f ! 'holy ( holies1' :i* 0 orig9ally reg>d$ z ! dwell+ ( ,yahwe1 & 9 lat] times 0 view$ z ! spot :]e he manife/$ himself4 ,! "n 'h\se ( oracle' giv5 to ! zikkurat at ,nippur is a valuable indication ( ! special sanctity t cont9u$ to be atta*$ to ! /ag$ t[]4 ,! ,temple & ! ,sacr$ ,qu>t]4 ,b ! zikkurat1 :ile ! mo/ *>act]i/ic expression ( ! religi\s _s ( ,babylonia1 0 by no means ! only k9d ( sacr$ edifice t prevail$4 ,! excavations at ,nippur h af=d$ u = ! fir/ "t a g5]al view ( a sacr$ qu>t] 9 an anci5t ,babylonian city4 ,! ext5t ( ! qu>t] 0 consid]able4 ,dr4 ,pet]s' e/imate is eight areas = ! zikkurat & surr\nd+ /ructures1 & to ?is we may add sev]al acres m1 s9ce beyond ! limits ( ! great t]race !re 7 build+s to ! s\!a/ & s\?we/1 us$ = religi\s purposes4 ,x is likely t ! ext5t ( ,e-,sagila at ,babylon 0 ev5 great]4 ,outside ( ! temple area at ,nippur1 ,pet]s#acdc & ,haynes une>!d a c\rt ( consid]able size1 l9$ ) brick columns4 ,! c\rt 0 op5 to ! sky1 b ! columns support$ a ro( :i* 0 app>5tly ( wood4 ,simil> c\rts h be5 f\nd else:]e1 s t we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! ,nippur /ructure z *>act]i/ic ( ! ar*itecture ( ,babylonia4 ,! c\rt 0 atta*$ to an edifice ( consid]able size1 :i* conta9$ among o!r ?+s rooms 9 :i* ! temple records 7 kept4 ,! entrance to ! c\rt 0 by a l>ge gateway1 support$ on ea* side by a brick column1 d\ble ! diamet] ( ^? t surr\nd$ ! c\rt4 ,:ile ! nature ( ! build+ is n p]fectly cle>1 /ill ! pres5ce ( ! temple ar*ives & ! gateway make x probable t ! /ructure 0 us$ 9 connection ) ! cult ( "s deity wor%ipp$ at ,nippur4 ,l5d+ weight to ?is supposition are ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ?is /ructure & ! sacr$ edifices ( ! anci5t ,hebrews & ,arabs4 ,a c\rt ( sixty columns--made ( wood1 quadrangul> 9 %ape1 ) ! supports & tops ( metal--0 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! tab]nacle4#acdd ,)9 ?is c\rt1 op5 to ! sky1 ! p ga!r$ = wor%ip4 ,! alt> & ! bas9 = ablutions /ood 9 ! c\rt1 :ile ! holy t5t conta9+ ! ark 0 set up ne> ! ea/]n end ( ! place4 ,simil>ly at ,mecca1#acde ! ,kaaba1 ! pulpit1 & ! sacr$ f\nta9 are gr\p$ )9 a space enclos$ on all sides by colonnades4 ,aga91 surr\nd+ ! ,solomonic temple on ?ree sides 0 a spaci\s c\rt4 ,?is c\rt 0 enclos$ ) colonnades4#acdf ,x may well be1 !re=e1 t ! edifice ar\nd or ne> ! f9e c\rt ( columns at ,nippur 0 a sacr$ /ructure1 erect$ 9 honor ( "s deity4 ,! two l>ge brick columns at ! entrance to ! ,nippur c\rt are p>allel$ 9 ! case ( ! ,solomonic temple by ! two l>ge columns1 kn[n z ,yakh9 & ,boaz1 t /ood at ! gateway4 ,^! names are z yet unexpla9$4 ,_! symbolic "*1 ap>t f o!r evid5ce1 may be conclud$ f ! circum/ance t1 z ,s*ick has %[n1#acdg ! columns /ood free1 & did n s]ve z a support = any "p ( ! gateway4#acdh ,!re is no ne$1 !re=e1 = any hesitation 9 comp>+ ^! two columns1 ^: pres5ce 9 ! ,solomonic /ructure is c]ta9ly due to =eign influ5ce1 to ^? f\nd at ,nippur4#acdi ,t ! columns at ,nippur 7 erect$ 9 accordance ) recogniz$ cu/om foll[s f ,de ,s>zec's discov]y ( two enorm\s r\nd columns )9 ! sacr$ qu>t] ( ,laga%4#acej ,9 ! light ( ,pet]s' excavations1 ! significance ( ! columns at ,laga% becomes cle>4 ,un=tunately1 ,de ,s>zec's excavations at ,laga% at ! po9t ( ! m\nd 9 "q 7 int]rupt$1 b he gives reasons = believ+ t o!r columns exi/$ ne> ! two l>ge ones f\nd by him4#acea ,!re is1 !re=e1 e reason to conclude t at ,laga%1 z at ,nippur & no d\bt else:]e1 ! two columns belong$ to a great gateway lead+ into a l>ge c\rt ( columns4 ,t ^! columns s]v$ a symbolic purpose 9 ! ,babylonian temple z !y did at ,j]usalem1 _c be ma9ta9$ ) c]ta9ty1 b is em95tly likely4 ,! c\rt ( columns 0 surr\nd$ by a s]ies ( rooms4 ,if ! view tak5 ( ! build+ is correct1 ^! rooms 7 us$ = ! temple adm9i/ration4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re c be no d\bt t ! /ructures ( v>i\s size f\nd ar\nd ! zikkurat at ,nippur s]v$ z dwell+s = ! prie/s & ! temple att5dants1 z /alls = ! temple cattle1 z %ops = ! manufacture & sale ( votive objects1 & ! l4 ,)9 ! temple area prop] 7 ! s*ools :]e "y prie/s 7 tra9$ to be scribes1 & receiv$ in/ructions 9 ! doctr9es & rites4 ,! a/ronomical obs]vatories1 too1 7 situat$ ne> ! temple4 ,! s*ools s]v$1 z !y /ill d 9 ! ori5t1 z ! ga!r+-place ( ! mature s*ol>s4 ,! sy/ematiz$ pan!on1 & ! cosmological & a/ronomical sy/ems repres5t ! outcome ( ! intellectual activity t manife/$ itself )9 ! sacr$ qu>t]s ( ! cities ( ,babylonia4 ,! execution ( ju/ice be+ 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/s1 ! sacr$ area also conta9$ ! rooms :]e ! judges sat4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,gudea m5tions a hall ( judgm5t 9 ! temple to ,n9-girsu at ,laga%4 ,! numb] ( su* build+s atta*$ to ! temple prec9ct v>i$1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ! ne$s & gr[? ( ea* place4 ,9 ,nippur1 ! numb]s appe> to h be5 v l>ge4 ,we may assume1 likewise1 t at ,sipp>1 ,uruk1 ,ur1 & ,l>sa ! zikkurat 0 ! c5t] ( a consid]able gr\p ( build+s1 :ile at ,babylon 9 ! days ( h] greate/ p[]1 ! temple area ( ,e-,sagila mu/ h pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a little city by itself1 %ut (f f ! re/ ( ! t[n by a wall :i* inv>iably enclos$ ! sacr$ qu>t]4 ,)9 ?is l>ge wall !re 7 small] ones1 m>k+ ! sev]al divisions ( ! temple build+s4 ,! con/ruction ( ! small] edifices does n appe> to h v>i$ f ! ord9>y =m *os5 = ! "o-/ory dwell+-h\ses 9 ! city prop]4 ,! mat]ial us$ = all /ructures--! l>ge & ! small ones--0 brick4 ,9 e>li] times ! bricks 7 m]ely dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,! build+s1 z a consequ5ce1 suff]$ mu* f ! influ5ce ( ! heat & ra91 & requir$ frequ5t repairs4 ,(t5 ! t[] w\ld crumble away1 & an entirely new edifice w\ld h to be erect$4 ,! lat] cu/om ( kiln-dri$ bricks 0 an improvem5t1 & /ill m solidity 0 insur$ :5 ! ext]ior s]ies ( brick 0 glaz$4 ,9 ! old] build+s1 ! bricks 7 m]ely pil$ toge!r1 )\t cem5t4 ,aft]w>ds /raw 0 mix$ ) ! clay1 b z e>ly z ,gudea's days ! bitum51 ab\nd+ 9 ! valley1 became ! common cem5t employ$ 9 all edifices ( importance4 ,wood 0 us$ 9 ! case ( small] sanctu>ies 7z also 9 palaces7 = ! ro(1 & ! k+s (t5 ref] ) pride to ! ef=ts !y made to obta9 ! preci\s c$>s ( ! ,lebanon =e/s = _! build+ ent]prises4 ,! decoration 0 conf9$ l>gely to ! facades1 ! doors1 & ! floors4 ,a pleas+ effect also 0 produc$ by ! judici\s di/ribution ( glaz$ & enamel$ bricks 9 ! walls4 ,colors 7 us$ ) /ill great] lavi%ness 9 ! decorations ( ! int]ior4 ,! brilliancy 0 height5$ by ! use ( preci\s /ones & gold & silv] = ! walls & floors & ceil+s4 ,! aim ( ! build]s 01 z !y con/antly tell u1 to make ! build+s z brilliant z ! sunlight4 ,! decorations ( ! brick walls & floors sugge/ textile patt]ns1 & to acc\nt = ?is1 "s s*ol>s h suppos$ t prior to ! use ( color$ bricks1 x 0 cu/om>y to cov] ! walls & floors ( temples & palaces ) drap]ies & rugs4 ,! sugge/ion lacks pro(1 b has mu* 9 its favor4 ,9 ext]ior ar*itecture no pr(\nd *anges 7 ev] introduc$1 b )9 ! prescrib$ limits1 ! build]s did _! utmo/ to make _! edifices te/imonials ( _! zeal & p[]4 ,!y import$ gold1 copp]1 & diorite f ! ,s9ai p59sula & ,arabia1 preci\s /ones f ,arm5ia & ! ,upp] ,euphrates1 wood f ,bahre9 & f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,amanus range1 & s all qu>t]s ( ! anci5t _w ( culture 7 ransack$ = contributions to add to ! spl5dor ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian cities4 ,mu* c>e 0 be/[$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t ^u ! portals4 ,! wood5 gates 7 cov]$ ) bronze1 9 :i* art ( decoration great skill 0 develop$4#aceb ,! columns ( /one appe> only 9 ,assyrian edifices z decorations 9 ! front ( palaces1 support+ a portal or portico t projects f ! temple prop]4#acec ,! introduction appe>s to be due to =eign influ5ce1 p]haps ,hittite4#aced ,to det]m9e ! int]ior arrangem5t ( a sacr$ /ructure1 we h two small ,assyrian temples1 excavat$ by ,lay>d at ,nimrod1 to s]ve z our guide4#acee ,a long hall con/itut$ ! *ief feature4 ,at ! extreme end ( ?is hall 0 a small room1 9 :i* /ood a /atue ( ! god to :om ! temple 0 d$icat$4 ,?is room1 kn[n z ! papakhu or p>akku1 0 ! mo/ sacr$ "p ( ! temple1 & x is d\btful :e!r any b ! k+ or ! highe/ (ficials _h access to x4 ,c]ta9ly1 no "o c\ld approa* ! pres5ce ( ! deity )\t ! m$iation ( a prie/4 ,bo? t]ms = ?is room convey ! idea ( its be+ %ut (f#acef f ! re/ ( ! build+1 precisely z ! holy ( holies 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem conta9+ ! ark1 0 sep>at$ f ! c5tral hall4 ,gudea#aceg describes ! papakhu z ! d>k 7or inn]7 *amb]4 ,we are =tunate 9 hav+ a pictorial repres5tation ( su* a papakhu4 ,a /one tablet f\nd at ,sipp>#aceh repres5ts ,%ama% seat$ 9 ! holy ( holies ( ! temple ,e-,babb>a4 ,! god sits on a l[ ?rone4 ,9 front ( him is an alt> table on :i* re/s a :eel ) radiant spokes1--a symbol ( ! sun-god4 ,into ?is sanctu>y ! wor%ipp]1 :o is none o!r ?an ! k+ ,nabubalidd91 is l$ by a prie/4 ,! k+ is at pa9s to tell u 9 ! inscription atta*$ to ! design1 t he 0 c>eful to re/ore ! image ( ,%ama% aft] an anci5t model1 & 8 motive 9 add+ an illu/ration to ?is tablet is t future build]s may h no excuse = n be+ equally c>eful4 ,we may1 !re=e1 take ! illu/ration z a sample ( ! g5]al "* ( ! sacr$ *amb]s 9 ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian temples 9 ! great c5t]s4 ,! papakhu 0 decorat$ ) great lavi%ness4 ,! floors & walls & also ! ceil+ 7 /udd$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,we may believe ,h]odotus#acei :5 he tells u t ! /atue ( ,m>duk 9 8 temple at ,babylon & ! table 9 front ( x 0 ( gold4 ,x 0 to ! papakhu t ! prie/s retir$ :5 !y desir$ to obta9 an oracle direct f ! god2 & z 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! sanctity ( ! spot increas$1 we may well suppose t ! occasions :5 ! deity 0 directly approa*$ 9 8 papakhu became r>]4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! s*ools atta*$ to ! ,m>duk cult at ,babylon1 ! ,new ,ye>'s ,fe/ival--! "* ( :i* we w h occasion to expla9 lat] on--came to be reg>d$ z ! season mo/ appropriate = approa*+ ! oracul> *amb]4 ,dur+ ?is fe/ival1 ,m>duk 0 suppos$ to decide ! fate ( mank9d = ! :ole ye>1 & ! int]cession ( ! prie/s on ! occasion 0 fraught ) great importance4 ,a special significance1 moreov]1 came to be atta*$ to ! sacr$ *amb] 9 ! ,m>duk temple4 ,complem5t+ 9 a measure1 ! cosmological associations t h be5 not$ 9 connection ) ! zikkurat1 ! papakhu ( ,m>duk 0 reg>d$ z an imitation ( a cosmical 'sacr$ *amb]4' ,z ! zikkurat repres5t$ ! m\nta9 on :i* ! gods 7 born & :]e !y 7 once suppos$ to dwell1 s ! sacr$ room 0 reg>d$ z ! reproduction ( a portion ( ! great m\nta9 :]e ! gods assembl$ 9 solemn c\ncil4 ,?is c\ncil *amb] 0 situat$ at ! ea/]n end ( ! great m\nta91 & 0 kn[n z ,du-azagga1 t is1 'brilliant *amb]4' ,! *amb] itself con/itut$ ! inn]mo/ recess ( ! ea/]n limit ( ! m\nta91 & ! special "p ( ! m\nta9 9 :i* x lay 0 kn[n z ,ub%u-k5na1 writt5 ) ! ideographic equival5ts to 'assembly room4' ,x w be app>5t t su* a view ( ! papakhu is ! result ( !ological speculation1 & is n due1 z is ! conception ( ! zikkurat1 to popul> beliefs4 ,! assembly ( ! gods presupposes a sy/ematization ( ! pan!on1 & ! fact t x is only ! papakhu 9 ,m>duk's temple :i* is kn[n z ,du-azagga#acfj is a suffici5t indication ( ! influ5ces at "w :i* produc$ ?is conception4 ,9 ! creation epic1 !re is a ref]5ce to ! ,ub%u-k5na#acfa :i* %[s ! ma9 purpose ( a div9e assembly 9 ! eyes ( ! prie/s ( ,babylon4 ,! gods meet !re 9 ord] to d homage to ,m>duk4 ,!y ga!r ar\nd ! victori\s vanqui%] ( ,tiamat1 z ! pr9ces ga!r r\nd ! ?rone ( ! supreme rul]1--! k+ ( ,babylon & ( ,babylonia4 ,"o c see1 h[ev]1 t1 z is g5]ally ! case ) !ological doctr9es1 !re is a popul> />t+-po9t f :i* ^! views 7 develop$4 ,! ,du-azagga is old] ?an ! ,ub%u-k5na4 ,situat$ 9 ! extreme ea/1 ! 'brilliant *amb]' is evid5tly ! place :5ce ! sun rises 9 ! morn+4 ,a hymn to ,%ama%#acfb expressly speaks ( ! sun ris+ out ( ! ,du-azagga1 &1 s9ce ! sun also appe>s to rise up out ( ! ocean1 ! ,du-azagga is plac$ at a po9t close to ! great ,apsu1 :i* fl[s und]nea? ! m\nta94 ,9 confirmation ( ?is view1 a syllab>y#acfc id5tifies ! ,du-azagga ) ! ,apsu4 ,m>duk1 by virtue ( 8 orig9al quality z a sol> deity1 w\ld naturally be pictur$ z com+ =? f ,du-azagga4 ,9 ?is s5se ! title ,m>-,du-azaga1#acfd 'son ( ,du-azagga1' is appli$ to him1 j z he is call$ ,m>-,apsi1 ! son ( ,apsu4 ,b ! same conception w\ld hold good ( ,%ama%1 ( ,n9ib1 & ( "s o!r sol> deities1 ?\gh n ( all4 ,t ,du-azagga came to be especially associat$ ) ,m>duk is due simply to ! preem95t rank t he came to occupy4 ,:e!r !re 0 also a popul> basis = ! conception ( an ,ub%u-k5na1 an 'assembly room' ( ! gods1 is a "q m difficult to answ]4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! view t ! gods ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o place belongs to an age :i* attempt$ to fix1 at lea/ 9 "s measure1 ! relation%ip ( ! div9e be+s to "o ano!r4 ,! popul> phase ( ! conception ( a g5]al assembly h\se c\ld1 9 any case1 h>dly h proce$$ fur!r ?an ! assumption ( "s p>ticul> "p ( ! great m\nta91 :]e ! gods 7 wont to come toge!r4 ,! connection ( ?is assembly place ) ! ,du-azagga is di/9ctly ! "w ( ! !ologians ( ,babylon4 ,9 _! desire to make ,m>duk ! c5tral figure ( ! pan!on1 !y br+ all ! gods to 8 side4 ,! ,ub%u-k5na is ?us transf]r$ to ! region :5ce ! sun issues on 8 daily j\rney4 ,! '*amb]' ( ,m>duk becomes ! mo/ sacr$ spot 9 ?is region1 & ! ,ub%u-k5na ! g5]al "n = ! region itself4 ,z ,m>duk 9 ,babylon 0 surr\nd$ by 8 c\rt1 s 9 ,ub%u-k5na ! gods assemble to pay homage to ! "o freely ackn[l$g$ by !m z ! greate/1 & :o is pictur$ z sitt+ on 8 ?rone 9 ,du-azagga4 ,! fur!r speculation :i* br\ght ! gods toge!r ye>ly on ! occasion ( ! great ,m>duk fe/ival belongs likewise1 & z a matt] ( c\rse1 to ! p]iod :5 ,m>duk's sway 0 undisput$4 ,! ideas t 7 ?us atta*$ to ! papakhu 9 ,e-,sagila are a valuable indication ( ! sanctity atta*$ to t "p ( ! temple :]e ! god sat en?ron$4 ,9 a g5]al way1 :at holds good ( ,m>duk's papakhu applies to e sacr$ *amb] 9 a temple1 & no d\bt views 7 once curr5t ( ! papakhu ( ,bel at ,nippur & ( ! 'holy ( holies' 9 ,e-,babb>a#acfe & else:]e t =m$ 9 "s measure1 a p>allel to :at ! ,m>duk prie/s told ( _! favorite sanctu>y4 ,com+ back n[ to ! l>ge hall :i* l$ into ! papakhu1 ! abs5ce ( bas-reliefs 9 ?is hall 9 ! case ( ! ,assyrian temples excavat$ by ,lay>d1 sugge/s t ! walls ( ?is hall 7 n l9$ ) sculptur$ slabs1 z 0 ! case 9 ! l>ge rooms ( ! palaces2 & we may conclude t 9 ,babylonian temples1 likewise1 ! decoration ( ! walls 0 conf9$ z a g5]al ?+ to enamel$ bricks1 int]sp]s$1 p]haps1 ) metallic panels1 & t my?ological sc5es--su* z ! conte/ ) ,tiamat or ,gilgame%'s adv5tures--7 only occasionally portray$4 ,an aim :i*1 z ! rul]s !mselves tell u 9 _! inscriptions1 !y always kept 9 view 0 to make bo? ! ext]ior & int]ior ( ! temples respl5d5t ) brilliant color+--brilliant z ! sun4 ,at ! entrances to ! ,assyrian temples /ood lions1 *isel$ out ( s(t lime/one or ! h>d] alaba/]4 ,at ,telloh v>i\s fragm5ts ( l>ge lion heads 7 f\nd1#acff s t !re is e reason n only to trace ?is cu/om to ,babylonia1 b to c>ry x back to a v e>ly p]iod4 ,besides ! lion1 a favorite religi\s symbol1 z we h se51#acfg 0 ! bull1 &1 s9ce ,nebu*adnezz> speaks ( reta9+ ! bull /atue ( ! old temple to ,nana 7or ,i%t>7 at ,ere*1 we may suppose t ! repres5tation ( colossal bulls at ! entrances to ! temples also belongs to ! *>act]i/ic features ( ,babylonian religi\s ar*itecture4 ,! lion1 x w be recall$1 is m p>ticul>ly ! symbol ( ,n]gal1 b he appe>s orig9ally1 l ! bull1 to h be5 a symbol ( o!r gods z well--p]haps1 inde$1 ( ! gods 9 g5]al4 ,simil>ly1 ! eagle1 :i* becomes ! special symbol ( ,a%ur1 appe>s prom95tly on ! monum5ts ( ,entem5a#acfh & o!r anci5t rul]s1 c5turies be=e ! ,a%ur cult comes into prom95ce4 ,9 ! l>ge c\rt 9 front ( ! zikkurats !re /ood ! j>s us$ 9 connection ) ! cult1 & ! pres5ce ( ^! j>s fur!rmore sugge/s t !re 0 an alt> 9 ! great c\rt1 precisely z 9 ! case ( ! ,solomonic temple4#acfi ,9 ! l>g] ( ! temples f\nd by ,lay>d1 !re 0 a small] hall 9 front ( ! l>ge "o4 ,we may assume t ! same 0 ! case ) ! l>g] temples ( ,babylonia1 & ?is ?ree-fold division ( ! int]ior1--! ve/ibule1 or pronaos1 ! ma9 hall1 or naos1 & ! papakhu1--fur!r w>rants ! comp>ison ( a ,babylonian sacr$ edifice ) ! ,solomonic temple1#acgj :]e likewise we h ! ve/ibule1 ! hall kn[n z ! 'holy' "p1 & ! 'holy ( holies1' ! "o lead+ into ! o!r4 ,z to ! fur!r disposition ( ! rooms 9 ! ma9 temple1 we mu/ be cont5t to wait = fur!r excavations4 ,:at we "k is suffici5t to w>rant ! supposition t !re 0 practical uni=mity 9 ! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian temples4 ,:at v>iation !re exi/$ 0 probably conf9$ to ! decoration ( ! walls1 doorways1 & to ! facades4 ,mean:ile1 x is some?+ to h rea*$ g5]al results4 ,! zikkurat 0 surr\nd$ by a v>y+ numb] ( %r9es t 7 us$ z places ( assembly = wor%ipp]s4 ,! latt] ga!r$ also 9 ! l>ge c\rt 9 front ( ! zikkurat1 :]e ! *ief alt> probably /ood4#acga ,9 ! l>ge halls ( ! %r9es1 !re 7 9 all probabilities likewise alt>s4 ,x seems natural to suppose t ! hall ( judgm5t1 m5tion$ already 9 ,gudea's inscription1#acgb 0 atta*$ to "s %r9e4 ,besides ! zikkurats & %r9es1 !re 7 small] /ructures us$ z dwell+s = ! prie/s & temple (ficials1 = /oreh\ses1 = ! ar*ives1 & z /alls = ! animals to be us$ 9 ! sacrifices4 ,at ,nippur a smi?y 0 f\nd ne> ! temple prec9ct4 ,!re 7 work%ops ne> ! temple :]e ! furni%+s = ! temple1 su* z ! curta9s & ! ut5sils1 7 made1 & !re 7 magaz9es :]e votive tablets & (f]+s 7 manufactur$ & sold4 ,! numb] ( ^! /ructures v>i$1 naturally1 9 ea* religi\s c5t]1 & increas$ 9 proportion to ! gr[? ( ! c5t]4 ,! zikkurat1 ! great c\rt1 ! %r9es1 & ! small] /ructures =m$ a sacr$ prec9ct1 & x 0 ?is prec9ct z a :ole t con/itut$ ! temple 9 ! l>g] s5se1 & receiv$ "s appropriate "n4 ,?us ,e-,kur at ,nippur1 ,e-,sagila at ,babylon1 ,e-,zida at ,borsippa are us$ to d5ote ! entire sacr$ prec9ct 9 ^! cities1 & n m]ely ! *ief /ructure4 ,! zikkurat always _h a special "n ( its own4 ,a factor t contribut$ l>gely to ! gr[? ( ! sacr$ prec9ct 9 ! l>ge c5t]s 0 ! circum/ance t ! political importance ( su* c5t]s z ,nippur1 ,laga%1 ,ur1 ,babylon1 & ,n9eveh l$ ! rul]s to gr\p ar\nd ! wor%ip ( ! *ief deity1 ! cult ( ! m9or ones :o con/itut$ ! family or ! c\rt ( ! *ief god4 ,! k+s measur$ _! importance by ! numb] ( ! gods ^u ^: assi/ance !y c\ld rely4 ,! prie/s came to ! assi/ance ( ! k+s 9 connect+ ! gods ( ! royal pan!on 9 su* a way1 z to satisfy ! pride ( bo? _! royal & div9e ma/]s4#acgc ,! ambition ( ! k+s1 m especially ( ! ,assyrian empire1 l$ also to ! addition ( =eign deities to ! pan!on4 ,= ^! also %r9es 7 built )9 or ne> ! sacr$ prec9ct4 ,gudea sets ! example = 8 successors by p>ad+ a l>ge pan!on at ! close ( 8 inscriptions1#acgd & a li/ ( temples 9 ,laga%1 rec5tly publi%$ by ,s*eil1#acge %[s t mo/1 if n all1 ( ! gods invok$ by ! rul] _h a sanctu>y erect$ 9 8 or h] honor4 ,!re 71 z we h se51 sev]al qu>t]s 9 ,laga%1 & !re=e sev]al sacr$ prec9cts1 s t we _c be c]ta9 t all ( ^! sanctu>ies /ood 9 "o & ! same qu>t]4 ,b1 s9ce ! li/ 9 "q furni%es ! "n ( no less ?an ?irte5 sacr$ edifices1 we are c]ta9 t z _m z f\r or five small] *apels surr\nd$ ! prec9ct 9 :i* /ood ! great temple ,e-,n9nu1 sacr$ to ,gudea's *ief god ,n+irsu-,n9ib4 ,! li/ is head$ by ! sanctu>y to ,n9-girsu4 ,!re foll[ temples to ,bau1 to ,n9-gi%zida1 ,n9-m>1 ,n9a1 ,dumuzi-zu-aba1 ,n9-si-a1 ,ga-tum-dug kn[n to u f ! inscriptions ( ,gudea1 besides o!rs1 l ,%abra 7871 ,n9-sun1 ,n9-tu1 t appe> "h = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 ,nippur1 we f9d traces ( ! wor%ip ( ,belit 7or ,n9-lil71 ( ,n9ib1 & ( ,nusku1 ?\gh ) ! exception ( ! fir/ nam$1 ! wor%ip ( ^! gods has n be5 trac$ back fur!r ?an ! days ( ! ,cassite dyna/y4 ,subsequ5t excavations may1 ( c\rse1 *ange ! pres5t aspect2 b "o ga9s ! impression f ! mo/ anci5t inscriptions f\nd at ,nippur t at an e>ly p]iod ,bel 0 a god mu* l ! ,hebrew ,yahwe1 jeal\s ( hav+ o!rs at 8 side4 ,su* a conception w\ld help to acc\nt = ! title '"l' be+ appli$ to him above all o!rs1 & also aids u 9 und]/&+ ! la/+ impression he made ^u ! p ( ,babylonia1--an impression s pr(\nd t :5 ! "t came = ,en-lil to yield 8 supremacy to ,m>duk1 no bett] means c\ld be f\nd ( emphasiz+ ! latt]'s au?ority1 ?an by transf]r+ to him ! names & titles ( ! old] ,bel4#acgf ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 ,nippur 0 an exception1 & 9 lat] times ! ,bel cult 0 affect$ by ! same influ5ces t l$ ,gudea to gr\p ar\nd ! sanctu>y to ,n9-girsu1 edifices sacr$ to o!r gods & goddesses4 ,lugalzaggisi#acgg ( ,ere* enum]ates an ext5sive pan!on1#acgh :i* conta9s mo/ ( ! *ief deities1 & f :i* we may conclude t ! temple ( ,nana 0 simil>ly ! c5t] ( a l>ge prec9ct 9 :i* ! cult ( o!r deities 0 c>ri$ on4 ,:5 we come to ! cult ( ,m>duk at ,babylon & ( ,nabu at ,borsippa1 ! inscriptions1 *iefly ^? ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 come to our aid 9 %[+ u ! arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s *apels t 7 compris$ )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida1 respectively4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! close relation%ip betwe5 ,m>duk & ,nabu 0 emphasiz$ by plac+ a papakhu to ,nabu 9 ! prec9ct ( ,e-,sagila1 :i*--built 9 imitation ( ,e-,zida at ,borsippa--0 call$ by ! same "n4#acgi ,?is papakhu1 x w\ld seem1 0 indep5d5t ( a special temple to ,nabu kn[n z ,e-,makh-tila1 & :i* lay 9 ,borsippa4 ,! consort ( ,m>duk1 ,s>panitum1 likewise _h h] temple 9 ,babylon1 & naturally close to ! *ief sanctu>y ( ,m>duk4#achj ,ea1 ! fa!r ( ,m>duk1 _h a small sanctu>y kn[n z ,e-k>-zag9na 9 ! sacr$ prec9ct4#acha ,x does n foll[1 ( c\rse1 t all ! temples 9 a c5t] l ,babylon or ,borsippa 7 conc5trat$ 9 "o place4 ,inde$1 :5 ,nebu*adnezz> speaks ( ?ree temples to ,gula be+ erect$ 9 ,borsippa1#achb x is c]ta9 t !y c\ld n h be5 )9 ! prec9ct ( ,e-,zida1 & s ! temples to ,%ama% & ,ramman1 ,s9 & ,i%t>1 z well z to ,nabu 9 ,babylon1 _h an indep5d5t position2 b we are at lea/ w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t !y 7 n f> remov$ f ,e-,sagila1 & s1 likewise1 ! num]\s temples enum]at$ by ,nebu*adnezz> z erect$ or improv$ by him 9 ,borsippa 7 n f> di/ant f ,nabu's sanctu>y1--! fam\s ,e-,zida4 ,! palaces ( ! k+s 7 also erect$ ne> ! temples4 ,9 ,babylon1 we "k t be=e ,nebu*adnezz>'s days1 ! palace /ood s close to ,e-,sagila t an enl>gem5t ( x 0 impossible )\t encroa*+ on ! sacr$ qu>t]4#achc ,! t5d5cy to comb9e ) ! wor%ip ( ! *ief god1 ! cult ( o!rs is z *>act]i/ic ( ,assyrian rul]s z ( _! ,babylonian pr$ecessors4 ,we are =tunate 9 possess+ an ext5sive li/1#achd enum]at+ ! v>i\s deities wor%ipp$ 9 ! temples ( ,assyria1 & ! occasions on :i* !y are to be invok$4 ,! in=mation to be ga9$ f ?is li/ is all ! m welcome s9ce ! ,assyrian k+s are *iefly int]e/$ 9 transmitt+ an acc\nt ( _! milit>y exp$itions1 & tell u comp>atively little ( ! religi\s edifices 9 _! capitols4 ,f ?is li/ we le>n t 9 ! old temple sacr$ to ,anu & ,ramman1#ache 9 ! city ( ,a%ur--! olde/ ,assyrian temple kn[n to u1#achf--"s tw5ty deities 7 wor%ipp$4 ,images at lea/ ( ^! deities mu/ h /ood 9 ! temple2#achg b1 s9ce !re is a di/9ct ref]5ce zikkurats#achh 9 ! li/1 = "s ( !m special sanctu>ies ( "s k9d mu/ h be5 erect$ )9 ! prec9ct4 ,f ! same li/ we le>n t !re 0 a temple to ,m>duk#achi 9 ,a%ur 9 :i* ! cult ( ! ,%ama%1 ,s>panitum1 ,ramman1 ,n9ib1 ,anunit 0 also c>ri$ on2 simil>ly1 9 ! temples ( ,a%ur1 ( ,gula1 & ( ,n9ib1 o!r gods 7 wor%ipp$4 ,provisions ( "s k9d = ! cult ( ^! deities mu/ h be5 made1 & "o _c escape ! conclusion t 9 ! ,assyrian capitols1 ! sacr$ prec9cts likewise cov]$ consid]able t]ritory1 & t ! t5d5cy exi/$ t[>ds a /eady increase ( ! /ructures erect$ 9 connection ) ! cult ( ! patron deity4 ,s5na*]ib pr\dly describes ,n9eveh z ! city :i* conta9$ ! %r9es ( all gods & goddesses4#acij ,! ,names ( ! ,zikkurats & ,temples4 ,we h se5 t e sacr$ edifice _h a special "n by :i* x 0 kn[n4 ,?is cu/om belongs to ! olde/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 & cont9ues to ! late/4 ,?r\gh ^! names1 to :i*1 no d\bt1 consid]able significance 0 atta*$1 we obta9 a valuable insight into ! religi\s _s ( ! ,babylonians2 b x is important to note t ! cu/om does n appe> to h be5 z g5]al#acia 9 ,assyria1 :]e ! temples are simply kn[n z ! h\se ( ?is or t god or goddess4 ,( special int]e/ are ^? names :i* 7 sugge/$ by ! orig9al design ( ! temples4 ,su* are ,e-,kur1 '! m\nta9 h\se' at ,nippur1 ,e-kh>sag-kurkura1 '! h\se ( ! m\nta9 ( all l&s1' ! "n ( sev]al temples4#acib ,! same idea f9ds expression also 9 su* names z ,e-kh>sag-ella1 or 'h\se ( ! glori\s m\nta91' ! "n ( a temple to ,gula 9 ,babylon2 ,e-kh>sag1 '! m\nta9 h\se1' a temple 9 ,ur2#acic ,e-khur-makh1 '! h\se ( ! great m\nta91' :i* a text#acid decl>es to be equival5t to ,e-kh>sag-kalama4 ,closely alli$ ) ^! names are ^? indicat+ 9 "o way or ! o!r1 ! height or greatness ( ! build+s1 z ! g5]al aim ( ! build]s4 ,prom95t among su* names are ,e-,sagila1 '! l(ty h\se1' ! fam\s temple & temple area at ,babylon2 ,e-makh1 '! great h\se1' a *apel to ,n9-kh>sag1 situat$ p]haps )9 ,e-,sagila2 ,e-gal-makh1 '! great palace1' an old temple 9 ,ur2 ,e-anna1 '! heav5ly h\se1' t is1 ! h\se rea*+ up to heav51 :i* is ! "n ( ! temple ( ,i%t> or ,nana at ,ere*2 ,e-lgi-e-nir-kidur-makh1#acie '! t[] ( ! great dwell+' sacr$ to ,n9ni at ,ki%4 ,to ! same class belong su* designations z ,e-dur-an-ki1 '! l9k ( heav5 & e>?1'#acif ! "n ( a zikkurat at ,l>sa2 ,e-an-dadia1 '! h\se rea*+ to heav51' ! zikkurat at ,agade2 ,e-pa1 '! summit h\se1' ! zikkurat to ,n9-girsu at ,laga%2 ,e-gubba-an-ki1 '! po9t ( heav5 & e>?1' "o ( ! names ( ! zikkurat 9 ,dilbat2 ,e-dim-anna1 '! h\se ( heav5ly con/ruction1' ! *apel to ,s9 )9 ! prec9ct ( ,e-,zida at ,borsippa1--a "n t aga9 conveys ! notion ( an edifice rea*+ up to heav54 ,! names ( ! zikkurats at ,ere* & ,borsippa1 '! h\se ( sev5 zones' & '! h\se ( ! sev5 divisions ( heav5 & e>?1' respectively1 :ile convey+1 z we saw1#acig cosmological conceptions ( a m specific "*1 may /ill be reckon$ 9 ! class ( names t embody ! lead+ purpose ( ! t[] 9 ,babylonia1 z may also a "n l ,e-tem5-an-ki1 '! f\ndation /one ( heav5 & e>?1' assign$ to ! zikkurat to ,m>duk 9 ,babylonia4 ,! sacr$ edifice1 z ! dwell+ ( ! god to :om x is d$icat$1 leads to su* names z ,e-,zida1 '! true h\se or fix$ h\se1'#acih ! fam\s temple to ,nabu 9 ,borsippa2 ,e-dur-g9a1#acii '! h\se ( ! e/abli%$ seat1' a temple ( ,bel-s>bi#adjj 9 ,baz2 ,e-ki-dur#adja-;g>za1 '! sacr$ dwell+1' a temple to ,n9-lil-anna 9 ,babylon2 ,e-kua1 '! dwell+-h\se1' ! "n ( ! papakhu ( ,m>duk 9 ,e-,sagila2 ,e-gi-umunna1 '! p]man5t dwell+'2 ,e-e%#adjb-;gi1 a %r9e to ,n9-girsu at ,laga% ) ! same mean+1 'p]man5t h\se4' ,ano!r class is =m$ by su* names z are sugge/$ by ! attributes ( ! deity to :om ! edifices are d$icat$4 ,su* are ,e-babb>a1 '! brilliant h\se1' :i*1 z ! "n ( ! temples to ,%ama% at ,sipp> & ,l>sa1 recalls at once ! "* ( ! sun-god4 ,simil>ly1 ,e-gi%-%ir-gal1 '! h\se ( ! great lum9>y1' 0 an appropriate "n = ! temple to ! moon-god at ,ur4 ,! /aff or sceptre be+ ! symbol ( ! god ,nabu1 sugge/s z ! "n ( a sanctu>y to him 9 ,babylonia1 ! "n ,e-pad-kalama-suma1 '! h\se ( him :o gives ! sceptre ( ! _w1' :ile ! "* ( ,%ama% z ! god ( ju/ice f9ds an expression 9 ! "n ,e-dit>-kalama1 '! h\se ( ! univ]sal judge1' giv5 to 8 temple or *apel 9 ,babylon4 ,! association ( ! numb] fifty ) ,n+irsu-,n9ib leads to ! "n ,e-n9nu1 'h\se ( fifty1'#adjc = 8 temple 9 ,laga%4 ,aga91 ! position ( ,anu 9 ! pan!on acc\nts = ! "n ,e-adda1 'h\se ( ! fa!r1' giv5 to 8 temple1 j z ,e-n9-makh1 '! h\se ( ! great lady1' ! "n ( a *apel 9 ,babylon1 at once recalls a goddess l ,i%t>4 ,o!r names t describe a temple by epi!ts ( ! gods to :om !y are sacr$1 are ,e-nun-makh1 '! h\se ( ! great "l1' descriptive ( ,s92 ,e-me-te-ur-sagga1 '! h\se ( ! glory ( ! w>rior1' a temple sacr$ to ,zamama-,n9ib2 ,e-,u-gal1 '! h\se ( ! great "l1' a temple to ,en-lil4 ,a "n l ,e-ed9na1 'h\se ( ! field1' a temple to ! consort ( ,%ama% at ,sipp>1 may also h be5 sugge/$ by "s attribute ( ! goddess4#adjd ,la/ly1 we h a class ( names t might be describ$ z purely ornam5tal1 or z embody+ a pi\s wi%4 ,( su* we h a l>ge numb]4 ,examples ( ?is class are ,e-tila1 'h\se ( life4' ,names extoll+ ! glory & spl5dor ( ! temples are common4 ,9 a li/ ( temples#adje we f9d su* designations z 'h\se ( light1' 'h\se ( ! brilliant prec9ct1' 'great place1' 'l(ty & brilliant wall1'#adjf 'h\se ( great spl5dor1' '! spl5dor ( heav5 & e>?1' 'h\se )\t a rival1' 'light ( ,%ama%4' ,! seat ( ,s>panitum 9 ,e-,sagila1 is kn[n z '! gate ( widespread spl5dor'2 ,e-salgisa1 '! treasury1' z ! "n ( a temple 9 ,girsu1 may belong "h4 ,a temple to ,gula 9 ,sipp> 0 call$ ,e-ulla2 t is1 '! beautiful h\se4' ,! old temple to ,s9 at ,h>ran bore ! significant "n ,e-khulkhul1 'h\se ( joys1' :ile ! pi\s wi% ( ! wor%ipp] is aga9 express$ 9 ! "n '?re%old ( long life1' giv5 to ! zikkurat 9 ,sipp>4#adjg ,among a s]ies ( names1#adjh illu/rat+ ! religi\s s5tim5ts ( ! p are ! foll[+3 '! he>t ( ,%ama%1' '! h\se ( he>k5+ to pray]s1'#adji '! h\se full ( joy1' '! brilliant h\se1' '! life ( ! _w1' '! place ( fates1' & ! l4 ,^! v>i\s classes ( names are a valuable index ( ! v>i$ & (t5 rem>kable conceptions held ( ! gods4 ,to call a temple1 = example1 'c\rt ( ! _w'#adaj may h be5 due orig9ally to a haughty presumption on ! "p ( "s "o deeply atta*$ to "s god2 b su* a "n mu/ also h l$ to reg>d+ ! god z n limit$ 9 8 affections to a p>ticul> di/rict4 ,:atev] t5d5cies exi/$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria t[>ds univ]sali/ic conceptions ( ! div9e be+s 7 br\ght out 9 ! temple names1 & 9 "p may h be5 advanc$ by ^! names4 ,! cu/om /ill surviv+ 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur* ( giv+ names to synagogues may be trac$ back to a ,babylonian prototype4#adaa ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,temples4 ,! hi/ory ( ! temples takes u back to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 & ! temples ( ,assyria likewise date f ! small beg9n+s ( ! ,assyrian p[]4 ,! olde/ inscriptions ( ,mesopotamian rul]s commemorate _! s]vices z build]s ( temples4 ,n>am-,s9 & ,s>gon glory 9 ! title 'build] ( ! temple ( ,en-lil 9 ,nippur4' ,( ! rul]s ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 x s happ5s t we "k m ( ,gudea ?an ( any o!r4 ,we may feel c]ta9 t he b foll[s ! example ( 8 pr$ecessors1 9 devot+ s l>ge a %>e ( 8 en]gies to temple build+4 ,hammurabi is an active build] ( sanctu>ies1 & s on1 ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ,assyrian supremacy d[n to ! clos+ days ( ! ,babylonian mon>*y1 ! ?\ghts ( ! rul]s 7 direct$ t[>ds honor+ ! gods by improv+1 re/or+1 rebuild+1 or enl>g+ ! sanctu>ies1 z well z by end[+ !m ) ri* gifts & votive (f]+s4 ,! ,assyrian k+s1 ?\gh p]haps m conc]n$ ) embelli%+ _! palaces1 d n neglect ! seats ( ! gods4 ,anxi\s to ma9ta9 ! connection betwe5 _! k+dom & ! old cities ( ! s\?1 ! ,assyrian mon>*s 7 fond ( pay+ homage to ! "t-honor$ sanctu>ies ( ,babylonia4 ,?is feel+1 :i* is ( c\rse %>$ by ! ,babylonian rul]s1 results 9 br++ ab\t ! cont9uity ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian religion4 ,if1 despite ! *anges t ! religi\s doctr9es und]w5t1 despite ! new int]pretations giv5 to old my?s & leg5ds1 despite ! pr(\nd *anges introduc$ into ! relation%ip ( ! gods to "o ano!r ?r\gh ! sy/ematization ( ! pan!on1 if1 despite all ?is1 ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians--lead]s & p--cont9u$ to feel t !y 7 foll[+ ! religion ( _! =efa!rs1 x 0 due to ! ma9t5ance ( ! old sanctu>ies4 ,we c actually trace ! hi/ory ( "s ( ^! sanctu>ies = a p]iod ( ov] #cjjj ye>s4 ,9 _! re/orations1 ! lat] build]s 7 c>eful n to (f5d ! memory ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,!y s\ght out ! old d$icatory inscriptions1 & took /eps to pres]ve !m4 ,!y rejoic$ :5 !y came ^u ! old f\ndation /ones4 ,9 _! re/orations !y 7 c>eful to foll[ orig9al designs2 & likewise 9 ! cult1 s f> f deviat+ f e/abli%$ cu/om1 !y /rongly emphasiz$ _! desire to re/ore ! cult to its orig9al "*1 :]ev] an int]ruption = "o reason or ! o!r _h tak5 place4 ,9 all ?is1 ! rul]s 7 act+ 9 accord ) ! popul> in/9cts1 = ! masses clung t5aci\sly to ! old sanctu>ies1 z af=d+ an unfail+ means ( protection aga9/ ! ills & accid5ts ( life4 ,to enum]ate all ! temples ( ,babylonia & ,assyria w\ld be bo? an impossible & a useless task4 ,besides ^? m5tion$ 9 ! hi/orical texts & 9 ! legal lit]ature1 we h long li/s ( temples prep>$ by ! p$agogues4 ,"s ( ^! li/s h be5 publi%$2#adab o!rs are to be f\nd among ! unpubli%$ mat]ial 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collections4#adac ,x is d\btful :e!r ev5 ^! catalogues 7 exhau/ive1 or aim$ at be+ s2 moreov]1 a l>ge numb] ( gods are kn[n to u only f ! li/s ( ! p$agogues4#adad ,s1 to m5tion "s1 tak5 f a valuable li/#adae :i* gives *iefly ! names ( =eign gods1 toge!r ) ! places :]e !y 7 wor%ipp$1 we le>n ( su* gods z ,lagamal1 ,mag>ida1 ,lasimu1 ,a-i%tu1 ,bulala1 ,katnu1 ,kannu1 ,ki%%at1 ,kani%urra1 ,khiraitum4 ,kn[+1 z we d1 t at v>i\s p]iods =eign deities 7 introduc$ into ,babylonia & ,assyria1#adaf x 0 necess>y to make "s provision = _! cult2 &1 :ile no d\bt mo/ ( ^! m9or deities & =eign gods 7 repres5t$ only by /atues plac$ 9 "s temple or temple prec9ct1 x is equally c]ta9 t "s _h a %r9e or sanctu>y ( "s k9d specially erect$ 9 _! honor4 ,9 hymns1 too1 deities are m5tion$ t are o!rwise unkn[n4 ,s 9 a litany1 publi%$ by ,craig1#adag a long s]ies ( gods is introduc$4 ,"s are id5tical ) ^? includ$ 9 ! li/ j ref]r$ to1#adah o!rs appe> "h = ! fir/ "t1 z ,mi%iru1 ,kilili ,i%i-milku4 ,epi!ts also occur 9 li/s & hymns1 t appe> to belong to deities o!rwise unkn[n4 ,we are safe1 !re=e1 9 e/imat+ ! numb] ( temples1 zikkurats1 & small] %r9es 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria to h rea*$ high into ! hundr$s4 ,sanctu>ies mu/ h cov]$ ! ,euphrates ,valley l a network4 ,by virtue ( ! old] culture ( ! s\? & ! great] importance t ,babylonia always enjoy$ f a religi\s po9t ( view1 ! sanctu>ies ( ! s\? 7 mu* m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! nor?4 ,= our purposes1 x is suffici5t to indicate "s ( ! mo/ important ( ! temples ( ! s\? & nor?4 ,! olde/ kn[n to u at pres5t is ! frequ5tly m5tion$ temple ( ,e-,kur at ,nippur1 sacr$ to ,en-lil or ! old] ,bel4 ,its hi/ory c be c>ri$ back to a p]iod beyond #djjj ,b4,c42 h[ f> beyond _c be det]m9$ until ! e>ly *ronology is bett] kn[n ?an at pres5t4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t f ! "t ( ,s>gon#adai & probably ev5 mu* e>li]1 ! rul]s :o _h control ( ,nippur devot$ !mselves to ! embelli%m5t ( ! temple area4 ,climatic conditions necessitat$ frequ5t repairs4 ,! temple also suff]$ occasionally ?r\gh political tumults1 b ) ea* c5tury ! religi\s importance ( ,e-,kur 0 increas$4 ,ur-,bau1 we h se51 ab\t #bgjj ,b4,c41 erect$ a zikkurat 9 ! temple area4 ,"s c5turies lat] we f9d ,bur-,s9 repair+ ! zikkurat & add+ a %r9e ne> ! ma9 /ructure4 ,z ! political =tunes ( ,nippur v>i$1 s ,e-,kur _h its ups & d[ns4 ,"u ! ,cassitic rule1 an attempt 0 made to recov] = ,nippur ! position :i* x =m]ly occupi$1 b :i* _h n[ pass$ ov] to ,babylon4 ,x 0 ( little avail4 ,bel _h to yield to ,m>duk1 & yet1 despite ! means t ! prie/s ( ,m>duk took to transf] ,bel's pr]ogatives to ! new head ( ! pan!on1 ! rul]s w\ld n risk ! ang] ( ,bel by a neglect ( ,e-,kur4 ,kurigalzu1 a k+ ( ! ,cassite dyna/y 7c4 #adjj ,b4,c47 br+s back f ,elam#adbj a votive object :i*1 orig9ally deposit$ by ,dungi 9 ! ,i%t> temple at ,ere*1 0 c>ri$ to ,susa by an ,elamitic conqu]or ab\t #ijj ye>s be=e ,kurigalzu4 ,! latt] deposits ?is object n 9 ,m>duk's temple at ,babylon1 b 9 ,bel's sanctu>y at ,nippur4 ,dur+ ! entire ,cassitic p]iod1 ! k+s cont9u$ to build or make repairs 9 ! temple prec9ct1 & almo/ e rul] is repres5t$ by m or less co/ly votive (f]+s made to ,bel's sanctu>y4 ,9 ?is way1 we c foll[ ! hi/ory ( ! temple d[n to ! ,assyrian p]iod4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! religi\s supremacy ( ,e-,kur yields p]man5tly to ,e-,sagila4 ,! temple is sack$1 "p ( x is de/roy$1 & x 0 left to rul]s ( ! nor? l ,es>haddon & ,a%urbanabal to once m re/ore ,e-,kur & its dep5d5cies to its =m] proportions4 ,^! k+s1 especially ! latt]1 devote mu* "t & en]gy 9 rebuild+ ! zikkurat & 9 erect+ v>i\s build+s connect$ ) ! temple adm9i/ration4 ,"u ! new ,babylonian dyna/y1 h[ev]1 ,e-,kur 0 aga9 de/roy$1 & ?is "t by ! ru?less h&s ( s\!rn rul]s4 ,nebu*adnezz>1 s devot$ to ,m>duk & ,nabu1 appe>s to h reg>d$ ,e-,kur z a s]i\s rival to ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida4 ,"s traces ( build+ op]ations at ,e-,kur appe> to date f ! ,p]sian p]iod1 b1 practically1 ! hi/ory ( ,e-,kur comes to an end at ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! sanctity ( ! place1 h[ev]1 rema9$2 a portion ( ! old city becomes a favorite burial site1 :ile o!r p>ts cont9ue to be inhabit$ till ! twelf? c5tury ( our era4 ,! city ( ,bel becomes ! seat ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op1 & ,jewi% s*ools take ! place once occupi$ by ! />-gaz]s ( ,*aldea4 ,! hi/ory ( ,e-,kur1 s intimately b\nd up ) political ev5ts1 may be tak5 z an index ( ! =tunes t befell ! o!r prom95t sanctu>ies ( ,babylonia4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,%ama% temple at ,sipp>1 & kn[n z ,e-,babb>a1 '! brilliant h\se1' c likewise be trac$ z f> back z ! days ( ,n>am-,s94 ,at t "t !re 0 already a sanctu>y to ,anunit )9 ! prec9cts ( ,e-,babb>a4 ,memb]s ( ! ,cassite dyna/y devote !mselves to ! re/oration ( ?is sanctu>y4 ,?r\gh a subsequ5t invasion ( ! nomads1 ! cult 0 int]rupt$ & ! great /atue ( ,%ama% de/roy$4 ,sev]al attempts are made to reorganize ! cult1 b x 0 left = ,nabubalidd9 9 ! t5? c5tury to re/ore ,e-,babb>a to its =m] pre/ige4 ,es>haddon & ,a%urbanabal1 :o pay homage to ! old ,bel at ,nippur1 also devote !mselves to ,%ama% at ,sipp>4 ,!y re/ore su* portions ( x z _h suff]$ f ! lapse ( "t & f o!r causes4 ,nebu*adnezz> is oblig$ to rebuild p>ts ( ,e-,babb>a1 & ! la/ k+ ( ,babylonia1 ,nabonn$os1 is s active 9 8 build+ op]ations at ,sipp> t he ar\ses ! ang] ( ! prie/s ( ,babylon1 :o feel t _! rul] is neglect+ ! sanctu>ies ( ,m>duk & ,nabu4 ,x is ?r\gh ,nabonn$os#adba & ,nabubalidd91#adbb *iefly1 t we le>n _m ( ! details ( ! hi/ory ( ,e-,babb>a dur+ ?is long p]iod4 ,( ! o!r important temples t date f ! e>ly p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) brief indications4 ,! temple to ,%ama% at ,l>sa1 :ile n q z old z t ( ,sipp>1 0 q z fam\s4 ,its "n 0 likewise ,e-,babb>a4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! inscriptions ( ,ur-,bau 7c4 #bgjj ,b4,c471 & x cont9ues to enjoy ! favor ( ! rul]s till ! ,p]sian conque/4#adbc ,! two *ief places = ! moon-cult 7 ,ur & ,h>ran4 ,! "n ( ,s9's temple#adbd at ! =m] place 0 ,e-,gi%-%ir-gal1 '! h\se ( ! great light'2 at ! latt]1 ,e-khulklul1 '! h\se ( joys4' ,ar\nd bo? sanctu>ies1 b p>ticul>ly ar\nd ! =m]1 clu/] sacr$ traditions4 ,we h se5 t ! moon-cult at an e>ly p]iod enjoy$ great] importance ?an sun-wor%ip4 ,! temples ( ,s9 7 c5t]s ( intellectual activity4 ,x is 9 ^! places t we may expect "s day to f9d elaborate a/ronomical & a/rological records4 ,h>ran1 inde$1 does n appe> at any "t to h play$ any political role#adbe 7?