,,%ort ,,/udies ,,on ,,great ,,subjects4 ,,london ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co4 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,%ort ,,/udies ,,on ,,great ,,subjects4 ,,by ,,james ,,an?ony ,,fr\de1 ,m4,a4 ,,late ,,fell[ ,,( ,,exet] ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ahfg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,hi/ory #a ,,times ,,( ,,erasmus ,,& ,,lu!r3 ,lecture ,i #bf ,lecture ,,ii #ej ,lecture ,,iii #ge ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation ,,on ,,! ,,scotti% ,,"* #ajb ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,ca?olicism #abd ,a ,,plea ,,= ,,! ,,free ,,discussion ,,( ,,!ological ,,difficulties #acc ,,criticism ,,& ,,! ,,gospel ,,hi/ory #aei ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job #ahe ,,sp9oza #bbc ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ,,mona/]ies #bfe ,,engl&',s ,,=gott5 ,,wor?ies #bid ,,hom] #ccd ,,! ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,sa9ts #cfc ,,repres5tative ,,m5 #chd ,,reyn>d ,,! ,,fox #dja ,,! ,,cat',s ,,pilgrimage3 ,"p ,i #dai ,"p ,,ii #dbb ,"p ,,iii #dbg ,"p ,,iv #dcj ,,fables3 ,i4 ,! ,lions & ! ,ox5 #dcc ,,ii4 ,! ,f>m] & ! ,fox #dcd ,,p>able ,,( ,,! ,,bread-,,fruit ,,tree #dcf ,,comp5sation #dci ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,hi/ory3 ,a ,,lecture ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution ,,febru>y #e1 #ahfd4 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51--,i h und]tak5 to speak to y ?is ev5+ on :at is call$ ! ,sci5ce ( ,hi/ory4 ,i fe> x is a dry subject2 & !re seems1 inde$1 some?+ incongru\s 9 ! v connection ( su* words z ,sci5ce & ,hi/ory4 ,x is z if we 7 to talk ( ! col\r ( s\nd1 or ! longitude ( ! rule-(-?ree4 ,:]e x is s difficult to make out ! tru? on ! commone/ disput$ fact 9 matt]s pass+ "u our v eyes1 h[ c we talk ( a sci5ce 9 ?+s long pa/1 :i* come to u only ?r\gh books8 ,x (t5 seems to me z if ,hi/ory 0 l a *ild's box ( lett]s1 ) :i* we c spell any ^w we please4 ,we h only to pick out su* lett]s z we want1 arrange !m z we l1 & say no?+ ab\t ^? :i* d n suit our purpose4 ,i w try to make ! ?+ intelligible1 & ,i w try n to we>y y2 b ,i am d\btful ( my success ei!r way4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to say a ^w or two ab\t ! em95t p]son ^: "n is connect$ ) ?is way ( look+ at ,hi/ory1 & ^: premature dea? /ruck u all ) su* a sudd5 sorr[4 ,_m ( y1 p]haps1 recollect ,mr4 ,buckle z he /ood n s long ago 9 ?is place4 ,he spoke m ?an an h\r )\t a note--nev] repeat+ himself1 nev] wa/+ words2 lay+ out 8 matt] z easily & z pleasantly z if he _h be5 talk+ to u at 8 own fireside4 ,we might ?9k :at we pleas$ ( ,mr4 ,buckle's views1 b x 0 pla9 en\gh t he 0 a man ( uncommon p[]2 & he _h qualities also--qualities to :i* he1 p]haps1 himself atta*$ little value1 z r>e z !y 7 admirable4 ,mo/ ( u1 :5 we h hit on some?+ :i* we are pleas$ to ?9k important & orig9al1 feel z if we %\ld bur/ ) x4 ,we come out into ! book-m>ket ) our w>es 9 h&1 & ask = ?anks & recognition4 ,mr4 ,buckle1 at an e>ly age1 conceiv$ ! ?\ght :i* made him fam\s1 b he took ! measure ( 8 abilities4 ,he knew t :5ev] he pleas$ he c\ld comm& p]sonal di/9ction1 b he c>$ m = 8 subject ?an = himself4 ,he 0 cont5t$ to "w ) pati5t retic5ce1 unkn[n & unhe>d (1 = tw5ty ye>s2 & !n1 at middle life1 he produc$ a "w :i* 0 translat$ at once into ,fr5* & ,g]man1 &1 ( all places 9 ! _w1 flutt]$ ! dovecotes ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,goe! says some:]e1 t z soon z a man has done any?+ rem>kable1 !re seems to be a g5]al conspiracy to prev5t him f do+ x aga94 ,he is fea/$1 ft$1 c>ess$2 8 "t is /ol5 f him by breakfa/s1 d9n]s1 societies1 idle bus9esses ( a ?\s& k9ds4 ,mr4 ,buckle _h 8 %>e ( all ?is2 b !re are also m dang]\s enemies t wait ^u success l 84 ,he _h sc>cely won = himself ! place :i* he des]v$1 ?an 8 heal? 0 f\nd %att]$ by 8 lab\rs4 ,he _h b "t to %[ u h[ l>ge a man he 0--"t j to sket* ! outl9es ( 8 philosophy1 & he pass$ away z sudd5ly z he appe>$4 ,he w5t abroad to recov] /r5g? = 8 "w1 b 8 "w 0 done ) & ov]4 ,he di$ ( a fev] at ,damascus1 vex$ only t he 0 compell$ to leave x uncomplet$4 ,almo/ 8 la/ consci\s words 71 ',my book1 my book6 ,i %all nev] f9i% my book6' ,he w5t away z he _h liv$1 nobly c>eless ( himself1 & ?9k+ only ( ! ?+ :i* he _h und]tak5 to d4 ,b 8 lab\r _h n be5 ?r[n away4 ,disagree ) him z we might1 ! effect :i* he _h already produc$ 0 unmi/akable1 & x is n likely to pass away4 ,:at he said 0 n ess5tially new4 ,"s su* int]pretation ( human ?+s is z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ?\ght4 ,b ,mr4 ,buckle1 on ! "o h&1 _h ! art :i* belongs to m5 ( g5ius2 he c\ld pres5t 8 op9ions ) peculi> di/9ctness2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is mu* 9 ! mode ( speculation at pres5t curr5t among u = :i* ^? op9ions h an unusual fasc9ation4 ,!y d n please u1 b !y excite & irritate u4 ,we are angry ) !m2 & we betray1 9 be+ s1 an uneasy misgiv+ t !re may be m tru? 9 ^? op9ions ?an we l to all[4 ,mr4 ,buckle's g5]al !ory 0 some?+ ( ?is k9d3 ,:5 human creatures began fir/ to look ab\t !m 9 ! _w !y liv$ 91 !re seem$ to be no ord] 9 any?+4 ,days & nights 7 n ! same l5g?4 ,! air 0 sometimes hot & sometimes cold4 ,"s ( ! />s rose & set l ! sun2 "s 7 almo/ motionless 9 ! sky2 "s describ$ circles r\nd a c5tral /> above ! nor? horizon4 ,! planets w5t on pr9ciples ( _! own2 & 9 ! elem5ts !re seem$ no?+ b caprice4 ,sun & moon w\ld at times g out 9 eclipse4 ,sometimes ! e>? itself w\ld %ake "u m5's feet2 & !y c\ld only suppose t e>? & air & sky & wat] 7 inhabit$ & manag$ by creatures z wayw>d z !mselves4 ,"t w5t on1 & ! disord] began to arrange itself4 ,c]ta9 influ5ces seem$ b5efic5t to m51 o!rs malignant & de/ructive1 & ! _w 0 suppos$ to be animat$ by good spirits & evil spirits1 :o 7 cont9ually fight+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 9 outw>d nature & 9 human creatures !mselves4 ,f9ally1 z m5 obs]v$ m & imag9$ less1 ^! int]pretations gave way also4 ,ph5om5a ! mo/ opposite 9 effect 7 se5 to be ! result ( ! same natural law4 ,! fire did n burn ! h\se d[n if ! own]s ( x 7 c>eful1 b rema9$ on ! he>? & boil$ ! pot2 nor did x seem m incl9$ to burn a bad man's h\se d[n ?an a good man's1 provid$ ! badness did n take ! =m ( neglig5ce4 ,! ph5om5a ( nature 7 f\nd = ! mo/ "p to proce$ 9 an ord]ly1 regul> way1 & _! v>iations to be su* z c\ld be c\nt$ ^u4 ,f obs]v+ ! ord] ( ?+s1 ! /ep 0 easy to cause & effect4 ,an eclipse1 in/ead ( be+ a sign ( ! ang] ( ,heav51 0 f\nd to be ! necess>y & innoc5t result ( ! relative position ( sun1 moon1 & e>?4 ,! comets became bodies 9 space1 unrelat$ to ! be+s :o _h imag9$ t all creation 0 wat*+ !m & _! do+s4 ,by degrees1 caprice1 volition1 all symptoms ( arbitr>y action1 disappe>$ out ( ! univ]se2 & almo/ e ph5om5on 9 e>? or heav5 0 f\nd attributable to "s law1 ei!r und]/ood or p]ceiv$ to exi/4 ,?us nature 0 reclaim$ f ! imag9ation4 ,! fir/ fanta/ic conception ( ?+s gave way be=e ! moral2 ! moral 9 turn gave way be=e ! natural2 & at la/ !re 0 left b "o small tract ( jungle :]e ! !ory ( law _h fail$ to p5etrate--! do+s & *>act]s ( human creatures !mselves4 ,!re1 & only !re1 amid/ ! conflicts ( reason & emotion1 consci5ce & desire1 spiritual =ces 7 /ill conceiv$ to exi/4 ,cause & effect 7 n traceable :5 !re 0 a free volition to di/urb ! connection4 ,9 all o!r ?+s1 f a giv5 set ( conditions1 ! consequ5ces necess>ily foll[$4 ,) man1 ! ^w law *ang$ its mean+2 & in/ead ( a fix$ ord]1 :i* he c\ld n *oose b foll[1 x became a moral precept1 :i* he might disobey if he d>$4 ,?is x 0 :i* ,mr4 ,buckle disbeliev$4 ,! economy :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t nature1 he ?\ght x v unlikely %\ld admit ( ?is exception4 ,he consid]$ t human be+s act$ necess>ily f ! impulse ( outw>d circum/ances ^u _! m5tal & bodily condition at any giv5 mom5t4 ,e man1 he said1 act$ f a motive2 & 8 conduct 0 det]m9$ by ! motive :i* affect$ him mo/ p[]fully4 ,e man naturally desires :at he supposes to be good = him2 b to d well1 he mu/ "k well4 ,he w eat poison1 s long z he does n "k t x is poison4 ,let him see t x w kill him1 & he w n t\* x4 ,! "q 0 n ( moral "r & wrong4 ,once let him be ?or\ghly made to feel t ! ?+ is de/ructive1 & he w leave x alone by ! law ( 8 nature4 ,8 virtues are ! result ( k2 8 faults1 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! want ( x4 ,a boy desires to draw4 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t x3 he draws m5 l trees or h\ses1 ) _! c5tre ( gravity any:]e4 ,he makes mi/akes1 because he kn[s no bett]4 ,we d n blame him4 ,till he is bett] taught he _c help x4 ,b 8 in/ruction beg9s4 ,he arrives at /raight l9es2 !n at solids2 !n at curves4 ,he le>ns p]spective1 & light & %ade4 ,he obs]ves m accurately ! =ms :i* he wi%es to repres5t4 ,he p]ceives effects1 & he p]ceives ! means by :i* !y are produc$4 ,he has le>n$ :at to d2 &1 9 "p1 he has le>n$ h[ to d x4 ,8 aft]-progress w dep5d on ! am\nt ( =ce :i* 8 nature possesses2 b all ?is is z natural z ! gr[? ( an acorn4 ,y d n prea* to ! acorn t x is its duty to become a l>ge tree2 y d n prea* to ! art-pupil t x is 8 duty to become a ,holbe94 ,y plant y\r acorn 9 fav\rable soil1 :]e x c h light & air1 & be %elt]$ f ! w9d2 y remove ! sup]flu\s bran*es1 y tra9 ! /r5g? into ! lead+ %oots4 ,! acorn w !n become z f9e a tree z x has vital =ce to become4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & o!r ?+s is only 9 ! l>g5ess & v>iety ( man's capacities2 & 9 ?is special capacity1 t he alone has ! p[] ( obs]v+ ! circum/ances fav\rable to 8 own gr[?1 & c apply !m = himself4 ,yet1 aga91 ) ?is condition1--t he is n1 z is commonly suppos$1 free to *oose :e!r he w make use ( ^! appliances or n4 ,:5 he kn[s :at is good = him1 he w *oose x2 & he w judge :at is good = him by ! circum/ances :i* h made him :at he is4 ,& :at he w\ld d1 ,mr4 ,buckle suppos$ t he always _h done4 ,8 hi/ory _h be5 a natural gr[? z mu* z ! gr[? ( ! acorn4 ,8 improvem5t _h foll[$ ! progress ( 8 k2 &1 by a comp>ison ( 8 outw>d circum/ances ) ! condition ( 8 m9d1 8 :ole proce$+s on ?is planet1 8 cre$s & con/itutions1 8 good de$s & 8 bad1 8 arts & 8 sci5ces1 8 empires & 8 revolutions1 w\ld be f\nd all to arrange !mselves into cle> relations ( cause & effect4 ,if1 :5 ,mr4 ,buckle press$ 8 conclusions1 we object$ ! difficulty ( f9d+ :at ! tru? ab\t pa/ times really 01 he w\ld admit x c&idly z f> z conc]n$ individuals2 b !re 0 n ! same difficulty1 he said1 ) masses ( m54 ,we might disagree ab\t ! *>act]s ( ,julius or ,tib]ius ,cs>1 b we c\ld "k well en\gh ! ,romans ( ! ,empire4 ,we _h _! lit]ature to tell u h[ !y ?\ght2 we _h _! laws to tell u h[ !y gov]n$2 we _h ! broad face ( ! _w1 ! huge m\nta9\s outl9e ( _! g5]al do+s ^u x1 to tell u h[ !y act$4 ,he believ$ x 0 all r$ucible to laws1 & c\ld be made z intelligible z ! gr[? ( ! *alk cliffs or ! coal measures4 ,& ?us consi/5tly ,mr4 ,buckle c>$ little = individuals4 ,he did n believe 7z "s "o has said7 t ! hi/ory ( mank9d is ! hi/ory ( its great m54 ,great m5 ) him 7 b l>g] atoms1 obey+ ! same impulses ) ! re/1 only p]haps a trifle m erratic4 ,) !m or )\t !m1 ! c\rse ( ?+s w\ld h be5 mu* ! same4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! tru? ( 8 view1 he w\ld po9t to ! new sci5ce ( ,political ,economy4 ,"h already 0 a l>ge area ( human activity 9 :i* natural laws 7 f\nd to act un]r+ly4 ,m5 _h gone on = c5turies try+ to regulate trade on moral pr9ciples4 ,!y w\ld fix wages accord+ to "s imag9>y rule ( fairness2 !y w\ld fix prices by :at !y consid]$ ?+s ought to co/2 !y enc\rag$ "o trade or disc\rag$ ano!r1 = moral reasons4 ,!y might z well h tri$ to "w a /eam-eng9e on moral reasons4 ,! great /atesm5 ^: names 7 connect$ ) ^! ent]prises might h z well legislat$ t wat] %\ld run up-hill4 ,!re 7 natural laws1 fix$ 9 ! conditions ( ?+s3 & to cont5d aga9/ !m 0 ! old battle ( ! ,titans aga9/ ! gods4 ,z x 0 ) political economy1 s x 0 ) all o!r =ms ( human activity2 & z ! true laws ( political economy expla9$ ! tr\bles :i* p fell into 9 old times1 because !y 7 ignorant ( !m1 s ! true laws ( human nature1 z soon z we knew !m1 w\ld expla9 _! mi/akes 9 m s]i\s matt]s1 & enable u to manage bett] = ! future4 ,geographical position1 climate1 air1 soil1 & ! l1 _h _! sev]al influ5ces4 ,! nor!rn nations are h>dy & indu/ri\s1 because !y mu/ till ! e>? if !y w\ld eat ! fruits ( x1 & because ! temp]ature is too l[ to make an idle life enjoyable4 ,9 ! s\?1 ! soil is m productive1 :ile less food is want$ & few] clo!s2 & 9 ! exquisite air1 ex]tion is n ne$$ to make ! s5se ( exi/5ce delightful4 ,!re=e1 9 ! s\? we f9d m5 lazy & indol5t4 ,true1 !re are difficulties 9 ^! views2 ! home ( ! languid ,italian 0 ! home also ( ! /]ne/ race ( :om ! /ory ( mank9d reta9s a record4 ,& aga91 :5 we are told t ! ,spani>ds are sup]/iti\s1 because ,spa9 is a c\ntry ( e>?quakes1 we rememb] ,japan1 ! spot 9 all ! _w :]e e>?quakes are mo/ frequ5t1 & :]e at ! same "t !re is ! mo/ s]5e disbelief 9 any sup]natural ag5cy :atsoev]4 ,moreov]1 if m5 gr[ into :at !y are by natural laws1 !y _c help be+ :at !y are2 & if !y _c help be+ :at !y are1 a good deal w h to be alt]$ 9 our g5]al view ( human obligations & responsibilities4 ,t1 h[ev]1 9 ^! !ories !re is a great deal ( tru? is q c]ta92 7 !re b a hope t ^? :o ma9ta9 !m w\ld be cont5t$ ) t admission4 ,a man born 9 a ,mahometan c\ntry gr[s up a ,mahometan2 9 a ,ca?olic c\ntry1 a ,ca?olic2 9 a ,prote/ant c\ntry1 a ,prote/ant4 ,8 op9ions are l 8 language2 he le>ns to ?9k z he le>ns to speak2 & x is absurd to suppose him responsible = be+ :at nature makes him4 ,we take pa9s to educate *ildr54 ,!re is a good education & a bad education2 !re are rules well asc]ta9$ by :i* *>act]s are influ5c$1 &1 cle>ly en\gh1 x is no m]e matt] = a boy's free w :e!r he turns out well or ill4 ,we try to tra9 him into good habits2 we keep him out ( ! way ( temptations2 we see t he is well taught2 we mix k9dness & /rictness2 we surr\nd him ) e good influ5ce we c comm&4 ,^! are :at are t]m$ ! advantages ( a good education3 & if we fail to provide ^? "u our c>e ) x1 & if !y g wrong1 ! responsibility we feel is z mu* ours z !irs4 ,?is is at once an admission ( ! p[] ov] u ( outw>d circum/ances4 ,9 ! same way1 we all[ = ! /r5g? ( temptations1 & ! l4 ,9 g5]al1 x is p]fectly obvi\s t m5 d necess>ily absorb1 out ( ! influ5ces 9 :i* !y gr[ up1 some?+ :i* gives a complexion to _! :ole aft]-"*4 ,:5 hi/orians h to relate great social or speculative *anges1 ! ov]?r[ ( a mon>*y or ! e/abli%m5t ( a cre$1 !y d b half _! duty if !y m]ely relate ! ev5ts4 ,9 an acc\nt1 = in/ance1 ( ! rise ( ,mahometanism1 x is n en\gh to describe ! "* ( ! ,prophet1 ! ends :i* he set be=e him1 ! means :i* he made use (1 & ! effect :i* he produc$2 ! hi/orian mu/ %[ :at !re 0 9 ! condition ( ! ,ea/]n races :i* enabl$ ,mahomet to act ^u !m s p[]fully2 _! exi/+ beliefs1 _! exi/+ moral & political condition4 ,9 our e/imate ( ! pa/1 & 9 our calculations ( ! future--9 ! judgm5ts :i* we pass ^u "o ano!r1 we measure responsibility1 n by ! ?+ done1 b by ! opportunities :i* p h _h ( kn[+ bett] or worse4 ,9 ! ef=ts :i* we make to keep our *ildr5 f bad associations or fri5ds we admit t ext]nal circum/ances h a p[]ful effect 9 mak+ m5 :at !y are4 ,b are circum/ances ev]y?+8 ,t is ! :ole "q4 ,a sci5ce ( hi/ory1 if x is m ?an a mislead+ "n1 implies t ! relation betwe5 cause & effect holds 9 human ?+s z completely z 9 all o!rs1 t ! orig9 ( human actions is n to be look$ = 9 my/]i\s prop]ties ( ! m9d1 b 9 influ5ces :i* are palpable & pond]able4 ,:5 natural causes are liable to be set aside & neutralis$ by :at is call$ volition1 ! ^w ,sci5ce is out ( place4 ,if x is free to a man to *oose :at he w d or n d1 !re is no adequate sci5ce ( him4 ,if !re is a sci5ce ( him1 !re is no free *oice1 & ! praise or blame ) :i* we reg>d "o ano!r are imp]t95t & out ( place4 ,i am trespass+ ^u ^! e?ical gr\nds because1 unless ,i d1 ! subject _c be made intelligible4 ,mank9d are b an aggregate ( individuals--,hi/ory is b ! record ( individual action2 & :at is true ( ! "p1 is true ( ! :ole4 ,we feel ke5ly ab\t su* ?+s1 & :5 ! logic becomes p]plex+1 we are apt to gr[ rhetorical ab\t !m4 ,b rhetoric is only mislead+4 ,:atev] ! tru? may be1 x is be/ t we %\ld "k x2 & = tru? ( any k9d we %\ld keep our heads & he>ts z cool z we c4 ,i w say at once1 t if we _h ! :ole case be=e u--if we 7 tak51 l ,leibnitz's ,t>qu91 into ! c\ncil *amb] ( nature1 & 7 %[n :at we really 71 :]e we came f1 & :]e we 7 go+1 h[ev] unpleasant x might be = "s ( u to f9d ourselves1 l ,t>qu91 made into villa9s1 f ! subtle necessities ( '! be/ ( all possible worlds2' nev]!less1 "s su* !ory z ,mr4 ,buckle's might possibly turn out to be true4 ,likely en\gh1 !re is "s great 'equation ( ! univ]se' :]e ! value ( ! unkn[n quantities c be det]m9$4 ,b we mu/ treat ?+s 9 relation to our own p[]s & position2 & ! "q is1 :e!r ! sweep ( ^? va/ curves c be measur$ by ! intellect ( creatures ( a day l ourselves4 ,! ',fau/' ( ,goe!1 tir$ ( ! b>r5 r\nd ( e>?ly k1 calls magic to 8 aid4 ,he desires1 fir/1 to see ! _s ( ! ,macrocosmos1 b 8 he>t fails him be=e he v5tures t trem5d\s exp]im5t1 & he summons be=e him1 in/ead1 ! _s ( 8 own race4 ,!re he feels himself at home4 ,! /ream ( life & ! /orm ( action1 ! ev]la/+ ocean ( exi/5ce1 ! web & ! wo(1 & ! ro>+ loom ( "t--he gazes ^u !m all1 & 9 passionate exultation claims fell[%ip ) ! awful ?+ be=e him4 ,b ! maje/ic vision fades1 & a voice comes to him--',?\ art fell[ ) ! spirits :i* ?y m9d c grasp--n ) me4' ,_h ,mr4 ,buckle tri$ to foll[ 8 pr9ciples into detail1 x might h f>$ no bett] ) him ?an ) ',fau/4' ,:at are ! conditions ( a sci5ce8 & :5 may any subject be said to ent] ! sci5tific /age8 ,i suppose :5 ! facts ( x beg9 to resolve !mselves into gr\ps2 :5 ph5om5a are no long] isolat$ exp]i5ces1 b appe> 9 connection & ord]2 :51 aft] c]ta9 antec$5ts1 c]ta9 consequ5ces are uni=mly se5 to foll[2 :5 facts en\gh h be5 collect$ to furni% a basis = conjectural explanation1 & :5 conjectures h s f> ceas$ to be utt]ly vague1 t x is possible 9 "s degree to =esee ! future by ! help ( !m4 ,till a subject has advanc$ z f> z ?is1 to speak ( a sci5ce ( x is an abuse ( language4 ,x is n en\gh to say t !re mu/ be a sci5ce ( human ?+s1 because !re is a sci5ce ( all o!r ?+s4 ,?is is l say+ ! planets mu/ be inhabit$1 because ! only planet ( :i* we h any exp]i5ce is inhabit$4 ,x may or may n be true1 b x is n a practical "q2 x does n affect ! practical treatm5t ( ! matt] 9 h&4 ,let u look at ! hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,s long z sun1 moon1 & planets 7 suppos$ to be gods or angels2 s long z ! sword ( ,orion 0 n a metaphor1 b a fact1 & ! gr\ps ( />s :i* inlaid ! floor ( heav5 7 ! glitt]+ trophies ( ! loves & w>s ( ! ,pan!on1 s long !re 0 no sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy4 ,!re 0 fancy1 imag9ation1 poetry1 p]haps rev]5ce1 b no sci5ce4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z x 0 obs]v$ t ! />s reta9$ _! relative places--t ! times ( _! ris+ & sett+ v>i$ ) ! seasons--t sun1 moon1 & planets mov$ among !m 9 a plane1 & ! belt ( ! ,zodiac 0 m>k$ out & divid$1 !n a new ord] ( ?+s began4 ,traces ( ! e>li] /age rema9$ 9 ! names ( ! signs & con/ellations1 j z ! ,sc&9avian my?ology survives n[ 9 ! names ( ! days ( ! week3 b = all t1 ! und]/&+ 0 n[ at "w on ! ?+2 ,sci5ce _h begun1 & ! fir/ triumph ( x 0 ! p[] ( =etell+ ! future4 ,eclipses 7 p]ceiv$ to recur 9 cycles ( n9ete5 ye>s1 & philosoph]s 7 able to say :5 an eclipse 0 to be look$ =4 ,! p]iods ( ! planets 7 det]m9$4 ,!ories 7 inv5t$ to acc\nt = _! ecc5tricities2 &1 false z ^? !ories might be1 ! position ( ! planets c\ld be calculat$ ) mod]ate c]ta9ty by !m4 ,! v fir/ result ( ! sci5ce1 9 its mo/ imp]fect /age1 0 a p[] ( =esight2 & ?is 0 possible be=e any "o true a/ronomical law _h be5 discov]$4 ,we %\ld n !re=e "q ! possibility ( a sci5ce ( hi/ory1 because ! explanations ( its ph5om5a 7 rudim5t>y or imp]fect3 t !y might be1 & might long cont9ue to be1 & yet en\gh might be done to %[ t !re 0 su* a ?+1 & t x 0 n entirely )\t use4 ,b h[ 0 x t 9 ^? rude days1 ) small k ( ma!matics1 & ) no bett] in/rum5ts ?an flat walls & dial plates1 ^? fir/ a/ronom]s made progress s consid]able8 ,because1 ,i suppose1 ! ph5om5a :i* !y 7 obs]v+ recurr$1 = ! mo/ "p1 )9 mod]ate int]vals2 s t !y c\ld collect l>ge exp]i5ce )9 ! compass ( _! natural lives3 because days & mon?s & ye>s 7 measurable p]iods1 & )9 !m ! m simple ph5om5a p]petually repeat$ !mselves4 ,b h[ w\ld x h be5 if1 in/ead ( turn+ on its axis once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! e>? _h tak5 a ye> ab\t x2 if ! ye> _h be5 ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s2 if man's life _h be5 no long] ?an x is1 & = ! initial /eps ( a/ronomy !re _h be5 no?+ to dep5d ^u except obs]vations record$ 9 hi/ory8 ,h[ _m ages w\ld h pass$1 _h ?is be5 our condition1 be=e x w\ld h occurr$ to any "o1 t1 9 :at !y saw night aft] night1 !re 0 any k9d ( ord] at all8 ,we c see to "s ext5t h[ x w\ld h be51 by ! pres5t /ate ( ^? p>ts ( ! sci5ce :i* 9 fact dep5d on remote record$ obs]vations4 ,! movem5ts ( ! comets are /ill extremely unc]ta94 ,! times ( _! return c be calculat$ only ) ! greate/ vagu5ess4 ,& yet su* a hypo!sis z ,i h sugge/$ w\ld b inadequately express ! position 9 :i* we are 9 fact plac$ t[>ds hi/ory4 ,!re ! ph5om5a nev] repeat !mselves4 ,!re we are dep5d5t :olly on ! record ( ?+s said to h happ5$ once1 b :i* nev] happ5 or c happ5 a second "t4 ,!re no exp]im5t is possible2 we c wat* = no recurr+ fact to te/ ! wor? ( our conjectures4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 fancifully1 t if we consid] ! univ]se to be inf9ite1 "t is ! same z et]nity1 & ! pa/ is p]petually pres5t4 ,light takes n9e ye>s to come to u f ,sirius2 ^? rays :i* we may see to-night :5 we leave ?is place1 left ,sirius n9e ye>s ago2 & c\ld ! inhabitants ( ,sirius see ! e>? at ?is mom5t1 !y w\ld see ! ,engli% army 9 ! tr5*es be=e ,seba/opol2 ,flor5ce ,night+ale wat*+ at ,scut>i ov] ! w\nd$ at ,ink]mann2 & ! peace ( ,engl& undi/urb$ by ',essays & ,reviews4' ,z ! />s rec$e into di/ance1 s "t rec$es ) !m1 & !re may be1 & probably are1 />s f :i* ,noah might be se5 /epp+ into ! ark1 ,eve li/5+ to ! temptation ( ! s]p5t1 or t old] race1 eat+ ! oy/]s & leav+ ! %ell-heaps beh9d !m1 :5 ! ,baltic 0 an op5 sea4 ,c\ld we b comp>e notes1 some?+ might be done2 b ( ?is !re is no pres5t hope1 & )\t x !re w be no sci5ce ( hi/ory4 ,eclipses1 record$ 9 anci5t books1 c be v]ifi$ by calculation1 & lo/ dates c be recov]$ by !m1 & we c =esee by ! laws :i* !y foll[ :5 !re w be eclipses aga94 ,w a "t ev] be :5 ! lo/ secret ( ! f\ndation ( ,rome c be recov]$ by hi/oric laws8 ,if n1 :]e is our sci5ce8 ,x may be said t ?is is a p>ticul> fact1 t we c deal satisfactorily ) g5]al ph5om5a affect+ eras & cycles4 ,well1 !n1 let u take "s g5]al ph5om5on4 ,mahometanism1 = in/ance1 or ,buddhism4 ,^? are l>ge en\gh4 ,c y imag9e a sci5ce :i* w\ld h,a =etold su* movem5ts z ^?8 ,! /ate ( ?+s out ( :i* !y rose is obscure2 b suppose x n obscure1 c y conceive t1 ) any am\nt ( hi/orical insight into ! old ,ori5tal beliefs1 y c\ld h se5 t !y 7 ab\t to trans=m !mselves into ^? p>ticul> =ms & no o!r8 ,x is n en\gh to say1 t1 aft] ! fact1 y c und]/& p>tially h[ ,mahometanism came to be4 ,all hi/orians wor? ! "n h told u some?+ ab\t t4 ,b :5 we talk ( sci5ce1 we mean some?+ ) m ambiti\s pret5ces1 we mean some?+ :i* c =esee z well z expla92 &1 ?us look$ at1 to /ate ! problem is to %[ its absurdity4 ,z little c\ld ! wise/ man h =ese5 ?is mighty revolution1 z ?irty ye>s ago su* a ?+ z ,mormonism c\ld h be5 anticipat$ 9 ,am]ica2 z little z x c\ld h be5 =ese5 t table-turn+ & _s-rapp+ w\ld h be5 an outcome ( ! sci5tific culture ( ,engl& 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! greate/ ( ,roman ?9k]s1 gaz+ m\rnfully at ! see?+ mass ( moral putrefaction r\nd him1 detect$ & deign$ to notice among its elem5ts a c]ta9 dete/able sup]/ition1 s he call$ x1 ris+ up amid/ ! (fsc\r+ ( ! ,jews1 :i* 0 nam$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,c\ld ,tacitus h look$ =w>d n9e c5turies to ! ,rome ( ,gregory ,,vii41 c\ld he h beheld ! repres5tative ( ! maje/y ( ! ,cs>s hold+ ! /irrup ( ! ,pontiff ( t vile & execrat$ sect1 ! spectacle w\ld sc>cely h appe>$ to him ! fulfilm5t ( a rational expectation1 or an intelligible result ( ! causes 9 op]ation r\nd him4 ,tacitus1 inde$1 0 born be=e ! sci5ce ( hi/ory2 b w\ld ,m4 ,comte h se5 any m cle>ly8 ,nor is ! case mu* bett] if we are less h>d ^u our philosophy2 if we cont5t ourselves ) ! pa/1 & require only a sci5tific explanation ( t4 ,fir/1 = ! facts !mselves4 ,!y come to u ?r\gh ! m9ds ( ^? :o record$ !m1 nei!r ma*9es nor angels1 b fallible creatures1 ) human passions & prejudices4 ,tacitus & ,?ucydides 7 p]haps ! able/ m5 :o ev] gave !mselves to writ+ hi/ory2 ! able/1 & also ! mo/ incapable ( consci\s falsehood4 ,yet ev5 n[1 aft] all ^! c5turies1 ! tru? ( :at !y relate is call$ 9 "q4 ,good reasons c be giv5 to %[ t nei!r ( !m c be confid5tly tru/$4 ,if we d\bt ) ^!1 :om are we to believe8 ,or aga91 let ! facts be grant$4 ,to rev]t to my simile ( ! box ( lett]s1 y h b to select su* facts z suit y1 y h b to leave alone ^? :i* d n suit y1 & let y\r !ory ( hi/ory be :at x w1 y c f9d no difficulty 9 provid+ facts to prove x4 ,y may h y\r ,hegel's philosophy ( hi/ory1 or y may h y\r ,s*legel's philosophy ( hi/ory2 y may prove f hi/ory t ! _w is gov]n$ 9 detail by a special ,provid5ce2 y may prove t !re is no sign ( any moral ag5t 9 ! univ]se1 except man2 y may believe1 if y l x1 9 ! old !ory ( ! wisdom ( antiquity2 y may speak1 z 0 ! fa%ion 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ( 'our fa!rs1 :o _h m wit & wisdom ?an we2' or y may talk ( 'our b>b>ian ance/ors1' & describe _! w>s z ! scuffl+ ( kites & cr[s4 ,y may ma9ta9 t ! evolution ( humanity has be5 an unbrok5 progress t[>ds p]fection2 y may ma9ta9 t !re has be5 no progress at all1 & t man rema9s ! same poor creature t he ev] 02 or1 la/ly1 y may say ) ! au?or ( ! ',contrat ,social1' t m5 7 pure/ & be/ 9 primeval simplicity-- ,:5 wild 9 woods ! noble savage ran4 ,9 all1 or any ( ^! views1 hi/ory w /& y\r fri5d4 ,hi/ory1 9 its passive irony1 w make no objection4 ,l ,j>no1 9 ,goe!'s novel1 x w n condesc5d to argue ) y1 & w provide y ) abundant illu/rations ( any?+ :i* y may wi% to believe4 ',:at is hi/ory1' said ,napoleon1 'b a fiction agre$ ^u8' ',my fri5d1' said ,fau/ to ! /ud5t1 :o 0 gr[+ en?usia/ic ab\t ! _s ( pa/ ages2 'my fri5d1 ! times :i* are gone are a book ) sev5 seals2 & :at y call ! _s ( pa/ ages is b ! _s ( ?is or t wor?y g5tleman 9 ^: m9d ^? ages are reflect$4' ,"o lesson1 & only "o1 hi/ory may be said to repeat ) di/9ctness2 t ! _w is built someh[ on moral f\ndations2 t1 9 ! long run1 x is well ) ! good2 9 ! long run1 x is ill ) ! wick$4 ,b ?is is no sci5ce2 x is no m ?an ! old doctr9e taught long ago by ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,! !ories ( ,m4 ,comte & 8 disciples advance u1 aft] all1 n a /ep beyond ! trodd5 & famili> gr\nd4 ,if m5 are n entirely animals1 !y are at lea/ half animals1 & are subject 9 ?is aspect ( !m to ! conditions ( animals4 ,s f> z ^? p>ts ( man's do+s are conc]n$1 :i* nei!r h1 nor ne$ h1 any?+ moral ab\t !m1 s f> ! laws ( him are calculable4 ,!re are laws = 8 dige/ion1 & laws ( ! means by :i* 8 dige/ive organs are suppli$ ) matt]4 ,b pass beyond !m1 & :]e are we8 ,9 a _w :]e x w\ld be z easy to calculate m5's actions by laws l ^? ( positive philosophy z to measure ! orbit ( ,neptune ) a foot-rule1 or weigh ,sirius 9 a groc]'s scale4 ,& x is n difficult to see :y ?is %\ld be4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple on :i* ! !ory ( a sci5ce ( hi/ory c be plausibly argu$1 is t all actions :atsoev] arise f self-int]e/4 ,x may be enlight5$ self-int]e/2 x may be un5light5$2 b x is assum$ z an axiom1 t e man1 9 :atev] he does1 is aim+ at some?+ :i* he consid]s w promote 8 happ9ess4 ,8 conduct is n det]m9$ by 8 w2 x is det]m9$ by ! object ( 8 desire4 ,adam ,smi?1 9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( political economy1 expressly elim9ates e o!r motive4 ,he does n say t m5 nev] act on o!r motives2 /ill less1 t !y nev] ought to act on o!r motives4 ,he ass]ts m]ely t1 z f> z ! arts ( production are conc]n$1 & ( buy+ & sell+1 ! action ( self-int]e/ may be c\nt$ ^u z uni=m4 ,:at ,adam ,smi? says ( political economy1 ,mr4 ,buckle w\ld ext5d ov] ! :ole circle ( human activity4 ,n[1 t :i* especially di/+ui%es a high ord] ( man f a l[ ord] ( man--t :i* con/itutes human goodness1 human greatness1 human nobl5ess--is surely n ! degree ( enlight5m5t ) :i* m5 pursue _! own advantage2 b x is self-=getfulness--x is self-sacrifice--x is ! disreg>d ( p]sonal pleasure1 p]sonal indulg5ce1 p]sonal advantages remote or pres5t1 because "s o!r l9e ( conduct is m "r4 ,we are sometimes told t ?is is b ano!r way ( express+ ! same ?+2 t :5 a man pref]s do+ :at is "r1 x is only because to d "r gives him a high] satisfaction4 ,x appe>s to me1 on ! contr>y1 to be a diff]5ce 9 ! v he>t & nature ( ?+s4 ,! m>tyr goes to ! /ake1 ! patriot to ! scaffold1 n ) a view to any future rew>d to !mselves1 b because x is a glory to fl+ away _! lives = tru? & fre$om4 ,& s ?r\gh all phases ( exi/5ce1 to ! smalle/ details ( common life1 ! beautiful "* is ! unselfi% "*4 ,^? :om we mo/ love & admire are ^? to :om ! ?\ght ( self seems nev] to occur2 :o d simply & ) no ult]ior aim--) no ?\ght :e!r x w be pleasant to !mselves or unpleasant--t :i* is good1 & "r1 & g5]\s4 ,is ?is /ill selfi%ness1 only m enlight5$8 ,i d n ?9k s4 ,! ess5ce ( true nobility is neglect ( self4 ,let ! ?\ght ( self pass 91 & ! beauty ( a great action is gone--l ! bloom f a soil$ fl[]4 ,surely x is a p>adox to speak ( ! self-int]e/ ( a m>tyr :o dies = a cause1 ! triumph ( :i* he w nev] enjoy2 & ! greate/ ( t great company 9 all ages w\ld h done :at !y did1 _h _! p]sonal prospects clos$ ) ! grave4 ,nay1 !re h be5 ^? s zeal\s = "s glori\s pr9ciple1 z to wi% !mselves blott$ out ( ! book ( ,heav5 if ! cause ( ,heav5 c\ld succe$4 ,& out ( ?is my/]i\s quality1 :atev] x be1 arise ! high] relations ( human life1 ! high] modes ( human obligation4 ,kant1 ! philosoph]1 us$ to say t !re 7 two ?+s :i* ov]:elm$ him ) awe z he ?\ght ( !m4 ,"o 0 ! />-s[n deep ( space1 )\t limit & )\t end2 ! o!r 01 "r & wrong4 ,"r1 ! sacrifice ( self to good2 wrong1 ! sacrifice ( good to self2--n graduat$ objects ( desire1 to :i* we are det]m9$ by ! degrees ( our k1 b wide asund] z pole & pole1 z light & d>kness--"o1 ! object ( inf9ite love2 ! o!r1 ! object ( inf9ite dete/ation & scorn4 ,x is 9 ?is m>vell\s p[] 9 m5 to d wrong 7x is an old /ory1 b none ! less true = t7--x is 9 ?is p[] to d wrong--wrong or "r1 z x lies someh[ ) ourselves to *oose--t ! impossibility /&s ( =m+ sci5tific calculations ( :at m5 w d be=e ! fact1 or sci5tific explanations ( :at !y h done aft] ! fact4 ,if m5 7 consi/5tly selfi%1 y might analyse _! motives2 if !y 7 consi/5tly noble1 !y w\ld express 9 _! conduct ! laws ( ! highe/ p]fection4 ,b s long z two natures are mix$ toge!r1 & ! /range creature :i* results f ! comb9ation is n[ "u "o influ5ce & n[ "u ano!r1 s long y w make no?+ ( him except f ! old-fa%ion$ moral--or1 if y please1 imag9ative--po9t ( view4 ,ev5 ! laws ( political economy itself cease to guide u :5 !y t\* moral gov]nm5t4 ,s long z lab\r is a *attel to be b\ght & sold1 s long1 l o!r commodities1 x foll[s ! condition ( supply & dem&4 ,b if1 = 8 mis=tune1 an employ] consid]s t he /&s 9 human relations t[>ds 8 workm52 if he believes1 rightly or wrongly1 t he is responsible = !m2 t 9 return = _! lab\r he is b\nd to see t _! *ildr5 are dec5tly taught1 & !y & _! families dec5tly f$ & clo!d & lodg$2 t he ought to c>e = !m 9 sickness & 9 old age2 !n political economy w no long] direct him1 & ! relations betwe5 himself & 8 dep5d5ts w h to be arrang$ on q o!r pr9ciples4 ,s long z he consid]s only 8 own mat]ial pr(it1 s long supply & dem& w settle e difficulty2 b ! introduction ( a new factor spoils ! equation4 ,& x is precisely 9 ?is debatable gr\nd ( l[ motives & noble emotions--9 ! /ruggle1 ev] fail+1 yet ev] r5ew$1 to c>ry tru? & ju/ice into ! adm9i/ration ( human society2 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( /ates & 9 ! ov]?r[ ( tyrannies2 9 ! rise & fall ( cre$s2 9 ! _w ( ideas2 9 ! "* & de$s ( ! great actors 9 ! drama ( life2 :]e good & evil fight out _! ev]la/+ battle1 n[ rang$ 9 opposite camps1 n[ & m (t5 9 ! he>t1 bo? ( !m1 ( ea* liv+ man--t ! true human int]e/ ( hi/ory resides4 ,! progress ( indu/ries1 ! gr[? ( mat]ial & me*anical civilisation1 are int]e/+1 b !y are n ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,!y h _! rew>d 9 ! increase ( mat]ial com=ts2 b1 unless we are mi/ak5 ab\t our nature1 !y d n highly conc]n u aft] all4 ,once m2 n only is !re 9 m5 ?is baffl+ duality ( pr9ciple1 b !re is some?+ else 9 u :i* /ill m defies sci5tific analysis4 ,mr4 ,buckle w\ld deliv] himself f ! ecc5tricities ( ?is & t individual by a doctr9e ( av]ages4 ,?\gh he _c tell :e!r ,a1 ,b1 or ,c w cut 8 ?roat1 he may assure himself t "o man 9 e fifty ?\s&1 or !reab\t 7,i =get ! exact proportion71 w cut 8 ?roat1 & ) ?is he consoles himself4 ,no d\bt x is a com=t+ discov]y4 ,un=tunately1 ! av]age ( "o g5]ation ne$ n be ! av]age ( ! next4 ,we may be conv]t$ by ! ,japanese1 = all t we "k1 & ! ,japanese me?ods ( tak+ leave ( life may become fa%ionable among u4 ,nay1 did n ,novalis sugge/ t ! :ole race ( m5 w\ld at la/ become s disgu/$ ) _! impot5ce1 t !y w\ld ext+ui% !mselves by a simultane\s act ( suicide1 & make room = a bett] ord] ( be+s8 ,anyh[1 ! f\nta9 out ( :i* ! race is fl[+ p]petually *anges--no two g5]ations are alike4 ,:e!r !re is a *ange 9 ! organisation itself1 we _c tell2 b ?is is c]ta91 t z ! planet v>ies ) ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds x1 s ea* new g5]ation v>ies f ! la/1 because x inhales z its atmosph]e ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce & k ( ! :ole pa/ ( ! _w4 ,^! ?+s =m ! spiritual air :i* we brea! z we gr[2 & 9 ! inf9ite multiplicity ( elem5ts ( :i* t air is n[ compos$1 x is = ev] matt] ( conjecture :at ! m9ds w be l :i* exp& "u its influ5ce4 ,f ! ,engl& ( ,field+ & ,ri*>dson to ! ,engl& ( ,miss ,au/5--f ! ,engl& ( ,miss ,au/5 to ! ,engl& ( ,railways & ,free-trade1 h[ va/ ! *ange2 yet p]haps ,sir ,*>les ,gr&ison w\ld n seem s /range to u n[1 z "o ( ourselves w seem to our great-gr&*ildr54 ,! _w moves fa/] & fa/]2 & ! diff]5ce w probably be consid]ably great]4 ,! temp] ( ea* new g5]ation is a cont9ual surprise4 ,! fates delight to contradict our mo/ confid5t expectations4 ,gibbon believ$ t ! era ( conqu]ors 0 at an end4 ,_h he liv$ out ! full life ( man1 he w\ld h se5 ,europe at ! feet ( ,napoleon4 ,b a few ye>s ago we believ$ ! _w _h gr[n too civilis$ = w>1 & ! ,cry/al ,palace 9 ,hyde ,p>k 0 to be ! inauguration ( a new era4 ,battles1 bloody z ,napoleon's1 are n[ ! famili> tale ( e day2 & ! arts :i* h made greate/ progress are ! arts ( de/ruction4 ,:at next8 ,we may /ra9 our eyes into ! future :i* lies beyond ?is wan+ c5tury2 b nev] 0 conjecture m at fault4 ,x is blank d>kness1 :i* ev5 ! imag9ation fails to p4 ,:at !n is ! use ( ,hi/ory8 & :at are its lessons8 ,if x c tell u little ( ! pa/1 & no?+ ( ! future1 :y wa/e our "t ov] s b>r5 a /udy8 ,fir/1 x is a voice = ev] s\nd+ across ! c5turies ! laws ( "r & wrong4 ,op9ions alt]1 mann]s *ange1 cre$s rise & fall1 b ! moral law is writt5 on ! tablets ( et]nity4 ,= e false ^w or unrighte\s de$1 = cruelty & oppression1 = lu/ or vanity1 ! price has to be paid at la/3 n always by ! *ief (f5d]s1 b paid by "s "o4 ,ju/ice & tru? alone endure & live4 ,inju/ice & falsehood may be long-liv$1 b doomsday comes at la/ to !m1 9 ,fr5* revolutions & o!r t]rible ways4 ,t is "o lesson ( ,hi/ory4 ,ano!r is1 t we %\ld draw no horoscopes2 t we %\ld expect little1 = :at we expect w n come to pass4 ,revolutions1 re=mations--^? va/ movem5ts into :i* h]oes & sa9ts h flung !mselves1 9 ! belief t !y 7 ! dawn ( ! mill5nium--h n borne ! fruit :i* !y look$ =4 ,mill5niums are /ill f> away4 ,^! great convulsions leave ! _w *ang$--p]haps improv$1--b n improv$ z ! actors 9 !m hop$ x w\ld be4 ,lu!r w\ld h gone to "w ) less he>t1 c\ld he h =ese5 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & 9 ! di/ance ! !ology ( ,tub+54 ,wa%+ton might h hesitat$ to draw ! sword aga9/ ,engl&1 c\ld he h se5 ! c\ntry :i* he made z we see x n[4,b ,! mo/ reasonable anticipations fail u--antec$5ts ! mo/ apposite mislead u2 because ! conditions ( human problems nev] repeat !mselves4 ,"s new feature alt]s ev]y?+--"s elem5t :i* we detect only 9 its aft]-op]ation4 ,b ?is1 x may be said1 is b a meagre outcome4 ,c ! long records ( humanity1 ) all its joys & sorr[s1 its suff]+s & its conque/s1 tea* u no m ?an ?is8 ,let u approa* ! subject f ano!r side4 ,if y 7 ask$ to po9t out ! special features 9 :i* ,%akespe>e's plays are s transc5d5tly excell5t1 y w\ld m5tion1 p]haps1 among o!rs1 ?is1 t 8 /ories are n put toge!r1 & 8 *>act]s are n conceiv$1 to illu/rate any p>ticul> law or pr9ciple4 ,!y tea* _m lessons1 b n any "o prom95t above ano!r2 & :5 we h drawn f !m all ! direct in/ruction :i* !y conta91 !re rema9s /ill some?+ unresolv$--some?+ :i* ! arti/ gives1 & :i* ! philosoph] _c give4 ,x is 9 ?is *>act]i/ic t we are accu/om$ to say ,%akespe>e's supreme tru? lies4 ,he repres5ts real life4 ,8 dramas tea* z life tea*es--nei!r less nor m4 ,he builds 8 fabrics z nature does1 on "r & wrong2 b he does n /ruggle to make nature m sy/ematic ?an %e is4 ,9 ! subtle int]fl[ ( good & evil--9 ! unm]it$ suff]+s ( innoc5ce--9 ! disproportion ( p5alties to des]t--9 ! seem+ bl9dness ) :i* ju/ice1 9 attempt+ to ass]t itself1 ov]:elms innoc5t & guilty 9 a common ru9--,%akespe>e is true to real exp]i5ce4 ,! my/]y ( life he leaves z he f9ds x2 &1 9 8 mo/ trem5d\s positions1 he is address+ r ! intellectual emotions ?an ! und]/&+1--kn[+ well t ! und]/&+ 9 su* ?+s is at fault1 & ! sage z ignorant z ! *ild4 ,only ! highe/ ord] ( g5ius c repres5t nature ?us4 ,an inf]ior arti/ produces ei!r some?+ entirely immoral1 :]e good & evil are names1 & nobility ( disposition is suppos$ to %[ itself 9 ! absolute disreg>d ( !m--or else1 if he is a bett] k9d ( man1 he w =ce on nature a didactic purpose2 he composes :at are call$ moral tales1 :i* may edify ! consci5ce1 b only mislead ! intellect4 ,! f9e/ "w ( ?is k9d produc$ 9 mod]n times is ,less+'s play ( ',na?an ! ,wise4' ,! object ( x is to tea* religi\s tol]ation4 ,! doctr9e is admirable--! mode 9 :i* x is en=c$ is int]e/+2 b x has ! fatal fault1 t x is n true4 ,nature does n tea* religi\s tol]ation by any su* direct me?od2 & ! result is--no "o knew x bett] ?an ,less+ himself--t ! play is n poetry1 b only spl5did manufacture4 ,%akespe>e is et]nal2 ,less+'s ',na?an' w pass away ) ! mode ( ?\ght :i* gave x bir?4 ,"o is bas$ on fact2 ! o!r1 on human !ory ab\t fact4 ,! !ory seems at fir/ sight to conta9 ! mo/ imm$iate in/ruction2 b x is n really s4 ,cibb] & o!rs1 z y "k1 want$ to alt] ,%akespe>e4 ,! ,fr5* k+1 9 ',le>1' 0 to be got rid (2 ,cordelia 0 to m>ry ,edg>1 & ,le> himself 0 to be rew>d$ = 8 suff]+s by a gold5 old age4 ,!y c\ld n be> t ,hamlet %\ld suff] = ! s9s ( ,claudius4 ,! wick$ k+ 0 to die1 & ! wick$ "m2 & ,hamlet & ,ophelia 7 to make a mat* ( x1 & live happily ev] aft]4 ,a common noveli/ w\ld h arrang$ x ?us2 & y w\ld h _h y\r com=table moral t wick$ness 0 fitly puni%$1 & virtue _h its due rew>d1 & all w\ld h be5 well4 ,b ,%akespe>e w\ld n h x s4 ,%akespe>e knew t crime 0 n s simple 9 its consequ5ces1 or ,provid5ce s pat]nal4 ,he 0 cont5t$ to take ! tru? f life2 & ! effect ^u ! m9d ( ! mo/ correct !ory ( :at life ought to be1 comp>$ to ! effect ( ! life itself1 is inf9itesimal 9 comp>ison4 ,aga91 let u comp>e ! popul> hi/orical treatm5t ( rem>kable incid5ts ) ,%akespe>e's treatm5t ( !m4 ,look at ',macbe?4' ,y may d]ive abundant in/ruction f x--in/ruction ( _m k9ds4 ,!re is a moral lesson ( pr(\nd int]e/ 9 ! /eps by :i* a noble nature glides to p]dition4 ,9 m mod]n fa%ion y may speculate1 if y l1 on ! political conditions repres5t$ !re1 & ! temptation pres5t$ 9 absolute mon>*ies to unscrupul\s ambition2 y may say1 l ,dr4 ,slop1 ^! ?+s c\ld n h happ5$ "u a con/itutional gov]nm5t2 or1 aga91 y may take up y\r p>able aga9/ sup]/ition--y may dilate on ! frightful consequ5ces ( a belief 9 wit*es1 & reflect on ! sup]ior advantages ( an age ( s*ools & newspap]s4 ,if ! b>e facts ( ! /ory _h come d[n to u f a *ronicl]1 & an ord9>y writ] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _h und]tak5 to relate !m1 8 acc\nt1 we may dep5d ^u x1 w\ld h be5 put toge!r ^u "o or o!r ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,yet1 by ! side ( t unfold+ ( ! secrets ( ! prison-h\se ( ! s\l1 :at lean & %rivell$ anatomies ! be/ ( su* descriptions w\ld seem6 ,%akespe>e himself1 ,i suppose1 c\ld n h giv5 u a !ory ( :at he meant--he gave u ! ?+ itself1 on :i* we might make :atev] !ories we pleas$4 ,or aga91 look at ,hom]4 ,! ',iliad' is f two to ?ree ?\s& ye>s old] ?an ',macbe?1' & yet x is z fre% z if x _h be5 writt5 ye/]day4 ,we h !re no lessons save 9 ! emotions :i* rise 9 u z we read4 ,hom] _h no philosophy2 he nev] /ruggles to impress ^u u 8 views ab\t ?is or t2 y c sc>cely tell inde$ :e!r 8 sympa?ies are ,greek or ,trojan2 b he repres5ts to u fai?fully ! m5 & wom5 among :om he liv$4 ,he sang ! ,tale ( ,troy1 he t\*$ 8 lyre1 he dra9$ ! gold5 beak] 9 ! halls ( m5 l ^? on :om he 0 conf]r+ immortality4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh no ,agamemnon1 k+ ( m51 ev] l$ a ,grecian fleet to ,ilium2 ?\gh no ,priam s\ght ! midnight t5t ( ,a*illes2 ?\gh ,ulysses & ,diom$ & ,ne/or 7 b names1 & ,hel5 b a dream1 yet1 ?r\gh ,hom]'s p[] ( repres5t+ m5 & wom51 ^? old ,greeks w /ill /& out f amid/ ! d>kness ( ! anci5t _w ) a %>pness ( outl9e :i* belongs to no p]iod ( hi/ory except ! mo/ rec5t4 ,= ! m]e h>d purposes ( hi/ory1 ! ',iliad' & ',odyssey' are ! mo/ effective books :i* ev] 7 writt54 ,we see ! ,hall ( ,m5elaus1 we see ! g>d5 ( ,alc9\s1 we see ,nausicaa among h] maid5s on ! %ore1 we see ! mell[ mon>* sitt+ ) ivory sceptre 9 ! ,m>ketplace deal+ out g5ial ju/ice4 ,or aga91 :5 ! wild mood is on1 we c he> ! cra% ( ! spe>s1 ! rattle ( ! arm\r z ! h]oes fall1 & ! plung+ ( ! horses among ! sla94 ,c\ld we ent] ! palace ( an old ,ionian "l1 we "k :at we %\ld see !re2 we "k ! words 9 :i* he w\ld address u4 ,we c\ld meet ,hector z a fri5d4 ,if we c\ld *oose a companion to sp5d an ev5+ ) ov] a fireside1 x w\ld be ! man ( _m c\nsels1 ! husb& ( ,p5elope4 ,i am n go+ into ! vex$ "q :e!r ,hi/ory or ,poetry is ! m true4 ,x has be5 sometimes said t ,poetry is ! m true1 because x c make ?+s m l :at our moral s5se w\ld pref] !y %\ld be4 ,we he> ( poetic ju/ice & ! l1 z if nature & fact 7 n j en\gh4 ,i entirely diss5t f t view4 ,s f> z ,poetry attempts to improve on tru? 9 t way1 s f> x ab&ons tru?1 & is false to itself4 ,ev5 lit]al facts1 exactly z !y 71 a great poet w pref] :5ev] he c get !m4 ,%akespe>e 9 ! hi/orical plays is /udi\s1 :]ev] possible1 to give ! v words :i* he f9ds to h be5 us$2 & x %[s h[ wisely he 0 guid$ 9 ?is1 t ^? magnific5t spee*es ( ,wolsey are tak5 exactly1 ) no m *ange ?an ! metre makes necess>y1 f ,cav5di%'s ,life4 ,m>lbor\gh read ,%akespe>e = ,engli% hi/ory1 & read no?+ else4 ,! poet only is n b\nd1 :5 x is inconv5i5t1 to :at may be call$ ! accid5ts ( facts4 ,x 0 en\gh = ,%akespe>e to "k t ,pr9ce ,hal 9 8 y\? _h liv$ among loose companions1 & ! tav]n 9 ,ea/*eap came 9 to fill out 8 picture2 al?\gh ,mrs4 ,quickly & ,fal/aff1 & ,po9s & ,b>dolph 7 m likely to h be5 fall5 9 ) by ,%akespe>e himself at ! ,m]maid1 ?an to h be5 comrades ( ! true ,pr9ce ,h5ry4 ,x 0 en\gh = ,%akespe>e to draw real m51 & ! situation1 :atev] x might be1 w\ld sit easy on !m4 ,9 ?is s5se only x is t ,poetry is tru] ?an ,hi/ory1 t x c make a picture m complete4 ,x may take lib]ties ) "t & space1 & give ! action di/9ctness by ?r[+ x into m manageable compass4 ,b x may n alt] ! real conditions ( ?+s1 or repres5t life z o!r ?an x is4 ,! greatness ( ! poet dep5ds on 8 be+ true to nature1 )\t insi/+ t nature %all !orise ) him1 )\t mak+ h] m j1 m philosophical1 m moral ?an reality2 &1 9 difficult matt]s1 leav+ mu* to reflection :i* _c be expla9$4 ,& if ?is be true ( ,poetry--if ,hom] & ,%akespe>e are :at !y are1 f ! abs5ce ( ev]y?+ didactic ab\t !m--may we n ?us le>n some?+ ( :at ,hi/ory %\ld be1 & 9 :at s5se x %\ld aspire to tea*8 ,if ,poetry mu/ n !orise1 mu* less %\ld ! hi/orian !orise1 ^: obligations to be true to fact are ev5 great] ?an ! poet's4 ,if ! drama is gr&e/ :5 ! action is lea/ explicable by laws1 because !n x be/ resembles life1 !n hi/ory w be gr&e/ also "u ! same conditions4 ',macbe?1' 7 x lit]ally true1 w\ld be p]fect hi/ory2 & s f> z ! hi/orian c approa* to t k9d ( model1 s f> z he c let 8 /ory tell itself 9 ! de$s & words ( ^? :o act x out1 s f> is he mo/ successful4 ,8 "w is no long] ! vap\r ( 8 own bra91 :i* a brea? w scatt]2 x is ! ?+ itself1 :i* w h int]e/ = all "t4 ,a ?\s& !ories may be =m$ ab\t x--spiritual !ories1 ,pan!i/ic !ories1 cause & effect !ories2 b ea* age w h its own philosophy ( hi/ory1 & all ^! 9 turn w fail & die4 ,hegel falls out ( date1 ,s*legel falls out ( date1 & ,comte 9 good "t w fall out ( date2 ! ?\ght ab\t ! ?+ mu/ *ange z we *ange2 b ! ?+ itself c nev] *ange2 & a hi/ory is durable or p]i%able z x conta9s m or lea/ ( ! writ]'s own speculations4 ,! spl5did intellect ( ,gibbon = ! mo/ "p kept him true to ! "r c\rse 9 ?is2 yet ! philosophical *apt]s = :i* he has be5 mo/ admir$ or c5sur$ may h]eaft] be ?\ght ! lea/ int]e/+ 9 8 "w4 ,! "t has be5 :5 !y w\ld n h be5 compreh5d$3 ! "t may come :5 !y w seem commonplace4 ,x may be said1 t 9 requir+ hi/ory to be writt5 l a drama1 we require an impossibility4 ,= hi/ory to be writt5 ) ! complete =m ( a drama1 d\btless is impossible2 b !re are p]iods1 & ^! ! p]iods1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( greate/ int]e/ to mank9d1 ! hi/ory ( :i* may be s writt5 t ! actors %all reveal _! *>act]s 9 _! own words2 :]e m9d c be se5 mat*$ aga9/ m9d1 & ! great passions ( ! epo* n simply be describ$ z exi/+1 b be exhibit$ at _! :ite heat 9 ! s\ls & he>ts possess$ by !m4 ,!re are all ! elem5ts ( drama--drama ( ! highe/ ord]--:]e ! huge =ces ( ! times are z ! ,grecian de/9y1 & ! p[] ( ! man is se5 ei!r /emm+ ! /ream till x ov]:elms him1 or rul+ :ile he seems to yield to x4 ,x is ,nature's drama--n ,%akespe>e's--b a drama none ! less4 ,s at lea/ x seems to me4 ,:]ev] possible1 let u n be told ab\t ?is man or t4 ,let u he> ! man himself speak2 let u see him act1 & let u be left to =m our own op9ions ab\t him4 ,! hi/orian1 we are told1 mu/ n leave 8 read]s to !mselves4 ,he mu/ n only lay ! facts be=e !m--he mu/ tell !m :at he himself ?9ks ab\t ^? facts4 ,9 my op9ion1 ?is is precisely :at he ought n to d4 ,bi%op ,butl] says some:]e1 t ! be/ book :i* c\ld be writt5 w\ld be a book consi/+ only ( premises1 f :i* ! read]s %\ld draw conclusions = !mselves4 ,! highe/ poetry is ! v ?+ :i* ,butl] requires1 & ! highe/ hi/ory ought to be4 ,we %\ld no m ask = a !ory ( ?is or t p]iod ( hi/ory1 ?an we %\ld ask = a !ory ( ',macbe?' or ',hamlet4' ,philosophies ( hi/ory1 sci5ces ( hi/ory--all ^!1 !re w cont9ue to be2 ! fa%ions ( !m w *ange1 z our habits ( ?\ght w *ange2 ea* new philosoph] w f9d 8 *ief employm5t 9 %[+ t be=e him no "o und]/ood any?+2 b ! drama ( hi/ory is imp]i%able1 &1 ! lessons ( x w be l :at we le>n f ,hom] or ,%akespe>e--lessons = :i* we h no words4 ,! address ( hi/ory is less to ! und]/&+ ?an to ! high] emotions4 ,we le>n 9 x to sympa?ise ) :at is great & good2 we le>n to hate :at is base4 ,9 ! anomalies ( =tune we feel ! my/]y ( our mortal exi/5ce1 & 9 ! companion%ip ( ! illu/ri\s natures :o h %ap$ ! =tunes ( ! _w1 we escape f ! littl5esses :i* cl+ to ! r\nd ( common life1 & our m9ds are tun$ 9 a high] & nobl] key4 ,= ! re/1 & = ^? l>ge que/ions :i* ,i t\*$ 9 connection ) ,mr4 ,buckle1 we live 9 times ( dis9tegration1 & none c tell :at w be aft] u4 ,:at op9ions--:at convictions--! infant ( to-day w f9d prevail+ on ! e>?1 if he & x live out toge!r to ! middle ( ano!r c5tury1 only a v bold man w\ld und]take to conjecture6 ',! "t w come1' said ,li*t5b]g1 9 scorn at ! mat]ialis+ t5d5cies ( mod]n ?\ght2 '! "t w come :5 ! belief 9 ,god w be z ! tales ) :i* old wom5 fright5 *ildr52 :5 ! _w w be a ma*9e1 ! e!r a gas1 & ,god w be a =ce4' ,mank9d1 if !y la/ long en\gh on ! e>?1 may develope /range ?+s out ( !mselves2 & ! gr[? ( :at is call$ ! ,positive ,philosophy is a curi\s comm5t>y on ,li*t5b]g's prophecy4 ,b :e!r ! end be sev5ty ye>s h5ce1 or sev5 hundr$--be ! close ( ! mortal hi/ory ( humanity z f> di/ant 9 ! future z its %ad[y beg9n+s seem n[ to lie beh9d u--?is only we may =etell ) confid5ce--t ! riddle ( man's nature w rema9 unsolv$4 ,!re w be t 9 him yet :i* physical laws w fail to expla9--t some?+1 :atev] x be1 9 himself & 9 ! _w1 :i* sci5ce _c fa?om1 & :i* sugge/s ! unkn[n possibilities ( 8 orig9 & 8 de/9y4 ,!re w rema9 yet ,^? ob/9ate que/ion+s ,( s5se & outw>d ?+s2 ,fall+ f u1 vani%+s-- ,blank misgiv+s ( a creature ,mov+ ab\t 9 worlds n realis$-- ,high in/9cts1 be=e :i* our mortal nature ,do? tremble l a guilty ?+ surpris$4 ,!re w rema9 ,^? fir/ affections-- ,^? %ad[y recollections-- ,:i*1 be !y :at !y may1 ,are yet ! f\nta9-light ( all our day-- ,are yet ! ma/]-light ( all our see+-- ,uphold u1 *]i%1 & h p[] to make ,our noisy ye>s seem mom5ts 9 ! be+ ,( ! ,et]nal ,sil5ce4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,x is object$ t ,geology is a sci5ce3 yet t ,geology _c =etell ! future *anges ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,geology is n a c5tury old1 & its p]iods are measur$ by millions ( ye>s4 ,yet1 if ,geology _c =etell future facts1 x enabl$ ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison to =etell ! discov]y ( ,au/ralian gold4 ,b ,febru>y #ahfd4 ,,times ,,( ,,erasmus ,,& ,,lu!r3 ,,?ree ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,newca/le1 #ahfg4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51--,i d n "k :e!r ,i h made a v wise selection 9 ! subject :i* ,i h *os5 = ^! ,lectures4 ,!re 0 a "t--a "t :i*1 measur$ by ! ye>s ( our national life1 0 n s v long ago--:5 ! s]i\s ?\ghts ( mank9d 7 occupi$ exclusively by religion & politics4 ,! small k :i* !y possess$ ( o!r ?+s 0 t9ctur$ by _! speculative op9ions on ! relations ( heav5 & e>?2 &1 d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury1 art1 sci5ce1 sc>cely ev5 lit]ature1 exi/$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 except z1 9 "s way or o!r1 subord9ate to !ology4 ,philosoph]s--su* philosoph]s z !re 7--obta9$ & half des]v$ ! reputation ( quacks & conjurors4 ,a/ronomy 0 confus$ ) a/rology4 ,! physician's m$ic9es 7 suppos$ to be p[]less1 unless ! prie/s said pray]s ov] !m4 ,! great lawy]s1 ! ambassadors1 ! *ief m9i/]s ( /ate1 7 g5]ally bi%ops2 ev5 ! fight+ bus9ess 0 n entirely secul>4 ,half-a-doz5 ,scot* prelates 7 kill$ at ,flodd52 &1 late 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 no fitt] p]son c\ld be f\nd ?an ,r[l& ,lee1 ,bi%op ( ,cov5try1 to take comm& ( ! ,wel% ,m>*es1 & h>ry ! freeboot]s ( ,llangoll54 ,e s+le dep>tm5t ( intellectual or practical life 0 p5etrat$ ) ! beliefs1 or 0 int]wov5 ) ! int]e/s1 ( ! cl]gy2 & ?us x 0 t1 :5 diff]5ces ( religi\s op9ion arose1 !y split society to its f\ndations4 ,! l9es ( cleavage p5etrat$ ev]y:]e1 & !re 7 no subjects :atev] 9 :i* ^? :o disagre$ 9 !ology possess$ any common conc]n4 ,:5 m5 qu>rell$1 !y qu>rell$ altoge!r4 ,! di/urb]s ( settl$ beliefs 7 reg>d$ z public enemies :o _h plac$ !mselves beyond ! pale ( humanity1 & 7 consid]$ fit only to be de/roy$ l wild bea/s1 or trampl$ out l ! se$ ( a contagion4 ,?ree c5turies h pass$ ov] our heads s9ce ! "t ( :i* ,i am speak+1 & ! _w is s *ang$ t we c h>dly recognise x z ! same4 ,! secrets ( nature h be5 op5$ out to u on a ?\s& l9es2 & m5 ( sci5ce ( all cre$s c pursue side by side _! common inve/igations4 ,ca?olics1 ,anglicans1 ,presbyt]ians1 ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 cont5d ) ea* o!r 9 hon\rable rivalry 9 arts1 & lit]ature1 & comm]ce1 & indu/ry4 ,!y read ! same books4 ,!y /udy at ! same academies4 ,!y h seats 9 ! same s5ates4 ,!y preside toge!r on ! judicial b5*1 & c>ry on1 )\t j> or diff]5ce1 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( ! c\ntry4 ,^? :o %>e ! same pursuits are drawn 9 spite ( !mselves into sympa?y & good-w4 ,:5 !y are 9 h>mony 9 s l>ge a "p ( _! occupations1 ! po9ts ( rema9+ diff]5ce lose _! v5om4 ,^? :o ?\ght !y hat$ ea* o!r1 unconsci\sly f9d !mselves fri5ds2 & z f> z x affects ! _w at l>ge1 ! acrimony ( controv]sy has almo/ disappe>$4 ,imag9e1 if y c1 a p]son be+ n[ put to dea? = a speculative !ological op9ion4 ,y feel at once1 t 9 ! mo/ bigot$ c\ntry 9 ! _w su* a ?+ has become impossible2 & ! impossibility is ! measure ( ! alt]ation :i* we h all und]gone4 ,! =mulas rema9 z !y 7 on ei!r side--! v same =mulas :i* 7 once suppos$ to require ^! dete/able murd]s4 ,b we h le>nt to "k ea* o!r bett]4 ,! cords :i* b9d toge!r ! bro!rhood ( mank9d are wov5 ( a ?\s& /r&s4 ,we d n any m fly ap>t or become enemies1 because1 "h & !re1 9 "o /r& out ( s _m1 !re are /ill uns\nd places4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ = a di/9ct pro( t ,europe 0 improv+ & n retrograd+1 ,i %\ld f9d x 9 ?is ph5om5on4 ,x has n be5 br\ght ab\t by controv]sy4 ,m5 are fight+ /ill ov] ! same que/ions :i* !y began to fight ab\t at ! ,re=mation4 ,prote/ant div9es h n driv5 ,ca?olics out ( ! field1 nor ,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants4 ,ea* polemic writes = 8 own p>tisans1 & makes no impression on 8 adv]s>y4 ,controv]sy has kept alive a c]ta9 quantity ( bitt]ness2 & t1 ,i suspect1 is all t x w\ld accompli% if x cont9u$ till ! day ( judgm5t4 ,i sometimes1 9 impati5t mom5ts1 wi% ! laity 9 ,europe w\ld treat _! controv]sial div9es z two g5tlem5 once treat$ _! seconds1 :5 !y f\nd !mselves =c$ into a duel )\t kn[+ :at !y 7 qu>rell+ ab\t4 ,z ! pr9cipals 7 be+ l$ up to _! places1 "o ( !m :isp]$ to ! o!r1 ',if y w %oot y\r second1 ,i w %oot m9e4' ,! reconciliation ( p>ties1 if ,i may use su* a ^w1 is no t9k]$-up truce1 or conv5i5t ,int]im4 ,x is ! heal?y1 sil5t1 spontane\s gr[? ( a nobl] ord] ( conviction1 :i* has conqu]$ our prejudices ev5 be=e we knew t !y 7 assail$4 ,?is bett] _s especially is repres5t$ 9 in/itutions l ?is1 :i* ackn[l$ge no diff]5ces ( cre$--:i* are con/ruct$ on ! broade/ pr9ciples ( tol]ation--& :i*1 !re=e1 z a rule1 are wisely protect$ f ! intrusion ( discordant subjects4 ,!y exi/1 z ,i und]/&1 to draw m5 toge!r1 n to divide !m--to enable u to %>e toge!r 9 ^? topics ( univ]sal int]e/ & in/ruction :i* all c take pleasure 91 & :i* give (f5ce to none4 ,if y ask me1 !n1 :y ,i am myself dep>t+ f a practice :i* ,i admit to be s excell5t1 ,i fe> t ,i %all give y r a lame answ]4 ,i might say t ,i "k m ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! sixte5? c5tury ?an ,i "k ab\t any?+ else4 ,i h sp5t ! be/ ye>s ( my life 9 read+ & writ+ ab\t x2 & if ,i h any?+ to tell y wor? y\r he>+1 x is probably on t subject4 ,or1 aga91 ,i might say--:i* is inde$ mo/ true--t to ! ,re=mation we c trace1 indirectly1 ! be/ ( ^? v influ5ces :i* ,i h be5 describ+4 ,! ,re=mation broke ! !ological %ackles 9 :i* m5's m9ds 7 fett]$4 ,x set !m ?9k+1 & s gave bir? to sci5ce4 ,! ,re=m]s also1 )\t kn[+ :at !y 7 ab\t1 taught ! lesson ( religi\s tol]ation4 ,!y attempt$ to sup]s$e "o set ( dogmas by ano!r4 ,!y succe$$ ) half ! _w--!y fail$ ) ! o!r half4 ,9 a little :ile x became app>5t t good m5--)\t ceas+ to be good--c\ld ?9k diff]5tly ab\t !ology1 & t goodness1 !re=e1 dep5d$ on some?+ else ?an ! hold+ or?odox op9ions4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 = ei!r ( ^! reasons t ,i am go+ to talk to y ab\t ,m>t9 ,lu!r2 nor is tol]ation ( diff]5ces ( op9ion1 h[ev] excell5t x be1 ! po9t on :i* ,i %all dwell 9 ^! ,lectures4 ,7 ! ,re=mation a "q m]ely ( op9ion1 ,i = "o %\ld n h m$dl$ ) x1 ei!r "h or any:]e4 ,i hold t1 on ! obscure my/]ies ( fai?1 e "o %\ld be all[$ to believe accord+ to 8 consci5ce1 & t argum5ts on su* matt]s are ei!r imp]t95t or useless4 ,b ! ,re=mation1 g5tlem51 beyond ! region ( op9ions1 0 a hi/orical fact--an objective some?+ :i* may be /udi$ l any ( ! facts ( nature4 ,! ,re=m]s 7 m5 ( note & di/9ction1 :o play$ a great "p = good or evil on ! /age ( ! _w4 ,if we except ! ,apo/les1 no body ( human be+s ev] pr9t$ s deep a m>k into ! organisation ( society2 & if !re be any value or mean+ 9 hi/ory at all1 ! lives1 ! actions1 ! *>act]s ( su* m5 z ^! c be matt]s ( indiff]5ce to none ( u4 ,we h n to d ) a /ory :i* is buri$ 9 obscure antiquity4 ,! facts admit ( be+ le>nt4 ,! tru?1 :atev] x 01 conc]ns u all equally4 ,if ! divisions creat$ by t great convulsion are ev] to be oblit]at$1 x w be :5 we h le>nt1 ea* ( u1 to see ! ?+ z x really 01 & n r "s my?ical or imag9ative v]sion ( ! ?+--su* z f our own po9t ( view we l to ?9k x 04 ,fiction 9 su* matt]s may be conv5i5t = our imm$iate !ories1 b x is c]ta9 to av5ge itself 9 ! end4 ,we may make our own op9ions1 b facts 7 made = u2 & if we evade or d5y !m1 x w be ! worse = u4 ,un=tunately1 ! my?ical v]sion at pres5t v l>gely prepond]ates4 ,op5 a ,prote/ant hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 & y w f9d a picture ( ! _w giv5 ov] to a ly+ tyranny--! ,*ri/ian population ( ,europe enslav$ by a corrupt & degrad$ prie/hood1 & ! ,re=m]s1 ) ! ,bible 9 _! h&s1 com+ to ! rescue l angels ( light4 ,all is black on "o side--all is fair & beautiful on ! o!r4 ,turn to a ,ca?olic hi/ory ( ! same ev5ts & ! same m51 & we h be=e u ! ,*ur* ( ! ,sa9ts fulfill+ quietly its bless$ mission 9 ! sav+ ( human s\ls4 ,satan a second "t ent]s into ,p>adise1 & a second "t ) fatal success tempts mis]able man to 8 ru94 ,he disbelieves 8 appo9t$ tea*]s1 he aspires aft] =bidd5 k1 & at once an>*y breaks loose4 ,! seamless robe ( ! ,savi\r is r5t 9 pieces1 & ! e>? becomes ! habitation ( fi5ds4 ,ea* side tells ! /ory z x pref]s to h x2 facts1 *>act]s1 circum/ances1 are melt$ 9 ! !ological crucible1 & ca/ 9 m\lds diametrically opposite4 ,no?+ rema9s ! same except ! names & dates4 ,ea* side *ooses its own witnesses4 ,ev]y?+ is cr$ible :i* makes = :at x calls ! tru?4 ,ev]y?+ is made false :i* w n fit into its place4 ',blasphem\s fables' is ! usual expression 9 ,prote/ant controv]sial books = ! acc\nts giv5 by ,ca?olics4 ',prote/ant tradition1' says an em95t mod]n ,ca?olic1 'is bas$ on ly+--bold1 :olesale1 unscrupul\s ly+4' ,n[1 dep5d ^u x1 !re is "s human acc\nt ( ! matt] diff]5t f bo? ^! if we c\ld only get at x1 & x w be an excell5t ?+ = ! _w :5 t human acc\nt c be made out4 ,i am n s presumptu\s z to suppose t ,i c give x to y2 /ill less c y expect me to try to d s )9 ! compass ( two or ?ree lectures4 ,if ,i _c d ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 ,i believe ,i c d a little2 at any rate ,i c give y a sket*1 su* z y may place mod]ate confid5ce 91 ( ! /ate ( ! ,*ur* z x 0 be=e ! ,re=mation began4 ,i w n expose myself m ?an ,i c help to ! c5sure ( ! div9e :o 0 s h>d on ,prote/ant tradition4 ,mo/ ( :at ,i %all h to say to y ?is ev5+ w be tak5 f ! admissions ( ,ca?olics !mselves1 or f (ficial records e>li] ?an ! outbreak ( ! controv]sy1 :5 !re 0 no temptation to p]v]t ! tru?4 ,"h1 obvi\sly1 is ! fir/ po9t on :i* we require accurate in=mation4 ,if all 0 go+ on well1 ! ,re=m]s really & truly told innum]able lies1 & des]ve all ! reprobation :i* we c give !m4 ,if all 0 n go+ on well--if1 s f> f be+ well1 ! ,*ur* 0 s corrupt t ,europe c\ld be> ) x no long]--!n cle>ly a ,re=mation 0 necess>y ( "s k9d2 & we h tak5 "o /ep t[>ds a fair e/imate ( ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 x4 ,a fair e/imate--t1 & only t1 is :at we want4 ,i ne$ h>dly obs]ve to y1 t op9ion 9 ,engl& has be5 und]go+ lately a v consid]able alt]ation ab\t ^! p]sons4 ,two g5]ations ago1 ! lead+ ,re=m]s 7 look$ ^u z little less ?an sa9ts2 n[ a p>ty has ris5 up :o int5d1 z !y frankly tell u1 to un-,prote/antise ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :o dete/ ,prote/antism z a k9d ( infidelity1 :o desire simply to rev]se ev]y?+ :i* ! ,re=m]s did4 ,"o ( ^! g5tlem51 a cl]gyman1 writ+ lately ( ,lu!r1 call$ him a h]etic1 a h]etic fit only to be rank$ )--:om1 d y ?9k8--,joe ,smi?1 ! ,mormon ,prophet4 ,joe ,smi? & ,lu!r--t is ! comb9ation ) :i* we are n[ pres5t$4 ,! book 9 :i* ?is rem>kable /atem5t appe>$ 0 pres5t$ by two bi%ops to ! ,upp] ,h\se ( ,convocation4 ,x 0 receiv$ ) graci\s ackn[l$gm5ts by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & 0 plac$ solemnly 9 ! libr>y ( ref]5ce1 = t le>n$ body to consult4 ,s1 too1 a pr(essor at ,ox=d1 ! o!r day1 spoke ( ,lu!r z a ,phili/9e--a ,phili/9e mean+ an oppressor ( ! *os5 p2 ! enemy ( m5 ( culture1 ( intellig5ce1 su* z ! pr(essor himself4 ,"o notices ^! ?+s1 n z ( mu* importance 9 !mselves1 b z %[+ :i* way ! /ream is runn+2 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 9 q ano!r direction we may see ! same ph5om5on4 ,our lib]al philosoph]s1 m5 ( high lit]>y p[] & reputation1 look+ into ! hi/ory ( ,lu!r1 & ,calv91 & ,john ,knox1 & ! re/1 f9d !m fall+ f> %ort ( ! philosophic ideal--want+ sadly 9 _m qualities :i* ! lib]al m9d _c disp5se )4 ,!y are discov]$ to be intol]ant1 dogmatic1 n>r[-m9d$1 incl9$ to p]secute ,ca?olics z ,ca?olics _h p]secut$ !m2 to be1 9 fact1 little if at all bett] ?an ! popes & c>d9als :om !y 7 fight+ aga9/4 ,"l ,macaulay c h>dly f9d epi!ts /rong en\gh to express 8 contempt = ,ar*bi%op ,cranm]4 ,mr4 ,buckle places ,cranm] by ! side ( ,bonn]1 & hesitates :i* ( ! two *>act]s is ! m dete/able4 ,an unfav\rable e/imate ( ! ,re=m]s1 :e!r j or unju/1 is unque/ionably ga9+ gr\nd among our advanc$ ?9k]s4 ,a great] man ?an ei!r ,macaulay or ,buckle--! ,g]man poet1 ,goe!--says ( ,lu!r1 t he ?rew back ! intellectual progress ( mank9d = c5turies1 by call+ 9 ! passions ( ! multitude to decide on subjects :i* ought to h be5 left to ! le>n$4 ,goe!1 9 say+ ?is1 0 allud+ especially to ,erasmus4 ,goe! ?\ght t ,erasmus1 & m5 l ,erasmus1 _h /ruck ^u ! "r track2 & if !y c\ld h reta9$ ! direction ( ! m9d ( ,europe1 !re w\ld h be5 m tru?1 & less falsehood1 among u at ?is pres5t "t4 ,! p>ty hatr$s1 ! !ological rivalries1 ! p]secutions1 ! civil w>s1 ! religi\s animosities :i* h s long di/ract$ u1 w\ld h be5 all avoid$1 & ! m9d ( mank9d w\ld h exp&$ gradually & equably ) ! gr[? ( k4 ,su* an op9ion1 com+ f s great a man1 is n to be lightly pass$ ov]4 ,x w be my endeav\r to %[ y :at k9d ( man ,erasmus 01 :at he 0 aim+ at1 :at he 0 do+1 & h[ ,lu!r spoilt 8 "w--if spoil+ is ! ^w :i* we are to use = x4 ,"o caution1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ 9 fairness give y be=e we proce$ fur!r4 ,x lies ^u ! face ( ! /ory1 t ! ,re=m]s imp]fectly und]/ood tol]ation2 b y mu/ keep be=e y ! _s & temp] ( ! m5 ) :om !y _h to deal4 ,= !mselves1 :5 ! movem5t began1 !y aim$ at no?+ b lib]ty to ?9k & speak _! own way4 ,!y nev] dreamt ( int]f]+ ) o!rs1 al?\gh !y 7 q aw>e t o!rs1 :5 !y c\ld1 7 likely to int]f]e ) !m4 ,"l ,macaulay might h rememb]$ t ,cranm] 0 work+ all 8 life ) ! prospect ( be+ burnt alive z 8 rew>d--&1 z we all "k1 he actually 0 burnt alive4 ,:5 ! ,prote/ant tea*+ began fir/ to spread 9 ! ,ne!rl&s--be=e "o s+le ,ca?olic _h be5 illtreat$ !re1 be=e a symptom ( a mut9\s disposition _h %[n itself among ! p1 an edict 0 issu$ by ! au?orities = ! suppression ( ! new op9ions4 ,! t]ms ( ?is edict ,i w briefly describe to y4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 7 in=m$ t !y 7 to hold & believe ! doctr9es ( ! ,holy ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ',m5 & wom51' says ! edict1 ':o disobey ?is comm& %all be puni%$ z di/urb]s ( public ord]4 ,wom5 :o h fall5 into h]esy %all be buri$ alive4 ,m51 if !y recant1 %all lose _! heads4 ,if !y cont9ue ob/9ate1 !y %all be burnt at ! /ake4 ',if man or woman be suspect$ ( h]esy1 no "o %all %elt] or protect him or h]2 & no /rang] %all be admitt$ to lodge 9 any inn or dwell+-h\se unless he br+ ) him a te/imonial ( or?odoxy f ! prie/ ( 8 p>i%4 ',! ,inquisition %all enquire into ! private op9ions ( e p]son1 ( :atev] degree2 & all (fic]s ( all k9ds %all assi/ ! ,inquisition at _! p]il4 ,^? :o "k :]e h]etics are conceal$1 %all d5\nce !m1 or !y %all suff] z h]etics !mselves4 ,h]etics 7obs]ve ! malignity ( ?is p>agraph7--h]etics :o w give up o!r h]etics to ju/ice1 %all !mselves be p>don$ if !y w promise to con=m = ! future4' ,"u ?is edict1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s alone1 m ?an fifty ?\s& human be+s1 fir/ & la/1 7 delib]ately murd]$4 ,&1 g5tlem51 ,i mu/ say t proce$+s ( ?is k9d expla9 & g f> to excuse ! subsequ5t intol]ance ( ,prote/ants4 ,intol]ance1 ,mr4 ,gibbon tells u1 is a great] crime 9 a ,prote/ant ?an a ,ca?olic4 ,crim9al intol]ance1 z ,i und]/& x1 is ! intol]ance ( su* an edict z t :i* ,i h read to y--! unprovok$ intol]ance ( diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,i conceive t ! mo/ enlight5$ philosoph] might h gr[n h>d & n>r[-m9d$ if he _h suff]$ "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,duke ( ,alva4 ,dismiss+ ^! consid]ations1 ,i w n[ g on ) my subject4 ,nev] 9 all _! hi/ory1 9 anci5t times or mod]n1 nev] t we "k (1 h mank9d ?r[n out ( !mselves any?+ s gr&1 s useful1 s beautiful1 z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* once 04 ,9 ^! times ( ours1 well-regulat$ selfi%ness is ! recognis$ rule ( action--e "o ( u is expect$ to look out fir/ = himself1 & take c>e ( 8 own int]e/s4 ,at ! "t ,i speak (1 ! ,*ur* rul$ ! ,/ate ) ! au?ority ( a consci5ce2 & self-int]e/1 z a motive ( action1 0 only nam$ to be abhorr$4 ,! bi%ops & cl]gy 7 reg>d$ freely & simply z ! imm$iate m9i/]s ( ! ,almighty2 & !y seem to me to h really des]v$ t high e/imate ( _! "*4 ,x 0 n = ! doctr9es :i* !y taught1 only or *iefly1 t !y 7 held 9 hon\r4 ,brave m5 d n fall d[n be=e _! fell[-mortals = ! words :i* !y speak1 or = ! rites :i* !y p]=m4 ,wisdom1 ju/ice1 self-d5ial1 nobl5ess1 purity1 highm9d$ness1--^! are ! qualities be=e :i* ! free-born races ( ,europe h be5 cont5t$ to b[2 & 9 no ord] ( m5 7 su* qualities to be f\nd z !y 7 f\nd six hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! cl]gy ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!y call$ !mselves ! successors ( ! ,apo/les4 ,!y claim$ 9 _! ,ma/]'s "n univ]sal spiritual au?ority1 b !y made good _! pret5sions by ! hol9ess ( _! own lives4 ,!y 7 all[$ to rule because !y des]v$ to rule1 & 9 ! fulness ( rev]5ce k+s & nobles b5t be=e a p[] :i* 0 ne>] to ,god ?an _! own4 ,ov] pr9ce & subject1 *iefta9 & s]f1 a body ( un>m$ def5celess m5 reign$ supreme by ! magic ( sanctity4 ,!y tam$ ! fi]y nor!rn w>riors :o _h brok5 9 pieces ! ,roman ,empire4 ,!y taught !m--!y br\ght !m really & truly to believe--t !y _h immortal s\ls1 & t !y w\ld "o day /& at ! awful judgm5t b> & give acc\nt = _! lives !re4 ,) ! brave1 ! hone/1 & ! good--) ^? :o _h n oppress$ ! poor nor remov$ _! neighb\r's l&m>k--) ^? :o _h be5 j 9 all _! deal+s--) ^? :o _h f\ght aga9/ evil1 & _h tri$ valiantly to d _! ,ma/]'s w1--at t great day1 x w\ld be well4 ,= c[>ds1 = pr(ligates1 = ^? :o liv$ = luxury & pleasure & self-indulg5ce1 !re 0 ! blackness ( et]nal dea?4 ,an awful conviction ( ?is trem5d\s k9d ! cl]gy _h effectually in/ill$ into ! m9d ( ,europe4 ,x 0 n a ,,p]haps2 x 0 a c]ta9ty4 ,x 0 n a =m ( words repeat$ once a week at *ur*2 x 0 an assurance ent]ta9$ on all days & 9 all places1 )\t any p>ticle ( d\bt4 ,& ! effect ( su* a belief on life & consci5ce 0 simply immeasurable4 ,i d n pret5d t ! cl]gy 7 p]fect4 ,!y 7 v f> f p]fect at ! be/ ( times1 & ! ,european nations 7 nev] completely submissive to !m4 ,x w\ld n h be5 well if !y _h be54 ,! bus9ess ( human creatures 9 ?is planet is n summ$ up 9 ! mo/ excell5t ( prie/ly cate*isms4 ,! _w & its conc]ns cont9u$ to int]e/ m51 ?\gh prie/s insi/$ on _! no?+ness4 ,!y c\ld n prev5t k+s f qu>rell+ ) ea* o!r4 ,!y c\ld n h9d] disput$ successions1 & civil feuds1 & w>s1 & political conspiracies4 ,:at !y did d 0 to %elt] ! weak f ! /rong4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! cl]gy1 ! s]f & 8 "l /ood on ! common level ( s9ful humanity4 ,into _! ranks high bir? 0 no passport4 ,!y 7 !mselves = ! mo/ "p *ildr5 ( ! p2 & ! son ( ! artisan or peasant rose to ! mitre & ! triple cr[n1 j z n[adays ! rail-splitt] & ! tailor become ,presid5ts ( ! ,republic ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,*ur* 0 ess5tially democratic1 :ile at ! same "t x _h ! monopoly ( le>n+2 & all ! secul> p[] fell to x :i* le>n+1 comb9$ ) sanctity & assi/$ by sup]/ition1 c be/[4 ,! privileges ( ! cl]gy 7 extraord9>y4 ,!y 7 n am5able to ! common laws ( ! l&4 ,:ile !y gov]n$ ! laity1 ! laity _h no p[] ov] !m4 ,f ! ?rone d[nw>ds1 e secul> (fice 0 dep5d5t on ! ,*ur*4 ,no k+ 0 a lawful sov]eign till ! ,*ur* plac$ ! cr[n ^u 8 head3 & :at ! ,*ur* be/[$1 ! ,*ur* claim$ ! "r to take away4 ,! disposition ( prop]ty 0 9 _! h&s4 ,no w c\ld be prov$ except be=e ! bi%op or 8 (fic]2 & no w 0 held valid if ! te/ator di$ out ( communion4 ,!re 7 magi/rates & c\rts ( law = ! (f5ces ( ! laity4 ,if a prie/ committ$ a crime1 he 0 a sacr$ p]son4 ,! civil p[] c\ld n t\* him2 he 0 res]v$ = 8 ord9>y4 ,bi%ops' commiss>ies sate 9 t[n & city1 tak+ cognizance ( ! moral conduct ( e man & woman4 ,(f5ces aga9/ life & prop]ty 7 tri$ "h 9 ,engl&1 z n[1 by ! common law2 b ! ,*ur* ,c\rts dealt ) s9s--s9s ( ^w or act4 ,if a man 0 a pr(ligate or a drunk>d2 if he li$ or swore2 if he did n come to communion1 or held unlawful op9ions2 if he 0 idle or un?rifty2 if he 0 unk9d to 8 wife or 8 s]vants2 if a *ild 0 disob$i5t to 8 fa!r1 or a fa!r cruel to 8 *ild2 if a tradesman sold adult]at$ w>es1 or us$ false measures or di%one/ weights1--! eye ( ! p>i% prie/ 0 ev]y:]e1 & ! ,*ur* ,c\rt /ood always op5 to exam9e & to puni%4 ,imag9e :at a trem5d\s p[] ?is mu/ h be56 ,yet x exi/$ g5]ally 9 ,ca?olic ,europe d[n to ! eve ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x c\ld nev] h e/abli%$ itself at all unless at "o "t x _h work$ b5eficially--z ! abuse ( x 0 "o ( ! mo/ fatal causes ( ! ,*ur*'s fall4 ,i "k no?+ 9 ,engli% hi/ory mu* m /rik+ ?an ! answ] giv5 by ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham to ! compla9ts ( ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons aft] ! fall ( ,c>d9al ,wolsey4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons compla9$ t ! cl]gy made laws 9 ,convocation :i* ! laity 7 excommunicat$ if !y disobey$4 ,yet ! laws made by ! cl]gy1 ! ,commons said1 7 (t5 at v>iance ) ! laws ( ! realm4 ,:at did ,w>ham reply8 ,he said he 0 sorry = ! alleg$ discrepancy2 b1 inasmu* z ! laws made by ! cl]gy 7 always 9 con=mity ) ! w ( ,god1 ! laws ( ! realm _h only to be alt]$ & !n ! difficulty w\ld vani%4 ,:at mu/ h be5 ! position ( ! cl]gy 9 ! fulness ( _! p[]1 :5 !y c\ld speak ?us on ! eve ( _! pro/ration8 ,y h only to look f a di/ance at any old-fa%ion$ ca!dral city1 & y w see 9 a mom5t ! m$ival relations betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,! ca!dral is ! city4 ,! fir/ object y cat* sight ( z y approa* is ! spire tap]+ into ! sky1 or ! huge t[]s hold+ possession ( ! c5tre ( ! l&scape--maje/ically beautiful--impos+ by m]e size amid/ ! l>ge =ms ( ,nature h]self4 ,z y g ne>]1 ! va/ness ( ! build+ impresses y m & m4 ,! puny dwell+-place ( ! citiz5s creep at its feet1 ! p9nacles are glitt]+ 9 ! t9ts ( ! sunset1 :5 d[n bel[ among ! /reets & lanes ! twilight is d>k5+4 ,& ev5 n[1 :5 ! t[ns are ?rice _! anci5t size1 & ! h\ses h /ret*$ upw>ds f two /ories to five2 :5 ! great *imneys are vomit+ _! smoke among ! cl\ds1 & ! temples ( mod]n indu/ry--! work%ops & ! factories--spread _! long fronts be=e ! eye1 ! ca!dral is /ill ! gov]n+ =m 9 ! picture--! "o object :i* possesses ! imag9ation & refuses to be eclips$4 ,z t ca!dral 0 to ! old t[n1 s 0 ! ,*ur* ( ! middle ages to ! secul> in/itutions ( ! _w4 ,its v neighb\rhood 0 sacr$2 & its %ad[1 l ! %ad[ ( ! ,apo/les1 0 a sanctu>y4 ,:5 ,i look at ! new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,london1 ,i see 9 !m a type ( ! *ange :i* has pass$ ov] u4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons ( ! ,plantag5ets sate 9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! ,p>liam5t ( ! ,re=m ,bill1 five-&-?irty ye>s ago1 debat$ 9 ,/4 ,/eph5's ,*apel1 ! ,abbey's small dep5d5cy4 ,n[1 by ! side ( ! enorm\s pile :i* has ris5 out ( t *apel's a%es1 ! pr\d ,m9/] itself is dw>f$ into insignificance4 ,let u turn to ano!r va/ feature ( ! middle ages--,i mean ! mona/]ies4 ,"s p]son ( especial & exceptional hol9ess has liv$ or di$ at a p>ticul> spot4 ,he has be5 di/+ui%$ by 8 wisdom1 by 8 piety1 by 8 active b5evol5ce2 & 9 an age :5 conjurors & wit*es 7 suppos$ to be help$ by ! devil to d evil1 he1 on 8 "p1 has be5 ?\ght to h possess$ 9 l>g] measure ?an common m5 ! fav\r & ! grace ( heav54 ,bless$ influ5ces hang ab\t ! spot :i* he has hall[$ by 8 pres5ce4 ,8 relics--8 h\sehold possessions1 8 books1 8 clo!s1 8 bones1 reta9 ! %ad[y sanctity :i* !y receiv$ 9 hav+ once belong$ to him4 ,we all set a value1 n :olly unreal1 on any?+ :i* has be5 ! prop]ty ( a rem>kable man4 ,at wor/1 x is b an exagg]ation ( natural rev]5ce4 ,well1 z n[adays we build monum5ts to great m51 s 9 ! middle ages !y built %r9es or *apels on ! spots :i* sa9ts _h made holy1 & communities ( pi\s p ga!r$ toge!r !re--beg9n+ ) ! p]sonal fri5ds ! sa9t _h left beh9d him--to try to live z he _h liv$1 to d good z he _h done good1 & to die z he _h di$4 ,?us arose religi\s frat]nities--companies ( m5 :o desir$ to devote !mselves to goodness--to give up pleasure1 & amusem5t1 & self-indulg5ce1 & to sp5d _! lives 9 pray] & works ( *>ity4 ,^! h\ses became c5tres ( pi\s b5efic5ce4 ,! monks1 z ! bro!rhoods 7 call$1 7 organis$ 9 diff]5t ord]s1 ) "s v>iety ( rule1 b ! broad pr9ciple 0 ! same 9 all4 ,!y 7 to live = o!rs1 n = !mselves4 ,!y took v[s ( pov]ty1 t !y might n be entangl$ 9 ! pursuit ( money4 ,!y took v[s ( *a/ity1 t ! c>e ( a family might n di/ract !m f ! "w :i* !y _h und]tak54 ,_! ef=ts ( *>ity 7 n limit$ to ?is _w4 ,_! days 7 sp5t 9 h>d bodily lab\r1 9 /udy1 or 9 visit+ ! sick4 ,at night !y 7 on ! /one-floors ( _! *apels1 hold+ up _! )]$ h&s to heav51 int]c$+ = ! poor s\ls :o 7 suff]+ 9 purgatory4 ,! _w1 z x always w1 paid hon\r to exceptional excell5ce4 ,! sy/em spread to ! fur!/ limits ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! religi\s h\ses became places ( refuge1 :]e m5 ( noble bir?1 k+s & que5s & emp]ors1 w>riors & /atesm51 retir$ to lay d[n _! spl5did c>es1 & end _! days 9 peace4 ,^? ) :om ! _w _h dealt h>dly1 or ^? :om x _h surfeit$ ) its unsatisfy+ pleasures1 ^? :o 7 disappo9t$ ) e>?1 & ^? :o 7 fill$ ) passionate aspirations aft] heav51 alike f\nd a hav5 ( re/ 9 ! quiet cloi/]4 ,&1 gradually1 l&s came to !m1 & weal?1 & social dignity--all gratefully ext5d$ to m5 :o des]v$ s well ( _! fell[s2 :ile no l&lords 7 m popul> ?an !y1 = ! sanctity ( ! monks %elt]$ _! dep5d5ts z well z !mselves4 ,travel n[ ?r\gh ,irel&1 & y w see 9 ! wilde/ p>ts ( x innum]able rema9s ( religi\s h\ses1 :i* _h gr[n up among a p :o ackn[l$g$ no rule among !mselves except ! sword1 & :]e e *ief made w> ^u 8 neighb\r z ! hum\r seiz$ him4 ,! monks among ! ,o's & ! ,mac's 7 z def5celess z %eep among ! wolves2 b ! wolves sp>$ !m = _! "*4 ,9 su* a c\ntry z ,irel& !n 01 ! mona/]ies c\ld n h surviv$ = a g5]ation b = ! en*ant$ atmosph]e :i* surr\nd$ !m4 ,( au?ority1 ! religi\s ord]s 7 practically indep5d5t4 ,!y 7 am5able only to ! ,pope & to _! own sup]iors4 ,"h 9 ,engl&1 ! k+ c\ld n s5d a commission] to inspect a mona/]y1 nor ev5 s5d a policeman to arre/ a crim9al :o _h tak5 %elt] )9 its walls4 ,ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 p[]ful z !y 71 f\nd _! au?ority cease :5 !y ent]$ ! gates ( a ,b5$ict9e or ,dom9ican abbey4 ,s utt]ly h times *ang$1 t ) y\r utmo/ ex]tions y w h>dly be able to picture to y\rselves ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! days ( its greatness4 ,our s*ool-books tell u h[ ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many held ! /irrup = ,pope ,gregory ! ,sev5? to m\nt 8 mule2 h[ our own ,engli% ,h5ry ,plantag5et walk$ b>efoot ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,cant]bury1 & knelt 9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se = ! monks to flog him4 ,! fir/ ( ^! incid5ts1 ,i 0 br\ght up to believe1 prov$ ! ,pope to be ! ,man ( ,s94 ,anyh[1 !y are bo? facts1 & n romances2 & y may =m "s notion f !m h[ high 9 ! _w's eyes ! ,*ur* mu/ h /ood4 ,& be sure x did n a*ieve t pr\d position )\t des]v+ x4 ,! ,teutonic & ,lat9 pr9ces 7 n cr$ul\s fools2 & :5 !y submitt$1 x 0 to some?+ /rong] ?an !mselves--/rong] 9 limb & muscle1 or /rong] 9 intellect & "*4 ,s ! ,*ur* 0 9 its vig\r3 s ! ,*ur* 0 n at ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,p[]--weal?--security--m5 are m ?an mortal if !y c resi/ ! temptations to :i* too mu* ( ^! expose !m4 ,nor 7 !y ! only enemies :i* und]m9$ ! en]gies ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy4 ,*ur*es exi/ 9 ?is _w to rem9d u ( ! et]nal laws :i* we are b\nd to obey4 ,s f> z !y d ?is1 !y fulfil _! end1 & are hon\r$ 9 fulfill+ x4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] = all ( u--x w\ld be bett] = u n[1 c\ld ,*ur*es keep ?is _! peculi> function /eadily & s+ly be=e !m4 ,un=tunately1 !y h pref]r$ 9 lat] times ! speculative side ( ?+s to ! practical4 ,!y take up into _! tea*+ op9ions & !ories :i* are m]ely ephem]al2 :i* w\ld naturally die out ) ! progress ( k2 b1 hav+ receiv$ a spuri\s sanctity1 prolong _! days unseasonably1 & become fir/ unmean+1 & !n occasions ( sup]/ition4 ,x matt]s little :e!r ,i say a pat]no/] 9 ,engli% or ,lat91 s t :at is pres5t to my m9d is ! ?\ght :i* ! words express1 & n ! words !mselves4 ,9 ^! & all languages x is ! mo/ beautiful ( pray]s4 ,b y "k t p came to look on a ,lat9 pat]no/] z ! mo/ p[]ful ( spells--pot5t 9 heav51 if said /raight=w>d2 if repeat$ backw>d1 a *>m :i* no _s 9 hell c\ld resi/4 ,s x is1 9 my op9ion1 ) all =ms--=ms ( words1 or =ms ( c]emony & ritualism4 ,:ile ! mean+ is alive 9 !m1 !y are n only h>mless1 b pregnant & life-giv+4 ,:5 we come to ?9k t !y possess 9 !mselves mat]ial & magical virtues1 !n ! purpose :i* !y answ] is to hide ,god f u & make u practically into ,a!i/s4 ,?is is :at ,i believe to h gradually fall5 ^u ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! g5]ations :i* prec$$ ,lu!r4 ,! body rema9$2 ! m9d 0 gone away3 ! orig9al ?\ght :i* its symbolism repres5t$ 0 no long] cr$ible to intellig5t p]sons4 ,! acute 7 consci\s unbeliev]s4 ,9 ,italy1 :5 m5 w5t to mass !y spoke ( x z go+ to a com$y4 ,y may h he>d ! /ory ( ,lu!r 9 8 y\ng] days say+ mass at an alt> 9 ,rome1 & he>+ 8 fell[-prie/s mutt]+ at ! consecration ( ! ,eu*>i/1 ',bread ?\ art1 & bread ?\ wilt rema94' ,"p ( ! cl]gy 7 pr(ane sc\ndrels l ^!2 ! re/ repeat$ ! words ( ! s]vice1 conceiv+ t !y 7 work+ a *>m4 ,religion 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! trans=mation :i* all religions h a t5d5cy to und]go4 ,!y cease to be aids & inc5tives to holy life2 !y become contrivances r to enable m5 to s91 & escape ! p5alties ( s94 ,ob$i5ce to ! law is disp5s$ ) if m5 w dilig5tly pr(ess c]ta9 op9ions1 or punctually p]=m c]ta9 ext]nal duties4 ,h[ev] sc&al\s ! moral life1 ! p>ticipation ( a p>ticul> rite1 or ! pr(ession ( a p>ticul> belief1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 is held to cle> ! score4 ,! p[]s :i* _h be5 giv5 to ! cl]gy requir$ = _! ex]cise ! highe/ wisdom & ! highe/ probity4 ,!y _h fall5 at la/ into ! h&s ( m5 :o possess$ consid]ably less ( ^! qualities ?an ! laity :om !y und]took to gov]n4 ,!y _h degrad$ _! conceptions ( ,god2 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 !y _h degrad$ _! conceptions ( man & man's duty4 ,! aspirations aft] sanctity _h disappe>$1 & in/ead ( !m !re rema9$ ! practical reality ( ! five s5ses4 ,! high prelates1 ! c>d9als1 ! great abbots1 7 occupi$ *iefly 9 ma9ta9+ _! spl5d\r & luxury4 ,! fri>s & ! secul> cl]gy1 foll[+ _! sup]iors ) %ort] /eps1 indulg$ !mselves 9 gross] pleasures2 :ile _! spiritual p[]s1 _! suppos$ au?ority 9 ?is _w & ! next1 7 turn$ to acc\nt to obta9 f ! laity ! means = _! self-indulg5ce4 ,! ,*ur* =bade ! eat+ ( meat on fa/ days1 b ! ,*ur* 0 ready ) disp5sations = ^? :o c\ld af=d to pay = !m4 ,! ,*ur* =bade m>riage to ! f\r? degree ( consangu9ity1 b lov+ c\s9s1 if !y 7 ri* & op5-h&$1 c\ld obta9 ! ,*ur*'s cons5t to _! union4 ,!re 7 toll-gates = ! prie/s at e halt+-place on ! road ( life--fees at w$d+s1 fees at fun]als1 fees :5ev] an excuse c\ld be f\nd to fa/5 !m4 ,ev5 :5 a man 0 dead he 0 n safe f plund]1 = a mortu>y or dea? pres5t 0 exact$ ( 8 family4 ,& !n ^? ,bi%op's ,c\rts1 ( :i* ,i spoke j n[3 !y 7 f\nd$ = ! discipl9e ( morality--!y 7 made ! in/rum5ts ( ! mo/ dete/able extortion4 ,if an impati5t layman spoke a disrespectful ^w ( ! cl]gy1 he 0 cit$ be=e ! bi%op's commiss>y & f9$4 ,if he refus$ to pay1 he 0 excommunicat$1 & excommunication 0 a poison\s disease4 ,:5 a poor wret* 0 "u ! ban ( ! ,*ur* no tradesman might sell him clo!s or food--no fri5d might relieve him--no human voice might address him1 "u pa9 ( ! same s5t5ce2 & if he di$ unreconcil$1 he di$ l a dog1 )\t ! sacram5ts1 & 0 refus$ ,*ri/ian burial4 ,! records ( "s ( ^! c\rts survive3 a glance at _! pages w %[ ! pr9ciples on :i* !y 7 work$4 ,:5 a layman (f5d$1 ! s+le object 0 to make him pay = x4 ,! magi/rates c\ld n protect him4 ,if he resi/$1 & 8 fri5ds support$ him1 s mu* ! bett]1 = !y 7 n[ all 9 ! scrape toge!r4 ,! next /ep w\ld be to indict !m 9 a body = h]esy2 & !n1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 no?+ = x b to give way1 & comp\nd = absolution by money4 ,x 0 money--ev] money4 ,ev5 9 case ( real del9qu5cy1 x 0 /ill money4 ,money1 n *>ity1 cov]$ ! multitude ( s9s4 ,i h told y t ! cl]gy 7 exempt f secul> jurisdiction4 ,!y claim$ to be am5able only to spiritual judges1 & !y ext5d$ ! broad fr+e ( _! ord] till ! ^w cl]k 0 con/ru$ to mean any "o :o c\ld write 8 "n or read a s5t5ce f a book4 ,a robb] or a murd]] at ! assizes _h b to %[ t he possess$ ei!r ( ^! qualifications1 & he 0 all[$ :at 0 call$ b5efit ( cl]gy4 ,8 case 0 transf]r$ to ! ,bi%ops' ,c\rt1 to an easy judge1 :o all[$ him at once to comp\nd4 ,su* 7 ! cl]gy 9 matt]s ( ?is _w4 ,z religi\s in/ructors1 !y appe> 9 col\rs if possible less attractive4 ,practical religion ?r\gh\t ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 a v simple affair4 ,i am n go+ to speak ( ! my/]i\s doctr9es ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! cre$ :i* x pr(ess$ 9 its s*ools & !ological treatises 0 ! same :i* x pr(esses n[1 & :i* x _h pr(ess$ at ! "t :5 x 0 mo/ p[]ful = good4 ,i d n myself consid] t ! =mulas 9 :i* m5 express _! belief are ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,! "q is r ( ! ?+ express$2 & s long z we f9d a liv+ consci\sness t above ! _w & above human life !re is a righte\s ,god1 :o w judge m5 accord+ to _! works1 :e!r !y say _! pray]s 9 ,lat9 or ,engli%1 :e!r !y call !mselves ,prote/ants or call !mselves ,ca?olics1 appe>s to me ( q second>y importance4 ,b at ! "t ,i speak (1 t consci\sness no long] exi/$4 ,! =mulas & c]emonies 7 all 9 all2 & ( ,god x is h>d to say :at conceptions m5 _h =m$1 :5 !y believ$ t a dead man's relations c\ld buy him out ( purgatory--buy him out ( purgatory1--= ?is 0 ! lit]al tru?--by hir+ prie/s to s+ masses = 8 s\l4 ,religion1 9 ! m9ds ( ord9>y p1 meant t ! keys ( ! o!r _w 7 held by ! cl]gy4 ,if a man confess$ regul>ly to 8 prie/1 receiv$ ! sacram5t1 & 0 absolv$1 !n all 0 well ) him4 ,8 duties consi/$ 9 go+ to confession & to mass4 ,if he committ$ s9s1 he 0 prescrib$ p5ances1 :i* c\ld be commut$ = money4 ,if he 0 sick or ill at ease 9 8 m9d1 he 0 recomm5d$ a pilgrimage--a pilgrimage to a %r9e or a holy well1 or to "s wond]-work+ image--:]e1 = due consid]ation1 8 case w\ld be att5d$ to4 ,x 0 no use to g to a sa9t empty-h&$4 ,! rule ( ! ,*ur* 01 no?+ = no?+4 ,at a *apel 9 ,saxony !re 0 an image ( a ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,if ! wor%ipp] came to x ) a good h&some (f]+1 ! *ild b[$ & 0 graci\s3 if ! pres5t 0 unsatisfactory1 x turn$ away its head1 & )held its fav\rs till ! purse-/r+s 7 unti$ aga94 ,!re 0 a great rood or crucifix ( ! same k9d at ,boxley1 9 ,k5t1 :]e ! pilgrims w5t 9 ?\s&s4 ,?is figure us$ to b[1 too1 :5 x 0 pleas$2 & a good sum ( money 0 sure to secure its good-w4 ,:5 ! ,re=mation came1 & ! police look$ into ! matt]1 ! images 7 f\nd to be work$ ) wires & pulleys4 ,! ,g]man lady 0 kept z a curiosity 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,elector ( ,saxony4 ,our ,boxley rood 0 br\ght up & exhibit$ 9 ,*eapside1 & 0 aft]w>ds torn 9 pieces by ! p4 ,nor "h aga9 0 dea? ! limit ( extortion3 dea? 0 r ! gate ( ! sph]e :i* ! cl]gy made1 peculi>ly _! own4 ,:5 a man di$1 8 fri5ds 7 naturally anxi\s = ! fate ( 8 s\l4 ,if he di$ 9 communion1 he 0 n 9 ! wor/ place ( all4 ,he _h n be5 a sa9t1 & !re=e he 0 n 9 ! be/4 ,!re=e he 0 9 purgatory--,purgatory ,pickpurse1 z our ,engli% ,latim] call$ x--& a prie/1 if prop]ly paid1 c\ld get him out4 ,to be a mass prie/1 z x 0 call$1 0 a regul> pr(ession1 9 :i*1 ) little tr\ble1 a man c\ld e>n a com=table liv+4 ,he _h only to be orda9$ & to le>n by he>t a c]ta9 =m ( words1 & t 0 all ! equipm5t necess>y = him4 ,! masses 7 paid = at s mu* a doz51 & = e mass t 0 said1 s _m ye>s 7 /ruck (f f ! p5al p]iod4 ,two prie/s 7 sometimes to be se5 mutt]+ away at ! opposite ends ( ! same alt>1 l a c\ple ( musical boxes play+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! same tune at ! same "t4 ,x made no diff]5ce4 ,! upp] p[]s _h :at !y want$4 ,if !y got ! masses1 & ! prie/s got ! money1 all p>ties conc]n$ 7 satisfi$4 ,i am speak+ ( ! =m :i* ^! ?+s assum$ 9 an age ( degradation & ignorance4 ,! true/ & wise/ words ev] spok5 by man might be abus$ 9 ! same way4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 if recit$ me*anically1 & reli$ on to "w a me*anical ef=t1 w\ld be no less p]nici\sly idolatr\s4 ,y c see some?+ ( ! same k9d 9 a mild] =m 9 ,spa9 at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,spani>ds1 all ( !m1 high & l[1 are expect$ to buy annually a ,pope's ,bula or ,bull--a small p>don1 or indulg5ce1 or pl5>y remission ( s9s4 ,! exact mean+ ( ^! ?+s is a little obscure2 ! high au?orities !mselves d n univ]sally agree ab\t !m1 except s f> z to say t !y are ( prodigi\s value ( "s sort4 ,! or?odox explanation1 ,i believe1 is some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,) e s9 !re is ! moral guilt & ! temporal p5alty4 ,! p>don _c t\* ! guilt2 b :5 ! guilt is remitt$1 !re is /ill ! p5alty4 ,i may ru9 my heal? by a dissolute life2 ,i may rep5t ( my dissolut5ess & be =giv52 b ! bad heal? w rema94 ,= bad heal?1 sub/itute p5ance 9 ?is _w & purgatory 9 ! next2 & 9 ?is sph]e ! indulg5ce takes effect4 ,su* z !y are1 at any rate1 ev]ybody 9 ,spa9 has ^! bulls2 y buy !m 9 ! %ops = a %ill+ apiece4 ,?is is "o =m ( ! ?+4 ,aga91 at ! door ( a ,spani% *ur* y w see hang+ on ! wall an intimation t :oev] w pray s _m h\rs be=e a p>ticul> image %all receive full =giv5ess ( 8 s9s4 ,hav+ got t1 "o might suppose he w\ld be satisfi$2 b no--if he prays s _m m h\rs1 he c get (f a hundr$ ye>s ( purgatory1 or a ?\s&1 or t5 ?\s&4 ,9 "o place ,i rememb] obs]v+ t = a v little tr\ble a man c\ld escape a hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ye>s ( purgatory4 ,:at a prospect = ! ill-/>r$ ,prote/ant1 :o w be lucky if he is admitt$ into purgatory at all6 ,aga91 if y ent] a sacri/y1 y w see a small bo>d l ! notices address$ to p>i%ion]s 9 our ve/ries4 ,on p>ticul> days x is tak5 out & hung up 9 ! *ur*1 & little w\ld a /rang]1 ignorant ( ! language1 guess ! trem5d\s mean+ ( t commonplace appe>ance4 ,on ^! bo>ds is writt5 ',hoy se sacan animas1'--',?is day1 s\ls are tak5 out ( purgatory4' ,x is an intimation to e "o ) a fri5d 9 di/ress t n[ is 8 "t4 ,y put a %ill+ 9 a plate1 y give y\r fri5d's "n1 & ! ?+ is done4 ,"o wond]s :y1 if purgatory c be sack$ s easily1 any poor wret* is left to suff] !re4 ,su* practices n[adays are comp>atively innoc5t1 ! money ask$ & giv5 is trifl+1 & probably no "o conc]n$ 9 ! bus9ess believes mu* ab\t x4 ,!y s]ve to %[1 h[ev]1 on a small scale1 :at once w5t on on an imm5se scale2 & ev5 su* z !y are1 pi\s ,ca?olics d n mu* approve ( !m4 ,!y d n v5ture to say mu* on ! subject directly1 b !y all[ !mselves a c]ta9 good-hum\r$ ridicule4 ,a ,spani% noveli/ ( "s reputation tells a /ory ( a man com+ to a prie/ on "o ( ^! occasions1 putt+ a %ill+ 9 ! plate1 & giv+ 9 ! "n ( 8 fri5d4 ',is my fri5d's s\l out8' he ask$4 ,! prie/ said x 04 ',q sure8' ! man ask$4 ',q sure1' ! prie/ answ]$4 ',v well1' said ! man1 'if he is out ( purgatory !y w n put him 9 aga93 x is a bad %ill+4' ,sadd] ?an all else1 ev5 z ! mo/ beautiful ?+s are wor/ 9 _! degradation1 0 ! condition ( ! mona/]ies4 ,i am "h on delicate gr\nd4 ,! acc\nts ( ^? in/itutions1 z !y exi/$ 9 ,engl& & ,g]many at ! "t ( _! suppression1 is s %ock+ t ev5 imp>tial writ]s h hesitat$ to believe ! reports :i* h come d[n to u4 ,! laity1 we are told1 det]m9$ to appropriate ! abbey l&s1 & malign$ ! monks to ju/ify ! spoliation4 ,7 ! *>ge true1 ! religi\s ord]s w\ld /ill be )\t excuse1 = ! :ole education ( ! c\ntry 0 9 ! h&s ( ! cl]gy2 & !y _h all[$ a :ole g5]ation to gr[ up1 :i*1 on ?is hypo!sis1 0 utt]ly deprav$4 ,b no su* !ory c expla9 away ! accumulat$ te/imony :i* comes to u--exactly alike--f s _m sides & witnesses4 ,we are n dep5d5t ^u evid5ce :i* ,ca?olics c decl9e to receive4 ,9 ! reign ( our ,h5ry ! ,sev5? ! notori\s corruption ( "s ( ! great abbeys 9 ,engl& br\ght !m "u ! notice ( ! ,ca?olic ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,c>d9al ,morton4 ,! ar*bi%op1 unable to m$dle ) !m by 8 own au?ority1 obta9$ ! necess>y p[]s f ! ,pope4 ,he in/itut$ a p>tial visitation 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london2 & ! mo/ malignant ,prote/ant nev] drew su* a picture ( pr(ligate brutality z ,c>d9al ,morton left beh9d him 9 8 ,regi/]1 9 a description ( ! great ,abbey ( ,/4 ,albans4 ,i _c1 9 a public lecture1 give y ! fa9te/ idea ( :at x conta9s4 ,! monks 7 b\nd to celibacy--t is to say1 !y 7 n all[$ to m>ry4 ,!y 7 full-f$1 idle1 & s5sual2 ( s9 !y ?\ght only z some?+ extremely pleasant1 ( :i* !y c\ld cleanse "o ano!r ) a few mumbl$ words z easily z !y c\ld wa% _! faces 9 a bas94 ,& !re ,i mu/ leave ! matt]4 ,anybody :o is curi\s = p>ticul>s may see ! orig9al acc\nt 9 ,morton's ,regi/]1 9 ! ,ar*bi%op's libr>y at ,lambe?4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ?is !re appe>$ 9 ,g]many a book1 n[ call$ by ,ca?olics an infam\s libel1 ! ',epi/ol ,obscurorum ,virorum4' ',! obscure m51' suppos$ to be ! writ]s ( ^! epi/les1 are monks or /ud5ts ( !ology4 ,! lett]s !mselves are writt5 9 dog-,lat9--a burlesque ( ! language 9 :i* ecclesia/ical p !n address$ ea* o!r4 ,!y are sket*es1 satirical1 b n malignant1 ( ! moral & intellectual "* ( ^! rev]5d p]sonages4 ,on ! moral1 & by f> ! mo/ important1 side ( ! matt] ,i am /ill oblig$ to be sil5t2 b ,i c give y a few specim5s ( ! furniture ( ! !ological m9ds1 & ( ! subjects ) :i* !y 7 occupi$4 ,a /ud5t writes to 8 gho/ly fa!r 9 an agony ( di/ress because he has t\*$ 8 hat to a ,jew4 ,he mi/ook him = a doctor ( div9ity2 & on ! :ole1 he fe>s he has committ$ mortal s94 ,c ! fa!r absolve him8 ,c ! bi%op absolve him8 ,c ! ,pope absolve him8 ,8 case seems utt]ly desp]ate4 ,ano!r lett] describes a great intellectual riddle1 :i* 0 argu$ = f\r days at ! ,s*ool ( ,logic at ,l\va9e4 ,a c]ta9 ,ma/] ( ,arts _h tak5 out 8 degree at ,l\va9e1 ,leyd51 ,p>is1 ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 ,padua1 & f\r o!r univ]sities4 ,he 0 ?us a memb] ( t5 univ]sities4 ,b h[ c\ld a man be a memb] ( t5 univ]sities8 ,a univ]sity 0 a body1 & "o body might h _m memb]s2 b h[ "o memb] c\ld h _m bodies1 pass$ compreh5sion4 ,9 su* a mon/r\s anomaly1 ! memb] w\ld be ! body1 & ! univ]sities ! memb]1 & ?is w\ld be a sc&al to su* grave & le>n$ corporations4 ,! holy doctor ,/4 ,?omas himself c\ld n make himself into ! body ( t5 univ]sities4 ,! m ! le>n$ m5 argu$1 ! deep] !y fl\nd]$1 & at l5g? gave up ! problem 9 despair4 ,aga93 a c]ta9 pr(essor argues t ,julius ,cs> c\ld n h writt5 ! book :i* passes "u ! "n ( ',cs>'s ,comm5t>ies1' because t book is writt5 9 ,lat91 & ,lat9 is a difficult language2 & a man ^: life is sp5t 9 m>*+ & fight+ has notori\sly no "t to le>n ,lat94 ,"h is ano!r fell[--a monk ?is "o--describ+ to a fri5d ! wond]ful ?+s :i* he has se5 9 ,rome4 ',y may h he>d1' he says1 'h[ ! ,pope did possess a mon/r\s bea/ call$ an ,elephant4 ,! ,pope did ent]ta9 = ?is bea/ a v great affection1 & n[ behold x is dead4 ,:5 x fell sick1 ! ,pope call$ 8 doctors ab\t him 9 great sorr[1 & said to !m1 ,if x be possible1 heal my elephant4 ,!n !y gave ! elephant a purge1 :i* co/ five hundr$ cr[ns1 b x did n avail1 & s ! bea/ dep>t$2 & ! ,pope grieves mu* = 8 elephant1 = x 0 inde$ a miracul\s bea/1 ) a long1 long1 prodigi\s long nose2 & :5 x saw ! ,pope x kneel$ d[n be=e him & said1 ) a t]rible voice1 ,b>1 b>1 b>6' ,i w n tire y ) any m ( ?is nons5se1 especially z ,i _c give y ! really *>act]i/ic p>ts ( ! book4 ,i want y to obs]ve1 h[ev]1 :at ,sir ,?omas ,m says ( x1 & nobody w "q t ,sir ,?omas ,m 0 a good ,ca?olic & a compet5t witness4 ',^! epi/les1' he says1 'are ! delight ( ev]yone4 ,! wise enjoy ! wit2 ! blockheads ( monks take !m s]i\sly1 & believe t !y h be5 writt5 to d !m hon\r4 ,:5 we laugh1 !y ?9k we are laugh+ at ! /yle1 :i* !y admit to be comical4 ,b !y ?9k ! /yle is made up = by ! beauty ( ! s5tim5t4 ,! scabb>d1 !y say1 is r\gh1 b ! blade )9 x is div9e4 ,! delib]ate idiots w\ld n h f\nd out ! je/ = !mselves 9 a hundr$ ye>s4' ,well might ,erasmus exclaim1 ',:at fungus c\ld be m /upid8 yet ^! are ! ,atlases :o are to uphold ! tott]+ ,*ur*6' ',! monks _h a pleasant "t ( x1' says ,lu!r4 ',e bro!r _h two cans ( be] & a qu>t ( w9e = 8 supp]1 ) g+]bread1 to make him take to 8 liquor k9dly4 ,?us ! poor ?+s came to look l fi]y angels4' ,& m gravely1 ',9 ! cloi/] rule ! sev5 deadly s9s--covet\sness1 lascivi\sness1 uncleanness1 hate1 envy1 idl5ess1 & ! loa?+ ( ! s]vice ( ,god4' ,consid] su* m5 z ^! own+ a ?ird1 a half1 sometimes two-?irds ( ! l& 9 e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 &1 9 addition to _! o!r s9s1 neglect+ all ! duties atta*+ to ?is prop]ty--! woods cut d[n & sold1 ! h\ses fall+ to ru9--un?rift1 neglect1 wa/e ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+--! %rewd mak+ ! mo/ ( _! "t1 :i* !y _h s5se to see might be a %ort "o--! re/ dream+ on 9 sleepy s5suality1 divid+ _! h\rs betwe5 ! *apel1 ! po?\se1 & ! bro!l4 ,i d n ?9k t1 9 its ma9 features1 ! tru? ( ?is sket* c be impugn$2 & if x be j ev5 9 outl9e1 !n a re=mation ( "s k9d or o!r 0 ov]:elm+ly necess>y4 ,corruption beyond a c]ta9 po9t becomes un5durable to ! co>se/ no/ril4 ,! con/itution ( human ?+s _c away ) x4 ,some?+ 0 to be done2 b :at1 or h[8 ,!re 7 ?ree possible c\rses4 ,ei!r ! anci5t discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* might be re/or$ by ! heads ( ! ,*ur* !mselves4 ,or1 secondly1 a high] tone ( feel+ might gradually be introduc$ among cl]gy & laity alike1 by education & lit]>y culture4 ,! discov]y ( ! pr9t+ press _h made possible a diffusion ( k :i* _h be5 unatta9able 9 e>li] ages4 ,! ecclesia/ical con/itution1 l a sick human body1 might recov] its tone if a bett] diet 7 prep>$ = x4 ,or1 la/ly1 ! common s5se ( ! laity might take ! matt] at once into _! own h&s1 & make free use ( ! prun+ knife & ! sweep+ bru%4 ,!re might be mu* p>tial inju/ice1 mu* viol5ce1 mu* wronghead$ness2 b ! p w\ld1 at any rate1 g direct to ! po9t1 & ! "q 0 :e!r any o!r rem$y w\ld s]ve4 ,! fir/ ( ^! alt]natives may at once be dismiss$4 ,! heads ( ! ,*ur* 7 ! la/ p]sons 9 ! _w to discov] t any?+ 0 wrong4 ,p ( t sort always are4 ,= !m ! ?+ z x exi/$ answ]$ excell5tly well4 ,!y _h b\ndless weal?1 & all b b\ndless p[]4 ,:at c\ld !y ask = m8 ,no monk dr[s+ ov] 8 w9e-pot 0 less di/urb$ by anxiety ?an n9e out ( t5 ( ! high dignit>ies :o 7 liv+ on ! eve ( ! ,judgm5t ,day1 & believ$ t _! seat 0 e/abli%$ = !m = ev]4 ,! "* ( ! great ecclesia/ics ( t day y may inf] f a s+le example4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce 0 "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ,*ur*m5 9 ,g]many4 ,he 0 a patron ( ! ,r5aissance1 a fri5d ( ,erasmus1 a lib]al1 an intellig5t1 &1 z times w5t1 & consid]+ 8 trade1 an hon\rable1 high-m9d$ man4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,maximilian di$1 & ! imp]ial ?rone 0 vacant1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce 0 "o ( sev5 electors :o _h to *oose a new emp]or4 ,!re 7 two competitors--,francis ! ,fir/ & ,maximilian's gr&son1 aft]w>ds ! well-kn[n ,*>les ! ,fif?4 ,well1 ( ! sev5 electors six 7 brib$4 ,john ,fr$]ick ( ,saxony1 ,lu!r's fri5d & protector1 0 ! only "o ( ! p>ty :o came out ( ! bus9ess ) clean h&s4 ,b ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce took bribes six times alt]nately f bo? ! c&idates4 ,he took money z coolly z ! mo/ rascally t5-p\nd h\sehold] 9 ,y>m\? or ,totnes1 & f9ally drove a h>d b>ga9 = 8 actual vote4 ,! grape does n gr[ ^u ! black?orn2 nor does heal?y re=m come f high dignit>ies l ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce4 ,! o!r aspect ( ! problem ,i %all consid] 9 ! foll[+ ,lectures4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,9 ! ye> #adfg--! ye> 9 :i* ,*>les ! ,bold became ,duke ( ,burgundy--f\r ye>s be=e ! great battle ( ,b>net1 :i* e/abli%$ our own f\r? ,edw>d on ! ,engli% ?rone--ab\t ! "t :5 ,william ,caxton 0 sett+ up 8 pr9t+ press at ,we/m9/]--!re 0 born at ,rott]dam1 on ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 ,desid]ius ,erasmus4 ,8 p>5ts1 :o 7 middle-class p1 7 well-to-d 9 ! _w4 ,= "s reason or o!r !y 7 prev5t$ f m>ry+ by ! int]f]5ce ( relations4 ,! fa!r di$ soon aft] 9 a cloi/]2 ! "m 0 left ) h] illegitimate infant1 :om %e call$ fir/1 aft] 8 fa!r1 ,g]>d2 b aft]w>ds1 f 8 beauty & grace1 %e *ang$ 8 "n--! words ,desid]ius ,erasmus1 "o ) a ,lat91 ! o!r ) a ,greek1 d]ivation1 mean+ ! lovely or delightful "o4 ,n long aft]1 ! "m h]self di$ also4 ,! little ,erasmus 0 ! heir ( a mod]ate =tune2 & 8 gu>dians1 desir+ to appropriate x to !mselves1 endeav\r$ to =ce him into a conv5t at ,brabant4 ,! ?\ght ( liv+ & dy+ 9 a h\se ( religion 0 dreadfully unattractive2 b an orphan boy's resi/ance 0 easily ov]come4 ,he 0 bulli$ into yield+1 &1 :5 ab\t tw5ty1 took ! v[s4 ,! life ( a monk1 :i* 0 un9vit+ on ! surface1 0 n m lovely :5 se5 f )94 ',a monk's holy ob$i5ce1' ,erasmus wrote aft]w>ds1 'consi/s 9--:at8 ,9 lead+ an hone/1 *a/e1 & sob] life8 ,n ! lea/4 ,9 acquir+ le>n+1 9 /udy1 & indu/ry8 ,/ill less4 ,a monk may be a glutton1 a drunk>d1 a :oremong]1 an ignorant1 /upid1 malignant1 envi\s brute1 b he has brok5 no v[1 he is )9 8 holy ob$i5ce4 ,he has only to be ! slave ( a sup]ior z good = no?+ z himself1 & he is an excell5t bro!r4' ,! mis=tune ( 8 position did n *eck ,erasmus's intellectual gr[?4 ,he 0 a brilliant1 witty1 s>ca/ic1 mis*iev\s y\?4 ,he did n tr\ble himself to p9e & mope2 b1 l a "y ?or\gh-br$ 9 a drove ( asses1 he us$ 8 heels pretty freely4 ,:ile he play$ practical jokes ^u ! unrev]5d fa!rs1 he di/+ui%$ himself equally by 8 appetite = k4 ,x 0 ! dawn ( ! ,r5aissance--! revival ( le>n+4 ,! discov]y ( pr9t+ 0 reop5+ to mod]n ,europe ! great lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ! writ+s ( ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs4 ,= /udies ( ?is k9d1 ,erasmus1 not)/&+ ! disadvantages ( c[l & frock1 display$ extraord9>y aptitude4 ,he taught himself ,greek :5 ,greek 0 ! language :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! monks1 only ! devils spoke 9 ! wrong place4 ,8 ,lat9 0 z poli%$ z ,cic]o's2 & at l5g? ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cambray he>d ( him1 & s5t him to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,at ,p>is he f\nd a _w :]e life c\ld be suffici5tly pleasant1 b :]e 8 religi\s habit 0 e mom5t 9 8 way4 ,he 0 a prie/1 & s f> c\ld n help himself4 ,t ink-spot n all ! wat]s ( ! ,g]man ,ocean c\ld wa% away4 ,b he did n c>e = ! l[ debau*]ies1 :]e ! frock & c[l 7 at home4 ,8 place 0 9 ! society ( cultivat$ m51 :o 7 glad to "k him & to patronise him2 s he %ook (f 8 ord]1 let 8 hair gr[1 & flung away 8 liv]y4 ,! ,ar*bi%op's patronage 0 probably n[ )drawn4 ,life 9 ,p>is 0 exp5sive1 & ,erasmus _h = sev]al ye>s to /ruggle ) pov]ty4 ,we see him1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p--9 8 e>ly lett]s--c>ry+ a bold front to =tune2 despond+ "o mom5t1 & l>k+ ! next ) a ,p>is grisette2 mak+ fri5ds1 enjoy+ good company1 enjoy+ especially good w9e :5 he c\ld get x2 &1 above all1 satiat+ 8 lit]>y hung] at ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,9 ?is condition1 :5 ab\t eight-&-tw5ty1 he made acqua9tance ) two "y ,engli% noblem5 :o 7 travell+ on ! ,cont95t1 ,"l ,m\ntjoy & "o ( ! ,greys4 ,m\ntjoy1 int5sely attract$ by 8 brilliance1 took him = 8 tutor1 c>ri$ him ov] to ,engl&1 & introduc$ him at ! c\rt ( ,h5ry ! ,sev5?4 ,at once 8 =tune 0 made4 ,he *>m$ e "o1 & 9 turn he 0 himself delight$ ) ! c\ntry & ! p4 ,engli% "*1 ,engli% hospitality1 ,engli% mann]s--ev]y?+ ,engli% except ! be]--equally pleas$ him4 ,9 ! "y ,london m5--! lawy]s1 ! noblem51 ev5 9 "s ( ! cl]gy--he f\nd 8 own passion = le>n+4 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 :o 0 a few ye>s y\ng] ?an himself1 became 8 de>e/ fri5d2 & ,w>ham1 aft]w>ds ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury--,fi%]1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]--,colet1 ! fam\s ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's--! great ,wolsey himself--recognis$ & welcom$ ! ris+ /> ( ,european lit]ature4 ,money fl[$ 9 ^u him4 ,w>ham gave him a b5efice 9 ,k5t1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ to a p5sion4 ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 :5 he became ,k+1 (f]$ him--k+s 9 ^? days 7 n bad fri5ds to lit]ature--,h5ry (f]$ him1 if he w\ld rema9 9 ,engl&1 a h\se l>ge en\gh to be call$ a palace1 & a p5sion :i*1 conv]t$ into our money1 w\ld be a ?\s& p\nds a ye>4 ,erasmus1 h[ev]1 0 a re/less creature1 & did n l to be cag$ or te!r$4 ,he decl9$ ! ,k+'s t]ms1 b ,m\ntjoy settl$ a p5sion on him in/ead4 ,he _h n[ a h&some income1 & he und]/ood ! art ( enjoy+ x4 ,he mov$ ab\t z he pleas$--n[ to ,cambridge1 n[ to ,ox=d1 &1 z ! hum\r took him1 back aga9 to ,p>is2 n[ /ay+ ) ,sir ,?omas ,m at ,*elsea1 n[ go+ a pilgrimage ) ,dean ,colet to ,becket's tomb at ,cant]bury--b always /udy+1 always ga!r+ k1 & ?r[+ x out aga91 /eep$ 9 8 own "m wit1 9 %9+ ,essays or ,dialogues1 :i* 7 ! delight & ! despair ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 8 love ( pleasure1 9 8 habits ( ?\ght1 9 8 s>ca/ic scepticism1 y see ! heal?y1 clev]1 well-dispos$1 tol]ant1 epicurean1 intellectual man ( ! _w4 ,he w5t1 z ,i said1 ) ,dean ,colet to ,becket's tomb4 ,at a %r9e ab\t ,cant]bury he 0 %[n an old %oe :i* tradition call$ ! ,sa9t's4 ,at ! tomb itself1 ! great sight 0 a h&k]*ief :i* a monk took f among ! relics1 & (f]$ x to ! cr[d to kiss4 ,! wor%ipp]s t\*$ x 9 pi\s adoration1 ) clasp$ h&s & upturn$ eyes4 ,if ! ?+ 0 g5u9e1 z ,erasmus obs]v$1 x _h b s]v$ = ! ar*bi%op to wipe 8 nose )--& ,dean ,colet1 a puritan be=e 8 "t1 look$ on ) eyes fla%+ scorn1 & sc>cely able to keep 8 h&s (f ! exhibitors4 ,b ,erasmus smil$ k9dly1 reflect+ t mank9d 7 fools1 & 9 "s =m or o!r w\ld rema9 fools4 ,he took notice only ( ! pile ( gold & jewels1 & conclud$ t s mu* weal? might prove dang]\s to its possessors4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! ,engli% p int]e/$ & amus$ him4 ',y are go+ to ,engl&1' he wrote aft]w>ds to a fri5d2 'y w n fail to be pleas$4 ,y w f9d ! great p !re mo/ agreeable & graci\s2 only be c>eful n to presume ^u _! intimacy4 ,!y w condesc5d to y\r level1 b d n y !re=e suppose t y /& ^u !irs4 ,! noble lords are gods 9 _! own eyes4' ',= ! o!r classes1 be c\rte\s1 give y\r "r h&1 d n take ! wall1 d n pu% y\rself4 ,smile on :om y please1 b tru/ no "o t y d n "k2 above all1 speak no evil ( ,engl& to !m4 ,!y are pr\d ( _! c\ntry above all nations 9 ! _w1 z !y h good reason to be4' ,^! directions might h be5 writt5 ye/]day4 ,! mann]s ( ! ladies h some:at *ang$4 ',engli% ladies1' says ,erasmus1 'are div9ely pretty1 & too good-natur$4 ,!y h an excell5t cu/om among !m1 t :]ev] y g ! girls kiss y4 ,!y kiss y :5 y come1 !y kiss y :5 y g1 !y kiss y at int]v5+ opportunities1 & _! lips are s(t1 w>m1 & delici\s4' ,pretty well t1 = a prie/6 ,! cu/om1 p]haps1 0 n q s univ]sal z ,erasmus w\ld h u believe4 ,8 own coax+ ways may h _h some?+ to d ) x4 ,at any rate1 he f\nd ,engl& a highly agreeable place ( resid5ce4 ,mean:ile1 8 reputation z a writ] spread ov] ! _w4 ,lat9--! language 9 :i* he wrote--0 9 univ]sal use4 ,x 0 ! v]nacul> ( ! be/ society 9 ,europe1 & no liv+ man 0 s p]fect a ma/] ( x4 ,8 satire fla%$ ab\t among all exi/+ in/itutions1 sca?+ especially 8 old enemies ! monks2 :ile ! great secul> cl]gy1 :o hat$ ! religi\s ord]s1 7 delight$ to see !m sc\rg$1 & !mselves to h ! reputation ( be+ patrons ( tol]ation & re=m4 ,erasmus1 z he felt 8 gr\nd m sure "u him1 obta9$ f ,julius ! ,second a di/9ct release f 8 mona/ic v[s2 &1 %ortly aft]1 :5 ! brilliant ,leo succe$$ to ! ti>a1 & ga!r$ ab\t him ! magnific5t clu/] ( arti/s :o h made 8 era s illu/ri\s1 ! new ,pope invit$ ,erasmus to visit him at ,rome1 & become ano!r /> 9 ! con/ellation :i* surr\nd$ ! ,papal ?rone4 ,erasmus 0 at ?is "t =ty ye>s old--! age :5 ambition becomes p[]ful 9 m51 & takes ! place ( love ( pleasure4 ,he 0 receiv$ at ,rome ) pr9cely di/9ction1 & he c\ld h ask$ = no?+--bi%oprics1 r$ hats1 or r$ /ock+s--:i* w\ld n h be5 freely giv5 to him if he w\ld h cons5t$ to rema94 ,b he 0 too consid]able a man to be tempt$ by f9]y2 & ! ,pope's liv]y1 gorge\s ?\gh x might be1 0 b a liv]y aft] all4 ,no?+ :i* ,leo ! ,t5? c\ld d = ,erasmus c\ld add lu/re to 8 coronet4 ,m money he might h _h1 b ( money he _h already abundance1 & outw>d dignity w\ld h be5 de>ly b\ght by gild$ *a9s4 ,he resi/$ temptation2 he pref]r$ ! nor!rn air1 :]e he c\ld brea! at lib]ty1 & he return$ to ,engl&1 half incl9$ to make 8 home !re4 ,b 8 own sov]eign laid claim to 8 s]vices2 ! future emp]or recall$ him to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 settl$ a h&some sal>y ^u him1 & e/abli%$ him at ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va9e4 ,he 0 n[ 9 ! z5i? ( 8 greatness4 ,he _h an income z l>ge z _m an ,engli% nobleman4 ,we f9d him correspond+ ) popes1 c>d9als1 k+s1 & /atesm52 & z he grew old]1 8 m9d became m fix$ ^u s]i\s subjects4 ,! ignorance & brutality ( ! monks1 ! corruption ( ! spiritual c\rts1 ! absolute irreligion 9 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 /eep$1 gave him s]i\s al>m4 ,he _h no en?usiasms1 no doctr9al fanaticisms1 no sect>ian beliefs or sup]/itions4 ,! bread? ( 8 culture1 8 cle> und]/&+1 & ! worldly mod]ation ( 8 temp]1 seem$ to qualify him above liv+ m5 to conduct a temp]ate re=m4 ,he saw t ! sy/em ar\nd him 0 pregnant ) dang]1 & he resolv$ to devote :at rema9$ to him ( life to ! introduction ( a high] tone 9 ! m9ds ( ! cl]gy4 ,! revival ( le>n+ _h by ?is "t al>m$ ! religi\s ord]s4 ,lit]ature & education1 beyond ! code ( ! !ological text-books1 appe>$ simply devili% to !m4 ,:5 ,erasmus return$ to ,l\va9e1 ! battle 0 rag+ ov] ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,! ,dom9icans at once recognis$ 9 ,erasmus _! mo/ dang]\s enemy4 ,at fir/ !y tri$ to compel him to re-ent] ! ord]1 b1 /rong 9 ! ,pope's disp5sation1 he 0 s f> able to defy !m4 ,!y c\ld b>k at 8 heels1 b d>$ n come to clos] qu>t]s3 & ) 8 temp] slightly ruffl$1 b o!rwise cont5t$ to despise !m1 he took up boldly ! task :i* he _h set himself4 ',we kiss ! old %oes ( ! sa9ts1' he said1 'b we nev] read _! works4' ,he und]took ! enorm\s lab\r ( edit+ & translat+ selections f ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t 0 z little kn[n z ! lo/ books ( ,tacitus--all t ! p knew ( ! ,gospels & ! ,epi/les 7 ! passages on :i* !ologians _h built up ! ,ca?olic =mulas4 ,erasmus publi%$ ! text1 & ) x1 & to make x intelligible1 a s]ies ( p>aphrases1 :i* r5t away ! veil ( traditional & dogmatic int]pretation1 & br\ght ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les into _! natural relation ) reason & consci5ce4 ,9 all ?is1 al?