,transcrib]'s note3 ,a few typographical errors h be5 correct$3 !y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,orig9al page numb]s are %[n z #ii4 ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,islam3 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,sell1 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,madras4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tr,,bn] ,,co41 ,,london4 ,,addison ,,co41 ,,madras4 #ahhj4 ,all rights res]v$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,madras3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,addison ,,& ,,co41 ,,m\nt ,,road4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ pages embody a /udy ( ,islm dur+ a resid5ce ( fifte5 ye>s 9 ,india1 ! great] "p ( :i* "t ,i h be5 9 daily int]c\rse ) ,musalmns4 ,i h giv5 9 ! footnotes ! au?orities f :i* ,i quote4 ,i 0 n able to procure 9 ,madras a copy ( ! ,arabic edition ( ,ibn ,khald\n's great "w1 b ! ,fr5* translation by ,b>on ,m4 de ,slane1 to :i* ,i s frequ5tly ref]1 is ?or\ghly reliable4 ,! quotations f ! ,qurn are made f ,rodwell's translation4 ,! orig9al has be5 consult$ :5 necess>y4 ,a few slight & occasional errors 9 translit]ation h occurr$1 su* z ,sult = ,salt1 ,munk> = ,munkir1 c41 b 9 no case is ! mean+ affect$4 ,9 "s words1 su* z ,khalf1 ,khalfate1 & ,om>1 ,i h reta9$ ! anglicis$ =m in/ead ( us+ ! m correct t]ms1 ,khalfa1 ,khilfat1 ',umr4 ,! lett] ,q has be5 us$ to di/+ui% ! ,kf-i-,k>a%at f ! ,kf-i-,tz4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,madras1 ,decemb] #a/1 #ahhj4 v 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction4 444 ,,page ix ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,! ,qurn--,its revelation--,miracul\s nature--,arrangem5t ( ,qurn--,osmn's rec5sion4 ,! ,sunnat--,! au?ority ( ,sunnat--,tradition--,bid'at or innovation--,%a'h ,traditions4 ,ijm'--,ijtihd--,f\r or?odox ,imms1 ,hanfa1 ,mlik1 ,%fa' & ,hanbal4 ,qs--,e/abli%$ by ! e>ly ,mujtahidn--,/]ility ( ,islm 444 ,,page #a ,note to ,*apt] ,i4 ,ijtihd 444 ,,page #cb ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,exegesis ,,( ,,! ,,qur,n ,,& ,,! ,,traditions4 ,inspiration--,! sev5 read+s--,"w ( a ,comm5tator--,words & ,s5t5ces ( ! ,qurn--,use ( ! words--,d$uctions ( argum5ts f ! ,qurn--,divisions ( ! ,qurn--,abrogation--,creation ( ! ,qurn--,_hs or ,tradition--,collections ( ,traditions--,classification ( ,traditions 444 ,,page #cg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sects ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,! ,%a'hs--,! ,immat--,khrigites--,nr-i-,muhammad--,im m--,ism1lians & ,immites--,ghair-i-,mahds--,d1ir--,mahmd ah--,khalfate--,sfism--,p]sian ,poetry--,d>w%es--,om> ,khayym--,wahhbs--_! rise--spread 9 ,india--doctr9es & influ5ce 444 ,,page #gc ,note to ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,wahhbism 444 ,,page #aad vi ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cre$ ,,( ,,isl,m ,imn--,god--,attributes ( ,god--,discussions on ! nature ( ,god--,! rise ( ! ,mutazilites--,! ,siftans--,mu%bihites--,names ( ,god--,creation ( ! ,qurn4 ,angels--,record+ ,angels--,hrt & ,mrt--,munkir & ,nakr--,j9n4 ,! ,books--,abrogation--,tahrf4 ,! ,prophets--,rank & inspiration ( prophets--,nab & ,rasl--,s9lessness ( prophets--,! ,anbiya-ulul-',azm--,miracles ( prophets--,! ,mi'rj4 ,! ,resurrection & ! la/ day--,! ,trumpets--,desc5t ( ! books--,balances--,bridge--,al-,a'rf--,a l-,b>zakh--,int]cession ( ,muhammad--,heav5--,hell4 ,! ,pr$e/9ation ( good & evil--,jabrans--,qadrans--,a%'arans--,fr ee-w--,apo/acy 444 ,,page #aaf ,note to ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,muslim ,philosophy 444 ,,page #aha ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,practical ,,duties ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,f>z1 wjib1 sunnat1 mu/ahab & mubh actions--,h>m or unlawful acts4 ,ta%ahhud4 ,salt--,waz--,ghusl--,tayammum--,namz--, f>z1 sunnat1 witr & nafl rak'ats--,appo9t$ h\rs ( pray]--,friday ,namz & s]mon--,namz on a j\rney & 9 "t ( w>--,namz 9 ,ramazn1 dur+ an eclipse & 9 "t ( dr\ght--,fun]al s]vice--,its ritual & pray]s4 ,fa/+--,its "t & nature4 ,zakt--,nisb--,proportion ( prop]ty to be giv5 z alms--,recipi5ts ( ! ,zakt4 ,! ,hajj--,f>z1 sunnat1 wjib & mu/ahab duties connect$ ) ! ,hajj--,"t = ! ,hajj--,arrival ( ! ,hj at ,mecca--,tawf--,c]emonies ( ! ,hajj--,conclusion ( ! ,hajj--,=mal nature ( ,islm 444 ,,page #ahg ,note to ,*apt] ,v4 ,fatv on ! ,namz 444 ,,page #bcc vii ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fea/s ,,& ,,fa/s ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,muh>ram--'%r ,khna--,m>siya--,wqi'a ,khn--',alams--,c]emonies ( ! '%r--,ftihas = ',al1 = ,hasan & ,husa9--,akhir-i-*r ,%amba--,br ,waft--,ja%n-i-mild-i-,%>if--sr-i-,%>f-- ,%ab ,b>t--,ramazn & 'd-ul-,fitr--',itikf--,sadqa--,s]mon on ! 'd-ul-,fitr--,baqr-'d or 'd-uz-,zuh--,s]mon on ! 'd-uz-,zuh--,! ,qurbn or ,sacrifice--,fe/ival ( ,madr--,fe/ival ( ,slr ,mas'd ,ghz--,fe/ival ( ,khja ,khizr--,fea/ ( ,pr ,da/gr ,shib--,fe/ival ( ,qdir ,wal ,shib 444 ,,page #bcg ,index ( ,te*nical ,t]ms 444 ,,page #bfe ix 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 ,x is necess>y to ent] into "s explanation z reg>ds ! cont5ts ( ?is "w4 ,x does n fall 9 ) its plan to ent] into an acc\nt ei!r ( ! life ( ,muhammad or ( ! wide & rapid spread ( ! sy/em f\nd$ by him4 ,! fir/ has be5 done by able writ]s 9 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many4 ,i c\ld add no?+ new to ?is portion ( ! subject1 nor ?r[ new light ^u x4 ,! political gr[? ( ,muslim nations has also be5 set =? 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x seems to me t ! m important /udy at ?is "t is t ( ! religi\s sy/em :i* has gr[n out ( ! ,prophet's tea*+1 & ( its effect ^u ! individual & ! community4 ,:at ! ,*ur* 9 h] mission>y ent]prise has to deal )1 :at ,european ,gov]nm5ts 9 ! political _w h to d ) is ,islm z x is1 & z x n[ influ5ces ^? :o rule & ^? :o are rul$ "u x4 ,i h1 !re=e1 tri$ to %[ f au!ntic s\rces1 & f a practical k ( x1 :at ! ,fai? ( ,islm really is1 & h[ x influ5ces m5 & nations 9 ! pres5t day4 ,i ?9k t rec5t ,fatvs deliv]$ by ! ',ulam 9 ,con/ant9ople %[ h[ firmly a ,muslim ,/ate is b\nd 9 ! fett]s ( an un*angeable ,law1 :il/ ! pres5t practice ( or?odox ,muslims all ! _w x ov] is a con/ant c>ry+ out ( ! precepts giv5 9 ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat1 & an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples ,i h %[n to belong to ,islm4 ,on ?is subject x is n too mu* to say t !re is1 except among/ ,ori5tal s*ol>s1 mu* misconception4 ,aga91 mu* t is writt5 on ,islm is writt5 ei!r 9 ignorant prejudice1 or f an ideal /&po9t4 ,to und]/& x aright1 "o %\ld "k its lit]ature & live among/ its p4 ,i h tri$ fai?fully to prove e /atem5t ,i h made2 & if1 n[ & aga91 ,i h quot$ ,european au?ors1 x is only by way ( illu/ration4 ,i re/ my case entirely ^u ,musalmn au?orities !mselves4 ,/ill m1 ,i h asc]ta9$ f liv+ witnesses t ! pr9ciples ,i h tri$ to %[ z exi/+ 9 ,islm1 are really at "w n[ & are z pot5t z at any previ\s p]iod4 ,i h ?us trac$ up f ! v f\ndations ! rise & developm5t ( ! sy/em1 seek+ :]ev] possible to l9k ! pa/ ) ! pres5t4 ,9 ord] n to int]f]e ) ?is unity ( plan1 ,i h _h to leave _m subjects unt\*$1 su* z ^? connect$ ) ! civil law1 ) slav]y1 divorce1 jihd or religi\s w>s1 c4 ,a good dige/ ( ,muhammadan ,law#a w give all necess>y in=mation on ^! po9ts4 ,! basis ( ! ,law :i* det]m9es ^! que/ions is :at ,i h describ$ 9 my fir/ *apt]4 ,ijtihd1 = example1 rules q z effectually 9 a "q ( dome/ic xi economy or political jurisprud5ce z on po9ts ( dogma4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 necess>y = me to g into details on ^! po9ts4 ,:5 ,i h drawn any conclusion f data :i* ,muhammadan lit]ature1 & ! pres5t practice ( ,muslims h af=d$ me1 ,i h /riv5 to give :at seems to me a j & "r "o4 ,/ill1 ,i gladly take ?is opportunity ( /at+ t ,i h f\nd _m ,muslims bett] ?an _! cre$1 m5 ) :om x is a pleasure to associate1 & :om ,i respect = _m virtues & e/eem z fri5ds4 ,i judge ! sy/em1 n any individual 9 x4 ,9 ,india1 !re are a numb] ( enlight5$ ,muhammadans1 ornam5ts to native society1 useful s]vants ( ! ,/ate1 m5 :o %[ a laudable zeal 9 all social re=ms1 s f> z is consi/5t ) a reputation = or?odoxy4 ,_! numb] is f> too few1 & !y d n1 9 _m cases1 repres5t or?odox ,islm1 nor d ,i believe _! c\nt]p>t w\ld be f\nd among/ ! ',ulam ( a ,muslim ,/ate4 ,! fact is t ! wave ( scepticism :i* has pass$ ov] ,europe has n left ! ,ea/ unt\*$4 ,h9du & ,muslim alike h felt its influ5ce1 b to judge ( ei!r ! "o sy/em or ! o!r f ! v lib]al utt]ances ( a few m5 :o exp\nd _! views be=e ,engli% audi5ces is to yield oneself up to delusion on ! subject4 ,islm 9 ,india has also felt ! influ5ce ( contact ) o!r races & cre$s1 ?\gh1 !ologically speak+1 ! ,imn & ! ,dn1 ! fai? & ! practice1 are un*ang$1 & rema9 z ,i h xii describ$ !m 9 *apt]s f\r & five4 ,if ,islm 9 ,india has lo/ "s ( its orig9al fi]c5ess1 x has also adopt$ _m sup]/iti\s practices1 su* z ^? aga9/ :i* ! ,wahhbs prote/4 ,! great mass ( ! ,musalmn p are q z sup]/iti\s1 if n m s1 ?an _! hea!n neighb\rs4 ,/ill ! manl9ess1 ! suavity ( mann]1 ! deep le>n+1 aft] an ori5tal fa%ion1 ( _m ,indian ,musalmns r5d] !m a v attractive p4 ,x is true !re is a d>k] side--mu* bigotry1 pride ( race1 scorn ( o!r cre$s1 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 a t5d5cy to in]tness4 ,x is ?us t 9 ,b5gal1 ,madras & p]haps 9 o!r places1 !y h fall5 f> beh9d ! ,h9dus 9 educational /atus1 & 9 ! numb] ( appo9tm5ts !y hold 9 ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,inde$1 ?is subject is a s]i\s "o & des]ves ! special att5tion ( ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,b5gal ! proportion ( ,musalmns to ,h9dus 9 ! upp] ranks ( ! ,uncov5ant$ ,civil ,s]vice 9 #ahga 0 #gg to #cda4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhj x _h decl9$ to #ec to #dea4 ,! /ate ( affairs 9 ,madras is equally bad4 ,yet an intellig5t ,muslim1 z a rule1 makes a good (ficial4 ,look+ at ! subject f a wid] /&-po9t1 ,i ?9k ! ,*ur* has h>dly yet realis$ h[ great a b>ri] ?is sy/em ( ,islm is to h] onw>d m>* 9 ! ,ea/4 ,surely special m5 ) special tra9+ are requir$ = su* an ent]prise z t ( enc\nt]+ ,islm 9 its own /rongholds4 ,no bett] pione]s ( ! ,*ri/ian xiii fai? c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,ea/ ?an m5 won f ! ,cresc5t to ! ,cross4 ,all :o are engag$ 9 su* an ent]prise w p]haps f9d "s help 9 ?is volume1 & ,i am n )\t hope t x may also ?r[ "s light on ! political que/ions ( ! day4 #a 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,! cre$ ( ,islm1 ,l-ilha-il-lal-lhu wa ,muhammad-ur-,rasl-,ullh1 7,!re is no deity b ,god1 & ,muhammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god7 is v %ort1 b ! sy/em itself is a v dogmatic "o4 ,su* /atem5ts z3 ,! ,qurn is an all-embrac+ & suffici5t code1 regulat+ ev]y?+1 ,! ,qurn conta9s ! entire code ( ,islm--t is1 x is n a book ( religi\s precepts m]ely1 b x gov]ns all t a ,muslim does1 ,! ,qurn conta9s ! :ole religion ( ,muhammad1 ,! ,qurn :i* conta9s ! :ole ,gospel ( ,islm are n simply mislead+1 !y are errone\s4 ,s f> f ! ,qurn alone be+ ! sole rule ( fai? & practice to ,muslims1 !re is n "o s+le sect among/ !m ^: fai? & practice is bas$ on x alone4 ,no "o among !m disputes its au?ority or ca/s any d\bt ^u its g5u95ess4 ,its voice is supreme 9 all t x conc]ns1 b its exegesis1 ! :ole sy/em ( legal jurisprud5ce & ( !ological sci5ce1 is l>gely f\nd$ on ! ,traditions4 ,among/ ! or?odox ,musalmns1 ! f\ndations ( ! ,fai? are f\r 9 numb]1 ! ,qurn1 ,sunnat1 ,ijm' & ,qs4 ,! fact t all ! sects d n agree ) ! or?odox--! ,sunns--9 ?is matt] illu/rates ano!r important fact 9 ,islm--! want ( unity among/ its foll[]s4 #b #a4 ,,! ,,qur,n4--,! "q ( ! inspiration w be fully discuss$1 & an acc\nt ( ! laws ( ! exegesis ( ! ,qurn w be giv5 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x is suffici5t n[ to /ate t ?is book is held 9 ! highe/ v5]ation by ,muslims ( e sect4 ,:5 be+ read x is kept on a /& elevat$ above ! floor1 & no "o mu/ read or t\* x )\t fir/ mak+ a legal ablution4#b ,x is n translat$ unless !re is ! mo/ urg5t necessity1 & ev5 !n ! ,arabic text is pr9t$ ) ! translation4 ,x is said t ,god *ose ! sacr$ mon? ( ,ramazn 9 :i* to give all ! revelations :i* 9 ! =m ( books h be5 v\*saf$ to mank9d4 ,?us on ! fir/ night ( t mon? ! books ( ,abraham came d[n f heav52 on ! six? ! books ( ,moses2 on ! ?irte5? ! ,injl1 or ,gospel1 & on ! tw5ty-sev5? ! ,qurn4 ,on t night1 ! ,laylut-ul-,qadr1 or night ( p[]1 ! :ole ,qurn is said to h desc5d$ to ! l[e/ ( ! sev5 heav5s1 f :5ce x 0 br\ght piecemeal to ,muhammad z occasion requir$4#c ,v]ily we h caus$ x 7! ,qurn7 to desc5d on ! night ( p[]4 7,sra xcvii4 #a47 ,t night is call$ ! bless$ night1 ! night bett] ?an a ?\s& mon?s1 ! night :5 angels came d[n by ! p]mission ( _! ,"l1 ! night :i* br+e? peace & bless+s till ! rosy dawn4 ,twice on t night 9 ! solitude ( ! cave ( ,hira ! voice call$1 twice ?\gh press$ sore z if a fe>ful weight _h be5 laid ^u him1 ! prophet /ruggl$ #c aga9/ its influ5ce4 ,! ?ird "t he he>d ! words3-- ,recite ?\1 9 ! "n ( ?y ,"l :o creat$-- ,creat$ man f clots ( blood4 7,sra xcvi4 #e47 ,:5 ! voice _h ceas$ to speak1 tell+ h[ f m9ute/ beg9n+s man _h be5 call$ into exi/5ce1 & lift$ up by und]/&+ & k ( ! ,"l1 :o is mo/ b5efic5t1 & :o by ! p5 _h reveal$ t :i* man did n "k1 ,muhammad woke up f 8 trance & felt z if a book _h be5 writt5 9 8 he>t4 ,he 0 mu* al>m$4 ,tradition records t he w5t ha/ily to 8 wife & said--,o ,khadja6 :at has happ5$ to me6 ,he lay d[n & %e wat*$ by him4 ,:5 he recov]$ f 8 p>oxysm1 he said ,o ,khadja6 he ( :om "o w\ld n h believ$ 7i4e41 himself7 has become ei!r a soo?say] 7kh97 or mad4 ,%e repli$1 ,god is my protection1 ,o ,ab-ul-ksim4 ,he w surely n let su* a ?+ happ5 unto !e1 = ?\ speake/ ! tru?1 do/ n return evil = evil1 keepe/ fai?1 art ( a good life & art k9d to ?y relatives & fri5ds1 & nei!r art ?\ a talk] abroad 9 ! baza>s4 ,:at has befall5 !e8 ,ha/ ?\ se5 aught t]rible8 ,muhammad repli$ ,yes4 ,& he told h] :at he _h se54 ,:]eupon %e answ]$ & said3--,rejoice1 ,o de> husb& & be ( good *e]4 ,he 9 ^: h&s /&s ,khadja's life1 is my witness t ?\ wilt be ! ,prophet ( ?is p4#d ,! next ,sra1 ! #gd?1 0 reveal$ at ,mecca1 aft] :i* !re seems to h be5 an int]mission1 call$ ! ,fatrah4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is "t t ! ,prophet ga9$ "s k ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures4 ,gabriel is believ$ to h be5 ! m$ium ( communication4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 is only once /at$ 9 ! ,qurn3--,say1 :oso is ! enemy ( ,gabriel--,= he x is #d :o by ,god's leave ha? caus$ ! ,qurn to desc5d on ?y he>t 7,sra ii4 #ia47 ,?is ,sra 0 reveal$ "s ye>s aft] ! ,prophet's flight to ,madna4 ,! o!r ref]5ces to ! revelation ( ! ,qurn are3--,v]ily f ! ,"l ( ! worlds ha? ?is book come d[n2 ! ,fai?ful ,_s 7,rh-ul-mn7 ha? come d[n ) x 7,sra xxvi4 #aib47 ,! ,qurn is no o!r ?an a revelation reveal$ to him1 "o t]rible 9 p[] 7,%add-ul-,qu7 taught x him4 7,sra liii4 #e47 ,^! latt] passages d n /ate cle>ly t ,gabriel 0 ! m$ium ( communication1 b ! belief t he 0 is almo/1 if n entirely1 univ]sal1 & ! ,comm5tators say t ! t]ms ,rh-ul-mn & ,%add-ul-,qu ref] to no o!r angel or _s4 ,! use ( ! ^w taught 9 ! la/ ,sra quot$1 & ! foll[+ expression 9 ,sra lxxv4 #ah4 ,:5 we h recit$ x1 !n foll[ ?\ ! recital1 %[ t ! ,qurn is entirely an objective revelation & t ,muhammad 0 only a passive m$ium ( communication4 ,! ,muhammadan hi/orian1 ,ibn ,khald\n1 says on ?is po9t3--,( all ! div9e books ! ,qurn is ! only "o ( :i* ! text1 words & phrases h be5 communicat$ to a prophet by an audible voice4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,gospel & ! o!r div9e books3 ! prophets receiv$ !m "u ! =m ( ideas4#e ,?is expresses ! univ]sal belief on ?is po9t--a belief :i* reveals ! ess5tially me*anical nature ( ,islm4 ,! ,qurn ?us reveal$ is n[ look$ ^u z ! /&+ miracle ( ,islm4 ,o!r div9e books1 x is admitt$1 7 revelations receiv$ "u ! =m ( ideas1 b ! ,qurn is f> sup]ior to !m all = ! actual text 0 reveal$ to ! e> ( ! prophet4 ,?us we read 9 ,sra lxxv4 #af-ai3-- #e ,move n ?y tongue 9 ha/e to foll[ & ma/] ?is revelation2 ,= we w see to ! collect+ & recital ( x2 ,b :5 we h recit$ x1 !n foll[ ?\ ! recital2 ,& v]ily x %all be ours to make x cle> to !e4 ,! ,qurn is1 !n1 believ$ to be a miracul\s revelation ( div9e eloqu5ce1 z reg>ds bo? =m & sub/ance1 arrangem5t ( words1 & its revelation ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,x is ass]t$ t ea* well-accr$it$ prophet p]=m$ miracles 9 t p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( human skill or sci5ce mo/ fl\ri%+ 9 8 age4 ,?us 9 ! days ( ,moses magic ex]cis$ a wide influ5ce1 b all ! magicians ( ,ph>aoh's c\rt _h to submit to ! sup]ior skill ( ! ,hebrew prophet4 ,9 ! days ( ,jesus ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e fl\ri%$4 ,m5 possess$ great skill 9 ! art ( heal+2 b no physician c\ld equal ! skill ( ,jesus1 :o n only heal$ ! sick1 b rais$ ! dead4 ,9 ! days ( ,muhammad ! special & mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! age 0 ! wond]ful p[] ( ! ,arabs 9 ! art ( poetry4 ,muhammad-ud-,damiri says3--,wisdom ha? alight$ on ?ree ?+s--! bra9 ( ! ,franks1 ! h&s ( ! ,*9ese & ! tongue ( ! ,arabs4 ,!y 7 unrivall$ = _! eloqu5ce1 = ! skill ) :i* !y arrang$ _! mat]ial & gave expression to _! ?\ghts4 ,x is 9 ?is v p>ticul> t sup]ior excell5ce is claim$ = ! ,qurn4#f ,x is to ! ,muhammadan m9d a sure evid5ce ( its miracul\s orig9 t x %\ld excel 9 ?is respect4 ,muslims say t miracles h foll[$ ! revelations giv5 to o!r prophets 9 ord] to confirm ! div9e message4 ,9 ?is case ! ,qurn is bo? a revelation & a miracle4 #f ,muhammad himself said3--,ea* prophet has receiv$ manife/ signs :i* c>ri$ conviction to m53 b t :i* ,i h receiv$ is ! revelation4 ,s ,i hope to h a l>g] foll[+ on ! day ( resurrection ?an any o!r prophet has4 ,ibn ,khald\n says t by ?is ! ,prophet means t su* a wond]ful miracle z ! ,qurn1 :i* is also a revelation1 %\ld c>ry conviction to a v l>ge numb]4#g ,to a ,muslim ! fact is q cle>1 & s to him ! ,qurn is f> sup]ior to all ! prec$+ books4 ,muhammad is said to h conv9c$ a rival1 ,lebid1 a poet-laureate1 ( ! tru? ( 8 mission by recit+ to him a portion ( ! n[ second ,sra4 ,unque/ionably x is "o ( ! v gr&e/ specim5s ( ,koranic or ,arabic diction4444 ,b ev5 descriptions ( ?is k9d1 gr& z !y be1 are n suffici5t to k9dle & pres]ve ! en?usiasm & ! fai? & ! hope ( a nation l ! ,arabs4444 ,! poets be=e him _h sung ( val\r & g5]osity1 ( love & /rife & rev5ge 444 ( e>ly graves1 ^u :i* weeps ! morn+ cl\d1 & ( ! fleet+ nature ( life :i* comes & goes z ! waves ( ! des]t s&s1 z ! t5ts ( a c>avan1 z a fl[] t %oots up & dies away4 ,or !y %oot _! bitt] arr[s ( satire "r into ! enemy's own s\l4 ,muhammad sang ( none ( ^!4 ,no love-m9/relsy 81 n ! joys ( ! _w1 nor sword1 nor camel1 nor jeal\sy1 nor human v5geance1 n ! glories ( tribe or ance/or4 ,he prea*$ ,islm4 ,! v fi]c5ess ) :i* ?is is done1 ! swe>+ su* z ,arab orator1 pr(ici5t ?\gh he may h be5 9 ! art1 _h nev] made1 ! dogmatic c]ta9ty ) :i* ! ,prophet proclaim$ 8 message h t5d$1 equally ) ! passionate gr&eur ( 8 utt]ances1 to hold ! ,muslim _w spell-b\nd to ! lett] & imbu$ ) all ! n>r[ness ( ! book4 ,s sacr$ is ! text suppos$ to be t only ! #g ,companions#h ( ! ,prophet are deem$ wor?y ( be+ comm5tators on x4 ,! "w ( le>n$ div9es s9ce !n has be5 to le>n ! ,qurn by he>t & to ma/] ! traditions1 ) ! writ+s ( ! e>lie/ comm5tators !reon4 ,! revelation itself is nev] made a subject ( inve/igation or tri$ by ! ord9>y rules ( criticism4 ,if only ! ,isnd1 or *a9 ( au?orities = any int]pretation1 is good1 t int]pretation is unhesitat+ly accept$ z ! correct "o4 ,x is a fundam5tal article ( belief t no o!r book 9 ! _w c possibly approa* ne> to x 9 ?\ght or expression4 ,x deals ) positive precepts r ?an ) pr9ciples4 ,its decrees are held to be b9d+ n 9 ! _s m]ely b 9 ! v lett] on all m51 at all times & "u e circum/ance ( life4 ,?is foll[s z a natural consequ5ce f ! belief 9 its et]nal nature4 ,! v>i\s portions recit$ by ! ,prophet dur+ ! tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( 8 prophetical c>e] 7 committ$ to writ+ by "s ( 8 foll[]s1 or treasur$ up 9 _! memories4 ,z ! recital ( ! ,qurn =m$ a "p ( e act ( public wor%ip1 & z su* recital 0 an act ( great religi\s m]it1 e ,muslim tri$ to rememb] z mu* z he c\ld4 ,he :o c\ld d s be/ 0 entitl$ to ! highe/ hon\r1 & 0 (t5 ! recipi5t ( a sub/antial rew>d4#i ,! ,arab love = poetry facilitat$ ! ex]cise ( ?is faculty4 ,:5 ! ,prophet di$ ! revelation ceas$4 ,!re 0 no di/9ct copy ( ! :ole1 no?+ to %[ :at 0 ( transitory importance1 :at ( p]man5t value4 ,!re is no?+ :i* proves t ! ,prophet took any special c>e ( any portions4 ,!re seems to h be5 no def9ite ord] 9 :i*1 :5 ! book 0 #h compil$1 ! v>i\s ,sras 7 arrang$1 = ! ,qurn1 z x n[ exi/s1 is utt]ly devoid ( all hi/orical or logical sequ5ce4 ,= a ye> aft] ! ,prophet's dea? no?+ seems to h be5 done2 b !n ! battle ( ,yemana took place 9 :i* a v l>ge numb] ( ! be/ ,qurn recit]s 7 sla94 ,om> took fright at ?is1 & address+ ! ,khalf ,abu ,bakr1 said1 ,! slaught] may aga9 wax hot among/ ! repeat]s ( ! ,qurn 9 o!r fields ( battle1 & mu* may be lo/ !refrom4 ,n[1 !re=e1 my advice is t ?\ %\lde/ give spe$y ord]s = ! collection ( ! ,qurn4 ,abu ,bakr agre$1 & said to ,zeid :o _h be5 an amanu5sis ( ! ,prophet3--,?\ art a "y man1 & wise1 aga9/ :om no "o among/ u c ca/ an imputation2 & ?\ w]t wont to write d[n ! inspir$ revelations ( ! ,prophet ( ! ,"l1 :]e=e n[ se>* out ! ,qurn & br+ x all toge!r4 ,zeid be+ at l5g? press$ to und]take ! task proce$$ to ga!r ! ,qurn toge!r f date leaves1 & tablets ( :ite /one1 & f ! he>ts ( m54 ,9 c\rse ( "t x 0 all compil$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! book is n[ arrang$4 ,?is 0 ! au?oriz$ text = "s tw5ty-?ree ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,muhammad4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 ei!r to diff]5t modes ( recitation1 or to diff]5ces ( expression 9 ! s\rces f :i* ,zeid's fir/ rec5sion 0 made1 a v>iety ( diff]5t read+s crept into ! copies 9 use4 ,! ,fai?ful became al>m$ & ! ,khalf ,osmn 0 p]suad$ to put a /op to su* a dang]4 ,he appo9t$ ,zeid ) ?ree ( ! lead+ m5 ( ! ,qurai% z assi/ants to g ov] ! :ole "w aga94 ,a c>eful rec5sion 0 made ( ! :ole book :i* 0 !n assimilat$ to ! ,meccan dialect1 ! pure/ 9 ,arabia4 ,aft] ?is all o!r copies ( ! ,qurn 7 burnt by ord] ( ! ,khalf1 & new transcripts 7 made ( ! revis$ edition :i* 0 n[ ! only au?oris$ copy4 ,z x is a fundam5tal t5et ( ,islm t ! ,qurn is incorruptible & absolutely free #i f error1 no little difficulty has be5 felt 9 expla9+ ! ne$ ( ,osmn's new & revis$ edition & ( ! circum/ances "u :i* x took place2 b z usual a ,tradition has be5 h&$ d[n :i* makes x lawful to read ! ,qurn 9 sev5 dialects4 ,! book 9 its pres5t =m may be accept$ z a g5u9e reproduction ( ,abu ,bakr's edition ) au?oritative corrections4 ,we may re/ assur$ t we h 9 ! ,qurn n[ 9 use ! record ( :at ,muhammad said4 ,x ?us becomes a fundam5tal basis ( ,islm4 ,x 0 a common practice ( ! e>ly ,muslims :5 speak+ ( ! ,prophet to say3--,8 "* is ! ,qurn4 ,:5 p curi\s to "k details ( ! life ( _! belov$ ma/] ask$ 'ye%a1 "o ( 8 wid[s1 ab\t him1 %e us$ to reply3--,?\ ha/ ! ,qurn1 art ?\ n an ,arab & reade/ ! ,arab tongue8 ,:y do/ ?\ ask me1 = ! ,prophet's disposition is no o!r ?an ! ,qurn8 ,:e!r ,muhammad w\ld h arrang$ ! ,qurn z we n[ h x is a subject on :i* x is impossible to =m an op9ion4 ,!re are ,traditions :i* seem to %[ t he _h "s d\bts z to its complet5ess4 ,i give ! foll[+ acc\nt on ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,causs9 de ,p]cival4 ,:5 ,muhammad felt 8 end draw ne> he said3--,br+ ink & pap]3 ,i wi% to write to y a book to pres]ve y always f error4 ,b x 0 too late4 ,he c\ld n write or dictate & s he said3--,may ! ,qurn always be y\r guide4 ,p]=m :at x comm&s y3 avoid :at x prohibits4 ,! g5u95ess ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,tradition is1 ,i ?9k1 v d\btful1 ! latt] is q 9 accordance ) ! ,prophet's claim = 8 tea*+4 ,! lett] ( ! book became1 z ,muhammad int5d$ x %\ld become1 a despotic influ5ce 9 ! ,muslim _w1 a b>ri] to free?9k+ on ! "p ( all ! or?odox1 an ob/acle to innovation 9 all sph]es--political1 social1 intellectual & moral4 ,!re are _m topics connect$ ) x :i* c be bett] expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,all #aj t has n[ to be "h /at$ is t ! ,qurn is ! fir/ f\ndation ( ,islm4 ,x is an error to suppose x is ! only "o3 an error :i* m ?an any?+ else has l$ p]sons away f ! only position 9 :i* !y c\ld obta9 a true idea ( ! great sy/em ( ,islm4 ,! ,%a'hs ma9ta91 )\t good reason1 t ! foll[+ v]ses fav\rable to ! claims ( ',al & ( ! ,%a'h faction 7 omitt$ 9 ,osmn's rec5sion4 ,o ,believ]s6 believe 9 ! two lights4 7,muhammad & ',al74 ',al is ( ! numb] ( ! pi\s1 we %all give him 8 "r 9 ! day ( judgm5t2 we %all n pass ov] ^? :o wi% to deceive him4 ,we h hon\r$ him above all ?is family4 ,he & 8 family are v pati5t4 ,_! enemy#aj is ! *ief ( s9n]s4 ,we h ann\nc$ to !e a race ( j m51 m5#aa :o w n oppose our ord]s4 ,my m]cy & peace are on !m liv+#ab or dead4 ,z to ^? :o walk 9 _! way1 my m]cy is on !m2 !y w c]ta9ly ga9 ! mansions ( ,p>adise4 #b4 ,,! ,,sunnat4--,! second f\ndation ( ,islm is bas$ on ! ,_hs 7plural ,ahds7 or ,tradition4 ,comm&s f ,god giv5 9 ! ,qurn are call$ 'f>z' & 'wjib4' ,a comm& giv5 by ! ,prophet or an example set by him is call$ 'sunnat1' a ^w mean+ a rule4 ,x is !n te*nically appli$ to ! basis ( religi\s fai? & practice1 :i* is f\nd$ on traditional acc\nts ( ! say+s & acts ( ,muhammad4#ac ,x is ! belief common to all ,musalmns1 t ! ,prophet 9 all t he did1 & 9 all t he said1 0 sup]naturally guid$1 & t 8 words & acts are to all "t & to all 8 foll[]s a div9e rule ( fai? & practice4 ,we %\ld "k t ,god ,almighty has giv5 comm&s & prohibitions to 8 #aa s]vants1 ei!r by means ( ! ,qurn1 or by ! m\? ( ,8 ,prophet4#ad ,al-,ghazli1 a mo/ di/+ui%$ !ologian1 writes3--,nei!r is ! fai? accord+ to ,8 w1 complete by ! te/imony to ! ,unity alone1 t is1 by simply say+1 ',!re is b "o ,god1' )\t ! addition ( ! fur!r te/imony to ! ,apo/le1 t is1 ! /atem5t1 ',muhammad is ! apo/le ( ,god4' ,?is belief 9 ! ,prophet mu/ ext5d to all t he has said conc]n+ ! pres5t & ! future life1 =1 says ! same au?or1 ,a man's fai? is n accept$ till he is fully p]suad$ ( ^? ?+s :i* ! ,prophet ha? affirm$ %all be aft] dea?4 ,x is (t5 said t ! ,wahhbs reject ,tradition4 ,9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w ,tradition !y may2 b 9 ,muslim ,!ology ! t]m ,_hs1 :i* we translate ,tradition1 has a special mean+4 ,x is appli$ only to ! say+s ( ! ,prophet1 n to ^? ( "s un9spir$ div9e or tea*]4 ,! ,wahhbs reject ! ,traditions h&$ d[n by m5 :o liv$ aft] ! "t ( ! ,companions1 b ! ,_hs1 embody+ ! say+s ( ! ,prophet1 !y1 9 common ) all ,muslim sects1 hold to be an inspir$ revelation ( ,god's w to m54 ,x w\ld be z reasonable to say t ,prote/ants reject ! f\r ,gospels z to say t ! ,wahhbs reject ,tradition4#ae ,an or?odox ,muslim places ! ,gospels 9 ! same rank z ! ,_hs1 t is1 he looks ^u !m z a record ( :at ,jesus said & did h&$ d[n to u by ,8 ,companions4 ,9 ! same way z o!r ,prophets receiv$ _! books "u ! =m ( ideas1 s our ,prophet has 9 ! same way receiv$ a great numb] ( communications :i* are f\nd 9 ! collections ( ! #ab ,traditions 7,ahds74#af ,?is %[s t ! ,sunnat mu/ be plac$ on a level ) ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures2 :il/ ! ,qurn is a revelation sup]ior to !m all4 ,to no sect ( ,musalmns is ! ,qurn alone ! rule ( fai?4 ,! ,%a'hs1 x is true1 reject ! ,sunnat1 b !y h 9 _! own collection ( ,traditions an exact equival5t4 ,! nature ( ! inspiration ( ! ,sunnat & its au?oritative value are que/ions ( ! fir/ importance1 :e!r ,islm is view$ f a !ological or a political /&-po9t4 ,muhammad said t sev5ty-?ree sects w\ld arise1 ( :om only "o w\ld be wor?y ( ,p>adise4 ,! ,companions inquir$ :i* sect w\ld be s highly fav\r$4 ,! ,prophet repli$3--',! "o :i* rema9s firm 9 my way & 9 t ( my fri5ds4' ,x is c]ta9 t ?is mu/ ref] to ! ,ahl-i-,sunnat wa ,jam'at4 7,sunns47#ag ,x is laid d[n z a prelim9>y religi\s duty t ob$i5ce %\ld be r5d]$ to ! ,sunnat ( ! ,prophet4 ,?us 9 ! f\r? ,sra ( ! ,qurn x is writt53 ,o true believ]s6 obey ,god & obey ! apo/le4 ,we h n s5t any apo/le b t he might be obey$ by ! p]mission ( ,god4 ,f ^! & simil> passages ! foll[+ doctr9e is d$uc$3 ,x is pla9 t ! ,prophet 7on :om & on ^: desc5dants be ! m]cy & peace ( ,god67 is free f s9 9 :at he ord]$ to be done1 & 9 :at he prohibit$1 9 all 8 words & acts2 = 7 x o!rwise h[ c\ld ob$i5ce r5d]$ to him be acc\nt$ z ob$i5ce paid to ,god8#ah ,believ]s are exhort$ to r5d] ob$i5ce to ,god by witness+ to ,8 div9ity1 & to ! ,prophet by be>+ witness to 8 prophet%ip2 ?is is a sign ( love1 & love is ! cause ( ne>ness to ,god4 ,! ,prophet himself is report$ to h #ac said1 ,obey me t ,god may reg>d y z fri5ds4 ,f ?is /atem5t ! conclusion is drawn t ! love ( ,god 7to man7 is conditional on ob$i5ce to ! ,prophet4 ,belief 9 & ob$i5ce to ! ,prophet are ess5tial elem5ts ( ! true fai?1 & he :o possesses n bo? ( ^! is 9 error4#ai ,9 ord] to %[ ! necessity ( ?is ob$i5ce1 ,god is said to h appo9t$ ,muhammad z ! ,m$iator betwe5 ,himself & man4 ,9 a l[] s5se1 believ]s are to foll[ ! ,sunnat ( ! f\r ,khalfs1 ,abu ,bakr1 ,om>1 ,osmn1 & ',al1 :o are true guides to m54 ,to ! ,muslim all t ! ,prophet did 0 p]fectly 9 accord ) ! w ( ,god4 ,moral laws h a diff]5t application :5 appli$ to him4 ,8 jeal\sy1 8 cruelty to ! ,jewi% tribes1 8 indulg5ce 9 lic5ti\sness1 8 bold ass]tion ( equality ) ,god z reg>ds 8 comm&s1 8 e act & ^w1 are s9less1 & a guide to m5 z long z ! _w %all la/4 ,x is easy = an apologi/ = ,muhammad to say t ?is is an accretion1 some?+ :i* engraft$ itself on to a simpl] sy/em4 ,x is no su* ?+4 ,x is r "o ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,let ,muhammad be 8 own witness3--,he :o loves n my ,sunnat is n my foll[]4 ,he :o revives my ,sunnat revives me1 & w be ) me 9 ,p>adise4 ,he :o 9 di/ress holds fa/ to ! ,sunnat w receive ! rew>d ( a hundr$ m>tyrs4 ,z might be expect$1 ! sett+ up ( 8 own acts & words z an infallible & unv>y+ rule ( fai? acc\nts m ?an any?+ else = ! immobility ( ! ,muhammadan _w1 = x mu/ be always rememb]$ t 9 ,islm ,*ur* & ,/ate are "o4 ,! ,arab prov]b1 ,al mulk wa dn tawm9--c\ntry & religion are tw9s--is ! popul> =m ( express+ ! unity ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 #ad ,to ! m9d ( ! ,musalmn ! rule ( ! "o is ! rule ( ! o!r1--a tru? sometimes =gott5 by politicians :o look hopefully on ! re=m ( ,turkey or ! reg5]ation ( ! ,h\se ( ,osmn4 ,! ,sunnat z mu* z ! ,qurn cov]s all law1 :e!r political1 social1 moral1 or religi\s4 ,a mod]n writ] :o has an intimate acqua9tance ) ,islm says3--,if ,islm is to be a p[] = good 9 ! future1 x is imp]atively necess>y to cut (f ! social sy/em f ! religion4 ,! difficulty lies 9 ! close connection betwe5 ! religi\s & social ord9ances 9 ! ,kurn1 ! two are s int]m+l$ t x is h>d to see h[ !y c be dis5tangl$ )\t de/roy+ bo?4 ,i believe ?is to be impossible1 & ! case becomes /ill m hopeless :5 we rememb] t ! same rem>k w\ld apply to ! ,sunnat4 ,to =get ?is is to g a/ray1 = ,ibn ,khald\n di/9ctly speaks ( ! ,law d]iv$ f ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat1 ( ! maxims ( ,musalmn ,law bas$ on ! text ( ! ,qurn & ! tea*+ ( ! ,traditions4#bj ,! ,prophet _h a great dread ( all innovation4 ,! te*nical t]m = any?+ new is bida't1 & ( x1 x is said3 ,bida't is ! *ang] ( ,sunnat4 ,9 o!r words1 if m5 seek aft] ?+s new1 if fre% =ms ( ?\ght arise1 & ! *ang+ condition ( society dem&s new modes ( expression = ! ,fai?1 or new laws to regulate ! community1 if 9 int]nals or ext]nals1 any new ?+ 7bida't7 is introduc$1 x is to be %unn$4 ,! law z reveal$ 9 ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat is p]fect4 ,ev]y?+ n 9 accordance ) ! precepts !re9 conta9$ is innovation1 & all innovation is h]esy4 ,mean:ile "s #ae bida't is all[able1 su* z ! tea*+ ( etymology & syntax1 ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools1 gue/-h\ses1 c41 :i* ?+s did n exi/ 9 ! "t ( ! ,prophet2 b x is di/9ctly & cle>ly laid d[n t compliance ) ! lea/ ,sunnat 7i4e4 ! obey+ ! lea/ ( ! ord]s ( ! ,prophet1 h[ev] trivial7 is f> bett] ?an do+ "s new ?+1 h[ev] advantage\s & desirable x may be4 ,!re are _m /ories :i* illu/rate ! importance ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet atta*$ to ,sunnat4 ,! ,khalf ,om> look$ t[>ds ! black /one at ,mecca1 & said1 ',by ,god1 ,i "k t ?\ art only a /one1 & can/ grant no b5efit1 can/ d no h>m4 ,if ,i _h n kn[n t ! ,prophet kiss$ !e1 ,i w\ld n h done s1 b on acc\nt ( t ,i d x4' ,abdullah-,ibn-',umr 0 se5 rid+ 8 camel r\nd & r\nd a c]ta9 place4 ,9 answ] to an inquiry z to 8 reason = s do+ he said3 ,i "k n1 only ,i h se5 ! ,prophet d s "h4 ,ahmad-,ibn-,hanbal1 "o ( ! f\r great ,imms1 & ! f\nd] ( ! ,hanbal s*ool ( int]pretation1 is said to h be5 appo9t$ on acc\nt ( ! c>e ) :i* he obs]v$ ! ,sunnat4 ,"o day :5 sitt+ 9 an assembly he alone ( all pres5t obs]v$ "s =mal cu/om au?oris$ by ! practice ( ! ,prophet4 ,gabriel at once appe>$ & in=m$ him t n[1 & on acc\nt ( 8 act1 he 0 appo9t$ an ,imm4#ba ,9 %ort1 x is di/9ctly laid d[n t ! be/ ( all works is ! foll[+ ( ! practice ( ,muhammad4 ,! ess5ce ( religion has be5 /at$ by a le>n$ !ologian to consi/ ( ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 to foll[ ! ,prophet 9 morals & 9 acts2 secondly1 to eat only lawful food2 ?irdly1 to be s9c]e 9 all actions4 #af ,! ,sunnat is n[ kn[n to ,musalmns ?r\gh ! collections ( ,traditions ga!r$ toge!r by ! m5 ^: names !y n[ be>4 ,! :ole are call$ ,sihah-,sittah1 or six correct books4 ,n "o ( ^! collectors fl\ri%$ until ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,hijra1 & s1 z may be easily suppos$1 _! "w has n pass$ un*all5g$4 ,!re is by no means an absolute cons5sus ( op9ion among ! ,sunns z to ! exact value ( ea* ,tradition1 yet all admit t a 'g5u9e ,tradition' mu/ be obey$4 ,:e!r ! ,prophet spoke :at 9 ! ,traditions is record$ z spok5 by him "u ! influ5ce ( ! highe/ k9d ( inspiration is1 z w be %[n 9 ! next *apt]1 a disput$ po9t2 b x matt]s little4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! degree1 x 0 accord+ to ,muslim belief a real inspiration1 & ?us 8 e act & ^w became a law z b9d+ ^u 8 foll[]s z ! example ( ,*ri/ is ^u ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,%a'hs d n ackn[l$ge ! ,sihah-,sittah1 ! six correct books ( ! ,sunns1 b x by no means foll[s t !y reject ,tradition4 ,!y h five books ( ,traditions1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* 0 compil$ by ,abu ,ja'f> ,muhammad ,a4,h4 #cbi1 or a c5tury lat] ?an ! ,sahh-i-,bukhr1 ! mo/ tru/wor?y ( ! ,sunn set4 ,?us all ,musalmn sects accept ! fir/ & second gr\nd ( ! fai?--! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat--z ! inspir$ w ( ,god2 ! ,%a'hs sub/itut+ 9 ! place ( ! ,traditions on :i* ! ,sunnat is bas$1 a collection ( _! own4 ,:at x is important to ma9ta9 is ?is1 t ! ,qurn alone is to no ,musalmn an all-suffici5t guide4 #c4 ,,ijm'4--,! ?ird f\ndation ( ! ,fai? is call$ ,ijm'1 a ^w signify+ to be collect$ or assembl$4 ,te*nically x means ! unanim\s cons5t ( ! lead+ !ologians1 or :at 9 ,*ri/ian !ology w\ld be call$ ! unanim\s cons5t ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,practically x is a collection ( ! op9ions ( ! ,companions1 ! ,tbi'n & ! ,taba-i-,tbi'n4 ,! ,law1 says ,ibn ,khald\n #ag is gr\nd$ on ! g5]al accord ( ! ,companions & _! foll[]s4 ,! election ( ,abu ,bakr to ! ,khalifate is call$ ,ijm'-i-,ummat1 ! unanim\s cons5t ( ! :ole sect4 ,! ,companions ( ! ,prophet _h special k ( ! v>i\s circum/ances "u :i* special revelations _h be5 made2 !y alone knew :i* v]ses ( ! ,qurn abrogat$ o!rs1 & :i* v]ses 7 ?us abrogat$4 ,! k ( ^! matt]s & _m o!r details !y h&$ on to _! successors1 ! ,tbi'n1 :o pass$ ! in=mation on to _! foll[]s1 ! ,taba-i-,tbi'n4 ,"s ,muslims1 ! ,wahhbs = example1 accept only ! ,ijm' ( ! ,companions2 & by all sects t is plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank z reg>ds au?ority2 o!rs accept t ( ! ',fugitives' :o dwelt at ,madna2 & !re are "s among/ ! or?odox :o all[1 z a matt] ( !ory1 t ,ijm' may be collect$ at any "t1 b t practically x is n done because !re are n[ no ,mujtahidn4 ,! highe/ rank a ,muslim ,!ologian c\ld rea* 0 t ( a ,mujtahid1 or "o :o c\ld make an ,ijtihd1 a ^w :i*1 d]iv$ f ! same root z ,jihd 7a ,cresc5tade71 means 9 its te*nical s5se a logical d$uction4 ,x is def9$ z ! atta9+ to a c]ta9 degree ( au?ority 9 se>*+ into ! pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce4 ,! orig9 ( ,ijtihd 0 z foll[s3--,muhammad wi%$ to s5d a man nam$ ,mu'z to ,yaman to receive "s money collect$ = alms1 :i* he 0 !n to di/ribute to ! poor4 ,on appo9t+ him he said3 ,o ,mu'z1 by :at rule w y act8 ,he repli$1 by ! ,law ( ! ,qurn4 ,b if y f9d no direction !re98 ,!n ,i w act accord+ to ! ,sunnat ( ! ,prophet4 ,b :at if t fails8 ,!n ,i w make an ,ijtihd & act on t4 ,! ,prophet rais$ 8 h&s & said1 ,praise be to ,god :o guides ! mess5g] ( ,8 ,prophet 9 :at ,he pleases4#bb ,?is is consid]$ a pro( ( ! au?ority ( ,ijtihd = ! ,prophet cle>ly sanction$ x4 #ah ,:5 ! ,prophet 0 alive m5 c\ld g to him ) _! d\bts & fe>s3 an infallible au?ority 0 always pres5t ready to give an inspir$ direction4 ,! ,khalfs :o succe$$ ! ,prophet _h only to adm9i/] ! ,law accord+ to ! op9ions :i* !y knew ,muhammad _h held4 ,!y 7 busily engag$ 9 c>ry+ on ! "w ( conque/2 !y nei!r attempt$ any new legislation1 nor did !y dep>t f ! practice ( him :om !y rev]$4 ,9 ! fir/ days ( ,islm1 ! k ( ! ,law 0 purely ,traditional4 ,9 =m+ _! judgm5ts !y _h no rec\rse ei!r to speculation1 to private op9ion1 or to argum5ts f\nd$ ^u analogy4#bc ,h[ev]1 z ! ,empire grew1 new conditions ( life arose1 giv+ rise to que/ions1 conc]n+ :i* ,muhammad _h giv5 no explicit direction4 ,?is necessitat$ ! use ( ,ijtihd4 ,dur+ ! ,khalifates ( ,abu ,bakr1 ,om>1 ,osmn & ',al--! ,khulafa-i-,r%idn1 or ! ,khalfs :o c\ld guide m5 9 ! "r way1 ! cu/om 0 = ! ,fai?ful to consult !m z to ! c\rse ( action to be pursu$ "u "s new developm5t ( circum/ances2 = !y knew z none o!r did ! ,prophet's say+s & de$s1 !y c\ld recall to _! memories a say+ or an act f :i* a decision c\ld be d$uc$4 ,9 ?is way all ,muslims c\ld feel t 9 foll[+ _! judgm5ts & guidance !y 7 walk+ 9 ! "r pa?4 ,b aft] ! dea? ( ',al1 ! f\r? ,khalf1 civil w> & ho/ile factions imp]ill$ ! cont9uance ( ! ,fai? 9 its purity4 ,at ,madna1 :]e ,muhammad's c>e] z a recognis$ ,prophet 0 be/ kn[n1 dev\t m5 comm5c$ to le>n by he>t ! ,qurn1 ! ,sunnat1 & ! analogical judgm5ts 7,ijtihd7 ( ! f\r ,khalfs4 ,^! m5 7 look$ up to z au?orities1 & _! decisions 7 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ',cu/oms ( ,madna4' ,x is n difficult to see t a sy/em1 :i* s\ght to regulate all dep>tm5ts ( life1 all developm5ts ( m5's ideas & en]gies by ! ,sunnat & analogical d$uctions #ai !refrom1 0 "o :i* n only gave e temptation a sy/em c\ld give to ! manufacture ( ,tradition1 b "o :i* w\ld soon become too cumb]some to be ( practical use4 ,h5ce1 x 0 absolutely necess>y to sy/ematize all ?is incoh]5t mass ( ,tradition1 ( judgm5ts giv5 by ,khalfs & ,mujtahidn4 ,?is gave rise to ! sy/ems ( jurisprud5ce1 f\nd$ by ! f\r or?odox ,imms1 to "o or o!r ( :i* all ,muslims1 except ! ,%a'hs1 belong4 ,^! ,imms1 ,abu ,hanfa1 ,ibn ,mlik1 ,z-,%fi'i & ,ibn ,hanbal 7 all ,mujtahidn ( ! highe/ rank4 ,aft] !m x is ! or?odox belief t !re has be5 no ,mujtahid4 ,?us 9 a /&>d !ological book mu* us$ 9 ,india x is writt53 ,ijm' is ?is1 t x is n lawful to foll[ any o!r ?an ! f\r ,imms4 ,9 ^! days ! ,qz mu/ make no ord]1 ! ,muft give no fatv 7i4e4 a legal decision71 contr>y to ! op9ion ( ! f\r ,imms4 ,to foll[ any o!r is n lawful4 ,s f> !n z or?odoxy is conc]n$1 *ange & progress are impossible4 ,imm ,abu ,hanfa 0 born at ,basra 7,a4,h4 #hj71 b he sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life at ,kfa4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] & tea*] ( ! body ( legi/s kn[n z '! juri/s ( ,irk4' ,8 sy/em diff]s consid]ably f t ( ! ,imm ,mlik :o1 liv+ at ,madna1 conf9$ himself *iefly to ,tradition z ! basis ( 8 judgm5ts4 ,madna 0 full ( ! memories ( ! say+s & acts ( ! ,prophet2 ,kfa1 ! home ( ,hanfa1 on ! contr>y1 0 n f\nd$ till aft] ! ,prophet's dea? & s possess$ none ( 8 memories4 ,islm !re came into contact ) o!r races ( m51 b f !m x _h no?+ to le>n4 ,if ^! m5 became ,muslims1 well & good3 if n1 ! "o law = !m z = ! ,fai?ful 0 ! tea*+ ( ,muhammad4 ,v>i\s texts ( ! ,qurn are adduc$ to prove ! correctness ( ?is position4 ,= to !e h we s5t d[n ! book :i* cle>e? up e ?+4 7,sra xvi4 #ia7 ,no?+ h we pass$ ov] 9 ! book4 7,sra vi4 #bj #ch47 ,nei!r is !re a gra9 9 ! d>kness ( ! e>? nor a ?+ gre5 or s]e1 b x is not$ 9 a di/9ct writ+4 7,sra vi4 #ei74 ,^! texts 7 held to prove t all law 0 provid$ = by anticipation 9 ! ,qurn4 ,if a v]se c\ld n be f\nd be>+ on any giv5 "q1 analogical d$uction 0 resort$ to4 ,?us3 ,he x is :o creat$ = y all t is on e>?4 7,sra ii4 #bg74 ,accord+ to ! ,hanifite juri/s1 ?is is a de$ ( gift :i* annuls all o!r rights ( prop]ty4 ,! 'y' ref]s to ,muslims4 ,! e>?#bd may be classifi$ "u ?ree heads3--7#a7 l& :i* nev] _h an own]2 7#b7 l& :i* _h an own] & has be5 ab&on$2 7#c7 ! p]son & prop]ty ( ! ,infidels4 ,f ! la/ division ! same legi/s d$uce ! lawfulness ( slav]y1 piracy & con/ant w> aga9/ ! unbeliev]s4 ,to return to ,abu ,hanfa4 ,he admitt$ v few ,traditions z au?oritative 9 8 sy/em1 :i* claims to be a logical developm5t f ! ,qurn4 ,! m]it ( logical fe>lessness _c be d5i$ to x4 ,! wants & wi%es ( m51 ! previ\s hi/ory ( a c\ntry--all ^? consid]ations1 9 fact1 :i* are held 9 ! ,we/ to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciples ( legislation1 are set aside by ! legi/s ( ,irk z be+ ( no acc\nt :atev]4 ,legislation is n a sci5ce inductive & exp]im5tal1 b logical & d$uctive4#be ,imm ,ibn ,mlik 0 born at ,madna 7,a4,h4 #ic7 & 8 sy/em ( jurisprud5ce is f\nd$1 z might be expect$ f 8 connection ) ! sacr$ city1 on ! ,cu/oms ( ,madna4 ,8 bus9ess 0 to arrange & sy/ematize ! ,traditions curr5t 9 ,madna1 & to =m out ( !m & ! ,cu/oms a sy/em ( jurisprud5ce embrac+ ! :ole sph]e ( life4 ,! treatise compos$ by him 0 call$ ! ,muwatta or ,! ,beat5 ,pa?4 ,! great] "p ( its cont5ts are legal maxims & op9ions #ba deliv]$ by ! ,companions4 ,8 sy/em ( jurisprud5ce1 !re=e1 has be5 describ$ z hi/orical & traditional4 ,9 an elegy on 8 dea? by ,abu ,muhammad ,ja'f> x is said3 ,8 ,traditions 7 ( ! greate/ au?ority2 8 gravity 0 impressive2 & :5 he deliv]$ !m1 all 8 auditors 7 plung$ 9 admiration4#bf ,! ,traditions 7 8 great delight4 ,i delight1 said he1 9 te/ify+ my pr(\nd respect = ! say+s ( ! ,prophet ( ,god1 & ,i nev] repeat "o unless ,i feel myself 9 a /ate ( p]fect purity1#bg 7i4e41 aft] p]=m+ a legal ablution47 ,z dea? approa*$1 8 "o fe> 0 le/ he %\ld h ex]cis$ 8 private judgm5t 9 deliv]+ any legal op9ion4 ,9 8 la/ illness a fri5d w5t to visit him1 & enquir+ :y he wept1 receiv$ ! foll[+ answ]3 ,:y %\ld ,i n weep1 & :o has m "r to weep ?an ,i8 ,by ,allah6 ,i wi% ,i _h be5 flogg$ & reflogg$ = e "q ( law on :i* ,i pron\nc$ an op9ion f\nd$ on my own private judgm5t4#bh ,imm ,z-,%fa'1 a memb] ( ! ,qurai% tribe1 0 born ,a4,h4 #aej4 ,he pass$ 8 y\? at ,mecca b f9ally settl$ 9 ,cairo :]e he di$ 7,a4,h4 #bjd74 ,ibn ,khallikan relates ( him t he 0 unrivall$ = 8 k ( ! ,qurn1 ! ,sunnat1 & ! say+s ( ! ,companions4 ,nev]1 said ,imm ,ibn ,hanbal1 h ,i pass$ a night )\t pray+ = ,god's m]cy & bless+ ^u ,z-,%fi'4 ,:osoev] pret5ds1 said ,abu ,?aur1 t he saw ! l ( ,z-,%fi' = le>n+ is a li>4 ,hav+ c>efully /udi$ ! sy/ems ( ! two prec$+ ,imms he !n proce$$ on an eclectic sy/em to =m 8 own4 ,x 0 a reaction aga9/ ! sy/em ( ,abu ,hanfa4 ,z-,%fi' foll[s r ! traditional plan ( ,ibn ,mlik4 ,! ,hanifite w be satisfi$ if1 9 ! abs5ce ( a cle> & a direct /atem5t1 he f9ds "o #bb passage 9 ! ,qurn1 or "o ,tradition f :i* ! requir$ judgm5t may be d$uc$4 ,! ,%fi'ite 9 ! same circum/ances1 if ,tradition is ! s\rce ( 8 d$uction1 w require a consid]able numb] ( ,traditions f :i* to make x4 ,imm ,ibn ,hanbal 0 ! la/ ( ! f\r ,or?odox ,imms4 ,he 0 born at ,baghdd 7,a4,h4 #afd74 ,8 sy/em is a di/9ct return to ,traditionalism4 ,he liv$ at ,baghdd dur+ ! reign ( ! ,khalf ,mamun1 :5 ,or?odox ,islm seem$ 9 dang] ( be+ lo/ amid ! rationali/ic speculations1 7t is1 f an ,or?odox ,muslim /&-po9t71 & lic5ti\s practices ( ! ,c\rt4 ,! juri/s mo/ 9 fav\r at ,c\rt 7 foll[]s ( ,abu ,hanfa4 ,!y c>ri$ ! pr9ciple ( analogical d$uction to dang]\s l5g?s 9 ord] to satisfy ! latitud9>ianism ( ! ,khalf4 ,human speculation seem$ to be weak5+ all ! ess5tials ( ! ,fai?4 ,ibn ,hanbal met ! difficulty by disc>d+ altoge!r ! pr9ciple ( analogical d$uction4 ,at ! same "t he saw t ! ,mliki sy/em1 f\nd$ z x 0 on ! ,cu/oms ( ,madna1 0 ill-suit$ to meet ! wants ( a great & gr[+ ,empire4 ,x ne$$ to be supplem5t$4 ,:at bett]1 :at sur] gr\nd c\ld he g ^u ?an ! ,traditions4 ,^! at lea/ 7 inspir$1 & ?us =m$ a saf] f\ndation on :i* to build a sy/em ( jurisprud5ce ?an ! analogical d$uctions ( ,abu ,hanfa did4 ,! sy/em ( ,ibn ,hanbal has almo/ ceas$ to exi/4 ,!re is n[ no ,muft ( ?is sect at ,mecca1 ?\gh ! o!r ?ree are repres5t$ !re4 ,/ill 8 influ5ce is felt to ?is day 9 ! importance he atta*$ to ,tradition4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! f\r ,imms has be5 put 9 ?is way4 ,abu ,hanfa ex]cis$ 8 own judgm5t4 ,mlik & ,hanbal pref]r$ au?ority & prec$5t4 ,z-,%fi' entirely repudiat$ reason4 ,!y diff]1 too1 z reg>ds ! value ( c]ta9 ,traditions1 b to ea* ( !m an au!ntic ,tradition is an inconte/able au?ority4 ,_! #bc op9ion on po9ts ( doctr9e & practice =ms ! ?ird basis ( ! ,fai?4 ,! ,ijm' ( ! f\r ,imms is a b9d+ law ^u all ,sunns4 ,x might be suppos$ t z ! gr[+ ne$s ( ! ,empire l$ to ! =mation ( ^! s*ools ( int]pretation2 s n[ ! requirem5ts ( mod]n1 social & political life might be met by fre% ,imms mak+ new analogical d$uctions4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,! or?odox belief is1 t s9ce ! "t ( ! f\r ,imms !re has be5 no ,mujtahid :o c\ld d z !y did4 ,if circum/ances %\ld arise :i* absolutely require "s decision to be arriv$ at1 x mu/ be giv5 9 full accordance ) ! 'mazhab1' or s*ool ( int]pretation1 to :i* ! p]son fram+ ! decision belongs4#bi ,?is effectually prev5ts all *ange1 & by exclud+ innovation1 :e!r good or bad1 keeps ,islm /ation>y4 ,legislation is n[ purely d$uctive4 ,no?+ mu/ be done contr>y to ! pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( ! f\r ,imms4 ,?us1 9 any ,muhammadan ,/ate legislative re=ms are simply impossible4 ,!re exi/s no initiative4 ,! ,sultn1 or ,khalf c claim ! allegiance ( 8 p only s long z he rema9s ! exact executor ( ! prescriptions ( ! ,law4 ,! "q !n z reg>ds ! politics ( ! ,ea/]n #bd ,"q is n :e!r ,muhammad 0 a deceiv] or self-deceiv$1 an apo/le or an impo/or2 :e!r ! ,qurn is on ! :ole good or bad2 :e!r ,arabia 0 ! bett] or ! worse = ! *ange ,muhammad wr\ght2 b :at ,islm z a religi\s & political sy/em has become & is1 h[ x n[ works1 :at ,or?odox ,muslims believe & h[ !y act 9 t belief4 ,! ess5ce ( t belief is1 t ! sy/em z taught by ,prophet1 ,khalfs & ,imms is absolutely p]fect4#cj ,innovation is worse ?an a mi/ake4 ,x is a crime1 a s94 ,?is complet5ess1 ?is f9ality ( 8 sy/em ( religion & polity1 is ! v pride & glory ( a true ,muslim4 ,to look = an increase ( light 9 ! k ( 8 relation to ,god & ! unse5 _w1 9 ! laws :i* regulate ,islm on e>? is to admit t ,muhammad's revelation 0 incomplete1 & t admission no ,muslim w make4 ,x has be5 /at$ on high au?ority t all t is requir$ = ! re=m ( ,turkey is t ! ,qnns or ord]s ( ! ,sultn %\ld take ! place ( ! ,%>'at or law ( ,islm4 ,precisely s2 if ?is c\ld be done1 ,turkey might be re=m$2 b ,islm w\ld cease to be ! religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,t ! law z =mulat$ by ! ,imm ,abu ,hanfa ill suits ! conditions ( mod]n life is m ?an probable2 b x is ! v function ( ! ,khalf ( ,islm1 #be :i* ! ,sultn claims to be1 to ma9ta9 x4 ,he is no ,mujtahid1 = su* !re are n n[ among/ ! ,sunns1 to :i* sect ! ,turks belong4 ,if ?r\gh /ress ( circum/ances "s new law mu/ be made1 or?odoxy dem&s t x %\ld be /rictly 9 accordance ) ! op9ions ( ! ,imms4 ,! ,%a'hs1 9 opposition to ! ,sunns1 hold t !re are /ill ,mujtahidn1 b ?is op9ion arises f _! peculi> doctr9e ( ! ,immat1 a subject we %all discuss a little lat] on4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem t if !re c be ,mujtahidn :o are n[ able to give au?oritative op9ions1 !re may be "s hope ( enlight5$ progress among/ ,%a'h p--! ,p]sians = example4 ,!re is d\btless among/ !m m religi\s unre/1 m my/icism1 m h]esy1 b !y are no fur!r on ! road ( progress ?an _! neighb\rs2 & ! app>5t advantage ( ! pres5ce ( a ,mujtahid is q nullifi$ by ! fact t all 8 decisions mu/ be /rictly 9 accordance ) ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat1 or r ) :at to ! ,%a'h /&s 9 ! place ( ! ,sunnat4 ,! ,%a'h1 z well z ! ,sunn1 mu/ base all legislation on ! fossiliz$ sy/em ( ! pa/1 n on ! liv+ ne$s ( ! pres5t4 ,prec$5t rules bo? ) an iron sway4 ,! ,wahhbs reject all ,ijm' except t ( ! ,companions1 b t !y accept2 s :5 !y are call$ ! ,puritans ( ,islm1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y accept z a rule ( fai? n only ! ,qurn1 b ! ,sunnat1 & "s ,ijm'4 ,9 ord] to make ,ijm' b9d+1 x is necess>y t ! ,mujtahidn %\ld h be5 unanim\s 9 _! op9ion or 9 _! practice4 ,! :ole subject ( ,ijtihd is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 connection ) ! possibility ( re=ms 9 a ,muslim /ate4 ,a mod]n ,muhammadan writ]#ca seek+ to %[ t ,islm does possess a capacity = progress & t s f> f be+ a h>d & fa/ sy/em1 x is able to adapt itself to new circum/ances1 because ! ,prophet u%]$ 9 #bf an age ( active pr9ciples1 uses ! /ory ,i h already relat$ :5 describ+ ! orig9 ( ,ijtihd 7,ante4 p4 #ag7 to prove ! accuracy ( 8 /atem5t4 ,he makes ,mu'z to say3--,i w look fir/ to ! ,qurn1 !n to prec$5ts ( ! ,prophet1 & la/ly rely ^u my own judgm5t4 ,x is true t ,ijtihd lit]ally means 'great ef=t1' x is true t ! ,companions & ,mujtahidn ( ! fir/ class _h ! p[] ( ex]cis+ _! judgm5t 9 d\btful cases1 & ( decid+ !m accord+ to _! s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s1 provid$ always1 t _! decision contrav5$ no law ( ! ,qurn or ! ,sunnat2 b ?is 9 no way proves t ,islm has any capacity = progress1 or t an age ( active pr9ciples 0 u%]$ 9 by ,muhammad1 or t 8 words brea! en]gy & =ce1 & infuse new life into ! dormant he>t ( humanity4 ,=1 ?\gh ! t]m ,ijtihd might1 9 ref]5ce to ! m5 ,i h m5tion$1 be some:at freely translat$ z "o's own judgm5t1 x c h no su* mean+ n[4 ,x is a purely te*nical t]m1 & its use & only use n[ is to express ! ref]r+ ( a difficult case to "s analogy drawn f ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat4 ,b ev5 7 ! mean+ n ?us re/rict$1 ev5 ?\gh x meant n[ z x sometimes meant at fir/1 "o's own judgm5t2 /ill ,sy$ ,amr ',al's position w\ld rema9 to be prov$ =1 s9ce ! days ( ! f\r ,imms1 ! or?odox believe t !re has be5 no ,mujtahid ( ! fir/ class1 & to none b m5 ( ?is rank has su* p[] ev] be5 accord$4 ,?us grant+1 = ! sake ( argum5t m]ely1 t ! ,sy$'s translation is grammatically & te*nically correct1 all t results f x is t ! age ( active pr9ciples la/$ only = two c5turies4 ,i d n admit t !re ev] 0 su* an age 9 ,islm1 & c]ta9ly nei!r its !ological developm5t1 nor its political gr[? negative ! opposite ass]tion1 viz41 t ,muhammad gave precepts r ?an pr9ciples4 ,! ,turks are includ$ 9 ! dormant he>t ( humanity1 b x is difficult to see :at en]gy & #bg =ce is brea!d1 :at new life is infus$ into !m by ! wond]ful words ( ! ,prophet1 or :at la/+ good ! age ( active pr9ciples has produc$4 #d4 ,q,s is ! f\r? f\ndation ( ,islm4 ,! ^w lit]ally means reason+1 comp>+4 ,x is 9 common use 9 ,h9du/ani & ,p]sian 9 ! s5se ( guess+1 consid]+1 c4 ,te*nically1 x means ! analogical reason+ ( ! le>n$ ) reg>d to ! tea*+ ( ! ,qurn1 ! ,sunnat & ! ,ijm'4 ,= example1 ! ,qurn says3--,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m & be n a cause ( displeasure to !m4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t disob$i5ce to p>5ts is prohibit$1 & prohibition implies puni%m5t if ! ord] is disobey$4 ,aga91 if ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat hold *ildr5 responsible1 accord+ to _! means1 = ! debts ( _! fa!r1 does x n foll[ t ! eld] ones ought to fulfil = _! p>5ts all ^? obligations :i* = "s reason or o!r ! p>5ts may n be able to p]=m1 su* z ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 c4 ,a ,tradition said to come f ! ,companions runs ?us3--,"o day1 a woman came to ! ,prophet & said1 'my fa!r di$ )\t mak+ ! ,pilgrimage4' ,! ,prophet said1 ',if ?y fa!r _h left a debt :at w\lde/ ?\ d1' ',i w\ld pay ! debt4' ',good1 !n pay ?is debt also4' ,! ,qurn =bids ! use ( ,kham>1 an intoxicat+ sub/ance1 & s x is argu$ t w9e & opium are unlawful1 ?\gh n =bidd5 by "n4 ,! ,wahhbs w\ld ext5d ! prohibition to ! use ( tobacco4 ,f cases su* z ^!1 _m jurisconsults hold t ! ,mujtahidn ( ! e>lie/ age e/abli%$ ?is f\r? f\ndation ( ! fai? :i* !y call ,qs4 ,x is also call$ ,i'tibr-ul-,amsl1 or imitation ( an example4 ,! idea is tak5 f ! v]se3 ,pr(it by ?is example1 ye :o are m5 ( insight 7,sra lix4 #b74 ,!re are /rict rules laid d[n :i* regulate ,qs1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is1 t 9 all cases x mu/ be bas$ on ! ,qurn1 ! ,sunnat1 & ! ,ijm'4 ,9 fact1 ! fundam5tal idea ( ,islm #bh is t a p]fect law has be5 giv51 ev5 unto details1 ( social & political life4 ,! tea*+ ( ,muhammad conta9s ! solution ( e difficulty t c arise4 ,e law n provid$ by ! ,prophet mu/ be d$uc$ analogically4 ,?is produces uni=mity aft] a fa%ion1 b only because intellectual activity 9 high] pursuits ceases & moral /agnation foll[s4 ,?us all :o come )9 ! range ( ?is sy/em are b\nd d[n to political s]vitude4 ,:atev] 9 feel+ or conviction goes beyond ! limits ( an out-worn set ( laws is swept away4 ,!re is a wond]ful family lik5ess 9 ! decay ( all ,musalmn ,/ates1 :i* seems to po9t to a common cause4 ,all fir/ pr9ciples are conta9$ 9 ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat2 all t does n co9cide ) !m mu/ be wrong4 ,!y are above all criticism4 ,qs1 !n1 af=ds no hope ( enlight5$ progress1 removes no fett] ( ! pa/1 = 9 x !re mu/ be no div]g5ce 9 pr9ciple f a legislation imp]fect 9 its relation to mod]n life & /ation>y 9 its ess5ce4#cb ,9 ! ,nihyat-ul-,murd x is writt53--,we are %ut up to foll[+ ! f\r ,imms4 ,9 ! ,tafsr-i-,ahmad we read3--,to foll[ any o!r ?an ! f\r ,imms is unlawful4 ,an objector may say t su* respect is l ! rev]5ce ! hea!n pay to _! ance/ors4 ,to ?is an answ] is giv5 9 ! preface to ! ,t>juma-i-,%>h-i-,waqyah4 ,! writ] !re says t x is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! ,mujtahidn are n ! s\rce ( ! ord]s ( ! ,law1 b !y are ! m$ium by :i* we obta9 ! ,law4 ,?us ,imm ,abu ,hanfa said3 ',we select fir/ f ! ,qurn1 !n f ! ,traditions1 !n f ! decrees ( ! ,companions2 we act on :at ! ,companions agre$ ^u2 :]e !y d\bt1 we d\bt4' ,! ,comm5tator ,jell-ud-dn ,mahl says1 ',! common p & o!rs :o h #bi n rea*$ ! rank ( a ,mujtahid1 mu/ foll[ "o ( ! f\r ,imms4' ,!n :5 he ent]s "o ,mazhab 7sect7 he mu/ n *ange4 ,aga91 x may be object$ t ,god gave no ord] ab\t ! appo9tm5t ( f\r ,imms4 ,n[1 x is record$ 9 a ,tradition t ! ,prophet said1 ',foll[ ! way ( ! great company2 :osoev] dep>ts f x w ent] hell4' ,! ,foll[]s ( ! ,imms are a great company4 ,x is moreov] ! unanim\s op9ion1 ! ,ijm'-i-,ummat1 t ! ,imms rightly occupy ! position accord$ to !m4 ,x is a great bless+1 z we read 9 ! ,tafsr-i-,ahmad3 ,x is ( ! grace ( ,god1 t we are %ut up to ^! f\r ,imms4 ,god approves ( ?is1 & into ?is matt] pro(s & explanations d n ent]4 ,%\ld any "o fur!r object t1 9 ! days ( ! ,prophet1 !re 7 no ,mujtahidn1 t ea* man act$ on a say+ z he he>d x1 t he did n conf9e 8 belief or conduct to ! d$uctions made by "s appo9t$ ,companion1 he may be answ]$ ?us3--,= a long "t aft] ! dea? ( ! ,prophet _m ,companions 7 alive1 & consequ5tly ! ,traditions !n curr5t 7 tru/wor?y2 b n[ x is n s1 h5ce ! ne$ = ! ,imms & _! sy/ems4 ,^! f\r f\ndations1--! ,,qur,n1 ! ,,sunnat1 ,,ijm' & ,q,s--=m 9 or?odox ,muslim op9ion & belief a p]fect basis ( a p]fect religion & polity4 ,!y secure ! p]man5ce ( ! sy/em1 b !y repress an intellig5t gr[?4 ,! be>+ ( all ?is on mod]n politics is v pla94 ,take aga9 ! case ( ,turkey4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,gov]nm5t is !ocratic4 ,! g]ms ( fre$om are want+ !re z !y h nev] be5 want+ 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,! rul+ p[] desires no *ange2 orig9ality ( ?\ght1 indep5d5ce ( judgm5t is repress$4 ,no?