\gh x 0 ov]run occasionally by nomads71 s t ! significance ( ! place is due almo/ entirely to ! pres5ce ( ! great temple at ! place4 ,x is ,nabonn$os1#adbf aga91 :o endeavors to re/ore ! anci5t pre/ige ( ! sanctu>y at ,h>ran4 ,e-anna1 '! l(ty h\se1' 0 ! "n ( ,i%t>'s fam\s temple at ,ere*4 ,! m5tion ( ?is temple 9 "o ( ! creation n>ratives#adbg & ! "p play$ by ,i%t> ( ,ere* 9 ! ,gilgame% epic are suffici5t indications ( ! significance ( ?is /ructure4 ,hi/orical inscriptions f ! e>lie/ p]iod to ! days ( ,a%urbanabal & ,nebu*adnezz> come to our fur!r aid 9 illu/rat+ ! cont9u$ popul>ity ( ! ,i%t> cult 9 ,e-anna4 ,! ,i%t> :o survives 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria is practically ! ,i%t> ( ,ere*1--t is1 ,nana4#adbh ,pass+ by su* sanctu>ies z ,e-%id-lam1 sacr$ to ,n]gal at ,cu?ah1 & com+ to ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida1 ! two great temples ( ,babylon & ,borsippa1 respectively1 x is ( c\rse evid5t f ! close connection betwe5 political developm5t & religi\s supremacy1 t ,m>duk's seat ( wor%ip occupies a unique position f ! days ( ,hammurabi to ! d[nfall ( ,babylonia4 ,:ile ! hi/ory ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida _c be trac$ back fur!r ?an ! reign ( ,hammurabi1 ! temples !mselves are consid]ably old]4 ,previ\s to ! rise ( ! city ( ,babylon z ! political c5t]1 ! ,nabu cult 9 ,e-,zida mu/ h be5 m prom95t ?an ! wor%ip ( ,m>duk 9 ,e-,sagila4 ,m>duk 0 m]ely "o sol> deity among sev]al1 & a m9or "o at t1 :]eas ! attributes ( wisdom giv5 to ,nabu po9t to ! intellectual importance t ,borsippa _h acquir$4 ,! ,nabu cult 0 comb9$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,m>duk simply because x c\ld n be suppress$4 ,at v>i\s times1 z we h se51#adbi ,nabu =m$ a s]i\s rival to ,m>duk1 & x w be recall$ t up to a late p]iod we f9d ,nabu giv5 ! pref]5ce to ,m>duk 9 (ficial docum5ts4#adcj ,! insep>able association ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida is a tribute to ,nabu :i*1 we may feel c]ta91 ! prie/s ( ,m>duk did n (f] will+ly4 ,b ?is association becomes ! lead+ feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ! two temples4 ,to pay homage to ,m>duk & ,nabu meant some?+ q diff]5t f mak+ a pilgrimage to ! seat ( ,bel or pres5t+ a gift to ! ,%ama% sanctu>y at ,sipp>4 ,x 0 an ackn[l$gm5t ( ,babylonia's pre/ige4 ,! ,assyrian rul]s reg>d$ x z bo? a privilege & a solemn duty to come to ,babylon & invoke ! protection ( ,m>duk & ,nabu4 ,9 ,e-,sagila ! in/allation ( ! rul]s ov] ,babylonia took place1 & a visit to ,m>duk's temple 0 incomplete )\t a pilgrimage across ! riv] to ,e-,zida4 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ by ^! two temples ^u ! :ole c\rse ( ,babylonian hi/ory f ! ?ird mill5nium on1 c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,f ! s*ools gr\p$ ar\nd ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida1 w5t =? ! decrees t %ap$ ! doctr9al developm5t ( ! religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,9 ^! s*ools1 ! anci5t wisdom 0 mold$ into ! %ape 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ! lit]>y rema9s ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,"h ! pa/ 0 int]pret$ & ! intellectual future ( ! c\ntry project$4 ,! ?\ght ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida mu/ h /or$ up emotions 9 ! brea/ ( a ,babylonian & ,assyrian1 t c only be comp>$ to a pi\s ,mohamm$an's en?usiasm = ,mecca1 or ! long+ ( an ard5t ,hebrew = ,j]usalem4 ,! hymns to ,m>duk & ,nabu voice ?is emotion4 ,!re is a f]v5cy 9 ! pray]s ( ,nebu*adnezz> :i* m>ks !m (f f ! some:at p]functory invocations ( ! ,assyrian k+s to ,a%ur & ,i%t>4 ,an appreciation ( ! position ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida 9 ,babylonian hi/ory is an ess5tial condition to an und]/&+ ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion4 ,! prie/s ( ,m>duk c\ld view ) equanimity ! rise & gr[? ( ,assyria's p[]4 ,! influ5ce ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida 0 n affect$ by su* a %ift+ ( ! political kaleidoscope4 ,babylon rema9$ ! religi\s c5t] ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 "o day1 a ,p]sian conqu]or--,cyrus--ent]$ ! prec9cts ( ,e-,sagila1 8 fir/ /ep 0 to ackn[l$ge ,m>duk & ,nabu z ! supreme p[]s 9 ! _w2 & ! successors ( ,alex&] cont9ue to glory 9 ! title 'adorn] ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida4'#adca ,) ! same zeal t di/+ui%es a good ,babylonian1 ,antio*us ,sot] ha/5s to connect 8 reign ) ! two temples by busy+ himself ) _! enl>gem5t & beautification4 ,!re 0 no bett] way 9 :i* he c\ld indicate1 at ! same "t1 8 political control ov] ! c\ntry4 ,"o m factor contribut+ to ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! ,babylonian temples rema9s to be not$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 all ! great temples 9 ! l>ge c5t]s became l>ge f9ancial e/abli%m5ts4 ,! s\rces :5ce ! temples d]iv$ _! weal? 7 v>i\s4 ,! k+s bo? ( ,babylonia & ,assyria took frequ5t occasions to end[ ! sanctu>ies ) l&s or o!r gifts4 ,at times1 ! end[m5t took ! =m ( c]ta9 quantities ( w9e1 corn1 oil1 fruits1 & ! l1 = :i* annual provision is made2 at times1 ! h>ve/ d]iv$ f a piece ( prop]ty is set aside = ! b5efit ( ! temple4 ,9 o!r ways1 too1 ! temples acquir$ l>ge hold+s1 ?r\gh pur*ases ( l& made f ! income accru+ to x1 & f ! ti!s :i* x became cu/om>y to collect4 ,?is prop]ty 0 ei!r f>m$ ?r\gh ! au?orities ( ! temple = ! direct b5efit ( ! sanctu>y1 or 0 r5t$ out to private p>ties "u favorable conditions4 ,we le>n ( l>ge bodies ( labor]s ind5tur$ to temples1 z well z ( slaves own$ or controll$ by ! temples4 ,^! workm5 7 engag$ = v>i\s purposes1--= build+ op]ations1 = s]vice 9 ! fields1 = work+ raw mat]ial1 su* z wool1 into f9i%$ products1 & mu* m ! l4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1 ! temples engag$ directly 9 comm]cial affairs1 l5d+ sums ( money & receiv+ int]e/4 ,9 "s sanctu>ies1 a ?riv+ bus9ess ( b>t] & ex*ange 0 c>ri$ on4 ,crops are sold1 h\ses are r5t$ by ! temple ag5ts1 & !re 0 sc>cely an av5ue ( comm]ce into :i* ! temples did n ent]4 ,an active bus9ess 0 also c>ri$ on 9 ! manufacture & sale ( idols1 votive (f]+s1 amulets1 & ! l4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( ! legal docum5ts f\nd 9 ! ,babylonian m\nds deal ) ! bus9ess affairs ( ! temples4#adcb ,su* a /ate ( affairs naturally contribut$ t[>ds mak+ ! temples important e/abli%m5ts & t[>ds increas+ ! influ5ce ( ! prie/s ov] ! p4 ,! temples ( ,assyria play a m9or "p 9 ! religi\s life ( rul]s & p4 ,true1 gr& /ructures 7 re>$ 9 ,a%ur1 ,calah1 ,n9eveh1 & ,arbela1 & no important /ep 0 tak5 by ! k+s )\t consult+ ,a%ur1 ,i%t>1 or ,ramman ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! prie/s4 ,! great cities ( ,assyria also become intellectual c5t]s4 ,! prie/s ( ,arbela creat$ a s*ool ( !ological ?\ght1 b all ^! ef=ts 7 b weak imitations ( ! example furni%$ by ! temples ( ! s\?4 ,ev5 ,a%urbanabal1 ^: ambition 0 to make ,n9eveh ! c5t] ( religi\s & intellectual progress1 fail$ ( 8 purpose4 ,8 empire soon fell to decay1 & ) t decay ,n9eveh disappe>s f ! /age ( hi/ory4 ,babylon & ,borsippa1 h[ev]1 rema91 & cont9ue to h& d[n to succe$+ g5]ations1 ! wisdom ( ! pa/4 ,! ,sacr$ ,objects 9 ! ,temples1--,alt>s1 ,vases1 ,images1 ,bas9s1 ,%ips4 ,! e>lie/ alt>s 7 made ( ! same mat]ial z ! zikkurats & sanctu>ies4 ,"o f\nd at ,nippur at an exce$+ly l[ level 0 ( sun-dri$ bricks4#adcc ,h[ e>ly ?is mat]ial 0 replac$ by /one1 we are n 9 a position to say4 ,gudea1 :o imports diorite f ! ,s9ai ,p59sula to make /atues#adcd ( himself1 presumably uses a simil> mat]ial = ! sacr$ furni%+s ( 8 temples1 ?\gh cu/om & conv5tionality may h ma9ta9$ ! use ( ! old] clay mat]ial = "s "t4 ,9 ,assyria1 alt>s ( lime/one & alaba/] became ! prevail+ types4 ,! %ape & size ( ! alt>s v>i$ consid]ably4 ,! olde/ kn[n to u1 ! "o f\nd at ,nippur1 0 ab\t twelve feet long & half z wide4 ,! upp] surface 0 surr\nd$ by a rim ( bitum54#adce ,assyrian alt>s n[ 9 ! ,briti% museum are f two to ?ree feet high4 ,! ornam5tation ( ! corn]s ( ! rim ( ! alt> l$ to giv+ ! alt> ! appe>ance ( horns4#adcf ,! base ( ! alt> 0 ei!r a solid piece ) a circul> or oblong plate re/+ on x1 or ! table re/$ on a tripod4#adcg ,! latt] species 0 well adapt$ = be+ transport$ f place to place by ! ,assyrian k+s1 :o naturally 7 anxi\s to ma9ta9 ! wor%ip ( ,a%ur & ( o!r gods :ile on _! milit>y exp$itions4 ,mu* c>e 0 sp5t ^u ! ornam5tation ( ! alt>s1 &1 if we may believe ,h]odotus1 ! great alt>s at ,babylon 7 made ( gold4#adch ,9 front ( ! alt>s /ood l>ge vases or j>s ( t]ra cotta1 us$ = ablutions & o!r purposes 9 connection ) ! sacrifices4 ,two su* j>s1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 7 f\nd at ,nippur4 ,!y 7 ornam5t$ ) rope patt]ns1 & ! dep? at :i* !y 7 f\nd is an indication ( ! antiquity & /ability ( ! =ms ( wor%ip 9 ! ,babylonian temples4 ,x may be prop] to recall t 9 ! ,solomonic temple1 likewise1 !re 7 a s]ies ( j>s t /ood ne> ! great alt> 9 ! l>ge c\rt4#adci ,a piece ( furniture to :i* great religi\s importance 0 atta*$ 0 a great bas9 kn[n z 'apsu1'--! "n1 x w be recall$1 = '! deep4' ,! "n indicates t x 0 a symbolical repres5tation ( ! doma9 ( ,ea4 ,9 ,gudea's days ! symbol is already kn[n1#addj & x cont9ues 9 use to ! end ( ! ,babylonian empire4 ,! zikkurat itself be+1 z we saw1 an attempt to reproduce ! %ape ( ! e>?1 ! repres5tation ( ! 'apsu' w\ld sugge/ itself z a natural accessory to ! temple4 ,! zikkurat & ! bas9 toge!r w\ld ?us become liv+ symbols ( ! curr5t cosmological conceptions4 ,gudea already reg>ds ! zikkurat z a symbol4 ,to make ! asc5t is a virtu\s de$4#adda ,! ?\ght ( add+ a symbol ( ! apsu belongs1 accord+ly1 to ! p]iod :5 ?is view ( ! zikkurat 0 g5]ally recogniz$4 ,! %ape ( ! 'sea' 0 oblong or r\nd4 ,x 0 cut ( l>ge blocks ( /one & 0 elaborately decorat$4 ,"o ( ! olde/#addb has a frieze ( female figures on x1 hold+ 9 _! out/ret*$ h&s flagons f :i* !y p\r wat]4 ,9 ,m>duk's temple we le>n t !re 7 two bas9s1--a l>g] & a small] "o4 ,! comp>ison ) ! great 'sea' t /ood 9 ! c\rt ( ,solomon's temple naturally sugge/s itself1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! latt] is an imitation ( a ,babylonian model4 ,ano!r sacr$ object 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* mu* c>e 0 tak5 0 ! %ip 9 :i* ! deity 0 c>ri$ 9 solemn procession4 ,x is aga9 9 ! inscriptions ( ,gudea#addc t we come across ! fir/ m5tion ( ?is %ip4 ,?is rul] tells u t he built ! 'belov$ %ip' = ,n9-girsu1 & gave x ! "n ,k>-nuna-ta-uddua1 ! %ip ( '! "o t rises up out ( ! dam ( ! deep4' ,! %ip ( ,nabu is ( consid]able size1 & is fitt$ out ) a capta9 & crew1 has ma/s & comp>tm5ts4#addd ,! %ip resembl$ a moon's cresc5t1 n diff]+ mu*1 !re=e1 f ! ord9>y flatbottom$ ,babylonian boat ) upturn$ edges4 ,?r\gh ,nebu*adnezz>#adde we le>n t ^! %ips 7 brilliantly /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 _! comp>tm5ts h&somely fitt$ out1 & t 9 !m ! gods 7 c>ri$ 9 solemn procession on ! fe/ivals celebrat$ 9 _! honor4#addf ,a long li/#addg ( su* %ips %[s t x 0 a symbol t belong$ to all ! great gods4 ,! %ips ( ,n9-lil1 ,ea1 ,m>duk1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,nabu1 ,n9ib1 ,bau1 ,n9-gal1 & ( o!rs are specially m5tion$4 ,a cu/om ( ?is k9d ( c>ry+ ! gods 9 %ips mu/ h orig9at$1 ( c\rse1 among a m>itime p4 ,we may trace x back1 !re=e1 to ! v e>ly p]iod :5 ! sacr$ cities ( ,babylonia lay on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! use ( ! %ips also sugge/s1 t ! solemn procession ( ! gods 0 orig9ally on wat] & n on l&1 & x is likely t ?is excursion ( ! gods symboliz$ "s homage to ! *ief wat]-deity1 ,ea4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! e>ly significance became lo/1 b ! cu/om surviv$ 9 ,babylonia ( c>ry+ ! gods ab\t 9 ?is way4 ,9 ,assyria1 less w$d$ to anci5t tradition1 we f9d /atues ( ! gods seat$ on ?rones or /&+ upright1 c>ri$ directly on ! %\ld]s ( m54#addh ,9 ,egypt sacr$ %ips are v common1 & x is int]e/+ to note z a survival ( ! old ,babylonian & ,egyptian cu/om t an annual gift s5t by ! kh$ive ( ,egypt to ,mecca consi/s ( a tab]nacle1 kn[n z ,mahmal1 t pres5ts ! outl9es ( a %ip4#addi ,! ark ( ! ,hebrews appe>s1 simil>ly1 to h be5 orig9ally a %ip ( "s k9d4 ,! %ips ( ! ,babylonian gods _h names giv5 to !m1 j z ! t[]s & sanctu>ies _h _! names4 ,! "n ( ,n9-girsu's %ip has already be5 m5tion$4 ,m>duk's %ip 0 appropriately kn[n z ,ma-ku-a1 '! %ip ( ! dwell+4'#adej ,simil>ly1 a %ip ( ! god ,s9 0 call$ '%ip ( light1' rem9d+ "o ( ! "n ( ! great temple to ! moon-god at ,ur1 '! h\se ( ! great lum9>y4' ,! %ip ( ,n9-gal1 ! consort ( ,s91 0 call$ '! less] light4' ,bau's %ip 0 describ$ by an epi!t ( ! goddess z '! %ip ( ! brilliant (fspr+1' ! ref]5ce be+ to ! desc5t ( ! goddess f fa!r ,anu4#adea ,^! illu/rations w suffice to %[ ! dep5d5ce ( ! names ( ! %ips ^u ! names ( ! temples1 ) ?is important diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! names ( ! %ips are *os5 f a clos] association ) ! gods to :om !y belong4 ,s a %ip ( ,en-lil 0 kn[n simply z '! %ip ( ,bel1' & ! %ip ( ,n>u1#adeb ! riv]-god1 0 call$ '! %ip ( ! ,malku 7or royal7 canal'#adec--;an indication1 at ! same "t1 ( ! place :]e ! cult ( ,n>u 0 c>ri$ on4 ,! ,prie/s & ,prie/esses4 ,at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! religi\s developm5t ( a p1 ! prie/hood is closely l9k$ to political lead]%ip4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley is !ocratic1 & we c /ill disc]n "s ( ! /eps 9 ! process t l$ to ! diff]5tiation ( ! prie/ f ! secul> rul]4 ,to ! late/ times1 ! k+s reta9 among _! titles "s#aded :i* h ref]5ce to ! religi\s functions once ex]cis$ by !m4 ,! k+ :o cont9u$ to be reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( a god1 nom9at$ by "s deity to a l(ty position ( tru/ & p[]1 /ood ne>] to ! gods ?an 8 subjects4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! k+ rema9$ ! prie/ p> excell5ce4 ,h5ce ! prom95t "p play$ by ! rul] 9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! c\ntry4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! hymns 7 compos$ = royalty4 ,! mo/ elaborate ritual dealt ) ! endeavor to secure oracles t might s]ve z a guide = ! rul]s4 ,a/ronomical reports 7 made & long s]ies ( om5 tablets prep>$ = ! use ( ! royal h\sehold4 ,! cal5d>s furni%$ regulations = ! conduct ( ! k+s4 ,a c]emonial error1 an (f5ce aga9/ ! gods on ! "p ( ! k+s1 0 c]ta9 ( be+ foll[$ by disa/r\s consequ5ces = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,b ev5 ! smalle/ sanctu>ies requir$ "s s]vice1 & x 0 n long be=e ! religi\s int]e/s 7 entru/$ into ! h&s ( ^? :o devot$ !mselves to adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( ! temples4 ,! gu>dians ( ! %r9es became ! prie/s 9 fact1 long be=e ! prie/hood ( ! rul]s became little m ?an a !ory2 & z ! temples grew to l>g] proportions1 ! s]vice 0 divid$ up among v>i\s classes ( prie/s4 ,! g5]al "n = prie/s 0 %angu1 :i*1 by a plausible etymology sugge/$ by ,j5s51#adee indicates ! function ( ! prie/ z ! "o :o presides ov] ! sacrifices4 ,b ?is function repres5ts only "o phase ( ! prie/ly (fice 9 ,babylonia1 & n ! mo/ important "o1 by any means4 ,= ! p1 ! prie/ 0 prim>ily ! "o :o c\ld drive evil demons out ( ! body ( ! p]son smitt5 ) disease1 :o c\ld ?w>t ! p[] ( wiz>ds & wit*es1 :o c\ld w>d (f ! attacks ( mis*iev\s spirits1 or :o c\ld progno/icate ! future & det]m9e ! int5tion or ! w ( ! gods4 ,! (f]+ ( sacrifices 0 "o ( ! means to accompli% ?is end1 b x is significant t _m ( ! names us$ to designate ! prie/ly classes h ref]5ce to ! prie/'s position z ! exorcis] ( evil spirits or 8 p[] to secure a div9e oracle or to =etell ! future1 & n to 8 function z sacrific]4 ,su* names are ma%ma%u1 ! g5]al t]m = '! *>m]'2 kalu1 s call$1 p]haps1 z ! 're/ra9]' ( ! demons1 ! "o :o keeps !m 9 *eck2 lag>u1 a synonym ( kalu2 makhkhu1 'soo?say]'2 surru1 a t]m :i* is /ill obscure2 %ailu1 ! 'inquir]1' :o obta9s an oracle ?r\gh ! dead or ?r\gh ! gods2 mu%elu1 'necromanc]'2 a%ipu or i%ippu1 'sorc]]4'#adef ,^! names probably d n exhau/ ! v>i\s k9ds ( 'magicians' t 7 to be f\nd among ! ,babylonian prie/s4 ,9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1 no less ?an elev5 classes ( magic work]s are enum]at$1 & !re c be little d\bt b t ! ,p5tateu*al opposition aga9/ ! necromanc]s1 sorc]]s1 soo?say]s1 & ! l is aim$ *iefly aga9/ ,babyloni% cu/oms4 ,we h se5 9 previ\s *apt]s h[ l>gely ! elem5t ( magic ent]s into ! religi\s rites & lit]ature ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion & h[ p]si/5t an elem5t x is4 ,= ! masses1 ! prie/ rema9$ ess5tially a ma%ma%u4 ,b we h also names l ramku & nisakku1 'libation p\r]1' :i* emphasize ! sacrificial functions ( ! prie/2 & 9 an int]e/+ li/ ( temple s]vitors1#adeg '! dirge s+]s' are introduc$ z a special class1 & appropriately designat$ z munambu1 'wail]1' & lall>u1 'h[l]4' ,( "s t]ms 9 ?is li/1 l as9nu1 x is d\btful :e!r !y indicate a special class ( prie/s or are t]ms = s]vitors 9 g5]al1 atta*$ to a temple2 9 ! case ( o!rs1 l na% pilakki1 'ax c>ri]1' we d n "k exactly ( :at nature ! s]vice 04#adeh ,la/ly1 prie/s 9 _! capacity z scribes#adei & z judges#adfj =m$ ano!r di/9ct class1 ?\gh x %\ld be not$ t 9 ,assyria we meet ) scribes occasionally :o are n prie/s4#adfa ,! range ?us cov]$ by ! temple s]vice1--magic1 oracles1 sacrifices1 ! lam5t = ! dead1 & ! judici>y1--is exce$+ly l>ge4 ,! subdivisions1 no d\bt1 v>i$ 9 ea* c5t]4 ,9 ! small] sanctu>ies1 ^? :o (f]$ ! sacrifices may also h s]v$ z soo?say]s & dirge s+]s1 & ! judicial functions may likewise h be5 9 ! same h&s z ^? :o p]=m$ o!r s]vices4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a temple l ,e-,sagila ! classes & subclasses mu/ h be5 v num]\s4 ,( ! details ( ! organization we z yet "k v little4 ,!re 0 a high prie/1 kn[n z ! %angam-makhu1#adfb & f ! exi/5ce ( a title l sur-makhu1--t is1 ! *ief surru1#adfc--we may conclude t ea* class ( prie/s _h its *ief likewise4 ,) ! natural t5d5cy 9 anci5t civilizations = pr(essions to become ve/$ 9 families1 ! prie/s 9 ! c\rse ( "t became a ca/e2 b !re is no reason to believe t entrance into ?is ca/e 0 only possible ?r\gh ! accid5t ( bir?4 ,t in/ruction 9 ! read+ & writ+ ( ! cunei=m *>act]s1 & h5ce ! introduction into ! lit]ature1 0 op5 to o!rs ?an ! scions ( prie/s is %[n by ! pres5ce 9 ! legal lit]ature ( =mal contracts = in/ruction betwe5 tea*]s & pupils :o belong to ! 'laity4' ,^! pupils c\ld become scribes & judges1 & _! /&+ z 'prie/s' repres5t$ m]ely ! ,babylonian equival5t to a mod]n univ]sity degree4 ,= su* s]vice z ! bewail+ ( ! dead & z musicians1 p]sons 7 initiat$ :o 7 tak5 f v>i\s classes & likewise = ! m5ial duties ( ! temples1 & x is only :5 we come to ! m di/9ctive prie/ly functions1 l ! exorcis+ ( evil spirits1 secur+ an oracle1 or p]=m+ sacrifices1 t ! rules limit+ ^! privileges to c]ta9 families 7 iron b\nd4 ,z among ! ,hebrews & o!r nations1 /ress 0 laid also ^u fre$om f physical blemi%es 9 ! case ( ! prie/s4 ,! lep]1 we le>n1 0 n fit = ! prie/hood4#adfd ,9 ! a/ronomical reports t 7 spok5 ( 9 a previ\s *apt]1#adfe !re are ref]5ces to ! 'wat*es' kept by ! a/ronom]s4 ,^! wat*es1 h[ev]1 7 probably n obs]v$ = a/ronomical purposes alone1 b repres5t ! "t division1 z among ! ,hebrews1 = ! temple s]vice4 ,!re 7 ?ree night wat*es among ! ,babylonians1#adff &1 9 all probability1 !re=e1 ?ree day wat*es likewise4 ,relays ( prie/s 7 appo9t$ 9 ! l>ge sanctu>ies = s]vice dur+ ! cont9uance ( ea* wat*1 & we may "s day f9d t ! ,hebrews obta9$ _! numb] ( tw5ty-f\r prie/s = ea* 'wat*' f a cu/om prevail+ 9 "s ,babylonian temple4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! ,babylonian prie/hood is ! position occupi$ by ! woman4 ,9 ! hi/orical texts f ! days ( ,hammurabi onw>d1 ! ref]5ces to wom5 atta*$ to ! s]vice ( temples are n infrequ5t4 ,gudea expressly m5tions ! 'wail+ wom51' & !re is e reason to believe t ! female wail]s1 l ! male ones1 belong to "s prie/ly class4 ,aga91 examples ( wom5 z exorcis]s & z furni%+ oracles#adfg may be in/anc$ 9 ,babylonia z well z 9 ,assyria1 & we h also ref]5ces to female musicians z late z ! days ( ,a%urbanabal4 ,a specially significant role 0 play$ by ! prie/esses 9 ,i%t>'s temple at ,ere*1 & probably at o!r places :]e ! cult ( ! great "m goddess 0 c>ri$ on4 ,! ,i%t> prie/ess 0 kn[n by ! g5]al t]m ( ,kadi%tu1--t is1 '! holy "o1'--or ,i%t>itum1 'devot$ to ,i%t>'2 b1 f ! v>i\s o!r names = ! sacr$ h>lot t we come across1#adfh x w\ld appe> t ! prie/esses 7 divid$ into v>i\s classes1 precisely l ! prie/s4 ,t 9 ! c]emonies ( initiation at ,ere*1 & p]haps else:]e1 "s rites 7 obs]v$ t on ! surface appe>$ obsc5e is em95tly likely2 b !re is no evid5ce t obsc5e rites1 z in/anc$ by ,h]odotus1 =m$ "p ( ! regul> cult ( ! goddess4 ,except 9 ! case ( ! ,i%t> wor%ip1 ! g5]al obs]vation may be made t ! position ( ! prie/ess is m prom95t 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory ?an 9 ! days :5 ! culture & p[] ( ,babylonia & ,assyria rea*$ its z5i?4 ,sacrifices & ,votive ,(f]+s4 ,! rese>*es ( ,rob]tson ,smi?#adfi & ( o!rs h %[n t ! olde/ ,semitic view ( sacrifice 0 t ( a meal1 %>$ by ! wor%ipp] ) ! deity to be honor$ or propitiat$4 ,dep5d5t z we are 9 ! case ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion = our k ( sacrifices ^u incid5tal ref]5ces 9 hi/orical or religi\s texts1 x is n possible to say h[ f> ! ,semitic dwell]s ( ! ,euphrates ,valley 7 influ5c$ by ! primitive conception ( sacrifice4 ,hi/orical & votive inscriptions & a religi\s lit]ature belong to a comp>atively advanc$ /age ( culture1 & e>li] views ( sacrifice t may h exi/$ 7 necess>ily modifi$ 9 ! process ( adaptation to lat] conditions4 ,! organization ( an elaborate cult ) prie/s & num]\s temple s]vitors *anges ! sacrifices into a means ( income = ! temple4 ,! deity's repres5tatives receive ! %>e orig9ally int5d$ = ! deity himself2 &1 in/ead ( sanctify+ ! (f]+ to a god by contact ) ! sacr$ elem5t fire1 ! temple accepts ! (f]+ = its own use4 ,x is likely1 h[ev]1 t among ! ,babylonians1 z among ! ,hebrews1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! animal :i* 7 n fit to eat#adgj 7 burn$ z a symbolical homage to a god4 ,no ref]5ces h z yet be5 f\nd po9t+ to any special sanctity t 0 atta*$ to ! blood2 b x is em95tly likely t ! blood 0 reg>d$ at all times z ! special prop]ty ( ! gods1 & 0 p\r$ on ! alt>4 ,! two k9ds ( sacrifice--animals & vegetable products--date f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,babylonian religion ( :i* we h any k4 ,9 a long li/ ( (f]+s1 ,gudea#adga includes ox51 %eep1 goats1 lambs1 fi%1 birds 7z eagles1 cranes1#adgb etc471 & also su* products z dates1 milk1 & gre5s4 ,f o!r s\rces we may add gazelles1 date w9e1 butt]1 cream1 honey1 g>lic1 corn1 h]bs1 oil1 spices1 & inc5se4 ,/ress is laid ^u ! quality ( ! sacrifice4#adgc ,! animals mu/ be )\t blemi%1 & if well nurtur$1 !y w\ld be all ! m pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ! gods4 ,! omission ( dogs & sw9e is n accid5tal4 ,"u t d\ble aspect ( sanctity :i* we f9d among ! ,babylonians z among s _m nations1 c]ta9 animals 7 too sacr$ to be (f]$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !y 7 reg>d$ z unclean4#adgd ,9 treat+ ( ! om5 texts we already _h occasion to speak ( ! peculi> ideas atta*$ to ! dog by ! ,babylonians1#adge & !re is suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t ! bo> likewise 0 view$ z a sacr$ animal1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,babylonia4#adgf ,no c]ta9 traces ( human sacrifices h be5 f\nd1 ei!r 9 ,babylonian lit]ature or 9 arti/ic repres5tations4#adgg ,if ! rite 0 ev] practis$ among ! ,babylonians or ,assyrians x mu/ h be5 at a v e>ly p]iod--e>li] ?an any ( :i* we z yet h any k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a trace ( "s primitive =m ( tree wor%ip may be recogniz$ 9 ! repres5tation1 s frequ5t on seal cyl9d]s & monum5ts1 ( curi\s figures1 9 "p human1 9 "p animal1 /&+ 9 front ( ! palm tree4#adgh ,! symbol belongs to ,assyria z well z to ,babylonia4 ,9 "s ( ! designs ! figures--human heads & bodies b furni%$ ) l>ge w+s--appe> to be 9 ! act ( artificially f]tiliz+ ! palm tree by scatt]+ ! male blossom ov] ! female palm4 ,?is plausible int]pretation fir/ sugge/$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor#adgi c>ries ) x ! conclusion t ! importance ( palm culture 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley n only gave ! palm ! "* ( a sacr$ tree1 b l5t to ! symbol a wid] significance to a m advanc$ age1 z illu/rat+ f]tility & bless+s 9 g5]al4 ,! sc5e1 reproduc$ 9 almo/ endless v>iations 9 :i* bo? trees & figures become conv5tionaliz$1 came to be reg>d$ z a symbol ( adoration & wor%ip 9 g5]al4 ,z su*1 x surviv$ 9 religi\s art & cont9u$ to be pictur$ on seal cyl9d]s to a late age4 ,! occasions on :i* sacrifices 7 br\ght 7 frequ5t4 ,if ! gods 7 to be consult$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ an oracle1 elaborate (f]+s =m$ a necess>y prelim9>y4 ,9 ?is case1 ! animals pres5t$ at ! alt> s]v$ a d\ble purpose4#adhj ,!y con/itut$ a means ( propitiat+ ! god 9 favor ( ! petition]1 & at ! same "t ! inspection ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! animal s]v$ z an om5 9 det]m9+ :at 0 ! w ( ! god appeal$ to4 ,:5 ! f\ndations 7 to be laid = a temple or a palace1 x 0 especially important to secure ! favor ( ! gods by suitable (f]+s1 &1 simil>ly1 :5 a canal 0 to be built or any o!r "w ( a public "* und]tak54 ,aga91 ^u ! d$ication ( a sacr$ edifice or ( a palace1 or ^u complet+ ! "w ( re/oration ( a temple1 %eep & ox5 9 abundance 7 (f]$ to ! gods1 z well z v>i\s k9ds ( birds & ! produce ( ! or*>ds & fields4 ,! ,babylonian rul]s appe> to h accompani$ _! sacrifices on su* occasions ) pray]s1 & 9 a previ\s *apt] we _h occasion to discuss "s ( ^! d$icatory invocations4#adha ,9 ! ,assyrian inscriptions1 pray]s are specifically ref]r$ to only z be+ (f]$ be=e sett+ out on an exp$ition1 be=e a battle1 or :5 ! k+s f9d !mselves 9 di/ress1#adhb s t if ! ,babylonian cu/om likewise prevail$ 9 ,assyria1 x did n =m a necess>y "p ( ! sacrificial ritual4 ,! sacrifice z a pure homage is illu/rat$ by ! zeal :i* ! ,assyrian k+s manife/ t[>ds honor+ ! great temples ( ! s\?4 ,! nor!rn rul]s 7 anxi\s at all times to reconcile ! s\!rn population to ,assyrian control1 & x 0 no d\bt gratify+ to ! s\? to f9d ,tigla?piles] ,,ii41#adhc ^u ent]+ ! anci5t c5t]s l ,sipp>1 ,nippur1 ,babylon1 ,borsippa1 ,cu?ah1 ,ki%1 ,dilbat1 & ,ere*1 proce$+ to ! temples 9 ^? places 9 ord] to (f] 8 sacrifices4 ,! example ( ,tigla?piles] is foll[$ by 8 successors d[n ?r\gh ! "t ( ,a%urbanabal4 ,z (t5 z ! ,assyrian mon>*s may h _h occasion to proce$ to ,babylonia--& ! occasions 7 frequ5t1 ow+ to ! con/ant disposition ( ! s\? to ?r[ (f ! hat$ yoke--!y emphasiz$ _! devotion to ,m>duk1 ,nabu1 ,en-lil1 ,%ama%1 & ! o!r gods :o _h _! seats 9 ! s\?4 ,s>gon#adhd goes s f> 9 ?is homage z to pose z ! reorganiz] ( ! cults ( ,sipp>1 ,nippur1 ,borsippa1 & ,babylon1 & ( re/or+ ! income to temples 9 o!r places4#adhe ,b !re 0 ano!r side to ?is homage t mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,by sacrific+ 9 ! ,babylonian temples1 ! ,assyrian rul]s indicat$ _! political control ov] ! s\?4 ,su* homage z !y manife/$ 0 ! exclusive privilege ( legitimate rul]s1 & x 0 important = ! ,assyrians to legitimize _! control ov] ! s\?4 ,a phase ( sacrifice is repres5t$ by ! libations ( oil & w9e to :i* frequ5t ref]5ces are f\nd 9 ! hi/orical texts4 ,x appe>s to h be5 cu/om>y to ano9t ! f\ndation /ones ( temples & palaces ) oil & w9e4 ,ov] ! ?re%olds1 too1 & ov] ! /ones--be>+ commemorative or votive inscriptions--libations ( oil1 honey1 & w9e 7 p\r$4 ,nebopolass>#adhf speaks ( plac+ sweet h]bs "u ! walls1 & ,nabonn$os#adhg p\rs oil ov] ! bolts & doors1 z well z on ! ?re%olds ( ! ,%ama% temple at ,sipp>1 & fills ! temple ) ! aroma ( frank9c5se4 ,mu* importance 0 atta*$ to ?is rite1 & ! k+s take frequ5t occasion to adjure _! successors :o may 9 ! c\rse ( re/or+ edifices come across /ones be>+ ! record ( =m] build]s1 to ano9t ^! /ones ) oil & (f] sacrifices4#adhh ,?us1 ,nabonn$os1#adhi :5 he f9ds ! inscription ( ,a%urbanabal 9 ! ,%ama% temple at ,sipp>1 c>efully obeys ! injunction4 ,! rite be>s all ! m>ks ( great antiquity4 ,! in/ances ( its occurr5ce 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--notably 9 ! case ( ,jacob's act ( p\r+ oil ov] ! holy /one at ,be!l#adij--;confirm ?is view2 & ! int]pretation = ! rite sugge/$ by ,rob]tson ,smi?#adia t ! oil 0 orig9ally ! fat ( ! sacrific$ animal sme>$ ov] an object or a p]son1 z a means ( inve/+ !m ) sanctity1 acc\nts satisfactorily = ! inv>iable juxtaposition 9 ! cunei=m texts ( sacrificial (f]+s ) ! ano9t+ ( ! inscrib$ /ones4 ,we h no evid5ce t ! rul]s ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7 ano9t$ ) oil on _! in/allation1 ?\gh x is n improbable t su* 0 ! case4 ,! use ( ! oil 9 ?is case is b a modification ( ! same rite1 :i*1 x is to be not$1 loses "s ( its anci5t =ce by ! spread ( ! cu/om 9 ! ,ori5t ( ungu5ts z a "p ( ! toilet4#adib ,! use ( odor\s h]bs1 :i*1 we h se51 7 plac$ "u ! walls1 & ( honey & w9e1 :i* 7 p\r$ ov] bolts1#adic is also directly connect$ ) ! sacrificial cult4 ,! libation 9 its pur] =m appe>s 9 ! cu/om ( ! ,assyrian k+s ( p\r+ w9e ov] ! animal sla9 by !m 9 ! hunt4 ,! act is int5d$ to secure div9e favor t[>ds a de$ :i* involv$ ! de/ruction ( some?+ t by all anci5t nations 0 held sacr$1 namely1 life4 ,ev5 a despot ( ,assyria felt t to wantonly de/roy life c\ld n be safely und]tak5 )\t mak+ sure ( ! cons5t ( ! gods4 ,significantly en\gh1 ,a%urbanabal (f]s 8 libations aft] ! lion or bull hunts to ,i%t> z ! goddess ( battle4#adid ,! animal is sanctifi$ by be+ devot$ to a goddess1 j z ! victims 9 a battle con/itute ! conqu]or's homage (f]$ to ! gods :o came to 8 assi/ance4 ,sacrifices ) libations are s frequ5tly repres5t$ on ! seal cyl9d] t ?is te/imony alone w\ld suffice to v\* = ! importance atta*$ to ?is rite 9 ! cult4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ar*aic specim5s ( ,babylonian art#adie repres5ts a wor%ipp]1 entirely nak$1 p\r+ a libation into a l>ge cup :i* /&s on an alt>4 ,beh9d ! alt> sits a goddess :o is probably ,a or ,malkatu1 ! consort ( ! sun-god4 ,! nak$ wor%ipp] is by no means an uncommon figure 9 ! e>ly ,babylonian art1#adif & x w\ld appe> t at "o "t x 0 cu/om>y to remove "o's g>m5ts prelim9>y to /epp+ into ! god's pres5ce1 j z among ! ,arabs ! cult ( ! ,caaba 9 ,mecca 0 conduct$ by ! wor%ipp]s at an e>ly p]iod )\t _! clo!s4#adig ,! cu/om s frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to remove "o's %oes ^u ent]+ sacr$ t]ritory1--a cu/om /ill obs]v$ by ! mod]n ,muslim1 :o leaves 8 %oes outside ( ! ,mosque1--may be reg>d$ z an indication t at an e>li] p]iod p remov$ _! g>m5ts z well z ! s&als4 ,x may be t ! ord] to take (f ! s&al alone1 z record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is no?+ b a euphemi/ic phrase 7sugge/$ by a m ref9$ age7 to /rip oneself4 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 we f9d t 9 ! days ( ,saul1 ! se]s w5t ab\t nak$1 !re c no long] be any d\bt t !re 0 a "t :5 ! ,hebrews1 too1 l ! ,arabs & ,babylonians1 ent]$ ! holy pres5ce nak$4 ,! in/itution ( daily sacrifices is v\*$ = 9 ! case ( ! l>g] religi\s c5t]s l ,babylonia1 ,borsippa1 ,sipp>1 ,cu?ah1 z well z ,n9eveh = ! late p]iods4 ,nebu*adnezz>1 = example1 tells u#adih t he provid$ = a sacrifice ( six lambs daily 9 ! temple ,e-%idlam at ,cu?ah1 sacr$ to ,n]gal & ,laz2 :ile = ,nabu's temple at ,borsippa1 ! daily sacrifices 7 arrang$ on a /ill l>g] scale1 & includ$ two fatt5$ bulls ( p]fect =m1 sixte5 small] animals1 besides (f]+s ( fi%1 birds1 leek1 v>i\s k9ds ( w9e1 honey1 cream1 & ! f9e/ oil1--all int5d$1 z ! k+ tells u1 = ! table ( ,nabu & 8 consort4 ,no d\bt ! daily (ficial sacrifices at ,m>duk's temple 7 ev5 m elaborate4 ,! cu/om ( regul> sacrifices 9 ! l>g] temples may be trac$ back to an e>ly p]iod4 ,! te*nical t]ms = su* sacrifices are sattuku & g9u4 ,bo? t]ms convey ! idea ( be+ fix$1 p]petual1#adii & sugge/ a comp>ison ) ! ,p5tateu*al in/itution ( ! tamid1#aejj i4e41 ! daily sacrifice4 ,:5ev] ! k+s 9 _! inscriptions m5tion ! regul> sacrifices1 x is 9 almo/ all cases ) ref]5ce to _! re9/itution ( an old cu/om t _h be5 all[$ to fall into neglect 7ow+ to political di/urbances :i* always affect$ ! temples71 & n z an innovation4 ,innovations 7 limit$ to increas+ ! am\nts ( ^! regul> sacrifices4 ,s1 = example1 ,nabubalidd9 re/ores & increases ! g9e ( ! great temple ,e-babb>a at ,sipp>4#aeja ,b regul> sacrifices d n necess>ily involve daily (f]+s4 ,! same t]ms1 g9u & sattuku1 are appli$ frequ5tly to mon?ly (f]+s1 & except 9 ! l>ge religi\s c5t]s1 regul> sacrifices 7 9 all probabilities br\ght on c]ta9 days ( ea* mon?1 & n daily4 ,! days ?us s+l$ out1 z w be %[n fur!r on1 diff]$ = v>i\s sanctu>ies4 ,x w\ld be important if we c\ld det]m9e ! %>e 9 ^! regul> sacrifices tak5 by ! p at l>ge1 b ! mat]ial at h& does n suffice = settl+ ! "q4 ,!re are frequ5t ref]5ces to ti!s 9 ! clay tablets =m+ "p ( ! ar*ives ( temples1 & mon?ly tributes are also m5tion$4 ,we c]ta9ly may conclude f ^! ref]5ces t ! p 7 tax$ 9 "s way = ! support ( ! temples4 ,a%urbanabal 9 "o place speaks ( reimpos+ ^u ! population ( ! s\? ! provision = ! sattuku & g9u due to ,a%ur & ,belit#aejb & ! gods ( ,assyria2 b1 = all t1 x is n c]ta9 t ! regul> sacrifices at ! temples p>took ( a popul> "*4 ,"o ga9s ! impression t1 except on ! occasions :5 ! p came to ! sanctu>ies = individual purposes1 ! masses z su* _h b comp>atively little %>e 9 x4 ,9 ?is respect ! cult ( ! ,hebrews1 :i* has s _m po9ts 9 common ) ! ,babylonian ritual z to ju/ify ! hypo!sis t ! details ( sacrificial regulations 9 ! prie/ly code are l>gely d]iv$ f practices 9 ,babylonian temples1 0 m democratic4 ,closely atta*$ z ! ,babylonians 7 to _! sanctu>ies1 ! regul> sacrifices d n appe> to h be5 an active factor 9 ma9ta9+ ?is atta*m5t4 ,a m decid$ly popul> "* is app>5t 9 ! votive (f]+s made to ! temples4 ,^! (f]+s cov] a wide range4 ,rul]s & p alike felt prompt$ to make gifts to ! sanctu>ies on special occasions1 ei!r z a direct homage to ! gods or ) ! av[$ purpose & hope ( secur+ div9e favor or div9e int]cession4 ,! /atues ( !mselves :i* ! rul]s f ! days ( ,gudea#aejc on 7 fond ( erect+ 7 d$icat$ by !m z (f]+s to ! gods1 & ?is av[$ aim temp]s1 9 a measure1 ! vanity :i* no d\bt 0 ! ma9spr+ ( _! action4 ,! /atues 7 plac$ 9 ! temples1 & f ,gudea#aejd we le>n ( ! elaborate c]emonies connect$ ) ! d$ication ( "o ( ! k+'s colossal blocks ( diorite4 ,= sev5 days all manual labor 0 int]rupt$ 9 ,laga%4 ,ma/]s & slaves %>$ 9 ! fe/ivities4 ,! temple ( ,n9-girsu is sanctifi$ anew by purification rites1 & ! /atue is =mally pres5t$ to ! god amid/ sacrifices & (f]+s ( ri* gifts4 ,! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel#aeje ( ! d$ication ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s /atue may be reg>d$ z an equally au!ntic picture ( a cu/om t surviv$ to ! clos+ days ( ! ,babylonian mon>*y1 except t we h no pro( t div9e honors 7 paid to ^! /atues4#aejf ,! front1 sides1 & back ( ,gudea's images 7 cov]$ ) inscriptions1 p>tly ( a commemorative "*1 b 9 "p1 also1 convey+ a d$ication to ,n9-girsu4 ,simil>ly1 ! /eles ( ! ,assyrian k+s1 set up by !m ei!r 9 ! temples or on ! highways beyond ! conf9es ( ,assyria1 & :i* _h images ( ! rul]s sculptur$ on !m 9 high relief1 7 cov]$ ) inscriptions1 devot$ prim>ily to celebrat+ ! de$s ( ! k+s2 b1 s9ce ! victories ( ! armies 7 ascrib$ to ! assi/ance furni%$ by ! gods1 an homage to ,a%ur or "s o!r deity 0 involv$ 9 ! recital4 ,t ! gods 7 accord$ a m9or %>e ( ! glory 0 b 9 keep+ ) ! pride ( ! ,assyrian rul]s1 :o 7 less affect$ ?an ! rul]s ( ! s\? by ! votive "* ( ! /atues4 ,bo? ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 h[ev]1 unite 9 mak+ images ( ! gods z a di/9ct homage1 & 9 giv+ elaborate pres5ts ( gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones1 co/ly woods1 & g>m5ts to ! sanctu>ies z votive (f]+s to ! gods4 ,^! pres5ts 7 us$ 9 ! decoration ( temples & %r9es1 z well z ( ! /atues ( ! gods or z direct contributions to ! temple treasury4 ,celebrations ( victories 7 *os5 z p>ticul>ly appropriate occasions = mak+ su* votive (f]+s4 ,s ,agumkakrimi1 ^u br++ back to ,e-,sagila ! /atues ( ,m>duk & ,s>panitum t _h be5 tak5 away by ru?less h&s1 be/[s ri* gifts ^u ! temples & describes#aejg at great l5g? ! co/ly g>m5ts embroid]$ ) gold & /udd$ ) preci\s /ones t 7 hung on ,m>duk & 8 consort4 ,equally vivid is ! description ( ! high1 conical-%ap$ caps1 made ( lapis lazuli & gold1 & decorat$1 fur!rmore1 ) v>i\s k9ds ( /ones1 t 7 plac$ on ! heads ( ! deities4 ,g>m5ts = ! /atues ( ! gods appe> to h be5 favorite votive (f]+s at all times4 ,nabubalidd91 9 re/or+ ! cult ( ,%ama% at ,sipp>1 makes provisions = an elaborate outfit ( g>m5ts1#aejh specify+ diff]5t g>m5ts = v>i\s p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,x w\ld appe> f ?is t = ! v>i\s fe/ive occasions ( ! ye>1 ! g>m5ts ( ! gods 7 *ang$1 mu* z 9 o!r religions--includ+ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*--! (ficiat+ prie/s are rob$ 9 diff]5t g>m5ts on ! v>i\s fe/ive or solemn occasions4 ,votive tablets or discs ( lapis lazuli1 agate1 turquoise1 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 antimony1 & o!r metals ) d$icatory inscriptions 7 deposit$ 9 ! temples4 ,:at p>ticul> purpose !y s]v$ we d n "k4 ,z a specim5 ( ! m common =mula on ^! tablets1 a lapis lazuli tablet ( ,nippur may be *os54 ,x is (f]$ by a ,cassite k+1 & reads#aeji z foll[s3 ,to ,bel ,8 "l ,kada%man-,turgu ,= 8 life ,pres5t$4 ,a knob-%ap$ object#aeaj ( f9e lime/one conta9s a d$ication 9 simil> phrases to ,m>duk4 ,x is (f]$ by ,bel-epu%1 :o is probably id5tical ) a ,babylonian rul] ( ?is "n 9 ! sev5? c5tury1--a contempor>y ( ,s5na*]ib3#aeaa ,to ,m>duk1 8 "l ,bel-epu% = ! pres]vation ( 8 life ,made & pres5t$4 ,k+s1 h[ev]1 d n appe> to be ! only ones = :om ^! votive (f]+s 7 prep>$4 ,a d$ication to a p]sonage o!rwise unkn[n & to all appe>ances a layman reads3#aeab ,to ,ea1#aeac 8 "l1 ,bel-zir1 ,son ( ,ea-,ban1 ,= ! pres]vation ( 8 life ,made & pres5t$4 ,! =mulas are ?us se5 to be conv5tional ones1 ?\gh occasionally ! inscription is some:at long]4 ,s1 = example1 ,nazi-,m>utta%1 ano!r ,cassite k+1 puts a little pray] on a votive (f]+3 ,to ,bel1 8 "l ,nazi-,m>utta%1 ,son ( ,kurigalzu1 ,to he>k5 to 8 supplication1 ,to be favorable to 8 pray]1 ,to accept 8 entreaty1 ,to l5g!n 8 days1 ,he made & pres5t$4 ,?is inscription appe>s1 z ,dr4 ,hilpre*t in=ms u1#aead on an ax made ( imitation lapis lazuli4#aeae ,o!r votive inscriptions are f\nd on r+s & on knobs ( ivory or magnesite4#aeaf ,^! v>i\s designs no d\bt all _h "s symbolical significance4 ,! r+ sugge/s "s ultimate connection betwe5 votive (f]+s & amulets4 ,! seal cyl9d]s1 we "k1 al?