\gh ! monks might curse1 he _h c\nt5ance & enc\ragem5t f ! great ecclesia/ics 9 all p>ts ( ,europe--& x is highly curi\s to see ! extreme fre$om ) :i* !y all[$ him to propose to !m 8 plans = a ,re=mation--we seem to be li/5+ to ! wise/ ( mod]n broad ,*ur*m54 ,to "o ( 8 correspond5ts1 an ar*bi%op1 he writes3-- ',let u h done ) !ological ref9em5ts4 ,!re is an excuse = ! ,fa!rs1 because ! h]etics =c$ !m to def9e p>ticul> po9ts2 b e def9ition is a mis=tune1 & = u to p]sev]e 9 ! same way is %e] folly4 ,is no man to be admitt$ to grace :o does n "k h[ ! ,fa!r diff]s f ! ,son1 & bo? f ! ,_s8 or h[ ! nativity ( ! ,son diff]s f ! procession ( ! ,_s8 ,unless ,i =give my bro!r 8 s9s aga9/ me1 ,god w n =give me my s9s4 ,unless ,i h a pure he>t--unless ,i put away envy1 hate1 pride1 av>ice1 lu/1 ,i %all n see ,god4 ,b a man is n damn$ because he _c tell :e!r ! ,_s has "o pr9ciple or two4 ,has he ! fruits ( ! ,_s8 ,t is ! "q4 ,is he pati5t1 k9d1 good1 g5tle1 mode/1 temp]ate1 *a/e8 ,enquire if y w1 b d n def9e4 ,true religion is peace1 & we _c h peace unless we leave ! consci5ce un%ackl$ on obscure po9ts on :i* c]ta9ty is impossible4 ,we he> n[ ( que/ions be+ ref]r$ to ! next ,o,ecumenical ,c\ncil--bett] a great deal ref] !m to doomsday4 ,"t 01 :5 a man's fai? 0 look$ = 9 8 life1 n 9 ! ,articles :i* he pr(ess$4 ,necessity fir/ br\ght ,articles ^u u1 & ev] s9ce1 we h ref9$ & ref9$ till ,*ri/ianity has become a ?+ ( words & cre$s4 ,articles increase--s9c]ity vani%es away--cont5tion gr[s hot1 & *>ity gr[s cold4 ,!n comes 9 ! civil p[]1 ) /ake & gall[s1 & m5 are =c$ to pr(ess :at !y d n believe1 to pret5d to love :at 9 fact !y hate1 & to say t !y und]/& :at 9 fact has no mean+ = !m4' ,aga91 to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce3-- ',r$uce ! dogmas necess>y to be believ$1 to ! smalle/ possible numb]2 y c d x )\t dang] to ! realities ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,on o!r po9ts1 ei!r disc\rage enquiry1 or leave ev]yone free to believe :at he pleases--!n we %all h no m qu>rels1 & religion w aga9 take hold ( life4 ,:5 y h done ?is1 y c correct ! abuses ( :i* ! _w ) good reason compla9s4 ,! unju/ judge he>d ! wid['s pray]4 ,y %\ld n %ut y\r e>s to ! cries ( ^? = :om ,*ri/ di$4 ,he did n die = ! great only1 b = ! poor & = ! l[ly4 ,!re ne$ be no tumult4 ,d y only set human affections aside1 & let k+s & pr9ces l5d !mselves he>tily to ! public good4 ,b obs]ve t ! monks & fri>s be all[$ no voice2 ) ^! g5tlem5 ! _w has borne too long4 ,!y c>e only = _! own vanity1 _! own /oma*s1 _! own p[]2 & !y believe t if ! p are enlight5$1 _! k+dom _c /&4' ,once m to ! ,pope himself3-- ',let ea* man am5d fir/ 8 own wick$ life4 ,:5 he has done t1 & w am5d 8 neighb\r1 let him put on ,*ri/ian *>ity1 :i* is sev]e en\gh :5 sev]ity is ne$$4 ,if y\r hol9ess give p[] to m5 :o nei!r believe 9 ,*ri/ nor c>e = y1 b ?9k only ( _! own appetites1 ,i fe> !re w be dang]4 ,we c tru/ y\r hol9ess1 b !re are bad m5 :o w use y\r virtues z a cloke = _! own malice4' ,t ! spiritual rul]s ( ,europe %\ld h all[$ a man l ,erasmus to use language su* z ?is to !m is a fact ( supreme importance4 ,x expla9s ! feel+ ( ,goe!1 t ! _w w\ld h gone on bett] _h !re be5 no ,lu!r1 & t ! revival ( !ological fanaticism did m h>m ?an good4 ,b ! "q ( que/ions is1 :at all ?is latitud9>ian philosophis+1 ?is cultivat$ epicurean gracefulness w\ld h come to if left to itself2 or r1 :at 0 ! effect :i* x 0 inevitably produc+8 ,if y wi% to remove an old build+ )\t br++ x 9 ru9s ab\t y\r e>s1 y mu/ beg9 at ! top1 remove ! /ones gradually d[nw>ds1 & t\* ! f\ndation la/4 ,b latitud9>ianism loos5s ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( !ology4 ,x de/roys ! premises on :i* ! dogmatic sy/em re/s4 ,x w\ld beg ! "q to say t ?is w\ld 9 itself h be5 undesirable2 b ! practical effect ( x1 z ! _w !n /ood1 w\ld h only be5 to make ! educat$ into infidels1 & to leave ! multitude to a conv5i5t b debas+ sup]/ition4 ,! monks said t ,erasmus laid ! egg1 & ,lu!r hat*$ a cockatrice4 ,erasmus res5t$ deeply su* an acc\nt ( 8 "w2 b x 0 true aft] all4 ,! sceptical philosophy is ! mo/ p[]ful ( solv5ts1 b x has no pr9ciple ( organic life 9 x2 & :at ( tru? !re 0 9 ,erasmus's tea*+ _h to assume a f> o!r =m be=e x 0 available = ! re9vigoration ( religion4 ,he himself1 9 8 cle>] mom5ts1 felt 8 own incapacity1 & despair$ ( mak+ an impression on ! mass ( ignorance ) :i* he saw himself surr\nd$4 ',! /upid monks1' he writes1 'say mass z a cobbl] makes a %oe2 !y come to ! alt> reek+ f _! fil?y pleasures4 ,confession ) ! monks is a cloke to /eal ! p's money1 to rob girls ( _! virtue1 & commit o!r crimes too horrible to "n6 ,yet ^! p are ! tyrants ( ,europe4 ,! ,pope himself is afraid ( !m4' ',bew>e6' he says to an impetu\s fri5d1 'bew>e h[ y (f5d ! monks4 ,y h to d ) an enemy t _c be sla92 an ord] nev] dies1 & !y w n re/ till !y h de/roy$ y4' ,! heads ( ! ,*ur* might li/5 politely1 b ,erasmus _h no confid5ce 9 !m4 ',nev]1' he says1 '0 !re a "t :5 div9es 7 great] fools1 or popes & prelates m worldly4' ,g]many 0 ab\t to receive a signal illu/ration ( ! improvem5t :i* x 0 to look = f lib]alism & intellectual culture4 ,we are n[ on ! edge ( ! great conflagration4 ,"h we mu/ leave ,erasmus = ! pres5t4 ,i mu/ c>ry y briefly ov] ! hi/ory ( ! o!r great p]son :o 0 prep>+ to play 8 "p on ! /age4 ,y h se5 some?+ ( :at ,erasmus 02 y mu/ turn next to ! companion picture ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,y w obs]ve 9 h[ _m po9ts _! e>ly exp]i5ces t\*1 z if to %[ m vividly ! contra/ betwe5 ! two m54 ,sixte5 ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,erasmus1 !re=e 9 ! ye> #adhc1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r came into ! _w 9 a peasant's cottage1 at ,eisleb51 9 ,saxony4 ,by peasant1 y ne$ n und]/& a common boor4 ,hans ,lu!r1 ! fa!r1 0 a ?rifty1 well-to-d man = 8 /ation 9 life--adroit ) 8 h&s1 & able to d _m useful ?+s1 f f>m "w to digg+ 9 ! m9es4 ,! family life 0 /rict & /]n--r too /]n1 z ,m>t9 ?\ght 9 lat] life4 ',be temp]ate ) y\r *ildr51' he said1 long aft]1 to a fri5d2 'puni% !m if !y lie or /eal1 b be j 9 :at y d4 ,x is a light] s9 to take pe>s & apples ?an to take money4 ,i %udd] :5 ,i ?9k ( :at ,i w5t ?r\gh myself4 ,my "m beat me ab\t "s nuts once till ! blood came4 ,i _h a t]rible "t ( x1 b %e meant well4' ,at s*ool1 too1 he fell into r\gh h&s1 & ! recollection ( 8 suff]+s made him t5d] ev] aft] ) "y boys & girls4 ',nev] be h>d ) *ildr51' he us$ to say4 ',_m a f9e "* has be5 ru9$ by ! /upid brutality ( p$agogues4 ,! p>ts ( spee* are a boy's pillory4 ,i 0 myself flogg$ fifte5 times 9 "o =5oon ov] ! conjugation ( a v]b4 ,puni% if y w1 b be k9d too1 & let ! sug>-plum g ) ! rod4' ,?is is n ! language ( a demagogue or a fanatic2 x is ! wise ?\ght ( a t5d]1 human-he>t$ man4 ,at sev5te51 he left s*ool = ! ,univ]sity at ,erfurt4 ,x 0 !n no %ame = a poor s*ol> to ma9ta9 himself by alms4 ,"y ,m>t9 _h a ri* noble voice & a f9e e>1 & by s++ ballads 9 ! /reets he f\nd ready fri5ds & help4 ,he 0 /ill unc]ta9 ) :at call+ he %\ld take up1 :5 x happ5$ t a "y fri5d 0 kill$ at 8 side by lightn+4 ,erasmus 0 a philosoph]4 ,a p[d] magaz9e 0 once bl[n up by lightn+ 9 a t[n :]e ,erasmus 0 /ay+1 & a h\se ( infam\s "* 0 de/roy$4 ,! inhabitants saw 9 :at _h happ5$ ! ,div9e ang] aga9/ s94 ,erasmus told !m t if !re 0 any ang] 9 ! matt]1 x 0 ang] m]ely ) ! folly :i* _h /or$ p[d] 9 an expos$ situation4 ,lu!r possess$ no su* premature intellig5ce4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ f o!r boys only by ! great] p[] ( 8 feel+s & ! vividness ( 8 imag9ation4 ,he saw 9 8 fri5d's dea? ! imm$iate h& ( ! great ,"l ( ! univ]se4 ,8 consci5ce 0 t]rifi$4 ,a life-long p5it5ce seem$ necess>y to atone = ! faults ( 8 boyhood4 ,he too1 l ,erasmus1 became a monk1 n =c$ into x--= 8 fa!r knew bett] :at ! holy m5 7 l1 & _h no wi% to h son ( 8 among !m--b because ! monk ( ,m>t9's imag9ation sp5t 8 nights & days ^u ! /ones 9 pray]2 & ,m>t91 9 ! heat ( 8 rep5tance1 long$ to be kneel+ at 8 side4 ,9 ?is mood he ent]$ ! ,augu/9e mona/]y at ,erfurt4 ,he 0 full ( an ov]:elm+ s5se ( 8 own wret*$ness & s9fulness4 ,l ,/4 ,paul1 he 0 cry+ to be deliv]$ f ! body ( dea? :i* he c>ri$ ab\t him4 ,he practis$ all possible au/]ities4 ,he1 if no "o else1 mortifi$ 8 fle% ) fa/+4 ,he pass$ nights 9 ! *ancel be=e ! alt>1 or on 8 knees on ! floor ( 8 cell4 ,he weak5$ 8 body till 8 m9d w&]$1 & he saw gho/s & devils4 ,above all1 he saw ! flam+ image ( 8 own suppos$ guilt4 ,god requir$ t he %\ld keep ! law 9 all po9ts4 ,he _h n s kept ! law--c\ld n s keep ! law--& !re=e he believ$ t he 0 damn$4 ,"o morn+1 he 0 f\nd s5seless & seem+ly dead2 a bro!r play$ to him on a flute1 & soo!d 8 s5ses back to consci\sness4 ,x 0 long s9ce any su* ph5om5on _h appe>$ among ! rosy fri>s ( ,erfurt4 ,!y c\ld n tell :at to make ( him4 ,/aupitz1 ! prior1 li/5$ to 8 accusations ( himself 9 confession4 ',my good fell[1' he said1 'don't be s uneasy2 y h committ$ no s9s ( ! lea/ consequ5ce2 y h n kill$ anybody1 or committ$ adult]y1 or ?+s ( t sort4 ,if y s9 to "s purpose1 x is "r t y %\ld ?9k ab\t x1 b don't make m\nta9s out ( trifles4' ,v curi\s3 to ! commonplace man ! uncommonplace is = ev] un9telligible4 ,:at 0 ! good ( all t excitem5t--t agony ( self-reproa* = little ?+s8 ,none at all1 if ! object is only to be an ord9>y good sort ( man--if a dec5t fulfilm5t ( ! r\nd ( common duties is ! be-all & ! end-all ( human life on e>?4 ,! plague came by-&-by into ! t[n4 ,! commonplace cl]gy ran away--w5t to _! c\ntry-h\ses1 w5t to ! hills1 w5t any:]e--& !y wond]$ 9 ! same way :y ,lu!r w\ld n g ) !m4 ,!y admir$ him & lik$ him4 ,!y told him 8 life 0 too preci\s to be ?r[n away4 ,he answ]$1 q simply1 t 8 place 0 ) ! sick & dy+2 a monk's life 0 no great matt]4 ,! sun he did n d\bt w\ld cont9ue to %9e1 :atev] became ( him4 ',i am no ,/4 ,paul1' he said2 ',i am afraid ( dea?2 b !re are ?+s worse ?an dea?1 & if ,i die1 ,i die4' ,ev5 a ,/aupitz c\ld n b feel t he _h an extraord9>y y\? 9 8 *>ge4 ,to div]t 8 m9d f fe$+ ^u itself1 he devis$ a mission = him abroad1 & bro!r ,m>t9 0 despat*$ on bus9ess ( ! conv5t to ,rome4 ,lu!r too1 l ,erasmus1 0 to see ,rome2 b h[ diff]5t ! figures ( ! two m5 !re6 ,erasmus goes ) s]vants & horses1 ! poli%$1 successful man ( ! _w4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r trudges p5niless & b>efoot across ! ,alps1 help$ to a meal & a night's re/ at ! mona/]ies along ! road1 or begg+1 if ! conv5ts fail him1 at ! f>m-h\ses4 ,he 0 /ill "y1 & too mu* occupi$ ) 8 own s9s to "k mu* ( ! _w outside him4 ,erasmus _h no dreams4 ,he knew ! h>d tru? on mo/ ?+s4 ,b ,rome1 to ,lu!r's eag] hopes1 0 ! city ( ! sa9ts1 & ! c\rt & palace ( ! ,pope fragrant ) ! od\rs ( ,p>adise4 ',bless$ ,rome1' he cri$1 z he ent]$ ! gate--',bless$ ,rome1 sanctifi$ ) ! blood ( m>tyrs6' ,alas6 ! ,rome ( reality 0 v f> f bless$4 ,he rema9$ long en\gh to complete 8 dis5*antm5t4 ,! c>d9als1 ) _! gild$ *>iots & _! p>asols ( peacocks' plumes1 7 poor repres5tatives ( ! apo/les4 ,! gorge\s *ur*es & m gorge\s rituals1 ! pagan spl5d\r ( ! pa9t+s1 ! hea!n gods /ill almo/ wor%ipp$ 9 ! adoration ( ! art :i* _h =m$ !m1 to ,lu!r1 ^: he>t 0 heavy ) ?\ghts ( man's depravity1 7 utt]ly horrible4 ,! "n ( religion 0 !re3 ! ?9ne/ veil 0 sc>cely spread ov] ! utt] disbelief ) :i* ,god & ,*ri/ 7 at he>t reg>d$4 ,culture en\gh !re 04 ,x 0 ! ,rome ( ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ( ,p]ug9o1 & ,b5v5uto2 b to ! poor ,g]man monk1 :o _h come !re to f9d help = 8 suff]+ s\l1 :at 0 culture8 ,he fl$ at ! fir/ mom5t t he c\ld4 ',adieu6 ,rome1' he said2 'let all :o w\ld lead a holy life dep>t f ,rome4 ,ev]y?+ is p]mitt$ 9 ,rome except to be an hone/ man4' ,he _h no ?\ght ( leav+ ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,to a poor monk l him1 to talk ( leav+ ! ,*ur* 0 l talk+ ( leap+ (f ! planet4 ,b p]plex$ & tr\bl$ he return$ to ,saxony2 & 8 fri5d ,/aupitz1 see+ cle>ly t a mona/]y 0 no place = him1 recomm5d$ him to ! ,elector z ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,witt5b]g4 ,! s5ate ( ,witt5b]g gave him ! pulpit ( ! t[n *ur*1 & !re at once he _h room to %[ :at 0 9 him4 ',?is monk1' said "s "o :o he>d him1 'is a m>vell\s fell[4 ,he has /range eyes1 & w give ! doctors tr\ble by-&-by4' ,he _h read deeply1 especially he _h read t r>e & almo/ unkn[n book1 ! ',new ,te/am5t4' ,he 0 n cultivat$ l ,erasmus4 ,erasmus spoke ! mo/ poli%$ ,lat94 ,lu!r spoke & wrote 8 own v]nacul> ,g]man4 ,! latitud9>ian philosophy1 ! analytical acut5ess1 ! sceptical tol]ation ( ,erasmus 7 alike /range & di/a/eful to him4 ,9 all ?+s he long$ only to "k ! tru?--to %ake (f & hurl f him lies & humbug4 ,sup]/iti\s he 04 ,he believ$ 9 wit*es & devils & fairies--a ?\s& ?+s )\t basis 9 fact1 :i* ,erasmus pass$ by 9 contemptu\s indiff]5ce4 ,b = ?+s :i* 7 really true--true z no?+ else 9 ?is _w1 or any _w1 is true--! ju/ice ( ,god1 ! inf9ite excell5ce ( good1 ! inf9ite hatefulness ( evil--^! ?+s he believ$ & felt ) a p[] ( passionate conviction to :i* ! broad]1 feebl] m9d ( ! o!r 0 = ev] a /rang]4 ,we come n[ to ! memorable ye> #aeag1 :5 ,lu!r 0 ?irty-five ye>s old4 ,a new ca!dral 0 9 progress at ,rome4 ,mi*ael ,angelo _h furni%$ ,leo ! ,t5? ) ! design ( ,/4 ,pet]'s2 & ! "q ( que/ions 0 to f9d money to complete ! gr&e/ /ructure :i* _h ev] be5 erect$ by man4 ,pope ,leo 0 ! mo/ poli%$ & cultivat$ ( mank9d4 ,! "w to be done 0 to be ! mo/ spl5did :i* art c\ld produce4 ,! means to :i* ! ,pope _h rec\rse w s]ve to %[ u h[ mu* all t w\ld h done = u4 ,y rememb] :at ,i told y ab\t indulg5ces4 ,! notable device ( 8 ,hol9ess 0 to s5d di/+ui%$ p]sons ab\t ,europe ) sacks ( indulg5ces4 ,indulg5ces & disp5sations6 ,disp5sations to eat meat on fa/-days--disp5sations to m>ry "o's ne> relation--disp5sations = any?+ & ev]y?+ :i* ! fai?ful might wi% to pur*ase :o desir$ =bidd5 pleasures4 ,! disp5sations 7 simply sc&al\s4 ,! indulg5ces--well1 if a pi\s ,ca?olic is ask$ n[adays :at !y 71 he w say t !y 7 ! remission ( ! p5ances :i* ! ,*ur* inflicts ^u e>?2 b x is also c]ta9 t !y w\ld h sold *eap if ! p _h ?\ght t ?is 0 all t !y 7 to get by !m4 ,z ! ?+ 0 repres5t$ by ! spiritual hawk]s :o dispos$ ( ^! w>es1 !y 7 lett]s ( cr$it on heav54 ,:5 ! great book 0 op5$1 ! p believ$ t ^! pap]s w\ld be f\nd entire on ! "r side ( ! acc\nt4 ,debtor--s _m murd]s1 s _m robb]ies1 lies1 sl&]s1 or debau*]ies4 ,cr$itor--! m]its ( ! sa9ts plac$ to ! acc\nt ( ! del9qu5t by ! ,pope's lett]s1 9 consid]ation ( value receiv$4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ! p>don sy/em 0 practically work$4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* x is work$ /ill1 :]e ! same sup]/itions rema94 ,if "o _h ask$ ,pope ,leo :e!r he really believ$ 9 ^! p>dons ( 81 he w\ld h said (ficially t ! ,*ur* _h always held t ! ,pope _h p[] to grant !m4 ,_h he told ! tru?1 he w\ld h add$ privately t if ! p *ose to be fools1 x 0 n = him to disappo9t !m4 ,! collection w5t on4 ,! money ( ! fai?ful came 9 pl5tifully2 & ! p$l>s go+ _! r\nds appe>$ at la/ 9 ,saxony4 ,! ,pope _h b\ght ! support ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce1 ,erasmus's fri5d1 by promis+ him half ! spoil :i* 0 ga!r$ 9 8 prov9ce4 ,! ag5t 0 ! ,dom9ican monk ,tetzel1 ^: "n has acquir$ a =lorn notoriety 9 ,european hi/ory4 ,8 /ores 7 op5$ 9 t[n aft] t[n4 ,he ent]$ 9 /ate4 ,! /reets ev]y:]e 7 hung ) flags4 ,bells 7 peal$2 nuns & monks walk$ 9 procession be=e & aft] him1 :ile he himself sate 9 a *>iot1 ) ! ,papal ,bull on a velvet cu%ion 9 front ( him4 ,! sale-rooms 7 ! *ur*es4 ,! alt>s 7 decorat$1 ! c&les light$1 ! arms ( ,/4 ,pet] blazon$ conspicu\sly on ! ro(4 ,tetzel f ! pulpit expla9$ ! efficacy ( 8 m$ic9es2 & if any pr(ane p]son d\bt$ _! p[]1 he 0 ?reat5$ ) excommunication4 ,acolytes walk$ ?r\gh ! cr[ds1 cl9k+ _! plates & cry+1 ',buy6 buy6' ,! bus9ess w5t z m]ry z a m>riage bell till ! ,dom9ican came ne> to ,witt5b]g4 ,half a c5tury be=e1 su* a spectacle w\ld h excit$ no p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! few :o saw ?r\gh ! imposition w\ld h kept _! ?\ghts to !mselves2 ! _m w\ld h paid _! money1 & 9 a mon? all w\ld h be5 =gott54 ,b ! fight betwe5 ! m5 ( lett]s & ! monks1 ! writ+s ( ,erasmus & ,reu*l91 ! satires ( ,ulric von ,hutt51 _h creat$ a sil5t revolution 9 ! m9ds ( ! y\ng] laity4 ,a g5]ation _h gr[n to manhood ( :om ! ,*ur* au?orities knew no?+2 & ! :ole air ( ,g]many1 unsuspect$ by pope or prelate1 0 *>g$ ) electricity4 ,_h ,lu!r /ood alone1 he1 too1 w\ld probably h rema9$ sil5t4 ,:at 0 he1 a poor1 fri5dless1 solit>y monk1 t he %\ld set himself aga9/ ! maje/y ( ! triple cr[n8 ,h[ev] hateful ! walls ( a dungeon1 a man ( s5se conf9$ alone !re does n da% 8 h&s aga9/ ! /ones4 ,b ,lu!r knew t 8 ?\ghts 7 ! ?\ghts ( ?\s&s4 ,_m wrong ?+s1 z we all "k1 h to be endur$ 9 ?is _w4 ,au?ority is nev] v angelic2 & mod]ate inju/ice1 a mod]ate quantity ( lies1 is m tol]able ?an an>*y4 ,b x is ) human ?+s z x is ) ! great iceb]gs :i* drift s\?w>d out ( ! froz5 seas4 ,!y swim two-?irds "u wat]1 & "o-?ird above2 & s long z ! equilibrium is su/a9$1 y w\ld ?9k t !y 7 z /able z ! rocks4 ,b ! sea-wat] is w>m] ?an ! air4 ,hundr$s ( fa?oms d[n1 ! tepid curr5t wa%es ! base ( ! b]g4 ,sil5tly 9 ^? f> deeps ! c5tre ( gravity is *ang$2 & !n1 9 a mom5t1 ) "o va/ roll1 ! enorm\s mass heaves ov]1 & ! cry/al peaks :i* _h be5 glanc+ s pr\dly 9 ! sunlight1 are buri$ 9 ! ocean = ev]4 ,su* a process z ?is _h be5 go+ on 9 ,g]many1 & ,lu!r knew x1 & knew t ! "t 0 come = him to speak4 ,fe> _h n kept him back4 ,! dang] to himself w\ld be none ! less because he w\ld h ! p at 8 side4 ,! fi]c] ! ?und]/orm1 ! great] p]il to ! c5tral figure :o /&s out above ! re/ expos$ to x4 ,b he saw t !re 0 hope at la/ ( a *ange2 & = himself--z he said 9 ! plague--if he di$1 he di$4 ,erasmus admitt$ frankly = himself t he did n l dang]4 ',z to me1' he wrote to ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham1 ',i h no incl9ation to risk my life = tru?4 ,we h n all /r5g? = m>tyrdom2 & if tr\ble come1 ,i %all imitate ,/4 ,pet]4 ,popes & emp]ors mu/ settle ! cre$s4 ,if !y settle !m well1 s mu* ! bett]2 if ill1 ,i %all keep on ! safe side4' ,t is to say1 tru? 0 n ! fir/ necessity to ,erasmus4 ,he w\ld pref] tru?1 if he c\ld h x4 ,if n1 he c\ld get on mod]ately well ^u falsehood4 ,lu!r c\ld n4 ,no matt] :at ! dang] to himself1 if he c\ld smite a lie ^u ! head & kill x1 he 0 bett] pleas$ ?an by a ?\s& lives4 ,we he> mu* ( ,lu!r's doctr9e ab\t fai?4 ,/ripp$ ( !ological v]biage1 t doctr9e means ?is4 ,reason says t1 on ! :ole1 tru? & ju/ice are desirable ?+s4 ,!y make m5 happi] 9 !mselves1 & make society m prosp]\s4 ,b !re reason ends1 & m5 w n die = pr9ciples ( utility4 ,fai? says t betwe5 tru? & lies1 !re is an inf9ite diff]5ce3 "o is ( ,god1 ! o!r ( ,satan2 "o is et]nally to be lov$1 ! o!r et]nally to be abhorr$4 ,x _c say :y1 9 language intelligible to reason4 ,x is ! voice ( ! nobl] nature 9 man speak+ out ( 8 he>t4 ,:ile ,tetzel1 ) 8 bull & 8 gilt c>1 0 com+ to ,witt5b]g1 ,lu!r1 loyal /ill to au?ority :ile !re 0 a hope t au?ority w\ld be on ! side ( "r1 wrote to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce to remon/rate4 ,! ar*bi%op1 z we "k1 0 to h a %>e ( ,tetzel's spoils2 & :at 7 ! compla9ts ( a poor insignificant monk to a supreme ar*bi%op :o 0 9 debt & want$ money8 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce flung ! lett] into 8 wa/e-pap] basket2 & ,lu!r made 8 solemn appeal f e>?ly dignit>ies to ! consci5ce ( ! ,g]man p4 ,he set up 8 prote/ on ! *ur* door at ,witt5b]g2 &1 9 n9ety-five propositions he *all5g$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to def5d ,tetzel & 8 works4 ,! ,pope's indulg5ces1 he said1 _c take away s9s4 ,god alone remits s9s2 & ,he p>dons ^? :o are p5it5t1 )\t help f man's absolutions4 ,! ,*ur* may remit p5alties :i* ! ,*ur* inflicts4 ,b ! ,*ur*'s p[] is 9 ?is _w only1 & does n rea* to purgatory4 ,if ,god has ?\ght fit to place a man 9 purgatory1 :o %all say t x is good = him to be tak5 out ( purgatory8 :o %all say t he himself desires x8 ,true rep5tance does n %r9k f *a/isem5t4 ,true rep5tance r loves *a/isem5t4 ,! bi%ops are asleep4 ,x is bett] to give to ! poor ?an to buy indulg5ces2 & he :o sees 8 neighb\r 9 want1 & in/ead ( help+ 8 neighb\r buys a p>don = himself1 is do+ :at is displeas+ to ,god4 ,:o is ?is man :o d>es to say t = s _m cr[ns ! s\l ( a s9n] c be made :ole8 ,^!1 & l ^!1 7 ,lu!r's propositions4 ,little guess$ ! ,ca?olic prelates ! dim5sions ( ! act :i* _h be5 done4 ,! ,pope1 :5 he saw ! !ses1 smil$ 9 good-natur$ contempt4 ',a drunk5 ,g]man wrote !m1' he said2 ':5 he has slept (f 8 w9e1 he w be ( ano!r m9d4' ,tetzel bay$ defiance2 ! ,dom9ican fri>s took up ! qu>rel2 & ,ho*/rat ( ,cologne1 ,reu*l9's enemy1 clam\r$ = fire & faggot4 ,voice answ]$ voice4 ,! religi\s h\ses all ,g]many ov] 7 l k5nels ( h\nds h[l+ to ea* o!r across ! spiritual wa/e4 ,if s\ls c\ld n be sung out ( purgatory1 _! occupation 0 gone4 ,lu!r wrote to ,pope ,leo to def5d himself2 ,leo cit$ him to answ] = 8 audacity at ,rome2 :ile to ! "y laym51 to ! noble spirits all ,europe ov]1 ,witt5b]g became a beacon ( light %9+ 9 ! univ]sal d>kness4 ,x 0 a try+ "t to ,lu!r4 ,_h he be5 a small] man1 he w\ld h be5 swept away by 8 sudd5 popul>ity--he w\ld h plac$ himself at ! head ( "s great democratic movem5t1 & 9 a few ye>s 8 "n w\ld h disappe>$ 9 ! noise & smoke ( an>*y4 ,b ?is 0 n 8 nature4 ,8 fell[-t[nsm5 7 he>tily on 8 side4 ,he rema9$ quietly at 8 po/ 9 ! ,augu/9e ,*ur* at ,witt5b]g4 ,if ! p[]s ( ! _w came d[n ^u him & kill$ him1 he 0 ready to be kill$4 ,( himself at all times he ?\ght inf9itely little2 & he believ$ t 8 dea? w\ld be z s]viceable to tru? z 8 life4 ,kill$ und\bt$ly he w\ld h be5 if ! cl]gy c\ld h _h _! way4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t ,saxony j !n 0 gov]n$ by a pr9ce ( no common ord]4 ,7 all pr9ces l ! ,elector ,fr$]ick1 we %\ld h no ne$ ( democracy 9 ?is _w--we %\ld nev] h he>d ( democracy4 ,! cl]gy c\ld n t\* ,lu!r aga9/ ! w ( ! ,witt5b]g s5ate1 unless ! ,elector w\ld help !m2 &1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ev]ybody1 ! ,elector 0 dis9cl9$ to cons5t4 ,! ,pope himself wrote to exhort him to 8 duties4 ,! ,elector /ill hesitat$4 ,8 pr(ess$ cre$ 0 ! cre$ 9 :i* ! ,*ur* _h educat$ him2 b he _h a cle> secul> und]/&+ outside 8 =mulas4 ,:5 he read ! propositions1 !y did n seem to him ! p]nici\s ?+s :i* ! monks said !y 74 ',!re is mu* 9 ! ,bible ab\t ,*ri/1' he said1 'b n mu* ab\t ,rome4' ,he s5t = ,erasmus1 & ask$ him :at he ?\ght ab\t ! matt]4 ,! ,elector knew to :om he 0 speak+4 ,he wi%$ = a direct answ]1 & look$ ,erasmus full & broad 9 ! face4 ,erasmus p9*$ 8 ?9 lips toge!r4 ',lu!r1' he said at l5g?1 'has committ$ two s9s3 he has t\*$ ! ,pope's cr[n & ! monks' bellies4' ,he g5]\sly & /rongly urg$ ,fr$]ick n to yield = ! pres5t to ,pope ,leo's importunacy2 & ! ,pope 0 oblig$ to try less ha/y & m =mal me?ods4 ,he _h wi%$ ,lu!r to be s5t to him to ,rome1 :]e 8 process w\ld h _h a rapid end4 ,z ?is c\ld n be1 ! case 0 transf]r$ to ,augsburg1 & a c>d9al legate 0 s5t f ,italy to look into x4 ,!re 0 no dang] ( viol5ce at ,augsburg4 ,! t[nspeople !re & ev]y:]e 7 on ! side ( fre$om2 & ,lu!r w5t *e]fully to def5d himself4 ,he walk$ f ,witt5b]g4 ,y c fancy him /ill 9 8 monk's br[n frock1 ) all 8 w>drobe on 8 back--an apo/le ( ! old sort4 ,! citiz5s1 high & l[1 att5d$ him to ! gates1 & foll[$ him along ! road1 cry+ ',lu!r = ev]6' ',nay1' he answ]$1 ',*ri/ = ev]6' ,! c>d9al legate1 be+ r$uc$ to ! necessity ( polit5ess1 receiv$ him civilly4 ,he told him1 h[ev]1 simply & briefly1 t ! ,pope insi/$ on 8 recantation1 & w\ld accept no?+ else4 ,lu!r reque/$ ! c>d9al to po9t out to him :]e he 0 wrong4 ,! c>d9al waiv$ discussion4 ',he 0 come to comm&1' he said1 'n to argue4' ,& ,lu!r _h to tell him t x c\ld n be4 ,remon/rances1 ?reats1 entreaties1 ev5 bribes 7 tri$4 ,hopes ( high di/9ction & rew>d 7 held out to him if he w\ld only be reasonable4 ,to ! amazem5t ( ! pr\d ,italian1 a poor peasant's son--a mis]able fri> ( a prov9cial ,g]man t[n--0 prep>$ to defy ! p[] & resi/ ! pray]s ( ! ,sov]eign ( ,*ri/5dom4 ',:at6' said ! c>d9al at la/ to him1 'd y ?9k ! ,pope c>es = ! op9ion ( a ,g]man boor8 ,! ,pope's little f+] is /rong] ?an all ,g]many4 ,d y expect y\r pr9ces to take up arms to def5d y--y1 a wret*$ worm l y8 ,i tell y1 ,no6 & :]e w y be !n--:]e w y be !n8' ,lu!r answ]$1 ',!n1 z n[1 9 ! h&s ( ,almighty ,god4' ,! ,c\rt dissolv$4 ,! c>d9al c>ri$ back 8 report to 8 ma/]4 ,! ,pope1 s defi$1 br\ght out 8 ?und]s2 he excommunicat$ ,lu!r2 he wrote aga9 to ! elector1 entreat+ him n to soil 8 "n & l9eage by becom+ a protector ( h]etics2 & he requir$ him1 )\t fur!r c]emony1 to r5d] up ! crim9al to ju/ice4 ,! elector's p[] 0 limit$4 ,z yet1 ! qu>rel 0 simply betwe5 ,lu!r & ! ,pope4 ,! elector 0 by no means sure t 8 bold subject 0 "r--he 0 only n satisfi$ t he 0 wrong--& x 0 a s]i\s "q ) him h[ f> he ought to g4 ,! monk might next be plac$ "u ! ban ( ! empire2 & if he p]si/$ 9 protect+ him aft]w>ds1 ,saxony might h all ! p[] ( ,g]many ^u x4 ,he did n v5ture any m to refuse absolutely4 ,he temporis$ & delay$2 :ile ,lu!r himself1 probably at ! elector's in/igation1 made ov]tures = peace to ! ,pope4 ,sav+ 8 duty to ,*ri/1 he promis$ to be = ! future an ob$i5t son ( ! ,*ur*1 & to say no m ab\t indulg5ces if ,tetzel ceas$ to def5d !m4 ',my be+ su* a small creature1' ,lu!r said aft]w>ds1 '0 a mis=tune = ! ,pope4 ,he despis$ me too mu*6 ,:at1 he ?\ght1 c\ld a slave l me d to him--to him1 :o 0 ! greate/ man 9 all ! _w4 ,_h he accept$ my proposal1 he w\ld h ext+ui%$ me4' ,b ! infallible ,pope conduct$ himself l a pr\d1 irascible1 exce$+ly fallible mortal4 ,to make t]ms ) ! t[n prea*] ( ,witt5b]g 0 too prepo/]\s4 ,j !n ! imp]ial ?rone fell vacant2 & ! pretty sc&al ,i told y (1 foll[$ at ! *oice ( 8 successor4 ,fr$]ick ( ,saxony might h be5 elect$ if he _h lik$--& x w\ld h be5 bett] = ! _w p]haps if ,fr$]ick _h be5 m ambiti\s ( high dignities--b ! ,saxon ,pr9ce did n c>e to tr\ble himself ) ! imp]ial sceptre4 ,! election fell on ,maximilian's gr&son ,*>les--gr&son also ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic--,sov]eign ( ,spa92 ,sov]eign ( ,burgundy & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries2 ,sov]eign ( ,naples & ,sicily2 ,sov]eign1 beyond ! ,atlantic1 ( ! ,new ,empire ( ! ,indies4 ,no fitt] man c\ld h be5 f\nd to d ! bus9ess ( ! ,pope4 ,) ! empire ( ,g]many add$ to 8 inh]it$ dom9ions1 :o c\ld resi/ him8 ,to ! new emp]or1 unless ! elector yield$1 ,lu!r's case _h n[ to be ref]r$4 ,! elector1 if he _h wi%$1 c\ld n int]f]e4 ,g]many 0 att5tive1 b motionless4 ,! /ud5ts1 ! artisans1 ! tradesm51 7 at he>t ) ! ,re=m]2 & _! en?usiasm c\ld n be :olly repress$4 ,! press grew f]tile ) pamphlets2 & x 0 notic$ t all ! pr9t]s & compositors w5t = ,lu!r4 ,! ,ca?olics c\ld n get _! books into type )\t s5d+ !m to ,france or ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,yet none ( ! pr9ces except ! elector _h z yet %[n him fav\r4 ,! bi%ops 7 ho/ile to a man4 ,! nobles _h giv5 no sign2 & _! place w\ld be naturally on ! side ( au?ority4 ,!y _h no love = bi%ops--!re 0 hope 9 t2 & !y look$ ) no fav\r on ! huge e/ates ( ! religi\s ord]s4 ,b no "o c\ld expect t !y w\ld p]il _! l&s & lives = an insignificant monk4 ,!re 0 an int]val ( two ye>s be=e ! emp]or 0 at leisure to take up ! "q4 ,! "t 0 sp5t 9 angry alt]cation1 bod+ no good = ! future4 ,! ,pope issu$ a second bull condemn+ ,lu!r & 8 works4 ,lu!r repli$ by burn+ ! bull 9 ! great squ>e at ,witt5b]g4 ,at l5g?1 9 ,april #aeba1 ! ,diet ( ! ,empire assembl$ at ,worms1 & ,lu!r 0 call$ to def5d himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*>les ! ,fif?4 ,t x %\ld h come to ?is at all1 9 days ( su* high-h&$ au?ority1 0 suffici5tly rem>kable4 ,x indicat$ some?+ gr[+ 9 ! m9ds ( m51 t ! s-call$ ,*ur* 0 n to c>ry ?+s any long] 9 ! old /yle4 ,popes & bi%ops might ord]1 b ! laity int5d$ = ! future to h op9ions ( _! own h[ f> su* ord]s %\ld be obey$4 ,! ,pope expect$ anyh[ t ! ,diet1 by fair means or f\l1 w\ld n[ rid him ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,! elector1 :o knew ! ecclesia/ical ways ( h&l+ su* matt]s1 made x a condition ( 8 subject appe>+1 t he %\ld h a safe conduct1 "u ! emp]or's h&2 t ,lu!r1 if judgm5t w5t aga9/ him1 %\ld be free = ! "t to return to ! place f :i* he _h come2 & t he1 ! elector1 %\ld det]m9e aft]w>ds :at %\ld be done ) him4 ,:5 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* 7 conc]n$1 safe conducts1 x 0 too well kn[n1 7 poor security4 ,pope ,clem5t ! ,sev5?1 a little aft]1 :5 reproa*$ = break+ a promise1 repli$ ) a smile1 ',! ,pope has p[] to b9d & to loose4' ,good1 9 ! eyes ( ecclesia/ical au?orities1 meant :at 0 good = ! ,*ur*2 evil1 :atev] 0 bad = ! ,*ur*2 & ! highe/ moral obligation became s9 :5 x /ood 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s way4 ,!re _h be5 an outbur/ ( free ?\ght 9 ,bohemia a c5tury & a half be=e4 ,john ,huss1 ,lu!r's =]unn]1 came ) a safe conduct to ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance2 b ! bi%ops rul$ t safe conducts c\ld n protect h]etics4 ,!y burnt ,john ,huss = all _! promises1 & !y hop$ n[ t s good a ,ca?olic z ,*>les w\ld foll[ s excell5t a prec$5t4 ,pope ,leo wrote himself to beg t ,lu!r's safe conduct %\ld n be obs]v$4 ,! bi%ops & ar*bi%ops1 :5 ,*>les consult$ !m1 took ! same view z ! ,pope4 ',!re is some?+ 9 ! (fice ( a bi%op1' ,lu!r said1 a ye> or two lat]1 ':i* is dreadfully demoralis+4 ,ev5 good m5 *ange _! natures at _! consecration2 ,satan ent]s into !m z he ent]$ into ,judas1 z soon z !y h tak5 ! sop4' ,x 0 mo/ s]i\sly likely t1 if ,lu!r tru/$ himself at ! ,diet on ! fai? ( 8 safe conduct1 he w\ld nev] return alive4 ,rum\rs ( int5d$ trea*]y 7 s /rong1 t if he refus$ to g1 ! elector meant to /& by him at any co/4 ,%\ld he appe>1 or n appe>8 ,x 0 = himself to decide4 ,if he /ay$ away1 judgm5t w\ld g aga9/ him by default4 ,*>les w\ld call out ! =ces ( ! empire1 & ,saxony w\ld be invad$4 ,civil w> w\ld foll[1 ) insurrection all ov] ,g]many1 ) no c]ta9 prospect except blood%$ & mis]y4 ,lu!r 0 n a man to expose 8 c\ntry to p]il t 8 own p]son might escape4 ,he _h provok$ ! /orm2 & if blood 0 to be %$1 8 blood ought at lea/ to be ! fir/4 ,he w5t4 ,on 8 way1 a fri5d came to w>n him aga9 t f\l play 0 int5d$1 t he 0 condemn$ already1 t 8 books _h be5 burnt by ! hangman1 & t he 0 a dead man if he proce$$4 ,lu!r trembl$--he own$ x--b he answ]$1 ',g to ,worms6 ,i w g if !re are z _m devils 9 ,worms z !re are tiles ^u ! ro(s ( ! h\ses4' ,! ro(s1 :5 he came into ! city1 7 cr[d$1 n ) devils1 b ) ! inhabitants1 all collect+ !re to see him z he pass$4 ,a nobleman gave him %elt] = ! night2 ! next day he 0 l$ to ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,no m notable spectacle _h be5 witness$ 9 ?is planet = _m a c5tury--n1 p]haps1 s9ce a great] ?an ,lu!r /ood be=e ! ,roman ,procurator4 ,!re on ! rais$ dais sate ! sov]eign ( half ! _w4 ,!re on ei!r side ( him /ood ! ar*bi%ops1 ! m9i/]s ( /ate1 ! pr9ces ( ! empire1 ga!r$ toge!r to he> & judge ! son ( a poor m9]1 :o _h made ! _w r+ ) 8 "n4 ,! body ( ! hall 0 ?rong$ ) knights & nobles--/]n h>d m5 9 dull gleam+ arm\r4 ,lu!r1 9 8 br[n frock1 0 l$ =w>d betwe5 _! ranks4 ,! looks :i* greet$ him 7 n all unfri5dly4 ,! fir/ ,article ( a ,g]man cr$o 0 belief 9 c\rage4 ,g]many _h _h its feuds 9 times pa/ ) ,popes ( ,rome1 & !y 7 n )\t pride t a poor c\ntryman ( !irs %\ld h tak5 by ! be>d ! great ,italian prie/4 ,!y _h settl$ among !mselves t1 come :at w\ld1 !re %\ld be fair play2 & !y look$ on half admir+1 & half 9 scorn4 ,z ,lu!r pass$ up ! hall1 a /eel b>on t\*$ him on ! %\ld] ) 8 gauntlet4 ',pluck up ?y _s1 little monk2' he said1 '"s ( u "h h se5 w>m "w 9 our "t1 b1 by my tro?1 nor ,i nor any knight 9 ?is company ev] ne$$ a /\t he>t m ?an ?\ ne$e/ x n[4 ,if ?\ ha/ fai? 9 ^! doctr9es ( ?9e1 little monk1 g on1 9 ! "n ( ,god4' ',yes1 9 ! "n ( ,god1' said ,lu!r1 ?r[+ back 8 head1 ',9 ! "n ( ,god1 =w>d6' ,z at ,augsburg1 "o only "q 0 rais$4 ,lu!r _h brok5 ! laws ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he _h taught doctr9es :i* ! ,pope _h decl>$ to be false4 ,w\ld he or w\ld he n retract8 ,z at ,augsburg1 he repli$ briefly t he w\ld retract :5 8 doctr9es 7 n decl>$ to be false m]ely1 b 7 prov$ to be false4 ,!n1 b n till !n4 ,t 0 8 answ]1 & 8 la/ ^w4 ,!re1 z y und]/&1 ! he>t ( ! matt] inde$ re/$4 ,9 ^? words lay ! :ole mean+ ( ! ,re=mation4 ,7 m5 to g on = ev] say+ t ?is & t 0 true1 because ! ,pope affirm$ x8 ,or 7 ,popes' decrees !nce=w>d to be tri$ l ! words ( o!r m5--by ! ord9>y laws ( evid5ce8 ,x requir$ no great intellect to und]/& t a ,pope's p>don1 :i* y c\ld buy = five %ill+s1 c\ld n really get a s\l out ( purgatory4 ,x requir$ a quality mu* r>] ?an intellect to look su* a doctr9e 9 ! face--sanction$ z x 0 by ! cr$ulity ( ages1 & back$ by ! pomp & pageantry ( e>?ly p[]--& say to x op5ly1 ',y are a lie4' ,clev]ness & culture c\ld h giv5 a ?\s& reasons--!y did !n & !y d n[--:y an indulg5ce %\ld be believ$ 92 :5 hone/y & common s5se c\ld give b "o reason = ?9k+ o!rwise4 ,clev]ness & impo/ure get on excell5tly well toge!r--impo/ure & v]acity1 nev]4 ,lu!r look$ at ^? w>es ( ,tetzel's1 & said1 ',y\r p>dons are no p>dons at all--no lett]s ( cr$it on heav51 b fla% notes ( ! ,bank ( ,humbug1 & y "k x4' ,!y did "k x4 ,! consci5ce ( e man 9 ,europe answ]$ back1 t :at ,lu!r said 0 true4 ,brav]y1 hone/y1 v]acity1 ^! 7 ! qualities :i* 7 ne$$--:i* 7 ne$$ !n1 & are ne$$ always1 z ! root ( all real greatness 9 man4 ,! fir/ mission>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 !y came among ! hea!n nations1 & f\nd !m wor%ipp+ idols1 did n c>e mu* to reason t an image :i* man _h made c\ld n be ,god4 ,! prie/s might h be5 a mat* = !m 9 reason+4 ,!y walk$ up to ! idol 9 ! pres5ce ( its vot>ies4 ,!y ?rew /ones at x1 spat ^u x1 insult$ x4 ',see1' !y said1 ',i d ?is to y\r ,god4 ,if he is ,god1 let him av5ge himself4' ,x 0 a simple argum5t2 always effective2 easy1 & yet mo/ difficult4 ,x requir$ m]ely a read9ess to be kill$ ^u ! spot by ! sup]/ition :i* is outrag$4 ,& s1 & only s1 c tru? make its way = u 9 any su* matt]s4 ,! =m *anges--! ?+ rema9s4 ,sup]/ition1 folly1 & cunn+ w g on to ! end ( "t1 sp9n+ _! poison webs ar\nd ! consci5ces ( mank9d4 ,c\rage & v]acity--^! qualities1 & only ^!1 avail to defeat !m4 ,f ! mom5t t ,lu!r left ! emp]or's pres5ce a free man1 ! spell ( ,absolutism 0 brok51 & ! victory ( ! ,re=mation secur$4 ,! ban ( ! ,pope _h fall52 ! secul> arm _h be5 call$ to int]f]e2 ! ma*9]y ( au?ority /ra9$ z f> z x w\ld be>4 ,! emp]or himself 0 an unconsci\s conv]t to ! high] cre$4 ,! ,pope _h urg$ him to break 8 ^w4 ,! ,pope _h told him t hon\r 0 no?+1 & morality 0 no?+1 :]e ! int]e/s ( or?odoxy 7 compromis$4 ,! emp]or _h refus$ to be tempt$ into p]jury2 &1 9 refus+1 _h admitt$ t !re 0 a spiritual p[] ^u ! e>?1 above ! ,pope1 & above him4 ,! p>ty ( ! ,*ur* felt x s4 ,a plot 0 =m$ to assass9ate ,lu!r on 8 return to ,saxony4 ,! insult$ maje/y ( ,rome c\ld be v9dicat$ at lea/ by ! dagg]4 ,b ?is1 too1 fail$4 ,! elector he>d :at 0 int5d$4 ,a p>ty ( horse1 disguis$ z b&itti1 waylaid ! ,re=m] ^u ! road1 & c>ri$ him (f to ! ca/le ( ,w>tburg1 :]e he rema9$ out ( h>m's way till ! g5]al ris+ ( ,g]many plac$ him beyond ! rea* ( dang]4 ,at ,w>tburg = ! pres5t ev5+ we leave him4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les & ,lu!r nev] met aga94 ,! monks ( ,yu/e1 :o wat*$ on ! dea?b$ ( ,*>les1 report$ t at ! la/ h\r he rep5t$ t he _h kept 8 ^w1 & reproa*$ himself = hav+ all[$ ! ar*-h]etic to escape f 8 h&s4 ,x is possible t1 :5 ! c&le ( life 0 burn+ l[1 & _s & fle% 7 fail+ toge!r1 & ! air ( ! sick room 0 ?ick & close ) ! pres5ce ( ! angel ( dea?1 ! nobl] nature ( ! emp]or might h yield$ to ! influ5ces :i* 7 ar\nd him4 ,8 confessor might h ?ru/ into 8 lips ! words :i* he s wi%$ to he>4 ,b ,*>les ! ,fif?1 ?\gh a ,ca?olic always1 0 a ,ca?olic ( ! old gr& type1 to :om cre$ & dogmas 7 b ! robe ( a regal humanity4 ,ano!r /ory is told ( ,*>les--an au!ntic /ory ?is "o--:i* makes me ?9k t ! monks ( ,yu/e mi/ook or malign$ him4 ,six & tw5ty ye>s aft] ?is sc5e at ,worms1 :5 ! !n dawn+ h]esy _h become broad day2 :5 ,lu!r _h gone to 8 re/--& !re _h ga!r$ ab\t 8 "n ! hate :i* mean m5 feel = an enemy :o has prov$ too /rong = !m--a pass+ vicissitude 9 ! /ruggle br\ght ! emp]or at ! head ( 8 army to ,witt5b]g4 ,! v5geance :i* ! monks c\ld n inflict ^u him 9 life1 !y propos$ to wreak ^u 8 bones4 ,! emp]or desir$ to be conduct$ to ,lu!r's tomb2 & z he /ood gaz+ at x1 full ( _m ?\ghts1 "s "o sugge/$ t ! body %\ld be tak5 up & burnt at ! /ake 9 ! ,m>ket ,place4 ,!re 0 no?+ unusual 9 ! proposal2 x 0 ! common practice ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ) ! rema9s ( h]etics :o 7 held unwor?y to be left 9 repose 9 hall[$ gr\nd4 ,!re 0 sc>cely1 p]haps1 ano!r ,ca?olic pr9ce :o w\ld h hesitat$ to comply4 ,b ,*>les 0 "o ( nature's g5tlem52 he answ]$1 ',i w> n ) ! dead4' ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,we h n[ ent]$ ^u ! movem5t :i* broke ! p[] ( ! ,papacy--:i* swept ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 into ! /ream ( revolution1 & gave a new direction to ! spiritual hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,y w\ld n ?ank me if ,i 7 to take y out into t tr\bl$ ocean4 ,i conf9e myself1 & ,i wi% y to conf9e y\r att5tion1 to ! two k9ds ( m5 :o appe> z lead]s 9 times ( *ange--( :om ,erasmus & ,lu!r are respectively ! types4 ,on "o side !re are ! l>ge-m9d$ latitud9>ian philosoph]s--m5 :o h no confid5ce 9 ! p--:o h no passionate convictions2 mod]ate m51 tol]ant m51 :o tru/ to education1 to g5]al progress 9 k & civilisation1 to =be>ance1 to endurance1 to "t--m5 :o believe t all :olesome re=ms proce$ d[nw>ds f ! educat$ to ! multitudes2 :o reg>d ) contempt1 qualifi$ by t]ror1 appeals to ! popul> consci5ce or to popul> intellig5ce4 ,opposite to ^! are ! m5 ( fai?--& by fai? ,i d n mean belief 9 dogmas1 b belief 9 goodness1 belief 9 ju/ice1 9 righte\sness1 above all1 belief 9 tru?4 ,m5 ( fai? consid] consci5ce ( m importance ?an k--or r z a fir/ condition--)\t :i* all ! k 9 ! _w is no use to a man--if he wi%es to be inde$ a man 9 any high & noble s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y are n cont5t$ ) look+ = :at may be useful or pleasant to !mselves2 !y look by q o!r me?ods = :at is hon\rable--= :at is good--= :at is j4 ,!y believe t if !y c f9d out t1 !n at all haz>ds1 & 9 spite ( all pres5t consequ5ces to !mselves1 t is to be pref]r$4 ,if1 individually & to !mselves1 no visible good ev] came f x1 9 ?is _w or 9 any o!r1 /ill !y w\ld say1 ',let u d t & no?+ else4 ,life w be ( no value to u if we are to use x only = our own gratification4' ,! soldi] be=e a battle kn[s t if he %irks & pret5ds to be ill1 he may escape dang] & make sure ( 8 life4 ,!re are v few m51 inde$1 if x comes to t1 :o w\ld n soon] die t5 times ov] ?an s di%on\r !mselves4 ,m5 ( high moral nature c>ry out ! same pr9ciple into ! details ( _! daily life2 !y d n c>e to live unless !y may live nobly4 ,l my uncle ,toby1 !y h b "o fe>--! fe> ( do+ a wrong ?+4 ,i call ?is fai?1 because !re is no pro(1 su* z w satisfy ! sci5tific enquir]1 t !re is any su* ?+ z moral tru?--any su* ?+ z absolute "r & wrong at all4 ,z ! ,scripture says1 ',v]ily1 ?\ art a ,god t hide/ ?yself4' ,! =ces ( nature pay no respect to :at we call good & evil4 ,prosp]ity does n uni=mly foll[ virtue2 nor are defeat & failure necess>y consequ5ces ( vice4 ,c]ta9 virtues--temp]ance1 indu/ry1 & ?+s )9 reasonable limits--comm& _! rew>d4 ,s5suality1 idl5ess1 & wa/e1 commonly lead to ru94 ,b prosp]ity is consi/5t ) int5se worldl9ess1 int5se selfi%ness1 int5se h>dness ( he>t2 :ile ! gr&] features ( human "*--self-sacrifice1 disreg>d ( pleasure1 patriotism1 love ( k1 devotion to any great & good cause--^! h no t5d5cy to br+ m5 :at is call$ =tune4 ,!y d n ev5 necess>ily promote _! happ9ess2 = d :at !y w 9 ?is way1 ! horizon ( :at !y desire to d p]petually flies be=e !m4 ,high hopes & en?usiasms are g5]ally disappo9t$ 9 results2 & ! wrongs1 ! cruelties1 ! wret*$nesses ( all k9ds :i* = ev] prevail among mank9d--! %ortcom+s 9 himself ( :i* he becomes m consci\s z he becomes really bett]--^! ?+s1 y may be sure1 w prev5t a noble-m9d$ man f ev] be+ p>ticul>ly happy4 ,if y see a man happy1 z ! _w goes--cont5t$ ) himself & cont5t$ ) :at is r\nd him--su* a man may be1 & probably is1 dec5t & respectable2 b ! highe/ is n 9 him1 & ! highe/ w n come out ( him4 ,judg+ m]ely by outw>d ph5om5a--judg+ m]ely by :at we call reason--y _c prove t !re is any moral gov]nm5t 9 ! _w at all1 except :at m51 = _! own conv5i5ce1 introduce into x4 ,"r & wrong resolve !mselves into pr9ciples ( utility & social conv5i5ce4 ,enlight5$ selfi%ness prescribes a dec5t rule ( conduct = common purposes2 & virtue1 by a l>ge s*ool ( philosophy1 is completely resolv$ into t4 ,true1 :5 nations g on long on ! selfi% hypo!sis1 !y are apt to f9d at la/ t !y h be5 mi/ak54 ,!y f9d x 9 bankruptcy ( hon\r & "*--9 social wreck & dissolution4 ,all lies 9 s]i\s matt]s end at la/1 z ,c>lyle says1 9 brok5 heads4 ,t is ! f9al issue :i* !y are sure to come to 9 ! long run4 ,! ,mak] ( ! _w does n p]mit a society to cont9ue :i* =gets or d5ies ! nobl] pr9ciples ( action4 ,b ! end is (t5 long 9 com+2 & ^! nobl] pr9ciples are mean:ile n provid$ = u by ! inductive philosophy4 ,patriotism1 = in/ance1 ( :i* we us$ to ?9k some?+--a read9ess to devote our en]gies :ile we live1 to devote our lives1 if no?+ else w s]ve1 to :at we call our c\ntry--:at are we to say ( t8 ,i once ask$ a di/+ui%$ philosoph] :at he ?\ght ( patriotism4 ,he said he ?\ght x 0 a comp\nd ( vanity & sup]/ition2 a bad k9d ( prejudice1 :i* w\ld die out ) ! gr[? ( reason4 ,my fri5d believ$ 9 ! progress ( humanity--he c\ld n n>r[ 8 sympa?ies to s small a ?+ z 8 own c\ntry4 ,i c\ld b say to myself1 ',?ank ,god1 !n1 we are n yet a nation ( philosoph]s4' ,a man :o takes up ) philosophy l t1 may write f9e books1 & review articles & su* l1 b at ! bottom ( him he is a poor caitiff1 & !re is no m to be said ab\t him4 ,s :5 ! air is heavy ) impo/ure1 & m5 live only to make money1 & ! s]vice ( ,god is become a ?+ ( words & c]emonies1 & ! k+dom ( heav5 is b\ght & sold1 & all t is high & pure 9 man is smo!r$ by corruption--fire ( ! same k9d bur/s out 9 high] natures ) a fi]c5ess :i* _c be controll$2 &1 confid5t 9 tru? & "r1 !y call fe>lessly on ! sev5 ?\s& 9 ,israel :o h n b[$ ! knee to ,baal to rise & /& by !m4 ,!y d n ask :e!r ^? :om !y address h wide k ( hi/ory1 or sci5ce1 or philosophy2 !y ask r t !y %all be hone/1 t !y %all be brave1 t !y %all be true to ! common light :i* ,god has giv5 to all ,8 *ildr54 ,!y "k well t consci5ce is no exceptional privilege ( ! great or ! cultivat$1 t to be g5]\s & unselfi% is no pr]ogative ( rank or intellect4 ,erasmus consid]$ t1 = ! vulg>1 a lie might be z good z tru?1 & (t5 bett]4 ,a lie1 asc]ta9$ to be a lie1 to ,lu!r 0 deadly poison--poison to him1 & poison to all :o m$dl$ ) x4 ,9 8 own g5u9e greatness1 he 0 too humble to draw insol5t di/9ctions 9 8 own fav\r2 or to believe t any "o class on e>? is ( m importance ?an ano!r 9 ! eyes ( ! ,great ,mak] ( !m all4 ,well1 !n1 y "k :at ,i mean by fai?1 & :at ,i mean by intellect4 ,x 0 n t ,lu!r 0 )\t intellect4 ,he 0 less subtle1 less le>n$1 ?an ,erasmus2 b 9 "m wit1 9 ela/icity1 9 =ce1 & imag9ative p[]1 he 0 z able a man z ev] liv$4 ,lu!r creat$ ! ,g]man language z an in/rum5t ( lit]ature4 ,8 translation ( ! ,bible is z ri* & gr& z our own1 & 8 table talk z full ( matt] z ,%akespe>e's plays4 ,aga92 y w mi/ake me if y ?9k ,i repres5t ,erasmus z a man )\t consci5ce1 or belief 9 ,god & goodness4 ,b 9 ,lu!r t belief 0 a c]ta9ty2 9 ,erasmus x 0 only a high probability--& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is n m]ely great1 x is inf9ite4 ,9 ,lu!r1 x 0 ! root2 9 ,erasmus1 x 0 ! fl[]4 ,9 ,lu!r1 x 0 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( life2 9 ,erasmus1 x 0 an inf]5ce :i* might be tak5 away1 & yet leave ! _w a v tol]able & habitable place aft] all4 ,y see ! contra/ 9 _! e>ly lives4 ,y see ,erasmus--light1 bright1 s>ca/ic1 fond ( pleasure1 fond ( society1 fond ( w9e & kisses1 & intellectual talk & poli%$ company4 ,y see ,lu!r ?r[+ himself into ! cloi/]1 t he might subdue 8 w to ! w ( ,god2 pro/rate 9 pray]1 9 nights ( agony1 & di/ract+ 8 easy-go+ confessor ) ! exagg]at$ scruples ( 8 consci5ce4 ,y see x 9 ! effects ( _! tea*+4 ,y see ,erasmus address+ himself ) p]suasive eloqu5ce to k+s1 & popes1 & prelates2 & = answ]1 y see ,pope ,leo s5d+ ,tetzel ov] ,g]many ) 8 c>riage-load ( indulg5ces4 ,y see ,erasmus's de>e/ fri5d1 our own gift$ admirable ,sir ,?omas ,m1 tak+ 8 seat beside ! bi%ops & s5d+ poor ,prote/ant artisans to ! /ake4 ,y see ,lu!r1 on ! o!r side1 /&+ out be=e ! _w1 "o lone man1 ) all au?ority aga9/ him--tak+ lies by ! ?roat1 & ,europe ?rill+ at 8 words1 & say+ aft] him1 ',! reign ( ,impo/ure %all end4' ,let u foll[ ! c\rse ( ,erasmus aft] ! tempe/ _h brok54 ,he knew ,lu!r to be "r4 ,lu!r _h b said :at ,erasmus _h be5 all 8 life conv9c$ (1 & ,lu!r look$ to see him come =w>d & take 8 place at 8 side4 ,_h ,erasmus done s1 ! c\rse ( ?+s w\ld h be5 f> happi] & bett]4 ,8 prodigi\s reputation w\ld h giv5 ! ,re=m]s ! influ5ce ) ! educat$ :i* !y _h won = !mselves ) ! multitude1 & ! ,pope w\ld h be5 left )\t a fri5d to ! nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,b !re w\ld h be5 "s dang]--dang] to ! lead]s1 if c]ta9ty ( triumph to ! cause--& ,erasmus _h no gift = m>tyrdom4 ,8 fir/ impulse 0 g5]\s4 ,he enc\rag$ ! elector1 z we h se51 to protect ,lu!r f ! ,pope4 ',i look$ on ,lu!r1' he wrote to ,duke ,george ( ,saxe1 'z a necess>y evil 9 ! corruption ( ! ,*ur*2 a m$ic9e1 bitt] & dra/ic1 f :i* s\nd] heal? w\ld foll[4' ,& aga91 m boldly3 ',lu!r has tak5 up ! cause ( hone/y & good s5se aga9/ abom9ations :i* are no long] tol]able4 ,8 enemies are m5 "u ^: wor?lessness ! ,*ri/ian _w has groan$ too long4' ,s to ! heads ( ! ,*ur* he wrote1 press+ !m to be mod]ate & c>eful3-- ',i nei!r approve ,lu!r nor condemn him1' he said to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce2 'if he is innoc5t1 he ought n to be oppress$ by ! factions ( ! wick$2 if he is 9 error1 he %\ld be answ]$1 n de/roy$4 ,! !ologians'--obs]ve h[ true !y rema9 to ! univ]sal type 9 all times & 9 all c\ntries--'! !ologians d n try to answ] him4 ,!y d b raise an insane & s5seless clam\r1 & %riek & curse4 ,h]esy1 h]etic1 h]esi>*1 s*ismatic1 ,anti*ri/--^! are ! words :i* are 9 ! m\?s ( all ( !m2 &1 ( c\rse1 !y condemn )\t read+4 ,i w>n$ !m :at !y 7 do+4 ,i told !m to scream less1 & to ?9k m4 ,lu!r's life !y admit to be innoc5t & blameless4 ,su* a trag$y ,i nev] saw4 ,! mo/ humane m5 are ?ir/+ = 8 blood1 & !y w\ld r kill him ?an m5d him4 ,! ,dom9icans are ! wor/1 & are m knaves ?an fools4 ,9 old times1 ev5 a h]etic 0 quietly li/5$ to4 ,if he recant$1 he 0 absolv$2 if he p]si/$1 he 0 at wor/ excommunicat$4 ,n[ !y w h no?+ b blood4 ,n to agree ) !m is h]esy4 ,to "k ,greek is h]esy4 ,to speak good ,lat9 is h]esy4 ,:atev] !y d n und]/& is h]esy4 ,le>n+1 !y pret5d1 has giv5 bir? to ,lu!r1 ?\gh ,lu!r has b little ( x4 ,lu!r ?9ks m ( ! ,gospel ?an ( s*ola/ic div9ity1 & t is 8 crime4 ,?is is pla9 at lea/1 t ! be/ m5 ev]y:]e are ^? :o are lea/ (f5d$ ) him4' ,ev5 to ,pope ,leo1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 fury1 ,erasmus wrote bravely2 sep>at+ himself f ,lu!r1 yet deprecat+ viol5ce4 ',no?+1' he said1 'w\ld s recomm5d ! new tea*+ z ! h[l+ ( fools3' :ile to a memb] ( ,*>les's c\ncil he insi/$ t 'sev]ity _h be5 (t5 tri$ 9 su* cases & _h always fail$2 unless ,lu!r 0 enc\nt]$ calmly & reasonably1 a trem5d\s convulsion 0 inevitable4' ,wisely said all ?is1 b x presum$ t ^? :om he 0 address+ 7 reasonable m52 & high (ficials1 t\*$ 9 _! pride1 are a class ( p]sons ( :om ,solomon may h be5 ?9k+ :5 he said1 ',let a be> robb$ ( h] :elps meet a man r ?an a fool 9 8 folly4' ,s to ,lu!r1 s to ! p1 ,erasmus prea*$ mod]ation4 ,x 0 l prea*+ to ! w9ds 9 a hurricane4 ,! typhoon itself is n wild] ?an human creatures :5 once _! passions are /irr$4 ,y _c *eck !m2 b1 if y are brave1 y c guide !m wisely4 ,& ?is1 ,erasmus _h n ! he>t to d4 ,he said at ! beg9n+1 ',i w n c\nt5ance revolt aga9/ au?ority4 ,a bad gov]nm5t is bett] ?an none4' ,b he said at ! same "t1 ',y bi%ops1 cease to be corrupt3 y popes & c>d9als1 re=m y\r wick$ c\rts3 y monks1 leave y\r sc&al\s lives1 & obey ! rules ( y\r ord]1 s y may recov] ! respect ( mank9d1 & be obey$ & lov$ z be=e4' ,:5 he f\nd t ! case 0 desp]ate2 t 8 exhortations 7 b words address$ to ! w9ds2 t corruption _h ta9t$ ! blood2 t !re 0 no hope except 9 revolution--z1 inde$1 9 8 he>t he knew f ! fir/ t !re 0 none--!n 8 place ought to h be5 ) ,lu!r4 ,b ,erasmus1 z ! tempe/ rose1 c\ld b /& /ill 9 feeble unc]ta9ty4 ,! responsibilities ( 8 reputation weigh$ him d[n4 ,! ,lu!rans said1 ',y believe z we d4' ,! ,ca?olics said1 ',y are a ,lu!ran at he>t2 if y are n1 prove x by attack+ ,lu!r4' ,he grew impati5t4 ,he told lies4 ,he said he _h n read ,lu!r's books1 & _h no "t to read !m4 ,:at 0 he1 he said1 t he %\ld m$dle 9 su* a qu>rel4 ,he 0 ! v9e & ! fig tree ( ! ,book ( ,judges4 ,! trees said to !m1 ,rule ov] u4 ,! v9e & ! fig tree answ]$1 !y w\ld n leave _! sweetness = su* a ?ankless (fice4 ',i am a poor actor1' he said2 ',i pref] to be a spectator ( ! play4' ,b he 0 sore at he>t1 & bitt] ) disappo9tm5t4 ,all _h be5 go+ on s smoo?ly--lit]ature 0 reviv+1 art & sci5ce 7 spread+1 ! m9d ( ! _w 0 be+ re=m$ 9 ! be/ s5se by ! classics ( ,greece & ,rome1 & n[ an apple ( discord _h be5 flung out into ,europe4 ,! monks :o _h f\ght aga9/ enlight5m5t c\ld po9t to ! confusion z a fulfilm5t ( _! prophecies2 & he1 & all t he _h done1 0 br\ght to disrepute4 ,to protect himself f ! ,dom9icans1 he 0 =c$ to pret5d to an or?odoxy :i* he did n possess4 ,7 all true :i* ,lu!r _h writt51 he pret5d$ t x ought n to h be5 said1 or %\ld h be5 address$ 9 a le>n$ language to ! ref9$ & educat$4 ,he d\bt$ :e!r x 0 n bett] on ! :ole to tea* ! p lies = _! good1 :5 tru? 0 beyond _! compreh5sion4 ,yet he c\ld n = all t wi% ! ,*ur* to be successful4 ',i fe> = t mis]able ,lu!r1' he said2 '! popes & pr9ces are furi\s ) him4 ,8 own de/ruction w\ld be no great matt]1 b if ! monks triumph !re w be no be>+ !m4 ,!y w nev] re/ till !y h root$ le>n+ out ( ! l&4 ,! ,pope expects me to write aga9/ ,lu!r4 ,! or?odox1 x appe>s1 c call him names--call him blockhead1 fool1 h]etic1 toad/ool1 s*ismatic1 & ,anti*ri/--b !y mu/ come to me to answ] 8 argum5ts4' ',oh6 t ?is _h nev] be51' he wrote to our own ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham4 ',n[ !re is no hope = any good4 ,x is all ov] ) quiet le>n+1 ?\ght1 piety1 & progress2 viol5ce is on "o side & folly on ! o!r2 & !y accuse me ( hav+ caus$ x all4 ,if ,i jo9$ ,lu!r ,i c\ld only p]i% ) him1 & ,i d n mean to run my neck into a halt]4 ,popes & emp]ors mu/ decide matt]s4 ,i w accept :at is good1 & d z ,i c ) ! re/4 ,peace on any t]ms is bett] ?an ! ju/e/ w>4' ,erasmus nev] /oop$ to real bas5ess4 ,he 0 too clev]1 too g5u9e--he _h too great a contempt = worldly greatness4 ,!y (f]$ him a bi%opric if he w\ld attack ,lu!r4 ,he only laugh$ at !m4 ,:at 0 a bi%opric to him8 ,he pref]r$ a quiet life among 8 books at ,l\va9e4 ,b !re 0 no m quiet = ,erasmus at ,l\va9e or any:]e4 ,"h is a sc5e betwe5 him & ! ,prior ( ! ,dom9icans 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! ,dom9ican _h prea*$ at ,erasmus 9 ! ,univ]sity pulpit4 ,erasmus compla9$ to ! rector1 & ! rector invit$ ! ,dom9ican to def5d himself4 ,erasmus tells ! /ory4 ',i sate on "o side & ! monk on ! o!r1 ! rector betwe5 u to prev5t our scrat*+4 ',! monk ask$ :at ! matt] 01 & said he _h done no h>m4 ',i said he _h told lies ( me1 & t 0 h>m4 ',x 0 aft] d9n]4 ,! holy man 0 flu%$4 ,he turn$ purple4 ',:y d y abuse monks 9 y\r books8 he said4 ',i spoke ( y\r ord]1 ,i answ]$4 ,i did n m5tion y4 ,y d5\nc$ me by "n z a fri5d ( ,lu!r4 ',he rag$ l a madman4 ,y are ! cause ( all ?is tr\ble1 he said2 y are a *ameleon1 y c twi/ ev]y?+4 ',y see :at a fell[ he is1 said ,i1 turn+ to ! rector4 ,if x comes to call+ names1 :y ,i c d t too2 b let u be reasonable4 ',he /ill ro>$ & curs$2 he v[$ he w\ld nev] re/ till he _h de/roy$ ,lu!r4 ',i said he might curse ,lu!r till he bur/ himself if he pleas$4 ,i compla9$ ( 8 curs+ me4 ',he answ]$1 t if ,i did n agree ) ,lu!r1 ,i ought to say s1 & write aga9/ him4 ',:y %\ld ,i8 urg$ ,i4 ,! qu>rel is none ( m9e4 ,:y %\ld ,i irritate ,lu!r aga9/ me1 :5 he has horns & kn[s h[ to use !m8 ',well1 !n1 said he1 if y w n write1 at lea/ y c say t we ,dom9icans h _h ! be/ ( ! argum5t4 ',h[ c ,i d t8 repli$ ,i4 ,y h burnt 8 books1 b ,i nev] he>d t y _h answ]$ !m4 ',he almo/ spat ^u me4 ,i und]/& t !re is to be a =m ( pray] = ! conv]sion ( ,erasmus & ,lu!r4' ,b ,erasmus 0 n to escape s easily4 ,adrian ! ,six?1 :o succe$$ ,leo1 0 8 old s*oolfell[1 & implor$ 8 assi/ance 9 t]ms :i* made refusal impossible4 ,adrian want$ ,erasmus to come to him to ,rome4 ,he 0 too w>y to walk into ! wolf's d54 ,b ,adrian requir$ him to write1 & reluctantly he felt t he mu/ comply4 ,:at 0 he to say8 ',if 8 ,hol9ess w set ab\t re=m 9 good e>ne/1' he wrote to ! ,pope's secret>y1 '& if he w n be too h>d on ,lu!r1 ,i may1 p]haps1 d good2 b :at ,lu!r writes ( ! tyranny1 ! corruption1 ! covet\sness ( ! ,roman c\rt1 w\ld1 my fri5d1 t x 0 n true4' ,to ,adrian himself1 ,erasmus address$ a lett] really rem>kable4 ',i _c g to y\r ,hol9ess1' he said1 ',k+ ,calculus w n let me4 ,i h dreadful heal?1 :i* ?is tornado has n improv$4 ,i1 :o 0 ! fav\rite ( ev]ybody1 am n[ curs$ by ev]ybody--at ,l\va9e by ! monks2 9 ,g]many by ! ,lu!rans4 ,i h fall5 into tr\ble 9 my old age1 l a m\se into a pot ( pit*4 ,y say1 ,come to ,rome2 y might z well say to ! crab1 ,fly4 ,! crab says1 ,give me w+s2 ,i say1 ,give me back my heal? & my y\?4 ,if ,i write calmly aga9/ ,lu!r ,i %all be call$ lukew>m2 if ,i write z he does1 ,i %all /ir a hornet's ne/4 ,p ?9k he c be put d[n by =ce4 ,! m =ce y try1 ! /rong] he w gr[4 ,su* disord]s _c be cur$ 9 t way4 ,! ,wickliffites 9 ,engl& 7 put d[n1 b ! fire sm\ld]$4 ',if y mean to use viol5ce y h no ne$ ( me2 b m>k ?is--if monks & !ologians ?9k only ( !mselves1 no good w come ( x4 ,look r into ! causes ( all ?is confusion1 & apply y\r rem$ies !re4 ,s5d = ! be/ & wise/ m5 f all p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom & take _! advice4' ,tell a crab to fly4 ,tell a pope to be reasonable4 ,y mu/ relieve him ( 8 infallibility if y want him to act l a s5sible man4 ,adrian c\ld und]take no re=ms1 & /ill bes\ght ,erasmus to take arms = him4 ,erasmus det]m9$ to gratify ,adrian ) lea/ dang] to himself & lea/ injury to ,lu!r4 ',i rememb] ,uzzah1 & am afraid1' he said1 9 8 quizz+ way2 'x is n ev]yone :o is all[$ to uphold ! ark4 ,_m a wise man has attack$ ,lu!r1 & :at has be5 effect$8 ,! ,pope curses1 ! emp]or ?reat5s2 !re are prisons1 confiscations1 faggots2 & all is va94 ,:at c a poor pigmy l me d8 99 99 99 99 99 ',! _w has be5 besott$ ) c]emonies4 ,mis]able monks h rul$ all1 entangl+ m5's consci5ces = _! own b5efit4 ,dogma has be5 heap$ on dogma4 ,! bi%ops h be5 tyrants1 ! ,pope's commiss>ies h be5 rascals4 ,lu!r has be5 an in/rum5t ( ,god's displeasure1 l ,ph>aoh or ,nebu*adnezz>1 or ! ,cs>s1 & ,i %all n attack him on su* gr\nds z ^!4' ,erasmus 0 too acute to def5d aga9/ ,lu!r ! weak po9t ( a bad cause4 ,he w\ld n decl>e = him--b he w\ld n g ov] to 8 enemies4 ,yet1 unless he qu>rell$ ) ,adrian1 he c\ld n be absolutely sil5t2 s he *ose a subject to write ^u on :i* all s*ools ( !ology1 ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant--all philosoph]s1 all ?9k]s ( :atev] k9d1 h be5 divid$ f ! beg9n+ ( "t3 fate & free w1 pr$e/9ation & ! lib]ty ( man--a problem :i* has no solution--:i* may be argu$ ev5 f et]nity to et]nity4 ,! reason ( ! selection 0 obvi\s4 ,erasmus wi%$ to please ! ,pope & n exasp]ate ,lu!r4 ,( c\rse he pleas$ nei!r1 & (f5d$ bo?4 ,lu!r1 :o did n compreh5d 8 motive1 0 ne$lessly angry4 ,adrian & ! monks 7 op5ly contemptu\s4 ,sick ( !m & _! qu>rels1 he grew we>y ( ! _w1 & began to wi% to be well out ( x4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,erasmus t1 l _m highly-gift$ m51 b unlike all !ologians1 he express$ a hope = sudd5 dea?1 & decl>$ x to be "o ( ! greate/ bless+s :i* a human creature c receive4 ,d n suppose t he broke d[n or %[$ ! :ite fea!r to =tune's buffets4 ,?r\gh all /orms he /uck bravely to 8 own prop] "w2 edit+ classics1 edit+ ! ,fa!rs1 writ+ p>aphrases--/ill do+ = ,europe :at no o!r man c\ld h done4 ,! ,dom9icans hunt$ him away f ,l\va9e4 ,!re 0 no liv+ = him 9 ,g]many = ! ,prote/ants4 ,he suff]$ dreadfully f ! /one1 too1 & 9 all ways _h a cruel "t ( x4 ,yet he cont9u$1 = all t1 to make life endurable4 ,he mov$ ab\t 9 ,switz]l& & on ! ,upp] ,rh9e4 ,! lakes1 ! m\nta9s1 ! wat]falls1 ! villas on ! hill slopes1 delight$ ,erasmus :5 few p else c>$ = su* ?+s4 ,he 0 p>ticul> ab\t 8 w9e4 ,! v9tage ( ,burgundy 0 z new blood 9 8 ve9s1 & quick5$ 8 p5 into brightness & life4 ,! ,g]man w9es he lik$ worse--= ?is po9t among o!rs1 :i* is curi\s to obs]ve 9 ^? days4 ,! great capitali/ w9egr[]s1 anti-,re=m]s all ( !m1 7 p )\t consci5ce & humanity1 & adult]at$ _! liquors4 ,( c\rse !y did4 ,!y believ$ 9 no?+ b money1 & ?is 0 ! way to make money4 ',! wat] !y mix ) ! w9e1' ,erasmus says1 'is ! lea/ "p ( ! mis*ief4 ,!y put 9 lime1 & alum1 & res91 & sulphur1 & salt--& !n !y say x is good en\gh = h]etics4' ,obs]ve ! practical issue ( religi\s corruption4 ,%[ me a p :]e trade is di%one/1 & ,i w %[ y a p :]e religion is a %am4 ',we hang m5 t /eal money1' ,erasmus exclaim$1 writ+ d\btless ) ! remembrance ( a /oma*-a*e4 ',^! wret*es /eal our money & our lives too1 & get (f scot free4' ,he settl$ at la/ at ,basle1 :i* ! /orm _h n yet rea*$1 & tri$ to bury himself among 8 books4 ,! %rieks ( ! conflict1 h[ev]1 /ill tr\bl$ 8 e>s4 ,he he>d 8 own "n /ill curs$1 & he c\ld n be> x or sit quiet "u x4 ,8 correspond5ce 0 /ill enorm\s4 ,! high p[]s /ill appeal$ to him = advice & help3 ( op5 m$dl+ he w\ld h no m2 he did n c>e1 he said1 to make a po/ ( himself = e dog ( a !ologian to defile4 ,advice1 h[ev]1 he cont9u$ to give 9 ! old /yle4 ',put d[n ! prea*]s on bo? sides4 ,fill ! pulpits ) m5 :o w kick controv]sy into ! k5nel1 & prea* piety & good mann]s4 ,tea* no?+ 9 ! s*ools b :at be>s ^u life & duty4 ,puni% ^? :o break ! peace1 & puni% no "o else2 & :5 ! new op9ions h tak5 root1 all[ lib]ty ( consci5ce4' ,p]fection ( wisdom2 b a wisdom :i*1 un=tunately1 0 ?ree c5turies at lea/ out ( date1 :i* ev5 n[ we h n gr[n big en\gh to pr(it by4 ,! ,ca?olic pr9ces & bi%ops 7 at "w ) fire & faggot4 ,! ,prote/ants 7 pull+ d[n mona/]ies1 & turn+ ! monks & nuns out into ! _w4 ,! ,ca?olics decl>$ t ,erasmus 0 z mu* to blame z ,lu!r4 ,! ,prote/ants held him responsible = ! p]secutions1 & insi/$1 n )\t reason1 t if ,erasmus _h be5 true to 8 consci5ce1 ! :ole ,ca?olic _w mu/ h accept$ ! ,re=mation4 ,he suff]$ bitt]ly "u ^! attacks ^u him4 ,he lov$ quiet--& 8 e>s 7 deaf5$ ) clam\r4 ,he lik$ popul>ity--& he 0 ! be/ abus$ p]son 9 ,europe4 ,o!rs :o suff]$ 9 ! same way he c\ld advise to leave ! black-coat$ jackdaws to _! noise--b he c\ld n foll[ 8 own c\nsel4 ,:5 ! curs 7 at 8 heels1 he c\ld n re/ra9 himself f la%+ out at !m2 &1 f 8 retreat at ,basle1 8 s>casms fla%$ out l jagg$ po9ts ( lightn+4 ,describ+ an emeute1 & ! burn+ ( an image ( a sa9t1 ',!y insult$ ! poor image s1' he said1 'x is a m>vel !re 0 no miracle4 ,! sa9t work$ s _m 9 ! good old times4' ,:5 ,lu!r m>ri$ an escap$ nun1 ! ,ca?olics exclaim$ t ,anti*ri/ w\ld be born f su* an ince/u\s int]c\rse4 ',nay1' ,erasmus said1 'if monk & nun produce ,anti*ri/1 !re mu/ h be5 legions ( ,anti*ri/s ^! _m ye>s4' ,m ?an once he 0 tempt$ to g ov] op5ly to ,lu!r--n f a noble motive1 b1 z he confess$1 'to make ^? furies feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & !m4' ,he 0 pa/ sixty1 ) brok5 heal? & fail+ /r5g?4 ,he ?\ght ( go+ back to ,engl&1 b ,engl& _h by ?is "t caught fire1 & ,basle _h caught fire4 ,!re 0 no peace on e>?4 ',! horse has 8 heels1' he said1 :5 advis$ to be quiet1 '! dog 8 tee?1 ! h$gehog 8 sp9es1 ! bee 8 /+4 ,i myself h my tongue & my p51 & :y %\ld ,i n use !m8' ,yet to use !m to any purpose n[1 he mu/ take a side1 &1 sorely tempt$ z he 01 he c\ld n4 ,) ! negative "p ( ! ,prote/ant cre$ he sympa?is$ he>tily2 b he did n und]/& ,lu!r's doctr9e ( fai?1 because he _h none ( 8 own1 & he dislik$ x z a new dogma4 ,he reg>d$ ,lu!r's movem5t z an outbur/ ( commonplace revolution1 caus$ by ! folly & wick$ness ( ! au?orities1 b ) no organis+ vitality 9 itself2 & 8 *ief di/ress1 z we ga!r f 8 lat] lett]s1 0 at 8 own treatm5t4 ,he _h done 8 be/ = bo? sides4 ,he _h fail$1 & 0 abus$ by ev]ybody4 ,?us pass$ away ! la/ ye>s ( "o ( ! mo/ gift$ m5 t ,europe has ev] se54 ,i h quot$ _m ( 8 lett]s4 ,i w add "o m passage1 writt5 ne> ! end ( 8 life1 v t\*+ & pa!tic3-- ',h]cules1' he said1 'c\ld n fight two mon/]s at once2 :ile ,i1 poor wret*1 h lions1 c]b]uses1 canc]s1 scorpions e day at my sword's po9t2 n to m5tion small] v]m9--rats1 mosquitoes1 bugs1 & fleas4 ,my troops ( fri5ds are turn$ to enemies4 ,at d9n]-tables or social ga!r+s1 9 *ur*es & k+'s c\rts1 9 public c>riage or public flyboat1 sc&al pursues me1 & calumny defiles my "n4 ,e goose n[ hisses at ,erasmus2 & x is worse ?an be+ /on$1 once = all1 l ,/eph51 or %ot ) arr[s l ,seba/ian4 ',!y attack me n[ ev5 = my ,lat9 /yle1 & spatt] me ) epigrams4 ,fame ,i w\ld h p>t$ )2 b to be ! sport ( blackgu>ds--to be pelt$ ) pot%]ds & dirt & ordure--is n ?is worse ?an dea?8 ',!re is no re/ = me 9 my age1 unless ,i jo9 ,lu!r2 & ,i _c1 = ,i _c accept 8 doctr9es4 ,sometimes ,i am /ung ) a desire to av5ge my wrongs2 b ,i say to myself1 ,w y1 to gratify y\r sple51 raise y\r h& aga9/ y\r "m ! ,*ur*1 :o begot y at ! font & f$ y ) ! ^w ( ,god8 ,i _c d x4 ,yet ,i und]/& n[ h[ ,arius1 & ,t]tullian1 & ,wickliff 7 driv5 into s*ism4 ,! !ologians say ,i am _! enemy4 ,:y8 ,because ,i bade monks rememb] _! v[s2 because ,i told p>sons to leave _! wrangl+s & read ! ,bible2 because ,i told popes & c>d9als to look at ! ,apo/les1 & make !mselves m l to !m4 ,if ?is is to be _! enemy1 !n inde$ ,i h injur$ !m4' ,?is 0 almo/ ! la/4 ,! /one1 advanc+ ye>s1 & incessant toil _h worn him to a %r$4 ,! cl\ds grew black]4 ,news came f ,engl& t 8 de> fri5ds ,m & ,fi%] _h di$ ^u ! scaffold4 ,he _h long ceas$ to c>e = life2 & dea?1 almo/ z sudd5 z he _h long$ =1 gave him peace at la/4 ,s end$ ,desid]ius ,erasmus1 ! _w's idol = s _m ye>s2 & dy+ heap$ ) undes]v$ b too intelligible ana!mas1 see+ all t he _h lab\r$ = swept away by ! :irlw9d4 ,d n let me lead y to und]value him4 ,)\t ,erasmus1 ,lu!r w\ld h be5 impossible2 & ,erasmus really succe$$--s mu* ( him z des]v$ to succe$--9 ,lu!r's victory4 ,he 0 brilliantly gift$4 ,8 indu/ry nev] tir$4 ,8 intellect 0 true to itself2 & no worldly motives ev] tempt$ him into ins9c]ity4 ,he 0 ev5 f> brav] ?an he pr(ess$ to be4 ,_h he be5 br\ght to ! trial1 he w\ld h borne x bett] ?an _m a man :o boa/$ l\d] ( 8 c\rage4 ,& yet1 9 8 special s*eme = remodell+ ! m9d ( ,europe1 he fail$ hopelessly--almo/ absurdly4 ,he believ$1 himself1 t 8 "w 0 spoilt by ! ,re=mation2 b1 9 fact1 "u no conditions c\ld any m h come ( x4 ,lit]ature & cultivation w fe$ life :5 life exi/s already2 & tol]ation & latitud9>ianism are well en\gh :5 m9d & consci5ce are awake & en]getic ( !mselves4 ,:5 !re is no spiritual life at all2 :5 m5 live only = !mselves & = s5sual pleasure2 :5 religion is sup]/ition1 & consci5ce a "n1 & ,god an idol half fe>$ & half despis$--!n1 = ! re/oration ( ! high] nature 9 man1 qualities are ne$$ diff]5t 9 k9d f any :i* ,erasmus possess$4 ,& n[ to g back to ,lu!r4 ,i _c tell y all t ,lu!r did2 x w\ld be to tell y all ! /ory ( ! ,g]man ,re=mation4 ,i want y r to consid] ! k9d ( man t ,lu!r 01 & to see 9 8 "* h[ he came to a*ieve :at he did4 ,y rememb] t ! ,elector ( ,saxony1 aft] ! ,diet ( ,worms1 s5t him to ! ,ca/le ( ,w>tburg1 to prev5t him f be+ murd]$ or kidnapp$4 ,he rema9$ !re _m mon?s2 & dur+ t "t ! old ecclesia/ical in/itutions ( ,g]many 7 burn+ l a ,nor? ,am]ican =e/4 ,! mona/]ies 7 brok5 up2 ! e/ates 7 appropriat$ by ! nobles2 ! monks 7 s5t w&]+ into ! _w4 ,! bi%ops look$ helplessly on :ile _! anci5t spiritual dom9ion 0 torn to pieces & trodd5 "u foot4 ,! ,elector ( ,saxony1 ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse1 & sev]al m ( ! pr9ces1 decl>$ = ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,prote/ants _h a majority 9 ! ,diet1 & controll$ ! =ce ( ! empire4 ,*>les ! ,fif?1 busy ) 8 ,fr5* w>s1 & 9 want ( money1 d>$ n press que/ions to a crisis :i* he _h n p[] to cope )2 & he 0 oblig$ = a "t to recognise :at he c\ld n prev5t4 ,y w\ld h ?\ght ,lu!r w\ld h be5 well pleas$ to see ! se$ :i* he _h s[n be> fruit s rapidly2 yet x 0 exactly :ile all ?is 0 go+ on t he exp]i5c$ ^? temptations ( ! devil ( :i* he has left s wond]ful an acc\nt4 ,we %all h our own op9ions on ! nature ( ^! app>itions4 ,b ,lu!r1 x is q c]ta91 believ$ t ,satan himself attack$ him 9 p]son4 ,satan1 he tells u1 came (t5 to him1 & said1 ',see :at y h done4 ,behold ?is anci5t ,*ur*--?is "m ( sa9ts--pollut$ & defil$ by brutal viol5ce4 ,& x is y--y1 a poor ignorant monk1 t h set ! p on to _! unholy "w4 ,are y s mu* wis] ?an ! sa9ts :o approv$ ! ?+s :i* y h d5\nc$8 ,popes1 bi%ops1 cl]gy1 k+s1 emp]ors--are none ( ^!--are n all ^! toge!r--wis] ?an ,m>t9 ,lu!r ! monk8' ,! devil1 he says1 caus$ him great agony by ^! sugge/ions4 ,he fell into deep fits ( d\bt & humiliation & despond5cy4 ,& :]ev] ^! ?\ghts came f1 we c only say t !y 7 v natural ?\ghts--natural & "r4 ,he call$ !m temptations2 yet ^! 7 temptations :i* w\ld n h occurr$ to any b a high-m9d$ man4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 done only :at duty _h =c$ him to d4 ,8 bus9ess 0 to tru/ to ,god1 :o _h begun ! "w & knew :at ,he meant to make ( x4 ,8 d\bts & misgiv+s1 !re=e1 he ascrib$ to ,satan1 & 8 enorm\s imag9ative vig\r gave body to ! voice :i* 0 speak+ 9 him4 ,he tells _m humor\s /ories--n always producible--( ! means ) :i* he enc\nt]$ 8 (f5sive visitor4 ',! devil1' he says1 'is v pr\d1 & :at he lea/ likes is to be laugh$ at4' ,"o night he 0 di/urb$ by some?+ rattl+ 9 8 room2 ! mod]n unbeliev] w suppose x 0 a m\se4 ,he got up1 lit a c&le1 se>*$ ! ap>tm5t ?r\gh1 & c\ld f9d no?+--! ,evil ,"o 0 indisputably !re4 ',oh6' he said1 'x is y1 is x8' ,he return$ to b$1 & w5t to sleep4 ,?9k z y please ab\t ! cause ( ! noise1 b rememb] t ,lu!r _h n ! lea/ d\bt t he 0 alone 9 ! room ) ! actual devil1 :o1 if he c\ld n ov]come 8 s\l1 c\ld at lea/ twi/ 8 neck 9 a mom5t--& !n ?9k :at c\rage !re mu/ h be5 9 a man :o c\ld delib]ately sleep 9 su* a pres5ce6 ,dur+ 8 retirem5t he translat$ ! ,bible4 ,! confusion at la/ became s desp]ate t he c\ld no long] be sp>$2 &1 believ+ t he 0 c]ta9 to be de/roy$1 he left ,w>tburg & return$ to ,witt5b]g4 ,dea? 0 always be=e him z supremely imm95t4 ,he us$ to say t x w\ld be a great disgrace to ! ,pope if he di$ 9 8 b$4 ,he 0 want$ once at ,leipsic4 ,8 fri5ds said if he w5t !re ,duke ,george w\ld kill him4 ',duke ,george6' he said2 ',i w\ld g to ,leipsic if x ra9$ ,duke ,georges = n9e days6' ,no su* cataclysm ( ,duke ,georges happily took place4 ,! s+le "o !re 0 w\ld h gladly be5 mis*iev\s if he c\ld2 b ,lu!r outliv$ him--liv$ = tw5ty-f\r ye>s aft] ?is1 9 cont9u$ toil1 re-%ap+ ! ,g]man ,*ur*1 & giv+ =m to its new doctr9e4 ,sac]dotalism1 prop]ly s call$1 0 utt]ly aboli%$4 ,! corruptions ( ! ,*ur* _h all gr[n out ( "o root--! notion t ! ,*ri/ian prie/hood possesses my/ical p[]1 conf]r$ ?r\gh episcopal ord9ation4 ,religion1 z ,lu!r conceiv$ x1 did n consi/ 9 c]ta9 ?+s done to & = a man by a s-call$ prie/4 ,x 0 ! devotion ( ea* individual s\l to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,masses 7 no?+1 & absolution 0 no?+2 & a cl]gyman diff]$ only f a layman 9 be+ set ap>t = ! especial duties ( tea*+ & prea*+4 ,i am n conc]n$ to def5d ,lu!r's view 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is a matt] ( fact only1 t 9 gett+ rid ( episcopal ord9ation1 he dri$ up ! f\nta9 f :i* ! me*anical & idolatr\s conceptions ( religion _h sprung2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! religi\s life ( ,g]many has exp&$ ) ! progress ( k1 :ile prie/hoods ev]y:]e cl+ to ! =mulas ( ! pa/1 9 :i* !y live1 & move1 & h _! be+4 ,en\gh ( ?is4 ,! peculi> doctr9e :i* has pass$ into ,europe "u ,lu!r's "n is kn[n z ,ju/ification by ,fai?4 ,b&i$ ab\t z a wat*word ( p>ty1 x has by ?is "t h>d5$ into a =mula1 & has become b>r5 z ! soil ( a trodd5 footpa?4 ,z orig9ally proclaim$ by ,lu!r1 x conta9$ ! deepe/ ( moral tru?s4 ,x express$ :at 01 & is1 & mu/ be1 9 "o language or ano!r1 to ! end ( "t1 ! conviction ( e g5]\s-m9d$ man4 ,! s]vice ( ,god1 z ,lu!r le>nt x f ! monks1 0 a ?+ ( des]t & rew>d4 ,s _m good works done1 s mu* to ! "r page 9 ! great book2 :]e ! /ock prov$ insuffici5t1 !re 0 ! res]ve fund ( ! m]its ( ! sa9ts1 :i* ! ,*ur* disp5s$ = money to ^? :o ne$$4 ',m]it6' ,lu!r ?\ght4 ',:at m]it c !re be 9 su* a poor caitiff z man8 ,! bett] a man is--! m cle>ly he sees h[ little he is good =1 ! great] mock]y x seems to attribute to him ! notion ( hav+ des]v$ rew>d4' ',mis]able creatures t we are6' he said2 'we e>n our bread 9 s94 ,till we are sev5 ye>s old1 we d no?+ b eat & dr9k & sleep & play2 f sev5 to tw5ty-"o we /udy f\r h\rs a day1 ! re/ ( x we run ab\t & amuse ourselves2 !n we "w till fifty1 & !n we gr[ aga9 to be *ildr54 ,we sleep half our lives2 we give ,god a t5? ( our "t3 & yet we ?9k t ) our good works we c m]it heav54 ,:at h ,i be5 do+ to-day8 ,i h talk$ = two h\rs2 ,i h be5 at meals ?ree h\rs2 ,i h be5 idle f\r h\rs6 ,ah1 ent] n into judgm5t ) ?y s]vant1 ,o ,"l6' ,a p]petual /ruggle4 ,= ev] to be fall+1 yet to rise aga9 & /umble =w>d ) eyes turn$ to heav5--?is 0 ! be/ :i* w\ld ev] come ( man4 ,x 0 accept$ 9 its imp]fection by ! inf9ite grace ( ,god1 :o pities mortal weakness1 & accepts ! int5tion = ! de$--:o1 :5 !re is a s9c]e desire to s]ve ,him1 ov]looks ! %ortcom+s ( infirmity4 ,d y say su* tea*+ leads to disreg>d ( duty8 ,all doctr9es1 :5 petrifi$ into =mulas1 lead to t4 ,b1 z ,lu!r said1 ':]e real fai? is1 a good life foll[s1 z light foll[s ! sun2 fa9t & cl\d$1 yet ev] /ruggl+ to break ?r\gh ! mi/ :i* envelopes x1 & welcom+ ! r\ghe/ discipl9e :i* t5ds to cle> & raise x4 ',! b>ley1' he says1 9 a homely b effective image--'! b>ley :i* we brew1 ! flax ( :i* we weave our g>m5ts1 mu/ be bruis$ & torn ere !y come to ! use = :i* !y are gr[n4 ,s mu/ ,*ri/ians suff]4 ,! natural creature mu/ be comb$ & ?re%$4 ,! old ,adam mu/ die1 = ! high] life to beg94 ,if man is to rise to nobl5ess1 he mu/ fir/ be sla94' ,9 mod]n language1 ! poet ,goe! tells u ! same tru?4 ',! natural man1' he says1 'is l ! ore out ( ! iron m9e4 ,x is smelt$ 9 ! furnace2 x is =g$ into b>s ^u ! anvil4 ,a new nature is at la/ =c$ ^u x1 & x is made /eel4' ,x 0 ?is doctr9e--x 0 ?is tru? r 7! ^w doctr9e rem9ds "o ( quack m$ic9es7--:i*1 quick5+ 9 ,lu!r's m9d1 gave ,europe its new life4 ,x 0 ! flame :i*1 beg9n+ ) a small sp>k1 k9dl$ ! he>?-fires 9 e ,g]man h\sehold4 ,lu!r's own life 0 a model ( quiet simplicity4 ,he rema9$ poor4 ,he might h _h money if he _h wi%$2 b he *ose r1 amid/ 8 enorm\s lab\r1 to "w at a turn+-la! = 8 livelihood4 ,he 0 sociable1 *e]ful1 fond ( innoc5t amusem5ts1 & delight$ to enc\rage !m4 ,8 table-talk1 collect$ by 8 fri5ds1 makes "o ( ! mo/ brilliant books 9 ! _w4 ,he _h no monki% !ories ab\t ! necessity ( ab/95ce2 b he 0 temp]ate f habit & pr9ciple4 ,a salt h]r+ & a hun* ( bread 0 8 ord9>y meal2 & he 0 once f\r days )\t food ( any sort1 hav+ empti$ 8 l>d] among ! poor4 ,all k9ds ( p ?ru/ !mselves on ,lu!r = help4 ,flights ( nuns f ! dissolv$ conv5ts came to him to provide = !m--nak$1 %iv]+ creatures1 ) sc>ce a rag to cov] !m4 ,eight flor9s 7 want$ once to provide clo!s = "s ( !m4 ',eight flor9s6' he said2 '& :]e am ,i to get eight flor9s8' ,great p _h made him pres5ts ( plate3 x all w5t to m>ket to be turn$ into clo!s & food = ! wret*$4 ,melanc?on says t1 unless provok$1 he 0 usually v g5tle & tol]ant4 ,he recognis$1 & 0 almo/ alone 9 recognis+1 ! necessity ( grant+ lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,no "o hat$ ,pop]y m ?an he did1 yet he said3-- ',! ,papi/s mu/ be> ) u1 & we ) !m4 ,if !y w n foll[ u1 we h no "r to =ce !m4 ,:]ev] !y c1 !y w hang1 burn1 behead1 & /rangle u4 ,i %all be p]secut$ z long z ,i live1 & mo/ likely kill$4 ,b x mu/ come to ?is at la/--e man mu/ be all[$ to believe accord+ to 8 consci5ce1 & answ] = 8 belief to 8 ,mak]4' ,erasmus said ( ,lu!r t !re 7 two natures 9 him3 sometimes he wrote l an apo/le--sometimes l a rav+ ribald4 ,d\btless1 ,lu!r c\ld be impolite on occasions4 ,:5 he 0 angry1 invectives ru%$ f him l b\ld] rocks d[n a m\nta9 torr5t 9 flood4 ,we ne$ n admire all t2 9 quiet times x is h>d to und]/& x4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a specim54 ,our ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 :o began life z a highly or?odox sov]eign1 broke a lance ) ,lu!r = ! ,papacy4 ,lu!r did n cr$it ,h5ry ) a composition :i* 0 probably 8 own aft] all4 ,he ?\ght ! k+ 0 put =w>d by "s ( ! ,engli% bi%ops--',?omi/s' he calls !m1 z m5 :o look$ = ! beg9n+ & end ( wisdom to ! writ+s ( ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ',c\rage1' he exclaim$ to !m1 'sw9e t y are6 burn me !n1 if y c & d>e4 ,"h ,i am2 d y\r wor/ ^u me4 ,scatt] my a%es to all ! w9ds--spread !m ?r\gh all seas4 ,my _s %all pursue y /ill4 ,liv+1 ,i am ! foe ( ! ,papacy2 & dead1 ,i w be its foe twice ov]4 ,hogs ( ,?omi/s6 ,lu!r %all be ! be> 9 y\r way--! lion 9 y\r pa?4 ,g :]e y w1 ,lu!r %all cross y4 ,lu!r %all leave y nei!r peace nor re/ till he has cru%$ 9 y\r br[s ( brass & da%$ out y\r iron bra9s4' ,/rong expressions2 b ! times 7 n g5tle4 ,! prelates :om he suppos$ himself to be address+ 7 ! m5 :o fill$ our ,smi?field ) ! reek ( burn+ human fle%4 ,m5 ( ,lu!r's /ature are l ! viol5t =ces ( ,nature h]self--t]rible :5 r\s$1 & 9 repose1 maje/ic & beautiful4 ,( vanity he _h n a trace4 ',d n call y\rselves ,lu!rans1' he said2 'call y\rselves ,*ri/ians4 ,:o & :at is ,lu!r8 ,has ,lu!r be5 crucifi$ = ! _w8' ,i m5tion$ 8 love ( music4 ,8 songs & hymns 7 ! expression ( ! v inmo/ he>t ( ! ,g]man p4 ',music' he call$ '! gr&e/ & sweete/ gift ( ,god to man4' ',satan hates music1' he said2 'he kn[s h[ x drives ! evil _s out ( u4' ,he 0 extremely int]e/$ 9 all natural ?+s4 ,be=e ! sci5ce ( botany 0 dreamt (1 ,lu!r _h div9$ ! pr9ciple ( vegetable life4 ',! pr9ciple ( m>riage runs ?r\gh all creation1' he said2 '& fl[]s z well z animals are male & female4' ,a g>d5 call$ out bur/s ( eloqu5ce f him2 beautiful sometimes z a f9i%$ piece ( poetry4 ,"o ,april day z he 0 wat*+ ! swell+ buds1 he exclaim$3-- ',praise be to ,god ! ,creator1 :o out ( a dead _w makes all alive aga94 ,see ^? %oots h[ !y burgeon & swell4 ,image ( ! resurrection ( ! dead6 ,w9t] is dea?--summ] is ! resurrection4 ,betwe5 !m lie spr+ & autumn1 z ! p]iod ( unc]ta9ty & *ange4 ,! prov]b says-- ,tru/ n a day ,ere bir? ( ,may4 ,let u pray our ,fa!r 9 heav5 to give u ?is day our daily bread4' ',we are 9 ! dawn ( a new era1' he said ano!r "t2 'we are beg9n+ to ?9k some?+ ( ! natural _w :i* 0 ru9$ 9 ,adam's fall4 ,we are le>n+ to see all r\nd u ! greatness & glory ( ! ,creator4 ,we c see ! ,almighty h&--! inf9ite goodness--9 ! humble/ fl[]4 ,we praise ,him--we ?ank ,him--we glorify ,him--we recognise 9 creation ! p[] ( ,8 ^w4 ,he spoke & x 0 !re4 ,! /one ( ! pea* is h>d2 b ! s(t k]nel swells & bur/s x :5 ! "t comes4 ,an egg--:at a ?+ is t6 ,if an egg _h nev] be5 se5 9 ,europe1 & a travell] _h br\ght "o f ,calcutta1 h[ w\ld all ! _w h wond]$6' ,& aga93-- ',if a man c\ld make a s+le rose1 we %\ld give him an empire2 yet roses1 & fl[]s no less beautiful1 are scatt]$ 9 pr(usion ov] ! _w1 & no "o reg>ds !m4' ,!re are inf9ite o!r ?+s :i* ,i %\ld l to tell y ab\t ,lu!r1 b "t we>s on4 ,i mu/ conf9e :at m ,i h to say to a s+le matt]--= :i* m ?an any o!r he has be5 blam$--,i mean 8 m>riage4 ,he himself1 a monk & a prie/1 _h tak5 a v[ ( celibacy4 ,! p]son :om he m>ri$ _h be5 a nun1 & z su* _h tak5 a v[ ( celibacy also4 ,! m>riage 0 unque/ionably no affair ( passion4 ,lu!r _h come to middle age :5 x 0 br\ght ab\t1 :5 temptations ( t k9d lose _! p[]2 & among ! _m accusations :i* h be5 br\ght aga9/ 8 e>ly life1 no "o has v5tur$ to *>ge him ) incont95ce4 ,8 tak+ a wife 0 a grave act delib]ately p]=m$2 & x 0 ei!r meant z a public insult to e/abli%$ ecclesia/ical usage1 or else he consid]$ t ! circum/ances ( ! "t requir$ x ( him4 ,let u see :at ^? circum/ances 74 ,! en=cem5t ( celibacy on ! cl]gy 01 9 ,lu!r's op9ion1 bo? iniquit\s 9 itself1 & productive ( enorm\s immorality4 ,! impurity ( ! religi\s ord]s _h be5 ! je/ ( satiri/s = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,x _h be5 ! di/ress & p]plexity ( pi\s & s]i\s p]sons4 ,lu!r himself 0 impress$ ) pr(\nd pity = ! poor m51 :o 7 cut (f f ! natural companion%ip :i* nature _h provid$ = !m--:o 7 ?us expos$ to temptations :i* !y ought n to h be5 call$ ^u to resi/4 ,! dissolution ( ! religi\s h\ses _h enorm\sly complicat$ ! problem4 ,g]many 0 cov]$ ) fri5dless & homeless m5 & wom5 adrift ^u ! _w4 ,!y came to ,lu!r to tell !m :at to d2 & advice 0 ( little s]vice )\t example4 ,! _w _h gr[n accu/om$ to immorality 9 su* p]sons4 ,!y might h liv$ toge!r 9 concub9age1 & no "o w\ld h ?\ght mu* ab\t x4 ,_! m>riage 0 reg>d$ ) a sup]/iti\s t]ror z a k9d ( ince/4 ,lu!r1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>d$ m>riage z ! natural & heal?y /ate 9 :i* cl]gy z well z laity 7 int5d$ to live4 ,immorality 0 hateful to him z a degradation ( a sacram5t--impi\s1 loa?some1 & di%on\r$4 ,m>riage 0 ! condition 9 :i* humanity 0 at once pure/1 be/1 & happie/4 ,= himself1 he _h become inur$ to a s+le life4 ,he _h borne ! inju/ice ( 8 lot1 :5 ! burd5 _h be5 really heavy4 ,b "t & cu/om _h light5$ ! load2 & _h !re be5 no?+ at issue b 8 own p]sonal happ9ess1 he w\ld n h giv5 fur!r occasion to ! malice ( 8 enemies4 ,b t5s ( ?\s&s ( poor creatures 7 look+ to him to guide !m--guide !m by precept1 or guide !m by example4 ,he _h satisfi$ himself t ! v[ ( celibacy _h be5 unlawfully impos$ bo? on him & !m--t1 z he w\ld put x1 x _h be5 a sn>e devis$ by ! devil4 ,he saw t all eyes 7 fix$ on him--t x 0 no use to tell o!rs t !y might m>ry1 unless he himself l$ ! way1 & m>ri$ fir/4 ,& x 0 *>act]i/ic ( him t1 hav+ resolv$ to d ! ?+1 he did x 9 ! way mo/ likely to %[ ! _w 8 full ?\ght ^u ! matt]4 ,t ?is 0 8 motive1 !re is no k9d ( d\bt :atev]4 ',we may be able to live unm>ri$1' he said2 'b 9 ^! days we mu/ prote/ 9 de$ z well z ^w1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( celibacy4 ,x is an inv5tion ( ,satan4 ,be=e ,i took my wife1 ,i _h made up my m9d t ,i mu/ m>ry "s "o3 & _h ,i be5 ov]tak5 by illness1 ,i %\ld h betro!d myself to "s pi\s maid54' ,he ask$ nobody's advice4 ,_h he let 8 int5tion be suspect$1 ! mod]ate respectable p--! p :o ?\ght l ,erasmus--^? :o wi%$ well to :at 0 good1 b wi%$ also to /& well ) ! _w's op9ion--su* p]sons z ^! w\ld h ov]:elm$ him ) remon/rances4 ',:5 y m>ry1' he said to a fri5d 9 a simil> situation1 'be quiet ab\t x1 or m\nta9s w rise betwe5 y & y\r wi%es4 ,if ,i _h n be5 swift & secret1 ,i %\ld h _h ! :ole _w 9 my way4' ,ca!r9e ,bora1 ! lady :om he *ose = 8 wife1 0 a nun ( good family1 left homeless & %elt]less by ! break+-up ( h] conv5t4 ,%e 0 an ord9>y1 unimag9ative body--pla9 9 p]son & pla9 9 m9d1 9 no s5se :atev] a h]o9e ( romance--b a dec5t1 s5sible1 commonplace ,haus ,frau4 ,! age ( romance 0 ov] ) bo? ( !m2 yet1 = all t1 nev] m>riage br\ght a pla9] bless+ ) x4 ,!y began ) respect1 & end$ ) /eady affection4 ,! happie/ life on e>?1 ,lu!r us$ to say1 is ) a pi\s1 good wife2 9 peace & quiet1 cont5t$ ) a little1 & giv+ ,god ?anks4 ,he spoke f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,8 ,katie1 z he call$ h]1 0 n clev]1 & he _h num]\s /ories to tell ( ! beg9n+ ( _! adv5tures toge!r4 ',! fir/ ye> ( m>ri$ life is an odd bus9ess1' he says4 ',at meals1 :]e y us$ to be alone1 y are y\rself & somebody else4 ,:5 y wake 9 ! morn+1 !re are a pair ( tails close to y on ! pill[4 ,my ,katie us$ to sit ) me :5 ,i 0 at "w4 ,%e ?\ght %e ought n to be sil5t4 ,%e did n "k :at to say1 s %e w\ld ask me4 ',h]r ,doctor1 is n ! ma/] ( ! c]emonies 9 ,prussia ! bro!r ( ! ,m>grave8' ,%e 0 an odd woman4 ',doctor1' %e said to him "o day1 'h[ is x t "u ,pop]y we pray$ s (t5 & s e>ne/ly1 & n[ our pray]s are cold & seldom8' ,katie might h spok5 = h]self4 ,lu!r1 to ! la/1 sp5t h\rs ( e day 9 pray]4 ,he advis$ h] to read ! ,bible a little m4 ,%e said %e _h read en\gh ( x1 & knew half ( x by he>t4 ',ah6' he said1 '"h beg9s we>9ess ( ! ^w ( ,god4 ,"o day new lights w rise up1 & ! ,scriptures w be despis$ & be flung away into ! corn]4' ,8 relations ) 8 *ildr5 7 s+ul>ly beautiful4 ,! recollection ( 8 own boyhood made him especially g5tle ) !m1 & _! fancies & imag9ations delight$ him4 ,*ildr51 to him1 7 images ( unfall5 nature4 ',*ildr51' he said1 'imag9e heav5 a place :]e riv]s run ) cream1 & trees are hung ) cakes & plums4 ,d n blame !m4 ,!y are b %[+ _! simple1 natural1 unque/ion+1 all-believ+ fai?4' ,"o day1 aft] d9n]1 :5 ! fruit 0 on ! table1 ! *ildr5 7 wat*+ x ) long+ eyes4 ',t is ! way1' he said1 '9 :i* we gr[n ,*ri/ians ought to look = ! ,judgm5t ,day4' ,8 daught] ,magdal5 di$ :5 %e 0 f\rte54 ,he speaks ( 8 loss ) ! unaffect$ simplicity ( natural grief1 yet ) ! fai? ( a man :o _h n ! slighte/ d\bt into ^: h&s 8 treasure 0 pass+4 ,p]fect nature & p]fect piety4 ,nei!r "o emotion nor ! o!r disguis$ or suppress$4 ,y w h ga!r$ some?+1 ,i hope1 f ^! fa9t sket*es1 ( :at ,lu!r 02 y w be able to see h[ f> he des]ves to be call$ by our mod]n new lights1 a ,phili/9e or a h]etic4 ,we w n[ return to ! subject ) :i* we began1 & resume1 9 a g5]al conclusion1 ! argum5t ( ^! ,lectures4 ,9 "p1 b n :olly1 x c be done 9 ,lu!r's words4 ,"o regrets t ,lu!r did n "k ,erasmus bett]1 or kn[+ him1 %\ld n h treat$ him ) m =be>ance4 ,erasmus spoke ( him = ! mo/ "p ) k9dness4 ,he int]c$$ = him1 def5d$ him1 & only ) ! utmo/ reluctance 0 driv5 into controv]sy ) him4 ,lu!r1 on ! o!r h&1 saw 9 ,erasmus a man :o 0 false to 8 convictions2 :o play$ ) tru?2 :o1 9 8 cold1 s>ca/ic scepticism1 believ$ 9 no?+--sc>cely ev5 9 ,god4 ,he 0 unaw>e ( 8 own obligations to him1 = ,erasmus 0 n a p]son :o w\ld trumpet out 8 own good de$s4 ,?us ,lu!r says3-- ',all y :o hon\r ,*ri/1 ,i pray y hate ,erasmus4 ,he is a sc(f] & a mock]4 ,he speaks 9 riddles2 & je/s at ,pop]y & ,gospel1 & ,*ri/ & ,god1 ) 8 unc]ta9 spee*es4 ,he might h s]v$ ! ,gospel if he w\ld1 b1 l ,judas1 he has betray$ ! ,son ( ,man ) a kiss4 ,he is n ) u1 & he is n ) our foes2 & ,i say ) ,jo%ua1 ,*oose :om ye w s]ve4 ,he ?9ks we %\ld trim to ! times1 & hang our cloaks to ! w9d4 ,he is himself 8 own fir/ object2 & z he liv$1 he di$4 ',i take ,erasmus to be ! wor/ enemy t ,*ri/ has _h = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,intellect does n und]/& religion1 & :5 x comes to ! ?+s ( ,god1 x laughs at !m4 ,he sc(fs l ,lucian1 & by-&-by he w say1 ,behold1 h[ are ^! among ! sa9ts ^: life we c\nt$ = folly4 ',i bid y1 !re=e1 take he$ ( ,erasmus4 ,he treats !ology z a fool's je/1 & ! ,gospel z a fable good = ! ignorant to believe4' ,( ,erasmus p]sonally1 mu* ( ?is 0 unju/ & untrue4 ,erasmus knew _m ?+s :i* x w\ld h be5 well = ,lu!r to h kn[n2 &1 z a man1 he 0 bett] ?an 8 pr9ciples4 ,b if = ! "n ( ,erasmus we sub/itute ! !ory ( human ?+s :i* ,erasmus repres5t$1 betwe5 t cre$ & ,lu!r !re is1 & mu/ be1 an et]nal antagonism4 ,if to be true 9 he>t & j 9 act are ! fir/ qualities necess>y = ! elevation ( humanity--if )\t ^! all else is wor?less1 intellectual culture _c give :at intellectual culture does n require or imply4 ,y cultivate ! plant :i* has already life2 y w wa/e y\r lab\r 9 cultivat+ a /one4 ,! moral life is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! natural1 alike my/]i\s 9 its orig91 & alike visible only 9 its effects4 ,intellectual gifts are l gifts ( /r5g?1 or weal?1 or rank1 or worldly p[]--spl5did in/rum5ts if nobly us$--b requir+ qualities to use !m nobl] & bett] ?an !mselves4 ,! ri* man may sp5d 8 weal? on vulg> luxury4 ,! clev] man may live = intellectual enjoym5t--ref9$ enjoym5t x may be--b enjoym5t /ill1 & /ill c5t]+ 9 self4 ,if ! _s ( ,erasmus _h prevail$1 x w\ld h be5 ) mod]n ,europe z ) ! ,roman ,empire 9 its decay4 ,! educat$ w\ld h be5 m]e sceptics2 ! multitude w\ld h be5 sunk 9 sup]/ition4 ,9 bo? alike all w\ld h p]i%$ :i* des]ves ! "n ( manl9ess4 ,& ?is leads me to ! la/ obs]vation t ,i h to make to y4 ,9 ! sci5ces1 ! philosoph] leads2 ! re/ ( u take on tru/ :at he tells u4 ,! spiritual progress ( mank9d has foll[$ ! opposite c\rse4 ,ea* =w>d /ep has be5 made fir/ among ! p1 & ! la/ conv]ts h be5 among ! le>n$4 ,! explanation is n f> to look =4 ,9 ! sci5ces !re is no temptation ( self-int]e/ to mislead4 ,9 matt]s :i* affect life & conduct1 ! int]e/s & prejudices ( ! cultivat$ classes are enli/$ on ! side ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 & _! bett] tra9$ faculties & l>g] acquirem5ts s]ve only to f9d !m argum5ts = believ+ :at !y wi% to believe4 ,simpl] m5 h less to lose2 !y come m 9 contact ) ! realities ( life1 & !y le>n wisdom 9 ! exp]i5ce ( suff]+4 ,?us x 0 t :5 ! le>n$ & ! wise turn$ away f ,*ri/ianity1 ! fi%]m5 ( ! ,galilean lake li/5$1 & a new life began = mank9d4 ,a m9]'s son conv]t$ ,g]many to ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,london artisans & ! peasants ( ,buck+ham%ire w5t to ! /ake = doctr9es :i* 7 accept$ aft]w>ds z a second revelation4 ,s x has be52 s x w be to ! end4 ,:5 a great tea*] comes aga9 ^u ! e>?1 he w f9d 8 fir/ disciples :]e ,*ri/ f\nd !m & ,lu!r f\nd !m4 ,_h ,lu!r writt5 = ! le>n$1 ! words :i* *ang$ ! face ( ,europe w\ld h slumb]$ 9 impot5ce on ! book%elves4 ,9 appeal+ to ! ,g]man nation1 y w agree1 ,i ?9k1 ) me1 t he did well & n ill2 y w n sacrifice 8 great "n to ! disda9 ( a %all[ philosophy1 or to ! grimac+ ( a dead sup]/ition1 ^: gho/ is /ruggl+ out ( its grave4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation ,,on ,,! ,,scotti% ,,"*3 ,a ,,lecture ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,ed9burgh1 ,,novemb] #ahfe4 ,i h und]tak5 to speak ?is ev5+ on ! effects ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,scotl&1 & ,i consid] myself a v bold p]son to h come "h on any su* und]tak+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! subject is "o ) :i* x is presumptu\s = a /rang] to m$dle4 ,great national movem5ts c only be und]/ood prop]ly by ! p ^: disposition !y repres5t4 ,we say ourselves ab\t our own hi/ory t only ,engli%m5 c prop]ly compreh5d x4 ,! late ,*evali] ,buns5 once said to me ( our own ,re=mation 9 ,engl&1 t1 = 8 "p1 he c\ld n conceive h[ we _h manag$ to come by su* a ?+4 ,we seem$ to him to be an obdurate1 imp5etrable1 /upid p1 hide-b\nd by tradition & prec$5t1 & too self-satisfi$ to be ei!r will+ or able to take 9 new ideas ^u any !oretic subject :atev]1 especially ,g]man ideas4 ,t is to say1 he c\ld n get inside ! ,engli% m9d4 ,he did n "k t "s p g fur!/ & g fa/e/ :5 !y look "o way & r[ ! o!r4 ,x is ! same ) e consid]able nation4 ,!y "w out _! own political & spiritual lives1 ?r\gh temp]s1 hum\rs1 & passions peculi> to !mselves2 & ! same disposition :i* produces ! result is requir$ to int]pret x aft]w>ds4 ,?is is "o reason :y ,i %\ld feel diffid5t ab\t :at ,i h und]tak54 ,ano!r is1 t ,i d n conceal f myself t ! subject is an exce$+ly delicate "o4 ,! blaz+ passions ( ^? /ormy sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies are no long]1 happily1 at _! old temp]ature4 ,! /ory ( ^? times c n[ be told or li/5$ to ) some?+ l imp>tiality4 ,yet1 if p no long] hate ea* o!r = su* matt]s1 ! traditions ( ! /ruggle survive 9 /rong op9ions & s5tim5ts1 :i* x is easy to w\nd )\t int5d+ x4 ,my own conviction ) respect to all great social & religi\s convulsions is ! extremely commonplace "o t mu* is to be said on bo? sides4 ,i believe t n[h]e & at no "t any su* /ruggle c take place on a l>ge scale unless ea* p>ty is cont5d+ = some?+ :i* has a great deal ( tru? 9 x4 ,:]e ! "r is pla91 hone/1 wise1 & noble-m9d$ m5 are all on "o side2 & only rogues & fools are on ! o!r4 ,:]e ! wise & good are divid$1 ! tru? is g5]ally f\nd to be divid$ also4 ,b ?is is precisely :at _c be admitt$ z long z ! conflict cont9ues4 ,m5 beg9 to fight ab\t ?+s :5 reason & argum5t fail to conv9ce !m4 ,!y make up 9 passion :at is want+ 9 logic4 ,ea* side believes t all ! "r is !irs--t _! enemies h all ! bad qualities :i* _! language conta9s names =2 & ev5 n[1 on ! subject on :i* ,i h to talk to-night1 "o has b to take up any magaz9e1 review1 newspap]1 or p>ty organ ( any k9d :i* t\*es on x1 to see t op9ion is /ill ,:ig or ,tory1 ,cavali] or ,r\ndhead1 ,prote/ant or ,ca?olic1 z ! case may be4 ,! un=tunate p]son :o is nei!r :olly "o nor :olly ! o!r is 9 ! position ( ,hamlet's 'bas] nature1' 'betwe5 ! inc5s$ po9ts ( mighty opposites4' ,he is ! ,laodicean1 nei!r cold nor hot1 :om dec5t p consid] bad company4 ,he pleases no "o1 & hurts ! s5sitiv5ess ( all4 ,"h1 !n1 are good reasons :y ,i %\ld h ei!r n come "h at all1 or else %\ld h *os5 "s o!r matt] to talk ab\t4 ,9 excuse = p]si/+1 ,i c b say t ! subject is "o ab\t :i* ,i h be5 l$ by circum/ances to read & ?9k consid]ably2 & ?\gh1 und\bt$ly1 ea* ( u kn[s m ab\t himself & 8 own affairs ?an anyone else c possibly "k1 yet a /rang]'s eye w sometimes see ?+s :i* escape ^? m imm$iately int]e/$2 & ,i all[ myself to hope t ,i may h some?+ to say n altoge!r undes]v+ y\r att5tion4 ,i %all t\* z little z possible on que/ions ( op9ion2 & if ,i tread by accid5t on any s5sitive po9t1 ,i mu/ tru/ to y\r k9dness to excuse my awkw>dness4 ,well1 !n1 if we look back on ,scotl& z x /ood 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we see a c\ntry 9 :i* ! old feudal organisation cont9u$1 s f> z x g5]ally affect$ ! p1 m vigor\s ?an 9 any o!r "p ( civilis$ ,europe4 ,else:]e1 ! gr[? ( trade & ( l>ge t[ns _h creat$ a middle class1 ) an organisation ( _! own1 indep5d5t ( ! lords4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! t[ns 7 /ill scanty & poor2 su* z !y 71 !y 7 = ! mo/ "p "u ! control ( ! great nobleman :o happ5$ to live ne>e/ to !m2 & a p1 z 9 any s5se indep5d5t ( lords1 knights1 abbots1 or prelates1 "u ^: rule !y 7 born1 _h z yet no exi/5ce4 ,! till]s ( ! soil 7& ! soil 0 v mis]ably till$7 liv$ "u ! %ad[ ( ! ca/le or ! mona/]y4 ,!y foll[$ _! "l's =tunes1 f\ght 8 battles1 believ$ 9 8 politics1 & support$ him loyally 9 8 s9s or 8 good de$s1 z ! case might be4 ,!re 0 mu* moral beauty 9 ! life ( ^? times4 ,! loyal atta*m5t ( man to man--( liege s]vant to liege "l--( all =ms "u :i* human be+s c live & "w toge!r1 has mo/ ( grace & humanity ab\t x4 ,x _c g on )\t mutual confid5ce & affection--mutual b5efits giv5 & receiv$4 ,! l5g? ( "t :i* ! sy/em la/$ proves t 9 ! ma9 !re mu/ h be5 a f9e fidelity 9 ! p--tru?1 ju/ice1 g5]osity 9 _! lead]s4 ,hi/ory br+s d[n _m bad /ories to u out ( ^? times2 j z 9 ^! isl&s n[adays y may f9d bad in/ances ( ! abuses ( rights ( prop]ty4 ,y may f9d /ories--too _m also--( husb&s ill-us+ _! wives1 & s on4 ,yet we d n !re=e lay ! blame on m>riage1 or suppose t ! in/itution ( prop]ty on ! :ole does m h>m ?an good4 ,i d n d\bt t d[n 9 t feudal sy/em some:]e lie ! roots ( "s ( ! f9e/ qualities 9 ! ,european peoples4 ,s mu* = ! temporal side ( ! matt]2 & ! spiritual 0 n v unlike x4 ,z no "o liv$ indep5d5tly1 9 our mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 s no "o ?\ght indep5d5tly4 ,! m9ds ( m5 7 look$ aft] by a ,*ur* :i*1 = a long "t also1 did1 ,i suppose1 v l>gely fulfil ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,x kept alive & active ! belief t ! _w 0 creat$ & gov]n$ by a j ,be+1 :o hat$ s9s & crimes1 & /eadily puni%$ su* ?+s4 ,x taught m5 t !y _h immortal s\ls1 & t ?is little bit ( life 0 an entirely insignificant portion ( _! real exi/5ce4 ,x taught ^! tru?s1 inde$1 along ) a great deal :i* we n[ consid] to h be5 a mi/ake--a great _m !ories ( e>?ly ?+s :i* h s9ce pass$ away1 & special op9ions clo!d 9 outw>d =ms & ritual obs]vances :i* we "h1 mo/ ( u at lea/1 d n ?9k ess5tial = our s\l's safety4 ,b mi/akes l ^! are hurtful only :5 p]si/$ 9 9 ! face ( full] tru?1 aft] tru? has be5 discov]$4 ,only a v fooli% man w\ld n[ uphold ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy4 ,b ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy1 :5 fir/ inv5t$1 0 bas$ on real if incomplete obs]vations1 & =m$ a gr\ndwork )\t :i* fur!r progress 9 t sci5ce w\ld h be5 probably impossible4 ,! !ories & c]emonials ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* suit$ well ) an age 9 :i* little 0 kn[n & mu* 0 imag9$3 :5 sup]/ition 0 active & sci5ce 0 n yet born4 ,:5 ,i am told "h or any:]e t ! ,middle ,ages 7 times ( m]e spiritual d>kness & prie/ly oppression1 ) ! o!r usual =mulas1 ,i say1 z ,i said be=e1 if ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 = ^? _m c5turies t x reign$ supreme ov] all m5's consci5ces1 0 no bett] ?an ! ?+ :i* we see 9 ! g5]ation :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! ,re=mation1 x c\ld n h exi/$ at all4 ,y might z well argue t ! old fad+ tree c\ld nev] h be5 gre5 & "y4 ,in/itutions d n live on lies4 ,!y ei!r live by ! tru? & usefulness :i* !re is 9 !m1 or !y d n live at all4 ,s ?+s w5t on = sev]al hundr$ ye>s4 ,!re 7 sc&als en\gh1 & crimes en\gh1 & feuds1 & murd]s1 & civil w>s4 ,sy/ems1 h[ev] good1 _c prev5t evil4 ,!y c b compress x )9 mod]ate & tol]able limits4 ,i %\ld conclude1 h[ev]1 t1 measur+ by ! av]age happ9ess ( ! masses ( ! p1 ! m$ival in/itutions 7 v well suit$ = ! inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries z !y !n 74 ,adam ,smi? & ,b5?am !mselves c\ld h>dly h m5d$ !m if !y _h tri$4 ,b times *ange1 & good ?+s z well z bad gr[ old & h to die4 ,! he>t ( ! matt] :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h taught 0 ! fe> ( ,god2 b ! language ( x & ! =mulas ( x 7 made up ( human ideas & notions ab\t ?+s :i* ! m]e increase ( human k gradually made incr$ible4 ,to trace ! reason ( ?is w\ld lead u a long way4 ,x is intelligible en\gh1 b x w\ld take u into subjects bett] avoid$ "h4 ,x is en\gh to say t1 :ile ! ess5ce ( religion rema9s ! same1 ! mode 9 :i* x is express$ *anges & has *ang$--*anges z liv+ languages *ange & become dead1 z in/itutions *ange1 z =ms ( gov]nm5t *ange1 z op9ions on all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? *ange1 z half ! !ories held at ?is "t among ourselves w probably *ange--t is1 ! outw>d & mortal p>ts ( !m4 ,?us ! ,ca?olic =mulas1 in/ead ( liv+ symbols1 become dead & p[]less cabali/ic signs4 ,! religion lo/ its hold on ! consci5ce & ! intellect1 & ! effect1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 appe>$ 9 ! %eph]ds be=e x made itself felt among ! flocks4 ,f ! see ( ,/4 ,pet] to ! f> mona/]ies 9 ! ,hebrides or ! ,isle ( ,arran1 ! laity 7 %ock$ & sc&alis$ at ! outrage\s do+s ( high c>d9als1 prelates1 prie/s1 & monks4 ,x 0 cle> en\gh t ^! great p]sonages !mselves did n believe :at !y taught2 s :y %\ld ! p believe x8 ,& s]i\s m51 to :om ! fe> ( ,god 0 a liv+ reality1 began to look into ! matt] = !mselves4 ,! fir/ /eps ev]y:]e 7 tak5 ) extreme reluctance2 & _h ! popes & c>d9als be5 wise1 !y w\ld h tak5 ! lead 9 ! enquiry1 cle>$ _! tea*+ ( its lumb]1 & tak5 out a new lease ( life bo? = x & = !mselves4 ,an infallible pope & an infallible c\ncil might h done some?+ 9 ?is way1 if good s5se _h be5 among ! attributes ( _! omnisci5ce4 ,:at !y did d 0 some?+ v diff]5t4 ,x 0 z if1 :5 ! new a/ronomy began to be taught1 ! pr(essors ( t sci5ce 9 all ! univ]sities ( ,europe _h met toge!r & decid$ t ,ptolemy's cycles & epicycles 7 et]nal v]ities2 t ! !ory ( ! rotation ( ! e>? 0 & mu/ be a damnable h]esy2 & _h invit$ ! civil au?orities to help !m 9 putt+ d[n by =ce all doctr9es b _! own4 ,?is1 or some?+ v l x1 0 ! position tak5 up 9 !ology by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,! bi%ops assembl$ !re did n reason4 ,!y decid$ by vote t c]ta9 ?+s 7 true1 & 7 to be believ$2 & ! only argum5ts :i* !y condesc5d$ to use 7 fire & faggot1 & s on4 ,h[ x f>$ ) !m1 & ) ?is exp]im5t ( !irs1 we all "k tol]ably well4 ,! effect 0 v diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,"h1 9 ,scotl&1 ! failure 0 mo/ m>k$ & complete1 b ! way 9 :i* x came ab\t 0 9 _m ways peculi>4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,lu!r 0 support$ by pr9ces & nobles4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,re=mation rapidly mix$ itself up ) politics & que/ions ( rival jurisdiction4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 ! revolution1 :]ev] x e/abli%$ itself1 0 accept$ e>ly by ! ,cr[n or ! ,gov]nm5t1 & by !m legally recognis$4 ,"h1 x 0 f> o!rwise3 ! ,prote/antism ( ,scotl& 0 ! creation ( ! commons1 z 9 turn ! commons may be said to h be5 creat$ by ,prote/antism4 ,!re 7 _m "y high-spirit$ m51 belong+ to ! noble/ families 9 ! c\ntry1 :o 7 among ! e>lie/ to rally r\nd ! ,re=m+ prea*]s2 b au?ority1 bo? 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 set ! o!r way4 ,! congregations :o ga!r$ 9 ! fields ar\nd ,wi%>t & ,john ,knox 71 = ! mo/ "p1 f>m]s1 lab\r]s1 artisans1 tradesm51 or ! small] g5try2 & ?us1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,scotl&1 !re 0 creat$ an organisation ( m5 deta*$ f ! lords & f ! ,*ur*--brave1 noble1 resolute1 d>+ p1 b\nd toge!r by a sacr$ cause1 unrecognis$ by ! lead]s :om !y _h foll[$ hi!rto ) und\bt+ allegiance4 ,t _s :i* grew 9 "t to be ! rul+ p[] ( ,scotl&--t :i* =m$ ev5tually its laws & its cre$1 & det]m9$ its aft] =tunes z a nation--_h its fir/ g]m 9 ^! half-outlaw$ w&]+ congregations4 ,9 ?is x 0 t ! ,re=mation 9 ,scotl& diff]$ f ! ,re=mation 9 any o!r "p ( ,europe4 ,else:]e x f\nd a middle class exi/+--creat$ already by trade or by o!r causes4 ,x rais$ & elevat$ !m1 b x did n mat]ially affect _! political condition4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! commons1 z an organis$ body1 7 simply creat$ by religion4 ,be=e ! ,re=mation !y _h no political exi/5ce2 & !re=e x has be5 t ! pr9t ( _! orig9 has gone s deeply into _! social con/itution4 ,on !m1 & !m only1 ! burd5 ( ! "w ( ! ,re=mation 0 ev5tually ?r[n2 & :5 !y triumph$ at la/1 x 0 inevitable t bo? !y & x %\ld react "o ^u ! o!r4 ,h[ ?is came ab\t ,i mu/ endeav\r to describe1 al?\gh ,i c give b a brief sket* ( an exce$+ly complicat$ matt]4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! "p play$ by ! ari/ocracy ( ,scotl& 9 ! outw>d revolution1 :5 ! ,re=mation fir/ became ! law ( ! l&4 ,x w\ld seem at fir/ sight z if x _h be5 ! "w ( ! :ole nation--z if x _h be5 a ?+ on :i* high & l[ 7 he>tily unit$4 ,yet on ! fir/ glance bel[ ! surface y see t ! great] "p ( ! noble lords conc]n$ 9 t bus9ess c>$ no?+ ab\t ! ,re=mation at all2 or1 if !y c>$1 !y r dislik$ x ?an o!rwise4 ,h[1 !n1 did !y come to act z !y did8 or1 h[ came !y to p]mit a *ange ( su* magnitude :5 !y _h s little sympa?y ) x8 ,i mu/ make a slight circuit to look = ! explanation4 ,! "o ess5tially noble feature 9 ! great families ( ,scotl& 0 _! patriotism4 ,!y lov$ ,scotl& & ,scotl&'s fre$om ) a passion proportion$ to ! difficulty ) :i* !y _h def5d$ _! lib]ties2 & yet ! wise/ ( !m _h long se5 t1 soon] or lat]1 union ) ,engl& 0 inevitable2 & ! "q 01 h[ t union 0 to be br\ght ab\t--h[ !y 7 to make sure t1 :5 x came1 !y %\ld take _! place at ,engl&'s side z equals1 & n z a dep5d5cy4 ,x _h be5 arrang$ t ! little ,m>y ,/u>t %\ld m>ry our ,engli% ,edw>d ,,vi41 & ! difficulty 0 to be settl$ s4 ,!y w\ld h be5 cont5t$1 !y said1 if ,scotl& _h _h ! 'lad' & ,engl& ! 'lass4' ,z x /ood1 !y broke _! b>ga91 & m>ri$ ! little que5 away into ,france1 to prev5t ! ,protector ,som]set f gett+ hold ( h]4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 appe>$ an opposite dang]2 ! que5 w\ld become a ,fr5*woman2 h] ,fr5* "m gov]n$ ,scotl& ) ,fr5* troops & ,fr5* m9i/]s2 ! c\ntry w\ld become a ,fr5* prov9ce1 & lose its fre$om equally4 ,?us an ,engli% p>ty began aga92 & z ,engl& 0 !n 9 ! middle ( h] great anti-,*ur* revolution1 s ! ,scotti% nobles began to be anti-,*ur*4 ,x 0 n = doctr9es3 nei!r !y nor _! bro!rs 9 ,engl& c>$ mu* ab\t doctr9es2 b 9 bo? c\ntries ! ,*ur* 0 ri*--mu* ri*] ?an !re seem$ any occasion = x to be4 ,h>ry ! ,eigh? _h be5 %>+ among ! laity ! spoils ( ! ,engli% mona/]ies2 ! ,scot* ,lords saw 9 a simil> process ! probability ( a welcome addition to _! own scanty incomes4 ,m>y ( ,guise & ! ,fr5* /ood by ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* /ood by !m2 & s x came ab\t t ! great families--ev5 ^? :o1 l ! ,hamiltons1 7 mo/ closely connect$ ) ,france--7 tempt$ ov] by ! bait to ! o!r side4 ,!y did n want re=m$ doctr9es1 b !y want$ ! ,*ur* l&s2 & s !y came to patronise1 or endure1 ! ,re=m]s1 because ! ,*ur* hat$ !m1 & because !y weak5$ ! ,*ur*2 & ?us = a "t1 & especially z long z ,m>y ,/u>t 0 ,que5 ( ,france1 all classes 9 ,scotl&1 high & l[1 seem$ to frat]nise 9 fav\r ( ! revolution4 ,& x seem$ z if ! union ( ! realms c\ld be effect$ at la/1 at ! same juncture1 & 9 connexion ) ! same movem5t4 ,next 9 succession to ! ,scot* cr[n1 aft] ,m>y ,/u>t1 0 ! h\se ( ,hamilton4 ,elizabe?1 :o _h j come to ! ,engli% ?rone1 0 suppos$ to be 9 want ( a husb&4 ,! heir ( ! ,hamiltons 0 ( h] own age1 & 9 ye>s pa/ _h be5 ?\ght ( = h] by h] fa!r4 ,:at c\ld be m fit ?an to make a mat* betwe5 ^? two8 ,s5d a ,scot s\? to be ,k+ ( ,engl&1 f9d or make "s pretext to %ake (f ,m>y ,/u>t1 :o _h =sak5 h] native c\ntry1 & s jo9 ! cr[ns1 ! 'lass' & ! 'lad' be+ n[ 9 ! "r relative position4 ,scotl& w\ld ?us annex h] old oppressor1 & give h] a new dyna/y4 ,i seem to be /ray+ f ! po9t2 b ^! political s*emes _h s mu* to d ) ! actions ( ! lead+ m5 at t "t1 t ! /ory ( ! ,re=mation _c be und]/ood )\t !m4 ,x 0 ?us1 & ) ^! incongru\s objects1 t ! comb9ation 0 =m$ :i* ov]turn$ ! old ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 9 #aeei-fj1 confiscat$ its possessions1 de/roy$ its religi\s h\ses1 & *ang$ its cre$4 ,! ,fr5* 7 driv5 away f ,lei? by ,elizabe?'s troops2 ! ,re=m]s took possession ( ! *ur*es2 & ! ,p>liam5t ( #aefj met ) a cle> /age to det]m9e = !mselves ! future fate ( ! c\ntry4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k x c]ta9 t1 if ! ,scot* nobility1 hav+ once accept$ ! ,re=mation1 _h cont9u$ loyal to x--especially if ,elizabe? _h met _! wi%es 9 ! important po9t ( ! m>riage--! =m ( ! ,scot* ,kirk w\ld h be5 some?+ extremely diff]5t f :at x 9 fact became4 ,! p 7 p]fectly well incl9$ to foll[ _! natural lead]s if ! matt]s on :i* _! he>ts 7 set _h receiv$ tol]able consid]ation f !m1 & ! democratic =m ( ! ecclesia/ical con/itution w\ld h be5 inevitably modifi$4 ,"o ( ! conditions ( ! propos$ compact ) ,engl& 0 ! introduction ( ! ,engli% ,liturgy & ! ,engli% ,*ur* con/itution4 ,?is too1 at ! outset1 & ) fair deal+1 w\ld n h be5 f\nd impossible4 ,b x soon became cle> t ! religi\s int]e/s ( ,scotl& 7 ! v la/ ?+ :i* w\ld receive consid]ation f any ( ! high political p]sonages conc]n$4 ,john ,knox _h dreamt ( a con/itution l t :i* he _h se5 work+ "u ,calv9 at ,g5eva--a con/itution 9 :i* ! cl]gy z m9i/]s ( ,god %\ld rule all ?+s--rule politically at ! c\ncil bo>d1 & rule 9 private at ! fireside4 ,x 0 soon made pla9 to ,knox t ,scotl& 0 n ,g5eva4 ',eh1 mon1' said ! y\ng] ,maitl& to him1 '!n we may all be> ! b>r[ n[ to build ! ,h\se ( ! ,"l4' ,n exactly4 ,! *ur*es 7 left to ! m9i/]s2 ! worldly good ?+s & worldly p[] rema9$ ) ! laity2 & z to religion1 circum/ances w\ld decide :at !y w\ld d ab\t t4 ,aga91 ,i am n speak+ ( all ! great m5 ( ^? times4 ,gl5cairn1 ,ru?v51 "y ,argyll--above all1 ! ,e>l ( ,moray--really did 9 "s degree int]e/ !mselves 9 ! ,kirk4 ,b :at mo/ ( !m felt 0 p]haps r broadly express$ by ,maitl& :5 he call$ religion 'a bogle ( ! nurs]y4' ,t 0 ! expression :i* a ,scot* /atesman ( ^? days actually v5tur$ to use4 ,_h ,elizabe? be5 con=mable1 no d\bt !y w\ld 9 "s s5se or o!r h rema9$ on ! side ( ! ,re=mation4 ,b "h1 too1 !re 0 a s]i\s hit*4 ,elizabe? w\ld n m>ry ,arran4 ,elizabe? w\ld be no p>ty to any ( _! intrigues4 ,%e dete/$ ,knox4 ,%e dete/$ ,prote/antism entirely1 9 all %apes 9 :i* ,knox approv$ ( x4 ,%e affront$ ! nobles on "o side1 %e affront$ ! p on ano!r2 & all idea ( unit+ ! two cr[ns aft] ! fa%ion propos$ by ! ,scot* ,p>liam5t %e utt]ly & entirely repudiat$4 ,%e 0 "r en\gh1 p]haps1 s f> z ?is 0 conc]n$2 b %e left ! rul+ families extremely p]plex$ z to ! c\rse :i* !y w\ld foll[4 ,!y _h all[$ ! c\ntry to be revolutionis$ 9 ! tee? ( _! own sov]eign1 & :at to d next !y did n v well "k4 ,x 0 at ?is crisis t circum/ances came 9 to _! help4 ,francis ! ,second di$4 ,m>y ,/u>t 0 left a *ildless wid[4 ,h] connexion ) ! ,cr[n ( ,france 0 at an end1 & all dang] on t side to ! lib]ties ( ,scotl& at an end also4 ,! ,arran s*eme hav+ fail$1 %e w\ld be a second c>d z good z ! fir/ to play = ! ,engli% ,cr[n--z good z he1 or bett]1 = %e w\ld h ! ,engli% ,ca?olics on h] side4 ,s1 c>eless h[ x w\ld affect religion1 & mak+ no condition at all ab\t t1 ! same m5 :o a ye> be=e 7 ready to :i/le ,m>y ,/u>t d[n ! w9d1 n[ invit$ h] back to ,scotl&2 ! same m5 :o _h be5 ! l\de/ fri5ds ( ,elizabe? n[ enc\rag$ ,m>y ,/u>t to p]si/ 9 ! pret5sion to ! ,cr[n ( ,engl&1 :i* _h l$ to all ! pa/ tr\ble4 ,:ile 9 ,france1 %e _h assum$ ! title ( ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,%e _h promis$ to ab&on x1 b1 f9d+ h] own p ready to support h] 9 )draw+ h] promise1 %e /ood out1 insi/+ t at all ev5ts ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t %\ld decl>e h] next 9 ! succession2 & x 0 well kn[n t1 z soon z ! succession 0 made sure 9 h] fav\r1 "s rascal w\ld be f\nd to put a knife or a bullet into ,elizabe?4 ,! object ( ! ,scot* nobles 0 political1 national1 patriotic4 ,= religion x 0 no great matt] ei!r way2 & z !y _h be=e act$ ) ! ,prote/ants1 s n[ !y 7 ready to turn ab\t1 & op5ly or tacitly act ) ! ,ca?olics4 ,m>y ,/u>t's fri5ds 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t 7 ,ca?olics1 & !re=e x w\ld n d to (f5d !m4 ,fir/1 %e 0 all[$ to h mass at ,holyrood2 !n !re 0 a move = a broad] tol]ation4 ,t "o mass1 ,knox said1 0 m t]rible to him ?an t5 ?\s& arm$ m5 l&$ 9 ! c\ntry--& he _h p]fectly good reason = say+ s4 ,he ?or\ghly und]/ood t x 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a c\nt]-revolution :i* 9 "t w\ld cov] all ,scotl& & ,engl&1 & c>ry !m back to ,pop]y4 ,yet he prea*$ to deaf e>s4 ,ev5 ,murray 0 s bewit*$ ) ! notion ( ! ,engli% succession1 t = a ye> & a half he ceas$ to speak to ,knox2 & z x 0 ) ,murray1 s x 0 f> m ) all ! re/--_! zeal = religion 0 gone no "o knew :]e4 ,( c\rse ,elizabe? w\ld n give way4 ,%e might z well1 %e said1 h]self prep>e h] %r\d2 & !n conspiracies came1 & "u-gr\nd intrigues ) ! ,romani/ ,engli% noblem54 ,france & ,spa9 7 to invade ,engl&1 ,scotl& 0 to op5 its ports to _! fleets1 & its soil to _! armies1 giv+ !m a safe base f :i* to act1 & a dry road ov] ! ,m>*es to ,london4 ,& if ,scotl& _h rema9$ un*ang$ f :at x _h be5--_h ! direction ( its =tunes rema9$ ) ! pr9ce & ) ! nobles1 soon] or lat] x w\ld h come to ?is4 ,b sudd5ly x appe>$ t !re 0 a new p[] 9 ?is c\ntry :i* no "o suspect$ till x 0 felt4 ,! commons ( ,scotl& _h hi!rto be5 ! creatures ( ! nobles4 ,!y _h nei!r w nor op9ion ( _! own4 ,!y ?\ght & act$ 9 ! _s ( _! imm$iate allegiance4 ,no "o seems to h dreamt t !re w\ld be any difficulty 9 deal+ ) !m if once ! great families agre$ ^u a common c\rse4 ,yet x appe>$1 :5 ! pressure came1 t religion1 :i* 0 ! play-?+ ( ! nobles1 0 to ! p a cle> matt] ( life & dea?4 ,!y might love _! c\ntry3 !y might be pr\d ( any?+ :i* w\ld add lu/re to its cr[n2 b if x 0 to br+ back ! ,pope & ,pop]y--if x ?reat5$ to br+ !m back--if x look$ t way--!y w\ld h no?+ to d ) x2 nor w\ld !y all[ x to be done4 ,allegiance 0 well en\gh2 b !re 0 a high] allegiance sudd5ly discov]$ :i* sup]s$$ all e>?ly consid]ations4 ,i "k no?+ f9] 9 ,scotti% hi/ory ?an ! way 9 :i* ! commons ( ! ,l[l&s took _! places by ! side ( ,knox 9 ! great convulsions :i* foll[$4 ,if all o!rs =sook him1 !y at lea/ w\ld nev] =sake him :ile tongue rema9$ to speak & h& rema9$ to /rike4 ,brok5 !y might h be51 trampl$ out z ! ,hugu5ots at la/ 7 trampl$ out 9 ,france1 _h ,m>y ,/u>t be5 less ?an ! mo/ imprud5t or ! mo/ unlucky ( sov]eigns4 ,b ,provid5ce1 or ! folly ( ^? ) :om !y _h to deal1 f\ght = !m4 ,i ne$ n foll[ ! wild /ory ( ! crimes & cata/rophes 9 :i* ,m>y ,/u>t's %ort reign 9 ,scotl& clos$4 ,nei!r is h] own %>e1 be x great or small1 or none at all1 9 ^? crimes ( any mom5t to u "h4 ,x is en\gh t1 bo? be=e t /range bus9ess & aft] x1 :5 at ,holyrood or across ! ,bord]1 9 ,%effield or ,tutbury1 h] ev] fav\rite dream 0 /ill ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,h] road t[>ds x 0 ?r\gh a ,ca?olic revolution & ! murd] ( ,elizabe?4 ,x is en\gh t1 bo? be=e & aft]1 ! ari/ocracy ( ,scotl&1 ev5 ^? among !m :o _h seem$ mo/ zeal\s = ! ,re=mation1 7 eag] to support h]4 ,john ,knox alone1 & ! commons1 :om ,knox _h rais$ into a political p[]1 rema9$ true4 ,mu*1 inde$1 is to be said = ! ,scot* nobles4 ,9 ! fir/ %ock ( ! bus9ess at ,kirk-o'-,field1 !y =got _! politics 9 a s5se ( national disgrace4 ,!y s5t ! que5 to ,lo* ,lev54 ,!y int5d$ to br+ h] to trial1 &1 if %e 0 prov$ guilty1 to expose & p]haps puni% h]4 ,all p>ties = a "t agre$ 9 ?is--ev5 ! ,hamiltons !mselves2 & _h !y be5 left alone !y w\ld h done x4 ,b !y _h a p]v]se neighb\r 9 ,engl&1 to :om cr[n$ heads 7 sacr$4 ,elizabe?1 x might h be5 ?