,,prie/ley             ,,9              
,,am]ica         #agid-ahjd             
,,by      ,,edg> ,f4 ,,smi? ,,univ]sity 
,,( ,,p5nsylvania                       
,,philadelphia  ,p4 ,,blaki/on',s ,,son 
,,co4     #ajab ,,walnut ,,/reet        
,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,p4            
,,blaki/on',s ,,son  ,,co4              
,,! ,,maple ,,press ,,york ,,pa         
,,preface   ,! writ]1 9 /udy+ ! lives ( 
e>ly ,am]ican *emi/s1 enc\nt]$ ! "n (   
,joseph ,prie/ley s frequ5tly1 t he     
conclud$ to in/itute a se>* ) ! view (  
le>n+ z mu* z possible ( ! life &       
activities1 dur+ 8 exile 9 ?is c\ntry1 (
 ! man :om *emi/s ev]y:]e deeply rev]e4 
,rec\rse1 !re=e1 0 _h to contempor>y    
newspap]s1 docum5ts & books1 & ! result+
 mat]ial wov5 into ! sket* giv5 9 !     
app5d$ pages4 ,if no?+ m1 x may be1     
p]haps1 a connect+ *apt] = any future   
hi/ory ( *emi/ry 9 ,am]ica4 ,its        
prep>ation has be5 a g5u9e pleasure1    
:i*1 x is hop$ by him ^: h& guid$ ! p51 
w be %>$ by 8 fell[ *emi/s1 & all :o are

 int]e/$ 9 ! gr[? & developm5t ( sci5ce 
9 ?is c\ntry4     ,,prie/ley ,,9        
,,am]ica   ,!re lies be=e ! writ] a tube
 ( glass1 elev5 & "o half in*es 9 l5g? &
 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,its walls 
are ?94 ,at "o end !re is evid5ce t an  
ef=t 0 made to b5d ?is tube 9 ! flame4  
,ord9>ily x w\ld be toss$ aside2 b ?is  
p>ticul> tube 0 giv5 ! writ] ye>s ago by
 a great-gr&son ( ,joseph ,prie/ley4    
,atta*$ to ! tube is a bit ( pap] ^u :i*
 appe> ! words piece ( tub+ us$ by      
,prie/ley4 ,t leg5d has made ! tube     
preci\s 9 ! he>t & to ! eye ( ! writ]4  
,ev]y?+ relat+ to ?is wond]ful figure 9 
sci5ce1 hi/ory1 religion1 politics &    
philosophy is v de> to him4 ,on all     
sides ( him are relics & rem9d]s (      
,prie/ley4 ,n all1 b _m ( 8 publications
 are ne> at h&4 ,aft] p]usal ( ^! at    
v>i\s times1 & :ile read+ ! _m life     
sket*es ( ,prie/ley1 !re has come !     
desire to "k m ab\t 8 activities dur+ ! 
decade 7#agid-ahjd7 he liv$ 9 ,am]ica4  
,isn't x fair to decl>e t ! great       

majority ( *emical /ud5ts ?9k (         
,prie/ley z work+ only 9 ,engl&1 8      
native l&1 & nev] give ?\ght to 8 ef=ts 
dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life8 ,x has be5 
said t he probably inspir$ & incit$ ! "y
 *emi/s ( ?is c\ntry to r5ew$ endeavor 9
 _! sci5ce ^u 8 adv5t "h4 ,!re is no "q 
t he influ5c$ ,james ,woodh\se & 8      
p>ticul> confr]es mo/ pr(\ndly1 z he did
 a y\ng] g5]ation1 repres5t$ by ,rob]t  
,h>e4 ,prie/ley aga9 set 9 rapid motion 
*emical rese>* 9 ! "y ,republic4#a ,he  
mu/ !re=e h done some?+ himself4 ,:at 0 
x8 ,is x wor? :ile to le>n ! "* ( ?is   
"w8 ,mod]n t5d5cies are antagoni/ic to !
 pa/4 ,_m p]sons c>e no?+ = hi/ory4 ,x  
is a clos$ book4 ,!y d n wi% x to be    
op5$1 & yet ! pres5t is built ^u ! e>ly 
"w4 ,9 review+ ! developm5t ( *emi/ry 9 
?is c\ntry ev]y?+1 f ! fir/ happ5+ "h1  
%\ld be laid ^u ! table = /udy &        
reflection4 ,?us believ+1 x w n be out (
 place to seek "s light ^u ! occupation 
( ! discov]] ( oxyg5 aft] he came to    
live among u--) our fa!rs4              

,noble-he>t$1 sympa!tic ,?omas ,e4      
,?orpe wrote3      ,if1 too1 z y draw up
 to ! fire 'betwixt ! gloam+ & !        
mirk' ( ^! dull1 cold ,novemb] days1 &  
note ! little blue       flame play+    
r\nd ! r$-hot coals1 ?9k k9dly (        
,prie/ley1       = he fir/ told u ( !   
nature ( t flame :5 9 ! exile       to  
:i* our =efa!rs drove him4  ,"r !re1 !  
nature ( ! flame1 is "o ?+ ,prie/ley did
 expla9 9 ,am]ica4 ,he discov]$ c>bon   
monoxide--n 9 ,engl&1 b 9 exile4#b ,x   
may n be an epo*-mak+ obs]vation4 ,!re  
are n _m su* & ^? :o make !m are n      
legion 9 numb]4 ,x 0 an int]e/+ fact1 ) 
a v def9ite value1 :i* has p]si/$ ?r\gh 
_m succe$+ decades & is s matt]-(-fact t
 r>ely does "o arise to ask :o fir/     
discov]$ ?is simple oxide ( c>bon4      
,prie/ley 0 a man ( /rong human         
sympa?ies4 ,he lov$ to m+le ) m5 &      
ex*ange ?\ghts4 ,fur!rmore1 ,prie/ley 0 
a m9i/]--a prea*]4 ,he 0 orda9$ :ile at 
,w>r+ton1 & glori$ 9 ! fact t he 0 a    
,diss5t+ ,m9i/]4 ,x 0 n 8 devotion to   

sci5ce :i* s5t him into exile4 ,8       
advanc$ ?\ght along political & religi\s
 l9es1 8 unequivocal utt]ances on su*   
subjects1--prov$ to be ! rock ^u :i* he 
%ipwreck$4 ,x has be5 said--      ,by "s
 /range irony ( fate ?is man1 :o 0 by   
nature "o (       ! mo/ peaceable &     
peace-lov+ ( m51 s+ul>ly calm &         
dispassionate1 n prone to disputation or
 giv5 to wrangl+1       acquir$ !       
reputation ( be+ p]haps ! mo/ cantank]\s
 man       ( 8 "t4444  ,!re is a        
wide-spread impression t ,prie/ley 0 a  
*emi/4 ,?is is ! answ] :i* inv>iably    
comes f ! lips ( /ud5ts ^u be+          
int]rogat$ conc]n+ him4 ,! tru? is t    
,prie/ley's att5tion 0 only turn$ to    
*emi/ry :5 9 ! ?irties by ,mat!w ,turn]1
 :o lectur$ on ?is subject 9 ! ,w>r+ton 
,academy 9 :i* ,prie/ley labor$ z a     
tea*]4 ,s he 0 r advanc$ 9 life be=e !  
sci5ce he enri*$ 0 reveal$ to him 9 !   
exp]im5tal way4 ,let x aga9 be decl>$1  
he 0 a tea*]4 ,8 ?\ghts 7 mo/ly ^? ( a  
tea*]4 ,education occupi$ him4 ,he wrote

 ^u x4 ,! old ,w>r+ton ,academy 0 a     
hot-b$ ( lib]al diss5t1 & !re 7 few     
subjects ^u :i* he did n publicly decl>e
 himself z a diss5t]4  ,he le>n$ to "k  
our own delightful ,frankl9 9 "o ( 8    
visits to ,london4 ,frankl9 0 !n sixty  
ye>s ( age1 :ile ,prie/ley 0 little m   
?an half 8 age4 ,a w>m fri5d%ip         
imm$iately sprang up4 ,x react$ p[]fully
 ^u ,prie/ley's "w z a political ?9k] & 
z a natural philosoph]4 ,9 %ort1        
,frankl9 made ,prie/ley into a man (    
sci5ce4 ,?is intimacy betwe5 ^!         
rem>kable m5 %\ld n escape ,am]ican     
/ud5ts4 ,recall t positively fasc9at+   
lett] 7#aghh7 f ,frankl9 to ,b5jam9     
,vaughan1 9 :i* occur ^! words3         
,rememb] me affectionately 444 to !     
hone/ h]etic ,dr4       ,prie/ley4 ,i d 
n call him hone/ by way ( di/9ction1 =  
,i       ?9k all ! h]etics ,i h kn[n h  
be5 virtu\s m54 ,!y       h ! virtue (  
,=titude1 or !y w\ld n v5ture to own    
_! h]esy2 & !y _c af=d to be defici5t 9 
any ( !       o!r virtues1 z t w\ld give

 advantage to _! _m       enemies4444 ,d
 n h[ev] mi/ake me4 ,x is n to my good  
fri5d's h]esy t ,i impute 8 hone/y4 ,on 
! contr>y 'tis       8 hone/y t has     
br\ght ^u him ! "* ( h]etic4  ,mu* (    
,prie/ley's ?\ght 0 giv5 to religi\s    
matt]s4 ,9 ,le$s he ackn[l$g$ himself a 
humanit>ian1 or        a believ] 9 !    
doctr9e t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 9 nature solely
       & truly a man1 h[ev] highly      
exalt$ by ,god4  ,8 home 9 ,le$s adjo9$ 
a public brew h\se4 ,he !re amus$       
himself ) exp]im5ts on c>bon dioxide    
7fix$ air74 ,/ep by /ep he became       
/rongly attract$ to exp]im5tation4 ,8   
means1 h[ev]1 =bade ! pur*ase ( app>atus
 & he 0 oblig$ to devise ! same & also  
to ?9k out 8 own me?ods ( attack4       
,naturally1 8 app>atus 0 simple4 ,he    
lov$ to repeat exp]im5ts1 ?us insur+ _! 
accuracy4  ,9 #aggb he publi%$ 8 fir/   
pap] on ,pneumatic ,*emi/ry4 ,x told ( !
 impregnation ( wat] ) c>bon dioxide4 ,x
 attract$ att5tion & 0 translat$ into   
,fr5*4 ,?is soda-wat] pap] won =        

,prie/ley ! ,copley m$al 7#aggc74 ,:ile 
?us signally honor$ he cont9u$ publi%+  
views on !ology & metaphysics4 ,^! made 
a consid]able upro>4  ,!n came !        
memorable ye> ( #aggd--! bir?-ye> (     
oxyg54 ,h[ _m *emi/s1 ) b two ye>s 9 !  
sci5ce1 h be5 s =tunate z to discov] an 
elem5t1 bett] /ill probably ! mo/       
important ( all ! elem5ts6 ,x 0 c]ta9ly 
a r>e good =tune6 ,x c\ldn't help b make
 him ! obs]v$ among obs]v]s4 ,?is may h 
occasion$ ! hue & cry aga9/ 8 polemical 
essays on gov]nm5t & *ur* to become m   
frequ5t & 9 "s in/ances almo/ furi\s4   
,x 0 n[ t he repair$ to ,london4 ,"h he 
_h daily int]c\rse ) ,frankl91 ^:       
enc\ragem5t prompt$ him to g bravely    
=w>d 9 8 adopt$ c\rse4  ,x 0 9 #aghj t  
he took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,birm+ham4 ,?is 
0 done at ! in/ance ( 8 bro!r-9-law4 ,! 
atmosph]e 0 mo/ cong5ial & fri5dly4 ,!n1
 he 0 mo/ desir\s ( resum+ 8 m9i/]ial   
duties2 fur!r1 he w\ld h ne> at h& good 
workm5 to aid him 9 ! prep>ation (      
app>atus = 8 philosophical pursuits4    

,be/ ( all 8 fri5ds 7 !re1 includ+ ^?   
devot$ to sci5ce4 ,fauj> ,/4 ,fond1 a   
,fr5* geologi/ has record$ a visit to   
,prie/ley--      ,dr4 ,prie/ley receiv$ 
me ) ! greate/ k9dness4444 ,!           
build+ 9 :i* ,dr4 ,prie/ley made 8      
*emical &       philosophical exp]im5ts 
0 deta*$ f 8 h\se to avoid !       dang]
 ( fire4 ,x consi/$ ( sev]al ap>tm5ts on
 ! gr\nd       floor4 ,^u ent]+ x we 7  
/ruck ) a simple & +5i\s       app>atus 
= mak+ exp]im5ts on inflammable gas     
extract$ f       iron & wat] r$uc$ to   
vap\r4  ,if1 only1 all ! "t ( ,dr4      
,prie/ley 9 ,birm+ham _h be5 devot$ to  
sci5ce1 b alas1 8 belov$ !ology claim$  
mu* ( x4 ,he w\ld ent] into             
controv]sy--he w\ld diss5t1 & ! awful   
h\r 0 advanc+ by leaps & b\nds4 ,! /orm 
0 approa*+4  ,x bur/ =? ) fury 9 #agia4 
,! h\ses ( wor%ip1 9 :i* he 0 wont to   
(ficiate1 7 ! fir/ to meet de/ruction1  
!n foll[$ 8 own h\se 9 :i* 7 assembl$ 8 
lit]>y treasures & ! app>atus he _h     
con/ruct$ & ga!r$ ) pa9s1 sacrifice &   

extreme ef=t4 ,its demolition fill$ 8 v 
s\l ) deepe/ sorr[4 ,close at h&1 !     
writ] has a neat little *emical balance4
 ,x 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry by ,prie/ley1
 & tradition has x1 t x 0 among ! pieces
 ( ! celebrat$ collection ( *emical     
ut5sils rescu$ f ! h&s ( ! infuriat$ mob
 :i* s\ght ev5 ! life ( ,prie/ley1 :o   
=tunately _h be5 spirit$ or hidd5 away  
by loyal1 devot$ fri5ds & admir]s4 ,9 "t
 he v5tur$ =? into ! op5 & j\rney$ to   
,london1 & :5 quiet 0 completely re/or$1
 he return$ to "o ( 8 e>ly fields (     
activity1 b wisdom & ! calm judgm5t (   
fri5ds decid$ ?is z unwise4 ,?r\gh x all
 ,prie/ley 0 quiet & philosophical1 :i* 
is evid5t f ! foll[+ /ory3      ,a fri5d
 call$ on him soon aft] ! riots &       
condol$ ) him       = 8 loss 9 g5]al1 !n
 m5tion$ ! de/ruction ( 8       books z 
an object ( p>ticul> regret4 ,prie/ley  
answ]$1 ,i       %\ld h read my books to
 little purpose if !y _h n taught       
me to be> ! loss ( !m ) composure &     
resignation4  ,b ! iron _h ent]$ 8 s\l4 

,he c\ld n believe t 9 8 own ,engl& any 
man w\ld be treat$ z he _h be5 treat$4  
,8 c\ntry 0 de> to him4 ,he priz$ x     
beyond expression1 b he c\ld n hope = ! 
peace 8 he>t crav$4 ,8 family circle 0  
brok51 two ( 8 sons hav+ come to        
,am]ica1 s 9 ! end1 deeply conc]n$ = 8  
life-companion's com=t1 ! decision to   
emigrate 0 rea*$1 & _! faces 7 turn$ to 
! ,we/4  ,9 review+ ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry !
 rem>k is frequ5tly he>d t "o blot* on !
 fair escut*eon ( ,fr5* sci5ce 0 plac$  
!re :5 ! remorseless guillot9e u%]$     
,lavoisi] into et]nity4 ,0 n ! ,briti%  
escut*eon ( sci5ce dimm$ :5 ,prie/ley   
pass$ into exile8 ,prie/ley--:o _h      
wr\ght s spl5didly6 ,& yet we %\ld n be 
too sev]e1 = an illu/ri\s "n--,c\nt     
,rum=d--:i* %\ld h be5 ours--0 lo/ to u 
by influ5ces n :olly unlike ^? :i* ga9$ 
u ,prie/ley4 ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 e>ly 9   
life ab&on$ a home & a c\ntry :i* 8     
fell[ citiz5s _h made intol]able4  ,read
 ,prie/ley's volumes on ,air & on       
,natural ,philosophy4 ,!y are classics4 

,all conv]sant ) _! cont5ts agree t !   
exp]im5tal "w 0 m>vel\s4 ,prie/ley's    
discov]y ( oxyg5 0 epo*-mak+1 b does n  
repres5t all t he did4 ,twice he j      
escap$ ! discov]y ( nitrog54 ,"o wond]s 
h[ ?is occurr$4 ,he _h x 9 h&4 ,! o!r   
num]\s obs]vations made by him ant$ate 8
 ,am]ican life & ne$ n be m5tion$ "h4   
,!y alone w\ld h giv5 him a p]man5t &   
honorable rank 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry4    
,/ud5ts ( ! sci5ce %\ld res]ve judgm5t (
 ,prie/ley until !y h famili>iz$        
!mselves ) all 8 contributions1 /ill    
accessible 9 e>ly p]iodicals4 ,:5 t has 
be5 done1 ! loss to ,engli% sci5ce1 by  
,prie/ley's dep>ture to ano!r clime w be
 app>5t4  ,8 de>e/ fri5ds w\ld h held   
him ) !m4 ,n e man's h& 0 aga9/ him--on 
! contr>y1 num]\s 7 ^?1 ev5 among !     
oppon5ts ( 8 political & !ological      
utt]ances1 :o hop$ t he w\ld n des]t !m4
 ,!y regrett$ t he _h--      turn$ 8    
att5tion too mu* f ! lum9\s field (     
philosophic disquisition to ! /]ile     
regions ( polemic       div9ity1 & !    

/ill m ?orny pa?s ( polemic politics4444
  f :i* ! hope 0 *]i%$ t he w\ld rec$e &
 devote all 8 might to philosophical    
pursuits4      ,a v consid]able numb]   
444 ( enlight5$ inhabitants1            
conv9c$ ( 8 integrity z a man1 s9c]ity z
 a prea*]1 &       sup]lative m]it z a  
philosoph]1 7 8 /r5u\s advocates       &
 admir]s4  ,b ! die _h be5 ca/1 & to    
,am]ica he sail$ on ,april #h1 #agid1 9 
! good %ip ,sansom1 ,capt4 ,smi?1 ) a   
hundr$ o!rs--8 fell[ pass5g]s4 ,:il/ on 
! seas 8 great protagoni/ ,lavoisi] met 
8 dea? on ! scaffold4      ,su* 0 !     
treatm5t be/[$ ^u ! be/ ( _! citiz5s by 
two nations :i* consid]$ !mselves z )\t 
exception !       mo/ civiliz$ &        
enlight5$ 9 ! _w6  ,x is q natural to   
qu]y h[ ! gr& old sci5ti/ busi$ himself 
on ?is voyage ( eight weeks & a day4 ,! 
answ] is f\nd 9 8 own words3      ,i    
read ! :ole ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 & !    
,hebrew bible z       f> z ! fir/ ,book 
( ,samuel3 also ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 
,bu*anan's poems1 ,erasmus' ,dialogues1 

also ,pet] ,p9d>'s poems1       c4444 & 
to amuse myself ,i tri$ ! heat ( ! wat] 
at       diff]5t dep?s1 & made o!r      
obs]vations1 :i* sugge/       v>i\s     
exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i %all prosecute :5ev]  
,i get my       app>atus at lib]ty4  ,! 
,doctor 0 q sea-sick1 & at times sad1 b 
uplift$ :5 8 eyes beheld ! pro(s (      
fri5d%ip among ^? he 0 leav+ beh9d4 ,?us
 he mu/ h smil$ b5ignantly on behold+ ! 
elegant ,silv] ,ink/&1 ) ! foll[+       
inscription1 pres5t$       444 by ?ree  
"y ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge3
          ,to ,joseph ,prie/ley1        
,,ll4,d4 c4 on 8 dep>ture into ,exile1  
f a few memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity (         
,cambridge1 :o regret           t       
expression ( _! ,e/eem %\ld be occasion$
 by !           +ratitude ( _! ,c\ntry4 
,&1 surely1 he mu/ h tak5 r5ew$ c\rage  
on p]us+ ! val$ictory message receiv$ f 
! ,society ( ,unit$ ,iri%m5 ( ,dubl93   
,sir1      ,,suff] a ,society :i* has   
be5 calum9at$ z devoid ( all s5se       
( religion1 law or morality1 to         

sympa?ize ) "o :om calumny       ( a    
simil> k9d is ab\t to drive f 8 native  
l&1 a l&       :i* he has adorn$ &      
enlight5$ 9 almo/ e bran* (       lib]al
 lit]ature1 & ( useful philosophy4 ,!   
emigration (       ,dr4 ,prie/ley w =m a
 /rik+ hi/orical fact1 by :i*           
alone1 future ages w le>n to e/imate    
truly ! temp] ( !       pres5t "t4 ,y\r 
dep>ture w n only give evid5ce ( !      
injury :i* philosophy & lit]ature h     
receiv$ 9 y\r       p]son1 b w prove !  
accumulation ( petty disquietudes1      
:i* has robb$ y\r life ( its ze/ &      
enjoym5t1 =1 at y\r       age no "o w\ld
 will+ly emb>k on su* a voyage1 & sure  
we       are1 x 0 y\r wi% & pray] to be 
buri$ 9 y\r native       c\ntry1 :i*    
conta9s ! du/ ( y\r old fri5ds ,saville1
       ,price1 ,jebb1 & ,fo!rgill4 ,b be
 *e]ful1 de> ,sir1 y are       go+ to a 
happi] _w--! _w ( ,wa%+ton & ,frankl94  
,9 idea1 we accompany y4 ,we /& ne> y   
:ile y are sett+       sail4 ,we wat*   
y\r eyes t l+] on ! :ite cliffs & we    

he> ! patri>*al bless+ :i* y\r s\l p\rs 
out on !       l& ( y\r nativity1 !     
aspiration t asc5ds to ,god = its       
peace1 its fre$om & its prosp]ity4      
,aga91 d we p>ticipate 9       y\r      
feel+s on fir/ behold+ ,nature 9 h]     
noble/ sc5es &       gr&e/ features1 on 
f9d+ man busi$ 9 r5d]+ himself          
wor?y ( ,nature1 b m ?an all1 on        
contemplat+ )       philosophic         
presci5ce ! com+ p]iod :5 ^? va/ inl&   
seas %all be %ad[$ ) sails1 :5 ! ,/4    
,lawr5ce &       ,mississippi1 %all     
/ret* =? _! arms to embrace !           
cont95t 9 a great circle ( int]ior      
navigation3 :5 !       ,pacific ,ocean  
%all p\r into ! ,atlantic2 :5 man w     
become       m preci\s ?an f9e gold1 &  
:5 8 ambition w be to       subdue !    
elem5ts1 n to subjugate 8               
fell[-creatures1 to       make fire1    
wat]1 e>? & air obey 8 bidd+1 b to leave
 !       poor e!real m9d z ! sole ?+ 9  
,nature free &       inco]cible4        
,happy inde$ w\ld x be 7 m5 9 p[] to    

recollect ?is       quality ( ! human   
m9d4 ,suff] u to give !m an example f   
a sci5ce ( :i* y are a mighty ma/]1 t   
attempts to fix       ! elem5t ( m9d    
only increase its activity1 & t to      
calculate :at may be f :at has be5 is a 
v dang]\s       deceit4--,7 all !       
saltpetre 9 ,india monopoliz$1 ?is w\ld 
only make *emical rese>*es m ard5t &    
successful4 ,!       *alky e>?s w\ld be 
se>*$ = x1 & nitre b$s w\ld be          
made 9 e cell> & e /able4 ,did n t prove
       suffici5t ! g5ius ( *emi/ry w\ld 
f9d 9 a new salt a       sub/itute =    
nitre or a p[] sup]ior to x4#c ,x       
requires       great] g5ius ?an ,mr4    
,pitt seems to possess1 to "k !         
wond]ful res\rces ( ! m9d1 :5 patriotism
 animates       philosophy1 & all ! arts
 & sci5ces are put "u a /ate (          
requisition1 :5 ! att5tion ( a :ole     
sci5tific p is       b5t to multiply+ ! 
means & in/rum5ts ( de/ruction &        
:5 philosophy rises 9 a mass to drive on
 ! w$ge ( w>4 ,a       black p[d] has   

*ang$ ! milit>y art1 & 9 a great degree 
! mann]s ( mank9d4 ,:y may n ! same     
sci5ce :i*       produc$ x1 produce     
ano!r p[d] :i*1 inflam$ "u a       c]ta9
 compression1 might impell ! air1 s z to
 %ake d[n !       /ronge/ t[]s & scatt] 
de/ruction4      ,b y are go+ to a      
c\ntry :]e sci5ce is turn$ to bett]     
uses4 ,y\r *ange ( place w give room = !
 mat*less       activity ( y\r g5ius2 & 
y w take a sublime pleasure 9           
be/[+ on ,brita9 ! b5efit ( y\r future  
discov]ies4 ,z       matt] *anges its =m
 b n a p>ticle is ev] lo/1 s !          
pr9ciples ( virtu\s m9ds are equally    
imp]i%able2 & y\r       *ange (         
situation may ev5 r5d] tru? m op]ative1 
k m productive1 & 9 ! ev5t1 lib]ty      
itself m       univ]sal4 ,waft$ by !    
w9ds or toss$ by ! waves1 ! se$       t 
is "h ?r[n out z dead1 !re %oots up &   
fl\ri%es4       ,x is probable t        
emigration to ,am]ica f ! fir/          
settlem5t d[nw>d1 has n only s]v$ !     
cause ( g5]al       lib]ty1 b w         

ev5tually & circuit\sly s]ve x ev5 9    
,brita94 ,:at mighty ev5ts h aris5 f t  
g]m :i* might       once h be5 suppos$  
to be lo/ =ev] 9 ! woods (              
,am]ica1 b ?r[n ^u ! bosom ( ,nature1 ! 
brea? ( ,god       reviv$ x1 & ! _w ha? 
ga!r$ its fruits4 ,ev5 ,irel&       has 
contribut$ h] %>e to ! lib]ties (       
,am]ica2 & :ile       purbl9d /atesm5 7 
happy to get rid ( ! /ubborn            
,presbyt]ians ( ! ,nor?1 !y little ?\ght
 t !y 7       s]v+ a good cause 9 ano!r 
qu>t]4--,yes6 ! ,volunte]s (            
,irel& /ill live--!y live across !      
,atlantic4 ,let ?is idea       animate u
 9 our suff]+s1 & may ! pure pr9ciples &
       g5u9e lu/re ( ! ,briti%          
,con/itution reflect$ f _!       ,coa/1 
p5etrate into ourselves & our dungeons4 
,f>ewell--great & good man6 ,great by   
y\r m5tal p[]s1 by y\r       multipli$  
lit]>y lab\rs1 b /ill great] by ^?      
h\sehold       virtues :i* =m ! only    
solid security = public conduct by      
^? mild & g5tle qualities1 :i* f> f be+ 

av]se to1       are mo/ frequ5tly att5d$
 ) sev]e & inflexible       patriotism1 
ris+ l an oak above a mode/             
mansion4--,f>ewell--b be=e y g1 we      
besee* a portion (       y\r p>t+ pray] 
to ! au?or ( ,good = ,ar*ibald ,hamilton
       ,r[an1 ! pupil ( ,jebb1 our      
,bro!r1 n[ suff]+ imprisonm5t1       & =
 all ^? :o h suff]$1 & are ab\t to suff]
 9       ! same cause--! cause (        
imp>tial & adequate                     
repres5tation--! cause ( ! ,con/itution4
 ,pray to ! be/ (       ,be+s = ,muir1  
,palm]1 ,skirv+1 ,m>g>ott & ,g]ald1 :o  
are       n[1 or w %ortly be cross+1 l  
y1 ! bleak ,ocean1 to a       b>b>\s    
l&6--,pray t !y may be animat$ ) ! same 
_s1 :i* 9 ! days ( _! fa!rs1 triumph$ at
 !       /ake1 & %one 9 ! mid/ ( flames4
 ,melan*oly inde$1 x is       t ! milde/
 & mo/ humane ( all ,religions %\ld h   
be5       s p]v]t$ z to hang or burn m5 
9 ord] to keep !m ( "o       fai?4      
,x is equally melan*oly1 t ! mo/        
des]v$ly extoll$ (       ,civil         

,con/itutions1 %\ld recur to simil>     
modes ( co]cion1       & t hang+ & burn+
 are n n[ employ$1 pr9cipally1          
because measures app>5tly mild] are     
consid]$ z m       effectual4 ,f>ewell6 
,soon may y embrace y\r sons on !       
,am]ican %ore1 & ,wa%+ton take y by !   
h&1 & ! %ade       ( ,frankl9 look d[n )
 calm delight on ! fir/ /atesman (      
! age ext5d+ 8 protection to its fir/   
philosoph]4  ,& h[ int]e/$ly did ,am]ica
 anticipate ! arrival ( ! _w r5[n$      
philosoph] is 9 a measure =e%ad[$ by !  
foll[+ exc]pt f ! ,am]ican ,daily       
,adv]tis] = ,?ursday1 ,june #e1 #agid3  
,dr4 ,prie/ley1 ) ab\t "o hundr$ o!r    
pass5g]s1 are on       bo>d ! ,sansom1  
:i* may be h\rly expect$4  ,9 an        
editorial ( ! same pap]1 pr9t$ ab\t !   
same date1 !re appe>$ ! foll[+ tribute3 
,x mu/ af=d ! mo/ s9c]e gratification to
 e well wi%]       to ! rights ( man1 t 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! l&       ( 
fre$om & indep5d5ce1 has become ! asylum
 ( ! greate/       *>act]s ( ! pres5t   

age1 :o h be5 p]secut$ 9 ,europe1       
m]ely because !y h def5d$ ! rights ( !  
enslav$       nations4      ,! "n (     
,joseph ,prie/ley w be long rememb]$    
among all       enlight5$ p2 & !re is no
 d\bt t ,engl& w "o       day regret h] 
ungrateful treatm5t to ?is v5]able &    
illu/ri\s man4 ,8 p]secutions 9 ,engl& h
 pres5t$ to       him ! ,am]ican        
,republic z a safe & hon\rable retreat 9
 8       decl9+ ye>s2 & 8 arrival 9 ?is 
,city calls ^u u to       te/ify our    
respect & e/eem = a man ^: :ole life has
 be5       devot$ to ! sacr$ duty (     
diffus+ k & happ9ess       among        
nations4      ,! citiz5s ( unit$ ,am]ica
 "k well ! hon\rable       di/9ction t  
is due to virtue & tal5ts2 & :ile !y    
*]i% 9 _! he>ts ! memory ( ,dr4         
,frankl91 z a       philosoph]1 !y w be 
pr\d to rank among ! li/ ( _!           
illu/ri\s fell[ citiz5s1 ! "n ( ,dr4    
,prie/ley4  ,quietly b ) great inw>d    
rejoic+ 7 ! travel-worn voyag]s--!      
,doctor & 8 wife--receiv$ on ! ev5+ (   