\gh put to practical use 9 impress+ ! design on a clay tablet z a sub/itute = a p]sonal signature1 7 also reg>d$ z amulets1 & ?is acc\nts = ! frequ5cy ) :i* sc5es ( religi\s wor%ip 7 introduc$ z designs on ! cyl9d]s4 ,! r+ is di/9ctly an amulet 9 ,babylonia z else:]e1 & h5ce x is by no means improbable t ! cu/om ( c>ry+ little inscrib$ tablets1 discs1 or knobs ab\t ! p]son z a protection aga9/ mis*ances prec$$ ! use ( su* tablets z votive (f]+s to be plac$ 9 a temple4 ,a v common votive object 9 ,babylonia1 especially 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 0 ! clay cone4 ,su* cones 7 f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s at ,laga%1 :ile at ,nippur ,pet]s came across :at may be safely reg>d$ z a magaz9e :]e su* cones 7& o!r votive objects7 7 manufactur$ 9 l>ge numb]s4#aeag ,! cones ( ,gudea be> conv5tional inscriptions ( a votive "* address$ to ,n9-girsu4 ,9 o!r temples1 o!r gods 7 simil>ly rememb]$4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to reg>d ^! cones z phallic symbols2#aeah b x %\ld be not$ t n only is ! evid5ce = ?is lack+1 b t :at we "k ( ! popul> practices ( ! ,babylonians does n w>rant u 9 assum+ any widespread phallic symbolism4 ,! po9t ( ! cones sugge/s r t ! objects 7 int5d$ to be /uck into ! gr\nd or into walls4 ,at ,laga% ,de ,s>zec f\nd1 besides cones1 a l>ge numb] ( copp] /atuettes#aeai ( gods & goddesses & ( animals1--*iefly bulls1--all t]m9at+ 9 a %>p po9t or atta*$ to a cone-%ap$ object4 ,o!rs aga9 are cle>ly human figures1 ei!r male p]sonages hold+ ! cone 9 _! h&s1#aebj or females hold+ baskets on _! heads1--! cu/om>y attitude ( mak+ an (f]+4 ,^! curi\s /atuettes frequ5tly be> inscriptions ( a votive "*1 & !re c be no d\bt t !y 7 us$ to be /uck into "s sub/ance4 ,at "o place1 ,de ,s>zec f\nd a s]ies set up 9 conc5tric circles#aeba 9 ! corn]s ( an edifice & "u ! floor4 ,heuzey is ( ! op9ion t ^! /atuettes ?us arrang$ 7 to s]ve z a w>n+ = ! demons1 b x is m 9 keep+ ) ! g5]al "* ( ! ,babylonian religion to look ^u ^! objects simply z votive (f]+s plac$ at v>i\s p>ts ( a build+ z a means ( secur+ ! favor ( ! gods4 ,! cone1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 is m]ely ! conv5tionaliz$ %ape ( a votive object orig9ally int5d$ to be /uck into "s "p ( a sacr$ build+4 ,! l>ge quantity ( cones t h be5 f\nd at ,laga%1 ,nippur1 & else:]e is an indication ( _! popul> use4 ,x is n improbable t at "o "t1 &1 at all ev5ts1 9 c]ta9 temples1 ! cones & /atuettes repres5t$ ! common votive (f]+s ) :i* wor%ipp]s provid$ !mselves ^u ent]+ ! sacr$ prec9ct4 ,to facilitate ! reproduction ( ! /atuettes1 m\lds 7 us$1--ano!r indication ( ! widespread use ( ^! objects4 ,clay figures ( gods & goddesses 7 also made 9 m\lds or modell$ by h& & s]v$ z votive (f]+s4 ,at ,nippur1 ! images repres5t *iefly ,bel & ,belit1#aebb ei!r sep>ately or 9 comb9ation2 b figur9es ( ,i%t> h also be5 f\nd4#aebc ,9 "s ! goddess is repres5t$ z suckl+ a *ild4 ,(t5 %e is pictur$ z nak$1 clasp+ h] brea/s or h] womb4 ,! attitude :i* 0 sugge/$ by ! "* ( ! goddess z ! promot] ( f]tility appe>s to h be5 too obsc5e to a m ref9$ age1 &1 accord+ly1 we f9d 9 lat] times ! sexual p>ts suppress$ or ! figure prop]ly clo!d4 ,! "* ( ^! figur9es v>i$ naturally ) ea* religi\s c5t]1 & ev5 9 ! same c5t] modifications 7 introduc$4 ,:e!r ^! clay figur9es1 cones1 & metallic /atuettes 7 also plac$ by individuals 9 _! dwell+s1 l ! plague tablets1#aebd we _c z yet def9itely say1 b x is m ?an likely t su* 0 ! case4 ,! t]aphim famili> to u f ! ref]5ces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1#aebe & evid5tly us$ z talismans1 belong to ! class ( votive (f]+s "u consid]ation4 ,! figur9es & cones1 & also 7?\gh to a small] degree7 ! copp] /atuettes1 ?us introduce u to ! popul> phases ( ! cult4 ,z symbols ( homage !y appe> to h surviv$ to a late p]iod1 & _! use z talismans did n mat]ially affect _! "* z (f]+s1 made by ! p ^u seek+ ! sanctu>ies4 ,! m co/ly objects1 z vases1#aebf arti/ically work$ weapons1 h&some seas b[ls1 alt>s1 & /atues ( ! gods & o!r furniture = ! temples 7 left to ! rul]s4 ,su* (f]+s 7 made ) great pomp4 ,!y 7 =mally d$icat$ by l>ge processions ( prie/s1 ) ! accompanim5t ( hymns & music4 ,! k+s ( ,assyria pres5t$ ! captur$ gods z votive gifts pleas+ to _! deity4#aebg ,!y br+ back ) !m f _! campaigns ! beams ( ! edifices t !y de/roy$ & (f] !m to ,i%t>4#aebh ,^u com+ to ,babylonia1 !y d n fail to br+ pres5ts ( gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones1 copp]1 iron1 purple1 preci\s g>m5ts1 & sc5t$ woods to ,m>duk & ,s>panitum1 to ,nabu & ,ta%mitum1 & ! o!r great gods4#aebi ,! fir/ fruits ( ext5sive groves are (f]$ by ,a%urnasirbal to ,a%ur & ! temples ( 8 l&4#aecj ,! rul]s ( ,assyria vie ) ! k+s ( ,babylonia 9 pres5t+ g>d5s#aeca & l&s to ! gods z votive (f]+s2 b = all t1 9 anci5t ,babylonia & ,assyria1 z among o!r peoples ( antiquity1 ! m f]v5t religi\s _s 0 manife/$ 9 ! small tok5s ( ! masses1 ^: atta*m5t to ! temples 0 ( a diff]5t ord] f t :i* prompt$ ! rul]s ( ! nor? & s\? to a display1 9 :i* vanity & ! desire to manife/ _! p[] play a l>g] "p z "o g5]ation succe$s ! o!r4 ,fe/ivals4 ,we h se5#aecb t 9 ! develop$ sy/em ( ! ,babylonian religion1 e day ( ! ye> _h "s significance1 & t c]ta9 days 9 ea* mon?--s1 e4g41 ! #g?1 #ad?1 #ai?1 #ba/1 & #bh?--_h a special significance4 ,x has also be5 po9t$ out t 9 diff]5t religi\s c5t]s1 ! days s+l$ out = special significance diff]$4 ,9 view ( ?is1 we mu/ be prep>$ to f9d t ! fe/ival days 7 n ! same 9 all p>ts ( ,babylonia1 nor necess>ily id5tical 9 ! v>i\s p]iods ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian hi/ory4 ,! common "n = fe/ival 0 is9nu4 ,if we may judge f ! use ( ass9nu z a g5]al "n = prie/1#aecc--;a s]vant ( a deity1--! und]ly+ /em appe>s to signify simply 'to s]ve4' ,ano!r "n t reveals m z to ! "* ( ! ,babylonian fe/ivals is ta%iltu1 :i* is us$ z a synonym = 'joy1 delight4' ,! fe/ivals 7 inde$ joy\s occasions1 m>k$ by abundance ( (f]+s & m]ry-mak+1 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 ! somb] note 9 ! rejoic+s 0 n abs5t4 ,! k+s d$icate _! temples & palaces amid/ manife/ation ( rejoic+4 ,!y pray t ! gods may occupy ! dwell+s prep>$ = !m 9 joy & jubilance1#aecd & ! ref]5ce to fe/ivals 9 ! hi/orical texts are all ( su* a "* z to make u feel t ! ,babylonian c\ld appreciate ! ,biblical injunction to rejoice#aece 9 ! div9e pres5ce1 on ! occasions set ap>t z1 9 a peculi> s5se1 sacr$4 ,defective z our k ( ! anci5t ,babylonian fe/ivals /ill is1 ! mat]ial at our disposal %[s t at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod1 !re 0 "o day 9 ! ye> on :i* a fe/ival 0 celebrat$ 9 honor ( a god or goddess t _h a m important "* ?an any o!r4 ,9 ! develop$ zodiacal sy/em ( ,babylonia ea* mon? is sacr$ to a deity4#aecf ,?is sy/em 0 p]fect$ "u ! direct influ5ce ( ! !ological s*ools ( ,babylonia1 b s mu* ( x1 at all ev5ts1 re/s ^u anci5t traditions :i* assigns a mon? to ea* god2 & s9ce ,m>duk is n accord$ ! fir/ place1 b takes 8 position 9 a gr\p ( sol> deities1 & s9ce1 moreov]1 ^! sol> deities h a position 9 ! cal5d> :i* accords ) _! specific sol> "*1#aecg we may proce$ a /ep fur!r & assume ) "s confid5ce t ! ,babylonian s*ol>s 7 guid$--9 l>ge "p1 at lea/--by anci5t traditions 9 p>cel+ out ! mon?s z !y did4 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 x is true1 may h be5 assign$ to ! fir/ ?ree mon?s because ( ! preem95t position ( ^! ?ree gods z a special triad2 b ev5 "h ! antiquity ( ! triad furni%es a gu>antee t ! association ( "s mon? ) "s deity belongs to a v anci5t p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x w\ld be natural t ! fir/ day ( ! mon? sacr$ to a deity w\ld be reg>d$ z 8 or h] fe/ival p> excell5ce1 & 9 ! case ( ! cult ( a deity spread+ beyond its orig9al limits1 ?is fe/ival w\ld assume a m g5]al "*4 ,on ?is day ! p w\ld come f all p>ts ( ! di/rict )9 :i* ! cult 0 c>ri$ on1 to pay _! homage to ! god or goddess4 ,9 ! days ( ,gudea1 we f9d ,bau occupy+ ?is sup]ior rank4 ,h] fe/ival _h assum$ su* importance z to s]ve = reckon+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>4 ,h5ce x became kn[n simply z ! day ( zag-muku1#aech t is1 ! ,new ,ye>'s ,day4#aeci ,:e!r ?is fe/ival ( ,bau 0 recogniz$ z ! ,new ,ye>'s ,day ?r\gh\t ,babylonia1 we d n "k1 b x mu/ h be5 obs]v$ 9 a consid]ably ext5sive di/rict1 or ,gudea w\ld h made ! attempt to give "s fe/ival connect$ ) 8 favorite deity ,n9-girsu ?is "*4 ,z x is1 he c only comb9e ,bau's fe/ival ) ! cult ( ,n9-girsu1 by mak+ ! ,new ,ye>'s ,day ! occasion ( a symbolical m>riage betwe5 ! god & ! goddess4 ,n9-girsu is repres5t$ z (f]+ m>riage gifts to ,bau1#aedj on ! ,zagmuku4 ,h[ e>ly ,bau came to occupy s significant a rank has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,x is h] quality z ! 'great "m1' z ! goddess ( f]tility & abundance1#aeda r ?an any political supremacy ( ! di/rict 9 :i* %e 0 wor%ipp$1 t con/itutes ! *ief factor 9 giv+ ,bau ?is preem95ce1 j z we h f\nd 9 ! case ( ! o!r great goddesses ( ,babylonia1--,n9a1 ,nana1 ,i%t>1--specific traits & n political importance l5d+ !m ! significance !y acquir$4 ,at "o "t we may well suppose t ! fe/ival ( ,en-lil at ,nippur1 :i* br\ght wor%ipp]s f all p>ts ( ,babylonia1 0 recogniz$ z a ',new ,ye>'s ,day1' & we may "s day f9d evid5ce t at a /ill e>li] p]iod ! fir/ day ( a mon? sacr$ to "s o!r god1--,s9 or ,%ama% or ,nana-,i%t> ( ,ere*1--0 recogniz$ 9 "s di/ricts z ! />t+-po9t = ! ye>2 b to an agricultural community1 ! spr+1 :5 ! se$s are s[n1 or ! fall1 aft] ! h>ve/ has be5 ga!r$1 are ! two mo/ natural p]iods = reckon+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,s9ce we "k t at ! "t :5 ,babylon acquir$ h] supremacy ! ye> began 9 ! spr+1 ! cons]vatism atta*+ to religi\s obs]vances makes x m ?an probable t ,bau's fe/ival also fell 9 ! spr+4 ,aft] ! anci5t religi\s & political c5t]s ( ! s\? yield$ _! privileges to ,babylon1 x 0 natural = ! prie/s ( ,m>duk to covet ! honor ( ! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival = ! new head ( ! pan!on4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d ! ,zagmuku trans=m$ into a ,m>duk fe/ival4 ,t x did n orig9ally belong to ,m>duk foll[s f ! fact t x 0 celebrat$ 9 ! mon? ( ,nisan1--! fir/ mon?1--:]eas ! mon? sacr$ to ,m>duk 0 ,arakh-%amna 7or ,m>*e%wan71--! eigh? mon?4 ,! delib]ate transf] ( ! ,zagmuku to ,m>duk is also indicat$ by ! fact t ! fe/ival ( ,nisan has ano!r "n by :i* x is m commonly designat$1--,akitu4#aedb ,! "n seems to h be5 orig9ally a g5]al t]m = a fe/ival1 & x is natural t ,m>duk's fe/ival %\ld h come to be kn[n z ! fe/ival1 j z among ! ,hebrews ! annual fall pilgrimage to ! sanctu>y at ,j]usalem became kn[n z ! ,hag1--! pilgrimage p> excell5ce4 ,to di/+ui% x f o!r fe/ivals1 ,m>duk's fe/ival is sometimes spok5 ( z ! great or ! l(ty ,akitu4 ,! fir/ day 0 prop]ly ! ,zagmuku1 :]eas ! ,akitu itself ext5d$ at lea/ ov] ! fir/ elev5 days ( ,nisan#aedc & may inde$ h la/$ ! entire mon?2 b ,zagmuku 0 also us$ = ! fe/ival p]iod4 ,! ,new ,ye>'s ,day 0 m>k$ by a solemn procession4 ,! union ( ,nabu & ,m>duk 0 symboliz$ by a visit :i* ! =m] paid to 8 fa!r1 ! *ief ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,9 8 %ip1 magnific5tly fitt$ out1#aedd ,nabu 0 c>ri$ along ! /reet kn[n z ,ai-ibur-%abu1#aede lead+ f ,borsippa across ! ,euphrates to ,babylon4 ,! /reet 0 h&somely pav$1#aedf & ev]y?+ 0 done to height5 ! impressiv5ess ( ! c]emony4 ,! visit ( ,nabu m>k$ ! homage ( ! gods to ,m>duk2 & ,nabu set ! example = o!r gods1 :o 7 all suppos$ to assemble 9 ,e-,sagila dur+ ! great fe/ival4 ,we h already po9t$ out t ! cult ( ,nabu at ,borsippa at "o "t 0 reg>d$ ) great] sanctity ?an ! ,m>duk wor%ip 9 ,babylon4 ,z a concession to ! =m] supremacy ( ,nabu1 ! prie/s ( ,e-,sagila1 c>ry+ ! /atue ( ,m>duk1 escort$ ,nabu back to ,borsippa4 ,! return visit raises ! suspicion t x 0 orig9ally ,m>duk :o 0 oblig$ to pay an annual homage to ,nabu4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! d\ble c]emony became to su* an ext5t ! notewor?y feature ( ! ,zagmuku or ,akitu t :5 ! *ronicl]s wi% to indicate t1 because ( political di/urbances1 ! fe/ival 0 n celebrat$1 !y use ! simple =mula3 ,nabu did n come to ,babylon4 ,bel i4e41 ,m>duk did n m>* out4#aedg ,! ,akitu fe/ival br\ght wor%ipp]s f all p>ts ( ,babylonia & ,assyria to ! capitol4 ,k+s & subjects alike paid _! devotions to ,m>duk4 ,! =m] approa*$ ! div9e pres5ce directly1 &1 seiz+ hold ( ! h&s ( ,m>duk's /atue1 7 admitt$ into a k9d ( cov5ant ) ! god4 ,! c]emony became ! =mal rite ( royal in/allation 9 ,babylonia4 ,to seize ! h&s ( ,bel 0 equival5t to legitimiz+ "o's claim to ! ?rone ( ,babylonia1 & ! *ronicl]s ( ! s\? consi/5tly decl9e to recognize ,assyrian rul]s z k+s ( ,babylonia until !y h come to ,babylon & seiz$ ! h&s ( ,bel4#aedh ,t ?is c]emony 0 annually p]=m$ by ! k+s ( ,babylonia aft] ! union ( ! s\!rn /ates is q c]ta94 ,x m>k$ a r5ewal ( ! pl$ge betwe5 ! k+ & 8 god4 ,! ,assyrian k+s1 h[ev]1 cont5t$ !mselves ) a s+le visit4 ,( ,tigla?piles] ,,ii4#aedi & ,s>gon1#aeej we "k t !y came to ,babylonia = ! purpose ( p]=m+ ! old c]emony2 & o!rs did ! same4 ,! eigh? & elev5? days ( ! fe/ival mon? 7 inve/$ ) special sanctity4 ,on ^! days all ! gods 7 br\ght toge!r 9 ! *amb] ( fates ( ,m>duk's temple4 ,9 symbolical imitation ( ! assembly ( ! gods 9 ,ub%u-k5na1#aeea ,m>duk sits on 8 ?rone & ! gods are repres5t$ z /&+ 9 humble submission be=e him1 :ile he decrees ! fates ( mank9d = ! com+ ye>4 ,! ,zagmuku fe/ival 9 its develop$ =m has /rik+ po9ts ( resemblance to ! ,jewi% ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,on ?is day1 accord+ to ! popul> ,jewi% tradition1 ,god sits 9 judgm5t ) a book be=e ,him 9 :i* ,he inscribes ! fate ( mank9d4 ,n9e days ( probation are all[$1 & on ! t5? day--! ,day ( ,atonem5t--! fates are seal$4 ,! ,jewi% ,new ,ye> is kn[n z ,ro%-ha%-%ana1#aeeb :i* is an exact equival5t ( ! ,babylonian re% %atti 7or zag-muku74 ,a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! ,jewi% fe/ival is t ! latt] is celebrat$ 9 ! sev5? mon?4 ,x is n correct1 !re=e1 to assume t ! ,hebrews borr[$ _! ,ro%-ha%-%ana f ! ,babylonians4 ,ev5 aft] !y adopt$ ! ,babylonian cal5d>1#aeec !y cont9u$ to reg>d ! sev5? mon?--! h>ve/ mon?--z ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,t among ! ,babylonians ! sev5? mon? also _h a sacr$ "* may be conclud$ f ! mean+ ( ! ideographs ) :i* ! "n is writt54#aeed ,! "q may1 !re=e1 be rais$ :e!r at an e>li] p]iod & 9 "s religi\s c5t]--,nippur1 ,sipp>1 or p]haps ,ur--! sev5? mon? may n h be5 celebrat$ z ! ,zagmuku4 ,at all ev5ts1 we mu/ = ! pres5t assume t ! ,hebrews develop$ _! ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 :i* !y may h orig9ally receiv$ f ,babylonia1 indep5d5tly ( ,m>duk's fe/ival1 ?\gh1 s9ce ! ,ro%-ha%-%ana does n come into prom95ce among ! ,jews until ! p]iod ( ! s-call$ ,babylonian exile1 ! possibility ( a direct ,babylonian influ5ce 9 ! lat] conceptions connect$ ) ! day _c be d5i$4#aeee ,( ! o!r fe/ivals ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians b few details are kn[n4 ,sev]al ref]5ces h already be5 made to ! ,tammuz fe/ival4#aeef ,orig9ally a sol> fe/ival1 celebrat$ 9 ! f\r? mon? at ! approa* ( ! summ] sol/ice1 x became ?r\gh ! association ( ideas sugge/$ by ! m\rn+ ( ,i%t> = h] lo/ consort ,tammuz a k9d ( ',all ,s\ls' ,day1' on :i* ! p rememb]$ _! dead4 ,dirges 7 sung by ! wail+ wom5 to ! accompanim5t ( musical in/rum5ts2 (f]+s 7 made to ! dead1 & x is plausible to assume t visits 7 paid to ! graves4 ,! m\rn+ 0 foll[$ by a fe/ival ( rejoic+1 symboliz+ ! return ( ! sol>-god4 ,! ,tammuz fe/ival appe>s to h _h a /rong hold ^u ! masses1 by reason ( ! popul>ity ( ! ,tammuz my?2 nor 0 x limit$ to ! ,babylonians4 ,among ! ,pho5icians ! cult ( ,tammuz1 kn[n by 8 title ,adon 7:5ce ,adonis71 0 ma9ta9$ to a late p]iod1 & ! ,hebrews1 likewise1 z late z ! days ( ,ezekiel1#aeeg commemorat$ ) rites ( m\rn+ ! lo/ ,tammuz4 ,! cal5d> ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur* /ill m>ks ! #ag? day ( ,tammuz z a fa/1 & ,h\tsma has %[n#aeeh t ! association ( ! day ) ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans repres5ts m]ely ! attempt to give an anci5t fe/ival a wor?i] int]pretation4 ,! day 0 orig9ally connect$ ) ! ,tammuz cult4 ,e]dmans#aeei has rec5tly endeavor$ to %[ t ! fe/ival ( ,hose91 celebrat$ by ! ,%iitic sect ( ,mohamm$anism 9 memory ( ! tragic dea? ( ! son ( ,ali1 is 9 reality a survival ( ! ,babylonian-,pho5ician ,tammuz fe/ival4 ,! spread ( ! ,tammuz-,adonis my? & cult to ! ,greeks#aefj is b ano!r indication ( ! popul>ity ( ?is anci5t ,semitic fe/ival4 ,! old ,zagmuku fe/ival 9 honor ( ,bau & ! ,tammuz fe/ival1 celebrat$ 9 spr+ & summ]1 respectively1 are also closely associat$ ) agricultural life4 ,! spr+ z ! se$time is1 z we h se51 a natural p]iod = beg9n+ ! calculation ( ! ,new ,ye>1 :ile a fir/ h>ve/ ( ! :eat & b>ley is reap$ 9 ,babylonia at ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice4 ,we %\ld expect1 !re=e1 to f9d a ?ird fe/ival 9 ! fall1 at ! close ( ! h>ve/ & j be=e ! w9t] ra9s set 94 ,! sev5? mon?--,ti%ri--0 a sacr$ mon? among ! anci5t ,hebrews z well z among ! ,babylonians1 b up to ! pres5t no di/9ct traces ( a fe/ival p]iod 9 ,ti%ri h be5 f\nd 9 ,babylonian texts4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves1 !re=e1 ) ! conjecture1 above ?r[n out1 t an ,akitu 0 orig9ally celebrat$ 9 ?is mon? at "s anci5t religi\s c5t] ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,fur!r publications ( cunei=m texts may ?r[ light ^u ?is po9t4 ,! unpubli%$ mat]ial 9 ,european & ,am]ican museums h>bors _m surprises4 ,9 ,a%urbanabal's annals#aefa !re is an int]e/+ ref]5ce to a fe/ival celebrat$ 9 honor ( ! goddess ,gula1 ! goddess ( heal+1#aefb on ! twelf? day ( ,iyy>1 ! second mon?4 ,! fe/ival is describ$ ideographically z ,si-g>1#aefc b f ! fact t ! same ideographs are us$ else:]e to describe a day sacr$ to ,s9 & ,%ama%1#aefd x w\ld appe> t ,si-g> is n a specific appellation1 b a g5]al "n aga9 = fe/ival4 ,?is mon? ,iyy> & ?is p>ticul> day1 z a favorable "o1 is *os5 by ,a%urbanabal = 8 in/allation z k+ ( ,assyria4 ,! same mon? is select$ = a =mal pilgrimage to ,babylonia = ! purpose ( re/or+ to ,e-,sagila a /atue ( ,m>duk t a previ\s ,assyrian k+ _h tak5 f its place1#aefe & ,lehmann is probably correct 9 conclud+#aeff t ?is mon? ( ,iyy> 0 a p>ticul>ly sacr$ "o 9 ,assyria1 emphasiz$ ) int5t p]haps by ! k+s1 z an (fset aga9/ ! sacr$ness ( ,nisan 9 ,babylonia4 ,fe/ivals 9 honor ( ,n9ib 7 celebrat$ 9 ,calah 9 ! mon?s ( ,elul--! six? mon?--& ,%abat--! elev5? mon?4#aefg ,! six? mon?1 x w be recall$1 is sacr$ to ,i%t>4#aefh ,n9ib be+ a sol> deity1 8 fe/ival 9 ,elul 0 evid5tly ( a sol> "*4 ,f ,a%urbanabal1#aefi aga91 we le>n t ! #be? day ( ,siwan--! ?ird mon?--0 sacr$ to ,belit ( ,babylon1 & on t day a procession took place 9 h] honor4 ,! ,belit meant is ,s>panitum 9 h] orig9al & indep5d5t role z a goddess ( f]tility4 ,! /atue ( ! goddess1 c>ri$ ab\t1 presumably 9 h] %ip1 =m$ ! *ief feature ( ! procession4 ,a%urbanabal *ooses ?is favorable day z ! "o on :i* to break up camp 9 ! c\rse ( "o ( 8 milit>y exp$itions4 ,we w\ld naturally expect to f9d a fe/ival mon? devot$ to ! god ,a%ur 9 ,assyria4 ,?is mon? 0 ,elul--! six? mon?4#aegj ,! *oice ( ?is mon? l5ds weight to ! supposition t ,a%ur 0 orig9ally a sol> deity4#aega ,! honors once paid to ,n9ib 9 ,calah 9 ?is mon? c\ld ?us easily be transf]r$ to ! head ( ! ,assyrian pan!on4 ,al?\gh 9 ! cal5d> ! six? mon? is sacr$ to ,i%t>1 h] fe/ival 0 celebrat$ 9 ! fif? mon?1 kn[n z ,ab4#aegb ,?is lack ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! cal5d> & ! fe/ivals is an indication ( ! great] antiquity ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! great temple to ,%ama% at ,sipp>1 !re appe> to h be5 sev]al days t 7 m>k$ by religi\s obs]vances4 ,nabubalidd9#aegc 7n9? c5tury7 emphasizes t he pres5t$ ri* g>m5ts to ! temple = use on six days ( ! ye>1--! #g? day ( ,nisan 7fir/ mon?71 #aj? ( ,iyy> 7second mon?71 #crd ( ,elul 7six? mon?71 #g? ( ,ti%ri 7sev5? mon?71 #ae? ( ,arakh-%amna 7or ,m>*e%wan1 eigh? mon?71 & ! #ae? ( ,ad> 7twelf? mon?74 ,^! g>m5ts are giv5 to ,%ama%1 to 8 consort ,malkatu1 & to ,bun5e4#aegd ,s9ce f a passage 9 a ,babylonian *ronicle#aege x appe>s t x 0 cu/om>y = ,%ama% on 8 fe/ival to leave 8 temple1 we may conclude t ! g>m5ts 7 put on ,%ama% & 8 associates1 = ! solemn procession on ! six days 9 "q4 ,! fe/ivals 9 ,nisan & ,elul are di/9ctly ( a sol> "*4 ,! *oice ( two o!r mon?s imm$iately foll[+ ,nisan & ,elul _c be accid5tal4 ,! int]val ( ?irty-?ree days betwe5 ! ,nisan & ,iyy> fe/ivals & ?irty-f\r days betwe5 ! ,elul & ,ti%ri fe/ivals may repres5t a sacr$ p]iod4#aegf ,ti%ri1 moreov]1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 is a sacr$ mon? 9 a peculi> s5se4 ,m>*e%wan1 x may be well to be> 9 m9d1 is sacr$ to ,m>duk1--a sol> deity1--:ile ! #ae? ( ,ad>1 curi\sly en\gh1 is an old sol> fe/ival t1 modifi$ & connect$ ) hi/orical rem9isc5ces1 became popul> among ! ,jews ( ,p]sia & ,babylonia dur+ ! ,p]sian supremacy 9 ! ,semitic ,ori5t1 & survives to ?is day "u ! "n ( ! ,purim fe/ival4#aegg ,at all ev5ts1 ! six days may be safely reg>d$ z connect$ 9 "s way1 direct or indirect1 ) sol> wor%ips1 & x is natural to f9d t 9 s prom95t a c5t] ( sun-wor%ip z ,sipp>1 all ! sol> fe/ivals 7 prop]ly & solemnly obs]v$4 ,x is disappo9t+ t up to ! pres5t s little has be5 asc]ta9$ ( ! details ( ! moon-cult--! great rival to ,%ama% wor%ip--9 ! old cities ( ,ur & ,h>ran4 ,9 ! ,babylonian cal5d>1 ! ?ird mon?--,siwan--is sacr$ to ,s91 b s9ce1 z we h f\nd1 ! fe/ivals 9 honor ( ! gods d n always correspond to ! assignm5t ( ! mon?s1 we _c be c]ta9 t 9 ?is mon? a special fe/ival 9 honor ( ,s9 0 obs]v$4 ,la/ly1 besides ! regul> & fix$ fe/ivals1 ! k+s1 & m especially ! ,assyrian rul]s1 did n hesitate to in/itute special fe/ivals 9 memory ( "s ev5t t contribut$ to _! glory4 ,agumkakrimi#aegh in/itut$ a fe/ival ^u re/or+ ! /atues ( ,m>duk & ,s>panitum to ,babylon1 & ,s>gon does ! same ^u re/or+ ! palace at ,calah4#aegi ,d$ications ( temples & palaces 7 9 g5]al m>k$ by fe/ivities1 & s :5 ! k+s return 9 triumph f _! w>s1 lad5 ) spoils & captives1 popul> rejoic+s 7 in/itut$4 ,b su* fe/ivals 7 m]ely sporadic1 &1 :ile m>k$ by religi\s c]emonies1 7 *iefly occasions ( g5]al jollification comb9$ ) homage to ! rul]s4 ,su* a fe/ival 0 n call$ an is9nu1 b a nigatu1#aehj--;a 'm]rymak+4'#aeha ,m directly connect$ ) ! cult 0 a c]emony obs]v$ 9 ,assyria ^u ! in/allation ( an (ficial1 kn[n z ! limmu1 :o dur+ 8 ye> ( s]vice enjoy$ ! privilege ( hav+ (ficial docum5ts dat$ ) 8 "n4#aehb ,! c]emony involv$ a runn+#aehc ( "s k9d1 & rem9ds "o ( ! runn+ betwe5 ! two hills ,m>wa & ,safa 9 ,mekka t =ms "p ( ! religi\s obs]vances 9 connection ) a visit to ! ,kaaba4#aehd ,! "n ( ! c]emony appe>s to h be5 puru 7or buru74 ,to connect ?is ^w ) ! ,jewi% fe/ival ( ,purim1 z ,sayce proposes1#aehe is :olly unw>rant$4 ,! "* ( ! ,puru c]emony po9ts to its be+ an anci5t cu/om1 ! real significance ( :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t became lo/4 ,fa/ days in/itut$ = p]iods ( di/ress might also be add$ to ! cult1 b ^!1 too1 l ! special fe/ivals1 7 n p]man5t in/itutions4 ,= su* occasions _m ( ! p5it5tial psalms :i* 7 discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt]#aehf 7 compos$4 ,to conciliate ang]$ gods ^: temples _h be5 deva/at$ 9 days ( turmoil1 atonem5t & purification rites 7 obs]v$4 ,s ,a%urbanabal#aehg ^u 8 conque/ ( ,babylonian cities tells u t he pacifi$ ! gods ( ! s\? ) p5it5tial psalms & purifi$ ! temples by magic rites2 & ,nabubalidd91#aehh incid5tal to 8 re/oration ( ! ,%ama% cult at ,sipp>1 ref]s to an int]e/+ c]emony ( purification1 :i* consi/$ 9 8 tak+ wat] & wa%+ 8 m\? accord+ to ! purification ritual ( ,ea & ,m>duk1#aehi prelim9>y to br++ sacrifices to ,%ama% 9 8 %r9e4 ,sipp> _h be5 ov]run by nomads1#aeij ! temple _h be5 defil$1 & be=e sacrifices c\ld aga9 be (f]$1 ! sacr$ edifice & sacr$ qu>t] _h to be purifi$4 ,! k+'s action 0 a symbol ( ?is purification4 ,_m su* cu/oms mu/ h be5 9 vogue 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,"s--& ^! 7 ! olde/--7 ( popul> orig94 ,on ! seal cyl9d]s !re is frequ5tly repres5t$ a pole or a conv5tionaliz$ =m ( a tree1 g5]ally 9 connection ) a design illu/rat+ ! wor%ip ( a deity4#aeia ,?is symbol is cle>ly a survival ( "s tree wor%ip#aeib t 0 once popul>4 ,! comp>ison ) ! a%]a or pole wor%ip among ,pho5icians & ,hebrews#aeic is fully ju/ifi$1 & is a pro( ( ! great antiquity ( ! symbol1 :i*1 )\t becom+ a =mal "p ( ! lat] cult1 reta9$ 9 "s measure a hold ^u ! popul> m9d4 ,o!r symbols & cu/oms 7 introduc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! doctr9es unfold$ 9 ! s*ools ( ?\ght 9 ! v>i\s intellectual c5t]s1 & z an expression ( ! tea*+s ( ! prie/s4 ,! cult ( ,babylonia1 ev5 m s ?an ! lit]ature1 is a comp\nd ( ^! two factors1--popul> beliefs & ! !ological elaboration & sy/ematization ( ^! beliefs4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is elaboration1 _m new ideas & new rites 7 introduc$4 ,! (ficial cult pass$ 9 "s important p>ticul>s f> beyond popul> practices4 ,,footnotes3 #acaa ,vorges*i*te d] ,indo-,europa]1 pp4 #abf-ada4 #acab ,g54 xi4 #d4 #acac ,e4g41 ,tigla?piles] ,i41 col4 vii4 ll4 #ajb1 #ajc2 ,meissn]1 ,altbabylonis*es ,privatre*t1 no4 #df2 ,nebopolass> ,cyl9d] 7,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #a1 pls4 #cb1 #cc71 col4 i4 l4 #ch4 ,or 'z high z m\nta9s'2 e4g41 ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii41 ,,ir4 #eh1 col4 viii4 ll4 #fa-fc2 & s frequ5tly ! ,neo-,babylonian k+s4 #acad ,kosmologie1 pp4 #ahe-aie4 #acae ,or ,kh>sag-gal-kurkura2 see p4 #eeh4 #acaf ,see p4 #deh4 #acag ,ekurrati2 ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #gah;b4 #acah ,,ir4 #ce1 no4 #c1 #bb4 #acai ,see bel[4 #acbj ,hebrew ,bamo?4 ,?r\gh ! opposition ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 ! t]m acquires di/a/eful associations t 7 orig9ally =eign to x4 #acba ,see ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #abd seq4 #acbb ,,iir4 #ej1 obv]se4 #acbc ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ^! sev]al names all designate a s+le zikkurat4 #acbd ,pet]s' ,nippur1 i4 #bdf2 ii4 #abj4 #acbe ,= ! mean+ ( ?is phrase1 see ,w9ckl]'s ,altori5talis*e ,=s*ung51 iii4 #bjh-bbb1 & ,j5s5's ,kosmologie1 p4 #afg4 #acbf ,f ,heuzey's note 9 ,de ,s>zec1 ,dec\rv]ies en ,*aldee1 p4 #ca1 x w\ld appe> t at ,laga% !re 0 a zikkurat ( mode/ proportions1 b ,dr4 ,pet]s in=ms me t f 8 obs]vations at ,telloh1 he que/ions :e!r ! build+ 9 "q repres5ts a zikkurat at all1 ?\gh1 z we "k f o!r s\rces1 a zikkurat exi/$ !re 9 ! days ( ,gudea4 #acbg ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 xviii4 #acbh ,( ,s>gon's zikkurat at ,khorsabad1 also1 only f\r /ories h be5 f\nd4 ,p]rot & ,*iplez 7,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldaea & ,assyria1 i4 #chh7 suppose t !re may h be5 sev54 #acbi ,e4g4 ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ib4 p4 #abh4 ,hommel1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 p4 #ai4 #accj ,pet]s 7,nippur1 i4 #bad7 f\nd _m yell[-color$ bricks at ,borsippa4 #acca ,book ,i1 ,sec4 #ih4 #accb ,see a pap] by ,e4 ,w4 ,hopk9s on ,! ,holy ,numb]s ( ! ,rig-,v$a 7,ori5tal ,/udies1 ,bo/on1 #ahid1 pp4 #ada-adg74 #accc ,writt5 ideographically1 z ! names ( ! zikkurats & ( all sacr$ edifices inv>iably are4 #accd ,see above1 p4 #dei4 #acce ,inscription ,g1 col4 i4 l4 #ad2 ,d1 col4 ii4 l4 #aa4 #accf ,,iir4 #ej2 obv]se #bj4 ,see p4 #dgb4 #accg ,kosmologie1 pp4 #aga-agd4 #acch ,! sugge/ion is wor?y ( consid]ation :e!r ! "n 'sev5 directions ( heav5 & e>?' may n also po9t to a conception ( sev5 zones divid+ ! heav5s z well z ! e>?4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! 'sev5' heav5s ( ,arabic !ology4 #acci ,s e4g41 ,kaul51 ,assyri5 und ,babyloni5 7#c;d edition71 p4 #eh2 ,vig\r\x1 ,la ,bible et les ,dec\v]tes ,mod]nes 7#d? edition71 i4 #ceh4 #acdj ,lit41 'h\se to be se51' ,igi-e-nir4 ,see1 e4g41 ,,vr4 #bi1 no4 #d1 #dj1 & ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #bfb4 #acda ,s at ,babylon1 at lea/1 accord+ to ,h]odotus4 ,traces ( su* a room 7 also f\nd 9 connection ) ! zikkurat at ,nippur 7,pet]s1 ,nippur1 ii4 #abb47 #acdb ,bit piri%ti4 ,,iir4 #ej1 obv]se1 #f4 ,ano!r "n 7or p]haps ! "n ( a second zikkurat at ,nippur2 see p4 #faf1 note #b7 is ,im-kh>sag1 i4e41 'm\nta9 ( awe4' ,pet]s' r5d]+ 7,nippur1 ii4 #abb7 ( ! names is inaccurate4 #acdc ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 *apt] vi4 #acdd ,s*ick1 ,die ,/ifts*uette1 d] ,tempel1 und d] ,tempelplatz d] ,jetztzeit1 pp4 #h1 #i4 #acde ,sn\ck-,hurgronje ,mekka 7,atlas1 pl4 #a74 ,! pres5t /ructure1 ?\gh comp>atively mod]n1 is built aft] anci5t models4 #acdf ,s*ick1 ib4 pp4 #abe-aca4 #acdg ,die ,/ift%uette1 d] ,tempel1 und d] ,tempelplatz d] ,jeiztzeit1 p4 #hb4 #acdh ,on ! significance ( ! gate 9 sacr$ edifices1 see ,trumbull1 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 pp4 #ajb-ajh4 #acdi ,dr4 ,pet]s is ( ! op9ion t at ! entrance to ! temple area prop] at ,nippur !re also /ood two l>ge columns4 #acej ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 pp4 #fb-fd4 ,heuzey1 9 a valuable note1 already sugge/s ! comp>ison ) ! two columns ( ,solomon's :i* is "h ma9ta9$ on ! basis ( ! excavations at ,nippur4 #acea ,ib4 p4 #fd4 #aceb ,! be/ example = ,assyria is furni%$ by ! magnific5t bronze gates ( ,balawat1 n[ 9 ,! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,bir* & ,p9*es1 ,! ,bronze ,ornam5ts ( ! ,palace ,gates ( ,balawat 7,london1 #ahha74 #acec ,see ! illu/rations 9 ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldea & ,assyria1 i4 #adb1 #adc4 #aced ,s ,pu*/e9 & ,fri$ri*1 b see ,meissn]-,ro/1 ,no* e9mal das ,bi?illani und die ,assyris*e ,saeule 7,leipzig1 #ahic74 #acee ,discov]ies among ! ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 plan #b4 #acef ,papakhu = ,pakhpakhu1 f ! /em pakhu1 to close4 ,p>akku1 f ,p>aku1 to %ut (f1 to lock4 #aceg ,inscription ,d1 col4 ii4 l4 #i4 #aceh ,v4 ,rawl9son1 pl4 #fj4 #acei ,book i4 sec4 #ahc4 #acfj ,see ! *ief passage1 ,,ir4 #ed1 col4 ii1 ll4 #ed-fe2 ano!r "n is ,e-,kua1 'dwell+4' #acfa ,see p4 #dbc4 #acfb ,,vr4 #ej1 col4 i4 l4 #e4 #acfc ,,vr4 #da1 ,no4 #a1 ,rev4 #ah4 #acfd ,,ivr4 #eg1 #bd;a4 ,j5s5's sugge/ion 7,kosmologie1 p4 #bdb7 to read ,m>-duku is out ( ! "q4 #acfe ,:at ,j5s5 says 7,kosmologie1 p4 #aj7 ( ! temple at ,sipp> w\ld apply to ! papakhu 9 ! temple1 r ?an to ! :ole /ructure4 #acff ,de ,s>zec1 ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 pls4 #bd1 #be bis1 etc4 #acfg ,see p4 #ecg4 #acfh ,de ,s>zec1 ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 pls4 #d1 #d bis & #dc bis4 ,on ! latt]1 bulls1 lions1 & eagle 9 comb9ation4 #acfi ,see p4 #fec4 #acgj ,see ! plan 9 ,s*ick1 ,die ,/ift%uette1 pl4 #e4 ,lay>d 7,discov]ies among ! ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 pp4 #fdb-fdh7 po9ts out "s analogies betwe5 ! con/ructions at ,nimrod & ,solomon's build+s1 b :at he says applies *iefly to ! palaces4 #acga ,h]odotus1 book i4 sec4 #ahc1 speaks ( two alt>s outside ( ! temple ( ,m>duk 9 ,babylon4 ,9 ! case ( s important a /ructure1 ! numb] ( alt>s 0 naturally m num]\s4 #acgb ,see ,heuzey's note 9 ,de ,s>zec's ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 p4 #fe4 #acgc ,see pp4 #aji seq4 #acgd ,see p4 #ajf4 #acge ,recueil des ,travaux1 etc41 xvii4 #ci4 #acgf ,see pp4 #adj seq4 #acgg ,! date ( ?is k+ has rec5tly be5 pu%$ d[n by ,?ureau-,dang91 consid]ably lat] ?an ! date assign$ to him by ,hilpre*t 7,revue ,semitique1 v4 #bfe-bfi74 #acgh ,see p4 #aaj4 #acgi ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,,ir4 #fe1 col4 i4 ll4 #cd1 #ce4 #achj ,?is is to be conclud$ f ,nebu*adnezz>1 ib4 l4 #cb4 #acha ,see ,tiele's note1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 ii4 #ahd1 note4 #achb ,,ir4 #ee1 col4 iv4 ll4 #ed-eg4 #achc ,see ,tiele1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 ii4 #aij4 #achd ,,iii ,rawl9son1 pl4 #ff4 ,! li/ also conta9s objects 9 ! temples us$ = ! cult4 #ache ,,iiir4 #ff4 obv]se1 col4 ii4 ll4 #b-be4 #achf ,see p4 #bjg4 #achg ,! sign = image occurs 9 connection ) "s ( ! gods4 #achh ,! t]m c h>dly be us$ "h 9 ! /rict s5se ( 't[]s1' b appe>s to h become a g5]al ^w = a sacr$ /ructure4 #achi ,ib4 col4 iii4 ll4 #bb-cd4 #acij ,meissn]-,ro/1 ,bau9s*rift5 ,sanh]ib's1 p4 #g4 #acia ,see1 e4g41 ! li/ ,,iiir4 #ff4 ,an exception is =m$ by ! temple to ,ramman 9 ! city ( ,as%ur1 :i* has a special "n4 ,see ! foll[+ note4 #acib ,includ+ ! "o to ,ramman 9 ,as%ur4 #acic ,,ir4 #b4 nos4 #aa1 #b4 #acid ,,iir1 #ej1 obv]se #ac4 #acie ,lge-e-nir zikkurat2 ,kidur %ubtu 7dwell+72 ,makh rabu 7great74 #acif ,! "n approa*es closely to ! conception ( a zikkurat 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 z a 'ladd]' connect+ heav5 & e>?4 ,g54 xxviii4 #ab4 #acig ,see above1 p4 #fai4 #acih ,! ideas 'true1 fix$1 e/abli%$1 et]nal' are all express$ by ! elem5t ,zida4 #acii ,i adopt ?is read+ z ! "o g5]ally us$4 #adjj ,see above1 p4 #bdb4 #adja ,or tu%4 ,cf4 ,bru5n[1 ,sign ,li/1 no4 #ajebc4 #adjb ,or ab4 ,see ,j5s51 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 i4 pp4 #ae1 #agc4 #adjc ,see above1 p4 #eg4 #adjd ,comp>e ! "n ',belit-s]i1' 'mi/ress ( ! fields1' z ! "n ( a goddess :o belongs to ! pan!on ( ! l[] _w4 ,see p4 #ehh4 #adje ,,iir4 #fa1 nos4 #a1 #b1 #f4 #adjf ,text1 ,k>1 i4e41 'dam1' 'wall1' or 'quay4' #adjg ,,iir4 #ej1 l4 #h4 #adjh ,bezold ,catalogue1 etc41 p4 #aggf4 #adji ,"o is rem9d$ ( ,isaiah's s5tim5t 7lvi4 #g7 reg>d+ ! temple ( ,yahwe1 :i* is to be call$ 'a h\se ( pray] = ! _w4' #adaj ,lit41 'enclosure4' #adaa ,! synagogue is call$ a 'h\se' j z ! ,babylonian temple is1 & among names ( synagogues 7or ( congregations7 9 mod]n times t =m close p>allels to ! names ( ,babylonian temples may be in/anc$ 'h\se ( pray]1' 'glory ( ,israel1' 'tree ( life4' ,! cu/om ( nam+ ,*ri/ian *ur*es aft] ! apo/les repres5ts a fur!r developm5t along ! ord] ( ideas curr5t 9 ,babylonia4 #adab ,e4g41 ,,iir4 #ej 7zikkurats72 ,,iir4 #fa2 ,,iiir4 #ff4 #adac ,see ,bezold ,catalogue1 etc41 p4 #aggf & else:]e4 #adad ,e4g41 ,,iir4 #ed-fj2 ,,iiir4 #fg-fi2 ,,vr4 #dc1 #df4 #adae ,,iir4 #fj1 no4 #a1 obv]se4 #adaf ,see p4 #agb4 ,"s ( ! gods invok$ by ,s5na*]ib 7see p4 #bch71 z ,gaga1 ,%]ua1 & p]haps also ,khani1 are =eign deities4 #adag ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,religi\s ,texts1 i4 #ef-ei4 #adah ,z ,lagamal1 ,kani%urra4 #adai ,see ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 *apt] x1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,nippur4 #adbj ,ib4 ll4 #bfj4 7,publi%$ 9 ,hilpre*t's ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 ,i4 #a4 pl4 #ba1 no4 #dc4 ,see also pl4 #h1 no4 #ae47 #adba ,,vr4 #fc4 #adbb ,,vr4 pls4 #fj1 #fa4 #adbc ,s1 e4g41 z late z ! days ( ,nebopolass> 7,s*eil1 ,recueil des ,travaux1 xviii4 #af74 #adbd ,besides ?is temple1 !re 7 two o!rs1 p]haps only *apels1 d$icat$ to ,s9 at ,ur3 7a7 ,e-te-im-ila 7m5tion$ fir/ by ,ur-,bau1 ,,ir4 pl4 #a1 no4 #d71 & 7b7 ,e-,kh>sag 7m5tion$ fir/ by ,dungi1 ,,ir4 #b1 ,,ii4 no4 #b74 ,! zikkurat at ,ur _h1 ( c\rse1 a special "n 7,,iir4 #ej1 obv]se #ah74 #adbe ,see ,noeldeke1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 xi4 #ajg-aji4 ,hilpre*t's !ory 7,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #b1 #ee7 has n be5 accept$ by s*ol>s4 #adbf ,,vr4 #fd1 col4 i4 #c-i2 col4 ii4 #df4 #adbg ,see p4 #ddd4 #adbh ,see p4 #ha4 #adbi ,see pp4 #abf seq4 #adcj ,see p4 #abi4 #adca ,s ,antio*us ,sot]1 ,,vr4 #ff1 col4 i4 l4 #c4 #adcb ,= a fur!r acc\nt ( ! f9ancial side ( ! temple e/abli%m5ts1 see ,peis]'s excell5t rem>ks 9 8 ,babylonis*e ,v]traege des ,b]l9] ,museums1 pp4 xvii-xxix4 #adcc ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #b1 p4 #bd4 #adcd ,n9e magnific5t diorite /atues ( ,gudea 7 f\nd by ,de ,s>zec at ,telloh4 #adce ,a%es--! trace ( sacrifices--7 also f\nd on ! alt>4 #adcf ,see ! illu/rations 9 ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldea1 etc41 i4 #adc1 #bee4 ,simil> horns exi/$ on ! ,hebrew & ,phoenician alt>s4 #adcg ,see ! illu/rations 9 ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ib41 i4 #aid1 #bef1 #beg4 ,on seal cyl9d]s alt> titles are frequ5tly repres5t$4 #adch ,book i4 sec4 #ahc4 #adci ,see ,s*ick1 ,die ,/ift%uette1 etc41 pp4 #aai seq4 #addj ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #a1 p4 #ac2 see also p4 #hi4 #adda ,inscription ,g1 col #a4 ll4 #ae-ag4 ,see p4 #fba4 #addb ,describ$ 9 ,de ,s>zec's ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 pp4 #baf1 #bag4 ,= o!r specim5s1 see ib4 pp4 #ajf1 #aga2 & see also ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #b4 p4 #ci1 note4 #addc ,inscription ,d1 col4 iii1 #a-ab4 #addd ,see ,w9ckl]'s note1 ,keils ,bibl4 #c1 #b1 p4 #af4 #adde ,,ir4 #ed1 col4 iii4 l4 #aj4 #addf ,ib4 #ee1 col4 iv4 l4 #a1 #b4 #addg ,,iir4 #fa4 no4 #b1 obv]se4 #addh ,see ,p]rot & ,*iplez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldea & ,assyria1 i4 #ge1 #gf4 #addi ,see ! illu/ration 9 ,sn\ck-,hurgronje ,mekka1 pl4 ,v4 #adej ,i4e41 ( ! god1 ,e-,kua be+ ! "n ( ! sacr$ *amb] 9 ,m>duk's temple at ,babylon4 ,see p4 #fbi1 note #a4 #adea ,see p4 #fj4 #adeb ,see p4 #bhb4 #adec ,! l>ge/ canal 9 ,babylonia4 #aded ,e4g41 i%akku4 #adee ,%a & naku1 i4e41 '! "o ov] ! sacrifice4' ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 vii41 #agd1 note4 #adef ,t ^! t]ms repres5t classes ( prie/s is indicat$ by ! fact t ! ab/ract d]ivatives %angutu1 kalutu1 i%ipputu1 & also ramkutu 7see bel[7 are us$ z g5]al t]ms = prie/hood4 #adeg ,,iir4 #cb1 no4 #c4 #adeh ',a spe> c>ri] ( ,m>duk' occurs 9 contract tablets4 #adei ,dup%>ru4 #adfj ,daianu4 #adfa ,e4g41 ,,iiir4 #dh1 no4 #f1 ll4 #bf1 #bg4 #adfb ,%angu prie/2 makhu great4 #adfc ,see above1 p4 #feg4 #adfd ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #adi;b4 #adfe ,see pp4 #cef seq4 #adff ,on ^! night wat*es1 see ,delitzs*'s article 9 ! ,zeits*rift fu] ,keils*rift=s*ung1 ll4 #bhd-bid4 #adfg ,see above1 pp4 #bfg1 #cdc4 #adfh ,kh>imtu1 ,kisritu1 ,ukhatu1 ,%amuktu4 ,see ,,iir1 #cb1 no4 #b1 ll4 #ca-cf1 & above1 pp4 #dge1 #dhd4 #adfi ,see 8 article on ,sacrifice 9 ! #i? edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica & 8 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,lectures ,,vi-,,xi4 #adgj ,s 9 ! regulations ( ! prie/ly code 7,lev4 iii4 #ad-ag74 #adga ,inscription ,g1 cols1 iii-vi4 #adgb ,h>dly 'roo/]s1' z ,j5s5 7,kosmologie1 p4 #eag7 proposes4 #adgc ,see1 e4g41 ,gudea1 ,inscription ,f1 cols4 iii1 iv4 #adgd ,see on ?is g5]al subject ,m>illi]'s admirable articles1 ,la ,place du ,totemisme dans l'evolution religieuse 7,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 xxxvi74 #adge ,see pp4 #cig1 #cih4 #adgf ,see ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ll4 #aca1 & ,hilpre*t1 ,cunei=m ,texts1 ix4 pl4 xiii4 #adgg ,see ,w>d1 ,on ,"s ,babylonian ,cyl9d]s suppos$ to repres5t ,human ,sacrifices 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,ori5tal ,soc4 ,may1 #ahhh1 pp4 xxvlii-xxx74 #adgh ,see1 e4g41 ,lay>d1 ,monum5ts ( ,n9eveh1 #a/ s]ies1 pls4 #g1 #bc2 ,place1 ,n9eve et l',assyrie1 pl4 #df1 etc4 #adgi ,! ,w+$ ,figures ( ! ,assyrian & ,o!r ,anci5t ,monum5ts1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 xii4 #chc-cic2 see also ,bonavia1 ,! ,sacr$ ,trees ( ! ,assyrian ,monum5ts1 ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record1 vols4 iii1 iv1 ^: conclusions1 h[ev]1 are n always acceptable4 #adhj ,see *apt] xix1 ,oracles & ,om5s4 #adha ,see pp4 #bie-bii4 #adhb ,see1 e4g41 ,s5na*]ib1 ,,ir4 #dg1 col4 v4 ll4 #ej-ed2 ,a%urbanabal1 ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 ii4 l4 #aaf1 & col4 iv4 l4 #i4 #adhc ,,iir4 #fg1 #aa1 #ab4 #adhd ,cyl9d]1 l4 #d4 #adhe ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,keils*rifttexte ,s>gon's ,prunk9s*rift1 ll4 #acd1 #ace4 #adhf ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #a1 pl4 #cc1 col4 ii4 ll4 #ed-ef4 #adhg ,,vr4 #fe1 col4 ii4 l4 #ac4 #adhh ,see1 e4g41 ,tigla?piles] ,i41 ,,ir4 #af1 col4 viii4 ll4 #ef1 #eg2 ,s5na*]ib1 ,,ir4 #dg1 col4 vi4 l4 #fg-ga4 #adhi ,,vr4 #fd1 col4 ii4 ll4 #dc-de4 #adij ,g54 xxviii4 #ah4 #adia ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cfd4 #adib ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ib4 p4 #bae4 #adic ,,vr4 #fa1 col4 iv4 ll4 #cc1 #cd4 #adid ,,ir4 #g1 no4 ix4 #adie ,heuzey 9 ,de ,s>zec's ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 p4 #bji4 #adif ,sev]al examples occur 9 ,de ,s>zec's ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee4 ,see also ,w>d1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,ori5tal ,soc41 ,may1 #ahhh1 p4 xxix1 & ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 pl4 #b4 #adig ,wellhaus51 ,re/e ,arabis*5 ,heid5?ums1 p4 #ajf4 #adih ,grotef5d ,cyl9d]1 col4 li4 ll4 #cf-ci4 #adii ,!y are also us$ 9 ! s5se ( any p]man5t provision = a temple ?r\gh an end[m5t4 #aejj ,lit41 '! /eady' sacrifice4 ,see ! te*nical employm5t1 ,dan4 viii4 #aa4 #aeja ,,vr4 #fa1 col4 iv4 l4 #dh-;col v4 l4 #f2 see also ,a%urbanabal1 ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 iv4 l4 #ij4 #aejb ,belit "h us$ = ,a%ur's consort2 see p4 #bbf4 #aejc ,see p4 #feb4 #aejd ,inscription ,b1 cols4 vii-viii4 #aeje ,*apt] iii4 #a-g4 #aejf ,?is t\* appe>s to h be5 add$ by ! ,hebrew writ]4 ,nebu*adnezz> is b a disguise = ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 #aejg ,,vr4 #cc1 col4 ii4 l4 #bb-;col4 iii4 l4 #ab4 #aejh ,,vr4 #fa1 col4 vi4 ll4 #a-ac4 #aeji ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #a1 pl4 #bc1 no4 #fb4 #aeaj ,9 ! museum at ,cop5hag54 ,describ$ by ,knudtzon 9 ! ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr41 xil4 #bee4 #aeaa ,tiele1 ,babylonis*-,assyris*e ,ges*i*te1 p4 #bhg4 #aeab ,9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7,knudtzon1 ib474 ,x is also on a knob :i* conta9s rema9s ( an iron /ick1 to :i*1 evid5tly1 ! knob 0 fa/5$4 #aeac ,writt5 ,a-e4 #aead ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 i4 #a1 p4 #eh4 #aeae ,9 reality1 glass color$ ) cobalt4 ,on ?is production ( false lapis lazuli1 see ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #acd4 #aeaf ,= examples1 see ,hilpre*t1 ib41 pl4 #ah1 no4 #cd2 pl4 #bc1 nos4 #ef1 #eg2 pl4 #be1 nos4 #ff1 #fi2 pl4 #bf1 no4 #gj4 #aeag ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #gg1 #acc4 #aeah ,s1 e4g41 ,pet]s' ,nippur1 ii4 #bcg1 #bch1 #cgh1 #cgi4 #aeai ,de ,s>zec1 ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 pls4 #a bis & #bh4 #aebj ,! op9ion has be5 advanc$ t ! p]sonage :o holds ! cone-%ap$ object is ! fire-god turn+ ! fire drill1 b ?is is highly improbable4 #aeba ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 p4 #bci4 #aebb ,pet]s' ,nippur ii4 #cgf1 & ,hilpre*t1 ,cunei=m ,texts1 ix4 pl4 #ab4 #aebc ,pet]s ib4 pp4 #cgd1 #cge4 #aebd ,see p4 #ecf4 #aebe ,e4g41 ,g54 xxxi4 #ai4 #aebf ,see ! specim5s & descriptions 9 ,dec\v]tes en ,*aldee1 pl4 #dd & p4 #bcd4 #aebg ,tigla?piles] ,i4 7,,ir4 #ab1 col4 iv4 l4 #bc7 pres5ts tw5ty-five gods ( ! l& ( ,sugi4 #aebh ,a%urnasirbal1 ,,ir4 #be1 col4 iii4 ll4 #ia1 #ib4 #aebi ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,keils*rifttexte ,s>gon's ,prunk9s*rift1 ll4 #ada-adc4 #aecj ,,ir4 #bg1 #h-aj4 #aeca ,,vr4 #fj1 col4 ii4 ll4 #aa-af4 #aecb ,see pp4 #cgc-chc4 #aecc ,see above1 p4 #feh4 #aecd ,?is is a /&+ phrase 9 ! inscriptions ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 z well z ( o!r k+s4 ,see ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,h&wo]t]bu*1 p4 #bgj;b4 #aece ,deut4 xii4 #ah2 xvi4 #ad1 etc4 #aecf ,see pp4 #dfb1 #dfc4 #aecg ,see ib4 #aech ,or zag-mu4 ,gudea1 ,inscription ,g1 col4 iii4 ,9 ! lat] inscriptions we f9d zag-mu-ku4 ,! k or ku appe>s to be an af=mative4 ,see ,amlaud1 ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 iii4 #da4 ,! read+ za-am-mu-ku is f\nd1 ,,ir4 #fg1 col4 i4 l4 #cd4 #aeci re% %atti4 ,see p4 #fha4 #aedj ,inscription ,g1 ib41 & ,inscription ,d1 col4 ii4 ll4 #a-i4 ,see also p4 #ei4 #aeda ,see above1 ib4 #aedb ,see1 e4g41 ,pognon ,wadi ,brissa1 col4 ix4 ll4 #ab-ah4 #aedc ,?is foll[s f a passage 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,inscription1 ,,ir4 #ed1 col4 ii4 l4 #eg4 #aedd ,see p4 #fed4 #aede ,signify+ 'may ! enemy n wax /rong4' #aedf ,see ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,inscription1 ,,ir4 #ef1 col v4 ll4 #ch-ed4 #aedg ,s1 e4g4 dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ,nabonn$os' reign4 ,w9ckl]1 ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,altori5t4 ,ges*4 i4 #aed2 obv4 #f 7#g? ye>72 #aa 7#i? ye>72 #bj 7#aj? ye>72 #bd 7#aa? ye>74 #aedh ,on ! mean+ & importance ( ! rite1 see ,w9ckl]1 ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 ii4 #cjb-cjd1 & ,lehmann's ,%ama%-%umuk91 pp4 #dd-ec4 #aedi ,eponym ,li/1 ,,iir4 #eb1 no4 #a obv4 #de4 #aeej ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,keils*rifttexte ,s>gon's1 pp4 #eb1 #abd2 ( ,a%urbanabal1 ! *ronicl] tells u t he proce$$ to ,babylonia 9 ! mon? ( ,iyy>1 b1 ?is n be+ ! prop] mon?1 he did n seize ! h&s ( ,bel4 ,see also ,w9ckl]1 ib4 p4 xxxvi1 note4 #aeea ,see pp4 #dbc & #fbi seq4 #aeeb ,i4e41 ',! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4' ,see on ?is subject ,k>ppe's article1 ,revue ,semitique1 ii4 #adf-aea4 #aeec ,see p4 #dfd4 #aeed ,see ib41 note #c4 #aeee ,! op9ion ( _m s*ol>s t ! ,ro% ha%-%ana dates f ! ,babylonian exile because n ref]r$ to 9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy is op5 to s]i\s objections4 ,! fe/ival has traces ( antiquity 7l ! ,day ( ,atonem5t71 & appe>s to h be5 reviv$ dur+ ! captivity1 "u ,babylonian influ5ce4 #aeef ,see especially pp4 #dhd & #ege4 #aeeg ,ezekiel1 viii4 #ad4 ,!re is probably a ref]5ce also to ! ,tammuz fe/ival 9 ,ze*1 xii4 #aj1 #aa4 ,! int]pretation (f]$ by ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cib1 note7 = ! m\rn+ rites appe>s /ra9$4 #aeeh ,ov] de ,israelietis*e ,va/5dag5 7,am/]dam1 #ahig1 pp4 #d-f2 #ab-ag74 #aeei ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 ix4 #bij seq4 #aefj ,see ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ii4 #fdh seq4 #aefa ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 i4 ll4 #aa1 #ab4 #aefb ,see pp4 #aje & #agc seq4 #aefc ,! read+s ,suni-g> & ,%um-g> 7s ,j5s51 ,keils ,bibl4 ii4 #aee7 are also possible4 #aefd ,,ivr4 #cb1 #di;b1 :]e ! #bj? day ( ! int]calat$ ,elul is s designat$4 ,an (ficial--'! great ,si-g>'--is m5tion$ 9 a li/1--,,iir4 #ca1 no4 #e1 #cc;a4 #aefe ,see ! discussion 7& passages7 9 ,lehmann's ,%ama%-%umuk91 pp4 #dc seq4 ,"o is tempt$ to conclude t ,m>duk's /atue 0 remov$ to ,n9eveh1 n 9 a _s ( v&alism1 b 9 ord] to enable ,assyrian k+s to 'seize ! h&s ( ,bel' )\t proce$+ to ,e-,sagila4 ,! ,babylonians1 no d\bt1 7 (f5d$ by su* an act1 & 9 ord] to conciliate !m1 ,a%urbanabal1 :o pursues a mild policy t[>ds ! s\?1 ord]s ! /atue to be re/or$ at ! "t t he appo9ts 8 bro!r ,%ama%-%umuk9 z gov]nor ( ! s\!rn prov9ces4 #aeff ,ib4 p4 #ec1 note4 #aefg ,a%urnasirbal's ,inscription1 ,,ir4 #bc1 col4 ii4 l4 #acd4 #aefh ,see above1 p4 #dfb4 #aefi ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 viii4 ll4 #if-ajj4 #aegj ,george ,smi?1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,a%urbanipal1 p4 #abf 7,cyl9d] ,b1 col4 v4 l4 #gg74 ,see also ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 iii4 l4 #cb4 #aega ,see above1 pp4 #aie1 #aif4 #aegb ,see ,a%urbanabal ,cyl9d] ,b1 col4 v4 l4 #af 7,keils ,bibl4 ii4 #bdh2 also ,meissn]1 ,beitraege zum ,altbabylonis*5 ,privatre*t1 no4 #ad1 p4 #bc74 #aegc ,,vr4 #fa4 col4 v4 l4 #ea-vi4 l4 #h4 #aegd ,see above1 pp4 #gd & #agf4 #aege ,w9ckl]1 ,zeits4 f4 ,assyr4 ii4 #aee 7col4 ii4 l4 #da74 #aegf ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! sanctity atta*+ 9 ! ,jewi% ritual to ! c\nt+ ( ! sev5 weeks int]v5+ betwe5 ,passov] 7! old ,nisan fe/ival7 & ,p5teco/ 7an old summ] fe/ival74 ,see ,deut4 xvi4 #i4 ,! #cc;d day ( ?is p]iod has a special significance 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 #aegg ,! non-,jewi% orig9 ( ! ,purim fe/ival is g5]ally accept$ by critical s*ol>s4 ,lag>de 7,purim--,e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,religions7 endeavors to trace x back to a ,p]sian fire fe/ival2 ,zimm]n 7,zeits4 f4 ,alt4 ,wiss41 #ahia1 pp4 #afj seq47 connects x ) ! ,babylonian ,zagmuku4 ,sayce's supposition 7,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 xix4 #bhj1 #bha7 is n to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% fea/ & fa/ ( ,purim is /ill obscure4 ,! fact t !re is bo? a fa/ 7#ad? ,ad>7 & a fe/ival 7#ae? ,ad>7 is a safe indication ( antiquity4 ,zimm]n's view ( a possible relation%ip betwe5 ,purim & ,zagmuku is unt5able1 b t !re is a connection betwe5 ,purim & "s ,babylonian fe/ival foll[s f ! fact t ! two *ief p]sonages 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]--namely1 ,mordecai & ,e/h]--be> names id5tical ) ! two ,babylonian deities1 ,m>duk & ,i%t>4 ,?is _c be an accid5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,haman & ,va%ti1 accord+ to ,j5s5 7,wi5] ,zeits4 f4d4 ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 vi4 #gj71 are ,elamitic names ( deities correspond+ to ! ,babylonian ,m>duk & ,i%t>4 ,! case = ,va%ti is n cle>ly made out by ,j5s51 b1 = all t1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,babylonian elem5ts 9 ! in/itution h be5 comb9$ ) "s bits ( ,p]sian my?ology4 ,! hi/orical sett+ is ! "w ( ! ,jewi% compil] ( ! tale1 t has ( c\rse "s hi/orical basis4 ,see n[ ,toy1 ,e/h] z a ,babylonian ,goddess 7,! ,new ,_w1 vi4 #acj-ade74 #aegh ,,vr4 #cc1 col4 v4 l4 #dj4 #aegi ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,keils*rifttexte ,s>gon's1 p4 #agb & p4 xxvi1 note4 #aehj ,e4g41 ,s>gon's ,annals1 l4 #agi2 ,cyl9d]1 l4 #bj1 ,,vr4 #cc1 col4 v4 l4 #dj 7nigatu74 #aeha ,n necess>ily 'music fe/ival1' z ,delitzs* proposes 7,assyr4 ,h&w41 p4 #ddg;a74 #aehb ,= examples1 see ! ,assyrian contract tablets translat$ by ,peis]1 ,keils ,bibl4 iv4 #ih & passim4 #aehc ,see ! passage ,%almanas] obelisk1 ll4 #agd1 #age1 & ,peis]'s comm5t1 ,keils ,bibl4 iv4 #ajf1 note4 #aehd ,burton1 ,a ,pilgrimage to ,mecca & ,m$9a1 iii4 *apt] vii4 #aehe ,see above1 p4 #fhf4 #aehf ,*apt] xviii4 #aehg ,rassam ,cyl9d]1 col4 iv4 ll4 #hf-hi4 #aehh ,,vr4 #fa1 col4 ii4 ll4 #bb-bg4 #aehi ,ea & ,m>duk1 x w be recall$1 are ! *ief gods invok$ 9 magic rites involv+ purification4 ,see pp4 #bge1 #bgf4 #aeij ,see p4 #fdf4 #aeia ,see num]\s examples 9 ,m5ant's ,collection de ,cl]cq 7,p>is1 #ahhh74 #aeib ,see above1 p4 #ffb4 #aeic ,/ade1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 i4 #deh seq4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,conclusion4 ,g5]al ,e/imate & ,influ5ce4 ,9 =m+ a g5]al e/imate ( a religion1 "o's v]dict w l>gely dep5d ^u ! po9t ( view f :i* ! religion 9 "q is reg>d$4 ,x is manife/ly unju/ & illogical to apply mod]n /&>ds to an anci5t religion1 n t su* a religion w\ld necess>ily suff] by ! comp>ison involv$1 b because ( ! totally diff]5t conditions "u :i* religion develop$ 9 antiquity f ^? prevail+ 9 mod]n times4 ,! close association1 nay1 ! insep>able bond1 betwe5 religion & ! /ate is only "o ( sev]al det]m9+ factors t might be adduc$1 :ile ! small scope p]mitt$ to individualism 9 matt]s ( religi\s belief & practice 9 a c\ntry l ,babylonia or ,assyria 0 fraught ) su* peculi> results t all comp>isons1 ev5 ) o!r religions ( antiquity1 c\ld only obscure & n illum9e our judgm5t4 ,!re are manife/ly ?ree phases ( ! religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria t ne$ to be consid]$ 9 rea*+ "s g5]al conclusions z to ! "* & rank to be accord$ to x1--! doctr9es1 ! rites1 & ! e?ics4 ,s f> z ! pan!on is conc]n$1 ! limitations 9 ! developm5t ( doctr9es connect$ ) x 7 rea*$ :5 ! union ( ! sev]al ,euphratean /ates 0 p]man5tly effect$ "u ,hammurabi4 ,m>duk1 a sol> deity1 takes 8 place z ! head ( ! pan!on by virtue ( ! preem95t place occupi$ by 8 patron city1--,babylon4 ,! o!r great gods1 ea* repres5t+ "s religi\s c5t] t at "o "t or ! o!r rose to importance1 gr\p$ !mselves ar\nd ,m>duk1 z ! pr9ces & nobles ga!r ar\nd a supreme mon>*4 ,a c]ta9 measure ( indep5d5ce 0 res]v$ = ! great "m goddess ,i%t>1 :o1 wor%ipp$ "u v>i\s names z ! symbol ( f]tility1 pl5ty1 & /r5g?1 is n s decid$ly affect$ by ! *ange z deities l ,en-lil1 ,%ama%1 ,s91 & ,ea1 :o c\ld at any "t become rivals ( ,m>duk4 ,z ! position ( ,m>duk1 h[ev]1 became m & m assur$ )\t dang] ( be+ %ak51 ! feel+ ( rivalry 9 8 relations to ! o!r gods began to disappe>4 ,m>duk's supremacy no long] be+ que/ion$1 !re 0 no necessity to curtail ! homage paid to ,%ama% at ,sipp> or to ,en-lil at ,nippur2 h5ce ! religi\s importance ( ! old c5t]s is n dim9i%$ by ! surpass+ glory ( ,babylon4 ,!re 0 room = all4 ,m>duk's tol]ation is ! be/ evid5ce ( 8 unque/ion$ head%ip4 ,! c5tralization ( political p[] & ( religi\s supremacy is concomitant ) ! focuss+ ( intellectual life 9 ,babylon4 ,! prie/s ( ,m>duk set ! fa%ion 9 !ological ?\ght4 ,s f> z possible1 ! anci5t traditions & my?s 7 re%ap$ s z to contribute to ! glory ( ,m>duk4 ,! *ief "p 9 ! "w ( creation is assign$ to him4 ,! /orm-god ,en-lil is set aside to make room = ! sol> deity ,m>duk4 ,b1 despite su* ef=ts1 ! old tales1 once committ$ to writ+ on ! practically imp]i%able clay1 surviv$1 if n 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 at lea/ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! anci5t temples4 ,! antiquity ( lit]ature 9 ,babylonia 0 ! factor t prev5t$ ! cult f acquir+ a uni=m "* 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire4 ,! prie/s ( ,nippur1 ( ,sipp>1 ( ,eridu1 ( ,ere*1 ,cu?ah1 ,ur1 & o!r places began long be=e ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi to compile1 on ! basis ( pa/ exp]i5ce & z a guide = future ne$s1 om5 li/s1 incantation =mulas1 & sacrificial rituals4 ,^! collections creat$ or?odox /&>ds1 & ^! /&>ds1 once ackn[l$g$1 ! natural cons]vatism atta*+ to religi\s cu/oms 0 suffici5t to ma9ta9 _! cont9uance4 ,! uni=mity ( doctr9e 0 ?us (fset by v>iations 9 ! cult2 & ! policy adopt$ by bo? ,babylonian & ,assyrian rul]s1 9 p]mitt+ ea* c5t] to rema9 undi/urb$1 & 9 freely recogniz+ ! religi\s indep5d5ce ( ea*1 prev5t$ ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian religion f fall+ into ! /ate ( /agnation :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 its fate4 ,9 ! views tak5 ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! gods & m51 no notable advances 7 made :5 once ! e?ical _s 0 infus$ into ! religi\s beliefs4 ,! problem ( good & evil 0 solv$ 9 a simple fa%ion4 ,by ! side ( ! great gods !re exi/$ a l>ge1 almo/ inf9ite numb] ( spirits & demons1 :o 7 g5]ally held responsible = ! evils affect+ mank9d4#aeid ,^! demons & spirits 7 9 _m cases gods 'fall5 f grace1'--m9or local deities :o1 unable to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! face ( ! gr[+ popul>ity ( ! great gods1 sank to an inf]ior position z mess5g]s1 =c$ to d ! w ( _! ma/]s & :o c\ld be controll$ by ! latt]4 ,b ! int]cession ( ! prie/s 0 ess5tial to obta9+ div9e help aga9/ ! mis*iev\s work+s ( ! spirits4 ,ev5 ! k+s1 ?\gh orig9ally /&+ v close to ! gods1 c\ld n disp5se ) ! s]vices ( ! prie/s1 & by virtue ( _! conspicu\s position _h to ex]cise great] precautions ?an ! masses n to (f5d ! gods1 by errors ( commission or omission 9 ! cult4 ,! prie/s held ! secret t c\ld secure fre$om f ills & promote ! comp>ative well-be+ ( rul]s & subjects4 ,!y alone knew :at incantations to use = ea* case t 0 br\ght be=e !m1 9 :at way ! sacrifices 7 to be br\ght1 :5 ! deity %\ld be approa*$1 & :y div9e ang] _h manife/$ itself4 ,! intellectual lead]%ip ?us acquir$ by ! prie/s1 9 addition to _! control ( religi\s affairs1 0 an additional factor 9 ma9ta9+ or?odox /&>ds ( belief :5 once !y _h become fix$4 ,9 ! doctr9es ( life aft] dea?1 ?is influ5ce ( ! prie/hood is di/9ctly se54 ,! popul> notions 7 sy/ematiz$1 b ! prie/s1 true to _! rule z cons]vators1 did n pass beyond primitive conceptions4 ,"s weak attempts at a philosophical view ( ! problem ( dea? are attempt$ 9 ! ,gilgame% epic z f9ally put toge!r "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,babylonian s*ools ( ?\ght1#aeie b ! lead]s %>$ ) ! p ! s5se ( hopelessness :5 pictur+ ! life 9 ! great holl[ ,aralu4 ,x is 9 ! hymns & pray]s1 r ?an 9 ! cosmology & es*atology1 t ! spiritual aspirations ( ! prie/s 7& to a limit$ degree ( ! masses7 manife/ !mselves4 ,9 ^! productions1 :e!r exi/+ indep5d5tly or incorporat$ into incantation rituals1 we see ! religion ( ,babylonia at its be/4 ,a /rong emphasis is plac$ ^u ! doctr9e t mis=tunes & ills come z a puni%m5t = s9s ( commission or omission4 ,x is true t no di/9ction is drawn betwe5 c]emonial errors & real misde$s1 b ! s5se ( guilt is ar\s$ by ! prie/s 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o come to ! temples1 seek+ relief f ! attacks ( ! evil spirits1 or ! bewit*m5t ( sorc]]s4 ,x is 9 ?is doctr9e ( guilt1 z reveal$ ?r\gh ! magical texts1 t we mu/ seek bo? = ! />t+-po9t ( ! developm5t ( an e?ical sy/em 7s f> z su* a sy/em exi/$ among ! ,babylonians71 & also = ! limitations ( ?is sy/em4 ,! aim ( ! prie/s to obs]ve ! "r c]emonies1 to pron\nce ! "r words 9 ord] to accompli% _! aim1 react$ on rul]s & subjects1 & l$ !m to make ! pleasure ( ! gods ! goal ( life4 ,) fe> ( ! gods1 ^u :i* /ress is always laid1#aeif !re is ?us associat$ an equally /rong love#aeig ( ! div9e p[]s4 ,ob$i5ce to ! gods is prim>ily inculcat$ z a means ( secur+ _! protection & bless+2 b ! fe> ( ! gods1 we are told1 is ! cause ( joy2#aeih & ! ,babylonians pass$ f> beyond ! /age ( mak+ ! satisfaction ( "o's own desires ! /&>d ( "r & wrong4 ,a p5it5tial psalm decl>es#aeii t :at is pleas+ to oneself may be s9ful 9 ! eyes ( a god4 ,! k+s pride !mselves ^u be+ ! promot]s ( ju/ice4 ,ev5 ! ,assyrian rul]s1 :o impress "o :ile conduct+ _! w>s z b]eft ( all s(t] emotions1 decl>e t _! highe/ aim is to spread pl5ty & happ9ess4#afjj ,s5na*]ib calls himself a k+ :o 'loves righte\sness1'#afja & he1 z well z 8 pr$ecessors & successors1 busies himself ) actually re/or+ ! rights ( ^? ( 8 subjects :o h be5 wrongfully depriv$ ( _! possessions4 ,! /&>d ( private morality 0 high bo? 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,! legal & comm]cial tablets reveal t prop] consid]ation 0 giv5 to ! treatm5t ( woman--a mo/ satisfactory index ( e?ical conditions4#afjb ,%e c\ld hold prop]ty & dispose ( x4 ,be=e ! c\rts1 h] /atus did n diff] mat]ially f t ( ! male population4 ,! husb& c\ld n divorce 8 wife )\t suffici5t cause1 & *ildr5 ow$ ob$i5ce to ! "m z well z to ! fa!r4#afjc ,polygamy1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 prevail$1 b x is an error to suppose t polygamy is inconsi/5t ) high ideals ( family life1 ev5 ?\gh x does n lead to ! highe/ ideals4 ,hatr$1 ly+1 *eat+1 us+ false measures1 remov+ b\nd>ies1 adult]y1 ins9c]ity are d5\nc$ 9 ! incantation texts1#afjd & 9 accord ) ?is /&>d1 we see 9 ! records ( lawsuits & agreem5ts betwe5 p>ties#afje cle> indications ( ! /r+5t laws t prevail$ 9 ord] to protect citiz5s aga9/ infr+em5t ( _! rights4 ,x comes z a surprise1 b also z a welcome te/imony to ! efficacy ( ju/ice 9 ,assyria1 to f9d ,a%urbanabal emphasiz+ ! fact t he e/abli%$ ord9ances s t ! /rong %\ld d no h>m to ! weak4#afjf ,! in/itution ( slav]y fl\ri%$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria ?r\gh\t all p]iods ( _! hi/ory1#afjg b !re 7 v>i\s grades ( slaves4 ,"s classes diff]$ b little f t ( s]vants1 ind5tur$ = a long] or %ort] p]iod = c]ta9 s]vices4 ,! temple slaves appe> to h l>gely belong$ to ?is class4 ,mild treatm5t ( slaves is enjo9$ & 0 ! rule4 ,! slaves are (t5 ! confid5tial ag5ts ( _! ma/]s :o att5d to ! bus9ess affairs ( ! latt]4 ,we f9d slaves hold+ prop]ty 9 _! own "r4 ,contracts ent]$ into by !m are legal & b9d+4 ,injuries inflict$ ^u !m by _! ma/]s are puni%$1 & !y are protect$ aga9/ losses & mi%aps enc\nt]$ :ile 9 s]vice4 ,:ile we h no evid5ce to %[ t ! laws ( ,assyria 7 on a l[] e?ical plane ?an ^? ( ,babylonia1 /ill1 z ! pupils & imitators ( ! ,babylonians 9 almo/ ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to culture & religion1 ! g5]al tone ( life 9 ,assyria 0 h>dly z high z 9 ! s\?4 ,! w>like _s ( ! rul]s is b a symptom ( ! fi]c] "* ( ! p4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds mono!ism 9 ! religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria has be5 ref]r$ to4 ,we mu/ rememb] t x 0 only a t5d5cy4 ,no decid$ /eps 9 ?is direction 7 ev] tak54 ,bo? 9 ! s\? & 9 ! nor?1 ?is t5d5cy is b ! expression ( ! preem95t rank accord$ to ,m>duk & ,a%ur1 respectively4 ,! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( two heads 9 ! comb9$ pan!on 0 suffici5t to prev5t ! infusion ( an e?ical _s into ?is mono!i/ic t5d5cy2 & unless a mono!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se is int]pret$ 9 an e?ical s5se1 mono!ism 7or monolatry7 has no great sup]iority1 ei!r religi\sly or philosophically1 ov] poly!ism4 ,f ! /&po9t ( religi\s doctr9e1 accord+ly1 ! religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria does n occupy a unique position4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,egyptian religion rea*es a high] level4 ,= all t1 ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! religion t develop$ 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley 0 pr(\nd & la/+4 ,we h _h occasion 9 v>i\s *apt]s ( ?is "w to po9t out ! close analogies exi/+ betwe5 ! ?\ghts1 tradition1 & practices ( ! ,hebrews & ! ,babylonians4#afjh ,a prop] /udy ( ! ,hebrew religion is closely b\nd up ) an inve/igation ( ! religi\s antiquities ( ,babylonia2 & z our k ( ^! antiquities increases1 x w be f\nd t n only are ,hebrews & ,babylonians equipp$ ) _m common possessions :5 />t+ out ^u _! intellectual c>e]s1 b t1 at diff]5t times & 9 div]se ways1 ! /imulus to religi\s advance came to ! ,hebrews f ! anci5t c5t]s ( ?\ght & wor%ip 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,?is influ5ce 0 p>ticul>ly /rong dur+ ! p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory kn[n z ,babylonian exile4 ,! f9i%+ t\*es to ! /ructure ( ,judaism--giv5 on ,babylonian soil#afji--reveal ! ,babylonian tradem>k4 ,ezekiel1 9 _m respects ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,jewi% figure ( ! exile1 is /eep$ 9 ,babylonian !ology & my/icism2 & ! pr(\nd influ5ce ( ,ezekiel is recogniz$ by mod]n s*ol>%ip 9 ! religi\s _s t *>act]izes ! ,jews ^u ! reorganization ( _! commonweal?4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t :at ,babylonia gave to o!rs 0 always ! be/ %e _h to (f]4 ,degrad+ t5d5cies1 too1 f\nd an entrance into po/-exilic ,judaism ?r\gh ,babylonian influ5ce4 ,close contact ( ,jews ) ,babylonians s]v$ to make ! =m] m accessible to ! popul> beliefs 9 incantations & 9 ! p[] ( demons ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,n t ! ,jews 7z little z any o!r p7 7 ev] entirely free f sup]/iti\s practices2 b1 liv+ 9 an atmosph]e *>g$1 s to speak1 ) magic & a/rology1 x 0 inevitable t ev5 ! be/ among !m %\ld be infect$ by cu/oms t !y daily witness$4 ,9 ! ,babylonian ,talmud1 ! ref]5ces to evil spirits are num]\s4 ,specific incantations are introduc$1 & an elaborate sy/em ( angelology & demonology =ms a feature ( ,talmudical ,judaism 9 :i*1 by ! side ( ,p]sian influ5ces1#afaj we may detect equally /rong traces ( ,babylonian ideas4 ,9 ! upp] /rata ( ! ru9s ( ,nippur1 hundr$s ( clay b[ls 7 f\nd1 inscrib$ ) ,jewi% inscriptions1 9 ! ,aramaic dialect t 0 spok5 by ! ,babylonian ,jews4#afaa ,simil> b[ls 7 f\nd else:]e 9 ! m\nds ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4#afab ,^! b[ls indicate ! pres5ce ( ,jews 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4#afac ,plac$ 9 ! graves z a protection = ! dead aga9/ evil spirits1 ! inscriptions conta9 =mulas ( d5unciation aga9/ ! demons t con/itute a /rik+ p>allel to ! incantation texts ( anci5t ,babylonia4 ,"s ( ! demons are id5tical ) ^? occurr+ 9 ^! texts1 & by ! side ( ! inscriptions1 !re are illu/rations#afad & magical designs to :i* p>allels exi/ on ! ,babylonian tablets4 ,?is cu/om ( endeavor+ to secure protection = ! dead ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! curses & propitiatory phrases inscrib$ on b[ls cont9u$ 9 vogue z late z ! n9? c5tury at ! lea/1 & p]haps consid]ably lat]4 ,!re are indications also t ,babylonian ideas f\nd an entrance into ! ,jewi% ,kabbala1--! /range my/ic sy/em ( ! middle ages1 ! s\rces ( :i* are to be s\ght 9 ! apocalyptic *apt]s ( ,ezekiel & ,daniel4 ,*ri/ianity z well z ,judaism felt ! fasc9ation ( ! my/ic lore ( ,babylonia4 ,gunkel#afae has demon/rat$ ! ,babylonian orig9 ( ! my? embodi$ 9 ! twelf? *apt] ( ,revelations4 ,?is my? is b ano!r =m ( ! ,m>duk-,tiamat conte/1 :i*1 x w be recall$1 is ! *ief episode 9 ! ,babylonian creation 'epic4'#afaf ,m significant is ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! religi\s ideas ( ,babylonia ^u ! v>i\s ,gno/ic sects t arose )9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,t ! s\rce ( ,gno/icism 0 to be s\ght 9 ,mesopotamia 0 always recogniz$ by s*ol>s1 b until ! discov]y ( ,babylonian lit]ature1 x 0 cu/om>y to seek = ,jewi% influ5ces 9 ! =mation ( ! v>i\s ,gno/ic sects4 ,kessl]#afag 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate cle>ly ! dep5d5ce ( ! lead+ ideas ( ,gno/icism ^u ! ,babylonian cosmology & ! conceptions develop$ ) ref]5ce to ! gods4 ,m rec5tly1 ,anz#afah has und]tak5 a r5ew$ inve/igation ( ! subject1 &1 approa*+ ! !me f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 rea*es conclusions confirmatory ( ,kessl]'s !sis4 ,all ( ! ,gno/ic sects h c]ta9 fundam5tal doctr9es 9 common1 su* z ! dwell+ ( ,god 9 ! abyss1#afai ! migration ( ! s\l aft] dea? ?r\gh sev5 zones1 ! emanation ( aeons f a supreme aeon4#afbj ,all ^! doctr9es exhibit su* close aff9ities ) ,babylonian ideas z to w>rant ! ass]tion t ! religion ( ,babylonia survives 9 ,gno/icism2 & s9ce1 z we "k1 ,babylonian culture & cu/oms ma9ta9$ an undi/urb$ exi/5ce almo/ to ! ?re%old ( our era1 !re is no ne$ to g back to ! old] p]iods ( ! ,babylonian religion to f9d ! connect+ l9k1 unit+ ,gno/icism ) ! ,babylonian religion4 ,! spread & influ5ce ( ! ,gno/ic sects 0 notori\sly wide4 ,x is suffici5t to recall ! *ief c5t]s ( ,gno/ic s*ools ( ?\ght 9 ,antio*1 ,edessa1 & ,alex&ria & ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! p[]ful sect ( ! ,ophites4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! s*ools ext5d$ into ,greece & ,rome4 ,:ile ! ,gno/ic sects disappe> 9 ! six? c5tury1 ! influ5ce ( ,gno/icism c be foll[$ d[n to ! twelf? c5tury1--a significant te/imony to ! endur+ qualities ( ,babylonian doctr9es4 ,9 ! anci5t _w1 prior to ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,greece felt ! influ5ce ( ! ,babylonian religion4 ,budge#afba is ( ! op9ion t _m ( ! magic practices c>ri$ on 9 ! ,egyptian temples are to be trac$ back to ! incantation rituals p]fect$ by ! ,babylonian prie/s4 ,9 view ( ! e>ly contact betwe5 ,egypt & ,babylonia1 z reveal$ by ! ,el-,am>na tablets1 !re 7 c]ta9ly abundant opportunities = ! infusion ( ,babylonian views & cu/oms into ,egyptian cults4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ! ,mi?ra cult reveals ! unmi/akable influ5ce ( ,babylonian conceptions2#afbb & if x be recall$ :at a degree ( importance ! my/]ies connect$ ) ?is cult acquir$ among ! ,romans1 ano!r l9k w be add$ connect+ ! ramifications ( anci5t culture ) ! civilization ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,! /rong admixture ( ,semitic elem5ts bo? 9 e>ly ,greek my?ology & 9 ,grecian cults is n[ s g5]ally admitt$ by s*ol>s z to require no fur!r comm5t4#afbc ,^! ,semitic elem5ts are to a l>ge ext5t m specifically ,babylonian4 ,! spread ( ! ,gilgame% epic & ( ! ,i%t> cult into ,asia ,m9or & ,greece may be in/anc$ z illu/rations ( ,babylonian influ5ce2 & grant+ t ! ,pho5icians act$ l>gely z ! m$iators 9 c>ry+ ^! ideas to ! ,greek settlem5ts1 /ill !re mu/ h be5 influ5ces at "w long be=e ?is direct contact ) ,semitic culture t prep>$ ! way = ! ready acceptance :i* ,semitic conceptions & ,semitic practices f\nd4 ,! "t has n yet come = pron\nc+ an op9ion z to ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ,babylonia ^u l&s 9 ! di/ant ,ea/4 ,! !ory ( ,de,lacouperie#afbd & ,ball1 :i* proposes to trace ! ,*9ese script to ! hi]oglyphic sy/em ( ,babylonia1 is /ill to be te/$4 ,e>ly comm]cial contact betwe5 ! ,euphrates ,valley & ,india is ma9ta9$ z a probable !ory by sev]al s*ol>s1#afbe & ! possibility1 !re=e1 ( ! spread ( ! religi\s ideas ( ,babylonia to ! di/ant ,ea/ is n to be reject$4 ,pati5t rese>* & ! additional discov]ies 7:i* are con/antly be+ made7 w alone place u 9 a position "s day to give a def9ite answ] to ! "q4 ,:atev] t answ] may be1 ! v]dict z to ! high quality & pr(\nd influ5ce ( ! religion t arose 9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates & t fl\ri%$ = sev]al mill5niums w n be alt]$4 ,to %[ ! g5]al indebt$ness ( ,grecian1 ,roman1 m$iaeval1 & ev5 mod]n civilization to ,babylonian culture lies beyond ! range ( ?is "w1 b ! pr(\nd impression made ^u ! anci5t _w by ! rem>kable manife/ations ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,babylonia & by ! religi\s activity t prevail$ 9 t region is b an index ( ! influ5ce t mu/ h be5 ex]t$ 9 o!r directions by ! v>i$ intellectual activity t conv]t$ a di/rict1 expos$ to ! by no means t5d] m]cies ( ! elem5ts1 into "o ( ! mo/ notable illu/rations ( ! p[] & a*ievem5ts ( man4 ,,footnotes3 #aeid ,see above1 pp4 #ahc1 #bff4 #aeie ,see pp4 #eac seq4 #aeif ,babylonian & ,assyrian k+s alike speak con/antly ( _! fe> ( ! gods4 ,see ! passages 9 ,delitzs*'s ,assyris*es ,h&wo]t]bu*1 pp4 #ebf1 #ebg1 to :i* _m m c\ld be add$4 #aeig ,see1 e4g41 ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,,ir4 #ec1 col4 i1 l4 #ca4 #aeih ,,ivr4 #fj1 ,b obv4 #be4 #aeii ,,ivr4 #fj1 ,c obv4 #ad4 #afjj ,s ,s>gon cyl9d]1 ll4 #cd-db4 #afja ,,ir4 #cg1 col4 i4 l4 #d4 #afjb ,see ! writ]'s rem>ks 9 ,ori5tal ,/udies ( ! ,ori5tal ,club ( ,philadelphia1 pp4 #aai-aba4 #afjc ,see ! s-call$ family laws 7z e>ly z ! days ( ,hammurabi7 9 ,meissn]'s ,beitraege zum ,altbabylonis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #ae1 :]e ! puni%m5t 9 ! case ( ! son :o ca/s aside 8 "m is specifically ref]r$ to4 #afjd ,see1 e4g4 p4 #bia4 #afje ,see ! admirable discussions on ,babylonian jurisprud5ce 9 ,kohl] & ,pels]'s ,aus dem ,babylonis*5 ,re*tsleb5 7p>ts i4-iii41 ,leipzig1 #ahij-ig74 #afjf ,s4 ,a4 ,/rong 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #ahia1 p4 #dfj4 #afjg ,see on ?is subject ,meissn]1 ,de ,s]vitute ,babylonico-,assyriaca pp4 #c1 #d1 #dj-di4 #afjh ,see especially *apt]s xxi41 xxv41 & xxvi4 #afji ,see p4 #faa4 #afaj ,see ,kohut1 ,die ,judis*e ,angelologie und ,daemanologie 9 ihr] ,abha5gigkeit vom ,p>sismus 7,leipzig1 #ahff74 #afaa ,pet]s' ,nippur1 pp4 #ahb1 #cie4 #afab ,see1 e4g41 ,lay>d1 ,n9eveh & ,babylon 7,new ,york edition1 #ahec71 p4 #eji4 #afac ,on ! ext5t ( ! settlem5ts ( ,jews 9 ,nippur1 see ,hilpre*t1 ,cunei=m ,texts1 ix4 #bg1 #bh4 #afad ,s1 e4g41 on "s ( ! b[ls 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania collection1 crude pictures ( ,bel-,m>duk & ,i%t> are portray$4 #afae ,s*oepfung und ,*aos1 pp4 #cha-cig4 #afaf ,see pp4 #dcb seq4 #afag ,ueb] ,gnosis und die ,altbabylonls*e ,religion1 ,v]h&lung5 des fu5ft5 ,ori5tali/5 ,congress1 #ahha1 ii4 #bhh-cje4 #afah ,zur ,frage na* dem ,ursprung des ,gno/izismus 7,leipzig1 #ahig74 #afai ,i4e41 ,ea dwell+ 9 ! ,apsu4 ,see p4 #dcj4 #afbj ,anu1 ! s\rce ( all gods4 ,see p4 #dag4 #afba ,! ,life & ,exploits ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 pp4 xii4 seq4 #afbb ,see ,anz1 z above1 pp4 #gh-he4 #afbc ,r4 ,br[n1 ,semitic ,influ5ce 9 ,hell5ic ,my?ology 7,london1 #ahih74 #afbd ,we/]n ,orig9 ( ! ,e>ly ,*9ese ,civilization 7,london1 #ahid74 #afbe ,a pap] on ?is subject 0 ann\nc$ by ,jas4 ,k5n$y at ! ,elev5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s4 ,,bibliography4 ,,note4 ,! bibliography is arrang$ 9 n9e sections1 ! ord] adopt$ correspond+ to ! broad subdivisions ( ! book4 ,! beg9n+ is !re=e made3 7#a7 ,) ref]5ces to ! mo/ important or mo/ useful publications1 deal+ ) ! excavations conduct$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 ! me?od ( deciph]m5t ( ! cunei=m inscriptions1 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 & ! g5]al aspects ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian culture4 ,?is section corresponds to ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ! book4 7#b7 ,! second section is devot$ to books1 monographs1 articles1 & *apt]s 9 books1 deal+ ) ! g5]al subject ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! two sections h ,i aim$ at be+ exhau/ive1 ?\gh ! second w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 to include almo/ ev]y?+ ( any value4 ,! detail$ bibliography beg9s ) ! foll[+ section4 ,correspond+ aga9 to ! treatm5t ( ! subject 9 ! book1 ,i take up 9 succession3 7#c7 ,! ,pan!on4 7#d7 ,religi\s ,texts4 7#e7 ,cosmology4 7#f7 ,gilgame% ,epic 7includ+ ! ,deluge episode74 7#g7 ,beliefs & ,cu/oms 7,views ( ,life aft] ,dea?1 ,fun]al ,rites1 ,leg5ds1 ,e?ics1 etc474 7#h7 ,temples & ,cult4 7#i7 ,be>+s ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian ,religion on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ,g5]al ,influ5ce ,ex]t$ by ! ,religion4 ,( ^! sev5 sections1 all b ! la/ aim at be+ exhau/ive4 ,x 0 n always easy to decide into :at division a p>ticul> ref]5ce belong$1 b ,i h be5 g5]ally guid$ by ! ne$s ( /ud5ts = :om ?is portion ( ! bibliography is p>ticul>ly int5d$4 ,! fif? & six? sections %\ld be tak5 toge!r2 & simil>ly ! sev5? & eigh?1 :ile ! f\r? section %\ld ( c\rse be consult$ 9 connection ) ! ?ird1 fif?1 six?1 sev5?1 & eigh?4 ,"u ea* section ! au?ors nam$ are arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,occasionally1 ,i h add$ "s comm5ts to ! ref]5ce giv51 z a guide or a w>n+ to /ud5ts4 ,9 a subject l ,assyriology1 :]e new discov]ies are con/antly be+ made & progress 9 ! int]pretation ( texts is /eadily go+ on1 x is inevitable t views & translations %\ld be subject to modification--sometimes slight1 b frequ5tly significant4 ,i h endeavor$ to avoid repetition ( ref]5ces4 ,9 a few cases ?is 0 unavoidable4 ,9 ! second section portions ( books are ref]r$ to1 :i* by virtue ( _! "* z v g5]al works _h to be assign$ a place also 9 ! fir/ section4 ,two or ?ree ( ! ref]5ces 9 ! f\r? section _h to be repeat$ else:]e2 & ,i %\ld also add t !re are a few ref]5ces :i* ,i h be5 unable to v]ify4 ,,bibliography4 ,! foll[+ abbreviations are employ$3 ,,ab ,assyriologis*e ,biblio!k1 ed4 by ,fri$ri* ,delitzs* & ,paul ,haupt4 ,,ad ,&ov] ,review4 ,,ai ,academie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres4 ,,ajp ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,philology4 ,,ajt ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology4 ,,ajsl ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,semitic ,languages & ,lit]atures4 ,,al ,delitzs*'s ,assyris*e ,lese/uecke 7#c;d ed47 ,,apc ,annales de ,philosophie ,*reti5ne4 ,,ba ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie4 ,,baz ,beilage zur ,allgeme95 ,zeitung 7,muni*74 ,,bor ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record4 ,,bw ,biblical ,_w4 ,,cr ,comptes ,r5dus de l',academie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres4 ,,dr ,deuts*e ,runds*au4 ,d,re ,deuts*e ,revue4 ,,et ,expository ,times4 ,,flj ,folk ,lore ,j\rnal4 ,h ,hebraica4 ,,iaqr ,imp]ial & ,asiatic ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,,ico ,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s4 ,,ja ,j\rnal ,asiatique4 ,,jaos ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society4 ,,jhuc ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,circul>s4 ,,jras ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,,jtvi ,j\rnal ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute4 ,,kaa ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app5 7,am/]dam74 ,,kaw ,ko5igli*e ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,b]l94 ,m ,museon4 ,,mvg ,mil!ilung5 d] ,vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft4 ,,ots ,old ,te/am5t ,/ud5t4 ,,paos ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society4 ,,pr ,presbyt]ian ,review4 ,,psba ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*aeology4 ,r ,rawl9son's ',selection f ! miscellane\s ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia4' 7,london #ahfa-ahia47 #e vols4 ,,ra ,revue d',assyriologie et d',ar*eologie ,ori5tale4 ,r,ar ,revue ,ar*eologique4 ,,rb ,revue ,biblique4 ,,rc ,revue ,critique4 ,,rhr ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions4 ,,ria ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,,rp ,records ( ! ,pa/4 ,,rr ,revue des ,religions4 ,,rs ,revue ,semitique4 ,,rt ,recueil de ,travaux relatifs a la ,philologie et a l',ar*eologie ,egypti5nes et ,assyri5nes4 ,,s/ ,sunday ,s*ool ,times4 ,,tsba ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*aeology4 ,,tz ,!ologis*e ,zeitblaett]4 ,,wzkm ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fu] die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es4 ,,za ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie4 ,,zatw ,zeits*rift fu] die ,altte/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft4 ,,zdmg ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*-,morg5la5dis*5 ,gesells*aft4 ,,zk ,zeits*rift fu] ,keils*rift=s*ung4 ,p]iodicals1 ! volumes ( :i* correspond to ye>s1 are quot$ by ! ye>s2 o!rs1 by ! volumes1 or by s]ies1 or by s]ies & volumes4 ,roman num]als indicate volumes1 except 9 ! case ( ,,paos1 :]e !y indicate pages2 ,arabic num]als indicate pages or plates4 ,i4 ,excavations4--,me?od ( ,deciph]m5t4--,hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4--,orig9 & ,g5]al ,aspects ( ,babylonian ,& ,assyrian ,culture4--,g5]al ,bibliography4 7a7 ,excavations & ,deciph]m5t4 ,kaul51 ,fr4--,assyri5 und ,babyloni5 na* d5 neue/5 ,entdeckung54 7#d? ed4 ,freiburg #ahia47 ,popul> acc\nt ( excavations1 me?od ( deciph]m5t1 ,babylonian lit]ature & ar*itecture4 ,a "w 9 ,engli% ( ?is "* is mu* to be desir$4 ,see also ,hommel1 ,f4--,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s4 ,b]l9 #ahhe4 pp4 #cj-acd2 ,evetts1 ,b4 ,a4--,new ,light on ! ,holy ,l&4 ,london #ahia4 pp4 #gi-abi4 7b7 ,hi/ory4 ,dunck]1 ,max4--,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii1 7#e? ed4 ,b]l9 #ahgh47 ,also ,engli% translation ( e>li] edition4 ,hommel1 ,f4--,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s4 7,b]l9 #ahhe47 ---- ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,morg5l&es4 7,/uttg>t #ahie47 ,*apt]s ,i41 ,,iv4-,,viii4 ,l5ormant1 ,francois & ,erne/ ,babelon4--,hi/oire anci5ne de l',ori5t4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 7#i? ed4 ,p>is #ahhe47 ,masp]o1 ,g4--,! ,dawn ( ,civilization3 ,egypt & ,*aldaea4 7,london #ahid47 ---- ,! ,/ruggle ( ! ,nations3 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,assyria4 7,london #ahif47 ,replac+ e>li] hi/orical works ( ?is au?or4 ,mey]1 ,ed4--,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums4 ,vol4 #a4 7,/uttg>t #ahhd47 ,mu]dt] und ,delitzs*4--,kurzgefas/e ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s4 7#b;d ed4 ,/uttg>t #ahia47 ,ragoz91 ,z4--7#a7 ,! ,/ory ( ,*aldea4 7#b7 ,! ,/ory ( ,assyria4 7,new ,york #ahhf-ahhg47 ,rawl9son1 ,george4--,! ,five ,great ,mon>*ies ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/]n ,_w4 ,vols4 ,i4-,,iii4 7#d? ed4 ,london #ahgi47 ,antiquat$1 b /ill ( "s use4 ,rog]s1 ,r4 ,w4--,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,babylonia4 7,leipzig #ahie47 ,s*midt1 ,valdem>4--,assyri5s og ,aegypt5s gamle ,hi/orie4 7,cop5hag5 #ahgb-ahgg47 pp4 #cdg-dfa ,tiele1 ,c4 ,p4--,babylonis*-,assyris*e ,ges*i*te4 7,go?a #ahhf47 ,! be/ hi/ory t has z yet be5 publi%$4 ,wa*smu?1 ,curt4--,e9leitung 9 das ,/udium d] alt5 ,ges*i*te4 7,leipzig #ahie47 pp4 #cfe-djc ,babyloni] und ,assyri]1--indication ( anci5t & mod]n s\rces = ! /udy4 ,w9ckl]1 ,hugo4--,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s4 7,leipzig #ahib47 7c7 ,orig9 & ,g5]al ,aspects ( ,babylonian-,assyrian ,culture4 ,baum/>k1 ,a4--,babylon & ,babylonia4 ,9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real ,encyclopa$ie1 ,,ii4 cols4 #bffg-bgah4 ,bezold1 ,c4--,assyria4 ,ib4 ,,ii4 cols4 #agea-agga4 ,hommel1 ,f4--,d] ,babylonis*e ,ursprung d] ,aegyptis*5 ,kultur4 7,muni* #ahib47 ,ih]+1 ,rudolph ,von4--,vorges*i*te d] ,indo-,europae]4 7,leipzig #ahid47 #btes ,bu*1 ',ari] und ,semit51' pp4 #ic-cje4 ,a mo/ sugge/ive sket* ( ! developm5t & influ5ce ( ,babylonian culture2 also 9 ,engli% translation1 ',! ,evolution ( ! ,aryan4' ,new ,york #ahig4 ,nikel1 ,johannes4--,h]odot und die ,keils*rift=s*ung4 7,pad]born #ahif47 ,peis]1 ,f4 ,e4--,skizze d] ,babylonis*5 ,gesells*aft4 7,b]l9 #ahif47 ,brief b capital sket* ( ,babylonian culture & social life4 7d7 ,bibliography4 ,bezold1 ,c4--,kurzgefas/] ,ueb]blick ueb] die ,babylonis*-,assyris*e ,lit]atur4 7,leipzig #ahhf47 ,a new edition is ne$$ ( ?is mo/ valuable "w4 ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri*4--',litt]atura' 9 ! app5dix to 8 ',assyrian ,gramm>4' 7,london #ahhi47 pp4 #ee-gh4 ,kaul51 ,fr4--,assyri5 und ,babyloni5 7z above71 pp4 #bdh-bff4 ,l9cke1 ,a4--,b]i*t ueb] die ,=ts*ritte d] ,assyriologie 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahhf-ahic4 7,leipzig #ahid47 ,full bibliographical reports are giv5 93 7#a7 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,semitic ,languages & ,lit]atures 7,univ]sity ( ,*icago2 qu>t]ly74 7#b7 ,jahrbue*] fu] ,ges*i*te1 ed4 by ,i4 ,ja/r[ & ,e4 ,b]n] 7,b]l92 annual74 7#c7 ,ori5talis*e ,bibliographie1 ed4 by ,lucian ,s*]man 7,b]l92 semi-annual74 7#d7 ,zeits*rift fu] ,assyriologie1 ed4 by ,c4 ,bezold 7,muni*2 qu>t]ly74 7#e7 ,revue d',assyriologie et d',ar*eologie ,ori5tale1 ed4 by ,j4 ,opp]t & ,e4 ,l$ra9 7,p>is2 publi%$ at irregul> int]vals74 ,,ii4 ,g5]al ,works & ,articles on ! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,b]g]1 ,p4--',assyrie' 9 ,li*t5b]g]'s ',encyclop$ie des ,sci5ces ,religieuses4' ,boscaw51 ,w4 ,/4 ,*ad4--,lectures on ! ,religion ( ,babylonia ab/ract ,,bor ,,iii4 #aah-abj1 #aej-afc4 ---- ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia 9 ',religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w4' 7,swan ,sonn5s*e9 ,co4 #ahif4 pp4 #ae-be47 ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri*4--,! ,religion ( ! ,kassites4 ,h #ahhe4 #ahi-aia4 ,f ,delitzs*'s ',spra*e d] ,kossa]4' ,leipzig #ahhd4 pp4 #ea-ed4 ,e]dmans1 ,b4 ,d4--,babylonian-,assyrian ,religion4 ,9 ',progress1' a publication issu$ by ! ,univ]sity ,association1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #c;d s]ies1 ,no4 #f 7#ahig71 pp4 #djc-dae4 ,f9zi1 ,felice4--,ric]*e p] lo ,/udio dell' ,anti*ita ,assira4 7,rome #ahgb47 ,libro ,secondo4 ,mitologia1 pp4 #dcc-eed4 ,g5]al sket* ( ! religion1 m p>ticul>ly ( ! pan!on & leg5ds ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,guy>d1 ,s4--,bullet9 de la ,religion ,assyro-,babyloni5ne4 ,,rhr ,i4 #cbg-cde2 ,v4 #bec-bgh4 ,halevy1 ,joseph4--,la ,religion des ,anci5s ,babyloni5s et son plus rec5t hi/ori5 ,m4 ,sayce4 ,,rhr ,,xvii4 #afi-bah4 ,elaborate review ( ,sayce's "w on ! ',religion ( ! ,babylonians1' ) summ>y ( ,halevy's own views4 ,heuzey1 ,leon4--,description ( ,monum5ts 9 ,de ,s>zec's ',dec\v]tes en ,*aldee4' 7,p>is #ahhi-ahia47 pp4 #gg-bdj4 ,conta9s mu* valuable in=mation on religi\s art1 votive objects1 repres5tations ( religi\s c]emonies4 ,! publication is n yet complete4 ,hewitt1 ,j4 ,f4--,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ,"p ,,iii4 ,,jras1 #ahhi1 #ebg-ehc4 ,an attempt to trace ! orig9 ( ,indian civilization to emigrants f s\!rn ,babylonia4 ,! inve/igation has little value4 ,h9cks1 ,edw>d4--,on ! ,assyrian ,my?ology4 ,,ria ,transactions ,,xxii4 ,polite ,lit]ature1 #ahed1 #dje-dbb4 ,hommel1 ,f4--,die ,semitis*5 ,voelk] und ,spra*54 7,leipzig #ahhc47 pp4 #cef-cif4 ,die ,religion d] alt5 ,babyloni]1 pp4 #bff-cef4 ,spra*e und ,lit]atur d] ,sum]o-,akkadi]4 ,specim5s ( hymns & incantations4 ,j]emias1 ,fri$ri*4--',die ,babyloni] und ,assyri]' 9 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye's ',lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te4' 7#b;d ed4 ,freiburg #ahig47 ,i4 #afc-bba4 ,an excell5t sket* ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion4 ,l5ormant1 ,francois4--,les ,sci5ces ,occultes en ,asie4 ,i4 ,la ,magie *ez les ,*alde5s et les ,orig9es ,accadi5nes4 ,,ii4 ,la ,div9ation et la ,sci5ce des ,presages *ez les ,*alde5s4 7,p>is #ahgd-ahge47 ,also 9 ,engli% translation 79 "p7 "u ! title ',*aldaean ,magic4' ,london #ahgg4 ,loisy1 ,a4--,etudes sur la ,religion ,*aldeo-,assyri5ne4 7,,rr1 #ahij-ahib47 ,sev5 articles4 ,mey]1 ,ed4--,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums4 ,i4 #agd-ahc4 7,/uttg>t #ahhd47 ,mu]dt] und ,delitzs*4--,kurzgefas/e ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s4 7#b;d ed4 ,/uttg>t #ahia47 pp4 #bc-ec4 ,opp]t1 ,j4--',babylone et ,*aldee' 9 ,li*t5b]g]'s ',encyclop$ie des ,sci5ces ,religieuses4' ,p9*es1 ,t4 ,g4--,! ,religi\s ,ideas ( ! ,babylonians4 ,,jtvi ,,xxviii4 #a-bb4 ,press5se1 ,e4 de4--,la ,religion ,*aldeo-,assyri5ne4 ,,rhr ,,xiv4 #gc-id4 ,rawl9son1 ,george4--,! ,religions ( ! ,anci5t ,_w4 7,new ,york #ahhc47 ,*apt] ,,ii4--,! ,religion ( ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians4 ---- ,! ,religion ( ,assyria 9 ',religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w4' 7,swan ,sonn5s*e9 ,co4 ,london #ahif47 pp4 #bf-da4 ,rawl9son1 ,h4 ,c4--,! ,religion ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,9 ,george ,rawl9son's ',! ,hi/ory ( ,h]odotus4' ,london #ahei4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,essay ,x4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h4--,! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion z ,illu/rat$ by ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians4 7,london #ahhg47 ,brilliant & sugge/ive1 b unreliable 9 details4 ,! translations atta*$ to ! volume are to be accept$ ) caution4 ,see ,halevy's elaborate review1 ,,rhr ,,xvii4 #afi-bah4 ,/rong1 ,s4 ,a4--,die ,religion d] ,babyloni]4 ,ann\nc$ to appe>4 ,s*wally1 ,f4--',die ,religion d] ,babyloni] und ,assyri]1' 9 ,fri$ri* von ,hellwald's ',kulturges*i*te 9 ihr] natu]li*5 ,entwicklung bis zur ,geg5w>t4' 7#d? ed4 ,leipzig #ahif47 ,i4 #dbc-dcc4 ,tiele1 ,c4 ,p4--,babylonis*-,assyris*e ,ges*i*te4 7#ahhf47 pp4 #eae-eeg4 ,religion3 ,die ,my?ologie und ,glaub5slehre4 ---- ,v]gelijk5de ,ges*i$5is d] ,aegyptis*e en ,mesopotamis*e ,godsdi5/54 7,am/]dam #ahfi47 pp4 #bhb-dac4 ,de ,godsdi5/ van ,babel en ,assur4 ,fr5* translation 7abridg$7 by ,g4 ,coll9s1 ',hi/oire ,comp>ee des ,anci5nes ,religions de l',egypte et des ,peuples ,semitiques4' ,p>is #ahhb1 pp4 #ade-bee4 ,la ,religion de ,babylonie et de l',assyrie4 ,also ,engli% translation by ,j4 ,ball+ue4 #ahhb4 ---- ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]?um bis auf ,alex&] d5 ,gross54 7,go?a #ahie47 ,i4 #abg-baf4 ,die ,religion 9 ,babyloni5 und ,assyri54 ,also 9 ,dut*4 ,am/]dam #ahic4 ,,iii4 ,pan!on1 ,gods1 ,spirits1 ,h]oes4 ,ball1 ,c4 ,j4--,tammuz1 ! ,sw9e-god4 ,,psba ,,xvi4 #aie-bjj4 ,b>ton1 ,g4 ,a4--,! ,semitic ,i%t> ,cult4 ,h ,,ix4 #aca-afe2 ,x4 #a-gc4 ---- ,0 ,ilu ,ev] a ,di/9ct ,deity 9 ,babylonia8 ,h ,x4 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,bezold1 ,c4--,a ,cunei=m ,li/ ( ,gods4 ,,psba ,,xi4 #agc1 #agd2 see also ,,ix4 #cgg4 ---- ,note on ! god ,addu or ,daddu4 ,ib4 p4 #cgg4 ---- ,ueb] ,keil9s*riftli*e ,babylonis*-,assyris*e ,goett]typ54 ,,za ,,ix4 #aad-abe1 #dje-dji4 ,*wolson1 ,d4 ,a4--,ueb] ,tammuz und die ,m5s*5v]ehrung bei d5 alt5 ,babyloni]n4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg #ahfj47 ,de ,c>a1 ,caes>e4--,id5tificazione d',iside e d',osiride con ,i%t> ed ,a%ur4 #h? ,,ico1 ,section ,semitique #bme ,fasc1 #bge-bgh4 ,delitz*e1 ,fri$ri*4--,article on ',?ammuz' 9 ',calw]1 ,bibellexikon4' 7,calw und ,/uttg>t #ahhe47 ---- ,articles on ,dagon1 ,m]oda*1 ,nebo1 ,n]gal1 ,nisro*1 ,rimmon4 ,ib4 ,e]dmans1 ,b4--,goddess ,a 7or ,malkatu7 9 ',melekdi5/ en ,v]e]+ von ,hemelli*am5 9 ,israel's ,assyris*e ,p]iode4' 7,leid5 #ahia47 pp4 #gc-hb4 ,guy>d1 ,s4--,le ,dieu ,assyri5 ,n9ib4 ,,rc1 #ahgi1 #a;er ,m>s4 ,h(fmann1 ,g4--,neue und ,alte ,goett] 7,n9-gal1 ,nusku1 ,ea1 ,nabu1 ,gibil1 ,n9ib1 ,n]gal1 ,s974 ,,za ,,xi4 #beh-bib4 ,*iefly discussions ( symbols ( ^! deities f\nd ^u seal cyl9d]s4 ,hommell1 ,fritz4--,die ,id5titaet d] aelte/5 ,babylonis*5 und ,aegyptis*5 ,goett]g5ealogie und d] ,babylonis*e ,ursprung d] ,aegyptis*5 ,kultur4 #i? ,,ico ,,ii4 #bah-bdd4 ---- ,note on ,n9ib4 ,,psba ,,xix4 #cab-cad4 ,ja/r[1 ,morris1 ,jr4--,on ! ,assyrian ,kuduru & ! ,r+ ( ! ,sun-god 9 ! ,abu-,habba ,tablet4 ,,paos1 ,oct4 #ahhh4 ,,xcv4-,,xcviii4 ,j5s51 ,p4--,ueb] e9ige ,sum]o-,akkadis*e und ,babylonis*-,assyris*e ,goett]nam54 ,,za1 #ahhf4 ,i4 #a-bd4 ,an%>1 ,a%ur1 ,igigi1 ,duzu1 or ,tammuz4 ,cf4 ,s*rad]'s rem>ks1 ib4 pp4 #bji-bag4 ---- ,die ,goett] ,amurru und ,a%ratu4 ,,za ,,xi4 #cjb-cje4 ---- ,nik7k7al-,%>ratu2 ,%>ratu 9 ,h>ran4 ,,za ,,xi4 #bic-cja4 ,j]emias1 ,a4--,articles on ,a%ur1 ,m>duk1 ,nebo1 ,n]gal1 ,%ama%1 ,s91 ,tammuz 9 ,ros*]'s ',ausfuehrli*es ,lexikon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,roemis*5 ,my?ologie4' ,articles on ,ad>1 ,anu1 ,anunnaki1 ,ea1 ,etana ann\nc$ to appe> 9 ! supplem5t to ,ros*]'s ',ausfuehrli*es ,lexikon1' etc4 ,l5ormant1 ,francois4--,il mito di ,adone-,tammuz nei docum5ti cunei=mi4 #d? ,,ico1 #ahgh4 ,i4 #adc-agc4 ---- ,sur le nom de ,tammuz4 #a/ ,,ico ,,ii4 #adi-afe4 ---- ,les ,dieux de ,babylone et de l',assyrie4 7,p>is #ahgg47 ,luzzato1 ,p4--,l',exi/5ce d'un ,dieu ,assyri5 nomme ,semiramis4 ,,ja1 #d? ,s]ies1 ,,xvii4 #dfe-dhj4 ,lyon1 ,d4 ,g4--,0 !re at ! ,head ( ! ,babylonian ,pan!on a ,deity be>+ ! ,"n ,el8 ,,paos1 ,may #ahhc1 clxiv4-clxviii4 ---- ,! ,pan!on ( ,assurbanipal4 ,,paos1 ,oct4 #ahhh1 xciv41 xcv4 ,m5ant1 ,j4--,le ,my! de ,dagon4 ,,rhr ,,xi4 #bie-cja4 ,also 9 ',les ,pi]res ,gravees de la ,haute ,asie4 ,re*]*es de la ,glyptique ,ori5tale4' ,p>is #ahhc4 ---- ,le ,pan!on ,assyro-,*alde54 ,les ,beltis4 ,,rhr ,,viii4 #dhi-eai4 ,! repres5tation ( goddesses engrav$ on seal cyl9d]s4 ,see also ',les ,pi]res ,gravees de la ,haute ,asie1' etc41 z above4 ,mey]1 ,edu>d4--,articles ,baal & ,a/>te 7) ref]5ces to ,bel & ,i%t>7 9 ,ros*]'s ',ausfuehrli*es ,lexikon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,roemis*5 ,my?ologie4' ,nicolsky1 ,m4 ,v4--,la ,deesse des ,cyl9dres et des ,/atuettes ,babyloni5nes4 ,r,ar1 #cme s]ie1 ,,xx4 #cf-dc4 ,(=d1 ,j4--,! ,nude ,goddess 9 ,assyro-,babylonian ,art4 ,,pspa ,,xviii4 #aef1 #aeg4 ,opp]t1 ,jules4--,la ,vraie ,assimilation de la ,div9ite de ,tello4 ,,cr1 #ahhd1 #bca-bcc4 ---- ,le ,dieu de ,sirtella i4e41 ,laga%4 ,,zk ,,ii4 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,m4 ,opp]t accepts ! read+ ,n9-girsu fir/ propos$ by ,ar?ur ,amlaud4 ,ib4 pp4 #aea1 #aeb4 ---- ,adad4 ,,za ,,ix4 #caj-cad4 ,discussion ( pronunciation4 ,see also ,hilpre*t1 ',assyriaca1' pp4 #gf-gh1 & ,ja/r[1 ,,ajsl ,,xii4 #adc4 ,p9*es1 ,!o4 ,g4--,note ^u ! div9e "n ,a4 ,,psba ,,xiii4 #be-bg1 #db-ef4 ---- ,0 ,n9ib ! ,mo/ ,high ,god ( ,salem8 ,ib4 ,,xvi4 #bbe-bbi4 ---- ,! ,pronunciation ( ! ,"n ( ! ,plague-god1 ,urra n ,dibb>ra4 ,,bor ,i4 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,see ,s*eil1 ,,rt4 ,,xx4 #eg4 ---- ,a ,bil+ual ,li/ ( ,assyrian ,gods4 ,academy1 #ahhg1 ,no4 #haf4 ,see ,evetts1 ib4 ,no4 #hai4 ,rawl9son1 ,h4 ,c4--,notes on ,capta9 ,dur&'s ,report ^u ! ,isl&s ( ,bahre94 ,,jras1 #ahhj1 #bja-bbg4 ,conta9s important rem>ks on ! orig9 ( ,ea wor%ip at ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 pp4 #bjb-bjh4 ,reisn]1 ,george4--,! ,diff]5t ,classes ( ,babylonian ,spirits4 ,,paos1 ,april #ahib1 cxcv41 cxcvi4 ,revill\t1 ,e4 & ,v4--,i/> ,t>ibi4 ,,bor ,,ii4 #eg-ei4 ,robi\1 ,f4 ,a4--,a ,/udy on ,egyptian & ,babylonian ,triads4 ,,iaqr1 #ahid4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h4--,:o 0 ,dagon8 ,,s/1 #ahic1 ,no4 #ba4 ---- ,! ,god ,ramman4 ,,za ,,ii4 #cca1 #ccb4 ,s*eil1 ,fr4 ,v4--,le ,dieu-roi ,bur-,s9 ,planete4 ,,za ,,xii4 #bfe1 #bff4 ---- ,i%t> s\s la symbole de la va*e4 ,,rt ,,xx4 #fb4 ---- ,le ,culte de ,gudea4 ,,rt ,,xviii4 #fd-gd4 ,s*rad]1 ,e4--,die ,goett9 ,i%t> als ,malkatu und ,%>ratu4 ,,za ,,iii4 #cec-cfd2 ,,iv4 #gd1 #ge ---- ,die ,malkat ha%-,%amayim und ihr ,aramaeis*-,assyris*es ,aequival5t4 ,,kaw ,sitzungsb]i*te1 #ahhf1 #dgg-dia4 ,see also ,/ade 9 ,,zatw ,,vi4 #abc-acb2 #bhi-cci2 & ,ku55 ,,kaa ,afdeel+ ',lett]kunde1' #ahhh1 #aeg-ahi4 ,talbot1 ,h4 ,fox4--,! ,leg5d ( ,i%t> ,desc5d+ to ,hades4 ,,tsba ,,ii4 #agi-bab4 ,see also ,,rpi1 #ada-adi4 ,?ureau-,daug91 ,fr4--,la ,lecture de l',ideogramme ,,an-,,im 7,ramman74 ,,ja1 #i? ,s]ies1 ,,ii4 #che-cic4 ,see also ,opp]t1 ib4 pp4 #cic-cif4 ,tiele1 ,c4 ,p4--- ,la ,deesse ,i%t> surt\t dans le my! ,babyloni54 #f? ,,ico1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,section ,i4 #dic-ejf4 ,see also discussion 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,congress1 pp4 #hg-ia4 ---- ,die ,beteek5is van ,ea en zijn v]k\dung tot ,m>duk en ,nabu4 ,,kaa ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 ',lett]kunde1' #ahhg1 #fg-ha4 ,w>d1 ,w4 ,h4--,! ,babylonian ,gods 9 ,babylonian ,art4 ,,paos1 ,may #ahij1 xv4-xviii4 ---- ,0 !re a ,babylonian ,gate-god8 ,academy1 #ahhh1 ,no4 #hdg4 ,w9ckl]1 ,h4--,die ,i/> von ,n9eve 9 ,egypt54 ,,mvg ,i4 #bhf-bhi4 ,witte1 ,j4 de4--,sur le nom de ,?am\z attribue a ,adonis4 ,m1 #ahhg1 #ha seq4 ,zehnpfund1 ,r4--,altbabylonis*e ,goett] und ,held5sag54 ,,baz1 #ahia1 ,nos4 #ci1 #dj1 #eb1 #ef1 #fc4 ,,iv4 ,religi\s ,texts4 ,hymns1 ,incantations1 ,om5s1 ,oracles1 ,pray]s1 ,leg5ds1 ,my?s1 ,votive ,texts4 ,ball1 ,c4 ,j4--,a ,bil+ual ,hymn 7,,ivr #df1 #e-ai7 ,,psba ,,xv4 #ea-ed4 ---- ,a ,babylonian ,ritual ,text4 ,,jras1 #ahib1 #hda-hec4 ,banks1 ,e4 ,j4--,sum]is*-,babylonis*e ,hymn5 d] von ,george ,reisn] h]ausgegeb55 ,sammlung1 ums*rieb51 ueb]setzt und erkla]t4 7,breslau #ahig47 ,b>ton1 ,g4 ,a4--,es>haddon's ,acc\nt ( ! ,re/oration ( ,i%t>'s ,temple at ,ere*4 ,,paos1 ,may #ahia1 cxxx4-cxxxii4 ,b]t91 ,g4--,akkadian ,hymn to ! ,sett+ ,sun4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,,ii4 #aij-aic4 ,bezold1 ,c4--,rem>ks on ,"s ,unpubli%$ ,cunei=m ,syllab>ies ) ,respect to ,pray]s & ,incantations writt5 9 ,int]l9e> ,=m4 ,,psba ,x4 #dah-dbc4 ---- ,translation & ,analysis ( a ,hymn to ! ,sun-god 7,sp ,,iii474 ,,ra ,i4 #aeg-afa4 ,boissi]1 ,alfr$4--,deux ,docum5ts ,assyri5s relatifs aux ,presages4 ,,rs ,i4 #fc-gj1 #afh-agb4 ---- ,docum5ts ,assyri5s relatifs aux ,presages4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii41 ,p>is #ahid-ahig4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ann\nc$4 ---- ,notes d',assyriologie4 ,,rs ,,vi4 #adc-aea4 ,two texts--a ,pray] & an ,incantation4 ,boscaw51 ,w4 ,/4 ,*ad4--,! ,babylonian ,leg5d ( ! ,s]p5t ,tempt]4 ,,bor ,,iv4 #bea-bee4 ---- ,babylonian ,t]aphim4 ,,bor ,i4 #ci1 #dj4 ---- ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,,rp ,,iii4 #abi-acb2 also 9 ! ,,tsba ,v4 #cjc-cab4 ,! int]pretation is errone\s4 ,bru5n[1 ,r4--,assyrian ,hymns4 ,,za ,,iv4 #a-dj1 #bbe-beh2 ,v4 #ee-hj4 ,hymns to ,%ama%1 ,m>duk1 & ,i%t>4 ,budge1 ,erne/ ,a4--,assyrian ,incantations to ,fire & ,wat]4 ,,rp ,,xi4 #acc-ach2 also 9 ,,tsba ,,vi4 #dbj-dce4 ,craig1 ,jas4 ,a4--,pray] ( ! ,assyrian ,k+ ,a%urbanipal4 ,h ,x4 #ge-hg4 ---- ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,religi\s ,texts1 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 7,leipzig #ahie-ahig47 ,,ab ,,xiii4 ,ann\nces also volumes ( texts 7#a7 ,pray]s to ,%ama% & ,ramman1 & 7#b7 ,s]ies ',illum9ation ( ,bel4' ---- ,k #fi 7a hymn74 ,,za ,,xi4 #bgf4 ---- ,an ,assyrian ,incantation to ! ,god ,s91 cir4 #fej ,b4,c4 ,h ,,xi4 #aja-aji4 ,delattre1 ,a4 ,j4--,! ,oracles ,giv5 9 ,favor ( ,es>haddon4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,,iii4 #be-ca2 see also ,,bor ,,iii4 #be-ca4 ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri*4--,babylonis*-,assyris*es ,psalmbu*4 ,ann\nc$ to appe> 9 ! ',abh&lung5 d] ko5igli*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,leipzig4' ---- ,assyris*e ,lese/uecke4 7,leipzig #ahhe4 #c;d ed47 ,conta9s a selection ( religi\s texts z foll[s3 pp4 #ic-ii1 ,creation tablets2 #ii-ajd1 ,deluge episode2 #aag1 #aah1 ,oracle to ,es>haddon2 #acj-acb1 ,incantations2 #acd-acf1 ,hymn to ,i%t>4 ,evetts1 ,b4 ,t4 ,a4--,an ,assyrian ,religi\s ,text4 ,,psba ,x4 #dgh1 #dgi & two plates4 ,app>5tly a royal pray]4 ,halevy1 ,j4--,assyrian ,fragm5ts4 ,,rp ,,xi4 #aeg-afb4 ,"p ( a hymn1 ( a p5it5tial psalm1 etc4 ---- ,docum5ts religieux de l',assyrie et de la ,babylonie4 7,p>is #ahhb47 ---- ,textes religieux ,babyloni5s en d\ble ,r$action4 ,,rs ,,iv4 #aej-afj1 #bde-bea1 #cdd-cdh4 ---- ',les ,inscriptions pe9ts de ,citium' 9 ',melanges de ,critique et d',hi/oire1' pp4 #afe-aif4 ,translation 9 l>ge "p & discussion ( ,i%t>'s desc5t into ! ne!r _w4 ,h>p]1 ,edw>d ,t4--,die ,babylonis*5 ,leg5d5 von ,etana1 ,zu1 ,adapa und ,dibb>ra4 ,,ba ,,ii4 #cij-eba4 ,see also ,academy #ahia1 ,no4 #igf4 ,haupt1 ,paul4--,akkadis*e und ,sum]is*e ,keils*rifttexte4 7,leipzig #ahha-ahhb47 ,conta9s pp4 #ge-gi1 #hb-ajf ,incantations2 #gi1 #aae-aca ,hymns & ,psalms4 ,ja/r[1 ,morris1 ,jr4--,a fragm5t ( ! ,babylonian ,dibb>ra ,epic4 ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,s]ies 9 ,philology1 ,lit]ature1 & ,ar*aeology1 ,vol4 #a41 ,no4 #b4 7,bo/on #ahia47 ---- ,a new ,fragm5t ( ! ,babylonian ,etana ,leg5d4 ,,ba ,,iii4 #cfc-chd4 ,j5s51 ,p4--,de ,incantam5torum ,sum]ico-,assyrorum s]iei quae dicitur surbu ,tabula ,,vi4 ,,zk ,i4 #bgi-cbb2 ,,ii4 #ae-fa2 also #cjf-caa1 #daf-dbe4 ,appe>$ z a revis$ & sep>ate publication "u same title ) ! addition ( ! words comm5tatio ,philologica4 ,muni*1 ,/raub1 #ahhe4 ---- ,hymn5 auf das ,wi$]]s*e95 d] drei gross5 ,li*tgoett]4 ,,za ,,ii4 #gf-id1 #aia-bjd4 ,hymns to ,s91 ,%ama%1 & ,i%t>4 ,a volume by ,j5s51 embody+ translation ( religi\s texts is 9 c\rse ( prep>ation = ,s*rad]'s ',keits*riftli*e ,biblio!k4' ,j]emias1 ,a4--,die ,hoell5fahrt d] ,i%t>4 ,e9e altbabylonis*e ,bes*wo]ungsleg5de4 7,muni* #ahhf47 ,k+1 ,l4 ,w4--,babylonian ,magic & ,sorc]y1 be+ '! ,pray]s ( ! ,lift+ ( ! ,h&4' 7,london #ahif47 ---- ,new ,fragm5ts ( ! ,dibb>ra ,leg5d4 ,,za ,,xi4 #ej-fb4 ,knudtzon1 ,j4 ,a4--,assyris*e ,gebete an d5 ,sonn5gott fu] ,/aat und ko5igli*es ,haus aus d] ,zeit ,as>haddons und ,assurbanipals4 ,b& ,i4 ,autographi]te ,texte2 ,b& ,,ii4 ,e9leitung1 ,ums*rift und ,erkla]ung ,v]zei*nisse4 7,leipzig #ahic47 ,l5ormant1 ,francois4--,*aldaean ,hymns to ! ,sun4 ,,rp ,x4 #aai-abh4 ---- ,hymne au ,soleil4 ,texte primitif ,accadi54 ,,ja1 #g? ,s]ies1 ,,xii4 #cgh2 ,,xiii4 #a-ih2 po/scriptum ib4 ,,xiv4 #bfd1 #bfe4 ---- ,une ,incantation ,magique ,*alde5ne4 ,r,ar1 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,,xxxiv4 #bed-bfb4 ---- ,lettres ,assyriologiques4 #bme ,s]ie ,etudes ,accadi5nes1 ,vols4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 7,p>is #ahgd-ahgi47 ,conta9s num]\s hymns & incantations accompani$ by a ,fr5* translation4 ---- ,translations ( religi\s texts 9 ',les ,orig9es de l',hi/oire d'apres la ,bible et les ,traditions des ,peuples ori5taux4' 7,p>is #ahhj-ahhb47 #b vols4 ,lyon1 ,d4 ,g4--,assyrian & ,babylonian ,royal ,pray]s4 ,,paos1 ,octob] #ahhh4 ,,xciii41 ,,xciv4 ---- ,on a ,sacrificial ,tablet f ,sipp>4 ,,paos1 ,may #ahhf1 xxx4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,l4--,tabula ,,va4 ,?4 #bdf1 ,babylonica ,musei ,b]ol95sis primum editur comm5t>ioque in/ruitur4 7,kir*ha9 #ahif47 ,a hymn4 ,opp]t1 ,j4--',*ants et ,invocations' 9 ,ei*(f & ,david ',*ef d'oeuvres litt]aires de l',inde1 de la ,p]se1 de l',egypte et de la ,*9e4' 7,p>is47 ,,ii4 #baa-bai4 ,translations ( select$ pray]s1 hymns1 & incantations4 ---- ,fragm5ts ,my?ologiques4 7,p>is #ahhb47 ,repr9ts ( sev]al articles4 ---- ,translation ( ,,iii4 ,rawl9son1 pl4 #fe1 9 ,,ja1 #f? ,s]ies1 ,,xviii4 #ddi-dec4 ---- ,hymnes en ,sum]i5 et en ,accadi5 ou ,assyri51 #a/ ,,ico4 ,,ii4 #bag-bbd4 ,a hymn to ,i%t> 9 dialogue =m4 ---- ,le ,*amp ,sacre de la ,deesse ,n9a4 ,,cr1 #ahic1 #cbf-cdd4 ,see also ,,za ,,vii4 #cfj-cgd4 ,conta9s important rem>ks ab\t ! goddess ,n9a1 9 connection ) ! text publi%$ by ,hilpre*t1 ',old ,babylonian ,inscriptions'1 ,i4 #a1 pls4 #cj1 #ca4 ---- ,traduction de ,quelques ,textes ,assyri5s4444 ,l\ange du ,dieu ,nibir et de ses sept ,attributions4 #d? ,,ico ,i4 #bcc-bce4 ---- ,l',immortalite de l'ame *ez les ,*alde5s4 7,p>is #ahge47 ,leg5d ( ,i%t>'s desc5t to ! l[] _w4 ---- ,*ant en ,sum]i5 et en ,assyri5 sur une epidemie4 ,,ja1 #g? ,s]ies1 ,i4 #bhi-bic4 ,translation ( tablet ,k #abhd 7incantation aga9/ ,namt>7 & ( ,,iir #ai4 ---- ,notice sur d'anci5nes =mules d',incantation et autres dans une langue ant]ieure au ,babyloni54 ,,ja1 #g? ,s]ies1 ,i4 #aac-abb4 ,translation ( ,,ii ,rawl4 #ag1 #ah4 ---- ,babylonian leg5ds f\nd at ,khorsabad4 ,,rp ,,xi4 #da-dd4 ,see also translations ( v>i\s religi\s texts 9 ',exp$ition ,sci5tifique en ,mesopotamie1' pp4 #cbh-cej4 ,peis]1 ,f4 ,e4--,e9 ,satz 9 d5 ,bes*wo]ungs=meln4 ,,za ,,ii4 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,p9*es1 ,t4 ,g4--,an ,ere*ite's ,lam5t4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,i4 #hd1 #he4 ,a p5it5tial psalm ) hi/orical ref]5ces2 see also ,,bor ,i1 #ba-bc4 ---- ,! ,oracle ( ,i%t> ( ,arbela4 ,,rp ,,xi4 #ei-gb2 also ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,v4 #abi-adj4 ---- ,s9-,ga%id's ,gift to ! ,temple ,e-,ana4 ,,bor ,i4 #h-aa4 ,see also ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,i4 #gh-hc4 ---- & ,e4 ,a4 ,w4 ,budge4--,"s ,new ,texts 9 ! ,babylonian ,"*1 relat+ ,pr9cipally to ! ,re/oration ( ,temples4 ,,psba1 #ahhd4 pp4 #agi-ahb4 ,rawl9son1 ,h4 ,c4--,a ,selection f ! ,miscellane\s ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 #b;d ed4 revis$ 7& ) additions7 by ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es4 7,london #ahia47 ,?is f\r? volume ( ! publications ( tablets 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is almo/ exclusively devot$ to religi\s texts4 ,9 ! o!r volumes "s texts ( ?is "* w be f\nd z foll[s3 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pls4 #ag-ai1 incantations2 #ea-fa1 names & titles ( gods & temples2 miscellane\s4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pls4 #fa-fe1 a/ronomical & a/rological reports1 om5 tablets & port5ts2 #ff-fi1 li/s & titles ( gods & temples2 miscellane\s4 ,vol4 ,v4 pl4 #ca1 om5 tablets 7) explanations72 #dc1 titles ( ,nebo1 etc42 #df1 ,no4 #b1 li/s ( gods & _! epi!ts2 #dg1 pray] 7) comm5t>y72 #dh1 #di1 religi\s cal5d>2 #ej1 #ea1 hymn to ,%ama%4 ,note also t _m ( ! hi/orical te/s 9 ,vols4 ,i4-,v4 conta9 invocations to gods4 ,reisn]1 ,george4--,sum]is*-,babylonis*e ,hymn5 na* ,?ontafeln ,grie*is*] ,zeit4 7,b]l9 #ahif47 ,ko5igli*e ,muse5 zu ,b]l94 ,mit!ilung5 aus d5 ,ori5talis*5 ,sammlung5 ,no4 ,x4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h4--,accadian ,hymn to ,i/>4 ,,rp ,i4 #aee-afj4 ---- ,accadian ,poem on ! ,sev5 ,evil ,spirits4 ,ib4 ,,ix4 #add-adh4 ---- ,an ,accadian ,liturgy4 ,ib4 ,,iii4 #abe-acj4 ---- ,an ,accadian ,p5it5tial ,hymn4 ,ib4 ,,vii4 #aea-aef4 ---- ,anci5t ,babylonian ,*>ms4 ,ib4 ,,iii4 #ade-aed4 ,%urpu ,s]ies1 #f? ,tablet4 ---- ,an ,assyrian ,talismanic ,tablet4 ,,bor ,,iii4 #ag1 #ah4 ---- ,babylonian ,augury by means ( ,geometrical ,figures4 ,,tsba ,,iv4 #cjb-cad4 ---- ,fragm5t ( an ,assyrian ,pray] aft] a ,bad ,dream4 ,,rp ,,ix4 #adi-aeb4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h4--,babylonian ,exorcisms4 ,ib4 ,i4 #aca-ace4 ---- ,tables ( ,om5s ,furni%$ by ,dogs & ,bir?s4 ,ib4 ,v4 #afg-agf4 ---- ,! ,d$ication ( ?ree ,babylonians to ! s]vice ( ! ,sun-god at ,sipp>a4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,,iv4 #aji-aac4 ,int]pretation false4 ---- ,! ,ov]?r[ ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7,accadian ,acc\nt74 ,,rp ,,xi4 #aae-aah4 ,title1 translation1 & ,int]pretation alike fanciful4 ---- ,two ,accadian ,hymns4 ,ib4 ,,xi4 #abi-acb4 ---- ,two ,hymns to ! ,sun-god 9 preface1 pp4 ix4-x41 to ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,,iv41 #ahij4 ,copi\s translations ( magical texts1 hymns1 leg5ds1 etc41 by ,sayce 9 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ',! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians4' ,london #ahhg4 ,see especially pp4 #dda-edj4 ,s*eil1 ,f4 ,v4--,psaume de ,p5it5ce ,*alde5 in$it1 ,,rb1 #ahif1 #ge-gh4 ---- ,leg5de ,*alde5ne tr\vee a ,el-,am>na ,adapa4 ,,rr ,m>s-,avril #ahia4 ---- ,*oix des ,textes ,religieux ,assyri5s4 ,,rhr ,,xxxvi4 #aig-bjg4 ---- ,fragm5ts de ,poesie lyrique ,babyloni5ne4 ,,rb ,,vi4 #bh-cj4 ---- ,fragm5t my?ologique avec m5tion de ,uddu%u-namir patesi4 ,,rt ,,xx4 #fb1 #fc4 ---- ,hymne ,babyloni5 avec metre app>t5t4 ,,za ,,xi4 #bia-bih4 ,s*rad]1 ,e4--,die ,hoell5fahrt d] ,i%t>4 ,e9 ,altbabylonis*es ,epos4 7,giess5 #ahgd47 ,smi?1 ,s4 ,a4--,miscellane\s ,texts4 7,leipzig #ahhg47 pp4 #a-e1 #h-aj4 ,portions ( ! ,creation ,s]ies4 ,/rong1 ,s4 ,ar?ur4--,a ,pray] ( ,assurbanipal4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,,vi4 #ajb-ajf2 also #i? ,,ico ,,ii4 #aii-bjh4 ---- ,note on a ,fragm5t ( ! ,adapa ,leg5d4 ,,psba ,,xx4 #bgd-bgi4 ---- ,on ,"s ,oracles to ,es>haddon & ,assurbanipal4 ,,ba ,,ii4 #fbg-fde4 ---- ,votive ,inscriptions4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,,iv4 #ij-ie4 ---- ,a ,hymn to ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,,psba ,,xx4 #aed-afb4 ,talbot1 ,h4 ,fox4--,a ,pray] & a ,vision4 ,,tsba ,i4 #cdf-cdh & ,,rp ,,vii4 #fe-fh4 ,a%urbanabal's pray] to ,i%t> & dream s5t by ! goddess4 ---- ,assyrian ,sacr$ ,poetry4 ,,rp ,,iii4 #aca-ach4 ,pray]s & incantations4 ---- ,assyrian ,talismans & ,exorcisms4 ,ib4 ,,iii4 #aci-add4 ---- ,w> ( ! ,sev5 ,evil ,spirits ,aga9/ ,heav54 ,ib4 ,v4 #afa-aff4 ,incantation text ,tallqui/1 ,k4 ,l4--,die ,assyris*e ,bes*wo]ungss]ie ,maqlu4 7,leipzig #ahid47 ,weissba*1 ,f4 ,h4--,ueb] die er/5 ,tafeln im ,,iv4 ,b&e ,rawl9sons4 ,ann\nc$4 ---- ,e9e ,sum]is*-,assyris*e ,bes*wo]ungs=mel ,,iv4 ,rawl4 #af1 ,no4 #a 9 ',melanges ,*>les de ,h>lez4' 7,leid5 #ahif47 pp4 #cfj-cga4 ,w9ckl]1 ,h4 & ,abel ,ludwig4--,?ontafelfund von ,el-,am>na4 7,b]l9 #ahia47 ,vol ,,iii4 pp4 #aff1 a & b4 ,leg5d ( ,adapa2 see ,erman ,9 ,,kaw ,sitzungsb]i*te ,,xxiii4 #ehe2 ,lehmann1 ,,za ,,iii4 #chj2 o!r my?ological fragm5ts1 pp4 #afd-afe4 ,zimm]n1 ,he9ri*4--,babylonis*e ,busspsalm51 ums*rieb51 ueb]setzt und erkla]t4 7,leipzig #ahhe47 ,,ba ,,vi4 ,also publi%$ 9 "p z a !sis4 ---- ,beitraege zur ,k5ntniss d] ,babylonis*5 ,religion4 ,er/e ,lief]ung4 ,die ,bes*wo]ungslafeln ,%urpu4 7,leipzig #ahif47 ,,ab ,,xii4 ---- ,zusatzbem]kung5 zur ,leg5de von ,adapa4 ,,ba ,,ii4 #dcg1 #dch4 ---- ,hex5bes*wo]ung5 bei d5 ,babyloni]n4 ,,baz1 #ahia1 ,no4 #ccg4 ---- ,an ,old ,babylonian ,leg5d f ,egypt ,adapa4 ,,s/1 #ahib1 ,no4 #be4 ,v4 ,cosmology4 ,b>ton1 ,g4 ,a4--,tiamat4 ,,jaos ,,xv4 #a-bh2 also ,,paos1 ,may #ahij1 xiii4-xv4 ,brun5go1 ,giuseppe4--,l',imp]o di ,babilonia e di ,n9ive4 7#b vols4 ,prato #ahhe47 ,capo ,i4 ,la ,cosmogonia de ,caldei comp>ata alla ,mosaica1 pp4 #fg-he4 ,capo ,,ii4 ,la ,ribellione degli ,angeli e la ,caduta del ,uomo1 7i4e41 ,m>duk & ,tiamat /ory71 pp4 #hf-ajh4 ,capo ,,iv4 ,la ,/oria del ,diluvio1 pp4 #abd-adj4 ,budge1 ,e4 ,a4 ,w4--,! ,f\r? ,tablet ( ! ,creation ,s]ies1 relat+ to ! fight betwe5 ,m>duk & ,tiamat4 ,,psba ,,vi4 #e-aa4 ---- ,f\r? ,tablet ( ! ,creation ,s]ies4 ,,psba ,x4 #hf & six pls4 ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri*4--,texte zur ,welts*oepfung und zur ,auflehnung und ,bekaempfung d] ,s*lange ,tiamat4 ,,al1 #c;d ed41 #ahhe4 pp4 #ic-ii4 ---- ,das ,babylonis*e ,welts*oepfungsepos4 7,leipzig #ahif47 ,engel1 ,moritz4--,die ,loesung d] ,p>adiesfrage4 7,leipzig #ahhe47 ,halevy1 ,j4--,la ,cosmologie ,babyloni5ne d'apres ,m4 ,j5s54 ,,rhr ,,xxii4 #ahj-bjh4 ,summ>y & critique ( ,j5s5's ',kosmologie d] ,babyloni]4' ---- ,re*]*es ,bibliques--,l',hi/oire des ,orig9es d'apres la ,g5ese4 ,texte1 ,traduction et ,comm5taire4 ,tome ,i4 ,g5ese ,i4-,,xxv4 7,p>is #ahie47 ,conta9s translations ( ! ,babylonian ,cosmological ,texts1 & discusses _! be>+s on ! ,o4 ,t4 n>rative4 ,a mo/ sugge/ive "w4 ---- ,re*]*es ,bibliques--,*apt] #bh1 ,la ,creation et les ,vicissitudes du ,premi] ,homme4 ,,rs ,i4 #aja-aag1 #aic-bjb4 ,translit]ation1 translation1 & discussion ( ! ,babylonian ,creation ,tablets4 ,hommel1 ,f4--,e9e ,neugefund5e ,welts*oepfungsleg5de4 ,,dr1 #ahib1 #aje-aad2 see also ,neue ,kir*li*e ,zeitung1 ,i4 #cic seq41 ,,ii4 #hi seq4 ---- ,! ,olde/ ,cosmogony4 ,,s/1 #ahia1 ,no4 #g4 ,j5s51 ,p4--,die ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]4 ,/udi5 und ,mat]iali54 7,/rassburg #ahij47 ,j5s51 ,p4--,ursprung und ,ges*i*te des ,ti]kreises4 ,,dr1 #ahij1 #aab-aaf4 ,laj>d1 ,f4--,fragm5ts d'un ,memoire sur le ,sy/eme !ogonique et cosmogonique des ,assyri5s ou des ,*alde5s d',assyrie4 ,,ja1 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,,xiv4 #aad-adc4 ,laurie1 ,?omas4--,cunei=m ,inscriptions & ! ,deluge4 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 ,,xlii4 #afe-afh4 ,l5ormant1 ,f4--,essai de ,comm5taire sur les ,fragm5ts cosmogoniques de ,b]ose4 7,p>is #ahga47 ,an elaborate treatise on ! traditions ( ,b]osus 9 connection ) ! cunei=m acc\nt ( creation4 ,loisy1 ,a4--,les ,my!s ,*alde5s de la ,creation et du ,deluge4 7,ami5s #ahib47 ,,rr1 #ahif4 ,f ,,rr1 #ahij-ahia4 ,see ,sec4,i4 ,lukas1 ,,fr4--,die ,grundbegriffe 9 d5 ,kosmogonie5 d] ,alt5 ,voelk]4 #ahic4 pp4 #a-df4 ,translations by ,j5s51 pp4 #a-ad4 ,die ,kosmogonie d] ,babylonl] und d] ,g5esis4 ,muell]1 ,d4 ,h4--,die ,prophet5 9 ihr] ,urspru5gli*5 ,=m4 7,wi5 #ahie47 pp4 #f-ac4 ,translation ( consid]able portions ( ! ,babylonian creation n>ratives4 ,foll[s ,zimm]n4 ,muss-,arnolt1 ,w4--,! ,cunei=m ,acc\nt ( ! ,creation4 ,revis$ translation4 ,,bw ,,iii4 #ag-bg4 ---- ,a ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ! ,translations ( ! ,babylonian ,creation ,tablets1 ) special ref]5ce to ,j5s5's ',kosmologie' & ,b>ton's ',tiamat4' ,h ,,ix4 #f-bc4 ,opp]t1 ,j4--,fragm5ts ,cosmogoniques 9 ,l$ra9's ',hi/oire d',israel4' 7,p>is #ahhb47 pp4 #daa-dbb4 ,translation ( ,creation ,s]ies ( tablets ( deluge4 ---- ,le ,poeme ,*alde5 du ,deluge4 7,p>is #ahhe47 ---- ,die ,fragm5te d] ,epopoe5 wel*e die ,s*oepfung und ,s9tflu? na* babylonis*] ,auffassung betreff54 ,v]h&lung5 ,deuts*] ,philolog5 und ,s*ulma5n]1 ,,xxxiv4 #abh1 #abi4 ---- ,traductions de quelques textes ,assyri5s4--,fragm5ts des ,recits de la ,creation4--,gu]re de ,m]oda* et ,tiamat4 #d? ,,ico1 #bbi-bch4 ,p9*es1 ,t4 ,g4--,a ,babylonian ,duplicate ( ,tablets ,i4 & ,,ii4 ( ! ,creation ,s]ies4 ,,bor ,,iv4 #be-cc4 ---- ,! ,new ,v]sion ( ! ,creation ,/ory4 #i? ,,ico1 #ahib4 ,,ii4 #aij-aih2 also ,,jras1 #ahia1 #cic-djh2 & ,academy1 #ahij1 ,nos4 #ifh1 #igd1 & ! ,times1 #ahhi1 ,dec4 #af4 ---- ,! ,non-,semitic ,v]sion ( ! ,creation ,/ory4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,,vi4 #ajg-aad4 ,sayce1 ,h4--,! ,assyrian ,/ory ( ! ,creation4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,i4 #abb-adf4 ---- ,babylonian ,leg5d ( ! ,creation ,,rp ,,xi4 #aji-aad4 ---- ,! ,babylonian ,/ory ( ! ,creation accord+ to ! ,tradition ( ,cu?a4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,i4 #adg-aec4 ,s*rad]1 ,e4--,cunei=m ,inscriptions & ! ,old ,te/am5t4 7,london #ahhe47 ,i4 #a-bb4 ,translation ( portions ( ! ,creation ,s]ies ) comm5ts2 ?ird ,g]man edition ann\nc$4 ,smi?1 ,george4--,! ,*aldaean ,acc\nt ( ,g5esis4 7#b;d ed4 ,london #ahha47 ,g]man trans1 ed4 by ,fri$ri* ,delitzs* 7,leipzig #ahgf71 "u ! title ',*aldaeis*e ,g5esis4' ---- ,on ,"s ,fragm5ts ( ! ,*aldaean ,acc\nt ( ! ,creation4 ,,tsba ,,iv4 #cfc1 #cfd4 ,/uck51 ,ed4--,a/ralmy!n d] ,hebra]1 ,babyloni] und ,aegypt]4 ,i4 und ,,ii4 ,!il4 7,leipzig #ahif-ahig47 ,r fanciful4 ,talbot1 ,h4 ,fox4--,! ,fight betwe5 ,bel & ! ,dragon4 ,,rp ,,ix4 #ace-adj4 ,portion ( ! ,creation ,s]ies4 ---- ,! ,fight betwe5 ,bel & ! ,dragon & ! ,flam+ ,sword :i* turn$ e way4 ,,tsba ,v4 #a-ba4 ---- ,! ,*aldaean ,acc\nt ( ! ,creation4 ,,rp ,,ix4 #aae-aah2 also ,,tsba ,v4 #dbf-ddj4 ---- ,! ,revolt 9 ,heav51 f a ,*aldaean ,tablet4 ,,tsba ,,iv4 #cdi-cfb4 ,portions ( ! ,creation ,s]ies4 ,w>r51 ,w4 ,f4--,p>adise ,f\nd4 #aj ed4 7,bo/on #ahic47 ,"p ,,iv4 *apt] #f4 ,! ,cradle ( ! ,race 9 ,akkadian1 ,assyrian1 & ,babylonian ,?\ght4 ,discussion 9 connection ) a g5]al !ory ( ! site ( p>adise4 ,w>d1 ,w4 ,hayes4--,conte/ betwe5 ,bel-,m]oda* & ! ,dragon4 ,,paos1 ,may #ahgi4 ,x4 ---- ,dragon & ,s]p5t 9 ,*aldaean ,my?ology4 ,,paos1 ,oct4 #ahgi1 xvii4 ---- ,bel & ! ,dragon4 ,,ajsl ,,xiv4 #id-aje4 ---- ,! ,dragon ,tiamat 9 ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,art4 ,,paos1 ,oct4 #ahhi1 clxviii-clxix4 ,zimm]n1 ,h4--,translations ( ! ,babylonian ,creation & ,deluge ,/ories 9 ,gunkel's ',s*oepfung und ,*aos1' pp4 #dja-dbh4 ---- ',ko5ig ,tukulli bei nisi und die ,ku?ais*e ,s*oepfungsleg5de4' ,,za ,,xii4 #cag-ccj4 ,translation ( ! ,cu?aean ,v]sion ( ! ,creation ,/ory4 ,,vi4 ,! ,gilgame% ,epic 7includ+ ! ,deluge ,/ory47 ,adl]1 ,c4--,! ,leg5ds ( ,semiramis & ! ,nimrod ,epic4 ,,jhuc1 ,no4 #ee4 ,boscaw51 ,w4 ,/4 ,*ad4--,hymn to ,gilgames4 ,,bor ,,vii4 #aba-abe4 ---- ,! ,twelf? ,izdub> ,leg5d4 ,,rp ,,ix4 #aca-acd4 ,casan[icz1 ,i4 ,m4--,pr(essor ,haupt's ,nimrod ,epic4 ,,jhuc1 ,no4 #ih4 ,*eyne1 ,t4 ,k4--,nimrod1 a ,kassite ,k+4 ,academy1 #ahie1 ,no4 #dg4 ,de ,lac\p]ie1 ,t]ri54--,! ,deluge ,tradition & its ,rema9s 9 ,anci5t ,*aldaea4 ,,bor pp4 #ae-bd1 #di-ee1 #gi-hh1 #ajb-aaa4 ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri*4--,article ',nimrod' 9 ',calw] ,bibellexikon4' ---- ,die ,s9tflu!rzaehlung od] die elfte ,tafel des ,nimrod ,epos4 ,,al4 7#c;d ed4 ,leipzig #ahhe47 #ii-aji4 ,dry(f1 ,k4--,w] i/ ,*adir8 ,,za ,,xii4 #cai-cbg4 ,grivel1 ,josef4--,nimrod et les ,ecritures ,cunei=mes4 ,,tsba ,,iii1 #acf-add4 ,propos$ id5tification ( ,nimrod & ,m>duk4 ,see also ,sayce1 bel[4 ,hamilton1 ,l4 le ,c5ci4--,i%t> & ,izdub>1 ! ,epic ( ,babylon4 ,re/or$ 9 mod]n v]se4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,illu/rat$4 7,london #ahhd47 ,h>p]1 ,e4 ,t4--,! ,leg5d ( ,etana1 ,gilgamos & 8 ,k9dr$ 9 ,folklore4 ,academy1 #ahia1 ,no4 #iie2 see also ,nos4 #ihe1 #ihg1 #ihh4 ,haupt1 ,paul4--,! ,cunei=m ,acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4 ,,ots1 #ahhc1 #gg-he4 ---- ,das babylonis*e ,nimrodepos4 ,keils*rifttext d] sog5annt5 ,izdub>leg5d5 mit dem ,keil9s*riftli*5 ,s9tflu?b]i*te1 na* d5 ,orig9al5 im ,britis*5 ,museum copi]t und h]ausgegeb54 7,leipzig #ahhd-ahia47 #b vols4 ,,ab ,,iii4 ---- ,die zwoelfte ,tafel des ,babylonis*5 ,nimrodepos4 ,,ba ,i4 #dh-gi4 ---- ,on ,two ,passages 9 ! ,*aldaean ,flood ,tablet4 ,,paos1 ,m>* #ahid1 ,,cv4-,,cxi4 ---- ,on ,"s ,passages 9 ! ,cunei=m ,acc\nt ( ! ,deluge1 ) special ref]5ce to ! fir/ column ( ! tablet4 ,,jhuc1 ,no4 #fi4 ---- ,ergebnisse e9] neu5 ,collation d] ,izub> ,leg5d54 ,,ba ,i4 #id-aeb4 ,see ,halevy ,,za ,,iv4 #fa4 ---- ,on ! ,dim5sions ( ! ,babylonian ,ark4 ,,paos1 ,oct4 #ahhh1 lxxxix4-xc42 see also ,,ajp ,,ix4 #dai-dbd4 ---- ,d] ,keil9s*riftli*e ,s9tflu?b]i*t4 ,e9e ,episode des babylonis*5 ,nimrodepos4 7,leipzig #ahha47 ---- ,d] ,keil9s*riftli*e ,s9tflu?b]i*t4 ,ums*rift1 ,ueb]setzung1 und ,erlaeut]ung5 9 ,s*rad]'s ',die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1' #c;d ed41 #ahih4 ,late/ & mo/ satisfactory translation4 ,h(fmann1 ,g4--,die ,dub>-,sage und d] ,keil9s*riftli*e ,s9tflu?b]i*t4 ,die ,gr5zbot51 ,jahrgang #dg4 ,hommel1 ,f4--,gis-dub>ra1 ,gibilgami%1 ,nimrod4 ,,psba ,,xv4 #bia-cjj2 ,,xvi4 #ac-ae4 ,heuzey1 ,l4--,la ,lance ,colossale d',izbub> et les ,n\velles ,=meles de ,m4 de ,s>zec4 ,,ai4 ,bullet9 #ahic1 #cje4 ,ja/r[1 ,morris1 ,jr4--,! ,new ,v]sion ( ! ,babylonian ,acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4 ,! ,indep5d5t1 ,feb4 #aj1 #ag1 #ahih4 ,j5s51 ,p4--,gi%gima% 7,gilgami%7 e9 ,kossa]8 ,,za ,,vi4 #cdj-cdb4 ,j]emias1 ,a4--,article ',izdub>' 9 ,ros*]'s ',ausfuehrli*es ,lexikon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,roemis*5 ,my?ologie4' ,vol4 ,,ii4 cols4 #ggc-hbc4 ---- ,izdub>-,nimrod4 ,e9e ,altbabylonis*e ,held5sage na* d5 ,keils*riftfragm5t5 d>ge/ellt4 7,leipzig #ahia47 ,see also article by ,qu5t9 9 ,,rhr ,,xxxi4 #afb-agg4 ,l5ormant1 ,f4--,le ,deluge et l',epopee ,babyloni5ne4 7,p>is #ahgc47 ,lidzb>ski4--,zu d5 ,arabis*5 ,alex&]ges*i*t54 ,,za ,,viii4 #bfc-cab4 ,see also ib41 #cag-cai4 ---- ,w] i/ ,*adhir8 ,,za ,,vii4 #ajd-aaf4 ,meissn]1 ,bruno4--,alex&] und ,gilgamos4 7,leipzig #ahid47 ---- ,e9ige ,bem]kung5 zur ,erkla]ung des ,s9tflu?b]i*tes4 ,,za ,,iii4 #dag-dba4 ,m5ant1 ,j4--,le ,deluge4 ,noe dans l'ar*e4 7,p>is #ahhj47 ,moor1 ,fl4--,de la ,ge/e de ,gilgames confrontee avec la ,bible et avec les ,docum5ts ,hi/oriques indig5es4 ,m1 ,june #ahig4 ,muss-,arnolt1 ,w4--,! ,*aldaean ,acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4 ,a revis$ translation4 ,,bw ,,iii4 #aji-aah4 ---- ,rem>ks ,introductory to a ,comp>ative ,/udy on ! ,translations ( ! ,deluge ,tablets4 ,,paos1 ,april #ahib1 cxc4-cxcv42 also ,,jhuc1 ,no4 #ih4 ,(=d1 ,j4--,a ,new ,fragm5t ( ! ,babylonian ,deluge ,/ory4 ,,psba ,,xx4 #ec1 #ed4 ,s*eil's tablet f ,sipp>a4 ,opp]t1 ,j4--,! ,*aldaean ,p]seus4 ,,bor ,v4 #a1 #b2 also ,,cr1 #ahij1 #dfd1 #dfe4 ,id5tification ( ,izdub>-,gilgame% ) ,gilgamos 9 ,aelian's zooelogical "w ',de ,natura ,animalium1' ,,xii4 #ba4 ,see also ,sayce 9 ! ,academy1 #ahij1 ,no4 #iff2 ,w>d1 ib41 ,no4 #iga2 & ,kohl]1 ib41 #ahia1 ,no4 #ihe4 ---- ,nimrod4 ,bullet9 de l',a!nee ,ori5tale1 #ahgc1 ,jan4-,feb4 ,opp]t1 ,j4--,le ,poeme ,*alde5 du ,deluge4 ,traduit de l',assyri54 7,p>is #ahhe47 ,p9*es1 ,t4 ,g4--,exit ,gi%tub>4 ,,bor ,,iv1 #bfd4 ,proposal to read ! "n ( ! ,babylonian h]o ,gilgame%4 ,cf4 ,sayce 9 ,academy1 #ahij1 ,no4 #iff1 & ,w>d1 ib41 ,no4 #iga4 ,rawl9son1 ,h4 ,c4--,! ,izdub> ,leg5ds4 ,a!naeum1 #ahgb1 ,no4 #bced4 ,ro*ette1 ,ra\l4--,memoire sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,ph5ici54 ,,ai ,memoires1 #bme ,p>tie1 ,,xvii4 #i-cgd4 ,sauveplane1 ,f4--,une ,epopee ,babyloni5ne4 ,i%tub>-,gilgames4 7,p>is #ahid47 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h4--,on ,nimrod & ! ,assyrian ,inscription4 ,,tsba ,,ii4 #bdh1 #bdi2 see also ,academy1 #ahic1 ,no4 #ajed4 ,propos$ id5tification ( ,nimrod ) ,am>-ud ,m>duk1 ! head ( ! ,babylonian ,pan!on4 ---- ,! ,high] ,criticism & ! ,v]dict ( ! ,monum5ts4 7,london #ahid47 pp4 #ig-aai4 ,s*eil1 ,f4 ,v4--,notes d',epigraphie et d',ar*eologie ,assyri5ne4 ,,xxx4 ,un ,fragm5t d'un ,n\veau ,recit du ,deluge de l',epoque du ,roi ,ammizaduga4 ,,rt ,,xx4 #ee-ei2 see also ,,rb1 #ahih1 #e-i4 ---- ,! ,new ,babylonian ,acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4 ,! ,indep5d5t1 ,jan4 #bj1 #ahih4 ,smi?1 ,george4--,! ,*aldaean ,acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4 ,,tsba ,,ii4 #bjc-bcd4 ---- ,! ,elev5? ,tablet ( ! ,izdub> ,leg5ds4 ,! ,*aldaean ,acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4 ,,tsba ,,iii4 #ecj-eif2 also ,,rp ,,vii4 #acc4 ,suess1 ,ed4--,die ,s9tflu? 9 ',das ,antlitz d] ,erde4' 7,leipzig #ahhc47 pp4 #be-ih4 ,discussion ( ! ,babylonian tale ) notes by ,pr(4 ,paul ,haupt4 ,talbot1 ,h4 ,fox4--,i%t> & ,izdub>1 be+ ! #f? ,tablet ( ! ,izdub> ,s]ies4 ,translat$ f ! ,cunei=m4 ,,tsba ,v4 #ig-aba2 also ,,rp ,,ix4 #aai-abh4 ---- ,comm5t>y on ! ,deluge ,tablet4 ,,tsba ,,iv4 #di-hc4 ---- ,tablet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,relat+ ,app>5tly to ! ,deluge4 ,,tsba ,,iv4 #abi-aca4 ,talbot's supposition is errone\s4 ,,vii4 ,beliefs1 ,leg5ds1 ,e?ics1 & ,special ,phrases ( ! ,religion4 ,ad]1 ,cyrus4--,! ,views ( ! ,babylonians ,conc]n+ ,life aft] ,dea?4 ,,ar1 #ahhh1 #ib-aja2 see also ,,paos1 ,oct4 #ahhg1 ccxxxviii4-ccxliii4 ,ball1 ,c4 ,j4--,glimpses ( ,babylonian ,religion4 ,i4 ,human ,sacrifices4 ,,ii4 ,! ,gods & ,_! ,images4 ,,psba ,,xiv4 #adi-afb4 ,bonavia1 ,e4--,! ,sacr$ ,trees ( ! ,assyrian ,monum5ts4 ,,bor ,,iii4 #g-ab1 #ce-dj1 #ef-fa2 see also ,,iv4 #ie1 #if4 ---- ,! ,sacr$ ,trees ( ,assyria4 #i? ,,ico1 pp4 #bde-beg4 ,argum5ts n conclusive4 ,boscaw51 ,w4 ,/4 ,*ad4--,notes on ! ,religion & ,my?ology ( ! ,assyrians4 ,,tsba ,,iv4 #bfg-cja4 ---- ,texts ,be>+ on ! ,belief 9 ,immortality4 7#a7 #ab? ,izdub> ,tablet4 7#b7 ,desc5t ( ,i%t>4 7#c7 #g? ,izdub> ,tablet4 7#d7 ,hymn to ,m>duk4 ,,bor ,,iv4 #bea-bed4 ---- ,babylonian ,wit*craft4 ,,et1 #ahih1 #bbh-bcj4 ---- ,notes on ,assyrian ,religion & ,my?ology4 ,,tsba ,,vi4 #ece-edb4 ,translations ( "s religi\s texts4 ,g5]al rem>ks4 ---- ,babylonian ,t]aphim4 ,,bor ,i4 #ci1 #dj4 ---- ,! ,babylonian ,leg5d ( ! ,s]p5t ,tempt]4 ,,bor ,,iv4 #bea-bee4 ---- ,ori5tal ,es*atology 7,egypt & ,*aldaea74 ,,bor ,,vi4 #ch-db4 ---- ,! ,plague ,leg5ds ( ,*aldaea4 ,,bor ,i4 #aa-ad4 ,cl]mont-,ganneau4--,l',enf] ,assyri54 ,r,ar1 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,,xxxviii4 #ccg-cdi4 ,craig1 ,james ,a4--,! ,babylonian ,i%t> ,epic4 ,,ots ,,viii4 #bdi-bef4 ,goessl+1 ,e4--,die ,hoelle na* ,babylonis*-,assyris*] ,ans*auung4 ,,tz1 #ahie1 ,no4 #c4 ,halevy1 ,j4--,l',immortalite de l',ame *ez les ,peuples ,semitiques4 ,r,ar1 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,,xliv4 #dd-ec4 ,translation & discussion ( ,i%t>'s desc5t into ! ne!r _w4 ,halevy1 ,j4--,le ,rapt de ,p]sephone ou ,pros]p9e p> ,pluton *ez les ,babyloni5s4 ,,rs ,i4 #cgb-cgf4 ,haug1 ,m4--,die ,un/]bli*keit d] ,seele bei d5 ,*aldae]n4 ,,baz1 #ahge1 ,nos4 #gj1 #ga4 ,heuzey1 ,l4--,my!s ,*alde5s4 ,,ra1 #c;d ,s]ies1 ,,xxvi4 #bie-cjh4 ,hilpre*t1 ,h4 ,v4--,s]p5t & ,tree 9 ,babylonian ,records4 ,,s/1 #ahic1 ,no4 #eb4 ,h9cks1 ,edw>d4--,on ! ,assyrian ,my?ology4 ,,ria ,memoirs1 #ahed1 #dje-dbb4 ,hommel1 ,f4--,hex5v]br5nung5 im alt5 ,babyloni54 ,mu5*5] ,neue/e ,na*ri*t51 #ahif1 ,no4 #dae4 ,ja/r[1 ,morris1 ,jr4--,! ,e?ics ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,,er4 ,,iii4 #fe-gg4 ---- ,! ,babylonian ,t]m ,%u'alu4 ,,ajsl ,,xiv4 #afe-agj4 ,j5s51 ,pet]4--,! ,que5 9 ! ,babylonian ,hades & ,h] ,consort4 ,,s/1 #ahig1 ,nos4 #aa1 #ab4 ---- ,! ,suppos$ ,babylonian ,orig9 ( ! ,week & ! ,sabba?4 ,,s/1 #ahib1 ,no4 #c4 ,j]emias1 ,a4--,die ,babylonis*-,assyris*5 ,vor/ellung5 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode4 7,leipzig #ahig47 ---- ,articles ',arallu' & ',etana4' ,ann\nc$ to appe> 9 ! supplem5t to ,ros*]'s ',ausfuehrli*es ,lexikon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,roemis*5 ,my?ologie4' ,kiesewett]1 ,c>l4--,d] ,occultismus des ,alt]?ums4 7,leipzig #ahif47 ,book ,i4 #cfd seq41 ',d] ,occultismus bei d5 ,akkad]n1 ,babyloni]n1 ,*aldae]n und ,assyri]n4' ,bas$ l>gely ^u ,l5ormant's ',*aldaean ,magic4' ,laur5t1 ,a4--,la ,magie et la ,div9ation *ez les ,*aldeo-,assyri5s4 7,p>is #ahid47 ,l5ormant1 ,f4--,la ,leg5de de ,semiramis4 7,p>is #ahgb47 ,a trans=m$ ,i%t> leg5d4 ,opp]t1 ,j4--,l',immortalite de l',ame *ez les ,*alde5s4 7,p>is #ahge47 ,translation ( ,i%t>'s desc5t into ! ne!r _w4 ,p9*es1 ,t4 ,g4--,! ,messianic ,idea among ! ,e>ly ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,academy1 #ahhg1 ,nos4 #haf1 #hah1 #hbj4 ,rav5%aw1 ,e4 ,c4--,on ! ,w+$ ,bulls1 ,lions1 & ,o!r ,symbolical ,figures f ,n9eveh4 ,,jras1 #ahed1 #ic-aag4 ,conta9s "s int]e/+ sugge/ions on ,babylonian my?ology1 b ! pap] z a :ole is antiquat$4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h4--,anci5t ,babylonian ,moral & ,political ,precepts4 ,,rp ,,vii4 #aai-abb4 ---- ,! ,babylonian ,leg5d ( ! ,creation ( ,man4 ,academy1 #ahic1 ,no4 #ajee4 ---- ,babylonian ,folk-,lore4 ,,flj ,i4 #af-bb4 ,s*eil1 ,fr4 ,v4--,relief ,cisele repres5tant une ,sc5e ,fun]aire ,babyloni5ne4 ,,rt ,,xx4 #ei-fb4 ---- ,le ,culte de ,gudea4 ,,rt ,,xviii4 #fd-gd4 ,talbot1 ,h4 ,fox4--,on ! ,religi\s ,belief ( ! ,assyrians4 ,nos4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv4 ,,tsba ,i4 #ajf-aae2 ,,ii4 #bi-gi1 #cdf-ceb4 ,no4 ,i4 conta9s text & translation ( two pray]s2 ,nos4 ,,ii & ,,iii41 ,incantation ,texts2 ,no4 ,,iv41 ,future ,puni%m5t ( ! ,wick$4 ---- ,leg5d ( ! ,desc5t ( ,i%t>4 ,,rp ,i4 #ada-adi4 ---- ,revis$ ,translation ( ! ,desc5t ( ,i%t> ) a ,fur!r ,comm5t>y4 ,,tsba ,,iii4 #aah-ace4 ,add5da pp4 #ceg-cfj4 ,?ureau-,daug91 ,f4--,le ,culte des ,rois dans la ,p]iode ,prebabyloni5ne4 ,,rt ,,xix4 #ahe-ahg4 ,tiele1 ,c4 ,p4--,cyrus de ,groote en de ,godsdi5/ van ,babel 9 ',melanges1 ,*>les de ,h>lez' 7,leid5 #ahif71 #cjg-cab4 ,tyl]1 ,?omas4--,! ,babylonian ,idea ( a ,disembodi$ ,s\l4 ,,bor ,i4 #ee-eg4 ,tylor1 ,edw>d ,b4--,! ,w+$ ,figures ( ! ,assyrians & ,o!r ,anci5t ,monum5ts4 ,,psba ,,xii4 #chc-cic2 see also ,,rhr ,,xxii4 #bji-bbj4 ,explanation ( ! symbols on ,assyrian sculptures4 ,w>d1 ,w4 ,h4--,on ! ,repres5tation ( ! ,sol> ,disk4 ,,ajt ,,ii4 #aae-aah4 ,w>r51 ,w4 ,f4--,gates ( ,sunrise 9 ,anci5t ,babylonian ,art4 ,,bor ,,iii4 #bda-bdd4 ,zimm]n1 ,h4--,vat]1 ,sohn und ,fu]spre*] 9 d] ,babylonis*5 ,gottesvor/ellung4 7,leipzig #ahif47 ,see review by ,ja/r[1 ,,ajt ,i4 #dfh-dgd4 ,,viii4 ,temples & ,cult4 ,ball1 ,c4 ,j4--,glimpses ( ,babylonian ,religion4 ,i4 ,human ,sacrifices4 ,,ii4 ,! ,gods & ,_! ,images4 ,,psba ,,xiv4 #adi-afb4 ,boscaw51 ,w4 ,/4 ,*ad4--,! ,babylonian & ,jewi% ,fe/ivals4 ,,bor ,,iv4 #cd-ch4 ,d',alviella1 ,goblet4--,des ,symboles qui ont influ5ce la ,repres5tation figuree des ,pi]res ,comiques *ez les ,semites4 ,,rhr ,,xx4 #ace-aej4 ,j]emias1 ,johann4--,die ,cultu/afel von ,sipp>4 ,,ba ,i4 #bfg-ib4 ,an important ar*ive ( ! ,%>ma% temple at ,sipp>1 illu/rative ( ! cult4 ,k>ppe1 ,s4--,melanges de ,critique ,biblique et d',assyriologie4 ,,rs ,,ii4 #adf-aea4 ,! ,babylonian fe/ival ,zagmuk und ! ,biblical ,new ,ye>4 ,koldewey1 ,rob]t4--,die altbabylonis*5 ,graeb] 9 ,surghul und ,el ,hibba4 ,,za ,,ii4 #djc-dcj4 ,fun]al cu/oms4 ,kohut1 ,a4--,! ,talmudic ,records ( ! ,p]sian & ,babylonian ,fe/ivals critically illu/rat$4 ,,ajsl ,,xiv4 #ahb-aid4 ,see also ,,rej ,,xxiv4 #bef-bga4 ,insuffici5t discussion4 ,m5ant4--,les ,sacrifices sur les ,cyl9dres ,*alde5s4 ,gazette ,ar*eologique1 #ahhc1 ,nos4 #g-i4 ,p]rot ,*iplez4--,a ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldaea & ,assyria4 7,london #ahhd47 ,eng4 trans4 ,vol4 ,i4 *apt]s ,,iii41 ,,iv4 ,temples & ,tombs4 ,pet]s1 ,j4 ,p4--,nippur4 ,explorations & ,adv5tures on ! ,euphrates4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 *apt] ,v41 ,! ,olde/ ,temple 9 ! ,_w4 ,*apt] ,,viii41 ,c(f9s & ,burial ,cu/oms4 ,p9*es1 ,t4 ,g4--,s9-,ga%id's ,end[m5t ( ! ,temple ,e-ana4 ,,rp1 new s]ies1 ,i4 #gh-hc4 ,see also ,,bor ,i4 #h-aa4 ---- ,a ,fragm5t ( a ,babylonian ,ti! ,li/4 ,ib4 ,i4 #gf-gh4 ---- ,gifts to a ,babylonian ,bitili or ,be!l4 ,ib4 ,,ii4 #adb-ade4 ,rawl9son1 ,h4 ,c4--,on ! ,birs ,nimrud1 or ! ,great ,temple ( ,borsippa4 ,,jras1 #ahfa1 #a-bd4 ,reb]1 ,f4--,ueb] alt*aldaeis*e ,kun/ 444 ,d] ,tempelbau4 ,,za ,i4 #adi-afd4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h4--,a ,babylonian ,sa9t's ,cyl9d]4 ,,rp ,,vii4 #aeg-agj4 ,days sacr$1 & o!rwise1 ( ! mon? ( ,elul1 ) directions = religi\s c]emonies to be obs]v$4 ---- ,on ,human ,sacrifice among ! ,babylonians4 ,,tsba ,,iv4 #be-ca4 ,tiele1 ,c4 ,p4--,de ,ho(dtempel van ,babel en die van ,borsippa4 ,,kaw ,afdeel+ ',lett]kunde' 7#ahhf7 #c;de ,reeks ,deel ,,iii2 also 9 ,g]man ,,za ,,ii4 #agi-aij4 ,tri/ram1 ,h4 ,b4--,sacrifices 9 ,babylonia & ,pho5icia4 ,,s/1 #ahid1 ,no4 #a4 ,w>d1 ,w4 ,h4--,on ,"s ,babylonian ,cyl9d]s1 suppos$ to ,repres5t ,human ,sacrifices4 ,,paos1 ,may #ahhh1 xxviii4-xxx4 ,,ix4 ,be>+s on ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,g5]al ,influ5ce4 ,anz1 ,wilhelm4--,zur ,frage na* dem ,ursprung des ,gno/izismus4 7,leipzig #ahig47 pp4 #eh-aab1 ,die ,h]kunft 444 aus ,babyloni54 ,ball1 ,c4 ,j4--,! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ,g5esis & ! ,babylonian ,cosmogonies4 ,,psba ,,xviii4 ,bonnett1 ,e4--,les ,dec\v]tes ,assyri5nes et le ,livre de la ,g5ese4 7,p>is #ahhd47 ,boscaw51 ,w4 ,/4 ,*ad4--,! ,bible & ! ,monum5ts4 7,london #ahie47 ,br&t1 ,w4--,die ,assyris*-,babylonis*e ,keils*riftlit]atur und das ,alte ,te/am5t4 ,deuts*-evang4 ,blaett]1 #ahhd4 ,heft #c4 pp4 #afd-ahg4 ,br[n1 ,francis4--,critical review ) valuable comm5ts ( ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ',die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t4' ,,ajp ,,iv4 #cch-cdc4 ---- ,! ,sabba? 9 ! ,cunei=m ,records4 ,,pr1 #ahhb1 #fhh-gjj4 ---- ,assyriology3 ,its ,use & ,abuse 9 ,old ,te/am5t ,/udy4 7,new ,york #ahhe47 ,br[n1 ,rob]t1 ,jr4--,semitic ,influ5ce 9 ,hell5ic ,my?ology4 7,london #ahih47 ,"p ,,iii4 discusses ,babylonian ,influ5ce4 ,budd5sieg1 ,r4--,die ,assyris*5 ,ausgrabung5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t4 7,heilbronn #ahhj47 ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri*4--,wo ,lag das ,p>adies8 ,e9e ,biblis*-,assyriologis*e ,/udie4 7,leipzig #ahha47 ,see ,francis ,br[n4 ,,ots ,,iv4 #a-ab4 ,evetts1 ,b4 ,a4--,new ,light on ! ,bible & ! ,holy ,l&4 7,london #ahib47 ,gruppe1 ,o4--,die ,grie*is*5 ,kulte und ,my!n 9 ihr5 ,beziehung5 zu d5 ,ori5talis*5 ,religion54 7,leipzig #ahhg47 ,gunkel1 ,h4--,s*oepfung und ,*aos 9 ,urzeit und ,endzeit4 7,goett+5 #ahie47 ,a mo/ important discussion ( ! relation%ip ( ! ,biblical creation n>ratives to ! ,babylonian cosmology4 ,halevy1 ,j4--,re*]*es ,bibliques4 7,p>is #ahif47 ,haupt1 ,paul4--,wo ,lag das ,p>adies8 ,ueb] ,l& und ,me]1 #ahid-ahie1 ,no4 #ae4 ,also syllabus ( lectures be=e ! ,gratz ,college ( ,philadelphia1 ,dec #aj1 #ahie1 on ',! ,site ( ,p>adise & ! ,nimrod ,epic4' ,ja/r[1 ,morris1 ,jr4--,! ,bible & ! ,assyrian ,monum5ts4 ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,,xlvii4 #cie-daa4 ,translat$ into ,fr5* by ,e4 ,lacordaire 9 ,revue des ,revues1 #ahid #bbg-bce4 ---- ,! ,orig9al ,"* ( ! ,hebrew ,sabba?4 ,,ajt ,,ii4 #cab-ceb4 ,relation%ip betwe5 ,hebrew & ,babylonian ,sabba?4 ---- ,adam & ,eve 9 ,babylonian ,lit]ature4 ,ann\nc$4 ,j5s51 ,p4--,! ,cult ( ,a%]a & ! ,cult ( ,m>y4 ,ann\nc$ to appe> 9 ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,times1 #ahih4 ,kessl]1 ,k4--,ueb] ,gnosis und ,altbabylonis*e ,religion4 #e? ,,ico1 ,,ii4 ,"p ,i4 #bhh-cje4 ,kelln]1 ,m4 ,l4--,! ,deluge 9 ! ,izdub> ,epic & ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,*ur* ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahhh4 ,lac\p]ie1 ,t4 de4--,orig9 f ,babylonia & ,elam ( ! ,e>ly ,*9ese ,civilization4 ,s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,,bor ,,iii-,,viii4 ,also 9 book =m "u ! title1 ',orig9 ( ,e>ly ,*9ese ,civilization & its ,we/]n ,s\rces4' 7,london #ahid47 ,lac\p]ie's me?od is unsatisfactory4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 m]its f>!r inve/igation4 ,lotz1 ,w4--,quae/iones de ,hi/oria ,sabbati4 7,leipzig #ahhc47 ,lyon1 ,d4 ,g4--,assyrian ,/udy3 ,its ,be>+ on ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,regi/]1 #ahhe1 ,nos4 #ae1 #af4 ,m5ant1 ,j4--,rem>ques sur un ,cyl9dre du ,musee ,britannique4 ,la ,bible et les ,cyl9dres ,*alde5s4 ,,cr1 #ahgi1 #bgj-bhf4 ,discussion ( a sc5e on a cyl9d] suppos$ to repres5t ! fir/ human pair & ! s]p5t4 ,mey]1 ,ed4--,d] ,babylonis*e ,e9fluss auf ,jud5?um und ,*ri/5?um4 ,,baz1 #ahid1 ,no4 #cdd4 ,opp]t1 ,j4--,orig9es ,communes de la ,*ronologie ,cosmogonique des ,*alde5s el des ,dates de la ,g5ese4 ,,apc1 #f? s]ies1 ,,xiii4 #bcg-bdj4 ,palm]1 ,a4 ,s4--,babylonian ,influ5ce on ! ,bible & ,popul> ,beliefs4 ,tehom & ,tiamat1 ,hades & ,satan3 a ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,g5esis1 i41 ii4 7,london #ahig47 ,robi\1 ,f4--,l',etat ,religieux de la ,grece et de l',ori5t au ,siecle d',alex&re 444 ,,ii4 ,les ,regions ,syro-,babyloni5s et l',eran4 7,p>is #ahif47 ,unsatisfactory1 & n bas$ on indep5d5t rese>*es4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h4--,! ,high] ,criticism & ! ,v]dict ( ! ,monum5ts4 7,london #ahid47 ,sugge/ive1 b unreliable4 ,full ( inaccuracies4 ---- ,fre% ,light f ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts4 7#b;d ed4 ,london #ahhf47 ,s*leussn]4--,die ,b$eutung d] ,ausgrabung5 9 dem ,euphrat und ,tigris-,gebiet fu] das ,alte ,te/am5t4 7,witt5b]g #ahib47 ,s*rad]1 ,e4--,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t4 #c;d ed4 7,ann\nc$ = #ahih47 ,engli% translation ( ! #b;d ,g]man ed41 ',! ,cunei=m ,inscriptions & ! ,old ,te/am5t4' ,london #ahhe-ahhi4 ,sillem1 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4--,das ,alte ,te/am5t im ,li*te d] ,assyris*5 ,=s*ung5 und ihr] ,ergebnisse4 7,hamburg #ahgg47 ,simpson1 ,william4--,! ,t[] ( ,babel & ! ,birs ,nimr\d4 ,,tsba ,,ix4 #cjg-ccb4 ,/uck51 ,edw>d4--,a/ralmy!n d] ,hebra]1 ,babyloni] und ,aegypt]4 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung51 ,p>ts ,i41 ,,ii4 7,leipzig #ahif-ahig47 ,r fanciful4 ,tallqui/1 ,k4 ,l4--,altbabylonis*] ,ab]glaub5 9 d5 ,ab5dla5d]n4 ,9 ,norwegian2 ,valvoja1 ,hels+=s1 #ahif1 #dih-ebj4 ---- ,=nbabyloniska o* hebraeiska psalm]4 ,f9isk ,tidskrift1 ,m>s #ahib4 ,tiele1 ,c4 ,p44--,die ,assyriologie und ihre ,ergebnisse fu] die ,religionsges*i*te4 ,g]man translation by ,fri$]ick4 ,leipzig #ahgh4 ,toy1 ,c4 ,h4--,e/h] z a ,babylonian ,goddess4 ,! ,new ,_w1 ,,vi4 #acj-ade4 ,vig\r\x1 ,f4--,le ,bible et les ,dec\v]tes ,mod]nes en ,pale/9e1 en ,egypte et en ,assyrie4 #d vols4 7,p>is #ahhd-ahhe47 ,writt5 f a ,ca?olic /&po9t1 b compreh5sive & accurate4 ,wahrmund4--,babyloni]?um1 ,jud5?um und ,*ri/5tum4 7,leipzig #ahhb47 ,w>d1 ,w4 ,h4--,light on ,scriptural ,texts f ,rec5t ,discov]ies1 ,hebrew & ,babylonian ,poetry4 ,! ,homiletic ,review1 #ahie1 #djh4 ,zehnpfund1 ,r4--,e9ige zeitgemaesse ,bem]kung5 ueb] d5 ,w]t d] ,assyriologie fu] die altte/am5tli*e ,litt]aturkritik4 7,ern/e ,allotria4 ,dessau #ahif47 ,zimm]n1 ,h4--,die ,assyriologie als ,huelfswiss5s*aft fu] das ,/udium des ,alt5 ,te/am5ts und des ,klassis*5 ,alt]?ums4 7,ko5igsb]g #ahhi47 ---- ,zur ,frage na* dem ,ursprung des ,purimfe/es4 7,zeits4 f4 altte/4 ,wiss41 ,,xi4 #aeg-afi47 ,zs*okke1 ,h]mann4--,ueb] die ,wi*tigkeit d] ,assyriologis*5 ,=s*ung51 insbesond]e fu] das ,altte/am5tli*e ,bibel/udium4 7,vi5na #ahhd47 ,,index4 ,a1 or ,malkatu1 h] names & _! explanation1 #gd2 position & relation%ip to ,%ama%1 #gd-e1 #agf1 #fhe2 temples ( ,a & ,%ama% 9 ,l>sa & ,borsippa1 #gj1 #bda2 temple ,e-ed9na 9 ,sipp>1 #fdj4 ,ab1 #e? mon?1 sacr$ to ,n9-gi%-zida1 #dfb1 #edg2 ! mission ( ,i%t>1 #efd2 fe/ival ( ,i%t>1 #fhe4 ,abram & ,abraham1 foll[]s (1 9 fight ) ,babylon1 #b2 cult ( ,fa!r ,abraham1 #efb4 ,abu-,habba1 excavations1 #aj2 see also ,sipp>2 temple records & legal docum5ts1 #afe4 ,abu-,%ahre9,eridu4 ,abyd5us1 s\rce = ,b4 ,a4 religion1 #a1 #e4 ,a*aem5ian inscriptions1 #af4 ,ad1 ,arabic tribe1 #dif4 ,adad,ramman1 #aeg2 sol> deity ( ,syria1 #aef4 ,adam1 p>allelism betw4 ,a4 & ,eabani1 #eaa2 p>allelism betw4 ,a4 & ,adapa1 #eeb4 ,adapa ,leg5d1 a nature my?1 #edh1 #fdd ff42 f\nd on ,el-,am>na tablets1 #edd2 ,adapa1 son ( ,ea1 #ede2 ,a4 fight+ ! s\? w9d1 #ede ff42 second$ by ,tammuz & ,gi%-zida1 #edh-i2 id5tifi$ ) ,m>duk1 #edh2 ,adapa my? comp>$ ) #c;d *apt] ( ,g5esis1 #eea4 ,ad>1 #ab? mon?1 sacr$ to ! ,sev5 ,evil ,spirits1 #dfc2 #ae? day1 sacr$ to ,%ama%1 ,malkatu1 & ,bun5e1 #fhe2 comp>$ ) ,purim1 #fcf4 ,ad>1 #b;d 7int]calat$71 sacr$ to ,a%ur1 #dfc4 ,addu1 equival5t ( ,ramman1 #aef4 ,adon1 ,pho5ician equival5t = ,tammuz2 see ,tammuz4 ,adra-,khasis1 epi!t ( ,p>napi%tim1 #eje4 ,aelian1 hi/orian1 m5tions ,gilgame%1 #dfi1 #ebd4 ,agade1 anci5t c5t]1 #ce1 #bde2 rul]s1 #cf2 temple ,e-ul-ma% ( ,nana1 #hb2 temple ( ,anunit-,i%t>1 #aag1 #bdb2 zikkurat ,e-an-dadia1 #fci4 ,agriculture1 ,a4 & cal5d>1 #dfb4 ,agum1 see ,agumkakrimi4 ,agumkakrimi1 k+ ( ,babylon1 recov]s ! /atues ( ,m>duk & ,s>panitum1 #abb1 #aeb1 #fgj1 #fhg2 cult ( ,%ama%1 #add2 cult ( ,%ukamuna1 #afb2 in/itutes special fe/ival = ,m>duk & ,s>panitum1 #fhg4 ,ahasv]us1 ! w&]+ ,jew1 ,p>napi%tim1 #eae4 ,ai-ibur-%abu1 "n ( /reet 9 ,babylon1 #fgi4 ,airu1 #b;d mon?1 sacr$ to ,ea1 #dfb1 #fgg2 #ab? day ( ,a41 sacr$ to ,gula1 #fhc2 in/allation ( k+ ,a%urbanabal1 #fhd2 sacr$ 9 ,assyria1 #fhd2 #aj? day ( ,a41 sacr$ to ,%ama%1 ,malkatu1 & ,bun5e1 #fhe4 ,a-i%tu1 a =eign god1 #fdd4 ,akitu1 see ,zag-muk2 fe/ival1 #fgi4 ,akkad1 see also ,sum] & ,akkad2 ,babylonia1 #agf1 #ecb4 ,akkadian,sum]ian4 ,alala1 deity1 #dag2 9 incantations1 #dag2 9 ,allatu's c\rt1 #eic2 consort ( ,belili1 #ehi2 connection ) ,alallu1 #ehi4 ,alallu1 a bird2 relations to ,i%t>1 #dhb1 #ehi2 connection ) deity ,alala1 #ehi4 ,alamu1 phase ( ,n]gal1 #bhj4 ,alex&] ,polyhi/or1 s\rce = ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #e1 #dac4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 probably contempor>y ( ,b]osus1 #a2 ,a4 & ,gilgamos1 #dfi1 #eaf4 ,alex&ria1 gno/ic c5t]1 #fii4 ,allatu1 goddess1 #a/ ,bab4 p]iod1 orig9ally associat$ ) ,bel1 #ajd2 associat$ ) ,n9-azu1 #ehf1 #eij2 associat$ ) ,n]gal1 #ajd1 #ahc1 #efe1 #ehj1 #ehc1 #eic2 goddess ( subt]ranean cave1 #ajd1 #bhb1 #eaa1 #efe1 #ehj2 9 incantations1 #bhb2 ,n9-ki-gal1 #bhb1 cf4 #ehd2 ,namt>1 h] mess5g]1 #egj1 #ehj1 #ehg1 #eib2 ,belit-s]i1 h] scribe1 #ehg2 pictur$ z a lion1 #ehj2 ,allatu's c\rt1 #ehg1 #eib2 au?oress ( evil & disease1 #eic2 call$ ,ere%-kigal1 #ehd 7cf4 #bhb72 vanqui%$ by ,n]gal1 #ehd-e2 imitation ( ,tiamat-,m>duk episode1 #ehe2 correlat$ to ,i%t>1 goddess ( f]tility1 #ehg2 explanation ( "n1 #ehg4 ,all-,s\ls' ,day1 see "u ,tammuz & ,dead1 #eii1 #fje1 #fhb4 ,alt>1 description (1 #fea2 ! horns ( ! alt> comp>$ ) ^? ( ,hebrew & ,pho5ician alt>s1 #feb4 ,alu-u%>%id1 k+ ( ,ki%1 #ed4 ,amalgamation ( div9ities1 cause1 features1 & results1 #gd-e1 #id-e4 ,amanus1 di/rict fam\s = its wood1 #fbg4 ,ami&1 8 attempt at a g5ealogical arrangem5t ( ,old ,bab4 pan!on1 #ajh4 ,am-na-na1 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi4 ,amraphel,hammurabi1 #ecd4 ,amulets1 see ,talisman1 ,t]aphim1 #fgb1 #fgd4 ,anatum1 goddess1 consort ( ,anu1 #aec4 ,animism1 />t+-po9t ( religi\s belief1 #dh2 survivals (1 #ahj ff41 #deg2 popul> r ?an !ological1 #ahg4 ,an%>1 god1 9 ! cosmology1 #aig1 #daj1 #dag2 ,a%ur1 #aig1 #dad-e2 ,a4 & ,ki%> creat$1 #aig1 #daj2 builds ,e%>ra1 #aih2 ,a4 & ,ki%> int]m$iate betw4 ! mon/]s & ! gods 9 cosmology1 #dad1 #daf2 ,an%> & ,ki%> 9 ! creation epic & _! mean+1 #dah2 conqu]s ,tiamat 7"o v]sion71 #dbb4 ,an%>-gal1 cosmological deity1 #dag4 ,ant>1 ,arabian romance ( ,a41 #did4 ,ant>es1 obs]vations (1 #cgb4 ,antio*1 gno/ic c5t]1 #fii4 ,antio*us ,sot]1 cult ( ,m>duk & ,nabu1 #fej4 ,anu1 god1 #ea2 relation%ip to ,i%t>1 #hd-e2 ,d]1 city ( ,anu1 #hh1 #aee1 #afb2 god ( heav5ly expanse1 #hi1 #adg1 #bjg1 #dcb2 ab/ract conception1 #hi2 prie/ ( ,anu1 #ij2 ,anu z t]m = 'l(ty1' #ij2 memb] ( ! great triad1 #ajg1 #aeb1 #aee1 #bjg1 #fgg2 9 ,lugalraggisi's pan!on1 #aaj2 artificial "* 9 ,hammurabi's pan!on1 #aeb2 position 9 ,agum's pan!on1 #aeb2 dwells 9 ,uruk1 #aec2 ,anatum1 8 consort1 #aec2 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #aec-e1 #bja1 #bjg2 associat$ ) ,ramman1 #aed1 #bjg1 #bab2 associat$ ) ,dagan1 #aed1 #bji2 disappe>s aft] ,s>gon1 #aee2 9 religi\s texts1 #aef2 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 pan!on1 #afb2 fa!r ( ,anunnaki & ,igigi1 #ahf1 #bjg1 #eic2 fight+ ,tiamat1 #aig2 temple 9 ,laga%1 #ec1 #fdj2 temple at ,a%ur1 #bjg2 succe$$ by ,a%ur1 #bjg2 associat$ ) ,i%t>1 #bjg2 blesses h&iwork1 #bjh1 #bcg2 associat$ ) ,bel & ,belit1 #bbf-g2 ,anu & ,i%t>1 names ( ! we/ gates ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 associat$ ) ,nusku1 #bgg1 #bhf2 made god ( heav5ly expanse1 #dcb2 ,way ( ,anuecliptic ( sun1 #deg2 pole /> ( ! ecliptic1 #dfj2 ,nisan1 sacr$ to ,a4 & ,bel1 #dfb1 #fgg2 ,tebet1 sacr$ to ,a41 ,papsukal1 & ,i%t>1 #dfc2 #b;d ,ululu1 sacr$ to ,anu & ,bel1 #dfc2 9 ! ,adapa my?1 #edf ff4 ,anunit1 goddess1 #ea2 a v>iant ( ,i%t>1 #hb1 #he1 #bdb2 9 prop] names ( #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi2 wor%ipp$ at ,agade1 #aag1 #bdb2 %r9e 9 ,e-babb>a at ,sipp>1 #fdf4 ,anunnaki1 explanation ( "n1 #ahd2 numb] (1 & its explanation1 #ahe2 spirits ( e>?1 #ahe1 #eic2 gods 9 ^: s]vice ! ,a4 are1 #ahf2 _! "*1 #ahf2 associat$ ) ,igigi1 #ahf1 #eic2 alt> ( ,a4 & ,igigi1 #ahf2 %9+ *iefs ( ,eridu1 #ahf2 rul$ by ,i%t>1 #bjd 7cf4 #ejb72 ,anu1 _! *ief1 #ahf1 #bjg1 #eic2 ,bel1 k+ ( all ! ,a41 #bbb2 associat$ ) ! great triad1 #bcf2 creat$ by ,m>duk1 #ddg2 (fspr+ ( ,anu1 #eic2 ,a4 & ,mammitum det]m9e dea? & life1 #dic2 9 ! deluge /ory1 #ejj1 #ejb 7cf4 #bjd72 9 ,allatu's c\rt1 #eic4 ,apollodorus1 s\rce = ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #e4 ,apo!osis1 see ,deification4 ,apsu1 ! deep1 p]sonifi$ ocean1 #daa1 #ddc1 #dhi1 #ehj2 synonym\s ) ,tiamat1 #daa2 male pr9ciple1 #daa2 dom9ion ( ,a4 & ,tiamat prec$es t ( ! gods1 #dab2 gods1 product ( ! union ( ,a4 & ,tiamat1 #dac2 my?ical mon/]s1 product ( ! union ( ,a4 & ,tiamat1 #dad2 bas91 a sacr$ object & symbol1 #fec2 comp>ison ) ! sea 9 ,solomon's temple1 #fec4 ,arabia1 metals & /one export$1 #fbg4 ,arabians invade ,mesopotamia1 #cd1 #ci4 ,arakh-%amnu1 #h? mon?1 sacr$ to ,m>duk1 #dfc1 #fgh1 #fhf2 #ae? day1 sacr$ to ,%ama%1 ,malkatu1 & ,bun5e1 #fhe4 ,aralu1 ! ne!r-_w1 #dhi1 #eeg2 call$ ,e-kur or m\nta9 h\se1 #eeh2 di/9ction betw4 ,aralu1 ! m\nta9 7 e>?71 & ,aralu1 ! di/rict ( ! dead prop]1 #eeh2 names & epi!ts ( ,a41 #efc1 #eib2 pictorial repres5tation (1 #egi ff42 pan!on (1 #ehb ff4 ,arbela1 temple ( ,i%t>1 #bjb-c1 #bje1 #fea2 mean+ ( "n1 #bjc2 !ological c5t]1 #cdb1 #fea4 ,ar*aeological religi\s monum5ts1 #ad4 ,ar*itecture1 re$ & clay mat]ials = build+1 #die-f2 see ,temple4 ,ardi-,ea1 f]ryman ( ,p>napi%tim1 #dia2 takes ,gilgame% to ! f\nta9 ( life1 #eji4 ,ark1 see ,%ip4 ,ark ( ! cov5ant comp>$ ) ! ,babylonian %ip = ! gods1 #fee4 ,arm5ia1 leg5d ( ,ru/em p>allel to ,etana leg5d1 #ebj ff42 exports preci\s /ones1 #fbg4 ,arts1 patron gods1 #agg-h4 ,aruru1 goddess1 creates mank9d1 toge!r ) ,m>duk1 #ddh1 #dgd2 creates ,eabani1 #ddh1 #dgd2 ,i%t>1 #ddh-i2 creates ,gilgame%1 #dgc-d4 ,a%]a comp>$ ) tree wor%ip 9 ,babylonia1 #fhi4 ,a%ur1 capital ( ,assyria1 #db1 #aic1 #fea2 mod]n "n ,kalah-,%]gat1 #aih2 temple to ,a%ur1 #aih1 #fea2 temple to ,i%t>1 #bje2 temple to ,anu1 #bjg2 temple to ,%ama%1 #bji2 temple to ,bel1 #bbe2 temple to ,ea1 #bcj2 intellectual c5t]1 #fea4 ,a%ur1 god1 consort ( ,belit1 #aej1 #bbf1 #ffh2 rival$ by ,ramman1 #afa2 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahi2 head ( ,ass4 pan!on1 #aia1 #bjj2 8 unique position1 #aia-b1 #bae2 local deity1 #aic2 symbol1 #aid1 #fcb2 int]pretation ( symbol1 #aie-f1 #fhe2 g5]al "* ( ,a%ur1 #aie2 etymology ( "n1 #aif2 ,an%> ano!r =m ( ,a41 #aig1 #dad2 god ( battle1 #aie1 #aii1 #bja2 *ief ( pan!on & epi!ts1 #bjj-b2 k+ ( ! ,igigi1 #bjj2 associat$ ) ,n9ib1 #bad2 8 temples few1 #bae2 associat$ ) ,n9ib & ,n]gal1 #baf1 #bah2 associat$ ) ,m>duk1 #bbd2 associat$ ) ! great triad1 #bcf2 "n ( inn] wall ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 p]mits ! k+ to gr[ old & protects ! troop1 #bcg2 sup]iority to ,m>duk1 #bci2 god ( oracles1 #cdd2 ,bel ,t>basi or "l ( ! c\rt1 #cde2 #b;d ,ad>1 sacr$ to ,a41 #dfc2 ,ululu1 sacr$ to ,a41 #dfc1 #fhe4 ,a%urbanabal1 libr>y1 #ac2 patron ( sci5ce & art1 #dc1 #bbi2 rule1 #dd2 recaptures ,nana's /atue1 #he1 #bjf2 gives prom95ce to ,nabu cult1 #abi2 celebrates fe/ival 9 honor ( ,gula1 #bah1 #fhc2 embelli%es temple ( ,n]gal at ,t>bisu1 #bai2 8 pan!on1 #bch2 sacrifices 9 ,babylonia1 #ffd2 re/ores temple ,e-kur at ,nippur1 #fde2 ,%ama% cult 9 ,sipp>1 #fdf2 ,i%t> cult 9 ,uruk1 #fdh4 ,a%uretililani1 k+ ( ,assyria1 improves ,nabu's temple at ,calah1 #bbi4 ,a%urnasirbal1 k+ ( ,assyria1 #bje2 gives prom95ce to ,n9ib cult1 #bad2 ,calah1 8 capital1 #bae2 builds sanctu>ies to ,i%t>1 ,s91 ,gula1 ,ea1 ,ramman1 #bae2 z a hunt]1 #baf2 builds sanctu>y to ,gula1 #bah2 builds sanctu>y to ,s9 at ,calah1 #bai2 8 pan!on1 #bcg2 gives prom95ce to ,i%t> cult1 #cbe4 ,a%ur-ri%-i%i1 k+ ( ,assyria1 #adi1 #bjd1 #bac4 ,assyria1 milit>y sup]iority1 #b2 hi/ory by ,h]odotus1 #c2 art & antiquities1 #g2 "* ( c\ntry & culture1 #cj-a2 "* ( p1 #ca2 comp>ison ) ,babylonia1 #ca2 ar*itecture1 #db2 hi/ory1 #da-d2 conque/ (1 #dd2 sun wor%ip1 #gh2 ,assyrian ,i%t> cult z di/+ui%$ f ,bab41 #hc1 #he2 ,ass4 ,nabu cult z aga9/ ,bab4 ,m>duk cult1 #abh2 religi\s beliefs m popul> ?an ,bab41 #aec2 influ5ce ^u ,bab4 culture & religion1 #agi2 pan!on1 #ahh2 divisions ( ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahh-i2 comp>ison ( ,ass4 & ,bab4 pan!ons1 #ahi1 #bja2 attack$ by ,cassites1 #aii2 ,a4 god ( oracles1 #cdd2 cont9uity ( ,ass4 & ,bab4 religion ow+ to ,ass4 wor%ip ( ,bab4 deities1 #fdb2 ,airu1 sacr$ mon? 9 ,ass41 #fhd4 ,assyrians1 see ,assyria4 ,a/rology1 lun> wor%ip influ5c$ by ,a41 #bai-bj2 b> to mono!i/ic developm5t1 #cai2 obs]vation ( ! planets1 #cgj2 que/ions put to ! a/rolog]1 #cfi4 ,a/ronomy1 factor 9 spread+ lun> wor%ip1 #bbj1 #bde2 mixture ( a/ronomy & a/rology 9 ! obs]vation ( eclipses1 #ceg2 9 ! obs]vation ( ! planets1 #cgj2 =ms "p ( cosmology1 #ded2 ! det]m9ation ( ! laws "u :i* ! />s /ood1 #deg2 composite "* ( ,a4 sci5ce1 #dfj2 divisions (1 #dfj-a2 moon & sun 91 #dfa4 ,azag-sir1 m9or deity 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #bcd4 ,babb>1 surname ( ,%ama%1 #gb2 etymology1 #gb4 ,babylon1 f\nd$1 #b2 supremacy1 #b2 capture (1 #d1 #de2 anci5t c5t]1 #ce2 capital ( ,babylonia1 #ci1 #aaf2 ,m>duk1 deity (1 #ed1 #aag-h1 #eca2 ,e-sagila1 temple ( ,m>duk1 #aba1 #bda1 #fci2 temple ( ,%ama%1 #bdb1 #fdj2 temple ( ,s91 #bdb2 temple ( ,n9-makh1 #bdb1 #fdj2 temple ( ,n9-kh>-sag1 #bdb2 temple ( ,gula1 #bdb1 #fch2 attack$ by ,dibb>ra1 #eca2 zikkurat at ,bab41 #fai1 #fci2 temple to ,n9-lil-anna 7#bdb71 #fdj2 religi\s c5t] ( ! c\ntry1 #fdi-ej4 ,babylonia1 conceptions ( ne!rworld1 #b2 notices 9 rabb9ical lit]ature1 #c2 ext5t1 #bf2 "* ( c\ntry1 #cj2 "* ( p1 #ca2 "* ( culture1 #cd2 ,babylonian /ates & _! hi/ory1 #ce ff42 dyna/ies (1 #ci-da1 #dd-e1 #dhi2 unit$ "u ,hammurabi1 #aaf2 ,bab4 & ,ass4 ,i%t> cult1 #hc1 #he2 ,bab4 & ,ass4 ,m>duk cult1 #abh2 ,bab4 beliefs less popul> ?an ,ass41 #aec2 p]iods ( ,bab4 religion1 #afb2 gods common to all ?ree p]iods ( ,bab4 religion1 #afc2 ,bab4 culture & beliefs influ5c$ by ,assyria1 #agi2 comp>ison ( ,bab4 & ,ass4 pan!ons1 #ahi1 #bja2 c\ntry ( ,bel1 #bbb2 "u ,ass4 rule1 #bbc2 s\rce ( ,ass4 culture1 #bbb2 indep5d5t ( ,assyria1 #bci2 political & religi\s c5t]s1 #bde2 replaces ,nippur1 #edb2 sanctu>y ( ,nabu1 #fdj2 sacrificial acts 9 ,bab4 & _! mean+1 #ffd2 ,nisan1 ! sacr$ mon? 9 ,bab41 #fhd2 cont9uity ( ,bab4 & ,ass4 belief ow+ to ,ass4 wor%ip ( ,bab4 gods1 #fdb4 ,babylonians1 see also ,babylonia2 subjects ( ,bel1 #bbb2 humanity ( ,bel1 #bbb4 ,babylonian-,assyrian religion1 #a2 phases (1 #df-g2 age ( ess5tials ( religion1 #aad2 gods ( ! ,b4-,a4 pan!on1 #ahi2 cont9uity ( ,b4-,a4 religion1 #fdb2 see ,assyria & ,babylonia4 ,bahre91 exports wood1 #fbg4 ,ba-kad1 9 ! ,cassite pan!on1 #afb1 #agb4 ,balasi1 a/rolog]1 #cdj4 ,balawat1 explorations1 #i2 portals ( palace at ,b41 #fbg4 ,b>1 (fspr+ ( ,i%t> decl9es to fight ,zu1 #eda4 ,ba%tum1 goddess 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi4 ,battles ( ,yahwe1 recalls ,dibb>ra epic1 #ecd4 ,bau1 goddess1 #ea2 h] attributes1 #ei-fj1 #ij1 #fgh2 temple 9 ,uruazagga1 #ei1 #ajc2 ,zag-muk1 h] fe/ival1 #ei1 #fgg2 consort ( ,n9-girsu1 #ei1 #fgg2 id5tification ) ,gula1 #fj2 h] sph]e1 #fj2 daught] ( ,anu1 #ei-fj2 "m ( ,ea & wat]-deity1 #fa2 common features ) ,ga-sig787-dug1 #fa2 ,bau n ,hebr4 bohu1 #fj2 h] sons 7,amiaud71 #ajc2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf2 9 incantations1 #bgc2 ,bau's %ip1 #fee4 ,ba'u-uk9 ,dungi 7,w9ckl]71 #fe4 ,baz1 city 9 ,babylonia1 temple ( ,bel-s>bi1 #bdb1 #fci4 ,bel1 see also ,m>duk & ,bel-,m>duk2 god1 temple (1 #d2 temple at ,nippur1 #aa1 #cg1 #fi1 #ea1 #ed1 #aea1 #fdb1 #fdd2 position 9 ! ,babylonian !ology1 #eb2 olde/ spell+ & mean+ ( "n1 #eb2 temple 9 ,laga%1 #ec2 gr[? ( 8 cult1 #ec2 bl5d+ ) ,m>duk1 #ed1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh1 #bbb2 phases ( cult1 #ee2 associations & relations ) ,ea1 #fb2 associat$ ) ,allat1 #ajd2 9 ,lugalzaggisi's & ,gudea's pan!on1 #aaj2 subord9ation to ,m>duk1 #aah2 transf]s 8 "n to ,m>duk1 #adj1 #bbb1 #dci1 #fce2 god ( e>? p> excell5ce1 #adj1 #adg1 #dcb1 #ddj1 #dig2 creator ( mank9d1 #ada1 #dda2 9 ! deluge /ory1 #adb1 #dig1 #ejb1 #ejd2 ,bel & ! triad1 #ajg1 #ade-i1 #bjg1 #fgg2 ,bel 9 ,hammurabi's pan!on1 #ade-f1 #afb2 9 ,cassite p]iod1 #adf2 temple at ,dur-,kurigalzu1 #adf2 9 ! ,assyrian pan!on1 #adf-g1 #bbe-f2 9 ! neo-,bab4 pan!on1 #adg2 epi!ts1 #adf1 #bbb1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bgd2 relation%ip to ! o!r memb]s ( ! triad1 #adg1 #bbf2 ,bel 7& ,belit7 decree fates1 #aej1 #aec1 #ech2 ,dagan ,bel1 #aea1 #aed1 #bji1 #bbe2 relation%ip to ,zak>1 #agb2 "l ( ,annunaki & ,igigi1 #ahf2 husb& ( ,i%t>1 #bje2 confus$ ) ,dagan1 #aea1 #aed1 #bji2 ,n9ib1 fir/-born ( ,bel1 #bag2 ,s91 fir/-born ( ,bel1 #bai1 #dfb2 ,nusku1 mess5g] (1 #bba2 temple at ,a%ur1 #bbe2 dwells 9 ,e-kh>-sag-kurkura1 #bbe2 associat$ ) ,anu & ,belit1 #bbf-h2 consort ( ,i%t>1 #bje2 ( ,belit1 #bbf2 ,b4 & ,belit1 names ( ! nor!rn gates ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 lays f\ndations1 #bcg 7cf4 ,n9ib72 associat$ ) fire-god1 #bgi1 #bhf2 ,bel made "l ( ! e>? by ,m>duk1 #dcb2 9 ! zodiacal sy/em 9 conjunction ) ,nibir & ,ea m>ks ! ?ree divisions ( ! ye>1 #dcd-e2 id5tifi$ ) nor? pol>-/>1 #dce1 #dfj2 ,nisan1 sacr$ to ,anu & ,b41 #dfb1 #fgg2 #bnd ,elul1 sacr$ to ,anu & ,b41 #dfc2 ,bel 9 #aa? tablet ( ,gilgame% epic1 #dif2 rivalry ) ,ea1 #dig1 #ejg ff42 god ( ,dur-an-ki1 #eci2 on seal cyl9d]s1 #edj2 robb$ ( tablets ( fate by ,zu1 #edj2 temple ,e-,u-gal1 #fdj2 figur9es ( ,bel1 #fgd2 ,zagmuk1 fe/ival (1 #fgh4 ,bel-epu%1 ,babylonian pr9ce1 votive object1 #fga4 ,bel-,m>duk1 see ,bel & ,m>duk4 ,belili1 deity1 #dag2 9 incantations1 #dag2 si/] ( ,tammuz1 #ege1 #ehh2 9 ,allatu's c\rt1 #ehh1 #eic2 consort ( ,alallu1 #ehi4 ,belit1 goddess1 #ea2 place ( cult1 #ee1 #fce2 titles & _! mean+s1 #ee-f1 #bbg2 sanctu>ies1 #ef2 9 ,lugalzaggisi's pan!on1 #aaj2 consort ( ,en-lil1 #aaa1 #aej1 #aea2 consort ( ,a%ur1 #aej1 #bbf1 #ffh2 uses ( ,belit1 #aea2 ,bel & ,belit decree ! fate1 #aej1 #aec2 relation%ip to ,zak>1 #agb2 associat$ ) ,anu & ,bel1 #bbf-h2 confusion 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #bbf-g2 consort ( ,bel1 #bbf2 consort ( ,ea1 #bbf-g1 #bca1 #bcg2 ,i%t>1 #bbf-g2 ,s>panitum1 wife ( ,bel-,m>duk1 #bbf1 #fhd2 ,e-ma%-ma%1 h] temple at ,n9eveh1 #bbg2 ,b4 & ,bel1 names ( ! nor!rn gates ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 br+s f]tility1 #bcg2 temple at ,babylon 7see ,n9-kh>-sag71 #bdb2 ,n9-lil1 #fce2 figur9es (1 #fgd4 ,belit ( ,akkad ,belit1 #afb1 #agf4 ,belit-ekalli1 9 ! ,cassite pan!on1 #afb2 consort ( ,n9ib1 l#gc2 ,gula1 #agc1 #agf2 mean+1 #agc4 ,belit-ilani1 consort ( ,ea1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bcg2 ,b4 & ,ea1 names ( s\!rn gates ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 increases (fspr+1 #bcg4 ,belit mati ,belit ( ! l& ,i%t>1 #aea1 #bjf1 #bae2 p]haps,belit1 #bbg4 ,belit-s]i1 scribe ( ,allatu1 #ehg4 ,bel-s>bi1 god1 8 temple at ,daz1 #bdb1 #fci2 p]haps,n]gal1 #bdb4 ,bel-zir1 a layman1 (f]s a votive object1 #fga4 ,b]osus1 s\rce ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #d1 #dab4 ,birs ,nimrud1 explor$1 #i4 ,bit-,khabban1 t[n 9 ,babylonia2 its patron gods1 #agf4 ,bit-,khabban1 di/rict ( ,babylonia1 sacr$ to ,s91 #afc4 ,blood1 sanctity (1 #ffa4 ,boaz1 "n ( column 9 ,solomon's temple1 #fbd4 ,borsippa1 explorations1 #i2 temple ( ,nabu1 #aba1 #bbi1 #bda1 #fci2 its situation1 #abd1 #abe2 belov$ city ( ,m>duk1 #abf2 temple ( ,ramman1 #bdb2 #c sanctu>ies ( ,gula1 #bdb1 #fcf 7,e-ul-la71 #fda2 zikkurat at ,b41 #fag1 #fai1 #fci2 ,e-makhtila %r9e 9 ,e-zida to ,nabu at ,borsippa1 #cjg1 #fjf1 #fcf4 ,botta1 ,p4 ,e41 excavations1 #f4 ,buddhism1 doctr9e ( annihilation1 #eef-g4 ,bulala1 a =eign god1 #fdd4 ,bun5e1 9 ,nabubalidd9's pan!on1 #afb2 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi1 #agf2 associat$ ) ,%ama% & ,malik1 #agf4 ,bun5e & ,malik1 att5dants ( ,%ama%1 #agg2 consort ( ,malik1 #agg2 associat$ ) ,%ama% & ,malkatu1 #fhe4 ,burial1 see ,dead4 ,bur-,s91 repairs zikkurat & builds %r9e 9 ,nippur1 #fde4 ,calah1 capital ( ,assyria1 #db1 #aic1 #fea2 temple ( ,nabu1 #abh1 #bbh2 temple ( ,belit mati1 #aea2 temple ( ,n9ib1 #bad2 capital ( ,a%ur-nasirbal1 #bae2 sanctu>y ( ,s91 #bai2 intellectual c5t]1 #fea2 wor%ip ( ,n9ib1 #bae1 #fhd2 palace ( ,s>gon ,,ii41 #fhg4 ,cal5d>1 fix$ by ,m>duk1 #dcd2 importance ( moon = c41 #dcf1 #dfa2 agriculture & c41 #dfb2 gr[? & "*1 #dfe2 adopt$ by ,hebrews1 #dfd1 #fha4 ,cappadocian w$ge writ+s1 #bj4 ,cassites1 dyna/y1 #dj-a1 #dhj2 cult ( ,bel ( ,nippur1 #adf1 #fde2 cult ( ,%ama%1 #add1 #fdf2 cult ( ,ramman1 #aeh2 cult ( ,%ukamuna1 #aeb1 #afb2 cult ( ,n9-dim-su1 ,bakad1 ,pap-u1 ,belit-ekalli1 ,%umalia1 #afb1 #agb2 attack ^u ,assyria1 #aii4 ,*aldaean ,wisdom1 #cfb1 #chd1 #djc4 ,*aos1 attempts at pictur+ c41 #daa1 #dai2 gods contemporane\s ) ! primeval c41 #dac4 ,*ri/ianity1 influ5c$ by ,ass4-,bab4 religion1 #fih4 ,claudius ,ptolemaeus' a/ronomy1 #e4 ,comm]cial lit]ature 9 syllab>ies1 #ace4 ,cosmology1 #bdg1 #djg ff42 ! ,tiamat episode1 #adj2 two or m v]sions ( creation1 #ada-b1 #djg-h2 lit]>y-religi\s "* (1 #bdg2 rise & developm5t ( cosmological speculations1 #bdi2 di/9ction betwe5 popul> & s*ola/ic c41 #bdi-ej1 #ddb-c2 di/9ction z to cont5ts & =m1 #bej2 hi/orical k]nel1 #bej2 c4 deities antec$5t to ! kn[n gods ( ! ,b4-,a4 pan!on1 #dag2 n creatio ex nihilo1 b evolution ( *aos to ord]1 ! keynote ( c1 #dah1 #ddb2 simil>ities ) ,biblical acc\nt1 #dji1 #dcc1 #dce1 #dea2 creation ( heav51 #dce1 #ddc2 ( sun1 #dce2 ( moon1 #dcf2 ( e>?1 #ddc2 ( mank9d1 #ddc2 second v]sion1 its simil>ities ) & dissimil>ities f ! fir/ v]sion1 #ddd ff42 ! gods ( ,nippur1 ,ere*1 ,eridu1 ! orig9al creators ( ! univ]se1 ,m>duk a lat] introduction1 #ddi-ej2 ! m\nta9 ,ma%u & ! cosmological conceptions1 #dhi2 see ,creation epic4 ,c\rt ( ! ,_w1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,creation epic1 purpose (1 #dji2 simil>ity ) ! ,biblical acc\nt1 #dji1 #dcc2 lit]>y =m1 #dji ff42 a nature my?1 #dcb-c2 repres5tation ( sun1 #dfa2 see ,cosmology4 ,ctesias1 s\rce = ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #d4 ,cult & wor%ip1 cf4 ,fe/ivals & ,rituals2 organization1 #aae1 #acc1 #bcd2 gods 9 cult & 9 invocations1 #bch2 revival ( old c4 9 ,neo-,bab4 p]iod1 #bdb-c2 tree-wor%ip1 #fhh-i2 comp\nd$ ( popul> belief & !ology1 #fhi4 ,cunei=m1 see ,w$ge writ+4 ,cu?ah1 anci5t c5t]1 #ce2 ,tell-,ibrahim1 #fe2 cult & temple ,n]gal 7see ,laz71 #fe1 #afd1 #bah1 #efc1 #ehc1 #fdh1 #ffg2 a designation = ! ne!r-_w1 #efc1 #egj2 synonym\s ) ne!rworld1 #ehc4 ,cu?aeans1 #ecb4 ,cyrus1 captures ,babylon1 #d1 #de2 adopts ,babylonian religion1 #de1 #fej4 ,dagan1 god1 #ea2 confusion ) ,bel1 #aea1 #aed1 #bji1 #bbe2 associat$ ) ,anu1 #aed1 #bji2 *iefly 9 ,assyria1 #bjh2 comp>ison ) ,dagon1 #bjh2 probably ,aramaic orig91 #bjh2 god ( e>?1 #bji4 ,damascius 7or ,damasc5us71 see ,nicolas ( ,damascus4 ,damascus1 9 ,syria1 cult ( ,ramman1 #aei4 ,damk9a1 consort ( ,ea1 #fd1 #adc1 #bca2 mean+ ( "n1 #adc2 relation%ip to ,ea & ,m>duk1 #adc2 9 magical texts1 #adc2 ,ea & ,damk9a grant long life1 #aec2 title ,belit-ilani1 #bca2 occasionally invok$ 9 incantations1 #bgf4 ,damku1 god1 associat$ ) ,%>ru-ilu & ,%a-nit787-ka1 #bcb2 mean+ ( "n1 #bcb2 evid5tly a title1 #bcb2 p]haps =eign deity1 #bcb2 wor%ipp$ at ,magganubba1 #bcb4 ,damu & ,damu-gal1 epi!ts ( ,gula1 #aff1 #age4 ,daniel1 book (2 be>+ ^u ,b4-,a4 religion1 #b1 #c2 ,daniel & ,bab4 religion1 #c 7cf4 #ffh72 illu/rative ( ,babylonian dream lore1 #djc2 au!ntic description ( d$ication ( /atue1 #ffi4 ,dead1 univ]sal1 #eef2 location & names ( ! ga!r+ place ( ! dead1 #eeg ff4 7cf4 ,ne!rworld72 ,all-,s\ls' ,day1 #eii1 #fje1 #fhb2 "u ! special protection ( ! gods1 #ahc1 #eeh1 #eeb1 #eib2 furni% oracles to ! liv+1 #eei1 #efj1 #ehb1 #feg2 deification ( dead1 #efa1 #ehb2 condition ( dead1 #efc ff42 purifi$1 #egh1 #fjb2 c he> lam5tations1 #ege1 #egg2 _c be br\ght back f ,aralu1 #egf1 #ehb2 suff] hung]1 #eih-i2 tombs & burial1 #eie ff4 ,dea? & burial1 life aft] dea?1 #eab1 #ead1 #eef ff42 cave burial1 #eeg2 pyramid burial1 #eeg4 ,deborah1 song (1 among ! ,battles ( ,yahwe1 #ecd4 ,deification 7,p>napi%tim & ,etana71 #dgj1 #ebg2 ( dead1 #efa1 #ehb2 ( ,gudea & ,dungi1 #afg1 #dgj1 #efa2 ( ,gimil-,s91 #efa2 ( ,gilgame%1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #dgj1 #efa4 ,delila1 p>allelism ) ,i%t>1 #eaf4 ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri*1 ,sum]ian "q1 #bb2 see ,preface4 della ,valle1 ,pietro1 travel]1 #ae4 ,deluge1 9 ,gilgame% epic & ,o4 ,t41 #die2 place ( orig9 ( deluge1 #dih2 embody+ two di/9ct traditions1 #ejb1 #ejf2 po9ts ( contact ) ,biblical n>rative1 #ejf ff42 antiquity ( ! tradition1 #ejh4 ,demons1 see also ,animism & ,spirits2 *ief demon1 #eg1 #dig2 9 incantations1 #bhg2 h[ exorcis$1 #ccj2 :5 n to be exorcis$1 #cgh2 mess5g] ( god1 #cgh2 ,t>gul-le1 9 ! deluge /ory let loose by ,dibb>ra1 #ejj2 ! ,utukku1 #bfj 7cf4 #eaa72 ! ,ekimmu1 #bfj 7cf4 #eab72 au?ors ( evil & disease1 #ahc1 #eic1 #cjf1 #fib4 ,d]1 c5t] ( wor%ip ( ,n9a1 #hh2 city ( ,anu1 #hh1 #aee4 de ,sacy1 ,silve/re1 deciph]m5t ( w$ge writ+1 #ae4 de ,s>zec1 ,erne/1 explor]1 #aa4 ,dibb>ra1 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahi2 plague-god1 #bcb1 #eje1 #ebh2 a _s1 #bcb2 id5tifi$ ) ,n]gal1 #bcb1 #ebh-i1 #eid2 m9or god1 #bcd2 9 ! deluge /ory1 #ejj 7cf4 #eje72 sol> deity1 #ebh2 god ( w>1 ! w>rior1 #ebh-i2 att5dant ( ,n]gal1 #ebi1 #ehh2 att5d$ by ,i%um1 #ebi2 ,d4's attack ^u ,babylon1 #ecj-a2 ,d4's attack ^u ,uruk1 #eca2 g5]al w> among mank9d1 #eca ff42 ,dibb>ra enrag$ & appeas$1 #ece2 id5tifi$ ) ,girra1 #ehh4 ,dibb>ra epic1 see ,dibb>ra1 #bcb1 #ebh ff42 recalls ! ,battles ( ,yahwe1 #ecd4 ,dilbat1 city 9 ,babylonia2 temple ( ,n9ib1 #bdb2 zikkurat ,e-gubba-an-ki1 #fci4 ,dilmun1 isl&1 #abe4 ,diodorus1 s\rce = ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #d1 #cii1 #dce4 ,dirges1 sung by prie/s & prie/esses1 #fjd1 #feh2 by prie/esses1 #ffj4 ,div9e names1 v>iety ( names ( individual div9ities & local uses !re(1 #gc2 transf]5ce ( "n & its mean+1 #aah1 #adj-a2 9 prop] names1 #afe-f1 #afi2 obscurity (1 #bcc4 ,djumdjuma1 #aj4 ,dogma1 e/abli%m5t (1 #aae1 #acc1 #bdg1 #fij ff4 ,dreams1 importance (1 #cbb-c2 on p> ) oracles1 #cej1 #dgi2 treat$ z om5s1 #cej1 #djc ff42 9 ! ,gilgame% epic1 #dha1 #dhf1 #dig4 ,du'ar1 ,da'ur1 cosmological deity1 #dag4 ,du-azagga1 c\ncil *amb] ( ! gods1 #fbi2 ,apsu1 #fcj2 place :]e ! sun rises1 #fcj4 ,dumu-zi1 god2 8 d\ble aspect1 #if-g2 wor%ip at ,laga%1 #fce4 ,dumuzi-zu-aba1 god1 #ea2 int]pretation ( "n1 #if2 functions & "*1 #if2 places ( wor%ip1 #if2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf4 ,dungi1 ( ,ur1 builds temple ( ,n]gal at ,cu?ah1 #fe2 builds temple ( ,nana 9 ,uruk1 #ha2 builds temple to ,n9-,m>1 #ajj2 deifi$1 #afg1 #dgj1 #efa4 ,dun-%agga1 #ea2 son ( ,n9-girsu1 #ia2 mean+ ( "n1 #id2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf4 ,dur-an-ki1 "n ( a temple t[] 9 ,nippur1 #eci4 ,dur-ilu1 ,ass4 city ne> ,elamitic fronti]2 cult ( ,kadi1 #bcb4 ,dur-,kurigalzu1 temple ( ,bel1 #adf4 ,dur-padda1 a =t sacr$ to ,ramman1 #aeh4 ,dur-zak>1 sanctu>y ( ,belit1 #ef4 ,du'zu1 see ,tammuz4 ,ea1 god1 #ea2 functions1 #fb1 #gh1 #bcj2 epi!ts1 #fb1 #adb1 #agc1 #bcj2 associations & relations ) ,bel1 #fb2 k+ ( ,eridu1 #fb-c1 #bge2 sanctu>y 9 ,girsu1 #fa2 god ( ! wat]1 #fc1 #adg1 #bcg1 #bge1 #dcj1 #fii2 explanation ( "n1 #fd2 id5tification ) ,n9-a-gal & o!r deities1 #fd2 memb] ( ! great triad1 #ajg1 #adh1 #bjg1 #bcj1 #fgg2 9 ,lugalzaggisi's & ,gudea's pan!on1 #aaa2 survival ( 8 cult1 #abc-d1 #acf2 *ange ( position s9ce ,hammurabi1 #acf2 non-m5tion 9 hi/orical texts1 #acf2 prom95ce 9 religi\s texts1 #acf2 ,ea & ,m>duk 9 incantation texts1 #aci-dj2 transf]s 8 "n to ,m>duk1 #aah1 #ada1 #dci2 god ( humanity p> excell5ce1 #ada 7cf4 #bfd1 #bge1 #big1 #dcg1 #dda1 #dfb1 #dig72 =m$ ( clay1 #adb2 ,ea 9 ! deluge /ory1 #adb1 #dig1 #ejd2 ,ea & ,damk9a grant long life1 #aec2 god ( f9e arts1 #agg2 fight+ ,tiamat1 #aig1 #dbb2 ,n9ib1 fir/-born ( ,ea1 #bag2 %r9e 9 ,e-,sagila1 #bbj1 #bda2 ,belit1 consort (1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bcg2 ,nabu1 son (1 #bbi2 9 ! ,ass4 