,,riv]side ,,textbooks                  
,,9 ,,education                         
,,edit$ ,,by ,,ellwood ,p4 ,,cubb]ley   
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,education              
,,lel& ,,/an=d ,,junior ,,univ]sity     
,,division ,,( ,,second>y ,,education   
,,"u ,,! ,,editorial ,,direction        
,,( ,,alex&] ,,+lis                     
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,education              
,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity                     
,,! ,,measurem5t                        
,,( ,,intellig5ce                       
,,an ,,explanation ,,( ,,& ,a           
,,complete ,,guide ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,!
                    ,,/an=d ,,revision  
,,& ,,ext5sion ,,(                   ,! 
,b9et-,simon ,intellig5ce ,scale        
,,by                                    
,,lewis ,m4 ,,t]man                     
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,education              
,,lel& ,,/an=d ,,junior ,,univ]sity     
,illu/ration                            
,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company            
,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,san     
,,francisco                      ,!     

,riv]side ,press ,cambridge             
,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,lewis ,m4    
,,t]man                            ,,all
 ,,rights ,,res]v$                      
,! ,riv]side ,press                     
,,cambridge  ,,massa*usetts             
,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4,s4,a4               
,to ! ,memory                           
,,(                                     
,,alfr$ ,,b9et        ,,pati5t          
,,rese>*]1 ,,creative ,,?9k]1           
,,unpret5ti\s ,,s*ol>2                  
,,inspir+ ,,& ,,fruitful ,,devotee      
,,(                          ,,inductive
 ,,& ,,dynamic                          
,,psy*ology     ,,editor',s             
,,introduction   ,! pres5t volume       
appeals to ! editor ( ?is s]ies z "o ( !
 mo/ significant books1 view$ f ! /&po9t
 ( ! future ( our educational !ory &    
practice1 t has be5 issu$ 9 ye>s4 ,n    
only does ! volume set =?1 9 language s 
simple t ! layman c easily und]/&1 !    
l>ge importance = public education ( a  
c>eful measurem5t ( ! intellig5ce (     

*ildr51 b x also describes ! te/s :i*   
are to be giv5 & ! entire proc$ure (    
giv+ !m4 ,9 a cle> & easy /yle ! au?or  
sets =? sci5tific facts ( f>-rea*+      
educational importance1 facts :i* x has 
co/ him1 8 /ud5ts1 & _m o!r sci5tific   
work]s1 ye>s ( pa9/ak+ labor to         
accumulate4  ,only v rec5tly1           
practically only )9 ! pa/ half-doz5     
ye>s1 h sci5tific work]s begun to       
appreciate fully ! importance (         
intellig5ce te/s z a guide to           
educational proc$ure1 & up to ! pres5t  
we h be5 able to make b little use ( su*
 te/s 9 our s*ools4 ,! conception 9     
itself has be5 new1 & ! te/+ proc$ure   
has be5 m or less unref9$ & te*nical4 ,!
 foll[+ some:at popul> pres5tation ( !  
idea & ( ! me?ods involv$1 itself bas$  
on a sci5tific monograph :i* ! au?or is 
publi%+ else:]e1 s]ves = ! fir/ "t to   
set =? 9 simple language ! te*nical     
details ( giv+ su* intellig5ce te/s4  ,!
 educational significance ( ! results to
 be obta9$ f c>eful measurem5ts ( !     

intellig5ce ( *ildr5 c h>dly be         
ov]e/imat$4 ,que/ions relat+ to ! *oice 
( /udies1 vocational guidance1 s*oolroom
 proc$ure1 ! grad+ ( pupils1 promotional
 s*emes1 ! /udy ( ! ret>dation ( *ildr5 
9 ! s*ools1 juv5ile del9qu5cy1 & ! prop]
 h&l+ ( subnormals on ! "o h& & gift$   
*ildr5 on ! o!r1--all alike acquire new 
mean+ & significance :5 view$ 9 ! light 
( ! measurem5t ( intellig5ce z outl9$ 9 
?is volume4 ,z a guide to !             
int]pretation ( ! results ( o!r =ms (   
inve/igation relat+ to ! "w1 progress1 &
 ne$s ( *ildr51 intellig5ce te/s =m a v 
valuable aid4 ,m ?an all o!r =ms ( data 
comb9$1 su* te/s give ! necess>y        
in=mation f :i* a pupil's possibilities 
( future m5tal gr[? c be =etold1 & ^u   
:i* 8 fur!r education c be mo/ pr(itably
 direct$4  ,! publication ( ?is revision
 & ext5sion ( ! orig9al ,b9et-,simon    
scale = measur+ intellig5ce1 ) ! clos]  
adaptation ( x to ,am]ican conditions & 
ne$s1 %\ld m>k a di/9ct /ep 9 advance 9 
our educational proc$ure4 ,x means !    

p]fection ( ano!r & a v important       
measur+ /ick = evaluat+ educational     
practices1 & 9 p>ticul> = diagnos+      
individual possibilities & ne$s4 ,j n[ !
 me?od is new1 & its use some:at limit$1
 b x is ! confid5t pr$iction ( _m /ud5ts
 ( ! subject t1 be=e long1 intellig5ce  
te/s w become z mu* a matt] ( necess>y  
r\t9e 9 s*oolroom proc$ure z a          
blood-c\nt n[ is 9 physical diagnosis4  
,t our s*oolroom me?ods w 9 turn become 
mu* m intellig5t1 & t all classes (     
*ildr51 b especially ! gift$ & ! sl[1 w 
pr(it by su* intellectual diagnosis1 !re
 c be b little "q4  ,t any p>5t or      
tea*]1 )\t tra9+1 c give ^! te/s1 !     
au?or 9 no way cont5ds4 ,h[ev]1 !       
obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,kohs1 cit$ 9 ,*apt] 
,,vii1 z well z ! exp]i5ce ( ! au?or &  
o!rs :o h giv5 c\rses 9 intellig5ce te/+
 to tea*]s1 alike indicate t suffici5t  
skill to enable tea*]s & s*ool pr9cipals
 to give su* te/s intellig5tly is n     
especially difficult to acquire4 ,?is   
be+ ! case x may be hop$ t ! requisite  

tra9+ to enable !m to h&le ^! te/s may  
be includ$1 v soon1 z a "p ( ! necess>y 
p$agogical equipm5t ( ^? :o aspire to   
adm9i/rative positions 9 our public &   
private s*ools4  ,besides be+ ( special 
importance to s*ool (fic]s & to /ud5ts (
 education 9 colleges & normal s*ools1  
?is volume c confid5tly be recomm5d$ to 
physicians & social work]s1 & to tea*]s 
& p>5ts int]e/$ 9 intellig5ce           
measurem5ts1 z at once ! simple/ & ! be/
 explanation ( ! newly-evolv$           
intellig5ce te/s1 :i* has s f> appe>$ 9 
pr9t4      ,,ellwood ,p4 ,,cubb]ley4    
,,preface   ,! con/ant & gr[+ use ( !   
,b9et-,simon intellig5ce scale 9 public 
s*ools1 in/itutions = defectives1 re=m  
s*ools1 juv5ile c\rts1 & police c\rts is
 suffici5t evid5ce ( ! intr9sic wor? ( !
 me?od4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$1 h[ev]1 
t ! s]viceabl5ess ( ! scale has hi!rto  
be5 s]i\sly limit$1 bo? by ! lack ( a   
suffici5tly detail$ guide & by a numb] (
 recogniz$ imp]fections 9 ! scale       
itself4 ,! ,/an=d revision & ext5sion   

has be5 work$ out = ! purpose ( correct+
 z _m z possible ( ^! imp]fections1 & x 
is "h pres5t$ ) a r m9ute description ( 
! me?od z a :ole & ( ! individual te/s4 
,! aim has be5 to pres5t ! explanations 
& in/ructions s cle>ly & 9 su* an       
unte*nical =m z to make ! book ( use1 n 
only to ! psy*ologi/1 b also to ! rank &
 file ( tea*]s1 physicians1 & social    
work]s4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 x is design$ z a 
text = use 9 normal s*ools1 colleges1 & 
tea*]s' read+-circles4  ,:ile ! use ( ! 
intellig5ce scale = rese>* purposes & = 
accurate diagnosis w ( necessity always 
be re/rict$ to ^? :o h _h ext5sive tra9+
 9 exp]im5tal psy*ology1 ! au?or        
believes t ! "t has come :5 its wid] use
 = m g5]al purposes %\ld be enc\rag$4   
,h[ev]1 x _c be too /rongly emphasiz$ t 
no "o1 :atev] 8 previ\s tra9+ may h be51
 c make prop] use ( ! scale unless he is
 will+ to le>n ! me?od ( proc$ure &     
scor+ d[n to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,a g5]al  
acqua9tance ) ! nature ( ! individual   
te/s is by no means suffici5t4  ,p]haps 

! be/ way to le>n ! me?od w be to beg9  
by /udy+ ! book ?r\gh1 9 ord] to ga9 a  
g5]al acqua9tance ) ! te/s2 !n1 if      
possible1 to obs]ve a few exam9ations2 &
 f9ally to take up ! proc$ure = detail$ 
/udy 9 connection ) practice te/+4      
,tw5ty or ?irty te/s1 made ) con/ant    
ref]5ce to ! proc$ure z describ$ 9 ,"p  
,,ii1 %\ld be suffici5t to prep>e !     
tea*] or physician to make pr(itable use
 ( ! scale4  ,! ,/an=d revision ( !     
scale is ! result ( a numb] (           
inve/igations1 made possible by !       
cop]ation ( ! au?or's graduate /ud5ts4  
,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is especially due 
to ,pr(essor ,h4 ,g4 ,*ilds1 ,miss      
,grace ,lyman1 ,dr4 ,george ,ordahl1    
,dr4 ,l\ise ,ellison ,ordahl1 ,miss     
,neva ,galbrea?1 ,mr4 ,wil=d ,talb]t1   
,mr4 ,j4 ,h>old ,williams1 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t
 ,e4 ,knoll94 ,)\t _! assi/ance ?is book
 c\ld n h be5 writt54      ,,/an=d      
,,univ]sity1         ,april1 #aiaf4     
,,cont5ts   ,,"p ,i4 ,,problems ,,&     
,,results  ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,uses ,,(   

,,intellig5ce ,,te/s                    
#c    ,intellig5ce te/s ( ret>d$ s*ool  
*ildr54 ,intellig5ce   te/s ( !         
feeble-m9d$4 ,intellig5ce te/s (        
del9qu5ts4   ,intellig5ce te/s ( sup]ior
 *ildr54 ,intellig5ce te/s z a   basis =
 grad+4 ,intellig5ce te/s = vocational  
fitness4   ,o!r uses ( intellig5ce te/s4
  ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,s\rces ,,( ,,error ,,9
 ,,judg+ ,,intellig5ce                  
#bb    ,are intellig5ce te/s sup]flu\s8 
,! necessity ( /&>ds4   ,! intellig5ce (
 ret>d$ *ildr5 usually ov]e/imat$4 ,!   
intellig5ce ( sup]ior *ildr5 usually    
und]e/imat$4 ,o!r   fallacies 9 !       
e/imation ( intellig5ce4 ,b9et's        
que/ionnaire on tea*]s' me?ods ( judg+  
intellig5ce4   ,b9et's exp]im5t on h[   
tea*]s te/ intellig5ce4  ,,*apt] ,,iii  
,,description ,,( ,,! ,,b9et-,,simon    
,,me?od                                 
#cf    ,ess5tial nature ( ! scale4 ,h[ !
 scale 0 d]iv$4 ,li/ (   te/s4 ,h[ !    
scale is us$4 ,special *>act]i/ics ( !  
,b9et-,simon me?od4 ,! use ( age /&>ds4 

,! k9d ( m5tal   functions br\ght into  
play4 ,b9et w\ld te/ g5]al              
intellig5ce4 ,b9et's conception ( g5]al 
intellig5ce4 ,o!r   conceptions (       
intellig5ce4 ,guid+ pr9ciples 9 *oice & 
arrangem5t ( te/s4 ,"s av[$ limitations 
( ! ,b9et te/s4  ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,nature 
,,( ,,! ,,/an=d ,,revision ,,&          
,,ext5sion                         #ea  
,s\rces ( data4 ,me?od ( arriv+ at a    
revision4 ,li/ ( te/s   9 ! ,/an=d      
revision & ext5sion4 ,summ>y ( *anges4  
,effects ( ! revision on ! m5tal ages   
secur$4  ,,*apt] ,v  ,,analysis ,,( ,,"o
 ,,?\s& ,,intellig5ce ,,quoti5ts        
#fe    ,! di/ribution ( intellig5ce4 ,! 
validity ( !   intellig5ce quoti5t4 ,sex
 diff]5ces4 ,intellig5ce ( !   diff]5t  
social classes4 ,! relation ( ! ,i ,q to
 ! quality   ( ! *ild's s*ool "w4 ,!    
relation betwe5 ,i ,q & grade           
progress4 ,correlation betwe5 ,i ,q & ! 
tea*]s' e/imates (   ! *ildr5's         
intellig5ce4 ,! validity ( ! individual 
te/s4  ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,! ,,significance 

,,( ,,v>i\s ,,intellig5ce ,,quoti5ts    
#gh    ,frequ5cy ( diff]5t degrees (    
intellig5ce4 ,classification (          
intellig5ce quoti5ts4 ,feeble-m9d$ness4 
,bord]-l9e cases4   ,examples (         
bord]-l9e defici5cy4 ,dull normals4     
,av]age   intellig5ce4 ,sup]ior         
intellig5ce4 ,v sup]ior intellig5ce4    
,examples ( v sup]ior intellig5ce4      
,g5ius & ne> g5ius4   ,is ! ,i ,q (t5   
mislead+8  ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,reliability 
,,( ,,! ,,b9et-,,simon ,,me?od          
#aje    ,g5]al value ( ! me?od4         
,dep5d5ce ( ! scale's   reliability on !
 tra9+ ( ! exam9]4 ,influ5ce ( !        
subject's attitude4 ,! influ5ce ( coa*+4
 ,reliability (   repeat$ te/s4         
,influ5ce ( social & educational        
advantages4   ,,"p ,,ii  ,,guide ,,= ,,!
 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,/an=d ,,revision ,,&   
,,ext5sion  ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,g5]al     
,,in/ructions                           
#aba    ,necessity ( secur+ att5tion &  
ef=t4 ,quiet & seclusion4   ,pres5ce (  
o!rs4 ,gett+ into rapport4 ,keep+ ! *ild

   enc\rag$4 ,! importance ( tact4      
,p]sonality ( ! exam9]4   ,! avoidance (
 fatigue4 ,duration ( ! exam9ation4     
,desirable   range ( te/+4 ,ord] ( giv+ 
! te/s4 ,coax+ to be   avoid$4 ,adh]+ to
 =mula4 ,scor+4 ,record+ responses4     
,scatt]+ ( successes4 ,supplem5t>y      
consid]ations4   ,alt]native te/s4 ,f9d+
 m5tal age4 ,! use ( !   intellig5ce    
quoti5t4 ,h[ to f9d ! ,i ,q ( adult     
subjects4   ,mat]ial = use 9 te/+4      
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye>   
,,iii    #a4 ,po9t+ to p>ts ( ! body    
#adb   #b4 ,nam+ famili> objects        
#adc   #c4 ,enum]ation ( objects 9      
pictures                                
#ade   #d4 ,giv+ sex                    
#adf   #e4 ,giv+ ! family "n            
#adg   #f4 ,repeat+ six to sev5         
syllables                               
#adi      ,alt]native te/3 ,repeat+ ?ree
 digits                        #aej     
,,*apt] ,x  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye> ,,iv
    #a4 ,comp>ison ( l9es               
#aea   #b4 ,discrim9ation ( =ms         

#aeb   #c4 ,c\nt+ f\r p5nies            
#aed   #d4 ,copy+ a squ>e               
#aee   #e4 ,compreh5sion1 fir/ degree   
#aeg   #f4 ,repeat+ f\r digits          
#aei      ,alt]native te/3 ,repeat+     
twelve to ?irte5 syllables        #afj  
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye> ,v
    #a4 ,comp>ison ( weights            
#afa   #b4 ,nam+ colors                 
#afc   #c4 /hetic comp>ison             
#afe   #d4 ,giv+ def9itions 9 t]ms ( use
                              #afg   #e4
 ,! game ( pati5ce                      
#afi   #f4 ,?ree commissions            
#agb      ,alt]native te/3 ,giv+ age    
#agc  ,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,in/ructions ,,=  
,,ye> ,,vi    #a4 ,di/+ui%+ "r & left   
#age   #b4 ,f9d+ omissions 9 pictures   
#agh   #c4 ,c\nt+ ?irte5 p5nies         
#ahj   #d4 ,compreh5sion1 second degree 
#aha   #e4 ,nam+ f\r co9s               
#ahd   #f4 ,repeat+ sixte5 to eighte5   
syllables                         #ahe  
,alt]native te/3 ,=5oon & aft]noon      
#ahg  ,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,in/ructions ,,= 

,,ye> ,,vii    #a4 ,giv+ ! numb] ( f+]s 
#ahi   #b4 ,description ( pictures      
#aij   #c4 ,repeat+ five digits         
#aic   #d4 ,ty+ a b[-knot               
#aif   #e4 ,giv+ diff]5ces f memory     
#aii   #f4 ,copy+ a diamond             
#bjd      ,alt]native te/ #a3 ,nam+ !   
days ( ! week                 #bje      
,alt]native te/ #b3 ,repeat+ ?ree digits
 rev]s$             #bjg  ,,*apt] ,,xiv 
,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye> ,,viii    #a4 ,!
 ball-&-field te/                       
#baj   #b4 ,c\nt+ backw>ds f #bj to #a  
#bac   #c4 ,compreh5sion1 ?ird degree   
#bae   #d4 ,giv+ simil>ities1 two ?+s   
#bag   #e4 ,giv+ def9itions sup]ior to  
use                              #bba   
#f4 ,vocabul>y 7#bj def9itions1 #cfjj   
words7                         #bbd     
,alt]native te/ #a3 ,nam+ six co9s      
#bca      ,alt]native te/ #b3 ,writ+ f  
dictation                      #bca     
,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye>   
,,ix    #a4 ,giv+ ! date                
#bcd   #b4 ,arrang+ five weights        

#bcf   #c4 ,mak+ *ange                  
#bdj   #d4 ,repeat+ f\r digits rev]s$   
#bdb   #e4 ,us+ ?ree words 9 a s5t5ce   
#bdb   #f4 ,f9d+ rhymes                 
#bdh      ,alt]native te/ #a3 ,nam+ !   
mon?s                           #bea    
,alt]native te/ #b3 ,c\nt+ ! value (    
/amps                #beb  ,,*apt] ,,xvi
  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye> ,x    #a4     
,vocabul>y 7#cj def9itions1 #edjj words7
                         #bee   #b4     
,detect+ absurdities                    
#bee   #c4 ,draw+ designs f memory      
#bfj   #d4 ,read+ = eight memories      
#bfb   #e4 ,compreh5sion1 f\r? degree   
#bfh   #f4 ,nam+ sixty words            
#bgb      ,alt]native te/ #a3 ,repeat+  
six digits                        #bgg  
,alt]native te/ #b3 ,repeat+ tw5ty to   
tw5ty-two syllables    #bgg             
,alt]native te/ #c3 ,healy's            
,con/ruction ,puzzle ,a                 
#bgh  ,,*apt] ,,xvii  ,,in/ructions ,,= 
,,ye> ,,xii    #a4 ,vocabul>y 7#dj      
def9itions1 #gbjj words7                

#bha   #b4 ,def9+ ab/ract words         
#bha   #c4 ,! ball-&-field te/ 7sup]ior 
plan7                         #bhf   #d4
 ,dissect$ s5t5ces                      
#bhf   #e4 ,int]pretation ( fables      
7score #d7                              
#bij   #f4 ,repeat+ five digits rev]s$  
#cja   #g4 ,int]pretation ( pictures    
#cjb   #h4 ,giv+ simil>ities1 ?ree ?+s  
#cjf  ,,*apt] ,,xviii  ,,in/ructions ,,=
 ,,ye> ,,xiv    #a4 ,vocabul>y 7#ej     
def9itions1 #ijjj words7                
#caj   #b4 ,induction te/3 f9d+ a rule  
#caj   #c4 ,giv+ diff]5ces betwe5 a     
presid5t & a k+               #cac   #d4
 ,problem que/ions                      
#cae   #e4 ,ari?metical reason+         
#cai   #f4 ,rev]s+ h&s ( a clock        
#cba      ,alt]native te/3 ,repeat+ sev5
 digits                        #cbb     
,,*apt] ,,xix  ,,in/ructions ,,=        
,,av]age ,,adult    #a4 ,vocabul>y 7#fe 
def9itions1 #aa1gjj words7              
#cbd   #b4 ,int]pretation ( fables      
7score #h7                              

#cbd   #c4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ab/ract    
t]ms                              #cbd  
#d4 ,problem ( ! enclos$ boxes          
#cbg   #e4 ,repeat+ six digits rev]s$   
#cbi   #f4 ,us+ a code                  
#ccj      ,alt]native te/ #a3 ,repeat+  
tw5ty-eight syllables            #ccb   
,alt]native te/ #b3 ,compreh5sion (     
physical relations         #ccc  ,,*apt]
 ,,xx  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,sup]ior      
,,adult    #a4 ,vocabul>y 7#ge          
def9itions1 #ac1ejj words7              
#cch   #b4 ,b9et's pap]-cutt+ te/       
#cch   #c4 ,repeat+ eight digits        
#cdj   #d4 ,repeat+ ?\ght ( passage     
#cdj   #e4 ,repeat+ sev5 digits rev]s$  
#cde   #f4 ,+5uity te/                  
#cde  ,,select$ ,,ref]5ces              
#cdi  ,,index                           
#cei     ,,figures ,,& ,,diagrams       
#a4 ,di/ribution ( ,m5tal ,ages ( #fb   
,normal ,adults                  #ee    
#b4 ,di/ribution ( ,i ,q's ( #ije       
,unselect$ ,*ildr51 #e-ad ,ye>s      (  
,age                                    

#ff   #c4 ,m$ian ,i ,q ( #deg ,boys &   
#ddh ,girls1 = ! ,ages #e-ad ,ye>s      
#fi   #d4 ,diamond drawn by ,r4 ,w42    
,age #ac-aj2 ,m5tal ,age #g-f           
#hb   #e4 ,writ+ f ,dictation4 ,r4 ,m41 
,age #ae2 ,m5tal ,age #i                
#hc   #f4 ,ball & ,field ,te/4 ,i4 ,m41 
,age #ad-b2 ,m5tal ,age #i              
#hd   #g4 ,diamond drawn by ,a4 ,w4     
#he   #h4 ,draw+ ,designs f ,memory4 ,h4
 ,s41 ,age #aa2 ,m5tal ,age #h-c        
#hf   #i4 ,ball & ,field ,te/4 ,s4 ,f41 
,age #ag2 ,m5tal ,age #aa-f             
#hh  #aj4 ,writ+ f ,dictation4 ,c4 ,p41 
,age #aj-b2 ,m5tal ,age #g-aa           
#ij  #aa4 ,ball & ,field ,te/4 ,m4 ,p41 
,age #ad2 ,m5tal ,age #aj-h             
#ia  #ab4 ,ball & ,field ,te/4 ,r4 ,g41 
,age #ac-e2 ,m5tal ,age #aj-f           
#ic  #ac4 ,ball & ,field ,te/4 ,e4 ,b41 
,age #g-i2 ,i ,q #acj                   
#ih  #ad4 ,ball & ,field ,te/4 ,f4      
,mc,a41 ,age #aj-c2 ,m5tal ,age #ad-f   
#ajj  #ae4 ,draw+ ,designs f ,memory4   
,e4 ,m41 ,age #f-aa2 ,m5tal ,age #aj1   

,i ,q #ade                              
#aja  #af4 ,ball & ,field ,te/4 ,b4 ,f41
 ,age #g-h2 ,m5tal ,age #ab-d2 ,i ,q    
#afj   #ajb  #ag4 ,healy & ,f]nald      
,con/ruction ,puzzle                    
#bgi     ,,! ,,measurem5t ,,(           
,,intellig5ce  ,,"p ,i  ,,problems ,,&  
,,results     ,,! ,,measurem5t ,,(      
,,intellig5ce     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,uses
 ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,te/s               
,,intellig5ce ,,te/s ,,( ,,ret>d$       
,,s*ool ,,*ildr54 ,num]\s /udies ( !    
age-grade progress ( s*ool *ildr5 h     
af=d$ conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! magnitude &   
s]i\sness ( ! ret>dation problem4       
,/ati/ics collect$ 9 hundr$s ( cities 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ t betwe5 a ?ird & a  
half ( ! s*ool *ildr5 fail to progress  
?r\gh ! grades at ! expect$ rate2 t f   
#aj to #ae p] c5t are ret>d$ two ye>s or
 m2 & t f #e to #h p] c5t are ret>d$ at 
lea/ ?ree ye>s4 ,m ?an #aj p] c5t ( !   
#djj1jjj1jjj annually exp5d$ 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates = s*ool in/ruction is devot$ to  
re-tea*+ *ildr5 :at !y h already be5    

taught b h fail$ to le>n4  ,! fir/ ef=ts
 at re=m :i* result$ f ^! f9d+s 7 bas$  
on ! supposition t ! evils :i* _h be5   
discov]$ c\ld be rem$i$ by !            
individualiz+ ( in/ruction1 by improv$  
me?ods ( promotion1 by increas$ att5tion
 to *ildr5's heal?1 & by o!r re=ms 9    
s*ool adm9i/ration4 ,al?\gh re=ms along 
^! l9es h be5 productive ( mu* good1 !y 
h nev]!less be5 9 a measure disappo9t+4 
,! tr\ble 01 !y 7 too (t5 bas$ ^u !     
assumption t "u ! "r conditions all     
*ildr5 w\ld be equally1 or almo/        
equally1 capable ( mak+ satisfactory    
s*ool progress4 ,psy*ological /udies (  
s*ool *ildr5 by means ( /&>diz$         
intellig5ce te/s h %[n t ?is supposition
 is n 9 accord ) ! facts4 ,x has be5    
f\nd t *ildr5 d n fall into two         
well-def9$ gr\ps1 ! feeble-m9d$ & !     
normal4 ,in/ead1 !re are _m grades (    
intellig5ce1 rang+ f idiocy on ! "o h&  
to g5ius on ! o!r4 ,among ^? class$ z   
normal1 va/ individual diff]5ces h be5  
f\nd to exi/ 9 orig9al m5tal end[m5t1   

diff]5ces :i* affect pr(\ndly ! capacity
 to pr(it f s*ool in/ruction4  ,we are  
beg9n+ to realize t ! s*ool mu/ take    
into acc\nt1 m s]i\sly ?an x has yet    
done1 ! exi/5ce & significance ( ^!     
diff]5ces 9 end[m5t4 ,in/ead ( wa/+     
en]gy 9 ! va9 attempt to hold m5tally   
sl[ & defective *ildr5 up to a level (  
progress :i* is normal to ! av]age *ild1
 x w be wis] to take acc\nt ( !         
inequalities ( *ildr5 9 orig9al end[m5t 
& to diff]5tiate ! c\rse ( /udy 9 su* a 
way t ea* *ild w be all[$ to progress at
 ! rate :i* is normal to him1 :e!r t    
rate be rapid or sl[4  ,:ile we _c hold 
all *ildr5 to ! same /&>d ( s*ool       
progress1 we c at lea/ prev5t ! k9d (   
ret>dation :i* involves failure & !     
repetition ( a s*ool grade4 ,x is well  
en\gh recogniz$ t *ildr5 d n ent] ) v   
mu* ze/ ^u s*ool "w 9 :i* !y h once     
fail$4 ,failure cru%es self-confid5ce & 
de/roys ! _s ( "w4 ,x is a sad fact t a 
l>ge proportion ( *ildr5 9 ! s*ools are 
acquir+ ! habit ( failure4 ,! rem$y1 (  

c\rse1 is to measure out ! "w = ea* *ild
 9 proportion to 8 m5tal ability4  ,be=e
 an eng9e] con/ructs a railroad bridge  
or tre/le1 he /udies ! mat]ials to be   
us$1 & le>ns by means ( te/s exactly !  
am\nt ( /ra9 p] unit ( size 8 mat]ials w
 be able to )/&4 ,he does n "w          
empirically1 & c\nt ^u pat*+ up !       
mi/akes :i* may lat] appe> "u ! /ress ( 
actual use4 ,! educational eng9e] %\ld  
emulate ?is example4 ,te/s & =e?\ght mu/
 take ! place ( failure & pat*work4 ,our
 ef=ts h be5 too long direct$ by trial &
 error4 ,x is "t to leave (f guess+ & to
 acquire a sci5tific k ( ! mat]ial ) :i*
 we h to deal4 ,:5 in/ruction mu/ be    
repeat$1 x means t ! s*ool1 z well z !  
pupil1 has fail$4  ,e *ild :o fails 9 8 
s*ool "w or is 9 dang] ( fail+ %\ld be  
giv5 a m5tal exam9ation4 ,! exam9ation  
takes less ?an "o h\r1 & ! result w     
contribute m to a real und]/&+ ( ! case 
?an any?+ else t c\ld be done4 ,x is    
necess>y to det]m9e :e!r a giv5 *ild is 
unsuccessful 9 s*ool because ( poor     

native ability1 or because ( poor       
in/ruction1 lack ( int]e/1 or "s o!r    
removable cause4  ,x is n suffici5t to  
e/abli% any numb] ( special classes1 if 
!y are to be made ! dump+-gr\nd = all   
k9ds ( tr\blesome cases--! feeble-m9d$1 
! physically defective1 ! m]ely backw>d1
 ! truants1 ! incorrigibles1 etc4 ,)\t  
sci5tific diagnosis & classification (  
^! *ildr5 ! educational "w ( ! special  
class mu/ blund] along 9 ! d>k4 ,9 su*  
diagnosis & classification our ma9      
reliance mu/ always be 9 m5tal te/s1    
prop]ly us$ & prop]ly int]pret$4        
,,intellig5ce ,,te/s ,,( ,,!            
,,feeble-,,m9d$4 ,?us f> intellig5ce    
te/s h f\nd _! *ief application 9 !     
id5tification & grad+ ( ! feeble-m9d$4  
,_! value = ?is purpose is tw(old4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 !  
degree ( defect be=e x is possible to   
decide intellig5tly ^u ei!r ! cont5t or 
! me?od ( in/ruction suit$ to ! tra9+ ( 
! backw>d *ild4 ,9 ! second place1      
intellig5ce te/s are rapidly ext5d+ our 

conception ( feeble-m9d$ness to include 
mild] degrees ( defect ?an h g5]ally be5
 associat$ ) ?is t]m4 ,! e>li] me?ods ( 
diagnosis caus$ a majority ( ! high]    
grade defectives to be ov]look$4        
,previ\s to ! developm5t ( psy*ological 
me?ods ! l[-grade moron 0 ab\t z high a 
type ( defective z mo/ physicians or ev5
 psy*ologi/s 7 able to id5tify z        
feeble-m9d$4  ,:]ev] intellig5ce te/s h 
be5 made 9 any consid]able numb] 9 !    
s*ools1 !y h %[n t n f> f #b p] c5t ( ! 
*ildr5 enroll$ h a grade ( intellig5ce  
:i*1 h[ev] long !y live1 w nev] develop 
beyond ! level :i* is normal to ! av]age
 *ild ( #aa or #ab ye>s4 ,! l>ge        
majority ( ^! belong to ! moron grade2 t
 is1 _! m5tal developm5t w /op some:]e  
betwe5 ! #g-ye> & #ab-ye> level (       
intellig5ce1 m (t5 betwe5 #i & #ab4  ,! 
m we le>n ab\t su* *ildr51 ! cle>] x    
becomes t !y mu/ be look$ ^u z real     
defectives4 ,!y may be able to drag     
along to ! f\r?1 fif?1 or six? grades1 b
 ev5 by ! age ( #af or #ah ye>s !y are  

nev] able to cope successfully ) ! m    
ab/ract & difficult p>ts ( !            
common-s*ool c\rse ( /udy4 ,!y may ma/] 
a c]ta9 am\nt ( rote le>n+1 su* z t     
involv$ 9 read+ & 9 ! manipulation (    
numb] comb9ations b !y _c be taught to  
meet new conditions effectively or to   
?9k1 reason1 & judge z normal p]sons d4 
,x is safe to pr$ict t 9 ! ne> future   
intellig5ce te/s w br+ t5s ( ?\s&s ( ^! 
high-grade defectives "u ! surveillance 
& protection ( society4 ,?is w          
ultimately result 9 curtail+ !          
reproduction ( feeble-m9d$ness & 9 !    
elim9ation ( an enorm\s am\nt ( crime1  
paup]ism1 & indu/rial ineffici5cy4 ,x is
 h>dly necess>y to emphasize t !        
high-grade cases1 ( ! type n[ s         
frequ5tly ov]look$1 are precisely ! ones
 ^: gu>dian%ip x is mo/ important = !   
,/ate to assume4  ,,intellig5ce ,,te/s  
,,( ,,del9qu5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important  
facts br\ght to light by ! use (        
intellig5ce te/s is ! frequ5t           
association ( del9qu5cy & m5tal         

defici5cy4 ,al?\gh x has long be5       
recogniz$ t ! proportion (              
feeble-m9d$ness among (f5d]s is r l>ge1 
! real am\nt has1 until rec5tly1 be5    
und]e/imat$ ev5 by ! mo/ compet5t /ud5ts
 ( crim9ology4  ,! crim9ologi/s h be5   
accu/om$ to give m att5tion to !        
physical ?an to ! m5tal correlates (    
crime4 ,?us1 ,lombroso & 8 foll[]s      
subject$ ?\s&s ( crim9als to obs]vation 
& measurem5t ) reg>d to su* physical    
traits z size & %ape ( ! skull1 bilat]al
 asymmetries1 anomalies ( ! e>1 eye1    
nose1 palate1 tee?1 h&s1 f+]s1 hair1    
d]mal s5sitivity1 etc4 ,! se>* 0 =      
physical /igmata *>act]i/ic ( ! crim9al 
type4  ,al?\gh su* /udies p]=m$ an      
important s]vice 9 creat+ a sci5tific   
int]e/ 9 crim9ology1 ! !ories (         
,lombroso h be5 :olly discr$it$ by !    
results ( intellig5ce te/s4 ,su* te/s h 
demon/rat$1 beyond any possibility (    
d\bt1 t ! mo/ important trait ( at lea/ 
#be p] c5t ( our crim9als is m5tal      
weakness4 ,! physical abnormalities :i* 

h be5 f\nd s common among prison]s are n
 ! /igmata ( crim9ality1 b ! physical   
accompanim5ts ( feeble-m9d$ness4 ,!y h  
no diagno/ic significance except 9 s f> 
z !y are indications ( m5tal defici5cy4 
,)\t exception1 e /udy :i* has be5 made 
( ! intellig5ce level ( del9qu5ts has   
furni%$ conv9c+ te/imony z to ! close   
relation exi/+ betwe5 m5tal weakness &  
moral abnormality4 ,"s ( ^! f9d+s are z 
foll[s3--      ,miss ,r5z te/$ #ajj     
girls ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,re=matory &      
report$ #cf p] c5t z c]ta9ly            
feeble-m9d$4 ,9 e "o (     ^! cases !   
commitm5t pap]s _h giv5 ! pron\ncem5t   
intellect s\nd4      ,"u ! direction (  
,dr4 ,godd>d ! ,b9et te/s 7 giv5 to     
#ajj juv5ile c\rt cases1 *os5 at r&om1 9
 ,new>k1 ,new     ,j]sey4 ,ne>ly half 7 
classifi$ z feeble-m9d$4 ,"o boy     #ag
 ye>s old _h #i-ye> intellig5ce2 ano!r (
 #ae _h     #h-ye> intellig5ce4      ,( 
#ef del9qu5t girls #ad to #bj ye>s ( age
 te/$ by ,hill &     ,godd>d1 almo/ half
 belong$ ei!r to ! #i- or ! #aj-ye>     

level ( intellig5ce4      ,dr4 ,g4 ,g4  
,f]nald's te/s ( #ajj prison]s at !     
,massa*usetts     ,/ate ,re=matory %[$ t
 at lea/ #be p] c5t 7     feeble-m9d$4  
,( #aahf girls te/$ by ,miss ,dewson at 
! ,/ate ,indu/rial     ,s*ool = ,girls  
at ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 #bh p] c5t 7 
f\nd to h subnormal intellig5ce4        
,dr4 ,ka!r9e ,bem5t ,davis's report on  
#ajjj cases ent]$ 9 !     ,b$=d ,home = 
,wom51 ,new ,york1 /at$ t !re 0 no d\bt 
b t at lea/ #aeg 7 feeble-m9d$4 ,rec5tly
 !re has     be5 e/abli%$ at ?is        
in/itution "o ( ! mo/ important         
rese>* laboratories ( ! k9d 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 ) a     tra9$ psy*ologi/1 ,dr4  
,mabel ,f]nald1 9 *>ge4      ,( #efd    
pro/itutes inve/igat$ by ,dr4 ,anna     
,dwy] 9 connection     ) ! ,municipal   
,c\rt ( ,*icago1 only #c p] c5t _h gone 
beyond ! fif? grade 9 s*ool4 ,m5tal te/s
 7 n made1     b f ! data giv5 x is     
reasonably c]ta9 t half or     m 7      
feeble-m9d$4      ,te/s1 by ,dr4 ,george
 ,ordahl & ,dr4 ,l\ise ,ellison ,ordahl1

 (     cases 9 ! ,g5eva ,s*ool = ,girls1
 ,g5eva1 ,ill9ois1 %[$     t1 on a      
cons]vative basis ( classification1 at  
lea/     #ah p] c5t 7 feeble-m9d$4 ,at !
 ,joliet ,prison1 ,ill9ois1     ! same  
au?ors f\nd #ej p] c5t ( ! female       
prison]s     feeble-m9d$1 & #bf p] c5t (
 ! male prison]s4 ,at ! ,/4     ,*>les  
,s*ool = ,boys #bf p] c5t 7 feeble-m9d$4
      ,te/s1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h>old         
,williams1 ( #aej del9qu5ts 9 !         
,:itti] ,/ate ,s*ool = ,boys1 ,:itti]1  
,cali=nia1 gave     #bh p] c5t          
feeble-m9d$ & #be p] c5t at or ne> !    
bord]-l9e4 ,ab\t #cjj o!r juv5ile       
del9qu5ts te/$ by     ,mr4 ,williams    
gave approximately ! same figures4 ,z a 
result (     ^! f9d+s a rese>*          
laboratory has be5 e/abli%$ at !        
,:itti] ,s*ool1 ) ,dr4 ,williams 9 *>ge4
 ,9 ! girls'     division ( ! ,:itti]   
,s*ool1 ,dr4 ,grace ,f]nald collect$ a  
l>ge am\nt ( psy*ological data on m ?an 
#ajj del9qu5t     girls4 ,! f9d+s ( ?is 
inve/igation agree closely )     ^? (   

,dr4 ,williams = ! boys4      ,at !     
,/ate ,re=matory1 ,jeff]sonville1       
,indiana1 ,dr4 von     ,kle9-,s*mid1 9  
an unusually ?or\gh psy*ological /udy ( 
#ajjj "y adult prison]s1 f9ds !         
proportion (     feeble-m9d$ness n f> f 
#ej p] c5t4  ,b x is ne$less to multiply
 /ati/ics4 ,^? giv5 are b samples4 ,te/s
 are at pres5t be+ made 9 mo/ ( !       
progressive prisons1 re=m s*ools1 &     
juv5ile c\rts ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & :ile  
!re are m9or discrepancies 9 reg>d to ! 
actual p]c5tage :o are feeble-m9d$1 !re 
is no inve/igator :o d5ies ! fe>ful rle 
play$ by m5tal defici5cy 9 ! production 
( vice1 crime1 & del9qu5cy4#a  #a ,see  
,ref]5ces at end ( volume4  ,h]$ity     
/udies ( deg5]ate families h confirm$1 9
 a /rik+ way1 ! te/imony secur$ by      
intellig5ce te/s4 ,among ! be/ kn[n (   
su* families are ! ,kallikaks1 ! ,jukes1
 ! ,hill ,folk1 ! ,nams1 ! ,z]os1 & !   
,i%maelites4      ,! ,kallikak family4  
,m>t9 ,kallikak 0 a y\?ful soldi] 9     
! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,at a tav]n        

frequ5t$ by ! militia he     met a      
feeble-m9d$ girl1 by :om he became !    
fa!r ( a     feeble-m9d$ son4 ,9 #aiab  
!re 7 #dhj kn[n direct     desc5dants ( 
?is tempor>y union4 ,x is kn[n t #cf (  
^! 7 illegitimates1 t #cc 7 sexually    
immoral1 t #bd     7 confirm$           
alcoholics1 & t #h kept h\ses (         
ill-fame4     ,! explanation ( s mu*    
immorality w be obvi\s :5 x is     /at$ 
t ( ! #dhj desc5dants1 #adc 7 kn[n to be
     feeble-m9d$1 & t _m ( ! o!rs 7 (   
que/ionable     m5tality4      ,a few   
ye>s aft] return+ f ! w> ?is same ,m>t9 
,kallikak m>ri$ a respectable girl (    
good family4 ,f ?is     union #dif      
individuals h be5 trac$ 9 direct desc5t1
 & 9     ?is bran* ( ! family !re 7 no  
illegitimate *ildr51     no immoral     
wom51 & only "o man :o 0 sexually loose4
 ,!re     7 no crim9als1 no keep]s (    
h\ses ( ill-fame1 & only     two        
confirm$ alcoholics4 ,aga9 ! explanation
 is cle> :5 x     is /at$ t ?is bran* ( 
! family did n conta9 a     s+le        

feeble-m9d$ individual4 ,x 0 made up (  
doctors1     lawy]s1 judges1 educators1 
trad]s1 & l&hold]s4#b      #b ,h4 ,h4   
,godd>d3 ,! ,kallikak ,family4 7#aiad47 
#ada pp4      ,! ,hill ,folk4 ,! ,hill  
,folk are a ,new ,engl& family ( :i*    
#gji p]sons h be5 trac$4 ,( ! m>ri$     
wom51 #bd p] c5t     _h giv5 bir? to    
illegitimate (fspr+1 & #aj p] c5t 7     
pro/itutes4 ,crim9al t5d5cies 7 cle>ly  
%[n 9     #bd memb]s ( ! family1 :ile   
alcoholism 0 /ill m     common4 ,!      
proportion ( feeble-m9d$ 0 #dh p] c5t4  
,x 0     e/imat$ t ! ,hill ,folk h 9 !  
la/ sixty ye>s co/     ! ,/ate (        
,massa*usetts1 9 *>itable relief1 c>e ( 
feeble-m9d$1 epileptic1 & insane1       
conviction & puni%m5t     = crime1      
pro/itution paup]ism1 etc41 at lea/     
#ejj1jjj4c      #c ,danielson &         
,dav5port3 ,! ,hill ,folk4 ,eug5ics     
,record ,(fice1     ,memoir ,no4 #a4    
#aiab4 #ef pp4      ,! ,nam family & !  
,jukes give equally d>k pictures z      
reg>ds crim9ality1 lic5ti\sness1 &      

alcoholism1 &     al?\gh feeble-m9d$ness
 0 n z fully inve/igat$ 9     ^!        
families z 9 ! ,kallikaks & ! ,hill     
,folk1 !     evid5ce is /rong t x 0 a   
lead+ trait4 ,! #ghd ,nams :o     7     
trac$ includ$ #ahg alcoholics1 #bcb wom5
 & #aii m5 kn[n     to be lic5ti\s1 &   
#dj :o became prison]s4 ,x is e/imat$   
t ! ,nams h already co/ ! ,/ate ne>ly   
#a1ejj1jjj4d      #d ,e/abrook &        
,dav5port3 ,! ,nam ,family4 ,eug5ics    
,record ,(fice     ,memoir ,no4 #b4     
7#aiab74 #he pp4      ,( #edj ,jukes1   
practically "o fif? 7 born out ( w$lock1
 #cg     7 kn[n to be syphilitic1 #ec _h
 be5 9 ! poorh\se1 #gf     _h be5 s5t5c$
 to prison1 & ( #bbi wom5 ( m>riageable 
age #abh 7 pro/itutes4 ,! economic      
damage inflict$ ^u !     ,/ate ( ,new   
,york by ! ,jukes 9 sev5ty-five ye>s 0  
e/imat$ at m ?an #a1cjj1jjj1 to say no?+
 ( diseases     & o!r evil influ5ces :i*
 !y help$ to spread4#e      #e ,r4 ,l4  
,dugdale3 ,! ,jukes4 7,f\r? edition1    
#aiaj47 #abj pp4 ,g4 ,p4     ,putnam's  

,sons4  ,b :y d ! feeble-m9d$ t5d s     
/rongly to become del9qu5t8 ,! answ] may
 be /at$ 9 simple t]ms4 ,morality dep5ds
 ^u two ?+s3 7a7 ! ability to =esee & to
 weigh ! possible consequ5ces = self &  
o!rs ( diff]5t k9ds ( behavior2 & 7b7 ^u
 ! will+ness & capacity to ex]cise      
self-re/ra9t4 ,t !re are _m intellig5t  
crim9als is due to ! fact t 7a7 may exi/
 )\t 7b74 ,on ! o!r h&1 7b7 presupposes 
7a74 ,9 o!r words1 n all crim9als are   
feeble-m9d$1 b all feeble-m9d$ are at   
lea/ pot5tial crim9als4 ,t e feeble-m9d$
 woman is a pot5tial pro/itute w\ld     
h>dly be disput$ by any "o4 ,moral      
judgm5t1 l bus9ess judgm5t1 social      
judgm5t1 or any o!r k9d ( high] ?\ght   
process1 is a function ( intellig5ce4   
,morality _c fl[] & fruit if intellig5ce
 rema9s infantile4  ,all ( u 9 e>ly     
*ildhood lack$ moral responsibility4 ,we
 7 z rank egoi/s z any crim9al4 ,respect
 = ! feel+s1 ! prop]ty rights1 or any   
o!r k9d ( rights1 ( o!rs _h to be       
labori\sly acquir$ "u ! :ip ( discipl9e4

 ,b by degrees we le>n$ t only :5       
in/9cts are curb$1 & conduct is made to 
con=m to pr9ciples e/abli%$ =mally or   
accept$ tacitly by our neighbors1 does  
?is become a livable _w = any ( u4 ,)\t 
! intellig5ce to g5]alize ! p>ticul>1 to
 =esee di/ant consequ5ces ( pres5t acts1
 to weigh ^! =ese5 consequ5ces 9 ! nice 
balance ( imag9ation1 morality _c be    
le>n$4 ,:5 ! adult body1 ) its adult    
in/9cts1 is c\pl$ ) ! undevelop$        
intellig5ce & weak inhibitory p[]s ( a  
#aj-ye>-old *ild1 ! only possible       
outcome1 except 9 ^? cases :]e con/ant  
gu>dian%ip is ex]cis$ by relatives or   
fri5ds1 is "s =m ( del9qu5cy4  ,consid]+
 ! trem5d\s co/ ( vice & crime1 :i* 9   
all probability am\nts to n less ?an    
#ejj1jjj1jjj p] ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
alone1 x is evid5t t psy*ological te/+  
has f\nd "h "o ( its ri*e/ applications4
 ,be=e (f5d]s c be subject$ to rational 
treatm5t a m5tal diagnosis is necess>y1 
& :ile intellig5ce te/s d n con/itute a 
complete psy*ological diagnosis1 !y are1

 nev]!less1 its mo/ indisp5sable "p4    
,,intellig5ce ,,te/s ,,( ,,sup]ior      
,,*ildr54 ,! numb] ( *ildr5 ) v sup]ior 
ability is approximately z great z !    
numb] ( feeble-m9d$4 ,! future welf>e ( 
! c\ntry h+es1 9 no small degree1 ^u !  
"r education ( ^! sup]ior *ildr54 ,:e!r 
civilization moves on & up dep5ds mo/ on
 ! advances made by creative ?9k]s &    
lead]s 9 sci5ce1 politics1 art1         
morality1 & religion4 ,mod]ate ability c
 foll[1 or imitate1 b g5ius mu/ %[ !    
way4  ,?r\gh ! level+ influ5ces ( !     
educational lock/ep su* *ildr5 at pres5t
 are (t5 lo/ 9 ! masses4 ,x is a r>e    
*ild :o is able to break ?is lock/ep by 
extra promotions4 ,tak+ ! c\ntry ov]1 ! 
ratio ( accel]ates to ret>dates 9 !     
s*ool is approximately #a to #aj4 ,?r\gh
 ! h&icapp+ influ5ces ( pov]ty1 social  
neglect1 physical defects1 or           
educational maladju/m5ts1 _m pot5tial   
lead]s 9 sci5ce1 art1 gov]nm5t1 &       
indu/ry are d5i$ ! opportunity ( a      
normal developm5t4 ,! use we h made (   

exceptional ability rem9ds "o ( !       
primitive me?ods ( surface m9+4 ,x is   
necess>y to explore ! nation's hidd5    
res\rces ( intellig5ce4 ,! common say+ t
 g5ius w out is "o ( ^? dang]\s         
half-tru?s ) :i* too _m p re/ cont5t4   
,psy*ological te/s %[ t *ildr5 ( sup]ior
 ability are v likely to be misund]/ood 
9 s*ool4 ,! writ] has te/$ m ?an a      
hundr$ *ildr5 :o 7 z mu* above av]age   
intellig5ce z moron defectives are bel[4
 ,! l>ge majority ( ^! 7 f\nd locat$    
bel[ ! s*ool grade w>rant$ by _!        
intellectual level4 ,"o ?ird _h fail$ to
 reap any advantage :atev]1 9 t]ms (    
promotion1 f _! v sup]ior intellig5ce4  
,ev5 g5ius langui%es :5 kept ov]-long at
 tasks t are too easy4  ,our data %[ t  
tea*]s sometimes fail entirely to       
recognize exceptional sup]iority 9 a    
pupil1 & t ! degree ( su* sup]iority is 
r>ely e/imat$ ) any?+ l ! accuracy :i*  
is possible to ! psy*ologi/ aft] a      
"o-h\r exam9ation4 ,b4 ,f41 = example1 0
 a little ov] #g ye>s old :5 te/$4 ,he 0

 9 ! ?ird grade1 & 0 !re=e ?\ght by 8   
tea*] to be accel]at$ 9 s*ool4 ,?is     
boy's intellig5ce1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd to be  
above ! #ab-ye> level4 ,!re is no d\bt t
 8 m5tal ability w\ld h enabl$ him1 ) a 
few mon?s ( individual in/ruction1 to   
c>ry fif? or ev5 six?-grade "w z easily 
z ?ird1 & )\t injury to body or m9d4    
,nev]!less1 ! tea*] & bo? ! p>5ts ( ?is 
*ild _h f\nd no?+ rem>kable ab\t him4 ,9
 reality he belongs to a grade ( g5ius n
 f\nd (t5] ?an once 9 sev]al ?\s& cases4
  ,ano!r illu/ration is t ( a boy ( #aj 
ye>s :o te/$ at ! av]age adult level4   
,he 0 do+ sup]ior "w 9 ! six? grade1 b  
accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! tea*] _h no   
unusual ability4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ f ! p>5ts
 t ?is boy1 at an age :5 mo/ *ildr5 are 
read+ fairy /ories1 _h a passion = /&>d 
m$ical lit]ature & textbooks 9 physical 
sci5ce4 ,yet1 aft] m ?an a ye> ( daily  
contact ) ?is "y g5ius 7:o is a relative
 ( ,mey]be]1 ! compos]71 ! tea*] _h     
discov]$ no symptoms ( unusual          
ability4#f  #f ,see p4 #bf ff4 = fur!r  

illu/rations ( ?is k9d4  ,tea*]s %\ld be
 bett] tra9$ 9 detect+ ! signs ( sup]ior
 ability4 ,e *ild :o consi/5tly gets    
high m>ks 9 8 s*ool "w ) app>5t ease    
%\ld be giv5 a m5tal exam9ation1 & if 8 
intellig5ce level w>rants x he %\ld ei!r
 be giv5 extra promotions1 or plac$ 9 a 
special class = sup]ior *ildr5 :]e fa/] 
progress c be made4 ,! latt] is ! bett] 
plan1 because x obviates ! necessity (  
skipp+ grades2 x p]mits rapid b cont9u\s
 progress4  ,! usual reluctance ( tea*]s
 to give extra promotions probably re/s 
^u ?ree factors3 7#a7 m]e in]tia2 7#b7 a
 natural unwill+ness to "p )            
exceptionally satisfactory pupils2 &    
7#c7 ! traditional belief t precoci\s   
*ildr5 %\ld be held back = fe> ( dire   
physical or m5tal consequ5ces4  ,9 ord] 
to ?r[ light on ! "q :e!r exceptionally 
bright *ildr5 are specially likely to be
 "o-sid$1 n]v\s1 delicate1 morally      
abnormal1 socially unadaptable1 or      
o!rwise peculi>1 ! writ] has secur$ r   
ext5sive in=mation reg>d+ #ca *ildr5 ^: 

m5tal age 0 f\nd by intellig5ce te/s to 
be #be p] c5t above ! actual age4 ,?is  
degree ( intellig5ce is possess$ by ab\t
 #b *ildr5 out ( #ajj1 & is ne>ly z f>  
above av]age intellig5ce z high-grade   
feeble-m9d$ness is bel[4 ,! supplem5t>y 
in=mation1 :i* 0 furni%$ 9 mo/ cases by 
! tea*]s1 may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3--   
#a4 ,ability special or g5]al4 ,9 ! case
 ( #bj out ( #ca !       ability is     
decid$ly g5]al1 & ) #b x is ma9ly g5]al4
       ,! tal5ts ( #e are describ$ z m  
or less special1 b       only 9 "o case 
is x rem>kably s4 ,d\btful #d4    #b4   
,heal?4 #ae are said to be p]fectly     
heal?y2 #ac h "o or       m physical    
defects2 #d ( ! #ac are describ$ z      
delicate2       #d h ad5oids2 #d h      
eye-defects2 #a lisps2 & #a /utt]s4     
,^! figures are ab\t ! same z "o f9ds 9 
any gr\p (       ord9>y *ildr54    #c4  
,/udi\sness4 ,extremely /udi\s1 #ae2    
usually /udi\s or       fairly /udi\s1  
#aa2 n p>ticul>ly /udi\s1 #e2 lazy1     
#j4    #d4 ,moral traits4 ,favorable    

traits only1 #ai2 "o or m               
unfavorable traits1 #h2 no answ]1 #d4 ,!
 eight )       unfavorable moral traits 
are describ$ z foll[s3 #b are v         
self-will$2 #a ne$s close wat*+2 #a is  
cruel to       animals2 #a is untru?ful2
 #a is unreliable2 #a is a       bluff]2
 #a is sexually abnormal1 p]v]t$1 &     
vici\s4        ,x w be not$ t ) !       
exception ( ! la/ *ild1       ! moral   
irregul>ities m5tion$ c h>dly be reg>d$1
       f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 z  
ess5tially abnormal4       ,x is p]haps 
a good r ?an a bad sign = a *ild to be  
self-will$2 mo/ *ildr5 ne$ close wat*+2 
& a       c]ta9 am\nt ( untru?fulness 9 
*ildr5 is ! rule &       n ! exception4 
#e4 ,social adaptability4 ,socially     
adaptable1 #be2 n adaptable1       #b2  
d\btful1 #d4    #f4 ,attitude ( o!r     
*ildr54 ,favorable1 fri5dly1 lik$       
by ev]ybody1 mu* admir$1 popul>1 etc41  
#bf2 n       lik$1 #a2 inspires         
repugnance1 #a2 no answ]1 #a4    #g4 ,is
 *ild a lead]8 ,yes1 #ad2 no1 or n      

p>ticul>ly1       #ab2 d\btful1 #e4     
#h4 ,is play life normal8 ,yes1 #bf2 no1
 #a2 h>dly1 #a2       d\btful1 #c4      
#i4 ,is *ild spoil$ or va98 ,no1 #bb2   
yes1 #e2 some:at1 #b2       no answ]1   
#b4  ,accord+ to ! above data1          
exceptionally intellig5t *ildr5 are     
fully z likely to be heal?y z ord9>y    
*ildr52 _! ability is f> m (t5 g5]al ?an
 special1 !y are /udi\s above ! av]age1 
really s]i\s faults are n common among  
!m1 !y are ne>ly always socially        
adaptable1 are s\ght aft] z playmates & 
companions1 _! play life is usually     
normal1 !y are lead]s f> (t5] ?an o!r   
*ildr51 & not)/&+ _! _m really sup]ior  
qualities !y are seldom va9 or spoil$4  
,x w\ld be greatly to ! advantage ( su* 
*ildr5 if _! sup]ior ability 7 m        
promptly & fully recogniz$1 & if 7"u    
prop] m$ical sup]vision1 ( c\rse7 !y 7  
promot$ z rapidly z _! m5tal developm5t 
w\ld w>rant4 ,unless !y are giv5 ! grade
 ( "w :i* calls =? _! be/ ef=ts1 !y run 
! risk ( fall+ into lifelong habits (   

submaximum effici5cy4 ,! dang] 9 ! case 
( su* *ildr5 is n ov]-pressure1 b       
"u-pressure4  ,,intellig5ce ,,te/s ,,z  
,a ,,basis ,,= ,,grad+4 ,n only 9 ! case
 ( ret>d$ or exceptionally bright       
*ildr51 b ) _m o!rs also1 intellig5ce   
te/s c aid 9 correctly plac+ ! *ild 9   
s*ool4  ,! pupil :o ent]s "o s*ool sy/em
 f ano!r is a case 9 po9t4 ,su* a pupil 
ne>ly always suff]s a loss ( "t4 ,!     
indef5sible cu/om is to grade ! newcom] 
d[n a little1 because1 =soo?1 !         
textbooks he has /udi$ may h diff]$     
some:at f ^? he is ab\t to take up1 or  
because ! s*ool sy/em f :i* he comes may
 be look$ ^u z inf]ior4 ,tea*]s are too 
(t5 suspici\s ( all o!r educational     
me?ods besides _! own4 ,! pres5t        
treatm5t accord$ su* *ildr51 :i* s (t5  
does !m inju/ice & injury1 %\ld be      
replac$ by an intellig5ce te/4 ,! h\r ( 
"t requir$ = ! te/ is a small matt] 9   
comp>ison ) ! loss ( a s*ool t]m by !   
pupils4  ,inde$1 x w\ld be desirable to 
make all promotions on ! basis *iefly ( 

intellectual ability4 ,hi!rto ! s*ool   
has _h to rely on te/s ( in=mation      
because reliable te/s ( intellig5ce h n 
until rec5tly be5 available4 ,z tra9$   
,b9et exam9]s become m pl5tiful1 !      
in=mation /&>d w h to give way to !     
crit]ion :i* asks m]ely t ! *ild %all be
 able to d ! "w ( ! next high] grade4 ,!
 brief intellig5ce te/ is n only m      
enlight5+ ?an ! exam9ation2 x is also m 
hygi5ic4 ,! s*ool exam9ation is (t5 = ! 
*ild a s\rce ( worry & anxiety2 ! m5tal 
te/ is an int]e/+ & pleasant exp]i5ce4  
,,intellig5ce ,,te/s ,,= ,,vocational   
,,fitness4 ,! "t is probably n f> di/ant
 :5 intellig5ce te/s w become a         
recogniz$ & widely us$ in/rum5t =       
det]m9+ vocational fitness4 ,( c\rse1 x 
is n claim$ t te/s are available :i* w  
tell u un]r+ly exactly :at "o ( a ?\s&  
or m occupations a giv5 individual is   
be/ fitt$ to pursue4 ,b :5 ?\s&s (      
*ildr5 :o h be5 te/$ by ! ,b9et scale h 
be5 foll[$ out into ! indu/rial _w1 & _!
 success 9 v>i\s occupations not$1 we   

%all "k fairly def9itely ! vocational   
significance ( any giv5 degree ( m5tal  
inf]iority or sup]iority4 ,rese>*es (   
?is k9d w ultimately det]m9e ! m9imum   
intellig5ce quoti5t necess>y = success 9
 ea* lead+ occupation4  ,indu/rial      
conc]ns d\btless suff] enorm\s losses f 
! employm5t ( p]sons ^: m5tal ability is
 n equal to ! tasks !y are expect$ to   
p]=m4 ,! pres5t me?ods ( try+ out new   
employees1 transf]r+ !m to simpl] &     
simpl] jobs z _! ineffici5cy becomes    
app>5t1 is wa/eful & to a great ext5t   
unnecess>y4 ,a *eap] & m satisfactory   
me?od w\ld be to employ a psy*ologi/ to 
exam9e applicants = positions & to we$  
out ! unfit4 ,any bus9ess employ+ z _m z
 five hundr$ or a ?\s& work]s1 z1 =     
example1 a l>ge dep>tm5t /ore1 c\ld save
 9 ?is way sev]al times ! sal>y ( a     
well-tra9$ psy*ologi/4  ,t ! indu/rially
 ineffici5t are (t5 ( subnormal         
intellig5ce has already be5 demon/rat$ 9
 a numb] ( psy*ological inve/igations4  
,( #aej hoboes te/$ "u ! direction ( !  

writ] by ,mr4 ,knoll91 at lea/ #ae p]   
c5t belong$ to ! moron grade ( m5tal    
defici5cy1 & almo/ z _m m 7 bord]-l9e   
cases4 ,to be sure1 a l>ge proportion 7 
f\nd p]fectly normal1 & a few ev5       
decid$ly sup]ior 9 m5tal ability1 b !   
ratio ( m5tal defici5cy 0 t5 or fifte5  
times z high z t hold+ = ! g5]al        
population4 ,sev]al _h z l[ z #i- or    
#aj-ye> intellig5ce1 & "o _h a m5tal    
level ( #g ye>s4 ,! indu/rial hi/ory (  
su* subjects1 z giv5 by !mselves1 0     
always ab\t :at ! m5tal level w\ld lead 
u to expect--unskill$ "w1 lack ( int]e/ 
9 accompli%m5t1 frequ5t dis*>ge f jobs1 
disc\ragem5t1 & f9ally ! road4  ,! above
 f9d+s h be5 fully p>allel$ by ,mr4     
,gl5n ,johnson & ,pr(essor ,eleanor     
,r[l&1 ( ,re$ ,college1 :o te/$ #ajh    
unemploy$ *>ity cases 9 ,portl&1        
,oregon4 ,bo? ( ^! inve/igators made use
 ( ! ,/an=d revision ( ! ,b9et scale1   
:i* is especially s]viceable 9 di/+ui%+ 
! upp]-grade defectives f normals4  ,x  
h>dly ne$s to be emphasiz$ t :5 *>ity   

organizations help ! feeble-m9d$ to     
float along 9 ! social & indu/rial _w1 &
 to produce & re> *ildr5 aft] _! k9d1 a 
d\btful s]vice is r5d]$4 ,a little      
psy*ological rese>* w\ld aid ! unit$    
*>ities ( any city to direct _!         
exp5ditures into m pr(itable *annels ?an
 w\ld o!rwise be possible4  ,,o!r ,,uses
 ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,te/s4 ,ano!r       
important use ( intellig5ce te/s is 9 ! 
/udy ( ! factors :i* influ5ce m5tal     
developm5t4 ,x is desirable t we %\ld be
 able to gu>d ! *ild aga9/ influ5ces :i*
 affect m5tal developm5t unfavorably2 b 
z long z ^! influ5ces h n be5 sift$1    
weigh$1 & measur$1 we h no?+ b          
conjecture on :i* to base our ef=ts 9   
?is direction4  ,:5 we se>* ! lit]ature 
( *ild hygi5e = reliable evid5ce z to ! 
injuri\s effects ^u m5tal ability (     
malnutrition1 decay$ tee?1 ob/ruct$     
brea?+1 r$uc$ sleep1 bad v5tilation1    
insuffici5t ex]cise1 etc41 we are met by
 endless ass]tion pa9fully unsupport$ by
 demon/rat$ fact4 ,we h1 inde$1 v little

 exact k reg>d+ ! m5tal effects ( any ( 
! factors j m5tion$4 ,:5 /&>diz$ m5tal  
te/s h come into m g5]al use1 su*       
influ5ces w be easy to detect :]ev] !y  
are really pres5t4  ,aga91 ! mo/        
important "q ( h]$ity is t reg>d+ !     
inh]itance ( intellig5ce2 b ?is is a    
problem :i* _c be attack$ at all )\t "s 
accurate means ( id5tify+ ! ?+ :i* is ! 
object ( /udy4 ,)\t ! use ( scales =    
measur+ intellig5ce we c give no bett]  
answ] z to ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a 
g5ius & a fool ?an is to be f\nd 9 leg5d
 & fiction4  ,apply+ ?is to s*ool       
*ildr51 x means t )\t su* te/s we _c "k 
to :at ext5t a *ild's m5tal p]=mances   
are det]m9$ by environm5t & to :at ext5t
 by h]$ity4 ,is ! place ( ! s-call$ l[] 
classes 9 ! social & indu/rial scale !  
result ( _! inf]ior native end[m5t1 or  
is _! app>5t inf]iority m]ely a result (
 _! inf]ior home & s*ool tra9+8 ,is     
g5ius m common among *ildr5 ( ! educat$ 
classes ?an among ! *ildr5 ( ! ignorant 
& poor8 ,are ! inf]ior races really     

inf]ior1 or are !y m]ely un=tunate 9 _! 
lack ( opportunity to le>n8  ,only      
intellig5ce te/s c answ] ^! que/ions &  
grade ! raw mat]ial ) :i* education     
works4 ,)\t !m we c nev] di/+ui% !      
results ( our educational ef=ts ) a giv5
 *ild f ! influ5ce ( ! *ild's orig9al   
end[m5t4 ,su* te/s w\ld h told u1 =     
example1 :e!r ! mu*-discuss$ wond]      
*ildr51 su* z ! ,sidis & ,wi5] boys & ! 
,/on] girl1 owe _! precoci\s            
intellectual pr[ess to sup]ior tra9+ 7z 
_! p>5ts believe7 or to sup]ior native  
ability4 ,! suppos$ effects ^u m5tal    
developm5t ( new me?ods ( m9d tra9+1 :i*
 are exploit$ s confid5tly f "t to "t   
7e4g41 ! ,montessori me?od & ! v>i\s    
sy/ems ( s5sory & motor tra9+ = !       
feeble-m9d$71 w h to be *eck$ up by !   
same k9d ( sci5tific measurem5t4  ,9 all
 ^! fields intellig5ce te/s are c]ta9 to
 play an ev]-increas+ rle4 ,) !         
exception ( moral "* !re is no?+ z      
significant = a *ild's future z 8 grade 
( intellig5ce4 ,ev5 heal? itself is     

likely to h less influ5ce 9 det]m9+     
success 9 life4 ,al?\gh /r5g? &         
swiftness h always _h great survival    
value among ! l[] animals1 ^!           
*>act]i/ics h long s9ce lo/ _! supremacy
 9 man's /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,= u ! rule 
( brawn has be5 brok51 & intellig5ce has
 become ! decisive factor 9 success4    
,s*ools1 railroads1 factories1 & ! l>ge/
 comm]cial conc]ns may be successfully  
manag$ by p]sons :o are physically weak 
or ev5 sickly4 ,"o :o has intellig5ce   
con/antly measures opportunities aga9/ 8
 own /r5g? or weakness & adju/s himself 
to conditions by foll[+ ^? leads :i*    
promise mo/ t[>d ! realization ( 8      
individual possibilities4  ,all classes 
( intellects1 ! weake/ z well z !       
/ronge/1 w pr(it by ! application ( _!  
tal5ts to tasks :i* are consonant ) _!  
ability4 ,:5 we h le>n$ ! lessons :i*   
intellig5ce te/s h to tea*1 we %all no  
long] blame m5tally defective workm5 =  
_! indu/rial ineffici5cy1 puni%         
weak-m9d$ *ildr5 because ( _! inability 

to le>n1 or imprison & hang m5tally     
defective crim9als because !y lack$ !   
intellig5ce to appreciate ! ord9>y codes
 ( social conduct4     ,,*apt] ,,ii     
,,s\rces ,,( ,,error ,,9 ,,judg+        
,,intellig5ce   ,,are ,,intellig5ce     
,,te/s ,,sup]flu\s8 ,b9et tells u t he  
(t5 enc\nt]$ ! criticism t intellig5ce  
te/s are sup]flu\s1 & t 9 go+ to s mu*  
tr\ble to devise 8 measur+ scale he 0   
=c+ an op5 door4 ,^? :o made ?is        
criticism believ$ t ! obs]vant tea*] or 
p>5t is able to make an (fh& e/imate ( a
 *ild's intellig5ce :i* is accurate     
en\gh4 ,x is a /upid tea*]1 said "o1 :o 
ne$s a psy*ologi/ to tell h] :i* pupils 
are n intellig5t4 ,e "o :o uses         
intellig5ce te/s meets ?is attitude f "t
 to "t4  ,?is %\ld n be surpris+ or     
disc\rag+4 ,x is only natural t ^? :o   
are unfamili> ) ! me?ods ( psy*ology    
%\ld occasionally "q _! validity or     
wor?1 j z !re are _m excell5t p :o d n  
believe 9 vacc9ation aga9/ typhoid &    
small pox1 op]ations = app5dicitis1 etc4

  ,!re is an additional reason :y !     
applications ( psy*ology h to ov]come a 
good deal ( cons]vatism & skepticism2   
namely1 ! fact t e "o1 :e!r             
psy*ologically tra9$ or n1 acquires 9 ! 
ord9>y exp]i5ces ( life a c]ta9 degree (
 exp]tness 9 ! obs]vation &             
int]pretation ( m5tal traits4 ,!        
possession ( ?is little fund ( practical
 work+ k makes mo/ p sl[ to admit any   
"o's claim to great] exp]tness4 ,:5 !   
a/ronom] tells u ! di/ance to ,jupit]1  
we accept 8 /atem5t1 because we         
recognize t our ord9>y exp]i5ce af=ds no
 basis = judgm5t ab\t su* matt]s4 ,b e  
"o acquires m or less facility 9        
di/+ui%+ ! co>s] diff]5ces among p 9    
intellig5ce1 & ?is half-k naturally     
g5]ates a c]ta9 am\nt ( resi/ance to ! m
 ref9$ me?od ( te/s4  ,x %\ld be evid5t1
 h[ev]1 t we ne$ m ?an ! ability m]ely  
to di/+ui% a g5ius f a simpleton1 j z a 
physician ne$s some?+ m ?an ! ability to
 di/+ui% an a?lete f a man dy+ (        
consumption4 ,x is necess>y to h a      

def9ite & accurate diagnosis1 "o :i* w  
diff]5tiate m f9ely ! _m degrees &      
qualities ( intellig5ce4 ,j z 9 ! case (
 physical illness1 we ne$ to "k n m]ely 
t ! pati5t is sick1 b also :y he is     
sick1 :at organs are involv$1 :at c\rse 
! illness w run1 & :at physical "w !    
pati5t c safely und]take1 s 9 ! case ( a
 ret>d$ *ild1 we ne$ to "k ! exact      
degree ( intellectual defici5cy1 :at    
m5tal functions are *iefly conc]n$ 9 !  
defect1 :e!r ! defici5cy is due to      
innate end[m5t1 to physical illness1 or 
to faults ( education1 & :at l9es (     
m5tal activity ! *ild w be able to      
pursue ) reasonable hope ( success4 ,9 !
 diagnosis ( a case ( malnutrition1 !   
up-to-date physician does n dep5d ^u    
g5]al symptoms1 b in/ead makes a blood  
te/ to det]m9e ! exact numb] ( r$       
corpuscles p] cubic millimet] ( blood & 
! exact p]c5tage ( hmoglob94 ,he has    
le>n$ t ext]nal appe>ances are (t5      
mislead+4 ,simil>ly1 e psy*ologi/ :o is 
exp]i5c$ 9 ! m5tal exam9ation ( s*ool   

*ildr5 kn[s t 8 own or ! tea*]'s e/imate
 ( a *ild's intellig5ce is subject to   
grave & frequ5t error4  ,,! ,,necessity 
,,( ,,/&>ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] to 
judge an individual's intellig5ce x is  
necess>y to h 9 m9d "s /&>d z to :at    
con/itutes normal intellig5ce4 ,?is !   
ord9>y p>5t or tea*] does n h4 ,9 ! case
 ( s*ool *ildr51 = example1 ea* pupil is
 judg$ ) ref]5ce to ! av]age intellig5ce
 ( ! class4 ,b ! tea*] has no means (   
kn[+ :e!r ! av]age = h] class is above1 
equal to1 or bel[ t = *ildr5 9 g5]al4   
,h] /&>d may be too high1 too l[1 vague1
 me*anical1 or fragm5t>y4 ,! same1 (    
c\rse1 holds 9 ! case ( p>5ts or any "o 
else attempt+ to e/imate intellig5ce on 
! basis ( common obs]vation4  ,,!       
,,intellig5ce ,,( ,,ret>d$ ,,*ildr5     
,,usually ,,ov]e/imat$4 ,"o ( ! mo/     
common errors made by ! tea*] is to     
ov]e/imate ! intellig5ce ( ! ov]-age    
pupil4 ,?is is because %e fails to take 
acc\nt ( age diff]5ces & e/imates       
intellig5ce on ! basis ( ! *ild's s*ool 

p]=mance 9 ! grade :]e he happ5s to be  
locat$4 ,%e t5ds to ov]look ! fact t    
quality ( s*ool "w is no index (        
intellig5ce unless age is tak5 into     
acc\nt4 ,! "q %\ld be1 n1 ,is ?is *ild  
do+ 8 s*ool "w well8 b r1 ,9 :at s*ool  
grade %\ld a *ild ( ?is age be able to d
 satisfactory "w8 ,a high-grade imbecile
 may d av]age "w 9 ! fir/ grade1 & a    
high-grade moron av]age "w 9 ! ?ird or  
f\r? grade1 provid$ only !y are         
suffici5tly ov]-age = ! grade 9 "q4     
,our exp]i5ce 9 te/+ *ildr5 =           
segregation 9 special classes has "t &  
aga9 br\ght ?is fallacy ( tea*]s to our 
att5tion4 ,we h (t5 f\nd "o or m        
feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 9 a class aft] !     
tea*] _h confid5tly ass]t$ t !re 0 n a  
s+le exceptionally dull *ild pres5t4 ,9 
e case :]e !re has be5 opportunity to   
foll[ ! lat] s*ool progress ( su* a *ild
 ! validity ( ! intellig5ce te/ has be5 
fully confirm$4  ,! foll[+ are typical  
examples ( ! neglect ( tea*]s to take ! 
age factor into acc\nt :5 e/imat+ !     

intellig5ce ( ! ov]-age *ild3--      ,a4
 ,r4 ,girl1 age #aa2 9 l[ second grade4 
,%e 0 able to d     ! "w ( ?is grade1 n 
well1 b passably4 ,! tea*]'s     judgm5t
 z to ?is *ild's intellig5ce 0 dull b n 
defective4 ,:at ! tea*] ov]look$ 0 !    
fact t %e     _h judg$ ! *ild by a      
#g-ye> /&>d1 & t1 in/ead (     only be+ 
able to d ! "w ( ! second grade         
indiff]5tly1 a *ild ( ?is age %\ld h be5
 equal to !     "w ( ! fif? grade4 ,9   
reality1 ,a4 ,r4 is def9itely           
feeble-m9d$4 ,al?\gh %e is f a home (   
av]age culture1     is #aa ye>s old1 &  
has att5d$ s*ool five ye>s1 %e has      
b>ely ! intellig5ce ( ! av]age *ild (   
six ye>s4      ,d4 ,c4 ,boy1 age #ag2 9 
fif? grade4 ,8 tea*] knew t he     0    
dull1 b _h n ?\ght ( him z belong+ to ! 
class     ( feeble-m9d$4 ,%e _h judg$   
?is boy by ! #aa-ye>     /&>d & _h      
p]haps be5 fur!r misl$ by 8 normal      
appe>ance & exceptionally satisfactory  
behavior4 ,! ,b9et     te/ quickly %[$ t
 he _h a m5tal level ( approximately    

#i ye>s4 ,!re is little probability t 8 
compreh5sion w     ev] surpass t ( !    
av]age #aj-ye>-old4      ,r4 ,a4 ,boy1  
age #ag2 m5tal age #aa2 six? grade2     
s*ool "w     ne>ly av]age2 tea*]'s      
e/imate ( intellig5ce av]age4     ,te/  
pla9ly %[s ?is *ild to be a high-grade  
moron1 or     bord]-l9] at be/4 ,_h     
att5d$ s*ool regul>ly #aa ye>s &     _h 
made #f grades4 ,tea*] _h comp>$ *ild ) 
8     #ab-ye>-old classmates4      ,h4  
,a4 ,boy1 age #ad2 m5tal age #i-f2 l[   
f\r? grade2 s*ool     "w inf]ior2       
tea*]'s e/imate ( intellig5ce av]age4   
,! tea*] blam$ ! inf]ior quality ( s*ool
 "w to bad     home environm5t4 ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 ! boy's fa!r is           
feeble-m9d$ & ! normality ( ! "m is     
que/ionable4     ,an old] bro!r is 9 a  
re=m s*ool4 ,we are p]fectly safe 9     
pr$ict+ t ?is boy w n complete ! eigh?  
grade ev5     if he att5ds s*ool till he
 is #ba ye>s ( age4      ,f4 ,i4 ,boy1  
age #ab-aa2 m5tal age #i-d2 ?ird grade2 
s*ool "w     av]age2 tea*]'s e/imate (  

intellig5ce av]age2 social              
environm5t av]age2 heal? good &         
att5dance regul>4     ,intellig5ce &    
s*ool success are :at we %\ld expect (  
an     av]age #i-ye>-old4      ,d4 ,a4  
,boy1 age #ab2 m5tal age #i-b2 ?ird     
grade2 s*ool "w     inf]ior2 tea*]'s    
e/imate ( intellig5ce av]age4     ,tea*]
 imputes inf]ior s*ool "w to abs5ce f   
s*ool &     lack ( int]e/ 9 books2 we h 
yet to f9d a *ild ) a     m5tal age #be 
p] c5t bel[ *ronological age :o 0       
p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 books or en?usia/ic
 ab\t s*ool4      ,c4 ,u4 ,girl1 age    
#aj2 m5tal age #g-h2 second grade2 s*ool
 "w     av]age2 tea*]'s e/imate (       
intellig5ce av]age4     ,tea*] blames   
ad5oids & bad tee? = ret>dation4 ,no    
d\bt     ( *ild's m5tal defici5cy4      
,p4 ,i4 ,girl1 age #h-aj2 m5tal age     
#f-g2 has be5 9 fir/ grade     #b ye>s2 
s*ool "w av]age2 tea*]'s e/imate (      
intellig5ce av]age4 ,! "m & "o bro!r (  
?is girl     are bo? feeble-m9d$4       
,h4 ,o4 ,girl1 age #g-aj2 m5tal age     

#e-b2 fir/ grade = #b ye>s2     s*ool "w
 inf]ior2 tea*]'s e/imate ( intellig5ce 
av]age4 ,! tea*] nev]!less adds1 ,?is   
*ild is n     normal1 b h] ability to   
respond to drill %[s t %e has           
intellig5ce4 ,x is ( c\rse true t ev5   
feeble-m9d$     *ildr5 ( #e-ye>         
intellig5ce are able to pr(it a little f
     drill4 ,_! weakness comes to light 
9 _! inability to     p]=m high] types (
 m5tal activity4  ,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,( 
,,sup]ior ,,*ildr5 ,,usually            
,,und]e/imat$4 ,we h already m5tion$ !  
frequ5t failure ( tea*]s & p>5ts to     
recognize sup]ior ability4#g ,! fallacy 
"h is aga9 l>gely due to ! neglect ( !  
age factor1 b ! result+ error is 9 !    
opposite direction f t set =? above4 ,! 
sup]ior *ild is likely to be a ye> or   
two y\ng] ?an ! av]age *ild ( 8 grade1 &
 is accord+ly judg$ by a /&>d :i* is too
 high4 ,! foll[+ are illu/rations3--  #g
 ,see p4 #ac ff4      ,m4 ,l4 ,girl1 age
 #aa-b2 m5tal age av]age adult 7#af72   
six?     grade2 s*ool "w sup]ior2       

tea*]'s e/imate (     intellig5ce       
av]age4 ,tea*] cr$its sup]ior s*ool "w  
to     unusual home advantages4 ,fa!r a 
college pr(essor4 ,!     tea*] consid]s 
! *ild accel]at$ 9 s*ool4 ,9 reality    
%e ought to be 9 ! second ye> ( high    
s*ool in/ead ( 9     ! six? grade4      
,h4 ,a4 ,boy1 age #aa2 m5tal age #ad2   
six? grade2 s*ool "w     av]age2 tea*]'s
 e/imate ( intellig5ce av]age4          
,accord+ to ! supplem5t>y in=mation !   
boy is     wond]fully att5tive1 /udi\s1 
& possess$ (     all-r\nd ability4 ,!   
e/imate ( av]age intellig5ce 0          
probably ! result ( comp>+ him )        
classmates :o     av]ag$ ab\t a ye>     
old]4      ,k4 ,r4 ,girl1 age #f-a2     
m5tal age #h-e2 second grade2 s*ool "w  
av]age2 tea*]'s e/imate ( intellig5ce   
sup]ior2 social     environm5t av]age4  
,is x n evid5t t a *ild f     ord9>y    
social environm5t1 :o does "w ( av]age  
quality 9     ! second grade :5 b>ely #f
 ye>s ( age1 %\ld be judg$     v sup]ior
 r ?an m]ely sup]ior 9 intellig5ce8     

,! intellig5ce quoti5t ( ?is girl is    
#adj1 :i* is n     rea*$ by m ?an "o    
*ild 9 two hundr$4      ,s4 ,a4 ,boy1   
age #h-aj2 m5tal age #aj-i2 f\r? grade2 
s*ool "w     av]age2 tea*]'s e/imate (  
intellig5ce av]age4     ,tea*] attribut$
 s*ool accel]ation to /udi\sness &      
delight 9 s*ool "w4 ,x w\ld be m        
reasonable to inf]     t ^! traits are  
indications ( unusually sup]ior         
intellig5ce4  ,,o!r ,,fallacies ,,9 ,,! 
,,e/imation ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 ,ano!r   
s\rce ( error 9 ! tea*]'s judgm5t comes 
f ! difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ g5u9e dullness
 f ! m5tal condition :i* results        
sometimes f unfavorable social          
environm5t or lack ( tra9+4      ,v4 ,p4
 ,boy1 age #g4 ,_h att5d$ s*ool "o ye> &
 _h     pr(it$ v little f ! in/ruction4 
,he _h le>n$ to     read v little1 spoke
 *iefly 9 monosyllables1 & seem$        
que]4 ,! tea*] suspect$ 8 intellig5ce & 
ask$ = a     m5tal exam9ation4 ,! ,b9et 
te/ %[$ t except =     vocabul>y1 :i* 0 
unusually l[1 !re 0 practically no      

m5tal ret>dation4 ,inquiry disclos$ !   
fact t ! boy's     p>5ts 7 un$ucat$     
deaf-mutes1 & t ! boy _h     associat$  
little ) o!r *ildr54 ,f\r ye>s lat] ?is 
boy     0 do+ fairly well 9 s*ool1 ?\gh 
a ye> ret>d$ because     ( 8 unfavorable
 home environm5t4      ,x4 ,y4 ,boy1 age
 #aj4 ,son ( a successful bus9ess man1  
he 0     b>ely able to read 9 ! second  
read]4 ,! ,b9et te/     reveal$ an      
intellig5ce level :i* 0 absolutely      
normal4 ,!     boy 0 remov$ to a special
 class :]e he c\ld receive              
individual att5tion1 & two ye>s lat] 0  
f\nd do+ good     "w 9 a regul> class ( 
! fif? grade4 ,8 bad beg9n+     seem$ to
 h be5 due to an unfavorable attitude   
t[>d s*ool     "w1 due 9 turn to lack ( 
discipl9e 9 ! home1 & to !     fact t   
because ( ! fa!r's frequ5t *ange (      
bus9ess     headqu>t]s ! boy _h nev]    
att5d$ "o s*ool long] ?an     ?ree      
mon?s4  ,ano!r s\rce ( error 9 judg+    
intellig5ce f common obs]vation is !    
t5d5cy to ov]e/imate ! intellig5ce ( !  

sprightly1 talkative1 sangu9e *ild1 & to
 und]e/imate ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild :o  
is less emotional1 reacts sl[ly1 & talks
 little4 ,"o occasionally f9ds a        
feeble-m9d$ adult1 p]haps ( only #i- or 
#aj-ye> intellig5ce1 ^: v]bal flu5cy1   
m5tal livel9ess1 & self-confid5ce w\ld  
mislead ! (fh& judgm5t ( ev5 !          
psy*ologi/4 ,"o individual ( ?is type1 a
 bord]-l9e case at be/1 0 accu/om$ to   
h>angue /reet audi5ces & _h s]v$ z major
 9 ,kelly's ,army1 a horde ( sev]al     
hundr$ unemploy$ m5 :o a few ye>s ago   
organiz$ & />t$ to m>* f ,san ,francisco
 to ,wa%+ton4  ,,b9et',s ,,que/ionnaire 
,,on ,,tea*]s' ,,me?ods ,,( ,,judg+     
,,intellig5ce4#h ,ar\s$ by ! skepticism 
s (t5 %[n t[>d 8 te/ me?od1 ,b9et decid$
 to make a little /udy ( ! me?ods by :i*
 tea*]s are accu/om$ to arrive at a     
judgm5t z to a *ild's intellig5ce4      
,accord+ly1 ?r\gh ! cop]ation ( !       
director ( elem5t>y education 9 ,p>is1  
he secur$ answ]s f a numb] ( tea*]s to !
 foll[+ que/ions3--  #h ,see p4 #afi ff4

 ( ref]5ce #b1 at end ( ?is book    #a4 
,by :at means d y judge ! intellig5ce ( 
y\r pupils8   #b4 ,h[ (t5 h y be5       
deceiv$ 9 y\r judgm5ts8  ,ab\t #dj      
replies 7 receiv$4 ,mo/ ( ! answ]s to ! 
fir/ "q 7 vague1 "o-sid$1 v]bal1 or     
booki%4 ,only a few %[$ mu* psy*ological
 discrim9ation z to :at intellig5ce is &
 :at its symptoms are4 ,!re 0 a v g5]al 
t5d5cy to judge intellig5ce by success 9
 "o or m ( ! s*ool /udies4 ,"s ?\ght t  
ability to ma/] ari?metic 0 a sure      
crit]ion4 ,o!rs 7 influ5c$ almo/        
entirely by ! pupil's ability to read4  
,"o tea*] said t ! *ild :o c read s     
expressively z to make y feel !         
punctuation is c]ta9ly intellig5t1 an   
obs]vation :i* is r good1 z f> z x goes4
 ,a few judg$ intellig5ce by ! pupil's k
 ( su* subjects z hi/ory & geography1   
:i*1 z ,b9et po9ts out1 is to conf\nd   
intellig5ce ) ! ability to memorize4    
,memory1 says ,b9et1 is a great         
simulator ( intellig5ce4 ,x is a wise   
tea*] :o is n deceiv$ by x4 ,only a     

small m9ority m5tion$ res\rcefulness 9  
play1 capacity to adju/ to practical    
situations1 or any o!r out-(-s*ool      
crit]ia4  ,"s sugge/$ ask+ ! pupil su*  
que/ions z ! foll[+3--      ,:y d y love
 y\r p>5ts8 ,if x takes ?ree p]sons sev5
     h\rs to d a piece ( "w1 w\ld x take
 sev5 p]sons any     long]8 ,:i* w\ld y 
r h1 a f\r? ( a pie1 or a     half ( a  
half8 ,:i* is heavi]1 a p\nd ( fea!rs or
 a     p\nd ( lead8 ,if y _h tw5ty c5ts 
:at w\ld y d )     x8  ,a great _m bas$ 
_! judgm5t ma9ly on ! g5]al appe>ance ( 
! face & eyes4 ,an active or passive    
expression ( ! eyes 0 look$ ^u z        
especially significant4 ,"o tea*] ?\ght 
t a m]e glance ( ! eye 0 suffici5t to   
display ! grade ( intellig5ce4 ,if !    
eyes are p5etrat+1 reflective1 or %[    
curiosity1 ! *ild mu/ be intellig5t2 if 
!y are heavy & expressionless1 he mu/ be
 dull4 ,! mobility ( c\nt5ance came 9 = 
frequ5t m5tion1 also ! %ape ( ! head4   
,no "o w d5y t intellig5ce displays     
itself to a great] or less ext5t 9 !    

features2 b h[1 asks ,b9et1 are we go+  
to /&>dize a glance ( ! eye or an       
expression ( curiosity s t x w s]ve z an
 exact measure ( intellig5ce8  ,! fact  
is1 ! m "o sees ( feeble-m9d$ *ildr51 ! 
less reliance "o comes to place ^u      
facial expression z a sign (            
intellig5ce4 ,"s *ildr5 :o are only     
slightly backw>d h ! g5]al appe>ance (  
l[-grade imbeciles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n a   
few :o are di/9ctly feeble-m9d$ are     
pretty & attractive4 ,) _m su* *ildr5 a 
ready smile takes ! place (             
compreh5sion4 ,if ! smile is r sweet &  
sympa!tic1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! obs]v] is 
almo/ sure to be deceiv$4  ,z reg>ds !  
%ape ( ! head1 peculi> con=mation ( !   
e>s1 & o!r /igmata1 sci5ce long ago     
demon/rat$ t ^! are ord9>ily ( little or
 no significance4  ,9 reply to ! second 
"q1 "s tea*]s /at$ t !y nev] made a     
mi/ake1 :ile o!rs admitt$ failure 9 "o  
case out ( ?ree4 ,/ill o!rs said1 ,once 
9 t5 ye>s1 once 9 tw5ty ye>s1 once 9 a  
?\s& times1 etc4  ,z ,b9et rem>ks1 !    

answ]s to ?is "q are n v enlight5+4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 ! tea*] z a rule loses     
sight ( ! pupil :5 he has pass$ f h]    
c>e1 & seldom has opportunity ( f9d+ out
 :e!r 8 lat] success belies h] judgm5t  
or confirms x4 ,errors g undiscov]$ = ! 
simple reason t !re is no opportunity to
 *eck !m up4 ,9 ! second place1 h]      
e/imate is s r\gh t an error mu/ be v   
great 9 ord] to h any mean+4 ,if ,i say 
t a man is six feet & two in*es tall1 x 
is easy en\gh to apply a measur+ /ick & 
prove ! correctness or incorrectness (  
my ass]tion4 ,b if ,i say simply t ! man
 is r tall1 or v tall1 ! error mu/ be v 
extreme be=e we c expose x1 p>ticul>ly  
s9ce ! e/imate c itself be *eck$ up only
 by obs]vation & n by controll$         
exp]im5t4  ,! tea*]s' answ]s seem to    
ju/ify ?ree conclusions3--  #a4 ,tea*]s 
d n h a v def9ite idea ( :at con/itutes 
intellig5ce4 ,!y t5d to confuse x       
v>i\sly ) capacity = memoriz+1 facility 
9 read+1 ability to ma/] ari?metic1 etc4
 ,on ! :ole1 _! /&>d is too academic4   

,!y fail to appreciate ! "o-sid$ness ( !
 s*ool's dem&s ^u intellig5ce4  ,9 a    
qua9tly humor\s passage discuss+ ?is    
t5d5cy1 ,b9et *>act]izes ! *ild 9 a     
class z dnatur1 a ,fr5* ^w :i* we may   
translate 7?\gh r too lit]ally7 z       
d5atur$4 ,too (t5 ?is d5atur$ *ild ( !  
classroom is ! only *ild ! tea*] kn[s4  
#b4 ,9 judg+ intellig5ce tea*]s are too 
easily deceiv$ by a sprightly attitude1 
a sympa!tic expression1 a glance ( !    
eye1 or a *ance bump on ! head4  #c4    
,al?\gh a few tea*]s seem to realize !  
_m possibilities ( error1 ! majority %[ 
r undue confid5ce 9 ! accuracy ( _!     
judgm5t4  ,,b9et',s ,,exp]im5t ,,on ,,h[
 ,,tea*]s ,,te/ ,,intellig5ce4#i        
,f9ally1 ,b9et _h ?ree tea*]s come to 8 
laboratory to judge ! intellig5ce (     
*ildr5 :om !y _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,ea*    
sp5t an aft]noon 9 ! laboratory & exam9$
 five pupils4 ,9 ea* case ! tea*] 0 left
 free to arrive at a conclusion 9 h] own
 way4 ,b9et1 :o rema9$ 9 ! room & took  
notes1 rec\nts ) playful humor h[ !     

tea*]s 7 unavoidably compell$ to resort 
to ! mu*-abus$ te/ me?od1 al?\gh _!     
attempts at us+ x 7 sometimes1 f !      
psy*ologi/'s po9t ( view1 amus+ly       
clumsy4  #i ,see p4 #ahb ff4 ( ref]5ce  
#b at end ( ?is book4  ,"o tea*]1 =     
example1 que/ion$ ! *ildr5 ab\t "s      
canals & sluices :i* 7 9 ! vic9ity1 ask+
 :at _! purpose 0 & h[ !y work$4 ,ano!r 
%[$ ! *ildr5 "s pretty pictures1 :i* %e 
_h br\ght ) h] = ! purpose1 & ask$      
que/ions ab\t !m4 ,%[+ ! picture ( a    
g>ret1 %e ask$ h[ a g>ret diff]s f an   
ord9>y room4 ,"o tea*] ask$ :e!r 9      
build+ a factory x 0 be/ to h ! walls   
?ick or ?94 ,z ,k+ ,edw>d _h j di$1     
ano!r tea*] que/ion$ ! *ildr5 ab\t !    
details ( ?is ev5t1 9 ord] to f9d out   
:e!r !y 7 9 ! habit ( read+ ! newspap]s1
 or und]/ood ! ?+s !y he>d o!rs read4   
,o!r que/ions relat$ to ! names ( !     
/reets 9 ! neighborhood1 ! road "o %\ld 
take to rea* a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! vic9ity1  
etc4 ,b9et notes t _m ( ! que/ions 7    
special1 & 7 only applicable ) ! *ildr5 

( ?is p>ticul> s*ool4  ,! me?od (       
propos+ ! que/ions & judg+ ! responses 0
 also at fault4 ,! tea*]s did n adh]e   
consi/5tly to any def9ite =mula 9 giv+ a
 p>ticul> te/ to ! diff]5t *ildr54      
,in/ead1 ! que/ions 7 mat]ially alt]$ f 
"t to "t4 ,"o tea*] scor$ ! id5tical    
response diff]5tly = two *ildr51 giv+ "o
 *ild m cr$it ?an ! o!r because %e _h   
already judg$ 8 intellig5ce to be       
sup]ior4 ,9 sev]al cases ! exam9ation 0 
ne$lessly delay$ 9 ord] to in/ruct !    
*ild 9 :at he did n "k4  ,! exam9ation  
end$1 q prop]ly = a tea*]'s exam9ation1 
) que/ions ab\t hi/ory1 lit]ature1 !    
metric sy/em1 etc41 & ) ! recitation ( a
 fable4  ,a comp>ison ( ! results %[$   
h>dly any agreem5t among ! e/imates ( ! 
?ree tea*]s4 ,:5 que/ion$ ab\t ! /&>d t 
_h be5 tak5 9 arriv+ at _! conclusions1 
"o tea*] said %e _h tak5 ! answ]s ( !   
fir/ pupil z a po9t ( dep>ture1 & t %e  
_h judg$ ! o!r pupils by ?is "o4 ,ano!r 
judg$ all ! *ildr5 by a *ild ( h]       
acqua9tance :om %e knew to be           

intellig5t4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 an unsafe  
me?od1 because no "o c\ld say h[ ! *ild 
tak5 z an ideal w\ld h respond$ to !    
te/s us$ ) ! five *ildr54  ,9 summ>iz+ !
 result ( 8 little exp]im5t1 ,b9et po9ts
 out t ! tea*]s employ$1 z if by in/9ct1
 ! v me?od :i* he himself recomm5ds4 ,9 
us+ x1 h[ev]1 !y made num]\s errors4 ,_!
 que/ions 7 (t5 ne$lessly long4 ,sev]al 
7 dilemma que/ions1 t is1 answ]able by  
yes or no4 ,9 su* cases *ance alone w   
cause fifty p] c5t ( ! answ]s to be     
correct4 ,"s ( ! que/ions 7 m]ely te/s (
 s*ool k4 ,o!rs 7 entirely special1     
usable only ) ! *ildr5 ( ?is p>ticul>   
s*ool on ?is p>ticul> day4 ,n all ( !   
que/ions 7 put 9 ! same t]ms1 & a giv5  
response did n always receive ! same    
score4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 respond$ incorrectly
 or incompletely1 !y 7 (t5 giv5 help1 b 
n always to ! same ext5t4 ,9 o!r words1 
says ,b9et1 x 0 evid5t t ! tea*]s       
employ$ v awkw>dly a v excell5t me?od4  
,! above rem>k is z p]t95t z x is       
expressive4 ,z ! /atem5t implies1 ! te/ 

me?od is b a ref9em5t & /&>dization ( ! 
common-s5se approa*4 ,b9et rem>ks t mo/ 
p :o inquire into 8 me?od ( measur+     
intellig5ce d s expect+ to f9d some?+ v 
surpris+ & my/]i\s2 & on see+ h[ mu* x  
resembles ! me?ods :i* common s5se      
employs 9 ord9>y life1 !y heave a sigh (
 disappo9tm5t & say1 ,is t all8 ,b9et   
rem9ds u t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sci5tific
 & unsci5tific way ( do+ a ?+ is n      
necess>ily a diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( !    
me?od2 x is (t5 m]ely a diff]5ce 9      
exactness4 ,sci5ce does ! ?+ bett]1     
because x does x m accurately4  ,x 0 (  
c\rse n ! purpose ( ,b9et to ca/ a slur 
^u ! good s5se & judgm5t ( tea*]s4 ,!   
tea*]s :o took "p 9 ! little exp]im5t   
describ$ above 7 ,b9et's p]sonal fri5ds4
 ,! errors he po9ts out 9 8 ent]ta9+ &  
good-humor$ acc\nt ( ! exp]im5t are     
inh]5t 9 ! situation4 ,!y are ! k9d (   
errors :i* any p]son1 h[ev] discrim9at+ 
& obs]vant1 is likely to make 9 e/imat+ 
! intellig5ce ( a subject )\t ! use (   
/&>diz$ te/s4  ,x is ! writ]'s exp]i5ce 

t ! tea*]'s e/imate ( a *ild's          
intellig5ce is mu* m reliable ?an t ( ! 
av]age p>5t2 m accurate ev5 ?an t ( !   
physician :o has n _h psy*ological      
tra9+4  ,inde$1 x is an exceptional     
s*ool physician :o is able to give any v
 valuable assi/ance to tea*]s 9 !       
classification ( m5tally exceptional    
*ildr5 = special p$agogical treatm5t4   
,?is is only to be expect$1 = !         
physician has ord9>ily _h mu* less      
in/ruction 9 psy*ology ?an ! tea*]1 & ( 
c\rse inf9itely less exp]i5ce 9 judg+ ! 
m5tal p]=mances ( *ildr54 ,ev5 if       
graduat$ f a fir/-rank m$ical s*ool1 !  
in/ruction he has receiv$ 9 ! important 
subject ( m5tal defici5cy has probably  
be5 less adequate ?an t giv5 to ! /ud5ts
 ( a /&>d normal s*ool4 ,z a rule1 !    
doctor has no equipm5t or special       
fitness :i* gives him any advantage ov] 
! tea*] 9 acquir+ facility 9 ! use (    
intellig5ce te/s4  ,z = p>5ts1 x w\ld ( 
c\rse be unreasonable to expect f !m a v
 accurate judgm5t reg>d+ ! m5tal        

peculi>ities ( _! *ildr54 ,! difficulty 
is n simply t :i* comes f lack ( special
 tra9+4 ,! pres5ce ( p>5tal affection   
r5d]s imp>tial judgm5t impossible4 ,/ill
 m s]i\s are ! effects ( habituation to 
! *ild's m5tal traits4 ,z a result ( su*
 habituation ! mo/ intellig5t p>5t t5ds 
to develop an un=tunate bl9dness to all 
sorts ( abnormalities :i* exi/ 9 8 own  
*ildr54  ,! only way ( escape f !       
fallacies we h m5tion$ lies 9 ! use ( "s
 k9d ( ref9$ psy*ological proc$ure4     
,b9et te/+ is de/9$ to become univ]sally
 kn[n & practic$ 9 s*ools1 prisons1     
re=matories1 *>ity /ations1 orphan      
asylums1 & ev5 ord9>y homes1 = ! same   
reason t ,babcock te/+ has become       
univ]sal 9 dairy+4 ,ea* is indisp5sable 
to its purpose4     ,,*apt] ,,iii       
,,description ,,( ,,! ,,b9et-,,simon    
,,me?od   ,,ess5tial ,,nature ,,( ,,!   
,,scale4 ,! ,b9et scale is made up ( an 
ext5d$ s]ies ( te/s 9 ! nature ( /unts1 
or problems1 success 9 :i* dem&s !      
ex]cise ( intellig5ce4 ,z left by ,b9et1

 ! scale consi/s ( #ed te/s1 s grad$ 9  
difficulty t ! easie/ lie well )9 !     
range ( normal #c-ye>-old *ildr51 :ile !
 h>de/ tax ! intellig5ce ( ! av]age     
adult4 ,! problems are design$ prim>ily 
to te/ native intellig5ce1 n s*ool k or 
home tra9+4 ,!y try to answ] ! "q ,h[   
intellig5t is ?is *ild8 ,h[ mu* ! *ild  
has le>n$ is ( significance only 9 s f> 
z x ?r[s light on 8 ability to le>n m4  
,b9et fully appreciat$ ! fact t         
intellig5ce is n homog5e\s1 t x has _m  
aspects1 & t no "o k9d ( te/ w display x
 adequately4 ,he !re=e assembl$ = 8     
intellig5ce scale te/s ( _m diff]5t     
types1 "s ( !m design$ to display       
diff]5ces ( memory1 o!rs diff]5ces 9 p[]
 to reason1 ability to comp>e1 p[] (    
compreh5sion1 "t ori5tation1 facility 9 
! use ( numb] concepts1 p[] to comb9e   
ideas into a mean+ful :ole1 ! maturity (
 app]ception1 weal? ( ideas1 k ( common 
objects1 etc4  ,,h[ ,,! ,,scale ,,0     
,,d]iv$4 ,! te/s 7 arrang$ 9 ord] (     
difficulty1 z f\nd by try+ !m ^u "s #bjj

 normal *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages f #c to   
#ae ye>s4 ,x 0 f\nd1 = illu/ration1 t a 
c]ta9 te/ 0 pass$ by only a v small     
proportion ( ! y\ng] *ildr51 say !      
#e-ye>-olds1 & t ! numb] pass+ ?is te/  
increas$ rapidly 9 ! succe$+ ye>s until 
by ! age ( #g or #h ye>s1 let u say1    
practically all ! *ildr5 7 successful4  
,if1 9 our suppos$ case1 ! te/ 0 pass$  
by ab\t two ?irds to ?ree f\r?s ( !     
normal *ildr5 ag$ #g ye>s1 x 0 consid]$ 
by ,b9et a te/ ( #g-ye> intellig5ce4 ,9 
l mann]1 a te/ pass$ by #fe to #ge p]   
c5t ( ! normal #i-ye>-olds 0 consid]$ a 
te/ ( #i-ye> intellig5ce1 & s on4 ,by   
try+ out _m diff]5t te/s 9 ?is way x 0  
possible to secure five te/s to repres5t
 ea* age f #c to #aj ye>s 7except+ age  
#d1 :i* has only f\r te/s71 five = age  
#ab1 five = #ae1 & five = adults1 mak+  
#ed te/s 9 all4  ,,li/ ,,( ,,te/s4 ,!   
foll[+ is ! li/ ( te/s z arrang$ by     
,b9et 9 #aiaa1 %ortly be=e 8 untimely   
dea?3--  ,age #c3     #a4 ,po9ts to     
nose1 eyes1 & m\?4     #b4 ,repeats two 

digits4     #c4 ,enum]ates objects 9 a  
picture4     #d4 ,gives family "n4      
#e4 ,repeats a s5t5ce ( six syllables4  
,age #d3     #a4 ,gives 8 sex4     #b4  
,names key1 knife1 & p5ny4     #c4      
,repeats ?ree digits4     #d4 ,comp>es  
two l9es4  ,age #e3     #a4 ,comp>es two
 weights4     #b4 ,copies a squ>e4      
#c4 ,repeats a s5t5ce ( t5 syllables4   
#d4 ,c\nts f\r p5nies4     #e4 ,unites !
 halves ( a divid$ rectangle4  ,age #f3 
#a4 ,di/+ui%es betwe5 morn+ & aft]noon4 
#b4 ,def9es famili> words 9 t]ms ( use4 
#c4 ,copies a diamond4     #d4 ,c\nts   
?irte5 p5nies4     #e4 ,di/+ui%es       
pictures ( ugly & pretty faces4  ,age   
#g3     #a4 ,%[s "r h& & left e>4       
#b4 ,describes a picture4     #c4       
,executes ?ree commissions1 giv5        
simultane\sly4     #d4 ,c\nts ! value ( 
six s\s1 ?ree ( :i* are d\ble4     #e4  
,names f\r c>d9al colors4  ,age #h3     
#a4 ,comp>es two objects f memory4      
#b4 ,c\nts f #bj to #j4     #c4 ,notes  
omissions f pictures4     #d4 ,gives day

 & date4     #e4 ,repeats five digits4  
,age #i3     #a4 ,gives *ange f tw5ty   
s\s4     #b4 ,def9es famili> words 9    
t]ms sup]ior to use4     #c4 ,recognizes
 all ! pieces ( money4     #d4 ,names ! 
mon?s ( ! ye>1 9 ord]4     #e4 ,answ]s  
easy compreh5sion que/ions4  ,age #aj3  
#a4 ,arranges five blocks 9 ord] (      
weight4     #b4 ,copies draw+s f memory4
     #c4 ,criticizes absurd /atem5ts4   
#d4 ,answ]s difficult compreh5sion      
que/ions4     #e4 ,uses ?ree giv5 words 
9 n m ?an two s5t5ces4  ,age #ab3       
#a4 ,resi/s sugge/ion4     #b4 ,composes
 "o s5t5ce conta9+ ?ree giv5 words4     
#c4 ,names sixty words 9 ?ree m9utes4   
#d4 ,def9es c]ta9 ab/ract words4     #e4
 ,discov]s ! s5se ( a dis>rang$ s5t5ce4 
,age #ae3     #a4 ,repeats sev5 digits4 
#b4 ,f9ds ?ree rhymes = a giv5 ^w4      
#c4 ,repeats a s5t5ce ( tw5ty-six       
syllables4     #d4 ,int]prets pictures4 
#e4 ,int]prets giv5 facts4  ,adult3     
#a4 ,solves ! pap]-cutt+ te/4     #b4   
,re>ranges a triangle 9 imag9ation4     

#c4 ,gives diff]5ces betwe5 pairs (     
ab/ract t]ms4     #d4 ,gives ?ree       
diff]5ces betwe5 a presid5t & a k+4     
#e4 ,gives ! ma9 ?\ght ( a selection :i*
 he has he>d read4  ,x %\ld be emphasiz$
 t m]ely to "n ! te/s 9 ?is way gives   
little idea ( _! nature & mean+1 & tells
 no?+ ab\t ,b9et's me?od ( conduct+ !   
#ed exp]im5ts4 ,9 ord] to use ! te/s    
intellig5tly x is necess>y to acqua9t   
"o's self ?or\ghly ) ! purpose ( ea*    
te/1 its correct proc$ure1 & !          
psy*ological int]pretation ( diff]5t    
types ( response4#aj  #aj ,see ,"p ,,ii 
( ?is volume1 & ,ref]5ces #a & #bi1 =   
discussion & int]pretation ( !          
individual te/s4  ,9 fairness to ,b9et1 
x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t ! scale (  
te/s 0 only a r\gh approximation to !   
ideal :i* ! au?or _h set himself to     
realize4 ,_h 8 life be5 sp>$ a few ye>s 
long]1 he w\ld d\btless h c>ri$ ! me?od 
mu* ne>] p]fection4  ,,h[ ,,! ,,scale   
,,is ,,us$4 ,by means ( ! ,b9et te/s we 
c judge ! intellig5ce ( a giv5          

individual by comp>ison ) /&>ds (       
intellectual p]=mance = normal *ildr5 ( 
diff]5t ages4 ,9 ord] to make !         
comp>ison x is only necess>y to beg9 !  
exam9ation ( ! subject at a po9t 9 !    
scale :]e all ! te/s are pass$          
successfully1 & to cont9ue up ! scale   
until no m successes are possible4 ,!n  
we comp>e our subject's p]=mances ) !   
/&>d = normal *ildr5 ( ! same age1 &    
note ! am\nt ( accel]ation or           
ret>dation4  ,let u suppose ! subject   
be+ te/$ is #i ye>s ( age4 ,if he goes z
 f> 9 ! te/s z normal #i-ye>-old *ildr5 
ord9>ily g1 we c say t ! *ild has a     
m5tal age ( #i ye>s1 :i* 9 ?is case is  
normal 7our *ild be+ #i ye>s ( age74 ,if
 he goes only z f> z normal #h-ye>-old  
*ildr5 ord9>ily g1 we say t 8 m5tal age 
is #h ye>s4 ,9 l mann]1 a m5tally       
defective *ild ( #i ye>s may h a m5tal  
age ( only #d ye>s1 or a "y g5ius ( #i  
ye>s may h a m5tal age ( #ab or #ac     
ye>s4  ,,special ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,!  
,,b9et-,,simon ,,me?od4 ,psy*ologi/s _h 

exp]im5t$ ) intellig5ce te/s = at lea/  
tw5ty ye>s be=e ! ,b9et scale made its  
appe>ance4 ,! "q naturally sugge/s      
itself :y ,b9et %\ld h be5 successful 9 
a field :]e previ\s ef=ts _h be5 = ! mo/
 "p futile4 ,! answ] to ?is "q is f\nd 9
 ?ree ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ,b9et's 
me?od & ^? =m]ly employ$4  #a4 ,! use ( 
age /&>ds4 ,b9et 0 ! fir/ to utilize !  
idea ( age /&>ds1 or norms1 9 !         
measurem5t ( intellig5ce4 ,x w be       
und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t ,b9et did n set out
 to inv5t te/s ( #aj-ye> intellig5ce1   
#f-ye> intellig5ce1 etc4 ,in/ead1 z     
already expla9$1 he began ) a s]ies (   
te/s rang+ f v easy to v difficult1 & by
 try+ ^! te/s on *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages &
 not+ ! p]c5tages ( successes 9 ! v>i\s 
ye>s1 he 0 able to locate !m            
7approximately7 9 ! ye>s :]e !y belong$4
  ,?is plan has ! great advantage ( giv+
 u /&>ds :i* are easily grasp$4 ,to say1
 = illu/ration1 t a giv5 subject has a  
grade ( intellig5ce equal to t ( !      
av]age *ild ( #h ye>s is a /atem5t ^:   

g5]al import does n ne$ to be expla9$4  
,previ\s inve/igators _h work$ )        
subjects ! degree ( ^: intellig5ce 0    
unkn[n1 & ) te/s ! difficulty ( :i* 0   
equally unkn[n4 ,an imm5se am\nt (      
+5uity 0 sp5t 9 devis+ te/s :i* 7 us$ 9 
su* a way z to preclude any v mean+ful  
int]pretation ( ! responses4  ,! ,b9et  
me?od enables u to *>act]ize !          
intellig5ce ( a *ild 9 a f> m def9ite   
way ?an _h hi!rto be5 possible4 ,curr5t 
descriptive t]ms l bright1 mod]ately    
bright1 dull1 v dull1 feeble-m9d$1 etc41
 h _h no univ]sally accept$ mean+4 ,a   
*ild :o is designat$ by "o p]son z      
mod]ately bright may be call$ v bright  
by ano!r p]son4 ,! degree ( intellig5ce 
:i* "o calls mod]ate dullness1 ano!r may
 call extreme dullness1 etc4 ,b e "o    
kn[s :at is meant by ! t]m #h-ye>       
m5tality1 #d-ye> m5tality1 etc41 ev5 if 
he is n able to def9e ^! grades (       
intellig5ce 9 psy*ological t]ms2 & by   
asc]ta9+ exp]im5tally :at intellectual  
tasks *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages c p]=m1 we  

are1 ( c\rse1 able to make our age /&>ds
 z def9ite z we please4  ,:y %\ld a     
device s simple h wait$ s long = a      
discov]]8 ,we d n "k4 ,x is ( a class ) 
_m o!r unacc\ntable my/]ies 9 !         
developm5t ( sci5tific me?od4 ,app>5tly 
! idea ( an age-grade me?od1 z ?is is   
call$1 did n come to ,b9et himself until
 he _h exp]im5t$ ) intellig5ce te/s = "s
 fifte5 ye>s4 ,at lea/ 8 fir/           
provisional scale1 publi%$ 9 #aije1 0 n 
made up accord+ to ! age-grade plan4 ,x 
consi/$ m]ely ( #cj te/s1 arrang$ r\ghly
 9 ord] ( difficulty4 ,al?\gh ,b9et     
n[h]e gives any acc\nt ( ! /eps by :i*  
?is crude & ungrad$ scale 0 trans=m$    
into ! relatively complete age-grade    
scale ( #aijh1 we c inf] t ! orig9al &  
+5i\s idea ( utiliz+ age norms 0 sugge/$
 by ! data collect$ ) ! #aije scale4    
,h[ev] ! discov]y 0 made1 x ranks1      
p]haps1 f ! practical po9t ( view1 z !  
mo/ important 9 all ! hi/ory (          
psy*ology4  #b4 ,! k9d ( m5tal functions
 br\ght into play4 ,9 ! second place1 ! 