\ght1 w\ld h _h no p>ticul> objection2 b ,elizabe? _h aims ( h] own :i* baffl$ calculation4 ,elizabe?1 ! repres5tative ( revolution1 yet dete/$ revolutioni/s4 ,! ,re=m]s 9 ,scotl&1 ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france1 ! insurg5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 7 ! only fri5ds %e _h 9 ,europe4 ,= h] own safety %e 0 oblig$ to enc\rage !m2 yet %e hat$ !m all1 & w\ld at any mom5t h ab&on$ !m all1 if1 9 any o!r way1 %e c\ld h secur$ h]self4 ,%e might h conqu]$ h] p]sonal objection to ,knox--%e c\ld n conqu] h] av]sion to a ,*ur* :i* rose out ( revolt aga9/ au?ority1 :i* 0 democratic 9 con/itution & republican 9 politics4 ,:5 driv5 into alliance ) ! ,scot* ,prote/ants1 %e angrily & passionately disclaim$ any community ( cre$ ) !m2 & = subjects to sit 9 judgm5t on _! pr9ce 0 a prec$5t :i* %e w\ld n tol]ate4 ,?us %e flung h] mantle ov] ,m>y ,/u>t4 ,%e told ! ,scot* ,c\ncil "h 9 ,ed9burgh t1 if !y hurt a hair ( h] head1 %e w\ld h>ry _! c\ntry1 & hang !m all on ! trees r\nd ! t[n1 if %e c\ld f9d any trees !re = t purpose4 ,%e tempt$ ! que5 to ,engl& ) h] fair promises aft] ! battle ( ,langside1 & !n1 to h] a/oni%m5t1 imprison$ h]4 ,yet %e /ill %ield$ h] reputation1 /ill fo/]$ h] p>ty 9 ,scotl&1 /ill incessantly ?reat5$ & incessantly endeav\r$ to re/ore h]4 ,%e kept h] safe1 because1 9 h] lucid int]vals1 h] m9i/]s %[$ h] ! madness ( act+ o!rwise4 ,yet = ?ree ye>s %e kept h] own p 9 a fev] ( appreh5sion4 ,%e made a settl$ ,gov]nm5t 9 ,scotl& impossible2 till1 di/ract$ & p]plex$1 ! ,scotti% /atesm5 w5t back to _! fir/ s*emes4 ,!y assur$ !mselves t 9 "o way or o!r ! ,que5 ( ,scots w\ld soon] or lat] come aga9 among !m4 ,!y1 & o!rs besides !m1 believ$ t ,elizabe? 0 cutt+ h] own ?roat1 & t ! be/ t !y c\ld d 0 to recov] _! own que5's fav\r1 & make ! mo/ ( h] & h] titles2 & s !y l5t !mselves aga9 to ! ,engli% ,ca?olic conspiracies4 ,! ,e>l ( ,moray--! "o supremely noble man !n liv+ 9 ! c\ntry--0 put out ( ! way by an assass94 ,fr5* & ,spani% money p\r$ 91 & ,fr5* & ,spani% armies 7 to be aga9 invit$ ov] to ,scotl&4 ,?is is ! =m 9 :i* ! drama unfolds itself 9 ! correspond5ce ( ! "t4 ,maitl&1 ! s\l & _s ( x all1 said1 9 scorn1 t 'he w\ld make ! ,que5 ( ,engl& sit ^u h] tail & :9e l a :ipp$ dog4' ,! only p[]ful noblem5 :o rema9$ on ! ,prote/ant side 7 ,l5nox1 ,morton1 & ,m>4 ,"l ,l5nox 0 a poor creature1 & 0 soon dispat*$2 ,m> 0 old & weak2 & ,morton 0 an unpr9cipl$ sc\ndrel1 :o us$ ! ,re=mation only z a /alk+-horse to cov] ! spoils :i* he _h clut*$ 9 ! confusion1 & 0 ready to des]t ! cause at any mom5t if ! balance ( advantage %ift$4 ,ev5 ! m9i/]s ( ! ,kirk 7 fool$ & flatt]$ ov]4 ,maitl& told ,m>y ,/u>t t he _h ga9$ !m all except "o4 ,john ,knox alone defi$ bo? 8 ?reats & 8 p]suasions4 ,good reason has ,scotl& to be pr\d ( ,knox4 ,he only1 9 ?is wild crisis1 sav$ ! ,kirk :i* he _h f\nd$1 & sav$ ) x ,scotti% & ,engli% fre$om4 ,b = ,knox1 & :at he 0 able /ill to d1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,duke ( ,alva's army w\ld h be5 l&$ on ! ea/]n coa/4 ,! conditions 7 drawn out & agre$ ^u = ! reception1 ! support1 & ! /ay ( ! ,spani% troops4 ,two-?irds ( ! ,engli% pe]age _h b\nd !mselves to rise aga9/ ,elizabe?1 & ,alva wait$ only till ,scotl& itself 0 quiet4 ,only t quiet w\ld n be4 ,in/ead ( quiet came ?ree dreadful ye>s ( civil w>4 ,scotl& 0 split into factions1 to :i* ! "m & son gave names4 ,! que5's lords1 z !y 7 call$1 ) unlimit$ money f ,france & ,fl&]s1 held ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[2 all ! bord] l9e 0 !irs1 & all ! nor? & we/4 ,elizabe?'s ,c\ncil1 wis] ?an _! mi/ress1 b>ely squeez$ out ( h] reluctant p>simony en\gh to keep ,m> & ,morton f mak+ t]ms ) ! re/2 b !re h] assi/ance end$4 ,%e w\ld /ill say no?+1 promise no?+1 b9d h]self to no?+1 &1 s f> z %e 0 conc]n$1 ! w> w\ld h be5 soon en\gh br\ght to a close4 ,b away at ,/4 ,&rews1 ,john ,knox1 brok5 9 body1 & sc>cely able to /agg] up ! pulpit /airs1 /ill ?und]$ 9 ! p>i% *ur*2 & 8 voice1 x 0 said1 0 l t5 ?\s& trumpets bray+ 9 ! e> ( ,scotti% ,prote/antism4 ,all ! ,l[l&s answ]$ to 8 call4 ,our ,engli% ,cromwell f\nd 9 ! man ( religion a mat* = ! man ( hon\r4 ,be=e ,cromwell1 all ov] ! ,lo?ians1 & across f ,/4 ,&rews to ,/irl+ & ,glasg[--?r\gh f>m1 & t[n1 & village--! words ( ,knox _h /ruck ! inmo/ *ords ( ! ,scotti% commons' he>ts4 ,pass+ ov] knight & noble1 he _h t\*$ ! f>m]1 ! peasant1 ! petty tradesman1 & ! artisan1 & turn$ ! m5 ( clay into m5 ( /eel4 ,! village prea*]1 :5 he left 8 pulpit1 d(f$ cap & cassock1 & donn$ morion & /eel-coat4 ,! ,lo?ian yeoman's h\sehold became = ! nonce a b& ( troop]s1 :o w\ld cross swords ) ! night rid]s ( ,buccleu*4 ,x 0 a t]rible "t1 a "t r ( an>*y ?an ( def9$ w>1 = x 0 )\t =m or %ape4 ,yet ! horror ( x 0 ev]y:]e4 ,h\ses & villages 7 burn$1 & wom5 & *ildr5 toss$ on pike-po9t into ! flames4 ,/r+s ( poor m5 7 dangl$ day aft] day f ! walls ( ,ed9burgh ,ca/le4 ,a ^w any way f ,elizabe? w\ld h end$ x1 b t ^w ,elizabe? w\ld nev] speak2 &1 madd5$ ) suff]+1 ! p half believ$ t %e 0 fe$+ ! fire = h] own bad purposes1 :5 x 0 only t %e w\ld n make up h] m9d to all[ a cr[n$ pr9cess to be de?ron$4 ,no e>?ly influ5ce c\ld h held m5 true 9 su* a trial4 ,! noble lords--! ,e>l ( ,morton & su*-l--w\ld h made _! own conditions1 & gone ) ! re/2 b ! vital =ce ( ! ,scot* nation1 %[+ itself :]e x 0 lea/ look$ =1 w\ld n h x s4 ,a v rem>kable acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ! ,scot* commons at ?is "t is to be f\nd 9 a lett] ( an ,engli% emiss>y1 :o _h be5 s5t by ,"l ,burleigh to see h[ ?+s 7 go+ !re4 ,x 0 n m]ely a new cre$ t !y _h got2 x 0 a new vital p[]4 ',y w\ld be a/oni%$ to see h[ m5 are *ang$ "h1' ?is writ] said4 ',!re is little ( t submission to ^? above !m :i* !re us$ to be4 ,! poor ?9k & act = !mselves4 ,!y are gr[+ /rong1 confid5t1 indep5d5t4 ,! f>ms are bett] cultivat$2 ! f>m]s are gr[+ ri*4 ,! m]*ants at ,lei? are ?riv+1 &1 not)/&+ ! pirates1 !y are increas+ _! %ips & op5+ a brisk trade ) ,france4' ,all ?is :ile civil w> 0 rag+1 & ! flag ( ,que5 ,m>y 0 /ill float+ ov] ,ed9burgh ,ca/le4 ,x surpris$ ! ,engli%2 /ill m x surpris$ ! politicians4 ,x 0 ! "o ?+ :i* disconc]t$1 baffl$1 & f9ally ru9$ ! s*emes & ! dreams ( ,maitl&4 ,:5 he _h ga9$ ! ari/ocracy1 he ?\ght t he _h ga9$ ev]ybody1 &1 z x turn$ out1 he _h all 8 "w /ill to d4 ,! ,spani>ds did n come4 ,! prud5t ,alva w\ld n risk invasion till ,scotl& at lea/ 0 assur$4 ,z "t pass$ on1 ! ,engli% conspiracies 7 discov]$ & brok5 up4 ,! ,duke ( ,norfolk lo/ 8 head2 ! ,que5 ( ,scots 0 f\nd to h be5 mix$ up ) ! plots to murd] ,elizabe?2 & ,elizabe? at la/ took c\rage & recognis$ ,james4 ,supplies ( money ceas$ to come f abroad1 & gradually ! tide turn$4 ,! ,prote/ant cause once m grew t[>ds ! asc5dant4 ,! great families "o by "o came r\nd aga92 &1 z ! backw>d movem5t began1 ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew gave x a fre% & trem5d\s impulse4 ,ev5 ! av[$ ,ca?olics--! ,hamiltons1 ! ,gordons1 ! ,scotts1 ! ,k]s1 ! ,maxwells--quail$ be=e ! wail ( rage & sorr[ :i* at t great horror rose ov] _! c\ntry4 ,! ,que5's p>ty dw9dl$ away to a h&ful ( desp]ate politicians1 :o /ill clung to ,ed9burgh ,ca/le4 ,b ,elizabe?'s 'peace-mak]s1' z ! big ,engli% cannon 7 call$1 came r\nd1 at ! ,reg5t's reque/1 f ,b]wick2 ,david's t[]1 z ,knox _h long ago =etold1 'ran d[n ov] ! cliff l a s&y brae2' & ! cause ( ,m>y ,/u>t 9 ,scotl& 0 ext+ui%$ = ev]4 ,poor ,grange1 :o des]v$ a bett] end1 0 hang$ at ! ,m>ket ,cross4 ,secret>y ,maitl&1 ! cause ( all ! mis*ief--! clev]e/ man1 z f> z intellect w5t1 9 all ,brita9--di$ 7s lat] rum\r said7 by 8 own h&4 ,a nobl] v]sion ( 8 end is probably a tru] "o3 ,he _h be5 long ill--s ill t :5 ! ,ca/le cannon 7 fir$1 he _h be5 c>ri$ into ! cell>s z unable to be> ! s\nd4 ,! break+ d[n ( 8 hopes f9i%$ him4 ',! secret>y1' wrote "s "o f ! spot to ,cecil1 'is dead ( grief1 be+ unable to endure ! great hatr$ :i* all ?is p be>s t[>ds him4' ,x w\ld be well if "s compet5t man w\ld write a life ( ,maitl&1 or at lea/ edit 8 pap]s4 ,!y conta9 by f> ! cle>e/ acc\nt ( ! inw>d movem5ts ( ! "t2 & he himself is "o ( ! mo/ tragically int]e/+ *>act]s 9 ! cycle ( ! ,re=mation hi/ory4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,ca/le1 !n1 b n till !n1 x became cle> to all m5 t ! ,re=mation w\ld hold its gr\nd4 ,x 0 ! f9al trampl+ out ( ! fire :i* = five ye>s _h ?reat5$ bo? ,engl& & ,scotl& ) flames & ru94 ,= five ye>s--z late c]ta9ly z ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew--^? :o und]/ood be/ ! true /ate ( ?+s1 felt ! ke5e/ misgiv+s h[ ! ev5t w\ld turn4 ,t ?+s end$ z !y did 0 due to ! _s ( ! ,scot* commons4 ,!re 0 a mom5t :51 if !y _h giv5 way1 all w\ld h gone1 p]haps ev5 to ,elizabe?'s ?rone4 ,!y _h pass$ = no?+2 !y _h prov$ to be ev]y?+2 _h prov$--! ultimate te/ 9 human ?+s--to be ! p[] :i* c\ld hit ! h>de/ bl[s1 & !y took rank accord+ly4 ,! cre$ began n[ 9 good e>ne/ to make its way into hall & ca/le2 b x kept ! =m :i* x assum$ 9 ! fir/ h\rs ( its dang] & trial1 & nev] aft] lo/ x4 ,_h ! ari/ocracy dealt s9c]ely ) ?+s 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! bus9ess1 aga9 ,i say ! democratic elem5t 9 ! ,kirk might h be5 s(t5$ or modifi$4 ,b ! ,prote/ants _h be5 trifl$ ) by _! own natural lead]s4 ,us$ & abus$ by ,elizabe?1 despis$ by ! worldly intellig5ce & p[] ( ! times--!y triumph$ aft] all1 &1 z a natural consequ5ce1 !y set _! own m>k & /amp ^u ! fruits ( ! victory4 ,! "q n[ is1 :at has ! ,kirk s e/abli%$ done = ,scotl&8 ,has x ju/ifi$ its own exi/5ce8 ,briefly1 we might say1 x has cont9u$ its fir/ function z ! gu>dian ( ,scotti% fre$om4 ,b t is a vague phrase1 & !re are special accusations aga9/ ! ,kirk & its doctr9es :i* imply t x has c>$ = o!r ?+s ?an fre$om4 ,n>r[1 fanatical1 dictatorial1 intrusive1 sup]/iti\s1 a spiritual despotism1 ! old prie/hood ov] aga9 ) a new face--^! & o!r su* epi!ts & expressions we h he>d (t5 en\gh appli$ to x at m ?an "o /age ( its hi/ory4 ,well1 ,i suppose t nei!r ! ,kirk nor any?+ else ( man's mak+ is altoge!r p]fect4 ,b let u look at ! "w :i* lay be=e x :5 x _h got ov] its fir/ p]ils4 ,scot* patriotism succe$$ at la/ 9 ! object x _h s passionately set its he>t ^u4 ,x s5t a k+ at la/ ( ! ,scot* blood to ,engl&1 & a new dyna/y2 & x nev] knew peace or quiet aft]4 ,! ,kirk _h /ood betwe5 ,james ,/u>t & 8 k+craft4 ,he hat$ x z he>tily z did 8 "m2 &1 :5 he got to ,engl&1 he f\nd p !re :o told him x w\ld be easy to de/roy x1 & he f\nd ! /r5g? ( a fre% empire to back him 9 try+ to d x4 ,to h =c$ prelacy ^u ,scotl& w\ld h be5 to de/roy ! life out ( ,scotl&4 ,?ru/ ^u !m by =ce1 x w\ld h be5 no m endurable ?an ,pop]y4 ,!y w\ld z soon1 p]haps soon]1 h _h :at ! ,iri% call ! 'rale ?+' back aga94 ,! political fre$om ( ! c\ntry 0 n[ wrapp$ up 9 ! ,kirk2 & ! ,/u>ts 7 p]fectly well aw>e ( t1 & = t v reason began _! crusade aga9/ x4 ,& n[1 suppose ! ,kirk _h be5 ! broad1 lib]al1 philosophical1 intellectual ?+ :i* "s p ?9k x ought to h be51 h[ w\ld x h f>$ 9 t crusade2 h[ altoge!r w\ld x h enc\nt]$ ^? surplices ( ,ar*bi%op ,laud or ^? dragoons ( ,clav]h\se8 ,x is h>d to lose "o's life = a 'p]haps1' & philosophical belief at ! bottom means a 'p]haps' & no?+ m4 ,= m ?an half ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! battle _h to be f\ght out 9 ,scotl&1 :i* 9 reality 0 ! battle betwe5 lib]ty & despotism2 & :]e1 except 9 an int5se1 burn+ conviction t !y 7 ma9ta9+ ,god's cause aga9/ ! devil1 c\ld ! poor ,scot* p h f\nd ! /r5g? = ! unequal /ruggle :i* 0 =c$ ^u !m8 ,tol]ation is a good ?+ 9 its place2 b y _c tol]ate :at w n tol]ate y1 & is try+ to cut y\r ?roat4 ,enlight5m5t y _c h en\gh (1 b x mu/ be true enlight5m5t1 :i* sees a ?+ 9 all its be>+s4 ,9 ^! matt]s ! vital que/ions are n always ^? :i* appe> on ! surface2 & 9 ! passion & resolution ( brave & noble m5 !re is (t5 an in>ticulate intellig5ce deep] ?an :at c be express$ 9 words4 ,action sometimes w hit ! m>k1 :5 ! spok5 ^w ei!r misses x or is b half ! tru?4 ,on su* subjects1 & ) common m51 latitude ( m9d means weakness ( m9d4 ,!re is b a c]ta9 quantity ( spiritual =ce 9 any man4 ,spread x ov] a broad surface1 ! /ream is %all[ & languid2 n>r[ ! *annel1 & x becomes a driv+ =ce4 ,ea* may be well at its own "t4 ,! mill-race :i* drives ! wat]-:eel is disp]s$ 9 rivulets ov] ! mead[ at its foot4 ,! ,cov5ant]s f\ght ! fight & won ! victory1 & !n1 & n till !n1 came ! ,david ,humes ) _! essays on miracles1 & ! ,adam ,smi?s ) _! political economies1 & /eam-eng9es1 & railroads1 & philosophical in/itutions1 & all ! o!r bless$ or unbless$ fruits ( lib]ty4 ,b we may g fur!r4 ,in/itutions exi/ = m51 n m5 = in/itutions2 & ! ultimate te/ ( any sy/em ( politics1 or body ( op9ions1 or =m ( belief1 is ! effect produc$ on ! conduct & condition ( ! p :o live & die "u !m4 ,n[1 ,i am n "h to speak ( ,scotl& ( ! pres5t day4 ,t1 happily1 is no bus9ess ( m9e4 ,we h to d "h ) ,scotl& be=e ! m>* ( intellect2 ) ,scotl& ( ! la/ two c5turies2 ) ! ?ree or f\r hundr$ ?\s& families1 :o = half-a-score ( g5]ations believ$ simply & firmly 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,re=mation1 & walk$ 9 ! ways ( x4 ,look$ at broadly1 "o w\ld say !y _h be5 an em95tly pi\s p4 ,x is "p ( ! compla9t ( mod]n philosoph]s ab\t !m1 t religion1 or sup]/ition1 or :atev] !y please to call x1 _h too mu* to d ) _! daily lives4 ,s f> z "o c look into t commonplace r\nd ( ?+s :i* hi/orians nev] tell u ab\t1 !re h r>ely be5 se5 9 ?is _w a set ( p :o h ?\ght m ab\t "r & wrong1 & ! judgm5t ab\t !m ( ! upp] p[]s4 ,long-head$1 ?rifty indu/ry1--a s\nd hatr$ ( wa/e1 imprud5ce1 idl5ess1 extravagance1--! feet plant$ firmly ^u ! e>?1--a consci5ti\s s5se t ! worldly virtues are1 nev]!less1 v necess>y virtues1 t )\t ^!1 hone/y = "o ?+ is n possible1 & t )\t hone/y no o!r excell5ce1 religi\s or moral1 is wor? any?+ at all--?is is ! /uff ( :i* ,scot* life 0 made1 & v good /uff x is4 ,x has be5 call$ gloomy1 au/]e1 h>%1 & su* o!r epi!ts4 ,a gift$ mod]n writ] has fav\r$ u lately ) long /r+s ( extracts f ! s]mons ( ,scot* div9es ( ! la/ c5tury1 tak+ h>d views ( human %ortcom+s & _! probable consequ5ces1 & pass+ h>d c5sures ^u ! _w & its amusem5ts4 ,well1 no d\bt amusem5t is a v good ?+2 b ,i %\ld r inf] f ! vehem5ce & frequ5cy ( ^! d5unciations t ! p _h n be5 9 ! habit ( d5y+ !mselves too immod]ately2 &1 aft] all1 x is no v h>d *>ge aga9/ ^? tea*]s t !y ?\ght m ( duty ?an ( pleasure4 ,s]mons always exagg]ate ! !oretic side ( ?+s2 & ! mo/ au/]e prea*]1 :5 he is out ( ! pulpit1 & y meet him at ! d9n]-table1 becomes s+ul>ly l o!r p4 ,we may take c\rage1 ,i ?9k1 we may believe safely t 9 ^? m9i/]-ridd5 days1 m5 7 n altoge!r s mis]able2 we may hope t no l>ge body ( human be+s h = any l5g? ( "t be5 too dang]\sly afraid ( enjoym5t4 ,among o!r good qualities1 ! ,scots h be5 di/+ui%$ = hum\r--n = v5om\s wit1 b = k9dly1 g5ial hum\r1 :i* half loves :at x laughs at--& ?is alone %[s cle>ly en\gh t ^? to :om x belongs h n look$ too exclusively on ! gloomy side ( ! _w4 ,i %\ld r say t ! ,scots _h be5 an unusually happy p4 ,intellig5t indu/ry1 ! hone/ do+ ( daily "w1 ) a s5se t x mu/ be done well1 "u p5alties2 ! necess>ies ( life mod]ately provid$ =2 & a s5sible cont5t ) ! situation ( life 9 :i* m5 are born--?is ?r\gh ! week1 & at ! end ( x ! ',cott>'s ,saturday ,night'--! homely family1 ga!r$ rev]5tly & peacefully toge!r1 & irradiat$ ) a sacr$ pres5ce4--,happ9ess6 su* happ9ess z we human creatures are likely to "k ^u ?is _w1 w be f\nd !re1 if any:]e4 ,! au?or ( ! ',hi/ory ( ,civilisation' makes a nave rem>k 9 connexion ) ?is subject4 ,speak+ ( ! o!r c\ntry1 :i* he c5sures equally ) ,scotl& = its slav]y to sup]/ition1 he says ( ! ,spani>ds t !y are a well-natur$1 tru?ful1 indu/ri\s1 temp]ate1 pi\s p1 innoc5t 9 _! habits1 affectionate 9 _! families1 full ( hum\r1 vivacity1 & %rewdness1 yet t all ?is 'has avail$ !m no?+'--'has avail$ !m no?+1' t is 8 expression--because !y are loyal1 because !y are cr$ul\s1 because !y are cont5t$1 because !y h n appreh5d$ ! fir/ comm&m5t ( ! new cov5ant3 ',?\ %alt get on & make money1 & bett] ?y condition 9 life2' because1 !re=e1 !y h add$ no?+ to ! sci5tific k1 ! weal?1 & ! progress ( mank9d4 ,)\t ^!1 x seems1 ! old-fa%ion$ virtues avail no?+4 ,!y avail a great deal to human happ9ess4 ,appli$ sci5ce1 & /eam1 & railroads1 & ma*9]y1 enable an ev]-increas+ numb] ( p to live ^u ! e>?2 b ! happ9ess ( ^? p rema9s1 s f> z ,i "k1 dep5d5t v mu* on ! old conditions4 ,i %\ld be glad to believe t ! new views ( ?+s w produce effects ^u ! "* 9 ! long run half s beautiful4 ,!re is mu* m to say on ?is subject1 7 !re "t to say x1 b ,i w n trespass too f> ^u y\r pati5ce2 & ,i w\ld gladly h end$ "h1 _h n ! m5tion ( ,spa9 sugge/$ "o o!r topic1 :i* ,i %\ld n leave unnotic$4 ,! ,spa9 ( ,c]vantes & ,don ,quixote 0 ! ,spa9 ( ! ,inquisition4 ,! ,scotl& ( ,knox & ,melville 0 ! ,scotl& ( ! wit* trials & wit* burn+s4 ,! belief 9 wit*es 0 common to all ! _w4 ,! prosecution & puni%m5t ( ! poor creatures 0 m conspicu\s 9 ,scotl& :5 ! ,kirk 0 mo/ p[]ful2 9 ,engl& & ,new ,engl&1 :5 ,puritan pr9ciples 7 also dom9ant !re4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! reasons4 ,evil ( all k9ds 0 suppos$ to be ! "w ( a p]sonal devil2 & 9 ! g5]al horror ( evil1 ?is p>ticul> =m ( x1 9 :i* ! devil 0 ?\ght especially active1 excit$ ! mo/ passionate dete/ation4 ,?us1 ev5 ! be/ m5 l5t !mselves unconsci\sly to ! mo/ dete/able cruelty4 ,knox himself is n free f reproa*4 ,a poor woman 0 burn$ at ,/4 ,&rews :5 he 0 liv+ !re1 & :5 a ^w f him w\ld h sav$ h]4 ,x rema9s a lesson to all "t1 t goodness1 ?\gh ! indisp5sable adjunct to k1 is no sub/itute = x2 t :5 consci5ce und]takes to dictate beyond its prov9ce1 ! result is only ! m mon/r\s4 ,x is well t we %\ld look ?is matt] 9 ! face2 & z p>ticul> /ories leave m impression ?an g5]al /atem5ts1 ,i w m5tion "o1 p]fectly well au!nticat$1 :i* ,i take f ! (ficial report ( ! proce$+s3--,t[>ds ! end ( #aeic !re 0 tr\ble 9 ! family ( ! ,e>l ( ,orkney4 ,8 bro!r laid a plot to murd] him1 & 0 said to h s\ght ! help ( a 'notori\s wit*' call$ ,alison ,balf\r4 ,:5 ,alison ,balf\r's life 0 look$ into1 no evid5ce c\ld be f\nd connect+ h] ei!r ) ! p>ticul> (f5ce or ) wit*craft 9 g5]al2 b x 0 en\gh 9 ^! matt]s to be accus$4 ,%e swore %e 0 innoc5t2 b h] guilt 0 only held to be aggravat$ by p]jury4 ,%e 0 tortur$ aga9 & aga94 ,h] legs 7 put 9 ! cas*ilaws--an iron frame :i* 0 gradually heat$ till x burn$ into ! fle%--b no confession c\ld be wrung f h]4 ,! cas*ilaws fail$ utt]ly1 & some?+ else _h to be tri$4 ,%e _h a husb&1 a son1 & a daught]1 a *ild sev5 ye>s old4 ,z h] own suff]+s did n "w ^u h]1 %e might be t\*$1 p]haps1 by ! suff]+s ( ^? :o 7 de> to h]4 ,!y 7 br\ght into c\rt1 & plac$ at h] side2 & ! husb& fir/ 0 plac$ 9 ! 'lang irons'--"s accurs$ in/rum5t2 ,i "k n :at4 ,/ill ! devil did n yield4 ,%e bore ?is2 & h] son 0 next op]at$ on4 ,! boy's legs 7 set 9 '! boot1'--! iron boot y may h he>d (4 ,! w$ges 7 driv5 91 :i*1 :5 =c$ home1 cru%$ ! v bone & m>r[4 ,fifty-sev5 mallet /rokes 7 deliv]$ ^u ! w$ges4 ,yet ?is1 too1 fail$4 ,!re 0 no confession yet4 ,s1 la/ ( all1 ! little daught] 0 tak54 ,!re 0 a ma*9e call$ ! p9iw9kies--a k9d ( ?umbscrew1 :i* br\ght blood f "u ! f+] nails1 ) a pa9 successfully t]rible4 ,^! ?+s 7 appli$ to ! poor *ild's h&s1 & ! "m's con/ancy broke d[n1 & %e said %e w\ld admit any?+ !y wi%$4 ,%e confess$ h] wit*craft--s tri$1 %e w\ld h confess$ to ! sev5 deadly s9s--& !n %e 0 burn$1 recall+ h] confession1 & ) h] la/ brea? prote/+ h] innoc5ce4 ,x is due to ! intellig5ce ( ! "t to admit t aft] ?is h] guilt 0 d\bt$1 & su* vic>i\s means ( extort+ confession d n seem to h be5 tri$ aga94 ,yet ! m5 :o inflict$ ^! tortures w\ld h borne !m all !mselves soon] ?an h done any act :i* !y consci\sly knew to be wrong4 ,!y did n "k t ! in/9cts ( humanity 7 m sacr$ ?an ! logic ( !ology1 & 9 fight+ aga9/ ! devil !y 7 !mselves do+ ! devil's "w4 ,we %\ld n attempt to apologise = ^! ?+s1 /ill less to =get !m4 ,no m>tyrs ev] suff]$ to in/il into mank9d a m :olesome lesson--m :olesome1 or "o m h>d to le>n4 ,! m consci5ti\s m5 are1 ! m difficult x is = !m to und]/& t 9 _! mo/ *]i%$ convictions1 :5 !y pass beyond ! limits :]e ! wise & good ( all sorts agree1 !y may be ! victims ( m]e delusion4 ,yet1 aft] all1 & happily1 su* cases 7 b few1 & affect$ b lightly ! g5]al condition ( ! p4 ,! /ud5t runn+ ov] ! records ( o!r times f9ds c]ta9 sali5t ?+s /&+ out 9 frightful prom95ce4 ,he concludes t ! sub/ance ( ^? times 0 made up ( ! matt]s mo/ dwelt on by ! annali/4 ,he =gets t ! ?+s mo/ notic$ are n ^? ( e-day exp]i5ce1 b ! abnormal1 ! extraord9>y1 ! mon/r\s4 ,! exceptions are not$ d[n1 ! common & usual is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! philosophic hi/orian1 /udy+ h]eaft] ?is pres5t age1 9 :i* we are ourselves liv+1 may say t x 0 a "t ( unexampl$ prosp]ity1 luxury1 & weal?2 b cat*+ at c]ta9 horrible murd]s :i* h lately disgrac$ our civilisation1 may call u a nation ( assass9s4 ,x is to inv]t ! pyramid & /& x on its po9t4 ,! same sy/em ( belief :i* produc$ ! trag$y :i* ,i h describ$1 9 its prop] prov9ce z ! guide ( ord9>y life1 has be5 ! imm$iate cause ( all t is be/ & greate/ 9 ,scotti% "*4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,ca?olicism4,c ,n long ago ,i he>d a liv+ ?9k] ( "s em95ce say t he consid]$ ,*ri/ianity to h be5 a mis=tune4 ,intellectually1 he said1 x 0 absurd2 & practically1 x 0 an (f5ce1 ov] :i* he /umbl$4 ,x w\ld h be5 f> bett] = mank9d1 he ?\ght1 if !y c\ld h kept cle> ( sup]/ition1 & foll[$ on ^u ! track ( ! ,grecian philosophy4 ,s little d m5 c>e to und]/& ! conditions :i* h made !m :at !y are1 & :i* has creat$ = !m t v wisdom 9 :i* !y !mselves are s cont5t$4 ,b x is /range1 inde$1 t a p]son :o c\ld delib]ately adopt su* a conclusion %\ld tr\ble himself any m to look = tru?4 ,if a m]e absurdity c\ld make its way out ( a little fi%+ village 9 ,galilee1 & spread ?r\gh ! :ole civilis$ _w2 if m5 are s pitiably silly1 t 9 an age ( great m5tal activity _! /ronge/ ?9k]s %\ld h sunk "u an abortion ( fe> & folly1 %\ld h all[$ x to absorb into itself :atev] ( h]oism1 ( devotion1 self-sacrifice1 & moral nobl5ess !re 0 among !m2 surely !re 7 no?+ bett] = a wise man ?an to make ! be/ ( 8 "t1 & to cr[d :at enjoym5t he c f9d into x1 %elt]+ himself 9 a v disda9ful ,pyrrhonism f all c>e = mank9d or = _! op9ions4 ,= :at bett] te/ ( tru? h we ?an ! able/ m5's acceptance ( x8 & if ! able/ m5 eighte5 c5turies ago delib]ately accept$ :at is n[ too absurd to reason ^u1 :at "r h we to hope t ) ! same natures1 ! same passions1 ! same und]/&+s1 no bett] pro( aga9/ deception1 we1 l !y1 are n entangl$ 9 :at1 at ! close ( ano!r era1 %all seem aga9 ridicul\s8 ,! sc(f ( ,cic]o at ! div9ity ( ,lib] & ,c]es 7bread & w9e7 may be translat$ lit]ally by ! mod]n ,prote/ant2 & ! s>casms :i* ,clem5t & ,t]tullian flung at ! ,pagan cre$1 ! mod]n sceptic returns ^u _! own4 ,( :at use is x to de/roy an idol1 :5 ano!r1 or ! same 9 ano!r =m1 takes imm$iate possession ( ! vacant p$e/al8 ,i %all n argue ) ! extravagant hypo!sis ( my fri5d4 ,9 ! op9ion ev5 ( ,goe!1 :o 0 n tr\bl$ ) cr$ulity1 ! human race c nev] atta9 to any?+ high] ?an ,*ri/ianity--if we mean by ,*ri/ianity ! religion :i* 0 reveal$ to ! _w 9 ! tea*+ & ! life ( its ,f\nd]4 ,b ev5 ! m limit$ reprobation by our own ,re=m]s ( ! cre$ ( m$ival ,europe is n m j or philosophical4 ,ptolemy 0 n p]fect1 b ,newton _h be5 a fool if he _h sc(f$ at ,ptolemy4 ,newton c\ld n h be5 )\t ,ptolemy1 nor ,ptolemy )\t ! ,*aldees2 & z x is ) ! m9or sci5ces1 s f> m is x ) ! sci5ce ( sci5ces--! sci5ce ( life1 :i* has gr[n ?r\gh all ! ages f ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,we speak ( ! errors ( ! pa/4 ,we1 ) ?is glori\s pres5t :i* is op5+ on u1 we %all nev] ent] on x1 we %all nev] und]/& x1 till we h le>nt to see 9 t pa/1 n error1 b in/alm5t ( tru?1 h>d-f\ght-= tru?1 wrung out ) pa9ful & h]oic ef=t4 ,! promis$ l& is smil+ be=e u1 b we may n pass ov] into ! possession ( x :ile ! bones ( our fa!rs :o lab\r$ ?r\gh ! wild]ness lie blea*+ on ! s&s1 or a prey to ! unclean birds4 ,we mu/ ga!r _! relics & bury !m1 & sum up _! lab\rs1 & inscribe ! record ( _! actions on _! tombs z an hon\rable epitaph4 ,if ,ca?olicism really is pass+ away1 if x has done its "w1 & if :at is left ( x is n[ hold+ u back f bett] ?+s1 x is n = our bitt]ness b = our affectionate ackn[l$gm5t1 nor = our heap+ contempt on :at x is1 b = our rev]5d & pati5t exam9ation ( :at x has be51 t x w be cont5t to bid u f>ewell1 & give u ,god spe$ on our fur!r j\rney4 ,9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 c]ta9 broad ph5om5a p]petually repeat !mselves2 !y rise 9 ! highe/ ?\ght extant at ! "t ( _! orig92 ! conclusions ( philosophy settle into a cre$2 art ornam5ts x1 devotion consecrates x1 "t elaborates x4 ,x gr[s ?r\gh a long s]ies ( g5]ations into ! he>t & habits ( ! p2 & s long z no di/urb+ cause int]f]es1 or s long z ! idea at ! c5tre ( x survives1 a heal?y1 vigor\s1 natural life %oots beautifully up out ( ! intellectual root4 ,b at la/ ! idea becomes obsolete2 ! numb+ influ5ce ( habit petrifies ! _s 9 ! outside c]emonial1 :ile new que/ions arise among ! ?9k]s1 & ideas ent] into new & unexpla9$ relations4 ,! old =mula w n s]ve2 b new =mul are t>dy 9 appe>+2 & habit & sup]/ition cl+ to ! pa/1 & policy v9dicates x1 & /atecraft upholds x =cibly z s]viceable to ord]1 till1 f ! comb9$ action ( folly1 & worldl9ess1 & ignorance1 ! once beautiful symbolism becomes at la/ no bett] ?an 'a :it$ sepul*re full ( dead m5's bones & all uncleanness4' ,s x is n[4 ,s x 0 9 ! era ( ! ,cs>s1 out ( :i* ,*ri/ianity arose2 & ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! =m :i* x assum$ at ! close ( ! ,arian controv]sy1 0 ! delib]ate solution :i* ! mo/ p[]ful intellects ( t day c\ld (f] ( ! que/ions :i* _h gr[n ) ! gr[? ( mank9d1 & on :i* ,paganism _h suff]$ %ipwreck4 ,paganism1 z a cre$1 0 entirely physical4 ,:5 ,paganism rose1 m5 _h n begun to reflect ^u !mselves1 or ! infirmities ( _! own nature4 ,! bad man 0 a bad man--! c[>d1 a c[>d--! li>1 a li>--individually hateful & despicable3 b 9 hat+ & despis+ su* un=tunates1 ! old ,greeks 7 satisfi$ to h felt all t x 0 necess>y to feel ab\t !m2 & h[ su* a ph5om5on z a bad man came to exi/ 9 ?is _w1 !y sc>cely c>$ to enquire4 ,!re is no evil _s 9 ! my?ology z an antagoni/ ( ! gods4 ,!re is ! ,er9nys z ! av5g] ( mon/r\s villanies2 !re is a ,t>t>us :]e ! d>ke/ crim9als suff] et]nal tortures4 ,b ,tantalus & ,ixion are suff]+ = enorm\s crimes1 to :i* ! small wick$ness ( common m5 (f]s no analogy4 ,moreov]1 ^! & o!r su* /ories are only curi\sly ornam5t$ my?s1 repres5t+ physical ph5om5a4 ,b ) ,socrates a *ange came ov] philosophy2 a sign--p]haps a cause--( ! decl9e ( ! exi/+ religion4 ,! /udy ( man sup]s$$ ! /udy ( nature3 a pur] ,!ism came 9 ) ! high] ideal ( p]fection1 & s9 & depravity at once assum$ an importance1 ! int5sity ( :i* made e o!r "q insignificant4 ,h[ man c\ld "k ! good & yet *oose ! evil2 h[ ,god c\ld be all pure & almighty1 & yet evil h brok5 into 8 creation--^! 7 ! que/ions :i* !nce=? 7 ! p]plexity ( philosophic speculation4 ,:atev] difficulty !re might be 9 discov]+ h[ evil came to be1 ! lead]s ( all ! sects agre$ at la/ ^u ! seat ( x4 ,:e!r matt] 0 et]nal1 z ,ari/otle ?\ght1 or creat$1 z ,plato ?\ght1 bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 equally satisfi$ t ! secret ( all ! %ortcom+s 9 ?is _w lay 9 ! imp]fection1 reluctancy1 or inh]5t grossness ( ?is impracticable sub/ance4 ,god w\ld h ev]y?+ p]fect1 b ! nature ( ! elem5t 9 :i* ,he work$ 9 "s way defeat$ 8 purpose4 ,dea?1 disease1 decay1 clung necess>ily to ev]y?+ :i* 0 creat$ out ( x2 & pa91 & want1 & hung]1 & suff]+4 ,worse ?an all1 ! _s 9 its mat]ial body 0 oppos$ & borne d[n1 its aspirations cru%$1 its purity ta9t$ by ! passions & appetites ( its companion--! fle%ly lu/s :i* wag$ p]petual w> aga9/ ! s\l4 ,matt] 0 ! cause ( evil1 & !nce=? ! "q 0 h[ to conqu] matt]1 or1 at lea/1 h[ to set free ! _s f its control4 ,! ,greek language & ! ,greek lit]ature spread beh9d ! m>* ( ,alex&]2 b z 8 g5]als c\ld only make _! conque/s p]man5t by l>gely accept+ ! ,ea/]n mann]s1 s philosophy c\ld only make good its gr\nd by becom+ itself ,ori5talis$4 ,! "o pure & holy ,god :om ,plato _h pa9fully reason$ out = himself _h exi/$ f immemorial "t 9 ! traditions ( ! ,jews2 :ile ! ,p]sians1 :o _h be=e taught ! ,jews at ,babylon ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t evil be+1 n[ _h him to (f] to ! ,greeks z _! acc\nt ( ! difficulties :i* _h p]plex$ ,socrates4 ,sev5 c5turies ( /ruggle1 & _m hundr$ ?\s& folios1 7 ! results ( ! rem>kable fusion :i* foll[$4 ,out ( ^! elem5ts1 unit$ 9 v>i\s proportions1 rose successively ! ,alex&rian philosophy1 ! ,hell5i/s1 ! ,!rapeut1 ^? /range ,ess5e communi/s1 ) ! innum]able sects ( ,gno/ic or ,*ri/ian h]etics4 ,f9ally1 ! battle 0 limit$ to ! two great rivals1 "u "o or o!r ( :i* ! be/ ( ! rema9d] _h rang$ !mselves--,mani*eism & ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity3 ,mani*eism 9 :i* ! ,p]sian--,ca?olicism 9 :i* ! ,jewi%--elem5t mo/ prepond]at$4 ,x did n end till ! close ( ! fif? c5tury1 & x end$ !n r by arbitration ?an by a decid$ victory :i* ei!r side c\ld claim4 ,! ,*ur* has yet to ackn[l$ge h[ l>ge a portion ( its enemy's doctr9es x incorporat$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,augu/9e be=e ! field 0 surr5d]$ to x4 ,let u trace some?+ ( ! real be>+s ( ?is section ( ! _w's ,ori5tal hi/ory1 :i* to s _m mod]ns seems no bett] ?an an idle fight+ ov] words & /raws4 ,facts witness+ s cle>ly t ! especial /r5g? ( evil lay1 z ! philosoph]s _h se51 9 matt]1 x 0 s f> a conclusion :i* bo? ,jew & ,p]sian 7 ready to accept2 ! nak$ ,ari/otelic view ( x be+ mo/ acceptable to ! ,p]sian1 ! ,platonic to ! ,hell5i/ic ,jew4 ,b ! pur] !ology ( ! ,jew =c$ him to look = a solution ( ! "q :i* ,plato _h left d\btful1 & to expla9 h[ evil _h crept into matt]4 ,he c\ld n all[ t :at ,god _h creat$ c\ld be ( its own nature imp]fect4 ,god made x v good2 "s o!r cause _h brok5 9 to spoil x4 ,accord+ly1 z be=e he _h r$uc$ ! indep5d5t ,arimanes1 ^: exi/5ce he _h le>nt at ,babylon1 into a subord9ate _s2 s n[1 n que/ion+ ! facts ( disease1 ( dea?1 ( pa91 or ( ! infirmity ( ! fle% :i* ! natural /r5g? ( ! _s 0 unable to resi/1 he acc\nt$ = !m "u ! supposition t ! fir/ man _h delib]ately s9n$1 & by 8 s9 _h br\ght a curse ^u ! :ole mat]ial e>?1 & ^u all :i* 0 fa%ion$ out ( x4 ,! e>? 0 creat$ pure & lovely--a g>d5 ( delight1 load+ itself ( its own free accord ) fruit & fl[]1 & ev]y?+ mo/ exquisite & beautiful4 ,no bird or bea/ ( prey broke ! et]nal peace :i* reign$ ov] its hospitable surface4 ,9 calm & quiet int]c\rse1 ! leop>d lay d[n by ! kid1 ! lion br[s$ beside ! ox1 & ! corporeal frame ( man1 kn[+ nei!r decay nor dea?1 nor unruly appetite1 nor any *ange or infirmity1 0 pure z ! immortal sub/ance ( ! unfall5 angels4 ,b ) ! fatal apple all ?is fair sc5e pass$ away1 & creation z x seem$ 0 hopelessly & irretrievably ru9$4 ,adam s9n$--no matt] h[1 he s9n$2 ! s9 0 ! "o t]rible fact3 moral evil 0 br\ght into ! _w by ! only creature :o 0 capable ( committ+ x4 ,s9 ent]$ 91 & dea? by s92 dea? & disease1 /orm & pe/il5ce1 e>?quake & fam9e4 ,! imprison$ passions ( ! wild animals 7 let loose1 & e>? & air became full ( c>nage3 wor/ ( all1 man's animal nature came out 9 gigantic /r5g?--! c>nal lu/s1 unruly appetites1 jeal\sies1 hatr$s1 rap9es1 & murd]s2 & !n ! law1 & ) x1 ( c\rse1 brea*es ( ! law1 & s9 on s94 ,! se$ ( ,adam 0 infect$ 9 ! animal *ange :i* _h pass$ ov] ,adam's p]son1 & e *ild1 !re=e1 !nce=? naturally eng5d]$ 9 8 po/]ity1 0 infect$ ) ! curse :i* he _h incurr$4 ,e mat]ial organisation !nce=w>d conta9$ 9 itself ! elem5ts ( its own de/ruction1 & ! philosophic conclusions ( ,ari/otle 7 accept$ & expla9$ by !ology4 ,already1 9 ! popul> hi/ories1 ^? :o 7 infect$ by disease 7 said to be b\nd by ,satan2 madness 0 a 'possession' by ! ,evil ,_s2 & ! :ole creation1 f ,adam till ,*ri/1 groan$ & travail$ "u ,satan's p[]4 ,! nobl] nature 9 man /ill made itself felt2 b x 0 a slave :5 x ought to comm&4 ,x might w to obey ! high] law1 b ! law 9 ! memb]s 0 ov]-/rong = x & bore x d[n4 ,?is 0 ! body ( dea? :i* philosophy detect$ b c\ld n expla91 & f :i* ,ca?olicism n[ came =w>d ) its magnific5t promise ( deliv]ance4 ,! c>nal doctr9e ( ! sacram5ts1 :i* ,prote/ants are compell$ to ackn[l$ge to h be5 taught z fully 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* z x is n[ taught by ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 has long be5 ! /umbl+-block to mod]n ?\ght4 ,x 0 ! v ess5ce ( ! orig9al cre$4 ,unless ! body c\ld be purifi$1 ! s\l c\ld n be sav$2 because f ! beg9n+1 s\l & fle% 7 "o man & insep>able4 ,)\t 8 fle%1 man 0 n1 or w\ld cease to be4 ,b ! natural organisation ( ! fle% 0 infect$ ) evil1 & unless organisation c\ld beg9 aga9 f a new orig9al1 no pure mat]ial sub/ance c\ld exi/ at all4 ,he1 !re=e1 by :om ,god _h fir/ made ! _w1 ent]$ into ! womb ( ! ,virg9 9 ! =m 7if ,i may ) rev]5ce say s7 ( a new organic cell2 & ar\nd x1 ?r\gh ! virtue ( 8 creative en]gy1 a mat]ial body grew aga9 ( ! sub/ance ( 8 "m1 pure ( ta9t & clean z ! fir/ body ( ! fir/ man 0 clean :5 x pass$ out "u 8 h& 9 ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s4 ,9 ,him ?us wond]fully born 0 ! virtue :i* 0 to re/ore ! lo/ p[] ( mank9d4 ,he came to r$eem man2 &1 !re=e1 ,he took a human body1 & ,he kept x pure ?r\gh a human life1 till ! "t came :5 x c\ld be appli$ to its m>vell\s purpose4 ,he di$1 & !n appe>$ :at 0 ! nature ( a mat]ial human body :5 fre$ f ! limitations ( s94 ,! grave c\ld n hold x1 nei!r 0 x possible t x %\ld see corruption4 ,x 0 real1 = ! disciples 7 all[$ to feel & h&le x4 ,he ate & drank ) !m to assure _! s5ses4 ,b space _h no p[] ov] x1 nor any ( ! mat]ial ob/acles :i* limit an ord9>y p[]4 ,he will$1 & 8 body obey$4 ,he 0 "h1 ,he 0 !re4 ,he 0 visible1 ,he 0 invisible4 ,he 0 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disciples & !y saw ,him1 & !n he 0 gone :i!r :o c\ld tell8 ,at la/ ,he pass$ away to heav52 b :ile 9 heav51 ,he 0 /ill on e>?4 ,8 body became ! body ( 8 ,*ur* on e>?1 n 9 metaphor1 b 9 fact6--8 v mat]ial body1 9 :i* & by :i* ! fai?ful w\ld be sav$4 ,8 fle% & blood 7 !nce=? to be _! food4 ,!y 7 to eat x z !y w\ld eat ord9>y meat4 ,!y 7 to take x into _! sy/em1 a pure mat]ial sub/ance1 to leav5 ! old natural sub/ance & assimilate x to itself4 ,z !y f$ ^u x x w\ld gr[ into !m1 & x w\ld become _! own real body4 ,fle% gr[n 9 ! old way 0 ! body ( dea?1 b ! fle% ( ,*ri/ 0 ! life ( ! _w1 ov] :i* dea? _h no p[]4 ,circumcision avail$ no?+1 nor uncircumcision--b a new creature--& ?is new creature1 :i* ! *ild fir/ put on 9 baptism1 0 born aga9 into ,*ri/ ( wat] & ! ,_s4 ,9 ! ,eu*>i/ he 0 f$ & su/a9$1 & w5t on f /r5g? to /r5g?2 & ev] z ! nature ( 8 body *ang$1 be+ able to r5d] a m complete ob$i5ce1 he w\ld at la/ pass away to ,god ?r\gh ! gate ( ! grave1 & /& holy & p]fect 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ _h inde$ be5 ev] pres5t ) him2 b because :ile life la/$ "s p>ticles ( ! old ,adam w\ld necess>ily cl+ to e man1 ! ,*ri/ian's mortal eye on e>? c\ld n see ,him4 ,h$g$ 9 by '8 muddy ve/ure ( decay1' 8 eyes1 l ! eyes ( ! disciples ( ,emmaus1 are hold51 & only 9 fai? he feels ,him4 ,b dea?1 :i* till ,*ri/ _h di$ _h be5 ! la/ victory ( evil1 9 virtue ( 8 submission to x1 became its own de/roy]1 = x _h p[] only ov] ! ta9t$ p>ticles ( ! old sub/ance1 & !re 0 no?+ ne$$ b t ^! %\ld be wa%$ away1 & ! elect w\ld /& out at once pure & holy1 clo!d 9 immortal bodies1 l ref9$ gold1 ! r$eem$ ( ,god4 ,! be+ :o accompli%$ a "w s va/--a "w comp>$ to :i* ! fir/ creation appe>s b a trifl+ difficulty--:at c\ld ,he be b ,god8 ,god ,himself6 ,:o b ,god c\ld h wre/$ 8 prize f a p[] :i* half ! ?9k+ _w believ$ to be 8 coequal & coet]nal adv]s>y8 ,he 0 ,god4 ,he 0 man also1 = ,he 0 ! second ,adam--! second />t+-po9t ( human gr[?4 ,he 0 virg9 born1 t no orig9al impurity might infect ! sub/ance :i* ,he assum$2 & be+ ,himself s9less1 ,he %[$1 9 ! nature ( 8 p]son1 aft] 8 resurrection1 :at ! mat]ial body w\ld h be5 9 all ( u except = s91 & :at x w be :51 aft] fe$+ on x 9 its purity1 ! bodies ( ea* ( u are transfigur$ aft] its lik5ess4 ,"h 0 ! secret ( ! _s :i* set ,/4 ,simeon on 8 pill> & s5t ,/4 ,an?ony to ! tombs--( ! night wat*es1 ! we>y fa/s1 ! p5it5tial sc\rg+s1 ! life-long au/]ities :i* h be5 alt]nately ! glory & ! reproa* ( ! m$ival sa9ts4 ,!y desir$ to ov]come _! animal bodies1 & anticipate 9 life ! "w ( dea? 9 unit+ !mselves m completely to ,*ri/ by ! de/ruction ( ! fle%1 :i* lay z a veil betwe5 !mselves & ,him4 ,su* ,i believe to h be5 ! c5tral idea ( ! beautiful cre$ :i*1 = #a1ejj ye>s1 tun$ ! he>t & =m$ ! m9d ( ! noble/ ( mank9d4 ,f ?is c5tre x radiat$ out & spread1 z "t w5t on1 into ! full circle ( human activity1 fl++ its own philosophy & its own peculi> grace ov] ! common details ( ! common life ( all ( u4 ,l ! sev5 lamps be=e ! ,?rone ( ,god1 ! sev5 mighty angels1 & ! sev5 />s1 ! sev5 sacram5ts %$ ov] mank9d a nev]-ceas+ /ream ( bless$ influ5ces4 ,! prie/s1 a holy ord] set ap>t & end[$ ) my/]i\s p[]1 repres5t$ ,*ri/ & adm9i/]$ 8 gifts4 ,*ri/1 9 8 twelf? ye>1 0 pres5t$ 9 ! ,temple1 & fir/ ent]$ on 8 ,fa!r's bus9ess2 & ! baptis$ *ild1 :5 x has gr[n to an age to become consci\s ( its v[ & ( its privilege1 aga9 r5ews x 9 full k ( :at x und]takes1 & receives aga9 sacram5tally a fre% gift ( grace to assi/ x =w>d on its way4 ,9 maturity x seeks a companion to %>e its pa9s & pleasures2 &1 aga91 ,*ri/ is pres5t to consecrate ! union4 ,m>riage1 :i*1 outside ! ,*ur*1 only s]ves to p]petuate ! curse & br+ fre% inh]itors ( mis]y into ! _w1 ,he made holy by 8 pres5ce at ,cana1 & *ose x z ! symbol to repres5t 8 own my/ic union ) 8 ,*ur*4 ,ev5 sa9ts _c live )\t at times "s spot adh]+ to !m4 ,! atmosph]e 9 :i* we brea! & move is soil$1 & ,*ri/ has anticipat$ our wants4 ,*ri/ did p5ance =ty days 9 ! wild]ness1 n to subdue 8 own fle%--= t :i* 0 already p]fect did n ne$ subdu+--b to give to p5ance a cleans+ virtue to s]ve = our daily or our h\rly ablution4 ,*ri/ consecrates our bir?2 ,*ri/ ?r[s ov] u our baptismal robe ( pure unsulli$ innoc5ce4 ,he /r5g!ns u z we g =w>d4 ,he raises u :5 we fall4 ,he fe$s u ) ! sub/ance ( 8 own mo/ preci\s body4 ,9 ! p]son ( 8 m9i/] he does all ?is = u1 9 virtue ( t :i* 9 8 own p]son ,he actually p]=m$ :5 a man liv+ on ?is e>?4 ,la/ ( all1 :5 "t is draw+ to its close ) u--:5 life is pa/1 :5 ! "w is done1 & ! d>k gate is ne>1 beyond :i* ! g>d5 ( an et]nal home is wait+ to receive u1 8 t5d] c>e has n =sak5 u4 ,he has tak5 away ! /+ ( dea?1 b its appe>ance is /ill t]rible2 & ,he w n leave u )\t special help at our la/ ne$4 ,he tri$ ! agony ( ! mom5t2 & ,he sweet5s ! cup = u be=e we dr9k x4 ,we are dismiss$ to ! grave ) our bodies ano9t$ ) oil1 :i* ,he made holy 9 8 la/ ano9t+ be=e 8 passion1 & !n all is ov]4 ,we lie d[n & seem to decay--to decay--b n all4 ,our natural body decays1 be+ ! la/ rema9s ( ! infect$ matt] :i* we h inh]it$ f ,adam2 b ! spiritual body1 ! glorifi$ sub/ance :i* has made our life1 & is our real body z we are 9 ,*ri/1 t c nev] decay1 b passes (f into ! k+dom :i* is prep>$ = x2 t o!r _w :]e !re is no s91 & ,god is all & 9 all6 ,,footnotes3 ,c ,f ! ,lead]1 #ahea4 ,a ,,plea ,,= ,,! ,,free ,,discussion ,,( ,,!ological ,,difficulties4,d ,9 ! ord9>y bran*es ( human k or enquiry1 ! judici\s que/ion+ ( receiv$ op9ions has be5 reg>d$ z ! sign ( sci5tific vitality1 ! pr9ciple ( sci5tific advancem5t1 ! v s\rce & root ( heal?y progress & gr[?4 ,if m$ic9e _h be5 regulat$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago by ,act ( ,p>liam5t2 if !re _h be5 ,?irty-n9e ,articles ( ,physic1 & e lic5s$ practition] _h be5 compell$1 "u pa9s & p5alties1 to comp\nd 8 drugs by ! prescriptions ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?'s physician1 ,doctor ,butts1 x is easy to conjecture 9 :at /ate ( heal? ! p ( ?is c\ntry w\ld at pres5t be f\nd4 ,con/itutions h *ang$ ) habits ( life1 & ! treatm5t ( disord]s has *ang$ to meet ! new conditions4 ,new diseases h %[n !mselves ( :i* ,doctor ,butts _h no cognizance2 new cont95ts h giv5 u plants ) m$ic9al virtues previ\sly unkn[n2 new sci5ces1 & ev5 ! m]e increase ( record$ exp]i5ce1 h add$ a ?\s& rem$ies to ^? kn[n to ! age ( ! ,tudors4 ,if ! ,college ( ,physicians _h be5 organis$ into a bo>d ( or?odoxy1 & e novelty ( treatm5t _h be5 reg>d$ z a crime aga9/ society1 :i* a law _h be5 e/abli%$ to puni%1 ! hundr$s :o die annually f prev5tible causes w\ld h be5 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,a/ronomy is ! mo/ p]fect ( ! sci5ces4 ,! accuracy ( ! pres5t !ory ( ! planet>y movem5ts is te/$ daily & h\rly by ! mo/ delicate exp]im5ts1 & ! ,legislature1 if x s pleas$1 might enact ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ^! movem5ts into a /atute1 )\t dang] ( committ+ ! law ( ,engl& to falsehood4 ,yet1 if ! ,legislature 7 to v5ture on any su* pat]nal proc$ure 9 a few ye>s gravitation itself w\ld be call$ 9 "q1 & ! :ole sci5ce w\ld )] "u ! fatal %ad[4 ,!re are _m ph5om5a /ill unexpla9$ to give plausibility to scepticism2 !re are o!rs m easily =mul>is$ = work+ purposes 9 ! language ( ,hipp>*us2 & !re w\ld be reactioni/s :o w\ld invite u to return to ! safe convictions ( our =efa!rs4 ,:at ! _w has se5 ! _w may see aga92 & 7 x once grant$ t a/ronomy 7 some?+ to be rul$ by au?ority1 new popes w\ld imprison new ,galileos2 ! k already acquir$ w\ld be /rangl$ 9 ! cords :i* 7 int5d$ to keep x safe f h>m1 &1 depriv$ ( ! free air on :i* its life dep5ds1 x w\ld dw9dle & die4 ,a few ye>s ago1 an ,inspector ( ,s*ools--a ,mr4 ,jell+] ,symonds--op5+1 p]haps = ! fir/ "t1 an elem5t>y book on a/ronomy1 came on some?+ :i* he conceiv$ to be a difficulty 9 ! !ory ( lun> motion4 ,8 objection 0 on ! face ( x plausible4 ,! true motions ( ! heav5ly bodies are univ]sally ! opposite ( ! app>5t motions4 ,mr4 ,symonds conceiv$ t ! moon c\ld n revolve on its axis1 because ! same side ( x 0 cont9ually turn$ t[>ds ! e>?2 & because if x 7 connect$ ) ! e>? by a rigid b>--:i*1 z he ?\ght1 w\ld deprive x ( p[] ( rotation--! relative aspects ( ! two bodies w\ld rema9 un*ang$4 ,he s5t 8 views to ! ',times4' ,he appeal$ to ! common s5se ( ! _w1 & common s5se seem$ to be on 8 side4 ,! m5 ( sci5ce 7 ( c\rse "r2 b a ph5om5on1 n entirely obvi\s1 _h be5 hi!rto expla9$ 9 language :i* ! g5]al read] c\ld n readily compreh5d4 ,a few words ( elucidation cle>$ up ! confusion4 ,we d n recollect :e!r ,mr4 ,symonds 0 satisfi$ or n2 b mo/ ( u :o _h be=e receiv$ :at ! m5 ( sci5ce told u ) an un9tellig5t & languid ass5t1 7 set ?9k+ = ourselves1 &1 z a result ( ! discussion1 ex*ang$ a confus$ idea = a cle> "o4 ,x 0 an excell5t illu/ration ( ! true claims ( au?ority & ( ! value ( op5 enquiry4 ,! ignorant man has n z good a "r to 8 own op9ion z ! in/ruct$ man4 ,! in/ruct$ man1 h[ev] "r he may be1 mu/ n deliv] 8 conclusions z axioms1 & m]ely insi/ t !y are true4 ,! "o asks a "q1 ! o!r answ]s x1 & all ( u are ! bett] = ! bus9ess4 ,n[1 let u suppose ! same ?+ to h happ5$ :5 ! only reply to a difficulty 0 an appeal to ! ,a/ronom]-,royal1 :]e ! rotation ( ! moon 0 an article ( salvation decre$ by ! law ( ! l&1 & :]e all p]sons admitt$ to hold (fice "u ! ,/ate 7 requir$ to subscribe to x4 ,! ,a/ronom]-,royal--z x 01 if we rememb] "r1 he 0 a little cross at ,mr4 ,symond's presumption--w\ld h br\ght an action aga9/ him 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,ar*es2 ,mr4 ,symonds w\ld h be5 depriv$ ( 8 inspector%ip--=1 ( c\rse1 he w\ld h be5 ob/9ate 9 8 h]esy2 ! _w outside w\ld h _h an antec$5t presumption t tru? lay ) ! man :o 0 mak+ sacrifices = x1 & t !re 0 little to be said 9 ! way ( argum5t = :at c\ld n /& )\t ! help ( ! law4 ,ev]ybody c\ld und]/& ! difficulty2 n ev]ybody w\ld h tak5 ! tr\ble to att5d to ! answ]4 ,mr4 ,symonds w\ld h be5 a ,col5so1 & a good _m ( u w\ld h be5 conv9c$ 9 our secret he>ts t ! moon z little turn$ on its axis z ! draw+-room table4 ,z x is 9 idea ess5tial to a rev]5ce = tru? to believe 9 its capacity = self-def5ce1 s practically1 9 e subject except "o1 errors are all[$ free room to express !mselves1 & ! lib]ty ( op9ion :i* is ! life ( k1 z surely becomes ! dea? ( falsehood4 ,a me?od--! s\ndness ( :i* is s evid5t t to argue 9 fav\r ( x is almo/ absurd--might be expect$ to h be5 appli$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 to ! "o subject :]e mi/ake is suppos$ to be fatal1--:]e to come to wrong conclusions is held to be a crime = :i* ! ,mak] ( ! univ]se has nei!r p>don nor pity4 ,yet _m reasons1 n difficult to und]/&1 h long cont9u$ to exclude !ology f ! region :]e free discussion is suppos$ to be applicable4 ,t s _m p]sons h a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( p>ticul> views1 w\ld ( itself be fatal to fair argum5t4 ,?\gh !y "k !mselves to be "r1 yet "r is n en\gh = !m unless !re is might to support x1 & ^? :o talk mo/ ( fai? %[ lea/ t !y possess x4 ,b !re are deep] & m subtle objections4 ,! !ologian requires absolute c]ta9ty1 & !re are no absolute c]ta9ties 9 sci5ce4 ,! conclusions ( sci5ce are nev] m ?an 9 a high degree probable2 !y are no m ?an ! be/ explanations ( ph5om5a :i* are atta9able 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( k4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y laws are call$ laws only 9 c\rtesy4 ,!y are g5]alisations :i* are n consid]$ likely to require modification1 b :i* no "o pret5ds to be 9 ! nature ( ! cause exhau/ively & ultimately true4 ,z ph5om5a become m complicat$1 & ! data = ! int]pretation ( !m m inadequate1 ! explanations (f]$ are put =w>d hypo!tically1 & are graduat$ by ! nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,su* mode/ hesitation is altoge!r unsuit$ to ! !ologian1 ^: c]ta9ty increases ) ! my/]y & obscurity ( 8 matt]2 8 convictions admit ( no qualification2 8 tru? is sure z ! axioms ( geometry2 he kn[s :at he believes1 = he has ! evid5ce 9 8 he>t2 if he enquire1 x is ) a =egone conclusion1 & s]i\s d\bt ) him is s94 ,x is 9 va9 to po9t out to him ! ?\s& =ms ( op9ions = ea* ( :i* ! same int]nal witness is affirm$4 ,! ,mayo peasant crawl+ ) b>e knees ov] ! spl9t]$ rocks on ,croagh ,patrick1 ! nun pro/rate be=e ! image ( ,/4 ,m>y1 ! ,me?odi/ 9 ! spasmodic ec/asy ( a revival1 alike are consci\s ( emotions 9 !mselves :i* correspond to _! cre$3 ! m passionate1 or--z "s w\ld say--! m unreason+ ! piety1 ! l\d] & m cle> is ! voice )94 ,b ^! v>ieties are no emb>rassm5t to ! !ologian4 ,he f9ds no fault ) ! me?od :i* is id5tical 9 !m all4 ,:atev] ! p>ty to :i* he himself belongs1 he is equally satisfi$ t he alone has ! tru?2 ! re/ are "u illusions ( ,satan4 ,aga91 we he>--or we us$ to he> :5 ! ,high ,*ur* p>ty 7 m =midable ?an !y are at pres5t--mu* ab\t '! "r ( private judgm5t4' ',:y1' ! eloqu5t ,prote/ant w\ld say1 '%\ld ,i p9 my fai? ^u ! ,*ur*8 ! ,*ur* is b a congregation ( fallible m51 no bett] able to judge ?an ,i am2 ,i h a "r to my own op9ion4' ,x s\nds l a p>adox to say t free discussion is int]f]$ ) by a cause :i*1 above all o!rs1 w\ld h be5 expect$ to fur!r x2 b ?is 9 fact has be5 ! effect1 because x t5ds to remove ! gr\nds ( !ological belief beyond ! prov9ce ( argum5t4 ,no "o talks ( 'a "r ( private judgm5t' 9 any?+ b religion2 no "o b a fool insi/s on 8 '"r to 8 own op9ion' ) 8 lawy] or 8 doctor4 ,able m5 :o h giv5 _! "t to special subjects1 are au?orities ^u ^? subjects to be li/5$ to ) def]5ce1 & ! ultimate au?ority at any giv5 "t is ! collective g5]al s5se ( ! wise/ m5 liv+ 9 ! dep>tm5t to :i* !y belong4 ,! utmo/ '"r ( private judgm5t' :i* anybody claims 9 su* cases1 is ! *oice ( ! physician to :om he w tru/ 8 body1 or ( ! c\nsel to :om he w commit ! conduct ( 8 cause4 ,! expression1 z x is commonly us$1 implies a belief t1 9 matt]s ( religion1 ! crit]ia ( tru? are diff]5t 9 k9d f :at prevail else:]e1 & ! ef=ts :i* h be5 made to br+ su* a notion into h>mony ) common s5se & common subjects h n be5 ! lea/ successful4 ,! ,high ,*ur* p>ty us$ to say1 z a po9t aga9/ ! ,evangelicals1 t ei!r '! "r ( private judgm5t' meant no?+1 or x meant t a man _h a "r to be 9 ! wrong4 ',no1' said a writ] 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,review1' 'x means only t if a man *ooses to be 9 ! wrong1 no "o else has a "r to int]f]e ) him4 ,a man has no "r to get drunk 9 8 own h\se1 b ! policeman may n =ce a way into 8 h\se & prev5t him4' ,! illu/ration fails ( its purpose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,evangelicals nev] contemplat$ a wrong use ( ! ?+2 !y meant m]ely t !y _h a "r to _! own op9ions z aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,!y did n inde$ put =w>d _! claim q s nak$ly2 !y made x g5]al1 z s\nd+ less invidi\s2 b nobody ev] he>d an ,evangelical admit a ,high ,*ur*man's "r to be a ,high ,*ur*man1 or a ,ca?olic's "r to be a ,ca?olic4 ,b secondly1 society has a mo/ absolute "r to prev5t all mann] ( evil--drunk5ness1 & ! re/ ( x1 if x c--only 9 do+ s1 society mu/ n use means :i* w\ld create a great] evil ?an x w\ld rem$y4 ,z a man c by no possibility be do+ any?+ b mo/ f\l wrong to himself 9 gett+ drunk1 society does him no wrong1 b r does him ! greate/ b5efit1 if x c possibly keep him sob]2 & 9 ! same way1 s9ce a false belief 9 s]i\s matt]s is among ! greate/ ( mis=tunes1 s to drive x out ( man1 by ! :ip1 if x _c be manag$ by p]suasion1 is an act ( bro!rly love & affection1 provid$ ! belief really & truly is false1 & y h a bett] to give him 9 ! place ( x4 ,! "q is n :at to d1 b m]ely 'h[ to d x2' al?\gh ,mr4 ,mill 9 8 love ( 'lib]ty1' ?9ks o!rwise4 ,mr4 ,mill dem&s = e man a "r to say out 8 convictions 9 pla9 language1 :atev] !y may be2 & s f> z he means t !re %\ld be no ,act ( ,p>liam5t to prev5t him1 he is p]fectly j 9 :at he says4 ,b :5 ,mr4 ,mill goes f ,p>liam5t to public op9ion--:5 he lays d[n z a g5]al pr9ciple t ! free play ( ?\ght is un:olesomely int]f]$ ) by society1 he w\ld take away ! sole protection :i* we possess f ! inroads ( any k9d ( folly4 ,8 dread ( tyranny is s great1 t he ?9ks a man bett] (f ) a false op9ion ( 8 own ?an ) a "r op9ion inflict$ ^u him f )\t2 :ile1 = our own "p1 we %\ld be grateful = tyranny or = any?+ else :i* w\ld p]=m s useful an (fice = u4 ,public op9ion may be unju/ at p>ticul> times & on p>ticul> subjects2 we believe x to be bo? unju/ & unwise on ! matt] ( :i* we are at pres5t speak+3 b1 on ! :ole1 x is l ! v5tilation ( a h\se1 :i* keeps ! air pure4 ,mu* 9 ?is _w has to be tak5 = grant$1 & we _c be = ev] argu+ ov] our fir/ pr9ciples4 ,if a man p]si/s 9 talk+ ( :at he does n und]/&1 he is put d[n2 if he sports loose views on morals at a dec5t d9n] p>ty1 ! bett] sort ( p fight %y ( him1 & he is n invit$ aga92 if he pr(ess himself a ,buddhi/ or a ,mahometan1 x is assum$ t he has n adopt$ ^? beliefs on s]i\s conviction1 b r 9 wilful levity & ecc5tricity :i* does n des]ve to be tol]at$4 ,m5 h no "r to make !mselves bores & nuisances2 & ! common s5se ( mank9d inflicts :olesome inconv5i5ces on ^? :o c>ry _! '"r ( private judgm5t' to any su* extremities4 ,x is a *eck1 ! same 9 k9d z t :i* op]ates s :olesomely 9 ! sci5ces4 ,m]e folly is ext+ui%$ 9 contempt2 objections reasonably urg$ obta9 a he>+ & are reasonably met4 ,new tru?s1 aft] enc\nt]+ suffici5t opposition to te/ _! value1 make _! way into g5]al reception4 ,a fur!r cause :i* has op]at$ to prev5t !ology f obta9+ ! b5efit ( free discussion is ! int]pretation popul>ly plac$ ^u ! con/itution ( ! ,*ur* ,e/abli%m5t4 ,= fifte5 c5turies ( its exi/5ce1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 suppos$ to be "u ! imm$iate guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :i* miracul\sly controll$ its decisions1 & preclud$ ! possibility ( error4 ,?is !ory broke d[n at ! ,re=mation1 b x left beh9d x a confus$ s5se t !ological tru? 0 9 "s way diff]5t f o!r tru?2 &1 p>tly on gr\nds ( public policy1 p>tly because x 0 suppos$ to h succe$$ to ! obligations & ! rights ( ! ,papacy1 ! ,/ate took ^u itself to fix by /atute ! doctr9es :i* %\ld be taught to ! p4 ,! di/ractions creat$ by divid$ op9ions 7 !n dang]\s4 ,individuals did n hesitate to ascribe to !mselves ! infallibility :i* !y d5i$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,ev]ybody 0 intol]ant ^u pr9ciple1 & 0 ready to cut ! ?roat ( an oppon5t :om 8 argum5ts _h fail$ to conv9ce4 ,! ,/ate1 :ile x made no pret5sions to ,div9e guidance1 0 compell$ to int]f]e 9 self-protection2 & to keep ! peace ( ! realm1 & to prev5t ! nation f te>+ itself 9 pieces1 a body ( =mulas 0 enact$1 = ! "t broad & compreh5sive1 )9 :i* op9ion might be all[$ conv5i5t latitude1 :ile =bidd5 to pass beyond ! bord]4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t 9 ab&on+ = itself1 & =mally d5y+ to ! ,*ur* its pret5sions to immunity f error1 ! ,/ate c\ld n h int5d$ to b9d ! consci5ce4 ,:5 ?is or t law is pass$1 ! subject is requir$ to obey x1 b he is n requir$ to approve ( ! law z j4 ,! ,pray]-,book & ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 s f> z !y are made obligatory by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 are z mu* laws z any o!r /atute4 ,!y are a rule to conduct2 x is n easy to see :y !y %\ld be m2 x is n easy to see :y !y %\ld h be5 suppos$ to deprive cl]gym5 ( a "r to _! op9ions1 or to =bid discussion ( _! cont5ts4 ,! judge is n =bidd5 to ameliorate ! law :i* he adm9i/]s4 ,if 9 dis*>ge ( 8 duty he has to pron\nce a s5t5ce :i* he decl>es at ! same "t t he ?9ks unju/1 no indignant public accuses him ( di%one/y1 or requires him to resign 8 (fice4 ,! soldi] is ask$ no que/ions z to ! legitimacy ( ! w> on :i* he is s5t to fight2 nor ne$ he ?r[ up 8 commission if he ?9k ! qu>rel a bad "o4 ,d\btless1 if a law 0 utt]ly iniquit\s--if a w> 0 unmi/akably wick$--hon\rable m5 might feel unc]ta9 :at to d1 & w\ld seek "s o!r pr(ession r ?an cont9ue in/rum5ts ( evil4 ,b )9 limits1 & 9 que/ions ( detail1 :]e ! s]vice is g5]ally good & hon\rable1 we leave op9ion its free play1 & exagg]at$ scrupul\sness w\ld be folly or some?+ worse4 ,someh[ or o!r1 h[ev]1 ?is :olesome fre$om is n all[$ to ! cl]gyman4 ,! idea ( absolute inw>d belief has be5 sub/itut$ = t ( ob$i5ce2 & ! man :o1 9 tak+ ord]s1 signs ! ,articles & accepts ! ,pray] ,book1 does n m]ely und]take to use ! s]vices 9 ! "o1 & ab/a9 f contradict+ to 8 congregation ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 ! o!r2 b he is held to promise :at no hone/ man1 )\t presumption1 c und]take to promise--t he w cont9ue to ?9k to ! end ( 8 life z he ?9ks :5 he makes 8 engagem5t4 ,x is said t if 8 op9ions *ange1 he may resign1 & retire into lay communion4 ,we are n prep>$ to say t ei!r ! ,convocation ( #aefb1 or ! ,p>liam5t :i* aft]w>ds endors$ its proce$+s1 knew exactly :at !y meant1 or did n mean2 b x is q cle> t !y did n contemplate ! alt]native ( a cl]gyman's retirem5t4 ,if !y _h1 !y w\ld h provid$ means by :i* he c\ld h ab&on$ 8 ord]s1 & n h rema9$ committ$ = life to a pr(ession f :i* he c\ld n escape4 ,if ! popul> !ory ( subscription be true1 & ! ,articles are articles ( belief1 a reasonable human be+1 :5 little m ?an a boy1 pl$ges himself to a long s]ies ( intricate & highly-difficult propositions ( ab/ruse div9ity4 ,he und]takes nev] to wav] or d\bt--nev] to all[ 8 m9d to be %ak51 :atev] ! weight ( argum5t or evid5ce br\ght to be> ^u him4 ,t is to say1 he promises to d :at no man liv+ has a "r to promise to d4 ,he is do+1 on ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t1 precisely :at ! ,*ur* ( ,rome requir$ him to d on ! au?ority ( a ,c\ncil4 ,if a cl]gyman--9 tr\ble amid/ ! ab/ruse subjects ) :i* he has to deal1 or unable to reconcile "s new-discov]$ tru? ( sci5ce ) ! e/abli%$ =mulas--puts =w>d 8 p]plexities2 if he v5tures a d\bt ( ! omnisci5ce ( ! /atesm5 & div9es ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* !y !mselves dis[n$1 !re is an in/ant cry to h him /ifl$1 sil5c$1 or trampl$ d[n2 & if no long] puni%$ 9 life & limb1 to h him depriv$ ( ! means on :i* life & limb c be support$1 :ile ) +5i\s tyranny he is =bidd5 to ma9ta9 himself by any o!r occupation4 ,s f> h we gone 9 ?is direction1 t :5 ! ',essays & ,reviews' appe>$1 x 0 gravely said--& said by m5 :o _h no pr(essional antipa?y to !m--t ! writ]s _h brok5 _! fai?4 ,laym5 7 free to say :at !y pleas$ on su* subjects2 cl]gym5 7 ! hir$ expon5ts ( ! e/abli%$ op9ions1 & 7 committ$ to !m 9 ?\ght & ^w4 ,x 0 "o m anomaly :]e !re 7 en\gh already4 ,to say t ! cl]gy1 :o are set ap>t to /udy a p>ticul> subject1 are to be ! only p]sons unp]mitt$ to h an indep5d5t op9ion ^u x1 is l say+ t lawy]s mu/ take no "p 9 ! am5dm5t ( ! /atute-book2 t eng9e]s mu/ be sil5t ^u me*anism2 & if an improvem5t is want$ 9 ! art ( m$ic9e1 physicians may h no?+ to say to x4 ,^! causes w\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 insuffici5t to repress free enquiry1 if !re _h be5 on ! "p ( ! really able m5 among u a det]m9ation to break ! ice2 9 o!r words1 if !ology _h pres]v$ ! same comm&+ int]e/ = ! m p[]ful m9ds ) :i* x affect$ !m ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b on ! "o h&1 a s5se1 half s]i\s1 half languid1 ( ! hopelessness ( ! subject has produc$ an indisposition to m$dle ) x2 on ! o!r1 !re has be5 a cr$itable reluctance to di/urb by discussion ! m9ds ( ! un$ucat$ or half-educat$1 to :om ! e/abli%$ religion is simply an expression ( ! ob$i5ce :i* !y owe to ,almighty ,god1 on ! details ( :i* !y ?9k little1 & are !re=e unconsci\s ( its difficulties1 :ile 9 g5]al x is ! s\rce ( all t is be/ & noble/ 9 _! lives & actions4 ,?is la/ motive no d\bt des]ves respect1 b ! =ce :i* x once possess$ x possesses no long]4 ,! unc]ta9ty :i* once affect$ only ! m in/ruct$ ext5ds n[ to all classes ( society4 ,a sup]ficial cru/ ( agreem5t1 we>+ ?9n] day by day1 is und]m9$ ev]y:]e by a vague misgiv+2 & !re is an unre/ :i* w be satisfi$ only :5 ! s\rces ( x are prob$ to ! core4 ,! ,*ur* au?orities repeat a s]ies ( phrases :i* !y are pleas$ to call answ]s to objections2 !y treat ! mo/ s]i\s gr\nds ( p]plexity z if !y 7 pu]ile & trifl+2 :ile x is notori\s t = a c5tury pa/ extremely able m5 h ei!r n kn[n :at to say ab\t !m1 or h n said :at !y ?\ght4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! peculi> ,engli% view has sc>cely a s+le educat$ def5d]4 ,ev5 9 ,engl& ! laity keep _! judgm5t 9 susp5se1 or rema9 w>ily sil5t4 ',( :at religion are y1 ,mr4 ,rog]s8' said a lady once4 ',:at religion1 madam8 ,i am ( ! religion ( all s5sible m54' ',& :at is t8' %e ask$4 ',all s5sible m51 madam1 keep t to !mselves4' ,if ,mr4 ,rog]s _h gone on to expla9 himself1 he w\ld h said1 p]haps1 t :]e ! op9ions ( ^? be/ able to judge are divid$1 ! que/ions at issue are d\btful4 ,reasonable m5 :o are unable to give !m special att5tion )hold _! judgm5t1 :ile ^? :o are able1 =m _! conclusions ) diffid5ce & mode/y4 ,b !ologians w n tol]ate diffid5ce2 !y dem& absolute ass5t1 & w take no?+ %ort ( x2 & !y affect1 !re=e1 to dr[n 9 fooli% ridicule :atev] tr\bles or displeases !m4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,ox=d talks 9 ! old /yle ( puni%m5t4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury ref]s u to ,u%] z our guide 9 ,hebrew *ronology4 ,! objections ( ! pres5t g5]ation ( 'infidels1' he says1 are ! same :i* h be5 refut$ aga9 & aga91 & are su* z a *ild might answ]4 ,! "y man j ent]+ ^u ! possession ( 8 intellect1 ) a s5se ( responsibility = 8 belief1 & m anxi\s = tru? ?an = success 9 life1 f9ds1 :5 he looks into ! matt]1 t ! ar*bi%op has altoge!r misrepres5t$ x2 t 9 fact1 l o!r (ficial p]sons1 he _h be5 us+ m]ely a /]eotyp$ =m ( words1 to :i* he atta*$ no def9ite mean+4 ,! words are repeat$ ye> aft] ye>1 b ! enemies refuse to be exorcis$4 ,!y come & come aga91 f ,sp9oza & ,less+ to ,/rauss & ,r5an4 ,! !ologians h resolv$ no s+le difficulty2 !y conv9ce no "o :o is n conv9c$ already2 & a ,col5so com+ fre% to ! subject ) no m ?an a ye>'s /udy1 ?r[s ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& into convulsions4 ,if !re 7 any real dang] t ,*ri/ianity w\ld cease to be believ$1 x w\ld be no m ?an a fulfilm5t ( prophecy4 ,! /ate 9 :i* ! ,son ( ,man w\ld f9d ! _w at 8 com+ he did n say w\ld be a /ate ( fai?4 ,b if t d>k "t is ev] lit]ally to come ^u ! e>?1 !re are no pres5t signs ( x4 ,! cre$ ( eighte5 c5turies is n ab\t to fade away l an exhalation1 nor are ! new lights ( sci5ce s exhil>at+ t s]i\s p]sons c look ) com=t to ex*ang+ "o = ! o!r4 ,*ri/ianity has abl] advocates ?an its pr(ess$ def5d]s1 9 ^? _m quiet & humble m5 & wom5 :o 9 ! light ( x & ! /r5g? ( x live holy1 beautiful1 & self-d5y+ lives4 ,! ,god t answ]s by fire is ! ,god :om mank9d w ackn[l$ge2 & s long z ! fruits ( ! ,_s cont9ue to be visible 9 *>ity1 9 self-sacrifice1 9 ^? graces :i* raise human creatures above !mselves1 & inve/ !m ) t beauty ( hol9ess :i* only religion conf]s1 ?\ghtful p]sons w rema9 conv9c$ t ) !m 9 "s =m or o!r is ! secret ( tru?4 ,! body w n ?rive on poison1 or ! s\l on falsehood2 & z ! vital processes ( heal? are too subtle = sci5ce to foll[2 z we *oose our food1 n by ! mo/ c>eful *emical analysis1 b by ! exp]i5ce ( its effects ^u ! sy/em2 s :5 a p>ticul> belief is fruitful 9 nobl5ess ( "*1 we ne$ tr\ble ourselves v little ) sci5tific demon/rations t x is false4 ,! mo/ deadly poison may be *emically undi/+ui%able f sub/ances :i* are p]fectly innoc5t4 ,prussic acid1 we are told1 is =m$ ( ! same elem5ts1 comb9$ 9 ! same proportions1 z gum-arabic4 ,:at t belief is = :i* ! fruits speak ?us s positively1 x is less easy to def9e4 ,religion f ! beg9n+ ( "t has exp&$ & *ang$ ) ! gr[? ( k4 ,! religion ( ! prophets 0 n ! religion :i* 0 adapt$ to ! h>dness ( he>t ( ! ,israelites ( ! ,exodus4 ,! ,gospel set aside ! ,law2 ! cre$ ( ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 n ! cre$ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 any m ?an ! cre$ ( ,lu!r & ,cranm] 0 ! cre$ ( ,/4 ,b]n>d & ,aqu9as4 ,old ?+s pass away1 new ?+s come 9 _! place2 & !y 9 _! turn gr[ old1 & give place to o!rs2 yet 9 ea* ( ! _m =ms :i* ,*ri/ianity has assum$ 9 ! _w1 holy m5 h liv$ & di$1 & h _h ! witness ( ! ,_s t !y 7 n f> f ! tru?4 ,x may be t ! fai? :i* saves is ! some?+ held 9 common by all s9c]e ,*ri/ians1 & by ^? z well :o %\ld come f ! ea/ & ! we/1 & sit d[n 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 :5 ! *ildr5 ( ! cov5ant w\ld be ca/ out4 ,x may be t ! true tea*+ ( our ,"l is ov]laid ) doctr9es2 & !ology1 :5 insi/+ on ! reception ( its huge cat5a ( =mulas1 may be b9d+ a yoke ^u our necks :i* nei!r we nor our fa!rs 7 able to be>4 ,b x is n ! object ( ?is pap] to put =w>d ei!r ?is or any o!r p>ticul> op9ion4 ,! writ] is consci\s only t he is pass+ fa/ t[>ds ! d>k gate :i* soon w close beh9d him4 ,he believes t "s k9d ( s9c]e & firm conviction on ^! ?+s is ( inf9ite mom5t to him1 &1 entirely diffid5t ( 8 own p[] to f9d 8 way t[>ds su* a conviction1 he is bo? ready & anxi\s to disclaim 'all "r ( private judgm5t' 9 ! matt]4 ,he wi%es only to le>n f ^? :o are able to tea* him4 ,! le>n$ prelates talk ( ! presumptu\sness ( human reason2 !y tell u t d\bts arise f ! consci\sness ( s9 & ! pride ( ! unreg5]ate he>t4 ,! pres5t writ]1 :ile he believes g5]ally t reason1 h[ev] inadequate1 is ! be/ faculty to :i* we h to tru/1 yet is mo/ pa9fully consci\s ( ! weakness ( 8 own reason2 & once let ! real judgm5t ( ! be/ & wise/ m5 be decl>$--let ^? :o are mo/ capable ( =m+ a s\nd op9ion1 aft] review+ ! :ole relations ( sci5ce1 hi/ory1 & :at is n[ receiv$ z revelation1 tell u fairly h[ mu* ( ! doctr9es popul>ly taught !y conceive to be adequately e/abli%$1 h[ mu* to be unc]ta91 & h[ mu*1 if any?+1 to be mi/ak52 !re is sc>cely1 p]haps1 a s+le s]i\s enquir] :o w\ld n submit ) delight to a c\rt :i* is ! highe/ on e>?4 ,mr4 ,mansell tells u t 9 ! ?+s ( ,god reason is beyond its dep?1 t ! wise & ! unwise are on ! same level ( incapacity1 & t we mu/ accept :at we f9d e/abli%$1 or we mu/ believe no?+4 ,we presume t ,mr4 ,mansell's dilemma itself is a conclusion ( reason4 ,d :at we w1 reason is & mu/ be our ultimate au?ority2 & 7 ! collective s5se ( mank9d to decl>e ,mr4 ,mansell "r1 we %\ld submit to t op9ion z readily z to ano!r4 ,b ! collective s5se ( mank9d is less acquiesc5t4 ,he has be5 comp>$ to a man sitt+ on ! end ( a plank & delib]ately saw+ (f 8 seat4 ,x seems nev] to h occurr$ to him t1 if he is "r1 he has no bus9ess to be a ,prote/ant4 ,:at ,mr4 ,mansell says to ,pr(essor ,j[ett1 ,bi%op ,g>d9] 9 effect repli$ to ,fri? & ,ridley4 ,fri? & ,ridley said t transub/antiation 0 unreasonable2 ,g>d9] answ]$ t !re 0 ! lett] ( ,scripture = x1 & t ! human intellect 0 no measure ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,yet ! ,re=m]s someh[ believ$1 & ,mr4 ,mansell by 8 place 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& seems to agree ) !m1 t ! human intellect 0 n s :olly incompet5t4 ,x might be a weak guide1 b x 0 bett] ?an none2 & !y decl>$ on gr\nds ( m]e reason1 t ,*ri/ be+ 9 heav5 & n on e>?1 'x 0 contr>y to ! tru? = a natural body to be 9 two places at once4' ,! common s5se ( ! c\ntry 0 ( ! same op9ion1 & ! illusion 0 at an end4 ,!re h be5 ',aids to ,fai?' produc$ lately1 & ',replies to ! ,sev5 ,essayi/s1' ',answ]s to ,col5so1' & mu* else ( ! k9d4 ,we regret to say t !y h done little = u4 ,! v life ( our s\ls is at issue 9 ! que/ions :i* h be5 rais$1 & we are f$ ) ! pr(essional commonplaces ( ! memb]s ( a close guild1 m5 hold+ high (fice 9 ! ,*ur*1 or expect+ to hold high (fice !re2 9 ei!r case ) a /rong temporal int]e/ 9 ! def5ce ( ! in/itution :i* !y repres5t4 ,we desire to "k :at ^? ( ! cl]gy ?9k ^: love ( tru? is unconnect$ ) _! prospects 9 life2 we desire to "k :at ! educat$ laym51 ! lawy]s1 ! hi/orians1 ! m5 ( sci5ce1 ! /atesm5 ?9k2 & ^! are = ! mo/ "p sil5t1 or confess !mselves mode/ly unc]ta94 ,! pr(essional !ologians alone are l\d & confid5t2 b !y speak 9 ! old angry tone :i* r>ely accompanies deep & wise convictions4 ,!y d n meet ! real difficulties2 !y mi/ake !m1 misrepres5t !m1 claim victories ov] adv]s>ies ) :om !y h nev] ev5 cross$ swords1 & leap to conclusions ) a precipitancy at :i* we c only smile4 ,x has be5 ! unhappy mann] ( _! class f immemorial "t2 !y call x zeal = ! ,"l1 z if x 7 beyond all d\bt t !y 7 on ,god's side--z if s]i\s enquiry aft] tru? 0 some?+ :i* !y 7 entitl$ to res5t4 ,!y treat intellectual difficulties z if !y des]v$ r to be condemn$ & puni%$ ?an consid]$ & weigh$1 & r /op _! e>s & run ) "o accord ^u anyone :o disagrees ) !m ?an li/5 pati5tly to :at he has to say4 ,we d n propose to ent] 9 detail ^u ! p>ticul> po9ts :i* dem& re-discussion4 ,x is en\gh t ! m exact habit ( ?\ght :i* sci5ce has eng5d]$1 & ! clos] k ( ! value & nature ( evid5ce1 has notori\sly made x necess>y t ! gr\nds %\ld be reconsid]$ on :i* we are to believe t "o c\ntry & "o p 0 gov]n$ = sixte5 c5turies on pr9ciples diff]5t f ^? :i* we n[ f9d to prevail univ]sally4 ,"o ( _m que/ions1 h[ev]1 %all be briefly glanc$ at1 on :i* ! real issue seems habitually to be evad$4 ,mu* has be5 lately said & writt5 on ! au!nticity ( ! ,p5tateu* & ! o!r hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,natal has ?r[n out 9 a crude =m ! critical results ( ! enquiries ( ! ,g]mans1 c\pl$ ) c]ta9 ari?metical calculations1 = :i* he has a special aptitude4 ,he supposes himself to h prov$ t ! fir/ five books ( ! ,bible are a compilation ( unc]ta9 date1 full ( inconsi/5cies & impossibilities4 ,! apologi/s h repli$ t ! objections are n absolutely conclusive1 t ! ev5ts describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,exodus might possibly1 "u c]ta9 comb9ations ( circum/ances1 h actually tak5 place2 & !y !n pass to ! assumption t because a /ory is n necess>ily false1 !re=e x is necess>ily true4 ,we h no int5tion ( v9dicat+ ,dr4 ,col5so4 ,8 !ological tra9+ makes 8 argum5ts v l ^? ( 8 oppon5ts1 & he & ,dr4 ,m',call may settle _! diff]5ces betwe5 !mselves4 ,! "q is at once wid] & simpl] ?an any :i* has be5 rais$ 9 t controv]sy4 ,7 x prov$ beyond possibility ( error t ! ,p5tateu* 0 writt5 by ,moses1 t ^? & all ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 7 really ! "w ( ! writ]s ^: names !y be>2 7 ! ,mosaic cosmogony 9 h>mony ) physical discov]ies2 & 7 ! suppos$ inconsi/5cies & contradictions %[n to h no exi/5ce except 9 ,dr4 ,col5so's imag9ation--we %\ld n h advanc$ a s+le /ep t[>ds mak+ good ! claim put =w>d = ! ,bible1 t x is absolutely & unexceptionably true 9 all its p>ts4 ,! 'g5u95ess & au!nticity' argum5t is irrelevant & ne$less4 ,! cle>e/ demon/ration ( ! human au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu* proves no?+ ab\t its immunity f errors4 ,if !re are no mi/akes 9 x1 x 0 n ! workman%ip ( man2 & if x 0 inspir$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 !re is no occasion to %[ t ! h& ( ,moses 0 ! in/rum5t made use (4 ,to ! mo/ excell5t ( contempor>y hi/ories1 to hi/ories writt5 by eye-witnesses ( ! facts :i* !y describe1 we accord b a limit$ confid5ce4 ,! highe/ intellectual compet5ce1 ! mo/ admitt$ tru?fulness1 immunity f prejudice1 & ! abs5ce ( temptation to mis/ate ! tru?2 ^! ?+s may secure great cr$ibility1 b !y are no gu>antee = m9ute & circum/antial exactness4 ,two hi/orians1 ?\gh ) equal gifts & equal opportunities1 nev] describe ev5ts 9 exactly ! same way4 ,two witnesses 9 a c\rt ( law1 :ile !y agree 9 ! ma91 inv>iably diff] 9 "s p>ticul>s4 ,x appe>s z if m5 c\ld n relate facts precisely z !y saw or z !y he>d !m4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( a /ory /rike diff]5t imag9ations unequally2 & ! m9d1 z ! circum/ances pass ?r\gh x1 alt]s _! proportions unconsci\sly1 or %ifts ! p]spective4 ,! cr$it :i* we give to ! mo/ au!ntic "w ( a man has no resemblance to t univ]sal acceptance :i* is dem&$ = ! ,bible4 ,x is n a diff]5ce ( degree3 x is a diff]5ce 9 k9d2 & we desire to "k on :at gr\nd ?is infallibility1 :i* we d n "q1 b :i* is n prov$1 dem&s our belief4 ,v likely1 ! ,bible is ?us infallible4 ,unless x is1 !re c be no moral obligation to accept ! facts :i* x records2 & ?\gh !re may be intellectual error 9 d5y+ !m1 !re c be no moral s94 ,facts may be bett] or worse au!nticat$2 b all ! pro(s 9 ! _w ( ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! human h&iwork _c e/abli% a claim ^u ! consci5ce4 ,x might be fooli% to "q ,?ucydides' acc\nt ( ,p]icles1 b no "o w\ld call x s9ful4 ,m5 "p ) all sobriety ( judgm5t :5 !y come on gr\nd ( ?is k9d4 ,:5 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son read ! "n ( ,s5na*]ib on ! ,assyrian m>bles1 & f\nd allusions !re to ! ,israelites 9 ,pale/9e1 we 7 told t a triumphant answ] _h be5 f\nd to ! cavils ( sceptics1 & a conv9c+ pro( ( ! inspir$ tru? ( ! ,div9e ,oracles4 ,bad argum5ts 9 a good cause are a sure way to br+ di/ru/ ^u x4 ,! ,div9e ,oracles may be true1 & may be inspir$2 b ! discov]ies at ,n9eveh c]ta9ly d n prove !m s4 ,no "o supposes t ! ,books ( ,k+s or ! prophecies ( ,isaiah & ,ezekiel 7 ! "w ( m5 :o _h no k ( ,assyria or ! ,assyrian ,pr9ces4 ,x is possible t 9 ! excavations at ,c>?age "s ,punic inscription may be f\nd confirm+ ,livy's acc\nt ( ! battle ( ,cann2 b we %all n be oblig$ to believe !re=e 9 ! inspiration ( ,livy1 or r 7= ! argum5t comes to t7 9 ! inspiration ( ! :ole ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,we are n que/ion+ ! fact t ! ,bible is infallible2 we desire only to be told on :at evid5ce t great & awful fact conc]n+ x prop]ly re/s4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 z if in/9ct _h be5 wis] ?an argum5t--z if x _h be5 felt t no?+ %ort ( ?is lit]al & close inspiration c\ld pres]ve ! facts on :i* ,*ri/ianity dep5ds4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>ly _w is a hi/ory ev]y:]e ( m>vels4 ,! leg5d>y lit]ature ( e nation ^u e>? tells ! same /ories ( prodigies & wond]s1 ( ! appe>ances ( ! gods ^u e>?1 & ( _! int]c\rse ) m54 ,! lives ( ! sa9ts ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 f ! "t ( ! ,apo/les till ! pres5t day1 are a complete tissue ( miracles resembl+ & rivall+ ^? ( ! ,gospels4 ,"s ( ^! /ories are romantic & imag9ative2 "s cle>1 lit]al1 & prosaic2 "s re/ on m]e tradition2 "s on ! sworn te/imony ( eye-witnesses2 "s are obvi\s fables2 "s are z well au!nticat$ z facts ( su* a k9d c be au!nticat$ at all4 ,! ,prote/ant ,*ri/ian rejects e "o ( !m--rejects !m )\t enquiry--involves ^? = :i* !re is good au?ority & ^? = :i* !re is none or little 9 "o absolute1 contemptu\s1 & sweep+ d5ial4 ,! ,prote/ant ,*ri/ian feels x m likely1 9 ! words ( ,hume1 t m5 %\ld deceive or be deceiv$1 ?an t ! laws ( nature %\ld be violat$4 ,at ?is mom5t we are beset ) reports ( conv]sations ) spirits1 ( tables miracul\sly lift$1 ( h&s project$ out ( ! _w ( %ad[s into ?is mortal life4 ,an unusually able1 accompli%$ p]son1 accu/om$ to deal ) common-s5se facts1 a celebrat$ political economi/1 & notori\s = bus9ess-l habits1 assur$ ?is writ] t a c]ta9 mesm]i/1 :o 0 my in=mant's intimate fri5d1 _h rais$ a dead girl to life4 ,we %\ld believe ! p :o tell u ^! ?+s 9 any ord9>y matt]3 !y w\ld be admitt$ 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice z good witnesses 9 a crim9al case1 & a jury w\ld hang a man on _! ^w4 ,! p]son j n[ allud$ to is incapable ( tell+ a wilful lie2 yet our exp]i5ce ( ! regul>ity ( nature on "o side is s uni=m1 & our exp]i5ce ( ! capacities ( human folly on ! o!r is s l>ge1 t :5 p tell u ^! wond]ful /ories1 mo/ ( u are cont5t$ to smile2 & we d n c>e s mu* z to turn out ( our way to exam9e !m4 ,! ,bible is equally a record ( miracles2 b z f o!r hi/ories we reject miracles )\t hesitation1 s ( ^? 9 ! ,bible we insi/ on ! univ]sal acceptance3 ! =m] are all false1 ! latt] are all true4 ,x is evid5t t1 9 =m+ conclusions s sweep+ z ^!1 we _c ev5 suppose t we are be+ guid$ by :at is call$ hi/orical evid5ce4 ,7 x admitt$ t1 z a :ole1 ! miracles ( ! ,bible are bett] au!nticat$ ?an ! miracles ( ! sa9ts1 we %\ld be f> remov$ /ill f any l>ge inf]5ce1 t 9 ! "o set !re is no room = falsehood1 9 ! o!r no room = tru?4 ,! writ] or writ]s ( ! ,books ( ,k+s are n kn[n4 ,! books !mselves are 9 fact confess$ly tak5 f old] writ+s :i* are lo/2 & ! acc\nts ( ! great prophets ( ,israel are a c\nt]p>t1 curi\sly l1 ( ^? ( ! m$ival sa9ts4 ,9 _m in/ances ! au?ors ( ! lives ( ^! sa9ts 7 _! companions & fri5ds4 ,:y d we feel s sure t :at we are told ( ,elijah or ,eli%a took place exactly z we read x8 ,:y d we reject ! acc\nt ( ,/4 ,columba or ,/4 ,m>t9 z a tissue ( idle fable8 ,:y %\ld n ,god give a p[] to ! sa9t :i* ,he _h giv5 to ! prophet8 ,we c produce no reason f ! nature ( ?+s1 = we "k n :at ! nature ( ?+s is2 & if d[n to ! dea? ( ! ,apo/les ! m9i/]s ( religion 7 all[$ to prove _! commission by work+ miracles1 :at "r h we1 on gr\nds ei!r ( hi/ory or philosophy1 to draw a cle> l9e at ! dea? ( ,/4 ,john--to say t be=e t "t all su* /ories 7 true1 & aft] x all 7 false8 ,!re is no po9t on :i* ,prote/ant controv]siali/s evade ! real "q m habitually ?an on t ( miracles4 ,!y accuse ^? :o )hold t unres]v$ & absolute belief :i* !y require = all :i* !y accept !mselves1 ( d5y+ t miracles are possible4 ,!y assume ?is to be ! position tak5 up by ! objector1 & proce$ easily to argue t man is no judge ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,( c\rse he is n4 ,no sane man ev] rais$ 8 n>r[ und]/&+ into a measure ( ! possibilities ( ! univ]se2 nor does any p]son ) any pret5sions to religion disbelieve 9 miracles ( "s k9d4 ,to pray is to expect a miracle4 ,:5 we pray = ! recov]y ( a sick fri5d1 = ! gift ( any bless+1 or ! removal ( any calamity1 we expect t ,god w d some?+ by an act ( 8 p]sonal w :i* o!rwise w\ld n h be5 done--t he w susp5d ! ord9>y relations ( natural cause & effect2 & ?is is ! v idea ( a miracle4 ,! ?+ we pray = may be giv5 u1 & no miracle may h tak5 place4 ,x may be giv5 to u by natural causes1 & w\ld h occurr$ :e!r we _h pray$ or n4 ,b pray] itself 9 its v ess5ce implies a belief 9 ! possible int]v5tion ( a p[] :i* is above nature4 ,! "q ab\t miracles is simply "o ( evid5ce--:e!r 9 any giv5 case ! pro( is s /rong t no room is left = mi/ake1 exagg]ation1 or illusion1 :ile m evid5ce is requir$ to e/abli% a fact antec$5tly improbable ?an is suffici5t = a common occurr5ce4 ,x has be5 said rec5tly by ',a ,layman1' 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,maurice1 t ! resurrection ( our ,"l is z well au!nticat$ z ! dea? ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,x is f> bett] au!nticat$1 unless we are mi/ak5 9 suppos+ ! ,bible inspir$2 or if we admit z evid5ce t inw>d assurance ( ! ,*ri/ian1 :i* w\ld make him r die ?an disbelieve a tru? s de> to him4 ,b if ! layman meant t !re 0 z mu* pro( ( x1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* pro( is und]/ood 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 he c\ld sc>cely h consid]$ :at he 0 say+4 ,julius ,cs> 0 kill$ 9 a public place1 9 ! pres5ce ( fri5d & foe1 9 a rem>kable b /ill p]fectly natural mann]4 ,! circum/ances 7 m9utely kn[n to all ! _w1 & 7 nev] d5i$ or d\bt$ by any "o4 ,our ,"l1 on ! o!r h&1 seems purposely to h )held su* public pro( ( 8 resurrection z w\ld h left no room = unbelief4 ,he %[$ himself1 'n to all ! p'--n to 8 enemies1 :om 8 appe>ance w\ld h ov]:elm$--b 'to witnesses *os5 be=e2' to ! circle ( 8 own fri5ds4 ,!re is no evid5ce :i* a jury c\ld admit t he 0 ev] actually dead4 ,s unusual 0 x = p]sons crucifi$ to die s soon1 t ,pilate1 we are told1 'm>vell$4' ,! subsequ5t appe>ances 7 /range1 & sc>cely intelligible4 ,^? :o saw ,him did n recognise ,him till ,he 0 made kn[n to !m 9 ! break+ ( bread4 ,he 0 visible & invisible4 ,he 0 mi/ak5 by ^? :o 7 mo/ intimate ) ,him = ano!r p]son2 nor d ! acc\nts agree :i* are giv5 by ! diff]5t ,evangeli/s4 ,( inve/igation 9 ! mod]n s5se 7except 9 ! "o in/ance ( ,/4 ,?omas1 & ,/4 ,?omas 0 r rebuk$ ?an prais$7 !re 0 none1 & c\ld be none4 ,! evid5ce (f]$ 0 diff]5t 9 k9d1 & ! bless+ 0 n to ^? :o satisfi$ !mselves ( ! tru? ( ! fact by a se>*+ enquiry1 b :o gave _! ass5t ) ! unhesitat+ confid5ce ( love4 ,/4 ,paul's acc\nt ( 8 own conv]sion is an in/ance ( ! k9d ( te/imony :i* !n work$ ! /ronge/ conviction4 ,/4 ,paul1 a fi]y fanatic on a mission ( p]secution ) ! midday ,syrian sun /ream+ d[n ^u 8 head1 0 /ruck to ! gr\nd1 & saw 9 a vision our ,"l 9 ! air4 ,if su* a ?+ 7 to occur at ! pres5t day1 & if a mod]n physician 7 consult$ ab\t x1 he w\ld say1 )\t hesitation1 t x 0 an effect ( an ov]heat$ bra9 & t !re 0 no?+ 9 x extraord9>y or unusual4 ,if ! impression left by ! appe>ance _h be5 too /rong = su* an explanation to be satisfactory1 ! p]son to :om x occurr$1 especially if he 0 a man ( ,/ ,paul's intellectual /ature1 w\ld h at once exam9$ into ! facts o!rwise kn[n1 connect$ ) ! subject ( :at he _h se54 ,/4 ,paul _h evid5tly be=e disbeliev$ our ,"l's resurrection--_h disbeliev$ x fi]cely & passionately2 we %\ld h expect$ t he w\ld at once h s\ght = ^? :o c\ld be/ h told him ! details ( ! tru?4 ,/4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 did no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,he w5t = a ye> into ,arabia1 & :5 at la/ he return$ to ,j]usalem1 he r held alo( f ^? :o _h be5 our ,"l's companions1 & :o _h witness$ 8 asc5sion4 ,he saw ,pet]1 he saw ,james2 '( ! re/ ( ! apo/les saw he none4' ,to him evid5tly ! pro( ( ! resurrection 0 ! vision :i* he _h himself se54 ,x 0 to t :i* he always ref]r$ :5 call$ on = a def5ce ( 8 fai?4 ,( evid5ce = ! resurrection1 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w1 !re may be en\gh to %[ t some?+ extraord9>y occurr$2 b n en\gh1 unless we assume ! fact to be true on f> o!r gr\nds1 to produce any absolute & unhesitat+ conviction2 & inasmu* z ! resurrection is ! key/one ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! belief 9 x mu/ be some?+ f> diff]5t f t susp5d$ judgm5t 9 :i* hi/ory alone w\ld leave u4 ,human te/imony1 we repeat1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances imag9able1 kn[s no?+ ( 'absolute c]ta9ty2' & if hi/orical facts are b\nd up ) ! cre$1 & if !y are to be receiv$ ) ! same complet5ess z ! laws ( consci5ce1 !y re/1 & mu/ re/1 ei!r on ! div9e tru? ( ,scripture1 or on ! div9e witness 9 ourselves4 ,on human evid5ce ! miracles ( ,/4 ,t]esa & ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi are z well e/abli%$ z ^? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,m4 ,erne/ ,r5an has rec5tly produc$ an acc\nt ( ! ,gospel /ory :i*1 writt5 z x is by a man ( piety1 intellect1 & imag9ation1 is spread+ rapidly ?r\gh ! educat$ _w4 ,c>ry+ out ! pr9ciples ) :i* ,prote/ants h swept mod]n hi/ory cle> ( miracles to _! natural conclusions1 he dismisses all t is miracul\s f ! life ( our ,"l1 & endeav\rs to reproduce ! orig9al ,galilean y\? :o liv$ & taught1 & di$ 9 ,pale/9e eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,we h no int5tion ( review+ ,m4 ,r5an4 ,he w be read soon en\gh by _m :o w\ld bett] consid] _! peace ( m9d by leav+ him alone4 ,= ourselves1 we are unable to see by :at "r1 if he rejects ! miracul\s "p ( ! n>rative1 he reta9s ! re/2 ! imag9ation & ! cr$ulity :i* inv5t extraord9>y incid5ts1 inv5t ord9>y incid5ts also2 & if ! div9e elem5t 9 ! life is leg5d>y1 ! human may be leg5d>y also4 ,b !re is "o lucid passage 9 ! introduction :i* we comm5d to ! p]usal ( controv]sial !ologians3-- ',no miracle su* z ^? ( :i* e>ly hi/ories are full has tak5 place "u conditions :i* sci5ce c accept4 ,exp]i5ce %[s1 )\t exception1 t miracles occur only 9 times & 9 c\ntries 9 :i* miracles are believ$ 91 & 9 ! pres5ce ( p]sons :o are dispos$ to believe !m4 ,no miracle has ev] be5 p]=m$ be=e an assemblage ( spectators capable ( te/+ its reality4 ,nei!r un$ucat$ p1 nor ev5 m5 ( ! _w1 h ! requisite capacity2 great precautions are ne$$1 & a long habit ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,h we n se5 m5 ( ! _w 9 our own "t become ! dupes ( ! mo/ *ildi% & absurd illusions8 ,& if x be c]ta9 t no contempor>y miracles w be> inve/igation1 is x n possible t ! miracles ( ! pa/1 7 we able to exam9e into !m 9 detail1 w\ld be f\nd equally to conta9 an elem5t ( error8 ,x is n 9 ! "n ( ?is or t philosophy1 x is 9 ! "n ( an exp]i5ce :i* nev] v>ies1 t we bani% miracles f hi/ory4 ,we d n say a miracle is impossible--we say only t no miracle has ev] yet be5 prov$4 ,let a work] ( miracles come =w>d to-morr[ ) pret5sions s]i\s en\gh to des]ve exam9ation4 ,let u suppose him to ann\nce t he is able to raise a dead man to life4 ,:at w\ld be done8 ,a committee w\ld be appo9t$1 compos$ ( physiologi/s1 physicians1 *emi/s1 & p]sons accu/om$ to exact inve/igation2 a body w\ld !n be select$ :i* ! committee w\ld assure itself 0 really dead2 & a place w\ld be *os5 :]e ! exp]im5t 0 to take place4 ,e precaution w\ld be tak5 to leave no op5+ = unc]ta9ty2 & if1 "u ^? conditions1 ! re/oration to life 0 effect$1 a probability w\ld be arriv$ at :i* w\ld be almo/ equal to c]ta9ty4 ,an exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld always admit ( be+ repeat$4 ,:at a man has done once he %\ld be able to d aga92 & 9 miracles !re c be no "q ( ease or difficulty4 ,! p]=m] w\ld be reque/$ to repeat ! op]ation "u o!r circum/ances ^u o!r bodies2 & if he succe$$ on e occasion1 two po9ts w\ld be e/abli%$3 fir/1 t !re may be 9 ?is _w su* ?+s z sup]natural op]ations2 &1 secondly1 t ! p[] to p]=m !m is delegat$ to1 or belongs to1 p>ticul> p]sons4 ,b :o does n p]ceive t no miracle 0 ev] p]=m$ "u su* conditions z ^!8' ,we h quot$ ?is passage because x expresses ) extreme precision & cle>ness ! common-s5se pr9ciple :i* we apply to all sup]natural /ories ( our own "t1 :i* ,prote/ant !ologians employ aga9/ ! :ole cycle ( ,ca?olic miracles1 & :i* ,m4 ,r5an is only c>ry+ to its logical conclusions 9 apply+ to ! hi/ory ( our ,"l1 if ! ,gospels are tri$ by ! m]e te/s ( hi/orical criticism4 ,! ,gospels !mselves tell u :y ,m4 ,r5an's conditions 7 nev] satisfi$4 ,miracles 7 n display$ 9 ! pres5ce ( sceptics to e/abli% sci5tific tru?s4 ,:5 ! adult]\s g5]ation s\ght aft] a sign1 ! sign 0 n giv52 nay1 x is ev5 said t 9 ! pres5ce ( unbelief1 our ,"l 0 n able to "w miracles4 ,b sci5ce has less respect = t und\bt+ & submissive will+ness to believe2 & x is q c]ta9 t if we attempt to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on ! pr9ciples ( ,paley--if ) ,pr(essor ,j[ett 'we int]pret ! ,bible z any o!r book1' ! elem5t ( miracle :i* has evaporat$ f ! entire surface ( human hi/ory w n ma9ta9 itself 9 ! sacr$ gr\nd ( ! ,gospels1 & ! facts ( ,*ri/ianity w melt 9 our h&s l a sn[ball4 ,no?+ less ?an a miracul\s hi/ory c su/a9 ! cr$ibility ( miracles1 & no?+ c\ld be m likely1 if revelation be a reality & n a dream1 ?an t ! hi/ory conta9+ x %\ld be sav$ 9 its composition f ! int]mixture ( human infirmity4 ,?is is ! position 9 :i* in/9ct long ago taught ,prote/ants to entr5* !mselves1 & :]e alone !y c hope to hold _! gr\nd3 once e/abli%$ 9 ^! l9es1 !y 7 safe & unassailable1 unless x c\ld be demon/rat$ t any fact or facts relat$ 9 ! ,bible 7 c]ta9ly untrue4 ,nor w\ld x be necess>y to say any m ^u ! subject4 ,^? :o believ$ ,*ri/ianity w\ld admit ! assumption2 ^? :o disbeliev$ ,*ri/ianity w\ld repudiate x4 ,! argum5t w\ld be n>r[$ to t pla9 & s+le issue1 & ! elaborate treatises ^u ext]nal evid5ce w\ld cease to br+ discr$it ^u ! cause by _! feebl5ess4 ,un=tunately--& ?is is ! true secret ( our pres5t di/ractions--x seems c]ta9 t 9 "s way or o!r ?is belief 9 inspiration itself requires to be revis$4 ,we are compell$ to exam9e m precisely :at we mean by ! ^w4 ,! acc\nt ( ! creation ( man & ! _w :i* is giv5 9 ,g5esis1 & :i* is made by ,/4 ,paul ! basis ( 8 !ology1 has n yet be5 reconcil$ ) facts :i* sci5ce kn[s to be true4 ,dea? 0 9 ! _w be=e ,adam's s91 & unless ,adam's age be ?ru/ back to a di/ance :i* no +5uity c torture ! lett] ( ,scripture into recognis+1 m5 & wom5 liv$ & di$ ^u ! e>? :ole mill5niums be=e ! ,eve ( ,sacr$ ,hi/ory li/5$ to ! temptation ( ! snake4 ,nei!r has any su* deluge z t f :i*1 accord+ to ! receiv$ int]pretation1 ! ark sav$ ,noah1 swept ov] ! globe )9 ! human p]iod4 ,we are told t x 0 n ,god's purpose to anticipate ! natural c\rse ( discov]y3 z ! /ory ( ! creation 0 writt5 9 human language1 s ! details ( x may h be5 adapt$ to ! exi/+ /ate ( human k4 ,! ,bible1 x is said1 0 n int5d$ to tea* m5 sci5ce1 b to tea* !m :at 0 necess>y = ! moral tra9+ ( _! s\ls4 ,x may be t ?is is true4 ,spiritual grace affects ! moral "* ( m51 b leaves _! intellect unimprov$4 ,! mo/ religi\s m5 are z liable z a!i/s to ignorance ( ord9>y facts1 & inspiration may be only infallible :5 x t\*es on tru?s necess>y to salvation4 ,b if x be s1 !re are _m ?+s 9 ! ,bible :i* mu/ become z unc]ta9 z its geology or its a/ronomy4 ,!re is ! long secul> hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,let x be once e/abli%$ t !re is room = error any:]e1 & we h no security = ! accuracy ( ?is hi/ory4 ,! inspiration ( ! ,bible is ! f\ndation ( our :ole belief2 & x is a grave matt] if we are unc]ta9 to :at ext5t x rea*es1 or h[ mu* & :at x gu>antees to u z true4 ,we _c live on probabilities4 ,! fai? 9 :i* we c live bravely & die 9 peace mu/ be a c]ta9ty1 s f> z x pr(esses to be a fai? at all1 or x is no?+4 ,x may be t all intellectual ef=ts to arrive at x are 9 va92 t x is giv5 to ^? to :om x is giv51 & )held f ^? f :om x is )held4 ,x may be t ! exi/+ belief is und]go+ a sil5t modification1 l ^? to :i* ! disp5sations ( religion h be5 successively subject$2 or1 aga91 x may be t to ! cre$ z x is already e/abli%$ !re is no?+ to be add$1 & no?+ any m to be tak5 f x4 ,at ?is mom5t1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ vigor\s m9ds appe> lea/ to see _! way to a conclusion2 & not)/&+ all ! s*ool & *ur* build+1 ! ext5d$ episcopate1 & ! religi\s newspap]s1 a g5]al d\bt is com+ up l a ?und]/orm aga9/ ! w9d1 & black5+ ! sky4 ,^? :o cl+ mo/ t5aci\sly to ! fai? 9 :i* !y 7 educat$1 yet confess !mselves p]plex$4 ,!y "k :at !y believe2 b :y !y believe x1 or :y !y %\ld require o!rs to believe1 !y _c tell or _c agree4 ,betwe5 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & ! au?ority ( ! ,bible1 ! te/imony ( hi/ory & ! te/imony ( ! ,_s1 ! asc]ta9$ facts ( sci5ce & ! contradictory facts :i* seem to be reveal$1 ! m9ds ( m5 are toss$ to & fro1 h>ass$ by ! *ang$ attitude 9 :i* sci5tific inve/igation has plac$ u all t[>ds acc\nts ( sup]natural occurr5ces4 ,we ?ru/ ! subject aside2 we take refuge 9 practical "w2 we believe1 p]haps1 t ! situation is desp]ate1 & hopeless ( improvem5t2 we refuse to let ! "q be di/urb$4 ,b we _c escape f our %ad[1 & ! _s ( unc]ta9ty w haunt ! _w l an uneasy gho/1 till we take x by ! ?roat l m54 ,we return !n to ! po9t f :i* we set out4 ,! "t is pa/ = repression4 ,despotism has done its "w2 b ! day ( despotism is gone1 & ! only rem$y is a full & fair inve/igation4 ,?+s w nev] "r !mselves if !y are let alone4 ,x is idle to say peace :5 !re is no peace2 & ! conceal$ impo/hume is m dang]\s ?an an op5 w\nd4 ,! law 9 ?is c\ntry has po/pon$ our trial1 b _c save u f x2 & ! que/ions :i* h agitat$ ! ,cont95t are agitat+ u at la/4 ,! /ud5t :o tw5ty ye>s ago 0 cont5t$ ) ! ,greek & ,lat9 fa!rs & ! ,anglican div9es1 n[ reads ,ewald & ,r5an4 ,! ,*ur* au?orities /ill refuse to look _! difficulties 9 ! face3 !y prescribe = m5tal tr\bles ! e/abli%$ doses ( ,paley & ,pe>son2 !y refuse dang]\s que/ions z s9ful1 & tread ! r\nd ( commonplace 9 placid com=t4 ,b x w n avail4 ,_! pupils gr[ to manhood1 & fight ! battle = !mselves1 unaid$ by ^? :o ought to h /ood by !m 9 _! trial1 & c\ld n or w\ld n2 & ! bitt]ness ( ^? conflicts1 & ! end ( mo/ ( !m 9 he>t-brok5 unc]ta9ty or c>eless indiff]5ce1 is too notori\s to all :o c>e to "k ab\t su* ?+s4 ,we _c af=d ye> aft] ye> to be di/ract$ ) ! t5tative scepticism ( essayi/s & review]s4 ,9 a heal?y condition ( public op9ion su* a book z ,bi%op ,col5so's w\ld h pass$ unnotic$1 or r w\ld nev] h be5 writt51 = ! difficulties ) :i* x deals w\ld h be5 long ago met & dispos$ (4 ,:5 que/ions rose 9 ! e>ly & middle ages ( ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 decid$ by c\ncils ( ! wise/3 ^? be/ able to judge met toge!r1 & comp>$ _! ?\ghts1 & conclusions 7 arriv$ at :i* individuals c\ld accept & act ^u4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,engli% ,re=mation1 :5 ,prote/ant doctr9e 0 /ruggl+ = reception1 & ! old belief 0 m]g+ 9 ! new1 ! c\ntry 0 delib]ately held 9 =mal susp5se4 ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics 7 set to prea* on alt]nate ,sundays 9 ! same pulpit2 subjects 7 discuss$ freely 9 ! e>s ( ! p2 & at la/1 :5 all _h be5 said on bo? sides1 ,convocation & ,p>liam5t embodi$ ! result 9 =mulas4 ,c\ncils w no long] answ] ! purpose2 ! cl]gy h no long] a sup]iority ( intellect or cultivation2 & a conf]5ce ( prelates f all p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom1 or ev5 f all dep>tm5ts ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 w\ld n pres5t an edify+ spectacle4 ,p>liam5t may no long] m$dle ) op9ions unless x be to untie ! *a9s :i* x =g$ ?ree c5turies ago4 ,b bett] ?an c\ncils1 bett] ?an s]mons1 bett] ?an ,p>liam5t1 is t free discussion ?r\gh a free press :i* is ! be/ in/rum5t = ! discov]y ( tru?1 & ! mo/ effectual means = pres]v+ x4 ,we %all be told1 p]haps1 t we are beat+ ! air--t ! press is free1 & t all m5 may & d write :at !y please4 ,x is n s4 ,discussion is n free s long z ! cl]gy :o take any side b "o are liable to be prosecut$ & depriv$ ( _! means ( liv+2 x is n free s long z ! expression ( d\bt is consid]$ z a s9 by public op9ion & z a crime by ! law4 ,s f> are we f free discussion1 t ! _w is n yet agre$ t a free discussion is desirable2 & till x be s agre$1 ! sub/antial intellect ( ! c\ntry w n ?r[ itself into ! "q4 ,! battle w cont9ue to be f\ght by outsid]s1 :o suffice to di/urb a repose :i* !y _c re/ore2 & t collective voice ( ! national und]/&+1 :i* alone c give back to u a peaceful & assur$ conviction1 w n be he>d4 ,,footnotes3 ,d ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 #ahfc4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,! ,,gospel ,,hi/ory4,e ,! _s ( criticism is n ! _s ( religion4 ,! _s ( criticism is a que/ion+ _s2 ! _s ( religion is a _s ( fai?1 ( humility & submission4 ,o!r qualities may g to ! =mation ( a religi\s "* 9 ! highe/ & gr&e/ s5se ( ! ^w2 b ! virtues :i* religi\s tea*]s mo/ g5]ally approve1 :i* make up ! ideal ( a ,ca?olic sa9t1 :i* ! ,ca?olic & all o!r *ur*es endeav\r mo/ to cultivate 9 _! *ildr51 are ^? ( passive & loyal ob$i5ce1 a devotion )\t res]ve or qualification2 or to use ! te*nical ^w1 'a _s ( tea*abl5ess4' ,a religi\s education is mo/ successful :5 x has =m$ a m9d to :i* difficulties are welcome z an opportunity = ! triumph ( fai?--:i* reg>ds d\bts z temptations to be resi/$ l ! sugge/ions ( s5suality1 & :i* alike 9 action or op9ion foll[s ! pa? prescrib$ to x ) affectionate & unhesitat+ confid5ce4 ,to m5 or wom5 ( ! t5d] & s5sitive piety :i* is produc$ by su* a tra9+1 an enquiry into ! gr\nds ( its fai? appe>s %ock+ & pr(ane4 ,to dem& an explanation ( ambiguities or my/]ies ( :i* !y h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k only ^u _! knees1 is z x 7 to *all5ge ! ,almighty to expla9 8 ways to 8 creatures1 & to refuse ob$i5ce unless human presumption has be5 fir/ gratifi$4 ,und\bt$ly1 n 9 religion only1 b 9 any bran* ( human k1 tea*abl5ess is ! condition ( gr[?4 ,we augur ill = ! future ( ! y\? :o sets 8 own judgm5t aga9/ t ( 8 in/ructors1 & refuses to believe :at _c be at once made pla9 to him4 ,yet aga91 ! wise in/ructor w n lightly disc\rage que/ions :i* are prompt$ by an intellig5t desire ( k4 ,t an un5quir+ submission produces *>act]s ( great & v>i$ beauty2 t x has inspir$ ! mo/ spl5did acts ( endurance :i* h giv5 a lu/re to humanity1 no "o w v5ture to d5y4 ,a g5ial fai? is "o ( t gr\p ( qualities :i* comm5d !mselves mo/ to ! "y1 ! g5]\s1 & ! en?usia/ic--to ^? ^: native & orig9al nobl5ess has suff]$ lea/ f contact ) ! _w--:i* belong r to ! imag9ation ?an ! reason1 & /& relat$ to tru? ?r\gh ! emotions r ?an ?r\gh ! sob] calculations ( probability4 ,x is ak9 to loyalty1 to en?usiasm1 to h]o-wor%ip1 to t deep affection to a p]son or a cause :i* c see no fault 9 :at x loves4 ',belief1' says ,mr4 ,sewell1 'is a virtue2 d\bt is a s94' ,iago is no?+ if n critical2 & ! sceptical _s--d] ,gei/ d] /ets v]ne9t--:i* is satisfi$ ) no?+1 :i* sees 9 ev]y?+ good ! se$ ( evil1 & ! weak spot 9 e great cause or nature1 has be5 made ! special *>act]i/ic--we all feel ) ju/ice--( ! devil4 ,& yet ?is devot$ness or devotion1 ?is rev]5ce = au?ority1 is b "o elem5t ( excell5ce4 ,to rev]5ce is good2 b on ! "o condition t ! object ( x be a ?+ :i* des]ves rev]5ce2 & ! necess>y complem5t1 ! security t we are n be/[+ our be/ affections :]e !y %\ld n be giv51 mu/ be look$ = 9 "s quality :i*1 if less attractive1 is no less ess5tial = our true welf>e4 ,to prove all ?+s--to try ! spirits :e!r !y be ( ,god--is a duty laid ^u u by ! highe/ au?ority2 & :at is call$ progress 9 human ?+s--religi\s z well z mat]ial--has be5 due uni=mly to a dissatisfaction ) !m z !y are4 ,e advance 9 sci5ce1 e improvem5t 9 ! comm& ( ! me*anical =ces ( nature1 e /ep 9 political or social fre$om1 has ris5 9 ! fir/ in/ance f an act ( scepticism1 f an unc]ta9ty :e!r ! =mulas1 or ! op9ions1 or ! gov]nm5t1 or ! receiv$ practical !ories 7 absolutely p]fect2 or :e!r beyond ! circle ( receiv$ tru?s !re might n lie some?+ broad]1 deep]1 tru]1 & ?us bett] des]v+ ! acceptance ( mank9d4 ,submissiv5ess1 humility1 ob$i5ce1 produce if uncorrect$1 9 politics a nation ( slaves1 ^: bas5ess becomes an inc5tive to tyranny2 9 religion1 !y produce ! consecration ( falsehood1 pop]ies1 immaculate conceptions1 w9k+ images1 & ! confessional4 ,! _s ( enquiry if left to itself becomes 9 l mann] a disease ( unc]ta9ty1 & t]m9ates 9 univ]sal scepticism4 ,x seems z if 9 a heal?y ord] ( ?+s1 to ! will+ness to believe !re %\ld be *a9$ z its insep>able companion a jeal\sy ( deception2 & !re is no lesson m important = s]i\s p]sons to impress ^u !mselves ?an t ea* ( ^! temp]am5ts mu/ le>n to tol]ate ! o!r2 fai? accept+ f reason ! sanction ( its s]vice1 & reason receiv+ 9 return ! w>m pulsations ( life4 ,! two pr9ciples exi/ toge!r 9 ! highe/ natures2 & ! man :o 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w is dev\t1 is also ! mo/ cauti\s to :om or to :at he pays 8 devotion4 ,among ! multitude1 ! units ( :i* are ea* inadequate & incomplete1 ! elem5ts are disproportionately mix$2 "s m5 are humble & diffid5t1 "s are sceptical & enquir+2 yet bo? are fill+ a place 9 ! great intellectual economy2 bo? contribute to make up ! sum & proportion ( qualities :i* are requir$ to hold ! balance ev52 & nei!r p>ty is entitl$ to say to ! o!r1 ',/& by2 ,i am holi] ?an ?\4' ,& z x is ) individuals1 s is x also ) :ole p]iods & cycles4 ,= c5turies toge!r ! believ+ _s held undisput$ sov]eignty2 & ^! 7 :at are call$ 'ages ( fai?2' ages1 t is1 9 :i* ! highe/ bus9ess ( ! intellect 0 to pray r ?an to inve/igate2 :5 = e unusual ph5om5on a sup]natural cause 0 in/9ctively assum$2 :5 wond]s 7 cr$ible 9 proportion to _! magnitude2 & !ologians1 ) easy comm& ( belief1 add$ miracle to miracle & pil$ dogma ^u dogma4 ,!n ! tide *ang$2 a fre% era op5$1 :i* 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o consid]$ ! old sy/em ! only "r "o1 0 ! lett+ loose ( ! imp]sonat$ _s ( evil2 :5 pr(ane eyes 7 look+ _! idols 9 ! face2 :5 m5 7 say+ to ! miracul\s images1 ',y are b /one & wood1' & to ! piece ( bread1 ',y are b du/ z ,i am du/2' & !n ! huge m$ival fabric crumbl$ d[n 9 ru94 ,all =ms ( ?\ght1 all objects ( devotion1 are made ?us liable to p]petual revision1 if only t belief %all n petrify into habit1 b rema9 ! reasonable conviction ( a reasonable s\l4 ,! *ange ( times & ! *ange ( conditions *ange also ! appe>ance ( ?+s :i* 9 !mselves are ! same :i* !y always 74 ,facts suppos$ once to be z fix$ z ! />s melt into fiction4 ,a clos] acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce has reveal$ to u ! action ( =ces be=e undreamt ( work+ ?r\gh\t nature ) un]r+ uni=mity2 & to ! m$ival /ories ( magic1 wit*craft1 or ! miracles ( sa9ts1 we are ?us plac$ 9 a new relation4 ,! direct evid5ce on :i* su* /ories 7 receiv$ may rema9 unimpair$1 b x no long] produces ! same conviction4 ,ev5 9 ord9>y human ?+s :]e ! evid5ce is lo/--z 9 "s ( our own ,/ate trials1 & :]e we "k only t x 0 su* z br\ght conviction to judges1 juries1 & p>liam5ts--hi/orians d n hesitate to call _! v]dicts into "q1 ?9k+ x m likely t :ole masses ( m5 %\ld h be5 l$ away by passion or fraud or c[>dice ?an t ?is or t p>ticul> crime %\ld h be5 committ$4 ,t we (t5 g beyond our (fice & exagg]ate ! value ( our new crit]ia ( tru? may be possible en\gh2 b x is no less c]ta9 t ?is is ! t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,our own age1 l e age :i* has gone be=e x1 judges ! value ( te/imony1 n by itself m]ely1 b by ! degree to :i* x corresponds ) our own s5se ( ! laws ( probability2 & we consid] ev5ts probable or improbable by ! habit ( m9d :i* is ! result ( our g5]al k & culture4 ,to ! ,ca?olic ( ! middle ages a miracle 0 m likely ?an n2 & :5 he 0 told t a miracle _h be5 work$1 he believ$ x z he w\ld h believ$ _h he be5 told t a %[] ( ra9 _h fall51 or t ! night fro/ _h kill$ ! buds ^u 8 fruit trees4 ,if 8 cattle di$1 he f\nd ! cause 9 ! malice ( ,satan or ! evil eye ( a wit*2 & if two or m witnesses c\ld h be5 f\nd to swe> t !y _h he>d an old woman curse him1 %e w\ld h be5 burnt = a sorc]ess4 ,! man ( sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 kn[s no?+ ( wit*es & sorc]]s2 :5 he c f9d a natural cause he refuses to ent]ta9 ! possibility ( ! int]v5tion ( a cause beyond nature2 & ?us t v elem5t ( m>vel :i* to ! m sup]/iti\s temp]am5t 0 an evid5ce ( tru?1 becomes to ! bett] in=m$ a cause ( suspicion4 ,s x has be5 t ?r\gh\t hi/ory1 z betwe5 individuals among ourselves1 we trace two habits ( ?\ght1 "o ( :i* has giv5 u *ur*es1 cre$s1 & ! k ( ,god2 ! o!r has giv5 u fre$om & sci5ce1 has prun$ ! luxuriance ( imag9ative rev]5ce1 & rem9ds piety ( :at x is too ready to =get--t ,god is tru?4 ,yet1 ess5tial z !y are to "o ano!r1 ea* keeps too absolutely to ! circle ( its own convictions1 &1 b half able to recognise ! m]it ( pr9ciples :i* are ali5 to its own1 reg>ds ! o!r z its natural enemy4 ,to ! w>m & en?usia/ic pieti/ ! enquir] appe>s z a hat] ( ,god1 an invet]ate blasphem] ( holy ?+s1 soil+ ) rude & insol5t h&s :at ought only to be humbly ador$4 ,! sa9t :5 he has ! p[] calls ! sword to 8 aid1 & 9 8 zeal = :at he calls ! hon\r ( ,god1 makes w> ^u su* p ) /eel & fire4 ,! innovator1 on ! o!r h&1 kn[+ t he is n t evil creature :i* 8 rival repres5ts him z be+1 kn[+ t he too desires only tru?--fir/ suff]s1 suff]s 9 r\gh times at /ake & scaffold1 suff]s 9 our own lat] days 9 good "n1 9 reputation1 9 worldly =tune2 & z ! :irligig ( "t br+s r\nd 8 turn ( triumph1 takes1 9 ,fr5* revolutions & su* o!r fits ( madness1 8 own p]iod ( wild rev5ge4 ,! s]vice ( tru? is made to appe> z "o ?+1 ! s]vice ( ,god z ano!r2 & 9 t fatal sep>ation religion di%on\rs itself ) unavail+ enmity to :at nev]!less x is compell$ at la/ to accept 9 humiliation2 & sci5ce1 welcom+ ! "* :i* its adv]s>y fl+s ^u x1 turns away ) answ]+ ho/ility f doctr9es )\t :i* its own highe/ a*ievem5ts are b pyramids ( a%es4 ,is ?is antagonism a law ( humanity8 ,z mank9d move upw>ds ?r\gh ! asc5d+ circles ( progress1 is x = ev] to be ) !m z ) ! globe :i* !y inhabit--( :i* "o hemisph]e is p]petually d>k8 ,h ! lessons ( ! ,re=mation be5 ?r[n away8 ,is k always to advance "u ! ban ( religion8 ,is fai? nev] to cease to dread inve/igation8 ,is sci5ce *iefly to value ea* new discov]y z a victory ga9$ ov] its rival8 ,is ! spiritual _w to revolve et]nally ^u an axis ( :i* ! two poles are mat]ialism & sup]/ition1 to be buri$ 9 _! alt]nate occultations 9 p]iods ( utt] d>kness1 or lift$ into an icy light :]e !re is nei!r life nor w>m?8 ,h[ x may be 9 ! remote future x is idle to guess2 = ! pres5t ! signs are n hopeful4 ,we are arriv$ visibly at "o ( ^? recurr+ times :5 ! acc\nts are call$ 9 = audit2 :5 ! title-de$s are to be look$ ?r\gh1 & e/abli%$ op9ions aga9 te/$4 ,x is a process :i* has be5 repeat$ m ?an once 9 ! _w's hi/ory2 ! la/ occasion & greate/ be+ ! ,re=mation ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ! exp]i5ce ( t matt] might h satisfi$ ! mo/ timid t tru? has no?+ to fe>2 & t religion em]ges out ( su* trials /rong] & bright] ?an be=e4 ,yet ,*ur*m5 h n pr(it$ by ! exp]i5ce2 ! pulpits & ! religi\s press r+ aga9 ) ! old %rieks ( sacrilege2 ! ma*9]y ( ! law c\rts is set creak+ on its ru/y h+es1 & d5unciation & ana!ma 9 ! old /yle take ! place ( reason+4 ,x w n answ]2 & ! wor/ dang] to :at is really true is ! want ( wisdom 9 its def5d]s4 ,! language :i* we sometimes he> ab\t ^! ?+s seems to imply t :ile ,*ri/ianity is indisputably true1 x _c /& nev]!less )\t bolt & %ackle1 z if ! ,au?or ( our fai? _h left ! evid5ce s weak t an hone/ inve/igation w\ld fail to f9d x4 ,inevitably1 ! alt]$ relation 9 :i* mod]n culture places ! m9ds ( all ( u t[>ds ! sup]natural1 w compel a reconsid]ation ( ! gr\nds on :i* ! acceptance ( miracles is requir$4 ,if ! ,engli% le>n$ cl]gy _h fai? z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 !y w\ld be ! fir/ to take possession ( ! field2 !y w\ld look ! difficulty 9 ! face fe>lessly & frankly1 & we %\ld n be toss+ z we are n[ 9 an ocean ( unc]ta9ty1 ignorant :e!r1 if ?+s seem obscure to u1 ! fault is ) our intellects or our he>ts4 ,x might h be5 t ,provid5ce1 anticipat+ ! effect produc$ on dead te/imony by "t & *ange1 _h rais$ religion into a high] sph]e1 & _h appo9t$ on e>? a liv+ & visible au?ority :i* c\ld n err--guid$ by ! ,holy ,_s into tru?1 & div9ely su/a9$ 9 ! possession ( x4 ,su* a body ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* conceives itself to be2 b 9 break+ away f its communion1 ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians h decl>$ _! conviction t nei!r ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 nor !y !mselves1 nor any o!r body ( m5 on e>?1 are exempt f a liability to error4 ,x is no long] compet5t = ! ,anglican communion to say t a doctr9e or a fact is true because x =ms a "p ( _! tea*+1 because x has come d[n to !m f antiquity1 & because to d5y x is s94 ,transub/antiation came d[n to ! fa!rs ( ! ,re=mation f antiquity2 x 0 receiv$ & insi/$ ^u by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,*ri/5dom2 yet nev]!less x 0 flung out f among u z a lie & an (f5ce4 ,! !ory ( ! ,div9e au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 0 ab&on$ 9 ! act ( ,prote/antism ?ree c5turies ago2 x 0 ! c5tral pr9ciple ( t great revolt t ! e/abli%m5t ( p>ticul> op9ions 0 no gu>antee = _! tru?2 & x becomes ?us our duty z well z our "r to exam9e p]iodically our intellectual def5ces1 to ab&on positions :i* ! alt]ation ( "t makes unt5able1 & to admit & invite into ! s]vice ( ! sanctu>y ! fulle/ light ( advanc+ k4 ,( all positions ! mo/ fatally suicidal = ,prote/ants to occupy is ! assumption1 :i* x is compet5t = ,roman ,ca?olics to hold1 b n = !m1 t beliefs once sanction$ by ! ,*ur* are sacr$1 & t to impugn !m is n error b crime4 ,) a hope1 !n1 t ?is reproa* may be tak5 away f u2 t1 9 ?is mo/ weal?ily-end[$ ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :]e s _m ( ! mo/ gift$ & mo/ accompli%$ m5 among u are ma9ta9$ 9 well-paid leisure to att5d to su* ?+s1 we may n be left any long] to grope our way 9 ! d>k1 ! pres5t writ] puts =w>d "s few p]plexities ( :i* x w\ld be well if ,engli% div9ity conta9$ a cle>] solution ?an is f\nd !re4 ,! laity1 occupi$ 9 o!r matt]s1 reg>d ! cl]gy z ! tru/ees ( _! spiritual int]e/s2 b inasmu* z ! cl]gy tell !m t ! safety ( _! s\ls dep5ds on ! correctness ( _! op9ions1 !y d>e n close _! eyes to ! que/ions :i* are be+ ask$ 9 l\d] & ev5 l\d] tones2 & !y h a "r to dem& t !y %all n be left to _! own unaid$ ef=ts to answ] su* que/ions4 ,we g to our appo9t$ tea*]s z to our physicians2 we say to !m1 ',we feel pa9 "h1 & "h1 & "h3 we d n see our way1 & we require y to help u4' ,mo/ ( ^! p]plexities are n new3 !y 7 felt ) ! fir/ beg9n+s ( critical inve/igation2 b ! fact t !y h be5 s _m ye>s be=e ! _w )\t be+ satisfactorily enc\nt]$ makes ! situation only ! m s]i\s4 ,x is ! m /range t z "t passes on1 & div9e aft] div9e is rais$ to hon\r & (fice = 8 !ological s]vices1 we %\ld f9d only :5 we turn to _! writ+s t l\d promises end 9 no p]=mance2 t ! *ief object :i* !y set be=e !mselves is to avoid difficult gr\nd2 & t ! po9ts on :i* we mo/ cry out = satisfaction are pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 or are dispos$ ( ) ineffectual commonplaces4 ,) a temp]am5t con/itutionally religi\s1 & ) an in/9ctive s5se ( ! futility ( !ological controv]sies1 ! ,engli% p h long kept ! enemy at bay by passive repugnance4 ,to ! well-condition$ ,engli% layman ! religion 9 :i* he has be5 educat$ is "p ( ! law ( ! l&2 ! tru? ( x is assum$ 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 p]sonal & social exi/5ce2 & attacks on ! cr$ibility ( 8 sacr$ books he has reg>d$ ) ! same impati5ce & disda9 ) :i* he treats speculations on ! rights ( prop]ty or ! common maxims ( "r & wrong4 ,?us1 :ile ! inspiration ( ! ,bible has be5 a subject ( discussion = a c5tury 9 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,france2 :ile ev5 9 ! desolate villages 9 ! he>t ( ,spa9 ! prie/s f9d x necess>y to plac>d ! *ur* walls ) cautions aga9/ rationalism1 ,engl& hi!rto has escap$ ! trial2 & x is only )9 a v few ye>s t ! note ( speculation has compell$ our deaf e>s to li/54 ,t x has come at la/ is less a matt] ( surprise ?an t x %\ld h be5 s long delay$2 & ?\gh sl[ to move1 x is likely t s s]i\s a p w n n[ re/ till !y h settl$ ! matt] = !mselves 9 "s practical way4 ,we are assur$ t if ! tru? be1 z we are told1 ( vital mom5t--vital to all alike1 wise & fooli%1 educat$ & un$ucat$--! road to x _c lie ?r\gh any v pr(\nd enquiries4 ,we refuse to believe t e lab\r] or me*anic mu/ balance ardu\s hi/orical probabilities & come to a j conclusion1 "u pa9 ( damnation4 ,we are satisfi$ t ^! poor p are n plac$ 9 s cruel a dilemma4 ,ei!r ^! ab/ruse hi/orical que/ions are op5 que/ions1 & we are n oblig$ "u ^? p5alties to hold a def9ite op9ion ^u !m1 or else !re mu/ be "s g5]al pr9ciple accessible & easily intelligible1 by :i* ! details c be summ>ily dispos$ (4 ,we %all n be mu* mi/ak51 p]haps1 if we say t ! view ( mo/ educat$ ,engli% laym5 at pres5t is some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,!y are aw>e t _m que/ions may be ask$1 difficult or impossible to answ] satisfactorily1 ab\t ! creation ( ! _w1 ! flood1 & g5]ally on ! hi/orical portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b !y suppose t if ! au?ority ( ! ,gospel hi/ory c be well asc]ta9$1 ! re/ may & mu/ be tak5 = grant$4 ,if x be true t ( ! miracul\s bir?1 life1 dea?1 & resurrection ( our ,"l1 we h ! evid5ce ( two evangeli/s :o 7 eye-witnesses ( ! facts :i* !y relate1 & ( two o!rs :o wrote "u ! direction (1 or ^u ! au?ority (1 eye-witnesses1 we c af=d to disp5se ) m]ely curi\s enquiries4 ,! subord9ate p>ts ( a div9e economy :i* culm9at$ 9 s /up5d\s a my/]y may well be z m>vell\s z itself2 & x may be assum$1 we ?9k1 ) no great want ( *>ity1 t ^? :o d\bt ! tru? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ext5d _! incr$ulity to ! ,new2 t ! po9t ( _! disbelief1 t[>ds :i* !y are tr5*+ _! way ?r\gh ! weak places 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 is ! ,gospel n>rative itself4,f ,:atev] difficulty !re may be 9 prov+ ! anci5t ,hebrew books to be ! "w ( ! writ]s ^: names !y be>1 no "o w\ld h c>$ to *all5ge _! g5u95ess :o 0 ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! resurrection ( our ,"l4 ,& ! real object ( ^! speculations lies op5 be=e u 9 ! n[ notori\s "w ( ,m4 ,r5an1 :i* is %oot+ ?r\gh ,europe ) a rapidity :i* recalls ! era ( ,lu!r4 ,to ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospels1 !re=e1 ! common s5se ( ,engli%m5 has in/9ctively turn$4 ,if1 z ,engli% comm5tators confid5tly tell u1 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 su* z we n[ possess x1 is und\bt$ly ! "w ( ! publican :o foll[$ our ,"l f ! receipt ( cu/om1 & rema9$ ) ,him to be a witness ( ,8 asc5sion2 if ,/4 ,john's ,gospel 0 writt5 by ! belov$ disciple :o lay on ,jesus' brea/ at supp]2 if ! o!r two 7 inde$ ! composition ( ! companions ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul2 if 9 ^! f\r ,gospels we h indep5d5t acc\nts ( our ,"l's life & passion1 mutually confirm+ ea* o!r1 & if x c be prov$ t !y exi/$ & 7 receiv$ z au!ntic 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 a /rong] man ?an ,m4 ,r5an w fail to %ake ! hold ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&4 ,we put ! "q hypo!tically1 n z mean+ to sugge/ ! fact z unc]ta91 b be+--z ! matt] is ( inf9ite mom5t--be+1 z x 71 ! h+e on :i* our fai? dep5ds1 we are =c$ beyond our (fice to trespass on gr\nd :i* we leave usually to pr(essional !ologians1 & to tell !m pla9ly t !re are difficulties :i* x is _! bus9ess to cle> up1 b to :i*1 ) worse ?an imprud5ce1 !y close _! own eyes1 & delib]ately endeav\r to keep !m f ours4 ,"s ( ^! x is ! object ( ?is pap] to po9t out1 ) an e>ne/ hope t ,dean ,al=d1 or ,dr4 ,ellicott1 or "s o!r compet5t cl]gyman1 may e>n our gratitude by tell+ u :at to ?9k ab\t !m4 ,sett+ aside _! duty to u1 !y w f9d frank deal+ 9 ! long run _! wise/ policy4 ,! cons]vative !ologians ( ,engl& h c>ri$ sil5ce to ! po9t ( indiscretion4 ,look+1 !n1 to ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels1 usually call$ ! ,synoptical1 we are enc\nt]$ imm$iately ) a rem>kable common elem5t :i* runs ?r\gh !m all--a resemblance too peculi> to be ! result ( accid5t1 & impossible to reconcile ) ! !ory t ! writ]s 7 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,x is n t g5]al simil>ity :i* we %\ld expect 9 diff]5t acc\nts ( ! same sc5es & ev5ts1 b amid/ _m diff]5ces1 a broad ve9 ( circum/antial id5tity ext5d+ bo? to sub/ance & expression4 ,& ! id5tity is ( sev]al k9ds4 ,i4 ,al?\gh ! ?ree evangeli/s relate ea* ( !m "s ?+s peculi> to !mselves1 & al?\gh betwe5 !m !re are "s /rik+ div]g5cies--z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! acc\nt ( our ,"l's miracul\s bir? 9 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke1 & 9 ! abs5ce 9 ,/4 ,m>k ( any m5tion ( ! miracul\s bir? at all--nev]!less1 ! body ( ! /ory is ess5tially ! same4 ,out ( ^? words & actions--s _m1 t if all 7 relat$ ! _w itself c\ld n conta9 ! books t %\ld be writt5--! ?ree evangeli/s select = ! mo/ "p ! same2 ! same p>ables1 ! same miracles1 &1 m or less complete1 ! same addresses4 ,:5 ! mat]ial f :i* to select 0 s abundant--h[ abundant we h b to turn to ! f\r? evangeli/ to see--x is at lea/ s+ul> t ?ree writ]s %\ld h made s ne>ly ! same *oice4 ,,ii4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,n only are ! ?+s relat$ ! same1 b ! language 9 :i* !y are express$ is ! same4 ,sometimes ! resemblance is su* z w\ld h aris5 _h ! evangeli/s be5 translat+ f a common docum5t 9 ano!r language4 ,sometimes1 & mo/ frequ5tly1 !re is an absolute v]bal id5tity2 s5t5ces1 p>agraphs1 long passages1 are ^w = ^w ! v same2 a few expressions h be5 slightly v>i$1 a p>ticle transpos$1 a t5se or a case alt]$1 b ! diff]5ces be+ no great] ?an w\ld arise if a numb] ( p]sons 7 to write f memory "s common passages :i* !y knew almo/ by he>t4 ,t !re %\ld h be5 ?is id5tity 9 ! acc\nt ( ! words us$ by our ,"l seems at fir/ sight no m ?an we %\ld expect4 ,b x ext5ds to ! n>rative z well2 & ) respect to ! p>ables & disc\rses1 !re is ?is extraord9>y feature1 t :]eas our ,"l is suppos$ to h spok5 9 ! ord9>y language ( ,pale/9e1 ! resemblance betwe5 ! evangeli/s is 9 ! ,greek translation ( !m2 & h[ unlikely x is t a numb] ( p]sons 9 translat+ f "o language into ano!r %\ld hit by accid5t on ! same expressions1 ! simple/ exp]im5t w %[4 ,n[1 waiv+ = a mom5t ! inspiration ( ! ,gospels2 int]pret+ ! ,bible1 to use ,mr4 ,j[ett's canon1 z any o!r book1 :at are we to conclude f ph5om5a ( ?is k9d8 ,:at 9 fact d we conclude :5 we enc\nt] !m else:]e8 ,9 ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 9 ! monki% hi/ories1 !re are _m p>allel cases4 ,a m$ival *ronicl]1 :5 he f\nd a /ory well told by 8 pr$ecessor1 seldom c>$ to recompose x2 he transcrib$ ! words z !y /ood into 8 own n>rative1 cont5t$ p]haps ) mak+ a few trifl+ *anges to add a f9i% or a poli%4 ,sometimes two *ronicl]s borr[ f a ?ird4 ,!re is ! same id5tity 9 p>ticul> expressions1 ! same g5]al resemblance1 ! same div]g5ce1 z ea* improves 8 orig9al f 8 indep5d5t k by addition or omission2 b ! process is s transp>5t1 t :5 ! orig9al is lo/1 ! exi/5ce ( x c be inf]r$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,or to take a m mod]n p>allel--we mu/ entreat our read]s to p>don any seem+ irrev]5ce :i* may appe> 9 ! comp>ison--if 9 ! lett]s ( ! correspond5ts ( ?ree diff]5t newspap]s writt5 f ,am]ica or ,g]many1 we 7 to read ! same incid5ts told 9 ! same language1 surr\nd$ x might be ) mu* t 0 unlike1 b nev]!less 9 !mselves id5tical1 & relat$ 9 words :i*1 d[n to unusual & rem>kable t]ms ( expression1 7 exactly ! same1 :at %\ld we inf]8 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! description ( a battle2 if we 7 to f9d b a s+le p>agraph 9 :i* two out ( ?ree correspond5ts agre$ v]bally1 we %\ld reg>d x z a v /range co9cid5ce4 ,if all ?ree agre$ v]bally1 we %\ld feel c]ta9 x 0 m ?an accid5t4 ,if ?r\gh\t _! lett]s !re 0 a recurr+ s]ies ( su* passages1 no d\bt w\ld be left 9 ! m9d ( any "o t ei!r ! ?ree correspond5ts _h se5 ea* o!r's lett]s1 or t ea* _h _h be=e him "s common n>rative :i* he _h incorporat$ 9 8 own acc\nt4 ,x might be d\btful :i* ( ^! two explanations 0 ! true "o2 b t "o or o!r ( !m 0 true1 unless we suppose a miracle1 is z c]ta9 z any conclusion 9 human ?+s c be c]ta9 at all4 ,! sworn te/imony ( eye-witnesses :o _h se5 ! lett]s s compos$ w\ld add no?+ to ! weight ( a pro( :i* )\t _! evid5ce w\ld be ov]:elm+2 & 7 ! writ]s !mselves1 ) _! close/ fri5ds & companions1 to swe> t !re _h be5 no int]communication1 & no /ory pre-exi/+ ( :i* !y _h made use1 & t ea* _h writt5 bon fide f 8 own orig9al obs]vation1 an ,engli% jury w\ld soon] believe ! :ole p>ty p]jur$ ?an p]suade !mselves t s extraord9>y a co9cid5ce w\ld h occurr$4 ,nor w\ld x be difficult to asc]ta9 f int]nal evid5ce :i* ( ! two possible int]pretations 0 ! real "o4 ,if ! writ]s 7 m5 ( evid5t good fai?2 if _! /ories 7 9 p>ts widely diff]5t2 if !y made no allusion to ea* o!r1 nor ev] ref]r$ to "o ano!r z au?orities2 f9ally1 if nei!r ( !m1 9 giv+ a diff]5t acc\nt ( any matt] f t giv5 by 8 companions1 pr(ess$ ei!r to be supply+ an omission or correct+ a mi/ake1 !n we %\ld h little d\bt t !y _h !mselves n communicat$ ) ea* o!r1 b 7 supplem5t+1 ea* ( !m f o!r s\rces ( in=mation1 a c5tral n>rative :i* all alike _h be=e !m4 ,h[ f> may we apply ! p>allel to ! ,synoptical ,gospels8 ,9 "o s5se ! inspiration lifts !m above comp>ison1 & disposes summ>ily ( critical p]plexities2 !re is no difficulty :i* may n be expla9$ by a miracle2 & 9 t aspect ! po9ts ( disagreem5t betwe5 ^! acc\nts are m surpris+ ?an ! simil>ities4 ,x is on ! disagreem5ts 9 fact t ! lab\rs ( comm5tators h *iefly be5 exp5d$4 ,yet x is a "q :e!r1 on ! :ole1 inspiration does n leave unaffect$ ! ord9>y human ph5om5a2 & x is h>d to suppose t :]e ! rules ( judgm5t 9 ord9>y writ+s are s di/9ct1 ,god w\ld h ?us purposely ca/ a /umbl+-block 9 our way1 & contriv$ a sn>e into :i* our reason %\ld mislead u4 ,t is h>d to cr$it2 yet t & no?+ else we mu/ believe if we refuse to apply to ! ,gospel ! same canons ( criticism :i* ) o!r writ+s w\ld be a guide s decisive4 ,x may be assum$ t ! facts connect$ ) !m admit a natural explanation2 & we arrive1 !re=e1 at ! same conclusion z be=e3 t ei!r two ( ! evangeli/s borr[$ f ! ?ird1 or else t !re 0 "s o!r ,gospel besides ^? :i* are n[ extant2 exi/+ p]haps bo? 9 ,hebrew & ,greek--exi/+ c]ta9ly 9 ,greek--! fragm5ts ( :i* are scatt]$ up & d[n ?r\gh ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,mat!w1 & ,/4 ,luke1 9 masses suffici5tly l>ge to be di/9ctly recognisable4 ,t at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _m su* ,gospels exi/$1 we "k c]ta9ly f ! words ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,/4 ,paul alludes to words us$ by our ,"l :i* are n m5tion$ by ! evangeli/s1 :i* he assum$ nev]!less to be well kn[n to 8 he>]s4 ,he speaks1 too1 ( an appe>ance ( our ,"l aft] ,8 resurrection to five hundr$ bre?r52 on :i* ! f\r ,gospels are also sil5t4 ,x is indisputable1 !re=e1 t besides & antec$5t to !m !re 7 o!r acc\nts ( our ,"l's life 9 use 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,& inde$1 :at m natural1 :at m necess>y1 ?an t f ! day on :i* ! apo/les ent]$ ^u _! public mission1 "s n>rative %\ld h be5 drawn up ( ! facts :i* !y 7 ab\t to make kn[n8 ,!n z little z n[ c\ld ! imag9ation ( m5 be tru/$ to relate accurately a /ory compos$ ( /up5d\s miracles )\t mi/ake or exagg]ation2 & _! v fir/ /ep w\ld h be5 to compose an acc\nt ( :at _h pass$1 to :i* !y c\ld speak ) c]ta9ty1 & :i* !y c\ld inve/ ) au?oritative sanction4 ,is x n possible !n t ! id5tical passages 9 ! ,synoptical ,gospels are ! rema9s ( some?+ ( ?is k9d1 :i* ! evangeli/s1 9 _! lat]1 full]1 & m complete hi/ories1 enl>g$ & exp&$8 ,! conjecture has be5 (t5 made1 & ,engli% comm5tators h = ! mo/ "p dismiss$ x slight+ly2 n app>5tly be+ aw>e t 9 reject+ "o hypo!sis !y 7 b\nd to sugge/ ano!r2 or at lea/ to admit t !re 0 some?+ :i* requir$ explanation1 ?\gh ?is p>ticul> sugge/ion did n seem satisfactory4 ,yet if x 7 s1 ! ext]nal te/imony = ! tru? ( ! ,gospel hi/ory w\ld be /rong] ?an be=e4 ,x w\ld am\nt to ! collective view ( ! fir/ congregation ( ,*ri/ians1 :o _h all imm$iate & p]sonal k ( our ,"l's miracles & dea? & resurrection4 ,b p]haps ! ext]nal hi/ory ( ! f\r ,gospels may ?r[ "s light ^u ! "q1 if inde$ we c speak ( light :]e all is a cl\d ( unc]ta9ty4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! s\rces ( ,*ri/ianity1 l ! roots ( all o!r liv+ ?+s1 7 purposely buri$ 9 my/]y4 ,!re exi/ no anci5t writ+s :atev] ( su* va/ mom5t to mank9d ( :i* s little c be au!ntically kn[n4 ,! f\r ,gospels1 9 ! =m & "u ! names :i* !y at pres5t be>1 become visible only ) di/9ctness t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!n x 0 t !y assum$ ! au?oritative position :i* !y h ev] s9ce ma9ta9$1 & 7 select$ by ! ,*ur* out ( ! _m o!r !n exi/+ n>ratives z ! supreme & exclusive au?orities = our ,"l's life4 ,ir5u is ! fir/ ( ! ,fa!rs 9 :om !y are f\nd attribut$ by "n to ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,luke1 & ,/4 ,john4 ,t !re 7 f\r true evangeli/s1 & t !re c\ld be nei!r m nor less ?an f\r1 ,ir5u _h p]suad$ himself because !re 7 f\r w9ds or spirits1 & f\r divisions ( ! e>?1 = :i* ! ,*ur* be+ univ]sal requir$ f\r columns2 because ! *]ubim _h f\r faces1 to ea* ( :i* an evangeli/ correspond$2 because f\r cov5ants _h be5 giv5 to mank9d--"o be=e ! ,deluge 9 ,adam1 "o aft] ! ,deluge 9 ,noah1 ! ?ird 9 ,moses1 ! f\r? & greate/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 :ile aga9 ! "n ( ,adam 0 compos$ ( f\r lett]s4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! intellects ( ^? great m5 :o conv]t$ ! _w to ,*ri/ianity 7 satisfi$ ) argum5ts s imag9ative z ^!2 !y mu/ h _h o!r clos] & m accurate gr\nds = _! decision2 b ! m]e employm5t ( su* figures z evid5ce 9 any s5se1 %[s ! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 _! modes ( reason+ & ours1 & illu/rates ! difficulty ( decid+ at our pres5t di/ance f !m h[ f> _! conclusions 7 satisfactory4 ,( ! ,gospels sep>ately ! hi/ory is imm$iately lo/ 9 leg5d4 ,! fir/ notice ( a ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w is 9 ! well-kn[n words ( ,papias1 a writ] :o 9 e>ly life might h se5 ,/4 ,john4 ,! works ( ,papias are lo/--a mis=tune ! m to be regrett$ because ,eusebius speaks ( him z a man ( v limit$ und]/&+1 ,greek3 panu smikros ton n\n4 ,und]/&+ & folly are words ( undet]m9$ mean+2 & :5 language l t ( ,ir5u c\ld seem pr(\nd x is q possible t ,papias might h possess$ commonplace faculties :i* w\ld h be5 supremely useful to u4 ,a surviv+ fragm5t ( him says t ,/4 ,mat!w put toge!r ! disc\rses ( our ,"l 9 ,hebrew1 & t e "o int]pret$ !m z he c\ld4 ,pantnus1 said by ,eusebius to h be5 ano!r contempor>y ( ! apo/les1 0 report$ to h gone to ,india1 to h f\nd !re a congregation ( ,*ri/ians :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & to h se5 9 use among !m ?is ,hebrew ,gospel4 ,orig5 repeats ! /ory1 :i* 9 8 "t _h become ! univ]sal ,ca?olic tradition1 t ,/4 ,mat!w's 0 ! fir/ ,gospel1 t x 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 & t x 0 int5d$ = ! use ( ! ,jewi% conv]ts4 ,j]ome adds t x 0 unkn[n :5 or by :om x 0 r5d]$ into a ,greek v]sion4 ,t 0 all :i* ! ,*ur* _h to say2 & :at _h become ( t ,hebrew orig9al no "o c\ld tell4 ,t !re exi/$ a ,hebrew ,gospel 9 v e>ly times is well au!nticat$2 !re 0 a ,gospel call$ ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites or ,naz>5es1 ( :i* ,orig5 possess$ a copy1 & :i* ,/4 ,j]ome ?\ght x wor? :ile to translate2 ?is too is lo/1 & ,j]ome's translation ( x also2 b ! negative evid5ce seems conclusive t x 0 n ! lo/ ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,_h x be5 s x c\ld n h fail$ to be recognis$1 al?\gh f su* acc\nts ( x z h be5 pres]v$1 x possess$ "s aff9ity ) ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,9 "o in/ance1 inde$1 x gave ! "r read+ ( a text :i* has p]plex$ or?odox comm5tators1 & has induc$ o!rs to suspect t t ,gospel 9 its pres5t =m c\ld n h exi/$ be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,za*>iah ! son ( ,b>a*iah said by ,/4 ,mat!w to h be5 sla9 betwe5 ! temple & ! alt>1 is unkn[n to ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 :ile dur+ ! siege ( ,j]usalem a ,za*>iah ! son ( ,b>a*iah actually 0 kill$ exactly 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,b 9 ! ,ebionite ,gospel ! same words are f\nd ) ?is slight b important diff]5ce1 t ! ,za*>iah 9 "q is !re call$ ! son ( ,jehoiadah1 & is at once id5tifi$ ) ! p]son ^: murd] is relat$ 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,*ronicles4 ,! lat] translator ( ,/4 ,mat!w _h probably confus$ ! names4 ,( ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel ! hi/ory is ev5 m pr(\ndly obscure4 ,papias1 aga9 ! highe/ discov]able l9k ( ! ,*ur* tradition1 says t ,/4 ,m>k accompani$ ,/4 ,pet] to ,rome z 8 int]pret]2 & t :ile !re he wrote d[n :at ,/4 ,pet] told him1 or :at he c\ld rememb] ,/4 ,pet] to h said4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria enl>ges ! /ory4 ,accord+ to ,clem5t1 :5 ,/4 ,pet] 0 prea*+ at ,rome1 ! ,*ri/ian congregation !re reque/$ ,/4 ,m>k to write a ,gospel = !m2 ,/4 ,m>k compli$ )\t acqua9t+ ,/4 ,pet]1 & ,/4 ,pet] :5 in=m$ ( x 0 unc]ta9 :e!r to give or )hold 8 sanction till 8 m9d 0 set at re/ by a vision4 ,ir5u1 on ! o!r h&1 says t ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel 0 n writt5 till aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om says t aft] x 0 writt5 ,/4 ,m>k w5t to ,egypt & publi%$ x at ,alex&ria2 ,epiphanius aga91 t ! ,egyptian exp$ition 0 und]tak5 at ! express direction ( ,/4 ,pet] himself4 ,?us ! ,*ur* tradition is inconsi/5t ) itself1 & 9 all probability is no?+ b a /ructure ( air2 x is b\nd up ) ! pres5ce ( ,/4 ,pet] at ,rome2 & ! only gr\nd = suppos+ t ,/4 ,pet] 0 ev] at ,rome at all is ! passage at ! close ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,fir/ ,epi/le1 :]e x pleas$ ! ,fa!rs to assume t ! ',babylon' !re spok5 ( mu/ h be5 ! city ( ! ,cs>s4 ,?is passage alone1 ) ! wild /ories 7n[ kn[n to h orig9at$ 9 ! misread+ ( an inscription7 ( ,/4 ,pet]'s conflict ) ,simon ,magus 9 ! pres5ce ( ! emp]or1 =m toge!r ! light & airy ar*es on :i* ! huge pret5ces ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome h re>$ !mselves4 ,if ! ,babylon ( ! ,epi/le 0 ,babylon on ! ,euphrates--& !re is n ! slighte/ hi/orical reason to suppose x to h be5 any?+ else--! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel p]i%es ) ! leg5d to :i* x 0 insep>ably atta*$ by ,*ur* tradition4 ,( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel we d n propose to speak 9 ?is place2 x =ms a subject by itself2 & ( t x is en\gh to say t ! defects ( ext]nal evid5ce :i* und\bt$ly exi/ seem ov]borne by ! ov]:elm+ pro(s ( au!nticity conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel itself4 ,! fa9t tradition>y traces :i* in=m u t ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k 7 suppos$ to h writt5 ,gospels fail u ) ,/4 ,luke4 ,! apo/olic & ! imm$iately po/-apo/olic ,fa!rs nev] m5tion ,luke z hav+ writt5 a hi/ory ( our ,"l at all4 ,!re 0 inde$ a ,gospel 9 use among ! ,m>cionites :i* resembl$ t ( ,/4 ,luke1 z ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites resembl$ t ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,9 bo? ! "o & ! o!r !re 0 no m5tion ( our ,"l's miracul\s bir?2 & lat] writ]s accus$ ,m>cion ( hav+ mutilat$ ,/4 ,luke4 ,b app>5tly _! only reason = ?9k+ s 0 t ! two ,gospels 7 l ea* o!r2 & = all t c be hi/orically prov$1 ! ,gospel ( ! ,m>cionites may h be5 ! old] ( ! two4 ,:at is want+ ext]nally1 h[ev]1 is suppos$ to be m ?an made up by ! language ( ,/4 ,luke himself4 ,! ,gospel 0 evid5tly compos$ 9 its pres5t =m by ! same p]son :o wrote ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les ! writ] speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son z ! companion ( ,/4 ,paul2 & ! date ( ?is ,gospel seems to be ?us conclusively fix$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! apo/olic age4 ,!re is at lea/ a high probability t ?is reason+ is s\nd2 yet x has seem$ /range t a conv]t s em95t z '! mo/ excell5t' ,!ophilus1 to :om ,/4 ,luke address$ himself1 %\ld be f\nd impossible to id5tify4 ',mo/ excell5t' 0 a title giv5 only to p]sons ( high rank2 & x is s+ul> t ,/4 ,paul himself %\ld nev] h m5tion$ s consid]able a "n4 ,& aga91 !re is some?+ peculi> 9 ! language ( ! introduction to ! ,gospel itself4 ,?\gh ,/4 ,luke pr(esses to be writ+ on ! au?ority ( eye-witnesses1 he does n say he _h spok5 ) eye-witnesses2 s f> f x1 t ! ^w translat$ 9 ! ,engli% v]sion 'deliv]$' is lit]ally 'h&$ d[n2' x is ! v]b :i* corresponds to ! te*nical expression = 'tradition2' & ! words translat$ 'hav+ _h p]fect und]/&+ ( all ?+s f ! fir/1' might be r5d]$ m prop]ly1 'hav+ trac$ or foll[$ up all ?+s f ! beg9n+4' ,& aga91 z x is humanly speak+ c]ta9 t 9 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel !re are passages1 h[ev] !y are to be expla9$1 :i* 7 embodi$ 9 x f "s o!r s\rce1 s1 ?\gh extremely probable1 x is n absolutely c]ta9 t ^? passages 9 ! ,acts 9 :i* ! writ] speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son are by ! same h& z ! body ( ! n>rative4 ,if ,/4 ,luke _h any:]e directly introduc$ himself--if he _h said pla9ly t he1 ! writ] :o 0 address+ ,!ophilus1 _h p]sonally jo9$ ,/4 ,paul1 & 9 t "p ( 8 /ory 0 relat+ :at he _h se5 & he>d1 !re w\ld be no room = unc]ta9ty4 ,b1 s f> z we "k1 !re is no o!r in/ance 9 lit]ature ( a *ange ( p]son introduc$ abruptly )\t explanation4 ,! :ole book is less a connect$ hi/ory ?an a s]ies ( episodes & fragm5ts ( ! proce$+s ( ! apo/les2 & x is to be notic$ t ! acc\nt ( ,/4 ,paul's conv]sion1 z giv5 9 its place 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! n>rative1 diff]s 9 "o mat]ial po9t f ! second acc\nt giv5 lat] 9 ! "p :i* 0 unque/ionably ! "w ( "o ( ,/4 ,paul's companions4 ,!re is a possibility--x am\nts to no m1 & ! sugge/ion is ?r[n out = ! consid]ation ( ^? :o are bett] able ?an ?is writ] to judge ( x--t 9 ! ,gospel & ! ,acts we h ! "w ( a c>eful editor ( ! second c5tury4 ,t[>ds ! close ( t c5tury a prom95t actor 9 ! great movem5t :i* gave _! pres5t au?ority to ! f\r ,gospels 0 ,!ophilus1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*2 he x 0 :o br\ght !m toge!r1 incorporat$ into a s+le "w--9 unum opus2 & x may be1 aft] all1 t 9 him we h ! long-s\ght p]son to :om ,/4 ,luke 0 writ+2 t ! ,gospel :i* we n[ possess 0 compil$ at 8 desire out ( o!r imp]fect ,gospels 9 use 9 ! diff]5t ,*ur*es2 & t x =m$ a "p ( 8 s*eme to sup]s$e !m by an acc\nt m exhau/ive1 complete1 & satisfactory4 ,to ?is hypo!sis inde$ !re is an answ] :i* if valid at all is absolutely fatal4 ,we are told t al?\gh ! names ( ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels may n be m5tion$ until a comp>atively late p]iod1 yet t ! ,gospels !mselves c be %[n to h exi/$1 because !y are habitually quot$ 9 ! au!ntic writ+s ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,if ?is be s1 ! slightness ( ! hi/orical ?read is ( little mom5t1 & we may re/ safely on ! solid gr\nd ( s conclusive a fact4 ,b is x s8 ,t ! e>ly ,fa!rs quot$ "s acc\nts ( our ,"l's life is abundantly cle>2 b did !y quote ^!8 ,we proce$ to exam9e ?is "q--aga9 t5tatively only--we d b put =w>d c]ta9 consid]ations on :i* we ask = full] in=mation4 ,if any "o ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian writ]s 0 likely to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! au!ntic writ+s ( ! evangeli/s1 t "o 0 indisputably ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,born 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! ye> #hi1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr liv$ to ! age ( sev5ty-six2 he travell$ ov] ! ,roman _w z a mission>y2 & intellectually he 0 m ?an on a level ) mo/ educat$ ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians4 ,he 0 ! fir/ di/9ctly controv]sial writ] :i* ! ,*ur* produc$2 & ! great facts ( ! ,gospel hi/ory 7 obvi\sly z well kn[n to him z !y are to ourselves4 ,!re are no traces 9 8 writ+s ( an acqua9tance ) any?+ peculi> ei!r to ,/4 ,john or ,/4 ,m>k2 b !re are extracts 9 abundance (t5 id5tical ) & g5]ally ne>ly resembl+ passages 9 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke4 ,?us at fir/ sight x w\ld be difficult to d\bt t ) ^! two ,gospels at lea/ he 0 intimately famili>4 ,& yet 9 all 8 citations !re is ?is peculi>ity1 t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr nev] speaks ( ei!r ( ! evangeli/s by "n2 he quotes or seems to quote inv>iably f some?+ :i* he calls ,greek3 apomnmoneumata tn ,apo/oln1 or ',memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4' ,x is no usual habit ( 8 to describe 8 au?orities vaguely3 :5 he quotes ! ,apocalypse he names ,/4 ,john2 :5 he ref]s to a prophet he specifies ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 or ,daniel4 ,:y1 unless !re 0 "s p>ticul> reason = x1 %\ld he use s s+ul> an expression :5ev] he alludes to ! sacr$ hi/ory ( ! ,new ,te/am5t8 :y1 if he knew ! names ( ! evangeli/s1 did he nev] m5tion !m ev5 by accid5t8 ,nor is ?is ! only s+ul>ity 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's quotations4 ,!re are ^? slight diff]5ces betwe5 !m & ! text ( ! ,gospels :i* appe> betwe5 ! ,gospels !mselves4 ,:5 we comp>e an extract 9 ,ju/9 ) ! p>allel passage 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 we f9d (t5 t x diff]s f ,/4 ,mat!w j z ,/4 ,mat!w diff]s f ,/4 ,luke1 or bo? f ,/4 ,m>k--great v]bal simil>ity--_m p>agraphs agree+ ^w = ^w--& !n o!r p>agraphs :]e !re is an alt]ation ( expression1 t5se1 ord]1 or arrangem5t4 ,aga91 j z 9 ! mid/ ( ! g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! ,synoptical ,gospels1 ea* evangeli/ has some?+ ( 8 own :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ! o!rs1 s 9 ^! ',memoirs ( ! ,apo/les' !re are facts unkn[n to ei!r ( ! evangeli/s4 ,9 ! acc\nt extract$ by ,ju/9 f '! ,memoirs1' ( ! baptism 9 ! ,jordan1 ! words he>d f heav5 are n z ,/4 ,mat!w gives !m--',?\ art my belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i am well pleas$'--b ! words ( ! psalm1 ',?\ art my ,son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 ,!e2' a read+ :i*1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 0 to be f\nd 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites4 ,ano!r curi\s addition to ! same sc5e is 9 ! words ,greek3 kai pur anph? en ,iordan1 '& a fire 0 k9dl$ 9 ,jordan4' ,aga91 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr speaks ( our ,"l hav+ promis$ 'to clo! u ) g>m5ts made ready = u if we keep 8 comm&m5ts'--,greek3 kai ainion basileian pronosai--:atev] ^? words may precisely mean4 ,^! & o!r peculi>ities 9 ,ju/9 may be expla9$ if we suppose him to h be5 quot+ f memory4 ,! evangelical text might n z yet h acquir$ its v]bal sanctity2 & z a native ( ,pale/9e he might well h be5 acqua9t$ ) o!r traditions :i* lay outside ! writt5 ^w4 ,! sil5ce z to names1 h[ev]1 rema9s unexpla9$2 & z ! facts actually /& !re is ! same k9d ( pro(1 & no m1 t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 0 acqua9t$ ) ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke z !re is t "o ( ^! evangeli/s made extracts f ! o!r1 or bo? f ,/4 ,m>k4 ,s long z "o set ( comm5tators decl9e to recognise ! tru? ( ?is relation betwe5 ! ,gospels1 !re w be o!rs :o ) z mu* ju/ice w dispute ! relation ( ,ju/9 to !m4 ,he too might h us$ ano!r ,gospel1 :i*1 ?\gh l !m1 0 n id5tical ) !m4 ,aft] ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's dea?1 ab\t ! ye> #agj1 appe>$ ,tatian's ',diatess>on1' a "w :i*1 z its title implies1 0 a h>mony ( f\r ,gospels1 & mo/ likely ( ! f\r2 yet aga9 n exactly z we h !m4 ,tatian's h>mony1 l s _m o!rs ( ! e>ly evangelical hi/ories1 0 sil5t on ! miracul\s bir?1 & comm5c$ only ) ! public m9i/ration4 ,! text 0 9 o!r places diff]5t1 s mu* s t ,!odoret accuses ,tatian ( hav+ mutilat$ ! ,gospels2 b ( ?is ,!odoret _h probably no bett] means ( judg+ ?an we h4 ,! ',diatess>on' has be5 long lo/1 & ! "n is ! only clue to its composition4 ,( f> m importance ?an ei!r ,ju/9 or ,tatian are su* writ+s z rema9 ( ! imm$iate successors ( ! apo/les--,b>nabas1 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,polyc>p1 & ,ignatius3 x is ass]t$ confid5tly t 9 ^! !re are quotations f ! ,gospels s exact t !y _c be mi/ak54 ,we w exam9e !m "o by "o4 ,9 an epi/le ( ,b>nabas !re is "o passage--x is ! only "o ( ! k9d to be f\nd 9 him--agree+ ^w = ^w ) ! ,synoptical ,gospels1 ',i came n to call ! righte\s b s9n]s to rep5tance4' ,x is "o ( ! _m passages 9 :i* ! ,greek ( ! ?ree evangeli/s is exactly ! same2 x 0 to be f\nd also 9 ,ju/9's ',memoirs2' & !re c be no d\bt t ,b>nabas ei!r knew ^? ,gospels or else ! common s\rce--if common s\rce !re 0--f :i* ! evangeli/s borr[$4 ,m ?an ?is su* a quotation does n enable u to say2 & till "s satisfactory explanation has be5 (f]$ ( ! agreem5t betwe5 ! evangeli/s1 ! argum5t c advance no fur!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,b>nabas l ,/4 ,paul _h o!r s\rces f :i* he drew 8 k ( our ,"l's words4 ,he too ascribes words to ,him :i* are n record$ by ! evangeli/s1 ,greek3 h\t phs9 ,is\s2 hoi !lontes me ide9 kai hapsa/hai m\ ts basileias opheil\si ?lib5tes kai pa?ontes labe9 me4 ,! ?\ght is ev]y:]e 9 ! ,gospels1 ! words n[h]e1 nor any?+ l !m4 ,bo? ,ignatius & ,polyc>p appe> to quote ! ,gospels1 yet ) !m also !re is ! same unc]ta9ty2 :ile ,ignatius quotes z g5u9e an expression :i*1 s f> z we "k1 0 peculi> to a translation ( ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites--',h&le me & see1 = ,i am n a _s )\t body1' ,greek3 hoti ouk eimi daimonion zmaton4 ,clem5t's quotations are /ill m free1 = ,clem5t n[h]e quotes ! text ( ! evangeli/s exactly z x at pres5t /&s2 (t5 he approa*es x extremely close2 at times ! agreem5t is r 9 mean+ ?an words1 z if he 7 translat+ f ano!r language4 ,b aga9 ,clem5t m noticeably ?an ei!r ( ! o!r apo/olic ,fa!rs cites expressions ( our ,"l ( :i* ! evangeli/s knew no?+4 ,= in/ance-- ',! ,"l sai?1 ,if ye be ) me ga!r$ into my bosom1 & d n aft] my comm&m5ts1 ,i w ca/ y (f1 & ,i w say unto y1 ,dep>t f me1 ,i "k y n1 ye work]s ( iniquity4' ,& aga93-- ',! ,"l said1 ,ye %all be z %eep 9 ! mid/ ( wolves4 ,pet] answ]$ & said unto ,him1 ,w ! wolves !n te> ! %eep8 ,jesus said unto ,pet]1 ,! %eep ne$ n fe> ! wolves aft] !y 7! %eep7 be dead3 & fe> n ye ^? :o kill y & c d no?+ to y2 b fe> ,him :o aft] y be dead ha? p[] ov] s\l & body to ca/ !m into hell-fire4' ,9 ^! words we seem to h ! lo/ l9k 9 a passage :i* appe>s 9 a diff]5t connection 9 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke4 ,x may be said1 z ) ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 t ,clem5t 0 quot+ f memory 9 ! s5se r ?an 9 ! lett]2 al?\gh ev5 s x is difficult to suppose t he c\ld h inv5t$ an int]locution ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,yet no hypo!sis w expla9 ! mo/ /range words :i* foll[3-- ',! ,"l be+ ask$ :5 ,8 k+dom %\ld come1 said1 ,:5 two %all be "o1 & t :i* is )\t z t :i* is )91 & ! male ) ! female nei!r male nor female4' ,x is ne$less to say h[ remote are su* expressions z ^! f any :i* h come d[n to u ?r\gh ! evangeli/s2 b !y 7 no inv5tions ( ,clem5t4 ,! passage reappe>s lat] 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o f\nd x 9 some?+ :i* he call$ ! ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians4 ,x w be urg$ t because ,clem5t quot$ o!r au?orities beside ! evangeli/s1 x does n foll[ t he did n "k & quote f !m4 ,if ! citation ( a passage :i* appe>s 9 almo/ ! same words 9 ano!r book is n to be accept$ z a pro( ( an acqua9tance ) t book1 we make x impossible1 x may be said1 to prove f quotations at all ! fact ( any book's exi/5ce4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,if a ,fa!r1 9 relat+ an ev5t :i* is told v>i\sly 9 ! ,synoptical ,gospels1 _h foll[$ "o ( !m m9utely 9 its v]bal peculi>ities1 x w\ld g f> to prove t he 0 acqua9t$ ) t "o2 if ! same ?+ 0 obs]v$ 9 all 8 quotations1 ! pro( w\ld am\nt to demon/ration4 ,if he agre$ m9utely 9 "o place ) "o ,gospel1 m9utely 9 a second ) ano!r1 m9utely 9 a ?ird ) ano!r1 !re w\ld be reason to believe t he 0 acqua9t$ ) !m all2 b :5 he m]ely relates :at !y also relate 9 language :i* approa*es !irs & yet diff]s f x1 z !y also resemble yet diff] f "o ano!r1 we d n escape f ! circle ( unc]ta9ty1 & we conclude ei!r t ! e>ly ,fa!rs made quotations ) a loos5ess irreconcileable ) ! idea t ! language ( ! ,gospels possess$ any v]bal sacr$ness to !m1 or t !re 7 9 _! times o!r n>ratives ( our ,"l's life /&+ 9 ! same relation to ! ?ree ,gospels z ,/4 ,mat!w /&s to ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke4 ,?us ! problem returns ^u u2 & x might almo/ seem z if ! explanation 0 laid purposely beyond our rea*4 ,we are driv5 back ^u int]nal criticism2 & we h to ask aga9 :at acc\nt is to be giv5 ( t elem5t common to ! ,synoptical ,gospels1 common also to ^? o!r ,gospels ( :i* we f9d traces s di/9ct--^? v]bal resemblances1 too close to be ! effect ( accid5t--^? diff]5ces :i* =bid ! supposition t ! evangeli/s copi$ "o ano!r4 ,s _m are ^? common passages1 t if all :i* is peculi> to ea* evangeli/ by himself 7 dropp$1 if ^? words & ^? actions only 7 reta9$ :i* ei!r all ?ree or two at lea/ %>e toge!r1 ! figure ( our ,"l f ,8 baptism to ,8 asc5sion w\ld rema9 ) sc>cely impair$ maje/y4 ,"o hypo!sis1 & s f> z we c see "o only1 w\ld make ! my/]y intelligible1 t imm$iately on ! close ( our ,"l's life "s orig9al sket* ( x 0 drawn up by ! congregation1 :i* gradually grew & ga!r$ r\nd x :atev] ,8 "m1 ,8 relations1 or ,8 disciples aft]w>ds individually might contribute4 ,?is prim>y hi/ory w\ld ?us n be ! "w ( any "o m9d or man2 x w\ld be ! jo9t "w ( ! ,*ur*1 & ?us might well be call$ ',memoirs ( ! ,apo/les2' & w\ld naturally be quot$ )\t ! "n ( ei!r "o ( !m be+ specially atta*$ to x4 ,z ,*ri/ianity spread ov] ! _w1 & sep>ate ,*ur*es 7 f\nd$ by p>ticul> apo/les1 copies w\ld be multipli$1 & copies ( ^? copies2 &1 un*eck$ by ! pres5ce 7be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ impossible7 ( any au?oritative text1 *anges w\ld creep 9--passages w\ld be left out :i* did n suit ! peculi> views ( ?is or t sect2 o!rs w\ld be add$ z ?is or t apo/le recollect$ some?+ :i* our ,"l _h said t bore on que/ions rais$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! cre$4 ,two great divisions w\ld =m !mselves betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ! ,g5tile ,*ur*es2 !re w\ld be a ,hebrew ,gospel & a ,greek ,gospel1 & ! ,hebrew w\ld be translat$ into ,greek1 z ,papias says ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel 04 ,ev5tually ! confusion w\ld become intol]able2 & among ! conflict+ /ories ! ,*ur* w\ld h be5 call$ on to make its =mal *oice4 ,?is fact at lea/ is c]ta9 f ,/4 ,luke's words1 t at ! "t :5 he 0 writ+ _m diff]5t n>ratives did actually exi/4 ,! hypo!sis ( a common orig9 = !m has z yet f\nd little fav\r ) ,engli% !ologians2 yet r p]haps because x w\ld be inconv5i5t = c]ta9 peculi> =ms ( ,engli% ?\ght ?an because x has n probability on its side4 ,t ! ,synoptical ,gospels %\ld h be5 a natural gr[? r ?an ! special & indep5d5t "w ( ?ree sep>ate writ]s1 w\ld be unfav\rable to a div9ity :i* has built itself up ^u p>ticul> texts1 & has be5 m conc]n$ ) doctr9al polemics ?an ) ! broad] basem5ts ( hi/oric tru?4 ,yet ! text !ory suff]s equally f ! mode 9 :i* ! fir/ ,fa!rs treat$ ! ,gospels1 if x 7 ^! ,gospels inde$ :i* !y us$4 ,!y at lea/ c\ld h attribut$ no importance to words & phrases2 :ile aga91 z we said be=e1 a n>rative dat+ f ! cradle ( ,*ri/ianity1 ) ! te/imony 9 its fav\r ( su* broad & deep reception1 w\ld1 h[ev] want+ 9 "s details1 be an evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! ma9 facts ( ! ,gospel hi/ory v mu* /rong] ?an t ( ?ree books compos$ we "k n :51 & ! orig9 ( :i* x is impossible to trace1 :i* x is impossible to reg>d z indep5d5t1 & ! writ]s ( :i* 9 any o!r view ( !m mu/ be assum$ to h borr[$ f ea* o!r4 ,b ! object ( ?is article is n to press ei!r ?is or any o!r !ory2 x is b to ask f ^? :o are able to give x an answ] to ! mo/ s]i\s ( que/ions4 ,! tru? ( ! ,gospel hi/ory is n[ m widely d\bt$ 9 ,europe ?an at any "t s9ce ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,e ?9k+ p]son :o has be5 br\ght up a ,*ri/ian & desires to rema9 a ,*ri/ian1 yet :o kn[s any?+ ( :at is pass+ 9 ! _w1 is look+ to be told on :at evid5ce ! ,new ,te/am5t claims to be receiv$4 ,! /ate ( op9ion proves ( itself t ! argum5ts hi!rto (f]$ produce no conviction4 ,e o!r miracul\s hi/ory is discr$it$ z leg5d1 h[ev] exalt$ ! au?ority on :i* x seems to be re/$4 ,we crave to h good reason %[n u = ma9ta9+ /ill ! "o great exception4 ,h>d work$ 9 o!r pr(essions1 & snat*+ ) difficulty suffici5t leisure to le>n h[ complicat$ is ! problem1 ! laity c b turn to ^? = assi/ance :o are set ap>t & ma9ta9$ z _! !ological tru/ees4 ,we c b hope & pray t "s "o may be f\nd to give u an edition ( ! ,gospels 9 :i* ! difficulties w nei!r be slurr$ ov] ) conv5i5t neglect or notic$ ) affect$ indiff]5ce4 ,x may or may n be a road to a bi%opric2 x may or may n w9 ! fav\r ( ! religi\s _w2 b x w e>n at lea/ ! respectful gratitude ( ^? :o _c trifle ) holy ?+s1 & :o believe t true religion is ! s]vice ( tru?4 ,! la/ words 7 sc>cely writt5 :5 an adv]tisem5t appe>$1 ! importance ( :i* c sc>cely be ov]-e/imat$4 ,a comm5t>y is ann\nc$ on ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 to be compos$ ) a view to :at are call$ ! 'misrepres5tations' ( mod]n criticism4 ,x is to be br\ght out "u ! direction ( ! heads ( ! ,*ur*1 & is ! ne>e/ approa* to an (ficial act 9 ^! great matt]s :i* !y h v5tur$ = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is n = u to anticipate ! result4 ,! ^w 'misrepres5tations' is un=tunate2 we %\ld h augur$ bett] = ! "w if in/ead ( x _h be5 writt5 '! s9c]e p]plexities ( hone/ m9ds4' ,b ! execution may be bett] ?an ! promise4 ,if ^! p]plexities are enc\nt]$ hon\rably & successfully1 ! ,*ur* may recov] its supremacy ov] ! intellect ( ! c\ntry2 if o!rwise1 ! ar*bi%op :o has tak5 ! comm& w h /e]$ ! vessel direct ^u ! rocks4 ,,footnotes3 ,e ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 #ahfd4 ,f ,i d n speak ( individuals2 ,i speak ( t5d5cy4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job4,g ,x w be matt] "s day ( curi\s enquiry to asc]ta9 :y1 not)/&+ ! high rev]5ce ) :i* ! ,engli% p reg>d ! ,bible1 !y h done s little 9 comp>ison ) _! cont95tal contempor>ies t[>ds arriv+ at a prop] und]/&+ ( x4 ,! books nam$ bel[,h =m b a section ( a long li/ :i* has appe>$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s 9 ,g]many on ! ,book ( ,job alone2 & ?is book has n receiv$ any l>g] %>e ( att5tion ?an ! o!rs1 ei!r ( ! ,old or ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:atev] be ! nature or ! orig9 ( ^! books 7& on ?is po9t !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! ,g]mans z among ourselves7 !y are all agre$1 or?odox & unor?odox1 t at lea/ we %\ld endeav\r to und]/& !m2 & t no ef=ts c be too great1 ei!r ( rese>* or criticism1 to discov] _! hi/ory1 or elucidate _! mean+4 ,we %all ass5t1 d\btless1 eag]ly1 p]haps noisily & indignantly1 to s obvi\s a truism2 b our own ef=ts 9 ! same direction w n be> u out4 ,able m5 9 ,engl& employ !mselves 9 matt]s ( a m practical "*2 & :ile we refuse to avail ourselves ( :at has be5 done else:]e1 no book1 or books1 :i* we produce on ! int]pretation ( ,scripture acquire m ?an a p>tial or an ephem]al reputation4 ,! mo/ important contribution to our k on ?is subject :i* has be5 made 9 ^! rec5t ye>s is ! translation ( ! ',libr>y ( ! ,fa!rs1' by :i* x is ab\t z rational to suppose t ! analytical criticism ( mod]n times c be sup]s$$1 z t ! place ( ,h]man & ,d9dorf c\ld be suppli$ by an edition ( ! old s*olia/s4 ,x is1 inde$1 reasonable t z long z we are p]suad$ t our ,engli% !ory ( ! ,bible1 z a :ole1 is ! "r "o1 we %\ld %r9k f contact ) inve/igations :i*1 h[ev] +5i\s 9 !mselves1 are bas$ on :at we "k to be a false f\ndation4 ,b !re are "s le>n$ ,g]mans ^: or?odoxy w\ld pass exam9ation at ,exet] ,hall2 & !re are _m subjects1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! pres5t1 on :i* all _! able m5 are agre$ 9 conclusions t _c rationally give (f5ce to any "o4 ,) ! ,book ( ,job1 analytical criticism has only s]v$ to cle> up ! unc]ta9ties :i* h hi!rto always hung ab\t x4 ,x is n[ consid]$ to be1 beyond all d\bt1 a g5u9e ,hebrew orig9al1 complet$ by its writ] almo/ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x n[ rema9s to u4 ,! que/ions on ! au!nticity ( ! ,prologue & ,epilogue1 :i* once 7 ?\ght important1 h giv5 way be=e a m s\nd conception ( ! dramatic unity ( ! entire poem2 & ! volumes be=e u conta9 m]ely an enquiry into its mean+1 br++1 at ! same "t1 all ! res\rces ( mod]n s*ol>%ip & hi/orical & my?ological rese>* to be> ^u ! obscurity ( sep>ate passages4 ,x is ! mo/ difficult ( all ! ,hebrew compositions--_m words occurr+ 9 x1 & _m ?\ghts1 n to be f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,bible4 ,h[ difficult our translators f\nd x may be se5 by ! numb] ( words :i* !y 7 oblig$ to ins]t 9 italics1 & ! d\btful r5d]+s :i* !y h sugge/$ 9 ! m>g94 ,"o in/ance ( ?is1 9 pass+1 we w notice 9 ?is place--x w be famili> to e "o z ! passage quot$ at ! op5+ ( ! ,engli% burial s]vice1 & adduc$ z "o ( ! doctr9al pro(s ( ! resurrection ( ! body3--',i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1 & t ,he %all /& at ! latt] day ^u ! e>?2 & ?\gh1 aft] my sk9 worms de/roy ?is body1 yet 9 my fle% ,i %all see ,god4' ,s ?is passage /&s 9 ! ord9>y v]sion4 ,b ! words 9 italics h no?+ answ]+ to !m 9 ! orig9al--!y 7 all add$ by ! translators,i to fill out _! int]pretation2 & = 9 my fle%1 !y tell u !mselves 9 ! m>g9 t we may read 7&1 9 fact1 we ought to read1 & mu/ read7 'out (1' or ')\t' my fle%4 ,x is b to write out ! v]ses1 omitt+ ! conjectural additions1 & mak+ t "o small b vital correction1 to see h[ frail a support is !re = s l>ge a conclusion3 ',i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1 & %all /& at ! latt] ^u ! e>?2 & aft] my sk9 de/roy ?is 2 yet )\t my fle% ,i %all see ,god4' ,if !re is any doctr9e ( a resurrection "h1 x is a resurrection precisely n ( ! body1 b ( ! _s4 ,& n[ let u only add1 t ! ^w translat$ ,r$eem] is ! te*nical expression = ! 'av5g] ( blood2' & t ! second p>agraph ought to be r5d]$--'& "o to come aft] me 7my next ( k91 to :om ! av5g+ my injuries belongs7 %all /& ^u my du/1' & we %all see h[ mu* 0 to be done t[>ds ! m]e exegesis ( ! text4 ,?is is an extreme in/ance1 & no "o w "q ! g5]al beauty & maje/y ( our translation2 b !re are _m my?ical & physical allusions scatt]$ ov] ! poem1 :i*1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re 7 positively no means ( und]/&+2 & p]haps1 too1 !re 7 m5tal t5d5cies 9 ! translators !mselves :i* prev5t$ !m f adequately appreh5d+ ev5 ! drift & _s ( ! composition4 ,! =m ( ! /ory 0 too /r+5t to all[ su* t5d5cies any latitude2 b !y appe>1 f "t to "t1 suffici5tly to produce s]i\s confusion4 ,) ^! rec5t assi/ances1 !re=e1 we propose to say some?+ ( ! nature ( ?is extraord9>y book--a book ( :i* x is to say little to call x unequall$ ( its k9d1 & :i* w "o day1 p]haps1 :5 x is all[$ to /& on its own m]its1 be se5 t[]+ up alone1 f> away above all ! poetry ( ! _w4 ,h[ x f\nd its way into ! canon1 smit+ z x does ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! mo/ deeply-seat$ ,jewi% prejudices1 is ! *ief difficulty ab\t x n[2 to be expla9$ only by a traditional acceptance among ! sacr$ books1 dat+ back f ! old times ( ! national greatness1 :5 ! m9ds ( ! p 7 hewn 9 a l>g] type ?an 0 to be f\nd among ! ,ph>isees ( ! great synagogue4 ,b its au?or%ip1 its date1 & its hi/ory1 are alike a my/]y to u2 x exi/$ at ! "t :5 ! canon 0 compos$2 & ?is is all t we "k beyond :at we c ga!r out ( ! language & cont5ts ( ! poem itself4 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 h[ev]1 we mu/ make room = a few rem>ks ( a v g5]al k9d4 ,let x h be5 writt5 :5 x w\ld1 x m>ks a p]iod 9 :i* ! religi\s convictions ( ?9k+ m5 7 pass+ ?r\gh a va/ crisis2 & we %all n und]/& x )\t hav+ be=e u cle>ly some?+ ( ! conditions :i* p]iods ( su* a k9d always & necess>ily exhibit4 ,! hi/ory ( religi\s speculation appe>s 9 extreme outl9e to h be5 ( ! foll[+ "*4 ,we may conceive mank9d to h be5 orig9ally laun*$ into ! univ]se ) no k ei!r ( !mselves or ( ! sc5e 9 :i* !y 7 plac$2 ) no actual k1 b di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! creation by a faculty ( ga9+ k2 & fir/ unconsci\sly1 & aft]w>ds consci\sly & labori\sly1 to h comm5c$ t long s]ies ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation :i* has accumulat$ 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s to :at we n[ see ar\nd u4 ,limit$ on all sides by conditions :i* !y mu/ h felt to be none ( _! own impos+1 & f9d+ ev]y:]e =ces work+1 ov] :i* !y _h no control1 ! fe> :i* !y w\ld naturally ent]ta9 ( ^! invisible & mighty ag5ts assum$1 "u ! direction ( an idea :i* we may p]haps call inborn & inh]5t 9 human nature1 a m g5]\s "* ( rev]5ce & awe4 ,! laws ( ! out] _w1 z !y discov]$ !m1 !y reg>d$ z ! decrees1 or z ! imm$iate en]gies ( p]sonal be+s2 & z k grew up among !m1 !y look$ ^u x1 n z k ( nature1 b ( ,god1 or ! gods4 ,all e>ly paganism appe>s1 on c>eful exam9ation1 to h aris5 out ( a consecration ( ! fir/ rudim5ts ( physical or speculative sci5ce4 ,! twelve lab\rs ( ,h]cules are ! lab\rs ( ! sun1 ( :i* ,h]cules is an old "n1 ?r\gh ! twelve signs4 ,*ronos1 or "t1 be+ measur$ by ! app>5t motion ( ! heav5s1 is figur$ z _! *ild2 ,"t1 ! univ]sal p>5t1 dev\rs its own (fspr+1 yet is aga9 itself1 9 ! high fai? ( a human s\l consci\s ( its p[] & its endurance1 suppos$ to be baffl$ & de?ron$ by ,zeus1 or life2 & s on ?r\gh all ! elaborate !ogonies ( ,greece & ,egypt4 ,!y are no m ?an real insight into real ph5om5a1 allegoris$ z "t w5t on1 elaborat$ by fancy1 or idealis$ by imag9ation1 b nev] los+ _! orig9al "*4 ,?us paganism1 9 its v nature1 0 expansive1 self-develop+1 &1 z ,mr4 ,hume obs]v$1 tol]ant2 a new god 0 welcom$ to ! ,pan!on z a new sci5tific discov]y is welcom$ by ! ,royal ,society2 & ! v>i\s nations f\nd no difficulty 9 int]*ang+ _! div9ities--a new god ei!r repres5t+ a new p[] n hi!rto discov]$1 or "o ) :i* !y 7 already famili> "u a new "n4 ,) su* a p[] ( adaptation & enl>gem5t1 if !re _h be5 no?+ m 9 x ?an ?is1 su* a sy/em might h gone on accommodat+ itself to ! *ange ( times1 & keep+ pace ) ! gr[? ( human "*4 ,already 9 its lat] =ms1 z ! unity ( nature 0 m cle>ly obs]v$1 & ! id5tity ( nature ?r\gh\t ! kn[n _w1 ! sep>ate p[]s 7 subord9at+ !mselves to a s+le supreme k+2 &1 z ! poets _h orig9ally p]sonifi$ ! elem5tal =ces1 ! ?9k]s 7 rev]s+ ! e>li] process1 & discov]+ ! law "u ! p]son4 ,happily or unhappily1 h[ev]1 :at !y c\ld d = !mselves !y c\ld n d = ! multitude4 ,phoebus & ,aphrodite _h be5 made too human to be allegoris$4 ,humanis$1 & yet1 we may say1 only half-humanis$1 reta9+ _! purely physical nature1 & )\t any prop] moral attribute at all1 ^! gods & goddesses rema9$ to ! _m examples ( s5suality made beautiful2 &1 z soon z "r & wrong came to h a mean+1 x 0 impossible to wor%ip any m ^! idealis$ despis]s ( x4 ,! human caprices & passions :i* s]v$ at fir/ to deep5 ! illusion1 ju/ly rev5g$ !mselves2 paganism became a lie1 & p]i%$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,jews 7& p]haps "s o!r nations1 b ! ,jews *iefly & pr9cipally7 _h be5 mov+ =w>d along a road :olly diff]5t4 ,break+ e>ly away f ! gods ( nature1 !y advanc$ along ! l9e ( _! moral consci\sness2 & leav+ ! nations to /udy physics1 philosophy1 & art1 !y conf9$ !mselves to man & to human life4 ,_! !ology grew up r\nd ! k ( good & evil1 & ,god1 ) !m1 0 ! supreme ,"l ( ! _w1 :o /ood t[>ds man 9 ! relation ( a rul] & a judge4 ,hold+ su* a fai?1 to !m ! tol]ation ( paganism 0 an impossibility2 ! laws ( nature might be _m1 b ! law ( conduct 0 "o2 !re 0 "o law & "o k+2 & ! conditions "u :i* he gov]n$ ! _w1 z embodi$ 9 ! ,decalogue or o!r simil> code1 7 look$ ^u z iron & inflexible c]ta9ties1 unalt]able revelations ( ! w ( an unalt]able ,be+4 ,s f> !re 0 little 9 common betwe5 ?is process & ! o!r2 b x 0 id5tical ) x 9 ?is "o important feature1 t moral k1 l physical1 admitt$ ( degrees2 & ! successive /eps ( x 7 only pur*asable by exp]i5ce4 ,! disp5sation ( ! law1 9 ! language ( mod]n !ology1 0 n ! disp5sation ( grace1 & ! nature ( good & evil disclos$ itself sl[ly z m5 7 able to compreh5d x4 ,?us1 no sy/em ( law or articles ( belief 7 or c\ld be complete & exhau/ive = all "t4 ,exp]i5ce accumulates2 new facts are obs]v$1 new =ces display !mselves1 & all su* =mul mu/ necess>ily be f p]iod to p]iod brok5 up & m\ld$ afre%4 ,& yet ! /eps already ga9$ are a treasure s sacr$1 s liable are !y at all times to be attack$ by ^? l[] & bas] elem5ts 9 our nature :i* x is _! bus9ess to hold 9 *eck1 t ! bett] "p ( mank9d h at all times practically reg>d$ _! cre$ z a sacr$ total to :i* no?+ may be add$1 & f :i* no?+ may be tak5 away2 ! sugge/ion ( a new idea is res5t$ z an encroa*m5t1 puni%$ z an insidi\s piece ( treason1 & resi/$ by ! comb9$ =ces ( all common practical und]/&+s1 :i* "k too well ! value ( :at !y h1 to risk ! v5ture ^u untri$ *ange4 ,p]iods ( religi\s transition1 !re=e1 :5 ! advance has be5 a real "o1 always h be5 viol5t1 & probably w always cont9ue to be s4 ,!y to :om ! preci\s gift ( fre% light has be5 giv5 are call$ ^u to exhibit _! cr$5tials z tea*]s 9 suff]+ = x4 ,!y1 & ^? :o oppose !m1 h alike a sacr$ cause2 & ! fe>ful spectacle arises ( e>ne/1 vehem5t m5 cont5d+ aga9/ ea* o!r z = _! own s\ls1 9 fi]y /ruggle4 ,p]secutions come1 & m>tyrdoms1 & religions w>s2 &1 at la/1 ! old fai?1 l ! pho5ix1 expires ^u its alt>1 & ! new rises out ( ! a%es4 ,su*1 9 briefe/ outl9e1 has be5 ! hi/ory ( religions1 natural & moral2 ! fir/1 inde$1 be+ 9 no prop] s5se a religion at all1 z we und]/& religion2 & only assum+ ! "* ( x 9 ! m9ds ( great m5 ^: moral s5se _h rais$ !m beyond _! "t & c\ntry1 & :o1 feel+ ! necessity ( a real cre$1 ) an ef=t & ) indiff]5t success1 endeav\r$ to express1 "u ! sy/ems :i* !y f\nd1 emotions :i* _h no prop] place 9 !m4 ,( ! transition p]iods :i* we h describ$ z tak+ place "u ! religion :i* we call moral1 ! fir/ kn[n to u is m>k$ at its op5+ by ! appe>ance ( ! ,book ( ,job1 ! fir/ fi]ce collision ( ! new fact ) ! =mula :i* w n /ret* to cov] x4 ,! e>lie/ ph5om5on likely to be obs]v$ connect$ ) ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w is ! g5]al "o1 t on ! :ole1 z ?+s are con/itut$1 good m5 prosp] & are happy1 bad m5 fail & are mis]able4 ,! cause ( su* a condition is no my/]y1 & lies v ne> ! surface4 ,z soon z m5 comb9e 9 society1 !y are =c$ to obey c]ta9 laws "u :i* alone society is possible1 & ^! laws1 ev5 9 _! rude/ =m1 approa* ! laws ( consci5ce4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 e "o is oblig$ to sacrifice 8 private incl9ations2 & ^? :o refuse to d s are puni%$1 or are cru%$4 ,if society 7 p]fect1 ! imp]fect t5d5cy w\ld c>ry itself out till ! two sets ( laws 7 id5tical2 b p]fection s f> has be5 only 9 ,utopia1 &1 z f> z we c judge by exp]i5ce hi!rto1 !y h approximat$ mo/ ne>ly 9 ! simple/ & mo/ rudim5t>y =ms ( life4 ,"u ! sy/ems :i* we call patri>*al1 ! mod]n di/9ction betwe5 s9s & crimes _h no exi/5ce4 ,all gross s9s 7 (f5ces aga9/ society1 z x !n 0 con/itut$1 &1 :]ev] x 0 possible1 7 puni%$ z be+ s2 *ican]y & ^? subtle advantages :i* ! acute & unscrupul\s c take ov] ! simple1 )\t op5 brea* ( enact$ /atutes1 became only possible "u ! complications ( m artificial polities2 & ! oppression or injury ( man by man 0 op51 viol5t1 obvi\s1 & !re=e easily und]/ood4 ,d\btless1 !re=e1 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s x w\ld1 on ! :ole1 be true to exp]i5ce t1 judg+ m]ely by outw>d prosp]ity or ! rev]se1 good & bad m5 w\ld be rew>d$ & puni%$ z su* 9 ?is actual _w2 s f>1 t is1 z ! adm9i/ration ( su* rew>ds & puni%m5ts 0 left 9 ! p[] ( mank9d4 ,b !ology c\ld n cont5t itself ) g5]al t5d5cies4 ,!ological propositions !n1 z mu* z n[1 7 held to be absolute1 univ]sal1 admitt+ ( no exceptions1 & expla9+ e ph5om5on4 ,sup]ficial g5]alisations 7 con/ru$ into immutable decrees2 ! ,god ( ?is _w 0 j & righte\s1 & temporal prosp]ity or wret*$ness 7 dealt out by ,him imm$iately by ,8 own w to ,8 subjects accord+ to _! behavi\r4 ,?us ! same disposition t[>ds complet5ess :i* 0 ! ru9 ( paganism1 "h1 too1 0 f\nd g5]at+ ! same evils2 ! half tru? r\nd+ itself out ) falsehoods4 ,n only ! consequ5ces ( ill actions :i* foll[$ ?r\gh !mselves1 b ! accid5ts1 z we call !m1 ( nature--e>?quakes1 /orms1 & pe/il5ces--7 ! m9i/]s ( ,god's ju/ice1 & /ruck s9n]s only ) discrim9at+ accuracy4 ,t ! sun %\ld %9e alike on ! evil & ! good 0 a cre$ too high = ! e>ly div9es1 or t ! victims ( a fall5 t[] 7 no great] (f5d]s ?an _! neighb\rs4 ,! conceptions ( su* m5 c\ld n pass beyond ! outw>d temporal consequ5ce2 & if ,god's h& 0 n !re x 0 n[h]e4 ,we might h expect$ t su* a !ory ( ?+s c\ld n long resi/ ! accumulat$ contradictions ( exp]i5ce2 b ! same exp]i5ce %[s also :at a m>vell\s p[] is 9 u ( ?ru/+ aside ph5om5a :i* int]f]e ) our *]i%$ convictions2 & :5 su* convictions are consecrat$ into a cre$ :i* x is a sacr$ duty to believe1 exp]i5ce is b l wat] dropp+ ^u a rock1 :i* we>s x away1 inde$1 at la/1 b only 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,?is !ory 0 & is ! c5tral idea ( ! ,jewi% polity1 ! ob/9ate t\ghness ( :i* has be5 ! p]plexity ( ,g5tiles & ,*ri/ians f ! fir/ dawn ( its exi/5ce2 x l+]s among ourselves 9 our ,liturgy & 9 ! popul> belief2 & 9 spite ( ! emphatic c5sure ( ,him aft] ^: "n we call ourselves1 is /ill ! in/ant int]pret] = u ( any unusual calamity1 a potato blight1 a fam9e1 or an epidemic3 su* vitality is !re 9 a moral fai?1 ?\gh n[1 at any rate1 contradict$ by ! exp]i5ce ( all mank9d1 & at issue ev5 ) ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,at :at p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory misgiv+s ab\t x began to %[ !mselves x is n[ impossible to say2 x 0 at ! close1 probably1 ( ! patri>*al p]iod1 :5 m5 :o really ?\ght mu/ h f\nd ! gr\nd palpably %ak+ "u !m4 ,indications ( su* misgiv+s are to be f\nd 9 ! ,psalms1 ^? especially pass+ "u ! "n ( ,asaph2 & all ?r\gh ,ecclesia/es !re brea!s a _s ( deepe/ & sadde/ scepticism4 ,b ,asaph ?ru/s 8 d\bts aside1 & =ces himself back into 8 old position2 & ! scepticism ( ,ecclesia/es is confess$ly t ( a man :o _h gone w&]+ aft] enjoym5t2 se>*+ aft] pleasures--pleasures ( s5se & pleasures ( intellect--& :o1 at la/1 be>s reluctant te/imony t1 by su* me?ods1 no pleasures c be f\nd :i* w endure2 t he _h squ&]$ ! p[] :i* might h be5 us$ = bett] ?+s1 & _h only /r5g? rema9+ to tell 8 own sad tale z a w>n+ to mank9d4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,ecclesia/es l ! misgiv+s ( a noble nature4 ,! writ]'s own p]sonal happ9ess _h be5 all = :i* he _h c>$2 he _h fail$1 z all m5 gift$ z he 0 gift$ are sure to fail1 & ! lights ( heav5 7 ext+ui%$ by ! disappo9tm5t ) :i* 8 own _s _h be5 cl\d$4 ,utt]ly diff]5t f ^!1 bo? 9 "* & 9 ! lesson :i* x tea*es1 is ! ,book ( ,job4 ,( unkn[n date1 z we said1 & unkn[n au?or%ip1 ! language impregnat$ ) /range idioms & /range allusions1 un-,jewi% 9 =m1 & 9 fi]ce/ ho/ility ) ,judaism1 x hov]s l a meteor ov] ! old ,hebrew lit]ature1 9 x1 b n ( x1 compell+ ! ackn[l$gm5t ( itself by its own int]nal maje/y1 yet ex]t+ no influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( ! p1 nev] allud$ to1 & sc>cely ev] quot$1 till at la/ ! light :i* x _h h]ald$ rose up full ov] ! _w 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! conjectures :i* h be5 =m$ ^u ! date ( ?is book are s v>i\s1 t !y %[ ( !mselves on h[ slight a f\ndation ! be/ ( !m mu/ re/4 ,! language is no guide1 = al?\gh unque/ionably ( ,hebrew orig91 ! poem be>s no analogy to any ( ! o!r books 9 ! ,bible2 :ile ( its ext]nal hi/ory no?+ is kn[n at all1 except t x 0 receiv$ into ! canon at ! "t ( ! great synagogue4 ,ewald decides1 ) "s confid5ce1 t x belongs to ! great prophetic p]iod1 & t ! writ] 0 a contempor>y ( ,j]emiah4 ,ewald is a high au?ority 9 ^! matt]s1 & ?is op9ion is ! "o :i* we believe is n[ commonly receiv$ among biblical s*ol>s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( pro(1 h[ev] 7& ! reasons :i* he br+s =w>d are really no m ?an conjectures71 ^! opposite consid]ations may be ( mom5t4 ,x is only natural t at fir/ ?\ght we %\ld ascribe ! gr&e/ poem 9 a lit]ature to ! "t at :i* ! poetry ( ! nation to :i* x belongs 0 g5]ally at its be/2 b1 on reflection1 ! "t :5 ! poetry ( prophecy is ! ri*e/1 is n likely to be fav\rable to compositions ( ano!r k9d4 ,! prophets wrote 9 an era ( decrepitude1 dissolution1 s91 & %ame1 :5 ! glory ( ,israel 0 fall+ r\nd !m into ru91 & _! mission1 gl[+ z !y 7 ) ! anci5t _s1 0 to rebuke1 to w>n1 to ?reat51 & to promise4 ,f9d+ !mselves too late to save1 & only1 l ,cass&ra1 despis$ & disreg>d$1 _! voices rise up s++ ! swan song ( a dy+ p1 n[ fall+ away 9 ! wild wail+ ( despond5cy ov] ! %ameful & desp]ate pres5t1 n[ swell+ 9 triumphant hope t ,god w n leave !m = ev]1 & 9 ,8 own "t w take ,8 *os5 to ,himself aga94 ,b su* a p]iod is an ill occasion = se>*+ into ! broad problems ( human de/9y2 ! pres5t is all-important & all-absorb+2 & su* a book z t ( ,job c\ld h aris5 only out ( an isolation ( m9d1 & life1 & int]e/1 :i* we _c conceive ( z possible "u su* conditions4 ,! m x is /udi$1 ! m ! conclusion =ces itself ^u u t1 let ! writ] h liv$ :5 he w\ld1 9 8 /ruggle ) ! c5tral falsehood ( 8 own p's cre$1 he mu/ h divorc$ himself f !m outw>dly z well z inw>dly2 t he travell$ away into ! _w1 & liv$ long1 p]haps all 8 matur$ life1 9 exile4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t ! book speaks ( a p]son :o _h brok5 free f ! n>r[ littl5ess ( '! peculi> p4' ,! language1 z we said1 is full ( /range words4 ,! h]o ( ! poem is ( /range l& & p>5tage--a ,g5tile c]ta9ly1 n a ,jew4 ,! life1 ! mann]s1 ! cu/oms are ( all v>ieties & places--,egypt1 ) its riv] & its pyramids1 is !re2 ! description ( m9+ po9ts to ,pho5icia2 ! settl$ life 9 cities1 ! nomad ,arabs1 ! w&]+ c>avans1 ! heat ( ! tropics1 & ! ice ( ! nor?1 all are =eign to ,canaan1 speak+ ( =eign ?+s & =eign p4 ,no m5tion1 or h9t ( m5tion1 is !re ?r\gh\t ! poem ( ,jewi% traditions or ,jewi% c]ta9ties4 ,we look to f9d ! ?ree fri5ds v9dicate !mselves1 z !y s well might h done1 by appeals to ! f]tile annals ( ,israel1 to ! ,flood1 to ! cities ( ! pla91 to ! plagues ( ,egypt1 or ! ?und]s ( ,s9ai4 ,b ( all ?is !re is n a ^w2 !y are pass$ by z if !y _h no exi/5ce2 & in/ead ( !m1 :5 witnesses are requir$ = ! p[] ( ,god1 we h /range un-,hebrew /ories ( ! ea/]n a/ronomic my?ology1 ! old w>s ( ! giants1 ! imprison$ ,orion1 ! w\nd$ dragon1 '! sweet influ5ces ( ! sev5 />s1' & ! glitt]+ fragm5ts ( ! sea-snake ,rahab,j trail+ across ! nor!rn sky4 ,aga91 ,god is n ! ,god ( ,israel1 b ! fa!r ( mank9d2 we he> no?+ ( a *os5 p1 no?+ ( a special revelation1 no?+ ( peculi> privileges2 & 9 ! c\rt ( heav5 !re is a ,satan1 n ! pr9ce ( ?is _w & ! enemy ( ,god1 b ! angel ( judgm5t1 ! accus+ _s ^: mission 0 to walk to & fro ov] ! e>?1 & c>ry up to heav5 an acc\nt ( ! s9s ( mank9d4 ,we _c believe t ?\ghts ( ?is k9d arose out ( ,j]usalem 9 ! days ( ,josiah4 ,9 ?is book1 if any:]e1 we h ! record ( "s ,greek3 anr polutropos :o1 l ! old h]o ( ,i?aca1 ,greek3 polln an?rpn id5 a/ea kai noon egn1 polla d' hog' en pont pa!n algea hon kata ?umon1 arnum5os psu*n4444 b ! sc5es1 ! names1 & ! incid5ts1 are all contriv$ z if to baffle curiosity--z if1 9 ! v =m ( ! poem1 to tea* u t x is no /ory ( a s+le ?+ :i* happ5$ once1 b t x belongs to humanity itself1 & is ! drama ( ! trial ( man1 ) ,almighty ,god & ! angels z ! spectators ( x4 ,no read] c h fail$ to h be5 /ruck ) ! simplicity ( ! op5+4 ,/ill1 calm1 & mo/ maje/ic1 x tells u ev]y?+ :i* is necess>y to be kn[n 9 ! fewe/ possible words4 ,! hi/ory ( ,job 0 probably a tradition 9 ! ,ea/2 8 "n1 l t ( ,priam 9 ,greece1 ! symbol ( fall5 greatness1 & 8 mis=tunes ! problem ( philosoph]s4 ,9 keep+ ) ! curr5t belief1 he is describ$ z a model ( excell5ce1 ! mo/ p]fect & upright man ^u ! e>?1 '& ! same 0 ! greate/ man 9 all ! ea/4' ,s f>1 greatness & goodness _h gone h& 9 h& toge!r1 z ! popul> !ory requir$4 ,! details ( 8 "* are br\ght out 9 ! progress ( ! poem4 ,he 0 '! fa!r ( ! oppress$1 & ( ^? :o _h none to help !m4' ,:5 he sat z a judge 9 ! m>ket-places1 'righte\sness clo!d him' !re1 & '8 ju/ice 0 a robe & a diadem4' ,he 'broke ! jaws ( ! wick$1 & pluck$ ! spoil out ( 8 tee?2' &1 humble 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p[]1 he 'did n despise ! cause ( 8 mans]vant1 or 8 maids]vant1 :5 !y cont5d$ ) him1' kn[+ 7& amid/ ^? old p :]e ! multitude ( mank9d 7 reg>d$ z ! born slaves ( ! p[]ful1 to be c>v$ into eunu*s or pollut$ into concub9es at _! ma/]'s pleasure1 x 0 no easy matt] to "k x7--kn[+ t ',he :o _h made him _h made !m1' & "o '_h fa%ion$ !m bo? 9 ! womb4' ,above all1 he 0 ! fri5d ( ! poor2 '! bless+ ( him t 0 ready to p]i% came ^u him1' & he 'made ! wid['s he>t to s+ = joy4' ,sett+ ^! *>act]i/ics ( 8 daily life by ! side ( 8 unaffect$ piety1 z x is describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 we h a picture ( ! be/ man :o c\ld !n be conceiv$2 n a h>d ascetic1 liv+ 9 haughty or c[>dly isolation1 b a w>m figure ( fle% & blood1 a man full ( all human lovel9ess1 & to :om1 t no room might be left = any possible ,calv9i/ic falsehood1 ,god ,himself be>s ! emphatic te/imony1 t '!re 0 none l him ^u ! e>?1 a p]fect & upright man1 :o fe>$ ,god & es*ew$ evil4' ,if su* a p]son z ?is1 !re=e1 c\ld be made mis]able1 necess>ily ! curr5t belief ( ! ,jews 0 false to ! root2 & tradition furni%$ ! fact t he _h be5 visit$ by e wor/ calamity4 ,h[ 0 x !n to be acc\nt$ =8 ,out ( a ?\s& possible explanations1 ! poet introduces a s+le "o4 ,he admits u beh9d ! veil :i* cov]s ! ways ( ,provid5ce1 & we he> ! accus+ angel *>g+ ,job ) an int]e/$ piety1 & ( be+ ob$i5t because x 0 8 policy4 ',job does n s]ve ,god = n\ght1' he says2 '/rip him ( 8 spl5d\r1 & see if he w c>e = ,god !n4 ,humble him into pov]ty & wret*$ness1 s only we %all "k :at is 9 8 he>t4' ,! cause ?us introduc$ is itself a rebuke to ! belief :i*1 ) its 'rew>ds & puni%m5ts1' imm$iately fo/]$ selfi%ness2 & ! poem op5s ) a d\ble action1 on "o side to try ! "q :e!r x is possible = man to love ,god dis9t]e/$ly--! issue ( :i* trial is n =ese5 or ev5 =etold1 & we wat* ! progress ( x ) an anxi\s & fe>ful int]e/2 on ! o!r side1 to br+ out1 9 contra/ to ! tru? :i* we already "k1 ! cruel falsehood ( ! popul> fai?--to %[ h[1 in/ead ( lead+ m5 to m]cy & affection1 x h>d5s _! he>t1 n>r[s _! sympa?ies1 & enhances ! trials ( ! suff]]1 by ref9em5ts :i* ev5 ,satan _h n anticipat$4 ,! comb9ation ( evils1 z bl[ falls on bl[1 sudd5ly1 swiftly1 & t]ribly1 has all ! appe>ance ( a purpos$ visitation 7z inde$ x 072 if ev] outw>d incid5ts might ) ju/ice be int]pret$ z ! imm$iate action ( ,provid5ce1 ^? :i* fell on ,job might be s int]pret$4 ,! _w turns disda9fully f ! fall5 9 ! _w's way2 b f> worse ?an ?is1 8 *os5 fri5ds1 wise1 good1 pi\s m51 z wisdom & piety 7 !n1 )\t "o glimpse ( ! true cause ( 8 suff]+s1 see 9 !m a judgm5t ^u 8 secret s9s4 ,he becomes to !m an illu/ration1 & ev5 7su* are ! p>alogisms ( m5 ( ?is description7 a pro( ( _! !ory t '! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ is b = a :ile2' & in/ead ( ! com=t & help :i* !y might h br\ght him1 & :i* 9 ! end !y 7 made to br+ him1 he is to !m no m ?an a text = ! enunciation ( solemn falsehood4 ,& ev5 worse aga91 ! suff]] himself _h be5 educat$ 9 ! same cre$2 he1 too1 _h be5 taught to see ! h& ( ,god 9 ! outw>d disp5sation2 & feel+ f ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 t he1 9 8 own case1 0 a sure contradiction ( :at he _h le>nt to believe1 he himself f9ds 8 v fai? 9 ,god %ak5 f its f\ndation4 ,! wor/ evils :i* ,satan _h devis$ 7 di/anc$ f> by ^? :i* _h be5 creat$ by human folly4 ,! cre$ 9 :i* ,job _h believ$ 0 tri$ & f\nd want+1 &1 z x ev] w be :5 ! facts ( exp]i5ce come 9 contact ) ! inadequate =mula1 ! true is f\nd s m+l$ ) ! false1 t !y c h>dly be dis5tangl$1 & are 9 dang] ( be+ swept away toge!r4 ,a /udi$ respect is %[n1 h[ev]1 to or?odoxy1 ev5 :ile x is arraign$ = judgm5t4 ,x may be d\btful :e!r ! writ] purposely int5d$ x4 ,he probably c>$ only to tell ! real tru?2 to say = ! old !ory ! be/ :i* c\ld be said1 & to produce z its def5d]s ! be/ & wise/ m5 :om 9 8 exp]i5ce he _h kn[n to believe & def5d x4 ,at any rate1 he repres5ts ! ?ree fri5ds1 n z a weak] p]son w\ld h repres5t$ !m1 z fooli%1 ob/9ate bigots1 b z wise1 humane1 & almo/ great m51 :o1 at ! outset1 at lea/1 are animat$ only by ! k9de/ feel+s1 & speak :at !y h to say ) ! mo/ e>ne/ conviction t x is true4 ,job is vehem5t1 desp]ate1 reckless4 ,8 language is ! wild1 natural outp\r+ ( suff]+4 ,! fri5ds1 true to ! et]nal nature ( man1 are grave1 solemn1 & indignant1 prea*+ _! half tru?1 & mi/ak5 only 9 suppos+ t x is ! :ole2 speak+1 z all su* p]sons w\ld speak & /ill d speak1 9 def5d+ :at !y consid] sacr$ tru? aga9/ ! assaults ( folly & scepticism4 ,h[ beautiful is _! fir/ introduction3-- ',n[ :5 ,job's ?ree fri5ds he>d ( all ?is evil :i* 0 come ^u him1 !y came e "o f 8 own place2 ,eliphaz ! ,temanite1 & ,bildad ! ,%uhite1 & ,zoph> ! ,naama?ite3 = !y _h made an appo9tm5t toge!r to come to m\rn ) him & to com=t him4 ,& :5 !y lift$ up _! eyes af> (f1 & knew him n1 !y lift$ up _! voice & wept1 & !y r5t e "o 8 mantle1 & spr9kl$ du/ ^u _! heads t[>ds heav54 ,s !y sat d[n ) him ^u ! gr\nd sev5 days & sev5 nights1 & none spake a ^w unto him1 = !y saw t 8 grief 0 v great4' ,:at a picture is !re6 ,:at maje/ic t5d]ness6 ,8 wife _h sc(f$ at 8 fai?1 bidd+ him 'leave ,god & die4' ',8 acqua9tance _h turn$ f him4' ,he '_h call$ 8 s]vant1 & he _h giv5 him no answ]4' ,ev5 ! *ildr51 9 _! unconsci\s cruelty1 _h ga!r$ r\nd & mock$ him z he lay among ! a%es4 ,b '8 fri5ds spr9kle du/ t[>ds heav51 & sit sil5tly by him1 & weep = him sev5 days & sev5 nights ^u ! gr\nd4' ,t is1 !y 7 true-he>t$1 truly lov+1 dev\t1 religi\s m52 & yet !y1 ) _! religion1 7 to become ! in/rum5ts ( ! mo/ poignant suff]+s1 ! %>pe/ temptations1 :i* he _h to endure4 ,s x 01 & is1 & w be--( su* mat]ials is ?is human life ( ours compos$4 ,& n[1 rememb]+ ! d\ble action ( ! drama--! actual trial ( ,job1 ! result ( :i* is unc]ta92 & ! delusion ( ^! m51 :i* is1 at ! outset1 c]ta9--let u g rapidly ?r\gh ! dialogue4 ,satan's %>e 9 ! temptation _h already be5 ov]come4 ,ly+ sick 9 ! loa?some disease :i* _h be5 s5t ^u him1 8 wife1 9 ,satan's own words1 _h tempt$ ,job to say1 ',f>ewell to ,god1'--?9k no m ( ,god or goodness1 s9ce ?is 0 all :i* came ( x2 & ,job _h told h] t %e spoke z "o ( ! fooli% wom54 ,he '_h receiv$ good at ! h& ( ! ,"l1 & %\ld he n receive evil8' ,b n[1 :5 real love & real affection appe>1 8 he>t melts 9 him2 he loses 8 =c$ self-composure1 & bur/s into a passionate regret t he _h ev] be5 born4 ,9 ! agony ( 8 suff]+s1 hope ( bett] ?+s _h di$ away4 ,he does n compla9 ( inju/ice2 z yet1 & be=e 8 fri5ds h /ung & w\nd$ him1 he makes no que/ion+ ( ,provid5ce1--b :y 0 life giv5 to him at all1 if only = ?is8 ,sick 9 m9d1 & sick 9 body1 b "o wi% rema9s to him1 t dea? w come quickly & end all4 ,x is a cry f ! v dep?s ( a s+le & simple he>t4 ,b = su* simplicity & s+l5ess 8 fri5ds c\ld n give him cr$it2 possess$ be=eh& ) _! idea1 !y see 9 8 mis]y only a fatal witness aga9/ him2 su* calamities c\ld n h befall5 a man1 ! ju/ice ( ,god w\ld n h p]mitt$ x1 unless !y _h be5 des]v$4 ,job _h s9n$ & he _h suff]$1 & ?is wild passion 0 b imp5it5ce & rebellion4 ,be+ z c]ta9 t !y 7 "r 9 ?is op9ion z !y 7 t ,god ,himself exi/$1 t !y %\ld speak :at !y felt 0 only natural & necess>y2 & _! language at ! outset is1 all :i* w\ld be dictat$ by ! t5d]e/ sympa?y4 ,eliphaz op5s1 ! olde/ & mo/ important ( ! ?ree1 9 a s(t1 subdu$1 sugge/ive /ra91 contriv+ 9 e way to sp>e ! feel+s ( ! suff]]1 to ! extreme to :i* 8 love w all[ him4 ,all is g5]al1 imp]sonal1 indirect1--! rule ( ! _w1 ! ord] ( ,provid5ce4 ,he does n accuse ,job1 b he describes 8 calamities1 & leaves him to ga!r = himself ! occasion :i* _h produc$ !m2 & !n passes (f1 z if fur!r to s(t5 ! bl[1 to ! my/]i\s vision 9 :i* ! infirmity ( mortal nature _h be5 reveal$ to him1 ! univ]sal weakness :i* involv$ bo? ! c]ta9ty t ,job _h %>$ 9 x1 & ! excuse = him1 if he w\ld confess & humble himself3 ! bless$ virtue ( rep5tance foll[s1 & ! promise t all %all be well4 ,?is is ! note on :i* ea* ( ! fri5ds /rikes successively1 9 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree divisions into :i* ! dialogue divides itself1 b ea* ) increas+ p]emptor9ess & confid5ce1 z ,job1 s f> f accept+ _! int]pretation ( :at _h befall5 him1 hurls x f him 9 ang] & disda94 ,let u obs]ve 7& ! ,calv9i/s %\ld consid] ?is71 he w he> z little ( ! *>ges aga9/ mank9d z ( *>ges aga9/ himself4 ,he w n li/5 to ! 'corruption ( humanity1' because 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 own innoc5cy1 he kn[s t x is n corrupt3 he kn[s t he is himself j & good1 & we "k x1 ! ,div9e s5t5ce ^u him hav+ be5 already pass$4 ,he w n ackn[l$ge 8 s91 = he kn[s n ( :at to rep5t4 ,if he c\ld h reflect$ calmly1 he might h =ese5 :at !y w\ld say4 ,he knew all t z well z !y3 x 0 ! old /ory :i* he _h le>nt1 & c\ld repeat1 if necess>y1 z well z anyone3 & if x _h be5 no m ?an a philosophical discussion1 t\*+ himself no m ne>ly ?an x t\*$ 8 fri5ds1 he might h all[$ = ! t5acity ( op9ion 9 su* matt]s1 & li/5$ to x & repli$ to x ) equanimity4 ,b1 z ! prov]b says1 ',x is ill talk+ betwe5 a full man & a fa/+3' & 9 ,job su* equanimity w\ld h be5 b ,/oicism1 or ! affectation ( x1 & unreal z ! o!rs' !ories4 ,possess$ ) ! c]ta9ty t he _h n des]v$ :at _h befall5 him1 h>ass$ ) d\bt1 & worn out ) pa9 & unk9dness1 he _h assum$ 7& h[ natural t he %\ld assume x7 t ^? :o lov$ him %\ld n h be5 ha/y to believe evil ( him2 he _h spok5 to !m z he really felt1 & he ?\ght t he might h look$ to !m = some?+ w>m] & m sympa?is+ ?an su* dre>y eloqu5ce4 ,s :5 ! revelation comes ^u him ( :at 0 pass+ 9 !m1 he attributes x 7& n[ he is unju/ to !m7 to a falsehood ( he>t1 & n to a bl9dness ( und]/&+4 ,_! s]mons1 s k9dly int5d$1 roll pa/ him z a dismal mock]y4 ,!y _h be5 %ock$ 7& h[ true aga9 is ?is to nature7 at 8 passionate cry = dea?4 ',d ye reprove words8' he says1 '& ! spee*es ( "o t is desp]ate1 :i* are z w9d8' ,x 0 b poor fri5d%ip & n>r[ wisdom4 ,he _h look$ to !m = pity1 = com=t1 & love4 ,he _h long$ = x z ! p>*$ c>avans 9 ! des]t = ! wat]-/reams1 & '8 bre?r5 _h dealt deceitfully ) him4' ,! brooks1 9 ! cool w9t]1 roll 9 a full turbid torr5t2 ':at "t x waxes w>m !y vani%1 :5 x is hot !y are consum$ out ( _! place2 ! c>avans ( ,tema look$ = !m1 ! companies ( ,%eba wait$ = !m2 !y 7 conf\nd$ because !y _h hop$2 !y came ?i!r1 & !re 0 no?+4' ,if = once ^! poor m5 c\ld h tru/$ _! he>ts1 if = once !y c\ld h believ$ t !re might be 'm ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?' ?an 7 dreamt ( 9 _! philosophy--b ?is is ! "o ?+ :i* !y c\ld n d1 :i* ! !ologian prop] nev] has done or w d4 ,& ?us :atev] ( calmness or endurance ,job alone1 on 8 a%-heap1 might h conqu]$ = himself1 is all scatt]$ away2 & z ! /rong gu/s ( passion sweep to & fro across 8 he>t1 he p\rs himself out 9 wild fitful music1 s beautiful because s true1 n answ]+ !m or _! spee*es1 b n[ fl++ !m f him 9 scorn1 n[ appeal+ to _! m]cy1 or turn+ indignantly to ,god2 n[ pray+ = dea?2 n[ 9 p]plexity d\bt+ :e!r1 9 "s my/ic way :i* he _c und]/&1 he may n1 p]haps1 aft] all1 really h s9n$1 & pray+ to be %[n 8 fault2 & !n /agg]+ fur!r into ! d>kness1 & break+ out into upbraid+s ( ! ,p[] :i* has become s dreadful an enigma to him4 ',?\ enquire/ aft] my iniquity1 ?\ se>*e/ aft] my s91 & ?\ kn[e/ t ,i am n wick$4 ,:y did/ ?\ br+ me =? out ( ! womb8 ,oh1 t ,i _h giv5 up ! gho/1 & no eye _h se5 me4 ,cease1 let me alone4 ,x is b a little :ile t ,i h to live4 ,let me alone1 t ,i may take com=t a little be=e ,i g1 :5ce ,i %all n return to ! l& ( d>kness & ! %ad[ ( dea?4' ,9 :at o!r poem 9 ! _w is !re pa?os deep z ?is8 ,) exp]i5ce s /]n z 81 x 0 n = ,job to be calm1 & self-possess$1 & delicate 9 8 words4 ,he speaks n :at he kn[s1 b :at he feels2 & )\t fe> ! writ] all[s him to ?r[ out 8 passion all g5u9e z x rises1 n ov]mu* c>+ h[ nice e>s might be (f5d$1 b cont5t$ to be true to ! real emotion ( a g5u9e human he>t4 ,s ! poem runs on to ! end ( ! fir/ answ] to ,zoph>4 ,b n[1 ) admirable fitness1 z ! conte/ goes =w>d1 ! relative position ( ! speak]s beg9s to *ange4 ,hi!rto1 ,job only _h be5 passionate2 & 8 fri5ds temp]ate & collect$4 ,n[1 becom+ %ock$ at 8 ob/9acy1 & disappo9t$ 9 ! result ( _! homilies1 !y /ray /ill fur!r f ! tru? 9 an endeav\r to /r5g!n _! position1 &1 z a natural consequ5ce1 visibly gr[ angry4 ,to !m1 ,job's vehem5t & desp]ate spee*es are damn+ evid5ce ( ! tru? ( _! suspicion4 ,impiety is add$ to 8 fir/ s91 & !y beg9 to see 9 him a rebel aga9/ ,god4 ,at fir/ !y _h be5 cont5t$ to speak g5]ally1 & mu* :i* !y _h urg$ 0 p>tially true2 n[ !y /ep =w>d to a direct application1 & =mally & p]sonally accuse himself4 ,"h _! gr\nd is positively false2 & ) delicate art x is !y :o are n[ gr[+ viol5t1 & w\nd$ self-love beg9s to %[ beh9d _! zeal = ,god2 :ile 9 contra/ to !m1 z !re is less & less tru? 9 :at !y say1 ,job gr[s m & m collect$4 ,= a "t x _h seem$ d\btful h[ he w\ld endure 8 trial4 ,! light ( 8 fai? 0 burn+ feebly & un/eadily2 a little m1 & x seem$ z if x might h utt]ly gone out4 ,b at la/ ! /orm 0 lull+2 z ! *>ges are br\ght p]sonally home to him1 ! confid5ce 9 8 own real innoc5ce rises aga9/ !m4 ,he _h be=e kn[n t he 0 innoc5t2 n[ he feels ! /r5g? :i* lies 9 innoc5ce1 z if ,god 7 beg9n+ to reveal ,himself )9 him1 to prep>e ! way = ! aft] outw>d manife/ation ( ,himself4 ,! fri5ds1 z be=e1 repeat "o ano!r ) b little diff]5ce2 ! sam5ess be+ ( c\rse int5tional1 z %[+ t !y 7 n speak+ = !mselves1 b z repres5tatives ( a prevail+ op9ion4 ,eliphaz1 aga91 gives ! note :i* ! o!rs foll[4 ,he> ?is ,calv9i/ ( ! old _w3 ',?y own m\? condemne? !e1 & ?9e own lips te/ify aga9/ !e4 ,:at is man t he %\ld be clean1 & he t is born ( a woman t he %\ld be righte\s8 ,behold1 he putte? no tru/ 9 8 sa9ts2 yea1 ! heav5s are n clean 9 8 sight2 h[ mu* m abom9able & fil?y is man1 :i* dr9ke? iniquity l wat]4' ,/range1 t aft] all ^! ?\s&s ( ye>s we %\ld /ill p]si/ 9 ?is degrad+ confession1 z a ?+ :i* x is impi\s to d5y & impi\s to attempt to r5d] o!rwise1 :5 ,scripture itself1 9 language s emphatic1 decl>es t x is a lie4 ,job is innoc5t1 p]fect1 righte\s4 ,god ,himself be>s witness to x4 ,x is ,job :o is f\nd at la/ to h spok5 tru?1 & ! fri5ds to h s9n$ 9 d5y+ x4 ,& he holds fa/ by 8 innoc5cy1 & ) a g5]\s confid5ce ?ru/s away ! misgiv+s :i* _h begun to cl+ to him4 ,among 8 compla9+s he _h exclaim$1 t ,god 0 rememb]+ ^u him ! s9s ( 8 y\?--n d5y+ !m2 kn[+ well t he1 l o!rs1 _h gone a/ray be=e he _h le>nt to control himself1 b feel+ t at lea/ 9 an e>?ly fa!r x is unju/ to visit ! faults ( *ildhood on ! matur$ man2 feel+ t he _h long1 long %ak5 !m (f f him1 & !y did n ev5 impair ! probity ( 8 aft]-life4 ,b n[ ^! d\bts1 too1 pass away 9 ! brave c]ta9ty t ,god is n less j ?an man4 ,z ! d5\nc+s gr[ l\d] & d>k]1 he appeals f 8 n>r[ judges to ! ,supreme ,tribunal--calls on ,god to he> him & to try 8 cause--& !n1 9 ! /r5g? ( ?is appeal ! mi/ rises f be=e 8 eyes4 ,8 sickness is mortal3 he has no hope 9 life1 & dea? is ne>2 b ! int5se feel+ t ju/ice mu/ & w be done1 holds to him clos] & clos]4 ,god may appe> on e>? = him2 or if t be too bold a hope1 & dea? f9ds him z he is--:at is dea? !n8 ,god w cle> 8 memory 9 ! place :]e he liv$2 8 injuries w be right$ ov] 8 grave2 :ile = himself1 l a sudd5 gleam ( sunlight betwe5 cl\ds1 a cle>1 bright hope beams up1 t he too1 !n1 9 ano!r life1 if n 9 ?is1 :5 8 sk9 is wa/$ (f 8 bones1 & ! worms h done _! "w on ! prison ( 8 _s1 he too1 at la/1 may !n see ,god2 may see ,him1 & h 8 plead+s he>d4 ,) su* a hope1 or ev5 ! %ad[ ( "o1 he turns back to ! _w aga9 to look at x4 ,facts aga9/ :i* he _h be=e clos$ 8 eyes he all[s & confronts1 & he sees t 8 own little exp]i5ce is b ! reflection ( a law4 ,y tell me1 he seems to say1 t ! good are rew>d$1 & t ! wick$ are puni%$2 t ,god is j1 & t ?is is always s4 ,p]haps x is1 or w be1 b n 9 ! way :i* y imag9e4 ,y h kn[n me1 y h kn[n :at my life has be52 y see :at ,i am1 & x is no difficulty to y4 ,y pref] believ+ t ,i1 :om y call y\r fri5d1 am a deceiv] or a pret5d]1 to admitt+ ! possibility ( ! falsehood ( y\r hypo!sis4 ,y w n li/5 to my assurance1 & y are angry ) me because ,i w n lie aga9/ my own s\l1 & ackn[l$ge s9s :i* ,i h n committ$4 ,y appeal to ! c\rse ( ! _w 9 pro( ( y\r fai?1 & *all5ge me to answ] y4 ,well1 !n1 ,i accept y\r *all5ge4 ,! _w is n :at y say4 ,y h told me :at y h se5 ( x3 ,i w tell y :at ,i h se54 ',ev5 :ile ,i rememb] ,i am afraid1 & trembl+ take? hold ^u my fle%4 ,:]e=e d ! wick$ become old1 yea1 & are mighty 9 p[]8 ,_! se$ is e/abli%$ 9 _! sight ) !m1 & _! (fspr+ be=e _! eyes4 ,_! h\ses are safe f fe>1 nei!r is ! rod ( ,god ^u !m4 ,_! bull g5d]e? & faile? n2 _! c[ calve?1 & ca/e? n h] calf4 ,!y s5d =? _! little ones l a flock1 & _! *ildr5 dance4 ,!y take ! timbrel & h>p1 & rejoice at ! s\nd ( ! organ4 ,!y sp5d _! days 9 weal?1 & 9 a mom5t g d[n into ! grave4 ,!re=e !y say unto ,god1 ,dep>t f u1 = we desire n ! k ( ,?y ways4 ,:at is ! ,almighty t we %\ld s]ve ,him8 & :at pr(it %\ld we h if we pray to ,him8' ,w y quote ! we>y prov]b8 ,w y say t ',god laye? up ,8 iniquity = ,8 *ildr58' 7,our translators h :olly lo/ ! s5se ( ?is passage1 & endeav\r to make ,job ackn[l$ge :at he is /eadfa/ly d5y+47 ,well1 & :at !n8 ,:at w he c>e8 ',w 8 own eye see 8 own fall8 ,w he dr9k ! wra? ( ! ,almighty8 ,:at are ! =tunes ( 8 h\se to him if ! numb] ( 8 own mon?s is fulfill$8' ,"o man is good & ano!r wick$1 "o is happy & ano!r is mis]able4 ,9 ! great indiff]5ce ( nature !y %>e alike 9 ! common lot4 ',!y lie d[n alike 9 ! du/1 & ! worms cov] !m4' ,ewald1 & _m o!r critics1 suppose t ,job 0 hurri$ away by 8 feel+s to say all ?is2 & t 9 8 calm] mom5ts he mu/ h felt t x 0 untrue4 ,x is a po9t on :i* we mu/ decl9e accept+ ev5 ,ewald's high au?ority4 ,ev5 !n1 9 ^? old times1 x 0 beg9n+ to be t]ribly true4 ,ev5 !n ! curr5t !ory 0 oblig$ to b5d to l>ge exceptions2 & :at ,job saw z exceptions we see r\nd u ev]y:]e4 ,x 0 true !n1 x is inf9itely m true n[1 t :at is call$ virtue 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w1 /ill m t nobl5ess1 godl9ess1 or h]oism ( "* 9 any =m :atsoev]1 h no?+ to d ) ?is or t man's prosp]ity1 or ev5 happ9ess4 ,! ?or\ghly vici\s man is no d\bt wret*$ en\gh2 b ! worldly1 prud5t1 self-re/ra9+ man1 ) 8 five s5ses1 :i* he und]/&s h[ to gratify ) temp]$ indulg5ce1 ) a consci5ce satisfi$ ) ! hack r\t9e ( :at is call$ respectability1--su* a man feels no wret*$ness2 no inw>d uneas9ess di/urbs him1 no desires :i* he _c gratify2 & ?is ?\gh he be ! base/ & mo/ contemptible slave ( 8 own selfi%ness4 ,provid5ce w n int]f]e to puni% him4 ,let him obey ! laws "u :i* prosp]ity is obta9able1 & he w obta9 x1 let him nev] fe>4 ,he w obta9 x1 be he base or noble4 ,nature is indiff]5t2 ! fam9e & ! e>?quake1 & ! blight or ! accid5t1 w n discrim9ate to /rike him4 ,he may insure himself aga9/ casualties 9 ^! days ( ours1 ) ! money p]haps :i* a bett] man w\ld h giv5 away1 & he w h 8 rew>d4 ,he ne$ n d\bt x4 ,&1 aga91 x is n true1 z optimi/s w\ld p]suade u1 t su* prosp]ity br+s no real pleasure4 ,a man ) no high aspirations1 :o ?rives1 & makes money1 & envelops himself 9 com=ts1 is z happy z su* a nature c be4 ,if unbrok5 satisfaction be ! mo/ bless$ /ate = a man 7& ?is c]ta9ly is ! practical notion ( happ9ess71 he is ! happie/ ( m54 ,nor are ^? idle phrases any tru]1 t ! good man's goodness is a nev]-ceas+ sun%9e2 t virtue is its own rew>d1 c4 c4 ,if m5 truly virtu\s c>e to be rew>d$ = x1 _! virtue is b a poor inve/m5t ( _! moral capital4 ,0 ,job s happy !n on t a%-heap ( 81 ! m>k ( ! _w's scorn1 & ! butt = ! spiritual ar*]y ( ! !ologian1 alone 9 8 =lorn nak$ness1 l "s old dre>y /ump :i* ! lightn+ has sca!d1 rott+ away 9 ! w9d & ! ra98 ,if happ9ess be inde$ :at we m5 are s5t into ?is _w to seek =1 ^? hi!rto ?\ght ! noble/ among u 7 ! pitifulle/ & wret*$e/4 ,surely x 0 no error 9 ,job4 ,x 0 t real insight :i* once 0 giv5 to all ! _w 9 ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev] we h =gott5 x n[4 ,job 0 le>n+ to see t x 0 n 9 ! possession ( enjoym5t1 no1 nor ( happ9ess itself1 t ! diff]5ce lies betwe5 ! good & ! bad4 ,true1 x might be t ,god sometimes1 ev5 g5]ally1 gives su* happ9ess--gives x 9 :at ,ari/otle calls an ,greek3 epigignom5on telos1 b x is no "p ( ! t]ms on :i* ,he admits u to ,8 s]vice1 /ill less is x ! end :i* we may propose to ourselves on ent]+ ,8 s]vice4 ,happ9ess ,he gives to :om ,he w1 or leaves to ! angel ( nature to di/ribute among ^? :o fulfil ! laws ^u :i* x dep5ds4 ,b to s]ve ,god & to love ,him is high] & bett] ?an happ9ess1 ?\gh x be ) w\nd$ feet1 & ble$+ br[s1 & he>ts load$ ) sorr[4 ,into ?is high fai? ,job is ris+1 tread+ 8 temptations "u 8 feet1 & f9d+ 9 !m a ladd] on :i* 8 _s rises4 ,?us he is pass+ fur!r & ev5 fur!r f 8 fri5ds1 so>+ :]e _! imag9ations _c foll[ him4 ,to !m he is a blasphem] :om !y gaze at ) awe & t]ror4 ,!y _h *>g$ him ) s9n+ on ! /r5g? ( _! hypo!sis1 & he has answ]$ ) a delib]ate d5ial ( x4 ,los+ n[ all ma/]y ov] !mselves1 !y p\r out a torr5t ( m]e extravagant invective & baseless falsehood1 :i* 9 ! calm] outset !y w\ld h blu%$ to ?9k (4 ,!y "k no evil ( ,job1 b !y d n hesitate to conv]t conjecture into c]ta9ty1 & specify 9 detail ! p>ticul> crimes :i* he mu/ h committ$4 ,he ought to h committ$ !m1 & s he _h2 ! old argum5t !n z n[4--',is n ?y wick$ness great8' says ,eliphaz4 ',?\ ha/ tak5 a pl$ge f ?y bro!r = n\ght1 & /ripp$ ! nak$ ( _! clo?+2 ?\ ha/ n giv5 wat] to ! we>y1 & ?\ ha/ )hold5 bread f ! hungry2' & s on ?r\gh a s]ies ( m]e di/ract$ lies4 ,b ! "t 0 pa/ :5 words l ^! c\ld make ,job angry4 ,bildad foll[s !m up ) an attempt to fright5 him by a picture ( ! p[] ( t ,god :om he 0 blasphem+2 b ,job cuts %ort 8 h>angue1 & ends x = him 9 a _s ( l(t9ess :i* ,bildad c\ld n h approa*$2 & !n pr\dly & calmly rebukes !m all1 no long] 9 scorn & irony1 b 9 high1 tranquil self-possession4 ',god =bid t ,i %\ld ju/ify y1' he says2 'till ,i die ,i w n remove my integrity f me4 ,my righte\sness ,i hold fa/1 & w n let x g4 ,my he>t %all n reproa* me s long z ,i live4' ,s f> all has be5 cle>1 ea* p>ty1 ) increas+ confid5ce1 hav+ insi/$ on _! own position1 & d5\nc$ _! adv]s>ies4 ,a difficulty n[ arises :i*1 at fir/ sight1 appe>s insurm\ntable4 ,z ! *apt]s are at pres5t pr9t$1 ! entire ( ! tw5ty-sev5? is assign$ to ,job1 & ! p>agraph f ! elev5? to ! tw5ty-?ird v]ses is 9 direct contradiction to all :i* he has ma9ta9$ be=e--is1 9 fact1 a concession ( hav+ be5 wrong f ! beg9n+4 ,ewald1 :o1 z we said above1 himself refuses to all[ ! tru? ( ,job's la/ & highe/ position1 supposes t he is "h rec$+ f x1 & confess+ :at an ov]-precipitate passion _h betray$ him into d5y+4 ,= _m reasons1 pr9cipally because we are satisfi$ t ,job said !n no m ?an ! real fact1 we _c ?9k ,ewald "r2 & ! concessions are too l>ge & too inconsi/5t to be reconcil$ ev5 ) 8 own g5]al !ory ( ! poem4 ,ano!r solution ( ! difficulty is v simple1 al?\gh x is to be admitt$ t x r cuts ! knot ?an unties x4 ,eliphaz & ,bildad h ea* spok5 a ?ird "t2 ! symmetry ( ! g5]al =m requires t n[ ,zoph> %\ld speak2 & ! sugge/ion1 we believe1 0 fir/ made by ,dr4 ,k5nicott1 t he did speak1 & t ! v]ses 9 "q belong to him4 ,any "o :o is accu/om$ to ,,mss4 w und]/& easily h[ su* a mi/ake1 if x be "o1 might h aris54 ,ev5 9 ,%akespe>e1 ! spee*es 9 ! e>ly editions are 9 _m in/ances wrongly divid$1 & assign$ to ! wrong p]sons4 ,x might h aris5 f inadv]t5ce2 x might h aris5 f ! fooli%ness ( "s ,jewi% transcrib]1 :o resolv$1 at all co/s1 to drag ! book into h>mony ) ,judaism1 & make ,job unsay 8 h]esy4 ,?is view has ! m]it ( fully cle>+ up ! obscurity4 ,ano!r1 h[ev]1 has be5 sugge/$ by ,ei*orn1 :o orig9ally foll[$ ,k5nicott1 b discov]$1 z he suppos$1 a less viol5t hypo!sis1 :i* 0 equally satisfactory4 ,ei*orn imag9es ! v]ses to be a summ>y by ,job ( 8 adv]s>ies' op9ions1 z if he said--',li/5 n[2 y "k :at ! facts are z well z ,i1 & yet y ma9ta9 ?is2' & !n pass$ on ) 8 indirect reply to x4 ,x is possible t ,ei*orn may be "r--at any rate1 ei!r he is "r1 or else ,dr4 ,k5nicott is4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,ewald is n4 ,tak5 z an acc\nt ( ,job's own conviction1 ! passage contradicts ! burd5 ( ! :ole poem4 ,pass+ x by1 !re=e1 & go+ to :at imm$iately foll[s1 we arrive at :at1 9 a human s5se1 is ! f9al climax--,job's victory & triumph4 ,he _h appeal$ to ,god1 & ,god _h n appe>$2 he _h d\bt$ & f\ght aga9/ 8 d\bts1 & at la/ _h cru%$ !m d[n4 ,he1 too1 _h be5 taught to look = ,god 9 outw>d judgm5ts2 & :5 8 own exp]i5ce _h %[n him 8 mi/ake1 he knew n :]e to turn4 ,he _h be5 lean+ on a bruis$ re$1 & x _h run into 8 h& & pi]c$ him4 ,b z soon z 9 ! spee*es ( 8 fri5d he saw x all laid d[n 9 its weakness & its false conclusions--:5 he saw ! def5d]s ( x w&]+ fur!r & fur!r f :at he knew to be true1 gr[+ e mom5t1 z if f a consci\sness ( ! uns\ndness ( _! /&+ gr\nd1 m viol5t1 ob/9ate1 & unreasonable1 ! scales fell m & m f 8 eyes--he _h se5 ! fact t ! wick$ might prosp]1 & 9 le>n+ to dep5d ^u 8 innoc5cy he _h felt t ! good man's support 0 !re1 if x 0 any:]e2 & at la/1 ) all 8 he>t1 0 reconcil$ to ! tru?4 ,! my/]y ( ! out] _w becomes deep] to him1 b he does n any m try to und]/& x4 ,! wisdom :i* c compass t my/]y1 he kn[s1 is n 9 man1 ?\gh man se>* = x deep] & h>d] ?an ! m9] se>*es = ! hidd5 treasures ( ! e>?2 ! wisdom :i* alone is atta9able is resignation to ,god4 ',:]e1' he cries1 '%all wisdom be f\nd1 & :]e is ! place ( und]/&+8 ,man kn[e? n ! price !re(1 nei!r is x f\nd 9 ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,! dep? said x is n ) me2 & ! sea said x is n 9 me4 ,x is hid f ! eyes ( all liv+1 & kept close f ! f[ls ( ! air4,k ,god und]/&e? ! way !re(1 & ,he kn[e? ! place !re( ,he1 n man1 und]/&s ! my/]ies ( ! _w :i* ,he has made4 ,& unto man ,he said1 ,behold6 ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom2 & to dep>t f evil1 t is und]/&+4' ,"h1 !re=e1 x might seem z if all 0 ov]4 ,!re is no cle>] or pur] fai? possible = man2 & ,job _h a*iev$ x4 ,8 evil _h turn$ to good2 & sorr[ _h sev]$ = him ! la/ l9ks :i* b\nd him to l[] ?+s4 ,he _h felt t he c\ld d )\t happ9ess1 t x 0 no long] ess5tial1 & t he c\ld live on1 & /ill love ,god1 & cl+ to ,him4 ,b he is n describ$ z ( pret]natural1 or at all ,titanic nature1 b z v man1 full ( all human t5d]ness & susceptibility4 ,8 old life 0 /ill beautiful to him4 ,he does n hate x because he c r5\nce x2 & n[ t ! /ruggle is ov]1 ! battle f\ght & won1 & 8 he>t has fl[$ ov] 9 t magnific5t song ( victory1 ! note once m *anges3 he turns back to e>? to l+] ov] ^? old dep>t$ days1 ) :i* ! pres5t is s h>d a contra/2 & 8 p>able dies away 9 a /ra9 ( pla9tive1 b resign$ melan*oly4 ,once m he ?r[s himself on ,god1 no long] 9 passionate expo/ulation1 b 9 plead+ humility4,l ,& !n comes 7p]haps1 z ,ewald says1 x c\ld n h come be=e7 ! answ] out ( ! :irlw9d4 ,job _h call$ on ,god1 & pray$ t he might appe>1 t he might plead 8 cause ) him2 & n[ he comes1 & :at w ,job d8 ,he comes n z ! heal+ _s 9 ! he>t ( man2 b1 z ,job _h at fir/ dem&$1 ! outw>d ,god1 ! ,almighty ,creator ( ! univ]se1 & clad 9 ! t]rors & ! glory ( x4 ,job1 9 8 fir/ precipitancy1 _h desir$ to reason ) him on 8 gov]nm5t4 ,! poet1 9 gleam+ l9es1 describes = an answ] ! univ]se z x !n 0 kn[n1 ! maje/y & awfulness ( x2 & !n asks :e!r x is ?is :i* he requires to h expla9$ to him1 or :i* he believes himself capable ( conduct+4 ,! revelation acts on ,job z ! sign ( ! ,macrocosmos on ! mod]n ,fau/2 b :5 he s9ks1 cru%$1 x is n z ! rebelli\s up/>t1 /ruck d[n 9 8 pride--= he _h himself1 p>tially at lea/1 subdu$ 8 own presumption--b z a humble p5it5t1 /ruggl+ to ov]come 8 weakness4 ,he abhors himself = 8 murmurs1 & 'rep5ts 9 du/ & a%es4' ,x w h occurr$ to e "o t ! secret :i* has be5 reveal$ to ! read] is n1 aft] all1 reveal$ to ,job or to 8 fri5ds1 & = ?is pla9 reason3 ! burd5 ( ! drama is1 n t we d1 b t we d n1 & _c1 "k ! my/]y ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w--t x is n = man to seek x1 or = ,god to reveal x4 ,we1 ! read]s1 are1 9 ?is "o in/ance1 admitt$ beh9d ! sc5es--= once1 9 ?is s+le case--because x 0 necess>y to meet ! receiv$ !ory by a positive fact :i* contradict$ x4 ,b ! explanation ( "o case ne$ n be ! explanation ( ano!r2 our bus9ess is to d :at we "k to be "r1 & ask no que/ions4 ,! veil :i* 9 ! gyptian leg5d lay be=e ! face ( ,isis is n to be rais$2 & we are n to seek to p5etrate secrets :i* are n ours4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,god does n condesc5d to ju/ify 8 ways to man1 he gives judgm5t on ! pa/ controv]sy4 ,! self-con/itut$ plead]s = him1 ! acceptors ( 8 p]son1 7 all wrong2 & ,job--! passionate1 vehem5t1 scornful1 misbeliev+ ,job--he _h spok5 ! tru?2 he at lea/ _h spok5 facts1 & !y _h be5 def5d+ a transi5t !ory z an ev]la/+ tru?4 ',& x 0 s1 t aft] ! ,"l _h spok5 ^! words to ,job1 ! ,"l said to ,eliphaz ! ,temanite1 ,my wra? is k9dl$ aga9/ !e & aga9/ ?y two fri5ds2 = ye h n spok5 ( me ! ?+ t is "r1 z my s]vant ,job ha?4 ,!re=e take unto y n[ sev5 bullocks & sev5 rams1 & g to my s]vant ,job2 & (f] = y\rselves a burnt-(f]+4 ,& my s]vant ,job %all pray = y1 & him w ,i accept4 ,le/ ,i deal ) y aft] y\r folly1 = t ye h n spok5 ( me ! ?+ :i* is "r1 l my s]vant ,job4' ,"o act ( ju/ice rema9s4 ,kn[+ z we d ! cause ( ,job's mis=tunes1 & t z soon z 8 trial 0 ov] x 0 no long] op]ative1 our s5se ( fitness c\ld n be satisfi$ unless he 7 indemnifi$ outw>dly = 8 outw>d suff]+s4 ,satan is defeat$1 & ,job's integrity prov$2 & !re is no reason :y ! g5]al law %\ld be int]f]$ )1 :i*1 h[ev] l>ge ! exceptions1 t5ds to connect goodness & prosp]ity2 or :y obvi\s calamities1 obvi\sly undes]v$1 %\ld rema9 any m unremov$4 ,p]haps1 too1 a deep] lesson /ill lies bel[ 8 re/oration--some?+ p]haps ( ?is k9d4 ,prosp]ity1 enjoym5t1 happ9ess1 com=t1 peace1 :atev] be ! "n by :i* we designate t /ate 9 :i* life is to our own selves pleasant & delightful1 z long z !y are s\ght or priz$ z ?+s ess5tial1 s f> h a t5d5cy to dis5noble our nature1 & are a sign t we are /ill 9 s]vitude to selfi%ness4 ,only :5 !y lie outside u1 z ornam5ts m]ely to be worn or laid aside z ,god pleases--only !n may su* ?+s be possess$ ) impunity4 ,job's he>t 9 e>ly times _h clung to !m m ?an he knew1 b n[ he 0 purg$ clean1 & !y 7 re/or$ because he _h ceas$ to ne$ !m4 ,su* 9 outl9e is ?is wond]ful poem4 ,) ! mat]ial ( :i* x is wov5 we h n "h be5 conc]n$1 al?\gh x is s ri* & pregnant t we might ) little difficulty con/ruct out ( x a complete picture ( ! _w z !n x 03 its life1 k1 arts1 habits1 sup]/itions1 hopes1 & fe>s4 ,! subject is ! problem ( all mank9d1 & ! composition embraces no less wide a range4 ,b :at we are "h mo/ int]e/$ ^u is ! epo* :i* x m>ks 9 ! progress ( mank9d1 z ! fir/ record$ /ruggle ( a new exp]i5ce ) an e/abli%$ or?odox belief4 ,true1 = hundr$s ( ye>s1 p]haps = a ?\s&1 ! sup]/ition aga9/ :i* x 0 direct$ cont9u$4 ,:5 ,*ri/ came x 0 /ill 9 its vitality4 ,nay1 z we saw1 x is alive1 or 9 a sort ( mock life1 among u at ?is v day4 ,b ev5 ^? :o reta9$ _! imp]fect belief _h receiv$ into _! canon a book :i* treat$ x ) contumely & scorn1 s irresi/ible 0 ! maje/y ( tru?4 ,9 days l ^!1 :5 we he> s mu* ( progress1 x is wor? :ile to ask ourselves :at advances we h made fur!r 9 ! same direction8 & once m1 at ! risk ( "s repetition1 let u look at ! position 9 :i* ?is book leaves u4 ,x _h be5 assum$ t man1 if he liv$ a j & upright life1 _h a "r to expect to be happy4 ,happ9ess1 '8 be+'s end & aim1' 0 8 legitimate & cov5ant$ rew>d4 ,if ,god !re=e 0 j1 su* a man w\ld be happy2 & inasmu* z ,god 0 j1 ! man :o 0 n happy _h n des]v$ to be4 ,!re is no flaw 9 ?is argum5t2 & if x is uns\nd1 ! fallacy c only lie 9 ! suppos$ "r to happ9ess4 ,x is idle to talk ( inw>d consolations4 ,job felt !m1 b !y 7 n ev]y?+4 ,!y did n relieve ! angui% ( 8 w\nds2 !y did n make ! loss ( 8 *ildr51 or 8 fri5ds' unk9dness1 any ! less pa9ful to him4 ,! poet1 inde$1 re/ores him 9 ! book2 b 9 life x ne$ n h be5 s4 ,he might h di$ ^u 8 a%-heap1 z ?\s&s ( good m5 h di$1 & w die aga91 9 mis]y4 ,happ9ess1 !re=e1 is n :at we are to look =4 ,our place is to be true to ! be/ :i* we "k1 to seek t & d t2 & if by 'virtue its own rew>d' be meant t ! good man c>es only to cont9ue good1 desir+ no?+ m1 !n x is a true & noble say+4 ,b if virtue be valu$ because x is politic1 because 9 pursuit ( x w be f\nd mo/ enjoym5t & fewe/ suff]+s1 !n x is n noble any m1 & x is turn+ ! tru? ( ,god into a lie4 ,let u d "r1 & :e!r happ9ess come or unhapp9ess x is no v mighty matt]4 ,if x come1 life w be sweet2 if x d n come1 life w be bitt]--bitt]1 n sweet1 & yet to be borne4 ,on su* a !ory alone is ! gov]nm5t ( ?is _w intelligibly j4 ,! well-be+ ( our s\ls dep5ds only on :at we are2 & nobl5ess ( "* is no?+ else b /eady love ( good & /eady scorn ( evil4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! _w is a problem :ile ! desire ( selfi% enjoym5t survives2 & :5 ju/ice is n done accord+ to su* /&>d 7:i* w n be till ! day aft] doomsday1 & n !n71 self-lov+ m5 w /ill ask1 :y8 & f9d no answ]4 ,only to ^? :o h ! he>t to say1 ',we c d )\t t2 x is n :at we ask or desire1' is !re no secret4 ,man w h :at he des]ves1 & w f9d :at is really be/ = him1 exactly z he hone/ly seeks = x4 ,happ9ess may fly away1 pleasure pall or cease to be obta9able1 weal? decay1 fri5ds fail or prove unk9d1 & fame turn to infamy2 b ! p[] to s]ve ,god nev] fails1 & ! love ( ,him is nev] reject$4 ,mo/ ( u1 at "o "t or o!r ( our lives1 h kn[n some?+ ( love--( t only pure love 9 :i* no self is left rema9+4 ,we h lov$ z *ildr51 we h lov$ z lov]s2 "s ( u h le>nt to love a cause1 a fai?1 a c\ntry2 & :at love w\ld t be :i* exi/$ only ) a prud5t view to aft]-int]e/s4 ,surely !re is a love :i* exults 9 ! p[] ( self-ab&onm5t1 & c glory 9 ! privilege ( suff]+ = :at is good4 ,que mon nom soit fltri1 p\rvu que la ,france soit libre1 said ,danton2 & ^? wild patriots :o _h trampl$ into scorn ! fai? 9 an immortal life 9 :i* !y w\ld be rew>d$ = :at !y 7 suff]+1 w5t to _! graves z b$s1 = ! dream ( a p's lib]ty4 ,ju/ice is done2 ! balance is n d]ang$4 ,x only seems d]ang$1 z long z we h n le>nt to s]ve )\t look+ to be paid = x4 ,su* is ! !ory ( life :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,job2 a fai? :i* has fla%$ up 9 all times & all l&s1 :]ev] high-m9d$ m5 7 to be f\nd1 & :i* pass$ 9 ,*ri/ianity into ! ackn[l$g$ cre$ ( half ! _w4 ,! cross 0 ! new symbol1 ! ,div9e suff]] ! great example2 & mank9d answ]$ to ! call1 because ! appeal 0 n to :at 0 poor & selfi% 9 !m1 b to :atev] ( be/ & brave/ 0 9 _! nature4 ,! law ( rew>d & puni%m5t 0 sup]s$$ by ! law ( love4 ,?\ %alt love ,god & ?\ %alt love man2 & t 0 n love--m5 knew x once--:i* 0 b\ght by ! prospect ( rew>d4 ,times are *ang$ ) u n[4 ,?\ %alt love ,god & ?\ %alt love man1 9 ! h&s ( a ,paley1 are f\nd to mean no m ?an1 ,?\ %alt love ?yself aft] an enlight5$ mann]4 ,& ! same base tone has saturat$ n only our common feel+s1 b our ,*ri/ian !ologies & our ,anti*ri/ian philosophies4 ,a prud5t reg>d to our future int]e/s2 an ab/95ce f pres5t unlawful pleasures1 because !y w entail ! loss ( great] pleasure by-&-by1 or p]haps be paid = ) pa91--?is is call$ virtue n[2 & ! belief t su* be+s z m5 c be influ5c$ by any m elevat$ feel+s1 is smil$ at z ! dream ( en?usia/s ^: he>ts h outrun _! und]/&+s4 ,inde$1 he 7 b a poor lov] ^: devotion to 8 mi/ress lay re/+ on ! feel+ t a m>riage ) h] w\ld conduce to 8 own com=ts4 ,t 7 a poor patriot :o s]v$ 8 c\ntry = ! hire :i* 8 c\ntry w\ld give to him4 ,& we %\ld ?9k b poorly ( a son :o ?us address$ 8 e>?ly fa!r3 ',fa!r1 on :om my =tunes dep5d1 tea* me to d :at pleases !e1 t ,i1 pleas+ !e 9 all ?+s1 may obta9 ^? good ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ promis$ to give to ?y ob$i5t *ildr54' ,if any ( u :o h liv$ 9 s meagre a fai? v5ture1 by-&-by1 to put 9 our claims1 ,satan w be likely to say ( u 7) bett] reason ?an he did ( ,job71 ',did !y s]ve ,god = n\ght1 !n8 ,take _! rew>d f !m1 & !y w curse ,him to ,8 face4' ,if ,*ri/ianity _h nev] borne itself m l(tily ?an ?is1 d we suppose t ^? fi]ce ,norsem5 :o _h le>nt1 9 ! fi]y w>-songs ( ! ,edda1 ( :at /uff ! he>ts ( h]oes are compos$1 w\ld h fa%ion$ _! sword-hilts into crosses1 & !mselves into a crusad+ *ivalry8 ,let u n di%on\r our great fa!rs ) ! dream ( x4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 l ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans1 w\ld h liv$ _! little day among ! ignoble sects ( an effete civilisation1 & w\ld h pass$ (f & be5 he>d ( no m4 ,x 0 9 ano!r _s t ^? fir/ prea*]s ( righte\sness w5t out ^u _! w>f>e ) evil4 ,!y prea*$1 n enlight5$ prud5ce1 b purity1 ju/ice1 goodness2 hold+ out no promises 9 ?is _w except ( suff]+ z _! great ,ma/] _h suff]$1 & rejoic+ t !y 7 c\nt$ wor?y to suff] = ,8 sake4 ,& t cr[n ( glory :i* !y did believe to await !m 9 a life beyond ! grave1 0 no enjoym5t ( :at !y _h surr5d]$ 9 life1 0 n enjoym5t at all 9 any s5se :i* human ?\ght or language c atta* to ! words2 z little l x z ! cr[n ( love is l x1 :i* ! true lov] looks = :5 at la/ he obta9s 8 mi/ress4 ,x 0 to be ) ,*ri/--to lose !mselves 9 ,him4 ,h[ ^! high feel+s ebb$ away1 & ,*ri/ianity became :at we "k x1 we are p>tially beg9n+ to see4 ,! liv+ _s organis$ = itself a body ( p]i%able fle%3 n only ! real ga9s ( real exp]i5ce1 b m]e conjectural hypo!ses1 curr5t at ! day = ! solution ( unexpla9$ ph5om5a1 became =mul & articles ( fai?4 ,aga91 z be=e1 ! liv+ & ! dead 7 b\nd toge!r1 & ! se$s ( decay 7 already plant$ on ! bir? ( a con/ruct$ polity4 ,b !re 0 ano!r cause alli$ to ?is1 & yet diff]5t f x1 :i*1 ?\gh a law ( human nature itself1 seems n[adays altoge!r =gott54 ,9 ! rapid & /eady advance ( our k ( mat]ial ?+s1 we are apt to believe t all our k foll[s ! same law2 t x is m]ely g5]alis$ exp]i5ce2 t exp]i5ce accumulates daily1 &1 !re=e1 t 'progress ( ! species1' 9 all s5ses1 is an obvi\s & necess>y fact4 ,!re is some?+ :i* is true 9 ?is view1 mix$ ) a great deal :i* is false4 ,mat]ial k1 ! physical & me*anical sci5ces1 make _! way f /ep to /ep1 f exp]im5t to exp]im5t1 & ea* advance is secur$ & made good1 & _c aga9 be lo/4 ,"o g5]ation takes up ! g5]al sum ( exp]i5ce :]e ! la/ laid x d[n1 adds to x :at x has ! opportunity ( add+1 & leaves x ) int]e/ to ! next4 ,! successive positions1 z !y are ga9$1 require no?+ = ! appreh5sion ( !m b an und]/&+ ord9>ily cultivat$4 ,prejudices h to be enc\nt]$1 b prejudices ( op9ion m]ely1 n prejudices ( consci5ce or prejudices ( self-love1 l ^? :i* beset our progress 9 ! sci5ce ( morality4 ,b 9 morals we ent] ^u conditions :olly diff]5t--conditions 9 :i* age diff]s f age1 man diff]s f man1 & ev5 f himself1 at diff]5t mom5ts4 ,we all h exp]i5c$ times :51 z we say1 we %\ld n "k ourselves2 "s1 :5 we fall bel[ our av]age level2 "s1 :5 we are lift$ above1 & put on1 z x 71 a high] nature4 ,at su* int]vals z ^! la/ 7un=tunately1 ) mo/ ( u1 ( r>e occurr5ce71 _m ?+s become cle> to u :i* be=e 7 h>d say+s2 propositions become alive :i*1 usually1 are b dry words2 our he>ts seem pur]1 our motives l(ti]2 our purposes1 :at we are pr\d to ackn[l$ge to ourselves4 ,&1 z man is unequal to himself1 s is man to 8 neighb\r1 & p]iod to p]iod4 ,! entire me?od ( action1 ! !ories ( human life :i* 9 "o era prevail univ]sally1 to ! next are unpractical & insane1 z ^? ( ?is next w\ld h seem$ m]e bas5ess to ! fir/1 if ! fir/ c\ld h anticipat$ !m4 ,"o epo*1 we may suppose1 holds "s 'greate/ nobl5ess pr9ciple1' ! o!r "s 'greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple2' & !n _! v sy/ems ( axioms w contradict "o ano!r2 _! g5]al conceptions & _! detail$ int]pretations1 _! rules1 judgm5ts1 op9ions1 practices w be 9 p]petual & endless collision4 ,our m9ds take %ape f our he>ts1 & ! facts ( moral exp]i5ce d n tea* _! own mean+1 b submit to _m read+s accord+ to ! p[] ( ! eye :i* we br+ ) u4 ,! want ( a cle> p]ception ( s important a feature ab\t u leads to _m s+ul> contradictions4 ,a believ] 9 popul> ,prote/antism1 :o is also a believ] 9 progress1 ought1 if he 7 consi/5t1 to reg>d mank9d z gr[+ e day t[>ds a m & m advantage\s position ) respect to ! trials ( life2 & yet if he 7 ask$ :e!r x 0 easi] = him to 'save 8 s\l' 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ?an x w\ld h be5 9 ! fir/ or second1 or :e!r ! said s\l 0 necess>ily bett] wor? sav+1 he w\ld be p]plex$ = an answ]4 ,!re is h>dly "o ( u :o1 9 *ildhood1 has n felt l ! ,jews to :om ,*ri/ spoke1 t if he _h 'liv$ 9 ! days ( ! ,fa!rs1' if he _h _h _! advantages1 he w\ld h f\nd duty a mu* easi] matt]2 & "s ( u 9 mature life h felt t 9 old ,a!ns1 or old republican ,rome1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! ,crusades or at ! ,re=mation1 !re 0 a contagi\s atmosph]e ( h]oism1 9 :i* we %\ld h be5 less tr\bl$ ) ! little feel+s :i* cl+ ab\t u n[4 ,at any rate1 x is at ^! r>e epo*s only t real additions are made to our moral k4 ,at su* times1 new tru?s are1 inde$1 s5t d[n among u1 &1 = p]iods long] or %ort]1 may be se5 to ex]cise an elevat+ influ5ce on mank9d4 ,p]haps :at is ga9$ on ^! occasions is nev] entirely lo/4 ,! hi/orical monum5ts ( _! effects are at lea/ inde/ructible2 & :5 ! _s :i* gave !m bir? reappe>s1 _! dormant en]gy awak5s aga94 ,b x seems f our pres5t exp]i5ce ( :at1 9 "s at lea/ ( its mod]n =ms1 ,*ri/ianity has be5 capable ( becom+1 t !re is no doctr9e 9 itself s pure1 b :at ! mean] nature :i* is 9 u c dis>m & di/ort x1 & adapt x to its own littl5ess4 ,! once liv+ _s dries up into =mul1 & =mul1 :e!r ( mass-sacrifice or vic>i\s righte\sness1 or 'rew>d & puni%m5t1' are contriv$ ev] s z to escape mak+ ov]-high dem&s ^u ! consci5ce4 ,"s aim at disp5s+ ) ob$i5ce altoge!r1 & ^? :i* insi/ on ob$i5ce re/ ! obligations ( x on ! poore/ ( motives4 ,s ?+s g on till !re is no life left at all2 till1 f all high] aspirations1 we are l[]$ d[n to ! love ( self aft] an enlight5$ mann]2 & !n no?+ rema9s b to fight ! battle ov] aga94 ,! once b5eficial tru? has become1 z 9 ,job's case1 a cruel & mis*iev\s deception1 & ! :ole "q ( life & its obligations mu/ aga9 be op5$4 ,x is n[ "s ?ree c5turies s9ce ! la/ ( su* reop5+s4 ,if we ask ourselves h[ mu* dur+ ?is "t has be5 actually add$ to ! sum ( our k 9 ^! matt]s2 :at1 9 all ! ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( s]mons1 & !ologies1 & philosophies ) :i* ,europe has be5 delug$1 has be5 ga9$ = mank9d beyond :at we h f\nd 9 ?is ,book ( ,job1 h[ f> all ?is has advanc$ u 9 ! 'progress ( humanity1' x 7 h>d1 or r x is easy1 to answ]4 ,h[ f> we h fall5 bel[1 let ,paley & ! re/ be> witness4 ,b :at moral "q c be ask$ :i* admits n[ ( a gr&] solution ?an 0 (f]$ two1 p]haps ?ree1 ?\s& ye>s ago8 ,! _w has n be5 /&+ /ill2 exp]i5ce ( man & life has increas$2 que/ions h multipli$ on que/ions1 :ile ! answ]s ( ! e/abli%$ tea*]s to !m h be5 gr[+ e day m & m incr$ible4 ,:at o!r answ]s h !re be58 ,( all ! c\ntless books :i* h appe>$1 !re has be5 only "o ( endur+ importance1 9 :i* an attempt is made to c>ry on ! solution ( ! great problem4 ,job is giv5 ov] into ,satan's h& to be tempt$2 & ?\gh he %akes1 he does n fall4 ,tak+ ! temptation ( ,job = 8 model1 ,goe! has simil>ly expos$ 8 ,fau/ to trial1 & ) him ! tempt] succe$s4 ,8 h]o falls f s9 to s91 f crime to crime2 he becomes a s$uc]1 a murd]]1 a betray]1 foll[+ recklessly 8 evil angel :]ev] he *ooses to lead him2 & yet1 ) all ?is1 he nev] :olly =feits our sympa?y4 ,9 spite ( 8 weakness1 8 he>t is /ill true to 8 high] nature2 sick & re/less1 ev5 9 ! delirium ( enjoym5t he always longs = some?+ bett]1 & he nev] c be br\ght to say ( evil t x is good4 ,& !re=e1 aft] all1 ! devil is balk$ ( 8 prey2 9 virtue ( ?is "o fact1 t ! evil 9 :i* he /eep$ himself rema9$ to ! la/ hateful to him1 ,fau/ is sav$ by ! angels4444 ,x w be eag]ly answ]$ = ! e/abli%$ belief1 t su* cases are its especial prov9ce4 ,all m5 are s9n]s1 & x possesses ! bless$ rem$y = s94 ,b1 among ! c\ntless numb]s ( ^? *>act]s s /rangely mix$ among u1 9 :i* ! d>k & ! bright fibres cross l a me%work2 *>act]s at "o mom5t capable ( acts ( h]oic greatness1 at ano!r hurri$ by temptation into actions :i* ev5 common m5 may deplore1 h[ _m are !re :o h nev] avail$ !mselves ( ! conditions ( reconciliation z or?odoxy pr(f]s !m1 & ( su* m5 :at is to be said8 ,x 0 said once ( a s9n] t to h] 'mu* 0 =giv51 = %e lov$ mu*4' ,b ?is is language :i* !ology has z little appropriat$ z ! ,jews c\ld appropriate ! language ( ,job4 ,x _c recognise ! p[] ( ! human he>t4 ,x has no balance 9 :i* to weigh ! good aga9/ ! evil2 & :5 a great ,burns or a ,mirabeau comes be=e x1 x c b trembl+ly c\nt up ! (f5ces committ$1 & !n1 look+ to ! end1 & f9d+ its own t]ms n to h be5 compli$ )1 x fa9tly mutt]s its ana!ma4 ,s9 only x c appreh5d & judge2 & = ! poor acts ( /ruggl+ h]oism1 ',=asmu* z !y 7 n done1' c41 c41 x d\bts n b !y h ! nature ( s94,m ,some?+ ( ! difficulty has be5 met by ,goe!1 b x _c be said t he has resolv$ x2 or at lea/ t he has furni%$ o!rs ) a solution :i* may guide _! judgm5t4 ,9 ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,job !re is an awful moral e>ne/ness be=e :i* we b5d z 9 ! pres5ce ( a sup]ior be+4 ,! or?odoxy aga9/ :i* he cont5d$ is n set aside or d5i$2 he sees :at tru? is 9 x2 only he sees m ?an x1 & ov] x1 & ?r\gh x4 ,b 9 ,goe!1 :o ne$$ x m1 inasmu* z 8 problem 0 m delicate & difficult1 ! moral e>ne/ness is n awful1 is n ev5 high4 ,we _c feel t 9 deal+ ) s9 he ent]ta9s any great horror ( x2 he looks on x z a mi/ake1 z undesirable1 b sc>cely z m4 ,goe!'s great p[]s are ( ano!r k9d2 & ?is p>ticul> "q1 ?\gh 9 appe>ance ! prim>y subject ( ! poem1 is really only second>y4 ,9 sub/ance1 ,fau/ is m l ,ecclesia/es ?an x is l ,job1 & describes r ! re/lessness ( a l>gely-gift$ nature :i*1 miss+ ! guidance ( ! he>t1 plays exp]im5ts ) life1 try+ k1 pleasure1 dissipation1 "o aft] ano!r1 & hat+ !m all2 & !n hat+ life itself z a we>y1 /ale1 flat1 unpr(itable mock]y4 ,! temp] exhibit$ "h w probably be p]5nial 9 ! _w4 ,b ! rem$y = x w sc>cely be m cle> "u o!r circum/ances ?an x is at pres5t1 & lies 9 ! disposition ( ! emotions1 & n 9 any propositions :i* c be address$ to ! und]/&+4 ,= t o!r "q--h[ rightly to e/imate a human be+2 :at con/itutes a real vitiation ( "*1 & h[ to di/+ui%1 )\t ei!r d5y+ ! good or mak+ light ( ! evil2 h[ to be j to ! popul> !ories1 & yet n to bl9d ourselves to _! %all[ness & inju/ice--t is a problem = u1 = ! solution ( :i* we are at pres5t left to our ord9>y in/9ct1 )\t any recognis$ guidance :atsoev]4 ,nor is ?is ! only problem :i* is 9 ! same situation4 ,!re c sc>cely be a m />tl+ contra/ betwe5 fact & !ory ?an ! conditions "u :i*1 practically1 positions ( p[] & influ5ce are di/ribut$ among u--betwe5 ! !ory ( human wor? :i* ! necessities ( life oblige u to act ^u1 & ! !ory :i* we believe t we believe4 ,z we look ar\nd among our lead+ m51 our /atesm51 our legislators1 ! judges on our b5*1 ! comm&]s ( our armies1 ! m5 to :om ?is ,engli% nation commits ! conduct ( its be/ int]e/s1 pr(ane & sacr$1 :at d we see to be ! pr9ciples :i* guide our selection8 ,h[ entirely d !y lie beside & beyond ! negative te/s6 & h[ little respect d we pay to ! brea* ( ?is or t comm&m5t 9 comp>ison ) ability6 ,s :olly impossible is x to apply ! receiv$ op9ions on su* matt]s to practice--to treat m5 kn[n to be guilty ( :at !ology calls deadly s9s1 z really guilty ( !m1 t x w\ld almo/ seem we _h fall5 into a moral an>*y2 t ability alone is :at we reg>d1 )\t any ref]5ce at all1 except 9 gl>+ & outrage\s cases1 to moral disqualifications4 ,x is invidi\s to m5tion names ( liv+ m52 x is worse ?an invidi\s to drag out ( _! graves m5 :o h gone d[n into !m ) hon\r1 to make a po9t = an argum5t4 ,b we "k1 all ( u1 t among ! be/ s]vants ( our c\ntry !re h be51 & !re are1 _m ^: lives w n /& scrut9y by ! negative te/s1 & :o d n appe> v greatly to rep5t1 or to h rep5t$1 ( _! s9s accord+ to recognis$ me?ods4 ,once m3 among our daily or weekly confessions1 :i* we are suppos$ to repeat z if we 7 all ( u at all times 9 precisely ! same moral condition1 we are made to say t we h done ^? ?+s :i* we ought n to h done1 & to h left undone ^? ?+s :i* we ought to h done4 ,an e>?ly fa!r to :om 8 *ildr5 7 day aft] day to make ?is ackn[l$gm5t w\ld be apt to enquire :e!r !y 7 try+ to d bett]--:e!r1 at any rate1 !y 7 endeav\r+ to le>n2 & if he 7 told t al?\gh !y _h made "s fa9t attempts to und]/& ! negative "p ( _! duty1 yet t ( ! positive "p1 ( ^? ?+s :i* !y ought to d1 !y _h no notions at all1 & _h no idea t !y 7 "u obligation to =m any1 he w\ld come to r /range conclusions ab\t !m4 ,b1 really & truly1 :at practical notions ( duty h we beyond t ( ab/a9+ f committ+ s9s8 ,n to commit s91 we suppose1 cov]s b a small "p ( :at is expect$ ( u4 ,?r\gh ! entire tissue ( our employm5ts !re runs a good & a bad4 ,bi%op ,butl] tells u1 = in/ance1 t ev5 ( our "t !re is a portion :i* is ours1 & a portion :i* is our neighb\r's2 & if we sp5d m ( x on p]sonal int]e/s ?an our own %>e1 we are /eal+4 ,?is s\nds /range doctr9e2 we pref] mak+ vague ackn[l$gm5ts1 & %r9k f pursu+ !m into detail4 ,we say vaguely1 t 9 all we d we %\ld consecrate ourselves to ,god1 & our own lips condemn u2 = :i* among u c>es to le>n ! way to d x8 ,! devoir ( a knight 0 und]/ood 9 ! c\rts ( *ivalry2 ! lives ( h]oic m51 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian1 7 once held up be=e ! _w z patt]ns ( detail$ imitation2 & n[1 :5 su* ideals are want$ m ?an ev]1 ,prote/antism /&s ) a drawn sword on ! ?re%old ( ! enquiry1 & tells u t x is impi\s4 ,! law1 we are told1 has be5 fulfill$ = u 9 condesc5sion to our inh]5t wor?lessness1 & our bus9ess is to appropriate ano!r's righte\sness1 & n1 l ,titans1 to be scal+ heav5 by pr(ane ef=ts ( our own4 ,prote/ants1 we "k v well1 w cry out 9 tones l\d en\gh at su* a repres5tation ( _! doctr9es4 ,b we "k also t unless m5 may feel a *e]ful conviction t !y c d "r if !y try1--t !y c purify !mselves1 c live noble & wor?y lives1--unless ?is is set be=e !m z ! ?