+ good has ! ,turk ev] done = ! _w4#cc ,?is rule has be5 "o cont9u$ display ( brute #cj =ce unreliev$ by any ( ! reflect$ glory :i* %one = a :ile 9 ,cordova & 9 ,baghdd4 ,no nation c possibly progress1 ! f\ndations ( ^: legal & !ocratic sy/em are :at has be5 describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,:5 br\ght into diplomatic & comm]cial int]c\rse ) ,/ates possess+ ! en]gy & vig\r ( a national life & lib]al con/itution1 ,muslim k+doms mu/1 9 ! long run1 fail & pass away4 ,x has be5 well said t ,spa9 is ! only in/ance ( a c\ntry once ?or\ghly infus$ ) ,roman civilisation :i* has be5 actually sev]$ f ! empire2 & ev5 !n ! sev]ance1 ?\gh ( long duration1 0 b p>tial & tempor>y4 ,aft] a /ruggle ( ne>ly eight c5turies1 ! high] =m ( social organisation triumph$ ov] ! l[] & ! usurp+ p[] ( ,islm 0 expell$4 ,s x ought to be1 & s inde$ x mu/ ev] be1 = despotism mu/ give way to fre$om2 ! life lat5t 9 ! subject ,*ri/ian communities mu/ soon] or lat] ca/ (f ! yoke ( a b>b>ian rule1 :i* ev5 at its be/ is petrifi$ & s is incapable ( progress4 ,h[ev] l[ a ,*ri/ian community may h fall51 !re is always ! possibility ( its ris+ aga94 ,a l(ty ideal is plac$ be=e x4 ,all its mo/ *]i%$ beliefs po9t =w>d & upw>d4 ,9 ,islm !re is no reg5]ative p[]4 ,its gold5 age 0 9 ! pa/4 ,:5 ! "w ( conque/ is done1 :5 a ,muhammadan nation has to live by indu/ry1 intellig5ce & ?rift1 x always mis]ably fails4 ,9 ?is *apt] :i* mu/ n[ draw to a close1 ,i h tri$ to prove f au!ntic & au?oritative s\rces t #ca ! ,qurn alone is to no ,muslim ! sole guide ( life4 ,! fett]s ( a dogmatic sy/em fa/5 alike ar\nd ! individual & ! community4 ,islm is /]ile1 x gives no new bir? to ! _s ( a man1 leads him n 9 se>* ( new =ms ( tru?1 & s x c give no real life1 no la/+ vitality to a nation4#cd #cb ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,ijtih,d4 ,que/ions connect$ ) ,ijtihd are s important 9 ,islm1 t ,i ?9k x well to give 9 ! =m ( a note a full] & m te*nical acc\nt ( x1 ?an ,i c\ld d 9 ! ,*apt] j conclud$4 ,?is acc\nt :i* ,i %all n[ give is t ( a le>n$ ,musalmn1 & is1 !re=e1 ( ! highe/ value4 ,x consi/s ( extracts f an article 9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,quatrime ,srie1 tome1 #ae1 on ,le ,m>*e et les ,progres de la ,jurisprud5ce p>mi les ,sectes or?odoxes ,musalmanes by ,mirza ,kzim ,beg1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,x entirely supports all t has be5 said ( ! rigid "* ( ,muhammadan ,law1 & ( ! immobility ( sy/ems f\nd$ !reon4 ,or?odox ,musalmns admit ! foll[+ propositions z axioms4 #a4 ,god ! only legislator has %[n ! way ( felicity to ! p :om ,he has *os51 & 9 ord] to enable !m to walk 9 t way ,he has %[n to !m ! precepts :i* are f\nd1 p>tly 9 ! et]nal ,qurn1 & p>tly 9 ! say+s ( ! ,prophet transmitt$ to po/]ity by ! ,companions & pres]v$ 9 ! ,sunnat4 ,t way is call$ ! ,%>'at4 ,! rules !re( are call$ ,ahkm4 #b4 ,! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat1 :i* s9ce _! manife/ation are ! primitive s\rces ( ! ord]s ( ! ,law1 =m two bran*es ( /udy1 viz41 ,ilm-i-,tafsr1 or ! int]pretation ( ! ,qurn & ,ilm-i-,_hs1 or ! /udy ( ,tradition4 #c4 ,all ! ord]s ( ! ,law h reg>d ei!r to ! actions 7,dn71 or to ! belief 7,imn7 ( ! ,mukallifs4#ce #d4 ,z ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat are ! pr9cipal s\rces f :5ce ! precepts ( ! ,%>'at h be5 drawn1 s ! rules recogniz$ z ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( actual jurisprud5ce are ! subject ( ,ilm--,fiqh1 or ! sci5ce ( ,law4 ,fiqh 9 its root signifies conception1 compreh5sion4 ,?us ,muhammad pray$ = ,ibn ,mas'd3 ,may ,god make him #cc compreh5d 7,faqqihahu71 & make him "k ! int]pretation ( ! ,qurn4 ,muhammad 9 8 quality ( ,judge & *ief ( ! ,believ]s decid$1 )\t appeal or contradiction1 all ! affairs ( ! p4 ,8 say+s s]v$ z a guide to ! ,companions4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,prophet ! fir/ ,khalfs act$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,traditions4 ,mean:ile ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat1 ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( religion & legislation1 became little by little ! subject ( controv]sy4 ,x 0 !n t m5 appli$ !mselves vigor\sly to ! task ( le>n+ by he>t ! ,qurn & ! ,traditions1 & !n t jurisprud5ce became a sep>ate sci5ce4 ,no sci5ce _h z yet be5 sy/ematically taught1 & ! e>ly ,musalmns did n possess books :i* w\ld s]ve = su* tea*+4 ,a *ange soon1 h[ev]1 took place4 ,9 ! ye> 9 :i* ! great jurisconsult ( ,syria di$ 7,a4,h4 #hj7 ,n'imn b9 ,sabit1 surnam$ ,abu ,hanfa 0 born4 ,he is ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! f\nd]s ( ! s*ools ( jurisprud5ce1 a sci5ce :i* ranks fir/ 9 all ,muslim seats ( le>n+4 ,until t "t & = ?irty ye>s lat] ! ,mufassirs1#cf ! ,muhaddis1#cg & ! ,fuqih1#ch _h all _! k by he>t1 & ^? :o possess$ good memories 7 highly e/eem$4 ,_m ( !m knew by he>t ! :ole ,qurn ) ! comm5ts made on x by ! ,prophet & by ! ,companions2 !y also knew ! ,traditions & _! explanations1 & all ! comm&s 7,ahkm7 :i* proce$ f ! ,qurn1 & ! ,sunnat4 ,su* m5 enjoy$ ! "r ( ,mujtahidn4 ,!y transmitt$ _! k to _! s*ol>s orally4 ,x 0 n till t[>ds ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,a4,h4 t treatises on ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,law 7 writt51 aft] :i* six s*ools 7,mazhabs7 ( jurisprud5ce 7 =m$4 ,! f\nd]s1 all ,imms ( ! fir/ class1 7 ,abu ,hanfa1 ! ,imm-i-,a'zam or great ,imm 7,a4,h4 #aej71ci ,safian ,z-,sur 7,a4,h4 #afa71 ,mlik 7,a4,h4 #agi71 ,z-,%fa' 7,a4,h4 #bjd71 ,hanbal 7,a4,h4 #bda7 & ,imm ,dd ,az-,zah> 7,a4,h4 #bgj74 ,! two sects f\nd$ by ,sur & ,zah> became ext9ct 9 ! eigh? c5tury ( ! ,hijra4 ,! o!r f\r /ill rema94 ,^! m5 v5]at$ "o ano!r4 ,! y\ng] ones speak ) great respect ( ! eld]4 ,?us ,%fa' said3--,no "o 9 ! _w 0 s well v]s$ 9 jurisprud5ce z ,abu ,hanfa 01 & he :o has read nei!r 8 works1 nor ^? ( 8 disciples kn[s no?+ ( jurisprud5ce4 ,hanbal :5 sick wore a %irt :i* _h belong$ to ,%fa'1 9 ord] t he might be cur$ ( 8 malady2 b all ?is #cd did n prev5t !m />t+ s*ools ( _! own1 = ! "r ( ,ijtihd is grant$ to ^? :o are real ,mujtahidn4 ,!re are ?ree degrees ( ,ijtihd4 #a4 ,al-,ijtihd fi'l ,%>i'3 absolute indep5d5ce 9 legislation #b4 ,al-,ijtihd fi'l ,mazhab3 au?ority 9 ! judicial sy/ems f\nd$ by ! ,mujtahidn ( ! fir/ class4 #c4 ,al-,ijtihd fi'l ,masil3 au?ority 9 cases :i* h n be5 decid$ by ! au?ors ( ! f\r sy/ems ( jurisprud5ce4 ,! fir/ is call$ a complete & absolute au?ority1 ! second relative1 ! ?ird special4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,degree ,,( ,,ijtih,d4 ,absolute indep5d5ce 9 legislation is ! gift ( ,god4 ,he to :om x is giv5 :5 seek+ to discov] ! mean+ ( ! ,div9e ,law is n b\nd to foll[ any o!r tea*]4 ,he c use 8 own judgm5t4 ,?is gift 0 be/[$ on ! jurisconsults ( ! fir/1 & to "s 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,! ,companions1 h[ev]1 :o 7 closely connect$ ) ! ,prophet1 hav+ transmitt$ imm$iately to _! po/]ity ! treasures ( legislation1 are look$ ^u z ,mujtahidn ( mu* high] au?ority ?an ^? ( ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,?us ,abu ,hanfa says3--,t :i* comes to u f ! ,companions is on our head & eyes 7i4e41 to be receiv$ ) respect73 z to t :i* comes f ! ,tbi'n1 !y are m5 & we are m54 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! ,tbi'n ?is degree ( ,ijtihd has only be5 conf]r$ on ! six great ,imms4 ,!oretically any ,muslim c atta9 to ?is degree1 b x is "o ( ! pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce t ! confirmation ( ?is rank is dep5d5t on _m conditions1 & s no "o n[ ga9s ! hon\r4 ,^! conditions are3-- #a4 ,! k ( ! ,qurn & all t is relat$ to x2 t is to say1 a complete k ( ,arabic lit]ature1 a pr(\nd acqua9tance ) ! ord]s ( ! ,qurn & all _! sub-divisions1 _! relation%ip to ea* o!r & _! connection ) ! ord]s ( ! ,sunnat4 ,! c&idate %\ld "k :51 & :y ea* v]se ( ! ,qurn 0 writt51 he %\ld h a p]fect acqua9tance ) ! lit]al mean+ ( ! words1 ! speciality or g5]ality ( ea* clause1 ! abrogat+ & abrogat$ s5t5ces4 ,he %\ld be able to make cle> ! mean+ ( ! 'obscure' passages 7,muta%bih71 to discrim9ate betwe5 ! lit]al & ! allegorical1 ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul>4 #b4 ,he mu/ "k ! ,qurn by he>t ) all ! ,traditions & explanations4 #ce #c4 ,he mu/ h a p]fect k ( ! ,traditions1 or at lea/ ( ?ree ?\s& ( !m4 ,he mu/ "k _! s\rce1 hi/ory1 object & _! connection ) ! laws ( ! ,qurn4 ,he %\ld "k by he>t ! mo/ important ,traditions4 #d4 ,a pi\s & au/]e life4 #e4 ,a pr(\nd k ( all ! sci5ces ( ! ,law4 ,%\ld any "o n[ aspire to su* a degree ano!r condition w\ld be add$1 viz3-- #f4 ,a complete k ( ! f\r s*ools ( jurisprud5ce4 ,! ob/acles1 !n1 are almo/ insurm\ntable4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is ! sev]ity ( ! ',ulam1 :i* requires f ! c&idate ?+s almo/ impossible2 on ! o!r1 !re is ! atta*m5t ( ! ',ulam to _! own ,imms1 = %\ld su* a man arise no "o is b\nd n[ to li/5 to him4 ,imm ,hanbal said3--,draw y\r k f :5ce ! ,imms drew !irs1 & d n cont5t y\rself ) foll[+ o!rs = t is c]ta9ly bl9dness ( sight4 ,?us ! s*ools ( ! f\r ,imms rema9 intact aft] a ?\s& ye>s h pass$1 & s ! ',ulam recognise s9ce ! "t ( ^! ,imms no ,mujtahd ( ! fir/ degree4 ,ibn ,hanbal 0 ! la/4 ,! rights ( ! man :o atta9$ to ?is degree 7 v important4 ,he 0 n b\nd to be a disciple ( ano!r1 he 0 a m$iator betwe5 ! ,law & 8 foll[]s1 = :om he e/abli%$ a sy/em ( legislation1 )\t any "o hav+ ! "r to make any objection4 ,he _h ! "r to expla9 ! ,qurn1 ! ,sunnat & ! ,ijm' accord+ z he und]/ood !m4 ,he us$ ! ,prophet's words1 :il/ 8 disciples only us$ 84 ,%\ld a disciple f9d "s discrepancy betwe5 a decision ( 8 own ,imm & ! ,qurn or ,traditions1 he mu/ abide by ! decision ( ! ,imm4 ,! ,law does n p]mit him to int]pret aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,:5 once ! disciple has ent]$ ! sect ( "o ,imm he _c leave x & jo9 ano!r4 ,he loses ! "r ( private judgm5t1 = only a ,mujtahid ( ! fir/ class c dispute ! decision ( "o ( ! ,imms4 ,!oretically su* ,mujtahidn may /ill arise2 b1 z we h already %[n1 practically !y d n4 ,,! ,,second ,,degree ,,( ,,ijtih,d4 ,?is degree has be5 grant$ to ! imm$iate disciples ( ! great ,imms :o h elaborat$ ! sy/ems ( _! ma/]s4 ,!y enjoy$ ! special consid]ation ( ! contempor>y ',ulam1 & ( _! respective ,imms :o 9 "s cases h all[$ !m #cf to reta9 _! own op9ion4' ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! m5 are ! two disciples ( ,abu ,hanfa1 ,abu ,ysuf & ,muhammad b9 al ,hasan4 ,9 a second>y matt] _! op9ion c>ries great weight4 ,x is laid d[n z a rule t a ,muft may foll[ ! unanim\s op9ion ( ^! two ev5 :5 x goes aga9/ t ( ,abu ,hanfa4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,degree ,,( ,,ijtih,d4 ,?is is ! degree ( special indep5d5ce4 ,! c&idates = x %\ld h a p]fect k ( all ! bran*es ( jurisprud5ce accord+ to ! f\r s*ools ( ! ,arabic language & lit]ature4 ,!y c solve cases :i* come be=e !m1 giv+ reasons = _! judgm5t1 or decide on cases :i* h n be5 settl$ by previ\s ,mujtahidn2 b 9 ei!r case _! decisions mu/ always be 9 absolute accordance ) ! op9ions ( ! ,mujtahidn ( ! fir/ & second classes1 & ) ! pr9ciples :i* guid$ !m4 ,_m ( ^! m5 atta9$ great celebrity dur+ _! lifetime1 b to mo/ ( !m ?is rank is n accord$ till aft] _! dea?4 ,s9ce ,imm ,qz ,khn di$ 7,a4,h4 #eib71 no "o has be5 recognis$ by ! ,sunns z a ,mujtahid ev5 ( ! ?ird class4 ,!re are ?ree o!r inf]ior classes ( juri/s1 call$ ,muqallidn1 or foll[]s ( ! ,mujtahidn2 b all t ! highe/ 9 rank among/ !m c d is to expla9 obscure passages 9 ! writ+s ( ! old] jurisconsults4 ,by "s ( ! ',ulam !y are consid]$ to be equal to ! ,mujtahidn ( ! ?ird class4 ,if !re are sev]al conflict+ legal op9ions on any po9t1 !y c select "o op9ion on :i* to base _! decision4 ,?is a m]e ,qz _c d4 ,9 su* a case he w\ld h to ref] to ^? m51 or to _! writ+s = guidance4 ,!y seem to h writt5 comm5t>ies on ! legal sy/ems )\t orig9at+ any?+ new4 ,! au?or ( ! ,hidyah1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 0 a ,muqallid4 ,su* is ,mirza ,kzim ,beg's acc\nt4 ,! :ole article1 ( :i* ,i h only giv5 ! ma9 po9ts1 is wor?y ( ! close/ /udy4 ,x %[s h[ ! sy/em1 z a :ole1 rejects exp]i5ce z a guide to deep] insight or wid] k2 tramples ^u ! tea*+ ( ! pa/2 pays no he$ to diff]5ces ( climate1 "*1 or hi/ory2 b reg>ds itself z a body ( absolute tru?1 "o jot or tittle ( :i* _c be reject$ )\t incurr+ ! ev]la/+ wra? ( ,god4#dj #cg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,exegesis ,,( ,,! ,,qur,n ,,& ,,! ,,traditions4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is bran* ( ,muslim !ology1 te*nically call$ ',ilm-i-,ul1 may be introduc$ by a few rem>ks on ! nature ( inspiration accord+ to ,islm1 ?\gh t is n /rictly speak+ a portion ( ?is /udy4 ,!re are two t]ms us$ to express diff]5t degrees ( inspiration1 ,wah & ,ilhm4 ,wah is ! t]m appli$ to ! inspiration ( ! ,qurn1 & implies t ! v words are ! words ( ,god4 ,x is divid$ into ,wah ,zhir 7ext]nal inspiration71 & ,wah ,bt9 7int]nal inspiration74 ,! :ole book 0 prep>$ 9 heav54 ,muhammad1 in/ruct$ by ,gabriel1 is simply ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! revelation ( ,wah ,zhir rea*es man4 ,! ,wah ,qurn1 i4e41 ! highe/ =m ( inspiration1 always came to ! e> ( ! ,prophet ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ,gabriel4 ,9 ,muhammadan !ology1 ?is is ! special "w ( ,gabriel4 ,?us 9 ! ,traditions x is relat$ t he appe>$ to ,adam twelve times1 to ,eno* f\r1 to ,noah fifty1 to ,abraham =ty-two1 to ,moses f\r hundr$1 to ,jesus t5 times1 to ,muhammad tw5ty-f\r ?\s& times4 ,ilhm means ! inspiration giv5 to a sa9t or to a prophet :5 he1 ?\gh rightly guid$1 deliv]s ! subject matt] out ( 8 own m9d1 & is n a m]e ma*9e to reproduce ! messages ( ,gabriel4 ,!re is a l[] =m ( ,wah ,zhir1 :i* is call$ ,i%rat-ul-,malak 7lit]ally1 sign ( ! ,angel47 ,?is expresses :at ,muhammad meant :5 he said3 ,! ,holy ,gho/ has ent]$ into my he>t4 ,9 o!r words1 he receiv$ ! inspiration ?r\gh #ch ,gabriel1 b n by ^w ( m\?4 ,?is =m ( inspiration is high] ?an t possess$ by sa9ts1 & is usually appli$ to ! inspiration ( ! ,traditions4 ,?is is d5i$ by "s1 :o say t except :5 deliv]+ ! ,qurn ,muhammad spoke by ,ilhm & n by ,wah4 ,! practical belief is1 h[ev]1 t ! ,traditions 7 ,wah inspiration1 & ?us !y come to be z au?oritative z ! ,qurn4 ,%>a/ani speaks ( ! signs 7say+s7 ( ! ,prophet :i* h ! m>ks ( ,wah4#da ,?is op9ion is said by "s ,muslim !ologians to be support$ by ! fir/ v]se ( ! fifty-?ird ,sra1 entitl$ ! ,/>4 ,by ! ,/> :5 x sette?2 y\r companion ,muhammad erre? n1 nor is he l$ a/ray1 nei!r do? he speak ( 8 own w4 ,x is none o!r ?an a revelation :i* ha? be5 reveal$ to him4 ,9 any case ! inspiration ( ,muhammad is some?+ q diff]5t f ! ,*ri/ian idea ( inspiration1 :i* is to ,musalmns a v imp]fect mode ( transmitt+ a revelation ( ,god's w4 ,t !re %\ld be a human z well z a div9e side to inspiration is an idea n only =eign1 b absolutely repugnant to ,muhammadans4 ,! ,qurn is n a book ( pr9ciples4 ,x is a book ( directions4 ,! ,qurn describes ! revelation giv5 to ,moses ?us3--,we wrote = him ^u ! tables a monition conc]n+ e matt] & said3 ',receive !m ?yself ) /eadfa/ness1 & comm& ?y p to receive !m = ! obs]vance ( its mo/ goodly precepts4' 7,sra vii4 #adb74 ,x is su* an inspiration z ?is ! ,qurn claims = itself4 ,muhammad's idea 0 t x %\ld be a complete & f9al code ( directions 9 e matt] = all mank9d4 ,x is n ! ^w ( a prophet enlight5$ by ,god4 ,x proce$s imm$iately f ,god1 & ! ^w 'say' or 'speak' prec$es1 or is und]/ood to prec$e1 e s5t5ce4 ,?is to a ,muslim is ! highe/ =m ( inspiration2 ?is alone /amps a book z #ci div9e4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t ! ,injl--! ,gospel--0 giv5 by ,jesus2 b z t1 too1 accord+ to ,muslim belief1 0 br\ght d[n f heav5 by ! angel ,gabriel dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramazn1 x is n[ ass]t$ t x has be5 lo/1 & t ! f\r ,gospels ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are simply ,traditions collect$ by ! writ]s ^: names !y be>4 ,_! value is1 !re=e1 t ( ! second f\ndation ( ! ,islmic sy/em4 ,! "q next arises z to ! exact way 9 :i* ,gabriel made kn[n 8 message to ,muhammad4 ,! ,mudrij-un-,nabuwat1 a /&>d !ological "w1 gives "s details on ?is po9t4#db ,?\gh ! ,qurn is all ( ,god1 bo? z to matt] & =m1 yet x 0 n all made kn[n to ! ,prophet 9 "o & ! same mann]4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! modes3-- #a4 ,x is record$ on ! au?ority ( 'ye%a1 "o ( ,muhammad's wives1 t a brightness l ! brightness ( ! morn+ came ^u ! ,prophet4 ,accord+ to "s comm5tators ?is brightness rema9$ six mon?s4 ,9 "s my/]i\s way ,gabriel1 ?r\gh ?is brightness or vision1 made kn[n ! w ( ,god4 #b4 ,gabriel appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ,dahiah1 "o ( ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet1 r5[n$ = 8 beauty & gracefulness4 ,a le>n$ dispute has aris5 ) reg>d to ! abode ( ! s\l ( ,gabriel :5 he assum$ ! bodily =m ( ,dahiah4 ,at times1 ! angelic nature ( ,gabriel ov]came ,muhammad1 :o 0 !n translat$ to ! _w ( angels4 ,?is always happ5$ :5 ! revelation 0 "o ( bad news1 su* z d5unciations or pr$ictions ( woe4 ,at o!r times1 :5 ! message br\ght by ,gabriel 0 "o ( consolation & com=t1 ! human nature ( ! ,prophet ov]came ! angelic nature ( ! angel1 :o1 9 su* case1 hav+ assum$ a human =m1 proce$$ to deliv] ! message4 #dj #c4 ,! ,prophet he>d at times ! noise ( ! t9kl+ ( a bell4 ,to him alone 0 kn[n ! mean+ ( ! s\nd4 ,he alone c\ld di/+ui% 91 & ?r\gh x1 ! words :i* ,gabriel wi%$ him to und]/&4 ,! effect ( ?is mode ( ,wah 0 m m>vell\s ?an t ( any ( ! o!r ways4 ,:5 8 e> caught ! s\nd 8 :ole frame became agitat$4 ,on ! colde/ day1 ! p]spiration1 l beads ( silv]1 w\ld roll d[n 8 face4 ,! glori\s brightness ( 8 c\nt5ance gave place to a gha/ly hue1 :il/ ! way 9 :i* he b5t d[n 8 head %[$ ! int5sity ( ! emotion ?r\gh :i* he 0 pass+4 ,if rid+1 ! camel on :i* he sat w\ld fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! ,prophet "o day1 :5 recl9+ ) 8 head 9 ! lap ( ,zeid1 he>d ! well kn[n s\nd3 ,zeid1 too1 knew t some?+ unusual 0 happ5+1 = s heavy became ! head ( ,muhammad t x 0 ) ! greate/ difficulty he c\ld support ! weight4 #d4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,mi'rj1 or night asc5t into heav51 ,god spoke to ! ,prophet )\t ! int]v5tion ( an angel4 ,x is a disput$ po9t :e!r ! face ( ! ,"l 0 veil$ or n4 #e4 ,god sometimes appe>$ 9 a dream1 & plac+ 8 h&s on ! ,prophet's %\ld]s made kn[n 8 w4 #f4 ,twice1 angels hav+ ea* six hundr$ w+s1 appe>$ & br\ght ! message f ,god4 #g4 ,gabriel1 ?\gh n appe>+ 9 bodily =m1 s inspir$ ! he>t ( ! ,prophet t ! words he utt]$ "u its influ5ce 7 ! words ( ,god4 ,?is is te*nically call$ ,ilk1 & is by "s suppos$ to be ! degree ( inspiration to :i* ! ,traditions belong4 ,above all1 ! ,prophet 0 n all[$ to rema9 9 any error2 if1 by any *ance1 he _h made a wrong d$uction f any previ\s revelation1 ano!r 0 always s5t to rectify x4 ,?is idea has be5 work$ up to a sci5ce ( abrogation1 accord+ to :i* "s v]ses ( ! ,qurn abrogate o!rs4 ,muhammad f\nd x necess>y to %ift #da 8 /&-po9t m ?an once1 & ?us x became necess>y to annul e>li] portions ( 8 revelation4 ,?us 9 v>i\s ways 0 ! revelation made kn[n to ,muhammad4 ,at fir/ !re seems to h be5 a season ( d\bt 7,ante p4 #c71 ! dread le/ aft] all x might be a mock]y4 ,b z ye>s roll$ on confid5ce 9 himself & 9 8 mission came4 ,at times1 too1 !re is a joy\sness 9 8 utt]ances z he swe>s by heav5 & e>?1 by ,god & man2 b m (t5 ! visions 7 weird & t]rible4 ,tradition says3--,he ro>$ l a camel1 ! s\nd z ( bells well-nigh r5t 8 he>t 9 pieces4 ,"s /range p[] mov$ him1 8 fe> 0 uncontrollable4 ,= tw5ty ye>s or m ! revelations came1 a direction on ?+s ( heav5 & ( e>?1 to ! ,prophet z ! spiritual guide ( all m51#dc to ! ,w>rior-,*ief1 z ! f\nd] ( political unity among ! ,arab tribes4 ,a ,muhammadan /ud5t1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a c\rse ( in/ruction 9 gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic1 law1 & dogmatics1 at l5g? rea*es ! /age :5 he is p]mitt$ to ent] ^u ! /udy ( ',ilm-i-ul1 or ! exegesis ( ! ,qurn1 & ! inspir$ say+s ( ! ,prophet4 ,?is done1 he c h5ce=? read ! approv$ comm5t>ies 9 ord] to le>n :at ! ,fa!rs ( ,islm h to say4 ,?is sci5ce 9 "o way fits him to be a comm5tator1 = ! "w ( a ,muslim div9e n[ is1 n to br+ ?+s new & old out ( ! sacr$ book1 b to h& d[n to o!rs ! ?+s old4 ,!re is no indwell+ _s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,islm :i* c reveal to ! dev\t m9d new views ( tru?1 or lead ! pi\s s*ol> on to deep] & m pr(\nd k4 ,! greate/ pr(ici5t 9 !ology is ! man :o c repeat ! ,qurn by he>t1 :o kn[s also & c reproduce at w :at ! e>ly comm5tators h said1 :o c rememb]1 & quote 9 ! mo/ apposite mann]1 ! #db ,prophet's say+s pres]v$ 9 ! ,traditions h&$ d[n by ! ,companions1 _! foll[]s1 & _! foll[]s' foll[]s1 :o c po9t out a flaw 9 ! ,isnd 7i4e4 *a9 ( n>rators7 ( a ,tradition quot$ by an oppon5t1 or ma9ta91 by repeat+ ! long li/ ( names1 ! au?ority ( ! ,isnd ( ! ,tradition he quotes himself4 ,a good memory1 n critical acum51 is ! great desid]atum 9 a ,muslim !ologian4 ,! *ief qualification ( a ,hfiz1 a man :o c repeat ! :ole ,qurn by he>t1 is n t he %all und]/& its mean+1 b t he %all be able to pron\nce ea* ^w correctly4 ,by m5 :o are n ,arabs by bir?1 ?is is only to be atta9$ aft] ye>s ( practice f *ildhood4 ,! ,sunns say t no ,%a'h c ev] become a ,hfiz1 f :i* fact !y draw ! conclusion t ! ,%a'hs are h]etics4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,islm1 ! great au?orities on ! "q ( ! correct pronunciation ( ! ,qurn 7 ! ,khalfs ,abu ,bakr1 ,om>1 ,osmn1 & ',al1 & t5 ( ! ,companions1 :o le>n$ f ! ,prophet himself ! exact way 9 :i* ,gabriel _h spok54 ,! ,arabic ( heav5 0 ! ,arabic ( ,islm4 ,! ef=t1 h[ev]1 to pres]ve "o uni=m me?od ( repeat+ ! ,qurn fail$4 ,m5 ( o!r l&s c\ld n acquire ! pure intonation ( ,mecca1 & s no less ?an sev5 diff]5t ways ( read+ ! sacr$ book became curr5t4 ,"h 0 a great difficulty1 b x prov$ surm\ntable4 ,abu ,ibn ,kb1 "o ( ! ,companions1 _h become s fam\s z a read] t ! ,prophet himself said3 read ! ,qurn "u ,abu ,ibn ,kb4 ,^! m5 rememb]$ t ,abu ,ibn ,kb _h /at$1 t "o day :5 sc&aliz$ at man aft] man :o ent]$ ! mosque repeat+ ! ,qurn 9 diff]5t ways1 he spoke to ,muhammad ab\t x4 ,8 ,highness said3 ,o ,abu ,ibn ,kb6 intellig5ce 0 s5t to me to read ! ,qurn 9 "o dialect1 & ,i 0 att5tive to ! ,c\rt ( ,god1 & said3 'make easy ! read+ ( ! ,qurn to my sects4' ,^! in/ructions 7 s5t to me a second "t say+3 'read ! #dc ,qurn 9 two dialects4' ,!n ,i turn$ myself to ! ,c\rt ( ,god say+3 'make easy ! read+ ( ! ,qurn to my sects4' ,!n a voice 0 s5t to me ! ?ird "t say+3 'read ! ,qurn 9 sev5 dialects4' ,?is remov$ all difficulty1 & ! =esight display$ by ! ,prophet 9 ?us obta9+ a div9e sanction = ! v>i\s ways ( read+ 0 look$ ^u z a pro( ( 8 inspiration4 ,?us arose ! haft qir1at1 or sev5 read+s ( ! ,qurn1 n[ recognis$4 ,9 ! ,qurn compil$ by ! ord] ( ! ,khalf ,osmn !re 7 no v[el-po9ts1 b :5 m5 ( o!r c\ntries embrac$ ,islm !y f\nd great difficulty 9 ma/]+ ,arabic4 ,khalid b9 ,ahmad1 a great gramm>ian1 !n inv5t$ ! %ort v[els & o!r diacritical m>ks4 ,! sev5 fam\s ,read]s ^: names h be5 giv5 to ! v>i\s modes ( read+1 are ,imm ,nafi ( ,madna1 ,imm ,ibn-i-,kasir ( ,mecca1 ,imm ,abu ',umr ( ,basra1 ,imm ,hamza ( ,kufa1 ,imm ,ibn ',amir ( ,syria1 ,imm 'sim ( ,kufa1 ,imm ,kise ( ,kufa4#dd ,^! le>n$ m5 affix$ diff]5t v[el-po9ts 9 _m places 9 ! ,qurn1 & ?us slight diff]5ces ( mean+ arose4 ,9 ,india ! qir1at--read+1--( ,imm 'sim is foll[$ by bo? ,sunns & ,%a'hs4 ,!re are ?ree read+s ( less] note all[able :5 read+ ! ,qurn privately1 b n :5 read+ any "p 9 a liturgical s]vice4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramazn ! ,qurn is repeat$ e night 9 ! mosque1 x be+ s arrang$ t "o-?irtie? "p %all be recit$ ea* night4 ,! ,imm ( ! mosque1 or public ,read]1 7,qr7 :o comm5ces accord+ to "o ( ! sev5 recognis$ read+s 7qir1at71 mu/ keep to ! same all ! mon?4 ,z he has to recite )\t a book ?is involves a great ex]cise ( ! memory4 ,a good ,hfiz w "k ! :ole sev5 v>ieties4 ,! v>i\s read+s ?us introduc$1 ?\gh #dd unimportant 9 _! nature1#de am\nt to ab\t five hundr$ 9 numb]4 ,! foll[+ are a few illu/rations4 ,9 ! second ,sra ,abu ',umr reads3 ,nor %all ye be que/ion$ conc]n+ t :i* !y h done2 b 'sim reads3 ,t :i* ye h done4 ,?is is caus$ by putt+ two dots above ! l9e in/ead ( bel[ x4 ,aga9 'sim reads3 ,ent] ye ! gates ( hell 7,sra xxxix4 #gc71 b ,nafi reads3 ,ye w be made to ent] hell1--t is1 by a slight *ange ! passive is sub/itut$ = ! active voice4 ,^! are fair samples ( ! re/4 ,no doctr9e1 s f> z ,i "k1 is t\*$1 b ! way 9 :i* ,tradition records ! ,prophet's anticipation ( ! difficulty is in/ructive to ! /ud5t ( ,islm4 ,at times1 too1 fi]ce disputes h aris5 betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ! sev5 fam\s ,read]s ^: names ,i h giv5 above4 ,9 ! ye> #ice ,a4,h41 ,ibn ,%anabud1 a resid5t ( ,baghdd1 v5tur$ to introduce "s diff]5t read+s 9 8 recital ( ! ,qurn4 ,! p ( ,baghdd1 n kn[+ ^!1 7 furi\s1 & ! ,khalf 0 compell$ to ca/ ! (f5d] into prison4 ,a ,c\ncil ( div9es 0 call$ toge!r1 be=e :om ! unhappy ,ibn ,%anabud 0 produc$4 ,= a :ile he ma9ta9$ ! correctness ( 8 read+s1 b aft] be+ :ipp$ sev5 times he said3 ,i r5\nce my mann] ( read+1 & 9 future ,i %all foll[ no o!r ?an t ( ! manuscript drawn up by ! ,khalf ,osmn1 & t :i* is g5]ally receiv$4#df ,closely connect$ ) ?is subject is ! hi/ory ( ! rise ( ! sci5ce ( gramm>4 ,z ,islm spread1 x became necess>y to exp\nd ! ,qurn to p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ,arabic4 ,! sci5ce ( gramm> !n became an important bran* ( /udy1 & ! collection ( ,traditions a necess>y duty4 ,! ,fai?ful 7 = a long "t 9 #de d\bt z to ! lawfulness ( apply+ ! laws ( gramm> to s sacr$ a book4 ,!re 0 no comm& 9 ! book itself to d s1 nor _h ! ,prophet giv5 any directions on ?is po9t4 ,x 0 !n nei!r f>z nor sunnat1 t is1 nei!r a comm& bas$ on ! ,qurn nor "o bas$ on any say+ or act ( ! ,prophet4 ,! ,traditions1 h[ev]1 solve ! difficulty4 ,al ,mamun1 ! di/+ui%$ ?\gh h]etical ,khalf ( ,baghdd1 0 a patron ( ,al ,f>ra1 ! *ief ( gramm>ians4 ,a di/+ui%$ pupil ( 81 ,abu'l ',abbs ,?alub1 on 8 dea?-b$ express$ 8 belief 9 ! fact t ! ,qurni/s1 ! ,traditioni/s1 & o!rs1 _h ga9$ _! heav5ly rew>d1 b he _h be5 only a gramm>ian1 & gramm> aft] all 01 9 connection ) ! ,qurn1 a sci5ce ( d\btful legality4 ,! fri5d to :om he told 8 d\bts & fe>s w5t home & saw a vision4 ,x is record$ t he _h a vision 9 8 sleep t v night1 9 :i* he saw ! bless$ ,prophet1 :o said to him3 ,give my greet+ to ,abu'l ',abbs ,?alub1 & say1 '?\ art ma/] ( ! sup]ior sci5ce4' ,! ,prophet _h n[ spok51 & h5ce=? gramm> became a lawful /udy 9 ,islm4 ,muslims n[ quote ! ,qurn z a p]fect model ( /yle2 x may be well to rememb] t ! rules h be5 made = x1 & t1 !re=e1 x is b natural t x %\ld be p]fect accord+ to ! pres5t canons ( ,arabic gramm>4#dg ,! "q ( ! int]pretation ( ! text spe$ily became a v important bran* ( ! ',ilm-i-ul4 ,x is said t ! ,qurn 0 br\ght f ,p>adise by ,gabriel to ,muhammad z occasion requir$4 ,! ,prophet 0 reproa*$ = n hav+ a complete revelation1 & #df answ]$ ! reproa* by ! foll[+ v]se1 s5t = ! purpose4 ,! infidels say1 'unless ! ,qurn be s5t d[n to him all at once'--b 9 ?is way we e/abli% ?y he>t 9 x1 9 p>cels h we p>cell$ x out to !e 7,sra xxv4 #cd74 ,! revelation ?us giv5 is entirely objective2 x came to ! e> ( ! ,prophet ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ,gabriel4 ,yet x is a glori\s ,qurn1 writt5 on ! pres]v$ ,table4 7,sra lxxxv4 #bb74 ,gabriel addresses ! ,prophet ?us3 ,:5 we h recit$ x !n foll[ ?\ ! recital4 7,sra lxxv4 #ah74 ,! ext]nal mode 9 :i* x came is ref]r$ to 9 ! v]se3 ,we h s5t d[n to !e an ,arabic ,qurn4 7,sra xx4 #aab74 ,! fragm5t>y way 9 :i* ! ,qurn 0 giv5#dh 0 n )\t its difficulties4 ,"s passages contradict$ o!rs1 "s 7 difficult to und]/&4 ,to ! ,prophet alone 0 ! solution kn[n4 ,! k he communicat$ to 8 imm$iate foll[]s1 ! ,companions1 z !y are call$1 ?us3 ,to !e h we s5t d[n ?is book ( monitions1 t ?\ maye/ make cle> to m5 :at ha? be5 s5t d[n to !m4 7,sra xvi4 #df74 ,ibn ,khald\n says3 ,! ,prophet unfold$ ! mean+1 di/+ui%$ betwe5 abrogat$ & abrogat+ v]ses1 #dg & communicat$ ?is k to 8 ,companions4 ,x 0 f 8 m\? t !y knew ! mean+ ( ! v]ses & ! circum/ances :i* l$ to ea* di/9ct revelation be+ made4#di ,! ,companions ?us in/ruct$ became p]fectly famili> ) ! :ole revelation4 ,?is k !y h&$ d[n by ^w ( m\? to _! foll[]s1 ! ,tba'n1 :o 9 _! turn pass$ x on to _! foll[]s ! ,taba-i-,tba'n4 ,! art ( writ+ !n became common1 & ! bus9ess ( ! comm5tator h5ce=? 0 to collect toge!r ! say+s ( ! ,companions ?us h&$ d[n4 ,criticism ( a passage 9 ! ,qurn 0 n 8 duty1 criticism ( a comm5t made on x by a ,companion 0 beyond 8 prov9ce3 ! fir/ 0 too sacr$ to be t\*$1 ! second mu/ be accept$ if only ! *a9 ( n>rators ( ! /atem5t 7 p]fect4 ,?us e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islm 7 ! pr9ciples ( exegesis fix$ & settl$4 ,e ^w1 e s5t5ce1 has n[ its place & class4 ,! comm5tator has n[ only to reproduce :at 0 writt5 be=e1#ej ?\gh he may 9 elucidation ( ! po9t1 br+ =? "s ,tradition hi!rto unnotic$1 :i* w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a difficult ?+ to d4 ,x w ?us be se5 t any?+ l ! "w ( a ,*ri/ian comm5tator1 ) all its fre% life & new ideas1 is n to be _h 9 ,islm4 ,! p]fection ( its exegesis is its dogmatic & antique nature-- ,:ile z ! _w rolls on f age to age1 ,& realms ( ?\ght exp&1 ,! lett] /&s )\t expanse or range1 ,/iff z a dead man's h&4 ,! te*nical t]ms :i* ! /ud5t mu/ "k1 & #dh ! def9itions ( :i* he mu/ und]/&1 are ^? :i* relate to ! nature ( ! words1 ! s5t5ces1 ! use ( ! words ( ! ,qurn1 & ! d$uction ( argum5ts f passages 9 ! book4 ,i4 ,! words ( ! ,qurn are divid$ into f\r classes4 #a4 ,khss1 or special words4 ,^! are sub-divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,fir/1 words :i* relate to g5us1 e4g4 mank9d4 ,secondly1 words :i* relate to species1 e4g4 a man1 :i* ref]s to m5 z di/+ui%$ f wom54 ,?irdly1 words :i* relate to special individuality1 e4g4 ,zeid1 :i* is ! "n ( a special individual4 #b4 ',amm1 or common or collective names1 su* z p4 #c4 ,mu%t>ik1 or words :i* h sev]al significations1 z ! ,arabic ^w 'a91 :i* may mean an eye1 a f\nta91 or ! sun4 ,aga91 ! ^w ,sult1 if connect$ ) ,god1 may mean m]cy1 z ,sult ,ullh1 ! m]cy ( ,god2 if ) man1 x may mean ei!r namz1 a /at$ liturgical s]vice1 or du'a1 pray] 9 its ord9>y s5se1 e4g4 ,sult-ul-,i/isq 7pray] 9 "t ( dr\ght7 is du'a1 n namz4 #d4 ,muawwal1 words :i* h sev]al significations1 all ( :i* are possible1 & s a special explanation is requir$4 ,= example1 ,sra cviii4 #b1 reads ?us 9 ,sale's translation4 ,:]e=e pray unto ! ,"l & slay 7! victims74 ,! ^w translat$ slay is 9 ,arabic nahr1 :i* has _m mean+s4 ,! foll[]s ( ! great ,legi/ ,abu ,hanfa r5d] x1 sacrifice1 & add ! words 7! victims74 ,! foll[]s ( ,ibn ,%fa' say x means plac+ ! h&s on ! brea/ 9 pray]4 ,?is illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mu%t>ik & ,muawwal4 ,9 ! =m]1 only "o mean+ is all[able1 & t mean+ ! context settles2 9 ! latt] bo? mean+s are all[able & bo? "r4 ,^! divisions ( words hav+ be5 well ma/]$ & ! p[] ( def9+ any ^w 9 ! ,qurn ga9$1 ! #di /ud5t passes on to consid] ! nature ( ! s5t5ces4 ,^! are divid$ into two great classes1--! ,obvi\s1 & ! ,hidd54 ,?is division is ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,qurn4 ,he x is :o ha? s5t d[n to !e ! book4 ,"s ( its signs are ( !mselves p]spicu\s2 ^! are ! basis 7lit]ally "m7 ( ! book1 & o!rs are figurative4 ,b !y ^: he>ts are giv5 to err foll[ its figures1 crav+ discord1 crav+ an int]pretation2 yet none "k its int]pretation1 b ,god4#ea ,& ! /able 9 k say3 ',we believe 9 x1 x is all f ,god4' 7,sra iii4 #c74 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! division ( ! :ole book into lit]al & allegorical /atem5ts4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ^! correctly ! comm5tator mu/ "k 7#a7 ! reason :y1 7#b7 ! place :]e1 7#c7 ! "t :51 ! p>ticul> passage he is exp\nd+ 0 reveal$2 he mu/ "k :e!r x abrogates or is abrogat$1 :e!r x is 9 its prop] ord] & place or n2 :e!r x conta9s its mean+ )9 itself or ne$s ! light :i* ! context ?r[s ^u x2 he mu/ "k all ! ,traditions :i* be> ^u x1 & ! au?ority = ea* su* ,tradition4 ,?is effectually conf9es ! ord] ( comm5tators 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w to ! ,companions1 & supplies ! reason :y comm5tators s9ce !n simply reproduce _! op9ions4#eb ,b to return f ?is digression4 ,s5t5ces are ,zhir--,obvi\s1 or ,khaf--,hidd54 ,obvi\s s5t5ces are divid$ into f\r classes4 ,i4 7#a74 ,zhir1 or obvi\s1 ! mean+ ( :i* is s cle> t he :o he>s x at once und]/&s its mean+ #ej )\t seek+ = any explanation4 ,?is k9d ( s5t5ce may be abrogat$4 ,unless abrogat$1 action 9 accordance ) x is to be consid]$ z ! express comm& ( ,god4 ,all p5al laws & ! rules regulat+ ! sub/itution ( "o religi\s act = ano!r1 e4g4 almsgiv+ in/ead ( fa/+1 mu/ be bas$ on ?is1 ! cle>e/ ( ! obvi\s s5t5ces4 7#b74 ,nass1 a ^w commonly us$ = a text ( ! ,qurn1 b 9 its te*nical mean+ "h express+ :at is meant by a s5t5ce1 ! mean+ ( :i* is made cle> by "s ^w :i* occurs 9 x4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce illu/rates bo? ,zhir & ,nass3 ,take 9 m>riage ( su* o!r wom5 z please y1 two1 ?ree1 f\r4 ,?is s5t5ce is ,zhir1 because m>riage is "h decl>$ lawful2 x is ,nass1 because ! words "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 :i* occur 9 ! s5t5ce1 %[ ! unlawfulness ( hav+ m ?an f\r wives4 7#c74 ,mufassir1 or expla9$4 ,?is is a s5t5ce :i* ne$s "s ^w 9 x to expla9 x & make x cle>4 ,?us3 ,& ! angels pro/rat$ !mselves1 all ( !m ) "o accord1 save ,iblis 7,satan74 ,"h ! words save ,iblis1 %[ t he did n pro/rate himself4 ,?is k9d ( s5t5ce may be abrogat$4 7#d74 ,mukham1 or p]spicu\s4 ,?is is a s5t5ce z to ! mean+ ( :i* !re c be no d\bt1 & :i* _c be controv]t$1 ?us3 ,god kn[e? all ?+s4 ,?is k9d ( s5t5ce _c be abrogat$4 ,to act on su* s5t5ces )\t dep>t+ f ! lit]al s5se is ! highe/ degree ( ob$i5ce to ,god's comm&4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! s5t5ces is se5 :5 !re is a real or app>5t contradiction betwe5 !m4 ,if su* %\ld occur1 ! fir/ mu/ give place to ! second1 & s on4 ,?us ,mukham _c be abrogat$ or *ang$ by any ( ! prec$+1 or ,mufassir by ,nass1 c4 ,! o!r great division ( s5t5ces is t ( ,,ii4 7#a74 ,khaf or hidd54 ,su* are ^? s5t5ces 9 #ea :i* o!r p]sons or ?+s are hidd5 b5ea? ! pla9 mean+ ( a ^w or expression conta9$ !re91 z3 z = a ?ief1 :e!r male or female1 cut ye (f _! h&s 9 recomp5se = _! do+s4 7,sra v4 #db74 ,! ^w = ?ief is ,sriq1 & 9 ?is passage x is und]/ood to include highwaym51 pickpockets1 plund]]s ( ! dead1 c4 ,^! mean+s are ,khaf or hidd5 "u x4 7#b74 ,muskhil1 or ambigu\s1 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z an illu/ration3 ,& 7_! att5dants7 %all g r\nd ab\t !m ) vessels ( silv] & goblets4 ,! bottles %all be bottles ( silv]4 ,! difficulty "h is t bottles are n made ( silv]1 b ( glass4 ,! comm5tators say1 h[ev]1 t glass is dull 9 col\r1 ?\gh x has "s lu/re1 :il/ silv] is :ite1 & n s bright z glass4 ,n[ x may be1 t ! bottles ( ,p>adise w be l glass bottles z reg>ds _! lu/re1 & l silv] z reg>ds _! col\r4 ,b anyh[1 x is v difficult to asc]ta9 ! mean+4 7#c47 ,mujmal4 ,^! are1 fir/1 s5t5ces :i* may h a v>iety ( int]pretations1 ow+ to ! words 9 !m be+ capable ( sev]al mean+s2 9 t case ! mean+ :i* is giv5 to ! s5t5ce 9 ! ,traditions relat+ to x %\ld be act$ on & accept$4 ,secondly1 ! s5t5ce may conta9 "s v r>e ^w1 & ?us its mean+ may be d\btful1 z3 ,man truly is by creation ha/y4 7,sra lxx4 #ai47 ,9 ?is v]se ! ^w hal'--ha/y--occurs4 ,x is v r>ely us$1 & _h x n be5 = ! foll[+ words1 :5 evil t\*e? him1 he is full ( compla9t2 b :5 good befalle? him1 he become? nigg>dly1 its mean+ w\ld n h be5 at all easy to und]/&4 ,! foll[+ is an illu/ration ( ! fir/ k9d ( ,mujmal s5t5ces3 ,/& = pray] 7salt7 & give alms1 7zakt47 ,bo? salt & zakt are ',mu%t>ik' words4 ,! p1 !re=e1 did n und]/& ?is v]se1 s !y appli$ to ,muhammad = an explanation4 ,he expla9$ to !m t salt might mean ! ritual ( public pray]1 #eb /&+ to say ! words ,god is great1 or /&+ to repeat a few v]ses ( ! ,qurn2 or x might mean private pray]4 ,! primitive mean+ ( zakt is gr[+4 ,! ,prophet1 h[ev]1 fix$ ! mean+ "h to t ( almsgiv+1 & said1 ,give ( y\r sub/ance "o-=tie? "p4 7#d47 ,muta%bih4 ,^! are s5t5ces s difficult t m5 _c und]/& !m1 a fact ref]r$ to 9 ,sra iii4 #c4 7,ante4 p4 #di71 nor w !y d s until ! day ( resurrection4 ,! ,prophet1 h[ev]1 knew _! mean+4 ,su* portions are ! lett]s ,a1 ,l1 ,m2 ,a1 ,l1 ,r2 ,y1 ,a at ! comm5cem5t ( "s ( ! ,sras4#ec ,su* expressions also z ,god's h&1 ,! face ( ,god1 ,god sitte?1 c41 come "u ?is category4 ,! next po9t to be consid]$ is ! use ( words 9 ! ,qurn1 & "h aga9 ! same symmetrical division into f\r classes is f\nd1 viz3-- 7#a47 ,haqqat1 t is1 words :i* are us$ 9 _! lit]al mean+1 z ruk'1 a pro/ration1 & salt 9 ! s5se ( pray]4 7#b47 ,majz1 or words :i* are us$ 9 a figurative s5se1 z salt 9 ! s5se ( nmz a liturgical s]vice4 7#c47 ,s>h1 or words ! mean+ ( :i* is q evid5t1 z1 ,?\ art divorc$1 ,?\ art free4 7#d47 ,k9ayh1 or words :i*1 be+ us$ 9 a metaphorical s5se1 require ! aid ( ! context to make _! mean+ cle>1 z3 ,?\ art sep>at$1 :i* may1 z x #ec /&s alone1 mean ,?\ art divorc$4 ,?is class also includes all pron\ns ! mean+ ( :i* is only to be kn[n f ! context1 e4g4 "o day ! ,prophet n kn[+ :o knock$ at 8 door said1 ,:o art ?\8 ,! man repli$1 ,x is ,i4 ,muhammad answ]$1 ,:y do/ ?\ say ,i1 ,i8 ,say ?y "n t ,i may "k :o ?\ art4 ,! pron\n ,i is "h 'k9ayh4' ,! mo/ important & mo/ difficult bran* ( exegesis is i/idll1 or ! sci5ce ( d$uc+ argum5ts f ! ,qurn4 ,?is too is divid$ into f\r sections1 z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,ibrat1 or ! pla9 s5t5ce4 ,mo!rs1 aft] !y are divorc$1 %all give suck unto _! *ildr5 two full ye>s1 & ! fa!r %all be oblig$ to ma9ta9 !m & clo! !m accord+ to t :i* is reasonable4 7,sra ii4 #bcc47 ,f ?is v]se two d$uctions are made4 ,fir/1 f ! fact t ! ^w !m is 9 ! fem99e plural1 x mu/ ref] to ! mo!rs & n to ! *ildr52 secondly1 z ! duty ( support+ ! "m is incumb5t on ! fa!r1 x %[s t ! relation%ip ( ! *ild is clos] ) ! fa!r ?an ) ! "m4 ,p5al laws may be bas$ on a d$uction ( ?is k9d4 7#b47 ,i%rat1 t is1 a sign or h9t :i* may be giv5 f ! ord] 9 :i* ! words are plac$4 7#c47 ,dallat1 or ! argum5t :i* may be d$uc$ f ! use ( "s special ^w 9 ! v]se1 z3 say n to y\r p>5ts1 ,fie 7,arabic uff7 7,sra xvii4 #bc74 ,f ! use ( ! ^w uff1 x is argu$ t *ildr5 may n beat or abuse _! p>5ts4 ,p5al laws may be bas$ on dallat1 ?us3 ,_! aim w be to abet disord] on ! e>?2 b ,god love? n ! abettors ( disord]4 7,sra v4 #fi47 ,! ^w translat$ aim is 9 ,arabic lit]ally yasa'na1 !y run4 ,f ?is ! argum5t is d$uc$ t z highwaym5 w&] ab\t1 !y are includ$ among/ ^? :om ,god love? n1 & t1 !re=e1 ! sev]e/ puni%m5t may be giv5 to #ed !m1 = any d$uction t comes "u ! head ( dallat is a suffici5t basis = ! =mation ( ! sev]e/ p5al laws4 7#d47 ,iqtiz4 ,?is is a d$uction :i* dem&s c]ta9 conditions3 :osoev] kille? a believ] by mis*ance1 %all be b\nd to free a believ] f slav]y4 7,sra iv4 #id74 ,z a man has no au?ority to free 8 neighb\r's slave1 ! condition "h requir$1 ?\gh n express$1 is t ! slave %\ld be 8 own prop]ty4 ,! ,qurn is divid$ into3-- 7#a74 ,h>f 7plural ,hurf71 lett]s4 ,! numb]s giv5 by diff]5t au?orities v>y4 ,9 "o /&>d book x is said t !re are #cch1fjf lett]s4 7#b74 ,kalima 7plural ,kalimt71 words1 /at$ by "s to am\nt to #gi1jhg2 by o!rs to #gg1icd4 7#c74 yat 7plural yt71 v]ses4 yat really means a sign1 & 0 ! "n giv5 by ,muhammad to %ort sections or v]ses ( ! ,qurn4 ,! end ( a v]se is det]m9$ by ! position ( a small circle 7474 ,! e>ly ,qurn ,read]s did n agree z to ! position ( ^! circles1 & s five diff]5t ways ( arrang+ !m h aris54 ,?is acc\nts = a v>iation 9 ! numb] ( v]ses 9 v>i\s editions4 ,! v>ieties are3-- 7#a74 ,kfa v]ses4 ,! ,read]s 9 ! city ( ,kfa say t !y foll[$ ! cu/om ( ',al4 ,_! way ( reckon+ is g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,india4 ,!y reckon #f1bci v]ses4 7#b74 ,basra v]ses4 ,! ,read]s ( ,basra foll[ ',asim b9 ,hajjj1 a ,companion4 ,!y reckon #f1bjd4 7#c74 ,%mi v]ses4 ,! ,read]s 9 ,syria 7,%m7 foll[$ ,abd-ullh b9 ',umr1 a ,companion4 ,!y reckon #f1bbe v]ses4 7#d74 ,mecca v]ses4 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t !re are #f1bai v]ses4 7#e74 ,madna v]ses4 ,?is way ( read+ conta9s #f1baa v]ses4 #ee ,9 ea* ( ! above v>ieties ! v]se ,bismillh 79 ! "n ( ,god7 is n reckon$4 ,x occurs #aac times 9 ! ,qurn4 ,?is div]sity ( punctuation does n g5]ally affect ! mean+ ( any important passage4 ,! ?ird v]se ( ! ?ird ,sra is an important exception4 ,! position ( ! circle 7471 ! symbol d5ot+ a full /op1 9 t v]se is ( ! highe/ importance 9 connection ) ! rise ( s*ola/icism 7',ilm-i-kalm7 9 ,islm4 ,mo/ ( ! cases1 h[ev]1 are l ! foll[+3-- ,9 ,sra xxvii4 an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! ,que5 ( ,%eba's receiv+ a lett] f ,k+ ,solomon4 ,address+ h] nobles %e said3 ,v]ily1 ,k+s1 :5 !y ent] a city 7by =ce7 wa/e ! same1 & abase ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! inhabitants h]e(3 & s w 7^!7 d 7) u74 ,_m ,read]s put ! full /op aft] ! ^w h]e(1 & say t ,god is ! speak] ( ! words & s w !y d4 7#d74 ,sra1 or *apt]4 ,! ^w ,sra means a r[ or s]ies1 su* z a l9e ( bricks arrang$ 9 a wall1 b x is n[ exclusively us$ = *apt]s 9 ! ,qurn4 ,^! are "o hundr$ & f\rte5 9 numb]4 ,! ,sras are n numb]$ 9 ! orig9al ,arabic1 b ea* "o has "s approximate "n1 7z ,baqr--! c[1 ,nis--wom51 c417 g5]ally tak5 f "s expression :i* occurs 9 x4 ,!y are n arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 b accord+ to _! l5g?4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! %ort] ,sras :i* conta9 ! !ology ( ,islm1 belong to ! ,meccan p]iod ( ! ,prophet's c>e]1#ed & ! long] ones relat+ *iefly to social duties & relation%ips1 to ! organisation ( ,islm z a civil polity1 to ! "t :5 he 0 consolidat+ 8 p[] at ,madna4 ,! be/ way1 !re=e1 to #ef read ! ,qurn1 is to beg9 at ! end4 ,! attempt to arrange ! ,sras 9 due ord]1 is a v difficult "o1 &1 aft] all1 c only be approximately correct4#ee ,c>lyle ref]r+ to ! confus$ mass ( endless it]ations1 long w9d$ness1 entanglem5t1 mo/ crude1 incondite says3 no?+ b a s5se ( duty c\ld c>ry any ,european ?r\gh ! ,qurn4 ,:5 re-arrang$ ! book becomes m intelligible4 ,! *ief te/s = su* re-arrangem5t are ! /yle & ! matt]4 ,!re is a v di/9ct diff]5ce 9 bo? ( ^! respects betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] ,sras4 ,! ref]5ces to hi/orical ev5ts sometimes give a clue4 ,individual ,sras are (t5 v composite 9 _! "*1 b1 su* z !y are1 !y h be5 f ! beg9n+4 ,! rec5sion made by ,zeid1 9 ! reign ( ! ,khalf ,osmn1 has be5 h&$ d[n unalt]$ 9 its =m4 ,! only v>iations 7qir'at7 n[ to be f\nd 9 ! text h be5 already notic$4 ,!y 9 no way affect ! arrangem5ts ( ! ,sras4 #e4 ,spra a ?irtie? portion4 ,?is is a ,p]sian ^w d]iv$ f s1 ?irty1 & pra1 a portion4 ,! ,arabs call ea* ( ^! divisions a ,juz4 ,ow+ to ?is division1 a pi\s man c recite ! :ole ,qurn 9 a mon?1 tak+ "o ,spra ea* day4 ,musalmns nev] quote ! ,qurn z we d by ,sra & yat1 b by ! ,spra & ,ruk'1 a t]m ,i n[ proce$ to expla94 #f4 ,ruk' 7plural ,rukt74 ,?is ^w lit]ally means a pro/ration made by a wor%ipp] 9 ! act ( say+ ! pray]s4 ,! collection ( v]ses recit$ f ! ,qurn1 ascriptions ( praise (f]$ to ,god1 & v>i\s ritual acts connect$ ) ^!1 con/itute "o act ( wor%ip call$ a rak'at4 ,aft] recit+ "s v]ses 9 ?is =m ( pray]1 ! wor%ipp] makes a ,ruk'1 or pro/ration1 ! #eg portion !n recit$ takes ! "n ( ,ruk'4 ,tradition /ates t ! ,khalf ,osmn1 :5 recit+ ! ,qurn dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramazn1 us$ to make tw5ty rak'ats ea* ev5+4 ,9 ea* rak'at he introduc$ diff]5t v]ses ( ! ,qurn1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ *apt] & go+ /eadily on4 ,9 ?is way he recit$ ab\t two hundr$ v]ses ea* ev5+2 t is1 ab\t t5 v]ses 9 ea* rak'at4 ,s9ce !n1 x has be5 ! cu/om to recite ! ,qurn 9 ?is way 9 ,ramazn1 & also to quote x by ! ruk'1 e4g41 su* a passage is 9 su* a ,spra & 9 su* a ruk'4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( a rak'at w make ! matt] pla94 ,:5 ! ,fai?ful are assembl$ 9 ! mosque1 ! ,imm1 or lead]1 be+ 9 front fac+ ! ,qibla1 ! s]vice comm5ces ?us3--,ea* wor%ipp] /&s & says ! ,niyyat 7lit]ally int5tion71 a =m ( words decl>+ 8 int5tion to say 8 pray]s4 ,he !n says3 ,god is great4 ,aft] ?is1 look+ d[nw>ds1 he says3 ,hol9ess to ,!e1 ,o ,god6 & praise be to ,!e1 ,great is ,?y "n1 ,great is ,?y greatness1 !re is no deity b ,!e4 ,!n foll[s3 ,i seek f ,god refuge f curs$ ,satan4 ,!n ! ,tasmiyah is repeat$3 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate & ,m]ciful4 ,!n foll[s ! ,ftiha1 t is1 ! %ort *apt] at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,qurn4 ,aft] ?is has be5 recit$1 ! ,imm proce$s1 on ! fir/ night ( ! mon? ,ramazn1 ) ! fir/ v]se ( ! second *apt]4#ef ,aft] say+ a few v]ses1 he makes a ruk'2 t is1 he b5ds 8 head & body d[n1 & places 8 h&s on 8 knees4 ,9 ?is position he says3 ,god is great4 ,!n he repeats ?ree times ! words3 ,i extol ! hol9ess ( my ,"l1 ! ,great4 ,he !n /&s up & says3 ,god he>s him :o praises ,him4 ,to ?is ! p respond3 ,o ,"l1 ?\ art prais$4 ,aga91 fall+ on 8 knees1 ! wor%ipp] says3 ,god is great4 ,!n he puts fir/ 8 nose1 & !n 8 =ehead on ! #eh gr\nd & says ?ree times3 ,i extol ! hol9ess ( my ,"l1 ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,!n sitt+ on 8 heels1 he says3 ,god is great2 & aga9 repeats z be=e3 ,i extol1 etc4 ,he !n rises & says3 ,god is great4 ,?is is "o rak'at4 ,on ea* night 9 ! mon? ( ,ramazn ?is is gone ?r\gh tw5ty times1 ! only v>iation be+ t aft] ! ,ftiha & be=e ! fir/ pro/ration1 fre% v]ses ( ! ,qurn are introduc$4 ,! :ole is1 ( c\rse1 done 9 ,arabic1 9 :atev] c\ntry ! wor%ipp]s may be4 ,! "n ( ! pro/ration 7ruk'7 has be5 transf]r$ to ! portion ( ! ,qurn recit$ j be=e x is made4 ,!re are altoge!r #eeg ,rukt4 7#g74 ,! o!r divisions are n important4 ,!y are1 a ,sumn1 ,ruba'1 ,nisf1 ,suls1 t is "o-eigh?1 "o-f\r?1 "o-half1 "o-?ird ( a ,spra respectively4 ,9 recit+ ! ,qurn ! wor%ipp] mu/ be c>eful to say ! ,takbr1 i4e4 ,god is great1 aft] ! sev]al appo9t$ places4 ,su* a place is aft] ! recital ( ! #icrd ,sra4 ,! cu/om arose 9 ?is way4 ,! hypocrites came to ! ,prophet & ask$ him to relate ! /ory ( ! ,sev5 ,sleep]s4 ,he said3 ,i w tell y to-morr[2 b he =got to add ! words if ,god w4 ,by way ( w>n+1 ,god all[$ no inspiration to desc5d ^u him = "s days4 ,!n ! hypocrites began to laugh & say3 ,god has left him4 ,z x 0 n ,god's purpose to put 8 mess5g] to ridicule1 ! ,sra entitl$ ,! brightness 7xciii7 0 imm$iately br\ght by ! ev]-ready ,gabriel4 ,x beg9s3 ,by ! brightness ( ! morn+1 & by ! night :5 x gr[e? d>k1 ?y ,"l ha? n =sak5 !e1 nei!r do? ,he hate !e4 ,9 remembrance ( ?is signal int]position ( ,provid5ce on 8 behalf1 ! ,prophet always conclud$ ! recital ( ?is ,sra ) ! words3 ,god is great4 ,! practice ?us became a ,sunnat obligation2 t is1 x %\ld be done because ! ,prophet did x4 ,! doctr9e ( abrogation is a v important "o 9 #ei connection ) ! /udy ( ! ,qurn4 ,x is ref]r$ to 9 ! v]ses3 ,:atev] v]ses we cancel or cause !e to =get1 we give !e bett] 9 _! /ead1 or ! l !re(4 7,sra ii4 #ajj74 ,?is is a ,madna ,sra4 ,:at ,he please? w ,god abrogate or confirm2 = ) ,him is ! s\rce ( revelation4 7,sra xiii4 #ci74 ,"s v]ses :i* 7 cancell$ 9 ! ,prophet's life-"t are n n[ extant4 ,abdullah ,ibn ,masd /ates t ! ,prophet "o day recit$ a v]se1 :i* he imm$iately wrote d[n4 ,! next morn+ he f\nd x _h vani%$ f ! mat]ial on :i* x _h be5 writt54 ,a/oni%$ at ?is1 he acqua9t$ ,muhammad ) ! fact1 & 0 in=m$ t ! v]se 9 "q _h be5 revok$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m v]ses /ill 9 ! ,qurn1 :i* h be5 abrogat$4 ,x 0 an exce$+ly conv5i5t doctr9e1 & "o ne$$ to expla9 ! *ange ( front :i* ,muhammad made at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 c>e]4 ,c]ta9 rules h be5 laid d[n to regulate ! practice4 ,! v]se :i* abrogates is call$ ,nsikh1 & ! abrogat$ v]se ,manskh4 ,manskh v]ses are ( ?ree k9ds3--fir/1 :]e ! words & ! s5se h bo? be5 abrogat$2 secondly1 :]e ! lett] only is abrogat$ & ! s5se rema9s2 ?irdly1 :]e ! s5se is abrogat$ ?\gh ! lett] rema9s4 ,imm ,mlik gives z an in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d ! v]se3 ,if a son ( ,adam _h two riv]s ( gold1 he w\ld covet yet a ?ird2 & if he _h ?ree he w\ld covet yet a f\r?4 ,nei!r %all ! belly ( a son ( ,adam be fill$1 b ) du/4 ,god w turn unto him :o %all rep5t4 ,! ,imm /ates t orig9ally ?is v]se 0 9 ! ,sra 7ix47 call$ ,rep5tance4 ,! v]se1 call$ ! v]se ( /on+ is an illu/ration ( ! second k9d4 ,x reads3 ,abhor n y\r p>5ts = ?is w\ld be +ratitude 9 y4 ,if a man & woman ( reputation commit adult]y1 ye %all /one !m bo?2 x is a puni%m5t orda9$ by ,god2 = ,god is mighty & wise4 ,! ,khalf ,om> says ?is v]se 0 extant 9 ,muhammad's life-"t b t x #fj is n[ lo/4 ,b x is ! ?ird class :i* practically comes into ',ilm-i-ul4 ,au?orities diff] z to ! numb] ( v]ses abrogat$4 ,sale /ates t !y h be5 e/imat$ at two hundr$ & tw5ty-five4 ,! pr9cipal ones are n _m 9 numb]1 & are v g5]ally agre$ ^u4 ,i give a few examples4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( notice t !y occur *iefly1 if n almo/ entirely1 9 ,sras deliv]$ at ,madna4 ,!re1 :]e ,muhammad _h to confront ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 he 0 at fir/ politic 9 8 aim to w9 !m ov] to 8 side1 & !n1 :5 he f\nd !m ob/9ate1 ! doctr9e ( abrogation came 9 conv5i5tly4 ,?is is se5 pla9ly 9 ! foll[+ case4 ,at ,mecca ,muhammad & 8 foll[]s did n /& fac+ any p>ticul> direction :5 at pray]1 a fact to :i* ! foll[+ passage ref]s3--,to ,god belonge? ! ea/ & we/2 !re=e1 :i!rsoev] ye turn y\rselves to pray !re is ! face ( ,god4 7,sra ii4 #aji74 ,:5 ,muhammad arriv$ at ,madna1 he ent]$ into fri5d%ip ) ! ,jews & tri$ to w9 !m to 8 side4 ,! ,qibla 7sanctu>y7 t[>ds :i* ! wor%ipp]s n[ inv>iably turn$ at pray] 0 ,j]usalem4 ,?is w5t on = a :ile1 b :5 ,muhammad claim$ to be n m]ely a ,prophet = ! ,arabs1 b ! la/ & ! greate/ ( all ! ,prophets1 :5 he ass]t$ t ,moses _h =etold 8 adv5t1 & t 8 revelations 7 ! same z ^? conta9$ 9 _! own ,scriptures1 !y utt]ly refus$ allegiance to him4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! second ye> ( ! ,hijra ! brea* betwe5 !m 0 complete4 ,x 0 n[ "t to reconcile ! lead]s ( ! ,qurai% tribe at ,mecca4 ,s ! v]se quot$ above 0 abrogat$ by3 ,we h se5 !e turn+ ?y face t[>ds heav51 b we w h !e turn to a ,qibla1 :i* %all please !e4 ,turn !n ?y face t[>d ! ,holy ,temple 7( ,mecca71 & :]ev] ye be1 turn y\r faces t[>d t "p4 7,sra ii4 #aci47 ,! ,fai?ful 7 consol$ by ! assurance t ?\gh !y _h n done s hi!rto1 yet ,god w\ld n let _! #fa fai? be fruitless1 = unto man is ,god m]ciful1 graci\s4 7v4 #ach47 ,! doctr9e ( abrogation is br\ght 9 = a m p]sonal matt] 9 ! foll[+ case3 ,x is n p]mitt$ to !e to take o!r wives h]eaft]1 nor to *ange ?y pres5t wives = o!r wom51 ?\gh _! beauty *>m !e1 except slaves1 :om ?y "r h& %all possess4 7,sra xxxiii4 #eb47 ,?is is said by ,beidawi1 & o!r em95t ,muslim div9es1 to h be5 abrogat$ by a v]se :i* ?\gh plac$ be=e x 9 ! arrangem5t ( v]ses1 0 really deliv]$ aft] x4 ,! v]se is3 ,o ,prophet1 we all[ !e ?y wives :om ?\ ha/ d[]$1 & ! slaves :i* ?y "r h& possesse? out ( ! booty :i* ,god ha? grant$ !e2 & ! daught]s ( ?y uncle1 & ! daught]s ( ?y aunts1 bo? on ?y fa!r's side1 & on ?y "m's side1 :o h fl$ ) !e 7to ,madna71 & any o!r believ+ woman1 :o ha? giv5 h]self up to ! ,prophet2 if ! ,prophet desire? to w$ h]1 x is a peculi> privilege = !e1 above ! re/ ( ! ,fai?ful4 7,sra xxxiii4 #di47 ,! ,moghul ,emp]or ,akb>1 wi%+ to discr$it ! ',ulam1 9 "o ( ! meet+s s frequ5tly held = discussion dur+ 8 long reign1 prop\nd$ ! "q z to h[ _m free born wom5 a man might m>ry4 ,! lawy]s answ]$ t f\r 0 ! numb] fix$ by ! ,prophet4 ,( o!r wom5 :o seem good 9 y\r eyes m>ry two & two1 & ?ree & ?ree1 & f\r & f\r4 7,sra iv4 #c47 ,! ,emp]or said t he _h n re/rict$ himself to t numb]1 & t ,%aikh ',abd-un-,nabi _h told him t a c]ta9 ,mujtahid _h _h n9e wives4 ,! ,mujtahid 9 "q1 ,ibn ,abi ,lailah reckon$ ! numb] all[$ ?us #bcdi4 ,o!r le>n$ m5 c\nt$ 9 ?is way #bb1 #cc1 #ddah4 ,! ,emp]or wi%$ ! meet+ to decide ! po9t4 ,aga91 ! second v]se ( ,sra lxxiii reads3 ,/& up all night1 except a small portion ( x1 = pray]4 ,accord+ to a ,tradition h&$ d[n by 'ye%a ! la/ v]se #fb ( ?is ,sra 0 reveal$ a ye> lat]4 ,x makes ! matt] mu* easi]4 ,god measure? ! night & ! day2 he kn[e? t ye _c c\nt its h\rs aright1 & !re=e turne? to y m]cifully4 ,recite !n s mu* ( ! ,qurn z may be easy to y4 7v4 #bj47 ,! foll[+ is an illu/ration ( a v]se abrogat$1 ?\gh !re is no v]se to prove its abrogation4 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ! ,ijm' x has be5 abrogat$4 ,b alms are only to be giv5 to ! poor & ! ne$y & to ^? :o collect !m1 & to ^? ^: he>ts are won to ,islm4 7,sra ix4 #fj47 ,! clause--to ^? ^: he>ts are won to ,islm--is n[ cancell$4#eg ,muhammad1 to ga9 ! he>ts ( ^?1 :o lately enemies1 _h n[ become fri5ds1 & to confirm !m 9 ! fai?1 gave !m l>ge pres5ts f ! spoils he took 9 w>2 b :5 ,islm spread & became /rong1 ! ',ulam agre$ t su* a proc$ure 0 n requir$ & said t ! ord] 0 mansukh4 ,! o!r v]ses abrogat$ relate to ! ,ramazn fa/1 to ,jihd1 ! law ( retaliation1 & o!r matt]s ( social int]e/4 ,! doctr9e ( abrogation is n[ almo/ inv>iably appli$ by ,musalmn controv]siali/s to ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 :i* !y say are abrogat$ by ! ,qurn4 ,8 7,muhammad's7 law is ! abrogator ( e o!r law4#eh ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 a legitimate use ( ! doctr9e4 ,accord+ to ! be/ & mo/ anci5t ,muslim div9es1 abrogation ref]s entirely to ! ,qurn & ! ,traditions1 & ev5 !n is conf9$ to comm&s & prohibitions4 ,^? :o imag9e x to be "p ( ! ,muhammadan cre$ t "o law has totally repeal$ ano!r1 are utt]ly mi/ak5--we hold no su* doctr9e4#ei ,9 ! ,tafsr-i-,itifq x is writt53 ,abrogation affects ^? #fc matt]s :i* ,god has conf9$ to ! foll[]s ( ,muhammad1 & "o ( ! *ief advantages ( x is t ! way is made easy4 ,9 ! ,tafsr-i-,mazhir we f9d3 ,abrogation ref]s only to comm&s & prohibitions1 n to facts or hi/orical /atem5ts4#fj ,aga91 no v]se ( ! ,qurn1 or a ,tradition c be abrogat$ unless ! abrogat+ v]se is di/9ctly oppos$ to x 9 mean+4 ,if x is a v]se ( ! ,qurn1 we mu/ h ! au?ority ( ,muhammad himself = ! abrogation2 if a ,tradition1 t ( a ,companion4 ,?us ! ^w ( a comm5tator or a ,mujtahid is n suffici5t unless !re is a 'g5u9e ,tradition' 7,_hs-i-,sahh71 to %[ ! matt] cle>ly4 ,! "q ( ! abrogation ( any previ\s comm& dep5ds on hi/orical facts ) reg>d to ! abrogation1 n on ! m]e op9ion ( a comm5tator4 ,x _c be %[n t ei!r ,muhammad or a ,companion ev] said t ! ,bible 0 abrogat$4 ,?is rule1 :il/ x %[s t ! ass]tion ( mod]n controv]siali/s on ?is po9t is void ( f\ndation1 also illu/rates ano!r po9t to :i* ,i h (t5 call$ att5tion1 viz42 t 9 ,islm all int]pretation mu/ be regulat$ by traditionalism4 ,additions 7 occasionally made4 ,?us :5 x 0 reveal$ t ^? :o /ay at home 7 n be=e ,god z ^? :o g =? to w>1 ,abdullah & ,ibn ,um-,maktum said3 '& :at if !y 7 bl9d4' ,! ,prophet ask$ = ! %\ld]-blade on :i* ! v]se 0 writt54 ,he !n _h a spasmodic convulsion4 ,aft] 8 recov]y he made ,zeid add ! words1 free f tr\ble4 ,s n[ ! :ole v]se reads ?us3 ,^? believ]s :o sit at home free f tr\ble 7i4e41 bodily infirmity71 & ^? :o d valiantly 9 ! cause ( ,god1 ) _! sub/ance & _! p]sons1 %all n be treat$ alike4 7,sra iv4 #ig74 ,ye>s aft]1 ,zeid said3 ,i fancy ,i see ! words n[ on ! %\ld]-blade ne> a crack4 #fd ,! "q ( ! et]nal nature ( ! ,qurn does n prop]ly come "u ! head ( ',ilm-i-ul1 b x is a dogma fondly *]i%$ by _m ,muslims4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,khalf ,al-,mamun ?is "q 0 fi]cely debat$4 ,! ,free?9k]s1 :il/ believ+ 9 ! ,mission ( ,muhammad1 ass]t$ t ! ,qurn 0 creat$1 by :i* /atem5t !y meant t ! revelation came to him 9 a subjective mode1 & t ! language 0 8 own4 ,! book 0 ?us br\ght )9 ! rea* ( criticism4 ,9 ! ye> #bab1 ,a4,h4 ! ,khalf issu$ a decree to ! effect t all :o held ! ,qurn to be uncreat$ 7 to be decl>$ guilty ( h]esy4 ,b ! ,khalf himself 0 a notori\s rationali/1 & s ! or?odox1 ?\gh !y rema9$ quiet1 rema9$ unconv9c$4 ,! argum5ts us$ on ! or?odox side are1 t bo? ! words & _! pronunciation are et]nal1 t ! attempt to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! ^w z x exi/s 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d & z x appe>s 9 ! ,qurn is highly dang]\s4 ,9 va9 d _! oppon5ts argue t1 if ! ,qurn is uncreat$1 two ,et]nal ,be+s are 9 exi/5ce4 ,to ?is x is answ]$3 ,?is is ! hon\rable ,qurn1 writt5 9 ! pres]v$ ,tablet4 7,sra lvi4 #gf74 ,a ,tradition is also adduc$ :i* /ates3 ,god wrote ! ,?ora 7,law7 ) ,8 own h&1 & ) ,8 own h& ,he creat$ ,adam2 & also 9 ! ,qurn x is writt51 '& ,we wrote = him ^u ! tables a monition conc]n+ e matt]1' 9 ref]5ce to ! tables ( ! ,law giv5 to ,moses4 ,if ,god did ?is = =m] prophets & _! works1 h[ mu* m1 x is argu$1 %\ld he n h done x = ! la/ & greate/ ( ! prophets1 & ! noble ,qurn8 ,x is n easy to get a correct def9ition ( ! t]m ! uncreat$ ,qurn1 b x has be5 put ?us3 ,! ,^w z x exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ,god is ',kalm-i-,nafs' 7spiritual ^w71 some?