,b9et te/s diff] f mo/ ( ! e>li]        
attempts 9 t !y are design$ to te/ !    
high] & m complex m5tal processes1      
in/ead ( ! simpl] & m elem5t>y ones4    
,h5ce !y set problems = ! reason+ p[]s &
 +5uity1 provoke judgm5ts ab\t ab/ract  
matt]s1 etc41 in/ead ( attempt+ to      
measure s5sory discrim9ation1 m]e       
ret5tiv5ess1 rapidity ( reaction1 & ! l4
 ,psy*ologi/s _h g5]ally consid]$ !     
high] processes too complex to be       
measur$ directly1 & accord+ly s\ght to  
get at !m indirectly by correlat+       
suppos$ intellig5ce ) simpl] processes  
:i* c\ld readily be measur$1 su* z      
reaction "t1 rapidity ( tapp+1          
discrim9ation ( tones & colors1 etc4    
,:ile !y 7 disput+ ov] _! contradictory 
f9d+s 9 ?is l9e ( exploration1 ,b9et w5t
 directly to ! po9t & succe$$ :]e !y _h 
fail$4  ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ by     
psy*ologi/s t high] intellig5ce is      
little conc]n$ 9 su* elem5t>y processes 
z ^? m5tion$ above4 ,_m ( ! animals h   
ke5 s5sory discrim9ation4 ,feeble-m9d$  

*ildr51 unless ( v l[ grade1 d n diff] v
 m>k$ly f normal *ildr5 9 s5sitivity ( !
 sk91 visual acuity1 simple reaction "t1
 type ( imag]y1 etc4 ,b 9 p[] (         
compreh5sion1 ab/raction1 & ability to  
direct ?\ght1 9 ! nature ( ! associative
 processes1 9 am\nt ( in=mation         
possess$1 & 9 spontaneity ( att5tion1 !y
 diff] enorm\sly4  #c4 ,b9et w\ld te/   
g5]al intellig5ce4 ,f9ally1 ,b9et's     
success 0 l>gely due to 8 ab&onm5t ( !  
old] faculty psy*ology :i*1 f> f be+    
defunct1 _h really giv5 direction to mo/
 ( ! e>li] "w ) m5tal te/s4 ,:]e o!rs _h
 attempt$ to measure memory att5tion1   
s5se discrim9ation1 etc41 z sep>ate     
faculties or functions1 ,b9et und]took  
to asc]ta9 ! g5]al level ( intellig5ce4 
,o!rs _h ?\ght ! task easi] (           
accompli%m5t by measur+ ea* division or 
aspect ( intellig5ce sep>ately1 &       
summat+ ! results4 ,b9et1 too1 began 9  
?is way1 & x 0 only aft] ye>s (         
exp]im5tation by ! usual me?ods t he    
f9ally broke away f !m & und]took1 s to 

speak1 to triangulate ! height ( 8 t[]  
)\t fir/ gett+ ! dim5sions ( !          
individual /ones :i* made x up4  ,!     
assumption t x is easi] to measure a "p1
 or "o aspect1 ( intellig5ce ?an all (  
x1 is fallaci\s 9 t ! p>ts are n sep>ate
 p>ts & _c be sep>at$ by any ref9em5t ( 
exp]im5t4 ,!y are int]wov5 & int]tw9$4  
,ea* ramifies ev]y:]e & appe>s 9 all o!r
 functions4 ,! analogy ( ! /ones ( ! t[]
 does n really apply4 ,memory1 =        
example1 _c be te/$ sep>ately f         
att5tion1 or s5se-discrim9ation         
sep>ately f ! associative processes4    
,aft] _m va9 attempts to dis5tangle !   
v>i\s intellective functions1 ,b9et     
decid$ to te/ _! comb9$ functional      
capacity )\t any pret5se ( measur+ !    
exact contribution ( ea* to ! total     
product4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t   
intellig5ce te/s h be5 successful j to !
 ext5t to :i* !y h be5 guid$ by ?is aim4
  ,memory1 att5tion1 imag9ation1 etc41  
are t]ms ( /ructural psy*ology4 ,b9et's 
psy*ology is dynamic4 ,he conceives     

intellig5ce z ! sum total ( ^? ?\ght    
processes :i* consi/ 9 m5tal adaptation4
 ,?is adaptation is n explicable 9 t]ms 
( ! old m5tal faculties4 ,no "o ( ^! c  
expla9 a s+le ?\ght process1 = su*      
process always involves ! p>ticipation (
 _m functions ^: sep>ate rles are       
impossible to di/+ui% accurately4       
,in/ead ( measur+ ! int5sity ( v>i\s    
m5tal /ates 7psy*o-physics71 x is m     
enlight5+ to measure _! comb9$ effect on
 adaptation4 ,us+ a biological          
comp>ison1 ,b9et says ! old faculties   
correspond to ! sep>ate tissues ( an    
animal or plant1 :ile 8 own s*eme (     
?\ght corresponds to ! function+ organ  
itself4 ,= ,b9et1 psy*ology is ! sci5ce 
( behavior4  ,,b9et',s ,,conception ,,( 
,,g5]al ,,intellig5ce4 ,9 devis+ te/s ( 
intellig5ce x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to  
be guid$ by "s assumption1 or           
assumptions1 reg>d+ ! nature (          
intellig5ce4 ,to adopt any o!r c\rse is 
to dep5d = success ^u happy *ance4      
,h[ev]1 x is impossible to arrive at a  

f9al def9ition ( intellig5ce on ! basis 
( a-priori consid]ations alone4 ,to     
dem&1 z critics ( ! ,b9et me?od h       
sometimes done1 t "o :o w\ld measure    
intellig5ce %\ld fir/ pres5t a complete 
def9ition ( x1 is q unreasonable4 ,z    
,/]n po9ts out1 electrical curr5ts 7    
measur$ long be=e _! nature 0 well      
und]/ood4 ,simil> illu/rations c\ld be  
drawn f ! processes involv$ 9 *emi/ry   
physiology1 & o!r sci5ces4 ,9 ! case (  
intellig5ce x may be tru?fully said t no
 adequate def9ition c possibly be fram$ 
:i* is n bas$ prim>ily on ! symptoms    
empirically br\ght to light by ! te/    
me?od4 ,! be/ t c be done 9 advance (   
su* data is to make t5tative assumptions
 z to ! probable nature ( intellig5ce1 &
 !n to subject ^! assumptions to te/s   
:i* w %[ _! correctness or              
incorrectness4 ,new hypo!ses c !n be    
fram$ = fur!r trial1 & ?us gradually we 
%all be l$ to a conception ( intellig5ce
 :i* w be mean+ful & 9 h>mony ) all !   
asc]ta9able facts4  ,su* 0 ! me?od (    

,b9et4 ,only ^? unacqua9t$ ) ,b9et's m  
?an fifte5 ye>s ( labor prec$+ !        
publication ( 8 intellig5ce scale w\ld  
?9k ( accus+ him ( mak+ no ef=t to      
analyze ! m5tal processes :i* 8 te/s br+
 into play4 ,x is true t _m ( ,b9et's   
e>li] assumptions prov$ unt5able1 & 9   
?is ev5t he 0 always ready1 )           
exceptional c&or & intellectual         
pla/icity1 to ackn[l$ge 8 error & to    
plan a new l9e ( attack4  ,b9et's       
conception ( intellig5ce emphasizes ?ree
 *>act]i/ics ( ! ?\ght process3 7#a7    
,its t5d5cy to take & ma9ta9 a def9ite  
direction2 7#b7 ! capacity to make      
adaptations = ! purpose ( atta9+ a      
desir$ end2 & 7#c7 ! p[] (              
auto-criticism4#aa  #aa ,see ,b9et &    
,simon3 ,l'intellig5ce des imbeciles1 9 
,l',anne ,psy*ologique 7#aiji71 pp4     
#a-adg4 ,! la/ division ( ?is article is
 devot$ to a discussion ( ! ess5tial    
nature ( ! high] ?\ght processes1 & is a
 wond]ful example ( t ke5 psy*ological  
analysis 9 :i* ,b9et 0 s gift$4  ,h[ ^! 

?ree aspects ( intellig5ce ent] into !  
p]=mances ) v>i\s te/s ( ! scale is set 
=? f "t to "t 9 our directions = giv+ & 
int]pret+ ! individual te/s4#ab ,an     
illu/ration :i* may be giv5 "h is t ( ! 
pati5ce te/1 or unit+ ! dis>rang$ p>ts (
 a divid$ rectangle4 ,z describ$ by     
,b9et1 ?is op]ation has ! foll[+        
elem5ts3 7#a7 to keep 9 m9d ! end to be 
atta9$1 t is to say1 ! figure to be =m$2
 7#b7 to try diff]5t comb9ations "u !   
influ5ce ( ?is direct+ idea1 :i* guides 
! ef=ts ( ! subject ev5 ?\gh he may n be
 consci\s ( ! fact2 & 7#c7 to judge !   
comb9ation :i* has be5 made1 to comp>e x
 ) ! model1 & to decide :e!r x is !     
correct "o4  #ab ,see especially pages  
#afb & #bch4  ,mu* ! same processes are 
call$ = 9 _m o!r ( ! ,b9et te/s1        
p>ticul>ly ^? ( arrang+ weights1        
re>rang+ dissect$ s5t5ces1 draw+ a      
diamond or squ>e f copy1 f9d+ a s5t5ce  
conta9+ ?ree giv5 words1 c\nt+ backw>ds1
 etc4  ,h[ev]1 an exam9ation ( ! scale w
 %[ t ! *oice ( te/s 0 n guid$ entirely 

by any s+le =mula z to ! nature (       
intellig5ce4 ,b9et's approa* 0 a _m-sid$
 "o4 ,! scale includes te/s ( "t        
ori5tation1 ( ?ree or f\r k9ds ( memory1
 ( app]ception1 ( language compreh5sion1
 ( k ab\t common objects1 ( free        
association1 ( numb] ma/]y1 (           
con/ructive imag9ation1 & ( ability to  
comp>e concepts1 to see contradictions1 
to comb9e fragm5ts into a unit>y :ole1  
to compreh5d ab/ract t]ms1 & to meet    
novel situations4  ,,o!r ,,conceptions  
,,( ,,intellig5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to     
comp>e ,b9et's conception ( intellig5ce 
) ! def9itions :i* h be5 (f]$ by o!r    
psy*ologi/s4 ,accord+ to ,ebb+haus1 =   
example1 ! ess5ce ( intellig5ce lies 9  
compreh5d+ toge!r 9 a unit>y1 mean+ful  
:ole1 impressions & associations :i* are
 m or less indep5d5t1 het]og5e\s1 or ev5
 p>tly contradictory4 ,intellectual     
ability consi/s 9 ! elaboration ( a :ole
 into its wor? & mean+ by means (       
_m-sid$ comb9ation1 correction1 &       
completion ( num]\s k9dr$               

associations4444 ,x is a comb9ation     
activity4  ,meumann (f]s a tw(old       
def9ition4 ,f ! psy*ological po9t (     
view1 intellig5ce is ! p[] ( indep5d5t &
 creative elaboration ( new products out
 ( ! mat]ial giv5 by memory & ! s5ses4  
,f ! practical po9t ( view1 x involves !
 ability to avoid errors1 to surm\nt    
difficulties1 & to adju/ to environm5t4 
,/]n def9es intellig5ce z ! g5]al       
capacity ( an individual consci\sly to  
adju/ 8 ?9k+ to new requirem5ts3 x is   
g5]al adaptability to new problems &    
conditions ( life4  ,spe>man1 ,h>t1 &   
o!rs ( ! ,engli% s*ool def9e intellig5ce
 z a common c5tral factor :i*           
p>ticipates 9 all sorts ( special m5tal 
activities4 ,?is factor is expla9$ 9    
t]ms ( a psy*o-physiological hypo!sis ( 
cortex en]gy1 c]ebral pla/icity1 etc4   
,! above def9itions are only to a slight
 ext5t contradictory or inh>moni\s4 ,!y 
diff] ma9ly 9 po9t ( view or 9 !        
location ( ! emphasis4 ,ea* expresses a 
"p ( ! tru?1 & none all ( x4 ,x w be    

evid5t t ! conception ( ,b9et is broad  
en\gh to include ! mo/ important elem5ts
 9 ea* ( ! o!r def9itions quot$4        
,,guid+ ,,pr9ciples ,,9 ,,*oice ,,&     
,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,te/s4 ,9 *oos+ 8 te/s
 ,b9et 0 guid$ by ! conception (        
intellig5ce :i* we h set =? above4 ,te/s
 7 devis$ :i* w\ld presumably br+ into  
play ! v>i\s m5tal processes ?\ght to be
 conc]n$ 9 intellig5ce1 & !n ^! te/s 7  
tri$ out on normal *ildr5 ( diff]5t     
ages4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( passes = a giv5  
te/ increas$ b little or n at all 9 go+ 
f y\ng] to old] *ildr5 ?is te/ 0        
disc>d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! proportion (
 passes increas$ rapidly ) age1 & if    
*ildr5 ( a giv5 age1 :o on o!r gr\nds 7 
kn[n to be bright1 pass$ m frequ5tly ?an
 *ildr5 ( ! same age :o 7 kn[n to be    
dull1 !n ! te/ 0 judg$ a satisfactory   
te/ ( intellig5ce4 ,z we h %[n          
else:]e1#ac practically all ( ,b9et's   
te/s fulfill ^! requirem5ts reasonably  
well1 a fact :i* be>s eloqu5t te/imony  
to ! ke5 psy*ological insight ( _!      

au?or4  #ac ,see p4 #ee4  ,9 arrang+ !  
te/s into a sy/em ,b9et's guid+ pr9ciple
 0 to f9d an arrangem5t ( ! te/s :i*    
w\ld cause an av]age *ild ( any giv5 age
 to te/ at age2 t is1 ! av]age          
#e-ye>-old mu/ %[ a m5tal age ( #e ye>s1
 ! av]age #h-ye>-old a m5tal age ( #h   
ye>s1 etc4 ,9 ord] to secure ?is result 
,b9et f\nd t 8 data seem$ to require !  
location ( an individual te/ 9 t ye> :]e
 x 0 pass$ by ab\t two ?irds to ?ree    
f\r?s ( unselect$ *ildr54  ,x 0 9 !     
assembl+ ( ! te/s t ! mo/ s]i\s faults (
 ! scale _h _! orig94 ,fur!r            
inve/igation has %[n t a great _m ( !   
te/s 7 misplac$ z mu* z "o ye>1 & sev]al
 ( !m two ye>s4 ,on ! :ole1 ! scale z   
,b9et left x 0 decid$ly too easy 9 ! l[]
 ranges1 & too difficult 9 ! upp]4 ,z a 
result1 ! av]age *ild ( #e ye>s 0 caus$ 
to te/ at n f> f #f ye>s1 ! av]age *ild 
( #ab ye>s n f> f #aa4 ,9 ! ,/an=d      
revision an ef=t has be5 made to correct
 ?is fault1 along ) c]ta9 o!r g5]ally   
recogniz$ imp]fections4  ,,"s ,,av[$    

,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,b9et ,,te/s4 ,! 
,b9et te/s h (t5 be5 criticiz$ = _!     
unfitness to p]=m c]ta9 s]vices :i* 9   
reality !y 7 nev] meant to r5d]4 ,?is is
 unfair4 ,we _c make a j evaluation ( ! 
scale )\t be>+ 9 m9d its av[$           
limitations4  ,= example1 ! scale does n
 pret5d to measure ! entire m5tality ( !
 subject1 b only g5]al intellig5ce4 ,!re
 is no pret5se ( te/+ ! emotions or ! w 
beyond ! ext5t to :i* ^! naturally      
display !mselves 9 ! te/s ( intellig5ce4
 ,! scale 0 n design$ z a tool = !      
analysis ( ^? emotional or volitional   
ab]rations :i* are conc]n$ 9 su* m5tal  
disord]s z hy/]ia1 insanity1 etc4 ,^!   
conditions d n pres5t a progressive     
r$uction ( intellig5ce to ! infantile   
level1 & 9 mo/ ( !m o!r factors besides 
intellig5ce play an important rle4      
,moreov]1 ev5 9 ! normal individual !   
fruitfulness ( intellig5ce1 ! direction 
9 :i* x %all be appli$1 & its me?ods (  
"w are to a c]ta9 ext5t det]m9$ by !    
extrane\s factors ( emotion & volition4 

,x %\ld1 nev]!less1 be po9t$ out t      
defects ( intellig5ce1 9 a l>ge majority
 ( cases1 also involve di/urbances ( !  
emotional & volitional functions4 ,we d 
n expect to f9d p]fectly normal emotions
 or w p[] ( av]age /r5g? c\pl$ ) m>k$   
intellectual defici5cy1 & z a matt] (   
fact su* a comb9ation is r>e inde$4 ,9 !
 c\rse ( an exam9ation ) ! ,b9et te/s1 !
 exp]i5c$ cl9ical psy*ologi/ is able to 
ga9 consid]able insight into ! subject's
 emotional & volitional equipm5t1 ev5   
?\gh ! me?od 0 design$ prim>ily = ano!r 
purpose4  ,a second misund]/&+ c be     
avoid$ by rememb]+ t ! ,b9et scale does 
n pret5d to br+ to light !              
idiosyncrasies ( special tal5t1 b only  
to measure ! g5]al level ( intellig5ce4 
,x _c be us$ = ! discov]y ( exceptional 
ability 9 draw+1 pa9t+1 music1          
ma!matics1 oratory1 salesman%ip1 etc41  
because no ef=t is made to explore !    
processes und]ly+ ^! abilities4 ,x c1   
!re=e1 nev] s]ve z a detail$ *>t = !    
vocational guidance ( *ildr51 tell+ u   

:i* w succe$ 9 bus9ess1 :i* 9 art1 :i* 9
 m$ic9e1 etc4 ,x is n a new k9d (       
phr5ology4 ,at ! same "t1 z we h already
 po9t$ out1 x is capable ( b\nd+ r\ghly 
! vocational t]ritory 9 :i* an          
individual's intellig5ce w probably     
p]mit success1 no?+ else prev5t+4#ad    
#ad ,see p4 #ag4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 x mu/
 n be suppos$ t ! scale c be us$ z a    
complete p$agogical guide4 ,al?\gh      
intellig5ce te/s furni% data ( ! greate/
 significance = p$agogical proc$ure1 !y 
d n sugge/ ! appropriate educational    
me?ods 9 detail4 ,^! w h to be work$ out
 9 a practical way = ! v>i\s grades (   
intellig5ce1 & at great co/ ( labor &   
pati5ce4  ,f9ally1 9 arriv+ at an       
e/imate ( a subject's grade (           
intellig5ce & 8 susceptibility to tra9+1
 x w\ld be a mi/ake to ignore ! data    
obta9able f o!r s\rces4 ,no compet5t    
psy*ologi/1 h[ev] ard5t a support] ( !  
,b9et me?od he might be1 w\ld recomm5d  
su* a policy4 ,^? :o accept ! me?od z   
all-suffici5t are z mu* 9 error z ^? :o 

consid] x z no m important ?an any "o ( 
a doz5 o!r approa*es4 ,/&>diz$ te/s h   
already become & w rema9 by f> ! mo/    
reliable s+le me?od = grad+ intellig5ce1
 b ! results !y furni% w always ne$ to  
be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( supplem5t>y    
in=mation reg>d+ ! subject's p]sonal    
hi/ory1 includ+ m$ical record1 accid5ts1
 play habits1 indu/rial effici5cy1      
social & moral traits1 s*ool success1   
home environm5t1 etc4 ,)\t "q1 h[ev]1 ! 
improv$ ,b9et te/s w contribute m ?an   
all o!r data comb9$ to ! end ( enabl+ u 
to =eca/ a *ild's possibilities ( future
 improvem5t1 & ?is is ! in=mation :i* w 
aid mo/ 9 ! prop] direction ( 8         
education4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,nature   
,,( ,,! ,,/an=d ,,revision ,,&          
,,ext5sion   ,al?\gh ! ,b9et scale      
quickly demon/rat$ its value z an       
in/rum5t = ! classification (           
m5tally-ret>d$ & o!rwise exceptional    
*ildr51 x _h1 nev]!less1 sev]al         
imp]fections :i* greatly limit$ its     
usefulness4 ,!re 0 a de>? ( te/s at !   

high] m5tal levels1 ! proc$ure 0 s      
inadequately def9$ t ne$less disagreem5t
 came ab\t 9 ! int]pretation ( data1 & s
 _m ( ! te/s 7 misplac$ z to make !     
results ( an exam9ation m or less       
mislead+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( v "y    
subjects & ^? ne> ! adult level4 ,x 0 = 
! purpose ( correct+ ^! & c]ta9 o!r     
faults t ! ,/an=d inve/igation 0        
plann$4#ae  #ae ,! writ] wi%es to       
ackn[l$ge 8 v great indebt$ness to ,miss
 ,grace ,lyman1 ,dr4 ,george ,ordahl1   
,dr4 ,l\ise ,ellison ,ordahl1 ,miss     
,neva ,galbrea?1 ,mr4 ,wil=d ,talb]t1   
,dr4 ,j4 ,h>old ,williams1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t  
,e4 ,knoll91 & ,miss ,ir5e ,cuneo = _!  
cop]ation 9 mak+ ! te/s on :i* ! ,/an=d 
revision is *iefly bas$4 ,)\t _! loyal  
assi/ance ! inve/igation c\ld n h be5   
c>ri$ ?r\gh4  ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is  
also made to ! _m public s*ool tea*]s & 
pr9cipals = _! g5]\s & invaluable       
cop]ation 9 furni%+ subjects = ! te/s1 &
 9 supply+1 sometimes at consid]able co/
 ( labor1 ! supplem5t>y in=mation :i* 0 

call$ = reg>d+ ! pupils te/$4 ,_!       
contribution 0 made 9 ! int]e/ (        
educational sci5ce1 & )\t expectation ( 
p]sonal b5efits ( any k9d4 ,_!          
pr(essional _s _c be too highly comm5d$4
  ,,s\rces ,,( ,,data4 ,our revision is 
! result ( sev]al ye>s ( "w1 & involv$ !
 exam9ation ( approximately #bcjj       
subjects1 includ+ #agjj normal *ildr51  
#bjj defective & sup]ior *ildr51 & m ?an
 #djj adults4  ,te/s ( #djj ( ! #agjj   
normal *ildr5 _h be5 made by ,*ilds &   
,t]man 9 #aiaj-aa1 & ( #cjj *ildr5 by   
,tro/1 ,waddle1 & ,t]man 9 #aiaa-ab4 ,= 
v>i\s reasons1 h[ev]1 ! results ( ^!    
te/s did n furni% satisfactory data = a 
?or\ghgo+ revision ( ! scale4 ,accord+ly
 a new inve/igation 0 und]tak51 some:at 
m ext5sive ?an ! o!rs1 & m c>efully     
plann$4 ,its ma9 features may be        
describ$ z foll[s3--  #a4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 
to assemble z ne>ly z possible all !    
results :i* _h be5 secur$ = ea* te/ ( ! 
scale by all ! work]s ( all c\ntries4 ,!
 result 0 a l>ge %eet ( tabulat$ data = 

ea* individual te/1 includ+ p]c5tages   
pass+ ! te/ at v>i\s ages1 conditions "u
 :i* ! results 7 secur$1 me?od (        
proc$ure1 etc4 ,aft] a comp>ative /udy (
 ^! data1 & 9 ! light ( results we _h   
ourselves secur$1 a provisional         
arrangem5t ( ! te/s 0 prep>$ = try-out4 
#b4 ,9 addition to ! te/s ( ! orig9al   
,b9et scale1 #dj additional te/s 7      
includ$ = try-out4 ,?is1 x 0 expect$1   
w\ld make possible ! elim9ation ( "s ( !
 lea/ satisfactory te/s1 & at ! same "t 
p]mit ! addition ( en\gh new ones to    
give at lea/ six te/s1 in/ead ( five1 = 
ea* age gr\p4  #c4 ,a plan 0 !n devis$ =
 secur+ subjects :o %\ld be z ne>ly z   
possible repres5tative ( ! sev]al ages4 
,! me?od 0 to select a s*ool 9 a        
community ( av]age social /atus1 a s*ool
 att5d$ by all or practically all !     
*ildr5 9 ! di/rict :]e x 0 locat$4 ,9   
ord] to get cle> pictures ( age         
diff]5ces ! te/s 7 conf9$ to *ildr5 :o 7
 )9 two mon?s ( a bir?day4 ,to avoid    
accid5tal selection1 all ! *ildr5 )9 two

 mon?s ( a bir?day 7 te/$1 9 :atev]     
grade enroll$4 ,te/s ( =eign-born       
*ildr51 h[ev]1 7 elim9at$ 9 ! treatm5t (
 results4 ,!re rema9$ te/s (            
approximately #ajjj *ildr51 ( :om #ije 7
 betwe5 #e & #ad ye>s ( age4  #d4 ,!    
*ildr5's responses 71 = ! mo/ "p1       
record$ v]batim4 ,?is made x possible to
 re-score ! records accord+ to any      
desir$ /&>d1 & ?us to fit a te/ m       
p]fectly to ! age level assign$ x4  #e4 
,mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to secur+ uni=mity 
( proc$ure4 ,a half-ye> 0 devot$ to     
tra9+ ! exam9]s & ano!r half-ye> to !   
sup]vision ( ! te/+4 ,9 ! fur!r int]e/s 
( uni=mity all ! records 7 scor$ by "o  
p]son 7! writ]74  ,,me?od ,,( ,,arriv+  
,,at ,a ,,revision4 ,! revision ( !     
scale bel[ ! #ad-ye> level 0 bas$ almo/ 
entirely on ! te/s ( ! above-m5tion$    
#a1jjj unselect$ *ildr54 ,! guid+       
pr9ciple 0 to secure an arrangem5t ( !  
te/s & a /&>d ( scor+ :i* w\ld cause !  
m$ian m5tal age ( ! unselect$ *ildr5 (  
ea* age gr\p to co9cide ) ! m$ian       

*ronological age4 ,t is1 a correct scale
 mu/ cause ! av]age *ild ( #e ye>s to   
te/ exactly at #e1 ! av]age *ild at #f  
to te/ exactly at #f1 etc4 ,or1 to      
express ! same fact 9 t]ms ( intellig5ce
 quoti5t1#af a correct scale mu/ give a 
m$ian intellig5ce quoti5t ( unity1 or   
#ajj p] c5t1 = unselect$ *ildr5 ( ea*   
age4  #af ,! intellig5ce quoti5t 7(t5   
designat$ z ,i ,q7 is ! ratio ( m5tal   
age to *ronological age4 7,see pp4 #fe  
ff4 & #gh ff47  ,if ! m$ian m5tal age   
result+ at any po9t f ! provisional     
arrangem5t ( te/s 0 too high or too l[1 
x 0 only necess>y to *ange ! location ( 
c]ta9 ( ! te/s1 or to *ange ! /&>d (    
scor+1 until an ord] ( arrangem5t & a   
/&>d ( pass+ 7 f\nd :i* w\ld ?r[ ! m$ian
 m5tal age :]e x belong$4 ,we _h already
 become conv9c$1 = reasons too involv$ =
 pres5tation "h1 t no satisfactory      
revision ( ! ,b9et scale 0 possible on  
any !oretical consid]ations z to !      
p]c5tage ( passes :i* an individual te/ 
ought to %[ 9 a giv5 ye> 9 ord] to be   

consid]$ /&>d = t ye>4  ,z 0 to be      
expect$1 ! fir/ draft ( ! revision did n
 prove satisfactory4 ,! scale 0 /ill too
 h>d at "s po9ts1 & too easy at o!rs4 ,9
 fact1 ?ree successive revisions 7      
necess>y1 involv+ ?ree sep>ate scor+s ( 
! data & z _m tabulations ( ! m5tal     
ages1 be=e ! desir$ degree ( accuracy 0 
secur$4 ,z f9ally revis$1 ! scale gives 
a m$ian intellig5ce quoti5t closely     
approximat+ #ajj = ! unselect$ *ildr5 ( 
ea* age f #d to #ad4  ,s9ce our s*ool   
*ildr5 :o 7 above #ad ye>s & /ill 9 !   
grades 7 ret>d$ left-ov]s1 x 0 necess>y 
to base ! revision above ?is level on ! 
te/s ( adults4 ,^! includ$ #cj bus9ess  
m5 & #aej migrat+ unemploy$ m5 te/$ by  
,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,knoll91 #aej adolesc5t    
del9qu5ts te/$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h>old       
,williams1 & #ej high-s*ool /ud5ts te/$ 
by ! writ]4  ,! ext5sion ( ! scale 9 !  
upp] range is su* t ord9>ily intellig5t 
adults1 little educat$1 te/ up to :at is
 call$ ! av]age adult level4 ,adults ^: 
intellig5ce is kn[n f o!r s\rces to be  

sup]ior are f\nd to te/ well up t[>d !  
sup]ior adult level1 & ?is holds :e!r ! 
subjects 9 "q are well educat$ or       
practically uns*ool$4 ,! almo/ entirely 
uns*ool$ bus9ess m51 9 fact1 te/$ fully 
z well z high-s*ool juniors & s5iors4   
,figure #a %[s ! di/ribution ( m5tal    
ages = #fb adults1 includ+ ! #cj bus9ess
 m5 & ! #cb high-s*ool pupils :o 7 ov]  
#af ye>s ( age4 ,x w be not$ t ! middle 
section ( ! graph repres5ts ! m5tal ages
 fall+ betwe5 #ae & #ag4 ,?is is ! range
 :i* we h designat$ z ! av]age adult    
level4 ,^? above #ag are call$ sup]ior  
adults1 ^? betwe5 #ac & #ae1 inf]ior    
adults4 ,subjects mu* ov] #ae ye>s ( age
 :o te/ 9 ! neighborhood ( #ab ye>s may 
ord9>ily be consid]$ bord]-l9e cases4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,di/ribution  
,,( ,,m5tal ,,ages ,,( #fb ,,normal     
,,adults  ,! foll[+ me?od 0 employ$ =   
det]m9+ ! validity ( a te/4 ,! *ildr5 ( 
ea* age level 7 divid$ into ?ree gr\ps  
accord+ to intellig5ce quoti5t1 ^? te/+ 
bel[ #ij1 ^? betwe5 #ij & #aji1 & ^? )  

an intellig5ce quoti5t ( #aaj or above4 
,! p]c5tages ( passes on ea* individual 
te/ at or ne> t age level 7 !n asc]ta9$ 
sep>ately = ^! ?ree gr\ps4 ,if a te/    
fails to %[ a decid$ly high] proportion 
( passes 9 ! sup]ior ,i ,q gr\p ?an 9 ! 
inf]ior ,i ,q gr\p1 x _c be reg>d$ z a  
satisfactory te/ ( intellig5ce4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 a te/ :i* satisfies ?is crit]ion
 mu/ be accept$ z valid or ! entire     
scale mu/ be reject$4 ,h5ce=? x /&s or  
falls ) ! scale z a :ole4  ,:5 tri$ out 
by ?is me?od1 "s ( ! te/s :i* h be5 mo/ 
criticiz$ %[$ a high degree (           
reliability2 c]ta9 o!rs :i* h be5       
consid]$ excell5t prov$ to be s little  
correlat$ ) intellig5ce t !y _h to be   
disc>d$4  ,aft] mak+ a few necess>y     
elim9ations1 #ij te/s rema9$1 or #cf m  
?an ! numb] includ$ 9 ! ,b9et #aiaa     
scale4 ,!re are #f at ea* age level f #c
 to #aj1 #h at #ab1 #f at #ad1 #f at    
av]age adult1 #f at sup]ior adult1 & #af
 alt]native te/s4 ,! alt]native te/s1   
:i* are di/ribut$ among ! diff]5t gr\ps1

 are int5d$ to be us$ only z sub/itutes 
:5 "o or m ( ! regul> te/s h be5 r5d]$1 
by coa*+ or o!rwise1 undesirable4#ag    
#ag ,see p4 #acg ff4 = explanations     
reg>d+ ! calculation ( m5tal age & ! use
 ( alt]native te/s4  ,( ! #cf new te/s1 
#bg 7 add$ & /&>diz$ 9 ! v>i\s ,/an=d   
inve/igations4 ,two te/s 7 borr[$ f !   
,healy-,f]nald s]ies1 "o f ,kuhlmann1 "o
 0 adapt$ f ,bons]1 & ! rema9+ five 7   
amplifications or adaptations ( "s ( !  
e>li] ,b9et te/s4  ,foll[+ is a complete
 li/ ( ! te/s ( ! ,/an=d revision4 ,^?  
designat$ al4 are alt]native te/s4 ,!   
guide = giv+ & scor+ ! te/s is pres5t$  
at l5g? 9 ,"p ,,ii ( ?is volume4   ,!   
,/an=d revision & ext5sion  ,ye> ,,iii4 
7#f te/s1 #b mon?s ea*47     #a4 ,po9ts 
to p>ts ( body4 7#c to #d47             
,nose2 eyes2 m\?2 hair4     #b4 ,names  
famili> objects4 7#c to #e47            
,key1 p5ny1 clos$ knife1 wat*1 p5cil4   
#c4 ,pictures1 enum]ation or bett]4 7,at
 lea/ #c objects enum]at$        9 "o   
picture47          7a7 ,dut* ,home2 7b7 

,riv] ,sc5e2 7c7 ,po/-,(fice4     #d4   
,gives sex4     #e4 ,gives la/ "n4      
#f4 ,repeats #f to #g syllables4 7#a to 
#c47    ,al4 ,repeats #c digits4 7#a    
success 9 #c trials4 ,ord] correct47    
,ye> ,,iv4 7#f te/s1 #b mon?s ea*47     
#a4 ,comp>es l9es4 7#c trials1 no       
error47     #b4 ,discrim9ation ( =ms4   
7,kuhlmann47 7,n ov] #c errors47     #c4
 ,c\nts #d p5nies4 7,no error47     #d4 
,copies squ>e4 7,p5cil4 #a to #c47      
#e4 ,compreh5sion1 #a/ degree4 7#b to   
#c47 7,/an=d addition47          ,:at   
mu/ y d3 ,:5 y are sleepy8 ,cold8       
,hungry8     #f4 ,repeats #d digits4 7#a
 to #c4 ,ord] correct47 7,/an=d         
addition47    ,al4 ,repeats #ab to #ac  
syllables4 7#a to #c absolutely correct1
 or #b )        #a error ea*47  ,ye> ,v4
 7#f te/s1 #b mon?s ea*47     #a4       
,comp>ison ( weights4 7#b to #c47       
#c-ae2 #ae-c2 #c-ae4     #b4 ,colors4   
7,no error47          ,r$2 yell[2 blue2 
gre54     #c4 /hetic comp>ison4 7,no    
error47     #d4 ,def9itions1 use or     

bett]4 7#d to #f47          ,*air2      
horse2 =k2 doll2 p5cil2 table4     #e4  
,pati5ce1 or divid$ rectangle4 7#b to #c
 trials4 #a m9ute ea*47     #f4 ,?ree   
commissions4 7,no error4 ,ord] correct47
    ,al4 ,age4  ,ye> ,,vi4 7#f te/s1 #b 
mon?s ea*47     #a4 ,"r & left4 7,no    
error47          ,"r h&2 left e>2 "r    
eye4     #b4 ,mutilat$ pictures4 7#c to 
#d correct47     #c4 ,c\nts #ac p5nies4 
7#a to #b trials1 )\t error47     #d4   
,compreh5sion1 #b;d degree4 7#b to #c47 
,:at's ! ?+ =        y to d3            
7a7 ,if x is ra9+ :5 y />t to s*ool8    
7b7 ,if y f9d t y\r h\se is on fire8    
7c7 ,if y are go+ "s place & miss y\r   
c>8     #e4 ,co9s4 7#c to #d47          
,nickel2 p5ny2 qu>t]2 dime4     #f4     
,repeats #af to #ah syllables4 7#a to #c
 absolutely correct1 or #b        ) #a  
error ea*47    ,al4 ,morn+ or aft]noon4 
,ye> ,,vii4 7#f te/s1 #b mon?s ea*47    
#a4 ,f+]s4 7,no error47 ,"r2 left2 bo?4 
#b4 ,pictures1 description or bett]4    
7,ov] half ( p]=mance                   

description37 ,dut* ,home2 ,riv] ,sc5e2 
,po/-,(fice4     #c4 ,repeats #e digits4
 7#a to #c4 ,ord] correct47     #d4     
,ties b[-knot4 7,model %[n4 #a m9ute47  
7,/an=d addition47     #e4 ,gives       
diff]5ces4 7#b to #c47          ,fly &  
butt]fly2 /one & egg2 wood & glass4     
#f4 ,copies diamond4 7,p54 #b to #c47   
,al4 #a4 ,names days ( week4 7,ord]     
correct4 #b to #c *ecks correct47 ,al4  
#b4 ,repeats #c digits backw>ds4 7#a to 
#c47  ,ye> ,,viii4 7#f te/s1 #b mon?s   
ea*47     #a4 ,ball & field4 7,inf]ior  
plan or bett]47 7,/an=d addition47      
#b4 ,c\nts #bj to #a4 7#dj seconds4 #a  
error all[$47     #c4 ,compreh5sion1    
#c;d degree4 7#b to #c47 ,:at's ! ?+ = y
 to        d3          7a7 ,:5 y h brok5
 some?+ :i* belongs to "s "o            
else8          7b7 ,:5 y are on y\r way 
to s*ool & notice t y are              9
 dang] ( be+ t>dy8          7c7 ,if a   
playmate hits y )\t mean+ to d x8       
#d4 ,gives simil>ities1 two ?+s4 7#b to 
#d47 7,/an=d addition47          ,wood &

 coal2 apple & pea*2 iron & silv]2 %ip &
          automobile4     #e4           
,def9itions sup]ior to use4 7#b to #d47 
,balloon2 tig]2 football2 soldi]4       
#f4 ,vocabul>y1 #bj words4 7,/an=d      
addition4 ,= li/ ( words us$1        see
 record booklet47 ,al4 #a4 ,fir/ six    
co9s4 7,no error47 ,al4 #b4 ,dictation4 
7,see ! little boy4 ,easily legible4    
,p54 #a m9ute47  ,ye> ,,ix4 7#f te/s1 #b
 mon?s ea*47     #a4 ,date4 7,all[ error
 ( #c days 9 c1 no error 9 a1 b1 or d47 
7a7 day ( week2 7b7 mon?2 7c7 day (     
mon?2 7d7 ye>4     #b4 ,weights4 7#c1   
#f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae4 ,proc$ure n illu/rat$4
 #b to #c47     #c4 ,makes *ange4 7#b to
 #c4 ,no co9s1 pap]1 or p5cil47         
#aj--d2 #ae--ab2 #be--d4     #d4        
,repeats #d digits backw>ds4 7#a to #c47
 7,/an=d addition47     #e4 ,?ree words4
 7#b to #c4 ,oral4 #a s5t5ce or n ov] #b
 cord9ate        clauses47              
,boy1 riv]1 ball2 "w1 money1 m52 des]t1 
riv]s1 lakes4     #f4 ,rhymes4 7#c      
rhymes = two ( ?ree words4 #a m9ute =   

ea* "p47          ,day2 mill2 spr+4 ,al4
 #a4 ,mon?s4 7#ae seconds & #a error 9  
nam+4 #b *ecks ( #c correct47 ,al4 #b4  
,/amps1 gives total value4 7,second     
trial if individual values are          
kn[n47  ,ye> ,x4 7#f te/s1 #b mon?s     
ea*47     #a4 ,vocabul>y1 #cj words4    
7,/an=d addition47     #b4 ,absurdities4
 7#d to #e4 ,w>n4 ,spontane\s correction
 all[$47 7,f\r        ( ,b9et's1 "o     
,/an=d47     #c4 ,designs4 7#a correct1 
#a half correct4 ,expose #aj seconds47  
#d4 ,read+ & report4 7#h memories4 #ce  
seconds & #b mi/akes 9        read+47   
7,b9et's selection47     #e4            
,compreh5sion1 #d? degree4 7#b to #c4   
,"q may be repeat$47          7a7 ,:at  
ought y to say :5 "s "o asks y\r op9ion 
ab\t a p]son y don't "k v well8         
7b7 ,:at ought y to d be=e und]tak+     
7beg9n+7              some?+ v          
important8          7c7 ,:y %\ld we     
judge a p]son m by 8 actions ?an by     
8 words8     #f4 ,names #fj words4      
7,illu/rate ) cl\ds1 dog1 *air1 happy47 

,al4 #a4 ,repeats #f digits4 7#a to #b4 
,ord] correct47 7,/an=d addition47 ,al4 
#b4 ,repeats #bj to #bb syllables4 7#a  
to #c correct1 or #b ) #a error         
ea*47 ,al4 #c4 ,=m bo>d4 7,healy-,f]nald
 ,puzzle ,a4 #c times 9 #e m9utes47     
,ye> ,,xii4 7#h te/s1 #c mon?s ea*47    
#a4 ,vocabul>y1 #dj words4 7,/an=d      
addition47     #b4 ,ab/ract words4 7#c  
to #e47          ,pity2 rev5ge2 *>ity2  
envy2 ju/ice4     #c4 ,ball & field4    
7,sup]ior plan47 7,/an=d addition47     
#d4 ,dissect$ s5t5ces4 7#b to #c4 #a    
m9ute ea*47     #e4 ,fables4 7,score #d2
 i4e41 two correct or ! equival5t 9 half
        cr$its47 7,/an=d addition47     
,h]cules & ,wagon]2 ,maid & ,eggs2 ,fox 
& ,cr[2          ,f>m] & ,/ork2 ,mill]1 
,son1 & ,donkey4     #f4 ,repeats #e    
digits backw>ds4 7#a to #c47 7,/an=d    
addition47     #g4 ,pictures1           
int]pretation4 7#c to #d4 ,expla9 ?is   
picture47          ,dut* ,home2 ,riv]   
,sc5e2 ,po/-,(fice2 ,colonial ,home4    
#h4 ,gives simil>ities1 ?ree ?+s4 7#c to

 #e47 7,/an=d addition47                
,snake1 c[1 sp>r[2 book1 tea*]1         
newspap]2 wool1 cotton1          lea!r2 
knife-blade1 p5ny1 piece ( wire2 rose1  
potato1          tree4  ,ye> ,,xiv4 7#f 
te/s1 #d mon?s ea*47     #a4 ,vocabul>y1
 #ej words4 7,/an=d addition47     #b4  
,induction te/4 7,gets rule by #f?      
fold+47 7,/an=d addition47     #c4      
,presid5t & k+4 7,p[]2 accession2 t5ure4
 #b to #c47     #d4 ,problems ( fact4   
7#b to #c47 7,b9et's two & "o ,/an=d    
addition47     #e4 ,ari?metical reason+4
 7#a m9ute ea*4 #b to #c47 7,adapt$ f   
,bons]47     #f4 ,clock4 7#b to #c4     
,error mu/ n exce$ #c or #d m9utes47    
#f4bb4 #h4aj4 #b4df4    ,al4 ,repeats #g
 digits4 7#a to #b4 ,ord] correct47     
,,av]age ,,adult4 7#f te/s1 #e mon?s    
ea*47     #a4 ,vocabul>y1 #fe words4    
7,/an=d addition47     #b4              
,int]pretation ( fables4 7,score #h47   
7,/an=d addition47     #c4 ,diff]5ce    
betwe5 ab/ract words4 7#c real contra/s 
out ( #d47          ,laz9ess & idl5ess2 

evolution & revolution2 pov]ty &        
mis]y2 "* & reputation4     #d4 ,problem
 ( ! enclos$ boxes4 7#c to #d47 7,/an=d 
addition47     #e4 ,repeats #f digits   
backw>ds4 7#a to #c47 7,/an=d addition47
     #f4 ,code1 writes ,come quickly4   
7#b errors4 ,omission ( dot c\nts       
half error4 ,illu/rate ) w> & spy47 7,f 
,healy &        ,f]nald47 ,al4 #a4      
,repeats #bh syllables4 7#a to #b       
absolutely correct47 ,al4 #b4           
,compreh5sion ( physical relations4 7#b 
to #c47 7,/an=d addition47          ,pa?
 ( cannon ball2 weight ( fi% 9 wat]2    
hitt+ di/ant          m>k4  ,,sup]ior   
,,adult4 7#f te/s1 #f mon?s ea*47       
#a4 ,vocabul>y1 #ge words4 7,/an=d      
addition47     #b4 ,b9et's pap]-cutt+   
te/4 7,draws1 folds1 & locates holes47  
#c4 ,repeats #h digits4 7#a to #c4 ,ord]
 correct47 7,/an=d addition47     #d4   
,repeats ?\ght ( passage he>d4 7#a to   
#b47 7,b9et's & ,wissl]'s               
selections adapt$47     #e4 ,repeats #g 
digits backw>ds4 7#a to #c47 7,/an=d    

addition47     #f4 ,+5uity te/4 7#b to  
#c4 #e m9utes ea*47 7,/an=d addition47  
,,summ>y ,,( ,,*anges4 ,a comp>ison ( ! 
above li/ ) ei!r ! ,b9et #aijh or #aiaa 
s]ies w reveal _m *anges4 ,on ! :ole1 x 
diff]s some:at m f ! ,b9et #aiaa scale  
?an f t ( #aijh4 ,?us1 ( ! #di te/s bel[
 ! adult gr\p 9 ! #aiaa scale1 #b are   
elim9at$ & #bi are relocat$4 ,( ^!1 #be 
are mov$ d[nw>d & #d upw>d4 ,! %ifts are
 z foll[s3--      ,d[n #a ye>1 #ah      
,d[n #b ye>s1 #d     ,d[n #c ye>s1 #b   
,d[n #f ye>s1 #a       ,up #a ye>1  #c  
,up #b ye>s1 #a  ,( ! adult gr\p 9      
,b9et's #aiaa s]ies #a is elim9at$1 #b  
are mov$ up to sup]ior adult1 & #a is   
mov$ up to #ad4 ,accord+ly1 ( ,b9et's   
entire #ed te/s1 we h elim9at$ #c &     
relocat$ #cb1 leav+ only #ai 9 !        
positions assign$ !m by ,b9et4 ,! #c    
elim9at$ are3 repeat+ #b digits1 resi/+ 
sugge/ion1 & rev]s$ triangle4  ,!       
revision is really m ext5sive ?an !     
above figures w\ld sugge/1 s9ce m9or    
*anges h be5 made 9 ! scor+ ( a great _m

 te/s 9 ord] to make !m fit bett] !     
locations assign$ !m4 ,?r\gh\t ! scale !
 proc$ure & scor+ h be5 work$ ov] & made
 m def9ite ) ! idea ( promot+ uni=mity4 
,?is phase ( ! revision is p]haps m     
important ?an ! m]e relocation ( te/s4  
,also1 ! addition ( num]\s te/s 9 ! upp]
 ranges ( ! scale affects v consid]ably 
! m5tal ages above ! level ( #aj or #aa 
ye>s4  ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,revision ,,on
 ,,! ,,m5tal ,,ages ,,secur$4 ,! mo/    
important effect ( ! revision is to     
r$uce ! m5tal ages secur$ 9 ! l[] ranges
 ( ! scale1 & to raise consid]ably !    
m5tal ages above #aj or #aa ye>s4 ,?is  
diff]5ce also obta9s1 ?\gh to a some:at 
small] ext5t1 betwe5 ! ,/an=d revision &
 ^? ( ,godd>d & ,kuhlmann4  ,= example1 
( #ajd adult individuals te/+ by !      
,/an=d revision betwe5 #ab & #ad ye>s1 &
 :o 7 !re=e some:at above ! level (     
feeble-m9d$ness z t t]m is usually      
def9$1 #ej p] c5t te/$ bel[ #ab ye>s by 
! ,godd>d revision4 ,t ! dull &         
bord]-l9e adults are s mu* m readily    

di/+ui%$ f ! feeble-m9d$ by ! ,/an=d    
revision ?an by o!r ,b9et s]ies is due z
 mu* to ! addition ( te/s 9 ! upp] gr\ps
 z to ! relocation ( exi/+ te/s4  ,on ! 
o!r h&1 ! ,/an=d revision causes "y     
subjects to te/ l[] ?an any o!r v]sion (
 ! ,b9et scale4 ,at #e or #f ye>s !     
m5tal ages secur$ by ! ,/an=d revision  
av]age f #f to #aj mon?s l[] ?an o!r    
revisions yield4  ,! above diff]5ces are
 m significant ?an w\ld at fir/ appe>4  
,an error ( #aj mon?s 9 ! m5tal age ( a 
#e-ye>-old is z s]i\s z an error ( #bj  
mon?s 9 ! case ( a #aj-ye>-old4 ,/at+ ! 
error 9 t]ms ( ! intellig5ce quoti5t    
makes x m evid5t4 ,?us1 an error ( #aj  
mon?s 9 ! m5tal age ( a #e-ye>-old means
 an error ( almo/ #ae p] c5t 9 !        
intellig5ce quoti5t4 ,a scale :i* te/s  
?is mu* too l[ w\ld cause ! *ild ) a    
true intellig5ce quoti5t ( #ge 7:i*     
ord9>ily means feeble-m9d$ness or       
bord]-l9e intellig5ce7 to te/ at #ij1 or
 only slightly bel[ normal4  ,?ree s]i\s
 consequ5ces came f ! too great ease ( !

 orig9al ,b9et scale at ! l[] end1 & its
 too great difficulty at ! upp] end3--  
#a4 ,9 "y subjects ! high] grades (     
m5tal defici5cy 7 ov]look$1 because !   
scale caus$ su* subjects to te/ only a  
little bel[ normal4  #b4 ,! proportion (
 feeble-m9d$ness among adult subjects 0 
greatly ov]e/imat$1 because subjects :o 
7 really ( ! #ab- or #ac-ye> m5tal level
 c\ld only e>n a m5tal age ( ab\t #aa   
ye>s4  #c4 ,confusion result$ 9 ef=ts to
 trace ! m5tal gr[? ( ei!r feeble-m9d$  
or normal *ildr54 ,= example1 by o!r    
v]sions ( ! ,b9et scale an av]age       
#e-ye>-old w %[ an intellig5ce quoti5t  
probably n f> f #aaj or #aae2 at #i1 an 
intellig5ce quoti5t ( ab\t #ajj2 & at   
#ad1 an intellig5ce quoti5t ( ab\t #he  
or #ij4  ,by su* a scale ! true         
bord]-l9e case w\ld te/ approximately z 
foll[s3--      ,at age #e1 #ij ,i ,q    
7app>5tly n f> bel[ normal74     ,at age
 #i1 #ge ,i ,q 7bord]-l9e74     ,at age 
#ad1 #fe ,i ,q 7moron defici5cy74  ,on !
 o!r h&1 re-te/s ( *ildr5 by ! ,/an=d   

revision h be5 f\nd to yield intellig5ce
 quoti5ts almo/ id5tical ) ^? secur$ f  
two to f\r ye>s e>li] by ! same te/s4   
,^? :o grad$ feeble-m9d$ 9 ! fir/ te/   
grad$ feeble-m9d$ 9 ! second te/3 ! dull
 rema9$ dull1 ! av]age rema9$ av]age1 ! 
sup]ior rema9$ sup]ior1 & always 9      
approximately ! same degree4#ah  #ah    
,see ,"s ,problems relat+ to !          
,detection ( ,bord]-l9e ,cases ( ,m5tal 
,defici5cy1 by ,lewis ,m4 ,t]man & ,h4  
,e4 ,knoll91 9 ,j\rnal (                
,psy*o-,a/hemes1 ,june1 #aiaf4  ,x is   
unnecess>y to emphasize fur!r !         
importance ( hav+ an intellig5ce scale  
:i* is equally accurate at all po9ts4   
,absolute p]fection 9 ?is respect is n  
claim$ = ! ,/an=d revision1 b x is      
believ$ to be at lea/ free f ! m s]i\s  
errors ( o!r ,b9et arrangem5ts4         
,,*apt] ,v  ,,analysis ,,( #ajjj        
,,intellig5ce ,,quoti5ts   ,an ext5d$   
acc\nt ( ! #ajjj te/s on :i* ! ,/an=d   
revision is *iefly bas$ has be5 pres5t$ 
9 a sep>ate monograph4 ,?is *apt] w     

include only ! briefe/ summ>y ( "s ( ^? 
results ( ! inve/igation :i* contribute 
to ! intellig5t use ( ! revision4  ,,!  
,,di/ribution ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 ,! "q z
 to ! mann] 9 :i* intellig5ce is        
di/ribut$ is "o ( great practical z well
 z !oretical importance4 ,"o ( ! mo/    
vital que/ions :i* c be ask$ by any     
nation ( any age is ! foll[+3 ,h[ high  
is ! av]age level ( intellig5ce among   
our p1 & h[ frequ5t are ! v>i\s grades (
 ability above & bel[ ! av]age8 ,) !    
developm5t ( /&>diz$ te/s we are        
approa*+1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 a       
possible answ] to ?is "q4  ,mo/ ( !     
e>li] ,b9et /udies1 h[ev]1 h ?r[n little
 light on ! di/ribution ( intellig5ce   
because ( _! failure to avoid ! influ5ce
 ( accid5tal selection 9 *oos+ subjects 
= te/+4 ,! me?od ( secur+ subjects = !  
,/an=d revision makes our results on ?is
 po9t especially int]e/+4#ai ,x is      
believ$ t ! subjects us$ = ?is          
inve/igation 7 z ne>ly repres5tative (  
av]age ,am]ican-born *ildr5 z x is      

possible to secure4  #ai ,see p4 #eb ff4
 = me?od us$ to avoid accid5tal         
selection ( subjects = ! ,/an=d         
inve/igation4  ,! intellig5ce quoti5ts =
 ^! #ajjj unselect$ *ildr5 7 calculat$1 
& _! di/ribution 0 plott$ = ! ages      
sep>ately4 ,! di/ribution 0 f\nd fairly 
symmetrical at ea* age f #e to #ad4 ,at 
#ae ! range is on ei!r side ( #ij z a   
m$ian1 & at #af on ei!r side ( #hj z a  
m$ian4 ,t ! #ae- & #af-ye>-olds te/ l[  
is due to ! fact t ^! *ildr5 are        
left-ov] ret>dates & are bel[ av]age 9  
intellig5ce4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4  
,,di/ribution ,,( ,i ,q',s ,,( #ije     
,,unselect$ ,,*ildr54 #e-ad ,,ye>s ,,(  
,,age  ,! ,i ,q's 7 !n gr\p$ 9 ranges ( 
t54 ,9 ! middle gr\p 7 ?r[n ^? f #if to 
#aje2 ! asc5d+ gr\ps includ+ 9 ord] ! ,i
 ,q's f #ajf to #aae1 #aaf to #abe1     
etc42 correspond+ly ) ! desc5d+ gr\ps4  
,figure #b %[s ! di/ribution f\nd by ?is
 gr\p+ = ! #ije *ildr5 ( ages #e to #ad 
comb9$4 ,! subjects above #ad are n     
includ$ 9 ?is curve because !y are      

left-ov]s & n repres5tative ( _! ages4  
,! di/ribution = ! ages comb9$ is se5 to
 be rem>kably symmetrical4 ,! symmetry =
 ! sep>ate ages 0 h>dly less m>k$1      
consid]+ t only #hj to #abj *ildr5 7    
te/$ at ea* age4 ,9 fact1 ! range1      
includ+ ! middle #ej p] c5t ( ,i ,q's1 0
 f\nd practically con/ant f #e to #ad   
ye>s4 ,! t5d5cy is = ! middle #ej p] c5t
 to fall 7approximately7 betwe5 #ic &   
#ajh4  ,?ree important conclusions are  
ju/ifi$ by ! above facts3--  #a4 ,s9ce !
 frequ5cy ( ! v>i\s grades ( intellig5ce
 decreases gradually & at no po9t       
abruptly on ea* side ( ! m$ian1 x is    
evid5t t !re is no def9ite divid+ l9e   
betwe5 normality & feeble-m9d$ness1 or  
betwe5 normality & g5ius4               
,psy*ologically1 ! m5tally defective    
*ild does n belong to a di/9ct type1 nor
 does ! g5ius4 ,!re is no l9e (         
dem>cation betwe5 ei!r ( ^! extremes & !
 s-call$ normal *ild4 ,! numb] ( m5tally
 defective individuals 9 a population w 
dep5d ^u ! /&>d arbitr>ily set up z to  

:at con/itutes m5tal defici5cy4         
,simil>ly = g5ius4 ,x is exactly z we   
%\ld und]take to classify all p into !  
?ree gr\ps3 abnormally tall1 normally   
tall1 & abnormally %ort4#bj  #bj ,see   
,*apt] ,,vi = discussion ( !            
significance ( v>i\s ,i ,q's4  #b4 ,!   
common op9ion t extreme deviations bel[ 
! m$ian are m frequ5t ?an extreme       
deviations above ! m$ian seems to h no  
f\ndation 9 fact4 ,among unselect$ s*ool
 *ildr51 at lea/1 = e *ild ( any giv5   
degree ( defici5cy !re is ano!r *ild z  
f> above ! av]age ,i ,q z ! =m] is bel[4
 ,we h %[n else:]e ! s]i\s consequ5ces (
 neglect ( ?is fact4#ba  #ba ,see p4 #ab
 ff4  #c4 ,! traditional view t         
v>iability 9 m5tal traits becomes m m>k$
 dur+ adolesc5ce is "h contradict$1 z f>
 z intellig5ce is conc]n$1 = !          
di/ribution ( ,i ,q's is practically !  
same at ea* age f #e to #ad4 ,= example1
 #f-ye>-olds diff] f "o ano!r fully z   
mu* z d #ad-ye>-olds4  ,,! ,,validity   
,,( ,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,quoti5t4 ,!     

facts pres5t$ above argue /rongly = !   
validity ( ! ,i ,q z an expression ( a  
*ild's intellig5ce /atus4 ,?is foll[s   
necess>ily f ! simil> nature ( !        
di/ributions at ! v>i\s ages4 ,! inf]5ce
 is t a *ild's ,i ,q1 z measur$ by ?is  
scale1 rema9s relatively con/ant4       
,re-te/s ( ! same *ildr5 at int]vals (  
two to five ye>s support ! inf]5ce4     
,*ildr5 ( sup]ior intellig5ce d n seem  
to det]iorate z !y get old]1 nor dull   
*ildr5 to develop av]age intellig5ce4   
,kn[+ a *ild's ,i ,q1 we c pr$ict ) a   
fair degree ( accuracy ! c\rse ( 8 lat] 
developm5t4  ,! m5tal age ( a subject is
 mean+less if consid]$ ap>t f           
*ronological age4 ,x is only ! ratio (  
ret>dation or accel]ation to            
*ronological age 7t is1 ! ,i ,q7 :i* has
 significance4  ,x foll[s also t if ! ,i
 ,q is a valid expression ( intellig5ce1
 z x seems to be1 !n ! ,b9et-,simon     
age-grade me?od becomes trans=m$        
automatically into a po9t-scale me?od1  
if "o wants to use x t way4 ,z su* x is 

sup]ior to any o!r po9t scale t has be5 
propos$1 because x includes a l>g] numb]
 ( te/s & its po9ts h def9ite mean+4#bb 
#bb ,= discussion ( ! suppos$ advantages
 ( ! po9t-scale me?od1 see ,y]kes &     
,bridges3 ,a ,new ,po9t ,scale =        
,measur+ ,m5tal ,ability4 7,w>wick &    
,york1 #aiae47  ,,sex ,,diff]5ces4 ,! "q
 z to ! relative intellig5ce ( ! sexes  
is "o ( p]5nial int]e/ & great social   
importance4 ,! anci5t hypo!sis1 ! "o :i*
 dates f ! "t :5 only m5 conc]n$        
!mselves ) sci5tific hypo!ses1 took =   
grant$ ! sup]iority ( ! male4 ,) !      
developm5t ( individual psy*ology1      
h[ev]1 x 0 soon f\nd t z f> z ! evid5ce 
( m5tal te/s c be tru/$ ! av]age        
intellig5ce ( wom5 & girls is z high z t
 ( m5 & boys4  ,if we accept ?is result 
we are !n confront$ ) ! difficult       
problem ( f9d+ an explanation = ! fact t
 s few ( ^? :o h acquir$ em95ce 9 !     
v>i\s intellectual fields h be5 wom54   
,two explanations h be5 propos$3 7#a7 ,t
 wom5 become em95t less (t5 ?an m5      

simply = lack ( opportunity & /imulus2 &
 7#b7 t :ile ! av]age intellig5ce ( !   
sexes is ! same1 extreme v>iations may  
be m common 9 males4 ,x is po9t$ out t n
 only are !re m em95t m5 ?an em95t wom51
 b t /ati/ics also %[ a prepond]ance (  
males 9 in/itutions = ! m5tally         
defective4 ,accord+ly x is (t5 said t   
wom5 are gr\p$ closely ab\t ! av]age1   
:ile m5 %[ a wid] range ( di/ribution4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,m$ian ,i ,q  
,,( #deg ,,boys 7,,unbrok5 ,,l9e7 ,,&   
#ddh ,,girls 7,,dott$ ,,l9e7 ,,= ,,!    
,,ages #e-ad ,,ye>s  ,_m hundr$s (      
articles & books ( popul> or            
quasi-sci5tific nature h be5 writt5 on  
"o aspect or ano!r ( ?is "q ( sex       
diff]5ce 9 intellig5ce2 b all su*       
!oretical discussions tak5 toge!r are   
wor? less ?an ! results ( "o good       
exp]im5t4 ,let u see :at our #ajjj ,i   
,q's h to (f] t[>d a solution ( !       
problem4  #a4 ,:5 ! ,i ,q's ( ! boys &  
girls 7 treat$ sep>ately !re 0 f\nd a   
small b fairly con/ant sup]iority ( !   

girls up to ! age ( #ac ye>s4 ,at #ad1  
h[ev]1 ! curve = ! girls dropp$ bel[ t =
 boys4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,figure #c4  ,!    
supplem5t>y data1 includ+ ! tea*]s'     
e/imates ( intellig5ce on a scale (     
five1 ! tea*]s' judgm5ts 9 reg>d to !   
quality ( ! s*ool "w1 & records %[+ !   
age-grade di/ribution ( ! sexes1 7 all  
sift$ = evid5ce z to ! g5u95ess ( !     
app>5t sup]iority ( ! girls age = age4  
,! results ( all ^! l9es ( inquiry      
support ! te/s 9 sugge/+ t ! sup]iority 
( ! girls is probably real ev5 up to &  
includ+ age #ad1 ! app>5t sup]iority ( !
 boys at ?is age be+ fully acc\nt$ = by 
! m frequ5t elim9ation ( #ad-ye>-old    
girls f ! grades by promotion to ! high 
s*ool4#bc  #bc ,x w be rememb]$ t ?is   
s]ies ( te/s did n foll[ up & te/ ^? :o 
_h be5 promot$ to high s*ool4  #b4      
,h[ev]1 ! sup]iority ( girls ov] boys is
 s slight 7am\nt+ at mo/ ages to only #b
 to #c po9ts 9 t]ms ( ,i ,q7 t =        
practical purposes x w\ld seem          
negligible4 ,?is (f]s no support to !   

op9ion express$ by ,y]kes & ,bridges t  
at c]ta9 ages s]i\s inju/ice w be done  
individuals by evaluat+ _! scores 9 !   
light ( norms :i* d n take acc\nt ( sex 
diff]5ces4  #c4 ,ap>t f ! small         
sup]iority ( girls1 ! di/ribution (     
intellig5ce 9 ! two sexes is n diff]5t4 
,! suppos$ wid] v>iation ( boys is n    
f\nd4 ,girls d n gr\p !mselves ab\t !   
m$ian m closely ?an d boys4 ,! range (  
,i ,q includ+ ! middle fifty p] c5t is  
approximately ! same = ! two sexes4#bd  
#bd ,= an ext5sive summ>y ( o!r data on 
! v>iability ( ! sexes see ! article by 
,leta ,s4 ,holl+wor?1 9 ,! ,am]ican     
,j\rnal ( ,sociology 7,janu>y1 #aiad71  
pp4 #eaj-cj4 ,x is %[n t ! f9d+s ( o!rs 
support ! conclusions set =? above4  #d4
 ,:5 ! results = ! individual te/s 7    
exam9$1 x 0 f\nd t n _m %[$ v extreme   
diff]5ces z to ! p] c5t ( boys & girls  
pass+4 ,9 a few cases1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce
 0 r m>k$4  ,! boys 7 decid$ly bett] 9  
ari?metical reason+1 giv+ diff]5ces     
betwe5 a presid5t & a k+1 solv+ ! =m    

bo>d1 mak+ *ange1 rev]s+ h&s ( clock1   
f9d+ simil>ities1 & solv+ ! induction   
te/4 ,! girls 7 sup]ior 9 draw+ designs 
f memory1 /hetic comp>ison1 comp>+      
objects f memory1 answ]+ ! compreh5sion 
que/ions1 repeat+ digits & s5t5ces1 ty+ 
a b[-knot1 & f9d+ rhymes4  ,accord+ly1  
our data1 :i* = ! mo/ "p agree ) !      
results ( o!rs1 ju/ify ! conclusion t ! 
intellig5ce ( girls1 at lea/ up to #ad  
ye>s1 does n diff] mat]ially f t ( boys 
ei!r z reg>ds ! av]age level or ! range 
( di/ribution4 ,x may /ill be argu$ t ! 
m5tal developm5t ( boys beyond ! age (  
#ad ye>s la/s long] & ext5ds f>!r ?an 9 
! case ( girls1 b z a matt] ( fact ?is  
op9ion receives little support f su*    
te/s z h be5 made on m5 & wom5 college  
/ud5ts4  ,! fact t s few wom5 h atta9$  
em95ce may be due to :olly extrane\s    
factors1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are !    
foll[+3 7#a7 ,! occupations 9 :i* x is  
possible to a*ieve em95ce are = ! mo/ "p
 only n[ beg9n+ to op5 _! doors to wom54
 ,wom5's c>e] has be5 l>gely t (        

home-mak+1 an occupation 9 :i* em95ce1 9
 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 is impossible4    
7#b7 ,ev5 ( ! small numb] ( wom5 :o     
emb>k ^u a pr(essional c>e]1 a majority 
m>ry & !reaft] devote a fairly l>ge     
proportion ( _! en]gy to be>+ & re>+    
*ildr54 7#c7 ,bo? ! tra9+ giv5 to girls 
& ! g5]al atmosph]e 9 :i* !y gr[ up are 
unfavorable to ! inculcation ( !        
pr(essional po9t ( view1 & z a result   
wom5 are n spurr$ on by deep-seat$      
motives to con/ant & /r5u\s intellectual
 endeavor z m5 are4 7#d7 ,x is also     
possible t ! emotional traits ( wom5 are
 su* z to favor ! developm5t ( !        
s5tim5ts at ! exp5se ( innate           
intellectual end[m5t4  ,,intellig5ce ,,(
 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,social ,,classes4 ,( ! 
#ajjj *ildr51 #dib 7 classifi$ by _!    
tea*]s accord+ to social class into !   
foll[+ five gr\ps3 v inf]ior1 inf]ior1  
av]age1 sup]ior1 & v sup]ior4 ,a        
comp>ative /udy 0 !n made ( !           
di/ribution ( ,i ,q's = ^! diff]5t      
gr\ps4#be  #be ,! results ( ?is         

comp>ison h be5 set =? 9 detail 9 !     
monograph ( s\rce mat]ial & "s ( !      
conclusions h be5 set =? on p4 #aae ff4 
( ! pres5t volume4  ,! data may be      
summ>iz$ z foll[s3--      #a4 ,! m$ian  
,i ,q = *ildr5 ( ! sup]ior social class 
is     ab\t #g po9ts above1 & t ( !     
inf]ior social class     ab\t #g po9ts  
bel[1 ! m$ian ,i ,q ( ! av]age social   
gr\p4 ,?is means t by ! age ( #ad       
inf]ior class *ildr5     are ab\t "o ye>
 bel[1 & sup]ior class *ildr5 "o ye>    
above1 ! m$ian m5tal age = all classes  
tak5 toge!r4      #b4 ,t ! *ildr5 ( !   
sup]ior social classes make a     bett] 
%[+ 9 ! te/s is probably due1 = ! mo/   
"p1     to a sup]iority 9 orig9al       
end[m5t4 ,?is conclusion is     support$
 by five supplem5t>y l9es ( evid5ce3 7a7
 !     tea*]s' rank+s ( ! *ildr5 accord+
 to intellig5ce2     7b7 ! age-grade    
progress ( ! *ildr52 7c7 ! quality     (
 ! s*ool "w2 7d7 ! comp>ison ( old] &   
y\ng]     *ildr5 z reg>ds ! influ5ce (  
social environm5t2 &     7e7 ! /udy (   

individual cases ( bright & dull *ildr5 
9 ! same family4      #c4 ,9 ord] to    
facilitate comp>ison1 x is advisable to 
express     ! intellig5ce ( *ildr5 ( all
 social classes 9 t]ms (     ! same     
objective scale ( intellig5ce4 ,?is     
scale %\ld be     bas$ on ! m$ian = all 
classes tak5 toge!r4      #d4 ,z reg>ds 
_! responses to individual te/s1 our    
*ildr5     ( a giv5 social class 7 n    
di/+ui%able f *ildr5     ( ! same       
intellig5ce 9 any o!r social class4  ,,!
 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,i ,q ,,to ,,!      
,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,s*ool     
,,"w4 ,! s*ool "w ( #ejd *ildr5 0 grad$ 
by ! tea*]s on a scale ( five grades3 v 
inf]ior1 inf]ior1 av]age1 sup]ior1 & v  
sup]ior4 ,:5 ?is gr\p+ 0 comp>$ ) t made
 on ! basis ( ,i ,q1 fairly close       
agreem5t 0 f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 9 ab\t "o case 
out ( t5 !re 0 r s]i\s disagreem5t2 a   
*ild1 = example1 w\ld be rat$ z do+     
av]age s*ool "w :5 8 ,i ,q w\ld place   
him 9 ! v inf]ior intellig5ce gr\p4  ,:5
 ! data 7 se>*$ = explanations ( su*    

disagreem5ts x 0 f\nd t mo/ ( !m 7      
pla9ly due to ! failure ( tea*]s to take
 into acc\nt ! age ( ! *ild :5 grad+ !  
quality ( 8 s*ool "w4#bf ,:5 all[ance 0 
made = ?is t5d5cy !re 7 no disagreem5ts 
:i* ju/ifi$ any s]i\s suspicion z to !  
accuracy ( ! intellig5ce scale4 ,m9or   
disagreem5ts may1 ( c\rse1 be disreg>d$1
 s9ce ! quality ( s*ool "w dep5ds 9 "p  
on o!r factors ?an intellig5ce1 su* z   
indu/ry1 heal?1 regul>ity ( att5dance1  
quality ( in/ruction1 etc4  #bf ,see p4 
#bd ff4  ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,i ,q  
,,& ,,grade ,,progress4 ,?is comp>ison1 
:i* 0 made = ! entire #ajjj *ildr51 %[$ 
a fairly high correlation1 b also "s    
a/oni%+ disagreem5ts4 ,n9e-ye>          
intellig5ce 0 f\nd all ! way f grade #a 
to grade #g1 inclusive2 #aj-ye>         
intellig5ce all ! way f grade #b to     
grade #g2 & #ab-ye> intellig5ce all !   
way f grade #c to grade #h4 ,pla9ly !   
s*ool's ef=ts at grad+ fail to give     
homog5e\s gr\ps ( *ildr5 z reg>ds m5tal 
ability4 ,on ! :ole1 ! grade location ( 

! *ildr5 did n fit _! m5tal ages mu*    
bett] ?an x did _! *ronological ages4   
,:5 ! data 7 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd t         
practically e *ild ^: grade fail$ to    
correspond fairly closely ) 8 m5tal age 
0 ei!r exceptionally bright or          
exceptionally dull4 ,^? :o te/$ betwe5  
#if & #aje ,i ,q 7 nev] s]i\sly misplac$
 9 s*ool4 ,! v dull *ildr51 h[ev]1 7    
usually locat$ f "o to ?ree grades above
 :]e !y belong$ by m5tal age1 & ! dull] 
! *ild ! m s]i\s1 z a rule1 0 !         
misplacem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v bright   
*ildr5 7 ne>ly always locat$ f "o to    
?ree grades bel[ :]e !y belong$ by m5tal
 age1 & ! bright] ! *ild ! m s]i\s !    
s*ool's mi/ake4 ,! *ild ( #aj-ye> m5tal 
age 9 ! second grade1 = example1 is     
almo/ c]ta9 to be ab\t #g or #h ye>s    
old2 ! *ild ( #aj-ye> intellig5ce 9 !   
six? grade is almo/ c]ta9 to be #ac to  
#ae ye>s ( age4  ,all ?is is due to "o  
fact1 & "o alone3 ! s*ool t5ds to       
promote *ildr5 by age r ?an ability4 ,! 
bright *ildr5 are held back1 :ile ! dull

 *ildr5 are promot$ beyond _! m5tal     
ability4 ,! ret>dation problem is       
exactly ! rev]se ( :at we h ?\ght x to  
be4 ,x is ! bright *ildr5 :o are ret>d$1
 & ! dull *ildr5 :o are accel]at$4  ,!  
rem$y is to be s\ght 9 diff]5tiat$      
c\rses 7special classes7 = bo? k9ds (   
m5tally exceptional *ildr54 ,j z _m     
special classes are ne$$ = sup]ior      
*ildr5 z = ! inf]ior4 ,! social         
consequ5ces ( suitable educational      
advantages = *ildr5 ( sup]ior ability   
w\ld no d\bt greatly exce$ any?+ t c\ld 
possibly result f ! special in/ruction (
 dull>ds & bord]-l9e cases4#bg  #bg ,see
 ,*apt] ,,vi = fur!r discussion ( !     
s*ool progress possible to *ildr5 (     
v>i\s ,i ,q's4  ,special /udy ( ! ,i    
,q's betwe5 #gj & #gi reveal$ ! fact t a
 *ild ( ?is grade ( intellig5ce nev]    
does satisfactory "w 9 ! grade :]e he   
belongs by *ronological age4 ,by ! "t he
 has att5d$ s*ool f\r or five ye>s1 su* 
a *ild is usually f\nd do+ v inf]ior to 
av]age "w 9 a grade f two to f\r ye>s   

bel[ 8 age4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ild ) an  
,i ,q ( #abj or above is almo/ nev] f\nd
 bel[ ! grade = 8 *ronological age1 &   
occasionally he is "o or two grades     
above4 ,:]ev] locat$1 8 "w is always    
sup]ior or v sup]ior1 & ! evid5ce       
sugge/s /rongly t x w\ld probably rema9 
s ev5 if extra promotions 7 grant$4     
,,correlation ,,betwe5 ,i ,q ,,& ,,!    
,,tea*]s' ,,e/imates ,,( ,,! ,,*ildr5',s
 ,,intellig5ce4 ,by ! ,pe>son =mula !   
correlation f\nd betwe5 ! ,i ,q's & !   
tea*]s' rank+s on a scale ( five 0 4#dh4
 ,?is is ab\t :at o!rs h f\nd1 & is bo? 
high en\gh & l[ en\gh to be significant4
 ,t x is mod]ately high 9 s f>          
corroborates ! te/s4 ,t x is n high]    
means t ei!r ! tea*]s or ! te/s h made a
 good _m mi/akes4  ,:5 ! data 7 se>*$ = 
evid5ce on ?is po9t1 x 0 f\nd1 z we h   
%[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 t ! fault 0 pla9ly on
 ! "p ( ! tea*]s4 ,! s]i\s mi/akes 7    
ne>ly all made ) *ildr5 :o 7 ei!r ov]   
age or "u age = _! grade1 mo/ly ! =m]4  
,9 e/imat+ *ildr5's intellig5ce1 j z 9  

grad+ _! s*ool success1 ! tea*]s (t5    
fail$ to take acc\nt ( ! age factor4 ,= 
example1 ! *ild ^: m5tal age 01 say1 two
 ye>s bel[ normal1 & :o 0 enroll$ 9 a   
class ) *ildr5 ab\t two ye>s y\ng] ?an  
himself1 0 (t5 grad$ av]age 9           
intellig5ce4  ,! t5d5cy ( tea*]s is to  
e/imate a *ild's intellig5ce accord+ to 
! quality ( 8 s*ool "w 9 ! grade :]e he 
happ5s to be locat$4 ,?is results 9     
ov]e/imat+ ! intellig5ce ( old]1 ret>d$ 
*ildr51 & und]e/imat+ ! intellig5ce ( ! 
y\ng]1 advanc$ *ildr54 ,! disagreem5ts  
betwe5 ! te/s & ! tea*]s' e/imates are  
?us f\nd1 :5 analyz$1 to confirm !      
validity ( ! te/ me?od r ?an to br+ x "u
 suspicion4  ,,! ,,validity ,,( ,,!     
,,individual ,,te/s4 ,! validity ( ea*  
te/ 0 *eck$ up by measur+ x aga9/ !     
scale z a :ole 9 ! mann] describ$ on p4 
#ee4 ,= example1 if #aj-ye>-old *ildr5  
hav+ #aa-ye> intellig5ce succe$ ) a giv5
 te/ decid$ly bett] ?an #aj-ye>-old     
*ildr5 :o h #i-ye> intellig5ce1 !n ei!r 
?is te/ mu/ be accept$ z valid or !     

scale z a :ole mu/ be reject$4 ,s9ce we 
"k1 h[ev]1 t ! scale z a :ole has at    
lea/ a reasonably high degree (         
reliability1 ?is me?od becomes a sure & 
ready means ( judg+ ! wor? ( a te/4  ,:5
 ! te/s 7 tri$ out 9 ?is way x 0 f\nd t 
"s ( ^? :i* h be5 mo/ criticiz$ h 9     
reality a high correlation )            
intellig5ce4 ,among ^! are nam+ ! days (
 ! week1 giv+ ! value ( /amps1 c\nt+    
?irte5 p5nies1 giv+ diff]5ces betwe5    
presid5t & k+1 f9d+ rhymes1 giv+ age1   
di/+ui%+ "r & left1 & int]pretation (   
pictures4 ,o!rs hav+ a high reliability 
are ! vocabul>y te/s1 ari?metical       
reason+1 giv+ diff]5ces1 copy+ a        
diamond1 giv+ date1 repeat+ digits 9    
rev]se ord]1 int]pretation ( fables1 !  
dissect$ s5t5ce te/1 nam+ sixty words1  
f9d+ omissions 9 pictures1 & recogniz+  
absurdities4  ,among ! some:at less     
satisfactory te/s are ! foll[+3 repeat+ 
digits 7direct ord]71 nam+ co9s1        
di/+ui%+ =5oon & aft]noon1 def9+ 9 t]ms 
( use1 draw+ designs f memory1 & /hetic 

comp>ison4 ,b9et's l9e sugge/ion te/    
correlat$ s little ) intellig5ce t x _h 
to be ?r[n out4 ,! same 0 also true (   
two ( ! new te/s :i* we _h add$ to !    
s]ies = try-out4  ,te/s %[+ a m$ium     
correlation ) ! scale z a :ole include  
arrang+ weights1 execut+ ?ree           
commissions1 nam+ colors1 giv+ numb] (  
f+]s1 describ+ pictures1 nam+ ! mon?s1  
mak+ *ange1 giv+ sup]ior def9itions1    
f9d+ simil>ities1 read+ = memories1     
rev]s+ h&s ( clock1 def9+ ab/ract words1
 problems ( fact1 b[-knot1 induction    
te/1 & compreh5sion que/ions4  ,a te/   
:i* makes a good %[+ on ?is crit]ion (  
agreem5t ) ! scale z a :ole becomes     
immune to !oretical criticisms4 ,:atev] 
x appe>s to be f m]e inspection1 x is a 
real measure ( intellig5ce4 ,h5ce=? x   
/&s or falls ) ! scale z a :ole4  ,!    
read] w und]/&1 ( c\rse1 t no s+le te/  
us$ alone w det]m9e accurately ! g5]al  
level ( intellig5ce4 ,a great _m te/s   
are requir$2 & = two reasons3 7#a7      
because intellig5ce has _m aspects2 &   

7#b7 9 ord] to ov]come ! accid5tal      
influ5ces ( tra9+ or environm5t4 ,if _m 
te/s are us$ no "o ( !m ne$ %[ m ?an a  
mod]ately high correlation ) ! scale z a
 :ole4 ,z /at$ by ,b9et1 ,let ! te/s be 
r\gh1 if !re are only en\gh ( !m4       
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,! ,,significance ,,(    
,,v>i\s ,,intellig5ce ,,quoti5ts        
,,frequ5cy ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,degrees ,,(  
,,intellig5ce4 ,be=e we c int]pret !    
results ( an exam9ation x is necess>y to
 "k h[ frequ5tly an ,i ,q ( ! size f\nd 
occurs among unselect$ *ildr54 ,our te/s
 ( #ajjj unselect$ *ildr5 enable u to   
answ] ?is "q ) "s degree ( def9it5ess4  
,a /udy ( ^! #ajjj ,i ,q's %[s ! foll[+ 
significant facts3--    ,! l[e/   #a  g 
to #gj or bel[1 ! highe/   #a  rea* #acj
 or above              #b      #gc      
#b       #abh                   #c      
#gf                     #c       #abe   
#e      #gh                     #e      
#abb                  #aj      #he      
#aj       #aaf                  #ae     
#hh                    #ae       #aac   

#bj      #ia                    #bj     
#aaj                  #be      #ib      
#be       #ajh               #cca_/c    
#ie                 #cca_/c      #ajf   
,or1 to put "s ( ! above facts 9 ano!r  
=m3--    ,! *ild rea*+          #aaj is 
equal$ or excell$ by #bj out ( #ajj     
7ab\t7  #aae                      #aj   
#abe                       #c           
#acj                       #a           
,conv]sely1 we may say reg>d+ !         
subnormals t3--    ,! *ild te/+ at      
7ab\t7 #ij is equal$ or excell$ by #hj  
out ( #ajj                           #he
                      #ij               
#ge                      #ig            
#gj                      #ii            
,,classification ,,( ,,intellig5ce      
,,quoti5ts4 ,:at d ! above ,i ,q's imply
 9 su* t]ms z feeble-m9d$ness1 bord]-l9e
 intellig5ce1 dullness1 normality1      
sup]ior intellig5ce g5ius1 etc48 ,:5 we 
use ^! t]ms two facts mu/ be borne 9    
m9d3 7#a7 ,t ! b\nd>y l9es betwe5 su*   
gr\ps are absolutely arbitr>y1 a matt] (

 def9ition only2 & 7#b7 t ! individuals 
compris+ "o ( ! gr\ps d n make up a     
homog5e\s type4  ,nev]!less1 s9ce t]ms l
 ! above are conv5i5t & w probably      
cont9ue to be us$1 x is desirable to    
give !m z mu* def9it5ess z possible4 ,on
 ! basis ( ! te/s we h made1 includ+ _m 
cases ( all grades ( intellig5ce1 !     
foll[+ sugge/ions are (f]$ = !          
classification ( intellig5ce quoti5ts3--
      ,i ,q         ,classification     
,above #adj     ,ne> g5ius or g5ius4    
#abj-adj     ,v sup]ior intellig5ce4    
#aaj-abj     ,sup]ior intellig5ce4      
#ij-aaj     ,normal1 or av]age1         
intellig5ce4        #hj- #ij            
,dullness1 r>ely classifiable z         
feeble-m9d$ness4        #gj- #hj        
,bord]-l9e defici5cy1 sometimes         
classifiable z                          
dullness1 (t5 z feeble-m9d$ness4        
,bel[ #gj     ,def9ite feeble-m9d$ness4 
,( ! feeble-m9d$1 ^? betwe5 #ej & #gj ,i
 ,q include mo/ ( ! morons 7high1       
middle1 & l[71 ^? betwe5 #bj or #be &   

#ej are ord9>ily to be class$ z         
imbeciles1 & ^? bel[ #bj or #be z       
idiots4 ,accord+ to ?is classification !
 adult idiot w\ld range up to ab\t      
#c-ye> intellig5ce z ! limit1 ! adult   
imbecile w\ld h a m5tal level betwe5 #c 
& #g ye>s1 & ! adult moron w\ld range f 
ab\t #g-ye> to #aa-ye> intellig5ce4  ,x 
%\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! classification 
( ,i ,q's = ! v>i\s sub-grades (        
feeble-m9d$ness is n v secure1 = !      
reason t ! exact curves ( m5tal gr[? h n
 be5 work$ out = su* grades4 ,z f> z !  
public s*ools are conc]n$ ?is does n    
greatly matt]1 z !y nev] enroll idiots &
 v r>ely ev5 ! high-grade imbecile4     
,s*ool defectives are practically all ( 
! moron & bord]-l9e grades1 & ^! x is   
important tea*]s %\ld be able to        
recognize4 ,! foll[+ discussions &      
illu/rative cases w p]haps give a fairly
 def9ite idea ( ! significance ( v>i\s  
grades ( intellig5ce4#bh  #bh ,! cl9ical
 descriptions to be giv5 are n complete 
& are design$ m]ely to aid ! exam9] 9   

und]/&+ ! significance ( intellig5ce    
quoti5ts f\nd4  ,,feeble-,,m9d$ness     
7,,r>ely ,,above #ge ,i ,q47 ,!re are   
innum]able grades ( m5tal defici5cy     
rang+ f some:at bel[ av]age intellig5ce 
to pr(\nd idiocy4 ,9 ! lit]al s5se e    
individual bel[ ! av]age is m or less   
m5tally weak or feeble4 ,only a         
relatively small proportion ( ^!1 h[ev]1
 are te*nically kn[n z feeble-m9d$4 ,x  
is !re=e necess>y to set =? ! crit]ion z
 to :at con/itutes feeble-m9d$ness 9 !  
commonly accept$ s5se ( t ^w4  ,!       
def9ition 9 mo/ g5]al use is ! "o fram$ 
by ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians &    
,surgeons ( ,london1 & adopt$ by !      
,engli% ,royal ,commission on ,m5tal    
,defici5cy4 ,x is sub/antially z        
foll[s3--  ,a feeble-m9d$ p]son is "o :o
 is incapable1 because ( m5tal defect   
exi/+ f bir? or f an e>ly age1 7a7 (    
compet+ on equal t]ms ) 8 normal fell[s2
 or 7b7 ( manag+ himself or 8 affairs ) 
ord9>y prud5ce4  ,two ?+s are to be not$
 9 reg>d to ?is def9ition3 ,9 ! fir/    

place1 x is /at$ 9 t]ms ( social &      
indu/rial effici5cy4 ,su* effici5cy1    
h[ev]1 dep5ds n m]ely on ! degree (     
intellig5ce1 b also on emotional1 moral1
 physical1 & social traits z well4 ,?is 
expla9s :y "s individuals ) ,i ,q       
some:at bel[ #ge c h>dly be class$ z    
feeble-m9d$ 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1    
:ile o!rs ) ,i ,q a little above #ge    
c\ld h>dly be classifi$ 9 any o!r gr\p4 
,9 ! second place1 ! crit]ion set up by 
! def9ition is n v def9ite because ( !  
vague mean+ ( ! expression ord9>y       
prud5ce4 ,ev5 ! expression compet+ on   
equal t]ms _c be tak5 lit]ally1 else x  
w\ld include also ^? :o are m]ely dull4 
,x is ! second "p ( ! def9ition t m     
ne>ly expresses ! popul> crit]ion1 = z  
long z an individual manages 8 affairs 9
 su* a way z to be self-support+1 & 9   
su* a way z to avoid becom+ a nuisance  
or burd5 to 8 fell[m51 he escapes !     
in/itutions = defectives & may pass =   
normal4  ,! mo/ s]i\s defect ( !        
def9ition comes f ! lax int]pretation ( 

! t]m ord9>y prud5ce1 etc4 ,! popul>    
/&>d is s l[ t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( high   
grade defectives escape id5tification z 
su*4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m grades (      
sev]ity 9 social & indu/rial            
competition4 ,= example1 mo/ ( ! memb]s 
( su* families z ! ,jukes1 ! ,nams1 !   
,hill ,folk1 & ! ,kallikaks are able to 
pass z normal 9 _! own crude environm5t1
 b :5 compell$ to compete ) av]age      
,am]ican /ock _! defici5cy becomes      
evid5t4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to         
supplem5t ! social crit]ion ) a m       
/rictly psy*ological "o4  ,= ?is purpose
 !re is no?+ else z significant z ! ,i  
,q4 ,all :o te/ bel[ #gj ,i ,q by !     
,/an=d revision ( ! ,b9et-,simon scale  
%\ld be consid]$ feeble-m9d$1 & x is an 
op5 "q :e!r x w\ld n be ju/ifiable to   
consid] #ge ,i ,q z ! l[] limit ( normal
 intellig5ce4 ,c]ta9ly a l>ge proportion
 fall+ betwe5 #gj & #ge c h>dly be      
class$ z o!r ?an feeble-m9d$1 ev5       
accord+ to ! social crit]ion4           
,examples ( feeble-m9d$ s*ool *ildr5    

,f4 ,c4 ,boy1 age #h-f2 m5tal age #d-b2 
,i ,q approximately #ej4 ,f     a v     
sup]ior home4 ,has _h ! be/ m$ical c>e &
 o!r     att5tion4 ,att5d$ a private    
k9d]g>t5 until reject$     because he   
requir$ s mu* ( ! tea*]'s "t & appe>$   
un$ucable4 ,w probably develop to ab\t !
 #f- or #g-ye>     m5tal level4 ,high   
grade imbecile4 ,has s9ce be5 committ$  
to a     /ate in/itution4 ,cases z l[ z 
,f4 ,c4 v r>ely get into     ! public   
s*ools4       ,r4 ,w4 ,boy1 age #ac-aj2 
m5tal age #g-f2 ,i ,q approximately #ee4
     ,home excell5t4 ,is pubesc5t4      
,because ( age & maturity has     be5   
promot$ to ! ?ird grade1 ?\gh he c h>dly
 d !     "w ( ! second4 ,has att5d$     
s*ool m ?an six ye>s4     ,w probably   
nev] develop mu* if any beyond #h ye>s1 
& w     nev] be self-support+4 ,l[-grade
 moron4      ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4   
,,diamond ,,drawn ,,by ,r4 ,w41 ,,age   
#ac-aj2 ,,m5tal     ,,age #g-f       ,m4
 ,s4 ,girl1 age #g-f2 m5tal age #d-f2 ,i
 ,q #fj4 ,fa!r a     g>d5]1 home        

conditions & m$ical att5tion fair4 ,has 
twice     attempt$ fir/ grade1 b )\t    
le>n+ to read m ?an a     few words4 ,9 
ea* case tea*] reque/$ p>5ts to )draw   
h]4 ,takes ?+s4 ,is consid]$ fooli% by !
 o!r     *ildr54 ,w probably nev]       
develop beyond a m5tal level (     #h   
ye>s4       ,r4 ,m4 ,boy1 age #ae2 m5tal
 age #i2 ,i ,q #fj4 ,decid$ly sup]ior   
home environm5t & c>e4 ,aft] att5d+     
s*ool eight ye>s is     9 fif? grade1   
?\gh he _c d ! "w ( ! f\r?     grade4   
,p>5ts unable to tea* him to respect    
prop]ty4 ,boys     torm5t him & make 8  
life mis]able4 ,at middle-moron level   
& has probably ab\t rea*$ ! limit ( 8   
developm5t4 ,has     s9ce be5 committ$  
to a /ate in/itution4      ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,writ+ ,,f ,,dictation4 ,r4
 ,m41 ,,age #ae2     ,,m5tal ,,age #i   
,s4 ,m4 ,girl1 age #ai-b2 m5tal age #aj2
 ,i ,q approximately #fe 7n     c\nt+   
age beyond #af74 ,f v sup]ior family4   
,has     att5d$ public & private s*ools 
twelve ye>s & has be5     promot$ to    

sev5? grade1 :]e %e _c d ! "w4 ,appe>s  
docile & *ildlike1 b is subject to      
spells ( disob$i5ce     & /ubbornness4  
,did n walk until #d ye>s old4 ,plays ) 
"y *ildr54 ,susceptible to att5tion f m5
 & has to be     con/antly gu>d$4 ,writ+
 excell5t1 kn[s ! numb]     comb9ations1
 b miss$ all ! absurdities & has !      
vocabul>y ( an av]age #aj-ye>-old4 ,!   
type f :i*     pro/itutes (t5 come4     
,r4 ,h4 ,boy1 age #ad2 m5tal age #h-d2  
,i ,q #fe4 ,fa!r ,iri%1     "m ,spani%4 
,family com=table & home c>e av]age4    
,has     att5d$ s*ool eight ye>s & is   
unable to d f\r?-grade     "w           
satisfactorily4 ,heal? excell5t &       
att5dance regul>4     ,reads 9 f\r?     
read] )\t expression & ) little         
compreh5sion ( :at is read4 ,fair skill 
9 numb]     comb9ations4 ,writ+ & draw+ 
v poor4 ,_c use a rul]4     ,has no     
conception ( an in*4      ,r4 ,h4 is    
describ$ z high-temp]$1 irritable1 lack+
 9     physical activity1 clumsy1 &     
un/eady4 ,plays little4 ,j     /&s      

ar\nd4 ,indiff]5t to praise or blame1   
has little     s5se ( duty1 plays und]h&
 tricks4 ,is sl[1 abs5t-m9d$1     easily
 confus$1 9 ?\ght1 nev] %[s appreciation
 or     int]e/4 ,s apa!tic t he does n  
he> comm&s4 ,voice     dron+4 ,spee*    
poor 9 colloquial expressions4          
,?ree ye>s lat]1 at age ( #ag1 0 9 a    
special class     attempt+ six?-grade   
"w4 ,report$ z do+ absolutely     no?+ 9
 t grade4 ,/ill sull51 indiff]5t1 & sl[ 
9     grasp+ directions1 & lack+ 9 play 
int]e/s4 ,no     app]ception ( any?+1 b 
has ma/]$ su* me*anical     ?+s z read+ 
7call+ ! words7 & ! fundam5tals 9       
ari?metic4      ,9 s*ool "w1 moral      
traits1 & out-(-s*ool behavior ,r4 ,h4  
%[s himself to be a typical case ( moron
 defici5cy4       ,i4 ,m4 ,girl1 age    
#ad-b2 m5tal age #i2 ,i ,q approximately
 #fe4     ,fa!r a labor]4 ,does         
unsatisfactory "w 9 f\r? grade4         
,plays ) little girls4 ,a m5ace to !    
morals ( ! s*ool     because ( h] sex   
int]e/s & lack ( self-re/ra9t4 ,r       

good-look+ if "o does n hunt =          
appe>ances (     intellig5ce4 ,m5tal    
reactions intol]ably sl[4 ,w develop    
b little fur!r & w always pass z        
feeble-m9d$ 9 any     b ! v l[e/ social 
environm5t4      ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#f4 ,,ball ,,& ,,field ,,te/4 ,i4 ,m41  
,,age #ad-b2     ,,m5tal ,,age #i       
,g4 ,v4 ,boy1 age #aj2 m5tal age #f-d2  
,i ,q #fe4 ,fa!r ,spani%1     "m        
,engli%4 ,family poor b fairly          
respectable4 ,bro!rs &     si/]s all    
ret>d$4 ,9 high fir/ grade4 ,"w all v   
poor     except writ+1 draw+1 & h& "w1 9
 all ( :i* he     excels4 ,is quiet &   
inactive1 lacks self-confid5ce1 & plays 
little4 ,m5tally sl[1 in]t1 ?ick1 &     
inatt5tive4 ,heal?     fair4      ,?ree 
ye>s lat] ,g4 ,v4 0 9 ! l[ ?ird grade & 
/ill     do+ extremely poor "w 9 ev]y?+ 
except manual tra9+1     draw+1 & writ+4
 ,is n likely ev] to g beyond ! f\r?    
or fif? grade h[ev] long he rema9s 9    
s*ool4       ,v4 ,j4 ,girl1 age #aa-f2  
m5tal age #h2 ,i ,q #gj4 ,has be5 te/$  

?ree times 9 ! la/ five ye>s1 always )  
approximately     ! same result 9 t]ms (
 ,i ,q4 ,home fair to inf]ior4 ,has be5 
9 a special class two ye>s & 9 s*ool    
altoge!r ne>ly six     ye>s4 ,is b>ely  
able to d ?ird-grade "w4 ,h]            
feeble-m9d$ness is recogniz$ by tea*]s &
 by o!r pupils4     ,belongs at ab\t    
middle-moron to high-moron level4       
,a4 ,w4 ,boy1 age #i-d2 m5tal age #g2 ,i
 ,q #ge4 ,a ye> & a half     ago he te/$
 at #f-b4 ,f sup]ior family1 bro!rs ( v 
sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,9 s*ool ?ree ye>s 
& has made ab\t     a grade & a half4   
,has high] ,i ,q ?an ,v4 ,j4 describ$   
above1     b 8 defici5cy is fully z     
evid5t4 ,is g5]ally recogniz$     z     
m5tally defective4 ,slyly ab/ract$ "o ( 
! p5nies us$     9 ! te/ & slipp$ x into
 8 pocket4 ,has caus$ mu*     tr\ble at 
s*ool by punctur+ bicycle tires4        
,high-grade moron4      ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #g4 ,,diamond ,,drawn ,,by ,a4   
,w4       ,a4 ,c4 ,boy1 age #ab2 m5tal  
age #h-e2 ,i ,q #gj4 ,f ,portuguese     

family ( t5 *ildr54 ,has a feeble-m9d$  
bro!r4 ,p>5ts 9     com=table           
circum/ances & respectable4 ,a4 ,c4 has 
att5d$     s*ool regul>ly s9ce he 0 #f  
ye>s old4 ,try+ unsuccessfully     to d 
! "w ( ! f\r? grade4 ,reads poorly 9 !  
?ird     read]4 ,hesitates1 repeats1    
miscalls words1 & nev] gets !     ?\ght4
 ,writes ab\t l a fir/-grade pupil4 ,_c 
solve     su* simple problems z ,h[ _m  
m>bles c y buy = t5     c5ts if "o m>ble
 co/s five c5ts8 ev5 :5 he has m>bles   
& money 9 8 h&s4 ,describ$ by tea*] z   
m5tally sl[     & in]t1 inatt5tive1     
easily di/ract$1 memory poor1 ideas     
vague & (t5 absurd1 does n appreciate   
/ories1 sl[ at     compreh5d+ comm&s4   
,is also describ$ z unruly1     boi/]\s1
 disob$i5t1 /ubborn1 & lack+ s5se (     
propriety4 ,tattles4      ,?ree ye>s    
lat]1 at age ( #ae1 0 9 a special class 
& 0     little if any improv$4 ,he _h1  
h[ev]1 le>n$ ! me*anics     ( read+ & _h
 ma/]$ ! numb] comb9ations4             
,defici5cies describ$ z ( wide range4   

,conduct1 h[ev]1 _h     improv$4 ,0     
work+ h>d to get on4      ,a4 ,c4 mu/ be
 consid]$ def9itely feeble-m9d$4        
,h4 ,s4 ,boy1 age #aa2 m5tal age #h-c2  
,i ,q approximately #ge4 ,at     #h ye>s
 te/$ at #f4 ,p>5ts highly educat$1 fa!r
 a s*ol>4     ,bro!r & si/] ( v sup]ior 
intellig5ce4 ,/>t$ to     s*ool at #g1 b
 0 )drawn because ( lack ( progress4    
,/>t$ aga9 at #h & is n[ do+ poor "w 9 !
 second     grade4 ,weakly & n]v\s4     
,pa9fully aw>e ( 8 inability to         
le>n4 ,dur+ ! te/ keeps say+1 ,i tri$   
anyway1 ,x's all     ,i c d if ,i try my
 be/1 a9't x8 etc4 ,reg>d$ defective by 
o!r *ildr54 ,w probably nev] be able to 
d "w beyond     ! f\r? or fif? grade &  
is n likely to develop above !          
#aa-ye> level1 if z high4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,draw+        
,,designs ,,f ,,memory4 ,h4 ,s41        
,,age #aa2 ,,m5tal ,,age #h-c       ,i4 
,s4 ,boy1 age #i-f2 m5tal age #g2 ,i ,q 
#ge4 ,g]man p>5tage4     ,/>t$ to s*ool 
at #f4 ,n[ 9 l[ second grade & unable to

 d     ! "w4 ,heal? good4 ,inatt5tive1  
m5tally sl[ & in]t1     easily di/ract$1
 spee* is monotone4 ,equally poor 9     
read+1     writ+1 & numb]s4 ,i4 ,s4 is  
describ$ z quiet1 sull51     indiff]5t1 
lazy1 & /ubborn4 ,plays little4         
,?ree ye>s lat] _h advanc$ f l[ second  
to l[ f\r?     grade1 b 0 z poor z ev] 9
 8 s*ool "w4 ,miscalls !     simple/    
words4 ,moral traits unsatisfactory4    
,may rea* six? or     sev5? grade if he 
rema9s 9 s*ool long en\gh4      ,i4 ,s4 
le>n$ to walk at #b ye>s & to talk at   
#c4  ,! above are cases ( su* m>k$      
defici5cy t !re c\ld be no disagreem5t  
among compet5t judges 9 classify+ !m 9 !
 gr\p ( feeble-m9d$4 ,all are def9itely 
in/itutional cases4 ,x is a matt] (     
record1 h[ev]1 t "o ( ! cases1 ,h4 ,s41 
0 diagnos$ by a physician 7)\t te/7 z   
backw>d b n a defective4 & ) ! add$     
enc\ragem5t t ! backw>dness w be        
outgr[n4 ,( c\rse ! rev]se is ! case2 ! 
defici5cy is becom+ m & m app>5t z ! boy
 approa*es ! age :]e m is expect$ ( him4

  ,9 at lea/ ?ree ( ! above cases 7,s4  
,m41 ,i4 ,s41 & ,i4 ,m47 ! tea*]s _h n  
id5tifi$ ! backw>dness z                
feeble-m9d$ness4 ,n f> f #b *ildr5 out (
 #ajj1 or #b out ( #ajjj1 9 ! av]age    
public s*ool are z defective z "s ( ^? j
 describ$4 ,tea*]s get s accu/om$ to    
see+ a few ( !m 9 e gr\p ( #bjj or #cjj 
pupils t !y are likely to reg>d !m z    
m]ely dull1--dreadfully dull1 (         
c\rse1--b n defective4  ,*ildr5 l ^!1 = 
_! own good & t ( o!r pupils1 %\ld be   
kept out ( ! regul> classes4 ,!y w r>ely
 be equal to ! "w ( ! fif? grade1 h[ev] 
long !y att5d s*ool4 ,!y w make a little
 progress 9 a well-manag$ special class1
 b ) ! approa* ( adolesc5ce1 at late/1 !
 ,/ate %\ld take !m into cu/odial c>e = 
its own protection4  ,,bord]-,,l9e      
,,cases 7,,usually ,,betwe5 #gj ,,& #hj 
,i ,q74 ,! bord]-l9e cases are ^? :i*   
fall ne> ! b\nd>y g5]ally recogniz$ z   
su* & ! high] gr\p usually class$ z     
normal b dull4 ,!y are ! d\btful cases1 
! ones we are always try+ 7r>ely )      

success7 to re/ore to normality4  ,x mu/
 be emphasiz$1 h[ev]1 t ?is d\btful gr\p
 is n m>k$ (f by def9ite ,i ,q limits4  
,"s *ildr5 ) ,i ,q z high z #ge or ev5  
#hj w h to be classifi$ z feeble-m9d$2  
"s z l[ z #gj ,i ,q may be s well end[$ 
9 o!r m5tal traits t !y may manage z    
adults to get along fairly well 9 a     
simple environm5t4 ,! ability to compete
 ) "o's fell[s 9 ! social & indu/rial _w
 does n dep5d ^u intellig5ce alone4 ,su*
 factors z moral traits1 indu/ry1       
environm5t to be enc\nt]$1 p]sonal      
appe>ance1 & influ5tial relatives are   
also involv$4 ,two *ildr5 classifi$     
above z feeble-m9d$ _h an ,i ,q z high z
 #ge4 ,9 ^! cases ! emotional1 moral1 or
 physical qualities 7 s defective z to  
r5d] a normal social life out ( ! "q4   
,?is is occasionally true ev5 ) an ,i ,q
 z high z #hj4 ,"s ( ! bord]-l9e cases1 
) ev5 less intellig5ce1 may be s well   
end[$ 9 o!r m5tal traits t !y are       
capable ( becom+ dep5dable unskill$     
labor]s1 & ( support+ a family aft] a   

fa%ion4   ,examples ( bord]-l9e         
defici5cy      ,s4 ,f4 ,girl1 age #ag2  
m5tal age #aa-f2 ,i ,q approximately #gb
     7disreg>d+ age above #af ye>s74    
,fa!r intellig5t2 "m     probably       
high-grade defective4 ,lives 9 a good   
home ) aunt1     :o is a woman ( good   
s5se & skillful 9 h] managem5t (     !  
girl4 ,s4 ,f4 has att5d$ excell5t s*ools
 = elev5 ye>s     & has rec5tly be5     
promot$ to ! sev5? grade4 ,! tea*]      
admits1 h[ev]1 t %e _c d ! "w ( t grade1
 b     says1 ,i hav5't ! he>t to let h] 
fail 9 ! six? grade     = ! ?ird "t4 ,%e
 /udies v h>d & says %e wants to        
become a tea*]6 ,at ! "t ! te/ 0 made %e
 0 actually     /udy+ h] books f two to 
?ree h\rs daily at home4 ,!     aunt1 :o
 is v intellig5t1 _h nev] ?\ght ( ?is   
girl z     feeble-m9d$1 & _h suff]$ mu* 
conc]n & humiliation     because ( h]   
inability to tea* h] to conduct h]self  
prop]ly t[>d m5 & n to appropriate o!r  
p's     prop]ty4      ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #i4 ,,ball ,,& ,,field ,,te/ ,s4 

,f41 ,,age #ag2 ,,m5tal     ,,age #aa-f 
,s4 ,f4 is ord9>ily docile1 b is subject
 to fits ( ang] &     ob/9acy4 ,%e      
f9ally det]m9$ to leave h] home1 ?reat5+
     to take up ) a man unless all[$ to 
"w else:]e4 ,s9ce     !n %e has be5 tri$
 out 9 sev]al families1 b aft] a        
little :ile 9 a place %e flies into a   
rage & leaves4 ,%e is     a fairly      
capable h\sework] :5 %e tries4      ,?is
 "y woman is feeble-m9d$ & %\ld be      
class$ z su*4     ,%e is li/$ "h ) !    
bord]-l9e cases simply = !     reason t 
%e belongs to a gr\p ^: m5tal defici5cy 
is     almo/ nev] recogniz$ )\t ! aid ( 
a psy*ological te/4     ,probably no    
physician c\ld be f\nd :o w\ld diagnose 
!     case1 on ! basis ( a m$ical       
exam9ation alone1 z "o (                
feeble-m9d$ness4       ,f4 ,h4 ,boy1 age
 #af-f2 m5tal age #aa-e2 ,i ,q          
approximately #gb     7disreg>d+ age    
above #af ye>s74 ,te/$ = ?ree successive
     ye>s )\t *ange ( m ?an f\r po9ts 9 
,i ,q4 ,fa!r a     labor]1 dull1 subject

 to fits ( rage1 & beats ! boy4     ,"m 
n f> f bord]-l9e4 ,f4 ,h4 has always _h 
! be/     ( s*ool advantages & has be5  
promot$ to ! sev5? grade4     ,is really
 ab\t equal to fif?-grade "w4 ,fairly   
rapid &     accurate 9 numb]            
comb9ations1 b _c solve ari?metical     
problems :i* require any reason+4 ,reads
 ) reasonable     flu5cy1 b ) little    
und]/&+4 ,appe>s exce$+ly               
good-natur$1 b 0 once susp5d$ f s*ool = 
hurl+     bricks at a fell[ pupil4      
,play$ a joke on ano!r pupil by         
fa/5+ a dang]\s1 %>p-po9t$1 /eel        
pap]-file 9 !     pupil's seat = him to 
sit d[n on4 ,he is cruel1 /ubborn1 &    
plays truant1 b is fairly indu/ri\s :5  
he gets a job z     err& or deliv]y boy4
 ,dis*>g$ once = tak+ money4      ,f4   
,h4 is g5]ally call$ que]1 b is n       
ord9>ily ?\ght     ( z feeble-m9d$4 ,8  
defici5cy is real1 h[ev]1 & x is        
altoge!r d\btful :e!r he w be able to   
make a liv+ &     to keep out ( tr\ble1 
?\gh he is n[ 7at age #bj7 employ$ z    

mess5g] boy = ! ,we/]n ,union at #cj p] 
mon?4 ,?is is     consid]ably less ?an  
pick-&-%ovel m5 get 9 ! community       
:]e he lives4 ,del9qu5ts & crim9als (t5 
belong to ?is     level ( intellig5ce4  
,w4 ,c4 ,boy1 age #af-h2 m5tal age #ab2 
,i ,q #ge 7disreg>d+ age     above #af  
ye>s74 ,fa!r a college pr(essor4 ,all ! 
o!r     *ildr5 9 ! family ( unusually   
sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,:5     te/$ 7f\r  
ye>s ago7 0 try+ to d sev5?-grade "w1 b 
) little success4 ,want$ to leave s*ool 
& le>n f>m+1     b fa!r insi/$ on 8     
gett+ ! usual gramm>-s*ool &            
high-s*ool education4 ,made #be "o summ]
 by rais+ vegetables     on a vacant    
lot4 ,9 ! f\r ye>s s9ce ! te/ 0 made he 
has manag$ to get into high s*ool4      
,tea*]s say t 9 spite     ( 8 be/ ef=ts 
he le>ns next to no?+1 & !y reg>d       
him z hopelessly dull4 ,is docile1 lacks
 all aggressiv5ess1     looks /upid1 &  
has head circumf]5ce an in* bel[ normal4
      ,"h is a mo/ pitiful case ( !     
ov]/imulat$ backw>d *ild     9 a sup]ior

 family4 ,in/ead ( nagg+ at ! boy & urg+
     him on to attempt ?+s :i* are      
impossible to 8 inf]ior     intellig5ce1
 8 p>5ts %\ld take him out ( s*ool & put
     him at "s k9d ( "w :i* he c\ld d4  
,if ! boy _h be5     ! son ( a common   
labor] he w\ld probably h left s*ool    
e>ly & h become a dep5dable & cont5t$   
labor]4 ,9 a     v simple environm5t he 
w\ld probably n be consid]$             
defective4       ,c4 ,p4 ,boy1 age      
#aj-b2 m5tal age #g-aa2 ,i ,q #gh4      
,portuguese boy1     son ( a skill$     
labor]4 ,"o ( elev5 *ildr51 mo/ ( :om   
h ab\t ?is same grade ( intellig5ce4    
,has att5d$ s*ool     regul>ly = f\r    
ye>s4 ,is 9 ! ?ird grade1 b _c d     !  
"w4 ,except = extreme /ubbornness 8     
social developm5t     is fairly normal4 
,capable 9 plays & games1 b is reg>d$ z 
impossible 9 8 s*ool "w4 ,l 8 bro!r1 ,m4
 ,p41 ! next     case to be describ$1 he
 w d\btless become a fairly reliable    
labor] at unskill$ "w & w n be reg>d$1 9
 8     r simple environm5t1 z a         

defective4 ,f !     psy*ological po9t ( 
view1 h[ev]1 8 defici5cy is real4 ,he   
w probably nev] develop beyond ! #aa- or
 #ab-ye> level or     be able to d      
satisfactory s*ool "w beyond ! fif? or  
six?     grade4      ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #aj4 ,,writ+ ,,f ,,dictation4 ,c4
 ,p41 ,,age #aj-b2     ,,m5tal ,,age    
#g-aa       ,m4 ,p4 ,boy1 age #ad2 m5tal
 age #aj-h2 ,i ,q #gg4 ,has be5 te/$    
f\r successive ye>s1 ,i ,q be+ always   
betwe5 #ge & #hj4     ,bro!r to ,c4 ,p4 
above4 ,9 s*ool ne>ly eight ye>s & has  
be5 promot$ to ! fif? grade4 ,at #af 0  
do+ poor "w 9     ! six? grade4 ,good   
s*ool advantages1 z ! fa!r has tri$     
consci5ti\sly to give 8 *ildr5 a good   
education4     ,p]fectly normal 9       
appe>ance & 9 play activities & is      
lik$ by o!r *ildr54 ,seems to be        
?or\ghly dep5dable bo?     9 s*ool & 9 8
 outside "w4 ,w probably become an      
excell5t labor] & w pass z p]fectly     
normal1     not)/&+ a grade (           
intellig5ce :i* w n develop     above   

#aa or #ab ye>s4      ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #aa4 ,,ball ,,& ,,field ,,te/4   
,m4 ,p41 ,,age #ad2     ,,m5tal ,,age   
#aj-h  ,:at %all we say ( cases l ! la/ 
two :i* te/ at high-grade moronity or at
 bord]-l9e1 b are well en\gh end[$ 9    
moral & p]sonal traits to pass z normal 
9 an uncomplicat$ social environm5t8    
,accord+ to ! classical def9ition (     
feeble-m9d$ness su* individuals _c be   
consid]$ defectives4 ,h>dly any "o w\ld 
?9k ( !m z in/itutional cases4 ,among   
labor+ m5 & s]vant girls !re are ?\s&s l
 !m4 ,!y are ! _w's hew]s ( wood &      
draw]s ( wat]4 ,& yet1 z f> z           
intellig5ce is conc]n$1 ! te/s h told ! 
tru?4 ,^! boys are un$ucable beyond !   
m]e/ rudim5ts ( tra9+4 ,no am\nt ( s*ool
 in/ruction w ev] make !m intellig5t    
vot]s or capable citiz5s 9 ! true s5se (
 ! ^w4 ,judg$ psy*ologically !y _c be   
consid]$ normal4  ,x is int]e/+ to note 
t ,m4 ,p4 & ,c4 ,p4 repres5t ! level (  
intellig5ce :i* is v1 v common among    
,spani%-,indian & ,mexican families ( ! 