,june #d1 #agid1 at ! old ,batt]y 9 ,new
 ,york1 by _! son ,joseph & 8 wife1 :o  
_h long await$ !m1 & n[ conduct$ !m to a
 ne>by lodg+ h\se1 :i* _h be5 !         
head-qu>t]s ( ,g5]als ,h[e & ,cl9ton4   
,on ! foll[+ morn+ ! ,prie/leys 7 visit$
 by ,gov]nor ,cl9ton1 ,dr4 ,prevo/1     
,bi%op ( ,new ,york & mo/ ( ! pr9cipal  
m]*ants1 & deputations ( corporate      
bodies & ,societies1 br++ addresses (   
welcome4 ,?us1 among ! v fir/ to pres5t 
_! sympa!tic welcome 0 ! ,democratic    
,society ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 :i* 9 !
 address ( its ,presid5t1 ,mr4 ,james   
,ni*olson1 made ,june #g1 #agid1 said3  
,sir1      ,,we are appo9t$ by !        
,democratic ,society ( ! ,city ( ,new   
,york1 a ,committee to congratulate y on
 y\r arrival 9 ?is       c\ntry3 ,& we  
feel ! mo/ lively pleasure 9 bidd+ y a  
he>ty welcome to ^! %ores ( ,lib]ty &   
,equality4      ,:ile ! arm ( ,tyranny  
is ext5d$ 9 mo/ ( ! nations ( !         
_w1 to cru% ! _s ( lib]ty1 & b9d 9 *a9s 
!       bodies & m9ds ( m51 we          

ackn[l$ge1 ) ard5t gratitude to       ! 
,great ,p>5t ( ! ,univ]se1 our s+ul>    
felicity 9 liv+       9 a l&1 :]e       
,reason has successfully triumph$ ov] ! 
artificial di/9ctions ( ,european policy
 & bigotry1 & :]e       ! law equally   
protects ! virtu\s citiz5 ( e           
description       & p]suasion4      ,on 
?is occasion we _c b obs]ve1 t we once  
e/eem$       ourselves happy 9 !        
relation t subsi/$ betwe5 u & !         
,gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9--,b !        
multipli$ oppressions :i*               
*>act]iz$ t ,gov]nm5t1 excite 9 u ! mo/ 
pa9ful       s5sations1 & exhibit a     
spectacle z disgu/+ 9 itself1 z         
di%on\rable to ! ,briti% "n4      ,!    
gov]nm5ts ( ! old _w pres5t to u "o huge
 mass (       intrigue1 corruption &    
despotism--mo/ ( !m are n[ basely       
comb9$1 to prev5t ! e/abli%m5t ( lib]ty 
9 ,france1 &       to affect ! total    
de/ruction ( ! rights ( man4 ,"u ^!     
afflict+ circum/ances we rejoice t      
,am]ica op5s h] arms to       receive1 )

 frat]nal affection1 ! fri5d ( lib]ty & 
human       happ9ess1 & t "h he may     
enjoy ! be/ bless+s (       civiliz$    
society4      ,we s9c]ely sympa?ize ) y 
9 all t y h suff]$1       & we consid] !
 p]secution ) :i* y h be5 pursu$        
by a v5al ,c\rt & an imp]i\s &          
un*>itable prie/hood1 z       an        
illu/ri\s pro( ( y\r p]sonal m]it1 & a  
la/+       reproa* to t ,gov]nm5t f !   
grasp ( ^: tyranny y       are s happily
 remov$4      ,accept1 ,sir1 ( ! s9c]e &
 be/ wi%es ( ! ,society :om we          
repres5t1 = ! cont9uance ( y\r heal?1 & 
! increase (       y\r individual &     
dome/ic happ9ess4  ,to :i* ,prie/ley    
graci\sly repli$3    ,g5tlem51          
,,view+ ) ! deepe/ conc]n1 z y d1 !     
prospect t is       n[ exhibit$ 9       
,europe1 ^? tr\bles :i* are ! natural   
(fspr+ ( _! =ms ( gov]nm5t orig9at+1    
inde$1 9 !       _s ( lib]ty1 b         
gradually deg5]at+ 9 tyrannies1         
equally degrad+ to ! rul]s & ! rul$1 ,i 
rejoice 9       f9d+ an asylum f        

p]secution 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ^!          
abuses h come to a natural t]m9ation1 & 
h produc$       ano!r sy/em ( lib]ty    
f\nd$ on su* wise pr9ciples1 z1 ,i      
tru/1 w gu>d x aga9/ all future abuses2 
^? artificial       di/9ctions 9        
society1 f :i* !y sprung1 be+ completely
       eradicat$1 t protection f viol5ce
 :i* laws &       gov]nm5t promise 9 all
 c\ntries1 b :i* ,i h n f\nd 9       my 
own1 ,i d\bt n ,i %all f9d ) y1 ?\gh1 ,i
 _c       promise to be a bett] subject 
( ?is gov]nm5t1 ?an my :ole             
conduct w ev9ce t ,i h be5 to t ( great 
,brita94      ,ju/ly1 h[ev]1 z ,i ?9k ,i
 may compla9 ( ! treatm5t ,i h       met
 ) 9 ,engl& ,i s9c]ely wi% h] prosp]ity1
 &1 f !       good w ,i be> bo? t c\ntry
 & ?is ,i ard5tly wi% t       all =m]   
animosities may be =gott5 & t a p]petual
       fri5d%ip may subsi/ betwe5 !m4   
,& on ,monday1 ,june1 #aa1 #agid1 hav+  
tak5 ! fir/ opportunity to visit        
,prie/ley1 ! ,tammany ,society pres5t$  
?is address3    ,sir1      ,a num]\s    

body ( freem5 :o associate to cultivate 
among !m       ! love ( lib]ty & !      
enjoym5t ( ! happy ,republican          
gov]nm5t "u :i* !y live & :o = sev]al   
ye>s h       be5 kn[n 9 ?is city1 by !  
"n ( ! ,tammany ,society h       deput$ 
u a ,committee to express to y _!       
pleasure &       congratulations on y\r 
safe arrival 9 ?is c\ntry4      ,_!     
v5]able ance/ors escap$1 z y h done1 f  
p]secutions ( intol]ance1 bigotry &     
despotism1 & !y       w\ld deem         
!mselves1 an unwor?y prog5y 7 !y n      
highly       int]e/$ 9 y\r safety &     
happ9ess4      ,x is n alone because y\r
 v>i\s useful publications ev9ce a      
life devot$ to lit]ature & ! indu/ri\s  
pursuit (       k2 n only because y\r   
num]\s discov]ies 9 ,nature       are s 
effici5t to ! progression ( human       
happ9ess3 b !y       h long kn[n y to be
 ! fri5d ( mank9d & 9 defiance (        
calumny & malice1 an ass]t] ( ! rights (
 consci5ce &       ! *ampion ( civil &  
religi\s lib]ty4      ,!y h le>n$ )     

regret & indignation ! ab&on$           
proce$+s ( ^? spoil]s :o de/roy$ y\r    
h\se & goods1       ru9$ y\r            
philosophical app>atus & libr>y1        
committ$ to !       flames y\r          
manuscripts1 pry$ into ! secrets ( y\r  
private       pap]s1 & 9 _! b>b>ian fury
 put y\r life itself 9       dang]4 ,!y 
he>d y also ) exalt$ b5evol5ce return   
unto       !m bless+s = curses3 & :ile y
 ?us exemplifi$ !       undaunt$        
integrity ( ! patriot1 ! mild & =be>+   
virtues ( ! ,*ri/ian1 !y hail$ y victor 
9 ?is       magnanim\s triumph ov] y\r  
enemies4      ,y h fl$ f ! rude arm (   
viol5ce1 f ! flames (       bigotry1 f !
 rod ( lawless p[]3 & y %all f9d        
refuge 9 ! bosom ( fre$om1 ( peace1 & ( 
,am]icans4      ,y h left y\r native l&1
 a c\ntry d\btless ev] de> to       y--a
 c\ntry = ^: improvem5t 9 virtue & k y  
h long dis9t]e/$ly lab\r$1 = :i* its    
rew>ds are       +ratitude1 inju/ice &  
bani%m5t4 ,a c\ntry al?\gh n[           
pres5t+ a prospect frightful to ! eyes (

 humanity1 yet once       ! nurse (     
sci5ce1 ( arts1 ( h]oes1 & ( freeman--a 
c\ntry :i* al?\gh at pres5t app>5tly    
self devot$ to       de/ruction1 we     
fondly hope may yet tread back ! /eps ( 
infamy       & ru91 & once m rise       
conspicu\s among ! free nations (       
! e>?4 ,9 ?is advanc$ p]iod ( y\r life1 
:5 nature       dem&s ! sweets (        
tranquility1 y h be5 con/ra9$ to        
enc\nt] ! tempe/\s deep1 to risk        
disappo9t$ prospects 9 a       =eign l&1
 to give up ! satisfaction ( dome/ic    
quiet1 to       te> y\rself f ! fri5ds (
 y\r y\?1 f a num]\s       acqua9tance  
:o rev]e & love y1 & w long deplore y\r 
loss4      ,we ent]1 ,sir1 ) emotion &  
sympa?y into ! num]\s       sacrifices y
 mu/ h made1 to an und]tak+ :i* s       
em95tly exhibits our c\ntry z an asylum 
= ! p]secut$ &       oppress$1 & into ^?
 regretful s5sibilities y\r he>t        
exp]i5c$ :5 ! %ores ( y\r native l& 7   
less5+ to       y\r view4      ,alive to
 ! impressions ( ?is occasion we give y 

a w>m &       he>ty welcome into ^!     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we tru/ a c\ntry wor?y  
( y2 :]e ,provid5ce has unfold$ a sc5e z
 new z x is       augu/1 z felicitat+ z 
x is unexampl$4 ,! enjoym5t (           
lib]ty ) b "o disgraceful exception1    
p]vades e class       ( citiz5s4 ,a     
ca?olic & s9c]e _s ( tol]ation regulates
       society :i* rises into zeal :5 ! 
sacr$ rights ( humanity       are       
invad$4 ,& !re exi/s a s5tim5t ( free & 
c&id       inquiry :i* disda9s %ackles (
 tradition1 promis+ a ri*       h>ve/ ( 
improvem5t & ! glori\s triumphs ( tru?4 
,we       hope1 ,sir1 t ! ,great ,be+ ^:
 laws & works y h       made ! /udy (   
y\r life1 w smile ^u & bless            
y--re/ore y to e dome/ic & philosophical
 enjoym5t1       prosp] y 9 e und]tak+1 
b5eficial to mank9d1 r5d]       y1 z y h
 be5 to y\r own1 ! ornam5t ( ?is c\ntry1
       & cr[n y at la/ ) immortal       
felicity & hon\r4  ,& to ?is ! v5]able  
sci5ti/ 0 pleas$ to say3    ,g5tlem51   
,i ?9k myself greatly hon\r$1 fly+ z ,i 

d1 f ill       treatm5t 9 my native     
c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( my atta*m5t to !    
cause ( civil & religi\s lib]ty1 to be  
receiv$ ) !       congratulations ( a   
,society ( ,freem5 associat$ to         
cultivate       ! love ( lib]ty1 & !    
enjoym5t ( a happy ,republican          
gov]nm5t4 ,happy w\ld our v5]able       
ance/ors1 z y ju/ly       call !m1 h    
be51 to h f\nd ,am]ica su* a retreat =  
!m z x is to me1 :5 !y 7 driv5 hi!r2 b  
happy has       x prov$ to me1 & happy w
 x be = ! _w1 t 9 !       wise &        
b5evol5t ord] ( ,provid5ce1 abuses ( p[]
 are ev]       de/ructive ( itself1 &   
fav\rable to lib]ty4 ,_! /r5u\s         
ex]tions & y\rs n[ give me t asylum :i* 
at my "t (       life is peculi>ly      
grateful to me1 :o only wi% to cont9ue  
unmole/$ ^? pursuits ( v>i\s lit]ature  
to :i*1 )\t       hav+ ev] ent]$ into   
any political connexions my life has be5
       devot$4      ,i jo9 y 9 view+ )  
regret ! unfav\rable prospect (         
,great ,brita9 =m]ly1 z y say1 ! nurse (

 sci5ce1 & (       freem51 & wi% ) y1 t 
! unhappy delusion t c\ntry       is n[ 
"u may soon vani%1 & t :atev] be ! =m ( 
its       gov]nm5t x may vie ) ?is      
c\ntry 9 ev]y?+ t is       fav\rable to 
! be/ int]e/s ( mank9d1 & jo9 ) y 9     
remov+ t only disgraceful circum/ance1  
:i* y ju/ly       ackn[l$ge to be an    
exception to ! enjoym5t ( equal lib]ty1 
among y\rselves4 ,t ! ,great ,be+ ^:    
provid5ce ext5ds       alike to all !   
human race1 & to ^: disposal ,i *e]fully
       commit myself1 may e/abli% :atev]
 is good1 & remove :atev]       is      
imp]fect f y\r gov]nm5t & f e gov]nm5t 9
       ! kn[n _w1 is ! e>ne/ pray] (1   
,g5tlem51          ,y\r respectful      
humble s]vant4  ,z ,prie/ley _h ev]     
glori$ 9 ! fact t he 0 a tea*]1 :at m   
appropriate 9 ?is p]iod ( congratulatory
 welcome1 c\ld h come to him ?an !      
foll[+ message ( ,new ,york's tea*+     
body3      ,! associat$ ,tea*]s 9 ! city
 ( ,new ,york beg leave to (f]       y a
 s9c]e & he>ty welcome to ?is l& (      

tranquility &       fre$om4             
,impress$ ) ! idea ( ! real importance (
 s valuable an       acquisition to !   
gr[+ int]e/s ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 9    
?is c\ntry1 we are p>ticul>ly happy t ! 
hon\r ( y\r       fir/ reception1 has   
fall5 to ?is /ate1 & to ! city ( ,new   
,york4      ,z lab\r]s 9 ^? fields :i* y
 h occupi$ ) ! mo/       di/+ui%$       
em95ce1 at ! ardu\s & important task (  
cultivat+ ! human m9d1 we contemplate ) 
peculi>       satisfaction ! auspici\s  
influ5ce :i* y\r p]sonal       resid5ce 
9 ?is c\ntry1 w add to t ( y\r highly   
valuable sci5tific & lit]>y productions1
 by :i* we h       already be5 mat]ially
 b5efit$4      ,we beg leave to         
anticipate ! happ9ess ( %>+ 9 "s        
degree1 t patronage ( sci5ce &          
lit]ature1 :i* x has       ev] be5 y\r  
delight to af=d4 ,?is w give facility to
 our       expressions2 direct &        
enc\rage u 9 our ardu\s employm5ts2     
assi/ u to =m ! man1 & !reby give       
efficacy to !       diffusion ( useful  

k4      ,our mo/ ard5t wi%es att5d y1   
good ,sir1 t y may f9d 9       ?is l& a 
virtu\s simplicity1 a happy recess f !  
intrigu+ politics & vitiat+ ref9em5ts ( 
! ,european       _w4 ,t y\r patriotic  
virtues may add to ! vig\r ( our        
happy ,con/itution & t ! bless+s ( ?is  
c\ntry may be       abundantly remun]at$
 into y\r p]son & y\r family4      ,& we
 rejoice 9 believ+1 t ! ,p>5t ( ,nature1
 by ^?       secret communications (    
happ9ess ) :i* he nev] fails to         
rew>d ! virtu\s m9d1 w "h convey to y t 
consolation1 support1 & joy1 :i* are    
indep5d5t ( local       circum/ances1 & 
,:i* ! _w c nei!r give nor take         
away4  ,t\*$1 inde$ 0 ,prie/ley by ?is  
simple1 outspok5 greet+ f ^? :o         
appreciat$ 8 g5u9e int]e/ 9 ! cause (   
education4 ,h5ce 8 reply 0 9 a k9dr$ _s3
      ,a welcome to ?is c\ntry f my     
fell[ lab\r]s 9 !       in/ruction (    
y\?1 is1 ,i assure y1 peculi>ly grateful
 to me4       ,classes ( m51 z well z   
individuals1 are apt to =m too high     

ideas ( _! own importance2 b c]ta9ly "o 
( ! mo/       important is1 t :i*       
contributes s mu* z ours d to !         
cummunication ( useful k1 z =m+ !       
*>act]s (       m51 !reby fitt+ !m = _! 
sev]al /ations 9 society4       ,9 "s =m
 or o!r ?is has be5 my employm5t &      
delight2 &       my pr9cipal object 9   
fly+ = an asylum to ?is c\ntry1 a       
l&1 z ,i hope y ju/ly t]m x1 ( virtu\s  
simplicity1 &       a recess f !        
intrigu+ politics1 & vici\s ref9em5ts ( 
! ,european _w1 is t ,i may1 )\t        
mole/ation1 pursue my       fav\rite    
/udies4 ,& if ,i _h an opportunity (    
mak+ *oice (       an employm5t = :at   
rema9s ( active ex]tion 9 life1 x       
w\ld be "o 9 :i* ,i %\ld z ,i hope ,i h 
hi!rto done1       contribute ) y1 to   
advance ! cause ( sci5ce1 ( virtue1     
& ( religion4  ,fur!r1 ,! ,m$ical       
,society ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york ?r\gh   
,dr4 ,john ,*>lton1 its ,presid5t1 said3
      ,,p]mit u1 ,sir1 to wait ^u y ) an
 (f]+ ( our s9c]e       congratulations1

 on y\r safe arrival1 ) y\r lady &      
family       9 ?is happy c\ntry1 & to   
express our real joy1 9 receiv+         
among u1 a g5tleman1 ^: lab\rs h        
contribut$ s mu* to       ! diffusion & 
e/abli%m5t ( civil & religi\s lib]ty1   
& ^: deep rese>*es into ! true pr9ciples
 ( natural       philosophy1 h d]iv$ s  
mu* improvem5t & real b5efit1 n         
only to ! sci5ces ( *emi/ry & m$ic9e1 b 
to v>i\s       o!r arts1 all ( :i* are  
necess>y to ! ornam5t & utility       ( 
human life4      ,may y1 ,sir1 possess &
 enjoy1 "h1 un9t]rupt$ cont5tm5t       &
 happ9ess1 & may y\r valuable life be   
cont9u$ a f>!r       bless+ to mank9d4  
,& 9 8 answ] ,dr4 ,prie/ley rem>k$3     
,i ,,?9k myself greatly hon\r$ 9 be+    
congratulat$ on my       arrival 9 ?is  
c\ntry by a ,society ( p]sons ^: /udies 
be>       "s relation to my own4 ,to    
cont9ue1 )\t fe> ( mole/ation1       on 
acc\nt ( ! mo/ op5 pr(ession ( any      
s5tim5ts1 civil or       religi\s1 ^?   
pursuits :i* y are s5sible h = _!       

object ! advantage ( all mank9d1 7be+1 z
 y ju/ly       obs]ve1 necess>y to !    
ornam5t & utility ( human life7 is      
my pr9cipal motive = leav+ a c\ntry 9   
:i* t       tranquility & s5se (        
security :i* sci5tificial pursuits      
require1 _c be _h2 & ,i am happy to f9d 
"h1 p]sons :o       are engag$ 9 ! same 
pursuits1 & :o h ! j s5se t       y     
discov] ( _! truly enviable situation4  
,z a climax to greet+s ext5d$ 9 ! ,city 
( ,new ,york1 ,! ,republican ,natives ( 
,great ,brita9 & ,irel& resid5t 9 t city
 said1      ,,we1 ! ,republican natives 
( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 resid5t      
9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 embrace1 ) !     
highe/ satisfaction1       ! opportunity
 :i* y\r arrival 9 ?is city pres5ts1 (  
be>+ our te/imony to y\r "* & virtue & (
       express+ our joy t y come among u
 9 circum/ances ( su*       good heal? &
 spirits4      ,we h beheld ) ! ke5e/   
s5sibility1 ! unp>allell$               
p]secutions :i* att5d$ y 9 y\r native   
c\ntry1 & h       sympa?iz$ ) y "u all  

_! v>iety & ext5t4 ,9 !       firm hope1
 t y are n[ completely remov$ f !       
effects (       e species ( intol]ance1 
we mo/ s9c]ely congratulate y4          
,aft] a fruitless opposition to a       
corrupt & tyrannical       gov]nm5t1 _m 
( u h1 l y1 s\ght fre$om &              
protection 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 
b to ?is we h       all be5 pr9cipally  
induc$1 f ! full p]suasion1 t a         
republican repres5tative gov]nm5t1 0 n  
m]ely be/ adapt$       to promote human 
happ9ess1 b t x is ! only rational      
sy/em wor?y ! wisdom ( man to project1  
or to :i* 8 reason       %\ld ass5t4    
,p>ticipat+ 9 ! _m bless+s :i* !        
gov]nm5t ( ?is       c\ntry is calculat$
 to insure1 we are happy 9 giv+ x ?is   
pro( ( our respectful atta*m5t3--,we are
 only griev$1 t a       sy/em ( su*     
beauty & excell5ce1 %\ld be at all      
t>ni%$       by ! exi/5ce ( slav]y 9 any
 =m2 b z fri5ds to !       ,equal       
,rights ( ,man1 we mu/ be p]mitt$ to    
say1 t we wi%       ^! ,rights ext5d$ to

 e human be+1 be 8 complexion :at       
x may4 ,we1 h[ev]1 look =w>d ) pleas+   
anticipation to a       yet m p]fect    
/ate ( society2 &1 f t love ( lib]ty    
:i* =ms s di/+ui%+ a trait 9 ,am]ican   
"*1 are       taught to hope t ?is      
la/--?is worse disgrace to a free       
gov]nm5t1 w f9ally & =ev] be done away4 
,:ile we look back on our native c\ntry 
) emotions ( pity &       indignation at
 ! outrages :i* humanity has su/a9$ 9 ! 
p]sons ( ! virtu\s ,muir1 & 8 patriotic 
associates2 &       deeply lam5t ! fatal
 apa?y into :i* our c\ntrym5 h          
fall52 we desire to be ?ankful to !     
,great ,au?or ( our be+       t we are 9
 ,am]ica1 & t x has pleas$ ,him1 9 8    
,wise       ,provid5ce1 to make ! ,unit$
 ,/ates an asylum n only f !            
imm$iate tyranny ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 
b also f ^?       imp5d+ calamities1 :i*
 its increas+ despotism &               
multipli$ iniquities1 mu/ infallibly br+
 d[n on a delud$ &       oppress$ p4    
,accept1 ,sir1 ( our affectionate & be/ 

wi%es = a long       cont9uance ( y\r   
heal? & happ9ess4  ,! answ] ( ! ag$     
philosoph] to ?is address 03      ,i ?9k
 myself peculi>ly happy 9 f9d+ 9 ?is    
c\ntry s _m       p]sons ( s5tim5ts     
simil> to my own1 "s ( :om h            
probably left ,great ,brita9 or ,irel&  
on ! same acc\nt1 & to       be s       
*e]fully welcom$ by !m on my arrival4 ,y
 h already       _h exp]i5ce ( !        
diff]5ce betwe5 ! gov]nm5ts ( !         
two c\ntries1 & ,i d\bt n1 h se5        
suffici5t reason to       give ! decid$ 
pref]5ce t y d to t ( ?is4 ,!re all     
lib]ty ( spee* & ( ! press z f> z       
politics are       conc]n$1 is at an    
end1 & a _s ( intol]ance 9 matt]s (     
religion is almo/ z high z 9 ! "t ( !   
,/u>ts4 ,"h1       hav+ no c\nt5ance f  
gov]nm5t1 :atev] may rema9 ( ?is        
_s1 f ! ignorance & consequ5t bigotry1 (
 =m]       times1 x may be expect$ soon 
to die away2 & on all subjects          
:atev]1 e man enjoys invaluable lib]ty (
 speak+ &       writ+ :atev] he pleases4

      ,! wisdom & happ9ess ( ,republican
 gov]nm5ts & ! evils       result+ f    
h]$it>y mon>*ical ones1 _c appe> 9 a    
/rong] light to y ?an !y d to me4 ,we   
ne$ only look to !       pres5t /ate (  
,europe & ( ,am]ica1 to be fully        
satisfi$ 9       ?is respect4 ,! =m] w  
easily re=m !mselves1 & among       o!r 
improvem5ts1 ,i am p]suad$1 w be !      
removal ( t       ve/ige ( s]vitude to  
:i* y allude1 z x s ill accords       ) 
! _s ( equal lib]ty1 f :i* ! re/ ( !    
sy/em has fl[$2 :]eas no mat]ial        
re=mation ( ! _m       abuses to :i* !  
latt] are subject1 x is to be fe>$1 c be
       made )\t viol5ce & confusion4    
,i congratulate y1 g5tlem51 z y d me1 on
 our arrival 9 a       c\ntry 9 :i* m5  
:o wi% well to _! fell[ citiz5s1 &      
use _! be/ endeav\rs to r5d] !m ! mo/   
important       s]vices1 m5 :o are an   
hon\r to human nature & to any          
c\ntry1 are 9 no dang] ( be+ treat$ l ! 
wor/ felons1       z is n[ ! case 9     
,great ,brita94      ,happy %\ld ,i ?9k 

myself 9 jo9+ ) y 9 welcom+ to       ?is
 c\ntry e fri5d ( lib]ty1 :o is expos$  
to dang]       f ! tyranny ( ! ,briti%  
,gov]nm5t1 & :o1 :ile !y       cont9ue  
"u x1 mu/ expect to %>e 9 ^? calamities1
 :i*       its pres5t infatuation mu/1  
soon] or lat]1 br+ ^u x4 ,b       let u 
all jo9 9 supplications to ! ,great     
,p>5t ( !       ,univ]se1 t = ! sake ( !
 _m excell5t *>act]s 9       our native 
c\ntry its gov]nm5t may be re=m$1 & !   
judgm5ts imp5d+ ov] x prev5t$4  ,! he>ty
 reception accord$ ,dr4 ,prie/ley met 9 
due c\rse ) a cruel attack ^u him by    
,william ,cobbett1 kn[n "u ! p5-"n (    
,pet] ,porcup9e1 an ,engli%man1 :o aft] 
arrival 9 ?is c\ntry enjoy$ a r prosp]\s
 life by =mulat+ scurril\s              
lit]ature--attacks ^u m5 ( prom95ce1 />s
 %9+ brightly 9 ! human firmam5t4  ,an  
old pap]1 ! ,argus1 = ! ye> #agif1 said 
( ?is ,pet] ,porcup9e3      ,:5 ?is     
political cat]pill> 0 crawl+ ab\t at ,/4
 ,john's1       ,nova ,scotia1 9 support
 ( 8 ,britannic ,maje/y's glori\s cause1

       aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & hold+ ! 
rank ( s]jeant major       9 ! #ed?     
regim5t1 !n qu>t]$ 9 t l&1 fl[+ )       
milk & honey1 & ,,gr9d/ones1 & comm&$ by
 ,colonel ,bruce2       x 0 cu/om>y = "s
 ( ! (fic]s to hire out ! soldi]s       
to ! c\ntry p1 in/ead ( keep+ !m to     
milit>y duty1       & to pocket ! money 
!mselves4 ,pet] f\nd he c\ld make a     
speck out ( ?is1 & !re=e kept a wat*ful 
eye ov] !       s9s ( 8 sup]iors4 ,:5 ! 
regim5t 0 recall$ & _h       return$ to 
,engl&--,pet]1 brimful ( amor patri1 0  
ab\t to       pref] a compla9t aga9/ !  
(fic]s1 :5 !y came d[n )       a r\nd   
sum ( ! ready r9o1 & a promise ( 8      
dis*>ge1 9       case ( secrecy4--,?is s
 /agg]$ our incorruptible &             
indep5d5t h]o & quill driv]1 t he agre$ 
to ! t]ms1       receiv$ t v honorable  
dis*>ge1 m5tion$ ) s mu*       emphasis1
 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 important life--got ca% 
en\gh to       come to ,am]ica1 by      
circuit\s r\te & to set himself up )    
! necess>y implem5ts ( sc&al & abuse4   

,?is flea1 ?is spid]1 ?is corporal1 has 
d>$ to po9t 8       impot5t sple5 at !  
memory ( t illu/ri\s patriot1           
/atesman & philosoph]1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl94
      ,let ! buzz+ insect reflect on ?is
 tru?--t      ,succe$+ times great      
,frankl9's works %all quote1     ,:5    
'tis =got--?is ,pet] ev] wrote4  ,& !   
,adv]tis] decl>$3      ,pet] ,porcup9e  
is "o ( ^? writ]s :o attempt to deal 9  
wit--& to be> d[n e ,republican pr9ciple
 by satire--b he       mis]ably fails 9 
bo?1 = 8 wit is z /ale z 8 satire1      
& 8 satire z insipid z 8 wit4 ,he       
attempts to ridicule ,dr4               
,frankl91 b c any man ( s5se conceive   
any poignancy 9       /yl+ ?is great    
philosoph]1 poor ,ri*>d1 or ! old       
lightn+ rod4 ,frankl91 ^: rese>*es 9    
philosophy h       plac$ him preem95t   
among ! fir/ *>act]s 9 ?is c\ntry1      
or 9 ,europe3 is x possible !n t su* a  
contemptible wret*       z ,pet]        
,porcup9e1 7:o nev] gave any specim5 ( 8
       philosophy1 b 9 be>+ ) ,*ri/ian  

pati5ce a sev]e       :ipp+ at ! public 
po/7 c injure ! exalt$ reputation (     
?is great philosoph]8 ,! folly ( !      
,editor ( ! ,c5t9al1       is ! m       
conspicu\s1 9 ins]t+ 8 bill+sgate abuse 
9 a       ,bo/on pap]1 :5 ?is t[n1      
p>ticul>ly ! ,,tradesman ( x are        
reap+ su* advantages f ,frankl9's       
lib]ality4 ,! ,editor (       ! ,c5t9al 
ought to blu% = 8 arrogance 9 vilify+   
?is       ,,tradesm5',s ,,fri5d1 by     
retail+ ! scurrility ( s wret*$ a       
puppy z ,pet] ,porcup9e4      ,z to ,dr4
 ,prie/ley1 ! ,editor 0 oblig$ to       
apologise 9 ?is       p>ticul>--b col\rs
 x ov] z ! effusions ( g5ius--poor      
apology1 inde$ to /a9 8 columns )       
scurrility & abuse1       & aft] f9d+ ! 
impression too notori\sly infam\s1      
attempts to qualify x1 sycophantic      
p>5!sis4      ,! names ( ,frankl9 &     
,prie/ley w be enroll$ 9 !              
catalogue ( wor?ies1 :ile ! wret*$ ,pet]
 ,porcup9e1 &       8 m wret*$          
support]s1 w s9k into oblivion1 unless !