+ unwritt5 & et]nal4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ by ! ,ijm'-i-,ummat 7cons5t ( ! ,fai?ful71 ! ,traditions1 & by o!r prophets t ,god #fe speaks4 ,! ,kalm-i-,nafs !n is et]nal1 b ! actual words1 /yle1 & eloqu5ce are creat$ by ,god2 s also is ! arrangem5t & ! miracul\s nature ( ! book4 ,?is seems to be a reasonable acc\nt ( ! doctr9e1 ?\gh !re are !ologians :o hold t ! v words are et]nal4 ,! doctr9e ( abrogation cla%es ) ?is idea1 b !y meet ! objection by _! !ory ( absolute pr$e/9ation4 ,?is acc\nts = ! circum/ances :i* necessitat$ ! abrogation1 = ! circum/ances1 z well z ! abrogat$ v]ses1 7 det]m9$ on f all et]nity4 ,?is concludes ! consid]ation ( ! exegesis ( ! ,qurn1 a book difficult & un9t]e/+ = a non-,muslim to read1 b "o :i* has engag$ & is /ill engag+ ! e>ne/ ?\ghts ( _m millions ( ! human race4 ,?\s&s ( dev\t /ud5ts 9 ! great !ological s*ools ( ,cairo1 ,/amb\l1 ,c5tral ,asia & ,india are n[ plodd+ ?r\gh ?is v subject ( :i* ,i h "h be5 treat+2 soon w !y g =? z tea*]s ( ! book !y s mu* rev]e4 ,h[ utt]ly unfit t tra9+ is to make !m wise m5 9 any true s5se ( ! ^w1 h[ calculat$ to r5d] !m pr\d1 conceit$1 & scornful ( o!r cre$s1 its rigid & exclusive "* %[s4 ,/ill1 x is a m>vell\s book2 = twelve hundr$ ye>s & m x has help$ to m\ld ! fai?1 animate ! c\rage1 *e] ! despond5cy ( multitudes1 :e!r dwell]s 9 ! wild upl&s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 9 ,h9du/an1 or on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,turanian & ! ,aryan1 ! ,arab & ! ,negro1 alike le>n its sonor\s s5t5ces1 day by day repeat its op5+ clauses1 & pray 9 its words z _! fa!rs pray$ be=e !m4 ,next to ! act ( te/ify+ to ! unity ( ,god1 ! ,qurn is ! great bond ( ,islm4 ,no matt] f :at race ! conv]t may h come1 no matt] :at language he may speak1 he mu/ le>n 9 ,arabic1 & repeat by rote portions ( ! ,qurn 9 e act ( public wor%ip4 ,! next subject = consid]ation is t ( ! #ff ,traditions1 or ! second bran* ( ! sci5ce ( ',ilm-i-ul4 ,! ,traditions conta9 ! record ( all t ,muhammad did & said4 ,x is ! belief ( e ,muslim1 to :atev] sect he belongs1 t ! ,prophet n only spake b also act$ "u a div9e influ5ce4 ,! mode ( ! inspiration is diff]5t f t ( ! ,qurn4 ,!re ! revelation 0 objective4 ,9 ! ,prophet's say+s record$ 9 ! ,traditions ! inspiration is subjective1 b /ill a true inspiration4 ,?is belief places ! ,traditions 9 a place second only to ! ,qurn2 x makes !m a true supplem5t to t book1 & ?us !y n only ?r[ light on its mean+1 b !mselves =m ! basis on :i* doctr9es may be e/abli%$4 ,)\t go+ s f> z to say t e ,tradition by itself is to be accept$ z an au?ority 9 ,islm1 x may be di/9ctly ass]t$ t !re c be no true conception =m$ ( t sy/em if ! ,traditions are n /udi$ & tak5 into acc\nt4 ,s important a bran* ( ,muslim !ology is x1 t ! /udy ( ! ,traditions is includ$ 9 ! ',ilm-i-ul1 or sci5ce ( exegesis4 ,"s acc\nt ( !m1 !re=e1 naturally =ms "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,! fir/ f\r ,khalfs 7 call$ ! ,khulaf-i-,r%idn t is1 ^? :o c\ld guide o!rs aright4 ,!y _h be5 fri5ds & ,companions ( ! ,prophet1 & ! ,fai?ful c\ld always appeal to !m 9 cases ( d\bt4 ,! ,prophet _h decl>$ t ,islm mu/ be writt5 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,!re 0 !re=e an unwill+ness to commit 8 say+s to writ+4 ,!y 7 h&$ d[n by ^w ( m\?4 ,z no argum5t 0 s effectual 9 a dispute z a say+ ( ! ,prophet1 ! door 0 op5$ by :i* spuri\s ,traditions c\ld be palm$ (f on ! ,fai?ful4 ,to prev5t ?is1 a numb] ( /rict rules 7 fram$1 at ! head ( :i* /&s ! ,prophet's say+1 itself a ,tradition3 ,convey to o!r p]sons none ( my words except ^? :i* ye "k ( a surety4 ,v]ily1 he :o purposely repres5ts my #fg words wrongly w f9d a place = himself n[h]e b 9 fire4 ,to en=ce ?is rule1 x 0 laid d[n t ! relator ( a ,tradition mu/ also repeat its ,isnd1 or *a9 ( au?orities1 z3 ,i he>d f su* an "o1 :o he>d f su* an "o1 & s on1 until ! *a9 rea*es ! ,prophet himself4 ,ea* p]son1 too1 9 ?is ,isnd1 mu/ h be5 well kn[n = 8 good "* & ret5tive memory4 ,?is fail$1 h[ev]1 to prev5t a va/ numb] ( manife/ly false ,traditions becom+ curr5t2 s m5 set !mselves to ! "w ( collect+ & sift+ ! great mass ( ,tradition t 9 ! second c5tury ( ,islm _h begun to "w untold evil4 ,^! m5 are call$ ,muhadisn1 or collectors ( ,tradition4 ,! ,sunns & ! ,wahhbs recognise six su* m51 & _! collections are kn[n z ! ,sihah-,sittah1 or six correct books4 ,!y are ! foll[+3-- 7#a74 ,! ,sahh-i-,bukhr1 call$ aft] ,abu ,abdullah ,muhammad ,ibn-i-,ism'l1 a native ( ,bukhr4 ,he 0 born ,a4,h4 #aid4 ,he 0 a man ( middle height1 sp>e 9 frame1 & z a boy totally bl9d4 ,! grief ( 8 fa!r 0 on ?is acc\nt int5se2 b "o day 9 a dream he saw ! ,patri>* ,abraham1 :o said to him3 ,god on acc\nt ( ?y grief & sorr[ has grant$ sight to ?y son4 ,! sight be+ ?us re/or$1 at ! age ( t5 he w5t to s*ool1 & began to le>n ! ,traditions by he>t4 ,aft] 8 education 0 f9i%$1 a fam\s ,muhadis nam$ ,dkhl came to ,bukhr4 ,"o day ! y\?ful ,bukhr v5tur$ to correct ! fam\s man4 ,x 0 an a/\nd+ piece ( audacity1 b ! y\? 0 prov$ to be 9 ! "r4 ,?is set him on ! "w ( collect+ & sift+ ! ,traditions4 ,at ! e>ly age ( sixte5 he 0 able to rememb] fifte5 ?\s&4 ,9 c\rse ( "t he collect$ #fjj1jjj ,traditions4 ,! result ( 8 exam9ation & selection 0 t he approv$ ( sev5 ?\s& two hundr$ & sev5ty-five4 ,^! are n[ record$ 9 8 great "w1 ! ,sahh-i-,bukhr4 ,x #fh is said t he nev] sat d[n to exam9e a ,tradition )\t fir/ p]=m+ a legal ablution1 & repeat+ two rak'at pray]s4 ,he !n said3 ,o ,"l1 let me n make a mi/ake4 ,= sixte5 ye>s he liv$ 9 a mosque & di$ mu* respect$ at ! age ( sixty-f\r4 7#b74 ,sahh-i-,muslim4 ,muslim ,ibn-i-,hajjj 0 born at ,ni%pr1 a city ( ,khorsn4 ,he collect$ ab\t #cjj1jjj ,traditions1 f :i* he made 8 collection4 ,he is said to h be5 a v j man1 & will+ to oblige all :o s\ght 8 advice4 ,9 fact1 ?is will+ness to oblige 0 ! indirect cause ( 8 dea?4 ,"o day he 0 sitt+ z usual 9 ! mosque :5 "s p came to ask him ab\t a ,tradition4 ,z he c\ld n discov] x 9 ! books he _h ) him1 he w5t to 8 h\se to se>* !re4 ,! p br\ght him a basket ( dates4 ,he w5t on eat+ & se>*+1 b un=tunately he ate s _m dates t he di$4 7,a4,h4 #bfa47 7#c74 ,sunan-i-,abu ,dd4 ,abu ,dd ,saji/n1 a native ( ,sei/n1 0 born ,a4,h4 #bjb4 ,he 0 a great travell]1 & w5t to all ! *ief places ( ,musalmn le>n+4 ,9 k ( ! ,traditions1 9 devotion1 9 piety1 he 0 unrivall$4 ,he collect$ ab\t #ejj1jjj ,traditions1 ( :i* he select$ f\r ?\s& eight hundr$ = 8 book4 7#d74 ,jm'-i-,tirmiz4 ,abu ,isa' ,muhammad ,tirmiz 0 born at ,tirmiz 9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #bji4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ,bukhr4 ,ibn ,khallikan says ?is "w is ! production ( a well-in=m$ man3 its exactness is prov]bial4#fa 7#e74 ,sunan-i-,nas4 ,abu ,abd-ur-,rahman ,nas 0 born at ,nas1 9 ,khorsn1 9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #bad1 & di$ ,a4,h4 #cjc4 ,x is record$ ( him1 ) great approbation1 t he fa/$ e o!r day1 & _h f\r wives & _m slaves4 ,?is book is consid]$ ( great value4 ,he met ) 8 dea? 9 r a sad way4 ,he _h compil$ a book on ! virtues ( ',al1 & z ! p ( #fi ,damascus 7 at t "t incl9$ to ! h]esy ( ! ,khrigites1 he wi%$ to read 8 book 9 ! mosque ( t place4 ,aft] he _h read a little way1 a man arose & ask$ him :e!r he knew aught ( ! praises ( ,muavia1 ',al's deadly enemy4 ,he repli$ t he did n4 ,?is answ] enrag$ ! p1 :o beat him s sev]ely t he di$ soon aft]4 7#f74 ,sunan-i-,ibn ,mjah4 ,ibn ,mjah#fb 0 born at ',irak ,a4,h4 #bji4 ,?is "w conta9s #d1jjj ,traditions4 ,! ,%a'hs reject ^! books & sub/itute five books#fc ( _! own in/ead4 ,!y are ( a mu* lat] date1 ! la/ "o1 inde$1 hav+ be5 compil$ m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,hijra4 ,! belief :i* und]lies ! "q ( ! au?ority ( ! ,traditions is t be=e ! ,?rone ( ,god !re /&s a 'pres]v$ ,table1' on :i* all t c happ51 & all t has ev] ent]$1 or w ent]1 ! m9d ( man is 'not$ 9 a di/9ct writ+4' ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,gabriel1 ! ,prophet _h access to ?is4 ,x foll[s !n t ! words ( ! ,prophet are ! words ( ,god4 ,( ! f\r great ,canonical ,legi/s ( ,islm1 ,ahmad ,ibn ,hanbal 0 ! greate/ collector ( ,traditions4 ,x is said t he knew by he>t no less ?an "o million4 ,( ^! he incorporat$ ?irty ?\s& into 8 sy/em ( jurisprud5ce4 ,t sy/em is n[ almo/ obsolete4 ,abu ,hanfa1 :o is said to h accept$ only eighte5 ,traditions z au!ntic1 f\nd$ a sy/em :i* is to ?is day ! mo/ p[]ful 9 ,islm4 ,! ,hanifites1 h[ev]1 z well z o!r ,muslims1 ackn[l$ge ! six /&>d collections ( ,traditions z direct revelations ( ! w ( #gj ,god4 ,!y range ov] a va/ numb] ( subjects1 & furni% a comm5t>y on ! ,qurn4 ,! ,prophet's p]sonal appe>ance1 8 m5tal & moral qualities1 8 actions1 8 op9ions1 are all record$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,_m que/ions ( religi\s belief are l>gely f\nd$ on ! ,traditions1 & x is to !m we mu/ g = an explanation ( mu* ( ! ritual ( ,islm4 ,x is v difficult = any "o1 :o has n liv$ 9 long & fri5dly int]c\rse ) ,muslims1 to realize h[ mu* _! religi\s life & op9ions1 _! ?\ght & actions1 are bas$ on ! ,traditions4 ,hav+ ?us %[n ! importance ( ! ,traditions1 ,i n[ proce$ to ent] a little into detail on ! "q ( ! rules fram$ conc]n+ !m4 ,! classification adopt$ by diff]5t au?ors may v>y 9 "s subord9ate po9ts2 b ! foll[+ acc\nt is adopt$ f a /&>d ,muhammadan "w4 ,a ,tradition may be ,_hs-i-,qual1 t is1 an acc\nt ( some?+ ! ,prophet said2 or ,_hs-i-,fa'l1 a record ( some?+ :i* he did2 or ,_hs-i-,taqrr1 a /atem5t ( "s act p]=m$ by o!r p]sons 9 8 pres5ce1 & :i* action he did n =bid4 ,! ,traditions may be class$ "u two g5]al heads3-- ,fir/4--,_hs-i-,mutawtr1 t is1 an und\bt$ ,tradition1 ! ,isnd1 or *a9 ( n>rators ( :i* is p]fect1 & 9 :i* *a9 ea* n>rator possess$ all ! necess>y qualifications = 8 (fice4#fd ,"s au?orities say !re are only a few ( ^! ,traditions extant1 b mo/ all[ t ! foll[+ is "o3 ,!re are no good works except ) int5tion1 = example1 a man may fa/1 b1 unless he has ! int5tion ( fa/+ firmly 9 8 m9d1 he ga9s no spiritual rew>d by s do+4 ,second4--,_hs-i-,ahd4 ,! au?ority ( ?is class is #ga !oretically some:at less ?an t ( ! fir/1 b practically x is ! same4 ,?is class is aga9 sub-divid$ into two3-- 7#a74 ,_hs-i-,sahh1 or a g5u9e ,tradition4 ,x is n necess>y to g into ! sub-divisions ( ?is sub-division4 ,a ,tradition is ,sahh if ! n>rators h be5 m5 ( pi\s lives1 ab/emi\s 9 _! habits1 end[$ ) a good memory1 free f blemi%1 & p]sons :o liv$ at peace ) _! neighb\rs4 ,! foll[+ also are ,sahh1 ?\gh _! importance z au?orities v>ies4 ,i arrange !m 9 ! ord] ( _! value4 ,sahh ,traditions are ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! collections made by ,bukhr & ,muslim1 or 9 ! collection ( ei!r ( ! above1 ?\gh n 9 bo?2 or1 if n m5tion$ by ei!r ( ^! fam\s collectors1 if x has be5 reta9$ 9 accordance ) _! canons = ! rejection or ret5tion ( ,traditions2 or la/ly1 if reta9$ 9 accordance ) ! rules ( any o!r approv$ collector4 ,= ea* ( ^! classes !re is a di/9ct "n4 7#b74 ,_hs-i-,hasan4 ,! n>rators ( ?is class are n ( su* good au?ority z ^? ( ! =m] ) reg>d to "o or two qualities2 b ^! ,traditions %\ld be receiv$ z ( equal au?ority z reg>ds any practical use4#fe ,x is m]ely z a matt] ( classification t !y rank second4 ,9 addition to ^! names1 !re are a numb] ( o!r te*nical t]ms :i* h reg>d to ! p]sonal "* ( ! n>rators1 ! ,isnd1 & o!r po9ts4 ,a few may be m5tion$4 7#a74 ,_hs-i-,z'af1 or a weak ,tradition4 ,! n>rators ( x h be5 p]sons ^: *>act]s 7 n above reproa*1 ^: memories 7 bad1 or :o1 worse /ill1 7 addict$ to bid'at1 innovation1 a habit n[1 z !n1 a crime 9 ! eyes ( all true ,muslims4 ,all agree t a #gb weak ,tradition has little =ce2 b few rival !ologians agree z to :i* are1 & :i* are n1 weak ,traditions4 7#b74 ,_hs-i-,mua'llaq1 or a ,tradition 9 ! ,isnd ( :i* !re is "s break4 ,if x beg9s ) a ,tbi' 7"o 9 ! g5]ation aft] t ( ! ,companions71 x is call$ ,mursal ! "o l9k 9 ! *a91 ! ,companion1 be+ want+4 ,if ! fir/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( n>rators beg9s 9 a g5]ation /ill lat]1 x has ano!r "n1 & s on4 7#c74 ,traditions :i* h v>i\s names1 accord+ z ! n>rator conceal$ ! "n ( 8 ,imm1 or :]e diff]5t n>rators disagree1 or :]e ! n>rator has mix$ "s ( 8 own words ) ! ,tradition1 or has be5 prov$ to be a li>1 an evil liv]1 or mi/ak52 b into an acc\nt ( ^! x is n necess>y to ent]1 = no ,tradition ( ?is class w\ld be consid]$ z ( itself suffici5t gr\nd on :i* to base any important doctr9e4#ff ,x is ! univ]sally accept$ rule1 t no au!ntic ,tradition c be contr>y to ! ,qurn4 ,! importance atta*$ to ,tradition has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 an importance :i* has dem&$ ! =mation ( an elaborate sy/em ( exegesis4 ,to an or?odox ,muslim ! ,book & ! ,sunnat1 ,god's ^w direct & ,god's ^w ?r\gh ! m9d ( ! ,prophet1 are ! f\ndation & sum ( ,islm1 a fact n always tak5 into acc\nt by mod]n panegyri/s ( ! sy/em4 #gc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sects ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,x is a commonly receiv$ b nev]!less an errone\s op9ion1 t ! ,muhammadan religion is "o rem>kable = ! abs5ce ( dogma & ! unanimity ( its pr(essors4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i propose to %[ h[ ! great sects diff] 9 "s v important pr9ciples ( ! fai?1 & _! consequ5t div]g5ce 9 practice4 ,!re is mu* t is common gr\nd to all1 & ( t "s acc\nt 0 giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt] on ! ,f\ndations ( ,islm4 ,x 0 !re %[n t all ,muslim sects are n agre$ z to ! ess5tial f\ndations ( ! ,fai?4 ,! ,sunns recognise f\r f\ndations1 ! ,wahhbs two2 :il/ ! ,%a'hs reject altoge!r ! ,traditions held sacr$ by bo? ,sunn & ,wahhb4 ,! next *apt] w conta9 a full acc\nt ( ! doctr9es held by ! ,sunns1 & s no acc\nt ( ?is1 ! or?odox sect1 is giv5 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! fir/ brea* 9 ,islm arose out ( a civil w>4 ,! /ory has be5 s (t5 told t x ne$ n be reproduc$ "h at any l5g?4 ',al1 ! son-9-law ( ,muhammad1 0 ! f\r? ,khalf ( ,islm4 ,he is describ$ z ! la/ & wor?ie/ ( ! primitive ,musalmns :o imbib$ 8 religi\s en?usiasm f companion%ip ) ! ,prophet himself1 & :o foll[$ to ! la/ ! simplicity ( 8 "*4 ,he 0 a man calculat$ by 8 e>ne/ devotion to ! ,prophet & 8 own natural graces to w91 z he has done1 ! admiration ( succe$+ g5]ations4 ,a /rong opposition1 h[ev]1 arose1 & ',al 0 assass9at$ 9 a mosque at ,kfa4 ,x is n easy1 amid ! conflict+ /atem5ts ( hi/orians ( ! rival sects1 to arrive at ! tru? 9 all ! details ( ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ !n2 #gd b ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion is1 t aft] ! assass9ation ( ',al1 ,hasan1 8 son1 r5\nc$ 8 claim to ! ,khalifate 9 fav\r ( 8 fa!r's rival1 ,muavia4 ,hasan 0 ultimately poison$ by 8 wife1 :o1 x is said1 0 in/igat$ by ,muavia to d ! de$1 9 ord] to leave ! coa/ cle> = 8 son ,yezd4 ,! mo/ tragic ev5t has yet to come4 ,yezd1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r1 0 a v lic5ti\s & irreligi\s man4 ,! p ( ,kfa1 be+ disgu/$ at 8 conduct1 s5t mess5g]s to ,husa91 ! rema9+ son ( ',al1 ) ! reque/ t he w\ld assume ! ,khalifate4 ,9 va9 ! fri5ds ( ,husa9 tri$ to p]suade him to let ! p ( ,kfa fir/ revolt1 & ?us %[ ! reality ( _! wi%es by _! de$s4 ,9 an evil h\r ,husa9 />t$ ) a small b& ( =ty horsem5 & "o hundr$ foot-soldi]s4 ,on ! pla9 ( ,k>bal he f\nd 8 way b>r$ by a =ce ( ?ree ?\s& m54 ,we are few 9 numb]1 said ,husa91 & ! enemy is 9 =ce4 ,i am resolv$ to die4 ,b y--,i release y f y\r oa? ( allegiance2 let all ^? :o wi% to d s leave me4 ,o ,son ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god6 0 ! reply1 :at excuse c\ld we give to ?y gr&fa!r on ! day ( resurrection did we ab&on !e to ! h&s ( ?9e enemies8 ,"o by "o ^! brave m5 fell b5ea? ! swords ( ! enemy1 until ,husa9 & 8 infant son alone 7 left4 ,we>y & ?ir/y1 ,husa9 sat ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! enemy drew ne>1 b no "o d>$ to kill ! gr&son ( ! ,prophet4 ,an arr[ pi]c$ ! e> ( ! little boy & he di$4 ,we came f ,god1 & we return to him1 7 ! pa!tic words ( ,husa91 z ) a sorr[ful he>t he laid ! dead body ( 8 son on ! s&4 ,he !n /oop$ d[n to dr9k "s wat] f ! riv] ,euphrates4 ,see+ him ?us /oop+1 ! enemy dis*>g$ a flight ( arr[s1 "o ( :i* w\nd$ him 9 ! m\?4 ,he f\ght bravely = a :ile1 b at la/ fell cov]$ ) _m w\nds4 ,! s*ism betwe5 ! ,sunn & ! ,%a'h 0 n[ complete4 #ge ,! c]emonies celebrat$ dur+ ! annual fa/ ( ,muh>ram ref] to ^! hi/orical facts1 & help to keep alive a bitt] feud2 b to suppose t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,%a'h & ! ,sunn is a m]e dispute z to ! prop] ord] ( ! e>ly ,khalfs w\ld be a mi/ake4 ,/>t+ (f ) a political qu>rel1 ! ,%a'hs h travell$ into a v di/9ct religi\s position ( _! own4 ,! fundam5tal t5et ( ! ,%a'h sect is ! div9e "r ( ',al ! ,*os5 & 8 desc5dants4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! *ief duty ( religion consi/s 9 devotion to ! ,imm 7or ,pontiff72 f :i* position "s curi\s dogmas issue4 ,! :ole "q ( ! ,immat is a v important "o4 ,! ^w ,imm comes f an ,arabic ^w mean+ to aim at1 to foll[ aft]4 ,! t]m ,imm !n becomes equal to ! ^w lead] or exempl>4 ,x is appli$ 9 ?is s5se to ,muhammad z ! lead] 9 all civil & religi\s que/ions1 & to ! ,khalfs1 8 successors4 ,x is also1 9 its religi\s import only1 appli$ to ! f\nd]s ( ! f\r or?odox s*ools ( jurisprud5ce1 & 9 a re/rict$ s5se to ! lead] ( a congregation at pray] 9 a mosque4 ,x is ) ! fir/ ( ^! mean+s t we h n[ to deal4 ,x is s us$ 9 ! ,qurn--,:5 8 ,"l made trial ( ,abraham by comm&s :i* he fulfill$1 ,he said3 ',i am ab\t to make ( !e an ,imm to mank9d2' he said3 ',( my (fspr+ also8' ',my cov5ant1' said ,god1 'embrace? n ! evil-do]s4' 7,sra ii4 #aah47 ,f ?is v]se two doctr9es are d$uc$4 ,fir/1 t ! ,imm mu/ be appo9t$ by ,god1 = if ?is is n ! case1 :y did ,abraham say ( my (fspr+ also8 ,secondly1 ! ,imm is free f s91 = ,god said3 ,my cov5ant embrace? n ! evil-do]4 ,! fir/ dispute ab\t ! ,immat orig9at$ ) ! twelve ?\s& :o revolt$ f ',al aft] ! battle ( ,siff9 7#feg ,a4,d471 because he cons5t$ to submit to arbitration ! dispute betwe5 himself & ,muavia4 ,"s ye>s aft] !y 7 ne>ly all de/roy$ by ',al4 ,a few #gf survivors1 h[ev]1 fl$ to v>i\s p>ts4 ,two at la/ settl$ 9 ,omn1 & !re prea*$ _! di/9ctive doctr9es4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! p ( ,omn adopt$ ! doctr9e t ! ,immat 0 n h]$it>y b elective1 & t 9 ! ev5t ( misconduct ! ,imm might be depos$4 ',abdullah-ibn-,ibdh 7#gdd ,a4,d47 0 a vigor\s prea*] ( ?is doctr9e1 & f him ! sect kn[n z ! ',ibdhiyah takes its rise4 ,! result ( ?is tea*+ 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! p[] & jurisdiction ( ! ,imm ( ,omn4 ,! ',ibdhiyah seem to h always kept !mselves indep5d5t ( ! ,sunn ,khalfs ( ,baghdd1 &1 !re=e1 w\ld consid] !mselves free f any obligation to obey ! ,sultn ( ,turkey4 ,f ! ord9>y ,%a'hs !y diff] z reg>ds ! div9e "r ( ',al & 8 *ildr54 ,! curi\s 9 su* matt]s w f9d ! :ole subject well treat$ 9 ,dr4 ,badg]'s ,seyyids ( ,omn4 ,! t]m ,khrigite 7,sep>ati/7 has s9ce become ! g5]ic "n = a gr\p ( sects :i* agree z to ! ne$ ( an ,imm1 ?\gh !y diff] z to ! details ( ! dogma4 ,9 opposition to ?is h]esy ( ! ,khrigite /&s :at may be t]m$ ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! ,%a'h4 ,! ,%a'hs hold t ! ,immat mu/ cont9ue 9 ! family ( ',al1 & t religion consi/s ma9ly 9 devotion to ! ,imm4 ,! tragic end ( ',al & 8 sons inve/$ !m ) peculi> int]e/4 ,:5 griev+ = ! sad end ( _! lead]s1 ! ,%'ahs f\nd consolation 9 ! doctr9e :i* soon f\nd developm5t1 viz41 t x 0 ,god's w t ! ,immat %\ld cont9ue 9 ! family ( ',al4 ,?us a tradition relates t ! ,prophet said3 ,he ( :om ,i am ma/] has ',al also = a ma/]4 ,! be/ judge among y is ',al4 ,ibn ,abbs1 a ,companion says3 ,i he>d ! ,prophet say3 ',he :o blasphemes my "n blasphemes ! "n ( ,god2 he :o blasphemes ! "n ( ',al blasphemes my "n4' ,a popul> ,p]sian hymn %[s to :at an ext5t ?is feel+ deep5$4 #gg ,my/]i\s be+6 none c tell ,! attributes 9 !e t dwell2 ,none c ?9e ess5ce compreh5d2 ,to !e %\ld e mortal b5d-- ,= 'tis by !e t man is giv5 ,to "k ! high behe/s ( heav54 ,! g5]al idea is1 t long be=e ! creation ( ! _w1 ,god took a ray ( light f ! spl5d\r ( ,8 own glory & unit$ x to ! body ( ,muhammad1 to :i* ,he said3 ,?\ art ! elect1 ! *os51 ,i w make ! memb]s ( ?y family ! guides to salvation4 ,muhammad said3 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* ,god creat$ 0 my light1 & my _s4#fg ,! body ( ! ,prophet 0 !n 9 "s my/]i\s way hidd54 ,9 due "t ! _w 0 creat$1 b n until ! bir? ( ,muhammad did ?is ray ( glory appe>4 ,x is well kn[n to all ,musalmns z ! ,nr-i-,muhammad--light ( ,muhammad4 ,?is ,nr is said to be ( f\r k9ds4 ,f ! fir/ k9d ,god creat$ ,8 ,?rone1 f ! second ! ,p5 ( ,fate1 f ! ?ird ,p>adise1 & f ! f\r? ! /ate1 or place ( ,spirits & all creat$ be+s4 ,accord+ to a /atem5t made by ',al1 ,muhammad said t he 0 creat$ f ! light ( ,god1 :il/ all o!r creat$ be+s 7 =m$ f ! light ( ,muhammad4#fh ,?is light desc5d$ to ',al1 & f him pass$ on to ! true ,imms1 :o alone are ! lawful successors ( ! ,prophet4 ,rebellion aga9/ !m is s92 devotion to !m ! v ess5ce ( religion4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,immat has giv5 rise to endless discussion & diss5sion1 z ! num]\s sub-divisions ( ! ,%a'h sect w %[4 ,!y are said to be ?irty-two 9 numb]4 ,! ,%a'h prop] is ! l>ge/ & mo/ influ5tial ( !m4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,%'ah t5ets reg>d+ ! ,imm1 bas$ on "o ( _! /&>d books ( #gh div9ity4#fi ,! ,imm is ! successor ( ! ,prophet1 adorn$ ) all ! qualities :i* he possess$4 ,he is wis] ?an ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ! age1 holi] ?an ! mo/ pi\s4 ,he is ! noble/ ( ! sons ( m5 & is free f all s9 orig9al or actual3 h5ce ! ,imm is call$ ma'sum 7innoc5t47#gj ,god rules ! _w by wisdom1 h5ce ! s5d+ =? ( prophets 0 a necessity2 b x 0 equally necess>y to e/abli% ! ,immat4 ,?us ! ,imm is equal to a prophet4 ',al said3 ,9 me is ! glory ( e prophet t has ev] be54 ,! au?ority ( ! ,imm is ! au?ority ( ,god1 = 7,i quote ! ,hyt-un-,nafs7 8 ^w is ! ^w ( ,god & ( ! ,prophet1 & ob$i5ce to 8 ord] is incumb5t4 ,! nature ( ! ,imm is id5tical ) ! nature ( ,muhammad1 = did n ',al say3 ,i am ,muhammad1 & ,muhammad is me4 ,?is probably ref]s to ! possession by ! ,imm ( ! light ( ,muhammad4 ,! bodies ( ! ,imms are s pure & delicate t !y ca/ no %ad[4#ga ,!y #gi are ! beg9n+ & ! end ( all ?+s4 ,to "k ! ,imms is ! v ess5ce ( ! k :i* m5 c ga9 ( ,god4 ,! ,holy ,god calls ! ,imms ,8 ^w1 ,8 h&s1 ,8 signs1 ,8 secret4 ,_! comm&s & prohibitions1 _! actions too1 ,he recognises z ,8 own4 ,z m$iums betwe5 ,god & man !y hold a f> high] position ?an ! prophets1 = ! grace ( ,god1 )\t _! int]v5tion1 rea*es to no creat$ be+4 ,^! extravagant claims = ! ,imms culm9ate 9 ! ass]tion t = !m a pill> ( light has be5 fix$ betwe5 ! e>? & heav51 by :i* ! actions ( ! ,fai?ful are made kn[n to !m4 ,! ,imm is ! supreme ,pontiff1 ! ,vic> ( ,god on e>?4 ,! possession ( an infallible book is n suffici5t4 ,! infallible guide is ne$$4 ,su* wisdom & disc]nm5t z su* a guide w\ld require c only be f\nd among/ ! desc5dants ( ! ,prophet4 ,x is no long]1 !n1 a matt] ( wond]1 t 9 "s cases1 almo/1 if n entirely1 div9e hon\r is paid to ',al & 8 desc5dants4#gb ,! ,ul1 or fundam5tal t5ets ( ! ,%a'h sect are five 9 numb]4 7#a7 ,to believe 9 ! unity ( ,god1 7#b7 ,to admit t ,he is j1 7#c7 ,to believe 9 ! div9e mission ( all ! prophets1 & t ,muhammad is ! *ief ( all1 7#d7 ,to consid] ',al ! ,khalf next 9 ord] aft] ,muhammad1 7#e7 ,to believe ',al's desc5dants f ,hasan to ,mahd1 ! twelf? ,imm1 to be 8 true successors1 & to consid] all ( !m 9 "*1 position & dignity z rais$ f> above all o!r ,muslims4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! ,immat4 #hj ,! fir/ pr9cipal divisions ( ! ,%a'h sect are ! ,ism'lians & ! ,immites4 ,! latt] believe 9 twelve ,imms1 reckon+ ',al z ! fir/4#gc ,! la/ ( ! twelve ,abu'l-,qsim1 is suppos$ to be alive /ill1 ?\gh hidd5 9 "s secret place4 ,he be>s ! "n ( ,al-,mahd1 ! guid$4 ,x is expect$ t he w reappe> at ! second adv5t ( ,*ri/4 ,!y say t he 0 born ne> ,baghdd 9 ! ye> #beh ,a4,h4 ,he aft]w>ds my/]i\sly disappe>$4 ,:5 he 0 born ! words1 ,say3 'tru? is come & falsehood is vani%$3 ,v]ily falsehood is a ?+ t vani%e?1' 7,sra xvii4 #hc7 7 f\nd writt5 on 8 "r arm4 ,:5 he came into ! _w1 he po9t$ ) 8 f+]s to heav51 sneez$1 & said3 ',praise be to ,god1 ! ,"l ( ! _w4' ,a p]son "o day visit$ ,imm ,hasan ',ask> 7! elev5? ,imm7 & said3 ',o son ( ! ,prophet :o w be ,khalf & ,imm aft] !e8' ,he br\ght out a *ild & said3 'if ?\ had/ n f\nd fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 ,he w\ld n h %[n !e ?is *ild2 8 "n is t ( ! ,prophet1 & s is 8 patronymic1' 7,abu 'l-,qsim74 ,! sect :o believe ,mahd to be alive at pres5t1 say t he rules ov] cities 9 ! f> we/1 & he is ev5 said to h *ildr54 ,god alone kn[s ! tru?4#gd ,! o!r l>ge division1 ! ,ism'lians1 agree ) ! ,immites 9 all p>ticul>s save "o4 ,!y hold t aft] ,sdiq1 ! six? ,imm1 comm5c$ :at is call$ ! succession ( ! conceal$ ,imms4 ,!y believe t !re nev] c be a "t :5 !re %all be no ,imm1 b t he is n[ 9 seclusion4 ,?is idea has giv5 rise to all sorts ( secret societies1 & has pav$ ! way = a my/ical religion1 :i* (t5 l&s its vot>ies 9 a!ism4#ge #ha ,! ,ghair-i-,mahd 7lit]ally )\t ,mahd7 are a small sect :o believe t ,al-,mahd w n reappe>4 ,!y say t "o ,sy$ ,muhammad ( ,jeypore 0 ! real ,mahd1 ! twelf? ,imm1 & t he has n[ gone nev] m to return4 ,!y v5]ate him z highly z !y d ! ,prophet1 & consid] all o!r ,musalmns to be unbeliev]s4 ,on ! night call$ ,lailat-ul-,qadr1 9 ! mon? ( ,ramazn1 !y meet & repeat two rak'at pray]s4 ,aft] t act ( devotion is ov]1 !y say3 ,god is ,almighty1 ,muhammad is our ,prophet1 ! ,qurn & ,mahd are j & true4 ,imm ,mahd is come & gone4 ,:osoev] disbelieves ?is is an infidel4 ,!y are a v fanatical sect4 ,!re is ano!r small community ( ,ghair-i-,mahds call$ ! ,d1ir1 settl$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,mysore1 :o hold peculi> views on ?is po9t4 ,ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 a man nam$ ,sy$ ,ahmad collect$ "s foll[]s 9 ! dom9ions ( ! ,nizm ( ,hyd]abad4 ,he call$ himself ! ,imm ,mahd1 & said t he 0 sup]ior to any prophet4 ,he & 8 disciples1 be+ bitt]ly p]secut$ by ! or?odox ,musalmns1 fl$ to a village 9 ! adjo9+ di/rict ( ,mysore :]e _! desc5dants1 fifte5 hundr$ 9 numb]1 n[ reside4 ,x is said t !y d n int]m>ry ) o!r ,musalmns4 ,! usual ,friday s]vice 9 ! mosque is end$ by ! lead] say+3 ,imm ,mahd came & w5t away1 to :i* ! p respond3 ,he :o does n believe ?is is a ,kfir 7infidel74 ,!re are sev]al ,traditions :i* ref] to ! latt] days4 ,:5 ( "t "o day %all be left1 ,god %all raise up a man f among my desc5dants1 :o %all fill ! _w ) ju/ice1 j z be=e him ! _w 0 full ( oppression4 ,& aga93 ,! _w %all n come to an end till ! k+ ( ! e>? %all appe>1 :o is a man ( my family1 & ^: "n is ! same z m9e4 ,:5 ,islm ent]$ ^u ! t5? c5tury ( its exi/5ce1 !re 0 ?r\gh\t ,p]sia & ,india a mill5>ian movem5t4 ,m5 #hb decl>$ t ! end 0 draw+ ne>1 & v>i\s p]sons arose :o claim$ to be ,al-,mahd4 ,i h already m5tion$ two4 ,among/ o!rs 0 ,%aikh ',al ( ,agra4 7#ief ,a4,h47 ,%aikh ,mub>ak1 ! fa!r ( ,abu'l-,fazl--! ,emp]or ,akb>'s fam\s vizi]1 0 a disciple ( ,%aikh ',al & f him imbib$ ,mahdav ideas4 ,?is br\ght ^u him ! wra? ( ! ',ulam :o1 h[ev]1 7 f9ally ov]come by ! free-?9k+ & h]etical ,emp]or & 8 vizi]4 ,!re nev] 0 a bett] rul] 9 ,india ?an ,akb>1 & nev] a m h]etical "o z f> z or?odox ,islm is conc]n$4 ,! ,emp]or delight$ 9 ! controv]sies ( ! age4 ,! ,sfs & ,mahdavs 7 9 fav\r at ,c\rt4 ,! or?odox ',ulam 7 treat$ ) contempt4 ,akb> fully believ$ t ! mill5nium _h come4 ,he />t$ a new era1 & a new religion call$ ! ',div9e ,fai?4' ,!re 0 tol]ation = all except ! bigot$ or?odox ,muslims4 ,abu'l-,fazl & o!rs l him1 :o pr(ess$ to reflect ,akb>'s religi\s views1 held t all religions conta9$ tru?4 ,?us3-- ,o ,god1 9 e temple ,i see p t seek ,!e1 & 9 e language ,i he> spok51 p praise ,!e6 ,poly!ism & ,islam feel aft] ,!e1 ,ea* religion says1 ',?\ art "o1 )\t equal4' ,if x be a mosque1 p murmur ! holy pray]1 & if x be a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p r+ ! bell f love to ,!e1 ,sometimes ,i frequ5t ! ,*ri/ian cloi/]1 & sometimes ! mosque1 ,b x is ,?\ :om ,i se>* f temple to temple4 ,9 ?is reign "o ,mr ,%>f 0 promot$ to ! rank ( a ,comm&] ( a ?\s&1 & to an appo9tm5t 9 ,b5gal4 ,8 *ief m]it 9 ,akb>'s eyes 0 t he taught ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls & ! close adv5t ( ! mill5nium4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ,mahmd ( ,busakhwn1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,nuqtawiah sect4 ,z ?is is ano!r (f%oot ( ! ,%a'hs ,i give a brief acc\nt ( !m "h4 ,mahmd liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,timur & #hc pr(ess$ to be ,al-,mahd4 ,he also call$ himself ! ,%akhs-i-,whd--! ,individual "o4 ,he us$ to quote ! v]se1 ,x may be t ?y ,"l w raise !e up to a glori\s 7mahmd7 /ation4 7,sra xvii4 #ha74 ,f ?is he argu$ t ! body ( man _h be5 advanc+ 9 purity s9ce ! creation1 & t on its rea*+ to a c]ta9 degree1 "o ,mahmd 7glori\s7 w\ld arise1 & t !n ! disp5sation ( ,muhammad w\ld come to an end4 ,he claim$ to be ! ,mahmd4 ,he also taught ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 & t ! beg9n+ ( ev]y?+ 0 ! ,nuqtah-i-khk--e>? atom4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t !y are call$ ! ,nuqtawiah sect4 ,!y are also kn[n by ! names ,mahmdiah & ,whdiah4 ,%ah ',abbs k+ ( ,p]sia expell$ !m f 8 dom9ions1 b ,akb> receiv$ ! fugitives k9dly & promot$ "s among/ !m to high (fices ( ,/ate4 ,?is ,mahdav movem5t1 aris+ z x did out ( ! ,%a'h doctr9e ( ! ,immat1 is a v /rik+ fact4 ,t impo/]s %\ld arise & claim ! "n & (fice ( ,al-,mahd is n to be wond]$ at1 b t l>ge bodies ( m5 %\ld foll[ !m %[s ! unre/ :i* dwelt 9 m5's he>ts1 & h[ !y long$ = a p]sonal lead] & guide4 ,! :ole ( ! ,%a'h doctr9e on ?is po9t seems to %[ t !re is 9 ! human he>t a natural desire = "s ,m$iator--"s ,^w ( ! ,fa!r1 :o %all reveal ,him to ,8 *ildr54 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem1 z if ! doctr9e ( ! ,immat might to "s ext5t reconcile ! ?\ghtful ,%a'h to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation & ,m$iation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 to ,8 (fice z ! p]fect reveal] ( ,god's w2 & z our ,guide 9 life2 b alas6 x is n s4 ,! my/ic lore connect$ ) ,%a'h doctr9e has sapp$ ! f\ndation ( moral life & vig\r4 ,a sy/em ( religi\s res]vation1 too1 is a fundam5tal "p ( ! sy/em 9 its my/ical developm5ts1 :il/ all ,%a'hs may lawfully practise taka1 or religi\s #hd compromise 9 _! daily lives4 ,x ?us becomes impossible to place dep5d5ce on :at a ,%a'h may pr(ess1 z pi\s frauds are legalis$ by 8 sy/em ( religion4 ,if he becomes a my/ic1 he looks ^u ! c]emonial & ! moral law z re/rictions impos$ by an ,almighty ,p[]4 ,! omission ( ! "o is a s9 almo/1 if n q1 z bad z a brea*1 ( ! o!r4 ,! adv5t ( ,mahd is ! good "t :5 all su* re/rictions %all be remov$1 :5 ! utmo/ fre$om %all be all[$4 ,?us ! moral s5se1 9 _m cases1 becomes dead5$ to an ext5t su* z ^? :o are n 9 daily contact ) ^! p c h>dly cr$it4 ,! practice ( taka1 religi\s compromise1 & ! legality ( muta'h or tempor>y m>riages1 h done mu* to demoralise ! ,%a'h community4 ,! foll[+ words ( a rec5t au?or descriptive ( ! ,%a'h sy/em are 9 ! ma9 true1 ?\gh !y d n apply to ea* individual 9 t sy/em3-- ,!re c be no /rong] te/imony ( ! corrupt+ p[] & ! h>d & hopeless bondage ( ! or?odox cre$1 ?an t m5 %\ld escape f x into a sy/em :i* e/abli%$ falsehood z ! supreme law ( conduct1 & reg>d$ ! r$uction ( m5 to ! level ( sw9e z ! goal ( human exi/5ce4#gf ,! ,mutazilites1 or ,sec$]s1 7 once an influ5tial body4 ,!y d n exi/ z a sep>ate sect n[4 ,an acc\nt ( !m w be giv5 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,immat1 common to all ! (f%oots ( ! ,%a'h sect1 is to be f\nd ! *ief po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,sunn & ! ,%a'h1 a diff]5ce s great t !re is no dang] ( ev5 a political union betwe5 ^! two great bran*es ( ,islm4 ,i h already describ$1 too1 h[ ! ,%a'hs reject ! ,sunnat1 ?\gh !y d n reject ,tradition4 ,a good deal ( ill-blood is /ill kept up by ! recollection--a recollection kept alive by ! annual recurr5ce ( ! ,muh>ram fa/--( ! sad #he fate ( ',al & 8 sons4 ,! ,sunns are blam$ = ! "w ( _! ance/ors 9 ! fai?1 :il/ ! ,khalfs ,abu ,bakr1 ,om>1 & ,osmn are look$ ^u z usurp]s4 ,n to !m 0 committ$ ! wond]ful ray ( light4 ,9 ! possession ( t alone c any "o make good a claim to be ! ,imm1 ! ,guide ( ! ,believ]s4 ,! t]rible disord]s ( ! e>ly days ( ,islm c only be und]/ood :5 we realise to "s ext5t ! passionate long+ :i* m5 felt = a spiritual head--an ,imm4 ,x 0 ?\ght to be impossible t ,muhammad1 ! la/--! seal--( ! prophets %\ld leave ! ,fai?ful )\t a guide1 :o w\ld be ! int]pret] ( ! w ( ,allah4 ,we "h make a slight digression to %[ t ?is feel+ ext5ds beyond ! ,%a'h sect1 & is ( "s importance 9 its be>+ ^u ! ,ea/]n ,"q4 ,ap>t f ! sup]human claims = ! ,imm1 :at he is z a rul] to ! ,%a'h1 ! ,khalf is to ! ,sunn--! supreme head 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! successor ( ! ,prophet1 ! ,cons]vator ( ,islm z made kn[n 9 ! ,qurn1 ! ,sunnat & ! ,ijm' ( ! e>ly ,mujtahidn4 ,to adm9i/] ! laws1 ! adm9i/rator mu/ h a div9e sanction4 ,?us :5 ! ,ottoman rul]1 ,selim ! ,fir/1 conqu]$ ,egypt1 7,a4,d4 #aeaf7 he s\ght & obta9$1 f an old desc5dant ( ! ,baghdd ,khalfs1 ! transf] ( ! title to himself1 & 9 ?is way ! ,sultns ( ,turkey became ! ,khalfs ( ,islm4 ,:e!r ,mutawakal ,billl1 ! la/ titul> ,khalf ( ! h\se ( ',abbs1 0 "r or wrong 9 ?us transf]r+ ! title is n my purpose n[ to discuss4 ,i only adduce ! fact to %[ h[ x illu/rates ! feel+ ( ! ne$ ( a ,pontiff--a div9ely appo9t$ ,rul]4 ,/rictly speak+1 accord+ to ,muhammadan law1 ! ,sultns are n ,khalfs1 = x is cle>ly laid d[n 9 ! ,traditions t ! ,khalf 7or ! ,imm7 mu/ be ( ! tribe ( ! ,qurai%1 to :i* ! ,prophet himself belong$4 ,ibn-i-,umr relates t ! ,prophet said3--,! ,khalfs %all be 9 ! ,qurai% tribe z long z !re are two #hf p]sons 9 x1 "o to rule & ano!r to s]ve4#gg ,x is a necess>y condition t ! ,khalf %\ld be ( ! ,qurai% tribe4#gh ,su* quotations might be multipli$1 & !y t5d to %[ t x is n at all incumb5t on or?odox ,sunns1 o!r ?an ! ,turks1 to ru% to ! rescue ( ! ,sultn1 :il/ to ! ,%a'hs he is little bett] ?an a h]etic4 ,c]ta9ly !y w\ld nev] look ^u him z an ,imm1 :i* p]sonage is to !m 9 ! place ( a ,khalf4 ,9 c\ntries n "u ,turki% rule1 ! ,khutbah1 or pray] = ! rul]1 said on ,fridays 9 ! mosques1 is said = ! rul] ( ! age1 or = ! ,amr1 or :atev] happ5s to be ! title ( ! head ( ! ,/ate4 ,( late ye>s x has become m common 9 ,india to say x = ! ,sultn4 ,?is is n1 /rictly speak+1 accord+ to ,muhammadan law1 :i* decl>es t ! ,khutbah c only be said ) ! p]mission ( ! rul]1 & z 9 ,india t rul] is ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 ! pray]s %\ld be said = ! ,que54 ,evid5tly ! law nev] contemplat$ l>ge bodies ( ,musalmns resid+ any:]e b :]e ! influ5ce ( ! ,khalf ext5d$4 ,9 ?us ca/+ d\bt on ! legality ( ! claim made by ,turki% ,sultns to ! ,khalifate ( ,islm1 ,i d n d5y t ! ,law ( ,islm requires t !re %\ld be a ,khalf4 ,un=tunately = ,islm1 !re is no?+ 9 its hi/ory p>allel to ! conflict ( ,pope & ,emp]or1 ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,! action & re-action ( ^! p[]ful & p>tially indep5d5t =ces1 _! resi/ance to ea* o!r1 & _! m9i/ry to ea* o!r1 h be5 ( incalculable value to ! high] activity & life ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ,islm ! ,khalf is bo? ,pope & ,emp]or4 ,ibn ,khald\n /ates t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,khalf & any o!r rul] is t ! =m] rules accord+ to div9e1 ! latt] accord+ to human law4 ,! ,prophet 9 transmitt+ 8 sacr$ au?ority to ! ,khalfs1 8 successors1 convey$ to #hg !m absolute p[]s4 ,khalfs c be assass9at$1 murd]$1 bani%$1 b s long z !y reign any?+ l con/itutional lib]ty is impossible4 ,x is a fatal mi/ake 9 ,european politics & an evil = ,turkey to recognize ! ,sultn z ! ,khalf ( ,islm1 =1 if he be su*1 ,turkey c nev] take any /ep =w>d to newness ( political life4#gi ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a digression f ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,!re has be5 f ! e>lie/ ages ( ,islm a movem5t :i* exi/s to ?is day4 ,x is a k9d ( my/icism1 kn[n z ,sfism4 ,x has be5 especially preval5t among ! ,p]sians4 ,x is a re-action f ! burd5 ( a rigid law1 & a we>isome ritual4 ,x has n[ exi/$ = a ?\s& ye>s1 & if x has ! elem5t ( progress 9 x1 if x is ! salt ( ,islm "s fruit %\ld n[ be se54 ,b :at is ,sfism8 ,! t]m ,sf is mo/ probably d]iv$ f ! ,arabic ^w ,sf1 wool1 ( :i* mat]ial ! g>m5ts worn by ,ea/]n ascetics us$ to be g5]ally made4 ,"s p]sons1 h[ev]1 d]ive x f ! ,p]sian1 ,sf1 pure1 or ! ,greek ,greek3 sophia1 wisdom4 ,tasawwuf1 or ,sfism1 is ! ab/ract =m ( ! ^w1 & is1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 & o!r le>n$ ori5tali/s1 a figurative mode1 borr[$ ma9ly f ! ,indian philosoph]s ( ! ,v$anta s*ool1 ( express+ ! f]v\r ( devotion4 ,! *ief idea is t ! s\ls ( m5 diff] 9 degree1 b n #hh 9 k9d1 f ! ,div9e ,_s1 ( :i* !y are emanations1 & to :i* !y w ultimately return4 ,! ,_s ( ,god is 9 all ,he has made1 & x 9 ,him4 ,he alone is p]fect love1 beauty1 etc4--h5ce love to him is ! only real ?+2 all else is illusion4 ,sa'd says3 ,i swe> by ! tru? ( ,god1 t :5 ,he %[$ me ,8 glory all else 0 illusion4 ,?is pres5t life is "o ( sep>ation f ! belov$4 ,! beauties ( nature1 music1 & art revive 9 m5 ! div9e idea1 & recall _! affections f w&]+ f ,him to o!r objects4 ,^! sublime affections m5 mu/ *]i%1 & by ab/raction conc5trate _! ?\ghts on ,god1 & s approximate to ,8 ess5ce1 & f9ally rea* ! highe/ /age ( bliss--absorption into ! ,et]nal4 ,! true end & object ( human life is to lose all consci\sness ( individual exi/5ce--to s9k 9 ! ocean ( ,div9e ,life1 z a break+ bubble is m]g$ into ! /ream on ! surface ( :i* x has = a mom5t ris54#hj ,sfs1 :o all accept ,islm z a div9ely e/abli%$ religion1 suppose t long be=e ! creation ( ! _w a contract 0 made by ! ,supreme ,s\l ) ! assembl$ _w ( spirits1 :o are p>ts ( x4 ,ea* _s 0 address$ sep>ately1 ?us3 ,art ?\ n ) ?y ,"l8 t is1 b\nd to him by a solemn contract4 ,to ?is !y all answ]$ ) "o voice1 ,yes4 ,ano!r acc\nt says t ! se$ ( !osophy 7m'arifat7 0 plac$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! "t ( ,adam2 t ! plant #hi came =? 9 ! days ( ,noah1 0 9 fl[] :5 ,abraham 0 alive & produc$ fruit be=e ,moses pass$ away4 ,! grapes ( ?is noble plant 7 ripe 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 b x 0 n till ! age ( ,muhammad t pure w9e 0 made f !m4 ,!n ^? intoxicat$ ) x1 hav+ atta9$ to ! highe/ degree ( ! k ( ,god1 c\ld =get _! own p]sonality & say3--,praise to me1 is !re any great] ?an myself8 ,i am ! ,tru?4 ,! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,qurn is quot$ by ,sfs 9 support ( _! fav\rite dogma--! atta9+ to ! k ( ,god3 ,:5 ,god said to ! angels1 ',i am ab\t to place a vic]eg5t on ! e>?1' !y said3 ',wilt ,?\ place !re9 "o :o %all commit abom9ation & %$ blood8 ,nay2 we celebrate ,?y praise & hol9ess4' ,god answ]$ !m1 ',v]ily ,i "k t ye wot n (4' 7,sra ii4 #bh47 ,x is said t ?is v]se proves t1 ?\gh ! great mass ( mank9d w\ld commit abom9ation1 "s w\ld receive ! div9e light & atta9 to a k ( ,god4 ,a ,tradition /ates t ,david said3 ',oh ,"l6 :y ha/ ,?\ creat$ mank9d8' ,god repli$1 ',i am a hidd5 treasure1 & ,i w\ld fa9 become kn[n4' ,! bus9ess ( ! my/ic is to f9d ?is treasure1 to atta9 to ! ,div9e light & ! true k ( ,god4 ,! e>li] ,muhammadan my/ics s\ght to imp>t life to a rigid & =mal ritual1 & ?\gh ! se$s ( ,pan!ism 7 plant$ 9 _! sy/em f ! fir/1 !y ma9ta9$ t !y 7 or?odox4 ,our sy/em ( doctr9e1 says ,al-,junaid1 is firmly b\nd up ) ! dogmas ( ! fai?1 ! ,qurn & ! ,traditions4 ,!re 0 a moral e>ne/ness ab\t _m ( ^! m5 :i* frequ5tly re/ra9$ ! arm ( unrighte\s p[]1 & _! say+s1 (t5 full ( beauty1 %[ t !y _h ! p[] ( appreciat+ ! spiritual side ( life4 ,"s ( ^! s5t5ces are wor?y ( any age4 ,z nei!r meat nor dr9k1 says "o1 pr(it ! diseas$ body1 s no w>n+ avails #ij to t\* ! he>t full ( ! love ( ?is _w4 ,! "w ( a holy man do? n consi/ 9 ?is1 t he eats gra91 & clo!s himself 9 wool1 b 9 ! k ( ,god & submission to ,8 w4 ,?\ des]ve/ n ! "n ( a le>n$ man till ?y he>t is empti$ ( ! love ( ?is _w4 ,hide ?y good de$s z closely z ?\ w\ld/ hide ?y s9s4 ,a fam\s my/ic 0 br\ght into ! pres5ce ( ! ,khalf ,hrn-ur-,ra%d :o said to him3 ,h[ great is ?y abnegation8 ,he repli$1 ,?9e is great]4 ,h[ s8 said ! ,khalf4 ,because ,i make abnegation ( ?is _w1 & ?\ make/ abnegation ( ! next4 ,! same man also said3 ,! display ( devotional works to please m5 is hypocrisy1 & acts ( devotion done to please m5 are acts ( poly!ism4 ,b t[>ds ! close ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,hijra1 ?is e>li] my/icism develop$ into ,sfism4 ,!n ,al-,hallj taught 9 ,baghdd ?us3 ,i am ! ,tru?4 ,!re is n\ght 9 ,p>adise b ,god4 ,i am ,he :om ,i love1 & ,he :om ,i love is ,i2 we are two s\ls dwell+ 9 "o body4 ,:5 ?\ see/ me1 ?\ see/ ,him2 & :5 ?\ see/ ,him ?\ see/ me4 ,?is r\s$ ! opposition ( ! or?odox div9es by :om ,al-,hallj 0 condemn$ to be wor?y ( dea?4 ,he 0 !n by ord] ( ! ,khalf flogg$1 tortur$ & f9ally behead$4 ,?us di$ "o ( ! e>ly m>tyrs ( ,sfism1 b x grew 9 spite ( bitt] p]secution4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! esot]ic tea*+ ( ,sfi/ic poetry1 x is necess>y to rememb] t ! p]ceptive s5se is ! travell]1 ! k ( ,god ! goal1 ! doctr9es ( ?is asc5t1 or upw>d progress is ! ,t>ikat1 or ! road4 ,! ext9ction ( self is necess>y be=e any progress c be made on t road4 ,a ,sf poet writes3-- ,plant "o foot ^u ! neck ( self1 ,! o!r 9 ?y ,fri5d's doma92 ,9 ev]y?+ ,8 pres5ce see1 ,= o!r vision is 9 va94 #ia ,sa'd 9 ! ,bu/n says3 ,art ?\ a fri5d ( ,god8 ,speak n ( self1 = to speak ( ,god & ( self is infidelity4 ,%aikh ,abu'l-,faiz1 a great poet & a fri5d ( ! ,emp]or ,akb>1 f :om he receiv$ ! hon\rable title ( ,mlik-u%-,%u'ar--,ma/] ( ! ,poets1 says3 ,^? :o h n clos$ ! door on exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce reap no advantage f ! calm ( ?is _w & ( ! _w to come4 ,khusrau1 ano!r well-kn[n poet says3-- ,i h become ,?\3 ,?\ art become ,i1 ,i am ! body1 ,?\ ! s\l2 ,let no "o h5ce=? say ,t ,i am di/9ct f ,!e1 & ,?\ f me4 ,! fact is1 t ,p]sian poetry is almo/ entirely ,sfi/ic4 ,x is difficult = ! un9itiat$ to arrive at ! esot]ic mean+ ( ^! writ+s4 ,kitmn1 or ! art ( hid+ f ! pr(ane religi\s beliefs1 (t5 contr>y to ! reveal$ law1 has always be5 a special quality ( ! ,ea/4 ,pan!i/ic doctr9es are l>gely inculcat$4#ha ,?us3-- ,i 01 ere a "n _h be5 nam$ ^u e>?2 ,ere "o trace yet exi/$ ( aught t has bir?2 ,:5 ! locks ( ! ,lov$ ,"o /ream$ =? = a sign1 ,& ,be+ 0 none1 save ! ,pres5ce ,div9e6 ,nam$ & "n 7 alike emanations f ,me1 ,ere aught t 0 ',i' exi/$1 or ',we4' ,! poet !n describes 8 fruitless se>* = re/ & peace 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,h9duism1 & ! religion ( ! ,p>see4 ,ev5 ,islm gave him no satisfaction1 =-- ,nor above nor b5ea? came ! ,lov$ ,"o to view1 ,i toil$ to ! summit1 wild1 pa?less & lone1 ,( ! globe-gird+ ,kaf#hb3--;b ! ',anka#hc _h fl[n6 #ib ,! sev'n? heav5 ,i trav]s$--! sev'n? heav5 explor$1 ,b 9 nei!r disc]n'd ,i ! c\rt ( ! ,"l6 ,i "q'd ! ,p5 & ! ,tablet ( ,fate1 ,b !y :isp]'d n :]e ,he pavilions ,8 /ate2 ,my vision ,i /ra9'd2 b my ,god-scann+ eye ,no trace1 t to ,godhead belongs1 c\ld descry4 ,my glance ,i b5t inw>d2 )9 my own brea/1 ,lo1 ! va9ly s\ght else:]e1 ! ,godhead confess'd6 ,9 ! :irl ( its transport my _s 0 toss'd1 ,till ea* atom ( sep>ate be+ ,i lo/4 ,^! are ! words ( ! greate/ au?ority among ! ,sfs1 ! fam\s ,maulna ,jell-ud-dn ,rm1 f\nd] ( ! ord] ( ! ,maulv ,d>w%es4 ,he also relates ! foll[+ /ory3 ,"o knock$ at ! door ( ! belov$1 & a voice f )9 said3 ',:o is !re8' ,!n he answ]$1 ',x is ,i4' ,! voice repli$1 ',?is h\se w n hold me & !e6' ,s ! door rema9$ %ut4 ,! lov] retir$ to a wild]ness1 & sp5t "s "t 9 solitude1 fa/+1 & pray]4 ,"o ye> elaps$1 :5 he aga9 return$1 & knock$ at ! door4 ',:o is !re8' said ! voice4 ,! lov] answ]$1 ',x is ?\4' ,!n ! door 0 op5$4 ,! great object ( life1 !n1 be+ to escape f ! h9drances to pure love & to a return to ! div9e ess5ce1 ! ,tlib1 or seek]1 atta*es himself to a ,mur%id1 or tea*]4 ,if he prosecutes 8 /udies accord+ to ,sfi/ic me?ods he n[ (t5 ent]s "o ( ! _m ord]s ( ,d>w%es4 ,aft] due prep>ation "u 8 ,mur%id1 he is all[$ to ent] on ! road4 ,he !n becomes a ,slik1 or travell]1 ^: bus9ess h5ce=? is slk t is1 devotion to "o idea--! k ( ,god4 ,9 ?is road !re are eight /ages4 7#a7 ,s]vice4 ,"h he mu/ s]ve ,god & obey ! ,law = he is /ill 9 bondage4 7#b7 ,love4 ,x is suppos$ t n[ ! ,div9e influ5ce has s attract$ 8 s\l t he really loves ,god4 7#c7 ,seclusion4 ,love hav+ expell$ all worldly desires1 he arrives at ?is /age1 & passes 8 "t 9 m$itation on ! deep] doctr9es #ic ( ,sfism reg>d+ ! ,div9e nature4 7#d7 ,k4 ,! m$itation 9 ! prec$+ /age1 & ! inve/igation ( ! metaphysical !ories conc]n+ ,god1 ,8 nature1 ,8 attributes & ! l make him an 'rif--"o :o kn[s4 7#e7 ,ec/asy4 ,! m5tal excitem5t caus$ by su* cont9u$ m$itation on ab/ruse subjects produces a k9d ( fr5zy1 :i* is look$ ^u z a m>k ( direct illum9ation ( ! he>t f ,god4 ,x is kn[n z ,hl--! /ate2 or ,wajd--ec/asy4 ,arrival at ?is /age is highly valu$1 = x is ! c]ta9 entrance to ! next4 7#f7 ,haqiqat--! ,tru?4 ,n[ to ! travell] is reveal$ ! true nature ( ,god1 n[ he le>ns ! reality ( t :i* he has be5 = s long seek+4 ,?is admits him to ! highe/ /age 9 8 j\rney1 z f> z ?is life is conc]n$4 7#g7 ,t /age is ,wasl--union ) ,god4 ,!re 0 a door to :i* ,i f\nd no key2 ,!re 0 a veil pa/ :i* ,i c\ld n see3 ,"s little talk ( ,me & ,!e ,!re seem$--& !n no m ( ,!e & ,me4 ,he _c1 9 ?is life1 g beyond t1 & v few rea* t exalt$ /age4 ,?us arose a sy/em ( ,pan!ism1 :i* repres5ts joy & sorr[1 good & evil1 pleasure & pa9 z manife/ations ( "o *angeless ess5ce4 ,religion1 z made kn[n by an outw>d revelation1 is1 to ! few :o rea* ?is /age1 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,ev5 its re/ra9ts are n ne$$4 ,! s\l t is unit$ to ,god c d no evil4 ,! poet ,khusrau says3 ,love is ! object ( my wor%ip1 :at ne$ h ,i ( ,islm8 ,dea? ensues & ) x ! la/ /age is rea*$4 7#h7 ,x is ,fan--ext9ction4 ,! seek] aft] all 8 se>*1 ! travell] aft] all 8 we>isome j\rney passes beh9d ! veil & f9ds--no?+6 ,z ! travell] proce$s f /age to /age1 ! re/ra9ts ( an objective revelation & ( an outw>d sy/em are less & less he$$4 ,! #id religion ( ! my/ic consi/s 9 8 imm$iate communication ) ,god1 & :5 once ?is has be5 e/abli%$1 ! value ( ecclesia/ical =ms1 & ( ! hi/orical "p ( religion1 becomes d\btful4 ,:at law c b9d ! s\l 9 union ) ,god1 :at outw>d sy/em impose any trammels on "o :o1 9 ! ,ec/asy1 has receiv$ f ,him1 :o is ! ,tru?1 ! direct revelation ( ,8 own glori\s nature8 ,moral laws & c]emonial obs]vances h only an allegorical signification4 ,cre$s are b fett]s cunn+ly devis$ to limit ! flight ( ! s\l2 all t is objective 9 religion is a re/ra9t to ! reason ( ! initiat$4#hd ,pan!i/ic 9 cre$1 & too (t5 ,ant9omian 9 practice1 ,sfism possesses no reg5]ative p[] 9 ,islm4 ,x is n a sub/antive religion su* z %apes ! life ( races or ( nations1 x is a /ate ( op9ion4 ,no ,muslim ,/ate makes a national pr(ession ( ,sfism4 ,9 spite ( all its dogmatic utt]ances1 9 spite ( mu* t is sublime 9 its idea ( ! se>* aft] light & tru?1 ,sfism ends 9 utt] negation ( all sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,! pan!ism ( ! ,sfs1 ?is esot]ic doctr9e ( ,islm1 z a moral doctr9e leads to ! same conclusions z mat]ialism1 ! negation ( human lib]ty1 ! indiff]5ce to actions & ! legitimacy ( all temporal enjoym5ts4 ,! result ( ,sfism has be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge numb] ( religi\s ord]s kn[n z ,d>w%es4#he ,^! m5 are look$ ^u ) disfav\r by ! #ie or?odox2 b !y fl\ri% nev]!less1 & 9 ,turkey at ! pres5t day h great influ5ce4 ,!re are 9 ,con/ant9ople two hundr$ ,takiahs1 or mona/]ies4 ,! ,d>w%es are n organiz$ ) su* regul>ity1 nor subject to discipl9e s sev]e z t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,mona/ic ord]s2 b !y surpass !m 9 numb]4 ,ea* ord] has its own special my/]ies & practices by :i* its memb]s ?9k !y c obta9 a k ( ! secrets ( ! invisible _w4 ,!y are also call$ ,faqrs--poor m51 n1 h[ev]1 always 9 ! s5se ( be+ 9 temporal want1 b z be+ poor 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,d>w%es ( _m ( ! ord]s d n beg1 & _m ( ! ,takiahs are ri*ly end[$4 ,!y are divid$ into two great classes1 ! ,ba ,%>a' 7) ! ,law7 ,d>w%es2 & ! ,be ,%>a' 7)\t ! ,law74 ,! =m] pref] to rule _! conduct accord+ to ! law ( ,islm & are call$ ! ,slik--travell]s on ! pa? 7t>qat7 to heav52 ! latt] ?\gh !y call !mselves ,muslims d n con=m to ! law1 & are call$ ,azd 7free71 or ,majzb 7ab/ract$71 a t]m :i* signifies _! r5unciation ( all worldly c>es & pursuits4 ,! ,slik ,d>w%es are ^? :o p]=m ! ,zikrs4#hf ,:at little hope !re is ( ^! pr(ess$ly religi\s m5 work+ any re=m 9 ,islm w be se5 f ! foll[+ acc\nt ( _! doctr9es4#hg #a4 ,god only exi/s1--,he is 9 all ?+s1 & all ?+s are 9 ,him4 ,v]ily we are f ,god1 & to ,him %all we return4 7,sra ii4 #aea47 #if #b4 ,all visible & invisible be+s are an emanation f ,him1 & are n really di/9ct f ,him4 ,creation is only a pa/ime ) ,god4 #c4 ,p>adise & ,hell1 & all ! dogmas ( positive religions1 are only s _m allegories1 ! _s ( :i* is only kn[n to ! ,sf4 #d4 ,religions are matt]s ( indiff]5ce2 !y1 h[ev]1 s]ve z a means ( rea*+ to realities4 ,"s1 = ?is purpose1 are m advantage\s ?an o!rs4 ,among :i* is ! ,musalmn religion1 ( :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,sfs is ! philosophy4 #e4 ,!re is n any real diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil1 = all is r$uc$ to unity1 & ,god is ! real au?or ( ! acts ( mank9d4 #f4 ,x is ,god :o fixes ! w ( man4 ,man1 !re=e1 is n free 9 8 actions4 #g4 ,! s\l exi/$ be=e ! body1 & is n[ conf9$ )9 x z 9 a cage4 ,at dea? ! s\l returns to ! ,div9ity f :i* x emanat$4 #h4 ,! pr9cipal occupation ( ! ,sf is to m$itate on ! unity1 & s to atta9 to spiritual p]fection--unification ) ,god4 #i4 ,)\t ! grace ( ,god no "o c atta9 to ?is unity2 b ,god does n refuse ,8 aid to ^? :o are 9 ! "r pa?4 ,! p[] ( a ,%eikh1 a spiritual lead]1 is v great4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! admission ( a ,novice1 call$ ,tawakkul ,beg1 into an ,ord]1 & ( ! sev]e te/s appli$1 w be ( "s int]e/4#hh ,tawakkul ,beg says3--,hav+ be5 introduc$ by ,akhnd ,mooll ,muhammad to ,%eikh ,moolla ,%h1 my he>t1 ?r\gh frequ5t int]c\rse ) him1 0 fill$ ) su* a burn+ desire to arrive at a true k ( ! my/ical sci5ce t ,i f\nd no sleep by night1 nor re/ by day4 ,:5 ! initiation comm5c$1 #ig ,i pass$ ! :ole night )\t sleep1 & repeat$ innum]able times ! ,srat-ul-,ikhls3-- ,say3 ,he is ,god alone3 ,god ! et]nal3 ,he begette? n1 & ,he is n begott52 ,& !re is none l unto ,him4 7,sra cxii47 ,:osoev] repeats ?is ,sra "o hundr$ times c accompli% all 8 v[s4 ,i desir$ t ! ,%eikh %\ld be/[ on me 8 love4 ,no soon] _h ,i f9i%$ my task ?an ! he>t ( ! ,%eikh became full ( sympa?y = me4 ,on ! foll[+ night ,i 0 conduct$ to 8 pres5ce4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( t night he conc5trat$ 8 ?\ghts on me1 :il/ ,i gave myself up to inw>d m$itation4 ,?ree nights pass$ 9 ?is way4 ,on ! f\r? night ! ,%eikh said3--',let ,mooll ,s5ghim & ,slih ,beg1 :o are v susceptible to ec/atic emotions1 apply _! spiritual en]gies to ,tawakkul ,beg4' ,!y did s1 :il/ ,i pass$ ! :ole night 9 m$itation1 ) my face turn$ t[>d ,mecca4 ,z ! morn+ drew ne>1 a little light came into my m9d1 b ,i c\ld n di/+ui% =m or col\r4 ,aft] ! morn+ pray]s1 ,i 0 tak5 to ! ,%eikh :o bade me in=m him ( my m5tal /ate4 ,i repli$ t ,i _h se5 a light ) my inw>d eye4 ,on he>+ ?is1 ! ,%eikh became animat$ & said3 ',?y he>t is d>k1 b ! "t is come :5 ,i w %[ myself cle>ly to !e4' ,he !n ord]$ me to sit d[n 9 front ( him1 & to impress 8 features on my m9d4 ,!n hav+ bl9dfold$ me1 he ord]$ me to conc5trate all my ?\ghts ^u him4 ,i did s1 & 9 an in/ant by ! spiritual help ( ! ,%eikh my he>t op5$4 ,he ask$ me :at ,i saw4 ,i said t ,i saw ano!r ,tawakkul ,beg & ano!r ,mooll ,%h4 ,! b&age 0 !n remov$1 & ,i saw ! ,%eikh 9 front ( me4 ,aga9 !y cov]$ my face1 & aga9 ,i saw him ) my inw>d eye4 ,a/oni%$1 ,i cri$2 ',o ma/]6 :e!r ,i look ) my bodily eye1 or ) my spiritual #ih sight1 x is always y ,i see4' ,i !n saw a dazzl+ figure approa* me4 ,! ,%eikh told me to say to ! app>ition1 ',:at is y\r "n8' ,9 my _s ,i put ! "q1 & ! figure answ]$ to my he>t3 ',i am ',abd-ul-,qdir ,jiln1 ,i h already aid$ !e1 ?y he>t is op5$4' ,mu* affect$1 ,i v[$ t 9 hon\r ( ! sa9t1 ,i w\ld repeat ! :ole ,qurn e ,friday night4 ,mooll ,%h !n said3 ',! spiritual _w has be5 %[n to !e 9 all its beauty4' ,i !n r5d]$ p]fect ob$i5ce to ! ,%eikh4 ,! foll[+ day ,i saw ! ,prophet1 ! *ief ,companions1 & legions ( sa9ts & angels4 ,aft] ?ree mon?s1 ,i ent]$ ! *e]less region 9 :i* ! figures appe>$ no m4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t1 ! ,%eikh cont9u$ to expla9 to me ! my/]y ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,unity & ( ! k ( ,god2 b z yet he did n %[ me ! absolute reality4 ,x 0 n until a ye> _h pass$ t ,i arriv$ at ! true conception ( unity4 ,!n 9 words su* z ^! ,i told ! ,%eikh ( my inspiration4 ',i look ^u ! body z only du/ & wat]1 ,i reg>d nei!r my he>t nor my s\l1 alas6 t 9 sep>ation f ,!e 7,god7 s mu* ( my life has pass$4 ,?\ w]t ,i & ,i knew x n4' ,! ,%eikh 0 delight$1 & said t ! tru? ( ! union ) ,god 0 n[ cle>ly reveal$ to me4 ,!n address+ ^? :o 7 pres5t1 he said3 ',tawakkul ,beg le>nt f me ! doctr9e ( ! ,unity1 8 inw>d eye has be5 op5$1 ! sph]es ( col\rs & ( images h be5 %[n to him4 ,at l5g?1 he ent]$ ! col\rless region4 ,he has n[ atta9$ to ! ,unity1 d\bt & scepticism h5ce=? h no p[] ov] him4 ,no "o sees ! ,unity ) ! outw>d eye1 till ! inw>d eye ga9s /r5g? & p[]4' ,i _c pass f ?is bran* ( ! subject )\t mak+ a few rem>ks on ,om> ,khayym1 ! great ,a/ronom]-,poet ( ,p]sia4 ,he is sometimes conf\nd$ ) ! ,sfs1 = !re is mu* 9 8 poetry :i* is simil> #ii 9 tone to t ( ! ,sf writ]s4 ,b 8 true position 0 t ( a sceptic4 ,he wrote little1 b :at he has writt5 w live4 ,z an a/ronom] he 0 a man ( note4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #eag ,a4,h4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* may h caus$ 8 scepticism4 ,to a man ( 8 intellig5ce ! h>d & fa/ sy/em ( ,islm 0 an intol]able burd54 ,!n1 8 sci5tific _s _h little sympa?y ) my/icism1 ! e>ne/ en?usia/s ( :i* 7 too (t5 foll[$ by holl[ impo/ors4 ,x is true1 t !re 0 mu* 9 ! _s ( "s ( ! bett] ,sfs t seem$ to %[ a ye>n+ = some?+ high] ?an m]e e>?ly good2 above all1 !re 0 ! recognition ( a ,high] ,p[]4 ,b ) all ?is came spiritual pride1 ! _w & its duties became a ?+ ( evil1 & ! religi\s & ! secul> life 7 completely divorc$1 to ! ru9 ( bo?4 ,! ,pan!ism :i* soon p]vad$ ! sy/em left no room = man's w to act1 = 8 consci5ce to guide4 ,s ! moral law become a dead lett]4 ,irreligi\s m51 to free !mselves f ! bondage & re/ra9ts ( law1 assum$ ! religi\s life4 ,?us a movem5t1 animat$ at fir/ by a high & l(ty purpose1 has deg5]at$ into a fruitful s\rce ( ill4 ,! /ream :i* ought to h exp&$ into a f]tilis+ riv] has become a va/ swamp1 exhal+ vap\rs *>g$ ) disease & dea?4 ,om> ,khayym saw ?r\gh ! unreality ( all ?is4 ,9 va9 does he try1 by an assum$ air ( gaiety1 to hide f o!rs ! sadness :i* fills 8 he>t1 z all t is bright is se5 pass+ away into oblivion4 ,"o mom5t 9 annihilation's wa/e1 ,"o mom5t1 ( ! well ( life to ta/e-- ,! />s are sett+ & ! ,c>avan ,/>ts = ! dawn ( no?+--oh1 make ha/e6 ,ah1 fill ! cup3--:at boots x to repeat ,h[ ,"t is slipp+ und]nea? our feet3 ,unborn ,to-morr[1 & dead ,ye/]day1 ,:y fret ab\t !m if ,to-day be sweet4 #ajj ,om> held to ! e>?ly & ! mat]ial4 ,= him !re 0 no spiritual _w4 ,*ance seem$ to rule all ! affairs ( m54 ,a pitiless de/9y %ap$ out ! c\rse ( ea* human be+4 ',tis all a *equ]-bo>d ( nights & days ,:]e de/9y ) m5 = pieces plays3 ,hi!r & ?i!r moves1 & mates1 & slays1 ,& "o by "o back 9 ! closet lays4 ,! mov+ f+] writes2 &1 hav+ writ1 ,moves on3 nor all ?y piety nor wit ,%all lure x back to cancel half a l9e1 ,nor all ?y te>s wa% out a ^w ( x4 ,nei!r f e>? nor heav5 c\ld he f9d any answ] to 8 cry4 ,) sages & sa9ts he discuss$1 & he>d1 great argum5t1 b ev]more came out by ! same door z 9 he w5t4 ,he left ! wise to talk1 = "o ?