,s\?we/ & also among negroes4 ,_!       
dullness seems to be racial1 or at lea/ 
inh]5t 9 ! family /ocks f :i* !y come4  
,! fact t "o meets ?is type ) su*       
extraord9>y frequ5cy among ,indians1    
,mexicans1 & negroes sugge/s q =cibly t 
! :ole "q ( racial diff]5ces 9 m5tal    
traits w h to be tak5 up anew & by      
exp]im5tal me?ods4 ,! writ] pr$icts t :5
 ?is is done !re w be discov]$ enorm\sly
 significant racial diff]5ces 9 g5]al   
intellig5ce1 diff]5ces :i* _c be wip$   
out by any s*eme ( m5tal culture4       
,*ildr5 ( ?is gr\p %\ld be segregat$ 9  
special classes & be giv5 in/ruction :i*
 is concrete & practical4 ,!y _c ma/]   
ab/ractions1 b !y c (t5 be made effici5t
 work]s1 able to look out = !mselves4   
,!re is no possibility at pres5t (      
conv9c+ society t !y %\ld n be all[$ to 
reproduce1 al?\gh f a eug5ic po9t ( view
 !y con/itute a grave problem because ( 
_! unusually prolific bre$+4  ,,dull    
,,normals 7,i ,q ,,usually #hj ,,to     
#ij74 ,9 ?is gr\p are includ$ ^? *ildr5 

:o w\ld n1 accord+ to any ( ! commonly  
accept$ social /&>ds1 be consid]$       
feeble-m9d$1 b :o are nev]!less f> en\gh
 bel[ ! actual av]age ( intellig5ce     
among races ( we/]n ,european desc5t t  
!y _c make ord9>y s*ool progress or ma/]
 o!r intellectual difficulties :i*      
av]age *ildr5 are equal to4 ,a few ( ?is
 class te/ z l[ z #ge to #hj ,i ,q1 b ! 
majority are n f> f #he4 ,! unmi/akably 
normal *ildr5 :o g mu* bel[ ?is 79      
,cali=nia1 at lea/7 are usually         
,mexicans1 ,indians1 or negroes4        
,r4 ,g4 ,negro boy1 age #ac-e2 m5tal age
 #aj-f2 ,i ,q approximately     #hj4    
,normal 9 appe>ance & conduct1 b v dull4
 ,is     attempt+ fif?-grade "w 9 a     
special class1 b is fail+4     ,f a     
fairly good home & has _h ord9>y s*ool  
advantages4     ,9 ! exam9ation 8       
intellig5ce is v ev5 z f> z x     goes1 
b /ops r abruptly aft] ! #aj-ye> te/s4  
,w     unque/ionably pass z normal among
 unskill$ labor]s1 b 8     intellig5ce w
 nev] exce$ ! #ab-ye> level & he is n   

likely to advance beyond ! sev5? grade1 
if z f>4      ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 
,,ball ,,& ,,field4 ,r4 ,g41 ,,age      
#ac-e1 ,,m5tal     ,,age #aj-f       ,f4
 ,d4 ,boy1 te/$ at age #aj-b2 ,i ,q #hc1
 & aga9 at #ad-a2     ,i ,q #gi4 ,m5tal 
age 9 ! fir/ te/ 0 #h-f & 9 ! second    
te/ #aa4 ,son ( a b>b]4 ,fa!r dead2 "m  
capable2 makes a     good home1 & c>es =
 h] *ildr5 well4 ,at #aj 0 do+          
unsatisfactory "w 9 ! f\r? grade1 & at  
#ab     unsatisfactory "w 9 l[ six?4    
,good-look+1 normal 9     appe>ance &   
social developm5t1 & ?\gh occasionally  
ob/9ate is usually /eady4 ,any "o       
unacqua9t$ ) 8 poor     s*ool "w & l[ ,i
 ,q w\ld consid] him p]fectly normal4   
,no     physical or moral h&icaps ( any 
k9d t c\ld possibly     acc\nt = 8      
ret>dation4 ,is simply dull4 ,ne$s      
purely a     vocational tra9+1 b may be 
able to complete ! eigh?     grade ) l[ 
m>ks by ! age ( #af or #ag4       ,g4   
,g4 ,girl1 age #ab-d2 m5tal age #aj-aj2 
,i ,q #hb4 ,f av]age     home4 ,excell5t

 educational advantages & no physical   
h&icaps4 ,at #ab ye>s 0 do+ v poor "w 9 
fif? grade4     ,appe>ance1 play life1 &
 attitude t[>d o!r *ildr5     normal4   
,simply dull4 ,w probably nev] g beyond 
! #ab- or     #ac-ye> level & is n      
likely to get z f> z ! high     s*ool4  
,^? te/+ #hj & #ij w usually be able to 
rea* ! eigh? grade1 b ord9>ily only aft]
 f "o to ?ree or f\r failures4 ,!y are s
 v num]\s 7ab\t #ae p] c5t ( ! s*ool    
enrollm5t7 t x is d\btful :e!r we c     
expect soon to h special classes en\gh  
to accommodate all4 ,! mo/ feasible     
solution is a diff]5tiat$ c\rse ( /udy )
 p>allel classes 9 :i* e *ild w be all[$
 to make ! be/ progress ( :i* he is     
capable1 )\t incurr+ ! risk ( failure & 
non-promotion4 ,! s-call$ ,mannheim     
sy/em1 or some?+ simil> to x1 is :at we 
ne$4  ,,av]age ,,intellig5ce 7,i ,q #ij 
,,to #aaj74 ,x is (t5 said t ! s*ools   
are made = ! av]age *ild1 b t ! av]age  
*ild does n exi/4 ,he does exi/1 & 9 v  
l>ge numb]s4 ,ab\t #fj p] c5t ( all     

s*ool *ildr5 te/ betwe5 #ij & #aaj ,i   
,q1 & ab\t #dj p] c5t betwe5 #ie & #aje4
 ,t ^! *ildr5 are av]age is atte/$ by _!
 s*ool records z well z by _! ,i ,q's4  
,our records %[ t1 ( m ?an #bjj *ildr5  
bel[ #ad ye>s ( age & ) ,i ,q betwe5 #ie
 & #aje1 n "o 0 mak+ mu* m nor mu* less 
?an av]age s*ool progress4 ,f\r 7 two   
ye>s ret>d$1 b 9 ea* case ?is 0 due to  
late />t1 illness1 or irregul>          
att5dance4 ,*ildr5 :o te/ close to #ij1 
h[ev]1 (t5 fail to get along            
satisfactorily1 :ile ^? te/+ ne> #aaj   
are occasionally able to w9 an extra    
promotion4  ,! *ildr5 ( ?is av]age gr\p 
are seldom s*ool problems1 z f> z       
ability to le>n is conc]n$4 ,nor are !y 
z likely to cause tr\ble 9 discipl9e z !
 dull & bord]-l9e cases4 ,x is !re=e    
h>dly necess>y to give illu/rative cases
 "h4  ,! high s*ool1 h[ev]1 does n fit  
_! grade ( intellig5ce z well z !       
elem5t>y & gramm> s*ools4 ,high s*ools  
probably enroll a disproportionate numb]
 ( pupils 9 ! ,i ,q range above #ajj4 ,t

 is1 ! av]age intellig5ce among         
high-s*ool pupils is above ! av]age = ! 
population 9 g5]al4 ,x is probably n f> 
f #aaj4 ,college /ud5ts are1 ( c\rse1 a 
/ill m select$ gr\p1 p]haps com+ *iefly 
f ! range above #aae4 ,! *ild ^: s*ool  
m>ks are b>ely av]age 9 ! elem5t>y      
grades1 :5 measur$ aga9/ *ildr5 9 g5]al1
 w ord9>ily e>n some?+ less ?an av]age  
m>ks 9 high s*ool1 & p]haps excessively 
poor m>ks 9 college4  ,,sup]ior         
,,intellig5ce 7,i ,q #aaj ,,to #abj74   
,*ildr5 ( ?is gr\p ord9>ily make high]  
m>ks & are capable ( mak+ some:at m     
rapid progress ?an ! /rictly av]age     
*ild4 ,p]haps mo/ ( !m c\ld complete !  
eight grades 9 sev5 ye>s z easily z !   
av]age *ild does 9 eight ye>s4 ,!y are n
 usually ! be/ s*ol>s1 b on a scale (   
excell5t1 good1 fair1 poor1 & failure !y
 w usually rank z good1 ?\gh ( c\rse !  
degree ( application is a factor4 ,x is 
r>e1 h[ev]1 to f9d a *ild ( ?is level :o
 is positively indol5t 9 8 s*ool "w or  
:o dislikes s*ool4 ,9 high s*ool !y are 

likely to w9 ab\t ! av]age m>k4         
,intellig5ce ( #aaj to #abj ,i ,q is    
approximately five times z common among 
*ildr5 ( sup]ior social /atus z among   
*ildr5 ( inf]ior social /atus2 !        
proportion among ! =m] be+ ab\t #bd p]  
c5t ( all1 & among ! latt] only #e p]   
c5t ( all4 ,! gr\p is made up l>gely (  
*ildr5 ( ! fairly successful m]cantile  
or pr(essional classes4  ,! total numb] 
( *ildr5 betwe5 #aaj & #abj is almo/    
exactly ! same z ! numb] betwe5 #hj &   
#ij2 namely1 ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ,! di/ance
 betwe5 ^! two gr\ps 7say betwe5 #he &  
#aae7 is z great z ! di/ance betwe5     
av]age intellig5ce & bord]-l9e          
defici5cy1 & x w\ld be absurd to suppose
 t !y c\ld be taught to be/ advantage 9 
! same classes4 ,z a matt] ( fact1      
pupils betwe5 #aaj & #abj are usually   
held back to ! rate ( progress :i* !    
av]age *ild c make4 ,!y are little      
enc\rag$ to d _! be/4  ,,v ,,sup]ior    
,,intellig5ce 7,i ,q #abj ,,to #adj74   
,*ildr5 ( ?is gr\p are bett] ?an some:at

 above av]age4 ,!y are unusually        
sup]ior4 ,n m ?an #c out ( #ajj g z high
 z #abe ,i ,q1 & only ab\t #a out ( #ajj
 z high z #acj4 ,9 ! s*ools ( a city (  
av]age population only ab\t #a *ild 9   
#bej or #cjj te/s z high z #adj ,i ,q4  
,9 a s]ies ( #dgf unselect$ *ildr5 !re 0
 n a s+le "o rea*+ #abj ^: social class 
0 describ$ z bel[ av]age4#bi ,( ! *ildr5
 ( sup]ior social /atus1 ab\t #aj p] c5t
 rea*$ #abj or bett]4 ,! #abj-adj gr\p  
is made up almo/ entirely ( *ildr5 ^:   
p>5ts belong to ! pr(essional or v      
successful bus9ess classes4 ,! *ild ( a 
skill$ labor] belongs "h occasionally1 !
 *ild ( a common labor] v r>ely inde$4  
,at lea/ ?is is true 9 ! small] cities (
 ,cali=nia among populations made up (  
native-born ,am]icans4 ,9 all           
probability x w\ld n h be5 true 9 !     
e>li] hi/ory ( ! c\ntry :5 ord9>y labor 
0 m (t5 ?an n[ p]=m$ by m5 ( av]age     
intellig5ce1 & x w\ld probably n hold   
true n[ among c]ta9 immigrant           
populations ( good /ock1 b limit$ social

 & educational advantages4  #bi ,9 o!r  
inve/igations1 h[ev]1 we h f\nd ev5     
bright] *ildr5 f v inf]ior homes4 ,see  
p4 #aag = an example4  ,:at c *ildr5 (  
?is grade ( ability d 9 s*ool8 ,! "q _c 
be answ]$ z satisfactorily z "o c\ld    
wi%1 = ! simple reason t su* *ildr5 are 
r>ely p]mitt$ to d :at !y c4 ,:at !y d  
accompli% is z foll[s3 ,( #ed *ildr5 7( 
! #ajjj unselect$ cases7 fall+ 9 ?is    
gr\p1 #ab p] c5t 7 advanc$ 9 ! grades   
two ye>s1 approximately #ed p] c5t 7    
advanc$ "o ye>1 #bh p] c5t 7 9 ! grade  
:]e !y belong$ by *ronological age1 &   
?ree *ildr51 or #e p] c5t1 7 actually   
ret>d$ "o ye>4 ,b :]ev] locat$1 su*     
*ildr5 r>ely get any?+ b ! highe/ m>ks1 
& ! evid5ce goes to %[ t mo/ ( !m c\ld  
easily be prep>$ = high s*ool by ! age (
 #ab ye>s4 ,s]i\s injury is done !m by  
s*ools :i* believe 9 putt+ on ! brakes4 
,! foll[+ are illu/rations ( *ildr5 te/+
 betwe5 #acj & #ade4 ,n all are tak5 f !
 #ajjj unselect$ te/s4 ,! writ] has     
discov]$ sev]al *ildr5 ( ?is grade z a  

result ( lectures be=e tea*]s'          
in/itutes4 ,x is 8 cu/om1 9 su*         
lectures1 to ask ! tea*]s to br+ 9 = a  
demon/ration te/ ! brighte/ *ild 9 !    
city 7or c\nty1 etc474 ,! ,i ,q result+ 
f su* a te/ is usually betwe5 #acj &    
#adj1 occasionally a little high]4      
,examples ( v sup]ior intellig5ce       
,m>g>et ,p4 ,age #h-aj2 m5tal age #aa-a2
 ,i ,q #acj4 ,fa!r only a     skill$    
labor] 7h\se pa9t]71 b a man ( unusual  
intellig5ce & "* = 8 social class4 ,home
 c>e above     av]age4 ,m4 ,p4 has      
att5d$ s*ool a little less ?an ?ree     
ye>s & is complet+ f\r? grade4 ,m>ks all
 excell5t4     ,heal? p]fect4 ,social & 
moral traits ( ! v be/4 ,is     ob$i5t1 
consci5ti\s1 & unusually reliable = h]  
age4     ,quiet & confid5t be>+1 b no   
t\* ( vanity4      ,m4 ,p4 is kn[n to be
 relat$ on h] fa!r's side to ,john      
,wesley1 & h] mat]nal gr&fa!r 0 a highly
 skill$     me*anic & ! inv5tor ( an    
important tra9-c\pl+ device     us$ on  
all railroads4      ,al?\gh %e is n yet 

#i ye>s old & is complet+ ! f\r?        
grade1 %e is /ill ab\t a grade bel[ :]e 
%e belongs by     m5tal age4 ,%e c\ld no
 d\bt easily be made ready = high       
s*ool by ! age ( #ab4       ,j4 ,r4     
,girl1 age #ab-i2 m5tal age #af 7av]age 
adult72 ,i ,q     approximately #acj4   
,daught] ( a univ]sity pr(essor4 ,9 fir/
     ye> ( high s*ool4 ,f fir/ grade up 
h] m>ks h be5     ne>ly all ( ! ,a rank4
 ,= fir/ seme/] ( high s*ool f\r     (  
six grades 7 ,a1 ! o!rs ,b4 ,a          
wond]fully *>m+1     delightful girl 9 e
 respect4 ,play life p]fectly normal4   
,j4 ,r4's p>5ts h mov$ ab\t a great deal
 & %e has     att5d$ eight diff]5t      
s*ools4 ,%e is two ye>s above grade     
9 s*ool1 b ( ?is ga9 only "o-half grade 
0 made 9     s*ool2 ! o!r grade & a half
 %e ga9$ 9 a little ov]     a ye> by    
/ay+ out ( s*ool & work+ a little ea*   
day     "u ! in/ruction ( h] "m4 ,b =   
?is %e w\ld     d\btless n[ be 9 ! sev5?
 grade in/ead ( 9 high s*ool4     ,z x  
is %e is at lea/ a grade bel[ :]e %e    

belongs by     m5tal age4 ,some?+ bett] 
?an an av]age college record may     be 
safely pr$ict$ = ,j4 ,r4       ,e4 ,b4  
,girl1 age #g-i2 m5tal age #aj-b2 ,i ,q 
#acj4 ,e4 ,b4 0     select$ by ! tea*]s 
( a small ,cali=nia city z !            
brighte/ s*ool *ild 9 t city 7s*ool     
population ab\t     #ejj74 ,h] p>5ts are
 said to be unusually intellig5t4 ,e4   
,b4 is     9 ! ?ird grade1 a ye>        
advanc$1 b h] m5tal level %[s     t %e  
belongs 9 ! f\r?4 ,! te/ 0 made z a     
demon/ration te/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ab\t #aej
 tea*]s1 all     ( :om 7 *>m$ by h]     
delightful p]sonality & ke5             
responses4 ,no trace ( vanity or        
que]ness ( any k9d4 ,heal?     excell5t4
 ,e4 ,b4 ought to be ready = high s*ool 
at #ab2 %e     w really h ! intellig5ce 
to d high-s*ool "w by #aa4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,ball ,,&    
,,field ,,te/4 ,e4 ,b41 ,,age #g-i2     
,i ,q #acj       ,l4 ,b4 ,girl1 age     
#h-f2 m5tal age #aa-f2 ,i ,q #ace4 ,te/$
 ne>ly     ?ree ye>s e>li]1 age #e-aa2  

m5tal age #g-f2 ,i ,q #abg4 ,daught]    
( a univ]sity pr(essor4 ,at age ( #h-f 0
 do+ v sup]ior     "w 9 ! fif? grade4   
,lat]1 at age ( #aj-f1 is 9 !     sev5? 
grade ) all h] m>ks excell5t4 ,has two  
si/]s :o     te/ almo/ z high1 bo?      
complet+ ! eigh? grade at b>ely     #ab 
ye>s ( age4 ,l4 ,b4 looks r delicate1 & 
?\gh a     little n]v\s is ord9>ily     
/rong4 ,we h kn[n h] s9ce h]     e>ly   
*ildhood4 ,l bo? h] si/]s1 %e is a      
favorite )     "y & old1 z ne>ly        
p]fection z ! mo/ *>m+ little     girl  
c\ld be4       ,r4 ,s4 ,boy1 age #f-e2  
m5tal age #i-f2 ,i ,q #adh4 ,:5 te/$ at 
age #e-b he _h a m5tal age ( #g-f1 ,i ,q
 #adb4 ,fa!r a univ]sity     pr(essor4  
,r4 ,s4 ent]$ s*ool at exactly #f ye>s (
 age1 &     at ! pres5t writ+ is #g ye>s
 old & is ent]+ !     ?ird grade4 ,leads
 8 class 9 s*ool & takes delight 9 !    
"w4 ,is normal 9 play life & social     
traits & is dep5dable     & ?\ghtful    
beyond 8 ye>s4 ,%\ld ent] high s*ool n  
lat] ?an #ab2 c\ld probably be made     

ready a ye> e>li]1 b     z he is some:at
 n]v\s ?is might n be wise4       ,t4   
,f4 ,boy1 age #aj-f2 m5tal age #ad2 ,i  
,q #acc4 ,at #ac-f te/$ at     sup]ior  
adult1 & _h vocabul>y ( #ac1jjj 7also   
sup]ior     adult74 ,son ( a college    
pr(essor4 ,did n g to s*ool till     age
 ( #i ye>s & 0 n taught to read till #h4
 ,at ?is     writ+ he is #ae ye>s old & 
is a s5ior 9 high s*ool4     ,he w      
complete ! high-s*ool c\rse 9 ?ree &    
"o-half     ye>s ) ,a to ,b m>ks1 mo/ly 
,a4 ,gets 8 h>de/ ma!matics     lessons 
9 five to t5 m9utes4 ,sci5ce is 8 play4 
,:5 he     discov]$ ,hodge's ,nature    
,/udy & ,life at age ( #aa ye>s he      
lit]ally slept ) ! book till he almo/   
knew x by he>t4     ,s9ce age #ab he has
 giv5 mu* "t to magaz9es on me*anics    
& electricity4 ,at #ac he in/all$ a     
wireless app>atus     )\t o!r aid ?an 8 
electrical magaz9es4 ,he has1 = a       
boy ( 8 age1 a r rem>kable und]/&+ ( !  
pr9ciples und]ly+ electrical            
applications4 ,he is kn[n by     8      

playmates z ! boy ) a hobby4 ,/amp      
collections1     butt]fly & mo?         
collections 7ov] #gj diff]5t v>ieties71 
sea%ore collections1 & wireless app>atus
 all %[ t !     appellation is fully    
m]it$4 ,he *ooses 8 hobbies & rides     
!m entirely on 8 own initiative4        
,j4 ,s4 ,boy1 age #h-b2 m5tal age #aa-d2
 ,i ,q #ach4 ,fa!r 0 a     lawy]1 p>5ts 
n[ dead4 ,is 9 high f\r? grade4 ,leads 8
     class4 ,attractive1 heal?y1        
normal-appe>+ lad4 ,full ( good         
humor4 ,is lov+ & ob$i5t1 /rongly atta*$
 to 8 fo/]     "m 7an aunt74 ,composes  
v]ses & fables = pa/ime4 ,"h     are a  
c\ple ( v]ses compos$ be=e 8 eigh?      
bir?day4 ,!y     are reproduc$ )\t *ange
 ( spell+ or punctuation3--             
,*ri/mas          ,hurrah = ,*ri/mas    
,& all x's joy's         ,t come t day  
,= girls & boy's4           ,fl[]s      
,fl[]s 9 ! g>d54         ,t is all y see
         ,:o likes !m be/8         ,t's 
! honey bee4      ,j4 ,s4 ought to be 9 
! fif? grade1 in/ead ( ! f\r?4 ,he     w

 easily be able to ent] college by ! age
 ( #ae if he is     all[$ to make !     
progress :i* w\ld be normal to a *ild ( 
8 intellig5ce4 ,b x is too mu* to expect
 t ! s*ool     w p]mit ?is4       ,f4   
,mc,a4 ,boy1 age #aj-c2 m5tal age #ad-f2
 ,i ,q #adb4 ,fa!r a     s*ool pr9cipal4
 ,f4 is lead+ 8 class ( #bd pupils 9 !  
high sev5? grade4 ,has receiv$ s _m     
extra promotions only     because 8 fa!r
 insi/$ t ! tea*]s all[ him to try     !
 next grade4 ,! dire consequ5ces :i* !y 
pr$ict$ h     nev] foll[$4 ,f4 is       
p]fectly heal?y & "o ( ! mo/            
attractive lads ! writ] has ev] se54 ,he
 has ! normal play     in/9cts1 b :5 n  
at play he has ! dignifi$ be>+ (     a  
"y pr9ce1 al?\gh )\t vanity4 ,8         
vocabul>y is #ijjj     7#ad ye>s71 & 8  
ability is rem>kably ev5 9 all          
directions4 ,f4 %\ld easily ent] college
 by ! age ( #ae4      ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #ad4 ,,ball ,,& ,,field ,f4      
,mc,a41 ,,age #aj-c1 ,,m5tal     ,,age  
#ad-f       ,e4 ,m4 ,boy1 age #f-aa2    

m5tal age #aj2 ,i ,q #ade4 ,le>n$ to    
read     at age ( #e )\t in/ruction &   
%ortly aft]w>d _h     le>n$ f geography 
maps ! capitals ( all ! ,/ates (     !  
,union4 ,/>t$ to s*ool at #g4 ,ent]$ !  
fir/ grade     at #i ,a4,m4 & _h be5    
promot$ to ! f\r? grade by #c ,p4,m4 (  
! same day6 ,has n[ att5d$ s*ool a      
half-ye> & is 9 !     fif? grade1 age #g
 ye>s1 #h mon?s4 ,fa!r is on ! faculty (
     a univ]sity4      ,e4 ,m4 is z     
sup]ior 9 p]sonal & moral traits z 9    
intellig5ce4 ,responsible1 /urdy1       
playful1 full ( humor1     lov+1 ob$i5t4
 ,heal? is excell5t4 ,has _h no home    
in/ruction 9 s*ool "w4 ,8 progress has  
be5 p]fectly     natural4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,draw+       
,,designs ,,f ,,memory4 ,e4 ,m41        
,,age #f-aa2 ,,m5tal ,,age #aj1 ,i ,q   
#ade      7,?is p]=mance is satisfactory
 = ye> #aj7  ,! above li/ ( v sup]ior   
*ildr5 includes only a few ( ^? we h    
te/$ :o belong to ?is grade (           
intellig5ce4 ,e *ild 9 ! li/ is s       

int]e/+ t x is h>d to omit any4 ,we h   
f\nd all su* *ildr5 7) "o or two        
exceptions n includ$ "h7 s sup]ior to   
av]age *ildr5 9 all sorts ( m5tal &     
moral traits t "o is at a loss to und]/&
 h[ ! popul> sup]/itions ab\t ! que]ness
 ( bright *ildr5 c\ld h orig9at$ or     
surviv$4 ,ne>ly e *ild we h f\nd ) ,i ,q
 above #adj is ! k9d "o feels1 be=e !   
te/ is ov]1 "o w\ld l to adopt4 ,if !   
crime ( kidnap+ c\ld ev] be =giv5 x w\ld
 be 9 ! case ( a *ild l "o ( ^!4        
,,g5ius ,,& ,,ne> ,,g5ius4 ,intellig5ce 
te/s h n be5 9 use long en\gh to enable 
u to def9e g5ius def9itely 9 t]ms ( ,i  
,q4 ,! foll[+ two cases are (f]$ z among
 ! highe/ te/ records ( :i* ! writ] has 
p]sonal k4 ,x is d\btful :e!r m ?an "o  
*ild 9 #aj1jjj goes z high z ei!r4 ,"o  
case has be5 report$1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! ,i 
,q 0 n f> f #bjj4 ,su* a record1 if     
reliable1 is c]ta9ly ph5om5al4      ,e4 
,f4 ,russian boy1 age #h-e2 m5tal age   
#ac2 ,i ,q approximately     #aee4 ,"m  
is a univ]sity /ud5t app>5tly ( v       

sup]ior     intellig5ce4 ,e4 ,f4 has a  
si/] almo/ z rem>kable z     himself4   
,e4 ,f4 is 9 ! six? grade & at ! head ( 
8     class4 ,al?\gh ab\t f\r grades    
advanc$ beyond 8     *ronological age he
 is /ill "o grade ret>d$6 ,he c\ld      
easily c>ry sev5?-grade "w4 ,9 all      
probability ,e4 ,f4 c\ld     be made    
ready = college by ! age ( #ab ye>s )\t 
injury     to body or m9d4 ,8 "m has    
tak5 ! only s5sible c\rse2     %e has   
enc\rag$ him )\t subject+ him to        
ov]/imulation4      ,e4 ,f4 0 select$ = 
! te/ z probably "o ( ! brighte/        
*ildr5 9 a city ( a ?ird ( a million    
population4 ,he may     n be ! brighte/ 
9 t city1 b he is "o ( ! ?ree or     f\r
 mo/ intellig5t ! writ] has f\nd aft] a 
good deal (     se>*+4 ,he is probably  
equal$ by n m ?an "o 9     sev]al ?\s&  
unselect$ *ildr54 ,h[ impati5tly "o     
waits     to see ! fruit ( su* a budd+  
g5ius6       ,b4 ,f4 ,son ( a m9i/]1 age
 #g-h2 m5tal age #ab-d2 ,i ,q #afj4     
,vocabul>y #gjjj 7#ab ye>s74 ,?is te/ 0 

n made by !     writ]1 b by "o ( 8      
graduate /ud5ts4 ,! record includ$     !
 v]batim responses1 s t x 0 easy to     
v]ify !     scor+4 ,!re c be no d\bt z  
to ! sub/antial accuracy     ( ! te/4   
,?is ,i ,q ( #afj is ! highe/ "o 9 !    
,/an=d     ,univ]sity records4 ,b4 ,f4  
has excell5t heal?1 normal play         
int]e/s1 & is a favorite among 8        
playfell[s4 ,p>5ts _h     n ?\ght ( him 
z especially rem>kable4 ,he is only 9 ! 
?ird grade1 & is !re=e ab\t ?ree grades 
bel[ 8     m5tal age4      ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,ball ,,& ,,field4 ,b4    
,f41 ,,age #g-h2 ,,m5tal     ,,age      
#ab-d2 ,i ,q #afj      7,?is is a       
#ab-ye> p]=mance7  ,x is especially     
notewor?y t n "o ( ! *ildr5 we h        
describ$ ) ,i ,q above #acj has ev] _h  
any unusual am\nt or k9d ( home         
in/ruction4 ,9 mo/ cases ! p>5ts 7 n    
aw>e ( _! v great sup]iority4 ,nor c we 
give ! cr$it to ! s*ool or its me?ods4  
,! s*ool has 9 mo/ cases be5 a det]r5t  
to _! progress1 r ?an a help4 ,^! *ildr5

 h be5 taught 9 classes ) av]age &      
inf]ior *ildr51 l ^? describ$ 9 ! fir/  
"p ( ?is *apt]4 ,_! high ,i ,q is only  
an index ( _! extraord9>y c]ebral       
end[m5t4 ,?is end[m5t is = life4 ,!re is
 n ! remote/ probability t any ( ^!     
*ildr5 w det]iorate to ! av]age level ( 
intellig5ce ) ! onset ( maturity4 ,su*  
an ev5t w\ld be no less a miracle 7b>r+ 
insanity7 ?an ! developm5t ( an imbecile
 into a successful lawy] or physician4  
,,is ,,! ,i ,q ,,(t5 ,,mislead+8 ,d !   
cases describ$ 9 ?is *apt] give a       
reliable picture z to :at "o may expect 
( ! v>i\s ,i ,q levels8 ,does ! ,i ,q   
furni% any?+ l a reliable index ( an    
individual's g5]al educational          
possibilities & ( 8 social wor?8 ,are   
!re n feeble-m9d$ g5iuses1 & are !re n  
*ildr5 ( exceptionally high ,i ,q :o are
 nev]!less fools8  ,we h no hesitation 9
 say+ t !re is n "o case 9 fifty 9 :i*  
!re is any s]i\s contradiction betwe5 ! 
,i ,q & ! *ild's p]=mances 9 & out (    
s*ool4 ,we _c d5y ! exi/5ce (           

feeble-m9d$ g5iuses1 b aft] a good deal 
( se>* we h n f\nd "o4 ,occasionally1 ( 
c\rse1 "o f9ds a feeble-m9d$ p]son :o is
 an exp]t p5man1 :o draws skillfully1 :o
 plays a musical in/rum5t tol]ably well1
 or :o h&les numb] comb9ations ) unusual
 rapidity2 b ^! are n g5iuses2 !y are n 
au?ors1 arti/s1 musicians1 or           
ma!maticians4  ,z = exceptionally       
intellig5t *ildr5 :o appe> feeble-m9d$1 
we h f\nd b "o case1 a boy ( #aj ye>s ) 
an ,i ,q ( ab\t #abe4 ,?is boy1 :om we h
 te/$ sev]al times & ^: developm5t we h 
foll[$ = five ye>s1 0 once diagnos$ by a
 physician z feeble-m9d$4 ,8 behavior   
among o!r p]sons ?an 8 famili>          
associates is su* z to give ?is         
impression4 ,no?+ less ?an an entire    
*apt] w\ld be adequate = a description (
 ?is case1 :i* is 9 reality "o ( di/urb$
 emotional & social developm5t ) sup]ior
 intellig5ce4  ,x %\ld be emphasiz$1    
h[ev]1 t :at we h said ab\t !           
significance ( v>i\s ,i ,q's holds only 
= ! ,i ,q's secur$ by ! use ( ! ,/an=d  

revision4 ,z we h %[n else:]e 7p4 #fb   
ff47 ! ,i ,q yield$ by o!r v]sions ( !  
,b9et te/s are (t5 s inaccurate z to be 
mislead+4  ,we h n f\nd a s+le *ild :o  
te/$ betwe5 #gj & #hj ,i ,q by ! ,/an=d 
revision :o 0 able to d satisfactory    
s*ool "w 9 ! grade :]e he belong$ by    
*ronological age4 ,su* *ildr5 are       
usually f two to ?ree grades ret>d$ by !
 age ( #ab ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ild ) 
an ,i ,q ( #abj or above is almo/ nev]  
f\nd bel[ ! grade = 8 *ronological age1 
& occasionally he is "o or two grades   
above4 ,:]ev] locat$1 8 s*ool "w is s   
sup]ior z to sugge/ /rongly !           
desirability ( extra promotions4 ,^? :o 
te/ betwe5 #if & #aje are almo/ nev] m  
?an "o grade above or bel[ :]e !y belong
 by *ronological age1 & ev5 ! small     
displacem5t ( "o ye> is usually det]m9$ 
by illness1 age ( beg9n+ s*ool1 etc4    
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,reliability ,,( ,,!    
,,b9et-,,simon ,,me?od   ,,g5]al ,,value
 ,,( ,,! ,,me?od4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we h   
not$ c]ta9 imp]fections ( ! scale devis$

 by ,b9et & ,simon2 namely1 t _m ( !    
te/s 7 n correctly locat$1 t ! *oice (  
te/s 0 9 a few cases unsatisfactory1 t !
 directions = giv+ & scor+ ! te/s 7     
sometimes too indef9ite1 & t ! upp] &   
l[] ranges ( ! scale especially /ood 9  
ne$ ( ext5sions & corrections4 ,all ( ^!
 faults h be5 q g5]ally admitt$4 ,!     
me?od itself1 h[ev]1 aft] be+ put to !  
te/ by psy*ologi/s ( all c\ntries & (   
all fai?s1 by ! skeptical z well z !    
fri5dly1 has amply demon/rat$ its value4
 ,! agreem5t on ?is po9t is z complete z
 x is reg>d+ ! scale's imp]fections4  ,!
 foll[+ quotations f prom95t psy*ologi/s
 :o h /udi$ ! me?od w s]ve to %[ h[ x is
 reg>d$ by ^? mo/ entitl$ to an         
op9ion3--      ,!re c be no "q ab\t !   
fact t ! ,b9et-,simon     te/s d n make 
half z frequ5t or half z great errors 9 
! m5tal ages 7( feeble-m9d$ *ildr57 z   
are includ$ 9     grad+s bas$ on c>eful1
 prolong$ g5]al obs]vation by           
exp]i5c$ obs]v]s4#cj      #cj ,dr4 ,f4  
,kuhlmann3 ,! ,b9et-,simon ,te/s (      

,intellig5ce 9 ,grad+     ,feeble-,m9d$ 
,*ildr51 9 ,j\rnal ( ,psy*o-,a/h5ics    
7#aiab71     p4 #ahi4      ,all ( !     
diff]5t au?ors :o h made ^! rese>*es    
7) ,b9et's me?od7 are 9 a g5]al way     
unanim\s 9     recogniz+ t ! pr9ciple ( 
! scale is extremely     =tunate1 & all 
believe t x (f]s ! basis ( a mo/        
useful me?od = ! exam9ation (           
intellig5ce4#ca      #ca ,dr4 ,otto     
,bob]tag3 ,l'*elle mtrique de           
l'intellig5ce1 9     ,l',anne           
,psy*ologique 7#aiab71 p4 #bgb4      ,x 
s]ves z a relatively simple & spe$y     
me?od ( secur+1     by means accessible 
to e "o1 a true insight into !          
av]age level ( ability ( a *ild betwe5  
#c & #ae ye>s (     age4#cb      #cb    
,dr4 ,erne/ ,meumann3 ,exp]im5telle     
,pdagogik 7#aiac71 vol4 ,,ii1     p4    
#bgg4      ,t1 despite ! diff]5ces 9    
race & language1 despite !     div]g5ces
 9 s*ool organization & 9 me?ods (      
in/ruction1 !re %\ld be s decid$        
agreem5t 9 !     reactions ( !          

*ildr5--is1 9 my op9ion1 ! be/          
v9dication ( ! pr9ciple ( ! te/s t "o   
c\ld     imag9e1 because ?is agreem5t   
demon/rates t ! te/s d     actually rea*
 & discov] ! g5]al developm5tal         
conditions     ( intellig5ce 7s f> z ^! 
are op]ative 9     public-s*ool *ildr5 (
 ! pres5t cultural epo*71 & n     m]e   
fragm5ts ( k & atta9m5ts acquir$ by     
*ance4#cc      #cc ,dr4 ,w4 ,/]n3 ,!    
,psy*ological ,me?ods ( ,te/+           
,intellig5ce4     ,translat$ by ,:ipple 
7#aiac71 p4 #di4      ,x is )\t d\bt !  
mo/ satisfactory & accurate me?od (     
det]m9+ a *ild's intellig5ce t we h1 & s
 f>     sup]ior to ev]y?+ else :i* has  
be5 propos$ t z yet     !re is no?+ else
 to be consid]$4#cd      #cd ,dr4 ,h4   
,h4 ,godd>d3 ,! ,b9et ,measur+ ,scale ( 
,intellig5ce2 ,:at x is & ,h[ x is to be
 ,us$1 9 ,!     ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,bullet9  
7#aiab74  ,! value ( ! me?od lies bo? 9 
! swiftness & ! accuracy ) :i* x works4 
,"o :o kn[s h[ to apply ! te/s correctly
 & :o is exp]i5c$ 9 ! psy*ological      

int]pretation ( responses c 9 =ty m9utes
 arrive at a m accurate judgm5t z to a  
subject's intellig5ce ?an w\ld be       
possible )\t ! te/s aft] mon?s or ev5   
ye>s ( close obs]vation4 ,! reasons =   
?is h already be5 set =?4#ce ,! diff]5ce
 is some?+ l t betwe5 measur+ a p]son's 
height ) a y>d/ick & e/imat+ x by guess4
 ,t ?is is n an unfair /atem5t ( ! case 
is well %[n by ! foll[+ c&id confession 
by a psy*ologi/ :o te/$ #bjj juv5ile    
del9qu5ts br\ght be=e ,judge ,l9dsey's  
c\rt3--  #ce ,see ?is volume1 p4 #bd ff4
      ,z a matt] ( int]e/ ,i e/imat$ !  
m5tal ages ( #aej ( my     subjects be=e
 te/+ !m4 ,9 #ed ( ! e/imates ! error   
0 n m ?an "o ye> 9 ei!r direction2 #gj (
 !     subjects 7 e/imat$ too high1 !   
av]age error be+     #b ye>s & #g mon?s2
 #bf ( ! subjects 7 e/imat$ too l[1     
! av]age error be+ #b ye>s & #b mon?s4  
,^! figures     w\ld seem to imply t an 
e/imate ) no?+ to support x     is :olly
 unreliable1 m especially z _m ( !      
e/imates     7 f\r or five ye>s wide ( !

 m>k4#cf      #cf ,c4 ,s4 ,bluemel3     
,b9et ,te/s on #bjj ,del9qu5ts1 9 ,!    
,tra9+     ,s*ool ,bullet9 7#aiae71 p4  
#aib4 7,italics ins]t$47  ,criticisms ( 
! ,b9et me?od h also be5 frequ5tly      
voic$1 b *iefly by p]sons :o h _h little
 exp]i5ce ) x or by ^? ^: sci5tific     
tra9+ h>dly ju/ifies an op9ion4 ,x _c be
 too /rongly emphasiz$ t em95ce 9 law1  
m$ic9e1 education1 or any o!r pr(ession 
does n ( itself enable any "o to pass   
judgm5t on ! validity ( a psy*ological  
me?od4  ,,dep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,scale',s   
,,reliability ,,on ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,!  
,,exam9]4 ,on ?is po9t two radically    
diff]5t op9ions h be5 urg$4 ,on ! "o h&1
 "s h insi/$ t ! results ( a te/ made by
 o!r ?an a ?or\ghly tra9$ psy*ologi/ are
 absolutely wor?less4 ,at ! opposite    
extreme are a few :o seem to ?9k t any  
tea*] or physician c secure p]fectly    
valid results aft] a few h\rs'          
acqua9tance ) ! te/s4  ,! dispute is "o 
:i* _c be settl$ by ! ass]tion ( op9ion1
 &1 un=tunately1 ?or\ghgo+ inve/igations

 h n yet be5 made z to ! frequ5cy &     
ext5t ( errors made by untra9$ or       
p>tially tra9$ exam9]s4 ,! only /udy (  
?is k9d :i* has s f> be5 report$ is !   
foll[+3--#cg  #cg ,samuel ,c4 ,kohs3 ,! 
,b9et ,te/ & ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s1 9 ,!   
,tra9+ ,s*ool ,bullet9 7#aiad71 pp4     
#aac-ag4  ,dr4 ,kohs gives ! results (  
te/s made by #eh inexp]i5c$ tea*]s :o 7 
tak+ a summ] c\rse 9 ! ,tra9+ ,s*ool at 
,v9el&4 ,! class met ?ree times a week =
 in/ruction 9 ! use ( ! ,b9et scale4    
,dur+ ! fir/ week ! /ud5ts li/5$ to ?ree
 lectures by ,dr4 ,godd>d4 ,! second    
week 0 giv5 ov] to demon/ration te/+4   
,ea* /ud5t saw f\r *ildr5 te/$1 & att5d$
 two discussion p]iods ( an h\r ea*4    
,dur+ ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? weeks ea*    
/ud5t te/$ "o *ild p] week1 & obs]v$ !  
te/+ ( two o!rs4 ,! /ud5t 0 all[$ to    
c>ry ! te/ ?r\gh 9 8 own way1 b receiv$ 
criticism aft] x 0 f9i%$4 ,twice a week 
,dr4 ,godd>d sp5t an h\r ) ! class1     
discuss+ exp]im5tal proc$ure4 ,!        
subjects te/$ 7 feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 ^:   

exact m5tal ages 7 already kn[n1 & = ?is
 reason x 0 possible to *eck up !       
accuracy ( ea* /ud5t's "w4  ,kohs's     
table ( results = ! trial te/+ ( ! #agd 
*ildr5 %[$3--    7#a7 ,t #ej p] c5t ( ! 
"w 0 z exact z any "o 9 !               
laboratory c\ld make x2    7#b7 ,t 9 an 
additional #ch p] c5t ! results 7 )9    
?ree fif?s ( a ye> ( be+ exact2    7#c7 
,t ne>ly #ij p] c5t ( ! "w ( ! summ]    
/ud5ts 0       suffici5tly accurate =   
all practical purposes2    7#d7 ,t !    
records improv$ dur+ ! brief tra9+ s t  
dur+ ! ?ird week only "o te/ miss$ !    
real m5tal age       by z mu* z a ye>4  
,s9ce h>dly any ( ^! /ud5ts _h _h any   
previ\s exp]i5ce ) ! ,b9et te/s1 ,dr4   
,kohs seems to be entirely ju/ifi$ 9 8  
conclusion t x is possible1 9 ! brief   
p]iod ( six weeks1 to tea* p to use !   
te/s ) a reasonable degree ( accuracy4  
,:at %all we say ( ! tea*] or ( !       
physician :o has n ev5 _h ?is am\nt (   
in/ruction8 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce =ces him
 to agree ) ,b9et & ) ,dr4 ,godd>d1 t   

any "o ) intellig5ce en\gh to be a      
tea*]1 & :o is will+ to devote          
consci5ti\s /udy to ! ma/]y ( !         
te*nique1 c use ! scale accurately en\gh
 to get a bett] idea ( a *ild's m5tal   
end[m5t ?an he c\ld possibly get 9 any  
o!r way4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 = !     
untra9$ p]son to recognize 8 own lack ( 
exp]i5ce1 & 9 no case w\ld x be         
ju/ifiable to base important action or  
sci5tific conclusions ^u ! results ( !  
inexp]t exam9]4 ,z ,b9et himself        
repeat$ly insi/$1 ! me?od is n          
absolutely me*anical1 & _c be made s by 
elaboration ( in/ructions4  ,x is       
sometimes held t ! exam9ation &         
classification ( backw>d *ildr5 =       
special in/ruction %\ld be c>ri$ out by 
! s*ool physicians4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t
 !re is no?+ 9 ! physician's tra9+ to   
give him any advantage ov] ! ord9>y     
tea*] 9 ! use ( ! ,b9et te/s4 ,because (
 h] m intimate k ( *ildr5 & because ( h]
 sup]ior tact & adaptability1 ! av]age  
tea*] is p]haps bett] equipp$ ?an !     

av]age physician to give intellig5ce    
te/s4  ,f9ally1 x %\ld be emphasiz$ t   
:atev] ! previ\s tra9+ or exp]i5ce ( !  
exam9] may h be51 8 ability to adju/ to 
! *ild's p]sonality & 8 will+ness to    
foll[ consci5ti\sly ! directions = giv+ 
! te/s are important factors 9 8        
equipm5t4  ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,!           
,,subject',s ,,attitude4 ,"o cont9ually 
meets su* qu]ies z1 ,h[ d y "k ! subject
 did 8 be/8 ,possibly ! *ild 0 n]v\s or 
fright5$1 or1 ,p]haps incorrect answ]s 7
 purposely giv54 ,all su* objections may
 be dispos$ ( by say+ t ! compet5t      
exam9] c easily control ! exp]im5t 9 su*
 a way t emb>rassm5t is soon replac$ by 
self-confid5ce1 & 9 su* a way t ef=t is 
kept at its maximum4 ,z = mis*iev\s     
deception1 x w\ld be a poor cl9ici/ :o  
c\ld n recognize & deal ) ! little t is 
likely to arise4  ,cautions reg>d+      
emb>rassm5t1 fatigue1 fright1 illness1  
etc4 are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,mo/ ( !   
errors :i* h be5 report$ along ?is l9e  
are su* z c ne>ly always be avoid$ by   

ord9>y prud5ce1 c\pl$ ) a little p[] (  
obs]vation4#ch ,we mu/ n *>ge ! mi/akes 
( untra9$ & indiscreet exam9]s aga9/ !  
validity ( ! me?od itself4  #ch ,see1 = 
example1 ! r ludicr\s errors ( ! ,b9et  
me?od report$ 9 ,! ,psy*ological ,cl9ic 
= #aiae1 pp4 #adj ff4 & #afg ff4  ,x is 
possibly true t ev5 if ! exam9] is      
tactful & prud5t an unfavorable attitude
 on ! "p ( ! subject may occasionally   
affect ! results ( a te/ to "s ext5t1 b 
x ought n s]i\sly to invalidate "o      
exam9ation out ( five hundr$4 ,! greate/
 dang] is 9 ! case ( a "y subject :o has
 be5 rec5tly arre/$ & br\ght be=e a     
c\rt4 ,ev5 "h a little common s5se &    
sci5tific insight %\ld enable "o to gu>d
 aga9/ a mi/ak5 diagnosis4  ,,!         
,,influ5ce ,,( ,,coa*+4 ,x might be     
suppos$ t aft] ! intellig5ce scale _h   
be5 us$ ) a few pupils 9 a giv5 s*ool   
all ( _! fell[s w\ld soon be appris$ ( !
 nature ( ! te/s1 & s le>n ! correct    
responses4 ,exp]i5ce %[s1 h[ev]1 t !re  
is little likelihood ( su* influ5ce     

except 9 ! case ( a small m9ority ( !   
te/s4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ! psy*ology (        
te/imony h demon/rat$ t *ildr5's ability
 to report ^u a complex set ( exp]i5ces 
is a/oni%+ly weak4 ,9 te/+ ) ! ,/an=d   
revision a *ild is ord9>ily giv5 f      
tw5ty-f\r to ?irty diff]5t te/s1 _m (   
:i* are made up ( ?ree or m items4 ,( ! 
total =ty to fifty items ! *ild is      
ord9>ily able to report b few1 & ^! n   
always correctly4  ,su* te/s z memory = 
s5t5ces & digits1 draw+ ! squ>e &       
diamond1 reproduc+ ! designs f memory1  
comp>+ weights & l9es1 describ+ &       
int]pret+ pictures1 /hetic comp>ison1   
vocabul>y1 dissect$ s5t5ces1 fables1    
read+ = memories1 f9d+ diff]5ces &      
simil>ities1 ari?metical reason+1 & !   
=m-bo>d te/1 are h>dly subject to report
 at all4 ,:ile almo/ any ( ! o!r te/s   
might1 !oretically1 be communicat$1 !re 
is little dang] t _m ( !m w be4 ,x is   
assum$1 ( c\rse1 t ! exam9] w take prop]
 precautions to prev5t any ( 8 blanks or
 o!r mat]ials f fall+ into ! h&s ( ^? :o

 are to be exam9$4  ,! foll[+ te/s are !
 ones mo/ subject to ! influ5ce ( coa*+3
 ,ball & field1 giv+ date1 nam+ sixty   
words1 f9d+ rhymes1 *ang+ h&s ( clock1  
compreh5sion ( physical relations1      
induction te/1 & +5uity te/4  ,9 sev]al 
in/ances we h int]view$ *ildr5 an h\r or
 two aft] !y _h tak5 ! exam9ation1 9    
ord] to f9d out h[ _m ( ! te/s !y c\ld  
recall4 ,a boy ( #d ye>s1 aft] repeat$  
que/ion+1 c\ld only say3 ,he %[$ me "s  
pictures4 ,he _h a knife & a p5ny4 ,he  
told me to %ut ! door4 ,a girl ( #c ye>s
 c\ld recall no?+ :atev] t 0            
intelligible4  ,an #h-ye>-old boy said3 
,he made me tie a knot4 ,he ask$ me ab\t
 a %ip & an auto4 ,he want$ me to c\nt  
backw>ds4 ,he made me say ov] "s ?+s1   
numb]s & ?+s4  ,a boy ( #ab ye>s said3  
,he told me to say all ! words ,i c\ld  
?9k (4 ,he said "s fooli% ?+s & ask$ :at
 0 fooli% he c\ld n repeat a s+le       
absurdity4 ,i _h to put "s blocks       
toge!r4 ,i _h to d "s problems 9        
ari?metic he c\ld n repeat a s+le       

problem4 ,he read "s fables to me4 ,ask$
 ab\t ! fables he 0 able to recall only 
"p ( "o1 t ( ! fox & ! cr[4 ,he %[$ me !
 picture ( a field & want$ to "k h[ to  
f9d a ball4  ,x is evid5t f ! above     
samples ( report t ! dang] ( coa*+      
increases consid]ably ) ! age ( ! *ildr5
 conc]n$4 ,) "y subjects ! dang] is     
h>dly pres5t at all2 ) *ildr5 ( !       
upp]-gramm> grades1 9 ! high s*ool1 &   
mo/ ( all 9 prisons & re=matories1 x mu/
 be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,alt]native te/s  
may sometimes be us$ to advantage :5 !re
 is evid5ce ( coa*+ on any ( ! regul>   
te/s4 ,x w\ld be desirable to h two or  
?ree additional scales :i* c\ld be us$  
int]*angeably ) ! ,b9et-,simon4         
,,reliability ,,( ,,repeat$ ,,te/s4 ,w !
 same te/s give consi/5t results :5 us$ 
repeat$ly ) ! same subject8 ,9 g5]al we 
may say t !y d4 ,some?+ dep5ds1 h[ev]1  
on ! age & intellig5ce ( ! subject & on 
! "t int]val betwe5 ! exam9ations4      
,godd>d proves t feeble-m9d$ individuals
 ^: intellig5ce has rea*$ its full      

developm5t cont9ue to te/ at exactly !  
same m5tal age by ! ,b9et scale1 ye>    
aft] ye>4 ,9 _! case1 famili>ity ) !    
te/s does n 9 ! lea/ improve !          
responses4 ,at ea* rete/+ ! responses   
giv5 at previ\s exam9ations are repeat$ 
) only ! mo/ trivial v>iations4 ,( #ceb 
feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 te/$ at ,v9el&1 ?ree 
ye>s 9 succession1 #aji gave absolutely 
no v>iation1 #bcb %[$ a v>iation ( n m  
?an two fif?s ( a ye>1 :ile #bb ga9$ z  
mu* z "o ye> 9 ! ?ree te/s4 ,! latt]1   
presumably1 7 y\ng] *ildr5 ^:           
intellig5ce 0 /ill develop+4  ,godd>d   
has also te/$ #dfd public-s*ool *ildr5 =
 ?ree successive ye>s4 ,approximately   
half ( ^! %[$ normal progress or m 9    
m5tal age1 :ile mo/ ( ! rema9d] %[$     
some:at less ?an normal progress4       
,bob]tag's rete/+ ( #hc normal *ildr5   
aft] an int]val ( a ye> gave results    
entirely 9 h>mony ) ^? ( ,godd>d4 ,!    
reapplication ( ! te/s %[$ absolutely no
 influ5ce ( famili>ity1 ! correlation ( 
! two te/s be+ almo/ p]fect 74#ie74 ,^? 

:o te/$ at age 9 ! fir/ te/ _h advanc$1 
on ! av]age1 exactly "o ye>4 ,^? :o te/$
 plus 9 ! fir/ te/ advanc$ 9 ! twelve   
mon?s ab\t a ye> & a qu>t]1 z we %\ld   
expect ^? to d ^: m5tal developm5t is   
accel]at$4 ,correspond+ly1 ^? :o te/$   
m9us at ! fir/ te/ advanc$ only ab\t    
?ree f\r?s ( a ye> 9 m5tal age dur+ !   
int]val4#ci  #ci ,otto ,bob]tag3 ,ueb]  
,intellig5z ,prfung51 9 ,zeits*4 f4     
,angew4 ,psy*ol4 7#aiab71 p4 #eba ff4   
,our own results ) a mix$ gr\p ( normal1
 sup]ior1 dull & feeble-m9d$ *ildr5     
agree fully ) ! above f9d+s4 ,9 ?is case
 ! two te/s 7 sep>at$ by an int]val (   
two to f\r ye>s1 & ! correlation betwe5 
_! results 0 practically p]fect4 ,!     
av]age diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,i ,q obta9$ 9 
! second te/ & t obta9$ 9 ! fir/ 0 only 
#d p] c5t1 & ! greate/ diff]5ce f\nd 0  
only #h p] c5t4#dj  #dj ,see ,! ,/an=d  
,revision & ,ext5sion ( ! ,b9et-,simon  
,scale = ,measur+ ,intellig5ce4 7,w>wick
 & ,york1 #aiaf47  ,! repetition ( ! te/
 at %ort] int]vals w p]haps affect !    

result some:at m1 b ! influ5ce is mu*   
less ?an "o might expect4 ,! writ] has  
te/$1 at int]vals ( only a few days to a
 few weeks1 #ad backw>d *ildr5 ( #ab to 
#ah ye>s1 & #h normal *ildr5 ( #e to #ac
 ye>s4 ,! backw>d *ildr5 %[$ an av]age  
improvem5t 9 ! second te/ ( ab\t two    
mon?s 9 m5tal age1 ! normal *ildr5 an   
av]age improvem5t ( little m ?an ?ree   
mon?s4 ,no *ild v>i$ 9 ! second te/ m   
?an half a ye> f ! m5tal age fir/       
secur$4 ,on ! :ole1 normal *ildr5 pr(it 
m f ! exp]i5ce ( a previ\s te/ ?an d !  
backw>d & feeble-m9d$4  ,b]ry te/$ #de  
normal *ildr5 & #ej defectives ) ! ,b9et
 #aijh & #aiaa scales at brief int]vals4
 ,! au?or does n /ate :i* scale 0 appli$
 fir/1 b ! m5tal ages secur$ by ! two   
scales 7 practically ! same :5 all[ance 
0 made = ! slightly great] difficulty ( 
! #aiaa s]ies ( te/s4#da  #da ,*>les    
,scott ,b]ry3 ,a ,comp>ison ( ! ,b9et   
,te/s ( #aijh & #aiaa1 9 ,j\rnal (      
,educational ,psy*ology 7#aiab71 pp4    
#ddd-ea4  ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t    

:ile x w\ld probably be desirable to h  
"o or m additional scales = alt]native  
use 9 te/+ ! same *ildr5 at v brief     
int]vals1 ! same scale may be us$ =     
repeat$ te/s at int]vals ( a ye> or m ) 
little dang] ( s]i\s inaccuracy4        
,moreov]1 results l ^? set =? above are 
important evid5ce z to ! validity ( !   
te/ me?od4  ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,social ,,& 
,,educational ,,advantages4 ,! criticism
 has (t5 be5 made t ! responses to _m ( 
! te/s are s mu* subject to ! influ5ce (
 s*ool & home environm5t z s]i\sly to   
invalidate ! scale z a :ole4 ,"s ( !    
te/s mo/ (t5 nam$ 9 ?is connection are !
 foll[+3 ,giv+ age & sex2 nam+ common   
objects1 colors1 & co9s2 giv+ ! value ( 
/amps2 giv+ date2 nam+ ! mon?s ( ! ye> &
 ! days ( ! week2 di/+ui%+ =5oon &      
aft]noon2 c\nt+2 mak+ *ange2 read+ =    
memories2 nam+ sixty words2 giv+        
def9itions2 f9d+ rhymes2 & con/ruct+ a  
s5t5ce conta9+ ?ree giv5 words4  ,x has 
9 fact be5 f\nd :]ev] comp>isons h be5  
made t *ildr5 ( sup]ior social /atus    

yield a high] av]age m5tal age ?an      
*ildr5 ( ! labor+ classes4 ,! results ( 
,decroly & ,deg& & ( ,meumann1 ,/]n1 &  
,b9et himself may be ref]r$ to 9 ?is    
connection4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,/an=d        
inve/igation1 also1 x 0 f\nd t :5 !     
unselect$ s*ool *ildr5 7 gr\p$ 9 ?ree   
classes accord+ to social /atus         
7sup]ior1 av]age1 & inf]ior71 ! av]age  
,i ,q = ! sup]ior social gr\p 0 #ajg1 & 
t ( ! inf]ior social gr\p #ic4 ,?is is  
equival5t to a diff]5ce ( "o ye> 9 m5tal
 age ) #g-ye>-olds1 & to a diff]5ce (   
two ye>s ) #ad-ye>-olds4  ,h[ev]1 !     
common op9ion t ! *ild f a cultur$ home 
does bett] 9 te/s solely by reason ( 8  
sup]ior home advantages is an entirely  
gratuit\s assumption4 ,practically all (
 ! inve/igations :i* h be5 made ( !     
influ5ce ( nature & nurture on m5tal    
p]=mance agree 9 attribut+ f> m to      
orig9al end[m5t ?an to environm5ts4     
,common obs]vation w\ld itself sugge/ t 
! social class to :i* ! family belongs  
dep5ds less on *ance ?an on ! p>5ts'    

native qualities ( intellect & "*4  ,!  
results ( five sep>ate & di/9ct l9es (  
inquiry bas$ on ! ,/an=d data agree 9   
support+ ! conclusion t ! *ildr5 (      
successful & cultur$ p>5ts te/ high] ?an
 *ildr5 f wret*$ & ignorant homes = !   
simple reason t _! h]$ity is bett]4 ,!  
results ( ?is inve/igation are set =? 9 
full else:]e4#db  #db ,see ,! ,/an=d    
,revision & ,ext5sion ( ! ,b9et-,simon  
,measur+ ,scale ( ,intellig5ce4 7,w>wick
 & ,york1 #aiaf7  ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be  
go+ too f> to d5y all possibility (     
environm5tal conditions affect+ ! result
 ( an intellig5ce te/4 ,c]ta9ly no "o   
w\ld expect t a *ild re>$ 9 a cage &    
d5i$ all int]c\rse ) o!r human be+s c\ld
 by any sy/em ( m5tal measurem5t te/ up 
to ! level ( normal *ildr54 ,!re is1    
h[ev]1 no reason to believe t ord9>y    
diff]5ces 9 social environm5t 7ap>t f   
h]$ity71 diff]5ces su* z ^? obta9+ among
 unselect$ *ildr5 att5d+ approximately !
 same g5]al type ( s*ool 9 a civiliz$   
community1 affects to any great ext5t ! 

validity ( ! scale4  ,a crucial exp]im5t
 w\ld be to take a l>ge numb] ( v "y    
*ildr5 ( ! l[] classes &1 aft] plac+ !m 
9 ! mo/ favorable environm5t obta9able1 
to comp>e _! lat] m5tal developm5t ) t (
 *ildr5 born into ! be/ homes4 ,no      
ext5sive /udy ( ?is k9d has be5 made1 b 
! writ] has te/$ tw5ty orphanage *ildr5 
:o1 = ! mo/ "p1 _h come f v inf]ior     
homes4 ,!y _h be5 9 a well-conduct$     
orphanage = f two to sev]al ye>s1 & _h  
enjoy$ dur+ t "t ! advantages ( an      
excell5t village s*ool4 ,nev]!less1 all 
b ?ree te/$ bel[ av]age1 rang+ f #ge to 
#ij ,i ,q4  ,! impot5ce ( s*ool         
in/ruction to neutralize individual     
diff]5ces 9 native end[m5t w be evid5t  
to any "o :o foll[s ! s*ool c>e] (      
backw>d *ildr54 ,! *ildr5 :o are s]i\sly
 ret>d$ 9 s*ool are n normal1 & _c be   
made normal by any ref9em5t (           
educational me?od4 ,z a rule1 ! long] ! 
inf]ior *ild att5ds s*ool1 ! m evid5t 8 
inf]iority becomes4 ,x w\ld h>dly be    
reasonable1 !re=e1 to expect t a little 

incid5tal in/ruction 9 ! home w\ld weigh
 v heavily aga9/ ^! same native         
diff]5ces 9 end[m5t4 ,cases l ! foll[+  
%[ conclusively t x does n3--      ,x is
 ! son ( unusually intellig5t &         
well-educat$ p>5ts4     ,! home is      
ev]y?+ "o w\ld expect ( p ( s*ol>ly     
pursuits & cultivat$ ta/es4 ,b ,x has   
always be5     irresponsible1           
tr\blesome1 *ildi%1 & que]4 ,he le>n$ to
     walk at #b ye>s1 to talk at #c1 &  
has always be5 delicate &     n]v\s4 ,:5
 br\ght = exam9ation he 0 #h ye>s old4  
,he _h     twice attempt$ s*ool "w1 b   
c\ld accompli% no?+ &     0 )drawn4 ,8  
play-life 0 n normal1 & o!r *ildr51     
y\ng] ?an himself1 abus$ & torm5t$ him4 
,! ,b9et te/s     gave an ,i ,q (       
approximately #ge2 t is1 ! ret>dation   
am\nt$ to ab\t two ye>s4 ,! *ild 0      
exam9$ aga9 ?ree     ye>s lat]4 ,at t   
"t1 aft] att5d+ s*ool two ye>s1 he      
_h rec5tly complet$ ! fir/ grade4 ,?is  
"t ! ,i ,q 0     #gc4 ,/range to say1 ! 
"m is enc\rag$ & hopeful because     %e 

sees t h] boy is le>n+ to read4 ,%e does
 n seem to     realize t at 8 age he    
ought to be )9 ?ree ye>s (     ent]+    
high s*ool4      ,! =ty-m9ute te/ _h    
told m ab\t ! m5tal ability (     ?is   
boy ?an ! intellig5t "m _h be5 able to  
le>n 9     elev5 ye>s ( daily & h\rly   
obs]vation4 ,= ,x is     feeble-m9d$2 he
 w nev] complete ! gramm> s*ool2 he     
w nev] be an effici5t work] or a        
responsible citiz54      ,let u *ange ! 
picture4 ,z is a bright-ey$1 d>k-sk9n$  
girl     ( #i ye>s4 ,%e is d>k-sk9n$    
because h] fa!r is a mixture     (      
,indian & ,spani%4 ,! "m is ( ,iri%     
desc5t4 ,) h]     /rangely mat$ p>5ts & 
two bro!rs %e lives 9 a dirty1          
cramp$1 & poorly furni%$ h\se 9 !       
c\ntry4 ,! p>5ts     are illit]ate1 & ! 
bro!rs are ret>d$ & dull1 ?\gh     n    
feeble-m9d$4      ,x is ,z's turn to be 
te/$4 ,i inquire ! "n4 ,x is famili>1   
= ,i h already te/$ ! two /upid bro!rs4 
,i also "k     h] ignorant p>5ts & !    
mis]able cab9 9 :i* %e lives4     ,!    

exam9ation beg9s ) ! #h-ye> te/s4 ,!    
responses are     quick & accurate4 ,we 
proce$ to ! #i-ye> gr\p4 ,!re is no     
failure1 & !re is b "o m9or error4      
,successes &     failures alt]nate = a  
:ile until ! latt] prevail4 ,z has      
te/$ at #aa ye>s4 ,9 spite ( h] wret*$  
home1 %e is     m5tally advanc$ ne>ly   
#be p] c5t4 ,by ! vocabul>y te/ %e      
is cr$it$ ) a k ( ne>ly #fjjj words1 or 
ne>ly     f\r times z _m z ,x1 ! boy (  
cultur$ home & s*ol>ly     p>5ts1 _h    
le>n$ by ! age ( #h ye>s4      ,five    
ye>s h pass$4 ,:5 giv5 ! te/1 ,z 0 9 !  
f\r?     grade &1 z we h already /at$1  
#i ye>s ( age4 ,z a     result ( ! te/  
%e 0 transf]r$ to ! fif? grade4 ,lat]   
%e skipp$ aga9 & at ! age ( #ad is a    
successful /ud5t     9 ! second ye> (   
high s*ool4 ,to assay h] intellig5ce &  
det]m9e its quality 0 a task ( =ty-five 
m9utes4  ,! above cases1 ea* ( :i* c\ld 
be p>allel$ by _m o!rs :i* we h f\nd1 w 
s]ve to illu/rate ! fact t exceptionally
 sup]ior end[m5t is discov]able by !    

te/s1 h[ev] unfavorable ! home f :i* x  
comes1 & t inf]ior end[m5t _c be        
normaliz$ by all ! advantages ( ! mo/   
cultur$ home4 ,quot+ aga9 f ,/]n1 ,!    
te/s actually rea* & discov] ! g5]al    
developm5tal conditions ( intellig5ce1 &
 n m]e fragm5ts ( k & atta9m5ts acquir$ 
by *ance4     ,,"p ,,ii  ,,guide ,,= ,,!
 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,/an=d ,,revision ,,&   
,,ext5sion     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,g5]al  
,,in/ructions   ,,necessity ,,( ,,secur+
 ,,att5tion ,,& ,,ef=t4 ,! *ild's       
intellig5ce is to be judg$ by 8 success 
9 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 tasks4 ,^! tasks   
may appe> to ! exam9] to be v easy1     
inde$2 b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !y are (t5  
any?+ b easy = ! *ild4 ,real ef=t &     
att5tion are necess>y = 8 success1 &    
occasionally ev5 8 be/ ef=ts fall %ort (
 ! desir$ result4 ,if ! te/s are to     
display ! *ild's real intellectual      
ability x w be necess>y1 !re=e1 to avoid
 z ne>ly z possible e di/urb+ factor :i*
 w\ld divide 8 att5tion or 9 any o!r way
 injure ! quality ( 8 responses4 ,to    

insure ?is x w be necess>y to consid]   
some:at 9 detail a numb] ( factors :i*  
influ5ce ef=t1 su* z degree ( quiet1 !  
nature ( surr\nd+s1 pres5ce or abs5ce ( 
o!rs1 means ( ga9+ ! *ild's confid5ce1 !
 avoidance ( emb>rassm5t1 fatigue1 etc4 
,"o %\ld n expect1 h[ev]1 to secure an  
absolutely equal degree ( att5tion f all
 subjects4 ,! p[] to give su/a9$        
att5tion to a difficult task is         
*>act]i/ically weak 9 dull & feeble-m9d$
 *ildr54 ,:at we %\ld labor to secure is
 ! maximum att5tion ( :i* ! *ild is     
capable1 & if ?is is unsatisfactory )\t 
ext]nal cause1 we are to reg>d ! fact z 
symptomatic ( inf]ior m5tal ability1 n z
 an ext5uat+ factor or an excuse = lack 
( success 9 ! te/s4  ,att5tion1 ( c\rse1
 _c be normal if any acute physical or  
m5tal di/urbance is pres5t4 ,too?a*e1   
heada*e1 e>a*e1 nausea1 fev]1 cold1     
etc41 all r5d] ! te/ inadvisable4 ,!    
same is true ( m5tal anxiety or fe>1 z 9
 ! case ( ! *ild :o has j be5 arre/$ &  
br\ght be=e ! c\rt4  ,,quiet ,,&        

,,seclusion4 ,! te/s %\ld be conduct$ 9 
a quiet room1 locat$ :]e ! noises ( !   
/reet & o!r outside di/ractions _c ent]4
 ,a reasonably small room is bett] ?an a
 v l>ge "o1 because x is m homelike4 ,! 
furni%+s ( ! room %\ld be simple4 ,a    
table & two *airs are suffici5t4 ,if !  
room conta9s a numb] ( unfamili>        
objects1 su* z psy*ological app>atus1   
pictures on ! walls1 etc41 ! att5tion ( 
! *ild is likely to be drawn away f !   
tasks :i* he is giv5 to d4 ,! halls &   
corridors :i* x is sometimes necess>y to
 use 9 te/+ s*ool *ildr5 are usually    
noisy1 cold1 or o!rwise objectionable4  
,,pres5ce ,,( ,,o!rs4 ,a /ill m di/urb+ 
influ5ce is ! pres5ce ( o!r p]sons4     
,g5]ally speak+1 if accurate results are
 to be secur$ x is n p]missible to h any
 auditor1 besides possibly an assi/ant  
to record ! responses4 ,ev5 ! assi/ant1 
h[ev] quiet & unobtrusive1 is sometimes 
a di/urb+ elem5t4 ,?\gh some?+ ( a      
conv5i5ce1 ! assi/ant is by no means    
necess>y1 aft] ! exam9] has ?or\ghly    

ma/]$ ! proc$ure ( ! te/s & has acquir$ 
"s skill 9 ! use ( abbreviations 9      
record+ ! answ]s4 ,if an assi/ant or any
 o!r p]son is pres5t1 he %\ld be seat$  
some:at beh9d ! *ild1 n too close1 &    
%\ld take no notice ( ! *ild ei!r :5 he 
ent]s ! room or at any "t dur+ !        
exam9ation4  ,at all ev5ts1 ! pres5ce ( 
p>5t1 tea*]1 s*ool pr9cipal1 or gov]ness
 is to be avoid$4 ,contr>y to :at "o    
might expect1 ^! di/ract ! *ild mu* m   
?an a /range p]sonality w\ld d4 ,_!     
critical attitude t[>d ! *ild's p]=mance
 is v likely to cause emb>rassm5t4 ,if !
 *ild is alone ) ! exam9]1 he is m at   
ease f ! m]e fact t he does n feel t !re
 is a reputation to su/a94 ,! praise s  
lavi%ly be/[$ ^u him by ! fri5dly &     
sympa!tic exam9] l5ds to ! same effect4 
,z ,b9et emphasizes1 if ! pres5ce ( o!rs
 _c be avoid$1 x is at lea/ necess>y to 
require ( !m absolute sil5ce4 ,p>5ts1 & 
sometimes tea*]s1 h an almo/            
irrepressible t5d5cy to int]rupt !      
exam9ation ) excuses = ! *ild's failures

 & ) di/urb+ explanations :i* are likely
 to aid ! *ild 9 compreh5d+ ! requir$   
task4 ,)\t ! lea/ int5tion ( do+ s1 !y  
sometimes practically tell ! *ild h[ to 
respond4 ,p>5ts1 especially1 _c refra9 f
 scold+ ! *ild or %[+ impati5ce :5 8    
answ]s d n come up to expectation4 ,?is1
 ( c\rse1 endang]s ! *ild's success /ill
 fur!r4  ,! psy*ologi/ is n surpris$ at 
su* conduct4 ,x w\ld be fooli% to expect
 av]age p>5ts1 ev5 ap>t f _! bias 9 !   
p>ticul> case at h&1 to adopt !         
sci5tific attitude ( ! tra9$ exam9]4    
,s9ce we _c 9 a few mom5ts at our       
disposal make !m ov] into psy*ologi/s1  
our only rec\rse is to deal ) !m by     
exclusion4  ,?is is n to say t x is     
impossible to te/ a *ild satisfactorily 
9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs4 ,if ! exam9] is     
exp]i5c$1 & if ! *ild is n timid1 x is  
sometimes possible to make a successful 
te/ 9 ! pres5ce ( q a numb] ( auditors1 
provid$ !y rema9 sil5t1 refra9 f />+1 & 
o!rwise conduct !mselves ) discretion4  
,b n ev5 ! vet]an exam9] c always be    

sure ( ! outcome 9 demon/ration te/+4   
,,gett+ ,,into ,,rapport4 ,! exam9]'s   
fir/ task is to w9 ! confid5ce ( ! *ild 
& ov]come 8 timidity4 ,unless rapport   
has fir/ be5 e/abli%$1 ! results ( !    
fir/ te/s giv5 are likely to be         
mislead+4 ,! "t & ef=t necess>y =       
accompli%+ ?is are v>iable factors1     
dep5d+ ^u ! p]sonality ( bo? ! exam9] & 
! subject4 ,9 a majority ( cases f ?ree 
to five m9utes %\ld be suffici5t1 b 9 a 
few cases some:at m "t is necess>y4  ,! 
writ] has f\nd t :5 a /range *ild is    
br\ght to ! cl9ic = exam9ation1 x is    
advantage\s to g out ( doors ) him = a  
little walk ar\nd ! univ]sity build+s4  
,x is usually possible to return f su* a
 /roll 9 a few m9utes1 ) ! *ild *att]+  
away z ?\gh to an old fri5d4 ,ano!r     
approa* is to beg9 by %[+ ! *ild "s     
int]e/+ object1 su* z a toy1 or a       
=m-bo>d1 or pictures n us$ 9 ! te/4 ,!  
only dang] 9 ?is me?od is t ! *ild is   
likely to f9d ! object s int]e/+ t he   
may n be will+ to ab&on x = ! te/s1 or t

 8 m9d w keep rev]t+ to x dur+ !        
exam9ation4  ,/ill ano!r me?od is to    
give ! *ild 8 seat z soon z he is u%]$  
into ! room1 &1 aft] a ^w ( greet+1 :i* 
mu/ be spok5 9 a k9dly tone b )\t       
gu%9ess1 to op5 up a conv]sation ab\t   
matt]s likely to be ( int]e/4 ,! wea!r1 
place ( resid5ce1 pets1 sports1 games1  
toys1 travels1 curr5t ev5ts1 etc41 are  
suitable topics if rightly employ$4 ,:5 
! *ild has begun to express himself )\t 
timidity & x is cle> t 8 confid5ce has  
be5 ga9$1 "o may proce$1 z ?\gh 9       
cont9uance ( ! conv]sation1 to inquire !
 "n1 age1 & s*ool grade4 ,! exam9] notes
 ^! d[n 9 ! appropriate blanks1 r       
unconc]n$ly1 at ! same "t complim5t+ !  
*ild 7unless x is cle>ly a case ( s]i\s 
ret>dation7 on ! f9e progress he has    
made ) 8 /udies4  ,,keep+ ,,! ,,*ild    
,,enc\rag$4 ,no?+ contributes m to a    
satisfactory rapport ?an praise ( !     
*ild's ef=ts4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld !
 exam9] p]mit himself to %[ displeasure 
at a response1 h[ev] absurd x may be4 ,9

 g5]al1 ! poor] ! response1 ! bett]     
satisfi$ "o %\ld appe> to be ) x4 ,an   
error is always to be pass$ by )\t      
comm5t1 unless x is pa9fully evid5t to !
 *ild himself1 9 :i* case ! exam9] w d  
well to make "s excuse = x2 e4g41 ,y are
 n q old en\gh to answ] que/ions l t "o2
 b1 nev] m9d1 y are do+ beautifully1    
etc4 ,exclamations l f9e6 spl5did6 etc41
 %\ld be us$ lavi%ly4 ,almo/ any innoc5t
 deception is p]missible :i* keeps !    
*ild int]e/$1 confid5t1 & at 8 be/ level
 ( ef=t4 ,! exam9ation %\ld beg9 ) te/s 
t are fairly easy1 9 ord] to give ! *ild
 a little exp]i5ce ) success be=e ! m   
difficult te/s are rea*$4  ,,!          
,,importance ,,( ,,tact4 ,x goes )\t    
say+ t *ildr5's p]sonalities are n s    
uni=m & simple t we c adh]e always to a 
s+le /]eotyp$ proc$ure 9 work+ our way  
into _! good graces4 ,sugge/ions l !    
above h _! value1 b1 l rules (          
etiquette1 !y mu/ be support$ by ! tact 
:i* comes ( intuition & _c be taught4 ,!
 address :i* flatt]s & pleases "o *ild  

may excite disgu/ 9 ano!r4 ,! exam9] mu/
 sc5t ! situation & adapt 8 me?od to x4 
,"o *ild is timid & emb>rass$2 ano!r may
 ?9k 8 m5tal p[]s are "u suspicion & s  
react ) sull5 ob/9acy2 a ?ird may be 9  
an angry mood z a result ( a rec5t      
playgr\nd qu>rel4 ,situations l ^! are1 
( c\rse1 exceptional1 b 9 any case x is 
necess>y to create 9 ! *ild a c]ta9     
mood1 or indef9able attitude ( m9d1 be=e
 ! te/ beg9s4  ,,p]sonality ,,( ,,!     
,,exam9]4 ,d\btless !re are p]sons s    
lack+ 9 p]sonal adaptability t success 9
 ?is k9d ( "w w\ld be = !m impossible4  
,! wood51 me*anical1 matt]-(-fact &     
unresponsive p]sonality is z mu* out (  
place 9 ! psy*ological cl9ic z !        
traditional bull 9 ! *9a %op4 ,x w\ld   
make an int]e/+ /udy = "s "o to         
inve/igate1 by exact me?ods1 ! influ5ce 
on te/ results ( ! p]sonality ( diff]5t 
exam9]s :o h be5 equally tra9$ 9 !      
me?ods to be employ$ & :o are equally   
consci5ti\s 9 apply+ !m accord+ to      
rules4  ,on ! :ole1 diff]5ces ( ?is k9d 

are probably n v great among exp]i5c$ & 
reasonably compet5t exam9]s4            
,adaptability gr[s ) exp]i5ce & )       
increase ( self-confid5ce4 ,aft] a few  
score te/s !re %\ld be no s]i\s failure 
f inability to get into rapport ) !     
*ild4 ,ev5 9 ^? r>e cases :]e ! *ild    
breaks d[n & cries f timidity1 or p]haps
 refuses to answ] out ( emb>rassm5t1 !  
difficulty c be ov]come by suffici5t    
tact s t ! exam9ation may proce$ z ?\gh 
no?+ _h happ5$4  ,if ! exam9] has !     
prop] psy*ological & p]sonal equipm5t1 !
 te/+ ( tw5ty or ?irty *ildr5 =ms a     
fairly satisfactory appr5tice%ip4 ,)\t  
psy*ological tra9+1 no am\nt ( exp]i5ce 
w gu>antee absolute accuracy ( !        
results4  ,,! ,,avoidance ,,( ,,fatigue4
 ,aga9/ ! validity ( intellig5ce te/s x 
is (t5 argu$ t ! result ( an exam9ation 
dep5ds a great deal on ! "t ( day :5 x  
is made1 :e!r 9 ! morn+ h\rs :5 ! m9d is
 at its be/1 or 9 ! aft]noon :5 x is    
suppos$ly fatigu$4 ,al?\gh no v ext5sive
 inve/igation has be5 made ( ?is        

influ5ce1 !re is no evid5ce t ! ord9>y  
fatigue incid5t to s*ool "w injures !   
*ild's p]=mance appreciably4 ,our te/s (
 #ajjj *ildr5 %[$ no inf]iority (       
results secur$ f #a to #d ,p4,m41 z     
comp>$ ) te/s made f #i to #ab ,a4,m4   
,an explanation = ?is is n h>d to f9d4  
,al?\gh s*ool "w causes fatigue1 9 !    
s5se t a "p ( ! *ild's available supply 
( m5tal en]gy is us$ up1 !re is always a
 res]ve ( en]gy suffici5t to c>ry ! *ild
 ?r\gh a ?irty-to fifty-m9ute te/4 ,!   
fact t ! requir$ tasks are novel &      
int]e/+ to a high degree insures t !    
res]ve en]gy w really be br\ght into    
play4 ,?is pr9ciple1 ( c\rse1 has its   
natural limits4 ,! exam9] w\ld avoid    
te/+ a *ild :o 0 exhau/$ ei!r f "w or   
play1 or a *ild :o 0 noticeably sleepy4 
,,duration ,,( ,,! ,,exam9ation4 ,ab\t !
 only dang] ( fatigue lies 9 mak+ !     
exam9ation too long4 ,"y *ildr5 %[      
symptoms ( we>9ess mu* m quickly ?an    
old] *ildr51 & x is !re=e =tunate t n s 
mu* "t is ne$$ = te/+ !m4 ,! foll[+     

all[ances ( "t w usually be f\nd        
suffici5t3--      ,*ildr5  #c-e ye>s old
         #be-cj m9utes              #f-h
                 #cj-dj                 
#i-ab                #dj-ej             
#ac-ae                #ej-fj            
,adults                          #fj-ij 
,?is all[ance ord9>ily includes ! "t    
necess>y = gett+ into rapport ) ! *ild1 
9 addition to t actually consum$ 9 !    
te/s4 ,b ! exam9] ne$ n expect to hold  
fa/ to any s*$ule4 ,"s subjects respond 
9 a lively mann]1 o!rs are exasp]at+ly  
sl[4 ,x is m (t5 ! m5tally ret>d$ *ild  
:o answ]s sl[ly1 b exceptions to ?is    
rule are n uncommon4 ,"o #h-ye>-old boy 
exam9$ by ! writ] answ]$ s hesitat+ly t 
x requir$ two sitt+s ( ne>ly an h\r ea* 
to complete ! te/4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 %[$
 a m5tal age ( #aa ye>s1 or an ,i ,q (  
#adc4  ,x is p]missible to hurry ! *ild 
by an occasional t's f9e2 n[1 quickly1  
etc41 b 9 do+ ?is caution mu/ be        
ex]cis$1 or ! *ild's m5tal process may  
be block$4 ,! appe>ance ( nagg+ mu/ be  

c>efully avoid$4 ,if ! te/ goes s sl[ly 
t x _c be complet$ 9 ! above limits (   
"t1 x is usually be/ to /op & complete !
 exam9ation at ano!r "t4 ,:5 ?is is n   
possible1 x is advisable to take a      
t5-m9ute int]mission & a little walk out
 ( doors4  ,"t c be sav$ by hav+ all !  
necess>y mat]ials close at h& &         
conv5i5tly arrang$4 ,! co9s %\ld be kept
 9 a sep>ate purse1 & ! pictures1       
colors1 /amps1 & designs = draw+ %\ld be
 m\nt$ on /iff c>dbo>d :i* may be pun*$ 
& kept 9 a notebook cov]4 ,! s]ies (    
s5t5ces1 digits1 compreh5sion que/ions1 
fables1 etc41 %\ld ei!r be m\nt$ 9      
simil> fa%ion1 or else pr9t$ 9 full on !
 record %eets us$ 9 ! te/s4 ,! latt] is 
m conv5i5t4#dc ,all o!r mat]ials %\ld be
 kept :]e !y w n h to be hunt$ =4  #dc  
,exam9]s w f9d x a great conv5i5ce to   
use ! record booklet :i* has be5        
specially devis$ = te/+ ) ! ,/an=d      
revision4 ,x conta9s all ! necess>y     
pr9t$ mat]ial1 includ+ digits1 s5t5ces1 
absurdities1 fables1 ! vocabul>y li/1 ! 

read+ selection1 ! squ>e & diamond =    
copy+1 etc41 & 9 addition gives ) ea*   
te/ ! /&>d = scor+4 ,x is s arrang$ z to
 af=d ample room = a v]batim record (   
all ! *ild's responses1 & conta9s o!r   
features calculat$ to make te/+ easy &  
accurate4 ,reg>d+ pur*as+ ( supplies see
 p4 #ada4  ,besides sav+ valuable "t1 a 
little me?odical =esight ( ?is k9d adds 
to ! success ( ! te/4 ,if ! *ild is kept
 wait+1 ! te/ loses its int]e/ &        
att5tion /rays4 ,see to x1 if possible1 
t no lull occurs 9 ! p]=mance4          
,inexp]i5c$ exam9]s sometimes wa/e "t   
fooli%ly by /opp+ to in/ruct ! *ild on 8
 failures4 ,?is is d\bly bad1 = besides 
los+ "t x makes ! *ild consci\s ( !     
imp]fection ( 8 responses & creates     
emb>rassm5t4 ,adh]e to ! purpose ( !    
te/1 :i* is to asc]ta9 ! *ild's         
intellectual level1 n to in/ruct him4   
,,desirable ,,range ,,( ,,te/+4 ,!re are
 two consid]ations "h ( equal           
importance4 ,x is necess>y to make !    
exam9ation ?or\gh1 b 9 ! pursuit (      