+ :i* !y are to d1 & c succe$ 9 do+1 !y w n wa/e _! en]gies on :at !y "k be=eh& w end 9 failure2 & if !y may n live = ,god1 !y w live = !mselves4 ,& all ?is :ile ! :ole complex frame ( society is a me%work ( duty wov5 ( liv+ fibre1 & ! condition ( its rema9+ s\nd is1 t e ?read ( x1 ( its own free en]gy1 %all d :at x ought4 ,! p5alties ( duties neglect$ are to ! full z t]rible z ^? ( s9s committ$2 m t]rible1 p]haps1 because m palpable & sure4 ,a "l ( ! l&1 or an employ] ( lab\r1 supposes t he has no duty except to keep :at he calls ! comm&m5ts 9 8 own p]son1 to g to *ur*1 & to d :at he w ) 8 own1--& ,iri% fam9es foll[1 & trade /rikes1 & *>tisms1 & ,p>is revolutions4 ,we look = a rem$y 9 impossible legislative enactm5ts1 & !re is b "o rem$y :i* w avail--t ! ?+ :i* we call public op9ion le>n some?+ ( ! mean+ ( human obligation1 & dem& "s approximation to x4 ,z ?+s are1 we h no idea ( :at a human be+ ought to be4 ,aft] ! fir/ rudim5tal conditions we pass at once into mean+less g5]alities2 & ) no k to guide our judgm5t1 we all[ x to be guid$ by mean] pr9ciples2 we respect money1 we respect rank1 we respect ability--"* is z if x _h no exi/5ce4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is l\d talk ( progress1 !re=e1 9 :i* s _m ( u at pres5t are agre$ to believe1 :i* is1 inde$1 ! common meet+ po9t ( all ! ?\s& sects into :i* we are split1 x is ) sadd5$ feel+s t we see s little ( x 9 s l>ge a matt]4 ,progress !re is 9 k2 & sci5ce has enabl$ ! numb] ( human be+s capable ( exi/+ ^u ?is e>? to be indef9itely multipli$4 ,b ?is is b a small triumph if ! ratio ( ! good & bad1 ! wise & ! fooli%1 ! full & ! hungry1 rema9s unaffect$4 ,& we *eat ourselves ) words :5 we conclude out ( our mat]ial spl5d\r an advance ( ! race4 ,9 two ?+s !re is progress--progress 9 k ( ! outw>d _w1 & progress 9 mat]ial weal?4 ,?is la/1 = ! pres5t1 creates1 p]haps1 m evils ?an x relieves2 b suppose ?is difficulty solv$--suppose ! weal? di/ribut$1 & e peasant liv+ l a pe]--:at !n8 ,if ?is is all1 "o noble s\l outweighs ! :ole ( x4 ,let u foll[ k to ! out] circle ( ! univ]se--! eye w n be satisfi$ ) see+1 nor ! e> ) he>+4 ,let u build our /reets ( gold1 & !y w hide z _m a*+ he>ts z hovels ( /raw4 ,! well-be+ ( mank9d is n advanc$ a s+le /ep4 ,k is p[]1 & weal? is p[]2 & h>ness$1 z 9 ,plato's fable1 to ! *>iot ( ! s\l1 & guid$ by wisdom1 !y may be> x ?r\gh ! circle ( ! />s2 b left to _! own guidance1 or re9$ by a fool's h&1 ! wild horses may br+ ! poor fool to ,phaeton's end1 & set a _w on fire4 ,,footnotes3 ,g ,we/m9/] ,review1 #ahec4 ,h #a4 ,die poetis*5 ,b*] des ,alt5 ,bundes4 ,erklrt von ,he9ri* ,ewald4 ,gtt+53 bei ,v&]hoeck und ,rupre*t4 #ahcf4 #b4 ,kurz gefas/es exegetis*es ,h&bu* zum ,alt5 ,te/am5t4 ,zweite ,lief]ung4 ,hiob4 ,von ,ludwig ,hirzel4 ,zweite ,auflage1 dur*geseh5 von ,dr4 ,ju/us ,ol%aus54 ,leipzig4 #aheb4 #c4 ,qu/ionum 9 ,jobeidos locos vexatos ,specim54 ,von ,d4 ,h]mannus ,hupfeld4 ,halis ,saxonum4 #ahec4 ,i ,or r by ,/4 ,j]ome1 :om our translators h foll[$4 ,j ,see ,ewald on ,job ix4 #ac1 & xxvi4 #ad4 ,k ,an allusion1 p]haps1 to ! old bird auguries4 ,! birds1 z ! inhabitants ( ! air1 7 suppos$ to be ! mess5g]s betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,l ,! spee* ( ,elihu1 :i* lies betwe5 ,job's la/ words & ,god's appe>ance1 is n[ decisively pron\nc$ by ,hebrew s*ol>s n to be g5u9e4 ,! mo/ sup]ficial read] w h be5 p]plex$ by ! introduction ( a speak] to :om no allusion is made1 ei!r 9 ! prologue or ! epilogue2 by a long diss]tation1 :i* adds no?+ to ! progress ( ! argum5t1 proce$+ evid5tly on ! false hypo!sis ( ! ?ree fri5ds1 & betray+ n ! fa9te/ conception ( ! real cause ( ,job's suff]+s4 ,& ! suspicions :i* su* an anomaly w\ld naturally sugge/1 are n[ made c]ta9ties by a full] k ( ! language1 & ! detection ( a diff]5t h&4 ,! int]polator has unconsci\sly confess$ ! feel+ :i* all[$ him to take s great a lib]ty4 ,he1 too1 possess$ ) ! old ,jew !ory1 0 unable to accept 9 its fulness s great a contradiction to x3 &1 miss+ ! _s ( ! poem1 he believ$ t ,god's hon\r c\ld /ill be v9dicat$ 9 ! old way4 ',8 wra? 0 k9dl$' aga9/ ! fri5ds1 because !y c\ld n answ] ,job2 & aga9/ ,job1 because he w\ld n be answ]$2 & conceiv+ himself 'full ( matt]1' & 'ready to bur/ l new bottles1' he c\ld n conta9 himself1 & deliv]$ into ! text a s]mon on ! ,!odice1 su*1 we suppose1 z =m$ ! curr5t doctr9e ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$4 ,m ,see ! ,?irte5? ,article4 ,,sp9oza4,n ,b5$icti de ,sp9oza ,tractatus de ,deo et ,hom9e ejusque ,felicitate ,l9eam5ta4 ,atque ,annotationes ad ,tractatum ,!ologico-,politicum4 ,edidit et illu/ravit ,,edw>dus ,,boehm]4 ,hal ad ,salam4 ,j4 ,f4 ,lipp]t4 #aheb4 ,?is little volume is "o evid5ce among _m ( ! int]e/ :i* cont9ues to be felt by ! ,g]man /ud5ts 9 ,sp9oza4 ,! actual m]it ( ! book itself is little or no?+2 b x %[s ! indu/ry ) :i* !y are glean+ among ! libr>ies ( ,holl& = any traces ( him :i* !y c recov]2 & ! smalle/ fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s are acquir+ t factiti\s importance :i* atta*es to ! mo/ insignificant relics ( ackn[l$g$ greatness4 ,su* indu/ry _c be o!rwise ?an laudable1 b we d n ?9k x at pres5t altoge!r wisely direct$4 ,no?+ is likely to be br\ght to light :i* w fur!r illu/rate ,sp9oza's philosophy4 ,he himself sp5t ! bett] "p ( 8 life 9 cle>+ 8 language ( ambiguities2 & su* e>li] sket*es ( 8 sy/em z are suppos$ /ill to be extant 9 ,,ms41 & a specim5 ( :i* ,m4 ,boehm] believes himself to h discov]$1 contribute only obscurity to :at is 9 no ne$ ( additional difficulty4 ,( ,sp9oza's private hi/ory1 on ! contr>y1 ri* z x mu/ h be51 & abundant traces ( x z mu/ be extant some:]e 9 8 own & 8 fri5ds' correspond5ce1 we "k only en\gh to feel h[ va/ a *asm rema9s to be fill$4 ,x is n (t5 t any man 9 ?is _w lives a life s well wor? writ+ z ,sp9oza liv$2 n = /rik+ incid5ts or l>ge ev5ts connect$ ) x1 b because 7& no sympa?y ) 8 peculi> op9ions disposes u to exagg]ate 8 m]it7 he 0 "o ( ! v be/ m5 :om ^! mod]n times h se54 ,excommunicat$1 dis9h]it$1 & ?r[n ^u ! _w :5 a m]e boy to seek 8 livelihood1 he resi/$ ! inducem5ts :i* on all sides 7 urg$ ^u him to come =w>d 9 ! _w4 ,he refus$ p5sions1 legacies1 money 9 _m =ms2 he ma9ta9$ himself ) gr9d+ glasses = optical in/rum5ts1 an art :i* he _h be5 taught 9 e>ly life1 & 9 :i* he excell$ ! be/ workm5 9 ,holl&2 & :5 he di$1 :i* 0 at ! e>ly age ( =ty-f\r1 ! affection ) :i* he 0 reg>d$ %[$ itself s+ul>ly 9 ! endorsem5t ( a tradesman's bill :i* 0 s5t 9 to 8 executors1 9 :i* he 0 describ$ z ,m4 ,sp9oza ( 'bless$ memory4' ,! acc\nt :i* rema9s ( him we owe1 n to an admir+ disciple1 b to a cl]gyman to :om 8 !ories 7 dete/able2 & 8 biograph] all[s t ! mo/ malignant scrut9y _h fail$ to detect a blemi% 9 8 "*--t1 except s f> z 8 op9ions 7 blameable1 he _h liv$ to outw>d appe>ance free f fault4 ,we desire1 9 :at we are go+ to say ( him1 to avoid (f5sive collision ) popul> prejudices2 /ill less %all we place ourselves 9 antagonism ) ! e>ne/ convictions ( s]i\s p]sons3 our bus9ess is to relate :at ,sp9oza 01 & leave o!rs to =m _! own conclusions4 ,b "o lesson !re does seem to lie 9 su* a life ( su* a man1--a lesson :i* he taught equally by example & 9 ^w1--t :]ev] !re is g5u9e & ?or\gh love = good & goodness1 no speculative sup]/ructure ( op9ion c be s extravagant z to =feit ^? graces :i* are promis$1 n to cle>ness ( intellect1 b to purity ( he>t4 ,9 ,sp9oza's own beautiful language1--',ju/itia et c>itas unicum et c]tissimum v] fidei ,ca?olic signum e/1 et v]i ,_ss ,sancti fructus3 et ubicumque hc rep]iuntur1 ibi ,*ri/us re v] e/1 et ubicumque hc desunt dee/ ,*ri/us3 solo namque ,*ri/i ,spiritu duci possumus 9 amorem ju/iti et c>itatis4' ,we may d5y 8 conclusions2 we may consid] 8 sy/em ( ?\ght prepo/]\s & ev5 p]nici\s2 b we _c refuse him ! respect :i* is ! "r ( all s9c]e & hon\rable m54 ,:]ev] & on :atev] que/ions good m5 are f\nd rang$ on opposite sides1 "o ( ?ree alt]natives is always true3--ei!r ! po9ts ( disagreem5t are purely speculative & ( no moral importance--or !re is a misund]/&+ ( language1 & ! same ?+ is meant "u a diff]5ce ( words--or else ! real tru? is some?+ diff]5t f :at is held by any ( ! disputants1 & ea* is repres5t+ "s important elem5t :i* ! o!rs ignore or =get4 ,9 ei!r case1 a c]ta9 calmness & good temp] is necess>y1 if we w\ld und]/& :at we disagree )1 or w\ld oppose x ) success2 ,sp9oza's influ5ce ov] ,european ?\ght is too great to be d5i$ or set aside2 & if 8 doctr9es be false 9 "p1 or false altoge!r1 we _c d _! "w m surely ?an by calumny or misrepres5tation--a mo/ obvi\s truism1 :i* no "o n[ liv+ w d5y 9 words1 & :i* a c5tury or two h5ce p]haps w beg9 to produce "s effect ^u ! popul> judgm5t4 ,be>+ x 9 m9d1 !n1 ourselves1 z f> z we are able1 we propose to exam9e ! ,pan!i/ic philosophy 9 ! fir/ & only logical =m :i* z yet x has assum$4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! case ) ,sp9oza's disciples1 9 ! au?or ( ?is sy/em !re 0 no unwill+ness to look closely at x1 or to foll[ x out to its conclusions2 & :atev] o!r m]its or dem]its belong to him1 at lea/ he has done z mu* z ) language c be done to make himself ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,& yet1 bo? 9 fri5d & enemy alike1 !re has be5 a reluctance to see ,sp9oza z he really 04 ,! ,h]d] & ,s*lei]ma*] s*ool h claim$ him z a ,*ri/ian--a position :i* no little disguise 0 necess>y to make t5able2 ! or?odox ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics h call$ him an ,a!i/--:i* is /ill m extravagant2 & ev5 a man l ,novalis1 :o1 x might h be5 expect$1 w\ld h _h some?+ reasonable to say1 c\ld f9d no bett] "n = him ?an a ,gott trunkn] ,mann--a ,god intoxicat$ man3 an expression :i* has be5 quot$ by ev]ybody :o has s9ce writt5 ^u ! subject1 & :i* is ab\t z inapplicable z ^? labori\sly pregnant say+s usually are4 ,) due all[ance = exagg]ation1 su* a "n w\ld describe tol]ably ! ,transc5d5tal my/ics1 a ,tol]1 a ,boehm51 or a ,sw$5borg2 b ) :at ju/ice c x be appli$ to ! cauti\s1 me?odical ,sp9oza1 :o c>ri$ 8 ?\ghts ab\t ) him = tw5ty ye>s1 delib]ately %ap+ !m1 & :o gave !m at la/ to ! _w 9 a =m m sev]e ?an ) su* subjects _h ev] be5 s mu* z attempt$ be=e8 ,) him1 z ) all great m51 !re 0 no ef=t aft] sublime emotions4 ,he 0 a pla91 practical p]son2 8 object 9 philosophy 0 only to f9d a rule by :i* to gov]n 8 own actions & 8 own judgm5t2 & 8 treatises conta9 no m ?an ! conclusions at :i* he arriv$ 9 ?is purely p]sonal se>*1 ) ! gr\nds on :i* he re/$ !m4 ,we _c d bett] ?an foll[ 8 own acc\nt ( himself z he has giv5 x 9 ! op5+ ( 8 unf9i%$ ,tract1 ',de ,em5datione ,intellects4' ,8 language is v beautiful1 b x is elaborate & full2 &1 z we h a long j\rney be=e u1 we mu/ be cont5t to epitomise x4 ,look+ r\nd him on 8 entrance into life1 & ask+ himself :at 0 8 place & bus9ess !re1 he turn$ = examples to 8 fell[-m51 & f\nd little t he c\ld v5ture to imitate4 ,he obs]v$ !m all 9 _! sev]al ways gov]n+ !mselves by _! diff]5t notions ( :at !y ?\ght desirable2 :ile ^! notions !mselves 7 re/+ on no m secure f\ndation ?an a vague1 inconsi/5t exp]i5ce3 ! exp]i5ce ( "o 0 n ! exp]i5ce ( ano!r1 & ?us m5 7 all1 s to say1 r play+ exp]im5ts ) life ?an liv+1 & ! l>g] portion ( !m mis]ably fail+4 ,_! mi/akes arose1 z x seem$ to ,sp9oza1 f inadequate k2 ?+s :i* at "o "t look$ desirable1 disappo9t$ expectation :5 obta9$1 & ! wis] c\rse conceal$ itself (t5 "u an un9vit+ ext]ior4 ,he desir$ to sub/itute c]ta9ty = conjecture1 & to endeav\r to f9d1 by "s sur] me?od1 :]e ! real good ( man actually lay4 ,we mu/ rememb] t he _h be5 br\ght up a ,jew1 & _h be5 driv5 out ( ! ,jews' communion2 8 m9d 0 !re=e 9 contact ) ! b>e facts ( life1 ) no cre$ or sy/em ly+ betwe5 !m & himself z ! int]pret] ( exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 ?r[n on 8 own res\rces to f9d 8 way = himself1 & ! "q 01 h[ to f9d x4 ,( all =ms ( human ?\ght1 "o only1 he reflect$1 w\ld admit ( ! c]ta9ty :i* he requir$4 ,if c]ta9 k 7 atta9able at all1 x mu/ be look$ = "u ! ma!matical or demon/rative me?od2 by trac+ f ideas cle>ly conceiv$ ! consequ5ces :i* 7 =mally involv$ 9 !m4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ^! ideas--^! v] ide1 z he calls !m--& h[ 7 !y to be obta9$8 ,if !y 7 to s]ve z ! axioms ( 8 sy/em1 !y mu/ be self-evid5t tru?s1 ( :i* no pro( 0 requir$2 & ! illu/ration :i* he gives ( ! "* ( su* ideas is +5i\s & ,platonic4 ,9 ord] to produce any me*anical in/rum5t1 ,sp9oza says1 we require o!rs ) :i* to manufacture x2 & o!rs aga9 to manufacture ^?2 & x w\ld seem ?us z if ! process mu/ be an inf9ite "o1 & z if no?+ c\ld ev] be made at all4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 has provid$ = ! difficulty 9 creat+ ( h] own accord c]ta9 rude in/rum5ts1 ) ! help ( :i* we c make o!rs bett]2 & o!rs aga9 ) ! help ( ^?4 ,& s he ?9ks x mu/ be ) ! m9d2 !re mu/ be some:]e simil> orig9al in/rum5ts provid$ also z ! fir/ outfit ( intellectual ent]prise4 ,to discov] ^!1 he exam9es ! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* m5 are said to "k any?+1 & he f9ds t !y resolve !mselves into ?ree1 or1 z he else:]e divides x1 f\r4 ,we "k a ?+-- #a4 i4 ,ex m]o auditu3 because we h he>d x f "s p]son or p]sons ^: v]acity we h no reason to "q4 ii4 ,ab exp]i5ti vag3 f g5]al exp]i5ce3 = in/ance1 all facts or ph5om5a :i* come to u ?r\gh our s5ses z ph5om5a1 b ( ! causes ( :i* we are ignorant4 #b4 ,we "k a ?+ z we h correctly conceiv$ ! laws ( its ph5om5a1 & see !m foll[+ 9 _! sequ5ce 9 ! ord] ( nature4 #c4 ,f9ally1 we "k a ?+1 ex sci5ti intuitiv1 :i* alone is absolutely cle> & c]ta94 ,to illu/rate ^! divisions1 suppose x be requir$ to f9d a f\r? proportional :i* %all /& to ! ?ird ( ?ree numb]s z ! second does to ! fir/4 ,! m]*ant's cl]k kn[s 8 rule2 he multiplies ! second into ! ?ird & divides by ! fir/4 ,he nei!r kn[s nor c>es to "k :y ! result is ! numb] :i* he seeks1 b he has le>nt ! fact t x is s1 & he rememb]s x4 ,a p]son a little wis] has tri$ ! exp]im5t 9 a v>iety ( simple cases2 he has discov]$ ! rule by induction1 b /ill does n und]/& x4 ,a ?ird has ma/]$ ! laws ( proportion ma!matically1 z he has f\nd !m 9 ,euclid or o!r geometrical treatise4 ,a f\r?1 ) ! pla9 numb]s ( #a1 #b1 & #c1 sees = himself by simple intuitive =ce t #a3bc3f4 ,( ^! sev]al k9ds ( k ! ?ird & f\r? alone des]ve to be call$ k1 ! o!rs be+ no m ?an op9ions m or less ju/ly f\nd$4 ,! la/ is ! only real insight1 al?\gh ! ?ird1 be+ exact 9 its =m1 may be dep5d$ ^u z a basis ( c]ta9ty4 ,"u ?is la/1 z ,sp9oza all[s1 no?+ except ! v simple/ tru?s1 non nisi simplicissim v]itates1 c be p]ceiv$2 b1 su* z !y are1 !y are ! f\ndation ( all aft]-sci5ce2 & ! true ideas1 ! v] ide1 :i* are appreh5d$ by ?is faculty ( intuition1 are ! primitive in/rum5ts ) :i* nature has furni%$ u4 ,if we ask = a te/ by :i* to di/+ui% !m1 he has none to give u4 ',v]itas1' he says to 8 fri5ds1 9 answ] to _! "q1 'v]itas index sui e/ et falsi4 ,v]itas se ipsam patefacit4' ,all orig9al tru?s are ( su* a k9d t !y _c )\t absurdity ev5 be conceiv$ to be false2 ! opposites ( !m are contradictions 9 t]ms4--',ut sciam me scire1 necess>io debeo prius scire4 ,h9c patet quod c]titudo nihil e/ prt] ipsam ess5tiam objectivam4444 ,cum itaque v]itas nullo egeat signo1 s$ sufficiat hab]e ess5tiam r]um objectivam1 aut quod idem e/ ideas1 ut omne tollatur dubium2 h9c sequitur quod v]a non e/ me?odus1 signum v]itatis qur]e po/ acquisitionem ide>um2 s$ quod v]a me?odus e/ via1 ut ipsa v]itas1 aut ess5ti objectiv r]um1 aut ide 7omnia illa idem significant7 debito ord9e qurantur4' 7,de ,em5d4 ,intell47 ,sp9oza w sc>cely c>ry ) him ! reason] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 argum5ts l ^!4 ,:5 we rememb] ! ?\s& conflict+ op9ions1 ! tru? ( :i* _! sev]al advocates h z little d\bt$ z !y h d\bt$ _! own exi/5ce1 we require "s bett] evid5ce ?an a m]e feel+ ( c]ta9ty2 & ,ari/otle's less pret5d+ canon promises a saf] road4 ,greek3 ,ho pasi dokei1 ':at all m5 ?9k1' says ,ari/otle1 ,greek3 t\to e9ai pham5 '?is we say is1'--'& if y w n h ?is to be a fair gr\nd ( conviction1 y w sc>cely f9d "o :i* w s]ve y bett]4' ,we are to see1 h[ev]1 :at ^! ide are :i* are (f]$ to u z self-evid5t4 ,( c\rse1 if !y are self-evid5t1 if !y d produce conviction1 no?+ m is to be said2 b x does1 inde$1 appe> /range to u t ,sp9oza 0 n /agg]$ z to ! validity ( 8 canon1 :5 8 fri5ds1 ev]yone ( !m1 s fl\nd]$ & /umbl$ among :at he reg>d$ z 8 simple/ propositions2 :5 he f\nd !m1 9 spite ( all t he c\ld say1 requir+ endless signa v]itatis1 & unable = a long "t ev5 to und]/& _! mean+1 f> less to 'recognise !m z elem5t>y c]ta9ties4' ,mod]n read]s may1 p]haps1 be m =tunate4 ,we produce at l5g? ! def9itions & axioms ( ! fir/ book ( ! ',e?ica1' & !y may judge = !mselves3-- ,,def9itions4 #a4 ,by a ?+ :i* is causa sui1 its own cause1 ,i mean a ?+ ! ess5ce ( :i* involves ! exi/5ce ( x1 or a ?+ :i* _c be conceiv$ except z exi/+4 #b4 ,i call a ?+ f9ite1 suo g5]e1 :5 x c be limit$ by ano!r 7or o!rs7 ( ! same nature--e4g4 a giv5 body is call$ f9ite1 because we c always conceive ano!r body envelop+ x2 b body is n limit$ by ?\ght1 nor ?\ght by body4 #c4 ,by sub/ance ,i mean :at exi/s 9 itself & is conceiv$ by itself2 ! conception ( :i*1 t is1 does n involve ! conception ( any?+ else z ! cause ( x4 #d4 ,by attribute ,i mean :atev] ! intellect p]ceives ( sub/ance z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( sub/ance4 #e4 ,mode is an affection ( sub/ance1 or is t :i* is 9 some?+ else1 by & ?r\gh :i* x is conceiv$4 #f4 ,god is a be+ absolutely inf9ite2 a sub/ance consi/+ ( inf9ite attributes1 ea* ( :i* expresses 8 et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce4 ,,explanation4 ,i say absolutely inf9ite1 n inf9ite suo g5]e--= ( :at is inf9ite suo g5]e only1 ! attributes are n inf9ite b f9ite2 :]eas :at is inf9ite absolutely conta9s 9 its own ess5ce ev]y?+ by :i* sub/ance c be express$1 & :i* involves no impossibility4 #g4 ,t ?+ is 'free' :i* exi/s by ! sole necessity ( its own nature1 & is det]m9$ 9 its op]ation by itself only4 ,t is 'n free' :i* is call$ into exi/5ce by some?+ else1 & is det]m9$ 9 its op]ation accord+ to a fix$ & def9ite me?od4 #h4 ,et]nity is exi/5ce itself1 conceiv$ z foll[+ necess>ily & solely f ! def9ition ( ! ?+ :i* is et]nal4 ,,explanation4 ,because exi/5ce ( ?is k9d is conceiv$ z an et]nal v]ity1 &1 !re=e1 _c be expla9$ by duration1 ev5 ?\gh ! duration be )\t beg9n+ or end4 ,s f> ! def9itions2 !n foll[ ! ,,axioms4 #a4 ,all ?+s t exi/1 exi/ ei!r ( !mselves or 9 virtue ( some?+ else4 #b4 ,:at we _c conceive ( z exi/+ 9 virtue ( some?+ else1 we mu/ conceive ?r\gh & 9 itself4 #c4 ,f a giv5 cause an effect necess>ily foll[s1 & if !re be no giv5 cause no effect c foll[4 #d4 ,?+s :i* h no?+ 9 common ) ea* o!r _c be und]/ood ?r\gh "o ano!r--i4e4 ! conception ( "o does n involve ! conception ( ! o!r4 #e4 ,to und]/& an effect implies t we und]/& ! cause ( x4 #f4 ,a true idea is "o :i* corresponds ) its ideate4 #g4 ,! ess5ce ( any?+ :i* c be conceiv$ z non-exi/5t does n involve exi/5ce4 ,su* is our metaphysical outfit ( simple ideas ) :i* to />t ^u our ent]prise ( le>n+4 ,! l>g] numb] ( !m1 s f> f be+ simple1 mu/ be absolutely )\t mean+ to p]sons ^: m9ds are undiscipl9$ 9 metaphysical ab/raction2 !y become only intelligible propositions z we look back ^u !m ) ! light ( ! sy/em :i* !y are suppos$ to conta94 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 we may ju/ly qu>rel ) su* unlook$-= difficulties1 ! important "q1 aft] all1 is n ( ! obscurity ( ^! axioms1 b ( _! tru?4 ,_m ?+s 9 all ! sci5ces are obscure to an unpractis$ und]/&+1 :i* are true en\gh & cle> en\gh to p acqua9t$ ) ! subjects1 & !y may be fairly made ! f\ndations ( a sci5tific sy/em1 al?\gh rudim5t>y /ud5ts mu/ be cont5t$ to accept !m ^u fai?4 ,( c\rse1 also1 x is entirely compet5t to ,sp9oza1 or to any "o1 to def9e ! t]ms :i* he int5ds to use j z he pleases1 provid$ x be und]/ood t any conclusions :i* he d]ives out ( !m apply only to ! ideas s def9$1 & n to any suppos$ object exi/+ :i* corresponds ) !m4 ,euclid def9es 8 triangles & circles1 & discov]s t to figures s describ$1 c]ta9 prop]ties previ\sly unkn[n may be prov$ to belong4 ,b z 9 nature !re are no su* ?+s z triangles & circles exactly answ]+ ! def9ition1 8 conclusions1 z appli$ to actually exi/+ objects1 are ei!r n true at all or only proximately s4 ,:e!r x be possible to bridge ov] ! gulf betwe5 exi/+ ?+s & ! ab/ract conception ( !m1 z ,sp9oza attempts to d1 we %all pres5tly see4 ,x is a royal road to c]ta9ty if x be a practicable "o2 b we _c say t we ev] met any "o :o c\ld say hone/ly ,sp9oza's reason+s _h conv9c$ him2 & p[] ( demon/ration1 l all o!r p[]s1 c be judg$ only by its effects4 ,does x prove8 does x produce conviction8 ,if n1 x is no?+4 ,we ne$ n deta9 our read]s among ^! ab/ractions4 ,! p[] ( ,sp9ozism does n lie s remote f ord9>y appreciation1 or we %\ld long ago h he>d ! la/ ( x4 ,l all o!r sy/ems :i* h attract$ foll[]s1 x addresses itself1 n to ! logical intellect1 b to ! imag9ation1 :i* x affects to set aside4 ,we refuse to submit to ! demon/rations by :i* x ?ru/s itself ^u our reception2 b reg>d+ x z a :ole1 z an attempt to expla9 ! nature ( ! _w ( :i* we are a "p1 we c /ill ask ourselves h[ f> ! attempt is successful4 ,"s acc\nt ( ^! ?+s we "k t !re mu/ be1 & ! curiosity :i* asks ! "q reg>ds itself1 ( c\rse1 z compet5t 9 "s degree to judge ( ! answ] to x4 ,be=e proce$+1 h[ev]1 to reg>d ?is philosophy 9 ! aspect 9 :i* x is really p[]ful1 we mu/ cle> our way ?r\gh ! fallacy ( ! me?od4 ,! sy/em is evolv$ 9 a s]ies ( !orems 9 sev]ely demon/rative ord] out ( ! def9itions & axioms :i* we h translat$4 ,to propositions #a-f we h no?+ to object2 !y w n1 probably1 convey any v cle> ideas1 b !y are s f> purely ab/ract1 & seem to foll[ 7z f> z we c speak ( 'foll[+' 9 su* subjects7 by fair reason+4 ',sub/ance is prior 9 nature to its affections4' ',sub/ances ) diff]5t attributes h no?+ 9 common1' &1 !re=e1 '"o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r4' ',?+s really di/9ct are di/+ui%$ by diff]5ce ei!r ( attribute or mode 7!re be+ no?+ else by :i* !y c be di/+ui%$71 &1 !re=e1 because ?+s modally di/+ui%$ d n qu sub/ance diff] f "o ano!r1 !re _c be m ?an "o sub/ance ( ! same attribute4 ,!re=e 7let u rem9d our read]s t we are among :at ,sp9oza calls notiones simplicissimas71 s9ce !re _c be two sub/ances ( ! same attribute1 & sub/ances ( diff]5t attributes _c be ! cause "o ( ! o!r1 x foll[s t no sub/ance c be produc$ by ano!r sub/ance4' ,! exi/5ce ( sub/ance1 he !n concludes1 is involv$ 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ itself4 ,sub/ance exi/s4 ,x does & mu/4 ,we ask1 :y8 & we are answ]$1 because !re is no?+ capable ( produc+ x1 & !re=e x is self-caus$--i4e4 by ! fir/ def9ition ! ess5ce ( x implies exi/5ce z "p ( ! idea4 ,x is a/oni%+ t ,sp9oza %\ld n h se5 t he assumes ! fact t sub/ance does exi/ 9 ord] to prove t x mu/4 ,if x _c be produc$ & exi/s1 !n1 ( c\rse1 x exi/s 9 virtue ( its own nature4 ,b suppos+ x does n exi/1 suppos+ x is all a delusion1 ! pro( falls to pieces4 ,we h to fall back on ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 on ! obscure & unsci5tific c]ta9ty t ! ?+ :i* we call ! _w1 & ! p]sonalities :i* we call ourselves1 are a real sub/antial some?+1 be=e we f9d gr\nd ( any k9d to /& ^u4 ,consci\s ( ! infirmity ( 8 demon/ration1 ,sp9oza w9ds r\nd x & r\nd x1 add+ pro( to pro(1 b nev] escap+ ! same vici\s circle3 sub/ance exi/s because x exi/s1 & ! ultimate exp]i5ce ( exi/5ce1 s f> f be+ ( t cle> k9d :i* c be accept$ z an axiom1 is ! mo/ confus$ ( all our s5sations4 ,:at is exi/5ce8 & :at is t some?+ :i* we say exi/s8 ,?+s--ess5ces--exi/5ces6 ^! are b ! vague names ) :i* faculties1 con/ruct$ only to deal ) conditional ph5om5a1 disguise _! incapacity4 ,! _w 9 ! ,h9doo leg5d 0 support$ ^u ! back ( ! tortoise4 ,x 0 a /ep betwe5 ! _w & no?+ness1 & s]v$ to *eat ! imag9ation ) ideas ( a fictiti\s re/+-place4 ,if any "o affirms 7says ,sp9oza7 t he has a cle>1 di/9ct--t is to say1 a true--idea ( sub/ance1 b t nev]!less he is unc]ta9 :e!r any su* sub/ance exi/1 x is ! same z if he 7 to affirm t he _h a true idea1 b yet 0 unc]ta9 :e!r x 0 n false4 ,or if he says t sub/ance c be creat$1 x is l say+ t a false idea c become a true idea--z absurd a ?+ z x is possible to conceive2 & !re=e ! exi/5ce ( sub/ance1 z well z ! ess5ce ( x1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ z an et]nal v]ity4 ,x is aga9 ! same /ory4 ,sp9oza speaks ( a cle> idea ( sub/ance2 b he has n prov$ t su* an idea is )9 ! compass ( ! m9d4 ,a man's own notion t he sees cle>ly1 is no pro( t he really sees cle>ly2 & ! di/9ctness ( a def9ition 9 itself is no evid5ce t x corresponds adequately ) ! object ( x4 ,no d\bt a man :o pr(esses to h an idea ( sub/ance z an exi/+ ?+1 _c d\bt1 z long z he has x1 t sub/ance s exi/s4 ,?is is m]ely to say t z long z a man is c]ta9 ( ?is or t fact1 he has no d\bt ( x4 ,b nei!r 8 c]ta9ty nor ,sp9oza's w be ( any use to a man :o has no su* idea1 & :o _c recognise ! lawfulness ( ! me?od by :i* x is arriv$ at4 ,f ! self-exi/+ sub/ance x is a %ort /ep to ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,aft] a few m propositions1 foll[+ "o ano!r ) ! same k9d ( coh]5ce1 we arrive successively at ! conclusion t !re is b "o sub/ance2 t ?is sub/ance be+ necess>ily exi/5t1 x is also inf9ite2 t x is !re=e id5tical ) ! ,be+ :o _h be5 previ\sly def9$ z ! ',ens absolute p]fectum4' ,demon/rations ( ?is k9d 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod4 ,des ,c>tes _h set ! example ( con/ruct+ !m1 & 0 foll[$ by ,cudwor?1 ,cl>ke1 ,b]keley1 & _m o!rs besides ,sp9oza4 ,! inconclusiv5ess ( ! me?od may p]haps be obs]v$ mo/ readily 9 ! /rangely opposite conceptions =m$ by all ^! writ]s ( ! nature ( t ,be+ ^: exi/5ce !y nev]!less agre$1 by ! same process1 to ga!r ea* out ( _! ideas4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to exam9e x c>efully1 = x is ! v key/one ( ! ,pan!i/ic sy/em4 ,z /at$ by ,des ,c>tes1 ! argum5t /&s some?+ z foll[s3--,god is an all-p]fect ,be+1--p]fection is ! idea :i* we =m ( ,him3 exi/5ce is a mode ( p]fection1 & !re=e ,god exi/s4 ,! sophism we are told is only app>5t4 ,exi/5ce is "p ( ! idea--z mu* involv$ 9 x z ! equality ( all l9es drawn f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is involv$ 9 ! idea ( a circle4 ,a non-exi/5t all-p]fect ,be+ is z inconceivable z a quadrilat]al triangle4 ,x is sometimes answ]$ t 9 ?is way we may prove ! exi/5ce ( any?+--,titans1 ,*imras1 or ! ,olympian ,gods2 we h b to def9e !m z exi/+1 & ! pro( is complete4 ,b1 ?is objection summ>ily set aside2 none ( ^! be+s are by hypo!sis absolutely p]fect1 &1 !re=e1 ( _! exi/5ce we c conclude no?+4 ,) great] ju/ice1 h[ev]1 we may say1 t ( su* t]ms z p]fection & exi/5ce we "k too little to speculate4 ,exi/5ce may be an imp]fection = all we c tell2 we "k no?+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,su* argum5ts are b endless petitiones pr9cipii--l ! self-dev\r+ s]p5t1 resolv+ !mselves into no?+4 ,we w&] r\nd & r\nd !m1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ "s tangible po9t at :i* we c seize _! mean+2 b we are pres5t$ ev]y:]e ) ! same impracticable surface1 f :i* our grasp glides (f ineffectual4 ,sp9oza himself1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly felt an int5se conviction ( ! validity ( 8 argum5t4 ,8 op9ion is /at$ ) suffici5t di/9ctness 9 "o ( 8 lett]s4 ',no?+ is m cle>1' he writes to 8 pupil ,de ,vries1 '?an t1 on ! "o h&1 ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is conceiv$ by or "u "s attribute or o!r2 t ! m reality1 !re=e1 a be+ or ?+ has1 ! m attributes mu/ be assign$ to x2' '& conv]sely' 7& ?is he calls 8 argum5tum palm>ium 9 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god71 '! m attributes ,i assign to a ?+1 ! m ,i am =c$ to conceive x z exi/+4' ,arrange ! argum5t h[ we please1 we %all nev] get x into a =m cle>] ?an ?is3--,! m p]fect a ?+ is1 ! m x mu/ exi/ 7z if exi/5ce c\ld admit ( m or less72 & !re=e ! all-p]fect ,be+ mu/ exi/ absolutely4 ,!re is no flaw1 we are told1 9 ! reason+2 & if we are n conv9c$1 x is f ! confus$ habits ( our own m9ds4 ,"s p]sons may ?9k t all argum5ts are good :5 on ! "r side1 & t x is a gratuit\s imp]t95ce to qu>rel ) ! pro(s ( a conclusion :i* x is s desirable t all %\ld receive4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 we are b inadequately acqua9t$ ) ! idea atta*$ by ,sp9oza to ! ^w p]fection2 & if we commit ourselves to 8 logic1 x may lead u out to unexpect$ consequ5ces4 ,all su* reason+s presume1 z a fir/ condition1 t we m5 possess faculties capable ( deal+ ) absolute ideas2 t we c und]/& ! nature ( ?+s ext]nal to ourselves z !y really are 9 _! absolute relation to "o ano!r1 indep5d5t ( our own conception4 ,! "q imm$iately be=e u is "o :i* c nev] be det]m9$4 ,! tru? :i* is to be prov$ is "o :i* we already believe2 & if1 z we believe also1 our conviction ( ,god's exi/5ce is1 l t ( our own exi/5ce1 intuitive & imm$iate1 ! gr\nds ( x c nev] adequately be analys$2 we _c say exactly :at !y are1 & !re=e we _c say :at !y are n4 ,:atev] we receive intuitively1 we receive )\t pro(2 & /at$ z a nak$ proposition1 x mu/ involve a petitio pr9cipii4 ,we h a "r1 h[ev]1 to object at once to an argum5t 9 :i* ! conclusion is m obvi\s ?an ! premises2 & if x lead on to o!r consequ5ces :i* we disapprove 9 !mselves1 we reject x )\t difficulty or hesitation4 ,we ourselves believe t ,god is1 because we exp]i5ce ! control ( a 'p[]' :i* is /rong] ?an we2 & our in/9cts tea* u s mu* ( ! nature ( t p[] z our own relation to x requires u to "k4 ,god is ! be+ to :om our ob$i5ce is due2 & ! p]fections :i* we attribute to him are ^? moral p]fections :i* are ! prop] object ( our rev]5ce4 ,/range to say1 ! p]fections ( ,sp9oza1 :i* appe> s cle> to him1 are )\t any moral "* :atev]2 & = m5 to speak ( ! ju/ice ( ,god1 he tells u1 is b to see 9 him a reflection ( !mselves2 z if a triangle 7 to conceive ( him z em95t] triangul>is1 or a circle to give him ! prop]ty ( circul>ity4 ,hav+ arriv$ at exi/5ce1 we next f9d ourselves among ideas1 :i* at lea/ are intelligible1 if ! "* ( !m is z f> remov$ z be=e f ! circle ( ord9>y ?\ght4 ,no?+ exi/s except sub/ance1 ! attributes "u :i* sub/ance is express$1 & ! modes or affections ( ^? attributes4 ,!re is b "o sub/ance self-exi/5t1 et]nal1 necess>y1 & t is ! absolutely ,inf9ite all-p]fect ,be+4 ,sub/ance _c produce sub/ance1 & !re=e !re is no su* ?+ z creation2 & ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is ei!r an attribute ( ,god1 or an affection ( "s attribute ( him1 modifi$ 9 ?is mann] or 9 t4 ,beyond him !re is no?+1 & no?+ l him or equal to him2 he !re=e alone 9 himself is absolutely free1 un9flu5c$ by any?+1 = no?+ is except himself2 & f him & f 8 supreme p[]1 ess5ce1 intellig5ce 7= ^! words mean ! same ?+71 all ?+s h necess>ily fl[$1 & w & mu/ fl[ = ev]1 9 ! same mann] z f ! nature ( a triangle x foll[s1 & has foll[$1 & w foll[ f et]nity to et]nity1 t ! angles ( x are equal to two "r angles4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! analogy 7 b an artificial play ^u words1 & t x 0 only metaphorically t 9 ma!matical demon/ration we speak ( "o ?+ z foll[+ f ano!r4 ,! prop]ties ( a curve or a triangle are :at !y are at all times1 & ! sequ5ce is m]ely 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are successively kn[n to ourselves4 ,b accord+ to ,sp9oza1 ?is is ! only true sequ5ce2 & :at we call ! univ]se1 & all ! s]ies ( incid5ts 9 e>? or planet1 are involv$ =mally & ma!matically 9 ! def9ition ( ,god4 ,ea* attribute is inf9ite suo g5]e2 & x is "t t we %\ld "k di/9ctly ! mean+ :i* ,sp9oza atta*es to t important ^w4 ,out ( ! inf9ite numb] ( ! attributes ( ,god1 two only1 he says1 are kn[n to u--'ext5sion1' & '?\ght1' or 'm9d4' ,duration1 ev5 ?\gh x be )\t beg9n+ or end1 is n an attribute2 x is n ev5 a real ?+4 ,"t has no relation to ,be+1 conceiv$ ma!matically2 x w\ld be absurd to speak ( circles or triangles z any old] to-day ?an !y 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,^! & ev]y?+ ( ! same k9d are conceiv$1 z ,sp9oza rightly says1 sub qudam specie t]nitatis4 ,b ext5sion1 or sub/ance ext5d$1 & ?\ght1 or sub/ance p]ceiv+1 are real1 absolute1 & objective4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ext5sion ) body2 = ?\gh body be a mode ( ext5sion1 !re is ext5sion :i* is n body1 & x is inf9ite because we _c conceive x to be limit$ except by itself--or1 9 o!r words1 to be limit$ at all4 ,& z x is ) ext5sion1 s x is ) m9d1 :i* is also inf9ite ) ! inf9ity ( its object4 ,?us !re is no su* ?+ z creation1 & no beg9n+ or end4 ,all ?+s ( :i* our faculties are cognizant "u "o or o!r ( ^! attributes are produc$ f ,god1 & 9 him !y h _! be+1 & )\t him !y w\ld cease to be4 ,proce$+ by /eps ( rigid demon/ration 7& mo/ admirably inde$ is ! =m ( ! philosophy adapt$ to ! _s ( x71 we le>n t ,god is ! only causa lib]a2 t no o!r ?+ or be+ has any p[] ( self-det]m9ation2 all moves by fix$ laws ( causation1 motive ^u motive1 act ^u act2 !re is no free w1 & no cont+5cy2 & h[ev] necess>y x may be = our incapacity to consid] future ?+s z 9 a s5se cont+5t 7see ,tractat4 ,!ol4 ,polit4 cap4 iv41 sec4 #d71 ?is is b "o ( ! ?\s& conv5i5t deceptions :i* we are oblig$ to employ ) ourselves4 ,god is ! causa imman5s omnium2 he is n a p]sonal be+ exi/+ ap>t f ! univ]se2 b himself 9 8 own reality1 he is express$ 9 ! univ]se1 :i* is 8 liv+ g>m5t4 ,keep+ to ! philosophical language ( ! "t1 ,sp9oza pres]ves ! di/9ction betwe5 natura naturans & natura naturata4 ,! fir/ is be+ 9 itself1 ! attributes ( sub/ance z !y are conceiv$ simply & alone2 ! second is ! inf9ite s]ies ( modifications :i* foll[ out ( ! prop]ties ( ^! attributes4 ,& ?us all :i* is1 is :at x is by an absolute necessity1 & c\ld n h be5 o!r ?an x is4 ,god is free1 because no causes ext]nal to himself h p[] ov] him2 & z good m5 are mo/ free :5 mo/ a law to !mselves1 s x is no infr+em5t on ,god's fre$om to say t he mu/ h act$ z he has act$1 b r he is absolutely free because absolutely a law himself to himself4 ,"h ends ! fir/ book ( ,sp9oza's ,e?ics--! book :i* conta9s1 z we said1 ! notiones simplicissimas1 & ! prim>y & rudim5tal d$uctions f !m4 ,8 ,dei naturam1 he says1 9 8 l(ty confid5ce1 ejusque proprietates explicui4 ,b1 z if consci\s t 8 me?od w nev] conv9ce1 he concludes ?is portion ( 8 subject ) an analytical app5dix2 n to expla9 or apologise1 b to %[ u cle>ly1 9 practical detail1 ! position into :i* he has l$ u4 ,! root1 we are told1 ( all philosophical errors lies 9 our notion ( f9al causes2 we inv]t ! ord] ( nature1 & int]pret ,god's action ?r\gh our own2 we speak ( 8 int5tions1 z if he 7 a man2 we assume t we are capable ( measur+ !m1 & f9ally erect ourselves1 & our own int]e/s1 into ! c5tre & crit]ion ( all ?+s4 ,h5ce arises our notion ( evil4 ,if ! univ]se be :at ?is philosophy has describ$ x1 ! p]fection :i* x assigns to ,god is ext5d$ to ev]y?+1 & evil is ( c\rse impossible2 !re is no %ortcom+ ei!r 9 nature or 9 man2 ea* p]son & ea* ?+ is exactly :at x has ! p[] to be1 & no?+ m4 ,b m5 imag9+ t all ?+s exi/ on _! acc\nt1 & p]ceiv+ _! own int]e/s1 bodily & spiritual1 capable ( be+ v>i\sly affect$1 h conceiv$ ^! opposite influ5ces to result f opposite & contradictory p[]s1 & call :at contributes to _! advantage good1 & :atev] ob/ructs x1 evil4 ,= our conv5i5ce we =m g5]ic conceptions ( human excell5ce1 z ar*etypes aft] :i* to /rive2 & su* ( u z approa* ne>e/ to su* ar*etypes are suppos$ to be virtu\s1 & ^? :o are mo/ remote f !m to be wick$4 ,b su* g5]ic ab/ractions are b entia imag9ationis1 & h no real exi/5ce4 ,9 ! eyes ( ,god ea* ?+ is :at x has ! means ( be+4 ,!re is no rebellion aga9/ him1 & no resi/ance ( 8 w2 9 tru?1 !re=e1 !re nei!r is nor c be su* a ?+ z a bad action 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w4 ,actions are good or bad1 n 9 !mselves1 b z comp>$ ) ! nature ( ! ag5t2 :at we c5sure 9 m51 we tol]ate & ev5 admire 9 animals2 & z soon z we are aw>e ( our mi/ake 9 assign+ to man a p[] ( free volition1 our notion ( evil z a positive ?+ w cease to exi/4 ,if ,i am ask$ 7concludes ,sp9oza7 :y !n all mank9d 7 n creat$ by ,god1 s z to be gov]n$ solely by reason8 x 0 because1 ,i reply1 !re 0 to ,god no lack ( matt] to create all ?+s f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ grade ( p]fection2 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 because ! laws ( ,god's nature 7 ample en\gh to suffice = ! production ( all ?+s :i* c be conceiv$ by an ,inf9ite ,intellig5ce4 ,x is possible t read]s :o h foll[$ u s f> w n[ turn away f a philosophy :i* issues 9 su* conclusions2 res5tful1 p]haps1 t x %\ld h be5 ev] laid be=e !m at all1 9 language s little expressive ( av]sion & displeasure4 ,we mu/ claim1 h[ev]1 9 ,sp9oza's "n1 ! "r :i* he claims = himself4 ,8 sy/em mu/ be judg$ z a :ole2 & :atev] we may ?9k ourselves w\ld be ! moral effect ( su* doctr9es if !y 7 g5]ally receiv$1 9 8 h&s & 9 8 he>t !y are work$ into maxims ( ! pure/ & l(tie/ morality4 ,& at lea/ we are b\nd to rememb] t "s acc\nt ( ?is great my/]y ( evil !re mu/ be2 & al?\gh famili>ity ) commonly-receiv$ explanations may disguise f u ! difficulties ) :i* !y too1 z well z t ( ,sp9oza1 are emb>rass$1 su* difficulties none ! less exi/4 ,! fact is ! gr& p]plexity1 & = ourselves we ackn[l$ge t ( all !ories ab\t x ,sp9oza's w\ld appe> to u ! lea/ irrational1 sett+ consci5ce1 & ! voice ( consci5ce1 aside4 ,! objections1 ) ! replies to !m1 are well drawn out 9 ! correspond5ce ) ,william de ,bly5burg4 ,x w be se5 at once ) h[ little ju/ice ! d5ial ( evil z a positive ?+ c be call$ equival5t to d5y+ x relatively to man1 or to confus+ ! moral di/9ctions betwe5 virtue & vice4 ,we speak 7writes ,sp9oza1 9 answ] to ,bly5burg1 :o _h urg$ some?+ ( ! k9d71 we speak ( ?is or t man hav+ done a wrong ?+1 :5 we comp>e him ) a g5]al /&>d ( humanity2 b inasmu* z ,god nei!r p]ceives ?+s 9 su* ab/ract mann]1 nor =ms to himself su* g5]ic def9itions1 & s9ce !re is no m reality 9 any?+ ?an ,god has assign$ to x1 x foll[s1 surely1 t ! abs5ce ( good exi/s only 9 respect ( man's und]/&+1 n 9 respect ( ,god's4 ,if ?is be s1 !n 7replies ,bly5burg71 bad m5 fulfil ,god's w z well z good4 ,x is true 7,sp9oza answ]s7 !y fulfil x1 yet n z ! good nor z well z ! good1 nor are !y to be comp>$ ) !m4 ,! bett] a ?+ or a p]son be1 ! m !re is 9 him ( ,god's _s1 & ! m he expresses ,god's w2 :ile ! bad1 be+ )\t t div9e love :i* arises f ! k ( ,god1 & ?r\gh :i* alone we are call$ 79 respect ( our und]/&+s7 8 s]vants1 are b z in/rum5ts 9 ! h& ( ! artific]--!y s]ve unconsci\sly1 & are consum$ 9 _! s]vice4 ,sp9oza1 aft] all1 is b /at+ 9 philosophical language ! extreme doctr9e ( ,grace2 & ,/4 ,paul1 if we int]pret 8 real belief by ! "o passage s (t5 quot$1 9 :i* he comp>es u to 'clay 9 ! h&s ( ! pott]1 :o make? "o vessel to hon\r & ano!r to di%on\r1' may be accus$ ) ju/ice ( hav+ held ! same op9ion4 ,if ,calv9ism be press$ to its logical consequ5ces1 x ei!r becomes an intol]able falsehood1 or x resolves itself into ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza4 ,x is mon/r\s to call evil a positive ?+1 & to ass]t1 9 ! same brea?1 t ,god has pr$et]m9$ x1--to tell u t he has orda9$ :at he hates1 & hates :at he has orda9$4 ,x is incr$ible t we %\ld be )\t p[] to obey him except ?r\gh 8 free grace1 & yet be held responsible = our failures :5 t grace has be5 )held4 ,& x is idle to call a philosoph] sacrilegi\s :o has b sy/ematis$ ! fai? :i* s _m believe1 & cle>$ x ( its mo/ hide\s features4 ,sp9oza fl9*es f no?+1 & disguises no conclusions ei!r f himself or f 8 read]s4 ,we believe = ourselves t logic has no bus9ess ) su* que/ions2 t ! answ] to !m lies 9 ! consci5ce & n 9 ! intellect4 ,sp9oza ?9ks o!rwise2 & he is at lea/ true to ! guide :i* he has *os54 ,bly5burg presses him ) in/ances ( mon/r\s crime1 su* z br+ home to ! he>t ! natural horror ( x4 ,he speaks ( ,n]o's murd] ( ,agripp9a1 & asks if ,god c be call$ ! cause ( su* an act z t4 ,god 7replies ,sp9oza1 calmly7 is ! cause ( all ?+s :i* h reality4 ,if y c %[ t evil1 errors1 crimes express any real ?+s1 ,i agree readily t ,god is ! cause ( !m2 b ,i conceive myself to h prov$ t :at con/itutes ! ess5ce ( evil is n a real ?+ at all1 & !re=e t ,god _c be ! cause ( x4 ,n]o's matricide 0 n a crime1 9 s f> z x 0 a positive outw>d act4 ,ore/es also kill$ 8 "m2 & we d n judge ,ore/es z we judge ,n]o4 ,! crime ( ! latt] lay 9 8 be+ )\t pity1 )\t ob$i5ce1 )\t natural affection--none ( :i* ?+s express any positive ess5ce1 b ! abs5ce ( x2 & !re=e ,god 0 n ! cause ( ^!1 al?\gh he 0 ! cause ( ! act & ! int5tion4 ,b once = all 7he adds71 ?is aspect ( ?+s w rema9 intol]able & un9telligible z long z ! common notions ( free w rema9 unremov$4 ,& ( c\rse1 & we %all all confess x1 if ^! notions are z false z ,sp9oza supposes !m--if we h no p[] to be any?+ b :at we are1 !re nei!r is nor c be su* a ?+ z moral evil2 & :at we call crimes w no m involve a violation ( ! w ( ,god1 !y w no m impair 8 moral attributes if we suppose him to h will$ !m1 ?an ! same actions1 :e!r ( lu/1 f]ocity1 or cruelty1 9 ! inf]ior animals4 ,!re w be b1 z ,sp9oza says1 an inf9ite gradation 9 creat$ ?+s1 ! poore/ life be+ m ?an none1 ! meane/ active disposition some?+ bett] ?an in]tia1 & ! smalle/ ex]cise ( reason bett] ?an m]e f]ocity4 ',! ,"l has made all ?+s = himself1 ev5 ! wick$ = ! day ( evil4' ,! moral aspect ( ! matt] w be m cle> z we proce$4 ,we pause1 h[ev]1 to notice "o difficulty ( a metaphysical k9d1 :i* is be/ dispos$ ( 9 pass+4 ,:atev] obscurity may lie ab\t ! ?+ :i* we call ,"t 7philosoph]s n be+ able to agree :at x is1 or :e!r prop]ly x is any?+71 ! words pa/1 pres5t1 future1 d und\bt$ly convey "s def9ite idea ) !m3 ?+s w be :i* are n yet1 & h be5 :i* are no long]4 ,n[1 if ev]y?+ :i* exi/s be a necess>y ma!matical consequ5ce f ! nature or def9ition ( ! ,"o ,be+1 we _c see h[ !re c be any "t b ! pres5t1 or h[ pa/ & future h room = a mean+4 ,god is1 & !re=e all prop]ties ( him are1 j z e prop]ty ( a circle exi/s 9 x z soon z ! circle exi/s4 ,we may if we l1 = conv5i5ce1 ?r[ our !orems into ! future1 & say1 e4g4 t if two l9es 9 a circle cut ea* o!r1 ! rectangle "u ! p>ts ( ! "o w equal t "u ! p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,b we only mean 9 reality t ^! rectangles are equal2 & ! future relates only to our k ( ! fact4 ,all[+1 h[ev]1 z mu* z we please1 t ! condition ( ,engl& a hundr$ ye>s h5ce lies already 9 embryo 9 exi/+ causes1 x is a p>adox to say t su* condition exi/s already 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! prop]ties ( ! circle exi/2 & yet ,sp9oza insi/s on ! illu/ration4 ,x is s+ul> t he %\ld n h notic$ ! difficulty2 n t ei!r x or ! answ] to x 7:i* no d\bt w\ld h be5 ready en\gh7 are likely to int]e/ any p]son except metaphysicians1 a class ( ?9k]s1 happily1 :i* is rapidly dim9i%+4 ,we proce$ to m important matt]s--to ,sp9oza's detail$ !ory ( nature z exhibit$ 9 man & 9 man's m9d4 ,8 !ory = its bold +5uity is by f> ! mo/ rem>kable :i* on ?is d>k subject has ev] be5 propos$4 ,:e!r we c believe x or n1 is ano!r "q2 yet und\bt$ly x provides a solution = e difficulty2 x accepts ) equal welcome ! extremes ( mat]ialism & ( spiritualism3 & if x be ! te/ ( ! s\ndness ( a philosophy t x w expla9 ph5om5a & reconcile contradictions1 x is h>d to acc\nt = ! fact t a sy/em :i* be>s su* a te/ s admirably1 %\ld nev]!less be s incr$ible z x is4 ,mo/ p h he>d ( ! ',h>monie ,pr-tablie' ( ,leibnitz2 x is borr[$ )\t ackn[l$gm5t f ,sp9oza1 & adapt$ to ! ,leibnitzian philosophy4 ',man1' says ,leibnitz1 'is compos$ ( m9d & body2 b :at is m9d & :at is body1 & :at is ! nature ( _! union8 ,sub/ances s opposite 9 k9d _c affect "o ano!r2 m9d _c act on matt]1 or matt] ^u m9d2 & ! appe>ance ( _! reciprocal op]ation is an appe>ance only & a delusion4' ,a delusion s g5]al1 h[ev]1 requir$ to be acc\nt$ =2 & ,leibnitz acc\nt$ = x by suppos+ t ,god1 9 creat+ a _w compos$ ( mat]ial & spiritual ph5om5a1 orda9$ t ^! sev]al ph5om5a %\ld proce$ f ! beg9n+ 9 p>allel l9es side by side 9 a con/antly correspond+ h>mony4 ,! s5se ( see+ results1 x appe>s to u1 f ! =mation ( a picture ^u ! ret9a4 ,! motion ( ! arm or ! leg appe>s to result f an act ( w2 b 9 ei!r case we mi/ake co9cid5ce = causation4 ,betwe5 sub/ances s :olly ali5 !re c be no int]communion2 & we only suppose t ! object se5 produces ! idea1 & t ! desire produces ! movem5t1 because ! ph5om5a ( matt] & ! ph5om5a ( _s are s contriv$ z to fl[ always 9 ! same ord] & sequ5ce4 ,?is hypo!sis1 z com+ f ,leibnitz1 has be51 if n accept$1 at lea/ li/5$ to respectfully2 because :ile tak+ x out ( its prop] place1 he contriv$ to graft x ^u ,*ri/ianity2 & succe$$1 ) a sort ( speculative leg]dema91 9 mak+ x appe> to be 9 h>mony ) reveal$ religion4 ,disguis$ z a philosophy ( ,pr$e/9ation1 & connect$ ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,retribution1 x /eps =w>d ) an air ( unconsci\s innoc5ce1 z if int]f]+ ) no?+ :i* ,*ri/ians g5]ally believe4 ,& yet1 leav+ z x does no l>g] scope = lib]ty or responsibility ?an :5 9 ! h&s ( ,sp9oza1,o ,leibnitz1 9 our op9ion1 has only succe$$ 9 mak+ x inf9itely m revolt+4 ,sp9oza c\ld n reg>d ! bad man z an object ( ,div9e ang] & a subject ( retributory puni%m5t4 ,he 0 n a ,*ri/ian1 & made no pret5sion to be consid]$ su*2 & x did n occur to him to reg>d ! actions ( a be+ :i*1 bo? ) ,leibnitz & himself1 is 7to use 8 own expression7 an automaton spirituale1 z des]v+ a fi]y indignation & ev]la/+ v5geance4 ',deus1' accord+ to ,sp9oza's def9ition1 'e/ ens con/ans inf9itis attributis quorum unumquodque t]nam et inf9itam ess5tiam exprimit4' ,"u ea* ( ^! attributes inf9ita sequuntur1 & ev]y?+ :i* an inf9ite intellig5ce c conceive1 & an inf9ite p[] c produce1--ev]y?+ :i* foll[s z a possibility out ( ! div9e nature1--all ?+s :i* h be51 & are1 & w be1--f9d expression & actual exi/5ce1 n "u "o attribute only1 b "u ea* & e attribute4 ,language is s ill adapt$ to expla9 su* a sy/em1 t ev5 to /ate x accurately is all b impossible1 & analogies c only remotely sugge/ :at su* expressions mean4 ,b x is z if x 7 said t ! same ?\ght might be express$ 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( languages2 & n 9 words only1 b 9 action1 9 pa9t+1 9 sculpture1 9 music1 9 any =m ( any k9d :i* c be employ$ z a means ( spiritual embodim5t4 ,( all ^! inf9ite attributes1 two only1 z we said1 are kn[n to u--ext5sion & ?\ght4 ,mat]ial ph5om5a are ph5om5a ( ext5sion2 & to e modification ( ext5sion an idea corresponds "u ! attribute ( ?\ght4 ,out ( su* a comp\nd z ?is is =m$ man1 compos$ ( body & m9d2 two p>allel & correspond5t modifications et]nally answ]+ "o ano!r4 ,& n man only1 b all o!r be+s & ?+s are simil>ly =m$ & simil>ly animat$2 ! anima or m9d ( ea* v>y+ accord+ to ! complicity ( ! organism ( its mat]ial c\nt]p>t4 ,al?\gh body does n ?9k1 nor affect ! m9d's p[] ( ?9k+1 & m9d does n control body1 nor communicate to x ei!r motion or re/ or any influ5ce f itself1 yet body ) all its prop]ties is ! object or ideate ( m9d3 :atsoev] body does1 m9d p]ceives2 & ! great] ! en]gis+ p[] ( ! fir/1 ! great] ! p]ceiv+ p[] ( ! second4 ,& ?is is n because !y are adapt$ "o to ! o!r by "s inconceivable preord9at+ p[]1 b because m9d & body are una et eadem res1 ! "o absolute be+ affect$ 9 "o & ! same mann]1 b express$ "u sev]al attributes2 ! modes & affections ( ea* attribute hav+ t be+ = _! cause1 z he exi/s "u t attribute ( :i* !y are modes1 & no o!r2 idea be+ caus$ by idea1 & body affect$ by body2 ! image on ! ret9a be+ produc$ by ! object reflect$ ^u x1 ! idea or image 9 our m9ds by ! idea ( t object1 c4 c4 ,a solution s remote f all ord9>y ways ( ?9k+ on ^! matt]s is s difficult to grasp1 t "o c h>dly speak ( x z be+ probable1 or z be+ improbable4 ,probability ext5ds only to :at we c imag9e z possible1 & ,sp9oza's !ory seems to lie beyond ! range )9 :i* our judgm5t c ex]cise itself4 ,9 our own op9ion1 inde$1 z we h already said1 ! entire subject is "o ) :i* we h no bus9ess2 & ! explanation ( our nature1 if x is ev] to be expla9$ to u1 is res]v$ till we are 9 "s o!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,we d n disbelieve ,sp9oza because :at he sugge/s is 9 itself incr$ible4 ,! *ances may be millions to "o aga9/ 8 be+ "r2 yet ! real tru?1 if we knew x1 w\ld be probably at lea/ z /range z 8 conception ( x4 ,b we are firmly conv9c$ t ( ^! que/ions1 & ( all l !m1 practical answ]s only lie )9 ! rea* ( human faculties2 & t 9 'rese>*es into ! absolute' we are on ! road :i* ends n[h]e4 ,among ! difficulties1 h[ev]1 mo/ prop]ly ak9 to ?is philosophy itself1 !re is "o mo/ obvi\s1 viz41 t if ! attributes ( ,god be inf9ite1 & ea* p>ticul> ?+ is express$ "u !m all1 !n m9d & body express b an inf9itesimal portion ( ! nature ( ea* ( ourselves2 & ?is human nature exi/s 7i4e41 !re exi/s correspond+ modes ( sub/ance7 9 ! :ole inf9ity ( ! div9e nature "u attributes diff]+ ea* f ea*1 & all f m9d & all f body4 ,t ?is mu/ be s foll[s f ! def9ition ( ! ,inf9ite ,be+1 & ! nature ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two attributes :i* are kn[n to u2 & if ?is be s1 :y does n ! m9d p]ceive some?+ ( all ^! o!r attributes8 ,! objection is well express$ by a correspond5t 7,lett] #fg73--';,x foll[s f :at y say1' a fri5d writes to ,sp9oza1 't ! modification :i* con/itutes my m9d1 & t :i* con/itutes my body1 al?\gh x be "o & ! same modification1 yet mu/ be express$ 9 an inf9ity ( ways3 "o way by ?\ght1 a second way by ext5sion1 a ?ird by "s attribute unkn[n to me1 & s on to inf9ity2 ! attributes be+ inf9ite 9 numb]1 & ! ord] & connexion ( modes be+ ! same 9 !m all4 ,:y1 !n1 does ! m9d p]ceive ! modes ( b "o attribute only8' ,sp9oza's answ] is curi\s3 unhappily1 a fragm5t ( 8 lett] only is extant1 s t x is too brief to be satisfactory3-- ,9 reply to y\r difficulty 7he says71 al?\gh ea* p>ticul> ?+ be truly 9 ! ,inf9ite m9d1 conceiv$ 9 ,inf9ite modes1 ! ,inf9ite idea answ]+ to all ^! _c con/itute "o & ! same m9d ( any s+le be+1 b mu/ con/itute ,inf9ite m9ds4 ,no "o ( all ^! ,inf9ite ideas has any connexion ) ano!r4 ,he means1 we suppose1 t ,god's m9d only p]ceives1 or c p]ceive1 ?+s "u _! ,inf9ite expression1 & t ! idea ( ea* sev]al mode1 "u :atev] attribute1 con/itutes a sep>ate m9d4 ,we d n "k t we c add any?+ to ?is explanation2 ! difficulty lies 9 ! audaci\s sweep ( ! speculation itself2 we w1 h[ev]1 attempt an illu/ration1 al?\gh we fe> x w be to illu/rate obscurum p] obscurius4 ,let ,a ,b ,c ,d be f\r out ( ! ,inf9ite numb] ( ! ,div9e attributes4 ,a ! attribute ( m9d2 ,b ! attribute ( ext5sion2 ,c & ,d o!r attributes1 ! nature ( :i* is n kn[n to u4 ,n[1 ,a1 z ! attribute ( m9d1 is t :i* p]ceives all :i* takes place "u ,b ,c & ,d1 b x is only z x exi/s 9 ,god t x =ms ! univ]sal consci\sness ( all attributes at once4 ,9 its modifications x is comb9$ sep>ately ) ! modifications ( ea*1 con/itut+ 9 comb9ation ) ! modes ( ea* attribute a sep>ate be+4 ,z =m+ ! m9d ( ,b1 ,a p]ceives :at takes place 9 ,b1 b n :at takes place 9 ,c or ,d4 ,comb9$ ) ,b1 x =ms ! s\l ( ! human body1 & g5]ally ! s\l ( all modifications ( ext5d$ sub/ance2 comb9$ ) ,c1 x =ms ! s\l ( "s o!r analog\s be+2 comb9$ ) ,d1 aga9 ( ano!r2 b ! comb9ations are only 9 pairs1 9 :i* ,a is con/ant4 ,a & ,b make "o be+1 ,a & ,c ano!r1 ,a & ,d a ?ird2 b ,b w n comb9e ) ,c1 nor ,c ) ,d2 ea* attribute be+1 z x 71 consci\s only ( itself4 ,& !re=e1 al?\gh to ^? modifications ( m9d & ext5sion :i* we call ourselves1 !re are correspond+ modifications "u ,c & ,d1 & g5]ally "u ea* ( ! ,inf9ite attributes ( ,god1 ea* ( ourselves be+ 9 a s5se ,inf9ite--nev]!less1 we nei!r h nor c h any k ( ourselves 9 ?is ,inf9ite aspect2 our actual consci\sness be+ limit$ to ! ph5om5a ( s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,engli% read]s1 h[ev]1 are likely to c>e little = all ?is2 !y w look to ! g5]al !ory1 & judge ( x z its aspect affects !m4 ,& fir/1 p]haps1 !y w be tempt$ to ?r[ aside z absurd ! notion t _! bodies g ?r\gh ! _m op]ations :i* !y exp]i5ce !m to d1 undirect$ by _! m9ds4 ,x is a ?+1 !y may say1 at once prepo/]\s & incr$ible4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 less absurd ?an x seems2 &1 ?\gh we c\ld n p]suade ourselves to believe x1 absurd 9 ! s5se ( hav+ no?+ to be said = x1 x c]ta9ly is n4 ,x is f> easi]1 = in/ance1 to imag9e ! human body capable by its own virtue1 & by ! laws ( mat]ial organisation1 ( build+ a h\se1 ?an ( ?9k+2 & yet m5 are all[$ to say t ! body ?9ks1 )\t be+ reg>d$ z c&idates = a lunatic asylum4 ,we see ! se$ %oot up into /em & leaf & ?r[ out fl[]s2 we obs]ve x fulfill+ processes ( *emi/ry m subtle ?an 7 ev] execut$ 9 ,liebig's laboratory1 & produc+ /ructures m cunn+ ?an man c imitate4 ,! bird builds h] ne/1 ! spid] %apes out its delicate web1 & /ret*es x 9 ! pa? ( 8 prey2 direct$ n by calculat+ ?\ght1 z we conceive ourselves to be1 b by "s motive influ5ce1 our ignorance ( ! nature ( :i* we disguise f ourselves1 & call x in/9ct1 b :i* we believe at lea/ to be "s prop]ty resid+ 9 ! organisation4 ,we are n to suppose t ! human body1 ! mo/ complex ( all mat]ial /ructures1 has slight] p[]s 9 x ?an ! bodies ( a se$1 a bird1 or an insect4 ,let u li/5 to ,sp9oza himself3-- ,!re c be no d\bt 7he says7 t ?is hypo!sis is true2 b unless ,i c prove x f exp]i5ce1 m5 w n1 ,i fe>1 be induc$ ev5 to reflect ^u x calmly1 s p]suad$ are !y t x is by ! m9d only t _! bodies are set 9 motion4 ,& yet :at body c or _c d no "o has yet det]m9$2 body1 i4e41 by ! law ( its own nature1 & )\t assi/ance f m9d4 ,no "o has s prob$ ! human frame z to h detect$ all its functions & exhau/$ ! li/ ( !m2 !re are p[]s exhibit$ by animals f> exce$+ human sagacity2 &1 aga91 feats are p]=m$ by somnambuli/s on :i* 9 ! wak+ /ate ! same p]sons w\ld nev] v5ture--itself a pro( t body is able to accompli% :at m9d c only admire4 ,m5 say t m9d moves body1 b h[ x moves x !y _c tell1 or :at degree ( motion x c imp>t to x2 s t1 9 fact1 !y d n "k :at !y say1 & are only confess+ _! own ignorance 9 speci\s language4 ,!y w answ] me1 t :e!r or n !y und]/& h[ x c be1 yet t !y are assur$ by pla9 exp]i5ce t unless m9d c\ld p]ceive1 body w\ld be altoge!r inactive2 !y "k t x dep5ds on ! m9d :e!r ! tongue speaks or is sil5t4 ,b d !y n equally exp]i5ce t if _! bodies are p>alys$ _! m9ds _c ?9k8--t if _! bodies are asleep _! m9ds are )\t p[]8--t _! m9ds are n at all times equally able to ex]t !mselves ev5 on ! same subject1 b dep5d on ! /ate ( _! bodies8 ,& z = exp]i5ce prov+ t ! memb]s ( ! body c be controll$ by ! m9d1 ,i fe> exp]i5ce proves v mu* ! rev]se4 ,b x is absurd 7!y rejo97 to attempt to expla9 f ! m]e laws ( body su* ?+s z pictures1 or palaces1 or works ( art2 ! body c\ld n build a *ur* unless m9d direct$ x4 ,i h %[n1 h[ev]1 t we d n yet "k :at body c or _c d1 or :at w\ld naturally foll[ f ! /ructure ( x2 t we exp]i5ce 9 ! feats ( somnambuli/s some?+ :i* antec$5tly to t exp]i5ce w\ld h seem$ incr$ible4 ,?is fabric ( ! human body exce$s inf9itely any contrivance ( human skill1 & an inf9ity ( ?+s1 z ,i h already prov$1 ought to foll[ f x4 ,we are n conc]n$ to answ] ?is reason+1 al?\gh if ! matt] 7 "o ! debat+ ( :i* c\ld be ( any pr(it1 x w\ld und\bt$ly h its weight1 & w\ld require to be pati5tly consid]$4 ,life is too s]i\s1 h[ev]1 to be wa/$ ) impunity ov] speculations 9 :i* c]ta9ty is impossible1 & 9 :i* we are trifl+ ) :at is inscrutable4 ,objections ( a f> grav] k9d 7 anticipat$ by ,sp9oza himself1 :5 he w5t on to ga!r out ( 8 philosophy 't ! m9d ( man be+ "p ( ! ,inf9ite intellig5ce1 :5 we say t su* a m9d p]ceives ?is ?+ or t1 we are1 9 fact1 say+ t ,god p]ceives x1 n z he is ,inf9ite1 b z he is repres5t$ by ! nature ( ?is or t idea2 & simil>ly1 :5 we say t a man does ?is or t action1 we say t ,god does x1 n qu he is ,inf9ite1 b qu he is express$ 9 t man's nature4' ',"h1' he says1 '_m read]s w no d\bt hesitate1 & _m difficulties w occur to !m 9 ! way ( su* a supposition4' ,we confess t we ourselves are among ^! hesitat+ read]s4 ,z long z ! ,be+ :om ,sp9oza s freely names rema9s surr\nd$ ) ! associations :i* 9 ?is c\ntry we br+ ) u out ( our *ildhood1 n all ! logic 9 ! _w w\ld make u li/5 to language su* z ?is4 ,x is n s--we "k x1 & t is en\gh4 ,we are well aw>e ( ! phalanx ( difficulties :i* lie ab\t our !i/ic conceptions4 ,!y are q en\gh1 if religion dep5d$ on speculative consi/5cy1 & n 9 ob$i5ce ( life1 to p]plex & t]rify u4 ,:at are we8 :at is any?+8 ,if x be n div9e--:at is x !n8 ,if creat$--out ( :at is x creat$8 & h[ creat$--& :y8 ,^! que/ions1 & o!rs f> m mom5t\s :i* we d n ent] ^u "h1 may be ask$ & _c be answ]$2 b we _c any ! m cons5t to ,sp9oza on ! gr\nd t he alone consi/5tly provides an answ]2 because1 z we h said aga9 & aga91 we d n c>e to h !m answ]$ at all4 ,consci5ce is ! s+le tribunal to :i* we *oose to be ref]r$1 & consci5ce decl>es imp]atively t :at he says is n true4 ,x is pa9ful to speak ( all ?is1 & z f> z possible we design$ly avoid x4 ,pan!ism is n ,a!ism1 b ! ,inf9ite ,positive & ! ,inf9ite ,negative are n s remote f "o ano!r 9 _! practical be>+s2 only let u rememb] t we are f> inde$ f ! tru? if we ?9k t ,god to ,sp9oza 0 no?+ else b t _w :i* we exp]i5ce4 ,x is b "o ( inf9ite expressions ( him--a conception :i* makes u giddy 9 ! ef=t to realise x4 ,we h arriv$ at la/ at ! outwork ( ! :ole matt] 9 its be>+s ^u life & human duty4 ,x 0 9 ! se>* aft] ?is la/1 t ,sp9oza1 z we said1 travell$ ov] s /range a c\ntry1 & we n[ expect 8 conclusions4 ,to discov] ! true good ( man1 to direct 8 actions to su* ends z w secure to him real & la/+ felicity1 &1 by a comp>ison ( 8 p[]s ) ! objects (f]$ to !m1 to asc]ta9 h[ f> !y are capable ( arriv+ at ^! objects1 & by :at means !y c be/ be tra9$ t[>ds !m--is ! aim :i* ,sp9oza assigns to philosophy4 ',mo/ p1' he adds1 'd]ide or vilify _! nature2 x is a bett] ?+ to endeav\r to und]/& x2 & h[ev] extravagant my proce$+ may be ?\ght1 ,i propose to analyse ! prop]ties ( t nature z if x 7 a ma!matical figure4' ,m9d be+1 z he conceives himself to h %[n1 no?+ else ?an ! idea correspond+ to ?is or t affection ( body1 we are n1 !re=e1 to ?9k ( x z a faculty1 b simply & m]ely z an act4 ,!re is no g5]al p[] call$ intellect1 any m ?an !re is any g5]al ab/ract volition1 b only hic et ille intellectus et hc et illa volitio4 ,aga91 by ! ^w ,m9d is und]/ood n m]ely an act or acts ( w or intellect1 b all =ms also ( consci\sness ( s5sation or emotion4 ,! human body be+ compos$ ( _m small bodies1 ! m9d is simil>ly compos$ ( _m m9ds1 & ! unity ( body & ( m9d dep5ds on ! relation :i* ! compon5t portions ma9ta9 t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! case ) body2 & if we c translate metaphysics into common exp]i5ce1 x is equally ! case ) m9d4 ,!re are pleasures ( s5se & pleasures ( intellect2 a ?\s& ta/es1 t5d5cies1 & incl9ations =m our m5tal composition2 & s9ce "o contradicts ano!r1 & ea* has a t5d5cy to become dom9ant1 x is only 9 ! h>moni\s equipoise ( _! sev]al activities1 9 _! due & j subord9ation1 t any unity ( action or consi/5cy ( feel+ is possible4 ,aft] a ma/]ly analysis ( all ^! t5d5cies 7! mo/ complete by f> :i* has ev] be5 made by any moral philosoph]71 ,sp9oza arrives at ! pr9ciples "u :i* unity & consi/5cy c be obta9$ z ! condition ^u :i* a be+ s compos$ c look = any sort ( happ9ess2 & ^! pr9ciples1 arriv$ at z !y are by a r\te s diff]5t1 are ! same1 & are propos$ by ,sp9oza z be+ ! same1 z ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x might seem impossible 9 a sy/em :i* b9ds toge!r 9 s inexorable a sequ5ce ! relations ( cause & effect1 to make a place = ! action ( self-control2 b consid]ation w %[ t1 h[ev] va/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? :o d5y & ^? :o affirm ! lib]ty ( ! w 79 ! s5se 9 :i* ! expression is usually und]/ood71 x is n a diff]5ce :i* affects ! conduct or alt]s ! practical be>+s ( x4 ,conduct may be det]m9$ by laws--laws z absolute z ^? ( matt]2 & yet ! "o z well z ! o!r may be br\ght "u control by a prop] und]/&+ ( ^? laws4 ,n[1 exp]i5ce seems pla9ly to say1 t :ile all our actions arise out ( desire--t :atev] we d1 we d = ! sake ( some?+ :i* we wi% to be or to obta9--we are diff]5tly affect$ t[>ds :at is propos$ to u z an object ( desire1 9 proportion z we und]/& ! nature ( su* object 9 itself & 9 its consequ5ces4 ,! bett] we "k1 ! bett] we act2 & ! fallacy ( all common argum5ts aga9/ necessit>ianism lies 9 ! assumption t x leaves no room = self-direction3 x m]ely insi/s1 9 exact con=mity ) exp]i5ce1 on ! conditions "u :i* self-det]m9ation is possible4 ,conduct1 accord+ to ! necessit>ian1 dep5ds on k4 ,let a man c]ta9ly "k t !re is poison 9 ! cup ( w9e be=e him1 & he w n dr9k x4 ,by ! law ( cause & effect1 8 desire = ! w9e is ov]come by ! fe> ( ! pa9 or ! dea? :i* w foll[4 ,s ) ev]y?+ :i* comes be=e him4 ,let ! consequ5ces ( any action be cle>1 def9ite1 & inevitable1 & ?\gh ,sp9oza w\ld n say t ! k ( !m w be absolutely suffici5t to det]m9e ! conduct 7because ! cle>e/ k may be ov]borne by viol5t passion71 yet x is ! be/ :i* we h to tru/ to1 & w d mu* if x _c d all4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 aft] a diagnosis ( ! v>i\s t5d5cies ( human nature1 call$ commonly ! passions & affections1 he returns ^u ! nature ( our ord9>y k to d]ive out ( x ! means = _! subord9ation4 ,all ^! t5d5cies ( !mselves seek _! own objects--seek !m bl9dly & immod]ately2 & ! mi/akes & ! unhapp9esses ( life arise f ! want ( due und]/&+ ( ^! objects1 & a j mod]ation ( ! desire = !m4 ,8 analysis is rem>kably cle>1 b x is too long = u to ent] ^u x2 ! important ?+ be+ ! "* ( ! control :i* is to be ex]t$4 ,to arrive at ?is1 he employs a di/9ction ( great practical utility1 & :i* is peculi>ly 8 own4 ,foll[+ 8 trip>tite division ( k1 he f9ds all k9ds ( x arrange !mselves "u "o ( two classes1 & to be ei!r adequate or inadequate4 ,by adequate k he does n mean :at is exhau/ive & complete1 b :at1 z f> z x goes1 is di/9ct & unconfus$3 by inadequate1 he means :at we "k m]ely z fact ei!r d]iv$ f our own s5sations1 or f ! au?ority ( o!rs1 :ile ( ! connexion ( x ) o!r facts1 ( ! causes1 effects1 or mean+ ( x we "k no?+4 ,we may h an adequate idea ( a circle1 ?\gh we are unacqua9t$ ) all ! prop]ties :i* belong to x2 we conceive x di/9ctly z a figure g5]at$ by ! rotation ( a l9e1 "o end ( :i* is /ation>y4 ,ph5om5a1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev] made kn[n to u--ph5om5a ( ! s5ses1 & ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce1 z long z !y rema9 ph5om5a m]ely1 & unse5 9 any high] relation--we c nev] "k except z inadequately4 ,we _c tell :at outw>d ?+s are by com+ 9 contact ) c]ta9 features ( !m4 ,we h a v imp]fect acqua9tance ev5 ) our own bodies1 & ! s5sations :i* we exp]i5ce ( v>i\s k9ds r indicate to u ! nature ( ^! bodies !mselves ?an ( ! objects :i* affect !m4 ,n[1 x is obvi\s t ! great] "p ( mank9d act only ^u k ( ?is latt] k9d4 ,! amusem5ts1 ev5 ! active pursuits1 ( mo/ ( u rema9 :olly )9 ! range ( unc]ta9ty1 &1 !re=e1 are full ( haz>d & prec>i\sness3 little or no?+ issues z we expect4 ,we look = pleasure & we f9d pa92 we %un "o pa9 & f9d a great]2 & ?us arises ! ineffectual "* :i* we s compla9 ( 9 life--! disappo9tm5ts1 failures1 mortifications :i* =m ! mat]ial ( s mu* moral m$itation on ! vanity ( ! _w4 ,mu* ( all ?is is inevitable f ! con/itution ( our nature4 ,! m9d is too infirm to be entirely occupi$ ) high] k4 ,! conditions ( life oblige u to act 9 _m cases :i* _c be und]/ood by u except ) ! utmo/ inadequacy2 & ! resignation to ! high] w :i* has det]m9$ all ?+s 9 ! wise/ way1 is imp]fect 9 ! be/ ( u4 ,yet mu* is possible1 if n all2 &1 al?\gh ?r\gh a l>ge tract ( life '!re comes "o ev5t to all1 to ! wise & to ! unwise1' 'yet wisdom excelle? folly z f> z light excelle? d>kness4' ,! ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce1 aft] inductive exp]im5t1 & j & c>eful consid]ation1 arrange !mselves "u laws uni=m 9 _! op]ation1 & furni%+ a guide to ! judgm5t2 & ov] all ?+s1 al?\gh ! int]val mu/ rema9 unexplor$ = ev]1 because :at we w\ld se>* into is ,inf9ite1 may be se5 ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 ! absolute et]nal ,god4 ',m5s humana1' ,sp9oza cont9ues1 'qudam agit1 qudam v]o patitur4' ,9 s f> z x is influ5c$ by inadequate ideas--'eat5us patitur'--x is passive & 9 bondage1 x is ! sport ( =tune & caprice3 9 s f> z its ideas are adequate--'eat5us agit'--x is active1 x is itself4 ,:ile we are gov]n$ by outw>d temptations1 by ! casual pleasures1 by ! =tunes or ! mis=tunes ( life1 we are b in/rum5ts1 yield+ ourselves to be act$ ^u z ! animal is act$ on by its appetites1 or ! inanimate matt] by ! laws :i* b9d x2 we are slaves--in/rum5ts1 x may be1 ( "s high] purpose 9 ! ord] ( nature1 b 9 ourselves no?+2 in/rum5ts :i* are employ$ = a special "w1 & :i* are consum$ 9 effect+ x4 ,s f>1 on ! contr>y1 z we "k cle>ly :at we d1 z we und]/& :at we are1 & direct our conduct n by ! pass+ emotion ( ! mom5t1 b by a grave1 cle>1 & con/ant k ( :at is really good1 s f> we are said to act--we are ourselves ! spr+ ( our own activity--we pursue ! g5u9e well-be+ ( our entire nature1 & t we c always f9d1 & x nev] disappo9ts u :5 f\nd4 ,all ?+s desire life2 all ?+s seek = en]gy1 & full] & ampl] be+4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( man1 8 v>i\s appetites & passions1 are seek+ l>g] activity :ile pursu+ ea* its immod]ate indulg5ce2 & x is ! prim>y law ( e s+le be+ t x s foll[s :at w give x increas$ vitality4 ,:atev] w contribute to su* increase is ! prop] good ( ea*2 & ! good ( man z a unit$ be+ is measur$ & det]m9$ by ! effect ( x ^u 8 collective p[]s4 ,! appetites ga!r p[] f _! sev]al objects ( desire2 b ! p[] ( ! "p is ! weakness ( ! :ole2 & man z a collective p]son ga!rs life1 be+1 & self-ma/]y only f ! absolute good1--! s\rce ( all real good1 & tru?1 & en]gy1--t is1 ,god4 ,! love ( ,god is ! ext9ction ( all o!r loves & all o!r desires4 ,to "k ,god1 z f> z man c "k him1 is p[]1 self-gov]nm5t1 & peace4 ,& ?is is virtue1 & ?is is bless$ness4 ,?us1 by a =mal process ( demon/ration1 we are br\ght r\nd to ! old conclusions ( !ology2 & ,sp9oza prote/s t x is no new doctr9e :i* he is tea*+1 b t x is "o :i* 9 v>i\s dialects has be5 believ$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,happ9ess dep5ds on ! consi/5cy & coh]5cy ( "*1 & t coh]5cy c only be giv5 by ! k ( ! ,"o ,be+1 to "k :om is to "k all ?+s adequately1 & to love :om is to h conqu]$ e o!r incl9ation4 ,! m entirely our m9ds re/ on him--! m di/9ctly we reg>d all ?+s 9 _! relation to him1 ! m we cease to be "u ! dom9ion ( ext]nal ?+s2 we surr5d] ourselves consci\sly to d 8 w1 & z liv+ m5 & n z passive ?+s we become ! in/rum5ts ( 8 p[]4 ,:5 ! true nature & true causes ( our affections become cle> to u1 !y h no m p[] to influ5ce u4 ,! m we und]/&1 ! less c feel+ sway u2 we "k t all ?+s are :at !y are1 because !y are s con/itut$ t !y c\ld n be o!rwise1 & we cease to be angry ) our bro!r1 because he disappo9ts u2 we %all n fret at calamity1 nor compla9 ( =tune1 because no su* ?+ z =tune exi/s2 & if we fail x is bett] ?an if we _h succe$$1 n p]haps = ourselves1 yet = ! univ]se4 ,we _c fe>1 :5 no?+ c befall u except :at ,god wills1 & we %all n viol5tly hope1 :5 ! future1 :atev] x be1 w be ! be/ :i* is possible4 ,see+ all ?+s 9 _! place 9 ! ev]la/+ ord]1 ,pa/ & ,future w n affect u4 ,! temptation ( pres5t pleasure w n ov]come ! c]ta9ty ( future pa91 = ! pa9 w be z sure z ! pleasure1 & we %all see all ?+s "u a rule ( adamant4 ,! fooli% & ! ignorant are l$ a/ray by ! idea ( cont+5cy1 & expect to escape ! j issues ( _! actions2 ! wise man w "k t ea* action br+s ) x its inevitable consequ5ces1 :i* ev5 ,god _c *ange )\t ceas+ to be himself4 ,9 su* a mann]1 ?r\gh all ! conditions ( life1 ,sp9oza pursues ! advantages :i* w accrue to man f ! k ( ,god1 ,god & man be+ :at 8 philosophy has describ$ !m4 ,8 practical tea*+ is s+ul>ly beautiful2 al?\gh mu* ( its beauty is p]haps due to associations :i* h aris5 out ( ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* 9 ! sy/em ( ,pan!ism h no prop] abid+ place4 ,reta9+1 inde$1 all t is beautiful 9 ,*ri/ianity1 he ev5 seems to h reliev$ himself ( ! m fe>ful features ( ! g5]al cre$4 ,he ackn[l$ges no hell1 no devil1 no positive & active ag5cy at enmity ) ,god2 b sees 9 all ?+s inf9ite gradations ( be+s1 all 9 _! way ob$i5t1 & all fulfill+ ! "p allott$ to !m4 ,d\btless a pleasant ex*ange & a grateful deliv]ance1 if only we c\ld p]suade ourselves t a hundr$ pages ( judici\sly arrang$ demon/rations c\ld really & inde$ h work$ x = u2 if we c\ld inde$ believe t we c\ld h ! ye> )\t its w9t]1 day )\t night1 sunlight )\t %ad[4 ,evil is unhappily too real a ?+ to be s dispos$ (4 ,b if we _c believe ,sp9oza's sy/em tak5 9 its entire complet5ess1 yet we may n bl9d ourselves to ! dis9t]e/$ness & calm nobility :i* p]vades 8 !ories ( human life & obligation4 ,he w n he> ( a virtue :i* desires to be rew>d$4 ,virtue is ! p[] ( ,god 9 ! human s\l1 & t is ! exhau/ive end ( all human desire4 ',beatitudo non e/ virtutis pretium1 s$ ipsa virtus4 ,nihil aliud e/ quam ipsa animi acquiesc5tia1 qu ex ,dei intuitiv cognitione oritur4' ,! same _s ( g5]osity exhibits itself 9 all 8 conclusions4 ,! ord9>y objects ( desire1 he says1 are ( su* a k9d t = "o man to obta9 !m is = ano!r to lose !m2 & ?is alone w\ld suffice to prove t !y are n :at any man %\ld lab\r aft]4 ,b ! fulness ( ,god suffices = u all2 & he :o possesses ?is good desires only to communicate x to e "o1 & to make all mank9d z happy z himself4 ,& aga93--',! wise man w n speak 9 society ( 8 neighb\r's faults1 & sp>+ly ( ! infirmity ( human nature2 b he w speak l>gely ( human virtue & human p[]1 & ( ! means by :i* t nature c be/ be p]fect$1 s to lead m5 to put away t fe> & av]sion ) :i* !y look on goodness1 & le>n ) reliev$ he>ts to love & desire x4' ,& once m3--',he :o loves ,god w n desire t ,god %\ld love him 9 return ) any p>tial or p>ticul> affection1 = t is to desire t ,god = 8 sake %\ld *ange 8 ev]la/+ nature & become l[] ?an himself4' ,"o grave elem5t1 inde$1 ( a religi\s fai? w\ld seem 9 su* a sy/em to be necess>ily want+4 ,:]e individual action is resolv$ into ! modifi$ activity ( ! ,univ]sal ,be+1 all absorb+ & all evolv+1 ! individuality ( ! p]sonal man is b an evanesc5t & unreal %ad[4 ,su* individuality z we n[ possess1 :atev] x be1 might cont9ue to exi/ 9 a future /ate z really z x exi/s 9 ! pres5t1 & ^? to :om x belongs might be anxi\s naturally = its p]si/5ce4 ,yet x w\ld seem t if ! s\l be no?+ except ! idea ( a body actually exi/+1 :5 t body is decompos$ into its elem5ts1 ! s\l correspond+ to x mu/ accompany x into an answ]+ dissolution4 ,& ?is1 inde$1 ,sp9oza 9 "o s5se actually affirms1 :5 he d5ies to ! m9d any p[] ( reta9+ consci\sness ( :at has befall5 x 9 life1 'nisi durante corpore4' ,b ,sp9ozism is a philosophy full ( surprises2 & our calculations ( :at mu/ belong to x are p]petually baffl$4 ,! imag9ation1 ! memory1 ! s5ses1 :atev] belongs to inadequate p]ception1 p]i% necess>ily & et]nally2 & ! man :o has be5 ! slave ( 8 incl9ations1 :o has no k ( ,god1 & no active possession ( himself1 hav+ 9 life possess$ no p]sonality1 loses 9 dea? ! appe>ance ( x ) ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,nev]!less1 !re is 9 ,god an idea express+ ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 unit$ to ! m9d z ! m9d is unit$ to ! body1 & ?us !re is 9 ! s\l some?+ ( an ev]la/+ nature :i* _c utt]ly p]i%4 ,& "h ,sp9oza1 z he (t5 does 9 _m ( 8 mo/ solemn conclusions1 des]ts = a mom5t ! ?read ( 8 demon/rations1 & appeals to ! consci\sness4 ,9 spite ( our non-recollection ( :at pass$ be=e our bir?1 9 spite ( all difficulties f ! dissolution ( ! body1 ',nihilom9us1' he says1 's5timus exp]imurque nos t]nos esse4 ,nam m5s non m9us res illas s5tit quas intellig5do concipit1 quam quas 9 memori habet4 ,m5tis enim oculi quibus res videt obs]vatque sunt ips demon/rationes4' ,?is p]ception1 imm$iately reveal$ to ! m9d1 falls into easy h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,z ! m9d is n a faculty1 b an act or acts1--n a p[] ( p]ception1 b ! p]ception itself1 9 its high union ) ! highe/ object 7to use ! metaphysical language :i* ,col]idge has made popul> & p>tially intelligible71 ! object & ! subject become "o4 ,if k be foll[$ z x ought to be foll[$1 & all objects ( k be reg>d$ 9 _! relations to ! ,"o ,absolute ,be+1 ! k ( p>ticul> outw>d ?+s1 ( nature1 or life1 or hi/ory1 becomes1 9 fact1 k ( ,god2 & ! m complete or adequate su* k1 ! m ! m9d is rais$ above :at is p]i%able 9 ! ph5om5a to ! idea or law :i* lies beyond !m4 ,x le>ns to dwell exclusively ^u ! et]nal1 n ^u ! tempor>y2 & be+ ?us occupi$ ) ! ev]la/+ laws1 & its activity subsi/+ 9 its p]fect union ) !m1 x contracts 9 itself ! "* ( ! objects :i* possess x4 ,?us we are emancipat$ f ! conditions ( duration2 we are liable ev5 to dea? only quat5us patimur1 z we are passive ?+s & n active intellig5ces2 & ! m we possess su* k & are possess$ by x1 ! m entirely ! passive is sup]s$$ by ! active--s t at la/ ! human s\l may 'become ( su* a nature t ! portion ( x :i* w p]i% ) ! body 9 comp>ison ) t ( x :i* %all endure1 %all be insignificant & nullius mom5ti4' 7,e?4 v4 #ch47 ,su* are ! pr9cipal features ( a philosophy1 ! influ5ce ( :i* ^u ,europe1 direct & indirect1 x is n easy to ov]-e/imate4 ,! acc\nt ( x is f> f be+ an acc\nt ( ! :ole ( ,sp9oza's lab\rs2 8 ',tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus' 0 ! =]unn] ( ,g]man hi/orical criticism2 ! :ole ( :i* has be5 b ! application ( pr9ciples laid d[n 9 t rem>kable "w4 ,b ?is is n a subject on :i*1 ^u ! pres5t occasion1 we h c>$ to ent]4 ,we h design$ly conf9$ ourselves to ! sy/em :i* is mo/ associat$ ) ! "n ( its au?or4 ,x is ?is :i* has be5 really p[]ful1 :i* has /ol5 ov] ! m9ds ev5 ( ?9k]s :o imag9e !mselves mo/ oppos$ to x4 ,x has appe>$ 9 ! absolute ,pan!ism ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 9 ! ,pan!i/ic ,*ri/ianity ( ,h]d] & ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,pass+ into practical life x has =m$ ! /rong1 %rewd judgm5t ( ,goe!1 :ile aga9 x has be5 able to unite ) ! !ories ( ! mo/ extreme mat]ialism4 ,x lies too1 p]haps 7& "h its influ5ce has be5 unmix$ly good71 at ! bottom ( t m rev]5t contemplation ( nature :i* has caus$ ! success ( our mod]n l&scape pa9t+1 :i* inspir$ ,wordswor?'s poetry1 & :i*1 if ev] physical sci5ce is to become an in/rum5t ( intellectual education1 mu/ fir/ be infus$ into ! lessons ( nature2 ! s5se ( t 'some?+' int]fus$ 9 ! mat]ial _w-- ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean1 & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man2-- ,a motion & a _s1 :i* impels ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all objects ( all ?\ght1 ,& rolls ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,if we %r9k f reg>d+ ! ext5d$ univ]se1 ) ,sp9oza1 z an actual manife/ation ( ,almighty ,god1 we are unable to re/ 9 ! m]e d5ial t x is ?is4 ,we g on to ask :at x is1 & we are oblig$ to conclude ?us mu* at lea/ ( x1 t e smalle/ be+ 0 once a ?\ght 9 8 m9d2 & 9 ! /udy ( :at he has made1 we are really & truly /udy+ a revelation ( himself4 ,x is n "h1 x is n on ! physical1 x is r on ! moral side1 t ! /umbl+-block is ly+2 9 t excuse = evil & = evil m5 :i* ! necessit>ian !ory w furni%1 disguise x 9 :at fair-s\nd+ words we w4 ,s pla9 ?is is1 t common-s5se p1 & especially ,engli% p1 _c br+ !mselves ev5 to consid] ! "q )\t impati5ce1 & turn disda9fully & angrily f a !ory :i* confuses _! in/9cts ( "r & wrong4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 error on ?is side is inf9itely less mis*iev\s ?an on ! o!r1 no vehem5t error c exi/ 9 ?is _w ) impunity2 & x does appe> t 9 our common view ( ^! matt]s we h clos$ our eyes to c]ta9 grave facts ( exp]i5ce1 & h giv5 ! fatali/ a vantage gr\nd ( real tru? :i* we ought to h consid]$ & all[$4 ,at ! risk ( t$i\sness we %all ent] briefly into ?is unpromis+ gr\nd4 ,life & ! necessities ( life are our be/ philosoph]s if we w only li/5 hone/ly to :at !y say to u2 & dislike ! lesson z we may1 x is c[>dice :i* refuses to he> x4 ,! popul> belief is1 t "r & wrong lie be=e e man1 & t he is free to *oose betwe5 !m1 & ! responsibility ( *oice re/s ) himself4 ,! fatali/'s belief is t e man's actions are det]m9$ by causes ext]nal & int]nal ov] :i* he has no p[]1 leav+ no room = any moral *oice :atev]4 ,! fir/ is contradict$ by facts1 ! second by ! in/9ct ( consci5ce4 ,ev5 ,sp9oza all[s t = practical purposes we are oblig$ to reg>d ! future z cont+5t1 & ourselves z able to influ5ce x2 & x is incr$ible t bo? our inw>d convictions & our outw>d conduct %\ld be built toge!r ^u a falsehood4 ,b if1 z ,butl] says1 :atev] be ! speculative acc\nt ( ! matt]1 we are practically =c$ to reg>d ourselves z free1 ?is is b half ! tru?1 = x may be equally said t practically we are =c$ to reg>d ea* o!r z n free2 & to make all[ance1 e mom5t1 = influ5ces = :i* we _c hold ea* o!r p]sonally responsible4 ,if n1--if e p]son ( s\nd m9d 79 ! common acceptation ( ! t]m7 be equally able at all times to act "r if only he w1--:y all ! c>e :i* we take ( *ildr58 :y ! pa9s to keep !m f bad society8 :y d we s anxi\sly wat* _! disposition1 to det]m9e ! education :i* w be/ answ] to x8 ,:y 9 cases ( guilt d we v>y our moral c5sure accord+ to ! opportunities ( ! (f5d]8 ,:y d we f9d excuses = y\?1 = inexp]i5ce1 = viol5t natural passion1 = bad education1 bad example8 ,:y1 except t we feel t all ^! ?+s d affect ! culpability ( ! guilty p]son1 & t x is folly & inhumanity to disreg>d !m8 ,b :at we act ^u 9 private life we _c ackn[l$ge 9 our e?ical !ories1 & :ile our conduct 9 detail is humane & j1 we h be5 cont5t$ to ga!r our speculative philosophy out ( ! broad & co>se g5]alisations ( political necessity4 ,9 ! swift ha/e ( social life we mu/ inde$ treat m5 z we f9d !m4 ,we h no "t to make all[ances2 & ! graduation ( puni%m5t by ! scale ( guilt is a m]e impossibility4 ,a ?ief is a ?ief 9 ! law's eye ?\gh he has be5 tra9$ f 8 cradle 9 ! k5nels ( ,/4 ,giles's2 & def9ite p5alties mu/ be atta*$ to def9ite acts1 ! conditions ( political life n admitt+ ( any o!r me?od ( deal+ ) !m4 ,b x is absurd to argue f su* rude necessity t ea* act !re=e1 by :omsoev] committ$1 is ( specific culpability4 ,! act is "o ?+1 ! moral guilt is ano!r4 ,!re are _m cases 9 :i*1 z ,butl] aga9 all[s1 if we trace a s9n]'s hi/ory to ! bottom1 ! guilt attributable to himself appe>s to vani% altoge!r4 ,?is is pla9 matt] ( fact1 & z long z we cont9ue to d5y or ignore x1 !re w be f\nd m5 7n bad m51 b m5 :o love ! tru? z mu* z ourselves7 :o w see only :at we neglect1 & w insi/ ^u x1 & build _! sy/ems ^u x4 ,& aga91 if less obvi\s1 yet n less real1 are ^? natural t5d5cies :i* ea* ( u br+s ) him into ! _w1--:i* we did n make1 & yet :i* almo/ z mu* det]m9e :at we are to be1 z ! prop]ties ( ! se$ det]m9e ! tree :i* %all gr[ f x4 ,m5 are self-will$1 or viol5t1 or ob/9ate1 or weak1 or g5]\s1 or affectionate2 !re is z l>ge diff]5ce 9 _! dispositions z 9 ! features ( _! faces4 ,duties :i* are easy to "o1 ano!r f9ds difficult or impossible4 ,x is ) morals z x is ) art4 ,two *ildr5 are taught to draw2 "o le>ns ) ease1 ! o!r h>dly or nev]4 ,9 va9 ! ma/] w %[ him :at to d4 ,x seems s easy3 x seems z if he _h only to w1 & ! ?+ w\ld be done2 b x is n s4 ,betwe5 ! desire & ! execution lies ! incapable organ :i* only we>ily1 & aft] long lab\r1 imp]fectly accompli%es :at is requir$ ( x4 ,& ! same1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 unless we w d5y ! pat5t facts ( exp]i5ce1 holds true 9 moral actions4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t evad$ or ?ru/ aside z ^! ?+s are 9 ! popul> beliefs1 z soon z !y are recognis$ 9 _! full reality !y %\ld be mi/ak5 = ! :ole tru?1 & ! free-w !ory be ?r[n aside z a *im]a4 ,x may be said1 & x (t5 is said1 t su* reason+s are m]ely sophi/ical--t h[ev] we entangle ourselves 9 logic1 we are consci\s t we are free2 we "k--we are z sure z we are ( our exi/5ce--t we h p[] to act ?is way or t way1 exactly z we *oose4 ,b ?is is less pla9 ?an x seems2 & if grant$1 x proves less ?an x appe>s to prove4 ,x may be true t we c act z we *oose1 b c we *oose8 ,is n our *oice det]m9$ = u8 ,we _c det]m9e f ! fact1 because we always h *os5 z soon z we act1 & we _c replace ! conditions 9 su* a way z to discov] :e!r we c\ld h *os5 any?+ else4 ,! /rong] motive may h det]m9$ our volition )\t our p]ceiv+ x2 & if we desire to prove our indep5d5ce ( motive1 by %[+ t we c *oose some?+ diff]5t f t :i* we %\ld naturally h *os51 we /ill _c escape f ! circle1 ?is v desire becom+1 z ,mr4 ,hume obs]ves1 itself a motive4 ,aga91 consci\sness ( ! possession ( any p[] may easily be delusive2 we c prop]ly judge :at our p[]s are only by :at !y h actually accompli%$2 we "k :at we h done1 & we may inf] f hav+ done x t our p[] 0 equal to :at x a*iev$4 ,b x is easy = u to ov]-rate our /r5g? if we try to measure our abilities 9 !mselves4 ,a man :o c leap five y>ds may ?9k t he c leap six2 yet he may try & fail4 ,a man :o c write prose may only le>n t he _c write poetry f ! badness ( ! v]ses :i* he produces4 ,to ! appeal to consci\sness ( p[] !re is always an answ]3--t we may believe ourselves to possess x1 b t exp]i5ce proves t we may be deceiv$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r gr\p ( feel+s :i* _c be set aside 9 ?is way1 :i* d prove t1 9 "s s5se or o!r1 9 "s degree or o!r1 we are ! au?ors ( our own actions4 ,x is "o ( ! cle>e/ ( all inw>d ph5om5a1 t1 :]e two or m c\rses involv+ moral issues are be=e u1 :e!r we h a consci\sness ( p[] to *oose betwe5 !m or n1 we h a consci\sness t we ought to *oose betwe5 !m2 a s5se ( duty--,greek3 hoti dei t\to pratte9--z ,ari/otle expresses x1 :i* we _c %ake (f4 ,:atev] ?is consci\sness involves 7& "s measure ( fre$om x mu/ involve or x is nons5se71 ! feel+ exi/s )9 u1 & refuses to yield be=e all ! batt]ies ( logic4 ,x is n t ( ! two c\rses we "k t "o is 9 ! long run ! be/1 & ! o!r m imm$iately tempt+4 ,we h a s5se ( obligation irrespective ( consequ5ce1 ! violation ( :i* is foll[$ aga9 by a s5se ( self-disapprobation1 ( c5sure1 ( blame4 ,9 va9 w ,sp9oza tell u t su* feel+s1 incompatible z !y are ) ! !ory ( p[]lessness1 are mi/akes aris+ out ( a false philosophy4 ,!y are prim>y facts ( s5sation mo/ vivid 9 m9ds ( mo/ vigor\s s5sibility2 & al?\gh !y may be ext+ui%$ by habitual pr(ligacy1 or possibly1 p]haps1 de/roy$ by logic1 ! p>alysis ( ! consci5ce is no m a pro( t x is n a real p[] ( p]ceiv+ real ?+s1 ?an bl9dness is a pro( t sight is n a real p[]4 ,! p]ceptions ( wor? & wor?lessness are n conclusions ( reason+1 b imm$iate s5sations l ^? ( see+ & he>+2 & al?\gh1 l ! o!r s5ses1 !y may be mi/ak5 sometimes 9 ! acc\nts !y r5d] to u1 ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( su* feel+s at all proves t !re is some?+ :i* corresponds to !m4 ,if !re be any su* ?+s z 'true ideas1' or cle>1 di/9ct p]ceptions at all1 ?is ( praise & blame is "o ( !m1 & accord+ to ,sp9oza's own rule we mu/ accept :at x involves4 ,& x involves t "s :]e or o!r ! influ5ce ( causes ceases to op]ate1 & t "s degree ( p[] !re is 9 m5 ( self-det]m9ation1 by ! am\nt ( :i*1 & n by _! specific actions1 moral m]it or dem]it is to be measur$4 ,speculative difficulties rema9 9 abundance4 ,x w be said 9 a case1 e4g4 ( moral trial1 t !re may h be5 p[]2 b 0 !re p[] en\gh to resi/ ! temptation8 ,if !re 01 !n x 0 resi/$4 ,if !re 0 n1 !re 0 no responsibility4 ,we mu/ answ] aga9 f practical in/9ct4 ,we refuse to all[ m5 to be consid]$ all equally guilty :o h committ$ ! same faults2 & we insi/ t _! actions mu/ be measur$ aga9/ _! opportunities4 ,b a simil> conviction assures u t !re is some:]e a po9t ( fre$om4 ,:]e t po9t is--:]e o!r influ5ces t]m9ate1 & responsibility beg9s--w always be ( intricate & (t5 impossible solution4 ,b if !re be su* a po9t at all1 x is fatal to necessit>ianism1 & man is :at he has be5 hi!rto suppos$ to be--an exception 9 ! ord] ( nature1 ) a p[] n diff]+ 9 degree b diff]+ 9 k9d f ^? ( o!r creatures4 ,moral life1 l all life1 is a my/]y2 & z to anatomise ! body w n reveal ! secret ( animation1 s ) ! actions ( ! moral man4 ,! spiritual life1 :i* alone gives !m mean+ & be+1 glides away be=e ! logical dissect+ knife1 & leaves x b a corpse to "w ^u4 ,,footnotes3 ,n ,we/m9/] ,review1 #ahed4 ,o ,s9ce ^! words 7 writt5 a book has appe>$ 9 ,p>is by an able disciple ( ,leibnitz1 :i*1 al?\gh x does n lead u to modify ! op9ion express$ 9 !m1 yet obliges u to give our reasons = speak+ z we d4 ,m4 de ,c>eil,p has discov]$ 9 ! libr>y at ,hanov]1 a ,,ms4 9 ! h&-writ+ ( ,leibnitz1 conta9+ a s]ies ( rem>ks on ! book ( a c]ta9 ,john ,wa*t]4 ,x does n appe> :o ?is ,john ,wa*t] 01 nor by :at accid5t he came to h s di/+ui%$ a critic4 ,if we may judge by ! extracts at pres5t be=e u1 he seems to h be5 an absurd & extravagant p]son1 :o _h attempt$ to comb9e ! !ology ( ! ,cabbala ) ! v little :i* he 0 able to und]/& ( ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza2 &1 z f> z he is conc]n$1 nei!r 8 writ+s nor ! reflections ^u !m are ( int]e/ to any human be+4 ,! extravagance ( ,sp9oza's foll[]s1 h[ev]1 furni%$ ,leibnitz ) an opportunity ( notic+ ! po9ts on :i* he mo/ disapprov$ ( ,sp9oza himself2 & ^! few notices ,m4 de ,c>eil has n[ = ! fir/ "t publi%$ z ,! ,refutation ( ,sp9oza1 by ,leibnitz4 ,!y are exce$+ly brief & scanty2 & ! writ] ( !m w\ld assur$ly h hesitat$ to describe an imp]fect criticism by s ambiti\s a title4 ,! mod]n editor1 h[ev]1 mu/ be all[$ ! privilege ( a wor%ipp]1 & we w n qu>rel ) him = an exagg]at$ e/imate ( :at 8 ma/] _h accompli%$4 ,we are indebt$ to 8 en?usiasm = :at is at lea/ a curi\s discov]y1 & we w n qualify ! gratitude :i* he has e>n$ by indu/ry & good w4 ,at ! same "t1 ! notes !mselves confirm ! op9ion :i* we h always ent]ta9$1 t ,leibnitz did n und]/& ,sp9oza4 ,leibnitz did n und]/& him1 & ! foll[]s ( ,leibnitz d n und]/& him n[4 ,if he 7 no m ?an :at he is describ$ 9 ! book be=e u--if 8 metaphysics 7 'mis]able1' if 8 philosophy 0 absurd1 & he himself no?+ m ?an a second-rate disciple ( ,desc>tes--we c assure ,m4 de ,c>eil t we %\ld long ago h he>d ! la/ ( him4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ else1 some?+ v diff]5t f ?is1 to expla9 ! position :i* he holds 9 ,g]many1 or ! fasc9ation :i* 8 writ+s ex]t$ ov] su* m9ds z ^? ( ,less+ or ( ,g!2 ! fact ( s endur+ an influ5ce is m ?an a suffici5t answ] to m]e depreciat+ criticism4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a po9t :i* !re is any use 9 press+4 ,our pres5t bus9ess is to ju/ify ! two ass]tions :i* we h made4 ,fir/1 t ,leibnitz borr[$ 8 ,!ory ( ! ,h>monie ,pr-tablie f ,sp9oza1 )\t ackn[l$gm5t2 &1 secondly1 t ?is !ory is q z inconsi/5t ) religion z is t ( ,sp9oza1 & only diff]s f x 9 disguis+ its real "*4 ,fir/ = ! ,h>monie ,pr-tablie4 ,sp9oza's ,e?ics appe>$ 9 #afgg2 & we "k t !y 7 read by ,leibnitz4 ,9 #afif1 ,leibnitz ann\nc$ z a discov]y ( 8 own1 a ,!ory ( ,! ,communication ( ,sub/ances1 :i* he illu/rates 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ',v\s ne compr5ez pas1 dites-v\s1 comm5t je p\rrois pr\v] ce que j'ai avanc t\*ant la communication1 ou l'h>monie de deux sub/ances aussi diffr5tes que l'me et le corps8 ,il e/ vrai que je crois en avoir tr\v le moy52 et voici comm5t je prt5ds v\s satisfaire4 ,figurez-v\s deux horloges ou montres qui s'accord5t p>faitem5t4 ,or cela se peut faire de trois manires4 ,la #a;e consi/e dans une influ5ce mutuelle4 ,la #b;e e/ d'y atta*] un ouvri] habile qui les r$resse1 et les mette d'accord t\s mom5ts4 ,la #c;e e/ de fabriqu] ces deux p5dules avec tant d'art et de ju/esse1 qu'on se puisse assur] de leur accord dans la suite4 ,mettez ma9t5ant l'me et le corps la place de ces deux p5dules2 leur accord peut arriv] p> l'une de ces trois manires4 ,la voye d'influ5ce e/ celle de la philosophie vulgaire2 mais comme l'on ne sauroit concevoir des p>ticules matrielles qui puiss5t pass] d'une de ces sub/ances dans l'autre1 il faut ab&onn] ce s5tim5t4 ,la voye de l'assi/ance cont9uelle du ,crateur e/ celle du sy/me des causes occasionnelles2 mais je ti5s que c'e/ faire int]v5ir ,deus ex ma*91 dans une *ose naturelle et ord9aire1 o selon la raison il ne doit conc\rir1 que d la manire qu'il conc\rt t\tes les autres *oses naturelles4 ,a9si il ne re/e que mon hypo?se2 c'e/--dire que la voye de l'h>monie4 ,dieu a fait ds le comm5cem5t *acune de ces deux sub/ances de telle nature1 qu'en ne suivant que ces propres loix qu'elle a reues avec son tre1 elle s'accorde p\rtant avec l'autre t\t comme s'il y avoit une influ5ce mutuelle1 ou comme si ,dieu y mettoit t\j\rs la ma9 au-del de son conc\rs gnral4 ,aprs cela je n'ai pas beso9 de ri5 pr\v] mo9s qu'on ne veuille exig] que je pr\ve que ,dieu e/ assez habile p\r se s]vir de cette artifice1' c4--,,leibnitz1 ,op]a1 p4 #acc4 ,b]l9 edition1 #ahdj4 ,leibnitz1 z we h said1 attempts to reconcile 8 sy/em ) ,*ri/ianity1 & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 ?is !ory ( ! relation ( m9d & body we>s a v diff]5t aspect "u 8 treatm5t1 f :at x we>s "u t ( ,sp9oza4 ,b ,sp9oza & ,leibnitz bo? agree 9 ?is "o peculi> conception 9 :i* !y diff] f all o!r philosoph]s be=e or aft] !m--t m9d & body h no direct communication ) ea* o!r1 & t ! ph5om5a ( !m m]ely correspond4 ,m4 de ,c>eil says !y bo? borr[$ x f ,desc>tes2 b t is impossible4 ,desc>tes held no su* op9ion2 x 0 ! precise po9t ( disagreem5t at :i* ,sp9oza p>t$ f him2 & !re=e1 s9ce 9 po9t ( date ,sp9oza _h ! advantage ( ,leibnitz1 & we "k t ,leibnitz 0 acqua9t$ ) 8 writ+s1 we mu/ ei!r suppose t he 0 directly indebt$ to ,sp9oza = an obligation :i* he ought to h ackn[l$g$1 or else1 :i* is extremely improbable1 t hav+ read ,sp9oza & =gott5 him1 he aft]w>ds re-orig9at$ = himself "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & peculi> notions :i* 0 ev] (f]$ to ! belief ( mank9d4 ,s mu* = ! fir/ po9t1 :i*1 aft] all1 is b ( little mom5t4 ,x is m important to asc]ta9 :e!r1 9 ! h&s ( ,leibnitz1 ?is !ory c be any bett] reconcil$ ) :at is commonly meant by religion2 :e!r1 t is1 ! ideas ( ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce1 m]it & dem]it1 judgm5t & retribution1 h any prop] place "u x4 ,sp9oza makes no pret5sion to any?+ ( ! k9d1 & op5ly decl>es t ^! ideas are ideas m]ely1 & human mi/akes4 ,leibnitz1 9 opposition to him1 endeav\rs to re-e/abli% !m 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he conceives t ! sy/em ( ! univ]se has be5 arrang$ & pr$et]m9$ f ! mom5t at :i* x 0 laun*$ into be+2 f ! mom5t at :i* ,god select$ x1 ) all its details1 z ! be/ :i* c\ld exi/2 b t x is c>ri$ on by ! action ( individual creatures 7monads z he calls !m7 :i*1 ?\gh necess>ily obey+ ! laws ( _! exi/5ce1 yet obey !m ) a '"* ( spontaneity1' :i* al?\gh 'automata1' are yet volunt>y ag5ts2 & !re=e1 by ! cons5t ( _! he>ts to _! actions1 entitle !mselves to moral praise or moral c5sure4 ,! "q is1 :e!r by ! m]e ass]tion ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ^! opposite qualities 9 ! monad man1 he has prov$ t su* qualities c co-exi/4 ,9 our op9ion1 x is l speak+ ( a circul> ellipse1 or ( a quadrilat]al triangle4 ,!re is a pla9 dilemma 9 ^! matt]s f :i* no philosophy c extricate itself4 ,if m5 c incur guilt1 _! actions might be o!r ?an !y are4 ,if !y _c act o!rwise ?an !y d1 !y _c incur guilt4 ,s at lea/ x appe>s to u2 yet1 9 ! d>kness ( our k1 we w\ld n compla9 m]ely ( a !ory1 & if our e>?ly life 7 all 9 all1 & ! grave rema9$ ! extreme horizon ( our hopes & fe>s1 ! ,h>monie ,pr-tablie might be tol]at$ z cr$ible1 & admir$ z +5i\s & beautiful4 ,x is :5 =cibly atta*$ to a cre$ ( ! future1 ) :i* x has no natural connection1 t x assumes its repulsive features4 ,! _w may be 9 ! ma9 good2 :ile ! good1 f ! unkn[n condition ( its exi/5ce1 may be impossible )\t "s int]mixture ( evil2 & al?\gh ,leibnitz 0 at times /agg]$ ev5 himself by ! mis]y & wick$ness :i* he witness$1 & 0 driv5 to com=t himself ) ! reflection t ?is e>? might be b "o _w 9 ! mid/ ( ! univ]se1 & p]haps ! s+le *equ]$ exception 9 an inf9ity ( /a9less globes1 yet we w\ld n qu>rel ) a hypo!sis because x 0 imp]fect2 x might pass z a possible conjecture on a d>k subject1 :5 no?+ bett] ?an conjecture 0 atta9able4 ,b z soon z we are told t ! evil 9 ^! human 'automata' be+ a necess>y condition ( ?is _w :i* ,god has call$ into be+1 is yet inf9itely dete/able to ,god2 t ! creatures :o suff] "u ! accurs$ necessity ( committ+ s9 are inf9itely guilty 9 ,god's eyes1 = do+ :at !y h no p[] to avoid1 & may !re=e be ju/ly puni%$ 9 ev]la/+ fire2 we recoil aga9/ ! p>adox4 ,no disciple ( ,leibnitz w ma9ta91 t unless he _h f\nd ?is belief 9 an et]nity ( p5al retribution an article ( ! popul> cre$1 su* a doctr9e w\ld h =m$ a natural app5dage ( 8 sy/em2 & if ,m4 de ,c>eil desires to "k :y ! influ5ce ( ,sp9oza1 ^: g5ius he consid]s s insignificant1 has be5 s deep & s endur+1 :ile ,leibnitz has only secur$ = himself a m]e admiration ( 8 tal5ts1 x is because ,sp9oza 0 n afraid to be consi/5t1 ev5 at ! price ( ! _w's reprobation1 & refus$ to pur*ase ! applause ( 8 own age at ! sacrifice ( s9c]ity4 ,p ,rfutation ,9dite de ,sp9oza4 ,p> ,leibnitz4 ,prcde d'une ,mmoire1 p> ,f\*] de ,c>eil4 ,p>is4 #ahed4 ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ,,mona/]ies4,q ,to be entirely j 9 our e/imate ( o!r ages is n difficult--x is impossible4 ,ev5 :at is pass+ 9 our pres5ce we see b ?r\gh a glass d>kly4 ,! m9d z well z ! eye adds some?+ ( its own1 be=e an image1 ev5 ( ! cle>e/ object1 c be pa9t$ ^u x4 ,& 9 hi/orical enquiries1 ! mo/ in/ruct$ ?9k]s h b a limit$ advantage ov] ! mo/ illit]ate4 ,^? :o "k ! mo/1 approa* lea/ to agreem5t4 ,! mo/ c>eful inve/igations are div]g+ roads--! fur!r m5 travel ^u !m1 ! great] ! int]val by :i* !y are divid$4 ,9 ! eyes ( ,david ,hume1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,saxon ,pr9ces is '! scuffl+ ( kites & cr[s4' ,fa!r ,newman w\ld mortify ! conceit ( a deg5]ate ,engl& by po9t+ to ! sixty sa9ts & ! hundr$ confessors :o 7 tra9$ 9 h] royal palaces = ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,bless$4 ,h[ va/ a *asm yawns betwe5 ^! two conceptions ( ! same era6 ,?r\gh :at common t]m c ! /ud5t pass f "o into ! o!r8 ,or1 to take an in/ance yet m noticeable4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engl& sc>cely int]e/s ,mr4 ,macaulay be=e ! ,revolution ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,to ,"l ,john ,russell1 ! ,re=mation 0 ! fir/ outcome f c5turies ( folly & f]ocity2 & ,mr4 ,hallam's m temp]ate language s(t5s1 )\t conceal+1 a simil> conclusion4 ,^! writ]s h all /udi$ :at !y describe4 ,mr4 ,c>lyle has /udi$ ! same subject ) p[] at lea/ equal to !irs1 & to him ! greatness ( ,engli% "* 0 wan+ ) ! dawn ( ,engli% lit]ature2 ! race ( h]oes 0 already fail+4 ,! era ( action 0 yield+ be=e ! era ( spee*4 ,all ^! views may seem to ourselves exagg]at$2 we may h settl$ into "s mod]ate via m$ia1 or h c>v$ out our own gr\nd on an orig9al patt]n2 b if we are wise1 ! diff]5ces 9 o!r m5's judgm5ts w tea* u to be diffid5t4 ,! m di/9ctly we h made hi/ory be> witness 9 fav\r ( our p>ticul> op9ions1 ! m we h multipli$ ! *ances aga9/ ! tru? ( our own !ory4 ,aga91 suppos+ t we h made a truce ) 'op9ions1' prop]ly s call$2 suppos+ we h satisfi$ ourselves t x is idle to qu>rel ^u po9ts on :i* good m5 diff]1 & t x is bett] to att5d r to :at we c]ta9ly "k2 suppos+ t1 ei!r f sup]ior wisdom1 or f ! conceit ( sup]ior wisdom1 we h resolv$ t we w look = human p]fection nei!r exclusively 9 ! ,old ,_w nor exclusively 9 ! ,new--nei!r among ,ca?olics nor ,prote/ants1 among ,:igs or ,tories1 hea!ns or ,*ri/ians--t we h laid aside accid5tal diff]5ces1 & det]m9$ to recognise only moral di/9ctions1 to love moral wor?1 & to hate moral evil1 :]ev] we f9d !m2--ev5 suppos+ all ?is1 we h n mu* improv$ our position--we _c leap f our %ad[4 ,eras1 l individuals1 diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! species ( virtue :i* !y enc\rage4 ,9 "o age1 we f9d ! virtues ( ! w>rior2 9 ! next1 ( ! sa9t4 ,! ascetic & ! soldi] 9 _! turn disappe>2 an indu/rial era succe$s1 br++ ) x ! virtues ( common s5se1 ( grace1 & ref9em5t4 ,!re is ! virtue ( en]gy & comm&1 !re is ! virtue ( humility & pati5t suff]+4 ,all ^! are diff]5t1 & all are1 or may be1 ( equal moral value2 yet1 f ! con/itution ( our m9ds1 we are s fram$ t we _c equally appreciate all2 we sympa?ise in/9ctively ) ! p]son :o mo/ repres5ts our own ideal--) ! p]iod :5 ! graces :i* mo/ h>monise ) our own temp]s h be5 especially cultivat$4 ,fur!r1 if we leave out ( sight ^! ref9em5ts1 & cont5t ourselves ) ! mo/ popul> conceptions ( morality1 !re is ?is immeasurable difficulty--s great1 yet s little consid]$1--t goodness is positive z well z negative1 & consi/s 9 ! active accompli%m5t ( c]ta9 ?+s :i* we are b\nd to d1 z well z 9 ! ab/a9+ f ?+s :i* we are b\nd n to d4 ,& "h ! w>p & wo( v>y 9 %ade & patt]n4 ,_m a man1 ) ! help ( circum/ances1 may pick 8 way cle> ?r\gh life1 nev] hav+ violat$ "o prohibitive comm&m5t1 & yet at la/ be fit only = ! place ( ! unpr(itable s]vant--he may n h committ$ ei!r s9 or crime1 yet nev] h felt ! pulsation ( a s+le unselfi% emotion4 ,ano!r1 mean:ile1 %all h be5 hurri$ by an impulsive nature into fault aft] fault--%all h be5 reckless1 improvid5t1 p]haps pr(ligate1 yet be fitt] aft] all = ! k+dom ( heav5 ?an ! ,ph>isee--fitt]1 because aga9/ ! catalogue ( faults !re c\ld p]haps be set a fair] li/ ( acts ( comp>ative g5]osity & self-=getfulness--fitt]1 because to ^? :o love mu*1 mu* is =giv54 ,field+ _h no occasion to make ,blifil1 beh9d 8 dec5t coat1 a traitor & a hypocrite4 ,x w\ld h be5 en\gh to h col\r$ him 9 & out alike 9 ! /eady hues ( selfi%ness1 afraid ( (f5d+ ! upp] p[]s z he 0 afraid ( (f5d+ ,allwor?y--n f any love = :at 0 good1 b solely because x w\ld be imprud5t--because ! pleasure to be ga9$ 0 n wor? ! risk ( consequ5ces4 ,su* a ,blifil w\ld h answ]$ ! noveli/'s purpose--= he w\ld h rema9$ a worse man 9 ! e/imation ( "s ( u ?an ,tom ,jones4 ,s ! tru? is2 b un=tunately x is only :]e accurate k is /imulat$ by affection1 t we are able to feel x4 ,p]sons :o live beyond our own circle1 &1 /ill m1 p]sons :o h liv$ 9 ano!r age1 receive :at is call$ ju/ice1 n *>ity2 & ju/ice is suppos$ to consi/ 9 due allotm5ts ( c5sure = ea* special act ( misconduct1 leav+ m]it unrecognis$4 ,!re are _m reasons = ?is h>% me?od ( judg+4 ,we mu/ decide ( m5 by :at we "k1 & x is easi] to "k faults ?an to "k virtues4 ,faults are specific1 easily describ$1 easily appreciat$1 easily rememb]$4 ,& aga91 !re is1 or may be1 hypocrisy 9 virtue2 b no "o pret5ds to vice :o is n vici\s4 ,! bad ?+s :i* c be prov$ ( a man we "k to be g5u9e4 ,he 0 a sp5d?rift1 he 0 an adult]]1 he gambl$1 he equivocat$4 ,^! are blots positive1 unless untrue1 & :5 !y /& alone1 t+e ! :ole "*4 ,?is also is to be obs]v$ 9 hi/orical criticism4 ,all m5 feel a necessity ( be+ on "s t]ms ) _! consci5ce1 at _! own exp5se or at ano!r's4 ,if !y _c "p ) _! faults1 !y w at lea/ call !m by _! "r "n :5 !y meet ) su* faults else:]e2 & ?us1 :5 !y f9d acc\nts ( de$s ( viol5ce or s5suality1 ( tyranny1 ( inju/ice ( man to man1 ( great & ext5sive suff]+1 or any ( ^? o!r mis=tunes :i* ! selfi%ness ( m5 has at v>i\s times occasion$1 !y w vitup]ate ! do]s ( su* ?+s1 & ! age :i* has p]mitt$ !m to be done1 ) ! full emphasis ( virtu\s indignation1 :ile all ! "t !y are !mselves do+ ?+s :i* w be describ$1 ) no less ju/ice1 9 ! same col\r1 by an equally virtu\s po/]ity4 ,hi/orians are fond ( record+ ! suppos$ suff]+s ( ! poor 9 ! days ( s]fdom & villanage2 yet ! records ( ! /rikes ( ! la/ t5 ye>s1 :5 told by ! suff]]s1 conta9 pictures no less f]tile 9 trag$y4 ,we speak ( fam9es & plagues "u ! ,tudors & ,/u>ts2 b ! ,iri% fam9e1 & ! ,iri% plague ( #ahdg1 ! la/ page ( su* horrors :i* has yet be5 turn$ ov]1 is ! mo/ horrible ( all4 ,we c conceive a description ( ,engl& dur+ ! ye> :i* has j clos$ ov] u 7#ahef71 true 9 all its details1 conta9+ no "o /atem5t :i* c be *all5g$1 no s+le exagg]ation :i* c be prov$2 & ?is description1 if giv5 )\t ! correct+ traits1 %all make ages to come m>vel :y ! ,cities ( ! ,pla9 7 de/roy$1 & ,engl& 0 all[$ to survive4 ,! frauds ( tru/$ m51 high 9 p[] & high 9 suppos$ religion2 ! :olesale poison+s2 ! robb]ies2 ! adult]ation ( food--nay1 ( almo/ ev]y?+ expos$ = sale--! cruel usage ( wom5--*ildr5 murd]$ = ! burial fees--life & prop]ty insecure 9 op5 day 9 ! op5 /reets--spl5d\r su* z ! _w nev] saw be=e ^u e>?1 ) vice & squalor cr\*+ "u its walls--let all ?is be writt5 d[n by an enemy1 or let x be asc]ta9$ h]eaft] by ! inve/igation ( a po/]ity :i* desires to judge u z we g5]ally h judg$ our =efa!rs1 & few ye>s w %[ d>k] 9 ! ,engli% annals ?an ! ye> :i* we h j left beh9d u4 ,yet we "k1 9 ! hone/y ( our he>ts1 h[ unju/ su* a picture w\ld be4 ,our future advocate1 if we are s happy z to f9d "o1 may n be able to disprove a s+le article 9 ! indictm5t2 & yet we "k t1 z ! _w goes1 he w be "r if he m>ks ! ye> ) a :ite /roke--z "o 9 :i*1 on ! :ole1 ! moral h>ve/ 0 bett] ?an an av]age4 ,once m3 our k ( any man is always inadequate--ev5 ( ! unit :i* ea* ( u calls himself2 & ! fir/ condition "u :i* we c "k a man at all is1 t he be 9 ess5tials some?+ l ourselves2 t our own exp]i5ce be an int]pret] :i* %all op5 ! secrets ( 8 exp]i5ce2 & x (t5 happ5s1 ev5 among our contempor>ies1 t we are altoge!r baffl$4 ,! ,engli%man & ! ,italian may und]/& ea* o!r's spee*1 b ! language ( ea* o!r's ideas has /ill to be le>nt4 ,our long failures 9 ,irel& h ris5 f a radical incongruity ( "* :i* has divid$ ! ,celt f ! ,saxon4 ,& aga91 9 ! same c\ntry1 ! ,ca?olic w be a my/]y to ! ,prote/ant1 & ! ,prote/ant to ! ,ca?olic4 ,_! intellects h be5 %ap$ 9 opposite m\lds2 !y are l in/rum5ts :i* _c be play$ 9 conc]t4 ,9 ! same way1 b 9 a f> high] degree1 we are divid$ f ! g5]ations :i* h prec$$ u 9 ?is planet--we try to compreh5d a ,p]icles or a ,cs>--an image rises be=e u :i* we seem to recognise z belong+ to our common humanity4 ,!re is ?is feature :i* is famili> to u--& ?is--& ?is4 ,we are full ( hope2 ! l9eam5ts1 "o by "o1 pass into cle>ness2 :5 sudd5ly ! figure becomes envelop$ 9 a cl\d--"s p]plexity crosses our analysis1 baffl+ x utt]ly1 ! phantom :i* we h evok$ dies away be=e our eyes1 scornfully mock+ our incapacity to ma/] x4 ,! ,engli% antec$5t to ! ,re=mation are ne>] to u ?an ,greeks or ,romans2 & yet !re is a l>ge int]val betwe5 ! b>on :o f\ght at ,b>net field1 & 8 poli%$ desc5dant 9 a mod]n draw+-room4 ,! scale ( appreciation & ! rule ( judgm5t--! habits1 ! hopes1 ! fe>s1 ! emotions--h utt]ly *ang$4 ,9 p]us+ mod]n hi/ories1 ! pres5t writ] has be5 /ruck dumb ) wond] at ! facility ) :i* m5 w fill 9 *asms 9 _! in=mation ) conjecture2 w guess at ! motives :i* h prompt$ actions2 w pass _! c5sures1 z if all secrets ( ! pa/ lay out on an op5 scroll be=e !m4 ,he is oblig$ to say = himself t1 :]ev] he has be5 =tunate en\gh to discov] au!ntic explanations ( ,engli% hi/orical difficulties1 x is r>e inde$ t he has f\nd any conjecture1 ei!r ( 8 own or ( any o!r mod]n writ]1 confirm$4 ,! true motive has almo/ inv>iably be5 ( a k9d :i* no mod]n exp]i5ce c\ld h sugge/$4 ,?\ghts su* z ^! =m a hesitat+ prelude to an expression ( op9ion on a controv]t$ "q4 ,!y w s]ve1 h[ev]1 to indicate ! limits )9 :i* ! said op9ion is suppos$ to be haz>d$4 ,& 9 fact1 nei!r 9 ?is nor 9 any hi/orical subject is ! conclusion s cle> t x c be enunciat$ 9 a def9ite =m4 ,! utmo/ :i* c be safely haz>d$ ) hi/ory is to relate hone/ly asc]ta9$ facts1 ) only su* indications ( a judicial s5t5ce ^u !m z may be sugge/$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* ! /ory is arrang$4 ,:e!r ! mona/ic bodies ( ,engl&1 at ! "t ( _! dissolution1 7 really 9 t condition ( moral corruption :i* is laid to _! *>ge 9 ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t by :i* !y 7 dissolv$1 is a po9t :i* x seems hopeless to argue4 ,roman ,ca?olic1 & inde$ almo/ all ,engli%1 writ]s :o are n committ$ to an unfav\rable op9ion by ! ultra-,prote/antism ( _! doctr9es1 seem to h agre$ ( late ye>s t ! accusations1 if n false1 7 enorm\sly exagg]at$4 ,! dissolution1 we are told1 0 a pr$et]m9$ act ( viol5ce & rapacity2 & :5 ! reports & ! lett]s ( ! visitors are quot$ 9 ju/ification ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! discussion is clos$ ) ! dismissal ( e unfav\rable witness f ! c\rt1 z v5al1 corrupt1 calumni\s--9 fact1 z a suborn$ li>4 ,^u ^! t]ms ! argum5t is easily dispos$ (2 & if x 7 n t tru? is 9 all matt]s bett] ?an falsehood1 x w\ld be idle to reop5 a "q :i* _c be ju/ly dealt )4 ,no evid5ce c affect convictions :i* h be5 arriv$ at )\t evid5ce--& :y %\ld we attempt a task :i* x is hopeless to accompli%8 ,x seems necess>y1 h[ev]1 to reass]t ! actual /ate ( ! surviv+ te/imony f "t to "t1 if x be only to su/a9 ! l9ks ( ! old traditions2 & ! pres5t pap] w conta9 "o or two pictures ( a peculi> k9d1 exhibit+ ! life & habits ( ^? in/itutions1 :i* h be5 lately met ) *iefly among ! unpr9t$ ,records4 ,9 anticipation ( any possible *>ge ( unfairness 9 judg+ f isolat$ in/ances1 we disclaim simply all desire to judge--all wi% to d any?+ beyond relat+ c]ta9 asc]ta9$ /ories4 ,let x rema91 to ^? :o are p]v]se en\gh to insi/ ^u x1 an op5 "q :e!r ! mona/]ies 7 m corrupt "u ,h5ry ! ,eigh? ?an !y _h be5 f\r hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,! dissolution w\ld h be5 equally a necessity2 = no reasonable p]son w\ld desire t bodies ( m5 %\ld h be5 ma9ta9$ = ! only bus9ess ( s++ masses1 :5 ! efficacy ( masses 0 no long] believ$4 ,our pres5t desire is m]ely ?is--to satisfy ourselves :e!r ! ,gov]nm5t1 9 dis*>g+ a duty :i* c\ld n be disp5s$ )1 condesc5d$ to falsehood 9 seek+ a v9dication = !mselves :i* !y did n require2 or :e!r !y _h cause really to believe ! majority ( ! mona/ic bodies to be z !y affirm$--:e!r1 t is to say1 !re really 7 su* cases ei!r ( flagrant immorality1 neglect ( discipl9e1 or c>eless wa/e & prodigality1 z to ju/ify ! g5]al c5sure :i* 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ ! sy/em by ! ,p>liam5t & ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,secure 9 ! suppos$ complet5ess ) :i* ,que5 ,m>y's ag5ts de/roy$ ! ,records ( ! visitation "u h] fa!r1 ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s h tak5 refuge 9 a disda9ful d5ial2 & ! ,anglicans1 :o = ! mo/ "p1 :ile cont5t$ to enjoy ! fruits ( ! ,re=mation1 dete/ ! means by :i* x 0 br\ght ab\t1 h tak5 ! same view4 ,bi%op ,latim] tells u t1 :5 ! ,report ( ! visitors ( ! abbeys 0 read 9 ! ,commons ,h\se1 !re rose f all sides "o long cry ( ',d[n ) !m4' ,b ,bi%op ,latim]1 9 ! op9ion ( ,high ,*ur*m51 is n to be believ$4 ,d we produce lett]s ( ! visitors !mselves1 we are told t !y are ! sl&]s prep>$ to ju/ify a preconceiv$ purpose ( spoliation4 ,no witness1 x seems1 w be admitt$ unless x be ! witness ( a fri5d4 ,unless "s enemy ( ! ,re=mation c be f\nd to confess ! crimes :i* made ! ,re=mation necess>y1 ! crimes !mselves are to be reg>d$ z unprov$4 ,?is is a h>d condition4 ,we appeal to ,wolsey4 ,wolsey comm5c$ ! suppression4 ,wolsey fir/ made public ! infamies :i* disgrac$ ! ,*ur*2 :ile1 not)/&+1 he di$ ! devot$ s]vant ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is evid5ce is surely admissible8 ,b no3 ,wolsey1 too1 mu/ be put out ( c\rt4 ,wolsey 0 a c\rti] & a "t-s]v]4 ,wolsey 0 a tyrant's m9ion4 ,wolsey 0--9 %ort1 we "k n :at ,wolsey 01 or :at he 0 n4 ,:o c put confid5ce 9 a *>latan8 ,beh9d ! bulw>ks ( su* objections1 ! *ampion ( ! abbeys may well believe himself secure4 ,& yet1 unreasonable ?\gh ^! dem&s may be1 x happ5s1 aft] all1 t we are able p>tially to gratify !m4 ,x is /range t1 ( all extant accusations aga9/ any "o ( ! abbeys1 ! heavie/ is f a qu>t] :i* ev5 ,l+>d himself w\ld sc>cely call suspici\s4 ,no picture left u by ,h5ry's visitors surpasses1 ev5 if x equals1 a description ( ! condition ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,albans1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 drawn by ,morton1 ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s m9i/]1 ,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op1 ,legate ( ! ,apo/olic ,see1 9 a lett] address$ by him to ! ,abbot ( ,/4 ,albans himself4 ,we mu/ reque/ our read]'s special att5tion = ! next two pages4 ,9 ! ye> #adhi1 ,pope ,innoc5t ! ,eigh?