+ alone 0 c]ta91 & all else 0 lies1--! fl[] t once has bl[n = ev] dies4 ,leav+ m5 he turn$ to nature1 b x 0 all ! same4 ,up f e>?'s c5tre ?r\gh ! sev5? gate ,i rose1 & on ! ?rone ( ,saturn sate1 ,& _m knots unravell'd by ! road2 ,b n ! knot ( human dea? & fate4 ,& t inv]t$ b[l we call ! sky1 ,:]e "u crawl+ coop'd we live & die1 ,lift n ?y h&s to x = help--= x ,rolls impot5tly on z ?\ or ,i4 ,om> has ) ju/ice be5 comp>$ to ,lucretius4 ,bo? 7 mat]iali/s1 bo? believ$ n 9 a future life4 ,lucretius built a sy/em = himself 9 8 poem 444 x has a pr(ess$ practical aim--to expla9 ! _w's self-act+ ma*9e to ! poly!i/1 & to disabuse him ( all spiritual ideas4 ,om> builds up no sy/em1 he only %[s =? 8 own d\bts & difficulties1 he loves to balance anti!ses ( belief1 & settle himself 9 ! equipoise ( ! sceptic4 #aja ,! fact t !re is no h]eaft] gives ,lucretius no pa91 b ,om> :o1 if only 8 reason c\ld let him1 w\ld believe1 records 8 utt] despair 9 words ( passionate bitt]ness4 ,he is n glad t !re is no help any:]e4#hi ,& ?\gh he calls = ! w9e-cup1 & li/5s to ! voice )9 ! tav]n cry1 ,awake1 my little ones1 & fill ! cup ,be=e ,life's liquor 9 its cup be dry1 yet he also looks back to ! "t1 :5 he consort$ ) ^? :o pr(ess$ to "k1 & c\ld say3 ,) !m ! se$ ( wisdom did ,i s[1 ,& ) my own h& lab\r$ x to gr[4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,wahhb sect 0 ,muhammad-ibn-,abd-ul-,wahhb1 :o 0 born at a village 9 ,nejd 9 ! ye> #afia ,a4,d4 ,! ,wahhbs speak ( !mselves z ,muwahhid--,unit>ians2 b _! oppon5ts h giv5 to !m ! "n ( ! fa!r ( ! f\nd] ( _! sect & call !m ,wahhbs4 ,muhammad 0 a bright intellig5t y\?1 ( a /rong con/itution & g5]\s _s4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh a c\rse ( ,arabic lit]ature he /udi$ jurisprud5ce "u a tea*] ( ! ,hanfi s*ool4 ,he !n set out 9 company ) 8 fa!r to p]=m ! ,hajj4 ,at ,madna he receiv$ fur!r in/ruction 9 ! ,law4 ,he sp5t sometime at ,ispahn 9 ! society ( le>n$ m54 ,full ( #ajb k1 he return$ to 8 native village ( ,ayna :]e he assum$ ! position ( a religi\s tea*]4 ,he 0 %ock$ to see h[ ! ,arabs _h dep>t$ f :at seem$ to him ! /rict un*ang+ precepts ( ! ,prophet4 ,luxury 9 ! =m ( ri* dresses & silk5 g>m5ts1 sup]/ition 9 ! use ( om5s1 auguries1 & ! l1 9 ! pilgrimages to %r9es & tombs seem$ to be alt]+ ! "* ( ! religion z giv5 by ! ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,he saw1 or ?\ght he saw1 t 9 ! v5]ation paid to sa9ts & holy m51 ! great doctr9e ( ! ,unity 0 be+ obscur$4 ,! reason 0 v pla94 ,! ,qurn & ! ,traditions ( ! ,companions _h be5 neglect$1 :il/ ! say+s ( m5 ( less] note1 & ! jurisprud5ce ( ! f\r great ,imms _h be5 too readily foll[$4 ,"h 0 "w to d4 ,he w\ld re=m ! ,*ur* ( ,islm1 & re/ore m5 to _! allegiance to ! ,book & ! ,sunnat1 z record$ by ! ,companions4 ,x is true1 t ! ,sunns w\ld rise up 9 opposition1 = ?us ! au?ority ( ! f\r ,imms1 ! ,canonical ,legi/s ( ! or?odox sect1 w\ld be set aside2 b :at ( t8 ,_h he n be5 a foll[] ( ,abu ,hanfa8 ,n[ he 0 prep>$ to let ,aba ,hanfa g1 = none b a ,companion ( ! ,prophet c\ld give an au?oritative /atem5t ) reg>d to ! ,sunnat--! ,prophet's words & acts4 ,he mu/ break a lance ) ! glori\s ,imm1 & />t a s*ool ( 8 own4 ,he said3 ,! ,muslim pilgrims adore ! tomb ( ! ,prophet1 & ! sepul*re ( ',al1 & ( o!r sa9ts :o h di$ 9 ! od\r ( sanctity4 ,!y run !re to pay ! tribute ( _! f]v5t pray]s4 ,by ?is means !y ?9k t !y c satisfy _! spiritual & temporal ne$s1 ,f :at d !y seek ?is b5efit8 ,f walls made ( mud & /ones1 f corpses deposit$ 9 tombs4 ,if y speak to !m !y w reply1 ',we d n call ^! monum5ts ,god2 we turn to !m 9 pray]1 & we pray ! sa9ts to int]c$e = u on high4' ,n[1 ! true #ajc way ( salvation is to pro/rate "o's self be=e ,him :o is ev] pres5t1 & to v5]ate ,him--! "o )\t associate or equal4 ,su* outspok5 language rais$ up opposition1 & he _h to seek ! protection ( ,muhammad-,ibn-,saud1 a *ief ( "s importance1 :o n[ vigor\sly support$ ! ,wahhb movem5t4 ,he 0 a /]n & uncompromis+ man4 ,z soon z y seize a place1 he said to 8 soldi]s1 put ! males to ! sword4 ,plund] & pillage at y\r pleasure1 b sp>e ! wom5 & d n /rike a bl[ at _! mode/y4 ,on ! day ( battle he us$ to give ea* soldi] a pap]1 a safe conduct to ! o!r _w4 ,?is lett] 0 address$ to ! ,treasur] ( ,p>adise4 ,x 0 enclos$ 9 a bag :i* ! w>rior susp5d$ to 8 neck4 ,! soldi]s 7 p]suad$ t ! s\ls ( ^? :o di$ 9 battle w\ld g /raight to heav51 )\t be+ exam9$ by ! angels ,munk> & ,nakr 9 ! grave4 ,! wid[s & orphans ( all :o fell 7 support$ by ! survivors4 ,no?+ c\ld resi/ m5 :o1 fir$ ) a burn+ zeal = :at !y deem$ ! tru?1 receiv$ a %>e ( ! booty1 if conqu]ors2 :o w5t direct to ,p>adise if !y 7 sla94 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ,muhammad-,ibn-,saud m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,ibn-,abd-ul-,wahhb & f\nd$ ! ,wahhb dyna/y :i* to ?is day rules at ,ryadh4#ij ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( ?is great movem5t1 :i* spread1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ov] ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury f\nd acceptance 9 ,india4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjc ,a4,d4 bo? ,mecca & ,madna fell into ! h&s ( ! ,wahhbs4 ,a clean sweep 0 made ( all ?+s1 ! use ( :i* 0 oppos$ to ,wahhb pr9ciples4 ,n only ros>ies & *>ms1 b silk robes & pipes 7 consign$ to ! flames1 = smok+ is a #ajd deadly s94 ,on ?is po9t !re is a good /ory told by ,palgrave--',abd-ul-,k>m said3 ',! fir/ ( ! great s9s is ! giv+ div9e hon\rs to a creature4' ,( c\rse ,i repli$1 ',! enormity ( su* a s9 is beyond all d\bt4 ,b if ?is be ! fir/1 !re mu/ be a second2 :at is x8' ',dr9k+ ! %ameful6' 79 ,engli% idiom1 'smok+ tobacco'7 0 ! unhesitat+ answ]4 ',& murd]1 & adult]y1 & false witness8' ,i sugge/$4 ',god is m]ciful & =giv+1' rejo9$ my fri5d2 t is1 ^! are m]ely little s9s4#ia ,aft] hold+ possession ( ! holy cities = n9e ye>s !y 7 driv5 out by ! ,turki% =ces4 ',abdullah1 ! f\r? ,wahhb rul]1 0 captur$ by ,ibrahm ,pa%a1 & aft]w>ds execut$ 9 ! squ>e ( ,/4 ,sophia 7#ahah ,a4,d47 ,! political p[] ( ! ,wahhbs has s9ce be5 conf9$ to p>ts ( ,arabia2 b _! religi\s op9ions h widely spread4 ,! lead] ( ! ,wahhb movem5t 9 ,india 0 ,sayyid ,ahmad1 a re=m$ freeboot]4 ,he 0 n[ born at ,r ,b>eili1 9 ,oudh1 #aghf ,a4,d4 ,:5 ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age he gave up 8 wild way ( liv+ & settl$ d[n 9 ,delhi z a /ud5t ( ! ,law ( ,islm4 ,aft] a :ile1 he w5t on pilgrimage to ,mecca1 b 8 op9ions1 s simil> to ^? ( ! not$ ,wahhb1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ! or?odox !ologians1 ?r\gh ^: influ5ce he 0 expell$ f ! sacr$ city4 ,p]secution deep5$ 8 religi\s convictions1 & he return$ to ,india a pron\nc$ ,wahhb4 ,he soon ga9$ a l>ge numb] ( disciples1 & 9 #ahbf ,a4,d4 he prea*$ a ,jihd aga9/ ! ,sikhs4 ,?is w> 0 n a success4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca ! ,wahhbs 7 sudd5ly attack$ by ! ,sikhs1 "u ,%] ,s+h1 & ,sayyid ,ahmad 0 sla94 ,?is did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t ! spread ( ,wahhb pr9ciples1 = he _h ! good =tune to leave beh9d him an en?usia/ic disciple4 ,?is man1 #aje ,muhammad ,ism'l1 0 born ne> ,delhi 9 ! ye> #agha ,a4,d4 ,he 0 a y\? ( good abilities & soon ma/]$ ! subjects :i* =m ! curriculum ( a lib]al education among/ ,musalmns4 ,8 fir/ prea*+ 0 9 a ,mosque at ,delhi on ,tauhd 7,unity71 & aga9/ ,%irk 7,poly!ism74 ,he n[ met ) ,sayyid ,ahmad :o soon acquir$ great influ5ce ov] 8 new disciple4 ,ism'l told him "o ev5+ t he c\ld n (f] up 8 pray]s ) ,huzr-i-,kalb1 pres5ce ( he>t4 ,! ,sayyid took him to 8 room :]e he in/ruct$ him to repeat ! fir/ ( ! pray]s aft] him1 & !n to conclude !m alone4 ,he did s1 & 0 able to s ab/ract himself 9 ! contemplation ( ,god t he rema9$ engag$ 9 pray] till ! morn+4 ,h5ce=w>d he 0 a devot$ adh]5t ( 8 spiritual tea*]4 ,9 ! public discussions1 :i* n[ (t5 took place1 none 7 a mat* = ,ism'l4 ,?is f]v5t prea*] ( ,wahhbism is n[ *iefly rememb]$ by 8 great "w1 ! ,takwiat-ul-,imn1 ! book f :i* ! acc\nt ( ,wahhb doctr9e giv5 9 ?is *apt] is tak54 ,if ,i make no special ref]5ce to ! quotations giv51 x w be kn[n t my au?ority = ! /atem5ts ?us made is ,muhammad ,ism'l1 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ,sayyid ,ahmad's disciples4 ,?is book 0 foll[$ by ! ,sirt-ul-,mu/aqm1 said to h be5 writt5 by "o ( ,ism'l's foll[]s4 ,wahhb doctr9es are n[ spread ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,9 ! ,s\? !re is n mu* religi\s excitem5t or inquiry1 yet ,wahhbs are to be f\nd !re4#ib ,x 0 & is a rem>kable movem5t4 ,9 "o s5se x is a /ruggle aga9/ ! traditionalism ( lat] ages1 b 9 no s5se c x be said t ! ,wahhbs reject ,tradition4 ,!y ackn[l$ge z ! f\ndation ( ! fai?--fir/1 ! ,qurn2 secondly1 ! ,traditions :i* are record$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,companions1 & also ! ,ijm' ( ! ,companions1 t is1 all ?+s on :i* !y 7 unanim\s 9 op9ion #ajf or 9 practice4 ,?us to ! ,wahhb z to ! ,sunn1 ,muhammad is 9 all 8 acts & words a p]fect guide4 ,s f> f ,wahhbism be+ a move onw>d because x is a return to fir/ pr9ciples1 x r b9ds ! fett]s ( ,islm m tightly4 ,x does n orig9ate any?+ new1 x (f]s no relaxation f a sy/em :i* looks ^u ! ,qurn & ! ,traditions z a p]fect & complete law1 social & political1 moral & religi\s4 ,! ,wahhb places ! doctr9e ( ! ,tauhd1 or ,unity1 9 a v prom95t position4 ,x is true t all ,musalmn sects put ?is dogma 9 ! fir/ rank1 b ,wahhbs set _! faces aga9/ practices common to ! o!r sects1 because !y consid] t !y obscure ?is fundam5tal doctr9e4 ,x is ?is :i* br+s !m into collision ) o!r ,musalmns4 ,! greate/ ( all s9s is ,%irk 7i4e4 ! ascrib+ ( plurality to ! ,deity74 ,a ,mu%rik 7,poly!i/7 is "o :o s (f5ds4 ,all ,musalmns consid] ,*ri/ians to be ,poly!i/s1 & all ,wahhbs consid] all o!r ,musalmns also to be ,poly!i/s1 because !y look to ! ,prophet = int]cession1 pray to sa9ts1 visit %r9es1 & d o!r unlawful acts4 ,! ,takwiat-ul-,imn says t two ?+s are necess>y 9 religion--to "k ,god z ,god1 & ! ,prophet z ! ,prophet4 ,! two fundam5tal bases ( ! fai? are ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,tauhd 7,unity7 & ob$i5ce to ! ,sunnat4 ,! two great errors to be avoid$ are ,%irk 7,poly!ism7 & ,bida't 7,innovation74 ,z ,bida't is look$ ^u z evil1 x is some:at difficult to see :at hope ( progress c be plac$ ^u ?is late/ phase ( ,muhammadan revival4 ,%irk is def9$ to be ( f\r k9ds3 ,%irk-ul-',ilm1 ascrib+ k to o!rs ?an ,god2 ,%irk-ut-tas>ruf1 ascrib+ p[] to o!rs ?an ,god2 ,%irk-ul-',ibdat1 (f]+ wor%ip to creat$ ?+s2 ,%irk-ul-'dat1 ! p]=mance ( c]emonies :i* imply reliance on o!rs ?an ,god4 #ajg ,! fir/1 ,%irk-ul-',ilm1 is illu/rat$ by ! /atem5t t prophets & holy m5 h no k ( secret ?+s unless z reveal$ to !m by ,god4 ,?us "s wick$ p]sons made a *>ge aga9/ 'ye%a4 ,! ,prophet 0 tr\bl$ 9 m9d1 b knew n ! tru? ( ! matt] till ,god made x kn[n to him4 ,to ascribe1 !n1 p[] to soo?say]s1 a/rolog]s1 & sa9ts is ,poly!ism4 ,all :o pret5d to h a k ( hidd5 ?+s1 su* z =tune-tell]s1 soo?say]s & int]pret]s ( dreams1 z well z ^? :o pr(ess to be inspir$ are all li>s4 ,aga91 %\ld any "o take ! "n ( any sa9t1 or invoke 8 aid 9 ! "t ( ne$1 in/ead ( call+ on ,god1 or use 8 "n 9 attack+ an enemy1 or read passages to propitiate him1 or make him ! object ( contemplation--x is ,%irk-ul-',ilm4 ,! second k9d1 ,%irk-ut-tas>ruf1 is to suppose t any "o has p[] ) ,god4 ,he :o looks up to any "o z an int]cessor ) ,god commits ,%irk4 ,?us3 ,b !y :o take o!rs beside ,him z lords1 say+1 ',we only s]ve !m t !y may br+ u ne> ,god1'--,god w judge betwe5 !m 7& ! ,fai?ful7 conc]n+ t :]e9 !y are at v>iance4 7,sra xxxix4 #d47 ,int]cession may be ( ?ree k9ds4 ,= example1 a crim9al is plac$ be=e ! ,k+4 ,! ,vizi] int]c$es4 ,! ,k+1 hav+ reg>d to ! rank ( ! ,vizi]1 p>dons ! (f5d]4 ,?is is call$ ,%af'at-i-,wajahat1 or 'int]cession f reg>d4' ,b to suppose t ,god s e/eems ! rank ( any "o z to p>don a s9n] m]ely on acc\nt ( x is ,%irk4 ,aga91 ! ,que5 or ! ,pr9ces int]c$e = ! crim9al4 ,! ,k+1 f love to !m1 p>dons him4 ,?is is call$ ,%af'at-i-muhabbat1 or 'int]cession f affection4' ,b to consid] t ,god s loves any "o z to p>don a crim9al on 8 acc\nt is to give t lov$ "o p[]1 & ?is is ,%irk1 = su* p[] is n possible 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,god4 ,god may out ( ,8 b\nty conf] on ,8 fav\rite s]vants ! epi!ts ( ,habb--fav\rite1 or ,khall--fri5d1 #ajh c42 b a s]vant is b a s]vant1 no "o c put 8 foot outside ! limits ( s]vitude1 or rise beyond ! rank ( a s]vant4 ,aga91 ! ,k+ may himself wi% to p>don ! (f5d]1 b he fe>s le/ ! maje/y ( ! law %\ld be l[]$4 ,! ,vizi] p]ceives ! ,k+'s wi%1 & int]c$es4 ,?is int]cession is lawful4 ,x is call$ ,%af'at-i-ba-izn--int]cession by p]mission1 & su* p[] ,muhammad w h at ! day ( ,judgm5t4 ,wahhbs hold t he has n t p[] n[1 ?\gh all o!r ,musalmns consid] t he has1 & 9 consequ5ce 79 ,wahhb op9ion7 commit ! s9 ( ,%irk-ut-tas>ruf4 ,! ,wahhbs quote ! foll[+ passages 9 support ( _! view4 ,:o is he t c int]c$e ) ,him b by ,8 own p]mission4 7,sra ii4 #bef7 ,say3 ,int]cession is :olly ) ,god6 ,8 ! k+doms ( ! heav5s & ( ! e>?4 7,sra xxxix4 #df74 ,!y also say3 :5ev] an allusion is made 9 ! ,qurn1 or ! ,traditions to ! int]cession ( c]ta9 prophets or apo/les1 x is ?is k9d ( int]cession & no o!r t is meant4 ,! ?ird ,%irk is pro/ration be=e any creat$ be+s ) ! idea ( wor%ipp+ x4 ,x also includes p]ambulat+ ! %r9es ( dep>t$ sa9ts4 ,?us3 ,pro/ration1 b[+ d[n1 /&+ ) fold$ arms1 sp5d+ money 9 ! "n ( an individual1 fa/+ out ( respect to 8 memory1 proce$+ to a di/ant %r9e 9 a pilgrim's g>b & call+ out ! "n ( ! sa9t :il/ s go+ is ,%irk-ul-',ibdat4 ,x is wrong to cov] ! grave ) a %eet 7ghilf71 to say pray]s at ! %r9e1 to kiss any p>ticul> /one1 to rub ! m\? & brea/ aga9/ ! walls ( ! %r9e1 c4 ,?is is a /]n condemnation ( ! v common practice ( visit+ ! tombs ( sa9ts & ( "s ( ! special practices ( ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,all su* practices z are "h condemn$ are call$ ,i%rk fi'l ',ibdat--'association 9 wor%ip4' ,! f\r? ,%irk is ! keep+ up ( sup]/iti\s cu/oms1 su* z ! ,i/ikhra--seek+ guidance f beads #aji c41 tru/+ to om5s1 good or bad1 believ+ 9 lucky & unlucky days1 adopt+ su* names z ',abd-un-,nabi 7slave ( ! ,prophet71 & s on4 ,9 fact1 ! d5\nc+ ( su* practices & call+ !m ,%irk br+s ,wahhbism into daily contact ) ! o!r sects1 = sc>cely any p 9 ! _w are su* pr(\nd believ]s 9 ! virtue ( *>ms & ! p[] ( a/rolog]s z ,musalmns4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & f\r? ,%irk1 ! ,%irk-ul-',ilm & ! ,%irk-ul-'dat1 seems to be t ! fir/ is ! belief1 say 9 ! k ( a soo?say]1 & ! second ! habit ( consult+ him4 ,to swe> by ! "n ( ! ,prophet1 ( ',al1 ( ! ,imms1 or ( ,prs 7,lead]s7 is to give !m ! hon\r due to ,god alone4 ,x is ,i%rk fi'l adab--',%irk 9 association4' ,ano!r common belief :i* ,wahhbs oppose is t ,musalmns c p]=m ! ,hajj 7pilgrimage to ,mecca71 say pray]s1 read ! ,qurn1 abide 9 m$itation1 give alms1 & d o!r good works1 ! rew>d ( :i* %all be cr$it$ to a p]son already dead4#ic ,among/ o!r ,musalmns x is a common practice to read ! ,qurn 9 ! belief t1 if done ) su* an int5tion1 ! rew>d w pass to ! deceas$ object ( ! desire4 ,wahbs entirely object to ?is4 ,! above te*nical exposition ( ,wahhb t5ets %[s h[ mu* /ress !y lay on a rigid adh]5ce to ! doctr9e ( ! ,unity4 ,l-il-lha1 ,il-lal-l-hu 7!re is no ,god b ,god7 is an et]nal tru?4 ,yet to ! ,musalmn ,god is a ,be+ af> (f4 ,9 reject+ ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god he has accept$ z ! object ( 8 wor%ip1 h>dly ( 8 affections1 a ,be+ despotic 9 all ,he does1 arbitr>y 9 all ,8 ways4 ,he has accept$ ! position ( a slave in/ead ( t ( a son4 ,wahhbism emphasizes ! ideas :i* fl[ f ! fir/ article ( ! ,muslim cre$4 ,b #aaj on ?is subject we pref] to let ,palgrave speak4 ,he ( all m5 knew ! ,wahhb be/1 & he1 at lea/1 c be accus$ ( no sect>ian bias4 ,! extract is r long1 b w repay p]usal2 inde$1 ! :ole passage f :i* ?is extract is tak5 %\ld be read4 ',!re is no ,god b ,god1' are words simply tantam\nt 9 ,engli% to ! negation ( any deity save "o alone2 & ?us mu* !y c]ta9ly mean 9 ,arabic1 b !y imply mu* m also4 ,_! full s5se is1 n only to d5y absolutely & unres]v$ly all plurality :e!r ( nature or ( p]son 9 ! ,supreme ,be+1 n only to e/abli% ! unity ( ! ,unbegett+ & ! ,unbegot1 9 all its simple & incommunicable on5ess1 b besides ?is1 ! words1 9 ,arabic & among ,arabs1 imply t ?is "o ,supreme ,be+ is ! only ,ag5t1 ! only ,=ce1 ! only ,act exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & leave to all be+s else1 matt] or _s1 in/9ct or intellig5ce1 physical or moral1 no?+ b pure unconditional passiv5ess1 alike 9 movem5t or 9 quiesc5ce1 9 action or 9 capacity4 ,h5ce 9 ?is "o s5t5ce is summ$ up a sy/em :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to call ! ',pan!ism ( ,=ce4' ',god is ,"o 9 ! totality ( omnipot5t & omnipres5t action1 :i* ackn[l$ges no rule1 /&>d1 or limit1 save "o sole & absolute w4 ,he communicates no?+ to ,8 creatures1 = _! seem+ p[] & act ev] rema9 ,8 alone1 & 9 return ,he receives no?+ f !m4' ',x is ,8 s+ul> satisfaction to let creat$ be+s cont9ually feel t !y are no?+ else ?an ,8 slaves1 t !y may ! bett] ackn[l$ge ,8 sup]iority4' ',he ,himself1 /]ile 9 ,8 inaccessible height1 nei!r lov+ nor enjoy+ aught save ,8 own & self-measur$ decree1 )\t son1 companion1 or c\ncillor1 is no less b>r5 = ,himself ?an = ,8 creatures1 & ,8 own b>r5ness & lone egoism 9 ,himself is ! cause & rule ( ,8 indiff]5t & unreg>d+ despotism ar\nd4'#id ,palgrave all[s t su* a notion ( ! ,deity is mon/r\s1 b ma9ta9s t x is ! true/ mirror ( ! m9d & scope ( ! writ] ( ! ,book 7,qurn71 & t1 z su*1 x is confirm$ by au!ntic ,tradition & le>n$ comm5t>ies4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,palgrave possess$ #aaa ! two ess5tial qualifications = a critic ( ,islam--a k ( ! lit]ature1 & int]c\rse ) ! p4 ,s f> z my exp]i5ce goes ,i h nev] se5 any reason to diff] f ,palgrave's /atem5t4 ,m5 are (t5 bett] ?an _! cre$s4 ,ev5 ! ,prophet 0 n always consi/5t4 ,!re are "s r$eem+ po9ts 9 ,islm4 ,b ! root idea ( ! :ole is z describ$ above1 & f x no sy/em c be d$uc$ :i* w gr[ 9 grace & beauty z age aft] age rolls by4 ,! ,arab prov]b /ates t ,! wor%ipp] models himself on :at he wor%ips4#ie ,?us a return to fir/ pr9ciples1 sometimes proclaim$ z ! hope ( ,turkey1 is b ! putt+ back ! h\r-h& ( ,islm to ! place :]e inde$ ,muhammad always meant x to /ay1 = ,islm is 9 its ess5ce /ation>y1 & 0 fram$ ?us to rema94 ,/]ile1 l its ,god1 lifeless l its fir/ ,pr9ciple & supreme ,orig9al 9 all t con/itutes true life--= life is love1 p>ticipation1 & progress1 & ( ^! ! ,qurnic ,deity has none--x ju/ly repudiates all *ange1 all advance1 all developm5t4#if ,muhammad ,ibn ',abd-ul ,wahhb 0 a man ( great intellectual p[] & vig\r4 ,he c\ld pi]ce ?r\gh ! mi/s ( a ?\s& ye>s1 & see ) an eagle eye h[ "o sect & ano!r _h laid accretions on ! ,fai?4 ,he _h ! r>e gift ( intuition1 & c\ld see t *ange 7,bida't7 & progress 7 ali5 to ! tru?4 ,?is recognition ( 8 ability is due to him2 b :at a sad pro/ration ( great gifts x 0 to seek to arre/1 by ! wor%ip ( ! lett]1 all hope ( progress1 & to make ! />t+-po9t ( ,islm its goal4 ,t he 0 a good ,musalmn 9 s do+ no "o c d\bt1 b t 8 "w gives any hope ( ! rise ( an enlight5$ =m ( ,islm no "o :o really has /udi$ ,islm c believe4 ,wahhbism simply am\nts to ?is1 t :ile x d5\nces all o!r ,musalmns z poly!i/s1 x en=ces ! #aab ,sunnat ( ! ,prophet ) all its en]gy4#ig ,x breaks d[n %r9es1 b insi/s on ! necessity ( a pilgrimage to a black /one at ,mecca4 ,x =bids ! use ( a ros>y1 b atta*es great m]it to c\nt+ ! n9ety-n9e names ( ,god on ! f+]s4 ,x w\ld make life unsocial4 ,! /udy ( ! ,f9e ,arts ) ! exception ( ,ar*itecture c f9d no place 9 x4 ,ism'l quotes ) approval ! foll[+ ,tradition4 'ye%a said3 ',i pur*as$ a c>pet on :i* 7 "s figures4 ,! ,prophet /ood 9 ! doorway & look$ displeas$4' ,i said3 ',o mess5g] ( ,god1 ,i rep5t to ,god & ,8 ,mess5g]2 :at fault h ,i committ$ t y d n ent]8' ,8 ,highness !n said3 ',:at is ?is c>pet8' ,i repli$2 ',i h b\ght x = y to sit & re/ ^u4' ,!n ! mess5g] ( ,god repli$3 ',v]ily1 ! mak] ( pictures w be puni%$ on ! day ( resurrection1 :5 ,god w desire !m to br+ !m to life4 ,a h\se :i* conta9s pictures is n visit$ by ! angels4' ,9 a ,tradition quot$ by ,ibn ',abbs1 ! ,prophet classes arti/s ) murd]]s & p>ricides4 ,wahhbism approves ( all ?is1 & ?us by =bidd+ h>mless enjoym5ts x w\ld make society an organis$ hypocrisy4 ,x w\ld spread abroad a _s ( contempt = all mank9d except its own foll[]s1 &1 :]e x _h ! p[]1 x w\ld =ce its convictions on o!rs at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,wahhbism 0 re=m aft] a fa%ion1 9 "o direction2 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islm !re h be5 attempts at re=m 9 o!r directions2 !re w yet be su* attempts1 b s long z ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat 7or1 9 ! case ( ! ,%a'h1 its equival5t7 are to =m1 z !y h hi!rto #aac done = e sect1 ! sole law to regulate all conditions & /ates ( life1 enlight5$ & cont9u$ progress is impossible4 ,! dead5+ influ5ce ( ,islm is ! greate/ ob/acle ! ,*ur* ( ,god has to ov]come 9 h] onw>d m>*2 its immobility is ! bane ( _m l&s2 connection ) x is ! association ( ! liv+ ) ! dead2 to speak ( x1 z "s d1 z if x 7 a sort ( si/] religion to ,*ri/ianity1 is b to %[ deplorable ignorance :]e ignorance is inexcusable4 ,?us x is pla9 t ,musalmns are n all ( "o he>t & s\l4#ih ,9 ! next *apt] ,i hope to %[ t ,islm is a v dogmatic & complex sy/em 9 spite ( ! simple =m ( its cre$4 #aad ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,wahh,b,,ism4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #dme ,srie1 tome #aa1 a curi\s acc\nt is giv5 ( ! voyage ( ,mirz ,muhammad ',al ,khn1 "s "t ,p]sian ,ambassador 9 ,p>is4 ,?is g5tleman /ates t 9 "o ( 8 voyages f ,p]sia to ,india he met ) a ,wahhb1 :o _h 9 8 possession a tract writt5 by ! f\nd] ( ! sect4 ,?is small pamphlet he all[$ ,mirz ,muhammad to copy4 ,i give ! sub/ance ( ! pamphlet 9 ?is note4 ,! orig9al ,arabic w be f\nd 9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique4 ,x is ( consid]able int]e/ z a prote/ aga9/ idolatry4 ,x is z foll[s3--,i "k t ,god is m]ciful1 t ! sect ( ,abu ,hanfa is or?odox & id5tical ) ! religion ( ,abraham4 ,aft] ?\ ha/ kn[n t ,god has creat$ ,8 s]vants = ! purpose ( be+ s]v$ by !m1 "k also t ?is s]vice or devotion is to wor%ip ,god1 ,"o & alone2 j z pray] 7,salt7 is n pray] 7,salt71 unless x is accompani$ ) ! legal purification4 ,god ,mo/ ,high has said3 ,x is n = ! vot>ies ( o!r gods ) ,god1 witnesses aga9/ !mselves ( infidelity1 to visit ! temples ( ,god4 ,^!6 va9 _! works3 & 9 ! fire %all !y abide = ev]6 7,sra ix4 #ag47 ,^? :o 9 _! pray]s1 address any o!r ?an ,god1 9 ! hope ( obta9+ by !m t :i* ,god alone c give--^? br+ unto _! pray]s ! leav5 ( idolatry & make !m ( none effect1 & :o erre? m ?an he :o1 beside ,god1 calle? ^u t :i* %all n answ] him until ! day ( resurrection4 7,sra xlvi4 #d7 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! day ( resurrection comes1 !y w become _! enemies & treat !m z infidels = hav+ s]v$ o!rs ?an ,god4 ,b ! gods :om ye call on beside ,him h no p[] ov] ! husk ( a date-/one6 ,if ye cry to !m !y w n he> y\r cry2 & if !y he>d !y w\ld n answ] y1 & 9 ! day ( resurrection !y w dis[n y\r jo9+ !m ) ,god4 7,sra xxxv4 #ad1ae47 ,he :o says3 ,o ?\ ,prophet ( ,god6 ,o ',ibn ',abbs6 ,o ',abd-ul-,qdir6 c4 ) ! p]suasion t ! s\ls ( ^! bless$ ones c obta9 f ,god t ( :i* ! suppliant has ne$1 or t !y c protect him1 is an infidel ^: blood any "o may %$1 & ^: goods any "o may appropriate ) impunity unless he rep5t4 ,!re are f\r diff]5t classes ( idolat]s4 #aae ,fir/1 ! infidels aga9/ :om ! ,prophet made w>4 ,^! ackn[l$ge t ,god is ! creator ( ! _w1 t ,he supports all liv+ creatures1 t 9 wisdom ,he rules ov] all4 ,say3 :o supplie? y f ! heav5s & ! e>?8 :o ha? p[] ov] he>+ & sight8 & :o br+e? =? ! liv+ f ! dead1 & br+e? =? ! dead f ! liv+8 :o rule? all ?+s8 !y w surely say3 ',god1' !n say3 ',:at6 w ye n !re=e fe> ,him4' 7,sra x4 #cb47 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% idolatry ( ?is k9d2 b "u an outw>dly or?odox appe>ance !y g a/ray2 = !y h rec\rse to div9ities ( _! own *oos+ & pray to !m4 ,secondly1 !re are idolat]s :o say t !y only call ^u ^! int]m$i>y p[]s to int]c$e 9 _! fav\r ) ,god1 & t :at !y desire !y seek f ,god4 ,! ,qurn furni%es a pro( aga9/ !m4 ,!y wor%ip beside ,god :at _c hurt or help !m1 & say1 ^! are our advocates ) ,god6 say3 w ye in=m ,god ( aught 9 ! heav5s & 9 ! e>? :i* ,he kn[e? n8 7,sra x4 #ai47 ,?irdly1 ^? are idolat]s :o *oose "o idol z _! patron1 or r ^? :o1 r5\nc+ ! wor%ip ( idols1 become atta*$ to "o sa9t1 z ,jesus or ,8 ,"m1 & put !mselves "u ! protection ( ,gu>dian ,angels4 ,aga9/ !m we cite ! v]se3 ,^? :om ye call on1 !mselves desire union ) _! ,"l1 /riv+ :i* ( !m %all be ne>e/ to ,him2 !y also hope = ,8 m]cy1 & fe> ,8 *a/isem5t4 7,sra xvii4 #ei47 ,we see "h t ! ,prophet drew no di/9ction betwe5 ! wor%ip ( an idol & ! wor%ip ( su* & su* a sa9t2 on ! contr>y1 he treat$ !m all z infidels1 & made w> ^u !m 9 ord] to consolidate ! religion ( ,god ^u a firm basis4 ,f\r?ly1 ^? :o wor%ip ,god s9c]ely 9 ! "t ( tr\ble1 b at o!r times call on o!r ,gods are idolat]s4 ,?us3 ,lo6 :5 !y emb>k on bo>d a %ip1 !y call ^u ,god1 v[+ ,him s9c]e wor%ip1 b :5 ,he br+e? !m safe to l&1 behold !y jo9 p>tn]s ) ,him4 7,sra xxix4 #fe47 ,9 ! age 9 :i* we live1 ,i c\ld cite /ill worse h]esies4 ,! idolat]s1 our contempor>ies1 pray to & invoke ! l[] div9ities :5 !y are 9 di/ress4 ,! idolat]s ( ! ,prophet's "t 7 less culpable ?an ^? ( ! pres5t age are4 ,!y1 at lea/1 _h rec\rse to ,god 9 "t ( great evil2 ^! 9 good & evil /ates1 seek ! aid ( _! patrons1 o!r ?an ,god1 & pray to !m4 #aaf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cre$ ,,( ,,isl,m4#ii ,fai? is def9$ by ,muslim !ologians z3 ,confession ) ! tongue & belief ) ! he>t4#ajj ,x is said to /& midway betwe5 hope & fe>4 ,x is sub-divid$ into ,imn--mujmal & ,imn--mufassal4 ,! =m] is an expression ( ! foll[+ fai?3 ,i believe 9 ,god1 ,8 names & attributes1 & accept all ,8 comm&s4#aja ,! latt] is ! acceptance ( ! foll[+ dogmas3 ,i believe 9 ,god1 ,angels1 ,books1 ,prophets1 ! ,la/ ,day1 ! ,pr$e/9ation by ! ,mo/ ,high ,god ( good & evil & ! ,resurrection aft] dea?4#ajb ,^! =m ! articles ( fai? :i* e ,muslim mu/ believe1 to :i* belief1 9 ord] to r5d] x p]fect1 he mu/ add ! p]=mance ( ! acts ( practice1 viz43 7#a7 ,! recital ( ! ,kalima or cre$3--',!re is no deity b ,god1 & ,muhammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god4' 7#b7 ,sult4 ,! five daily pray]s4 7#c7 ,roza4 ,! ?irty days fa/ ( ,ramazn4 7#d7 ,zakt4 ,! legal alms4 7#e7 ,hajj1 or ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,?is *apt] w conta9 an acc\nt ( ! ,imn--! dogmas ( ,islm4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,dn--! practical duties1 w be giv5 9 ! next *apt]4 #aag #a4 ,,god4--,?is article ( ! fai? includes a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 unity & attributes1 & has giv5 rise to a l>ge numb] ( sects4 ,"s acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s controv]sies :i* h ?us aris5 is necess>y to a correct k ( ,islm4 ,i comm5ce ! consid]ation ( ?is subject by giv+ ! sub/ance ( a ,sunn1 or or?odox treatise kn[n z ! ,risla-i-,b]kevi4 ,! le>n$ ori5tali/ ,m4 ,g>c9 de ,tassy1 consid]$ x to be ( su* au?ority t 9 8 ,l',islamisme d'aprs le ,coran he has ins]t$ a translation ( ! ,risla4#ajc ,muhammad ,al-,b]kevi1 speak+ ( ! ,div9e attributes1 says3-- 7#a74 ,life4 7,hyt74 ,god ,mo/ ,high is alone to be ador$4 ,he has nei!r associate nor equal4 ,he is free f ! imp]fections ( humanity4 ,he is nei!r begott5 nor does ,he beget4 ,he is invisible4 ,he is )\t figure1 =m1 col\r or p>ts4 ,8 exi/5ce has nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,he is immutable4 ,if ,he s wills1 ,he c annihilate ! _w 9 a mom5t ( "t &1 if x seem good to ,him1 recreate x 9 an in/ant4 ,no?+ is difficult to ,him1 :e!r x be ! creation ( a fly or t ( ! sev5 heav5s4 ,he receives nei!r pr(it nor loss f :atev] may happ54 ,if all ! ,infidels became ,believ]s & all ! irreligi\s pi\s1 ,he w\ld ga9 no advantage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if all ,believ]s became ,infidels1 ,he w\ld suff] no loss4 7#b74 ,k4 7',ilm74 ,he has k ( all ?+s hidd5 or manife/1 :e!r 9 heav5 or on e>?4 ,he kn[s ! numb] ( ! leaves ( ! trees1 ( ! gra9s ( :eat & ( s&4 ,ev5ts pa/ & future are kn[n to ,him4 ,he kn[s :at ent]s into ! he>t ( man & :at he utt]s ) 8 m\?4 ,he alone1 except ^? to :om ,he has reveal$ !m1 kn[s ! invisible ?+s4 ,he is free f =getfulness1 neglig5ce & error4 ,8 k is et]nal3 x is n po/]ior to ,8 ess5ce4 7#c74 ,p[]4 7,qudrat74 ,he is ,almighty4 ,if ,he wills1 ,he c raise ! dead1 make /ones talk1 trees walk1 annihilate ! heav5s & ! e>? & recreate ( gold or ( silv] ?\s&s simil> to ^? de/roy$4 ,he c transport a man 9 a mom5t ( "t f ! ea/ to ! we/1 or f ! we/ to ! ea/1 or to ! sev5? heav54 ,8 p[] is et]nal priori & po/]iori4 ,x is n po/]ior to ,8 ess5ce4 #aah 7#d74 ,w 7,irdah74 ,he c d :at ,he wills1 & :atev] ,he wills comes to pass4 ,he is n oblig$ to act4 ,ev]y?+1 good or evil1 9 ?is _w exi/s by ,8 w4 ,he wills ! fai? ( ! believ] & ! piety ( ! religi\s4 ,if ,he 7 to *ange ,8 w !re w\ld be nei!r a true believ] nor a pi\s man4 ,he wille? also ! unbelief ( ! unbeliev] & ! irreligion ( ! wick$ &1 )\t t w1 !re w\ld nei!r be unbelief nor irreligion4 ,all we d we d by ,8 w3 :at ,he wille? n does n come to pass4 ,if "o %\ld ask :y ,god does n w t all m5 %\ld believe we answ]3 ,we h no "r to enquire ab\t :at ,god wills & does4 ,he is p]fectly free to w & to d :at ,he pleases4 ,9 creat+ unbeliev]s1 9 will+ t !y %\ld rema9 9 t /ate2 9 mak+ s]p5ts1 scorpions & pigs3 9 will+1 9 %ort1 all t is evil ,god has wise ends 9 view :i* x is n necess>y t we %\ld "k4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! w ( ,god is et]nal & t x is n po/]ior to ,8 ess5ce4 7#e74 ,he>+4 7,sama'74 ,he he>s all s\nds :e!r l[ or l\d4 ,he he>s )\t an e> = ,8 attributes are n l ^? ( m54 7#f74 ,see+4 7,basr74 ,he sees all ?+s1 ev5 ! /eps ( a black ant on a black /one 9 a d>k night2 yet ,he has no eye z m5 h4 7#g74 ,spee*4 7,kalm74 ,he speaks1 b n ) a tongue z m5 d4 ,he speaks to "s ( ,8 s]vants )\t ! int]v5tion ( ano!r1 ev5 z ,he spoke to ,moses1 & to ,muhammad on ! night ( ! asc5sion to heav54 ,he speaks to o!rs by ! in/rum5tality ( ,gabriel1 & ?is is ! usual way 9 :i* ,he communicates ,8 w to ! prophets4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! ,qurn is ! ^w ( ,god1 & is et]nal & uncreat$4 ,^! are ! haft sift1 or sev5 attributes ( ,god4 ,!re is unanimity ( op9ion z to ! numb] ( attributes1 b n z reg>ds _! nature & ! ext5t ( ! k conc]n+ !m to :i* m5 c atta94 ,?us "s say t ! k ( ,god is ! fir/ ?+ to acquire2 b ,imm ,%fa' & ! ,mutazilites say t a man mu/ fir/ atta9 to ! idea ( ! k ( ,god4 ,! mean+ ( ! expression ,k ( ,god is ! asc]ta9+ ! tru? ( ,8 exi/5ce1 & ( ,8 positive & privative attributes1 z f> z ! human und]/&+ c ent] into ^! matt]s4 ,! unity is n a m]e num]ical unity b absolute1 = ! numb] "o is ! fir/ ( a s]ies & implies a second1 b ,god has n a #aai second4 ,he is s+ul> )\t any?+ l ,him1 sep>ate hav+ no equal2 =1 _h !re be5 ei!r 9 heav5 or e>? gods beside ,god1 bo? surely _h gone to ru94 7,sra xxi4 #bb74 ,god is n a sub/ance1 = sub/ance has accid5ts1 b ,god has none3 o!rwise ,8 nature w\ld be t ( dep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,god is )\t p>ts1 = o!rwise he w\ld n exi/ till all ! p>ts 7 =m$1 & ,8 exi/5ce w\ld dep5d on ! p>ts1 t is1 on some?+ beside ,himself4 ,! or?odox /rictly prohibit ! discussion ( m9ute p>ticul>s1 = say !y1 j z ! eye turn+ to ! brightness ( ! sun f9ds d>kness int]v5e to prev5t all obs]vation1 s ! und]/&+ f9ds itself bewild]$ if x attempts to pry into ! nature ( ,god4 ,! ,prophet said3 ,we did n "k ! reality ( ! k ( ,!e2 & to 8 foll[]s he gave ?is advice3 ,?9k ( ,god's gifts1 n ( ,8 nature3 c]ta9ly y h no p[] = t4 ,! ,khalf ,akb> is report$ to h said3 to be helpless 9 ! se>* ( k is k & to enquire into ! nature ( ,god is ,%irk 7infidelity74#ajd ,a mod]ate acqua9tance ) ,muslim !ology %[s t nei!r ! injunction ( ! ,prophet nor ! w>n+ ( ! ,khalf has be5 he$$4 ,accord+ to ! e>ly ,muslims1 ! ,companions & _! foll[]s1 enquiries into ! nature ( ,god & ,8 attributes 7 n lawful4 ,! ,prophet kn[+ :at 0 good = m51 _h pla9ly reveal$ ! way ( salvation & _h taught !m3-- ,say3 ,he is ,god alone3 ,god ! et]nal6 ,he begette? n1 & ,he is n begott52 ,& !re is none l unto ,him4 7,sra cxii7 ,?is 0 suffici5t = !m to "k ( ! my/]y ( ! ,godhead4 ,god is f> beyond ! rea* ( ! human #abj und]/&+4 ,he alone embraces all 9 ,8 compreh5sion4 ,m5 %\ld !re=e mi/ru/ _! own p]ceptive faculties & notions & %\ld obey ! inspir$ legislator ,muhammad1 :o lov+ !m bett] ?an !y love !mselves1 & kn[+ bett] ?an !y d :at is truly useful1 has reveal$ bo? :at !y ought to believe & :at !y ought to d4 ,x is true t m5 mu/ ex]cise _! reason1 b !y mu/ n d s ) reg>d to ! div9e attributes4#aje ,dogma is divid$ into two portions1 ul & f>'--7i4e41 roots & bran*es47 ,! =m] include ! doctr9e ab\t ,god2 ! latt]1 z ! "n implies1 consi/ ( tru?s :i* result f ! acceptance ( ! =m]4 ,! or?odox belief is t reason has only to d ) ! f>'1 = ! ul be+ f\nd$ on ! ,qurn & ,sunnat h an objective basis4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion ab\t v>i\s bran*es ( ! f>'1 l$ to discussions :i* did n /op !re b w5t on to ! ul1 & s pav$ ! way = ! rise ( s*ola/ic !ology 7',ilm-i-kalm47 ,i h already 9 ! *apt] on ! exegesis ( ! ,qurn expla9$ ! diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 muhkam 7obvi\s7 v]ses & muta%bih 7intricate7 ones4 ,?is diff]5ce lies at ! v f\ndation ( ! pres5t subject4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to ent] a little into detail4 ,! "q turns v mu* on ! int]pretation ( ! #e? v]se ( ! #crd ,sra3 ,he x is :o ha? s5t d[n to !e '! ,book4' ,"s ( its signs are ( !mselves p]spicu\s 7muhkam73 ^! are ! basis ( ! #aba ,book--& o!rs are figurative 7muta%bih47 ,b !y ^: he>ts are giv5 to err1 foll[ its figures1 crav+ discord1 crav+ an int]pretation2 yet none kn[e? its int]pretation b ,god4 ,& ! /able 9 k say1 ',we believe 9 x3 x is all f our ,"l4' ,b none w be> ?is 9 m9d1 save m5 endu$ ) und]/&+4 ,"h x is cle>ly /at$ 7#a7 t no "o except ,god c "k ! int]pretation ( muta%bih v]ses1 & 7#b7 t wise m5 ?\gh !y "k n _! int]pretation1 yet believe !m all4 ,_m le>n$ m51 h[ev]1 say t ! full /op %\ld n be plac$ aft] ! ^w ,god b aft] k1 & s ?is portion ( ! v]se w\ld read ?us3 ,none kn[e? its int]pretation b ,god & ! /able 9 k4 ,!y say3 'we believe1 c4' ,on ?is slight *ange 9 punctuation1 :i* %[s t ! '/able 9 k' c int]pret ! muta%bih v]ses1 opposite s*ools ( !ology h aris5 9 ,islm4 ,! latt] read+ op5s ! way to a fe>less inve/igation ( subjects :i* all ! e>ly ,muslims avoid$ z beyond _! prov9ce4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,islm x 0 held t all p>ts ( ! ,qurn1 except ! muhkam v]ses & ! purely n>rative portions1 7 muta%bih2 t is1 all v]ses :i* relat$ to ! attributes ( ,god1 to ! exi/5ce ( angels & g5ii1 to ! appe>ance ( ,anti*ri/1 ! p]iod & signs ( ! day ( judgm5t1 & g5]ally all matt]s :i* are beyond ! daily exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,x 0 /rongly felt t n only mu/ !re be no discussion on !m1#ajf b no attempt %\ld be made to und]/& or act on !m4 ,ibn ',abbs1 a ,companion1 says3 ,"o mu/ believe ! muta%bih v]ses1 b n take !m = a rule ( conduct4 ,ibn ,jubair 0 once #abb ask$ to put ! mean+ ( ! ,qurn into writ+4 ,he became angry & said3 ,i %\ld r be palsi$ 9 "o-half ( my body ?an d s4#ajg ',aye%a said3 ,avoid ^? p]sons :o dispute ab\t ! mean+ ( ! ,qurn1 = !y are ^? :om ,god has ref]r$ to 9 ! words1 '^: he>ts are giv5 to err4' ,! fir/ read+ is ! "o adopt$ by ! ,a%b1 ! ,tbi'n & ! ,taba-i-,tbi'n & ! great majority ( ,comm5tators4 ,! ,sunns g5]ally1 &1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,fakr-ud-dn ,rz 7,a4,h4 #edd-fjf71 ! ,%fa' sect are ( ! same op9ion4 ,^? :o take ! opposite view are ! ,comm5tators ,mujhid 7di$ ,a4,h4 #aja71 ,rb' b9 ,ans & o!rs4 ,! s*ola/ic !ologians#ajh 7,mutakallimn7 g5]ally adopt ! latt] read+4#aji ,!y argu$ ?us3 h[ c\ld m5 believe :at !y did n "k2 to :i* _! oppon5ts answ]$1 t ! act ( belief 9 ! unkn[n is ! v ?+ "h prais$ by ,god4 ,! s*ola/ics !n enquir$ :y1 s9ce ! ,qurn 0 s5t to be a guide & direction to m51 7 n all its v]ses muhkam8 ,! answ] 01 t ! ,arabs ackn[l$g$ two k9ds ( eloqu5ce4 ,"o k9d 0 to arrange words & ideas 9 a pla9 & simple /yle s t ! mean+ might be at once app>5t1 ! o!r 0 to speak 9 figurative language4 ,n[1 if ! ,qurn _h n conta9$ bo? ^! /yles ( composition1 x c\ld n h claim$ ! position x does z a book absolutely p]fect 9 =m z well z 9 matt]4#aaj ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce ( op9ion1 we c n[ pass on to ! consid]ation ( ! attributes4 #abc ,! ess5tial attributes are ,life1 ,k1 ,p[]1 ,w1 = )\t ^! ! o!rs c\ld n exi/4 ,!n ! attributes ( ,he>+1 ,see+1 ,spee* give u a fur!r idea ( p]fection4 ,^! are ! ,sift-i-,sabtiah1 or affirmative attributes1 ! privation ( :i* w\ld imply loss2 !re are also ,sift-i-,salbiah1 or privative attributes1 su* z--,god has no =m1 is n limit$ by place1 has no equal1 c4 ,! acts ( sitt+1 ris+1 desc5d+1 ! possession ( face1 h&s1 eyes1 c41 be+ connect$ ) ! idea ( corporeal exi/5ces imply imp]fection & app>5tly contradict ! doctr9e ( exemption 7t5zih7 accord+ to :i* ,god is1 9 virtue ( ,8 ess5ce1 9 no way l ! creatures ,he has made4 ,?is 0 a difficulty1 b ! f\r great ,imms all taught t x 0 impi\s to enquire into ^! matt]s = all su* allusions 7 muta%bih4 ,! ,imm ,hanbal & o!r e>ly div9es foll[$ 9 ! pa? ( ! e>ly ,muslims & said3 ',we believe 9 ! ,book & ! ,sunnat1 & d n desire explanations4 ,we "k t ! ,high ,god is n to be comp>$ to any creat$ object3 nor any creature ) ,him4'#aaa ,imm ,z-,%fa' said t a man :o enquir$ into su* matt]s %\ld be ti$ to a /ake1 & c>ri$ ab\t1 & t ! foll[+ proclamation %\ld be made be=e him3 ,?is is ! rew>d ( him :o left ! ,qurn & ! ,traditions = ! /udy ( s*ola/ic !ology4 ,imm ,hanbal says3 ,:osoev] moves 8 h& :5 he reads 9 ! ,qurn ! words1 ',i h creat$ ) my h&1' ought to h 8 h& cut (f2 & :oev] /ret*es =? 8 f+] 9 repeat+ ! say+ ( ,muhammad1 ',! he>t ( ! believ] is betwe5 two f+]s ( ! ,m]ciful1' des]ves to h 8 f+] cut (f4 ,at-,tirmz :5 consult$ ab\t ! /atem5t ( ! ,prophet t ,god _h desc5d$ to ! l[e/ ( ! sev5 heav5s1 said3 ,! desc5t is intelligible1 ! mann] h[ is unkn[n2 ! belief !re9 #abd is obligatory2 & ! ask+ ab\t x is a blameable innovation4 ,b all su* attempts to re/ra9 discussion & inve/igation fail$4 ,! two ma9 po9ts 9 ! discussion ( ?is "q are 7#a7 :e!r ! attributes ( ,god are int]nal or ext]nal1 :e!r !y are "p ( ,8 ess5ce or n1 & 7#b7 :e!r !y are et]nal or n4 ,! two lead+ ,sects 7 ! ,siftians 7or ,attributi/s7 & ! ,mutazilites4 ,! ,siftians :om ! e>ly or?odox ,muslims foll[1 taught t ! attributes ( ,god are et]nally inh]5t 9 ,8 ess5ce )\t sep>ation or *ange4 ,e attribute is conjo9$ ) ,him z life ) k1 or k ) p[]4 ,!y also taught t ! muta%bih v]ses 7 n to be expla9$1 & su* 7 ^? :i* seem$ to %[ a resemblance betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures4 ,s at fir/ !y did n attempt to give ! mean+ ( ! t]ms1 h&s1 eyes1 face1 c41 :5 appli$ to ,god4 ,!y simply accept$ !m z !y /ood4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 z w be se51 diff]5ces ( op9ion on ?is po9t l$ to "s sub-divisions ( ?is sect4 ,! ,mutazilites 7 ! great oppon5ts ( ! ,siftians4 ,!y reject$ ! idea ( et]nal attributes1 say+ t et]nity 0 ! =mal attribute ( ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,if1 said !y1 we admit ! et]nal exi/5ce ( an attribute !n we mu/ recognize ! multiplicity ( et]nal exi/5ces4 ,!y also reject$ ! attributes ( he>+1 see+ & spee*1 z ^! 7 accid5ts prop] to corporeal exi/5ces4 ,!y look$ ^u ! div9e attributes z m5tal ab/ractions1 & n z hav+ a real exi/5ce 9 ! div9e ess5ce4 ,! ,mutazilites 7 emphatically ! ,free ?9k]s ( ,islm4 ,! orig9 ( ! sect 0 z foll[s3 ,al ,hasan1 a fam\s div9e1 0 "o day seat$ 9 ! ,mosque at ,basra :5 a discussion arose on ! "q :e!r a believ] :o committ$ a mortal s9 became !reby an unbeliev]4 ,! ,khrigites 7,ante p4 #gf7 #abe affirm$ t x 0 s4 ,! or?odox d5i$ ?is1 say+ t1 ?\gh guilty ( s91 yet t z he believ$ rightly he 0 n an infidel4#aab ,"o ( ! s*ol>s ,wsil ,ibn ,at1 7:o 0 born at ,madna ,a4,h4 #hj71 !n rose up & said3 ,i ma9ta9 t a ,muslim :o has committ$ a mortal s9 %\ld be reg>d$ nei!r z a believ] nor an unbeliev]1 b z occupy+ a middle /ation betwe5 ! two4 ,he !n retir$ to ano!r "p ( ! ,mosque :]e he 0 jo9$ by 8 fri5d ',umr ,ibn ,obaid & o!rs4 ,!y resum$ ! discussion4 ,a le>n$ man1 nam$ ,katda1 ent]+ ! ,mosque1 w5t up to !m1 b on f9d+ t !y 7 n ! p>ty 9 :i* ,al ,hasan 01 said '^! are ! ,sec$]s 7,al-,mutazila74' ,al ,hasan soon expell$ !m f 8 s*ool4 ,wsil !n f\nd$ a s*ool ( 8 own ( :i*1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 ma/]1 ',umr ,ibn ,obaid became ! head4 ,wsil felt t a believ]1 ?\gh s9ful1 did n m]it ! same degree ( puni%m5t z an infidel1 & ?us />t+ (f on ! "q ( degrees ( puni%m5t1 he soon op5$ up ! :ole subject ( man's responsibility & ! "q ( free-w4 ,?is soon br\ght him into conflict ) ! or?odox on ! subject ( pr$e/9ation & t aga9 to ! subject ( ! inspiration1 ! int]pretation & ! et]nity ( ! ,qurn1 & ( ! div9e attributes4 ,8 foll[]s reject$ ! doctr9e ( ! div9e "r ( ! ,imm1 & held t ! entire body ( ! ,fai?ful _h ! "r to elect ! mo/ suitable p]son1 :o ne$ n necess>ily be a man ( ! ,qurai% tribe1 to fill t (fice4 ,! pr9ciples ( logic & ! tea*+ ( philosophy 7 br\ght to be> on ! precepts ( religion4 ,accord+ to ,%ahra/n ! ,mutazilites hold3-- ,t ,god is et]nal2 & t et]nity is ! peculi> prop]ty ( ,8 ess5ce2 b !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( any et]nal attributes 7z di/9ct f ,8 nature74 ,= !y say1 ,he is ,omnisci5t z to #abf ,8 nature2 ,liv+ z to ,8 nature2 ,almighty z to ,8 nature2 b n ?r\gh any k1 p[] or life exi/+ 9 ,him z et]nal attributes2 = k1 p[] & life are "p ( ,8 ess5ce1 o!rwise1 if !y are to be look$ ^u z et]nal attributes ( ! ,deity1 x w give rise to a multiplicity ( et]nal entities4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! k ( ,god is z mu* )9 ! prov9ce ( reason z t ( any o!r entity2 t ,he _c be beheld ) ! corporeal sight2 & ) ! exception ( ,himself ev]y?+ else is liable to *ange or to suff] ext9ction4 ,!y also ma9ta9 t ,ju/ice is ! animat+ pr9ciple ( human actions3 ,ju/ice accord+ to !m be+ ! dictates ( ,reason & ! concordance ( ! ultimate results ( ?is conduct ( man ) su* dictates4 ,aga91 !y hold t !re is no et]nal law z reg>ds human actions2 t ! div9e ord9ances :i* regulate ! conduct ( m5 are ! results ( gr[? & developm5t2 t ,god has comm&$ & =bidd51 promis$ & ?reat5$ by a law :i* grew gradually4 ,at ! same "t1 say !y1 he :o works righte\sness m]its rew>ds & he :o works evil des]ves puni%m5t4 ,!y also say1 t all k is atta9$ ?r\gh reason1 & mu/ necess>ily be s obta9$4 ,!y hold t ! cognition ( good & evil is also )9 ! prov9ce ( reason2 t no?+ is kn[n to be "r or wrong until reason has enlight5$ u z to ! di/9ction2 & t ?ankfulness = ! bless+s ( ! ,b5efactor is made obligatory by reason1 ev5 be=e ! promulgation ( any law ^u ! subject4 ,!y also ma9ta9 t man has p]fect fre$om2 is ! au?or ( 8 actions bo? good & evil1 & des]ves rew>d or puni%m5t h]eaft] accord+ly4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ! ',abbsside ,khalfs ,mmn1 ,mutasim & ,wa?ik 7#aih-bcb ,a4,h47 at ,baghdd1 ! ,mutazilites 7 9 high fav\r at ,c\rt1 ,"u ! ',abbsside dyna/y#aac ! anci5t ,arab ,society 0 revolutioniz$1 ,p]sians fill$ ! mo/ important (fices ( ,/ate2 ,p]sian doctr9es took ! place ( ,arab ones4 ,! or?odox suff]$ bitt] p]secution4 ,! /ory ( t p]secution w be told lat] on4 ,! ,khalf ,wa?ik at l5g? rel5t$4 #abg ,an old man1 heavily *a9$1 0 "o day br\ght into 8 pres5ce4 ,! prison] obta9$ p]mission to put a few que/ions to ,ahmad ,ibn ,abu ,d1d1 a ,mutazilite & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,c\rt ( ,inquisition4 ,! foll[+ dialogue took place4 ,ahmad1 said ! prison]1 :at is ! dogma :i* y desire to h e/abli%$4 ,t ! ,qurn is creat$1 repli$ ,ahmad4 ,?is dogma1 !n1 is )\t d\bt an ess5tial "p ( religion1 insomu* t ! latt] _c )\t x be said to be complete8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,has ! ,apo/le ( ,god taught ?is to m5 or has he left !m free8 ,he has left !m free4 ,0 ! ,apo/le ( ,god acqua9t$ ) ?is dogma or n8 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) x4 ,:]e=e1 !n1 d y desire to impose a belief reg>d+ :i* ! ,apo/le ( ,god has left m5 free to ?9k z !y please8 ,ahmad rema9+ sil5t1 ! old man turn$ to ,wa?ik & said1 ,o ,pr9ce ( ,believ]s1 "h is my fir/ position made good4 ,!n turn+ to ,ahmad1 he said1 ,god has said1 ',?is day h ,i p]fect$ religion = y1 & h fill$ up ! measures ( my fav\rs ^u y2 & x is my pleasure t ,islm be y\r religion4' 7,sra v4 #e74 ,b accord+ to y ,islm is n p]fect$ unless we adopt ?is doctr9e t ! ,qurn is creat$4 ,:i* n[ is mo/ wor?y ( cr$5ce--,god1 :5 ,he decl>es ,islm to be complete & p]fect1 or y :5 y ann\nce ! contr>y8 ,ahmad 0 /ill sil5t4 ,pr9ce ( ,believ]s1 said ! old man1 !re is my second po9t made good4 ,he cont9u$1 ,ahmad1 h[ d y expla9 ! foll[+ words ( ,god 9 ,8 ,holy ,book8--',o ,apo/le6 proclaim all t ha? be5 s5t d[n to !e f ?y ,"l2 = if ?\ do/ n1 ?\ ha/ n proclaim$ ,8 message at all4' ,n[ ?is doctr9e t y desire to spread among ! ,fai?ful1 has ! ,apo/le taught x1 or has he ab/a9$ f do+ s8 ,ahmad rema9$ sil5t4 ,! old man resum$1 ,pr9ce ( ,believ]s1 su* is my ?ird argum5t4 ,!n turn+ to ,ahmad he said3 ,if ! ,prophet 0 acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9e #abh :i* y desire to impose ^u u1 _h he ! "r to pass by x 9 sil5ce8 ,he _h ! "r4 ,& did ! same "r app]ta9 to ,abu ,bakr1 ,om>1 ,osmn & ',ali8 ,x did1 ,pr9ce ( ,believ]s1 said ! prison]1 ,god w1 9 tru?1 be sev]e on u1 if ,he deprives u ( a lib]ty :i* ,he accord$ to ! ,prophet & 8 ,companions4 ,! ,khalf ass5t$1 & at once re/or$ ! old man to lib]ty4 ,s end$ "o ( ! fi]ce/ p]secutions ! or?odox h ev] _h to endure1 b s also end$ ! attempt to break ?r\gh ! b>ri]s ( traditionalism4#aad ,! next ,khalf1 ,al ,mutawakhil1 a f]oci\s & cruel man1 re/or$ ! or?odox p>ty to place & p[]4 ,he issu$ a fatva 7decree7 decl>+ t ! dogma t ! ,qurn 0 creat$ 0 an utt] falsehood4 ,he in/itut$ sev]e measures aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 ,%a'hs & ,mutazilites4 ,ahmad ,ibn ,abu ,d1d 0 "o ( ! fir/ to be disgrac$4 ,h]esy & latitud9>ianism 7 bani%$4 ,! f9al bl[ to ! ,mutazilites1 h[ev]1 came n f ! ,khalf b a little lat] on f ,abu ,hasan-al-,a%'ar 7#bgj-cdj ,a4,h47 ,! ,mutazilites expell$ f p[] 9 ,baghdd1 /ill fl\ri%$ at ,basra :]e "o day ! foll[+ incid5t occurr$4 ,abu ',al ,al-,jubbai1 a ,mutazilite doctor1 0 lectur+ to 8 /ud5ts :5 ,al-,a%'ar prop\nd$ ! foll[+ case to 8 ma/]3 ,!re 7 ?ree bro!rs1 "o ( :om 0 a true believ]1 virtu\s & pi\s2 ! second an infidel1 a debau*ee & a reprobate2 & ! ?ird an infant2 !y all di$4 ,:at became ( !m8 ,al-,jubbai answ]$3 ,! virtu\s bro!r holds a high /ation 9 ,p>adise1 ! infidel is 9 ! dep?s ( hell1 & ! *ild is among ^? :o h obta9$ salvation4 #abi ,suppose n[1 said ,al-,a%'ar1 t ! *ild %\ld wi% to asc5d to ! place occupi$ by 8 virtu\s bro!r1 w\ld he be all[$ to d s8 ,no1 repli$ ,al-,jubbai1 x w\ld be said to him3 '?y bro!r arriv$ at ?is place ?r\gh ,8 num]\s works ( ob$i5ce to ,god1 & ?\ ha/ no su* works to set =w>d4' ,suppose !n1 said ,al-,a%'ar1 t ! *ild %\ld say3 '?is is n my fault1 y did n let me live long en\gh1 nei!r did y give me ! means ( prov+ my ob$i5ce4' ,9 t case1 said ,al-,jubbai1 ! ,almighty w\ld say3 ',i knew t if ,i all[$ !e to live1 ?\ w\lde/ h be5 disob$i5t & h incurr$ ! puni%m5t ( hell3 ,i act$1 !re=e1 = ?y advantage4' ,well1 said ,al-,a%'ar1 & suppose ! infidel bro!r 7 "h to say3 ',o ,god ( ! ,univ]se6 s9ce ,?\ kn[e/ :at await$ him1 ,?\ mu/ h kn[n :at await$ me2 :y !n did/ ,?\ act = 8 advantage & n = m9e8'#aae ,al-,jubbai 0 sil5t1 ?\gh v angry ) 8 pupil1 :o 0 n[ conv9c$ t ! ,mutazilite dogma ( man's free-w 0 false1 & t ,god elects "s = m]cy & "s = puni%m5t )\t any motive :atev]4 ,disagree+ ) 8 tea*] on ?is po9t1 he soon began to f9d o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce1 & soon ann\nc$ 8 belief t ! ,qurn 0 n creat$4 ,?is occurr$ on a ,friday 9 ! ,great ,mosque at ,basra4 ,seat$ 9 8 *air he cri$ out 9 a l\d voice3 ,!y :o "k me "k :o ,i am2 z = ^? :o d n "k me ,i %all tell !m2 ,i am ',al ,ibn ,ism'l ,al-,a%'ar1 & ,i us$ to hold t ! ,qurn 0 creat$1 t ! eyes 7( m57 %all n see ,god1 & t we ourselves are ! au?ors ( our evil de$s2 n[1 ,i h return$ to ! tru?3 ,i r5\nce ^! op9ions1 & ,i take ! engagem5t to refute ! ,mutazilites & expose _! infamy & turpitude4#aaf ,he !n1 adopt+ s*ola/ic me?ods1 />t$ a s*ool ( #acj ?\ght ( 8 own1 :i* 0 9 ! ma9 a return to or?odoxy4 ,! ,a%'aran doctr9es diff] slightly f ! t5ets ( ! ,siftians ( :i* sect ,al-,a%'ar's disciples =m a bran*4 ,! ,a%'arans hold-- 7i47 ,t ! attributes ( ,god are di/9ct f ,8 ess5ce1 yet 9 su* a way z to =bid any comp>ison be+ made betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures4 ,!y say !y are n 'a9 nor ghair3 n ( ,8 ess5ce1 nor di/9ct f x3 i4e41 !y _c be comp>$ ) any o!r ?+s4 7ii47 ,t ,god has "o et]nal w f :i* proce$ all ?+s1 ! good & ! evil1 ! useful & ! hurtful4 ,! de/9y ( man 0 writt5 on ! et]nal table be=e ! _w 0 creat$4 ,s f> !y g ) ! ,siftians1 b 9 ord] to pres]ve ! moral responsibility ( man !y say t he has p[] to conv]t w into action4 ,b ?is p[] _c create any?+ new = !n ,god's sov]eignty w\ld be impair$2 s !y say t ,god 9 ,8 provid5ce s ord]s matt]s t :5ev] a man desires to d a c]ta9 ?+1 good or bad1 ! action correspond+ to ! desire is1 !re & !n1 creat$ by ,god1 &1 z x 71 fitt$ on to ! desire4 ,?us x seems z if x came naturally f ! w ( ! man1 :]eas x does n4 ,?is action is call$ ,kasb 7acquisition7 because x is acquir$ by a special creative act ( ,god4 ,x is an act direct$ to ! obta9+ ( pr(it1 or ! remov+ ( injury3 ! t]m is1 !re=e1 inapplicable to ! ,deity4 ,abu ,bakr-al-,bakilln1 a disciple ( ,al-,a%'ar1 says3 ,! ess5ce or sub/ance ( ! action is ! effect ( ! p[] ( ,god1 b its be+ an action ( ob$i5ce1 su* z pray]1 or an action ( disob$i5ce1 su* z =nication1 are qualities ( ! action1 :i* proce$ f ! p[] ( man4 ,! ,imm ,al-,h>ama9 7#dai-dgh ,a4,h47 held t ! actions ( m5 7 effect$ by ! p[] :i* ,god has creat$ 9 man4 ,abu ,i%q al ,isf>aya9 says3 ,t :i* make? impression1 or ha? influ5ce on action1 is a comp\nd ( ! p[] ( ,god & ! p[] ( man4 #aca 7iii47 ,!y say t ! ^w ( ,god is et]nal1 ?\gh !y ackn[l$ge t ! vocal s\nds us$ 9 ! ,qurn1 :i* is ! manife/ation ( t ^w1 are creat$4 ,!y say1 9 %ort1 t ! ,qurn conta9s 7#a7 ! et]nal ^w :i* exi/$ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god be=e "t 02 & 7#b7 ! ^w :i* consi/s ( s\nds & comb9ations ( lett]s4 ,?is la/ !y call ! creat$ ^w4 ,?us ,al-,a%'ar trav]s$ ! ma9 positions ( ! ,mutazilites1 d5y+ t man c by ! aid ( 8 reason alone rise to ! k ( good & evil4 ,he mu/ ex]cise no judgm5t b accept all t is reveal$4 ,he has no "r to apply ! moral laws :i* affect m5 to ! actions ( ,god4 ,x _c be ass]t$ by ! human reason t ! good w be rew>d$1 or ! bad puni%$ 9 a future _w4 ,man mu/ always approa* ,god z a slave1 9 :om !re is no light or k to judge ( ! actions ( ! ,supreme4 ,:e!r ,god w accept ! p5it5t s9n] or n _c be ass]t$1 = ,he is an absolute ,sov]eign1 above all law4#aag ,! op9ions ( ! m irrational sub-divisions ( ! ,siftians ne$ n be ent]$ into at any l5g?4 ,! ,mu%bihites 7or ,assimilators71 int]pret+ "s ( ! muta%bih v]ses lit]ally1 held t !re is a resemblance betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures2 & t ! ,deity is capable ( local motion1 ( asc5d+1 desc5d+1 c4 ,^! !y call$ decl>ative attributes4 ,! ,mujassimians 7or ,corporeali/s7 decl>$ ,god to be corporeal1 by :i* "s ( !m meant1 a self-subsi/+ body1 :il/ o!rs decl>$ ! ,deity to be f9ite4 ,!y are ackn[l$g$ to be h]etics4 #acb ,! ,jabrans gave great prom95ce to ! d5ial ( free ag5cy 9 man1 & ?us oppos$ ! ,mutazilites1 :o 9 ?is respect are ,kadrans1 t is1 !y d5y ,al-,kadr1 ,god's absolute sov]eignty1 & recognize free w 9 man4 ,^! & v>i\s o!r sub-divisions are n n[ ( mu* importance4 ,! ,sunns foll[ ! tea*+ ( ,al-,a%'ar1 :il/ ! ,%'ahs incl9e to t ( ! ,mutazilites4 ,connect$ ) ! subject ( ! attributes ( ,god is t ( ! names to be us$ :5 speak+ ( ,him4 ,all sects agree 9 ?is1 t ! names ,! ,liv+1 ! ,wise1 ! ,p[]ful1 ! ,he>]1 ! ,se]1 ! ,speak]1 c41 are to be appli$ to ,god2 b ! or?odox belief is t all su* names mu/ be tauqfi1 t is dep5d5t on "s revelation4 ,?us x is n lawful to apply a "n to ,god expressive ( "o ( ,8 attributes1 unless !re is "s /atem5t made1 or ord] giv5 by ,muhammad to legalize x4 ,god is rightly call$ ,%f 7,heal]71 b ,he _c be call$ ,tabb :i* means mu* ! same ?+1 = ! simple reason t ! ^w ,tabb is nev] appli$ 9 ! ,qurn or ! ,traditions to ,god4 ,9 l mann] ! t]m 'lim 7,kn[]7 is lawful1 b n s ! expression 'qil 7,wise74 ,! ,mutazilites say t if1 9 ! ,qurn or ,traditions1 !re is any praise ( an attribute1 !n ! adjective =m$ f ! "n ( t attribute c be appli$ to ,god ev5 ?\gh ! actual ^w does n occur 9 any revelation4 ,al-,ghazzl 7,a4,h4 #dej-eje71 :o gave 9 ! ,ea/ ! dea?-bl[ to ! ,muslim philosoph]s1 says3 ,! names ( ,god n giv5 9 ! ,law1 if expressive ( ,8 glory1 may be us$ ( ,him1 b only z expressive ( ,8 attributes1 n ( ,8 nature4 ,on ! gr\nd t x does n occur 9 ! ,law1 ! ,p]sian ^w ,khuda has be5 object$ to1 an objection :i* also holds good ) reg>d to ! use ( su* t]ms z ,god1 ,dieu1 ,gott1 c4 ,to ?is x is answ]$1 t z ,khuda means "o :o comes by himself x is equival5t to ! t]m ,wjib-ul-,wajd1 #acc "o :o has necess>y exi/5ce1 & !re=e s long z x is n consid]$ z ! ,ism-i-,zt 7"n ( ,8 nature7 x may ) propriety be us$4#aah ,! curr5t belief n[ seems to be t ! prop] "n equal to ! t]m ,allh1 curr5t 9 a language1 c be us$1 provid$ always t su* a "n is n tak5 f ! language ( ! ,infidels2 s ,god1 ,dieu1 c1 /ill rema9 unlawful4 ,! names ( ,god au?oris$ by ! ,qurn & ,traditions are1 exclusive ( ! t]m ,allh1 n9ety-n9e 9 numb]4 ,!y are call$ ! ,asm-i-,husn#aai 7noble names72 b 9 addition to ^! !re are _m synonyms us$ on ! au?ority ( ,ijm'4 ,su* are ,hann1 equal to ,rahm 7,m]ciful7 & ,mann1 "o :o puts ano!r "u an obligation4 ,9 ! ,tafsr-i-,bahr x is /at$ t !re are ?ree ?\s& names ( ,god2 "o ?\s& ( :i* are kn[n to angels2 "o ?\s& to prophets2 :il/ "o ?\s& are ?us di/ribut$1 viz41 9 ! ,p5tateu* !re are ?ree hundr$1 9 ! ,psalms ?ree hundr$1 9 ! ,gospels ?ree hundr$1 9 ! ,qurn n9ety-n9e1 & "o /ill hidd54 ,! foll[+ texts ( ! ,qurn are adduc$ to prove ! nature ( ! div9e attributes3-- 7#a74 ,life4 ,!re is no ,god b ,he1 ! ,liv+1 ! ,et]nal4 7,sra ii4 #bef74 ,put ?y tru/ 9 ,him t live? & die? n4 7,sra xxv4 #fj74 7#b74 ,k4 ,do/ ?\ n see t ,god kn[e? all t is 9 ! heav5s1 & all t is 9 ! e>?4 7,sra lviii4 #h74 ,) ,him are ! keys ( ! secret ?+s2 none kn[e? !m b ,he3 ,he kn[e? :atev] is on ! l& & 9 ! sea2 & no leaf falle? b ,he kn[e? x2 nei!r is !re a gra9 9 ! d>knesses ( ! e>?1 nor a ?+ gre5 or s]e1 b x is not$ 9 a di/9ct writ+4 7,sra vi4 #ei74 #acd 7#c74 ,p[]4 ,if ,god pleas$1 ( _! e>s & ( _! eyes w\ld ,he surely deprive !m4 ,v]ily ,god is ,almighty4 7,sra ii4 #ai74 ,is ,he n p[]ful en\gh to quick5 ! dead4 7,sra lxxv4 #dj74 ,god ha? p[] ov] all ?+s4 7,sra iii4 #aei47 7#d74 ,w4 ,god is work] ( t ,he wille?4 7,sra lxxxv4 #af74 ,b if ,god pleas$1 ,he w\ld surely br+ !m1 "o & all1 to ! guidance4 7,sra vi4 #ce74 ,god misleade? :om ,he w1 & :om ,he w ,he guide?--,god doe? ,8 pleasure4 7,sra xiv4 #d1 #cb74 ,z ?is attribute is closely connect$ ) ! article ( ! ,cre$ :i* ref]s to ,pr$e/9ation1 ! diff]5t op9ions reg>d+ x w be /at$ "u t head4 ,!re has nev] be5 any diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! exi/5ce ( ^! f\r attributes s cle>ly describ$ 9 ! ,qurn3 ! diff]5ce is ) reg>d to ! mode ( _! exi/5ce & _! op]ation4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! anci5t ,siftian doctr9e t ! attributes are et]nal & ( ! ess5ce ( ,god3 secondly1 ! ,mutazilite !ory t !y are n et]nal2 &1 ?irdly1 ! ,a%'aran dogma t !y are et]nal1 b di/9ct f ,8 ess5ce4 ,!re is also great diff]5ce ( op9ion ) reg>d to ! next ?ree attributes--he>+1 sight1 spee*4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( ! two fir/ ( ^! ! foll[+ v]ses are quot$1 ,he truly he>e? & kn[e? all ?