?or\ghness we mu/ be c>eful n to produce
 fatigue or ennui4 ,unless !re is reason
 to suspect m5tal ret>dation1 x is      
usually be/ to beg9 ) ! gr\p ( te/s j   
bel[ ! *ild's age4 ,h[ev]1 if !re is a  
failure 9 ! te/s ( t gr\p1 x is necess>y
 to g back & try all ! te/s ( ! previ\s 
gr\p4 ,9 l mann] ! exam9ation %\ld be   
c>ri$ up ! scale1 until a te/ gr\p has  
be5 f\nd 9 :i* all ! te/s are fail$4  ,x
 mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t because ( "t  
limitations & fatigue1 x is n always    
practicable to adh]e to ?is ideal (     
?or\ghness4 ,9 te/+ normal *ildr51      
little error w result if we g back no   
f>!r ?an ! ye> :i* yield$ only "o       
failure1 & if we /op ) ! ye> 9 :i* !re 0
 only "o success4 ,?is is ! l[e/        
p]missible limit ( ?or\ghness4          
,defectives are m unev5 m5tally ?an     
normal *ildr51 & !re=e scatt] _!        
successes & failures ov] a wid] range4  
,) su* subjects x is absolutely         
imp]ative t ! te/ be ?or\gh4  ,9 ! case 
( defectives x is sometimes necess>y to 

beg9 ) r&om te/+1 until a r\gh idea is  
ga9$ ( ! m5tal level4 ,b ! skill$ obs]v]
 soon becomes able to utilize symptoms 9
 ! *ild's conv]sation & conduct & to    
disp5se ) mo/ ( ?is prelim9>y           
exploration4  ,,ord] ,,( ,,giv+ ,,!     
,,te/s4 ,! *ild's ef=ts 9 ! te/s are    
sometimes m>k$ly influ5c$ by ! ord] 9   
:i* !y are giv54 ,if language te/s or   
memory te/s are giv5 fir/1 ! *ild is    
likely to be emb>rass$4 ,m suitable to  
beg9 ) are ^? :i* te/ k or judgm5t ab\t 
objective ?+s1 su* z ! pictures1        
weights1 /amps1 b[-knot1 colors1 co9s1  
c\nt+ p5nies1 numb] ( f+]s1 "r & left1  
"t ori5tation1 ball & field1 pap]-fold+1
 etc4 ,te/s l nam+ sixty words1 f9d+    
rhymes1 giv+ diff]5ces or simil>ities1  
mak+ s5t5ces1 repeat+ s5t5ces1 & draw+  
are especially unsuitable because !y t5d
 to provoke self-consci\sness4  ,! te/s 
z arrang$ 9 ?is revision are 9 ! ord]   
:i* x is usually be/ to foll[1 b "o %\ld
 n hesitate to dep>t f ! ord] giv5 :5 x 
seems be/ 9 a giv5 case to d s4 ,x is   

necess>y to be con/antly al]t s t :5 !  
*ild %[s a t5d5cy to balk at a giv5 type
 ( te/1 su* z ^? ( memory1 language1    
numb]s1 draw+1 compreh5sion1 etc41 ! "w 
c be %ift$ to m agreeable tasks4 ,:5 !  
*ild is at 8 ease aga91 x is usually    
possible to return to ! tr\blesome te/s 
) bett] success4 ,9 ! case ( #h-ye>-old 
,d4 ,c41 :o is a spee* defective b      
o!rwise above normal1 x 0 q impossible  
at ! fir/ sitt+ to give su* te/s z      
s5t5ce-mak+1 nam+ sixty words1 read+1   
repeat+ s5t5ces1 giv+ def9itions1 etc42 
at ea* te/ ( ?is type ! *ild's voice    
broke & he 0 ready to cry1 due1 no d\bt1
 to s5sitiv5ess reg>d+ 8 spee* defect4  
,o!rs d ev]y?+ will+ly except ! draw+ & 
copy+4 ,! y\ng] *ildr5 sometimes refuse 
to repeat ! s5t5ces or digits4 ,9 all   
su* cases x is be/ to pass on to some?+ 
else4 ,aft] a few m9utes ! reject$ task 
may be done will+ly4  ,,coax+ ,,to ,,be 
,,avoid$4 ,al?\gh we %\ld always        
enc\rage ! *ild to believe t he c answ] 
correctly1 if he w only try1 we mu/     

avoid ! common practice ( dragg+ out    
responses by too mu* urg+ & coax+4 ,!   
sympa?ies ( ! exam9] t5d to lead him    
into ! habit ( repeat+ & expla9+ ! "q if
 ! *ild does n answ] promptly4 ,?is is  
ne>ly always a mi/ake1 = ! "q is "o :i* 
%\ld be und]/ood4 ,besides1 explanations
 & coax+ are too (t5 equival5t to answ]+
 ! "q = ! *ild4 ,x is almo/ impossible  
to impress ?is dang] suffici5tly ^u !   
untra9$ exam9]4 ,"o :o is n famili> ) ! 
psy*ology ( sugge/ion may put ! answ] 9 
! *ild's m\? )\t suspect+ :at he is do+4
  ,,adh]+ ,,to ,,=mula4 ,x _c be too    
/rongly emphasiz$ t unless we foll[ a   
/&>diz$ proc$ure ! te/s lose _!         
significance4 ,! dang] is *iefly t (    
un9t5tionally & unconsci\sly introduc+  
v>iations :i* w affect ! mean+ ( ! te/4 
,"o :o has n _h a ?or\gh tra9+ 9 !      
me?ods ( m5tal te/+ _c appreciate h[    
num]\s are ! opportunities = !          
unconsci\s trans=mation ( a te/4 ,_m (  
^! are po9t$ out 9 ! description ( !    
individual te/s1 b x w\ld be folly to   

und]take to w>n ! exp]im5t] aga9/ e     
possible error ( ?is k9d4 ,sometimes !  
omission or ! addition ( a s+le phrase 9
 giv+ ! te/ w alt] mat]ially !          
significance ( ! response4 ,only ! tra9$
 psy*ologi/ c v>y ! =mula )\t risk (    
invalidat+ ! result1 & ev5 he mu/ be on 
8 gu>d4 ,all sorts ( misund]/&+s reg>d+ 
! correct plac+ ( te/s & reg>d+ _!      
accuracy or inaccuracy h come ab\t ?r\gh
 ! failure ( diff]5t inve/igators to    
foll[ ! same proc$ure4  ,"o :o w\ld use 
! te/s = any s]i\s purpose1 !re=e1 mu/  
/udy ! proc$ure = ea* & e te/ until he  
kn[s x ?or\ghly4 ,aft] t a consid]able  
am\nt ( practice is necess>y be=e "o    
le>ns to avoid slips4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages
 ( practice x is necess>y to ref] to !  
pr9t$ in/ructions frequ5tly 9 ord] to   
*eck up errors be=e !y h become         
habitual4  ,! in/ructions hi!rto        
available are at fault 9 n def9+ !      
proc$ure ) suffici5t def9it5ess1 & x is 
! purpose ( ?is volume to make good ?is 
defici5cy z f> z possible4  ,x is too   

mu*1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ! in/ructions c
 be made fool-pro(4 ,) :atev] def9it5ess
 !y may be set =?1 situations are sure  
to arise :i* ! exam9] _c be =mally      
prep>$ =4 ,!re is no limit to !         
multitude ( misund]/&+s possible4 ,aft] 
te/+ hundr$s ( *ildr5 "o /ill f9ds new  
examples ( misappreh5sion4 ,9 a few su* 
cases ! in/ruction may be repeat$1 if   
!re is reason to ?9k ! *ild's he>+ 0 at 
fault or if "s extraord9>y di/raction   
has occurr$4 ,b unless o!rwise /at$ 9 ! 
directions1 ! repetition ( a "q is      
ord9>ily to be avoid$4 ,supplem5t>y     
explanations are h>dly ev] p]missible4  
,9 %ort1 numb]less situations may arise 
9 ! use ( a te/ :i* may injure !        
validity ( ! response1 ev5ts :i* _c     
always be dealt ) by preconceiv$ rule4  
,accord+ly1 al?\gh we mu/ urge unceas+ly
 ! importance ( foll[+ ! /&>d proc$ure1 
x is n to be suppos$ t =mulas are an    
adequate sub/itute ei!r = sci5tific     
judgm5t or = common s5se4  ,,scor+4 ,!  
exact me?od ( scor+ ! individual te/s is

 set =? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,ref]5ce to !
 record booklet = use 9 te/+ w %[ t !   
records are to be kept 9 detail4 ,ea*   
subdivision ( a te/ %\ld be scor$       
sep>ately1 9 ord] t ! cl9ical picture   
may be z complete z possible4 ,?is helps
 9 ! f9al evaluation ( ! results4 ,x    
makes mu* diff]5ce1 = example1 :e!r     
success 9 repeat+ six digits is e>n$ by 
repeat+ all ?ree correctly or only "o2  
or :e!r ! *ild's lack ( success ) !     
absurdities is due to failure on two1   
?ree1 f\r1 or all ( !m4 ,"t %\ld be     
record$ :5ev] call$ = 9 ! record blanks4
  ,,record+ ,,responses4 ,plus & m9us   
signs alone are n usually suffici5t4    
,:5ev] possible ! entire response %\ld  
be record$4 ,if ! te/ results are to be 
us$ by any o!r p]son ?an ! exam9]1 ?is  
is absolutely ess5tial4 ,any o!r /&>d ( 
complet5ess op5s ! door to c>elessness &
 inaccuracy4 ,9 ne>ly all ! te/s1 except
 t ( nam+ sixty words1 ! exam9] w f9d x 
possible by ! lib]al use ( abbreviations
 to record practically ! entire response

 v]batim4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ be    
c>eful to avoid keep+ ! *ild wait+4     
,occasionally x is necess>y to leave (f 
record+ altoge!r because ( ! emb>rassm5t
 sometimes ar\s$ 9 ! *ild by see+ 8     
answ] writt5 d[n4 ,! writ] has met !    
latt] difficulty sev]al times4 ,:5 = any
 reason x is n feasible to record any?+ 
m ?an score m>ks1 success may be        
indicat$ by ! sign 1 failure by -1 &    
half cr$it by 4 ,an exceptionally good  
response may be indicat$ by  & an       
exceptionally poor response by --4 ,if  
!re is a slight d\bt ab\t a success or  
failure ! sign8 may be add$ to !  or -4 
,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 score ! response ei!r  
or -1 avoid+ half cr$it z f> z x is     
possible to d s4  ,if ! entire response 
is n record$ x is necess>y to record at 
lea/ ! score m>k = ea* te/ :5 ! te/ is  
giv54 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! scor+ is
 n a purely me*anical affair4 ,in/ead1 !
 judgm5t ( ! exam9] mu/ come into play )
 e record made4 ,if ! scor+ is delay$1  
!re is n only ! dang] ( =gett+ a        

response1 b ! judgm5t is likely to be   
influ5c$ by ! subject's responses to    
succe$+ que/ions4 ,our special record   
booklet conta9s wide m>g9s1 s t ext5d$  
notes & obs]vations reg>d+ ! *ild's     
responses & behavior c be record$ z !   
te/ proce$s4  ,,scatt]+ ,,( ,,successes4
 ,x is sometimes a s\rce ( conc]n to !  
untra9$ exam9] t ! successes & failures 
%\ld be scatt]$ ov] q an ext5sive range 
( ye>s4 ,:y1 x may be ask$1 %\ld n a    
*ild :o has #aj-ye> intellig5ce answ]   
correctly all ! te/s up to & includ+    
gr\p ,x1 & fail on all ! te/s beyond8   
,!re are two reasons :y su* is almo/    
nev] ! case4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !         
intellig5ce ( an individual is ord9>ily 
n ev54 ,!re are _m diff]5t k9ds (       
intellig5ce1 & 9 "s ( ^! ! subject is   
bett] end[$ ?an 9 o!rs4 ,a second reason
 lies 9 ! fact t no te/ c be purely &   
simply a te/ ( native intellig5ce4 ,giv5
 a c]ta9 degree ( intellig5ce1 accid5ts 
( exp]i5ce & tra9+ br+ x ab\t t ?is     
intellig5ce w "w m successfully ) "s    

k9ds ( mat]ial ?an ) o!rs4 ,= bo? ( ^!  
reasons !re results a scatt]+ (         
successes & failures ov] ?ree or f\r    
ye>s4 ,! subject fails fir/ 9 "o or two 
te/s ( a gr\p1 !n 9 two or ?ree te/s ( !
 foll[+ gr\p1 ! numb] ( failures        
increas+ until !re are no successes at  
all4 ,success tap]s (f f #ajj p] c5t to 
#j4 ,once 9 a great :ile a *ild fails on
 sev]al ( ! te/s ( a giv5 ye> & succe$s 
) a majority ( ^? 9 ! next high] ye>4   
,?is is only an extreme in/ance ( unev5 
intellig5ce or ( specializ$ exp]i5ce1 & 
does n necess>ily reflect ^u !          
reliability ( ! te/s = *ildr5 9 g5]al4  
,! me?od ( calculation giv5 above /rikes
 a k9d ( av]age & gives ! g5]al level ( 
intellig5ce1 :i* is ess5tially ! ?+ we  
want to "k4  ,,supplem5t>y              
,,consid]ations4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to 
suppose t any set ( m5tal te/s c\ld be  
devis$ :i* w\ld give u complete         
in=mation ab\t a *ild's native          
intellig5ce4 ,!re are no te/s :i* are   
absolutely pure te/s ( intellig5ce4 ,all

 are influ5c$ to a great] or less degree
 also by tra9+ & by social environm5t4  
,= ?is reason1 all ! asc]ta9able facts  
be>+ on su* influ5ces %\ld be add$ to ! 
record ( ! m5tal exam9ation1 & %\ld be  
giv5 due weight 9 rea*+ a f9al          
conclusion z to ! level ( intellig5ce4  
,! foll[+ supplem5t>y in=mation %\ld be 
ga!r$1 :5 possible3--    #a4  ,social   
/atus 7v sup]ior1 sup]ior1 av]age1      
inf]ior1 or       v inf]ior74    #b4  ,!
 tea*]'s e/imate ( ! *ild's intellig5ce 
7v       sup]ior1 sup]ior1 av]age1      
inf]ior1 or v inf]ior74    #c4  ,s*ool  
opportunities1 includ+ ye>s ( att5dance1
       regul>ity1 ret>dation or         
accel]ation1 etc4    #d4  ,quality (    
s*ool "w 7v sup]ior1 sup]ior1 av]age1   
inf]ior1 or v inf]ior74    #e4          
,physical h&icaps1 if any 7ad5oids1     
diseas$ tonsils1 p>tial       deafness1 
imp]fect vision1 malnutrition1 etc474   
,9 addition1 ! exam9] w ne$ to take     
acc\nt ( ! g5]al attitude ( ! *ild dur+ 
! exam9ation4 ,?is is provid$ = 9 !     

record blanks "u ! head+ comm5ts4 ,!    
comm5ts %\ld describe z fully z possible
 ! conduct & attitude ( ! *ild dur+ !   
exam9ation1 ) emphasis ^u su* di/urb+   
factors z fe>1 timidity1 unwill+ness to 
answ]1 ov]confid5ce1 c>elessness1 lack (
 att5tion1 etc4 ,sometimes1 also1 x is  
desirable to v]ify ! *ild's age & to    
make record ( ! v]ification4  ,once m   
let x be urg$ t no degree ( me*anical   
p]fection ( ! te/s c ev] take ! place ( 
good judgm5t & psy*ological insight4    
,intellig5ce is too complicat$ to be    
weigh$1 l a bag ( gra91 by any "o :o c  
read figures4  ,,alt]native ,,te/s4 ,!  
te/s designat$ z alt]native te/s are n  
int5d$ = regul> use4 ,inasmu* z !y h be5
 /&>diz$ & belong 9 ! ye> gr\p :]e !y   
are plac$1 !y may be us$ z sub/itute    
te/s on c]ta9 occasions4 ,sometimes "o (
 ! regul> te/s is spoil$ 9 giv+ x1 or ! 
requisite mat]ial = x may n be at h&4   
,sometimes !re may be reason to suspect 
t ! subject has become acqua9t$ ) "s ( !
 te/s4 ,9 su* cases x is a great        

conv5i5ce to h a few sub/itutes         
available4  ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to   
w>n aga9/ a possible misuse ( alt]native
 te/s4 ,x is n p]missible to c\nt       
success 9 an alt]native te/ z (fsett+   
failure 9 a regul> te/4 ,?is w\ld give !
 subject too mu* leeway ( failure4 ,!re 
are v exceptional cases1 h[ev]1 :5 x is 
legitimate to break ?is rule2 namely1 :5
 "o ( ! regul> te/s w\ld be obvi\sly    
unfair to ! subject be+ te/$4 ,9 ye> ,x1
 = example1 "o ( ! ?ree alt]native te/s 
%\ld be sub/itut$ = ! read+ te/ 7,x1 #d7
 9 case we are te/+ a subject :o has n  
_h ! equival5t ( at lea/ two ye>s (     
s*ool "w4 ,9 ye> ,,viii1 x w\ld be      
p]missible to sub/itute ! alt]native te/
 ( nam+ six co9s1 in/ead ( ! vocabul>y  
te/1 9 ! case ( a subject :o came f a   
home :]e ,engli% 0 n spok54 ,9 ,,vii1 x 
w\ld p]haps n be unfair to sub/itute !  
alt]native te/1 9 place ( ! te/ ( copy+ 
a diamond1 9 ! case ( a subject :o1     
because ( timidity or emb>rassm5t1      
refus$ to attempt ! diamond4 ,b x w\ld  

be go+ entirely too f> to sub/itute an  
alt]native te/ 9 ! place ( e regul> te/ 
:i* ! subject respond$ to by sil5ce4 ,9 
! l>ge majority ( cases p]si/5t sil5ce  
des]ves to be scor$ failure4  ,c]ta9    
te/s h be5 made alt]natives because ( _!
 inf]ior value1 "s because ! pres5ce (  
o!r te/s ( simil> nature 9 ! same ye>   
r5d]$ !m less necess>y4  ,,f9d+ ,,m5tal 
,,age4 ,z !re are six te/s 9 ea* age    
gr\p f ,,iii to ,x1 ea* te/ 9 ?is "p ( !
 scale c\nts #b mon?s t[>d m5tal age4   
,!re are eight te/s 9 gr\p ,,xii1 :i*1  
because ( ! omission ( ! #aa-ye> gr\p1 h
 a comb9$ value ( #bd mon?s1 or #c mon?s
 ea*4 ,simil>ly1 ea* ( ! six te/s 9     
,,xiv has a value ( #d mon?s 7#bd  #f   
#d74 ,! te/s ( ! av]age adult gr\p are  
giv5 a value ( #e mon?s ea*1 & ^? ( !   
sup]ior adult gr\p a value ( #f mon?s   
ea*4 ,^! values are 9 a s5se arbitr>y1 b
 !y are ju/ifi$ 9 ! fact t !y are su* z 
to cause ord9>y adults to te/ at !      
av]age adult level4  ,! calculation (   
m5tal age is !re=e simplicity itself4 ,!

 rule is3 7#a7 ,cr$it ! subject ) all ! 
te/s bel[ ! po9t :]e ! exam9ation beg9s 
7rememb]+ t ! exam9ation goes back until
 a ye> gr\p has be5 f\nd 9 :i* all !    
te/s are pass$72 & 7#b7 add to ?is basal
 cr$it #b mon?s = ea* te/ pass$         
successfully up to & includ+ ye> ,x1 #c 
mon?s = ea* te/ pass$ 9 ,,xii1 #d mon?s 
= ea* te/ pass$ 9 ,,xiv1 #e mon?s = ea* 
success 9 av]age adult1 & #f mon?s = ea*
 success 9 sup]ior adult4  ,= example1  
let u suppose t a *ild passes all ! te/s
 9 ,,vi1 five ( ! six te/s 9 ,,vii1 ?ree
 9 ,,viii1 two 9 ,,ix1 & "o 9 ,x4 ,!    
total cr$it e>n$ is z foll[s3--         
,ye>s,mon?s     ,cr$it presuppos$1 ye>s 
,i to ,v                        #e      
,cr$it e>n$ 9 ,,vi1 #f te/s pass$1 #b   
mon?s ea*      #a     ,cr$it e>n$ 9     
,,vii1 #e te/s pass$1 #b mon?s ea*      
#aj     ,cr$it e>n$ 9 ,,viii1 #c te/s   
pass$1 #b mon?s ea*          #f         
,cr$it e>n$ 9 ,,ix1 #b te/s pass$1 #b   
mon?s ea*            #d     ,cr$it e>n$ 
9 ,x1 #a te/ pass$1 #b mon?s            

#b                                      
----  ----         ,total cr$it         
#g    #aj  ,tak+ a subject :o te/s      
high]1 let u suppose ! foll[+ te/s are  
pass$3 ,all 9 ,x1 six ( ! eight 9 ,,xii1
 two ( ! six 9 ,,xiv1 & "o ( ! six 9    
av]age adult4 ,! total cr$it is z       
foll[s3--                               
,ye>s,mon?s     ,cr$it presuppos$1 ye>s 
,i to ,,ix                       #i     
,cr$it e>n$ 9 ,x1 #f te/s pass$1 #b     
mon?s ea*       #a     ,cr$it e>n$ 9    
,,xii1 #f te/s pass$1 #c mon?s ea*      
#a     #f     ,cr$it e>n$ 9 ,,xiv1 #b   
te/s pass$1 #d mon?s ea*     #j     #h  
,cr$it e>n$ 9 av]age adult1 #a success1 
#e mon?s         #e                     
----  ----         ,total cr$it         
#ab     #g  ,"o o!r po9t3 ,if "o or m   
te/s ( a ye> gr\p h be5 omitt$1 z       
sometimes happ5s ei!r f ov]sight or lack
 ( "t1 ! "q arises h[ ! te/s :i* 7 giv5 
9 su* a ye> gr\p %\ld be evaluat$4      
,suppose1 = example1 a subject has be5  
giv5 only f\r ( ! six te/s 9 a giv5 ye>1

 & t he passes two1 or half ( ^? giv54  
,9 su* a case ! probability w\ld be t _h
 all six te/s be5 giv51 ?ree w\ld h be5 
pass$2 t is1 "o half ( all4 ,x is       
evid5t1 !re=e1 t :5 a te/ has be5       
omitt$1 a proportionately l>g] value    
%\ld be assign$ to ea* ( ^? giv54  ,if  
all six te/s are giv5 9 any ye> gr\p    
bel[ ,,xii1 ea* has a value ( #b mon?s4 
,if only f\r are giv51 ea* has a value (
 #c mon?s 7#ab  #d  #c74 ,if five te/s  
only are giv51 ea* has a value ( #b4d   
mon?s 7#ab  #e  #b4d74 ,if 9 ye> gr\p   
,,xii only six ( ! eight te/s are giv51 
ea* has a value ( #d mon?s 7#bd  #f     
#d74 ,if 9 ! av]age adult gr\p only five
 ( ! six te/s are giv51 ea* has a value 
( #f mon?s in/ead ( ! usual #e mon?s4 ,9
 ?is connection x w ne$ to be rememb]$ t
 ! six av]age adult te/s h a comb9$     
value ( #cj mon?s 7#f te/s1 #e mon?s    
ea*72 also t ! comb9$ value ( ! six     
sup]ior adult te/s is #cf mon?s 7#f  #f 
#cf74 ,accord+ly1 if only five ( ! six  
sup]ior adult te/s are giv51 ! value (  

ea* is #cf  #e  #g4b mon?s4  ,= example1
 let u suppose t a subject has be5 te/$ 
z foll[s3 ,all ! six te/s 9 ,x 7 giv5 & 
all 7 pass$2 only six ( ! eight 9 ,,xii 
7 giv5 & five 7 pass$2 five ( ! six 9   
,,xiv 7 giv5 & ?ree 7 pass$2 five ( !   
six 9 av]age adult 7 giv5 & "o 0 pass$2 
five 7 giv5 9 sup]ior adult & no cr$it  
e>n$4 ,! result w\ld be z foll[s3--     
,ye>s,mon?s     ,cr$it presuppos$1 ye>s 
,i to ,,ix                       #i     
,cr$it e>n$ 9 ,x1 #f giv51 #f successes 
#a     ,cr$it e>n$ 9 ,,xii1 #f giv51 #e 
pass$4 ,unit value         ( ea* te/    
giv5 is #bd  #f  #d4 ,total value       
( ! #e te/s pass$ is #e  #d or          
#a     #h     ,cr$it e>n$ 9 ,,xiv1 #e   
te/s giv51 #c pass$4 ,unit         value
 ( ea* ( ! #e giv5 is #bd  #e  #d4h4    
,value ( ! #c pass$ is #c  #d4h1 or     
#j    #ad     ,cr$it e>n$ 9 av]age      
adult1 #e te/s giv51         #a pass$4  
,unit value ( ! #e te/s giv5 is         
#cj  #e  #f4 ,value ( ! #a success      
#j     #f     ,cr$it e>n$ 9 sup]ior     

adult                       #j     #j   
----  ----           ,total cr$it       
#ac     #d  ,! calculation ( m5tal age  
is really simpl] ?an our v]bal          
illu/rations make x appe>4 ,aft] !      
op]ation has be5 p]=m$ tw5ty or ?irty   
times1 x c be done 9 less ?an a         
half-m9ute )\t dang] ( error4  ,,! ,,use
 ,,( ,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,quoti5t4 ,z    
else:]e expla9$1 ! m5tal age alone does 
n tell u :at we want to "k ab\t a *ild's
 intellig5ce /atus4 ,! significance ( a 
giv5 numb] ( ye>s ( ret>dation or       
accel]ation dep5ds ^u ! age ( ! *ild4 ,a
 #c-ye>-old *ild :o is ret>d$ "o ye> is 
ord9>ily feeble-m9d$2 a #aj-ye>-old     
ret>d$ "o ye> is only a little bel[     
normal4 ,! *ild :o at #c ye>s ( age is  
ret>d$ "o ye> w probably be ret>d$ two  
ye>s at ! age ( #f1 ?ree ye>s at ! age (
 #i1 & f\r ye>s at ! age ( #ab4  ,:at we
 want to "k1 !re=e1 is ! ratio exi/+    
betwe5 m5tal age & real age4 ,?is is !  
intellig5ce quoti5t1 or ,i ,q4 ,to f9d x
 we simply divide m5tal age 7express$ 9 

ye>s & mon?s7 by real age 7also express$
 9 ye>s & mon?s74 ,! process is easi] if
 we express ea* age 9 t]ms ( mon?s alone
 be=e divid+4 ,! division c1 ( c\rse1 be
 p]=m$ almo/ in/antane\sly & ) mu* less 
dang] ( error by ! use ( a slide rule or
 a division table4 ,"o :o has to        
calculate _m intellig5ce quoti5ts %\ld  
by all means use "s k9d ( me*anical     
help4  ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,i ,q ,,(    
,,adult ,,subjects4 ,native intellig5ce1
 9 s f> z x c be measur$ by te/s n[     
available1 appe>s to improve b little   
aft] ! age ( #ae or #af ye>s4 ,x foll[s 
t 9 calculat+ ! ,i ,q ( an adult        
subject1 x w be necess>y to disreg>d !  
ye>s he has liv$ beyond ! po9t :]e      
intellig5ce atta9s its f9al developm5t4 
,al?\gh ! location ( ?is po9t is n      
exactly kn[n1 x w be suffici5tly        
accurate = our purpose to assume its    
location at #af ye>s4 ,accord+ly1 any   
p]son ov] #af ye>s ( age1 h[ev] old1 is 
= purposes ( calculat+ ,i ,q consid]$ to
 be j #af ye>s old4 ,if a y\? ( #ah & a 

man ( #fj ye>s bo? h a m5tal age ( #ab  
ye>s1 ! ,i ,q 9 ea* case is #ab  #af1 or
 4#ge4  ,! significance ( v>i\s values (
 ! ,i ,q is set =? else:]e4#dd ,"h x ne$
 only be repeat$ t #ajj ,i ,q means     
exactly av]age intellig5ce2 t ne>ly all 
:o are bel[ #gj or #ge ,i ,q are        
feeble-m9d$2 & t ! *ild ( #abe ,i ,q is 
ab\t z mu* above ! av]age z ! high-grade
 feeble-m9d$ individual is bel[ !       
av]age4 ,= ord9>y purposes all :o fall  
betwe5 #ie & #aje ,i ,q may be consid]$ 
z av]age 9 intellig5ce4  #dd ,see ,*apt]
 ,,vi4  ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,te/+4 
,x is /rongly recomm5d$ t 9 te/+ by !   
,/an=d revision ! regul> ,/an=d record  
booklets be us$4 ,^! are s arrang$ z to 
make te/+ accurate1 rapid1 & conv5i5t4  
,!y conta9 squ>e1 diamond1 r\nd field1  
vocabul>y li/1 fables1 s5t5ces1 digits1 
& selections = memory te/s1 ! read+     
selection b>r$ = scor+1 ! dissect$      
s5t5ces1 ari?metical problems1 etc4 ,"o 
is requir$ = ea* *ild te/$4#de  #de     
,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company w supply all !

 pr9t$ mat]ial ne$$ 9 ! te/s1 includ+ ! 
l9es = ! =ms = ,,vi1 #b1 ! f\r pictures 
= enum]ation1 description1 &            
int]pretation1 ! pictures = ,v1 #c &    
,,vi1 #b1 ! colors1 designs = ,x1 #c1 ! 
code = ,av]age ,adult #f1 & score c>ds =
 squ>e1 diamond1 designs1 &             
ball-&-field4  ,?is is all ! mat]ial    
requir$ = ! use ( ! ,/an=d revision1    
except ! five weights = ,,ix1 #b1 & ,v1 
#a1 & ! ,healy-,f]nald ,con/ruction     
,puzzle = ,x4 ,^! may be pur*as$ ( ,c4  
,h4 ,/oelt+  ,co41 #cjcg ,c>roll ,av5ue1
 ,*icago4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to h 
! weights & ! ,con/ruction ,puzzle1 z ! 
pres5ce ( "o or m alt]native te/s 9 ea* 
ye> makes x possible to sub/itute o!r   
te/s in/ead ( ^? requir+ ^! mat]ials4   
,?is saves consid]able exp5se4 ,ap>t f  
^!1 :i* may ei!r be made at home 7see   
pages #bgh1 #bgi7 or disp5s$ )1 ! only  
necess>y equipm5t = us+ ! ,/an=d        
revision is a copy ( ?is book ) !       
accompany+ set ( pr9t$ matt]1 & ! record
 booklets4 ,! record booklets are       

suppli$ only 9 packages ( #be4          
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,in/ructions ,= ,ye> ,,iii
   ,,iii1 #a4 ,,po9t+ ,,to ,,p>ts ,,(   
,,! ,,body  ,,proc$ure4 ,aft] gett+ !   
*ild's att5tion1 say3 ,%[ me y\r nose4  
,put y\r f+] on y\r nose4 ,same ) eyes1 
m\?1 & hair4  ,tact is (t5 necess>y to  
ov]come timidity4 ,if two or ?ree       
repetitions ( ! in/ruction fail to br+ a
 response1 po9t to ! *ild's *9 or e> &  
say3 ,is ?is y\r nose8 ,no8 ,!n :]e is  
y\r nose8 ,sometimes1 aft] "o has tri$  
two or ?ree p>ts ( ! te/ )\t elicit+ any
 response1 ! *ild may sudd5ly release 8 
inhibitions & answ] all ! que/ions      
promptly4 ,9 case ( p]si/5t refusal to  
respond x is be/ n to h>ass ! *ild = an 
answ]1 b to leave ! te/ = a :ile &      
return to x lat]4 ,?is is a rule :i*    
applies g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! scale4 ,9 !   
case ( "o exceptionally timid little    
girl1 x 0 impossible to get any response
 by ! usual proc$ure1 b imm$iately :5 a 
doll 0 %[n ! *ild po9t$ will+ly to its  
nose1 eyes1 m\?1 & hair4 ,! device 0    

successful because x )drew ! *ild's     
att5tion f h]self & c5t]$ x ^u some?+   
objective4  ,,scor+4 ,?ree responses out
 ( f\r mu/ be correct4 ,in/ead ( po9t+1 
! *ild sometimes responds by w9k+ !     
eyes1 op5+ ! m\?1 etc41 :i* is c\nt$ z  
satisfactory4  ,,rem>ks4 ,b9et's purpose
 9 ?is te/ is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! subject 
is capable ( compreh5d+ simple language4
 ,! ability to compreh5d & use language 
is inde$ "o ( ! mo/ reliable indications
 ( ! grade ( m5tal developm5t4 ,!       
appreciation ( ge/ures comes fir/1 !n ! 
compreh5sion ( language he>d1 next !    
ability to repeat words & s5t5ces       
me*anically1 & f9ally ! ability to use  
language z a means ( communication4 ,!  
pres5t te/1 h[ev]1 is n m /rictly a te/ 
( language compreh5sion ?an ! o!rs ( !  
#c-ye> gr\p1 & 9 any case x c\ld n be   
said to m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! p[] to         
compreh5d spok5 language4 ,t is fairly  
well advanc$ by ! age ( #b ye>s4 ,! te/ 
closely resembles ,,iii1 #b 7nam+       
famili> objects71 & ,,iii1 #c           

7enum]ation ( objects 9 a picture71     
except t x br+s 9 a p]sonal elem5t &    
gives "s clue to ! developm5t ( ! s5se (
 self4 ,all ! data agree 9 locat+ ! te/ 
at ye> ,,iii4   ,,iii1 #b4 ,,nam+       
,,famili> ,,objects  ,,proc$ure4 ,use a 
key1 a p5ny1 a clos$ knife1 a wat*1 & an
 ord9>y lead p5cil4 ,! key %\ld be !    
usual l>ge-siz$ doorkey1 n "o ( ! ,yale 
type4 ,! p5ny %\ld n be too new1 = !    
fre%ly made1 unt>ni%$ p5ny resembles v  
little ! p5ny usually se54 ,any ord9>y  
pocket knife may be us$1 & x is to be   
%[n unop5$4 ,! =mula is1 ,:at is ?is8   
or1 ,tell me :at ?is is4  ,,scor+4 ,!re 
mu/ be at lea/ ?ree correct responses   
out ( five4 ,a response is n correct    
unless ! object is nam$4 ,x is n        
suffici5t = ! *ild m]ely to %[ t he kn[s
 its use4 ,a *ild1 = example1 may take !
 p5cil & beg9 to m>k ) x1 or g to ! door
 & ins]t ! key 9 ! lock1 b ?is is n     
suffici5t4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n be too
 arbitr>y ab\t requir+ a p>ticul> "n4   
,c5t or p5nies = p5ny is satisfactory1 b

 money is n4 ,! wat* is sometimes call$ 
a clock or a tick-tock1 & we %all p]haps
 n be too lib]al if we score ^!         
responses plus4 ,p5 = p5cil1 h[ev]1 is  
unsatisfactory4 ,sub/itute names = key &
 knife are r>ely giv54                  
,mispronunciations due to baby-talk are 
( c\rse ignor$4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! purpose ( 
?is te/ is to f9d out :e!r ! *ild has   
made ! association betwe5 famili>       
objects & _! names4 ,! m5tal processes  
necess>y to enable ! *ild to pass ?is   
te/ are v elem5t>y1 & yet1 z f> z !y g1 
!y are fundam5tal4 ,le>n+ ! names (     
objects frequ5tly se5 is a =m ( m5tal   
activity 9 :i* ! normally end[$ *ild (  
#b to #d ye>s f9ds great satisfaction4  
,any m>k$ ret>dation 9 mak+ su*         
associations is a grave indication ( !  
lack ( t spontaneity :i* is s necess>y =
 ! developm5t ( ! high] grades (        
intellig5ce4 ,x w\ld be entirely beside 
! po9t1 !re=e1 to "q ! validity ( ! te/ 
on ! gr\nd t a giv5 *ild may n h be5    
taught ! names ( ! objects us$4         

,practically all *ildr5 #c ye>s old1    
h[ev] poor _! environm5t1 h made !      
acqua9tance ( at lea/ ?ree ( ! five     
objects1 & if intellig5ce is normal !y h
 le>n$ _! names z a result ( spontane\s 
inquiry4  ,always use ! li/ ( objects "h
 giv51 because x has be5 /&>diz$4 ,any  
improvis$ selection w\ld be sure to     
conta9 "s objects ei!r less or m famili>
 ?an ^? 9 ! /&>diz$ li/4 ,note also t   
?ree correct responses out ( five are   
suffici5t4 ,if we requir$ five correct  
answ]s out ( six 7l ,kuhlmann71 or ?ree 
out ( ?ree 7l ,b9et1 ,godd>d1 & ,huey71 
! te/ w\ld probably belong at ! #d-ye>  
level4 ,b9et /ates t ?is te/ is         
mat]ially h>d] ?an t ( nam+ objects 9 a 
picture1 s9ce 9 ! latt] ! *ild selects f
 a numb] ( objects 9 ! picture ^? he    
kn[s be/1 :ile 9 ! =m] te/ he mu/ "n !  
objects we h arbitr>ily *os54 ,?is      
diff]5ce does n hold1 h[ev]1 if we      
require only ?ree correct responses out 
( five = pass+ ! te/ ( nam+ objects1    
in/ead ( ,b9et's ?ree out ( ?ree4 ,all  

else be+ equal1 x is ( c\rse easi] to   
recognize & "n a real object %[n ?an x  
is to recognize & "n x f a picture4     
,,iii1 #c4 ,,enum]ation ,,( ,,objects   
,,9 ,,pictures  ,,proc$ure4 ,use ! ?ree 
pictures designat$ z ,dut* ,home1 ,riv] 
,sc5e1 & ,po/-,(fice4 ,say1 ,n[ ,i am   
go+ to %[ y a pretty picture4 ,!n1 hold+
 ! fir/ "o be=e ! *ild1 close en\gh to  
p]mit di/9ct vision1 say3 ,tell me :at y
 see 9 ?is picture4 ,if !re is no       
response1 z sometimes happ5s1 due to    
emb>rassm5t or timidity1 repeat ! reque/
 9 ?is =m3 ,look at ! picture & tell me 
ev]y?+ y c see 9 x4 ,if !re is /ill no  
response1 say3 ,%[ me ! 444 7nam+ "s    
object 9 ! picture74 ,only "o "q ( ?is  
type1 h[ev]1 is p]missible4 ,if ! *ild  
answ]s correctly1 say3 ,t is f9e2 n[    
tell me ev]y?+ y see 9 ! picture4 ,f ?is
 po9t ! responses ne>ly always foll[ )\t
 fur!r coax+4 ,inde$1 if rapport has be5
 prop]ly cultivat$ be=e ! te/ beg9s1 !  
fir/ "q w ord9>ily be suffici5t4 ,if !  
*ild names "o or two ?+s 9 a picture &  

!n /ops1 urge him on by say+ ,& :at else
 ,proce$ ) pictures b & c 9 ! same      
mann]4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if !   
*ild enum]ates z _m z ?ree objects 9 "o 
picture spontane\sly2 t is1 )\t int]v5+ 
que/ions or urg+4 ,any?+ bett] ?an      
enum]ation 7z description or            
int]pretation7 is also acceptable1 b    
description is r>ely enc\nt]$ be=e #e   
ye>s & int]pretation r>ely be=e #i or   
#aj4df  #df ,see in/ructions = ,,vii1   
#b1 & ,,xii1 #g4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! purpose (
 ! te/ 9 ?is ye> is to f9d out :e!r !   
sight ( a famili> object 9 a picture    
provokes recognition & calls up !       
appropriate "n4#dg ,! av]age *ild ( #c  
or #d ye>s is 9 :at ,b9et calls !       
id5tification /age2 t is1 famili>       
objects 9 a picture w be id5tifi$ b n   
describ$1 _! relations to "o ano!r w n  
be grasp$4  #dg ,= a discussion ( !     
significance ( ! diff]5t types (        
response1 enum]ation1 description1 &    
int]pretation1 see ,,vii1 #b1 & ,,xii1  
#g4  ,9 giv+ ! te/1 always pres5t !     

pictures 9 ! same ord]1 fir/ ,dut*      
,home1 !n ,riv] ,sc5e1 !n ,po/-,(fice4  
,! ord] ( pres5tation w no d\bt seem to 
! un9itiat$ too trivial a matt] to insi/
 ^u1 b a little exp]i5ce tea*es "o t an 
app>5tly insignificant *ange 9 !        
proc$ure may ex]t a consid]able influ5ce
 ^u ! response4 ,"s pictures t5d m      
/rongly ?an o!rs to provoke a p>ticul>  
type ( response4 ,"s l5d !mselves       
especially to enum]ation1 o!rs to       
description1 o!rs to int]pretation4 ,!  
pictures us$ 9 ! ,/an=d revision h be5  
select$ f a numb] :i* h be5 tri$ because
 !y are m uni=m 9 ?is respect ?an mo/   
o!rs 9 use4 ,h[ev]1 !y are n )\t _!     
diff]5ces1 picture b1 = example1 t5d+ m 
?an ! o!rs to provoke description4  ,!re
 seems to be no disagreem5t z to ! prop]
 location ( ?is te/4   ,,iii1 #d4 ,,giv+
 ,,sex  ,,proc$ure4 ,if ! subject is a  
boy1 ! =mula is3 ,are y a little boy or 
a little girl8 ,if a girl1 ,are y a     
little girl or a little boy8 ,?is       
v>iation 9 ! =mula is necess>y because (

 ! t5d5cy 9 "y *ildr5 to repeat         
me*anically ! la/ ^w ( any?+ t is said  
to !m4 ,if !re is no response1 say3 ,are
 y a little girl8 7if a boy72 or1 ,are y
 a little boy8 7if a girl74 ,if ! answ] 
to ! la/ "q is no 7or a %ake ( ! head71 
we !n say3 ,well1 :at are y8 ,are y a   
little boy or a little girl8 7or vice   
v]sa74  ,,scor+4 ,! response is         
satisfactory if x indicates t ! *ild has
 really made ! discrim9ation1 b we mu/  
be cauti\s ab\t accept+ any o!r response
 ?an ! direct answ]1 ,a little girl1 or1
 ,a little boy4 ,yes & no 9 response to 
! second "q mu/ be c>efully *eck$ up4   
,,rem>ks4 ,b9et & ,godd>d say t         
#c-ye>-olds _c pass ?is te/ & t         
#d-ye>-olds almo/ nev] fail4 ,we c      
accept ! la/ "p ( ?is /atem5t1 b n !    
fir/ "p4 ,ne>ly all ( our #c-ye>-old    
subjects succe$ ) x4  ,! te/ probably   
has no?+ to d ) sex consci\sness1 z su*4
 ,success 9 x w\ld seem to dep5d on !   
ability to discrim9ate betwe5 famili>   
class names :i* are 9 a c]ta9 degree    

relat$4   ,,iii1 #e4 ,,giv+ ,,! ,,family
 ,,"n  ,,proc$ure4 ,! *ild is ask$1 ,:at
 is y\r "n8 ,if ! answ]1 z (t5 happ5s1  
includes only ! fir/ "n 7,walt]1 =      
example71 say3 ,yes1 b :at is y\r o!r   
"n8 ,walt] :at8 ,if ! *ild is sil5t1 or 
if he only repeats ! fir/ "n1 say3 ,is  
y\r "n ,walt] 444 8 7giv+ a fictiti\s   
"n1 z ,jones1 ,smi?1 etc474 ,?is "q     
ne>ly always br+s ! correct answ] if x  
is kn[n4  ,,scor+4 ,simply  or -4 ,no   
att5tion is paid to faults (            
pronunciation4  ,,rem>ks4 ,!re is       
unanim\s agreem5t t ?is te/ belongs 9 ! 
#c-ye> gr\p4 ,al?\gh ! *ild has n _h z  
mu* opportunity to le>n ! family "n z 8 
fir/ "n1 he is almo/ c]ta9 to h he>d x m
 or less1 & if 8 intellig5ce is normal !
 int]e/ 9 self w ord9>ily cause x to be 
rememb]$4  ,! critic ( ! intellig5ce    
scale ne$ n be unduly ex]cis$ ov] ! fact
 t !re may be an occasional *ild ( #c   
ye>s :o has nev] he>d 8 family "n4 ,we h
 all read ( su* *ildr51 b !y are s      
extremely r>e t ! *ances ( a giv5       

#c-ye>-old be+ unju/ly p5aliz$ = ?is    
reason are practically negligible4 ,9 ! 
second place1 cont+5cies ( ?is nature   
are ?r\gh\t ! scale consi/5tly all[$ = 9
 ! p]c5tage ( passes requir$ = locat+ a 
te/4 ,s9ce 79 ! ye> gr\ps bel[ ,,xiv7 ! 
individual te/s are locat$ at ! age     
level :]e !y are pass$ by #fj to #gj p] 
c5t ( unselect$ *ildr5 ( t age1 x foll[s
 t ! *ild ( av]age ability is expect$ to
 fail on ab\t "o ?ird ( ! te/s ( 8 age  
gr\p4 ,! plan ( ! scale is su* z to     
w>rant ?is am\nt ( leeway4 ,b ev5 grant+
 ! possibility t "o subject out ( a     
hundr$ or s may be unju/ly p5aliz$ =    
lack ( opportunity to acquire ! k :i* ! 
te/ calls =1 ! inju/ice done does n     
greatly alt] ! result4 ,a s+le te/      
affects m5tal age only to ! ext5t ( two 
mon?s1 & ! *ances ( two su* inju/ices   
occurr+ ) ! same *ild are v slight4     
,h]e9 lies ! advantage ( a multiplicity 
( te/s4 ,no te/ consid]$ by itself is v 
dep5dable1 b two doz5 te/s1 prop]ly     
arrang$1 are almo/ inf9itely reliable4  

,,iii1 #f4 ,,repeat+ ,,six ,,to ,,sev5  
,,syllables  ,,proc$ure4 ,beg9 by say+3 
,c y say 'mamma'8 ,n[1 say 'nice kitty4'
 ,!n ask ! *ild to say1 ,i h a little   
dog4 ,speak ! s5t5ce di/9ctly & )       
expression1 b 9 a natural voice & n too 
sl[ly4 ,if !re is no response1 ! fir/   
s5t5ce may be repeat$ two or ?ree times4
 ,!n give ! o!r two s5t5ces3 ,! dog runs
 aft] ! cat1 &1 ,9 summ] ! sun is hot4  
,a great deal ( tact is sometimes       
necess>y to enli/ ! *ild's cop]ation 9  
?is te/4 ,if he _c be p]suad$ to try1 ! 
alt]native te/ ( ?ree digits may be     
sub/itut$4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if 
at lea/ "o s5t5ce is repeat$ )\t error  
aft] a s+le read+4 ,)\t error is to be  
tak5 lit]ally2 !re mu/ be no omission1  
ins]tion1 or transposition ( words4     
,ignore indi/9ctness ( articulation &   
defects ( pronunciation z long z !y d n 
mutilate ! s5t5ce beyond easy           
recognition4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ does n   
presuppose t ! *ild %\ld h ! ability to 
make & use s5t5ces l ^! = purposes (    

communication1 or ev5 t he %\ld "k !    
mean+ ( all ! words !y conta94 ,its     
purpose is to br+ out ! ability ( ! *ild
 to repeat a six-syllable s]ies ( m or  
less famili> language s\nds4 ,z e "o    
kn[s1 ! normal *ild ( #b or #c ye>s is  
con/antly imitat+ ! spee* ( ^? ar\nd him
 & f9ds ?is a great s\rce ( delight4    
,long practice 9 ! semi-me*anical       
repetition ( language s\nds is necess>y 
= ! le>n+ ( spee* cord9ations & is !re=e
 an indisp5sable prelim9>y to !         
purposeful use ( language4 ,high-grade  
idiots & ! l[e/ grade ( imbeciles nev]  
acquire mu* facility 9 ! repetition (   
language he>d4 ,! te/ gets at "o ( !    
simple/ =ms ( m5tal integration4  ,b9et 
says t *ildr5 ( #c ye>s nev] repeat     
s5t5ces ( t5 syllables4 ,?is is n       
/rictly true1 = six out ( n9ete5        
#c-ye>-olds succe$$ 9 do+ s4 ,all ! data
 agree1 h[ev]1 t ! av]age *ild ( #c ye>s
 repeats only six to sev5 syllables     
correctly4   ,,iii4 ,,alt]native ,,te/3 
,,repeat+ ,,?ree ,,digits  ,,proc$ure4  

,use ! foll[+ digits3 #f-d-a1 #c-e-b1   
#h-c-g4 ,beg9 ) two digits1 z foll[s3   
,li/52 say #d-b4 ,n[1 say #f-d-a4 ,n[1  
say #c-e-b1 etc4 ,pron\nce ! digits 9 a 
di/9ct voice & ) p]fectly uni=m emphasis
 at a rate j a little fa/] ?an "o p]    
second4 ,two p] second1 z recomm5d$ by  
,b9et1 is too rapid4  ,"y subjects1     
because ( _! natural timidity 9 !       
pres5ce ( /rang]s1 sometimes refuse to  
respond to ?is te/4 ,) subjects "u #e or
 #f ye>s ( age x is sometimes necess>y 9
 su* cases to re-read ! fir/ s]ies (    
digits sev]al times 9 ord] to secure a  
response4 ,! response ?us secur$1 h[ev]1
 is n c\nt$ 9 scor+1 ! purpose ( !      
re-read+ be+ m]ely to break ! *ild's    
sil5ce4 ,! second & ?ird s]ies may be   
read b once4 ,) ! digits te/s above ye> 
,,iv ! re-read+ ( a s]ies is nev]       
p]missible4  ,,scor+4 ,pass$ if ! *ild  
repeats correctly1 aft] a s+le read+1 "o
 s]ies out ( ! ?ree s]ies giv54 ,n only 
mu/ ! correct digits be giv51 b ! ord]  
also mu/ be correct4  ,,rem>ks4 ,o!rs1  

on ! basis ( r scanty data1 h usually   
locat$ ?is te/ at ! #d-ye> level4 ,our  
results %[ t ) ! proc$ure describ$ above
 x is fully z easy z ! te/ ( repeat+    
s5t5ces ( #f to #g syllables4#dh  #dh   
,see p4 #aid ff4 = fur!r discussion ( ! 
digits te/4     ,,*apt] ,x              
,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye> ,,iv   ,,iv1 #a4
 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,l9es  ,,proc$ure4    
,pres5t ! appropriate accompany+ c>d ) !
 l9es 9 horizontal position4 ,po9t to ! 
l9es & say3 ,see ^! l9es4 ,look closely 
& tell me :i* "o is long]4 ,put y\r f+] 
on ! longe/ "o4 ,we use ! sup]lative z  
well z ! comp>ative =m ( long because x 
is (t5 m famili> to "y subjects4 ,if !  
*ild does n respond1 say3 ,%[ me :i* l9e
 is ! bigge/4 ,!n )draw ! c>d1 turn x   
ab\t a few times1 & pres5t x aga9 ) !   
position ( ! two l9es rev]s$1 say+3 ,n[ 
%[ me ! longe/4 ,turn ! c>d aga9 & make 
a ?ird pres5tation4  ,,scor+4 ,all ?ree 
comp>isons mu/ be made correctly2 or if 
only two responses out ( ?ree are       
correct1 all ?ree pairs are aga9 %[n1 j 

z be=e1 & if !re is no error ?is "t1 !  
te/ is pass$4 ,! /&>d1 !re=e1 is ?ree   
correct responses out ( ?ree1 or five   
out ( six4  ,sometimes ! *ild po9ts1 b  
at no p>ticul> "p ( ! c>d4 ,9 su* cases 
x may be difficult to decide :e!r he has
 fail$ to compreh5d & to make !         
discrim9ation or has only be5 c>eless 9 
po9t+4 ,x is !n necess>y to repeat !    
exp]im5t until ! evid5ce is cle>4       
,,rem>ks4 ,z not$ by ,b9et1 success 9   
?is te/ dep5ds on ! compreh5sion ( !    
v]bal directions r ?an on actual        
discrim9ation ( l5g?4 ,! *ild :o w\ld   
un]r+ly *oose ! l>g] ( two pieces ( c&y 
might fail on ! comp>ison ( l9es4       
,h[ev]1 s9ce ! *ild mu/ correctly comp>e
 ! l9es ?ree times 9 succession1 or at  
lea/ 9 five out ( six trials1 will+ness 
to att5d also plays a "p4 ,! att5tion ( 
! l[-grade imbecile1 or ev5 ( ! normal  
*ild ( #c ye>s1 is n v ob$i5t to !      
sugge/ions ( ! exp]im5t]4 ,x may be ga9$
 mom5t>ily1 b x is n easily held to !   
same task = m ?an a few seconds4 ,h5ce  

"s *ildr5 :o p]fectly compreh5d ?is task
 fail to make a succession ( correct    
comp>isons because !y are unable or     
unwill+ to br+ to be> ev5 ! small am\nt 
( att5tion :i* is necess>y4 ,?is does n 
9 ! lea/ condone ! failure1 = x is      
exactly 9 su* volunt>y control ( m5tal  
processes t we f9d "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic
 diff]5ces betwe5 bright & dull1 or     
mature & immature subjects4  ,!re has   
be5 little disagreem5t z to ! prop]     
location ( ?is te/4   ,,iv1 #b4         
,,discrim9ation ,,( ,,=ms  ,,proc$ure4  
,use ! =ms suppli$ ) ?is book4 ,fir/1   
place ! circle ( ! duplicate set at ,x1 
& say3 ,%[ me "o l ?is1 at ! same "t    
pass+ ! f+] ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( !     
circle4 ,if ! *ild does n respond1 say3 
,d y see all ( ^! ?+s8 7runn+ ! f+] ov] 
! v>i\s =ms72 ,& d y see ?is "o8 7po9t+ 
aga9 to ! circle72 ,n[1 f9d me ano!r "o 
j l ?is4 ,use ! squ>e next1 !n !        
triangle1 & ! o!rs 9 any ord]4  ,correct
 ! *ild's fir/ error by say+3 ,no1 f9d  
"o j l ?is 7aga9 pass+ ! f+] ar\nd !    

outl9e ( ! =m at ,x74 ,make no comm5t on
 errors aft] ! fir/ "o1 proce$+ at once 
) ! next c>d1 b ea* "t ! *oice is       
correct enc\rage ! *ild ) a he>ty ,t's  
good1 or some?+ simil>4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/
 is pass$ if sev5 out ( t5 *oices1 are  
correct1 ! fir/ correct$ error be+      
c\nt$4  ,,rem>ks4 ,9 ! te/ ( discrim9at+
 =ms1 unlike ! te/ ( comp>+ l9es1 lack (
 success is less (t5 due to inability to
 und]/& ! task ?an to failure to        
discrim9ate4 ,! te/ may be reg>d$ z a   
v>iation ( ! =m-bo>d te/4 ,x displays ! 
subject's ability to comp>e & contra/   
successive visual p]ceptions ( =m4 ,!   
accurate p]ception ( ev5 a fairly simple
 =m requires ! integration ( a numb] (  
s5sory elem5ts into "o :ole4 ,! =ms us$ 
9 ?is te/ h mean+4 ,!y are f> f nons5se 
figures ev5 = ! 7normal7 *ild ( #d ye>s1
 :o has1 ( c\rse1 nev] he>d ab\t        
triangles1 squ>es1 rectangles1 etc4 ,!  
mean+ pres5t at ?is level ( intellig5ce 
is probably a comp\nd ( su* factors z   
appreciation ( symmetry & direction1 &  

discrim9ation ( quantity & numb]4       
,ano!r elem5t 9 success1 especially 9 ! 
latt] "p ( ! exp]im5t1 is ! ability to  
make an att5tive comp>ison betwe5 ! =m  
%[n & ! o!rs4 ,! *ild may be satisfi$ to
 po9t to ! fir/ =m 8 eye happ5s to fall 
^u4 ,f> f be+ a legitimate excuse =     
failure1 su* an exhibition ( inatt5tion 
& ( weakness ( ! critical faculty is    
symptomatic ( a m5tal level bel[ #d     
ye>s4  ,9 addition to c\nt+ ! numb] (   
errors made1 x is int]e/+ to note ) :at 
=ms !y occur4 ,to mat* ! circle ) !     
ellipse or ! octagon1 = example1 is a   
less s]i\s error ?an to mat* x ) ! squ>e
 or triangle4  ,?is te/ 0 devis$ &      
/&>diz$ by ,dr4 ,fr$ ,kuhlmann4 ,x is   
ins]t$ "h )\t ess5tial alt]ation1 except
 t ! size recomm5d$ = ! =ms is slightly 
r$uc$ & m9or *anges h be5 made 9 ! word+
 ( ! directions4 ,our own results are   
favorable to ! te/ & to ! location      
assign$ x by its au?or4   ,,iv1 #c4     
,,c\nt+ ,,f\r ,,p5nies  ,,proc$ure4     
,place f\r p5nies 9 a horizontal r[ be=e

 ! *ild4 ,say3 ,see ^! p5nies4 ,c\nt !m 
& tell me h[ _m !re are4 ,c\nt !m ) y\r 
f+]1 ?is way 7po9t+ to ! fir/ "o on !   
*ild's left7--,"o--,n[1 g ahead4 ,if !  
*ild simply gives ! numb] 7:e!r "r or   
wrong7 )\t po9t+1 say3 ,no2 c\nt !m )   
y\r f+]1 ?is way1 />t+ him (f z be=e4 ,h
 him c\nt !m al\d4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is  
pass$ only if ! c\nt+ tallies ) ! po9t+4
 ,x is n suffici5t m]ely to /ate !      
correct numb] )\t po9t+4  ,,rem>ks4     
,contr>y to :at "o might ?9k1 ?is is n  
to any great ext5t a te/ ( s*ool+4      
,practically all *ildr5 ( ?is age h _h  
opportunity to le>n to c\nt z f> z f\r1 
& ) normal *ildr5 ! spontane\s int]e/ 9 
numb] is su* t v few #d-ye>-olds1 ev5 f 
inf]ior social environm5t1 fail to pass 
! te/4  ,:ile success requires m ?an !  
ability to repeat ! numb] names by rote1
 x does n presuppose any p[] (          
calculation or a ma/]y ( ! numb]        
concepts f "o to f\r4 ,_m *ildr5 :o w   
readily say1 me*anically1 "o1 two1 ?ree1
 f\r1 :5 />t$ (f1 are n able to pass !  

te/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n expect$ t !   
*ild :o passes w also necess>ily und]/& 
t f\r is made up ( two two's1 or f\r    
"o's1 or ?ree plus "o1 etc4  ,b9et1     
,godd>d1 & ,kuhlmann place ?is te/ 9 !  
#e-ye> gr\p1 b ?ree sep>ate s]ies ( te/s
 made = ! ,/an=d revision1 z well z     
ne>ly all ! /ati/ics available f o!r    
s\rces1 %[ t x belongs at #d ye>s4      
,,iv1 #d4 ,,copy+ ,a ,,squ>e            
,,proc$ure4 ,place be=e ! *ild a c>dbo>d
 on :i* is drawn 9 heavy black l9es a   
squ>e ab\t #a in*es on a side4#di ,give 
! *ild a p5cil & say3 ,y see t 7po9t+ to
 ! squ>e74 ,i want y to make "o j l x4  
,make x "r "h 7%[+ :]e x is to be       
drawn74 ,g ahead4 ,i "k y c d x nicely4 
#di ,no mat]ial is ne$$ if ! regul>     
,/an=d record blanks are us$1 z ^! all  
conta9 ! squ>e & diamond4  ,avoid su* an
 expression z1 ,i want y to draw a      
figure l t4 ,! *ild may n "k ! mean+ (  
ei!r draw or figure4 ,also1 9 po9t+ to !
 model1 take c>e n to run ! f+] ar\nd ! 
f\r sides4  ,*ildr5 sometimes h a       

deep-seat$ av]sion to draw+ on reque/ & 
a bit ( tactful urg+ may be necess>y4   
,exp]i5ce & tact w enable ! exp]im5t] 9 
all b ! r>e/ cases to come out victori\s
 9 ^! little battles ) balky wills4     
,give ?ree trials1 say+ ea* "t3 ,make x 
exactly l ?is1 po9t+ to model4 ,make    
sure t ! *ild is 9 an easy position & t 
! pap] us$ is held s x _c slip4         
,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if at lea/ "o  
draw+ out ( ! ?ree is z good z ^? m>k$  
on ! score c>d4 ,"y subjects usually    
r$uce figures 9 draw+ f copy1 b size is 
:olly disreg>d$ 9 scor+4 ,x is ( m      
importance t ! "r angles be fairly well 
pres]v$ ?an t ! l9es %\ld be /raight or 
! corn]s entirely clos$4 ,! scor+ ( ?is 
te/ %\ld be r lib]al4  ,,rem>ks4 ,aft] !
 ?ree copies h be5 made say3 ,:i* "o d y
 l be/8 ,9 ?is way we get an idea ( !   
subject's p[] ( auto-criticism1 a trait 
9 :i* ! m5tally ret>d$ are ne>ly always 
beh9d normal *ildr5 ( _! own age4       
,normal *ildr51 :5 "y1 reveal ! same    
weakness to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,x is        

especially significant :5 ! subject %[s 
complete satisfaction ) a v poor        
p]=mance4  ,obs]ve :e!r ! *ild makes ea*
 "p ) c>eful ef=t1 look+ at ! model f "t
 to "t1 or :e!r ! /rokes are made 9 a   
haphaz>d way ) only an initial glance at
 ! orig9al4 ,! latt] proc$ure is q      
common ) "y or ret>d$ subjects4         
,curi\sly en\gh1 ! fir/ trial is m      
successful ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 due p]haps
 to a wan+ ( ef=t & att5tion4  ,note t  
p5cil is us$ in/ead ( p5 & t only "o    
success is necess>y4 ,b9et gives only "o
 trial & requires p54 ,godd>d all[s     
p5cil1 b p]mits only "o trial4 ,kuhlmann
 requires p5 & passes ! *ild only :5 two
 trials out ( ?ree are successful4 ,b ^!
 au?ors locate ! te/ at #e ye>s4 ,our   
results %[ t ne>ly ?ree f\r?s (         
#d-ye>-olds succe$ ) p5cil 9 "o out (   
?ree trials if ! scor+ is lib]al4 ,x    
makes a great deal ( diff]5ce :e!r p5 or
 p5cil is us$1 & :e!r two successes are 
requir$ or only "o4 ,no bett]           
illu/ration c\ld be giv5 ( ! fact t )\t 

?or\ghgo+ /&>dization ( proc$ure & scor+
 ! be/ m5tal te/ may be mislead+ z to ! 
degree ( intellig5ce x indicates4       
,copy+ a squ>e is "o ( ?ree draw+ te/s  
us$ 9 ! ,b9et scale1 ! o!rs be+ !       
diamond 7ye> ,,vii71 & ! designs to be  
copi$ f memory 7ye> ,x74 ,^! te/s d n to
 any great ext5t te/ :at is usually kn[n
 z draw+ ability4 ,only ! squ>e & !     
diamond te/s are /rictly comp>able ) "o 
ano!r1 ! o!r hav+ a psy*ologically      
diff]5t purpose4 ,9 none ( !m does      
success seem to dep5d v mu* on ! am\nt (
 previ\s in/ruction 9 draw+4 ,to copy a 
figure l a squ>e or a diamond requires  
fir/ ( all an appreciation ( spacial    
relation%ips4 ,! figure mu/ be p]ceiv$ z
 a :ole1 n simply z a gr\p ( mean+less  
l9es4 ,9 ! second place1 success dep5ds 
^u ! ability to use ! visual impression 
9 guid+ a r complex set ( motor         
cord9ations4 ,! latt] is p]haps ! ma9   
difficulty1 & is "o :i* is n fully      
ov]come1 at lea/ = complicat$ movem5ts1 
until well t[>d adult life4  ,x is      

int]e/+ to comp>e ! squ>e & ! diamond z 
to relative difficulty4 ,!y h ! same    
numb] ( l9es & 9 ea* case ! opposite    
sides are p>allel2 b :]eas #d-ye>       
intellig5ce is equal to ! task ( copy+ a
 squ>e1 ! diamond ord9>ily requires     
#g-ye> intellig5ce4 ,probably no "o c\ld
 h =ese5 t a *ange 9 ! angles w\ld add s
 mu* to ! difficulty ( ! figure4 ,x w\ld
 be wor? :ile to devise & /&>dize /ill m
 complicat$ figures4   ,,iv1 #e4        
,,compreh5sion1 ,,fir/ ,,degree         
,,proc$ure4 ,aft] gett+ ! *ild's        
att5tion1 say3 ,:at mu/ y d :5 y are    
sleepy8 ,if necess>y ! "q may be repeat$
 a numb] ( times1 us+ a p]suasive &     
enc\rag+ tone ( voice4 ,no o!r =m ( "q  
may be sub/itut$4 ,ab\t tw5ty seconds   
may be all[$ = an answ]1 ?\gh z a rule  
subjects ( #d or #e ye>s usually answ] q
 promptly or n at all4  ,proce$ 9 ! same
 way ) ! o!r two que/ions3 ,:at ought y 
to d :5 y are cold8 ,:at ought y to d :5
 y are hungry8  ,,scor+4 ,!re mu/ be two
 correct responses out ( ?ree4 ,no "o =m

 ( answ] is requir$4 ,x is suffici5t if 
! "q is compreh5d$ & giv5 a reasonably  
s5sible answ]4 ,! foll[+ are samples (  
correct responses3--    7a7 ,g to b$4 ,g
 to sleep4 ,h my "m get me ready =      
b$4 ,lie /ill1 n talk1 & ,i'll soon be  
asleep4   7b7 ,put on a coat 7or cloak1 
furs1 wrap up1 etc474       ,build a    
fire4 ,run & ,i'll soon get w>m4 ,get   
close to       ! /ove4 ,g into ! h\se1  
or1 ,g to b$1 may possibly       des]ve 
! score plus1 ?\gh !y are some:at       
d\btful       & are c]ta9ly inf]ior to !
 responses j giv54   7c7 ,eat some?+4   
,dr9k "s milk4 ,buy a lun*4 ,h my       
mamma spread "s bread & butt]1 etc4  ,) 
! compreh5sion que/ions 9 ?is ye> x is  
ne>ly always easy to decide :e!r !      
response is acceptable1 failure be+     
indicat$ usually ei!r by sil5ce or by an
 absurd or irrelevant answ]4 ,"o        
#h-ye>-old boy :o _h less ?an #d-ye>    
intellig5ce answ]$ all ?ree que/ions by 
putt+ 8 f+] on 8 eye & say+3 ,i'd d t4  
,h to cry is a r common incorrect       

response4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! purpose ( ^!    
que/ions is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! *ild c    
compreh5d ! situations sugge/$ & give a 
reasonably p]t95t reply4 ,! fir/        
requirem5t1 ( c\rse1 is to und]/& !     
language2 ! second is to tell h[ !      
situation sugge/$ %\ld be met4  ,! "q   
may be rais$ :e!r a giv5 *ild might n   
fail to answ] ! que/ions correctly & yet
 h ! intellig5ce to d ! appropriate ?+  
if ! real situation 7 pres5t4 ,?is is at
 lea/ conceivable1 b s9ce x w\ld n be   
practicable to make ! subject actually  
cold1 sleepy1 or hungry 9 ord] to obs]ve
 8 behavior1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves )  
sugge/+ a situation to be imag9$4 ,x    
probably requires m intellig5ce to tell 
:at "o ought to d 9 a situation :i* has 
to be imag9$ ?an to d ! "r ?+ :5 ! real 
situation is enc\nt]$4  ,! compreh5sion 
que/ions ( ?is ye> _h n be5 /&>diz$     
until ! ,/an=d inve/igation ( #aiac-ad4 
,que/ions a & b 7 sugge/$ by ,b9et 9    
#aije1 :ile c is new4 ,!y make an       
excell5t te/ ( #d-ye> intellig5ce4      

,,iv1 #f4 ,,repeat+ ,,f\r ,,digits      
,,proc$ure4 ,say3 ,n[1 li/54 ,i am go+  
to say ov] "s numb]s & aft] ,i am ?r\gh1
 ,i want y to say !m exactly l ,i d4    
,li/5 closely & get !m j "r--#d-g-c-i4  
,same ) #b-h-e-d & #g-b-f-a4 ,! exam9]  
%\ld consume ne>ly f\r seconds 9        
pron\nc+ ea* s]ies1 & %\ld practice 9   
advance until ?is spe$ c be closely     
approximat$4 ,if ! *ild refuses to      
respond1 ! fir/ s]ies may be repeat$ z  
(t5 z may be necess>y to prove an       
attempt1 b success ) a s]ies :i* has be5
 re-read may n be c\nt$4 ,! second &    
?ird s]ies may be pron\nc$ b once4      
,,scor+4 ,pass$ if ! *ild repeats       
correctly1 aft] a s+le read+1 "o s]ies  
out ( ! ?ree s]ies giv54 ,! ord] mu/ be 
correct4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ ( repeat+ f\r
 digits 0 n includ$ by ,b9et 9 ! scale &
 seems n to h be5 us$ by any ( ! ,b9et  
work]s4 ,x is pass$ by ab\t ?ree f\r?s (
 our #d-ye>-olds4   ,,iv4 ,,alt]native  
,,te/3 ,,repeat+ ,,twelve ,,to ,,?irte5 
,,syllables  ,! ?ree s5t5ces are3--     

7a7 ,! boy's "n is ,john4 ,he is a v    
good boy4   7b7 ,:5 ! tra9 passes y w   
he> ! :i/le bl[4   7c7 ,we are go+ to h 
a good "t 9 ! c\ntry4  ,,proc$ure4 ,get 
! *ild's att5tion & say3 ,li/51 say ?is3
 ',:]e is kitty8' ,aft] ! *ild responds1
 add3 ,n[ say ?is 4441 read+ ! fir/     
s5t5ce 9 a natural voice1 di/9ctly & )  
expression4 ,if ! *ild is too timid to  
respond1 ! fir/ s5t5ce may be re-read1 b
 9 ?is case ! response is n c\nt$4      
,re-read+ is p]missible only ) ! fir/   
s5t5ce4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if at 
lea/ "o s5t5ce is repeat$ )\t error aft]
 a s+le read+4 ,z 9 ! alt]native te/ (  
ye> ,,iii1 we ignore ord9>y indi/9ctness
 & defects ( pronunciation due to       
imp]fect language developm5t1 b ! s5t5ce
 mu/ be repeat$ )\t addition1 omission1 
or transposition ( words4  ,,rem>ks4    
,s5t5ces ( twelve syllables _h n be5    
/&>diz$ previ\s to ! ,/an=d revision1 b 
,b9et locates memory = t5 syllables at  
ye> ,v1 & o!rs h foll[$ 8 example4 ,our 
own data %[ t ev5 #d-ye>-olds are       

usually able to repeat twelve syllables 
) ! proc$ure "h set =?4     ,,*apt] ,,xi
  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye> ,v   ,v1 #a4  
,,comp>ison ,,( ,,weights  ,,mat]ials4  
,x is necess>y to h two weights1        
id5tical 9 %ape1 size1 & appe>ance1     
weigh+ respectively #c & #ae grams4#ej  
,if manufactur$ weights are n at h&1 x  
is easy to make satisfactory sub/itutes 
by tak+ /iff c>dbo>d pill-boxes1 ab\t #a
 in*es 9 diamet]1 & fill+ !m ) cotton & 
%ot to ! desir$ weight4 ,! %ot mu/ be   
emb$d$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! cotton s z to prev5t
 rattl+4 ,aft] ! box has be5 load$ to ! 
exact weight1 ! lid %\ld be glu$ on     
firmly4 ,if "o does n h access to       
laboratory scales1 x is always possible 
to secure ! help ( a druggi/ 9 ! r      
delicate task ( weigh+ ! boxes          
accurately4 ,a set ( pill-box weights w 
la/ ?r\gh hundr$s ( te/s1 if h&l$       
c>efully1 b !y w n /& r\gh usage4 ,!    
manufactur$ blocks are m durable1 & s m 
satisfactory 9 ! long run4 ,if ! weights
 are n at h&1 ! alt]native te/ may be   

sub/itut$4  #ej ,! weights requir$ = ?is
 te/1 & also = ,,ix1 #b1 may be pur*as$ 
( ,c4 ,h4 ,/oelt+  ,co41 #cjcg ,c>roll  
,av5ue1 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois4  ,,proc$ure4 
,place ! #c- & #ae-;gram weights on !   
table be=e ! *ild "s two or ?ree in*es  
ap>t4 ,say3 ,y see ^! blocks4 ,!y look j
 alike1 b "o ( !m is heavy & "o is      
light4 ,try !m & tell me :i* "o is      
heavi]4 ,if ! *ild does n respond1      
repeat ! in/ructions1 say+ ?is "t1 ,tell
 me :i* "o is ! heavie/4 7,_m ,am]ican  
*ildr5 h he>d only ! sup]lative =m ( !  
adjective us$ 9 ! comp>ison ( two       
objects47  ,sometimes ! *ild m]ely po9ts
 to "o ( ! boxes or picks up "o at r&om 
& h&s x to ! exam9]1 ?9k+ he is ask$ to 
guess :i* is heavie/4 ,we !n say3 ,no1 t
 is n ! way4 ,y mu/ take ! boxes 9 y\r  
h&s & try !m1 l ?is 7illu/rat+ by lift+ 
) "o h&1 fir/ "o box & !n ! o!r1 a few  
in*es f ! table74 ,mo/ *ildr5 ( #e ye>s 
are !n able to make ! comp>ison         
correctly4 ,v "y subjects1 h[ev]1 or    
old] ones :o are ret>d$1 sometimes adopt

 ! r que/ionable me?od ( lift+ bo?      
weights 9 ! same h& at once4 ,?is is    
always an unfavorable sign1 especially  
if "o ( ! blocks is plac$ 9 ! h& on top 
( ! o!r block4  ,aft] ! fir/ trial1 !   
weights are %uffl$ & aga9 pres5t$ =     
comp>ison z be=e1 ?is "t ) ! positions  
rev]s$4 ,! ?ird trial foll[s ) ! blocks 
9 ! same position z 9 ! fir/ trial4 ,"s 
*ildr5 h a t5d5cy to /]eotyp$ behavior1 
:i* 9 ?is te/ %[s itself by *oos+ always
 ! block on a c]ta9 side4 ,h5ce !       
necessity ( alt]nat+ ! positions4#ea    
,res]ve comm5dation until all ?ree      
trials h be5 giv54  #ea ,= discussion ( 
/]eotypy see p4 #bjc4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/  
is pass$ if two ( ! ?ree comp>isons are 
correct4 ,if !re is reason to suspect t 
! successful responses 7 due to lucky   
guesses1 ! te/ %\ld be entirely repeat$4
  ,,rem>ks4 ,?is te/ is decid$ly m      
difficult ?an t ( comp>+ l9es 7,,iv1    
#a74 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if we c reg>d
 ! diff]5ce z "o due prim>ily to !      
relative difficulty ( visual            

discrim9ation & muscul> discrim9ation4  
,9 fact1 ! te/ ) weights h>dly taxes    
s5sory discrim9ation at all :5 us$ )    
*ildr5 ( #e-ye> intellig5ce4 ,success   
dep5ds1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! ability to 
und]/& ! in/ructions2 & 9 ! second      
place1 on ! p[] to hold ! in/ructions 9 
m9d long en\gh to guide ! process ( mak+
 ! comp>ison4 ,! te/ presupposes1 9     
elem5t>y =m1 a p[] :i* is op]ative 9 all
 ! high] indep5d5t processes ( ?\ght1 ! 
p[] to neglect ! manifold di/ractions ( 
irrelevant s5sations & ideas & to drive 
direct t[>d a goal4 ,"h ! goal is       
furni%$ by ! in/ruction1 ,try !m & see  
:i* is heavi]4 ,?is mu/ be held firmly  
en\gh 9 m9d to control ! /eps necess>y =
 mak+ ! comp>ison4 ,ideas ( pil+ !      
blocks on top ( "o ano!r1 ?r[+ !m1 etc41
 mu/ be inhibit$4 ,sometimes ! l[-grade 
imbecile />ts (f 9 a v promis+ way1 !n  
app>5tly =gets ! in/ructions 7loses     
sight ( ! goal71 & beg9s to play ) !    
boxes 9 a r&om way4 ,8 m5tal processes  
are n consecutive1 /able1 or controll$4 

,he is bl[n ab\t at ! m]cy ( e gu/ (    
mom5t>y int]e/4  ,!re is v g5]al        
agreem5t 9 ! assignm5t ( ?is te/ to ye> 
,v4   ,v1 #b4 ,,nam+ ,,colors           
,,mat]ials4 ,use saturat$ r$1 yell[1    
blue1 & gre5 pap]s1 ab\t #b  #a in* 9   
size1 pa/$ "o half in* ap>t on :ite or  
gray c>dbo>d4 ,= sake ( uni=mity x is   
be/ to mat* ! colors manufactur$        
especially = ?is te/4#eb  #eb ,pr9t$    
c>ds %[+ ^! colors are includ$ 9 ! set (
 mat]ial furni%$ by ! publi%]s ( ?is    
book4  ,,proc$ure4 ,po9t to ! colors 9 !
 ord]1 r$1 yell[1 blue1 gre54 ,br+ ! f+]
 close to ! color designat$1 9 ord] t   
!re may be no mi/ake z to :i* "o is     
meant1 & say3 ,:at is ! "n ( t color8 ,d
 n say3 ,:at color is t8 or1 ,:at k9d ( 
a color is t8 ,su* a =mula might br+ !  
answ]1 ,! fir/ color2 or1 ,a pretty     
color4 ,/ill less w\ld x d to say3 ,%[  
me ! r$1 ,%[ me ! yell[1 etc4 ,?is w\ld 
make x an entirely diff]5t te/1 "o t    
w\ld probably be pass$ a ye> e>li] ?an !
 ,b9et =m ( ! exp]im5t4 ,nor is x       

p]missible1 aft] a color has be5        
miscall$1 to return to x & aga9 ask its 
"n4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ only if   
all ! colors are nam$ correctly & )\t   
m>k$ unc]ta9ty4 ,h[ev]1 prefix+ !       
adjective d>k1 or light1 be=e ! "n ( a  
color is ov]look$4  ,,rem>ks4 ,nam+     
colors is n a te/ ( color discrim9ation1
 = t capacity is well develop$ ye>s bel[
 ! level at :i* ?is te/ is us$4 ,all    
#e-ye>-olds :o are n color bl9d         
discrim9ate among ! f\r prim>y colors "h
 us$ z readily z adults d4 ,z /at$ by   
,b9et1 x is a te/ ( ! v]balization (    
color p]ception4 ,x tells u :e!r ! *ild 
has associat$ ! names ( ! f\r prim>y    
colors ) 8 p]ceptual imag]y ( ^? colors4
  ,! ability to make simple associations
 betwe5 a s5se impression & a "n is     
c]ta9ly pres5t 9 normal *ildr5 "s "t    
be=e ! above color associations are     
actually made4 ,_m objects ( exp]i5ce   
are correctly nam$ two or ?ree ye>s     
e>li]1 & x may seem at fir/ a little    
/range t color names are le>n$ s late4  

,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! *ild does n h  
num]\s opportunities to obs]ve & he> !  
names ( sev]al colors at once1 nor does 
! designation ( colors by _! names      
ord9>ily h mu* practical value = ! "y   
*ild4 ,:5 he f9ally le>ns _! names1 x is
 m because ( 8 spontane\s int]e/ 9 ! _w 
( s5se4 ,lack ( su* spontane\s int]e/ is
 always an unfavorable sign1 & x is n   
surpris+1 !re=e1 t imbecile intellig5ce 
has ord9>ily nev] tak5 ! tr\ble to      
associate colors ) _! names4 ,girls are 
some:at sup]ior to boys 9 ?is te/1 due  
probably to a great] natural int]e/ 9   
colors4  ,b9et orig9ally plac$ ?is te/ 9
 ye> ,,viii1 *ang+ x to ye> ,,vii 9 !   
#aiaa scale4 ,godd>d places x 9 ye>     
,,vii1 :ile ,kuhlmann omits x altoge!r4 
,) a s+le exception1 all ! actual       
/ati/ics ) normal *ildr5 ju/ify !       
location ( ! te/ 9 ye> ,v4 ,bob]tag's   
figures are ! exception1 oppos$ to :i*  
are ,r[e1 ,w9*1 ,dumville1 ,d\gh]ty1    
,brigham1 & all ?ree ( ! ,/an=d         
inve/igations4  ,! te/ is probably m    

subject to ! influ5ce ( home environm5t 
?an mo/ ( ! o!r te/s ( ! scale1 & if !  
social /atus ( ! *ild is l[1 failure    
w\ld n be especially significant until  
aft] ! age ( #f ye>s4 ,on ! :ole x is an
 excell5t te/4   ,v1 #c4 ,,/hetic       
,,comp>ison  ,use ! ?ree pairs ( faces  
suppli$ ) ! pr9t$ =ms4 ,x goes )\t say+ 
t improvis$ draw+s may n be sub/itut$ = 
,b9et's until !y h fir/ be5 /&>diz$4    
,,proc$ure4 ,%[ ! pairs 9 ord] f top to 
bottom4 ,say3 ,:i* ( ^! two pictures is 
! prettie/8 ,use bo? ! comp>ative & !   
sup]lative =ms ( ! adjective4 ,d n use !
 "q1 ,:i* face is ! ugli] 7uglie/78     
unless !re is "s difficulty 9 gett+ !   
*ild to respond4 ,x is n p]mitt$1 9 case
 ( an incorrect response1 to give t "p (
 ! te/ aga9 & to all[ ! *ild a *ance to 
correct 8 answ]2 or1 9 case ?is is done1
 we mu/ consid] only ! orig9al response 
9 scor+4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ only 
if all ?ree comp>isons are made         
correctly4 ,any m>k$ unc]ta9ty is       
failure4 ,sometimes ! *ild laugh+ly     

designates ! ugly picture z ! pretti]1  
yet %[s by 8 amus$ expression t he is   
probably consci\s ( its peculi>ity or   
absurdity4 ,9 su* cases pretty seems to 
be giv5 ! mean+ ( funny or amus+4       
,nev]!less1 we score ?is response z     
failure1 s9ce x betok5s a r infantile   
tol]ance ( ugl9ess4  ,,rem>ks4 ,f !     
psy*ological po9t ( view ?is is a mo/   
int]e/+ te/4 ,"o might suppose t /hetic 
judgm5t w\ld be relatively indep5d5t (  
intellig5ce4 ,c]ta9ly no "o c\ld h kn[n 
9 advance ( exp]i5ce t intellectual     
ret>dation w\ld reveal itself 9 weakness
 ( ! /hetic s5se ab\t z unmi/akably z 9 
memory1 practical judgm5t1 or !         
compreh5sion ( language4 ,b su* is !    
case4 ,! developm5t ( ! /hetic s5se     
p>allels g5]al m5tal gr[? r closely4 ,! 
imbecile ( #d-ye> intellig5ce1 ev5 ?\gh 
he may h liv$ =ty ye>s1 has no m *ance (
 pass+ ?is te/ ?an any o!r te/ 9 ye> ,v4
 ,x w\ld be pr(itable to devise &       
/&>dize a set ( pictures ( ! same g5]al 
type :i* w\ld measure a less primitive  

/age ( /hetic developm5t4  ,! pres5t te/
 0 locat$ by ,b9et 9 ye> ,,vi & has be5 
reta9$ 9 t ye> 9 o!r revisions2 b ?ree  
sep>ate ,/an=d inve/igations1 z well z !
 /ati/ics ( ,w9*1 ,dumville1 ,brigham1  
,r[e1 & ,d\gh]ty1 w>rant its location 9 
ye> ,v4   ,v1 #d4 ,,giv+ ,,def9itions   
,,9 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,use  ,,proc$ure4 ,use !
 words3 ,*air1 horse1 =k1 doll1 p5cil1 &
 table4 ,say3 ,y h se5 a *air4 ,y "k :at
 a *air is4 ,tell me1 :at is a *air8 ,& 
s on ) ! o!r words1 always 9 ! ord] 9   
:i* !y are nam$ above4  ,occasionally   
!re is difficulty 9 gett+ a response1   
:i* is sometimes due m]ely to ! *ild's  
unwill+ness to express 8 ?\ghts 9       
s5t5ces4 ,! e>li] te/s require only     
words & phrases4 ,9 o!r cases sil5ce is 
due to ! r indef9ite =m ( ! "q4 ,! *ild 
c\ld answ]1 b is n q sure :at is expect$
 ( him4 ,:atev] ! cause1 a little       
tactful urg+ is ne>ly always suffici5t  
to br+ a response4 ,9 ?is te/ we h n    
f\nd ! difficulty ( ov]com+ sil5ce ne>ly
 z great z o!rs h /at$ x to be4 ,9      

consecutive te/s ( #aej #e- & #f-ye>-old
 *ildr5 we enc\nt]$ unbreakable sil5ce )
 #h words out ( ! total #ijj 7#aej  #f74
 ,?is is less ?an #a p] c5t4 ,b tactful 
enc\ragem5t is sometimes necess>y1 & x  
is be/ to take ! precaution ( n giv+ !  
te/ until rapport has be5 well e/abli%$4
  ,! urg+ %\ld take ! foll[+ =m3 ,i'm   
sure y "k :at a 444 is4 ,y h se5 a 4444 
,n[1 tell me1 :at is a 444 8 ,t is1 we  
m]ely repeat ! "q ) a ^w ( enc\ragem5t &
 9 a coax+ tone ( voice4 ,x w\ld n at   
all d to introduce o!r que/ions1 l1 ,:at
 does a 444 look l8 or1 ,:at is a 444 =8
 ,:at d p d ) a 444 8  ,sometimes1      
in/ead ( attempt+ a def9ition 7( doll1 =
 example71 ! *ild beg9s to talk 9 a m or
 less irrelevant way1 z ,i h a great big
 doll4 ,auntie gave x to me = ,*ri/mas1 
etc4 ,9 su* cases we repeat ! "q & say1 
,yes1 b tell me2 :at is a doll8 ,?is is 
usually suffici5t to br+ ! little       
*att]-box back to ! task4  ,unless x is 
absolutely necess>y to give ! *ild lavi%
 enc\ragem5t1 x is be/ to )hold approval

 or disapproval until ! te/ has be5     
f9i%$4 ,if ! fir/ response is a poor "o 
& we pron\nce x f9e or v good1 we tempt 
! *ild to p]si/ 9 8 l[-grade type (     
def9ition4 ,by )hold+ comm5t until ! la/
 ^w has be5 def9$1 we give great] play  
to spontaneity & initiative4  ,,scor+4  
,z a rule1 *ildr5 ( #e & #f ye>s def9e  
an object 9 t]ms ( use1 /at+ :at x does1
 :at x is =1 :at p d ) x1 etc4          
,def9itions by description1 by tell+ :at
 sub/ance x is made (1 & by giv+ ! class
 to :i* x belongs are gr\p$ toge!r z    
def9itions sup]ior to use4 ,x is n be=e 
#h ye>s t two ?irds ( ! *ildr5          
spontane\sly give a l>ge proportion (   
def9itions 9 t]ms sup]ior to use4  ,!   
te/ is pass$ 9 ye> ,v if f\r words out (
 ! six are def9$ 9 t]ms ( use 7or bett] 
?an use74 ,! foll[+ are examples (      
satisfactory responses3--      ,*air3   
,to sit on4 ,y sit on x4 ,x is made (   
wood &     has legs & back1 etc4        
,horse3 ,to drive4 ,to ride4 ,:at p     
drive4 ,to pull     ! wagon4 ,x is big &

 has f\r legs1 etc4      ,=k3 ,to eat )4
 ,to /ick meat )4 ,x is h>d & has       
?ree %>p ?+s1 etc4      ,doll3 ,to play 
)4 ,:at y dress & put to b$4 ,to        
rock1 etc4      ,p5cil3 ,to write )4 ,to
 draw4 ,!y write ) x4 ,x     is %>p &   
makes a black m>k4      ,table3 ,to eat 
on4 ,:at y put ! d9n] on4 ,:]e y        
write4 ,x is made ( wood & has legs4    
,examples ( failure are su* responses z 
! foll[+3 ,a *air is a *air2 ,!re is a  
*air2 or simply1 ,!re 7po9t+ to a *air74
 ,we record su* responses )\t press+ = a
 fur!r def9ition4 ,ab\t ! only o!r type 
( failure is sil5ce4  ,,rem>ks4 ,x is n 
! purpose ( ?is te/ to f9d out :e!r !   
*ild kn[s ! mean+ ( ! words he is ask$  
to def9e4 ,words h purposely be5 *os5   
:i* are p]fectly famili> to all normal  
*ildr5 ( #e ye>s4 ,b ) "y *ildr5 !re is 
a diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+ a ^w & giv+ a    
def9ition ( x4 ,besides1 we desire to   
f9d out h[ ! *ild app]ceives ! ^w1 or r 
! object = :i* x /&s2 :e!r ! ?+ is ?\ght
 ( 9 t]ms ( use1 appe>ance 7%ape1 size1 

color1 etc471 mat]ial compos+ x1 or     
class relation%ips4  ,?is te/1 because x
 ?r[s su* int]e/+ light on ! maturity ( 
! *ild's app]ceptive processes1 is "o ( 
! mo/ valuable ( all4 ,x is possible to 
diff]5tiate at lea/ a half-doz5 degrees 
( excell5ce 9 def9itions1 accord+ to !  
intellectual maturity ( ! subject4 ,a   
volume1 inde$1 c\ld be writt5 on !      
developm5t ( ^w def9itions & ! gr[? (   
mean+s2 b we w po/pone fur!r discussion 
until ,,viii1 #e4 ,our conc]n at pres5t 
is to "k t *ildr5 ( #e ye>s %\ld at lea/
 be able to def9e f\r ( ^! six words 9  
t]ms ( use4  ,b9et plac$ ! te/ 9 ye>    
,,vi1 b our own figures & ^? ( ne>ly all
 ! o!r inve/igations indicate t x is    
bett] locat$ 9 ye> ,v4   ,v1 #e4 ,,!    
,,game ,,( ,,pati5ce  ,,mat]ial4 ,prep>e
 two rectangul> c>ds1 ea* #b  #c in*es1 
& divide "o ( !m into two triangles by  
cutt+ x along "o ( its diagonals4       
,,proc$ure4 ,place ! uncut c>d on !     
table ) "o ( its long] sides to ! *ild4 
,by ! side ( ?is c>d1 a little ne>] !   

*ild & a few in*es ap>t1 lay ! two      
halves ( ! divid$ rectangle ) _!        
hypo!nuses turn$ f ea* o!r z foll[s3    
,illu/ration  ,!n say to ! *ild3 ,i want
 y to take ^! two pieces 7t\*+ ! two    
triangles7 & put !m toge!r s !y w look  
exactly l ?is 7po9t+ to ! uncut c>d74   
,if ! *ild hesitates1 we repeat !       
in/ructions ) a little urg+4 ,say no?+  
ab\t hurry+1 z ?is is likely to cause   
confusion4 ,give ?ree trials1 ( "o m9ute
 ea*4 ,if only "o trial is giv51 success
 is too (t5 a result ( *ance moves2 b   
luck is n likely to br+ two successes 9 
?ree trials4 ,if ! fir/ trial is a      
failure1 move ! cut halves back to _!   
orig9al position & say3 ,no2 put !m     
toge!r s !y w look l ?is 7po9t+ to !    
uncut c>d74 ,make no o!r comm5t (       
approval or disapproval4 ,disreg>d 9    
sil5ce ! inquir+ looks ( ! *ild :o tries
 to read 8 success or failure 9 y\r     
face4  ,if "o ( ! pieces is turn$ ov]1 !
 task becomes impossible1 & x is !n     
necess>y to turn ! piece back to its    

orig9al position & beg9 ov]1 n c\nt+ ?is
 trial4 ,h ! "u side ( ! pieces m>k$ s z
 to avoid ! risk ( pres5t+ "o ( !m to ! 
*ild wrong side up4  ,,scor+4 ,!re mu/  
be two successes 9 ?ree trials4 ,ab\t ! 
only difficulty 9 scor+ is t ( decid+   
:at con/itutes a trial4 ,we c\nt x a    
trial :5 ! *ild br+s ! pieces toge!r &  
7aft] few or _m *anges7 leaves !m 9 "s  
position4 ,:e!r he succe$s aft] _m      
moves1 or leaves ! pieces ) approval 9  
"s absurd position1 or gives up & says  
he _c d x1 8 ef=t c\nts z "o trial4 ,a  
s+le trial may involve a numb] (        
unsuccessful *anges ( position 9 ! two  
c>ds1 b ^! *anges may n consume altoge!r
 m ?an "o m9ute4  ,,rem>ks4 ,z aptly    
describ$ by ,b9et1 ! op]ation has !     
foll[+ elem5ts3 7#a7 ,to keep 9 m9d !   
end to be atta9$1 t is to say1 ! figure 
to be =m$4 ,x is necess>y to compreh5d  
?is end & n to lose sight ( x4 7#b7 ,to 
try diff]5t comb9ations "u ! influ5ce ( 
?is direct+ idea1 :i* guides ! ef=ts ( !
 *ild ev5 ?\gh he be unconsci\s ( !     

fact4 7#c7 ,to judge ! =m$ comb9ation1  
comp>e x ) ! model1 & decide :e!r x is !
 correct "o4  ,x may be class$1 !re=e1 z
 "o ( ! _m =ms ( ! comb9ation me?od4    
,elem5ts mu/ be comb9$ into "s k9d (    
:ole "u ! guidance ( a direct+ idea4 ,9 
?is respect x has some?+ 9 common ) !   
=m-bo>d te/1 ! ,ebb+haus te/1 & ! te/ ) 
dissect$ s5t5ces 7,,xii1 #d74 ,b9et     
designates x a te/ ( pati5ce1 because   
success 9 x dep5ds ^u a c]ta9 will+ness 
to p]si/ 9 a l9e ( action "u ! control (
 an idea4  ,n all failures 9 ?is te/ are
 equally significant4 ,a bright *ild (  
#e ye>s sometimes fails1 b usually n )\t
 _m trial comb9ations :i* he rejects "o 
aft] ano!r z unsatisfactory4 ,a dull    
*ild ( ! same age (t5 /ops aft] he has  
br\ght ! pieces into any sort (         
juxtaposition1 h[ev] absurd1 & may be q 
satisfi$ ) 8 fooli% ef=t4 ,8 m9d is n   
fruitful & he lacks ! p[] (             
auto-criticism4  ,x w\ld be well wor?   
:ile to "w out a new & some:at m        
difficult te/ ( pati5ce1 b ) special c>e

 to avoid ! puzzl+ features ( ! usual   
games ( anagrams4 ,! "o giv5 u by ,b9et 
is r easy = ye> ,v1 ?\gh pla9ly some:at 
too difficult = ye> ,,iv4   ,v1 #f4     
,,?ree ,,commissions  ,,proc$ure4 ,aft] 
gett+ up f ! *air & mov+ ) ! *ild to !  
c5t] ( ! room1 say3 ,n[1 ,i want y to d 
some?+ = me4 ,"h's a key4 ,i want y to  
put x on t *air ov] !re2 !n ,i want y to
 %ut 7or op57 t door1 & !n br+ me ! box 
:i* y see ov] !re 7po9t+ 9 turn to !    
objects designat$74 ,d y und]/&8 ,be    
sure to get x "r4 ,fir/1 put ! key on ! 
*air1 !n %ut 7op57 ! door1 !n br+ me !  
box 7aga9 po9t+74 ,g ahead4 ,/ress !    
words fir/ & !n s z to emphasize ! ord] 
9 :i* ! commissions are to be execut$4  
,give ! commissions always 9 ! above    
ord]4 ,d n repeat ! in/ructions aga9 or 
give any fur!r aid :atev]1 ev5 by !     
direction ( ! gaze4 ,if ! *ild /ops or  
hesitates x is nev] p]missible to say3  
,:at next8 ,h ! self-control to leave ! 
*ild alone ) 8 task4  ,,scor+4 ,all ?ree
 commissions mu/ be execut$ & 9 ! prop] 

ord]4 ,failure may result1 !re=e1 ei!r f
 leav+ out "o or m ( ! comm&s or f *ang+
 ! ord]4 ,! =m] is m (t5 ! case4        
,,rem>ks4 ,success dep5ds fir/ on !     
ability to compreh5d ! comm&s1 &        
secondly1 on ! ability to hold !m 9 m9d4
 ,x is !re=e a te/ ( memory1 ?\gh ( a   
some:at diff]5t k9d f t involv$ 9       
repeat+ digits or s5t5ces4 ,x is an     
excell5t te/1 = x ?r[s light on a k9d ( 
intellig5ce :i* is dem&$ 9 all          
occupations & 9 ev]yday life4 ,a m      
difficult te/ ( ! same type ought to be 
work$ out = a high] age level4  ,b9et   
orig9ally locat$ ?is te/ 9 ye> ,,vi1 b 9
 #aiaa *ang$ x to ye> ,,vii4 ,?is is    
un=tunate1 = ! ?ree ,/an=d              
inve/igations1 z well z ! /ati/ics ( all
 o!r inve/igators1 %[ conclusively t x  
is easy en\gh = ye> ,v4   ,v4           
,,alt]native ,,te/3 ,,giv+ ,,age        
,,proc$ure4 ,! =mula is simply1 ,h[ old 
are y8 ,! *ild ( ?is age is1 ( c\rse1 n 
expect$ to "k ! date ( 8 bir?day1 b     
m]ely h[ _m ye>s old he is4  ,,scor+4   

,ab\t ! only dang] 9 scor+ is 9 !       
failure to v]ify ! *ild's response4 ,"s 
*ildr5 give an incorrect answ] ) p]fect 
assurance1 & x is !re=e always necess>y 
to v]ify4  ,,rem>ks4 ,inability to give 
! age may or may n be significant4 ,if !
 *ild has arriv$ at ! age ( #g or #h    
ye>s & has _h any?+ l a normal social   
environm5t1 failure 9 ! te/ is an       
extremely unfavorable sign4 ,b if ! *ild
 is an orphan or has gr[n up 9 neglect1 
ignorance ( age has little significance 
= intellig5ce4 ,ab\t all we c say is t  
if a *ild gives 8 age correctly1 x is   
because he has _h suffici5t int]e/ &    
intellig5ce to rememb] v]bal /atem5ts   
:i* h be5 made conc]n+ him 9 8 pres5ce4 
,he may ev5 pass ! te/ )\t atta*+ any   
def9ite mean+ to ! ^w ye>4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 if he has liv$ sev5 or eight ye>s 9 a  
normal environm5t1 x is safe to assume t
 he has he>d 8 age giv5 _m times1 &     
failure to rememb] x w\ld !n indicate   
ei!r a weak memory or a grave inf]iority
 ( spontane\s int]e/s1 or bo?4 ,normal  

*ildr5 h a natural int]e/ 9 ! ?+s !y he>
 said ab\t !mselves1 :ile ! middle-grade
 imbecile ( ev5 #dj ye>s may fail to    
rememb] 8 age1 h[ev] (t5 he may h he>d x
 /at$4  ,b9et plac$ ! te/ 9 ye> ,,vi ( !
 #aijh s]ies1 b omitt$ x altoge!r 9     
#aiaa4 ,kuhlmann & ,godd>d also omit x1 
p]haps wisely4 ,nev]!less1 x is always  
int]e/+ to give z a supplem5t>y te/4    
,*ildr5 f good homes acquire ! k ab\t a 
ye> e>li] ?an ^? f less favorable       
surr\nd+s4 ,unselect$ *ildr5 ( ,cali=nia
 ord9>ily pass ! te/ at #e ye>s4        
,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye>  
,,vi   ,,vi1 #a4 ,,di/+ui%+ ,,"r ,,&    
,,left  ,,proc$ure4 ,say to ! *ild3 ,%[ 
me y\r "r h&4 ,aft] ?is is respond$ to1 
say3 ,%[ me y\r left e>4 ,!n3 ,%[ me y\r
 "r eye4 ,/ress ! words left & e> r     
/rongly & equally2 also "r & eye4 ,if   
!re is "o error1 repeat ! te/1 ?is "t ) 
left h&1 "r e>1 & left eye4 ,c>efully   
avoid giv+ any help by look ( approval  
or disapproval1 by glanc+ at ! "p ( !   
body indicat$1 or by supplem5t>y        

que/ions4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if  
all ?ree que/ions are answ]$ correctly1 
or if1 9 case ( "o error1 ! ?ree        
additional que/ions are all answ]$      
correctly4 ,! /&>d1 !re=e1 is ?ree out (
 ?ree1 or five out ( six4  ,! *ief dang]
 ( v>iation among diff]5t exam9]s 9     
scor+ comes f d\ble responses4 ,=       
example1 ! *ild may po9t fir/ to "o e> &
 !n to ! o!r4 ,9 all cases ( d\ble      
response1 ! rule is to c\nt ! second    
response & disreg>d ! fir/4 ,?is holds  
:e!r ! fir/ response 0 wrong & ! second 
"r1 or vice v]sa4  ,,rem>ks4 ,x is      
int]e/+ to foll[ ! *ild's acquisitions (
 language di/9ctions relat+ to spacial  
ori5tation4 ,o!r di/9ctions ( ?is type  
are ^? betwe5 up & d[n1 above & bel[1   
ne> & f>1 be=e & beh9d1 etc4 ,z ,bob]tag
 has po9t$ out1 ! *ild fir/ ma/]s su*   
di/9ctions z up & d[n1 above & bel[1    
be=e & beh9d1 etc41 & arrives at a k (  
"r & left r t>dily4  ,h[ may we expla9 !
 late di/9ction ( "r & left z comp>$ )  
up & d[n8 ,at lea/ f\r !ories may be    

advanc$3 7#a7 ,some?+ dep5ds on !       
frequ5cy ) :i* *ildr5 h occasion to make
 ! respective di/9ctions4 7#b7 ,x may be
 expla9$ on ! supposition t k9/hetic    
s5sations are m prom95tly involv$ 9     
di/9ctions ( up & d[n ?an 9 di/9ctions (
 "r & left4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t1 9     
di/+ui%+ ! two sides ( a ?+1 less bodily
 movem5t is ord9>ily requir$ ?an 9      
di/9ctions ( its upp] & l[] aspects4 ,! 
=m] dem&s only a %ift ( ! eyes1 ! latt] 
(t5 requires an upw>d or d[nw>d movem5t 
( ! head4 7#c7 ,x may be due to ! fact t
 ! appe>ance ( an object is m affect$ by
 diff]5ces 9 v]tical ori5tation ?an by  
^? ( horizontal ori5tation4 ,we see an  
object n[ f "o side1 n[ f ! o!r1 & ! two
 aspects easily bl5d1 :ile ! two aspects
 correspond+ to above & bel[ are n view$
 9 su* rapid succession & s rema9 mu* m 
di/9ct f "o ano!r 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,or1  
7#d71 ! diff]5ce may be ma9ly a matt] ( 
language4 ,! *ild und\bt$ly he>s ! words
 up & d[n mu* (t5] ?an "r & left1 & ?us 
le>ns _! mean+ e>li]4 ,horizontal       

di/9ctions are commonly made 9 su* t]ms 
z ?is side & t side1 or m]ely by po9t+1 
:ile 9 ! case ( v]tical di/9ctions !    
words up & d[n are us$ con/antly4 ,?is  
la/ explanation is a v plausible "o1 b x
 is v probable t o!r factors are also   
involv$4  ,! di/9ction betwe5 "r & left 
has a c]ta9 inh]5t & m or less my/]i\s  
difficulty4 ,to conv9ce "o's self ( ?is 
x is only necess>y to try a little      
exp]im5t on ! fir/ fifty p]sons "o      
*ances to meet4 ,! exp]im5t is z foll[s4
 ,say3 ,i am go+ to ask y a "q & ,i want
 y to answ] x z quickly z y c4 ,!n ask3 
,:i* is y\r "r h&8 ,ab\t =ty p]sons out 
( fifty w answ] correctly )\t a second's
 hesitation1 sev]al w require two or    
?ree seconds to respond1 :ile a few1    
possibly f\r or five p] c5t1 w gr[      
confus$ & p]haps be unable to respond = 
five or t5 seconds4 ,"s v intellig5t    
adults _c possibly tell :i* is ! "r or  
left h& )\t fir/ se>*+ = a sc> or "s o!r
 di/+ui%+ m>k :i* is kn[n to be on a    
p>ticul> h&4 ,o!rs resort to incipi5t   

movem5ts ( writ+1 & s9ce1 ( c\rse1 e "o 
kn[s :i* h& he writes )1 ! writ+        
movem5ts automatically initiat$ give !  
desir$ clue4 ,"o bright little girl ( #h
 ye>s respond$ by try+ to w9k fir/ "o   
eye & !n ! o!r4 ,ask$ :y %e did ?is1 %e 
said %e knew %e c\ld w9k h] left eye1 b 
n h] "r6 ,"o :o is res\rceful en\gh to  
adopt su* an +5i\s me?od is surely n    
less intellig5t ?an ! "o :o is able to  
respond by a direct in/ead ( an         
int]m$iate association4  ,x seems t     
normal p nev] enc\nt] a correspond+     
difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ up & d[n4 ,! writ]
 has que/ion$ sev]al hundr$ )\t f9d+ a  
s+le in/ance1 :]eas a great _m h to     
employ "s int]m$iate association 9 ord] 
to di/+ui% "r & left4 ,x is ! p's & q's 
t *ildr5 mu/ be told to m9d2 n ! p's &  
b's4 ,! =m] is a horizontal1 ! latt] a  
v]tical di/9ction4  ,consid]+ !         
difficulty :i* normal adults sometimes h
 9 di/+ui%+ "r & left1 is x fair to use 
?is te/ z a measure ( intellig5ce8 ,we  
may answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,x is fair   

because normal adults1 not)/&+ mom5t>y  
unc]ta9ty1 are inv>iably able to make ! 
di/9ction1 if n by direct association1  
!n by an int]m$iate "o4 ,we ov]look !   
mom5t>y confusion & reg>d only !        
correctness ( ! response4 ,subjects :o  
are bel[ middle-grade imbecile1 h[ev]   
long !y h liv$1 seldom pass ! te/4  ,?is
 te/ f\nd a place 9 ye> ,,vi ( ,b9et's  
#aijh scale1 b 0 %ift$ to ye> ,,vii 9 ! 
#aiaa revision4 ,! ,/an=d /ati/ics1 &   
all o!r available data1 ) ! exception ( 
,bob]tag's1 ju/ify its ret5tion 9 ye>   
,,vi4 ,x is possible t ! *ildr5 (       
diff]5t nations d n h equal opportunity 
& /imulus = le>n+ ! di/9ction betwe5 "r 
& left1 b ! data %[ t z f> z ,am]ican & 
,engli% *ildr5 are conc]n$ we h a "r to 
expect ?is k 9 *ildr5 ( #f ye>s4   ,,vi1
 #b4 ,,f9d+ ,,omissions ,,9 ,,pictures  
,,proc$ure4 ,%[ ! pictures to ! *ild "o 
at a "t 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are lett]$1 a1
 b1 c1 d4 ,:5 ! fir/ picture is %[n 7t )
 ! eye lack+71 say3 ,!re is some?+ wrong
 ) ?is face4 ,x is n all !re4 ,"p ( x is

 left out4 ,look c>efully & tell me :at 
"p ( ! face is n !re4 ,(t5 ! *ild gives 
an irrelevant answ]2 z1 ,! feet are     
gone1 ,! /oma* is n !re1 etc4 ,^!       
/atem5ts are true1 b !y d n satisfy !   
requirem5ts ( ! te/1 s we say3 ,no2 ,i  
am talk+ ab\t ! face4 ,look aga9 & tell 
me :at is left out ( ! face4 ,if !      
correct response does n foll[1 we po9t  
to ! place :]e ! eye %\ld be & say3     
,see1 ! eye is gone4 ,:5 picture b is   
%[n we say m]ely3 ,:at is left out ( ?is
 face8 ,likewise ) picture c4 ,= picture
 d we say3 ,:at is left out ( ?is       
picture8 ,no help ( any k9d is giv5     
unless 7if necess>y7 ) ! fir/ picture4  
,) ! o!rs we conf9e ourselves to ! s+le 
"q1 & ! answ] %\ld be giv5 promptly1 say
 )9 tw5ty to tw5ty-five seconds4        
,,scor+4 ,pass$ if ! omission is        
correctly po9t$ out 9 ?ree out ( f\r ( !
 pictures4 ,c]ta9 m9or errors we may    
ov]look1 su* z eyes in/ead ( eye = !    
fir/ picture2 nose & "o e> in/ead (     
m]ely nose = ! ?ird2 h&s in/ead ( arms =

 ! f\r?1 etc4 ,errors l ! foll[+1 h[ev]1
 c\nt z failure3 ,! o!r eye1 or ,! o!r  
e> = ! fir/ or ?ird2 ,! e>s = ! f\r?1   
etc4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ is "o ( ! two or 
?ree doz5 =ms ( ! s-call$ completion    
te/1 all ( :i* h x 9 common t f ! giv5  
p>ts ( a :ole ! miss+ p>ts are to be    
f\nd4 ,! :ole to be complet$ may be a   
^w1 a s5t5ce1 a /ory1 a picture1 a gr\p 
( pictures1 an object1 or 9 fact almo/  
any?+4 ,sometimes all ! p>ts ( ! :ole   
are giv5 & only ! arrangem5t or ord] is 
to be f\nd1 z 9 ! te/ ) dissect$        
s5t5ces4  ,fur!r discussion ( !         
completion te/ w be f\nd 9 connection ) 
te/ #d1 ye> ,,xii4 ,= ! pres5t we w only
 obs]ve t not)/&+ a c]ta9 simil>ity     
among ! te/s ( ?is type1 !y d n all call
 into play ! same m5tal processes4 ,!   
factor mo/ involv$ may be v]bal language
 coh]5ce1 visual p]ception ( =m1 !      
association ( ab/ract ideas1 etc4 ,to   
pass ,b9et's te/ ) mutilat$ pictures    
requires1 7#a7 t ! p>ts ( ! picture be  
p]ceiv$ z con/itut+ a :ole2 & 7#b7 t !  

idea ( a human face or =m be s easily & 
s cle>ly reproducible t x may act1 ev5  
be=e x comes fully into consci\sness1 z 
a model or patt]n1 = ! criticism ( !    
picture %[n4 ,! y\ng] ! *ild1 ! less    
adequate1 9 ?is s5se1 is 8 p]ceptual    
famili>ity ) common objects4 ,9 /&>diz+ 
a s]ies ( absurd pictures1 ! writ] has  
f\nd t normal *ildr5 ( #c ye>s (t5 see  
no?+ wrong 9 a picture :i* %[s a cat )  
two legs or a h5 ) f\r legs4 ,su* *ildr5
 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 nev] mi/ake a cat = a   
h54 ,_! tr\ble lies 9 ! inability to    
call up 9 cle> =m a free idea ( a cat or
 a h5 = comp>ison ) ! p]ceptual         
pres5tation (f]$ by ! picture4          
,middle-grade imbeciles ( adult age h   
mu* ! same difficulty z normal *ildr5 ( 
#d ye>s 9 recogniz+ mutilations or      
absurdities 9 pictures ( famili>        
objects4  ,b9et fir/ plac$ ?is te/ 9 ye>
 ,,vii1 *ang+ x to ye> ,,viii 9 ! #aiaa 
revision4 ,9 o!r revisions x has be5    
reta9$ 9 ye> ,,vii1 al?\gh all !        
available /ati/ics except ,bob]tag's    

w>rant its location 9 ye> ,,vi4   ,,vi1 
#c4 ,,c\nt+ ,,?irte5 ,,p5nies           
,,proc$ure4 ,! proc$ure is ! same z 9 ! 
te/ ( c\nt+ f\r p5nies 7ye> ,,iv1 te/   
#c74 ,if ! fir/ response conta9s only a 
m9or error1 su* z ! omission ( a numb] 9
 c\nt+1 failure to tally ) ! f+]1 etc41 
a second trial is giv54  ,,scor+4 ,! te/
 is pass$ if !re is "o success 9 two    
trials4 ,success requires t ! c\nt+ %\ld
 tally ) ! po9t+4 ,x is n suffici5t     
m]ely to /ate ! numb] ( p5nies )\t      
po9t+1 = unless ! *ild po9ts & c\nts    
al\d we _c be sure t 8 correct answ] may
 n be ! jo9t result ( two errors 9      
opposite directions & equal2 = example1 
if "o p5ny 7 skipp$ & ano!r 7 c\nt$     
twice ! total result w\ld /ill be       
correct1 b ! p]=mance w\ld n satisfy !  
requirem5ts4  ,,rem>ks4 ,does success 9 
?is te/ dep5d ^u intellig5ce or ^u      
s*ool+8 ,! answ] is1 intellig5ce ma9ly4 
,!re are possibly a few normal          
#f-ye>-old *ildr5 :o c\ld n pass ! te/ =
 lack ( in/ruction1 b *ildr5 ( ?is age  

usually h en\gh spontane\s int]e/ 9     
numb]s to acquire facility 9 c\nt+ z f> 
z #ac )\t =mal tea*+4 ,c]ta9ly1         
inability to d s by ! age ( #g ye>s is a
 suspici\s sign unless ! *ild's         
environm5t has be5 extraord9>ily        
unfavorable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 feeble-m9d$  
adults ( ! #e-ye> level usually h to h a
 great deal ( in/ruction be=e !y acquire
 ! ability to c\nt #ac1 & _m ( !m are   
h>dly able to le>n x at all4 ,s mu* does
 our le>n+ dep5d on orig9al end[m5t4    
,b9et orig9ally plac$ ?is te/ 9 ye>     
,,vii1 b mov$ x to ye> ,,vi 9 #aiaa4    
,all ! /ati/ics1 )\t exception1 %[ t ?is
 *ange 0 ju/ifi$4 ,bob]tag says t ne>ly 
all #g-ye>-olds :o are n feeble-m9d$ c  
pass x1 a /atem5t ) :i* we c fully      
agree4   ,,vi1 #d4 ,,compreh5sion1      
,,second ,,degree  ,,proc$ure4 ,!       
que/ions us$ 9 ?is ye> are3--    7a7    
,:at's ! ?+ to d if x is ra9+ :5 y />t  
to       s*ool8   7b7 ,:at's ! ?+ to d  
if y f9d t y\r h\se is on       fire8   
7c7 ,:at's ! ?+ to d if y are go+ "s    

place &       miss y\r tra9 7c>78  ,note
 t ! word+ ( ! fir/ "p ( ! que/ions is  
slightly diff]5t f t 9 ye> ,,iv1 te/ #e4
  ,if !re is no response1 or if ! *ild  
looks puzzl$1 ! "q may be repeat$ once  
or twice4 ,! =m ( ! "q mu/ n "u any     
circum/ances be alt]$4 ,"q b1 = example1
 w\ld be mat]ially *ang$ if we %\ld say3
 ,suppose y 7 to come home f s*ool & f9d
 t y\r h\se 0 burn+ up4 ,:at w\ld y d8  
,! expression burn+ up w\ld probably be 
mu* less likely to sugge/ call+ a       
fireman ?an w\ld ! words on fire4       
,,scor+4 ,two out ( ?ree mu/ be answ]$  
correctly4 ,! h>d] ! compreh5sion       
que/ions are1 ! great] ! v>iety ( answ]s
 & ! great] ! difficulty ( scor+4       
,because ( ! difficulty _m exam9]s f9d 9
 scor+ ?is te/1 we w li/ ! mo/ common   
satisfactory1 unsatisfactory1 & d\btful 
responses to ea* "q4  7a7 ,if x is ra9+ 
:5 y />t to s*ool      ,satisfactory4   
,take umbrella1 ,br+ a p>asol1 ,put on  
rubb]s1 ,we> an ov]coat1 etc4 ,?is type 
( response     occurr$ #fa times out (  