       regi/] ( ,newgate %\ld be        
publi%$1 & _! memories be       rak$ f !
 loa?some rubbi% z spectres ( univ]sal  
de/e/ation4  ,& ! ,london ,mon?ly       
,review 7,augu/ #aj1 #agif7 comm5t$ z   
foll[s on ,porcup9e's animadv]sions ^u  
,prie/ley3      ,frequ5tly z we h diff]$
 9 op9ion f ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 we          
%\ld ?9k x an act ( inju/ice to 8 m]it1 
n to say t       ! num]\s & important   
s]vices :i* he has r5d]$ to             
sci5ce1 & ! unequivocal pro(s :i* he has
 giv5 ( at lea/       hone/ int5tion    
t[>ds religion & ,*ri/ianity ought to h 
protect$ him f su* gross insults z are  
p\r$ ^u him 9       ?is pamphlet4 ,( !  
au?or's lit]>y tal5t1 we %all say b     
little3 ! phrases1 sett+ d[n to c\nt !  
co/--! rights       ( ! man ! greate/   
bore 9 nature--! appellation (          
rigm>ole ramble1 giv5 to a correct      
s5t5ce ( ,dr4       ,prie/ley--:i* !    
au?or attempts to criticise--may s]ve z 
specim5s ( 8 language4      ,! pitiful  
attempt at wit1 9 8 vulg> fable ( !     

pit*]       h>angu+ ! pans & jordans1 w 
give him little cr$it z a       writ]1 )
 read]s ( an elegant ta/e4--,no c5sure1 
h[ev]1       c be too sev]e = a writ] :o
 suff]s ! ranc\r ( p>ty       _s to c>ry
 him s f> beyond ! b\nds ( ju/ice1 tru? 
&       dec5cy1 z to speak ( ,dr4       
,prie/ley z an admir] ( !               
massacres ( ,france1 & :o w\ld h wi%$ to
 h se5 !       t[n ( ,birm+ham l t (    
,lyons1 raz$1 & all its       indu/ri\s 
& loyal inhabitants but*]$ z a man ^:   
conduct       proves t he has ei!r an   
und]/&+ little sup]ior to t       ( an  
idiot1 or ! he>t ( ,m>at3 9 %ort1 z a   
man :o fl$       into bani%m5t cov]$ ) !
 univ]sal de/e/ation ( 8       c\ntrym54
 ,! _s1 :i* c\ld dictate su* outrage\s  
abuse1       mu/ disgrace any individual
 & any p>ty4  ,ev5 be=e ,porcup9e began 
8 abuse ( ,prie/ley1 !re appe>$ ef=ts   
int5d$ no d\bt to ar\se opposition to   
him & dislike = him4 ,"o su*1 app>5tly v
 innoc5t 9 its purpose1 appe>$ %ortly   
aft] ,prie/ley's settlem5t 9            

,nor?umb]l&4 ,x may be se5 9 !          
,adv]tis]1 & reads ?us3      ,! div9ity 
( ,jesus ,*ri/ prov$ 9 a publication to 
be sold by       ,francis ,bayley 9     
,m>ket ,/reet1 betwe5 #crd & #d?        
,/reets1 at       ! sign ( ! ,yorick's  
,head--be+ a reply to ,dr4 ,joseph      
,prie/ley's appeal to ! s]i\s & c&id    
pr(essors (       ,*ri/ianity4  ,! ,new 
,york addresses cle>ly indicat$ ! g5]\s 
sympa?y ( ho/s ( ,am]icans = ,prie/ley4 
,!y 7 n p]functory1 b g5u9ely g5u9e4    
,?is br\ght joy to ! di/+ui%$ emigrant1 
& a s5se ( fell[%ip1 accompani$ by a    
feel+ ( security4  ,m ?an a c5tury has  
pass$ s9ce ^! occurr5ces1 & ! read] (   
today is sc>cely /irr$ by _! decl>ations
 & appeals4 ,*anges h come1 9 ! pa/     
c5tury1 on bo? sides ( ! great ocean4   
,almo/ ev]y:]e reigns ! fre$om s dev\tly
 desir$ by ! fa!rs ( ! long ago4 ,x is s
 univ]sal t x does n come z a fir/      
?\ght4 ,o!r *anges1 once con/antly on   
m5's m9ds h gradually be5 made4  ,h[    
wond]ful has be5 ! developm5t ( ,new    

,york s9ce ,prie/ley's brief soj\rn 9 x4
 ,h[ m>vel\sly sci5ce has gr[n 9 ! great
 int]im4 ,:at w\ld ,prie/ley say c\ld he
 n[ pass up & d[n ! fam\s av5ues ( our  
greate/ ,city8  ,8 decision to live 9   
,am]ica1 8 labors = sci5ce 9 ?is l&1 h  
_h a %>e 9 ! a/\nd+ unfold+ ( !         
dynamical possibilities ( ,am]ica's     
greate/ municipality4  ,! ,prie/leys 7  
delight$ ) ,new ,york4 ,!y 7 frequ5t    
d9n] gue/s ( ,gov]nor ,cl9ton1 :om !y   
lik$ v mu* & saw (t51 & !y met )        
pleasure ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ill1 !   
,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,columbia4       
,amid/ ! endless fetes1 att5dant ^u _!  
arrival1 !re exi/$ a desire to g =w>d4  
,! entire family 7 eag] to arrive at _! 
real re/+ place--! home prep>$ by ! sons
 :o _h prec$$ !m to ?is ,we/]n _w4      
,accord+ly1 on ,june #ah1 #agid1 !y left
 ,new ,york1 aft] a =tnight's visit1 & !
 ,adv]tis] ( ,philadelphia1 ,june #ba1  
#agid1 conta9$ ^! l9es3      ,la/       
,?ursday ev5+ arriv$ 9 t[n f ,new ,york 
! ju/ly       celebrat$ philosoph] ,dr4 

,joseph ,prie/ley4  ,?us 0 h]ald$ 8     
pres5ce 9 ! ,city ( 8 e/eem$1 honor$    
fri5d1 ,frankl91 :o1 alas6 0 !n 9 ! _s  
l&1 & n able to greet him z he w\ld h   
done _h he /ill be5 a liv+ =ce 9 ! ,city
 ( ,bro!rly ,love4 ,h[ev]1 a v prompt   
welcome came f ! ,am]ican ,philosophical
 ,society1 f\nd$ 7#agbg7 by ! immortal  
savant1 ,frankl94  ,! ,presid5t ( ?is   
v5]able ,society1 ! olde/ sci5tific     
,society 9 ! ,we/]n hemisph]e1 0 ! r5[n$
 a/ronom]1 ,david ,ritt5h\se1 :o said = 
himself & 8 associates3      ,,!        
,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 held  
at ,philadelphia =       promot+ useful 
k1 (f] y _! s9c]e       congratulations 
on y\r safe arrival 9 ?is c\ntry4       
,associat$       = ! purposes ( ext5d+ &
 dissem9at+ ^? improvem5ts       9 !    
sci5ces & ! arts1 :i* mo/ conduce to    
sub/antial       happ9ess ( ,man1 !     
,society felicitate !mselves & _!       
c\ntry1 t y\r tal5ts & virtues1 h be5   
transf]r$ to       ?is ,republic4       
,consid]+ y z an illu/ri\s memb] ( ?is  

in/itution3 ,y\r colleagues anticipate  
y\r aid1 9 zeal\sly       promot+ !     
objects :i* unite !m2 z a virtu\s man1  
possess+ em95t & useful acquirem5ts1 !y 
contemplate )       pleasure ! accession
 ( su* wor? to ! ,am]ican ,commonweal?1 
& look+ =w>d to y\r future "* ( a citiz5
 ( ?is1       y\r adopt$ c\ntry1 !y     
rejoice 9 greet+1 z su*1 an             
enlight5$ ,republican4      ,9 ?is free 
& happy c\ntry1 ^? unali5able rights1   
:i*       ! ,au?or ( ,nature committ$ to
 man z a sacr$ deposit1 h       be5     
secur$3 ,"h1 we h be5 enabl$1 "u ! fav\r
 (       ,div9e ,provid5ce1 to e/abli% a
 gov]nm5t ( ,laws1 & n (       ,m52 a   
gov]nm5t1 :i* secures to its citiz5s    
equal ,rights1 &       equal ,lib]ty1 & 
:i* (f]s an asylum to ! good1 to !      
p]secut$1 & to ! oppress$ ( o!r climes4 
,may y long enjoy e bless+ :i* an       
elevat$ & highly       cultivat$ m9d1 a 
pure consci5ce1 & a free c\ntry are     
capable       ( be/[+4  ,&1 9 return1   
,prie/ley rem>k$4      ,,x is ) peculi> 

satisfaction t ,i receive !             
congratulations ( my bre?r5 ( !         
,philosophical ,society 9       ?is     
,city1 on my arrival 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x   
is1 9 great "p1       = ! sake ( pursu+ 
our common /udies )\t mole/ation1       
?\gh = ! pres5t y w all[1 ) f> less     
advantage1       t ,i left my native    
c\ntry1 & h come to ,am]ica2 & a        
,society ( ,philosoph]s1 :o w h no      
objection to a p]son on       acc\nt ( 8
 political or religi\s s5tim5ts1 w be z 
grateful1 z x w be new to me4 ,my pa/   
conduct1 ,i hope1 w       %[1 t y may   
dep5d ^u my zeal 9 promot+ ! valuable   
objects ( y\r in/itution2 b y mu/ n     
flatt] y\rself1 or       me1 ) suppos+1 
t1 at my "t ( life1 & ) !               
inconv5i5ce att5d+ a new & unc]ta9      
settlem5t1 ,i c be       ( mu* s]vice to
 x4      ,i am confid5t1 h[ev]1 f :at ,i
 h already se5 ( !       _s ( ! p ( ?is 
c\ntry1 t x w soon appe>       t        
,republican gov]nm5ts1 9 :i* e          
ob/ruction is remov$       to ! ex]tion 

( all k9ds ( tal5t1 w be f> m           
fav\rable to sci5ce1 & ! arts1 ?an any  
mon>*ical       gov]nm5t has ev] be54 ,!
 patronage to be met ) !re is       ev] 
caprici\s1 & z (t5 employ$ to be> d[n   
m]it z to       promote x1 hav+ = its   
real object1 n sci5ce or any?+          
useful to mank9d1 b ! m]e reputation ( !
 patron1 :o is       seldom any judge ( 
sci5ce4 ,:]eas a ,public :i* nei!r      
flatt]s nor is to be flatt]$ w n fail 9 
due "t to       di/+ui% true m]it & to  
give e enc\ragem5t t x is       prop] to
 be giv5 9 ! case4 ,besides by op5+ z y 
g5]\sly d an asylum to ! p]secut$ &     
oppress$ ( all       climes1 y w 9      
addition to y\r own native /ock1 soon   
receive a l>ge accession ( e k9d ( m]it1
 philosophical       n except$1 :]eby y 
w d y\rselves great hon\r &       secure
 ! mo/ p]man5t advantage to ! community4
  ,d\btless 9 ! society ( s _m wor?y    
,philadelphians1 ! ,prie/leys 7 happy1 =
 !y _h correspond$ ) n a few ( !m4  ,!  
long+ = ,nor?umb]l& became v great & "o 

smiles on read+ t ! good ,doctor ?\ght  
,philadelphia by no means s agreeable z 
,new ,york 444 ,philadelphia w\ld be v  
irksome to me4444 ,x is only a place =  
bus9ess & to get money 94 ,b 9 ?is ,city
 he lat] sp5t mu* ( 8 "t4  ,x 0 ab\t !  
middle ( ,july1 #agid1 t ! j\rney to    
,nor?umb]l& began1 & on ,septemb] #ad1  
#agid1 ,prie/ley wrote ( ,nor?umb]l&    
no?+ c be m delightful1 or m heal?y ?an 
?is place4  ,safely lodg$ among ^? de>  
to him "o f9ds mu* pleasure 9 obs]v+ !  
great philosoph]'s activities4 ,!       
prep>ation ( a home = himself & 8 wife &
 ! unm>ri$ memb]s ( ! family 0 upp]mo/ 9
 8 m9d4 ,b mu* "t 0 giv5 to             
correspond5ce ) loyal fri5ds 9 ,engl&4  
,*ief among ^! 7 ! ,rev]5ds ,l9dsey &   
,bel%am4 ,! lett]s to ^! g5tlem5        
disclose ! plans & mus+s ( ! exile4 ,=  
in/ance1 9 a communication to ! =m]1    
dat$ ,septemb] #ad1 #agid1 he wrote3    
,! pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,college (    
,philadelphia is       suppos$ to be on 
8 dea?-b$ 444 9 ! case ( a vacancy1 ,dr4

       ,ru% ?9ks ,i %all be invit$ to   
succe$ him4 ,9 ?is case ,i mu/          
reside f\r mon?s 9 "o ye> 9             
,philadelphia1 & "o pr9cipal            
inducem5t ) me to accept ( x w be !     
opportunity ,i %all       h ( =m+ an    
,unit>ian ,congregation4444  ,& a mon?  
lat] he obs]v$ to ! same fri5d3         
,philadelphia is unpleasant1 unheal?y1 &
 intol]ably       exp5sive4444 ,e day ,i
 d some?+ t[>ds ! cont9uation (       my
 ,*ur* ,hi/ory4444 ,i h nev] read s mu* 
,hebrew z ,i h       s9ce ,i left       
,engl&4444  ,he visit$ freely 9 !       
vic9ity ( ,nor?umb]l&1 sp5d+ mu* "t 9 ! 
op54 ,davy1 a travel]1 made ?is note3   
,dr4 ,prie/ley visit$ u at ,sunbury1    
looks well & *e]ful1 has       left (f 8
 p]riwig1 & combs 8 %ort grey locks1 9 !
 true       /yle ( ! simplicity ( !     
c\ntry4444 ,d9$ v pleasantly       )    
him4 ,he has b\ght a lot ( elev5 acres  
7exclusively ( t       :i* he is build+ 
on71 :i* comm&s a delightful view ( all 
! riv]s1 & bo? t[ns1 i4e4 ,sunbury &    

,nor?umb]l& &       ! c\ntry4 ,x co/ him
 #ajj curr5cy4  ,x 0 also to ,mr4       
,l9dsey t he communicat$1 on ,novemb]   
#ab1 #agid1 a fact ( no little int]e/1  
ev5 today1 to tea*]s ( ,*emi/ry 9       
,am]ica4 ,x 03      ,i h j receiv$ an   
invitation to ! pr(essor%ip (           
*emi/ry at ,philadelphia 444 :5 ,i      
consid]$ t ,i mu/ pass       f\r mon?s (
 e ye> f home1 my he>t fail$ me2 & ,i   
decl9$ x4 ,if my books & app>atus _h be5
 9 ,philadelphia1 ,i       might h act$ 
diff]5tly1 b "p ( !m are n[ arriv$      
"h1 & ! rema9d] ,i expect 9 a few days1 
& ! exp5se       & risk ( conveyance (  
su* ?+s f ,philadelphia hi!r is       s 
great1 t ,i _c ?9k ( tak+ !m back 444 & 
9 a       ye> or two1 ,i d\bt n1 we %all
 h a college e/abli%$       "h4  ,x 0   
ab\t ?is "t t 8 y\nge/ son1 ,h>ry1 9 :om
 he p>ticul>ly delight$1 began cle>+    
#cjj acres ( *eap l&1 & 9 ?is "w !      
philosoph] 0 greatly int]e/$2 inde$1 on 
occasions he actually p>ticipat$ 9 !    
labor ( remov+ ! timb]4 ,despite ?is    

manual labor !re 7 /ill h\rs ( e day    
giv5 to ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 & to 8         
correspond5ce :i* grew 9 volume1 z he 0 
advis+ inquir+ ,engli% fri5ds1 :o ?\ght 
( emigrat+1 & v g5]ally to !m he        
recomm5d$ ! p]usal ( ,dr4 ,?omas        
,coop]'s      ,advice to ^? :o w\ld     
remove to ,am]ica--  ,?r\gh ?is         
correspond5ce1 n[ & !n1 !re appe>$      
little animadv]sions on ! qua9t old t[n 
on ! ,delaw>e1 su* z      ,i nev] saw a 
t[n ,i lik$ less ?an ,philadelphia4     
,c\ld ?is dislike h be5 due to ! fact   
t--      ,probably 9 no o!r place on !  
,cont95t 0 ! love ( bright       col\rs 
& extravagance 9 dress c>ri$ to su* an  
extreme4       ,l>ge numb]s ( ! ,quak]s 
yield$ to x1 & ev5 ! v       /rict ones 
c>ri$ gold-head$ canes1 gold            
snuff-boxes1 & wore       great silv]   
buttons on _! drab coats & h&some       
buckles on       _! %oes4  ,&           
,n[h]e 7 ! wom5 s respl5dant 9 silks1   
sat9s1 velvets1       & brocades1 & !y  
pil$ up _! hair m\nta9s high4           

,fur!rmore--      ,! descriptions ( !   
banquets & fea/s 444 are appall+4       
,john ,adams1 :5 he fir/ came d[n to    
,philadelphia1 fre% f       ,bo/on1 /ood
 agha/ at ?is life into :i* he 0 sudd5ly
       ?r[n & ?\ght x mu/ be s94 ,b he  
rose to ! occasion1       &1 aft]       
describ+ 9 8 di>y "s ( ! mighty fea/s & 
s9ful fea/s 444 says he drank ,madeira  
at a great rate &       f\nd no         
inconv5i5ce4  ,x w\ld only be surmise to
 /ate :at 7 ! ,doctor's reasons = 8     
frequ5t decl>ation ( dislike =          
,philadelphia4  ,! w9t] ( #agid-agie    
prov$ mu* cold] ?an ev] ,i knew x 9     
,engl&1 b he *e]fully reque/$ ,samuel   
,p>k] to s5d him a hygromet]1 %ades or  
bell-glasses1 j>s = electrical batt]ies1
 &      a set ( glass tubes ) l>ge bulbs
 at ! end1 su* z ,i us$       9 !       
exp]im5ts ,i la/ publi%$ on ! g5]ation (
 ,air       f wat]4  ,mo/ refre%+ is ?is
 dem& ^u a fri5d4 ,x indicates ! ke5    
desire 9 ,prie/ley to proce$ )          
exp]im5tal /udies1 ?\gh surr\nd+s &     

provisions = su* und]tak+s 7 q          
unsatisfactory4 ,! _s 0 !re & v det]m9$ 
0 its possessor t 8 sci5ce pursuits %\ld
 n be laid totally aside4 ,8 attitude & 
c\rse 9 ?is p>ticul> 7 admirable &      
exempl>y4 ,too (t5 ! lack ( an abundance
 ( equipm5t & ! abs5ce ( _m ( ! suppos$ 
ess5tials1 h be5 det]r5ts :i* h caus$ m5
 to ab&on completely _! sci5tific       
inve/igations4 ,h[ev]1 su* 0 n ! case ) 
! di/+ui%$ exile1 & = ?is he des]v$ all 
praise4  ,f "t to "t1 9 old pap]s &     
books ( travel1 brief notes conc]n+     
,prie/ley appe>4 ,^! exhibit 9 a        
beautiful mann] ! human side ( ! man4   
,!y cause "o to wi% t ! privilege ( kn[+
 ?is wor?y /ud5t ( *emical sci5ce might 
h be5 enjoy$ by him4 ,= example1 a ,mr4 
,bakewell *anc$ ^u him 9 ! spr+ ( #agie 
& record$3      ,i f\nd him 7,prie/ley7 
a man r bel[ ! middle size1             
/raight & pla91 we>+ 8 own hair2 & 9 8  
c\nt5ance1       ?\gh y might disc]n !  
philosoph]1 yet x beam$ ) s       mu*   
simplicity & fre$om z made him v easy ( 

access4  ,x is also /at$ 9 ,davy's      
,j\rnal ( ,voyage1 etc4--      ,! doctor
 enjoys a game at :i/2 & al?\gh he nev] 
haz>ds a       f>?+1 is highly div]t$ ) 
play+ good c>ds1 b nev]       ruffl$ by 
bad ones4  ,9 ,may1 #agie1 ,prie/ley    
express$ himself z foll[s3      ,z to ! 
exp]im5ts1 ,i f9d ,i _c d mu* till ,i   
get my own       h\se built4 ,at pres5t 
,i h all my books & in/rum5ts 9 "o      
room1 9 ! h\se ( my son4  ,?is is ! fir/
 "t 9 all 8 correspond5ce t ref]5ce is  
made to exp]im5tal "w4 ,x 0 9 #agie4 ,z 
a matt] ( c\rse e ,am]ican *emi/ is     
int]e/$ to "k :5 he began exp]im5tation 
9 ?is c\ntry4  ,9 ! abs5ce ( prop]      
laboratory space & ! requisite app>atus1
 x is n surpris+ t he ?\ght mu* & wrote 
ext5sively on religi\s topics1 & fur!r  
he w\ld ?r[ himself into political      
problems1 = he address$ ,mr4 ,adams on  
re/riction 9 ! naturalization ( =eign]s4
 ,he rem>k$ t--      ,p>ty /rife is     
pretty high 9 ?is c\ntry1 b !           
,con/itution       is su* t x _c d any  

h>m4  ,to fri5ds1 probably rem9d+ him ( 
be+ unactive1 :i* affects me mu*1 he    
answ]$3      ,z to ! *emical lecture%ip 
79 ,philadelphia7 ,i am conv9c$ ,i      
c\ld n h acquitt$ myself 9 x to prop]   
advantage4 ,i _h       no difficulty 9  
giv+ a g5]al c\rse ( *emi/ry at ,hackney
       7,engl&71 lectur+ only once a    
week2 b to give a lecture e       day = 
f\r mon?s1 & to ent] s p>ticul>ly into !
 subject       z a c\rse ( lectures 9 a 
m$ical ,univ]sity 7,p5nsylvania7        
requires1 ,i 0 n prep>$ =2 & my         
engagem5ts !re w\ld       n1 at my "t ( 
life1 h p]mitt$ me to make ! necess>y   
prep>ations = x2 if ,i c\ld h done x at 
all4 ,=1 ?\gh ,i       h made discov]ies
 9 "s bran*es ( *emi/ry1 ,i nev] gave   
mu* att5tion to ! common r\t9e ( x1 & "k
 b little       ( ! common processes4   
,is n ?is a refre%+ confession f !      
celebrat$ discov]] ( oxyg58 ,! casual   
read] w\ld n cr$it su* a /atem5t f "o :o
 ,augu/ #a1 #aggd1 introduc$ to !       
civiliz$ _w s important an elem5t z     

oxyg54 ,because he did n "k ! common    
processes ( *emi/ry & _h n conc]n$      
himself ) ! common r\t9e ( x1 l$ to 8   
blaz+ ! way among *emical comp\nds 9 8  
own fa%ion4 ,_m times s9ce ! days (     
,prie/ley real rese>*]s aft] tru? h     
proce$$ )\t compass & uncov]$ mo/       
a/oni%+ & rem>kable results4 ,!y _h !   
g5u9e rese>* _s & 7 driv5 =w>d by x4    
,prie/ley knew little ( ! labyr9? (     
analysis & c>$ less2 inde$1 he possess$ 
little beyond an insatiable desire to   
unfold ,nature's secrets4  ,admiration =
 ,prie/ley increases on he>+ him descant
 on ! p ab\t him--on ! natives--        
,"h e h\se-keep] has a g>d51 out ( :i*  
he raises       almo/ all he wants = 8  
family4 ,!y all h c[s1 & _m       h     
horses1 ! keep+ ( :i* co/s !m little or 
no?+ 9       ! summ]1 = !y ramble )     
bells on _! necks 9 !       woods1 &    
come home at night4 ,almo/ all ! fre%   
meat !y h       is salt$ 9 ! autumn1 & a
 fi% call$ %ads 9 ! spr+4       ,?is    
salt %ad !y eat at breakfa/1 ) _! tea & 

c(fee1       & also at night4 ,we1      
h[ev]1 h n yet laid aside our           
,engli% cu/oms1 & hav+ made great       
ex]tion to get fre% meat1       x w soon
 come into g5]al use4  ,pr\dly mu/ he h 
said--      ,my y\nge/ son1 ,h>ry1 works
 z h>d z any f>m] 9 ! c\ntry       & is 
z att5tive to 8 f>m1 ?\gh he is only    
eighte54444       ,two or ?ree h\rs ,i  
always "w 9 ! fields along ) my         
son4444  ,&1 !n z a supplem5t1 = x 0    
re/+ heavily on 8 m9d1 he add$--        
,:at ,i *iefly att5d to n[ is my ,*ur*  
,hi/ory 444 b ,i make       "s exp]im5ts
 e day 7,july #ab1 #agie71 & %all soon  
draw up       a pap] = ! ,philosophical 
,society at ,philadelphia4  ,e>ly 9     
,decemb] ( #agie he entru/$ a pap]1     
int5d$ = ! ,am]ican ,philosophical      
,society to ! keep+ ( ,dr4 ,"y1 a       
g5tleman f ,nor?umb]l& en r\te =        
,europe4 ,acqua9t+ 8 fri5d ,l9dsey ( ?is
 fact1 he took occasion to add--      ,i
 h mu* m to d 9 my laboratory1 b ,i am  
"u !       necessity ( %utt+ up = !     

w9t]1 z ! fro/ w make x       impossible
 to keep my wat] fit = use1 )\t su*     
provision z       ,i _c make1 till ,i   
get my own laboratory prep>$ on purpose1
       :5 ,i hope to be able to "w      
alike1 w9t] & summ]4  ,dr4 ,"y c>ri$ two
 pap]s to ,philadelphia4 ,! fir/ article
 treat$ ( ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations     
relat+ to ! ,analysis ( ,atmosph]ical   
,air1 & ! second ,fur!r ,exp]im5ts      
relat+ to ! ,g5]ation ( ,air f ,wat]4   
,!y fill$ #bj qu>to pages ( ,volume #d (
 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican           
,philosophical ,society4 ,on read+ !m ! 
?\ght l+]s t ^! are ! fir/ contributions
 ( ! em95t philosoph] f 8 ,am]ican home4
 ,h5ce1 )\t ref]5ce to _! value1 !y are 
preci\s4 ,!y repres5t ! results (       
inquiries p]=m$ "u unusual surr\nd+s4 ,x
 is v probable t ,prie/ley's ,engli%    
correspond5ts desir$ him to conc5trate 8
 ef=ts ^u exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,!y 7 inde$
 pleas$ to be in=m$ ( 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 &
 8 vital int]e/ 9 religion1 b !y *]i%$ !
 hope t sci5ce w\ld 9 l>ge/ measure     

displace ^! lit]>y endeavors4 ,prie/ley 
himself nev] admitt$ ?is1 b mu/ h       
p5etrat$ _! designs1 &1 recogniz+ ! po9t
 ( _! urg+1 work$ at mu* disadvantage to
 get ! results pres5t$ 9 ^! two pione]  
/udies4 ,pres5t day /ud5ts w\ld gr[     
impati5t 9 _! p]usal1 because ( !       
p]si/5t emphasis plac$ on phlogi/on1    
dephlogi/icat$ air1 phlogi/icat$ air1 & 
s =?4 ,9 ! v fir/ pap]1 ! op5+ l9es %[  
?is3      ,x is an ess5tial "p ( !      
antiphlogi/ic !ory1 t 9 all       !     
cases ( :at ,i h call$ phlogi/ication ( 
air1 !re       is simply an absorption (
 ! dephlogi/icat$ air1 or1 z !          
advocates ( t !ory t]m x1 ! oxyg5       
conta9$ 9 x1       leav+ ! phlogi/icat$ 
"p1 :i* !y call azote1 z x              
orig9ally exi/$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,also1   
accord+ to ?is       sy/em1 azote is a  
simple sub/ance1 at lea/ n hi!rto       
analyz$ into any o!r4  ,no matt] h[     
deeply "o v5]ates ,prie/ley1 or h[ great
 honor is ascrib$ to him1 ! "q cont9ues 
:y ! simpl] ,fr5* view 0 n adopt$ by ?is

 hone/ /ud5t4 ,fur!r1 z an ard5t admir] 
"o asks :y %\ld ,prie/ley p5 ! next     
s5t5ce3      ,!y1 !re=e1 suppose t !re  
is a det]m9ate proportion       betwe5 !
 quantities ( oxyg51 & azote 9 e portion
 (       atmosph]ical air1 & t all t has
 hi!rto be5 done has       be5 to       
sep>ate !m f "o ano!r4 ,?is proportion  
!y /ate       to be #bg p>ts ( oxyg5 &  
#gc p>ts ( azote1 9 #ajj (              
atmosph]ical air4  ,prie/ley knew t !re 
0 a det]m9ate proportion4 ,he 0 n1      
h[ev]1 influ5c$ by quantitative data4   
,sir ,oliv] ,lodge said#d--             
,prie/ley's exp]im5ts 7 admirable1 b 8  
p]ception (       _! !oretical relations
 0 entirely inadequate &1 z we       n[ 
?9k1 q errone\s4444 ,9 !ory he _h no    
in/9ct =       guess+ "r 444 he may     
almo/ be said to h _h a                 
pr$ilection = ! wrong end4  ,at pres5t !
 ,fr5* ?\ght is s evid5t t x seems      
incompreh5sible t ,prie/ley fail$ to    
grasp x1 = he cont9ues--      ,9 e case 
( ! dim9ution ( atmosph]ical air 9 :i*  