+s4 7,sra xliv4 #e74 ,no vision take? 9 ,him1 b ,he take? 9 all vision4 7,sra vi4 #ajc74 ,! use ( ! t]ms sitt+1 ris+1 c41 h&s1 face1 eyes1 & s on1 gave rise z ,i h %[n to sev]al sub-divisions ( ! ,siftians4 ,al-,ghazzl says3 ,he sits ^u ,8 ?rone aft] t mann] :i* ,he has ,himself describ$ & 9 t s5se :i* ,he ,himself means1 :i* is a sitt+ f> remote f any notion ( contact or re/+ ^u1 or local situation4 ,?is is ! ,a%'aran idea1 b betwe5 ! ,a%'arans & ^? :o fell into ! error ( ! #ace ,mujassimians1#abj !re 0 ano!r s*ool4 ,! foll[]s ( ,imm ,ibn ,hanbal say t su* words repres5t ! attributes exi/+ 9 ,god4 ,! words ,god sits on ,8 ?rone mean t ,he has ! p[] ( sitt+4 ,?us1 !y say1 ,we keep ! lit]al mean+ ( ! words1 we all[ no figurative int]pretation4 ,to d s is to introduce a dang]\s pr9ciple ( int]pretation1 = ! negation ( ! app>5t s5se ( a passage may t5d to weak5 ! au?ority ( revelation4 ,at ! same "t we d n pret5d to expla9 ! act1 = x is writt53 ',!re is none l unto ,him4' 7,sra cxii47 ',n\ght is !re l ,him4' 7,sra xlii4 #i47 ',unwor?y ! e/imate !y =m ( ,god4' 7,sra xxii4 #gc47 ,to prove t ,god occupies a place !y produce ! foll[+ ,tradition3 ,ibn-al-,hkim wi%$ to give lib]ty to a female slave ,sa\da & consult$ ! ,prophet ab\t x4 ,muhammad said to h]1 ',:]e is ,god8' ',9 heav51' %e repli$4 ',set h] at lib]ty1 %e is a true believ]4' ,n1 say ! ,comm5tators1 because %e believ$ t ,god occupi$ a place b because %e took ! words 9 _! lit]al signification4 ,! ,%'ahs consid] x wrong to attribute to ,god movem5t1 quiesc5ce1 c1 = ^! imply ! possession ( a body4 ,!y hold1 too1 9 opposition to ! or?odox t ,god w nev] be se51 = t :i* is se5 is limit$ by space4 ,! sev5? attribute--spee*--has be5 fruitful ( a v long & important controv]sy connect$ ) ! nature ( ! ,qurn1 = ! ^w ,kalm means n m]e spee*1 b revelation & e o!r mode ( communicat+ intellig5ce4 ,al-,ghazzl says3-- ,he do? speak1 comm&1 =bid1 promise1 & ?reat5 by an et]nal anci5t ^w1 subsi/+ 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,nei!r is x l to ! ^w ( ! creatures1 nor do? x consi/ 9 a voice aris+ f ! commotion ( ! air & ! collision ( bodies1 nor lett]s #acf :i* are sep>at$ by ! jo9+ toge!r ( ! lips or ! motion ( ! tongue4 ,! ,qurn1 ! ,law1 ! ,gospel & ! ,psalt] are books s5t d[n by ,him to ,8 ,apo/les1 & ! ,qurn1 inde$1 is read ) tongues writt5 9 books1 & is kept 9 he>ts2 yet1 z subsi/+ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god1 x do? n become liable to sep>ation & division :il/ x is transf]r$ into ! he>ts & on to pap]4 ,?us ,moses also he>d ! ^w ( ,god )\t voice or lett]1 ev5 z ! sa9ts behold ! ess5ce ( ,god )\t sub/ance or accid5t4 ,! or?odox believe t ,god is really a speak]3 ! ,mutazilites d5y ?is1 & say t ,he is only call$ a speak] because ,he is ! orig9ator ( words & s\nds4 ,!y also br+ ! foll[+ objections to be> aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( ! ,qurn4 7#a7 ,x is writt5 9 ,arabic1 x desc5d$1 is read1 is he>d1 & is writt54 ,x 0 ! subject ( a miracle4 ,x is divid$ into p>ts & "s v]ses are abrogat$ by o!rs4 7#b7 ,ev5ts are describ$ 9 ! pa/ t5se1 b if ! ,qurn _h be5 et]nal ! future t5se w\ld h be5 us$4 7#c7 ,! ,qurn conta9s comm&s & prohibitions2 if x is et]nal :o 7 comm&$ & :o 7 admoni%$8 7#d7 ,if x has exi/$ f et]nity x mu/ exi/ to et]nity1 & s ev5 9 ! la/ day1 & 9 ! next _w1 m5 w be "u ! obligation ( p]=m+ ! same religi\s duties z !y d n[1 & ( keep+ all ! outw>d precepts ( ! law4 7#e7 ,if ! ,qurn is et]nal1 !n !re are two et]nals4 ,! position ?us assail$ 0 n at fir/ a h>d & fa/ dogma ( ,islm4 ,x 0 m a speculative op9ion ?an any?+ else1 b ! opposition ( ! ,mutazilites soon l$ all :o wi%$ to be consid]$ or?odox to become n only /\t ass]tors ( ! et]nity ( ! ,qurn1 b to give up _! lives 9 def5ce ( :at !y believ$ to be true4 ,! ,mutazilites by ass]t+ ! subjective nature ( ! ,qurnic inspiration br\ght ! book itself )9 ! rea* ( criticism4 ,?is 0 too mu* = or?odox ,islm to be> ev5 ?\gh ! ,khalf ,mmn 9 ! #acg ye> #bab ,a4,h4 issu$ a fatva decl>+ t all :o ass]t$ ! et]nity ( ! ,qurn 7 guilty ( h]esy4 ,"s six ye>s aft] ?is1 ! ,imm ,ahmad ,ibn ,hanbal 0 sev]ely beat51 & !n imprison$ because he refus$ to ass5t to ! tru? ( ! decree issu$ by ! ,khalf4 ,al ,buwaiti1 a fam\s disciple ( ,z-,%fa'1 us$ an +5i\s argum5t to =tify 8 own m9d :5 be+ puni%$ by ! ord] ( ! ,khalf4 ,he 0 tak5 all ! way f ,cairo to ,baghdd & told to confess t ! ,qurn 0 creat$4 ,on 8 refusal1 he 0 imprison$ at ,baghdd & !re rema9$ 9 *a9s till ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,z ,ar-,rb ,ibn ,sulaimn says3 ,i saw ,al ,buwaiti m\nt$ on a mule3 r\nd 8 neck 0 a wood5 coll>1 on 8 legs 7 fett]s1 f ^! to ! coll> ext5d$ an iron *a9 to :i* 0 atta*$ a clog weigh+ fifty p\nds4 ,:il/ !y l$ him on he cont9u$ repeat+ ^! words1 ',almighty ,god creat$ ! _w by means ( ! ^w ,be6 ,n[1 if t ^w 0 creat$1 "o creat$ ?+ w\ld h creat$ ano!r4'#aba ,al ,buwaiti "h ref]s to ! v]se1 ,v]ily our spee* unto a ?+ :5 we w ! same1 is t we only say to x1 ',be1' & x is1--,kun fayakna4 7,sra xxxvi4 #hb74 ,?is1 9 ! way ,al ,buwaiti appli$ x1 is a /&+ argum5t ( ! or?odox to prove ! et]nity ( ! ,qurn4 ,:5 times *ang$ m5 7 put to dea? = hold+ ! opposite op9ion4 ,! ,imm ,z-,%fa' held a public disputation 9 ,baghdd ) ,hafs1 a ,mutazilite prea*]1 on ?is v po9t4 ,%fa' quot$ ! v]se1 ,god said be1 & x 01 & ask$1 ,did n ,god create all ?+s by ! ^w be8 ,hafs ass5t$4 ,if !n ! ,qurn 0 creat$1 mu/ n ! ^w be h be5 creat$ ) x8 ,hafs c\ld n d5y s pla9 a proposition4 ,!n1 said ,%fa'1 ,all ?+s1 accord+ to y1 7 creat$ by a creat$ be+1 :i* is a gross inconsi/5cy & manife/ #ach impiety4 ,hafs 0 r$uc$ to sil5ce1 & su* an effect _h ,%fa''s logic on ! audi5ce t !y put ,hafs to dea? z a pe/il5t h]etic4 ,?us did ! ,a%'aran op9ions on ! subject ( ! ,div9e attributes aga9 ga9 ! ma/]y4#abb ,! ,mutazilites fail$1 & ! reason :y is pla94 ,!y 71 z a rule1 influ5c$ by no high spiritual motives2 (t5 !y 7 m]e quibbl]s4 ,!y s\ght no light 9 an ext]nal revelation4 ,driv5 to a reaction by ! rigid sy/em !y combat$1 !y w\ld h made reason alone _! *ief guide4 ,! nobl] spirits among !m 7 impot5t to reg5]ate ! fai? !y pr(ess$ to foll[4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a great movem5t1 & at "o "t1 x ?reat5$ to *ange ! :ole nature ( ,islm4 ,?is p]iod ( ,muslim hi/ory1 fam$ z t 9 :i* ! ef=t 0 made to ca/ (f ! fett]s ( ! rigid sy/em :i* ,islm 0 gradually tight5+ by ! increas$ au?ority giv5 to traditionalism1 & to ! ref9em5ts ( ! f\r ,imms1 0 und\bt$ly a p]iod (1 comp>atively speak+1 high civilization4 ,baghdd1 ! capital ( ! ,khalfate1 0 a busy1 popul\s1 well-gov]n$ city4 ,?is x ma9ly ow$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,p]sian family ( ! ,b>mecides1 "o ( :om 0 ,vizi] to ! ,khalf ,hrn-ur-,ra%d4 ,hrn's fame z a good man is q undes]v$4 ,x is true t he 0 a patron ( le>n+1 t 8 ,empire 0 ext5sive1 t he ga9$ _m victories1 t 8 reign 0 ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,arab gr&eur4 ,b = all t1 he 0 a morose despot1 a cruel man1 ?or\ghly giv5 up to pleasures ( a v que/ionable nature4 ,drunk5ness & debau*]y 7 common at c\rt4 ,plots & intrigues 7 ev] at "w4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( "o ( ! greate/1 if n ! greate/1 p]iods #aci ( ,muslim rule4 ,?is1 too1 0 at a "t mo/ fav\rable = ! developm5t ( any good :i* ,islm might h possess$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t :atev] glory is rightly atta*$ to ?is p]iod is connect$ ) an epo* :5 h]esy 0 specially preval5t1 :5 or?odoxy 0 weak 9 ,baghdd4 ,! culture ( ! "t 0 9 spite (1 n on acc\nt (1 ! influ5ce ( or?odox ,islm4 #b4 ,,angels4--,( ?is article ( ! cre$ ,muhammad ,al-,b]kevi says3-- ,we mu/ confess t ,god has angels :o act accord+ to ,8 ord] & :o d n rebel aga9/ ,him4 ,!y nei!r eat nor dr9k1 nor is !re among/ !m any diff]5ce ( sex4 ,"s are ne> ! ?rone ( ,god2 ^? are ,8 mess5g]s4 ,ea* "o has 8 p>ticul> "w4 ,"s are on e>?1 "s 9 heav51 "s are always /&+1 "s always pro/rate !mselves & "s laud & praise ,god4 ,o!rs h *>ge ( m5 & record all _! actions4 ,"s angels are high 9 /ature & are possess$ ( great p[]4 ,su* an "o is ,gabriel 7,jibr1l7 :o 9 ! space ( "o h\r c desc5d f heav5 to e>?1 & :o ) "o w+ c lift up a m\nta94 ,we mu/ believe 9 ',izr1l :o receives ! s\ls ( m5 :5 !y die1 & 9 ,isrfl into ^: *>ge is committ$ ! trumpet4 ,?is trumpet he has actually 9 8 h&1 & plac$ to 8 m\? ready to bl[ :5 ,god gives ! ord]4 ,:5 he receives t ord] he w bl[ su* a t]rible bla/ t all liv+ ?+s w die4#abc ,?is is ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ day4 ,! _w w rema9 9 ?is /ate ( dea? =ty ye>s4 ,!n ,god ,mo/ ,high w revive ,isrfl :o w bl[ a second bla/1 at ! s\nd ( :i* all ! dead w rise to life4#abd ,?is confession ( fai? makes no m5tion ( ,mk1l 7,mi*ael71 ! f\r? ( ! ar*angels4 ,8 special duty is to see t all creat$ be+s h :at is ne$ful = !m4 ,he has *>ge ( ! ra9-fall1 plants1 gra9 & all t is requir$ = ! su/5ance ( m51 bea/s1 fi%es1 c4 ,gabriel's special *>ge is ! communication ( ,god's w to prophets4 ,! words "o t]rible 9 p[] 7,sra liii4 #e7 #adj are g5]ally appli$ to him4 ,he is hon\r$ ) ! privilege ( ne>ness to ,god4 ,tradition says t on ! night ( ! ,mi'rj1 ! ,prophet saw t ,gabriel _h six hundr$ w+s1 & t 8 body 0 s l>ge t f "o %\ld] to ! o!r ! di/ance 0 s great t a swift fly+ bird w\ld require five hundr$ ye>s to pass ov] x4 ,n9e-t5?s ( all creat$ be+s are said to be angels :o are =m$ ( light4 ,_! rank is /ation>y1 & ea* is cont5t ) ! position he occupies4 ,_! "o desire is to love & to "k ,god4 ,:atev] he comm&s !y d4 ,all be+s 9 ! heav5 & on ! e>? are ,83 & !y :o are 9 ,8 pres5ce disda9 n ,8 s]vice1 nei!r are !y we>i$3 !y praise ,him day & night4 7,sra xxi4 #ai1 #bj47 ,!y are free f all s94#abe ,x is true t !y did n wi% = ! creation ( ,adam1 & ?is may seem l a want ( confid5ce 9 ,god4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t _! object 0 n to oppose ,god1 b to relieve _! m9ds ( ! d\bts !y _h 9 ! matt]4 ,?us :5 ! ,"l said to ! angels1 ',v]ily1 ,i am ab\t to place "o 9 my /ead on e>?1' !y said3 ',wilt ,?\ place !re "o :o w d ill !re91 & %$ blood :5 we celebrate ?y praise & extol ?y hol9ess4' ,god said3 ',v]ily ,i "k :at ye "k n4' ,x is true t ,ibls 0 disob$i5t1 b !n he belong$ n to ! angelic ord] b to t ( ! j9n4 ,:5 we said to ! angels1 'pro/rate y\rselves be=e ,adam1' !y all pro/rat$ !mselves save ,ibls1 :o 0 ( ! j9n1 & revolt$ f 8 ,"l's behe/4 7,sra xviii4 #dh47 7,see also ,sra ii4 #cc47 ,angels appe> 9 human =m on special occasions1 b usually !y are invisible4 ,x is a common belief t animals c see angels & devils4 ,?is acc\nts = ! say+1 ,if y he> a cock cr[1 pray = m]cy1 = x has se5 an angel2 b if y he> an ass bray1 take refuge ) ,god1 = x has se5 a devil4 #ada ,! angels int]c$e = man3 ,! angels celebrate ! praise ( _! ,"l & ask =giv5ess = ! dwell]s on e>?4 7,sra xlii4 #c47 ,!y also act z gu>dian angels3 ,ea* ha? a succession ( angels be=e him & beh9d him :o wat* ov] him by ,god's behe/4 7,sra xiii4 #ab47 ,is x n en\gh = y t y\r ,"l aide? y ) ?ree ?\s& angels s5t d[n f on high8 7,sra iii4 #abj47 ,supreme ov] ,8 s]vants ,he s5de? =? gu>dians :o wat* ov] y1 until :5 dea? ov]take? any "o ( y our mess5g]s take 8 s\l & fail n4 7,sra vi4 #fa47 ,9 ! ,traditions x is said t ,god has appo9t$ = e man two angels to wat* ov] him by day1 & two by night4 ,! "o /&s on ! "r h& side ( ! man1 ! o!r on 8 left4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 say t !y reside 9 ! tee?1 & t ! tongue ( ! man is ! p5 & ! saliva ( ! m\? ! ink4#abf ,!y protect ! actions ( m5 & record !m all :e!r good or bad4 ,!y are call$ ! ,mua'qqibt1 i4e41 ^? :o succe$ "o ano!r4 ,!y also be> ! "n ( ,kirm-ul-,ktibn1 ! exalt$ writ]s4 ,!y are ref]r$ to 9 ! ,qurn4 ,?9k !y t we he> n _! secrets & _! private talk8 ,yes1 & our angels :o are at _! sides write !m d[n4 7,sra xliii4 #hj74 ,!re are eight angels :o support ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,& ! angels %all be on its sides1 & ov] !m on t day eight %all be> up ! ?rone ( ?y ,"l4 7,sra lxix4 #ag74 ,n9ete5 h *>ge ( hell4 ,ov] x are n9ete54 ,none b angels h we made gu>dians ( ! fire4 7,sra lxxiv4 #cj74 ,!re is a special arrangem5t made by ,provid5ce to mitigate ! evils ( ,satanic int]f]5ce4 ,ibls1 says ,jbir ,maghrab1 ?\gh able to assume all o!r =ms is n p]mitt$ to appe> 9 ! semblance ( ! ,deity1 or #adb any ( ,8 angels1 or prophets4 ,!re w\ld o!rwise be mu* dang] to human salvation1 z he might1 "u ! appe>ance ( "o ( ! prophets1 or ( "s sup]ior be+1 make use ( ?is p[] to s$uce m5 to s94 ,to prev5t ?is1 :5ev] he attempts to assume su* =ms1 fire comes d[n f heav5 & repulses him4 ,! /ory ( ,hrt & ,mrt is ( "s int]e/ f its connection ) ! "q ( ! impeccability ( ! angels4 ,speak+ ( ^? :o reject ,god's ,apo/le ! ,qurn says3 ,& !y foll[$ :at ! ,satans read 9 ! reign ( ,solomon2 n t ,solomon 0 unbeliev+1 b ! ,satans 7 unbeliev+4 ,sorc]y did !y tea* to m51 & :at _h be5 reveal$ to ! two angels ,hrt & ,mrt at ,bbel4 ,yet no man did ^! two tea* until !y _h said1 ',we are only a temptation4 ,be n ?\ an unbeliev]4' 7,sra ii4 #if74 ,"h x is q cle> t two angels tea* sorc]y1 :i* is g5]ally all[$ to be an evil4 ,"s explanation has to be giv54 ,comm5tators are by no means retic5t on ?is subject4 ,! /ory goes t 9 ! "t ( ! prophet ,eno* :5 ! angels saw ! bad actions ( m5 !y said3 ,o ,"l6 ,adam & 8 desc5dants :om ,?\ has appo9t$ z ,?y vice-reg5ts on e>? act disob$i5tly4 ,to :i* ! ,"l repli$3 ,if ,i 7 to s5d y on e>?1 & to give y lu/ful & angry dispositions1 y too w\ld s94 ,! angels ?\ght o!rwise2 s ,god told !m to select two ( _! numb] :o %\ld und]go ?is ordeal4 ,!y select$ two1 r5[n$ = devotion & piety4 ,god hav+ implant$ 9 !m ! passions ( lu/ & ang] said3 ,all day g to & fro on ! e>?1 put an end to ! qu>rels ( m51 ascribe no equal to ,me1 d n commit adult]y1 dr9k no w9e1 & e night repeat ! ,ism-ul-,a'zam1 ! exalt$ "n 7( ,god7 & return to heav54 ,?is !y did = "s "t1 b at l5g? a beautiful woman nam$ ,zuhra 7,v5us7 l$ !m a/ray4 ,"o day %e br\ght !m a cup ( w9e4 ,"o said3 #adc ,god has =bidd5 x2 ! o!r1 ,god is m]ciful & =giv+4 ,s !y drank ! w9e1 kill$ ! husb& ( ,zuhra1 to :om !y reveal$ ! exalt$ "n1 & fell into griev\s s94 ,imm$iately aft]1 !y f\nd t ! "n _h gone f _! memories & s !y c\ld n return to heav5 z usual4 ,!y 7 v mu* conc]n$ at ?is & begg$ ,eno* to int]c$e = !m4 ,! prophet did s1 & ) su* success t ! angels 7 all[$ to *oose betwe5 a pres5t or a future puni%m5t4 ,!y elect$ to be puni%$ "h on e>?4 ,!y 7 !n susp5d$ ) _! heads d[nw>ds 9 a well at ,bbel4 ,"s say t angels came & :ipp$ !m ) rods ( fire1 & t a fre% spr+ ev] fl[$ j beyond ! rea* ( _! p>*$ lips4 ,! woman 0 *ang$ to a />4 ,"s ass]t t x 0 a %oot+ /> :i* has n[ pass$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,o!rs say t %e is ! /> ,v5us4 ,x is only "r to /ate t ! ,qz ',ayz1 ,imm ,fakhr-ud-dn ,rz 7#edd-fjf ,a4,h471 ,qz ,nsir-ud-dn ,baidav 7#fbj-fia ,a4,h47 & mo/ s*ola/ic div9es d5y ! tru? ( ?is /ory4 ,!y say t angels are immaculate1 b x is pla9 t ?is does n meet ! difficulty :i* ! ,qurn itself raises 9 connection ) ,hrt & ,mrt4 ,!y want to "k h[ be+s 9 su* a /ate c tea*1 & :e!r x is likely t m5 w\ld h ! c\rage to g ne> su* a horrible sc5e4 ,z to ! woman1 !y ?9k ! :ole /ory absurd1 n only because ! /> ,v5us 0 creat$ be=e ! "t ( ,adam1 b also because x is inconceivable t "o :o 0 s wick$ %\ld h ! hon\r ( %9+ 9 heav5 = ev]4 ,a solution1 h[ev]1 !y are b\nd to give1 & x is ?is4 ,magic is a great art :i* ,god mu/ all[ mank9d to "k4 ,! dignity ( ! ord] ( prophets is s great t !y _c tea* m5 :at is confess$ly hurtful4 ,two angels 7 !re=e s5t1 & s m5 c n[ di/+ui% betwe5 ! miracles ( prophets1 ! signs ( #add sa9ts1 ! wond]s ( magicians & o!rs4 ,!n ,hrt & ,mrt always disc\rag$ m5 f le>n+ magic4 ,!y said to ^? :o came to !m3 ,we are only a temptation4 ,be n ?\ an unbeliev]4 ,o!rs ass]t t x is a ,jewi% allegory 9 :i* ! two angels repres5t reason & b5evol5ce1 ! woman ! evil appetites4 ,! woman's asc5t to heav5 repres5ts dea?4 ,to ?is solution ( ! difficulty1 h[ev]1 ! great body ( ! ,traditioni/s d n agree4 ,!y decl>e t ! /ory is a ,_hs-i-,sahh1 & t ! ,isnd is s\nd & good4 ,i "n only a few ( ! great div9es :o hold ?is view4 ,!y are ,imm ,ibn ,hanbal1 ,ibn ,ma'sd1 ,ibn ',umr1 ,ibn ',abbs1 ,hfiz ',asqalln#abg & o!rs4 ,jell-ud-d9 ,syt 9 8 comm5t>y ! ,drr-i-,ma%r1 has giv5 all ! ,traditions 9 ord] &1 ?\gh !re is "s v>iety 9 ! details1 ! g5]al purport accords ) ! n>rative z ,i h relat$ x4 ,! ,traditioni/s answ] ! objections ( ! ,s*ola/ics ?us4 ,!y say t angels are immaculate only s long z !y rema9 9 ! angelic /ate2 t1 ?\gh conf9$1 ,hrt & ,mrt c tea* magic1 = a ^w or two is q suffici5t = t purpose2 t "s m5 h no fe> &1 if !y h1 x is q conceivable t ! two angels may tea* ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( devils or j9n4 ,) reg>d to ! woman ,zuhra !y grant t to be *ang$ into a bright /> is ( ! nature ( a rew>d2 b !y say ! desire to le>n ! exalt$ "n 0 s m]itori\s an act t ! good %e desir$ outweighs ! evil %e did4 ,) reg>d to ! date ( ! creation ( ! /> ,v5us1 x is said t all our a/ronomical k is bas$ on obs]vations made s9ce ! ,flood1 :]eas ?is /ory relates to ! times ( ,eno* :o liv$ be=e ! days ( ,noah4 ,s ! dispute goes on & m5 ( great repute = le>n+ & k believe 9 ! /ory4 #ade ,munkir & ,nakr are two fi]ce-look+ black angels ) blue eyes :o visit e man 9 8 grave1 & exam9e him ) reg>d to 8 fai? 9 ,god & 9 ,muhammad4 ,! dead are suppos$ to dwell 9 'lam-i-b>zakh1 a /ate ( exi/5ce int]v5+ betwe5 ! pres5t life & ! life ( mank9d aft] ! resurrection4#abh ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! ^w grave :5 us$ 9 ?is connection4 ,unbeliev]s & wick$ ,muslims suff] tr\ble 9 t /ate2 true believ]s :o c give a good answ] to ! angels are happy4 ,"s suppose t a body ( angels are appo9t$ = ?is purpose & t "s ( !m be> ! "n ( ,munkir1 & "s t ( ,nakr & t1 j z ea* man has two record+ angels dur+ 8 lifetime1 two f ?is class are appo9t$ to exam9e him aft] dea?4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion ) reg>d to *ildr54 ,! g5]al belief is t ! *ildr5 ( believ]s w be que/ion$1 b t ! angels w tea* !m to say3 ,allh is my ,"l1 ,islm my religion1 & ,muhammad my ,prophet4 ,) reg>d to ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s be+ que/ion$1 ,imm ,abu ,hanfa hesitat$ to give an op9ion4 ,he also d\bt$ ab\t _! puni%m5t4 ,"s ?9k !y w be 9 ,a'rf1 a place betwe5 heav5 & hell2 o!rs suppose t !y w be s]vants to ! true believ]s 9 ,p>adise4 ,di/9ct f ! angels !re is ano!r ord] ( be+s made ( fire call$ j9n 7g5ii47 ,x is said t !y 7 creat$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ,adam came into exi/5ce4 ,we creat$ man ( dri$ clay1 ( d>k loam m\ld$1 & ! j9n _h be5 be=e creat$ ( subtle fire4 7,sra xv4 #bf1 #bg47 ,!y eat1 dr9k1 propagate _! species & are subject to dea?1 ?\gh !y g5]ally live _m c5turies4 ,!y dwell *iefly 9 ! ,koh-i-,kf1 a *a9 ( m\nta9s suppos$ to encompass ! _w3#abi #adf "s are believ]s 9 ,islm2 "s are infidels1 & w be puni%$4 ,i w :olly fill hell ) j9n & m54 7,sra xi4 #abj47 ,! ,sra call$ ,srat-ul-,j9n 7lxxii47 ref]s to _! belief 9 ,islm4 ,! passage is too long to quote4 ,!y try to he>#acj :at is go+ on 9 heav54 ,we gu>d !m 7i4e41 m57 f e /on$ ,satan1 save su* z /eal a he>+4 7,sra xv4 #ah47 ,!y 7 "u ! p[] ( ,solomon & s]v$ him4 7,sra xxxviii4 #cf47 ,an ',ifrt ( ! j9n said1 ,i w br+ x !e 7,solomon7 ere ?\ rise/ f ?y place3 ,i h p[] = ?is & am tru/y4 7,sra xxvii4 #ci47 ,at ! la/ day ! j9n also w be que/ion$4 ,imm ,hanfa d\bt$ :e!r ! j9n :o are ,muslims w be rew>d$4 ,! unbeliev+ j9n w assur$ly be puni%$4 ,tradition classifies !m 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7#a7 ,jnn1 7#b7 ,j9n1 7#c7 ,%aitn1 7#d7 ',ifrt1 7#e7 ,mrid4 ,_m fables h be5 inv5t$ conc]n+ ^! be+s1 & ?\gh intellig5t ,muslims may d\bt ^! wond]ful acc\nts1 yet a belief 9 ! ord] ( j9n is imp]ative1 at lea/1 z long z !re is belief 9 ! ,qurn4 ,^? :o wi% to "k m ( ?is subject w f9d a v int]e/+ *apt] on x 9 ,lane's ,mod]n ,egyptians4 #c4 ,,! ,,books4--,al ,b]kevi says3-- ,x is necess>y to believe t ! books ( ,god h be5 s5t ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ,gabriel1 to prophets ^u ! e>?4 ,! books are nev] s5t except to prophets4 ,! ,qurn 0 s5t to ,muhammad portion by portion dur+ a space ( #bc ye>s4 ,! ,p5tateu* came to ,moses1 ! ,injl to ,jesus1 ! ,zabr to ,david1 & ! o!r books to o!r prophets4 ,! :ole numb] ( ! ,div9e books is #ajd4 ,! ,qurn1 ! la/ ( all1 is to be foll[$ till ! day ( judgm5t4 ,x c nei!r be abrogat$ nor *ang$4 ,"s laws ( ! previ\s books h be5 abrogat$ by ! ,qurn & ought n to be foll[$4 ,! "o hundr$ & f\r books 7 s5t f heav5 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--,to ,adam1 t52 to ,se?1 fifty2 to ,eno* 7,idris71 ?irty2 to ,abraham1 t52 to ,moses1 ! #adg ,taurt 7,p5tateu*72 to ,david1 ! ,zabr 7,psalms72 to ,jesus1 ! ,injl2 to ,muhammad1 ! ,qurn4 ,! "o hundr$ to :i* no di/9ctive "n is giv5 are kn[n z ! ,suhf-ul-,anbiya1--,books ( ! ,prophets4 ,! ,qurn is also kn[n z ! ,furqn1 ! di/+ui%]2 ! ,qurn-i-,%>f1 noble ,qurn2 ! ,quran-i-,majd1 glori\s ,qurn2 ! ,mu%af1 ! ,book4 ,x is said to be ! comp5dium ( ! ,taurt1 ,zabr & ,injl#aca2 s ,muslims d n require to /udy ^! books4#acb ,! or?odox belief is t !y are entirely abrogat$ by ! ,qurn1#acc ?\gh ,sy$ ,ahmad d5\nces z ignorant & fooli% ^? ,musalmns :o say s4#acd ,be t z x may1 _! inspiration is consid]$ to be ( a l[] ord] ?an t ( ! ,qurn4 ,a l>ge #adh portion ( ! ,injl is consid]$ to be m]e n>rative4 ,! actual words ( ,*ri/ only are look$ ^u z ! revelation :i* desc5d$ f heav54 ,x is s 9 ! case ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,prophets4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 ! rule to call a book by ! "n ( ! prophet1 :e!r ! subject-matt] 0 pure doctr9e only1 or :e!r x 0 mix$ up ) n>rative also4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t1 9 ! case ( our own ,prophet1 ! revelations made to him 7 int5d$ to imp>t a special miracle ( eloqu5ce & !y 7 writt5 d[n1 lit]ally & exactly1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 communicat$ )\t any n>rative be+ ins]t$ 9 !m4#ace ,! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les are n consid]$ to be inspir$ books4 ,we d n consid] t ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 or ! v>i\s ,epi/les1 al?\gh unque/ionably v good books1 are to be tak5 z "p & p>cel ( ! ,new ,te/am5t itself2 nev]!less we look ^u ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les 9 ! same light z we d ! writ+s ( ! ,companions ( our own ,prophet2 t is to say1 z entitl$ to v5]ation & respect4#acf ,!re are _m v]ses 9 ! ,qurn :i* speak ( previ\s revelations1 ?us3 ,we also caus$ ,jesus1 ! son ( ,m>y1 to foll[ ! foot/eps ( ! prophets1 confirm+ ! law 7,taurt7 :i* 0 s5t be=e him1 & we gave him ! ,injl ) its guidance & light1 confirmatory ( ! prec$+ law2 a guidance & a w>n+ to ^? t fe> ,god4 7,sra v4 #ej74 ,we believe 9 ,god1 & t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n to u1 & t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n to ,abraham & ,isaac & ,jacob & ! tribes1 & t :i* ha? be5 giv5 to ,moses & to ,jesus1 & t :i* 0 giv5 to ! prophets f _! ,"l4 ,no diff]5ce d we make betwe5 any ( !m3 & to ,god are we resign$4 7,sra ii4 #acj74 ,9 tru? ha? ,he s5t d[n to !e ! ,book1 :i* confirme? ^? t prec$e x1 = ,he _h s5t d[n ! #adi ,law & ! ,injl a=etime1 z man's guidance2 & n[ ha? ,he s5t d[n ! ,furqn4 7,sra iii4 #b74acg ,practically1 ,musalmns reject ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,to d s is manife/ly aga9/ ! lett] ( ! ,qurn1 &1 z "s reason = ?is neglect ( previ\s ,scriptures mu/ be giv51 ,muslim div9es say t ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures h be5 corrupt$4 ,! te*nical expression is tahrf1 a ^w signify+1 to *ange1 to turn aside any?+ f ! tru?4 ,!n tahrf may be ( two k9ds1 tahrf-i-m'anav1 a *ange 9 ! mean+ ( words2 tahrf-i-lafz1 an actual *ange ( ! writt5 words4 ,mo/ ,musalmns ma9ta9 t ! latt] k9d ( corruption has tak5 place1 & s !y d n feel b\nd to read or /udy ! previ\s revelations s frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,qurn4 ,! *>ge br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews ( corrupt+ _! ,scriptures is bas$ on ! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,qurn3 ,"s truly are !re among y :o torture ! ,scriptures ) _! tongues1 9 ord] t ye may suppose x to be f ! ,scripture1 yet x is n f ! ,scripture4 ,& !y say3 '?is is f ,god1' yet x is n f ,god2 & !y utt] a lie aga9/ ,god1 & !y "k !y d s4 7,sra iii4 #gb47 ,all ! anci5t comm5tators ass]t t ?is only prov$ tahrf-i-m'anav2 t is1 t ! ,jews ref]r$ to ei!r mis9t]pret$ :at !y read1 or1 :il/ pr(ess+ to read f ! ,scripture1 us$ expressions n f\nd !re94 ,x does n mean t !y alt]$ ! text ( _! ,scriptures4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n excuse ,musalmns = _! neglect ( ! previ\s ,scriptures1 & s ! or?odox div9es ( mod]n times ma9ta9 t ! great] corruption--! tahrf-i-lafz1 has tak5 place4 ,! "q is fully discuss$1 & ! op9ion ( ! e>li] comm5tators endors$ by ,sy$ ,ahmad 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,bible4#ach #aej #d4 ,,prophets4--,muhammad ,al ,b]kevi says3-- ,x is necess>y to confess t ,god has s5t prophets2 t ,adam is ! fir/ ( ! prophets & ! fa!r ( all m52 t ,muhammad is ! la/ ( ! prophets2 t betwe5 ,adam & ,muhammad !re 7 a great numb] ( prophets2 t ,muhammad is ! mo/ excell5t ( all & t 8 p are ! be/ ( all peoples2 t ea* ( ! prec$+ prophets 0 s5t to a special p1 "s ) books1 "s )\t1 b t ,muhammad 0 s5t to all m5 & also to ! g5ii2 t 8 law w rema9 until ! end ( ! _w1 t 8 miracles are _m 9 numb]1 t by 8 bless$ f+] he made wat]s fl[1 t he divid$ ! moon into two p>ts1 t animals1 trees1 & /ones said to him3 ',?\ art a true prophet4' ,we mu/ also believe t "o night he 0 transport$ f ,mecca to ,j]usalem1 & f !nce to heav51 :]e he saw bo? p>adise & hell1 conv]s$ ) ! ,mo/ ,high & return$ to ,mecca be=e morn+4 ,aft] him no o!r prophet w come1 = he is ! seal ( ! prophets4 ,! numb] ( prophets s5t by ,god to make kn[n ,8 w v>ies accord+ to ! ,tradition :i* records x4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& is ! usual numb] /at$4 ,tw5ty-five are m5tion$ by "n 9 ! ,qurn1 ( :om six are di/+ui%$ by special titles4 ,adam1 ,sufi ,ullh1 ! *os5 ( ,god2 ,noah1 ,nab ,ullh1 ! prophet ( ,god2 ,abraham1 ,khall ,ullh1 ! fri5d ( ,god2 ,moses1 ,kalm ,ullh1 ! speak] ) ,god2 ,jesus1 ,rh ,ullh1 ! _s ( ,god2 ,muhammad1 ,rasl ,ullh1 ! mess5g] ( ,god4 ,^! are call$ ! ,anbiya-ulul-',azm 7possessors ( purpose7 because !y 7 ! heads ( _! respective disp5sations1 & because !y w be p]mitt$ by ,god to int]c$e 9 ! day ( judgm5t = _! foll[]s4 ,!y are ! greate/ & mo/ exalt$ ( ! prophets4#aci ,!re are degrees ( rank among/ ! prophets1 = ,"s ( ! ,apo/les h ,we end[$ m highly ?an o!rs4 ,^? to :om ,god ha? spok51 ,he ha? rais$ to ! l(tie/ grade1 & to ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,m>y ,we gave #aea manife/ signs1 & ,we /r5g!n$ him ) ! ,holy ,_s4 7,sra ii4 #bed74 ,! ,anbiya-ulul-',azm are rank$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,noah1 ,jesus1 ,moses1 ,abraham & z ! *ief ( all1 ,muhammad1 ( :om x is said3 ,he is ! ,apo/le ( ,god & ! seal ( ! prophets4 7,sra xxxiii4 #dj74 ,a ,tradition1 z usual1 supports 8 position4 ,i am ! *ief ( ! sons ( m54 ,adam & all beside him w be rang$ "u my flag 9 ! judgm5t day4#adj ,x is said t ! law giv5 by ,moses 0 h>% & sev]e2 t by ,*ri/ 0 mild & graci\s2 b t ! law giv5 by ,muhammad is p]fect1 = x comb9es bo? ! quality ( /rictness & t ( graci\sness2 accord+ to ! ,tradition3 ,i always laugh & by laugh+ kill4#ada ,ea* prophet is said to h be5 s5t to 8 own tribe1 b ,muhammad 0 s5t = all m54 ,a ,tradition is adduc$ to support ?is /atem5t3 ,i 0 rais$ up = all m5 :e!r :ite or black1 o!r prophets 7 n except = _! own tribe4 ,! ,qurn also /ates3 ,we h s5t !e 7,muhammad7 = all m54 ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ! prophets are sup]ior to ! angels4 ,! ,hanfites hold t ! prophets among/ m5 are sup]ior to ! prophets among/ angels1 :o 9 _! turn are sup]ior to ! ord9>y run ( m51 to :om aga9 ! angels1 o!r ?an prophets1 are inf]ior4 ,! ,mutazilites say t ! angels are sup]ior to ! prophets4 ,! ,%a'hs ass]t t ! twelve ,imms are sup]ior to prophets4 ,! way 9 :i* ,muhammad receiv$ inspiration has be5 %[n 9 a previ\s *apt]2 b ,ibn ,khald\n gives su* an int]e/+ acc\nt ( prophetic inspiration t ,i give ! sub/ance ( 8 rem>ks "h4 ,he speaks some:at z foll[s4#adb ,if we contemplate ! _w & ! creatures x conta9s we %all recognize a p]fect ord]1 a regul> #aeb sy/em1 a sequ5ce ( cause & effect1 a connexion betwe5 diff]5t categories ( exi/5ce1 & a trans=mation ( be+s f "o category ( exi/5ce to ano!r4 ,!n ! ph5om5a ( ! visible _w indicate to u ! exi/5ce ( an ag5t ^: nature is diff]5t f t ( ! body1 :o is 9 fact a spiritual exi/5ce4 ,?is ag5t1 :i* is ! s\l1 mu/ on ! "o h& be 9 contact ) ! exi/5ces ( ?is _w &1 on ! o!r1 ) ! exi/5ces 9 ! next category ( sup]iority1 & "o ^: ess5tial qualities are pure p]ception & cle> intellig5ce4 ,su* are ! angels4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! human s\l has a t5d5cy t[>ds ! angelic _w4 ,all ?is is q 9 accordance ) ! idea t1 accord+ to a regul> ord]1 all ! categories ( exi/5ces 9 ! univ]se are 9 mutual contact by means ( _! faculties & on acc\nt ( _! nature4 ,! s\ls ( m5 may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,! fir/ k9d ( s\l is too feeble by nature to atta9 to a p]ception ( ! spiritual3 x has to cont5t itself ) mov+ 9 ! region ( s5se & imag9ation4 ,?us x c und]/& concepts & affirmations4 ,x c raise itself high 9 its own category b _c pass its limit4 ,! s\ls ( ! second class are c>ri$ by a reflective movem5t & a natural disposition t[>ds a spiritual intellig5ce4 ,!y c ent] into a /ate ( contemplation :i* results 9 ec/asy4 ,?is is ! intuition ( ! ,sa9ts 7,auliya7#adc to :om ,god has giv5 ?is div9e k4 ,! s\ls ( ! ?ird class are creat$ ) ! p[] ( dis5gag+ !mselves altoge!r f _! human bodies 9 ord] t !y may rise to ! angelic /ate :]e !y become l angels4 ,9 a mom5t ( "t su* #aec a s\l p]ceives ! sublime company 7( angels7 9 ! sph]e :i* conta9s !m4 ,x1 !re & !n1 he>s ! spee* ( ! s\l & ! div9e voice4 ,su* are ! s\ls ( ! prophets4 ,god has giv5 to ^! s\ls ! p[] ( leav+ ! human body4 ,:il/ ?us sep>ate f x ,god gives to !m ,8 revelation4 ,! prophets are end[$ by ,god ) su* a purity ( disposition1 su* an in/9ct ( uprightness1 t !y are naturally incl9$ to ! spiritual _w4 ,!y are animat$ by an ard\r q peculi> to _! ord]4 ,:5 !y return f ! angelic /ate !y deliv] to m5 ! revelations !y h receiv$4 ,sometimes ! revelation comes to ! prophet z ! humm+ ( confus$ disc\rse4 ,he grasps ! ideas &1 z soon z ! humm+ ceases1 he compreh5ds ! message2 sometimes an angel 9 human =m communicates ! revelation1 & :at he says ! prophet le>ns by he>t4 ,! j\rney to1 ! return f ! angelic /ate1 & ! compreh5sion ( ! revelation receiv$ !re occupy less "t ?an ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,s rapidly d ! s\ls ( prophets move4 ,s in/antane\sly d !y receive & und]/& ,god's revelations4 ,?is is :y inspiration is call$ ,wah1 a ^w :i*1 accord+ to ,ibn ,khald\n1 means to make ha/e4 ,! fir/ way ( deliv]+ a message is adopt$ :5 he :o receives x is only a ,nab 7prophet71 & n a ,rasl 7apo/le or mess5g]47 ,! second mode is employ$ t[>ds a ,rasl :o1 on ! pr9ciple t ! great] conta9s ! less1 is also a ,nab4 ,a ,_hs records t ,muhammad said3 ,revelation came to me sometimes l ! tick+ ( a clock & fatigu$ me mu*4 ,:5 x /opp$ ,i le>nt ! mean+ ( :at _h be5 deliv]$ to me4 ,sometimes an angel 9 human =m spoke to me &1 :il/ he 0 speak+1 ,i le>nt :at 0 said4 ,t a prophet %\ld feel oppress$ on su* occasions is h9t$ at 9 ,) measur$ tone intone ! ,qurn1 = we %all devolve on !e mighty words4 7,sra lxxiii4 #e47 #aed ,a ,nab1 7:o mu/ be a wise & a free man1 t is1 "o :o is n a slave ( ano!r1 & "o also :o is free f imp]fection ei!r ( body or m9d71 receives ,wah b has n necess>ily to deliv] to m5 ! ord]s ( ,god4 ,a ,rasl :o mu/ possess ! same qualifications z a ,nab1 is "o :o is comm&$ to deliv] ,god's message to m51 ?\gh he does n necess>ily abrogate :at prec$+ ,rasls h deliv]$4 ,nei!r is x necess>y t he %\ld br+ a book or ev5 a new law4 ,"s ,rasls d s1 b ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ,rasl is t he deliv]s to m5 comm&s direct f ,god1 & is specially commission$ s to d4 ,?us e ,rasl is a ,nab1 :il/ e ,nab is n a ,rasl4 ,! "q ( ! s9lessness ( ! prophets is "o to :i* consid]able att5tion has be5 paid by ,muslim !ologians4 ,! or?odox belief is t !y are free f s94 ,"s ?9k t _! fre$om f s9 is because ! grace ( ,god be+ ev] 9 !m 9 ! ri*e/ fulness !y are kept 9 ! "r pa?4 ,! ,a%'arans believe t ! p[] ( s9n+ is n creat$ 9 !m4#add ,! ,mutazilites d5y ?is1 b admit ! exi/5ce ( "s quality :i* keeps !m f evil4 ,^! !ories d n agree ) actual facts4 ,prophets l o!r m5 commit faults1 b "h comes 9 ! ,muslim di/9ction ( s9s into gunh-i-kabra great s9s1 & gunh-i-saghra little s9s4 ,! gunh-i-kabra are1 murd]1 adult]y1 disob$i5ce to ,god & to p>5ts1 robb+ ( orphans1 to accuse ( adult]y1 to avoid fight+ aga9/ infidels1 drunk5ness1 to give or to take usury1 to neglect ! ,friday pray]s & ! ,ramazn fa/1 tyranny1 backbit+1 untru/wor?9ess1 =gett+ ! ,qurn aft] read+ x1 to avoid giv+ true or to give false witness1 ly+ )\t suffici5t reason1#ade to swe> falsely or to swe> by any o!r ?an ,god1 flatt]y ( tyrants1 false judgm5ts1 giv+ %ort weight or measure1 #aee magic1 gambl+1 approval ( ! c]emonies ( infidels1 boa/+ ( "o's piety1 call+ on ! names ( deceas$ p]sons & beat+ ! brea/ at su* times1#adf danc+1 music1 neglect :5 opportunity (f]s ( w>n+ o!r p]sons ) reg>d to ! comm&s & prohibitions ( ,god1 disrespect to a ,hfiz1 to %ave ! be>d1 to omit say+ ! d>d 7i4e4 on :om & on ^: family be ! peace & m]cy ( ,god7 :5ev] ! "n ( ,muhammad is m5tion$4#adg ,^! are all great s9s & c only be =giv5 aft] due rep5tance3 ! little s9s are =giv5 if "s good actions are done4 ,obs]ve pray] at e>ly morn+1 at ! close ( day1 & at ! approa* ( night2 = ! good de$s drive away ! evil de$s4 7,sra xi4 #aaf74 ,m5 may commit s9 witt+ly or unwitt+ly4 ,x is ! univ]sal belief t a prophet nev] commits ! great] s9s 9 ei!r way2 b !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion ) reg>d to ! less] s9s4 ,"s hold t !y c d !m unwitt+ly1 ?\gh ev5 !n x is n 9 any ?+ connect$ ) _! (fice4 ,o!rs aga9 limit ev5 ?is frailty to ! p]iod be=e wah 7inspiration7 comes ^u !m4 ,! g5]al op9ion1 h[ev]1 is t !y are free f all s91 :e!r great or small4 ,! frailties :i* !y %[ are m]ely reckon$ z faults & slight imp]fections n am\nt+ to s94 ,?is1 to ! ,muslim m9d at once disposes ( a difficulty ! ,qurn itself raises on ?is po9t4 ,) ! exception ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,anbiya-ulul-',azm are spok5 ( z do+ :at e "o except an or?odox ,muslim w\ld call s94 ,adam's transgression#adh is ref]r$ to 9 ,sra ii4 #bi-cg & #aef 9 ,sra vii4 #aj-bd4 ,i quote only "o v]se3 ,!y said1 ',o our ,"l6 ) ourselves h we dealt unju/ly2 if ,?\ =give u n & h n pity on u1 we %all surely be ( ^? t p]i%4' ,! s9 ( ,noah is n specifi$ 9 ! ,qurn1 yet x is pla9ly h9t$ at4 ,to ,!e v]ily1 ,o my ,"l1 d ,i repair le/ ,i ask t ( ,!e :]e9 ,i h no k3 unless ,?\ =give me & be m]ciful to me ,i %all be "o ( ! lo/4 7,sra xi4 #di74 ,!re is also a simil> reque/ 9 ,sra lxxi4 #bi4 ,abraham is repres5t$ z say+ to 8 p3 ,!y :om ye wor%ip1 ye & y\r fa!rs ( e>ly days1 are my foes2 b n s ! ,"l ( ! worlds1 :o ha? creat$ me1 & guide? me1 :o give? me food & dr9k2 & :5 ,i am sick1 he heale? me1 & :o w cause me to die & aga9 quick5 me1 & :o1 ,i hope1 w =give me my s9s 9 ! day ( reckon+4 7,sra xxvi4 #ge-hb74 ,moses is describ$ z hav+ done a "w ( ,satan 9 kill+ a man1 & z say+3 ',o my ,"l1 ,i h s9n$ to my own hurt2 =give me4' ,s ,god =gave him2 = ,he is ! =giv+1 ! m]ciful4 ,he said3 ',"l1 because ?\ ha/ %[$ me ?is grace1 ,i w nev] aga9 be ! help] ( ! wick$4' 7,sra xxviii4 #ae1 #af74 ,! foll[+ passages ref] to ,muhammad4 ,be ?\ /eadfa/ & pati5t2 = true is ! promise ( ,god2 & seek p>don = ?y fault4#adi 7,sra xl4 #eg74 ,ask p>don = ?y s91 & = believ]s1 bo? m5 & wom54 7,sra xlvii4 #ba74 ,! sc&al caus$ by ! ,prophet's conduct ) ! wife ( ,zeid1 & ) ! ,egyptian slave ,m>y1 necessitat$ a pret5d$ revelation ( ,god's w 9 ref]5ce to ^! ev5ts4 ,! circum/ances w be f\nd fully detail$ 9 ,sra xxxiii4 #cf-ch & 9 ,sra lxvi4 #a-e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important v]ses is3 ,v]ily1 we h won = !e an und\bt$ victory1 9 tok5 t ,god =give? ?y e>li] & lat] fault4 7,sra xlviii4 #a-b74 #aeg ,x is n q cle> :at victory is "h ref]r$ to4 ,accord+ to ! ,tafsr-i-,husa91 "s comm5tators say t x is ! tak+ ( ,mecca1 ! pa/ t5se be+ prophetically us$ = ! future4 ,! foll[+ explanations are giv5 ( ! expression e>li] & lat] fault4 7#a7 ,god has =giv5 ?y s9 committ$ be=e & aft] ! desc5t ( wah1 7#b7 be=e & aft] ! tak+ ( ,mecca1 or 7#c7 be=e ! desc5t ( ?is ,sra4 7#d7 ,! comm5tator ,salm says3 ,! e>li] s9 ref]s to ! s9 ( ,adam committ$ :5 ,muhammad 0 9 ! lo9s ( 8 great ance/or & ?us connect$ ) him2 ! lat] s9 ref]s to ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet1 & 9 t way is connect$ ) him1 j z ! s9 ( ,adam 0 ! pr$ecessor & ! cause ( _! s94 7#e7 ,imm ,abu'l-,lais says3 ,! words ref] to ! s9 ( ,adam1 & to ^? ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet4 ,bo? are connect$ ) ,muhammad1 because ! =m] is =giv5 by ! bless+1 & ! latt] by ! int]cession ( ,muhammad4#aej ,f ^! extracts f ! ,qurn x appe>s t s9 is imput$ to prophets1 ?\gh ,muslims evade ! *>ge by ! casui/ry ,i h already ref]r$ to4 ,be t z x may1 x is a /rik+ fact t ! "o s9less memb] ( ! ,anbiya-ulul-',azm1 ! "o s9less prophet ( ,islm1 is none o!r ?an ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!re is no passage 9 ! ,qurn :i* h9ts at s91 ev5 9 ! modifi$ =m 9 :i* ,muslims attribute x to o!r prophets1 be+ committ$ by him3 no passage :i* speaks ( ,8 seek+ = p>don4 ,x is ! univ]sal belief t prophets "w miracles1 7mu'jizt74 ,a miracle is def9$ to be ,kh>q-i-'dat1 t is1 some?+ contr>y to ! usual c\rse ( nature4 ,! object = :i* a miracle is p]=m$ mu/ be a moral "o1 & *iefly to atte/ ! tru? ( ! /atem5ts made by ! prophet4 ,al?\gh ,muhammad makes1 9 ! #aeh ,qurn1 no di/9ct claim to ! p[] ( work+ miracles1#aea 8 foll[]s ma9ta9 t 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r respects he 0 equal to all & sup]ior to "s prophets1 & produce v>i\s passages ( ! ,qurn 9 support ( _! view4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,%aikh ,jell-ud-dn ,syut1 if to ,adam 0 giv5 ! p[] ( nam+ e ?+1 ,muhammad also possess$ ! same p[]4 ,eno* 0 exalt$ on high1 b ,muhammad 0 tak5 to ! ',baqb-i-qausa91' ! 'two b[s' l5g?1' :]e ,gabriel1 "o mighty 9 p[]1 appe>$ to him4 7,sra liii4 #e-i74 ,i%mael 0 ready to be sacrific$1 b ,muhammad endur$ ! splitt+ ( 8 *e/2#aeb ,joseph 0 to "s ext5t h&some1 b ,muhammad 0 ! v p]fection ( beauty2 ,moses br\ght wat] f ! rock1 b ,muhammad produc$ x f 8 f+]s4 ,! sun 0 /ay$ on its c\rse by ,jo%ua & s x 0 by ,muhammad4 ,solomon _h a great k+dom1 ,muhammad a great]1 = he possess$ ! keys ( ! treasuries ( ! e>?4 ,wisdom 0 giv5 to ,john ! ,bapti/ :il/ yet a *ild1 s also 7 wisdom & und]/&+ grant$ to ,muhammad at an e>ly p]iod ( 8 life4 ,jesus c\ld raise ! dead1 s also c\ld ,muhammad4 ,9 addition to all ^!1 ! special miracles ( ! ,prophet are ! splitt+ ( ! moon asund]1 ! ,mi'rj1 ! com+ ( a tree into 8 pres5ce1 & above all ! wond]ful miracle ( ! ,qurn4#aec ,! splitt+ ( ! moon 9 sund] is ref]r$ to 91 #aei ,! h\r ( judgm5t approa*e?2 & ! moon ha? be5 split 9 sund]4 7,sra liv4 #a74 ,imm ,zhid says t ,abu ,jahl & a ,jew visit$ ! ,prophet1 & dem&$ a sign f him on pa9 ( dea?4 ,! ,prophet made a sign ) 8 little f+]1 & at once ! moon sep>at$ into two p>ts3 "o ( :i* rema9$ 9 ! sky1 ! o!r w5t (f to a long di/ance4 ,! ,jew believ$ 9 ,islm =?)4 ,abu ,jahl ascrib$ ! affair to magic1 b on mak+ enquiry f v>i\s travell]s asc]ta9$ t !y1 on ?is v night1 di/9ctly saw ! moon 9 two p>ts4#aed ,"s1 h[ev]1 ref] ! passage to ! future1 z !y consid] ! splitt+ ( ! moon to be "o ( ! signs ( ! la/ day4 ,! ,mi'rj1 or night asc5t1 is m5tion$ 91 ,glory be to ,him :o c>ri$ ,8 s]vant by night f ! sacr$ temple 7( ,mecca7 to ! temple t is m remote1 ^: prec9ct ,we h bless$1 t ,we might %[ him ( our signs4 7,sra xvii4 #a74 ,muslim writ]s1 :o are fond ( ! m>vell\s1 n>rate at l5g? ! wond]ful ?+s ! ,prophet saw & did on ?is ev5tful night2#aee b "s ma9ta9 t x 0 only a vision1 & quote ! words3 ,we orda9$ ! vision :i* we %[$ !e1 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion4#aef ,be t z x may1 all or?odox ,muslims ma9ta9 ! sup]iority ( ,muhammad1 z a work] ( miracles1 ov] all o!r prophets4 #e4 ,,! ,,resurrection ,,& ,,! ,,la/ ,,day4--,^! two articles ( ! fai? may be consid]$ toge!r4 ,! #afj foll[+ is a summ>y ( ! rem>ks ( ,muhammad ,al ,b]kevi on ?is po9t4 ,x is necess>y to ackn[l$ge3-- #a4 ,t ! torm5ts ( ! tomb are real & c]ta9 & t ,munkir & ,nakr 7,ante p4 #ade7 w come & int]rogate ! dead p]son conc]n+ 8 ,god1 8 ,prophet1 8 fai? & 8 ,qibla4 ,! fai?ful w reply3 our ,god is ,god2 our ,prophet is ,muhammad2 our religion1 ,islm2 our ,qibla1 ! ,ki-'databa4 #b4 ,t all ! signs ( ! la/ day m5tion$ by ! ,prophet w come to pass2 su* z1 ! appe>ance ( ,dajjl1 or ,anti*ri/2 ! desc5t ( ,jesus f heav52 ! appe>ance ( ,imm ,mahd & ( ,gog & ,magog2 ! ris+ ( ! sun f ! we/1 c4 #c4 ,t all liv+ ?+s w die2 t ! m\nta9s w fly 9 ! air l birds2 t ! heav5s w melt away2 t aft] "s "t has ?us pass$ ,god mo/ ,high w set ! e>? 9 ord] & raise ! dead2 t prophets1 sa9ts1 doctors ( ! law1 & ! fai?ful w f9d ne> !m ! robes & ! horses ( ,p>adise4 ,!y w put on ! robes1 & m\nt ! horses & g into ! %ade ( ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,o!r m51 hungry1 ?ir/y1 & nak$ w g on foot4 ,! ,fai?ful w g to ! "r1 ! ,infidels to ! left4 #d4 ,t !re w be a balance1 9 :i* ! good & bad actions ( m5 w be weigh$4 ,^? ^: good de$s outweigh ! bad w g to ,p>adise2 if ! bad pr$om9ate1 !y w g into ! fire1 unless ,god has m]cy on !m1 or ! prophets or sa9ts int]c$e = !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y 7 n ,muslims !re w be no int]cession = !m1 nor w !y come out f ! fire4 ,! ,muslims :o ent] ! fire w1 aft] hav+ purg$ _! crimes1 ent] ,p>adise4 #e4 ,t ! bridge ,sirt1 :i* is %>p] ?an a sword1 is rais$ above ! fire2 t all m5 mu/ pass ov] ?is4 ,"s w pass ov] ) ! spe$ ( lightn+1 "s l a horse t runs1 "s1 _! backs lad5 ) _! s9s1 w g v sl[ly ov]2 o!rs w fall & c]ta9ly ent] into ! fire4 #f4 ,t ea* prophet has a pool :]e he1 ) 8 p1 w qu5* _! ?ir/ be=e ent]+ ,p>adise2 t ! pool ( ,muhammad is ! l>ge/ ( all1 = x is a mon?'s m>* f "o side !re( to ! o!r4 ,its wat] is sweet] ?an honey1 :it] ?an milk4 #g4 ,t ,p>adise & ,hell actually exi/2 t ! *os5 rema9 = ev] 9 ! =m]2 !y nei!r die1 nor gr[ ag$4 ,!y exp]i5ce no k9d ( *ange4 ,! ,h\ris & ! females are exempt$ #afa f ! infirmities ( _! sex4 ,!y w no long] be> *ildr54 ,! elect w f9d !re ! meat & ! dr9k !y require1 )\t tak+ ^u !mselves any tr\ble4 ,! gr\nd ( ,p>adise is ( musk2 ! bricks ( its edifices are ( gold & ( silv]4 ,! unbeliev]s & ! demons w rema9 = ev] 9 hell1 torm5t$ by s]p5ts z ?ick z ! neck ( a camel1 by scorpions z l>ge z mules1 by fire & by scald+ wat]4 ,_! bodies w burn1 till !y become r$uc$ to a coal1 :5 ,god w revive !m s t !y may endure fre% torm5ts4 ,?is w la/ = ev]4 ,! foll[+ additional rem>ks are bas$ on ! ,%>h-i-',aqd-i-,jm4 ,!y fall "u f\r heads4 7#a74 ,! s\nd+ ( ! trumpets4 7,nafkhata9-i-,sr74 ,?is w n take place until wick$ness spreads ov] all ! e>?4 ,! ,prophet said3 ,! resurrection w n come to pass1 till "s ( ! sects among my foll[]s mix up ) ! ,mu%riks 7^? :o associate o!rs ) ,god7 & till o!rs comm5ce to wor%ip monum5ts4 ,aga91 ,! la/ h\r w n be till no "o is f\nd :o calls on ,god4 ,!n ,!re %all be a bla/ on ! trumpet1 & all :o are 9 ! heav5s & all :o are 9 ! e>? %all expire1 save ^? :om ,god %all v\*safe to live4 ,!re %all be ano!r bla/ on x1 & lo6 aris+ !y %all gaze ar\nd !m4 7,sra xxxix4 #fh74 ,abu ,huraira1 a ,companion1 relates t ! ,prophet speak+ ( ! trumpet /at$ z foll[s3 ,aft] ! creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>? ,god creat$ ! trumpet & gave x to ,isrfl :o1 ) 8 m\? plac$ to x1 is ev] look+ up & wait+ = ! ord] to bl[ x4 ,he w bl[ ?ree times4#aeg ,! fir/ "t1 ! bla/ ( con/]nation1 to t]rify2 ! second1 ! bla/ ( exam9ation1 to slay2 ! ?ird1 ! bla/ ( resurrection1 to quick5 ! dead4 ,mo/ p]sons believe t ev]y?+1 save ,god & ,8 attributes1 w p]i%4 ,! ,k>amians & "s o!r sects d5y ?is4 #afb ,! resurrection ( ! body is cle>ly prov$ by ! ,qurn4 ,?us1 ,!y say1 ',:o w br+ u back8' ,say3 ',he :o creat$ y at fir/4' 7,sra xvii4 #ec74 ',:o %all give life to bones :5 !y are rott58' ,say3 ',he %all give life to !m :o gave !m be+ at fir/1 = 9 all creation is ,he skill$4' 7,sra xxxvi4 #gi74 ,man sai?3 ',:at6 aft] ,i am dead1 %all ,i 9 ! end be br\ght =? alive8' ,do? n man be> 9 m9d t we made him at fir/1 :5 he 0 n\ght8 7,sra xix4 #fh74 ,! infidels w say1 '%all we inde$ be re/or$ z at fir/8 ,:at6 ,:5 we h become rott5 bones8' ',?is !n1' say !y1 'w be a return to loss4' ,v]ily1 x w be b a s+le bla/1 & lo6 !y are on ! surface ( ! e>?4 7,sra lxxix4 #aj-ad74 ,is ,he n p[]ful en\gh to quick5 ! dead8 7,sra lxxv4 #dj74 ,?is resurrection w be to judgm5t4 ',nev]1' say ! unbeliev]s1 'w ! h\r come ^u u4' ,say3 ',yea1 by my ,"l :o kn[e? ! unse51 x w surely come ^u y1 444 to ! int5t t ,god may rew>d ^? :o h believ$1 444 b z = ^? :o aim to invalidate our signs1 a *a/isem5t ( pa9ful torm5t awaite? !m4' 7,sra xxxiv4 #c1 #d74 ,a t]rible *a/isem5t do? await !m on ! ,day :5 faces %all turn :ite1 & faces %all turn black4 ',:at6 aft] y\r belief h ye become infidels8 ,ta/e1 !n1 ! *a/isem5t = t ye h be5 unbeliev]s4' ,& z to ^? ^: faces %all h become :ite1 !y %all be )9 ! m]cy ( ,god4 7,sra iii1 #ajb74 ,! ,prophet knew n ! "t :5 all ?is w\ld take place4 ,!y w ask !e ( ! ',h\r1' :5 w be its fix$ "t8 ,b :at k ha/ ?\ ( x8 ,its p]iod is kn[n only to ?y ,"l2 & ?\ art *>g$ ) ! w>n+ ( ^? :o fe> x4 7,sra lxxix4 #da-de47 ,^! & simil> texts %[ ! c]ta9ty ( ! resurrection4 ,accord+ to ! ,ijm' ( ! ,fai?ful1 he :o has any d\bts on ?is article ( ! fai? is an infidel4 ,! #afc ,mutazilites %[ f reason t a resurrection ( ! body is necess>y 9 ord] t rew>ds & puni%m5t may be be/[$4 ,! or?odox agree ) ! conclusion1 b hesitate to base x on reason4#aeh ,! ,k>amians hold t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body w n cease to be1 b t at ! la/ ,god w ga!r !m toge!r4 ,?9ke? man t we %all n re-unite 8 bones8 ,aye6 8 v f+] tips we are able ev5ly to replace4 7,sra lxxv4 #c1 #d47 ,! or?odox1 h[ev]1 hold t ?is v]se does n disprove ! fact ( previ\s annihilation1 a belief support$ by ! ,prophet's say+1 ,all ! sons ( m5 w be annihilat$4 ,x w be a re-creation ?\gh ! body w return to its =m] /ate4 ,! le>n$ are n agre$ z to ! /ate ( ! s\l dur+ ?is p]iod ( ! dea? ( ! body1 & !re=e disagree ) reg>d to its revival4 ,"s ass]t t x is wrong to speak ( a resurrection ( ! s\l1 = x exi/s 9 ! body z fire 9 coal1 h5ce its revival is includ$ 9 ! resurrection ( ! body2 o!rs ma9ta9 t z x is a di/9ct entity1 x is n annihilat$ ) ! body4 ,! s*ola/ics fav\r ! fir/ idea4 ,practically ! result seems ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! resurrection body has a s\l4 ,wise & fooli%1 devils & bea/s1 insects & birds--all w rise at ! la/ day4 ,muhammad w come fir/ 9 ord] & be ! fir/ to ent] ,p>adise4 7#b74 ,! desc5t ( ! ,books 7,tatr-i-sah1f74 ,aft] ! resurrection1 m5 w w&] ab\t = =ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ! ,books ( ,actions w be giv5 to !m4 ,^! books conta9 ! record kept by ! ,kirm-ul-,ktibn1 7,ante p4 #ada74 ,traditions record$ by ,abu ,huraira /ate3 ,m5 w rise up nak$1 & confus$2 "s w walk ab\t1 "s /& = =ty ye>s4 ,all w be con/antly look+ up t[>d ! heav5s 7i4e4 expect+ ! books47 ,!y w p]spire pr(usely ?r\gh #afd excess ( sorr[4#aei ,!n ,god w say to ,abraham1 'put on clo!s4' ,he w put on a robe ( ,p>adise4 ,!n ,he w call ,muhammad = ^: b5efit a f\nta9 w fl[ =? n f> f ,mecca4 ,! p1 too1 %all ?ir/ no m4 ,! ,prophet said3 ,i w also put on a dress & w /& ne> ! ?rone1 :]e no "o else w be all[$ to /& & ,god w say3 ',ask & x %all be grant$ to !e2 int]c$e1 ?y int]cession %all be accept$4' ,ea* book flies f ! treasury "u ! ,?rone ( ,god & is giv5 to its prop] own]4 ,e man's fate h ,we fa/5$ ab\t 8 neck2 & on ! day ( resurrection w ,we br+ =? to him 7e man7 a book :i* %all be pr(f]$ to him wide op53 ',read ?y book1 !re ne$e? none b ?yself to make out an acc\nt aga9/ !e ?is day4' 7,sra xvii4 #ae74 ,he into ^: "r h& 8 book %all be giv51 %all be reckon$1 ) an easy reckon+1 & %all turn1 rejoic+1 to 8 k9dr$4 ,b he ^: book %all be giv5 beh9d 8 back 7i4e4 into 8 left h&7 %all invoke de/ruction4 7,sra lxxxiv4 #h-aa47 ,he1 :o %all h 8 book giv5 into 8 left h& w say3 ',o t my book _h nev] be5 giv5 me6 & t ,i _h n kn[n my reckon+4' 7,sra lxix4 #be74 ,x is always said t wick$ ,musalmns w be seiz$ by ! "r h& be=e !y are ca/ into ! fire1 :i* is a pro( t !y are n always to rema9 !re4 ,"s hold t ! expression ,read ?y book implies a lit]al read+2 o!rs t x is a metaphorical expression :i* simply means t all ! pa/ actions w be kn[n4 ,^? :o believe 9 a lit]al read+ say t ea* believ] w read ! acc\nt ( 8 faults only1 & t o!r p]sons w read t ( 8 good de$s4 ,! face ( ! believ] z he reads w %9e respl5d5tly1 b black w be ! face ( ! infidel4 #afe 7#c74 ,! ,balances 7,mzn74 ,?is belief is bas$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,qurn1 ,sunnat & ! ,ijm'2 no ,muslim1 !re=e1 c h any d\bt ab\t x4 ,?us3 ,!y ^: balances %all be heavy1 %all be ! ble/2 b !y ^: balances %all be light1--^! are !y :o %all lose _! s\ls1 abid+ 9 hell = ev]4 7,sra xxiii4 #ajd74 ,z to him ^: balances are heavy1 8 %all be a life t %all please him well3 & z to him ^: balances are light1 8 dwell+-place %all be ! pit4 ,& :o %all tea* !e :at ! pit 7,al-,hwa7 is8 ,a rag+ fire6 7,sra ci4 #e-h74 ,! ,traditions on ?is po9t are v num]\s4 ,! ,ijm' is also /rong on ! reality1 ! objective exi/5ce1 ( a balance ) scales1 c41 complete4 ,!y also /ate t ! ,books ( ,actions 7,sah1f-i-,a'ml7 w be weigh$4 ,9 ! ,sahh-i-,bukhr x is said t ! ,believ]s w n be weigh$ 9 ! balances1 = ,god w say1 ',o ,muhammad make ^? ( ?y p1 f :om no acc\nt is tak51 ent] into ,p>adise4' ,prophets & angels w also be exempt4 ,su* a te/ also is n requir$ = ! unbeliev]s1 = _! /ate is v evid5t2 ,by _! tok5s %all ! s9n]s be kn[n1 & !y %all be seiz$ by _! =elocks & _! feet4 7,sra lv4 #da74 ,?us x is evid5t t1 ) reg>d to true believ]s & unbeliev]s1 ! works ( su* only z ,god may *oose ne$ be weigh$4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t no unbeliev] w h ?is te/ appli$ to 8 case & quote3 ,va9 !re=e1 are _! works2 & no weight w we all[ !m on ! day ( resurrection4 7,sra xviii4 #aje74 ,to ?is x is answ]$1 t all t is "h d5i$ is ! fact ( a weigh+ 9 _! fav\r4 ,! place :]e ! weigh+ w take place is situat$ midway betwe5 heav5 & hell4 ,gabriel /&+ by wat*es ! movem5t ( ! scales & ,mi*ael gu>ds ! balance4 ,! or?odox are n agre$ z to :e!r !re w be a sep>ate balance = ea* tribe ( m51 & also = ea* ( ! 'good works' #aff ( ! believ]s4 ,^? :o hold t !re w be a balance = pray]1 ano!r = fa/+ & s on1 adduce ! use ( ! plural =m1 balances 7muwzn7 9 pro( ( _! /atem5t4 ,!re is also a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ! works !mselves1 or ! books 7sah1f7 w be weigh$4 ,! latt] op9ion is support$ by a ,tradition record$ by ,tirmz4 ,! ,prophet said3 ',n9ety-n9e regi/]s w be di/ribut$4 ,ea* regi/] w ext5d z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,god w say3 ',:at6 do/ ?\ d5y ?is1 or h ! record+ angels treat$ !e unju/ly8' ,ea* w say3 ',no6 ,o ,"l4' ',ha/ ?\ !n any excuse8' ',no6 ,o ,"l4' ,!n ,god w display a clo? on :i* ! ,kalima is writt54 ,?is w be put into "o scale1 & ,god w say3 ',to !e w be no evil if ?\ ha/ a regi/] 9 ?is scale1 & ?is clo? 9 ! o!r1 = ! fir/ scale w be light4' ,?is is consid]$ conclusive te/imony ) reg>d to ! weigh+ ( ! ,sah1f4 ,! ,mutazilites object$ to /atem5ts su* z ^!1 = said !y3 actions are accid5ts1 & ! qualities ( lightness & heav9ess _c be attribut$ to accid5ts4 ,!y expla9$ ! v]ses ( ! ,qurn & ! /atem5ts ( ! ,traditions on ?is po9t1 z be+ a figurative way ( say+ t p]fect ju/ice w be done to all 9 ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 7#d74 ,! ,bridge 7,sirt74 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w ,sirt is a road1 a way4 ,x is s us$ 9 ! ,qurn4 ,9 connection ) ! ,day ( ,judgm5t x is said3 ,if we pleas$ we w\ld surely put out _! eyes3 yet ev5 !n w\ld !y spe$ on ) rivalry 9 _! pa? 7,sirt74 7,sra xxxvi4 #ff74 ,ga!r toge!r ^? :o h act$ unju/ly1 & _! consorts 7demons71 & ! gods :om !y h ador$ beside ,god2 & guide !m to ! road 7,sirt7 = hell4 7,sra xxxvii4 #bc74 ,x is n[h]e 9 ! ,qurn call$ a bridge1 b ,tradition is v cle> on ?is po9t4 ,! ,prophet said3 ,!re w be a bridge %>p] ?an ! edge ( a sword1 f9] ?an a hair1 susp5d$ ov] #afg hell4 ,iron spikes on x w pi]ce ^? :om ,god wills4 ,"s w pass ov] x 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 "s l a fla% ( lightn+1 o!rs ) ! spe$ ( a swift horse4 ,! angels w call out1 ',o ,"l6 save & protect4' ,"s ,muslims w be sav$1 "s w fall headlong into hell4 ,bukhr relates a simil> ,tradition4 ,! infidels w all fall into hell & !re rema9 = ev]4 ,muslims w be releas$ aft] a :ile4 ,! ,mutazilites d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* a bridge4 ,if we admit x1 say !y1 x w\ld be a tr\ble = ! believ]s1 & su* !re is n = !m 9 ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,to ?is ! or?odox reply t ! believ]s pass ov] x to %[ h[ !y are sav$ f fire1 & t ?us !y may be delight$ ) ,p>adise1 & also t ! infidels may feel *agr9 at ^? :o 7 ) !m on ! bridge be+ n[ safe = ev]4 ,al ,a'rf is situat$ betwe5 heav5 & hell4 ,x is describ$ ?us3 ,on 7! wall7 ,al ,a'rf %all be m5 :o "k all1 by _! tok5s1#afj & !y %all cry to ! inhabitants ( ,p>adise1 ',peace be on y6' b !y %all n yet ent] x1 al?\gh !y long to d s4 ,& :5 _! eyes are turn$ t[>ds ! inmates ( ! fire1 !y %all say1 ',o our ,"l6 place u n ) (f5d+ p c4' 7,sra vii4 #dd1 #de74 ,sale's summ>y ( ! op9ions reg>d+ ,al ,a'rf 9 8 ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse is exce$+ly good4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,!y call x ,al ,orf1 & m frequ5tly 9 ! plural1 ,al ,arf1 a ^w d]iv$ f ! v]b ,arafa1 :i* signifies to di/+ui% betwe5 ?+s1 or to "p !m2 ?\gh "s comm5tators give ano!r reason = ! imposition ( ?is "n1 because1 say !y1 ^? :o /& on ?is p>tition w "k & di/+ui% ! bless$ f ! damn$1 by _! respective m>ks or *>act]i/ics3 & o!rs way ! ^w prop]ly int5ds any?+ t is high rais$ or elevat$1 z su* a wall ( sep>ation mu/ be suppos$ to #afh be4 ,"s imag9e x to be a sort ( limbo = ! patri>*s & prophets1 or = ! m>tyrs & ^? :o h be5 mo/ em95t = sanctity4 ,o!rs place "h su* ^: good & evil works are s equal t !y exactly c\nt]poise ea* o!r1 & !re=e des]ve nei!r rew>d nor puni%m5t2 & ^!1 say !y1 w on ! la/ day be admitt$ into ,p>adise1 aft] !y %all h p]=m$ an act ( adoration1 :i* w be imput$ to !m z a m]it1 & w make ! scale ( _! good works to ov]balance4 ,o!rs suppose ?is int]m$iate space w be a receptacle = ^? :o h gone to w>1 )\t _! p>5ts' leave1 & !re9 suff]$ m>tyrdom2 be+ exclud$ f ,p>adise = _! disob$i5ce1 & escap+ hell because !y are m>tyrs4 ,!re is also an int]val1 betwe5 ! dea? ( ! body 9 ?is _w & ! ,la/ ,day1 call$ ,al-,b>zakh4 ,beh9d !m %all be a b>ri] 7b>zakh71 until ! day :5 !y %all be rais$ aga94 7,sra xxiii4 #ajb74 ,:5 dea? takes place1 ! s\l is sep>at$ f ! body by ! ,angel ( dea?2 9 ! case ( ! good ) ease1 9 t ( ! wick$ ) viol5ce4 ,x !n ent]s into ,al-,b>zakh4#afa ,x is a doctr9e f\nd$ on ,ijm'1 t ,god w n p>don ,%irk1 t is1 ! ascrib+ plurality to ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,! ,mu%rik1 "o :o does s1 w rema9 9 hell = ev]1 = z ,kufr1 infidelity1 is an et]nal crime1 its puni%m5t mu/ also be et]nal4 ,! unbeliev]s among ! p ( ! ,book1 & among ! ,poly!i/s %all g into ! fire ( ,geh5na to abide !re9 = aye4 ,( all creatures are !y ! wor/8 7,sra xcviii4 #e74 ,ca/ into ,hell e infidel1 e h>d5$ "o1 ! h9d]] ( ! good1 ! transgressor1 ! d\bt] :o set up o!r ,gods ) ,god4 ,ca/ ye him into ! fi]ce torm5t4 7,sra #a4 #bc-be47 ,muslims :o commit great 7,kabra7 s9s1 ?\gh !y die unrep5tant1 w n rema9 9 hell = ev]1 =1 :osoev] %all h wr\ght an atom's weight ( good %all #afi behold x4 7,sra xcix4 #g74 ,x is ass]t$ t ! fact ( believ+ 9 ,islm is a good "w & m]its a rew>d3 ?is _c be giv5 be=e ! man ent]s hell to be puni%$ = 8 s9s1 & !re=e he mu/ be1 aft] a :ile1 releas$ f puni%m5t4 ,p]fect fai? 7,imn-i-,kmil7 consi/s 9 believ+ ) s9c]ity ( he>t & act+ 9 accordance !reto1 b ! actions are n ! fai? itself4 ,great s9s1 !re=e1 prev5t a man f hav+ p]fect fai?1 b d n de/roy fai? 7,imn71 nor make ! ,muslim an infidel1 b only a s9n]4#afb ,! ,mutazilites tea* t ! ,muslim :o ent]s hell w rema9 !re = ev]4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! p]son :o1 hav+ committ$ great s9s1 dies unrep5tant1 ?\gh n an infidel1 ceases to be a believ] & h5ce suff]s z ! infidels d4 ,! or?odox belief is t ,muhammad is n[ an ,int]cessor & w be s at ! ,la/ ,day4 ,! int]cession !n is ( sev]al k9ds4 ,!re is ! 