pan!on1 #bcj2 sanctu>y at ,a%ur1 #bcj2 titles emphasiz+ 8 skill1 #bcj2 h\se ( wisdom1 #ebb2 simil>ity & diff]5ce betwe5 ,ea & ,nabu1 #bcj-a2 ,ea & ,belitilani1 names ( s\!rn gates ( ,s>gon's palace1 #bcg2 unlocks f\nta9s1 #bcg2 %r9e 9 ,e-,zida1 #bda2 prom95t 9 incantations1 #acg1 #bef1 #bge2 ! spirits ho/ile to1 #bfd 7cf4 #ada72 z a heal]1 #bge2 ov]comes eclipse ( moon1 #bgf2 associat$ ) fire-god1 #bgi1 #bhf2 9 ! ,%urpu s]ies1 #bhh2 conqu]s ,tiamat1 #dbb2 9 ! zodiac 9 conjunction ) ,nibir & ,bel1 #dcd-e2 id5tifi$ ) "s /> 9 s\!rn heav51 #dce1 #dfj2 ,iy>1 8 sacr$ mon?1 #dfb1 #fgg2 ,ea 9 ! #aa? tablet ( ! ,gilgame% epic1 #dif2 rivalry ) ,bel1 #dig1 #ejg ff42 ,p]sian ,gulf1 sacr$ to ,ea1 #dih1 #ede2 fa!r ( ,adapa1 #ede2 ,ea 9 ,i%t>'s desc5t1 #ega2 ,ea's sanctu>y ,e-k>zag9na1 #fcf4 ,eabani1 creat$ by ,aruru1 #ddh1 #dgd2 ,e4 & ,i%t>1 #dhd1 #dhf2 p>allelism betw4 ,adam & ,e41 #eaa2 ,e4's _s conjur$ up by ,n]gal1 #eaa ff41 #efj1 #efe4 ,e-adda1 temple ( ,anu1 #ec1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,e-an-dadia1 "n ( zikkurat at ,agade1 #fci2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,e-anna1 temple ( ,n9ni 9 ,girsu1 #hj2 temple ( ,nana or ,i%t> 9 ,uruk1 #ha1 #bdb1 #caa1 #cca1 #fci1 #fdh2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,eannatum1 burial co/umes1 #eig4 ,e-babb>a1 "n ( ! temples ( ,%ama% 9 ,l>sa & ,sipp>1 #gj1 #fbh1 #fdj2 wor%ip ( ,%ama%1 ,malik1 ,bun5e 9 ,e4 at ,sipp>1 #agf1 #fbh2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj2 hi/ory ( ,ebabb>a 9 ,sipp>1 #fdf ff42 ) %r9e ( ,anunit1 #fdf2 hi/ory ( ,ebabb>a 9 ,l>sa1 #fdg4 ,ecbatana1 conc5tric walls1 #fah4 ,ecclesia/es1 unsatisfactory end+ l #ab? tablet ( ,gilgame% epic1 #eac4 ,eclipses1 e4 ( moon remov$ by ,ea1 #bgf2 cause ( e41 #bfd1 #bgf1 #bhj2 calculation ( "t ( occurr5ce ( e41 #ceg2 indication ( om5s ! ult]ior motive ( obs]vations (1 #ceg1 #cfh2 om5s ga!r$ f obs]vation ( e4 9 ! ,illum9ation ( ,bel s]ies1 #cfd ff42 eclipses port5d public disa/]1 #cff1 #cfi2 importance ( om5s d$uc$ f obs]vations ( e41 #cfh2 e4 ( sun call$ ! way ( ,anu1 #deg4 ,ed51 ,g>d5 (1 leg5d>y1 #b2 id5tical ) ! conflu5ce ( /reams1 #ejf4 ,edessa1 gno/ic c5t]1 #fii4 ,e-dim-anna1 *apel ( ,s9 9 ,e-,zida1 #fci2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,e-d+iranag91 see ,e-anna-tuma4 ,e-dit>-kalama1 sanctu>y ( ,%ama% 9 ,babylon1 #bdb1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,e-dur-an-ki1 zikkurat at ,l>sa1 #fci2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,e-dur-gi-na1 temple ( ,bels>bi1 #bdb1 #fci2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,e-ed9na1 temple ( ,%ama%'s consort1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,e-e%-gi1 %r9e ( ,n9-girsu at ,laga%1 #fdj4 ,e-gal-makh1 temple 9 ,ur1 #fci4 ,e-gi%-%ir-gal1 temple ( ,s9 at ,ur1 #gf1 #bda1 #bie1 #fdj1 #fdg2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,e-gi-umunna1 a sanctu>y1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,e-gubba-an-ki1 zikkurat at ,dilbat1 #fci2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,e-igi-e-nir-kidur-makh1 temple to ,n9ni at ,ki%1 #fci2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,ekallate1 "n ( city 9 ,assyria1 cult ( ,ramman & ,%ala1 #bab4 ,e-k>zag9na1 sanctu>y ( ,ea 9 ,e-,sagila1 #fcf4 ,e-kh>sag1 temple 9 ,ur1 #fch4 ,e-kh>sag-ella1 temple ( ,gula 9 ,babylon1 mean+ ( "n1 #fch4 ,e-kh>sag-kalama1 "n ( temple1 #fch2 ,e-kur-makh1 #fch4 ,e-kh>sag-kurkura1 dwell+ ( ,bel1 #bbe2 temple 9 ,assyria1 #fae2 mean+ ( "n1 #fch4 ,e-khulkhul1 temple ( ,s9 9 ,h>ran1 #gf1 #bda1 #fda1 #fdg2 mean+ ( "n1 #fda4 ,e-ki-dur-g>za1 temple to ,n9-lil-anna 9 ,babylon1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,ekimmu1 a class ( spirits1 #bfj 7cf4 #eab1 #eha1 #fjb74 ,e-kua1 papakhu ( ,m>duk 9 ,e-,sagila1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,e-kur1 temple ( ,bel1 #aa1 #cg1 #ea1 #ed1 #fi1 #aea1 #fdb1 #fdd2 mean+ ( ,e-kur1 #agc1 #bag1 #fad1 #fch2 ,e%>a1 #bag2 hi/ory ( ! temple1 #fdd ff42 ,kh>sag7-gal7-kurkura1 #eeh2 l(ty dwell+ ( gods1 #eda2 designation = ! ne!r-_w1 #eeh2 temple1 #eeh1 #fad 7cf4 #fbb72 e>?1 #fad2 9 plural div9ities1 #fae4 ,e-kur-makh1 "n ( temple1 #fch2 ,e-kh>sag-kalama1 #fch4 ,elali1 9 prop] names ( ! #bnd ,bab4 p]iod1 #agj2 epi!t ( ,gibil1 #agj4 ,elam1 #ce2 ,elamites invade ,babylonia1 #ch1 #dhj2 capture ,nana's /atue1 #he2 ,elamitic deities3 ,eria1 #abb1 #afb2 ,kadi1 #ahh1 #bcb1 #bcd4 ,el-,am>na1 tablets (1 conta9+ ! ,adapa leg5d1 #edd2 conta9s leg5d ( ,n]gal conqu]+ & w$d+ ,allatu1 #ehd-e4 ,elul1 see ,ululu4 ,e-makh1 *apel to ,n9-kh>sag1 #fci4 ,e-makh-tila1 %r9e to ,nabu at ,borsippa1 #cjg1 #fjf1 #fcf4 ,e-ma%-ma%1 temple ( ,i%t>1 #aeb2 ( ,belit1 #bbg4 ,e-me-te-ur-sagga1 temple ( ,zamama-,n9ib1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,en-anna-tuma1 patesi ( ,laga%1 con/ructs /oreh\se to ,n9-girsu1 #eh4 ,en-anna-tuma ,,ii41 #bnd dyna/y ( ,ur1 devotee ( ,n9-gal1 #ih4 ,e-n9-makh1 *apel ( ,i%t> 9 ,babylon1 #bdb1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,e-n9nu1 temple ( ,n9-girsu1 #eg1 #hg1 #fce1 #fdj4 ,en-ki1 see ,ea4 ,en-lil1 see ,bel4 ,en-me%>a1 att5dant ( ,allatu1 god ( vegetation1 #ehh2 fe/ival ( ,e4 9 ! #aj? mon?1 #ehh4 ,ennanna ,n9ni1 #ea4 ,en-n9na1 a m9or deity 9 ! ,etana leg5d1 #eba4 ,en-nugi1 lead] ( ! gods1 #die4 ,en-tem5a1 patesi ( ,laga%1 #ef2 con/ructs /oreh\se to ,n9-girsu1 #eh4 ,en-t5a1 see ,en-tem5a 7bett] read+74 ,e-nun-makh1 temple ( ,s9 at ,ur1 #bie1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,en%>1 cosmological deity1 #dag4 ,en-zu1 see ,s94 ,e-pa1 zikkurat at ,laga%1 #fci2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,e-pad-kalama-suma1 sanctu>y ( ,nabu 9 ,babylonia1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,epics & leg5ds1 lit]>y-religi\s "* (1 #bdg2 hi/orical _s (1 #bej2 nature my?s1 #bej4 ,ere* ,w>ka ,uruk2 see ,uruk4 ,ere%-,kigal ,allatu1 #ehd4 ,eria1 ,elamitic goddess1 possibly id5tical ) ,erua1 #abb1 #afb4 ,eridu1 anci5t c5t]1 #ce1 #bde1 #dde2 sanctu>y ( ,ea1 #fb1 #abd1 #dde2 lo/ h] political pre/ige1 #acf2 cult ( ,anunnaki & ,igigi1 #ahf2 prom95t 9 incantations1 #bef4 ,erua1 ! begett+ goddess1 #abc2 amalgamation ) ,s>panitum1 #abb-c1 #acj2 dwell+ 9 ,e-,zida1 #abc2 consort ( ,nabu1 #abc2 possibly id5tical ) ,eria1 #abb2 wat] deity1 #abc2 cult suppress$ by ,hammurabi1 #acj2 place ( wor%ip1 #acj4 ,e-,sagila1 temple ( ,m>duk 9 ,babylon1 #aba1 #fcf2 ) a %r9e ( ,s>panitum1 #aba1 #bda1 #fcf1 #fda2 ) %r9e ( ,nusku1 #bbj1 #bda2 ) %r9e ( ,nabu1 #abg1 #bbj1 #fcf2 ) %r9e ( ,ea1 #bbj1 #bda2 ) %r9e ( ,ta%mitum1 #bbj1 #bda2 ) %r9e ( ,n9-kh>sag1 #fci2 sanctu>y ,e-k>zag9na ( ,ea1 #fcf2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci2 ) papakhu ( ,m>duk1 #fdj2 takes ! place ( ,e-kur1 #fde2 hi/ory ( ,e-,sagila1 #fdh ff42 place ( in/allation ( rul]s1 #fdi2 influ5ce ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida1 #fdi4 ,e-,sagila1 temple ( ,ea1 #ddf4 ,e-salgisa1 temple 9 ,girsu1 #fda2 mean+ ( "n1 #fda4 ,es>haddon1 k+ ( ,assyria1 #bjj2 re/ores temple ( ,nana-,i%t> at ,ere*1 #he1 #bjf2 8 pan!on1 #bch2 re/ores ,ekur1 #fde2 ,%ama% cult 9 ,sipp>1 #fdf4 ,es*atological lit]ature1 gods & demons 9 e41 #ahc4 ,e-%>a1 mean+1 #agc1 #age1 #aih2 (fspr+s (1 #agd2 bride ( ,e41 #agc1 #age2 built by ,an%>1 #aih2 built by ,m>duk1 #aih1 #dca ,ekur1 #bag2 plac$ by ,m>duk "u control ( ,bel1 #dcb4 ,e-%id-lam1 temple ( ,n]gal & ,laz at ,cu?ah1 #fe1 #fdh1 #ffg4 ,etana1 leg5d>y p]sonage1 #dfh1 #eje1 #eai ff42 dwells 9 ! ne!rworld1 #eaa1 #ebj1 #ebc1 #ebg1 #eij2 ,e4's patron1 ,%ama%1 #ebj2 "n occurs 9 ,o4 ,t41 #eai2 traditions among o!r nations1 #eai-ba2 ,e4 & ,ganym$e1 #ebc2 deifi$1 #ebg1 #eij2 god ( vegetation1 #eij4 ,e-tem5-an-ki1 zikkurat to ,m>duk at ,babylon1 #fai1 #fci2 mean+ ( "n1 #fci4 ,e?ics1 ,b4-,a4 religion1 #bia1 #cab1 #fib2 belong to advanc$ p]iod1 #bib1 #cjd-e2 9 pray]s1 #bih-i2 gods ^: nature create e4 notions1 #cjf1 #fib2 9 p5it5tial psalms1 #cab ff42 private morality1 #fid ff4 ,e-tila1 "n ( a temple1 & mean+ ( "n1 #fda4 ,e-tur-kalama1 temple ( ,i%t>1 #caa4 ,e-u-gal1 temple to ,en-lil1 #fdj2 mean+ ( "n1 #fdj4 ,e-ulla1 temple to ,gula 9 ,sipp>1 #fda2 mean+ ( "n1 #fda4 ,e-ul-ma%1 temple ( ,nana 9 ,agade1 #hb4 ,euphrates1 /ream ( ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 #b 7cf4 #ejf72 ,e4 valley1 c5tral habitation ( mank9d1 #b2 old settlem5ts ( ,hebrews1 #b2 c\rse (1 #bg2 comp>ison ) ,tigris1 #cj2 "o ( ! f\r /reams =m+ ! conflu5ce ( /reams1 #ejf 7cf4 #b74 ,e-ur-im9-an-ki1 zikkurat at ,babylon1 #fai4 ,eusebius1 s\rce = ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #d1 #e4 ,eve1 p>allelism ) ,ukhat1 #eaa4 ,excavations1 #f-ae4 ,exorcism1 see ,incantations4 ,e-,zida1 temple ( ,nabu at ,borsippa1 #aba1 #bbi1 #bda1 #fci2 ) %r9e ( ,erua1 #abc2 ) %r9e ( ,s>panitum1 #bda2 ) %r9e ( ,ta%mitum1 #bda2 ) %r9e ( ,nusku1 #bda2 ) %r9e ( ,ea1 #bda2 ) %r9e ( ,s91 #fci2 hi/ory ( ,e-,zida1 #fdh ff42 influ5ce ( ,e-,zida & ,e-,sagila1 #fdi4 ,e-,zida1 %r9e ( ,nabu 9 ,e-,sagila1 #abg1 #bbj1 #bbi1 #fcf4 ,family1 sy/ematization ( ,o4 ,b4 pan!on accord+ to ,davis1 #aji4 ,fa/ days1 special occasions1 #fhh4 ,fate tablets1 tablets ( fate 9 ! h&s ( ,bel1 #ech 7cf4 #aej1 #aec72 9 ! ,tiamat /ory1 #dbj1 #dbh1 #ech2 robb$ by ,zu1 #edj2 comp>$ ) ! tablets ( wisdom1 #ehe4 ,fe/ivals1 zag-muk1 #ei1 #abg1 #fca1 #fgg1 #fgh2 significance ( e day1 #fge2 special significance ( special days1 #fge1 #fgg1 #fhj-a1 #fhc-e2 words = f4 9 ,assyrian1 #fgf1 #fhg2 ea* mon? sacr$ to a deity1 #dfb-c1 #fgf1 #fhc-d2 fe/ivals & mon?s sacr$ to div9ities n always correspond+1 #fhg2 special fe/ivals1 #fhg-h2 ! puru c]emony1 #fhh2 fa/ days & rites1 #fhh4 ,fire1 see ,wat] 7cf4 ,gibil-,nusku 9 incantations1 #bgg72 means ( purification1 #bgf1 #bgi2 belongs to all ?ree divisions ( ! univ]se1 #bhf4 ,=eign gods 9 ,b4-,a4 religion 7see also ,cassites71 #adb1 #fdd2 ,adad ,ramman1 #aef2 ,kadi1 #ahh1 #bcb1 #bcd2 ,damku1 #bcb2 ,eria1 #abb1 #afb 7,elamitic74 ,fresnel1 ,fulg5te1 exp$ition1 #h4 ,gaga1 ,assyrian pan!on1 #ahh2 m9or god1 #bcd2 ,an%>'s mess5g] to ,tiamat1 #dbc2 a =eign deity1 #bch1 #fdd4 ,gal-alim1 #ea2 c5t] ( wor%ip1 #ia2 son ( ,n9-girsu1 #ia2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf4 ,gamlat1 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahh4 ,ganym$e & ,etana1 #ebc4 ,ga-tum-dug1 goddess1 #ea2 simil> to ,bau1 #fa2 wor%ip at ,laga%1 #fa1 #fce2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf1 #fce4 ,gate ( ,widespread ,spl5dor1 seat ( ,s>panitum 9 ,e-,sagila1 #aba1 #bda1 #fcf1 #fda4 ,gegunu1 epi!t ( ,aralu1 #efc4 ,g5ealogical sy/ematization ( ,old ,bab4 pan!on accord+ to ,amiaud1 #aji4 ,g5esis1 see ,cosmology4 ,gibil1 fire-god1 ,e-la-li1 p]haps an epi!t1 #agj2 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahi2 amalgamat$ ) ,nusku1 #bbj1 #bbg2 9 incantations1 #bgc1 #bgg2 old] ?an ,nusku1 #bgg2 epi!ts1 #bgg1 #bhj2 a my?ological conception1 #bgg1 #bgi2 ,g4-,nusku1 god ( civilization1 #bgh2 m$ium betw4 wor%ipp] & deity1 #bgi2 associat$ ) ,anu1 #bgg2 associat$ ) ,bel & ,ea1 #bgi2 associat$ ) ,n9-gi%-zida1 #dfc2 id5tifi$ ) ,n]gal1 #eid4 ,gil1 att5dant ( ,n]gal & ,allatu1 #ehh2 god ( foliage1 #ehh4 ,gilgame%1 h]o ( ! ,bab4 epic1 #hc1 #dfh ff42 9 incantations1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #dgj2 my?ological explanation (1 #bhb1 #dhf-g2 ) om5s1 #chg2 sol> deity1 #dgj-a1 #eae2 k+ ( ! e>?1 #dga2 born 9 ,m>ada1 #dgc2 conqu]s ,uruk1 #dgc1 #eac2 creat$ by ,aruru1 #dgc-d2 ,%ama% 7see ,lugal-,m>ada71 8 patron1 #dga1 #dgi2 love affair ) ,i%t>1 #dha ff42 ,lugal-,m>ada1 8 patron 7see ,%ama%71 #dhf2 conqu]s ,khumbaba1 #dhj1 #ead2 ,g4's conte/ ) ! bull1 #dhf1 #ead1 #ecg2 conte/ ) lion1 #dhh1 #ead2 ,gilgame% half div9e1 half human1 #dij1 #ead2 ,g4 & ,sabitum1 #dij-a2 ,g4 & ,p>napi%tim1 #dib ff42 po9ts ( contact ) ,o4 ,t41 #die1 #eae-f2 ,g4 & ,eabani1 #eaj1 #efe2 seek+ immortality & ! secret ( life aft] dea?1 #eac2 p>allelism ) ,samson1 #eaf2 p>allelism ) ,h]cules1 #eaf2 ,gilgame% & ,alex&] ! ,great1 #dfi1 #eaf2 ,g4 9 ,aelian1 #dfi1 #ebd2 ,g4's gr&fa!r ,sokk>os1 #ebd4 ,gimil-,s91 deifi$1 #efa2 temple at ,laga%1 #efa4 ,gim-nun-ta-ud-du-a1 son ( ,bau1 #ajc2 explanation ( "n1 #ajc2 probable functions1 #ajc4 ,g9-%ul-pa-uddu1 wife ( ,gudea1 #ii4 ,girra1 att5dant ( ,n]gal & ,allatu1 #ehh2 id5tifi$ ) ,dibb>ra1 #ehh2 a =m ( ,n]gal 9 lat] texts1 #ehi4 ,girsu1 see ,laga%4 ,gi%-galla 7871 qu>t] ( ,laga%1 #eg2 temple ( ,n9ni1 #hj4 ,gi%-zida1 id5tical ) sol> deity ,n9-gi%-zida1 #edg2 ,g4 & ,tammuz1 doorkeep]s ( heav51 #edf2 #e? mon? sacr$ to ,g41 #edg2 int]c$es = ,adapa ) ,anu1 #edh-i4 ,gno/icism1 influ5c$ by ,b4-,a4 religion1 #fih4 ,great ,place1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,grotef5d1 ,georg ,fri$ri*1 deciph]m5t ( w$ge writ+1 #af4 ,gudea /atues1 #eg1 #feb2 8 pan!on1 #ajf ff41 #fce2 numb] ( deities indicative ( ! ext5t ( 8 sov]eignty1 #ajf2 pr9ciple ( ord]1 #ajg2 gods common to ,gudea's & ,lugalzaggisi's pan!on1 #aaj2 deifi$1 #afg1 #dgj1 #efa2 8 zikkurat1 #fae1 #fai2 build] ( temples1 #fdb2 imports diorite f ,s9ai p59sula1 #fbg1 #fea2 ,gudea's apsu1 #fec2 ,gudea's %ip = ,n+irsu1 #fed2 ,g4's votive objects & inscription1 #eg1 #ffh-i1 #fgb4 ,gula1 id5tifi$ ) ,bau1 #fj2 associat$ ) ,n9ib1 #aje 7cf4 #egf72 goddess ( heal+1 #aje1 #aff1 #age1 #bhb 7cf4 #egf1 #fhc72 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 pan!on1 #afb1 #age2 epi!ts1 #aff1 #agc1 #age1 #egf2 goddess ( ne!r-_w1 #agd-e2 position int]m$iate betw4 gods ( ! liv+ & gods ( ! dead1 #age 7cf4 #egf72 creator ( mank9d1 #age2 h] sanctu>y erect$ by ,a%urnasirbal1 #bah2 h] fe/ival celebrat$ by ,a%urbanabal1 #bah1 #fhc2 ,n9-,k>rak1 #bdb2 temple at ,babylon 7see ,n9-,k>rak71 #bdb1 #fch2 ?ree sanctu>ies at ,borsippa1 #bdb1 #fcf 7,e-ulla71 #fda2 9 incantations1 #bgc1 #bhb2 #ab? day ( ,iy> sacr$ to ,g41 #fhc4 ,gurmu1 son ( ,bau1 #ajc4 ,gu%g9-b&a1 #aga2 brilliant *ief1 patron ( metal-work]s1 #agh4 ,halevy1 ,j41 ,sum]ian "q1 #bb-d4 ,hallabi1 city ne> ,sipp>1 temple ( ,n9ni1 #aag1 #add4 ,hama?1 city 9 ,n4 ,syria1 #egh4 ,hammurabi1 k+ ( ,babylon1 secures ! hegemony 9 ,babylonia1 #aaf1 #ecb2 ,m>duk1 ! *ief ( 8 pan!on1 #aag2 builds temples1 #fdb2 builds temple to ,n9ni at ,hallabi1 #aag2 builds ,e-,zida1 #aba2 ignores cult ( ,nabu1 #abh2 suppresses cult ( ,erua1 #acj2 c>e ( temple ( ,%ama% at ,l>sa1 #adc-d2 ,%ama% cult1 #aag1 #adc-d2 at ,sipp>1 #aag1 #adc2 at ,l>sa1 #adc2 ,n9ni cult at ,hallabi1 #add-e2 proclaim] ( ,anu & ,bel1 #adf-g2 belov$ %eph]d ( ,belit1 #aej2 li/ ( names ( gods 9 ,h4's pan!on1 #afa-b2 ,! ,akkadian1 #ecb2 ,h4's "* z a ,messiah1 #ecc2 ,amraphel1 #ecd4 ,h>ran1 city 9 ,mesopotamia1 sacr$ to ,s91 #gf1 #bda1 #fda1 #fdg2 its importance & political decl9e1 #gg2 mean+ ( its "n1 #gh2 associations ) ,ur1 #gg2 enjoys ! patronage ( ,s>gon ,,ii41 #gg2 temple ( ,s91 #gf1 #bda1 #fda2 patroniz$ by ,nabonn$os1 #gg1 #bdb4 ,haynes1 ,john ,h41 excavations1 #aa4 ,he>t ( ,%ama%1 "n ( a temple1 #fda4 ,hebrews1 see ,old ,te/am5t4 ,h]cules1 p>allelism ) ,gilgame%1 #eaf4 ,h]odotus1 s\rce = ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a2 hi/ory ( ,assyria1 #c2 hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 #d2 notices on ,b4-,a4 religion1 #d2 notices on ,i%t> cult 9 ,ere*1 #dhe4 ,hillah1 village1 site (1 #h4 ,hi/orical texts1 value z s\rce = religion1 #ea1 #aff1 #bdf1 #ffa2 pan!on 9 h4 t4 comp>$ ) t 9 incantation texts1 #big2 s\rce = k ( sacrifices1 #ffa4 ,hittites1 eagle /&>d among ! ,h41 #ebg2 influ5ce on ,assyrian ar*itecture1 #fbg4 ,hommel1 ,fritz1 ,sum]ian "q1 #ba4 ,homoroka ,m>duk1 #e4 ,h\se ,full ( ,joy1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,h\se ( ,fifty1 see ,e-n9nu4 ,h\se ( ,great ,spl5dor1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,h\se ( ,he>k5+ to ,pray]s1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,h\se ( ,light1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,h\se ( ! ,brilliant ,prec9ct1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,divisions ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 "n ( zikkurat at ,borsippa1 #fci4 ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,zones1 "n ( zikkurat at ,uruk1 #fci4 ,h\se ,)\t ,rival1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,hymns & pray]s1 division ( religi\s lit]ature1 #bdg1 #bic2 :]e compos$1 #bdh2 9 connection ) incantations1 #bic1 #cja2 h4 to ,%ama%1 #cjj ff42 to ,s91 #cjc-d2 dialogue /yle ( composition1 #cje2 to ,nebo1 #cjf2 no diff]5ce 9 ?\ght betw4 h4 & incantation1 #cja1 #cjg2 illu/rat+ relation%ip betw4 man & gods1 #cji2 deity z p]son ( dialogue 91 #caj2 see also ,pray]s4 ,iambli*us1 s\rce ( ,b4-,a4 religion1 #cii4 ,idiklat ,tigris1 #bh4 ,igi-dug-ga1 title ( ,ea1 #bcj4 ,igigi1 explanation ( "n1 #ahe2 numb] (1 & explanation1 #ahe2 spirits ( heav51 #ahe1 #bjj2 gods 9 ^: s]vice ! ,i4 are1 #ahf2 _! "*1 #ahf2 associat$ ) ,anunnaki1 #ahf1 #eic2 alt> ( ,i4 & ,anunnaki1 #ahf2 *iefs ( ,eridu1 #ahf2 ,a%ur1 k+ (1 #bjj2 ,anu1 _! *ief1 #ahf1 #bjg1 #eic2 associat$ ) ! great triad1 #bcf4 ,ilabrat1 m9or god1 9 ! ,adapa leg5d1 #edf4 ,illum9ation ( ,bel1 "n ( an om5 s]ies1 #cfc4 ,im ,ramman1 #aef4 ,imm]u ,ramman1 #aeg4 ,immortality1 see ,dead4 ,im-pa-ud-du1 son ( ,bau1 #ajc2 explanation ( "n1 #ajc2 function1 #ajc4 ,incantations1 see also ,magical ,texts2 9 !rapeutics1 #bdf2 means & me?ods (1 #bgj-c2 gods invok$ 91 #bgc2 sacr$ objects invok$1 #bgd2 gods 9 incantations p> excell5ce1 #bge2 ! fire-god 91 #bgg2 favorite "t (1 #bhj-a2 i4 s]vices1 #bha1 #bhc ff42 pr9ciple ( sympa!tic magic1 #bhd2 mix$ ) e?ical conceptions1 #bib2 9 connection ) pray]s1 #bic1 #cja2 ! olde/ fix$ ritual1 #bid2 no l9e ( dem>cation betw4 pray]s & i41 #big1 #cjg2 po9ts 9 common ) & diff]5ces f p5it5tial psalms1 #cab2 ! natural expression ( popul> beliefs1 #cbf2 demons exorcis$ by i41 #ccj2 connect+ l9k betw4 om5s & i41 #ceb4 ,inm>m>u1 city 9 ,dibb>ra epic1 #ecc4 ,invocations1 #afe2 9 records ( ! #bnd ,bab4 p]iod1 #afg2 comb9$ invocations1 #bce2 :]e f\nd1 #bce1 #bde2 motive & mann] (1 #bcf ff42 ,tigla?piles] ,i41 #bcf2 ,ramman-nir>i ,i41 #bcg2 ,a%urnasirbal1 #bcg2 ,%almanes] ,,ii41 #bcg2 ,s>gon ,,ii41 #bcg2 ,s5na*]ib1 #bch2 ,es>haddon1 #bch2 ,a%urbanabal1 #bch2 gods 9 invocation & 9 actual wor%ip1 #bch4 ,irkalla1 a designation ( ! ne!rworld1 #efc1 #eff2 "n ( ! consort ( ! que5 ( ,aralu1 #efc1 #eia2 id5tifi$ ) ,n]gal1 #eib4 ,isaiah1 prophet1 #b4 ,i%-gu-tur1 temple ( ,n9-,m> 9 ,m>1 #ajj4 ,i%i-milku1 a =eign deity1 #fdd4 ,i%me-,dagan1 k+ ( ,assyria1 evid5ce ( age ( ,dagan cult1 #bjh4 ,i%t>1 goddess ,nana1 #hb1 #he1 #bjb1 #caa1 #fdc2 absorbs o!r deities1 #hb2 epi!ts1 #hc1 #aea-b1 #bjd1 #bcg2 functions 9 ,b4-,a41 #hc1 #dei2 functions 9 ,a41 #hc-e2 9 ,gilgame% epic1 #hd-e1 #dhb1 #eja1 #efc-d2 zodiacal int]pr41 #hb-d1 #caj-a2 relation%ip to ,s91 #gi1 #hd1 #afc1 #efe1 #ega2 relation%ip to ,anu1 #hd-e1 #eff2 significance ( ^! relation%ips1 #he2 v>iants1 #hb1 #he1 #bjb1 #bdb2 temple at ,agade1 #aag1 #bdb2 temple at ,calah1 #aea2 temple ,e-ma%-ma%1 #aeb1 #bje1 #bbg2 relation%ip to ,s9 & ,%ama%1 #afc1 #ega2 goddess ( w>1 #hc1 #afd1 #bjd2 dur+ ,cassite & ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 reign1 #afd1 #fde2 v>iants ( ,assyrian ,i%t>1 #bjb2 mighty ov] ! ,anunnaki1 #bjd2 mild] nature 9 religi\s texts1 #bje2 "m ( mank9d1 #bjd-e1 #bcg2 relation%ip to h] devotees1 #bje2 temple ,kidmuru1 #bjb2 temples at ,arbela1 ,n9eveh1 & ,a%ur1 #bje2 ,i4 ( ,n9eveh & ,i4 ( ,arbela di/+ui%$1 #bje2 ,ab h] sacr$ mon?1 #bje1 #dfb1 #fhe2 wife ( ,bel1 #bje2 ,belit ( ! l& 7#aea1 #bjf71 #bae1 ,belit1 #bbf2 temple 9 ,uruk1 #ha1 #bdb1 #caa1 #eca1 #fci2 wor%ip 9 ,uruk1 #ajc1 #bdb1 #dgb1 #dge1 #eca 7see ,nana72 wife ( ,a%ur1 #bbg2 associat$ ) ! great triad1 #bcf2 ,i%t> & ,anu1 names ( we/4 gates ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 causes ! inhabitants to fl\ri%1 #bcg 7cf4 #bjd72 temple at ,babylon1 #bdb 7cf4 ,n9makh71 #fdj2 9 incantations1 #bgc2 9 hymns1 #caj2 temple ,e-tur-kalama1 #caa2 9 a p5it5tial psalm1 #cah2 prom95ce ( cult ( ,i4 "u ,a%urnasirbal & be=e1 #cbe1 #cdb2 9 oracles & om5s1 #cdc-d2 ,v5us z "n ( planet1 #cgj1 #deh-i1 #ega2 importance ( ,i%t>-,v5us 9 om5 lit]ature1 #cga-b2 ,i4 appe>s 9 a dream to ! k+1 #cgd2 p]sonification ( f]tility1 #dei1 #dfb1 #dhb1 #efc1 #ehg2 causes decl9e1 #dhc1 #efc2 #aj? mon? sacr$ to ,i41 ,papsukal1 & ,anu1 #dfc2 ! ,kizreti1 ,ukhati1 & ,kh>imati ( ,i4 9 ,uruk1 #dge1 #dhe1 #ffj2 relation%ip to ,tammuz1 #hd1 #dhb1 #dhd1 #edg1 #efd1 #egd2 ,i%t>'s love fatal to h] lov]s1 #dhb1 #eaf2 ,i4 & ,eabani1 #dhd1 #dhf2 9 ! deluge1 #eja1 #ejc-d2 p>allelism ) ,delila1 #eaf2 ,i4 9 ! l[] _w1 #efd2 ! #f? mon? ! mission ( ,i%t>1 #efd1 #fhd2 fe/ival celebrat$ 9 ,ab1 #fhe2 correlat$ to ,allatu1 #ehg2 ,i4 cult "u ,a%urbanabal1 #he1 #bjf1 #bch1 #fdh2 cult "u ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii41 #fdh2 figur9es (1 #fgd4 ,i%t>itu1 g5]al designation ( ,i%t> prie/ess1 #ffj4 ,i%um1 god1 #ea2 id5tity ) ,pa-sag1 #aja2 9 prop] names (1 #bnd ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi2 mess5g] ( ,nusku1 #bhj2 sol> deity1 #ebh2 local deity1 #ebh2 att5dant ( ,dibb>ra1 #ebi1 #eid2 describes ,dibb>ra's de$s1 #ecj ff42 8 w>s1 #ecc ff42 associat$ ) ,sibi1 #ecc2 ! w>rior1 #ecc2 associat$ ) ,n]gal1 #eid4 ,is91 anci5t c5t]1 #ce2 k+s1 #cg2 ,is9 dyna/y z build]s ( temple ( ,nana 9 ,ur1 #ha4 ,isk5d]un1 bay (1 #abb4 ,iy>1 see ,airu4 ,izdub> ,gilgame%4 ,jezreel pla91 cult ( ,ramman1 #aei4 ,job1 book (1 unsatisfactory end+ l #ab? tablet ( ,gilgame% epic1 #eac4 ,josephus1 hi/orical ref]5ces to ,b4-,a41 #e4 ,judges prie/s1 #fbe1 #feh4 ,judi?1 book (1 be>+ ^u ,b4-,a4 religion1 #c4 ,jupit] ,m>duk1 "n ( planet1 #cgj1 #dcd1 #deh-i1 #fgf-g2 see ,m>duk4 ,kaaba1 at ,mecca1 #fbd4 ,kabru1 epi!t = ,aralu1 #efc4 ,kada%man-,turgu1 ,cassite k+1 votive tablet1 #fga4 ,kadi1 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahh2 ,elamitic god1 #bcb2 wor%ipp$ 9 ,dur-ilu1 #bcb2 m9or god1 #bcd4 ,kadi%tu1 g5]al designation ( ,i%t> prie/ess1 #ffj4 ,kalah-,%]gat1 excavations1 #aj2 site ( city ( ,a%ur1 #aih4 ,kallat-,e%>a1 epi!t ( ,gula1 #agc4 ,kani%urra1 a =eign god1 #fdd4 ,k>a-inda%1 k+ ( ,babylon1 re/ores ,%ama% temple at ,l>sa1 #add ,k>-nuna-ta-uddua1 %ip ( ,n+irsu1 #fed2 mean+ ( "n1 #fed4 ,k>un1 "o ( ! f\r /reams =m+ ! conflu5ce ( /reams1 #ejf4 ,katnu1 a =eign god1 #fdd4 ,k]*a1 "o ( ! f\r /reams =m+ ! conflu5ce ( /reams1 #ejf4 ,khadir ,p>napi%tim1 #eae4 ,khani1 tribe ho/ile to ,babylon1 #aeb4 ,khani1 god1 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahh2 a =m ( ,nebo1 #ahh2 m9or god1 #bcd2 a =eign deity1 #fdd4 ,kh>imati1 sacr$ h>lots ( ,uruk1 #dge1 #eca1 #ffj4 ,kh>sag7-gal7-kurkura1 ! 7great7 m\nta9 ( ! e>?1 #eeh2 native place ( ! gods1 #eeh1 #fad2 ,ekur1 #eeh4 ,kha%ur1 m\nta9 de/roy$ by ,i%um1 #ecc4 ,khasis-,adra1 see ,adra-khasis1 #eje4 ,khi-gir-nun-na1 son ( ,bau1 #ajc4 ,khi-khi1 m\nta9 attack$ by ,i%um1 #ecc4 ,khiraitum1 a =eign deity1 #fdd4 ,khi-%aga1 a son ( ,bau1 #ajc4 ,khorsabad1 une>!d1 #f1 #h2 capital ( ,assyria1 #aic2 sanctu>y ( ,s91 #bai2 palace ( ,s>gon1 #bbe2 names ( its gates & walls1 #bcg2 sanctu>y ( ,n9-,gal1 #bca2 zikkurat at ,k41 #fag4 ,khumbaba attacks ,uruk1 #dhj2 conqu]$ by ,gilgame%1 #ead4 ,khu%a1 god ( ! #bnd ,bab4 p]iod1 #afh4 ,kid9-,m>duk1 fa!r ( ,p>napi%tim1 #dhh1 #dif4 ,kidmuru temple ( ,i%t> 9 ,n9eveh1 #bjb4 ,kigallu1 a designation ( ! ne!rworld1 #efb4 ,kilili1 a =eign deity1 #fdd4 ,k+%ip1 diff]5tiation ( k+ly & prie/ly functions late1 #cgd2 traces ( direct relation%ip betw4 gods & k+1 #cgd-e4 ,k+u1 consort ( ,tiamat1 #dbj2 symbol ( *aos1 #ech2 depriv$ ( ! tablets ( fate by ,m>duk1 #dbh4 ,k9unira1 city on ! ,euphrates 7871 sanctu>y ( ,dumuzi-zu-aba1 #if4 ,ki%1 city 9 ,babylonia1 #ed2 temple ( ,zamama1 #afi2 temple ( ,n9ni1 #fci4 ,ki%>1 god1 ,k4 & ,an%> creat$1 #aig1 #daj2 ,k4 & ,an%> int]m$iate betw4 ! mon/]s & ! gods 9 creation1 #dad1 #daf-g2 creation ( !ologians1 #daf2 ,an%> & ,ki%> 9 ! creation epic & _! mean+1 #dah4 ,ki%>-gal1 cosmological deity1 #dag4 ,ki%%at1 a =eign god1 #fdd4 ,kislev1 #i? mon?1 sacr$ to ,n]gal1 #dfc4 ,kizreti1 ,ukhati1 & ,kh>imati1 ! h>lots ( ,uruk1 #dge1 #eca1 #ffj4 ,koyunjik1 m\nd1 une>!d1 #g1 #i4 ,ku787-anna1 #ea2 place ( wor%ip1 #ajb2 functions1 #ajb2 consort ( ,ramman 7871 #ajb4 ,kudur-mabuk1 #b;d dyna/y ( ,ur1 build] ( temple ( ,s9 9 ,ur1 #gf1 #bie2 ( temple ( ,nana 9 ,ur1 #ha4 ,kum>i1 city 9 ,babylonia1 temple ( ,ramman1 #bdb4 ,kurigalzu1 ,cassite1 k+ ( ,babylon1 cult ( ,bel ( ,nippur1 #adg1 #fde4 ,kutu1 see ,cu?ah4 ,lagamal1 a =eign god1 #fdd4 ,laga%1 gov]nors1 #cf2 temple ( ,anu1 #ec1 #fdj2 temple ( ,belit1 #ef2 temple ( ,bau1 #fce2 qu>t]s (1 #ef-g2 temple ( ,n+irsu-,n9ib1 #eg1 #hg1 #fce1 #fdj2 c5t] ( wor%ip ( ,n9ni1 #hj2 anci5t c5t]1 #ce1 #bde2 temple ( ,dumu-zi-zu-aba1 #if2 ,dumuzi1 temple ( ,n9m>1 #fce2 temple ( ,n9-gi%-zida1 #ii1 #fce2 temple ( ,n9a1 #fce2 temple ( ,ku787-an-na1 #aeb2 temple ( ,gimil-,s91 #efa2 %r9e ( ,n9-girsu1 #fdj2 zikkurat ( ,n9-girsu1 #fai1 #fce1 #fci2 temple ( ,e-salgisa1 #fda2 temple ( ,n9-si-a1 #fce2 temple ( ,%abra1 #fce2 temple ( ,n9-sun1 #fce2 temple ( ,n9-tu1 #fce2 votive objects1 #fgc4 ,lakhamu1 ,l4 & ,lakhmu cosmological1 #aig1 #daj1 #dag2 a mon/]1 #dad1 #dah2 9 incantations1 #dag2 9 ,allatu's c\rt1 #eic4 ,l>sa1 anci5t c5t]1 #ce2 rul]s1 #cg-h2 dyna/y1 #ci2 c5t] ( wor%ip ( ,%ama%1 #fi1 #adc-d1 #bda1 #fbh1 #fdj1 #fdf2 zikkurats at ,l41 #fag1 #fci4 ,lasimu1 a =eign god1 #fdd4 ,lay>d1 ,au/5 ,h5ry1 excavations1 #g4 ,laz1 consort ( ,n]gal1 #bai1 #bdc2 n m5tion$ 9 ,ass4 texts1 #bai2 n m5tion$ 9 religi\s texts1 #ehc4 ,lebanon1 c$> =e/s1 #fbf4 ,legal lit]ature1 see also ,lit]ature2 s\rce = /udy ( religion1 #aff2 religi\s "* (1 #bde4 ,libations1 #ffd1 #fff2 9 ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ,a4-,b41 #ffe4 ,libit-,i%t>1 #b;d dyna/y ( ,ur1 builds temple ( ,nana 9 ,ur1 #ha4 ,life ( ! ,_w1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,light ( ,%ama%1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,li/s ( gods1 #bac1 #baf2 "* (1 #bcc2 prep>$ on ! basis ( religi\s texts1 #bcc4 ,lit]ature1 ,a%urbanabal's libr>y1 #acb2 syllab>ies1 #ace2 religi\s l41 #ab1 #ac1 #bac1 #baf1 #bcc1 #bde1 #bdg1 #fij-a2 temple records1 #afe2 legal docum5ts1 #afe-f2 connection betw4 religion & lit]ature1 #bde1 #fia2 hi/orical texts1 #bdf2 unc]ta9 dem>cation betw4 religi\s & secul> l41 #bdg2 epics1 see ,gilgame%1 ,eabani1 ,adapa2 comp\nd ( popul> belief & ( !ology1 #fhi4 ,local cults1 orig9 (1 #di2 confusion ) nature cult1 #di-ej2 gr[? (1 #di2 policy ( pres]vation ( local cults by =eign conqu]ors1 #fi-gj1 #ajf1 #aaa2 confusion ( 7female7 local cults1 #hj2 prom95ce giv5 to local gods z comp>$ ) o!rs1 #aaa2 local cult features & g5]al cult features comp>$1 #aaj2 survival ( local cults1 #aac2 factors obscur+ local cults1 #aac-e2 political factors1 #aac2 popul> factors1 #aad2 !ological factors1 #aad2 absorption1 #aad1 #afh1 #aga2 numb] (1 #agj1 #bcd1 #bgd2 9 li/s1 #bcc2 ( ! ,ass4 pan!on1 #bcd2 importance dim9i%es1 #bce4 ,l(tus1 ,william ,k41 excavations1 #i4 ,l(ty & ,brilliant ,wall1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,lot1 be>s m resemblance to ,p>napi%tim ?an ,noah1 #ejg4 ,lugal-b&a1 god1 #ea2 temple at ,uruk1 #ie2 local "*1 #ie2 id5tification ) ,n]gal1 #ie2 signification ( "n1 #ie4 ,lugal-ed9na1 epi!t ( ,n]gal1 #agb1 #bhj4 ,lugal-erima 7871 god1 #ea2 8 local "*1 #ig2 int]pretation ( "n1 #ig4 ,lugal-gira1 epi!t ( ,n]gal1 #agb1 #bhj4 ,lugal-ki-mu-na1 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi4 ,lugal-,m>ada1 god1 temple at ,m>ad1 #bdb2 a sol> deity1 #dgc2 patron ( ,gilgame%1 id5tical ) ,%ama%1 #dhf4 ,lugal-mit-tu1 9 ,samsu-iluna's pan!on1 #afb2 wall ( ,l41 #agb2 mean+ ( "n1 #agb4 ,lugal-zaggisi1 old ,babylonian k+ ( ,uruk1 #aja2 8 pan!on & its age1 #aaj1 #fcf2 gods common to ,lugal-zaggisi's & ,gudea's pan!on1 #aaj2 prie/ ( ,anu1 #aaj4 ,lulubite1 "n ( p1 #ecb4 ,lun> cycle & sun cal5d>1 #gh4 ,ma-an-i%-tu-su1 s]vitor ( ,a1 #gd4 ,mag>ida1 a =eign god1 #fdd4 ,magganubba1 city 9 n4-e4 ,assyria1 sanctu>y ( ,s91 #bai2 re/or$ by ,s>gon ,,ii41 #bcb2 cult ( ,damku1 ,%>ru-ilu1 ,%a-nit787-ka1 #bcb4 ,magical texts1 subdivision ( religi\s lit]ature1 #bdg2 practical purposes1 #bdf1 #bee2 beg9n+ ( rituals1 #bdg1 #bec-d1 #bfi2 numb] (1 #bdg2 comp>ative age (1 #bec1 #bef2 primitive popul> ?\ght1 #bed1 #bib2 me?od ( composition1 #bed2 titles (1 #bed-e2 incantation rituals & _! gr[?1 #bee1 #bhc ff42 ,ea & ,eridu prom95t 91 #bef2 compil$ "*1 #bef-g2 date ( composition1 #beg2 bil+ual r$action1 #beh2 metrical traits1 #bei2 s\rce ( /udy ( popul> beliefs1 #bei2 occurr5ce ( ,gibil evid5ce ( anci5t age (1 #bgg2 pan!on 9 m4 t4 comp>$ ) t 9 hi/orical texts1 #big4 ,mahmal1 tab]nacle1 comp>$ ) ! ,bab4 %ip = ! gods1 #fee4 ,makhir1 god ( dreams1 #cbc1 #djb4 ,maklu s]ies1 #bhf ff41 #cjb4 ,ma-ku-a1 "n ( ,m>duk's %ip1 #fee4 ,malik1 god1 9 ,nabubalidd9's pan!on1 #afb1 #agf2 associat$ ) ,%ama% & ,bun5e1 #agf2 9 prop] names ( ! "t ( ,hammurabi1 #agf2 (t5 us$ z epi!t ( ,%ama%1 #agf2 mean+ ( "n1 #agf2 ,malik & ,bun5e1 att5dants ( ,%ama%1 #agg2 consort ( ,bun5e1 #agg4 ,malkatu ,a4 ,malku1 "n ( canal1 #fee2 "n ( ,n>u's %ip1 #fee4 ,ma-ma1 v>iant = ,gula1 #aje4 ,mammitu1 goddess2 ,m4 & ,anunnaki det]m9e dea? & life1 #dic4 ,mamu1 a =m ( ,gula 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi4 ,m&acan1 leg5d ( ,ru/em p>allel to ,etana leg5d1 #ebj ff4 ,m>1 di/rict 9 s\!rn ,babylonia1 sacr$ to ,n9-,m>1 #ajj2 temple ,i%-gu-tur ( ,n9-,m>1 #ajj4 ,m>ad1 city 9 ,babylonia1 temple ( ,lugal-,m>ada1 #bdb2 native place ( ,gilgame%1 #dgc4 ,m>*e%wan1 see ,arakh-%amnu4 ,m>duk1 #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 deity ( ,babylon1 #ed1 #if2 *ild p> excell5ce ( ,ea1 #if1 #edh2 prom95ce ( 8 cult s9ce ,hammurabi1 #aaf1 #acd-e1 #fij-a2 8 titles1 #aah1 #abf1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bgf1 #ejj1 #egf1 #fcj2 id5tification ) ,bel & ,ea1 #aah2 sol> deity1 #aah1 #aai1 #ebh1 #egf1 #fij2 8 w>like traits1 #aai2 9 religi\s texts1 #abj2 temples 9 ,babylon 7,e-,sagila7 & ,borsippa1 #aba1 #bda1 #fcf1 #fci2 8 papakhu1 #fdj2 8 consort1 #aba-d1 #bbh2 /atue br\ght f ,n9eveh to ,e-,sagila1 #fhd2 8 /atue recov]$ by ,agum1 #abb1 #aeb1 #fgj1 #fhg2 "l ( ,e-,sagila & ,e-,zida1 #abf2 ,new ,ye>'s ,day 8 fe/ival1 #abg1 #fca1 #fgh1 #fha2 m$iator betw4 ,ea & mank9d1 #aci1 #bgf2 ,m>duk & ,ea 9 incantation texts1 #aci-dj2 conqu]s ,tiamat1 #adj1 #aig1 #djh1 #dbb2 rival$ by ,ramman1 #aeh2 dur+ ! ,cassite p]iod1 #afb2 call$ ,sag-ila1 #afi2 "l ( ,anunnaki & ,igigi1 #ahf1 #bci2 absorbs ! role ( o!r gods1 #aij1 #dji2 builds ,e%>a1 #aih2 bl5d$ ) ,bel1 #ed1 #ade-f1 #adh1 #bbb1 #edb2 ,bel's titles appli$ to1 #bbb1 #dji1 #edb1 #fce2 position 9 ! ,assyrian pan!on1 #bbd-e1 #bci2 associat$ ) ,a%ur1 #bbd2 associat$ ) ,a%ur1 ,%ama%1 & ,ramman1 #bbd2 second to ,a%ur1 #bci2 prom95ce ( 8 cult 9 ! neo-,b4 p]iod1 #bci-dj2 rival$ by ,nabu 9 ! pan!on ( ,nebopolass>1 #bdj1 #fgi2 also 9 old ,bab p]iod1 #fdh2 9 incantations1 #bgb-c1 #bgf2 9 ! ,%urpu s]ies1 #bhh2 9 hymns1 #cjg ff42 "l ( re/1 #cji2 god ( oracles1 esp4 9 ! s\?1 #cdb1 #cde2 zodiacal int]pretation1 #cgj1 #dcd1 #deh-i1 #fgf-g2 8 d\ble aspect 9 ! creation epic1 #dji1 #dcb1 #dej2 takes ! tablets ( fate f ,k+u1 #dbh 7cf4 #edb1 #fha72 creates ! univ]se1 #dbh ff41 #ddg2 e/abli%es ! di/ricts ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 #dcb2 arranges ! /ations ( ! gods 9 ! zodiacal sy/em1 #dcd2 creates man1 #dcg 7cf4 ,ea1 ,bel1 #ddc1 #ddh72 ! fifty names 7( ! ,igigi7 are be/[$ ^u ,m41 #dch2 creates ! ,anunnaki1 #ddg2 ,nibir1 i4e41 ,jupit]1 ex]cises control ov] all ! />s1 #dcd1 #deh-i2 #h? mon? sacr$ to ,m41 #dfc1 #fgh1 #fhf2 ,m>duk z ,%>ru 9 ! deluge /ory1 #ejj2 abs5t 9 ! deluge /ory1 #ejh2 dogs symbol ( ! sol> god ,m>duk1 #ebh2 conqu]s ,zu1 #edb2 id5tifi$ ) ,adapa1 #edh2 temple at ,a%ur1 #fcg2 zikkurat at ,babylon1 #fci2 %ip ( ,m>duk1 #fee2 procession on ,new ,ye>1 #fgi2 spec4 fe/ival in/itut$ by ,agum1 #fhg4 ,m>duk-baladan1 ( ,babylon1 #abi4 ,m>duk-nad9-akhe1 k+ ( ,babylon1 c>ri$ /atues ( ,ramman & ,%ala to ,babylon1 #bab4 ,m>riage (f]+s1 "t (1 #ei2 to ,bau1 #ei4 ,m>s ,n]gal1 "n ( planet1 #cgj1 #dei2 ! %eep p> excell5ce1 #dei4 ,m>-tu ,ramman1 #aff1 #bab4 ,m>wa1 hill 9 ,mecca1 #fhg4 ,ma%u1 my?ical m\nta91 #dhh-i2 ,musas or ,masis1 #eaf4 ,masis1 or ,musas1 ,ma%u1 #eae4 ,mecca1 #fbc4 ,m$es1 #dd-e4 ,m$ian w$ge writ+1 #ai4 ,meme1 v>iant ( ,gula1 #age4 ,m] ,ramman1 #aeg4 ,m]cury ,nabu1 planet1 #cga1 #dei4 ,mesopotamia1 religi\s ideas & cu/oms1 #a1 #c2 seat ( ,t]ahites1 #b2 empire ( ,nimrod1 #b2 geography1 #bf1 #bg2 "* (1 #bh ff4 ,messiah1 ,hammurabi & ! ,hebr4-,*ri/ian notion ( ,messianic "t1 #ecc4 ,mili-%ikhu1 k+ ( ,babylon1 8 cult ( ,%ama%1 #add2 m9or gods wor%ipp$1 #agb4 ,m9or gods1 #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #aga-b2 by ,mili-%ikhu1 #agb2 "s ,cassite deities1 #agb2 9 ,ass4 texts1 #aga2 9 neo-,b4 p]iod1 #aga1 #bdb-c2 absorb$ by great] gods1 #aaa1 #adg1 #aga1 #agg1 #aij1 #bcc2 patron-gods ( arts1 #agh2 z p]sonifications1 #agi2 divid+ l9e betw4 spirits & m4 g41 #ahc1 #bcc4 ,mi%iru1 a =eign deity1 #fdd4 ,mitanni w$ge writ+s1 #bj4 ,mon?s1 connect$ ) gods1 #dfb ff41 #fgf2 names ( ! mon?s1 #dfd2 m4 sacr$ to gods & _! fe/ivals n always correspond+1 #fhg4 ,monum5tal f9ds1 #g4 ,moon1 importance ( m4 z om5 giv]1 #ceh2 manifold relations betwe5 man & m41 #ceh2 importance ( m4 = cal5d>1 #dcf1 #dfa2 moon & sun 9 religion & a/ronomy1 #dfa4 ,moon-god1 see ,s94 ,moses1 #acj2 p>allelism ) ,s>gon ,i41 #efb4 ,mosul1 excavations ne>1 #e4 ,mugheir1 m\nd1 excavat$1 #i2 see also ,ur4 ,mummu1 associat$ ) ,apsu & ,tiamat1 #dbj-a4 ,mu5t]1 ,fr$]ick1 deciph]m5t ( w$ge writ+1 #ae4 ,musas1 or ,masis1 ,ma%u1 #eaf4 ,my?ology1 see also ,nature2 ext5t & influ5ce ( ,bab4 m41 #eah ff4 ,nabonn$os1 ( ,babylon1 re/ores temple ( ,%ama% 9 ,sipp>1 #gj1 #fdg2 la/ k+ ( ,babylonia1 #de2 re/ores temple ( ,s9 9 ,h>ran1 #gg1 #fdf2 gives prom95ce to ,%ama% cult1 #bdj-a4 ,nabu1 god1 #b;d ,b4 p]iod1 #abg2 mo/ prom95t trait1 #abd2 probable aque\s orig91 #abd-e1 #bbj2 rank z comp>$ ) t ( ,ea & ,m>duk1 #abe1 #fdh2 agricultural deity1 #abe2 suppression ( cult by ,hammurabi & 8 successors1 #abf2 becomes son ( ,m>duk1 #abg1 #bdj 7cf4 #fdh-i72 8 %r9e 9 ,e-,sagila1 #abg1 #bbj-i1 #fcf2 prom95ce dur+ ! ,assyrian p]iod1 #abh-i1 #bbh2 8 symbol1 #abh2 temple at ,calah1 #abh1 #bbh-i2 prom95ce dur+ ! neo-,bab4 p]iod1 #abi1 #bdj2 8 epi!ts1 #abi-ca1 #bbi2 mean+ ( "n1 #acj2 8 functions1 #acj1 #bdj2 8 cult ) o!r ,semites1 #acj2 id5tifi$ ) ,nusku1 #bbj2 8 consort ,ta%mitum1 #acj1 #bbh-i2 8 consort ,nana1 #bbd2 favorite ( ,ramman-nir>i ,,iii41 #abh1 #bbh2 temple ,e-,zida 9 ,borsippa1 #aba1 #bbi1 #bda1 #fci1 #fdh2 god ( wisdom1 #abi1 #bbi2 son ( ,ea1 #bbi2 9 ! subscript to ,a%urbanabal's tablets1 #bbi-cj2 simil>ity & diff]5ce betw4 ,n4 & ,ea1 #bcj-a2 9 hymn1 #cjf2 %r9e ,e-makh-tila 9 ,borsippa1 #cjg1 #fcf2 god ( oracles 9 ,assyria1 #cdd1 #cdh2 ,m]cury1 "n ( planet1 #cga1 #dei2 9 ! deluge1 #ejj2 sanctu>y ,e-pad-kalama-suma1 #fdj2 ,nabu's %ip & procession1 #fed1 #fgi4 ,nabu-akhe-irba1 a/rolog]1 #cdj4 ,nabu-bal-idd91 k+ ( ,babylon1 #afb1 #fhe2 re/ores cult ( ,sipp>1 #agf1 #fbh1 #fde1 #fgj2 votive (f]+s1 #fgj4 ,nabupelass>1 see ,nebopolass>4 ,nam>1 di/rict 9 ,babylonia1 sacr$ to ,kamman1 ,n]gal1 & ,nana1 #aei1 #afd4 ,names1 transf]5ce ( "n & int]pretation ( ?is act1 #aah1 #adj-a2 composition ( prop] names1 #afe2 ,bab4 etymologies ( names1 #agc4 ,namt>1 god ( pe/il5ce1 #efi2 /rikes ,i%t> ) disease1 #egj2 mess5g] ( ,allatu1 #egj1 #ehj4 ,nana1 goddess1 #ea2 titles1 #ha2 c5t] ( wor%ip1 #ha2 position 9 ! pan!on prop] & 9 ! cosmology1 #ha2 h] temples1 ,e-anna 9 ,uruk1 #ha1 #bdb1 #caa1 #eca1 #fci2 ,e-ul-ma% 9 ,agade1 #hb2 9 ,ur1 #ha-b1 #he1 #bjb1 #caa1 #fci1 #fgh2 /atue captur$ by ,elamites & recaptur$ by ,a%urbanabal1 #he1 #bjf2 absorbs inf]ior local deities1 #ajc2 associat$ ) ,n]gal & ,ramman1 #aei1 #afd2 wor%ipp$ by ,assyr4 k+s1 #bjf2 consort ( ,nabu1 #bbd2 ,zag-muk ( ,nana1 #fgh4 ,nann> ,s91 etymology ( ,n41 #ge2 ,n4 atta*$ to ,ur1 #ge2 ,s9 to ,h>ran1 #gf2 8 position1 #gf2 8 repres5tation1 #gf2 8 functions1 #gf1 #gh2 8 epi!ts1 #gf1 #gi1 #hi2 relation%ip to ,n+al1 #ig4 ,n>am-,s91 f\nds temple ( ,%ama% 9 ,sipp>1 #gj1 #fdf2 8 exploits incorporat$ 9 om5 text1 #efb2 build] ( ! temple ( ,en-lil 9 ,nippur1 #fdb4 ,n>u1 riv]god 9 incantations1 #bhb2 %ip ( ,n>u1 #fee2 place ( wor%ip1 #fee4 ,nature1 wor%ip1 #dh2 confusion ) local cults1 #di-ej2 nature my?1 #dcb-c1 #dhg1 #did4 ,nazi-,m>utta%1 ,cassite k+1 votive objects1 #fga-b4 ,nebo1 m\nt 9 ,moab1 place ( dea? ( ,moses1 #acj4 ,nebopolass>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 #abi2 makes ,babylon indep5d5t1 #bci2 makes cult ( ,m>duk prom95t1 #bci2 makes cult ( ,nabu prom95t1 #bdj2 ,%ama% cult at ,l>sa1 #fdg1 note #c4 ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 expels ! ,cassites1 #hh1 #aeh2 cult ( ,m>duk & ,ramman1 #aeh1 #afb2 8 pan!on1 #afb4 ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii41 religion ( ,n4 & ,daniel1 #c2 build] ( ,birs ,nimrud1 #i2 rule1 #dd2 wor%ips ,s>panitum z ! begett+ deity1 #abb2 makes cult ( ,m>duk prom95t1 #bdj1 #fdf2 revives anci5t cults1 #bdb-c2 re/ores temple ( ,n9-k>rak at ,sipp>1 #bid2 8 pray]s exemplification ( e?ical t5d5cies1 #bii2 oppos$ to ,bel cult 9 ,nippur1 #fdf2 re/ores ,%ama% temple 9 ,sipp>1 #fdf2 ,i%t> cult 9 ,uruk1 #fdh4 ,n]gal1 god1 #ea2 local cult & temple 9 ,cu?ah1 #fe1 #afd1 #bah1 #efc1 #ehc1 #fdh2 wor%ip 9 ,pale/9e1 #fe2 9 ,uruk1 #ff2 8 names & _! mean+s1 #ff2 functions1 #ff-g1 #ecg2 developm5t ( 8 attributes1 #fg-h1 #ehb1 #eic2 id5tification ) ,lugal-b&a1 #ie2 ) ,irkalla1 #eib2 associat$ ) ,allat1 #ajd1 #ahc1 #efe1 #ehj1 #eic2 associat$ ) ,ramman & ,nana1 #aei1 #afd2 ,n]gal 9 ,samsu-iluna's pan!on1 #afb2 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 pan!on1 #afb2 epi!ts1 #agb2 *ief ( ne!r-_w & subt]ranean demons1 #ahc 7cf4 #bfj71 #eaa1 #efc1 #ehb2 associat$ ) ,n9ib z god ( ! *ase1 #baf1 #bah1 #bcg2 ) ,n9ib & ,a%ur1 #baf1 #bah2 god ( w>1 #bah1 #ehb2 ,cu?ah 8 sacr$ city1 #afd1 #bah1 #efc1 #ehc2 ,k>-,n]gal nam$ 9 8 honor1 #bai2 temple at ,t>bisu1 #bai2 ,laz 8 consort1 #bai1 #bdc1 #ehc2 id5tifi$ ) ,dibb>ra1 #bcb1 #ebh-i1 #eid2 p]haps ,bel-s>bi1 #bdb2 9 incantations1 #bgc1 #bhj2 phases (1 #bhj1 #dei2 ,m>s z "n ( planet1 #cgj1 #dei2 #i? mon? sacr$ to ,n41 #dfc2 sun ( midday & summ] sol/ice1 #ebh1 #ehb2 pictur$ z a lion1 #ecj2 ! lion a symbol ( ,n]gal1 #ecg1 #ehj1 #ehb2 id5tifi$ ) ,gibil1 #eid2 associat$ ) ,allatu1 #ajd1 #ahc1 #efe1 #ehj1 #ehc1 #eic2 ,n]gal conqu]s & w$s ,allatu1 #ehd-e2 imitation ( ,tiamat-,m>duk fight1 #ehe4 ,ne!r-_w1 names (3 ,aralu1 #eeg2 ,ekur1 #eeh2 ,%ualu1 #eeh2 ,kigallu1 #efb2 ,irkalla1 #efc2 ,kutu or ,cu?ah1 #efc2 epi!ts = n41 #eei1 #efc2 ,n]gal1 "l ( ! n41 #efc2 ! old] head ( ! l[] _w a goddess1 ,allatu1 n a god1 #ehe4 ,new ,ye>'s ,fe/ival1 see ,zag-muk4 ,nibir planet ,m>duk or ,jupit]1 9 ! zodiac 9 conjunction ) ,bel & ,ea1 #dcd-e2 ex]cises control ov] all ! />s1 #deh4 ,nicolas ( ,damascus1 s\rce ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #dab4 ,niebuhr1 ,c>/51 #ae4 ,niff]1 excavations1 #aa2 see ,nippur4 ,nika1 "m ( ,es>haddon1 #cdj4 ,nimrod1 incid5tal biblical ref]5ce to1 #b2 n ,gilgame%1 #ead4 ,nimrud 7m\nd71 une>!d1 #g2 temple1 #i1 #fbg4 ,n9a1 qu>t] 9 ,laga%1 #eg1 #hf2 explanation ( "n1 #hf4 ,n9a1 goddess1 #ea2 explanation ( "n1 #hf2 c5t]s ( wor%ip1 #hf-h1 #fce2 associations ) ,n9-girsu1 #hg1 #fce2 relations to ,ea1 #hg-h2 fusion ) ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 #hh2 int]prets a dream1 #aja2 a daught] ( ,n9-si-a1 #ajb2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf1 #fce4 ,n9-a-gal1 god1 #ea2 mean+ ( "n1 #fd2 function1 #fd2 id5tification ) ,ea1 #fd4 ,n9-akha-kuddu1 goddess1 #ea2 h] titles 9 incantation texts1 #ajc1 #bhb2 9 ,lugalzaggisi's pan!on1 #aaj2 goddess ( purification1 #bhb2 mi/ress ( ,uruk1 #ajc1 #bhb2 wat] deity1 #bhb2 lady ( spells1 #bhb4 ,n9-azu1 god ( ! great city1 #eib2 associat$ ) ,allatu1 #ehf1 #eij2 god ( heal+1 #eij2 id5tifi$ ) ,n9ib1 #eia4 ,n9-d>a1 see ,n9-si-a4 ,n9-dim-su1 god1 9 ! ,cassite pan!on1 #afb1 #agb2 epi!t ( ,ea1 #agc4 ,n9-d9-dug1 "n ( ,bau4 7,see ,corrections47 ,n9-e-gal1 v>iant ( ,n9-gal1 #ih4 ,n9eveh1 c5t] ( action 9 book ( ,judi?1 #c2 site (1 #f2 capital ( ,assyria1 #df1 #aic1 #fea2 cult ( ,i%t>1 #aeb1 #bjb-c2 temple ,e-ma%-ma% ( ,i%t>1 #aeb2 resp4 ( ,belit1 #bbg2 ,%a-nit787-ka1 mi/ress (1 #bcc2 wor%ip ( all gods & goddesses1 #fch2 intellectual c5t]1 #fea4 ,n9-gal1 god1 #ea2 c5t] ( wor%ip1 #ig2 relation%ip to ,nann>1 #ig2 sanctu>y at ,khorsabad1 #bca2 ,n9-gal's %ip1 #fee4 ,n9-girsu1 sol> deity1 #ea2 subord9ate to ,bel1 #ec1 #eg2 id5tity ) ,n9ib1 #eg1 #bag 7cf4 #ebh72 temple ,e-,n9nu 9 ,girsu1 #eg1 #hg1 #fcd-e1 #fdj2 votive (f]+s1 #eg2 agricultural deity ,%ulgur1 #eh2 id5tity ) ,tammuz1 #eh2 relations to ,n9-%akh1 #ic2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf2 9 incantations1 #bgc2 zikkurat 9 ,laga% or ,girsu1 #fai1 #fce1 #fci2 %r9e 9 ,laga%1 #fdj2 8 %ip1 #fed2 consort ( ,bau1 #ei1 #fgg4 ,n9-gi%-zida1 sol> deity1 #ea2 a =m ( ,n9-girsu1 #ib2 mean+ ( "n1 #ib2 id5tifi$ ) ,n9ib1 ,n9-girsu1 ,n9-%akh1 #ii1 #bag1 #ebh1 #edg2 local "*1 #ii1 #ebh2 temple 9 ,girsu1 #ii1 #fce2 9 ,gudea's inscriptions & incantation texts1 #ii1 #ajf1 #bhj2 consort ( ,nusku1 #bhj2 br+s fam9e 9 ! l&1 #chg2 #e? mon? sacr$ to ,n41 #dfb1 #edg2 s]vant ( ,gibil1 #dfc2 #d? mon? sacr$ to1 #dfc2 id5tical ) ,gi%-zida1 #edg2 associat$ ) ,tammuz1 #edf1 #ehh2 presides ov] ! gr[? ( trees1 #ehh4 ,n9-gul1 #ea2 consort ( ,lugal-b&a1 #ie2 int]pretation ( "n1 #ie2 place ( wor%ip1 #if4 ,n9ib1 see ,n9-girsu1 sol> deity1 #eg1 #bag1 #dei1 #dfb1 #egf1 #fhd2 consort ( ,gula1 #aje 7cf4 #egf1 #eia72 ( ,belitekalli1 #agc2 9 ,hammurabi's pan!on1 #afb2 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 pan!on1 #afb1 #afd2 god ( w>1 #afd1 #bad1 #bah2 ,ud-zal1 #aff2 associat$ ) ,a%ur1 #bad2 epi!ts1 #bac-d1 #bag2 temple 9 ,calah1 #bad-e 7cf4 #fhd72 favorite ( ,a%urnasirbal & ,%am%i-,ramman1 #bad2 god ( ! *ase 9 association ) ,n]gal1 #baf1 #bah1 #bcg2 h]o ( ! heav5ly & e>?ly spirits1 #bad2 9 association ) ,n]gal & ,a%ur1 #baf2 id5tical ) ,n9-girsu1 #eg1 #bag2 ) ,n9-azu1 #eia2 absorbs ,n9-gi%-zida & ,n9-%akh1 #bag 7cf4 #edg72 repres5ts ea/ sun & morn+ sun1 #bag2 fir/-born ( ,ea1 #bag2 (fspr+ ( ,ekur1 #bag2 fir/-born ( ,bel1 #bag2 god ( de/ructive cl\d /orm1 #bag1 #ejj2 o!r qualities 9 religi\s lit]ature1 #bah1 #egf2 "n ( out] wall ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 lays ! f\ndations ( cities1 #bcg2 ?ree =ms1 #bch2 temple 9 ,dilbat1 #bdb2 9 incantations1 #bgc1 #bhj2 ,saturn1 "n ( planet1 #cga1 #dei2 #f? & #aa? mon?s sacr$1 #bae1 #fhd2 #d? mon? sacr$ to ,n41 #dfb2 9 ! deluge /ory1 #ejj 7cf4 #bag71 #ejd2 wor%ipp$ at ,nippur1 #fce2 temple ( ,zamama-,n9ib1 #fdj4 ,n9-igi-azag1 title ( ,ea1 #bcj4 ,n9-igi-nang>-bu1 #aga2 presides ov] metal work]s1 #agh4 ,n9-,k>rak goddess ,gula1 #bdb2 temple at ,babylon 7see ,gula71 #bdb2 9 incantations1 #bgc2 temple at ,sipp>1 #bid2 9 a pray] ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 #bid4 ,n9-kh>-sag goddess ,belit1 #afd2 9 ,samsu-iluna's pan!on1 #afb1 #afd2 sanctu>y at ,babylon 7see ,belit71 #bdb1 #fci4 ,n9-kigal ,allatu1 #bhb4 ,n9-kurra1 #aga2 "l ( m\nta91 patron ( /one work]s1 #agh4 ,n9-lil1 see ,belit4 ,n9-lil-anna1 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,,ii4 pan!on1 #bdb2 temple 9 ,babylon1 #fdj4 ,n9-makh ,i%t>1 #bdb2 temple at ,babylon1 #bdb4 ,n9-m>1 goddess1 #ea2 c5t] ( wor%ip1 #ajj2 h] temples 9 ,m>1 #ajj2 daught] ( ,n9a1 #ajj2 popul>ity ( cult1 #ajj2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf1 #fce2 daught] ( ,m>duk1 #afh2 temple at ,laga%1 #fce4 ,n9ni1 goddess1 ,enanna1 #ea2 titles1 #hj2 c5t] ( wor%ip1 #hj2 v>iant ( ,i%t>1 #hb2 9 ,lugal-zaggisi's & ,gudea's pan!a1 #aaj2 id5tical ) ,nana ( ,uruk1 #aaa2 temple at ,hallabi1 #aag2 h] cult by ,hammurabi1 #add-e2 ,n9ni1 consort ( ,zamama1 #afi2 temple 9 ,ki%1 #fci4 ,n9-%akh1 god1 #ea2 8 "* & functions1 #ic2 id5tifi$ ) ,n9ib1 #ic1 #bag2 relations to ,n9-girsu & ,n9-gi%zida1 #ib-c2 temple at ,uruk1 #ic4 ,n9%>1 cosmological deity1 #dag4 ,n9-si-a1 god1 #ea2 or ,n9-d>-a1 #ij2 c5t] ( wor%ip1 #ia1 #fce2 absorb$ by ,n9-girsu1 #ia2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf1 #fce4 ,n9-sun1 god1 temple ( ,n4 at ,laga%1 #fce4 ,n9-tu1 god1 temple ( ,n4 at ,laga%1 #fce4 ,n9-zadim1 god1 #aga2 patron ( sculpture1 #agh4 ,nippur1 rul]s1 #cg2 temple ( ,bel1 #aa1 #cg1 #fi1 #ea1 #ed1 #aea1 #fdb1 #fdd2 temple ( ,belit1 #ee1 #fce2 inscriptions f ,nippur1 #ajc2 prom95ce dur+ ,cassite p]iod1 #dj1 #adf1 #dhj2 wall ( ,zak>1 #agb2 wall ( ,lugal-mittu1 #agb2 anci5t c5t]1 #bde1 #dde2 *ief god ,del1 or ,en-lil1 #dde1 #edb2 ref]5ce to ,n4 9 ,gilgame% epic1 #dhf2 rivalry betw4 ,nippur & ,eridu1 #ejh2 replac$ by ,babylon1 #edb2 zikkurat at ,n41 #fag2 wor%ip ( ,n9ib1 #fce2 wor%ip ( ,nusku1 #fce2 votive objects1 #fga-c4 ,nisaba1 goddess1 #ea2 agricultural deity1 #aja2 traits 9 common ) ,ea1 #aja2 si/] ( ,n9a1 #aja2 c5t]s ( cult1 #ajb2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #aaa2 probably local 9 ,uruk1 #aaa4 ,nisan1 sacr$ to ,anu & ,bel1 #dfb1 #fgg2 sacr$ 9 ,babylonia1 #fhd2 #g? day sacr$ to ,%ama%1 ,malkatu1 & ,bun5e1 #fhe4 ,nisir1 m\nt on :i* ! %ip alights1 #ejc4 ,nisro*1 ,assyrian deity1 #b4 ,noah1 resemblance to ,p>napi%tim less ?an is ! case ) ,lot1 #ejg4 ,nu-gim-mud1 title ( ,ea1 #bcj4 ,nun-gal1 god ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afh2 temple 9 ,sipp>1 #afh2 mean+ ( "n1 #afh2 sol> deity1 #afh2 becomes a demon1 #afh4 ,nur-,ramman1 ( ,ur1 build] ( ,s9's temple 9 ,ur1 #gf2 build] ( temples to ,n9-gal & ,nann> at ,ur1 #ig4 ,nusku1 fire-god1 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahh1 #bbj-a2 9 ,bab4 pan!on1 #bbj2 amalgamat$ ) ,gibil1 #bbj1 #bgg2 id5tifi$ ) ,nabu1 #bbj-a2 ideographic writ+ ( "n & its explanation1 #bbj2 sol> deity1 #bbj-a1 #bgi2 %r9e 9 ,e-,sagila1 #bbj1 #bda2 epi!ts1 #bba1 #bgg1 #bhj2 functions1 #bba2 %r9e 9 ,e-,zida1 #bda2 9 incantations1 #bga-c1 #bgg1 #bhf2 y\ng] ?an ,gibil1 #bgg2 a my?ological conception1 #bgg1 #bgi2 ,gibil-,n1 god ( civilization1 #bgh2 m$ium betw4 wor%ipp] & deity1 #bgi2 associat$ ) ,anu1 #bgg1 #bhf2 associat$ ) ,bel & ,ea1 #bgi1 #bhf2 ,i%um1 mess5g] (1 #bhj2 wor%ip at ,nippur1 #fce2 see ,gibil4 ,oktanos1 see "u ,ea1 #fc4 ,old ,te/am5t1 s\rce = ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #ffi 7cf4 #fif72 relations betw4 ! ,hebrews & ,b4-,a41 #b1 #faa1 #fig-h2 contra/ betw4 ,hebr4 & ,b4-,a4 religion1 #c1 #ffh2 ,o4 ,t4 po9ts ( contact ) ,gilgame% epic1 #die2 ) deluge /ory1 #ejf ff42 p>allels betw4 ,adam & ,eabani1 ,eve & ,ukhat1 #eaa2 betw4 ,samson & ,gilgame% /ories1 #eae-f2 #c;d *apt] ,g5esis comp>$ ) ,adapa leg5d1 #eea2 ,hebr4 ,%eol ,bab4 ,%ualu1 #efj2 ,hebr4 ,%oel ,bab4 ,%a'ilu1 #efj2 ,hebr4-,bab4 cu/om ( inquir+ ( ! dead1 #efj2 p>allelism betw4 ,s>gon ,i4 & ,moses1 #efb2 conceptions ( ne!r-_w 9 ,o4 ,t4 & 9 ,bab41 #fjf2 p>allels betw4 temple ( ,solomon & ,bab4 temple1 #fbc1 #fcb1 #feb-c1 #fee2 libation ( oil 9 ,o4 ,t4 & 9 ,ass4-,bab41 #ffe2 sacrifices 9 ,o4 ,t4 comp>$ ) ,ass4-,bab41 #ffg-h2 t]aphim & ,ass4-,bab4 amulets1 #fgd2 ,hebr4 & ,bab4 ,new ,ye>s1 #fha2 ,purim comp>$ ) ,bab4 #ae? ,ad> fe/ival1 #fhf2 ,a%]a & tree wor%ip 9 ,babylonia1 #fhi4 ,om5s1 division ( religi\s lit]ature1 #bdg2 purposes (1 #bdh1 #cca2 comp>ative age (1 #bec-d2 an indirect means ( =eca/+ ! future1 #cbi2 directions = ! prie/ 9 recogniz+ o41 #ccj2 relation%ip betw4 o4 & pray]s1 #cca2 "p ( magic elem5t 9 ! ritual1 #cca2 occasions = seek+ an o41 #cca ff42 d]iv$ f (f]$ animals1 #ccb2 ( a public "*1 #ccb ff41 #cfb1 #cfd1 #cgd1 #dja2 que/ions ( an om5 seek]1 #ccc ff41 #cfi2 li/ (1 #ccg1 #cfb2 _! relation to reports1 #cfh1 #cgb2 o4 ritual1 #cch2 connect+ l9k betw4 incantations & o41 #ceb2 v>iety ( o4 lit]ature1 #cee1 #cfb2 o4 f />s1 #cef2 ! m v>iety1 ! m significance--a pr9ciple ( g5]al application 9 int]pretation ( o41 #ceh2 o!r guid+ pr9ciples1 #ceh ff41 #chh1 #dja2 private o41 #cfb1 #djc1 #dje2 o4 s]ies & mode ( _! composition1 #cfc2 om5s d$uc$ f obs]vations ( eclipses1 #ceg1 #cfd2 re/rict$ application ( o4 no h9drance to _! practical use1 #cff1 #cgb2 vagu5ess ( o4 int5tional1 #cfg2 int]relation betw4 reports & o41 #cfh1 #cgb-c2 importance ( o4 d$uc$ f eclipses & m ord9>y ph5om5a1 #cfh-i2 om5s d$uc$ f obs]vations ( planets1 esp4 ,i%t>1 & ( o!r heav5ly bodies1 #cga-c2 om5 cal5d>s1 #cge1 #chb2 om5s f t]re/rial ph5om5a1 #chc ff42 logical pr9ciple controll+ ! int]pretation1 #chd2 (f%oot ( sympa!tic magic1 #chd2 bir? om5s1 #chd2 p>tly public1 p>tly private "*1 #chf2 ! r>] ! ph5om5a1 ! great] ! significance1 #che2 ideas ( sympa!tic magic 9 ! int]pretation ( o41 #chh2 om5s f (fspr+s ( animals1 #cia ff42 om5s f ! actions ( animals1 #cig-djb2 om5s f dreams1 #djb-d2 o4 ( a private "*1 #djc2 popul> phase ( augury1 #djc2 om5s f individual exp]i5ces1 #djd2 divid+ l9e betw4 om5s ( individual & ( public "*1 #dje2 ! practical work+ ( ! om5 belief1 #djf4 ,ophites1 a gno/ic sect1 #fii4 ,opp]t1 ,jules1 exp$ition to ,babylonia1 #h4 ,oracles1 see also ,om5s & ,wit*craft1 direct means ( =eca/+ ! future1 #cbi2 occasions = ask+ o41 #cch ff42 blank =ms = o41 #cda2 =m (1 #cda ff42 ,m>duk1 god (1 #cdb2 ask$ ( ! sun-god1 #ccd ff42 ( ,i%t> ( ,arbela1 #cdb2 c]emonies accompany+ o41 #cde2 relation%ip to p5it5tial psalms1 #cdg2 practical purpose (1 #cdi2 by means ( dreams1 #cdi ff42 g5]ally vague language1 #cdd2 occasionally def9ite language1 #cfj2 objects ) :i* o4 are conc]n$1 #cfj2 giv5 by prie/esses1 #dhe1 or prie/s1 #cbi1 #efj1 #feg-h2 ask$ ( ! dead1 #eei-fj1 #feg2 ask$ on ! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival1 #fbh-i4 ,pan!on1 divisions & developm5t1 #dh-ej2 s\rces1 #ea2 comp>ison betw4 p4 9 hi/orical & 9 incantation texts1 #big2 comp>ison betw4 ,b4 & ,a4 pan!on1 #ahi1 #bja4 ,papakhu1 *amb] ( ! god1 #fbg2 cosmological significance1 #fbi4 ,pap-sukal1 i4e41 div9e mess5g]1 epi!t ( ,n9-%akh1 ,nebo1 & ,nusku1 #ic 7cf4 #dfc1 #ega72 9 incantations1 #bgc2 #aj? mon? sacr$ to ,p41 ,i%t>1 & ,anu1 #dfc4 ,pap-u1 god1 9 ! ,cassite pan!on1 #afb1 #agb2 (fspr+ ( ,e-%>ra1 #agd2 function1 #agd4 ,p>adise1 belief 91 among ,babylonians1 #egh4 ,p>akku1 *amb] ( ! god1 #fbg4 ,p>napi%tim1 immortal1 #dhh1 #egg2 ,p4 & ,gilgame%1 #dib ff42 son ( ,kid9-,m>duk1 #dhh1 #dif2 born 9 ,%urippak1 #dif2 8 epi!t ,adra-,khasis1 #eje2 be>s m resemblance to ,lot ?an to ,noah1 #ejg4 ,pa-sag1 god1 #ea2 ! lead] ( ! l&1 #aja2 id5tity ) ,i%um1 #aja2 lieut5ant ( ,%ama%1 #ajg2 9 ,gudea's pan!on1 #ajf4 ,patesi1 #aih4 ,patron gods1 ( p]sons1 #baf1 #bce2 ,nabu1 patron ( ,ramman-nir>i ,,iii41 #bbh2 ( places1 #di1 #fi-gj1 #ajf1 #aaa4 ,p5it5tial psalms1 po9ts 9 common ) & diff]5ces f incantations1 #cab2 national orig9 (1 #cab2 m>ks relation%ip betw4 god & man1 #cac2 purpose to appease ! ang] ( ! gods1 #cae1 #fhh2 advanc$ religi\s conceptions1 #cad-e1 #cbf2 dialogue =m1 #cae2 language1 #caf-g2 age1 #cag2 anonymity ( ! deity address$1 #cah2 p4 = specific purposes1 #cbd1 #fhh2 relation%ip to oracles1 #cdg4 ,p]sepolis1 w$ge writ+s1 #af4 ,p]sian ,gulf1 sacr$ to ,ea1 #dig2 n ! s\rce ( ! deluge1 #dig2 conflu5ce ( ! /reams1 #egg4 ,p]sian w$ge writ+1 #ai4 ,p]sonifications ( human arts1 #agh4 ,pet]s1 ,john ,p41 explor]1 #aa4 ,pilgrimage1 #fhd4 ,place1 ,victor1 excavations1 #h4 ,place ( ,fates1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,planets1 obs]vations (1 #cgj2 id5tifications ( p4 ) deities1 #cgj1 #dei 7cf4 #fai72 prom95ce ( ,i%t>-,v5us1 9 a/rological texts1 #cga2 reg>d$ z auguries = ! *iefs & ! g5]al welf>e1 #cgc2 planets & zikkurats1 #fai4 ,politics1 affect+ religion & lit]ature1 #ajh1 #aaj-a1 #acd-e1 #bja1 #bci1 #fij-a4 ,popul> ,belief1 see ,!ology & ,popul> ,belief4 ,pray]s1 see also ,hymns1 occasions1 #ffc2 9 connection ) incantations1 #bic1 #bii2 )\t accompanim5t ( incantations1 #bid2 curses reg>d$ z p41 #bif2 no l9e ( dem>cation betw4 incantations & p41 #big1 #bii1 #cjg2 e?ics 91 #bih2 p[] ( words1 #cbh2 no p4 9 its highe/ =m1 #cbi2 relation%ip betw4 pray]s & om51 #ccj2 efficacy dep5d5t on _! be+ utt]$ 9 ! "r mann] & by ! "r p]son1 #cec4 ,prie/ly codes1 #cfb4 ,prie/s & prie/esses1 divisions (1 #bfi1 #bda-b1 #feg-h2 p4 z exorcis] & 8 function1 #bga-b1 #ccj1 #feg-h2 m$iator betw4 man & god1 #cae1 #cca1 #cec1 #cgd1 #efj1 #fbg1 #fib2 progno/ication ( future1 #cbi1 #efj1 #feg2 importance (1 #cec2 ,prie/s ( ,a%ur1 association ( prie/ly functions ) e>ly k+%ip1 #cgd2 prie/s & prie/esses 9 _! functions1 #dhe1 #fee ff41 #fib2 prie/s purify+ ! dead1 #egh1 #fjb2 g5]al "n = prie/1 #feg-h1 #fgf2 prie/esses z dirge s+]s1 #fjd1 #feh2 z judges1 #fbe1 #feh2 intellectual lead]s1 #fic2 z sacrific]s1 #feg-h2 eligibility to prie/hood1 #feh-i2 wom5 prie/s1 #dhe1 #fei-fj4 ,prop] names1 see also ,names1 composition (1 #afe2 s\rce ( /udy ( div9ities1 #aff2 evid5ce ( age ( cult ( gods 7,i%me-,dagan71 #bjh2 ,samsi-,ramman1 #bji4 ,psalms1 see ,p5it5tial ,psalms2 also ,hymns1 ,pray]s4 ,ptolemy1 see ,claudius ,ptolemaeus4 ,pudilu1 builds temple ( ,%ama% at ,a%ur1 #bji4 ,purat ,euphrates1 #bg4 ,purification1 see ,rituals4 ,purim1 comp>$ ) ! ,bab4 sol> fe/ival1 #ae? ( ,ad>1 #fhf2 n to be comp>$ ) ,puru1 #fhh4 ,puru1 a fe/ival c]emony1 #fhh4 ,puzur-,%adu-,rabu1 capta9 ( ! %ip ( ,p>napi%tim1 #ejj4 ,ra1 ,egyptian sun-god1 #baj4 ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 be>+ ^u ,b4-,a4 religion1 #c1 #fig4 ,races1 ( ,mesopotamia1 #bd1 #cc4 ,ramman1 god1 ,%ala 8 consort1 #ajb1 #afa1 #bab2 associat$ ) ,anu1 #aed1 #bjg1 #bab2 associat$ ) ,%ama%1 #ade1 #aeg-h1 #afj1 #baa2 associat$ ) ,s9 & ,%ama%1 #aeh1 #afc2 associat$ ) ,n]gal & ,nana1 #aei1 #afd2 rivals ( ,m>duk1 #aeh2 ideographic & o!r read+s ( ! "n1 #aef-g2 mean+ ( "n1 #aef-g2 ext5t ( 8 cult1 #aei2 cult by ,aramaeans1 #aei2 indig5\s to ,assyria1 #aei2 rival ( ,a%ur1 #afa2 8 two aspects z /orm-god1 #afj2 epi!ts1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj1 #bab1 #dih2 9 ,hammurabi's pan!on1 #afb2 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 pan!on1 #afb2 ,m>tu1 #aff1 #bab2 popul> 9 ,assyria1 #baa2 8 in/rum5ts ( de/ruction1 #bab2 ! mightie/ ( ! gods1 #bab2 "n ( "o ( ! ea/]n gates ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 br+s abundance1 #bcg2 temple at ,borsippa1 #bdb2 temple at ,kum>i1 #bdb2 #aa? mon? sacr$ to ,r41 #dfc2 ,r4 9 ! deluge1 #ejj2 decl9es to fight ,zu1 #eda4 ,ramman-nir>i ,i41 k+ ( ,assyria1 #aee2 cult ( ,ramman1 #aei2 ( ,anunnaki & ,igigi z spirits ( e>? & heav5 resp41 #ahe2 repels ! ,cassites1 #aii2 8 pan!on1 #bcg1 #eic4 ,ramman-nir>i ,,iii41 k+ ( ,assyria1 gives prom95ce to ,nabu cult 9 ,assyria1 #abh1 #bbh2 erects temple to ,nabu at ,calab1 #bbh2 ,nabu 8 patron god1 #bbh4 ,rassam1 ,hormuzd rese>*es1 #i4 ,rawl9son1 ,h5ry1 explorations1 #i4 ,regulus1 obs]vations1 #cgb4 ,religion1 unity ( *ur* & /ate1 #fij2 influ5ce ^u ,hebrews1 see ,old ,te/am5t2 ^u ,*ri/ianity1 #fih2 ^u ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,greece1 #fii-gja4 ,religi\s texts1 #ab-c1 #dfg2 s\rces = religion1 #ea1 #ffa2 9 ,bab4 !ological s*ools1 #acd2 re%ap+ ( r4 t4 dur+ ,hammurabi's "t1 #adj-b2 divisions1 #bdg-ea2 age1 #fia2 comp>ison betw4 ,ass4 & ,bab4 r4 t41 #bea-b2 _! value z s\rce = k ( sacrifices1 #ffa2 votive inscriptions on /atues1 #ffi2 on o!r objects1 #fga-b2 worn z amulets1 #fgb2 plague tablets1 #ecf1 #fgd4 ,rim-,s91 ( #b;d dyna/y ( ,ur1 call$ by ,bel & ,ea1 #fb2 cult ( moon & sun-god 9 ,ur1 #gj2 ( ,nana 9 ,ur1 #ha2 builds temple ( ,n9-%akh at ,uruk1 #ic2 8 wife builds temple to ,n9-gal at ,ur1 #ig4 ,rituals1 e/abli%m5t (1 #aae2 & incantations1 #bdg-h1 #bec-d1 #bhc2 mann] ( gr[?1 #bee2 purification1 #bhd1 #fhh2 incantations ! olde/ fix$ r41 #bid2 p5it5tial psalms1 #cab ff41 #fhh2 bodily ca/igation1 #cbj1 #fhh2 (f]+s1 #cbh2 pray]s1 #bic ff42 nev] )\t ult]ior motive1 #cbh2 oracles & om5s1 #cbh ff42 composition & gr[?1 #cbi-cj2 /rictness 9 obs]vation (1 #cdg4 ,ru/em1 son ( ,sal 9 ,arm54 & ,m&aean leg5d1 p>allel to ,etana1 #ebj4 ,saba1 di/rict 9 s\!rn ,arabia1 #dia4 ,sabitum1 maid5 9 ,gilgame% epic1 #dij-a2 ! goddess ( ,siduri1 #dia4 ,sacr$ objects1 #fea4 ,sacr$ p]iod1 #fhf4 ,sacr$ qu>t]1 #fbb ff4 ,sacr$ness ( animals1 mean+ (1 #cig-h1 #ffb2 ( trees1 #ffb-c4 ,sacrifices1 :5 n to be (f]$1 #cgh2 :5 (f]$1 #ffc1 #ffg-h2 (f]$ by prie/s1 #feg-h2 ,semitic view (1 #ffj2 comp>ison ) ,hebrew1 #ffg-h2 z det]m9$ f religi\s & hi/orical lit]ature1 #ffa2 developm5t (1 #ffa2 two k9ds (1 #ffa2 connect$ ) pray]s1 #ffc2 use ( oil & w9e1 #ffd1 #fff2 daily1 #ffg2 mon?ly1 #ffh4 ,sadu1 ! hunt] 9 ! s]vice ( ,gilgame%1 #dge2 associat$ ) ,ukhat1 #eaa4 ,safa1 hill 9 ,mecca1 #fhg4 ,sag-ila ,m>duk1 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi4 ,sal1 fa!r ( ,ru/em1 #ebj4 ,samsi-,ramman1 k+ ( ,assyria1 builds temple to ,ramman1 #aed1 #aei2 builds temple to ,a%ur 9 ,a%ur1 #aih2 8 "n z evid5ce ( age ( ,%ama% cult1 #bji4 ,samson1 p>allelism ) ,gilgame%1 #eae ff4 ,samsu-iluna1 k+ ( ,babylon1 #ef2 builds sanctu>y ( ,belit1 #ef2 builds ,dur-padda1 sacr$ to ,ramman1 #aeh2 8 pan!on1 #afb2 builds wall ( ,zak> 9 ,nippur1 #agb2 builds wall ( ,lugal-mittu 9 ,nippur1 #agb4 ,samuel1 prophet1 8 _s call$ up1 #eei4 ,s>acus1 la/ k+ ( ,assyria1 #bbi4 ,s>gon ,i41 builds temple ,e-ulma% ( ,nana 9 ,agade1 #hb2 my? ( ,s>gon ,i4 relat$ to an incid5t 9 ,moses' life1 #efb2 8 exploits incorporat$ 9 a religi\s text1 #efb2 build] ( temple ( ,en-lil 9 ,nippur1 #fdb1 #fde4 ,s>gon ,,ii41 ( ,assyria1 re/ores laws & cu/oms ( ,h>ran1 #gg2 builds sanctu>y to ,%ama%1 #baa2 names ,k>-,n]gal 9 honor ( ,n]gal1 #bai2 builds sanctu>y to ,s9 at ,khorsabad & ,magganubba1 #bai2 patron ( le>n+1 #bbi2 prom95ce ( ,nabu cult1 #bbi2 erects sanctu>y to ,n9-gal at ,khorsabad1 #bca2 re/ores ,magganubba1 #bcb2 revives ! triad1 #bcf2 8 pan!on1 #bcg2 8 palace at ,khorsabad1 #bbe1 #bcg2 8 zikkurat at ,khorsabad1 #fag2 sacrifices 9 ,babylonia1 #ffd2 in/itutes special fe/ival1 #fhg4 ,s>panitum1 consort ( ,m>duk1 #aba1 #bbd1 #bbh1 #fcf2 int]pretation ( "n1 #aba1 #ddi2 %r9e 9 ,e-,sagila1 #aba1 #bda1 #fcf1 #fda2 h] /atue recov]$ by ,agum1 #abb1 #aeb1 #fgj1 #fhg2 h] subord9ate position1 #aba-b2 goddess ( matrimonial f]tility1 #abb1 #fhd2 ( secret k1 #abb2 amalgamation ) ,erua1 #abb2 epi!ts ( ,s>panitum-,erua1 #abc2 call$ ,belit1 #bbd1 #fhd2 %r9e 9 ,e-,zida1 #bda2 r>ely 9 incantations1 #bgf2 #be? day ( ,siwan h] fe/ival1 #fhd2 fe/ival in/itut$ by ,agum1 #fhg4 ,saturn ,n9ib1 planet1 #cga1 #dei4 ,saul1 k+ ( ,israel1 & ! wit*1 #eei4 ,semites & non-,semites 9 ,babylonia1 #ba-b1 #cb-d4 ,s5ds*irli1 excavations 91 #egi4 ,s5k]eh ,l>sa4 ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria1 #bjj2 takes /atues ( ,ramman & ,%ala back f ,babylon1 #bab2 erects temple to ,n]gal at ,t>bisu1 #bai2 8 pan!on1 #bch1 #fdd1 note #b4 ,sev5 spirits1 cause eclipse ( moon1 #bfd1 #bgf2 #ab? mon? sacr$ to !m1 #dfc2 ,sibi1 collective p]sonification ( ! s4 p4 associat$ 9 w> ) ,i%um1 #ecc4 ,sex1 inf]iority ( female to male 9 ! ,b4-,a4 pan!on1 #ge1 #gi1 #ajd2 confusion ( female cults1 #hj2 v>iety ( ladies 9 pan!on1 #ih1 #ajd2 position ( female deities z consorts ( male deities1 #ajd1 #ehf1 #eid2 male deities becom+ female & consorts ( male deities1 #agg1 #bhj2 association ( sexes 9 cosmology1 #daa2 association ( sexes 9 ! creation ( ! gods1 #dac2 female deities & ! mon?s1 #dfc2 sex 9 wit*craft1 #bfg1 #cdb1 #ffj2 sex 9 prie/hood1 #dhe1 #fei-fj2 sex 9 furni%+ oracles1 #dhe1 #ffj2 sex among musicians & dirge s+]s1 #ffj 7see ,dirge72 position ( woman1 #fid4 ,%abat1 #aa? mon?1 sacr$ to ,ramman1 #dfc2 sacr$ to ,n9ib1 #bae1 #fhd4 ,%abra1 god1 temple at ,laga%1 #fce4 ,%ailu1 a designation = prie/1 #efj2 ,hebr4 ,%oel1 #efj4 ,%ala1 consort ( ,ramman1 #afa1 #bab2 9 prop] names ( #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi2 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahi2 mean+ ( "n1 #bac2 o!r applications ( ! "n1 #bac2 epi!ts1 #bac4 ,%alman1 god1 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahh4 ,%almanes] ,,ii41 k+ ( ,assyria1 gives prom95ce to ,%ama% cult1 #bje1 #bae2 8 pan!on1 #bcg4 ,%ama%1 or ,utu1 #ea1 #bgg2 signification ( "n1 #fh2 relations to ! moon-god1 #fh-gj1 #ih1 #cje2 c5t]s ( wor%ip1 ,sipp> & ,l>sa1 #fi1 #aag1 #adc1 #agf1 #bda1 #fbh1 #fdj1 #fdf2 relative age ( ! c5t]s1 #gj2 temple ,ebabb>a1 #gj1 #fbh1 #fdj1 #fde2 attributes & functions1 #ga1 #abj1 #baj2 9 incantations1 #ga1 #baa2 probable age ( ^! conceptions1 #gb2 8 o!r names & _! mean+1 #gb-d1 #agf2 local uses !re(1 #gc2 ,malkatu 8 consort1 #gd-e1 #agf1 #bda-fhe2 (fspr+ ( ,n9-gal1 #ih2 9 ,lugalzaggisi's & ,gudea's pan!on1 #aaj2 9 ,hammurabi's pan!on1 #afb2 w>rior ( heav5 & e>?1 #add1 #baa2 mighty h]o1 #aeb2 position 9 ,bab4 pan!on dur+ & aft] ,hammurabi1 #add2 position 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #add1 #bji-aa2 associat$ ) ,ramman1 #ade1 #aeg-h1 #afj1 #baa2 associat$ ) ,s9 & ,ramman1 #aeh1 #afc2 associat$ ) ,i%t>1 #afc1 #eaa2 associat$ ) ,malik & ,bun5e1 #agf2 (t5 call$ ,malik1 #agf2 symbol ( ,%ama%1 #agf-g2 temple at ,a%ur1 #bji2 protect+ deity1 #bji2 e?ical level 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #bji-aj2 judge ( heav5 & e>?1 #baj1 #bgd1 #bgi1 #big1 #ebg 7cf4 #fdj72 prom95ce ( sun cult dur+ reign ( ,a%urnasirbal & ,%almanes] ,,ii41 #baj1 #fdf2 "u ,es>haddon1 #fdf2 sanctu>y by ,s>gon ,,ii41 #baa2 cult influ5c$ by t ( ,egyptian ,ra1 #baj 7cf4 #fii72 "n ( "o ( ! ea/]n gates ( ,s>gon's ,,ii4 palace1 #bcg2 grants victory1 #bcg2 ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii4 & ,%ama% cult1 #fdf2 ,nabonn$os gives prom95ce to ,%4 cult1 #bdj-a1 #fdg2 temple 9 ,babylon1 #bdb1 #fdj2 ,%4 9 incantations1 #bhj2 9 hymns1 #cjj ff42 9 om5s & oracles1 #ccd1 #cdd2 ,%ama% & ,s91 #cje1 #fdg2 #g? mon? sacr$ to ,%41 #dfc1 #fhe2 patron ( ,gilgame%1 #dga1 #dgi2 id5tical ) ,lugal-,m>ada1 #dhf2 patron ( ,etana1 #ebj2 controls ,zu1 #ech2 on seal cyl9d]s1 #edj2 ,si-g>1 a fe/ival (1 #fhd2 fe/ival days1 #fhe4 ,%am%i-,ramman1 k+ ( ,assyria1 gives prom95ce to ,n9ib cult1 #bad4 ,%amuktu1 a class ( prie/esses ( ,i%t>1 #ffj4 ,%a-nit787-ka1 goddess1 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #ahh2 associat$ ) ,damku & ,%>ru-ilu1 #bcb2 mi/ress ( ,n9eveh1 #bcc2 ,i%t>1 #bcc4 ,%>ru1 title ( ,m>duk1 9 ! deluge /ory1 #ejj4 ,%>ru-ilu1 god1 associat$ ) ,damku & ,%a-nit787-ka1 #bcb2 mean+ ( "n1 #bcb2 evid5tly a title1 #bcb2 p]haps a =eign god1 #bcb2 wor%ipp$ at ,magganubba1 #bcb4 ,%>-s>bi ,bels>bi1 #bdb4 ,%]ua1 m9or god 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #bcd2 =eign deity1 #fdd4 ,%eol1 #efj2 ,o4 ,t4 conceptions ( ,%eol to ,babylonian conceptions1 #fjf ff42 see also ,%ualu1 ,dead44 ,%9> ,babylonia1 #fac4 ,%ip1 con/ruction (1 #dih-i2 ,puzur-%adu-rabu1 capta9 ( ark1 #ejj2 a sacr$ object1 #fec-d2 its uses & significance1 #fed2 comp>$ ) ! ,mahmal & ! ark1 #fee4 ,%ip ( ,light1 "n ( ,s9's %ip1 #fee4 ,%ip ( ,malku1 "n ( ! %ip ( ,n>u1 #fee4 ,%ip ( ! ,brilliant ,(fspr+1 "n ( ,bau's %ip1 #fee4 ,%ir1 god1 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 pan!on1 #afb2 local god1 #afc2 patron ( ,bit-,khabban1 #agf4 ,%irpurla1 see ,laga%4 ,%ualu1 designation ( ! di/rict ( ! dead1 #efj ff42 mean+1 #eei2 to ,hebr4 ,%eol1 #efj4 ,%ubu1 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 pan!on1 #afb2 local "*1 #afc2 patron god ( ,bit-,khabban1 #agf4 ,%u-bu-la1 god1 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afi2 patron ( ,%umdula1 #afi4 ,%u-gid-la1 see ,%u-bu-la1 #afi4 ,%ukamuna1 ,cassite god1 id5tical ) ,n]gal1 #aeb1 #afc1 #agb2 head ( ,agum's pan!on1 #aeb1 #agb2 consort ( ,%umalia1 #agc4 ,%ul-gur ,n9-girsu1 #ea4 ,%ul-pa-uddu1 god1 #ea2 mean+ ( "n1 #ii2 age & ext5sion ( cult1 #ii2 decl9e ( cult 9 favor ( ,%ama% & ,n9ib1 #ajj2 position 9 ,babylonian a/ronomy1 #ajj2 sol> deity1 #ii1 #eca4 ,%umalia1 9 ! ,cassite pan!on1 #afb-c1 #agb2 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,i4 pan!on1 #afb2 consort ( ,%ukamuna1 #agc2 epi!t1 #agc4 ,%umdula1 city 9 ,babylonia1 cult ( ,%ubula1 #afi4 ,%um-g>1 see ,si-g>4 ,%urippak1 city on ,euphrates1 de/roy$ by ra9/orm1 #die2 comp>ison ) ,sodom1 #dif1 #ejg4 ,%urpu s]ies1 #bij4 ,%u-sil-la1 see ,%ubula1 #afi4 ,sibi1 collective p]sonification ( ! sev5 evil spirits associat$ ) ,i%um1 #ecc4 ,sibittum1 m9or deity 9 ! ,etana leg5d1 #eba4 ,siduri1 ,sabitum1 ! goddess ( ,siduri1 #dia4 ,si-g>1 fe/ival ( ,gula1 #fhc2 fe/ival ( ,s91 #fhd2 fe/ival ( ,%ama%1 #fhd2 mean+1 #fhd2 date ( in/allation ( ,a%urbanabal1 #fhd4 ,silili1 "m ( "o ( ,i%t>'s associates1 #dhb4 ,s91 god1 see also ,nann>2 wor%ipp$ 9 ,h>ran1 #gf1 #bda1 #fda1 #fdg2 temple at ,ur1 #gf1 #bda1 #bie1 #fdj1 #fdd1 #fhg2 occurr5ce ( ! "n else:]e1 #gg2 amalgamation ) ,nann>1 #gh2 *ief trait1 #gh2 lun> cycle & sun cal5d>1 #gh2 epi!ts & functions1 #gf1 #gh-i1 #bai1 #dfb2 gradual decrease ( ,s9 cult1 #gh-i2 9 ,lugalzaggisi's & ,gudea's pan!on1 #aaj2 associat$ ) ,%ama% & ,ramman1 #aeh1 #afc2 9 ,hammurabi's pan!on1 #afb2 patron ( ,bit-,khabban1 #afc2 head ( #b;d triad1 #afc2 associat$ ) ,i%t>1 #afc1 #ega2 fa!r ( ,i%t>1 #efe2 temple at ,calah1 #bai2 sanctu>y at ,khorsabad1 #bai2 sanctu>y at ,magganubba1 #bai2 god ( wisdom1 #gh1 #bai2 god ( wat] 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #bai2 fir/-born son ( ,bel1 #gf1 #bai2 subord9ate position 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #bai-bj2 ,s9 & a/ronomy1 resp4 a/rology1 #bai-bj2 temple at ,babylon1 #bdb2 9 incantations1 #bhj2 9 hymn1 #cjc-d2 ,s9 & ,%ama%1 #cje1 #fdg2 fir/-born ( ,bel1 #bai1 #dfb2 ,siwan1 #c;d mon?1 sacr$ to ,s9 #dfb2 *apel 9 ,e-,zida1 #fci2 ,s9 cult "u ,nabonn$os1 #gg1 #fdh2 ,s9's %ip1 #fee2 zagmuk (1 #fgh2 ,si-g>1 fe/ival (1 #fhd4 ,s9ai1 a p59sula 7metals & /one71 #fbg1 #feb4 ,s9-gamil1 ( ,uruk1 builds sanctu>ies to ,n]gal at ,cu?ah1 #ff4 ,s9-ga%id1 ( ,uruk1 s]vitor ( ,lugal-b&a & ,n9-gul1 #ie-f4 ,s9-idd9a1 ( ,l>sa1 builds sanctu>y to ,%ama% 9 ,l>sa1 #fi2 builds temple ( ,s9 9 ,ur1 #gf4 ,sipp>1 temple & ar*ives1 #aj2 anci5t c5t]1 #ce1 #bde2 c5t] ( wor%ip ( ,%ama%1 #fi1 #aag1 #adc-d1 #bda1 #fbh1 #fdj1 #fdf2 temple ( ,nun-gal1 #afh2 wor%ip ( ,%ama%1 ,malik1 & ,bun5e1 #agf2 temple ( ,n9-k>rak1 #bid2 temple ( ,malkalu or ,a1 #fdj2 zikkurat1 ,?re%old ( ,long ,life1 #fda4 ,sir1 s]p5t god1 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #agj4 ,sirius1 obs]vations (1 #cgb4 ,siwan1 #c;d mon?1 sacr$ to ,s91 #dfb1 #fhg2 sacr$ to ! god ( brick /ructures1 #dfc2 #be? day ( ,siwan sacr$ to ,belit ( ,babylon1 #fhd4 ,slaves1 /&+ ( slaves a measure ( social e?ics1 #fie4 ,smi?1 ,george1 explorations1 #i4 ,sodom1 de/ruction (1 po9t ( contact ) ,gilgame% epic1 #die-f1 #ejg4 ,sokk>os1 gr&fa!r ( ,gilgame% 7,aelian71 #ebd4 ,solomonic temple & ! sacr$ qu>t] 9 ,nippur1 #fbc-d2 horns ( alt> comp>$ ) ,bab4 cu/om1 #feb2 sea comp>$ ) ,apsu1 #fec2 ark comp>$ ) ! ,bab4 %ip1 #fee4 ,sorc]1 ,sorc]ess1 see also ,wit*craft2 relation%ip betw4 s4 & oracle-giv]1 #cdb4 ,spirits1 9 prop] names1 #aff1 #ahj2 ,nun-gal-e-ne1 a class (1 #afh 7cf4 #ahd72 _! symbols1 #agd1 #ahb2 functions1 #agd2 li/s (1 #ahj2 classification (1 #aha ff42 ( disease1 #aha1 #ahf1 #bdf2 ( ! field1 #ahb2 ( ! ne!r-_w1 #ahc2 divid+ l9e betw4 gods & spirits1 #aha1 #ahc1 #bca1 #bff1 #bgd2 ( evil1 #bfj1 #bfd2 activity (1 #bfj-a2 repres5tations (1 #bfc2 habitations (1 #bfj1 #bfc2 ! sev5 spirits1 #bfd2 /r5g? attribute (1 #bff2 relation%ip betw4 demons & wit*craft1 #bfg2 diff]5tiation ( demons1 #bfb4 ,spiritualization ( my?ology1 #cjd1 #cjf2 *>act]i/ic ( lat] times1 #big2 9 p5it5tial psalms1 #cac1 #cai4 ,spl5dor ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,/>s1 writ+ ( heav51 #ded2 division (1 #dee4 ,/orm1 symbols ( /orm 7birds & bulls71 #ecg ff4 ,sub>tu1 "n ( c\ntry1 #ecb4 ,sugi1 "n ( c\ntry1 #fge4 ,sukhaul-ziku1 "n ( my?ical f\nta91 #egb4 ,sum] & ,akkad1 e?nological-geographical1 #cb-c2 ,s4-,a4 language 9 incantations1 #bei4 ,sum]ian "q1 #ba-d1 #cb-d4 ,sun1 see ,%ama%2 gates ( s41 #dce1 #ddc2 repres5tation ( sun 9 creation /ory1 #dfa2 sun & moon 9 a/ronomy & religion1 #dfa4 ,susian w$ge writ+1 #ai4 ,syllab>ies1 #ace4 ,syncellus1 s\rce = ,b4-,a4 religion1 #a1 #e4 ,sy/ematiz$ religion1 see ,!ology4 ,taboo1 mean+ (1 #cig4 ,talisman1 see ,amulet1 ,t]aphim4 ,tammuz1 agricultural deity1 #eh1 #ehh2 relations to ,i%t>1 #hd1 #dhb1 #dhd1 #edg1 #efd1 #egd2 ,t4 & ,gi%-zida doorkeep]s ( heav51 #edf2 sol> deity1 #edg2 #d? mon? nam$ = ,t41 #edg1 #fhb2 int]c$es = ,adapa ) ,anu1 #edh-i2 bro!r ( ,belili1 #ege2 ,t4's day ,all-,s\ls' ,day1 #eii1 #fje1 #fhb2 id5tifi$ ) ,n9-girsu1 #eh2 associat$ ) ,n9-gi%-zida1 #edf1 #ehh4 ,tammuz1 #d? mon?1 sacr$ to ,n9ib1 #dfb2 nam$ = god ,tammuz1 #edg1 #fhb2 sacr$ to ! s]vant ( ,gibil1 #dfc4 ,t>bisu1 city nor? ( ,n9eveh2 temple ( ,n]gal1 #bai4 ,t>-gul-le1 names ( "s demons let loose by ,dibb>ra 9 ! deluge /ory1 #ejj4 ,ta%mitum1 goddess 9 pan!on ( ,hammurabi1 #acj2 a new creation1 #aca-b2 consort ( ,nabu1 #acj-a1 #bbh-i2 mean+ ( "n1 #aca2 h] quasi-artificial "*1 #aca-b2 call$ ,nana1 #acb2 %r9e 9 ,e-,sagila1 #bbj1 #bda2 9 ! subscript to ,a%urbanabal's tablets1 #bbi-cj2 %r9e 9 ,e-,zida1 #bda4 ,ta%ritu1 see ,ti%ri4 ,taylor1 ,j4 ,e41 excavations1 #h4 ,tebet1 #aj? mon?1 sacr$ to ,papsukal1 ,i%t>1 & ,anu1 #dfc2 fe/ival ( ,en-me%>a1 #ehh4 ,tel-,id1 m\nd ne> ,w>ka1 site ( anci5t capital ( ,m>1 #ajj4 ,tell-el-am>na1 see ,el-am>na4 ,tell-,ibrahim ,cu?ah4 ,telloh1 excavations1 #aa2 temple records & legal docum5ts1 #afe4 ,tell-,sifr1 temple records & legal docum5ts1 #afe4 ,temple records1 see also ,lit]ature2 s\rce ( /udy ( ! deities1 #afg4 ,temples1 #fab ff42 names ( t41 #fch ff42 hi/ory ( t41 #fdb ff42 z f9ancial e/abli%m5ts1 #fej2 m9or "p play$ by ! temples 9 ,assyria1 #fei4 ,t]ah1 ,t]ahites1 appe>ance 9 ,pale/9e1 #b2 migrations1 #b2 home (1 #i4 ,t]aphim1 talismans p>allel to ,ass4-,bab4 /atuettes ( gods1 #fgd4 ,teumman1 k+ ( ,elam1 #bif4 ,?amud1 ,arabic tribe de/roy$1 #dif4 ,! ,brilliant ,h\se1 "n ( temple1 #fda4 ,! ,less] ,light1 "n ( ,n+al's %ip1 #fee4 ,!ology & popul> belief1 #hi1 #aad1 #aca1 #ahj1 #bce1 #bdi1 #daa1 #dad1 #daf1 #deh1 #did1 #ebg1 #ehd1 #fad1 #fai1 #fbi-cj1 #fhi2 ,gudea's sy/em1 #ajh2 int]action betw4 political =tunes & positions ( div9ities1 #ajh1 #aaj-aa1 #acd-e1 #bja1 #bcd1 #bce2 g5ealogical arrangem5t accord+ to ,amiaud1 #ajh2 family !ory accord+ to ,davis1 #aji2 its value1 #aji2 t5d5cy t[>ds recognition ( c]ta9 great gods1 #aaa1 #adg1 #aga1 #aij1 #bcd-e1 #fif2 organization ( cult & ritual1 e/abli%m5t ( dogmas1 #aae1 #acc1 #bdg1 #fij2 p$agogical activity1 #ace2 =mation ( ! great triad1 #adg2 re-sy/ematization ( gods by ,hammurabi1 #aga1 #bgf2 sy/ematization ( spirits1 #ahd2 attempts to sy/ematize s]ies ( gods1 #bac1 #baf1 #bcc2 !ology 9 cosmology1 #dab ff41 #dah1 #ddc2 9 ! #ab? tablet ( ! ,gilgame% epic1 #eab-c2 9 ! ,etana leg5d1 #ebg2 !ology 9 ! ,zu epic1 #edb4 ,?omas1 ,felix1 excavations1 #h4 ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights1 #did4 ,?re%old ( ,long ,life1 "n ( zikkurat 9 ,sipp>1 #fda4 ,tiamat1 my?ical mon/]1 conqu]$ by ,m>duk1 #adj1 #aig1 #djh2 f\ght by ,anu1 ,ea1 #aig2 synonym\s ) ,apsu1 #daa2 female pr9ciple1 #daa2 p]sonifi$ *aos1 #daa1 #dad2 dom9ion ( ,t4 & ,apsu prec$es t ( ! gods1 #dab2 gods product ( ! union ( ,t4 & ,apsu1 #dac2 my?ical mon/]s product ( ! union ( ,t4 & ,apsu1 #dad2 associates ( ,t41 #dai2 ,ummu-,khubur1 epi!t ( ,t41 #dai2 ,k+u h] consort1 #dbj2 ,tiamat epic comp>$ ) ,zu my?1 #edc2 comp>ison ) ,n]gal-,allat fight1 #ehe4 ,tigla?piles] ,i41 k+ ( ,assyria1 nom5clature ( ,bel1 #adf2 d$icates temple to ,anu & ,ramman1 #aed1 #aei2 z a hunt]1 #baf2 rebuilds temple ( ,bel at ,a%ur1 #bbe2 pan!on1 #bcf2 d$icates captur$ gods1 #fge4 ,tigla?piles] ,,ii41 sacrifices 9 ,babylonia1 #ffd4 ,tigris1 c\rse (1 #bh-i2 comp>ison ) ,euphrates1 #cj2 9 g>d5 ( ,ed51 #b 7cf4 #ejf72 "o ( ! f\r /reams =m+ ! conflu5ce ( /reams1 #ejf 7cf4 #b74 ,ti%ri1 #g? mon?1 sacr$ to ,%ama%1 #dfb 7cf4 #fha1 #fhe72 #g? day sacr$ to ,%ama%1 ,malkatu1 & ,bun5e1 #fhe4 ,tombs1 see ,dead4 ,triad1 ! great1 ,anu1 ,bel1 ,ea1 #ajg2 relation%ip ( ! memb]s1 #adg2 product ( !ology1 #adg1 #adi2 developm5t (1 #adh2 extrane\s position1 #adi2 repres5tative ( ! ?ree k+doms1 #aee2 puni% ! violator ( monum5ts1 #bjg2 fix ! "n ( ! mon?s1 #bjh1 #bcf2 g5]al position 9 ,ass4 pan!on1 #bcf2 give victory1 #bcf2 grant rule1 #bcf2 associat$ ) ,a%ur1 ,i%t>1 & ,igigi1 & ,anunnaki1 #bcf2 9 incantations1 #bgc2 associat$ ) fire-god1 #bgi2 9 ,gudea1 #dah2 9 ! cosmology1 #dah2 ance/ors ( ! triad1 #dah2 symbolizes ! et]nal laws ( ! univ]se1 #dcb4 ,triad1 second1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 ,ramman1 #afc2 9 incantations1 #bgc4 ,tubal-ca91 biblical fa!r ( metal work]s1 #agh4 ,tur-lil-en1 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,,ii4 pan!on1 #bdb4 ,ty*s51 ,g]h>d1 deciph]m5t ( w$ge writ+1 #ae4 ,ub%u-k5na1 c\ncil *amb] ( ! gods1 #dbc1 #fbi1 #fhg4 ,uddu%u-,namir1 a div9e s]vant1 creat$ by ,ea1 #ega4 ,ud-zal ,nimib1 #aff4 ,ukhat1 9 ! ,gilgame% epic1 #dge1 #dgf ff42 p>allelism betw4 ,u4 & ,eve1 #eaa4 ,ukhati1 sacr$ h>lots ( ,uruk1 #dge1 #eca1 #ffj4 ,ul-ma%-%i-tum1 9 prop] names ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #agj4 ,ululu1 #f? mon?1 sacr$ to ,i%t>1 #dfb1 #fhd2 sacr$ to ,a%ur1 #dfc1 #fhe2 sacr$ to ,n9ib1 #bae1 #fhd2 #c;d day ( ,u4 sacr$ to ,%ama%1 ,malkatu1 & ,bun5e1 #fhe4 ,ululu #b;d 7int]calat$71 sacr$ to ,anu & ,bel1 #dfc4 ,umu1 goddess1 #ea2 prie/ess ( ,uruk1 #ajb2 9 ,lugalzaggisi's pan!on1 #aaj4 ,umun-pa-uddu ,%ul-pa-uddu1 #ii4 ,ur1 city1 home ( ,t]ahites1 #i2 dyna/ies1 #cf-g2 sacr$ to ,s9 or ,nann>1 #fi-gj1 #ge1 #bdb1 #fdj1 #fdg2 sanctu>y ( ,%ama%1 #gj2 />t+ po9t ( ,hebrew migrations1 #gg2 association ) ,h>ran1 #gg2 temple ( ,nana1 #ha2 temple ( ,n9-gal1 #ig2 temple ( ,s91 #gj1 #bdb1 #bie1 #fdj2 lit]>y c5t]1 #bde2 zikkurat at ,ur1 #fag2 temple ,e-kh>sag1 #fch2 temple ,e-gal-makh1 #fci4 ,ur-,bau1 patesi ( ,laga%1 builds sanctu>y ( ,belit1 #ef2 builds sanctu>y to ,ea 9 ,girsu1 #fa-c2 builds temple ( ,n9ni 9 ,gi%galla1 #hj2 builds temple to ,n9-,m> 9 ,m>1 #ajj2 builds temple to ,ku787-anna 9 ,girsu1 #ajb2 erects a zikkurat 9 ,nippi]1 #fde4 ,ur-,gur1 #b;d dyna/y ( ,ur1 builds sanctu>y to ,%ama% 9 ,l>sa1 #fi2 pres]ves local cults 9 ,l>sa1 ,nippur1 ,uruk1 #fi2 builds temple to ,s9 9 ,ur1 #gf2 builds temple to ,nana 9 ,uruk1 #ha4 ,ur-,kasdim ,ur4 ,ur-,n9-,girsu1 ( ,laga%1 prie/ ( ,anu1 #ij4 ,ur-,%ul-pa-uddu1 rul] ( ,ki%1 #ii4 ,uru-azagga1 qu>t] ( ,laga%1 #eg2 temple ( ,bau1 #ei1 #ajc4 ,uru-gal1 great city1 designation ( ne!r-_w1 #eib2 ,n9-azu1 god ( ,u41 #eib4 ,uruk1 anci5t c5t]1 #i1 #ce1 #bde1 #dde1 #dgb2 excavat$1 #i2 rul]s1 #cg2 temple ( ,n9-%akh1 #ic2 temple ( ,lugal-b&a1 #ie2 temple ( ,n9-gul1 #if2 orig9 ( cult ( ,nisaba1 #ajb2 ,nana1 or ,i%t>1 ! great goddess ( ,uruk1 #ha1 #hd1 #ajc1 #bdb1 #caa1 #dde1 #dgc1 #dge1 #fde1 #fdh2 importance ( ,uruk 9 ,nippur inscriptions1 #ajc2 wor%ip ( ,nisaba1 #aaa2 temple ( ,nana or ,i%t>1 #ha1 #bdb1 #caa1 #eca1 #fci2 ,uruk supuri1 #dgb2 city ( ! ,kizreti1 ,ukhati1 & ,kh>imati1 #dge1 #eca2 conqu]$ by ,gilgame%1 #dgc1 #eac2 attack$ by ,khumbaba1 #dcj2 ,uruk "u ,cassites 7871 #dhj2 attack$ by ,dibb>ra1 #eca2 dwell+ ( ,anu & ,i%t>1 #eca2 zikkurat at ,u41 #fai1 #fci4 ,uru-kag9a1 patesi ( ,laga%1 #ec2 k+ ( ,girsu1 #ef2 erects temple ( ,bau at ,uru-azagga1 #ajc4 ,utu1 surname ( ,%ama%1 #gb2 etymology1 #gc4 ,utukku1 a class ( spirits1 #bfj 7cf4 #eaa74 ,vases1 sacr$ objects1 #feb1 #fgd-e comp>ison ) vases 9 ! ,solomonic temple1 #fec4 ,v5us ,i%t>1 "n ( planet1 #cgj4 ,votive inscriptions1 see ,religi\s ,texts4 ,votive (f]+s1 #ea1 #eg1 #ffj ff42 li/s (1 #afe2 popul> "*1 #ffh-i2 /atues ( k+s votive (f]+s1 #ffi2 occasions =1 #fgj2 (f]$ by k+s & laym51 #fga1 #fge2 v>i\s objects1 #fga1 #fge2 captur$ gods z (f]+s1 #fge4 ,w>ka1 see ,uruk4 ,wat]1 see ,fire & ,ea2 means ( purification1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #bhb1 #bhi4 ,w$ge writ+1 /yles & v>ieties1 #ai1 #bj2 orig91 #ba ff41 #ded1 #dee4 ,wit*craft1 orig9 ( belief 91 #bfg2 relation%ip betw4 w4 & demons1 #bfg2 ! sex 9 w41 #bfg1 #cdb1 #dhe2 means ( w41 #bfh2 protection aga9/1 #bfi2 release f1 #bhe1 #feg2 causes ( puni%m5t by1 #bia4 ,wor%ip1 tree wor%ip comp>$ ) ,hebrew-,pho5ician ,a%]a cult1 #fhi2 symbolical 9 ,bab41 #fhi4 ,x5ophon1 contempor>y ( ,ctesias1 #a4 ,xisu?ras1 #eje2 see ,adra-,khasis4 ,yakh91 "n ( column 9 ,solomon's temple1 #fbd4 ,zab1 l[]1 tribut>y ( ,tigris1 #aib4 ,zabu1 k+ ( ,babylon1 re/ores ,%ama% temple at ,sipp>1 #aag2 re/ores ,anunit temple at ,agade1 #aag4 ,zag-muk1 fe/ival ( ,bau1 #ei1 #fgg2 fe/ival ( ,m>duk1 #abg1 #fca1 #fgh-i2 fe/ival ( ,en-lil1 #fgh2 fe/ival ( ,s91 #fgh2 fe/ival ( ,nana1 #fgh2 propiti\s "t = ask+ oracles1 #fbh-i2 spr+ & fall ! "t ( ! z41 #fgh2 comp>$ ) ,jewi% ,new ,ye>1 #fhg4 ,zak>1 god1 mean+ ( "n1 #agb2 place ( wor%ip1 #agb2 wall ( ,zak>1 #agb2 relation%ip to ,bel & ,belit1 #agb4 ,zamama1 god ( ! #b;d ,bab4 p]iod1 #afh2 sanctu>y to ,z4 9 ,ki%1 #afi2 god ( battle 7id5tifi$ ) ,n9ib1 #fdj71 #afi2 ,n9ni 8 consort1 #afi2 9 incantations1 #bgc2 temple ( ,zamama-,n9ib1 #fdj4 ,z>mu1 son ( ,bau1 #ajc4 ,za-za-uru1 son ( ,bau1 #ajc4 ,zikkurat1 /ag$ t[]1 #fae2 imitation ( m\nta91 #fae2 h\se ( oracle1 #fbb2 names ( zikkurats1 #fch ff4 ,zodiac1 z4 sy/em outcome ( religi\s ?\ght1 #bdg1 #dcd2 zodiacal int]pretation ( ! gods1 #hb1 #caj-a1 #dcd1 #dfb-c1 #fgf2 almo/ ! entire zodiac kn[n to ! ,babylonians1 #def4 ,zoroa/rianism1 #de4 ,zu1 p]sonification ( /orm1 #ebe1 #ecg2 my? ( ,zu1 #ecg ff42 comp>$ ) ,tiamat epic1 #edc2 explanation ( "n1 #ecg2 ! *ief work] ( evil1 #ech2 "u ! control ( ,%ama%1 #ech2 robs ! tablets ( fate1 #edj2 conqu]$ by ,m>duk1 #edb4 ,zurghul1 city 9 ,babylonia1 #egh4 ,,ann\ncem5ts ,,h&books ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religions ,edit$ by ,morris ,ja/r[1 ,jr41 ,pr(essor ( ,semitic ,languages 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,! di/+ui%+ features ( ?is s]ies w be3 fir/1 ea* volume w deal ) ! hi/ory ( a special religion1 :i* is to be intru/$ to ! h&s ( a compet5t speciali/2 second1 ! treatm5t ( ! subject 9 ! v>i\s volumes w foll[ s f> z possible a uni=m ord]2 a ?ird division w embody a full exposition ( ! beliefs & rites1 ! religi\s art & lit]ature2 a f\r? division w give ! hi/ory ( ! religion & set =? its relation to o!rs4 ,?ree volumes are n[ ready4 ,,n[ ,,ready ,i4 ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,india ,by ,edw>d ,wa%burn ,hopk9s1 ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit & ,comp>ative ,philology 9 ,yale ,univ]sity4 #hvo4 ,clo?4 xviii #fab pages4 ,li/ price1 #b4jj2 mail+ price1 #b4bj4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria ,by ,morris ,ja/r[1 ,jr41 ,pr(essor ( ,semitic ,languages 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #hvo4 ,clo?4 xiv #ghj pages4 ,li/ price1 #c4jj2 mail+ price1 #c4be4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,teutons ,by ,p4 ,d4 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid54 ,translat$ by ,b4 ,j4 ,vos1 ,associate ,pr(essor ( ,g]man 9 ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 #hvo4 ,clo?4 viii #ejd pages4 ,li/ price1 #b4ej2 mail+ price1 #b4gj4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,iv4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,israel ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,john ,p4 ,pet]s1 ,new ,york4 ,v4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,p]sia ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,v4 ,williams ,jackson ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,vi4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religions ,by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,h4 ,toy ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,islam ,by ,pr(essor ,morris ,ja/r[1 ,jr41 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,romans ,by ,pr(essor ,jesse ,b5$ict ,c>t] ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,,g9n ,,company ,publi%]s