?is       is ! result1 !re appe>s to me 
to be some?+ emitt$ f       ! sub/ance1 
:i* ! antiphlogi/ians suppose to act by 
simple       absorption1 & !re=e t x is 
m probable t !re is       "s sub/ance1 &
 ! same t has be5 call$ philogi/on1     
or ! pr9ciple ( inflammability 444      
emitt$1 & t ?is       phlogi/on unit+ ) 
"p ( ! dephlogi/icat$ air =ms       ) x 
"p ( ! phlogi/icat$ air1 :i* is f\nd    
aft] !       process4  ,subsequ5tly     
7#agih71 he advis$ ! ,society t he _h   
execut$ o!r exp]im5ts :i* corroborat$ ^?
 outl9$ 9 8 fir/ two pap]s1 add+--      
,_h ! publication ( y\r ,transactions   
be5 m frequ5t1 ,i       %\ld ) mu*      
pleasure h submitt$ to ! ,society a full
       acc\nt ( ^! & o!r exp]im5ts :i*  
appe> to me to       prove1 t metals are
 comp\nd sub/ances1 & t wat] has n      
yet be5 decompos$ by any process t we   
are acqua9t$ )4       ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i  
w\ld n be v positive1 z ! contr>y is    
ma9ta9$ by almo/ all ! *emi/s ( !       
age4444  ,& ?us he proce$s1 ev] do+     

int]e/+ ?+s1 b bl9d to ! pat5t results  
because he _h phlogi/on con/antly be=e  
him4 ,he look$ ev]y:]e = x1 foll[$ x    
bl9dly1 & consequ5tly ov]look$ ! facts  
reg>d$ z mo/ significant by 8 oppon5ts1 
:i* 9 ! end l$ !m to correct            
conclusions4  ,! exp]im5tal results 9 ! 
second pap] also admit ( an             
int]pretation q ! opposite ( t d$uc$ by 
,prie/ley4 ,he confid5tly ma9ta9$ t air 
0 inv>iably g5]at$ f wat]1 because he   
discov]$ x & lib]at$ x f wat] :i* he 0  
c]ta9 did n conta9 x 9 solution4 ,he 0  
consci5ti\s 9 8 inf]5ces4 ,deeply did 8 
fri5ds deplore 8 inability to see m ?an 
a s+le int]pretation ( 8 results6  ,!   
pap]s 7 read be=e ! ,am]ican            
,philosophical ,society on ! #ai? (     
,febru>y1 #agif4 ,_! au?or z !y appe> 9 
pr9t1 is ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,prie/ley4 ,x 
is d\btful :e!r he affix$ ?is signature4
 ,m probable is x t ! ,secret>y ( !     
,society 0 responsible1 &1 because he   
?\ght ( ,prie/ley 9 ! rle ( a ,rev]5d   
g5tleman r ?an z a sci5tific            

inve/igator4  ,"h1 p]haps1 x may be     
m5tion$ t ! fir/1 ! v fir/ communication
 f ,prie/ley's p5 to ! v5]able          
,philosophical ,society1 0 read 9 #aghd4
 ,x 0 pres5t$ by a fri5d--a ,mr4 ,w4    
,vaughan1 ^: family 9 ,engl& 7 always ! 
/aun*e/ ( ,prie/ley's support]s4 ,& x is
 n too mu* to assume t x 0 ! same       
influ5ce :i* "o ye> lat] 7#aghe7 br\ght 
ab\t ,prie/ley's election to memb]%ip 9 
! ,society1 = he 0 "o ( #bh new memb]s  
*os5 9 ,janu>y ( t ye>4  ,!re are       
evid5ces ( m>k$ fri5dl9ess to ,prie/ley 
all ab\t ! ,hall ( ! ,society1 = example
 8 pr(ile 9 ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 p>ticul>ly  
valuable = ! resemblance to ! ,doctor1  
:i* 0 pres5t$ 9 #agia2 a second pr(ile 9
 black lea!r giv5 by ,rob]t ,patt]son1 a
 ,presid5t ( ! ,society1 & an oil       
portrait ( him f ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,casp>      
,wi/>4  ,8 appe>ance 9 p]son1 :5 = !    
fir/ "t he sat among 8 colleagues ( !   
,society1 0 on ! ev5+ ( ,febru>y #ai1   
#agif--! night ^u :i* ! two pap]s1      
comm5t$ ^u 9 ! la/ few p>agraphs 7      

pres5t$1 al?\gh he probably did n read  
!m himself1 ?is be+ done by a fri5d or  
by ! secret>y4 ,sixte5 memb]s 7 pres5t4 
,among ^! 7 "s ^: names h become famili>
 else:]e1 su* z ,b>ton1 ,woodh\se &     
o!rs4 ,today1 ! pres5ce 9 ! same old    
,hall ( a r5[n$ sci5ti/1 f beyond !     
seas1 w\ld lit]ally attract cr[ds4 ,!n x
 0 n ! fa%ion4 ,b probably he _h come   
unann\nc$ & unh]ald$4 ,fur!r1 he 0      
speak+ at o!r h\rs on o!r topics 9 !    
city4  ,x is n record$ t he spoke be=e !
 philosoph]s4 ,p]haps he quietly absorb$
 _! rem>ks & /udi$ !m1 al?\gh he no d\bt
 0 agreeably ar\s$ :5 ,mr4 ,peale       
pres5t$        to ! ,society a "y son ( 
f\r mon?s & f\r days old1 be+       !   
fir/ *ild born 9 ! ,philosophical ,hall1
 & reque/$ t       ! ,society w\ld give 
him a "n4 ,on :i* ! ,society            
unanim\sly agre$ t1 aft] ! "n ( ! *ief  
f\nd] &       late ,presid5t ( !        
,society1 he %\ld be call$ ,frankl94  ,9
 anticipation ( any lat] allusion to    
,prie/ley's soj\rn 9 ,philadelphia be x 

obs]v$ t he att5d$ meet+s ( ! ,am]ican  
,philosophical ,society ?ree times 9    
#agif1 twice 9 #agig1 ?ree times 9 #ahja
 & once 9 #ahjc1 & t on ,febru>y #crd1  
#agig1 he 0 *os5 to deliv] ! annual     
oration be=e ! ,society1 b ! ,committee 
report$ t        !y wait$ on ,dr4       
,prie/ley la/ ,monday aft]noon1 :o      
receiv$       ! in=mation ) great       
polit5ess1 b decl9$ accept+ (       !   
appo9tm5t4  ,?is l5g?y digression mu/ n[
 be int]rupt$4 ,x has gone almo/ too f>1
 yet x 0 necess>y 9 ord] t an acc\nt ( !
 e>ly exp]im5tal contributions ( ! exile
 might be introduc$ *ronologically4 ,z  
already rem>k$1 ,am]icans are mo/ deeply
 int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ ,prie/ley did dur+ 8  
life 9 ?is c\ntry & p>ticul>ly 9 8      
sci5tific activities4  ,on resum+ ! /ory
 ( ! r\t9e at ,nor?umb]l& 9 ! clos+     
mon?s ( ! ye> #agie1 !re comes ! cry f  
an agoniz$ he>t1--      ,we h lo/ poor  
,h>ry6  ,?is 0 ! message to a           
,philadelphia resid5t--a fri5d f old    
,engl&4 ,! loss1 = su* x emphatically 01

 affect$ ! ,doctor & ,mrs4 ,prie/ley v  
deeply4 ,?is p>ticul> son 0 a pride to  
!m & ?\gh only eighte5 ye>s old _h      
conduct$ 8 f>m z if he _h be5 br$ a     
f>m]4      ,he 0 uncommonly belov$ by   
all t work$ "u him4  ,8 home 0 j outside
 ( ! bor\gh ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,x 0 ! gift (
 8 fa!r4 ,8 int]m5t 9 a plot ( gr\nd    
belong+ to ! ,society ( ,fri5ds is ?us  
describ$ by ,mr ,bakewell3      ,i      
att5d$ ! fun]al to ! lonely spot1 & !re 
,i saw !       good old fa!r p]=m !     
s]vice ov] ! grave ( 8 son4 ,x       0  
an affect+ sight1 b he w5t ?r\gh x )    
=titude1 &       aft] pray+1 address$ ! 
att5dants 9 a few words1 assur+       !m
 t ?\gh dea? _h sep>at$ !m "h1 !y %\ld  
meet       aga9 9 ano!r & a bett] life4 
,! correspond5ce to fri5ds 9 ,engl& 0   
replete ) acc\nts ( lectures :i* 7 9    
process ( prep>ation4 ,!y 7 disc\rses on
 ! ,evid5ces ( ,revelation & _! au?or 0 
mo/ desir\s ( gett+ to ,philadelphia t  
he might !re deliv] !m4 ,at t "t ?is    
,city 0 full ( a!ism & agno/icism4 ,!n1 

too1 ! hope ( e/abli%+ a ,unit>ian ,*ur*
 0 ev] 9 ,prie/ley's ?\ghts4 ,h[        
delightful x is to read1 ,febru>y #ab?1 
#agif--      ,i am n[ on my way to      
,philadelphia4  ,:5 he left x 9 #agid he
 0 r critical ( x1 b n[ aft] ?ree days  
he arriv$ !re4 ,x 0      a v good       
j\rney1 accompani$ by my daught]-9-law1 
9 my       son's ,y>m\? waggon1 :i* by  
means ( a seat con/ruct$ (       /raw1 0
 v easy4  ,yes1 back aga9 to ! ,city :i*
 0 ! only city 9 ?is c\ntry ev] visit$  
by him4 ,al?\gh at times he consid]$ go+
 to ,new ,york1 & ev5 to ,bo/on1        
,philadelphia 0 to become 8 ,mecca4 ,9 x
 he 0 to meet ! mo/ cong5ial sci5tific  
spirits1 & to ! y\ng] ( ^! he 0 de/9$ to
 imp>t a new inspiration = sci5ce1 & =  
*emical sci5ce 9 p>ticul>4 ,at ! close (
 ! ?ree days' j\rney he wrote--      ,i 
am a gue/ ) ,mr4 ,russell4444 ,we f\nd  
him engag$ to dr9k       tea ) ,presid5t
 ,wa%+ton1 :]e we accompani$ him & sp5t 
two h\rs z 9 any private family4 ,he    
7,wa%+ton7 invit$ me to       come at   

any "t1 )\t c]emony4 ,ev]y?+ is ! rev]se
 (       :at x is ) y4  ,?is 0 8 fir/   
meet+ ) ,wa%+ton4 ,! _s ( ! occasion    
impress$ him4 ,! democratic behavior ( !
 great ,f$]ali/ mu/ h a/oni%$ him1 if he
 ev] ent]ta9$1 z ,"l ,br\gham w\ld h u  
believe1 a ho/ile op9ion & ?\ght him    
ungrateful because he w\ld n cons5t to  
make ,am]ica dep5d5t ^u ,france4        
,prie/ley's eag]ness to prea* 0 int5se1 
& happy mu/ he h be5 on ! day foll[+ 8  
arrival1 :5 8 he>t's wi% 0 gratifi$4 ,he
 prea*$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,mr4 ,w9*e/]--       
to a v num]\s1 respectable1 & v att5tive
 audi5ce4  ,_m 7 memb]s ( ,congress1 &  
accord+ to "o witness--      ,!         
,congregation t att5d$ 7 s num]\s t !   
h\se       c\ld n conta9 !m1 s t z _m 7 
oblig$ to /& z       sit1 & ev5 !       
doorways 7 cr[d$ ) p4 ,mr4              
,vice-,presid5t ,adams 0 among ! regul> 
att5dants4  ,all ?is greatly enc\rag$ ! 
,doctor4 ,8 expectations = ! e/abli%m5t 
( a ,unit>ian congregation 7 mo/        
enc\rag+4 ,he decl>$ himself ready to   

(ficiate e w9t] )\t sal>y if he c\ld    
lodge some:]e ) a fri5d4 ,! regul> &    
punctual att5dance ( ,mr4 ,adams pleas$ 
him s mu* t he resolv$ on pr9t+ 8       
s]mons1 = !y 7 9 great dem&1 & to       
d$icate ! same to ! ,vice-,presid5t4 ,he
 0 also gratifi$ to note t ! viol5t     
prejudice to him 0 gradually be+        
ov]come4 ,today we smile on recall+ !   
reception accord$ ! good ,doctor 9 8    
e>ly days 9 ,philadelphia4 ,we smile &  
yet our he>ts fail to und]/& j :y he    
%\ld h be5 s o/racis$4 ,to confirm ?is x
 may be not$ t on "o occasion ,prie/ley 
prea*$ 9 a ,presbyt]ian ,*apel1 v       
probably 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :5 "o ( ! m9i/]s
 0 s displeas$--        t he decl>$ if  
!y p]mitt$ him any m1 he w\ld nev]      
ent] ! puplit aga94  ,& 9 #agid on com+ 
! fir/ "t to ,philadelphia he wrote     
,!re is mu* jeal\sy & dread ( me4  ,h[  
%ameful & yet x 0 mo/ real4 ,bakewell   
n>rates t      ,i w5t sev]al times to ! 
,bapti/ meet+ 9 ,second ,/reet1       "u
 ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,rog]s4 ,?is man bur/ out1

 & bade !       p bew>e1 = 'a ,prie/ley 
_h ent]$ ! l&2' & !n1       cr\*+ d[n 9 
a wor%ip+ attitude1 exclaim$1 ',oh1     
,lamb (       ,god6 h[ w\ld !y pluck !e 
f ?y ?rone6'  ,! public pr9ts flay$     
,rog]s1 & ev5 ! /aid old ,philosophical 
,society indicat$ to him t su* conduct  
ill became a memb] ( t augu/ body4      
,accord+ly humiliat$ he rep5t$ 8 error &
 9 "t became /rongly atta*$ to          
,prie/ley1 conc]n+ :om he told ?is /ory 
to a ,mr4 ,taylor ^: language is "h     
giv53      ,! ,doctor 7,prie/ley7 w\ld  
occasionally call on ,dr4 ,rog]s1 &     
)\t any =mal invitation1 pass an ev5+ at
 8 h\se4 ,"o       aft]noon he 0 !re :5 
,dr4 ,rog]s 0 n at home1 hav+       be5 
assur$ by ,mrs4 ,rog]s t h] husb& w\ld  
soon be !re4       ,mean:ile1 ,mr4 ----1
 a ,bapti/ m9i/]1 call$ on ,dr4 ,rog]s1 
&       be+ a p]son ( r\gh mann]s1 ,mrs4
 ,rog]s 0 a good deal       conc]n$ le/ 
he %\ld say some?+ disrespectful to ,dr4
       ,prie/ley 9 case %e introduc$ !  
,doctor to him4 ,at la/1       h[ev]1 %e

 v5tur$ to ann\nce ,dr4 ,prie/ley's "n1 
:o put       out 8 h&2 b in/ead ( tak+ x
 ! o!r imm$iately drew       himself    
back1 say+1 z if a/oni%$ to meet ) ,dr4 
,prie/ley       9 ! home ( "o ( 8       
bre?r51 & afraid ( be+       contam9at$ 
by hav+ any social int]c\rse ) him1     
',dr4       ,prie/ley6 ,i c't be        
cordial4'      ,x is easy to imag9e t by
 ?is spee* ,mrs4 ,rog]s 0 greatly       
emb>rass$4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 obs]v+ ?is1  
in/antly reliev$ h]       by say+1 & )  
all t b5evol5t expression ( c\nt5ance   
& pleasantness ( mann] = :i* he 0       
rem>kable1 ',well1       well1 ,madam1 y
 & ,i c be cordial2 & ,dr4 ,rog]s w soon
 be       ) u1 ,mr4 ---- & he c conv]se 
toge!r1 s t we %all       all be v      
com=table4' ,?us enc\rag$1 ,mrs4 ,rog]s 
ask$ ,dr4       ,prie/ley "s que/ions   
relative to ! ,scripture prophecies1 to 
:i* he made suitable replies2 & be=e    
,dr4 ,rog]s arriv$1       ,mr4 ---- 0   
li/5+ ) mu* att5tion1 sometimes mak+ a  
rem>k or putt+ 9 a "q4 ,! ev5+ 0 pass$ 9

 !       greate/ h>mony1 ) no incl9ation
 on ! "p ( ,mr4 ---- to       t]m9ate ! 
conv]sation4 ,at la/ ,dr4 ,prie/ley1    
pull+ out 8       wat*1 in=m$ ,mr4 ---- 
t z x 0 t5 o'clock x 0 "t       t two   
old m5 l !m 7 at _! qu>t]s4 ,! o!r at   
fir/ 0 n will+ to believe t ,dr4        
,prie/ley's wat* 0       accurate2 b    
f9d+ t x 0 correct1 he took 8 leave )   
app>5t regret1 obs]v+ t he _h nev] sp5t 
a %ort] &       m pleasant ev5+4 ,he !n 
w5t away1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley                
accompany+ him1 until x became neces>y  
to sep>ate4 ,next       morn+ he call$  
on 8 fri5d1 ,dr4 ,rog]s1 :5 he made !   
foll[+ frank & manly decl>ation3 ',y &  
,i well "k t       ,dr4 ,prie/ley is q  
wrong 9 reg>d to 8 !ology1 b            
not)/&+ ?is1 he is a great & good man1 &
 ,i behav$ to       him at our fir/ com+
 toge!r l a fool & a brute4'  ,_m       
additional evid5ces might be introduc$  
%[+ t ! ,doctor 0 sl[ly w9n+ 8 way among
 ! p4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t n all ( 
8 associates 7 ( ! cl]ical gr\p b t he  

_h ho/s ( sci5ti/s z s9c]e & w>m        
support]s4 ,9 ,woodh\se's laboratory he 
0 ev] welcome & !re mu/ h met _m        
cong5ial spirits :o nev] discuss$       
politics or religion4 ,?is 0 aft] !     
mann] ( ! ,lun> ,society 9 ,birm+ham 9  
:i* repres5tatives ( almo/ e cre$ came  
toge!r to ?9k ( sci5tific matt]s4 ,h5ce1
 x is q probable t ,prie/ley's visit to 
,philadelphia 0 on ! :ole full (        
pleasure4  ,he 0 also 9 habits ( close  
intimacy ) ,dr4 ,ew+1 ,provo/ ( !       
,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ) !        
,vice-,provo/1 ,dr4 ,john ,&rews1 z well
 z ) ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,ru% :o _h long be5 8 
fri5d & ) :om he correspond$ at frequ5t 
int]vals aft] 8 arrival 9 ,am]ica4 ,to  
him ,prie/ley _h confid$ 8 hope ( gett+ 
a college 9 ,nor?umb]l& & inquir$1--    
,w\ld ! ,/ate give any enc\ragem5t to x8
  ,to ,ru% he also wrote excus+         
my weakness 7= su* y w consid] x7 :51   
aft] giv+ y       reason to expect t ,i 
w\ld accept ! pr(essor%ip (             
,*emi/ry1 if x 0 (f]$ to me1 ,i n[ in=m 

y t ,i mu/       decl9e x4  ,n[ & !n he 
also advis$ him ( su* exp]im5ts z he 0  
able to d2 = example--      ,i made     
trial ( ! air ( ,nor?umb]l& by ! te/ (  
nitr\s       air1 b f\nd x n s5sibly    
diff]5t f t ( ,engl&4  ,9 ! leisure he  
enjoy$ 8 figure 0 (t5 se5 9 ,congress4  
,he reli%$ ! debates :i* at ! "t 7 on ! 
,treaty ) ,engl&4 ,he decl>$ he he>d z  
good speak+ !re z 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 
,he obs]v$--      ,a ,mr4 ,amos speaks z
 well z ,mr4 ,burke2 b 9 g5]al !        
speak]s are m argum5tative1 & less      
rhetorical4 ,& :]eas       !re are ) y n
 m ?an t5 or a doz5 tol]able            
speak]s1 "h e memb] is capable ( speak+4
  ,:ile none ( ! lett]s to ,prie/ley's  
fri5ds m5tion a family ev5t ( "s        
importance ! ,am]ican ,adv]tis]1        
,febru>y #ac1 #agif1 ann\nc$ t      ,mr4
 ,william ,prie/ley1 second son ( !     
celebrat$ ,dr4 ,joseph       ,prie/ley1 
0 m>ri$ to ! agreeable ,miss ,peggy     
,f\lke1 a "y       lady possess$ ) e    
quality to r5d] ! m>riage /ate          

happy4  ,?is occurr$ v probably j be=e !
 ,doctor set =? f ,nor?umb]l& to make 8 
fir/ ,philadelphia visit4 ,x is s+ul> t 
little is said ( ! son ,william by !    
,doctor4 ,c\ld x be t1 9 "s way1 he may 
h (f5d$ 8 p>5t8 ,9 8 ,memorial ,ru%1    
writ+ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #agif1 not$3     
,saw ,dr4 ,prie/ley (t5 ?is mon?4       
,att5d$ him 9 a sev]e       pleurisy4   
,he once 9 8 sickness spoke ( 8 second  
son1       ,william1 & wept v mu*4      
,busy z he 0 9 spread+ 8 religi\s t5ets1
 9 frat]niz+ ) cong5ial sci5tific       
fri5ds1 8 ?\ghts w\ld involunt>ily turn 
back to ,engl&3      ,"h1 ?\gh ,i am z  
happy z ?is c\ntry c make me 444 ,i d   
n feel z ,i did 9 ,engl&4  ,by ,may1    
#agif1 he _h f9i%$ 8 disc\rses1 al?\gh  
he propos$ conclud+ ) "o emphatically   
,unit>ian 9 "*4 ,?is 0 expect$ by 8     
audi5ce1 :i* _h be5 quietly prep>$ = x &
 receiv$ x ) op5 m9ds & mu* approval4   
,on 8 return to ,nor?umb]l& he promptly 
resum$ 8 "w on ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 b 0 mu* 
di/urb$ because ( ! failure ( 8         

correspond5ts 9 writ+ him regul>ly1 s he
 became p>ticul>ly active 9 address+ !m4
 ,b bett] /ill he punctuat$ 8           
composition ( s]mons1 ! gradual unfold+ 
( 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 & religi\s & lit]>y  
/udies 9 g5]al1 ) exp]im5tal div]sions1 
beg9n+ ) ! publication 7#agif7 ( an     
octavo bro*ure ( #ci pages f ! press (  
,dobson 9 ,philadelphia1 9 :i* he       
address$ himself m especially to        
,b]?ollet1 de la ,place1 ,monge1        
,morveau1 ,f\rcroy & o!rs on            
,consid]ations on ! ,doctr9e (          
,phlogi/on & ! ,decomposition ( ,wat]4  
,x is ! old /ory 9 a new] dress4 ,its   
purpose 0 to br+ home to ,am]icans afre%
 8 p>ticul> ideas4 ,! review] ( !       
,m$ical ,repository /aff 0 evid5tly     
impress$ by x1 = he said3      ,x mu/   
give pleasure to e philosophical m9d to 
f9d !       ,unit$ ,/ates becom+ ! !atre
 ( su* int]e/+ discussion1  & !n adds t 
! evid5ce :i* 0 weighty en\gh to turn   
su* m5 z ,black & o!rs f ! phlogi/on    
idea to t ( ,lavoisi]--      has nev]   

yet appe>$ to ,dr4 ,prie/ley consid]able
 en\gh to       influ5ce 8 judgm5t1 or  
ga9 8 ass5t4  ,prie/ley1 z frequ5tly    
obs]v$1 ent]ta9$ grave d\bts 9 reg>d to 
! con/itution ( metals4 ,he ?\ght !y 7  
comp\nd$ ( a c]ta9 e>?1 or calx1 &      
phlogi/on4 ,fur!r he believ$ t :5 !     
phlogi/on flew away1 ! spl5d\r1         
malleability1 & ductility ( ! metal     
disappe>$ ) x1 leav+ beh9d a calx4      
,aga91 he cont5d$ t :5 metals dissolv$ 9
 acids ! lib]at$ inflammable air        
7hydrog57 did n come f ! 'decomp\nd$    
wat]' b f ! phlogi/on emitt$ by ! metal4
  ,also1 on ! matt] ( ! composition &   
decomposition ( wat]1 he held v opposite
 ideas4 ,! ,fr5* ,s*ool ma9ta9$ t       
hydrog5\s & oxyg5\s airs1 incorporat$ by
 draw+ ?r\gh !m ! electrical sp>k turn  
to wat]1 b ,prie/ley cont5d$ t !y comb9e
 into smok+ nitr\s acid4 ,& ?us !       
discussion proce$$1 to be answ]$ mo/    
intellig5tly1 9 #agig1 by ,adet1#e ^:   
argum5ts are famili> to all *emi/s & ne$
 n !re=e be "h repeat$4 ,( m int]e/ 0 ! 

publication ( two lectures on ,combu/ion
 by ,maclean ( ,pr9ceton4 ,!y fill$ a   
pamphlet ( #ga pages4 ,x appe>$ 9 #agig1
 & 01 9 brief1 a refutation (           
,prie/ley's pres5tations1 & 0 he>tily   
welcom$ z evid5ce ( ! gr[+ ta/e 9       
,am]ica = ?is k9d ( inquiry4 ,among o!r 
?+s ,maclean said ( ! v>i\s ideas reg>d+
 combu/ion--,beck]'s is incomplete1     
,/ahl's ?\gh +5i\s1 is defective2 !     
antiphlogi/ic is simple1 consi/5t &     
suffici5t1 :ile ,prie/ley's resembl+    
,/ahl's b 9 "n1 is complicat$1          
contradictory & inadequate4  ,n all     
,am]ican *emi/s 7 ready to side track ! 
explanations ( ,prie/ley4 ,! di/+ui%$   
,dr4 ,mit*ill wrote ,prie/ley on :at he 
designat$ an attempt to accommodate !   
,disputes among ,*emi/s conc]n+         
,phlogi/on4 ,?is 0 9 ,novemb]1 #agig4 ,x
 is an +5i\s ef=t :i* elicit$ f         
,prie/ley 7#agih7 8 s9c]e ?anks1 & !    
express$ fe> t 8 lab\rs w be 9 va94 ,& s
 x prov$4 ,pres5t day *emi/s w\ld       
acquiesce 9 ?is /atem5t aft] read+      

,mit*ill's middle-(-!-road argum5ts4 ,!y
 7 n satisfactory to ,maclean & irritat$
 ,prie/ley4  ,9 ,june #agih a second    
lett] 0 writt5 by ,prie/ley to ,mit*ill4
 ,9 x he emphasiz$ ! sub/itution ( z9c =
 f9]y c9d]4 ,f x he cont5d$ inflammable 
air c\ld be easily procur$1 & laid great
 /ress on ! fact t ! inflammable air    
came f ! metal & n f ! wat]4 ,he wond]$ 
:y ,b]?ollet & ,maclean _h n answ]$ 8   
fir/ article4 ,to ?is1 a few days lat]1 
,mit*ill repli$ t he felt !re 0         
confusion 9 t]ms & t ! language employ$ 
by ! v>i\s writ]s _h introduc$ t        
confusion2 !n = philological reasons &  
to cl>ify ?\ghts ,mit*ill propos$ to    
/rike out azote f ! nom5clature ( ! day 
& take septon 9 its place2 he also wi%$ 
to expunge hydrog5e & sub/itute         
phlogi/on4 ,he admitt$ t ,prie/ley's    
exp]im5ts on z9c 7 difficult to expla9  
by ! antiphlogi/ic doctr9e1 add+--      
,x w\ld give me great satisfaction t we 
c\ld settle !       po9ts ( v>iance on  
?is subject2 ?\gh1 ev5 z x is1 ,i am    

flatt]$ by y\r 7,prie/ley's7 all[+ my   
attempt 'to reconcile       ! two !ories
 to be +5i\s1 plausible & well-meant4444
       ,y\r idea ( c>ry+ on a           
philosophical discussion 9 an amicable  
mann] is *>m+'4444  ,b ! peace-mak] 0   
h&l+ a delicate problem4 ,he recogniz$  
?is1 b desir$ t ! pione] /udies1 !n 9   
progress might escape h>% polemics4 ,?is
 0 difficult ( realization = less ?an a 
mon? lat] fuel 0 add$ to ! fire by      
,maclean1 :5 9 writ+ ,mit*ill1 :o _h s5t
 him ,prie/ley's pr9t$ lett]1 he        
emphatically decl>$ t      ,! exp]im5t )
 ! z9c does n seem to be ( m            
consequ5ce ?an t ) ! iron & admits ( an 
easy       explanation on antiphlogi/ic 
pr9ciples4  ,& he fur!r insi/$ t !      
exp]im5ts ( ,prie/ley prov$ wat] to be  
compos$ ( hydrog5e & oxyg5e4  ,f\r days 
lat] 7,july #bj1 #agih7 ,prie/ley wrote 
,mit*ill t he _h replac$ z9c by r$      
precipitate & did n get wat] on         
decompos+ inflammable air ) !           
precipitate4 ,aga91 ,augu/ #bc1 #agih1  

he relat$ to ,mit*ill        t ! mod]n  
doctr9e ( wat] consi/+ ( oxyg5e &       
hydrog5e is n well f\nd$ 444 wat] is !  
basis ( all       k9ds ( air1 & )\t x no
 k9d ( air c be produc$ 444       n )/&+
 ! great use t ! ,fr5* *emi/s make (    
scales & weights1 !y d n pret5d to weigh
 ei!r _!       calorique or light2 & :y 
may n phlogi/on escape _!               
rese>*es1 :5 !y employ ! same in/rum5ts 
9 t       inve/igation8  ,!re 7 9 all   
eight lett]s s5t by ,prie/ley to        
,mit*ill4 ,!y cont9u$ until ,febru>y1   
#agii4 ,_! "o subject 0 phlogi/on & its 
rle 9 v simple *emical op]ations4 ,!    
obs]vations 7 ! consequ5ce        (     
orig9al & rec5t exp]im5ts1 to :i* ,i h  
giv5 a good       "p ( ! leisure ( ! la/
 summ]2 & ,i d n propose to d       m on
 ! subject till ,i he> f ! great au?ors 
( !       !ory t ,i combat 9 ,am]ica2  b
 adds1--      ,i am glad 444 to f9d     
sev]al advocates ( ! sy/em 9 ?is        
c\ntry1 & "s ( !m1 ,i am confid5t1 w d  
!mselves       hon\r by _! c&\r1 z well 

z by _! ability4  ,?is v probably 0 said
 z a consequ5ce ( ! spirit$ reply ,james
 ,woodh\se#f made to ! pap]s ( ,maclean4
 ,z kn[n1 ,woodh\se work$ unceas+ly to  
ov]?r[ ! doctr9e ( phlogi/on1 b 0       
evid5tly irritat$ by ,maclean1 :om he   
rem9ds--      ,y are n yet1 ,doctor1 !  
conqu]or ( ?is vet]an 9                 
,philosophy4  ,?is 0 a s+ul>ly          
magnanim\s spee* on ,woodh\se's "p1 = he
 _h be5 hurl+ sl$gehamm] bl[s )\t re/ at
 ! /ructure ,prie/ley ?\ght he _h re>$  
ab\t phlogi/on & :i*1 he believ$1 mo/   
unassailable1 s :5 9 #agii 7,july7      
,prie/ley began 8 reply to 8            
,antiphlogi/ian oppon5ts he took        
occasion to rem>k3      ,i am happy to  
f9d 9 ,dr4 ,woodh\se "o :o is equally   
+5i\s       & c&id2 s t ,i d n ?9k !    
cause he has und]tak5       w soon f9d a
 m able *ampion1 & ,i d n regret !      
abs5ce ( ,m4 ,b]?ollet 9 ,egypt4  ,noble
 words ^! = 8 "y adv]s>y :o1 9          
consequ5ce ( /r5u\s laboratory "w1 _h   
acquir$ a deep respect & admiration =   