'great int]cession' to :i* ! words1 x may be t ?y ,"l w raise !e to a glori\s /ation1 7,sra xvii4 #ha7 are suppos$ to ref]4 ,! ,maqm-i-mahmd1 7glori\s /ation71 is said to be ! place ( int]cession 9 :i* all p]sons w praise ! ,prophet4#afc ,9 ! ,zd-ul-,masr x is said t ! ,maqm-i-mahmd ref]s to ! fact t ,god w place ! ,prophet on ,8 ,?rone4 ,o!rs say t x is a place 9 :i* a /&>d w be giv5 to ! ,prophet1 ar\nd :om all ! o!r prophets w !n ga!r to d him hon\r4 ,! fir/ int]pretation is1 h[ev]1 ! ord9>y "o4 ,! p w be 9 great fe>4 ,muhammad w say3 ,o my p6 ,i am appo9t$ = int]cession4 ,_! fe> w !n pass away4 ,! second int]cession is made s t !y may ent] into ,p>adise )\t r5d]+ an acc\nt4 ,! au?orities diff] ) reg>d to ?is4 ,! ?ird int]cession is on behalf ( ^? ,muslims :o #agj ought to g to hell4 ,! f\r? = ^? :o are already !re4 ,no "o b ! ,prophet c make ^! int]cessions4 ,! fif? int]cession is = an increase ( rank to ^? :o are 9 ,p>adise4 ,! ,mutazilites ma9ta9$ t !re w\ld be no int]cession = ,muslims guilty ( great s9s1 & adduc$ 9 fav\r ( _! op9ion ! v]se3 ,fe> ye ! day :5 s\l %all n satisfy = s\l at all1 nor %all any int]cession be accept$ f !m1 nor %all any ransom be tak51 nei!r %all !y be help$4 7,sra ii4 #de74 ,! or?odox br+ 9 reply ?is ,_hs-i-,sahh3 ,! ,prophet said3 'my int]cession is = ! m5 ( my foll[+ :o h committ$ great s9s4' ,if ?is ,tradition is disput$1 !y !n say t ! v]se 9 ! ,qurn j quot$ does n ref] to ,muslims at all1 b to ! ,infidels4#afd ,accord+ to a ,tradition relat$ by ,anas ! ,prophet said3 ,9 ! day ( resurrection ,musalmns w n be able to move1 & !y w be greatly di/ress$ & say3 'w\ld to ,god t we _h ask$ ,him to create "s "o to int]c$e = u1 t we might be tak5 f ?is place1 & be deliv]$ f tribulation & sorr[4' ,! ,tradition goes on to /ate h[ !y s\ght help f ,adam & ! prophets ( ! old disp5sation1 :o1 "o & all1 excus$ !mselves on acc\nt ( _! own s9fulness4 ,at l5g? ,moses told !m to g to ,jesus1 ! ,apo/le ( ,god1 ! ,_s ( ,god & ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,!y did s & ,jesus said3 ,g to ,muhammad :o is a s]vant1 ^: s9s ,god has =giv5 bo? fir/ & la/4 ,! ,prophet cont9u$1 accord+ to ! ,tradition1 !n ! ,musalmns w come to me1 & ,i w ask p]mission to g into ,god's pres5ce & int]c$e = !m4#afe ,! second adv5t ( ,*ri/ is a sign ( ! la/ day4 ,jesus is no m ?an a s]vant :om ,we fav\r$ 444 #aga & he %all be a sign ( ! la/ h\r4 7,sra xliii4 #fa74 ,he w n1 accord+ to ! ,qurn1 come z a judge1 b l o!r prophets to be judg$4 ,we =m$ ) !m 7i4e4 prophets7 a /rict cov5ant1 t ,god may "q ! m5 ( tru? z to _! tru?1 7i4e4 h[ !y h dis*>g$ _! prophetic functions74 7,sra xxxiii4 #g1 #h74 ,he w come to be> witness aga9/ ! ,jews :o reject him3 ,9 ! day ( resurrection1 ,he w be a witness aga9/ !m4 7,sra iv4 #aeh74 ,x is necess>y to believe 9 ! pond ( ! ,prophet call$ ,kaus>4 ,?is fai? is f\nd$ on ! v]se ,truly we h giv5 !e an abundance4 7,sra cviii4 #a74 ,bukhr says3 ,! mean+ ( ,kaus> is ! 'abundance ( good' :i* ,god gives to ! ,prophet4 ,abu ,b% said to "o ,sa'd1 '! p ?9k t ,kaus> is a riv] ( ,p>adise4' ,sa'd repli$1 ',kaus> is a riv] 9 :i* !re is abundance ( good4' ,accord+ to ! same au?ority ,muhammad said3 ,my pond is squ>e1 its wat] is :it] ?an milk1 its p]fume bett] ?an t ( musk1 :osoev] dr9ks !re( w ?ir/ no m4 ,!re are _m degrees ( felicity 9 heav5 to :i* ! believ]s are admitt$4 ,! ,prophet1 accord+ to ,tirmz1 said !re 7 "o hundr$4 ,"s ( ^! may possibly be meant by ! eight names !y give to ,p>adise4 7#a47 ,jannat-ul-,khuld4 ,say3 ,is ?is1 or ! ,g>d5 ( ,et]nity :i* 0 promis$ to ! ,god-fe>+1 be/8 7,sra xxv4 #af47 7#b47 ,jannat-u-,salm4 ,= !m is a ,dwell+ ( ,peace ) _! ,"l4 7,sra vi4 #abg47 7#c47 ,dr-ul-,q>r4 ,! life to come is ! ,mansion :i* abide?4 7,sra xl4 #db47 7#d47 ,jannat-ul-',adan4 ,to ! ,fai?ful1 bo? m5 & wom51 ,god promise? g>d5s & goodly mansions 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 7,sra ix4 #gc47 7#e47 ,jannat-ul-,maw4 ,ne> :i* is ! ,g>d5 ( ,repose4 7,sra liii4 #ae47 7#f7 ,jannat-un-,na'm4 ,amid delights %all ! righte\s dwell4 7,sra lxxxii4 #ac47 7#g7 ,jannat-ul-,illiyn4 ,! regi/] ( ! righte\s is #agb 9 ,illiyn4 7,sra lxxxiii4 #ah17 7#h47 ,jannat-ul-,firdaus4 ,^? :o believe & d ! ?+s t are "r1 !y %all h ! ,g>d5s ( ,p>adise = _! abode4 7,sra xviii4 #ajg47 ,hell is said to h sev5 divisions4 ,! ,qurn1 ?\gh x m5tions ! names ( ^! divisions1 does n /ate :at classes ( p]sons w be s5t to ea*2 b ,muslim ,comm5tators h suppli$ ! ne$$ in=mation4 ,!y classify !m ?us3--7#a47 ,jahannam1 = s9n]s :o die )\t rep5tance4 7#b47 ,lazw1 = ! infidels 7i4e41 ,*ri/ians47 7#c47 ,hutama1 a fire = ,jews1 & accord+ to "s = ,*ri/ians4 7#d47 ,sa'ir1 = devils1 ! desc5dants ( ,ibls4 7#e47 ,saq>1 = ! magians3 also = ^? :o neglect pray]4 7#f47 ,jahm1 a boil+ caldron = idolat]s3 also = ,gog & ,magog4 7#g47 ,hwa1 a bottomless pit = hypocrites4 ,x is said t heav5 has "o division m ?an hell to %[ t ,god's m]cy exce$s ,8 ju/ice4 ,! ,muhammadan writ]s give v full & m9ute acc\nts ( ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! resurrection1 judgm5t & future /ate ( ^? :o are lo/1 & ( ^? :o are sav$4 ,sale gives su* an excell5t summ>y ( ^! op9ions1 t x is n necess>y to ent] into details "h4 ,! or?odox belief is t ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,qurn & ! ,traditions reg>d+ ! pleasures ( ,p>adise are to be tak5 lit]ally4#aff #f4 ,,! ,,pr$e/9ation ,,( ,,good ,,& ,,evil4--,i h already 9 ! section 9 :i* ! attribute w is describ$ 7p4 #aah7 giv5 "s acc\nt ( ! dogmatic /atem5ts conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation2 b z x always =ms a di/9ct *apt] 9 ,musalmn books1 ,i treat x sep>ately "h4 ,hav+1 h[ev]1 9 ! passage ref]r$ #agc to1 giv5 ,al ,b]kevi's words on ! attribute w1 x is only necess>y to make a %ort extract f 8 dogmatic /atem5t conc]n+ ,pr$e/9ation4 ,he says3-- ,x is necess>y to confess t good & evil take place by ! pr$e/9ation & pr$et]m9ation ( ,god1 t all t has be5 & all t w be 0 decre$ 9 et]nity1 & writt5 on ! pres]v$ table2#afg t ! fai? ( ! believ]1 ! piety ( ! pi\s & good actions are =ese51 will$1 pr$e/9at$1 decre$ by ! writ+ on ! pres]v$ table1 produc$ & approv$ by ,god2 t ! unbelief ( ! unbeliev]1 ! impiety ( ! impi\s & bad actions come to pass ) ! =e-k1 w1 pr$e/9ation & decree ( ,god1 b n ) ,8 satisfaction & approval4 ,%\ld any ask :y ,god wille? & produce? evil1 we c only reply t ,he may h wise ends 9 view :i* we _c compreh5d4 ,ano!r confession ( fai? has3-- ,:oev] %all say1 t ,god is n delight$ ) virtue & fai?1 & is n wro? ) vice & infidelity1 or t ,god has decre$ good & evil ) equal complac5cy is an infidel4 ,!re are ?ree well-def9$ s*ools ( ?\ght on ! subject3-- ,fir/4--,! ,jabrans1 s call$ f ! ^w jabr compulsion1 d5y all free ag5cy 9 man & say t man is necess>ily con/ra9$ by ! =ce ( ,god's et]nal & immutable decree to act z he does4#afh ,!y hold t z #agd ,god is ! absolute ,"l1 ,he c1 if ,he s wills1 admit all m5 into ,p>adise1 or ca/ all into hell4 ,?is sect is "o ( ! bran*es ( ! ,a%'arans ) :om on mo/ po9ts !y agree4 ,secondly4--,! ,qadrans1 :o d5y ,al-,qadr1 or ,god's absolute decree1 say t evil & inju/ice ought n to be attribut$ to ,god b to man1 :o is altoge!r a free ag5t4 ,god has giv5 him ! p[] to d or n to d an act4 ,?is sect is g5]ally consid]$ to be a bran* ( ! ,mutazilite body1 ?\gh 9 reality x exi/$ be=e ,wsil quitt$ ! s*ool ( 8 ma/] ,hasan 7,ante4 p4 #abe74 ,z ,wsil1 h[ev]1 foll[$ ! op9ions ( ,mbad-al-,john1 ! lead+ ,kadran div9e1 ! ,mutazilites & ,qadrans are practically "o & ! same4 ,?irdly4--,! ,a%'arans1 ( :om ,i h already giv5 "s acc\nt1 ma9ta9 t ,god has "o et]nal w :i* is appli$ to :atsoev] ,he wille?1 bo? ( ,8 own actions & ^? ( m52 t ,he wille? t :i* ,he kn[e? & :at is writt5 on ! pres]v$ table2 t ,he wille? bo? good & evil4 ,s f> !y agree ) ! ,jabrans2 b !n !y seem to all[ "s p[] to man1 a t5et ,i h already expla9$ :5 describ+ _! idea ( ,kasb 7,ante4 p4 #acj74 ,! or?odox1 or ,sunn belief is !oretically ,a%'aran1 b practically ! ,sunns are confirm$ ,jabrans4 ,! ,mutazilite doctr9es are look$ ^u z q h]etical4 ,no subject has be5 m w>mly discuss$ 9 ,islm ?an t ( pr$e/9ation4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract ( "s l5g?y discussions w pres5t ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,! ,a%'arans1 :o 9 ?is matt] repres5t 9 ! ma9 or?odox views1 =mulate _! objections to ! ,mutazilite sy/em ?us3-- 7i74 ,if man is ! caus] ( an action by ! =ce ( 8 own w1 !n he %\ld also h ! p[] ( controll+ ! result ( t action4 7ii74 ,if x be grant$ t man has ! p[] to orig9ate #age an act x is necess>y t he %\ld "k all acts1 because a creator %\ld be indep5d5t 9 act & *oice4 ,int5tion mu/ be condition$ by k4 ,to ?is ! ,mutazilites well reply t a man ne$ n "k ! l5g? ( a road be=e he walks1 or ! /ructure ( ! ?roat be=e he talks4 7iii74 ,suppose a man wills to move 8 body & ,god at ! same "t wills x to be /eady1 !n if bo? int5tions come to pass !re w be a collection ( opposites2 if nei!r1 a removal ( opposites2 if ! exaltation ( ! fir/1 an unreasonable pref]5ce4 7iv74 ,if man c create an act1 "s ( 8 works w be bett] ?an "s ( ! works ( ,god1 e4g4 a man det]m9es to h fai?3 n[ fai? is a bett] ?+ ?an reptiles1 :i* are creat$ by ,god4 7v74 ,if man is free to act1 :y c he n make at once a human body2 :y does he ne$ to ?ank ,god = grace & fai?8 7vi74 ,b bett] f> ?an all argum5t1 ! or?odox say1 is ! te/imony ( ! ,book4 ,all ?+s h we creat$ "u a fix$ decree4 7,sra liv4 #di74 ,:5 ,god creat$ y & t ye make4 7,sra xxxvii4 #id74 ,"s ( !m !re 7 :om ,god guid$ & !re 7 o!rs decre$ to err4 7,sra xvi4 #ch74 ,z ,god decrees fai? & ob$i5ce ,he mu/ be ! caus] ( x1 = on ! he>ts ( ^! ha? ,god grav5 ! ,fai?4 7,sra lviii4 #bb74 ,x is he :o cause? y to laugh & weep1 to die & make alive4 7,sra liii4 #dd74 ,if ,god pleas$ ,he w\ld surely br+ !m1 "o & all1 to ! guidance4 7,sra vi4 #cf74 ,_h ,god pleas$1 ,he _h guid$ y all aright4 7,sra vi4 #aej74 ,_h ! ,"l pleas$1 ,he w\ld h made mank9d ( "o religion4 7,sra xi4 #abj74 ,god w mislead :om he please?1 & :om ,he please? ,he w place ^u ! /raight pa?4 7,sra vi4 #ci47 ,tradition records t ! ,prophet said3 ,god is ! mak] ( all mak]s & ( _! actions4#afi #agf ,! ,mutazilites took up ! opposite side ( ?is great "q & said3-- 7i74 ,if man has no p[] to w or to d1 !n :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 prais+ ,god & s9n+ aga9/ ,him2 betwe5 fai? & infidelity2 good & evil2 :at is ! use ( comm&s & prohibitions2 rew>ds & puni%m5ts2 promises & ?reats2 :at is ! use ( prophets1 books1 c4 7ii74 ,"s acts ( m5 are bad1 su* z tyranny & poly!ism4 ,if ^! are creat$ by ,god1 x foll[s t to tyrannise & to ascribe plurality to ! ,deity is to r5d] ob$i5ce4 ,to ?is ! ,a%'arans reply t ord]s are ( two k9ds1 imm$iate & m$iate4 ,! =m] :i* !y call ,amr-i-takwti1 is ! ord]1 ,be & x 04 ,?is compreh5ds all exi/5ces1 & accord+ to x :atev] is ord]$ mu/ come to pass4 ,! latt] !y call ,amr-i-ta%ri'1 an ord] giv5 9 ! ,law4 ,?is comes to m5 ?r\gh prophets & ?us is to be obey$4 ,true ob$i5ce is to act accord+ to t :i* is reveal$1 n accord+ to ! secret int5tions ( ,god1 = t we "k n4 7iii74 ,if ,god decrees ! acts ( m51 ,he %\ld be> ! "n ( t :i* he decrees4 ,?us ! caus] ( infidelity is an infidel2 ( tyranny a tyrant1 & s on2 b to speak ?us ( ,god is blasphemy4 7iv74 ,if infidelity is decre$ by ,god ,he mu/ wi% x2 b a prophet desires fai? & ob$i5ce & s is oppos$ to ,god4 ,to ?is ! or?odox reply1 t ,god kn[s by ,8 et]nal k t su* a man w die an infidel4 #agg ,if a prophet int5ds by br++ ! message ( salvation to su* an "o to make ,god's k become ignorance1 he w\ld be do+ wrong2 b z he does n "k ! secret decrees ( ,god1 8 duty is to deliv] 8 message accord+ to ! ,_hs3 ,a prophet has only to deliv] ! cle> message4 7v74 ,! ,mutazilites claim$ z on _! side all v]ses ( ! ,qurn1 9 :i* ! words to d1 to con/ruct1 to r5ew1 to create1 c41 are appli$ to m54 ,su* are ! v]ses3 ,:atev] is 9 ! heav5s & 9 ! e>? is ,god's t ,he may rew>d ^? :o d evil accord+ to _! de$s3 & ^? :o d good w ,he rew>d ) good ?+s4 7,sra liii4 #cb74 ,:oso %all h wr\ght evil %all n be recomp5s$ b ) its l3 b :oso %all h done ! ?+s t are "r1 :e!r male or female & is a believ]1 ^! %all ent] ,p>adise4 7,sra xl4 #dc74 ,say3 ! tru? is f ! ,"l2 let him !n :o w believe2 & let him :o w1 be an infidel4 7,sra xviii4 #bh74agj ,^? :o add ,gods to ,god w say3 ',if ,god _h pleas$ nei!r we nor our fa!rs _h giv5 ,him companions4' ,say3 ',v]ily ye foll[ only a conceit1 ye utt] lies4' 7,sra vi4 #adi74 ,! ,_hs is also v pla94 ,all good is 9 ,?y h&s & evil is n to ,!e4 7,al-khair kuluhu f yadaika wa%-%>ru laisa 'alaika47 ,! ,a%'arans h "o fam\s text :i* !y br+ to be> aga9/ all ?is reason+ & evid5ce4 ,x is3 ,?is truly is a w>n+2 & :oso wille?1 take? ! way ( 8 ,"l2 b w x ye %all n1 unless ,god w x1 = ,god is kn[+1 wise4 7,sra lxxvi4 #bi1 #cj74 ,to ! ,_hs !y reply 7#a7 t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 acquiesc5ce 9 evil & decree+ x4 ,?us ! expression ,god wille? n tyranny = ,8 s]vants1 does n mean #agh t ,god ha? n decre$ x1 b t tyranny is n "o ( ,8 attributes3 s evil is n to ,!e means x is n an attribute ( ,god2 & 7#b7 ! ,_hs mu/ be expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,qurn4 ,! ,muslim philosoph]s tri$ to f9d a way out ( ! difficulty4 ,av]hoes says3 ,we are free to act 9 ?is way or t1 b our w is always det]m9$ by "s ext]ior cause4 ,= example1 we see some?+ :i* pleases u1 we are drawn to x 9 spite ( ourselves4 ,our w is ?us b\nd by ext]ior causes4 ,^! causes exi/ accord+ to a c]ta9 ord] ( ?+s :i* is f\nd$ on ! g5]al laws ( nature4 ,god alone kn[s be=e h& ! necess>y connection :i* to u is a my/]y4 ,! connection ( our w ) ext]ior causes is det]m9$ by ! laws ( nature4 ,x is ?is :i* 9 !ology we call1 'decrees & pr$e/9ation4'#aga ,i h already %[n h[1 z ,islm grew into a sy/em1 ! ,muslims fell into a ,cabbalism1 & a sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = ! m]e lett]s & words ( ! ,qurn4 ,) ?is decl5sion came a /ill m di/ort$ view ( ! "* ( ,god4 ,! quotations made f ! ,qurn 9 ! la/ few pages w h %[n t :il/ "s passages seem to attribute fre$om to man & speak ( 8 consequ5t responsibility1 o!rs tea* a cle> & di/9ct fatalism4 ,! great /r5g? ( ,islm lay 9 ! en]gy ) :i* ,muhammad prea*$ ! doctr9e t ,god 0 a div9e ,rul]1 "o :o w\ld deal righte\s judgm5t1 :o taught man t :i* he knew n4 ,z ! sy/em became m complex & dogmatic--a v necess>y result ( its fir/ pr9ciples--m5 lo/ ! s5se ( ! ne>ness ( ,god4 ,he became an unapproa*able be+4 ,a h>% unfeel+ ,fate took ! place ( ! ,omnipot5t ,rul]4 ,x is ?is d>k fatalism :i*1 :atev] ! ,qurn may tea* on ! subject1 is ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 all ,muslim #agi communities4 ,x is ?is :i* makes all ,muhammadan nations decay4 ,c>eless ( self-improvem5t1#agb he$less ( ! ne$ ( progress1 ! ,muslim nations1 /ill indep5d5t1 are 9 all t relates to ! high] aspects ( intellectual & civiliz$ life f> beh9d ! nations ( ! we/4 ,! subject ( ',ilm-i-,aqd1 or ! sci5ce ( dogma prop]ly ends "h1 b mo/ ,muslim treatises include 9 ?is bran* ( ! subject a few practical rem>ks4 ,i !re=e add a summ>y ( !m "h4 ,! believ] :o commits murd]1 =nication1 c41 does n cease to be a ,muslim provid$ t he does n say t ^! are all[$3 %\ld he die unrep5tant1 ,god c puni% him = a :ile 9 hell1 or =give him )\t puni%m5t4 ,! ,hadd1 a puni%m5t bas$ on a ,zhir1 or obvi\s s5t5ce ( ! ,qurn requires t a ,muslim :o apo/atizes %all be put to dea?4#agc ,9 ! case ( an apo/ate woman1 ,imm ,abu ,hanfa rul$ t %e %\ld be imprison$ & beat5 e day4 ,! o!r ?ree ,imms1 ,mlik1 ,%fa' & ,hanbal said t %e %\ld be put to dea? 9 accordance ) ! ,tradition :i* says3 ,he :o *anges 8 religion1 kill4 ,! ,arabic ^w man1 usually translat$ ,he :o is ( common g5d]1 & s ^! ,imms include wom5 9 ! li/ ( ^? :o1 aft] apo/asy1 are to be kill$4#agd ,god does n p>don poly!ism & infidelity2 b ,he c1 if ,he wille?1 p>don all o!r crimes4 ,if any "o is ask$1 do/ ?\ believe8 he %\ld reply1 ,i am truly a believ]1 & n say3 ,if ,god #ahj wille?4#age ,if any "o says to him3 ,wilt ?\ die 9 ! fai?8 he %\ld reply3 ,i d n "k1 ,god kn[s4 ,except :5 speak+ ( prophets1 or ( ^? ( :om ! ,prophets h spok51 su* z ,abu ,bakr1 ,om>1 ,osmn & ',al1 x mu/ n be said ( any "o1 he is gone to ,p>adise1 = ,god only kn[s 8 /ate4 ,pray] %\ld be made = a deceas$ ,muslim :e!r he 0 a good or bad man4 ,to give alms1 to read ! ,qurn1 to p]=m o!r good works1 & to apply ! m]it ?us ga9$ to ! s\ls ( ! dead is a pi\s & b5eficial act4 #aha ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,muslim ,,philosophy4 ,i h %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt] h[ ! e>li] s*ola/ics1 or ! ,mutazilites1 z !y are call$1 7 f9ally cru%$ by ! or?odox p>ty4 ,! lat] s*ola/ics1 or ! philosoph]s1 =m ! subject ( ?is note4 ,! ,khalf ,mmn 7#hac-hcc ,a4,d471 a notori\s free-?9k]1 0 ! fir/ to give an impulse to philosophic rese>*es4 ,x 0 !n t ,greek philosophical works 7 translat$ into ,arabic4 ,! ,greek au?or mo/ patroniz$ 0 ,ari/otle1 p>tly1 because 8 empirical me?od accord$ ) ! positive t5d5cies ( ! ,arab m9d bett] ?an ! pure idealism ( ,plato2 &1 p>tly1 because 8 sy/em ( logic 0 consid]$ an useful auxili>y 9 ! daily qu>rels betwe5 ! rival !ological s*ools4 ,x 0 q natural t ,ari/otle %\ld be ?us foll[$4 ,! ,musalmn m9d 0 tra9$ 9 habits ( absolute ob$i5ce to ! au?ority ( fix$ dogmas4 ,! ,muslims did n s mu* wi% to discov] tru? z to cultivate _! own intellect4 ,= t purpose1 a %>p & subtle sy/emati/ l ,ari/otle 0 ! v man !y requir$4#agf ,"s idea ( ! range ( subjects !n discuss$ may be ga9$ f an acc\nt giv5 by ! ,arab hi/orian1 ,mas\di1 ( a meet+ held "u ! ,presid5t%ip ( ,yahya1 "o ( ! fam\s ,b>mecide family4#agg ,yahya ?us address$ ! meet+3 ,y h discuss$ at l5g? ! !ory ( concealm5t 7,al-,kumn7 & manife/ation 7,al-,zahr71 ( pre-exi/5ce & creation1 ( duration & /ability1 ( movem5t & quiesc5ce1 ( ! union & sep>ation 7( ! ,div9e sub/ance71 ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 ( bodies & accid5ts1 ( ! approval & ! refutation 7( ! ,isnds ( ! ,traditions71 ( ! abs5ce or ! exi/5ce ( attributes 9 ,god1 ( pot5tial & active =ce1 ( sub/ance1 quantity1 modality & relation1 ( life & annihilation4 ,y h exam9$ ! "q z to :e!r ! ,imm rules by div9e "r1 or by popul> election2 y h _h an exhau/ive discussion on metaphysical subjects1 9 _! pr9ciples & coroll>ies4 ,occupy y\rselves to-day ) ! subject ( love1 c4 ,! translation ( ! works ( ,ari/otle1 z inde$ ( all ! ,greek au?ors1 0 made by ,syrian & ,*aldean ,*ri/ians1 & #ahb especially by ! ,ne/orians :o1 z physicians1 7 9 high fav\r ) ! lib]al ,khalfs ( ! ',abbsside dyna/y4 ,9 "s cases ! translation into ,arabic 0 made f ,syriac v]sions1 = 9 ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian _m ,greek works _h be5 translat$ into ! latt] language4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ translator 0 ! hi/orian physician ,hone9-,ibn-,i%ak 7di$ #hgf ,a4,d471 a man pr(\ndly acqua9t$ ) ! ,syriac1 ,greek & ,arabic languages4 ,he 0 at ! head ( a s*ool ( int]pret]s 9 ,baghdd1 to :i* 8 son ,i%ak-b5-,hone9 & 8 nephew ,hobeis*-,al-,asam also belong$4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury 7,a4,d47 ,yahya-b5-,adi & ,isa-b5-,z>a'a translat$ "s works & correct$ e>li] translations ( o!rs4 ,x is to ^! m5 t ! ,arabs owe _! *ief acqua9tance ) ,plato4 ,! /udy ( ,ari/otle spread rapidly among/ ! ,muslim p1 especially among/ ! h]etical sects4 ,! or?odox look$ ) grave suspicion on ! movem5t1 b c\ld n = a :ile /ay ! impulse4 ,! hi/orian ,makrizi says3 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,philosoph]s has work$ among/ ! ,muslims evils mo/ fatal4 ,x s]ves only to augm5t ! errors ( ! h]etics & to increase _! impiety4#agh ,x came into contact ) ,muslim dogmas 9 su* subjects z ! creation ( ! _w1 ! special provid5ce ( ,god & ! nature ( ! div9e attributes4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ,mutazilites 7 support$ by ! philosophical !ories !y embrac$1 b ?is did n dim9i% ! disfav\r ) :i* ! or?odox look$ ^u ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,/ill x grew1 & m5 9 self def5ce _h to adopt philosophic me?ods4 ,?us arose a lat] sy/em ( s*ola/icism4 ,! e>li] sy/em 0 conf9$ ma9ly to matt]s ( religion2 ! lat] s*ool occupi$ itself ) ! :ole range ( philosophic inve/igation1 & ?us w5t f>!r & f>!r away f or?odox ,islm4 ,! ,muslims !mselves did n write books on philosophy 9 ! e>li] p]iod4 ,m5 ( lib]al t5d5cies imbib$ its tea*+1 b or?odoxy f9ally ga9$ ! day ov] ! e>li] s*ola/ics1 & 9 ! =m kn[n z t ( ! ,a%'aran ,s*ool became aga9 supreme4#agi ,! great intellectual movem5t ( ! ,philosoph]s prop]1 ! lat] s*ola/ics 7,mutakallimn71 la/$ long]1 b by ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury 7,a4,d47 ! :ole ,muhammadan _w _h aga9 become or?odox4 ,salh-ud-dn 7,salad97 & 8 successors 9 ,egypt 7 /rong support]s ( ! ,a%'arans4 #ahc ,! p]iod n[ "u review 0 "o prolific ( au?ors on gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic1 exegesis1 traditions & ! v>i\s bran*es ( philosophy2 b ! m5 :o /& out mo/ prom95tly z philosoph]s 7 !n1 & are n[1 consid]$ h]etics4#ahj ,al-,k5di1 0 born at ,basra1 on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,he di$ ab\t #hgj ,a4,d4 ,he 0 a v sci5tific man1 b a ?or\gh rationali/ 9 !ology4 ,he compos$ comm5t>ies on ! logic ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 8 great "w on ! unity ( ,god he has /ray$ f> away f ,muslim dogmas4 ,al ,f>abi1 ano!r philosoph] patroniz$ by ! ',abbssides1 seems to h d5i$ n only ! rigid & =mal ,islmic view ( inspiration1 b any objective revelation at all4 ,he held t intuition 0 a true inspiration1 & t all :o _h acquir$ intuitive k 7 real prophets4 ,?is is ! only revelation he admits4 ,he receiv$ 8 philosophical tra9+ at ,baghdd1 :]e = a :ile he taught2 b f9ally he w5t to ,damascus1 :]e he di$ #iej ,a4,d4 ,ibn ,s9a1 bett] kn[n z ,avic5na1 a man ( ,p]sian orig91 0 a ,philosoph] ( great note1 b ( him x is said t 9 spite ( ! concessions he made to ! religi\s ideas ( 8 age1 he c\ld n f9d fav\r = 8 op9ions1 :i* ill accord ) ! pr9ciples ( ,islm4 ,he 0 born ne> ,bukhr1 9 ! ye> #ihj ,a4,d4 ,= a :ile he taught m$ic9e & philosophy 9 ,ispahn4 ,ibn ,badja1 7,avempace7 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,muslim ,philosoph]s ( ,spa94 ,he 0 born at ,s>agossa t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,he is di/+ui%$ = hav+ oppos$ ! my/ical t5d5cies ( ! tea*+ ( ,al-,ghazzl1 & = ma9ta9+ t speculative sci5ce alone 0 capable ( lead+ man to a true conception ( 8 own prop] nature4 ,he 0 viol5tly attack$ by ! or?odox div9es :o decl>$ t all philosophical tea*+ 0 a calamity = religion & an affliction to ^? :o 7 9 ! good way4 ,al-,ghazzl 0 born ,a4,d4 #ajei 9 ,khorsn4 ,he 0 a fam\s ,muslim div9e4 ,he adopt$ s*ola/ic me?ods4 ,= a :ile he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,nizmiah ,college at ,baghdd4 ,he travell$ mu*1 & wrote _m books to prove ! sup]iority ( ,islm ov] all o!r religions & ov] philosophy4 ,! fir/ result ( 8 wide & ext5sive /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! philosoph]s1 & ( ! h]etics 0 t he fell into a /ate ( scepticism ) reg>d to religion & philosophy4 ,f ?is he em]g$ into ,sfism1 9 #ahd :i* 8 re/less _s f\nd satisfaction4 ,on ,sfism1 h[ev]1 he ex]cis$ no v notable influ5ce2 b ! scepticism :i* he /ill reta9$ z reg>ds philosophy r5d]$ him a v =midable oppon5t to ^? :o 7 try+ to br+ ,islm into accord ) philosophic !ories4 ,8 works1 ,t5d5cy ( ,philosoph]s1 & ,de/ruction ( ! ,philosoph]s _h an imm5se influ5ce4 ,9 ! preface to ! latt] book1 he speaks ( ^? :o arrogate to !mselves a sup]ior intellig5ce1 & :o1 9 _! pride1 mi/ak+ ! precepts ( religion1 take z a guide ! au?ority ( c]ta9 great m51 in/ead ( reveal$ religion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 & ) "s %[ ( reason suppos$ t ,al-,ghazzl did n really object to all t he condemn$1 b t to ga9 ! or?odox he wrote :at he did4 ,inde$1 ,moses ( ,n>bonne /ates t ,ghazzl lat] on 9 life wrote a book1 circulat$ only among/ a few select fri5ds1 9 :i* he )drew _m ( ! objections he _h rais$ 9 ! ,de/ruction ( ,philosoph]s4 ,be t z x may1 x is ackn[l$g$ t he dealt a bl[ to philosophy f :i* 9 ! ,ea/ x has nev] recov]$2 t is1 z f> z ! ,muslim _w is conc]n$4 ,8 c\rse m>ks a reaction ( ! exclusively religi\s pr9ciple ( ,islm aga9/ philosophical speculation1 :i* 9 spite ( all accommodation nev] made itself or?odox4 ,9 ,spa9 philosophy /ill f\nd an ard5t def5d] 9 ,ibn ,ra%d1 bett] kn[n z ,av]hoes4 ,?is celebrat$ man 0 born at ,cordova 9 ! ye> #aabf ,a4,d41 or ab\t #ebj ( ! ,muhammadan era4 ,he came ( a noble & le>n$ family1 :il/ he himself mu/ ev] occupy a di/+ui%$ place among/ ! ,muslim ,philosoph]s4 ,)\t dispute he 0 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ! ,muslim _w1 & "o ( ! pr(\nde/ comm5tators ( ,ari/otle4 ,he knew all ! sci5ces !n accessible to ! ,muslims & 0 a mo/ prolific writ]4#aha ,"o ( 8 mo/ fam\s works 0 ! ,refutation ( ! de/ruction ( ,philosoph]s4 ,not)/&+ 8 philosophical op9ions ,av]hoes claim$ to pass = a good ,muslim4 ,he held t ! philosophic tru?s are ! highe/ object ( rese>*2 b t only a few m5 c\ld by speculation arrive at !m1 & t1 !re=e1 a div9e revelation ?r\gh ! m$ium ( prophets 0 necess>y = spread+ among/ m5 ! et]nal v]ities :i* are proclaim$ alike by philosophy & religion4 ,he held1 x is true1 t ! or?odox _h paid too mu* att5tion to ! lett]1 & too little to ! _s1 & t false int]pretations _h educ$ pr9ciples n really to be f\nd 9 religion4 ,?is #ahe pr(ession & a rigid adh]5ce to outw>d =ms ( wor%ip1 h[ev]1 did n save him f suspicion4 ,he 0 accus$ ( prea*+ philosophy & ! anci5t sci5ces to ! detrim5t ( religion4 ,he 0 depriv$ ( 8 hon\rs & bani%$ by ! ,khalf ,al-,mansr to ,luc5a1 ne> ,cordova4 ,9 8 disgrace he _h to suff] _m insults f ! or?odox4 ,"o day on ent]+ ! mosque ) 8 son he 0 =cibly expell$ by ! p4 ,he di$ at ,morocco 9 #aaih ,a4,d4 ,?us pass$ away 9 disgrace ! la/ ( ! ,muslim ,philosoph]s wor?y ( ! "n4#ahb ,9 ,spa9 a /rict prohibition 0 issu$ aga9/ ! /udy ( ,greek philosophy1 & _m valuable works 7 committ$ to ! flames4 ,soon aft] ! rule ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa9 began to decl9e4 ,! /udy ( philosophy came to an end1 & lib]al culture sank "u ! pressure ( ! h>d & fa/ dogmatic sy/em ( ,islm4 ,9 ,spa91#ahc z 9 ,baghdd1 or?odoxy ga9$ ! day4 ,!re 0 mu* ( d\btful value 9 ! speculations ( ! ,muslim ,philosoph]s1 b !y 7 ,muslims1 & if !y w5t too f> 9 _! ef=ts to rationalize ,islm1 !y also tri$ to ca/ (f :at to !m seem$ accretions1 add$ on by ! ,traditionali/s & ! ,canonical ,legi/s4 ,!y fail$ because l ! e>li] s*ola/ics !y _h no gospel to proclaim to m51 no tid+s to give ( a new life :i* c\ld enable we>i$ humanity to be> ! ills to :i* x 0 subject4 ,ano!r /rong reason 0 t ! or?odoxy aga9/ :i* !y /rove 0 a logical developm5t ( ! f\ndations ( ,islm1 & ^! f\ndations are too /rongly laid = any p[] o!r ?an a spiritual "o to uproot4 ,!y 7 m5 ( good position 9 life1 volum9\s writ]s1 pr(\nd admir]s ( ,ari/otle1 & m or less devot$ to sci5ce1 especially to m$ic9e4 ,yet !y did n advance philosophy1 & sci5ce !y left mu* z !y f\nd x4 ,!y pres]v$ some?+ ( :at ,grecian ?\ght _h a*iev$1 & s f> _! lab\r is n lo/4 ,?us ,islm has1 z a religion1 no "r to claim any ( ! glory :i* ,muslim philosoph]s are suppos$ to h %$ ar\nd x4 #ahf ,! f\nd]s ( ,islm1 ! ,arabs1 produc$ b "o philosoph] ( note4#ahd ,! fir/ impetus to ! /udy 0 giv5 by h]etical ,khalfs employ+ ,*ri/ians at ,baghdd to translate ,greek books2 :il/ 9 ,spa91 :]e philosophy mo/ fl\ri%$1 x 0 due l>gely to ! contact ( intellig5t ,muslims ) le>n$ ,jews4 ,ev5 !re1 ! philosoph]s 71 z a rule1 ! objects ( bitt] p]secution4 ,n[ & aga91 a lib]al m9d$ ,khalf arose1 b a sy/em su* z ,islm survives ! lib]al t5d5cies ( a g5]ation4 ,f ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury 7,a4,d47 d[nw>ds x w\ld be difficult to po9t to any ,muslim ,philosoph]1 mu* m to an ,arab "o1 ^: "w is ( any real value to ! human race4 ,= f\r hundr$ ye>s ! conte/ rag$1 a conte/ su* z ,islm has nev] s9ce se54 ,?is great ef=t to br+ x into accordance ) ! ma9 /ream ( human ?\ght1 to introduce into x "s elem5t ( progress utt]ly fail$4 ,! lesson is pla94 ,any project ( re=m 9 ,islm :i* admits 9 any degree its fundam5tal pr9ciples mu/ fail4 ,revolution1 n re=m1 is ! only hope = ! p]man5ce ( an indep5d5t ,muslim /ate :5 x ent]s into ! circle ( civiliz$ nations4 #ahg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,practical ,,duties ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,! portion ( ! cre$ consid]$ 9 ! la/ *apt] 0 connect$ ) ,imn 7fai?72 ! rema9+ portion is connect$ ) ,dn 7practical religion74 ,! five pr9cipal acts are call$ ,irkn-i-,dn1 pill>s ( religion4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ,! recital ( ! ,kalima1 or %ort confession ( fai?2 7#b7 ,sult1 ! five /at$ p]iods ( pray]2 7#c7 ,roza1 ! ?irty days' fa/ ( ,ramazn2 7#d7 ,zakt1 legal alms2 7#e7 ,hajj1 ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,^! are all f>z duties1 be+ bas$ on a ,nass-i-,zhir1 or obvi\s1 s5t5ce ( ! ,qurn1 a pro( d]iv$ f :i* is call$ dall-i-qata'4 ,?is is ! /ronge/ ( all k9ds ( pro(s4 ,! au?orities1 h[ev]1 specify o!r religi\s duties :i* good ,muslims %\ld p]=m4 ,su* are ! sev5 duties :i* are wjib1 or duties bas$ on ! m obscure texts ( ! ,qurn1 call$ ,khafi1 or hidd5 s5t5ces1 a pro( d]iv$ f :i* is call$ dall-i-zan4 ,^! duties are3 7#a7 ,to make ! ',umra1 or ,pilgrimage to ,mecca 9 addition to ! ,hajj2 7#b7 ob$i5ce to p>5ts2 7#c7 ! ob$i5ce ( a wife to h] husb&2 7#d7 ! giv+ ( alms aft] a fa/2 7#e7 ! (f]+ ( sacrifice2 7#f7 ! say+ ( ,namz-i-witr1 a t]m :i* w be expla9$ lat] on2 7#g7 ! support ( relatives4 ,! duties numb]$ z 7#d7 & 7#e7 are wjib ord]s to ! ri*2 b only mu/ahab to ! poor3 t is1 x is m]itori\s if !y p]=m !m1 b n s9ful if !y leave !m undone4 ,! duties next 9 ord] z reg>ds au?ority are ! sunnat ones4 ,!y are ?ree 9 numb] & are bas$ ei!r on ! practice ( ! ,prophet1 or are fitrat1 t is practices ( previ\s prophets1 ! cont9uance ( :i* #ahh ,muhammad did n =bid4 ,!y are 7#a7 circumcision2 7#b7 %av+ (f ! hair f ! head & ! body2 7#c7 ! p>+ ( ! nails4 ,9 addition to ^! !re are actions :i* are mu/ahab4 ,!y are ^? :i* ,muhammad sometimes did & sometimes omitt$4 ,!re is a /ill l[] class ( action :i* are mubh4 ,^! are works ( sup]]ogation4 ,if omitt$ !re is no fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,x may be m5tion$ 9 pass+ t unlawful actions & ?+s are 7#a7 ,h>m1 actions & food =bidd5 ei!r 9 ! ,qurn or ! ,traditions2 7#b7 ,mahrh1 actions ! unlawfulness ( :i* is n absolutely c]ta91 b :i* are g5]ally consid]$ wrong2 7#c7 ,mufsid1 actions corrupt+ or p]nici\s4 ,x is necess>y to be> ^! t]ms 9 m9d z !y w n[ frequ5tly occur4 #a4 ,,ta%ahhud4--,?is is ! recital ( a confession ( fai?4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( ?is4 ,a common "o is3 ,i te/ify t !re is no deity b ,god1 ,i te/ify to ,8 unity & t ,he has no p>tn]2 ,i te/ify t ,muhammad is ,8 s]vant & ,8 mess5g]4 ,! %ort] =m is3 ,!re is no deity b ,god & ,muhammad is ! apo/le ( ,god4 ,! p[] conta9$ 9 ?is latt] confession is extraord9>y4 ,x embodies ! v _s ( ,islm4 ,x has l$ ev]y:]e ! m>* ( its armies1 x has rung = twelve c5turies 9 ! morn+ air f its m9>ets1 x has be5 pass$ f lip to lip1 z no o!r ^w has ev] be5 pass$1 by ?\s&s ( millions ( ! human race4 ,! p[] ( ,islm1 its proclamation ( ! ,unity1 is "h se5 9 ! close/ contact ) :at is to ,muslim !ologians ! equally fundam5tal tru?--! apo/le%ip ( ,muhammad1 a dogma :i* ret>ds ! heal?y developm5t1 expla9s ! n>r[ness1 & causes ! pro/ration ( ,islm1 z ! _w ar\nd gr[s lum9ant ) ! light ( sci5ce & tru?1 ( fai? & reason4 #b4 ,,sul,t4#ahe--;,all ! books on ,fiqh 7,law7 :i* treat ( #ahi ^! ,irkn-i-dn1 give 9 connection ) ,sult ! rules reg>d+ ! necess>y purifications4 ,x w be conv5i5t to foll[ ! same ord]4 ,tahrat or legal purification is ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 ,waz1 ! less] lu/ration2 7#b7 ,ghusl1 ! great] lu/ration2 7#c7 ,tayammum1 or purification by s&4 7#a74 ,waz is an ablution made be=e say+ ! appo9t$ pray]s4 ,^? :i* are 'f>z' are f\r 9 numb]1 viz3--to wa% 7#a7 ! face f ! top ( ! =ehead to ! *91 & z f> z ea* e>2 & 7#b7 ! h&s & arms up to ! elb[2 7#c7 to rub 7masah7 ) ! wet h& a f\r? "p ( ! head2 also 7#d7 ! feet to ! ankles4 ,! au?ority = ^! actions is ! text3 ,o ,believ]s6 :5 ye address y\rselves to pray]1 wa% y\r h&s up to ! elb[1 & wipe y\r heads1 & y\r feet to ! ankles 7,sra v4 #h74 ,! ,sunns wa% ! feet3 ! ,%a'hs are app>5tly m correct1 = !y only wipe1 or r rub1 7masah7 !m4 ,9 ^! ablutions1 if ! lea/ portion ( ! specifi$ "p is left unt\*$1 ! :ole act becomes useless & ! pray] :i* foll[s is va94 ,! act ( mak+ waz1 h[ev]1 has n be5 all[$ to rema9 9 ?is simple =m4 ,! ,sunnat regulations reg>d+ x are f\rte5 9 numb]4 ,!y are1 7#a7 to make ! int5tion ( waz1 ?us3 ,i make ?is waz = ! purpose ( putt+ away impurity2 7#b7 to wa% ! h& up to ! wri/1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to put ! h&s entirely into ! wat]1 until ea* has be5 rubb$ ?ree times ) wat] p\r$ on x2 7#c7 to say "o ( ! names ( ,god at ! comm5cem5t ( ! waz#ahf ?us3 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,great ,god1 or ,?anks be to ,god = ! religion ( ,islm2 7#d7 to clean ! tee?2 7#e7 to r9se ! m\? ?ree times2 7#f7 to put wat] into ! #aij no/rils ?ree times2 7#g7 to d all ! above 9 prop] ord]2 7#h7 to d all )\t any delay betwe5 ! v>i\s acts2 7#i7 ea* "p is to be purifi$ ?ree times2 7#aj7 ! space betwe5 ! f+]s ( "o h& mu/ be rubb$ ) ! wet f+]s ( ! o!r2 7#aa7 ! be>d mu/ be comb$ ) ! f+]s2 7#ab7 ! :ole head mu/ be rubb$ once2 7#ac7 ! e>s mu/ be wa%$ ) ! wat] rema9+ on ! f+]s aft] ! la/ op]ation2 7#ad7 to rub "u & betwe5 ! toes ) ! little f+] ( ! left h&1 draw+ x f ! little toe ( ! "r foot & betwe5 ea* toe 9 succession4 ,imm ,%fa' holds t 7#a7 & 7#g7 are f>z duties & t 7#ab7 %\ld be done ?ree times4 ,imm ,mlik consid]s 7#h7 to be f>z4 ,! actions may be done 9 sil5ce1 or pray] may be repeat$4 ,su* a recital is a mu/ahab1 n a sunnat or f>z ord]4 ,x is n obligatory4 ,a specim5 ( ^! pray]s is giv5 9 a note4#ahg 7#b74 ,ghusl is an ablution ( ! :ole body aft] c]ta9 legal defilem5ts1 & %\ld be made z foll[s4 ,! p]son %\ld put on clean clo!s & p]=m ! waz1 !n he %\ld say3 ,i make ghusl to put away impurity4 ,all be+ ready he %\ld wa% himself 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,he mu/ p\r wat] ov] ! "r %\ld] ?ree times1 !n ov] ! left ?ree times &1 la/ly1 on 8 head #aia also ! same numb] ( times4 ,! ?ree f>z conditions are t 7#a7 ! m\? mu/ be r9s$1 7#b7 wat] be put into ! no/rils1 & 7#c7 ! :ole body be wa%$4 ,if "o hair ev5 is left dry ! :ole act is r5d]$ va9 & useless4 ,all o!r p>ticul>s are sunnat or mu/ahab4 ,!re are obvi\s reasons :y an explanation ( ! causes :i* vitiate a purification1 or ( ! cases 9 :i* ghusl is requir$1 _c be giv5 "h4 ,e /&>d ,muslim "w on ,fikh1 or law1 deals fully ) ! subject4 ,no?+ is m calculat$ to %[ ! /ud5t ( ,islm h[ mu* ! ,sunnat rules 9 ! practical life ( ,muslims4 ,! ,traditions h rais$ ! mo/ trivial c]emonial obs]vances into duties ( ! greate/ importance4 ,t !re may be spiritually m9d$ m5 9 ,islm is n to be d5i$2 b a sy/em ( religion :i* decl>es t ! virtue ( pray] dep5ds practically on an ablution1 & t t ablution is useless unless done 9 ! ord] prescrib$1 is "o well calculat$ to make m5 =mali/s & no?+ m4 ,x comes to ?is1 t1 if a man :5 mak+ waz wa%es 8 left h& be=e 8 "r1 or 8 nose be=e 8 tee?1 he _c lawfully say ! daily ,namz enjo9$ on all ,muslims4 ,none b ^? :o h /udi$ ,muslim treatises on ! subject c conceive ( ! pu]ile discussions :i* h tak5 place on po9ts app>5tly trivial1 b :i* f _! connection ) ! ,sunnat are deem$ by le>n$ ,muslims ( great importance4 7#c74 ,tayammum1 or purification by s&1 is all[able "u ! foll[+ circum/ances4 7#a7 ,:5 wat] _c be procur$ except at a di/ance ( "o kos 7ab\t #b miles72 7#b7 9 case ( sickness :5 ! use ( wat] might be injuri\s2 7#c7 :5 wat] _c be obta9$ )\t incurr+ dang] f an enemy1 a bea/ or a reptile2 & 7#d7 :5 on ! occasion ( ! ,namz ( a ,fea/ day or ! ,namz at a fun]al1 ! wor%ipp] is late & has no "t to p]=m ! waz4 ,on ord9>y days ?is sub/itution ( tayammum = waz is n all[able4 #aib ,! c]emony is p]=m$ z foll[s4 ,! p]son says3 ,i make tayammum to put away impurity2 !n1 ,i seek refuge ne> ,god f curs$ ,satan4 ,i comm5ce 9 ! "n ( ,god1 mo/ ,m]ciful & mo/ ,high1 ^: praises are 9 ! religion ( ,islm4 ,he !n /rikes ! s& ) op5 h&s1 rubs 8 m\? &1 at la/1 ! arms to ! elb[s4 ,n "o hair mu/ be left unt\*$ or ! :ole c]emony is useless4 ,! f>z acts are to make ! int5tion ( tayammum1 to rub ! m\? & ! h&s4 ,if ye are sick1 or on a j\rney1 or if "o ( y come f ! place ( retirem5t1 or if ye h t\*$ wom51 & ye f9d no wat]1 !n take clean s& & rub y\r faces & y\r h&s ) x4 7,sra v4 #i47 ,m9ute regulations are laid d[n ) reg>d to ! wat] :i* may be us$ = purification4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( wat] are lawful3--ra91 sea1 riv]1 f\nta91 well1 sn[ & ice-wat]4 ,ice is n lawful4 ,! fir/ k9d is au?oriz$ by ! ,qurn4 ,he s5t y d[n wat] f heav5 t ,he might !reby cleanse y1 & cause ! pollution ( ,satan to pass f y4 7,sra viii4 #aa47 ,! use ( ! o!rs is sanction$ by ! ,traditions4 ,i give "o illu/ration4 ,a man "o day came to ! ,prophet & said3 ,i am go+ on a voyage & %all only h a small supply ( fre% wat]2 if ,i use x = ablutions ,i %all h none :]e) to qu5* my ?ir/1 may ,i use sea wat]8 ,! ,prophet repli$3 ,! wat] ( ! sea is pure4 ,tirmz /ates t ?is is a ,_hs-i-,sahh4 ,great diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s ) reg>d to :at con/itutes impurity 9 wat]1 & s r5d]s x unfit = ablutions4 ,x w\ld be we>isome to ! read] to ent] into all details1 b ,i may briefly say t1 among/ ! or?odox1 x is g5]ally held t if a dead body or any unclean ?+ falls into fl[+ wat]1 or into a res]voir m ?an #ae feet squ>e x c be us$1 provid$ always t ! col\r1 smell & ta/e are n *ang$4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! pool ne> a mosque is nev] less ?an t5 cubits squ>e4 ,if ( #aic t size1 x is call$ a dah d> dah1 7lit]ally #aj x #aj74 ,x may be1 & commonly is1 l>g] ?an ?is4 ,x %\ld be ab\t "o foot deep4 ,! necess>y ablutions hav+ be5 made1 ! wor%ipp] c comm5ce ! ,namz4 7#d74 ,salt or ,namz4 ,! ,namz c be said ei!r 9 private or 9 public4 ,all t is requir$ is t ! clo!s & p]son ( ! wor%ipp] %\ld be clean1 ! place free f all impurity1 & t ! face be turn$ t[>ds ,mecca4 ,:e!r ! ,namz is said 9 public or 9 private1 x mu/ be prec$$ by waz1 except :5 tayammum is all[$4 ,if ! ,namz#ahh is said 9 a mosque :i* is consid]$ to be m m]itori\s ?an repeat+ x 9 private1 x mu/ be prec$$ by ! ,azn1 or call to pray]s1 & ! ,iqmat4 ,m9ute p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! exact attitude 9 :i* ! ,musall1 "o :o says ! ,salt1 mu/ /& & ! words he is to say are giv5 9 ,muslim books4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt w give "s idea ( a ,namz1 or ,s]vice4#ahi ,! ,mu1azz9#aij calls out l\dly 9 ,arabic3-- ,allhu ,akb>6 ,allhu ,akb>6 ,allhu ,akb>6 ,allhu ,akb>#aia6 ,all :o he> x respond3-- ,allhu ,akb>6 ,allhu ,akb>6 ,allhu ,akb>6 ,allhu ,akb>6 ,! ,mu1azz9 says3-- ,i confess !re is no ,god b ,god1 ,i confess !re is no ,god b ,god4 ,ea* ( 8 auditors replies3-- ,i confess !re is no ,god b ,god1 ,i confess !re is no ,god b ,god4 #aid ,mu1azz93--,i confess ,muhammad is ! apo/le ( ,god4 ,auditor3--,i confess ,muhammad is ! apo/le ( ,god4 ,mu1azz93--,come to pray]4 ,auditor3--,i h no p[] or /r5g? b f ,god mo/ ,high & ,great4 ,mu1azz93--,come to d good4 ,auditor3--,:at ,god wills w be2 :at ,he wills n w n be4 ,if x is ! "t ( morn+ pray]1 ! ,mu1azz9 adds ! words3 ,pray] is bett] ?an sleep1 to :i* ! response is giv53 ,?\ ha/ spok5 well4 ,allhu ,akb>1 & ,!re is no ,god b ,god are !n repeat$ twice & s ! ,azn ends4 ,! ,iqmat 7lit]ally1 caus+ to /&7 is a repetition ( ! ,azn1 b aft] ! words1 come to d good1 ! /atem5t pray] has comm5c$ is made4 ,^! prelim9>ies be+ n[ ov]1 ! ,namz c comm5ce4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,! ,musall1 or wor%ipp]1 /&s ) 8 h&s close to 8 side & says 9 a l[ voice ! ,niyyat 7int5tion73-- ,i h purpos$ to (f] up to ,god only1 ) a s9c]e he>t ?is morn+ 7or z ! case may be71 ) my face ,qibla-w>ds1 two 7or z ! case may be7 rak'at pray]s1 f>z 7or sunnat or nafl1 z ! case may be74 ,!n foll[s ! ,takbr-i-,tahrmah1 said ) ! ?umbs t\*+ ! lobes ( ! e>s4 ,! palms ( ! h&s are plac$ t[>ds ! ,qibla4 ,! f+]s are slightly sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is position ! ,musall says3--,allhu ,akb>6 ,! ,qm1 or /&+ position4 ,! palm ( ! "r h& be+ plac$ on ! back ( ! left1 ! ?umb & little f+] ( ! =m] seize ! wri/ ( ! latt]4 ,bo? h&s are !n plac$ bel[ ! navel1#aib ! eyes are #aie direct$ t[>ds ! spot :]e ! head ( ! wor%ipp] w t\* ! gr\nd 9 pro/ration1 & ! ,san is said4 ,x is3-- ,hol9ess to ,!e ,o ,god6 & praise be to ,!e6 ,great is ,?y "n6 ,great is ?y ,greatness6 ,!re is no ,god b ,!e6 ,! ,ta'awwuz is !n said3-- ,i seek refuge ne> ,god f curs$ ,satan4 ,!n foll[s ! ,tasmyah3-- ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,!n foll[s ! ,ftiha1#aic or fir/ *apt] ( ! ,qurn3-- ,praise be to ,god1 ,"l ( ! worlds6 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful6 ,k+ on ! day ( reckon+6 ,!e only d we wor%ip1 & to ,!e d we cry = help4 ,guide ,?\ u on ! /raight pa?3 ! pa? ( ^? to :om ,?\ ha/ be5 graci\s3 ) :om ,?\ art n angry1 & :o g n a/ray4 ,aft] ?is ! wor%ipp] c repeat z _m *apt]s ( ! ,qurn z he likes4#aid ,"s v]ses he mu/ repeat4 ,! ,srat-ul-,ikhls 7,sra #aab7 is g5]ally said3-- ,say3 ,he is ,god alone3 ,god ! ,et]nal1 ,he begette? n1 & is n begott52 & !re is none l unto ,him4 ,! ,takbr-i-ruk'--,allhu ,akb>6--is said :il/ ! ,musall makes an incl9ation ( ! head & body1 & sep>at+ ! f+]s a little1 places 8 h&s ^u 8 knees4 ,! ,tasbh-i-ruk' is said 9 ! same position4 ,x is3-- ,i extol ! hol9ess ( my ,"l1 ! ,great6 ,i extol ! hol9ess ( my ,"l1 ! ,great6 ,i extol ! hol9ess ( my ,"l1 ! ,great6 ,! ,tasma' is !n said ) ! body erect1 b ) ! h&s plac$ on ei!r side4 ,?us3-- #aif ,god he>s him :o praises ,him3 ,o ,"l1 ,?\ art prais$#aie4 ,! ,takbr-i-,sijd>--,allhu ,akb>6--is said z ! wor%ipp] drops on 8 knees4 ,! ,musall !n kneel+ d[n1 places 8 h&s1 ) ! f+]s close to ea* o!r1 ^u ! gr\nd4 ,he mu/ re/ ^u 8 toes1 n on ! side ( ! feet :i* mu/ be kept /raight beh9d him4 ,! elb[ mu/ n t\* ! side1 nor ! /oma* ! ?igh1 nor ! ?igh ! calf ( ! leg4 ,! eyes mu/ be kept b5t d[nw>ds4 ,!n he t\*es ! gr\nd fir/ ) 8 nose1 & !n ) 8 =ehead1 tak+ c>e t ! ?umbs j t\* ! lobe ( ! e>s4#aif ,all ?is be+ c>efully att5d$ to1 ! ,musall c say ! ,tasbh-i-,sijda ?us3-- ,i extol ! hol9ess ( my ,"l1 ! ,mo/ ,high6 ,i extol ! hol9ess ( my ,"l1 ! ,mo/ ,high6 ,i extol ! hol9ess ( my ,"l1 ! ,mo/ ,high6 ,he !n raises 8 head & body1 s9ks backw>ds ^u 8 heels1 places 8 h&s a little above 8 knees1 & :il/ do+ s says ! ,takbr-i-,jalsa#aig--;,allhu ,akb>6 ,aft] a slight pause1 a second pro/ration1 or ,sijda is made & ! ,takbr-i-,sijda & ! ,tasbh-i-,sijda are repeat$ z be=e4 ,!n :5 9 ! act ( ris+ up ! ,musall says ! ,takbr-i-,qm--,allhu ,akb>6 ,?is concludes "o rak'at4 ,! second rak'at beg9s ) ! ,ftiha1 s t aft] say+ ! ,takbr-i-,qm a ,musall w\ld h to beg9 aga9 at t place 7p4 #aie7 & repeat all t he _h j f9i%$2 ! only *ange be+ t aft] ! ,ftiha1 he recites diff]5t v]ses ( ! ,qurn to ^? he said 9 ! fir/ rak'at4 ,aft] two rak'ats h be5 said1 & aft] ! la/1 ?\gh x be an odd numb]1 ! #aig ,musall1 unless he is a ,%a'h1 places 8 left foot "u him & sits ^u x4 ,he !n places 8 h&s above 8 knees1 z = ! ,takbr-i-,jalsa1 & ) 8 eyes direct$ t[>ds 8 lap says ! ,attahyt3-- ,! adorations ( ! tongue are = ,god1 & also ! adorations ( ! body1 & almsgiv+6 ,peace be on !e ,o ,prophet6 ) ! m]cy ( ,god & ,8 bless+4 ,peace be on u & ^u ,god's righte\s s]vants6 ,!n rais+ ! fir/ f+] ( ! "r h& he says ! ,ta%ahhud#aih3-- ,i te/ify t !re is no deity b ,god2 & ,i te/ify t ,muhammad is ! s]vant ( ,god & ! mess5g] ( ,god4 ,!n at ! end ( all ! rak'ats ! ,musall1 :il/ 9 ! same po/ure1 says ! ,d>d3-- ,o ,god6 h m]cy on ,muhammad & 8 desc5dants#aii2 z ,?\ did/ h m]cy on ,abraham & 8 desc5dants1 ,?\ art to be prais$ & ,?\ art great4 ,o ,god6 bless ,muhammad & 8 desc5dants1 z ,?\ did/ bless ,abraham & 8 desc5dants4 ,?\ art to be prais$ & ,?\ art great4 ,!n comes ! ,du'1 :i* may be 9 ! wor%ipp]'s own words ?\gh he usually says#bjj3-- ,o ,god our ,"l1 give u ! bless+s ( ?is life1 & also ! bless+s ( life ev]la/+4 ,save u f ! torm5ts ( hell4 ,!n turn+ ! head to ! "r ! ,musall repeats ! ,salm3-- ,! peace & m]cy ( ,god be ) y4 ,!n turn+ ! head to ! left he says3-- ,! peace & m]cy ( ,god be ) y4 ,at ! close ( ! :ole c]emony1 ! wor%ipp] raises #aih 8 h&s z high z 8 %\ld]s1 ) ! palm t[>ds heav51 or t[>ds 8 own face1 & (f]s up a ,munjt1 or supplication1 ei!r 9 ,arabic or 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,! h&s are !n drawn ov] ! face1 z if to convey ! bless+ receiv$ f above to e "p ( ! body4 ,! appo9t$ p]iods ( pray] are five 9 numb]1 9 pro( ( :i* ! foll[+ text is quot$3 ,glorify ,god :5 ye rea* ! ev5+ 7mas71 & :5 ye rise at morn 7subh72 & to ,him be praise 9 ! heav5s & 9 ! e>?1--& at twilight 7'a%7 & :5 ye re/ at noon 7zuhr74 7,sra xxx4 #ag74 ,! ,comm5tators say t mas includes bo? sunset & ! p]iod aft] sunset2 t is bo? ! ,salt-ul-,maghrib & ! ,salt-ul-',i%4 ,!re is also a ref]5ce to a /at$ p]iod ( pray] 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 ,obs]ve pray] at e>ly morn+1 at ! close ( ! day1 & at ! approa* ( night4 7,sra xi4 #aaf74 ,^! daily ,namz are f>z1 sunnat1 witr & nafl pray]s4 ,f>z are ^? di/9ctly orda9$ by ,god1 su* z ! five /at$ p]iods ( pray]4 ,sunnat1 a c]ta9 numb] ( rak'ats :i* are add$1 because x is said ! ,prophet repeat$ !m4 ,witr rak'ats are an odd numb] ( rak'ats1 #c1 #e or #g1 :i* may be said aft] ! la/ pray] at night1 & be=e ! dawn ( day4 ,usually !y are add$ to ! ,salt-ul-',i%4 ,imm ,abu ,hanfa says !y are wjib1 t is ord]$ by ,god4 ,!y are n au?oris$ by any text 9 ! ,qurn1 b by ,traditions ea* ( :i* is g5]ally receiv$ z a ,_hs-i-,sahh1 & s witr rak'ats are reg>d$ z be+ ( div9e au?ority4 ,imm ,%fa'1 h[ev]1 consid]s !m to be sunnat only1 a t]m already expla9$4 ,! ,traditions ref]r$ to are3 ,god has add$ to y\r ,namz "o ,namz m3 "k t x is witr1 say x betwe5 ! ,salt-ul-',i% & dawn4 ,on ! au?ority ( ,buzr1 a ,traditioni/1 x is record$ t ! ,prophet #aii said3 ,witr is wjib ^u ,muslims1 & 9 ord] to en=ce ! practice he add$3 ,witr is "r1 he :o does n obs]ve x is n my foll[]4 ,! ,prophet1 ! ,companions1 ! ,tba'n & ! ,taba-i-,tba'n all obs]v$ x4 ,! ^w witr lit]ally means odd numb]4 ,a ,tradition says3 ,god is odd1 ,he loves ! odd4 7,allhu witrun yuhibbu'l-witra74 ,musalmns pay ! greate/ respect to an odd numb]4 ,x is consid]$ unlucky to beg9 any "w1 or to comm5ce a j\rney on a day1 ! date ( :i* is an ev5 numb]4 ,! numb] ( l9es 9 a page ( a book is ne>ly always an odd numb]4 ,nafl are volunt>y pray]s ! p]=mance ( :i* is consid]$ mu/ahab1 or m]itori\s1 b !y are n ( div9e obligation4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t all ^! pray]s are precisely ! same 9 =m4 ,!y simply consi/ 9 ! repetition ( a numb] ( rak'ats1 ( :i* ,i h already giv5 a s+le illu/ration 9 full4 ,a ,muslim :o says ! five daily pray]s ) ! full numb] ( rak'ats w repeat ! ,s]vice ,i h describ$ fifty times 9 "o day4 ,if 9 addition to ^! he obs]ves ! ?ree volunt>y p]iods ( pray]s1 he mu/ add tw5ty-five m rak'ats1 mak+ a gr& total ( sev5ty-five4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usual to omit "s ( ! ,sunnat rak'ats2 /ill !re is a va/ am\nt ( repetition1 & z ! :ole mu/ be said 9 ,arabic x becomes v me*anical4 ,a ,muslim :o v5tur$ to say t a ,namz might be recit$ 9 ,h9du/ani 0 publicly excommunicat$ 9 ! pr9cipal ,mosque at ,madras on ,friday1 ,febru>y #ac?1 #ahhj4bja ,! table on ! next page w make ! matt] cle>4#bjb ,! optional ,sunnat rak'ats are call$ #bjj ',sunnat-i-ghair-i-maukadda'2 ! ,sunnat rak'ats be=e ! f>z are ',sun-nat-i-maukadda' & %\ld be said4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no4 ,"t4 ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,pray]4 ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,rak',,ats ,,said4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,witr -------------------------------------- ,nafl ----------------------------------- ,sunnat aft] ,f>z -------------------------------- ,f>z ----------------------------- ,sunnat-i-mau-kadda' -------------------------- ,sunnat-i-ghair-maukadda' ---------------------- ,arabic ,p]sian ,urdu ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,f dawn to ,salt-ul- ,namz-i- ,fajr ,k #b sunrise4 ,fajr4 ,subh4 ,namz4 #b ,:5 ! sun ,salt-uz- ,namz-i- ,zuhr ,k #d #d #b #b has begun to ,zuhr4 ,pe%n4 ,namz4 decl9e4 #c ,midway betwe5 ,salt-ul- ,namz-i- ',asr ,k #d #d ,no4 #b & #d4 ',asr4 ,dg>4 ,namz4 #d ,a few m9utes ,salt-ul- ,namz-i- ,maghrib #c #b #b aft] sunset4 ,maghrib4 ,%m4 ,k ,namz4 #e ,:5 ! night ,salt-ul- ,namz-i- ',i% ,k #d #d #b #bg has clos$ 94 ',i%4 ,khuftan4 ,namz4 #bjc #a ,:5 ! sun ,salt-ul- ,namz-i- ,i%rq ,k #h has well ris54 ,i%rq4 ,i%rq4 ,namz4 #b ,ab\t #aa o'clock ,salt-uz- ,namz-i- ,zuh ,k #h ,a4,m4 ,zuh4 ,*a/4 ,namz4 #c ,aft] mid-night4 ,salt-ut- ,namz-i- ,tahajjud #i ,tahajjud4 ,tahajjud4 ,k ,namz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 addition to ^! !re are sev]al k9ds ( ,namz :i* h to be said at diff]5t times1 or "u special circum/ances4 7i74 ,salt-ul-,juma'--,! ,friday ,namz4 ,?is is a f>z duty4 ,x has ! ?reefold au?ority ( ! ,qurn1 ! ,sunnat1 & ! ,ijm'4 ,?us3 ,o ye :o believe6 ,:5 ye are summon$ to pray] on ! day ( ! assembly 7,friday71 ha/e ye to ! commemoration ( ,god1 & quit y\r traffic4 7,sra lxii4 #i47 ,! ,prophet also said3 ,juma' is f>z1 &1 ,god w make a m>k on ! he>t ( him :o misses ! ,salt-ul-,juma'#bjd4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 eight k9d ( p]sons on :om x is n incumb5t1 viz3 a travell]1 a sick p]son1 a slave1 a woman1 a "y *ild1 a mad #bja p]son1 a bl9d or a lame p]son4 ,! conditions :i* make ?is ,namz obligatory are3-- 7#a74 ,t ! place 9 :i* x is said be a t[n 9 :i* a ,qz 7judge7 dwells4 7#b74 ,!re mu/ be 9 ! t[n a rul] or 8 deputy4 7#c74 ,x mu/ take ! place ( ! ,salt-uz-,zuhr1 ) :i* x agrees1 except t two f>z rak'ats in/ead ( f\r are recit$4 ,! nafl rak'ats are omitt$4 ,! f\r sunnat rak'ats :i* prec$e1 & ! two :i* foll[ ! f>z ones are said4 7#d74 ,"o1 or accord+ to ! foll[]s ( ,imm ,%fa' two ,khutbas1 or s]mons are prea*$4 ,^! are deliv]$ by ! ,imm aft] ! f\r sunnat rak'ats are recit$1 & be=e ! two f>z ones4 ,! ,khutba %\ld consi/ ( ! praise ( ,god1 pray] & injunctions to piety4 7#e74 ,!re mu/ be a congregation ( ?ree p]sons besides ! ,imm4 ,! ,%fa'tes say !re %\ld be at lea/ =ty wor%ipp]s4 7#f74 ,! ,azn1 or call to pray]s1 mu/ be made to all )\t di/9ction ( rank4 ,any p]son :o is qualifi$ to act z ,imm at ! o!r pray]s c conduct ?is ,namz4 ,! ,imm & ,khatb 7prea*]7 is usually1 b n necess>ily1 "o & ! same p]son4 ,! ,khutbas %\ld n be long1 = ,muhammad said t long s]mons & %ort pray]s w\ld be a sign ( ! deg5]acy ( ! latt] days4 ,:5 two ,khutbas are said1 ! ,imm sits d[n to re/ be=e ! deliv]y ( ! second4 ,! wor%ipp]s may !n (f] up a ,du'1 or private pray]4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 say t ?is practice is bid'at1 7innovation7 & consid] x a v bad act4 ,accord+ to ! ,traditioni/s1 ,bukhr1 ,abu ,dd & ,tirmz1 x is a mu/ahab act to we> clean clo!s on ,friday4 ,! prea*] /&+ on ! second /ep ( ! ,mimb>1 or pulpit1 ) a l>ge club or /aff 9 8 h&1 deliv]s 8 s]mon4#bje #bjb ,! foll[+ is a specim5 ( ! ,khutbas4 ,,s]mon ,,on ,,! ,,excell5ce ,,( ,,friday4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,praise be to ,god1 ! ,k+1 ! ,holy1 ! ,great1 ! ,kn[]4 ,he has op5$ our he>ts ?r\gh ! bless+ ( ,islm4 ,he has made ,friday ! be/ ( days4 ,we te/ify t !re is no ,god b ,god1 ! ,"o1 )\t p>tn]4 ,?is confession saves ^? :o make x f dang] & f d>kness4 ,we te/ify t our ,"l ,muhammad is ,8 s]vant & ,8 ,apo/le s5t to all mank9d4 ,may ! m]cy & peace ( ,god be on him1 8 desc5dants & on 8 ,companions4 ,o m56 ,o believ]s ( ,god6 ,i advise y & my own s\l ?us3 ,obey ,god6 ,"k1 ,o s]vants ( ,god6 t :5 ,friday comm5ces ! angels assemble 9 ! f\r? heav51 & ,gabriel1 7on :om be peace7 is ! ,mu1azz91 ,mk1l ! ,khatb1 ,isrfl ! ,imm & ',izr1l ! ,mukabbir#bjf & all ! angels jo9 9 ! ,namz4 ,:5 x is ov] ,gabriel says3 ,i give ! rew>d due to me z ,mu1azz9 to ! ,mu1azz9s ( ! sect ( ,islm2 ,mk1l3 ,i give m9e to ! ,khatbs2 ,isrfl3 ,i give m9e to ! ,imms2 ',izr1l3 ,i give m9e to ! ,mukabbirs4 ,! angels say3 ,we give ours to ! company ( ! ,muslims4 ,! ,prophet said3 ,! night & day ( ,friday la/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ea* h\r ,god releases a ?\s& s\ls f hell4 ,:osoev] makes 'ghusl' on ,friday1 ,god w give him = e hair on 8 body ! rew>d ( t5 good de$s4 ,:osoev] dies on a ,friday meets ) ! rew>d ( a m>tyr4 ,c]ta9ly ! be/ & mo/ eloqu5t spee* is ! ,holy ,qurn1 ! ,^w ( ,god1--! ,k+1 ! ,great1 ! ,kn[]4 ,8 ^w is true & righte\s4 ,:5 ?\ reade/ ! ,qurn say3 ,o ,god6 protect me f curs$ ,satan4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,:5 ye are summon$ to pray] on ! day ( ! assembly1 ha/e to ! commemoration ( ,god & quit y\r traffic4 ,?is1 if ye knew x1 w be be/ = y4 ,& :5 ! pray] is end$1 !n disp]se y\rselves abroad & g 9 que/ ( ! b\nties ( ,god2 & t x may be well ) y1 (t rememb] ,god4 ,b :5 !y get a sight ( m]*&ize or sport1 !y disp]se aft]1 & leave !e /&+ alone4 ,say3 ',god ha? 9 res]ve :at is bett] ?an sport or w>es4 ,god is ! be/ provid]4' 7,sra lxii4 #i-aa47 ,god #bjc by means ( ! ,holy ,qurn w bless u & y4 ,& by its v]ses & tea*+ w rew>d u & y4 ,god is ,almighty1 ,g5]\s1 ,m]ciful1 ,et]nal1 ,holy1 ,clem5t4 ,"h ends ! fir/ s]mon2 aft] a %ort pause ! prea*] comm5ces ! second4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,praise be to ,god1 ! ,creator ( ! e>? & heav5s1 ! ,mak] ( light & d>kness4 ,i te/ify t !re is no ,god b ,god4 ,he is "o4 ,he has no p>tn]4 ,"k1 ,o believ]s6 t ?is confession w save y f tr\ble & calamity4 ,i te/ify t ,muhammad1 :o wipes out error & infidelity1 is ! s]vant & ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,! m]cy ( ,god be on our ,"l ,muhammad1 ! ,"l ( ,creation2 & on 8 desc5dants2 & on 8 ,companions be grace & hon\r4 ,o s]vants ( ,god6 ,i advise y & my own s\l ?us3 ,obey ,god6 ,fe> ,god1 :o creat$ life & dea? & :o scrut9izes our good actions4 ,o ,god6 be pleas$ ) ,abu ,bakr1 ! righte\s1 ! ,shib-ul-,ghr1#bjg & ) ,om> ,ibn-ul-,khattb1 ! *ief ( ! holy m52 & ) ,osmn ! possessor ( two lights1 :o 0 m>tyr$ :5 read+ ! ,holy ,qurn1 & ^u ',al ,murtuz1 ! de/roy] ( infidels & s9n]s4 ,o ,god6 be pleas$ ) ! great ,imms ,hasan & ,husa94 ,be pleas$ ) _! "m ,fatimat-uz-,zuhra1 ! *ief ( wom51 & ) ,hamza & ',abbs1 ! uncles ( ! ,prophet4 ,also be pleas$ ) all ! ,a%b 7,companions74 ,o ,god6 help ^? :o help ! religion ( ,muhammad1 & make u ( _! numb]4 ,make ^? wret*$ :o corrupt x1 & keep u alo( f all su*4 ,o believ]s6 truly ,god ord]s y to d ju/ice & to %[ k9dness to y\r k9dr$4 ,he ord]s y to ab/a9 f infidelity & f ! great] & ! less] s9s4 ,god w>ns y4 ,god is ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! ,mo/ ,glori\s4 ,god is ,great6 ,! collection ( ,khutbas f :i* ! above h be5 translat$ conta9s a consid]able numb] on a v>iety ( subjects1 su* z pray]1 ! resurrection1 worldl9ess1 ! v>i\s fea/ & fa/ days1 c4 ,! =m 9 all is v simil>4 ,! exordium & ! conclusion are practically ! same4 ,a few s5t5ces 9 ! middle ref] to ! special subject ( ! s]mon4 ,! second ( ! two #bjd s]mons is always ! same2 x is practically an invocation ( bless+s on c]ta9 p]sons4 ,bo? are said 9 ,arabic4 ,:at w\ld answ] to our idea ( a s]mon1 su* z an explanation ( "s doctr9e1 or an exposition ( "s passages 9 ! ,qurn1 is n "p ( ! public wor%ip 9 ! mosque1 b w\ld be done 9 an ord9>y assembly1 9 any conv5i5t place1 by a ,mooll1 or any le>n$ man :o c\ld collect an audi5ce4 7ii74 ,salt-ul-,musfir4--,pray]s said by a travell]4 ,a p]son :o makes a j\rney :i* la/s ?ree days or ?ree nights is1 = ?is purpose1 consid]$ a travell]4#bjh ,! l5g? ( a day's j\rney is e/imat$ at ! di/ance a camel c m>* 9 t p]iod ( "t4 ,if a travell] int5ds to /ay 9 a c]ta9 place fifte5 days1 he mu/ repeat ! usual ,namz2 if less ?an fifte5 days1 or :5 actually on ! j\rney1 he c %ort5 x4 ,he is !n p]mitt$ to say only two f>z rak'ats4 ,he may omit ! sunnat & nafl rak'ats if he *ooses2 b ! ?ree witr rak'ats he mu/ recite at ! ,salt-ul-',i%4 ,if a travell] pass+ ?r\gh a place is1 = ! "t be+1 ! mo/ suitable p]son to act z ,imm1 he be+ a travell] w only recite two rak'ats4 ,! re/ ( ! wor%ipp]s !n complete ! ,namz4 ,9 ! case :]e a p]man5t resid5t ( ! place is ! ,imm & ! travell] only a wor%ipp]1 ! ,imm is b\nd to recite ! :ole numb] ( rak'ats & ! travell] mu/ also repeat ! :ole aft] him4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is is bas$ is t ! wor%ipp]s mu/ n recite less ?an ! ,imm4#bji 7iii74 ,salt-ul-,khauf4--,pray]s ( fe>4 ,?is is a ,namz said dur+ ! "t ( w>4 ,:5 !re is imm95t dang] f ! approa* ( an enemy ! ,imm %\ld divide ! army into two bodies2 "o ( :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 a position t[>ds ! enemy1 ! o!r %\ld recite1 if !y are on ! m>*1 "o rak'at2 if /ation>y #bje 9 a place1 two rak'ats4 ,?is division w !n m>* t[>ds ! enemy & ! fir/ division w recite z _m rak'ats z may be requir$ to complete ! ,namz4 ,! ,salm 7,ante4 p4 #aig7 w be recit$ by ! ,imm alone4 ,! fir/ division ( troops w n say ! qir1at1 i4e4 ! ,ftiha & ! o!r v]ses ( ! ,qurn recit$ aft] x 7,ante4 p4 #aie72 b ! second division w supply ! omission4 ,if ! enemy are s ne> t ! cavalry d>e n dism\nt1 !n ea* man w recite a rak'at or rak'ats = himself1 & make ! ruk' & sijda by means ( signs4 ,if he _c turn t[>ds ! ,qibla1 he is1 "u ! circum/ances1 all[$ to face any direction mo/ conv5i5t4 ,dur+ ! recital ( ! ,namz he mu/ n fight1 or all[ 8 horse to move1 le/ ! pray] %\ld be r5d]$ void4 ,:5 ye g =? to w> 9 ! l&1 x %all be no crime 9 y to cut %ort y\r pray]s1 if ye fe> le/ ! infidels come ^u y4 ,v]ily1 ! infidels are y\r und\bt$ enemies6 ,& :5 ?