--mov$ ) ! enorm\s /ories :i* rea*$ 8 e> ( ! corruption ( ! h\ses ( religion 9 ,engl&--grant$ a commission to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury to make enquiries :e!r ^! /ories 7 true1 & to proce$ to correct & re=m z might seem good to him4 ,! regul> cl]gy 7 exempt f episcopal visitation1 except "u especial directions f ,rome4 ,! occasion _h appe>$ s s]i\s z to make extraord9>y int]f]5ce necess>y4 ,on ! receipt ( ! ,papal commission1 ,c>d9al ,morton1 among o!r lett]s1 wrote ! foll[+ lett]3-- ,john1 by ,div9e p]mission1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,primate ( all ,engl&1 ,legate ( ! ,apo/olic ,see1 to ,william1 ,abbot ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,albans1 greet+4 ,we h receiv$ c]ta9 lett]s "u lead1 ! copies :]e( we h]e) s5d y1 f our mo/ holy ,"l & ,fa!r 9 ,*ri/1 ,innoc5t1 by ,div9e ,provid5ce ,pope1 ! eigh? ( t "n4 ,we !re=e1 ,john1 ! ,ar*bi%op1 ! visitor1 re=m]1 inquisitor1 & judge !re9 m5tion$1 9 rev]5ce = ! ,apo/olic ,see1 h tak5 ^u ourselves ! burd5 ( en=c+ ! said commission2 & h det]m9$ t we w proce$ by1 & accord+ to1 ! full =ce1 t5or1 & effect ( ! same4 ,& x has come to our e>s1 be+ at once publicly notori\s & br\ght be=e u ^u ! te/imony ( _m witnesses wor?y ( cr$it1 t y1 ! abbot a=e-m5tion$1 h be5 ( long "t not$ & diffam$1 & d yet cont9ue s not$1 ( simony1 ( usury1 ( dilapidation & wa/e ( ! goods1 rev5ues1 & possessions ( ! said mona/]y1 & ( c]ta9 o!r enorm\s crimes & excesses h]eaft] writt54 ,9 ! rule1 cu/ody1 & adm9i/ration ( ! goods1 spiritual & temporal1 ( ! said mona/]y1 y are s remiss1 s neglig5t1 s prodigal1 t :]eas ! said mona/]y 0 ( old times f\nd$ & end[$ by ! pi\s devotion ( illu/ri\s pr9ces1 ( fam\s memory1 h]et(ore k+s ( ?is l&1 ! mo/ noble prog5itors ( our mo/ s]5e ,"l & ,k+ t n[ is1 9 ord] t true religion might fl\ri% !re1 t ! "n ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 9 ^: hon\r & glory x 0 in/itut$1 might be duly celebrat$ !re2 ,& :]eas1 9 days h]et(ore1 ! regul> obs]vance ( ! said rule 0 greatly reg>d$1 & hospitality 0 dilig5tly kept2 ,nev]!less1 = no little "t1 dur+ :i* y h presid$ 9 ! same mona/]y1 y & c]ta9 ( y\r fell[-monks & bre?r5 7^: blood1 x is fe>$1 ?r\gh y\r neglect1 a sev]e ,judge w require at y\r h&7 h relax$ ! measure & =m ( religi\s life2 y h laid aside ! pleasant yoke ( contemplation1 & all regul> obs]vances--hospitality1 alms1 & ^? o!r (fices ( piety :i* ( old "t 7 ex]cis$ & m9i/]$ !re9 h decreas$1 & by y\r faults1 y\r c>elessness1 y\r neglect & de$1 d daily decrease m & m1 & cease to be reg>d$--! pi\s v[s ( ! f\nd]s are defraud$ ( _! j int5t--! anci5t rule ( y\r ord] is des]t$2 & n a few ( y\r fell[-monks & bre?r51 z we mo/ deeply grieve to le>n1 giv+ !mselves ov] to a reprobate m9d1 lay+ aside ! fe> ( ,god1 d lead only a life ( lascivi\sness--nay1 z is horrible to relate1 be n afraid to defile ! holy places1 ev5 ! v *ur*es ( ,god1 by infam\s int]c\rse ) nuns1 c4 c4 ,y y\rself1 moreov]1 among o!r grave enormities & abom9able crimes :]e( y are guilty1 & = :i* y are not$ & diffam$1 h1 9 ! fir/ place1 admitt$ a c]ta9 m>ri$ woman1 nam$ ,el5a ,g]myn1 :o has sep>at$ h]self )\t j cause f h] husb&1 & = "s "t pa/ has liv$ 9 adult]y ) ano!r man1 to be a nun or si/] 9 ! h\se or ,priory ( ,bray1 ly+1 z y pret5d1 )9 y\r jurisdiction4 ,y h next appo9t$ ! same woman to be prioress ( ! said h\se1 not)/&+ t h] said husb& 0 liv+ at ! "t1 & is /ill alive4 ,& f9ally1 ,fa!r ,?omas ,sudbury1 "o ( y\r bro!r monks1 publicly1 notori\sly1 & )\t int]f]5ce or puni%m5t f y1 has associat$1 & /ill associates1 ) ?is woman z an adult]] ) 8 h>lot4 ,moreov]1 div]s o!r ( y\r bre?r5 & fell[-monks h resort$1 & d resort1 cont9ually to h] & o!r wom5 at ! same place1 z to a public bro!l or receiv+ h\se1 & h receiv$ no correction !re=4 ,nor is ,bray ! only h\se into :i* y h introduc$ disord]4 ,at ! nunn]y ( ,sapwell1 :i* y also cont5d to be "u y\r jurisdiction1 y *ange ! prioresses & sup]iors aga9 & aga9 at y\r own w & caprice4 ,"h1 z well z at ,bray1 y depose ^? :o are good & religi\s2 y promote to ! highe/ dignities ! wor?less & ! vici\s4 ,! duties ( ! ord] are ca/ aside2 virtue is neglect$2 & by ^! means s mu* co/ & extravagance has be5 caus$1 t to provide means = y\r indulg5ce y h introduc$ c]ta9 ( y\r bre?r5 to preside 9 _! h\ses "u ! "n ( gu>dians1 :5 9 fact !y are no gu>dians1 b ?ieves & notori\s villa9s2 & ) _! help y h caus$ & p]mitt$ ! goods ( ! same priories to be disp5s$1 or to speak m truly to be dissipat$1 9 ! above-describ$ corruptions & o!r enorm\s & accurs$ (f5ces4 ,^? places once religi\s are r5d]$ & reput$ z x 7 pr(ane & impi\s2 & by y\r own & y\r creatures' conduct1 are s impov]i%$ z to be r$uc$ to ! v]ge ( ru94 ,9 l mann]1 also1 y h dealt ) c]ta9 o!r cells ( monks1 :i* y say are subject to y1 ev5 )9 ! mona/]y ( ! glori\s proto-m>tyr ,alban himself4 ,y h dilapidat$ ! common prop]ty2 y h made away ) ! jewels2 ! copses1 ! woods1 ! und]wood1 almo/ all ! oaks1 & o!r =e/ trees1 to ! value ( eight ?\s& m>ks & m1 y h made to be cut d[n )\t di/9ction1 & !y h by y be5 sold & ali5at$4 ,! bre?r5 ( ! abbey1 "s ( :om1 z is report$1 are giv5 ov] to all ! evil ?+s ( ! _w1 neglect ! s]vice ( ,god altoge!r4 ,!y live ) h>lots & mi/resses publicly & cont9u\sly1 )9 ! prec9cts ( ! mona/]y & )\t4 ,"s ( !m1 :o are covet\s ( hon\r & promotion1 & desir\s !re=e ( pleas+ y\r cupidity1 h /ol5 & made away ) ! *alices & o!r jewels ( ! *ur*4 ,!y h ev5 sacrilegi\sly extract$ ! preci\s /ones f ! v %r9e ( ,/4 ,alban2 & y h n puni%$ ^! m51 b h r kn[+ly support$ & ma9ta9$ !m4 ,if any ( y\r bre?r5 be liv+ ju/ly & religi\sly1 if any be wise & virtu\s1 ^! y /raightway depress & hold 9 hatr$4444 ,y 444 ,b we ne$ n transcribe fur!r ?is ov]:elm+ docum5t4 ,x pursues its way ?r\gh mire & fil? to its mo/ lame & impot5t conclusion4 ,aft] all ?is1 ! abbot 0 n depos$2 he 0 invit$ m]ely to reconsid] 8 do+s1 &1 if possible1 am5d !m4 ,su* 0 ,*ur* discipl9e1 ev5 "u an extraord9>y commission f ,rome4 ,b ! mo/ incorrigible ,anglican w sc>cely "q ! tru? ( a picture drawn by su* a h&2 & x mu/ be add$ t ?is "o unexceptionable indictm5t l5ds at once assur$ cr$ibility to ! reports :i* 7 pres5t$ fifty ye>s lat]1 on ! g5]al visitation4 ,!re is no long] room = ! presumptive objection t *>ges s revolt+ c\ld n be true4 ,we see t 9 _! wor/ =m !y c\ld be true1 & ! evid5ce ( ,legh & ,leghton1 ( ,rice & ,b$yll1 z x rema9s 9 _! lett]s to ,cromwell1 mu/ be %ak5 9 detail1 or else x mu/ be accept$ z correct4 ,we _c dream t ,ar*bi%op ,morton 0 mi/ak51 or 0 misl$ by false in=mation4 ,/4 ,albans 0 no obscure priory 9 a remote & ?9ly-peopl$ c\nty4 ,! ,abbot ( ,/4 ,albans 0 a pe] ( ! realm1 tak+ prec$5ce ( bi%ops1 liv+ 9 ! full gl>e ( notoriety1 )9 a few miles ( ,london4 ,! ar*bi%op _h ample means ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?2 &1 we may be sure1 _h tak5 c>e to exam9e 8 gr\nd be=e he left on record s trem5d\s an accusation4 ,?is /ory is true--z true z x is pite\s4 ,we w pause a mom5t ov] x be=e we pass f ?is1 once m to ask our passionate ,*ur* fri5ds :e!r /ill !y w p]si/ t ! abbeys 7 no worse "u ! ,tudors ?an !y _h be5 9 _! orig91 "u ! ,saxons1 or "u ! fir/ ,norman & ,plantag5et k+s4 ,we refuse to believe x4 ,! abbeys :i* t[]$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,engli% t[ns1 ! h\ses clu/]$ at _! feet l subjects r\nd "s maje/ic que51 7 images inde$ ( ! civil supremacy :i* ! ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages _h ass]t$ = itself2 b !y 7 images also ( an inn] spiritual sublimity1 :i* _h won ! homage ( grateful & admir+ nations4 ,! heav5ly graces _h once desc5d$ ^u ! mona/ic ord]s1 mak+ !m m9i/]s ( m]cy1 patt]ns ( cele/ial life1 brea?+ witnesses ( ! p[] ( ! ,_s 9 r5ew+ & sanctify+ ! he>t4 ,& !n x 0 t art & weal? & g5ius p\r$ out _! treasures to raise fitt+ tab]nacles = ! dwell+ ( s div9e a s\l4 ,alike 9 ! village & ! city1 among/ ! unadorn$ walls & l[ly ro(s :i* clos$ 9 ! humble dwell+s ( ! laity1 ! maje/ic h\ses ( ! ,fa!r ( mank9d & ( 8 especial s]vants rose up 9 sov]eign beauty4 ,& ev] at ! sacr$ gates sat ,m]cy1 p\r+ out relief f a nev]-fail+ /ore to ! poor & ! suff]+2 ev] )9 ! sacr$ aisles ! voices ( holy m5 7 peal+ heav5w>ds 9 int]cession = ! s9s ( mank9d2 & su* bless$ influ5ces 7 ?\ght to exhale ar\nd ^? my/]i\s prec9cts1 t ev5 ! poor outca/s ( society--! debtor1 ! felon1 & ! outlaw--ga!r$ r\nd ! walls z ! sick m5 s\ght ! %ad[ ( ! apo/le1 & lay !re %elt]$ f ! av5g+ h&1 till _! s9s 7 wa%$ f (f _! s\ls4 ,! abbeys ( ! middle ages float$ ?r\gh ! /orms ( w> & conque/1 l ! ark ^u ! waves ( ! flood1 9 ! mid/ ( viol5ce rema9+ inviolate1 ?r\gh ! awful rev]5ce :i* surr\nd$ !m4 ,! abbeys1 z ,h5ry's visitors f\nd !m1 7 z little l :at !y once _h be51 z ! liv+ man 9 ! pride ( 8 gr[? is l ! corpse :i* ! e>? makes ha/e to hide = ev]4 ,! (ficial lett]s :i* reveal ! condition into :i* ! mona/ic e/abli%m5ts _h deg5]at$1 are *iefly 9 ! ,cotton ,libr>y1 & a l>ge numb] ( !m h be5 publi%$ by ! ,camd5 ,society4 ,besides ^!1 h[ev]1 !re are 9 ! ,rolls ,h\se _m o!r docum5ts :i* confirm & complete ! /atem5ts ( ! writ]s ( ^? lett]s4 ,!re is a "p ( :at seems to h be5 a dige/ ( ! ',black ,book'--an epitome ( iniquities1 "u ! title ( ! ',comp5dium ,comp]torum4' ,!re are also reports f private p]sons1 private entreaties = enquiry1 depositions ( monks 9 (ficial exam9ations1 & o!r simil> pap]s1 :i*1 9 _m in/ances1 are too (f5sive to be produc$1 & may re/ 9 obscurity1 unless cont5ti\s p]sons compel u to br+ !m =w>d4 ,"s ( ^!1 h[ev]1 ?r[ curi\s light on ! habits ( ! "t1 & on ! collat]al disord]s :i* accompani$ ! m gross enormities4 ,!y %[ u1 too1 t al?\gh ! d>k t9ts pr$om9ate1 ! picture 0 n :olly black2 t z j ,lot 0 9 ! mid/ ( ,sodom1 yet 0 unable by 8 s+le pres5ce to save ! guilty city f de/ruction1 s 9 ! late/ era ( mona/icism !re 7 types yet l+]+ ( an old] & fair] age1 :o1 nev]!less1 7 n deliv]$1 l ! patri>*1 b p]i%$ mo/ ( !m ) ! in/itution to :i* !y belong$4 ,! hide\s exposure is n unt9t$ ) fair] l9es2 & we see traits "h & !re ( true devotion1 mi/ak5 b h]oic4 ,( ^! docum5ts two specim5s %all be giv5 9 ?is place1 "o ( ei!r k9d2 & bo?1 s f> z we "k1 new to mod]n hi/ory4 ,! fir/ is s s+ul>1 t we pr9t x z x is f\nd--a g5u9e antique1 fi%$ up1 9 p]fect pres]vation1 out ( ! wreck ( ! old _w4 ,ab\t eight miles f ,ludl[1 9 ! c\nty ( ,h]e=d%ire1 once /ood ! abbey ( ,wigmore4 ,!re 0 ,wigmore ,ca/le1 a /ronghold ( ! ,wel% ,m>*es1 n[1 we believe1 a mod]n1 well-condition$ mansion2 & ,wigmore ,abbey1 ( :i* we d n he> t !re are any rema9+ traces4 ,?\gh n[ vani%$1 h[ev]1 l s _m ( its k9d1 ! h\se 0 ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago 9 vigor\s exi/5ce2 & :5 ! /ir comm5c$ = an enquiry1 ! proce$+s ( ! abbot ( ?is place gave occasion to a memorial :i* /&s 9 ! ,rolls collection z foll[s3--,r ,articles to be object$ aga9/ ,john ,sm>t1 ,abbot ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,wigmore1 9 ! c\nty ( ,h]e=d1 to be exhibit$ to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,"l ,?omas ,cromwell1 ! ,"l ,privy ,seal & ,vice-g]5t to ! ,k+'s ,maje/y4 #a4 ,! said abbot is to be accus$ ( simony1 z well = tak+ money = advocation & putations ( b5efices1 z = giv+ ( ord]s1 or m truly1 sell+ !m1 & t to su* p]sons :i* h be5 reject$ else:]e1 & ( little le>n+ & light consid]ation4 #b4 ,! said abbot ha? promot$ to ord]s _m s*ol>s :5 all o!r bi%ops did refra9 to give su* ord]s on acc\nt ( c]ta9 ord9ances devis$ by ! ,k+'s ,maje/y & 8 ,c\ncil = ! common weal ( ?is realm4 ,!n resort$ to ! said abbot s*ol>s out ( all p>ts1 :om he w\ld promote to ord]s by sixty at a "t1 & sometimes m1 & o!r:iles less4 ,& sometimes ! said abbot w\ld give ord]s by night )9 8 *amb]1 & o!rwise 9 ! *ur* e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & n[ & !n at a *apel out ( ! abbey4 ,s t !re be _m unle>n$ & light prie/s made by ! said abbot1 & 9 ! diocese ( ,ll&aff1 & 9 ! places a=e nam$--a ?\s&1 z x is e/eem$1 by ! space ( ?is sev5 ye>s he ha? made prie/s1 & receiv$ n s little money ( !m z a ?\s& p\nds = _! ord]s4 #c4 ,item1 t ! said abbot n[ ( late1 :5 he c\ld n be suff]$ to give g5]al ord]s1 = ! mo/ "p do? give ord]s by pret5ce ( disp5sation2 & by t col\r he promote? !m to ord]s by two & ?ree1 & takes mu* money ( !m1 bo? = _! ord]s & = to pur*ase _! disp5sations aft] ! "t he ha? promot$ !m to _! ord]s4 #d4 ,item1 ! said abbot ha? hurt & dismay$ 8 t5ants by putt+ !m f _! leases1 & by enclos+ _! commons f !m1 & sell+ & utt] wa/+ ( ! woods t 7 wont to relieve & succ\r !m4 #e4 ,item1 ! said abbot ha? sold corradyes1 to ! damage ( ! said mona/]y4 #f4 ,item1 ! said abbot ha? ali5ate & sold ! jewels & plate ( ! mona/]y1 to ! value ( five hundr$ m>ks1 to pur*ase ( ! ,bi%op ( ,rome 8 bulls to be a bi%op1 & to annex ! said abbey to 8 bi%opric1 to t int5t t he %\ld n = 8 misde$s be puni%$1 or depriv$ f 8 said abbey4 #g4 ,item1 t ! said abbot1 long aft] t o!r bi%ops _h r5\nc$ ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 & pr(ess$ !m to ! ,k+'s ,maje/y1 did use1 b m v]ily usurp$1 ! (fice ( a bi%op by virtue ( 8 fir/ bulls pur*as$ f ,rome1 till n[ ( late1 z x w appe> by ! date ( 8 confirmation1 if he h any4 #h4 ,item1 t he ! said abbot ha? liv$ vici\sly1 & kept to concub9es div]s & _m wom5 t is op5ly kn[n4 #i4 ,item1 t ! said abbot do? yet cont9ue 8 vici\s liv+1 z x is kn[n1 op5ly4 #aj4 ,item1 t ! said abbot ha? sp5t & wa/$ mu* ( ! goods ( ! said mona/]y ^u ! =esaid wom54 #aa4 ,item1 t ! said abbot is malici\s & v wra?ful1 n reg>d+ :at he sai? or doe? 9 8 fury or ang]4 #ab4 ,item1 t "o ,ri*>d ,gyles b\ght ( ! abbot & conv5t ( ,wigmore a corradye1 & a *amb] = him & 8 wife = t]m ( _! lives2 & :5 ! said ,ri*>d ,gyles 0 ag$ & 0 v weak1 he dispos$ 8 goods1 & made executors to execute 8 w4 ,& :5 ! said abbot n[ be+ ---- p]ceiv$ t ! said ,ri*>d ,gyles 0 ri*1 & _h n beque/$ s mu* ( 8 goods to him z he w\ld h _h1 ! said abbot !n came to ! *amb] ( ! said ,ri*>d ,gyles1 & put out !nce all 8 fri5ds & k9sfolk t kept him 9 8 sickness2 & !n ! said abbot set 8 bro!r & o!r ( 8 s]vants to keep ! sick man2 & ! night next com+ aft] ! said ,ri*>d ,gyles's c(f] 0 brok51 & !nce tak5 all t 0 9 ! same1 to ! value ( =ty m>ks2 & long aft] ! said abbot confess$1 be=e ! executors ( ! said ,ri*>d ,gyles1 t x 0 8 de$4 #ac4 ,item1 t ! said abbot1 aft] he _h tak5 away ! goods ( ! said ,ri*>d ,gyles1 us$ daily to reprove & *eck ! said ,ri*>d ,gyles1 & inquire ( him :]e 0 m ( 8 co9 & money2 & at ! la/ ! said abbot ?\ght he liv$ too long1 & made ! sick man1 aft] mu* sorry keep+1 to be tak5 f 8 fea!r-b$1 & laid ^u a cold mattress1 & kept 8 fri5ds f him to 8 dea?4 #ae4 ,item1 t ! said abbot cons5t$ to ! dea? & murd]+ ( "o ,john ,ti*kill1 t 0 sla9 at 8 procur+1 at ! said mona/]y1 by ,sir ,ri*>d ,cubley1 canon & *apla9 to ! said abbot2 :i* canon is & ev] ha? be5 s9ce t "t *ief ( ! said abbot's c\ncil2 & is support$ to c>ry crossb[es1 & to g :i!r he lu/e? at any "t1 to fi%+ & hunt+ 9 ! k+'s =e/s1 p>ks1 & *ases2 b little or no?+ s]v+ ! quire1 z o!r bre?r5 d1 nei!r correct$ ( ! abbot = any trespass he do? commit4 #af4 ,item1 t ! said abbot ha? be5 p]jur$ (t1 z is to be prov$ & is prov$2 & z x is suppos$1 did n make a true inv5tory ( ! goods1 *attels1 & jewels ( 8 mona/]y to ! ,k+'s ,maje/y & 8 ,c\ncil4 #ag4 ,item1 t ! said abbot ha? infr+$ all ! k+'s injunctions :i* 7 giv5 him by ,doctor ,cave to obs]ve & keep2 & :5 he 0 d5\nc$ 9 pl5o capitulo to h brok5 ! same1 he w\ld h put 9 prison ! bro!r z did d5\nce him to h brok5 ! same injunctions1 save t he 0 let by ! conv5t !re4 #ah4 ,item1 t ! said abbot ha? op5ly prea*$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 say+ he ought n to love 8 enemy1 b z he loves ! devil2 & t he %\ld love 8 enemy's s\l1 b n 8 body4 #ai4 ,item1 t ! said abbot ha? tak5 b small reg>d to ! good-liv+ ( 8 h\sehold4 #bj4 ,item1 t ! said abbot ha? _h & ha? yet a special fav\r to misdo]s & manquell]s1 ?ieves1 deceiv]s ( _! neighb\rs1 & by !m is mo/ rul$ & c\nsell$4 #ba4 ,item1 t ! said abbot ha? grant$ leases ( f>ms & advocations fir/ to "o man1 & took 8 f9e1 & also ha? grant$ ! same lease to ano!r man = m money2 & !n w\ld make to ! la/ tak] a lease or writ+1 ) an ant$ate ( ! fir/ lease1 :i* ha? br$ great diss5sion among g5tlem5--z ,ma/] ,blunt & ,ma/] ,moysey1 & o!r tak]s ( su* leases--& t (t54 #bb4 ,item1 ! said abbot hav+ ! contrepaynes ( leases 9 8 keep+1 ha?1 = money1 ras$ out ! numb] ( ye>s m5tion$ 9 ! said leases1 & writ a fre% numb] 9 ! =m] tak]'s lease1 & 9 ! contrepayne !re(1 to ! int5t to defraud ! tak] or buy] ( ! residue ( su* leases1 ( :om he ha? receiv$ ! money4 #bc4 ,item1 ! said abbot ha? n1 accord+ to ! f\ndation ( 8 mona/]y1 admitt$ freely t5ants into c]ta9 alms-h\ses belong+ to ! said mona/]y2 b ( !m he ha? tak5 l>ge f9es1 & "s ( !m he ha? put away t w\ld n give him f9es3 :i!r poor1 ag$1 & impot5t p 7 wont to be freely admitt$1 & to receive ! f\nd]'s alms t ( ! old cu/oms 7 limit$ to ! same--:i* alms is also dim9i%$ by ! said abbot4 #bd4 ,item1 t ! said abbot did n deliv] ! bulls ( 8 bi%opric1 t he pur*as$ f ,rome1 to our sov]eign "l ! k+'s c\ncil till long aft] ! "t he _h deliv]$ & exhibit$ ! bulls ( 8 mona/]y to !m4 #be4 ,item1 t ! said abbot ha? deta9$ & yet do? deta9 s]vants' wages2 & (t5 :5 ! said s]vants ha? ask$ _! wages1 ! said abbot ha? put !m into ! /ocks1 & beat !m4 #bf4 ,item1 ! said abbot1 9 times pa/1 ha? _h a great devotion to ride to ,llang>van1 9 ,wales1 ^u ,lammas-day1 to receive p>don !re2 & on ! ev5 he w\ld visit "o ,m>y ,hawle1 an old acqua9tance ( 81 at ! ,wel% ,poole1 & on ! morr[ ride to ! =esaid ,llang>van1 to be confess$ & absolv$1 & ! same night return to company ) ! said ,m>y ,hawle1 at ! ,wel% ,poole a=esaid1 & ,kat]yn1 ! said ,m>y ,hawle h] fir/ daught]1 :om ! said abbot long ha? kept to concub9e1 & _h *ildr5 by h]1 t he lately m>ri$ at ,ludl[4 ,& !re be o!rs t h be5 tak5 out ( 8 *amb] & put 9 ! /ocks )9 ! said abbey1 & o!rs t h compla9$ ^u him to ! k+'s c\ncil ( ! ,m>*es ( ,wales2 & ! woman t da%$ out 8 tee?1 t he w\ld h _h by viol5ce1 ,i w n "n n[1 nor o!r m5's wives1 le/ x w\ld (f5d y\r good lord%ip to read or he> ! same4 #bg4 ,item1 ! said abbot do? daily embezzle1 sell1 & convey ! goods & *attels1 & jewels ( ! said mona/]y1 hav+ no ne$ s to d3 = x is ?\ght t he ha? a ?\s& m>ks or two ?\s& ly+ by him t he ha? gott5 by sell+ ( ord]s1 & ! jewels & plate ( ! mona/]y & corradyes2 & x is to be fe>$ t he w ali5ate all ! re/1 unless y\r good lord%ip spe$ily make r$ress & provision to let ! same4 #bh4 ,item1 ! said abbot 0 accu/om$ ye>ly to prea* at ,leynt-w>d5 on ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 :]e & :5 ! p 7 wont to (f] to an image !re1 & to ! same ! said abbot 9 8 s]mons w\ld exhort !m & enc\rage !m4 ,b n[ ! oblations be decay$1 ! abbot1 espy+ ! image !n to h a cote ( silv] plate & gilt1 ha? tak5 away ( 8 own au?ority ! said image1 & ! plate turn$ to 8 own use2 & left 8 prea*+ !re1 say+ x is no mann] ( pr(it to any man1 & ! plate t 0 ab\t ! said image 0 nam$ to be wor? =ty p\nds4 #bi4 ,item1 ! said abbot ha? ev] n\ri%$ enmity & discord among 8 bre?r52 & ha? n enc\rag$ !m to le>n ! laws & ! my/]y ( ,*ri/4 ,b he t lea/ knew 0 mo/ *]i%$ by him2 & he ha? be5 highly displeas$ & ha? disda9$ :5 8 bro!rs w\ld say t 'x is ,god's precept & doctr9e t ye ought to pref] be=e y\r c]emonies & va9 con/itutions4' ,?is say+ 0 high disob$i5t1 & %\ld be griev\sly puni%$2 :5 t ly+1 obloquy1 flatt]y1 ignorance1 d]ision1 contumely1 discord1 great swe>+1 dr9k+1 hypocrisy1 fraud1 sup]/ition1 deceit1 conspiracy to wrong _! neighb\r1 & o!r ( t k9d1 0 _h 9 special fav\r & reg>d4 ,laud & praise be to ,god t ha? s5t u ! true k4 ,hon\r & long prosp]ity to our sov]eign "l & 8 noble c\ncil1 t tea*es to advance ! same4 ,am54 ,by ,john ,lee1 y\r fai?ful b$eman1 & canon ( ! said mona/]y ( ,wigmore4 ,po/script4--,my good "l1 !re is 9 ! said abbey a cross ( f9e gold & preci\s /ones1 :]e( "o diamond 0 e/eem$ by ,doctor ,boo?1 ,bi%op ( ,h]e=d1 wor? a hundr$ m>ks4 ,9 t cross is enclos$ a piece ( wood1 nam$ to be ( ! cross t ,*ri/ di$ ^u1 & to ! same ha? be5 (f]+4 ,& :5 x %\ld be br\ght d[n to ! *ur* f ! treasury1 x 0 br\ght d[n ) lights1 & l rev]5ce z %\ld h be5 done to ,*ri/ himself4 ,i fe> le/ ! abbot ^u ,sunday next1 :5 he may ent] ! treasury1 w take away ! said cross & break x1 or turn x to 8 own use1 ) _m o!r preci\s jewels t be !re4 ,all ^! articles a=e writt5 be true z to ! sub/ance & true mean+ ( !m1 ?\gh p]adv5ture = ha/e & lack ( c\nsel1 "s words be set amiss or out ( _! place4 ,t ,i w be ready to prove =asmu* z lies 9 me1 :5 x %all l y\r hon\rable lord%ip to direct y\r commission to m5 7or any man7 t w be indiff]5t & n corrupt to sit ^u ! same1 at ! said abbey1 :]e ! witnesses & pro(s be mo/ ready & ! tru? is be/ kn[n1 or at any o!r place :]e x %all be ?\ght mo/ conv5i5t by y\r high discretion & au?ority4 ,! /atutes ( ,provisors1 commonly call$ ,prmunire /atutes1 :i*1 =bade all pur*ases ( bulls f ,rome "u p5alty ( outlawry1 h be5 usually consid]$ 9 ! highe/ degree oppressive2 & m p>ticul>ly ! public c5sure has fall5 ^u ! la/ application ( ^? /atutes1 :51 on ,wolsey's fall1 ! :ole body ( ! cl]gy 7 laid "u a prmunire1 & only obta9$ p>don on paym5t ( a s]i\s f9e4 ,let no "o regret t he has le>nt to be tol]ant to ,roman ,ca?olics z ! n9ete5? c5tury kn[s !m4 ,b x is a spuri\s *>ity :i*1 to rem$y a mod]n inju/ice1 ha/5s to its opposite2 & :5 philosophic hi/orians indulge 9 loose invective aga9/ ! /atesm5 ( ! ,re=mation1 !y %[ !mselves unfit to be tru/$ ) ! cu/ody ( our national annals4 ,! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t speak pla9ly ( ! enorm\s abuses :i* _h gr[n up "u ^! bulls4 ,yet ev5 ! emphatic language ( ! /atutes sc>cely prep>es u to f9d an abbot able to pur*ase ) jewels /ol5 f 8 own conv5t a faculty to conf] holy ord]s1 ?\gh he _h nev] be5 consecrat$ bi%op1 & to make a ?\s& p\nds by sell+ ! ex]cise ( 8 privileges4 ,?is is ! mo/ flagrant case :i* has fall5 "u ! eyes ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,yet x is b a *oice specim5 out ( _m4 ,he 0 taught to believe1 l o!r mod]n /ud5ts ( hi/ory1 t ! papal disp5sations = immorality1 ( :i* we read 9 ,fox & o!r ,prote/ant writ]s1 7 calumnies1 b he has be5 =c$ aga9/ 8 w to p]ceive t ! suppos$ calumnies 7 b ! pla9 tru?2 he has f\nd among ! records--= "o ?+1 a li/ ( m ?an tw5ty cl]gy 9 "o diocese :o _h obta9$ lic5ces to keep concub9es4,s ,aft] "s exp]i5ce1 he advises all p]sons :o are anxi\s to und]/& ! ,engli% ,re=mation to place implicit confid5ce 9 ! ,/atute ,book4 ,e fre% record :i* is br\ght to light is a fre% evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,9 ! fluctuations ( ! conflict !re 7 p>liam5ts1 z !re 7 pr9ces1 ( oppos+ s5tim5ts2 & measures 7 pass$1 am5d$1 repeal$1 or c5sur$1 z ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics came alt]nately into p[]4 ,b :atev] 7 ! diff]5ces ( op9ion1 ! facts on ei!r side :i* are /at$ 9 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t may be uni=mly tru/$4 ,ev5 9 ! atta9d]s = treason & h]esy we admire ! tru?fulness ( ! details ( ! indictm5ts1 al?\gh we deplore ! prejudice :i* at times c\ld make a crime ( virtue4 ,we pass on to ! next picture4 ,equal ju/ice1 or "s attempt at x1 0 promis$1 & we %all p]haps "p f ! fri5ds ( ! mona/]ies on bett] t]ms ?an !y believe4 ,at lea/1 we %all add to our own hi/ory & to ! ,ca?olic m>tyrology a /ory ( g5u9e int]e/4 ,we h _m acc\nts ( ! abbeys at ! "t ( _! actual dissolution4 ,! resi/ance or acquiesc5ce ( sup]iors1 ! dismissals ( ! bre?r51 ! sale ( ! prop]ty1 ! de/ruction ( relics1 c41 are all describ$4 ,we "k h[ ! w9d[s 7 tak5 out1 h[ ! glass appropriat$1 h[ ! 'melt]' accompani$ ! visitors to run ! lead ^u ! ro(s1 & ! metal ( ! bells into portable =ms4 ,we see ! p5sion$ regul>s fil+ out reluctantly1 or exult+ 9 _! deliv]ance1 dis*>g$ f _! v[s1 furni%$ ea* ) 8 'secul> app>el1' & 8 purse ( money1 to beg9 ! _w z he might4 ,^! sc5es h long be5 p>tially kn[n1 & !y 7 r>ely att5d$ ) any?+ rem>kable4 ,at ! "t ( ! suppression1 ! discipl9e ( sev]al ye>s _h brok5 d[n opposition1 & prep>$ ! way = ! cata/rophe4 ,! end came at la/1 b z an issue :i* _h be5 long =ese54 ,we h s\ght 9 va91 h[ev]1 = a glimpse into ! int]ior ( ! h\ses at ! fir/ intimation ( :at 0 com+--m especially :5 ! great bl[ 0 /ruck :i* sev]$ ,engl& f ob$i5ce to ,rome1 & ass]t$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*4 ,!n1 virtually1 ! fate ( ! mona/]ies 0 decid$4 ,z soon z ! supremacy 0 ve/$ 9 ! ,cr[n1 enquiry into _! condition c\ld no long] be escap$ or delay$2 & !n1 ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ! c\ntry1 !re mu/ h be5 r>e dismay4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,london ,c>?usians is inde$ kn[n to u1 because !y *ose to die r ?an yield submission :]e _! consci5ces =bade !m2 & _! isolat$ h]oism has s]v$ to di/+ui% _! memories4 ,! pope1 z head ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 claim$ ! p[] ( absolv+ subjects f _! allegiance to _! k+4 ,he depos$ ,h5ry4 ,he call$ on =eign pr9ces to en=ce 8 s5t5ce2 &1 on pa9 ( excommunication1 comm&$ ! native ,engli% to rise 9 rebellion4 ,! k+1 9 self-def5ce1 0 compell$ to require 8 subjects to disclaim all sympa?y ) ^! pret5sions1 & to recognise no high] au?ority1 spiritual or secul>1 ?an himself )9 8 own dom9ions4 ,! regul> cl]gy ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 7 on ! pope's side1 secretly or op5ly4 ,! ,*>t]h\se monks1 h[ev]1 alone ( all ! ord]1 _h ! c\rage to decl>e _! convictions1 & to suff] = !m4 ,( ! re/1 we only p]ceive t !y at la/ submitt$2 & s9ce !re 0 no unc]ta9ty z to _! real feel+s1 we h be5 dispos$ to judge !m h>dly z c[>ds4 ,yet we :o h nev] be5 tri$1 %\ld p]haps be cauti\s 9 our c5sures4 ,x is possible to hold an op9ion q hone/ly1 & yet to hesitate ab\t dy+ = x4 ,we consid] ourselves1 at ! pres5t day1 p]suad$ hone/ly ( _m ?+s2 yet :i* ( !m %\ld we refuse to rel9qui% if ! scaffold 7 ! alt]native--or at lea/ seem to rel9qui%1 "u sil5t prote/8 ,& yet1 9 ! details ( ! /ruggle at ! ,*>t]h\se1 we see ! =ms ( m5tal trial :i* mu/ h repeat$ !mselves among all bodies ( ! cl]gy :]ev] !re 0 s]i\sness ( conviction4 ,if ! majority ( ! monks 7 vici\s & s5sual1 !re 0 /ill a l>ge m9ority lab\r+ to be true to _! v[s2 & :5 "o entire conv5t 0 capable ( su/a9$ resi/ance1 !re mu/ h be5 _m :]e !re 0 only j too little virtue = ! em]g5cy--:]e ! conflict betwe5 int]e/ & consci5ce 0 equally g5u9e1 ?\gh x end$ ! o!r way4 ,sc5es ( bitt] mis]y !re mu/ h be5--( passionate emotion wre/l+ ineffectually ) ! iron resolution ( ! ,gov]nm5t3 & ! faults ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty weigh s heavily aga9/ !m 9 ! c\rse & progress ( ! ,re=mation1 t we _c will+ly lose ! few c\nt]vail+ t9ts :i* s(t5 ! d>kness ( _! conditions4 ,nev]!less1 = any au!ntic acc\nt ( ! abbeys at ?is crisis1 we h hi!rto be5 left to our imag9ation4 ,a /]n & busy adm9i/ration _h little leisure to pres]ve records ( s5tim5tal /ruggles :i* l$ to no?+4 ,! ,ca?olics did n c>e to keep alive ! recollection ( a conflict 9 :i*1 ev5 ?\gh ) difficulty1 ! ,*ur* 0 defeat$4 ,a r>e accid5t only c\ld h br\ght d[n to u any fragm5t ( a transaction :i* no "o _h an int]e/ 9 rememb]+4 ,t su* an accid5t has really occurr$1 we may consid] z unusually =tunate4 ,! /ory 9 "q conc]ns ! abbey ( ,woburn1 & is z foll[s3-- ,at ,woburn1 z 9 _m o!r religi\s h\ses1 !re 7 repres5tatives ( bo? ! factions :i* divid$ ! c\ntry2 p]haps we %\ld say ( ?ree--! s9c]e ,ca?olics1 ! ,indiff]5ti/s1 & ! ,prote/ants4 ,^! la/1 s long z ,wolsey 0 9 p[]1 _h be5 fright5$ into sil5ce1 & ) difficulty _h be5 able to save !mselves f extreme p5alties4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 _h ,wolsey fall51 & ! battle comm5c$ ) ! papacy1 ?an ! tables turn$1 ! p]secut$ became p]secutors--or at lea/ ?rew (f _! disguise--& 7 /r5g!n$ ) ! support ( ! l>ge class :o c>$ only to keep on ! w9n+ side4 ,! my/]ies ( ! fai? came to be disput$ at ! public tables2 ! refectories rang ) polemics2 ! sacr$ sil5ce ( ! dormitories 0 brok5 = ! fir/ "t by lawless speculation4 ,! or?odox might h appeal$ to ! ,gov]nm5t3 h]esy 0 /ill =bidd5 by law1 &1 if detect$1 0 /ill puni%$ by ! /ake4 ,b ! or?odox among ! regul> cl]gy adh]$ to ! pope z well z to ! fai?1 & abhorr$ ! sacrilege ( ! ,p>liam5t z deeply z ! new op9ions ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,in/ead ( call+ 9 ! help ( ! law1 !y mutt]$ treason 9 secret2 & ! ,re=m]s1 confid5t 9 ! necessities ( ! times1 s5t reports to ,london ( _! argum5ts & conv]sations4 ,! au?orities 9 ! abbey 7 accus$ ( disaffection2 & a commission ( enquiry 0 s5t d[n t[>ds ! end ( ! spr+ ( #aecf1 to inve/igate4 ,! depositions tak5 on ?is occasion are /ill pres]v$2 & ) ! help ( !m1 we c leap ov] ?ree c5turies ( "t1 & he> ! la/ e*oes ( ! old mona/ic life 9 ,woburn ,abbey dy+ away 9 discord4 ,:]e p>ty feel+ 0 runn+ s high1 !re 71 ( c\rse1 passionate argum5ts4 ,! ,act ( ,supremacy1 ! spread ( ,prote/antism1 ! p[] ( ! ,pope1 ! /ate ( ,engl&--all 7 discuss$2 & ! possibilities ( ! future1 z ea* p>ty pa9t$ x 9 ! col\rs ( 8 hopes4 ,! bre?r51 we f9d1 spoke _! m9ds 9 pla9 language1 sometimes condesc5d+ to a joke4 ,bro!r ,%]borne deposes t ! sub-prior1 'on ,c&lemas-day la/ pa/ 7,febru>y #b1 #aecf71 ask$ him :e!r he long$ n to be at ,rome :]e all 8 bulls 78' ,bro!r ,%]borne answ]$ t '8 bulls _h made s _m calves1 t he _h burn$ !m4 ,:]eunto ! sub-prior said he ?\ght !re 7 m calves n[ ?an !re 7 !n4' ,!n !re 7 long & furi\s qu>rels ab\t 'my ,"l ,privy ,seal' 7,cromwell7--:o 0 to "o p>ty1 ! inc>nation ( ,satan2 to ! o!r1 ! deliv]+ angel4 ,nor did matt]s m5d :5 f ! m9i/] !y pass$ to ! ma/]4 ,dan ,john ,croxton be+ 9 '! %av+-h\se' "o day ) c]ta9 ( ! bre?r5 hav+ _! tonsures look$ to1 & gossip+1 z m5 d on su* occasions1 "o ',fri> ,lawr5ce did say t ! k+ 0 dead4' ,!n said ,croxton1 ',?anks be to ,god1 8 ,grace is 9 good heal?1 & ,i pray ,god s cont9ue him2' & said fur!r to ! said ,lawr5ce1 ',i advise !e to leave ?y babbl+4' ,croxton1 x seems1 _h be5 among ! suspect$ 9 e>li] times4 ,lawr5ce said to him1 ',croxton1 x make? no matt] :at ?\ saye/1 = ?\ art "o ( ! new _w2' :]eupon hott] /ill ! conv]sation proce$$4 ',?y babbl+ tongue1' ,croxton said1 'w turn u all to displeasure at l5g?4' ',!n1' quo? ,lawr5ce1 'nei!r ?\ nor yet any ( u all %all d well z long z we =sake our head ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,pope4' ',by ! mass6' quo? ,croxton1 ',i w\ld ?y ,pope ,rog] 7 9 ?y belly1 or ?\ 9 81 = ?\ art a false p]jur$ knave to ?y pr9ce4' ,:]eunto ! said ,lawr5ce answ]$1 say+1 ',by ! mass1 ?\ lie/6 ,i 0 nev] sworn to =sake ! ,pope to be our head1 & nev] w be4' ',!n1' quo? ,croxton1 '?\ %alt be sworn spite ( ?9e he>t "o day1 or ,i w "k :y nay4' ,^! & simil> wrangl+s may be tak5 z specim5s ( ! daily conv]sation at ,woburn1 & we c p]ceive h[ an abbot ) ! be/ int5tions w\ld h f\nd x difficult to keep ! peace4 ,!re are in/ances ( sup]iors 9 o!r h\ses ?r[+ d[n _! comm& 9 ! mid/ ( ! crisis 9 flat despair1 prote/+ t _! subject bre?r5 7 no long] gov]nable4 ,abbots :o 7 incl9$ to ! ,re=mation c\ld n manage ! ,ca?olics2 ,ca?olic abbots c\ld n manage ! ,prote/ants2 indiff]5t abbots c\ld n manage ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,x w\ld h be5 well = ! ,abbot ( ,woburn--or well z f> z ?is _w is conc]n$--if he1 l "o ( ^!1 _h ackn[l$g$ 8 incapacity1 & _h fl$ f 8 *>ge4 ,8 "n 0 ,rob]t ,hobbes4 ,( 8 age & family1 hi/ory is sil5t4 ,we "k only t he held 8 place :5 ! /orm rose aga9/ ! pope2 t1 l ! re/ ( ! cl]gy1 he b5t be=e ! bla/1 tak+ ! oa? to ! k+1 & submitt+ to ! royal supremacy1 b swe>+ "u prote/1 z ! phrase w5t1 ) ! outw>d1 & n ) ! inw>d man--9 fact1 p]jur+ himself4 ,?\gh infirm1 s f>1 h[ev]1 he 0 too hone/ to be a successful c\nt]feit1 & f ! jeal\s eyes ( ! ,neologians ( ! abbey he c\ld n conceal 8 t5d5cies4 ,we h significant evid5ce ( ! espionage :i* 0 e/abli%$ ov] all suspect$ qu>t]s1 9 ! conv]sations & trifl+ details ( conduct on ! "p ( ! abbot1 :i* 7 report$ to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aecd1 ord]s came t ! pope's "n %\ld be ras$ out :]ev] x 0 m5tion$ 9 ! ,mass books4 ,a malcont5t1 by "n ,rob]t ,sal=d1 depos$ t 'he 0 s++ mass be=e ! abbot at ,/4 ,?omas's alt> )9 ! mona/]y1 at :i* "t he ras$ out ) 8 knife ! said "n out ( ! canon4' ,! abbot told him to 'take a p5 & /rike or cross him out4' ,! saucy monk said ^? 7 n ! ord]s4 ,!y 7 to rase him out4 ',well1 well1' ! abbot said1 'x w come aga9 "o day4' ',come aga91 w x8' 0 ! answ]2 'if x d1 !n we w put him 9 aga92 b ,i tru/ ,i %all nev] see t day4' ,! mild abbot c\ld remon/rate1 b c\ld n any m comm&2 & ! pro(s ( 8 malignant incl9ations 7 rememb]$ aga9/ him = ! e> ( ,cromwell4 ,9 ! g5]al injunctions1 too1 he 0 direct$ to prea* aga9/ ! pope1 & to expose 8 usurpation2 b he c\ld n br+ himself to obey4 ,he %rank f ! pulpit2 he prea*$ b twice aft] ! visitation1 & !n on o!r subjects1 :ile 9 ! pray] be=e ! s]mon he refus$1 z we f9d1 to use ! prescrib$ =m4 ,he only said1 ',y %all pray = ! spirituality1 ! temporality1 & ! s\ls t be 9 ! pa9s ( purgatory2 & did n "n ! k+ to be supreme head ( ! ,*ur* 9 nei!r ( ! said s]mons1 nor speak aga9/ ! pret5d$ au?ority ( ! ,bi%op ( ,rome4' ,aga91 :5 ,paul ! ,?ird1 %ortly aft] 8 election1 propos$ to call a g5]al c\ncil at ,mantua1 aga9/ :i*1 by advice ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 ! ,g]mans prote/$1 we h a glimpse h[ eag]ly anxi\s ,engli% eyes 7 wat*+ = a turn+ tide4 ',he> y1' said ! abbot "o day1 '( ! ,pope's hol9ess & ! congregation ( bi%ops1 abbots1 & pr9ces ga!r$ to ! c\ncil at ,mantua8 ,!y be ga!r$ = ! re=mation ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*2 & "h n[ we h a book ( ! excuse ( ! ,g]mans1 by :i* we may "k :at h]etics !y be3 = if !y 7 ,ca?olics & true m5 z !y pret5d to be1 !y w\ld nev] h refus$ to come to a g5]al c\ncil4' ,s matt]s w5t ) ! abbot = "s mon?s aft] he _h sworn ob$i5ce to ! k+4 ,lull+ 8 consci5ce ) su* opiates z ! casui/s c\ld provide = him1 he wat*$ anxi\sly = a *ange1 & lab\r$ ) b little res]ve to hold 8 bre?r5 to _! old allegiance4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aece1 h[ev]1 a *ange came ov] ! sc5e1 v diff]5t f ! outw>d reaction = :i* he 0 look+1 & a bett] m9d woke 9 ! abbot3 he le>nt t 9 swe>+ :at he did n mean ) res]vations & nice di/9ctions1 he _h li$ to heav5 & li$ to man2 t to save 8 mis]able life he _h p]ill$ 8 s\l4 ,:5 ! oa? ( supremacy 0 requir$ ( ! nation1 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ,bi%op ,fi%]1 & ! monks ( ! ,*>t]h\se--mi/ak51 z we believe1 9 judgm5t1 b true to _! consci5ces1 & disda9+ evasion or subt]fuge--*ose1 ) delib]ate nobl5ess1 r to die ?an to p]jure !mselves4 ,?is is no place to ent] on ! great "q ( ! ju/ice or necessity ( ^? executions2 b ! /ory ( ! s-call$ m>tyrdoms convuls$ ! ,ca?olic _w4 ,! pope %ook ^u 8 ?rone2 ! %uttle ( diplomatic intrigue /ood /ill2 diplomati/s :o _h liv$ s long 9 lies t ! :ole life ( man seem$ b a /age pageant1 a ?+ ( %[ & t9sel1 /ood agha/ at ! revelation ( ,engli% s9c]ity1 & a %udd] ( great awe ran ?r\gh ,europe4 ,! fury ( p>ty leaves little room = g5]\s emotion1 & no pity 0 felt = ^! m5 by ! ,engli% ,prote/ants4 ,! ,prote/ants knew well t if ^! same suff]]s c\ld h _h _! way1 !y w\ld !mselves h be5 sacrific$ by hecatombs2 & z !y _h nev] exp]i5c$ m]cy1 s !y 7 9 turn )\t m]cy4 ,b to ! ,engli% ,ca?olics1 :o believ$ z ,fi%] believ$1 b :o _h n d>$ to suff] z ,fi%] suff]$1 8 dea? & ! dea? ( ! re/ act$ z a glimpse ( ! ,judgm5t ,day4 ,_! safety became _! %ame & t]ror2 & 9 ! radiant example be=e !m ( true fai?fulness1 !y saw _! own falsehood & _! own disgrace4 ,s x 0 ) ,fa!r ,=e/1 :o _h taught 8 p5it5ts 9 confession t !y might p]jure !mselves1 & :o n[ s\ght a cruel dea? 9 volunt>y expiation2 s x 0 ) ,:it+1 ! ,abbot ( ,gla/onbury2 s ) o!rs ^: names %\ld be m famili> to u ?an !y are2 & "h 9 ,woburn we are to see ! feeble b g5u9e p5it5ce ( ,abbot ,hobbes4 ,he 0 /ill unequal to imm$iate m>tyrdom1 b he did :at he knew might drag 8 dea? ^u him if disclos$ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & surr\nd$ by spies he c\ld h _h no hope ( concealm5t4 ',at ! "t1' depos$ ,rob]t ,sal=d1 't ! monks ( ! ,*>t]h\se1 ) o!r traitors1 did suff] dea?1 ! abbot did call u into ! ,*apt]-h\se1 & said ^! words3--,bre?r51 ?is is a p]il\s "t2 su* a sc\rge 0 nev] he>d s9ce ,*ri/'s passion4 ,ye he> h[ good m5 suff] ! dea?4 ,bre?r51 ?is is und\bt$ = our (f5ces4 ,ye read1 s long z ! *ildr5 ( ,israel kept ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 s long _! enemies _h no p[] ov] !m1 b ,god took v5geance ( _! enemies4 ,b :5 !y broke ,god's comm&m5ts1 !n !y 7 subdu$ by _! enemies1 & s be we4 ,!re=e let u be sorry = our (f5ces4 ,und\bt$ ,he w take v5geance ( our enemies2 ,i mean ^? h]etics t cause? s _m good m5 to suff] ?us4 ,alas1 x is a pite\s case t s mu* ,*ri/ian blood %\ld be %$4 ,!re=e1 good bre?r51 = ! rev]5ce ( ,god1 e "o ( y dev\tly pray1 & say ?is ,psalm1 ',oh ,god1 ! hea!n are come into ?9e inh]itance2 ?y holy temple h !y defil$1 & made ,j]usalem a heap ( /ones4 ,! dead bodies ( ?y s]vants h !y giv5 to be meat to ! f[ls ( ! air1 & ! fle% ( ?y sa9ts unto ! bea/s ( ! field4 ,_! blood h !y %$ l wat] on e side ( ,j]usalem1 & !re 0 no man to bury !m4 ,we are become an op5 scorn unto our enemies1 a v scorn & d]ision unto !m t are r\nd ab\t u4 ,oh1 rememb] n our old s9s1 b h m]cy ^u u1 & t soon1 = we are come to great mis]y4 ,help u1 oh ,god ( our salvation1 = ! glory ( ?y "n4 ,oh1 be m]ciful unto our s9s = ?y "n's sake4 ,:]e=e d ! hea!n say1 ,:]e is n[ _! ,god8' ,ye %all say ?is ,psalm1 repeat$ ! abbot1 e ,friday1 aft] ! litany1 pro/rate1 :5 ye lie ^u ! high alt>1 & und\bt$ly ,god w cease ?is extreme sc\rge4 ,& s1' cont9ues ,sal=d1 significantly1 '! conv5t did say ?is a=esaid ,psalm until !re 7 c]ta9 t did murmur at ! say+ ( x1 & s x 0 left4' ,! abbot1 x seems1 ei!r /ood alone1 or f\nd b languid support2 ev5 8 own famili> fri5ds :om he tru/$1 ^? ) :om he _h walk$ 9 ! h\se ( ,god1 _h turn$ aga9/ him2 ! h>% air ( ! dawn ( a new _w *ok$ him3 :at 0 !re = him b to die8 ,b 8 consci5ce /ill haunt$ him3 :ile he liv$ he mu/ fight on1 & s1 if possible1 f9d p>don = 8 p]jury4 ,! bl[s 9 ^? ye>s fell ^u ! ,*ur* ?ick & fa/4 ,9 ,febru>y #aecf1 ! ,bill pass$ = ! dissolution ( ! small] mona/]ies2 & n[ we f9d ! sub-prior ) ! :ole frat]nity unit$ 9 ho/ility1 & ! abbot )\t "o fri5d rema9+4 ',he did aga9 call u toge!r1' says ! next deposition1 '& lam5tably m\rn+ = ! dissolv+ ! said h\ses1 he enjo9$ u to s+ ,salvator mundi1 salva nos omnes1 e day aft] lauds2 & we murmur$ at x1 & 7 n cont5t to s+ x = su* cause2 & s we did omit x div]s days1 = :i* ! abbot came unto ! *apt]1 & did 9 mann] rebuke u1 & said we 7 b\nd to obey 8 comm&m5t by our pr(ession1 & s did comm& u to s+ x aga9 ) ! v]sicle ,let ,god arise1 & let 8 enemies be scatt]$4 ,let !m also t hate him flee be=e him4 ,also he enjo9$ u at e mass t e prie/ did s+1 to say ! collect1 ,oh ,god1 :o despise/ n ! sigh+ ( a contrite he>t4 ,& he said if we did ?is ) good & true devotion1 ,god w\ld s h&le ! matt]1 t x %\ld be to ! com=t ( all ,engl&1 & s %[ u m]cy z he %[$ unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,& surely1 bre?r51 !re w come to u a good man t w rectify ^! mona/]ies aga9 t be n[ suppre/1 because ,god c ( ^! /ones raise up *ildr5 to ,abraham4' ',( ! /ones1' p]haps1 b less easily ( ! /ony-he>t$ monks1 :o1 ) pitiless smiles1 wat*$ ! abbot's sorr[1 :i* %\ld soon br+ him to 8 ru94 ,"t pass$ on1 & z ! _w grew worse1 s ! abbot grew m lonely4 ,desolate & unsupport$1 he 0 /ill unable to make up 8 m9d to ! c\rse :i* he knew to be "r2 b he sl[ly /r5g!n$ himself = ! trial1 & z ,l5t came on1 ! season br\ght ) x a m special call to ef=t2 he did n fail to recognise x4 ,! conduct ( ! frat]nity sorely di/urb$ him4 ,!y prea*$ aga9/ all :i* he mo/ lov$ & valu$1 9 language purposely co>se2 & ! mild sweetness ( ! rebukes :i* he adm9i/]$1 %[$ pla9ly on :i* side lay1 9 ! abbey ( ,woburn1 ! l>g] portion ( ! _s ( ,heav54 ,n[1 :5 ! passions ( ^? times h di$ away1 & we c look back ) m indiff]5t eyes1 h[ t\*+ is ! foll[+ sc5e4 ,!re 0 "o ,sir ,william1 curate ( ,woburn ,*apel1 ^: tongue1 x seems1 0 r\gh beyond ! re/4 ,! abbot met him "o day1 & spoke to him4 ',sir ,william1' he said1 ',i he> tell ye be a great rail]4 ,i m>vel t ye rail s4 ,i pray y tea* my cure ! ,scripture ( ,god1 & t may be to edification4 ,i pray y leave su* rail+4 ,ye call ! pope a be> & a b&og4 ,ei!r he is a good man or an ill4 ,dom9o suo /at aut cadit4 ,! (fice ( a bi%op is hon\rable4 ,:at edify+ is ?is to rail8 ,let him alone4' ,b !y w\ld n let him alone1 nor w\ld !y let ! abbot alone4 ,he grew 'some:at acras$1' !y said2 vex$ ) feel+s ( :i* !y _h no exp]i5ce4 ,he fell sick1 sorr[ & ! ,l5t discipl9e weigh+ ^u him4 ,! bre?r5 w5t to see him 9 8 room2 "o ,bro!r ,dan ,woburn came among ! re/1 & ask$ him h[ he did2 ! abbot answ]$1 ',i w\ld t ,i _h di$ ) ! good m5 t di$ = hold+ ) ! pope4 ,my consci5ce1 my consci5ce do? grudge me e day = x4' ,life 0 fa/ los+ its value = him4 ,:at 0 life to him or any man :5 b\ght ) a s9 aga9/ 8 s\l8 ',if ! abbot be dispos$ to die1 = t matt]1' ,bro!r ,croxton obs]v$1 'he may die z soon z he w4' ,all ,l5t he fa/$ & pray$1 & 8 illness grew ^u him2 & at l5g? 9 ,passion week he ?\ght all 0 ov]1 & t he 0 go+ away4 ,on ,passion ,sunday he call$ ! bre?r5 ab\t him1 & z !y /ood r\nd 8 b$1 ) _! cold1 h>d eyes1 'he exhort$ !m all to *>ity2' he implor$ !m 'nev] to cons5t to g out ( _! mona/]y2 & if x *anc$ !m to be put f x1 !y %\ld 9 no wise =sake _! habit4' ,aft] ^! words1 'be+ 9 a great agony1 he rose out ( 8 b$1 & cri$ out & said1 ,i w\ld to ,god1 x w\ld please him to take me out ( ?is wret*$ _w2 & ,i w\ld ,i _h di$ ) ! good m5 t h suff]$ dea? h]et(ore1 = !y 7 quickly out ( _! pa94',t ,!n1 half w&]+1 he began to mutt] to himself al\d ! ?\ghts :i* _h be5 work+ 9 him 9 8 /ruggles2 & quot+ ,/4 ,b]n>d's words ab\t ! pope1 he exclaim$1 ',tu quis es primatu ,abel1 gub]natione ,noah1 auctoritate ,moses1 judicatu ,samuel1 pote/ate ,petrus1 unctione ,*ri/us4 ,ali ecclesi hab5t sup] se pa/ores4 ,tu pa/or pa/orum es4' ,let x be rememb]$ t ?is is no s5tim5tal fiction begott5 out ( ! bra9 ( "s +5i\s noveli/1 b ! record ( ! true words & suff]+s ( a g5u9e *ild ( ,adam1 lab\r+ 9 a trial too h>d = him4 ,he pray$ to die1 & 9 good "t dea? 0 to come to him2 b n1 aft] all1 9 ! sick b$1 ) 8 expiation b half complet$4 ,a ye> be=e1 he _h ?r[n d[n ! cross :5 x 0 (f]$ him4 ,he 0 to take x aga9--! v cross :i* he _h refus$4 ,he recov]$4 ,he 0 br\ght be=e ! c\ncil2 ) :at result1 !re are no means ( kn[+4 ,to admit ! papal supremacy :5 (ficially que/ion$ 0 high treason4 ,:e!r ! abbot 0 con/ant1 & receiv$ "s conditional p>don1 or :e!r 8 he>t aga9 = ! mom5t fail$ him--:i*ev] he did1 ! records are sil5t4 ,?is only we asc]ta9 ( him3 t he 0 n put to dea? "u ! /atute ( supremacy4 ,b1 two ye>s lat]1 :5 ! (ficial li/ 0 pres5t$ to ! ,p>liam5t ( ^? :o _h suff]$ = _! %>e 9 '! ,pilgrimage ( ,grace1' among ! re/ we f9d ! "n ( ,rob]t ,hobbes1 late ,abbot ( ,woburn4 ,to ?is solit>y fact we c add no?+4 ,! rebellion 0 put d[n1 & 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! (f5d]s !re 0 unusual l5i5cy2 n m ?an ?irty p]sons 7 execut$1 al?\gh =ty ?\s& _h be5 9 arms4 ,^? only 7 select$ :o _h be5 mo/ signally implicat$4 ,b !y 7 all lead]s 9 ! movem5t2 ! m5 ( highe/ rank1 & !re=e greate/ guilt4 ,!y di$ = :at !y believ$ _! duty2 & ! k+ & c\ncil did _! duty 9 en=c+ ! laws aga9/ arm$ insurg5ts4 ,he = ^: cause ea* suppos$ !mselves to be cont5d+1 has long s9ce judg$ betwe5 !m2 & bo? p>ties p]haps n[ see all ?+s ) cle>] eyes ?an 0 p]mitt$ to !m on e>?4 ,we also c see m di/9ctly4 ,we w n refuse ! ,abbot ,hobbes a brief record ( 8 trial & passion4 ,& al?\gh twelve g5]ations ( ,russells--all loyal to ! ,prote/ant asc5dancy--h swept ,woburn cle> ( ,ca?olic associations1 !y1 too1 9 ^! lat] days1 w n regret to see reviv$ ! au!ntic /ory ( its la/ abbot4 ,,footnotes3 ,q ,f ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 #aheg4 ,r ,rolls ,h\se ,,ms41 ,miscellane\s ,pap]s1 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 #cef4 ,s ,tann] ,,ms4 #aje1 ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d4 ,t ,mean+1 z he aft]w>ds said1 ,m & ,fi%] & ! ,c>?usians4 ,,engl&',s ,,=gott5 ,,wor?ies4,u #a4 ,! ,obs]vations ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,hawk9s1 ,knt41 9 8 ,voyage 9 ! ,s\? ,sea 9 #aeic4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,edition ( #afbb1 & ,edit$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,major1 ,esq41 ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,publi%$ by ! ,hakluyt ,society4 #b4 ,! ,discov]ie ( ! ,empire ( ,guiana4 ,by ,sir ,walt] ,ralegh1 ,knt4 ,edit$1 ) copi\s ,explanatory ,notes1 & a ,biographical ,memoir1 by ,sir ,rob]t ,h4 ,s*omburgk1 ,phil4 ,d41 c4 #c4 ,n>ratives ( ,e>ly ,voyages und]tak5 = ! ,discov]y ( a ,passage to ,ca?aia & ,india by ! ,nor?-we/2 ) ,selections f ! ,records ( ! ,wor%ipful ,fell[%ip ( ! ,m]*ants ( ,london1 trad+ into ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & f ,,mss4 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 n[ fir/ publi%$1 by ,?omas ,rundall1 ,esq4 ,! ,re=mation1 ! ,antipodes1 ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 ! ,planet>y sy/em1 & ! inf9ite deep ( ! ,heav5s1 h n[ become common & famili> facts to u4 ,globes & orr]ies are ! play?+s ( our s*ool-days2 we inhale ! _s ( ,prote/antism ) our e>lie/ brea? ( consci\sness4 ,x is all b impossible to ?r[ back our imag9ation into ! "t :51 z new gr& discov]ies1 !y /irr$ e m9d :i* !y t\*$ ) awe & wond] at ! revelation :i* ,god _h s5t d[n among mank9d4 ,va/ spiritual & mat]ial cont95ts lay = ! fir/ "t display$1 op5+ fields ( ?\ght & fields ( ent]prise ( :i* none c\ld conjecture ! limit4 ,old r\t9e 0 brok5 up4 ,m5 7 ?r[n back on _! own /r5g? & _! own p[]1 un%ackl$1 to accompli% :atev] !y might d>e4 ,& al?\gh we d n speak ( ^! discov]ies z ! cause ( t enorm\s =ce ( he>t & intellect :i* accompani$ !m 7= !y 7 z mu* ! effect z ! cause1 & "o react$ on ! o!r71 yet at any rate !y af=d$ scope & room = ! play ( p[]s :i*1 )\t su* scope1 let !m h be5 z transc5dant z !y w\ld1 mu/ h pass$ away unproductive & blight$4 ,an e>ne/ fai? 9 ! sup]natural1 an int5sely real conviction ( ! div9e & devili% =ces by :i* ! univ]se 0 guid$ & misguid$1 0 ! inh]itance ( ! ,elizabe?an age f ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fi]ce/ & mo/ lawless m5 did !n really & truly believe 9 ! actual p]sonal pres5ce ( ,god or ! devil 9 e accid5t1 or sc5e1 or action4 ,!y br\ght to ! contemplation ( ! new heav5 & ! new e>? an imag9ation saturat$ ) ! spiritual convictions ( ! old era1 :i* 7 n lo/1 b only inf9itely exp&$4 ,! planets1 ^: va/ness !y n[ le>nt to recognise1 71 !re=e1 only ! m p[]ful = evil or = good2 ! tides 7 ! brea?+ ( ,demogorgon2 & ! idolatr\s ,am]ican tribes 7 real wor%ipp]s ( ! real devil1 & 7 assi/$ ) ! full p[] ( 8 evil army4 ,x is a =m ( ?\ght :i*1 h[ev] 9 a vague & g5]al way we may cont9ue to use its phraseology1 has become1 9 its detail$ application to life1 utt]ly /range to u4 ,we congratulate ourselves on ! enl>gem5t ( our und]/&+ :5 we read ! decisions ( grave law c\rts 9 cases ( suppos$ wit*craft2 we smile complac5tly ov] ,raleigh's /ory ( ! isl& ( ! ,amazons1 & rejoice t we are n su* z he--entangl$ 9 ! cobwebs ( effete & fooli% sup]/ition4 ,yet ! true conclusion is less flatt]+ to our vanity4 ,t ,raleigh & ,bacon c\ld believe :at !y believ$1 & c\ld be :at !y 7 not)/&+1 is to u a pro( t ! injury :i* su* mi/akes c inflict is unspeakably insignificant3 & aris+1 z !y arose1 f a nev]-fail+ s5se ( ! real awfulness & my/]y ( ! _w1 & ( ! life ( human s\ls ^u x1 !y witness to ! pres5ce 9 su* m9ds ( a _s1 ! loss ( :i* n ! mo/ p]fect acqua9tance ) e law by :i* ! :ole creation moves c comp5sate4 ,we wond] at ! gr&eur1 ! moral maje/y ( "s ( ,%akespe>e's *>act]s1 s f> beyond :at ! noble/ among ourselves c imitate1 & at fir/ ?\ght we attribute x to ! g5ius ( ! poet1 :o has out/ripp$ nature 9 8 creations4 ,b we are misund]/&+ ! p[] & ! mean+ ( poetry 9 attribut+ creativ5ess to x 9 any su* s5se4 ,%akespe>e creat$1 b only z ! _s ( nature creat$ ar\nd him1 work+ 9 him z x work$ abroad 9 ^? among :om he liv$4 ,! m5 :om he draws 7 su* m5 z he saw & knew2 ! words !y utt] 7 su* z he he>d 9 ! ord9>y conv]sations 9 :i* he jo9$4 ,at ! ,m]maid ) ,raleigh & ) ,sidney1 & at a ?\s& unnam$ ,engli% firesides1 he f\nd ! liv+ orig9als = 8 ,pr9ce ,hals1 8 ,orl&os1 8 ,antonios1 8 ,portias1 8 ,isabellas4 ,! clos] p]sonal acqua9tance :i* we c =m ) ! ,engli% ( ! age ( ,elizabe?1 ! m we are satisfi$ t ,%akespe>e's great poetry is no m ?an ! rhy?mic e*o ( ! life :i* x depicts4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ) no little int]e/ t we he>d ( ! =mation ( a society :i* 0 to employ itself1 z we und]/ood1 9 republi%+ 9 accessible =m "s1 if n all1 ( ! invaluable records compil$ or compos$ by ,ri*>d ,hakluyt4 ,books1 l ev]y?+ else1 h _! appo9t$ dea?-day2 ! s\ls ( !m1 unless !y be f\nd wor?y ( a second bir? 9 a new body1 p]i% ) ! pap] 9 :i* !y liv$2 & ! e>ly folio ,hakluyts1 n f _! own want ( m]it1 b f our neglect ( !m1 7 expir+ ( old age4 ,! five-volume qu>to edition1 publi%$ 9 #ahaa1 s little p !n c>$ = ! exploits ( _! ance/ors1 consi/$ b ( #bgj copies4 ,x 0 int5d$ = no m ?an = curi\s antiqu>ies1 or = ! great libr>ies1 :]e x c\ld be consult$ z a book ( ref]5ce2 & among a p1 ! great] "p ( :om _h nev] he>d ,hakluyt's "n1 ! editors are sc>cely to be blam$ if x nev] s mu* z occurr$ to !m t g5]al read]s w\ld c>e to h ! book )9 _! rea*4 ,& yet ^? five volumes may be call$ ! ,prose ,epic ( ! mod]n ,engli% nation4 ,!y conta9 ! h]oic tales ( ! exploits ( ! great m5 9 :om ! new era 0 inaugurat$2 n my?ic1 l ! ,iliads & ! ,eddas1 b pla9 broad n>ratives ( sub/antial facts1 :i* rival leg5d 9 int]e/ & gr&eur4 ,:at ! old epics 7 to ! royally or nobly born1 ?is mod]n epic is to ! common p4 ,we h no long] k+s or pr9ces = *ief actors1 to :om ! h]oism l ! dom9ion ( ! _w _h 9 "t pa/ be5 conf9$4 ,b1 z x 0 9 ! days ( ! ,apo/les1 :5 a few poor fi%]m5 f an obscure lake 9 ,pale/9e assum$1 "u ! ,div9e mission1 ! spiritual au?ority ov] mank9d1 s1 9 ! days ( our own ,elizabe?1 ! seam5 f ! banks ( ! ,?ames & ! ,avon1 ! ,plym & ! ,d>t1 self-taught & self-direct$1 ) no impulse b :at 0 beat+ 9 _! own royal he>ts1 w5t out across ! unkn[n seas fight+1 discov]+1 colonis+1 & grav$ out ! *annels1 pav+ !m at la/ ) _! bones1 ?r\gh :i* ! comm]ce & ent]prise ( ,engl& has fl[$ out ov] all ! _w4 ,we c conceive no?+1 n ! songs ( ,hom] himself1 :i* w\ld be read among u ) m en?usia/ic int]e/ ?an ^! pla9 massive tales2 & a p's edition ( !m 9 ^! days1 :5 ! writ+s ( ,a9swor? & ,eugne ,sue circulate 9 t5s ( ?\s&s1 w\ld p]haps be ! mo/ bless$ antidote :i* c\ld be be/[$ ^u u4 ,! h]oes !mselves 7 ! m5 ( ! p--! ,joneses1 ! ,smi?s1 ! ,davises1 ! ,drakes2 & no c\rtly p51 ) ! "o exception ( ,raleigh1 l5t its poli% or its v>ni% to set !m (f4 ,9 mo/ cases ! capta9 himself1 or 8 cl]k or s]vant1 or "s unkn[n g5tleman volunte]1 sat d[n & *ronicl$ ! voyage :i* he _h %>$2 & ?us inorganically arose a collection ( writ+s :i*1 ) all _! simplicity1 are = no?+ m /rik+ ?an = ! high moral beauty1 w>m$ ) natural feel+1 :i* displays itself ?r\gh all _! pages4 ,) u1 ! sailor is sc>cely himself beyond 8 qu>t]-deck4 ,if he is di/+ui%$ 9 8 pr(ession1 he is pr(essional m]ely2 or if he is m ?an t1 he owes x n to 8 "w z a sailor1 b to indep5d5t dome/ic culture4 ,) !m1 _! pr(ession 0 ! s*ool ( _! nature1 a high moral education :i* mo/ br\ght out :at 0 mo/ nobly human 9 !m2 & ! wond]s ( e>?1 & air1 & sea1 & sky1 7 a real intelligible language 9 :i* !y he>d ,almighty ,god speak+ to !m4 ,t su* hopes ( :at might be accompli%$ by ! ,hakluyt ,society %\ld 9 "s measure be disappo9t$1 is only :at might naturally be anticipat$ ( all v sangu9e expectation4 ,*eap editions are exp5sive editions to ! publi%]2 & hi/orical societies1 f a necessity :i* appe>s to encumb] all corporate ,engli% action1 r>ely fail to d _! "w exp5sively & infelicit\sly4 ,yet1 aft] all all[ances & d$uctions1 we _c reconcile ourselves to ! mortification ( hav+ f\nd b "o volume 9 ! s]ies to be ev5 tol]ably edit$1 & t "o to be edit$ by a g5tleman to :om ,engl& is b an adopt$ c\ntry--,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk4 ,raleigh's ',conque/ ( ,guiana1' ) ,sir ,rob]t's sket* ( ,raleigh's hi/ory & "*1 =m 9 ev]y?+ b its co/ a v model ( an excell5t volume4 ,= ! rema9+ editors1,v we are oblig$ to say t !y h ex]t$ !mselves successfully to p>alyse :atev] int]e/ 0 reviv+ 9 ,hakluyt1 & to consign _! own volumes to ! same obscurity to :i* "t & accid5t 7 consign+ ! e>li] editions4 ,v little :i* 0 really notewor?y escap$ ! indu/ry ( ,hakluyt himself1 & we look$ to f9d repr9ts ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! /ories :i* 7 to be f\nd 9 8 collection4 ,! editors began un=tunately ) propos+ to cont9ue ! "w :]e he _h left x1 & to produce n>ratives hi!rto unpubli%$ ( o!r voyages ( inf]ior int]e/1 or n ( ,engli% orig94 ,bett] ?\ghts appe> to h occurr$ to !m 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w2 b _! evil de/9y ov]took !m be=e _! ?\ghts c\ld get !mselves execut$4 ,we op5$ "o volume ) eag]ness1 be>+ ! title ( ',voyages to ! ,nor?-we/1' 9 hope ( f9d+ our old fri5ds ,davis & ,frobi%]4 ,we f\nd a va/ unnecess>y ,editor's ,preface3 & in/ead ( ! voyages !mselves1 :i* ) _! picturesqu5ess & moral beauty %9e among ! faire/ jewels 9 ! diamond m9e ( ,hakluyt1 we enc\nt]$ an analysis & dige/ ( _! results1 :i* ,milton 0 call$ 9 to ju/ify 9 an inappropriate quotation4 ,x is mu* z if !y _h und]tak5 to edit ',bacon's ,essays1' & _h retail$ :at !y conceiv$ to be ! sub/ance ( !m 9 _! own language2 /rangely fail+ to see t ! real value ( ! actions or ! ?\ghts ( rem>kable m5 does n lie 9 ! mat]ial result :i* c be ga!r$ f !m1 b 9 ! he>t & s\l ( ! actors or speak]s !mselves4 ,consid] :at ,hom]'s ',odyssey' w\ld be1 r$uc$ into an analysis4 ,! editor ( ! ',lett]s ( ,columbus' apologises = ! rud5ess ( ! old seaman's phraseology4 ,columbus1 he tells u1 0 n s great a ma/] ( ! p5 z ( ! art ( navigation4 ,we are to make excuses = him4 ,we are put on our gu>d1 & w>n$ n to be (f5d$1 be=e we are introduc$ to ! sublime record ( suff]+s "u :i* a man ( ! highe/ ord] 0 /agg]+ t[>ds ! end ( 8 e>?ly calamities2 al?\gh ! in>ticulate fragm5ts 9 :i* 8 ?\ght breaks out f him1 are /rokes ( natural art by ! side ( :i* lit]>y pa?os is poor & mean+less4 ,& ev5 9 ! subjects :i* !y select !y are pursu$ by ! same curi\s fatality4 ,:y is ,drake to be be/ kn[n1 or to be only kn[n1 9 8 la/ voyage8 ,:y pass ov] ! success1 & endeav\r to immortalise ! failure8 ,:5 ,drake climb$ ! tree 9 ,panama1 & saw bo? oceans1 & v[$ t he w\ld sail a %ip 9 ! ,pacific2 :5 he crawl$ out ^u ! cliffs ( ,t]ra del ,fuego1 & lean$ 8 head ov] ! s\!rnmo/ angle ( ! _w2 :5 he scor$ a furr[ r\nd ! globe ) 8 keel1 & receiv$ ! homage ( ! b>b>ians ( ! antipodes 9 ! "n ( ! ,virg9 ,que51 he 0 ano!r man f :at he _h become aft] tw5ty ye>s ( c\rt life & intrigue1 & ,spani% fight+ & gold-hunt+4 ,!re is a tragic solemnity 9 8 end1 if we take x z ! la/ act ( 8 c>e]2 b x is 8 life1 n 8 dea?1 :i* we desire--n :at he fail$ to d1 b :at he did4 ,b e bad has a worse bel[ x1 & m (f5sive ?an all ^! is ! editor ( ,hawk9s's ',voyage to ! ,s\? ,sea4' ,! n>rative is /rik+ 9 itself2 n "o ( ! be/1 b v good2 &1 z x is republi%$ complete1 we c =tunately read x ?r\gh1 c>efully %utt+ (f ,capta9 ,be?une's notes ) "o h&1 & we %all !n f9d 9 x ! same beauty :i* brea!s 9 ! tone ( all ! writ+s ( ! p]iod4 ,x is a record ( mis=tune1 b ( mis=tune :i* did no di%on\r to him :o sunk "u x2 & !re is a melan*oly dignity 9 ! /yle 9 :i* ,hawk9s tells 8 /ory1 :i* seems to say1 t ?\gh he _h be5 defeat$1 & _h nev] aga9 an opportunity ( w9n+ back 8 lo/ laurels1 he respects himself /ill = ! he>t ) :i* he endur$ a %ame :i* w\ld h brok5 a small] man4 ,x w\ld h requir$ no l>ge ex]tion ( editorial self-d5ial to h ab/a9$ f m>r+ ! pages ) puns ( :i* ',pun*' w\ld be a%am$1 & ) ! vulg> affectation ( patronage ) :i* ! sea capta9 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury condesc5ds to criticise & approve ( 8 half-b>b>\s precursor4 ,& :at excuse c we f9d = su* an (f5ce z ?is :i* foll[s4 ,! w> ( fre$om ( ! ,araucan ,indians is ! mo/ gallant episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! ,spani>ds !mselves 7 n beh9dh& 9 ackn[l$g+ ! *ivalry be=e :i* !y quail$1 &1 aft] _m ye>s ( ineffectual ef=ts1 !y gave up a conflict :i* !y nev] aft]w>ds resum$2 leav+ ! ,araucans alone1 ( all ! ,am]ican races ) :i* !y came 9 contact1 a lib]ty :i* !y 7 unable to te> f !m4 ,x is a subject = an epic poem2 & :atev] admiration is due to ! h]oism ( a brave p :om no inequality ( /r5g? c\ld appal & no defeats c\ld cru%1 ^! poor ,indians h a "r to dem& ( u4 ,! /ory ( ! w> 0 well kn[n 9 ,europe2 ,hawk9s1 9 coa/+ ! we/]n %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 fell 9 ) !m1 & ! f9e/ passage 9 8 book is ! relation ( "o ( ! incid5ts ( ! w>3-- ,an ,indian capta9 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,spani>ds1 & = t he 0 ( "n1 & kn[n to h done 8 devoir aga9/ !m1 !y cut (f 8 h&s1 !reby int5d+ to dis5able him to fight any m aga9/ !m4 ,b he1 return+ home1 desir\s to rev5ge ?is injury1 to ma9ta9 8 lib]ty1 ) ! reputation ( 8 nation1 & to help to bani% ! ,spani>d1 ) 8 tongue intreat$ & incit$ !m to p]sev]e 9 _! accu/om$ val\r & reputation1 abas+ ! enemy & advanc+ 8 nation2 condemn+ _! contr>ies ( c[>dl9ess1 & confirm+ x by ! cruelty us$ ) him & o!r 8 companions 9 _! mi%aps2 %[+ !m 8 arms )\t h&s1 & nam+ 8 bre?r5 ^: half feet !y _h cut (f1 because !y might be unable to sit on horseback2 ) =ce argu+ t if !y fe>$ !m n1 !y w\ld n h us$ s great inhumanity--= fe> produce? cruelty1 ! companion ( c[>dice4 ,?us enc\rag$ he !m to fight = _! lives1 limbs1 & lib]ty1 *oos+ r to die an hon\rable dea? fight+1 ?an to live 9 s]vitude z fruitless memb]s ( ! commonweal?4 ,?us us+ ! (fice ( a s]geant-major1 & hav+ load5 8 two /umps ) bundles ( arr[s1 he succ\r$ !m :o1 9 ! succe$+ battle _h _! /ore wa/$2 & *ang+ himself f place to place1 animat$ & enc\rag$ 8 c\ntrym5 ) su* com=table p]suasions1 z x is report$ & cr$ibly believ$1 t he did m good ) 8 words & pres5ce1 )\t /rik+ a /roke1 ?an a great "p ( ! army did ) fight+ to ! utmo/4 ,x is an action :i* may take its place by ! side ( ! my? ( ,mucius ,scvola1 or ! real exploit ( t bro!r ( ! poet s*ylus1 :o1 :5 ! ,p]sians 7 fly+ f ,m>a?on1 clung to a %ip till bo? 8 h&s 7 hewn away1 & !n seiz$ x ) 8 tee?1 leav+ 8 "n z a port5t ev5 9 ! spl5did cal5d> ( ,a!nian h]oes4 ,capta9 ,be?une1 )\t call or ne$1 mak+ 8 notes1 m]ely1 z he tells u1 f ! sugge/ions ( 8 own m9d z he revis$ ! pro(-%eets1 in=ms u1 at ! bottom ( ! page1 t 'x rem9ds him ( ! famili> l9es-- ,= ,widdr+ton ,i ne$s mu/ wail1 ,z "o 9 doleful dumps2 ,= :5 8 legs 7 smitt5 (f1 ,he f\ght ^u 8 /umps4' ,x mu/ n avail him1 t he has b quot$ f ! ballad ( ,*evy ,*ase4 ,x is ! mo/ de=m$ /anza,w ( ! mod]n de=m$ v]sion :i* 0 compos$ 9 ! eclipse ( he>t & ta/e1 on ! re/oration ( ! ,/u>ts2 & if su* v]ses c\ld !n pass = s]i\s poetry1 !y h ceas$ to s\nd 9 any e> z o!r ?an a burlesque2 ! associations :i* !y ar\se are only absurd1 & !y c\ld only h cont9u$ to r+ 9 8 memory ?r\gh _! ludicr\s doggrel4 ,:5 to ^! (f5ces ( ! ,society we add1 t 9 ! long lab\r$ app5dices & introductions1 :i* fill up valuable space1 :i* increase ! exp5se ( ! edition1 & into read+ :i* _m read]s are1 no d\bt1 betray$1 we h f\nd no?+ :i* assi/s ! und]/&+ ( ! /ories :i* !y are suppos$ to illu/rate--:5 we h decl>$ t we h f\nd :at is mo/ uncommon pass$ )\t notice1 & :at is mo/ trite & famili> encumb]$ ) comm5t--we h unpack$ our he>ts ( ! bitt]ness :i* ^! volumes h ar\s$ 9 u1 & c n[ take our leave ( !m & g on ) our m grateful subject4 ,elizabe?1 ^: despotism 0 z p]emptory z t ( ! ,plantag5ets1 & ^: ideas ( ! ,engli% con/itution 7 limit$ 9 ! highe/ degree1 01 not)/&+1 m belov$ by h] subjects ?an any sov]eign be=e or s9ce4 ,x 0 because1 sub/antially1 %e 0 ! p's sov]eign2 because x 0 giv5 to h] to conduct ! outgr[? ( ! national life ?r\gh its crisis ( *ange1 & ! weight ( h] great m9d & h] great place 7 ?r[n on ! p's side4 ,%e 0 able to p>alyse ! dy+ ef=ts ) :i*1 if a ,/u>t _h be5 on ! ?rone1 ! repres5tatives ( an effete sy/em might h made ! /ruggle a deadly "o2 & ! hi/ory ( ,engl& is n ! hi/ory ( ,france1 because ! resolution ( "o p]son held ! ,re=mation firm till x _h root$ itself 9 ! he>t ( ! nation1 & c\ld n be aga9 ov]?r[n4 ,! ,ca?olic fai? 0 no long] able to furni% /&+ gr\nd on :i* ! ,engli% or any o!r nation c\ld live a manly & a godly life4 ,feudalism1 z a social organisation1 0 n any m a sy/em "u :i* _! en]gies c\ld h scope to move4 ,!nce=w>d1 n ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b any man to :om ,god _h giv5 a he>t to feel & a voice to speak1 0 to be ! tea*] to :om m5 7 to li/52 & great actions 7 n to rema9 ! privilege ( ! families ( ! ,norman nobles1 b 7 to be laid )9 ! rea* ( ! poore/ plebeian :o _h ! /uff 9 him to p]=m !m4 ,alone1 ( all ! sov]eigns 9 ,europe1 ,elizabe? saw ! *ange :i* _h pass$ ov] ! _w4 ,%e saw x1 & saw x 9 fai?1 & accept$ x4 ,! ,engl& ( ! ,ca?olic ,hi]>*y & ! ,norman ,b>on1 0 to ca/ its %ell & to become ! ,engl& ( free ?\ght & comm]ce & manufacture1 :i* 0 to pl\gh ! ocean ) its navies1 & s[ its colonies ov] ! globe2 & ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! enorm\s =ces & ! light ( ! e>lie/ a*ievem5ts ( ! new era %9es ?r\gh ! =ty ye>s ( ! reign ( ,elizabe? ) a gr&eur :i*1 :5 once its hi/ory is writt51 w be se5 to be among ! mo/ sublime ph5om5a :i* ! e>? z yet has witness$4 ,! "w 0 n ( h] creation2 ! he>t ( ! :ole ,engli% nation 0 /irr$ to its dep?s2 & ,elizabe?'s place 0 to recognise1 to love1 to fo/]1 & to guide4 ,! ,gov]nm5t orig9at$ no?+2 at su* a "t x 0 nei!r necess>y nor desirable t x %\ld d s2 b :]ev] exp5sive ent]prises 7 on foot :i* promis$ ultimate good1 & d\btful imm$iate pr(it1 we nev] fail to f9d among ! li/s ( contributors ! ,que5's ,maje/y1 ,burghley1 ,leice/]1 ,wals+ham4 ,nev] *>y ( h] pres5ce1 = ,elizabe? c\ld af=d to condesc5d1 :5 %ips 7 fitt+ = di/ant voyages 9 ! riv]1 ! que5 w\ld g d[n 9 h] b>ge & inspect4 ,frobi%]1 :o 0 b a poor sailor adv5tur]1 sees h] wave h] h&k]*ief to him f ! ,gre5wi* ,palace w9d[s1 & he br+s h] home a n>:al's horn = a pres5t4 ,%e hon\r$ h] p1 & h] p lov$ h]2 & ! result 0 t1 ) no co/ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 %e saw !m scatt]+ ! fleets ( ! ,spani>ds1 plant+ ,am]ica ) colonies1 & explor+ ! mo/ di/ant seas4 ,ei!r = hon\r or = expectation ( pr(it1 or f t unconsci\s necessity by :i* a great p1 l a great man1 w d :at is "r1 & mu/ d x at ! "r "t1 :oev] _h ! means to furni% a %ip1 & :oev] _h ! tal5t to comm& "o1 laid _! abilities toge!r & w5t out to pione]1 & to conqu]1 & take possession1 9 ! "n ( ! ,que5 ( ! ,sea4 ,!re 0 no nation s remote b :at "s "o or o!r 0 f\nd ready to und]take an exp$ition !re1 9 ! hope ( op5+ a trade2 &1 let !m g :]e !y w\ld1 !y 7 sure ( ,elizabe?'s c\nt5ance4 ,we f9d lett]s writt5 by h]1 = ! b5efit ( nameless adv5tur]s1 to e pot5tate ( :om %e _h ev] he>d--to ! ,emp]ors ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,india1 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,russia1 ! ,gr& ,turk1 ! ,p]sian ',s(ee1' & o!r unhe>d-( ,asiatic & ,african pr9ces2 :atev] 0 to be done 9 ,engl&1 or by ,engli%m51 ,elizabe? assi/$ :5 %e c\ld1 & admir$ :5 %e c\ld n4 ,! spr+s ( great actions are always difficult to analyse--impossible to analyse p]fectly--possible to analyse only v proximately2 & ! =ce by :i* a man ?r[s a good action out ( himself is invisible & my/ical1 l t :i* br+s out ! blossom & ! fruit ^u ! tree4 ,! motives :i* we f9d m5 urg+ = _! ent]prises seem (t5 insuffici5t to h prompt$ !m to s l>ge a d>+4 ,!y did :at !y did f ! great unre/ 9 !m :i* made !m d x1 & :at x 0 may be be/ measur$ by ! results 9 ! pres5t ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,nev]!less1 !re 0 en\gh 9 ! /ate ( ! _w1 & 9 ! position ( ,engl&1 to h furni%$ abundance ( consci\s motive1 & to h /irr$ ! dr[sie/ m9i/] ( r\t9e4 ,among mat]ial occasions = ex]tion1 ! population began to outgr[ ! employm5t1 & !re 0 a necessity = plantations to s]ve z an outlet4 ,m5 :o1 "u happi] circum/ances1 might h l$ dec5t lives1 & done good s]vice1 7 n[ driv5 by want to desp]ate c\rses--'witness1' z ,ri*>d ,hakluyt says1 'tw5ty tall fell[s hang$ la/ ,ro*e/] assizes = small robb]ies2' & !re is an admirable pap] address$ to ! ,privy ,c\ncil by ,*ri/oph] ,c>lile1 ,wals+ham's son-9-law1 po9t+ out ! possible op5+s to be made 9 or ?r\gh su* plantations = home produce & manufacture4 ,f> bel[ all su* prud5tial economics & m]cantile ambitions1 h[ev]1 lay a *ivalr\s en?usiasm :i* 9 ^! dull days we c h>dly1 )\t an ef=t1 realise4 ,! life-&-dea? wre/le betwe5 ! ,re=mation & ! old religion _h settl$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury into a p]man5t /ruggle betwe5 ,engl& & ,spa94 ,france 0 disabl$4 ,all ! help :i* ,elizabe? c\ld sp>e b>ely enabl$ ! ,ne!rl&s to def5d !mselves4 ,prote/antism1 if x conqu]$1 mu/ conqu] on ano!r field2 & by ! circum/ances ( ! "t ! *ampion%ip ( ! ,re=m$ fai? fell to ! ,engli% sailors4 ,! sword ( ,spa9 0 =g$ 9 ! gold-m9es ( ,p]u2 ! legions ( ,alva 7 only to be dis>m$ by int]cept+ ! gold %ips on _! passage2 &1 inspir$ by an en?usiasm l t :i* f\r c5turies be=e _h precipitat$ ! *ivalry ( ,europe ^u ! ,ea/1 ! same _s :i* 9 its pres5t deg5]acy cov]s our bays & riv]s ) pleasure ya*ts1 !n fitt$ out arm$ private]s1 to sweep ! ,atlantic1 & plund] & de/roy ,spani% %ips :]ev] !y c\ld meet !m4 ,?us1 f a comb9ation ( causes1 ! :ole =ce & en]gy ( ! age 0 direct$ t[>ds ! sea4 ,! wide excitem5t1 & ! greatness ( ! int]e/s at /ake1 rais$ ev5 common m5 above !mselves2 & p :o 9 ord9>y times w\ld h be5 no m ?an m]e seam51 or m]e money-mak+ m]*ants1 appe> be=e u ) a l>g5ess & greatness ( he>t & m9d 9 :i* _! duties to ,god & _! c\ntry are alike cle>ly & broadly se5 & felt to be p>am\nt to e o!r4 ,ord9>y ,engli% trad]s we f9d fight+ ,spani% w> %ips 9 behalf ( ! ,prote/ant fai?4 ,! cruis]s ( ! ,spani% ,ma9 7 full ( g5]\s eag]ness = ! conv]sion ( ! savage nations to ,*ri/ianity4 ,& :at is ev5 m surpris+1 sites = colonisation 7 exam9$ & scrut9is$ by su* m5 9 a l(ty /atesmanlike _s1 & a ready insight 0 display$ by !m into ! indirect effects ( a wisely-ext5d$ comm]ce on e highe/ human int]e/4 ,aga91 9 ! conflict ) ! ,spani>ds1 !re 0 a fur!r feel+1 a feel+ ( g5u9e *ivalry1 :i* 0 spurr+ on ! ,engli%1 & "o :i* mu/ be well und]/ood & well rememb]$1 if m5 l ,drake1 & ,hawk9s1 & ,raleigh are to be tol]ably und]/ood4 ,"o ( ! ,engli% ,reviews1 a %ort "t ago1 0 mu* amus$ ) a /ory ( ,drake hav+ excommunicat$ a petty (fic] z a puni%m5t = "s moral (f5ce2 ! review] n be+ able to see 9 ,drake1 z a man1 any?+ m ?an a highly brave & successful buccane]1 ^: pret5ces to religion might rank ) ! devotion ( an ,italian b&it to ! ,madonna4 ,& s ,hawk9s1 & ev5 ,raleigh1 are reg>d$ by sup]ficial p]sons1 :o see only su* outw>d circum/ances ( _! hi/ory z correspond ) _! own impressions4 ,! high nature ( ^! m51 & ! high objects :i* !y pursu$1 w only rise out & become visible to u z we c ?r[ ourselves back into _! times & tea* our he>ts to feel z !y felt4 ,we d n f9d 9 ! language ( ! voyag]s !mselves1 or ( ^? :o l5t !m _! help at home1 any ( t weak wat]y talk ( 'protection ( aborig9es1' :i*1 z soon z x is translat$ into fact1 becomes ! mo/ active policy = _! de/ruction1 s\l & body4 ,b ! /ories ( ! deal+s ( ! ,spani>ds ) ! conqu]$ ,indians1 :i* 7 widely kn[n 9 ,engl&1 seem to h affect$ all classes ( p1 n ) pi\s passive horror1 b ) a g5u9e human indignation4 ,a ?\s& anecdotes 9 detail we f9d scatt]$ up & d[n ! pages ( ,hakluyt1 :o1 ) a view to make !m kn[n1 translat$ ,pet] ,m>tyr's lett]s2 & ea* commone/ sailor-boy :o _h he>d ^! /ories f 8 *ildhood among ! tales ( 8 fa!r's fireside1 _h long$ to be a man1 t he might g out & become ! av5g] ( a gallant & suff]+ p4 ,a high mission1 und]tak5 ) a g5]\s he>t1 seldom fails to make ^? wor?y ( x to :om x is giv52 & x 0 a po9t ( hon\r1 if ( no?+ m1 among ! ,engli% sailors1 to d no discr$it by _! conduct to ! greatness ( _! cause4 ,! high c\rtesy1 ! *ivalry ( ! ,spani% nobles1 s conspicu\s 9 _! deal+s ) _! ,european rivals1 ei!r fail$ to t\* !m 9 _! deal+s ) uncultivat$ idolators1 or ! high temp] ( ! ari/ocracy 0 unable to re/ra9 or to influ5ce ! masses ( ! soldi]s4 ,x w\ld be z ung5]\s z x w\ld be untrue1 to *>ge ^u _! religion ! griev\s actions ( m5 :o call$ !mselves ! arm$ mission>ies ( ,ca?olicism1 :5 ! ,ca?olic prie/s & bi%ops 7 ! l\de/ 9 ! indignation ) :i* !y d5\nc$ !m4 ,b we are oblig$ to *>ge ^u x t sl[ & subtle influ5ce s inevitably ex]cis$ by any religion :i* is divorc$ f life1 & conv]t$ into a ?+ ( =m1 or cre$1 or c]emony1 or sy/em--:i* c\ld p]mit ! same m5 to be extravagant 9 a s9c]e devotion to ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 ^: entire l[] nature1 unsubdu$ & unaffect$1 0 giv5 up to ?ir/ ( gold1 & plund]1 & s5suality4 ,if religion does n make m5 m humane ?an !y w\ld be )\t x1 x makes !m fatally less s2 & x is to be fe>$ t ! _s ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 :i* _h oscillat$ to ! o!r extreme1 & _h aga9 cry/allis$ into a =mal ant9omian fanaticism1 reproduc$ ! same fatal results z ^? 9 :i* ! ,spani>ds _h set !m _! unwor?y prec$5t4 ,b ! ,elizabe?an navigators1 full = ! mo/ "p ) l>ge k9dness1 wisdom1 g5tl5ess1 & beauty1 be> names unta9t$1 z f> z we "k1 ) a s+le crime aga9/ ! savages ( ,am]ica2 & ! "n ( ,engl& 0 z fam\s 9 ! ,indian seas z t ( ,spa9 0 infam\s4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,oronoko !re 0 rememb]$ = a hundr$ ye>s ! noble capta9 :o _h come !re f ! great que5 beyond ! seas2 & ,raleigh speaks ! language ( ! he>t ( 8 c\ntry1 :5 he urges ! ,engli% /atesm5 to colonise ,guiana1 & exults 9 ! glori\s hope ( driv+ ! :ite m>aud] into ! ,pacific1 & re/or+ ! ,incas to ! ?rone ( ,p]u4 ,:o w n be p]suad$ 7he says7 t n[ at l5g? ! great ,judge ( ! _w ha? he>d ! sighs1 groans1 & lam5tations1 ha? se5 ! te>s & blood ( s _m millions ( innoc5t m51 wom51 & *ildr51 afflict$1 robb$1 revil$1 br&$ ) hot irons1 roa/$1 dismemb]$1 mangl$1 /abb$1 :ipp$1 rack$1 scald$ ) hot oil1 put to ! /rapado1 ripp$ alive1 behead$ 9 sport1 dr[n$1 da%$ aga9/ ! rocks1 fami%$1 dev\r$ by ma/iffs1 burn$1 & by inf9ite cruelties consum$1 & purpose? to sc\rge & plague t curs$ nation1 & to take ! yoke ( s]vitude f t di/ress$ p1 z free by nature z any ,*ri/ian8 ,poor ,raleigh6 if peace & com=t 9 ?is _w 7 ( mu* importance to him1 x 0 9 an ill day t he provok$ ! rev5ge ( ,spa94 ,! /r5g? ( ,engl& 0 ne$$ at ! mom5t at its own door2 ! ,armada came1 & !re 0 no means ( execut+ su* an ent]prise4 ,& aft]w>ds ! ?rone ( ,elizabe? 0 fill$ by a ,/u>t1 & ,guiana 0 to be no sc5e ( glory = ,raleigh2 r1 z lat] hi/orians are pleas$ to ?9k1 x 0 ! grave ( 8 reputation4 ,b ! hope burn$ cle> 9 him ?r\gh all ! we>y ye>s ( unju/ imprisonm5t2 & :5 he 0 a grey-head$ old man1 ! base son ( a bad "m us$ x to betray him4 ,! success ( 8 la/ ent]prise 0 made ! condition "u :i* he 0 to be p>don$ = a crime :i* he _h n committ$2 & its success dep5d$1 z he knew1 on its be+ kept secret f ! ,spani>ds4 ,james requir$ ( ,raleigh on 8 allegiance a detail ( :at he propos$1 giv+ him at ! same "t 8 ^w z a k+ t ! secret %\ld be safe ) him4 ,! next day x 0 sweep+ out ( ! port ( ,london 9 ! swifte/ ( ! ,spani% %ips1 ) private ord]s to ! ,gov]nor ( ,/4 ,?omas to provoke a collision :5 ,raleigh %\ld arrive !re1 :i* %\ld aft]w>ds co/ him 8 he>t's blood4 ,we mod]n read]s may run rapidly ov] ! s]ies ( epi!ts "u :i* ,raleigh has catalogu$ ! ,indian suff]+s1 hop+ t !y are exagg]at$1 see+ t !y are horrible1 & clos+ our eyes aga9/ !m ) swifte/ ha/e2 b x 0 n s :5 e epi!t sugge/$ a hundr$ famili> facts2 & "s ( ^! 7n re/+ on ,engli% prejudice1 b on sad ,spani% evid5ce1 :i* is too full ( %ame & sorr[ to be suspect$7 %all be giv5 9 ?is place1 h[ev] old a /ory x may be ?\ght2 because1 z we said above1 x is impossible to und]/& ! actions ( ^! m51 unless we are famili> ) ! feel+s ( :i* _! he>ts 7 full4 ,! massacres "u ,cortez & ,piz>ro1 t]rible z !y 71 7 n ! occasion :i* /irr$ ! deepe/ indignation4 ,!y _h ! excuse ( :at might be call$1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 necessity1 & ( ! desp]ate position ( small b&s ( m5 9 ! mid/ ( enemies :o might be c\nt$ by millions4 ,& 9 ,de ,soto1 :5 he burnt 8 guides 9 ,florida 7x 0 8 practice1 :5 !re 0 dang] ( trea*]y1 t ^? :o 7 left alive might take w>n+72 or 9 ,vasco ,nunnez1 pray+ to ! ,virg9 on ! m\nta9s ( ,d>i51 & go+ d[n f (f !m into ! valleys to hunt ! ,indian caciques1 & fl+ !m alive to 8 bloodh\nds2 !re 01 at lea/1 ) all ?is fi]c5ess & cruelty1 a desp]ate c\rage :i* we _c refuse to admire1 & :i* m+les ) & corrects our horror4 ,x is ! ref9em5t ( ! ,spani>d's cruelty 9 ! settl$ & conqu]$ prov9ces1 excus$ by no dang] & provok$ by no resi/ance1 ! details ( :i* witness to ! inf]nal coolness ) :i* x 0 p]petrat$2 & ! great be>+ ( ! ,indians !mselves "u an oppression :i* !y despair$ ( resi/+1 raises ! :ole hi/ory to ! rank ( a _w-wide trag$y1 9 :i* ! nobl] b weak] nature 0 cru%$ "u a malignant =ce :i* 0 /rong] & yet mean] ?an itself4 ,gold hunt+ & lu/ 7 ! two passions = :i* ! ,spani>ds c>$2 & ! fate ( ! ,indian wom5 0 only m dreadful ?an t ( ! m51 :o 7 gang$ & *a9$ to a lab\r 9 ! m9es :i* 0 only to cease ) _! lives1 9 a l& :]e b a little be=e !y _h liv$ a free cont5t$ p1 m innoc5t ( crime ?an p]haps any p ^u e>?4 ,if we c conceive :at our own feel+s w\ld be--if1 9 ! 'developm5t ( ! mammalia1' "s bas] b m p[]ful race ?an man 7 to appe> ^u ?is planet1 & we & our wives & *ildr5 at our own happy firesides 7 degrad$ f our fre$om1 & became to !m :at ! l[] animals are to u1 we c p]haps realise ! feel+s ( ! enslav$ nations ( ,hispaniola4 ,z a h>% ju/ification ( slav]y1 x is sometimes urg$ t m5 :o d n des]ve to be slaves w pref] dea? to ! endurance ( x2 & t if !y prize _! lib]ty1 x is always 9 _! p[] to ass]t x 9 ! old ,roman fa%ion4 ,tri$ ev5 by s h>d a rule1 ! ,indians v9dicat$ _! "r2 &1 be=e ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! entire gr\p ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,spani>ds1 conta9+1 :5 ,columbus discov]$ !m1 _m millions ( inhabitants1 7 left lit]ally desolate f suicide4 ,( ! anecdotes ( ?is t]rible self-immolation1 z !y 7 !n kn[n 9 ,engl&1 "h are a few out ( _m4 ,! fir/ is simple1 & a specim5 ( ! ord9>y me?od4 ,a ,yucatan cacique1 :o 0 =c$ ) 8 old subjects to lab\r 9 ! m9es1 at la/ 'call+ ^? m9]s into an h\se1 to ! numb] ( n9ety-five1 he ?us debate? ) !m3'-- ',my wor?y companions & fri5ds1 :y desire we to live any long] "u s cruel a s]vitude8 ,let u n[ g unto ! p]petual seat ( our ance/ors1 = we %all !re h re/ f ^! intol]able c>es & grievances :i* we endure "u ! subjection ( ! un?ankful4 ,g ye be=e1 ,i w pres5tly foll[ y4' ,hav+ s spok51 he held out :ole h&fuls ( ^? leaves :i* take away life1 prep>$ = ! purpose1 & giv+ e "o "p !re(1 be+ k9dl$ to suck up ! fume2 :o obey$ 8 comm&1 ! k+ & 8 *ief k9sm5 res]v+ ! la/ place = !mselves4 ,we speak ( ! crime ( suicide1 b few p]sons w see a crime 9 ?is sad & /ately leave-tak+ ( a life :i* x 0 no long] possible to be> ) unbrok5 he>ts4 ,we d n envy ! ,indian1 :o1 ) ,spani>ds be=e him z an evid5ce ( ! fruits :i* _! cre$ br\ght =?1 delib]ately ex*ang$ = x ! old religion ( 8 c\ntry1 :i* c\ld su/a9 him 9 an action ( su* melan*oly gr&eur4 ,b ! ,indians did n always reply to _! oppressors ) escap+ passively beyond _! h&s4 ,"h is a /ory ) matt] 9 x = z ri* a trag$y z ,o,edipus or ,agamemnon2 & 9 its /]n & trem5d\s features1 m ne>ly resembl+ !m ?an any :i* 7 conceiv$ ev5 by ,%akespe>e4 ,an (fic] nam$ ,orl&o _h tak5 ! daught] ( a ,cuban cacique to be 8 mi/ress4 ,%e 0 ) *ild by him1 b1 suspect+ h] ( be+ engag$ 9 "s o!r intrigue1 he _h h] fa/5$ to two wood5 spits1 n int5d+ to kill h]1 b to t]rify h]2 & sett+ h] be=e ! fire1 he ord]$ t %e %\ld be turn$ by ! s]vants ( ! kit*54 ,! maid51 /rick5 ) fe> ?r\gh ! cruelty !re(1 & /range k9d ( torm5t1 pres5tly gave up ! gho/4 ,! cacique h] fa!r1 und]/&+ ! matt]1 took ?irty ( 8 m5 & w5t to ! h\se ( ! capta91 :o 0 !n abs5t1 & slew 8 wife1 :om he _h m>ri$ aft] t wick$ act committ$1 & ! wom5 :o 7 companions ( ! wife1 & h] s]vants e "o4 ,!n %utt+ ! door ( ! h\se1 & putt+ fire "u x1 he burnt himself & all 8 companions t assi/$ him1 toge!r ) ! capta9's dead family & goods4 ,?is is no fiction or poet's romance4 ,x is a tale ( wra? & rev5ge1 :i* 9 sob] dreadful tru? enact$ itself ^u ?is e>?1 & rema9s among ! et]nal records ( ! do+s ( mank9d ^u x4 ,z "s relief to its mo/ t]rible features1 we foll[ x ) a /ory :i* has a t\* 9 x ( diabolical hum\r4 ,! slave-own]s f9d+ _! slaves escap+ ?us unprosp]\sly out ( _! grasp1 set !mselves to f9d a rem$y = s desp]ate a disease1 & 7 swift to avail !mselves ( any weakness1 m5tal or bodily1 ?r\gh :i* to reta9 !m 9 life4 ,"o ( ^! proprietors be+ in=m$ t a numb] ( 8 p int5d$ to kill !mselves on a c]ta9 day1 at a p>ticul> spot1 & kn[+ by exp]i5ce t !y 7 too likely to d x1 pres5t$ himself !re at ! "t :i* _h be5 fix$ ^u1 & tell+ ! ,indians :5 !y arriv$ t he knew _! int5tion1 & t x 0 va9 = !m to attempt to keep any?+ a secret f him1 he end$ ) say+1 t he _h come !re to kill himself ) !m2 t z he _h us$ !m ill 9 ?is _w1 he might use !m worse 9 ! next2 ') :i* he did dissuade !m pres5tly f _! purpose4' ,) :at efficacy su* believ]s 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l 7 likely to recomm5d ei!r _! fai? or _! ,god2 r1 h[ t]ribly all ! devotion & all ! e>ne/ness ) :i* ! poor prie/s :o foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! conqu]ors lab\r$ to recomm5d x 7 %am$ & p>alys$1 !y !mselves too bitt]ly lam5t4 ,x 0 idle to s5d out gov]nor aft] gov]nor ) ord]s to /ay su* practices4 ,!y _h b to arrive on ! sc5e to become infect$ ) ! same fev]2 or if any remnant ( ,ca/ilian hon\r1 or any fa9te/ e*oes ( ! fai? :i* !y pr(ess$1 /ill flick]$ 9 a few ( ! be/ & noble/1 !y c\ld b look on ) fold$ h&s 9 ineffectual m\rn+2 !y c\ld d no?+ )\t soldi]s1 & ! soldi]s 7 ! wor/ (f5d]s4 ,hispaniola became a des]t2 ! gold 0 9 ! m9es1 & !re 7 no slaves left rema9+ to extract x4 ,"o means :i* ! ,spani>ds d>$ to employ to supply ! vacancy1 br\ght ab\t an incid5t :i* 9 its pite\s pa?os exce$s any /ory we h ev] he>d4 ,crimes & crim9als are swept away by "t1 nature f9ds an antidote = _! poison1 & !y & _! ill consequ5ces alike are blott$ out & p]i%4 ,if we d n = give ! villa91 at lea/ we cease to hate him1 z x gr[s m cle> to u t he injures none s deeply z himself4 ,b ! ,greek3 ?rids kakia1 ! enorm\s wick$ness by :i* humanity itself has be5 outrag$ & disgrac$1 we _c =give2 we _c cease to hate t2 ! ye>s roll away1 b ! t9ts ( x rema9 on ! pages ( hi/ory1 deep & horrible z ! day on :i* !y 7 ent]$ !re4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds und]/ood ! simple op9ion ( ! ,yucatan isl&]s conc]n+ ! s\ls ( _! dep>t$1 :i*1 aft] _! s9s purg$ 9 ! cold nor!rn m\nta9s %\ld pass into ! s\?1 to ! int5t t1 leav+ _! own c\ntry ( _! own accord1 !y might suff] !mselves to be br\ght to ,hispaniola1 !y did p]suade ^? poor wret*es1 t !y came f ^? places :]e !y %\ld see _! p>5ts & *ildr51 & all _! k9dr$ & fri5ds t 7 dead1 & %\ld enjoy all k9ds ( delights ) ! embracem5ts & fruition ( all belov$ be+s4 ,& !y1 be+ infect$ & possess$ ) ^! crafty & subtle imag9ations1 s++ & rejoic+ left _! c\ntry1 & foll[$ va9 & idle hope4 ,b :5 !y saw t !y 7 deceiv$1 & nei!r met _! p>5ts nor any t !y desir$1 b 7 compell$ to und]go griev\s sov]eignty & comm&1 & to endure cruel & extreme lab\r1 !y ei!r slew !mselves1 or1 *oos+ to fami%1 gave up _! fair spirits1 be+ p]suad$ by no reason or viol5ce to take food4 ,s ^! mis]able ,yucatans came to _! end4 ,x 0 once m z x 0 9 ! days ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,new ,_w 0 fir/ (f]$ to ! hold]s ( ! old traditions4 ,!y 7 ! husb&m5 fir/ *os5 = ! new v9ey>d1 & blood & desolation 7 ! only fruits :i* !y re>$ ^u x4 ,9 _! h&s x 0 becom+ a k+dom1 n ( ,god1 b ( ! devil1 & a s5t5ce ( blight w5t out aga9/ !m & aga9/ _! works4 ,h[ fatally x has work$1 let mod]n ,spa9 & ,spani% ,am]ica be> witness4 ,we ne$ n foll[ fur!r ! hi/ory ( _! deal+s ) ! ,indians4 ,= _! colonies1 a fatality appe>s to h foll[$ all attempts at ,ca?olic colonisation4 ,l %oots f an old decay+ tree :i* no skill & no c>e c re>1 !y 7 plant$1 & = a :ile !y might seem to gr[2 b _! life 0 nev] m ?an a l+]+ dea?1 a failure1 :i* to a ?9k+ p]son w\ld outweigh 9 ! argum5ts aga9/ ,ca?olicism :ole libr>ies ( faultless cat5as1 & a cons5sus patrum unbrok5 ?r\gh fifte5 c5turies = ! supremacy ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,!re is no occasion to look = sup]/iti\s causes to expla9 ! ph5om5on4 ,! ,ca?olic fai? _h ceas$ to be ! fai? ( ! l>ge mass ( e>ne/ ?9k+ capable p]sons2 & to ^? :o c be/ d ! "w1 all "w 9 ?is _w soon] or lat] is committ$4 ,am]ica 0 ! natural home = ,prote/ants2 p]secut$ at home1 !y s\ght a place :]e !y might wor%ip ,god 9 _! own way1 )\t dang] ( /ake or gibbet1 & ! ,fr5* ,hugu5ots1 z aft]w>ds ! ,engli% ,puritans1 e>ly f\nd _! way !re4 ,! fate ( a p>ty ( ,coligny's p1 :o _h gone out z settl]s1 %all be ! la/ ( ^! /ories1 illu/rat+1 z x does 9 ! highe/ degree1 ! wra? & fury ) :i* ! passions on bo? sides 7 boil+4 ,a c]ta9 ,john ,ribault1 ) ab\t #djj companions1 _h emigrat$ to ,florida4 ,!y 7 quiet in(f5sive p1 & liv$ 9 peace !re sev]al ye>s1 cultivat+ ! soil1 build+ villages1 & on ! be/ possible t]ms ) ! natives4 ,spa9 0 at ! "t at peace ) ,france2 we are1 !re=e1 to suppose t x 0 9 pursuance ( ! great crusade1 9 :i* !y might feel secure ( ! secret1 if n ! confess$1 sympa?y ( ! ,guises1 t a p[]ful ,spani% fleet bore d[n ^u ?is settlem5t4 ,! ,fr5* made no resi/ance1 & !y 7 seiz$ & flay$ alive1 & _! bodies hung out ^u ! trees1 ) an inscription susp5d$ ov] !m1 ',n z ,fr5*m51 b z h]etics4' ,at ,p>is all 0 sweetness & sil5ce4 ,! settlem5t 0 tranquilly surr5d]$ to ! same m5 :o _h made x ! sc5e ( _! atrocity2 & two ye>s lat]1 #ejj ( ! v ,spani>ds :o _h be5 mo/ active 9 ! murd] 7 liv+ !re 9 peaceable possession1 9 two =ts :i* _! relation ) ! natives _h oblig$ !m to build4 ,x 0 well t !re 7 o!r ,fr5*m5 liv+1 ( ^: consci5ces ! ,c\rt _h n ! keep+1 & :o 7 able on em]g5cies to d :at 0 "r )\t consult+ x4 ,a c]ta9 private]1 nam$ ,dom9ique de ,g\rges1 secretly arm$ & equipp$ a vessel at ,ro*elle1 &1 /eal+ across ! ,atlantic & 9 two days collect+ a /rong p>ty ( ,indians1 he came d[n sudd5ly ^u ! =ts1 &1 tak+ !m by /orm1 slew or aft]w>ds hang$ e man he f\nd !re1 leav+ _! bodies on ! trees on :i* !y _h hang$ ! ,hugu5ots1 ) _! own inscription rev]s$ aga9/ !m--',n z ,spani>ds1 b z murd]]s4' ,= :i* exploit1 well des]v+ ( all hone/ m5's praise1 ,dom9ique de ,g\rges _h to fly 8 c\ntry = 8 life2 &1 com+ to ,engl&1 0 receiv$ ) hon\rable welcome by ,elizabe?4 ,x 0 at su* a "t1 & to take _! "p amid/ su* sc5es z ^!1 t ! ,engli% navigators appe>$ along ! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z ! arm$ soldi]s ( ! ,re=mation1 & z ! av5g]s ( humanity4 ,z _! ent]prise 0 gr& & l(ty1 s = ! mo/ "p 0 ! mann] 9 :i* !y bore !mselves wor?y ( x4 ,!y 7 no nation ( sa9ts1 9 ! mod]n s5tim5tal s5se ( t ^w2 !y 7 prompt1 /]n m5--m ready ev] to /rike an enemy ?an to p>ley ) him2 &1 private adv5tur]s z !y all 71 x 0 natural en\gh t private rapacity & private badness %\ld be f\nd among !m z among o!r mortals4 ,e ,engli%man :o _h ! means 0 at lib]ty to fit out a %ip or %ips1 & if he c\ld produce tol]able v\*]s = himself1 receiv$ at once a commission f ! ,c\rt4 ,! battles ( ,engl& 7 f\ght by h] *ildr51 at _! own risk & co/1 & !y 7 at lib]ty to repay !mselves ! exp5se ( _! exp$itions by plund]+ at ! co/ ( ! national enemy4 ,?us1 ( c\rse1 9 a mix$ _w1 !re 7 f\nd mix$ m>aud+ crews ( sc\ndrels1 :o play$ ! game :i* a c5tury lat] 0 play$ ) su* effect by ! pirates ( ! ,tortugas4 ,negro hunt]s too1 !re 71 & a bad black slave trade--9 :i* ,elizabe? h]self1 be+ h>d driv5 = money1 did n disda9 to inve/ h] capital--b on ! :ole1 & 9 ! w> ) ! ,spani>ds1 z 9 ! w> ) ! elem5ts1 ! conduct & "* ( ! ,engli% sailors1 consid]+ :at !y 7 & ! "w :i* !y 7 s5t to d1 pres5t u all ?r\gh t age ) su* a picture ( gallantry1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & high h]oic en]gy1 z has nev] be5 ov]mat*$2 ! m rem>kable1 z x 0 ! fruit ( no drill or discipl9e1 no tradition1 no sy/em1 no organis$ tra9+1 b 0 ! free native gr[? ( a noble virg9 soil4 ,be=e />t+ on an exp$ition1 x 0 usual = ! crew & ! (fic]s to meet & arrange among !mselves a s]ies ( articles ( conduct1 to :i* !y b\nd !mselves by a =mal agreem5t1 ! entire body itself und]tak+ to see to _! obs]vance4 ,x is q possible t /rong religi\s pr(ession1 & ev5 s9c]e pr(ession1 might be accompani$1 z x 0 9 ! ,spani>ds1 ) ev]y?+ mo/ dete/able4 ,x is n suffici5t ( itself to prove t _! actions w\ld correspond ) x1 b x is "o among a numb] ( evid5ces2 & com+ z mo/ ( ^! m5 come be=e u1 ) h&s cle> ( any blood b ( fair & op5 enemies1 _! articles may pass at lea/ z indications ( :at !y 74 ,"h we h a few in/ances3-- ,ri*>d ,hawk9s's %ip's company 01 z he himself in=ms u1 an unusually loose "o4 ,nev]!less1 we f9d !m 'ga!r$ toge!r e morn+ & ev5+ to s]ve ,god2' & a fire on bo>d1 :i* only ,hawk9s's pres5ce ( m9d prev5t$ f de/roy+ %ip & crew toge!r1 0 made use ( by ! m5 z an occasion to bani% swe>+ out ( ! %ip4 ,) a g5]al cons5t ( all our company1 x 0 orda9$ t !re %\ld be a palm] or f]ula :i* %\ld be 9 ! keep+ ( him :o 0 tak5 ) an oa?2 & t he :o _h ! palm] %\ld give to e "o t he took swe>+1 a palmada ) x & ! f]ula2 & :osoev] at ! "t ( ev5+ or morn+ pray] 0 f\nd to h ! palm]1 %\ld h ?ree bl[s giv5 him by ! capta9 or ! ma/]2 & t he %\ld /ill be b\nd to free himself by tak+ ano!r1 or else to run 9 dang] ( cont9u+ ! p5alty1 :i*1 be+ execut$ a few days1 re=m$ ! vice1 s t 9 ?ree days toge!r 0 n "o oa? he>d to be sworn4 ,! regulations = ,luke ,fox's voyage comm5c$ ?us3-- ,= z mu* z ! good success & prosp]ity ( e action do? consi/ 9 ! due s]vice & glorify+ ( ,god1 kn[+ t n only our be+ & pres]vation1 b ! prosp]ity ( all our actions & ent]prises d imm$iately dep5d on ,8 ,almighty goodness & m]cy2 x is provid$-- ,fir/1 t all ! company1 z well (fic]s z o!rs1 %all duly repair e day twice at ! call ( ! bell to he> public pray]s to be read1 su* z are au?oris$ by ! *ur*1 & t 9 a godly & dev\t mann]1 z good ,*ri/ians ought4 ,secondly1 t no man %all swe> by ! "n ( ,god1 or use any pr(ane oa?1 or blaspheme ,8 holy "n4 ,to symptoms su* z ^!1 we _c b assign a v diff]5t value :5 !y are ! spontane\s gr[? ( common m9ds1 un/imulat$ by s5se ( propriety or rules ( ! s]vice1 or o!r (ficial influ5ce lay or ecclesia/ic1 f :at atta*es to ! some:at simil> c]emonials 9 :i*1 among p]sons ^: position is conspicu\s1 important ent]prises are n[ & !n inaugurat$4 ,we h said z mu* z we int5d to say ( ! treatm5t by ! ,spani>ds ( ! ,indian wom54 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh is commonly repres5t$ by hi/orians z r defective1 if he 0 rem>kable at all1 on ! moral side ( 8 "*4 ,yet ,raleigh c decl>e pr\dly1 t all ! "t he 0 on ! ,oronoko1 'nei!r by =ce nor o!r means _h any ( 8 m5 int]c\rse ) any woman !re2' & ! n>rator ( ! incid5ts ( ,raleigh's la/ voyage acqua9ts 8 correspond5t ') "s p>ticul>s t\*+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! fleet1 :i*1 al?\gh o!r m5 9 _! voyages d\btless 9 "s measure obs]v$1 yet 9 all ! great volumes :i* h be5 writt5 t\*+ voyages1 !re is no prec$5t ( s godly sev]e & m>tial gov]nm5t1 :i* n only 9 itself is laudable & wor?y ( imitation1 b is also fit to be writt5 & engrav5 on e man's s\l t covete? to d hon\r to 8 c\ntry4' ,once m1 ! mod]n !ory ( ,drake is1 z we said above1 t he 0 a g5tleman-l pirate on a l>ge scale1 :o is indebt$ = ! place :i* he fills 9 hi/ory to ! indi/9ct ideas ( "r & wrong prevail+ 9 ! un5light5$ age 9 :i* he liv$1 & :o !re=e dem&s all ! tol]ation ( our own enl>g$ humanity to all[ him to rema9 !re4 ,let u see h[ ! foll[+ incid5t c be made to co9cide ) ?is hypo!sis3-- ,a few days aft] cle>+ ! ,*annel on 8 fir/ great voyage1 he fell 9 ) a small ,spani% %ip1 :i* he took = a prize4 ,he committ$ ! c>e ( x to a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,d\ghtie1 a p]son mu* tru/$ by1 & p]sonally v de> to him1 & ?is second vessel 0 to foll[ him z a t5d]4 ,9 dang]\s exp$itions into unkn[n seas1 a second small] %ip 0 (t5 indisp5sable to success2 b _m f9ely int5d$ ent]prises 7 ru9$ by ! c[>dice ( ! (fic]s to :om su* %ips 7 entru/$2 :o %rank z dang] ?ick5$1 & aga9 & aga9 took advantage ( d>kness or heavy wea!r to make sail = ,engl& & =sake _! comm&]4 ,hawk9s twice suff]$ 9 ?is way2 s did ,sir ,humfrey ,gilb]t2 &1 al?\gh ,drake's own k9d feel+ = 8 old fri5d has prev5t$ him f leav+ an exact acc\nt ( 8 (f5ce1 we ga!r f ! scatt]$ h9ts :i* are let fall1 t he1 too1 0 m$itat+ a simil> piece ( treason4 ,h[ev]1 x may or may n h be5 ?us4 ,b :5 at ,port ,/4 ,juli51 'our ,g5]al1' says "o ( ! crew1-- ,began to inquire dilig5tly ( ! actions ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,d\ghtie1 & f\nd !m n to be su* z he look$ =1 b t5d+ r to cont5tion or mut9y1 or "s o!r disord]1 :]eby1 )\t r$resse1 ! success ( ! voyage might greatly h be5 haz>d$4 ,:]eupon ! company 0 call$ toge!r & made acqua9t$ ) ! p>ticul>s ( ! cause1 :i* 7 f\nd1 p>tly by ,mr4 ,d\ghtie's own confession1 & p>tly by ! evid5ce ( ! fact1 to be true1 :i*1 :5 our ,g5]al saw1 al?\gh 8 private affection to ,mr4 ,d\ghtie 7z he !n1 9 ! pres5ce ( u all1 sacr$ly prote/$7 0 great1 yet ! c>e :i* he _h ( ! /ate ( ! voyage1 ( ! expectation ( ,h] ,maje/y1 & ( ! hon\r ( 8 c\ntry1 did m t\* him1 z inde$ x ought1 ?an ! private respect ( "o man2 s t ! cause be+ ?r\ghly he>d1 & all ?+s done 9 good ord] z ne> z might be to ! c\rse ( our law 9 ,engl&1 x 0 conclud$ t ,mr4 ,d\ghtie %\ld receive puni%m5t accord+ to ! quality ( ! (f5ce4 ,& he1 see+ no rem$y b pati5ce = himself1 desir$ be=e 8 dea? to receive ! communion1 :i* he did at ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,flet*]1 our m9i/]1 & our ,g5]al himself accompani$ him 9 t holy action1 :i*1 be+ done1 & ! place ( execution made ready1 he1 hav+ embrac$ our ,g5]al1 & tak5 leave ( all ! company1 ) pray]s = ! ,que5's ,maje/y & our realm1 9 quiet sort laid 8 head to ! block1 :]e he end$ 8 life4 ,?is be+ done1 our ,g5]al made div]s spee*es to ! :ole company1 p]suad+ u to unity1 ob$i5ce1 love1 & reg>d ( our voyage1 & = ! bett] confirmation !re(1 will$ e man ! next ,sunday foll[+ to prep>e himself to receive ! communion1 z ,*ri/ian bre?r5 & fri5ds ought to d1 :i* 0 done 9 v rev]5t sort1 & s ) good cont5tm5t e man w5t ab\t 8 bus9ess4 ,! simple maje/y ( ?is anecdote c ga9 no?+ f any comm5t :i* we might (f] ^u x4 ,! crew ( a common ,engli% %ip organis+1 ( _! own free motion1 on t wild %ore1 a judgm5t hall m gr& & awful ?an any mo/ elaborate law c\rt1 is n to be reconcil$ ) ! pirate !ory4 ,drake1 x is true1 appropriat$ & br\ght home a million & a half ( ,spani% treasure1 :ile ,engl& & ,spa9 7 at peace4 ,he took t treasure because = _m ye>s ! (fic]s ( ! ,inquisition _h made free at _! pleasure ) ! lives & goods ( ,engli% m]*ants & seam54 ,! k+ ( ,spa91 :5 appeal$ to1 _h repli$ t he _h no p[] ov] ! ,holy ,h\se2 & x 0 necess>y to make ! k+ ( ,spa91 or ! ,inquisition1 or :oev] 7 ! p>ties responsible1 feel t !y c\ld n play _! pi\s pranks ) impunity4 ,:5 ,drake seiz$ ! bullion at ,panama1 he s5t ^w to ! vic]oy t he %\ld n[ le>n to respect ! prop]ties ( ,engli% subjects2 & he add$1 t if f\r ,engli% sailors1 :o 7 prison]s 9 ,mexico1 7 mole/$1 he w\ld execute #b1jjj ,spani>ds & s5d ! vic]oy _! heads4 ,spa9 & ,engl& 7 at peace1 b ,pop]y & ,prote/antism 7 at w>--deep1 deadly1 & irreconcileable4 ,:]ev] we f9d !m1 !y are /ill ! same4 ,9 ! c\rts ( ,japan or ( ,*9a2 fight+ ,spani>ds 9 ! ,pacific1 or prison]s among ! ,alg]9es2 f\nd+ colonies :i* by-&-by 7 to gr[ into enorm\s ,transatlantic republics1 or explor+ 9 crazy p9naces ! fi]ce latitudes ( ! ,pol> seas1--!y are ! same indomitable ,god-fe>+ m5 ^: life 0 "o great liturgy4 ',! ice 0 /rong1 b ,god 0 /rong]1' says "o ( ,frobi%]'s m51 aft] gr9d+ a night & a day among ! iceb]gs1 n wait+ = ,god to come d[n & split ! ice = !m1 b toil+ ?r\gh ! long h\rs1 himself & ! re/ f5d+ (f ! vessel ) poles & planks1 ) dea? gl>+ at !m out ( ! rocks4 ,iceb]gs 7 /rong1 ,spani>ds 7 /rong1 & /orms1 & corsairs1 & rocks & reefs1 :i* no *>t _h !n not$--!y 7 all /rong2 b ,god 0 /rong]1 & t 0 all :i* !y c>$ to "k4 ,out ( ! va/ numb] ( illu/rations x is difficult to make wise selections1 b ! att5tion floats loosely ov] g5]alities1 & only individual in/ances c seize x & hold x fa/4 ,we %all attempt to br+ our read]s face to face ) "s ( ^! m52 n1 ( c\rse1 to write _! biographies1 b to sket* ! details ( a few sc5es1 9 ! hope t !y may tempt ^? "u ^: eyes !y may fall to look = !mselves to complete ! p]fect figure4 ,"s two miles above ! port ( ,d>tm\?1 once among ! mo/ important h>b\rs 9 ,engl&1 on a project+ angle ( l& :i* runs out into ! riv] at ! head ( "o ( its mo/ beautiful rea*es1 !re has /ood = "s c5turies ! ,manor ,h\se ( ,gre5away4 ,! wat] runs deep all ! way to x f ! sea1 & ! l>ge/ vessels may ride ) safety )9 a /one's ?r[ ( ! w9d[s4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re mu/ h met1 9 ! hall ( ?is mansion1 a p>ty z rem>kable z c\ld h be5 f\nd any:]e 9 ,engl&4 ,humfrey & ,adrian ,gilb]t1 ) _! half-bro!r1 ,walt] ,raleigh1 "h1 :5 little boys1 play$ at sailors 9 ! rea*es ( ,long ,/ream2 9 ! summ] ev5+s d\btless r[+ d[n ) ! tide to ! port1 & wond]+ at ! qua9t figure-heads & c>v$ pr[s ( ! %ips :i* ?rong$ x2 or climb+ on bo>d1 & li/5+1 ) he>ts beat+1 to ! m>9]s' tales ( ! new e>? beyond ! sunset4 ,& "h 9 lat] life1 matur$ m51 ^: boyi% dreams _h become h]oic action1 !y us$ aga9 to meet 9 ! int]vals ( quiet1 & ! rock is %[n und]nea? ! h\se :]e ,raleigh smok$ ! fir/ tobacco4 ,ano!r rem>kable man1 ( :om we %all pres5tly speak m closely1 c\ld n fail to h made a f\r? at ^! meet+s4 ,a sailor boy ( ,s&wi*1 ! adjo9+ p>i%1 ,john ,davis1 %[$ e>ly a g5ius :i* c\ld n h escap$ ! eye ( su* neighb\rs1 & 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,gre5away he le>n$ to be z noble z ! ,gilb]ts1 & z t5d] & delicate z ,raleigh4 ,( ?is p>ty1 = ! pres5t we conf9e ourselves to ! ho/ & own]1 ,humfrey ,gilb]t1 knight$ aft]w>ds by ,elizabe?4 ,l$ by ! sc5es ( 8 *ildhood to ! sea & to sea adv5tures1 & aft]w>ds1 z 8 m9d unfold$1 to /udy 8 pr(ession sci5tifically1 we f9d him z soon z he 0 old en\gh to ?9k = himself1 or make o!rs li/5 to him1 'am5d+ ! great errors ( naval sea c>ds1 ^: common fault is to make ! degree ( longitude 9 e latitude ( "o common bigness2' inv5t+ in/rum5ts = tak+ obs]vations1 /udy+ ! =m ( ! e>?1 & conv9c+ himself t !re 0 a nor?-we/ passage1 & /udy+ ! necessities ( 8 c\ntry1 & discov]+ ! rem$ies = !m 9 colonisation & ext5d$ m>kets = home manufactures4 ,gilb]t 0 exam9$ be=e ! ,que5's ,maje/y & ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 & ! record ( 8 exam9ation he has himself left to u 9 a pap] :i* he aft]w>ds drew up1 & /range en\gh read+ x is4 ,! mo/ admirable conclusions /& side by side ) ! wilde/ conjectures4 ,hom] & ,ari/otle are press$ into s]vice to prove t ! ocean runs r\nd ! ?ree old cont95ts1 & t ,am]ica !re=e is necess>ily an isl&4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* he _h c>efully obs]v$1 ek$ out by a !ory ( ! primum mobile1 is made to demon/rate a *annel to ! nor?1 correspond+ to ,magellan's ,/raits 9 ! s\?1 ,gilb]t believ+1 9 common ) almo/ ev]yone ( 8 day1 t ^! /raits 7 ! only op5+ into ! ,pacific1 & ! l& to ! ,s\? 0 unbrok5 to ! ,pole4 ,he prophesies a m>ket 9 ! ,ea/ = our manufactur$ l95 & calicoes3-- ,! ,ea/]ns greatly priz+ ! same1 z appe>e? 9 ,he/]1 :]e ! pomp is express$ ( ! great ,k+ ( ,india1 ,ahasu]us1 :o mat*$ ! col\r$ clo!s :]e) 8 h\ses & t5ts 7 app>ell$1 ) gold & silv]1 z "p ( 8 greate/ treasure4 ,^! & o!r su* argum5ts 7 ! be/ analysis :i* ,sir ,humfrey _h to (f] ( ! _s :i* he felt to be work+ 9 him4 ,we may ?9k :at we please ( !m2 b we c h b "o ?\ght ( ! great gr& words ) :i* ! memorial concludes1 & !y alone w\ld expla9 ! love :i* ,elizabe? bore him3-- ,nev]1 !re=e1 mislike ) me = tak+ 9 h& any laudable & hone/ ent]prise1 = if ?r\gh pleasure or idl5ess we pur*ase %ame1 ! pleasure vani%e?1 b ! %ame abide? = ev]4 ,give me leave1 !re=e1 )\t (f5ce1 always to live & die 9 ?is m9d3 t he is n wor?y to live at all t1 = fe> or dang] ( dea?1 %unne? 8 c\ntry's s]vice & 8 own hon\r1 see+ t dea? is inevitable & ! fame ( virtue immortal1 :]e=e 9 ?is behalf mut>e vel tim]e sp]no4 ,two voyages :i* he und]took at 8 own co/1 :i* %att]$ 8 =tune1 & fail$1 z !y naturally might1 s9ce ineffici5t help or mut9y ( subord9ates1 or o!r disord]s1 are inevitable conditions "u :i* m or less great m5 mu/ be cont5t to see _! great ?\ghts mutilat$ by ! feebl5ess ( _! in/rum5ts1 did n di%e>t5 him1 & 9 ,june #aehc a la/ fleet ( five %ips sail$ f ! port ( ,d>tm\?1 ) commission f ! que5 to discov] & take possession f latitude #de to #ej ,nor?--a voyage n a little notewor?y1 !re be+ plant$ 9 ! c\rse ( x ! fir/ ,engli% colony we/ ( ! ,atlantic4 ,elizabe? _h a =ebod+ t %e w\ld nev] see him aga94 ,%e s5t him a jewel z a la/ tok5 ( h] fav\r1 & %e desir$ ,raleigh to h 8 picture tak5 be=e he w5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! voyage 0 writt5 by a ,mr4 ,edw>d ,hayes1 ( ,d>tm\?1 "o ( ! pr9cipal actors 9 x1 & z a composition x is m rem>kable = f9e writ+ ?an any v comm5dable ?\ght 9 ! au?or4 ,b ,sir ,humfrey's nature %9es ?r\gh ! infirmity ( 8 *ronicl]2 & 9 ! end1 inde$1 ,mr4 ,hayes himself is subdu$ into a bett] m9d4 ,he _h lo/ money by ! voyage1 & we w hope 8 high] nature 0 only "u a tempor>y eclipse4 ,! fleet consi/$ 7x is well to obs]ve ! %ips & ! size ( !m7 ( ! ',delight1' #abj tons2 ! b>que ',raleigh1' #bjj tons 7?is %ip des]t$ (f ! ,l&'s ,end72 ! ',gold5 ,h9de' & ! ',swall[1' #dj tons ea*2 & ! ',squirrel1' :i* 0 call$ ! frigate1 #aj tons4 ,= ! un9itiat$ 9 su* matt]s1 we may add1 t if 9 a vessel ! size ( ! la/1 a memb] ( ! ,ya*t ,club w\ld consid] t he _h e>n$ a club-room immortality if he _h v5tur$ a run 9 ! dep? ( summ] f ,c[es to ! ,*annel ,isl&s4 ,we 7 9 all 7says ,mr4 ,hayes7 #bfj m51 among :om we _h ( e faculty good *oice4 ,besides1 = solace ( our own p1 & allurem5t ( ! savages1 we 7 provid$ ( music 9 good v>iety1 n omitt+ ! lea/ toys1 z morris danc]s1 hobby horses1 & ,may-l conceits to delight ! savage p4 ,! exp$ition rea*$ ,newf\ndl& )\t accid5t4 ,/4 ,john's 0 tak5 possession (1 & a colony left !re2 & ,sir ,humfrey !n set out explor+ along ! ,am]ican coa/ to ! s\?1 he himself do+ all ! "w 9 8 little #aj-ton cutt]1 ! s]vice be+ too dang]\s = ! l>g] vessels to v5ture on4 ,"o ( ^! _h rema9$ at ,/4 ,john's4 ,he 0 n[ accompani$ only by ! ',delight' & ! ',gold5 ,h9de1' & ^! two keep+ z ne> ! %ore z !y d>$1 he sp5t :at rema9$ ( ! summ] exam9+ e creek & bay1 m>k+ ! s\nd+s1 tak+ ! be>+s ( ! possible h>b\rs1 & risk+ 8 life1 z e h\r he 0 oblig$ to risk x 9 su* a s]vice1 9 ?us lead+1 z x 71 ! =lorn hope 9 ! conque/ ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,h[ dang]\s x 0 we %all pres5tly see4 ,x 0 t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/4 ,! ev5+ 0 fair & pleasant1 yet n )\t tok5 ( /orm to ensue1 & mo/ "p ( ?is ,w$nesday night1 l ! swan t s+e? be=e h] dea?1 !y 9 ! ',delight' cont9u$ 9 s\nd+ ( drums & trumpets & fifes1 also w9d+ ! cornets & hautboys1 & 9 ! end ( _! jollity left ) ! battell & r++ ( doleful knells4 ,two days aft] came ! /orm2 ! ',delight' /ruck ^u a bank1 & w5t d[n 9 sight ( ! o!r vessels1 :i* 7 unable to r5d] h] any help4 ,sir ,humfrey's pap]s1 among o!r ?+s1 7 all lo/ 9 h]2 at ! "t consid]$ by him an irrep>able mis=tune4 ,b x 0 little matt]1 he 0 nev] to ne$ !m4 ,! ',gold5 ,h9de' & ! ',squirrel' 7 n[ left alone ( ! five %ips4 ,! provisions 7 runn+ %ort1 & ! summ] season 0 clos+4 ,bo? crews 7 on %ort all[ance2 & ) mu* difficulty ,sir ,humfrey 0 prevail$ ^u to be satisfi$ = ! pres5t ) :at he _h done1 & to lay (f = ,engl&4 ,s ^u ,saturday1 9 ! aft]noon1 ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 we *ang$ our c\rse1 & return$ back = ,engl&1 at :i* v in/ant1 ev5 9 w9d+ ab\t1 !re pass$ along betwe5 u & ! l&1 :i* we n[ =sook1 a v lion1 to our seem+1 9 %ape1 hair1 & col\r2 n swimm+ aft] ! mann] ( a bea/ by mov+ ( 8 feet1 b r slid+ ^u ! wat] ) 8 :ole body1 except 8 legs1 9 sight1 nei!r yet div+ "u & aga9 ris+ z ! mann] is ( :ales1 porpoises1 & o!r fi%1 b confid5tly %[+ himself )\t hid+1 not)/&+ t we pres5t$ ourselves 9 op5 view & ge/ure to amaze him4 ,?us he pass$ along1 turn+ 8 head to & fro1 yawn+ & gap+ wide1 ) ougly demon/ration ( long tee? & gl>+ eyes2 & to bidde u f>ewell1 com+ "r aga9/ ! ',h9de1' he s5t =? a horrible voice1 ro>+ & bell[+ z do? a lion1 :i* spectacle we all beheld s f> z we 7 able to disc]n ! same1 z m5 prone to wond] at e /range ?+4 ,:at op9ion o!rs _h !re(1 & *iefly ! ,g5]al himself1 ,i =be> to deliv]4 ,b he took x = ,bonum ,om51 rejoic+ t he 0 to w> aga9/ su* an enemy1 if x 7 ! devil4 ,we h no d\bt t he did ?9k x 0 ! devil2 m5 9 ^? days believ+ really t evil 0 m ?an a pr9ciple or a necess>y accid5t1 & t 9 all _! lab\r = ,god & = "r1 !y mu/ make _! acc\nt to h to fight ) ! devil 9 8 prop] p]son4 ,b if we are to call x sup]/ition1 & if ?is 7 no devil 9 ! =m ( a ro>+ lion1 b a m]e great seal or sea-lion1 x is a m innoc5t sup]/ition to imp]sonate s real a p[]1 & x requires a bold] he>t to rise up aga9/ x & defy x 9 its liv+ t]ror1 ?an to sublimate x away into a philosophical pr9ciple1 & to =get to battle ) x 9 speculat+ on its orig9 & nature4 ,b to foll[ ! brave ,sir ,humfrey1 ^: "w ( fight+ ) ! devil 0 n[ ov]1 & :o 0 pass+ to 8 rew>d4 ,! #bnd ( ,septemb] ! ,g5]al came on bo>d ! ',gold5 ,h9de' 'to make m]ry ) u4' ,he greatly deplor$ ! loss ( 8 books & pap]s1 b he 0 full ( confid5ce f :at he _h se51 & talk$ ) eag]ness & w>m? ( ! new exp$ition = ! foll[+ spr+4 ,apocryphal gold-m9es /ill occupy+ ! m9ds ( ,mr4 ,hayes & o!rs1 !y 7 p]suad$ t ,sir ,humfrey 0 keep+ to himself "s su* discov]y :i* he _h secretly made1 & !y tri$ h>d to extract x f him4 ,!y c\ld make no?+1 h[ev]1 ( 8 odd1 ironical answ]s1 & _! sorr[ at ! cata/rophe :i* foll[$ is sadly bl5d$ ) disappo9tm5t t su* a secret %\ld h p]i%$4 ,sir ,humfrey d\btless saw ,am]ica ) o!r eyes ?an !irs1 & gold-m9es ri*] ?an ,cali=nia 9 its huge riv]s & savannahs4 ,leav+ ! issue ( ?is good hope 7ab\t ! gold71 7cont9ues ,mr4 ,hayes71 to ,god1 :o only kn[e? ! tru? !re(1 ,i w ha/5 to ! end ( ?is trag$y1 :i* mu/ be knit up 9 ! p]son ( our ,g5]al1 & z x 0 ,god's ord9ance ^u him1 ev5 s ! vehem5t p]suasion ( 8 fri5ds c\ld no?+ avail to div]t him f 8 wilful resolution ( go+ 9 8 frigate2 & :5 he 0 entreat$ by ! capta91 ma/]1 & o!rs1 8 well-wi%]s 9 ! ',h9de1' n to v5ture1 ?is 0 8 answ]--',i w n =sake my little company go+ homew>ds1 ) :om ,i h pass$ s _m /orms & p]ils4' ,two-?irds ( ! way home !y met f\l wea!r & t]rible seas1 'break+-%ort & pyramid-wise4' ,m5 :o _h all _! lives 'occupi$ ! sea' _h nev] se5 x m outrage\s4 ',we _h also ^u our ma9y>d an app>ition ( a little fi] by night1 :i* seam5 d call ,ca/or & ,pollux4' ,monday ! n9? ( ,septemb]1 9 ! aft]noon1 ! frigate 0 ne> ca/ away oppress$ by waves1 b at t "t recov]$1 & giv+ =? signs ( joy1 ! ,g5]al1 sitt+ abaft ) a book 9 8 h&1 cri$ out unto u 9 ! ',h9de' s (t5 z we did approa* )9 he>+1 ',we are z ne> to heav5 by sea z by l&1' reit]at+ ! same spee*1 well beseem+ a soldi] resolute 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 z ,i c te/ify t he 04 ,! same ,monday night1 ab\t twelve ( ! clock1 or n long aft]1 ! frigate be+ ahead ( u 9 ! ',gold5 ,h9de1' sudd5ly h] lights 7 out1 :]e( z x 7 9 a mom5t we lo/ ! sight2 & )al our wat* cri$1 ',! ,g5]al 0 ca/ away1' :i* 0 too true4 ,?us fai?fully 7concludes ,mr4 ,hayes1 9 "s degree ris+ above himself7 ,i h relat$ ?is /ory1 :]e9 "s sp>k ( ! knight's virtues1 ?\gh he be ext+ui%$1 may happily appe>2 he rema9+ resolute to a purpose hone/ & godly z 0 ?is1 to discov]1 possess1 & r$uce unto ! s]vice ( ,god & ,*ri/ian piety1 ^? remote & hea!n c\ntries ( ,am]ica4 ,su* is ! inf9ite b\nty ( ,god1 :o f e evil d]ive? good1 t fruit may gr[ 9 "t ( our travell+ 9 ^! ,nor?-,we/]n l&s 7z has x n gr[n871 & ! crosses1 turmoils1 & afflictions1 bo? 9 ! prep>ation & execution ( ! voyage1 did correct ! intemp]ate hum\rs :i* be=e we not$ to be 9 ?is g5tleman1 & made unsav\ry & less delightful 8 o!r manifold virtues4 ,?us z he 0 ref9$ & made ne>] unto ! image ( ,god1 s x pleas$ ! ,div9e w to resume him unto ,himself1 :i!r bo? 8 & e o!r high & noble m9d h always aspir$4 ,su* 0 ,sir ,humfrey ,gilb]t2 /ill 9 ! prime ( 8 ye>s :5 ! ,atlantic swall[$ him4 ,l ! gleam ( a l&scape lit sudd5ly = a mom5t by ! lightn+1 ^! few sc5es fla% d[n to u across ! c5turies3 b :at a life mu/ t h be5 ( :i* ?is 0 ! conclusion6 ,we h glimpses ( him a few ye>s e>li]1 :5 he won 8 spurs 9 ,irel&--won !m by de$s :i* to u seem t]rible 9 _! ru?lessness1 b :i* won ! applause ( ,sir ,h5ry ,sidney z too high = praise or ev5 rew>d4 ,*equ]$ l all ( u ) l9es ( light & d>kness1 he 01 nev]!less1 "o ( a race :i* has ceas$ to be4 ,we look r\nd = !m1 & we c h>dly believe t ! same blood is fl[+ 9 our ve9s4 ,brave we may /ill be1 & /rong p]haps z !y1 b ! high moral grace :i* made brav]y & /r5g? s beautiful is dep>t$ f u = ev]4 ,our space is sadly limit$ = hi/orical portrait pa9t+2 b we mu/ f9d room = ano!r ( t ,gre5away p>ty ^: nature 0 z f9e z t ( ,gilb]t1 & :o intellectually 0 m l>gely gift$4 ,! latt] 0 dr[n$ 9 #aehc4 ,9 #aehe ,john ,davis left ,d>tm\? on 8 fir/ voyage into ! ,pol> seas2 & twice subsequ5tly he w5t aga91 v5tur+ 9 small ill-equipp$ vessels ( ?irty or =ty tons into ! mo/ dang]\s seas4 ,^! voyages 7 z rem>kable = _! success z = ! d>+ ) :i* !y 7 accompli%$1 & ,davis's epitaph is writt5 on ! map ( ! _w1 :]e 8 "n /ill rema9s to commemorate 8 discov]ies4 ,brave z he 01 he is di/+ui%$ by a peculi> & exquisite sweetness ( nature1 :i*1 f _m little facts ( 8 life1 seems to h affect$ ev]yone ) :om he came 9 contact 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,we f9d m51 = ! love ( ,ma/] ,davis1 leav+ _! firesides to sail ) him1 )\t o!r hope or motion2 we f9d silv] bullets ca/ to %oot him 9 a mut9y2 ! h>d rude natures ( ! mut9e]s be+ aw$ by some?+ 9 8 c>riage :i* 0 n l t ( a common man4 ,he has writt5 ! acc\nt ( "o ( 8 nor!rn voyages himself2 "o ( ^?1 by-!-by1 :i* ! ,hakluyt ,society h mutilat$2 & !re is an imag9ative beauty 9 x1 & a ri* delicacy ( expression1 :i* is call$ out 9 him by ! fir/ sight ( /range l&s & ?+s & p4 ,to %[ :at he 01 we %\ld h pref]r$1 if possible1 to h tak5 ! /ory ( 8 exp$ition into ! ,s\? ,seas1 9 :i*1 "u circum/ances ( s+ul> difficulty1 he 0 des]t$ by ,c&i%1 "u :om he _h sail$2 & aft] inconceivable trials f fam9e1 mut9y1 & /orm1 ultimately sav$ himself & 8 %ip1 & su* ( ! crew z _h *os5 to submit to 8 ord]s4 ,b x is a long hi/ory1 & w n admit ( be+ curtail$4 ,z an in/ance ( ! /uff ( :i* x 0 compos$1 he ran back 9 ! black night 9 a gale ( w9d ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 by a *>t :i* he _h made ) ! eye 9 pass+ up4 ,8 an*ors 7 lo/ or brok52 ! cables 7 p>t$4 ,he c\ld n br+ up ! %ip2 !re 0 no?+ = x b to run1 & he c>ri$ h] safe ?r\gh along a *annel (t5 n ?ree miles broad1 sixty miles f end to end1 & twi/+ l ! rea*es ( a riv]4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 we are =c$ to cont5t ourselves ) a few sket*es out ( ! nor?-we/ voyages4 ,"h is "o1 = in/ance1 :i* %[s h[ an ,engli%man c\ld deal ) ! ,indians4 ,davis _h l&$ at ,gilb]t's ,s\nd1 & gone up ! c\ntry explor+4 ,on 8 return he f\nd 8 crew l\d 9 compla9ts ( ! ?ievi% prop5sities ( ! natives1 & urg5t to h an example made ( "s ( !m4 ,on ! next occasion he fir$ a gun at !m ) blank c>tridge2 b _! nature 0 /ill too /rong = !m4 ,see+ iron 7he says71 !y c\ld 9 no case =be> /eal+2 :i*1 :5 ,i p]ceiv$1 x did b m9i/] to me occasion ( laught] to see _! simplicity1 & ,i will$ t !y %\ld n be h>dly us$1 b t our company %\ld be m dilig5t to keep _! ?+s1 suppos+ x to be v h>d 9 s %ort a "t to make !m "k _! evils4 ,9 8 own way1 h[ev]1 he took an opportunity ( adm9i/]+ a lesson to !m ( a m :olesome k9d ?an c\ld be giv5 ) gunp[d] & bullets4 ,l ! re/ 8 c\ntrym51 he believ$ ! savage ,indians 9 _! idolatries to be wor%ipp]s ( ! devil4 ',!y are wit*es1' he says2 '!y h images 9 great /ore1 & use _m k9ds ( en*antm5ts4' ,& ^! en*antm5ts !y tri$ on "o occasion to put 9 =ce aga9/ himself & 8 crew4 ,be+ on %ore on ! #d? day ( ,july1 "o ( !m made a long oration1 & !n k9dl$ a fire1 into :i* ) _m /range words & ge/ures he put div]s ?+s1 :i* we suppos$ to be a sacrifice4 ,myself & c]ta9 ( my company /&+ by1 !y desir$ u to g into ! smoke4 ,i desir$ !m to g into ! smoke1 :i* !y w\ld by no means d4 ,i !n took "o ( !m & ?ru/ him into ! smoke1 & will$ "o ( my company to tread out ! fire1 & spurn x into ! sea1 :i* 0 done to %[ !m t we did contemn _! sorc]ies4 ,x is a v ,engli% /ory--exactly :at a mod]n ,engli%man w\ld d2 only1 p]haps1 n believ+ t !re 0 any real devil 9 ! case1 :i* makes a diff]5ce4 ,h[ev]1 real or n real1 aft] see+ him pati5tly put up ) su* an injury1 we w hope ! poor ,gre5l&] _h less respect = ! devil ?an =m]ly4 ,leav+ ,gilb]t's ,s\nd1 ,davis w5t on to ! nor?-we/1 & 9 lat4 #fc fell 9 ) a b>ri] ( ice1 :i* he coa/$ = ?irte5 days )\t f9d+ an op5+4 ,! v sight ( an iceb]g 0 new to all 8 crew2 & ! ropes & %r\ds1 ?