#gb successes4 ,h my fa!r br+ me        
also c\nts plus4      ,unsatisfactory4  
,g home1 ,/ay at home1 ,/ay 9 !         
h\se1 ,h ! ra9b[1 ,/ay 9 s*ool1 etc4    
,/ay at     home is ! mo/ common failure
 & might at fir/ seem to !     exam9] to
 be a satisfactory response4 ,z a matt] 
( fact1     ?is answ] re/s on a slight  
misund]/&+ ( ! "q1     ! import ( :i* is
 t "o is to g to s*ool & x is     ra9+4 
,d\btful4 ,run z an answ] is a little m 
tr\blesome4 ,x     may reasonably be    
scor$ plus if x c be asc]ta9$ t     !   
*ild is accu/om$ to meet ! situation 9  
?is way4 ,x is     a common response )  
*ildr5 9 ^? regions ( !     ,s\?we/ :]e 
ra9s are s infrequ5t t umbrellas are    
r>ely us$4 ,br+ my lun* may be consid]$ 
a satisfactory     response 9 case !    
*ild is 9 ! habit ( s do+ on ra9y       
days4  7b7 ,if y f9d t y\r h\se is on   
fire      ,satisfactory4 ,r+ ! fire     
al>m1 ,call ! firem51 ,call     = help1 
,put wat] on x1 etc4                    
,unsatisfactory4 ,! mo/ common failure1 

acc\nt+ = ne>ly     half ( all1 is to   
sugge/ f9d+ o!r %elt]2 e4g41 ,g to     !
 hotel1 ,get ano!r h\se1 ,/ay ) y\r     
fri5ds1     ,build a new h\se1 etc4     
,o!rs are3 ,tell !m y are sorry     x   
burn$ d[n1 ,be c>eful & n let x burn    
aga91 ,h     x insur$1 ,cry1 ,call !    
policeman1 etc4      ,d\btful4 ,in/ead (
 sugge/+ measures to put out ! fire1    
a good _m *ildr5 sugge/ m]e escape or ! 
sav+ (     h\sehold articles4 ,responses
 ( ?is type are3 ,jump out ( !          
w9d[s1 ,save y\rself1 ,get out z fa/ z y
 c1 ,save     ! baby1 ,get my dolls &   
jewelry & hurry & get out4     ,^!      
answ]s are ab\t "o sev5? z frequ5t z !  
p]fectly     satisfactory ones1 & ! rule
 = scor+ !m is a matt] (     "s         
importance4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances !    
logical ?+     to d w\ld be to save "o's
 self or valuables )\t wa/+     "t try+ 
to call help4 ,!re may be no help 9     
rea*1 or a     fire :i* ! *ild imag9es  
may be too f> along = help to     be    
effective4 ,9 ord] to avoid !           

possibility ( do+ a     subject an      
inju/ice1 x may be desirable to score   
su* answ]s     plus4 ,we mu/ n be too   
arbitr>y4  7c7 ,if y miss y\r tra9      
,satisfactory4 ,! answ] we expect is1   
,wait = ano!r1     ,take ! next c>1 or  
some?+ to t effect4 ,?is type (         
answ] includes ab\t #he p] c5t ( !      
responses :i* d n     belong obvi\sly 9 
! unsatisfactory gr\p4 ,take a jitney is
     a mod]n v>iation ( ?is response :i*
 mu/ be c\nt$ z     satisfactory4       
,unsatisfactory4 ,^! are endless4 ,"o   
cont9ues to meet new     examples (     
absurdity1 h[ev] _m *ildr5 "o has te/$4 
,!     possibilities are lit]ally       
inexhau/ible1 b ! foll[+ are     among !
 mo/ common3 ,wait = x to come back1 ,h 
to     walk1 ,be mad1 ,don't swe>1 ,run 
& try to cat* x1 ,try     to jump on1   
,don't g to t place1 ,g to ! next       
/ation1     etc4      ,d\btful4 ,! ma9  
d\btful response is1 ,g home aga91      
,come back next day & cat* ano!r1 etc4  
,9 small or     isolat$ t[ns hav+ only  

"o or two tra9s p] day1 ?is is     !    
logical ?+ to d1 & 9 su* cases ! score  
is plus4     ,=tunately1 only ab\t "o   
answ] 9 t5 gives rise to any            
diff]5ce ( op9ion among ev5 p>tly tra9$ 
exam9]s4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! ?ree compreh5sion
 que/ions ( ?is gr\p 7 all sugge/$ by   
,b9et 9 #aije4 ,only "o ( !m1 h[ev]1    
,:at w\ld y d if y 7 go+ "s place &     
miss$ y\r tra98 0 incorporat$ 9 ! #aijh 
or #aiaa s]ies1 & ?is 0 us$ 9 ye> ,x )  
sev5 o!rs mu* h>d]4 ,! o!r two rema9$   
un/&>diz$ previ\s to ! ,/an=d           
inve/igation4#ec  #ec ,= g5]al          
discussion ( ! compreh5sion que/ions z a
 te/1 see p4 #aeh4   ,,vi1 #e4 ,,nam+   
,,f\r ,,co9s  ,,proc$ure4 ,%[ a nickel1 
a p5ny1 a qu>t]1 & a dime1 ask+ ea* "t3 
,:at is t8 ,if ! *ild misund]/&s &      
answ]s1 ,money1 or ,a piece ( money1 we 
say3 ,yes1 b :at d y call t piece (     
money8 ,%[ ! co9s always 9 ! ord] giv5  
above4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if ?ree
 ( ! f\r que/ions are correctly answ]$4 
,any correct designation ( a co9 is     

satisfactory1 includ+ prov9cialisms l   
two bits = ! #be-;c5t piece1 etc4 ,if ! 
*ild *anges 8 response = a co91 we c\nt 
! second answ] & ignore ! fir/4 ,no     
supplem5t>y que/ions are p]missible4    
,,rem>ks4 ,"s ( ! critics ( ! ,b9et     
scale reg>d ?is te/ z ( little value1   
because1 !y say1 ! ability to id5tify   
pieces ( money dep5ds entirely on       
in/ruction or o!r accid5ts ( environm5t4
 ,! figures %[1 h[ev]1 t x is n greatly 
influ5c$ by diff]5ces ( social          
environm5t1 al?\gh *ildr5 f poor homes d
 slightly bett] ) x ?an ^? f homes (    
weal? & culture4 ,! fact seems to be t  
practically all *ildr5 by ! age ( #f    
ye>s h _h opportunity to le>n ! names ( 
! small] co9s1 & if !y h fail$ to le>n  
!m x betok5s a lack ( t spontaneity (   
int]e/ 9 ?+s :i* we h m5tion$ s (t5 z a 
fundam5tal presupposition ( intellig5ce4
 ,x is by no means a te/ ( m]e me*anical
 memory4  ,?is te/ 0 giv5 a place 9 ye> 
,,vii ( ,b9et's #aijh scale1 ! co9s us$ 
be+ ! #a-s\1 #b-s\s1 #aj-s\s1 &         

#e-;franc pieces4 ,x 0 omitt$ f ! ,b9et 
#aiaa revision & also f t ( ,godd>d4    
,kuhlmann reta9s x 9 ye> ,,vii4 ,o!rs1  
h[ev]1 h requir$ all f\r co9s to be     
correctly nam$1 & :5 ?is /&>d is us$ !  
te/ is difficult en\gh = ye> ,,vii4     
,g]many has six co9s up to & includ+ !  
#a-m>k piece1 all ( :i* c\ld be nam$ by 
#gf p] c5t ( ,bob]tag's #g-ye>-olds4 ,) 
! co9s & ! /&>d ( scor+ us$ 9 ! ,/an=d  
revision ! te/ belongs well 9 ye> ,,vi4 
,,vi1 #f4 ,,repeat+ ,,sixte5 ,,to       
,,eighte5 ,,syllables  ,! s5t5ces are3--
    7a7 ,we are hav+ a f9e "t4 ,we f\nd 
a little m\se 9 !       trap4   7b7     
,walt] _h a f9e "t on 8 vacation4 ,he   
w5t fi%+       e day4   7c7 ,we w g out 
= a long walk4 ,please give me my pretty
       /raw hat4  ,,proc$ure4 ,!        
in/ructions %\ld be giv5 z foll[s3 ,n[1 
li/54 ,i am go+ to say some?+ & aft] ,i 
am ?r\gh ,i want y to say x ov] j l ,i  
d4 ,und]/&8 ,li/5 c>efully & be sure to 
say exactly :at ,i say4 ,!n read ! fir/ 
s5t5ce r sl[ly1 9 a di/9ct voice1 & )   

expression4 ,if ! response is n too bad1
 praise ! *ild's ef=ts4 ,!n proce$ ) !  
second & ?ird s5t5ces1 prefac+ ea* ) an 
exhortation to say exactly :at ,i say4  
,9 ?is ye> & 9 ! memory-=-s5t5ces te/ ( 
lat] ye>s x is n p]missible to re-read  
ev5 ! fir/ s5t5ce4 ,! only reason =     
all[+ a repetition ( "o ( ! s5t5ces 9 ! 
e>li] te/ ( ?is k9d 0 to ov]come !      
*ild's timidity4 ,) *ildr5 ( #f ye>s or 
upw>d we seldom enc\nt] ! timidity :i*  
sometimes makes x s h>d to secure       
responses 9 "s ( ! te/s ( ! e>li] ye>s4 
,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if at lea/ "o  
s5t5ce out ( ?ree is repeat$ )\t error1 
or if two are repeat$ ) n m ?an "o error
 ea*4 ,a s+le omission1 ins]tion1 or    
transposition c\nts z an error4 ,faults 
( pronunciation are ( c\rse ov]look$4 ,x
 is n suffici5t t ! ?\ght be reproduc$  
intact2 ! exact language mu/ be repeat$4
 ,! responses %\ld be record$ v]batim4  
,?is is easily done if record blanks us$
 = scor+ h ! s5t5ces pr9t$ 9 full4      
,,rem>ks4 ,9 ?is te/ & 9 lat] te/s (    

memory = s5t5ces1 x is int]e/+ to ask   
aft] ea* response3 ,did y get x "r8 ,z 9
 ! te/s ) digits1 x is an unfavorable   
sign :5 ! *ild is p]fectly satisfi$ ) a 
v poor response4  ,x is evid5t t te/s ( 
?is type give opportunity = diff]5t     
degrees ( failure4 ,to repeat only a    
half or a ?ird ( ea* s5t5ce is mu* m    
s]i\s ?an to make b "o error 9 ea*      
s5t5ce 7"o ^w omitt$1 ins]t$1 or        
misplac$74 ,x w\ld be possible to use ! 
same s5t5ces at ?ree or f\r diff]5t age 
levels1 by sett+ ! appropriate /&>d =   
success at ea* age4 ,if ! /&>d is "o    
s5t5ce out ( ?ree repeat$ ) no m ?an two
 errors1 ! te/ belongs 9 ye> ,v4 ,if we 
require two absolutely correct responses
 out ( ?ree1 ! te/ belongs at ab\t ye>  
,,vii4 ,! %ift+ /&>d is r5d]$           
unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 by ! use ( o!r te/s (
 ! same k9d1 easi] ones 9 ! l[] ye>s & m
 difficult ones 9 ! upp]4  ,s5t5ces (   
sixte5 syllables f\nd a place 9 ,b9et's 
#aijh scale & 7 correctly locat$ 9 ye>  
,,vi1 b lat] revisions1 includ+ t (     

,b9et1 h omitt$ ! te/4   ,,vi4          
,,alt]native ,,te/3 ,,=5oon ,,&         
,,aft]noon  ,,proc$ure4 ,if x is morn+1 
ask3 ,is x morn+ or aft]noon8 ,if x is  
aft]noon1 put ! "q 9 ! rev]se =m1 ,is x 
aft]noon or morn+8 ,?is precaution is   
necess>y because ( ! t5d5cy ( "s *ildr5 
to *oose always ! latt] ( two           
alt]natives4 ,d n cross-"q ! *ild or    
give any sugge/ion t might af=d a clue z
 to ! correct answ]4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is
 pass$ if ! correct response is giv5 )  
app>5t assurance4 ,if ! *ild says he is 
n sure b ?9ks x =5oon 7or aft]noon1 z ! 
case may be71 we score ! response a     
failure ev5 if ! answ] happ5s to be     
correct4 ,h[ev]1 ?is type ( response is 
n (t5 enc\nt]$4  ,,rem>ks4 ,x is int]e/+
 to foll[ ! *ild's developm5t ) reg>d to
 ori5tation 9 "t4 ,?is developm5t       
proce$s mu* m sl[ly ?an we are wont to  
assume4 ,c]ta9 di/9ctions ) reg>d to    
space1 z up & d[n1 come mu* e>li]4 ,z   
,b9et rem>ks1 s*ools sometimes try to   
tea* ! ev5ts ( national hi/ory to *ildr5

 ^: "t ori5tation is s rudim5t>y t !y d 
n ev5 "k morn+ f aft]noon6  ,! te/ has  
two r s]i\s faults3 7#a7 ,x gives too   
mu* play to *ance1 = s9ce only two      
alt]natives are (f]$1 guesses alone w\ld
 give ab\t fifty p] c5t ( correct       
responses4 7#b7 ,we _c be sure t ! v]bal
 di/9ction betwe5 =5oon & aft]noon      
always corresponds ! two divisions ( !  
day4 ,x is possible t ! temporal        
discrim9ation prec$es ! =mation ( !     
correct v]bal association4  ,?is te/ 0  
includ$ 9 ! ye> ,,vi gr\p ( ! #aijh     
scale1 b 0 omitt$ f ! #aiaa revision4   
,ne>ly all ! data except ,bob]tag's %[ t
 x is r easy = ye> ,,vi1 ?\gh too       
difficult = ye> ,v4 ,bob]tag's figures  
w\ld place ! te/ 9 ye> ,,vii4 ,possibly 
! correspond+ ,g]man words are n z easy 
to le>n z our morn+ & aft]noon4         
,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye> 
,,vii   ,,vii1 #a4 ,,giv+ ,,! ,,numb]   
,,( ,,f+]s  ,,proc$ure4 ,h[ _m f+]s h y 
on "o h&8 ,h[ _m on ! o!r h&8 ,h[ _m on 
bo? h&s toge!r8 ,if ! *ild beg9s to c\nt

 9 response to any ( ! que/ions1 say3   
,no1 don't c\nt4 ,tell me )\t c\nt+4 ,!n
 repeat ! "q4  ,,scor+4 ,pass$ if all   
?ree que/ions are answ]$ correctly &    
promptly )\t ! necessity ( c\nt+4 ,"s   
subjects d n und]/& ! "q to include !   
?umbs4 ,we disreg>d ?is if ! numb] (    
f+]s exclusive ( ?umbs is giv5          
correctly4  ,,rem>ks4 ,l ! two te/s (   
c\nt+ p5nies1 ?is "o1 also1 ?r[s light  
on ! *ild's spontane\s int]e/ 9 numb]s4 
,h[ev]1 ! m5tal processes x calls into  
play are a little less simple ?an ^?    
requir$ = m]e c\nt+4 ,if ! *ild is able 
to give ! numb] ( f+]s1 x is ord9>ily   
because he has previ\sly c\nt$ !m & has 
rememb]$ ! result4 ,! memory w\ld h>dly 
be reta9$ b = a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 numb]s z 
su*4 ,middle-grade imbeciles ( ev5 adult
 age seldom rememb] h[ _m f+]s !y h1    
h[ev] (t5 !y may h be5 told4 ,!y are n  
able to =m accurate concepts ( o!r ?an !
 simple/ numb] relation%ips1 & numb]s h 
little int]e/ or mean+ = !m4  ,b9et gave
 ?is te/ a place 9 ye> ,,vii ( ! #aijh  

s]ies1 b omitt$ x 9 ! #aiaa revision4   
,godd>d omits x1 :ile ,kuhlmann reta9s x
 9 ye> ,,vii1 :]e1 accord+ to our own   
figures1 x unmi/akably belongs4 ,bob]tag
 f9ds x r easy = ye> ,,vii1 ?\gh too    
difficult = ye> ,,vi4  ,our data prove t
 ?is te/ fulfills ! requirem5ts ( a good
 te/4 ,x %[s a rapid b ev5 rise f ye> ,v
 to ye> ,,viii 9 ! p] c5t pass+1 !      
agreem5t among ! diff]5t te/]s is       
extraord9>ily close1 & x is relatively  
little influ5c$ by tra9+ & social       
environm5t4 ,= ^! reasons1 & because x  
is s easy to give & score ) uni=mity1 x 
well des]ves a place 9 ! scale4   ,,vii1
 #b4 ,,description ,,( ,,pictures       
,,proc$ure4 ,use ! same pictures z 9    
,,iii1 #c1 pres5t+ !m always 9 ! foll[+ 
ord]3 ,dut* ,home1 ,riv] ,sc5e1         
,po/-,(fice4 ,! =mula = ! te/ 9 ?is ye> 
is some:at diff]5t f t ( ye> ,,iii4     
,say3 ,:at is ?is picture ab\t8 ,:at is 
?is a picture (8 ,use ! d\ble "q1 &     
foll[ ! =mula exactly4 ,x w\ld ru9 ! te/
 to say3 ,tell me ev]y?+ y see 9 ?is    

picture1 = ?is =m ( "q t5ds to provoke !
 enum]ation response ev5 ) intellig5t   
*ildr5 ( ?is age4  ,:5 !re is no        
response1 ! "q may be repeat$ z (t5 z is
 necess>y to break ! sil5ce4  ,,scor+4  
,! te/ is pass$ if two ( ! ?ree pictures
 are describ$ or int]pret$4             
,int]pretation1 h[ev]1 is seldom        
enc\nt]$ at ?is age4 ,(t5 ! response    
consi/s ( a mixture ( enum]ation &      
description4 ,! rule is t ! reaction to 
a picture %\ld n be scor$ plus unless x 
is made up *iefly ( description 7or     
int]pretation74  ,/udy ( ! foll[+       
samples ( satisfactory responses w give 
a fairly def9ite idea ( ! requirem5ts = 
satisfactory description3--  ,picture   
7a73 satisfactory responses      ,!     
little girl is cry+4 ,! "m is look+ at  
h] &     !re is a little kitt5 on !     
floor4      ,! "m is wat*+ ! baby1 & !  
cat is look+ at a     hole 9 ! floor1 & 
!re is a lamp & a table s ,i guess      
x's a d9+ room4      ,! little girl has 
wood5 %oes4 ,h] "m is sitt+ 9 a     *air

 & has a funny cap on h] head4 ,! cat is
 sitt+ on !     floor & !re is a basket 
by ! "m & a table )     some?+ on x4    
,x's ab\t ,holl&4 ,! little ,dut* girl  
is cry+ & !     "m is sitt+ d[n4      ,a
 little ,dut* girl & h] "m & t's a      
kitt51 & !     little girl has h] h& up 
z if %e 0 do+ some?+ to h]     =ehead4  
,%e has %oes t curve up 9 front4        
,dut* lady1 & ! little baby doesn't want
 to come to h]     "m & ! cat is look+ =
 "s mice4      ,! "m is sitt+ d[n & !   
little "o has h] h&s up     ov] h] eyes4
 ,!re's a pail by ! "m & a *air )     "s
 clo!s on x & a table ) di%es4 ,& "h's a
 lamp     & "h's "s curta9s4  ,picture  
7b73 satisfactory responses      ,"s p 9
 a boat4 ,! wat] is high & if !y don't  
look     out ! boat w tip ov]4      ,"s 
,indians & a lady & man4 ,!y are 9 a    
boat on !     riv] & ! boat is ab\t to  
upset1 & !re are "s dead     trees go+  
to fall4      ,!re's a lot ( wat] com+  
up to dr[n ! p4 ,!re are     two p 9 !  
boat & ! boat is s9k+4      ,!re's "s p 

sail+ 9 a canoe & ! woman is lean+      
ov] on ! man because %e is afraid4      
,!re's an ,indian & "s :ite p 9 ! boat4 
,i suppose     !y are out = a ride 9 a  
canoe4      ,picture ab\t "s man & lady 
9 a canoe & go+ d[n to     ! sea4       
,!y are tak+ a boat ride on ! ocean & ! 
wat] is up s     high t "o ( !m is sc>$4
 ,"h are "s trees & two (     !m are go+
 to fall d[n4 ,"h's a little place or   
bridge y     c /& on4 ,! man is t\*+ ?is
 "o's head & ?is "o     has 8 h& on !   
cov]4      ,! wat] is spla%+ all ov]4   
,!re's trees on ?is bank &     !re's a  
rock & "s trees fall+ d[n4 ,! p h a     
blanket ov] !m4  ,picture 7c73          
satisfactory responses      ,a man sell+
 eggs & two m5 read+ ! pap] toge!r &    
two m5 wat*+4      ,a few m5 read+ a    
newspap] & "o has a basket ( eggs &     
?is "o has be5 fi%+4      ,!re's a man )
 a basket ( eggs & ano!r is read+ !     
pap] & a woman is hang+ out clo!s4      
,!re's a h\se ne>4      ,!re's a man    
try+ to read ! pap] & ! o!rs want to    

read x too4 ,"h's a lady walk+ up to !  
b>n4 ,!re are     h\ses ov] !re & "o man
 has a basket4      ,!re's a big brick  
h\se & five m5 by x & a man ) a         
basket ( eggs & a po/-(fice sign & a    
lady go+ home4      ,!y are all look+ at
 ! pap]4 ,he is look+ ov] ! o!r         
man's %\ld] & ?is "o is look+ at ! back 
( ! pap]4     ,!re's a woman clean+ up  
h] back y>d & "s coops =     h5s4       
,a man read+ a pap]1 a man ) eggs1 a    
woman & a tree &     ano!r h\se4 ,t man 
has an apron on4 ,?is is !              
po/-(fice4  ,unsatisfactory responses   
are ^? made up entirely or ma9ly (      
enum]ation4 ,a phrase or two (          
description int]m+l$ ) a l>g] am\nt (   
enum]ation c\nts m9us4 ,sometimes !     
description is satisfactory z f> z x    
goes1 b is exce$+ly brief4 ,9 su* cases 
a little tactful urg+ 7,g ahead1 etc47 w
 ext5d ! response suffici5tly to reveal 
its true "*4  ,,rem>ks4 ,description is 
bett] ?an enum]ation because x involves 
putt+ ! elem5ts ( a picture toge!r 9 a  

simple way or not+ _! qualities4 ,?is   
requires a high] type ( m5tal           
association 7comb9ative p[]7 ?an m]e    
enum]ation4 ,an unusually complete      
description indicates relative weal? (  
m5tal cont5t & facility ( association4  
,b9et plac$ ?is te/ 9 ye> ,,vii1 & x    
seems to h be5 reta9$ 9 ?is location 9  
all revisions except ,bob]tag's4 ,h[ev]1
 ! /ati/ics ( v>i\s work]s %[ mu*       
disagreem5t4 ,lack ( agreem5t is easily 
acc\nt$ = by ! fact t diff]5t           
inve/igators h us$ diff]5t s]ies (      
pictures & d\btless also diff]5t /&>ds =
 success4 ,! pictures us$ by ,b9et h    
little action or detail & are !re=e r   
difficult = description4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 ,j+leman-,jack pictures us$ by         
,kuhlmann repres5t su* famili>          
situations & h s mu* action t ev5 #e- or
 #f-ye> intellig5ce seldom fails ) !m4  
,! pictures we employ belong )\t "q 9   
ye> ,,vii4  ,no bett] pro( ?an ! above  
c\ld be f\nd to %[ h[ ability ( a giv5  
k9d does n make its appe>ance sudd5ly4  

,!re is no "o "t 9 ! life ( ev5 a s+le  
*ild :5 ! p[] to describe pictures      
sudd5ly develops4 ,on ! contr>y1        
pictures ( a c]ta9 type w ord9>ily      
provoke description1 r ?an enum]ation1 z
 e>ly z #e or #f ye>s2 o!rs n be=e #g or
 #h ye>s1 or ev5 lat]4   ,,vii1 #c4     
,,repeat+ ,,five ,,digits  ,,proc$ure4  
,use3 #c-a-g-e-i2 #d-b-c-h-e2           
#i-h-a-g-f4 ,tell ! *ild to li/5 & to   
say aft] y j :at y say4 ,!n read ! fir/ 
s]ies ( digits at a slightly fa/] rate  
?an "o p] second1 9 a di/9ct voice1 & ) 
p]fectly uni=m emphasis4 ,avoid rhy?m4  
,9 previ\s te/s ) digits1 x 0 p]missible
 to re-read ! fir/ s]ies if ! *ild      
refus$ to respond4 ,9 ?is ye>1 & 9 !    
digits te/s ( lat] ye>s1 ?is is n       
p]missible4 ,w>n+ is n giv5 z to ! numb]
 ( digits to be repeat$4 ,be=e read+ ea*
 s]ies1 get ! *ild's att5tion4 ,d n />e 
at ! *ild dur+ ! response1 z ?is is     
disconc]t+4 ,look aside or at ! record  
%eet4  ,,scor+4 ,pass$ if ! *ild repeats
 correctly1 aft] a s+le read+1 "o s]ies 

out ( ! ?ree s]ies giv54 ,! ord] mu/ be 
correct4  ,,rem>ks4 ,psy*ologically !   
repetition ( digits diff]s f !          
repetition ( s5t5ces ma9ly 9 ! fact t   
digits h less mean+ 7few] associations7 
?an ! words ( a s5t5ce4 ,x is because !y
 are n z well knit toge!r 9 mean+ t ?ree
 digits tax ! memory z mu* z six        
syllables mak+ up a s5t5ce4  ,te/+      
auditory memory = digits is "o ( ! olde/
 ( intellig5ce te/s4 ,x is easy to give 
& l5ds itself well to exact quantitative
 /&>dization4 ,its value has be5        
que/ion$1 h[ev]1 on two gr\nds3 7#a7 ,t 
x is n a te/ ( pure memory1 b dep5ds    
l>gely on att5tion2 & 7#b7 t ! results  
are too mu* influ5c$ by ! *ild's type ( 
imag]y4 ,z to ! fir/ objection1 x is    
true t m ?an "o m5tal function is br\ght
 into play by ! te/4 ,! same may be said
 ( e o!r te/ 9 ! ,b9et scale & = t matt]
 ( any te/ t c\ld be devis$4 ,x is      
impossible to isolate any function =    
sep>ate te/+4 ,9 fact1 ! functions call$
 memory1 att5tion1 p]ception1 judgm5t1  

etc41 nev] op]ate 9 isolation4 ,!re are 
no sep>ate & special faculties          
correspond+ to su* t]ms1 :i* are m]ely  
conv5i5t names = *>act]iz+ m5tal        
processes ( v>i\s types4 ,9 any te/ x is
 g5]al ability :i* is op]ative1 p]haps  
n[ *iefly 9 rememb]+1 at ano!r "t *iefly
 9 s5sory discrim9ation1 aga9 9 reason+1
 etc4  ,! second objection1 t ! te/ is  
l>gely invalidat$ by ! exi/5ce ( imag]y 
types1 is n borne out by ! facts4       
,exp]im5ts h %[n t pure imag]y types are
 exce$+ly r>e1 & t *ildr51 especially1  
are *>act]iz$ by mix$ imag]y4 ,!re are  
probably few subjects s lack+ 9 auditory
 imag]y z to be plac$ at a s]i\s        
disadvantage 9 ?is te/4  ,l5g!n+ a s]ies
 by ! addition ( a s+le digit adds      
greatly to ! difficulty4 ,:ile f\r      
digits c usually be repeat$ by *ildr5 ( 
#d ye>s1 five digits belong 9 ye> ,,vii 
& six 9 ye> ,x4  ,x is always int]e/+ to
 note ! type ( errors made4 ,! mo/      
common error is to omit "o or m ( !     
digits1 usually 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! s]ies4  

,if ! *ild's ability is decid$ly bel[ ! 
te/ he may give only ! la/ two or ?ree  
out ( ! five or six he>d4 ,sub/itutions 
are also q frequ5t1 & if s _m           
sub/itutions are made z to give a s]ies 
q unlike t :i* ! *ild has he>d1 x is an 
unfavorable sign1 indicat+ weakness ( ! 
critical s5se :i* is s (t5 f\nd )       
l[-level intellig5ce4 ,9 case ( extreme 
weakness ( ! p[] ( auto-criticism1 !    
*ild 9 response to ! s]ies #i-h-a-g-f-1 
may say #a-b-c-d-e-f1 or p]haps m]ely a 
c\ple ( digits l #h-f1 & /ill express   
complete satisfaction ) 8 absurd        
response4 ,aft] ea* s]ies1 !re=e1 !     
exam9] %\ld say1 ,0 x "r8#ed ,v "y      
subjects1 h[ev]1 h a t5d5cy to answ] yes
 to any "q ( ?is type1 & x is !re=e be/ 
n to call = criticism ( a p]=mance bel[ 
! age ( #f or #g ye>s4  #ed ,0 x wrong8 
is n an equival5t "q & %\ld n be us$4   
,digit s]ies ( a giv5 l5g? are n always 
( equal difficulty1 & = ?is reason x is 
nev] wise to use s]ies improvis$ at !   
mom5t ( ! exp]im5t4 ,we mu/ avoid       

especially s]ies ( regul>ly asc5d+ or   
desc5d+ value1 ! repetition at regul>   
int]vals ( a p>ticul> digit1 & all o!r  
peculi>ities ( arrangem5t :i* w\ld favor
 ! gr\p+ ( ! digits = easi] ret5tion4   
,x rema9s to m5tion two or ?ree fur!r   
cautions 9 reg>d to proc$ure4 ,x is be/ 
to beg9 ) a s]ies ab\t "o digit bel[ !  
*ild's expect$ ability4 ,if ! *ild has a
 probable intellig5ce ( ab\t #f or #g   
ye>s1 we %\ld beg9 ) f\r digits2 9 case 
( probable #aj-ye> intellig5ce we beg9 )
 five digits1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld
 avoid beg9n+ too f> d[n1 because !n !  
result is too mu* complicat$ by !       
effects ( practice & fatigue4  ,x is n  
necess>y1 & (t5 x is n exp$i5t1 to give 
! digits te/s ( all ! diff]5t ye>s 9    
succession2 t is1 )\t o!r te/s int]v5+4 
,:ile ?is may be p]missible ) old]      
*ildr51 9 "y *ildr5 ! p[] ( su/a9$      
att5tion is s weak t no s+le k9d ( te/  
%\ld occupy m ?an two or ?ree m9utes4   
,*ildr5 bel[ #f or #g ye>s %\ld ord9>ily
 be giv5 ! te/s 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are   

li/$ 9 ! record booklet4  ,9 8 #aiaa    
revision ( ! scale ,b9et un=tunately    
%ift$ ?is te/ f ye> ,,vii to ye> ,,viii4
 ,godd>d foll[s 8 example1 b ,kuhlmann  
reta9s x 9 ye> ,,vii4 ,! data f m ?an a 
doz5 lead+ inve/igations 9 ,am]ica1     
,engl&1 & ,g]many agree 9 %[+ t ! te/   
%\ld rema9 9 ye> ,,vii4   ,,vii1 #d4    
,,ty+ ,a ,,b[-,,knot  ,,proc$ure4       
,prep>e a %oe/r+ ti$ 9 a b[-knot ar\nd a
 /ick4 ,! knot %\ld be an ord9>y d\ble  
b[1 ) w+s n ov] ?ree or f\r in*es long4 
,make ?is ready 9 advance ( ! exp]im5t &
 %[ ! *ild only ! complet$ knot4  ,place
 ! model be=e ! subject ) ! w+s po9t+ to
 ! "r & left1 & say3 ,y "k :at k9d (    
knot ?is is1 don't y8 ,x is a b[-knot4  
,i want y to take ?is o!r piece ( /r+ & 
tie ! same k9d ( knot ar\nd my f+]4 ,at 
! same "t give ! *ild a piece ( %oe/r+1 
( ! same l5g? z t :i* is ti$ ar\nd !    
/ick1 & hold out a f+] po9t$ t[>d ! *ild
 & 9 conv5i5t position = ! op]ation4 ,x 
is bett] to h ! subject tie ! /r+ ar\nd 
! exam9]'s f+] ?an ar\nd a p5cil or o!r 

object because ! latt] (t5 falls out ( !
 /r+ & is o!rwise awkw>d to h&le4  ,"s  
*ildr5 :o ass]t t !y d n "k h[ to tie a 
b[-knot are sometimes nev]!less         
successful :5 urg$ to try4 ,x is always 
necess>y1 !re=e1 to secure an actual    
trial4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if a   
d\ble b[-knot 7bo? ends fold$ 97 is made
 9 n m ?an a m9ute4 ,a s+le b[-knot     
7only "o end fold$ 97 c\nts half cr$it1 
because *ildr5 are (t5 accu/om$ to use !
 s+le b[ altoge!r4 ,! usual pla9 common 
knot1 :i* prec$es ! b[-knot prop]1 mu/ n
 be omitt$ if ! response is to c\nt z   
satisfactory1 = )\t ?is prelim9>y pla9  
knot a b[-knot w n hold & is ( no value4
 ,to be satisfactory ! knot %\ld also be
 drawn up reasonably close1 n left gap+4
  ,,rem>ks4 ,?is te/1 :i* _h n be=e be5 
/&>diz$1 0 sugge/$ to ! writ] by ! late 
,dr4 ,huey1 :o 9 a conv]sation once     
rem>k$ ^u ! frequ5t inability (         
feeble-m9d$ adults to p]=m ! little     
motor tasks :i* are univ]sally le>n$ by 
normal p]sons 9 *ildhood4 ,! te/ 0 !re=e

 incorporat$ 9 ! ,/an=d trial s]ies (   
#aiac-ad & tri$ ) #cgj non-select$      
*ildr5 )9 two mon?s ( ! #f?1 #g?1 #h?1  
or #i? bir?day4 ,x 0 expect$ t ! te/    
w\ld probably be f\nd to belong at ab\t 
! #h-ye> level1 b x prov$ to be easy    
en\gh = ye> ,,vii1 :]e #fi p] c5t ( !   
*ildr5 pass$ x4 ,only #ce p] c5t ( !    
#f-ye>-olds succe$$1 b aft] t age ! p]  
c5t pass+ increas$ rapidly to #id p] c5t
 at #i ye>s4  ,?is little exp]im5t1     
simple z x is1 seems to fulfill         
reasonably well ! requirem5ts ( a good  
te/4 ,! ma9 objection :i* might be      
br\ght aga9/ x is t x is mu* subject to 
! influ5ce ( tra9+4 ,if ?is 7 true 9 any
 m>k$ degree1 ! m5tally ret>d$ *ildr5 ( 
#g-ye> intellig5ce %\ld be expect$ to   
succe$ bett] ) x ?an m5tally advanc$    
*ildr5 ( ! same m5tal level1 s9ce ! =m] 
w\ld h _h at lea/ two or ?ree ye>s m 9  
:i* to le>n ! task4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two
 gr\ps1 h[ev]1 %[s no great diff]5ce4 ,!
 factor ( age1 ap>t f m5tal age1 affects
 ! results s little t x is evid5t we h  

"h a real te/ ( intellig5ce4  ,x w\ld1 (
 c\rse1 be easy to imag9e a *ild ( #g   
ye>s :o _h n _h reasonable opportunity  
to make ! acqua9tance ( b[-knots or to  
le>n to tie !m4 ,b su* *ildr5 are seldom
 enc\nt]$ 9 ! ages above #f or #g4 ,(   
#fh #g-ye>-olds :o 7 ask$ :e!r !y _h ev]
 se5 a b[-knot 7a knot l t7 only two    
repli$ 9 ! negative4 ,x _c be d5i$1     
h[ev]1 t specific in/ruction & special  
/imulus to practice d play a c]ta9 "p4  
,?is is sugge/$ by ! fact t girls excel 
! boys some:at at ea* age1 d\btless     
because b[-knots play a l>g] rle 9      
fem99e app>el4 ,social /atus affects !  
results 9 only a mod]ate degree1 ?\gh x 
might be suppos$ t poor ragamuff9s1 on !
 "o h&1 & *ildr5 ( ! v ri*1 on ! o!r1   
w\ld bo? make a poor %[+ 9 ?is te/2 !   
=m] because ( _! scanty app>el1 ! latt] 
because !y sometimes h s]vants to dress 
!m4  ,! foll[+ are probably ! *ief      
factors det]m9+ success ) ?is te/3 7#a7 
,int]e/ 9 common objective ?+s2 7#b7    
ability to =m p]man5t associative       

connections betwe5 successive motor     
cord9ations 7memory = a s]ies ( acts72 &
 7#c7 skill 9 ! acquisition ( volunt>y  
motor control4 ,! la/ factor is probably
 mu* less important ?an ! o!r two4      
,motor awkw>dness (t5 prolongs ! "t f ! 
usual t5 or fifte5 seconds to ?irty or  
=ty seconds1 b x is r>ely a cause ( a   
failure4 ,! important ?+ is to be able  
to reproduce ! appropriate succession ( 
acts1 acts :i* ne>ly all *ildr5 ( #g    
ye>s1 "u ! jo9t /imulus ( example &     
spontane\s int]e/1 h be=e p]=m$ or tri$ 
to p]=m4   ,,vii1 #e4 ,,giv+ ,,diff]5ces
 ,,f ,,memory  ,,proc$ure4 ,say3 ,:at is
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fly & a butt]fly8  
,if ! *ild does n seem to und]/&1 say3  
,y "k flies1 d y n8 ,y h se5 flies8 ,& y
 "k ! butt]flies6 ,n[1 tell me !        
diff]5ce betwe5 a fly & a butt]fly4     
,proce$ 9 ! same way ) /one & egg1 &    
wood & glass4 ,a little coax+ is        
sometimes necess>y to secure a response1
 b supplem5t>y que/ions & sugge/ions ( e
 k9d are to be avoid$4 ,= example1 x    

w\ld n be p]missible = ! exam9] to say3 
,:i* is l>g]1 a fly or a butt]fly8 ,?is 
w\ld give ! *ild 8 cue & he w\ld        
imm$iately answ]1 ,a butt]fly4 ,! *ild  
mu/ be left to f9d a diff]5ce by        
himself4 ,sometimes a diff]5ce is giv51 
b )\t any indication z to its direction1
 z1 = example1 ,"o is bigg] ?an ! o!r 7=
 fly & butt]fly74 ,x is !n p]missible to
 ask3 ,:i* is bigg]8  ,,scor+4 ,pass$ if
 a real diff]5ce is giv5 9 two out (    
?ree comp>isons4 ,x is n necess>y1      
h[ev]1 t an ess5tial diff]5ce be giv52 !
 diff]5ce may be trivial1 only x mu/ be 
a real "o4 ,! foll[+ are samples (      
satisfactory & unsatisfactory           
responses3--  ,fly & butt]fly           
,satisfactory4 ,butt]fly is l>g]4       
,butt]fly has bigg]     w+s4 ,fly is    
black & a butt]fly is n4 ,butt]fly is   
yell[ 7or :ite1 etc47 & fly is black4   
,fly bites y &     butt]fly don't4      
,butt]fly has p[d] on its w+s1 fly does 
n4 ,fly flies /raight]4 ,butt]fly is    
outdoors & a fly     is 9 ! h\se4 ,flies

 are m dang]\s to our heal?4     ,flies 
hav5't any?+ to sip honey )4 ,butt]fly  
doesn't     live z long z a fly4        
,butt]fly comes f a cat]pill>4          
,sometimes a d\ble contra/ is meant1 b n
 fully express$2     z1 ,a fly is small 
& a butt]fly is pretty4 ,"h ! ?\ght     
is probably correct1 only ! language is 
awkw>d4      ,( #ajb correct responses1 
#gj 7 9 t]ms ( size1 or size plus       
color or =m2 #ab 7 9 t]ms ( bo? =m &    
color2 #f 9     t]ms ( color alone2 & ! 
re/ scatt]$ among su*     responses z ^?
 m5tion$ above4      ,unsatisfactory4   
,^! are mo/ly mis/atem5ts ( facts2 z3   
,fly is bigg]4 ,fly has legs & butt]fly 
hasn't4 ,butt]fly     has no feet & fly 
has4 ,butt]fly makes butt]4 ,fly is a   
fly & a butt]fly is n4 ,failures due to 
mis/atem5t (     fact are ( endless     
v>iety4 ,if an indef9ite response is    
giv51     l ,! fly is diff]5t1 or ,!y   
don't look alike1 we ask1     ,h[ is x  
diff]5t8 or1 ,:y don't !y look alike8 ,x
     is satisfactory if ! *ild !n gives 

a correct answ]4  ,/one & egg           
,satisfactory4 ,/one is h>d]4 ,egg is   
s(t]4 ,egg breaks     easi]4 ,egg breaks
 & /one doesn't4 ,/one is heavi]4       
,egg is :ite & /one is n4 ,egg has a    
%ell & /one does     n4 ,eggs h a :ite &
 a yell[ 9 !m4 ,y put eggs 9     a      
pudd+4 ,an egg is r\nd] ?an a /one4 ,we 
may also accept     /atem5ts :i* are    
only qualifi$ly true2 z1 ,y c break     
an egg1 b n a /one4 ,likewise d\ble b   
incomplete     comp>isons are           
satisfactory2 z1 ,an egg y fry & a /one 
y ?r[1 ,a /one is t\gh & an egg y eat1  
etc4      ,a little ov] ?ree f\r?s ( !  
comp>isons made by *ildr5     ( #f1 #g1 
& #h ye>s are 9 t]ms ( h>dness4 ,! o!r  
responses are widely scatt]$4           
,unsatisfactory4 ,a /one is bigg] 7or   
small]7 ?an an egg4     ,a /one is squ>e
 & an egg is r\nd4 ,an egg is yell[ & a 
/one is :ite4 ,/ones are r$ 7or black1  
etc47 & eggs are     :ite4 ,an egg is to
 eat & a /one is to plant4 ,an egg is   
r\nd & a /one is sometimes r\nd4      ,x

 w be not$ t ! above responses are p>tly
 true &     p>tly false4 ,! error !y    
conta9 r5d]s !m unacceptable4     ,mo/ (
 ! failures are due to mis/atem5ts z to 
size1 %ape1     or color1 b occasionally
 "o meets a biz>re answ]4  ,wood & glass
      ,satisfactory4 ,glass breaks easi]
 ?an wood4 ,glass breaks     & wood does
 n4 ,wood is /rong] ?an glass4 ,glass y 
c see ?r\gh & wood y c't4 ,glass cuts y 
& wood     doesn't4 ,y get spl9t]s f    
wood & y don't f     glass4 ,glass melts
 & wood doesn't4 ,wood burns & glass    
doesn't4 ,wood has b>k & glass hasn't4  
,wood gr[s &     glass doesn't4 ,glass  
is heavi] ?an wood4 ,glass gli/5s 9     
! sun & wood does n4      ,an incomplete
 d\ble comp>ison is also c\nt$          
satisfactory2     z1 ,wood y c burn &   
glass y c see ?r\gh4                    
,unsatisfactory4 ,wood is black & glass 
is :ite4 7,color     diff]5ces are      
always unsatisfactory 9 ?is comp>ison   
unless     transp>5cy is also m5tion$47 
,glass is squ>e & wood is     r\nd4     

,glass is bigg] ?an wood 7or vice v]sa74
 ,wood is     oblong & glass is squ>e4  
,glass is ?9 & wood is ?ick4     ,wood  
is made out ( trees & glass out ( w9d[s4
 ,!re is     no glass 9 wood4      ,!   
two mo/ frequ5t types ( failures are    
mis/atem5ts     reg>d+ color & ?ickness4
 ,! o!r failures are widely     scatt]$4
  ,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ is "o :i* all !      
critics agree 9 comm5d+1 l>gely because 
x is s little influ5c$ by ord9>y s*ool  
exp]i5ce4 ,its excell5ce lies ma9ly1    
h[ev]1 9 ! fact t x ?r[s light ^u ! "* (
 ! *ild's high] ?\ght processes1 = ?9k+ 
means ess5tially ! association ( ideas  
on ! basis ( diff]5ces or simil>ities4  
,ne>ly all ?\ght processes1 f ! mo/     
complex to ! v simple/1 involve to a    
great] or less degree "o or ! o!r ( ^!  
two types ( association4 ,!y are involv$
 9 ! simple judgm5ts made by *ildr51 9 !
 appreciation ( puns1 9 me*anical       
inv5tions1 9 ! creation ( poetry1 9 !   
sci5tific classification ( natural      
ph5om5a1 & 9 ! orig9ation ( ! hypo!ses (

 sci5ce or philosophy4  ,! ability to   
note diff]5ces prec$es some:at ! ability
 to note resemblances1 ?\gh ! contr>y   
has sometimes be5 ass]t$ by             
logician-psy*ologi/s4 ,! difficulty ( ! 
te/ is greatly increas$ by ! fact t !   
objects to be comp>$ are n pres5t to !  
s5ses1 :i* means t ! free ideas mu/ be  
call$ up = comp>ison & contra/4 ,failure
 may result ei!r f weakness 9 ! p[] (   
ideational repres5tation ( objects1 or f
 ! inadequacy ( ! associations !mselves1
 or f bo?4 ,probably bo? factors are    
usually involv$4  ,intellectual         
developm5t is especially evid5t 9       
increas$ ability to note ess5tial       
diff]5ces & lik5esses1 z contra/$ ) ^?  
:i* are trivial1 sup]ficial1 &          
accid5tal4 ,to di/+ui% an egg f a /one  
on ! basis ( "o be+ organic1 ! o!r      
inorganic matt] requires f> high]       
intellig5ce ?an to di/+ui% !m on ! basis
 ( %ape1 color1 fragibility1 etc4 ,x is 
n till well t[>d ! adult /age t !       
ability to give v ess5tial lik5esses &  

diff]5ces becomes prom95t1 & :5 we get a
 comp>ison ( ?is type f a *ild ( #g or  
#h ye>s x is a v favorable sign4  ,x    
w\ld be well wor? :ile to /&>dize a new 
te/ ( ?is k9d = use 9 ! upp] ye>s &     
especially adapt$ to display ! ability  
to give ess5tial lik5esses & diff]5ces4 
,at ye> ,,vii we mu/ accept z           
satisfactory any real diff]5ce4  ,"o    
po9t rema9s4 ,9 ! te/s ( giv+ diff]5ces 
& simil>ities1 x is well to make note ( 
any t5d5cy to /]eotypy1 by :i* is meant 
! me*anical reappe>ance ( ! same idea1  
or elem5t1 9 successive responses4 ,=   
example1 ! *ild beg9s by comp>+ fly &   
butt]fly on ! basis ( size2 z1 ,a       
butt]fly is bigg] ?an a fly4 ,s f>1 ?is 
is q satisfactory2 b ! *ild ) a t5d5cy  
to /]eotypy f9ds himself unable to get  
away f ! dom9at+ idea ( size & cont9ues 
to make x ! basis ( ! o!r comp>isons3 ,a
 /one is l>g] ?an an egg1 ,wood is l>g] 
?an glass1 etc4 ,9 case ( /]eotypy 9 all
 ?ree responses1 we %\ld h to score !   
total response failure ev5 ?\gh ! idea  

employ$ happ5$ to fit all ?ree p>ts ( ! 
"q4 ,z a rule x is enc\nt]$ only ) v "y 
*ildr5 or ) old] *ildr5 :o are m5tally  
ret>d$4 ,x is !re=e an unfavorable sign4
  ,al?\gh ?is te/ has be5 univ]sally us$
 9 ye> ,,viii1 all ! available /ati/ics1
 ) ! exception ( ,bob]tag's & ,blo*'s1  
indicate t x is decid$ly too easy = t   
ye>4 ,b9et himself says t ne>ly all     
#g-ye>-olds pass x4 ,godd>d f9ds #ig p] 
c5t pass+ at ye> ,,viii1 & ,d\gh]ty #ij 
p] c5t at ye> ,,vi4 ,) ! /&>d ( scor+   
giv5 9 ! pres5t revision1 & ) !         
sub/itution ( /one & egg in/ead ( ! m   
difficult pap] & clo?1 ! te/ is         
unque/ionably easy en\gh = ye> ,,vii4   
,,vii1 #f4 ,,copy+ ,a ,,diamond         
,,proc$ure4 ,on a :ite c>dbo>d draw 9   
heavy black l9es a diamond ) ! long]    
diagonal ?ree in*es & ! %ort] diagonal  
an in* & a half4 ,! specially prep>$    
record booklet conta9s ! diamond z well 
z _m o!r conv5i5ces4  ,place ! model    
be=e ! *ild ) ! long] diagonal po9t+    
directly t[>d him1 & giv+ him p5 & ink &

 pap]1 say3 ,i want y to draw "o exactly
 l ?is4 ,give ?ree trials1 say+ ea* "t3 
,make x exactly l ?is "o4 ,9 repeat+ !  
above =mula1 m]ely po9t to ! model2 d n 
pass ! f+]s ar\nd its edge4  ,unlike !  
te/ ( copy+ a squ>e 9 ye> ,,iv1 !re is  
seldom any difficulty 9 gett+ ! *ild to 
try ?is "o4 ,by ! age ( #g ! *ild has   
gr[n mu* less timid & has become m      
accu/om$ to ! use ( writ+ mat]ials4     
,note :e!r ! *ild draws ea* "p c>efully1
 look+ at ! model f "t to "t1 or :e!r ! 
/rokes are made 9 a m or less haphaz>d  
mann] ) only an initial glance at !     
orig9al4  ,aft] ea* trial1 say to !     
*ild3 ,is x good8 ,& aft] ! ?ree copies 
h be5 made say3 ,:i* "o is ! be/8       
,ret>d$ *ildr5 are sometimes entirely   
satisfi$ ) ! mo/ nondescript draw+s     
imag9able1 b !y are m likely correctly  
to pick out ! be/ ( ?ree ?an to r5d] a  
correct judgm5t ab\t ! wor? ( ea* draw+ 
sep>ately4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if 
two ( ! ?ree draw+s are at lea/ z good z
 ^? m>k$ satisfactory on ! score c>d4 ,!

 diamond %\ld be drawn approximately 9 !
 correct position1 & ! diagonals mu/ n  
be rev]s$4 ,disreg>d dep>tures f ! model
 ) respect to size4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ is
 a good "o4 ,age & tra9+1 ap>t f        
intellig5ce1 affect x only mod]ately4   
,!re are few adult imbeciles ( #f-ye>   
intellig5ce :o are able to pass x1 :ile 
b few subjects :o h rea*$ ! #h-ye> level
 fail on x4#ee  #ee ,= fur!r discussion 
( draw+ te/s1 see ,v1 #a1 & ,x1 #c4     
,?is te/ 0 locat$ 9 ye> ,,vii ( ! #aijh 
scale1 b 0 %ift$ to ye> ,,vi 9 ,b9et's  
#aiaa revision4 ,! *ange 0 )\t          
ju/ification1 = ,b9et expressly /ates1  
bo? 9 #aijh & #aiaa1 t only half ( !    
#f-ye>-olds succe$ ) x4 ,! l>ge majority
 ( inve/igations h giv5 too l[ a        
proportion ( successes at #f ye>s to    
w>rant its location at t age1 p>ticul>ly
 if p5 is requir$ in/ead ( p5cil4       
,location at ye> ,,vi w\ld be w>rant$   
only on ! condition t ! use ( p5cil be  
p]mitt$ & only "o success requir$ 9 ?ree
 trials4   ,,vii1 ,,alt]native ,,te/ #a3

 ,,nam+ ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,week       
,,proc$ure4 ,say3 ,y "k ! days ( ! week1
 d y n8 ,"n ! days ( ! week = me4       
,sometimes ! *ild beg9s by nam+ v>i\s   
annual holidays1 z ,*ri/mas1 ,f\r? (    
,july1 etc4 ,p]haps he has n compreh5d$ 
! task2 at any rate1 we give him "o m   
trial by /opp+ him & say+3 ,no2 t is n  
:at ,i mean4 ,i want y to "n ! days ( ! 
week4 ,no supplem5t>y que/ions are      
p]missible1 & we mu/ be c>eful n to %[  
approval or disapproval 9 our looks z ! 
*ild is giv+ 8 response4  ,if ! days h  
be5 nam$ 9 correct ord]1 we *eck up !   
response to see :e!r ! real ord] ( days 
is kn[n or :e!r ! names h only be5      
repeat$ me*anically4 ,?is is done by    
ask+ ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,:at day comes  
be=e ,tuesday8 ,:at day comes be=e      
,?ursday8 ,:at day comes be=e ,friday8  
,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if1 )9 fifte5  
seconds1 ! days ( ! week are all nam$ 9 
correct ord]1 & if ! *ild succe$s 9 at  
lea/ two ( ! ?ree *eck que/ions4 ,we    
disreg>d ! po9t ( beg9n+4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! 

te/ has be5 criticiz$ z too dep5d5t on  
rote memory4 ,bob]tag says a *ild may   
pass x )\t hav+ any adequate conception 
( week1 ye/]day1 day be=e ye/]day1 etc4 
,?is criticism holds if ! te/ is giv5   
accord+ to ! old] proc$ure1 b does n    
apply ) ! proc$ure above recomm5d$4 ,!  
*eck+-up que/ions enable u at once to   
di/+ui% responses t are giv5 by rote f  
^? :i* re/ ^u actual k4  ,! te/ has be5 
%[n to be mu* m influ5c$ by age1 ap>t f 
intellig5ce1 ?an mo/ o!r te/s ( ! scale4
 ,not)/&+ ?is fault1 x seems desirable  
to keep ! te/1 at lea/ z an alt]native1 
because x =ms "o ( a gr\p :i* may be    
designat$ z te/s ( "t ori5tation4 ,!    
o!rs ( ?is gr\p are3 ,di/+ui%+ =5oon &  
aft]noon 7,,vi71 ,giv+ ! date & ,nam+ ! 
mon?s 7,,ix74 ,x w\ld be well if we _h  
ev5 m ( ?is type1 = int]e/ 9 ! pass+ (  
"t & 9 ! names ( "t divisions is closely
 correlat$ ) intellig5ce4 ,"o reason = !
 inf]iority ( ! dull & feeble-m9d$ 9    
te/s ( ?is type is t _! m5tal           
associations are weak] & less num]\s4 ,!

 great] pov]ty ( _! associations br+s x 
ab\t t _! rememb]$ exp]i5ces are less   
def9itely locat$ 9 "t ) ref]5ce to o!r  
ev5ts4  ,! te/ 0 locat$ 9 ye> ,,ix ( !  
#aijh scale1 b 0 omitt$ f ! #aiaa       
revision4 ,kuhlmann also omits x1 :ile  
,godd>d places x 9 ye> ,,viii4 ,!       
/ati/ics f e ,am]ican inve/igation1     
h[ev]1 w>rant its location 9 ye> ,,vii4 
,x may be locat$ 9 ye> ,,viii only on ! 
condition t ! *ild be requir$ to "n !   
days backw>ds1 & t )9 a r l[ "t limit4  
,,vii1 ,,alt]native ,,te/ #b3 ,,repeat+ 
,,?ree ,,digits ,,rev]s$  ,,proc$ure4 ,!
 digits us$ are3 #b-h-c2 #d-b-g2 #e-i-f4
 ,! te/ %\ld be giv5 aft]1 b n          
imm$iately aft]1 ! te/s ( repeat+ digits
 =w>ds4  ,say to ! *ild3 ,li/5 c>efully4
 ,i am go+ to read "s numb]s aga91 b ?is
 "t ,i want y to say !m backw>ds4 ,=    
example1 if ,i %\ld say #a-b-c1 y w\ld  
say #c-b-a4 ,d y und]/&8 ,:5 x is evid5t
 t ! *ild has grasp$ ! in/ructions1 say3
 ,ready n[2 li/5 c>efully1 & be sure to 
say ! numb]s backw>ds4 ,!n read ! s]ies 

at ! same rate & 9 ! same mann] z 9 !   
o!r digits te/s4 ,x is n p]missible to  
re-read any ( ! s]ies4  ,if ! fir/ s]ies
 is repeat$ =w>ds in/ead ( backw>ds     
s]ies exhort ! *ild to li/5 c>efully &  
to be sure to repeat ! numb]s backw>ds4 
,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if "o s]ies out
 ( ?ree is repeat$ backw>ds )\t error4  
,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ ( repeat+ digits       
backw>ds 0 sugge/$ by ,bob]tag 9 #aiaa1 
b appe>s n to h be5 us$ or /&>diz$      
previ\s to ! ,/an=d inve/igation4  ,x is
 v mu* h>d] to repeat a s]ies ( digits  
backw>ds 9 ! direct ord] at ye> ,,vii1 &
 six at ye> ,x4 ,rev]s+ ! ord] places   
?ree digits 9 ye> ,,vii1 f\r 9 ye> ,x1  
five 9 ye> ,,xii1 & six 9 av]age adult4 
,ev5 intellig5t adults sometimes h      
difficulty 9 repeat+ six digits         
backw>ds1 once 9 ?ree trials4  ,z a te/ 
( intellig5ce ?is te/ is bett] ?an t (  
repeat+ digits 9 ! direct ord]4 ,x is   
less me*anical & makes a mu* heavi] dem&
 on att5tion4 ,! digits mu/ be s firmly 
fixat$ 9 memory t !y c be held !re long 

en\gh to be told (f1 "o by "o1 backw>ds4
  ,feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 f9d ?is te/       
especially difficult1 p]haps ma9ly      
because ( its elem5t ( novelty4 ,s*ool  
*ildr5 are (t5 ask$ to write numb]s     
dictat$ by ! tea*]1 & ev5 ! v dull      
acquire a c]ta9 pr(ici5cy 9 do+ s2 b !  
te/ ( repeat+ digits backw>ds requires a
 c]ta9 facility 9 adju/+ to a new task1 
exactly ! sort ( ?+ 9 :i* ! feeble-m9d$ 
are s m>k$ly defici5t4  ,z a rule !     
response consumes mu* m "t ?an 9 ! o!r  
digits te/4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :5 !
 s]ies to be repeat$ backw>ds conta9s   
f\r or m digits4 ,! *ance ( success is  
greatly increas$ if ! subject fir/ ?9ks 
! s]ies ?r\gh two or ?ree times 9 !     
direct ord] be=e attempt+ ! rev]se ord]4
 ,! subject :o responds imm$iately is   
likely to beg9 correctly1 b to give !   
fir/ "p ( ! orig9al s]ies 9 ! direct    
ord]4 ,= example1 #f-e-b-h is giv5      
#h-b-f-e4  ,sometimes ! *ild gives "o or
 two numb]s & !n /ops1 hav+ completely  
lo/ ! re/ ( ! s]ies 9 ! /ress ( adju/+  

to ! novel & relatively difficult task (
 beg9n+ ) ! f9al digit4 ,9 su* cases !  
feeble-m9d$ are prone to fill 9 ) any   
numb]s !y may happ5 to ?9k (4 ,a good   
me?od = ! subject is to break ! s]ies up
 into gr\ps & to give ea* gr\p          
sep>ately4 ,?us1 #f-e-b-h is giv5 #h-b  
7pause7 #e-f4 ,z a rule only ! m        
intellig5t subjects adopt ?is me?od4 ,"o
 #ab-ye>-old girl att5d+ high s*ool 0   
able to repeat eight digits backw>ds by 
! aid ( ?is device4  ,x w\ld be well    
wor? :ile to inve/igate ! relation ( ?is
 te/ to imag]y type4 ,su* a /udy w\ld h 
to make use ( adult subjects tra9$ 9    
introspection4 ,x w\ld seem t success   
might be favor$ by ! ability to         
translate ! auditory impression into    
visual imag]y1 s t ! rememb]$ numb]s    
c\ld be read (f z f a book2 b ?is may or
 may n be ! case4 ,at any rate1 success 
seems to dep5d l>gely ^u ! ability to   
manipulate m5tal imag]y4  ,! degree (   
c]ta9ty z to ! correctness ( ! response 
is usually mu* less ?an 9 repeat+ digits

 =w>ds4     ,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,in/ructions
 ,,= ,,ye> ,,viii   ,,viii1 #a4 ,,!     
,,ball-,,&-,,field ,,te/ 7,,score #b1   
,,inf]ior ,,plan7  ,,proc$ure4 ,draw a  
circle ab\t two & "o half in*es 9       
diamet]1 leav+ a small gap 9 ! side next
 ! *ild4 ,say3 ,let u suppose t y\r     
baseball has be5 lo/ 9 ?is r\nd field4  
,y h no idea :at "p ( ! field x is 94 ,y
 don't "k :at direction x came f1 h[ x  
got !re1 or ) :at =ce x came4 ,all y "k 
is t ! ball is lo/ some:]e 9 ! field4   
,n[1 take ?is p5cil & m>k out a pa? to  
%[ me h[ y w\ld hunt = ! ball s z to be 
sure n to miss x4 ,beg9 at ! gate & %[  
me :at pa? y w\ld take4#ef  #ef ,!      
,/an=d record booklet conta9s ! circle  
ready = use4  ,give ! in/ructions always
 z word$ above4 ,avoid us+ an expression
 l1 ,%[ me h[ y w\ld walk ar\nd 9 !     
field2 ! ^w ar\nd might sugge/ a circul>
 pa?4  ,sometimes ! *ild m]ely po9ts or 
tells h[ he w\ld g4 ,x is !n necess>y to
 say3 ,no2 y mu/ m>k out y\r pa? ) !    
p5cil s ,i c see x pla9ly4 ,o!r *ildr5  

trace a pa? only a little way & /op1    
say+3 ,"h x is4 ,we !n say3 ,b suppose y
 h n f\nd x yet4 ,:i* direction w\ld y g
 next8 ,9 ?is way ! *ild mu/ be kept    
trac+ a pa? until x is evid5t :e!r any  
plan gov]ns 8 proc$ure4  ,,scor+4 ,!    
p]=mances secur$ ) ?is te/ are          
conv5i5tly classifi$ into f\r gr\ps1    
repres5t+ progressively high] types4 ,! 
fir/ two types repres5t failures2 ! ?ird
 is satisfactory at ye> ,,viii1 ! f\r?  
at ye> ,,xii4 ,!y may be describ$ z     
foll[s3--      ,type a 7failure74 ,!    
*ild fails to compreh5d !               
in/ructions & ei!r does no?+ at all or  
else1 p]haps1     takes ! p5cil & makes 
a few r&om /rokes :i* c\ld n     be said
 to con/itute a se>*4      ,type b 7also
 failure74 ,! *ild compreh5ds !         
in/ructions     & c>ries out a se>*1 b  
)\t any def9ite plan4 ,abs5ce     ( plan
 is evid5c$ by ! cross+ & re-cross+ (   
pa?s1     or by breaks4 ,a break means t
 ! p5cil is lift$ up &     set d[n 9    
ano!r "p ( ! field4 ,sometimes only two 

or     ?ree fragm5ts ( pa?s are drawn1 b
 m usually ! field     is pretty well   
fill$ up ) r&om me&]+s :i* cross     ea*
 o!r aga9 & aga94 ,o!r illu/rations (   
type b are3     ,a s+le /raight or curv$
 l9e go+ direct to ! ball1 %ort         
haphaz>d da%es or curves1 b>e sugge/ion 
( a fan or spiral4      ,type c         
7satisfactory at ye> ,,viii74 ,a        
successful p]=mance     at ye> ,,viii is
 *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( a plan1 b "o  
ill-adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,t "s =e?\ght  
is ex]cis$     is evid5c$1 7#a7 by few] 
cross+s1 7#b7 by a t5d5cy ei!r     to   
make ! l9es m or less p>allel or else to
 give !m     "s k9d ( symmetry1 & 7#c7  
by few] breaks4 ,!     possibilities (  
type c are almo/ unlimit$1 & "o is      
cont9ually meet+ new =ms4 ,we h di/+ui%$
 m ?an     tw5ty ( ^!1 ! mo/ common (   
:i* may be describ$ z     foll[s3--     
#a4 ,v r\gh or zigzag circles or        
simil>ly imp]fect spirals4      #b4     
,segm5ts ( curves jo9$ 9 a m or less    
symmetrical fa%ion4      #c4 ,l9es go+  

back & =? across ! field1 jo9$ at ! ends
         & n int5d$ to be p>allel4      
#d4 ,! :eel plan1 %[+ l9es radiat+ f ne>
 ! c5t]         ( ! field t[>d !        
circumf]5ce4      #e4 ,! fan plan1 %[+ a
 numb] ( l9es radiat+ 7usually7         
f ! gate & spread+ out ov] ! field4     
#f4 ,fan ellipses or fan spirals radiat+
 f ! gate l !         l9es j describ$4  
#g4 ,! leaf plan1 rib plan1 or tree     
plan1 ) l9es bran*+         (f f a trunk
 l9e l ribs1 ve9s ( a leaf1 or bran*es (
         a tree4      #h4 ,p>allel l9es 
:i* cross at "r angles & m>k (f ! field 
l a *eck]bo>d4      #i4 ,pa?s mak+ "o or
 m fairly symmetrical geometrical       
figures1         l a squ>e1 a diamond1 a
 />1 a hexagon1 etc4     #aj4 ,a        
comb9ation ( two or m ( ! above plans4  
,type d 7satisfactory at ye> ,,xii74    
,p]=mances ( ?is type     meet p]fectly1
 or almo/ p]fectly1 ! logical           
requirem5ts (     ! problem4 ,! pa?s are
 almo/ or q p>allel1 & !re     are no   
int]sections or breaks4 ,! possibilities

 ( type d     are few] & embrace *iefly 
!  foll[+3--       #a4 ,a spiral1 p]fect
 or almo/ p]fect1 & beg9n+ ei!r at      
! gate or at ! c5t] ( ! field4 #b4      
,conc5tric circles4      #c4 ,transv]se 
l9es1 p>allel or almo/ s1 & jo9$ at !   
ends4  ,up to ab\t #d ye>s mo/ *ildr5   
fail$ entirely to compreh5d ! task4 ,by 
! age ( #f ye>s ! task is usually       
und]/ood1 b ! se>* is conduct$ )\t plan4
 ,type c is n atta9$ by two ?irds be=e !
 m5tal level ( #h ye>s1 & score #c      
ord9>ily n until #aa or #ab ye>s4       
,grad+ pres5ts "s difficulties because (
 occasional bord]-l9e p]=mances :i* h a 
value almo/ midway betwe5 ! types b & c 
or betwe5 c & d4 ,frequ5t ref]5ce to !  
scor+ c>d w enable ! exam9]1 aft] a     
little exp]i5ce1 to score ne>ly all !   
d\btful p]=mances satisfactorily4       
,,rem>ks4 ,! ball-&-field problem may be
 call$ a te/ ( practical judgm5t4       
,unlike a majority ( ! o!r te/s1 x gives
 ! subject a *ance to %[ h[ well he c   
meet ! dem&s ( a real1 r ?an an imag9$1 

situation4 ,te/s l ?is1 involv+         
practical adju/m5ts1 are valuable 9     
r\nd+ out ! scale1 :i*1 z left by ,b9et1
 plac$ r excessive emphasis on ab/ract  
reason+ & ! compreh5sion ( language4 ,! 
te/ requires little "t & always ar\ses !
 *ild's int]e/4  ,our analysis ( !      
responses ( ne>ly #aejj subjects %[s t  
improvem5t ) increas+ m5tal age is /eady
 & fairly rapid4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1  
"o meets a high-grade p]=mance ) *ildr5 
( #f or #g ye>s1 & a l[-grade p]=mance )
 adults ( av]age intellig5ce4 ,l all !  
o!r te/s ( ! scale1 x is unreliable :5  
us$ alone4   ,,viii1 #b4 ,,c\nt+        
,,backw>ds ,,f #bj ,,to #a  ,,proc$ure4 
,say to ! *ild3 ,y c c\nt backw>ds1 c y 
n8 ,i want y to c\nt backw>ds = me f #bj
 to #a4 ,g ahead4 ,9 ! great majority ( 
cases ?is is suffici5t2 ! *ild          
compreh5ds ! task & beg9s4 ,if he does n
 compreh5d1 & is sil5t1 or />ts 91      
p]haps1 to c\nt =w>ds f #a or #bj1 say3 
,no2 ,i want y to c\nt backw>ds f #bj to
 #a1 l ?is3 #bj-ai-ah1 & cle> on d[n to 

#a4 ,n[1 g ahead4  ,insi/ ^u ! *ild try+
 x ev5 ?\gh he ass]ts he _c d x4 ,9 _m  
su* cases an ef=t is cr[n$ ) success4   
,say no?+ ab\t hurry+1 z ?is confuses "s
 subjects4 ,prompt+ is n p]missible4    
,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if ! *ild c\nts
 f #bj to #a 9 n ov] =ty seconds & ) n m
 ?an a s+le error 7"o omission or "o    
transposition74 ,errors :i* ! *ild      
spontane\sly corrects are n c\nt$ z     
errors4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! /ati/ics on ?is   
te/ agree rem>kably well4 ,x is pla9ly  
too easy = ye> ,,ix1 & no "o has f\nd x 
easy en\gh = ye> ,,vii4 ,! ma9 lack (   
uni=mity has be5 9 ! adh]5ce to a "t    
limit4 ,b9et requir$ t ! task be        
complet$ 9 tw5ty seconds1 & ,godd>d &   
mo/ o!rs adh]e r /rictly to ?is rule4   
,kuhlmann1 h[ev]1 all[s ?irty seconds if
 !re is no error & tw5ty seconds if "o  
error is committ$4 ,we agree ) ,bob]tag 
t ow+ to ! nature ( ?is te/ we %\ld n be
 p$antic ab\t ! "t4 ,:ile a majority (  
*ildr5 :o are able to c\nt backw>ds d ! 
task 9 tw5ty seconds1 !re are "s        

intellig5t b delib]ate subjects :o      
require z mu* z ?irty-five or =ty       
seconds4 ,if ! c\nt+ is done ) assurance
 & )\t /umbl+1 !re is no reason :y we   
%\ld n all[ ev5 =ty seconds4 ,beyond    
?is1 h[ev]1 our g5]osity %\ld n g1      
because ( ! *ance x w\ld give = ! use ( 
special devices su* z c\nt+ =w>ds ea* "t
 to ! next numb] want$4  ,x may be said 
t c\nt+ backw>ds is a te/ ( s*ool+1 & to
 a c]ta9 ext5t ?is is true4 ,x is       
reasonable to suppose t special tra9+   
w\ld enable ! *ild to pass ! te/ a      
little e>li] ?an he w\ld o!rwise be able
 to d1 ?\gh x is d\btful :e!r _m *ildr5 
bel[ #g ye>s ( age h _h en\gh ( su*     
tra9+ to influ5ce ! p]=mance v          
mat]ially4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! *ild has  
rea*$ an intellig5ce level ( #h or at   
mo/ #i ye>s1 he is ord9>ily able to c\nt
 f #bj to #a :e!r he has ev] tri$ x be=e
 or n4  ,:at psy*ological factors are   
involv$ 9 ?is te/8 ,x presupposes1 9 !  
fir/ place1 ! ability to c\nt f #a to   
#bj4 ,b ?is alone does n gu>antee       

success 9 c\nt+ backw>ds4 ,some?+ m is  
requir$ ?an a m]e rote memory = ! numb] 
names 9 _! ord] f #a up to #bj4 ,!      
quantitative relation%ips ( ! numb]s mu/
 also be appreh5d$ if ! task is to be   
p]=m$ smoo?ly )\t a great deal ( special
 tra9+4 ,9 addition to be+ reasonably   
secure 9 8 k ( ! numb] relation%ips     
involv$1 ! *ild mu/ be able to give     
su/a9$ att5tion until ! task is         
complet$4 ,8 m5tal processes mu/ be     
dom9at$ by ! guid+ idea1 c\nt backw>ds4 
,associations :i* d n h>monize ) ?is    
aim1 or :i* fail to fur!r x1 mu/ be     
inhibit$4 ,ev5 mom5t>y relaxation (     
att5tion means a loss ( directive =ce 9 
! guid+ idea & ! dom9ance ( bett] kn[n  
associations :i* may be sugge/$ by !    
task1 b are out ( h>mony ) x4 ,?us1 if a
 *ild mom5t>ily loses sight ( ! end aft]
 c\nt+ backw>ds successfully f #bj to   
#ad1 he is likely to be ov]p[]$ by ! law
 ( habit & beg9 c\nt+ =w>ds1            
#ad-ae-af-ag1 etc4 ,we may reg>d ! te/1 
!re=e1 z a te/ ( att5tion1 or prolong$  

?\ght control4 ,! ability to ex]cise    
unbrok5 vigilance = a p]iod ( tw5ty or  
?irty seconds is r>ely f\nd bel[ ! level
 ( #g- or #h-ye> intellig5ce4   ,,viii1 
#c4 ,,compreh5sion1 ,,?ird ,,degree  ,! 
que/ions = ?is ye> are3--    7a7 ,:at's 
! ?+ = y to d :5 y h brok5       some?+ 
:i* belongs to "s "o else8   7b7 ,:at's 
! ?+ = y to d :5 y notice on y\r way    
to s*ool t y are 9 dang] ( be+ t>dy8    
7c7 ,:at's ! ?+ = y to d if a playmate  
hits y       )\t mean+ to d x8  ,!      
proc$ure is ! same z 9 previ\s          
compreh5sion que/ions4#eg ,ea* "q may be
 repeat$ once or twice1 b its =m mu/ n  
be *ang$4 ,no explanations are          
p]missible4  #eg ,see ,,iv1 #e1 & ,,vi1 
#d4  ,,scor+3--  ,"q a 7,if y h brok5   
some?+7      ,satisfactory responses are
 ^? sugge/+ ei!r re/itution     or      
apology1 or bo?4 ,confession is n       
satisfactory unless     accompani$ by   
apology4 ,! foll[+ are satisfactory3    
,buy a     new "o4 ,pay = x4 ,give !m   
some?+ in/ead ( x4     ,h my fa!r m5d x4

 ,apologize4 ,tell !m ,i'm sorry1     t 
,i did n mean to break x1 etc4 ,( #ib   
correct answ]s1 #gf     sugge/$         
re/itution1 :ile #af sugge/$ apology1 or
 apology     & re/itution4              
,unsatisfactory4 ,tell !m ,i did x4 ,g  
tell my "m4     ,feel sorry4 ,be a%am$4 
,pick x up1 etc4 ,m]e confession        
acc\nts = ov] #bj p] c5t ( all failures4
  ,"q b 7,9 dang] ( be+ t>dy7           
,satisfactory4 ,! expect$ response is1  
,hurry1 ,walk     fa/]1 or some?+ to t  
effect4 ,"o bright city boy said     he 
w\ld take a c>4 ,( ! answ]s n obvi\sly  
incorrect1     ne>ly #ie p] c5t sugge/  
hurry+4 ,! rule ord9>ily     recomm5d$  
is to grade all o!r responses m9us4 ,b  
?is     rule is too sweep+ to be foll[$ 
bl9dly4 ,"o :o w\ld use     intellig5ce 
te/s mu/ le>n to discrim9ate4 ,i w\ld g 
back     home & n g to s*ool t day is a 
good answ] 9 ^?     cases 7=tunately    
r>e7 9 :i* *ildr5 are =bidd5 by !       
tea*] to ent] ! s*oolroom if t>dy4 ,g   
back home & get     "m to write an      

excuse w\ld be good policy if by s do+  
! *ild might escape ! dang] ( incurr+ an
 extreme     p5alty4 ,:5 tea*]s inflict 
absurd p5alties = unexcus$     t>d9ess1 
x is ! "p ( wisdom = *ildr5 to incur no 
risks6 ,:5 su* a response is giv51 x is 
well to inquire into     ! s*ool's me?od
 ( deal+ ) t>d9ess & to score !         
response accord+ly4                     
,unsatisfactory4 ,g to ! pr9cipal4 ,tell
 ! tea*] ,i     c\ldn't help x4 ,h to   
get an excuse4 ,g to s*ool     anyway4  
,get puni%$4 ,n d x aga94 ,n play hooky4
     ,/>t e>li] next "t1 etc4      ,lack
 ( success results (t5e/ f failure to   
get ! exact     %ade ( mean+ convey$ by 
! "q4 ,x is impli$1 (     c\rse1 t      
some?+ is to be done at once to avoid   
t>d9ess2     b ! subject ( dull         
compreh5sion may sugge/ a suitable      
?+ to d 9 case t>d9ess has be5 incurr$4 
,h5ce !     response1 ,i w\ld g to !    
pr9cipal & expla94 ,answ]s (     ?is    
type are always unsatisfactory4  ,"q c  
7,playmate hits y7      ,satisfactory   

responses are only ^? :i* sugge/ ei!r   
excus+ or ov]look+ ! act4 ,^! ideas are 
v>i\sly     express$ z foll[s3 ,i w\ld  
excuse him 7ab\t half ( all     !       
correct answ]s74 ,i w\ld say 'yes' if he
 ask$ my p>don4     ,i w\ld say x 0 all 
"r4 ,i w\ld take x = a joke4 ,i     w\ld
 j be nice to him4 ,i w\ld g "r on      
play+4 ,i     w\ld take x k9d-he>t$4 ,i 
w\ld n fight or run & tell     on him4  
,i w\ld n blame him = x4 ,ask him to be 
m     c>eful1 etc4      ,unsatisfactory 
responses are all ^? n ( ! above two    
types2 z3 ,i w\ld hit !m back4 ,i w\ld n
 hit !m back1     b ,i w\ld get ev5 "s  
o!r way4 ,tell !m n to d x     aga94    
,tell !m to 'cut x out4' ,tell him x's a
 wrong     ?+ to d4 ,make him excuse    
himself4 ,make him say he's     sorry4  
,w\ld n play ) him4 ,tell my mamma4 ,i  
w\ld ask     him :y he did x4 ,he'd say 
'excuse me' & ,i'd say '?ank     y4' ,he
 %\ld excuse me4 ,he is suppos$ to say  
'excuse     me4'  ,,rem>ks4 ,all ?ree   
compreh5sion que/ions ( ?is ye> 7 us$ by

 ,b9et1 ,godd>d1 ,huey1 & o!rs 9 ye> ,x2
 two ( !m 9 ! easy s]ies & "o 9 ! h>d   
s]ies4 ,! ,/an=d data %[ t !y belong at 
! #h-ye> level on ! /&>d ( scor+ above  
set =?4 ,! ?ree diff] little among      
!mselves 9 difficulty1 b all ( !m are   
decid$ly easi] ?an ! o!r five us$ by    
,b9et4 ,x w\ld be absurd to g on us+ !  
compreh5sion que/ions z ,b9et bun*$ !m1 
eight toge!r1 rang+ 9 difficulty f "o   
:i* is easy en\gh = #f-ye> intellig5ce  
7,:at's ! ?+ to d if y miss y\r tra987  
to "o :i* is h>d = ! #ab-ye> level 7,:y 
is a bad act done :5 "o is angry m      
excusable ?an ! same act done :5 "o is n
 angry874   ,,viii1 #d4 ,,giv+          
,,simil>ities2 ,,two ,,?+s  ,,proc$ure4 
,say to ! *ild3 ,i am go+ to "n two ?+s 
:i* are alike 9 "s way1 & ,i want y to  
tell me h[ !y are alike4 ,wood & coal3 9
 :at way are !y alike8 ,proce$ 9 ! same 
mann] )3--      ,an apple & a pea*4     
,iron & silv]4     ,a %ip & an          
automobile4  ,aft] ! fir/ pair ! =mula  
may be abbreviat$ to ,9 :at way are 444 

& 444 alike8 ,x is (t5 necess>y to insi/
 a little if ! *ild is sil5t or says he 
does n "k1 b 9 do+ ?is we mu/ avoid     
supplem5t>y que/ions & sugge/ions4 ,9   
giv+ ! fir/ pair1 = example1 x w\ld n be
 p]missible to ask su* additional       
que/ions z1 ,:at d y use wood =8 ,:at d 
y use coal =8 ,& n[1 h[ are wood & coal 
alike8 ,?is is really putt+ ! answ] 9 ! 
*ild's m\?4 ,x is only p]missible to    
repeat ! orig9al "q 9 a p]suasive tone (
 voice1 & p]haps to add3 ,i'm sure y c  
tell me h[ 444 & 444 are alike1 or      
some?+ to t effect4  ,a v common mi/ake 
:i* ! *ild makes is to give diff]5ces   
in/ead ( simil>ities4 ,?is t5d5cy is    
p>ticul>ly /rong if te/ #e1 ye> ,,vii   
7giv+ diff]5ces71 has be5 giv5 e>li] 9 !
 sitt+1 b x happ5s (t5 en\gh 9 o!r cases
 also to sugge/ t f9d+ diff]5ces is1 to 
a mu* great] ext5t ?an f9d+ simil>ities1
 ! *ild's pref]r$ me?od ( mak+ a        
comp>ison4 ,:5 a diff]5ce is giv51      
in/ead ( a simil>ity1 we say3 ,no1 ,i   
want y to tell me h[ !y are alike4 ,9   

:at way are 444 & 444 alike8 ,unless !  
*ild is ( r l[ intellig5ce level ?is is 
suffici5t1 b ! m5tally ret>d$ sometimes 
cont9ue to give diff]5ces p]si/5tly 9   
spite ( repeat$ admonitions1 or if !y   
cease to d s = "o or two comp>isons1 !y 
are likely to repeat ! mi/ake 9 ! latt] 
"p ( ! te/4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if
 a lik5ess is giv5 9 two out ( f\r      
comp>isons4 ,we accept z satisfactory   
any real lik5ess1 :e!r fundam5tal or    
sup]ficial1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! m ess5tial 
! resemblance1 ! bett] indication x is (
 intellig5ce4 ,! foll[+ are samples (   
satisfactory & unsatisfactory           
answ]s3--#eh  #eh ,= aid 9 classify+ !  
responses 9 ?is & c]ta9 o!r te/s ! writ]
 is indebt$ to ,miss ,grace ,lyman4  7a7
 ,wood & coal      ,satisfactory4 ,bo?  
burn4 ,bo? keep y w>m4 ,bo? are     us$ 
= fuel4 ,bo? are vegetable matt]4 ,bo?  
come f !     gr\nd4 ,c use !m bo? =     
runn+ eng9es4 ,bo? h>d4     ,bo? heavy4 
,bo? co/ money4      ,( #hj correct     
answ]s1 #fd1 or #hj p] c5t1 ref]r$ 9 "o 

way     or ano!r to combu/ibility4      
,unsatisfactory4 ,mo/ frequ5t is !      
p]si/5t giv+ ( a     diff]5ce in/ead ( a
 simil>ity4 ,?is acc\nts = a little     
ov] half ( all ! failures4 ,ab\t half ( 
! rema9d] are     cases ( inability to  
give any response4 ,incorrect /atem5ts  
) reg>d to color are r common4 ,sample  
failures ( ?is     type are3 ,bo? are   
black1 or ,bo? ! same color4 ,o!r       
failures are3 ,bo? are dirty on !       
outside2 ,y c't break     !m2 ,coal     
burns bett]2 ,wood is light] ?an coal1  
etc4  7b7 ,an apple & a pea*            
,satisfactory4 ,bo? are r\nd4 ,bo? !    
same %ape4 ,!y     are ab\t ! same      
color4 ,bo? ne>ly always h "s r$ on     
!m4 ,bo? good to eat4 ,c make pies ( bo?
 ( !m4     ,bo? c be cook$4 ,bo? mell[  
:5 !y are ripe4 ,bo?     h a /em 7or    
se$s1 sk91 etc474 ,bo? come f trees4    
,c be dri$ 9 ! same way4 ,bo? are       
fruits4 ,bo? gre5     79 color7 :5 !y   
are n ripe4      ,( #hb correct answ]s1 
#be p] c5t m5tion color2 #be p] c5t1    

=m2 #bb p] c5t1 edibility2 #bj p] c5t1  
hav+ /em1 se$1 or     sk92 & #e p] c5t1 
t bo? gr[ on trees4                     
,unsatisfactory4 ,bo? ta/e ! same4 ,bo? 
h a lot (     se$s4 ,bo? h a fuzzy sk94 
,an apple is bigg] ?an a     pea*4 ,"o  
is r$ & "o is :ite1 etc4      ,aga91 ov]
 #ej p] c5t ( ! failures are due to giv+
     diff]5ces & ab\t #ah p] c5t to     
sil5ce4  7c7 ,iron & silv]              
,satisfactory4 ,bo? are metals 7or      
m9]al74 ,bo? come out     ( ! gr\nd4    
,bo? co/ money4 ,bo? are heavy4 ,bo? are
     h>d4 ,bo? c be melt$4 ,bo? c be    
b5t4 ,bo? us$ =     ut5sils4 ,y         
manufacture ?+s out ( bo? ( !m4 ,bo?    
c be poli%$4      ,^! are nam$ mo/      
frequ5tly 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7#a7         
h>dness1 7#b7 orig9 f ! gr\nd1 7#c7     
heav9ess1 7#d7 use 9     mak+ ?+s4      
,unsatisfactory4 ,bo? ?9 7or ?ick74     
,sometimes !y are     ! same %ape4 ,bo? 
! same color4 ,a little silv] &     lots
 ( iron weigh ! same4 ,bo? made by !    
same company4     ,!y ru/ ! same4 ,y c't

 eat !m 767#ei      #ei ,"o is "h rem9d$
 ( ! puzzl+ conundrum1 ,:y is a         
brick l an elephant8 ,! answ] be+1      
,because nei!r c     climb a tree6 ,a   
response ( ?is type /ates a fact1 b     
because     ( its biz>re nature %\ld    
h>dly be c\nt$ satisfactory4      ,( #fj
 failures1 #cb 7 due to giv+ diff]5ces &
 #ad to     sil5ce or unwill+ness to    
haz>d a reply4  7d7 ,a %ip & an         
automobile      ,satisfactory4 ,bo?     
means ( travel4 ,bo? g4 ,y ride 9       
!m4 ,bo? take y fa/4 ,!y bo? use fuel4  
,bo? run by     ma*9]y4 ,bo? h a /e]+   
ge>4 ,bo? h eng9es 9     !m4 ,bo? h wood
 9 !m4 ,bo? c be wreck$4 ,bo?     break 
if !y hit a rock4      ,ab\t #de p] c5t 
( ! answ]s are 9 t]ms ( runn+ or        
travel1 #cg p] c5t 9 t]ms ( ma*9]y or   
/ructure1 ! re/     scatt]$4            
,unsatisfactory4 ,bo? black 7or "s o!r  
color74 ,bo? v     big4 ,!y are made    
alike4 ,bo? run on :eels4 ,%ip is =     
! wat] & automobile = ! l&4 ,%ip goes on
 wat] &     an automobile sometimes goes

 9 wat]4 ,an auto c g fa/]4     ,%ip is 
run by coal & automobile by gasol9e4    
,( #ea failures1 #cb 7 due to giv+      
diff]5ces & #ad to     failure to reply4
  ,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ ( f9d+ simil>ities 0 
fir/ us$ by ,b9et 9 #aije4 ,our results 
%[ t x is fully z satisfactory z ! te/ (
 giv+ diff]5ces4 ,! te/ reveals 9 a mo/ 
int]e/+ way "o ( ! fundam5tal weaknesses
 ( ! feeble m9d4 ,"y normal *ildr51 say 
( #g or #h ye>s1 (t5 fail to pass1 b x  
is ! feeble-m9d$ :o give ! greate/ numb]
 ( absurd answ]s & :o also f9d greate/  
difficulty 9 resi/+ ! t5d5cy to give    
diff]5ces4#fj  #fj ,= fur!r discussion (
 ! processes involv$1 see ,,vii1 #e4    
,,viii1 #e4 ,,giv+ ,,def9itions         
,,sup]ior ,,to ,,use  ,,proc$ure4 ,!    
words = ?is ye> are balloon1 tig]1      
football1 & soldi]4 ,ask simply3 ,:at is
 a balloon8 etc4  ,if x appe>s t any ( !
 words are n famili> to ! *ild1         
sub/itution may be made f ! foll[+3     
automobile1 battle-%ip1 potato1 /ore4   
,make no comm5ts on ! responses until   

all ! words h be5 giv54 ,9 case ( sil5ce
 or hesitation 9 answ]+1 ! "q may be    
repeat$ ) a little enc\ragem5t2 b       
supplem5t>y que/ions are nev] 9 ord]4   
,ord9>ily !re is no difficulty 9 secur+ 
a response to ! def9ition te/ ( ?is ye>4
 ,! tr\ble comes 9 scor+ ! response4    
,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if two ( ! f\r 
words are def9$ 9 t]ms sup]ior to use4  
,sup]ior to use includes *iefly3 7a7    
,def9itions :i* describe ! object or    
tell some?+ ( its nature 7=m1 size1     
color1 appe>ance1 etc472 7b7 def9itions 
:i* give ! sub/ance or ! mat]ials or    
p>ts compos+ x2 & 7c7 ^? :i* tell :at   
class ! object belongs to or :at        
relation x be>s to o!r classes (        
objects4  ,x is possible to di/+ui%     
diff]5t grades ( def9itions 9 ea* ( !   
above classes4 ,a def9ition by          
description 7type a7 may be brief &     
p>tial1 m5tion+ only "o or two qualities
 or *>act]i/ics1 or x may be relatively 
ri* & complete4 ,likewise ) def9itions (
 type b4 ,classificatory def9itions     

7type c7 are ( p>ticul>ly unev5 value1 !
 l[e/ ord] be+ ^? :i* subsume ! object  
to be def9$ "u a remote class & give few
 if any *>act]i/ics to di/+ui% x f o!r  
memb]s ( ! same class2 z1 = example1 ,a 
football is a ?+ y c h fun )1 or1 ,a    
soldi] is a p]son4 ,! be/ classificatory
 def9itions are ^? :i* subsume ! object 
"u ! next high] class & give ! m        
ess5tial traits 7p]haps a numb] ( !m7   
:i* di/+ui% ! object f o!rs ( ! class   
nam$2 z1 = example1 ,a tig] is a l>ge   
animal l a cat2 x lives 9 ! jungle &    
eats m5 & o!r animals1 or1 ,a soldi] is 
a man :o goes to w>4 ,^! %ades (        
di/9ction give int]e/+ & valuable clues 
to ! maturity & ri*ness ( ! app]ceptive 
processes1 b = purposes ( scor+ x is    
necess>y m]ely to decide :e!r !         
def9ition is giv5 9 t]ms sup]ior to use4
  ,! foll[+ are samples ( satisfactory  
def9itions1 ^? = ea* ^w be+ arrang$     
r\ghly 9 ! ord] ( _! value f excell5t to
 b>ely pass+3--  7a7 ,balloon           
,satisfactory4 ,a balloon is a means (  

travel+ ?r\gh !     air4 ,x is a k9d (  
air%ip1 made ( clo? & fill$ )     air s 
x c g up4 ,x is big & made ( clo?4 ,x   
has gas     9 x & c>ries p up 9 a basket
 t's fa/5$ on to     ! bottom4 ,x is a  
?+ y hold by a /r+ & x goes     up4 ,x  
is l a big bag ) air 9 x4 ,x is a big ?+
     t goes up4      ,unsatisfactory4   
,to g up 9 ! air4 ,:at y g up 94     ,:5
 y g up4 ,!y g up 9 x4 ,x's full ( gas4 
,to     c>ry y up4 ,a balloon is a      
balloon1 etc4 ,x is big4 ,!y     g up1  
etc4  7b7 ,tig]      ,satisfactory4 ,x  
is a wild animal ( ! cat family4 ,x is  
an animal t's a c\s9 to ! lion4 ,x is an
 animal t     lives 9 ! jungle4 ,x is a 
wild animal4 ,x looks l a     big cat4  
,x lives 9 ! woods & eats fle%4 ,some?+ 
t eats p4      ,unsatisfactory4 ,to eat 
y up4 ,to kill p4 ,to travel     9 !    
circus4 ,:at eats p4 ,x is a tig]1 etc4 
,y     run f x1 etc4  7c7 ,football     
,satisfactory4 ,x is a lea!r bag fill$ )
 air & made     = kick+4 ,x is a ball y 
kick4 ,x is a ?+ y play     )4 ,x is    

made ( lea!r & is /uff$ ) air4 ,x is a  
?+ y kick4 ,x is br[n & fill$ ) air4 ,x 
is a     ?+ %ap$ l a wat]melon4         
,unsatisfactory4 ,to kick4 ,to play )4  
,:at !y play     )4 ,boys play ) x4 ,x's
 fill$ ) air4 ,x is a     football4 ,x  
is a basket ball4 ,x is r\nd4 ,y kick x4
  7d7 ,soldi]      ,satisfactory4 ,a man
 :o goes to w>4 ,a brave man4 ,a man    
t walks up & d[n & c>ries a gun4 ,x is a
 man :o     m9ds 8 capta9 & /&s /ill &  
walks /raight4 ,x is a     man :o goes  
to w> & %oots4 ,x is a man :o /&s       
/raight & m>*es4      ,unsatisfactory4  
,to %oot4 ,to g to w>4 ,x is a soldi]4  
,a soldi] t m>*es4 ,he fights4 ,he      
%oots4 ,:at     fights1 etc4 ,:5 y m>* &
 %oot4  ,sil5ce acc\nts = only a small  
proportion ( ! failures ) *ildr5 ( #h1  
#i1 & #aj ye>s4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! use       
def9itions sometimes giv5 at ?is age are
 usually ( slightly bett] quality ?an ^?
 giv5 9 ye> ,v4 ,y\ng] *ildr5 m (t5 use 
! inf9itive =m1 to play ) 7doll71 to    
drive 7horse71 to eat on 7table71 etc4  

,use def9itions ( ?is ye> m (t5 beg9 )  
!y1 or :at2 z1 !y g up 9 x 7balloon71 !y
 kick x 7football71 etc4  ,:y1 x may be 
ask$1 is ! use def9ition reg>d$ z       
inf]ior to ! descriptive or !           
classificatory def9ition8 ,is n ! use to
 :i* an object may be put ! mo/ ess5tial
 ?+ ab\t x1 = ! *ild at lea/8 ,is x n m 
important to "k t a =k is to eat ) ?an  
to be able to "n ! mat]ial x is made (8 
,is n ! use prim>y & does x n det]m9e   
mo/ ( ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! object8
  ,! above que/ions may s\nd reasonable1
 b !y are bas$ on poor psy*ology4 ,we   
mu/ re/ our case ^u ! facts4 ,! fir/    
lesson :i* ! /ud5t ( *ild psy*ology mu/ 
le>n is t x is unsafe to set up crit]ia 
( intellig5ce1 ( maturity1 or ( any o!r 
m5tal trait on ! basis ( !oretical      
consid]ations4 ,exp]im5t tea*es t normal
 *ildr5 ( #e or #f ye>s1 also old]      
feeble-m9d$ p]sons ( ! #e-ye>           
intellig5ce level1 def9e objects 9 t]ms 
( use2 also t normal *ildr5 ( #h or #i  
ye>s & old] feeble-m9d$ p]sons ( ?is    

m5tal level h = ! mo/ "p develop$ beyond
 ! /age ( use def9itions into !         
descriptive or classificatory /age4 ,an 
ounce ( fact is wor? a ton ( !ory4  ,!  
te/ has usually be5 locat$ 9 ye> ,,ix1 )
 ! requirem5t ( ?ree successes out (    
five trials & ) some:at m rigid scor+ ( 
! individual def9itions4 ,:5 only two   
successes are requir$ 9 f\r trials1 & :5
 scor$ l5i5tly1 ! te/ belongs at !      
#h-ye> level4   ,,viii1 #f4 ,,vocabul>y2
 ,,tw5ty ,,def9itions1 #cfjj ,,words    
,,proc$ure4 ,use ! li/ ( words giv5 9 ! 
record booklet4 ,say to ! *ild3 ,i want 
to f9d out h[ _m words y "k4 ,li/52 & :5
 ,i say a ^w y tell me :at x means4 ,if 
! *ild c read1 give him a pr9t$ copy ( !
 ^w li/ & let him look at ea* ^w z y    
pron\nce x4  ,! words are arrang$       
approximately 7?\gh n exactly7 9 ! ord] 
( _! difficulty1 & x is be/ to beg9 ) ! 
easi] words & proce$ to ! h>d]4 ,)      
*ildr5 "u #i or #aj ye>s1 beg9 ) ! fir/4
 ,app>5tly normal *ildr5 ( #aj ye>s may 
safely be cr$it$ ) ! fir/ t5 words )\t  

be+ ask$ to def9e !m4 ,app>5tly normal  
*ildr5 ( #ab may beg9 ) ^w #af1 &       
#ae-ye>-olds ) ^w #ba4 ,except )        
subjects ( almo/ adult intellig5ce !re  
is no ne$ to give ! la/ t5 or fifte5    
words1 z ^! are almo/ nev] correctly    
def9$ by s*ool *ildr54 ,a safe rule to  
foll[ is to cont9ue until eight or t5   
successive words h be5 miss$ & to score 
! rema9d] m9us )\t giv+ !m4  ,! =mula is
 z foll[s3 ,:at is an orange8 ,:at is a 
bonfire8 ,ro>2 :at does ro> mean8 ,g[n2 
:at is a g[n8 ,:at does tap mean8 ,:at  
does scor* mean8 ,:at is a puddle8 etc4 
,"s *ildr5 at fir/ %[ a little          
hesitation ab\t answ]+1 ?9k+ t a /rictly
 =mal def9ition is expect$4 ,9 su* cases
 a little enc\ragem5t is necess>y2 z3 ,y
 "k :at a bonfire is4 ,y h se5 a        
bonfire4 ,n[1 :at is a bonfire8 ,if !   
*ild /ill hesitates1 say3 ,j tell me 9  
y\r own words2 say x any way y please4  
,all ,i want is to f9d out :e!r y "k :at
 a bonfire is4 ,d n torture ! *ild1     
h[ev]1 by undue insi/5ce4 ,if he p]si/s 

9 8 refusal to def9e a ^w :i* he w\ld   
ord9>ily be expect$ to "k1 x is bett] to
 pass on to ! next "o & to return to !  
tr\blesome ^w lat]4 ,above all1 avoid   
help+ ! *ild by illu/rat+ ! use ( a ^w 9
 a s5t5ce4 ,adh]e /rictly to ! =mula    
giv5 above4 ,if ! def9ition z giv5 does 
n make x cle> :e!r ! *ild has ! correct 
idea1 say3 ,expla91 or1 ,i don't und]/&2
 expla9 :at y mean4  ,enc\rage ! *ild   
frequ5tly by say+3 ,t's f9e4 ,y are do+ 
beautifully4 ,y "k lots ( words1 etc4   
,nev] tell ! *ild 8 def9ition is n      
correct1 & nev] ask = a diff]5t         
def9ition4  ,avoid say+ any?+ :i* w\ld  
sugge/ a model =m ( def9ition1 z ! type 
( def9ition :i* ! *ild spontane\sly     
*ooses ?r[s int]e/+ light on ! degree ( 
maturity ( ! app]ceptive processes4     
,record all def9itions v]batim if       
possible1 or at lea/ ^? :i* are         
exceptionally good1 poor1 or d\btful4   
,,scor+4 ,cr$it a response 9 full if x  
gives "o correct mean+ = ! ^w1 reg>dless
 ( :e!r t mean+ is ! mo/ common "o1 &   

reg>dless ( :e!r x is ! orig9al or a    
d]iv$ mean+4 ,occasionally half cr$it   
may be giv51 b ?is %\ld be avoid$ z f> z
 possible4  ,to f9d ! entire vocabul>y1 
multiply ! numb] ( words kn[n by #ahj4  
7,?is li/ is made up ( #ajj words       
select$ by rule f a diction>y conta9+   
#ah1jjj words47 ,?us1 ! *ild :o def9es  
#bj words correctly has a vocabul>y (   
#bj  #ahj  #cfjj words2 #ej correct     
def9itions w\ld mean a vocabul>y ( #ijjj
 words1 etc4 ,! foll[+ are ! /&>ds =    
diff]5t ye>s1 z det]m9$ by ! vocabul>y  
rea*$ by #fj to #fe p] c5t ( ! subjects 
( ! v>i\s m5tal levels3--       #h ye>s 
#bj words    vocabul>y  #c1fjj     #aj  
ye>s          #cj words    vocabul>y    
#e1djj     #ab ye>s          #dj words  
vocabul>y  #g1bjj     #ad ye>s          
#ej words    vocabul>y  #i1jjj          
,av]age adult     #fe words    vocabul>y
 #aa1gjj     ,sup]ior adult    #ge words
    vocabul>y #ac1ejj  ,al?\gh ! =m ( ! 
def9ition is significant1 x is n tak5   
into consid]ation 9 scor+4 ,! te/ is    

int5d$ to explore ! range ( ideas r ?an 
! evolution ( ?\ght =ms4 ,:5 x is evid5t
 t ! *ild has "o fairly correct mean+ = 
a ^w1 he is giv5 full cr$it = x1 h[ev]  
poorly ! def9ition may h be5 /at$4      
,:ile !re is naturally "s difficulty n[ 
& !n 9 decid+ :e!r a giv5 def9ition is  
correct1 ?is happ5s mu* less frequ5tly  
?an "o w\ld expect4 ,9 ord] to get a    
def9ite idea ( ! ext5t ( error due to ! 
individual diff]5ces among exam9]s1 we h
 _h ! def9itions ( #be subjects grad$   
indep5d5tly by #aj diff]5t p]sons4 ,!   
result %[$ an av]age diff]5ce bel[ #c 9 
! numb] ( def9itions scor$ plus4 ,s9ce  
^! subjects attempt$ on an av]age ab\t  
#fj words1 ! av]age numb] ( d\btful     
def9itions p] subject 0 bel[ #e p] c5t (
 ! numb] attempt$4  ,an idea ( ! degree 
( l5i5cy to be ex]cis$ may be _h f !    
foll[+ examples ( def9itions1 :i* are   
mo/ly ( l[ grade1 b acceptable unless   
o!rwise indicat$3--     #a4 ,orange4 ,an
 orange is to eat4 ,x is yell[ & gr[s on
 a       tree4 7,bo? full cr$it47       

#b4 ,bonfire4 ,y burn x outdoors4 ,y    
burn "s leaves or       ?+s4 ,x's a big 
fire4 7,all full cr$it47     #c4 ,ro>4  
,a lion ro>s4 ,y holl] l\d4 7,full      
cr$it47     #d4 ,g[n4 ,to sleep 94 ,x's 
a nightie4 ,x's a nice g[n t            
ladies we>4 7,all full cr$it47     #g4  
,puddle4 ,y spla% 9 x4 ,x's j a puddle (
 wat]4       7,bo? full cr$it47     #i4 
,/raw4 ,x gr[s 9 ! field4 ,x means      
:eat-/raw4 ,!       horses eat x4 7,all 
full cr$it47    #aj4 ,rule4 ,! tea*]    
makes rules4 ,x means y c't d           
some?+4 ,y make m>ks ) x1 i4e41 a rul]1 
(t5       call$ a rule by s*ool *ildr54 
7,all full cr$it47    #aa4 ,afloat4 ,to 
float on ! wat]4 ,a %ip floats4 7,bo?   
full       cr$it47    #ab4 ,eyela%4 ,if 
! *ild says1 ,x's ov] ! eye1 tell him to
       po9t to x1 z (t5 ! ^w is confus$ 
) eyebr[4    #ad4 ,copp]4 ,x's a p5ny4  
,x means "s copp] wire4 7,bo?       full
 cr$it47    #ae4 ,heal?4 ,x means good  
heal? or bad heal?4 ,x means            
/rong4 7,bo? full cr$it47    #ag4       

,guit>4 ,y play on x4 7,full cr$it47    
#ah4 ,mell[4 ,if ! *ild says1 ,x means a
 mell[ apple1 ask       :at k9d ( apple 
t w\ld be4 ,= full cr$it ! answ]        
mu/ be s(t1 mu%y1 etc4    #ai4 ,pork4   
,if ! answ] is meat1 ask :at animal x   
comes       f4 ,half cr$it if wrong     
animal is nam$4    #ba4 ,plumb+4 ,y fix 
pipes4 7,full cr$it47    #be4 ,s\!rn4   
,if ! answ] is ,s\!rn ,/ates1 or        
,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 say3 ,yes2 b :at does 
's\!rn'       mean8 ,d n cr$it unless   
explanation is =?com+4    #bf4          
,noticeable4 ,y notice a ?+4 7,full     
cr$it47    #bi4 ,civil4 ,civil ,w>4     
7,failure unless expla9$47 ,x means to  
be nice4 7,full cr$it47    #cj4         
,treasury4 ,give half cr$it = def9itions
 l ,valuables1       ,lots ( money1     
etc42 i4e41 if ! ^w is confus$ )        
treasure4    #cb4 ,ramble4 ,to g ab\t   
fa/4 7,half cr$it47    #ch4 ,n]ve4 ,half
 cr$it if ! slang use is def9$1 ,y've   
got       n]ve1 etc4    #da4 ,maje/y4   
,:at y say to a k+4 7,full cr$it47      