\1 ,o ,apo/le6 %alt be among !m1 & %alt pray ) !m1 !n let a p>ty ( !m rise up ) !e1 b let !m take _! arms2 & :5 !y %all h made _! pro/rations1 let !m retire to y\r re>3 !n let ano!r p>ty t ha? n pray$ come =w>d1 & let !m pray ) y4 7,sra iv4 #ajb1 #ajc74 7iv74 ,salt-ut-,t>wh4--,?is is a special set ( tw5ty rak'ats recit$ e night dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramazn4 ,!y mu/ be said aft] ! f>z & sunnat1 & be=e ! witr rak'ats at ! "t ( ! ,salt-ul-',i%4 ,! ,salt-ut-,t>wh is consid]$ ( sunnat obligation4 ,! practice dates f ! "t ( ! ,khalf ,om>4 ,abd-ur-,rahmn1 a ,traditioni/1 /ates t "o night 9 ,ramazn he w5t ) ,om> to ! ,mosque4 ,!y saw "s p]sons say+ ! ,namz alone & "s recit+ x 9 gr\ps4 ,om> said3 ,if ,i ga!r !m all toge!r1 s t !y may recite x aft] "o ,imm x w be good4 ,he did s1 & ! next night ! p ( _! own accord came 9 great numb]s & unit$ toge!r4 ,!n said ,om>3 ?is #bjf bid'at is good4 ,?is is good au?ority = ! in/itution1 = ! ,prophet said3 ,foll[ my ,sunnat & t ( ! ,khulaf-i-,ra%dn4 ,!re is also a ,_hs-i-,sahh to ! effect t ,god has made ! fa/ ( ,ramazn f>z1 & its qm#baj sunnat4 7,kutiba 'alaikum smu ,ramazna wa sunna qmuhu74 ,! ,prophet 0 anxi\s le/ ! ,tirwh ,namz %\ld become f>z &1 !re=e1 aft] go+ to ! ,mosque on two successive nights 9 ,ramazn1 he /ay$ away on ! ?ird1 giv+ z 8 reason = s do+ t he fe>$ t1 if he w5t e night1 x might be consid]$ a f>z & n a sunnat duty4#baa ,! numb] ( rak'ats is fix$ at tw5ty1 z t 0 ! numb] recit$ by ,muhammad & by ! ,khalf ,om>4 ,! ,%a'hs d n say ^! pray]s or ev5 ent] ! ,mosque on su* occasions1 z aft] e f\r rak'ats an eulogium is repeat$ on ! f\r ,khalfs--! fir/ ?ree ( :om !y hate4 7v74 ,salt-ul-,kusf & ,salt-ul-,khusf--,pray] said :5 an eclipse ( ! sun1 or ( ! moon takes place4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! ,imm recites ) ! congregation 9 ! ,mosque two rak'ats4 ,! ,azn & ! ,iqmat are bo? omitt$4 ,no ,khutba is said4 ,9 ea* rak'at "o ruk' is read4 ,! ,%fa'tes read two4 ,aft] ! rak'ats are complet$ ^? pres5t rema9 9 pray] 7,du'7 until ! eclipse is at an end4 ,! ,namz dur+ an eclipse ( ! moon is ! same z t dur+ an eclipse ( ! sun1 ) ?is exception t ! rak'ats ne$ n be recit$ 9 a congregation4 ,ea* ,muslim c say ! ,namz privately 9 8 own h\se4 ,! practice is f\nd$ on ! ,prophet's say+3 ,:5 y see an eclipse !n rememb] ,god1 pray 7,du'7 & recite ! ,namz until x becomes light aga94 7vi74 ,salt-ul-,i/isq4--,pray] 9 "t ( dr\ght4 ,:5 #bjg !re is a sc>city ( wat] ea* p]son %\ld1 ) face ,qibla-w>ds1 (f] up pray] to ,god4 ,!y c be said at home & 9 private4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t no ,zimm#bab is pres5t4 ,! reason giv5 is t ?is is a pray] = a bless+2 b ,god s5ds no bless+ on a company 9 :i* a ,zimm is pres5t4 ,^! pray]s are simple ,du' & n a ,namz4 ,!re is no well-au!nticat$ ,tradition to ! effect t ! ,prophet ev] said ,namz on su* an occasion2 :il/ !re are _m :i* %[ t he made ,du'4 ,?is is a v good example ( ! use ( ! t]m ,salt z a ,mu%t>ik ^w1 i4e4 "o :i* has sev]al significations4 ,its ord9>y mean+ is ,namz2 "h x means ,du'4 7vii74 ,salt-ul-,janza4--,pray]s at a ,fun]al4 ,:5 a p]son is ab\t to die1 ! att5dants %\ld place him on 8 "r side ) 8 face ,qibla-w>ds4 ,9 t position he %\ld repeat ! ,kalima-i-,%ahdat1 ! cre$ ( te/imony3 ,i confess t ,god is "o1 )\t a p>tn]2 t truly ,muhammad is ,8 s]vant & ,8 ,apo/le4 ,aft] dea? has tak5 place1 ! corpse is laid out1 inc5se is burnt1 & ! %r\d is p]fum$ an odd numb] ( times4 ,a tradition /ates t an odd numb] is fix$ ^u1 because ! numb] "o :i* repres5ts ! unity ( ,god is odd & n ev54 ,! less] lu/ration 7waz7 is !n made4 ,! head & be>d are wa%$ ) a decoction made ( "s fl[]s1 aft] :i* ! great] lu/ration 7ghusl7 is made4 ,! memb]s ( ! body us$ :5 mak+ sijda 7pro/ration7 i4e41 =ehead1 nose1 h&s1 knees1 feet1 are !n rubb$ ) camphor4 ,to recite ! ,salt-ul-,janza is a duty call$ ,f>z-i-kifya1 t is1 if "s few p]sons 9 ! assembly say x1 all ne$ n d s2 :il/ if no "o repeats x all w be guilty ( s94 ,to prove t ?is ,namz is f>z ! foll[+ v]se is quot$3 ,take alms ( _! sub/ance1 t ?\ maye/ #bjh cleanse & purify !m !reby1 & pray = !m2 = ?y pray]s %all assure _! m9ds3 & ,god he>e?1 kn[e?4 7,sra ix4 #ajd47 ,! pro( t x is n ,f>z-i-'a9 7i4e41 incumb5t on all71 b ,f>z-i-kifya is drawn f an acc\nt giv5 9 a ,_hs1 to ! effect t ! ,prophet "o day did n recite ! ,namz ov] "o ( 8 deceas$ foll[]s4 ,n[1 if ! ,namz _h be5 ,f>z-i-'a9 ev5 ! ,prophet c\ld n h omitt$ x4 ,8 ,sunnat1 or practice1 has decid$ ! nature ( ! f>z comm& conta9$ 9 ! v]se ( ! ,qurn j quot$4 ,! ,namz c only be said :5 ! corpse is pres5t4 ,x is recit$ 9 ! op5 space 9 front ( ! ,mosque1 or 9 "s neighb\r+ spot3 nev] 9 ! gravey>d4 ,:5 all are assembl$ ! ,imm or lead] says3 ,"h beg9s ! ,namz = ! dead4 ,! company pres5t !n /& up 9 r[s ) faces turn$ 9 ! direction ( ,mecca4 ,! ,imm /&s a little 9 front1 ne> ! head or wai/ ( ! corpse accord+ z x is t ( a male or female4 ,!n all assume ! ,qm1 or /&+ position1 & recite ! ,niyyat z foll[s3-- ,i recite ,namz = ! sake ( ,god1 & (f] pray]s 7,du'7 = ?is deceas$ p]son1 & ,i foll[ ! ,imm 7:o is ab\t to (ficiate47 ,!n all at ! fir/#bac ,takbr put ! h&s to ! lobe ( ! e>s & say3 ,god is ,great6 ,!n !y say ! ,san 7,ante1 p4 #aie473-- ,hol9ess to ,!e ,o ,god6 ,& to ,!e be praise6 ,great is ,?y ,"n6 ,great is ,?y greatness6 ,great is ,?y praise6 ,!re is no ,god b ,!e6 ,!n foll[s ! second ,takbr3 ,god is ,great6 ,!n all say ! ,d>ud-i-,ibrhm3-- ,o ,god6 h m]cy on ,muhammad & ^u 8 desc5dants1 z ,?\ did/ be/[ m]cy1 & peace1 & bless+1 & compassion1 & great k9dness ^u #bji ,abraham & ^u 8 desc5dants4 ,?\ art prais$1 & ,?\ art ,great6 ,o ,god1 bless ,muhammad & 8 desc5dants z ,?\ did/ bless1 & did/ h compassion & great k9dness ^u ,abraham & ^u 8 desc5dants4 ,!n foll[s ! ?ird ,takbr3 ,god is ,great6 ,! ,du' is !n repeat$3-- ,o ,god1 =give our liv+ & our dead1 & ^? o u :o are pres5t1 & ^? :o are abs5t1 & our *ildr5 & our full gr[n p]sons1 our m5 & our wom54 ,o ,god1 ^? :om ,?\ do/ keep alive among/ u1 keep alive 9 ,islm1 & ^? :om ,?\ cause/ to die1 let !m die 9 ! ,fai?4#bad ,!n foll[s ! f\r? ,takbr3 ,god is ,great6 ,!n all say3-- ,o ,god1 give u good 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next1 & save u by ,?y m]cy f ! tr\bles ( ! grave & ( hell4 ,!n ea* "o 9 a l[ voice says ! ,salm1 z 9 an ord9>y ,namz4 7,ante1 p4 #aig47bae ,! ,namz is n[ ov] & ! p make ano!r ,du' ?us3-- ',o our ,"l6 suff] n our he>ts to g a/ray aft] t ,?\ ha/ once guid$ u2 & give u m]cy f be=e ,!e2 = v]ily ,?\ art ,he :o give?4' 7,sra iii4 #f47 ,o ,god1 ,?\ art 8#baf ,ma/]1 & ,?\ creat$/ him1 & ,?\ did/ n\ri% him1 & did/ guide him t[>d ,islm1 & ,?\ ha/ tak5 8 life1 & ,?\ kn[e/ well 8 inn] & out] life4 ,provide int]cessors = u4 ,=give him1 = ,?\ art ! ,=giv]1 ! mo/ ,m]ciful4 #baj ,!n go+ t[>ds ! head ( ! corpse1 !y say3-- ,no d\bt is !re ab\t ?is ,book 7,qurn47 ,x is a guidance to ! ,god-fe>+1 :o believe 9 ! unse51#bag :o obs]ve pray] 7salt71 & out ( :at we h be/[$ on !m1 exp5d 7= ,god71 & :o believe 9 t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n to !e 7,muhammad71 & 9 :at ha? be5 s5t d[n be=e !e2 & full fai? h !y 9 ! life to come3 ^! are guid$ by _! ,"l2 & ) ^! x %all be well4 7,sra ii4 #a-d74 ,!n com+ t[>ds ! feet ( ! corpse1 !y say3-- ,! ,apo/le believe? 9 t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n f 8 ,"l1 z d ! fai?ful also4 ,ea* believe? 9 ,god1 & ,8 angels1 & ,8 ,books & ,8 ,apo/les3 we make no di/9ction betwe5 any ( ,8 ,apo/les4#bah ,& !y say3 ',we h he>d & we obey4 7,we implore7 ,?y m]cy1 ,"l2 = unto ,!e mu/ we return4' ,god w n burd5 any s\l beyond its p[]4 ,x %all enjoy ! good :i* x ha? acquir$1 & %all be> ! evil = ! acquirem5t ( :i* x lab\r$4 ,o our ,"l6 puni% u n if we =get1 or fall into s92 ,o our ,"l6 & lay n on u a load l t :i* ,?\ ha/ laid on ^? :o h be5 be=e u#bai2 ,o our ,"l6 & lay n on u t = :i* we h no /r5g?3 b blot out our s9s & =give u1 & h pity on u4 ,?\ art our protector2 give u victory !re=e ov] ! infidel nations4 7,sra ii4 #bhe1 #bhf74 #baa ,! *ief m\rn] !n gives ! ,izn-i-'mm1 t is1 he says3-- ,all h p]mission to dep>t4 ,"s !n proce$ homew>ds1 o!rs g ) ! corpse to ! gravey>d4 ,:5 ! bi] is lift$ up1 or :5 x is plac$ d[n ne> ! grave1 ! p say3-- ,we commit !e to e>? 9 ! "n ( ,god & 9 ! religion ( ! ,prophet4 ,if ! gr\nd is v h>d1 a recess 7lahad7 is dug out 9 ! side ( ! grave4 ,?is mu/ be high en\gh to all[ ! corpse to sit up :5 ,munkir & ,nakr come to int]rogate x4 ,if ! gr\nd is s(t a small grave is excavat$ at ! bottom ( ! l>g] "o4 ,! corpse is !n plac$ 9 ! l[] "o4 ,! idea 9 bo? cases is t ! corpse mu/ be 9 su* a position t x c h free movem5t4 ,! body is plac$ ) ! face t[>ds ,mecca4 ,:5 ! b&s ( ! %r\d h be5 loos5$ ! p say3-- ,o ,god deprive u n ( ! heav5ly rew>d ( ! deceas$1 place u n 9 tr\ble4 ,ea* p]son !n takes sev5 clods ( e>?1 & ov] ea* clod says2 ,bismillh 79 ! "n ( ,god71 & ! ,srat-ul-,ikls 7,sra cxii7 & !n places ea* clod by ! head ( ! corpse4 ,unburnt bricks1 bamboos or bo>ds hav+ !n be5 plac$ ov] ! small] grave1 ! p]sons pres5t ) bo? h&s ?r[ clods ( e>? ?ree times into ! grave4 ,! fir/ "t !y say3 ,f x 7e>?7 ,we creat$ y2 ! second "t1 & into x w ,we return y2 ! ?ird "t1 & out ( x w ,we br+ y a second "t4 7,sra xx4 #eg74 ,!n !y say ?is ,du'3 ,o ,god ,i besee* ,!e = ! sake ( ,muhammad n to tr\ble ! deceas$4 ,:5 ! att5dants are fill+ up ! grave !y say3-- ,o ,god1 def5d ! deceas$ f ,%aitan 7devil7 & f ! torm5ts ( ! grave4 ,:5 ! grave is completely fill$ up1 "o man p\rs #bab wat] ?ree1 or five1 or sev5 times ov] x & !n plants a gre5 bran* on x4#bbj ,"o ( ! m\rn]s !n draws ne> ! middle ( ! grave & recites ! ,talqn 7in/ruction73-- ,o s]vant ( ,god1 & *ild ( a female s]vant ( ,god4 ,o son ( 7su* an "o71#bba rememb] ! fai? y pr(ess$ on e>? to ! v la/2 t is1 y\r witness t !re is no ,god b ,god1 & t c]ta9ly ,muhammad is ,8 ,apo/le1 & t ,p>adise & ,hell & ! ,resurrection f ! dead are real2 t !re w be a day ( judgm5t1 & say3 ',i confess t ,god is my ,"l1 ,islm my religion1 ,muhammad 7on :om be ! m]cy & peace ( ,god7 my ,prophet1 ! ,qurn my guide1 ! ,k'aba my ,qibla1 & t ,muslims are my bre?r54' ,o ,god1 keep him 7! deceas$7 firm 9 ?is fai?1 & wid5 8 grave1 & make 8 exam9ation 7by ,munkir & ,nakr7 easy1 & exalt him & h m]cy on him1 ,o ,?\ mo/ ,m]ciful4 ,! o!r p]sons pres5t !n (f] a ,ftiha4#bbb ,aft] ?is1 !y may1 if !y l to d s1 read ! ,srat-ul-,y ,sn 7xxxvi7 & ! ,srat-ul-,mulk 7lxvii47 ,x is n common to d s4 ,!n retir+ =ty paces f ! grave !y aga9 (f] a ,ftiha1 = by ?is "t ! exam9ation ( ! deceas$ has comm5c$4 ,! fir/ night is "o ( great tr\ble to ! deceas$1 s alms %\ld be giv5 lib]ally t night 9 8 "n4 ,9 ord] to relieve him z mu* z possible1 two nafl rak'ats ( a ,namz %\ld be said4 ,aft] ! ,ftiha 9 ea* rak'at ! wor%ipp] %\ld repeat ! yat-ul-,kurs #bac 7,?rone-v]se7#bbc ?ree times2 !n ! ,srat-ut-,taksur 7#ajb7 elev5 times2 !n ! ,srat-ul-,ikls 7#aab7 ?ree times4 ,aft] ! ,salm & ! ,d>d ! wor%ipp] lifts up bo? h&s1 & ) great humility prays t ! rew>d ( ! s]vice j conclud$ may be be/[$ on ! deceas$4 7viii74 ,salt-ul-,i/ikhra4--,?is is a ,namz said be=e und]tak+ any special "w4 ,! p]son recites two rak'at pray]s4 ,aft] ea* rak'at he says ! foll[+ ,du'3 ,o ,god1 make me "k :at is be/ = me1 & keep me f evil1 & be/[ good ^u me1 = ,i h no p[] to "k :at is be/ = me4 ,he !n goes to sleep1 dur+ :i* p]iod be expects to receive a special inspiration 7,ilhm7 :i* w give him ! ne$$ directions & guide him aright z to ! matt] 9 h&4 7ix74 ,salt-ut-,t>wih4--,?is consi/s ( tw5ty rak'ats recit$ ea* ev5+ dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramazn4 ,an acc\nt ( ^! w be giv5 9 ! next *apt] :5 ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! ,ramazn fa/ are describ$4 #c4 ,,roza1 ,,! ,,?irty ,,days' ,,fa/ ,,( ,,ramaz,n4--,fa/+ is def9$ to be ab/95ce f food1 dr9k & cohabitation f sunrise to sunset4 ,!re mu/ also be 9 ! m9d ! int5tion ( keep+ a fa/4 ,! p]son %\ld say3 ,o ,"l1 ,i int5d to fa/ to-morr[ = ,?y sake4 ,=give my pa/ & future s94 ,:5 ! fa/ is end$ he says3 ,o ,god ,i fa/$ = ,?y sake & _h fai? 9 ,!e1 & confid$ 9 ,!e & n[ ,i break 7iftr7 ! fa/ ) ! food ,?\ give/4 ,accept ?is act4 ,x is a f>z duty to keep ! fa/ dur+ ! ?irty days ( ! mon? ,ramazn4 ,?is is laid d[n 9 ! words3 ,o believ]s6 a fa/ is prescrib$ to y z x 0 prescrib$ to ^? be=e y4 ,z to ! mon? ,ramazn1 9 :i* ! ,qurn 0 s5t d[n to be man's guidance1 & an explanation ( t guidance1 & ( t #bad illum9ation1 z soon z any "o ( y obs]ve? ! moon1 let him set ab\t ! fa/4 7,sra ii4 #agi-aha74 ,! ,ijm' is also unanim\s on ?is po9t4 ,"y *ildr5 & idiots are excus$4 ,sick p]sons & travell]s may po/pone ! fa/ to ano!r "t4 ,he :o is sick1 or ^u a j\rney1 %all fa/ a l numb] ( o!r days4 ,god wi%e? y ease1 b wi%e? n y\r discom=t1 & t y fulfil ! numb] ( days4 7,sra ii4 #aha74 ,?is is call$ a qaz fa/1 t is1 a fa/ kept at ano!r "t 9 lieu ( "o :i* has be5 omitt$4 ,if a p]son makes a v[ t1 if ,god grants a c]ta9 reque/1 he w fa/ 7roza-i-nazr71 or if he fa/s by way ( atonem5t = "s s9 committ$ 7roza-i-kafra71 9 bo? cases x is a wjib duty to keep ! fa/4 ,"s hold t ! =m] is a f>z duty & base _! ass]tion on ! v]se3 ,let !m br+ ! neglect ( _! p]sons to a close1 & let !m pay _! v[s4 7,sra xxii4 #cj74 ,all o!r k9ds ( fa/s are nafl1 a t]m already expla9$ 7p4 #aii74 ,su* are ! fa/s kept on ! #aj? day ( ,muh>ram1 on ! ,aiym-i-,bz 7bright days7--! #ac?1 #ad? & #ae? day ( any mon?1 on ! #ae? ( ,%'abn1 t is1 ! day foll[+ ! night call$ ,%ab-,b>t1 & on ! #cj? ( ea* mon? 9 :i* !re are ?irty days4 ,a nafl fa/ may be brok5 if ! p]son :o int5d$ to keep x receives an invitation to a fea/4 ,accord+ to ,bukhr1 a woman may n make a nafl fa/ )\t ! cons5t ( h] husb&4 ,! rev]se is n ! case1 = ,m5 are sup]ior to wom5 on acc\nt ( ! qualities ) :i* ,god ha? gift$ ! "o above ! o!r1 & on acc\nt ( ! outlay !y make f _! sub/ance = !m4 7,sra iv4 #ch74 ,x is said t "o day a woman came to ! ,prophet & said t h] husb& _h slapp$ h]4 ,! ,prophet wi%$ to puni% him = do+ s improp] an act1 b he 0 prev5t$ by ! desc5t f heav5 ( ! v]se j quot$1 :i* is held to be conclusive evid5ce ( ! inf]iority ( wom54 ,! v]se also conta9s ! words *ide ^? #bae 7wives7 = ^: refractor9ess ye h cause to fe>2 remove !m into b$s ap>t1 & sc\rge !m4 ,x is mu/ahab to fa/ "s days 9 ! mon? ,%awwl1 = ,muhammad is report$ to h said3 ,:osoev] keeps ! fa/ ( ,ramazn & "s sev5 days 9 ! prec$+ mon? ( ,%awwl1 x is z if 8 :ole life 7 a fa/4 ,if on acc\nt ( dull wea!r1 or ( du/ /orms ! new moon is n visible1 x is suffici5t to act on ! te/imony ( a tru/wor?y p]son :o decl>es t ,ramazn has comm5c$4 ,imm ,%fa' requires two1 b ! foll[+ ,tradition is quot$ aga9/ him3 ,an ,arab came to ! ,prophet & said3 ',i h se5 ! new moon4' ,8 ,excell5cy said3 ',do/ ?\ believe t !re is no ,god b ,god8 ,do/ ?\ confess t ,muhammad is ,8 ,apo/le8' ',yes1' repli$ ! man4 ,! ,prophet call+ ,billl1 ! ,mu1azz91 said3 ',tell ! p to comm5ce ! fa/4' ,?is proves t ! evid5ce ( "o good ,muslim is suffici5t te/imony 9 ! matt]4 ,! fa/ is de/roy$ 9 ! foll[+ cases3--if :5 cleans+ ! tee? a little wat] %\ld pass into ! ?roat1 if food is eat5 "u compulsion1 if an enema is us$1 if m$ic9e is put into ! e>s1 nose or a w\nd 9 ! head1 if a meal has be5 tak5 on ! supposition t x 0 night :5 x 0 really day1 if ! niyyat 7int5tion7 9 ! ,ramazn fa/ 0 n prop]ly made1 if aft] a meal tak5 dur+ ! night a portion ( food l>g] ?an a gra9 ( corn rema9s betwe5 ! tee? or 9 a cavity ( a too?1 la/ly1 if food is vomit$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases a qaz fa/ mu/ be kept 9 lieu ( ! "o ?us brok54 ,9 ! case :]e ! fa/ is delib]ately brok51 ! p]son mu/ atone = 8 s9 by sett+ a slave at lib]ty2 if f any cause t _c be done1 he mu/ fa/ e day = two mon?s2 if t _c be done1 he mu/ give sixty p]sons two full meals ea*1 or give "o man su* meals daily = sixty days4 ,! fa/ is n brok5 by m]ely ta/+ any?+1 by #baf apply+ antimony to ! eyes1 & oil to ! be>d1 by cleans+ ! tee?1 or by kiss+ a p]son2 b x is consid]$ bett] n to d ^! ?+s dur+ ! day-"t4 ,! ,imm ,z-,%fa' decl>$ t x 0 v wrong inde$ to d ei!r ( ^! actions aft] noon4 ,he us$ to repeat ! foll[+ ,tradition h&$ d[n by ,tabrn4 ,! ,prophet said3 ':5 y fa/1 cleanse ! tee? 9 ! e>ly morn+1 because :5 ! lips ( him :o fa/s become dry & p>*$1 !y w be = him a light 9 ! day ( judgm5t4' ,if a p]son ?r\gh ! infirmity ( old age is n able to keep ! fa/1 he mu/ p]=m sadqa1 t is1 he mu/ fe$ a poor p]son4 ,?is op9ion is bas$ on a s5t5ce 9 ! ,qurn1 :i* has caus$ a good deal ( dispute3 ,z = ^? :o are able 7to keep x & yet break x71 ! expiation ( ?is %all be ! ma9t5ance ( a poor man4 7,sra ii4 #ahj74 ,?is seems to make fa/+ a matt] ( p]sonal option1 & "s ,comm5tators admit t at fir/ x 0 s1 b !y say t ! words h be5 abrogat$#bbd by ! foll[+ s5t5ce :i* occurs 9 ! next v]se3 ,z soon z any "o ( y obs]ve? ! moon1 let him set ab\t ! fa/4 ,o!rs say t ! negative p>ticle n mu/ be und]/ood be=e able1 9 :i* case ! words 9 italics mu/ be omitt$4 ,o!rs expla9 ! expression ^? :o are able z equival5t to ^? :o h great difficulty !re91 su* z ag$ & infirm p]sons4 ,?is seems to be ! be/ int]pretation & is ! "o :i* practically is act$ on4 ,9 ! case ( wom5 ) *ild1 mo!rs giv+ suck to _! *ildr51 sick p]sons :om fa/+ at ?is p>ticul> "t might injure1 x is suffici5t if !y keep x at ano!r "t2 t is1 !y mu/ :5 conv5i5t make a qaz fa/4 #bag ,9 ^! cases ! sadqa or fe$+ ( ! poor is n requir$4 ,?us ,abu ,dd says3 ,! ,prophet said1 ',god all[s travell]s to %ort5 ! ,namz & to po/pone ! fa/4 ,wom5 also are all[$ to fa/ ano!r "t4' ,! ,qurn is also cle> on ! po9t3 ,he :o is sick or ^u a j\rney1 %all fa/ a l numb] ( o!r days4 7,sra ii4 #aha74 ,!re are five days 9 ! ye> 9 :i* x is unlawful to fa/4 ,^! are1 'd-ul-,fitr1 ,baqr-'d & ! ?ree foll[+ days1 viz3 ! #aa?1 #ab? & #ac? ( ,zu'l-,hajja4 ,if dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramazn1 a p]son arrives at maturity1 or an ,infidel becomes a ,muslim1 ea* mu/ keep ! fa/ dur+ ! rema9+ days ( ! mon?4 ,to take ! ,sahra1 or meal tak5 j be=e sunrise 9 ! mon? ( ,ramazn1 is a ,sunnat act4 ,! great ,traditioni/s1 ,bukhr1 ,muslim & ,tirmz1 all agree t ! ,prophet said3 ,eat ,sahra because !re is a bless+ 9 x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 our fa/ & t ( ! m5 ( ! ,book 7,*ri/ians7 is ! p>tak+ ( ,sahra4 ,! meal eat5 imm$iately aft] sunset is call$ ,iftr1 or ! break+ ( ! fa/4 ,9 ,india x is ! cu/om to eat a date fir/1 or if t fruit is n procurable to dr9k a little wat]4 ,9 ,turkey an olive is *os5 z ! fruit ) :i* ! fa/ %\ld be brok54 ,! di/9ctive feature ( a ,muhammadan fa/ is1 t x is a fa/ dur+ ! day only4 ,! ri* classes by turn+ day into night avoid mu* ( its rig\r4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly break ! fa/1 ?\gh any su* action mu/ be done 9 secret1 = popul> op9ion all ov] ! ,musalmn _w is /rongly aga9/ a man :o does n outw>dly1 at lea/1 obs]ve ! fa/ ( ,ramazn4 ,9 ?is matt] x may be said ,pe*] en secret1 n'e/ pas pe*]1 ,ce n'e/ que l'clat qui fait le crime4 ,^? :o h to "w = _! liv+ f9d ! obs]vance ( ! fa/ v difficult1 = h[ev] labori\s may be _! occupation !y mu/ n swall[ any liquid2 yet z #bah a rule ! l[] classes obs]ve x /rictly4#bbe ,9 hot climates ?is is (t5 exce$+ly di/ress+4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! ev5+ twilight is anxi\sly look$ =1 z !n ! ,iftr c be comm5c$4 ,! mon? ( ,ramazn br+s ) x o!r duties ?an t ( fa/+4 ,^! w be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 #d4 ,,zak,t4--,!re are two t]ms 9 use to express almsgiv+4 ,! fir/ is ,zakt 7lit]ally1 purification7 or ! legal alms due1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 f e ,muslim4 ,! second is ,sadqa1 or (f]+s on ! fea/ day kn[n z 'd-ul-,fitr1 or alms 9 g5]al4#bbf ,x is ! fir/ ( ^! t has n[ to be consid]$4 ,on ! au?ority ( ! ,qurn & ! ,ijm'-i-,ummat x is decl>$ to be a f>z duty = e ,muslim ( full age1 aft] ! expiration ( a ye>1 to give ! ,zakt on acc\nt ( 8 prop]ty2 provid$ t1 he has suffici5t = 8 subsi/5ce & is a ,shib-i-,nisb1 or "o :o possesses an income equival5t to ab\t #e p] annum4 ,! ,qurn says3 ,obs]ve pray] 7,salt7 & ! legal impo/ 7,zakt74 7,sra ii4 #dj74 ,! ,khalf ',umr ,ibn ',abd-ul-',azz us$ to say3 ,pray] c>ries u half way to ,god1 fa/+ br+s u to ! door ( ,8 palace1 & alms procure u admission4 ,! ?ree conditions )\t :i* ,zakt w\ld n be compulsory are ,islm1 ,hurriat 7fre$om7 & ,nisb 7/ock74 ,! reason = ?is is1 t ,zakt is said to be a fundam5tal "p ( ',ibdat 7wor%ip71 & t1 z ! ,infidels _c p]=m acceptable wor%ip1 !y h no?+ to d ) ,zakt4 ,fre$om is necess>y1 = slaves hold no #bai prop]ty4 ,nisb is requir$1 = s ! ,prophet has decre$4 ,:5 ! ,nisb is requir$ = daily use ! zakt is n tak5 f x2 su* z a slave reta9$ = p]sonal s]vice1 gra9 = food1 weapons1 tools1 books1 h\sehold furniture1 we>+ app>el1 horses = rid+1 c41 = "o ,tradition records t ! ,prophet specially exempt$ all ^!1 :il/ ano!r giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,bukhr /ates t = slaves employ$ 9 dome/ic s]vice only ! ,sadqa-i-fitr#bbg %\ld be giv54 ,if a p]son owes a debt1 ! am\nt necess>y = its liquidation mu/ be d$uct$ f 8 prop]ty & ! ,zakt giv5 on ! balance4 ,if x is a debt due to ,god1 su* z an (f]+ due on a v[ or to be giv5 9 atonem5t = ! neglect ( "s religi\s duty1 x mu/ n be s d$uct$ f ! prop]ty on :i* ,zakt is due4 ,! am\nt ( gold :i* con/itutes a ,nisb is #bj miskats1 or ( silv] #bjj dirhems 7#e #ds474 ,:e!r ^! metals are 9 co9 or n1 "o-=tie? "p is due4 ,"s say t gold & silv] ornam5ts are exempt1 b ,imm ,%fa' does n admit ?is1 & quotes f ,abu ,dd ! foll[+ ,tradition3 ,a woman ) a *ild1 on ^: arms 7 heavy gold5 bracelets1 came to ! ,prophet4 ,he enquir$ if ! ,zakt _h be5 giv5 = !m4 ,on receiv+ a reply 9 ! negative he said3 ',x is easy = ,god 9 ! day ( judgm5t to make !e we> bracelets ( fire4' ,! girl !n took !m (f & said3 ',^! are = ! s]vice ( ,god & ( ,8 ,prophet4' ,on all treasure kn[n z rikz1 t is1 buri$ treasure f\nd by any "o1 & on valuable metals extract$ f m9es1 "o-fif? ( ! value mu/ be paid1 :e!r ! l& be ,khrij1 r5t$ at its prop] m>ket value2 or ',u%> possess$ by ! paym5t ( a ti!4 ,if ! rikz is f\nd 9 ,d>-ul-,h>b1 a c\ntry "u a non-,muslim ,gov]nm5t1 ! :ole belongs to ! f9d]1 if x is on 8 own l&1 or if on unclaim$ #bbj l& he mu/ pay ! "o-fif?4 ,if ! co9s f\nd be> ! m9t /amp ( a ,musalmn ,gov]nm5t1 ! f9d] mu/1 if he c1 f9d ! own] & return !m to him2 if !y 7 co9$ 9 a m9t belong+ to ! ,infidels1 aft] hav+ giv5 "o-fif? z ,zakt1 he may reta9 f\r-fif?s = himself4 ,pe>ls1 amb] & turquoise are n subject to any d$uction1 = ! ,prophet said3 ,!re is no ,zakt = /ones4 ,z reg>ds cattle ! foll[+ rules h be5 laid d[n4 ,= %eep & goats no?+ is giv5 :5 ! numb] is "u =ty4 ,! own] mu/ give "o = "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 two = ! next eighty & "o = e hundr$ aft]4 ,! scale = buffaloes is ! same z t = %eep4 ,= camels ! rule is z foll[s3 f #e to #bd 9 numb]1 "o %eep or goat mu/ be giv52 f #be to #ce1 "o ye>l+ female camel 7b9t-i-mukhz72 f #cf to #de1 "o two-ye> old female camel 7b9t-i-labn72 f #df to #fj1 "o ?ree-ye> old female camel 7hiqqah72 f #fa to #ge1 "o f\r-ye> old female camel 7jaz'ah72 f #gf to #ij1 two b9t-i-labn2 f #ia to #abj1 two hiqqah2 & f #aba upw>ds1 ei!r a b9t-i-labn = e =ty or a hiqqah = e fifty4 ,horses foll[ ?is scale1 or two & a half p] c5t on ! value may be giv5 in/ead4 ,= #cj c[s a "o-ye> old female calf 7tabi'a7 mu/ be giv52 = #dj1 a two-ye> old female calf 7mus9na71 & aft] t "o calf = e t5 c[s4 ,donkeys & mules are exempt1 = ! ,prophet said3 ,no ord] has come d[n 7f heav57 to me ab\t !m4 ,if a /ock ( m]*&ize exce$s ! ,nisb 7#e #ds471 ,zakt mu/ be giv5 on x & on ! pr(its at ! rate ( "o 9 =ty1 or two-&-a-half p] c5t4 ,! ,hanfites d n c\nt a fraction ( ! =ty4 ,! ,%fa'tes c\nt su* a fractional "p z =ty & require ! full ,zakt to be paid on x4 ,honey1 fruit1 gra91 c41 al?\gh less ?an five camel #bba loads1#bbh mu/ accord+ to ,imm ,abu ,hanfa pay "o-t5?2 b ! ,shiba9 & ,imm ,%fa' say t if !re is less ?an ! five camel loads no ,zakt is requir$4 ,! ,prophet said3 ,if produc$ on l& naturally wat]$ "o-t5? is due1 if on l& artificially irrigat$ "o-tw5tie?4 ,z he said no?+ ab\t ! quantity1 ! ,hanfites adduce ! fact ( ! omission z a pro( on _! side4 ,! ,zakt %\ld be giv5 to ! classes ( p]son m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se4 ,alms are to be giv5 to ! poor & ! ne$y1 & to ^? :o collect !m1 & to ^? ^: he>ts are won to ,islm1 & = ransoms1 & = debtors1 & = ! cause ( ,god1 & = ! wayf>]4 7,sra ix4 #fj74 ,! words italicis$1 accord+ to ! ,tafsr-i-,husa91 are n[ cancell$ 7manskh74 ,! ref]5ce is to ! ,arab ,*iefs :o 7 beat5 by ! ,prophet at ! battle ( ,hone9 7,a4,h4 #h74 ,?is victory is ref]r$ to 9 ! #be? v]se ( ?is ,sra4 ,god ha? help$ y 9 _m battle fields1 & on ! day ( ,hone94 ,abu ,bakr aboli%$ ?is giv+ ( ,zakt to conv]ts1 & ! ,khalf ,om> said to ^! or simil> p]sons3 ,?is ,zakt 0 giv5 to incl9e y\r he>ts t[>d ,islm4 ,n[ ,god has prosp]$ ,islm4 ,if y be conv]t$ x is well2 if n1 a sword is betwe5 u4 ,no ,companion has d5i$ ?is /atem5t1 & s ! au?ority = ! cancell+ ( ?is clause is t ( ! ,ijm'-i-,ummat 7unanim\s cons5t74 ,x is well t an appeal to unwor?y motives %\ld be aboli%$1 b no comm5tator s f> z ,i "k makes t a reason = ! cancell+ ( ?is ord]4 ,x is always plac$ on ! gr\nd ( ! triumphant nature ( ,islm :i* n[ ne$s no su* support4 ,contemptu\s indiff]5ce1 n any high moral motive 0 ! cause ( ! *ange4 ,9 addition to ! p]sons m5tion$ 9 ! v]se j quot$1 ,zakt may be giv5 to assi/ a ,muktib1 or slave #bbb :o is work+ 9 ord] to pur*ase 8 fre$om4 ,p]sons :o are too poor to g on a ,jihd or to make ! ,hajj mu/ be assi/$4 ,! ,zakt mu/ n be giv5 = build+ mosques1#bbi = fun]al exp5ses1 liquidat+ ! debts ( a deceas$ p]son1 or to pur*ase a slave 9 ord] to set him free4 ,x is n lawful to give ! ,zakt to p>5ts or gr&-p>5ts1 *ildr5 or gr&*ildr52 or = a husb& to give x to 8 wife1 or a wife to h] husb&2 or a ma/] to 8 slave4 ,! ,shiba9#bcj ma9ta9 t a wife c apply ! ,zakt to h] husb&'s wants & quote ?is ,tradition3 ,a woman ask$ ! ,prophet if %e c\ld give ! ,zakt to h] husb&4 ,he answ]$ 'give2 su* an act has two rew>ds1 "o = ! giv+ ( *>ity & "o = ! fulfilm5t ( ! duties ( relation%ip4' ,x %\ld n be giv5 to a ri* man1 nor to 8 son1 nor to 8 slave4 ,! desc5dants ( ,h%am & ! desc5dants ( ! ,prophet %\ld n be ! recipi5ts ( ! ,zakt4 ,! ,prophet said3 ,o ,ahl-i-,beit 7m5 ( ! h\se71 x is n lawful = y to receive ,zakt1 = y get ! "o-fif? %>e ( my fif? portion ( ! booty4 ,s "s say t ,sy$s are exclud$2 b !y demur & reply t !y d n n[ get a portion ( ! spoil ( ! ,infidels4 ,zakt mu/ n be giv5 to a ,zimm 7a non-muslim subject74 ,9 ,muhammadan c\ntries !re are (fic]s ^: duty x is to collect ! ,zakt2 9 ,india ! paym5t is left to ea* p]son's consci5ce4 ,:il/ !re is n mu* regul>ity 9 ! paym5t1 due cr$it mu/ be giv5 = ! c>e :i* ,musalmns take ( _! poor4 ,! ,sadqa 7*>itable (f]+s7 =m a diff]5t bran* ( ?is subject4 ,a full acc\nt ( x w be giv5 9 ! section ( ! next *apt] :i* treats ( ! 'd-ul-,fitr4 #bbc #e4 ,,! ,,hajj4--,! ,hajj1 or pilgrimage to ,mecca1 is a f>z duty1 & he :o d5ies ?is fact is consid]$ to be an infidel4 ,! pilgrimage to ! temple is a s]vice due to ,god f ^? :o are able to j\rney ?i!r3 & z to him :o believe? n--v]ily ,god c af=d to disp5se ) all creatures4 7,sra iii4 #ia1 #ib47 ,on ! au?ority ( ,ibn ',abbs ! foll[+ ,tradition has be5 h&$ d[n4 ,! ,prophet said3 ',god has made ! ,hajj f>z4' ,!n ,aqra' b9 ,hbis1 /&+ up1 said3 ',o ,prophet is x to be made e ye>8' ,8 ,excell5cy said3 ',if ,i say--yes1 x w be a wjib duty to d x annually2 b t ye are n able to be>1 s ! ,hajj is necess>y only once2 :atev] pilgrimage may be made to ,mecca 9 addition is nafl4' ,! ,hajj mu/ be made by e free ,muslim1 :o is s\nd 9 body1 & ( full age1 :5 he has suffici5t means to pay 8 exp5ses1 aft] duly provid+ = ! support ( 8 h\sehold till 8 return4 ,if a slave1 or a *ild %\ld make ! ,hajj1 ! =m] on atta9+ fre$om1 & ! latt] on com+ ( age mu/ aga9 g on pilgrimage4 ,if a woman1 ^: resid5ce is at a di/ance ( m ?an ?ree days' j\rney f ,mecca1 goes on pilgrimage1 %e mu/ be accompani$ by h] husb& or by a ne> relative4 ,imm ,z ,%fa' d5ies ! necessity ( su* att5dance1 /at+ t ! v]se already quot$ makes no su* re/riction4 ,8 objection is1 h[ev]1 met z usual by a ,tradition4 ,a c]ta9 man came to ! ,prophet & said3 ',my wife is ab\t to make ! ,hajj1 b ,i am call$ to g on a w>like exp$ition4' ,! ,prophet said3 ',turn away f ! w> & accompany ?y wife 9 ! ,hajj4' ,imm ,abu ,ysuf consid]$ t a man :o possess$ ! means %\ld g to ,mecca1 & held t if he delay$ m ?an a ye> 9 mak+ ! ,hajj he 0 a s9n]4 ,imm ,muhammad1 & mo/ o!rs ?9k t a p]son may po/pone ! ,hajj = "s ye>s1 b if dea? %\ld ov]take ! man be=e he has made #bbd ! pilgrimage1 he w be acc\nt$ a s9n]4 ,s practically all agree t delay is dang]\s4 ,connect$ ) ! ,hajj !re are ?ree actions :i* are f>z1 & five :i* are wjib2 all ! re/ are sunnat or mu/ahab4 ,! f>z requisites are3 7#a7 to we> no o!r g>m5t except ! ,ihrm1#bca two seamless wrapp]s1 "o ( :i* is worn r\nd ! lo9s1 ! o!r ?r[n ov] ! %\ld]2 7#b7 to /& 9 ',arft2 7#c7 to make ! ,tawf1 t is to g r\nd ! ,k'aba sev5 times4 ,! wjib duties are3 7#a7 to /ay 9 ,muzdalfah2 7#b7 to run betwe5 ,m\nt ,saf & ,m\nt ,m>wah2 7#c7 to p]=m ! ,ram-ul-,jamr1 or ! ca/+ ( ! pebbles2 7#d7 if ! pilgrims are non-,meccans !y mu/ make an extra ,tawf2 7#e7 to %ave ! head aft] ! pilgrimage is ov]4 ,! ,hajj mu/ be made at ! appo9t$ season4 ,let ! pilgrimage 7,hajj7 be made 9 ! mon?s already kn[n4 7,sra ii4 #aic74 ,^! mon?s are ,%awwl1 ,zu'l-q'ada1 & ! fir/ t5 days ( ,zu'l-,hajja4 ,! actual ,hajj mu/ be 9 ! mon? ,zu'l-,hajja1 b ! prep>ations =1 & ! niyyat1 or int5tion ( ! ,hajj c be made 9 ! two prec$+ mon?s4 ,! ',umrah1 or ord9>y pilgrimage1 c be done at any "t ( ! ye> except on ! n9?1 & f\r succe$+ days ( ,zu'l-,hajja4 ,on ea* ( ! v>i\s roads lead+ to ,mecca1 !re are at a di/ance ( ab\t five or six miles f ! city /ages call$ ,mqt4 ,! foll[+ are ! names4 ,on ! ,madna road1 ! /age 7manzil7 is call$ ,zu'l-,halifah2 on ! ',irq road1 ,zt-i-',arq2 on ! ,syrian road1 ,hujfah2 on ! ,najd road1 ,q>n2 on ! ,yaman road1 ,yalamlam4#bcb #bbe ,! ,hjs f all p>ts ( ! ,muslim _w at l5g? arrive we>y & worn at "o ( ^! /ages4 ,!y !n dive/ !mselves ( _! ord9>y clo?+1 & aft] a legal ablution1 & aft] say+ a ,namz ( two nafl rak'ats !y put on ! ,ihrm4 ,! ,hj1 hav+ n[ really ent]$ ^u ! ,hajj1 faces ,mecca & makes ! niyyat 7int5tion71 & says3 ,o ,god1 ,i purpose to make ! ,hajj2 make ?is s]vice easy to me & accept x f me4 ,he !n says ! ,talbyah#bcc3 ,"h ,i am6 ,o ,allh6 ,"h ,i am6 ,"h ,i am6 ,!re is no ,god b ,!e6 ,truly1 praise & b\nty1 & ! k+dom are to ,!e6 ,no p>tn] ha/ ,?\6 ,"h am ,i6 ,! p]sons :o reside p]man5tly 9 any ( ^! ,mqt c assume ! pilgrim's g>b 9 a place call$ ,hal1 ne> to ,mecca1 or 9 ! city itself2 :il/ ! inhabitants ( ,mecca c put on ! ,ihrm 9 ! prec9cts ( ! temple4 ,! ,hj hav+ assum$ ! ,ihrm mu/ n[ ab/a9 f worldly affairs1 & devote himself entirely to ! duties ( ! ,hajj4 ,he is n all[$ to hunt1 ?\gh he may cat* fi% if he c4 ,o ,believ]s1 kill no game :ile ye are on pilgrimage4 7,sra v4 #if74 ,! ,prophet also said3 ,he :o %[s ! place :]e game is to be f\nd is equally z bad z ! man :o kills x4 ,! ,hj mu/ n scrat* himself1 le/ v]m9 be de/roy$1 or a hair be uproot$4 ,%\ld he feel uncom=table1 he mu/ rub himself ) ! op5 palm ( 8 h&4#bcd ,! face & head mu/ be left uncov]$1 ! hair on ! head & be>d unwa%$ & uncut4 ,%ave n y\r heads until ! #bbf (f]+ rea* ! place ( sacrifice4 7,sra ii1 #aib74 ,on arriv+ at an elevat$ place1 on desc5d+ a valley1 on meet+ any "o1 on ent]+ ! city ( ,mecca or ! ,musjid-ul-,h>m#bce ! ,hj %\ld cont9ually repeat ! ^w ,labbaik1 ,labbaik4 ,z soon z he sees ! ,k'aba#bcf he mu/ say ! ,takbr & ! ,tahll4 ,! ,traditioni/ ',at says t at ?is /age ! ,prophet us$ to lift up 8 h&s & pray4 ,on ent]+ ! enclosure1 ! ,hj says ! ,labbaik1 ,takbr & ! ,tahll1 !n a ,du'4 ,a ,namz ( two rak'ats is !n said at ! /ation ( "o ( ! f\r great ,imms4 ,on arriv+ ne> ! ,hajr-ul-,aswad 7black /one7 ! ,hj aga9 says ! ,takbr & ! ,tahll1 aft] :i* he kisses ! /one4 ,if1 on acc\nt ( ! cr[d1 he _c get ne> en\gh to d ?is1 he mu/ t\* x ) 8 h& or ) a /ick1 & kiss t ) :i* he has ?us t\*$ ! /one4 ,at ! same "t he says3 ,o ,allh1 7,i d ?is7 9 ,?y belief1 & 9 v]ification ( ,?y book1 & 9 pursuance ( ,?y ,prophet's example--may ,allh bless & pres]ve him4 ,o accept ,?\ my supplication1 dim9i% my ob/acles1 pity my humiliation & graci\sly grant me ,?y p>don4 ,!n he aga9 repeats ! ,takbr & ! #bbg ,tahll1 ! ,d>d & ! ,tahrf 7pray] =1 & praise ( ,muhammad74 ,he !n encompasses ! ,k'aba sev5 times1 9 accordance ) ! niyyat he _h made1 ?us3 ,9 ! "n ( ,allh1 & ,allh is ,omnipot5t6 ,i purpose to make ! circuit sev5 times4#bcg ,?is is call$ ! ,tawf4 ,! ,hj runs r\nd ?ree times at a rapid pace 7,t>ammul71 & f\r times he proce$s sl[ly 7,taammul74 ,a p]man5t resid5t 9 ,mecca w n p]=m ! ,tawf4 ,! ,hj !n presses 8 /oma*1 *e/ & "r *eek aga9/ ! portion ( ! ,k'aba wall1 call$ ,al-,multazim1 & rais+ up 8 arms on high says3 ,o ,allh1 ,"l ( ! ,anci5t ,h\se1 free my neck f hell-fire1 & pres]ve me f e evil de$2 make me cont5t$ ) t daily bread :i* ,?\ ha/ giv5 to me1 & bless me 9 all ,?\ ha/ grant$6 ,he !n says ! ,i/igfr--,i beg p>don ( ,allh1 ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! ,liv+1 ! ,et]nal1 & to ,him ,i rep5t4 ,! ,hj next proce$s to ! ,maqm-i-,ibrhm#bch 7place ( ,abraham7 & !n recites two rak'ats#bci call$ ,sunnat-ut-,tawf4 ,"s wat] f ! sacr$ well ,zemzem is !n drunk1 aft] :i* ! ,hj returns to ! ,hajr-ul-,aswad1 & aga9 kisses x4 ,hj ,burton ?us describes "o %aut or circuit3-- ,we began ! pray] ',o ,allh 7,i d ?is7 9 ,?y belief & 9 v]ification ( ,?y ,book1 & 9 fai?fulness to ,?y cov5ant & aft] ! example ( ,?y ,prophet ,muhammad4 ,may ,allh bless & pres]ve him6' till we rea*$ ! place ,al-,multazim1 betwe5 ! corn] ( ! black /one & ! ,k'aba door4 ,"h we ejaculat$1 ',o ,allh1 ,?\ ha/ rights1 s p>don my transgress+ !m4' ,opposite ! door we repeat$1 ',o ,allh1 v]ily ! h\se is ,?y h\se1 & ! sanctu>y ,?y sanctu>y1 & ! safegu>d ,?y #bbh safegu>d1 & ?is is ! place ( ,him :o flees to ,!e f 7hell7 fire4' ,at ! build+ call$ ,maqm-i-,ibrhm1 we said3 ',o ,allh1 v]ily ?is is ! place ( ,abraham1 :o took refuge )1 & fl$ to ,!e f ! fire6 ,o d5y my fle% & blood1 my sk9 & bones to ! 7et]nal7 flames4' ,z we pac$ sl[ly r\nd ! nor? or ,irk corn] ( ! ,k'aba we exclaim$1 ',o ,allh1 v]ily ,i take refuge ) ,!e f poly!ism1 & disob$i5ce1 & hypocrisy1 & evil conv]sation1 & evil ?\ghts conc]n+ family1 & prop]ty & prog5y4' ,:5 we pass$ f ! ,mzb1 or sp\t1 we repeat$ ! words1 ',o ,allh1 v]ily ,i beg ( ,!e fai? :i* %all n decl9e1 & a c]ta9ty :i* %all n p]i%1 & ! good aid ( ,?y ,prophet ,muhammad--may ,allh bless & pres]ve him6 ,o ,allh1 %ad[ me 9 ,?y %ad[1 on ! day :5 !re is no %ad[ by ,?y %ad[2 & cause me to dr9k f ! cup ( ,?y ,prophet ,muhammad--may ,allh bless & pres]ve him--t pleasant draught1 aft] :i* is no ?ir/ to all et]nity1 ,o ,"l ( hon\r & glory4' ,turn+ to ! we/ corn]1 or ! ,rukn el ,%m1 we exclaim$3 ',o ,allh1 make x an acceptable pilgrimage1 & a =giv5ess ( s9s1 & a laudable endeav\r1 & a pleasant action 79 ,?y sight71 & a /ore :i* p]i%e? n1 ,o ,?\ ,glori\s1 ,o ,?\ ,p>don]6' ,?is 0 repeat$ ?rice1 till we arriv$ at ! ,yeman1 or s\!rn corn]1 :]e ! cr[d be+ less importunate1 we t\*$ ! wall ) ! "r h&1 aft] ! example ( ! ,prophet1 & kiss$ ! f+]-tips4 ,betwe5 ! s\? angle & t ( ! black /one1 :]e our circuit w\ld be complet$1 we said3 ',o ,allh1 v]ily ,i take refuge ) ,!e f infidelity1 & ,i take refuge ) ,!e f want1 & f ! tortures ( ! tomb1 & f ! tr\bles ( life & dea?4 ,& ,i fly to ,!e f ignom9y 9 ?is _w & ! next1 & implore ,?y p>don = ! pres5t & ! future4 ,o ,"l1 grant to me 9 ?is life prosp]ity1 & 9 ! next life prosp]ity1 & save me f ! puni%m5t ( fire4' ,! next important /ep is ! runn+ betwe5 ! ,m\nts ,saf & ,m>wah4 ,/>t+ f ! =m]1 ! ,hj runs sev5 times betwe5 ! two summits4 ,he runs1 mov+ ! %\ld]s1 & ) head erect1 l soldi]s *>g+ 9 battle4 ,! reason = ?is is1 t ! infidel ,meccans mock$ ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet1 & said t ! climate ( ,madna _h made !m weak4 ,?is bold way ( runn+ 0 adopt$ to disprove ! #bbi calumny & s has become a ,sunnat practice4 ,! pray] to be said dur+ ! ,s'ai 7runn+7 is3 ,o my ,"l1 p>don & pity1 & pass ov] t 7s97 :i* ,?\ kn[e/4 ,v]ily ,?\ kn[e/ :at is n kn[n1 & v]ily ,?\ art ! mo/ ,glori\s1 ! mo/ ,g5]\s4 ,o1 our ,"l1 grant u 9 bo? worlds prosp]ity1 & save u f fire4 ,! ,hj %\ld also quote passages f ! ,qurn4 ,?is ,s'ai mu/ be done aft] an important ,tawf1 ei!r ! fir/1 or a lat] "o4 ,on ! sev5? day ! ,imm mu/ prea* 9 ,mecca1 & in/ruct ! pilgrims 9 ! ritual ( ! ,hajj4 ,he prea*es aga9 on ! n9? & elev5? days4 ,on ! eigh? day1 7,rz-i-,t>wih71 ! ,hj goes to ,m91 a place ?ree miles di/ant f ,mecca1 :]e ) all ! o!r ,hjs he says ! usual ,namz1 & !re sp5ds ! night4#bdj ,?is is a sunnat obs]vance4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! n9? day1 />t+ aft] ! ,salt-ul-,fajr1 ! ,hj goes to ',arift4#bda ,on arriv+ !re he says3 ,o ,god1 ,i turn to ,!e1 ,i put my tru/ on ,!e1 ,i desire ,!e1 p>don my s91 accept my ,hajj1 %[ m]cy to me1 supply my ne$ 9 ',arift1 ,?\ art p[]ful ov] all4 ,he !n says ,labbaik1 ! ,takbr & ! ,tahll4 ,! noontide1 & ! aft]noon ,namz are said toge!r !re3 !y are ?us %ort5$4#bdb ,?is done he %\ld /& ^u ! m\nta91 if possible at or ne> ! place ! ,prophet #bcj is said to h occupi$4 ,?is is call$ ! ,wukf or 7/&+71 a necess>y "p ( ! ,hajj4 ,he mu/ also li/5 to ! s]mon deliv]$ by ! ,imm1 expla9+ :at /ill rema9s ( ! ritual ( ! ,hajj1 i4e41 h[ ! ,hjs are to /& 9 ,muzdalfah1 to ?r[ ! /ones 9 ,m91 to make ! sacrifice1 c4 ,all ! "t ! ,hj %\ld con/antly %\t out ! ,talbyah1 & ! ,tahll1 & weep bitt]ly4 ,! ,hj !n proce$s to ,muzdalfah1 a place situat$ ab\t half-way betwe5 ,m9 & ',arift1 :]e he %\ld pass a portion ( ! night4 ,aft] a visit to ! ,mosque ,ma%> al ,h>m1 he %\ld collect sev5 pebbles & proce$ to ,m94 ,:5 ! morn+ ( ! t5? day1 ! 'd-ul-,azh arrives1 he aga9 goes to ,m91 :]e !re are ?ree diff]5t pill>s1 call$ respectively ! ,jamrat-ul-,akabah1 commonly kn[n z ! ,%aitan-ul-,kabr#bdc 7great devil71 ! ,wu/a1 or middle pill>1 & ! ,al ,ula1 or fir/ "o4 ,hold+ ! jamr1 or pebble1 betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h&1 ! ,hj ?r[s x a di/ance ( n less ?an fifte5 feet & says3 ,9 ! "n ( ,allh1 & ,allh is ,almighty1 7,i d ?is7 9 hatr$ ( ! ,fi5d & to 8 %ame4 ,! rema9+ six /ones are ?r[n 9 l mann]4 ,! object is to conf\nd ! devils :o are suppos$ to be !re4 ,! /ones are small le/ ! pilgrims %\ld be hurt4 ,be=e ea* /one is ?r[n ! ,takbr mu/ be said4 ,?is c]emony is call$ ,ram-ul-,jamr1 ! ?r[+ ( /ones4 ,x is also kn[n z ,hasal ,khazaf4 ,x is said t ?is c]emony has be5 p]=m$ s9ce ! "t ( ,abraham1 & t ! /ones are miracul\sly remov$4 ,ibn ',abbs1 a ,companion1 says t if ! pilgrimage ( a ,hj is approv$ ( by ,god1 ! /ones are secretly remov$4 ,mujhid1 a well kn[n ,traditioni/1 #bca says t he put a m>k on 8 /ones & aft]w>ds se>*$1 b f\nd !m n4 ,! pilgrim !n returns to ,m91 & !re (f]s ! usual sacrifice ( ! 'd-ul-,azh4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is w be giv5 9 ! next *apt]4 ,?is act /rictly speak+1 concludes ! ,hajj4 ,! ,hj c n[ %ave 8 head1 p>e 8 nails & remove ! ,ihrm4 ,! rema9+ ?ree days1 ! #aa?1 #ab? & #ac? ( ,zu'l-,hajja are call$ ! ,aiym-ut-,ta%rq days ( dry+ fle% because n[ ! pilgrims prep>e provisions = ! return j\rney1 by cutt+ slices f ! victims (f]$ 9 sacrifice & dry+ !m 9 ! sun4 ,! ,hj %\ld sp5d ?is "t at ,m91 & ea* day ?r[ sev5 pebbles at ea* ( ! pill>s4 ,?is c]emony duly ov]1 he returns to ,mecca & makes ! ,tawf-ul-,wid' 7circuit ( f>ewell74 ,he %\ld also dr9k "s wat] f ! well ( ,zemzem4 ,tradition says t :5 ,i%mael 0 ?ir/y ,gabriel /amp$ ) 8 foot & a spr+ gu%$ =?4 ,?is is n[ ! f>-fam$ well ,zemzem4 ,f9ally1 ! ,hj kisses ! ?re%old1 & !n1 ) h&s uplift$ lay+ hold ( ! cov]+ ( ! ,k'aba1 & weep+ bitt]ly1 he prays mo/ humbly1 & expresses regret t he w soon h to dep>t f a place s de> z ! sacr$ ,k'aba4 ,retir+ backw>ds1 he makes 8 exit & ! ,hajj is complete4#bdd ,! ,umrh or little pilgrimage c be made at any "t except ! eigh?1 n9? & t5? ( ,zu'l-,hajja4 ,x is usually done be=e pilgrims />t homew>ds4 ,its c]emonies diff] b slightly f ! ,hajj4 ,! ,ihrm mu/ #bcb be put on1 & ! obligations ( ab/95ce :i* x entails mu/ be obs]v$4 ,! usual c\rse is !n to make ! ,zirat1 or visit to ! tomb ( ! ,prophet at ,madna4 ,h5ce=? ! pilgrim assumes ! honorable title ( ,hj & s is1 ev] aft]1 a p]son ( "s consequ5ce among ! community 9 :i* he dwells4 ,! ,hajj _c be p]=m$ by proxy1 ?\gh x is e/eem$ a 'good "w1' if someone :o c af=d x1 s5ds a pilgrim :o o!rwise c\ld n g4 ,?is acc\nt ( ! ,irkn-i-dn1 or five pill>s ( religion1 mu/ n[ draw to a close4 ,!y illu/rate well ! fix$ & =mal nature ( ,islm1 :il/ ! con/ant ref]5ce to ! ,prophet's say+s & practice1 z an au?ority = _m ( ! details1 %[s h[ l>gely ,islm is bas$ on ! ,sunnat4 ,) reg>d to ! diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* ! great ,imms hold on "s ( ! details1 x is mo/ difficult to decide :i* side holds ! correct view4 ,su* op9ions are always bas$ on "s ,tradition1 ! value ( :i* x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,! oppon5t says x is a weak 7z'aif7 ,tradition--a /atem5t x w\ld puzzle any "o to prove or to disprove4 ,x is sometimes said 9 praise ( ,musalmns t !y are n prie/-ridd52 b no p 9 ! _w are s ,tradition-ridd51 if "o may use su* an expression4 ,until ?is *a9 ( sup]/ition is brok5 !re c be no progress & no enlight5m5t2 b :5 x is s brok5 ,islm w cease to be ,islm1 = ?is f\ndation ( ! ,fai? & ! edifice erect$ on x are s weld$ toge!r t ! und]m9+ ( ! "o w be ! fall ( ! o!r4 #bcc ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! foll[+ ,fatv 0 publicly giv5 9 ! ,great ,mosque1 ,triplicane1 ,madras1 ,febru>y #ac?1 #ahhj4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,,"q4 ,o ',ulam ( ! religion1 & ,mufts ( ! enlight5$ ,law1 :at is y\r op9ion 9 ?is matt]8 ,a p]son hav+ translat$ a juz 7"o-?irtie? "p7 ( ! noble ,qurn into ! ,h9du/ani language has pr9t$ x4 ,! translation is defective3 moreov] ! ,arabic text is n giv54 ,9 ord] to give ! translation ! same au?ority z ! orig9al1 he has reta9$ ! usual signs & m>ks ( ! ,arabic editions2 su* z--to1 qif1 jm1 l1 mm1 & 7474#bde ,at ! end ( ! juz he has add$ a translation ( ! ,ta%%ahud1 ,qand1 ,san1 ,ta'awwuz1 ,tasm1 ,ta%ibt1 ruk' & ,sujd1 & has said t all ^! mu/ be read 9 ,h9du/ani4 ,he fur!r /ates t 9 ! translation he has reta9$ ! rhy?m ( ! orig9al1 & t 9 eloqu5ce & /yle x is equal to ! ,arabic4 ,he has also add$ rubrical directions z to ! ritual ( ! ,namz1 & has /at$ t to ^? :o d n "k ,arabic1 x is a wjib & a f>z duty to recite ! translation2 o!rwise !y commit s9 & ! ,namz is va94 ,z reg>ds ! pa/1 he consid]s t ! ignorant are =giv51 b he ma9ta9s t ! ',ulam ( ^! days mu/ answ] = ! neglect !y %[ 9 n tell+ ! p to use translations ( ! ,qurn4 ,fur!r1 9 support ( 8 views he adduces a ,_hs-i-,sahh1 accord+ to :i* ! ,prophet said to a ,companion1 ,salmn-i-,f>s3 ,read a translation ( ! ,qurn 9 ! ,namz4 ,he claims1 z on 8 side1 ! f\r great ,imms4 ,he himself und]/&s ,arabic1 yet he says 8 ,namz 9 ,h9du/ani & influ5ces o!rs to d likewise4 ,he has be5 spok5 to1 b he takes no he$ & /rives to spread 8 sect all ov] ,india4 ,n[1 :at is ! ord] ( ! noble ,law ) reg>d to su* a p]son1 & :at is ! decree 9 ! case ( ^? :o foll[ #bcd him1 or :o circulate 8 op9ions1 or :o consid] him a religi\s man & a guide1 or :o consid] ! translation to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made to be ! ,holy ,qurn1 or :o tea* x to _! *ildr58 ,o le>n$ m51 /ate ! ,law 9 ?is matt] & m]it a good rew>d4 ,,! ,,answ]4 ,aft] prais+ ,god1 & aft] implor+ ,8 m]cy & peace on ,muhammad1 be x kn[n t ! p]son ref]r$ to is an infidel1 an a!i/ & a w&]] f ! tru?4 ,he also causes o!rs to w&]4 ,8 ass]tion t 8 op9ions are 9 accordance ) ^? ( ! f\r ,imms is utt]ly false1 because accord+ to ,imm ,%fa'1 ,imm ,mlik1 & ,imm ,hanbal x is illegal to use a translation ( ! ,qurn :5 say+ ! ,namz1 :e!r ! wor%ipp] is ignorant ( ,arabic or n4 ,?us ,imm ,nav>1 a disciple ( ,%fa' says3 ,x is unlawful 9 any case to use ,p]sian#bdf 9 ! ,namz4 ,faq ',al1 a disciple ( ,mlik says3 ,p]sian is unlawful4 ,to ^! op9ions ,kf1 a disciple ( ,hanbal adds 8 te/imony3 ,to recite 9 ! ,namz f a translation ( ! ,qurn is unlawful4 ,moreov] f ! ,qurn itself1 ! recital ( x 9 ,arabic is prov$ to be a div9e comm& 7f>z74 ,! t]m ,qurn1 too1 means an ,arabic ,qurn1 = ,god speaks ( x z a revelation 9 ,arabic4 ,! words recite s mu* ( ! ,qurn z may be easy to y prove ! duty ( recit+ x2 :il/ ! words an ,arabic ,qurn h we s5t x d[n %[ t ! ,qurn to be us$ is an ,arabic "o4 ,imm ,abu ,hanfa & 8 disciples1 ! ,shiba9 7,imm ,muhammad & ,imm ,abu ,ysuf71 consid] t1 if a p]son c recite only a %ort v]se 9 ,arabic1 x is n lawful = su* an "o to use a translation4 ,if he _c read ! ,arabic "*1 he mu/ le>n by he>t su* a s5t5ce z ,praise be to ,god1 ,"l ( ! p4 ,until he le>ns ?is he may use a translation4#bdg ,9 ! ,tanwr-ul-,absr x is writt53 ,x is a f>z duty to read "o v]se1 & to le>n x by he>t is f>z-i-'a9 7i4e41 incumb5t on all74 ,9 ! ,mash-ul-,azh> x is writt53 ,if a p]son says ! ,namz 9 a language o!r ?an ,arabic1 he is a madman or an a!i/4 ,) reg>d to ! /atem5t made by ,imm ,abu ,hanfa t a p]son might use = a #bce "t a translation1 x is well kn[n t he aft]w>ds recall$ t op9ion4 ,! /atem5t made by ! p]son compla9$ ( reg>d+ ,sulmn-i-,f>s is n correct4 ,9 ! ,nihyh 7comm5t>y on ! ,hidyah7 x is writt5 t "s ,p]sians wrote to ,sulmn1 & reque/$ him to s5d !m a ,p]sian translation ( ,srat-ul-,ftiha4 ,he compli$ ) _! reque/ & !y us$ x 9 ! ,namz1 until !y c\ld pron\nce ,arabic prop]ly4 ,! ,prophet on he>+ ( ?is circum/ance made no rem>k4 ,?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 is n tru/wor?y2 b grant+ t x is true1 all t x proves is t1 until "s ,arabic words c be rememb]$1 a translation may be us$4 ,no ,imm has ev] all[$ t to read a translation is f>z or wjib4 ,s if ! p]son ref]r$ to says t x is f>z to read 8 own translation1 !n x foll[s t to read ! orig9al ,arabic w n be f>z1 b w be unlawful4 ,n[ su* an op9ion is infidelity4 ,! p]son is a ,kfir1 = he tries to make out t ! ',ulam ( all prec$+ ages :o h in/ruct$ ! p1 f ! days ( ! ,prophet till n[1 to read ,arabic 9 ! ,namz are s9n]s4 ,fur!r1 he rejects ! /atem5t made by le>n$ canoni/s & li/5s n[ to no advice4 ,he reads 8 translation 9 ! ,namz & causes o!rs to read x4 ,he boa/s t 8 translation is equal 9 /yle to ! orig9al4 ,he has translat$ ! ,du'-i-qunt1 ,san1 & ! ,tasbht ( ! ruk' & ,sujd1 & has said t ^! translations %\ld be us$ 9 ! ,namz4 ,?us1 x is pla9 t he wants to aboli% ! use ( ,arabic 9 ! pray]s4 ,! result ( su* a c\rse w\ld be t soon a numb] ( diff]5t translations w\ld be circulat$1 & ! text l t ( ! ,taurait1 & ! ,injl w\ld be corrupt$4 ,9 ! ,fatw-i-'lamgr x is writt53 ,:osoev] consid]s t ! unlawful is lawful or vice v]s is a ,kfir4 ,if any "o )\t app>5t cause has enmity ) "o ( ! ',ulam1 8 or?odoxy is d\btful4 ,a man :o aft] committ+ a fault decl9es to rep5t1 ?\gh reque/$ to d s1 is an infidel4 ,9 ! ,tahqq-i-,%>h-i-,husa9 x is writt52 ,to translate ! ,qurn into ,p]sian & to read t is unlawful4 ,9 ! ,fatw-i-,matlb-ul-,mm9n x is said3 ,:osoev] int5ds to write ! ,qurn 9 ,p]sian mu/ be /rictly =bidd54 ,9 ! ,itqn x is writt53 ,accord+ to ,ijm'1 x is wrong to speak ( ! ,qurn z hav+ rhymes4#bdh ,9 ! ,fatw-i-,ttr ,khna x is said3 ,to translate ! ,arabic into ,p]sian is an act ( infidelity4 ,our decision !n is t ! usual salutations %\ld n be made to ?is p]son4 ,if he dies he mu/ n be buri$ 9 a ,musalmn #bcf cemet]y4 ,8 m>riages are void & 8 wives are at lib]ty1 accord+ to ! rule laid d[n 9 ! ,mifth-u-,s'dat4 ,to d\bt ( ! infidelity ( su* a p]son is itself infidelity4 ,z by ! pro(s ( ! law "h adduc$1 ! ',ulam h decl>$ su* a p]son to be an infidel1 x foll[s t all ^? :o assi/ him or :o consid] 8 claim j1 or :o circulate 8 op9ions1 or :o consid] him to be a religi\s p]son & a fit guide = m51 are also infidels4 ,to s5d *ildr5 to be taught by him1 to pur*ase newspap]s :i* advocate 8 views1 & to cont9ue to read 8 translation is unlawful4 ,9 ! ,fatw-i-'lamgr 9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,murtd x is writt53 ,:osoev] has d\bts ( ! pres5t infidelity & ( ! future puni%m5t ( su* an "o is an infidel4 ,god says 9 ! ,qurn3 ,be helpful to "o ano!r accord+ to goodness & piety1 b be n helpful = evil & malice2 & fe> ye ,god4 7,sra v4 #c74 ,9 ano!r place ,god says3 ,:osoev] acts n accord+ to ,god's ord] is an infidel4 ,n[1 :at great] disob$i5ce c !re be ?an ?is1 t a p]son %\ld say t ! recital ( ! ,arabic ,qurn 9 ! ,namz is n lawful1 & t ! recital ( 8 own ,h9du/ani translation ( x is incumb5t 7f>z74 ,our duty is to give in=mation to ,musalmns1 & ,god is ! be/ ,kn[]4 ,?is 0 writt5 by a le>n$ ,m\lvie1 & sign$ by tw5ty-f\r o!r lead+ ,m\lvies ( ! city ( ,madras4 ,?is ,fatv1 an au!ntic copy ( :i* is 9 my possession1 is ( v consid]able importance z %[+ h[ unyield+ ! law ( ,islm is to ! v>i$ circum/ances ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,! law enjo9+ ! ,arabic language z a m$ium ( wor%ip 0 suit$ = ! ,arab p1 & ! pr9ciple involv$ w\ld seem to be t ! v]nacul> language ( a c\ntry %\ld be us$ by ! ,muslims ( t c\ntry = ! purposes ( devotion2 b1 z ,i h repeat$ly %[n1 precepts1 n pr9ciples are ! rul+ p[] 9 ,islm4 ,x fur!r demon/rates t all su* matt]s mu/ be regulat$1 n by ! ne$s ( ! age or c\ntry1 b by an antiquat$ law :i*1 to say ! lea/1 is an ana*ronism 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! au?ority paid to ! /atem5ts made by ! f\r *ief ,imms1 & ! fact t ! ,fatv is bas$ on _! decisions1 & on previ\s ,fatvs 9 :i* _! au?ority has be5 adduc$1 %[ h[ ev5 to ! pres5t day !y are reg>d$ z ! ,mujtahidn ( ,islm4 ,! ,fatv is ?us manife/ly or?odox1 & corroborates mo/ fully all ,i h said 9 ! fir/ *apt] on ! ,f\ndations ( ,islm4 #bcg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fea/s ,,& ,,fa/s ,,( ,,isl,m4 #a4 ,,muh>ram4--,muh>ram1 ! "n ( ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,muhammadan ye>1 has n[ become ! "n by :i* are kn[n ! days ( m\rn+ sp5t by ! ,%a'hs 9 commemoration ( ! m>tyrdoms ( ',al & ( 8 two sons ,hasan & ,husa94 ,! hi/orical ev5ts ?us ref]r$ to h be5 already describ$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 s t x is only necess>y n[ to give an acc\nt ( ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! ,muh>ram4 ,!y diff] 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( an ,indian ,muh>ram4 ,"s days previ\s to ! fea/1 ! '%r ,khna 7lit]ally1 t5-day h\se7 is prep>$4 ,z soon z ! new moon appe>s1 ! p ga!r toge!r 9 ! v>i\s '%r ,khnas1 & (f] a ,ftiha ov] "s %]bet or "s sug> 9 ! "n ( ,husa94 ,! ,ftiha concludes ?us3 ,o ,god1 grant ! rew>d ( ?is to ! s\l ( ,husa94 ,! %]bet & sug> are !n giv5 to ! poor4 ,!n !y m>k a spot = ! ,allwa1 or hole = ! bonfire :i* is to be lit4 ,e night dur+ ! fe/ival ^! fires are k9dl$1 & ! p1 bo? old & "y1 f5ce across ! fire ) swords or /icks1 & jump ab\t call+ out3 ',al6 ,noble ,husa96 ,noble ,husa96 ,dulha6 ,dulha6 ,bridegroom6 ,bridegroom6 ,fri5d6 c4 ,^! words !y repeat hundr$s ( times4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry !y erect an ,imm ,bra 7,imm-h\se74 ,?is is (t5 a sub/antial build+1 frequ5tly us$ aft]w>ds z a mausoleum = ! f\nd] & 8 family4 ,9 ,s\? ,india ! '%r ,khna only is kn[n4 ,?is is g5]ally a tempor>y /ructure1 or #bch "s l>ge hall fitt$ up = ! occasion4 ,sometimes ! walls are drap$ ) black clo?1 bord]$ ) texts ( ! ,qurn writt5 9 a l>ge & elegant /yle4 ,! place is brilliantly illum9at$4 ,on "o side /&s ! ,tzahs or ,tbts--/ructures made ( bamboos cov]$ ) t9sel & pr(usely ornam5t$4 ,!y are int5d$ to repres5t ! mausoleum erect$ on ! pla9s ( ,k>bal ov] ! rema9s ( ,husa94 ,sometimes ! ,tzah is con/ruct$ to repres5t ! ,prophet's tomb at ,madna4 ,l>ge sums ( money are sp5t on ^! ,tzahs1 :i* :5 light$ up h a v elegant appe>ance4 ,at ! back ( ! ,tzahs are laid ! sev]al articles simil> to ^? suppos$ to h be5 us$ by ,husa9 at ,k>bal1--a turban ( gold1 a ri* sword1 a %ield1 a b[ & arr[4 ,! ,mimb>1 or pulpit is s plac$ t ! speak] c face ,mecca4 ,! ',alams1 or /&>ds1 :i* are commonly made ( copp] & brass1 ?\gh occasionally ( gold or ( silv]1 are plac$ aga9/ ! walls4 ,! usual /&>d is t ( a h& plac$ on a pole4 ,?is is emblematic ( ! five memb]s :o compose ! family ( ! ,prophet1 & is ! special /&>d ( ! ,%a'hs4 ,^! /&>ds h _m diff]5t names1 su* z--! /&>d ( ! palm ( ',al1 ! ,lady ,ftima's /&>d1 ! /&>d ( ! ,horse-%oe1 to repres5t ! %oe ( ,husa9's swift horse1 & o!rs too num]\s to m5tion4 ,mirrors1 *&eli]s & col\r$ lant]ns add lu/re to ! sc5e4 ,e ev5+ l>ge cr[ds ( p assemble 9 ^! '%r ,khnas4 ,9 ! c5tre1 on a slightly rais$ plat=m a b& ( s+]s *ant ! ,m>siya1 an elegiac poem 9 hon\r ( ! m>tyr$ ,husa94 ,x is a monoton\s p]=mance la/+ ab\t an h\r2 b x has a wond]ful effect on ! audi5ce1 :o1 seat$ on ! gr\nd1 li/5 pati5tly & att5tively4 ,at ea* pause ! he>]s beat _! brea/s1 & say ,husa96 ,husa96 ,real or /imulat$ grief (t5 f9ds expression 9 groans & te>s1 ?\gh ! m viol5t expression ( ! angui% felt is res]v$ = a lat] c]emony4 #bci ,?is ov]1 ! ,wqi'a ,khn 7lit]ally1 n>rator ( ev5ts7 asc5ds ! ,mimb>1 or pulpit1 & seats himself on ! top1 or on a l[] /ep4 ,he proce$s to relate ! hi/orical facts1 add+ _m curi\s /ories ga!r$ f ! va/ heap ( ,traditions :i* h ca/ su* a halo ( glory ar\nd ! m>tyr4 ,sometimes he becomes v excit$1 & ! audi5ce is /irr$ up to great en?usiasm4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is t ( an eye-witness :o pass$ an ev5+ 9 an '%r ,khna4 ,! fir/ ,wqi'a ,khn 0 a ,p]sian :o deliv]$ a v eloqu5t oration 9 8 own tongue4 ,x 0 calm b effective4 ,he 0 succe$$ by an eloqu5t old g5tleman :o spoke rapidly 9 ,h9du/ani at ! top ( 8 voice1 !n rose up1 ran d[n ! /eps1 & ca/+ (f 8 turban ru%$ 9 & out among/ ! audi5ce1 vocif]at+ vigor\sly all ! :ile4 ,! effect 0 m>vell\s1 old & v5]able m5 wept l little *ildr51 :il/ f ! adjo9+ ,zanna 0 he>d ! bitt] weep+ ( ! wom5 :o1 ?\gh n expos$ to view1 c\ld he> all t 0 said4 ,aft] a :ile1 ! assembly rose & =m$ two l9es fac+ ea* o!r4 ,a boy !n *ant$ a few words & ! :ole assembly began1 sl[ly at fir/1 to sway _! bodies to & fro1 call+ out ',al6 ',al6 ,husa96 ,husa96 ,ea* "o !n began to beat 8 brea/ vigor\sly4 ,! excitem5t at la/ became int5se & ! m5 9 ! r[s look$ l s _m wild creatures4 ,9 "s cases blood has be5 kn[n to fl[ f ! brea/1 s sev]e is ! self-inflict$ beat+4 ,?is cont9ues till !y are well-nigh exhau/$1 :5 ! :ole company goes away to repeat ! p]=mance ov] aga9 9 "s o!r '%r ,khna4 ,a dev\t p]son w visit sev]al ea* ev5+4 ,dur+ ! day "s pi\s ,%a'hs recite ! ,qurn4 ,dur+ ?is season wom5 :o c read1 visit ! ,zannas & *ant ,m>siyas to ! ladies ( ! ,h>em1 by :om ?is season ( ,muh>ram is celebrat$ ) great e>ne/ness4 ,= ! fir/ six days1 no?