,prie/ley's a*ievem5ts1 ?\gh he consid]$
 he _h gone f> a/ray4  ,! v>i\s new1    
confirmatory ideas put =? by ,prie/ley  
ne$ n be "h enum]at$4 ,!y s]v$ _! day4  
,dr4 ,mit*ill evid5tly enjoy$ ?is       
controv]sial *emical mat]ial1 = he wrote
 t he hop$ ! read]s ( ! ,m$ical         
,repository1 9 :i* ! sev]al pap]s       
appe>$1 w\ld        p>ticipate !        
pleasure we feel on tak+ a retrospect ( 
our       pages1 & f9d+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
! !atre ( s mu*       sci5tific         
disquisition4  ,& yet1 :5 9 #ahjj1 a    
pamphlet ( #ij pages be>+ ! title ,!    
,doctr9e ( ,phlogi/on e/abli%$1 etc4    
appe>$ !re 0 con/]nation 9 ! ranks (    
,am]ican *emi/s4 ,woodh\se 0 ar\s$4 ,he 
absolutely refut$ e po9t 9 x            
exp]im5tally1 & ,dr4 ,mit*ill av[$--    
,we decl9e ent]+ into a m9ute exam9ation
 ( 8 exp]im5ts1       z few ( 8 recitals
 ( !m are free f ! triune my/]y       ( 
phlogi/on1 :i* exce$s ! utmo/ /ret* (   
our fai?2 =       accord+ to x1 c>bon is
 phlogi/on1 & hydrog5 is                

phlogi/on1 & azote is phlogi/on2 & yet  
!re are n       ?ree phlogi/ons1 b "o   
phlogi/on6  ,x 0 imp]ative to submit !  
prec$+ p>agraphs on *emical topics1     
not)/&+ !y h1 9 a mann]1 int]rupt$ !    
*ronological arrangem5t ( ! activities (
 ! ,doctor 9 8 home life4 ,!y 71 x is   
true1 a "p ( t life--a "p t e *emi/ w   
note ) int]e/ & pleasure4 ,!y mean t he 
0 n indiff]5t to *emi/ry1 & t x is n to 
be suppos$ t he ev] c\ld be1 especially 
z 8 visits to ,philadelphia br\ght to 8 
att5tion problems :i* he w\ld nev] suff]
 to g unansw]$ or unsolv$ because ( 8   
int]e/ 9 s _m o!r ?+s q =eign to !m4    
,h[ev]1 a backw>d look may be tak5 be=e 
resum+ ! /ory ( 8 exp]im5tal /udies4  ,x
 has already be5 said t ! non-appe>ance 
( lett]s caus$ him anxiety4 ,= in/ance  
he wrote ,l9dsey1 ,july #bh1 #agif--    
,x is n[ f\r mon?s s9ce ,i h receiv$ any
 lett] f y1       & x gives me mo/ s]i\s
 conc]n4  ,b f9ally ! long$-= epi/le    
arriv$ & he became cont5t1 rejoic+ 9 be+
 able to return ! news--      ,i d n "k 

t ,i h m satisfaction f any?+ ,i ev]    
did1 ?an f ! lay ,unit>ian congregation 
,i h be5 !       means ( e/abli%+ 9     
,philadelphia4  ,= ! use ( ?is gr\p (   
wor%ip]s he _h engag$ ! ,common ,hall 9 
! ,college 7,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania74 
,b amid/ ?is unceas+ activity ( body &  
m9d--v evid5tly extremely happy 9 8     
surr\nd+s--he 0 aga9 cru%$ to e>? by !  
dea? ( 8 noble wife--      ,always c>+ =
 o!rs & nev] = h]self4  ,?is occurr$ n9e
 mon?s aft] ! dep>ture ( ,h>ry4 ,x 0 a  
fe>ful bl[4 ,= m ?an ?irty-f\r ye>s !y  
_h liv$ mo/ happily toge!r4 ,! foll[+   
tribute1 full ( deep feel+ & e/eem      
atte/s ?is--      ,my wife be+ a woman (
 an excell5t und]/&+ mu* improv$        
by read+1 ( great =titude & /r5g? ( m9d1
 & ( a       temp] 9 ! highe/ degree    
affectionate & g5]\s4444 ,also          
excell+ 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to h\sehold     
affairs1 %e       entirely reliev$ me ( 
all conc]n ( t k9d1 :i* all[$ me        
to give all my "t to ! prosecution ( my 
/udies4  ,%e 0 n only a true            

helpmate--c\rage\s & devot$--b c]ta9ly  
mo/ desir\s t ! husb& 9 :om %e          
absolutely believ$ %\ld h no?+ to       
int]rupt or arre/ ! pursuits de> to him 
& 9 :i* %e h]self mu/ h tak5 great b    
quiet pride1 = %e 0 extremely intellig5t
 & orig9al4 ,madam ,belloc has m5tion$  
,x is a tradition 9 ! family t ,mrs4    
,prie/ley once s5t h]       fam\s husb& 
to m>ket ) a l>ge basket & t he s       
acquitt$ himself t %e nev] s5t him aga96
  ,! new h\se1 p>tly plann$ by h]1 at ! 
mom5t well advanc$ & to h] fancy1 0 n to
 be h] home = :i* %e _h fondly dream$4  
,prie/ley 0 deeply depress$ b 8 habitual
 submission c>ri$ him ?r\gh1 al?\gh all 
?is is pa!tically conceal$ 9 8 lett]s4  
,!re 7 rum\rs flitt+ ab\t t ,prie/ley   
purpos$ return+ to ,engl&4 ,t 8 fri5ds  
might be appris$ ( 8 real int5tions !   
foll[+ lett] 0 p]mitt$ to f9d its way   
into ! newspap]s3                       
,nor?umb]l& ,oct4 #d1                   
#agif        ,my de> ,sir1      ,e      
acc\nt ,i h f ,engl& makes me ?9k myself

 happy 9       ?is peaceful retirem5t1  
:]e ,i enjoy almo/ ev]y?+ ,i c       wi%
 9 ?is life1 & :]e ,i hope to close x1  
?\gh ,i f9d x       is report$1 bo? "h &
 9 ,engl& t ,i am ab\t to return4       
,! two heavy afflictions ,i h met ) "h1 
9 ! dea? ( a       son1 & ( my wife1 r  
s]ve to attract me to ! place4          
,?\gh dead & buri$1 ,i w\ld n will+ly   
leave !m1 & hope       to re/ ) !m1 :5 !
 sov]eign dispos] ( all ?+s %all        
put a p]iod to my pres5t lab\rs &       
pursuits4      ,! advantages we enjoy 9 
?is c\ntry are inde$ v great4       ,"h 
we h no poor2 we nev] see a begg>1 nor  
is !re a family       9 want4 ,we h no  
*ur* e/abli%m5t1 & h>dly any taxes4     
,?is p>ticul> ,/ate pays all its (fic]s 
f a treasure 9 !       public funds4    
,!re are v few crimes committ$ & we     
travel       )\t ! lea/ appreh5sion (   
dang]4 ,! press is p]fectly       free1 
& ,i hope we %all always keep out ( w>4 
,i d n ?9k !re ev] 0 any c\ntry 9 a /ate
 ( su* rapid       improvem5t z ?is at  

pres5t2 b we h n ! same       advantages
 = lit]>y & philosophical pursuits t y h
       9 ,europe1 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is respect
 we are e day gett+       bett]4 ,_m    
books are n[ pr9t$ "h1 b :at s*ol>s     
*iefly       want are old books1 & ^!   
are n to be _h4 ,we hope1 h[ev]1       t
 ! tr\bles ( ,europe w be ! cause ( s5d+
 u "s       libr>ies & !y say t x is an 
ill w9d t bl[s no       pr(it4      ,i  
s9c]ely wi%1 h[ev]1 t y\r tr\bles 7 at  
an end1 &       f our la/ acc\nts we ?9k
 !re mu/ be a peace1 at lea/       f !  
impossibility ( c>ry+ on ! w>4      ,) e
 good wi% to my c\ntry & to y\rself1 ,i 
am1 de>       sir1                      
,y\rs s9c]ely1                          
,j4 ,,prie/ley4  ,gradually ! news w5t  
=? t ! ,doctor contemplat$ a second     
visit to ! metropolis--,philadelphia1 ! 
,capital ( ! "y ,republic4 ,he wrote--  
,hav+ n[ "o tie1 & t a /rong "o1 to ?is 
place       7,nor?umb]l&7 less ?an ,i h 
_h ,i propose to sp5d m "t       9      
,philadelphia4  ,z long z he 0 capable (

 public speak+ x 0 8 desire to c>ry =w>d
 8 mission>y "w1        b ! loss ( my =e
 tee? 7hav+ n[ only two 9 ! upp]        
jaw7 toge!r ) my t5d5cy to /amm]+1 :i*  
tr\bles me       sometimes1 is mu* aga9/
 me4  ,accord+ly 9 e>ly ,janu>y ( #agig 
he might h be5 f\nd !re4 ,he alludes 9 8
 correspond5ce to ! pres5ce 9 ! city (  
,c4 ,volney1 a ,fr5* philosoph] &       
hi/orian1 :o _h be5 imprison$ b rega9$  
lib]ty on ! ov]?r[ ( ,robespi]re :5 he  
became pr(essor ( hi/ory 9 ! ,ecole     
,normal4 ,volney 0 n p>ticul>ly pleas$ )
 ,prie/ley's disc\rses1 & took occasion 
"s weeks lat] to issue      ,,volney',s 
,,answ] ,,to ,,prie/ley  :i* 0 adv]tis$ 
by ! ,aurora z on sale by ! pr9cipal    
booksell]s1 price #f c5ts4  ,he 0       
exce$+ly rejoic$ at ! fl\ri%+ /ate ( !  
,unit>ian ,society & ! mann] 9 :i* its  
s]vices 7 conduct$4  ,on ! occasion ( 8 
fir/ disc\rse ! ,engli% ,ambassador1    
,mr4 ,li/]1 0 9 ! audi5ce & ,prie/ley   
d9$ ) him ! day foll[+4  ,fri5ds _h     
prevail$ ^u ,prie/ley to prea* a *>ity  

s]mon on 8 next ,sunday1 9 "o ( !       
,episcopal *ur*es1 b 9 ! end x 0 deliv]$
 at ! ,univ]sity ,hall4  ,8 m9d 0 mu*   
occupi$ ) plans = controv]t+ infidelity1
        ! progress ( :i* "h is indep5d5t
 ( all reason+1--  s he publi%$ ! ?ird  
edition ( 8 ,obs]vations on ! ,increase 
( ,infidelity & an ,outl9e ( ! ,evid5ces
 ( ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,9 ! fir/ ( !m he
 issu$ a *all5ge to ,volney :o 0        
mu* look$ up to by unbeliev]s "h4       
,volney's only reply 0 t he w\ld n read 
! pamphlet4 ,x 0 9 ^! days t ,prie/ley  
saw a great deal ( ,?omas ,jeff]son2    
inde$1 ! latt] att5d$ sev]al ( 8 s]mons4
 ,! int]c\rse ( ^! fri5ds 0 extremely   
valuable to bo?4 ,jeff]son welcom$      
ev]y?+ :i* ,prie/ley did 9 sci5ce &     
consult$ him mu* on problems (          
education4  ,at ! election 9 ! ,am]ican 
,philosophical ,society 9 ! clos+ days (
 #agif !re 0 op5ly discuss$        :e!r 
to *oose me 7,prie/ley7 or ,mr4         
,jeff]son1 ,presid5t (       !          
,society1--  :i* prompt$ ! ,doctor      

to give 8 in=mant good reasons :y !y    
%\ld n *oose       me4  ,naturally he   
li/5$ to ! political talk4 ,he worri$   
ov] ! app>5t dislike obs]v$ g5]ally to  
,france4 ,he rem>k$      ,! ri* n only  
wi% = alliance (f5sive & def5sive )     
,engl& 444 b w\ld h little objection to 
! =m]       dep5d5ce ^u x1  &      ,!   
disposition ( ! l[] ord]s ( ! p 444 = ! 
,fr5* 444 is n ext+ui%$4  ,he 0 mu*     
annoy$ by ,pet] ,porcup9e4 ,! latt] 0   
publi%+ a daily pap] 7#agii7 & 9 x      
frequ5tly br\ght =w>d ,prie/ley's "n 9 !
 mo/ opprobri\s mann]1 al?\gh ,prie/ley 
9 8 own words--        _h no?+ to d ) ! 
politics ( ! c\ntry4  ,! ,doctor advis$ 
fri5d ,l9dsey t      ,he 7,porcup9e7 e  
day1 adv]tizes 8 pamphlet aga9/ me1 &   
aft] my "n adds1 commonly kn[n by ! "n (
 ! fire-br&       philosoph]4  ,h[ev]1  
he flatt]$ himself t he w\ld soon be    
back 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :]e he w\ld be      
usefully engag$1 z      ,i h cut myself 
out "w = a ye> at lea/ 444 besides      
att5d+ to my exp]im5ts4  ,mr4 ,adams _h 

come into ! ,presid5cy1 s ,prie/ley v   
prop]ly w5t to pay 8 respects &         
take leave ( ! late ,presid5t 7,wa%+ton7
  :om he ?\ght 9 n v good spirits1      
al?\gh        he invit$ me to ,m\nt     
,v]non & said he ?\ght he %\ld h>dly    
g f home tw5ty miles z long z he liv$4  
,prie/ley's fame 0 rapidly spread+ ?r\gh
 ! l&4 ,?\ghtful m5 7 do+ him honor 9 _m
 sections ( ! c\ntry1 z is evid5t f !   
foll[+ clipp+ f a ,portl& 7,me47 pap] = 
,m>* #bg1 #agig3--      ,on ,friday !   
tw5ty-f\r? a numb] ( g5tlem51 ent]ta9+ a
       high s5se ( ! "*1 abilities &    
s]vices ( !       ,rev]5d ,doctor       
,,joseph ,,prie/ley1 z a fri5d & promot]
 ( true       sci5ce d9$ toge!r at !    
,columbian ,tav]n1 9 commemoration      
( 8 bir?4 ,! foll[+ toa/s 7 giv54       
#a4 ,t ,illu/ri\s ,*ri/ian &            
,philosoph]1 ,joseph ,prie/ley3         
,may ! _w be z grateful to him = 8      
s]vices z 8        s]vices are b5eficial
 to ! _w4      #b4 ,may ! names (       
,locke1 ,newton1 ,montesquieu1 ,h>tley &

        ,frankl9 be _h 9 ev]la/+        
remembrance4      #c4 ,! great gift (   
,god to man1 ,reason6 ,may x influ5ce ! 
_w 9 policy1 9 laws1 & 9 religion4      
#d4 ,,tru?3 ,may ! spl5d\r ( h] *>ms    
dissipate ! gloom (        sup]/ition1 &
 expel hypocricy f ! he>t ( man4        
#e4 ,may our laws be support$ by        
religion3 b may religion nev] be        
support$ by law4      #f4 ,:ite-rob$    
,*>ity3 ,may %e accompany u 9 all our   
/eps &        cov] u ) a mantle ( love4 
#g4 ,*ri/ians ( all d5om9ations3 ,may !y
 love "o ano!r4      ,z x 0 a fea/ (    
reason ! pure/ philan?rophy dignifi$    
! conv]sation2 & mod]ation & temp]ance  
b\nd$ e       effusion ( ! he>t4  ,x 0 9
 ! summ] ( #agig t he c>ri$ =w>d 8 "w on
 ,phlogi/on1 allud$ to on p4 #ha4 ,he   
und]/ood q well t ! entire *emical _w 0 
aga9/ him b he 0 n able to f9d good     
reasons        to despair ( ! old sy/em4
  ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ^! days1 also1 
he _h ,?omas ,coop] ) him4 ,) ?is       
g5tleman he discuss$ 8 sci5tific /udies 

& ) him also he c>ri$ on _m argum5ts ^u 
! burn+ subject ( infidelity1 ab\t :i*  
he cont9u\sly wrote 8 fri5ds 9 ?is      
c\ntry & 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 q g5]ally       
believ$ t ,coop] 0 an infidel4 ,nev]1   
h[ev]1 did _! intimacy suff] 9 !        
slighte/ by _! conflict+ views4  ,!     
,*ur* ,hi/ory cont9u$ to hold           
,prie/ley's fir/ ?\ght4 ,he 0 a busy    
/ud5t1 occupi$ ) a div]sity ( int]e/s & 
usually *e]ful & eag] to foll[ up new   
l9es ( endeavor4 ,! arrival ( vessels f 
! home c\ntry 0 closely wat*$4 ,books & 
app>atus 7 br\ght by !m4 ,:ile1 z       
obs]v$1 he 0 s+ul>ly *e]ful & happy1 he 
confess$ at times t        my "* z a    
philosoph] is "u a cl\d4  ,yet1 ?is 0 b 
a mom5t>y depression1 = he utt]$ 9 almo/
 ! same brea?--      ,ev]y?+ w be cle>$ 
up 9 a reasonable "t4  ,amid ! con/ant  
daily duties he f\nd real solace 9 8    
sci5tific pursuits2 inde$ :5 he 0 q     
prep>$ to ab&on all 8 activities he     
decl>$ ( 8 exp]im5ts t he c\ld n /op !m 
=      ,i consid] !m z t /udy ( ! works 

( ! great ,creator1       :i* ,i %all   
resume ) m advantage h]eaft]4  ,he      
advis$ 8 fri5ds ,l9dsey & ,bel%am--     
,i _c express :at ,i feel on receiv+ y\r
 lett]s4 ,!y set       my ?\ghts afloat1
 s t ,i c d no?+ b rum9ate a       long 
"t2 b x is a mo/ pleas+ melan*oly4  ,f> 
remov$ f ,european ev5ts he 0 nev]!less 
ev] ke5 & al]t conc]n+ !m4 ,!n ! w9t] ( 
#agig appe>s to h be5 v sev]e4 ,8 en=c$ 
conf9em5t to home probably gave rise to 
an introspection1 & a slight            
disappo9tm5t 9 matt]s :i* _h =m]ly giv5 
him pleasure4 ,= example1 he puzzl$ ov] 
! fact t on 8 second visit to           
,philadelphia1 ,mr4 ,adams 0 pres5t b   
once at 8 lectures1 & rem>ks--      ,:5 
my lectures 7 less popul>1 & he 0 ne> 8 
presid5t%ip1 he left me1 mak+ a k9d (   
apology1 f !       memb]s ( ! pr9cipal  
,presbyt]ian ,*ur* hav+ (f]$ him a      
pew !re4 ,he seem$ to int]e/ himself 9  
my fav\r aga9/ ,m4       ,volney1 b did 
n subscribe to my ,*ur* ,hi/ory 444 ,i  
suppose       he 0 n pleas$ t ,i did n  

adopt 8 dislike ( ! ,fr5*4  ,:5 ,janu>y 
( #agih arriv$ 8 joy 0 great4 ,a box (  
books _h come4 ,among !m 0 a ,g5]al     
,diction>y :i* he reg>d$ z a real       
treasure4 ,read+ 0 n[ 8 pr9cipal        
occupation4 ,he f\nd ! mak+ ( _m        
exp]im5ts irksome & seem$1 all at once1 
q av]se to hav+ 8 h&s s mu* 9 wat]4     
,presumably ^! 7 innoc5t excuses = 8    
devotion to ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory :i* _h be5  
br\ght up to date4 ,fur!rmore he 0      
actually contemplat+ transplant+ himself
 to ,france4 ,b ) x all he wrote        
assidu\sly on religi\s topics1 & 0      
highly pleas$ ) ! exp]im5tal "w he _h   
s5t to ,dr4 ,mit*ill 7p4 #he74  ,he     
advis$ 8 fri5ds ( ! int]cept$ lett]s :i*
 did him mu* h>m :5 !y 7 publi%$4 ,!y   
call$ d[n ^u him sev]e/ judgem5t &      
suspicion1 & made him--        dislik$  
by all ! fri5ds ( ! rul+ p[] 9 ?is      
c\ntry4  ,x may be well to note t ^!    
int]cept$ lett]s 7 f\nd on a ,dani% %ip1
 inclos$ 9 a cov] address$ to           
,,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 ,,9 ,,am]ica  ,!y came

 f fri5ds1 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 liv+ 9      
,p>is4 ,!y ab\nd$        ) matt] ( ! mo/
 s]i\s reflection4444 ,if ! animosity ( 
^! apo/ate ,engli%m5 aga9/ _! own       
c\ntry1 _!       conviction t no        
submissions w av]t our dang]1 & _!      
description ( ! eng9es employ$ by !     
,directory = our       de/ruction1 7    
impress$ z !y ought to be1 ^u ! m9ds (  
all our c\ntrym51 we %\ld c]ta9ly nev]  
aga9 be told ( !       innoc5t designs (
 ^! traitors1 or _! associates--  ,!    
prec$+ quotation is f a booklet conta9+ 
exact copies ( ! int]cept$ lett]s4  ,9 !
 fir/ ( ! lett]s1 dat$ ,feb4 #ab1 #agih1
 ! correspond5t ( ,prie/ley tells t he  
_h met a "y ,fr5*man :o _h visit$       
,nor?umb]l&        & we all rejoic$ at !
 aggreeable in=mation t at !       peace
 y w\ld n fail to revisit ,europe2 & t  
he hop$ y       w\ld fix y\rself 9 ?is  
c\ntry 7,france74 ,:e!r y fix           
y\rself "h or 9 ,engl&1 7z ,engl& w !n  
be7 is       probably a matt] ( little  
importance 444 b we all ?9k y are       

misplac$ :]e y are1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 9 !  
way (       usefulness--  ,! editor ( ! 
lett]s annotates usefulness ?us3        
,dr4 ,prie/ley is 9 ! way ( usefulness 9
 ,am]ica1 because he       is lab\r+    
!re1 z 8 associates are 9 ,europe1 to   
disunite       ! p f _! gov]nm5t1 & to  
introduce ! bless+s       ( ,fr5* an>*y4
  ,^! int]cept$ lett]s 9 no way prove t 
,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 engag$ 9 any movem5t   
aga9/ 8 native l& or aga9/ 8 adopt$     
c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole _w 0 9 an upro>4 
,p 7 ready to believe ! wor/ reg>d+ _!  
fell[s1 s x is n surpris+ t he %\ld h   
decl>$ himself dislik$4  ,he alludes    
frequ5tly to ! m>vel\s *anges tak+ place
 9 ! ,/ates4 ,ev]y?+ 0 9 rapid motion4  
,taxes 7 ! topic ( conv]sation on all   
sides4  ,to div]t 8 philosophiz+ he     
busi$ himself 9 8 laboratory :]e _m     
orig9al exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,he avoid$ !  
cr[d4 ,!re 0 too great a p>ty _s4       
,inde$1 !re 0 viol5ce1 s he det]m9$ n to
 visit ,philadelphia4 ,he s\ght to      
escape ! rancor\s abuse :i* 0 be+ hurl$ 

at him--        z a citiz5 ( ,france4   
,"o mu/ read 8 correspond5ce to fully   
appreciate ,prie/ley dur+ ! e>ly days ( 
#agii4 ,:at mu/ h be5 8 m5tal condition 
:5 he wrote ,l9dsey--      ,z to a      
public viol5t dea? ! idea ( t does n    
affect me       ne> s mu*  &      ,i _c 
express :at ,i feel :5 ,i receive & read
 y\r lett]s4       ,i g5]ally %$ _m te>s
 ov] !m4  ,!re 0 no assurance 9 f9ancial
 & comm]cial circles4 ,! hopes ( nei!r !
 m sob]1 nor ( ! wild & fanatic re=m]s (
 humanity c\ld be realiz$1 & !y got into
 su* a w> ( hate & abuse t !y !mselves  
/amp$ _! doctr9es false4  ,prie/ley 0   
out ( pati5ce ) ! public measures ( !   
c\ntry4 ,he dislik$ !m z mu* z he did ^?
 ( ,engl&1 b add$      ,"h ! excell5ce (
 ! ,con/itution provides a rem$y1 if !  
p w make use ( x1 & if n1 !y des]ve :at 
!y       suff]4  ,! ,con/itution 0 a    
favorite in/rum5t ) him4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ 
lecture ^u x w be f\nd among !          
,disc\rses :i* he propos$ deliv]+ 9     
,philadelphia4 ,?is nev] occurr$4  ,!   

,academy he expect$ to see 9 op]ation   
fail$ = support4 ,! walls 7 rais$ & he  
fe>$ x w\ld g no fur!r4 ,! ,legislature 
_h vot$ x #cjjj1 b ! ,s5ate negativ$ ?is
 act4 ,he ?\ght ( giv+ up ! presid5cy ( 
x4  ,he wrote ,dr4 ,ru% t he 0 q busy ) 
replies to ,dr4 ,woodh\se's attack on 8 
confirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( phlogi/on1   
7p4 #hh74 ,he reli%$ 8 discussions )    
,woodh\se & 0 confid5t t ev5tually he   
w\ld ov]turn ! ,fr5* sy/em ( *emi/ry4   
,he fur!r rem>k$ to ,ru%--      ,7 y at 
lib]ty to make an excursion z f> z ^!   
back       woods ,i %all be happy to see
 y1 & s w\ld _m o!rs4  ,b at t p>ticul> 
mom5t ,ru% 0 too mu* engag$ 9 combat+   
yell[ fev]1 :i* aga9 ravag$             
,philadelphia1 & all :o c\ld1 fl$1 & !  
/reets 7 lifeless & dead4 ,! preval5ce (
 ?is fe>ful plague 0 a pot5t factor 9   
,prie/ley's failure to visit ! ,city    
dur+ ! ye>--! la/ ye> ( a clos+ ,c5tury 
:i* did n end 9 ! prosp]ity anticipat$ =
 x 9 ! hopeful mon?s & ye>s foll[+ ! w>4
 ,x seem$1 9 _m ways1 to be ! end ( an  

era4 ,wa%+ton di$ ,decemb] #ad1 #agii1 &
 ! ,f$]ali/s' t5ure ( p[] 0 com+ to a   
close4 ,! ,jeff]sonians1 aid$ by eight (
 ! electoral votes ( ,p5nsylvania1 won !
 victory1 amid outbur/s ( unprec$5t$    
political bitt]ness4 ,x 01 !re=e1 v wise
 t ! ,doctor rema9$ quietly at home 9   
,nor?umb]l& ) 8 exp]im5ts & ,*ur*       
,hi/ory4  ,! new ,c5tury--! #ai?--f\nd  
our belov$ philosoph] at times q pr\d ( 
! success he _h ) 8 exp]im5ts & full (  
g5u9e hope t phlogi/on 0 e/abli%$2 &    
aga9 deject$ because ( ! co>se & l[     
articles direct$ aga9/ him by ! pr9ts ( 
! day4 ,to (fset1 9 a measure1 ! di/ru/ 
ent]ta9$ = him because ( ! int]cept$    
lett]s he address$ a s]ies ( ,lett]s to 
! inhabitants ( ,nor?umb]l& & vic9ity4  
,^! 7 explanatory ( 8 views4 ,at home !y
 7 mo/ satisfy+ b 9 ! city !y br\ght ^u 
him m abuse4 ,&1 s1 he translat$ a      
passage f ,petr>* :i* read--        ,by 
civil fu$s exil$ my native home1        
,resign'd1 ?\gh injur$1 hi!r ,i h come4 
,"h1 groves & /reams1 delights ( rural  

ease2       ,yet1 :]e ! associates1 wont
 to s]ve & please2       ,! aspect bl&1 
t bade ! he>t confide8       ,abs5t f   
^!1 e'en "h1 no joys abide4  ,& ^! 7    
incorporat$ 9 8 bro*ure4  ,hav+ allud$  
to ! ,lett]s address$ to ! ,nor?umb]l&  
folks1 x may be prop] to introduce a    
lett] :i* ,prie/ley receiv$ f ,mr4      
,jeff]son1 :om ! =m] 0 dispos$ to hold z
 9 _m respects ! fir/ man 9 ?is ,c\ntry3
                          ,philadelphia1
 ,jan4 #ah1 #ahjj4    ,de> ,sir--       
,i ?ank y = ! pamphlets 7,lett]s7 y 7 s 
k9d z to       s5d me4 ,y w "k :at ,i   
?\ght ( !m by my hav+ be=e       s5t a  
doz5 sets to ,virg9ia1 to di/ribute     
among my fri5ds2 yet       ,i ?ank y n !
 less = ^!1 :i* ,i value ! m z !y       
came f y\rself4      ,! pap]s (         
,political ,ari?metic1 bo? 9 y\rs & ,mr4
 ,coop]'s       pamphlets1 are ! mo/    
preci\s gifts t c be made to u2 =       
we are runn+ navigation-mad1 &          
comm]ce-mad1 & ,navy-mad1       :i* is  
wor/ ( all4 ,h[ desirable x is t y %\ld 

pursue       t subject = u4 ,f !        
porcup9es ( our c\ntry y w       receive
 no ?anks1 b ! great mass ( our nation w
 edify1       & ?ank y4      ,h[ deeply 
h ,i be5 *agr9$ & mortifi$ at !         
p]secutions       :i* fanaticism &      
mon>*y h excit$ aga9/ y1 ev5 "h6        
,at fir/1 ,i believ$ x 0 m]ely a        
cont9uance ( ! ,engli%       p]secution2
 b ,i obs]ve t1 on ! demise ( ,porcup9e1
 &       ! division ( 8 inh]itance      
betwe5 ,f5no & ,br[n1 !       latt]     
7?\gh succe$+ only to ! ,f$]al portion (
       ,porcup9ism1 n ! ,anglican1 :i*  
is ,f5no's "p7 s]ves up       = ! palate
 ( 8 sect di%es ( abuse aga9/ y z       
high-season$ z ,porcup9e's 74 ,y h s9n$ 
aga9/ ,*ur*       & ,k+1 & !re=e c nev] 
be =giv54 ,h[ s9c]ely ,i       h        
regrett$ t y\r fri5d1 be=e he fix$ a    
*oice (       position1 did n visit !   
valleys on ea* side ( ! blue range      
9 ,virg9ia1 z ,mr4 ,madison & myself s  
mu* wi%$4 ,y w\ld       h f\nd !re equal
 soil1 ! f9e/ climate1 & ! mo/          

heal?y air on ! e>?1 ! homage ( univ]sal
 rev]5ce &       love1 & ! p[] ( !      
c\ntry spread ov] y z a %ield2       b1 
s9ce y w\ld n make x y\r ,c\ntry by     
adoption1 y       mu/ n[ d x by y\r good
 (fices4  ,mr4 ,liv+/on1 ! ,*ancellor ( 
,new ,york1 s approv$ ! ,lett]s t he got
 a new edition ( !m pr9t$ at ,albany4   
,! foll[+ lett] to ?is same g5tleman1   
al?\gh ^u ano!r subject ?an ! ,lett]s is
 n devoid ( int]e/4 ,x has come into !  
writ]'s h&s ?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ,dr4   
,?omas ,l4 ,montgom]y1 ,/ate ,libr>ian (
 ,p5nsylvania3    ,sir1      ,i ?9k     
myself mu* hon\r$ by y\r lett]1 & %\ld h
       ?\ght myself s+ul>ly happy if my 
situation _h be5 ne> to       su* a     
p]son z y4 ,p]sons engag$ 9 sci5tific   
pursuits are       few 9 ?is c\ntry4    
,inde$1 !y are n v num]\s any:]e4       
,9 o!r respects ,i ?9k myself v happy   
:]e ,i am4      ,i h nev] giv5 mu*      
att5tion to ma*9es ( any k9d1 &         
!re=e _c pret5d to decide conc]n+ y\r   
proposal =       ! improvem5t ( ! fire  

eng9e4 ,x appe>s to me to des]ve        
att5tion4 ,b ,i d n = want ( a draw+ see
 9 :at mann]       ! /eam is to be let  
into ! cyl9d]1 or dis*>g$ f x4          
,!re w\ld be1 ,i fe>1 an objection to x 
f ! =ce       necess>y to raise ! column
 ( m]cury1 & f ! evaporation       ( !  
m]cury 9 ! requisite heat4 ,i h f\nd t x
 loses       weight 9 #gj ,fahr5heit4   
,if ! m]cury 0 pure1 ,i %\ld n          
appreh5d mu* f ! calc9ation ( x1 ?\gh1 z
 ,i h       obs]v$1 ! agitation ( x 9   
wat]1 conv]ts a "p ( x into       a     
black p[d]1 :i* ,i propose to exam9e    
f>!r4      ,if travell+ 0 att5d$ ) no   
few] inconv5i5ces "h ?an       x is 9   
,engl&1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly wait ^u y & "s  
o!r       fri5ds at ,new ,york4 ,b ?is1 
& my age1 r5d] x impossible1       & x  
w\ld be unreasonable to expect _m       
visitors 9 ?is back       woods4      ,i
 %all be v happy to be fav\r$ ) y\r     
correspond5ce1 &       am1              
,sir1                                   
,y\rs s9c]ely1                          