#de4 ,sportive4 ,to l sports4 7,half    
cr$it47 ,playful or       happy4 7,full 
cr$it47    #df4 ,hy/]ics4 ,y laugh & cry
 at ! same "t4 ,a k9d (       sickness4 
,a k9d ( fit4 7,all full cr$it47    #dh4
 ,repose4 ,y pose aga94 7,failure47     
#eb4 ,co9age4 ,a place :]e !y make      
money4 7,half cr$it47    #ef4           
,dilapidat$4 ,some?+ t's v old4 7,half  
cr$it47    #eh4 ,consci5ti\s4 ,y're     
c>eful h[ y d y\r "w4 7,full            
cr$it47    #fj4 ,artless4 ,no art4      
7,failure unless correctly expla9$47    
#fa4 ,priceless4 ,x has no price4       
7,failure47    #ff4 ,promontory4 ,some?+
 prom95t4 7,failure unless *ild c       
expla9 :at x ref]s to47    #fh4         
,milksop4 ,y sop up milk4 7,failure47   
#gc4 ,h>py4 ,a k9d ( bird4 7,full       
cr$it47    #hj4 ,exaltation4 ,y feel    
good4 7,full cr$it47    #he4            
,retroactive4 ,act+ backw>d4 7,full     
cr$it47    #ib4 ,!osophy4 ,a religion4  
7,full cr$it47  ,x is se5 f ! above     
examples t a v lib]al /&>d has be5 us$4 

,l5i5cy 9 judg+ def9itions is necess>y  
because ! *ild's p[] ( expression lags  
f>!r beh9d 8 und]/&+ ?an is true (      
adults1 & also because = ! "y subject ! 
^w has a relatively less unit>y exi/5ce4
  ,,rem>ks4 ,our vocabul>y te/ 0 d]iv$  
by select+ ! la/ ^w ( e six? column 9 a 
diction>y conta9+ approximately #ah1jjj 
words1 presumably ! #ah1jjj mo/ common  
words 9 ! language4 ,! te/ is bas$ on ! 
assumption t #ajj words select$ accord+ 
to "s arbitr>y rule w be a l>ge en\gh   
sampl+ to af=d a fairly reliable index (
 a subject's entire vocabul>y4 ,r       
ext5sive exp]im5tation ) ?is li/ & o!rs 
*os5 9 a simil> mann] has prov$ t !     
assumption is ju/ifi$4 ,te/s ( ! same   
#ge individuals ) five diff]5t vocabul>y
 te/s ( ?is type %[$ t ! av]age diff]5ce
 betwe5 two te/s ( ! same p]son 0 less  
?an #e p] c5t4 ,?is means t any "o ( !  
five te/s us$ is reliable en\gh = all   
practical purposes4 ,x is ( no special  
importance t a giv5 *ild's vocabul>y is 
#hjjj r ?an #gfjj2 ! significance lies 9

 ! fact t x is approximately #hjjj & n  
#djjj1 #ab1jjj1 or "s o!r widely diff]5t
 numb]4  ,x may seem to ! read] almo/   
incr$ible t s small a sampl+ ( words    
w\ld give a reliable index ( an         
individual's vocabul>y4 ,t x does s is  
due to ! op]ation ( ! ord9>y laws (     
*ance4 ,x is analog\s to pr$ict+ !      
results ( an election :5 only a small   
proportion ( ! ballots h be5 c\nt$4 ,x  
is kn[n t a ballot box conta9s #fjj     
votes1 & if :5 only #cj h be5 c\nt$ x is
 f\nd t !y are divid$ betwe5 two        
c&idates 9 ! proportion ( #bj & #aj1 x  
is safe to pr$ict t a complete c\nt w   
give ! two c&idates approximately #djj &
 #bjj respectively4#fa ,9 #aiad ab\t    
#a1jjj1jjj votes 7 ca/ = gov]nor 9      
,cali=nia1 & :5 only #aj1jjj votes _h   
be5 c\nt$1 or a hundr$? ( all1 x 0      
ann\nc$ & conc$$ t ,gov]nor ,johnson _h 
be5 relect$ by ! #aej1jjj plurality4 ,! 
complet$ c\nt gave him #ahh1eje         
plurality4 ,! error 0 less ?an #d p] c5t
 ( ! total vote4  #fa ,suppos+ ! ballots

 to h be5 %uffl$4  ,! vocabul>y te/ has 
a f> high] value ?an any o!r s+le te/ ( 
! scale4 ,us$ ) *ildr5 ( ,engli%-speak+ 
p>5ts 7) *ildr5 ^: home language is n   
,engli% x is ( c\rse unreliable71 x     
probably has a high] value ?an any ?ree 
o!r te/s 9 ! scale4 ,our /ati/ics %[ t 9
 a l>ge majority ( cases ! vocabul>y te/
 alone w give u an intellig5ce quoti5t  
)9 #aj p] c5t ( t secur$ by ! entire    
scale4 ,out ( hundr$s ( ,engli%-speak+  
*ildr5 we h n f\nd "o te/+ significantly
 above age :o _h a significantly l[     
vocabul>y2 & correspond+ly1 ^? :o te/   
mu* bel[ age nev] h a high vocabul>y4   
,occasionally1 h[ev]1 a subject te/s    
some:at high] or l[] 9 vocabul>y ?an !  
m5tal age w\ld lead u to expect4 ,?is is
 (t5 ! case ) dull *ildr5 9 cultur$     
homes & ) v intellig5t *ildr5 ^: home   
environm5t has n /imulat$ language      
developm5t4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases we are n  
s]i\sly misl$1 = ! dull *ild ( =tunate  
home surr\nd+s %[s 8 dullness 9 !       
quality ( 8 def9itions if n 9 _!        

quantity2 :ile ! bright *ild ( illit]ate
 p>5ts %[s 8 intellig5ce 9 ! aptness &  
accuracy ( 8 def9itions4  ,we h n work$ 
out a satisfactory me?od ( scor+ !      
quality ( def9itions 9 our vocabul>y    
te/1 b ^! diff]5ces w be readily obs]v$ 
by ! tra9$ exam9]4 ,def9itions 9 t]ms ( 
use & def9itions :i* are slightly       
inaccurate or hazy are q *>act]i/ic ( ! 
l[] m5tal ages4 ,*ildr5 ( ! l[] m5tal   
age h also a t5d5cy to v5ture wild      
guesses at words !y d n "k4 ,?is is     
especially *>act]i/ic ( ret>d$ subjects 
& is ano!r example ( _! weakness (      
auto-criticism4 ,"o feeble-m9d$ boy (   
#ab ye>s1 ) a m5tal age ( #h ye>s1      
glibly & confid5tly gave def9itions = e 
"o ( ! hundr$ words4 ,ab\t #gj ( !      
def9itions 7 pure nons5se4  ,?is        
vocabul>y te/ 0 arrang$ & p>tially      
/&>diz$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,*ilds & ! writ]
 9 #aiaa4 ,_m exp]im5ts s9ce !n h prov$ 
its value z a te/ ( intellig5ce4        
,,viii1 ,,alt]native ,,te/ #a3 ,,nam+   
,,six ,,co9s  ,,proc$ure is exactly z 9 

,,vi1 #e 7nam+ f\r co9s74 ,! doll> %\ld 
be %[n be=e ! half-doll>4  ,,scor+4 ,all
 six co9s mu/ be correctly nam$4 ,if a  
response is *ang$ ! rule is to c\nt !   
second answ] & ignore ! fir/4  ,,rem>ks4
 ,b9et us$ n9e pieces & requir$ k ( all 
at ye> ,x 7#aijh71 b at ye> ,,ix 9 !    
#aiaa revision4 ,mo/ o!r work]s h us$ ! 
same me?od1 ) ! te/ locat$ 9 ei!r ye>   
,,ix or ye> ,x4   ,,viii1 ,,alt]native  
,,te/ #b3 ,,writ+ ,,f ,,dictation       
,,proc$ure4 ,give ! *ild p51 ink1 &     
pap]1 place him 9 a com=table position =
 writ+1 & say3 ,i want y to write some?+
 = me z nicely z y c4 ,write ^! words3  
',see ! little boy4' ,be sure to write x
 all3 ',see ! little boy4'  ,d n dictate
 ! words sep>ately1 b give ! s5t5ce z a 
:ole4 ,fur!r repetition ( ! s5t5ce is n 
p]missible1 z ability to rememb] :at has
 be5 dictat$ is a "p ( ! te/4 ,copy1 (  
c\rse1 mu/ n be %[n4  ,,scor+4 ,pass$ if
 ! s5t5ce is writt5 legibly en\gh to be 
easily recogniz$1 & if no ^w has be5    
omitt$4 ,ord9>y mi/akes ( spell+ are    

disreg>d$4 ,! rule is t ! mi/ake 9      
spell+ mu/ n mutilate ! ^w beyond easy  
recognition4 ,! p]=mance may be grad$ by
 ! use ( ,?orndike's h&writ+ scale4 ,!  
h&writ+ ( #h-ye>-old *ildr5 :o h be5 9  
s*ool n less ?an "o ye> or m ?an two    
usually falls betwe5 quality #g &       
quality #i on ?is scale1 b we %all1     
p]haps1 n be too lib]al if we consid] a 
p]=mance satisfactory :i* does n grade  
bel[ quality #f1 provid$ x is n s]i\sly 
mutilat$ by errors1 omissions1 etc4#fb  
#fb ,see scor+ c>d = samples (          
satisfactory & unsatisfactory p]=mances4
  ,,rem>ks4 ,?is te/ f\nd a place 9 ye> 
,,viii ( ,b9et's #aijh scale1 b has be5 
omitt$ f all ! o!r revisions1 includ+   
,b9et's own4 ,bob]tag did n ev5 reg>d ! 
te/ z wor?y ( a trial4 ,! univ]sal      
criticism has be5 t x is a te/ ( s*ool+ 
r ?an ( intellig5ce4 ,t ! p]=mance      
dep5ds1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ^u special      
in/ruction is self-evid5t4 ,)\t su*     
in/ruction no *ild ( #h ye>s1 h[ev]     
intellig5t1 w\ld be able to pass ! te/4 

,nature does n give u a conv5tionaliz$  
language1 ei!r writt5 or spok54 ,x mu/  
be acquir$4 ,x is also true t a         
high-grade feeble-m9d$ *ild1 say #h ye>s
 ( age & ( #f-ye> intellig5ce1 is       
sometimes 7?\gh n always7 able to pass !
 te/ aft] two ye>s ( s*ool in/ruction4  
,x is exce$+ly improbable1 h[ev]1 t a   
feeble-m9d$ subject ) less ?an #f-ye>   
intellig5ce w ev] be able to pass ?is   
te/1 h[ev] long he rema9s 9 s*ool4  ,!  
conclusions to be drawn f ^! facts are z
 foll[s3 7#a7 ,inability to pass ! te/  
%\ld n be c\nt$ aga9/ ! *ild unless x is
 kn[n t he has _h at lea/ a full ye> ( !
 usual s*ool in/ruction4 7#b7 ,ability  
to pass ! te/ aft] only two ye>s ( s*ool
 in/ruction is almo/ c]ta9 pro( t ! *ild
 has rea*$ a m5tal level ( at lea/ #f   
ye>s4 7#c7 ,failure to pass ! te/ mu/ be
 reg>d$ z a grave symptom 9 ! case ( !  
*ild #i or m ye>s ( age :o is kn[n to h 
att5d$ s*ool z mu* z two ye>s4 7#d7 ,=  
m5tal levels high] ?an #h ye>s ! te/ has
 h>dly any diagno/ic value1 s9ce        

feeble-m9d$ p]sons ( #h- or #i-ye>      
intellig5ce c usually be taught to write
 q legibly4  ,if ! limitations above set
 =? are kept 9 m9d1 ! te/ is by no means
 )\t value1 & is always wor? giv+ z a   
supplem5t>y te/4 ,le>n+ to write simple 
s5t5ces f dictation is no mean          
accompli%m5t4 ,x dem&s1 9 ! fir/ place1 
a fairly complete ma/]y ( r difficult   
muscul> cord9ations4 ,moreov]1 ^!       
cord9ations mu/ be firmly associat$ ) ! 
correspond+ lett]s & words1 = if ! writ+
 cord9ations are n fairly automatic1 s  
mu* att5tion w be requir$ to c>ry !m out
 t ! *ild w n be able to rememb] :at he 
has be5 told to write4 ,! necessity (   
rememb]+ ! passage acts z a di/raction1 
& writ+ f dictation is !re=e a m        
difficult task ?an writ+ f copy4        
,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye>   
,,ix   ,,ix1 #a4 ,,giv+ ,,! ,,date      
,,proc$ure4 ,ask ! foll[+ que/ions 9    
ord]3--    7a7 ,:at day ( ! week is x   
to-day8   7b7 ,:at mon? is x8   7c7 ,:at
 day ( ! mon? is x8   7d7 ,:at ye> is x8

  ,if ! *ild misund]/&s & gives ! day ( 
! mon? = ! day ( ! week1 or vice v]sa1  
we m]ely repeat ! "q ) suitable         
emphasis1 b give no o!r help4  ,,scor+4 
,an error ( ?ree days 9 ei!r direction  
is all[$ = c1 b a1 b1 & d mu/ all be    
giv5 correctly4 ,if ! *ild makes an     
error & spontane\sly corrects x1 ! *ange
 is all[$1 b corrections mu/ n be call$ 
= or sugge/$4  ,,rem>ks4 ,b9et orig9ally
 locat$ ?is te/ 9 ye> ,,ix1 b           
un=tunately mov$ x to ye> ,,viii 9 !    
#aiaa revision4 ,kuhlmann1 ,godd>d1 &   
,huey all reta9 x 9 ye> ,,ix1 :]e1      
accord+ to our own data1 x unque/ionably
 belongs4 ,) ! exception ( ,b9et's #aiaa
 results1 ! /ati/ics = ! te/ are 9      
rem>kably close agreem5t = *ildr5 9     
,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,ea/]n &    
,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x seems t        
practically all *ildr5 9 civiliz$       
c\ntries h ample opportunity to le>n !  
divisions ( ! ye>1 mon?1 & week1 & to   
become ori5t$ ) respect to ^! divisions4
 ,special in/ruction is d\btless capable

 ( ha/5+ "t ori5tation to a c]ta9       
degree1 b n greatly4 ,b9et tells ( a    
,fr5* cole mat]nelle att5d$ by *ildr5 #d
 to #f ye>s ( age1 :]e in/ruction 0 giv5
 daily 9 reg>d to ! date1 & yet n a s+le
 "o ( ! *ildr5 0 able to pass ?is te/4  
,?is is a beautiful illu/ration ( !     
futility ( precoci\s tea*+4 ,9 spite (  
well-meant in/ruction1 x is n until !   
age ( #h or #i ye>s t *ildr5 h en\gh    
compreh5sion ( "t p]iods1 & suffici5t   
int]e/ 9 !m1 to keep v close track ( !  
date4 ,failure to pass ! te/ at ! age ( 
#aj or #aa ye>s is a decid$ly           
unfavorable sign1 unless ! error is v   
slight4  ,! fact t normal adults are    
occasionally unable to give ! day ( !   
mon? is no argum5t aga9/ ! validity ( ! 
te/1 s9ce ! sy/em ( te/s is s con/ruct$ 
z to all[ = accid5tal failures on any   
p>ticul> te/4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 v ne>ly
 #ajj p] c5t ( normal #ab-ye>-old *ildr5
 pass ?is te/4  ,! unavoidable fault ( !
 te/ is its lack ( uni=mity 9 difficulty
 at diff]5t dates4 ,x is easi] = s*ool  

*ildr5 to give ! day ( ! week on ,monday
 or ,friday ?an on ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 
or ,?ursday4 ,mi/akes 9 giv+ ! day ( !  
mon? are less likely to occur at !      
beg9n+ or end ( ! mon? ?an at any o!r   
"t1 :ile mi/akes 9 nam+ ! mon? are mo/  
likely to occur !n4  ,x is int]e/+ to   
comp>e ! f\r p>ts ( ?is te/ 9 reg>d to  
difficulty4 ,b9et & ,bob]tag bo? /ate t 
ability to "n ! ye> comes la/1 b !y give
 no figures4 ,our own data %[ t ! f\r   
p>ts ( ! te/ are ( almo/ exactly ! same 
difficulty & t ?is is true at all ages4 
,,ix1 #b4 ,,arrang+ ,,five ,,weights    
,use ! five weights1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 & 
#ae grams4 ,be sure t ! weights are     
id5tical 9 appe>ance4 ,! weights may be 
made z describ$ "u ,v1 #a1 or !y may be 
pur*as$ ( ,c4 ,h4 ,/oelt+  ,co41        
,*icago1 ,ill9ois4 ,if no weights are at
 h& "o ( ! alt]native te/s may be       
sub/itut$4  ,,proc$ure4 ,place ! five   
boxes on ! table 9 an irregul> gr\p be=e
 ! *ild & say3 ,see ! boxes4 ,!y all    
look alike1 don't !y8 ,b !y are n alike4

 ,"s ( !m are heavy1 "s are n q s heavy1
 & "s are /ill light]4 ,no two weigh !  
same4 ,n[1 ,i want y to f9d ! heavie/ "o
 & place x "h4 ,!n f9d ! "o t is j a    
little light] & put x "h4 ,!n put ! next
 light] "o "h1 & ! next light] "o "h1 & 
! lighte/ ( all at ?is end 7po9t+ ea* "t
 at ! appropriate spot74 ,d y und]/&8   
,:atev] ! *ild answ]s1 9 ord] to make   
sure t he does und]/&1 we repeat !      
in/ructions ?us3 ,rememb] n[1 t no two  
weights are ! same4 ,f9d ! heavie/ "o & 
put x "h1 ! next heavie/ "h1 & light]1  
light]1 until y h ! v lighte/ "h4       
,ready2 g ahead4  ,x is be/ to foll[ v  
closely ! =mula "h giv51 o!rwise !re is 
dang] ( /at+ ! directions s ab/ractly t 
! subject c\ld n compreh5d !m4 ,a =mula 
l ,i want y to arrange ! blocks 9 a     
gradually decreas+ s]ies accord+ to     
weight w\ld be ,greek to mo/ *ildr5 (   
#aj ye>s4  ,if ! subject /ill seems at a
 loss to "k :at to d1 ! in/ructions may 
be aga9 repeat$4 ,b no fur!r help ( any 
k9d may be giv54 ,d n tell ! subject to 

take ! blocks "o at a "t 9 ! h& & try   
!m1 & d n illu/rate by heft+ ! blocks   
y\rself4 ,x is a "p ( ! te/ to let !    
subject f9d 8 own me?od4  ,give ?ree    
trials1 %uffl+ ! boxes aft] ea*4 ,d n   
repeat ! in/ructions be=e ! second &    
?ird trials unless ! subject has us$ an 
absurd proc$ure 9 ! previ\s trial4      
,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if ! blocks are
 arrang$ 9 ! correct ord] twice out (   
?ree trials4 ,always record ! ord] (    
arrangem5t & note ! numb] & ext5t (     
displacem5t4 ,obvi\sly an arrangem5t l  
#ab-f-ae-c-i is v mu* m s]i\s ?an "o l  
#ae-ab-f-i-c1 b we require t two trials 
be absolutely )\t error4  ,scor+ is     
facilitat$ if ! blocks are m>k$ on !    
bottom s t !y may be easily id5tifi$4 ,x
 is !n necess>y to ex]cise "s c>e to see
 t ! subject does n exam9e ! bottom ( ! 
blocks = a clue z to ! correct ord]4    
,,rem>ks4 ,b9et orig9ally locat$ ?is te/
 9 ye> ,,ix1 b 9 8 #aiaa revision *ang$ 
x to ye> ,,viii4 ,o!r revisions h reta9$
 x 9 ye> ,,ix4 ,! correct location      

dep5ds ^u ! weights us$ & ^u ! proc$ure 
& scor+4 ,kuhlmann uses weights ( #c1   
#i1 #ah1 #bg1 #cf1 & #de grams1 & ?is   
probably makes ! te/ easi]4 ,bob]tag    
tri$ two sets ( boxes1 "o set be+ ( l>g]
 dim5sions ?an ! o!r4 ,! l>g] gave      
decid$ly ! m errors4 ,if we require only
 "o success 9 ?ree trials ! te/ c\ld be 
locat$ a ye> or two l[] 9 ! scale1 :ile 
?ree successes z a /&>d w\ld require t x
 be mov$ upw>d possibly z mu* z two     
ye>s4  ,mu* dep5ds also on :e!r ! *ild  
is left to f9d 8 own me?od1 & on ?is !re
 has be5 mu* diff]5ce ( proc$ure4       
,kuhlmann1 ,bob]tag1 & ,wall9 illu/rate 
! correct me?od ( mak+ ! comp>ison by   
fir/ heft+ & arrang+ ! weights :ile !   
subject looks on4 ,we pref] to keep !   
te/ 9 its orig9al =m1 & ) ! proc$ure &  
scor+ we h us$ x is well locat$ 9 ye>   
,,ix4  ,wall9 c>ries 8 assi/ance /ill   
fur!r by say+1 aft] ! fir/ block has be5
 plac$1 ,n[1 f9d ! heavie/ ( ! f\r1 &   
aft] ! second has be5 plac$1 ,n[1 f9d ! 
heavie/ ( ! ?ree1 etc4 ,f9ally1 :5 !    

arrangem5t has be5 made1 he tells !     
subject to try !m aga9 to make sure !   
ord] is correct1 all[+ ! subject to make
 :atev] *anges he ?9ks necess>y4 ,?is   
proc$ure robs ! te/ ( its mo/ valuable  
features4 ,! exp]im5t 0 n devis$        
prim>ily z a te/ ( s5sory discrim9ation1
 = x has long be5 recogniz$ t           
individuals :o h develop$ z f> z ! #i-  
or #aj-ye> level ( intellig5ce are      
ord9>ily b little bel[ normal 9 s5sory  
capacity4  ,psy*ologically1 ! te/       
resembles t ( comp>+ weights 9 ,v1 #a4  
,success dep5ds1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^u !   
correct compreh5sion ( ! task & ! sett+ 
( a goal to be atta9$2 secondly1 ^u !   
*oice ( a suitable me?od = realiz+ !    
goal2 & f9ally1 ^u ! ability to keep !  
end cle>ly 9 consci\sness until all !   
/eps necess>y = its atta9m5t h be5 gone 
?r\gh4 ,elem5t>y z are ! processes      
involv$1 !y repres5t ! prototype ( all  
purposeful behavior4 ,! /atesman1 !     
lawy]1 ! tea*]1 ! physician1 ! c>p5t]1  
all 9 _! own way & ) _! own mat]ials1   

are cont9ually engag$ 9 sett+ goals1    
*oos+ means1 & inhibit+ ! multitud9\s   
appeals ( irrelevant & di/ract+ ideas4  
,9 ?is exp]im5t ! subject may fail 9 any
 "o ( ! ?ree requirem5ts ( ! te/ or 9   
all ( !m4 7#a7 ,he may n compreh5d !    
in/ructions & s be unable to set ! goal4
 7#b7 ,?\gh und]/&+ :at is expect$ (    
him1 he may adopt an absurd me?od (     
c>ry+ out ! task4 ,or 7#c7 he may lose  
sight ( ! end & beg9 to play ) ! blocks1
 /ack+ !m on top ( "o ano!r1 build+     
tra9s1 toss+ !m ab\t1 etc4 ,sometimes ! 
guid+ idea is n completely lo/1 b is    
weak5$ or r5d]$ only p>tially op]ative4 
,9 su* a case ! subject may comp>e "s ( 
! blocks c>efully1 place o!rs )\t try+  
!m at all1 b cont9ue 9 8 half-rational1 
half-irrational proc$ure until all !    
blocks h be5 arrang$4  ,x is ess5tial1  
!re=e1 to supplem5t ! m]e record (      
success or failure by jott+ d[n a brief 
b accurate description ( ! p]=mance4    
,note any hesitation or inability to    
grasp ! in/ructions4 ,note especially   

any absurd proc$ure1 su* z plac+ all !  
blocks )\t heft+ any ( !m1 comp>+ only  
"s ( !m1 hold+ !m up & %ak+ !m1 heft+   
two at once 9 ! same h&1 etc4 ,! ideal  
me?od1 ( c\rse1 is to try all ! blocks  
c>efully be=e plac+ any ( !m1 !n to make
 a t5tative arrangem5t1 & f9ally1 to    
correct ?is t5tative arrangem5t by means
 ( individual comp>isons4 ,a slight     
dep>ture f ?is me?od does n always br+  
failure1 b x r5d]s success less         
probable4 ,z a rule x is only ! v       
intellig5t *ildr5 ( #aj ye>s :o ?9k to  
te/ out _! fir/ arrangem5t by mak+ a    
f9al & additional trial ( ea* block 9   
turn4 ,contr>y to :at might be suppos$1 
success is slightly favor$ by heft+ !   
blocks successively ) "o h& r ?an by    
tak+ "o 9 ea* h& = simultane\s          
comp>ison1 b z ! *ild _c be expect$ to  
"k ?is1 we mu/ reg>d ! two me?ods z     
equally logical4  ,! te/ ( arrang+      
weights has met univ]sal praise4 ,its   
special advantage is t x te/s !         
subject's intellig5ce 9 ! manipulation (

 ?+s r ?an 8 capacity = deal+ )         
ab/ractions4 ,x te/s 8 ability to d     
some?+ r ?an 8 ability to express       
himself 9 language4 ,x ?r[s light ^u    
c]ta9 factors ( motor adaptation &      
practical judgm5t :i* play a great "p 9 
! ev]yday life ( ! av]age human be+4 ,x 
dep5ds z little ^u s*ool1 p]haps1 z any 
o!r te/ ( ! scale1 & x is readily usable
 ) *ildr5 ( all nations )\t dang] ( be+ 
mat]ially alt]$ 9 translation ,moreov]1 
x is always an int]e/+ te/ = ! *ild4    
,bob]tag goes s f> z to say t any #h- or
 #i-ye> *ild :o passes ?is te/ _c       
possibly be feeble-m9d$4 ,?is may be    
true2 b ! conv]se is h>dly ! case2 t is1
 ! failure ( old] *ildr5 is by no means 
c]ta9 pro( ( m5tal ret>dation4 ,! same  
obs]vation1 h[ev]1 applies equally well 
to _m o!r ( ! ,b9et te/s1 "s ( :i*      
correlate m closely ) true m5tal age ?an
 ?is "o4 ,a r consid]able fraction (    
normal #ab-ye>-olds fail on x1 & x is 9 
fact some:at less dep5dable ?an c]ta9   
o!r te/s if we wi% to diff]5tiate betwe5

 #i-ye> & #aa-ye> intellig5ce4 ,b x is a
 te/ we c\ld ill af=d to elim9ate4#fc   
#fc ,comp>e ) ,v1 #a4   ,,ix1 #c4 ,,mak+
 ,,*ange  ,,proc$ure4 ,ask ! foll[+     
que/ions 9 ! ord] "h giv53--    7a7 ,if 
,i 7 to buy #d c5ts wor? ( c&y & %\ld   
give       ! /orekeep] #aj c5ts1 h[ mu* 
money w\ld ,i get back8   7b7 ,if ,i    
b\ght #ac c5ts wor? & gave ! /orekeep]  
#ae c5ts1 h[ mu* w\ld ,i get back8   7c7
 ,if ,i b\ght #d c5ts wor? & gave !     
/orekeep]       #be c5ts1 h[ mu* w\ld ,i
 get back8  ,co9s are n us$1 & ! subject
 is n all[$ ! help ( p5cil & pap]4 ,if !
 subject =gets ! /atem5t ( ! problem1 x 
is p]missible to repeat x once1 b only  
once4 ,! response %\ld be made 9 t5 or  
fifte5 seconds = ea* problem4  ,,scor+1 
,! te/ is pass$ if two out ( ?ree       
problems are answ]$ correctly 9 !       
allott$ "t4 ,9 case two answ]s are giv5 
to a problem1 we foll[ ! usual rule (   
c\nt+ ! second & ignor+ ! fir/4         
,,rem>ks4 ,problems ( ?is nature1 :5    
?or\ghly /&>diz$1 are extremely valuable

 z te/s ( intellig5ce4 ,! difficulty ( !
 te/1 z we h us$ x1 does n lie 9 !      
subtraction ( #d f #aj1 #ab f #ae1 etc4 
,su* subtractions1 :5 giv5 z problems 9 
subtraction1 are readily solv$ by       
practically all normal #h-ye>-olds :o h 
att5d$ s*ool z mu* z two ye>s4 ,!       
problems ( ! te/ h a tw(old difficulty3 
7#a7 ,! /atem5t ( ! problem mu/ be      
compreh5d$ & held 9 m9d until ! solution
 has be5 arriv$ at2 7#b7 ! problem is s 
/at$ t ! subject mu/ himself select !   
fundam5tal op]ation :i* applies4 ,!     
latt] difficulty is some:at ! great] ( !
 two1 addition sometimes be+ employ$    
in/ead ( subtraction4  ,x is j su*      
difficulties z ?is t prove s p]plex+ to 
! feeble-m9d$4 ,high-grade defectives1  
al?\gh !y require m ?an ! usual am\nt ( 
drill & are likely to make occasional   
errors1 are nev]!less capable ( le>n+ to
 add1 subtract1 multiply1 & divide      
fairly well4 ,_! ma9 tr\ble comes 9     
decid+ :i* ( ^! op]ations a giv5 problem
 calls =4 ,!y c ma/] r\t9e1 b z reg>ds  

initiative1 judgm5t1 & p[] to reason !y 
are little educable4 ,! psy*ology &     
p$agogy ( m5tal defici5cy is epitomiz$ 9
 ?is /atem5t4  ,!re has be5 little      
disagreem5t z to ! prop] location ( !   
te/ ( mak+ *ange1 b v>i\s proc$ures h   
be5 employ$4 ,co9s h g5]ally be5        
employ$1 9 :i* case ! subject is        
actually all[$ to make ! *ange4 ,mo/ o!r
 revisions h also giv5 only a s+le      
problem1 usually #d c5ts out ( #bj c5ts1
 or #d out ( #be1 or #i out ( #be4 ,x is
 evid5t t ^! are n all ( equal          
difficulty4 ,!re is g5]al agreem5t1     
h[ev]1 t normal *ildr5 ( #i ye>s %\ld be
 able to make simple *ange4   ,,ix1 #d4 
,,repeat+ ,,f\r ,,digits ,,rev]s$  ,!   
s]ies are #f-e-b-h2 #d-i-c-g2 #c-f-b-i4 
,,proc$ure ,,& ,,scor+4 ,exactly z 9    
,,vii1 alt]nate te/ #b4fd  #fd ,see     
discussion1 p4 #bjg ff4   ,,ix1 #e4     
,,us+ ,,?ree ,,words ,,9 ,a ,,s5t5ce    
,,proc$ure ,! words us$ are3--    7a7   
,boy1 ball1 riv]4   7b7 ,"w1 money1 m54 
7c7 ,des]t1 riv]s1 lakes4  ,say3 ,y "k  

:at a s5t5ce is1 ( c\rse4 ,a s5t5ce is  
made up ( "s words :i* say some?+4 ,n[1 
,i am go+ to give y ?ree words1 & y mu/ 
make up a s5t5ce t has all ?ree words 9 
x4 ,! ?ree words are 'boy1' 'ball1'     
'riv]4' ,g ahead & make up a s5t5ce t   
has all ?ree words 9 x4 ,! o!rs are giv5
 9 ! same way4  ,note t ! subject is n  
%[n ! ?ree words writt5 d[n1 & t ! reply
 is to be giv5 orally4  ,if ! subject   
does n und]/& :at is want$1 ! in/ruction
 may be repeat$1 b x is n p]missible to 
illu/rate :at a s5t5ce is by giv+ "o4   
,!re mu/ be no prelim9>y practice4  ,a  
curi\s misund]/&+ :i* is sometimes      
enc\nt]$ comes f assum+ t ! s5t5ce mu/  
be con/ruct$ entirely ( ! ?ree words    
giv54 ,if x appe>s t ! subject is /umbl+
 ov] ?is difficulty1 we expla93 ,! ?ree 
words mu/ be put ) "s o!r words s t all 
( !m toge!r w make a s5t5ce4  ,no?+ is  
said ab\t hurry+1 b if a s5t5ce is n    
giv5 )9 "o m9ute ! rule is to c\nt t "p 
( ! te/ a failure & to proce$ to ! next 
trio ( words4  ,give only "o trial = ea*

 "p ( ! te/4  ,d n specially caution !  
*ild to avoid giv+ m ?an "o s5t5ce1 z   
?is is impli$ 9 ! =mula us$ & %\ld be   
und]/ood4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if  
two ( ! ?ree s5t5ces are satisfactory4  
,9 ord] to be satisfactory a s5t5ce mu/ 
fulfill ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 7#a7 ,x   
mu/ ei!r be a simple s5t5ce1 or1 if     
comp\nd1 mu/ n conta9 m ?an two di/9ct  
ideas2 & 7#b7 x mu/ n express an        
absurdity4  ,slight *anges 9 "o or m ( !
 key words are disreg>d$1 z riv] =      
riv]s1 etc4  ,! scor+ is difficult en\gh
 to ju/ify r ext5sive illu/ration4  7a7 
,boy1 ball1 riv]      ,satisfactory4 ,an
 analysis ( #abh satisfactory responses 
gave     ! foll[+ classification3--     
7#a7 ,simple s5t5ce conta9+ a simple    
subject & a simple     pr$icate2 z3 ,!  
boy ?rew 8 ball into ! riv]4 ,! boy     
lo/ 8 ball 9 ! riv]4 ,! boy's ball fell 
into !     riv]4 ,! boy swam into ! riv]
 aft] 8 ball1 etc4 ,?is     gr\p conta9s
 #gf p] c5t ( ! correct responses4      
7#b7 ,a s5t5ce ) a simple subject & a   

comp\nd pr$icate2     z3 ,a boy w5t to !
 riv] & took 8 ball ) him4 ,ab\t     #h 
p] c5t ( all 7 ( ?is type4      7#c7 ,a 
complex s5t5ce conta9+ a relative clause
 7#b p] c5t     only72 z3 ,! boy ran    
aft] 8 ball :i* 0 roll+ t[>d     ! riv]4
      7#d7 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce conta9+ two
 indep5d5t clauses     7ab\t #ad p]     
c5t72 z3 ,! boy _h a ball & he lo/ x 9  
! riv]4      ,unsatisfactory4 ,!        
failures fall into f\r *ief gr\ps3--    
7#a7 ,s5t5ces ) ?ree clauses 7or else   
?ree sep>ate     s5t5ces74      7#b7    
,s5t5ces conta9+ an absurdity4      7#c7
 ,s5t5ces :i* omit "o ( ! key words4    
7#d7 ,sil5ce1 due ord9>ily to inability 
to compreh5d ! task4      ,gr\p #a      
includes #gh p] c5t ( ! failures2 gr\p  
#b1 ab\t     #ab p] c5t2 & gr\p #c & #d 
ab\t #e p] c5t ea*4 ,samples (     gr\p 
#a are3 ,!re 0 a boy1 & he b\ght a ball1
 & x fell     into ! riv]4 ,i saw a boy1
 & he _h a ball1 & he 0     play+ by !  
riv]4 ,illu/ration ( an absurd s5t5ce1  
,!     boy 0 swimm+ 9 ! riv] & he 0     

play+ ball4  7b7 ,"w1 money1 m5         
,satisfactory3--      7#a7 ,s5t5ce ) a  
simple subject & simple pr$icate        
7includ+ #ge p] c5t ( #aaf satisfactory 
responses72 z3 ,m5     "w = _! money4   
,m5 get money = _! "w1 etc4      7#b7 ,a
 complex s5t5ce ) a relative clause 7#ab
 p] c5t (     correct answ]s72 z3 ,m5 :o
 "w e>n mu* money4 ,x is     easy = m5  
to e>n money if !y are will+ to "w1 etc4
      7#c7 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce ) two      
indep5d5t1 cord9ate clauses     7#ac p] 
c5t72 z3 ,m5 "w & !y e>n money4 ,"s m5  
h money & !y d n "w4                    
,unsatisfactory3--      7#a7 ,?ree      
clauses2 z3 ,i "k a man & he has money1 
& he     works at ! /ore4      7#b7     
,s5t5ces :i* are absurd or mean+less2 z3
 ,m5 "w     ) _! money4      7#c7       
,omission ( "o ( ! words4      7#d7     
,inability to respond4  7c7 ,des]t1     
riv]s1 lakes      ,satisfactory3--      
7#a7 ,s5t5ces ) a simple subject & a    
simple pr$icate     7includ+ #hd p] c5t 
( #abf correct answ]s72 z3 ,!re are     

no riv]s or lakes 9 ! des]t4 ,! des]t   
has "o riv] &     "o lake1 etc4         
7#b7 ,a complex s5t5ce ) a relative     
clause 7only #b p] c5t72     z3 ,9 !    
des]t !re 0 a riv] :i* fl[$ into a lake4
      7#c7 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce ) two      
indep5d5t1 cord9ate clauses     7#aa p] 
c5t72 z3 ,we w5t to ! des]t1 & x _h no  
riv]s     or lakes4      7#d7 ,a        
comp\nd1 complex s5t5ce 7#c p] c5t (    
all72 z3 ,!re     0 a des]t1 & ne> by   
!re 0 a riv] t empti$ into a     lake4  
,unsatisfactory3--      7#a7 ,s5t5ces ) 
?ree clauses 7#dj p] c5t ( all          
failures72     z3 ,a des]t is dry1 riv]s
 are long1 lakes are r\gh4      7#b7    
,s5t5ces conta9+ an absurdity 7#ab p]   
c5t ( !     failures73 z3 a des]t is    
dry1 riv]s are long1 lakes are     fill$
 ) swimm+ boys4 ,! lake w5t ?r\gh !     
des]t     & ! riv]4 ,!re 0 a des]t &    
riv]s & lakes 9 !     =e/4 ,! des]t is  
full ( riv]s & lakes4      7#c7         
,omission ( "o ( ! words 7#dj p] c5t ( !
 failures74      7#d7 ,inability to     

respond 7#h p] c5t74  ,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ (
 con/ruct+ a s5t5ce conta9+ giv5 words 0
 fir/ us$ by ,masselon & is kn[n z !    
,masselon exp]im5t4 ,meumann1 :o us$ x 9
 a r ext5d$ exp]im5t1#fe f9ds x a good  
te/ ( intellig5ce & a reliable index z  
to ! ri*ness1 def9it5ess1 & maturity ( !
 associative processes4 ,z ,meumann %[s1
 x is in/ructive to /udy ! qualitative  
diff]5ces betwe5 ! responses ( bright & 
dull *ildr51 ap>t f que/ions ( s5t5ce   
/ructure4 ,^! diff]5ces are especially  
disc]nible 9 7a7 ! logical qualities ( !
 associations1 & 7b7 ! def9it5ess (     
/atem5t4 ,z reg>ds 7a71 bright *ildr5   
are mu* m likely to use ! giv5 words z  
key/ones 9 ! con/ruction ( a s5t5ce :i* 
w\ld be logically sugge/$ by !m4 ,=     
example1 donkey1 bl[s1 sugge/ "s su*    
s5t5ce z1 ,! donkey receives bl[s       
because he is lazy4 ,9 l mann] we h f\nd
 t ! words "w1 money1 m5 usually sugge/ 
to ! m intellig5t *ildr5 a s5t5ce l ,m5 
"w = _! money 7or because !y ne$ money1 
etc471 :ile ! dull *ild is m likely to  

give "s su* s5t5ce z ,! m5 h "w & !y    
don't h mu* money4 ,t is1 ! s5t5ce ( !  
dull *ild1 ev5 ?\gh correct 9 /ructure &
 free en\gh f outright absurdity to     
satisfy ! /&>d ( scor+ :i* we h set =?1 
is likely to express ideas :i* are m or 
less nondescript1 ideas n logically     
sugge/$ by ! set ( words giv54  #fe     
,ueb] e9e neue ,me?ode d]               
,intellig5zprfung und b] d5 ,w]t d]     
,komb9ationsme?od51 9 ,zeits*rift fr    
,pdagogis*e ,psy*ologie und             
,exp]im5telle ,pdagogik 7#aiab71 pp4    
#ade-fc4  ,! exp]im5t is "o ( ! _m =ms (
 ! completion te/1 or ! comb9ation      
me?od4 ,z we h already not$1 ! p[] to   
comb9e m or less sep>ate & isolat$      
elem5ts into a logical :ole is "o ( !   
mo/ ess5tial features ( intellig5ce4 ,! 
ability to d s 9 a giv5 case dep5ds1 9 !
 fir/ place1 ^u ! numb] & logical       
quality ( ! associations :i* h previ\sly
 be5 made ) ea* ( ! giv5 elem5ts        
sep>ately1 & 9 ! second place1 ^u !     
read9ess ) :i* ^! ideational /ores yield

 up ! p>ticul> associations necess>y =  
weav+ ! giv5 words into "s k9d ( unity4 
,! *ild mu/ pass f :at is giv5 to :at is
 n giv5 b m]ely sugge/$4 ,?is requires a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( inv5tion4 ,scatt]$       
fragm5ts mu/ be conceiv$ z ! skeleton ( 
a ?\ght1 & ?is skeleton1 or p>tial      
skeleton1 mu/ be assembl$ & made :ole4  
,! task is analog\s to t :i* confronts !
 palontologi/1 :o is able to recon/ruct1
 ) a high degree ( c]ta9ty1 ! entire    
skeleton ( an ext9ct animal f ! evid5ce 
furni%$ by ?ree or f\r fragm5ts ( bones4
 ,x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t subjects ^:   
ideational /ores are scanty1 & ^:       
associations are bas$ ^u accid5tal r ?an
 logical connections1 f9d ! te/ "o (    
peculi> difficulty4 ,inv5tion ?rives 9 a
 diff]5t soil4  ,b9et locat$ ?is te/ 9  
ye> ,x4 ,godd>d & ,kuhlmann assign x !  
same location1 ?\gh _! actual /ati/ics  
agree closely ) our own4 ,our proc$ure  
makes ! te/ some:at easi] ?an t ( ,b9et1
 :o gave only "o trial & us$ ! some:at m
 difficult words ,p>is1 riv]1 =tune4    

,o!rs h g5]ally foll[$ ! ,b9et proc$ure1
 m]ely sub/itut+ = ,p>is ! "n ( a city  
bett] kn[n to ! subject4 ,b9et's        
requirem5t ( a writt5 response also     
makes ! te/ h>d]4  ,p]haps ! greate/    
ob/acle to uni=mity 9 ! use ( ! te/     
comes f ! difficulty ( scor+1 p>ticul>ly
 9 decid+ :e!r ! s5t5ce conta9s en\gh   
absurdity to disqualify x1 & :e!r x     
expresses ?ree sep>ate ideas or only    
two4 ,x is hop$ t ! r l>ge v>iety (     
sample responses :i* we h giv5 w r$uce  
^! difficulties to a m9imum4  ,an       
additional ^w is necess>y 9 reg>d to :at
 con/itutes an absurdity 9 7b74 ,a      
s5t5ce l ,!re are "s riv]s & lakes 9 !  
des]t is n an absurdity 9 c]ta9 p>ts (  
,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,pr(essor      
,ordahl's te/s at ,r5o1 ,nevada1 _m     
*ildr5 ^: intellig5ce 0 altoge!r above  
suspicion gave ?is reply4 ,! /atem5t is1
 inde$1 p]fectly true = ! semi-arid     
region 9 ! vic9ity ( ,r5o kn[n z !      
des]t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* s5t5ces z ,!   
des]t is full ( riv]s & lakes1 or ,!re  

are =ty riv]s & lakes 9 ! des]t1 c h>dly
 be consid]$ satisfactory4 ,simil>      
difficulties are pres5t$ by 7c71 ?\gh n 
s frequ5tly4 ,m5 :o "w d n h money      
expresses1 un=tunately1 m tru? ?an      
nons5se4   ,,ix1 #f4 ,,f9d+ ,,rhymes    
,,proc$ure4 ,say to ! *ild3 ,y "k :at a 
rhyme is1 ( c\rse4 ,a rhyme is a ^w t   
s\nds l ano!r ^w4 ,two words rhyme if !y
 end 9 ! same s\nd4 ,und]/&8 ,:e!r !    
*ild says he und]/&s or n1 we proce$ to 
illu/rate :at a rhyme is1 z foll[s3     
,take ! two words 'hat' & 'cat4' ,!y    
s\nd alike & s !y make a rhyme4 ',hat1' 
'rat1' 'cat1' 'bat' all rhyme ) "o      
ano!r4  ,t is1 we fir/ expla9 :at a     
rhyme is & !n we give an illu/ration4 ,a
 l>ge majority ( ,am]ican *ildr5 :o h   
rea*$ ! age ( #i ye>s und]/& p]fectly   
:at a rhyme is1 )\t any illu/ration4 ,a 
few1 h[ev]1 ?9k !y und]/&1 b d n2 & 9   
ord] to insure t all are giv5 equal     
advantage x is necess>y nev] to omit !  
illu/ration4  ,aft] ! illu/ration say3  
,n[1 ,i am go+ to give y a ^w & y w h "o

 m9ute to f9d z _m words z y c t rhyme )
 x4 ,! ^w is 'day4' ,"n all ! words y c 
?9k ( t rhyme ) 'day4'  ,if ! *ild fails
 ) ! fir/ ^w1 be=e giv+ ! second we     
repeat ! explanation & give sample      
rhymes = day2 o!rwise we proce$ )\t     
fur!r explanation to mill & spr+1 say+1 
,n[1 y h ano!r m9ute to "n all ! words y
 c ?9k ( t rhyme ) 'mill1' etc4 ,ap>t f 
! m5tion ( "o m9ute say no?+ to sugge/  
hurry+1 z ?is t5ds to ?r[ "s *ildr5 into
 m5tal confusion4  ,,scor+4 ,pass$ if 9 
two out ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ! exp]im5t !    
*ild f9ds ?ree words :i* rhyme ) ! ^w   
giv51 ! "t limit = ea* s]ies be+ "o     
m9ute4 ,note t 9 ea* case !re mu/ be    
?ree words 9 addition to ! ^w giv54 ,^! 
mu/ be real words1 n mean+less syllables
 or made-up words4 ,h[ev]1 we %\ld be   
lib]al en\gh to accept su* words z d+ 7f
 d+-dong 7 = spr+1 ,jill 7see ,jack &   
,jill7 = mill1 ,fay 7girl's "n7 = day1  
etc4  ,,rem>ks4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x w\ld   
seem t ! dem&s made by ?is te/ ^u       
intellig5ce c\ld n be v great4 ,s\nd    

associations betwe5 words may be        
contra/$ unfavorably ) associations l ^?
 ( cause & effect1 "p to :ole1 :ole to  
"p1 opposites1 etc4 ,b :5 we pass f     
a-priori consid]ations to an exam9ation 
( ! actual data1 we f9d t ! giv+ (      
rhymes is closely correlat$ ) g5]al     
intellig5ce4  ,! #i-ye>-olds :o te/ at  
or above #aj ye>s ne>ly always d well 9 
f9d+ rhymes1 :ile #i-ye>-olds :o te/ z  
l[ z #h ye>s seldom pass4 ,:5 a te/ ?us 
%[s high correlation ) ! scale z a :ole1
 we mu/ ei!r accept ! te/ z valid or    
reject ! scale altoge!r4 ,:ile !        
feeble-m9d$ d n d z well 9 ?is te/ z    
normal *ildr5 ( correspond+ m5tal age1 !
 p]c5tage successes = !m rises rapidly  
betwe5 m5tal age #h & m5tal age #aj or  
#aa4  ,clos] psy*ological analysis ( !  
processes involv$ w %[ :y ?is is true4  
,to f9d rhymes = a giv5 ^w means t "o   
mu/ hunt out v]bal associations "u !    
direction ( a guid+ idea4 ,e ^w has     
innum]able associations & _m ( ^! t5d1 9
 great] or less degree1 to be ar\s$ :5 !

 /imulus ^w is giv54 ,9 ord] to succe$ )
 ! te/1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to inhibit 
all associations :i* are n relevant to !
 desir$ end4 ,! direct+ idea mu/ be held
 s firmly 9 m9d t x w really direct !   
?\ght associations4 ,besides act+ to    
inhibit ! irrelevant1 x mu/ create a    
sort ( magnetic /ress 7to borr[ a figure
 f physics7 :i* w give dom9ance to ^?   
associative t5d5cies po9t+ 9 ! "r       
direction4 ,ev5 ! feeble-m9d$ *ild (    
imbecile grade has 9 8 vocabul>y a great
 _m words :i* rhyme ) day1 mill1 & spr+4
 ,he fails on ! te/ because 8 v]bal     
associations _c be subjugat$ to !       
influ5ce ( a direct+ idea4 ,! end to be 
atta9$ does n dom9ate consci\sness      
suffici5tly to create m ?an a fa9t      
/ress4 ,in/ead ( a s+le magnetic pole   
!re is a conflict ( =ces4 ,! result is  
ei!r *aos or p>tial success4 ,mill may  
sugge/ hill1 & !n p]haps ! direct+ idea 
becomes sudd5ly inop]ative & ! *ild     
gives m\nta91 valley1 or "s o!r         
irrelevant association4 ,! lack (       

associations1 h[ev]1 is a m frequ5t     
cause ( failure ?an inability to inhibit
 ! irrelevant4  ,if any "o supposes t   
f9d+ rhymes does n draw ^u ! high] m5tal
 p[]s1 let him try ! exp]im5t ^u himself
 9 v>i\s /ages ( m5tal effici5cy1 say at
 #i ,a4,m41 :5 m5tally refre%$ by a good
 night ( sleep & aga9 :5 fatigu$ &      
sleepy4 ,poets que/ion$ by ,galton on   
?is po9t all te/ifi$ to ! great]        
difficulty ( f9d+ rhymes :5 m5tally     
fatigu$4 ,9 ?is & 9 _m o!r respects !   
m5tal activities ( ! fatigu$ or sleepy  
individual approa* ! type ( m5tation :i*
 is normal to ! feeble-m9d$4  ,x is     
important to note t adults make a less  
favorable %[+ 9 ?is te/ ?an normal      
*ildr5 ( correspond+ m5tal age1 ,mr4    
,knoll9's hoboes ( #ab-ye> intellig5ce  
do+ h>dly z well z s*ool *ildr5 (       
#aj-ye> intellig5ce4 ,^? :o are         
habitually employ$ 9 s*ool ex]cises     
probably acquire an adeptness 9 v]bal   
associations :i* is lat] gradually lo/ 9
 ! preoccupations ( real life4  ,!re has

 be5 m disagreem5t z to ! prop] location
 ( ?is te/ ?an ( any o!r te/ ( ! ,b9et  
scale4 ,b9et plac$ x 9 ye> ,,xii ( !    
#aijh scale1 b %ift$ x to ye> ,,xv 9    
#aiaa4 ,kuhlmann reta9s x 9 ye> ,,xii1  
:ile ,godd>d drops x d[n to ye> ,,xi4   
,h[ev]1 :5 we exam9e ! actual /ati/ics =
 normal *ildr5 we d n f9d v m>k$        
disagreem5t1 & su* disagreem5t z is     
pres5t c be l>gely acc\nt$ = by         
v>iations 9 proc$ure & by diff]+        
conclusions drawn f id5tical data4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 ,b9et gave b "o trial4 ,?is1
 ( c\rse1 makes ! te/ mu* h>d] ?an :5   
?ree trials are giv5 & only two         
successes are requir$4 ,to make "o trial
 equal 9 difficulty to ?ree trials we   
%\ld p]haps ne$ to dem& only two rhymes1
 in/ead ( ?ree1 9 ! "o trial4 ,9 !      
second place1 ! ^w us$ by ,b9et         
7obeissance7 is mu* h>d] ?an "o-syllable
 words l day1 mill1 & spr+4 ,f9ally1 !  
wide %ift ( ! te/ f ye> ,,xii to ye>    
,,xv 0 n ju/ifi$ by ! /ati/ics ( ,b9et  
himself1 & ! figures ( ,kuhlmann &      

,godd>d are really 9 exceptionally close
 agreem5t ) our own1 not)/&+ ! fact t   
,godd>d requir$ ?ree successes in/ead ( 
two4 ,9 f\r s]ies ( te/s1 consid]$      
toge!r1 we h f\nd #fb p] c5t pass+ at   
ye> ,,ix1 #ha p] c5t at ye> ,x1 #hc p]  
c5t at ye> ,,xi1 & #id p] c5t at ye>    
,,xii4   ,,ix1 ,,alt]native ,,te/ #a3   
,,nam+ ,,! ,,mon?s  ,,proc$ure4 ,simply 
ask ! subject to "n all ! mon?s ( ! ye>4
 ,d n />t him (f by nam+ "o mon?2 give  
no look ( approval or disapproval z !   
mon?s are be+ nam$1 & make no sugge/ions
 or comm5ts ( any k9d4  ,:5 ! mon?s h   
be5 nam$1 we *eck up ! p]=mance by ask+3
 ,:at mon? comes be=e ,april8 ,:at mon? 
comes be=e ,july8 ,:at mon? comes be=e  
,novemb]8  ,,scor+4 ,pass$ if ! mon?s   
are nam$ 9 ab\t fifte5 or tw5ty seconds 
) no m ?an "o error ( omission1         
repetition1 or displacem5t1 & if two out
 ( ! ?ree *eck que/ions are answ]$      
correctly4 ,disreg>d place ( beg9n+4    
,,rem>ks4 ,"s are incl9$ to consid] ?is 
te/ ( little value1 because ( its       

suppos$ dep5d5ce on accid5tal tra9+4 ,) 
?is op9ion we _c fully agree4 ,!        
argum5ts already giv5 9 favor ( !       
ret5tion ( nam+ ! days ( ! week 7ye>    
,,vii71 apply equally well 9 ! pres5t   
case4 ,x has be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t age1 ap>t
 f intellig5ce1 does h "s effect on !   
ability to "n ! mon?s4 ,defective adults
 ( #i-ye> intellig5ce d ab\t z well ) x 
z normal *ildr5 ( #aj-ye> intellig5ce4  
,! te/ appe>s 9 ye> ,x ( ,b9et's #aijh  
scale & 9 ye> ,,ix ( ! #aiaa revision4  
,godd>d places x correctly 9 ye> ,,ix1  
:ile ,kuhlmann & ,bob]tag h omitt$ x4   
,,ix1 ,,alt]native ,,te/ #b3 ,,c\nt+ ,,!
 ,,value ,,( ,,/amps  ,,proc$ure4 ,place
 be=e ! subject a c>dbo>d on :i* are    
pa/$ ?ree #a-;c5t & ?ree #b-;c5t /amps  
arrang$ z foll[s3 #aaabbb4 ,be sure to  
lay ! c>d s t ! /amps w be "r side up = 
! *ild4 ,say3 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 h[ mu* a  
/amp l ?is co/s 7po9t+ to a #a-;c5t     
/amp74 ,& y "k h[ mu* "o l ?is co/s     
7po9t+ to a #b-;c5t /amp74 ,n[1 h[ mu*  
money w\ld x take to buy all ^! /amps8  

,d n tell ! individual values ( ! /amps 
if ^! are n kn[n1 = x is a "p ( ! te/ to
 asc]ta9 :e!r ! *ild's spontane\s       
curiosity has l$ him to f9d out &       
rememb] _! values4 ,if ! individual     
values are kn[n1 b ! fir/ answ] is      
wrong1 a second trial may be giv54 ,9   
su* cases1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to be on
 gu>d aga9/ guess+4  ,if ! *ild m]ely   
names an incorrect sum )\t say+ any?+ to
 indicate h[ he arriv$ at 8 answ]1 x is 
well to tell him to figure x up al\d4   
,tell me h[ y got x4  ,,scor+4 ,pass$ if
 ! correct value is giv5 9 n ov] fifte5 
seconds4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! value ( ?is te/  
may be que/ion$ on two gr\nds3 7#a7 ,t x
 has an ambigu\s significance1 s9ce     
failure to pass x may result ei!r f     
incorrect addition or f lack ( k ( !    
individual values ( ! /amps2 7#b7 t     
famili>ity ) /amps & _! values is s mu* 
a matt] ( accid5t & special in/ruction t
 ! te/ is n fair4  ,bo? criticisms are 9
 a measure valid4 ,! fir/1 h[ev]1       
applies equally well to a great _m      

useful intellig5ce te/s4 ,9 fact1 x is  
only a m9ority 9 :i* success dep5ds on b
 "o factor4 ,! o!r criticism has less   
weight ?an w\ld at fir/ appe>4 ,:ile x  
is1 ( c\rse1 n impossible = an          
intellig5t *ild to arrive at ! age ( #i 
ye>s )\t hav+ _h reasonable opportunity 
to le>n ! co/ ( ! common po/age /amps1 !
 fact is t a l>ge majority h _h !       
opportunity & t mo/ ( ^? ( normal       
intellig5ce h tak5 advantage ( x4 ,x is 
necess>y once m to emphasize ! fact t 9 
its me?od ( locat+ a te/ ! ,b9et sy/em  
makes ample all[ance = accid5tal        
failures4  ,l ! te/s ( nam+ co9s1       
repeat+ ! names ( ! days ( ! week or !  
mon?s ( ! ye>1 giv+ ! date1 ty+ a       
b[-knot1 di/+ui%+ "r & left1 nam+ !     
colors1 etc41 ?is "o also ?r[s light on 
! *ild's spontane\s int]e/ 9 common     
objects4 ,x is ma9ly ! *ildr5 ( defici5t
 intellectual curiosity :o d n take !   
tr\ble to le>n ^! ?+s at some:]e ne> !  
expect$ age4  ,! te/ 0 locat$ 9 ye>     
,,viii ( ! ,b9et scale4 ,h[ev]1 ,b9et   

us$ co9s1 ?ree s+le & ?ree d\ble s\s4   
,s9ce we d n h ei!r a half-c5t or a     
#b-;c5t co91 x has be5 necess>y to      
sub/itute po/age /amps4 ,?is *anges !   
nature ( ! te/ & makes x mu* h>d]4 ,x   
becomes less a te/ ( ability to d a     
simple sum1 & m a te/ ( k z to ! value (
 ! /amps us$4 ,t ! te/ is easy en\gh =  
ye> ,,viii :5 x c be giv5 9 ! orig9al =m
 is indicat$ by all ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 &  
,engli% /ati/ics available1 b f\r       
sep>ate s]ies ( ,/an=d te/s agree 9 f9d+
 x too h>d = ye> ,,viii :5 /amps are    
sub/itut$ & ! te/ is c>ri$ out accord+  
to ! proc$ure describ$ above4           
,,*apt] ,,xvi  ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,ye>  
,x   ,x1 #a4 ,,vocabul>y 7,,?irty       
,,def9itions1 #edjj ,,words7  ,,proc$ure
 ,,& ,,scor+ ,,z ,,9 ,,viii1 #f4 ,at ye>
 ,x1 ?irty words %\ld be correctly      
def9$4   ,x1 #b4 ,,detect+ ,,absurdities
  ,,proc$ure4 ,say to ! *ild3 ,i am go+ 
to read a s5t5ce :i* has some?+ fooli% 9
 x1 "s nons5se4 ,i want y to li/5       
c>efully & tell me :at is fooli% ab\t x4

 ,!n read ! s5t5ces1 r sl[ly & 9 a      
matt]-(-fact voice1 say+ aft] ea*3 ,:at 
is fooli% ab\t t8 ,! s5t5ces us$ are !  
foll[+3--    7a7 ,a man said3 ',i "k a  
road f my h\se to ! city :i*       is   
d[nhill all ! way to ! city & d[nhill   
all ! way       back home4'   7b7 ,an   
eng9e] said t ! m c>s he _h on 8 tra9 ! 
fa/] he c\ld g4   7c7 ,ye/]day ! police 
f\nd ! body ( a girl cut into           
eighte5 pieces4 ,!y believe t %e kill$  
h]self4   7d7 ,!re 0 a railroad accid5t 
ye/]day1 b x 0 n v       s]i\s4 ,only   
=ty-eight p 7 kill$4   7e7 ,a bicycle   
rid]1 be+ ?r[n f 8 bicycle 9 an         
accid5t1 /ruck 8 head aga9/ a /one & 0  
in/antly       kill$4 ,!y pick$ him up &
 c>ri$ him to ! hospital1       & !y d n
 ?9k he w get well aga94  ,ea* %\ld     
ord9>ily be answ]$ )9 ?irty seconds4 ,if
 ! *ild is sil5t1 ! s5t5ce %\ld be      
repeat$2 b no o!r que/ions or sugge/ions
 ( any k9d are p]missible4 ,su* que/ions
 z ,c\ld ! road be d[nhill bo? ways8 or1
 ,d y ?9k ! girl c\ld h kill$ h]self8   

w\ld1 ( c\rse1 put ! answ] 9 ! *ild's   
m\?4 ,x is ev5 be/ to avoid laugh+ z !  
s5t5ce is read4  ,ow+ to ! *ild's limit$
 p[] ( expression x is n always easy to 
judge f ! answ] giv5 :e!r ! absurdity   
has really be5 detect$ or n4 ,9 su*     
cases ask him to expla9 himself1 us+ "s 
su* =mula z3 ,i am n sure ,i "k :at y   
mean4 ,expla9 :at y mean4 ,tell me :at  
is fooli% 9 ! s5t5ce ,i read4 ,?is      
usually br+s a reply ! correctness or   
incorrectness ( :i* is m app>5t1 :ile at
 ! same "t ! =mula is s g5]al t x af=ds 
no h9t z to ! correct answ]4 ,additional
 que/ions mu/ be us$ ) extreme caution4 
,,scor+4 ,pass$ if ! absurdity is       
detect$ 9 f\r out ( ! five /atem5ts4 ,! 
foll[+ are samples ( satisfactory &     
unsatisfactory answ]s3--  7a7 ,! road   
d[nhill      ,satisfactory4 ,if x 0     
d[nhill to ! city x w\ld be     uphill  
com+ back4 ,x c't be d[nhill bo?        
directions4     ,t c\ld n be4 ,t is     
fooli%4 7,expla947 ,because x     mu/ be
 uphill "o way or ! o!r4 ,t w\ld be a   

funny     road4 7,expla947 ,no road c be
 l t4 ,x c't be d[nhill     bo? ways4   
,unsatisfactory4 ,p]haps he took a      
little diff]5t road     com+ back4 ,i   
guess x is a v crook$ road4 ,com+ back  
he goes ar\nd ! hill4 ,! man lives d[n 9
 a valley4 ,!     road 0 made t way s x 
w\ld be easy4 ,j a road4 ,i     don't   
see any?+ fooli%4 ,he %\ld say1 'a road 
:i*     goes4'  7b7 ,:at ! eng9e] said  
,satisfactory4 ,if he has m c>s he w g  
sl[]4 ,x is     ! o!r way4 ,if he wants 
to g fa/] he mu/n't h s _m     c>s4 ,!  
man didn't mean :at he said1 or else x 0
 a slip     ( ! tongue4 ,t's ! way x    
w\ld be if he 0 go+     d[nhill4        
,fooli%1 because ! c>s don't help pull !
     tra94 ,he ought to say sl[]1 n     
fa/]4      ,unsatisfactory4 ,a long tra9
 is nic]4 ,! eng9e pulls     h>d] if !  
tra9 has lots ( c>s4 ,t's all "r4 ,i    
suppose he likes a big tra94 ,no?+      
fooli%2 :5 ,i w5t to     ! city ,i saw a
 tra9 t _h lots ( c>s & x 0 go+         
awfully fa/4 ,he %\ld h said1 '! fa/] ,i

 c run4'  7c7 ,! girl :o 0 ?\ght to h   
kill$ h]self      ,satisfactory4 ,%e    
c\ld n h cut h]self into eighte5        
pieces4 ,%e w\ld h be5 dead be=e t4 ,%e 
might h     cut two or ?ree pieces (f1 b
 %e c\ldn't d ! re/4     7,laugh+7      
,well1 %e may h kill$ h]self2 b if %e   
did     x's a sure ?+ t "s "o else came 
along aft] &     *opp$ h] up4 ,t        
policeman mu/ h be5 a fool4             
7,expla947 ,to ?9k t %e c\ld *op h]self 
into eighte5     pieces4                
,unsatisfactory4 ,?9k t %e kill$ h]self2
 !y "k     %e did4 ,!y c't be sure4 ,"s 
"o may h kill$ h]4     ,x 0 a fooli%    
girl to kill h]self4 ,h[ c !y tell :o   
kill$ h]8 ,no girl w\ld kill h]self     
unless %e 0 crazy4     ,x ought to read3
 ',!y ?9k t %e committ$ suicide4'  7d7  
,! railroad accid5t      ,satisfactory4 
,t 0 v s]i\s4 ,i %\ld l to "k     :at y 
w\ld call a s]i\s accid5t6 ,y c\ld say x
 0     n s]i\s if two or ?ree p 7 kill$1
 b     =ty-eight1--t is s]i\s4          
,unsatisfactory4 ,x 0 a fooli% mi/ake t 

made !     accid5t4 ,!y c\ldn't help x4 
,x 0 an accid5t4 ,x     might h be5     
worse4 ,no?+ fooli%2 x's j sad4  7e7 ,! 
bicycle rid]      ,satisfactory4 ,h[    
c\ld he get well aft] he 0 already      
kill$8 ,:y1 he's already dead4 ,no use  
to take a dead man to     ! hospital4   
,!y ought to h tak5 him to a grave-y>d6 
,unsatisfactory4 ,fooli% to fall (f ( a 
bicycle4 ,he %\ld     h kn[n h[ to ride4
 ,!y ought to h c>ri$ him home4         
7,:y87 ,s 8 folks c\ld get a doctor4 ,he
 %\ld h be5     m c>eful4 ,maybe !y c   
cure him if he isn't hurt v     bad4    
,!re's no?+ fooli% 9 t4  ,,rem>ks4 ,!   
detection ( absurdities is "o ( ! mo/   
+5i\s & s]viceable te/s ( ! entire      
scale4 ,x is little influ5c$ by s*ool+1 
& x comes ne>] ?an any o!r to be+ a te/ 
( t species ( "m-wit :i* we call common 
s5se4 ,l ! compreh5sion que/ions1 x may 
be call$ a te/ ( judgm5t1 us+ ?is t]m 9 
! colloquial & n 9 ! logical s5se4 ,!   
/upid p]son1 :e!r depict$ 9 lit]ature1  
prov]b1 or ! ephem]al joke column1 is   

always 7& ju/ly1 x w\ld seem7 *>act]iz$ 
by a huge tol]ance = absurd             
contradictions & by a blunt s5sitivity =
 ! f9e po9ts ( a joke4 ,intellectual    
discrim9ation & judgm5t are inf]ior4 ,! 
ideas d n cross-light ea* o!r1 b rema9  
relatively isolat$4 ,h5ce1 ! mo/ absurd 
contradictions are swall[$1 s to speak1 
)\t ar\s+ ! prote/ ( ! critical faculty4
 ,! latt]1 inde$1 is only a "n = !      
t5d5cy ( intellectually irreconcilable  
elem5ts to cla%4 ,if !re is no cla%1 if 
! elem5ts rema9 ap>t1 x goes )\t say+ t 
!re w be no p[] ( criticism4  ,!        
critical faculty beg9s its developm5t 9 
! e>ly ye>s & /r5g!ns p>i passu ) ! gr[+
 weal? ( int]-associations among ideas2 
b 9 ! av]age *ild x is n until ! age (  
ab\t #aj ye>s t x becomes equal to tasks
 l ^? pres5t$ 9 ?is te/4 ,eight-ye>     
intellig5ce h>dly ev] scores m ?an two  
or ?ree correct answ]s out ( five4 ,by  
#ab1 ! critical ability has s f>        
develop$ t ! te/ is ne>ly always pass$4 
,x is an invaluable te/ = ! high] grades

 ( m5tal defici5cy4  ,z a te/ ( !       
critical p[]s ,b9et fir/ us$ trap       
que/ions2 z1 = example1 ,is sn[ r$ or   
black8 ,! results 7 disappo9t+1 = x 0   
f\nd t ow+ to timidity1 def]5ce1 &      
sugge/ibility normal *ildr5 (t5 fail$ on
 su* que/ions4 ,def]5ce is m m>k$ 9     
normal ?an 9 feeble-m9d$ *ildr51 & x is 
because ( ! influ5ce ( ?is trait t x is 
necess>y always to =ew>n ! subject t !  
s5t5ce to be giv5 conta9s nons5se4      
,b9et locat$ ! te/ 9 ye> ,,xi ( ! #aijh 
scale1 b *ang$ x to ye> ,x 9 #aiaa4     
,godd>d & ,kuhlmann reta9 x 9 ye> ,,xi4 
,! l>ge majority ( ! /ati/ics1 includ+  
^? ( ,godd>d & ,kuhlmann1 w>rant !      
location ( ! te/ 9 ye> ,x4 ,n all h us$ 
! same absurdities1 & ^! h n be5 word$  
uni=mly4 ,mo/ h requir$ ?ree successes  
out ( five1 b ,bob]tag & ,kuhlmann      
require ?ree out ( f\r2 ,bob]tag's      
proc$ure is also diff]5t 9 t he does n  
=ew>n ! *ild t an absurdity is to foll[4
  ,! pres5t =m ( ! te/ is ! result (    
?ree successive ref9em5ts4 ,x w be not$ 

t we h made two sub/itutions 9 ,b9et's  
li/ ( absurdities4 ,^? omitt$ f !       
orig9al scale are3 ,i h ?ree            
bro!rs--,paul1 ,erne/1 & myself1 &1 ,if 
,i 7 go+ to commit suicide ,i w\ld n    
*oose ,friday1 because ,friday is an    
unlucky day & w\ld br+ me mis=tune4 ,!  
la/ has a puzzl+ feature :i* makes x mu*
 too h>d = ye> ,x1 & ! o!r is           
objectionable ) *ildr5 :o are accu/om$  
to he> a =eign language 9 :i* ! =m (    
expression us$ 9 ! absurdity is         
idiomatically correct4  ,! two we h     
sub/itut$ = ^! objectionable absurdities
 are1 ,! road d[nhill & ,:at ! eng9e]   
said4 ,! five we h us$1 ?\gh ( ne>ly    
equal difficulty1 are "h li/$ 9 ! ord] f
 easie/ to h>de/4 ,our s]ies z a :ole is
 slightly easi] ?an ,b9et's4   ,x1 #c4  
,,draw+ ,,designs ,,f ,,memory          
,,proc$ure4 ,use ! designs %[n on !     
accompany+ pr9t$ =m4 ,if copies are us$ 
!y mu/ be exact 9 size & %ape4 ,be=e %[+
 ! c>d say3 ,?is c>d has two draw+s on  
x4 ,i am go+ to %[ !m to y = t5 seconds1

 !n ,i w take ! c>d away & let y draw f 
memory :at y h se54 ,exam9e bo? draw+s  
c>efully & rememb] t y h only t5        
seconds4  ,provide p5cil & pap] & !n %[ 
! c>d = t5 seconds1 hold+ x at "r angles
 to ! *ild's l9e ( vision & ) ! designs 
9 ! position giv5 9 ! plate4 ,h ! *ild  
draw ! designs imm$iately aft] !y are   
remov$ f sight4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is     
pass$ if "o ( ! designs is reproduc$    
correctly & ! o!r ab\t half correctly4  
,correctly means t ! ess5tial plan ( !  
design has be5 grasp$ & reproduc$4      
,ord9>y irregul>ities due to lack (     
motor skill or to ha/y execution are    
disreg>d$4 ,half correctly means t "s   
ess5tial "p ( ! design has be5 omitt$ or
 misplac$1 or t p>ts h be5 add$4  ,!    
sample reproductions %[n on ! scor+ c>d 
w s]ve z a guide4 ,x w be not$ t an     
inv]t$ design1 or "o ^: "r & left sides 
h be5 transpos$1 is c\nt$ only half     
correct1 h[ev] p]fect x _m be 9 o!r     
respects2 also t design b is c\nt$ only 
half correct if ! inn] rectangle is n   

locat$ (f c5t]4  ,,rem>ks4 ,b9et /ates t
 ! ma9 factors involv$ 9 success are    
att5tion1 visual memory1 & a little     
analysis4 ,! p[] ( rapid analysis w\ld  
seem to be ! mo/ important1 = if !      
designs are analyz$ !y may be reproduc$ 
f a v]bal memory ( ! analysis4 ,)\t "s  
analysis x w\ld h>dly be possible to    
rememb] ! designs at all1 z "o ( !m     
conta9s ?irte5 l9es & ! o!r twelve4 ,!  
memory span = unrelat$ objects is f> too
 limit$ to p]mit u to grasp & reta9 t   
numb] ( unrelat$ impressions4 ,success  
is possible only by gr\p+ ! l9es accord+
 to _! relation%ips1 s t sev]al ( !m are
 giv5 a unit>y value & rememb]$ z "o4 ,9
 ?is mann]1 ! design to ! "r1 :i* is    
compos$ ( twelve l9es1 may be r$uc$ to  
f\r elem5ts3 7#a7 ,! out] rectangle2    
7#b7 ! inn] rectangle2 7#c7 ! (f-c5t]   
position ( ! inn] rectangle2 & 7#d7 !   
jo9+ ( ! angles4 ,( c\rse ! *ild does n 
ord9>ily make an analysis z explicit z  
?is2 b analysis ( "s k9d1 ev5 ?\gh x be 
unconsci\s1 is necess>y to success4     

,ability to pass ! te/ indicates !      
pres5ce1 9 a c]ta9 def9ite am\nt1 ( !   
t5d5cy = ! cont5ts ( consci\sness to    
fuse into a mean+ful :ole4 ,failure     
indicates t ! elem5ts h ma9ta9$ _!      
unit>y "* or h fus$ inadequately4 ,x is 
se51 !re=e1 t ! te/ has a close k9%ip ) 
! te/ ( memory = s5t5ces4 ,! latt]1     
also1 p]mits ! fusion or gr\p+ (        
impressions accord+ to mean+1 ) ! result
 t five or six times z _m mean+ful      
syllables z nons5se syllables or digits 
c be reta9$4  ,b9et _h _m m failures on 
design a ?an on design b4 ,?is 0        
probably due to ! fact t he %[$ !       
designs ) our b to ! left4 ,a majority (
 subjects1 probably because ( ! influ5ce
 ( read+ habits1 exam9e fir/ ! figure to
 ! left1 & because ( ! %ort "t all[$ = !
 inspection are unable to devote mu* "t 
to ! design at ! "r4 ,we h plac$ !      
design ( great] intr9sic difficulty at !
 left1 ) ! result t ! failures are almo/
 equally divid$ betwe5 ! two4  ,b9et us$
 ?is te/ 9 8 un/&>diz$ s]ies ( #aije1   

omitt$ x 9 #aijh1 b includ$ x 9 ! #aiaa 
revision1 locat+ x 9 ye> ,x4 ,except =  
,godd>d1 :o recomm5ds ye> ,,xi1 !re is r
 g5]al agreem5t t ! te/ belongs at ye>  
,x4 ,our own data %[ t x may be plac$   
ei!r at ye> ,x or ye> ,,xi1 accord+ z ! 
grad+ is rigid or l5i5t4   ,x1 #d4      
,,read+ ,,= ,,eight ,,memories          
,,mat]ial4 ,we use ,b9et's selection1   
slightly adapt$1 z foll[s3--      ,new  
,york1 ,septemb] #e?4 ,a fire la/ night 
burn$ ?ree h\ses     ne> ! c5t] ( !     
city4 ,x took "s "t to put x out4     ,!
 loss 0 fifty ?\s& doll>s1 & sev5te5    
families lo/     _! homes4 ,9 sav+ a    
girl1 :o 0 asleep 9 a b$1 a     fireman 
0 burn$ on ! h&s4  ,! copy ( ! selection
 us$ by ! subject %\ld be pr9t$ 9 heavy 
type & %\ld n conta9 ! b>s divid+ x into
 memories4 ,! ,/an=d record booklet     
conta9s ! selection 9 two =ms1 "o       
suitable = use 9 scor+1 ! o!r 9 heavy   
type to be read by ! subject4           
,,proc$ure4 ,h& ! selection to !        
subject1 :o %\ld be seat$ com=tably 9 a 

good light1 & say3 ,i want y to read ?is
 = me z nicely z y c4 ,! subject mu/    
read al\d4  ,pron\nce all ! words :i* ! 
subject is unable to make out1 n all[+ m
 ?an five seconds' hesitation 9 su* a   
case4  ,record all errors made 9 read+ !
 selection1 & ! exact "t4 ,by error is  
meant ! omission1 sub/itution1          
transposition1 or mispronunciation ( "o 
^w4  ,! subject is n w>n$ 9 advance t he
 w be ask$ to report :at he has read1 b 
z soon z he has f9i%$ read+1 put !      
selection out ( sight & say3 ,v well    
done4 ,n[1 ,i want y to tell me :at y   
read4 ,beg9 at ! fir/ & tell ev]y?+ y c 
rememb]4 ,aft] ! subject has repeat$    
ev]y?+ he c recall & has /opp$1 say3 ,& 
:at else8 ,c y rememb] any m ( x8 ,give 
no o!r aid ( any k9d4 ,x is ( c\rse n   
p]missible1 :5 ! *ild /ops1 to prompt   
him ) su* que/ions z1 ,& :at next8 ,:]e 
7 ! h\ses burn$8 ,:at happ5$ to !       
fireman8 etc4 ,! report mu/ be          
spontane\s4  ,n[ & !n1 ?\gh n (t51 a    
subject hesitates or ev5 refuses to try1

 say+ he is unable to d x4 ,p]haps he   
has misund]/ood ! reque/ & ?9ks he is   
expect$ to repeat ! selection ^w = ^w1 z
 9 ! te/s ( memory = s5t5ces4 ,we urge a
 little & repeat3 ,tell me 9 y\r own    
words all y c rememb] ( x4 ,o!rs        
misund]/& 9 a diff]5t way1 & ?9k+ !y are
 expect$ to tell m]ely :at ! /ory is    
ab\t1 !y say3 ,x 0 ab\t "s h\ses t      
burn$4 ,9 su* cases we repeat !         
in/ructions ) special emphasis on !     
words all y c rememb]4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ 
is pass$ if ! selection is read 9       
?irty-five seconds ) n m ?an two errors1
 & if ! report conta9s at lea/ eight    
memories4 ,by und]scor+ ! memories      
correctly reproduc$1 & by int]l9eations 
to %[ s]i\s dep>tures f ! text1 ! record
 c be made complete ) a m9imum ( tr\ble4
  ,! ma9 difficulty 9 scor+ is to decide
 :e!r a memory has be5 reproduc$        
correctly en\gh to be c\nt$4 ,absolutely
 lit]al reproduction is n expect$4 ,!   
rule is to c\nt all memories ^: ?\ght is
 reproduc$ ) only m9or *anges 9 ! word+4

 ,x took q a :ile in/ead ( x took "s "t 
is satisfactory2 likewise1 got burnt = 0
 burn$2 :o 0 sleep+ = :o 0 asleep2 are  
homeless = lo/ _! homes2 9 ! middle =   
ne> ! c5t]2 a big fire = a fire1 etc4   
,memories z badly mutilat$ z ! foll[+1  
h[ev]1 are n c\nt$3 ,a lot ( build+s =  
?ree h\ses2 a man = a fireman2 :o 0 sick
 = :o 0 asleep2 etc4 ,occasionally we   
may give half cr$it1 z 9 ! case ( 0     
sev5te5 ?\s& doll>s = 0 fifty ?\s&      
doll>s2 & fifte5 families = & sev5te5   
families1 etc4  ,,rem>ks4 ,are we       
w>rant$ 9 us+ at all z a measure (      
intellig5ce a te/ :i* dep5ds z mu* on   
in/ruction z ?is "o does8 ,_m are incl9$
 to answ] ?is "q 9 ! negative4 ,! te/   
has be5 omitt$ f ! revisions ( ,godd>d1 
,kuhlmann1 & ,b9et himself4 ,z reg>ds   
,b9et's e>li] te/ ( read+ = two         
memories1 9 ye> ,,viii1 !re c\ld h>dly  
be any diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,! ability to 
read at t age dep5ds s mu* on ! accid5t 
( environm5t t ! te/ is mean+less unless
 we "k all ab\t ! conditions :i* h      

surr\nd$ ! *ild4  ,! use ( ! te/ 9 ye>  
,x1 h[ev]1 is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,!re   
are comp>atively few *ildr5 ( t age :o w
 fail to pass x = lack ( ! requisite    
s*ool in/ruction4 ,*ildr5 ( #aj ye>s :o 
h att5d$ s*ool ) reasonable regul>ity = 
?ree ye>s are practically always able to
 read ! selection 9 ?irty-five seconds &
 )\t ov] two mi/akes unless !y are      
ret>d$ almo/ to ! bord]-l9e ( m5tal     
defici5cy4 ,( our #aj-ye>-olds :o fail$ 
to meet ! te/1 only a f\r? did s because
 ( inability to meet ! read+ requirem5ts
 z reg>ds "t or mi/akes4 ,! rema9+      
failures 7 caus$ by inadequate report1 &
 mo/ ( ^! subjects 7 ( ! di/9ctly ret>d$
 gr\p4  ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t giv5 
any?+ approa*+ normal educational       
advantages1 ! te/ is really a measure ( 
intellig5ce4 ,us$ ) due caution1 x is   
p]haps z valuable z any o!r te/ 9 !     
scale4 ,x is only necess>y1 9 case (    
failure1 to asc]ta9 ! facts reg>d+ !    
*ild's educational opportunities4 ,ev5  
?is precaution is sup]flu\s 9 case !    

subject te/s z l[ z #h ye>s by ! rema9d]
 ( ! scale4 ,a safe rule is to omit !   
te/ f ! calculation ( m5tal age if !    
subject has n att5d$ s*ool ! equival5t (
 two or ?ree ye>s4  ,x has be5 cont5d$  
by "s t te/s 9 :i* success dep5ds ^u    
language ma/]y _c be real te/s (        
intellig5ce4 ,by su* critics language   
te/s h be5 set ov] aga9/ intellig5ce    
te/s z contra/+ opposites4 ,x is easy to
 %[1 h[ev]1 t ?is view is sup]ficial &  
psy*ologically uns\nd4 ,e "o :o has an  
acqua9tance ) ! facts ( m5tal gr[? kn[s 
t language ma/]y ( "s degree is ! s9e   
qua non ( conceptual ?9k+4 ,language    
gr[?1 9 fact1 mirrors ! entire m5tal    
developm5t4 ,!re are few m reliable     
indications ( a subject's /age (        
intellectual maturity ?an 8 ma/]y (     
language4  ,! rate ( read+1 = example1  
is a measure ( ! rate ( association4    
,lett]s become associat$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 
comb9ations mak+ words1 words into ^w   
gr\ps & s5t5ces4 ,recognition is = ! mo/
 "p an associative process4 ,rapid &    

accurate association w mean ready       
recognition ( ! pr9t$ =m4 ,s9ce language
 units 7:e!r lett]s1 words1 or ^w gr\ps7
 h m or less pref]r$ associations       
accord+ to _! habitual arrangem5t into  
l>g] units1 x comes ab\t t 9 ! normal   
m9d "u normal conditions ^! pref]r$     
sequ5ces ar\se ! app]ceptive complex    
necess>y to make a runn+ recognition    
rapid & easy4 ,x is reasonable to       
suppose t 9 ! subnormal m9d ! habitual  
common associations are less firmly     
fix$1 ?us dim9i%+ ! effectiv5ess ( !    
ev]-*ang+ app]ceptive expectancy4 ,read+
 is1 !re=e1 l>gely dep5d5t on :at ,james
 calls ! fr+e ( consci\sness & !        
consci\sness ( mean+4 ,9 read+ connect$ 
matt]1 e unit is big ) a mass (         
t5d5cies4 ,! small] & m isolat$ ! unit1 
! great] is ! numb] ( possibilities4 ,e 
add$ unit acts z a modifi] limit+ !     
numb] ( t5d5cies1 until we h f9ally1 9  
case ( a l>ge m5tal unit1 a fairly      
manageable :ole4 ,:5 ! mo/ logical &    
suitable ( ^! associations arise easily 

f subconsci\sness to consci\sness1      
recognition is made easy1 & _! do+ s w  
dep5d on :e!r ! habitual relations ( !  
elem5ts h left p]man5t traces 9 ! m9d4  
,! read+ ( ! subnormal subject be>s a   
close analogy to ! read+ ( nons5se matt]
 by ! normal p]son4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ 
by exp]im5t t su* read+ requires ab\t   
twice z mu* "t z ! read+ ( connect$     
matt]4 ,?is is true = ! reason t out (  
?\s&s ( associations possible ) ea* ^w1 
no p>ticul> association is favor$4 ,!   
app]ceptive expectancy1 practically nil 
9 ! read+ ( nons5se mat]ial1 mu/ be     
decid$ly defici5t 9 all poor read+4     
,fur!rmore1 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y read]   
!re is a feel+ ( rightness or wrongness 
ab\t ! ?\ght sequ5ces4 ,t less          
intellig5t subjects h ?is s5se ( fitness
 to a mu* less degree is evid5c$ by _!  
pass+ ov] words s mutilat$ 9            
pronunciation z to deprive !m ( all     
mean+4 ,! transposition ( lett]s &      
words1 & ! failure to obs]ve m>ks (     
punctuation1 po9t to ! same ?+4 ,9 o!r  

words1 all ! read+ ( ! /upid subject is 
) mat]ial :i* to him is m or less       
nons5sical4#ff  #ff ,see ,g5ius &       
,/upidity1 by ,lewis ,m4 ,t]man1 9      
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,septemb]1 #aijf1  
p4 #cdj ff4  ,a little obs]vation w     
conv9ce "o t m5tally ret>d$ subjects1   
ev5 :5 !y possess a reasonable degree ( 
flu5cy 9 recogniz+ pr9t$ words1 d n s5se
 %ades ( mean+4 ,_! read+ is by small   
units4 ,words & phrases d n fuse into "o
 m5tal cont5t1 b rema9 relatively       
unconnect$4 ,! expression is monoton\s &
 ! voice has m ( ! unnatural s*oolroom  
pit*4 ,!y read m sl[ly1 m (t5 misplace !
 emphasis1 & miscall m words4 ,9 %ort1  
"o :o has psy*ological insight & is     
acqua9t$ ) read+ /&>ds c easily detect !
 symptoms ( intellectual inf]iority by  
he>+ a dull subject read a brief        
selection4  ,! giv+ ( memories is also  
significant4 ,feeble-m9d$ adults :o h   
be5 well s*ool$ are sometimes able to   
read ! words ( ! text fairly flu5tly1 b 
are usually unable to give m ?an a      

scanty report ( :at has be5 read4 ,!    
scope ( att5tion has be5 exhau/$ 9 ! m]e
 recognition & pron\nc+ ( words4 ,9     
g5]al1 ! great] ! me*anical difficulties
 :i* a subject enc\nt]s1 ! less adequate
 is 8 report ( memories4  ,! te/ has1   
h[ev]1 "o real fault4 ,s*ool *ildr5 h a 
c]ta9 advantage 9 x ov] old] p]sons ( ! 
same m5tal age ^: s*ool exp]i5ce is less
 rec5t4 ,adult subjects t5d to give _!  
report 9 less lit]al =m4 ,x is necess>y1
 !re=e1 to give cr$it = ! reproduction (
 ! ideas ( ! passage r ?an = /rictly    
lit]al memories4  ,! selection we h us$ 
is1 ) m9or *anges1 ! same z ,b9et's4 ,8 
selection 0 divid$ into n9ete5 memories4
 ,! "o "h giv5 has tw5ty-"o memories4   
,b9et us$ ! te/ bo? 9 ye> ,,viii & ye>  
,,ix1 requir+ two memories at ye> ,,viii
 & six memories at ye> ,,ix4 ,:5 we     
require eight memories1 z we h done1 !  
te/ becomes difficult en\gh =           
non-select$ s*ool *ildr5 ( #aj ye>s4    
,location 9 ye> ,x seems pref]able1     
because x insures t ! *ild w almo/      

c]ta9ly h _h ! s*ool+ requisite = le>n+ 
to read a selection ( ?is difficulty1   
ev5 if he has />t$ to s*ool at a lat]   
age ?an is cu/om>y4 ,naturally1 plac+ ! 
te/ high] 9 ! scale makes x m a te/ (   
report & less a te/ ( ability to        
recognize & pron\nce pr9t$ words4   ,x1 
#e4 ,,compreh5sion1 ,,f\r? ,,degree  ,! 
que/ions = ?is ye> are3--    7a7 ,:at   
ought y to say :5 "s "o asks y\r op9ion 
ab\t a p]son y don't "k v well8   7b7   
,:at ought y to d be=e und]tak+ 7beg9n+7
       some?+ v important8   7c7 ,:y    
%\ld we judge a p]son m by 8 actions ?an
 by       8 words8  ,! ,,proc$ure is !  
same z = ! previ\s compreh5sion te/s4   
,ea* "q may be repeat$1 b its =m mu/ n  
be *ang$4 ,x is n p]missible to make any
 explanation :atev] z to ! mean+ ( ! "q1
 except to sub/itute beg9n+ = und]tak+  
:5 7b7 seems n to be compreh5d$4        
,,scor+4 ,two out ( ! ?ree que/ions mu/ 
be answ]$ satisfactorily4 ,/udy ( !     
foll[+ classifi$ responses %\ld make    
scor+ fairly easy 9 mo/ cases3--  7a7   

,:5 "s "o asks y\r op9ion               
,satisfactory4 ,i w\ld say ,i don't "k  
him v well     7#db p] c5t ( ! correct  
answ]s74 ,tell him :at ,i "k &     no m 
7#cd p] c5t ( correct answ]s74 ,i w\ld  
say t ,i'd     r n express any op9ion   
ab\t him 7#bj p] c5t ( !     correct    
answ]s74 ,tell him to ask "s "o else4 ,i
 w\ld n     express any op9ion4         
,unsatisfactory4 ,unsatisfactory        
responses are due ei!r to     failure to
 grasp ! import ( ! "q1 or to inability 
to     sugge/ ! appropriate action dem&$
 by ! situation4      ,! latt] =m (     
failure is ! m common2 e4g43 ,i'd say   
!y are nice4 ,say y l !m4 ,say :at ,i   
?9k4 ,say     x's none ( _! bus9ess4    
,tell !m ,i m9d my own     bus9ess4 ,say
 ,i w\ld get acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,say t ,i   
don't talk ab\t p4 ,say ,i didn't "k h[ 
he look$4     ,tell !m y ought n to say 
su* ?+s2 y might get into     tr\ble4 ,i
 w\ldn't say any?+4 ,i w\ld try to      
answ]4     ,say ,i did n "k 8 "n1 etc4  
,! foll[+ are samples ( failure due to  

mi/ak+ ! import     ( ! "q3 ,i'd say1   
',h[ d y d8' ,say1',i'm glad to     meet
 y4'  7b7 ,be=e und]tak+ some?+         
important      ,satisfactory responses  
fall into ! foll[+ classes3--     7#a7  
,brief /atem5t ( prelim9>y consid]ation2
 z3 ,?9k         ab\t x4 ,look x ov]4   
,plan x all out4 ,make y\r              
plans4 ,/op & ?9k1 etc4     7#b7        
,special emphasis on prelim9>y          
prep>ation & correct         proc$ure2  
z3 ,f9d out ! be/ way to d x4 ,f9d out  
:at x is4 ,get ev]y?+ ready4 ,d e little
 ?+         t w\ld help y4 ,get all !   
details y c4 ,take         y\r "t &     
figure x out1 etc4     7#c7 ,ask+ help2 
z3 ,ask "s "o to help y :o kn[s all     
ab\t x4 ,pray1 if y are a ,*ri/ian4 ,ask
 advice1         etc4     7#d7          
,prelim9>y te/+ ( ability1              
self-analysis1 etc42 z3         ,try    
some?+ easi] fir/4 ,practice & make sure
 ,i         c\ld d x4 ,le>n h[ to d x1  
etc4     7#e7 ,consid] ! wisdom or      
propriety ( do+ x3 ,?9k :e!r         x  

w\ld be be/ to d x4 ,see :e!r x w\ld be 
possible4      ,ab\t #fe p] c5t ( !     
correct responses belong ei!r to        
gr\p 7#a7 or 7#b71 ab\t #bj p] c5t to   
gr\p 7#c71 & mo/ (     ! rema9d] to gr\p
 7#d74      ,unsatisfactory responses   
are ( ! foll[+ types3--     7#a7 ,due to
 mi/ak+ ! import ( ! "q2 e4g43 ,ask =   
x4 ,ought to say please4 ,ask ^: x is4  
,replies (         ?is k9d c be ne>ly   
all elim9at$ by repeat+ !         "q1   
us+ beg9n+ in/ead ( und]tak+4     7#b7  
,replies m or less absurd or irrelevant2
 z3 ,promise to         d y\r be/4 ,wa% 
y\r face & h&s4 ,get a lot (            
insurance4 ,dress up & take a walk4     
,tell y\r "n4         ,"k :e!r x's      
correct4 ,beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,say        
y w d x4 ,see if x's a fake4 ,g to s*ool
 a long         "t4 ,pass an exam9ation4
 ,d :at is "r4 ,add up         & see h[ 
mu* x w co/4 ,say ,i w\ld d x4 ,j       
/>t do+ x4 ,g away4 ,consult a doctor4  
,see if y         h "t1 etc4  7c7 ,:y we
 %\ld judge a p]son m by 8 actions ?an  

by 8 words      ,satisfactory responses 
fall into ! foll[+ classes3--     7#a7  
,words & de$s bo? m5tion$ & contra/$ 9  
reliability2 z3 ,actions speak l\d] ?an 
words 7?is 9         #h p] c5t (        
successes74 ,y c tell m by 8 actions    
?an by 8 words4 ,he might talk nice & d 
bad ?+s4         ,sometimes p say ?+s & 
don't d !m4 ,x's n         :at y say b  
:at y d t c\nts4 ,talk is *eap2         
:5 he does a ?+ y c believe x4 ,p don't 
d         ev]y?+ !y say4 ,a man might   
/eal b talk l a         nice man4 ,ov]  
#de p] c5t ( all correct responses      
belong         to gr\p 7#a74     7#b7   
,acts /ress$ )\t m5tion ( words2 z3 ,y c
 tell by         8 actions :e!r he is   
good or n4 ,if he acts nice         he  
is nice4 ,actions %[ = !mselves4 ,gr\p  
7#b7         conta9s ab\t #be p] c5t ( !
 correct responses4     7#c7 ,emphasis  
on unreliability ( words2 z3 ,y c't tell
 by         8 words1 he might lie or    
boa/4 ,because y c't always             
believe :at p say4 7,gr\p 7#c7 conta9s  

#ae p] c5t (         ! correct          
responses47     7#d7 ,responses :i* /ate
 t a man's de$s are sometimes           
bett] ?an 8 words2 z3 ,he might talk    
ugly & /ill n         d bad ?+s4 ,"s    
really k9d-he>t$ p scold &         swe>4
 ,a man's words may be worse ?an 8 de$s1
 etc4         ,gr\p 7#d7 conta9s ov] #aj
 p] c5t ( ! correct         responses4  
,unsatisfactory responses are usually   
due to inability to     compreh5d !     
mean+ ( ! "q4 ,if !re is a complete     
lack ( compreh5sion ! result is ei!r    
sil5ce or a totally     irrelevant      
response4 ,if !re is p>tial compreh5sion
 ( !     "q ! response may be p>tially  
relevant1 b fail to     make ! expect$  
di/9ction4      ,! foll[+ are sample    
failures3 ,y c\ld tell by 8 words     t 
he 0 educat$4 ,x %[s he is polite if he 
acts nice4     ,sometimes p ar5't       
polite4 ,actions %[ :o he might     be4 
,acts may be fooli%4 ,words a9't "r4 ,a 
man might be     dumb4 ,a fell[ don't "k
 :at he says4 ,"s p c     talk1 b don't 

h control ( !mselves4 ,y c tell by     8
 acts :e!r he goes ) bad p4 ,if he      
doesn't act     "r y "k he won't talk   
"r4 ,actions %[ if he has     mann]s4   
,might get emb>rass$ & n talk good4 ,he 
may n     "k h[ to express 8 ?\ghts4 ,he
 might be a ri* man b a     poor talk]4 
,he might say ! wrong ?+ & aft]w>ds be  
sorry = x1 etc4 7,! la/ f\r are ne>]    
correct ?an !     o!rs1 b !y fall j %ort
 ( express+ ! ess5tial     contra/47    
,,rem>ks4 ,= discussion ( ! compreh5sion
 que/ions z a te/ ( intellig5ce1 see    
page #aeh4  ,b9et us$ eight que/ions1   
?ree easy & five difficult1 & requir$ t 
five out ( eight be answ]$ correctly 9  
ye> ,x4 ,! eight 7 z foll[s3--    7#a7  
,:at to d :5 y h miss$ y\r tra94   7#b7 
,:5 y h be5 /ruck by a playmate1 etc4   
7#c7 ,:5 y h brok5 some?+1 etc4   7#d7  
,:5 ab\t to be late = s*ool4   7#e7 ,:5 
ab\t to und]take some?+ important4      
7#f7 ,:y excuse a bad act committ$ 9    
ang] m readily ?an a bad       act      
committ$ )\t ang]4   7#g7 ,:at to d if  

"s "o asks y\r op9ion1 etc4   7#h7 ,:y c
 y judge a p]son bett] by 8 actions1    
etc4  ,z we h %[n1 que/ions #a1 #b1 #c1 
& #d are mu* too easy = ye> ,x4 ,"q #f  
is h>d en\gh = ye> ,,xii4 ,we h omitt$ x
 because x 0 n ne$$ & is n entirely     
satisfactory4   ,x1 #f4 ,,nam+ ,,sixty  
,,words  ,,proc$ure4 ,say3 ,n[1 ,i want 
to see h[ _m diff]5t words y c "n 9 ?ree
 m9utes4 ,:5 ,i say ready1 y mu/ beg9 & 
"n ! words z fa/ z y c1 & ,i w c\nt !m4 
,d y und]/&8 ,be sure to d y\r v be/1 & 
rememb] t j any words w d1 l 'cl\ds1'   
'dog1' '*air1' 'happy'--,ready2 g ahead6
  ,! in/ructions may be repeat$ if !    
subject does n und]/& :at is want$4 ,z a
 rule ! task is compreh5d$ in/antly &   
ent]$ into ) great ze/4  ,d n />e at !  
*ild1 & d n say any?+ z ! te/ proce$s   
unless !re is a pause ( fifte5 seconds4 
,9 ?is ev5t say3 ,g ahead1 z fa/ z y c4 
,any words w d4 ,repeat ?is urg+ aft] e 
pause ( fifte5 seconds4  ,"s subjects1  
usually r intellig5t ones1 hit ^u !     
device ( c\nt+ or putt+ words toge!r 9  

s5t5ces4 ,we !n break 9 )3 ,c\nt+ 7or   
s5t5ces1 z ! case may be7 n all[$4 ,y   
mu/ "n sep>ate words4 ,g ahead4  ,record
 ! individual words if possible1 & m>k !
 end ( ea* half-m9ute4 ,if ! words are  
nam$ s rapidly t !y _c be tak5 d[n1 x is
 easy to keep ! c\nt by mak+ a p5cil    
/roke = ea* ^w4 ,if ! latt] me?od is    
employ$1 repeat$ words may be indicat$  
by mak+ a cross in/ead ( a s+le /roke4  
,always make record ( repetitions4      
,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if sixty words1
 exclusive ( repetitions1 are nam$ 9    
?ree m9utes4 ,x is n all[able to accept 
tw5ty words 9 "o m9ute or =ty words 9   
two m9utes z an equival5t ( ! expect$   
score4 ,only real words are c\nt$4      
,,rem>ks4 ,scor+1 z we h se51 takes     
acc\nt only ( ! numb] ( words4 ,x is    
in/ructive1 h[ev]1 to note ! k9d ( words
 giv54 ,"s subjects1 m (t5 ^? ( ! #h- or
 #i-ye> intellig5ce level1 give ma9ly   
isolat$1 deta*$ words4 ,z well /at$ by  
,b9et1 ,little *ildr5 exhau/ an idea 9  
nam+ x4 ,!y say1 = example1 hat1 & !n   

pass on to ano!r ^w )\t notic+ t hats   
diff] 9 color1 9 =m1 h v>i\s p>ts1      
diff]5t uses & accessories1 & t 9       
enum]at+ all ^! !y c\ld f9d a l>ge numb]
 ( words4  ,o!rs quickly take advantage 
( su* relation%ips & "n _m p>ts ( an    
object be=e leav+ x1 or "n a numb] ( o!r
 objects belong+ to ! same class4 ,hat1 
= example1 sugge/s cap1 hood1 coat1     
%irt1 %oes1 /ock+s1 etc4 ,p5cil sugge/s 
book1 slate1 pap]1 desk1 ink1 map1      
s*ool-y>d1 tea*]1 etc4 ,responses ( ?is 
type may be made up ( t5 or a doz5      
pla9ly di/9ct ^w gr\ps4  ,ano!r type (  
response consi/s 9 nam+ only objects    
pres5t1 or words :i* pres5t objects     
imm$iately sugge/4 ,x is un=tunate t ?is
 occurs1 s9ce rooms 9 :i* te/+ is done  
v>y s mu* ) respect to furni%+s4 ,!     
subject :o *ooses ?is me?od is obvi\sly 
h&icapp$ if ! room is relatively b>e4   
,"o way to avoid ?is influ5ce is to h   
all subjects "n ! words ) eyes clos$1 b 
! di/raction ?us caus$ is sometimes r   
di/urb+4 ,x is p]haps be/ = ! pres5t to 

adh]e to ! orig9al proc$ure1 & to foll[ 
! rule ( mak+ te/s 9 a room conta9+ few 
furni%+s 9 addition to ! necess>y table 
& *airs4  ,a f\r? type ( response is t  
includ+ a l>ge proportion ( unusual or  
ab/ract words4 ,?is is ! be/ ( all1 & is
 h>dly ev] f\nd except ) subjects :o are
 above ! #aa-ye> intellig5ce level4  ,x 
goes )\t say+ t a response ne$ n belong 
entirely to any "o ( ! above types4 ,mo/
 responses1 9 fact1 are *>act]iz$ by a  
mixture ( two or ?ree ( ! types1 "o ( !m
 p]haps be+ dom9ant4  ,?\gh n )\t its   
%ortcom+s1 ! te/ is int]e/+ & valuable4 
,success 9 x does n1 z "o might suppose1
 dep5d solely ^u ! size ( ! vocabul>y4  
,ev5 #h-ye>-olds ord9>ily "k ! mean+ ( m
 ?an #cjjj words1 & by #aj ye>s !       
vocabul>y usually exce$s #ejjj words1 or
 eighty times z _m z ! *ild is expect$  
to "n 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,! ma9 factors 9   
success are two1 7#a7 ri*ness & v>iety (
 previ\sly made associations ) common   
words2 & 7#b7 ! read9ess ( ^!           
associations to re9/ate !mselves4 ,! "y 

or ! ret>d$ subject fi%es 9 ! ocean ( 8 
vocabul>y ) a s+le hook1 s to speak4 ,he
 br+s up ea* "t only "o ^w4 ,! subject  
end[$ ) sup]ior intellig5ce employs a   
net 7! idea ( a class1 = example7 & br+s
 up a half-doz5 words or m4 ,! latt]    
accompli%es a great] am\nt & ) less     
ef=t2 b x requires intellig5ce & w p[]  
to avoid wa/+ "t ) deta*$ words4  ,"o is
 aga9 & aga9 a/oni%$ at ! pov]ty (      
associations :i* ?is te/ discloses )    
ret>d$ subjects4 ,= tw5ty or ?irty      
seconds su* *ildr5 may be unable to ?9k 
( a s+le ^w4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ if at   
su* p]iods we c\ld get a glimpse into ! 
subject's consci\sness4 ,!re mu/ be "s  
k9d ( m5tal cont5t1 b x seems too vague 
to be cry/alliz$ 9 words4 ,! ready      
association ( ?\ghts ) def9ite words    
connotes a relatively high degree (     
intellectual advancem5t4 ,language =ms  
are ! %ort-h& ( ?\ght2 )\t facile comm& 
( language1 ?9k+ is vague1 clumsy1 &    
ineffective4 ,conv]sely1 vague m5tal    
cont5t entails language %ortage4        

,occasionally a *ild ( #aa- or #ab-ye>  
intellig5ce w make a poor %[+ 9 ?is te/4
 ,:5 ?is happ5s x is usually due ei!r to
 excessive emb>rassm5t or to a /range   
p]si/5ce 9 runn+ d[n all ! words ( a    
giv5 class be=e laun*+ out ^u a new     
s]ies4 ,occasionally1 too1 an intellig5t
 subject wa/es "t 9 ?9k+ up a beautiful 
li/ ( big or unusual words4 ,z /at$ by  
,bob]tag1 success is favor$ by a c]ta9  
am\nt ( intellectual non*alance1 a      
will+ness to ignore s5se & a read9ess to
 break away f a tra9 ( associations z   
soon z ! po9t ( dim9i%+ returns has be5 
rea*$4 ,?is d\btless expla9s :y adults  
sometimes make su* a surpris+ly poor %[+
 9 ! te/4 ,!y h less intellectual       
non*alance ?an *ildr51 are less will+ to
 subord9ate su* consid]ations z         
complet5ess & logical connection to !   
dem&s ( spe$4 ,knoll9's unemploy$ m5 (  
#ab- to #ac-ye> intellig5ce succe$$ no  
bett] ?an s*ool *ildr5 ( ! #aj-ye>      
level4  ,we d n believe1 h[ev]1 t ?is   
fault is s]i\s en\gh to w>rant !        

elim9ation ( ! te/4 ,! fact is t 9 a    
l>ge majority ( cases ! score :i* x     
yields agrees fairly closely ) ! result 
( ! scale z a :ole4 ,subjects m ?an a   
ye> or two bel[ ! m5tal age ( #aj ye>s  
seldom succe$4 ,^? m ?an a ye> or two   
above ! #aj-ye> level seldom fail4  ,!re
 is ano!r reason :y ! te/ %\ld be       
reta9$1 x (t5 has significance beyond t 
:i* appe>s 9 ! m]e numb] ( words giv54  
,! nam+ ( unusual & ab/ract words is an 
in/ance ( ?is4 ,an unusually l>ge numb] 
( repetitions has symptomatic           
significance 9 ! o!r direction4 ,x      
indicates a t5d5cy to m5tal /]eotypy1 s 
frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 te/+ ! feeble-m9d$4
 ,! proportion ( repetitions made by    
normal *ildr5 ( ! #aj- or #aa-ye>       
intellig5ce level r>ely exce$s #b or #c 
p] c5t ( ! total numb] ( words nam$2 ^? 
( old] ret>d$ *ildr5 ( ! same level     
occasionally rea* #f or #h p] c5t4  ,x  
is conceivable1 ( c\rse1 t a m          
satisfactory te/ ( ?is g5]al nature c\ld
 be devis$2 su*1 = example1 z hav+ !    

subject "n all ! words he c ( a giv5    
class 7f\r-foot$ animals1 ?+s to eat1   
articles ( h\sehold furniture1 trees1   
birds1 etc474 ,! ma9 objection to ?is =m
 ( ! te/ is t ! p]=mance w\ld 9 all     
probability be m influ5c$ by environm5t 
& =mal in/ruction ?an is ! case ) ! te/ 
( nam+ sixty words4  ,"o o!r matt]      
rema9s to be m5tion$2 namely1 ! relative
 numb] ( words nam$ 9 ! half-m9ute      
p]iods4 ,z w\ld be expect$1 ! rate (    
nam+ words decreases z ! te/ proce$s4 ,9
 ! case ( ! #aj-ye>-olds1 we f9d !      
av]age numb] ( words = ! six successive 
half-m9utes to be z foll[s3--      #ah1 
#ab1 #aj1 #i1 #h1 #g4  ,"s subjects     
ma9ta9 an almo/ con/ant rate ?r\gh\t !  
te/1 o!rs rapidly exhau/ !mselves1 :ile 
a v few make a bad beg9n+ & improve z !y
 g4 ,z a rule x is only ! v intellig5t  
:o improve aft] ! fir/ half-m9ute4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 m5tally ret>d$ subjects & v "y 
normals exhau/ !mselves s quickly t only
 a few words are nam$ 9 ! la/ m9ute4    
,b9et fir/ locat$ ?is te/ 9 ye> ,,xi1 b 

%ift$ x to ye> ,,xii 9 #aiaa4 ,godd>d & 
,kuhlmann reta9 x 9 ye> ,,xi1 ?\gh      
,godd>d's /ati/ics sugge/ ye> ,x z !    
prop] location1 & ,kuhlmann's ev5 sugge/
 ye> ,,ix4 ,kuhlmann1 h[ev]1 accepts    
fifty words z satisfactory 9 case !     
response conta9s a consid]able          
proportion ( ab/ract or unusual words4  
,all ! ,am]ican /ati/ics except ,r[e's  
agree 9 %[+ t ! te/ is easy en\gh = ye> 
,x4   ,x1 ,,alt]native ,,te/ #a3        
,,repeat+ ,,six ,,digits  ,! digit s]ies
 us$ are #c-g-d-h-e-i2 & #e-b-a-g-d-f4  
,! ,,proc$ure & ,,scor+ are ! same z 9  
,,vii1 #c1 except t only two trials are 
giv51 "o ( :i* mu/ be correct4 ,! te/ is
 some:at too easy = ye> #aj :5 ?ree     
trials are giv54  ,! te/ ( repeat+ six  
digits did n appe> 9 ! ,b9et scale &    
seems n to h be5 /&>diz$ until ins]t$ 9 
! ,/an=d s]ies4   ,x1 ,,alt]native ,,te/
 #b3 ,,repeat+ ,,tw5ty ,,to             
,,tw5ty-,,two ,,syllables  ,! s5t5ces = 
?is ye> are3--    7a7 ,! apple tree     
makes a cool1 pleasant %ade on ! gr\nd  

:]e ! *ildr5 are play+4   7b7 ,x is     
ne>ly half-pa/ "o o'clock2 ! h\se is v  
quiet & ! cat has gone to sleep4   7c7  
,9 summ] ! days are v w>m & f9e2 9 w9t] 
x       sn[s & ,i am cold4  ,,proc$ure &
 ,,scor+ exactly z 9 ,,vi1 #f4          
,,rem>ks4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t five  
ye>s ( m5tal gr[? are requir$ to pass f 
! ability to repeat sixte5 or eighte5   
syllables 7ye> ,,vi7 to ! ability to    
repeat tw5ty or tw5ty-two syllables4    
,simil>ly 9 memory = digits4 ,five      
digits are almo/ z easy at ye> ,,vii z  
six at ye> ,x4 ,two explanations are    
available3 7#a7 ,! increas$ difficulty  
may be acc\nt$ = by a relatively sl[    
gr[? ( memory p[] aft] ! age ( #f or #g 
ye>s2 or 7#b7 ! increase 9 difficulty   
may be real1 express+ an inn] law z to !
 behavior ( ! memory span 9 deal+ )     
mat]ial ( increas+ l5g?4 ,bo? factors   
are probably involv$4  ,?is is ano!r ( !
 ,/an=d additions to ! scale4 ,av]age   
*ildr5 ( #aj ye>s ord9>ily pass x1 b    
old]1 ret>d$ *ildr5 ( #aj-ye> m5tal age 

make a poor] %[+4 ,9 ! case ( m5tally   
ret>d$ adults1 especially1 ! v]bal      
memory is less exact ?an t ( s*ool      
*ildr5 ( ! same m5tal age4   ,x1        
,,alt]native ,,te/ #c3 ,,con/ruction    
,,puzzle ,a 7,,healy ,,& ,,f]nald7      
,,mat]ial4 ,use ! =m-bo>d pictur$ on    
page #bgi4 ,?is may be pur*as$ ( ,c4 ,h4
 ,/oelt+  ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois4 ,a   
home-made "o w d z well if c>e is tak5  
to get ! dim5sions exact4 ,qu>t]-in*    
wood %\ld be us$4 ,! inside ( ! frame   
%\ld be #c  #d in*es1 & ! dim5sions ( ! 
blocks %\ld be z foll[s3 #ac_/af  #c2 #a
  #a2 #a  #b2 #a  #a2 #a  #b4           
,,proc$ure4 ,place ! frame on ! table   
be=e ! subject1 ! %ort side ne>e/ him4  
,! blocks are plac$ 9 an irregul>       
position on ! side ( ! frame away f !   
subject4 ,take c>e t ! bo>d ) ! blocks 9
 place is n expos$ to view 9 advance ( !
 exp]im5t4  ,say3 ,i want y to put ^!   
blocks 9 ?is frame s t all ! space w be 
fill$ up4 ,if y d x rightly !y w all fit
 9 & !re w be no space left ov]4 ,g     

ahead4  ,d n tell ! subject to see h[   
quickly he c d x4 ,say no?+ t w\ld ev5  
sugge/ hurry+1 = ?is t5ds to call =? !  
trial-&-error proc$ure ev5 ) intellig5t 
subjects4  ,illu/ration  ,,scor+4 ,! te/
 is pass$ if ! *ild succe$s 9 fitt+ !   
blocks into place ?ree times 9 a total  
"t ( five m9utes = ! ?ree trials4  ,!   
me?od ( proc$ure is fully z important z 
! "t1 b is n s easily scor$ 9           
quantitative t]ms4 ,nev]!less1 ! exam9] 
%\ld always take obs]vations on ! me?od 
employ$1 not+ especially any t5d5cy to  
make & to repeat moves :i* lead to      
obvi\s impossibilities2 i4e41 moves :i* 
leave a space obvi\sly unfitt$ to any ( 
! rema9+ pieces4 ,"s subjects repeat an 
absurd move _m times ov]2 o!rs make an  
absurd move1 b promptly correct x2 o!rs1
 & ^! are usually ! bright ones1 look f>
 en\gh ahead to avoid error altoge!r4   
,,rem>ks4 ,?is te/ 0 devis$ by ,pr(essor
 ,freeman1 0 adapt$ slightly by ,healy &
 ,f]nald1 & 0 fir/ /&>diz$ by ,dr4      
,kuhlmann4 ,miss ,g]trude ,hall has also

 /&>diz$ x1 b on a diff]5t proc$ure f t 
describ$ above4#fg  #fg ,eug5ics &      
,social ,welf>e ,bullet91 ,no4 #e1 ,!   
,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities1 ,albany1 ,new   
,york4  ,! te/ has a l[] correlation )  
intellig5ce ?an mo/ ( ! o!r te/s ( !    
scale4 ,_m bright *ildr5 ( #aj-ye>      
intellig5ce adopt ! trial-&-error me?od 
& h little success1 :ile ret>d$ old]    
*ildr5 ( only #h-ye> intellig5ce        
sometimes succe$4 ,age1 ap>t f          
intellig5ce1 seems to play an important 
"p 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! p]=mance4 ,a  
favorable feature ( ! te/1 h[ev]1 is !  
fact t x makes no dem& on language      
ability & t x br+s into play an aspect (
 intellig5ce :i* is relatively neglect$ 
by ! rema9d] ( ! scale4 ,= ?is reason x 
is at lea/ wor? keep+ z an alt]native   
te/4     ,,*apt] ,,xvii  ,,in/ructions  
,,= ,,ye> ,,xii   ,,xii1 #a4 ,,vocabul>y
 7,,=ty ,,def9itions1 #gbjj ,,words7    
,,proc$ure & ,,scor+ z 9 previ\s        
vocabul>y te/s4#fh ,9 ?is case =ty words
 mu/ be def9$4  #fh ,see ,,viii1 #f4    

,,xii1 #b4 ,,def9+ ,,ab/ract ,,words    
,,proc$ure4 ,! words to be def9$ are    
pity1 rev5ge1 *>ity1 envy1 & ju/ice4 ,! 
=mula is1 ,:at is pity8 ,:at d we mean  
by pity8 & s on ) ! o!r words4 ,if !    
mean+ ( ! response is n cle>1 ask !     
subject to expla9 :at he means4 ,if !   
def9ition is 9 t]ms ( ! ^w itself1 z    
,pity means to pity someone1 ,rev5ge is 
to take rev5ge1 etc41 x is !n necess>y  
to say3 ,yes1 b :at does x mean to pity 
"s "o8 or1 ,:at does x mean to take     
rev5ge8 etc4 ,only supplem5t>y que/ions 
( ?is k9d are p]missible4  ,,scor+4 ,!  
te/ is pass$ if ?ree ( ! five words are 
satisfactorily def9$4 ,! def9ition ne$ n
 be /rictly logical nor ! language      
elegant4 ,x is suffici5t if ! def9ition 
%[s t ! mean+ ( ! ^w is kn[n4           
,def9itions :i* def9e by means ( an     
illu/ration are acceptable4 ,! foll[+   
are samples ( satisfactory &            
unsatisfactory responses3--  7a7 ,pity  
,satisfactory4 ,to be sorry = "s "o4 ,to
 feel     compassion4 ,to h sympa?y = a 

p]son4 ,to feel bad =     "s "o4 ,x     
means y help a p]son out & don't l to   
h him suff]4 ,to h a feel+ = p :5 !y are
     treat$ wrong4 ,if anybody gets hurt
 real bad y pity !m4     ,x's :5 y feel 
sorry = a tramp & give him some?+ to    
eat4 ,if "s "o is 9 tr\ble & y "k h[ x  
feels to be     9 t condition1 y pity   
him4 ,y see some?+ t's     wrong & h y\r
 feel+ ar\s$4      ,( #acj correct      
responses1 #he1 or #fe p] c5t1 def9$    
pity z     to feel sorry = "s "o1 or    
words to t effect4 ,less ?an     #aj p] 
c5t def9$ by means ( illu/ration4       
,unsatisfactory4 ,to ?9k ( ! poor4 ,to  
be good to     o!rs4 ,to help4 ,x means 
sorr[4 ,m]cy4 ,to *e] p     up4 ,x means
 ',:at a pity6' ,to be a%am$4 ,to be    
sick or     poor4 ,x's :5 y break       
some?+4      ,ap>t f inability to reply1
 :i* acc\nts = ne>ly "o     f\r? ( !    
failures1 !re is no pr$om9ant type (    
unsatisfactory response4  7b7 ,rev5ge   
,satisfactory4 ,to get ev5 ) "s "o4 ,to 
get back on     him4 ,to d some?+ to !  