\gh x 0 midsumm]1 becom+ compass$ ) ice1-- ,! p began to fall sick & fa9t-he>t$--:]eupon1 v ord]ly1 ) good discretion1 !y entreat$ me to reg>d ! safety ( m9e own life1 z well z ! pres]vation ( !irs2 & t ,i %\ld n1 ?r\gh ov]b\ldness1 leave _! wid[s & fa!rless *ildr5 to give me bitt] curses4 ,:]eupon1 seek+ c\nsel ( ,god1 x pleas$ ,8 ,div9e ,maje/y to move my he>t to prosecute t :i* ,i hope %all be to ,8 glory1 & to ! cont5tation ( e ,*ri/ian m9d4 ,he _h two vessels--"o ( "s bur!n1 ! o!r a p9nace ( ?irty tons4 ,! result ( ! c\nsel :i* he _h s\ght 01 t he made ov] 8 own l>ge vessel to su* z wi%$ to return1 & himself1 '?9k+ x bett] to die ) hon\r ?an to return ) infamy1' w5t on1 ) su* volunte]s z w\ld foll[ him1 9 a poor leaky cutt]1 up ! sea n[ 9 commemoration ( t adv5ture call$ ,davis's ,/raits4 ,he asc5d$ #d ,nor? ( ! fur!/ kn[n po9t1 among /orms & iceb]gs1 :5 ! long days & twilight nights alone sav$ him f be+ de/roy$1 &1 coa/+ back along ! ,am]ican %ore1 he discov]$ ,hudson's ,/raits1 suppos$ !n to be ! long-desir$ entrance into ! ,pacific4 ,?is exploit drew ! att5tion ( ,wals+ham1 & by him ,davis 0 pres5t$ to ,burleigh1 ':o 0 also pleas$ to %[ him great enc\ragem5t4' ,if ei!r ^! /atesm5 or ,elizabe? _h be5 tw5ty ye>s y\ng]1 8 "n w\ld h fill$ a l>g] space 9 hi/ory ?an a small corn] ( ! map ( ! _w2 b if he 0 employ$ at all 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 no vates sac] has be5 f\nd to celebrate 8 "w1 & no clue is left to guide u4 ,he disappe>s2 a cl\d falls ov] him4 ,he is kn[n to h comm&$ trad+ vessels 9 ! ,ea/]n seas1 & to h return$ five times f ,india4 ,b ! details are all lo/1 & accid5t has only p>t$ ! cl\ds = a mom5t to %[ u ! m\rnful sett+ ) :i* he1 too1 w5t d[n ^u ! sea4 ,9 tak+ out ,sir ,edw>d ,mi*ell?orne to ,india1 9 #afjd1 he fell 9 ) a crew ( ,japanese1 ^: %ip _h be5 burnt1 drift+ at sea1 )\t provisions1 9 a leaky junk4 ,he suppos$ !m to be pirates1 b he did n *oose to leave !m to s wret*$ a dea?1 & took !m on bo>d2 & 9 a few h\rs1 wat*+ _! opportunity1 !y murd]$ him4 ,z ! fool die?1 s die? ! wise1 & !re is no diff]5ce2 x 0 ! *ance ( ! sea1 & ! ill rew>d ( a humane action--a melan*oly end = su* a man--l ! end ( a w>rior1 n dy+ ,epam9ondas-l on ! field ( victory1 b cut (f 9 "s poor brawl or ambuscade4 ,b s x 0 ) all ^! m54 ,!y 7 cut (f 9 ! fl[] ( _! days1 & few ( !m laid _! bones 9 ! sepul*res ( _! fa!rs4 ,!y knew ! s]vice :i* !y _h *os51 & !y did n ask ! wages = :i* !y _h n lab\r$4 ,life ) !m 0 no summ] holiday1 b a holy sacrifice (f]$ up to duty1 & :at _! ,ma/] s5t 0 welcome4 ,beautiful is old age--beautiful z ! sl[-dropp+ mell[ autumn ( a ri* glori\s summ]4 ,9 ! old man1 nature has fulfill$ h] "w2 %e loads him ) h] bless+s2 %e fills him ) ! fruits ( a well-sp5t life2 &1 surr\nd$ by 8 *ildr5 & 8 *ildr5's *ildr51 %e rocks him s(tly away to a grave1 to :i* he is foll[$ ) bless+s4 ,god =bid we %\ld n call x beautiful4 ,x is beautiful1 b n ! mo/ beautiful4 ,!re is ano!r life1 h>d1 r\gh1 & ?orny1 trodd5 ) ble$+ feet & a*+ br[2 ! life ( :i* ! cross is ! symbol2 a battle :i* no peace foll[s1 ?is side ! grave2 :i* ! grave gapes to f9i%1 be=e ! victory is won2 &--/range t x %\ld be s--?is is ! highe/ life ( man4 ,look back along ! great names ( hi/ory2 !re is none ^: life has be5 o!r ?an ?is4 ,!y to :om x has be5 giv5 to d ! really highe/ "w 9 ?is e>?--:oev] !y are1 ,jew or ,g5tile1 ,pagan or ,*ri/ian1 w>riors1 legislators1 philosoph]s1 prie/s1 poets1 k+s1 slaves--"o & all1 _! fate has be5 ! same--! same bitt] cup has be5 giv5 to !m to dr9k4 ,& s x 0 ) ! s]vants ( ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,_! life 0 a long battle1 ei!r ) ! elem5ts or ) m52 & x 0 en\gh = !m to fulfil _! "w1 & to pass away 9 ! h\r :5 ,god _h no?+ m to bid !m d4 ,!y did n compla91 & :y %\ld we compla9 = !m8 ,peaceful life 0 n :at !y desir$1 & an hon\rable dea? _h no t]rors = !m4 ,!irs 0 ! old ,grecian _s1 & ! great he>t ( ! ,!ban poet liv$ aga9 9 !m3-- ,greek3 ,?ane9 d' hois9 ananka1 ti ke tis annumon gras en skot ka?m5os hepsoi matan1 hapantn kaln ammoros8 ',see+1' 9 ,gilb]t's own brave words1 't dea? is inevitable1 & ! fame ( virtue is immortal2 :]e=e 9 ?is behalf mut>e vel tim]e sp]no4' ,9 ! conclusion ( ^! light sket*es we pass into an elem5t diff]5t f t 9 :i* we h be5 lately dwell+4 ,! sc5es 9 :i* ,gilb]t & ,davis play$ out _! high natures 7 ( ! k9d :i* we call peaceful1 & ! enemies ) :i* !y cont5d$ 7 pr9cipally ! ice & ! w9d1 & ! /ormy seas & ! dang]s ( unkn[n & savage l&s4 ,we %all close amid/ ! ro> ( cannon1 & ! wra? & rage ( battle4 ,hume1 :o alludes to ! engagem5t :i* we are go+ to describe1 speaks ( x 9 a tone :i* %[s t he look$ at x z some?+ port5t\s & prodigi\s2 z a ?+ to wond] at--b sc>cely z des]v+ ! admiration :i* we pay to actions prop]ly )9 ! scope ( humanity--& z if ! en]gy :i* 0 display$ 9 x 0 l ! unnatural /r5g? ( madness4 ,he does n say ?is1 b he appe>s to feel x2 & he sc>cely w\ld h felt x if he _h c>$ m deeply to saturate himself ) ! temp] ( ! age ( :i* he 0 writ+4 ,at ! "t1 all ,engl& & all ! _w rang ) ! /ory4 ,x /ruck a deep] t]ror1 ?\gh x 0 b ! action ( a s+le %ip1 into ! he>ts ( ! ,spani% p2 x dealt a m deadly bl[ ^u _! fame & moral /r5g? ?an ! de/ruction ( ! ,armada itself2 & 9 ! direct results :i* arose f x1 x 0 sc>cely less disa/r\s to !m4 ,h>dly1 z x seems to u1 if ! mo/ glori\s actions :i* are set l jewels 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d are weigh$ "o aga9/ ! o!r 9 ! balance1 h>dly w ^? #cjj ,sp>tans :o 9 ! summ] morn+ sate 'comb+ _! long hair = dea?' 9 ! passes ( ,!rmopyl1 h e>n$ a m l(ty e/imate = !mselves ?an ?is "o crew ( mod]n ,engli%m54 ,9 ,augu/ #aeia1 ,"l ,?omas ,h[>d1 ) six ,engli% l9e-(-battle %ips1 six victuall]s1 & two or ?ree p9naces1 0 ly+ at an*or "u ! ,isl& ( ,florez4 ,light 9 balla/ & %ort ( wat]1 ) half 8 m5 disabl$ by sickness1 ,h[>d 0 unable to pursue ! aggressive purpose on :i* he _h be5 s5t out4 ,sev]al ( ! %ips' crews 7 on %ore3 ! %ips !mselves 'all pe/]$ & rommag+1' ) ev]y?+ out ( ord]4 ,9 ?is condition !y 7 surpris$ by a ,spani% fleet consi/+ ( #ec m5-(-w>4 ,elev5 out ( ! twelve ,engli% %ips obey$ ! signal ( ! admiral1 to cut or weigh _! an*ors & escape z !y might4 ,! twelf?1 ! ',rev5ge1' 0 unable = ! mom5t to foll[4 ,( h] crew ( #aij1 n9ety 7 sick on %ore1 &1 f ! position ( ! %ip1 !re 0 "s delay & difficulty 9 gett+ !m on bo>d4 ,! ',rev5ge' 0 comm&$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,gr5ville1 ( ,bide=d1 a man well kn[n 9 ! ,spani% seas1 & ! t]ror ( ! ,spani% sailors2 s fi]ce he 0 said to be1 t my?ic /ories pass$ f lip to lip ab\t him1 &1 l ,e>l ,talbot or ,coeur de ,lion1 ! nurses at ! ,azores fright5$ *ildr5 ) ! s\nd ( 8 "n4 ',he 0 ( great rev5ues1 ( 8 own inh]itance1' !y said1 'b ( unquiet m9d1 & greatly affect$ to w>s2' & f 8 uncontrollable prop5sities = blood-eat+1 he _h volunte]$ 8 s]vices to ! que52 '( s h>d a complexion 0 he1 t ,i 7,john ,huigh5 von ,l9s*ot51 :o is our au?ority "h1 & :o 0 ) ! ,spani% fleet aft] ! action7 h be5 told by div]s cr$ible p]sons :o /ood & beheld him1 t he w\ld c>\se ?ree or f\r glasses ( w9e1 & take ! glasses betwe5 8 tee? & cru% !m 9 pieces & swall[ !m d[n4' ,su* ,gr5ville 0 to ! ,spani>d4 ,to ! ,engli% he 0 a goodly & gallant g5tleman1 :o _h nev] turn$ 8 back ^u an enemy1 & 0 rem>kable 9 t rem>kable "t = 8 con/ancy & d>+4 ,9 ?is surprise at ,florez he 0 9 no ha/e to fly4 ,he fir/ saw all 8 sick on bo>d & /[$ away on ! balla/2 & !n1 ) no m ?an #ajj m5 left him to fight & "w ! %ip1 he delib]ately weigh$1 unc]ta91 z x seem$ at fir/1 :at he int5d$ to d4 ,! ,spani% fleet 7 by ?is "t on 8 wea!r b[1 & he 0 p]suad$ 7we "h take 8 c\s9 ,raleigh's beautiful n>rative1 & foll[ x 9 ,raleigh's words7 'to cut 8 ma9sail & ca/ ab\t1 & tru/ to ! sail+ ( ! %ip3'-- ,b ,sir ,ri*>d utt]ly refus$ to turn f ! enemy1 all$g+ t he w\ld r *oose to die ?an to di%on\r himself1 8 c\ntry1 & h] ,maje/y's %ip1 p]suad+ 8 company t he w\ld pass ?r\gh _! two squadrons 9 spite ( !m1 & en=ce ^? ( ,seville to give him way3 :i* he p]=m$ ^u div]se ( ! =emo/1 :o1 z ! m>9]s t]m x1 sprang _! luff1 & fell "u ! lee ( ! ',rev5ge4' ,b ! o!r c\rse _h be5 ! bett]2 & might "r well h be5 answ]$ 9 s great an impossibility ( prevail+3 not)/&+1 out ( ! greatness ( 8 m9d1 he c\ld n be p]suad$4 ,! w9d 0 light2 ! ',san ,philip1' 'a huge high-c>g$ %ip' ( #a1ejj tons1 came up to w9dw>d ( him1 &1 tak+ ! w9d out ( 8 sails1 ran abo>d him4 ,aft] ! ',rev5ge' 0 entangl$ ) ! ',san ,philip1' f\r o!rs bo>d$ h]1 two on h] l>bo>d & two on h] />bo>d4 ,! fight ?us beg9n+ at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon cont9u$ v t]rible all t ev5+4 ,b ! great ',san ,philip1' hav+ receiv$ ! l[] ti] ( ! ',rev5ge1' %ift$ h]self ) all dilig5ce f h] sides1 utt]ly mislik+ h] fir/ ent]ta9m5t4 ,! ,spani% %ips 7 till$ ) soldi]s1 9 "s #bjj1 besides ! m>9]s1 9 "s #ejj1 9 o!rs #hjj4 ,9 ours !re 7 none at all1 besides ! m>9]s1 b ! s]vants ( ! comm&] & "s few volunt>y g5tlem5 only4 ,aft] _m ent]*ang$ vollies ( great ordnance & small %ot1 ! ,spani>ds delib]at$ to ent] ! ',rev5ge1' & made div]s attempts1 hop+ to =ce h] by ! multitude ( _! arm$ soldi]s & muskete]s2 b 7 /ill repuls$ aga9 & aga91 & at all times beat5 back into _! own %ip or into ! sea4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fight ! ',george ,noble1' ( ,london1 hav+ receiv$ "s %ot ?r\gh h] by ! ,armadas1 fell "u ! lee ( ! ',rev5ge1' & ask$ ,sir ,ri*>d :at he w\ld comm& him2 b be+ "o ( ! victuall]s1 & ( small =ce1 ,sir ,ri*>d bade him save himself & leave him to 8 =tune4 ,?is la/ 0 a little t\* ( gallantry1 :i* we %\ld be glad to rememb] ) ! hon\r due to ! brave ,engli% sailor :o comm&$ ! ',george ,noble2' b 8 "n has pass$ away1 & 8 action is an 9 memoriam1 on :i* "t has effac$ ! writ+4 ,all t ,augu/ night ! fight cont9u$1 ! />s roll+ ov] 9 _! sad maje/y1 b unse5 ?r\gh ! sulphur\s cl\ds :i* hung ov] ! sc5e4 ,%ip aft] %ip ( ! ,spani>ds came on ^u ! ',rev5ge1' 's t nev] less ?an two mighty galleons 7 at h] side & abo>d h]1' wa%+ up l waves ^u a rock1 & fall+ foil$ & %att]$ back amid/ ! ro> ( ! artill]y4 ,be=e morn+ fifte5 sev]al ,armadas _h assail$ h]1 & all 9 va92 "s _h be5 sunk at h] side2 & ! re/1 's ill approv+ ( _! ent]ta9m5t1 t at break ( day !y 7 f> m will+ to he>k5 to a composition1 ?an ha/ily to make m assaults or entries4' ',b z ! day increas$1' says ,raleigh1 's our m5 decreas$2 & z ! light grew m & m1 by s mu* ! m grew our discom=t1 = none appe>$ 9 sight b enemies1 save "o small %ip call$ ! ,pilgrim1 comm&$ by ,jacob ,:iddon1 :o hov]$ all night to see ! success1 b 9 ! morn+1 be>+ ) ! ,rev5ge1 0 hunt$ l a h>e among _m rav5\s h\nds--b escap$4' ,all ! p[d] 9 ! ',rev5ge' 0 n[ sp5t1 all h] pikes 7 brok51 #dj out ( h] #ajj m5 kill$1 & a great numb] ( ! re/ w\nd$4 ,sir ,ri*>d1 ?\gh badly hurt e>ly 9 ! battle1 nev] =sook ! deck till an h\r be=e midnight2 & 0 !n %ot ?r\gh ! body :ile 8 w\nds 7 be+ dress$1 & aga9 9 ! head4 ,8 surgeon 0 kill$ :ile att5d+ on him2 ! ma/s 7 ly+ ov] ! side1 ! rigg+ cut or brok51 ! upp] works all %ot 9 pieces1 & ! %ip h]self1 unable to move1 0 settl+ sl[ly 9 ! sea2 ! va/ fleet ( ,spani>ds ly+ r\nd h] 9 a r+1 l dogs r\nd a dy+ lion1 & w>y ( approa*+ him 9 8 la/ agony4 ,sir ,ri*>d1 see+ t x 0 pa/ hope1 hav+ f\ght = fifte5 h\rs1 & 'hav+ by e/imation eight hundr$ %ot ( great artill]y ?r\gh him1' 'comm&$ ! ma/] gunn]1 :om he knew to be a mo/ resolute man1 to split & s9k ! %ip1 t !reby no?+ might rema9 ( glory or victory to ! ,spani>ds2 see+ 9 s _m h\rs !y 7 n able to take h]1 hav+ _h above fifte5 h\rs' "t1 above t5 ?\s& m51 & fifty-?ree m5-(-w> to p]=m x )al2 & p]suad$ ! company1 or z _m z he c\ld induce1 to yield !mselves unto ,god & to ! m]cy ( none else2 b z !y _h1 l valiant resolute m51 repuls$ s _m enemies1 !y %\ld n n[ %ort5 ! hon\r ( _! nation by prolong+ _! own lives = a few h\rs or a few days4' ,! gunn] & a few o!rs cons5t$4 ,b su* ,greek3 daimoni aret 0 m ?an c\ld be expect$ ( ord9>y seam54 ,!y _h d>$ d all :i* did become m51 & !y 7 n m ?an m54 ,two ,spani% %ips _h gone d[n1 above #a1ejj ( _! crew 7 kill$1 & ! ,spani% admiral c\ld n induce any "o ( ! re/ ( 8 fleet to bo>d ! ',rev5ge' aga91 'd\bt+ le/ ,sir ,ri*>d w\ld h bl[n up himself & !m1 kn[+ 8 dang]\s disposition4' ,sir ,ri*>d ly+ disabl$ bel[1 ! capta91 'f9d+ ! ,spani>ds z ready to ent]ta9 a composition z !y c\ld be to (f] x1' ga9$ ov] ! majority ( ! surviv+ company2 & ! rema9d] !n draw+ back f ! ma/] gunn]1 !y all1 )\t fur!r consult+ _! dy+ comm&]1 surr5d]$ on hon\rable t]ms4 ,if unequal to ! ,engli% 9 action1 ! ,spani>ds 7 at lea/ z c\rte\s 9 victory4 ,x is due to !m to say1 t ! conditions 7 fai?fully obs]v$2 & '! %ip be+ m>vell\s unsav\rie1' ,alonzo de ,bacon1 ! ,spani% admiral1 s5t 8 boat to br+ ,sir ,ri*>d on bo>d 8 own vessel4 ,sir ,ri*>d1 ^: life 0 fa/ ebb+ away1 repli$ t 'he might d ) 8 body :at he li/1 = t he e/eem$ x n2' & z he 0 c>ri$ out ( ! %ip he swoon$1 & reviv+ aga91 desir$ ! company to pray = him4 ,! admiral us$ him ) all humanity1 'comm5d+ 8 val\r & wor?9ess1 be+ unto !m a r>e spectacle1 & a resolution seldom approv$4' ,! (fic]s ( ! fleet1 too1 ,john ,higg9s tells u1 cr[d$ r\nd to look at him2 & a new fight _h almo/ brok5 out betwe5 ! ,biscayans & ! ',portugals1' ea* claim+ ! hon\r ( hav+ bo>d$ ! ',rev5ge4' ,9 a few h\rs ,sir ,ri*>d1 feel+ 8 end approa*+1 %[$ n any sign ( fa9tness1 b spake ^! words 9 ,spani%1 & said1 ',"h die ,i1 ,ri*>d ,gr5ville1 ) a joyful & quiet m9d1 = t ,i h end$ my life z a true soldi] ought to d t ha? f\ght = 8 c\ntry1 que51 religion1 & hon\r4 ,:]eby my s\l mo/ joyfully dep>te? out ( ?is body1 & %all always leave beh9d x an ev]la/+ fame ( a valiant & true soldi] t ha? done 8 duty z he 0 b\nd to d4' ,:5 he _h f9i%$ ^! or o!r su* l words1 he gave up ! gho/ ) great & /\t c\rage1 & no man c\ld p]ceive any sign ( heav9ess 9 him4 ,su* 0 ! fight at ,florez1 9 t ,augu/ ( #aeia1 )\t its equal 9 su* ( ! annals ( mank9d z ! ?+ :i* we call hi/ory has pres]v$ to u2 sc>cely equall$ by ! mo/ glori\s fate :i* ! imag9ation ( ,b>rre c\ld inv5t = ! ',v5geur4' ,nor did ! matt] end )\t a sequel awful z itself4 ,sea battles h be5 (t5 foll[$ by /orms1 & )\t a miracle2 b ) a miracle1 z ! ,spani>ds & ! ,engli% alike believ$1 or )\t "o1 z we mod]ns w\ld pref] believ+1 '!re ensu$ on ?is action a tempe/ s t]rible z 0 nev] se5 or he>d ! l be=e4' ,a fleet ( m]*antm5 jo9$ ! ,armada imm$iately aft] ! battle1 =m+ 9 all #adj sail2 & ( ^! #adj1 only #cb ev] saw ,spani% h>b\r4 ,! re/ f\nd]$1 or 7 lo/ on ! ,azores4 ,! m5-(-w> _h be5 s %att]$ by %ot z to be unable to c>ry sail2 & ! ',rev5ge' h]self1 disda9+ to survive h] comm&]1 or z if to complete 8 own la/ baffl$ purpose1 l ,samson1 buri$ h]self & h] #bjj prize crew "u ! rocks ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's4 ,& x may well be ?\ght & presum$ 7says ,john ,huigh57 t x 0 no o!r ?an a j plague purposely s5t ^u ! ,spani>ds2 & t x might be truly said1 ! tak+ ( ! ',rev5ge' 0 ju/ly rev5g$ on !m2 & n by ! might or =ce ( man1 b by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,z "s ( !m op5ly said 9 ! ,isle ( ,t]ceira1 t !y believ$ v]ily ,god w\ld consume !m1 & t he took "p ) ! ,lu!rans & h]etics 444 say+ fur!r1 t s soon z !y _h ?r[n ! dead body ( ! ,vice-,admiral ,sir ,ri*>d ,gr5ville ov]bo>d1 !y v]ily ?\ght t z he _h a devili% fai? & religion1 & !re=e ! devil lov$ him1 s he pres5tly sunk into ! bottom ( ! sea & d[n into hell1 :]e he rais$ up all ! devils to ! rev5ge ( 8 dea?1 & t !y br\ght s great a /orm & torm5ts ^u ! ,spani>ds1 because !y only ma9ta9$ ! ,ca?olic & ,romi% religion4 ,su* & ! l blasphemies aga9/ ,god !y ceas$ n op5ly to utt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,u ,we/m9/] ,review1 #ahec4 ,v ,?is essay 0 writt5 #ae ye>s ago4 ,w ,"h is ! old /anza4 ,let :oev] is dispos$ to ?9k u too h>d on ,capta9 ,be?une comp>e !m3-- ',= ,we?>r+ton my h>te 0 wo1 ,t ev5 he slayne %olde be2 ,= :5 bo? 8 leggis 7 hew5 9 to1 ,he knyl$ & f\ght on 8 knee4' ,ev5 ,p]cy1 :o1 on ! :ole1 ?9ks well ( ! mod]n ballad1 gives up ?is /anza z hopeless4 ,,hom]4,x ,troy fell be=e ! ,greeks2 & 9 its turn ! w> ( ,troy is n[ fall+ be=e ! critics4 ,t t5 ye>s' dea?-/ruggle1 9 :i* ! immortals did n disda9 to m+le--^? massive w>riors1 ) _! gr&eur & _! *ivalry1 h1 'l an unsub/antial pageant1 fad$' be=e ! w& ( ^! mod]n en*ant]s2 & ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 & ! o!r e>ly leg5ds1 are discov]$ to be no m ?an ! transp>5t my?s ( an old cosmogony1 ! arabesques & frescoes ) :i* ! imag9ation ( ! ,ionian poets set (f & ornam5t$ ! palace ( ! heav5s1 ! /ruggle ( ! e>? ) ! seasons1 & ! lab\rs ( ! sun ?r\gh 8 twelve signs4 ,nay1 ) ,hom] himself x 0 likely at "o "t to h f>$ no bett]4 ,8 works1 inde$1 7 inde/ructible1 yet if !y c\ld n be de/roy$1 !y might be disorganis$2 & ) _! in/9ctive hatr$ ( facts1 ! critics fa/5$ on ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ! poet4 ,! orig9 ( ! poems 0 di/ribut$ among ! cl\ds ( pre-hi/oric imag9ation2 &--in/ead ( a s+le inspir$ ,hom] = _! au?or1 we 7 requir$ to believe 9 "s extraord9>y spontane\s g5]ation1 or 9 "s collective g5ius ( an age :i* ignorance _h p]sonifi$4 ,b ! p]son ( a poet has be5 f\nd m difficult ( elim9ation ?an a m]e fact ( hi/ory4 ,facts1 x 0 once said1 7 /ubborn ?+s2 b 9 our days we h *ang$ all t2 a fact1 "u ! knife ( a critic1 splits 9 pieces1 & is dissect$ out ( belief ) incr$ible read9ess4 ,! helpless ?+ lies "u 8 h& l a fooli% witness 9 a law c\rt1 :5 br[beat5 by an unscrupul\s advocate1 & is turn$ ab\t & twi/$ ?is way & t way1 till 9 its di/raction x contradicts itself1 & be>s witness aga9/ itself2 & to escape f torture1 at la/ flies utt]ly away1 itself half d\bt+ its own exi/5ce4 ,b x requires m cunn+ weapons to de/roy a ,hom]2 l 8 own immortals1 he may be w\nd$1 b he _c h ! life c>v$ out ( him by ! prosaic /rokes ( common m54 ,8 poems h b to be dis9tegrat$ to unite aga91 s /rong are !y 9 ! individuality ( _! g5ius4 ,! s+l5ess ( _! /ructure--! unity ( design--! di/9ctness ( draw+ 9 ! *>act]s--! inimitable peculi>ities ( mann] 9 ea* ( !m1 seem to place beyond s]i\s "q1 aft] ! wor/ onslaught ( ! ,wolfian critics1 t bo? ,iliad & ,odyssey1 :e!r or n ! "w ( ! same m9d1 are at lea/ ea* ( !m s+ly ! "w ( "o4 ,let !m leave u ,hom]1 h[ev]1 & on ! rank & file ( facts !y may d _! wor/2 we c be indiff]5t to1 or ev5 ?ankful =1 :at slaught] !y may make4 ,9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,!ogonia1 9 t ( ,zeus & ,cronus1 = in/ance1 !re is evid5tly a metaphysical allegory2 9 ! leg5ds ( ,p]sephone1 or ( ! ,dioscuri1 a physical "o2 9 t ( ,a!ne1 a pr(\ndly philosophical "o2 & fus$ z ! entire sy/em 0 9 ! int5sely poetical conception ( ! e>ly ?9k]s1 x w\ld be impossible1 ev5 if x 7 desirable1 at ?is "t ( day1 to dis5tangle ! fibres ( all ^! v>i\s elem5ts4 ,fact & !ory1 ! natural & ! sup]natural1 ! leg5d>y & ! philosophical1 %ade (f s imp]ceptibly "o into ! o!r1 9 ! /ories ( ! ,olympians1 or ( _! fir/ (fspr+1 t we c nev] assure ourselves t we are on hi/oric gr\nd1 or t1 antec$5t to ! really hi/oric age1 !re is any su* gr\nd to be f\nd any:]e4 ,! old notion1 t ! h]oes 7 deifi$ m51 is no long] t5able4 ,) b few exceptions1 we c trace _! names z ! names ( ! old gods ( ! ,hell5ic or ,pelasgian races2 & if !y appe>$ lat] 9 human =ms1 !y desc5d$ f ,olympus to assume !m4 ,diom$ 0 ! ,o,etolian sun-god2 ,a*illes 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,!ssaly long be=e he became ! h]o ( ! tale ( ,troy4 ,! trag$y ( ! h\se ( ,atreus1 & ! bloody ba? ( ,agamemnon1 z we are n[ told ) appe>ance ( c]ta9ty1,y are humanis$ /ories ( ! physical /ruggle ( ! oppos+ pr9ciples ( life & dea?1 light & d>kness1 night & day1 w9t] & summ]4 ,& let !m be s2 we ne$ n be sorry to believe t !re is no sub/antial basis = ^! tales ( crime4 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d is n s pure b t we c af=d to lose a few d>k pages out ( ! record4 ,let x be grant$ t ( ! times :i* ,hom] sung hi/orically we "k no?+ lit]al at all--n any names ( any k+s1 ( any m9i/]s1 w>s1 intrigues1 revolutions1 crimes4 ,!y are all gone--dead--pass$ away2 _! vacant *ronicles may be sil5t z ! tombs 9 :i* _! bones are buri$4 ,( su* /uff z t ) :i* hi/orians fill _! pages !re is no trace2 x is a blank1 vacant z ! annals ( ! ,hott5tot or ( ! ,r$ ,indian4 ,yet :5 all is said1 !re rema9 /ill to u 9 ,hom]'s v]se1 mat]ials ri*]1 p]haps1 ?an exi/ = any p]iod ( ! anci5t _w1 ri*] ?an ev5 = ! brilliant days ( ,p]icles1 or ( ! ,cs>s1 to con/ruct a hi/ory ( ano!r k9d--a hi/ory1 a picture n ( ! times ( :i* he sang1 b ( ! m5 among :om he liv$4 ,h[ !y act$2 h[ !y ?\ght1 talk$1 & felt2 :at !y made ( ?is e>?1 & ( _! place 9 x2 _! private life & _! public life2 m5 & wom52 ma/]s & s]vants2 ri* & poor--we h x all del9eat$ 9 ! m>vell\s v]se ( a poet :o1 be he :at he may1 0 9 ?is respect ! greate/ :i* ! e>? has ev] se54 ,9 ext5t1 ! in=mation is little en\gh2 b 9 ! same s5se z x has be5 said t an h\r at an ,a!nian supp]-p>ty w\ld tea* u m ,grecian life & "* ?an all ,ari/ophanes1 ,hom]'s pictures ( life & mann]s are s liv+1 s di/9ct1 s palpable1 t a :ole prose encyclopdia ( disconnect$ facts c\ld give u no?+ l !m4 ,x is ! m>vell\s prop]ty ( v]se--"o1 if we rightly consid] x1 :i* w\ld excuse any sup]/ition on ! orig9 ( language--t ! metrical & rhy?mic arrangem5t ( syllable & s\nd is able to cat* & express back to u1 n ! /ories ( actions1 b ! actions !mselves1 ) all ! feel+s :i* inspire !m2 to call up human action1 & all o!r outw>d ?+s 9 :i* human he>ts take int]e/--to produce !m1 or to reproduce !m1 ) a di/9ctness :i* %all produce ! same emotions :i* !y w\ld !mselves produce :5 really exi/+4 ,! ?+ itself is made pres5t be=e u by an ex]cise ( creative p[] z g5u9e z t ( ,nature h]self2 :i*1 p]haps1 is b ! same p[] manife/+ itself at "o "t 9 words1 at ano!r 9 outw>d ph5om5a4 ,:atev] be ! cause1 ! fact is s4 ,poetry has ?is life-giv+ p[]1 & prose has x n2 & ?us ! poet is ! true/ hi/orian4 ,:atev] is prop]ly valuable 9 hi/ory ! poet gives u--n ev5ts & names1 b emotion1 b action1 b life4 ,he is ! he>t ( 8 age1 & 8 v]se expresses 8 age2 & :at matt] is x by :at "n he describes 8 places or 8 p]sons8 ,:at matt] is x :at 8 own "n 01 :ile we h himself1 & :ile we h ! orig9als1 f :i* he drew8 ,! "w & ! life are all = :i* we ne$ c>e1 are all :i* c really int]e/ u2 ! names are no?+4 ,?\gh ,phoeacia 0 a dream-l&1 or a symbol ( ! ,elysian fields1 yet ,hom] drew 8 mat]ial1 8 isl&1 8 palaces1 8 h>b\r1 8 g>d5s ( p]5nial beauty1 f ^? fair cities :i* lay along ! %ores ( 8 own ,ionia2 & l 8 bl9d ,demodocus1 ,hom] d\btless himself sung ^? v hymns :i* n[ delight u s1 9 ! halls ( _m a pr9cely ,alc9\s4 ,! prose hi/orian may give u facts & names2 he may catalogue ! successions1 & tell u long /ories ( battles1 & ( factions1 & ( political intrigues2 he may draw *>act]s = u1 ( ! sort :i* figure commonly 9 su* features ( human affairs1 m5 ( ! unh]oic1 unpoetic k9d--! ,cleons1 ! ,sejanuses1 ! ,tib]iuses1 a ,philip ! ,second or a ,l\is ,quatorze1 9 :om ! noble elem5t di$ out into selfi%ness & vulg>ity4 ,b great m5--& all ,,m5 prop]ly s call$ 7:atev] is g5u9e & natural 9 !m7--lie beyond prose1 & c only be really repres5t$ by ! poet4 ,?is is ! reason :y su* m5 z ,alex&]1 or z ,cs>1 or z ,cromwell1 s p]plex u 9 hi/ories1 because !y & _! actions are beyond ! scope ( ! art ?r\gh :i* we h look$ at !m4 ,we comp>e ! man z ! hi/orian repres5ts him1 ) ! track ( 8 pa? ?r\gh ! _w4 ,! "w is ! "w ( a giant2 ! man1 /ripp$ ( ! vulg> app5dages ) :i* ! /unt$ imag9ation ( 8 biograph] may h set him (f1 is full ( meannesses & littl5esses1 & is sc>cely great] ?an "o ( ourselves4 ,prose1 t is1 has attempt$ some?+ to :i* x is n equal4 ,x describes a figure :i* x calls ,cs>2 b x is n ,cs>1 x is a mon/]4 ,= ! same reason1 prose fictions1 novels1 & ! l1 are wor?less = m ?an a mom5t>y purpose4 ,! life :i* !y are able to repres5t is n wor? repres5t+4 ,!re is no p]son s poor 9 8 own eyes z n to gaze ) pleasure into a look+-glass2 & ! prose age may value its own image 9 ! novel4 ,b ! value ( all su* repres5tations is ephem]al4 ,x is ) ! poet's art z ) ! sculptor's--s&/one w n c>ve l m>ble1 its texture is too loose to reta9 a %>ply m\ld$ outl9e4 ,! actions ( m51 if !y are true1 noble1 & g5u9e1 are /rong en\gh to be> ! =m & be> ! poli% ( v]se2 if loose or feeble1 !y crumble away into ! s(t] undulations ( prose4 ,:at ! life 0 ^: texture bore %ap+ into ,hom]'s v]se1 we int5d to sp5d ^! pages 9 exam9+4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 prop]ly to be s\ght = 9 ! poems !mselves4 ,b we %all "h be conc]n$ ma9ly ) features :i* 9 ! orig9al are r second>y ?an prom95t1 & :i* h to be collect$ out ( fragm5ts1 "h a l9e1 & !re a l9e1 out ( little h9ts1 let fall by ,hom] z x 7 by accid5t4 ,?+s too famili> to 8 own he>]s to require dwell+ on1 to u1 ^: object is to make out j ^? v ?+s :i* 7 famili>1 are ( special & s+ul> value4 ,x is n an enquiry :i* w mu* pr(it u1 if we come to x ) any gr& notions ( ! 'progress ( ! species1' = 9 _m ways x w disc\rage ! belief 9 progress4 ,we h fall5 into ways ( talk+ ( ! *ildhood & infancy ( ! race1 z if no be>ds _h gr[n on any face be=e ! mod]n ,re=mation2 & ev5 p :o "k :at old ,a!ns 0 "u ,p]icles1 look commonly on e>li] ,greece z sc>cely /ruggl+ out ( its cradle4 ,x w\ld h f>$ s ) all e>ly hi/ory except = ! ,bible4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t has op]at$ p>tially to keep u 9 our mode/ s5ses1 & we c see some?+ gr& ab\t ! patri>*s2 b ?is is ow+ to exceptional causes1 :i* d n apply to o!r lit]ature2 & 9 spite ( our admiration ( ,hom]'s poetry1 we reg>d 8 age1 & ! contempor>y p]iods 9 ! o!r p ( ! e>?1 z a k9d ( *ildhood little bett] ?an b>b>ism4 ,we look ^u x1 at all ev5ts1 z too f> remov$ 9 e ess5tial ( _s or ( =m f our own1 to enable u to feel = x any /rong int]e/ or sympa?y4 ,m or less1 we h1 e "o ( u1 felt some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,hom]'s m5 are1 at fir/ sight1 unlike any m5 t we h ev] se52 & x is n )\t a %ock ( surprise t1 = ! fir/ "t1 we fall1 9 read+ him1 across "s little trait ( humanity :i* 9 =m z well z _s is really id5tical ) our own exp]i5ce4 ,!n1 = ! mom5t1 all is *ang$ ) u--gleams ( light fla% out1 9 :i* ! drap]y becomes transp>5t1 & we see ! human =m beh9d x1 & t entire old _w 9 ! w>m gl[ ( fle% & blood4 ,su* is ! effect ( ^? few *ild sc5es ( 81 :i* ?r[ u back into our old famili> *ildhood4 ,) all ^! ye>s betwe5 u1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 _! *ildr5 & ours1 & *ild w\ld meet *ild )\t s5se ( /rang5ess 9 common games & common pleasures4 ,! little ,ulysses climb+ on ! knees ( 8 fa!r's gue/1 coax+ = a ta/e ( ! r$ w9e1 & spill+ x z he />ts at ! unusual ta/e2 or t o!r mo/ beautiful picture ( him runn+ at ,la]tes's side 9 ! g>d5 at ,i?aca1 ! fa!r tea*+ ! boy ! names ( ! fruit-trees1 & mak+ pres5ts to him ( ?is tree & ( t tree = 8 v own1 to help him to rememb] :at !y 7 call$2 ! p>tition wall ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s melts away z we look back at sc5es l ^!2 t broad1 _w-exp]i5c$ man 0 once1 !n1 su* a little creature z we rememb] ourselves1 & ,la]tes a calm1 k9d fa!r ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! *ildr5 lov$ to sport ^u ! %ore1 & wat* ! inroll+ waves2--!n1 z n[1 ! boy-ar*itect w\ld pile ! moi/ s& into mimic t[n or ca/le1 & :5 ! "w 0 f9i%$1 sweep x away aga9 9 wanton hum\r ) foot & h&2--!n1 z n[1 ! little tir$ maid5 w\ld cl+ to h] "m's skirt1 &1 trott+ pa9fully along beside h]1 look up wi/fully & plead ) moi/ eyes to be c>ri$ 9 h] arms4 ,nay1 & among ! gr[n ones1 :]e "t has n *ang$ ! occupation1 & ! =ms ( culture h little room to v>y1 we meet aga9 ) v famili> faces4 ,!re is ,melan?o1 ! n ov]-mode/ titt]+ wait+-maid--saucy to h] mi/ress & ! old h\sekeep]1 & always runn+ aft] ! h&some "y pr9ces4 ,unhappy ,melan?o1 true *ild ( univ]sal nature6 griev\s "w we %\ld make ) mo/ h\seholds1 if all :o resemble !e 7 treat$ to z r\gh a de/9y4 ,& !re are o!r old fri5ds :om x is pleasant en\gh to recognise at s long a di/ance4 ',c]ta9 smoo?-hair$1 sleek-fac$ fell[s--insol5t :]e _! lords w\ld p]mit !m2 inquisitive & p]t1 liv+ b to eat & dr9k1 & pilf]+ ! good ?+s1 to convey !m /eal?ily to _! fri5ds outside ! ca/le wall4' ,! ?+ t ha? be51 t %all be aga94 ,:5 ,hom] wrote1 ! type _h settl$ into its long endur+ =m4 ',su* are !y1' he adds1 9 8 good-natur$ irony1 'z ! valet race ev] love to be4' ,) su* evid5ce ( id5tity among u all1 x is wor? :ile to look clos] at ! old ,greeks1 to try to f9d 9 ,hom] some?+ beyond f9e poetry1 or excit+ adv5tures1 or battle-sc5es1 or mat]ial = s*ol>%ip2 = a:ile to set all t aside1 & look 9 him = ! /ory ( real liv+ m5--set to pilgrimise 9 ! old way on ! same old e>?--m5 su* z we are1 *ildr5 ( "o family1 ) ! same "w to d1 to live ! be/ life !y c\ld1 & to save _! s\ls--) ! same trials1 ! same passions1 ! same difficulties1 if ) weak] means ( meet+ !m4 ,& fir/ = _! religion4 ,let ^? :o l x1 l5d _! lab\r to ! unravell+ ! secrets ( ! my?ologies4 ,!ogonies & ,!ologies are n religion2 !y are b its hi/oric dress & outw>d or =mal expression1 :i*1 l a language1 may be intelligible to ^? :o see ! inw>d mean+ 9 ! sign1 b no m ?an confus$ s\nd to u :o live 9 ano!r atmosph]e1 & h no means ( transf]r+ ourselves into ! s5tim5t ( an e>li] era4 ,x is n 9 ^! =ms ( a day or ( an age t we %\ld look = ! real belief--! real feel+s ( ! he>t2 b 9 ! natural expressions :i* bur/ out spontane\sly--expressions ( op9ion on ,provid5ce1 on ! relation ( man to ,god1 on ! et]nal laws by :i* ?is _w is gov]n$4 ,p]haps we misuse ! ^w 9 speak+ ( religion2 we ought r to speak ( piety3 piety is always simple2 ! emotion is too va/1 too ov]p[]+1 :5ev] x is g5u9e1 to be nice or fanta/ic 9 its =m2 & leav+ philosophies & cosmogonies to %ape !mselves 9 my? & leg5d1 x speaks itself out ) a calm & humble cle>ness4 ,we may trifle ) our own discov]ies1 & h& !m ov] to ! fancy or ! imag9ation = elaborate decoration4 ,we may %r\d ov] suppos$ my/]ies "u an enigmatic veil1 & adapt ! degrees ( initiation to ! capacities ( our pupils2 b be=e ! va/ facts ( ,god & ,provid5ce1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & man dw>fs into no?+4 ,!y are no discov]ies ( our own ) :i* we c m$dle1 b revelations ( ! ,inf9ite1 :i*1 l ! sunlight1 %$ !mselves on all alike1 wise & unwise1 good & evil1 & !y claim & !y p]mit no o!r ackn[l$gm5t f u ?an ! simple ob$i5ce ( our lives1 & ! pla9e/ confession ( our lips4 ,su* confessions1 except 9 ,david's ,psalms1 we %all n any:]e f9d m natural or unaffect$ ?an 9 ,hom]--mo/ def9ite1 yet nev] elaborate--z f> z may be f any complim5t+ ( ,provid5ce1 yet express+ ! mo/ unque/ion+ conviction4 ,we %all n (t5 rememb] !m :5 we set ab\t religion z a bus9ess2 b :5 ! occasions ( life /ir ! feel+s 9 u on :i* religion itself reposes1 if we 7 z famili> ) ! ,iliad z ) ! ,psalms1 ! words ( ! old ,ionian s+] w\ld leap z naturally to our lips z ^? ( ! ,israelite k+4 ,zeus is n always ! que/ionable son ( ,cronus1 nor ! gods always ! my?ologic ,olympians4 ,g5]ally1 x is true1 !y appe> z a l>g] ord] ( subject be+s--be+s l m51 & subject to a high] control--9 a position closely resembl+ t ( ,milton's angels1 & liable l !m to passion & to error4 ,b at times1 ! fa!r ( gods & m5 is ! ,inf9ite & ,et]nal ,rul]--! liv+ ,provid5ce ( ! _w--& ! less] gods are ! immortal adm9i/rators ( 8 ,div9e w ?r\gh\t ! l[] creation4 ,= ev] at ! head ( ! univ]se !re is an awful spiritual p[]2 :5 ,zeus appe>s ) a di/9ct & positive p]sonality1 he is himself subord9ate to an au?ority :i* else:]e is "o ) himself4 ,:]ev] ei!r he or ! o!r gods are made susceptible ( emotion1 ! ,invisible is beyond & above !m4 ,:5 ,zeus is ! p]sonal fa!r ( ,s>p$on1 & 8 private love conflicts ) ! law ( ! et]nal ord]1 ?\gh he has p[] to set aside ! law1 he d>es n break x2 b 9 ! mid/ ( 8 immortality1 & on 8 own awful ?rone1 he weeps te>s ( blood 9 ineffectual sorr[ = 8 dy+ *ild4 ,& aga91 !re is a p[] supreme bo? ov] ,zeus & ov] ,poseidon1 ( :i* ,iris rem9ds ! latt]1 :5 %e is s5t to rebuke him = 8 disob$i5ce to 8 bro!r4 ,x is a law1 %e says1 t ! y\ng] %all obey ! eld]1 & ! ,er9nys w rev5ge its brea* ev5 on a god4 ,b desc5d+ f ! m difficult ,pan!on among mank9d1 ! ,div9e law ( ju/ice is conceiv$ z cle>ly z we 9 ?is day c conceive x4 ,! supreme p[] is ! same immortal lov] ( ju/ice & ! same hat] ( iniquity2 & ju/ice means :at we mean by ju/ice1 & iniquity :at we mean by iniquity4 ,!re is no diffid5ce1 no scepticism on ?is matt]2 ! moral law is z sure z day & night1 summ] & w9t]4 ,?us 9 ! sixte5? ,iliad-- ',:5 9 ! m>ket-place m5 deal unju/ly1 & ! rul]s decree crook$ judgm5t1 n reg>d+ ! fe> ( ,god1' ,god s5ds ! /orm1 & ! e>?quake1 & ! tempe/1 z ! executors ( 8 v5geance4 ,aga91 ,ulysses says-- ',god looks ^u ! *ildr5 ( m51 & puni%es ! wrong-do]4' ,& ,eumu-- ',! gods love n viol5ce & wrong2 b ! man ^: ways are righte\s1 him !y hon\r4' ,ev5 :5 z m]e ,olympians !y put (f _! cele/ial nature1 & mix 9 e>?ly /rife1 & are ?us laid op5 to e>?ly suff]+1 a my/]y /ill hangs ab\t !m2 ,diom$1 ev5 :ile he crosses ! pa? ( ,ares1 feels all ! :ile 't !y are %ort-liv$ :o cont5d ) ! ,immortals4' ,ajax boa/s t he w save himself 9 spite ( heav51 & imm$iately ! wave da%es him ^u ! rocks4 ,"o light ^w escap$ ,ulysses 9 ! excitem5t ( 8 escape f ! ,cyclops1 :i* n9e ye>s ( suff]+ h>dly expiat$4 ,! same _s :i* tea*es ,*ri/ians t ^? :o h no e>?ly fri5d h specially a fri5d above to c>e = & to av5ge !m1 taught ! ,ionians a prov]b :i* appe>s aga9 & aga9 9 ,hom]1 t ! /rang] & ! poor man are ! patrimony ( ,god2 & x taught !m1 also1 t sometimes m5 ent]ta9$ ! ,immortals unaw>es4 ,x 0 a fai?1 too1 :i* 0 m ?an words ) !m2 = we he> ( no vagrant acts or ali5 acts1 & x 0 sacrilege to turn away f ! gate :oev] ask$ its hospitality4 ,times are *ang$4 ,! _w 0 n s cr[d$ z x is n[1 & p]haps rogues 7 less abundant2 b at any rate ^? antique ,greeks did :at !y said4 ,we say :at !y said1 :ile 9 ! same brea? we say1 too1 t x is impossible to d x4 ,9 e way1 ! dep5d5ce ( man on a special heav5ly ,provid5ce 0 a matt] ( sure & c]ta9 conviction ) !m4 ,telema*us appeals to ! belief 9 ! ,c\ncil at ,i?aca4 ,he que/ions x at ,pylos1 & is at once rebuk$ by ,a!ne4 ,bo? 9 ,iliad & ,odyssey to live ju/ly is ! /eady s]vice :i* ! gods require1 & _! fav\r z surely foll[s :5 t s]vice is paid1 z a ,nemesis soon] or lat] foll[s surely1 too1 on ! evil-do]s4 ,b )\t multiply+ evid5ce1 z we easily might1 f e "p ( bo? ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ! sceptical & ! believ+ =ms ( ?\ght & feel+ on ?is v subject are made po9ts ( dramatic contra/1 to %[ (f ! opposition ( two sep>ate *>act]s2 & ?is is cle> pro( t su* ?\ghts & feel+s mu/ h be5 famili> to ,hom]'s he>]s3 if x 7 n s1 8 *>act]s w\ld h be5 )\t int]e/ to 8 age--!y w\ld h be5 individual1 & n univ]sal2 & no exp5diture ( intellect1 or passion1 w\ld h made m5 c>e to li/5 to him4 ,! two p]sons :o ?r\gh\t ! ,iliad /& out 9 relief 9 contra/ to ea* o!r are1 ( c\rse1 ,hector & ,a*illes2 & fai? 9 ,god 7z di/9ct f a m]e recognition ( him7 is z directly ! *>act]i/ic ( ,hector z 9 ,a*illes x is entirely abs5t4 ,bo? *>act]s are h]oic1 b ! h]oism 9 !m spr+s f opposite s\rces4 ,bo? are h]oic1 because bo? are /rong2 b ! /r5g? ( "o is 9 himself1 & ! /r5g? ( ! o!r is 9 8 fai?4 ,hector is a patriot2 ,a*illes does n "k :at patriotism means2--,hector is full ( t5d]ness & human affection2 ,a*illes is self-envelop$4 ,ev5 8 love = ,patroclus is n pure1 = ,patroclus is z ! moon to ! sun ( ,a*illes1 & ,a*illes sees 8 own glory reflect$ on 8 fri5d4 ,!y h bo? a =eca/ ( _! fate2 b ,hector1 9 8 great brave way1 sc(fs at om5s2 he kn[s t !re is a special provid5ce 9 ! fall ( a sp>r[1 & defies augury4 ,to d 8 duty is ! only om5 = :i* ,hector c>es2 & if dea? mu/ be1 he c welcome x l a gallant man1 if x f9d him fight+ = 8 c\ntry4 ,a*illes is moody1 speculative1 & subjective2 he is too pr\d to attempt an ineffectual resi/ance to :at he kn[s to be inevitable1 b he alt]nately murmurs at x & scorns x4 ,till 8 passion is /irr$ by 8 fri5d's dea?1 he seems equally to disda9 ! greatness ( life & ! littl5ess ( x2 ! glories ( a h]o are n wor? dy+ =2 & l ,solomon1 & almo/ 9 ,solomon's words1 he compla9s t !re is "o ev5t to all-- ,greek3 ,en de i tim m5 kakos e kai e/hlos4 ,to gratify 8 own sple51 he w accept an +lori\s age 9 ,!ssaly1 9 ex*ange = a h]o's immortality2 z aga9 9 ! end x is b to gratify 8 own w\nd$ pride t he goes out to brave a fate :i* he scorns :ile he kn[s t x w subdue him4 ,?us1 ,a*illes is ! h]o ( ! /]n human1 self-suffic+ _s1 :i* does n d5y or "q de/9y1 b see+ no?+ 9 x except a cold1 iron law1 meets =ce ) =ce1 & holds up aga9/ x an unbrok51 unb5d+ w4 ,human nature is at its be/ b a mis]able bus9ess to him2 dea? & sorr[ are its inevitable lot4 ,z a brave man1 he w n fe> su* ?+s1 b he w n pret5d to reg>d !m z any?+ b dete/able2 & he com=ts ! old1 weep+ k+ ( ,troy1 ^: age he 0 himself br++ d[n to ! grave 9 sorr[1 ) philosophic m$itations on ! vanity ( all ?+s1 & a picture ( ,zeus mix+ ! elem5ts ( life out ( ! two urns ( good & evil4 ,turn to ,hector1 & we turn f %ad[ into sunlight4 ,a*illes is all self1 ,hector all self-=getfulness2 ,a*illes all pride1 ,hector all mode/y4 ,! confid5ce ( ,a*illes is 9 himself & 9 8 own arm2 ,hector kn[s 7& ! /ronge/ expressions ( ! k9d 9 all ! ,iliad are plac$ po9t$ly 9 ,hector's m\?7 t !re is no /r5g? except f above4 ',god's w1' he says1 'is ov] all2 he makes ! /rong man to fe>1 & gives ! victory to ! weak1 if x %all please him4' ,& at la/1 :5 he meets ,a*illes1 he answ]s 8 bitt] words1 n ) a defiance1 b calmly say+1 ',i "k t ?\ art mighty1 & t my /r5g? is f> less ?an ?9e2 b ^! ?+s lie 9 ! w ( ! gods1 & ,i1 ?\gh weak] f> ?an ?\1 may yet take ?y life f !e1 if ! ,immortals *oose to h x s4' ,s f>1 !n1 on ! g5]al fact ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ! feel+ ( ,hom]1 & !re=e ( 8 c\ntrym51 is di/9ct4 ,bo? ! great poems be>+ 8 "n speak 9 ! same language4 ,b beyond ! g5]al fact1 _m que/ions rise 9 ! application ( ! cre$1 & on "o ( ^! 7x is among sev]al rem>kable diff]5ces :i* seem to m>k ! ,odyssey z ( a lat] age7 !re is a v s+ul> discrepancy4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 ! life ( man on ?is side ! grave is en\gh = ! completion ( 8 de/9y--= 8 rew>d1 if he lives nobly2 = 8 puni%m5t1 if he be base or wick$4 ,)\t rep9+s or scepticisms at ! app>5t successes ( bad m51 ! poet is cont5t$ ) :at he f9ds1 accept+ *e]fully ! facts ( life z !y are2 x nev] seems to occur to him z s]i\sly possible t a bad man c\ld succe$ or a good "o fail2 & z ! ways ( ,provid5ce1 !re=e1 require no v9dicat+1 nei!r 8 imag9ation nor 8 curiosity tempts him into p5etrat+ ! future4 ,! h\se ( ,hades is ! long home to :i* m5 g :5 dismiss$ out ( _! bodies2 b x is a dim1 %ad[y place1 ( :i* we see no?+1 & conc]n+ :i* no conjectures are v5tur$4 ,a*illes1 9 8 passion ov] ,patroclus1 cries out1 t al?\gh ! dead =get ! dead 9 ! halls ( ! dep>t$1 yet t he w rememb] 8 fri5d2 & ?r\gh ! ,iliad !re is no?+ cle>] ?an ^! vague words to %[ ) :at hopes or fe>s ! poet look$ =w>d to dea?4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 8 fai? may seem imp]fect2 yet1 p]haps1 n ! less noble because imp]fect2 religi\s m5 9 g5]al are too well cont5t$ ) ! promise ( a future life1 z ( a sc5e :]e ! seem+ %ortcom+s ( ! ,div9e adm9i/ration w be c>ri$ out ) l>g] equity4 ,b :e!r imp]fect or n1 or :atev] be ! acc\nt ( ! omission1 ! !ory ( ,hades 9 ! ,odyssey is develop$ into f> great] di/9ctness2 ! future is /ill1 inde$1 %ad[y1 b x is no long] unc]ta92 !re is ! dreadful prison-h\se1 ) ! judge ^u 8 ?rone--& ! d>k] crim9als are ov]tak5 by ! v5geance :i* 0 delay$ 9 life4 ,! ?9 phantoms ( ! great ones ( ! pa/ flit to & fro1 m\rn+ we>ily = _! lo/ mortality1 & fe$+ on its memory4 ,& m ?an ?is1 z if x 7 beg9n+ to be felt t some?+ m 0 want$ aft] all to satisfy u ) ! complet5ess ( ! ,div9e rule1 we h a glimpse--x is b "o1 b x is l a ray ( sun%9e fall+ 9 ^u ! d>kness ( ! grave--'( ! f>-(f ,elysian fields :]e dwells ,rhadaman?us ) ! gold5 hair1 :]e life is ev] sweet1 & sorr[ is n1 nor w9t]1 nor any ra9 or /orm1 & ! nev]-dy+ zephyrs bl[ s(t & cool f (f ! ocean4' ,h[ev] vague ! fill+ up ( su* a picture1 ! outl9e is correct to ! be/ :i* has be5 reveal$ ev5 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & x speaks nobly = ! p among :om1 ev5 9 g]m1 su* ideas c\ld root !mselves4 ,b ?9k :at we w ( _! notions ( ! future1 ! old ,greek fai?1 consid]$ z a practical & n a !ological sy/em1 is truly admirable1 cle>1 rational1 & moral2 if x does n pr(ess to deal ) ! my/]ies ( evil 9 ! he>t1 x is prompt & /]n ) !m 9 _! d>k] outw>d manife/ations1 &1 z f> z x goes1 z a guide 9 ! common daily bus9ess ( life1 x sc>cely leaves any?+ unsaid4 ,h[ f> x w5t we %all see 9 ! details ( ! life itself1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 9 ! eyes ( a mod]n w be ! social organisation2 & :5 he looks = organisation1 he w be at once at a loss1 = he w f9d ! fact ( gov]nm5t yet )\t def9$ =m2--he w f9d law1 b )\t a public sword to en=ce x2 & a 'social ma*9e' mov+ )\t friction "u ! easy control ( op9ion4 ,!re are no w>s ( classes1 no politics1 no opposition ( int]e/s1 a sacr$ feel+ ( ! w ( ! gods keep+ e "o 9 8 prop] subord9ation4 ,x 0 a sacr$ duty t ! y\ng] %\ld obey ! eld]1 t ! s]vant %\ld obey 8 ma/]1 t prop]ty %\ld be respect$2 9 w>1 t ! lead] %\ld be obey$ )\t que/ion+2 9 peace1 t public que/ions %\ld be br\ght be=e ! assembly ( ! p1 & settl$ quietly z ! ,c\ncil det]m9$4 ,9 ?is assembly ! pr9ce presid$1 & beyond ?is presid5cy 8 au?ority at home does n seem to h ext5d$4 ,( c\rse !re 0 no mill5nium 9 ,ionia1 & m5's passions 7 pretty mu* :at !y are n[4 ,)\t any organis$ means ( repress+ crime :5 x did appe>1 ! p 7 expos$ to1 & (t5 suff]$ "u1 extreme =ms ( viol5ce--viol5ce su* z t ( ! suitors at ,i?aca1 or ( gi/hus at ,argos4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at a /ate ( cultivation x implies1 :at peace & com=t 9 all classes1 :5 society c\ld hold toge!r = a day ) no m complete def5ce4 ,&1 moreov]1 !re are disadvantages 9 elaborate police sy/ems4 ,self-reliance is "o ( ! highe/ virtues 9 :i* ?is _w is int5d$ to discipl9e u2 & to dep5d ^u ourselves ev5 = our own p]sonal safety is a l>ge elem5t 9 moral tra9+4 ,b n to dwell on ?is1 & to pass to ! way 9 :i* ! m5 ( ^? days employ$ !mselves4 ,our fir/ boy's feel+ ) ! ,iliad is1 t ,hom] is pre-em95tly a poet ( w>2 t battles 7 8 own passion1 & tales ( battles ! delight ( 8 li/5]s4 ,8 h]oes appe> l a great fight+ ari/ocracy1 su* z ! aft] ,sp>tans 71 ,hom] himself l ano!r ,tyrtu1 & ! poor] occupations ( life too m5ial = _! notice or = 84 ,!y seem to live = glory--! "o glory wor? c>+ = only to be won ^u ! battle-field1 & _! exploits ! "o wor?y !me ( ! poet's song4 ,?is is our boyi% impression1 &1 l o!r su*1 x is v diff]5t f ! tru?4 ,if w> _h be5 a passion ) ! ,ionians1 z x 0 ) ! ,teutons & ! ,norsem51 ! god ( battles w\ld h be5 supreme 9 ! ,pan!on2 & ,zeus w\ld sc>cely h call$ ,ares ! mo/ hateful _s 9 ,olympus--mo/ hateful1 because ( 8 delight 9 w> & c>nage4 ,mr4 ,c>lyle looks =w>d to a *ivalry ( lab\r4 ,he r wi%es ?an expects t a "t may come :5 ! campaign ( indu/ry aga9/ an>*ic nature may ga!r into x ^? feel+s ( gallantry & nobl5ess :i* h f\nd _! v5t hi!rto 9 fight+ only4 ,! mod]n man's "w1 ,mr4 ,c>lyle says1 is no long] to spl9t] lances or break d[n walls1 b to break soil1 to build b>ns & factories1 & to f9d a high employm5t = himself 9 :at hi!rto has be5 despis$ z degrad+4 ,h[ to elevate lab\r--h[ to make x beautiful--h[ to enli/ ! _s 9 x 7= 9 no o!r way c x be made humanly pr(itable71 t is ! problem :i* he looks wi/fully to ! future to solve = u4 ,he may look to ! pa/ z well z to ! future2 9 ! old ,ionia he w f9d all = :i* he wi%es4 ,! wise ,ulysses built 8 own h\se1 & c>v$ 8 own b$4 ,pr9ces kill$ & cook$ _! own food4 ,x 0 a holy "w ) !m--_! way ( say+ grace = x2 = !y (f]$ ! animal 9 8 dea? to ! gods1 & !y 7 n but*]s1 b sacrific+ prie/s4 ,ev5 a keep] ( sw9e is call$ noble1 & fights l a h]o2 & ! "y pr9cess ( ,phoeacia--! lovelie/ & gracefulle/ ( ,hom]'s wom5--drove ! clo!s-c>t & wa%$ l95 ) h] own beautiful h&s4 ,n only 0 lab\r free--= s x 0 among ! e>ly ,romans2 or hon\rable1 s x 0 among ! ,israelites1--b x 0 beautiful--beautiful 9 ! arti/'s s5se1 z p]haps else:]e x has nev] be54 ,9 lat] ,greece--9 :at we call ! glori\s p]iod--toil _h ga!r$ ab\t x its mod]n cru/ ( suppos$ bas5ess--x 0 left to slaves2 & wise m51 9 _! philosophic lecture-rooms1 spoke ( x z unwor?y ( ! high] specim5s ( cultivat$ humanity4 ,b ,hom] f9ds1 9 its mo/ homely =ms1 fit illu/rations = ! mo/ glori\s a*ievem5ts ( 8 h]oes2 & 9 e page we f9d1 9 simile or metaphor "s common sc5e ( daily life work$ out ) elaborate beauty4 ,:at ! popul> poet *ooses = 8 illu/rations are z good a measure z we c h ( ! popul> feel+1 & ! images :i* he sugge/s are1 ( c\rse1 :at he kn[s 8 he>]s w be pleas$ to dwell ^u4 ,!re is mu* to be said ab\t ?is1 & we %all return to x pres5tly2 9 ! meantime1 we mu/ n build on indirect evid5ce4 ,! designs on ! %ield ( ,a*illes are1 toge!r1 a complete picture ( ,hom]'s microcosm2 ,hom] surely nev] ?\ght +lori\s or ignoble :at ! immortal art ( ,hephai/os condesc5d$ to imitate4 ,! fir/ gr\ps ( figures po9t a contra/ :i* is obvi\sly int5tional2 & ! significance becomes sadly e>ne/ :5 we rememb] :o x 0 t 0 to be> ! %ield4 ,! moral is a v mod]n "o1 & ! picture might be call$ by ! mod]n "n ( ,peace & ,w>4 ,!re are two cities1 embody+ 9 _! condition ! two ideas4 ,9 "o1 a happy w$d+ is go+ =w>d2 ! pomp ( ! hym5eal procession is pass+ along ! /reets2 ! air is full ( music1 & ! wom5 are /&+ at _! doors to gaze4 ,! o!r is 9 ! t]rors ( a siege2 ! ho/ile armies glitt] "u ! walls1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 press into ! def5ce1 & cr[d to ! battlem5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ city1 a qu>rel rises1 & wrong is made "r1 n by viol5ce & fre% wrong1 b by ! maje/y ( law & ord]4 ,! heads ( ! families are sitt+ gravely 9 ! m>ket-place1 ! cause is he>d1 ! comp5sation set1 ! claim aw>d$4 ,"u ! walls ( ! o!r city an ambu% lies1 l a wild bea/ on ! wat* = its prey4 ,! unsuspect+ h]dsm5 pass on ) _! flocks to ! wat]side2 ! spoil]s spr+ f _! hid+-place1 & all is /rife1 & dea?1 & horror1 & confusion4 ,if !re 7 o!r w>-sc5es on ! %ield1 x might be d\bt$ :e!r ,hom] int5d$ s /rong a contra/ z he execut$2 b fight+ = its own sake 0 evid5tly held 9 slight respect ) him4 ,! =ms ( life :i* 7 really beautiful to him foll[ 9 a s]ies ( exquisite ,rub5s-l pictures3 h>ve/ sc5es & village fe/ivals2 ! pl\gh+ & ! v9tage1 or ! lion-hunt on ! re$y m>g9 ( ! riv]2 & he describes !m ) a s]5e1 sunny enjoym5t :i* no o!r old _w art or poetry gives u any?+ 9 ! lea/ resembl+4 ,ev5 we ourselves1 9 our own pa/orals1 are /ruggl+ ) b half success1 aft] :at ,hom] entirely possess$4 ,:at a maje/y he has ?r[n into 8 h>ve/ sc5e6 ,! yell[ corn fall+1 ! boys foll[+ to ga!r up ! l>ge arms-full z !y drop beh9d ! reap]s2 9 ! di/ance a banquet prep>+ "u ! trees2 9 ! c5tre1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 workm51 ! k+ sitt+ 9 mell[ sil5ce1 sceptre 9 h&1 look+ on ) gladd5$ he>t4 ,aga9 we see ! pl\ghm51 unlike :at are to be se5 9 our corn-gr\nds1 turn+ _! teams at ! end ( ! furr[1 & att5dants /&+ ready ) ! w9e-cup1 to h& to !m z !y pass4 ,hom] _h se5 ^! ?+s1 or he w\ld n h sung ( !m2 & pr9ces & nobles might h %>$ su* lab\r )\t %ame1 :5 k+s took "p 9 x1 & gods design$ x1 & ! div9e ,a*illes bore its image among 8 insignia 9 ! field4 ,analog\s to ?is1 & z "p ( ! same feel+1 is t int5se enjoym5t ( natural sc5]y1 s ke5 9 ,hom]1 & ( :i* ! ,a!nian poets %[ n a trace2 z1 = in/ance1 9 t night l&scape by ! sea1 f9i%$ (f 9 a few l9es only1 b s exquisitely p]fect6 ,! broad moon1 gleam+ ?r\gh ! mi/ z x p>ts sudd5ly f (f ! sky2 ! crags & headl&s1 & s(t wood$ slopes1 %9+ out 9 ! silv] light1 & e>? & sea trans=m$ into fairy l&4 ,we spoke ( ,hom]'s similes z illu/rative ( ! ,ionic feel+s ab\t w>4 ,w>1 ( c\rse1 0 glori\s to him--b w> 9 a glori\s cause4 ,w>s !re 7--w>s 9 pl5ty1 z !re h be5 s9ce1 & z x is l !re w be = "s "t to come2 & a j w>1 ( all human employm5ts1 is ! "o :i* mo/ calls out :atev] nobl5ess !re is 9 man4 ,x 0 ! ?+ itself1 ! actual fight+ & kill+1 z ap>t f ! h]oism = :i* x makes opportunities1 = :i* we said t he %[$ no ta/e4 ,8 mann] %[s t he felt l a cultivat$ man1 & n l a savage4 ,8 _s /irs 9 him z he goes out ) 8 h]o to ! battle2 b !re is no drunk5 delight 9 blood2 we nev] he> ( w>riors z 9 t grim ,hall ( ! ,nibelung51 qu5*+ _! ?ir/ 9 ! r$ /ream2 nev] any?+ ( t fi]ce exultation 9 c>nage ) :i* ! w> poetry ( s _m nations1 late & old1 is crimson$4 ,ev]y?+1 on ! contr>y1 is contriv$ s z to s(t5 ! m]ely horrible1 & fix our int]e/ only on :at is gr& or beautiful4 ,we are nev] left to dwell long toge!r on sc5es ( dea?1 & :5 ! battle is at its fi]ce/1 our m9ds are call$ (f by ! rapid introduction 7ei!r by simile or "s s(t] turn ( human feel+7 ( o!r associations1 n contriv$1 z an inf]ior arti/ w\ld contrive1 to deep5 our emotions1 b to s(t5 & relieve !m4 ,two w>riors meet1 & ex*ange _! high words ( defiance2 we he> ! gr9d+ ( ! spe>-head1 z x pi]ces %ield & brea/-plate1 & ! cra% ( ! arm\r1 z ?is or t h]o falls4 ,b at once1 in/ead ( be+ left at 8 side to see him ble$1 we are summon$ away to ! s(t wat] mead[1 ! lazy riv]1 ! tall popl>1 n[ wav+ its bran*es aga9/ ! sky1 n[ ly+ its l5g? along 9 ! grass beside ! wat]1 & ! woodcutt] ) peaceful indu/ry lab\r+ & lopp+ at x4 ,9 ! ?ick ( ! univ]sal mle1 :5 ! /ones & arr[s are ra9+ on ! combatants1 & "s furi\s hail/orm is ! slighte/ illu/ration ) :i* we %\ld expect him to height5 ! effect ( ! human tempe/1 s sure ,hom] is t he has pa9t$ ! ?+ itself 9 its own int5se reality1 t 8 simile is ! /ille/ ph5om5on 9 all nature--a /illness ( activity1 inf9itely expressive ( ! d5sity ( ! %[] ( missiles1 yet fall+ l oil on wat] on ! ruffl$ picture ( ! battle2 ! sn[ desc5d+ 9 ! /ill air1 cov]+ fir/ hills1 !n pla9s & fields & f>m/eads2 cov]+ ! rocks d[n to ! v wat]'s edge1 & clogg+ ! waves z !y roll 94 ,aga91 9 t fe>ful dea?-wre/le at ! ,grecian wall1 :5 gates & battlem5ts are spr9kl$ ov] ) blood1 & nei!r ,greeks nor ,trojans c =ce _! way aga9/ ! o!r1 we h1 fir/1 z an image ( ! fight itself1 two m5 9 ! field1 ) measur+ rods1 disput+ ov] a l& b\nd>y2 & = ! equipoise ( ! two armies1 ! s(te/ ( all home sc5es1 a poor work+ woman weigh+ out h] wool be=e weav+ x1 to e>n a scanty subsi/5ce = h]self & = h] *ildr54 ,( c\rse ! similes are n all ( ?is k9d2 x w\ld be monoton\s if !y 72 b !y occur (t5 en\gh to m>k _! mean+4 ,9 ! direct n>rative1 too1 we see ! same t5d5cy4 ,s>p$on /ruck ?r\gh ! ?igh is borne (f ! field1 ! long spe> trail+ f ! w\nd1 & !re is too mu* ha/e to draw x out4 ,hector flies pa/ him & has no "t to speak2 all is du/1 hurry1 & confusion4 ,ev5 ,hom] c only pause = a mom5t1 b 9 ?ree l9es he lays ! w\nd$ h]o "u a tree1 he br+s a de> fri5d to 8 side1 & we refre% ourselves 9 a beautiful sc5e1 :5 ! lance is tak5 out1 & ,s>p$on fa9ts1 & comes sl[ly back to life1 ) ! cool air fann+ him4 ,we may look 9 va9 ?r\gh ! ,nibelung5 ,li$ = any?+ l ?is4 ,! ,swabian poet c be t5d] be=e ! battle1 b 9 ! battle itself 8 b>b>ic nature is too /rong = him1 & he sc5ts no?+ b blood4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 on ! contr>y1 ! v battles ( ! gods1 gr& & awful z !y are1 relieve r ?an increase ! human horror4 ,9 ! magnific5t sc5e1 :]e ,a*illes1 we>y ) slaught]1 pauses on ! bank ( ! ,scam&]1 & ! angry riv] god1 ^: c\rse is *eck$ by ! bodies ( ! sla91 swells up to rev5ge !m & de/roy him1 ! natural & ! sup]natural are s /rangely bl5d$1 t :5 ,poseidon lights ! =e/1 & god meets god & elem5t meets elem5t1 ! convulsion is too trem5d\s to enhance ! fi]c5ess ( ,a*illes2 x conc5trates ! int]e/ on itself1 & ,a*illes & ,hector1 fly+ ,trojan & pursu+ ,greek1 = ! "t melt out & are =gott54 ,we d n =get t !re is no?+ ( ?is k9d1 no relief1 no s(t5+1 9 ! great sc5e at ! conclusion ( ! ,odyssey4 ,all is /]n en\gh & t]rible en\gh !re2 m t]rible1 if possible1 because m di/9ct1 ?an its mod]n c\nt]p>t 9 ,criemhildas ,hall4 ,b !re is an obvi\s reason = ?is1 & x does n make aga9/ :at we h be5 say+4 ,x is n delight 9 slaught]1 b x is ! /]n ju/ice ( rev5ge :i* we h "h2 n1 z 9 ! ,iliad1 h]o meet+ h]o1 b ! long crime receiv+ at la/ its ,div9e puni%m5t2 ! break+ ( ! "o /orm1 :i* f ! beg9n+ has be5 sl[ly & awfully ga!r+4 ,) ,hom]'s treatm5t ( a battle-field1 & z illu/rat+ ! conclusion :i* we argue f x1 we are tempt$ to draw p>allels f two mod]n poets--"o a ,g]man1 :o 0 tak5 away 9 ! morn+ ( 8 life2 ! o!r1 ! mo/ gift$ ( mod]n ,engli%m54 ,ea* ( ^! two has attempt$ ! same subject1 & ! treatm5t 9 ea* case embodies1 9 a simil> mann]1 mod]n ways ( ?9k+ ab\t x4 ,! fir/ is f ! ',albig5ses' ( "y ,l5au1 :o has s9ce di$ lunatic1 we h he>d1 z he 0 n unlikely to h di$ ) su* ?\ghts 9 him4 ,x is ! eve ( "o ( ^? t]rible /ruggles at ,t\l\se1 & ! poet's imag9ation is hang+ at moon-rise ov] ! sc5e4 ',! l[ broad field scatt]$ ov] ?ick ) corpses1 all sil5t1 dead1--! la/ sob sp5t1'--! prie/'s ?anksgiv+ = ! ,ca?olic victory hav+ di$ into an e*o1 & only ! 'vultures cry+ _! ,te ,deum laudamus4' ,hat ,gott d] ,h]r d5 ,krp]/(f ers*aff51 ,hat ihn h]vorgebra*t e9 bs] ,gei/1 ,d>b] /ritt5 sie mit all5 ,waff5 ,und w]d5 von d5 ,vgeln nun gespei/1 ,die1 ohne ihr5 ,ursprung na*zufrag51 ,die ,krp] da si* lass5 wohl behag54 ',0 x ,god ! ,"l :o =m$ ! sub/ance ( _! bodies8 or did "s evil _s br+ x =?8 ,x 0 = ?is ) all _! might !y f\ght1 & n[ !y are dev\r$ !re by ! wild birds1 :o sit gorg+ m]rily ov] _! c>rion1 )\t ask+ f :5ce x came4' ,9 ,hom]1 z we saw1 ! true h]o is ma/] ov] dea?--dea? has no t]ror = him4 ,he meets x1 if x is to be1 calmly & pr\dly1 & !n x is ov]2 :atev] (f5sive may foll[ aft] x1 is conceal$1 or at lea/ pass$ lightly ov]4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ mo/ (f5sive is dwelt ^u ) an agonis+ int5sity1 & ! triumph ( dea? is made to ext5d1 n ov] ! body only1 b ov] ! s\l1 ^: h]oism x turns to mock]y4 ,! cause 9 :i* a man dies1 is :at c make 8 dea? beautiful2 b "h nature h]self1 9 h] /]n1 awful way1 is read+ h] s5t5ce ov] ! cause itself z a wild & frantic dream4 ,we ought to be revolt$--d\bly revolt$1 "o w\ld ?9k1 & yet we are n s2 in/ead ( be+ revolt$1 we are affect$ ) a s5se ( va/1 sad magnific5ce4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because we lose sight ( ! sc5e1 or lose ! s5se ( its horror1 9 ! trag$y ( ! _s4 ,x is ! true mod]n trag$y2 ! note :i* s\nds ?r\gh ,%akespe>e's ',sonnets1' ?r\gh ',hamlet1' ?r\gh ',fau/2' all ! deep] trials ( ! mod]n he>t might be ga!r$ out ( ^? few l9es2 ! s5se ( wa/$ nobl5ess--nobl5ess sp5d+ its en]gies ^u :at "t seems to be pron\nc+ no bett] ?an a dream--at any rate1 misgiv+s1 sceptic & di/ract+2 yet ! he>t ! :ile1 9 spite ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! issue1 rema9+ true at lea/ to itself4 ,if ! _s ( ! ,albig5sian w>riors _h really brok5 d[n1 or if ! poet _h po9t$ 8 lesson s z to say1 ,tru? is a lie2 fai? is folly2 eat1 dr9k1 & die1--!n 8 picture w\ld h be5 revolt+2 b ! noble _s rema9s1 ?\gh x is borne d[n & trifl$ ) by de/9y1 & !re=e x is n revolt+1 b tragic4 ,f> diff]5t f ?is--z f> inf]ior 9 tone to ,l5au's l9es1 z x exce$s !m 9 beauty ( workman%ip--is ! well-kn[n picture ( ! sc5e "u ! wall 9 ! ,siege ( ,cor9?3-- ,he saw ! lean dogs b5ea? ! wall ,hold o'er ! dead _! c>nival2 ,gorg+ & gr[l+ o'er c>cass & limb2 ,!y 7 too busy to b>k at him6 ,f a ,t>t>'s skull !y _h /ripp'd ! fle%1 ,z ye peel ! fig :5 its fruit is fre%2 ,& _! :ite tusks crun*'d o'er ! :it] skull1 ,z x slipp'd ?r\gh _! jaws :5 _! edge grew dull1 ,z !y lazily mumbl$ ! bones ( ! dead1 ,:5 !y sc>ce c\ld rise f ! spot :]e !y f$2 ,s well _h !y brok5 a l+]+ fa/ ,) ^? :o _h fall5 = t night's repa/4 ,& ,alp knew1 by ! turbans t roll'd on ! s&1 ,! =emo/ ( ^! 7 ! be/ ( 8 b&3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! scalps 7 9 ! wild dog's maw1 ,! hair 0 tangl$ r\nd 8 jaw4 ,close by ! %ore1 on ! edge ( ! gulf1 ,!re sate a vulture flapp+ a wolf1 ,:o _h /ol5 f ! hills1 b kept away1 ,sc>$ by ! dogs1 f ! human prey2 ,b he seiz$ on 8 %>e ( a /e$ t lay1 ,pick'd by ! birds1 on ! s&s ( ! bay4 ,= a p>allel to ! horribl5ess ( ?is wond]fully pa9t$ sc5e we ne$ n g to ! ,nibelung51 = we %all f9d no?+ l x !re3 we mu/ g back to ! c>v$ slabs :i* adorn$ ! banquet halls ( ! ,assyrian k+s1 :]e ! f\l birds hov] ov] ! /rick5 fields1 & trail f _! talons ! entrails ( ! sla94 ,& = :at purpose does ,byron introduce ^! frightful images8 ,0 x 9 contra/ to ! exquisite moonlight sc5e :i* tempts ! r5egade out ( 8 t5t8 ,0 x to br+ 8 m9d into a fit condition to be work$ ^u by ! vision ( ,francesca8 ,x does b m> & untune ! s(t5+ influ5ces ( nature1 :i* might h be5 r5d]$ m p[]ful1 p]haps1 by "s slight t\* to rem9d him ( 8 pa/ day's "w1 b are blott$ out & p>alys$ by su* a mass ( horrors4 ,to g back to ,hom]4 ,we mu/ omit = ! pres5t any notice ( ! dome/ic pictures1 ( :i* !re are s _m1 9 ! palaces ( ,ulysses1 ( ,ne/or1 or ( ,alc9\s2 ( ! games1 s manly1 yet1 9 po9t ( ref9em5t1 s sup]ior ev5 to ^? ( our own middle ages2 ( ! supreme good ( life z ! ,greeks conceiv$ x1 & ( ! arts by :i* !y endeav\r$ to realise t good4 ,x is useless to notice su* ?+s briefly1 & ! detail w\ld exp& into a volume4 ,b ! impression :i* we ga!r f !m is ! same :i* we h ga!r$ all along--t if ! prop] aim ( all human culture be to comb9e1 9 ! highe/ measure 9 :i* !y are compatible1 ! two elem5ts ( ref9em5t & ( manl9ess1 !n ,hom]'s age 0 cultivat$ to a degree ! l ( :i* ! e>? has n witness$ s9ce4 ,!re 0 m ref9em5t "u ,p]icles1 z !re is m 9 mod]n ,london & ,p>is2 b !re 01 & !re is1 inf9itely m vice4 ,!re 0 m fi]c5ess 7great] manl9ess !re nev] 07 9 ! times ( feudalism4 ,b take x = all 9 all1 & 9 a m]e human s5se1 ap>t f any o!r aspect ( ! _w :i* is involv$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 x is difficult to po9t to a "t :5 life 9 g5]al 0 happi]1 & ! "* ( man set 9 a m noble =m4 ,if we h drawn ! picture ) too little %ad[1 let x be all[$ =4 ,! %ad[ 0 !re1 d\btless1 ?\gh we see x only 9 a few d>k spots4 ,! ,m>gites w\ld h suppli$ ! re/1 b ! ,m>gites1 unhappily = u1 is lo/4 ,ev5 h]oes h _! littl5esses1 & ,com$y is tru] to ! details ( littl5ess ?an ,trag$y or ,epic4 ,! gr& is always m or less ideal1 & ! elevation ( a mom5t is sublim$ into ! _s ( a life4 ,com$y1 !re=e1 is ess5tial = ! repres5t+ ( m52 & !re 7 times1 d\btless1 :5 ! complexion ( ,agamemnon's greatness 0 discol\r$1 l ,pr9ce ,h5ry's1 by rememb]+1 :5 he 0 we>y1 t poor creature--small be]--i4e4 if ! ,greeks _h got any4 ,a m s]i\s discoloration1 h[ev]1 we are oblig$ to say t we f9d 9 ,hom] himself1 9 ! soil or ta9t :i* ev5 he is oblig$ to ca/ ov] ! position ( wom54 ,9 ! ,iliad1 :]e !re is no sign ( male slav]y1 wom5 _h already fall5 "u ! *a91 & ?\gh !re does n seem to h be5 any practice ( polygamy1 ! female prison]s fell1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 into a m degrad$ position4 ,x is pa9ful1 too1 to obs]ve t _! own feel+s foll[$ ! practice ( ! times1 & t !y compos$ !mselves to be> )\t reluctance :atev] _! de/9y =c$ ^u !m4 ,:5 ,priam v5tur$ into ! ,grecian camp = ,hector's body1 & /ood "u ! ro( ( ,a*illes1 he endur$ to d :at1 z he says1 no mortal fa!r _h ev] yet endur$--to give 8 h& to 8 son's de/roy]4 ,briseis1 ^: b$ 0 made desolate by ! h& ( ! same ,a*illes1 f9ds x h] "o greate/ consolation1 t ! conqu]or /oops to *oose h] to %>e 8 own4 ,& :5 ,hector 9 8 la/ sad p>t+ sc5e anticipates a l fate = 8 own ,&roma*e1 x is n ) ! revolt$ agony ( horror ) :i* su* a possible future w\ld be reg>d$ by a mod]n husb&2 nor does ,&roma*e1 h[ev] bitt]ly %e feels ! dang]1 prote/1 z a mod]n wife w\ld d1 t !re 0 no fe> = h]--t dea? by sorr['s h&1 or by h] own1 w\ld pres]ve h] to rejo9 him4 ,nor1 aga91 0 unfai?fulness1 ( h[ev] long duration1 conclusively fatal aga9/ a wife2 = we meet ,hel51 aft] a tw5ty ye>s' elopem5t1 aga9 ! quiet1 hospitable mi/ress 9 ! ,sp>tan palace1 ent]ta9+ h] husb&'s gue/s ) an easy matronly dignity1 & n afraid ev5 9 ,m5elaus's pres5ce to allude to ! pa/--9 /rong t]ms ( self-reproa*1 inde$1 b ) no?+ l despair+ pro/ration4 ,mak+ ! wor/ ( ?is1 h[ev]1 yet ev5 9 ?is respect ! ,hom]ic ,greeks 7 bett] ?an _! contempor>ies 9 ,pale/9e2 & on ! :ole !re 01 p]haps1 no "t ant]ior to ,*ri/ianity :5 wom5 held a high] place1 or ! relation betwe5 wife & husb& 0 ( a m free & hon\rable k9d4 ,= we h giv5 b "o side ( ! picture4 ,:5 a woman c be ! !me ( a poet1 h] nature _c be held 9 slight e/eem2 & !re is no d\bt t ,p5elope is ,hom]'s h]o9e 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,"o design1 at lea/1 :i* ,hom] _h be=e him 0 to v9dicate ! "* ( ! virtu\s matron aga9/ ! /a9 :i* ,clytemne/ra _h inflict$ on x4 ,clytemne/ra has e advantage1 ,p5elope e difficulty3 ! trial ( ! =m] la/$ only half z long z t ( ! latt]4 ,agamemnon 9 leav+ h] gave h]self & 8 h\se 9 *>ge to a div9e ,greek3 aoidos1 a heav5-inspir$ prophet1 :o %\ld /& betwe5 h] & temptation1 & :om %e _h to murd] be=e h] passion c\ld h its way4 ,p5elope _h to be> up alone = tw5ty we>y ye>s1 )\t a fri5d1 )\t a c\nsellor1 & ) ev5 a *ild ^: con/ancy 0 wav]+4 ,x is obvi\s t ,hom] design$ ?is contra/4 ,! /ory ( ! ,argos trag$y is told aga9 & aga94 ,! %ade ( ,agamemnon himself =ebodes a fate l 8 own to ,ulysses4 ,x is ,ulysses's fir/ ?\ght :5 he wakes f 8 sleep to f9d himself 9 8 own l&2 & ! sc5e 9 ,hades1 9 ! la/ book1 seems only introduc$ t ! husb& ( ,clytemne/ra may meet ! %ades ( ! ,i?acan suitors1 & le>n1 9 _! own tale ( ! sad issue ( _! woo+1 h[ f> o!rwise x _h f>$ ) ,ulysses ?an ) himself4 ,wom51 !re=e1 accord+ to ,hom]1 7 z capable ( h]oic virtue z m5 71 & ! ideal ( ?is h]oism is "o to :i* we h sc>cely add$4 ,= ! re/1 !re is no trace ( any ori5tal s]aglio sy/em4 ,! sexes liv$ toge!r 9 easy unaffect$ int]c\rse4 ,! ladies appe>$ 9 society naturally & gracefully1 & _! *ief occupations 7 h\sehold matt]s1 c>e ( clo!s & l951 & o!r dome/ic arrangem5ts4 ,:5 a gue/ came1 !y prep>$ 8 dress+-room1 settl$ ! ba?1 & arrang$ ! conv5i5ce ( 8 toilet-table4 ,9 _! leisure h\rs1 !y 7 to be f\nd1 z n[1 9 ! hall or ! saloon1 & _! "w-table conta9$ pretty mu* ! same mat]ials4 ,hel5 0 w9d+ wor/$ z %e ent]ta9$ ,telema*us1 & ,&roma*e work$ roses 9 v mod]n cross-/it*4 ,a lit]ali/ l ,mr4 ,mackay1 :o f9ds out t ! ,israelites 7 cannibals1 f su* expressions z 'dr9k+ ! blood ( ! sla91' might discov]1 p]haps1 a simil> unpleasant prop5sity 9 an excit$ wi% ( ,hecuba1 t %e might eat ! he>t ( ,a*illes2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r evid5ce1 x is unwise 9 ei!r case to press a metaphor2 & ! food ( ladies1 :]ev] ,hom] lets u see x1 is v innoc5t cake & w9e1 ) su* fruits z 7 9 season4 ,to judge by ,nausicaa1 _! bre$+ mu/ h be5 exquisite4 ,nausicaa /&+ /ill1 :5 ! unc\? figure ( ,ulysses em]g$ f "u ! wood1 all sea slime & nak$ness1 & only cov]$ ) a girdle ( leaves--/&+ /ill to meet him :5 ! o!r girls ran away titt]+ & t]rifi$1 is ! p]fect conception ( true female mode/y2 & 9 ! :ole sc5e betwe5 !m1 ,hom] %[s ! mo/ f9i%$ und]/&+ ( ! delicate & tremul\s relations :i* occur occasionally 9 ! accid5ts ( int]c\rse betwe5 highly cultivat$ m5 & wom51 & :i* he c\ld only h le>nt by liv+ 9 a society :]e m5 & wom5 met & felt 9 ! way :i* he has describ$4 ,:o1 !n1 0 ,hom]8 ,:at 0 he8 ,:5 did he live8 ,hi/ory has absolutely no?+ to answ]4 ,8 poems 7 n writt52 = ! art ( writ+ 7at any rate = a poet's purpose7 0 unkn[n to him4 ,!re is a vague tradition t ! ,iliad1 & ! ,odyssey1 & a comic poem call$ ! ,m>gites1 7 compos$ by an ,ionian ^: "n 0 ,hom]1 ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ,h]odotus1 or 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,we "k c]ta9ly t ^! poems 7 pres]v$ by ! ,rhapsodi/s1 or popul> recit]s1 :o repeat$ !m at private p>ties or fe/ivals1 until writ+ came into use1 & !y 7 fix$ 9 a less prec>i\s =m4 ,a lat] /ory 0 curr5t1 t we owe ! collection to ,pisi/ratus2 b an exclusive claim = him 0 probably only ,a!nian conceit4 ,x is incr$ible t m5 ( g5ius 9 ,hom]'s own l&--,alcu1 = in/ance--%\ld h left su* a "w to be done by a =eign]4 ,b ?is is really all :i* is kn[n2 & ! creation ( ! poems lies 9 imp5etrable my/]y4 ,no?+ rema9s to guide u1 !re=e1 except int]nal evid5ce 7/rangely en\gh1 x is ! same ) ,%akespe>e71 & x has l$ to wild conclusions3 yet ! wilde/ is n )\t its use2 x has commonly some?+ to re/ ^u2 & int]nal evid5ce is only really valuable :5 outw>d te/imony has be5 sift$ to ! utt]mo/4 ,! pres5t op9ion seems to be1 t ea* poem is unque/ionably ! "w ( "o man2 b :e!r bo? poems are ! "w ( ! same is yet sub judice4 ,! ,greeks believ$ !y 72 & t is mu*4 ,!re are rem>kable po9ts ( resemblance 9 /yle1 yet n great] ?an ! resemblances 9 ! ',two ,noble ,k9sm5' & 9 ! ',york%ire ,trag$y' to ',macbe?' & ',hamlet2' & !re are m rem>kable po9ts ( non-resemblance1 :i* deep5 ^u u ! m we read4 ,on ! o!r h&1 tradition is absolute4 ,if ! /yle ( ! ,odyssey is sometimes unlike ! ,iliad1 s is "o "p ( ! ,iliad sometimes unlike ano!r4 ,x is h>d to conceive a g5ius equal to ! creation ( ei!r ,iliad or ,odyssey to h exi/$ )\t leav+ at lea/ a leg5d ( 8 "n2 & ! difficulty ( criticis+ /yle accurately 9 an old language w be appreciat$ by ^? :o h tri$ _! h& 9 _! own language ) ! disput$ plays ( ,%akespe>e4 ,!re are heavy difficulties e way2 & we %all be/ conclude our own subject by not+ d[n briefly ! mo/ /rik+ po9ts ( v>iation ( :i* z yet no explanation has be5 attempt$4 ,we h already notic$ sev]al3 ! non-appe>ance ( male slav]y 9 ! ,iliad :i* is common 9 ! ,odyssey2 ! notion ( a future /ate2 & p]haps a full] cultivation 9 ! female "*4 ,&roma*e is z delicate z ,nausicaa1 b %e is n z gr& z ,p5elope2 & 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! feel+ express$ by ,briseis1 is ! passage :]e ! grief ( ,ulysses ov] ! song ( ,demodocus is comp>$ to ! grief ( a "y wife fl++ h]self on ! yet w>m body ( h] husb&1 & look+ =w>d to h] imp5d+ slav]y ) feel+s ( horror & repulsion4 ,b ^! are among ! slighte/ po9ts 9 :i* ! two poems are dissimil>4 ,n only are !re slaves 9 ! ,odyssey1 b !re are ,greek3 ,?tes1 or s]fs1 an ord] ) :i* we are famili> 9 lat] times1 b :i* aga9 are n 9 ! ,iliad4 ,9 ! ,odyssey ! ,trojans are call$ ,greek3 epibtores hippn1 :i* mu/ mean rid]s4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 horses are nev] ridd52 !y are always 9 h>ness4 ,:]ev] 9 ! ,odyssey ! ,trojan w> is allud$ to 7& x is v (t571 9 no "o case is ! allusion to any?+ :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! ,iliad4 ,we he> ( ! wood5 horse1 ! tak+ ( ,troy1 ! dea? ( ,a*illes1 ! cont5tion ( ,ulysses ) ,ajax = 8 arms4 ,x might be said t ! poet wi%$ to supply aft]w>ds indirectly :at he _h left 9 ! ,iliad untold2 b aga91 ?is is impossible1 = a v curi\s reason4 ,! ,iliad op5s ) ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 :i* caus$ su* bitt] woe to ! ,a*aians4 ,9 ! ,odyssey x is /ill ! wra? ( ,a*illes2 b s+ul>ly n ) ,agamemnon1 b ) ,ulysses4 ,ulysses to ! au?or ( ! ,odyssey 0 a f> gr&] p]son at ,troy ?an he appe>s 9 ! ,iliad4 ,9 ! latt] poem he is great1 b f> f "o ( ! greate/2 9 ! o!r1 he is evid5tly ! next to ,a*illes2 & x seems almo/ c]ta9 t :oev] wrote ! ,odyssey 0 work+ f "s o!r leg5d ( ! w>4 ,!re 7 a ?\s& v]sions ( x4 ,! tale ( ,ilium 0 set to e lyre 9 ,greece1 & ! relative position ( ! h]oes 0 d\btless *ang$ accord+ to ! sympa?ies or ! patriotism ( ! s+]4 ,! "* ( ,ulysses is mu* /rong] 9 ! ,odyssey2 & ev5 :5 ! same qualities are attribut$ to him--8 s(t-fl[+ tongue1 8 cunn+1 & 8 eloqu5ce--!y are held 9 v diff]5t e/imation4 ,! ,hom] ( ! ,iliad has little lik+ = a talk]4 ,!rsites is 8 patt]n specim5 ( su*2 & x is ! curr5t sc(f at unready w>riors to praise _! fa!r's c\rage1 & !n to add-- ,greek3 alla ton huion ge9ato heio *]a ma*1 agor de t' ame94 ,b ! ,phoeacian ,"l :o v5tur$ to reflect1 9 ! ,iliad /yle1 on ! suppos$ unread9ess ( ,ulysses1 is taught a diff]5t notion ( human excell5ce4 ,ulysses tells him t he is a fool4 ',! gods1' ,ulysses says1 'd n give all good ?+s to all m51 & (t5 a man is made unfair to look ^u1 b ov] 8 ill fav\r !y fl+1 l a g>l&1 a p[] ( lovely spee*1 & ! p delight to look on him4 ,he speaks ) mode/ dignity1 & he %9es among ! multitude4 ,z he walks ?r\gh ! city1 m5 gaze on him z on a god4' ,diff]5ces l ^!1 h[ev]1 are f> f decisive4 ,! v slighte/ ext]nal evid5ce w\ld weigh !m all d[n toge!r4 ,p]haps ! foll[+ may be ( m importance3-- ,9 bo? poems !re are 'que/ion+s ( de/9y1' z ! mod]n phrase goes4 ,! ?+ :i* we call human life is look$ 9 ! face--?is little *equ]$ isl& ( lights & %ad[s1 9 ! middle ( an ocean ( d>kness2 & 9 ea* we see ! sort ( answ] :i* ! poet f9ds = himself1 & :i* might be summ$ up briefly 9 ! la/ words ( ,ecclesia/es1 ',fe> ,god1 & keep 8 comm&m5ts3 = ?is is ! :ole duty ( man4' ,b ! _w be>s a diff]5t aspect1 & ! answ] looks diff]5t 9 its application4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 9 spite ( ! gloom ( ,a*illes1 & 8 compla9t ( ! d\ble urn1 ! s5se ( life1 on ! :ole1 is sunny & *e]ful4 ,!re is no ye>n+ = any?+ beyond--no?+ vague1 no?+ my/ical4 ,! e>?1 ! m51 ! gods1 h all a palpable reality ab\t !m4 ,f fir/ to la/1 we "k :]e we are1 & :at we are ab\t4 ,9 ! ,odyssey we are brea?+ ano!r atmosph]e4 ,! speculations on ! moral my/]ies ( our be+ hang l a mi/ ov] u f ! beg9n+ to ! end2 & ! cl\d f "t to "t desc5ds on ! actors1 & envelopes !m ) a pret]natural halo4 ,! poet evid5tly dislikes ! expression ( 'suff]+ be+ ! lot ( mortals1' z if x _h be5 abus$ already = ungodly purposes4 ,9 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ book1 ,zeus reproves ! folly ( mortal m5 = ca/+ ! blame ^u ! gods1 :5 !y !mselves1 9 spite ( all ! gods c d to save !m1 p]si/ 9 _! own p]v]s5ess2 & we nev] "k z we g on1 s fa/ we pass f "o to ! o!r1 :5 we are among m]e human be+s1 & :5 among ! spiritual or ! my/ical4 ,^? sea-nymphs1 ^? cannibals1 ^? en*antresses1 if int5d$ to be real1 are nei!r mortal nor div9e--at any rate1 l no?+ div9e :i* we _h se5 9 ,olympus1 or on ! pla9s ( ,ilium2 & at times !re is a /rang5ess ev5 9 ! h]o himself4 ,sometimes x is ,ulysses pa9fully toil+ 8 way home across ! unkn[n ocean2 sometimes x is we t are ,ulysses1 & t unkn[n ocean is ! life across :i* we are w&]+1 ) too _m ,circes1 & ,sir5s1 & ',isles ( ,error' 9 our pa?4 ,9 ! same _s dea? is no long] ! end2 & on e side long vi/as seem to /ret* away into ! inf9ite1 peopl$ ) %ad[y =ms4 ,b1 z if ?is palpable initiation into ! unse5 7 /ill insuffici5t or unconv9c+1 ! common gr\nd on :i* we are tread+ sometimes %akes "u u1 & we feel z ,humboldt describes himself to h felt at ! fir/ %ock ( an e>?quake4 ,/range pieces ( my/]i\s wildness are let fall 9 our way1 com+ sudd5ly on u l spectres1 & vani%+ )\t explanation or h9t ( _! purpose4 ,:at are ^? ,phoeacian %ips meant =1 :i* requir$ nei!r sail nor o>1 b ( _! own selves read ! he>ts ( ^? !y c>ri$1 & bore !m :]ev] !y w\ld g8--or ! wild end ( ! %ip :i* c>ri$ ,ulysses home8--or t t]rible piece ( second sight 9 ! ,hall at ,i?aca1 = :i* ! se] 0 br\ght f ,pylos8--or ^? isl&s1 "o ( :i* is = ev] wa/+ :ile ano!r is born into be+ to complete ! numb]8--or ^? my/ical %eep & ox51 :i* knew nei!r age nor dea?1 nor ev] _h (fspr+ born to !m1 & ^: fle% ^u ! spits began to crawl & bell[8--or ,hel5 s++ r\nd ! horse inside ! ,trojan walls1 :5 e ,grecian *ief's he>t fa9t$ 9 him z he ?\ght he he>d ! voice ( 8 own de> wife f> away beyond ! sea8 ,9 ! f> gates ( ! ,loe/rygones1 ':]e su* a n>r[ rim ( night divid$ day f day1 t a man :o ne$$ n sleep might e>n a d\ble hire1 & ! cry ( ! %eph]d at ev5+ driv+ home 8 flock 0 he>d by ! %eph]d go+ out 9 ! morn+ to pa/ure1' we h1 p]haps1 "s tale ( a ,pho5ician m>9]1 :o _h w&]$ into ! ,nor? ,seas1 & se5 '! ,norway sun set into sunrise4' ,b :at %all we say to t ,syrian isle1 ':]e disease is n1 nor hung]1 nor ?ir/1 & :]e1 :5 m5 gr[ old1 ,apollo comes ) ,artemis1 & slays !m ) 8 silv] b[8' ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,iliad l any ( ^! /ories4 ,yet1 :5 all is said1 x matt]s little :o wrote ! poems4 ,ea* is s magnific5t1 t to h writt5 bo? c\ld sc>cely h increas$ ! greatness ( ! man :o _h writt5 "o2 & if !re 7 two ,hom]s1 ! e>? is ri*] by "o m div9e-gift$ man ?an we _h kn[n4 ,aft] all1 x is p]haps m easy to believe t ! diff]5ces :i* we seem to see arise f ,hom]'s own *oice ( ! mat]ial :i* be/ suit$ two works s diff]5t1 ?an t nature 0 s l>gely prodigal z to h creat$ 9 "o age & 9 "o p two su* m52 = :e!r "o or two1 ! au?ors ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey /& alone ) ,%akespe>e f> away above mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 ,x ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 #ahea4 ,y ,mackay's ,progress ( ! ,intellect4 ,,! ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,sa9ts4 #ahej4 ,if ! enorm\s und]tak+ ( ! ,boll&i/ editors _h be5 complet$1 x w\ld h conta9$ ! hi/ories ( #be1jjj sa9ts4 ,s _m ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ackn[l$g$ & accept$ z h] ideals--z m5 :o _h n only done h] hon\r by ! em95ce ( _! sanctity1 b :o _h receiv$ :ile on e>? an op5ly div9e recognition ( x 9 gifts ( sup]natural p[]4 ,& ?is va/ numb] is b a selection2 ! editors *ose only out ( ! mass be=e !m :at 0 mo/ notewor?y & tru/wor?y1 & :at 0 ( ca?olic r ?an ( national int]e/4 ,x is no m ?an a fraction ( t s+ul> my?ology :i* = s _m ages delight$ ! ,*ri/ian _w1 :i* is /ill held 9 ext]nal rev]5ce among ! ,romani/s1 & ( :i* ! mod]n hi/orians1 provok$ by its feeble sup]naturalism1 & by ! entire abs5ce ( critical ability among its writ]s to di/+ui% betwe5 fact & fable1 h hi!rto fail$ to speak a reasonable ^w4 ,( ! attempt 9 our own day to revive an int]e/ 9 !m we %all say little 9 ?is place4 ,! ',lives' h no =m or beauty to give !m attraction 9 !mselves2 & = _! human int]e/ ! broad atmosph]e ( ! _w suit$ ill ) ^! delicate plants1 :i* _h gr[n up "u ! %ad[ ( ! conv5t wall2 !y 7 exotics1 n f ano!r climate1 b f ano!r age2 ! brea? ( scorn fell on !m1 & hav+ no root 9 ! he>ts & beliefs ( m5 any m1 b only 9 ! s5tim5talities & make-beliefs1 !y )]$ & sank4 ,& yet1 9 _! place z hi/orical ph5om5a1 ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts are z rem>kable z any ( ! ,pagan my?ologies2 to ! full z rem>kable1 p]haps f> m s1 if ! l5g? & firmness ( hold !y once possess$ on ! convictions ( mank9d is to pass = any?+ 9 ! e/imate--& to ourselves !y h a ne> & peculi> int]e/1 z spiritual facts 9 ! gr[? ( ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,philosophy has rescu$ ! old !ogonies f ridicule2 _! extravagancies1 ev5 ! mo/ grotesque ( !m1 c be n[ se5 to h _! root 9 an idea1 (t5 a deep "o1 repres5t+ features ( natural hi/ory or ( metaphysical speculation1 & we d n laugh at !m any m4 ,9 _! orig91 !y 7 ! consecration ( ! fir/-fruits ( k2 ! expression ( a real rev]5tial belief4 ,!n "t did its "w on !m2 k grew1 & !y c\ld n gr[2 !y became mon/r\s & mis*iev\s1 & 7 driv5 out by ,*ri/ianity ) scorn & indignation4 ,b x is ) human in/itutions z x is ) m5 !mselves2 we are t5d] ) ! dead :5 _! p[] to hurt u has pass$ away2 & z ,paganism c nev] m be dang]\s1 we h be5 able to comm& a calm] attitude t[>ds x1 & to detect "u its mo/ repulsive features suffici5t lat5t elem5ts ( g5u9e ?\ght to satisfy u t ev5 9 _! d>ke/ ab]rations m5 are nev] :olly giv5 ov] to falsehood & absurdity4 ,:5 philosophy has done = m$ival my?ology :at x has done = ,hesiod & = ! ,edda1 we %all f9d !re also at lea/ z deep a s5se ( ! awfulness & my/]y ( life1 & we %all f9d a moral elem5t :i* ! ,pagans nev] _h4 ,! lives ( ! sa9ts are always simple1 (t5 *ildi%1 seldom beautiful2 yet1 z ,goe! obs]v$1 if )\t beauty1 !y are always good4 ,& z a ph5om5on1 let u n deceive ourselves on ! magnitude ( ! ,*ri/ian hagiology4 ,! ,boll&i/s 7 re/rict$ on _m sides4 ,!y took only :at 0 9 ,lat9--:ile e c\ntry 9 ,europe _h its own home gr[? 9 its own language--& ?us _m ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! lives are n to be f\nd at all 9 _! collection4 ,& aga91 !y took b "o life ( ea* sa9t1 compos$ 9 all cases late1 & compil$ out ( ! mass ( v>i\s %ort] lives :i* _h gr[n up 9 diff]5t localities out ( popul> tradition2 s t _m ( _! long] productions h an elaborate lit]>y "*1 ) an appe>ance ( artifice1 :i*1 till we "k h[ !y came into exi/5ce1 might bl9d u to ! va/ wid? & v>iety ( ! tradition>y s\rces f :i* !y are drawn4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury !re 7 sixty-six lives extant ( ,/4 ,patrick alone2 & t 9 a c\ntry :]e e p>i% _h its own special sa9t & special leg5d ( him4 ,^! sixty-six lives may h conta9$ 7,mr4 ,gibbon says mu/ h conta9$7 at lea/ z _m ?\s& lies4 ,p]haps s4 ,to sev]e criticism1 ev5 ! exi/5ce ( a s+le apo/le1 ,/4 ,patrick1 appe>s problematical4 ,b at lea/ !re is ! hi/orical fact1 ab\t :i* !re c be no mi/ake1 t ! /ories did gr[ up 9 "s way or o!r1 t !y 7 repeat$1 sung1 li/5$ to1 writt51 & read2 t ^! lives 9 ,irel&1 & all ov] ,europe & ov] ! e>?1 :]ev] ! ,ca?olic fai? 0 prea*$1 /ories l ^!1 sprang out ( ! he>t ( ! p1 & grew & %ad[$ ov] ! entire believ+ m9d ( ! ,ca?olic _w4 ,:]ev] *ur* 0 f\nd$1 or soil 0 consecrat$ = ! long re/+-place ( ^? :o _h di$ 9 ! fai?2 :]ev] ! sweet bells ( conv5t or ( mona/]y 7 he>d 9 ! ev5+ air1 *>m+ ! unquiet _w to re/ & remembrance ( ,god1 !re dwelt ! memory ( "s apo/le :o _h laid ! fir/ /one1 !re 0 ! sepul*re ( "s m>tyr ^: relics repos$ b5ea? ! alt>1 ( "s confessor :o _h suff]$ !re = 8 ,ma/]'s sake1 ( "s holy ascetic :o 9 sil5t self-*os5 au/]ity _h wov5 a ladd] !re ( pray] & p5ance1 on :i* ! angels ( ,god 7 believ$ to h asc5d$ & desc5d$4 ,x is n a ph5om5on ( an age or ( a c5tury2 x is *>act]i/ic ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f ! "t :5 ! fir/ prea*]s ( ! fai? pass$ out f _! homes by t quiet ,galilean lake1 to g to & fro ov] ! e>?1 & did _! mighty "w1 & at la/ disappe>$ & 7 n any m se51 ^! sacr$ leg5ds began to gr[4 ,^? :o _h once kn[n ! ,apo/les1 :o _h drawn f _! lips ! bless$ message ( light & life1 "o & all w\ld ga!r toge!r :at fragm5ts !y c\ld f9d ( _! /ories4 ,rum\rs blew 9 f all ! w9ds4 ,!y _h be5 se5 "h1 _h be5 se5 !re1 9 ! f>!/ corn]s ( ! e>?1 prea*+1 cont5d+1 suff]+1 prevail+4 ,affection did n /ay to scrut9ise4 ,:5 "s memb] ( a family among ourselves is abs5t 9 "s f> place f :i* sure news ( him comes sl[ly & unc]ta9ly2 if he has be5 9 ! army1 or on "s dang]\s exp$ition1 or at sea1 or any:]e :]e real or imag9>y dang]s /imulate anxiety2 or :5 "o is gone away f u altoge!r--fall5 p]haps 9 battle--& :5 ! /ory ( 8 end c be collect$ b fitfully f /rang]s1 :o only knew 8 "n1 b _h he>d him nobly spok5 (2 ! fa9te/ ?reads are caught at2 reports1 ! vagu5ess ( :i* might be evid5t to indiff]5ce1 are to love /rong gr\nds ( confid5ce1 & 'trifles light z air' e/abli% !mselves z c]ta9ties4 ,s1 9 ^? fir/ ,*ri/ian communities1 travell]s came ?r\gh f ea/ & we/2 legions on ! m>*1 or c>avans ( w&]+ m]*ants2 & "o _h be5 9 ,rome1 & se5 ,pet] disput+ ) ,simon ,magus2 ano!r 9 ,india1 :]e he _h he>d ,/4 ,?omas prea*+ to ! ,brahm9s2 a ?ird br\ght ) him1 f ! wilds ( ,brita91 a /aff :i* he _h cut1 z he said1 f a ?orn tree1 ! se$ ( :i* ,/4 ,joseph _h s[n !re1 & :i* _h gr[n to its full size 9 a s+le night1 mak+ m]*&ise ( ! preci\s relic out ( ! cr$ulity ( ! believ]s4 ,s ! leg5ds grew1 & 7 treasur$ up1 & lov$1 & tru/$2 & alas6 all :i* we h be5 able to d ) !m is to call !m lies1 & to po9t a %all[ moral on ! impo/ures & cr$ulities ( ! e>ly ,ca?olics4 ,an ,a!i/ c\ld n wi% u to say m4 ,if we c really believe t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 made ov] 9 its v cradle to lies & to ! fa!r ( lies1 & 0 all[$ to rema9 9 8 keep+1 s to say1 till ye/]day1 he w n mu* tr\ble himself ) any fai? :i* aft] su* an admission we may pr(ess to ent]ta94 ,=1 z ?is _s began 9 ! fir/ age 9 :i* ! ,*ur* began to h a hi/ory1 s x cont9u$ s long z ! ,*ur* z an integral body reta9$ its vitality1 & only di$ out 9 ! deg5]acy :i* prec$$ & :i* br\ght on ! ,re=mation4 ,= f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s ^! /ories held _! place1 & rang on f age to age1 f c5tury to c5tury2 z ! new fai? wid5$ its b\nd>ies1 & numb]$ ev] m & m great names ( m5 & wom5 :o _h f\ght & di$ = x1 s long _! hi/ories1 liv+ 9 ! he>ts ( ^? = :om !y lab\r$1 laid hold ( !m & fill$ !m3 & ! dev\t imag9ation1 possess$ ) :at 0 (t5 no m ?an ! rum\r ( a "n1 bodi$ x out into life1 & =m1 & reality4 ,& d\btless1 if we try !m by any hi/orical canon1 we h to say t q endless untru?s grew 9 ?is way to be believ$ among m52 & n believ$ only1 b held sacr$1 passionately & devot$ly2 n fill+ ! hi/ory books only1 n only s]v+ to amuse & edify ! refectory1 or to furni% matt] = m$itation 9 ! cell1 b claim+ days = !mselves ( special remembrance1 ent]+ into liturgies & inspir+ pray]s1 =m+ ! spiritual nucleus ( ! hopes & fe>s ( millions ( human s\ls4 ,f ! h>d b>r5 /&+ gr\nd ( ! fact idolator1 :at a /range sight mu/ be t /ill m\nta9-peak on ! wild we/ ,iri% %ore1 :]e1 = m ?an t5 c5turies1 a rude old bell & a c>v$ *ip ( oak h witness$1 or seem$ to witness1 to ! pres5ce long ago !re ( ! ,iri% apo/le2 & :]e1 9 ! %>p cry/als ( ! trap rock1 a pa? has be5 worn smoo? by ! b>e feet & ble$+ knees ( ! pilgrims1 :o /ill1 9 ! ,augu/ wea!r1 drag _! pa9ful way along x z !y h done = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,d\btless ! ',lives ( ! ,sa9ts' are full ( lies4 ,are !re none 9 ! ,iliad8 or 9 ! leg5ds ( neas8 ,7 ! /ories sung 9 ! liturgy ( ,eleusis all s true8 s true z fact8 ,are ! songs ( ! ,cid or ( ,siegfri$ true8 ,we say no?+ ( ! lies 9 ^!2 b :y8 ,oh1 x w be said1 b !y are fictions2 !y 7 nev] suppos$ to be true4 ,b !y 7 suppos$ to be true1 to ! full z true z ! ',leg5da ,aurea4' ,oh1 !n1 !y are poetry2 & besides1 !y h no?+ to d ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,yes1 t is x2 !y h no?+ to d ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,religion has gr[n su* a solemn bus9ess ) u1 & we br+ su* long faces to x1 t we _c admit or conceive to be at all naturally admissible su* a light companion z ! imag9ation4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 secul> & religi\s has be5 ext5d$ ev5 to ! faculties2 & we _c tol]ate 9 o!rs ! fulness & fre$om :i* we h lo/ or reject$ = ourselves4 ,yet x has be5 a fatal mi/ake ) ! critics4 ,!y f\nd !mselves (f ! recognis$ gr\nd ( ,romance & ,paganism1 & !y fail$ to see ! same pr9ciples at "w1 ?\gh at "w ) new mat]ials4 ,9 ! records ( all human affairs1 x _c be too (t5 insi/$ on t two k9ds ( tru? run = ev] side by side1 or r1 cross+ 9 & out ) ea* o!r1 =m ! w>p & ! wo( ( ! col\r$ web :i* we call hi/ory3 ! "o1 ! lit]al & ext]nal tru?s correspond+ to ! et]nal & z yet undiscov]$ laws ( fact2 ! o!r1 ! tru?s ( feel+ & ( ?\ght1 :i* embody !mselves ei!r 9 di/ort$ pictures ( outw>d ?+s1 or 9 "s entirely new creation--sometimes m\ld+ & %ap+ real hi/ory2 sometimes tak+ ! =m ( h]oic biography1 ( tradition1 or popul> leg5d2 sometimes appe>+ z recognis$ fiction 9 ! epic1 ! drama1 or ! novel4 ,x is useless to tell u t ?is is to confuse tru? & falsehood4 ,we are /at+ a fact1 n a !ory2 & if x makes tru? & falsehood difficult to di/+ui%1 t is nature's fault1 n ours4 ,fiction is only false1 :5 x is false1 n to fact1 else h[ c\ld x be fiction8 b :5 x is--to law4 ,to try x by its correspond5ce to ! real is p$antry4 ,imag9ation creates z nature creates1 by ! =ce :i* is 9 man1 :i* refuses to be re/ra9$2 we _c help x1 & we are only false :5 we make mon/]s1 or :5 we pret5d t our inv5tions are facts1 :5 we sub/itute tru?s ( "o k9d = tru?s ( ano!r2 :5 we sub/itute1--& aga9 we mu/ say :5 we int5tionally sub/itute3--:5ev] p]sons1 & :5ev] facts seize /rongly on ! imag9ation 7& ( c\rse :5 !re is any?+ rem>kable 9 !m !y mu/ & w d s71 inv5tion glides into ! images :i* =m 9 our m9ds2 s x mu/ be1 & s x ev] has be51 f ! fir/ leg5ds ( a cosmogony to ! writt5 life ( ! great man :o di$ la/ ye> or c5tury1 or to ! late/ sci5tific magaz9e4 ,we _c relate facts z !y are2 !y mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh ourselves1 & we are m or less ?an mortal if !y ga!r no?+ 9 ! transit4 ,! great outl9es alone lie ar\nd u z imp]ative & con/ra9+2 ! detail we ea* fill up v>i\sly1 accord+ to ! turn ( our sympa?ies1 ! ext5t ( our k1 or our g5]al !ories ( ?+s3 & !re=e x may be said t ! only lit]ally true hi/ory possible is ! hi/ory :i* m9d has left ( itself 9 all ! *anges ?r\gh :i* x has pass$4 ,suetonius is to ! full z extravagant & sup]/iti\s z ,surius1 & ,suetonius 0 mo/ labori\s & c>eful1 & 0 ! fri5d ( ,tacitus & ,pl9y4 ,suetonius gives u prodigies1 :]e ,surius has miracles1 b t is all ! diff]5ce2 ea* foll[s ! =m ( ! sup]natural :i* belong$ to ! g5ius ( 8 age4 ,plut>* writes a life ( ,lycurgus1 ) details ( 8 *ildhood1 & ( ! trials & vicissitudes ( 8 age2 & ! exi/5ce ( ,lycurgus is n[ q z que/ionable z t ( ,/4 ,patrick or ( ,/4 ,george ( ,engl&4 ,no rectitude ( int5tion w save u f mi/akes4 ,sympa?ies & antipa?ies are b synonyms ( prejudice1 & indiff]5ce is impossible4 ,love is bl9d1 & s is e o!r passion4 ,love believes eag]ly :at x desires2 x excuses or passes lightly ov] blemi%es1 x dwells on :at is beautiful2 :ile dislike sees a t>ni% on :at is brighte/1 & deep5s faults into vices4 ,d we believe t all ?is is a disease ( un5light5$ times1 & t 9 our /rong sunlight only tru? c get receiv$8--!n let u contra/ ! portrait1 = in/ance1 ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel z x is drawn 9 ! ,free ,trade ,hall at ,man*e/]1,z at ! c\nty meet+1 & 9 ! ,ox=d ,common ,room4 ,x is n s4 ,fai?ful & lit]al hi/ory is possible only to an impassive _s4 ,man w nev] write x1 until p]fect k & p]fect fai? 9 ,god %all enable him to see & endure e fact 9 its reality2 until p]fect love %all k9dle 9 him "u its t\* ! "o j emotion :i* is 9 h>mony ) ! et]nal ord] ( all ?+s4 ,h[ f> we are 9 ^! days f approximat+ to su* a comb9ation we ne$ n "h insi/4 ,criticism 9 ! h&s ( m5 l ,niebuhr seems to h accompli%$ great intellectual triumphs2 & 9 ,g]many & ,france1 & among ourselves1 we h our new s*ools ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory3 yet _! real successes h hi!rto only be5 de/ructive4 ,:5 philosophy recon/ructs1 x does no?+ b project its own idea2 :5 x ?r[s (f tradition1 x _c "w )\t a !ory3 & :at is a !ory b an imp]fect g5]alisation caught up by a pr$isposition8 ,:at is ,comte's great division ( ! eras b a !ory1 & facts are b z clay 9 8 h&s1 :i* he c m\ld to illu/rate x1 z e clev] man w f9d facts to be1 let 8 !ory be :at x w8 ,intellect c de/roy1 b x _c re/ore life2 call 9 ! creative faculties--call 9 ,love1 ,idea1 ,imag9ation1 & we h liv+ figures1 b we _c tell :e!r !y are figures :i* ev] liv$ be=e4 ,! high fai? 9 :i* ,love & ,intellect c alone unite 9 _! fulness1 has n yet f\nd utt]ance 9 mod]n hi/orians4 ,! greate/ man :o has z yet giv5 himself to ! record+ ( human affairs is1 beyond "q1 ,cornelius ,tacitus4 ,alone 9 ,tacitus a s]5e calmness ( insight 0 compatible ) int5sity ( feel+4 ,he took no side2 he may h be5 ,imp]iali/1 he may h be5 ,republican1 b he has left no sign :e!r he 0 ei!r3 he appe>s to h sift$ facts ) scrupul\s integrity2 to adm9i/] 8 love1 8 scorn1 8 hatr$1 accord+ only to individual m]it3 & 8 s5tim5ts are r felt by ! read] 9 ! life-l cle>ness ( 8 portraits1 ?an express$ 9 words by himself4 ,yet su* a p[] ( see+ into ?+s 0 only possible to him1 because !re 0 no p>ty left ) :i* he c\ld det]m9$ly side1 & no wide _s alive 9 ,rome ?r\gh :i* he c\ld feel4 ,! _s ( ,rome1 ! _s ( life _h gone away to seek o!r =ms1 & ! _w ( ,tacitus 0 a heap ( decay+ in/itutions2 a /age :]e m5 & wom51 z !y !mselves 7 individually base or noble1 play$ ov] _! little p>ts4 ,life inde$ 0 come into ! _w1 0 work+ 9 x1 & sil5tly %ap+ ! old dead corpse into fre% & beautiful be+4 ,tacitus alludes to x once only1 9 "o brief scornful *apt]2 & ! mo/ poorly gift$ ( ^? =lorn biograph]s ^: unreason+ cr$ulity 0 pil+ up ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,m>y & ! ,apo/les1 :i* n[ drive ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian to despair1 knew m1 9 8 div9e hope & fai?1 ( ! real _s :i* _h gone out among mank9d1 ?an ! ke5e/ & grave/ intellect :i* ev] set itself to contemplate !m4 ,& n[ hav+ 9 "s degree cle>$ ! gr\nd ( difficulties1 let u g back to ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,if ,b$e tells u lies ab\t ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 we w disbelieve 8 /ories2 b we w n call ,b$e a li>1 ev5 ?\gh he prefaces 8 life ) a decl>ation t he has set d[n no?+ b :at he has asc]ta9$ on ! cle>e/ evid5ce4 ,we are driv5 to no su* alt]native2 our canons ( criticism are diff]5t f ,b$e's1 & s are our notions ( probability4 ,b$e w\ld expect priori1 & w\ld !re=e consid] z suffici5tly atte/$ by a cons5t ( popul> tradition1 :at ! oa?s ( liv+ witnesses w\ld fail to make cr$ible to a mod]n ,engli% jury4 ,we w call ,b$e a li> only if he put =w>d 8 picture ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t z a picture ( a life :i* he consid]$ admirable & excell5t1 z "o aft] :i* he 0 endeav\r+ to model 8 own1 & :i* he held up z a patt]n ( imitation1 :5 9 8 he>t he did n consid] x admirable at all1 :5 he 0 mak+ no ef=t at ! au/]ities :i* he 0 laud+4 ,! hi/ories ( ! sa9ts are writt5 z ideals ( a ,*ri/ian life2 !y h no elaborate & beautiful =ms2 s+le & /raight=w>d z !y are1--if !y are n ?is !y are no?+4 ,= f\rte5 c5turies ! religi\s m9d ( ! ,ca?olic _w ?rew !m out z its =m ( h]o wor%ip1 z ! h]oic patt]ns ( a =m ( human life :i* ea* ,*ri/ian )9 8 own limits 0 endeav\r+ to realise4 ,! fir/ m>tyrs & confessors 7 to ^? poor monks :at ! fir/ ,dorian conqu]ors 7 9 ! w> songs ( ,tyrtu1 :at ,a*illes & ,ajax & ,agamemnon & ,diom$ 7 :]ev] ,hom] 0 sung or read2 or 9 m mod]n times1 :at ! ,knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table 7 9 ! halls ( ! ,norman ca/les4 ,! ,ca?olic m9d 0 express+ its conception ( ! highe/ human excell5ce2 & ! result is t imm5se & elaborate hagiology4 ,z ) ! battle h]oes1 too1 ! inspiration lies 9 ! univ]sal idea2 ! v>ieties ( "* 7) "h & !re an exception7 are slight & unimportant2 ! object be+ to create examples = univ]sal human imitation4 ,lancelot or ,tri/ram 7 equally true to ! _s ( *ivalry2 & ,patrick on ! m\nta91 or ,antony 9 ! des]t1 are equal models ( pati5t au/]ity4 ,! knights fight ) giants1 en*ant]s1 robb]s1 unknightly nobles1 or furi\s wild bea/s2 ! ,*ri/ians fight ) ! _w1 ! fle%1 & ! devil4 ,! knight leaves ! com=ts ( home 9 que/ ( adv5tures1 ! sa9t 9 que/ ( p5ance1 & on ! b>e rocks or 9 desolate wild]nesses subdues ! devil 9 8 fle% ) pray]s & p5ances2 & s ali5 is x all to ! :ole ?\ght & sy/em ( ! mod]n ,*ri/ian1 t he ei!r rejects su* /ories altoge!r z monks' impo/ures1 or receives !m ) disda9ful wond]1 z "o m %ameful =m ( sup]/ition ) :i* human nature has insult$ heav5 & disgrac$ itself4 ,leav+1 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t1 ! mean+ ( mona/ic asceticism1 x seems necess>y to insi/ t !re really 0 su* a ?+2 !re is no d\bt ab\t x4 ,if ! p>ticul> actions told ( ea* sa9t are n lit]ally true1 z belong+ to him1 abundance ( m5 did = _m c5turies lead ! sort ( life :i* sa9ts are said to h l$4 ,we h got a notion t ! fri>s 7 a snug1 com=table set1 aft] all2 & ! life 9 a mona/]y pretty mu* l t 9 a mod]n univ]sity1 :]e ! old monks' language & affectation ( unworldl9ess does someh[ contrive to co-exi/ ) z l>ge a mass ( bodily enjoym5t z man's nature c well appropriate4 ,v likely ?is 0 ! /ate into :i* _m ( ! mona/]ies _h fall5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a symptom ( a v rapid disord] :i* _h set 9 among !m1 & :i* promptly t]m9at$ 9 dissolution4 ,b long1 long ages lay beh9d ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 :i*1 wisely or fooli%ly1 ^! old monks & h]mits did make !mselves a v h>d life ( x2 & ! leg5d only exce$$ ! reality 9 be+ a v slightly idealis$ portrait4 ,we are n speak+ ( ! miracles2 t is a :olly diff]5t "q4 ,:5 m5 knew little ( ! ord] ( nature1 :atev] came to pass )\t an obvi\s cause 0 at once set d[n to influ5ces beyond nature & above x2 & s long z !re 7 wit*es & en*ant]s1 /rong ) ! help ( ! bad p[]s1 ( c\rse ! especial s]vants ( ,god w\ld n be left )\t graces to outmat* & ov]come ! devil4 ,& !re 7 _m o!r reasons :y ! sa9ts %\ld "w miracles4 ,!y _h done s "u ! old disp5sation1 & !re 0 no obvi\s reason :y ,*ri/ians %\ld be worse (f ?an ,jews4 ,& aga91 al?\gh x be true1 9 ! mod]n phrase1 :i* is beg9n+ to sav\r a little ( cant1 t ! highe/ natural is ! highe/ sup]natural1 nev]!less natural facts p]mit u to be s easily famili> ) !m1 t !y h an air ( commonness2 & :5 we h a va/ idea to express1 !re is always a disposition to ! extraord9>y4 ,b ! miracles are n ! *ief ?+2 nor ev] 7 !y s4 ,m5 did n become sa9ts by work+ miracles1 b !y work$ miracles because !y _h become sa9ts2 & ! in/ructiv5ess & value ( _! lives lay 9 ! means :i* !y _h us$ to make !mselves :at !y 73 & z we said1 9 ?is "p ( ! bus9ess !re is unque/ionable basis ( tru?--sc>cely ev5 exagg]ation4 ,we h docum5t>y evid5ce1 :i* has be5 filt]$ ?r\gh ! %>p ordeal ( p>ty hatr$1 ( ! way 9 :i* "s m5 7& ^?1 n m]e ignorant fanatics1 b m5 ( va/ m9d & va/ influ5ce 9 _! days7 conduct$ !mselves1 :]e my? has no room to ent]4 ,we "k some?+ ( ! hair-%irt ( ,?omas ,becket2 & !re 0 ano!r poor monk1 ^: asceticism imag9ation c\ld n easily outrun2 he :o1 :5 ! e>?'s mighty ones 7 b&$ toge!r to cru% him "u _! arm$ heels1 spoke b "o little ^w1 & x fell among !m l ! spe> ( ,cadmus2 ! /rong ones turn$ _! h&s aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! armies melt$ away2 & ! pr\de/ mon>* ( ! e>? lay at t monk's ?re%old ?ree w9t] nights 9 ! scanty clo?+ ( p5ance1 su+ mis]ably = =giv5ess4 ,or aga91 to take a fair] figure4 ,!re is a poem extant1 ! g5u95ess ( :i*1 we believe1 has n be5 *all5g$1 compos$ by ,columbkill1 commonly call$ ,/4 ,columba4 ,he 0 a h]mit 9 ,arran1 a rocky isl& 9 ! ,atlantic1 outside ,galway ,bay2 f :i* he 0 summon$1 we d n "k h[1 b 9 a mann] :i* appe>$ to him to be a ,div9e call1 to g away & be ,bi%op ( ,iona4 ,! poem is a ',f>ewell to ,arran1' :i* he wrote on leav+ x2 & he lets u see some?+ ( a h]mit's life !re4 ',f>ewell1' he beg9s 7we are oblig$ to quote f memory71 'a long f>ewell to !e1 ,arran ( my he>t4 ,p>adise is ) !e2 ! g>d5 ( ,god )9 ! s\nd ( ?y bells4 ,! angels love ,arran4 ,ea* day an angel comes !re to jo9 9 its s]vices4' ,& !n he goes on to describe 8 'de> cell1' & ! holy happy h\rs :i* he _h sp5t !re1 ') ! w9d :i/l+ ?r\gh ! loose /ones1 & ! sea spray hang+ on 8 hair4' ,arran is no bett] ?an a wild rock4 ,x is /rew$ ov] ) ! ru9s :i* may /ill be se5 ( ! old h]mitages2 & at _! be/ !y c\ld h be5 b su* places z %eep w\ld huddle "u 9 a /orm1 & %iv] 9 ! cold & wet :i* w\ld pi]ce ?r\gh ! *9ks ( ! walls4 ,or1 if writt5 evid5ce be too untru/wor?y1 !re are sil5t witnesses :i* _c lie1 t tell ! same t\*+ /ory4 ,:oev] loit]s among ! ru9s ( a mona/]y w see1 commonly lead+ out ( ! cloi/]s1 r[s ( cell>s half "u-gr\nd1 l[1 damp1 & wret*$-look+2 an e>!n floor1 be>+ no trace ( pavem5t2 a ro( f :i* ! mort> & ! damp keep up 7& always mu/ h kept up7 a p]petual ooze2 = a w9d[ a n>r[ slip 9 ! wall1 ?r\gh :i* ! cold & ! w9d f9d z free an access z ! light4 ,su* z !y are1 a well-kept dog w\ld object to accept a night's lodg+ 9 !m2 & if !y _h be5 prison cells1 ?\s&s ( philan?ropic tongues w\ld h trumpet$ out _! horrors4 ,! /rang] p]haps supposes t !y 7 ! v dungeons ( :i* he has he>d su* t]rible ?+s4 ,he asks 8 guide1 & 8 guide tells him !y 7 ! monks' dormitories4 ,yes2 !re on t wet soil1 ) t dripp+ ro( above !m1 0 ! self-*os5 home ( ^? poor m54 ,?r\gh w9t] fro/1 ?r\gh ra9 & /orm1 ?r\gh summ] sun%9e1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( !m1 !re !y liv$ & pray$1 & at la/ lay d[n & di$4 ,x is all gone n[--gone z if x _h nev] be52 & x 0 z fooli% z1 if ! attempt _h succe$$1 x w\ld h be5 mis*iev\s1 to revive a devotional int]e/ 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,x w\ld h produc$ b "o m unreality 9 an age already too full ( su*4 ,no "o supposes we %\ld h set to "w to live z !y liv$2 t any man1 h[ev] e>ne/ 9 8 religion1 w\ld h gone look+ = e>? floors & wet dungeons1 or wild isl&s to live 91 :5 he c\ld get any?+ bett]4 ,ei!r we are wis]1 or m humane1 or m self-indulg5t2 at any rate we are some?+ :i* divides u f m$ival ,*ri/ianity by an impassable gulf :i* ?is age or ?is epo* w n see bridg$ ov]4 ,nev]!less1 ^! mod]n hagiologi/s1 h[ev] wrongly !y w5t to "w at x1 _h detect$1 & 7 endeav\r+ to fill1 a v s]i\s blank 9 our educational sy/em2 a v s]i\s blank inde$1 & "o :i*1 someh[1 we mu/ contrive to get fill$ if ! education ( "* is ev] to be m ?an a "n ) u4 ,to try & tea* p h[ to live )\t giv+ !m examples 9 :i* our rules are illu/rat$1 is l tea*+ !m to draw by ! rules ( p]spective1 & ( light & %ade1 )\t designs 9 :i* to /udy ! effects2 or to write v]se by ! laws ( rhyme & metre1 )\t song or poem 9 :i* rhyme & metre are exhibit$4 ,x is a pr9ciple :i* we h =gott51 & x is "o :i* ! old ,ca?olics did n =get4 ,we d n mean t !y set out ) say+ to !mselves1 ',we mu/ h examples1 we mu/ h ideals2' v likely !y nev] ?\ght ab\t x at all2 love = _! holy m51 & a ?ir/ to "k ab\t !m1 produc$ ! hi/ories2 & love unconsci\sly work+ gave !m ! be/ = :i* !y c\ld h wi%$4 ,! boy at s*ool at ! mona/]y1 ! "y monk discipl9+ himself z yet ) difficulty "u ! au/]ities to :i* he _h devot$ himself1 ! old "o halt+ on t[>d ! close ( 8 pilgrimage1--all ( !m _h be=e _! eyes1 9 ! leg5d ( ! patron sa9t1 a p]sonal realisation ( all !y 7 try+ aft]2 lead+ !m on1 beckon+ to !m1 & po9t+1 z !y /umbl$ among _! difficulties1 to ! m>ks :i* 8 own foot/eps _h left1 z he _h trod t h>d pa? be=e !m4 ,x 0 z if ! ,*ur* 0 = ev] say+ to !m3--',y h d\bts & fe>s1 & trials & temptations1 outw>d & inw>d2 y h s9n$1 p]haps1 & feel ! burd5 ( y\r s94 ,"h 0 "o :o1 l y1 9 ?is v spot1 "u ! same sky1 tread+ ! same soil1 among ! same hills & woods & rocks & riv]s1 0 tri$ l y1 tempt$ l y1 s9n$ l y2 b "h he pray$1 & p]sev]$1 & did p5ance1 & wa%$ out 8 s9s2 he f\ght ! fight1 he vanqui%$ ! ,evil ,"o1 he triumph$1 & n[ he reigns a sa9t ) ,*ri/ 9 heav54 ,! same gr\nd :i* yields y y\r food1 once suppli$ him2 he brea!d1 & liv$1 & felt1 & di$ "h2 & n[1 f 8 ?rone 9 ! sky1 he is /ill look+ lov+ly d[n on 8 *ildr51 mak+ int]cession = y t y may h grace to foll[ him1 t by-&-by he may himself (f] y at ,god's ?rone z 8 own4' ,x is impossible to measure ! influ5ce :i* a p]sonal reality ( ?is k9d mu/ h ex]cis$ on ! m9d1 ?us daily & h\rly impress$ ^u x ?r\gh a life2 !re is no?+ vague any m1 no ab/ract excell5ces to /ra9 aft]2 all is di/9ct1 p]sonal1 palpable4 ,x is no dream4 ,! sa9t's bones are "u ! alt>2 nay1 p]haps1 8 v =m & features undissolv$4 ,"u "s late abbot ! c(f9 may h be5 op5$ & ! body se5 )\t m>k or ta9t ( decay4 ,su* ?+s h be51 & ! emaciation ( a sa9t w acc\nt = x )\t a miracle4 ,daily "s incid5t ( 8 /ory is read al\d1 or spok5 (1 or prea*$ ^u4 ,9 qua9t beautiful =ms x lives 9 light 9 ! long *apel w9d[s2 & 9 ! summ] mat9s 8 figure1 light$ up 9 spl5d\r1 gleams d[n on ! congregation z !y pray1 or /reams 9 my/]i\s t9ts along ! pavem5t1 clad1 z x seems1 9 s(t cele/ial glory1 & %9+ z he %9es 9 heav54 ,alas1 alas6 :]e is x all gone8 ,we are go+ to v5ture a few ?\ghts on ! wide "q1 :at possibly may h be5 ! mean+ ( s l>ge a portion ( ! human race1 & s _m c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity1 hav+ be5 surr5d]$ & seem+ly sacrific$ to ! work+ out ?is dre>y asceticism4 ,if "r once1 !n x is "r n[2 if n[ wor?less1 !n x c\ld nev] h be5 m ?an wor?less2 & ! en]gies :i* sp5t !mselves on x 7 l corn s[n ^u ! rock1 or sub/ance giv5 = t :i* is n bread4 ,we suppos$ ourselves *all5g$ rec5tly = our facts4 ,"h is an enorm\s fact :i* !re is no evad+4 ,x is n to be slurr$ ov] ) indol5t g5]alities1 ) unmean+ talk ( sup]/ition1 ( ! twilight ( ! und]/&+1 ( b>b>ism1 & ( nurs]y cr$ulity2 x is matt] = ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 if ! philosophy has yet be5 born :i* c deal ) x2 "o ( ! solid1 exp]i5c$ facts 9 ! /ory ( mank9d :i* mu/ be accept$ & consid]$ ) t respectful def]5ce :i* all facts claim ( _! sev]al sci5ces1 & :i* w c]ta9ly n disclose its mean+ 7suppos+ x to h a mean+7 except to rev]5ce1 to sympa?y1 to love4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! m5 :o wrote ^! /ories1 & :o practis$ ^! au/]ities1 7 ! same m5 :o compos$ our liturgies1 :o built our *ur*es & our ca!drals--& ! go?ic ca!dral is1 p]haps1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ magnific5t creation :i* ! m9d ( man has z yet ?r[n out ( itself4 ,if !re be any su* ?+ z a philosophy ( hi/ory1 real or possible1 x is 9 virtue ( !re be+ c]ta9 progressive organis+ laws 9 :i* ! fretful lives ( ea* ( u are ga!r$ into & subord9at$ 9 "s l>g] unity1 ?r\gh :i* age is l9k$ to age1 z we move =w>d1 ) an horizon exp&+ & advanc+4 ,& if ?is is true1 ! magnitude ( any human ph5om5on is a crit]ion ( its importance1 & def9ite =ms ( ?\ght work+ ?r\gh long hi/oric p]iods imply an effect ( "o ( ^! va/ laws--imply a di/9ct /ep 9 human progress4 ,some?+ previ\sly unrealis$ is be+ liv$ out1 & root$ into ! he>t ( mank9d4 ,nature nev] half does h] "w4 ,%e goes ov] x1 & ov] x1 to make assurance sure1 & makes good h] gr\nd ) we>y+ repetition4 ,a s+le section ( a %ort pap] is b a small space to ent] on s va/ an ent]prise2 nev]!less1 a few v g5]al words %all be v5tur$ z a sugge/ion ( :at ?is mona/ic or sa9tly _s may possibly h meant4 ,fir/1 z ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity is antagoni/ic to ! _w1 :atev] =m ! _s ( ! _w assumes1 ! ideals ( ,*ri/ianity w ( c\rse be _! opposite2 z "o v]ges into "o extreme1 ! o!r w v]ge into ! contr>y4 ,9 ^? r\gh times ! law 0 ! sword2 animal might ( arm1 & ! /rong animal he>t :i* guid$ x1 7 ! excell5ces :i* ! _w rew>d$2 & mona/icism1 !re=e1 9 its position ( prote/1 w\ld be ! de/ruction & abnegation ( ! animal nature4 ,! w> h]o 9 ! battle or ! t\rney y>d might be tak5 z ! apo!osis ( ! fle%ly man--! sa9t 9 ! des]t ( ! spiritual4 ,b ?is int]pretation is slight1 imp]fect1 & if true at all only p>tially s4 ,! animal & ! spiritual are n contradictories2 !y are ! complem5ts 9 ! p]fect "*2 & 9 ! middle ages1 z 9 all ages ( g5u9e e>ne/ness1 !y int]fus$ & p5etrat$ ea* o!r4 ,!re 7 w>rior sa9ts & sa9tly w>riors2 & ^? gr& old figures :i* sleep cross-legg$ 9 ! ca!dral aisles 7 some?+ high] ?an only "o m =m ( ! bea/ ( prey4 ,mona/icism repres5t$ some?+ m positive ?an a prote/ aga9/ ! _w4 ,we believe x to h be5 ! realisation ( ! inf9ite lovel9ess & beauty ( p]sonal purity4 ,9 ! e>li] civilisation1 ! ,greeks1 h[ev] g5u9e _! rev]5ce = ! gods1 d n seem to h suppos$ any "p ( _! duty to ! gods to consi/ 9 keep+ _! bodies unta9t$4 ,exquisite z 0 _! s5se ( beauty1 ( beauty ( m9d z well z beauty ( =m1 ) all _! l(t9ess & _! nobl5ess1 ) _! ready love ( moral excell5ce :5 manife/$1 z =titude1 or devotion to lib]ty & to home1 !y _h little or no idea ( :at we mean by morality4 ,) a few r>e exceptions1 pollution1 too dete/able to be ev5 nam$ among ourselves1 0 ( famili> & daily occurr5ce among _! greate/ m52 0 no reproa* to philosoph] or to /atesman2 & 0 n suppos$ to be incompatible1 & 0 n1 9 fact1 incompatible ) any ( ^? especial excell5ces :i* we s admire 9 ! ,greek "*4 ,among ! ,romans 7t is1 ! e>ly ,romans ( ! republic71 !re 0 a suffici5tly au/]e morality4 ,a public (fic] ( /ate1 ^: bus9ess 0 to enquire into ! private lives ( ! citiz5s1 & to puni% (f5ces aga9/ morals1 is a ph5om5on :i* we h se5 only once on ?is planet4 ,!re 0 nev] a nation be=e1 & !re has be5 none s9ce1 ) suffici5t virtue to endure x4 ,b ! ,roman morality 0 n lovely = its own sake1 nor excell5t 9 itself4 ,x 0 ob$i5ce to law1 practis$ & valu$1 lov$ = :at result$ f x1 = ! /r5g? & rigid endurance :i* x gave1 b n lov$ = itself4 ,! ,roman nature 0 fi]ce1 rugg$1 almo/ brutal2 & x submitt$ to re/ra9t z /]n z itself1 z long z ! en]gy ( ! old _s endur$4 ,b z soon z t en]gy grew slack--:5 ! religion 0 no long] believ$1 & ta/e1 z x 0 call$1 came 91 & !re 0 no m dang] to face1 & ! _w 0 at _! feet1 all 0 swept away z be=e a :irlw9d2 !re 0 no lovel9ess 9 virtue to make x desir$1 & ! ,rome ( ! ,cs>s pres5ts1 9 its lat] ages1 a picture ( enorm\s s5suality1 ( ! co>se/ animal desire1 ) means unlimit$ to gratify x4 ,9 ,lat9 lit]ature1 z little z 9 ! ,greek1 is !re any s5se ( ! beauty ( purity4 ,moral essays on temp]ance we may f9d1 & praise en\gh ( ! wise man ^: passions & ^: appetites are tra9$ into ob$i5ce to reason4 ,b ?is is no m ?an ! philosophy ( ! old ,roman life1 :i* got itself express$ 9 words :5 m5 7 tir$ ( ! reality4 ,x involves no s5se ( s94 ,if s9 c\ld be indulg$ )\t weak5+ self-comm&1 or )\t hurt+ o!r p1 ,roman philosophy w\ld h no?+ to say aga9/ x4 ,! ,*ri/ians /epp$ f> out beyond philosophy4 ,)\t speculat+ on ! :y1 !y felt t indulg5ce ( animal passion did1 9 fact1 pollute !m1 & s mu* ! m1 ! m x 0 delib]ate4 ,philosophy1 glid+ into ,mani*eism1 divid$ ! =ces ( ! univ]se1 giv+ ! _s to ,god1 b decl>+ matt] to be et]nally & incurably evil2 & look+ =w>d to ! "t :5 ! _s %\ld be emancipat$ f ! body1 z ! beg9n+ (1 or z ! return to1 its prop] exi/5ce1 a man l ,plot9us took no especial c>e :at became ! mean:ile ( its evil t5em5t ( fle%4 ,if ! body s9n$1 s9 0 its elem5t2 x c\ld n d o!r ?an s92 purity ( conduct c\ld n make ! body clean1 & no am\nt ( bodily indulg5ce c\ld %$ a ta9t ^u ! _s--a v com=table doctr9e1 & "o :i*1 "u v>i\s disguises1 has appe>$ a good _m times on ! e>?4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 %ak+ all ?is (f1 w\ld pres5t ! body to ,god z a pure & holy sacrifice1 z s mu* ( ! mat]ial _w conqu]$ f ! appetites & lu/s1 & f ! devil ^: abode !y 74 ,?is 0 ! mean+ ( ! fa/+s & sc\rg+s1 ! p5ances & night-wat*+s2 x 0 ?is :i* s5t ,/4 ,an?ony to ! tombs & set ,simeon on 8 pill>1 to conqu] ! devil 9 ! fle%1 & keep !mselves1 if possible1 undefil$ by s mu* z "o corrupt ?\ght4 ,& !y may h be5 absurd & extravagant4 ,:5 ! feel+ is /rong] ?an ! judgm5t1 m5 are v apt to be extravagant4 ,if1 9 ! recoil f ,mani*eism1 !y conceiv$ t a body ( a sa9t ?us purifi$ _h contract$ sup]natural virtue & c\ld "w miracles1 !y _h n suffici5tly att5d$ to ! facts1 & s f> are n unexceptionable witnesses to !m4 ,nev]!less !y did _! "w1 & 9 virtue ( x we are rais$ to a high] /age--we are lift$ =w>d a mighty /ep :i* we c nev] aga9 retrace4 ,p]sonal purity is n ! :ole = :i* we h to c>e3 x is b "o feature 9 ! ideal "* ( man4 ,! monks may h ?\ght x 0 all1 or m ne>ly all ?an x is2 & !re=e _! lives may seem to u poor1 mean1 & emasculate4 ,yet x is ) life z x is ) sci5ce2 g5]ations ( m5 h giv5 !mselves exclusively to s+le bran*es1 :i*1 :5 ma/]$1 =m b a little section 9 a cosmic philosophy2 & 9 life1 s sl[ is progress1 x may take a ?\s& ye>s to make good a s+le /ep4 ,we>y & t$i\s en\gh x seems :5 we cease to speak 9 l>ge language1 & rememb] ! numb]s ( individual s\ls :o h be5 at "w at ! process2 b :o kn[s :]eab\ts we are 9 ! duration ( ! race8 ,is humanity crawl+ out ( ! cradle1 or tott]+ into ! grave8 ,is x 9 nurs]y1 9 s*oolroom1 or 9 op5+ manhood8 ,:o kn[s8 ,x is en\gh = u to be sure ( our /eps :5 we h tak5 !m1 & ?ankfully to accept :at has be5 done = u4 ,h5ce=? x is impossible = u to give our unmix$ admiration to any "* :i* moral %ad[s ov]hang4 ,h5ce=? we require1 n greatness only1 b goodness2 & n t goodness only :i* beg9s & ends 9 conduct correctly regulat$1 b t love ( goodness1 t ke5 pure feel+ = x1 :i* resides 9 a consci5ce z s5sitive & susceptible z woman's mode/y4 ,s mu* = :at seems to u ! philosophy ( ?is matt]4 ,if we are "r1 x is no m ?an a fir/ furr[ 9 ! cru/ ( a soil :i* hi!rto ! hi/orians h be5 cont5t$ to leave 9 its b>r5ness4 ,if !y are consci5ti\s en\gh n to trifle ) ! facts1 z !y look back on !m f ! luxuri\s self-indulg5ce ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 !y ei!r revile ! sup]/ition or pity ! ignorance :i* made su* l>ge mi/akes on ! nature ( religion--&1 l\d 9 _! d5unciations ( prie/craft & ( ly+ wond]s1 !y po9t _! moral ) pictures ( ! ambition ( m$ival prelacy or ! sc&als ( ! annals ( ! papacy4 ,= ! inn] life ( all ^? millions ( immortal s\ls :o 7 /ruggl+1 ) su* good or bad success z 0 giv5 !m1 to c>ry ,*ri/'s cross along _! j\rney ?r\gh life1 !y set x by1 pass x ov]1 dismiss x out ( hi/ory1 ) "s poor commonplace simp] ( sorr[ or ( scorn4 ,x w n d4 ,mank9d h n be5 s long on ?is planet altoge!r1 t we c all[ s l>ge a *asm to be scoop$ out ( _! spiritual exi/5ce4 ,we int5d$ to leave our read]s ) some?+ light] ?an all ?is 9 ! %ape ( lit]>y criticism1 & a few specim5s ( ! biographical /yle3 9 bo? ( ^! we mu/ n[1 h[ev]1 be necess>ily brief4 ,:oev] is curi\s to /udy ! lives ( ! sa9ts 9 _! orig9als1 %\ld r g any:]e ?an to ! ,boll&i/s1 & univ]sally nev] read a late life :5 he c comm& an e>ly "o2 = ! g5ius 9 !m is 9 ! ratio ( _! antiquity1 &1 l riv]-wat]1 is mo/ pure ne>e/ to ! f\nta94 ,we are lucky 9 possess+ sev]al specim5s ( ! mode ( _! gr[? 9 late & e>ly lives ( ! same sa9ts1 & ! process 9 all is simil>4 ,out ( ! unnumb]$ lives ( ,/4 ,bride1 ?ree are left2 out ( ! sixty-six ( ,/4 ,patrick1 !re are eight2 ! fir/ ( ea* belong+ to ! six? c5tury1 ! late/ to ! ?irte5?4 ,! e>lie/ 9 ea* in/ance are 9 v]se2 !y belong to a "t :5 !re 0 no "o to write su* ?