,j4 ,,prie/ley  ,nor?umb]l& ,april #af1 
#agii4  ,9 ?is p]iod ,?omas ,coop] 0    
convict$ ( libel4 ,he 0 ?r[n into       
prison4 ,prie/ley reg>d$ him z a ris+   
man 9 ! ,c\ntry4#g ,he said ! act 0 !   
la/ bl[ ( ! ,f$]al p>ty :i* is n[ broke 
up4  ,prie/ley's daught]1 9 ,engl&1 0   
ill at ?is "t4 ,h] life 0 despair$ ( &  
tid+s f h] 7 few & mo/ di/ress+1 b !    
,doctor ma9ta9$ a quiet & calm assurance
 ( h] recov]y4  ,subsequ5t correspond5ce
 betwe5 ,mr4 ,jeff]son & ,prie/ley _h   
mu* 9 x ab\t ! new ,college :i* ! =m]   
contemplat$ = ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia4       
,inde$1 ! ?\ght 0 ent]ta9$ t ,prie/ley  
himself might become a pr(essor 9 x1 b 8
 advanc$ age1 he cont5d$ =bade ?is1     
al?\gh he 0 agreeable to ! idea ( gett+ 
pr(essors f ,europe4  ,"h1 p]haps1 may  
well be includ$ sev]al lett]s1 n[ 9     
possession ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 :i* 
reveal ! attitude ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley t[>d 
,presid5t ,jeff]son1 :o 0 inde$ mo/     
fri5dly to him3    ,de> ,sir--      ,i  
am flatt]$ by y\r ?9k+ s fav\rably ( my 

pamphlets1       :i* 7 only calculat$ to
 give "s satisfaction to my             
suspici\s neighb\rs4 ,*ancellor ,liv+/on
 in=ms me t he       has got an edition 
( !m pr9t$ at ,albany1 = ! in=mation    
( ! p 9 ! back c\ntry1 :]e1 he says1 x  
is s mu*       want$4 ,inde$1 x seems   
extraord9>y1 t 9 su* a c\ntry z         
?is1 :]e !re is no c\rt to dazzle m5's  
eyes a maxim z       pla9 z t #b & #b   
make #d %\ld n be und]/ood1 & act$      
^u4 ,x is evid5t t ! bulk ( mank9d are  
gov]n$ by       some?+ v diff]5t f      
reason+ & argum5t4 ,?is       pr9ciple  
mu/ h its influ5ce ev5 9 y\r ,congress1 
= if       ! memb]s are n conv9c$ by !  
excell5t spee*es ( ,mr4       ,gallat9 &
 ,nicolas1 nei!r w\ld !y be p]suad$ ?o  
"o       %\ld rise f ! dead4      ,x is 
true t ,i _h m to d ) colleges1 & places
 (       education1 ?an mo/ m5 9        
,europe2 b ,i w\ld n pret5d to          
advise 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 at my 
leisure1 propose       su* h9ts z %all  
occur to me2 & if y want tutors f       

,engl&1 ,i c recomm5d "s v good ones4 ,7
 ,i a few ye>s       y\ng]1 & m         
moveable1 ,i %\ld make int]e/ = "s      
appo9tm5t 9 y\r in/itution myself2 b age
 & inactivity are       fa/ approa*+1 & 
,i am s fix$ "h1 t a remove is          
absolutely impossible1 unless y 7       
possess$ ( ,alad9's       lamp1 & c\ld  
transport my h\se1 libr>y1 & laboratory1
       into ,virg9ia )\t tr\ble or      
exp5se4      ,on my settlem5t "h !      
g5tlem5 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ?9k+       to 
make me ( "s use1 set on foot a college1
 ( :i* ,i gave       !m ! plan1 & !y got
 x incorporat$1 & made me !             
presid5t2 b ?o ,i propos$ to give       
lectures gratis1 & _h       ! disposal (
 a valuable libr>y at ! decease ( a     
le>n$       fri5d 7new1 ne> s71 & _h x 9
 my p[] to r5d] !m       important      
s]vice 9 v>i\s ways1 yet1 ow+ ,i        
suspect1 9 "p       at lea/1 to religi\s
 & political prejudices1 no?+ m has     
be5 done1 besides m>k+ ! site ( a build+
 ^! five       ye>s1 s t ,i h told !m ,i

 %all resign4      ,i mu* wi% to h "s   
conv]sation ) y on social subjects2     
b ,i _c expect t ! ,vice ,presid5t ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates       %\ld visit me 9 my  
%$ at ,nor?umb]l&1 & ,i _c come       to
 y4 ,i int5d$ on my settl+ "h to h sp5t 
a mon? or s       e w9t] at             
,philadelphia1 b ! /ate ( ! times1 &    
v>i\s accid5ts1 h a little d]ang$ my    
f9ances1 & ,i       pref] to sp5d :at ,i
 c sp>e on my exp]im5ts1 &              
publication1 r ?an 9 travell+ & see+ my 
fri5ds4            ,) ! greate/ respect1
 ,i am1               ,de> ,sir1        
,y\rs s9c]ely1                       ,j4
 ,,prie/ley4  ,nor?umb]l& ,jan4 #cj1    
#ahjj4    ,de> ,sir--      ,i enclose my
 ?\ghts on ! subject y did me ! hon\r to
       propose to me4 ,y\r own bett]    
judgm5t w decide conc]n+       _! value1
 or _! fitness = ! circum/ances ( y\r   
,college4 ,?is may require a v diff]5t  
di/ribution ( !       bus9ess f t :i* ,i
 "h recomm5d4      ,i ?ank y = y\r c>e  
to transmit a copy ( my works to ,bp4   

,madison4 ,he1 z well z _m o!rs1 speaks 
( ! increas+       spread ( republican  
pr9ciples 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld  
see ! effects ( x4 ,b ,i fe> we flatt]  
ourselves1 & if ,i       be rightly     
in=m$1 my poor ,lett]s h done m h>m ?an 
good4 ,i c only say t ,i am a s9c]e well
 wi%] to ?is       c\ntry1 & ! purity & 
/ability ( its con/itution4             
,y\rs s9c]ely1                     ,j4  
,,prie/ley4  ,nor?umb]l& ,may #h1 #ahjj4
       ,,h9ts ,,conc]n+ ,,public        
,,education       ,p]sons educat$ at    
public sem9>ies are ( two classes4 ,"o  
is      t ( pr(essional m51 & physicians
 & div9es :o are to be      qualifi$ =  
ent]+ ^u _! pr(essions imm$iately aft]  
leav+ ! college or univ]sity4 ,! o!r is 
t ( g5tlem51      & ^? :o are design$ = 
(fices ( civil & active life4      ,!   
=m] mu/ be m9utely in/ruct$ 9 ev]y?+    
add+ to      _! sev]al pr(essions1 :]eas
 to ! latt] a g5]al      k ( ! sev]al   
bran*es ( sci5ce is suffici5t4 ,to !    
=m]1 especially t ( ,m$ic9e1 sev]al     

pr(essors are      necess>y1 z ! bus9ess
 mu/ be subdivid$1 9 ord] to be         
taught to advantage4 ,= ! purpose ( !   
latt] few] pr(essors      are want$1 z x
 is mo/ advisable to give !m only !     
elem5ts      ( ! sev]al bran*es ( k1 to 
:i* !y may aft]w>ds      give m p>ticul>
 att5tion1 z !y may h a disposition or  
conv5i5ce = x4       ,lawy]s are n      
suppos$ to be qualifi$ = ent]+ ^u _!    
pr(essions at any place ( public        
education4 ,!y are !re=e to      be     
consid]$ z g5tlem5 to :om a g5]al k is  
suffici5t4 ,x is advisable1 h[ev]1 t :5 
any subject1 z      t ( ,m$ic9e1 is mu* 
divid$1 & di/ribut$ among a numb]      (
 pr(essors1 lectures ( a m g5]al &      
popul> nature be      provid$ = ! o!r   
classes ( /ud5ts1 to :om "s k      ( !  
subject may be v useful4 ,a g5]al k1 =  
example1 ( anatomy & ( m$ic9e1 too1 is  
useful to all p]sons1      & !re=e ought
 n to be omitt$ 9 any s*eme ( lib]al    
education4 ,& if 9 a regul> s*ool (     
m$ic9e any ( !      pr(essors w\ld      

und]take ?is1 x might s]ve z an useful  
introduction to t m p>ticul> & accurate 
k :i*      is necess>y = practic$       
physicians4       ,! bran*es ( k :i* are
 necess>y to ! tea*]s (      religion   
are n s _m1 or s di/9ct f ea* o!r1 b t  
!y may all be taught by "o pr(essor1 z  
f> z is necess>y to      qualify p]sons 
= comm5c+ prea*]s4 ,to acquire m      k1
 z t ( ! scriptures1 ecclesi/ical       
hi/ory1 etc4      mu/ be ! bus9ess ( _! 
future lives4 ,b e p]son      lib]ally  
educat$ %\ld h a g5]al k ( ,metaphysics1
      ! !ory ( morals1 & religion2 &    
!re=e "s popul>      lectures ( ?is k9d 
%\ld be provid$ = ! /ud5ts 9      g5]al4
       ,"o pr(essor ( anti5t languages  
may be suffici5t = a place (      lib]al
 education1 & ,i w\ld n make any        
provision =      in/ruction 9 ! mod]n   
languages1 = ?o ! k (      !m1 z well z 
skill 9 f5c+1 danc+ & rid+1 is prop]    
= g5tlem5 lib]ally educat$1 in/ruction 9
 !m may be      procur$ on reasonable   
t]ms )\t burd5+ ! funds ( !      sem9>y 

) !m4       ,ab/ract ,ma!matics1 &      
,natural ,philosophy1 are s di/9ct1 t   
!y require diff]5t tea*]s4 ,"o is       
suffici5t = ! =m]1      b ! latt] mu/ be
 subdivid$1 "o = natural hi/ory1 ano!r  
= exp]im5tal ,philosophy 9 g5]al & a    
?ird = *emi/ry2      9 consequ5ce ( !   
great ext5sion ( ?is bran* (            
exp]im5tal ,philosophy ( late ye>s4 ,!  
botany1 m9]alogy1 &      o!r bran*es (  
natural hi/ory are suffici5tly di/9ct to
      admit ( diff]5t pr(essors1 no?+ m 
?an a g5]al      k ( ea* ( !m1 &        
directions = acquir+ a m      ext5d$ k (
 !m is necess>y at any place (          
education4       ,two or ?ree ,s*ools ( 
,m$ic9e ,i %\ld ?9k suffici5t = all     
! ,unit$ ,/ates = "s ye>s to come1 b )  
respect to ^!      ,i d n pret5d to give
 any op9ion n hav+ suffici5t      k ( ! 
subject4 ,places ( lib]al education 9   
g5]al      %\ld be made m num]\s1 & =   
ea* ( !m ,i %\ld ?9k      ! foll[+      
pr(essors 7if ! funds ( ! ,society w    
admit (      x7 %\ld be engag$1 viz4    

7#a7 ,= ! anti5t languages4 7#b7      ,!
 ,belles ,lettres1 includ+ univ]sal     
,gramm>1 ,oratory1 criticism      &     
bibliography4 7#c7 ,ma!matics4 7#d7     
,natural hi/ory4 7#e7      ,exp]im5tal  
,philosophy4 7#f7 ,*emi/ry1 includ+ !   
!ory (      ,agriculture4 7#g7 ,anatomy 
& ,m$ic9e4 7#h7 ,geography & hi/ory1    
,law1 & g5]al policy4 7#i7 ,metaphysics1
 morals1 & !ology4       ,a c\rse (     
lib]al education %\ld be z compreh5sive 
z      possible4 ,= ?is purpose a l>ge &
 well *os5 libr>y w      be ( great use4
 ,n t ! /ud5ts %\ld be enc\rag$ to read 
books :ile !y are "u tuition1 b an      
opportunity ( see+      books1 & look+  
into !m1 w give !m a bett] idea ( !     
value ( !m ?an !y c\ld get by m]ely he>+
 ( !m1 &      !y w\ld aft]w>ds bett] "k 
:at books to pur*ase :5 !y      %\ld h !
 means & ! leisure = ! p]usal ( !m4 ,a  
l>ge collection ( books w also be useful
 to ! lectur] 9      bibliography & w\ld
 recomm5d ! sem9>y to ! pr(essors      9
 g5]al1 & make x a desirable place (    

resid5ce =      g5tlem5 ( a /udi\s turn4
       #b4 ,9 ord] to engage able       
pr(essors1 "s fix$ sal>ies are          
necess>y2 b !y %\ld n be mu* m ?an a b>e
      subsi/5ce4 ,!y w !n h a motive to 
ex]t !mselves1 &      by ! fees ( /ud5ts
 _! emolum5ts may be ample4 ,!          
pr(essor%ips 9 ! ,engli% univ]sities1   
:i* are l>gely      end[$1 are s9ecures2
 :ile ^? 9 ,scotl&1 to :i* small        
/ip5ds are annex$1 are fill$ by able &  
active m54       #c4 ,x is n wise to    
engage any p]sons :o are mu* advanc$ 9  
life1 or ( e/abli%$ reputation =        
effici5t tea*]s4 ,!y      w n be s      
active z y\ng] m5 :o h a "* to          
acquire4 ,!y w also bett] accommodate _!
 lectures to !      increas+ light ( !  
age1 :]eas old m5 w be atta*$ to        
old sy/ems1 ?o ev] s imp]fect4 ,besides1
 !y are ! mo/      exp]t 9 tea*+ :o h   
lately le>n$1 & ! m9utae (      sci5ce1 
:i* are necess>y to a tea*]1 are g5]ally
 =gott5      by good s*ol>s :o are      
advanc$ 9 life1 & x is peculi>ly        

irksome to rele>n !m4       #d4 ,i w\ld 
n )\t necessity h rec\rse to any =eign  
c\ntry = pr(essors4 ,!y w expect too mu*
 def]5ce1 &      ! natives w be jeal\s (
 !m4       #e4 ,?ree ?+s mu/ be att5d$  
to 9 ! education ( y\?4 ,!y      mu/ be 
taught1 f$ & gov]n$ & ea* ( ^! requires 
v diff]5t qualifications4 ,!y :o are !  
be/ qualifi$ to      tea* are (t5 ! mo/ 
unfit to gov]n1 & x is g5]ally          
advisable t nei!r ( ^! h any?+ to d )   
provid+      victuals4 ,9 ! ,engli%     
univ]sities all ^! affairs are          
p]fectly di/9ct4 ,! tutors only tea*1 ! 
proctors      sup]9t5d ! discipl9e1 & ! 
cooks provide ! victuals4               
,philadelphia1 ,apr4 #aj1 #ahja4    ,de>
 ,sir--      ,y\r k9d lett]1 :i*1       
consid]+ ! num]\s engagem5ts            
incid5t to y\r situation1 ,i _h no "r to
 expect1 0 highly       gratify+ to me1 
& ,i take ! fir/ opportunity (          
ackn[l$g+ x4 ,= ?o ,i believe ,i am     
completely recov]$ f       my late      
illness1 ,i am advis$ to write z little 

z possible4 ,y\r       invitation to pay
 y a visit is flatt]+ to me 9 ! highe/  
degree1 & ,i %all n :olly despair ( "s  
"t or o!r       avail+ myself ( x1 b = !
 pres5t ,i mu/ take ! ne>e/       way   
home4      ,y\r res5tm5t ( ! treatm5t ,i
 h met ) 9 ?is c\ntry       is truly    
g5]\s1 b ,i mu/ h be5 b little impress$ 
)       ! pr9ciples ( ! religion y s    
ju/ly comm5d1 if !y _h       n enabl$ me
 to be> mu* m ?an ,i h yet suff]$4 ,d n 
suppose t1 aft] ! mu* worse treatm5t to 
:i* ,i 0 =       _m ye>s expos$ 9 ,engl&
 7( :i* ! pamphlet ,i take !            
lib]ty to inclose w give y "s idea7 ,i 0
 mu* affect$ by       ?is4 ,my ,lett]s  
to ! ,inhabitants ( ,nor?umb]l& 7 n     
occasion$ by any su* ?+1 ?o x s]v$ me z 
a pret5se =       writ+ !m1 b ! ?reat5+s
 ( ,mr4 ,pick]+1 ^: purpose       to s5d
 me out ( ! c\ntry ,mr4 ,adams 7z ,i    
conclude f a       circuit\s attempt t  
he made to prev5t x7 w\ld n1 9 !        
circum/ances 9 :i* he !n 01 h be5 able  
to directly       oppose4 ,my           

publication 0 ( s]vice to me 9 t & o!r  
respects & ,i hope1 9 "s measure1 to !  
common cause4 ,b _h       x n be5 = !   
extreme absurdity & viol5ce ( ! late    
adm9i/ration1 ,i d n "k h[ f> ! measures
 might n h       be5 c>ri$4 ,i rejoice m
 ?an ,i c express 9 ! glori\s           
rev]se t has tak5 place1 & :i* has      
secur$ y\r election4       ,?is ,i      
flatt] myself w be ! p]man5t e/abli%m5t 
( truly       republican pr9ciples 9 ?is
 c\ntry1 & also contribute to !         
same desirable ev5t 9 m di/ant ones4    
,i beg y w\ld n tr\ble y\rself ) any    
answ] to ?is4 ,!       k ( y\r good     
op9ion & good wi%es1 is q               
suffici5t = me4 ,i feel = ! difficulties
 ( y\r situation1       b y\r _s &      
prud5ce w c>ry y ?ro !m1 ?o n       )\t 
pay+ ! tax :i* ! wise laws ( nature h   
impos$       ^u preem95ce & celebrity ( 
e k9d1 a tax :i*1 =       want ( true   
greatness ( m9d1 nei!r ( y\r            
pr$ecessors1 if ,i       e/imate _!     
*>act]s aright1 paid )\t mu* reluctance4

              ,) e good wi%1 ,i am1     
,de> ,sir1                     ,y\rs    
s9c]ely1                             ,j4
 ,,prie/ley4    ,p4,s4      ,z ,i tru/ t
 ,politics w n make y =get :at is due to
       sci5ce1 ,i %all s5d y a copy ( "s
 articles t are j       pr9t$ = !       
,transactions ( ! ,philosophical        
,society 9       ?is place4 ,no4 7#e7 p4
 #cf is ! mo/ des]v+ ( y\r notice4 ,i   
%\ld h s5t y my ,def5ce ( ,phlogi/on1 b 
t ,i       presume y h se5 x4           
,june1 #ahjb4   ,to ,?omas ,jeff]son1   
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4  
,sir1      ,my high respect = y\r "*1 z 
a politician1 & a man1       makes me   
desir\s ( connect+ my "n1 9 "s measure )
       y\rs :ile x is 9 my p[]1 by means
 ( "s publication1 to d       x4      ,!
 fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 :i* br\ght ! hi/ory  
to ! fall       ( ! we/]n empire1 0     
d$icat$ to a zeal\s fri5d ( civil       
& religi\s lib]ty1 b 9 a private /ation4
 ,:at he1 or any       o!r fri5d (      
lib]ty 9 ,europe1 c\ld only d by _! good

       wi%es1 by writ+1 or by patriot   
suff]+1 y1 ,sir1 are       actually     
accompli%+1 & ^u a !atre ( great & gr[+ 
ext5t4      ,x is ! boa/ ( ?is c\ntry to
 h a con/itution ! mo/       fav\rable  
to political lib]ty1 & private happ9ess1
 ( any 9       ! _w1 & all say t x 0    
y\rself1 m ?an any o!r       individual1
 t plann$ & e/abli%$ x2 & to ?is op9ion 
y\r conduct 9 v>i\s public (fices1 & n[ 
9 ! highe/1       gives ! cle>e/        
atte/ation4     ,_m h appe>$ ! fri5ds ( 
! rights ( man :ile !y 7       subject  
to ! p[] ( o!rs1 & especially :5 !y 7   
suff]]s by x2 b ,i d n recollect "o     
besides y\rself :o       reta9$ ! same  
pr9ciples1 & act$ by !m1 9 a /ation (   
real p[]4 ,y1 ,sir1 h done m ?an ?is2   
hav+ propos$ to       rel9qui% "s "p ( !
 p[] :i* ! con/itution gave y2       &  
in/ead ( add+ to ! burd5 ( ! p1 x has   
be5       y\r endeav\r to light5 ^?     
burd5s ?o ! necess>y       consequ5ce   
mu/ be ! dim9ution ( y\r influ5ce4 ,may 
?is       great example1 :i* ,i d\bt n w

 demon/rate !       practicability (    
truly republican pr9ciples1 by ! actual 
exi/5ce ( a =m ( gov]nm5t calculat$ to  
answ] all !       useful purposes (     
gov]nm5t 7giv+ equal protection to all1 
&       leav+ e man 9 ! possession ( e  
p[] t he c       ex]cise to 8 own       
advantage1 )\t infr++ on ! equal        
lib]ty ( o!rs7 be foll[$ 9 o!r c\ntries1
 & at l5g?       become univ]sal4       
,ano!r reason :y ,i wi% to prefix y\r "n
 to ?is "w1 &       m appropriate to !  
subject ( x1 is t y h ev] be5       a   
/r5u\s & uni=m advocate ( religi\s no   
less ?an civil       lib]ty1 bo? 9 y\r  
own /ate ( ,virg9ia1 & 9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates 9 g5]al1 see+ 9 ! cle>e/ light ! 
v>i\s &       great mis*iefs t h aris5 f
 any p>ticul> =m (       religion be+   
fav\r$ by ! ,/ate m ?an any o!r2 s t    
! pr(ession or practice ( religion is "h
 z free z t (       philosophy1 or      
m$ic9e4 ,& n[ ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an        
tw5ty ye>s leaves little room to d\bt b 
t x is a /ate1       ( ?+s ! mo/        

fav\rable to mutual c&\r1 :i* is ( great
       importance to dome/ic peace &    
good neighb\rhood & to !       cause (  
all tru?1 religi\s tru? lea/ ( all      
except$4 ,:5       e "q is ?us left to  
free discussion1 !re _c be a       d\bt 
b t tru? w f9ally prevail1 & e/abli%    
itself by       its own evid5ce2 & he   
mu/ "k little ( mank9d1 or ( human      
nature1 :o c imag9e t tru? ( any k9d w  
be ultimately       unfav\rable to g5]al
 happ9ess4 ,t man mu/ ent]ta9 a         
secret suspicion ( 8 own pr9ciples :o   
wi%es = any       exclusive advantage 9 
8 def5ce or pr(ession ( !m4      ,hav+  
fl$ f a /ate ( p]secution 9 ,engl&1 &   
hav+ be5       expos$ to "s degree (    
dang] 9 ! late adm9i/ration "h1 ,i      
naturally feel ! great] satisfaction 9 !
 prospect ( pass+       ! rema9d] ( an  
active life 7:5 ,i naturally wi% =      
repose7       "u y\r protection4 ,?o    
arriv$ at ! usual t]m ( human life      
x is n[ only t ,i c say ,i see no?+ to  
fe> f ! h&       ( p[]1 ! gov]nm5t "u   

:i* ,i live be+ = ! fir/       "t truly 
fav\rable to me4 ,& ?o x w be evid5t to 
all :o       "k me t ,i h nev] be5 sway$
 by ! mean pr9ciple (       fe>1 x is   
c]ta9ly a happ9ess to be out ( !        
possibility (       its influ5ce1 & to  
end ones days 9 peace1 enjoy+ "s degree 
( re/ be=e ! /ate ( m p]fect re/ 9 !    
grave1 &       ) ! hope ( ris+ to a /ate
 ( great] activity1 security       &    
happ9ess beyond x4 ,?is is all t any man
 c wi% =1 or       h2 & ?is1 ,sir1 "u   
y\r adm9i/ration1 ,i enjoy4      ,) !   
mo/ p]fect atta*m5t1 & e good wi% ,i    
subscribe       myself n y\r subject1 or
 humble s]vant1 b y\r s9c]e             
admir]4                  ,j4 ,,prie/ley4
    ,de> ,sir1      ,z !re are "s       
p>ticul>s 9 a lett] ,i h lately receiv$ 
f ,mr4 ,/one at ,p>is :i* ,i ?9k x w    
give y pleasure to       h1 & ,mr4      
,coop] has be5 s oblig+ z to translate  
!m =       me1 ,i take ! lib]ty to s5d  
!m1 along ) a copy ( my                 
,d$ication1 ) ! correction t y sugge/$1 

& a ,note       f ! latt] ) :i* y fav\r$
 me conc]n+ :at y did       ) respect to
 ! con/itution1 & :i* is really m ?an   
,i _h ascrib$ to y4 ,= almo/ ev]y?+ (   
importance to       political lib]ty 9 t
 in/rum5t 01 z x appe>s to me1          
sugge/$ by y1 & z ?is 0 unkn[n to       
myself1 & ,i believe       is s ) ! _w 9
 g5]al1 ,i 0 unwill+ to omit ?is        
opportunity ( notic+ x4      ,i %all be 
glad if y w be s good z to engage any   
p]son       suffici5tly qualifi$ to draw
 up su* an acc\nt ( !                   
con/itutional =ms ( ?is c\ntry z my     
fri5ds say w be       agreeable to !    
emp]or1 & ,i w transmit x to ,mr4 ,/one4
      ,n kn[+ any c]ta9 me?od ( s5d+ a  
lett] to ,france &       presum+ t y d  
,i take ! lib]ty to inclose my lett] to 
,mr4 ,/one4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s writt5 t no 
dang] c arise to       him f x1 into    
:atev] h&s x may fall4      ,! /ate ( my
 heal?1 ?\gh1 ,i ?ank ,god1 mu* improv$1
 w       n p]mit me to avail myself (   
y\r k9d invitation to pay y a           

visit4 ,:]e ev] ,i am1 y may dep5d ^u my
 w>me/ atta*m5t       & be/ wi%es4      
,j4 ,,prie/ley4  ,nor?umb]l& ,oct4 #bi1 
#ahjb4    ,p4,s4      ,i s5d a copy ( ! 
,preface z well z ( ! ,d$ication1       
t y may =m "s idea ( ! "w y are pleas$  
to       patronize4  ,nor?umb]l& ,jan4  
#be1 #ahjc4    ,de> ,sir1      ,z y 7   
pleas$ to ?9k fav\rably ( my pamphlet   
entitl$       ,socrates & ,jesus comp>$1
 ,i take ! lib]ty to s5d y a            
def5ce ( x4 ,my pr9cipal object1 y w    
p]ceive1 0 to       lay hold ( !        
opportunity1 giv5 me by ,mr4 ,b4 ,l9n1  
to excite       "s att5tion to doctr9es 
:i* ,i consid] z ( peculi>              
importance 9 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 & :i* ,i 
d n f9d to       h be5 discuss$ 9 ?is   
c\ntry4      ,! ,*ur* ,hi/ory is1 ,i    
hope1 by ?is "t 9 ! h&s ( !             
booksell] at ,philadelphia1 s t y w     
soon1 if my       directions h be5      
att5d$ to1 receive a copy ( ! "w :i*    
,i h ! hon\r to d$icate to y4      ,) ! 
greate/ respect & atta*m5t1 ,i am       