"o :o has done some?+ to     y4 ,to hurt
 !m back4 ,to pay x back1 or ,d some?+  
back4 ,to d some?+ mean 9 return4 ,to   
squ>e up ) a     p]son4 ,:5 somebody    
slaps y1 y slap back4 ,y kill a         
p]son if he does some?+ to y4      ,!   
expression to get ev5 0 f\nd 9 #db p]   
c5t ( #abj     correct answ]s2 to pay x 
back1 or ,to d some?+ back1 9     #bj p]
 c5t2 ,to get back on him1 9 #ag p] c5t4
 ,ab\t     #h p] c5t 7 illu/rations4    
,unsatisfactory4 ,to be mad4 ,y try to  
hurt !m4 ,to     fight4 ,y hate a p]son4
 ,to kill !m4 ,x means hateful4     ,to 
try aga94 ,to ?9k evil ( "s "o4 ,to hate
 "s "o     :o has done y wrong4 ,to let 
a p]son (f4 ,to g away f     some?+4    
,inability to reply acc\nts = a little  
ov] #dj p] c5t ( !     failures4  7c7   
,*>ity      ,satisfactory4 ,to give to !
 poor4 ,to help ^? :o are     ne$y4 ,x  
is *>ity if y are poor & somebody helps 
y4     ,to give to somebody )\t pay4    
,( #aaj correct replies1 #gb p] c5t 7   
word$ sub/antially     l ! fir/ or      

second giv5 above4      ,unsatisfactory4
 ,a p]son :o helps ! poor4 ,a place :]e 
poor p get food & ?+s4 ,x is a good     
life4 ,to be     happy4 ,to be poor4    
,*>ity is be+ treat$ good4 ,x is to     
be *>itable4 ,*>ity is sell+ some?+ t is
 n wor?     mu*4 ,x means to be good or 
to be k9d4      ,:5 ! la/ nam$ response 
is giv51 we %\ld say3 ,expla9     :at y 
mean4 ,if ?is br+s an amplification ( ! 
response     to ,x means to d ?+s = !   
poor1 or ! equival5t1 !     score is    
plus4 ,*>ity means love is also m9us if 
!     /atem5t _c be fur!r expla9$ & is  
m]ely rote memory     ( ! passage 9 !   
#ac? *apt] ( #a/ ,cor9?ians4 ,simply    
,to help or ,to give is unsatisfactory4 
,half ( ! failures     are due to       
inability to reply4  7d7 ,envy          
,satisfactory4 ,y envy "s "o :o has     
some?+ y want4     ,x's ! way y feel :5 
y see "s "o ) some?+     nic] ?an y h4  
,x's :5 a poor girl sees a ri* girl     
) nice dresses & ?+s4 ,y hate "s "o     
because     !y've got some?+ y want4    

,jeal\sy 7satisfactory if     subject c 
expla9 :at jeal\sy means2 o!rwise x is  
m9us74 ,x's :5 y see a p]son bett] (f   
?an y are4      ,ne>ly ?ree f\r?s ( !   
correct responses say 9 sub/ance1     ,y
 envy a p]son :o has some?+ y want4 ,mo/
 ( !     o!rs are concrete illu/rations4
      ,unsatisfactory4 ,to hate "s "o1  
or simply ,to hate4 ,y     don't l 'em4 
,bad feel+ t[>d any "o4 ,to be a great  
man or woman4 ,n to be nice to p4 ,:at  
we d to our     enemies4      ,inability
 to respond acc\nts = #ee p] c5t ( !    
failures4  7e7 ,ju/ice                  
,satisfactory4 ,to give p :at !y des]ve4
 ,x means     t ev]ybody is treat$ !    
same way1 :e!r he is ri* or     poor4   
,x's :at y get :5 y g to c\rt4 ,if "o   
does     some?+ & gets puni%$1 t's      
ju/ice4 ,to d ! squ>e     ?+4 ,to give  
ev]ybody 8 dues4 ,let e "o h :at's      
com+ to him4 ,to d ! "r ?+ by any "o4   
,if two     p d ! same ?+ & !y let "o g 
)\t puni%+1     t is n ju/ice4          
,approximately #ch p] c5t ( #ajb correct

 responses ref]r$ to     treat+ ev]ybody
 ! same way2 #be p] c5t to do+ !        
squ>e ?+1 #ab p] c5t 7 concrete         
illu/rations2 &     #d p] c5t 7         
def9itions ( :at ju/ice is n4           
,unsatisfactory4 ,x means to h peace4 ,x
 is :]e !y     h c\rt4 ,x's ! ,c\r?\se4 
,to be hone/4 ,:]e "o     is j 7m9us1   
unless fur!r expla9$74 ,to d "r         
7m9us1 unless 9 expla9+ "r ! subject    
gives a     def9ition ( ju/ice74      ,x
 is v necess>y1 9 case ( su* answ]s z   
,ju/ice is to     d "r1 ,to be j1 etc41 
t ! subject be urg$ to     expla9 fur!r 
:at he means4 ,to d "r includes ne>ly   
#ab p] c5t ( all answ]s1 & is giv5 by ! 
v brighte/     *ildr54 ,mo/ ( ^! are    
able1 :5 urg$1 to complete !            
def9ition 9 a satisfactory mann]4       
,,rem>ks4 ,! read] may be surpris$ t !  
ability to def9e common ab/ract words   
%\ld develop s late4 ,mo/ *ildr5 :o h _h
 any?+ l ord9>y home or s*ool environm5t
 h d\btless he>d all ( ^! words c\ntless
 times be=e ! age ( #ab ye>s4           

,nev]!less1 ! /ati/ics f ! te/ %[       
unmi/akably t be=e ?is age su* words h b
 limit$ & vague mean+4 ,o!r vocabul>y   
/udies confirm ?is fact s completely t  
we may say !re is h>dly any trait 9 :i* 
#ab- to #ad-ye> intellig5ce m uni=mly   
excels t ( ! #i- or #aj-ye> level4  ,?is
 is readily und]/&able :5 we consid] !  
nature ( ab/ract mean+s & ! intellectual
 processes by :i* we arrive at !m4      
,unlike su* words z tree1 h\se1 etc41 ! 
ideas !y conta9 are n ! imm$iate result 
( p]ceptual processes1 9 :i* ev5 *ildi% 
intellig5ce is adept1 b are a ref9$ &   
second>y product ( relation%ips betwe5  
o!r ideas4 ,!y require ! logical        
processes ( comp>ison1 ab/raction1 &    
g5]alization4 ,"o _c see ju/ice1 =      
example1 b "o is (t5 confront$ )        
situations 9 :i* ju/ice or inju/ice is  
an elem5t2 & giv5 a c]ta9 degree (      
ab/raction & g5]alization1 out ( su*    
situations ! idea ( ju/ice w gradually  
be evolv$4  ,! =mation & use ( ab/ract  
ideas1 ( "o k9d or ano!r1 repres5t1 p>  

excell5ce1 ! high] ?\ght processes4 ,x  
is n )\t significance t del9qu5ts :o te/
 ne> ! bord]-l9e ( m5tal defici5cy %[   
su* inf]ior ability 9 arriv+ at correct 
g5]alizations reg>d+ matt]s ( social &  
moral relation%ips4 ,we _c expect a m9d 
( defective g5]aliz+ ability to =m v    
def9ite or correct notions ab\t ju/ice1 
law1 fairness1 own]%ip rights1 etc42 &  
if ! ideas !mselves are n fairly cle>1 !
 rules ( conduct bas$ ^u !m _c make a v 
p[]ful appeal4#fi  #fi ,see also p4 #bih
 ff4  ,b9et us$ ! words *>ity1 ju/ice1 &
 k9dness1 & requir$ two successes4 ,9 ! 
#aiaa revision he %ift$ ! te/ f ye> ,,xi
 to ye> ,,xii1 :]e x m ne>ly belongs4   
,godd>d also places x 9 ye> ,,xii & uses
 ,b9et's words1 translat+ bont1 h[ev]1 z
 goodness in/ead ( k9dness4 ,kuhlmann   
reta9s ! te/ 9 ye> ,,xi & adds brav]y & 
rev5ge1 requir+ ?ree correct def9itions 
out ( five4 ,bob]tag uses pity1 envy1 & 
ju/ice1 requires two correct def9itions1
 & f9ds ! te/ j h>d en\gh = ye> ,,xii4  
,aft] us+ ! words goodness & k9dness 9  

two s]ies ( te/s1 we h disc>d$ !m z     
objectionable 9 t !y give rise to s _m  
d\btful def9itions4 ,ev5 intellig5t     
*ildr5 (t5 say3 ,goodness means to d    
some?+ good1 ,k9dness means to be k9d to
 "s "o1 etc4 ,^! def9itions 9 a circle  
occur less ?an half z (t5 ) pity1       
rev5ge1 & envy1 :i* are also sup]ior to 
*>ity & ju/ice 9 ?is respect4  ,!       
relative difficulty ( our five words is 
indicat$ by ! ord] 9 :i* we h li/$ !m 9 
! te/ 7i4e41 beg9n+ ) ! easie/ & end+ ) 
! h>de/74 ,on ! /&>d ( ?ree correct     
def9itions1 ^! words fit v accurately 9 
ye> ,,xii4   ,,xii1 #c4 ,,!             
,,ball-,,&-,,field ,,te/ 7,,sup]ior     
,,plan7  ,,proc$ure1 z 9 ye> ,,viii1 te/
 #a4  ,,scor+4 ,score #c 7or sup]ior    
plan7 is requir$ = pass+ 9 ye> ,,xii4#gj
  #gj ,see scor+ c>d4   ,,xii1 #d4      
,,dissect$ ,,s5t5ces  ,! foll[+         
dis>rang$ s5t5ces are us$3--      ,,=   
,,! ,,/>t$ ,,an ,,we ,,c\ntry ,,e>ly    
,,at ,,h\r      ,,to ,,ask$ ,,pap] ,,my 
,,tea*] ,,correct ,i ,,my      ,a       

,,def5ds ,,dog ,,good ,,8 ,,bravely     
,,ma/]  ,^! %\ld be pr9t$ 9 type l t us$
 above4 ,! ,/an=d record booklet conta9s
 ! s5t5ces 9 conv5i5t =m4  ,x is n      
p]missible to sub/itute writt5 words or 
pr9t$ script1 z t w\ld make ! te/ h>d]4 
,all ! words %\ld be pr9t$ 9 caps 9 ord]
 t no clue %all be giv5 z to ! fir/ ^w 9
 a s5t5ce4 ,= a simil> reason ! p]iod is
 omitt$4  ,,proc$ure4 ,say3 ,"h is a    
s5t5ce t has ! words all mix$ up s t !y 
don't make any s5se4 ,if ! words 7 *ang$
 ar\nd 9 ! "r ord] !y w\ld make a good  
s5t5ce4 ,look c>efully & see if y c tell
 me h[ ! s5t5ce ought to read4  ,give ! 
s5t5ces 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are li/$ 9 !  
record booklet4 ,d n tell ! subject to  
see h[ quickly he c d x1 because ) ?is  
te/ any sugge/ion ( hurry+ is likely to 
produce a k9d ( m5tal p>alysis4 ,if !   
subject has no success ) ! fir/ s5t5ce 9
 "o m9ute1 read x (f correctly = him1   
some:at sl[ly1 & po9t+ to ea* ^w z x is 
spok54 ,!n proce$ to ! second & ?ird1   
all[+ "o m9ute = ea*4  ,give no fur!r   

help4 ,x is n p]missible1 9 case an     
incorrect response is giv51 to ask !    
subject to try aga91 or to say3 ,are y  
sure t is "r8 ,are y sure y h n left out
 any words8 etc4 ,in/ead1 ma9ta9        
absolute sil5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ! subject is   
p]mitt$ to make z _m *anges 9 8 response
 z he sees fit1 provid$ he makes !m     
spontane\sly & )9 ! allott$ "t4 ,record 
! entire response4  ,once 9 a great :ile
 ! subject misund]/&s ! task & ?9ks !   
only requirem5t is to use all ! words   
giv51 & t x is p]mitt$ to add z _m o!r  
words z he likes4 ,x is !n necess>y to  
repeat ! in/ructions & to all[ a new    
trial4  ,,scor+4 ,two s5t5ces out ( ?ree
 mu/ be correctly giv5 )9 ! m9ute       
allott$ to ea*4 ,x is und]/ood1 ( c\rse1
 t if ! fir/ s5t5ce has to be read = !  
subject1 bo? ! o!r responses mu/ be giv5
 correctly4  ,a s5t5ce is n c\nt$       
correct if a s+le ^w is omitt$1 alt]$1  
or ins]t$1 or if ! ord] giv5 fails to   
make p]fect s5se4  ,c]ta9 responses are 
n absolutely incorrect1 b are           

objectionable z reg>ds s5t5ce /ructure1 
or else fail to give ! exact mean+      
int5d$4 ,^! are giv5 half cr$it4 ,full  
cr$it on "o1 & half cr$it on ea* ( ! o!r
 two1 is satisfactory4 ,! foll[+ are    
samples ( satisfactory & unsatisfactory 
responses3--  7a7     ,satisfactory4    
,we />t$ = ! c\ntry at an e>ly h\r4     
,at an e>ly h\r we />t$ = ! c\ntry4     
,we />t$ at an e>ly h\r = ! c\ntry4     
,unsatisfactory4        ,we />t$ e>ly at
 an h\r = ! c\ntry4        ,e>ly at an  
h\r we />t$ = ! c\ntry4        ,we />t$ 
e>ly = ! c\ntry4     ,half cr$it4       
,= ! c\ntry at an e>ly h\r we />t$4     
,= ! c\ntry we />t$ at an e>ly h\r4  7b7
     ,satisfactory4        ,i ask$ my   
tea*] to correct my pap]4               
,unsatisfactory4        ,my tea*] ask$  
to correct my pap]4        ,to correct  
my pap] ,i ask$ my tea*]4     ,half     
cr$it4        ,my tea*] ,i ask$ to      
correct my pap]4  7c7     ,satisfactory4
        ,a good dog def5ds 8 ma/]       
bravely4        ,a good dog bravely     

def5ds 8 ma/]4     ,unsatisfactory4     
,a dog def5ds 8 ma/] bravely4        ,a 
bravely dog def5ds 8 ma/]4        ,a    
good dog def5ds 8 bravely ma/]4         
,a good brave dog def5ds 8 ma/]4        
,half cr$it4        ,a dog def5ds 8 good
 ma/] bravely4        ,a dog bravely    
def5ds 8 good ma/]4        ,a good ma/] 
bravely def5ds 8 dog4  ,,rem>ks4 ,?is is
 an excell5t te/4 ,x involves no k :i*  
may n be presuppos$ at ! age 9 :i* x is 
giv51 & success !re=e dep5ds v little on
 exp]i5ce4 ,! wor/ t c be urg$ aga9/ x  
is t x may possibly be influ5c$ to a    
c]ta9 ext5t by ! am\nt ( read+ ! subject
 has done4 ,b ?is has n be5 demon/rat$4 
,at any rate1 ! te/ satisfies ! mo/     
important requirem5t ( a te/ (          
intellig5ce2 namely1 ! p]c5tage (       
successes increases rapidly & /eadily f 
! l[] to ! high] levels ( m5tal age4    
,?is exp]im5t c be reg>d$ z a v>iation (
 ! completion te/4 ,b9et tells u1 9     
fact1 t x 0 directly sugge/$ by !       
exp]im5t ( ,ebb+haus4 ,z w readily be   

obs]v$1 h[ev]1 x diff]s to a c]ta9 ext5t
 f ! ,ebb+haus completion te/4 ,ebb+haus
 omits p>ts ( a s5t5ce & requires !     
subject to supply ! omissions4 ,9 ?is   
te/ we give all ! p>ts & require !      
=mation ( a s5t5ce by re>rangem5t4 ,!   
two exp]im5ts are psy*ologically simil> 
9 t !y require ! subject to relate giv5 
fragm5ts into a mean+ful :ole4 ,success 
dep5ds ^u ! ability ( intellig5ce to    
utilize h9ts1 or clues1 & ?is 9 turn    
dep5ds on ! logical integrity ( !       
associative processes4 ,all b ! highe/  
grade ( ! feeble-m9d$ fail ) ?is te/4   
,?is te/ is f\nd 9 ye> ,,xi ( ,b9et's   
#aijh s]ies & 9 ye> ,,xii ( 8 #aiaa     
revision4 ,godd>d & ,kuhlmann reta9 x 9 
! orig9al location4 ,t x is bett] plac$ 
9 ye> ,,xii is indicat$ by all !        
available /ati/ics ) normal *ildr51     
except ^? ( ,godd>d4 ,) ?is exception1 !
 results ( v>i\s inve/igators = ye>     
,,xii are 9 rem>kably close agreem5t1 z 
! foll[+ figures w %[3--      ,p] c5t   
pass+ at ye> ,,xii      ,b9et           

#ff     ,kuhlmann                       
#fh     ,bob]tag                        
#gh     ,d\gh]ty                        
#fd     ,/rong                          
#gb     ,lvi/e & ,morl               #gj
     ,/an=d s]ies 7#aiaa7          #fb  
,/an=d s]ies 7#aiac7          #eg       
,/an=d s]ies 7#aiad7          #fb       
,pr9ceton data                  #fa     
,?is agreem5t is notewor?y consid]+ t no
 two exp]im5ts seem to h us$ exactly !  
same arrangem5t ( words1 & t "s h       
pres5t$ ! words ( a s5t5ce 9 a s+le l9e1
 o!rs 9 two or ?ree l9es4 ,a s+le l9e   
w\ld appe> to be some:at easi]4   ,,xii1
 #e4 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,fables       
7,,score #d7  ,! foll[+ fables are      
us$3--  7a7 ,h]cules & ! ,wagon]      ,a
 man 0 driv+ along a c\ntry road1 :5 !  
:eels     sudd5ly sank 9 a deep rut4 ,! 
man did no?+ b look at !     wagon &    
call l\dly to ,h]cules to come & help   
him4 ,h]cules     came up1 look$ at !   
man1 & said3 ,put y\r %\ld] to !        
:eel1 my man1 & :ip up y\r ox54 ,!n he  

w5t away &     left ! driv]4  7b7 ,!    
,milkmaid & h] ,plans      ,a milkmaid 0
 c>ry+ h] pail ( milk on h] head1 & 0   
?9k+ to h]self ?us3 ,! money = ?is milk 
w buy     #d h5s2 ! h5s w lay at lea/   
#ajj eggs2 ! eggs w     produce at lea/ 
#ge *icks2 & ) ! money :i* ! *icks     w
 br+ ,i c buy a new dress to we> in/ead 
( ! ragg$     "o ,i h on4 ,at ?is mom5t 
%e look$ d[n at h]self1     try+ to ?9k 
h[ %e w\ld look 9 h] new dress2 b z %e  
did s ! pail ( milk slipp$ f h] head &  
da%$ ^u     ! gr\nd4 ,?us all h] imag9>y
 s*emes p]i%$ 9 a mom5t4  7c7 ,! ,fox & 
! ,cr[      ,a cr[1 hav+ /ol5 a bit (   
meat1 p]*$ 9 a tree & held     x 9 h]   
beak4 ,a fox1 see+ h]1 wi%$ to secure ! 
meat1     & spoke to ! cr[ ?us3 ,h[     
h&some y are6 & ,i h     he>d t ! beauty
 ( y\r voice is equal to t ( y\r     =m 
& fea!rs4 ,w y n s+ = me1 s t ,i may    
judge     :e!r ?is is true8 ,! cr[ 0 s  
pleas$ t %e op5$     h] m\? to s+ &     
dropp$ ! meat1 :i* ! fox     imm$iately 
ate4  7d7 ,! ,f>m] & ! ,/ork      ,a    

f>m] set "s traps to cat* cranes :i* _h 
be5 eat+     8 se$4 ,) !m he caught a   
/ork4 ,! /ork1 :i* _h n     really be5  
/eal+1 begg$ ! f>m] to sp>e 8 life1     
say+ t he 0 a bird ( excell5t "*1 t he 0
     n at all l ! cranes1 & t ! f>m]    
%\ld h pity     on him4 ,b ! f>m] said3 
,i h caught y ) ^!     robb]s1 & y w h  
to die ) !m4  7e7 ,! ,mill]1 ,8 ,son1 & 
! ,donkey      ,a mill] & 8 son 7 driv+ 
_! donkey to a neighbor+     t[n to sell
 him4 ,!y _h n gone f> :5 a *ild saw !m 
& cri$ out3 ,:at fools ^? fell[s are to 
be trudg+     along on foot :5 "o ( !m  
might be rid+4 ,! old man1     he>+ ?is1
 made 8 son get on ! donkey1 :ile he    
himself     walk$4 ,soon1 !y came ^u "s 
m54 ,look1 said "o ( !m1     see t lazy 
boy rid+ :ile 8 old fa!r has to walk4   
,on     he>+ ?is1 ! mill] made 8 son get
 (f1 & he climb$ on     ! donkey        
himself4 ,f>!r on !y met a company (    
wom51 :o     %\t$ out3 ,:y1 y lazy old  
fell[1 to ride along s     com=tably    
:ile y\r poor boy !re c h>dly keep pace 

by     ! side ( y6 ,& s ! good-natur$   
mill] took 8 boy up     beh9d him & bo? 
( !m rode4 ,z !y came to ! t[n a        
citiz5 said to !m1 ,:y1 y cruel fell[s6 
,y two are     bett] able to c>ry ! poor
 little donkey ?an he is to c>ry     y4 
,v well1 said ! mill]1 we w try4 ,s bo? 
(     !m jump$ to ! gr\nd1 got "s ropes1
 ti$ ! donkey's     legs to a pole &    
tri$ to c>ry him4 ,b z !y cross$ !      
bridge ! donkey became fright5$1 kick$  
loose & fell into     ! /ream4          
,,proc$ure4 ,pres5t ! fables 9 ! ord] 9 
:i* !y are giv5 above4 ,! me?od is to   
say to ! subject3  ,y "k :at a fable is8
 ,y h he>d fables8 ,:atev] ! answ]1     
proce$ to expla9 a fable z foll[s3 ,a   
fable1 y "k1 is a little /ory1 & is     
meant to tea* u a lesson4 ,n[1 ,i am go+
 to read a fable to y4 ,li/5 c>efully1 &
 :5 ,i am ?r\gh ,i w ask y to tell me   
:at lesson ! fable tea*es u4 ,ready2    
li/54 ,aft] read+ ! fable1 say3 ,:at    
lesson does t tea* u8 ,record ! response
 v]batim & proce$ ) ! next z foll[s3 ,"h

 is ano!r4 ,li/5 aga9 & tell me :at     
lesson ?is fable tea*es u1 etc4  ,z f> z
 possible1 avoid comm5t or comm5dation  
until all ! fables h be5 giv54 ,if !    
fir/ answ] is ( an inf]ior type & we    
express too mu* satisfaction ) x1 we    
!reby enc\rage ! subject to cont9ue 9 8 
error4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nev] express       
dissatisfaction ) a response1 h[ev]     
absurd or malapropos x may be4 ,_m      
subjects are anxi\s to "k h[ well !y are
 do+ & cont9ually ask1 ,did ,i get t "o 
"r8 ,x is suffici5t to say1 ,y are gett+
 along nicely1 or some?+ to t effect4   
,(f] no comm5ts1 sugge/ions1 or que/ions
 :i* might put ! subject on ! "r track4 
,?is mu* self-control is necess>y if we 
w\ld make ! conditions ( ! te/ uni=m =  
all subjects4  ,! only occasion :5 a    
supplem5t>y "q is p]missible is 9 case (
 a response ^: mean+ is n cle>4 ,ev5 !n 
we mu/ be cauti\s & re/rict ourselves to
 "s su* "q z1 ,:at d y mean8 or1        
,expla92 ,i don't q und]/& :at y mean4  
,! scor+ ( fables is some:at difficult  

at be/1 & ?is additional "q is (t5      
suffici5t to place ! response v         
def9itely 9 ! "r or wrong column4       
,,scor+4 ,give score #b1 i4e41 #b po9ts1
 = a correct answ]1 & #a = an answ] :i* 
des]ves half cr$it4 ,! te/ is pass$ 9   
ye> ,,xii if #d po9ts are e>n$2 t is1 if
 two responses are correct or if "o is  
correct & two des]ve half cr$it4  ,score
 #b means t ! fable has be5 correctly   
int]pret$ & t ! lesson x tea*es has be5 
/at$ 9 g5]al t]ms4  ,!re are two types (
 response :i* may be giv5 half cr$it4   
,!y include 7#a7 ! int]pretations :i*   
are /at$ 9 g5]al t]ms & are fairly      
plausible1 b are n exactly correct2 &   
7#b7 ^? :i* are p]fectly correct z to   
sub/ance1 b are n g5]aliz$4  ,we ov]look
 ord9>y faults ( expression & reg>d     
m]ely ! ess5tial mean+ ( ! response4  ,!
 only way to expla9 ! me?od is by giv+  
copi\s illu/rations4 ,if ! foll[+ sample
 responses are c>efully /udi$1 a        
reasonable degree ( exp]tness 9 scor+   
fables may be acquir$ ) only a limit$   

am\nt ( actual practice4 ,! sampl+ may  
appe> to ! read] ne$lessly prolix1 b    
exp]i5ce has taught u t 9 giv+          
directions = ! scor+ ( te/s error always
 lies on ! side ( tak+ too mu* = grant$4
  7a7 ,h]cules & ! ,wagon]      ,full   
cr$it2 score #b4 ,god helps ^? :o help  
!mselves4     ,d n dep5d on o!rs4 ,help 
y\rself be=e call+ =     help4 ,x tea*es
 t we %\ld rely ^u ourselves4      ,!   
foll[+ are n q s good1 b are nev]!less  
consid]$ satisfactory4 ,we %\ld always  
try1 ev5 if x looks     h>d & we ?9k we 
c't d x4 ,:5 9 tr\ble try to get     out
 ( x y\rself4 ,we've got to d ?+s )\t   
help4 ,n     to be lazy4      ,half     
cr$it2 score #a4 ,?is is mo/ (t5 giv5 = 
!     response :i* conta9s ! correct    
idea1 b /ates x 9 t]ms     ( ! concrete 
situation1 e4g43 ,! man ought to h tri$ 
himself fir/4 ,h]cules want$ to tea* !  
man to help     himself4 ,! driv] 0 too 
mu* incl9$ to dep5d on     o!rs4 ,! man 
0 too lazy4 ,he %\ld n h call$ =        
help until he _h tri$ to get out by     

himself4 ,to get out &     try in/ead ( 
wat*+4      ,unsatisfactory2 score #j4  
,failures are ma9ly ( five     v>ieties3
 7#a7 g5]aliz$ int]pretations :i*       
entirely miss     ! po9t2 7#b7 crude    
int]pretations :i* n only miss !        
po9t1 b are also /at$ 9 t]ms ( !        
concrete situation2     7#c7 irrelevant 
or incoh]5t rem>ks2 7#d7 ef=ts to repeat
 !     /ory2 & 7#e7 inability to        
respond4      ,sample failures ( type   
7#a71 entirely incorrect g5]alizations3 
,tea*es u to look :]e we are go+4 ,n to 
ask =     any?+ :5 !re is no "o to help4
 ,to help ^? :o are     9 tr\ble4       
,tea*es u to be polite4 ,h[ to help     
o!rs4     ,n to be cruel to horses4     
,always to d :at p tell y     7or obey  
ord]s1 etc474 ,n to be fooli% 7or /upid1
 etc474     ,if y w\ld h a ?+ well done1
 d x y\rself4      ,failures ( type     
7#b71 crude int]pretations /at$ 9       
concrete     t]ms3 ,h[ to get out ( !   
mud4 ,n to get /uck 9 !     mud4 ,to    
c>ry a /ick along to pry y\rself out if 

y get     into a mud-hole4 ,to help any 
"o :o is /uck 9 ! mud4     ,taught      
,h]cules to help ! horses along & n :ip 
!m too     h>d4 ,n to be mean l         
,h]cules4      ,failures ( type 7#c71   
irrelevant responses3 ,x 0 fooli% n     
to ?ank him4 ,he %\ld h help$ ! driv]4  
,h]cules 0     mean4 ,if any "o helps   
himself ! horses w try4 ,!     driv]    
%\ld h done :at ,h]cules told him4 ,he  
want$ !     man to help ! ox54          
,type 7#d73 ,ef=ts to repeat ! /ory4    
,type 7#e73 ,inability to respond4  7b7 
,! ,maid & ! ,eggs      ,full cr$it2    
score #b4 ,tea*es u n to build          
air-ca/les4     ,don't c\nt y\r *ick5s  
be=e !y are hat*$4 ,n to     plan too f>
 ahead4 ,slightly inf]ior1 b /ill       
acceptable3     ,nev] make too _m plans4
 ,don't c\nt on ! second ?+     till y h
 done ! fir/4      ,half cr$it2 score   
#a4 ,x tea*es u n to h our m9ds on     !
 future :5 we c>ry milk on ! head4 ,%e 0
 build+     air-ca/les & s lo/ h] milk4 
,%e 0 plann+ too f>     ahead4      ,!  

responses j giv5 are examples ( fairly  
correct     int]pretations 9            
non-g5]aliz$ t]ms4 ,! foll[+ are        
examples ( g5]aliz$ int]pretations :i*  
fall bel[ !     accuracy requir$ = full 
cr$it3 ,nev] make plans4 ,n to     be   
too pr\d4 ,to keep our m9d on :at we are
 do+4 ,don't     cross a bridge till y  
come to x4 ,don't c\nt y\r eggs     be=e
 !y are hat*$4 ,n to be want+ ?+s2 le>n 
to     wait4 ,n to imag9e2 g ahead & d  
x4      ,unsatisfactory2 score #j4 ,type
 7#a71 entirely incorrect               
g5]alization3 ,t money does n buy       
ev]y?+4 ,n to be     gre$y4 ,n to be    
selfi%4 ,n to wa/e ?+s4 ,n to     take  
risks l t4 ,n to ?9k ab\t clo!s4 ,c\nt  
y\r     *ick5s be=e !y are hat*$4       
,type 7#b71 v crude int]pretations /at$ 
9 concrete t]ms3     ,n to c>ry milk on 
! head4 ,tea*es h] to wat* & n     ?r[  
d[n h] head4 ,to c>ry h] head /raight4  
,n to     spill milk4 ,to keep y\r      
*ick5s & y w make m     money4          
,type 7#c71 irrelevant responses3 ,%e   

want$ ! money4 ,tea*es     u to read &  
write 7#ah-ye>-old ( #h-ye>             
intellig5ce74     ,ab\t a girl :o 0     
sell+ "s milk4      ,type 7#d71 ef=t to 
repeat ! /ory4      ,type 7#e71         
inability to respond4  7c7 ,! ,fox & !  
,cr[      ,full cr$it2 score #b4 ,tea*es
 u n to li/5 to flatt]y4     ,don't let 
y\rself be flatt]$4 ,x is n safe to     
believe     p :o flatt] u4 ,we _h bett] 
look out = p :o     brag on u4          
,half cr$it2 score #a4 ,correct idea 9  
concrete t]ms3 ,!     cr[ 0 s pr\d (    
h]self t %e lo/ all %e _h4 ,!     cr[   
li/5$ to flatt]y & got left4 ,n to be   
pr\d &     let p ?9k y c s+ :5 y c't4   
,if anybody     brags on y don't s+ or d
 :at he tells y4      ,p]t95t b some:at 
inf]ior g5]alizations3 ,n to be too     
pr\d4 ,pride goes be=e a fall4 ,to be on
 our gu>d aga9/     p :o are our        
enemies4 ,n to d ev]y?+ p tell     y4   
,don't tru/ e slick fell[ y meet4       
,unsatisfactory2 score #j4 ,type 7#a71  
incorrect g5]alization3     ,n to g ) p 

y don't "k4 ,n to be selfi%4 ,to     %>e
 y\r food4 ,look be=e y leap4 ,n to li/5
 to     evil4 ,n to /eal4 ,tea*es       
hone/y4 ,n to covet4 ,?9k     = y\rself4
 ,tea*es wisdom4 ,nev] li/5 to advice4  
,nev] let any "o get ahead ( y4 ,to     
figure out :at !y     are go+ to d4     
,nev] try to d two ?+s at once4 ,h[ to  
get :at y want4      ,type 7#b71 v crude
 int]pretation /at$ 9 t]ms ( !          
concrete situation3 ,n to s+ be=e y eat4
 ,n to hold a     ?+ 9 y\r m\?2 eat x4  
,to eat a ?+ be=e y ?9k     ( y\r       
beauty4 ,to swall[ x be=e y s+4 ,to be  
on y\r     wat* :5 y h food 9 y\r m\?4  
,type 7#c71 irrelevant responses3 ,! fox
 0 gre$y4 ,! fox     0 slick] ?an :at ! 
cr[ 04 ,! cr[ ought n to h     op5$ h]  
m\?4 ,! cr[ %\ld j h %ak5 h] head4      
,x s]v$ ! cr[ "r = /eal+ ! meat4 ,! fox 
want$ ! meat & j told ! cr[ t to get x4 
,fooli%ness4 ,guess t's :]e ! old fox   
got 8     "n--',old ,foxy'--,don't tea* 
u any?+4      ,type 7#d71 ef=ts to      
repeat ! /ory4      ,type 7#e71         

inability to respond4  7d7 ,! ,f>m] & ! 
,/ork      ,full cr$it2 score #b4 ,y are
 judg$ by ! company y     keep4 ,tea*es 
u to keep out ( bad company4 ,birds ( a 
fea!r flock toge!r4 ,if y g ) bad p y   
are     c\nt$ l !m4 ,we %\ld *oose our  
fri5ds c>efully4     ,don't g ) bad p4  
,tea*es u to avoid ! appe>ance     (    
evil4      ,half cr$it2 score #a4 ,!    
/ork %\ld n h be5 ) !     cranes4       
,tea*es him n to g ) robb]s4 ,don't g ) 
p :o are n ( y\r nation4 ,n to foll[    
o!rs4      ,unsatisfactory2 score #j4   
,type 7#a71 incorrect g5]alization3     
,n to /eal4 ,n to tell lies4 ,n to give 
excuses4 ,a     poor excuse is bett] ?an
 none4 ,n to tru/ :at p     say4 ,n to  
li/5 to excuses4 ,n to h>m animals t d  
no h>m4 ,to h pity on o!rs4 ,n to be    
cruel4 ,to be     k9d to birds4 ,n to   
blame p = :at !y don't d4     ,tea*es t 
^? :o d good (t5 suff] = ^? :o d        
evil4 ,to t5d to y\r own bus9ess4 ,n to 
m$dle ) o!r     p's ?+s4 ,n to trespass 
on p's prop]ty4 ,n     to ?9k y are s   

nice4 ,to keep out ( mis*ief4      ,type
 7#b71 v crude int]pretations 9 concrete
 t]ms3 ,taught     ! /ork to look :]e x 
/epp$ & n walk into a trap4     ,taught 
! /ork to keep out ( ! man's field4 ,n  
to take     ! se$s4      ,type 7#c71    
irrelevant responses3 ,! f>m] 0 "r2     
/orks d     eat gra94 ,s]v$ ! /ork "r1  
he 0 /eal+ too4 ,he     %\ld try to help
 ! /ork out ( ! field4      ,type 7#d71 
ef=ts to repeat ! /ory4      ,type 7#e71
 inability to reply4  7e7 ,! ,mill]1 ,8 
,son1 & ! ,donkey      ,full cr$it2     
score #b4 ,:5 y try to please ev]ybody y
     please nobody4 ,don't li/5 to      
ev]ybody2 y c't please     !m all4      
,don't take e "o's advice4 ,don't try to
 d     :at ev]ybody tells y4 ,use y\r   
own judgm5t4 ,h a m9d     ( y\r own4    
,make up y\r m9d & /ick to x4 ,don't be 
wi%y-wa%y4 ,h confid5ce 9 y\r own       
op9ions4      ,half cr$it2 score #a4    
,int]pretations :i* are g5]aliz$     b  
some:at inf]ior3 ,nev] take any "o's    
advice 7too     sweep+ a conclusion74   

,don't take fooli% advice4 ,take y\r    
own advice4 ,x tea*es u t p don't always
 agree4      ,correct idea b n g5]aliz$3
 ,!y 7 fools to li/5 to     ev]ybody4   
,!y %\ld h walk$ or rode j z !y         
?\ght be/1 )\t li/5+ to o!r p4          
,unsatisfactory2 score #j4 ,type 7#a71  
incorrect g5]alization3     ,to d "r4   
,to d :at p tell y4 ,to be k9d to old   
p4 ,to be polite4 ,to s]ve o!rs4 ,n to  
be cruel to     animals4 ,to h sympa?y =
 bea/s ( burd54 ,to be     good-natur$4 
,n to load ?+s on animals t are small4  
,t x is always bett] to leave ?+s z !y  
are4 ,t     m5 7 n made = bea/s ( burd54
      ,type 7#b71 v crude int]pretations
 /at$ 9 concrete t]ms3     ,n to try to 
c>ry ! donkey4 ,t walk+ is bett] ?an    
rid+4 ,! p %\ld h be5 m polite to ! old 
man4 ,t ! fa!r %\ld be all[$ to ride4   
,type 7#c71 irrelevant responses3 ,! m5 
7 too heavy = !     donkey4 ,!y ought to
 h /ay$ on & !y w\ld n h     fall5 into 
! /ream4 ,x tea*es ab\t a man & he lo/ 8
     donkey4      ,type 7#d71 ef=ts to  

repeat ! /ory4      ,type 7#e71         
inability to respond4  ,,rem>ks4 ,!     
fable te/1 or ! te/ ( g5]alization1 z x 
may aptly be nam$1 0 us$ by ! writ] 9 a 
/udy ( ! intellectual processes ( bright
 & dull boys 9 #aije1ga & 0 fur!r       
/&>diz$ by ! writ] & ,mr4 ,*ilds 9      
#aiaa4gb ,x has prov$ its wor? 9 a numb]
 ( inve/igations4 ,x has be5 necess>y1  
h[ev]1 to simplify ! r elaborate me?od (
 scor+ :i* 0 propos$ 9 #aiaa1 n because 
( any logical fault ( ! me?od1 b because
 ( ! difficulty 9 tea*+ exam9]s to use !
 sy/em correctly4 ,! me?od expla9$ above
 is some:at co>s]1 b x has ! advantage (
 be+ mu* easi] to le>n4  #ga ,g5ius &   
,/upidity1 9 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 vol4  
xiii1 pp4 #cjg-gc4  #gb ,a ,t5tative    
,revision & ,ext5sion ( ! ,b9et-,simon  
,measur+ ,scale ( ,intellig5ce1 ,j\rnal 
( ,educational ,psy*ology 7#aiab74  ,!  
g5]alization te/ pres5ts = int]pretation
 situations :i* are closely p>allel$ 9 !
 ev]yday social exp]i5ce ( human be+s4  
,x te/s ! subject's ability to und]/&   

motives und]ly+ acts or attitudes4 ,x   
gives a clue to ! /atus ( ! social      
consci\sness4 ,?is is highly important 9
 ! diagnosis ( ! upp] range ( m5tal     
defectiv5ess4 ,! crit]ion ( !           
subnormal's fitness = life outside an   
in/itution is 8 ability to und]/& social
 relations & to adju/ himself to !m4    
,failure ( a subnormal to meet ?is      
crit]ion may lead him to break common   
conv5tions1 & to appe> disrespectful1   
sulky1 /ubborn1 or 9 "s o!r way que] &  
exceptional4 ,he is likely to be        
misund]/ood1 because he s easily        
misund]/&s o!rs4 ,! ske9 ( human motives
 is too complex = 8 limit$ intellig5ce  
to untangle4  ,e?nological /udies h %[n 
9 an int]e/+ way ! social orig9 ( !     
moral judgm5t4 ,! rectitude ( ! moral   
life1 !re=e1 dep5ds on ! accuracy ( !   
social judgm5t4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k
 :at proportion ( (f5d]s h transgress$  
moral codes because ( cont9u$ failure to
 grasp ! ess5tial lessons pres5t$ by    
human situations4  ,= ! intellig5t *ild 

ev5 ! common incid5ts ( life c>ry an    
endless succession ( lessons 9 "r       
conduct4 ,on ! av]age s*ool playgr\nd n 
an h\r passes )\t "s happ5+ :i* is      
fraught ) a moral h9t to ^? :o h        
intellig5ce en\gh to g5]alize !         
situation4 ,a boy plays unfairly & is   
b>r$ f ! game4 ,"o bullies 8 weak]      
companion & ar\ses ! ang] & scorn ( all 
8 fell[s4 ,ano!r v5ts 8 braggadocio &   
feels at once ! )]+ scorn ( ^? :o li/54 
,laz9ess1 selfi%ness1 meanness1         
di%one/y1 +ratitude1 incon/ancy1        
inord9ate pride1 & ! c\ntless o!r faults
 all h _! social p5alties4 ,! *ild (    
normal intellig5ce sees ! po9t1 draws ! 
appropriate lesson & 7provid$ emotions &
 w are also normal7 applies x m or less 
effectively z a guide to 8 own conduct4 
,to ! feeble-m9d$ *ild1 all b lack+ 9 ! 
p[] ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 !      
situation conveys no su* lesson4 ,x is b
 a muddle ( concrete ev5ts )\t g5]al    
significance2 or ev5 if its mean+ is    
vaguely appreh5d$1 ! p[]s ( inhibition  

are insuffici5t to gu>antee t "r action 
w foll[4  ,x is = ?is reason t !        
g5]alization te/ is s valuable 9 ! m5tal
 exam9ations ( del9qu5ts4 ,x pres5ts a  
moral situation1 imag9$1 to be sure1 b  
none ! less real to ! individual (      
normal compreh5sion4 ,x tells u quickly 
:e!r ! subject te/$ is able to see      
beyond ! incid5ts ( ! giv5 situation &  
to grasp _! wid] relations--:e!r he is  
able to g5]alize ! concrete4  ,! foll[+ 
responses made by feeble-m9d$ del9qu5ts 
f #af to #ba ye>s ( age demon/rate      
suffici5tly _! inability to compreh5d ! 
moral situation3--      ,h]cules & !    
,wagon]4 ,tea*es y to look :]e y are    
go+4 ,n to help any "o :o is /uck 9 !   
mud4 ,n to     :ip ox54 ,tea*es t       
,h]cules 0 mean4 ,tea*es u to     c>ry a
 /ick along to pry ! :eels out4      ,! 
,fox & ! ,cr[4 ,n to s+ :5 eat+4 ,to    
keep away     f /rang]s4 ,to swall[ x   
be=e y s+4 ,n to be     /+y4 ,n to li/5 
to evil4 ,! fox 0 wis] ?an !     cr[4 ,n
 to be selfi% ) food4 ,n to d two ?+s at

     once4 ,to hang on to :at y've got4 
,! ,f>m] & ! ,/ork4 ,tea*es ! /ork to   
look :]e he     /eps4 ,n to be cruel l !
 f>m]4 ,n to tell lies4     ,n to butt  
into o!r p's ?+s4 ,to be k9d to birds4  
,tea*es u h[ to get rid ( tr\blesome p4 
,nev] g     ) any?+ else4  ,! foll[+ are
 ! responses ( an #ah-ye>-old del9qu5t  
7intellig5ce level #aj ye>s7 to ! five  
fables3--      ,maid & ,eggs4 ,%e 0 ?9k+
 ab\t gett+ ! dress &     spill$ ! milk4
 ,tea*es selfi%ness4      ,h]cules & !  
,wagon]4 ,he want$ to help ! ox5 out4   
,fox & ,cr[4 ,guess t's :]e ! fox got 8 
"n--',old     ,foxy4' ,don't tea* u     
any?+4      ,f>m] & ,/ork4 ,try & help !
 /ork out ( ! field4      ,mill]1 ,son1 
& ,donkey4 ,!y 0 all big fools & mean to
     ! donkey4  ,"o does n require v    
pr(\nd psy*ological insight to see t a  
p]son ( ?is degree ( compreh5sion is n  
promis+ mat]ial = moral education4 ,8   
weakness 9 ! ability to g5]alize a moral
 situation is n due to lack (           
in/ruction1 b is inh]5t 9 ! nature ( 8  

m5tal processes1 all ( :i* h ! infantile
 quality ( av]age #i- or #aj-ye>        
intellig5ce4 ,well-in/ruct$ normal      
*ildr5 ( #aj ye>s ord9>ily succe$ no    
bett]4 ,! ability to draw ! correct     
lesson f a social situation is little   
develop$ bel[ ! m5tal level ( #ab or #ac
 ye>s4  ,! te/ is also valuable because 
x ?r[s light on ! subject's ability to  
appreciate ! f9] %ades ( mean+4 ,!      
m5tally ret>d$ (t5 %[ m>k$ inf]iority 9 
?is respect4 ,!y s5se1 p]haps1 9 a g5]al
 way ! tr5d ( ! /ory1 b !y fail to      
compreh5d mu* t to u seems cle>ly       
express$4 ,!y d n get :at is left = !   
read] to inf]1 because !y are ins5sible 
to ! ?\ght fr+es4 ,x is ^! :i* give     
mean+ to ! fable4 ,! dull subject may be
 able to image ! objects & activities   
describ$1 b tak5 9 ! r\gh su* imag]y    
gets him n[h]e4  ,f9ally1 ! te/ is almo/
 free f ! dang] ( coa*+4 ,! subject :o  
has be5 giv5 a numb] ( fables along )   
tw5ty-five or ?irty o!r te/s c z a rule 
give only hazy & inaccurate te/imony z  

to :at he has be5 put ?r\gh4 ,moreov]1  
we h f\nd t1 ev5 if a subject has       
previ\sly he>d a fable1 t fact does n   
mat]ially increase 8 *ances ( giv+ a    
correct int]pretation4 ,if ! situation  
depict$ 9 ! fable is beyond ! subject's 
p[] ( compreh5sion ev5 explicit         
in/ruction has little effect ^u !       
quality ( ! response4  ,incid5tally1 ?is
 obs]vation raises ! "q :e!r ! use (    
prov]bs1 mottoes1 fables1 poetry1 etc41 
9 ! moral in/ruction ( *ildr5 may n (t5 
be futile because ! mat]ial is n fitt$  
to ! *ild's p[] ( compreh5sion4 ,mu* ( !
 s*ool's in/ruction 9 hi/ory & lit]ature
 has a moral purpose1 b !re is reason to
 suspect t 9 ?is field s*ools (t5 make  
precoci\s attempts 9 g5]aliz+ ex]cises4 
,,xii1 #f4 ,,repeat+ ,,five ,,digits    
,,rev]s$  ,! s]ies are #c-a-h-g-i2      
#f-i-d-h-b2 #e-b-i-f-a4  ,,proc$ure &   
,,scor+4 ,exactly z 9 ye>s ,,vii &      
,,ix4#gc  #gc ,see discussion1 p4 #bjg  
ff4   ,,xii1 #g4 ,,int]pretation ,,(    
,,pictures  ,,proc$ure4 ,use ! same     

pictures z 9 ,,iii1 #a1 & ,,vii1 #b1 & !
 additional picture d4 ,pres5t 9 ! same 
ord]4 ,! =mula to beg9 ) is id5tical ) t
 9 ,,vii1 #b3 ,tell me :at ?is picture  
is ab\t4 ,:at is ?is a picture (8 ,?is  
=mula is *os5 because x does n sugge/   
specifically ei!r description or        
int]pretation1 & is !re=e adapt$ to %[ !
 *ild's spontane\s or natural mode (    
app]ception4 ,h[ev]1 9 case1 ?is =mula  
fails to br+ spontane\s int]pretation = 
?ree ( ! f\r pictures1 we !n return to  
^? pictures on :i* ! subject has fail$ &
 give a second trial ) ! =mula3 ,expla9 
?is picture4 ,a good _m subjects :o     
fail$ to int]pret ! pictures            
spontane\sly d s )\t difficulty :5 ! m  
specific =mula is us$4  ,if ! response  
is s brief z to be difficult to         
classify1 ! subject %\ld be urg$ to     
amplify by "s su* injunction z ,g ahead1
 or ,expla9 :at y mean4  ,"o m caution4 
,x is necess>y to refra9 f voic+ a s+le 
^w ( comm5dation or approval until all !
 pictures h be5 respond$ to4 ,a mom5t's 

?\ght w reveal ! absolute necessity (   
adh]+ to ?is rule4 ,(t5 a subject w beg9
 by giv+ an inf]ior type ( response     
7description1 say7 to ! fir/ picture1 b 
) ! second picture adju/s bett] to !    
task & responds satisfactorily4 ,if 9   
su* a case ! fir/ 7unsatisfactory7      
response 7 greet$ ) an approv+ ,t's f9e1
 y are do+ spl5didly1 ! likelihood ( any
 improvem5t tak+ place z ! te/ proce$s  
w\ld be greatly less5$4  ,,scor+4 ,?ree 
pictures out ( f\r mu/ be satisfactorily
 int]pret$4 ,satisfactorily means t !   
int]pretation giv5 %\ld be reasonably   
plausible2 n necess>ily ! exact "o !    
arti/ _h 9 m9d1 yet n absurd4 ,! foll[+ 
classifi$ responses w s]ve z a fairly   
secure guide = scor+3--  7a7 ,dut* ,home
      ,satisfactory4 ,*ild has spill$   
some?+ & is gett+ a     scold+4 ,! baby 
has hurt h]self & ! "m is     com=t+ h]4
 ,! baby is cry+ because %e is hungry & 
! "m has no?+ to give h]4 ,! little girl
 has be5     naughty & is ab\t to be    
puni%$4 ,! baby is cry+     because %e  

does n l h] d9n]4 ,!re's bread on !     
table & ! "m won't let ! little girl h x
 & s     %e is cry+4 ,! baby is begg+ = 
some?+ & is cry+     because h] mamma   
won't give x to h]4 ,x's a poor family4 
,! fa!r is dead & !y don't h en\gh to   
eat4      ,unsatisfactory4 ,! baby is   
cry+ & ! "m is look+     at h]          
7description74 ,x's 9 ,holl&1 & !re's a 
little     girl cry+1 & a mamma1 & !re's
 a di% on ! table     7ma9ly            
description74 ,! "m is tea*+ ! *ild to  
walk     7absurd int]pretation74  7b7   
,riv] ,sc5e      ,satisfactory4 ,man &  
lady elop+ to get m>ri$ & an     ,indian
 to r[ = !m4 ,i ?9k x repres5ts a       
honeymoon     trip4 ,9 fronti] days & a 
man & 8 wife h be5     captur$ by !     
,indians4 ,x's a p]il\s j\rney & !y h   
engag$ ! ,indian to r[ = !m4            
,unsatisfactory4 ,!y are %oot+ ! rapids4
 ,an ,indian     r[+ a man & 8 wife d[n 
! riv] 7ma9ly description74     ,a /orm 
at sea 7absurd int]pretation74 ,indians 
h rescu$     a c\ple f a %ipwreck4 ,!y h

 be5 up ! riv] &     are rid+ d[n !     
rapids4      ,! foll[+ responses are    
some:at d\btful1 b %\ld     probably be 
scor$ m9us3 ,p go+ out hunt+ & h        
,indian = a guide4 ,! man has rescu$ !  
woman f !     ,indians4 ,x's a camp+    
trip4  7c7 ,po/-,(fice                  
,satisfactory4 ,x's a lot ( old f>m]s4  
,!y h come to     ! po/-(fice to get !  
pap]1 :i* only comes once a week1     & 
!y are all happy4 ,!re's some?+ funny 9 
! pap]     ab\t "o ( ! m5 & !y are all  
laugh+ ab\t x4 ,!y     are read+ ab\t ! 
price ( eggs1 & !y look v happy s     ,i
 guess ! price has gone up4 ,x's a bun* 
( c\ntry     politicians read+ !        
election news4      ,unsatisfactory4 ,a 
man has j come out ( ! po/-(fice     &  
is read+ to 8 fri5ds4 ,x's a little     
c\ntry t[n &     !y are look+ at ! pap]4
 ,a man is read+ ! pap] &     ! o!rs are
 look+ on & laugh+4 ,"s m5 are read+ a  
pap] & laugh+1 & ! o!r man has br\ght "s
 eggs to     m>ket1 & x's 9 a little    
c\ntry t[n4 7,all ! above are     ma9ly 

description47      ,responses l ! foll[+
 are some:at bett]1 b h>dly             
satisfactory3 ,!y are read+ some?+ funny
 9 ! pap]4     ,!y are read+ ! ads4 ,!y 
are laugh+ ab\t some?+     9 ! newspap]1
 etc4  7d7 ,colonial ,home              
,satisfactory4 ,!y are lov]s & h        
qu>rel$4 ,! man     has to g away = a   
long "t1 maybe to w>1 & %e is afraid    
he won't return4 ,he has propos$ & %e   
has reject$ him1 &     %e is cry+       
because %e hat$ to disappo9t him4 ,!    
woman     is cry+ because h] husb& is   
angry & leav+ h]4 ,!     man is a       
mess5g] & has br\ght ! woman bad news4  
,unsatisfactory4 ,! husb& is leav+ & !  
dog is look+     at ! lady4 ,x's a      
picture to %[ h[ p dress$ 9     colonial
 times4 ,! lady is cry+ & ! man is try+ 
to     com=t h]4 ,! man is go+ away4 ,! 
woman is angry because     he is go+4 ,!
 dog has a ball 9 its m\? & looks happy1
     & ! man looks sad4      ,su*       
responses z ! foll[+ are d\btful1 b r   
m9us     ?an plus3 ,a picture ( ,george 

,wa%+ton's home4 ,!y     h lo/ _! money 
& !y are sad 7gratuit\s                 
int]pretation74 ,! man has /ruck !      
woman4      ,d\bt sometimes arises z to 
! prop] scor+ ( imag9ative     or       
gratuit\s int]pretations4 ,! foll[+ are 
samples (     su*3 7a7 ,! little girl is
 cry+ because %e wants a new     dress &
 ! "m is tell+ h] %e c h "o :5          
,*ri/mas comes if %e w be good4 7b7 ,!  
man & woman     h gone up ! riv] to     
visit "s fri5ds & an ,indian guide      
is br++ !m home4 7c7 ,"s old ,rubes are 
read+ ab\t     a circus t's go+ to come4
 7d7 ,napoleon leav+ 8     wife4        
,sometimes ^! imag9ative responses are  
giv5 by v bright subjects1 "u !         
impression t !y are ask$ to make up a   
/ory bas$ on ! picture4 ,we may score !m
 plus1 provid$ !y are n too mu* out (   
h>mony ) ! situation & actions repres5t$
 9 ! picture4 ,int]pretations s         
gratuit\s z to h little or no be>+ ^u ! 
sc5e depict$ %\ld be scor$ m9us4        
,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ ( picture int]pretation

 has be5 v>i\sly locat$ f #ab to #ae    
ye>s4 ,x _c be too /rongly emphasiz$ t  
ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! nature ( ! pictures  
us$1 ! =m 9 :i* ! "q is put1 & ! /&>d = 
scor+4 ,! ,j+leman-,jack pictures us$ by
 ,kuhlmann are z easy to int]pret at #aj
 ye>s z ! ,/an=d pictures at #ab4       
,spontane\s int]pretation 7,:at is ?is a
 picture (8 or ,:at d y see 9 ?is       
picture87 comes no m readily at #ad ye>s
 ?an provok$ int]pretation 7,expla9 ?is 
picture7 at #ab4 ,! /&>d ( scor+ is no  
less important4 ,if ) ! ,/an=d pictures 
we require ?ree satisfactory responses  
out ( f\r1 ! te/ belongs at ! #ab-ye>   
level1 b ! /&>d ( two correct out ( f\r 
c be met a ye> or two e>li]4  ,ev5 aft] 
we h agre$ ^u a giv5 s]ies ( pictures1 !
 =mula = giv+ ! te/1 & ^u ! requisite   
numb] ( passes1 !re rema9s /ill ! "q z  
to ! prop] degree ( lib]ality 9 decid+  
:at con/itutes int]pretation4 ,!re is no
 s+le po9t 9 m5tal developm5t :]e !     
ability to int]pret pictures sweeps 9 ) 
a ru%4 ,l ! developm5t ( mo/ o!r        

abilities1 x comes by sl[ degrees1      
beg9n+ ev5 z e>ly z #f ye>s4  ,! "q is1 
!re=e1 to decide :e!r a giv5 response   
conta9s z mu* & z good int]pretation z  
we h a "r to expect at ! age level :]e !
 te/ has be5 plac$4 ,x is imp]ative =   
any "o :o w\ld use ! scale correctly to 
acqua9t himself ?or\ghly ) ! proc$ure & 
/&>ds describ$ above4   ,,xii1 #h4      
,,giv+ ,,simil>ities1 ,,?ree ,,?+s      
,,proc$ure4 ,! proc$ure is ! same z 9   
,,viii1 #d1 b ) ! foll[+ words3--    7a7
 ,snake1 c[1 sp>r[4   7b7 ,book1 tea*]1 
newspap]4   7c7 ,wool1 cotton1 lea!r4   
7d7 ,knife-blade1 p5ny1 piece ( wire4   
7e7 ,rose1 potato1 tree4  ,z be=e1 a    
little tactful urg+ is occasionally     
necess>y 9 ord] to secure a response4   
,,scor+4 ,?ree satisfactory responses   
out ( five are necess>y = success4 ,any 
real simil>ity is acceptable1 :e!r      
fundam5tal or sup]ficial1 al?\gh ! giv+ 
( fundam5tal lik5esses is especially    
symptomatic ( good intellig5ce4         
,failures may be classifi$ "u f\r heads3

 7#a7 ,leav+ "o ( ! words out (         
consid]ation2 7#b7 giv+ a diff]5ce      
in/ead ( a simil>ity2 7#c7 giv+ a       
simil>ity t is n real or t is too biz>re
 or f>-fet*$2 & 7#d7 inability to       
respond4 ,types 7#a71 7#c71 & 7#d7 are  
almo/ equally num]\s1 :ile type 7#b7 is 
n (t5 enc\nt]$ at ?is level (           
intellig5ce4  ,?is te/ provokes d\btful 
responses some:at (t5] ?an ! e>li] te/ (
 giv+ simil>ities4 ,^? giv+ greate/     
difficulty are ! indef9ite /atem5ts l   
,all are useful1 ,all are made ( ! same 
mat]ial1 etc4 ,=tunately1 9 mo/ ( ^!    
cases an additional "q is suffici5t to  
det]m9e :e!r ! subject has 9 m9d a real 
simil>ity4 ,que/ions suitable = ?is     
purpose are3 ,expla9 :at y mean1 ,9 :at 
respect are !y all useful8 ,:at mat]ial 
d y mean8 etc4 ,( c\rse x is only       
p]missible to make use ( supplem5t>y    
que/ions ( ?is k9d :5 !y are necess>y 9 
ord] to cl>ify a response :i* has       
already be5 made4  ,:ile ! amateur      
exam9] is likely to h m or less tr\ble 9

 decid+ ^u scores1 ?is difficulty       
rapidly disappe>s ) exp]i5ce4 ,! foll[+ 
samples ( satisfactory & unsatisfactory 
responses w s]ve z a fairly adequate    
guide 9 deal+ ) d\btful cases3--  7a7   
,snake1 c[1 sp>r[      ,satisfactory4   
,all are animals 7or creatures1 etc474  
,all     live on ! l&4 ,all h blood 7or 
fle%1 bones1 eyes1     sk91 etc474 ,all 
move ab\t4 ,all brea! air4 ,all are     
useful 7plus only if subject c give a   
use :i* !y h     9 common74 ,all h a    
little intellig5ce 7or s5se1     in/9ct1
 etc474      ,unsatisfactory4 ,all h    
legs4 ,all are dang]\s4 ,all     fe$ on 
gra9 7or grass1 etc474 ,all are mu*     
afraid ( man4     ,all fright5 y4 ,all  
are w>m-blood$4 ,all get ab\t !     same
 way4 ,all walk on ! gr\nd4 ,all c bite4
 ,all     holl]4 ,all dr9k wat]4 ,a     
snake crawls1 a c[ walks1 & a     sp>r[ 
flies 7or "s o!r diff]5ce74 ,!y are n   
alike4  7b7 ,book1 tea*]1 newspap]      
,satisfactory4 ,all tea*4 ,y le>n f all4
 ,all give y     in=mation4 ,all help y 

get an education4 ,all are y\r     good 
fri5ds 7plus if subject c expla9 h[74   
,all are     useful 7plus if subject c  
expla9 h[74      ,unsatisfactory4 ,all  
tell y ! news4 ,a tea*] writes1     & a 
book & newspap] h writ+4 ,!y are n      
alike4     ,all read4 ,all use !        
alphabet4  7c7 ,wool1 cotton1 lea!r     
,satisfactory4 ,all us$ = clo?+4 ,we we>
 !m all4     ,all gr[ 7plus if subject c
 expla974 ,all h to be s5t     to !     
factory to be made into ?+s4 ,all are   
useful 7plus     if subject c give a use
 :i* all h 9 common74 ,all are          
valuable 7plus if expla9$74             
,unsatisfactory4 ,all come f plants4    
,all gr[ on animals4     ,all came (f ! 
top ( some?+4 ,all are ?+s4 ,!y are     
pretty4 ,all spell alike4 ,all are furry
 7or s(t1 h>d1     etc474  7d7          
,knife-blade1 p5ny1 piece ( wire        
,satisfactory4 ,all are made f m9]als   
7or metals74 ,all     come f m9es4 ,all 
are h>d mat]ial4      ,unsatisfactory4  
,all are made ( /eel 7or copp]1 iron1   

etc474 ,all are made ( ! same metal4    
,all cut4 ,all b5d     easily4 ,all are 
us$ 9 build+ a h\se4 ,all are           
wor?less4 ,all are useful 9 fix+ ?+s4   
,all h an     end4 ,!y are small4 ,all  
weigh ! same4 ,c get !m all     at a    
h>dw>e /ore4 ,y c buy ?+s ) all ( !m4   
,y buy !m ) money4 ,"o is %>p1 "o is    
r\nd1 & "o     is long 7or "s o!r       
diff]5ce74      ,su* answ]s z ,all are  
f\nd 9 a boy's pocket1 or ,boys l       
!m1 are n altoge!r bad1 b h>dly des]ve  
to be call$     satisfactory4 ,all are  
useful is m9us unless ! subject c       
give a use :i* !y h 9 common1 :i* 9 ?is 
case he is     n likely to d4 ,biz>re   
uses are also m9us2 z1 ,all are     good
 = a wat* fob1 ,c use all = pap]        
weights1 etc4  7e7 ,rose1 potato1 tree  
,satisfactory4 ,all are plants4 ,all gr[
 f ! gr\nd4     ,all h leaves 7or roots1
 etc474 ,all h to be plant$4     ,all   
are p>ts ( nature4 ,all h colors4       
,unsatisfactory4 ,all are pretty4 ,all  
be> fruit4 ,all h     pretty fl[]s4 ,all

 gr[ on bu%es4 ,all are valuable 7or    
useful74 ,!y gr[ close to a h\se4 ,all  
are ornam5tal4     ,all are %rubb]y4    
,,rem>ks4 ,! words ( ea* s]ies l5d      
!mselves readily to classification into 
a next high] class4 ,?is is ! be/ type (
 response1 b ) mo/ ( ! s]ies x acc\nts =
 less ?an two ?irds ( ! successes among 
subjects ( #ab-ye> intellig5ce4 ,!      
proportion is less ?an "o ?ird =        
subjects ( #aj-ye> intellig5ce & ne>ly  
?ree f\r?s at ! #ad-ye> level4 ,x w\ld  
be possible & v desirable to devise &   
/&>dize an additional te/ ( ?is k9d1 b  
requir+ ! giv+ ( an ess5tial resemblance
 or classificatory simil>ity4  ,=       
discussion ( ! psy*ological factors     
involv$ 9 ! simil>ities te/1 see ,,vii1 
#e4     ,,*apt] ,,xviii  ,,in/ructions  
,,= ,,ye> ,,xiv4   ,,xiv1 #a4           
,,vocabul>y 7,,fifty ,,def9itions1 #ijjj
 ,,words7  ,,proc$ure & ,,scor+1 z 9    
,,viii1 ,x1 & ,,xii4 ,at ye> ,,xiv fifty
 words mu/ be correctly def9$4   ,,xiv1 
#b4 ,,induction ,,te/3 ,,f9d+ ,a ,,rule 

,,proc$ure4 ,provide six %eets ( ?9     
blank pap]1 say #h  #aa in*es4 ,take !  
fir/ %eet1 & tell+ ! subject to wat* :at
 y d1 fold x once1 & 9 ! middle ( !     
fold$ edge te> out or cut out a small   
not*2 !n ask ! subject to tell y h[ _m  
holes !re w be 9 ! pap] :5 x is unfold$4
 ,! correct answ]1 "o1 is ne>ly always  
giv5 )\t hesitation4 ,b :atev] ! answ]1 
unfold ! pap] & hold x up broadside = ! 
subject's inspection4 ,next1 take ano!r 
%eet1 fold x once z be=e & say3 ,n[1 :5 
we fold$ x ?is way & tore out a piece1 y
 rememb] x made "o hole 9 ! pap]4 ,?is  
"t we w give ! pap] ano!r fold & see h[ 
_m holes we %all h4 ,!n proce$ to fold !
 pap] aga91 ?is "t 9 ! o!r direction1 & 
te> out a piece f ! fold$ side & ask h[ 
_m holes !re w be :5 ! pap] is unfold$4 
,aft] record+ ! answ]1 unfold ! pap]1   
hold x up be=e ! subject s z to let him 
see ! result4 ,! answ] is (t5 incorrect 
& ! unfold$ %eet is greet$ ) an         
exclamation ( surprise4 ,! gov]n+       
pr9ciple is seldom made out at ?is /age 

( ! exp]im5t4 ,b reg>dless ( !          
correctness or incorrectness ( ! fir/ & 
second answ]s1 proce$ ) ! ?ird %eet4    
,fold x once & say3 ,:5 we fold$ x ?is  
way !re 0 "o hole4 ,!n fold x aga9 &    
say3 ,& :5 we fold$ x ?is way !re 7 two 
holes4 ,at ?is po9t fold ! pap] a ?ird  
"t & say3 ,n[1 ,i am fold+ x aga94 ,h[  
_m holes w x h ?is "t :5 ,i unfold x8   
,record ! answ] & aga9 unfold ! pap]    
:ile ! subject looks on4  ,cont9ue 9 !  
same mann] ) %eets f\r1 five1 & six1    
add+ "o fold ea* "t4 ,9 fold+ ea* %eet  
recapitulate ! results ) ! previ\s      
%eets1 say+ 7) ! six?1 = example73 ,:5  
we fold$ x ?is way !re 0 "o hole1 :5 we 
fold$ x aga9 !re 7 two1 :5 we fold$ x   
aga9 !re 7 f\r1 :5 we fold$ x aga9 !re 7
 eight1 :5 we fold$ x aga9 !re 7 sixte52
 n[1 tell me h[ _m holes !re w be if we 
fold x once m4 ,9 ! recapitulation avoid
 ! expression ,:5 we fold$ x once1      
twice1 ?ree times1 etc41 z ?is (t5 leads
 ! subject to d\ble ! num]al he>d in/ead
 ( d\bl+ ! numb] ( holes 9 ! previ\sly  

fold$ %eet4 ,aft] ! answ] is giv51 d n  
fail to unfold ! pap] & let ! subject   
view ! result4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$
 if ! rule is grasp$ by ! "t ! six? %eet
 is rea*$2 t is1 ! subject may pass aft]
 five incorrect responses1 provid$ !    
six? is correct & ! gov]n+ rule c !n be 
giv54 ,x is n p]missible to ask = ! rule
 until all six p>ts ( ! exp]im5t h be5  
giv54 ,no?+ mu/ be said :i* c\ld ev5    
sugge/ ! op]ation ( a rule4 ,(t51 h[ev]1
 ! subject grasps ! pr9ciple aft] two or
 ?ree /eps & gives x spontane\sly4 ,9   
?is case x is unnecess>y to proce$ ) !  
rema9+ /eps4  ,,rem>ks4 ,?is te/ 0 fir/ 
us$ by ! writ] 9 a comp>ative /udy ( !  
intellectual processes ( bright & dull  
boys 9 #aije1 b x 0 n /&>diz$ until     
#aiad4 ,r ext5sive data indicate t x is 
a g5u9e te/ ( intellig5ce4 ,(           
#ad-ye>-old s*ool *ildr5 te/+ betwe5 #if
 & #aje ,i ,q1 #ei p] c5t pass$ ?is te/2
 ( #ad-ye>-olds te/+ bel[ #if ,i ,q1 #da
 p] c5t pass$2 ( ^? te/+ above #aje1 #ga
 p] c5t pass$4 ,t is1 ! te/ agrees well 

) ! results obta9$ by ! scale z a :ole4 
,( av]age adults only #aj p] c5t fail2 &
 ( sup]ior adults1 few] ?an #e p] c5t4  
,z a rule1 ! high] ! grade (            
intellig5ce1 ! few] ! /eps necess>y =   
grasp+ ! rule4 ,( ! sup]ior adults1 only
 #ce p] c5t fail to get ! rule z e>ly z 
! end ( ! f\r? /ep4  ,! te/ is little   
affect$ by s*ool+1 & ap>t f diff]5ces 9 
intellig5ce x is little influ5c$ by age4
 ,o!r advantages ( ! te/ are ! ke5      
int]e/ x always ar\ses & its indep5d5ce 
( language ability4 ,x has be5 us$      
successfully ) immigrant subjects :o _h 
be5 9 ?is c\ntry b a few mon?s4  ,we h  
nam$ ! exp]im5t an induction te/4 ,x    
might be suppos$ t ! solution w\ld      
ord9>ily be arriv$ at by d$uction1 or by
 an a-priori logical analysis ( !       
pr9ciple involv$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is r>ely 
! case4 ,n "o av]age adult out ( t5     
reasons out ! situation 9 ?is purely    
logical mann]4 ,x is ord9>ily only aft] 
"o or m mi/akes h be5 made & h be5      
expos$ by ! exam9] hold+ up ! unfold$   

pap] to view t ! correct pr9ciple is    
grasp$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( d$uctive reason+ !
 subject mu/ note t ea* unfold$ %eet    
conta9s twice z _m holes z ! previ\s "o1
 & mu/ inf] t fold+ ! pap] aga9 w aga9  
d\ble ! numb]4 ,! ability te/$ is !     
ability to g5]alize f p>ticul>s :]e !   
common elem5t ( ! p>ticul>s c be disc]n$
 only by ! selective action ( att5tion1 
9 ?is case att5tion to ! fact t ea*     
numb] is ! d\ble ( its pr$ecessor4      
,,xiv1 #c4 ,,giv+ ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5  
,a ,,presid5t ,,& ,a ,,k+  ,,proc$ure4  
,say3 ,!re are ?ree ma9 diff]5ces betwe5
 a presid5t & a k+2 :at are !y8 ,if !   
subject /ops aft] "o diff]5ce is giv51  
we urge him on1 if possible1 until ?ree 
are giv54  ,,scor+4 ,! ?ree diff]5ces   
relate to p[]1 t5ure1 & mann] (         
accession4 ,only ^! diff]5ces are       
consid]$ correct1 & ! successful        
response mu/ include at lea/ two ( !    
?ree4 ,we disreg>d crudities (          
expression & note m]ely :e!r ! subject  
has ! ess5tial idea4 ,z reg>ds p[]1 =   

example1 any ( ! foll[+ responses are   
satisfactory3 ,! k+ is absolute & !     
presid5t is n4 ,! k+ rules by himself1 b
 ! presid5t rules ) ! help ( ! p4 ,k+s c
 h ?+s _! own way m ?an presid5ts c1    
etc4  ,x may be object$ t ! rev]se ( ?is
 is sometimes true1 t ! k+ ( to-day (t5 
has less p[] ?an ! av]age presid5t4     
,sometimes subjects m5tion ?is fact1 &  
:5 !y d we cr$it !m ) ?is "p ( ! te/4 ,z
 a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ?is answ] is    
seldom giv54  ,sometimes ! subject does 
n /op until he has giv5 a half-doz5 or m
 diff]5ces1 & 9 su* cases ! fir/ ?ree   
diff]5ces may be trivial & "s ( ! lat]  
ones ess5tial4 ,! "q !n arises :e!r we  
%\ld disreg>d ! errors & pass ! subject 
on 8 lat] correct responses4 ,! rule 9  
su* cases is to ask ! subject to pick   
out ! ?ree ma9 diff]5ces4  ,sometimes   
accession & t5ure are giv5 9 ! =m ( a   
s+le contra/1 z3 ,! presid5t is elect$1 
b ! k+ inh]its 8 ?rone & rules = life4  
,?is answ] entitles ! subject to cr$it =
 bo? accession & t5ure1 ! contra/ z     

reg>ds t5ure be+ pla9ly impli$4         
,unsatisfactory contra/s are ( _m k9ds &
 are (t5 amus+4 ,"s ( ! mo/ common are !
 foll[+3--      ,a k+ we>s a cr[n4 ,a k+
 has jewels4 ,a k+ sits on a     ?rone4 
7,a k+ sets on a ?orn z "o feeble-m9d$  
boy put     x67 ,a k+ lives 9 a palace4 
,a k+ has c\rti]s4 ,a k+     is v       
dignifi$4 ,a k+ dresses up m4 ,a        
presid5t has     less pomp & c]emony4 ,a
 presid5t is m ready to receive     ! p4
 ,a k+ sits on a *air all ! "t & a      
presid5t does n4 ,no diff]5ces2 x's j   
names4 ,a     presid5t does n give      
titles4 ,a k+ has a l>g] sal>y4     ,a  
k+ has royal blood4 ,a k+ is 9 m dang]4 
,!y h     a diff]5t title4 ,a k+ is m   
cruel4 ,k+s h p     behead$4 ,a k+ rules
 9 a mon>*y & a presid5t 9 a            
republic4 ,a k+ rules 9 a =eign c\ntry4 
,a presid5t is     elect$ & a k+ fights 
= 8 (fice4 ,a presid5t appo9ts          
gov]nors & a k+ does n4 ,a presid5t lets
 ! lawy]s     make ! laws4 ,ev]ybody    
works = a k+4  ,x is surpris+ to see h[ 

(t5 trivial diff]5ces l ! above are     
giv54 ,ab\t ?irty av]age adults out ( a 
hundr$1 includ+ high-s*ool /ud5ts1 give 
at lea/ "o unsatisfactory contra/4  ,!  
te/ has be5 criticiz$ z dep5d+ too mu*  
on s*ool+4 ,! criticism is to a c]ta9   
ext5t valid :5 ! te/ is us$ ) "y        
subjects1 say ( #aj or #ab ye>s4 ,x is n
 valid1 h[ev]1 if ! use ( ! te/ is      
conf9$ to old] subjects4 ,) ! latt]1 x  
is n a te/ ( k1 b ( ! discrim9ative     
capacity to deal ) k already 9 !        
possession ( ! subject4 ,x w\ld be      
difficult to f9d an adult1 n actually   
feeble-m9d$1 :o is ignorant ( ! facts   
call$ =3 ,t ! k+ inh]its 8 ?rone1 :ile !
 presid5t is elect$2 t ! t5ure ( ! k+ is
 = life1 & t ( ! presid5t = a t]m (     
ye>s2 t k+s ord9>ily h1 or are suppos$  
to h1 m p[]4 ,ev5 ! relatively /upid    
adult kn[s ?is2 b he also kn[s t k+s are
 diff]5t f presid5ts 9 hav+ cr[ns1      
?rones1 palaces1 robes1 c\rti]s1 l>g]   
pay1 etc41 & he makes no discrim9ation z
 reg>ds ! relative importance ( ^!      

diff]5ces4  ,! te/ is psy*ologically    
relat$ to t ( giv+ diff]5ces 9 ye> ,,vii
 & to ! two te/s ( f9d+ simil>ities2 b x
 diff]s f ^! 9 requir+ a comp>ison bas$ 
on fundam5tal r ?an accid5tal           
di/9ctions4 ,! idea is good & %\ld be   
work$ out 9 additional te/s ( ! same    
type4  ,! te/ fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,b9et     
revis$ scale ( #aiaa4 ,kuhlmann omits x1
 & besides our own !re are few /ati/ics 
be>+ on x4 ,our results %[ t if two     
ess5tial diff]5ces are requir$1 ! te/   
belongs :]e we h plac$ x1 b t if only "o
 ess5tial diff]5ce is requir$1 ! te/ is 
easy en\gh = ye> ,,xii4   ,,xiv1 #d4    
,,problem ,,que/ions  ,,proc$ure4 ,say  
to ! subject3 ,li/51 & see if y c und]/&
 :at ,i read4 ,!n read ! foll[+ ?ree    
problems1 r sl[ly & ) expression1 paus+ 
aft] ea* long en\gh = ! subject to f9d  
an answ]3--    7a7 ,a man :o 0 walk+ 9 !
 woods ne> a city /opp$       sudd5ly1 v
 mu* fright5$1 & !n ran to ! ne>e/      
policeman1 say+ t he _h j se5 hang+ f ! 
limb       ( a tree a 444 a :at8   7b7  

,my neighbor has be5 hav+ que] visitors4
 ,fir/ a doctor       came to 8 h\se1 !n
 a lawy]1 !n a m9i/] 7prea*] or         
prie/74 ,:at d y ?9k happ5$ !re8   7c7  
,an ,indian :o _h come to t[n = ! fir/  
"t 9 8       life saw a :ite man rid+   
along ! /reet4 ,z ! :ite man       rode 
by1 ! ,indian said--',! :ite man is     
lazy2 he walks       sitt+ d[n4' ,:at 0 
! :ite man rid+ on t caus$       !      
,indian to say1 ',he walks sitt+ d[n'8  
,d n ask que/ions calculat$ to draw out 
! correct response1 b wait 9 sil5ce = ! 
subject's spontane\s answ]4 ,x is       
p]missible1 h[ev]1 to re-read ! passage 
if ! subject reque/s x4  ,,scor+4 ,two  
responses out ( ?ree mu/ be             
satisfactory4 ,! foll[+ explanations &  
examples w make cle> ! requirem5ts ( !  
te/3--  7a7 ,:at ! man saw hang+        
,satisfactory4 ,! only correct answ] = !
 fir/ is ,a man     :o _h hung himself  
7or :o _h committ$ suicide1 be5         
hang$1 etc474 ,we may also pass ! foll[+
 answ]3 ,dead     bran*es t look$ l a   

man hang+4      ,a good _m subjects     
answ] simply1 ,a man4 ,?is answ] _c     
be scor$ because ( ! impossibility (    
kn[+ :at is 9 !     subject's m9d1 & 9  
su* cases x is always necess>y to say3  
,expla9 :at y mean4 ,! answ] to ?is     
int]rogation     always enables u to    
score ! response4      ,unsatisfactory4 
,!re is an endless v>iety ( failures3 ,a
     snake1 ,a monkey1 ,a robb]1 or ,a  
tramp be+ ! mo/     common4 ,o!rs       
include su* answ]s z ,a be>1 ,a tig]1 ,a
     wild cat1 ,a cat1 ,a bird1 ,an     
eagle1 ,a bird's ne/1 ,a     hornet's   
ne/1 ,a leaf1 ,a sw+1 ,a boy 9 a sw+1 ,a
     basket ( fl[]s1 ,an egg1 ,a gho/1  
,a :ite %eet1     ,clo!s1 ,a purse1 etc4
  7b7 ,my neighbor      ,satisfactory4  
,! expect$ answ] is ,a dea?1 ,"s "o has 
di$1 etc4 ,we mu/ always *eck up ?is    
response1 h[ev]1 by     ask+ :at ! lawy]
 came =1 & ?is mu/ also be answ]$       
correctly4      ,:ile x is expect$ t !  
subject w und]/& t !     doctor came to 
att5d a sick p]son1 ! lawy] to make 8   

w1 & ! m9i/] to prea* ! fun]al1 !re are 
a few     o!r +5i\s int]pretations :i*  
pass z satisfactory4 ,=     example1 ,a 
man got hurt 9 an accid5t2 ! doctor came
 to make     him well1 ! lawy] to see   
ab\t damages1 & !n he di$ &     ! prea*]
 came = ! fun]al4 ,or1 ,a man di$1 !    
lawy]     came to help ! wid[ settle !  
e/ate & ! prea*] came     = ! fun]al4   
,we c h>dly expect ! #ad-ye>-old *ild to
     "k t x is n ! cu/om to settle an   
e/ate until aft]     ! fun]al4      ,!  
foll[+ excell5t response 0 giv5 by an   
enlight5$     "y eug5i/3 ,a m>riage2 !  
doctor came to exam9e !m &     see if !y
 7 fit to m>ry1 ! lawy] to arrange !    
m>riage settlem5t1 & ! m9i/] to m>ry !m4
 ,!     foll[+ logical responses occurr$
 once ea*3 ,a murd]4 ,!     doctor came 
to exam9e ! body1 ! lawy] to get        
evid5ce1 &     ! prea*] to prea* !      
fun]al4 ,an unm>ri$ girl has     giv5   
bir? to a *ild4 ,! lawy] 0 employ$ to   
get ! man     to m>ry h] & !n ! prea*]  
came to p]=m ! w$d+     c]emony4 ,p]haps

 "s w consid] ?is int]pretation too     
f>-fet*$ to pass4 ,b x is p]fectly      
logical &1     un=tunately1 repres5ts an
 occurr5ce :i* is n s v     r>e4        
,if an incorrect answ] is fir/ giv5 & !n
 correct$1 !     correction is accept$4 
,unsatisfactory4 ,! failures aga9 are q 
v>i$1 b are     mo/ frequ5tly due to    
failure to und]/& ! lawy]'s     mission4
 ,( #ff tabulat$ failures1 #bf are      
acc\nt$ = 9 ?is     way1 :ile only #f   
are due to inability to /ate ! "p play$ 
by ! m9i/]4 ,! mo/ common incorrect     
responses are3 ,a     baby born 7acc\nt+
 = #e out ( #ff failures72 ,a divorce   
7v common ) ! *ildr5 te/$ by ,dr4       
,ordahl1 at ,r5o1     ,nevada672 ,a     
m>riage2 ,a divorce & a rem>riage2 ,a   
d9n]2 ,an ent]ta9m5t2 ,"s fri5ds came to
 *at1 etc4     ,9 #bj failures out (    
#ff1 m>riage 0 incorrectly connect$     
) a w1 a divorce1 ! dea? ( a *ild1 etc4 
,! foll[+ are n bad1 b h>dly des]ve to  
pass3 ,sickness     & tr\ble2 ! lawy] & 
m9i/] came to help him out (     tr\ble4

 ,or1 ,somebody 0 sick2 ! lawy] want$ 8 
money     & ! m9i/] came to see h[ he 04
 ,a few pres5t a /ill     m logical     
int]pretation1 b s f>-fet*$ t x is      
d\btful :e!r !y %\ld c\nt z passes2 =   
example3 ,a     man & 8 wife _h a fight4
 ,"o got hurt & _h to h !     doctor1 !n
 !y _h a lawy] to get !m divorc$1 !n !  
m9i/] came to m>ry "o ( !m4 ,aga91 ,"s  
"o is dy+     & is gett+ m>ri$ & mak+ 8 
w be=e he dies4  7c7 ,:at ! man 0 rid+  
on      ,! only correct response is     
,bicycle4 ,! mo/ common error is        
horse 7or donkey71 acc\nt+ = #dh out (  
#ga tabulat$     failures4 ,vehicles1 l 
wagon1 buggy1 automobile1 or     /reet  
c>1 7 m5tion$ 9 #ad out ( #ga failures4 
,biz>re     replies are3 ,a cripple 9 a 
:eel *air2 ,a p]son rid+ on     "s "o's 
back1 etc4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! exp]im5t is a  
=m ( ! completion te/4 ,elem5ts ( a     
situation are giv51 out ( :i* ! entire  
situation is to be con/ruct$4 ,?is phase
 ( intellig5ce has already be5          
discuss$4#gd  #gd ,see ,,ix1 #e1 &      

,,xii1 #d4  ,:ile x is g5]ally admitt$ t
 ! und]ly+ idea ( ?is te/ is good1 "s h 
criticiz$ ,b9et's selection ( problems4 
,meumann ?9ks ! lawy] elem5t ( ! second 
is s unfamili> to *ildr5 z to r5d] t "p 
( ! te/ unfair4 ,sev]al arm*air critics 
h m5tion$ ! dang] ( n]v\s %ock f ! fir/ 
problem4 ,bob]tag ?r[s out ! te/        
entirely & sub/itutes a completion te/  
model$ aft] t ( ,ebb+haus4 ,our own     
results are altoge!r favorable to ! te/4
 ,if x is us$ 9 ye> ,,xiv1 ,meumann's   
objection h>dly holds1 = ,am]ican *ildr5
 ( t age d ord9>ily "k some?+ ab\t mak+ 
wills4 ,z = ! dang] ( %ock f ! fir/     
problem1 we h nev] once f\nd ! slighte/ 
evid5ce ( ?is mu*-fe>$ result4 ,!       
subject always und]/&s t ! situation    
depict$ is hypo!tical1 & s answ]s ei!r 9
 a matt]-(-fact mann] or ) a laugh4  ,! 
bicycle problem is our own inv5tion4    
,b9et us$ ! o!r two & requir$ bo? to be 
answ]$ correctly4 ,! te/ 0 locat$ 9 ye> 
,,xii ( ! #aijh scale1 & 9 ye> ,,xv ( ! 
#aiaa revision4 ,godd>d & ,kuhlmann     

reta9 x 9 ! orig9al location4 ,! ,/an=d 
results ( #aiaa1 #aiab1 #aiad1 & #aiae  
agree 9 %[+ ! te/ too difficult = ye>   
,,xii1 ev5 :5 only two out ( ?ree       
correct responses are requir$4 ,if !    
orig9al =m ( ! exp]im5t is us$1 x is    
exce$+ly difficult = ye> ,,xv4 ,z "h    
giv5 x fits well at ye> ,,xiv4   ,,xiv1 
#e4 ,,ari?metical ,,reason+  ,,proc$ure4
 ,! foll[+ problems1 pr9t$ 9 cle> type1 
are %[n "o at a "t to ! subject1 :o     
reads ea* problem al\d & 7) ! pr9t$     
problem /ill be=e him7 f9ds ! answ] )\t 
! use ( p5cil or pap]4    7a7 ,if a     
man's sal>y is #bj a week & he sp5ds #ad
 a week1       h[ long w x take him to  
save #cjj8   7b7 ,if #b p5cils co/ #e   
c5ts1 h[ _m p5cils c y buy =       #ej  
c5ts8   7c7 ,at #ae c5ts a y>d1 h[ mu* w
 #g feet ( clo? co/8  ,only "o m9ute is 
all[$ = ea* problem1 b no?+ is said ab\t
 hurry+4 ,:ile "o problem is be+ solv$1 
! o!rs %\ld be hidd5 f view4 ,x is n    
p]missible1 if ! subject gives an       
incorrect answ]1 to ask him to solve !  

problem aga94 ,! foll[+ exception1      
h[ev]1 is made to ?is rule3 ,if ! answ] 
giv5 to ! ?ird problem indicates t ! ^w 
y>d has be5 read z feet1 ! subject is   
ask$ to read ! problem ?r\gh aga9       
c>efully 7al\d7 & to tell h[ he solv$ x4
 ,no fur!r help ( any k9d may be giv54  
,,scor+4 ,two ( ! ?ree problems mu/ be  
solv$ correctly )9 ! m9ute allott$ to   
ea*4 ,no cr$it is all[$ = correct me?od 
if ! answ] is wrong4  ,,rem>ks4 ,we h   
select$ ^! problems f ! li/ us$ by      
,bons] 9 8 ,/udy ( ! ,reason+ ,ability (
 ,*ildr5 9 ! ,f\r?1 ,fif?1 & ,six?      
,s*ool ,grades4#ge  #ge ,columbia       
,univ]sity ,contributions to ,education1
 no4 #cg1 #aiaj4  ,our te/s ( #bgi at   
age *ildr5 betwe5 #ab & #ae ye>s reveal 
! surpris+ fact t ! te/ z "h us$ & scor$
 is n pass$ by mu* ov] half ( ! *ildr5 (
 any age 9 ! grades bel[ ! high-s*ool   
age4 ,( ! high-s*ool pupils #ai p] c5t  
fail$ to pass1 #ba p] c5t ( ord9>ily    
successful bus9ess m5 7671 & #bg p] c5t 
( ,knoll9's unemploy$ m5 te/+ up to !   

av]age adult level4 ,to f9d av]age      
intellig5ce cutt+ su* a sorry figure    
raises ! "q :e!r ! anci5t def9ition (   
man z ! rational animal is ju/ifi$ by ! 
facts4 ,! tru? is1 av]age intellig5ce   
does n d a great deal ( ab/ract1 logical
 reason+1 & ! little x does is done     
usually "u ! :ip ( necessity4  ,at fir/ 
?\ght ^! problems w d\btless appe> to ! 
read] to be m]e te/s ( s*ool+4 ,x is    
true1 ( c\rse1 t 9 solv+ !m ! subject   
makes use ( k :i* is ord9>ily obta9$ 9  
s*ool2 b ?is k 7t is1 k ( read+ & (     
addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 &
 division7 is possess$ by practically   
all adults :o are n feeble-m9d$1 & by _m
 :o are4 ,success1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u !   
ability to apply ?is k readily &        
accurately to ! problems giv5--precisely
 ! k9d ( ability 9 :i* a defici5cy _c be
 made good by s*ool tra9+4 ,we c tea*   
ev5 morons h[ to read problems & h[ to  
add1 subtract1 multiply1 & divide ) a   
fair degree ( accuracy2 ! tr\ble comes  
:5 !y try to decide :i* ( ^! processes !

 problem calls =4 ,?is may require      
intellig5ce ( high or l[ ord]1 accord+  
to ! difficulty ( ! problem4 ,z = !     
pres5t te/1 we h %[n t almo/ totally    
uns*ool$ m5 ( av]age adult intellig5ce  
pass ?is te/ z frequ5tly z high-s*ool   
s5iors ( ! same m5tal level4   ,,xiv1   
#f4 ,,rev]s+ ,,h&s ,,( ,,clock          
,,proc$ure4 ,say to ! subject3 ,suppose 
x is six tw5ty-two o'clock1 t is1       
tw5ty-two m9utes aft] six2 c y see 9 y\r
 m9d :]e ! l>ge h& w\ld be1 & :]e !     
small h& w\ld be8 ,subjects ( #ab- to   
#ad-ye> intellig5ce practically always  
answ] ?is 9 ! affirmative4 ,!n cont9ue3 
,n[1 suppose ! two h&s ( ! clock 7 to   
trade places1 s t ! l>ge h& takes !     
place :]e ! small h& 01 & ! small h&    
takes ! place :]e ! l>ge h& 04 ,:at "t  
w\ld x !n be8  ,repeat ! te/ ) ! h&s at 
#h4aj 7#aj m9utes aft] #h71 & aga9 ) !  
h&s at #b4df 7#ad m9utes be=e #c74  ,!  
subject is n all[$ to look at a clock or
 wat*1 or to aid himself by draw+1 b mu/
 "w out ! problem m5tally4 ,z a rule !  

answ] is giv5 )9 a few seconds or n at  
all4 ,if an answ] is n =?com+ )9 two    
m9utes ! score is failure4  ,,scor+4 ,! 
te/ is pass$ if two ( ! ?ree problems   
are solv$ )9 ! foll[+ range ( accuracy3 
! fir/ solution is consid]$ correct if !
 answ] falls betwe5 #d4cj & #d4ce1      
inclusive2 ! second if ! answ] falls    
betwe5 #a4dj & #a4de1 & ! ?ird if !     
answ] falls betwe5 #i4aj & #i4ae4       
,,rem>ks4 ,x appe>s t success 9 ! te/   
*iefly dep5ds ^u volunt>y control ov]   
con/ructive visual imag]y4 ,weakness (  
visual imag]y may acc\nt = ! failure ( a
 consid]able p]c5tage ( adults to pass !
 te/4 ,visual imag]y1 h[ev]1 is n       
absolutely necess>y to success4 ,"o     
#h-ye>-old prodigy1 :o _h #ab-ye>       
intellig5ce1 arriv$ 9 =ty seconds at a  
/rictly ma!matical solution = ! second  
problem1 z foll[s3 ,if x is #b4df1 & !  
h&s trade places1 !n ! little h& has    
gone ab\t "o f\r? ( ! di/ance f #i      
o'clock to #aj o'clock4 ,"o f\r? ( #fj  
m9utes is #ae m9utes1 & s ! "t w\ld be  