+s1 & 7 popul> 9 =m & popul> 9 _! orig94 ,! fl[ is easy1 ! /yle graceful & natural2 b ! /ep f poetry to prose is sub/antial z well z =mal2 ! imag9ation is ossifi$1 & we ex*ange ! exub]ance ( leg5d>y creativ5ess = ! dogmatic record ( fact )\t reality1 & fiction )\t grace4 ,! m>vell\s 9 ! poetical lives is comp>atively slight2 ! aft]-miracles be+ compos$ frequ5tly out ( a mi/ake ( poets' metaphors = lit]al tru?4 ,!re is (t5 real1 g5ial1 human beauty 9 ! old v]se4 ,! fir/ two /anzas1 = in/ance1 ( ,/4 ,bride's ,hymn are ( high m]it1 z may1 p]haps1 be imp]fectly se5 9 a translation3-- ,bride ! que51 %e lov$ n ! _w2 ,%e float$ on ! waves ( ! _w ,z ! sea-bird floats ^u ! bill[4 ,su* sleep %e slept z ! "m sleeps ,9 ! f> l& ( h] captivity1 ,m\rn+ = h] *ild at home4 ,:at a picture is !re ( ! /rang5ess & ye>n+ ( ! poor human s\l 9 ?is e>?ly pilgrimage6 ,! poetical ',life ( ,/4 ,patrick1' too1 is full ( f9e1 wild1 natural imag]y4 ,! boy is describ$ z a %eph]d on ! hills ( ,d[n1 & !re is a leg5d1 well told1 ( ! angel ,victor com+ to him1 & leav+ a gigantic footpr9t on a rock f :i* he sprang back into heav54 ,! leg5d1 ( c\rse1 rose f "s rem>kable natural feature ( ! spot2 z x is fir/ told1 a %ad[y unreality hangs ov] x1 & x is d\btful :e!r x is m ?an a vision ( ! boy2 b 9 ! lat] prose all is cry/all9e2 ! /ory is drawn out1 ) a b>r5 prolixity ( detail1 into a s]ies ( angelic visitations4 ,& aga91 :5 ,patrick is describ$1 z ! aft]-apo/le1 rais+ ! dead ,celts to life1 ! metaphor _c be left 9 its natural =ce1 & we h a long we>y li/ ( lit]al dea?s & lit]al rais+s4 ,s 9 _m ways ! fre%ness & individuality 0 lo/ ) "t4 ,! l>g] sa9ts swall[$ up ! small] & appropriat$ _! exploits2 *asms 7 suppli$ by an ev] ready fancy2 &1 l ! /ock ( good works laid up = g5]al use1 !re 0 a /ock ( miracles ev] ready :5 any defect 0 to be suppli$4 ,s x 0 t1 aft] ! fir/ impulse1 ! progressive life ( a sa9t roll$ on l a sn[ball d[n a m\nta9 side1 ga!r+ up into itself :atev] lay 9 its pa?1 fact or leg5d1 appropriate or inappropriate--sometimes real jewels ( g5u9e old tradition1 sometimes ! dbris ( ! old cre$s & leg5ds ( hea!nism2 & on1 & on1 till at l5g? x rea*$ ! bottom1 & 0 da%$ 9 pieces on ! ,re=mation4 ,"o m illu/ration %all s]ve z evid5ce ( :at ! really greate/1 mo/ vigor\s1 m9ds 9 ! twelf? c5tury c\ld accept z possible or probable1 :i* !y c\ld relate 7on :at evid5ce we d n "k7 z really asc]ta9$ facts4 ,we rememb] some?+ ( ,/4 ,anselm3 bo? z a /atesman & z a !ologian1 he 0 unque/ionably among ! able/ m5 ( 8 "t alive 9 ,europe4 ,"h is a /ory :i* ,anselm tells ( a c]ta9 ,corni% ,/4 ,ki]an4 ,! sa9t1 ) ?irty ( 8 companions1 0 prea*+ )9 ! fronti]s ( a lawless ,pagan pr9ce2 &1 disreg>d+ all ord]s to be quiet or to leave ! c\ntry1 cont9u$ to agitate1 to ?reat51 & to ?und] ev5 9 ! e>s ( ! pr9ce himself4 ,?+s took _! natural c\rse4 ,disob$i5ce provok$ puni%m5t4 ,a gu>d ( soldi]s 0 s5t1 & ! sa9t & 8 little b& 7 decapitat$4 ,! sc5e ( ! execution 0 a wood1 & ! heads & trunks 7 left ly+ !re = ! wolves & ! wild birds4 ,b n[ a miracle1 su* z 0 once he>d ( be=e 9 ! ,*ur* 9 ! p]son ( ! holy ,d5is1 0 aga9 wr\ght by ,div9e ,provid5ce to pres]ve ! bodies ( ^! sa9ts f pr(anation4 ,! trunk ( ,ki]an rose f ! gr\nd1 & select+ fir/ 8 own head1 & c>ry+ x to a /ream1 & !re c>efully wa%+ x1 & aft]w>ds p]=m+ ! same sacr$ (fice = ea* ( 8 companions1 giv+ ea* body its own head1 he dug graves = !m & buri$ !m1 & la/ ( all buri$ himself4 ,x is ev5 s4 ,s x /&s writt5 9 a life claim+ ,anselm's au?or%ip2 & !re is no reason :y ! au?or%ip %\ld n be 84 ,out ( ! he>t come ! issues ( evil & ( good1 & n out ( ! intellect or ! und]/&+4 ,m5 are n good or bad1 noble or base--?ank ,god = x6--z !y judge well or ill ( ! probabilities ( nature1 b z !y love ,god & hate ! devil4 ,& yet ! /ory is in/ructive4 ,we h he>d grave good m5--m5 ( intellect & influ5ce--) all ! advantages ( mod]n sci5ce1 le>n+1 exp]i5ce2 m5 :o w\ld reg>d ,anselm ) sad & s]i\s pity2 yet tell u /ories1 z hav+ fall5 )9 _! own exp]i5ce1 ( ! m>vels ( mesm]ism1 to ! full z ridicul\s 7if any?+ is ridicul\s7 z ?is ( ! poor decapitat$ ,ki]an4 ,mutato nom9e1 de te ,fabula n>ratur4 ,we see our natural faces 9 ! glass ( hi/ory1 & turn away & /raightway =get :at mann] ( m5 we are4 ,! sup]/ition ( sci5ce sc(fs at ! sup]/ition ( fai?4 ,,footnotes3 ,z ,writt5 9 #ahej4 ,,repres5tative ,,m54 #ahej4 ,f ,/4 ,anselm to ,mr4 ,em]son1 f ! ',acta ,sanctorum' to ! ',repres5tative ,m52' s f> 9 sev5 c5turies we h travell$4 ,! races ( ! old ,ideals h become ext9ct l ! ,preadamite ,saurians2 & "h are our new patt]n specim5s on :i* we are to look1 & take com=t & enc\ragem5t to ourselves4 ,! philosoph]1 ! my/ic1 ! poet1 ! sceptic1 ! man ( ! _w1 ! writ]2 ^! are ! pres5t moral categories1 ! summa g5]a ( human greatness z ,mr4 ,em]son arranges !m4 ,f e po9t ( view an exceptionable catalogue4 ,!y are all ?9k]s1 to beg9 )1 except "o3 & ?\ght is b a poor bus9ess comp>$ to action4 ,sa9ts did n e>n canonisation by ! numb] ( _! folios2 & if ! necessities ( ! times are n[ driv+ our be/ m5 out ( action into philosophy & v]se-mak+1 s mu* ! worse = !m & s mu* ! worse = ! _w4 ,! "o patt]n actor1 '! man ( ! _w1' is ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 n 9 ! lea/ a p]son1 z we are mo/ ( u at pres5t feel+1 ^: example ! _w desires to see foll[$4 ,mr4 ,em]son w\ld h done bett] if he _h kept to 8 own side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,he is pay+ 8 own c\ntrym5 b a poor complim5t by com+ exclusively to ,europe = 8 h]oes2 & he w\ld be do+ u 9 ,europe m real good by a great deal if he w\ld tell u some?+ ( ! backwoodsm5 9 ,k5tucky & ,ohio4 ,h[ev]1 to let t pass2 x is n our bus9ess "h to qu>rel ei!r ) him or 8 book2 & ! book /&s at ! head ( our article r because x pres5ts a v noticeable defici5cy ( :i* its writ] is ei!r unaw>e or c>eless4 ,^! six pr$icables1 z ! logician w\ld call !m1 :at are !y8 ,are !y ultimate g5]a refus+ to be classifi$ f>!r8 or is !re any o!r l>g] type ( greatness "u :i* !y fall8 ,9 ! naturali/'s catalogue1 poet1 sceptic1 & ! re/ w all be classifi$ z m5--man be+ an intelligible entity4 ,has ,mr4 ,em]son any simil> cle> idea ( great man or good man8 ,if s1 :]e is he8 :at is he8 ,x is desirable t we %\ld "k4 ,m5 w n get to heav5 because !y lie "u "o or o!r ( ^! pr$icables4 ,:at is t supreme type ( "* :i* is 9 itself good or great1 unqualifi$ ) any f>!r diff]5tia8 ,is !re any su*8 & if !re be1 :]e is ! repres5tative ( ?is8 ,x may be said t ! g5]ic man exi/s n[h]e 9 an ideal unity--t if consid]$ at all1 he mu/ be ab/ract$ f ! v>i\s sorts ( m51 black & :ite1 tame or savage4 ,s if we w\ld "k :at a great man or a good man means1 we mu/ look to "s specific l9e 9 :i* he is good1 & ab/ract our g5]al idea4 ,& t is v well1 provid$ we "k :at we are ab\t2 provid$ we und]/&1 9 our ab/ract+1 h[ to get ! ess5tial idea di/9ctly out be=e ourselves1 )\t entangl+ ourselves 9 ! accid5ts4 ,human excell5ce1 aft] all ! tea*+ ( ! la/ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 ought to be some?+ palpable by ?is "t4 ,x is ! "o ?+ :i* we are all taught to seek & to aim at =m+ 9 ourselves2 & if repres5tative m5 are good = any?+ at all1 x c only be1 n z !y repres5t m]ely curi\s comb9ations ( ph5om5a1 b z !y illu/rate u 9 a completely realis$ =m1 :at we are1 e s+le "o ( u1 equally int]e/$ 9 und]/&+4 ,x is n ! 'great man' z 'man ( ! _w' t we c>e =1 b ! 'man ( ! _w' z a 'great man'--:i* is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,hav+ to live 9 ?is _w1 h[ to live greatly "h is ! "q = u2 n1 h[1 be+ great1 we c ca/ our greatness 9 a worldly m\ld4 ,!re may be endless successful 'm5 ( ! _w' :o are mean or little en\gh all ! :ile2 & ! ,em]sonian attitude w confuse success ) greatness1 or turn our e?ics into a *aos ( absurdity4 ,s x is ) ev]y?+ :i* man und]takes & works 94 ,life has gr[n complicat$2 & = "o employm5t 9 old times !re are a hundr$ n[4 ,b x is n !y :i* are any?+1 b we4 ,we are ! end1 !y are b ! means1 ! mat]ial--l ! clay1 or ! m>ble1 or ! bronze 9 :i* ! sculptor c>ves 8 /atue4 ,! =m is ev]y?+2 & :at is ! =m8 ,f nurs]y to pulpit e tea*] r+s on ! "o note--be good1 be noble1 be m54 ,:at is goodness !n8 & :at is nobl5ess8 & :]e are ! examples8 ,we d n say t !re are none4 ,god =bid6 ,t is n :at we are mean+ at all4 ,if ! e>? _h ceas$ to be> m5 pleasant 9 ,god's sight1 x w\ld h pass$ away l ! cities 9 ! pla94 ,b :o are !y8 :i* are !y8 h[ are we to "k !m8 ,!y are our lead]s 9 ?is life campaign ( ours4 ,if we c\ld see !m1 we w\ld foll[ !m1 & save ourselves _m & _m a fall1 & _m an enemy :om we c\ld h avoid$1 if we _h kn[n ( him4 ,x _c be t ! ?+ is s simple1 :5 names ( highe/ reputation are wrangl$ ov]1 & su* poor c\nt]feits are mobb$ ) applaud+ foll[]s4 ,9 art & sci5ce we c detect ! *>latan1 b 9 life we d n recognise him s readily--we d n recognise ! *>latan1 & we d n recognise ! true man4 ,rajah ,brooke is alt]nately a h]o or a pirate2 & fifty ( ! be/ m5 among u are likely to h fifty op9ions on ! m]its ( ,elizabe? or ,cromwell4 ,b surely1 m5 say1 ! ?+ is simple4 ,! comm&m5ts are simple4 ,x is n t p d n "k1 b t !y w n act up to :at !y "k4 ,we he> a great deal ( ?is 9 s]mons1 & else:]e2 & ( c\rse1 z ev]ybody's exp]i5ce w tell him1 !re is a great deal too mu* reason :y we %\ld he> ( x4 ,b !re are two sorts ( duty1 positive & negative2 :at we ought to d1 & :at we ought n to d4 ,to ! latt] ( ^!1 consci5ce is pretty mu* awake2 b by cunn+ly conc5trat+ its att5tion on "o side ( ! matt]1 consci5ce has contriv$ to =get altoge!r t any o!r sort exi/s at all4 ',do+ wrong' is break+ a comm&m5t :i* =bids u to d "s p>ticul> ?+4 ,t is all ! notion :i* 9 common language is atta*$ to ! idea4 ,d n kill1 /eal1 lie1 swe>1 commit adult]y1 or break ! ,"l's day--^! are ! comm&m5ts2 v simple1 d\btless1 & easy to be kn[n4 ,b1 aft] all1 :at are !y8 ,!y are no m ?an ! v fir/ & rudim5tal conditions ( goodness4 ,ob$i5ce to ^! is n m ?an a small "p ( :at is requir$ ( u2 x is no m ?an ! f\ndation on :i* ! sup]/ructure ( "* is to be rais$4 ,to g ?r\gh life1 & plead at ! end ( x t we h n brok5 any ( ^! comm&m5ts1 is b :at ! unpr(itable s]vant did1 :o kept 8 tal5t c>efully unsp5t1 & yet 0 s5t to out] d>kness = 8 uselessness4 ,suppose ^! comm&m5ts obey$--:at !n8 ,x is b a small portion ( our "t :i*1 we w hope1 is sp5t 9 resi/+ temptation to break !m4 ,:at are we to d ) ! re/ ( x8 ,or suppose !m 7& ?is is a high /ep inde$7 resolv$ into love ( ,god & love ( our neighb\r4 ,suppose we "k t x is our duty to love our neighb\r z ourselves4 ,:at are we to d1 !n1 = our neighb\r1 besides ab/a9+ f do+ him injury8 ,! sa9ts knew v well :at !y 7 to d2 b our duties1 we suppose1 lie 9 a diff]5t direction2 & x does n appe> t we h f\nd !m4 ',we h duties s positive to our neighb\r1' says ,bi%op ,butl]1 't if we give m ( our "t & ( our att5tion to ourselves & our own matt]s ?an is our j due1 we are tak+ :at is n ours1 & are guilty ( fraud4' ,:at does ,bi%op ,butl] mean8 ,x is easy to answ] g5]ally4 ,9 detail1 x is n only difficult1 x is impossible to answ] at all4 ,! mod]n _w says--',m9d y\r own bus9ess1 & leave o!rs to take c>e ( !irs2' & :oev] among u aspires to m ?an ! negative ab/a9+ f wrong1 is left to 8 own guidance4 ,!re is no help = him1 no in/ruction1 no mod]n ideal :i* %all be to him :at ! h]oes 7 to ! "y ,greek or ,roman1 or ! m>tyrs to ! middle age ,*ri/ian4 ,!re is nei!r track nor footpr9t 9 ! c\rse :i* he w h to foll[1 :ile1 z 9 ! old fairy tale1 ! hillside :i* he is climb+ is /rew$ ) black /ones mock+ at him ) _! ?\s& voices4 ,we h no moral crit]ion1 no idea1 no c\nsels ( p]fection2 & surely ?is is ! reason :y education is s little prosp]\s ) u2 because ! only education wor? any?+ is ! education ( "*1 & we _c educate a "* unless we h "s notion ( :at we w\ld =m4 ,"y m51 z we "k1 are m easily l$ ?an driv54 ,x is a v old /ory t to =bid ?is & t 7s curi\s & contradictory is our nature7 is to /imulate a desire to d x4 ,b place be=e a boy a figure ( a noble man2 let ! circum/ances 9 :i* he has e>n$ 8 claim to be call$ noble be su* z ! boy himself sees r\nd himself2 let him see ?is man ris+ ov] 8 temptation1 & foll[+ life victori\sly & beautifully =w>d1 &1 dep5d on x1 y w k9dle 8 he>t z no ?reat ( puni%m5t "h or any:]e w k9dle x4 ,p compla9 ( ! sam5ess 9 ! ',lives ( ! ,sa9ts4' ,x is t v sam5ess :i* is ! secret ( _! excell5ce4 ,!re is a sam5ess 9 ! h]oes ( ! ',iliad2' !re is a sam5ess 9 ! hi/orical h]oes ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,a man is great z he cont5ds be/ ) ! circum/ances ( 8 age1 & ^? :o fight be/ ) ! same circum/ances1 ( c\rse gr[ l ea* o!r4 ,& s ) our own age--if we really c\ld h ! lives ( our be/ m5 writt5 = u 7& writt5 well1 by m5 :o knew :at to look =1 & :at x 0 on :i* !y %\ld insi/71 !y w\ld be j z l z ea* o!r too1 & w\ld = t reason be ( su* inf9ite usefulness4 ,!y w\ld n be l ! old ,ideals4 ,times are *ang$2 !y 7 "o ?+1 we h to be ano!r--_! enemies are n ours4 ,!re is a moral metempsy*osis 9 ! *ange ( era1 & probably no l9eam5t ( =m or feature rema9s id5tical2 yet surely n because less is dem&$ ( u--n less1 b m--m1 z we are aga9 & aga9 told on ,sundays f ! pulpits2 if ! prea*]s w\ld b tell u 9 :at t 'm' consi/s4 ,! l(tie/ tea*+ we ev] he> is1 t we are to "w 9 ! _s ( love2 b we are /ill left to g5]alities1 :ile action divides & divides into ev] small] details4 ,x is z if ! ,*ur* said to ! pa9t] or to ! musician :om %e 0 tra9+1 y mu/ "w 9 ! _s ( love & 9 ! _s ( tru?2 & !n add+1 t ! ,ca?olic pa9t+ or ! ,ca?olic music 0 :at he 0 n to imitate1 suppos$ t %e _h s5t him out into ! _w equipp$ fully = 8 ent]prise4 ,& :at comes ( ?is8 ,em]sonianism has come1 mod]n hagiology has come1 & ,a9swor? novels & ,bulw] novels1 & a ?\s& m unclean spirits4 ,we h ca/ out ! ,ca?olic devil1 & ! ,puritan has swept ! h\se & g>ni%$ x2 b z yet we d n see any symptoms %[+ ( a heal?y incom+ t5ant1 & !re may be worse /ates ?an ,ca?olicism4 ,if we want$ pro( ( ! utt] spiritual dis9tegration into :i* we h fall51 x w\ld be en\gh t we h no biographies4 ,we d n mean t we h no writt5 lives ( our fell[-creatures2 !re are en\gh & to sp>e4 ,b n any "o is !re 9 :i* ! ideal t5d5cies ( ?is age c be disc]n$ 9 _! true =m2 n "o1 or h>dly any "o1 :i* we c\ld place 9 a "y man's h&s1 ) su* w>m confid5ce z w\ld let u say ( x--',read t2 !re is a man--su* a man z y ought to be2 read x1 m$itate on x2 see :at he 01 & h[ he made himself :at he 01 & try & be y\rself l him4' ,?is1 z we saw lately1 is :at ,ca?olicism did4 ,x _h its "o broad type ( p]fection1 :i* 9 c\ntless ?\s&s ( in/ances 0 p]petually reproduc+ itself--a type ( "* n especially belong+ to any "o pr(ession2 x 0 a type to :i* prie/ & layman1 knight or bi%op1 k+ or peasant1 might equally aspire3 m5 ( all sorts aspir$ to x1 & m5 ( all sorts atta9$ to x2 & z fa/ z %e _h realis$ !m 7s to say71 ! ,*ur* took !m 9 h] arms1 & held !m up be=e ! _w z fre% & fre% examples ( victory ov] ! devil4 ,?is is :at t ,*ur* 0 able to d1 & x is :at we _c d2 & yet1 till we c le>n to d x1 no education :i* we c (f] has any *ance ( prosp]+4 ,p]fection is n easy2 x is ( all ?+s mo/ difficult2 difficult to "k & difficult to practise4 ,rules ( life w n d2 ev5 if our analysis ( life 9 all its possible =ms 7 z complete z x is 9 fact rudim5t>y1 !y w\ld /ill be ineffici5t4 ,! philosophy ( ! ?+ might be und]/ood1 b ! practice w\ld be z f> (f z ev]4 ,9 life1 z 9 art1 & z 9 me*anics1 ! only pr(itable tea*+ is ! tea*+ by example4 ,y\r ma!matician1 or y\r man ( sci5ce1 may disc\rse excell5tly on ! /eam eng9e1 yet he _c make "o2 he _c make a bolt or a screw4 ,! ma/] workman 9 ! eng9e-room does n tea* 8 appr5tice ! !ory ( expansion1 or ( atmosph]ic pressure2 he guides 8 h& ^u ! turncock1 he practises 8 eye ^u ! index1 & he leaves ! sci5ce to foll[ :5 ! practice has become me*anical4 ,s x is ) ev]y?+ :i* man le>ns to d2 & yet = ! art ( arts1 ! trade ( trades1 = life1 we cont5t ourselves ) tea*+ our *ildr5 ! cate*ism & ! comm&m5ts2 we prea* !m s]mons on ! good ( be+ good1 & ! evil ( be+ evil2 9 our high] education we advance to ! !ory ( habit & ! fre$om ( ! w2 & !n1 :5 failure foll[s failure1 ipsa exp]i5tia reclamante1 we hug ourselves ) a complac5t self-satisfi$ reflection t ! fault is n ours1 t all :i* m5 c\ld d we h done4 ,! fre$om ( ! w6--z if a blacksmi? w\ld ev] tea* a boy to make a horse%oe1 by tell+ him he c\ld make "o if he *ose4 ,9 sett+ out on our j\rney ?r\gh life1 we are l /rang]s set to f9d _! way across a difficult & entangl$ c\ntry4 ,x is n en\gh = u to "k t o!rs h set out z we set out1 t o!rs h fac$ ! lions 9 ! pa? & ov]come !m1 & h arriv$ at la/ at ! j\rney's end4 ,su* a k may give u he>t--b ! help x gives is no?+ beyond tea*+ u t ! difficulties are n insup]able4 ,x is ! track1 :i* ^! o!rs1 ^! pione]s ( godl9ess1 h beat5 91 t we cry to h %[n u2 n a my?ic ',pilgrim's ,progress1' b a real pa? trodd5 9 by real m54 ,"h is a crag1 & !re is b "o spot :]e x c be climb$2 "h is a morass or a riv]1 & !re is a bridge 9 "o place1 & a =d 9 ano!r4 ,!re are robb]s 9 ?is =e/1 & wild bea/s 9 t2 ! tracks cross & recross1 &1 z 9 ! old labyr9?1 only "o w br+ u "r4 ,! age ( ! sa9ts has pass$2 !y are no long] any s]vice to u2 we mu/ walk 9 _! _s1 b n along _! road2 & 9 ?is s5se we say1 t we h no patt]n great m51 no biographies1 no hi/ory1 :i* are ( real s]vice to u4 ,x is ! rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t "t1 z f> z we "k--a new ph5om5on s9ce hi/ory began to be writt52 "o m pro(1 if we want$ pro(1 t we are ent]+ on ano!r era4 ,9 our pres5t ef=ts at educat+1 we are l workm5 sett+ ab\t to make a ma*9e :i* !y "k is to be compos$ ( plates & jo9ts1 & :eels & screws & spr+s3--!y temp] _! spr+s1 & smoo? _! plates1 & c>ve out c>efully _! :eels & screws1 b hav+ no idea ( ! ma*9e 9 its comb9ation1 !y ei!r fa/5 !m toge!r at r&om1 & create "s mon/] ( disjo9t$ undirect$ =ce1 or else pile ! f9i%$ mat]ials into a heap toge!r1 & tru/ to "s organic _s 9 !mselves :i* w %ape !m into unity4 ,we d n "k :at we w\ld be at--make our *ildr5 into m51 says "o--b :at sort ( m58 ,! ,greeks 7 m51 s 7 ! ,jews1 s 7 ! ,romans1 s 7 ! old ,saxons1 ! ,normans1 ! ,duke ( ,alva's ,spani>ds1 & ,cromwell's ,puritans4 ,^! 7 all m51 & /rong m5 too2 yet all diff]5t1 & all diff]5tly tra9$4 ',into ,*ri/ian m51' say o!rs3 b ! sa9ts 7 ,*ri/ian m52 yet ! mod]n ,engli%m5 h be5 (f]$ ! sa9ts' biographies1 & h ) suffici5t cle>ness express$ _! op9ion ( !m4 ,alas6 9 all ?is confusion1 only ^? ke5-ey$ *ildr5 ( ?is _w f9d _! pr(it2 _! idea does n readily =sake !m4 ,9 _! sub/antial !ory ( life1 ! bus9ess ( man 9 x is to get on1 to ?rive1 to prosp]1 to h ri*es 9 possession4 ,!y w h _! little ones taught1 by ! law ( dem&1 :at w fet* its price 9 ! m>ket2 & ?is is cle>1 bold1 def9ite1 /raight=w>d--& !re=e x is /rong1 & works its way4 ,x works & w prevail = a "t2 = a "t--b n = ev]1 unless inde$ religion be all a dream1 & our airy notions ( ourselves a vision out ( :i* our wise age is ! long-wait$-= awak5+4 ,x w\ld be a we>y & odi\s bus9ess to foll[ out all ! causes :i* h comb9$ to br+ u into our pres5t /ate4 ,_m ( !m lie deep d[n 9 ! roots ( humanity1 & _m belong to t l>ge sy/em ( moral causation :i* works ?r\gh va/ masses ( mank9d--:i*1 impress+ peculi> & necess>y features on ! eras z !y succe$1 leaves individuals b a limit$ m>g9 )9 :i* !y may det]m9e :at !y w be4 ,"o cause1 h[ev]1 may be m5tion$1 :i* lies ne> ! surface1 & :i* = _m reasons x may be advantage\s to consid]4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x may seem sup]ficial & capti\s2 b we d n ?9k x w at ! second1 & /ill less at ! ?ird4 ,prote/antism1 & ev5 ,anglo-,prote/antism1 has n be5 )\t its great m54 ,9 _! fir/ fi]ce /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ^! cre$s gave bir? to ?\s&s ^: names may comm& any rank 9 hi/ory4 ,b alone ( all =ms ( religion1 pa/ or pres5t1 & we w add 7z we dev\tly hope71 to come 7= 9 h] pres5t =m1 at lea/1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& _c long rema971 ,prote/antism kn[s n :at to d ) h] own (fspr+2 %e is unable to give !m op5 & hon\rable recognition4 ,entangl$ 9 speculative !ories ( human depravity1 ( ! wor?lessness ( ! be/ :i* ! be/ m5 c d1 ,prote/antism is unable to say he>tily ( any "o1 ',"h is a good man to be lov$ & rememb]$ ) rev]5ce4' ,!re are no sa9ts 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,! ,engli% ,*ur* does n pret5d to sa9ts4 ,h] *ildr5 may live purely1 holily1 & beautifully1 b h] gratitude = !m mu/ be sil5t2 %e may n ?ank ,god = !m--%e may n hold !m up be=e h] congregation4 ,!y may or !y may n h be5 really good1 b %e may n commit h]self to attribut+ a sub/antial value to ! actions ( a nature s corrupt z t ( man4 ,among ,prote/ants1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is ! wor/1 = %e is n :olly ,prote/ant4 ,9 ! utt]ness ( ! self-abnegation ( ! g5u9e ,prote/ant !re is some?+ approa*+ ! h]oic4 ,b %e1 ambiti\s ( be+ ,ca?olic z well z ,prote/ant1 l t old ,*ur* ( evil memory :i* w\ld be nei!r hot nor cold1 w nei!r :olly ab&on m]it1 nor :olly claim x2 b halts on betwe5 two op9ions1 claim+ & disclaim+1 say+ & 9 ! next brea? aga9 unsay+4 ,! ,ox=d /ud5t be+ ask$ = ! doctr9e ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* on good works1 knew ! rocks & :irlpools among :i* an unw>y answ] might involve him1 & /e]+ midway betwe5 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 repli$1 ) laudable caution1 'a few ( !m w\ld n d a man any h>m4' ,x is sc>cely a c>icature ( ! prud5ce ( ! ,articles4 ,& s at la/ x has come to ?is ) u4 ,! soldi] c raise a column to 8 successful g5]al2 ! halls ( ! law c\rts are hung r\nd ) portraits ( ! erm9$ sages2 ,newton has 8 /atue1 & ,h>vey & ,watt1 9 ! academies ( ! sci5ces2 & ea* "y aspirant aft] fame1 ent]+ = ! fir/ "t ^u ! call+ :i* he has *os51 sees high excell5ce highly hon\r$2 sees ! high c>e]1 & sees its noble end+1 m>k$ out ea* /ep ( x 9 gold5 lett]s4 ,b ! ,*ur*'s aisles are desolate1 & desolate !y mu/ rema94 ,!re is no /atue = ! ,*ri/ian4 ,! empty ni*es />e out l holl[ eye-sockets f ! walls4 ,good m5 live 9 ! ,*ur* & die 9 h]1 ^: /ory writt5 out or told w\ld be ( ine/imable b5efit1 b %e may n write x4 ,%e may speak ( goodness1 b n ( ! good man2 z %e may speak ( s91 b may n c5sure ! s9n]4 ,h] position is critical2 ! ,diss5t]s w\ld lay hold ( x4 ,%e may n d x1 b %e w d :at %e c4 ,%e _c tol]ate an image inde$1 or a picture ( h] own rais+2 %e has no praise to utt] at h] *ildr5's graves1 :5 _! lives h witness$ to h] tea*+4 ,b if o!rs w be> ! exp5se & w risk ! s91 %e w (f] no objection4 ,h] walls are nak$4 ,! weal?y ones among h] congregation may adorn !m z !y please2 ! spl5d\r ( a dead man's memorial %all be1 n z 8 virtues 71 b z 8 purse2 & 8 epitaph may be brilliant accord+ z !re are means to pay = x4 ,!y manage ?+s bett] at ! museums & ! in/itutes4 ,let ?is pass1 h[ev]1 z ! wor/ case4 ,!re are o!r causes at "w besides ! neglect ( *ur*es2 ! neglect itself be+ z mu* a result z a cause4 ,!re is a common dead level ov] ! _w1 to :i* *ur*es & tea*]s1 h[ev] seem+ly opposite1 are alike condemn$4 ,z x is "h 9 ,engl&1 s x is ) ! ,am]ican ,em]son4 ,! fault is n 9 !m1 b 9 ! age ( :i* !y are no m ?an ! indicators4 ,we are pass+ out ( old =ms ( activity into o!rs new & on _! pres5t scale untri$2 & h[ to "w nobly 9 !m is ! "o problem = u all4 ,surius w n pr(it u1 nor ! ',mort d',ar?ur4' ,our call+ is nei!r to ! h]mitage nor to ! r\nd table4 ,our "w lies n[ 9 ^? peaceful occupations :i*1 9 ages call$ h]oic1 7 ?\ght unwor?y ( noble s\ls4 ,9 ^? x 0 ! slave :o till$ ! gr\nd1 & wove ! g>m5ts4 ,x 0 ! ignoble burgh] :o cov]$ ! sea ) 8 %ips1 & rais$ up factories & work%ops2 & h[ f> su* occupations influ5c$ ! "*1 h[ !y c\ld be made to m9i/] to l(t9ess ( he>t1 & high & beautiful life1 0 a "q :i* c\ld n occur :ile ! atmosph]e ( ! h]oic 0 on all sides believ$ s ali5 to !m4 ,times h *ang$4 ,! old h]o wor%ip has vani%$ ) ! ne$ ( x2 b no o!r has ris5 9 its /ead1 & )\t x we w&] 9 ! d>k4 ,! commonplaces ( morality1 ! negative comm&m5ts1 g5]al exhortations to goodness1 :ile nei!r speak] nor he>] c tell :at !y mean by goodness--^! are all :i* n[ rema9 to u2 & ?r[n into a life m complicat$ ?an any :i* ! e>? has yet exp]i5c$1 we are left to w9d our way ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( its details )\t any clue except our own in/9cts1 our own k1 our own hopes & desires4 ,we compla9 ( g5]alities2 we w n leave ourselves expos$ to ! same *>ge4 ,we w m5tion a few ( ! ?\s& in/ances 9 :i* we cry = guidance & f9d none2 in/ances on :i* ^? :o und]take to tea* u ought to h made up _! m9ds4 ,on ! surface at lea/ ( ! ,pray]-book1 !re seems to be some?+ left rema9+ ( ! ,ca?olic p5it5tial sy/em4 ,fa/+ is spok5 ( & ab/95ce1 & "s =m or o!r ( self-inflict$ self-d5ial is necess>ily meant4 ,?is ?+ c by no possibility be unimportant1 & we may well smile at ! exclusive claims ( a *ur* to ! cure ( our s\ls1 :o is unable to say :at %e ?9ks ab\t x4 ,let u ask h] liv+ int]pret]s !n1 & :at %all we get = an answ]8 ei!r no answ] at all1 or contradictory answ]s2 angrily1 viol5tly1 passionately1 contradictory4 ,among ! _m voices1 :at is a "y man to conclude8 ,he w conclude naturally accord+ to 8 incl9ation2 & if he *ooses "r1 x w mo/ likely be on a wrong motive4 ,aga91 c\rage is1 on all h&s1 consid]$ z an ess5tial ( high "*4 ,among all f9e p1 old & mod]n1 :]ev] we are able to get an insight into _! tra9+ sy/em1 we f9d x a ?+ p>ticul>ly att5d$ to4 ,! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! old ,p]sians1 our own nation till ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s1 :oev] ( mank9d h turn$ out good = any?+ any:]e1 knew v well1 t to exhort a boy to be brave )\t tra9+ him 9 x1 w\ld be l exhort+ a "y colt to submit to ! bridle )\t break+ him 94 ,/ep by /ep1 z he c\ld be> x1 ! boy 0 introduc$ to dang]1 till 8 pulse ceas$ to be agitat$1 & he became famili>is$ ) p]il z 8 natural elem5t4 ,x 0 a matt] ( c>efully consid]$1 ?or\ghly recognis$1 & organis$ education4 ,b c\rage n[adays is n a pay+ virtue4 ,c\rage does n help to make money1 & s we h ceas$ to c>e ab\t x2 & boys are left to educate "o ano!r by _! own semi-brutal in/9cts1 9 ?is1 :i* is p]haps ! mo/ important ( all features 9 ! human "*4 ,s*ools1 z f> z ! ma/]s are conc]n$ ) !m1 are places = tea*+ ,greek & ,lat9--t1 & no?+ m4 ,at ! univ]sities1 fox-hunt+ is1 p]haps1 ! only discipl9e ( ! k9d n[ to be f\nd1 & fox-hunt+1 by =bidd+ x & w9k+ at x1 ! au?orities h contriv$ to place on z demoralis+ a foot+ z +5uity c\ld devise4,,aa ,to pass f tra9+ to life4 ,a boy has done ) s*ool & college2 he has become a man1 & has to *oose 8 pr(ession4 ,x is ! "o mo/ s]i\s /ep :i* he has yet tak54 ,9 mo/ cases1 !re is no recall+ x4 ,he believes t he is pass+ ?r\gh life to et]nity2 t 8 *ance ( gett+ to heav5 dep5ds on :at use he makes ( 8 "t2 he prays e day t he may be deliv]$ f temptation2 x is 8 bus9ess to see t he does n ?r[ himself into x4 ,n[1 e "o ( ! _m pr(essions has a peculi> "* ( its own1 :i*1 ) r>e exceptions1 x inflicts on ^? :o foll[ x4 ,!re is ! %opkeep] type1 ! manufactur] type1 ! lawy] type1 ! m$ical type1 ! cl]ical type1 ! soldi]'s1 ! sailor's4 ,! nature ( a man is ,l ! dy]'s h&1 ,subdu$ to :at x works 92 & we c di/+ui% ) ease1 on ! slighte/ int]c\rse1 to :at class a gr[n p]son belongs4 ,x is to be se5 9 8 look1 9 8 words1 9 8 tone ( ?\ght1 8 voice1 ge/ure1 ev5 9 8 h&-writ+2 & 9 ev]y?+ :i* he does4 ,e human employm5t has its especial moral *>act]i/ic1 its peculi> temptations1 its peculi> influ5ces--( a subtle & n easily analys$ k9d1 & only to be se5 9 _! effects4 ,"h1 !re=e--"h1 if any:]e1 we want ,mr4 ,em]son ) 8 repres5tatives1 or ! ,*ur* ) h] advice & w>n+4 ,b1 9 fact1 :at attempt d we see to und]/& any ( ?is1 or ev5 to ackn[l$ge x2 to ma/] ! moral side ( ! pr(essions2 to tea* "y m5 ent]+ !m :at !y are to expect1 :at to avoid1 or :at to seek8 ,:]e are ! highe/ types--! patt]n lawy]1 & %opkeep]1 & m]*ant8 ,are !y all equally fav\rable to excell5ce ( "*8 ,d !y (f] equal opportunities8 ,:i* be/ suits ?is disposition1 & :i* suits t8 ,alas6 "* is little ?\ght ( 9 ! *oice4 ,x is r1 :i* %all ,i be/ succe$ 98 ,:]e %all ,i make mo/ money8 ,suppose an anxi\s boy to g = c\nsel to 8 spiritual "m2 to g to h]1 & ask h] to guide him4 ,%all ,i be a soldi]8 he says4 ,:at w %e tell him8 ,?is & no m--y may1 )\t s94 ,%all ,i be a lawy]1 m]*ant1 manufactur]1 tradesman1 eng9e]8 ,/ill ! same answ]4 ,b :i* is be/8 he dem&s4 ,we d n "k3 we d n "k4 ,!re is no guilt 9 ei!r2 y may take :i* y please1 provid$ y g to *ur* regul>ly1 & are hone/ & good4 ,if he is fooli% en\gh to p]si/ fur!r1 & ask1 9 :at goodness & hone/y consi/ 9 8 especial dep>tm5t 7:i*ev] he selects71 he w receive ! same answ]2 9 o!r words1 he w be told to give e man 8 due & be left to f9d out = himself 9 :at '8 due' consi/s4 ,x is l an arti/ tell+ 8 pupil to put ! lights & %ad[s 9 _! due places1 & leav+ x to ! pupil's +5uity to int]pret su* in/ructive directions4 ,"o m in/ance ( an obvi\sly practical k9d4 ,ma/]s1 few p w n[ d5y1 owe c]ta9 duties to _! workm5 beyond paym5t at ! competition price = _! lab\r1 & ! workm5 owe some?+ to _! ma/]s beyond mak+ _! own be/ b>ga94 ,c\rtesy1 on ! "o side1 & respect on ! o!r1 are at lea/ due2 & :]ev] human be+s are br\ght 9 contact1 a numb] ( reciprocal obligations at once necess>ily arise out ( ! conditions ( _! position4 ,x is ?is "q :i* at ! pres5t mom5t is convuls+ an entire bran* ( ,engli% trade4 ,x is ?is "q :i* has %ak5 ! ,cont95t l an e>?quake1 & yet x is "o :i*1 ! m x is ?\ght ab\t1 ! m cle>ly seems to refuse to admit ( be+ dealt ) by legislation4 ,x is a "q = ! ,gospel & n = ! law4 ,! duties are ( ! k9d :i* x is ! bus9ess1 n ( ! ,/ate1 b ( ! ,*ur*1 to look to4 ,:y is ! ,*ur* sil5t8 ,!re are duties2 let h] exam9e !m1 sift !m1 prove !m1 & !n po9t !m out4 ,:y n--:y n8 ,alas6 %e _c1 %e d>e n give (f5ce1 & !re=e mu/ f9d none4 ,x is to be fe>$ t we h a r\gh trial to pass ?r\gh1 be=e we f9d our way & und]/& our obligations4 ,yet f> (f we seem to see a "t :5 ! lives1 ! actions ( ! really great1 great good ma/]s1 great good l&lords1 great good work+ m51 w be laid out once m be=e _! sev]al ord]s1 laid out 9 ! "n ( ,god1 z once ! sa9ts' lives 72 & ! same s\nds %all be he>d 9 factory & 9 c\nt+-h\se z once s\nd$ ?r\gh abbey1 *apel1 & ca!dral aisle--',look at ^! m52 bless ,god = !m1 & foll[ !m4' ,& let no "o fe> t1 if su* happy "t 7 come1 x w\ld result 9 a tame & we>y sam5ess2 t ! beautiful v>iety ( individual =m w\ld be lo/1 drill$ away 9 regim5tal uni=mity4 ,ev5 if x 7 s1 x ne$ n be any ! worse = u2 we are n told to develope our individualities1 we are told to be> fruit4 ,! poor vagabond1 ) all 8 individualities ab\t him1 if by luck he falls into ! h&s ( ! recruit+ s]geant1 f9ds himself1 a ye> lat]1 ) 8 r$ coat & 8 twelve mon?s' tra9+1 n a little ! bett] = ! loss ( !m4 ,b su* s*ool+ z we h be5 speak+ ( w drill out only su* individualities z are ( ! unwor?y k9d1 & w ?r[ ! /r5g? ( ! nature into ! developm5t ( ! heal?ie/ features 9 x4 ,f> m1 z ?+s n[ are1 we see m5 s9k+ into sam5ess--an inorganic1 un:olesome sam5ess1 9 :i* ! high] nature is subdu$1 & ! man is sacrific$ to ! pr(ession4 ,! circum/ances ( 8 life are 8 _w2 & he s9ks "u !m1 he does n conqu] !m4 ,if he has to *oose betwe5 ! two1 ,god's uni=m is bett] ?an ! _w's4 ,! fir/ gives him fre$om2 ! second takes x f him4 ,only "h1 z 9 ev]y?+1 we mu/ und]/& ! nature ( ! elem5t 9 :i* we "w2 und]/& x2 und]/& ! laws ( x4 ,?r[ (f ! l[] laws2 ! selfi%1 debas+ influ5ces ( ! pr(ession2 obey ! high]2 foll[ love1 tru?fulness1 manl9ess2 foll[ ^! fir/1 & make ! pr(ession s]ve !m2 & t is fre$om2 !re is none else possible = man4 ,das ,gesetz soll nur uns ,freiheit geb52 & :atev] individuality is lo/ 9 ! process1 we may feel assur$ t ! devil has too mu* to d )1 to make u c>e to be rid ( x4 ,b h[ to arrive at ?is8 s easy z x is to sugge/ on pap]1 s easy to =etell 9 words4 ,raise ! level ( public op9ion1 we might say2 insi/ on a high] /&>d2 9 ! economi/'s language1 increase ! dem& = goodness1 & ! supply w foll[2 or1 at any rate1 m5 w d _! be/4 ,until we require m ( "o ano!r1 m w n be provid$4 ,b ?is is b to re/ate ! problem 9 o!r words4 ,h[ are we to t\* ! he>t2 h[ to awak5 ! desire8 ,we believe t ! good man1 ! great man1 :atev] he be1 pr9ce or peasant1 is really lovely2 t really & truly1 if we c only see him1 he m ?an any?+ w move u2 & at lea/1 we h a "r to dem& t ! artificial h9drances :i* prev5t our lift+ him above ! cr[d1 %all be swept away4 ,he 9 8 beautiful life is a ?\s& times m ,god's witness ?an any prea*] 9 a pulpit1 & 8 light mu/ n be conceal$ any m4 ,z we said1 :at lies 9 ! way ( our sacr$ recognition ( great m5 is m ?an any?+ else ! ,prote/ant doctr9e ( good works4 ,we d n =get :at x meant :5 ! _w fir/ he>d ( x4 ,x 0 a cry f ! v sanctu>y ( ! s\l1 fl++ (f & execrat+ ! accurs$ !ory ( m]its1 ! sick5+ p>ade ( r$undant sa9tly virtues1 :i* ! ,roman ,*ur* _h conv]t$ into /ock1 & disp5s$ = ! b5efit ( ! believ]s4 ,?is is n ! place to p\r out our nausea on s poor1 yet s dete/able a f>ce4 ,b x seems ) all human matt]s1 t z soon z spiritual tru?s are petrifi$ into doctr9es1 x is ano!r "n = _! dea?4 ,!y die1 corrupt1 & bre$ a pe/il5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( good works 0 hurl$ away by an in/9ct ( g5]\s feel+1 & ?is feel+ itself has aga9 become dead1 & a fre% disease has foll[$ ^u x4 ,nobody 7or1 at lea/1 nobody good = any?+7 w lay a claim to m]it = ?is or t good action :i* he may h done4 ,exactly 9 proportion z a man is really good1 w be ! eag]ness ) :i* he w refuse all cr$it = x2 he w cry out1 ) all 8 s\l1 ',n unto u--n unto u4' ,& yet1 practically1 we all "k & feel t betwe5 man & man !re is an inf9ite moral diff]5ce2 "o is good1 "o is bad1 ano!r hov]s betwe5 ! two2 ! :ole ( our conduct to ea* o!r is necess>ily gov]n$ by a recognition ( ?is fact1 j z x is 9 ! analog\s "q ( ! w4 ,ultimately1 we are no?+ ( ourselves2 we "k t we are b :at ,god has giv5 u grace to be--we did n make ourselves--we d n keep ourselves "h--we are b :at 9 ! et]nal ord] ( ,provid5ce we 7 design$ to be--exactly t & no?+ else2 & yet we treat ea* o!r z responsible2 we _c help x4 ,! mo/ rigid ,calv9i/ _c elim9ate 8 in/9cts2 8 loves & hatr$s seem r to deep5 9 int5sity ( col\r+ z1 logically1 8 cre$ %\ld lead him to conqu] !m z fooli%4 ,x is useless1 x is impossible1 to br+ d[n ^! cele/ial my/]ies ^u our e>?1 to try to see our way by !m1 or det]m9e our feel+s by !m2 m5 are good1 m5 are bad1 relatively to u & to our und]/&+s if y w1 b /ill really1 & s !y mu/ be treat$4 ,!re is no m mis*iev\s falsehood ?an to p]si/ 9 rail+ at man's nature1 z if x 7 all vile toge!r1 z if ! be/ & ! wor/ :i* comes ( x 7 9 ,god's sight equally )\t wor?4 ,^! d5unciations t5d too fatally to realise !mselves4 ,tell a man t no good :i* he c d is ( any value1 & dep5d ^u x he w take y at y\r ^w--mo/ especially w ! weal?y1 com=table1 luxuri\s man1 j ! man :o has mo/ means to d good1 & :om ( all ?+s x is mo/ necess>y to /imulate to x4 ,surely we %\ld n be afraid4 ,! in/9cts :i* ,god has plac$ 9 our he>ts are too mighty = u to be able to ext+ui% !m ) doctr9al sophi/ry4 ,we love ! good man1 we praise him1 we admire him--we _c help x2 & surely x is m]e c[>dice to %r9k f recognis+ x op5ly--?ankfully1 div9ely recognis+ x4 ,if true at all1 !re is no tru? 9 heav5 or e>? ( deep] practical importance to u2 & ,prote/antism mu/ h laps$ f its once g5]\s _s1 if x p]si/s 9 impos+ a dogma ( its own ^u our he>ts1 ! t\* ( :i* is fatal z ! t\* ( a torp$o to any high or noble endeav\rs aft] excell5ce4 ',drive out nature ) a =k1 %e ev] comes runn+ back2' & :ile we leave out ( consid]ation ! reality1 we are fill+ ! *asm ) inv5tions ( our own4 ,! only novels :i* are popul> among u are ^? :i* picture ! successful battles ( mod]n m5 & wom5 ) mod]n life1 :i* are imp]fect %ad[s ( ^? real battles :i* e read] has se5 9 "s =m or o!r1 or has long$ to see 9 8 own small sph]e4 ,x %[s :]e ! crav+ lies if we _h b ! c\rage to meet x2 :y ne$ we fall back on imag9ation to create :at ,god has creat$ ready = u8 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( human life1 9 ! m & ! less1 !re is always "o man :o is ! be/1 & "o type ( man :i* is ! be/1 liv+ & work+ 8 sil5t way to heav5 9 ! v middle ( u4 ,let u f9d ?is type !n--let u see :at x is :i* makes su* m5 ! be/1 & raise up _! excell5cies into an ackn[l$g$ & op5 /&>d1 ( :i* !y !mselves %all be ! liv+ witnesses4 ,is !re a l&lord :o is sp5d+ 8 money1 n on p9]ies & ho?\ses1 b on s*ools1 & wa%h\ses1 & dra9s1 :o is less int5t on ! magnific5ce ( 8 own gr& h\se1 ?an 9 provid+ cottages = 8 p :]e dec5cy is possible2 !n let u n pass him by ) a torpid wond] or a vani%+ emotion ( pleasure--r let u seize him & raise him up ^u a p9nacle1 t o!r l&lords may gaze ^u him1 if1 p]haps1 _! he>ts may prick !m2 & ! _w %all le>n f :at "o man has done :at !y h a "r to require t o!rs %all d4 ,s x might be ?r\gh ! ?\s& *annels ( life4 ,x %\ld n be s difficult2 ! ma*9]y is ready1 bo? to f9d y\r m5 & to use !m4 ,9 !ory1 at lea/1 e p>i% has its pa/or1 & ! /ate ( e s\l is or ought to be kn[n4 ,we "k n :at turn ?+s may take1 or :at sil5t *anges are ru%+ on bel[ u4 ,ev5 :ile ! pres5t organisation rema9s--b1 alas6 no--x is no use to urge a ,*ur* b\nd h& & foot 9 ,/ate %ackles to /ret* its limbs 9 any :olesome activity4 ,if ! tea*]s ( ! p really 7 ! wise/ & be/ & noble/ m5 among u1 ?is & a ?\s& o!r bless$ ?+s w\ld foll[ f x2 till !n let u be cont5t to "w & pray1 & lay our h& to ! :eel :]ev] we c f9d a spoke to grasp4 ,corruptio optimi e/ pessima2 ! national ,*ur* z x ought to be is ! s\l & consci5ce ( ! body politic1 b a man ^: body has ! direction ( 8 consci5ce we d n commonly consid] 9 ! mo/ hopeful moral condition4 ,,footnotes3 ,,aa ,writt5 #ahej4 ,,reyn>d ,,! ,,fox4,,ab ,"l ,macaulay1 9 8 ,essay on ,ma*iavelli1 prop\nds a s+ul> !ory4 ,decl9+ ! v>i\s solutions :i* h be5 (f]$ to expla9 h[ a man suppos$ to be s great c\ld h l5t 8 g5ius to ! doctr9e ( '! ,pr9ce1' he has advanc$ a hypo!sis ( 8 own1 :i* may or may n be true1 z an int]pretation ( ,ma*iavelli's "*1 b :i*1 z an exposition ( a univ]sal e?ical !ory1 is z que/ionable z :at x is br\ght =w>d to expla94 ,we w n %[ ,"l ,macaulay ! disrespect ( suppos+ t he has attempt$ an elaborate piece ( irony4 ,x is possible t he may h be5 ex]cis+ 8 g5ius ) a p>adox1 b ! subject is n ( ! sort 9 :i* we c pati5tly p]mit su* ex]cises4 ,x is h>d "w ) all ( u to keep ourselves /raight1 ev5 :5 we see ! road ) all pla9ness z x lies out be=e u2 & clev] m5 mu/ be good en\gh to f9d some?+ else to amuse !mselves )1 in/ead ( du/+ our eyes ) sophi/ry4 ,accord+ to ?is conception ( human nature1 ! bas5esses & ! excell5cies ( mank9d are no m ?an accid5ts ( circum/ance1 ! results ( national feel+ & national capabilities2 & cunn+ & trea*]y1 & ly+1 & su* o!r 'natural def5ces ( ! weak aga9/ ! /rong1' are 9 !mselves nei!r good nor bad1 except z ?9k+ makes !m s4 ,!y are ! virtues ( a weak p1 & !y w be z mu* admir$1 & are z ju/ly admirable2 !y are to ! full z compatible ) ! highe/ graces & mo/ l(ty features ( ! he>t & intellect z any ( ^? opposite s call$ h]oisms :i* we are g5]ally s un?9k+ z to all[ to monopolise ! "n4 ,cunn+ is ! only res\rce ( ! feeble2 & :y may we n feel = victori\s cunn+ z /rong a sympa?y z = ! bold1 d[nright1 op5 be>+ ( ! /rong8 ,t !re may be no mi/ake 9 ! essayi/'s mean+1 t he may drive ! nail home into ! ,engli% und]/&+1 he takes an illu/ration :i* %all be famili> to all ( u 9 ! *>act]s ( ,iago & ,o!llo4 ,to our nor!rn ?\ght1 ! free & noble nature ( ! ,moor is wreck$ ?r\gh a s+le infirmity1 by a fi5d 9 ! human =m4 ,to "o ( ,ma*iavelli's ,italians1 ,iago's ke5-edg$ intellect w\ld h appe>$ z admirable z ,o!llo's d>+ appe>s to u1 & ,o!llo himself little bett] ?an a fool & a savage4 ,x is b a *ange ( sc5e1 ( climate1 ( ! animal qualities ( ! frame1 & evil has become good1 & good has become evil4 ,n[1 our displeasure ) ,"l ,macaulay is1 n t he has advanc$ a novel & mis*iev\s !ory3 x 0 elaborat$ long ago 9 ! f9ely temp]$ dialectics ( ! ,s*ools ( ,rhetoric at ,a!ns2 & s long z su* a ph5om5on z a cultivat$ rogue rema9s possible among mank9d1 x w reappe> 9 all languages & "u any numb] ( philosophical disguises4 ,seldom or nev]1 h[ev]1 has x appe>$ ) s little attempt at disguise4 ,x has be5 left = que/ionable poets & noveli/s to idealise ! rascal g5us2 philosoph]s h escap$ into ! ambiguities ( g5]al propositions1 & we d n rememb] else:]e to h met ) a s]i\s e?ical ?9k] delib]ately lay+ two :ole organic *>act]s1 ) _! vices & virtues 9 full life & bloom1 side by side1 ask+ himself :i* is be/1 & answ]+ gravely t x is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,"l ,macaulay has be5 bold] ?an 8 pr$ecessors2 he has %runk f no conclusion1 & has look$ directly into ! v he>t ( ! matt]2 he has /ruck1 z we believe1 ! v l[e/ /one ( our e?ical convictions1 & decl>$ t ! f\ndation quakes "u x4 ,=1 ultimately1 h[ d we "k t "r is "r1 & wrong is wrong8 ,p 9 g5]al accept x on au?ority2 b au?ority itself mu/ repose on "s ult]ior basis2 & :at is t8 ,are we to say t 9 morals !re is a sy/em ( prim>y axioms1 out ( :i* we develope our conclusions1 & apply !m1 z !y are ne$$1 to life8 ,x does n appe> s4 ,! analogy ( morals is r ) art ?an ) geometry4 ,! grace ( heav5 gives u good m51 & gives u beautiful creations2 & we1 p]ceiv+ by ! in/9cts )9 ourselves t cele/ial pres5ce 9 ! objects on :i* we gaze1 f9d out = ourselves ! laws :i* make !m :at !y are1 n by comp>+ !m ) any antec$5t !ory1 b by c>eful analysis ( our own impressions1 by ask+ ourselves :at x is :i* we admire 9 !m1 & by call+ t good1 & call+ t beautiful4 ,s1 !n1 if admiration be ! fir/ fact--if ! s5se ( x be ! ultimate gr\nd on :i* ! aft] temple ( morality1 z a sy/em1 upraises itself--if we c be *all5g$ "h on our own gr\nd1 & fail to make x good1 :at we call ! life ( ! s\l becomes a dream ( a feeble en?usia/1 & we morali/s a m>k = ! sceptic's f+] to po9t at ) scorn4 ,bold & ably-urg$ argum5ts aga9/ our own convictions1 if !y d n confuse u1 w usually s5d u back ov] our gr\nd to re-exam9e ! /r5g? ( our positions3 & if we are hone/ ) ourselves1 we %all v (t5 f9d po9ts ( "s unc]ta9ty left ungu>d$1 ( :i* ! %[ ( ! /r5g? ( our enemy w oblige u to see bett] to ! def5ce4 ,x 0 n )\t "s %ame1 & mu* uneas9ess1 t1 :ile we 7 ourselves engag$ 9 ?is process1 full ( indignation ) ,"l ,macaulay1 we he>d a cle> voice r++ 9 our e>1 ',:o art ?\ t judge/ ano!r8' & w>n+ u ( ! pres5ce 9 our own he>t ( a sympa?y1 :i* we c\ld n 'd5y1' ) ! sadly que/ionable h]o ( ! ,g]man epic1 ',reyn>d ! ,fox4' ,) our vulp9e fri5d1 we 7 on ! edge ( ! v same abyss1 if1 inde$1 we 7 n roll+ 9 ! dep? ( x4 ,by :at sophi/ry c\ld we ju/ify ourselves1 if n by ! v same :i* we _h j be5 s eag]ly condemn+8 ,& our consci5ce :isp]$ to u t we _h be5 swift to detect a fault 9 ano!r1 because x 0 ! v fault to :i*1 9 our own he>t ( he>ts1 we _h a lat5t lean+4 ,0 x s inde$1 !n8 ,0 ,re9eke no bett] ?an ,iago8 ,0 ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t ! vates sac] :o _h sung ! exploits ( ,re9eke lov$ ! wick$ rascal1 & entangl$ u 9 lov+ him8 ,x 0 a "q to be ask$4 ,& yet we _h fai? en\gh 9 ! /raight-=w>dness ( our own sympa?ies to feel sure t x mu/ admit ( "s sort ( answ]4 ,&1 inde$1 we rapidly f\nd an answ] satisfactory en\gh to give u "t to brea!1 9 rememb]+ t ,re9eke1 ) all 8 rogu]y1 has no malice 9 him4 ,x is n 9 8 nature to hate2 he c\ld n d x if he tri$4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ,iago is t deep motiveless malignity :i* rejoices 9 evil z its prop] elem5t--:i* loves evil z good m5 love virtue4 ,9 calculations on ! "* ( ! ,moor1 ,iago despises ,o!llo's unsuspici\s tru/+ness z imbecility1 :ile he hates him z a man because 8 nature is ! p]petual opposite & p]petual reproa* ( 8 own4 ,n[1 ,re9eke w\ld n h hurt a creature1 n ev5 ,s*>f5ebbe1 ! cr['s wife1 :5 %e came to peck 8 eyes out1 if he _h n be5 hungry2 & t ,greek3 ga/ros anank1 t crav+ ( ! /oma*1 makes a diff]5ce q inf9ite4 ,x is true t1 l ,iago1 ,re9eke rejoices 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 intellect3 ! s5se ( 8 p[] & ! sci5tific employm5t ( 8 "t are a real delight to him2 b !n1 z we said1 he does n love evil = its own sake2 he is only some:at indiff]5t to x4 ,if ! o!r animals v5ture to take lib]ties ) him1 he w repay !m 9 _! own co91 & get 8 quiet laugh at !m at ! same "t2 b ! object g5]ally = :i* he lives is ! natural "o ( gett+ 8 bread = himself & 8 family2 &1 z ! great morali/ says1 ',x is bett] to be bad = some?+ ?an = no?+4' ,badness g5]ally is undesirable2 b badness 9 its ess5ce1 :i* may be call$ h]oic badness1 is gratuit\s4 ,b ?is fir/ ?\ght s]v$ m]ely to give u a mom5t>y relief f our al>m1 & we det]m9$ we w\ld sift ! matt] to ! bottom1 & no m expose ourselves to be tak5 at su* disadvantage4 ,we w5t aga9 to ! poem1 ) our eyes op51 & our moral s5se z ke5ly awake z a g5u9e wi% to und]/& our feel+s c\ld make x4 ,we det]m9$ t we w\ld really "k :at we did feel & :at we did n4 ,we w\ld n be lightly sc>$ away f our fri5d1 b nei!r w\ld we any m all[ our judgm5t to be talk$ d[n by t flu5t tongue ( 82 he %\ld h ju/ice f u1 he & 8 biograph]1 z f> z x lay ) u to disc]n ju/ice & to r5d] x4 ,& really on ?is delib]ate p]usal x did seem little less ?an impossible t we c\ld f9d any conceivable attribute illu/rat$ 9 ,re9eke's proce$+s :i* we c\ld d>e to ent] 9 our catalogue ( virtues1 & n blu% to read x !re4 ,:at s9 is !re 9 ! ,decalogue 9 :i* he has n /eep$ himself to ! lips8 ,to ! lips1 %all we say8 nay1 ov] head & e>s--roll+ & rollick+ 9 s94 ,murd]1 & !ft1 & adult]y2 sacrilege1 p]jury1 ly+--8 v life is made ( !m4 ,on he goes to ! end1 heap+ crime on crime1 & lie on lie1 & at la/1 :5 x seems t ju/ice1 :i* has be5 s long va9ly halt+ aft] him1 has him really 9 h] iron grasp1 !re is a solemn appeal to heav51 a *all5ge1 a battle ordeal1 9 :i*1 by means we may n v5ture ev5 to :isp]1 ! villa9 prosp]s1 & comes out glori\s1 victori\s1 amid/ ! applause ( a gaz+ _w4 ,to cr[n x all1 ! poet tells u t "u ! disguise ( ! animal "n & =m ! _w ( man is repres5t$1 & ! true c\rse ( x2 & ! idea ( ! book is1 t we :o read x may le>n !re9 to disc]n betwe5 good & evil1 & *oose ! fir/ & avoid ! la/4 ,x seem$ beyond ! p[] ( sophi/ry to :itewa% ,re9eke1 & ! int]e/ :i* /ill cont9u$ to cl+ to him seem$ too ne>ly to resemble ! unwisdom ( ! multitude1 ) :om success is ! "o virtue1 & failure ! only crime4 ,x appe>$1 too1 t al?\gh ! animal disguises 7 too transp>5t to endure a mom5t's reflection1 yet t !y 7 s gracefully worn t su* mom5t's reflection 0 n to be come at )\t an ef=t4 ,our imag9ation foll[+ ! co/ume1 did imp]ceptibly betray our judgm5t2 we admir$ ! human intellect1 ! ev] ready prompt sagacity & pres5ce ( m9d4 ,we delight$ 9 ! satire on ! fooli%nesses & gre$9esses ( our own fell[-creatures2 b 9 our reg>d = ! h]o we =got 8 humanity :]ev] x 0 8 int]e/ t we %\ld =get x1 & :ile we admir$ him z a man we judg$ him only z a fox4 ,we d\bt :e!r x w\ld h be5 possible1 if he _h be5 describ$ z an op5 ackn[l$g$ bip$ 9 coat & tr\s]s1 to h reta9$ our reg>d = him4 ,some?+ or o!r 9 u1 ei!r real rightm9d$ness1 or humbug1 or hypocrisy1 w\ld h oblig$ u to mix m c5sure ) our lik+ ?an mo/ ( u d 9 ! case z x /&s4 ,x may be t ! dress ( ! fox ?r[s u (f our gu>d1 & lets out a secret or two :i* we commonly conceal ev5 f ourselves4 ,:5 we h to pass an op9ion ^u bad p1 :o at ! same "t are clev] & attractive1 we say r :at we ?9k t we ought to feel ?an :at we feel 9 reality2 :ile ) ,re9eke1 be+ b an animal1 we =get to make ourselves up1 & = once our g5u9e ta/es %[ !mselves freely4 ,"s degree ( tru? !re und\bt$ly is 9 ?is4 ,b mak+ all all[ance = x--mak+ all & ov] all[ance = ! trick :i* is pass$ ^u our s5ses1 !re /ill rema9$ a feel+ unresolv$4 ,! poem 0 n solely ! apo!osis ( a rascal 9 :om we 7 betray$ into tak+ an int]e/2 & x 0 n a satire m]ely on ! _w1 & on ! m5 :om ! _w delight to hon\r4 ,!re 0 /ill some?+ :i* really des]v$ to be lik$ 9 ,re9eke1 & :at x 0 we _h z yet fail$ to discov]4 ',two are bett] ?an "o1' & we resolv$ 9 our difficulty to try :at our fri5ds might h to say ab\t x4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,wurtemburg animals at ! ,exhibition came =tunately apropos to our assi/ance3 a few ye>s ago x 0 r>e to f9d a p]son :o _h read ! ,fox ,epic2 & /ill m1 ( c\rse1 to f9d "o ^: judgm5t w\ld be wor? tak+ ab\t x4 ,b n[ ! *>m+ figures ( ,re9eke himself1 & ! ,lion ,k+1 & ,isegrim1 & ,bru91 & ,bellyn1 & ,h9tze1 & ,grimb>t1 _h set all ! _w ask+ :o & :at !y 71 & ! /ory began to get itself kn[n4 ,! old editions1 :i* _h long slept unb\nd 9 reams ^u ! %elves1 began to desc5d & clo! !mselves 9 gre5 & crimson4 ,mr4 ,dick5s s5t a summ>y ( x r\nd ! h\seholds ( ,engl&4 ,ev]ybody began to talk ( ,re9eke2 & n[1 at any rate1 we said to ourselves1 we %all see :e!r we are alone 9 our lik+--:e!r o!rs %>e 9 ?is /range sympa?y1 or :e!r x be "s unique & mon/r\s moral obliquity 9 ourselves4 ,we set to "w1 !re=e1 ) all e>ne/ness1 feel+ our way fir/ ) fe> & delicacy1 z consci\s ( our own del9qu5cy1 to ga!r judgm5ts :i* %\ld be wis] ?an our own1 & correct ourselves1 if x prov$ t we requir$ correction1 ) :atev] sev]ity might be necess>y4 ,! result ( ?is lab\r ( ours 0 n a little surpris+4 ,we f\nd t wom5 inv>iably1 ) t cle> moral in/9ct ( !irs1 at once utt]ly reprobat$ & dete/$ our poor ,reyn>d2 dete/$ ! h]o & dete/$ ! b>d :o sang ( him ) s mu* sympa?y2 :ile m5 we f\nd almo/ inv>iably feel+ j z we felt ourselves1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t we saw no trace ( uneas9ess 9 !m ab\t ! matt]4 ,x 0 no little com=t to u1 moreov]1 to f9d t ! exceptions 7 r among ! half-m51 ! w\ld-be extremely good1 b ^: goodness 0 ( t dead & passive k9d :i* spoke to b a small elevation ( ?\ght or activity2 :ile j 9 proportion z a man 0 /rong1 & real1 & en]getic1 0 8 ability to see good 9 ,re9eke4 ,x 0 really mo/ /range3 "o ne> fri5d ( ours--a man :o1 z f> z we knew 7& we knew him well71 _h nev] done a wrong ?+--:5 we v5tur$ to h9t some?+ ab\t rogu]y1 repli$1 ',y see1 he 0 su* a clev] rogue1 t he _h a "r4' ,ano!r1 :om we press$ m closely ) t trea*]\s cannibal fea/ at ,malep>tus1 on ! body ( poor ,lampe1 said (f-h& & ) mu* impati5ce ( su* que/ion+1 ',su* fell[s 7 made to be eat54' ,:at c\ld we d8 ,x _h come to ?is2--z 9 ! exub]ance ( our pleasure ) "s de> *ild1 no ord9>y epi!t w sometimes rea* to express ! vehem5ce ( our affection1 & borr[+ language out ( ! opposites1 we call him little rogue or little villa91 s "h1 rev]s+ ! t]ms ( ! analogy1 we be/[ ! fulness ( our reg>d on ,re9eke because ( t transc5d5tly successful rogu]y4 ,:5 we ask$ our fri5ds h[ !y came to feel z !y did1 !y _h little to say4 ,!y 7 n p]sons :o c\ld be suspect$ ( any lat5t disposition t[>ds evil-do+2 & yet ?\gh x appe>$ z if !y 7 fall+ "u ! description ( ^? unhappy ones :o1 if !y did n su* ?+s !mselves1 yet '_h pleasure 9 ^? :o did !m1' !y did n c>e to ju/ify !mselves4 ,! fact 0 s3 ,greek3 ar* to hoti3 x 0 a fact--:at c\ld we want m8 ,"s few attempt$ feebly to ma9ta9 t ! book 0 a satire4 ,b ?is only mov$ ! difficulty a s+le /ep2 = ! fact ( ! sympa?y rema9$ unimpair$1 & if x 0 a satire we 7 ourselves ! objects ( x4 ,o!rs urg$ :at we said above1 t ! /ory 0 only ( poor animals t1 accord+ to ,desc>tes1 n only _h no s\ls1 b sc>cely _h ev5 life 9 any orig9al & suffici5t s5se1 & !re=e we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves4 ,b "o ( two alt]natives x seem$ we 7 b\nd to *oose1 ei!r ( :i* 0 fatal to ! propos$ escape4 ,ei!r !re 0 a man hid+ "u ! fox's sk92 or else1 if real foxes h su* bra9s z ,re9eke 0 furni%$ )al1 no hone/ d\bt c\ld be ent]ta9$ t "s sort ( consci5ce 0 n =gott5 9 ! comp\nd+ ( him1 & he mu/ be held answ]able accord+ to 8 k4 ,:at w\ld ,mr4 ,c>lyle say ( x1 we ?\ght1 ) 8 might & "r8 ',! j ?+ 9 ! long run is ! /rong ?+4' ,b ,re9eke _h a long run out & came 9 w9n]4 ,does he only 'seem to succe$8' ,:o does succe$1 !n1 if he no m ?an seems8 ,! vulp9e intellect kn[s :]e ! geese live1 x is else:]e said2 b among ,re9eke's victims we d n rememb] "o goose1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( goose2 & z to geese metaphorical1 ! :ole visible _w lies d[n complac5tly at 8 feet4 ,nor does ,mr4 ,c>lyle's express$ language on ?is v poem s]ve any bett] to help u--nay1 x seems z if he feels uneasy 9 ! neighb\rhood ( s /rong a rascal1 s briefly he dismisses him4 ',worldly prud5ce is ! only virtue :i* is c]ta9 ( its rew>d4' ,nay1 b !re is m 9 x ?an t3 no worldly prud5ce w\ld comm& ! voices :i* h be5 giv5 9 to u = ,re9eke4 ,?ree only possibilities lay n[ be=e u3 ei!r we %\ld1 on se>*+1 f9d some?+ solid 9 ! ,fox's do+s to ju/ify success2 or else ! j ?+ 0 n always ! /rong ?+2 or x might be1 t su* v semblance ( success 0 itself ! mo/ mis]able failure2 t ! wick$ man :o 0 /ruck d[n & foil$1 & foil$ aga91 till he unle>nt 8 wick$ness1 or till he 0 disabl$ f any m attempt+ x1 0 bless$ 9 8 disappo9tm5t2 t to triumph 9 wick$ness1 & to cont9ue 9 x & to prosp] to ! end1 0 ! la/1 wor/ p5alty inflict$ by ! div9e v5geance4 ,greek3 ,h9' a?anatos adikos n--to g on ) inju/ice ?r\gh ?is _w & ?r\gh all et]nity1 uncleans$ by any purgatorial fire1 untaught by any unt[>d consequ5ce to op5 8 eyes & to see 9 its true accurs$ =m ! mis]able demon to :i* he has sold himself--?is1 ( all cata/rophes :i* c\ld befal an evil man1 0 ! deepe/1 l[e/1 & mo/ sav\r+ ( hell1 :i* ! pure/ ( ! ,grecian morali/s c\ld reason out = himself1--"u :i* ?ird hypo!sis _m an uneasy misgiv+ w\ld vani% away1 & ,mr4 ,c>lyle's broad aphorism might be accept$ by u ) ?ankfulness4 ,x appe>$1 !re=e1 at any rate1 to h to come to ?is--t if we want$ a solution = our sph9x enigma1 no ,o,edipus 0 likely to rise & f9d x = u2 & t if we want$ help1 we mu/ take x = ourselves4 ,?is only we f\nd1 t if we s9n$ 9 our reg>d = ! unwor?y animal1 we %>$ our s9 ) ! l>ge/ numb] ( our own sex2 com=t$ ) ! s5se ( good fell[%ip1 we w5t boldly to "w ^u our consci\sness2 & ! imp]fect analysis :i* we succe$$ 9 accompli%+1 we "h lay be=e y1 :oev] y may be1 :o h felt1 z we h felt1 a reg>d :i* 0 a moral di/urbance to y1 & :i* y w be pleas$ if we enable y to ju/ify-- ,si quid novi/i rectius i/is1 ,c&idus imp]ti2 si non1 8 utt]e mecum4 ,foll[+ ! clue :i* 0 ?ru/ into our h& by ! m>k$ diff]5ce ( ! feel+s ( m5 ^u ! subject1 f ^? ( wom51 we 7 at once satisfi$ t ,re9eke's goodness1 if he _h any1 mu/ lay r 9 ! active ?an ! passive dep>tm5t ( life4 ,! negative ob$i5ce to prohibitory precepts1 "u :i* wom5 are b\nd z well z m51 z 0 already too cle>1 we 7 oblig$ to surr5d] z hopeless4 ,b x seem$ z if1 ) respect to m5 ^: bus9ess is to d1 & to lab\r1 & to accompli%1 ?is negative te/ 0 a s]i\sly imp]fect "o2 & x 0 q z possible t a man :o unhappily _h brok5 _m prohibitions might yet exhibit positive excell5ces1 z t he might walk ?r\gh life pick+ 8 way ) ! utmo/ assiduity1 risk+ no?+ & do+ no?+1 n committ+ a s+le s91 b keep+ 8 tal5t c>efully wrapt up 9 a napk91 & get s5t1 9 ! end1 to out] d>kness = 8 pa9s1 z an unpr(itable s]vant4 ,& ?is appe>$ ! m important to u1 z x 0 v little dwelt ^u by religions or moral tea*]s3 at ! end ( six ?\s& ye>s1 ! popul> notion ( virtue1 z f> z x c\ld get itself express$1 _h n ris5 beyond ! m]e ab/95ce f c]ta9 specific bad actions4 ,! k+ ( ! bea/s =gives ,re9eke on acc\nt ( ! sub/antial s]vices :i* at v>i\s times he has r5d]$4 ,8 c\nsel 0 always ! wise/1 8 h& ! prompte/ 9 cases ( difficulty2 & all t dext]ity1 & polit5ess1 & c\rtesy1 & exquisite culture _h n be5 le>nt )\t an ef=t1 or )\t conqu]+ _m undesirable t5d5cies 9 himself4 ,m5 are n born ) any art 9 its p]fection1 & ,re9eke _h made himself valuable by 8 own sagacity & ex]tion4 ,n[1 on ! human /age1 a man :o has made himself valuable is c]ta9 to be valu$4 ,h[ev] we may pret5d to e/imate m5 accord+ to ! wrong ?+s :i* !y h done1 or ab/a9$ f do+1 we 9 fact foll[ ! example ( ,nobel1 ! k+ ( ! bea/s3 we give !m _! places among u accord+ to ! s]vice-abl5ess & capability :i* !y display4 ,we might m5tion n a few em95t public s]vants1 :om ! _w delights to hon\r--m9i/]s1 /atesm51 lawy]s1 m5 ( sci5ce1 arti/s1 poets1 soldi]s1 :o1 if !y 7 tri$ by ! negative te/1 w\ld %[ b a poor figure2 yet _! value is too real to be disp5s$ )2 & we tol]ate unque/ionable wrong to secure ! s]vices ( em95t ability4 ,! _w really does ?is1 & x always has really done x f ! beg9n+ ( ! human hi/ory2 & x is only indol5ce or c[>dice :i* has left our e?ical tea*+ halt+ s f> beh9d ! univ]sal & necess>y practice4 ,ev5 que/ionable prima donnas1 9 virtue ( _! sweet voices1 h _! praises hymn$ 9 draw+-room & newspap]1 & applause rolls ov] !m1 & gold & b\quets %[] on !m f lips & h&s :i*1 except = ^? said voices1 w\ld treat !m to a rud] rew>d4 ,9 real fact1 we take our places 9 ?is _w1 n accord+ to :at we are n1 b accord+ to :at we are4 ,8 ,hol9ess ,pope ,clem5t1 :5 8 audi5ce-room rang ) furi\s outcries = ju/ice on ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 :o1 z f> z half-a-doz5 murd]s c\ld =m a title1 0 z fair a c&idate = ! gall[s z ev] swung f t unlucky wood1 repli$1 ',all ?is is v well1 g5tlem53 ^! murd]s are bad ?+s1 we "k t4 ,b :]e am ,i to get ano!r ,b5v5uto if y hang ?is "o = me8' ,or1 to take an ackn[l$g$ h]o1 "o ( ! old ,greek sort1 ! !me ( ! song ( ! greate/ ( human poets1 :om x is less easy to refuse to admire ?an ev5 our fri5d ,re9eke4 ,take ,ulysses4 ,x _c be said t he kept 8 h&s f tak+ :at 0 n 81 or 8 tongue f speak+ :at 0 n true2 & if ,frau ,ermelyn _h to compla9 7z inde$ !re 0 too mu* reason = h] compla9+7 ( c]ta9 infirmities 9 h] good husb& ,re9eke1 ,p5elope1 too1 might h urg$ a ?+ or two1 if %e _h kn[n z mu* ab\t ! matt] z we "k1 :i* ! mod]n morali/ w\ld f9d x h>d to excuse4 ,aft] all is said1 ! capable man is ! man to be admir$4 ,! man :o tries & fails1 :at is ! use ( him8 ,we are 9 ?is _w to d some?+--n to fail 9 do+ x4 ,( y\r bungl]s--helpless1 ineffici5t p]sons1 'unfit alike = good or ill1' :o try "o ?+1 & fail because !y are n /rong en\gh1 & ano!r1 because !y h n en]gy en\gh1 & a ?ird1 because !y h no tal5t--inconsi/5t1 un/able1 & !re=e nev] to excel1 :at %all we say ( !m8 :at use is !re 9 !m8 :at hope is !re ( !m8 :at c we wi% = !m8 ,greek3 to mpot' e9ai pant' ari/on4 ,x 7 bett] = !m !y _h nev] be5 born4 ,to be able to d :at a man tries to d1 t is ! fir/ requisite2 & giv5 t1 we may hope all ?+s = him4 ',hell is pav$ ) good int5tions1'! prov]b says2 & ! enorm\s proportion ( bad successes 9 ?is life lie betwe5 ! desire & ! execution4 ,give u a man :o is able to d :at he settles t he desires to d1 & we h ! "o ?+ indisp5sable4 ,if he c succe$ do+ ill1 mu* m he c succe$ do+ well4 ,%[ him bett]1 &1 at any rate1 !re is a *ance t he w d bett]4 ,we are n conc]n$ "h ) ,b5v5uto or ) ,ulysses fur!r ?an to %[1 ?r\gh ! position :i* we all cons5t to give !m1 t !re is mu* unreality 9 our common moral talk1 aga9/ :i* we mu/ be on our gu>d4 ,& if we fl+ (f an old fri5d1 & take to affect+ a hatr$ ( him :i* we d n feel1 we h sc>cely ga9$ by ! ex*ange1 ev5 ?\gh orig9ally our fri5d%ip may h be5 misplac$4 ,capability no "o w d5y to ,re9eke4 ,t is ! v diff]5tia ( him4 ,an 'animal capable' w\ld be 8 suffici5t def9ition4 ,"h is ano!r v g5u9ely valuable feature ab\t him--8 wond]ful s+l5ess ( "*4 ,ly+1 trea*]\s1 cunn+ sc\ndrel z he is1 !re is a :olesome abs5ce ( humbug ab\t him4 ,*eat+ all ! _w1 he nev] *eats himself2 & :ile he is a hypocrite1 he is always a consci\s hypocrite--a =m ( "*1 h[ev] p>adoxical x may seem1 a great deal m accessible to good influ5ces ?an ! o!r ( ! unconsci\s sort4 ,ask ,re9eke = ! pr9ciples ( 8 life1 & if x suit$ 8 purpose to tell y1 he c\ld d s ) ! greate/ exactness4 ,!re w\ld be no discrepancy betwe5 ! pr(ession & ! practice4 ,he is mo/ truly s+le-m9d$1 & !re=e /able 9 8 ways1 & !re=e1 z ! _w goes1 & 9 ! _w's s5se1 successful4 ,:e!r really successful is a "q we d n c>e "h to ent] on2 b only to say ?is--t ( all unsuccessful m5 9 e s5se1 ei!r div9e1 or human1 or devili%1 !re is none equal to ,bunyan's ,mr4 ,fac+-bo?-ways--! fell[ ) "o eye on heav5 & "o on e>?--:o s9c]ely prea*es "o ?+1 & s9c]ely does ano!r2 & f ! int5sity ( 8 unreality is unable ei!r to see or feel ! contradiction4 ,s]v+ ,god ) 8 lips1 & ) ! half ( 8 m9d :i* is n b\nd up 9 ! _w1 & s]v+ ! devil ) 8 actions1 & ) ! o!r half1 he is sub/antially try+ to *eat bo? ,god & ! devil1 & is1 9 fact1 only *eat+ himself & 8 neighb\rs4 ,?is1 ( all *>act]s ^u ! e>?1 appe>s to u to be ! "o ( :om !re is no hope at all--a "* becom+1 9 ^! days1 al>m+ly abundant2 & ! abundance ( :i* makes u f9d ev5 9 a ,re9eke an inexpressible relief4 ,b :at we mo/ ?or\ghly value 9 him is 8 capacity4 ,he c d :at he sets to "w to d4 ,t bl9d in/9ct ) :i* ! _w %\ts & claps its h& = ! successful man1 is "o ( ^? lat5t impulses 9 u :i* are tru] ?an we "k2 x is ! univ]sal confessional to :i* ,nature leads u1 &1 9 h] intol]ance ( disguise & hypocrisy1 compels u to be our own accus]s4 ,:oev] c succe$ 9 a giv5 condition ( society1 c succe$ only 9 virtue ( fulfill+ ! t]ms :i* society exacts ( him2 & if he c fulfil !m triumphantly1 ( c\rse x rew>ds him & praises him4 ,he is :at ! re/ ( ! _w w\ld be1 if _! p[]s 7 equal to _! desires4 ,he has accompli%$ :at !y all are vaguely1 & ) imp]fect consi/5cy1 /ruggl+ to accompli%2 & ! "* ( ! conqu]or--! means & appliances by :i* he has climb$ up t great p9nacle on :i* he /&s victori\s1 ! obs]v$ ( all obs]v]s1 is no m ?an a v exact indicator ( ! am\nt ( real virtue 9 ! age1 out ( :i* he /&s prom95t4 ,we are =c$ to ackn[l$ge t x 0 n a v virtu\s age 9 :i* ,re9eke made himself a great man2 b t 0 ! fault ( ! age z mu* z ! fault ( him4 ,8 nature is to succe$ :]ev] he is4 ,if ! age _h requir$ some?+ else ( him1 !n he w\ld h be5 some?+ else4 ,:atev] x _h said to him1 ',d1 & ,i w make y my h]o1' t ,re9eke w\ld h done4 ,no appetite makes a slave ( him--no faculty refuses ob$i5ce to 8 w4 ,8 entire nature is "u p]fect organic control to ! "o supreme au?ority4 ,& ! "o object = :i* he lives1 & = :i*1 let 8 lot h be5 ca/ 9 :atev] c5tury x might1 he w\ld always h liv$1 is to rise1 to ?rive1 to prosp]1 & become great4 ,! _w z he f\nd x said to him--,prey ^u u2 we are y\r oy/]1 let y\r wit op5 u4 ,if y w only d x clev]ly--if y w take c>e t we %all n close ^u y\r f+]s 9 ! process1 y may dev\r u at y\r pleasure1 & we %all feel ourselves highly hon\r$4 ,c we wond] at a fox ( ,re9eke's abilities tak+ su* a _w at its ^w8 ,& let x n be suppos$ t society 9 ?is e>? ( ours is ev] s vici\sly put toge!r1 is ev] s totally )\t organic life1 t a rogue1 unr$eem$ by any m]it1 c prosp] 9 x4 ,!re is no /r5g? 9 rott5ness2 & :5 x comes to t1 society dies & falls 9 pieces4 ,success1 z x is call$1 ev5 worldly success1 is impossible1 )\t "s ex]cise ( :at is call$ moral virtue1 )\t "s portion ( x1 inf9itesimally small1 p]haps1 b /ill "s4 ,c\rage1 = in/ance1 /eady self-confid5ce1 self-tru/1 self-reliance--t only basis & f\ndation /one on :i* a /rong "* c re> itself--d we n see ?is 9 ,re9eke8 ,:ile he lives1 he lives = himself2 b if he comes to dy+1 he c die l 8 bett]s2 & 8 wit is n ( t eff]vesc5t sort :i* w fly away at ! sight ( dea? & leave him panic-/rick54 ,x is true !re is a mean+ to t ^w c\rage1 :i* 0 p]haps n to be f\nd 9 ! diction>y 9 :i* ,re9eke /udi$4 ',i hope ,i am afraid ( no?+1 ,trim1' said my uncle ,toby1 'except do+ a wrong ?+4' ,) ,re9eke !re 0 no 'except4' ,8 dige/ive p[]s %rank f no action1 good or bad1 :i* w\ld s]ve 8 turn4 ,yet x requir$ no slight measure ( c\rage to treat 8 fell[-creatures ) ! /eady disrespect ) :i* ,re9eke treats !m4 ,to walk along among !m1 reg>dless ( any int]e/ b 8 own2 out ( m]e wantonness to hook !m up l s _m cock-*af]s1 & sp9 !m = 8 pleasure2 n l ,domitian1 ) an imp]ial army to hold !m d[n dur+ ! op]ation1 b ) no o!r assi/ance b 8 own little body & l>ge wit2 x 0 some?+ to v5ture ^u4 ,& a _w :i* w\ld submit to be s treat$1 :at c\ld he d b despise8 ,to ! animals utt]ly bel[ ourselves1 ext]nal to our own species1 we hold ourselves b\nd by no law4 ,we say to !m1 vos non vobis1 )\t any uneasy misgiv+s4 ,we rob ! bees ( _! honey1 ! cattle ( _! lives1 ! horse & ! ass ( _! lib]ty4 ,we kill ! wild animals t !y may n int]f]e ) our pleasures2 & ackn[l$ge ourselves b\nd to !m by no t]ms except :at are dictat$ by our own conv5i5ce4 ,& :y %\ld ,re9eke h ackn[l$g$ an obligation any m ?an we1 to creatures s utt]ly bel[ himself8 ,he 0 s clev]1 z our fri5d said1 t he _h a "r4 ,t he c\ld treat !m s1 ,mr4 ,c>lyle w\ld say1 proves t he _h a "r4 ,b x is a mi/ake to say he is )\t a consci5ce4 ,no bold creature is ev] totally )\t "o4 ,ev5 ,iago %[s "s sort ( consci5ce4 ,respect+ no?+ else 9 heav5 or e>?1 he respects & ev5 rev]5ces 8 own intellect4 ,aft] "o ( ^? sweet int]views ) ,rod]igo1 81 :at we mu/ call consci5ce1 takes him to acc\nt = 8 company2 & he pleads to x 9 8 own ju/ification-- ,= ,i m9e own ga9$ k %\ld pr(ane ,7 ,i to wa/e myself ) su* a snipe ,b = my sport & pr(it4 ,re9eke1 if we take ! mass ( 8 misde$s1 prey$ *iefly1 l our own ,rob9 ,hood1 on rogues :o 7 great] rogues ?an himself4 ,if ,bru9 *ose to /eal ,ru/eviel's honey1 if ,h9tze trespass$ 9 ! prie/'s gran>y1 !y 7 b tak5 9 _! own evildo+s4 ,& :at is ,isegrim1 ! wor/ ( ,re9eke's victims1 b a great heavy1 /upid1 lawless brute8--fair type1 we w suppose1 ( n a few ,front-de-,boeufs & o!r s-call$ nobles ( ! poet's era1 ^: w to d mis*ief 0 happily limit$ by _! obtus5ess4 ,we rememb] t ,fr5* b>on--,gilb]t de ,retz1 we believe1 0 8 "n--:o1 l ,isegrim1 _h /udi$ at ! univ]sities1 & pass$ = le>n$1 ^: aft]-d9n] pa/ime = _m ye>s1 z x prov$ at la/1 0 to cut *ildr5's ?roats = ! pleasure ( wat*+ !m die4 ,we may well feel gratitude t a ,re9eke 0 provid$ to be ! sc\rge ( su* mon/]s z ^!2 & we h a ?or\gh pure1 exub]ant satisfaction 9 see+ ! intellect 9 t little weak body triumph ov] !m & trample !m d[n4 ,?is1 inde$1 ?is victory ( intellect ov] brute =ce1 is "o great secret ( our pleasure 9 ! poem1 & goes f>1 9 ! ,c>lyle direction1 to satisfy u t1 at any rate1 x is n giv5 to m]e base physical /r5g? to w9 9 ! battle ( life1 ev5 9 times :5 physical /r5g? is app>5tly ! only recognis$ p[]4 ,we are ins5sibly fall+ f our self-assum$ judicial (fice into t ( advocacy2 & slid+ into :at may be plausibly urg$1 r ?an /&+ fa/ on :at we c surely affirm4 ,yet !re are cases :5 x is fitt+ = ! judge to become ! advocate ( an undef5d$ prison]2 & advocacy is only plausible :5 a few words ( tru? are mix$ ) :at we say1 l ! few drops ( w9e :i* col\r & fa9tly flav\r ! l>ge draught ( wat]4 ,su* few gra9s or drops1 :atev] !y may be1 we mu/ leave to ! k9dness ( ,reyn>d's fri5ds to di/il = him1 :ile we cont9ue a little long] 9 ! same /ra94 ,aft] all1 x may be said1 :at is x 9 man's nature :i* is really admirable8 ,x is idle = u to wa/e our lab\r 9 pass+ ,re9eke ?r\gh ! moral crucible unless we %all recognise ! results :5 we obta9 !m2 & 9 ^! moral sci5ces our analytical te/s c only be obta9$ by a /udy ( our own int]nal exp]i5ce4 ,if we desire to "k :at we admire 9 ,re9eke1 we mu/ look = :at we admire 9 ourselves4 ,& :at is t8 ,is x :at on ,sundays1 & on set occasions1 & :5 we are m\nt$ on our moral /ilts1 we are pleas$ to call goodness1 probity1 ob$i5ce1 humility8 ,is x8 ,is x really8 ,is x n r ! face & =m :i* ,nature made--! /r5g? :i* is ours1 we "k n h[--our tal5ts1 our rank1 our possessions8 ,x appe>s to u t we mo/ value 9 ourselves & mo/ admire 9 our neighb\r1 n acquisitions1 b gifts4 ,a man does n praise himself = be+ good4 ,if he praise himself he is n good4 ,! fir/ condition ( goodness is =getfulness ( self2 & :]e self has ent]$1 "u h[ev] plausible a =m1 ! heal? is b sk9-deep1 & und]nea? !re is corruption4 ,& s ?r\gh ev]y?+2 we value1 we are va9 (1 pr\d (1 or :atev] y please to call x1 n :at we h done = ourselves1 b :at has be5 done = u--:at has be5 giv5 to u by ! upp] p[]s4 ,we look up to high-born m51 to weal?y m51 to =tunate m51 to clev] m54 ,is x n s8 ,:om d we *oose = ! c\nty memb]1 ! magi/rate1 ! (fic]1 ! m9i/]8 ,! good man we leave to ! humble enjoym5t ( 8 goodness1 & we look out = ! able or ! weal?y4 ,& aga9 ( ! weal?y1 z if on e side to witness to ! same univ]sal law1 ! man :o ) no lab\r ( 8 own has inh]it$ a =tune1 ranks high] 9 ! _w's e/eem ?an 8 fa!r :o made x4 ,we take rank by desc5t4 ,su* ( u z h ! longe/ p$igree1 & are !re=e ! f>!/ remov$ f ! fir/ :o made ! =tune & f\nd$ ! family1 we are ! noble/4 ,! ne>] to ! f\nta91 ! f\l] ! /ream2 & t fir/ ance/or1 :o has soil$ 8 f+]s by lab\r1 is no bett] ?an a p>v5u4 ,& z x is ) :at we value1 s x is ) :at we blame4 ,x is an old /ory1 t !re is no "o :o w\ld n 9 8 he>t pref] be+ a knave to be+ a fool2 & :5 we fail 9 a piece ( attempt$ rogu]y1 z ,col]idge has wisely obs]v$1 ?\gh reason+ unwisely f x1 we lay ! blame1 n on our own moral nature1 = :i* we are responsible1 b on our intellectual1 = :i* we are n responsible4 ,we d n say :at knaves1 we say :at fools1 we h be52 p]plex+ ,col]idge1 :o reg>ds x z a ph5om5on ( "s deep moral disord]2 :]eas x is b "o m evid5ce ( ! univ]sal fact t gifts are ! true & prop] object ( appreciation2 & z we admire m5 = possess+ gifts1 s we blame !m = _! abs5ce4 ,! noble man is ! gift$ man2 ! ignoble is ! ungift$2 & !re=e we h only to /ate a simple law 9 simple language to h a full solution ( ! enigma ( ,re9eke4 ,he has gifts en\gh3 ( t1 at lea/1 !re c be no d\bt2 & if he lacks ! gift to use !m 9 ! way :i* we call good1 at lea/ he uses !m successfully4 ,8 victims are less gift$ ?an he1 & !re=e less noble2 & !re=e he has a "r to use !m z he pleases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,&1 aft] all1 :at are ^! victims8 ,among ! heavie/ *>ges :i* 7 urg$ aga9/ him 0 ! kill+ & eat+ ( t wret*$ ,s*>f5ebbe--,%>pbeak--! cr['s wife4 ,x is well t !re are two sides to e /ory4 ,a poor we>y fox1 x seem$1 0 n to be all[$ to enjoy a quiet sleep 9 ! sun%9e b :at an unclean c>rion bird mu/ come d[n & take a peck at him4 ,we c feel no sympa?y ) ! outcries ( ! cr[ husb& ov] ! fate ( ! un=tunate ,%>pbeak4 ,w(ully1 he says1 he flew ov] ! place :]e1 a few mom5ts be=e1 9 ! glory ( glossy plumage1 a lov+ wife sate croak+ out h] passion = him1 & f\nd no?+--no?+ b a little blood & a few torn fea!rs--all else clean gone & utt]ly aboli%$4 ,well1 & if x 0 s1 x 0 a blank prospect = him1 b ! e>? 0 well rid ( h]2 & = h]self1 x 0 a high] fate to be assimilat$ into ! body ( ,re9eke ?an to rema9 9 a mis]able individuality to be a lay] ( c>rion cr[s' eggs4 ,& !n = ,bellyn1 & = ,bru91 & = ,h9tze1 & ! re/1 :o w\ld ne$s be m$dl+ ) :at 0 no conc]n ( !irs--:at is !re 9 !m to *all5ge ei!r regret or pity8 ,!y made love to _! occupation4 ',tis dang]\s :5 ! bas] nature falls ,betwe5 ! pass & fell inc5s$ po9ts ,( mighty opposites3 ,!y lie n ne> our consci5ce4 ,ah6 if !y 7 all4 ,b !re is "o misde$1 "o :i* outweighs all o!rs :atsoev]--a crime :i* x is useless to palliate1 let our o!r fri5d say :at he pleas$2 & ,re9eke himself felt x s4 ,x sate heavy1 = him1 on 8 s\l1 & alone ( all ! actions ( 8 life we are c]ta9 t he wi%$ x undone--! dea? & eat+ ( t poor fooli% ,lampe1 ! h>e4 ,x 0 a paltry rev5ge 9 ,re9eke4 ,lampe _h told tales ( him2 he _h compla9$ t ,re9eke1 "u pret5ce ( tea*+ him 8 ,cate*ism1 _h seiz$ him & tri$ to murd] him2 & ?\gh he provok$ 8 fate by ?ru/+ himself1 aft] su* a w>n+1 into ! jaws ( ,malep>tus1 ,re9eke betrays an uneas9ess ab\t x 9 confession2 &1 unlike himself1 feels x necess>y to make "s sort ( an excuse4 ,grimb>t1 ! badg]1 ,re9eke's fa!r confessor1 _h be5 oblig$ to speak sev]ely ( ! s]i\sness ( ! (f5ce4 ',y see1' ,re9eke answ]s3-- ,to help oneself out ?r\gh ! _w is a que] sort ( bus9ess3 "o c n ,keep1 y "k1 q altoge!r z pure z "o c 9 ! cloi/]4 ,:5 we are h&l+ honey we n[ & !n lick at our f+]s4 ,lampe sorely provok$ me2 he frisk$ ab\t ?is way & t way1 ,up & d[n1 "u my eyes1 & he look$ s fat & s jolly1 ,really ,i c\ld n resi/ x4 ,i entirely =got h[ ,i lov$ him4 ,& !n he 0 s /upid4 ,b ev5 ?is ackn[l$gm5t does n satisfy ,re9eke4 ,8 m9d is evid5tly s(t5$1 & x 0 on t occasion t he p\r$ out 8 pa!tic lam5tation ov] ! sad condition ( ! _w--s flu5t1 s musical1 s t\*+1 t ,grimb>t li/5$ ) wide eyes1 unable1 till x _h run to ! l5g? ( a s]mon1 to collect himself4 ,x is true t at la/ 8 (fice z gho/ly fa!r oblig$ him to put 9 a slight demurr]3-- ,uncle1 ! badg] repli$1 :y ^! are ! s9s ( y\r neighb\rs2 ,y\rs1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 7 suffici5t1 & r m n[ to ! purpose4 ,b he sighs to ?9k :at a bi%op ,re9eke w\ld h made4 ,& n[1 = ! pres5t1 f>ewell to ,re9eke ,fu*s1 & to ! song 9 :i* 8 glory is en%r9$--! ,welt ,bibel1 ,bible ( ?is _w1 z ,goe! call$ x1 ! mo/ exquisite moral satire1 z we w call x1 :i* has ev] be5 compos$4 ,x is n address$ to a pass+ mode ( folly or ( pr(ligacy1 b x t\*es ! p]5nial nature ( mank9d1 lay+ b>e our own sympa?ies1 & ta/es1 & weaknesses1 ) z ke5 & true an edge z :5 ! liv+ _w ( ! old ,swabian poet w9c$ "u its e>lie/ utt]ance4 ,humor\s 9 ! high pure s5se1 e laugh :i* x gives may h its e*o 9 a sigh1 or may glide into x z excitem5t subsides into ?\ght2 & yet1 = ^? :o d n c>e to f9d matt] !re ei!r = ?\ght or sadness1 may rema9 innoc5tly z a laugh4 ,too /rong = rail+1 too k9dly & lov+ = ! bitt]ness ( irony1 ! poem is1 z ! _w itself1 a book :]e ea* man w f9d :at 8 nature enables him to see1 :i* gives u back ea* our own image1 & tea*es u ea* ! lesson :i* ea* ( u desires to le>n4 ,,footnotes3 ,,ab ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 #aheb4 ,,! ,,cat',s ,,pilgrimage4 #ahej4 ,,"p ,i4 ',x is all v f9e1' said ! ,cat1 yawn+1 & /ret*+ h]self aga9/ ! f5d]1 'b x is r a bore2 ,i don't see ! use ( x4' ,%e rais$ h]self1 & arrang+ h] tail into a r+1 & seat+ h]self 9 ! middle ( x1 ) h] =e paws 9 a /raight l9e f h] %\ld]s1 at "r angles to ! he>?-rug1 %e look$ p5sively at ! fire4 ',x is v odd1' %e w5t on1 '!re is my poor ,tom2 he is gone4 ,i saw him /ret*$ out 9 ! y>d4 ,i spoke to him1 & he took no notice ( me4 ,he won't1 ,i suppose1 ev] any m1 = !y put him "u ! e>?4 ,nice fell[ he 04 ,x is wond]ful h[ little "o c>es ab\t x4 ,s _m jolly ev5+s we sp5t toge!r2 & n[ ,i seem to get on q z well )\t him4 ,i wond] :at has become ( him2 & my la/ *ildr51 too1 :at has become ( !m8 ,:at are we "h =8 ,i w\ld ask ! m51 only !y are s conceit$ & /upid !y c't und]/& :at we say4 ,i he> !m dron+ away1 tea*+ _! little ones e day2 tell+ !m to be good1 & to d :at !y are bid1 & all t4 ,nobody ev] tells me to d any?+2 if !y d ,i don't d x1 & ,i am v good4 ,i wond] :e!r ,i %\ld be any bett] if ,i m9d$ m4 ,i'll ask ! ,dog4' ',dog1' said %e1 to a little fat spaniel coil$ up on a mat l a lady's muff ) a head & tail /uck on to x1 ',dog1 :at d y make ( x all8' ,! ,dog fa9tly op5$ 8 languid eyes1 look$ sleepily at ! ,cat = a mom5t1 & dropp$ !m aga94 ',dog1' %e said1 ',i want to talk to y2 don't g to sleep4 ,c't y answ] a civil "q8' ',don't bo!r me1' said ! ,dog1 ',i am tir$4 ,i /ood on my h9d legs t5 m9utes ?is morn+ be=e ,i c\ld get my breakfa/1 & x hasn't agre$ ) me4' ',:o told y to d x8' said ! ,cat4 ',:y1 ! lady ,i h to take c>e ( me1' repli$ ! ,dog4 ',d y feel any bett] = x1 ,dog1 aft] y h be5 /&+ on y\r legs8' ask$ %e4 ',hav'n't ,i told y1 y /upid ,cat1 t x hasn't agre$ ) me2 let me g to sleep & don't plague me4' ',b ,i mean1' p]si/$ ! ,cat1 'd y feel improv$1 z ! m5 call x8 ,!y tell _! *ildr5 t if !y d :at !y are told !y w improve1 & gr[ good & great4 ,d y feel good & great8' ',:at d ,i "k8' said ! ,dog4 ',i eat my breakfa/ & am happy4 ,let me alone4' ',d y nev] ?9k1 oh ,dog )\t a s\l6 ,d y nev] wond] :at dogs are1 & :at ?is _w is8' ,! ,dog /ret*$ himself1 & roll$ 8 eyes lazily r\nd ! room4 ',i conceive1' he said1 't ! _w is = dogs1 & m5 & wom5 are put into x to take c>e ( dogs2 wom5 to take c>e ( little dogs l me1 & m5 = ! big dogs l ^? 9 ! y>d--& cats1' he cont9u$1 'are to "k _! place1 & n to be tr\blesome4' ',!y beat y sometimes1' said ! ,cat4 ',:y d !y d t8 ,!y nev] beat me4' ',if !y =get _! places1 & beat me1' sn>l$ ! ,dog1 ',i bite !m1 & !y don't d x aga94 ,i %\ld l to bite y1 too1 y na/y ,cat2 y h woke me up4' ',!re may be tru? 9 :at y say1' said ! ,cat1 calmly2 'b ,i ?9k y\r view is limit$4 ,if y li/5$ l me y w\ld he> ! m5 say x 0 all made = !m1 & y & ,i 7 made to amuse !m4' ',!y don't d>e to say s1' said ! ,dog4 ',!y d1 inde$1' said ! ,cat4 ',i he> _m ?+s :i* y lose by sleep+ s mu*4 ,!y ?9k ,i am asleep1 & s !y are n afraid to talk be=e me2 b my e>s are op5 :5 my eyes are %ut4' ',y surprise me1' said ! ,dog4 ',i nev] li/5 to !m1 except :5 ,i take notice ( !m1 & !n !y nev] talk ( any?+ except ( me4' ',i c\ld tell y a ?+ or two ab\t y\rself :i* y don't "k1' said ! ,cat4 ',y h nev] he>d1 ,i d>e say1 t once ^u a "t y\r fa!rs liv$ 9 a temple1 & t p pray$ to !m4' ',pray$6 :at is t8' ',:y1 !y w5t on _! knees to y to ask y to give !m good ?+s1 j z y /& on y\r toes to !m n[ to ask = y\r breakfa/4 ,y don't "k ei!r t y h got "o ( ^? bright ?+s we see up 9 ! air at night call$ aft] y4' ',well1 x is j :at ,i said1' answ]$ ! ,dog4 ',i told y x 0 all made = u4 ,!y nev] did any?+ ( t sort = y8' ',didn't !y8 ,:y1 !re 0 a :ole city :]e ! p did no?+ else1 & z soon z we got /iff & c\ldn't move ab\t any m1 in/ead ( be+ put "u ! gr\nd l poor ,tom1 we us$ to be /uff$ full ( all sorts ( nice ?+s1 & kept bett] ?an we 7 :5 we 7 alive4' ',y are a v wise ,cat1' answ]$ h] companion2 'b :at good is x kn[+ all ?is8' ',:y1 don't y see1' said %e1 '!y don't d x any m4 ,we are go+ d[n 9 ! _w1 we are1 & t is :y liv+ on 9 ?is way is su* an unsatisfactory sort ( ?+4 ,i don't mean to compla9 = myself1 & y ne$n't1 ,dog2 we h a quiet life ( x2 b a quiet life is n ! ?+1 & if !re is no?+ to be done except sleep & eat1 & eat & sleep1 :y1 z ,i said be=e1 ,i don't see ! use ( x4 ,!re is some?+ m 9 x ?an t2 !re 0 once1 & !re w be aga91 & ,i %a'n't be happy till ,i f9d x out4 ,x is a %ame1 ,dog1 ,i say4 ,! m5 h be5 "h only a few ?\s& ye>s1 & we--:y1 we h be5 "h hundr$s ( ?\s&s2 if we are old]1 we ought to be wis]4 ,i'll g & ask ! creatures 9 ! wood4' ',y'll le>n m f ! m51' said ! ,dog4 ',!y are /upid1 & !y don't "k :at ,i say to !m2 besides1 !y are s conceit$ !y c>e = no?+ except !mselves4 ,no1 ,i %all try :at ,i c d 9 ! woods4 ,i'd z soon g aft] poor ,tom z /ay liv+ any long] l ?is4' ',& :]e is poor ,tom8' yawn$ ! ,dog4 ',t is j "o ( ! ?+s ,i want to "k1' answ]$ %e4 ',poor ,tom is ly+ "u ! y>d1 or ! sk9 ( him1 b :e!r t is ! :ole ,i don't feel s sure4 ,!y didn't ?9k s 9 ! city ,i told y ab\t4 ,x is a beautiful day1 ,dog2 y won't take a trot out ) me8' %e add$1 wi/fully4 ',:o8 ,i' said ! ,dog4 ',n q4' ',y may get s wise1' said %e4 ',wisdom is good1' said ! ,dog2 'b s is ! he>?-rug1 ?ank y6' ',b y may be free1' said %e4 ',i %all h to hunt = my own d9n]1' said he4 ',b1 ,dog1 !y may pray to y aga91' said %e4 ',b ,i %a'n't h a s(t] mat to sleep ^u1 ,cat1 & z ,i am r delicate1 t is a consid]ation4' ,,"p ,,ii4 ,s ! ,dog w\ldn't g1 & ! ,cat set (f by h]self to le>n h[ to be happy1 & to be all t a ,cat c\ld be4 ,x 0 a f9e sunny morn+4 ,%e det]m9$ to try ! mead[ fir/1 &1 aft] an h\r or two1 if %e _h n succe$$1 !n to g (f to ! wood4 ,a ,blackbird 0 pip+ away on a ?ornbu% z if 8 he>t 0 runn+ ov] ) happ9ess4 ,! ,cat _h breakfa/$1 & s 0 able to li/5 )\t any mixture ( feel+4 ,%e didn't sneak4 ,%e walk$ boldly up "u ! bu%1 & ! bird1 see+ %e _h no bad purpose1 sate /ill & sung on4 ',good morn+1 ,blackbird2 y seem to be enjoy+ y\rself ?is f9e day4' ',good morn+1 ,cat4' ',blackbird1 x is an odd "q1 p]haps4 ,:at ought "o to d to be z happy z y8' ',d y\r duty1 ,cat4' ',b :at is my duty1 ,blackbird8' ',take c>e ( y\r little ones1 ,cat4' ',i hav'n't any1' said %e4 ',!n s+ to y\r mate1' said ! bird4 ',tom is dead1' said %e4 ',poor ,cat6' said ! bird4 ',!n s+ ov] 8 grave4 ,if y\r song is sad1 y w f9d y\r he>t gr[ light] = x4' ',m]cy6' ?\ght ! ,cat4 ',i c\ld d a little s++ ) a liv+ lov]1 b ,i nev] he>d ( s++ = a dead "o4 ,b y see1 bird1 x isn't ,cats' nature4 ,:5 ,i am cross1 ,i mew4 ,:5 ,i am pleas$1 ,i purr2 b ,i mu/ be pleas$ fir/4 ,i c't purr myself into happ9ess4' ',i am afraid !re is some?+ ! matt] ) y\r he>t1 my ,cat4 ,x wants w>m+2 good-bye4' ,! ,blackbird flew away4 ,! ,cat look$ sadly aft] him4 ',he ?9ks ,i am l him2 & he doesn't "k t a ,cat is a ,cat1' said %e4 ',z x happ5s n[1 ,i feel a great deal = a ,cat4 ,if ,i hadn't got a he>t ,i %\ldn't be unhappy4 ,i won't be angry4 ,i'll try t great fat fell[4' ,! ,ox lay placidly *ew+1 ) cont5t beam+ out ( 8 eyes & play+ on 8 m\?4 ',ox1' %e said1 ':at is ! way to be happy8' ',d y\r duty1' said ! ,ox4 ',bo!r1' said ! ,cat1 'duty aga96 ,:at is x1 ,ox8' ',get y\r d9n]1' said ! ,ox4 ',b x is got = me1 ,ox2 & ,i h no?+ to d b to eat x4' ',well1 eat x1 !n1 l me4' ',s ,i d2 b ,i am n happy = all t4' ',!n y are a v wick$1 ungrateful ,cat4' ,! ,ox mun*$ away4 ,a ,bee buzz$ into a butt]cup "u ! ,cat's nose4 ',i beg y\r p>don1' said ! ,cat1 'x isn't curiosity--:at are y do+8' ',do+ my duty2 don't /op me1 ,cat4' ',b1 ,bee1 :at is y\r duty8' ',mak+ honey1' said ! ,bee4 ',i wi% ,i c\ld make honey1' sigh$ ! ,cat4 ',d y mean to say y c't8' said ! ,bee4 ',h[ /upid y mu/ be4 ,:at d y d1 !n8' ',i d no?+1 ,bee4 ,i c't get any?+ to d4' ',y won't get any?+ to d1 y mean1 y lazy ,cat6 ,y are a good-=-no?+ drone4 ,d y "k :at we d to our drones8 ,we kill !m2 & t is all !y are fit =4 ,good morn+ to y4' ',well1 ,i am sure1' said ! ,cat1 '!y are treat+ me civilly2 ,i _h bett] h /opp$ at home at ?is rate4 ,/roke my :isk]s6 he>tless6 wick$6 good-=-no?+6 /upid6 & only fit to be kill$6 ,?is is a pleasant beg9n+1 anyh[4 ,i mu/ look = "s wis] creatures ?an ^! are4 ,:at %all ,i d8 ,i "k4 ,i "k :]e ,i w g4' ,x 0 9 ! middle ( ! wood4 ,! bu% 0 v d>k1 b %e f\nd him by 8 wond]ful eye4 ,pres5tly1 z %e got us$ to ! light1 %e di/+ui%$ a slop+ roll ( fea!rs1 a r\nd$ brea/1 surm\nt$ by a r\nd head1 set close to ! body1 )\t an in* ( a neck int]v5+4 ',h[ wise he looks6' %e said2 ',:at a bra96 :at a =ehead6 ,8 head is n long1 b :at an expanse6 & :at a dep? ( e>ne/ness6' ,! ,owl slop$ 8 head a little on "o side2 ! ,cat slant$ h]s ^u ! o!r4 ,! ,owl set x /raight aga91 ! ,cat did ! same4 ,!y /ood look+ 9 ?is way = "s m9utes2 at la/1 9 a :isp]+ voice1 ! ,owl said1 ',:at are y :o presume to look into my repose8 ,pass on ^u y\r way1 & c>ry else:]e ^? pry+ eyes4' ',oh1 wond]ful ,owl1' said ! ,cat1 'y are wise1 & ,i want to be wise2 & ,i am come to y to tea* me4' ,a film float$ backw>ds & =w>ds ov] ! ,owl's eyes2 x 0 8 way ( %[+ t he 0 pleas$4 ',i h he>d 9 our s*oolroom1' w5t on ! ,cat1 't y sate on ! %\ld] ( ,pallas1 & %e told y all ab\t x4' ',& :at w\ld y "k1 oh1 my daught]8' said ! ,owl4 ',ev]y?+1' said ! ,cat1 'ev]y?+4 ,fir/ ( all1 h[ to be happy4' ',mice cont5t y n1 my *ild1 ev5 z !y cont5t n me1' said ! ,owl4 ',x is good4' ',mice1 inde$6' said ! ,cat2 'no1 ,p>l\r ,cats don't eat mice4 ,i h bett] ?an mice1 & no tr\ble to get x2 b ,i want some?+ m4' ',! body's meat is provid$4 ,y w\ld n[ fill y\r s\l4' ',i want to improve1' said ! ,cat4 ',i want some?+ to d4 ,i want to f9d out :at ! creatures call my duty4' ',y w\ld le>n h[ to employ ^? happy h\rs ( y\r leisure--r h[ to make !m happy by a wor?y use4 ,m$itate1 oh ,cat6 m$itate6 m$itate6' ',t is ! v ?+1' said %e4 ',m$itate6 t is :at ,i l above all ?+s4 ,only ,i want to "k h[3 ,i want some?+ to m$itate ab\t4 ,tell me1 ,owl1 & ,i w bless y e h\r ( ! day z ,i sit by ! p>l\r fire4' ',i w tell y1' answ]$ ! ,owl1 ':at ,i h be5 ?9k+ ( ev] s9ce ! moon *ang$4 ,y %all take x home ) y & ?9k ab\t x too2 & ! next full moon y %all come aga9 to me2 we w comp>e our conclusions4' ',delightful6 delightful6' said ! ,cat4 ',:at is x8 ,i w try ?is m9ute4' ',f ! beg9n+1' repli$ ! ,owl1 'our race h be5 consid]+ :i* fir/ exi/$1 ! ,owl or ! egg4 ,! ,owl comes f ! egg1 b likewise ! egg f ! ,owl4' ',m]cy6' said ! ,cat4 ',f sunrise to sunset ,i pond] on x1 oh ,cat6 ,:5 ,i reflect on ! beauty ( ! complete ,owl1 ,i ?9k t mu/ h be5 fir/1 z ! cause is great] ?an ! effect4 ,:5 ,i rememb] my own *ildhood1 ,i incl9e ! o!r way4' ',well1 b h[ are we to f9d out8' said ! ,cat4 ',f9d out6' said ! ,owl4 ',we c nev] f9d out4 ,! beauty ( ! "q is1 t its solution is impossible4 ,:at w\ld become ( all our delightful reason+s1 oh1 unwise ,cat6 if we 7 s unhappy z to "k8' ',b :at 9 ! _w is ! good ( ?9k+ ab\t x1 if y c't1 oh ,owl8' ',my *ild1 t is a fooli% "q4 ,x is good1 9 ord] t ! ?\ghts on ^! ?+s may /imulate wond]4 ,x is 9 wond] t ! ,owl is great4' ',!n y don't "k any?+ at all1' said ! ,cat4 ',:at did y sit on ,pallas's %\ld] =8 ,y mu/ h gone to sleep4' ',y\r tone is ov] flippant1 ,cat1 = philosophy4 ,! highe/ ( all k is to "k t we "k no?+4' ,! ,cat made two great ar*es ) h] back & h] tail4 ',bless ! "m t laid y1' said %e4 ',y 7 dropp$ by mi/ake 9 a goose ne/4 ,y won't d4 ,i don't "k mu*1 b ,i am n su* a creature z y1 anyh[4 ,a great :ite ?+6' ,%e /rait5$ h] body1 /uck h] tail up on end1 & m>*$ (f ) mu* dignity4 ,b1 ?\gh %e respect$ h]self r m ?an be=e1 %e 0 n on ! way to ! end ( h] difficulties4 ,%e tri$ all ! creatures %e met )\t advanc+ a /ep4 ,!y _h all ! old /ory1 ',d y\r duty4' ,b ea* _h its own1 & no "o c\ld tell h] :at h]s 04 ,only "o po9t !y all agre$ ^u--! duty ( gett+ _! d9n] :5 !y 7 hungry4 ,! day wore on1 & %e began to ?9k %e w\ld l h]s4 ,h] meals came s regul>ly at home t %e sc>cely knew :at hung] 02 b n[ ! s5sation came ov] h] v palpably1 & %e exp]i5c$ q new emotions z ! h>es & rabbits skipp$ ab\t h]1 or z %e spi$ a bird ^u a tree4 ,= a mom5t %e ?\ght %e w\ld g back & eat ! ,owl--he 0 ! mo/ useless creature %e _h se52 b on second ?\ght %e didn't fancy he w\ld be nice3 besides t1 8 claws 7 %>p & 8 beak too4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 z %e saunt]$ d[n ! pa?1 %e came on a little op5 pat* ( gre51 9 ! middle ( :i* a f9e fat ,rabbit 0 sitt+4 ,!re 0 no escape4 ,! pa? end$ !re1 & ! bu%es 7 s ?ick on ea* side t he c\ldn't get away except ?r\gh h] paws4 ',really1' said ! ,cat1 ',i don't wi% to be tr\blesome2 ,i w\ldn't d x if ,i c\ld help x2 b ,i am v hungry1 ,i am afraid ,i mu/ eat y4 ,x is v unpleasant1 ,i assure y1 to me z well z to y4' ,! poor ,rabbit begg$ = m]cy4 ',well1' said %e1 ',i ?9k x is h>d2 ,i d really--&1 if ! law c\ld be alt]$1 ,i %\ld be ! fir/ to welcome x4 ,b :at c a ,cat d8 ,y eat ! grass2 ,i eat y4 ,b1 ,rabbit1 ,i wi% y w\ld d me a fav\r4' ',any?+ to save my life1' said ! ,rabbit4 ',x is n exactly t1' said ! ,cat2 'b ,i hav5't be5 us$ to kill+ my own d9n]1 & x is disagreeable4 ,c\ldn't y die8 ,i %all hurt y dreadfully if ,i kill y4' ',oh6' said ! ,rabbit1 'y are a k9d ,cat2 ,i see x 9 y\r eyes1 & y\r :isk]s don't curl l ^? ( ! cats 9 ! woods4 ,i am sure y w sp>e me4' ',b1 ,rabbit1 x is a "q ( pr9ciple4 ,i h to d my duty2 & ! only duty ,i h1 z f> z ,i c make out1 is to get my d9n]4' ',if y kill me1 ,cat1 to d y\r duty1 ,i %a'n't be able to d m9e4' ,x 0 a d\btful po9t1 & ! ,cat 0 new to casui/ry4 ',:at is y\r duty8' said %e4 ',i h sev5 little ones at home--sev5 little ones1 & !y w all die )\t me4 ,pray let me g4' ',:at6 d y take c>e ( y\r *ildr58' said ! ,cat4 ',h[ int]e/+6 ,i %\ld l to see t2 take me4' ',oh6 y w\ld eat !m1 y w\ld1' said ! ,rabbit4 ',no6 bett] eat me ?an !m4 ,no1 no4' ',well1 well1' said ! ,cat1 ',i don't "k2 ,i suppose ,i c\ldn't answ] = myself4 ,i don't ?9k ,i am "r1 = duty is pleasant1 & x is v unpleasant to be s hungry2 b ,i suppose y mu/ g4 ,y seem a good ,rabbit4 ,are y happy1 ,rabbit8' ',happy6 oh1 de> beautiful ,cat6 if y sp>e me to my poor babies6' ',pooh1 pooh6' said ! ,cat1 peevi%ly2 ',i don't want f9e spee*es2 ,i meant :e!r y ?\ght x wor? :ile to be alive6 ,( c\rse y d6 ,x don't matt]4 ,g1 & keep out ( my way2 =1 if ,i don't get my d9n]1 y may n get (f ano!r "t4 ,get along1 ,rabbit4' ,,"p ,,iii4 ,x 0 a great day 9 ! ,fox's cave4 ,! elde/ cub _h ! night be=e br\ght home 8 fir/ goose1 & !y 7 j sitt+ d[n to x z ! ,cat came by4 ',ah1 my "y lady6 :at1 y 9 ! woods8 ,bad fe$+ at home1 eh8 ,come out to hunt = y\rself8' ,! goose smelt excell5t2 ! ,cat c\ldn't help a wi/ful look4 ,%e 0 only come1 %e said1 to pay h] respects to h] wild fri5ds4 ',j 9 "t1' said ! ,fox4 ',sit d[n & take a bit ( d9n]2 ,i see y want x4 ,make room1 y cubs2 place a seat = ! lady4' ',:y1 ?ank y1' said ! ,cat1 'yes2 ,i ackn[l$ge x is n unwelcome4 ,pray1 don't di/urb y\rselves1 "y ,foxes4 ,i am hungry4 ,i met a ,rabbit on my way "h4 ,i 0 go+ to eat him1 b he talk$ s prettily ,i let him g4' ,! cubs look$ up f _! plates1 & bur/ out laugh+4 ',= %ame1 "y rascals1' said _! fa!r4 ',:]e are y\r mann]s8 ,m9d y\r d9n]1 & don't be rude4' ',fox1' %e said1 :5 x 0 ov]1 & ! cubs 7 gone to play1 'y are v clev]4 ,! o!r creatures are all /upid4' ,! ,fox b[$4 ',y\r family 7 always clev]1' %e cont9u$4 ',i h he>d ab\t !m 9 ! books !y use 9 our s*oolroom4 ,x is _m ye>s s9ce y\r ance/or /ole ! cr['s d9n]4' ',don't say /ole1 ,cat2 x is n pretty4 ,obta9$ by sup]ior ability4' ',i beg y\r p>don1' said ! ,cat2 'x is all liv+ ) ^? m54 ,t is n ! po9t4 ,well1 b ,i want to "k :e!r y are any wis] or any bett] ?an ,foxes 7 !n8' ',really1' said ! ,fox1 ',i am :at ,nature made me4 ,i don't "k4 ,i am pr\d ( my ance/ors1 & d my be/ to keep up ! cr$it ( ! family4' ',well1 b ,fox1 ,i mean d y improve8 d ,i8 d any ( y8 ,! m5 are always talk+ ab\t do+ _! duty1 & t1 !y say1 is ! way to improve1 & to be happy4 ,& z ,i 0 n happy ,i ?\ght t _h1 p]haps1 some?+ to d ) x1 s ,i came out to talk to ! creatures4 ,!y also _h ! old *ant--duty1 duty1 duty2 b none ( !m c\ld tell me :at m9e 01 or :e!r ,i _h any4' ,! ,fox smil$4 ',ano!r leaf out ( y\r s*oolroom1' said he4 ',c't !y tell y !re8' ',inde$1' %e said1 '!y are v absurd4 ,!y say a great deal ab\t !mselves1 b !y only speak disrespectfully ( u4 ,if su* creatures z !y c d _! duty1 & improve1 & be happy1 :y c't we8' ',!y say !y d1 d !y8' said ! ,fox4 ',:at d !y say ( me8' ,! ,cat hesitat$4 ',don't be afraid ( hurt+ my feel+s1 ,cat4 ,out ) x4' ',!y d all ju/ice to y\r abilities1 ,fox1' said %e2 'b y\r morality1 !y say1 is n high4 ,!y say y are a rogue4' ',morality6' said ! ,fox4 ',v moral & good !y are4 ,& y really believe all t8 ,:at d !y mean by call+ me a rogue8' ',!y mean y take :atev] y c get1 )\t c>+ :e!r x is j or n4' ',my de> ,cat1 x is v well = a man1 if he c't be> 8 own face1 to pa9t a pretty "o on a panel & call x a look+-glass2 b y don't mean t x takes y 94' ',tea* me1' said ! ,cat4 ',i fe> ,i am weak4' ',:o get ju/ice f ! m5 unless !y c =ce x8 ,ask ! %eep t are cut into mutton4 ,ask ! horses t draw _! pl\ghs4 ,i don't mean x is wrong ( ! m5 to d z !y d2 b !y ne$n't lie ab\t x4' ',y surprise me1' said ! ,cat4 ',my good ,cat1 !re is b "o law 9 ! _w4 ,! weake/ goes to ! wall4 ,! m5 are %>p]-witt$ ?an ! creatures1 & s !y get ! bett] ( !m & use !m4 ,!y may call x j if !y l2 b :5 a tig] eats a man ,i guess he has j z mu* ju/ice on 8 side z ! man :5 he eats a %eep4' ',& t is ! :ole ( x1' said ! ,cat4 ',well1 x is v sad4 ,:at d y d ) y\rself8' ',my duty1 to be sure1' said ! ,fox2 'use my wits & enjoy myself4 ,my de> fri5d1 y & ,i are on ! lucky side4 ,we eat & are n eat54' ',except by ! h\nds n[ & !n1' said ! ,cat4 ',yes2 by brutes t =get _! nature1 & sell _! fre$om to ! m51' said ! ,fox1 bitt]ly4 ',9 ! meantime my wits h kept my sk9 :ole hi!rto1 & ,i bless ,nature = mak+ me a ,fox & n a goose4' ',& are y happy1 ,fox8' ',happy6 yes1 ( c\rse4 ,s w\ld y be if y w\ld d l me1 & use y\r wits4 ,my good ,cat1 ,i %\ld be z mis]able z y if ,i f\nd my geese e day at ! cave's m\?4 ,i h to hunt = !m1 lie = !m1 sneak = !m1 fight = !m2 *eat ^? old fat f>m]s1 & br+ out :at !re is inside me2 & !n ,i am happy--( c\rse ,i am4 ,& !n1 ,cat1 ?9k ( my feel+s z a fa!r la/ night1 :5 my de> boy came home ) ! v "y gosl+ :i* 0 m>k$ = ! ,mi*aelmas d9n]6 ,old ,re9eke himself wasn't m ?an a mat* = t "y ,fox at 8 ye>s4 ,y "k our epic8' ',a little ( x1 ,fox4 ,!y don't read x 9 our s*oolroom4 ,!y say x is n moral2 b ,i h he>d pieces ( x4 ,i hope x is n all q true4' ',pack ( /uff6 x is ! only true book t ev] 0 writt54 ,if x is n1 x ought to be4 ,:y1 t book is ! law ( ! _w--la c>rire aux tal5ts--& writ+ x 0 ! hone/e/ ?+ ev] done by a man4 ,t fell[ knew a ?+ or two1 & wasn't a%am$ ( himself :5 he did "k4 ,!y are all l him1 too1 if !y w\ld only say s4 ,!re nev] 0 "o ( !m yet :o wasn't m a%am$ ( be+ call$ ugly ?an ( be+ call$ a rogue1 & ( be+ call$ /upid ?an ( be+ call$ naughty4' ',x has a r\ghi% end1 ?is life ( y\rs1 if y keep cle> ( ! h\nds1 ,fox1' said ! ,cat4 ',:at6 a rope 9 ! y>d6 ,well1 x mu/ end "s day2 & :5 ! f>m] cat*es me ,i %all be gett+ old1 & my bra9s w be tak+ leave ( me2 s ! soon] ,i g ! bett]1 t ,i may disgrace myself ! less4 ,bett] be jolly :ile x la/s1 ?an sit mew+ out y\r life & grumbl+ at x z a bore4' ',well1' said ! ,cat1 ',i am v mu* oblig$ to y4 ,i suppose ,i may ev5 get home aga94 ,i %all n f9d a wis] fri5d ?an y1 & p]haps ,i %all n f9d ano!r good-natur$ en\gh to give me s good a d9n]4 ,b x is v sad4' ',?9k ( :at ,i h said1' answ]$ ! ,fox4 ',i'll call at y\r h\se "s night2 y w take me a walk r\nd ! y>d1 & !n ,i'll %[ y4' ',n q1' ?\ght ! ,cat1 z %e trott$ (f2 '"o good turn des]ves ano!r1 t is true2 & y h giv5 me a d9n]4 ,b !y h giv5 me _m at home1 & ,i mean to take a few m ( !m2 s ,i ?9k y mu/n't g r\nd our y>d4' ,,"p ,,iv4 ,! next morn+1 :5 ! ,dog came d[n to breakfa/1 he f\nd 8 old fri5d sitt+ 9 h] usual place on ! he>?-rug4 ',oh6 s y h come back1' said he4 ',h[ d'ye d8 ,y don't look z if y _h _h a v pleasant j\rney4' ',i h le>nt some?+1' said ! ,cat4 ',k is nev] pleasant4' ',!n x is bett] to be )\t x1' said ! ,dog4 ',especially1 bett] to be )\t kn[+ h[ to /& on "o's h9d legs1 ,dog1' said ! ,cat2 '/ill y see1 y are pr\d ( x2 b ,i h le>nt a great deal1 ,dog4 ,!y won't wor%ip y any m1 & x is bett] = y2 y w\ldn't be any happi]4 ,:at did y d ye/]day8' ',inde$1' said ! ,dog1 ',i h>dly rememb]4 ,i slept aft] y w5t away4 ,9 ! aft]noon ,i took a drive 9 ! c>riage4 ,!n ,i _h my d9n]4 ,my maid wa%$ me & put me to b$4 ,!re is ! diff]5ce betwe5 y & me2 y h to wa% y\rself & put y\rself to b$4' ',& y really don't f9d x a bore1 liv+ l ?is8 ,w\ldn't y l some?+ to d8 ,w\ldn't y l "s *ildr5 to play )8 ,! ,fox seem$ to f9d x v pleasant4' ',*ildr51 inde$6' said ! ,dog1 ':5 ,i h got m5 & wom54 ,*ildr5 are well en\gh = foxes & wild creatures2 ref9$ dogs "k bett]2 &1 = do+--c't ,i /& on my toes8 c't ,i dance8 at lea/1 c\ldn't ,i be=e ,i 0 s fat8' ',ah6 ,i see ev]ybody likes :at he 0 br$ to1' sigh$ ! ,cat4 ',i 0 br$ to d no?+1 & ,i mu/ l t4 ,tra9 ! cat z ! cat %\ld g1 & ! cat w be happy & ask no que/ions4 ,nev] seek = impossibilities1 ,dog4 ,t is ! secret4' ',& y h sp5t a day 9 ! woods to le>n t1' said he4 ',i c\ld h taught y t4 ,:y1 ,cat1 "o day :5 y 7 sitt+ scrat*+ y\r nose be=e ! fire1 ,i ?\ght y look$ s pretty t ,i %\ld h lik$ to m>ry y2 b ,i knew ,i c\ldn't1 s ,i didn't make myself mis]able4' ,! ,cat look$ at him ) h] odd gre5 eyes4 ',i nev] wi%$ to m>ry y1 ,dog2 ,i %\ldn't h presum$4 ,b x 0 wise ( y n to fret ab\t x4 ,b1 li/5 to me1 ,dog--li/54 ,i met _m creatures 9 ! wood1 all sorts ( creatures1 bea/s & birds4 ,!y 7 all happy2 !y didn't f9d x a bore4 ,!y w5t ab\t _! "w1 & did x1 & enjoy$ x1 & yet none ( !m _h ! same /ory to tell4 ,"s did "o ?+1 "s ano!r2 &1 except ! ,fox1 ea* _h got a sort ( notion ( do+ its duty4 ,! ,fox 0 a rogue2 he said he 02 b yet he 0 n unhappy4 ,8 consci5ce nev] tr\bl$ him4 ,y\r "w is /&+ on y\r toes1 & y are happy4 ,i h none1 & t is :y ,i am unhappy4 ,:5 ,i came to ?9k ab\t x1 ,i f\nd e creature out 9 ! wood _h to get its own liv+4 ,i tri$ to get m9e1 b ,i didn't l x1 because ,i wasn't us$ to x2 & z = kn[+1 ! ,fox1 :o didn't c>e to "k any?+ except h[ to *eat great] fools ?an himself1 0 ! clev]e/ fell[ ,i came across4 ,oh6 ! ,owl1 ,dog--y %\ld h he>d ! ,owl4 ,b ,i came to ?is1 t x 0 no use try+ to "k1 & ! only way to be jolly 0 to g ab\t "o's own bus9ess l a dec5t ,cat4 ,cats' bus9ess seems to be kill+ rabbits & su*-l2 & x is n ! pleasante/ possible2 s ! soon] "o is br$ to x ! bett]4 ,z = me1 t h be5 br$ to d no?+1 :y1 z ,i said be=e1 ,i mu/ try to l t2 b ,i consid] myself an un=tunate ,cat4' ',s don't ,i consid] myself an un=tunate ,dog1' said h] companion4 ',v likely y d n1' said ! ,cat4 ,by ?is "t _! breakfa/ 0 come 94 ,! ,cat ate h]s1 ! ,dog did p5ance = 82 & if "o might judge by ! purr+ on ! he>?-rug1 ! ,cat1 if n ! happie/ ( ! two1 at lea/ 0 n exce$+ly mis]able4 ,,fables4 ,i4--,,! ,,lions ,,& ,,! ,,ox54 ,once ^u a "t a numb] ( cattle came out ( ! des]t to settle 9 ! broad mead[s by a riv]4 ,!y 7 poor & wret*$1 & !y f\nd x a pleasant ex*ange2 except = a numb] ( lions1 :o liv$ 9 ! m\nta9s ne>1 & :o claim$ a "r1 9 consid]ation ( p]mitt+ ! cattle to rema91 to eat z _m z !y want$ among !m4 ,! cattle submitt$1 p>tly because !y 7 too weak to help x1 p>tly because ! lions said x 0 ! w ( ,jupit]2 & ! cattle believ$ !m4 ,& s !y w5t on = _m ages1 till at la/1 f bett] fe$+1 ! cattle grew l>g] & /rong]1 & multipli$ into great numb]s2 & at ! same "t1 f o!r causes1 ! lions _h mu* dim9i%$3 !y 7 few]1 small]1 & mean]-look+ ?an !y _h be52 & except 9 _! own op9ion ( !mselves1 & 9 _! appetites1 :i* 7 m enorm\s ?an ev]1 !re 0 no?+ ( ! old lion left 9 !m4 ,"o day a l>ge ox 0 quietly graz+1 :5 "o ( ^! lions came up1 & desir$ ! ox to lie d[n1 = he want$ to eat him4 ,! ox rais$ 8 head1 & gravely prote/$2 ! lion gr[l$2 ! ox 0 mild1 yet firm4 ,! lion insi/$ ^u 8 legal "r1 & !y agre$ to ref] ! matt] to ,m9os4 ,:5 !y came into c\rt1 ! lion accus$ ! ox ( hav+ brok5 ! laws ( ! bea/s4 ,! lion 0 k+1 & ! o!rs 7 b\nd to obey4 ,prescriptive usage 0 cle>ly on ! lion's side4 ,m9os call$ on ! ox = 8 def5ce4 ,! ,ox said t1 )\t cons5t ( 8 own be+ ask$1 he _h be5 born into ! mead[4 ,he did n consid] himself mu* ( a bea/1 b1 su* z he 01 he 0 v happy1 & gave ,jupit] ?anks4 ,n[1 if ! lion c\ld %[ t ! exi/5ce ( lions 0 ( m importance ?an t ( ox5 9 ! eyes ( ,jupit]1 he _h no?+ m to say2 he 0 ready to sacrifice himself4 ,b ?is lion _h already eat5 a ?\s& ox54 ,lions' appetites 7 s insatiable t he 0 =c$ to ask :e!r !y 7 really wor? :at 0 done = !m1--:e!r ! life ( "o lion 0 s noble t ! lives ( ?\s&s ( ox5 7 n equal to x8 ,he 0 ready to own t lions _h always eat5 ox51 b lions :5 !y fir/ came to ! mead[ 7 a diff]5t sort ( creature1 & !y !mselves1 too 7& ! ox look$ complac5tly at himself71 _h improv$ s9ce t "t4 ,judg+ by appe>ances1 ?\gh !y might be fallaci\s1 he himself 0 q z good a bea/ z ! lion4 ,if ! lions w\ld lead lives m noble ?an ox5 c\ld live1 once m he w\ld n compla94 ,z x 01 he submitt$ t ! co/ 0 too great4 ,!n ! ,lion put on a gr& face & tri$ to ro>2 b :5 he op5$ 8 m\? he disclos$ a jaw s dre>ily furni%$ t ,m9os laugh$1 & told ! ox x 0 8 own fault if he let himself be eat5 by su* a bea/ z t4 ,if he p]si/$ 9 decl9+1 he did n ?9k ! lion w\ld =ce him4 ,,ii4--,,! ,,f>m] ,,& ,,! ,,fox4 ,a f>m]1 ^: p\ltry-y>d _h suff]$ sev]ely f ! foxes1 succe$$ at la/ 9 cat*+ "o 9 a trap4 ',ah1 y rascal6' said he1 z he saw him /ruggl+1 ',i'll tea* y to /eal my fat geese6--y %all hang on ! tree yond]1 & y\r bro!rs %all see :at comes ( ?iev+6' ,! f>m] 0 twi/+ a halt] to d :at he ?reat5$1 :5 ! fox1 ^: tongue _h help$ him 9 h>d p9*es be=e1 ?\ght !re c\ld be no h>m 9 try+ :e!r x might n d him "o m good turn4 ',y w hang me1' he said1 'to fright5 my bro!r foxes4 ,on ! ^w ( a fox !y won't c>e a rabbit-sk9 = x2 !y'll come & look at me2 b y may dep5d ^u x1 !y w d9e at y\r exp5se be=e !y g home aga96' ',!n ,i %all hang y = y\rself1 z a rogue & a rascal1' said ! f>m]4 ',i am only :at ,nature1 or :atev] y call ! ?+1 *ose to make me1' ! ,fox answ]$4 ',i didn't make myself4' ',y /ole my geese1' said ! man4 ',:y did ,nature make me l geese1 !n8' said ! ,fox4 ',live & let live2 give me my %>e1 & ,i won't t\* y\rs2 b y keep !m all to y\rself4' ',i don't und]/& y\r f9e talk1' answ]$ ! ,f>m]2 'b ,i "k t y are a ?ief1 & t y des]ve to be hang$4' ,8 head is too ?ick to let me cat* him s1 ?\ght ! ,fox2 ,i wond] if 8 he>t is any s(t]6 ',y are tak+ away ! life ( a fell[-creature1' he said2 't's a responsibility--x is a curi\s ?+ t life1 & :o kn[s :at comes aft] x8 ,y say ,i am a rogue--,i say ,i am n2 b at any rate ,i ought n to be hang$--= if ,i am n1 ,i don't des]ve x2 & if ,i am1 y %\ld give me "t to rep5t6' ,i h him n[1 ?\ght ! ,fox2 let him get out if he c4 ',:y1 :at w\ld y h me d ) y8' said ! man4 ',my notion is t y %\ld let me g1 & give me a lamb1 or goose or two1 e mon?1 & !n ,i c\ld live )\t /eal+2 b p]haps y "k bett] ?an me1 & ,i am a rogue2 my education may h be5 neglect$2 y %\ld %ut me up1 & take c>e ( me1 & tea* me4 ,:o kn[s b 9 ! end ,i may turn into a dog8' ',v pretty1' said ! ,f>m]2 'we h dogs en\gh1 & m1 too1 ?an we c take c>e (1 )\t y4 ,no1 no1 ,ma/] ,fox1 ,i h caught y1 & y %all sw+1 :atev] is ! logic ( x4 ,!re w be "o rogue less 9 ! _w1 anyh[4' ',x is m]e hate & un*ri/ian v5geance1' said ! ,fox4 ',no1 fri5d1' ! ,f>m] answ]$1 ',i don't hate y1 & ,i don't want to rev5ge myself on y2 b y & ,i c't get on toge!r1 & ,i ?9k ,i am ( m importance ?an y4 ,if nettles & ?i/les gr[ 9 my cabbage-g>d51 ,i don't try to p]suade !m to gr[ into cabbages4 ,i j dig !m up4 ,i don't hate !m2 b ,i feel someh[ t !y mu/n't h9d] me ) my cabbages1 & t ,i mu/ put !m away2 & s1 my poor fri5d1 ,i am sorry = y1 b ,i am afraid y mu/ sw+4' ,,p>able ,,( ,,! ,,bread-,,fruit ,,tree4 ,x 0 aft] "o ( ^? heavy convulsions :i* h divid$ era f era1 & left mank9d to />t aga9 f ! beg9n+1 t a numb] ( brave m5 ga!r$ toge!r to raise anew f ! gr\nd a fre% gre5 home = !mselves4 ,! re/ ( ! surviv+ race 7 %elt]+ !mselves amid/ ! old ru9s1 or 9 ! caves on ! m\nta9s1 fe$+ on husks & %ells2 b ^! m5 ) cle> heads & brave he>ts pl\gh$ & h>r[$ ! e>?1 & plant$ se$s1 & wat]$ !m1 & wat*$ !m2 & ! se$s grew & %ot up ) ! spr+1 b "o 0 l>g] & fair] ?an ! re/1 & ! o!r plants seem$ to "k x1 = !y crawl$ along till !y rea*$ ! l>ge "o2 & !y ga!r$ r\nd x1 & clung to x1 & grew into x2 & soon !y became "o great /em1 ) bran*+ roots fe$+ x z f _m f\nta9s4 ,!n ! m5 got great he>t 9 !m :5 !y saw t1 & !y lab\r$ m bravely1 digg+ ab\t x 9 ! hot sun1 till at la/ x became great & mighty1 & its roots w5t d[n into ! he>t ( ! e>?1 & its bran*es /ret*$ ov] all ! pla94 ,!n _m o!rs ( mank9d1 :5 !y saw ! tree 0 beautiful1 came d[n & ga!r$ "u x1 & ^? :o _h rais$ x receiv$ !m ) op5 arms1 & !y all sat "u its %ade toge!r1 & ga!r$ its fruits1 & made _! homes !re1 rejoic+ 9 its lovel9ess4 ,& ages pass$ away1 & all t g5]ation pass$ away1 & /ill ! tree grew /rong] & fair]1 & _! *ildr5's *ildr5 wat*$ x age aft] age1 z x liv$ on & fl[]$ & se$$4 ,& !y said 9 _! he>ts1 ! tree is immortal--x w nev] die4 ,!y took no c>e ( ! se$2 ! sc5t ( ! fl[]s & ! ta/e ( ! sweet fruit 0 all !y ?\ght (3 & ! w9ds ( heav51 & ! wild birds1 & ! bea/s ( ! field caught ! /ray fruits & se$-du/1 & bore ! se$ away1 & scatt]$ x 9 f>-(f soils4 ,& by-&-by1 at a great great age1 ! tree at la/ began to cease to gr[1 & !n to fa9t & droop3 its leaves 7 n s ?ick1 its fl[]s 7 n s fragrant2 & f "t to "t ! night w9ds1 :i* be=e _h pass$ away1 & _h be5 nev] he>d1 came moan+ & sigh+ among ! bran*es4 ,& ! m5 = a :ile d\bt$ & d5i$--!y ?\ght x 0 ! accid5t ( ! seasons2 & !n a bran* fell1 & !y said x 0 a /orm1 & su* a /orm z came b once 9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,at la/ !re c\ld be no d\bt t ! leaves 7 ?9 & s]e & scanty--t ! sun %one ?r\gh !m--t ! fruit 0 ta/eless4 ,b ! g5]ation 0 gone away :i* _h kn[n ! tree 9 its beauty1 & s m5 said x 0 always s--its fruits 7 nev] bett]--its foliage nev] 0 ?ick]4 ,s ?+s w5t on1 & f "t to "t /rang]s w\ld come among !m1 & w\ld say1 ,:y are y sitt+ "h "u ! old tree8 !re are "y trees gr[n ( ! se$ ( ?is tree1 f> away1 m beautiful ?an x ev] 02 see1 we h br\ght y leaves & fl[]s to %[ y4 ,b ! m5 w\ld n li/54 ,!y 7 angry1 & "s !y drove away1 & "s !y kill$1 & p\r$ _! blood r\nd ! roots ( ! tree1 say+1 ,!y h spok5 evil ( our tree2 let !m fe$ x n[ ) _! blood4 ,at la/ "s ( _! own wis] ones br\ght out specim5s ( ! old fruits1 :i* _h be5 laid up to be pres]v$1 & comp>$ !m ) ! pres5t be>+1 & !y saw t ! tree 0 n z x _h be52 & su* ( !m z 7 good m5 reproa*$ !mselves1 & said x 0 _! own fault4 ,!y _h n wat]$ x2 !y _h =gott5 to manure x4 ,s1 l _! fir/ fa!rs1 !y lab\r$ ) might & ma91 & = a :ile x seem$ z if !y might succe$1 & = a few ye>s bran*es1 :i* 7 almo/ dead :5 ! spr+ came r\nd1 put out "s "y gre5 %oots aga94 ,b x 0 only = a few ye>s2 !re 0 n en\gh ( liv+ en]gy 9 ! tree4 ,half ! lab\r :i* 0 wa/$ on x w\ld h rais$ ano!r nobl] "o f> away4 ,s ! m5 grew soon we>y1 & look$ = a %ort] way3 & "s ga!r$ up ! leaves & %oots :i* ! /rang]s _h br\ght1 & graft$ !m on1 if p]haps !y might gr[2 b !y c\ld n gr[ on a dy+ /ock1 & !y1 too1 soon droop$ & became z ! re/4 ,& o!rs said1 ,come1 let u tie ! pres]v$ fruits on aga92 p]haps !y w jo9 aga9 to ! /em1 & give x back its life4 ,b !re 7 n en\gh1 = only a few _h be5 pres]v$2 s !y took pa9t$ pap] & wax & clay1 & cut %am leaves & fruits ( ! old patt]n1 :i* = a "t look$ bright & gay1 & ! _w1 :o did n "k :at _h be5 done1 said--,see1 ! tree is immortal3 x is gre5 aga94 ,!n "s believ$1 b _m saw t x 0 a %am1 & lik+ bett] to be> ! sky & sun1 )\t any %ade at all1 ?an to live 9 a lie1 & call pa9t$ pap] leaves & fl[]s1 !y pass$ out 9 se>* ( o!r homes4 ,b ! l>g] numb] /ay$ beh9d2 !y _h liv$ s long 9 falsehood t !y _h =gott5 !re 0 any su* ?+ z tru? at all2 ! tree _h done v well = !m--x w\ld d v well = _! *ildr54 ,& if _! *ildr51 z !y grew up1 did n[ & !n happ5 to op5 _! eyes & see h[ x really 01 !y le>n$ f _! fa!rs to hold _! tongues ab\t x4 ,if ! little ones & ! weak ones believ$1 x answ]$ all purposes1 & *ange 0 inconv5i5t4 ,!y might smile to !mselves at ! folly :i* !y c\nt5anc$1 b !y 7 discreet1 & !y w\ld n expose x4 ,?is is ! /ate ( ! tree1 & ( ! m5 :o are "u x at ?is pres5t "t3--!y say x /ill does v well4 ,p]haps x does--b1 /em & b\ghs & pap] leaves1 x is dry = ! burn+1 & if ! lightn+ t\*es x1 ^? :o sit b5ea? w suff]4 ,,comp5sation4 ,"o day an ,antelope 0 ly+ ) h] fawn at ! foot ( ! fl[]+ ,mimosa4 ,! wea!r 0 int5sely sultry1 & a ,dove1 :o _h s\ght %elt] f ! heat among ! leaves1 0 coo+ above h] head4 ',happy bird6' said ! ,antelope4 ',happy bird6 to :om ! air is giv5 = an inh]itance1 & ^: flight is swift] ?an ! w9d4 ,at y\r w y alight ^u ! gr\nd1 at y\r w y sweep into ! sky1 & fly races ) ! driv+ cl\ds2 :ile ,i1 poor ,i1 am b\nd a prison] to ?is mis]able e>?1 & we> out my pitiable life crawl+ to & fro ^u its surface4' ,!n ! ,dove answ]$1 ',x is sweet to sail along ! sky1 to fly f l& to l&1 & coo among ! valleys2 b1 ,antelope1 :5 ,i h sate above amid/ ! bran*es & wat*$ y\r little "o close its t9y lips ^u y\r brea/1 & fe$ its life on y\rs1 ,i h felt t ,i c\ld /rip (f my w+s1 lay d[n my plumage1 & rema9 all my life ^u ! gr\nd only once to "k su* bless$ enjoym5t4' ,! breeze sigh$ among ! b\ghs ( ! ,mimosa1 & a voice came trembl+ out ( ! ru/l+ leaves3 ',if ! ,antelope m\rns h] de/9y1 :at %\ld ! ,mimosa d8 ,! ,antelope is ! swifte/ among ! animals4 ,x rises 9 ! morn+2 ! gr\nd flies "u its feet--9 ! ev5+ x is a hundr$ miles away4 ,! ,mimosa is fe$+ its old age on ! same soil :i* quick5$ its se$ cell into activity4 ,! seasons roll by me & leave me 9 ! old place4 ,! w9ds sway among my bran*es1 z if !y long$ to be> me away ) !m1 b !y pass on & leave me beh9d4 ,! wild birds come & g4 ,! flocks move by me 9 ! ev5+ on _! way to ! pleasant wat]s4 ,i c nev] move4 ,my cradle mu/ be my grave4' ,!n f bel[1 at ! root ( ! tree1 came a voice :i* nei!r bird1 nor ,antelope1 nor tree _h ev] he>d1 z a ,rock ,cry/al f its prison 9 ! lime/one foll[$ on ! words ( ! ,mimosa4 ',are ye all unhappy8' x said4 ',if ye are1 !n :at am ,i8 ,ye all h life4 ,y6 ,o ,mimosa1 y6 ^: fair fl[]s ye> by ye> come aga9 to y1 ev] "y1 & fre%1 & beautiful--y :o c dr9k ! ra9 ) y\r leaves1 :o c wanton ) ! summ] breeze1 & op5 y\r brea/ to give a home to ! wild birds1 look at me & be a%am$4 ,i only am truly wret*$4' ',alas6' said ! ,mimosa1 'we h life1 :i* y h n1 x is true4 ,we h also :at y h n1 its %ad[--dea?4 ,my beautiful *ildr51 :i* ye> by ye> ,i br+ out into be+1 exp& 9 _! lovel9ess only to die4 ,:]e !y are gone ,i too %all soon foll[1 :ile y w fla% 9 ! light ( ! la/ sun :i* rises ^u ! e>?4' ,,london ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co4 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,page #fg3 popositions3 typo = propositions4 ,correct$4 ,page #aah3 sev5tee?3 typo = sev5te5?4 ,correct$4 ,page #aih3 assults3 typo = assaults4 ,correct$4 ,page #bgi3 reely3 typo = freely4 ,correct$4 ,page #cjj3 appal3 alt]nate spell+ = appall4 ,page #cja3 doggrel3 alt]nate spell+ = dogg]el4 ,page #caf3 ?r\ghly3 alt]nate spell+ = ?or\ghly4 ,page #cbb3 ougly3 alt]nate spell+ = ugly4 ,page #cbi3 rommag+3 alt]nate spell+ = rummag+4 ,page #ccj3 c>g$3 ,9 'a huge high-c>g$' ,may mean high-*>g$ z ) _m weapons1 or c>go1 z heavy freight8 ,page #ccj3 ent]*ang$3 alt]nate spell+ = int]*ang$4 ,page #djh3 befal3 alt]nate spell+ = befall4 ,page #ddj3 wanton3 probably means to frolic or move freely 9 ?is context4 ,page v>i\s3 sate3 alt]nate1 ar*aic spell+ = sat4