,de> ,sir1                              
,y\rs s9c]ely1                          
,j4 ,,prie/ley4    ,de> ,sir1      ,i   
take ! lib]ty to s5d y a second def5ce (
 my pamphlet       ab\t ,socrates1 on ! 
#af? page ( :i* y w f9d t ,i       h    
und]tak5 ! task y 7 pleas$ to recomm5d  
to me4 ,on       giv+ m att5tion to x1  
,i f\nd1 z ! fox did ) respect       to 
! lion1 t my appreh5sions entirely      
vani%$4 ,inde$1 ,i       h already      
accompli%$ a consid]able "p ( ! "w1 & 9 
ab\t a ye> f ?is "t ,i hope to f9i% !   
:ole1 provid$       my heal?1 :i* is v  
prec>i\s1 be cont9u$ 9 ! /ate 9         
:i* x n[ is4 ,i direct$ a copy ( ! tract
 on phlogi/on       to be s5t to y f    
,philadelphia1 & ,i %all ord] ano!r1    
:i*1 toge!r ) ! inclos$ pap]s1 ,i %all  
be mu* oblig$       to y if y w convey  
to4 ,mr4 ,liv+/on4 ,please also to ca/  
an eye ov] !m y\rself2 & if y c )       
propriety promote       my int]e/ by any
 repres5tation ( y\rs1 ,i am confid5t y 
w d x4      ,:5 y wrote to me at !      

comm5cem5t ( y\r adm9i/ration1       y  
said ! only d>k speck 9 our horizon is 9
 ,l\isiana4 ,by       y\r excell5t      
conduct x is n[ ! brighte/ we h to look 
to4      ,mr4 ,vaughan hav+ appli$ to me
 = a copy ( my ,h>mony ( !              
,evangeli/s1 :i* 0 n to be _h 9         
,philadelphia1 &       intimat$ t x 0 = 
y1 my son1 ^: copy is m p]fect       ?an
 m9e1 begs ! hon\r ( y\r acceptance ( x1
 z a m>k (       8 high e/eem1 9 :i* he 
has ! he>ty concurr5ce (                
,de> ,sir1                              
,y\rs s9c]ely1                          
,j4 ,,prie/ley4  ,nor?umb]l& ,dec4 #ab1 
#ahjc4  ,8 ,european correspond5ts 7    
in=m$ t he 0 mu* engag$ ) religi\s      
matt]s4 ,:ile 8 !ological views 7 n     
receiv$ v graci\sly yet he f\nd         
"s "y m5 ( a s]i\s & inquisitive turn1  
:o read my       works1 & are confirm$  
,unit>ians4  ,9 "o ( 8 communications to
 ,l9dsey1 writt5 9 ,april #ahjj1 he     
expresses himself 9 ! foll[+ mo/ int]e/+
 way relative to 8 sci5tific engagem5ts4

 ,am]ican m5 ( sci5ce w welcome x3 ,?is 
is ! message3      ,i s5d along ) ?is an
 acc\nt ( a c\rse ( exp]im5ts ( z       
mu* importance z almo/ any t ,i h ev]   
made4 ,please to       %ew x to ,mr4    
,kirwan1 & give x ei!r to ,mr4 ,ni*olson
 = 8       j\rnal1 or to ,mr4 ,phillips 
= 8 magaz9e1 z y please4 ,i 0       nev]
 m busy or m successful 9 ?is way1 :5 ,i
 0 9       ,engl&2 & ,i am v ?ankful to 
,provid5ce = ! means &       ! leisure =
 ^! pursuits1 :i* next to !ological     
/udies1       int]e/ me ! mo/4 ,inde$1  
!re is a natural alliance betwe5        
!m1 z !re mu/ be betwe5 ! ^w & ! works (
 ,god4  ,he 0 n[ at "w app>5tly 9 8 own 
little laboratory adjac5t to 8 dwell+   
place4 ,= m ?an a c5tury ?is /ructure   
has rema9$ practically z x 0 9 ! days ( 
,prie/ley4 ,9 x he did rem>kable ?+s1 9 
8 judgm5t2 ?us refut+ ! g5]al idea t    
aft] 8 arrival 9 ,am]ica no?+ ( m]it 9 !
 sci5tific direction 0 accompli%$ by    
him4 ,! satisfactory results1 m5tion$ to
 ,l9dsey1 7 embodi$ 9 a s]ies ( ,six    

,*emical ,essays :i* ev5tually f\nd _!  
way into ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican   
,philosophical ,society4 ,x is a        
miscellany ( obs]vations4 ,9 x are      
record$ ! results f\nd on pass+ ! vap\r 
( _s ( nitre ov] iron turn+s1 ov] copp]1
 ov] p]fect *>coal1 *>coal ( bones1     
melt$ lead1 t9 & bismu?2 & !re appe>s a 
note to ! effect t 9 ,pap9's dige/] a   
solution ( cau/ic alkali1 aid$ by heat1 
made a liquor silicum ) p\nd$ fl9t      
glass4 ,!re is also giv5 a description (
 a pyrophorus obta9$ f iron & sulphur4  
,m int]e/+1 h[ev]1 0 ! acc\nt ( ! *ange 
( place 9 diff]5t k9ds ( air1 ?r\gh     
sev]al int]pos+ sub/ances1 9 :i*        
,prie/ley recogniz$ di/9ctly = ! fir/   
"t1 ! ph5om5a ( gase\s diffusion4 ,!re  
are also ref]5ces to ! absorption ( air 
by wat]1 & ( c\rse1 z "o w\ld expect f !
 ,doctor1 = x nev] fail$1 !re is once m 
emphasiz$ c]ta9 facts p]ta9+ to         
phlogi/on4 ,8 fri5ds 7 q prep>$ = su*   
/atem5ts4 ,!y ?\ght ( ,joseph ,prie/ley 
& involunt>ily !re arose ! idea (       

phlogi/on4  ,! little work%op or        
laboratory1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :]e ^! facts 
7 ga!r$1 w soon be remov$ to ! ,campus (
 ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college4 ,x w be   
pres]v$ ) c>e & 9 x1 x is hop$1 w be    
gradually assembl$ ev]y?+ to be f\nd    
relat+ to ! noble s\l :o once disclos$  
,nature's secrets 9 ?is simple primitive
 /ructure1 :i* ,am]ican *emi/s %\ld ev] 
*]i%1 & hold z a ,mecca = all :o w\ld   
look back to ! beg9n+s ( *emical rese>* 
9 our belov$ c\ntry4  ,h[ appropriate x 
w\ld be c\ld !re be deposit$ 9 ! little 
laboratory1 ! app>atus own$ & us$ by    
,prie/ley1 :i* at pres5t con/itutes & = 
_m ye>s pa/ has =m$ an attractive       
collection 9 ,dick9son ,college1 7,pa47 
,!re w\ld be ! burn+ l5s1 ! reflect+    
telescope1 ! refract+ telescope         
7probably "o ( ! fir/ a*romatic         
telescopes made71 ! air-gun1 ! orr]y1 & 
flasks ) heavy gr\nd necks1 & heavy     
curv$ tubes ) gr\nd /opp]s--all br\ght  
7to ,dick9son7 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality (  
,?omas ,coop]1 ! greate/ man 9 ,am]ica 9

 ! p[]s ( 8 m9d & acquir$ in=mation & t 
)\t a s+le exception accord+ to ,?omas  
,jeff]son4  ,& h[ ! ,libr>y w\ld add to 
! glory ( ! place1 b1 alas6 x has be5   
scatt]$ f> & wide1 = 9 #ahaf1 ,?omas    
,dobson adv]tis$ ! same = sale 9 a      
neatly pr9t$ pamphlet ( #if pages4 ,9 x 
7 _m sc>ce & valuable books4 ,! app5d$  
prices rang$ q widely1 rea*+ 9 "o case !
 goodly sum ( two hundr$ doll>s6  ,& z  
future *emi/s visit ?is unique rem9d] ( 
,dr4 ,prie/ley x %\ld be rememb]$ t on !
 piazza ( ! dwell+ h\se !re assembl$    
,augu/ #a1 #ahgd1 a gr\p ( m5 :o plann$ 
!n & !re = ! organization ( ! pres5t    
,am]ican ,*emical ,society4  ,! ,essays1
 previ\sly m5tion$1 w be f\nd int5sely  
int]e/+ b !y are some:at difficult to   
read because ( _! /range nom5clature4   
,"h is ,prie/ley's acc\nt ( ! me?od     
pursu$ by him to get nitrog53      ,pure
 phlogi/icat$ air 7nitrog57 may be      
procur$ 9 ! easie/       & sure/ mann]  
by ! use ( iron only--,to d ?is ,i fill 
phials ) turn+s ( malleable iron1 & hav+

 fill$ !m       ) wat]1 p\r x out1 to   
admit ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 &       9 six
 or sev5 h\rs x w be dim9i%$ 444 :at    
rema9s (       ! air 9 ! phials w be !  
pure/ phlogi/icat$ air       7nitrog574 
,among 8 contributions to ! sci5tific   
p]iodicals ( ! times !re 0 "o relat+ to 
! s5se ( he>+4 ,x is a curi\s /ory4 ,"o 
may prop]ly ask :e!r ! s+ul> facts 9 x 7
 n due to defects 9 ,prie/ley's own     
organs ( he>+4 ,! pap] did n ar\se      
comm5t4 ,x 0 s out ( ! ord9>y exp]im5tal
 "w :i* he 0 c>ry+ =w>d ) su* g5u9e     
pleasure & int5se vig\r4  ,/rong appeals
 7 /eadily com+ f ,engli% fri5ds t he   
return4 ,:ile comm5t+ on ! pleasure he  
%\ld h 9 see+ !m he firmly decl>$ t !   
/ep w\ld n be wise4 ,9 %ort1 despite all
 argum5ts he _h det]m9$ to        rema9 
:]e ,i am = life4  ,! prejudices aga9/  
him 7 abat+1 al?\gh he said        t _m 
?+s are aga9/ me2 & ?\gh !y d n %ake my 
fai?1 !y try x4  ,!re _h ga!r$ a class (
 f\rte5 "y m5 ab\t him 9 ! ,nor?umb]l&  
home4 ,!y _h adopt$ 8 ,unit>ian ideas4  

,to !m he lectur$ regul>ly on !ology &  
philosophy4 ,^? mu/ h be5 inspir+       
mom5ts4 ,x 0 9 ?is wise t ! ag$         
philosoph] felt he 0 do+ good & 0 mo/   
useful4 ,he said t x 0        a pretty  
good class ( "y m5 to lecture to4  ,mu* 
"t 0 giv5 to 8 ,engli% correspond5ts4   
,!m he advis$ ( ! rapid developm5t ( !  
,/ates4 ,he s5t to "s pictures ( !      
c\ntry ab\t him1 & ) mu* delight he     
ref]r$ to ! fact t ,jeff]son1 :om he    
ard5tly admir$1 0 n[1 9 ! clos+ weeks ( 
#ahjj1 ! ,presid5t1 & 8 associate--,a>on
 ,burr1 ,vice-,presid5t4 ,he ann\nc$ to 
,engli% fri5ds t ! late adm9i/ration1 t 
( ,john ,adams1 0        almo/          
univ]sally reprobat$4  ,mr4 ,jeff]son1  
he insi/$1 w d no?+ ra%ly1      ,8 be+  
presid5t may induce me to visit ! f$]al 
city1 &       p]haps 8 seat 9 ,virg9ia4 
,! seat ( gov]nm5t1 z may be inf]r$1 _h 
be5 remov$ to ,wa%+ton f ,philadelphia4 
,b to ! latt] c5t]1 :i* /ill (f]$ _m    
attractions1 ,prie/ley j\rney$ = ! ?ird 
"t e>ly 9 #ahja4 ,he 0 n especially     

desir\s ( mak+ ?is ?ird visit1 b z 8 son
 & daught] came d[n a di/ance ( #acj    
miles on bus9ess1 he det]m9$ to         
accompany !m4 ,true1 ,congress 0 no     
long] !re1 b !re 7 _m int]e/+ p ab\t )  
:om he _h great pleasure4 ,) ,bi%op     
,:ite1 :o 0 mo/ or?odox & :om he saw    
frequ5tly1 he enjoy$ mu* ,*ri/ian &     
edify+ conv]sation4 ,john ,&rews 0 ano!r
 favorite4 ,he 0 a viol5t ,f$]ali/ &    
in=m$ ,prie/ley t ! latt]        _h done
 !m 7! ,f$]ali/s7 m mis*ief ?an any o!r 
man1  yet ^! two noble spirits liv$ 9   
amity1 & ,prie/ley sev]al times ann\nc$ 
t ,dr4 ,&rews 0 a ,unit>ian1 :i* is n ! 
?\ght today 9 reg>d to ! latt]4  ,x 0 an
 ev5tful ye>--?is ye> ( #ahja4 ,mu* t 0 
unexpect$ happ5$4 ,x br\ght joy & x     
br\ght sorr[4  ,p]haps x w\ld be j z    
well to note ! sci5tific progress ( !   
,doctor dur+ ?is ye>1 = he gave =? !    
/atem5t t he _h succe$$ 9 produc+ air by
 freez+ wat]4 ,?is production ( air 0 "o
 ( 8 e>li] ideas 7p4 #fb71 & n[ he      
wrote--      ,! h>d] ! fro/ 0 ! m air ,i

 procur$4  ,fur!r1 he ann\nc$ t on heat+
 manganese 7dioxide7 9 inflammable air  
no wat] is =m$1  & :at is r a/\nd+1 he 0
 c]ta9 t azote consi/$ ( hydrog5 &      
oxyg54  ,to ! ,m$ical ,repository1 :i*  
he reg>d$ highly1 !re 0 s5t a r ?\ghtful
 disquisition on dreams4 ,9 x ! idea 0  
express$        t dreams h _! seat 9 "s 
region ( ! bra9 m       deeply seat$ ?an
 t :i* is occupi$ by our wak+ ?\ghts4   
,a ,pile ( ,volta _h be5 s5t out f      
,engl&4 ,x amus$ him & he /udi$ x       
c>efully :5 he 0 l$ to rem>k ^u ! !ory (
 ?is curi\s process z foll[s3      ,!   
op]ation :olly dep5ds on ! calc9ation ( 
! z9c1 :i*       suff]s a great         
dim9ution 9 weight1 :ile ! silv] is     
little       affect$1 & all metals lose 
_! phlogi/on 9 calc9ation1       !re=e  
:at rema9s ( ! z9c 9 metallic =m 9 !    
pile       & ev]y?+ connect$ ) t end (  
x1 is sup]saturat$       ) phlogi/on4   
,m ne$ n be quot$4 ,x 0 phlogi/on & t   
only :i* occasion$ ! electric curr5t4 ,x
 may prop]ly be add$ t 9 ?is connection 

he wrote3      ,x is said ! inv5tor ( ! 
galvanic pile discov]$ !       conduct+ 
p[] ( *>coal1 :]eas x 0 "o ( my fir/    
obs]vations 9 electricity1 made 9 #agff4
  ,"s additional att5tion to air 0 also 
giv5 by him1 & 9 s do+ he rea*$ !       
conclusion t      ,! diamond & *>coal ( 
copp] are1 z ne>ly z possible1          
pure phlogi/on4  ,"o wond]s h[ he c\ld s
 p]suade himself1 = ^! bodies surely    
possess$ weight4 ,:y did he n rely m ^u 
8 balance8  ,) ,woodh\se he discuss$ !  
product f pass+ wat] ov] heat$ *>coal4  
,he _h be5 endeavor+ to refute c]ta9    
/atem5ts made by ,cruik%ank4 ,!re is no 
"q b t he _h c>bon monoxide 9 h&1 & _h x
 z e>ly z #agii1 & t he _h obta9$ x 9   
sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,obs]ve ?is        
/atem5t3      ,i always f\nd t ! fir/   
portion ( ! heavy inflammable       air1
 result+ f ! passage ( /eam ov] heat$   
*>coal 0       load$ ) fix$ air         
7,,co#b71 b t 9 ! c\rse ( !             
process ?is disappe>$1 ! rema9+ air     
7,,co7 burn+ ) a       lamb5t flame4    

,sc>cely _h ,prie/ley set foot 9        
,philadelphia on 8 ?ird visitation ?an !
 ,port ,folio1 devot$ usually to        
lit]ature & biography1 pr9t$ ! foll[+   
unk9d words3      ,! tricks ( ,dr4      
,prie/ley to embroil ! gov]nm5t1 &      
di/urb       ! religion ( 8 own c\ntry1 
h n ! m]it ( novelty4  ,to :i* ! ,aurora
 repli$3      ,:5 ,porcup9e riot$ 9 !   
fil? ( a debau*$ & corrupt       faction
 9 ?is city1 no p]son exp]i5c$ s mu* ( 8
 obsc5e       & vulg> abuse z ,dr4      
,prie/ley4 ,!re is n a s+le fact on     
record or capable ( be+ %ewn1 to prove t
 ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0       guilty ( any o!r
 crime ?an be+ a diss5t] f ! *ur*       
( ,engl&1 & a w>m fri5d ( ,am]ican      
,indep5d5ce4 ,= ?is       he 0 abus$ by 
,porcup9e--& ,d5ny is only ,porcup9e ) a
       little m t9sel to cov] 8 dirt4 ,x
 is wor?y ( rem>k1 t       aft] a :ole  
%eet ( promises ( lit]>y lore & products
       ( ! ma/] ( spirits ( ! nation--! 
fir/ & second       numb]s ( ! ,portable
 ,fool]y1 are /uff$ ) extracts f        

,briti% publications ( an ord9>y        
quality4  ,! attack ( ! ,port ,folio 0  
mo/ ungraci\s4 ,x may h be5 due to      
irritation caus$ by ! appe>ance ( a     
second edition ( ,prie/ley's ,lett]s to 
! ,inhabitants ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,nev]!less
 ! ?\ghtful & dignifi$ m5 ( ! ,city--m5 
:o admir$ ,prie/ley's broad ca?olic _s &
 brave attitude ^u all debatable        
que/ions1 m5 :o appreciat$ 8 sci5tific  
atta9m5ts1 invit$ him to ! foll[+       
subscription d9n]1 z ann\nc$ 9 !        
,aurora1 ,m>*1 #f?3      ,at #d o'clock 
9 ! aft]noon ab\t "o hundr$ citiz5s sat 
d[n       to an elegant ent]ta9m5t      
prep>$ by ,mr4 ,francis to celebrate    
! comm5cem5t ( ! adm9i/ration ( ,mr4    
,jeff]son4 ,!       ,gov]nor honor$ !   
company ) 8 pres5ce4 ,sev]al            
respectable ,=eign]s 7 invit$ to p>take 
( ! fe/ival4444       ,a v>iety (       
patriotic songs 7 admirably sung2 & !   
foll[+ toa/s 7 drank ) unanim\s         
applause4      #a4 ,! ,gov]nor (        
,p5nsylvania      #b4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley3 ,!

 ,philosoph] & ,philan?ropi/4444  ,he 0 
pres5t & enjoy$ himself1 & sad mu/ x h  
be5 to read on ,m>* #cj?3      ,"s weeks
 ago1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley hav+ caught cold by
 att5d+ a       meet+ ( ! ,philosophical
 ,society on a wet ev5+1 0 tak5         
ill ( a viol5t inflammatory compla9t :i*
 r5d]$ 8       recov]y = a long "t      
dubi\s4 ,we ann\nce ) s9c]e             
pleasure ! return+ heal? ( a man1 ^:    
life ha? hi!rto       be5 s$ul\sly &    
successfully devot$ to ! int]e/s (      
mank9d4  ,he _h1 inde$1 be5 v ill4 ,!   
tr\ble 0 pleurisy4 ,dr4 ,ru% 0 8        
physician4 ,by 8 ord] ! pati5t 0 bl$    
pr(usely sev5 times4 ,dur+ ?is try+ &   
d\btful p]iod !re came to him a *e]y    
lett] f ,presid5t ,jeff]son :o _h only  
le>n$ ( 8 illness4 ,among o!r ?+s !     
,presid5t wrote--      ,y\rs is "o ( !  
few lives preci\s to mank9d1 & = !      
cont9uance ( :i* e ?9k+ man is          
solicit\s4 ,bigots may       be an      
exception4444 ,b ,i h got into a long   
disquisition on       politics :5 ,i    

only meant to express my sympa?y 9 !    
/ate (       y\r heal?1 & to t5d] y all 
! affections ( public &       private   
hospitality4 ,i %\ld be v happy to see y
 "h       7,wa%+ton74 ,i leave ?is ab\t 
! #cj? to return ab\t ! #be?       (    
,april4 ,if y d n leave ,philadelphia   
be=e t1 a little       excursion hi!r   
w\ld help y\r heal?4 ,i %\ld be mu*     
gratifi$ ) ! possession ( a gue/ ,i s   
mu* e/eem1 &       %\ld claim a "r to   
lodge y1 %\ld y make su* an             
excursion4  ,b ,prie/ley j\rney$ homew>d
 on ,april #ac?1 & en r\te wrote !      
foll[+ lett]1 address$ to ,john         
,vaughan1 ,esq4 #agi ,walnut ,/reet1    
,philadelphia1 ,pa43                    
,april #ag1 #ahja                       
,read+1 ,friday ,ev5+    ,de> ,sir1     
,i h ! pleasure to in=m y1 agreeably to 
y\r k9d reque/1       t we are safely   
arriv$ at ?is place1 my daught] bett]   
?an       :5 we left ,philadelphia1 & z 
to myself1 ,i feel j z well1       & z  
able to be> any fatigue1 z be=e my late 

illness4 ,?is1       h[ev]1 w always    
rem9d me ( y\r fri5dly att5tions1 &     
^? ( y\r si/]1 if a ?\s& & o!r          
circum/ances did       n d ! same1 & (  
!m all ,i hope ,i %all ev] reta9 a      
grateful remembrance4      ,along ! :ole
 road ,i am /ruck ) ! m>ks ( an a/oni%+ 
degree ( improvem5t s9ce ,i came ?is way
 f\r ye>s ago4 ,i d       n ?9k t any "p
 ( ,engl& is bett] cultivat$1 & at      
pres5t ! :eat is 9 a v promis+ /ate4 ,i 
wi% we may       he> ( t ( ,engl&       
promis+ z well4 ,?ree ye>s ( su* a      
sc>city is m ?an any c\ntry c\ld be>1 & 
y w believe       me :5 ,i say t1 if x 0
 9 my p[]1 ,i w\ld gu>d x n       only f
 fam9e1 b f e o!r calamity4      ,) my  
daught]'s k9de/ remembrance1 ,i am1 z   
ev]          ,de> ,sir                  
,y\rs s9c]ely1                          
,j4 ,,prie/ley4#h  ,resum+ 8            
correspond5ce ) 8 num]\s fri5ds 9       
,engl&1 he said3        ,my *ief res\rce
 is my daily occupation4  ,he also wrote
 ,dr4 ,ru% 8 ?anks = hav+ advis$ him to 

read ,noah ,web/]'s ,pe/il5tial         
,disord]s :i* foll[ ! appe>ance (       
meteors & e>?quakes1 tak+ occasion also 
to excuse 8 opposition to blood-lett+1--
      ,i believe t ,i owe my life to y\r
 judici\s direction ( x4 ,i       %all  
nev] =get y\r s readily =giv+ my        
suspicion1 & my       reque/+ !         
concurr5ce ( ,dr4 ,wi/> aft] ! ?ird     
ble$+4       ,x 0 8 op9ion z well z y\rs
 & ,dr4 ,caldwell's1 t my       disord] 
requir$ sev]al m2 & ! complet5ess ( my  
cure1       & ! spe$9ess ( my recov]y1  
prove t y 7 "r4 ,9       ! future ,i    
%all nev] be afraid ( ! lancet :5 s     
judici\sly direct$4  ,to ,ru% he confid$
 8 d\bts ab\t 8 pap] on ,dreams4 ,he _c 
acc\nt = !m1 h5ce he has (f]$ m]ely an  
hypo!sis1 & cont9ues--      ,i frequ5tly
 ?9k ) mu* pleasure & regret on ! _m    
happy       h\rs ,i sp5t 9 y\r company1 
& wi% we 7 n at s great       di/ance4  
,su* society w\ld be ! value ( life to  
me4 ,b ,i       mu/ acquiesce 9 :at a   
wise provid5ce has appo9t$4  ,8 fri5ds  

cont9u$ s5d+ him books4 ,& h[ joy\sly he
 receiv$ !m4 ,at times he w\ld m5tion   
special works1 z = example1--           
,please to add ,gate's ,answ] to ,wall1 
& ,wall's ,reply2 ,sir ,john            
,pr+le's ,disc\rses & ,life by ,dr4     
,kippis2 ,*&l]'s ,life (       ,k+      
,david2 ,col9 ,milne's ,botanical       
,diction>y1 ,botanic ,dialogues1       &
 o!r books ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 ,kirwan's
 ,analysis ( ,m9]al       ,wat]s2       
,crosby's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,bapti/s4   
,9 "o ( 8 lett]s he obs]v$--      ,a    
p]son mu/ be 9 my situation 444 to judge
 ( my feel+s :5       ,i receive new    
books4  ,/rangely en\gh a box ( books 0 
s5t him to ,c>lisle 7,pa47 & _h be5 !re 
= two ye>s be=e he le>n$ ( x4  ,p]haps a
 ^w m may be all[$ 9 reg>d to ! pap] on 
,pe/il5tial ,disord]s by ,noah ,web/]4  
,?is 0 ! lexicograph]4 ,prie/ley ?\ght !
 "w curi\s & important1 b ! philosophy 9
 x wild & absurd 9 ! extreme4 ,& ( ,ru% 
he asks--      ,pray is he 7,web/]7 a   
believ] 9 revelation or n8 ,i f9d       

sev]al a!i/s cat* at ev]y?+ fav\rable to
 ! doctr9e (       equivocal g5]ation2 b
 x mu/ be reprobat$ by all :o are       
n4  ,*emi/s w be glad to he> t      ,!  
annual exp5se ( my laboratory w h>dly   
exce$ #ej p\nds1       & ,i ?9k ,i may h
 done m 9 proportion to my exp5ses ?an  
any o!r man4 ,:at ,i h done "h1 & )     
little exp5se1       w 9 "t be ?\ght v  
consid]able2 b on acc\nt ( !       almo/
 univ]sal reception ( ! new !ory1 :at ,i
 d is n1 at       pres5t1 att5d$ to2 b  
,mr4 ,watt & ,mr4 ,ki]1 z good *emi/s   
z any 9 ,europe1 approve ( my tract on  
,phlogi/on1 & tru?       w 9 "t prevail 
ov] any error4  ,& to ano!r he said1    
,hav+ _h great success 9 my exp]im5ts 9 
?is c\ntry 444 ,i       %all nev] des]t 
philosophy4  ,! foll[+ ye> 7#ahjb7 _h   
sev]al po9ts ( int]e/ 9 connection ) !  
good ,doctor2 = "o1 :o has foll[$ 8 c>e]
 ?us f>1 w wi% to call him t4           
,communications f ! home c\ntry & f     
,france1 :ile n s num]\s1 7 yet full (  
int]e/+ news4 ,8 fri5d ,bel%am br\ght   

out 8 ,elem5ts ( ,philosophy ( ! ,m9d1 &
 al?\gh ,prie/ley paid x a mo/ graci\s  
tribute he did n hesitate to sugge/     
alt]ations & additions ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,8 
de>e/ fri5d ,l9dsey fell s]i\sly ill ?is
 ye>4 ,?is gave him inexpressible       
anxiety & grief4 ,z soon z ,l9dsey 01 9 
a measure1 re/or$ ! frat]nal            
correspond5ce 0 resum$4  ,mu* "t 0 giv5 
by ! ,doctor to read+ & prep>+ = ! press
 ! volumes ( 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory & ,notes on
 ! ,scriptures4 ,! pr9t+ 0 to be done 9 
,nor?umb]l&4 ,"s d\bt 0 ent]ta9$ z to   
:e!r he w\ld h funds suffici5t to pay = 
! publication1 & :5 ! urg5t lett]s f    
fri5ds tempt$ him to und]take a         
,european trip he g5]ally repli$ t he 0 
too f> advanc$ 9 life1 t ! g5]al        
debility produc$ by p]nici\s ague r5d]$ 
him unfit = ext5d$ travel1 & !n he (fset
 ! disappo9tm5t by say+ t ! exp5se ( !  
voyage w\ld m ?an suffice = ! pr9t+ ( "o
 ( 8 propos$ f\r volumes ( ! ,*ur*      
,hi/ory4 ,?is 0 a mo/ complete1 int]e/+ 
& in/ructive "w4 ,ev5 today "o pr(its by

 its p]usal & an imm5se fund ( wor?:ile 
in=mation & k may be d]iv$ f ev5 a      
cursory /udy ( 8 ,notes on !            
,scriptures4  ,! monotony ( village life
 0 brok5 by occasional lett]s f         
,presid5t ,jeff]son4 ,^! 7 mo/          
affectionate & also illum9at+ on        
national matt]s4 ,copies ( ^! 7 s5t to  
,engli% fri5ds ) ! injunction n to %[ !m
 or p]mit !m to fall into o!r h&s4  ,dr4
 ,?omas ,coop] 0 n ) ,prie/ley 9 ?is ye>
 7#ahjb71 be+ deta9$ at ,lanca/] :]e !  
,assembly sat4 ,naturally ,coop] made   
himself conspicu\s1 & ,prie/ley         
prophesi$ a great future = him1 provid+ 
t ! jeal\sy ent]ta9$ = =eign]s did n    
prove too s]i\s an ob/acle4  ,prie/ley  
took mu* pleasure at ?is p]iod 9 8 g>d51
 & wrote1      ,plants1 z well z o!r    
objects1 engage m ( my att5tion ?an     
!y ev] did be=e4444 ,i wi% ,i knew a    
little m botany2 b       old1 z ,i am1  
,i le>n some?+ new cont9ually4  ,n[ & !n
 he m5tions a consid]able degree (      
deafness1 & s5t to ,philadelphia = a    