#ae m9utes aft] #i o'clock4 ,su* a      
solution is c]ta9ly possible by ! use ( 
v]bal imag]y ( any type4  ,! te/ %[s a  
high correlation ) m5tal age1 b m ?an   
mo/ o!rs x is subject to ! influ5ce (   
cribb+4 ,= ?is reason1 o!r positions ( !
 clock h&s %\ld be tri$ out = ! purpose 
( f9d+ sub/itute exp]im5ts ( equal      
difficulty4 ,until su* exp]im5ts h be5  
made1 x w be necess>y to conf9e !       
exp]im5t to ! ?ree positions "h pres5t$4
  ,s*ool+ seems to h no influ5ce :atev] 
on ! p]c5tage ( passes4  ,?is te/ 0 fir/
 us$ by ,b9et 9 #aije1 b 0 n includ$ 9  
ei!r ! #aijh or #aiaa s]ies4 ,godd>d &  
,kuhlmann bo? include ! te/ 9 _!        
revisions1 plac+ x 9 ye> ,,xv4 ,!y give 
only two problems 7our a & c7 & require 
t bo? be answ]$ correctly4 ,nei!r       
,godd>d nor ,kuhlmann1 h[ev]1 indicates 
! degree ( error p]mitt$4  ,some?+      
dep5ds ^u orig9al position ( ! h&s4     
,b9et us$ #f4bj & #b4df4 ,= "s reason ! 
#b4df arrangem5t is mu* m difficult ?an 
ei!r #h4aj or #f4bb1 yield+ almo/ twice 

z _m failures z ei!r ( ! o!r positions4 
,,xiv1 ,,alt]native ,,te/s3 ,,repeat+   
,,sev5 ,,digits  ,?is "t1 z 9 ye> ,x1   
only two s]ies are giv51 "o ( :i* mu/ be
 repeat$ )\t error4 ,! two s]ies are3   
#b-a-h-c-d-c-i & #i-g-b-h-d-g-e4 ,note t
 9 none ( ! te/s ( repeat+ digits is x  
p]missible to w>n ! subject ( ! numb] to
 be giv54  ,,rem>ks4 ,b9et orig9ally    
plac$ ?is te/ 9 ye> ,,xii1 giv+ ?ree    
trials1 b lat] mov$ x to ye> ,,xv4      
,godd>d & ,kuhlmann reta9 x 9 ye> ,,xii4
 ,our data %[ t :5 ?ree trials are giv5 
! te/ is too easy = ye> ,,xiv1 b t x    
fits ?is age :5 only two trials are     
all[$2 t aft] ! age ( #ab or #ad ye>s   
memory = relatively mean+less mat]ial1 l
 digits or nons5se syllables1 improves b
 little2 & t above ?is level x does n   
correlate v closely ) intellig5ce4      
,,*apt] ,,xix  ,,in/ructions ,,=        
,,av]age ,,adult   ,,av]age ,,adult1 #a3
 ,,vocabul>y 7,,sixty-,,five            
,,def9itions1 #aa1gjj ,,words7          
,,proc$ure & ,,scor+1 z 9 previ\s       

vocabul>y te/s4#gf ,at ! av]age adult   
level sixty-five words %\ld be correctly
 def9$4  #gf ,see ,,viii1 #f4   ,,av]age
 ,,adult1 #b3 ,,int]pretation ,,(       
,,fables 7,,score #h7  ,,proc$ure4 ,z 9 
ye> ,,xii1 te/ #f4 ,use ! same fables4  
,,scor+4 ,! me?od ( scor+ is ! same z = 
,,xii1 b ! total score mu/ be #h po9ts  
to satisfy ! requirem5ts at ?is level4  
,,rem>ks4 ,= discussion ( te/1 see      
,,xii1 #e4   ,,av]age ,,adult1 #c3      
,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,ab/ract ,,t]ms   
,,proc$ure4 ,say3 ,:at is ! diff]5ce    
betwe53--    7a7 ,laz9ess & idl5ess8    
7b7 ,evolution & revolution8   7c7      
,pov]ty & mis]y8   7d7 ,"* & reputation8
  ,,scor+4 ,?ree correct contra/+       
def9itions out ( f\r are necess>y = a   
pass4 ,x is n suffici5t m]ely to give a 
correct mean+ = ea* ^w ( a pair2 !      
subject mu/ po9t out a diff]5ce betwe5 !
 two words s z to make a real contra/4  
,= example1 if ! subject def9es         
evolution z a gr[? or gradual *ange1 &  
revolution z ! turn+ ( a :eel on its    

axis1 ! exp]im5t] %\ld say3 ,yes1 b ,i  
want y to tell me ! diff]5ce betwe5     
evolution & revolution4 ,if ! contra/ is
 n !n =?com+ ! response is m>k$ m9us4   
,! foll[+ are sample def9itions :i* may 
be consid]$ acceptable3--      7a7      
,laz9ess & idl5ess4 ,x is laz9ess if y  
won't     "w1 & idl5ess if y are will+  
to "w b hav5't any     job4 ,lots ( m5  
are idle :o are n lazy & w\ld l to      
"w if !y _h some?+ to d4 ,laz9ess means 
y don't     want to "w2 idl5ess means y 
are n do+ any?+ j     n[4 ,idle p may be
 lazy1 or !y may j happ5 to be     out (
 a job4 ,x is laz9ess :5 y don't l to   
"w1 &     idl5ess :5 y are n work+4 ,an 
idle p]son might be     will+ to "w2 a  
lazy man won't "w4 ,laz9ess comes f     
)92 idl5ess may be =c$ ^u "o4 ,laz9ess  
is av]sion     to activity2 idl5ess is  
simply ! /ate ( inactivity4     ,laz9ess
 is idl5ess f *oice or pref]5ce2 idl5ess
 means     do+ no?+4      ,! ess5tial   
contra/1 accord+ly1 is t laz9ess ref]s  
to     unwill+ness to "w2 idl5ess to !  

m]e fact ( inactivity4     ,?is contra/ 
mu/ be express$1 h[ev] clumsily4        
7b7 ,evolution & revolution4 ,evolution 
is a gradual     *ange2 revolution is a 
sudd5 *ange4 ,evolution is natural      
developm5t2 revolution is sudd5         
upheaval4 ,evolution means an           
unfold+ or developm5t2 revolution means 
a complete upsett+     ( ev]y?+4        
,evolution is ! gradual developm5t ( a  
c\ntry or gov]nm5t2 revolution is a     
quick *ange (     gov]nm5t4 ,evolution  
takes place by natural =ce2 a           
revolution is caus$ by an outside =ce4  
,evolution is gr[?2     revolution is a 
quick *ange f exi/+ conditions4         
,evolution is a natural *ange2          
revolution is a viol5t     *ange4       
,evolution is gr[? /ep by /ep2          
revolution is m     sudd5 & radical 9   
its action4 ,evolution is a *ange       
br\ght ab\t by peaceful developm5t1 :ile
 revolution is     br\ght ab\t by an    
upris+4      ,! ess5tial di/9ction1     
accord+ly1 is t evolution means     a   

gradual1 natural1 or sl[ *ange1 :ile    
revolution means a     sudd51 =c$1 or   
viol5t *ange4 ,non-contra/+ def9itions1 
ev5 :5 ! individual t]ms are def9$      
correctly1 are n     satisfactory4      
7c7 ,pov]ty & mis]y4 ,pov]ty is :5 y are
 poor2     mis]y means suff]+4 ,only !  
poor are 9 pov]ty1 b     ev]ybody c be  
mis]able4 ,pov]ty is ! l[e/ /age (      
poorness2 mis]y means pa94 ,! poor are n
 always     mis]able1 & ! ri* are       
mis]able sometimes4 ,pov]ty means     to
 be 9 want2 mis]y comes f any k9d (     
suff]+ or     angui%4 ,! poor are 9     
pov]ty2 ! sick are 9 mis]y4     ,pov]ty 
is ! condition ( be+ v poor f9ancially2 
mis]y     is a feel+ :i* any class ( p c
 h4 ,"o :o is     poor is 9 pov]ty2 "o  
:o is wret*$ or doesn't enjoy life is   
9 mis]y4 ,pov]ty comes f lack ( money2  
mis]y1 f lack     ( happ9ess or com=t4  
,mis]y means di/ress4 ,x c come     f   
pov]ty or _m o!r ?+s4      7d7 ,"* &    
reputation4 ,"* is :at y are2           
reputation is :at p say ab\t y4 ,y h "* 

if     y are hone/2 b y might be hone/ &
 /ill h a bad     reputation among p :o 
misjudge y4 ,"* is y\r     real self2   
reputation is ! op9ion p h ab\t y4      
,y\r "* dep5ds ^u y\rself2 reputation   
dep5ds on     :at o!rs ?9k ( y4 ,"*     
means y\r real morals2     reputation is
 ! way y are kn[n 9 ! _w4 ,a man has a  
good "* if he w\ld n d evil2 b a man may
 h a     good reputation & /ill h a bad 
"*4  ,a little practice & a good deal ( 
discrim9ation are necess>y = ! correct  
grad+ ( responses to ?is te/4 ,subjects 
are (t5 s clumsy 9 expression t _!      
responses are any?+ b cle>4 ,x is !n    
necess>y to ask !m to expla9 :at !y     
mean4 ,fur!r que/ion+1 h[ev]1 is n      
p]missible4 ,= uni=mity 9 scor+ x is    
necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ! def9itions    
giv5 mu/1 9 ord] to be satisfactory1    
express ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 !   
two words4  ,,rem>ks4 ,:at we h said    
reg>d+ ! psy*ological significance ( te/
 #b1 ye> ,,xii1 applies equally well "h4
 ,! te/ on ! :ole is a valuable "o4 ,our

 /ati/ics %[ t x is n1 z "s critics h   
?\ght1 ma9ly a te/ ( s*ool+4  ,! ma9    
criticism to be made is t x imposes a   
some:at difficult task ^u ! p[] (       
language expression4 ,= ?is reason x is 
necess>y 9 scor+ to disreg>d clums9ess (
 expression & to look only to ! ess5tial
 correctness or incorrectness ( ! ?\ght4
  ,?is te/ fir/ appe>$ 9 ye> ,,xiii (   
,b9et's #aijh scale4 ,! t]ms us$ 7      
happ9ess & honor2 evolution &           
revolution2 ev5t & adv5t2 pov]ty &      
mis]y2 pride & pret5sion4 ,9 ! #aiaa    
revision1 happ9ess & honor & pride &    
pret5sion 7 dropp$1 & ! o!r ?ree pairs 7
 mov$ up to ! adult gr\p1 two out ( ?ree
 successes be+ requir$ = a pass4        
,kuhlmann places x 9 ye> ,,xv1 us+      
happ9ess & honor in/ead ( our "* &      
reputation1 & requires ?ree successes   
out ( five4   ,,av]age ,,adult1 #d3     
,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,enclos$ ,,boxes     
,,proc$ure4 ,%[ ! subject a c>dbo>d box 
ab\t "o in* on a side4 ,say3 ,y see ?is 
box2 x has two small] boxes inside ( x1 

& ea* "o ( ! small] boxes conta9s a     
little t9y box4 ,h[ _m boxes are !re    
altoge!r1 c\nt+ ! big "o8 ,to be sure t 
! subject und]/&s repeat ! /atem5t ( !  
problem3 ,fir/ ! l>ge box1 !n two small]
 ones1 & ea* ( ! small] ones conta9s a  
little t9y box4  ,record ! response1 &1 
%[+ ano!r box1 say3 ,?is box has two    
small] boxes inside1 & ea* ( ! small]   
boxes conta9s two t9y boxes4 ,h[ _m     
altoge!r8 ,rememb]1 fir/ ! l>ge box1 !n 
two small] ones1 & ea* small] "o conta9s
 two t9y boxes4  ,! ?ird problem1 :i* is
 giv5 9 ! same way1 /ates t !re are ?ree
 small] boxes1 ea* ( :i* conta9s ?ree   
t9y boxes4  ,9 ! f\r? problem !re are   
f\r small] boxes1 ea* conta9+ f\r t9y   
boxes4  ,! problem mu/ be giv5 orally1 &
 ! solution mu/ be f\nd )\t ! aid (     
p5cil or pap]4 ,only "o half-m9ute is   
all[$ = ea* problem4 ,note t ea* problem
 is /at$ twice4  ,a correction is       
p]mitt$1 provid$ x is (f]$ spontane\sly 
& does n seem to be ! result ( guess+4  
,guess+ c be *eck$ up by ask+ ! subject 

to expla9 ! solution4  ,,scor+4 ,?ree ( 
! f\r problems mu/ be solv$ correctly )9
 ! half-m9ute allott$ to ea*4  ,,rem>ks4
 ,success dep5ds1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^u    
ability to compreh5d ! /atem5t ( !      
problem & to hold its conditions 9 m9d4 
,subjects mu* bel[ ! #ab-ye> level (    
intellig5ce are (t5 unable to d ?is4    
,grant+ t ! problem has be5 compreh5d$1 
success seems to dep5d *iefly ^u !      
facility ) :i* ! con/ructive imag9ation 
manipulates concrete visual imag]y4 ,9  
?is respect x resembles ! problem (     
rev]s+ ! h&s ( a clock4 ,) "s subjects1 
h[ev]1 v]bal imag]y alone is op]ative4  
,tactual imag]y w\ld1 ( c\rse1 s]ve !   
purpose z well4  ,?is is z good a place 
z any to emphasize ! fact t !           
introspective /udy ( m5tal imag]y has   
little to contribute to ! measurem5t (  
intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce te/s are      
conc]n$ ) ! total result ( a ?\ght      
process1 r ?an ) ! imag]y supports ( t  
process4 ,?\ght may be c>ri$ on almo/   
equally well by v>i\s k9ds ( imag]y4 ,z 

,galton %[$1 a p]son c be taught to c>ry
 on ari?metical processes by ! use (    
smell imag]y4 ,! k9d ( imag]y employ$ is
 ! product ( slight1 innate pref]5ces   
complicat$ by ! m or less accid5tal     
effects ( habit4  ,we may say t imag]y  
is to ?9k+ :at scaffold+ is to          
ar*itecture4 ,! important ?+ is !       
complet$ build+ r ?an ! nature ( !      
scaffold+ employ$ 9 erect+ x4 ,no "o    
?9ks ( blam+ ! ill con/ruction ( a      
build+ ^u ! k9d ( scaffold+ us$1 = if ! 
ar*itect & build] are compet5t          
satisfactory scaffold+ w be f\nd4 ,j z  
little are defici5cies or peculi>ities (
 imag]y ! real cause ( l[-ord]          
intellig5ce4 ,we _c increase intellig5ce
 by =mal drill 9 ! use ( suppos$ly      
important k9ds ( m5tal imag]y1 any m ?an
 we c trans=m a pla9 c>p5t] into a      
,mi*ael ,angelo by in/ruct+ him 9 ! use 
( scaffold+ mat]ials su* z 7 employ$ 9 !
 con/ruction ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,ca!dral4    
,?is te/ is ( our own inv5tion & has be5
 br\ght to its pres5t =m only aft] a    

good deal ( prelim9>y exp]im5tation4 ,x 
correlates fairly well ) m5tal age z    
det]m9$ by ! scale z a :ole4 ,x 0 pass$ 
by #ee p] c5t ( high-s*ool pupils & by  
#fe p] c5t ( uns*ool$ bus9ess m54       
,success 9 x is ?us se5 n to dep5d ^u   
s*ool+4   ,,av]age ,,adult1 #e3         
,,repeat+ ,,six ,,digits ,,rev]s$  ,!   
s]ies us$ are3 #d-g-a-i-e-b2            
#e-h-c-b-i-d2 & #g-e-b-f-c-h4           
,,proc$ure & ,,scor+1 z 9 ye> ,,vii1    
alt]native #b4  ,,rem>ks4 ,! te/ is     
pass$ by approximately half ( av]age    
adults & by ?ree f\r?s ( sup]ior adults4
 ,x %[s no effect ( s*ool+1 ! un$ucat$  
bus9ess m5 ev5 surpass+ our high-s*ool  
/ud5ts4  ,= ! high] levels (            
intellig5ce1 especially1 ! te/ is       
sup]ior to t ( repeat+ digits 9 ! direct
 ord]4 ,x is less me*anical & makes     
heavi] dem&s ^u high] intellig5ce4      
,,av]age ,,adult1 #f3 ,,us+ ,a ,,code   
,,proc$ure4 ,%[ ! subject ! code giv5 on
 ! accompany+ =m4 ,say3 ,see ^! diagrams
 "h4 ,look & y w see t !y conta9 all !  

lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,n[1 exam9e !      
arrangem5t ( ! lett]s4 ,!y g 7po9t+7 a b
 c1 d e f1 g h i1 j k l1 m n o1 p q r1 s
 t u v1 w x y z4 ,y see ! lett]s 9 !    
fir/ two diagrams are arrang$ 9 !       
up-&-d[n ord] 7po9t+ aga971 & ! lett]s 9
 ! o!r two diagrams run 9 j ! opposite  
way f ! h&s ( a clock 7po9t+74 ,look    
aga9 & y w see t ! second diagram is    
drawn j l ! fir/1 except t ea* lett] has
 a dot ) x1 & t ! la/ diagram is l !    
?ird except t "h1 also1 ea* lett] has a 
dot4 ,n[1 all ( ?is repres5ts a code2 t 
is1 a secret language4 ,x is a real     
code1 "o t 0 us$ 9 ! ,civil ,w> = s5d+  
secret messages4 ,?is is ! way x works3 
we draw ! l9es :i* hold a lett]1 b leave
 out ! lett]4 ,"h1 = example1 is ! way  
we w\ld write 'spy8' ,!n write ! ^w spy1
 po9t+ out c>efully :]e ea* lett] comes 
f1 & emphasiz+ ! fact t ! dot mu/ be us$
 9 addition to ! l9es 9 writ+ any lett] 
9 ! second or ! f\r? diagram4 ,illu/rate
 also ) w>4  ,!n add3 ,i am go+ to h y  
write some?+ = me2 rememb] n[1 h[ !     

lett]s g1 fir/ 7po9t+1 z be=e7 a b c1 d 
e f1 g h i1 !n j k l1 m n o1 p q r1 !n s
 t u v1 !n w x y z4 ,& don't =get ! dots
 = ! lett]s 9 ?is diagram & ?is "o      
7po9t+74 ,at ?is po9t1 take away !      
diagrams & tell ! subject to write !    
words come quickly4 ,say no?+ ab\t      
hurry+4  ,! subject is giv5 a p5cil1 b  
is all[$ to draw only ! symbols = !     
words come quickly4 ,he is n p]mitt$ to 
reproduce ! entire code & !n to copy !  
code lett]s f 8 reproduction4  ,,scor+4 
,! te/ is pass$ if ! words are writt5 9 
six m9utes & )\t m ?an two errors4      
,omission ( a dot c\nts z only a half   
error4  ,,rem>ks4 ,x is n easy to       
analyze ! m5tal functions :i* contribute
 to success 9 ! code te/4 ,contr>y to   
:at might be suppos$1 success does n    
necess>ily dep5d ^u gett+ & reta9+ a    
visual picture ( ! diagrams4 ,k9/hetic  
imag]y w answ] ! purpose j z well1 or ! 
orig9al visual impression may ev5 be    
translat$ at once into auditory-v]bal   
imag]y & rememb]$ z su*4 ,! significance

 ( ! te/ mu/ be express$ 9 o!r t]ms ?an 
! k9d ( imag]y x may happ5 to br+ into  
play4  ,healy & ,f]nald describe ! task 
( writ+ a code s5t5ce )\t copy z "o :i* 
requires close att5tion & /ead9ess (    
purpose4 ,!y also emphasize ! fact t !  
att5tion mu/ be direct$ inw>d1 s9ce !re 
is no object ( int]e/ be=e ! s5ses &    
s9ce no special /imulus to att5tion is  
(f]$ by ! exp]im5t]4 ,obs]vations we h  
made on subjects dur+ ! te/ confirm ?is 
view z to ! factors involv$4  ,t        
inability to rememb] ! code z a :ole is 
n a common cause ( failure is %[n by !  
fact t subjects above #ab-ye>           
intellig5ce :o h fail$ on ! te/ are     
ne>ly always able to reproduce !        
diagrams & ins]t ! lett]s 9 _! prop]    
places4 ,to give ! code =m ( a giv5     
lett] )\t copy1 h[ev]1 makes a mu*      
heavi] dem& on att5tion4 ,ne>ly all     
subjects f9d x necess>y to trace ! code 
=m1 9 imag9ation1 f ! beg9n+ up to ea*  
lett] ^: code =m is s\ght4 ,subjects (  
sup]ior intellig5ce1 h[ev]1 sometimes   

hit ^u ! device ( rememb]+ ! position ( 
! individual key lett]s e4g4 7! fir/    
lett] ( ea* figure7 f :i*1 z a base1 any
 desir$ lett] =m may be quickly s\ght   
out4  ,! te/ correlates well ) m5tal    
age1 b = "s reason n app>5t x is pass$  
by a l>g] p]c5tage ( high-s*ool pupils  
?an uns*ool$ adults ( ! same m5tal      
level4  ,! code te/ 0 fir/ describ$ by  
,healy & ,f]nald 9 _! ,te/s = ,practical
 ,m5tal ,classification4#gg ,! au?ors   
gave no data1 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld indicate !
 m5tal level to :i* ! te/ belongs4 ,dr4 
,godd>d incorporat$ x 9 ye> ,,xv ( 8    
revision ( ! ,b9et scale1 b also fails  
to give /ati/ics4 ,! location giv5 ! te/
 9 ! ,/an=d revision is bas$ on te/s (  
ne>ly #ejj individuals rang+ f a m5tal  
level ( #ab ye>s to t ( sup]ior adult4  
,x appe>s t ! te/ is consid]ably m      
difficult ?an mo/ _h ?\ght x to be4  #gg
 ,psy*ological ,review ,monographs      
7#aiaa71 vol4 ,,xiii1 no4 #b1 p4 #ea4   
,,av]age ,,adult1 ,,alt]native ,,te/ #a3
 ,,repeat+ ,,tw5ty-,,eight ,,syllables  

,! s5t5ces = ?is te/ are3--    7a7      
,walt] likes v mu* to g on visits to 8  
gr&mo!r1       because %e always tells  
him _m funny /ories4   7b7 ,ye/]day ,i  
saw a pretty little dog 9 ! /reet4 ,x _h
       curly br[n hair1 %ort legs1 & a  
long tail4  ,,proc$ure4 ,exactly z 9    
,,vi1 #f4 ,emphasize t ! s5t5ce mu/ be  
repeat$ )\t a s+le *ange ( any sort4    
,get att5tion be=e giv+ ea* s5t5ce4     
,,scor+4 ,pass$ if "o s5t5ce is repeat$ 
)\t a s+le error4 ,9 ,,vi & ,x we scor$ 
! response z satisfactory if "o s5t5ce 0
 repeat$ )\t error1 or if two 7 repeat$ 
) n m ?an "o error ea*4  ,,rem>ks4 ,!   
te/ ( repeat+ s5t5ces is n z            
satisfactory 9 ! high] intellig5ce      
levels z 9 ! l[]4 ,x is too me*anical to
 tax v heavily ! high] ?\ght processes4 
,x does1 h[ev]1 h a c]ta9 correlation ) 
intellig5ce4 ,contr>y to :at "o w\ld h  
expect$1 un$ucat$ adults ( av]age adult 
intellig5ce surpass$ our high-s*ool     
/ud5ts ( ! same m5tal level4  ,b9et     
locat$ ?is te/ 9 ye> ,,xii ( ! #aijh    

s]ies1 b %ift$ x to ye> ,,xv 9 #aiaa4 ,!
 ,am]ican v]sions ( ! ,b9et scale h     
usually reta9$ x 9 ye> ,,xii1 ?\gh      
,godd>d admits t ! s5t5ces are some:at  
too difficult = t ye>4 ,kuhlmann puts ! 
te/ 9 ye> ,,xii1 b r$uces ! s5t5ces to  
tw5ty-f\r syllables & p]mits "o         
re-read+4 ,we give only two trials & our
 s5t5ces are consid]ably m difficult4 ,)
 ! proc$ure & scor+ we h us$1 ! te/ is r
 easy = ! av]age adult gr\p1 b a little 
too h>d = ye> ,,xiv4   ,,av]age ,,adult1
 ,,alt]native ,,te/ #b3 ,,compreh5sion  
,,( ,,physical ,,relations   7a7        
,problem reg>d+ ! pa? ( a cannon ball   
,,proc$ure4 ,draw on a piece ( pap] a   
horizontal l9e six or eight in*es long4 
,above x1 an in* or two1 draw a %ort    
horizontal l9e ab\t an in* long &       
p>allel to ! fir/4 ,tell ! subject t !  
long l9e repres5ts ! p]fectly level     
gr\nd ( a field1 & t ! %ort l9e         
repres5ts a cannon4 ,expla9 t ! cannon  
is po9t$ horizontally 7on a level7 & is 
fir$ across ?is p]fectly level field4   

,aft] x is cle> t ^! conditions ( !     
problem are compreh5d$1 we add3 ,n[1    
suppose t ?is cannon is fir$ (f & t !   
ball comes to ! gr\nd at ?is po9t "h    
7po9t+ to ! f>!r end ( ! l9e :i*        
repres5ts ! field74 ,take ?is p5cil &   
draw a l9e :i* w %[ :at pa? ! cannon    
ball w take f ! "t x leaves ! m\? ( !   
cannon till x /rikes ! gr\nd4  ,,scor+4 
,!re are f\r types ( response3 7#a7 ,a  
/raight diagonal l9e is drawn f !       
cannon's m\? to ! po9t :]e ! ball       
/rikes4 7#b7 ,a /raight l9e is drawn f !
 cannon's m\? runn+ horizontally until  
almo/ directly ov] ! goal1 at :i* po9t !
 l9e drops almo/ or q v]tically4 7#c7 ,!
 pa? f ! cannon's m\? fir/ rises        
consid]ably f ! horizontal1 at an angle 
p]haps ( betwe5 t5 to =ty-five degrees1 
& f9ally describes a gradual curve      
d[nw>d to ! goal4 7#d7 ,! l9e beg9s     
almo/ on a level & drops m rapidly t[>d 
! end ( its c\rse4  ,only ! la/ is      
satisfactory4 ,( c\rse1 no?+ l a        
ma!matically accurate solution ( !      

problem is expect$4 ,x is suffici5t if !
 response belongs to ! f\r? type above  
in/ead ( be+ absurd1 z ! o!r types      
describ$ are4 ,any "o :o has ev] ?r[n   
/ones %\ld h ! data = su* an approximate
 solution4 ,n a day ( s*ool+ is         
necess>y4   7b7 ,problem z to ! weight (
 a fi% 9 wat]  ,,proc$ure4 ,say to !    
subject3 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 t wat] holds up
 a fi% t is plac$ 9 x4 ,well1 "h is a   
problem4 ,suppose we h a bucket :i* is  
p>tly full ( wat]4 ,we place ! bucket on
 ! scales & f9d t ) ! wat] 9 x x weighs 
exactly #de p\nds4 ,!n we put a #e-p\nd 
fi% into ! bucket ( wat]4 ,n[1 :at w !  
:ole ?+ weigh8  ,,scor+4 ,_m subjects   
ev5 z l[ z #i- or #aj-ye> intellig5ce w 
answ] promptly1 ,:y1 #de p\nds & #e     
p\nds makes #ej p\nds1 ( c\rse4 ,b ?is  
is n suffici5t4 ,we proce$ to ask1 )    
s]i\s demeanor3 ,h[ c ?is be correct1   
s9ce ! wat] itself holds up ! fi%8 ,! "y
 subject :o has answ]$ s glibly n[      
laughs %eepi%ly & apologizes = 8 error1 
say+ t he answ]$ )\t ?9k+1 etc4 ,?is    

response is scor$ failure )\t fur!r     
que/ion+4  ,o!r subjects1 mo/ly above ! 
#ad-ye> level1 adh]e to ! answ] #ej     
p\nds1 h[ev] /rongly we urge ! argum5t  
ab\t ! wat] hold+ up ! fi%4 ,9 response 
to our "q1 ,h[ c t be ! case8 x is      
suffici5t if ! subject replies t ,!     
weight is !re j ! same2 ! scales h to   
hold up ! bucket & ! bucket has to hold 
up ! wat]1 or words to t effect4 ,only  
"s su* response z ?is is satisfactory4  
,if ! subject keeps *ang+ 8 answ] or    
says t he ?9ks ! weight w\ld be #ej     
p\nds1 b is n c]ta91 ! score is failure4
   7c7 ,difficulty ( hitt+ a di/ant m>k 
,,proc$ure4 ,say to ! subject3 ,y "k1 d 
y n1 :at x means :5 !y say a gun 'c>ries
 #ajj y>ds'8 ,x means t ! bullet goes t 
f> be=e x drops to am\nt to any?+4 ,all 
boys & mo/ girls m ?an a doz5 ye>s old  
und]/& ?is readily4 ,if ! subject does n
 und]/&1 we expla9 aga9 :at x means = a 
gun to c>ry a giv5 di/ance4 ,:5 ?is "p  
is cle>1 we proce$ z foll[s3 ,n[1       
suppose a man is %oot+ at a m>k ab\t !  

size ( a qu>t c4 ,8 rifle c>ries        
p]fectly m ?an #ajj y>ds4 ,) su* a gun  
is x any h>d] to hit ! m>k at #ajj y>ds 
?an x is at #ej y>ds8 ,aft] ! response  
is giv51 we ask ! subject to expla94    
,,scor+4 ,simply to say t x w\ld be     
easi] at #ej y>ds is n suffici5t1 nor c 
we pass ! response :i* m]ely /ates t x  
is easi] to aim at #ej y>ds4 ,! correct 
pr9ciple mu/ be giv51 "o :i* %[s !      
subject has appreciat$ ! fact t a small 
deviation f ! bull's-eye at #ej y>ds1   
due to incorrect aim1 becomes a l>g]    
deviation at #ajj y>ds4 ,h[ev]1 !       
subject is n requir$ to "k t ! deviation
 at #ajj y>ds is exactly twice z great z
 at #ej y>ds4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( que/ion+ 
is (t5 necess>y be=e we c decide :e!r ! 
subject has ! correct pr9ciple 9 m9d4   
,,scor+ ,,! ,,entire ,,te/4 ,two ( !    
?ree problems mu/ be solv$ 9 su* a way z
 to satisfy ! requirem5ts above set =?4 
,,rem>ks4 ,^! problems 7 devis$ by !    
writ]4 ,!y yield int]e/+ results1 :5    
prop]ly giv51 b are n )\t _! faults4    

,sometimes a v sup]ior subject fails1   
:ile occasionally an inf]ior subject    
unexpect$ly succe$s4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev] !
 te/ correlates fairly well ) m5tal age4
 ,at ! #ad-ye> level less ?an #ej p] c5t
 pass2 ( av]age adults1 f #fj to #ge p] 
c5t are successful4 ,few sup]ior adults 
fail4  ,! te/ z "h giv5 is little       
influ5c$ by ! =mal in/ruction giv5 9 !  
grades or ! high s*ool4 ,9 fact1 #hj p] 
c5t ( our un$ucat$ bus9ess m51 z        
contra/$ ) #fe p] c5t ( high-s*ool      
juniors & s5iors1 pass$ ! te/4 ,success 
probably dep5ds 9 ! ma9 ^u previ\s      
int]e/ 9 physical relation%ips & ^u !   
ability to und]/& ph5om5a ( ?is k9d :i* 
! subject has _h opportunity to obs]ve4 
,x w\ld be int]e/+ to /&>dize a long]   
s]ies ( problems design$ to te/ a       
subject's compreh5sion ( common physical
 relation%ips4 ,9 ! fir/ few mon?s (    
life a normal *ild le>ns t objects      
unsupport$ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,lat] he    
le>ns t fire burns2 t birds fly 9 ! air2
 t fi% d n s9k 9 ! wat]2 t wat] does n  

run uphill2 t x is easy to lift a leg or
 arm z "o lies prone 9 ! wat]2 t mud is 
?r[n f a rotat+ :eel 7& always 9 ! same 
direction72 t a /one :i* is fly+ ?r\gh !
 air swiftly is m dang]\s ?an "o :i* is 
mov+ sl[ly2 t x is m dang]\s to be run  
ov] by a tra9 ?an by a buggy2 t x is h>d
 to run aga9/ a /rong w9d2 t cyclones   
bl[ d[n trees & h\ses2 t a rapidly mov+ 
tra9 creates a /rong] w9d ?an a sl[]    
tra92 t a fea!r falls ?r\gh ! air ) less
 spe$ ?an a /one2 t a fall+ object ga9s 
mom5tum2 t a heavy mov+ object is h>d]  
to /op ?an a light object mov+ at ! same
 rate2 t freez+ wat] bur/s pipes2 t     
s\nds sometimes give e*oes2 t ra9b[s _c 
be approa*$2 t a lamp seems dim by      
daylight2 t by day ! />s are n visible &
 ! moon only b>ely visible2 t !         
headlights ( an approa*+ automobile or  
tra9 are bl9d+2 t if ! room 9 :i* we are
 read+ is badly light$ we mu/ hold !    
book ne>] to ! eyes2 t runn+ makes !    
he>t beat fa/] & increases ! rate (     
brea?+2 t if we are cold we c get w>m by

 runn+2 t :irl+ rapidly makes u dizzy2 t
 heat or ex]cise w cause p]spiration1   
etc4  ,al?\gh ! causes ( "s ( ^! ph5om5a
 are n und]/ood ev5 by intellig5t adults
 )\t "s in/ruction1 ! facts !mselves are
 le>n$ by ! normal individual f 8 own   
exp]i5ce4 ,! high] ! m5tal level & !    
great] ! curiosity1 ! m obs]vant "o is  
ab\t su* matt]s & ! m "o le>ns4 ,_m     
items ( k su* z we h m5tion$ c\ld & %\ld
 be /&>diz$ = v>i\s m5tal levels4 ,9    
devis+ te/s ( ?is k9d we %\ld1 ( c\rse1 
h to look out = ! influ5ces ( =mal      
in/ruction4     ,,*apt] ,,xx            
,,in/ructions ,,= ,,sup]ior ,,adult     
,,sup]ior ,,adult1 #a3 ,,vocabul>y      
7,,sev5ty-,,five ,,def9itions1 #ac1ejj  
,,words7  ,,proc$ure & ,,scor+1 z 9     
previ\s vocabul>y te/s4 ,at ! sup]ior   
adult level sev5ty-five words %\ld be   
kn[n4  ,! te/ is pass$ by only "o ?ird (
 ^? at ! av]age adult level1 b by ab\t  
#ij p] c5t ( sup]ior adults4 ,ability to
 pass ! te/ is relatively indep5d5t ( ! 
numb] ( ye>s ! subject has att5d$ s*ool1

 our bus9ess m5 %[+ ev5 a high] p]c5tage
 ( passes ?an high-s*ool pupils4        
,,sup]ior ,,adult1 #b3 ,,b9et',s        
,,pap]-,,cutt+ ,,te/  ,,proc$ure4 ,take 
a piece ( pap] ab\t six in*es squ>e &   
say3 ,wat* c>efully :at ,i d4 ,see1 ,i  
fold ! pap] ?is way 7fold+ x once ov] 9 
! middle71 !n ,i fold x ?is way 7fold+ x
 aga9 9 ! middle1 b at "r angles to !   
fir/ fold74 ,n[1 ,i w cut out a not* "r 
"h 7indicat+74 ,at ?is po9t take        
scissors & cut out a small not* f !     
middle ( ! side :i* pres5ts b "o edge4  
,?r[ ! fragm5t :i* has be5 cut out into 
! wa/e-basket or "u ! table4 ,leave !   
fold$ pap] expos$ to view1 b press$ flat
 aga9/ ! table4 ,!n give ! subject a    
p5cil & a second %eet ( pap] l ! "o     
already us$ & say3 ,take ?is piece (    
pap] & make a draw+ to %[ h[ ! o!r %eet 
( pap] w\ld look if x 7 unfold$4 ,draw  
l9es to %[ ! creases 9 ! pap] & %[ :at  
results f ! cutt+4  ,! subject is n     
p]mitt$ to fold ! second %eet1 b mu/    
solve ! problem by ! imag9ation unaid$4 

,note t we d n say1 ,draw ! holes1 z ?is
 w\ld in=m ! subject t m ?an "o hole is 
expect$4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is pass$ if ! 
creases 9 ! pap] are prop]ly repres5t$1 
if ! holes are drawn 9 ! correct numb]1 
& if !y are locat$ correctly1 t is1 bo? 
on ! same crease & ea* ab\t halfway     
betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! pap] & ! side4 ,! %ape
 ( ! holes is disreg>d$4  ,failure may  
be due to error z reg>ds ! creases or ! 
numb] & location ( ! holes1 or x may    
involve any comb9ation ( ! above errors4
  ,,rem>ks4 ,success seems to dep5d ^u  
con/ructive visual imag9ation4 ,!       
subject mu/ fir/ be able to con/ruct 9  
imag9ation ! creases :i* result f !     
fold+1 & secondly1 to picture ! effects 
( ! cutt+ z reg>ds numb] ( holes & _!   
location4 ,x appe>s t a solution is     
seldom arriv$ at1 ev5 9 ! case ( college
 /ud5ts1 by logical ma!matical ?9k+4    
,our uns*ool$ subjects ev5 succe$$      
some:at bett] ?an high-s*ool & college  
/ud5ts ( ! same m5tal level4  ,b9et     
plac$ ?is te/ 9 ye> ,,xiii ( ! #aijh    

scale1 b %ift$ x to ! adult gr\p 9 !    
#aiaa revision4 ,godd>d reta9s x 9 !    
adult gr\p1 :ile ,kuhlmann places x 9   
ye> ,,xv4 ,!re h also be5 c]ta9         
v>iations 9 ! proc$ure employ$4 ,z giv5 
9 ! ,/an=d revision ! te/ is pass$ by   
h>dly any subjects bel[ ! #ad-ye> level1
 b by ab\t "o ?ird ( av]age adults & by 
! l>ge majority ( sup]ior adults4       
,,sup]ior ,,adult1 #c3 ,,repeat+ ,,eight
 ,,digits  ,,proc$ure & ,,scor+1 ! same 
z 9 previ\s te/s ) digits rev]s$4 ,!    
s]ies us$ are3 #g-b-e-c-d-h-i-f2        
#d-i-h-e-c-g-f-b2 & #h-c-g-i-e-d-h-b4   
,gu>d aga9/ rhy?m & gr\p+ 9 read+ !     
digits & d n give w>n+ z to ! numb] to  
be giv54  ,! te/ is pass$ by ab\t "o    
?ird ( av]age adults & by ov] two ?irds 
( sup]ior adults4 ,! te/ %[s no m>k$    
diff]5ce betwe5 educat$ & un$ucat$      
subjects ( ! same m5tal level4          
,,sup]ior ,,adult1 #d3 ,,repeat+ ,,?\ght
 ,,( ,,passage  ,,proc$ure4 ,say3 ,i am 
go+ to read a little selection ( ab\t   
six or eight l9es4 ,:5 ,i am ?r\gh ,i w 

ask y to repeat z mu* ( x z y c4 ,x     
doesn't make any diff]5ce :e!r y rememb]
 ! exact words or n1 b y mu/ li/5       
c>efully s t y c tell me ev]y?+ x says4 
,!n read ! foll[+ selections1 paus+ aft]
 ea* = ! subject's report1 :i* %\ld be  
record$ v]batim3--    7a7 ,te/s su* z we
 are n[ mak+ are ( value bo? = !        
advancem5t ( sci5ce & = ! in=mation ( ! 
p]son       :o is te/$4 ,x is important 
= sci5ce to le>n h[ p       diff] & on  
:at factors ^! diff]5ces dep5d4 ,if we c
       sep>ate ! influ5ce ( h]$ity f !  
influ5ce (       environm5t1 we may be  
able to apply our k s z to       guide  
human developm5t4 ,we may ?us 9 "s cases
 correct       defects & develop        
abilities :i* we might o!rwise          
neglect4   7b7 ,_m op9ions h be5 giv5 on
 ! value ( life4 ,"s       call x good1 
o!rs call x bad4 ,x w\ld be ne>] correct
       to say t x is m$iocre2 = on ! "o 
h&1 our       happ9ess is nev] z great z
 we %\ld l1 & on !       o!r h&1 our    
mis=tunes are nev] z great z our enemies

       w\ld wi% = u4 ,x is ?is m$iocrity
 ( life :i*       prev5ts x f be+       
radically unju/4  ,sometimes ! subject  
hesitates to beg91 ?9k+1 9 spite ( our  
word+ ( ! in/ructions1 t a p]fect       
reproduction is expect$4 ,o!rs fall into
 ! opposite misund]/&+ & ?9k t !y are   
prohibit$ f us+ ! words ( ! text & mu/  
give ! ?\ght entirely 9 _! own language4
 ,9 cases ( hesitation we %\ld urge !   
subject a little & rem9d him t he is to 
express ! ?\ght ( ! selection 9 :atev]  
way he pref]s2 t ! ma9 ?+ is to tell :at
 ! selection says4  ,,scor+4 ,! te/ is  
pass$ if ! subject is able to repeat 9  
reasonably consecutive ord] ! ma9 ?\ghts
 ( at lea/ "o ( ! selections4 ,nei!r    
elegance ( expression nor v]batim       
repetition is expect$4 ,we m]ely want to
 "k :e!r ! lead+ ?\ghts 9 ! selection h 
be5 grasp$ & rememb]$4  ,all grades (   
accuracy are f\nd1 bo? 9 ! compreh5sion 
( ! selection & 9 ! recall1 & x is n    
always easy to draw ! l9e betwe5        
satisfactory & unsatisfactory responses4

 ,! foll[+ sample p]=mances w s]ve z a  
guide3--  ,selection 7a7                
,satisfactory4 ,! te/s :i* we are mak+  
are giv5 = !     advancem5t ( sci5ce & =
 ! in=mation ( ! p]son     te/$4 ,by    
sci5tific means we w be able to sep>ate 
*>act]i/ics d]iv$ f h]$ity & environm5t 
& to     treat ea* class sep>ately4 ,by 
do+ s we c m accurately     correct     
defects4      ,te/s l ^! are = two      
purposes4 ,fir/ to develop a     sci5ce1
 & second to apply x to ! p]son to help 
him4 ,!     te/s are to f9d out h[ y    
diff] f ano!r & to measure     !        
diff]5ce betwe5 y\r h]$ity & environm5t4
      ,^! te/s are giv5 to see if we c  
sep>ate h]$ity &     environm5t & to see
 if we c f9d out h[ "o p]son diff]s     
f ano!r4 ,we c !n correct ^! diff]5ces &
 tea*     p m effectively4      ,! te/s 
t we are n[ mak+ are valuable along bo? 
sci5tific & p]sonal l9es4 ,by us+ !m x c
 be f\nd out     :]e a p]son is weak &  
:]e he is /rong4 ,we c !n     /r5g!n 8  
weak po9ts & rem$y "s ?+s t w\ld        

o!rwise be neglect$4 ,!y are ( great    
b5efit to sci5ce &     to ! p]son       
conc]n$4      ,te/s su* z we are n[ mak+
 are ( great importance because     !y  
aim to %[ 9 :at respects we diff] f o!rs
 & :y1     & if !y d ?is !y w be able to
 guide u into ! "r     *annel & br+     
success in/ead ( failure4               
,unsatisfactory4 ,te/s su* z we are n[  
mak+ are ( value     bo? = ! advancem5t 
( sci5ce & = ! in=mation (     ! p]son  
int]e/$4 ,x is necess>y to "k ?is4      
,su* te/s z we are n[ mak+ %[ ab\t !    
human m9d &     %[ 9 :at *annels we are 
fitt$4 ,x is ! te/+ ( ea*     individual
 betwe5 8 effects ( inh]itancy &        
environm5t4      ,x is v int]e/+ = u to 
/udy sci5ce = two reasons2     fir/1 to 
te/ our m5tal ability1 & second = !     
fur!r     developm5t ( sci5ce4          
,te/s su* z we are n[ mak+ help 9 two   
ways2 x helps !     sci5ti/s & x gives  
in=mation to ! p4      ,te/s are be+    
giv5 to pupils to-day to bett] !m & to  
aid sci5ce = g5]ations to come4 ,if ea* 

p]son kn[s     exactly 8 own beliefs &  
ideas & faults he c f9d out     exactly 
:at k9d ( "w he is fitt$ = by h]$ity4 ,!
     te/s %[ t environm5t doesn't c\nt1 
= if y are all     "r y w get along     
anyway4 7,note inv5tion47  ,selection   
7b7      ,satisfactory4 ,!re are diff]5t
 op9ions ab\t life4 ,"s     call x good 
& "s bad4 ,x w\ld be m correct to say t 
x is middl+1 because we are nev] z happy
 z we w\ld l     to be & we are nev] z  
sad z our enemies want u to be4      ,"o
 he>s _m judgm5ts ab\t life4 ,"s say x  
is good1 :ile     o!rs say x is bad4 ,b 
x is really nei!r ( ! extremes4         
,life is m$iocre4 ,we d n h z mu* good z
 we desire1 nor     d we h z mu*        
mis=tune z o!rs want u to h4            
,nev]!less1 we h en\gh good to keep life
 f be+     unju/4      ,"s p h diff]5t  
views ( life f o!rs4 ,"s say     x is   
bad1 o!rs say x is good4 ,x is bett] to 
class life z     m$iocre1 z x is nev] z 
good z we wi% x1 & on ! o!r     h&1 x   
might be worse4      ,"s p ?9k diff]5tly

 ( life4 ,"s ?9k x good1 "s     bad1    
o!rs m$iocre1 :i* is ne>e/ correct4 ,x  
br+s     unhapp9ess to u1 b n z mu* z   
our enemies want u to     h4            
,unsatisfactory4 ,"s say life is good1  
"s say x is     m$iocre4 ,ev5 ?\gh "s   
say x is m$iocre !y say x is     "r4    
,!re are two sides ( life4 ,"s say x is 
good :ile o!rs     say x is bad4 ,to "s1
 life is happy & !y get all !y c     out
 ( life4 ,= o!rs life is n happy & !re=e
 !y     fail to get all !re is 9 life4  
,"o he>s _m diff]5t judgm5ts ( life4 ,"s
 call x good1     "s call x bad4 ,x br+s
 unhapp9ess & x does n h     en\gh      
pleasure4 ,x %\ld be bett] di/ribut$4   
,!re are diff]5t op9ions ( ! value (    
life4 ,"s say x     is good & "s say x  
is bad4 ,"s say x is m$iocrity4 ,"s     
?9k x br+s happ9ess :ile o!rs d n4      
,n[adays !re is mu* said ab\t ! value ( 
life4 ,"s say     x is good1 :ile o!rs  
say x is bad4 ,a p]son %\ld n h     an  
ill feel+ t[>d ! value ( life1 & he %\ld
 n be     unju/ to any "o4 ,hone/y is ! 

be/ policy4 ,p :o are     unju/ are m   
likely to be injur$ by _! enemies4      
7,note     inv5tion47  ,,rem>ks4        
,contr>y to :at ! subject is l$ to      
expect1 ! te/ is less a te/ ( memory ?an
 ( ability to compreh5d ! drift ( an    
ab/ract passage4 ,a subject :o fully    
grasps ! mean+ ( ! selection z x is read
 is n likely to fail because ( poor     
memory4 ,m]e v]bal memory improves b    
little aft] ! age ( #ad or #ae ye>s1 z  
is %[n by ! fact t our adults d little  
bett] ?an eigh?-grade *ildr5 9 repeat+  
s5t5ces ( tw5ty-eight syllables4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 adult intellig5ce is va/ly      
sup]ior 9 ! compreh5sion & ret5tion ( a 
logically pres5t$ gr\p ( ab/ract ideas4 
,!re is no?+ 9 :i* /upid p]sons cut a   
poor] figure ?an 9 grappl+ ) ! ab/ract4 
,_! ?9k+ cl+s t5aci\sly to ! concrete2  
_! concepts are vague or inaccurate2 !  
int]relations among _! concepts are     
scanty 9 ! extreme2 & su* poor m5tal    
/ores z !y h are little available =     
ready use4  ,a few critics h object$ to 

! use ( te/s dem&+ ab/ract ?9k+1 on !   
gr\nd t ab/ract ?\ght is a v special    
aspect ( intellig5ce & t facility 9 x   
dep5ds almo/ entirely on occupational   
habits & ! accid5ts ( education4 ,"s h  
ev5 gone s f> z to say t we are n       
ju/ifi$1 on ! basis ( any numb] ( su*   
te/s1 9 pron\nc+ a subject backw>d or   
defective4 ,x is suppos$ t a subject :o 
has no capacity 9 ! use ( ab/ract ideas 
may nev]!less h excell5t intellig5ce    
along o!r l9es4 ,9 su* cases1 x is said1
 we %\ld n p5alize ! subject = 8        
failures 9 h&l+ ab/ractions1 b          
sub/itute1 in/ead1 te/s requir+ motor   
cord9ation & ! manipulation ( ?+s1 te/s 
9 :i* ! suppos$ly dull *ild (t5 succe$s 
fairly well4  ,f ! psy*ological po9t (  
view1 su* a proposal is navely          
unpsy*ological4 ,x is 9 ! v ess5ce ( !  
high] ?\ght processes to be conceptual &
 ab/ract4 ,:at ! above proposal am\nts  
to is1 t if ! subject is n capable ( ! m
 complex & /rictly human type ( ?9k+1 we
 %\ld ignore ?is fact & e/imate 8       

intellig5ce entirely on ! ability he    
displays to c>ry on m5tal op]ations ( a 
m simple & primitive k9d4 ,?is w\ld be l
 ask+ ! physician to ignore ! diseas$   
p>ts ( 8 pati5t's body & to base 8      
diagnosis on an exam9ation ( ! organs   
:i* are s\nd6  ,! pres5t te/ ?r[s light 
9 an int]e/+ way on ! integrity ( !     
critical faculty4 ,"s subjects are      
unwill+ to ext5d ! report 9 ! lea/      
beyond :at !y "k to be approximately    
correct1 :ile o!rs ) defective p[]s (   
auto-criticism manufacture a report :i* 
draws heavily on ! imag9ation1 p]haps   
cont9u+ 9 g>rul\s fa%ion z long z !y c  
?9k ( any?+ hav+ ! remote/ connection ) 
any ?\ght 9 ! selection4 ,we h includ$1 
= ea* selection1 "o illu/ration ( ?is   
type 9 ! sample failures giv5 above4  ,!
 wor/ fault ( ! te/ is its              
susceptibility to ! influ5ce ( s*ool+4  
,our un$ucat$ adults ( ev5 sup]ior adult
 intellig5ce (t5 fail1 :ile ab\t two    
?irds ( high-s*ool pupils succe$4 ,!    
uns*ool$ adults h a m>k$ t5d5cy ei!r to 

give a summ>y :i* is inadequate because 
( its extreme brevity1 or else to give a
 criticism ( ! ?\ght :i* ! passage      
conta9s4  ,?is te/ fir/ appe>$ 9 ,b9et's
 #aiaa revision1 9 ! adult gr\p4 ,b9et  
us$ only selection 7b71 & 9 a slightly m
 difficult =m ?an we h giv5 above4      
,godd>d gives ! te/ l ,b9et & reta9s x 9
 ! adult gr\p4 ,kuhlmann locates x 9 ye>
 ,,xv1 us+ only selection 7a74 ,on !    
basis ( ov] #cjj te/s ( adults we f9d ! 
te/ too difficult = ! av]age adult      
level1 ev5 on ! basis ( only "o success 
9 two trials & :5 scor$ on ! r lib]al   
/&>d above set =?4   ,,sup]ior ,,adult1 
#e3 ,,repeat+ ,,sev5 ,,digits ,,rev]s$  
,,proc$ure & ,,scor+1 ! same z 9 previ\s
 te/s ( ?is k9d4 ,! s]ies are3          
#d-a-f-b-e-i-c2 #c-h-b-f-d-g-e2 &       
#i-d-e-b-h-c-g4  ,we h collect$ few]    
data on ?is te/ ?an on any ( ! o!rs1 z x
 0 add$ lat] to ! te/ s]ies4 ,z f> z we 
h us$ x we h f\nd few av]age adults :o  
pass1 :ile ab\t half ! sup]ior adults d 
s4   ,,sup]ior ,,adult1 #f3 ,,+5uity    

,,te/  ,,proc$ure4 ,problem a is /at$ z 
foll[s3--      ,a "m s5t h] boy to !    
riv] & told him to br+ back     exactly 
#g p9ts ( wat]4 ,%e gave him a #c-p9t   
vessel & a     #e-p9t vessel4 ,%[ me h[ 
! boy c measure out exactly     #g p9ts 
( wat]1 us+ no?+ b ^! two vessels & n   
guess+ at ! am\nt4 ,y %\ld beg9 by fill+
 ! #e-p9t     vessel fir/4 ,rememb]1 y h
 a #c-p9t vessel & a #e-p9t     vessel &
 y mu/ br+ back exactly #g p9ts4  ,!    
problem is giv5 orally1 b may be repeat$
 if necess>y4  ,! subject is n all[$    
p5cil or pap] & is reque/$ to give 8    
solution orally z he works x out4 ,x is 
!n possible to make a complete record ( 
! me?od employ$4  ,! subject is likely  
to resort to "s su* me?od z to fill !   
#c-p9t vessel two ?irds full1 or1 ,i    
w\ld m>k ! inside ( ! #e-p9t vessel s z 
to %[ :]e #d p9ts come to1 etc4 ,we in=m
 ! subject t su* a me?od is n all[able2 
t ?is w\ld be guess+1 s9ce he c\ld n be 
sure :5 ! #c-p9t vessel 0 two ?irds full
 7or :e!r he _h m>k$ (f 8 #e-p9t vessel 

accurately74 ,tell him he mu/ measure   
out ! wat] )\t any guesswork4 ,expla9   
also1 t x is a fair problem1 n a cat*4  
,say no?+ ab\t p\r+ f "o vessel to      
ano!r1 b if ! subject asks :e!r ?is is  
p]missible ! answ] is yes4  ,! "t limit 
= ea* problem is #e m9utes4 ,if !       
subject fails on ! fir/ problem1 we     
expla9 ! solution 9 full & !n proce$ to 
! next4  ,! second problem is l ! fir/1 
except t a #e-p9t vessel & a #g-p9t     
vessel are giv51 to get #h p9ts1 !      
subject be+ told to beg9 by fill+ !     
#e-p9t vessel4  ,9 ! ?ird problem #d &  
#i are giv51 to get #g1 ! in/ruction be+
 to beg9 by fill+ ! #d-p9t vessel4      
,note t 9 ea* problem we in/ruct !      
subject h[ to beg94 ,?is is necess>y 9  
ord] to secure uni=mity ( conditions4 ,x
 is possible to solve all ( ! problems  
by beg9n+ ) ei!r ( ! two vessels1 b !   
solution is made v mu* m difficult if we
 beg9 9 ! direction opposite f t        
recomm5d$4  ,give no fur!r aid4 ,x is   
necess>y to refra9 f comm5t ( e k9d4    

,,scor+4 ,two ( ! ?ree problems mu/ be  
solv$ correctly )9 ! #e m9utes allott$  
to ea*4  ,,rem>ks4 ,we h call$ ?is a te/
 ( +5uity4 ,! subject :o is giv5 !      
problem f9ds himself involv$ 9 a        
difficulty f :i* he mu/ extricate       
himself4 ,means mu/ be f\nd to ov]come  
an ob/acle4 ,?is requires practical     
judgem5t & a c]ta9 am\nt ( inv5tive     
+5uity4 ,v>i\s possibilities mu/ be     
explor$ & ei!r accept$ = trial or       
reject$4 ,if ! am\nt ( inv5tion call$ = 
seems to ! read] inconsid]able1 let x be
 rememb]$ t ! important inv5tions (     
hi/ory h n z a rule _h a ,m9]va bir?1 b 
in/ead h develop$ by successive /ages1  
ea* involv+ b a small /ep 9 advance4  ,x
 is unnecess>y to emphasize at l5g? !   
function ( inv5tion 9 ! high] ?\ght     
processes4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r x is pres5t
 9 all intellectual activity2 9 !       
creation & use ( language1 9 art1 9     
social adju/m5ts1 9 religion1 & 9       
philosophy1 z truly z 9 ! doma9s (      
sci5ce & practical affairs4 ,c]ta9ly ?is

 is true if we accept ,mason's broad    
def9ition ( inv5tion z includ+ e *ange 9
 human activity made design$ly &        
sy/ematically4#gh ,f ! psy*ological po9t
 ( view1 p]haps1 ,mason is ju/ifi$ 9    
look+ ^u ! great inv5tor z an epitome ( 
! g5ius ( ! _w4 ,to develop a           
,krag-,jo]g5s5 f a b[ & arr[1 a         
velvet-tipp$ lucif] mat* f ! primitive  
fire-/ick1 or a mod]n piano f ! fir/    
crude1 /r+$1 musical in/rum5t has       
involv$ mu* ! same intellectual         
processes z h be5 op]ative 9 trans=m+   
feti%ism & magic into religion &        
philosophy1 or scatt]$ fragm5ts ( k into
 sci5ce4  #gh ,otis ,t4 ,mason3 ,!      
,orig9s ( ,inv5tions4 7,london1 #aijb47 
,psy*ologically1 inv5tion dep5ds ^u !   
con/ructive imag9ation2 t is1 ^u !      
ability to ab/ract f :at is imm$iately  
pres5t to ! s5ses & to picture new      
situations ) _! possibilities &         
consequ5ces4 ,images are unit$ 9 ord] to
 =m new comb9ations4  ,z we h sev]al    
times emphasiz$1 ! decisive intellectual

 diff]5ces among human be+s are n       
greatly dep5d5t ^u m]e s5se             
discrim9ation or native ret5tiv5ess4 ,f>
 m important ?an ! raw mass ( s5se data 
is ! correct %oot+ toge!r ( ! s5se      
elem5ts 9 memory & imag9ation4 ,?is is b
 ano!r "n = inv5tion4 ,x is ! syn!tic1  
or app]ceptive1 activity ( ! m9d t gives
 ! sev5-league boots to g5ius4 ,x is1   
h[ev]1 a k9d ( ability :i* is possess$  
by all m9ds to a great] or less degree4 
,any te/ has its value :i* gives a clue1
 z ?is te/ does1 to ! subject's ability 
9 ?is direction4  ,! te/ 0 devis$ by !  
writ] & us$ 9 #aije 9 a /udy ( !        
intellectual processes ( bright & dull  
boys1 b x 0 n at t "t /&>diz$4 ,x has   
be5 f\nd to belong at a mu* high] m5tal 
level ?an 0 at fir/ suppos$4 ,only an   
insignificant numb] pass ! te/ bel[ !   
m5tal age ( #ad ye>s1 & ab\t two ?irds (
 av]age adults fail4 ,( our sup]ior     
adults some:at m ?an #ge p] c5t succe$4 
,=mal education influ5ces ! te/ little  
or n at all1 ! uns*ool$ bus9ess m5 mak+ 

a some:at bett] %[+ ?an ! high-s*ool    
/ud5ts4     ,,select$ ,,ref]5ces   ,!   
foll[+ classifi$ li/s include only ! mo/
 important ref]5ces "u ea* topic4 ,s _m 
inve/igations h be5 made ) !            
,b9et-,simon te/s 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & s 
_m articles h be5 writt5 9 evaluation ( 
! me?od1 t a complete bibliography ( !  
subject w\ld require ?irty or =ty pages4
 ,^? :o desire to make a m ?or\gh /udy (
 ! lit]ature are ref]r$ to ! admirable  
annotat$ bibliography compil$ by ,samuel
 ,c4 ,kohs1 & publi%$ by ,w>wick  ,york1
 ,baltimore4 ,kohs's ,bibliography      
conta9s #bed ref]5ces1 & is complete to 
,janu>y #a1 #aiad4   ,,b9et-,,simon     
,,te/s ,,( ,,normal ,,*ildr5     #a4    
,b9et1 ,a41 et ,simon1 ,?4 ,le          
dveloppem5t de l'intellig5ce       *ez  
les enfants2 9 ,anne psy*ologique       
7#aijh71 vol4 #ad1       pp4 #a-id4     
,exposition ( ! orig9al #aijh scale )   
results4     #b4 ,b9et1 ,a4 ,n\velles   
re*]*es sur la mesure du niveau         
intellectuel *ez les enfants d'cole2 9  

,anne       psy*ologique 7#aiaa71 vol4  
#ag1 pp4 #ade-bja4        ,pres5ts !    
#aiaa revision4     #c4 ,bob]tag1 ,o4   
,ueb] ,intellig5zprfung5 7na* d] ,me?ode
 von       ,b9et und ,simon72 9         
,zeits*rift fr angew&e ,psy*ologie      
7#aiaa71 vol4 #e1 pp4 #aje-bjc2 &       
7#aiab71 vol4 #f1 pp4 #die-ecg4         
,analysis ( #djj cases & criticism (    
me?od & results4     #d4 ,d\gh]ty1 ,m4  
,l4 ,report on ! ,b9et-,simon ,te/s giv5
 to ,f\r       ,hundr$ & ,eighty-?ree   
,*ildr5 9 ! ,public ,s*ools (           
,kansas ,city1 ,kansas2 9 ,j\rnal (     
,educational ,psy*ology       7#aiac71  
vol4 #d1 pp4 #cch-eb4     #e4 ,godd>d1  
,h4 ,h4 ,! ,b9et-,simon ,measur+ ,scale 
=       ,intellig5ce1 ,revis$2 9 ,tra9+ 
,s*ool ,bullet9 7#aiaa71       vol4 #h1 
pp4 #ef-fb4     #f4 ,h(fman1 ,a4        
,v]glei*5de ,intellig5zprfung5 an       
,vors*l]n       und ,volkss*l]n2 9      
,zeits*rift fr angew&e ,psy*ologie      
7#aiac71 vol4 #h1 pp4 #ajb-bj4          
,"o hundr$ & fifty-six subjects4 ,ages  

sev51 n9e1 & t54     #g4 ,john/on1      
,ka!r9e ,l4 ,b9et's ,me?od = !          
,measurem5t (       ,intellig5ce2 ,"s   
,results2 9 ,j\rnal ( ,exp]im5tal       
,p$agogy 7#aiaa71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bd-ca4  
,results ( #bjj te/s ( s*ool *ildr54    
#h4 ,kuhlmann1 ,f4 ,"s ,results (       
,exam9+ #ajjj ,public-,s*ool            
,*ildr5 ) a ,revision ( ! ,b9et-,simon  
,te/s (       ,intellig5ce by ,untra9$  
,tea*]s2 9 ,j\rnal (                    
,psy*o-,a/h5ics 7#aiad71 vol4 #ah1 pp4  
#aej-gi1 & #bcc-fi4     #i4 ,phillips1  
,byron ,a4 ,! ,b9et ,te/s appli$ to     
,color$       ,*ildr52 9 ,psy*ological  
,cl9ic 7#aiad71 pp4 #aij-if4        ,a  
comp>ison ( #hf color$ & #acg :ite      
*ildr54    #aj4 ,rog]s1 ,agnes ,l41 &   
,mc,intyre1 ,j4 ,l4 ,! ,measurem5t (    
,intellig5ce 9 ,*ildr5 by ! ,b9et-,simon
 ,scale2 9       ,briti% ,j\rnal (      
,psy*ology 7#aiad71 vol4 #g1 pp4        
#bfe-cjj4    #aa4 ,r[e1 ,e4 ,c4 ,five   
,hundr$ ,=ty-,sev5 ,:ite & ,two ,hundr$ 
,sixty-,eight ,indian ,*ildr5 te/$ by ! 

,b9et-,simon ,te/s2       9 ,p$agogical 
,sem9>y 7#aiad71 vol4 #ba1 pp4 #ded-fi4 
#ab4 ,/rong1 ,alice ,c4 ,?ree ,hundr$   
,fifty ,:ite & ,color$       ,*ildr5    
measur$ by ! ,b9et-,simon ,measur+      
,scale (       ,intellig5ce2 9          
,p$agogical ,sem9>y 7#aiac71 vol4 #bj1  
pp4 #dhe-eae4    #ac4 ,t]man1 ,l4 ,m41 &
 ,*ilds1 ,h4 ,g4 ,a ,t5tative ,revision 
&       ,ext5sion ( ! ,b9et-,simon      
,measur+ ,scale ( ,intellig5ce2 9       
,j\rnal ( ,educational ,psy*ology       
7#aiab71 vol4 #c1 pp4 #fa-gd1           
#acc-dc1 #aih-bjh1 & #bgg-hi4           
,results ( #cif te/s ( ,cali=nia        
s*ool-*ildr54    #ad4 ,t]man1 ,lyman1   
,ordahl1 ,galbrea?1 & ,talb]t4 ,! ,/an=d
       ,revision & ,ext5sion ( !        
,b9et-,simon ,measur+ ,scale (          
,intellig5ce4 7#aiaf47        ,detail$  
analysis ( ! results secur$ by te/+     
#ajjj       unselect$ s*ool-*ildr5 )9   
two mon?s ( a bir?day4    #ae4 ,we9trob1
 ,j4 & ,r4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,environm5t on
 ,m5tal       ,ability z %[n by ! ,b9et 

,te/s2 9 ,j\rnal (       ,educational   
,psy*ology 7#aiab71 pp4 #egg-hf4    #af4
 ,w9*1 ,w4 ,h4 ,b9et's ,m5tal ,te/s3    
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 ( te/s )       normal *ildr51 & giv+   
valuable criticisms & sugge/ions4       
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,b9et-,simon       bei s*wa*s9nig5      
,k9d]n2 9 ,zeits*rift fr angew&e        
,psy*ologie 7#aiab71 vol4 #f1 pp4       
#daa-id4        ,a critical /udy ( !    
results ( #bhj te/s4    #ah4 ,godd>d1   
,h4 ,h4 ,f\r ,hundr$ ,feeble-,m9d$      
,*ildr5 classifi$       by ! ,b9et      
,me?od2 9 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y 7#aiaj71  
vol4 #ag1 pp4 #chg-ig2 also 9 ,j\rnal ( 
,psy*o-,a/h5ics       7#aiaj71 vol4 #ae1
 pp4 #ag-cj4        ,(f]s important     
evid5ce ( ! value ( ! ,b9et-,simon      
me?od4    #ai4 ,kuhlmann1 ,f4 ,! ,b9et &

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,grad+ ,feeble-,m9d$ ,*ildr52 9 ,j\rnal 
(       ,psy*o-,a/h5ics 7#aiab71 vol4   
#af1 pp4 #agc-ic4        ,analysis (    
results f #acjj cases4   ,,b9et-,,simon 
,,te/s ,,( ,,del9qu5ts    #bj4 ,bluemel1
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,juv5ile       ,del9qu5ts2 9 ,tra9+     
,s*ool ,bullet9 7#aiae71       pp4      
#ahg-ic4    #ba4 ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,!    
,crim9al ,imbecile4 ,! ,macmillan       
,company4       7#aiae47 #aeg pages4    
,an analysis ( ! m5tality ( ?ree murd]]s
 ( moron or       bord]l9e intellig5ce4 
#bb4 ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,! ,responsibility
 ( ,*ildr5 9 ! ,juv5ile       ,c\rt2 9  
,j\rnal ( ,crim9al ,law & ,crim9ology   
7,septemb]1 #aiab74        ,analysis (  
#ajj te/s ( juv5ile del9qu5ts4    #bc4  
,healy1 ,william4 ,! ,individual        
,del9qu5t4 ,little1 ,br[n        ,co4   
7#aiae47 #hcj pages4        ,a textbook 
on del9qu5ts4 ,gives results ( _m       
,b9et-,simon       te/s4    #bd4        
,spauld+1 ,edi? ,r4 ,! ,results ( ,m5tal

 & ,physical       ,exam9ation ( ,f\r   
,hundr$ ,wom5 ,(f5d]s2 9 ,j\rnal (      
,crim9al ,law & ,crim9ology 7#aiae71 pp4
 #gjd-ag4    #be4 ,sullivan1 ,w4 ,c4 ,la
 mesure du dveloppem5t intellectuel *ez 
les jeunes dl9quantes2 9 ,anne          
psy*ologique 7#aiab71       vol4 #ah1   
pp4 #cda-fa4    #bf4 ,williams1 ,j4     
,h>old4 ,a ,/udy ( #aej ,del9qu5t ,boys4
       ,bullet9 no4 #a1 ,rese>*         
,laboratory ( ! ,buckel ,f\ndation4     
7#aiae47 #ae pages4        ,! ,/an=d    
revision us$4 ,report ( ov] #djj cases  
to foll[4   ,,b9et-,,simon ,,te/s ,,(   
,,sup]ior ,,*ildr5    #bg4 ,j]onutti1   
,a4 ,ric]*e psicologi*e sp]im5tali sugli
 alunni       molto intellig5ti2 9 ,lab4
 di ,psicol4 ,sp]im4 della ,reg4        
,univ4 ,roma4 7#aiab7        ,out (     
fifte5 hundr$ s*ool & k9d]g>t5 *ildr51  
ages five       to twelve1 f\rte5 7     
select$ by ! tea*]s z !       brighte/4 
,! ,b9et te/ %[$ !m to be f "o to ?ree  
ye>s 9 advance ( _! *ronological ages4  
#bh4 ,t]man1 ,l4 ,m4 ,! ,m5tal ,hygi5e (

 ,exceptional ,*ildr52 9                
,p$agogical ,sem9>y 7#aiae71 vol4 #bb1  
pp4 #ebi-cg4        ,data on #ca *ildr5 
te/+ above #abj ,i4 ,q4   ,,in/ructions 
,,= ,,giv+ ,,! ,,b9et-,,simon ,,te/s    
#bi4 ,b9et1 ,a41 & ,simon1 ,?4 ,a ,me?od
 ( ,measur+ !       ,developm5t (       
,intellig5ce 9 ,"y ,*ildr54 ,*icago     
,m$ical ,book ,company4 7#aiae47 #hb    
pages4        ,au?oriz$ translation (   
,b9et's f9al in/ructions = giv+       ! 
te/s4    #cj4 ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,a       
,measur+ ,scale ( ,intellig5ce2 9       
,tra9+ ,s*ool ,bullet9 7#aiaj71 vol4 #f1
 pp4 #adf-ee4        ,cond5s$           
translation ( ,b9et's #aijh ,measur+    
,scale (       ,intellig5ce4    #ca4    
,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,! ,b9et-,simon        
,measur+ ,scale =       ,intellig5ce1   
,revis$2 9 ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,bullet9       
7#aiaa71       vol4 #h1 pp4 #ef-fb4     
#cb4 ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,/&>d ,me?od =    
,giv+ ! ,b9et ,te/2 9       ,tra9+      
,s*ool ,bullet9 7#aiac71 vol4 #aj1 pp4  
#bc-cj4    #cc4 ,kuhlmann1 ,f4 ,a       

,revision ( ! ,b9et-,simon ,sy/em =     
,measur+ ! ,intellig5ce ( ,*ildr52      
,monograph ,supplem5t       ( ,j\rnal ( 
,psy*o-,a/h5ics 7,septemb]1 #aiab71 #da 
pages4    #cd4 ,wall91 ,j4 ,e4 ,w4 ,a   
,practical ,guide = ! ,adm9i/ration (   
! ,b9et-,simon ,scale = ,measur+        
,intellig5ce2 9 ,!       ,psy*ological  
,cl9ic 7#aiaa71 vol4 #e1 pp4 #bag-ch4   
,,criticisms ,,& ,,evaluations ,,( ,,!  
,,b9et-,,simon ,,me?od    #ce4 ,b]ry1   
,c4 ,s4 ,a ,comp>ison ( ! ,b9et ,te/s ( 
#aijh &       #aiaa2 9 ,j\rnal (        
,educational ,psy*ology 7#aiab71 vol4   
#c1       pp4 #ddd-ea4    #cf4 ,bob]tag1
 ,o4 ,ueb] ,intellig5zprfung5 7na* d]   
,me?ode von       ,b9et und ,simon72 9  
,zeits*rift fr angew&e ,psy*ologie4     
7,a1 #aiaa71 vol4 #e1 pp4 #aje-bjc2 7,b1
 #aiab71 vol4 #f1       pp4 #die-ecg4   
,accepts ! me?od & gives valuable       
sugge/ions = improvem5t4    #cg4        
,brigham1 ,c>l ,c4 ,an ,exp]im5tal      
,critique ( ! ,b9et-,simon       ,scale2
 9 ,j\rnal ( ,educational ,psy*ology    

7#aiad71       pp4 #dci-dh4        ,f9ds
 ! scale #if effici5t4    #ch4 ,godd>d1 
,h4 ,h4 ,! ,reliability ( ! ,b9et-,simon
 ,measur+       ,scale ( ,intellig5ce2 9
 ,proce$+s ( ! ,f\r?       ,int]national
 ,congress ( ,s*ool ,hygi5e 7#aiac71    
vol4 #e1       pp4 #fic-ii4             
,application ( ! !ory ( probability to !
 results proves !       extremely small 
liability ( error4    #ci4 ,kohs1       
,samuel ,c4 ,! ,practicability ( ! ,b9et
 ,scale & !       ,"q ( ! ,bord]l9e     
,case2 9 ,tra9+ ,s*ool       ,bullet9   
7#aiaf71 pp4 #baa-bc4        ,analysis (
 cases %[+ ! reliability ( ! scale4     
#dj4 ,kuhlmann1 ,f4 ,b9et & ,simon's    
,sy/em = ,measur+ !       ,intellig5ce (
 ,*ildr52 9 ,j\rnal ( ,psy*o-,a/h5ics   
7#aiaa71 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #gi-ib4          
,f9ds ! me?od ( ! greate/ value4    #da4
 ,kuhlmann1 ,f4 ,a ,reply to ,dr4 ,l4   
,p4 ,ayres's ,criticism ( !       ,b9et 
& ,simon ,sy/em = ,measur+ !            
,intellig5ce (       ,*ildr52 9 ,j\rnal 
( ,psy*o-,a/h5ics 7#aiaa71 vol4 #af1    

pp4 #eh-fg4        ,_m ( ! ,ayres       
criticisms are %[n to be unf\nd$4       
#db4 ,meumann1 ,e4 ,vorlesung5 zur      
,e9fhrung 9 die ,exp]im5telle           
,pdagogik 7#aiac71 vol4 #b1 pp4         
#acj-cjj4        ,summ>y ( ! lit]ature  
on ,b9et te/s up to #aiac4 ,accepts !   
me?od b gives sugge/ions = improvem5t4  
,?is summ>y &       o!r writ+s (        
,meumann on ! psy*ology ( end[m5t are   
review$ by ,lewis ,m4 ,t]man 9 a s]ies (
 f\r articles 9       ! ,j\rnal (       
,psy*o-,a/h5ics = #aiae4    #dc4 ,otis1 
,a4 ,s4 ,"s ,logical & ,ma!matical      
,aspects ( !       ,measurem5t (        
,intellig5ce by ! ,b9et-,simon ,me?od2 9
       ,! ,psy*ological ,review 7,april 
& ,june1 #aiaf74        ,consid]s !     
,b9et-,simon me?od imp]fect f !         
ma!matical       po9t ( view4    #dd4   
,s*mitt1 ,cl>a4 ,/&>dization ( ,te/s =  
,defective       ,*ildr54 ,psy*ological 
,monographs 7#aiae71 no4 #hc1 #aha      
pages4        ,conta9s 7pp4 #eb-fg7 a   
discussion ( ! ,fallacies &             

,inadequacies ( ! ,b9et-,simon ,s]ies4  
,mo/ ( !       criticisms "h giv5 are   
ei!r sup]ficial or unfair1 "s       ( !m
 app>5tly be+ due to a lack (           
acqua9tance )       ,b9et's writ+s4     
#de4 ,/]n1 ,w4 ,! ,psy*ological ,me?ods 
( ,measur+       ,intellig5ce4          
,translat$ by ,g4 ,m4 ,:ipple4 7#aiac47 
#afj pages4        ,a spl5did critical  
discussion ( ! ,b9et-,simon me?od4 ,%\ld
       be read by e "o :o w\ld use !    
scale4    #df4 ,t]man1 ,l4 ,m4          
,sugge/ions = ,revis+1 ,ext5d+1 &       
,supplem5t+ ! ,b9et ,intellig5ce ,te/s2 
9 ,j\rnal (       ,psy*o-,a/h5ics       
7#aiac71 vol4 #ah1 pp4 #bj-cc4    #dg4  
,t]man1 ,l4 ,m4 ,psy*ological ,pr9ciples
 ,und]ly+ !       ,b9et-,simon ,scale & 
,"s ,practical ,consid]ations = its     
,correct ,use2 9 ,j\rnal (              
,psy*o-,a/h5ics 7#aiac71       vol4 #ah1
 pp4 #ic-ajd4    #dh4 ,t]man1 ,l4 ,m4 ,a
 ,report ( ! ,buffalo ,conf]5ce on !    
,b9et-,simon ,te/s ( ,intellig5ce2 9    
,p$agogical ,sem9>y       7#aiac71 vol4 

#bj1 pp4 #edi-ed4        ,ab/racts (    
pap]s pres5t$ at ! above conf]5ce4      
#di4 ,t]man1 ,lyman1 ,ordahl1 ,galbrea?1
 & ,talb]t4 ,! ,/an=d       ,revision & 
,ext5sion ( ! ,b9et-,simon ,scale =     
,measur+       ,intellig5ce4 7#aiaf47   
,conta9s a *apt] on ! validity ( !      
individual te/s & on       consid]ations
 relat+ to ! =mation ( an intellig5ce   
scale4    #ej4 ,t]man & ,knoll94 ,!     
,detection ( ,bord]l9e ,defici5cy       
by ! ,b9et-,simon ,me?od2 9 ,j\rnal (   
,psy*o-,a/h5ics       7,june1 #aiaf74   
,a comp>ison ( ! accuracy ( ! ,/an=d &  
o!r revisions       ) bord]l9e cases4   
#ea4 ,trves & ,saffiotti4 ,l'*elle      
mtrique de l'intellig5ce       modifie  
selon la m?ode ,trves-,saffiotti2 9     
,anne       ,psy*ologique 7#aiab71 pp4  
#cbg-dj4        ,criticize ! age-grade  
me?od ( measur+ intellig5ce &           
propose a sub/itute4    #eb4 ,wall91 ,j4
 ,e4 ,w4 ,exp]im5tal ,/udies ( ,m5tal   
,defectives4 ,a       ,critique ( !     
,b9et-,simon ,te/s4 ,w>wick  ,york4     

7#aiab47        ,criticism bas$ on ! use
 ( ! scale ) epileptics4    #ec4 ,y]kes 
& ,bridges4 ,a ,po9t ,scale = ,measur+  
,m5tal       ,ability4 ,w>wick  ,york4  
,au?ors ?9k ! po9t scale pref]able to ! 
,b9et-,simon       me?od4   ,,books ,,on
 ,,m5tal ,,defici5cy    #ed4 ,b9et1 ,a41
 & ,simon1 ,?4 ,m5tally ,defective      
,*ildr54       ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by  
,w4 ,b4 ,drummond4 ,longmans1 ,gre5     
,co4 7#aiad47 #aga pages4               
,discusses ! psy*ology1 p$agogy1 &      
m$ical exam9ation (       defectives4   
#ee4 ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,feeble-,m9d$ness2
 ,its ,causes &       ,consequ5ces4 ,!  
,macmillan ,company4 7#aiac47 #eii      
pages4        ,! mo/ important s+le     
volume on ! subject4 ,ext5sive data on  
! causes ( feeble-m9d$ness & excell5t   
cl9ical  pictures       ( all grades (  
m5tal defects4    #ef4 ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 
,! ,kallikak ,family4 ,! ,macmillan     
,company4       7#aiad47 #aba pages4    
,an epo*-mak+ /udy ( ! h]$it>y          
transmission ( m5tal       defici5cy 9 a

 deg5]ate family4    #eg4 ,holmes1      
,ar?ur4 ,! ,cons]vation ( ! ,*ild4 ,j4  
,b4       ,lipp9cott ,company4 7#aiab47 
#cde pages4        ,me?ods ( exam9ation 
& treatm5t ( defective *ildr54    #eh4  
,holmes1 ,ar?ur4 ,! ,backw>d ,*ild4     
,bobbs-,m]rill ,company4       7#aiae47 
,a popul> treatm5t ( ! h&l+ ( backw>d   
*ildr54    #ei4 ,huey1 ,e4 ,b4 ,backw>d 
& ,feeble-,m9d$ ,*ildr54 ,w>wick        
,york4 7#aiab47 #bba pages4             
,devot$ ma9ly to cl9ical acc\nts (      
bord]l9e cases4    #fj4 ,lapage1 ,c4 ,p4
 ,feeble-,m9d$ness 9 ,*ildr5 ( ,s*ool   
,age4       ,! ,univ]sity ,press1       
,man*e/]1 ,engl&4 7#aiaa47 #cei pages4  
#fa4 ,%]lock1 ,e4 ,b4 ,! ,feeble-,m9d$2 
,a ,guide to ,/udy &       ,practice4 ,!
 ,macmillan ,company4 7#aiaa47 #cbg     
pages4    #fb4 ,tr$gold1 ,a4 ,f4 ,m5tal 
,defici5cy 7,am5tia74 ,baillire1        
,t9dall1 & ,cox4 ,london1 ,engl&4 7#b;d 
ed4 #aiad47 #dia pages4        ,! be/   
m$ical treatm5t ( ! subject4   ,,/udies 
,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,?r\gh 

,,! ,,grades    #fc4 ,ayres1 ,leon>d ,p4
 ,lagg>ds 9 our ,s*ools4 ,! ,russell    
,sage       ,f\ndation4 7#aiji47 #bcf   
pages4        ,int]e/+ & in/ructive     
discussion ( s*ool ret>dation &         
its causes4    #fd4 ,blan1 ,l\is ,b4 ,a 
,special ,/udy ( ! ,incid5ce (          
,ret>dation4 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia
 ,univ]sity1       ,contributions to    
,education1 no4 #dj4 7#aiaa47 #aaa      
pages4        ,review ( ! lit]ature & a 
/ati/ical /udy ( ! progress       (     
#degi *ildr54    #fe4 ,keyes1 ,c4 ,h4   
,progress ,?r\gh ! ,grades ( ,city      
,s*ools4       ,tea*]s ,college1        
,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,contributions to 
,education1 no4 #db4 7#aiaa47 #gi pages4
        ,important /udy ( ! progress (  
sev]al ?\s& *ildr54    #ff4 ,/ray]1     
,george ,d4 ,age & ,grade ,c5sus (      
,s*ools &       ,colleges4 ,bullet9 no4 
#dea1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education4      
7#aiaa47       #add pages4              
,/ati/ics ( ! age-grade /atus ( ! *ildr5
 9 #cah cities4    #fg4 ,see also !     

,reports ( lead+ s*ool surveys1 su* z   
^? ( ,new ,york1 ,salt ,lake ,city1     
,butte1 ,spr+field 7,mass471            
,d5v]1 ,clevel&1 etc4   ,,ref]5ces ,,on 
,,! ,,special ,,class ,,= ,,exceptional 
,,*ildr5    #fh4 ,huey1 ,e4 ,b4 ,!      
,education ( ,defectives & ! ,tra9+ (   
,tea*]s = ,special ,classes2 9 ,j\rnal (
 ,educational       ,psy*ology 7#aiac71 
pp4 #ede-ej4    #fi4 ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4   
,s*ool ,tra9+ ( ,defective ,*ildr54 ,_w 
,book ,company4 7#aiad47 #ig pages4     
,bas$ on 8 survey ( ! treatm5t ( backw>d
 *ildr5 9 !       s*ools ( ,new ,york   
,city4    #gj4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,s*ool  
,organization & ! ,individual ,*ild4    
,! ,davis ,press1 ,worce/]1             
,massa*usetts4 7#aiab47 #baa pages4     
,a compreh5sive acc\nt ( ! ef=ts :i* h  
be5 made to       adju/ ! s*ool to !    
capacities ( individual *ildr54    #ga4 
,ma5nel1 ,b4 ,auxili>y ,education4      
,translat$ f ! ,g]man       by ,emma    
,sylve/]4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page  ,co4 7#aiji47
 #bfg pages4    #gb4 ,van ,sickle1 ,j4  

,h41 ,witm]1 ,l41 & ,ayres1 ,l4 ,p4     
,provision       = ,exceptional ,*ildr5 
9 ,public ,s*ools4 ,bullet9 no4 #dfa1   
,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education4 7#aiaa47   
#ib pages4    #gc4 ,%a]1 ,i4 ,special   
,classes = ,bright ,*ildr5 9 an ,engli% 
,elem5t>y ,s*ool2 9 ,j\rnal (           
,educational ,psy*ology       7#aiac71  
pp4 #bji-bb4    #gd4 ,/]n1 ,w4 ,!       
,sup]normal ,*ild2 9 ,j\rnal (          
,educational       ,psy*ology 7#aiaa71  
pp4 #adc-dh & #aha-ij4        ,a /rong  
plea = special classes = sup]ior *ildr54
    #ge4 ,vaney1 ,v4 ,les classes p\r   
enfants arrires4 ,bullet9 de la         
,socit libre p\r l'tude psy*ologique de 
l'enfant 7#aiaa71       pp4 #ec-aeb4    
,report ( ! ,fr5* ,national ,commission 
appo9t$ to inve/igate       me?ods (    
treatm5t & tra9+4    #gf4 ,witm]1 ,l4 ,!
 ,special ,class = ,backw>d ,*ildr54 ,! 
,psy*ological ,cl9ic ,press1            
,philadelphia4 7#aiaa47 #bge pages4     
,an acc\nt ( ! special class conduct$ 9 
connection ) !       ,univ]sity (       

,p5nsylvania ,summ] ,s*ool4   ,,li/ ,,( 
,,b9et',s ,,mo/ ,,important             
,,contributions ,,to ,,! ,,measurem5t   
,,( ,,intellig5ce    #gg4 ,b9et1 ,a4    
,l'tude exp]im5tale de l'intellig5ce4   
,p>is3       ,s*lei*] frres4 7#aijc47   
#gh4 ,b9et1 ,a4 ,a ,propos de la mesure 
de l'intellig5ce2 9 ,anne               
psy*ologique 7#aije71 vol4 #aa1 pp4     
#fi-hb4    #gi4 ,b9et1 ,a4 ,les enfants 
anormaux2 guide p\r l'admission des     
enfants anormaux dans les classes de    
p]fectionnem5t4 ,p>is3       ,col9      
7#aijg47    #hj4 ,b9et1 ,a4 ,comm5t les 
in/ituteurs jug5t-ils l'intellig5ce     
d'un ecoli]8 ,bullet9 de la ,socit libre
 p\r l'tude       psy*ologique de       
l'enfant 7#aiaj71 no4 #aj1 pp4 #agb-hb4 
#ha4 ,b9et1 ,a4 ,n\velles re*]*es sur la
 mesure du niveau       intellectuel *ez
 les enfants d'cole2 9 ,anne            
psy*ologique 7#aiaa71 vol4 #ag1 pp4     
#ade-bja4    #hb4 ,b9et1 ,a41 et ,simon1
 ,?4 ,sur la ncessit d'tablir un        
diagno/ique sci5tifique des tats        

infrieurs de       l'intellig5ce2 9     
,anne psy*ologique 7#aije71 vol4 #aa1   
pp4 #afc-ij4    #hc4 ,b9et1 ,a41 et     
,simon1 ,?4 ,m?odes n\velles p\r le     
diagno/ique du niveau intellectuel des  
anormaux2 9 ,anne       psy*ologique    
7#aije71 vol4 #aa1 pp4 #aia-bdd4    #hd4
 ,b9et1 ,a41 et ,simon1 ,?4 ,application
 des ,m?odes n\velles       au          
diagno/ique du niveau intellectuel *ez  
des enfants       normaux et anormaux   
d'hospice et d'cole primaire2 9 ,anne   
psy*ologique 7#aije71 vol4 #aa1 pp4     
#bde-ccf4    #he4 ,b9et1 ,a41 et ,simon1
 ,?4 ,le dveloppem5t de l'intellig5ce   
*ez les enfants2 9 ,anne psy*ologique   
7#aijh71 vol4 #ad1       pp4 #a-id4     
#hf4 ,b9et1 ,a41 et ,simon1 ,?4 ,langage
 et p5se2 9 ,anne       psy*ologique    
7#aijh71 vol4 #ad1 pp4 #bhd-cci4    #hg4
 ,b9et1 ,a41 et ,simon1 ,?4             
,l'intellig5ce des imbeciles2 9         
,anne psy*ologique 7#aiji71 vol4 #ae1   
pp4 #a-adg4    #hh4 ,b9et1 ,a41 et      
,simon1 ,?4 ,n\velle ?orie psy*ologique 

et       cl9ique de la dm5ce2 9 ,anne   
psy*ologique 7#aiji71       vol4 #ae1   
pp4 #afh-bgb4    #hi4 ,b9et1 ,a41 et    
,simon1 ,?4 ,la mesure du dveloppem5t de
       l'intellig5ce *ez les jeunes     
enfants4 ,bullet9 de la       ,socit    
libre p\r l'tude psy*ologique de        
l'enfant 7#aiaa71       no4 #aa1 pp4    
#ahg-bef4     ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,a       
,,tea*]',s ,,private ,,libr>y   ,,on    
,,exceptional ,,*ildr5    ,ayres1 ,l4   
,p4 ,lagg>ds 9 our ,s*ools4 ,! ,russell 
,sage       ,f\ndation4 7#aiji47 #bcf   
pages4        ,treats ! am\nt & causes (
 s*ool ret>dation4    ,b9et1 ,a41 &     
,simon1 ,?4 ,m5tally ,defective ,*ildr54
       ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,w4 ,b4  
,drummond4 ,longmans1 ,gre5        ,co4 
7#aiad47 #aga pages4        ,discusses !
 psy*ology1 p$agogy & m$ical exam9ation 
(       defectives4    ,b9et1 ,a41 &    
,simon1 ,?4 ,a ,me?od ( ,measur+ !      
,developm5t       ( ,intellig5ce 9 ,"y  
,*ildr54 ,*icago ,m$ical ,book          
,company4 7#aiae47 #hb pages4           

,au?oriz$ translation ( ,b9et's f9al    
in/ructions = giv+       ! te/s4        
,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,feeble-,m9d$ness2 ,its
 ,causes & ,consequ5ces4       ,!       
,macmillan ,company4 7#aiac47 #eii      
pages4        ,! mo/ important s+le     
volume on ! subject4    ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4
 ,! ,kallikak ,family4 ,! ,macmillan    
,company4       7#aiad47 #aba pages4    
,a /udy ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( m5tal
 defici5cy 9 "o       family4           
,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,s*ool ,tra9+ (        
,defective ,*ildr54 ,_w ,book           
,company4 7#aiad47 #ig pages4           
,admirable treatm5t ( ! entire subject4 
,godd>d1 ,h4 ,h4 ,! ,crim9al ,imbecile4 
,! ,macmillan ,company4       7#aiae47  
#aeg pages4        ,an analysis ( ?ree  
murd]]s ( bord]l9e intellig5ce4         
,holmes1 ,ar?ur4 ,! ,cons]vation ( !    
,*ild4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott               
,company4 7#aiab47 #cde pages4          
,me?ods ( exam9ation & treatm5t (       
defective *ildr54    ,holmes1 ,ar?ur4 ,!
 ,backw>d ,*ild4 ,! ,bobbs-,m]rill ,co4 

7#aiae47        ,a popul> treatm5t ( !  
subject4    ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,s*ool     
,organization & ! ,individual ,*ild4 ,! 
,davis ,press1 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts4 
7#aiab7 #baa pages4        ,a           
compreh5sive acc\nt ( me?ods ( adju/+   
s*ool "w to !       capacity ( !        
individual *ild4    ,huey1 ,e4 ,b4      
,backw>d & ,feeble-,m9d$ ,*ildr54       
,w>wick  ,york4       7#aiab47 #bba     
pages4        ,cl9ical /udies ( bord]l9e
 cases4    ,kelynack1 ,t4 ,n4 7,editor74
 ,defective ,*ildr54 ,john ,bale1 ,sons1
       & ,daniellson1 ,london4 7#aiae47 
#ddg pages4        ,writt5 by _m au?ors 
& devot$ to all k9ds ( physical &       
m5tal defects4    ,kuhlmann1 ,f4 ,a     
,revision ( ! ,b9et-,simon ,sy/em =     
,measur+       ! ,intellig5ce ( ,*ildr54
 ,monograph ,supplem5t (       ,j\rnal (
 ,psy*o-,a/h5ics4 7#aiab47 #da pages4   
,conta9s in/ructions = use ( ! ,kuhlmann
 revision4    ,/]n1 ,w4 ,! ,psy*ological
 ,me?od ( ,measur+ ,intellig5ce4        
,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,g4 ,m4        

,:ipple4 ,w>wick  ,york4       7#aiac47 
#afj pages4    ,t]man1 ,lyman1 ,ordahl1 
,galbrea?1 & ,talb]t4 ,! ,/an=d         
,revision & ,ext5sion ( ! ,b9et-,simon  
,scale = ,measur+       ,intellig5ce4   
7#aiaf47        ,ext5d$ analysis ( #ajjj
 te/s4 ,data on ! relation (            
intellig5ce to s*ool success1 social    
/atus1 etc4    ,t]man1 ,lewis ,m4 ,!    
,hygi5e ( ! ,s*ool ,*ild4 ,h\ghton      
,miffl9 ,company4 7#aiad47 #dag pages4  
,devot$ to ! physical defects ( s*ool   
*ildr54    ,tr$gold1 ,a4 ,f4 ,m5tal     
,defici5cy 7,am5tia74 ,baillire1 ,t9dall
        ,cox1 ,london4 7#aiad47 #dia    
pages4        ,! be/ m$ical treatm5t ( !
 subject4    ,:ipple1 ,g4 ,m4 ,manual ( 
,m5tal & ,physical ,te/s4 ,w>wick       
,york4 ,vol4 ,i 7#aiad71 #cfe pages2    
vol4 ,,ii 7#aiae71 #ccf pages4        ,!
 be/ treatm5t ( m5tal te/s o!r ?an ^? ( 
! ,b9et       sy/em4    ,witm]1 ,l4 ,!  
,special ,class = ,backw>d ,*ildr54 ,!  
,psy*ological ,cl9ic ,press1            
,philadelphia4 7#aiaa47 #bge pages4     

,problems enc\nt]$ 9 connection ) !     
special class4   ,,magaz9es    ,! ,tra9+
 ,s*ool ,bullet94 ,publi%$ mon?ly by !  
,tra9+       ,s*ool1 ,v9el&1 ,new       
,j]sey4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,h4 ,godd>d &     
,e4 ,r4 ,john/one4    ,! ,psy*ological  
,cl9ic4 ,publi%$ mon?ly by !            
,psy*ological       ,cl9ic ,press1      
,philadelphia4 ,edit$ by ,lightn]       
,witm]4    ,! ,j\rnal ( ,del9qu5cy4     
,publi%$ bi-mon?ly by ! ,:itti]         
,/ate ,s*ool1 ,:itti]1 ,cali=nia4 ,edit$
 by ,williams1       ,godd>d1 ,t]man1 & 
o!rs4    ,! ,j\rnal ( ,psy*o-,a/h5ics4  
,publi%$ qu>t]ly at       ,f>ibault1    
,m9nesota4 ,organ ( ! ,am]ican          
,association =       ! ,/udy ( !        
,feeble-,m9d$4 ,edit$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,rog]s 
& ,f4       ,kuhlmann4    ,! ,j\rnal (  
,educational ,psy*ology4 ,publi%$ by    
,w>wick        ,york1 ,baltimore4 ,edit$
 by ,j4 ,c>leton ,bell4     ,,index     
,ab/ract ?\ght1 te/s (1 #cdd4           
,absurdities1 #bee ff4    ,adolesc5ce1 &
 v>iability 9 intellig5ce1 #fg4         

,adult intellig5ce1 #ed4    ,adults1 h[ 
to f9d ,i ,q ( adults1 #adj4    /hetic  
comp>ison1 #afe ff4    ,age1 te/ ( giv+ 
age1 #agc ff4    ,age /&>ds1 #dj4       
,alt]native te/s1 #acf4    ,amateur     
te/+1 #ajg ff4    ,app]ception1 #afi4   
,ari?metical reason+1 #cai ff4          
,association processes1 #bgd4           
,att5tion1 dur+ ! te/1 #aba4            
,attitude ( ! subject1 #aji4            
,auto-criticism1 #aef1 #aga1 #aie4      
,av]age intellig5ce1 #id ff4     ,ball &
 field te/1 #baj ff41 #bhf4    ,b]ry1   
,c4 ,s41 #aad4    ,b9et1     on h[      
tea*]s judge intellig5ce1 #bh ff42      
,b9et's conception ( intellig5ce1 #dd   
ff41 #abc1 #adi1 #aea1 #aed1       #aef1
 #aei1 #afe1 #aga1 #agc1 #ahj1 #aha1    
#ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aif1 #bjc1     
#bje1 #bag1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bdg1     
#bea1 #beb1 #bed1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfa1     
#bfd1       #bgf1 #bhe1 #bhi1 #cae1     
#cbb1 #cbg1 #ccc1 #cci1 #cde4           
,b9et-,simon me?od1     nature &        
d]ivation ( ! scale1 #cf ff41 #dg ff42  

limitations (1 #dh ff4    ,blo*1 #bjc4  
,bluemel1 ,c4 ,s41 #ajg4    ,bob]tag1   
,otto1 #ajf1 #aac1 #agf1 #agh1 #ahj1    
#aha1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bjf1     
#bcb1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #beb1 #bge1 #bhe1     
#cah4    ,bord]l9e intellig5ce1 #gi1 #hg
 ff4    ,b[-knot1 te/ ( ty+1 #aif ff4   
,brigham1 #afe1 #aff4     ,*ange1 te/ ( 
mak+ *ange1 #bdj ff4    ,*ilds1 ,h4 ,g41
 #bca1 #bih4    ,coa*+1 #aaj ff4        
,code te/1 #ccj ff4    ,color nam+1 #afc
 ff4    ,comb9ation me?od1 #aga4 ,see   
also ,completion te/4    ,commissions1  
#agb ff4    ,comp>ison ( l9es1 #aea ff4 
,completion te/1 #agi1 #bdf1 #bhi4      
,compreh5sion que/ions1 #aeg ff41 #aha  
ff41 #bae ff41 #bfh ff4    ,conditions  
favorable to te/+1 #aba ff4    ,c\nt+1  
f\r p5nies1 #aed2     ?irte5 p5nies1    
#ahj2     c\nt+ backw>ds1 #bac4         
,crime1     relation to feeble-m9d$ness1
 #h ff42     co/ (1 #ab4    ,cuneo1     
,ir5e1 #ea4     ,dav5port1 ,c4 ,b41 #aj4
    ,def9itions1     9 t]ms ( use1 #afg2
     sup]ior to use1 #bba2     ( ab/ract

 words1 #bha ff41 & #cbd ff4     ,see   
also ,vocabul>y te/s4    ,deg5]ate      
families1 #i ff4    ,del9qu5cy1 relation
 to feeble-m9d$ness1 #g ff4    ,diamond1
 te/ ( copy+ diamond1 #bjd4             
,diff]5ces1 te/ ( f9d+1 #aii1 #cac ff4  
,digits4 ,see ,memory = digits4         
,discrim9ation ( =ms1 #aeb ff4          
,dissect$ s5t5ces1 #bhf ff4             
,di/ribution ( intellig5ce1 #fe ff41 #gh
 ff4    ,d\gh]ty1 #afe1 #aff1 #bjc4     
,draw+1 #aef1 #bjd1 #bfj4    ,dull      
normals1 #ib ff4    ,dumville1 #afe1    
#aff4     ,ebb+haus1 #bhi1 #cah4        
,emotion1 #di4    ,enclos$ boxes1 #cbg  
ff4    ,end[m5t1 #d1 #ai ff4            
,environm5t1 influ5ce on te/1 #aad ff4  
,eug5ics1 #i ff4    ,exam9ation1        
duration (1 #abg ff4    ,exam9]1        
qualifications (1 #abd ff4     ,fables1 
int]pretation (1 #bij ff4    ,fatigue1  
influ5ce (1 on te/1 #abf ff4            
,feeble-m9d$1 proportion ( s*ool-*ildr5 
feeble-m9d$1 #f4    ,feeble-m9d$ness1   
value ( te/s =1 #e ff42     psy*ological

 analysis1 #bc2     def9ition1 #hj2     
examples1 #hb ff4    ,f]nald1 ,g4 ,g41  
#h4    ,f]nald1 ,grace1 #ef1 #bgh1 #bhj1
 #ccb4    ,f+]s1 te/ ( giv+ numb] (1    
#ahi ff4    ,freeman1 ,frank ,n41 #bhj4 
,functions1 te/$ by ,b9et scale1 #db ff4
     ,galbrea?1 ,neva1 #ea4    ,galton1 
#cbh4    ,g5]al intellig5ce1 #db ff4    
,g5]alization1 te/s (1 #bih4    ,g5ius4 
,see ,sup]ior intellig5ce4    ,godd>d1  
,h4 ,h41 #h1 #ajf1 #aab1 #aed1 #aef1    
#afe1 #agc1 #ahe1 #aij1 #aif1 #bjc1     
#bjf1 #bac1 #bcd1 #bde1 #bea1 #beb1     
#bei1 #bfd1 #bgf1 #bhe1 #bhi1 #cai1     
#cbb1     #cbc1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #cci1 #cde4 
,grad+1 value ( intellig5ce te/s 91 #af4
     ,hall1 ,g]trude1 #bhj4             
,healy-,f]nald1 #ef1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #ccb4  
,h]$ity1 use ( te/s 9 ! /udy (1 #ai4    
,hill folk1 #aj4    ,holl+wor?1 ,leta   
,s41 #ga4    ,huey1 ,e4 ,b41 #aig1 #bag1
 #bcd4     ,imag]y1 #aie1 #bji1 #cba1   
#cci4    ,induction te/1 #caj ff4       
,+5uity te/1 #cdf4    ,intellig5ce1     
analysis (1 see rem>ks "u in/ructions = 

ea* te/2     sup]ior1 #ab ff41 #ie ff41 
tea*]s' e/imates (1 #ac1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 
#ge2     g5]al1 #db ff42     def9itions 
(1 #dd ff4    ,intellig5ce quoti5t1 #ec1
 #ee1 #fc1 #fe ff42     validity (1 #fh2
     classification & significance1 #gi 
ff41 #adj ff4     ,jukes family1 #aj4   
,kallikak family1 #i4    ,knoll91 ,h4   
,e41 #ah1 #ea1 #ed1 #fc4    ,kohs1 ,s4  
,c41 #ajg ff4    ,kuhlmann1 ,f41 #ef1   
#aje1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef1 #afe1 #agc1     
#ahe1 #aij1 #aic1 #aif1     #bjf1 #bad1 
#bag1 #bcd1 #bdg1 #bea1 #beb1 #bei1     
#bfd1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #bhi1     #cae1 
#cai1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #cbg1 #ccc1 #cci1     
#cde4     ,language compreh5sion1 #adc1 
#add4    ,limitations ( ! ,b9et scale1  
#dh ff4    ,lombroso1 #g4    ,lyman1    
,grace1 #ea4     ,mason1 ,otis1 #cdg4   
,masselon1 #bde4    ,mat]ial us$ 9 !    
te/s1 #ada4    ,memory1     = s5t5ces1  
#adi ff41 #afj1 #ahe1 #ccb2     =       
passages1 #cdj2     = designs1 #bfj2    
= digits1 #aej1 #aei1 #aic1 #bjg1 #bdb1 
#bgg1 #cja1 #cbb1 #cbi1 #cdj1 #cde4     

,m5tal age1 #ci ff42     effect ( ,/an=d
 revision on1 #fb2     h[ to calculate1 
#acg ff4    ,m5tal defici5cy4 ,see      
,feeble-m9d$ness4    ,meumann1 ,ern/1   
#df1 #ajf1 #bde1 #cah4    ,moral        
developm5t1 dep5d5ce (1 on intellig5ce1 
#aa ff4     ,nam family1 #aj4    ,"n1   
te/ ( giv+ "n1 #adg ff4    ,nam+ co9s1  
#ahd ff41 #bca4    ,nam+ famili>        
objects1 #adc ff4    ,normals1 dull1 #ib
 ff4     ,ordahl1 ,dr4 ,george1 #h4     
,ordahl1 ,l\ise ,ellison1 #h4           
,pap]-cutt+ te/1 #cch4    ,physical     
defects1 effects (1 on intellig5ce1 #ai4
    ,physical relations1 compreh5sion (1
 #ccc ff4    ,physicians1 z ,b9et te/]s1
 #cd4    ,pictures1     enum]ation (    
objects 91 #ade2     description (1 #aij
 ff42     int]pretation (1 #cjb2        
f9d+ omissions 91 #agh4    ,po9t+ to    
p>ts ( body1 #adb ff4    ,practical     
judgm5t1 #bab4    ,presid5t & k+1 giv+  
diff]5ces betwe51 #cac4    ,problem     
que/ions1 #cae ff4    ,proc$ure1        
necessity ( uni=mity 91 #cb ff41 #aca   

ff4    ,promotions1 on basis (          
intellig5ce te/s1 #af ff4     ,race     
diff]5ces1 #ia4    ,range ( te/+1 #abi4 
,rapport1 #abd ff4    ,read+1 te/ (     
read+ = memories1 #bfb4    ,record      
booklet1 #abh4    ,record+ responses1   
#acc ff4    ,reliability ( ! scale1 #gf 
ff41 #aje ff4    ,repeat$ te/s1 #aab ff4
    ,ret>dation1     co/ (1 #a1 #ac ff42
     tra9+ ( ret>d$ *ildr51 #d ff41 #bd 
ff41 #gc ff4    ,rev]s+ h&s ( clock1    
#cba ff4    ,rhymes1 te/ ( f9d+1 #bdh4  
,"r & left1 #age ff4    ,r[e1 ,e4 ,p41  
#afe1 #aff1 #bgg4    ,r[l&1 ,eleanor1   
#ah4     ,scatt]+ ( successes1 #acd ff4 
,s*ool success & intellig5ce1 #gc ff4   
,scor+1 #acb4 ,see also in/ructions =   
scor+ ea* te/4    ,seclusion dur+ te/1  
#abb4    ,sex1 te/ ( giv+1 #adf ff4     
,sex diff]5ces 9 intellig5ce1 #fh ff4   
,simil>ities1 te/ ( f9d+1 #bag ff41 #cjf
 ff4    ,sixty words1 #bgb ff4          
,social class & intellig5ce1 #gb ff41   
#aad ff4    ,spe>man1 ,c41 def9ition (  
intellig5ce1 #df4    ,special classes1  

#e4    ,squ>e1 te/ ( copy+1 #aee ff4    
,/amps1 te/ ( c\nt+ value (1 #beb4      
,/&>dization1 value (1 #cj4    ,/an=d   
revision ( ! ,b9et scale1 #ea ff4       
,/]eotypy1 #bjc4    ,/]n1 ,w41 #df1     
#ajf1 #aah4    ,/igmata1 #g4            
,/ructural psy*ology1 #dc4    ,sup]ior  
intellig5ce1 te/s ( sup]ior *ildr51 #ab 
ff41 #ie ff4    ,supplem5t>y in=mation1 
#ace4     ,tea*]s' e/imates (           
intellig5ce1 #ac1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #ge4   
,t]man1 ,lewis ,m41 #fc1 #bfg1 #bih4    
,?ree words1 te/ ( us+1 9 a s5t5ce1 #bdb
 ff4    ,"t ori5tation1     =5oon &     
aft]noon1 #ahg ff42     days ( ! week1  
#bje ff42     giv+ date1 #bcd ff42      
nam+ mon?s1 #bea ff4     ,unemploym5t1  
relation (1 to intellig5ce1 #ah4        
,validity ( ! te/s1 #gf ff4             
,vocabul>y te/s1 #bbd1 #bee1 #bha1 #caj1
 #cbd1 #cch4    ,vocational guidance1   
use ( intellig5ce te/s 91 #ag1 #di4     
,volition1 #di4     ,waddle1 ,*>les1    
#eb4    ,wall91 #bcg4    ,weights1      
comp>ison (1 #afa1 #bcf ff4             

,williams1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h>old1 #i1 #ed4    
,w9*1 ,w4 ,h41 #afe1 #aff4    ,writ+ f  
dictation1 #bca ff4     ,y]kes1 ,r4 ,m41
 #gj4