speak+ trumpet1 b *e]ily adds1      ,i  
am1 h[ev]1 ?ankful t my eyes d n fail   
me4  ,"h & !re occur pla9ts l ^!3       
,?\gh my philosophical lab\rs are ne>ly 
ov]1 ,i am glad to he>       :at is     
pass+ 9 t region 9 :i* ,i once mov$1    
?\gh :at       ,i !n did seems = !      
pres5t to be ov]look$ & =gott54 ,i      
am confid5t1 h[ev]1 z mu* z ,i c be (   
any?+1 t       not)/&+ ! almo/ univ]sal 
reception ( ! new !ory1       :i* is !  
cause ( x1 x is purely *im]ical1 & _c   
keep       its gr\nd aft] a suffici5t   
scrut9y1 :i* may be def]r$1 b       :i* 
mu/ take place 9 "t4 ,i am glad to f9d t
 ,mr4       ,cruik%ank 9 ,engl&1 z well 
z *emi/s 9 ,france1 beg9 to       att5d 
to my objections1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal ( !m h
 be5       publi%$ _m ye>s2 b1 z y say1 
_m w n read1 &       !re=e !y _c "k     
any?+ t makes aga9/ !       op9ions !y h
 once adopt$4 ,bigotry is n conf9$ to   
!ology4  ,! exp]im5tal "w = ! ye> 0 n v 
great4 ,probably ?is 0 ! result ( 8     
g5]al physical weakness & 9 "p x 0 due  

to 8 preoccupation ) lit]>y lab\rs4     
,h[ev]1 he did write out 8 results1     
obta9$ on heat+ f9]y c9d]s & *>coal &   
?us emphasiz$ ! gase\s product ( :i* he 
obs]ves--      ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t  
?is gase\s oxyd ( c>bon       7,,co7 is 
inflammable 444 & is ess5tially diff]5t 
f all       o!r oxyds1 none ( :i* are   
combu/ible4  ,along 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb] 
he wrote a vigor\s prote/ aga9/         
,cruik%ank's explanation ( ! mode (     
=mation ( c>bon monoxide4 ,9 ?is polemic
 he ( c\rse ?rew into prom95ce 8 preci\s
 phlogi/on1 ! pres5ce ( :i* seem$       
unnecess>y--b ?is 0 n s ?\ght by !      
,doctor1 :o also favor$ ! ,m$ical       
,repository ) obs]vations on ! conv]sion
 ( iron into /eel1 9 :i* !re is b a s+le
 ref]5ce to phlogi/on1 b un=tunately ?is
 s+le ref]5ce spoils ! g5]al argum5t & !
 correct & evid5t int]pretation ( !     
reaction4 ,x reads z foll[s3      ,iron 
is conv]tible into /eel by imbib+ only  
phlogi/on f       ! *>coal ) :i* x is   
cem5t$4  ,!re are abundant correct      

obs]vations4 ,_! int]pretation sadly    
en\gh is v false1 all because ( !       
p]si/5t introduction ( phlogi/on :]e x 0
 n ess5tial4  ,prie/ley advis$ ,ru% t   
because ( an unheal?y season he _h      
suff]$ v mu* f ague1 & said1--      ,?o'
 ,i 0 nev] robu/1 ,i h>dly knew :at     
sickness 0 be=e my       seizure 9      
,philadelphia1 b ! old build+ has s9ce t
 _h       s _m %ocks1 t ,i am           
appreh5sive x w ere long give way4      
,b ,i h abundant reason to be satisfi$1 
& %all retire f       life conviva      
satur4  ,devotion to "w 0 on ! "p (     
,prie/ley1 some?+ m>vel\s4 ,z 8 son &   
daught]-9-law 7 drawn to ,philadelphia 9
 ,febru>y1 #ahjc1 !y c>ri$ _! fa!r ) !m4
 ,he 0 r indispos$ to ?is1 yet he       
dislik$ rema9+ alone at home not)/&+ !  
pr9t+ ( ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory requir$         
consid]able p]sonal att5tion4 ,! m>vel\s
 "p ( x all 0 t :ile 9 ,philadelphia1 on
 ?is 8 f\r? & la/ visit1 :ile he        
frat]niz$ ) cong5ial s\ls & ev5 pres5t$ 
himself at v>i\s social functions1 he   

yet f\nd leisure to pr9t 8 little volume
 entitl$ ,socrates & ,jesus ,comp>$1 :i*
 gave mu* pleasure to ,presid5t         
,jeff]son1 s mu* inde$ t he hop$        
,prie/ley w\ld1--        take up !      
subject on a m ext5d$ scale1 & %[ t     
,jesus       0 truly ! mo/ innoc5t1 mo/ 
b5evol5t1 ! mo/ eloqu5t       & sublime 
"* t has ev] be5 exhibit$ to man4       
,jeff]son's g5u9e approval ( 8 ef=t 0   
balm to ,prie/ley's s\l4 ,he1 ( c\rse1  
wrote ,l9dsey & ,bel%am ab\t x2 yes1    
copi$ ! lett] ( ,jeff]son & s5t ! same  
to !m ) ! comm5t1--      ,he is g5]ally 
consid]$ z an unbeliev]4 ,if s1 h[ev]1  
he       _c be f> f u1 & ,i hope 9 ! way
 to be n only       almo/1 b altoge!r   
:at we are4  ,x 0 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahjc1 t
 ! augu/ memb]s ( ! ,am]ican            
,philosophical ,society resolv$3      ,t
 ?is ,society w d9e toge!r on ,saturday 
next1 & t ,j4       ,b4 ,smi?1 ,wi/>1   
,williams1 ,hewson  ,vaughan be a       
,committee to       make ! necess>y     
arrangem5ts = t purpose & to reque/     

,dr4 ,prie/ley's company1 in=m+ him t ! 
,society are       induc$ to make !     
reque/ f _! high respect = 8            
,philosophical ,lab\rs  discov]ies1  to 
enjoy ! m       p>ticul> pleasure ( a   
social meet+--,! ,d9n] to be prep>$     
at ! ,city ,tav]n or ,f>m]'s ,hotel4  ,x
 0 ?is resolution :i* caus$ notices1 su*
 z ! foll[+ to g out to ! di/+ui%$      
memb]%ip ( ! v5]able ,society--         
,philadelphia1 ,m>* #b1 #ahjc      ,sir3
 ,y are h]eby invit$ to jo9 ! o!r memb]s
 ( !       ,am]ican ,philosophical      
,society1 9 giv+ a te/imony ( respect1  
to _! v5]able associate ,dr4 ,joseph    
,prie/ley1 :o d9es )       !m on        
,saturday next at ,francis'             
,hotel--,d9n] on table at #c            
o'clock4                                
,c4 ,wi/>                               
,j4 ,williams                           
,j4 ,r4 ,smi?                           
,t4 ,t4 ,hewson                         
,j4 ,vaughan                            
,committee      ,an answ] w be call$ =  

tomorr[ morn+4     ,,dr4 ,,ru%  ,x 0 a v
 dignifi$ & brilliant company4 ,law1    
m$ic9e1 !ology1 sci5ce1 comm]ce         
repres5t$ by v wor?y & excell5t g5tlem54
 ,&1 among !m sat ! mode/1 unassum+1    
v]satile ,prie/ley4 ,t he 0 happy 9 8   
surr\nd+s !re is ample reason to        
believe4 ,he lov$ to be among m54 ,he1  
too1 0 appreciat$ & eag]ly s\ght because
 ( 8 w9n+ ways1 8 tol]ance & lib]ality4 
,he 0 mod]ately convivial ?\gh      ,he 
said t "o glass ( w9e at d9n] 0 en\gh = 
an old       man1 b he did n prescribe 8
 own practice z an univ]sal       rule4 
,ab\t eight weeks 7 sp5t 9 ! ,city4 ,on 
return to ! de> c\ntry home ! doctor    
took up 8 v>i\s duties & burd5s1 b !    
infirmities ( age 7 (t5 allud$ to by    
him1 & !y no d\bt delay$ all ( 8 "w1 :i*
 0 fur!r aggravat$ by a dang]\s fall on 
8 left hip & /ra9 ( ! muscles ( ! ?igh4 
,he 0 extremely lame & = "s "t w5t ab\t 
on crut*es1 :i* held him out ( 8        
laboratory4 ,to him ?is 0 v try+4 ,b he 
p]si/$4 ,he 0 truly a spl5did example = 

! y\ng] aspirants = sci5tific honors4   
,dur+ ! ye> he ent]$ on a controv]sial  
article ) 8 old fri5d ,erasmus ,d>w9 ^u 
! subject ( spontane\s combu/ion1 &     
subsequ5tly communicat$ to ! ,m$ical    
,repository an acc\nt ( ! conv]sion (   
salt into nitre4 ,he _h positive k ( ?is
 fact = q a little :ile1 & ^u ! occasion
 ( a visit by ,dr4 ,wi/>1 told ! latt]  
conc]n+ ?is ) ! reque/ t no m5tion be   
made ( x1 evid5tly t he might h         
opportunity = additional confirmation4  
,h[ev]1 v unexpect$ly1 ,dr4 ,mit*ill    
publi%$ some?+ ( a simil> "*1 !re=e     
,prie/ley believ+ t he ought to acqua9t 
exp]im5tali/s 9 g5]al ) all t ,i "k ( ! 
matt]1 ann\nc$ t 9 #agii :5 exp]im5t+ on
 ! =mation ( air f wat]1        hav+    
made use ( ! same salt1 mix$ ) sn[1 9 e 
exp]im5t1 always evaporat+ ! mixture !  
salt 0 recov]$       dry4 ,i collect$ ! 
salt :5 ,i _h done ) x1 & put x into    
a glass bottle1 ) a label express+ :at x
 01 & :at use       _h be5 made ( x4    
,subsequ5tly he treat$ ?is salt1 aft] _m

 applications ( x1 ) sulphuric acid1 :5 
he rem>k$--      ,i 0 soon surpriz$ to  
obs]ve t r$ vap\rs rose f x4  ,an       
exam9ation ( ano!r portion ( ! salt     
%[$--        t :5 x 0 ?r[n ^u hot coals 
444 x burn$ exactly l       nitre4  ,s x
 0 a conv]sion ( sodium *loride into    
sodium nitrate4 ,t ?is *ange mu/ h come 
f ! sn[ ) :i* x _h be5 dissolv$1 c\ld n 
be d\bt$1 & he fur!r obs]v$--      ,n[ 9
 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e 444 !re   
may be a       r$undancy ( inflammable  
air 444 & a proportion (                
dephlogi/icat$ air4 ,9 t region !re are 
_m electrical       appe>ances1 z !     
aurora borealis1 fall+ />s c2 9 !       
l[] p>ts ( x ?und] & light5+1 & by ^!   
means !       two k9ds ( air may be     
decompos$1 & a highly dephlogi/icat$    
nitr\s acid1 z m9e always 01 produc$4   
,?is be+ =m$1       w ( c\rse1 atta*    
itself to any sn[ or hail t may be      
=m+ 444 confirm+ 9 ?is unexpect$ mann]1 
! vulg>       op9ion ( nitre be+ conta9$
 9 sn[4  ,?is seems to be ! la/         

communication ( ?is "* :i* came f !     
,doctor's p54  ,he 0 9 despair relative 
to ! academy :i* _h ev] be5 8 hope = !  
,college :i* 9 8 e>ly ye>s 9 ,nor?umb]l&
 he pray$ might arise & 9 :i* he w\ld be
 at lib]ty to p>ticul>ly imp>t 8        
,unit>ian doctr9es4  ,an int]e/+ item   
relative to ! ,academy appe>$ 9 !       
,aurora = ,april #a/1 #ahjc4 ,x %[s t   
,/ate aid = education 0 s\ght 9 ^? e>ly 
days4 ,x is a report1 & reads--      ,a 
,,report ( ! ,committee to :om 0 ref]r$ 
! ,petition (       ,?omas ,coop]1 on   
behalf ( ! ,nor?umb]l& ,academy1 pray+  
legislative aid4 ,! report /ates t      
,?omas ,coop] appe>$       be=e !       
,committee & /at$ t upw>d ( #djjj _h be5
       exp5d$ on ! build+ appropriat$ to
 t in/itution4 ,t       ! debts due     
!reon am\nt$ 9 ! :ole to ne> #bjjj4 ,t  
,dr4 ,joseph ,prie/ley _h ! p[] (       
dispos+ ( a v valuable       libr>y     
consi/+ ( ne> #djjj volumes ( sc>ce &   
well *os5       books 9 v>i\s bran*es ( 
lit]ature & sci5ce1 to any public       

sem9>y ( le>n+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i*   
libr>y1 ! said       ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0   
desir\s ( procur+ z a gift to !         
,nor?umb]l& ,academy1 provid$ t         
in/itution 0 likely to       receive    
sub/antial assi/ance f ! legislature1 s 
z to be       enabl$ to fulfil !        
purposes ( its e/abli%m5t1      ,t !    
,tru/ees w\ld h no occasion to ask ( !  
legislature       on behalf ( t         
,academy1 a subscription great] ?an a   
few       individuals _h exp5d$1 & 7    
/ill ready & desir\s (       contribut+ 
!reto2 & sugge/ x to y\r ,committee1 t  
if       out ( ! monies due f ! ,c\nty (
 ,nor?umb]l& to !       ,/ate a         
suffici5t sum 0 grant$ to exon]ate !    
,academy f       debt1 no m w\ld be     
want$ 9 ! future to effect ! purposes   
( t in/itution1 ?an a sum equal 9 am\nt 
to ! value (       ! libr>y propos$ to  
be furni%$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley2 su* value 
to be fix$ by a p]son appo9t$ = !       
purpose by !       legislature4      ,! 
,committee 0 ( ! op9ion t x w\ld be     

exp$i5t =       ! legislature to co9cide
 ) ! sugge/ion ( ,?omas ,coop]       & s
 recomm5d$ to ! ,legislature4 ,_! report
 0 adopt$1       #ci to #ca4 ,x 0       
/rongly advocat$ by ,jesse ,moore1      
,esq41 ,g5]al       ,mit*ell & ,n4      
,f]guson f ! city4 ,x 0 oppos$ by ,jacob
       ,alt] f ,cumb]l&1 :o decl>$ t    
al?\gh !re 7 a       great _m public    
s*ools & colleges & places ( t k9d      
scatt]$ ov] ! ,/ate1 he nev] knew any   
good !y did1 except       to bre$ up a  
set ( idle & odi\s lawy]s to plague ! p6
  ,at ?is p>ticul> "t !re /ill exi/$    
confiscat$ l& f ! sale ( :i* rev5ue 0   
d]iv$1 & ?is income x _h be5 agre$ ^u   
%\ld be devot$ to ! erection & support (
 academies ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,lat] ?is   
s*eme 0 discont9u$4 ,b1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0
 n s en?usia/ic z =m]ly4 ,he 0 occupi$ )
 ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ?ree volumes ( :i* 7 9
 pr9t1 & x 0 expect$ t ! f\r? volume    
w\ld foll[ %ortly !reaft]4 ,h[ev]1 8    
heal? 0 prec>i\s4 ,he c\ld n eat meats1 
& liv$ *iefly on bro?s & s\ps1 say+1--  

,! defect is 9 ! /oma* & liv]1 & ( no   
common k9d4 ,if       ,i hold out till  
,i h f9i%$ :at ,i h n[ on h&1 ,i %all   
retire f ! sc5e1 satisfi$ & ?ankful4    
,?is 0 writt5 9 ,augu/1 & ! ,doctor /uck
 bravely to 8 lit]>y labors4 ,a few     
mon?s lat] he wrote ,l9dsey1--      ,i  
really d n expect to survive y4  ,yet1  
he also ent]ta9$ ! ?\ght t he might1--  
assi/ 9 ! publication ( a :ole ,bible1 f
 ! sev]al       translations ( p>ticul> 
books1 smoo?+ & correct+ !m       :]e ,i
 c4  ,janu>y ( #ahjd br\ght him _m      
int]e/+1 spl5did & valuable books f     
fri5ds 9 ,london4 ,he 0 ov]joy$ on _!   
arrival4 ,promptly he gave himself to _!
 p]usal because 8 deafness conf9$ him to
 home & 8 extreme weakness =bade any    
excursions4 ,!n ! w9t] kept him f 8     
laboratory1 & 8 sole occupation 0 read+ 
& writ+4 ,he ent]ta9$ a v>iety ( plans1 
proce$+ ) "s b 9 ! mid/ ( ^! tasks (    
love--9 ! v act ( correct+ pro(1 he     
quietly brea!d 8 la/6 ,x 0 ,monday1     
,febru>y #f1 #ahjd1 t ,?omas ,coop]1 !  

devot$ fri5d ( ,prie/ley1 wrote ,b5jam9 
,ru%3--    ,de> ,sir3      ,mr4 ,joseph 
,prie/ley is n at pres5t 9 spirits to   
write to 8       fri5ds1 & x falls to my
 lot !re=e to acqua9t y t ,dr4          
,prie/ley di$ ?is morn+ ab\t #aa o'clock
 )\t ! slighte/       degree ( app>5t   
pa94 ,he _h = "s "t previ\s =ese5       
8 dissolution1 b he kept up to ! la/ 8  
habitual       composure1 *e]fulness &  
k9dness4 ,he w\ld h be5 #ga !       #bd?
 ( next mon?4 ,= ab\t a =tnight !re 7   
symptoms (       dropsy ow+ to g5]al    
debility3 ab\t two days be=e 8 dea?1    
^! symptoms disappe>$1 & a tr\blesome   
c\gh came on       p]haps f a           
translation to ! *e/4      ,ye/]day he  
_h /r5g? en\gh to look ov] a revise ( ! 
,annotations he 0 publi%+ on ! ,old &   
,new ,te/am5t1 &       ?is morn+ he     
dictat$ 9 good language "s notices :i*  
he       wi%$ 8 son ,mr4 ,prie/ley to   
add to 8 unpubli%$ works4 ,i       am   
sure y w s9c]ely regret ! decease ( a   
man s highly       em95t & useful 9 !   

lit]>y & philosophical _w1 & s       mu*
 presumably y\r fri5d4  ,yes1 ! valiant 
old *ampion ( a lo/ cause 0 no m4 ,two  
days be=e 8 dea? he w5t to 8            
laboratory--b1 f9d+ 8 weakness too      
great1 ) difficulty return$ to 8 room4  
,loyal to 8 sci5ce to ! v end6  ,to     
,am]ican *emi/s he appeals /rongly      
because ( 8 p]si/5t ef=ts 9 rese>*4 ,8  
com+ to ?is c\ntry ar\s$ a real int]e/ 9
 ! sci5ce :i* has n wan$ 9 ! slighte/   
s9ce 8 demise4  ,:5 ! sad news rea*$ !  
,hall ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical       
,society1 ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,smi? ,b>ton 0   
*os5 to eulogize ,prie/ley4 ,?is notable
 ev5t took place on ,janu>y #crd1 #ahje4
 ,! ,aurora report$3      ,dr4 ,b5jam9  
,smi? ,b>ton1 "o ( ! vice-presid5ts ( ! 
,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 hav+  
be5 previ\sly appo9t$       by ! society
 to deliv] an eulogium to ! memory ( _! 
late       associate1 ,dr4 ,joseph      
,prie/ley1 ! same 0 accord+ly           
deliv]$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9  
?is city1 on       ,?ursday ! #crd in/4 

be=e ! society1 :o w5t 9 a body f       
_! hall to ! *ur*1 prec$$ by _! patron1 
! gov]nor       ( ! /ate4 ,invitations 7
 giv5 on ?is occasion to ! ,revd4       
,cl]gy ( ! city2 ! college (            
,physicians2 ! ,m$ical       ,society2 !
 g5tlem5 ( ! ,b>1 ) ! /ud5ts at ,law2 ! 
tru/ees & faculty ( ! ,univ]sity (      
,p5nsylvania1 ) _!       /ud5ts 9 !     
,arts & 9 ,m$ic9e2 ! judges & (fic]s (  
! f$]al & /ate ,c\rts2 ! =eign m9i/]s & 
o!r       public *>act]s !n 9 ! city2 ! 
mayor2 ald]m5 & city       c\ncils3 !   
tru/ees & session ( ! ,fir/ ,presbyt]ian
       ,*ur*2 ! directors ( ! ,city     
,libr>y2 ! directors &       ,physicians
 ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hospital1 ( ! ,alms  
,h\se1 & (       ! ,disp5s>y2 !         
proprietor & ,director ( ! ,philadelphia
       ,museum2 & ! contributors t[>ds !
 ,cab9et & ,libr>y (       ! ,society4  
,aft] ! conclusion ( a v int]e/+        
eulogium1       ! society return$ _!    
?anks to ! orator1 & reque/$ a          
copy = ! purpose ( publication4  ,"o's  

curiosity is quick5$ on ?9k+ :at ,b>ton 
said 9 8 address4 ,se>* 9 _m directions 
fail$ to br+ =? ! ,eulogium4 ,x _h be5  
ord]$ to be pr9t$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! 
,society4 ,?is 0 nev] done4 ,b !re 0 a  
m9ute 7sev5 ye>s lat]7 9 ! meet+ ( !    
,society 7,nov4 #f1 #ahab7 to ! effect t
      ,dr4 ,b>ton's reque/ = p]mission  
to )draw x 7,eulogium7 to       be      
enl>g$ & publi%$ sep>ately 0 ref]r$ =   
consid]ation to ! next meet+4  ,! reque/
 0 grant$ at ! next meet+1 b n[h]e among
 ,b>ton's lit]>y rema9s 0 ! preci\s     
docum5t to be f\nd4 ,lo/ v probably--:5 
x might h reveal$ s mu*4  ,prie/ley's   
dea? 0 deeply m\rn$ ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,!    
public pr9ts br\ght full & elaborate    
acc\nts ( 8 life1 & t\*+ allusions to ! 
fullness ( 8 brilliant c>e]4 ,su*       
expressions z ^! 7 he>d1--      ,z a    
metaphysician he /&s =emo/ among ^? :o h
       attempt$ ! inve/igation ( its    
ab/ruse controv]sies4       ,z a        
politician he assidu\sly & successfully 
lab\r$ to       ext5d & illu/rate ^?    

g5]al pr9ciples ( civil lib]ty       :i*
 are happily ! f\ndation ( !            
,con/itution ( 8       adopt$ ,c\ntry1--
       ,8 pr(\nd att5tion to !          
belles-lettres1 & to ! o!r              
dep>tm5ts ( g5]al lit]ature1 has be5    
successfully       exemplifi$ among 8   
o!r writ+s1 by 8 lectures on oratory    
& criticism1 & on g5]al hi/ory &        
policy1--       ,( ! mo/ important &    
fa%ionable /udy ( ,pneumatic            
,*emi/ry he may fairly be said to be !  
fa!r4       ,he 0 a man ( re/less       
activity1 b he uni=mly direct$ t        
activity to :at seem$ to him ! public   
good1 seek+ nei!r       emolum5t nor    
hon\r f m54 ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 possess$ ( 
great ard\r & vivacity ( intellect4444  
,8 integrity 0       unimpea*able2 & ev5
 malice itself c\ld n fix a /a9 on 8    
private "*4  ,& :at a spl5did tribute is
 conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passages f ,cuvi]3  
,prie/ley1 load$ ) glory1 0 mode/ en\gh 
to be a/oni%$       at 8 good =tune1 &  
at ! multitude ( beautiful facts1       

:i* nature seem$ to h reveal$ to him    
alone4 ,he =got t       h] fav\rs 7 n   
gratuit\s1 & if %e _h s well expla9$    
h]self1 x 0 because he _h kn[n h[ to    
oblige h] to d s by       8             
indefatigable p]sev]ance 9 que/ion+ h]1 
& by !       ?\s& +5i\s means he _h tak5
 to snat* h] answ]s f       h]4         
,o!rs c>efully hide t :i* !y owe to     
*ance2 ,prie/ley       seem$ to wi% to  
ascribe all 8 m]it to =tuit\s           
circum/ances1 rem>k+1 ) unexampl$ c&\r1 
h[ _m times       he _h pr(it$ by !m1   
)\t kn[+ x1 h[ _m times he 0       9    
possession ( new sub/ances )\t hav+     
p]ceiv$ !m2 &       he nev] dissimulat$ 
! errone\s views :i* sometimes direct$  
8 ef=ts1 & f :i* he 0 only undeceiv$ by 
exp]i5ce4       ,^! confessions did     
hon\r to 8 mode/y1 )\t dis>m+           
jeal\sy4 ,^? to :om _! own ways & me?ods
 _h nev]       discov]$ any?+ call$ him 
a simple work] ( exp]im5ts1       )\t   
me?od & )\t an object x is n a/oni%+1   
!y add$1 t among s _m trials &          

comb9ations1 he %\ld       f9d "s t 7   
=tunate4 ,b real natural philosoph]s 7  
n dup$ by ^! selfi% criticisms4  ,_m    
encomiums l ! prec$+--yes1 a            
?\s&fold--c\ld easily be ga!r$ if       
necess>y to %[ ! reg>d & confid5ce held 
= ?is rem>kable man to :om ,am]ica is   
truly v deeply indebt$4  ,"s ye>s ago ! 
writ] paid a visit to ! ,god's ,acre (  
,nor?umb]l&4 ,he arriv$ aft] d>k & 0    
convey$ to ! sacr$ place 9 an           
automobile4 ,soon ! c> /opp$4 ,its      
headlights illum9at$ ! upright flat /one
 :i* m>k$ ! la/ re/+ place ( ! great    
*emi/1 & 9 t light n only 0 ! "n ( !    
sleep] cle>ly read b ! less di/9ct b    
legible epitaph3      ,return unto ?y   
re/1 ,o my s\l1 = ! ,"l ha? dealt       
b\ntifully ) !e4 ,i w lay me d[n 9 peace
 & sleep till       ,i wake 9 ! morn+ ( 
! resurrection4  ,pond]+ on ^! l9es !re 
sl[ly return$ to m9d ! words (          
,frankl9's epitaph1--,frankl91 :o1 ye>s 
be=e1 _h enc\rag$ & aid$ ! noble exile1 
:o 0 ev] m9dful ( ! =m]'s goodness to   

him3                  ,! ,body          
(             ,b5jam9 ,frankl9          
,pr9t]     7,l ! cov] ( an old book     
,its cont5ts torn out     ,& /ript ( its
 lett]+ & gild+7         ,lies "h food =
 ,worms     ,b ! "w %all n be lo/     ,=
 x w 7z he believ$7 appe>               
once m     ,9 a new & m elegant ,edition
           ,revis$ & correct$           
by                 ,! ,au?or  ,& !n1 by 
"s /range m5tal reaction1 !re float$    
be=e ! writ] ! p>agraph utt]$ by        
,pr(essor ,huxley1 :5 9 #ahgd a /atue to
 ,prie/ley 0 unveil$ 9 ! ,city (        
,birm+ham3      ,our purpose is to d    
hon\r 444 to ,prie/ley ! pe]less def5d] 
( national fre$om 9 ?\ght & 9 action2 to
 ,prie/ley !       philosophical ?9k]2  
to t ,prie/ley :o held a =emo/ place    
among ! 'swift runn]s :o h& ov] ! lamp (
 life1' &       transmit f "o g5]ation  
to ano!r ! fire k9dl$1 9 !              
*ildhood ( ! _w1 at ! ,prome!an alt> (  
sci5ce4    ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #a3  
,*emi/ry 9 ,old ,philadelphia1 ,j4 ,b4  

,lipp9cott ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4          
,footnote #b3 ,correspond5ce ( ,prie/ley
 by ,h4 ,c4 ,bolton1 ,new ,york1 #ahib4 
,footnote #c3 ,mr4 ,b]?ollet discov]$ t 
oxyg5at$ muriatic gas1 receiv$ 9 a ley (
 cau/ic pota%1 =ms a *ry/allizable      
neutral salt1 :i* detonates m /rongly   
?an nitre4  ,footnote #d3 ,n9e ,fam\s   
,birm+ham ,m5--,corni% ,bro!rs1         
,publi%]s1 #aiji4  ,footnote #e3 ,james 
,woodh\se--,a ,pione] 9 ,*emi/ry--,j4   
,c4 ,w9/on ,co41 ,phila4--#aiah4        
,footnote #f3 ,james ,woodh\se--,a      
pione] 9 ,*emi/ry--,j4 ,c4 ,w9/on ,co41 
,phila4--#aiah4  ,footnote #g3 ,see     
,*emi/ry 9 ,am]ica1 ,appleton  ,co4 &   
,*emi/ry 9 ,old ,philadelphia1 ,! ,j4   
,b4 ,lipp9cott ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4
  ,footnote #h3 ,! orig9al ( ?is lett]  
is n[ ! prop]ty ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,br[ne1  
,new ,york4 ,he graci\sly p]mitt$ x to  
be ins]t$ "h4     ,transcrib]'s notes3  
,,=matt+1 fix$ 9 text3   ,a few         
inconsi/5cies 9 ! lay\t & =matt+ ( !    
book h be5 correct$ 7an extra blank l9e 

9 a quot$ p>agraph1 = example74 ,mo/    
notably1 ! ,h9ts ,conc]n+ ,public       
,education is an essay by ,prie/ley     
quot$ v]batim 9 ! text4 ,! orig9al lay\t
 did n make a cle> di/9ction betwe5     
,smi?'s text & ?is quot$ essay2 ,i h    
rem$i$ ?is ) an ind5t = t section4      
,,typos1 fix$ 9 text3   ,x 0 an int]e/+ 
fact 7text reads int]-re/+1 brok5 across
 a l9e7  t g]m :i* might once h be5     
suppos$ 7text reads bee57  ,septemb]    
#ad1 #agid 7text reads ,septemb]1 #ad   
#agid7  ! ,doctor rema9$ quietly at home
 7text reads quitely7  on behalf ( !    
,nor?umb]l& ,academy1 pray+ legislative 
aid 7text reads lesiglative7  sci5ce :i*
 has n wan$ 9 ! slighte/ 7text reads    
slighe/7  he uni=mly direct$ t activity 
7text reads uni=mily7  f ! rod ( lawless
 p[] 7text reads ( (7  ,almo/ all ! fre%
 meat !y h 7text reads fle% meat7       
div]sions1 beg9n+ ) ! publication 7text 
reads beg9+7  r ?\ghtful disquisition on
 dreams 7text reads disquisiton7        
,footnote #f3 ,j4 ,c4 ,w9/on ,co4 7text 

reads ,w9tson7   ,,app>5t ,,errata1 b   
c\ld be z appe>+ 9 ! orig9al lett]s3    
7left z-is 9 text74  conduct w ev9ce t  
,i h be5 to t ( great ,great ,brita94   
contributes s mu* z ours d to !         
cummunication communication ( useful k  
s5se ( security :i* sci5tificial        
sci5tific8 pursuits require  ! same t   
has be5 call$ philogi/on phlogi/on  he  
w\ld nev] ent] ! puplit pulpit aga94    
until x became neces>y necess>y to      
sep>ate4  we all rejoic$ at ! aggreeable
 agreeable in=mation  ,by civil fu$s    
feuds exil$ my native home  unless y 7  
possess$ ( ,alad9's ,aladd9's lamp