+ else takes place1 b on ! #bdj sev5? day ! ',alam-i-,qsm is tak5 out 9 public procession4 ,?is is to repres5t ! m>riage ( ,qsm1 ! son ( ,hasan1 to ! fav\rite daught] ( ,husa91 j be=e ! dea? ( ! latt]4 ,! ev5t is n[ commemorat$ by ! be>+ ( ,qsm's /&>d 9 procession4 ,x is usually borne by a man on horseback4 ,if x is c>ri$ by a man on foot1 he reels ab\t l a drunk5 man to %[ 8 grief4 ,! cr[d %\t out3 ,bridegroom6 ,bridegroom6 ,aft] p]ambulat+ ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es1 ! p br+ ! /&>d back to its own '%r ,khna4 ,z ! /&>d :i* repres5ts ,qsm is suppos$ to be a m>tyr1 x is !n laid d[n1 cov]$ ov]1 & treat$ z a corpse4 ,lam5tation is made ov] x z = "o dead4 ,%]bet is !n produc$1 & a ,ftiha is said1 aft] :i* ! /&>d is aga9 set up 9 its own place4 ,! ,neza1 a lance or spe>1 ) a lime on ! top1 to recall to remembrance ! fact t ,yezd caus$ ,husa9's head to be ?us c>ri$ ab\t1 is tak5 9 procession f "o place to ano!r4 ,! ,na'l ,shib 7lit]ally1 ,mr4 ,horse-%oe7 is ! repres5tation ( a horse %oe1 & is meant to rem9d ! p ( ! swift horse ( ,husa94 ,v[s are frequ5tly made to ?is /&>d4 ,?us a woman may say to x3 ,%\ld ,i ?r\gh y\r fav\r be bless$ ) (fspr+1 ,i %all make x run 9 y\r procession4 ,if %e atta9s h] wi%1 ! *ild :5 sev5 or eight ye>s old has a small p>asol plac$ 9 its h& & is made to run aft] ! ,na'l ,shib4 ,if two ',alams1 or /&>ds1 meet1 !y embrace ea* o!r1 t is !y are made to t\*4 ,ftiha is !n said & ! respective processions pass on _! way4 ,! ,burq1 suppos$ to be a fac-simile ( ! horse s5t by ,gabriel = ,muhammad to make ! night asc5t to heav5 7,ante4 p4 #aei7 is also tak5 out4 ,on ! ev5+ be=e ! t5? day1 :i* accord+ to ! ,muslim mode ( comput+ "t is ! t5? night1 ! :ole ( ! ,tzz & ! ',alams are tak5 out 9 #bda procession4 ,x is a sc5e ( great confusion1 = m5 & boys disguis$ 9 all sorts ( qua9t devices run ab\t4 ,x is ! c>nival ( ! ,musalmn ye>4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ! '%r1 !y k9dle ! fires 9 ! ,all01 & say a ,ftiha 9 ea* '%r ,khna4 ,aft] ?is ! ',alams & ! ,tzz are tak5 away to a l>ge op5 spot ne> wat]1 :i* repres5ts ! pla9 ( ,k>bal4 ,ano!r ,ftiha is said1 ! ornam5ts & decorations are tak5 (f ! ,tzz1 ! frameworks ( :i* are !n ca/ into ! wat]4#bdi ,sometimes !y are res]v$ = use ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! wat] rem9ds ! p ( ! p>*+ ?ir/ :i* ,husa9 felt be=e 8 dea?4 ,only ! ',alams1 n ! ,burqs nor ! ,na'l ,shibs1 are imm]s$4 ,! p !n burn inc5se1 recite ! ,m>siyas1 return home & say ,ftiha ov] ! ',alams1 ,burqs1 c4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #ab?1 !y sit up all night read+ ! ,qurn1 recit+ ,m>siyas & v]ses 9 ! praise ( ,husa94 ,on ! #ac? day1 a quantity ( food is cook$ :i*1 :5 a ,ftiha has be5 said ov] x1 is di/ribut$ to ! poor4 ,"s v pi\s ,%a'hs celebrate ! =tie? day aft] ! fir/ ( ,muh>ram4 ,x is on ?is day1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 t ! head & body ( ,husa9 7 reunit$4 ,x is kn[n z ! 'd-i-s> wa tan 7head & body fea/74 ,! ,sunns d n1 except z spectators1 take any "p 9 ! ,muh>ram c]emonies4 ,inde$1 :]e ! rul+ p[] is n /rong1 !re is (t5 mu* ill-feel+ ar\s$ by ! en?usiasm excit$ = all t conc]ns ',al & 8 family4 ,! ?ree fir/ ,khalfs are (t5 well abus$1 & t no ,sunn c be> ) pati5ce4 ,! brea* betwe5 ! ,sunn & ! ,%a'h is v wide1 & ! annual recurr5ce ( ! ,muh>ram fea/ t5ds to keep alive ! di/9ction4 #bdb ,! t5? day--! '%r is1 h[ev]1 a ,sunnat fea/ &1 z su*1 is obs]v$ by all ,sunns4 ,x is consid]$ to be a mo/ excell5t day1 = on x ,god is said to h creat$ ,adam & ,eve1 ,8 ?rone1 heav51 hell1 ! seat ( judgm5t1 ! tablet ( decree1 ! p51 fate1 life & dea?4 ,! ,sunns ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ?is day prep>e %]bet & khi*r--a di% compos$ ( boil$ rice & pulse mix$ ) cl>ifi$ butt] & spices4 ,a ,ftiha 9 ! "n ( ,husa9 & ( ^? :o 7 m>tyr$ ) him is !n said4 ,! food is dispos$ ( z usual 9 su* cases4 ,a ,namz ( "s nafl rak'ats is said & sometimes a ,du' is add$4 ,on ?is day also !y g to ! burial gr\nds & place fl[]s on1 & say ,ftiha ov] ! graves ( _! fri5ds4 ,indian ,musalmns h copi$ 9 _! fea/ _m ,h9du c]emonies4 ,! procession ( ! ,tzz1 & ! ca/+ ( !m into ! wat] is v simil> to ! procession at ! ,h9du fea/ ( ! ,durga ,puja1#bej :5 on ! t5? day ! ,h9dus ca/ ! idol ,durga1 ! wife ( ,siva1 into ! ,ganges4 ,! oblations (f]$ at diff]5t %r9es are simil> to ^? (f]$ by ! ,h9dus1 su* z rice1 cl>ifi$ butt] & fl[]s4 ,! ,muhammadan =m ( wor%ip 0 too simple = a c\ntry1 9 :i* an allegorical & idolatr\s religion pr$om9at$1 address+ itself to ! s5ses & ! imag9ations r ?an to ! und]/&+ & ! he>t2 consequ5tly ! ,musalmn fe/ivals h borr[$ f x a v>iety ( pagan rites1 & a pomp\s & spl5did c]emonial4 ,:ile ?is has done mu* to add to ! sup]/ition ( ! ,musalmns 9 ,india1 x has no d\bt s(t5$ _! intol]ant _s4 ,?\gh ! ,sunns consid] ! ,%a'h obs]vances z impi\s1 !y look on ) ! contempt ( indiff]5ce4 ,! fact t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t puni%es all :o break #bdc ! peace may h some?+ to d ) ?is4 ,/ill ! ,sunn & ! ,%a'h 9 ,india live on mu* bett] t]ms1 & h m respect = ea* o!r ?an ! ,turk has = ! ,p]sian1 or ! ,p]sian = ! ,turk4 ,"s ,musalmn poets1 inde$1 are bo? ,sunns & ,%a'hs4 ,?us ,wl1 beg9s 8 poem ) a brief encomium on ! f\r fir/ ,khalfs1 & !n be/[s an eulogy on ',al & 8 sons ,hasan & ,husa9 :om he calls ,imms ( ! _w4 ,! foll[+ is a pray] us$ 9 a ,ftiha = ',al3-- ,i pray1 ,t ,god may deign = ! sake ( t pure s\l1 ! ornam5t ( ! book ( nature1 ! fir/ ( mortals aft] ! ,prophet1 ! /> ( mortals1 ! mo/ preci\s jewel ( ! jewel-box ( virtue1 ! "l ( ! high & ! l[1 he :o occupies a di/+ui%$ place on ! bridge ( et]nity1 ! mihrb#bea ( ! fai?1 he :o sits ^u ! ?rone ( ! palace ( ! law1 ! %ip ( ! sea ( religion1 ! sun ( ! firmam5t ( glory1 ! p[] ( ! arm ( ! ,prophet1 he :o has m]it$ access to ! tab]nacle ( ! ,div9e ,unity1 ! mo/ pr(\nd ( all religi\s p1 ! respl5d5t brightness ( ! m>vels ( ,god1 ! fa!r ( victory1 ! ,imm ( ! gate ( heav51 ! cup-be>] ( ! wat] ( ,kaus>1 he :o has m]it$ ! praise ( ,muhammad1 he :o is ! be/ ( m51 ! holy m>tyr1 ! *ief ( ,believ]s1 ! ,imm ( ! ,fai?ful1 ',al1 son ( ,abu ,tlib1 ',al ! victori\s lion ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,i pray t ,god = ! sake ( ?is holy ,khalf may fav\rably he> ! v[s :i* ,i (f] to ,him4 ,! foll[+ pray] occurs 9 a ,ftiha said = ,hasan & ,husa93-- ,i pray1 ,t ! et]nal ,god may deign to accept ! v[s :i* ,i make = ! repose ( ! glori\s s\ls ( ! two brave ,imms1 ! m>tyrs well-belov$ by ,god1 ! innoc5t victims ( wick$ness1 ! bless$ ,abu ,muhammad ,al-,hasan & ,abu ',abd-,allh ,al-,husa91 & = ! twelve ,imms1 & ! f\rte5#beb pure ones1 & = ! sev5ty-two m>tyrs ( ! pla9 ( ,k>bal4 #bdd #b4 ,,akhir-,i-,,*,r ,,%amba4--,?is fea/ is held on ! la/ ,w$nesday ( ! mon? ,saf>4 ,x is kept 9 commemoration ( ! fact1 t1 z on ?is day1 ! ,prophet exp]i5c$ "s mitigation ( ! disord] :i* 9 ! next mon? t]m9at$ 8 life4 ,sweet cakes are prep>$1 & ,ftihas 9 ! "n ( ! ,prophet are said ov] !m2 b ! mo/ extraord9>y cu/om is ! dr9k+ ( ! sev5 ,salms4 ,a planta91 or a mango tree leaf1 or a piece ( pap] is tak5 to a ,mull1 or a religi\s tea*]1 :o writes sev5 %ort s5t5ces f ! ,qurn ^u x4 ,! writ+ :il/ /ill wet is wa%$ (f1 & ! mixture drunk by ! p]son = :om x 0 writt54 ,peace & happ9ess are ?us ensur$ = ! future4 ,! sev5 ,salms are3 7#a7 ,peace6 %all be ! ^w on ! "p ( a m]ciful ,"l4 7,sra xxxvi4 #eh74 7#b7 ,peace be on ,noah ?r\gh\t ! worlds4 7,sra xxxvii4 #gg74 7#c7 ,peace be on ,abraham4 7,sra xxxvii4 #aji74 7#d7 ,peace be on ,moses & ,a>on4 7,sra xxxvii4 #abj74 7#e7 ,peace be on ,elias4 7,sra xxxvii4 #acj74 7#f7 ,peace be on y1 ye h be5 good2 ent] into ,p>adise4 7,sra xxxix4 #gc74 7#g7 ,x is peace till ! break+ ( ! morn4 7,sra xcvii4 #e74 ,! ,%a'hs consid] ?is an unlucky day4 ,!y call x ,*r ,%amba-i-,sr4--,! ,w$nesday ( ! ,trumpet2 t is1 ( ! trumpet ( ! la/ day4 ,! ,sunns1 on ! o!r h&1 rejoice 9 ! day1 & e/eem x an excell5t & auspici\s season4 #c4 ,b,r ,,waf,t4--,?is fea/ is held on ! twelf? day ( ! mon? ,rab'-ul-,awwal4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f br1 twelve & waft1 dea?1 because _m suppose t on ?is day ! ,prophet di$4 ,accord+ to a well-kn[n ,muslim writ] ! t]rific intellig5ce1 circulat+ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 produc$ univ]sal con/]nation1 & all ha/5$ to (f] to ,god _! v[s & pray]s = ! repose ( ! ,prophet's s\l4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t he di$ on ! second ( ! mon? &1 z !re is "s d\bt on ! subject1 _m p]sons make a ,ftiha #bde e day1 f ! fir/ to ! twelf? ( ! mon? inclusive4 ,^? :o keep ! fea/ z ,br ,waft obs]ve ! c]emony call$ ,s&al on ! previ\s ev5+1 & ! ',urs1 t is1 ! pray]s & ! oblations1 on ! twelf?4 ,! ,s&al consi/s 9 mak+ a p]fum$ embrocation f s&al wood4 ,?is is !n plac$ into a vessel & c>ri$ 9 procession to ! 'd-gh1#bec or to ! place :]e ,ftiha w be said4 ,x is !n di/ribut$ to ! p4 ,x is a sort ( public notice on ! eve ( a ,fea/ day1 or ( a ,sa9t's day1 t on ! morr[ ! usual pray]s & (f]+s w be made 9 su* & su* a place4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! twelf?1 ! ,qurn is read 9 ! ,mosque1 or 9 private h\ses3 !n food is cook$ & ,ftihas are said4 ,"s p]sons possess a ,qadam-i-,rasl1 or foot/ep ( ! ,prophet4 ,?is is a /one ) ! impression ( a foot/ep on x4 ,x is a sacr$ ?+ & on ?is day ! place 9 :i* x is kept is elegantly decorat$4 ,:5 a company has assembl$1 "s p]sons appo9t$ = ! purpose1 repeat ! /ory ( ! bir?1 miracles & dea? ( ! ,prophet4 ,portions ( ! ,qurn are read & ! ,d>d is said4#bed ,9 ,madras1 & 9 "s o!r p>ts1 x is m cu/om>y to keep ?is day1 n z ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ! ,prophet1 b z ! ',ja%n-i-mild-i-,%>f1 ! ,fea/ ( ! noble bir?4 ,! practical duties are ! same4 ,in/ead ( ! ,qadam-i-,rasl1 ! sr-i-,%>f is exhibit$4 ,?is is suppos$ to be a real portion ( ! hair ( ! ,prophet's be>d & m\/a*e4 ,x is said to possess #bdf ! miracul\s prop]ty ( gr[+ aga9 :5 a portion is brok5 (f4 ,on ?is day x is put into rose wat] :i* ^? pres5t !n dr9k & rub on _! eyes4 ,great virtue is atta*$ to ?is proce$+4 ,9 ! sr ,khna1 or h\se 9 :i* ?is hair is kept ,ftihas1 ,d>ds1 c41 are repeat$4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is fe/ival is nei!r wjib nor sunnat1 b mu/ahab4 ,x is g5]ally kept1 & x is a v r>e ?+ to meet a p]son :o does n believe 9 ! miracul\s gr[? ( ! sr-i-,%>f4 #d4 ,,%ab ,,b>,t4--,?is fea/1 ! "n ( :i* signifies ! night ( ! record1 is held on ! f\rte5? day ( ! mon? ,%'abn4 ,! ',arfa1 or vigil is kept on ! prec$+ day4#bee ,x is commonly b errone\sly call$ ,%ab-i-,b>t4 ,! ^w ,b>t signifies a book or record4 ,x is said t ,god on ?is night regi/]s 9 ! ,b>t all ! actions m5 are to p]=m dur+ ! ensu+ ye>4 ,on ! ?irte5? day food is prep>$ = ! poor & a ,ftiha = ! b5efit ( deceas$ ance/ors & relatives is said ov] x4 ,:5 all 9 ! h\se are assembl$1 ! ,srat-ul-,ftiha is read once1 ! ,srat-ul-,ikls 7#aab7 ?ree times1 ! yat-ul-,kurs once1 & !n ! ,d>d4 ,aft] ?is a pray] is (f]$1 9 :i* ,god is ask$ to transf] ! rew>d ( ?is ,s]vice1 & ( ! *>ity %[n 9 ! gift ( food to ! poor1 to ! s\ls ( deceas$ relatives & fri5ds ( ?is family4 ,?is petition is (f]$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,prophet4 ,! m5 !n g to ! ,mosque & aft] ! ,namz-i-',i% !y repeat a numb] ( nafl rak'ats4 ,?is ov]1 ! ,srat-ul-,y ,sn is read ?ree times4 ,x mu/ be done ) ! niyyat1 int5tion4 ,! fir/ "t1 ! int5tion is t ! wor%ipp] may h a long life2 ! second "t1 t 8 means ( subsi/5ce may be increas$2 ! ?ird "t1 t he may be protect$ f evil4 #bdg ,! ,sra-i-,dukhn 7#add7 is !n read ) ! same int5tions4 ,any o!r portions may !n be read4 ,aft] ?is ^? pres5t rise1 & g to ! v>i\s cemet]ies4 ,on ! way !y pur*ase fl[]s :i* are aft]w>ds /rewn on ! graves4 ,a ,ftiha is !n said4 ,if ! wor%ipp] has no relatives or fri5ds buri$ !re1 pray] is (f]$ = ! b5efit ( ! ,arwh-i-,qubr1 ! s\ls ( ^? !re buri$4 ,! v pi\s sp5d ! :ole night 9 go+ f "o cemet]y to ano!r4 ,^! obs]vances are nei!r f>z1 nor sunnat1 b nawfil1 7s+4 nafl71 works ( sup]]ogation4 ,/ill ?\gh !y are bid'at1 yet !y are e/eem$ good & s are call$ bid'at-i-,hasana1 or excell5t innovation4 ,! g5]al m]ry-mak+ ( ! f\rte5? day has no religi\s signification4 ,! night ( ! fifte5? is ! ,guy ,fawkes night ( ,islm4 ,l>ge sums ( money are sp5t on fireworks1 ( :i* m are let (f on ?is fea/ ?an at any o!r4 ,! foll[+ pray] occurs 9 ! ,ftiha3 ,o our ,god1 by ! m]its ( ! ,apo/le%ip ( ,muhammad1 grant t ! lamps :i* are lit up on ?is holy night may be = ! dead a pl$ge ( ! light et]nal1 :i* we pray ,!e to %$ on !m4 ,o ,god1 admit !m1 we besee* ,!e1 unto ! abode ( et]nal felicity4 #e4 ,,ramaz,n ,,& ',d-,,ul-,,fitr--,x is "o ( ! five pill>s ( ! practical religi\s duties to fa/ dur+ ! ?irty days ( ! mon? ,ramazn4 ,! subject ( fa/+ has be5 fully treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 & s x is only necess>y n[ to describe ! o!r c]emonies connect$ ) ! religi\s obs]vance ( ?is mon?4 ,f ! e>lie/ days ( ,islm ?is mon? has be5 held 9 ! greate/ e/eem by ,muslims1 = x 0 9 ?is mon? t ,muhammad us$ to retire = m$itation1 ye> aft] ye>1 to ! cave ( ,hira1 situat$ on a l[ hill "s few miles di/ant f ,mecca4 ,9 ! second ye> ( ! ,hijra1 or flight f ,mecca1 x 0 orda9$ t ! mon? ( ,ramazn %\ld be kept z a fa/4 ,z to ! mon? #bdh ,ramazn1 9 :i* ! ,qurn 0 s5t d[n to be man's guidance1 & an explanation ( t guidance1 & ( t illum9ation1 z soon z any "o ( y obs]ve? ! moon1 let him set ab\t ! fa/4 7,sra ii4 #aha74 ,! ,muslims _h hi!rto obs]v$ z ! pr9cipal fa/ ! ',a%r1 ! t5? ( ,muh>ram4 ,?is fa/ 0 probably connect$ ) ! ,jewi% fa/ on ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?4 ,also on ! t5? day ( ?is sev5? mon? !re %all be a day ( atonem5t3 x %all be an holy convocation unto y2 & ye %all afflict y\r s\ls1 c4 7,leviticus xxiii4 #bg74 ,n[1 :5 ,muhammad fir/ w5t to ,madna he _h great hopes ( w9n+ ov] ! ,jews to 8 side2 b :5 he fail$ he took e opportunity ( mak+ ,islm diff] z mu* z possible f ,judaism4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y ! ,qibla 0 *ang$ 7,ante4 p4 #fj71 & t 9 ! second ye> ( 8 resid5ce at ,madna ! fa/ ( ,ramazn 0 appo9t$4 ,! reasons assign$ by le>n$ ,muslims = ! selection ( ?is mon?1 are t 9 ,ramazn ,god gave to ! previ\s prophets ! revelations connect$ ) _! names1 & t 9 ?is mon? ! ,qurn 0 s5t d[n f ! ,secret ,tablet 9 ! sev5? heav5 to ! fir/ or l[e/1 & t on ! ,laylut-ul-,qadr1 or 'night ( p[]' ! fir/ revelation 0 made to ,muhammad4 ,v]ily we h caus$ x 7,qurn7 to desc5d on ! 'night ( p[]4' ,& :o %all tea* !e :at ! night ( p[] is8 ,! night ( p[] excelle? a ?\s& nights4 7,sra xcvii4 #a-c74 ,to illu/rate ! sacr$ness ( ?is mon? ! ,prophet us$ to say t 9 x ! gates ( ,p>adise are op51 & ! gates ( hell are %ut1 & ! devils are *a9$ by ! leg4 ,only ^? :o obs]ve x w be all[$ to ent] by ! gate ( heav5 call$ ,rayyn4 ,^? :o keep ! fa/ w be p>don$ all _! pa/ v5ial s9s4#bef ,9 mak+ ! fa/ "o = ! day1 & none = ! night1 #bdi ,muhammad d\btless _h ref]5ce to ! v]se3 ,god wi%e? y ease1 b wi%e? n y\r discom=t4 7,sra ii4 #aha74 ,! special c]emonies connect$ ) ! ,ramazn are ! ,t>wh ,namz & ',itikf 7retirem5t74 ,! ,t>wh pray]s h be5 describ$ already 7p4 #bje74 ,ea* night 9 ,ramazn "o-?irtie? "p 7spra7 ( ! ,qurn is recit$ 9 ! ,mosque4 ,! duty ( p]=m+ ! ',itikf is a ,sunnat-ul-maukadda1 a v /rict duty4 ,! ,mu'takif1 "o :o makes ',itikf1 mu/ rema9 ap>t 9 a ,mosque us$ = public s]vices1 & !re m$itate4 ,bukhr says t ! ,prophet made ',itikf ! la/ t5 days ( ea* ,ramazn1 & t ! practice 0 cont9u$ by 8 wives aft] 8 dea?4 ,usually a man %\ld ?us sit & m$itate "o ( ! days betwe5 ! tw5tie? & ! ?irtie? ( ,ramazn4 ,if 8 m$itation is di/urb$ by any illegal int]ruption1 ano!r day %\ld be devot$ to x2 b ,imm ,muhammad says3 ,! lea/ legal "t is "o h\r4 ,"s !ologians hold t ',itikf is f>z-i-kifya1 t is1 if "o p]son ( a community does x ! obligation does n re/ on ! o!rs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a p]son makes a v[ 9 ,ramazn1 !n ',itikf is consid]$ wjib4 ',itikf c be p]=m$ at any "t o!r ?an ! la/ t5 days ( ,ramazn1 b !n x is only mu/ahab1 a "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,all ! sects except ! ,%fa'tes hold t ! ,mu'takif mu/ fa/4 ,he %\ld also make ! nizzat1 or int5tion1 ( p]=m+ :at he is ab\t to d4 ,! ,mu'takif mu/ n g out ( ! ,mosque except = obvi\sly necess>y purposes1 & = mak+ ! legal waz & ghusl 7purifications74 ,at night he may eat1 dr9k & sleep 9 ! ,mosque3 acts q unlawful at o!r times4 ,he may speak ) o!rs on religi\s matt]s1 & if a man ( bus9ess1 he may give ord]s ) reg>d to ! pur*ase & sale ( m]*&ize1 b on no acc\nt mu/ any goods be br\ght to him4 ,x is highly m]itori\s = him to read ! ,qurn 9 an audible voice4 ,by su* an act he becomes #bej a man ( p5etration1 ^: words are z p[]ful z a %>p sword4#beg ,:5 ! ?irty days h pass$ ! fa/ is brok54 ,?is act is call$ ,iftr1 & ! fir/ day on :i* food is tak5 is call$ ! 'd-ul-,fitr--! ',fea/ ( ! break+ ( ! fa/4' ,on t day ! ,sadqa1 or alms are giv5 be=e ! ,namz is said 9 ! ,mosque4 ,! ,sadqa ( ! 'd-ul-,fitr is conf9$ to ,muslims3 no o!r p]sons receive x4 ,if any "o neglects to give ^! alms be=e ! ,namz is said1 he w n m]it s great a rew>d z he o!rwise w\ld4 ,! reason assign$ = ?is is t1 unless !y are giv5 e>ly 9 ! day1 ! poor _c refre% !mselves be=e com+ to ! ,mosque = ! ,namz4 ,! ,sadqa are giv5 = ! good ( "o's own s\l1 = t ( "y *ildr51 slaves male & female--,muslim or ,infidel2 b n = ! spiritual b5efit ( "o's wife or eld] *ildr54 ,9 ,s\? ,india1 ! ,sadqa consi/s ( a gift ( suffici5t rice to fe$ "o p]son4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done ! p g to ! ,mosque say+1 ',god is great6 ,god is great6' ,! ,namz is l t ( a ,friday1 except t only two rak'ats are said1 & ! ,khutba :i* is said aft] ! ,namz is sunnat2 :]eas ! ,friday ,khutba is said be=e ! f>z rak'ats1 & is itself ( f>z obligation4 ,aft] he>+ ! s]mon1 ! p disp]se1 visit ea* o!r & ?or\ghly enjoy !mselves4 ,a v usual =m ( ! ,khutba ( ! 'd-ul-,fitr :i* is prea*$ 9 ,arabic is z foll[s3-- ,,s]mon ,,on ,,! ',d-,,ul-,,fitr4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,holy is ,god :o has op5$ ! door ( m]cy = ^? :o fa/1 & 9 m]cy & k9dness has grant$ !m ! "r ( entrance into heav54 ,god is great] ?an all4 ,!re is no ,god save ,him4 ,god is great6 ,god is great6 & wor?y ( praise4 ,x #bea is ( ,8 grace & fav\r t ,he rew>ds ^? :o keep ! fa/4 ,he has said3 ',i w give 9 ! future _w h\ses & palaces1 & _m excell5t bless+s to ^? :o fa/4 ,god is great6 ,god is great6 ,holy is ,he :o c]ta9ly s5t ! ,qurn to our ,prophet 9 ! mon? ( ,ramazn1 & :o s5ds angels to grant peace to all true believ]s4 ,god is great6 & wor?y ( all praise4 ,we praise & ?ank ,him = ! 'd-ul-,fitr1 t great bless+2 & we te/ify t beside ,him !re is no ,god4 ,he is alone4 ,he has no p>tn]4 ,?is witness :i* we give to ,8 ,unity w be a cause ( our safety "h1 & f9ally ga9 u an entrance to ,p>adise4 ,muhammad 7on :om be ! m]cy & peace ( ,god7 & all fam\s prophets are ,8 slaves4 ,he is ! ,"l ( g5ii & ( m54 ,f ,him comes m]cy & peace ^u ,muhammad & 8 family1 s long z ! _w %all la/4 ,god is great] ?an all4 ,!re is none beside ,him4 ,god is great6 ,god is great6 & wor?y ( all praise4 ,o company ( ,believ]s1 ,o congregation ( ,muslims1 ! m]cy ( ! ,true ,"o is on y4 ,he says t ?is ,fea/ day is a bless+ to y1 & a curse to ! unbeliev]s4 ,y\r fa/+ w n be rew>d$1 & y\r pray]s w be /ay$ 9 _! flight to heav5 until y h giv5 ! sadqa4#beh ,o congregation ( ,believ]s1 to give alms is to y a wjib duty4 ,give to ! poor "s measures ( gra9 or its money equival5t4 ,y\r duty 9 ,ramazn 0 to say ! ,t>wh pray]s1 to make supplication to ,god1 to sit & m$itate 7',itikf7 & to read ! ,qurn4 ,! religi\s duties ( ! fir/ t5 days ( ,ramazn ga9 ! m]cy ( ,god1 ^? ( ! second t5 m]it ,8 p>don2 :il/ ^? ( ! la/ t5 save ^? :o d !m f ! puni%m5t ( hell4 ,god has decl>$ t ,ramazn is a noble mon?1 = is n "o ( its nights1 ! ,laylut-ul-,qadr1 bett] ?an a ?\s& mon?s8 ,on t night ,gabriel & ! angels desc5d$ f heav53 till ! morn+ breaks x is full ( bless+4 ,its eloqu5t int]pret]1 & its cle>e/ pro( is ! ,qurn1 ! ,^w ( ,god1 mo/ ,graci\s4 ,holy is ,god :o says 9 ! ,qurn3 ,?is ^w ( ,god comes d[n 9 ! mon? ( ,ramazn4 ,?is is a guide = m51 a di/+ui%] betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,o ,believ]s1 9 su* a mon? be pres5t1 obey ! ord] ( y\r ,god & fa/2 b let ! sick & ! travell]s sub/itute "s o!r days on :i* to fa/ s t no days be lo/1 & say3 ,god is great6 & praise ,him4 ,god has made ! fa/ easy = y4 ,o ,believ]s1 ,god w bless y & u by ! grace ( ! ,holy ,qurn4 ,e v]se ( x is a b5efit to u & fills u ) wisdom4 ,god is ! ,be/[]1 ! #beb ,holy ,k+1 ! ,munific5t1 ! ,k9d1 ! ,n\ri%]1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,clem5t4#bei ,! assemblies ( ! ladies on ?is 'd are m>k$ by all ! amusem5ts & indulg5ces !y c possibly inv5t or enjoy 9 _! seclud$ /ate4 ,"s receiv+1 o!rs pay+ visits 9 cov]$ conveyances2 all do+ hon\r to ! day by we>+ _! be/ jewell]y & spl5did dress4 ,! ,zanna r+s ) fe/ive songs & l\d music1 ! *e]ful meet+ ( fri5ds1 ! di/ribution ( pres5ts to dep5d5ts1 & remembrances to ! poor2 all is life & joy1 *e]ful bu/le & amusem5t1 on ?is happy day ( 'd1 :5 ! good lady ( ! ,mansion sits 9 /ate to receive pres5ts f inf]iors & to grant pro(s ( h] fav\r to o!rs4#bfj #f4 ,! ,baqr-'d4--,?is is ! mo/ important ,fea/ 9 ! :ole ye>4 ,x is also kn[n z ! 'd-i-,qurbn1 & z ! 'd-ul-,azh1 commonly call$ ! d-uz-,zuh1 ! fea/ ( sacrifice4 ,9 ,turkey & 9 ,egypt x is call$ ,bairm4 ,its orig9 0 z foll[s3 ,a few mon?s aft] ! ,hijra1 or flight f ,mecca1 ,muhammad1 dwell+ 9 ,madna1 obs]v$ t ! ,jews kept1 on ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 ! great fa/ ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,a ,tradition records t ! ,prophet ask$ !m :y !y kept ?is fa/4 ,he 0 in=m$ t x 0 a memorial ( ! deliv]ance ( ,moses & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel f ! h&s ( ,ph>aoh4 ,we h a great] "r 9 ,moses ?an !y1 said ,muhammad1 s he fa/$ ) ! ,jews & comm&$ 8 foll[]s to fa/ also4 ,?is 0 at ! p]iod ( 8 mission :5 ,muhammad 0 fri5dly ) ! ,jews ( ,madna1 :o occasionally came to he> him prea*4 ,! ,prophet also occasionally att5d$ ! synagogue4 ,!n came ! *ange ( ! ,qibla f ,j]usalem to ,mecca1 = ! ,jews 7 n s ready to *ange _! #bec cre$ z ,muhammad _h at fir/ hop$4 ,9 ! second ye> ( ! ,hijra1 ,muhammad & 8 foll[]s did n p>ticipate 9 ! ,jewi% fa/1 = ! ,prophet n[ in/itut$ ! fea/ ( ! ,baqr-'d4 ,! idolatr\s ,arabs _h be5 9 ! habit ( mak+ an annual pilgrimage to ,mecca at ?is season ( ! ye>4 ,! (f]+ ( animals 9 sacrifice =m$ a "p ( ! conclud+ c]emony ( t pilgrimage4 ,t portion--! sacrifice ( animals--,muhammad adopt$ 9 ! fea/ :i* n[1 at ,madna1 he sub/itut$ = ! ,jewi% fa/4 ,?is 0 well calculat$ to attract ! att5tion ( ! ,meccans & to ga9 ! goodwill ( ! ,arabs4 ,muhammad c\ld n !n make ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 = z yet !re 0 a ho/ile feel+ betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! two cities2 b on ! t5? day ( ! mon? ,zu'l-,hajja1 at ! v "t :5 ! ,arabs at ,mecca 7 engag$ 9 sacrific+ victims1 ,muhammad w5t =? f 8 h\se at ,madna1 & assembl+ 8 foll[]s in/itut$ ! d-uz-,zuh or ,baqr-'d4 ,two "y kids 7 br\ght be=e him4 ,"o he sacrific$ & said3 ,o ,"l6 ,i sacrifice ?is = my :ole p1 all ^? :o be> witness to ,?y unity & to my mission4 ,o ,"l6 ?is is = ,muhammad & = ! family ( ,muhammad4 ,great m]it is obta9$ by all :o keep ?is fea/4 'ye%a relates h[ ! ,prophet once said3 ,man ha? n done any?+ on ! 'd-ul-,azh m pleas+ to ,god ?an spill+ blood2 = v]ily ! animal sacrific$ w come on ! day ( resurrection ) its horns1 hair & ho(s1 & w make ! scale ( 8 good actions v heavy4 ,v]ily its blood rea*$ ! acceptance ( ,god be=e x falle? ^u ! gr\nd1 !re=e be joyful 9 x4 ,musalmns say t ! ,patri>* ,abraham 0 ord]$ to sacrifice ,i%mael1 & t he made sev]al ineffectual attempts to cut ! ?roat ( 8 son4 ,i%mael !n said to 8 fa!r3 ,x is ?r\gh pity & compassion = me t y all[ ! knife to miss3 bl9dfold y\rself & !n sacrifice me4 ,abraham act$ ^u ?is advice1 #bed bl9dfold$ himself1 drew 8 knife1 repeat$ ! ,bismillh1 &1 z he ?\ght1 cut ! ?roat ( 8 son2 b1 behold1 9 ! meantime ,gabriel _h sub/itut$ a %eep = ! lad4 ,?is ev5t is commemorat$ 9 ?is fea/4 ,on ! day be=e ! fea/1 ! ,arfa1 or vigil1 is kept4 ,food ( v>i\s k9ds is prep>$1 ov] :i* a ,ftiha is (f]$1 fir/1 9 ! "n ( ! ,prophet2 secondly1 9 ! names ( deceas$ relatives1 & ( o!rs = :om a bless+ is desir$1 or f :om "s favor is expect$4 ,! food is !n s5t z a pres5t to fri5ds4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! fea/ day1 ! dev\t ,muslims proce$ to ! 'd-gh or1 if !re is no 'd-gh1 to ! pr9cipal ,mosque1 repeat+ on ! way ! ,takbr ,god is ,great6 & ,!re is no o!r ,god save ! "o true ,god1 ,god is great1 praise be to ,god4 ,at ! "t ( mak+ waz1 ! wor%ipp] %\ld say3 ,o ,god1 make ?is 7i4e4 ! sacrifice ,i %all (f] to-day7 an atonem5t = my s91 & purify my religion & take evil away f me4 ,! ,s]vice at ! 'd-gh1 or 9 ! ,mosque consi/s ( two f>z rak'ats1 z 9 ! ,salt-ul-,juma 7p4 #bja71 aft] ! ,khutba is deliv]$4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be se5 f ! foll[+ s]mon t x is mu/ahab to say f\r m rak'ats4 ,,s]mon ,,on ,,! ',d-,,uz-,,zuh4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,allhu ,akb>6 ,god is ,great4 ,!re is no ,god b ,god4 ,god is ,great6 ,god is ,great & wor?y ( all praise4 ,he is ,holy4 ,day & night we %\ld praise ,him4 ,he is )\t p>tn]1 )\t equal4 ,all praise be to ,him4 ,holy is ,he1 ,:o makes ! ri* g5]\s1 ,:o provides ! sacrifice = ! wise4 ,he is ,great1 )\t an equal4 ,all praise be to ,him4 ,li/56 ,i te/ify t !re is no ,god b ,god4 ,he is alone1 )\t p>tn]4 ,?is te/imony is z bright z ! e>ly dawn1 z brilliant z ! glori\s fea/ day4 ,muhammad is ,8 s]vant :o deliv]$ ,8 message4 ,on ,muhammad1 & on 8 family1 & on 8 ,companions may ! peace ( ,god re/4 ,on y :o are pres5t1 ,o congregation ( ,muslimn1 may ! #bee m]cy ( ,god = ev] re/4 ,o s]vants ( ,god6 our fir/ duty is to fe> ,god & to be k9d4 ,god has said3 ,i w be ) ^? :o fe> ,me & are k9d4 ,"k ,o s]vants ( ,god6 t to rejoice on ! fea/ day is ! sign & m>k ( ! pure & good4 ,exalt$ w be ! rank ( su* 9 ,p>adise 7,dr-ul-,q>r71 especially on ! day ( resurrection w !y obta9 dignity & hon\r4 ,d n on ?is day fooli% acts4 ,x is no "t = amusem5ts & neglig5ce4 ,?is is ! day on :i* to utt] ! praises ( ,god4 7,tasbh47 ,read ! ,kalma1 ! ,takbr & ! ,tamhd4 ,?is is a high fe/ival season & ! fea/ ( sacrifice4 ,read n[ ! ,takbr-ut-,ta%rq4 ,god is great6 ,god is great6 ,!re is no ,god b ,god6 ,god is great6 ,god is great6 ,all praise be to ,him6 ,f ! morn+ ( ! ',arfa1 aft] e f>z rak'at x is good 7mu/ahab7 = a p]son to repeat ! ,takbr-ut-,ta%rq4 ,! woman be=e :om is a man z ,imm1 & ! travell] ^: ,imm is a p]man5t resid5t 7,muqm7 %\ld also repeat ?is ,takbr4 ,x %\ld be said at ea* ,namz until ! ,salt-ul-',asr ( ! ,fea/ day 7#aj?74 ,"s1 h[ev]1 say t x %\ld be recit$ e day till ! aft]noon 7',asr7 ( ! ?irte5? day1 z ^! are ! days ( ! ,ta%rq 7p4 #bca74bfa ,if ! ,imm =gets to recite1 let n ! wor%ipp] =get4 ,"k1 ,o believ]s1 t e free man :o is a ,shib-i-,nisb 7i4e4 wor? ,rs4 #eb7 %\ld (f] sacrifice on ?is day1 provid$ t ?is sum is exclusive ( 8 horse1 8 clo!s1 8 tools1 & 8 h\sehold goods & slaves4 ,x is wjib = e "o to (f] sacrifice = himself1 b x is n a wjib ord] t he %\ld d x = 8 *ildr54#bfb ,a goat1 a ram or a c[ %\ld be (f]$ 9 sacrifice = e sev5 p]sons4 ,! victim mu/ n be "o-ey$1 bl9d1 lame or v ?94 ,if y sacrifice a fat animal x w s]ve y well1 & c>ry y across ! ,sirt4 ,o ,believ]s1 ?us said ! ,prophet1 on :om be ! m]cy & peace ( ,god1 ,sacrifice ! victim ) y\r own h&s1 ?is 0 ! ,sunnat ( ,ibrhm1 on :om be peace4 ,9 ! ,kitb-uz-zd-ut-,taqw1 x is said t on ! 'd-ul-,fitr & ! 'd-uz-,zuh1 f\r nafl rak'ats %\ld be said aft] ! f>z ,namz #bef ( ! 'd4 ,9 ! fir/ rak'at aft] ! ,srat-ul-,ftiha recite ! ,srat-ul-,a'l 7,sra lxxvii72 9 ! second1 ! ,srat-u%-,%ams 7,sra xci72 9 ! ?ird1 ! ,srat-uz-,zuh 7,sra xciii72 9 ! f\r?1 ! ,srat-ul-,ikhls 7cxii74 ,o ,believ]s1 if ye d s1 ,god w p>don ! s9s ( fifty ye>s :i* are pa/ & ( fifty ye>s to come4 ,! read+ ( ^! ,sras are equal z an act ( m]it to ! read+ ( all ! books ,god has s5t by ,8 prophets4 ,may ,god include u among/ ^? :o are accept$ by ,him1 :o act accord+ to ! ,law1 ^: desire w be grant$ at ! la/ day4 ,to all su* !re w be no fe> 9 ! day ( resurrection2 no sorr[ 9 ! exam9ation at ! day ( judgm5t4 ,! be/ ( all books is ! ,qurn4 ,o believ]s6 ,may ,god give to u1 & to y a bless+ = ev] by ! grace ( ! ,noble ,qurn4 ,may its v]ses be our guide1 & may its wise m5tion ( ,god direct u aright4 ,i desire t ,god may p>don all believ]s1 male & female1 ! ,muslimn & ! ,muslimt4 ,o believ]s1 also seek = p>don4 ,truly ,god is ! ,=giv]1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,et]nal ,k+1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,clem5t4 ,o believ]s1 ! ,khutba is ov]4 ,let all desire t on ,muhammad ,mu/af ! m]cy & peace ( ,god may re/4 ,! wor%ipp]s !n return to _! respective homes & (f] up ! sacrifice1#bfc = x is a wjib ord] t e ,muslim %\ld keep ?is fea/1 & sacrifice an animal = himself4 ,he ne$ n fe> ?\gh he has to incur debt = ! pur*ase ( an animal1 = x is said t ,god w 9 "s way help him to pay ! debt4 ,if a camel is sacrific$1 x %\ld be "o n less ?an five ye>s ( age1 if a c[ or %eep x %\ld at lea/ be 9 its second ye>1 ?\gh ! ?ird ye> is bett]2 if a goat x mu/ n be less ?an six mon?s old4 ,all ( ^! animals mu/ be )\t a blemi%1 or defect ( any k9d4 ,x is a sunnat ord] t ! head ( ! h\sehold %\ld himself slay ! victim4 ,if1 h[ev]1 f any cause1 he _c d s1 he may call 9 a but*]2 b 9 t case he mu/ place 8 h& ^u t ( ! but*] :5 ! op]ation is p]=m$4 ,if ! #beg victim is a camel1 x mu/ be plac$ ) ! head t[>ds ,mecca4 ,its front legs be+ b&ag$ toge!r ! sacrific] mu/ /& on ! "r h& side ( ! victim1 & plunge ! knife into its ?roat ) su* =ce t ! animal may fall at once4 ,any o!r mode ( slay+ x is unlawful4 ,o!r animals mu/ be sla9 9 ! same way4 ,j be=e slay+ ! victim ! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,qurn %\ld be repeat$3 ,say6 my pray]s1 & my wor%ip1 & my life & my dea? are unto ,god1 ! ,"l ( ! worlds4 ,he ha? no associate4 ,?is am ,i comm&$1 & ,i am ! fir/ ( ! ,muslims4 7,sra vi4 #afc74 ,! op]ator also adds3 ,o ,god1 f ,!e1 & to ,!e 7,i d ?is71 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ,god is ,great6 ,!n hav+ sla9 ! victim he says3 ,o ,god accept ?is = me4 ,! fir/ meal tak5 %\ld be prep>$ f ! fle% ( ! animal j slaught]$1 aft] :i* ! memb]s ( ! family1 ! neighb\rs1 & ! poor %\ld receive "s portions4 ,x is consid]$ highly m]itori\s to sacrifice "o animal = ea* memb] ( ! family2 b z t w\ld involve an exp5diture few c\ld be>1 x is all[able to sacrifice "o victim = ! h\sehold4 ,9 extreme cases m5 may comb9e toge!r & make "o sacrifice d = ! :ole1 b ! numb] ( p]sons s comb9+ mu/ n exce$ sev5ty4 ,"s au?orities limit ! numb] to sev54 ,?is fea/ is /rictly obs]v$ by all ,muslims :]ev] !y may be4 ,! ,baqr-'d & ! 'd-ul-,fitr con/itute ! 'da91 ! two great ,fea/s ( ,islm4 ,a c\ntry 9 :i* ,musalmns c\ld n obs]ve !m bo? w\ld at once become ,dr-ul-,h>b1 or ,h\se ( ,enmity1 9 :i* x w\ld be ! b\nd5 duty ( e ,muslim to jo9 9 a ,jhd1 aga9/ ! ,infidel rul]s ( ! l&4 ,?is completes ! pr9cipal ,fea/s ( ! ,muslim ye>4 ,among o!r practices borr[$ f ! ,h9dus mu/ be plac$ ! pilgrimage made by ,indian ,musalmns to ! #beh %r9es ( ,sa9ts1 ! c]emonies connect$ ) !m & ! fe/ivals in/itut$ 9 _! hon\r4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! ,sunns h b two fe/ivals--! ,baqr-'d & ! 'd-ul-,fitr1 b _m o!rs are n[ obs]v$4 ,( ^! ,i h describ$ sev]al4 ,x only rema9s to notice a few ( ! fe/ival days :i* are peculi> to ,india4 ,! title ( ,pr giv5 to a ,musalmn devotee is equival5t to ! t]m ,guru among/ ! ,h9dus4 ,a man :o seeks to be a 'religi\s' takes a ,pr z a spiritual guide4 ,foll[1 says ! poet ,wal1 ! foot/eps ( ?y ,pr1 l a %ad[4 ,aft] dea? ^! ,prs are v5]at$ z ,wals or ,sa9ts4 ,! ,prs :5 alive1 are frequ5tly resort$ to = a ta'wz1 or *>m1 & ! aid ( _! pray]s is (t5 invok$4 ,! sepul*re ( a ,wal is call$ a ,d>gh1 %r9e2 ,mazr1 place ( pilgrimage2 ,rauza1 g>d54 ,! pr(essional recit] ( ! ,qurn1 & ! ,namz at su* places is call$ a ,rauza ,khn4 ,z a rule1 processions are made to ! %r9es1 & fl[]s1 sweetmeats & food ov] :i* a ,ftiha has be5 said are (f]$4 ,usually ! ,ftiha is = ! ,sa9t1 n to ! ,sa9t4 ,x is consid]$ a v m]itori\s act to give l& = ! erection ( su* %r9es & to end[ !m4 ,an acc\nt ( _m ( ^! ,sa9ts is giv5 9 ! ,b>a ,masa by ,jawn & ! ryi%-i-,mahfil by ,afsos4 ,! foll[+ selection w give an idea ( ! cu/oms preval5t3-- #a4 ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,mad,r4--,sayyid ,badr-ud-dn ,kutb-ul-,madr is said to h desc5d$ f ! ,imm ,husa94 ,he 0 born at ,aleppo ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajej1 & receiv$ f ,muhammad p]mission to hold 8 brea? 7,habs-i-dam74 ,?us he 0 able to live to a good old age4 ,he is said to h _h #a1ddb sons1 & to h di$ :5 upw>ds ( #cjj ye>s old4 ,m rational p expla9 ! numb] ( 8 sons by say+ !y 7 8 spiritual *ildr54 ,! l5g? ( 8 life is expla9$ by say+ t z ea* man has to make a c]ta9 numb] ( inspirations1 ! less frequ5tly he does x ! long] he w live4 ,jawn 9 8 acc\nt ( #bei ! fe/ival /ates3 ,! tomb ( ,madr is at ,makanpr1 a place ab\t =ty miles f ,cawnpore4 ,on ! sev5te5? ( ! mon? ,jamd-ul-,awwal an imm5se cr[d fills ! village :i* is illum9at$ at night4 ,fires are light$1 ar\nd :i* ,fakrs dance1 & ?r\gh :i* !y leap call+ out ,dam ,madr1 ,dam ,madr1 7brea? ( ,madr47 ,an ord] ( ,fakrs1 call$ ,madria1 look to ?is ,sa9t z _! patron4 ,9 di/ant places :]e ?is fea/ is kept !y set up an ,alam1 or /&>d 9 hon\r ( ! ,sa9t1 & p]=m c]emonies common to su* days4 ,! nights are sp5t 9 celebrat+ 8 praises1 c4 #b4 ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,mu',n-,,ud-,d,n ,,*i/4#bfd--,! tomb ( ?is ,sa9t is 9 ,ajmr4 ,he 0 a ,sy$ desc5d$ f ,husa91 ! son ( ',al1 & 0 born 9 ,saji/n ab\t ! ye> #ecg ,a4,h4 ,8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 ab\t fifte5 ye>s old4 ,soon aft] ?is he fell 9 ) a fam\s ,fakr1 ,ibrhm ,q&z1 ?r\gh ^: influ5ce he began to seek ! ,t>qat1 or my/ical road to ! k ( ,god4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age he receiv$ fur!r in/ruction f ! fam\s ',abd-ul-,qdir ,jln4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,h9du/an by ,%ahb-ud-dn ,ghor1 ,mu'n-ud-dn retir$ to ,ajmr1 :]e he di$ 9 ! od\r ( sanctity #fcf ,a4,h4 ,pilgrimages to ?is tomb h be5 & are v popul>4 ,emp]ors & p vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 do+ hon\r to ! memory ( ?is sa9t4 ,ev5 ,akb>1 sceptic ?\gh he 0 z reg>ds or?odox ,islm1 made a pilgrimage to ?is %r9e1 & (f]$ v[s t he might h a son :o w\ld live to manhood4 ,h9dus also visit ?is tomb & pres5ts f ri* m5 ( ?is class are n unusual4 #c4 ,,fe/ival ,,( ,s,l,r ,,mas',d ,,gh,z4--,!re is "s d\bt z to ! nationality ( ?is ,sa9t4 ,"s say he 0 a ,husa9 ,sy$1 o!rs t he 0 a ,pa?n1 & a m>tyr4 ,8 tomb is situat$ 9 ,oude4 ,afsos ?us describes ! #bfj pilgrimage4 ,once a ye> great cr[ds ( p ga!r f all p>ts4 ,!y c>ry r$ lances1 & beat ?\s&s ( tamb\r9es4 ,! ',urs is held on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ! mon? ,j? 7,may-,june74 ,! p believe t ?is 0 8 w$d+ day1 because x is said t he _h on w$d+ g>m5ts :5 he 0 kill$4 ,?is belief once l$ a c]ta9 oilman1 a resid5t ( ,radl1 to s5d a b$/ead1 *air1 & o!r m>riage pres5ts to ! %r9e at ?is "t4 ,! cu/om is /ill kept up by ! desc5dants ( ! oilman4 ,! common p fa/5 ropes to ! bran*es ( ! trees 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & sw+1 "s by ! h&s & "s by ! heels1 & assume v>i\s disguises4 ,!y ?us hope to obta9 :at !y desire4 ,! ,h9dus v5]ate ?is ,sa9t v highly4 ,! ,musalmns look ^u him z a mo/ sacr$ p]son1 = he slew _m idolatr\s ,h9dus1 & s e>n$ ! title ( ,ghz1 ! w>rior3 ! ,h9dus consid] t x 0 only by ! p[] ( ,god t he c\ld d s _m acts ( pr[ess4 #d4 ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,! ,b,,ra ,,or ,,( ,,kh,,ja ,,khizr4--,( ?is ,sa9t1 ,m4 ,g>c9 de ,tassy says3 ,khja ,khizr is a p]sonage respect+ :om ! op9ions ( ori5tals v>y4 ,_m consid] him ! same z ,ph9eas1 ! gr&son ( ,a>on2 o!rs t he is ! prophet ,elias2 & la/ly1 ! ,turks conf\nd him ) ,/4 ,george4 ,9 ord] to reconcile ^! conflict+ op9ions1 "s allege t ! same s\l has animat$ ?ree diff]5t p]sons4 ,:atev] be ! fact1 ,khizr1 accord+ to ! ,musalmns1 discov]$ ! s\rce ( ! ,wat] ( ,life ( :i* he is ! gu>dian4 ,he is believ$ to be v clev] 9 div9ation1 & to be ! patron ( wat]s4 ,z su* a fe/ival is held 9 8 hon\r4 ,jawn describes x ?us3 ,9 ! mon? ( ,bhdn 7,augu/-,septemb]7 all ^: wi%es h be5 fulfill$1 make x a po9t ( duty to set afloat ! boat 7n7 9 hon\r ( ,khja ,khizr1 & to make accord+ to _! means (f]+s ( milk & bruis$ gra9 to ! holy p]sonage4 ,on e ,friday1 & 9 "s places on e ,?ursday1 9 ! mon? #bfa 9 "q1 ! devotees hav+ prep>$ ! bra c>ry x at night to ! bank ( ! riv]1 ) _m c]emonies4 ,!re great & small1 hav+ light$ lamps & tap]s1 make _! respective oblations1 :il/ a numb] ( swimm]s toge!r jo9tly pu% ! bra into ! middle ( ! riv]4 ,sometimes a numb] ( small bras1 made ( clay1 are also laun*$1 & z ea* c>ries a lamp ! g5]al effect is /rik+4 ,x is said t ! ,musalmn natives ( ! ,maldive ,isl&s annually laun* a small vessel lad5 ) p]fumes1 gum1 & odorif]\s fl[]s1 & leave x to ! m]cy ( ! w9ds & waves z an (f]+ to ! god ( ! sea4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is god ( ! sea is ,khizr1 ! patron ( ! wat]s4 ,! foll[+ pray] is recit$ 9 ! ,ftiha ( ,khizr3 ,to obta9 purity ( he>t1 & ! b5$iction ( ,him :o he>s ! v[s ( mortals1 & :o alone c keep f !m all evils1 ,i re/ ^u ! m]its ( ,khja ,khizr1 ! great prophet ,elias4 #e4 ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,p,r ,,da/g,r ,s,,hib4--,?is is held on ! elev5? day ( ! mon? ( ,rab'-u-,sn4 ,! ,sunnis hold ?is ,sa9t 9 great rev]5ce4 ,he has no less ?an n9ety-n9e names4 ,8 tomb is at ,baghdd4 ,on ! t5? ( ! mon? ! c]emony call$ ,s&al 7p4 #bde7 is p]=m$1 foll[$ on ! next day by ! ',urs1 :5 ! ,maulad1 or ! acc\nt ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! bir? ( ! sa9t is read2 ,qas1id1 or elegiac poems are recit$2 ! ,d>d is repeat$ & ,ftihas are said4 ,! ,qurn is also read ?r\gh4 ,v[s are frequ5tly made to ?is ,sa9t & 9 "t ( any special visitation1 su* z *ol]a1 a flag is c>ri$ ab\t 9 hon\r ( ?is ,pr by "s ( 8 devotees to :om pres5ts ( food1 c1 are (f]$4 ,ftiha is !n said ov] !m4 ,he is said to appe> to 8 foll[]s dur+ _! sleep & to give !m directions4 ,ja'f> ,%>f1 ! compil] ( ! ,qnn-i-,islm speak+1 on ?is po9t relates 8 own exp]i5ce ?us3 ,! au?or speaks f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 = at ! "t ( ne$1 :5 he #bfb 0 oppress$ 9 m9d conc]n+ ?+s :i* he desir$1 he us$ to repeat con/antly ! n9ety-n9e names ( ! ,pr & v[ be=e ! ,holy ,god1 implor+ ,8 assi/ance by ! s\l ( ,da/gr2 & ?r\gh ! m]cy ( ! ,almighty1 8 ,excell5cy ,ghaus-ul-,a'zam 7,da/gr7 pres5t$ himself 9 8 sleep1 & reliev$ him ( 8 p]plexities & v\*saf$ 8 behe/s4 ,sy$ ,ahmad ,kabr ,raf1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,rafi ,d>w%es 0 a nephew ( ?is ,sa9t4 #f4 ,,fe/ival ,,( ,q,,dir ,,wal ,s,,hib4--,?is is ! great sa9t ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,! ',urs is celebrat$ on ! t5? day ( ,jamd-u-,sn4 ,! %r9e is at ,nagore1 a t[n situat$ f\r miles nor? ( ,negapatam4 ,! s&al & o!r c]emonies are simil> to ^? describ$ already4 ,he is ! patron sa9t ( sailors1 :o 9 times ( difficulty v[ t1 if !y rea* ! %ore 9 safety1 !y w (f] a ,ftiha 9 ! "n ( ,qdir ,wal4 ,! common p h a pr(\nd fai? 9 ! p[] ( ! sa9t to "w miracles4 ,! /ory ( ! foll[+ "o is frequ5tly relat$3 ,a vessel spr++ a leak 0 ab\t to f\nd]1 :5 ! ,capta9 made a v[ t %\ld ,qdir ,wal /op ! leak1 he w\ld (f] 9 8 "n ! value ( ! c>go4 ,at t "t ! sa9t 0 be+ %av$1 b be+ miracul\sly acqua9t$ ) ! p]il\s position ( ! ,capta9 he ca/ away ! look+-glass :i* he held 9 8 h&4 ,?is glass atta*$ itself to ! hole 9 ! bottom ( ! %ip :i* !n came safely to l&4 ,! ,capta91 9 due c\rse1 pres5t$ 8 (f]+ to ! sa9t :o reque/$ him to return ! glass to ! b>b]4 ,! ,capta9 0 a/oni%$ at ?is reque/ & enquir$ :at glass 0 meant4 ,he 0 !n direct$ to look at ! bottom ( 8 %ip4 ,he did s1 & discov]$ h[ ! sa9t _h sav$ ! %ip4 ,! fe/ival af=ds a curi\s illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ,h9du influ5ces h act$ on ,islm1 & h[ ev5 ,h9dus pay reg>d to ,muslim ,sa9ts4 ,qdir ,wal is said to #bfc h be5 a ,fakr :o liv$ on ! *>ity ( bo? ,h9dus & ,musalmns4 ,inde$ bo? p>ties claim him z belong+ to _! respective religions1 :i* may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t 9 8 prea*+ to mix$ audi5ces he suit$ 8 addresses to bo? classes ( 8 he>]s4 ,aft] 8 dea? a small ,mosque 0 erect$ on or ne> 8 tomb4 ,! fame ( ! ,wal gradually grew1 & a ,h9du ,rajah made a v[ t if he 7 bless$ ) ! bir? ( a son1 he w\ld enl>ge & beautify ! ,mosque4 ,8 wi% 0 fulfill$1 & ! pres5t elegant /ructure is ! result4 ,s fam\s has ! %r9e ( ! ,sa9t n[ become t ! ,musalmns !re say3 ,fir/ ,mecca1 !n ,nagore4 ,! same reason :i* induc$ ! ,h9du ,rajah to make a votive (f]+ ye>s ago1 /ill influ5ces l>ge numb]s ( p4 ,on ,?ursday ev5+s1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,muhammadan ,sabba?1 _m ,h9du wom5 resort to ! %r9e ( ! ,sa9t4 ,on ! clos+ night ( ! ,annual ,fea/1 ,tbts are tak5 9 procession f ,negapatam1 & ri* pres5ts are s5t f ! ,tanjore ,palace to ! ,nagore ,mosque4 ,?us is ! ,h9du connection /ill kept up ) ! fe/ival ( ?is ,musalmn ,sa9t4 ,!re are _m o!r ,wals & ,prs to ^: tombs pilgrimages are made1 & 9 memory ( :om _m sup]/iti\s obs]vances are /ill kept up2 b all su* pilgrimages to a ,d>gh 7%r9e7 are no necess>y "p ( ,islm4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry !re are ! %r9es ( ,sa9ts :o h a local reputation & ^: annual fe/ivals are m or less obs]v$4 ,/ill x is n necess>y = me to give a fur!r acc\nt ( ^!4 ,?is br+s me to ! close ( my subject4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 ,i h endeav\r$ to set =? ! ma9 features ( ! ,fai? ( ,islm1 & ! religi\s duties x enjo9s4 ,i might n[ g on to %[ its relation to ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 ! elem5ts x has drawn f !m1 & ! di/ortions x has made 9 ! borr[+1 z well z ! prote/ x rais$ aga9/ mu* t 0 #bfd corrupt 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ) :i* x came 9 contact4 ,i might also enl>ge ^u its moral & social effects1 & ! "* x produces 9 ! individual & ! /ate4 ,b ^! subjects w\ld lead me f> beyond my pres5t scope4 ,i pref] to cont5t myself ) giv+ a repres5tation ( ! ,fai? ( ,islm f its own au?orities1 & ) leav+ my read]s to make comp>isons & draw inf]5ces = !mselves4 ,,! ,,end4 #bfe 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms4 ,a4 ,aiym-i-,bz1 #bad ,aiym-ut-,ta%rq1 #bca ',alam1 #bch ,al-,a'rf1 #afg ,al-,b>zakh1 #afh ,al-,mahd1 #hj ,akhir-,*r ,%ambah1 #bdd ',amm1 #dh ,amr-i-,takwti1 #agf ,anbiya-ulul-',azm1 #aej sr-i-,%>f1 #bde ,a%b1 #g '%r1 #bda '%r ,khna1 #bcg ,asm-i-,husn1 #acc ,attahyt1 #aig ,auliya1 #aeb yat1 #ed yat-ul-,kurs1 #bab ,azd1 #ie ,azn1 #aic ,b4 ,br ,waft1 #bdd ,baqb-i-,qausa91 #aeh ,baqr-'d1 #beb bid'at1 #ad ,burq1 #bda ,d4 ,d1r1 #ha ,dallat1 #ec ,dall-i-qata'1 #ahg ,dall-i-zani1 #ahg ,d>w%es1 #id ,d>gh1 #beh ,du'1 #aig ,f4 ,fan1 #ic ,f>'1 #abj ,f>z1 #ahg ,f>z--'a91 #bjh ,f>z-i-kifya1 #bjg ,fatrah1 #c ,fitrat1 #ahg ,fuqih1 #cc ,g4 ,ghair-i-,mahd1 #ha ,ghusl1 #aij ,gunh-i-kabra1 #aed ,gunh-i-saghra1 #aed #bff ,h4 ,_hs-i-,ahd1 #gj ,_hs-i-,hasan1 #ga ,_hs-i-,mua'llaq1 #gb ,_hs-i-,mursal1 #gb ,_hs-i-,mutawtr1 #gj ,_hs-i-,sahh1 #ga ,_hs-i-,z'af1 #ga ,hadd1 #agi ,hfiz1 #db ,haft ,sift1 #aah ,hajj1 #bbc ,hajr-ul-,aswad1 #bbf ,hl1 #ic ,haqqat1 #eb1 #ic ,h>m1 #ahh ,hrt1 #adb ,hasal ,khazaf1 #bcj ,i4 ,ibdhiyah1 #gf ,ibrat1 #ec ,ibls1 #adj 'd-gh1 #bde 'd-ul-,fitr1 #bdg ,iftr1 #bej ,ihll1 #bbd ,ihrm1 #bbd ,ijm'1 #af ,ijm'-i-,ummat1 #ag ,ijtihd1 #ag1 #bf1 #cb ,ijtihd fi'l-,mas1l1 #cd ,ijtihd fi'l-,mazhab1 #cd ,ijtihd fi'l-,%>'1 #cd ,ilhm1 #cg ,ilk1 #dj ',ilm-i-ul1 #da ,imm1 #ge ,imm ,abu ,hanfa1 #ai ,imm ,ibn ,mlik1 #bj ,imm ,z-,%fa'1 #ba ,imm ,ibn ,hanbal1 #bb ,immat1 #ge ,imm ,bra1 #bcg ,imn-i-mufassal1 #aaf ,imn-i-mujmal1 #aaf ,i/idll1 #ec ,i%rat1 #ec ,i%rk fi'l-'ibdat1 #ajh ,i%rk fi'l-adab1 #aji ,isnd1 #fg ',itikf1 #bdi ,iqmat1 #aid ,iqtiz1 #ed ,i'tibr-ul-,amsl1 #bg ,j4 ,jabrans1 #acb ,jahannum1 #agb ,jm'-i-,tirmiz1 #hf ,jamrat-ul-,akahah1 #bcj ,jannat1 #aga ,ja%n-i-mild-i-%>f1 #bde ,j9n1 #ade ,juz1 #ef ,k4 ,k'aba1 #bbg ,kalm1 #ace #bfg ,kalima1 #ed1 #aaf ,k>mians1 #afc ,kasb1 #acj ,kaus>1 #aga ,k9yah1 #eb ,kirm-ul-,ktibn1 #ada ,kitmn1 #ia ,khaf1 #ej ,khrigites1 #gf ,khss1 #dh ,kh>q-i-'dat1 #aeg ,khulaf-i-,r%idn1 #ff ,khutba1 #bja ,l4 ,labbaik1 #bbe ,lahad1 #baa ,lailat-ul-,qadr1 #b ,m4 ,mahmdiah1 #hc ,majz1 #eb ,majzb1 #ie ,maukadda'1 #bjj ,makrh1 #ahh ,manskh1 #ei ,maqm-i-,mahmd1 #afi ,m>siya1 #bch ,mrt1 #adb ,mihrb1 #bdc ,mimb>1 #bci ,mqt1 #bbe ,mzn1 #afe ,mua'qqibt1 #ada ,muawwal1 #dh ,mu1azz91 #aic ,mubh1 #ahh ,mufassir1 #cc1 #ej ,mufsid1 #ahh ,muhaddis1 #fg ,mujassimians1 #aca ,mu'jizt1 #aeg ,mujmal1 #ea ,mujtahid1 #ag ,mukham1 #ej ,munkir1 #ade ,mur%id1 #ib ,muta%bih1 #eb ,musall1 #aic ,mu%bihites1 #aca ,mus-haf1 #adg ,muh>ram1 #bcg ,muskhil1 #ea ,mu/ahab1 #ahh ,mu'takif1 #bdi ,mu/>ik1 #dh ,muta'h1 #hd ,mutazilites1 #abe ,n4 ,nab1 #aec ,nafkhata9-i-,sr1 #afa ,nafl1 #aii ,nakr1 #ade ,namz1 #aic ,nass1 #ej ,nsikh1 #ei ,nisb1 #bah ,niyyat1 #aid ,nr-i-,muhammad1 #gg #bfh ,q4 ,qadam-i-,rasl1 #bde ,qadrans1 #agd ,qaz1 #bad ,qm1 #aid ,qs1 #bg1 #bh ,qir1at1 #dc ,qr1 #dc ,r4 ,rak'at1 #aie ,ramazn1 #bdg ,ram-ul-,jamr1 #bcj ,rasl1 #aec ,rauza ,khn1 #beh ,roza1 #bac ,roza-i-nazr1 #bad ,roza-i-kafra1 #bad ,rh-ul-mn1 #d ,ruk'1 #ef ,rz-i-,t>wih1 #bbi ,s4 ,sadqa1 #bej ,sah1f-i-,a'ml1 #afe ,sahh-i-,bukhr1 #fg ,sahh-i-,muslim1 #fh ,s'ai1 #bbi ,salt1 #aic ,salt-ul-',asr1 #bjj ,salt-ul-,fajr1 #bjj ,salt-ul-',i%1 #bjj ,salt-ul-,i%rq1 #bjj ,salt-ul-,i/isq1 #bjf ,salt-ul-,i/ikhra1 #bac ,salt-ul-,janza1 #bjg ,salt-ul-,juma'1 #bjj ,salt-ul-,khauf1 #bjd ,salt-ul-,khusf1 #bjf ,salt-ul-,kusf1 #bje ,salt-ul-,maghrib1 #bjj ,salt-ul-,musfir1 #bjd ,salt-ut-,t>wh1 #bjf ,salt-ul-,tahajjud1 #bjj ,salt-uz-,zuh1 #bjj ,salt-uz-,zuhr1 #bjj ,slik1 #ib ,s>h1 #eb ,%af'at-i-ba-izn1 #ajh ,%af'at-i-muhabbat1 #ajg ,%af'at-i-wajahat1 #ajg ,%irk1 #aje ,%irk-ul-'dat1 #aji ,%irk-ul-ibdat1 #ajh ,%irk-ul-'ilm1 #ajg ,%irk-ut-tas>ruf1 #ajg ,sift-i-,salbiah1 #abc ,sift-i-,sabtiah1 #abc ,sihah-,sittah1 #fg ,spra1 #ef ,sirt1 #aff ,sufism1 #hg-aja ,sunan-i-,abu ,dd1 #fh ,sunan-i-,nas1 #fh ,sunan-i-,mjah1 #fi ,sunnat1 #aj ,sra1 #ee ,t4 ,ta'awwuz1 #aie #bfi ,taba-i-,tbi'n1 #g ,tbi'n1 #g ,tbt1 #bch ,tahrat1 #ahi ,tahrf1 #adi ,takbr1 #aic ,taka1 #hd ,talbyah1 #bbe ,talqn1 #bab ,tasbh1 #aie ,ta%ahhud1 #ahh ,tasma'1 #aie ,tasmyah1 #aie ,tatr-i-,sah1f1 #afc ,tauhd1 #ajf ,tauqfi1 #acb ,tawf1 #bbg ,tawf-ul-,wid'1 #bca ,tayammum1 #aij ,tzah1 #bch ,u4 ,ul1 #abj ',umrh1 #bca ,w4 ,wahhbs1 #aja ,wah1 #cg ,wajd1 #ic ,wjib1 #ahg ,wjib-ul-,wajd1 #acb ,wqi'a ,khn1 #bci ,waz1 #ahi ,witr1 #aih ,z4 ,zakt1 #bah-bbb ,zhir1 #di ,zirat1 #bcc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes #a ,!re is an excell5t "o by ,neil ,b4 ,e4 ,baillie4 ,! "q ( ,jihd is fully discuss$ 9 ,dr4 ,hunt]'s ,our ,indian ,musalmns4 #b ,let none t\* x b ! purifi$4 7,sra lvi4 #gh47 #c ,x 0 c]ta9ly an admirable & politic contrivance ( 8 to br+ d[n ! :ole ,korn at once to ! l[e/ heav5 only1 & n to ! e>?1 z a bungl+ prophet w\ld h done2 = if ! :ole _h be5 publi%$ at once1 innum]able objections might h be5 made1 :i* x w\ld h be5 v h>d1 if n impossible = him to solve2 b z he pret5d$ to receive x by p>cels1 z ,god saw prop] t !y %\ld be publi%$ = ! conv]sion & in/ruction ( ! p1 he _h a sure way to answ] all em]g5cies1 & to extricate himself ) hon\r f any difficulty :i* might occur4 7,sale's ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 ,section ,,iii47 #d ,lit]>y ,rema9s ( ,emmanuel ,deuts*1 p4 #gg4 #e ,prolgomnes d',ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 i4 p4 #aie4 #f ,! gr&eur ( ! ,qurn consi/s1 its cont5ts ap>t1 9 its diction4 ,we _c expla9 ! peculi>ly dignifi$1 impressive1 sonor\s nature ( ,semitic s\nd & p>lance2 its sesquip$alia v]ba ) _! cr[d ( affixes & prefixes1 ea* ( !m affirm+ its own position1 :il/ consci\sly be>+ ^u & influ5c+ ! c5tral root--:i* !y envelope l a g>m5t ( _m folds1 or z *os5 c\rti]s move ar\nd ! ano9t$ p]son ( ! k+4 ,lit]>y ,rema9s ( ,emmanuel ,deuts*1 p4 #abb4 #g ,prolgomnes d',ibn ,khald\n vol4 i4 p4 #aid4 #h ,^? :o 7 9 con/ant int]c\rse ) ! prophet are call$ ,a%b 7,companions72 _! disciples are nam$ ,tbi'n 7,foll[]s72 _! disciples are kn[n z ,taba-i-,tbi'n 7,foll[]s ( ! ,foll[]s74 #i ,?us1 aft] ! usual di/ribution ( ! spoils tak5 on ! field ( ,cadesia 7,a4,h4 #ad7 ! residue 0 divid$ among ^? :o knew mo/ ( ! ,corn4 ,muir1 vol4 i4 p4 #e4 #aj ,muavia4 #aa ,! twelve ,imms4 #ab ,al-,mahd is /ill suppos$ to be alive4 #ac ,^! are call$ 7#a7 ,sunnat-i-,fi'l2 t :i* ,muhammad himself did4 7#b7 ,sunnat-i-,qaul1 t :i* he said %\ld be practis$4 7#c7 ,sunnat-i-,taqrr1 t :i* 0 done 9 8 pres5ce & :i* he did n =bid4 #ad ,risla-i-,b]kev4 #ae ,! great ,wahhb prea*] ,muhammad ,ism'l1 ( :om "s acc\nt w be giv5 lat] on1 says 9 ! ,takwiat-ul-,imn3--,! be/ ( all ways is to h = pr9ciples ! words 7holy writ+s7 ( ,god & ( ,8 ,apo/le2 to hold !m alone z prec$5ts1 & n to all[ our own op9ion to be ex]cis$4 #af ,prolgomnes d',ibn ,khald\n vol4 i4 p4 #aie4 #ag ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #af4 #ah ,mudrij-un-,nabuwat1 p4 #bhe4 #ai ,les docteurs de la loi sont unanim5t d'accord sur l'obligation de con=m] ses actions ce qui e/ indiqu dans les traditions attribues au ,prophte1 ,ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfe4 #bj ,9 ,june #ahbg1 ,a4,d41 ,sultn ,mahmud issu$ a manife/o prote/+ aga9/ int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( ! ,ottomn ,empire1 ! affairs ( :i* are conduct$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( sacr$ legislation1 & all ! regulations ( :i* are /rictly connect$ ) ! pr9ciples ( religion4 ,^! pr9ciples /ill rema9 9 =ce1 = ! fam\s ,fatv giv5 by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ',ulam1 9 ,july #ahgi1 an5t ,khair-ud-dn's propos$ re=ms1 speaks ( ! unalt]able pr9ciples ( ! ,%]i1 or ,law4 #ba ,! respect :i* mod]n ,muslims pay to _! ,prophet is almo/ idolatr\s4 ,! ,imm ,ibn ,hanbal w\ld n ev5 eat wat]-melons because al?\gh he knew ! ,prophet ate !m1 he c\ld n le>n :e!r he ate !m ) or )\t ! r9d1 or :e!r he broke1 bit or cut !m3 & he =bade a woman1 :o que/ion$ him z to ! propriety ( ! act1 to sp9 by ! light ( tor*es pass+ 9 ! /reets by night1 because ! ,prophet _h n m5tion$ t x 0 lawful to d s4 ,lane's ,mod]n ,egyptians1 vol4 i4 p4 #ced4 #bb ,mudrij-un-,nabuwat1 p4 #ajji4 #bc ,prolgomnes d',ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfi4 #bd ,j\rnal ,asiatique #dme srie1 tom4 xii4 #be ,osborn's ,islm "u ! ,khalfs1 p4 #bi4 #bf ,ibn ,khallikan's ,biographical ,diction>y1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eid4 #bg ,ibid41 p4 #edf4 #bh ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #edh4 #bi ,9 ,s\? ,india1 ! ,muhammadan money-*ang] resorts to a curi\s piece ( casui/ry to reconcile ! practice ( 8 pr(ession ) ! fai? he holds4 ,x is wrong to ga9 money by money z a direct ag5cy4 ,suppose1 !n1 = example1 t ! *>ge = *ang+ a %ill+ is "o f>?+4 ,x is unlawful = ! money-*ang] to give f\r ?ree-p5ny pieces = "o %ill+ plus "o f>?+1 = !n he w h s9n$ aga9/ ! laws an5t usury by ga9+ money 7"o f>?+7 by money2 b if he gives ?ree ?ree-p5ny pieces plus two p5ce ?ree f>?+s 9 copp] ! transaction w be lawful1 z 8 pr(it ( "o f>?+ is !n ga9$ by sell+ z m]*&ize c]ta9 pieces ( silv] & copp] = "o %ill+1 & n by exactly *ang+ ! %ill+4 ,aga91 pictures or repres5tations ( liv+ creatures are unlawful2 & s1 :5 ,briti% rupees 7 fir/ circulat$ 9 ,india1 good ,muslims d\bt$ :e!r !y c\ld use !m1 b aft] a long consultation ! ',ulam decl>$ t1 z ! eye ( ,8 ,maje/y 0 s small z n to be cle>ly visible1 ! use ( su* co9s 0 legal4 ,?is k9d ( casui/ry is v common & v demoraliz+2 b x %[s h[ rigid ! law is4 #cj ,au?ority becomes sacr$ because sanction$ by heav54 ,despotism1 be+ ! fir/ =m ( consolidat$ political au?ority1 is ?us r5d]$ un*angeable & id5tical 9 fact ) ,gov]nm5t at l>ge4 ,supreme ,gov]nm5t has f\r /ages3 7#a7 :]e ! absolute ,pr9ce 7,muhammad7 is among !m conc5trat+ 9 8 own p]son ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 & ?is we call ! reign ( wisdom2 7#b7 :]e ! ,pr9ce appe>s no long]1 nei!r d ^! virtues c5tre 9 any s+le p]son3 b are f\nd 9 f\r 7,abu ,bakr1 ,om>1 ,osmn & ',al71 :o gov]n 9 conc]t ) ea* o!r1 z if !y 7 "o1 & ?is we call ! reign ( ! pi\s2 7#c7 :]e none ( ^! is to be f\nd any long]1 b a *ief 7,khalf7 arises ) a k ( ! rules prop\nd$ by ! previ\s ones1 & ) judgm5t en\gh to apply & expla9 !m1 & ?is we call ! reign ( ! ,sunnat2 7#d7 ,:]e ^! latt] qualities1 aga91 are n to be met ) 9 a s+le p]son1 b only 9 a v>iety :o gov]n 9 conc]t2 & ?is we call ! reign ( ! ,sunnat-foll[]s4--,akhlk-i-,jall1 pp4 #cgd4 #cgh4 #ca ,life ( ,muhammad1 by ,sy$ ,amr ',al1 p4 #bhi4 #cb ,! ,muslim ',ulam are c]ta9ly mu* fett]$ by _! religion 9 ! pursuit ( "s ( ! pa?s ( le>n+2 & sup]/ition sometimes decides a po9t :i* has be5 controv]t$ = c5turies4 ,lane's ,mod]n ,egyptians1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfi4 #cc ,! ,go? might ravage ,italy1 b ! ,go? came =? purifi$ f ! flames :i* he himself _h k9dl$4 ,! ,saxon swept ,brita91 b ! music ( ! ,celtic he>t s(t5$ 8 r\gh nature1 & woo$ him into less *urli% habits4 ,visigo? & ,frank1 ,h]uli & ,v&al1 blott$ out _! f]ocity 9 ! v light ( ! civilisation !y _h /riv5 to ext+ui%4 ,ev5 ! ,hun1 wilde/ ,t>t> f ! ,scy?ian wa/e1 0 t\*$ & s(t5$ 9 8 wick] encampm5t amid ,pannonian pla9s2 b ! ,turk--:]ev] 8 scymit> rea*$--degrad$1 defil$1 & defam$2 bla/+ into et]nal decay ,greek1 ,roman & ,lat9 civilisation1 until1 :5 all _h gone1 he sat d[n1 satiat$ ) savag]y1 to doze = two hundr$ ye>s into hopeless decrepitude4 ,lieut4-,col4 ,w4 ,f4 ,butl]1 ,c4,b41 9 ,good ,words = ,septemb] #ahhj4 #cd ,! ,muslim ev]y:]e1 aft] a brilliant passage ( prosp]ity1 seems to /agnate & )]1 because !re is no?+ 9 8 sy/em or 8 belief :i* lifts him above ! level ( a s]vant1 & on t level man's life 9 ! long run mu/ n only /agnate b decay4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 on ! o!r h&1 seems ev]y:]e 9 ! la/ extremity to bid disorganization & decay defiance1 & to f9d1 ,antu-l1 9 ! e>? :i* he t\*es1 ! spr+ ( a new & fruitful progress4 ,= !re is t 9 8 belief1 8 traditions1 & 9 ! sil5t influ5ces :i* p]vade ! v atmosph]e ar\nd him1 :i* is ev] mov+ him1 (t5 9 ways t he kn[s n1 to rise to ! dignity & to clo! himself ) ! p[] :i* ! ,gospel proposes z ! prize ( 8 ,*ri/ian call+4 ,! submissive s]vant ( ,allah is ! highe/ type ( ,moslem p]fection2 ! ,*ri/ian ideal is ! ,*ri/-l son4--,briti% ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 cxxx4 #ce ,a ,mukallif is "o :o is subject to ! ,law4 ,a ,ghair-i-,mukallif is "o n s subject1 su* z a m9or1 an idiot1 c4 ,! t]m ,mukallif is ?us equival5t to a consi/5t ,muslim1 "o :o takes tr\ble 7taklf7 9 8 religi\s duties4 #cf ,comm5tators on ! ,qurn4 #cg ,! ,traditioni/s4 #ch ,plural ( ,faqh1 a !ologian4 #ci ,i h giv5 ! dates ( _! dea?4 #dj ,osborn's ,islm "u ! ,khalfs p4 #gb4 #da ,dabi/n1 p4 #bad4 #db pp4 #ejh-eaj4 #dc ,x 7! ,qurn7 is simply an in/ruction = all mank9d 7,sra xii4 #ajd74 #dd ,zawbit-al-,qurn1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 #de ,! op9ion ( ,von ,hamm]1 quot$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 9 8 life ( ,muhammad 7vol4 i4 page #bg7 seems to be correct1 ,we may hold ! ,qurn to be z surely ,muhammad's words z ! ,muhammadans hold x to be ! ,^w ( ,god4 #df ,ibn ,khallikan's ,biographical ,diction>y1 vol4 iii4 p4 #af4 #dg ,7 we to exam9e ! ,qurn by ! rules ( rhetoric & criticism z !y are taught 9 ,muslim s*ools1 we %\ld be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t x is ! p]fection ( ?\ght & expression2 an inevitable result z ! ,muslims drew _! pr9ciples ( rhetoric f t v book4--,b>on ,m4 de ,slane1 9 ! introduction to ,ibu ,khallikan's ,biographical ,diction>y4 #dh ,!re are _m ,traditions :i* ref] to ?is fact4 ,om> ,ibn al ,khattb said2 ,i accord$ ) my *]i%] 7i4e41 ,god7 9 ?ree ?+s4 ,"o is t ,i said1 ',o mess5g] ( ,god6 if we 7 to say our pray]s 9 ,abraham's place x w\ld be bett]4' ,!n a revelation came d[n ',take ! place ( ,abraham = a place ( pray]4' ,! second is1 t ,i said1 ',o mess5g] ( ,god6 good & bad p come to y\r h\se2 & ,i d n see t x is fitt+2 !re=e1 if y ord] y\r wom5 to be %ut up x w be bett]4' ,!n ! revelation = do+ s came d[n4 ,! ?ird is1 t 8 ,maje/y's wives 7 all agre$ 9 a /ory ab\t 8 dr9k+ honey2 & he _h v[$ nev] to dr9k x m4 ,!n ,i said to 8 ,maje/y's wives1 ',%\ld ! ,prophet divorce y1 ,god w give him bett] 9 ex*ange4' ,!n a revelation1 came d[n agree+ ) :at ,i said4 'ye%a said3--,i 0 reflect+ on ^? wom5 :o _h giv5 !mselves to ! ,prophet1 & said ',:at6 does a woman give h]self away8' ,!n ! revelation desc5d$31 ',?\ maye/ decl9e = ! pres5t :om ?\ wilt ( !m1 & ?\ maye/ take to ?y b$ h] :om ?\ wilt1 & :omsoev] ?\ %alt long = ( ^? ?\ %alt h be=e neglect$3 & ?is %all be no crime 9 !e4' 7,sra xxxiii4 #ea74 ,i said2 ',i see no?+ 9 :i* y\r ,god do? n ha/5 to please y3 :atsoev] y wi% ,he doe?4' #di ,les ,prolgomnes d',ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dei4 #ej ,?is includes ev5 ! or?ography1 =3--,la gnration suivante1 je veux dire les ,tbis 7,tba'n71 adopta l'or?ographe des ,compagnons du ,prophte et se fit un mrite de ne po9t s'c>t] des =mes adoptes p> ceux qui1 aprs ,mahomm$1 tai5t les plus excell5t des hommes et qui avai5t recu de lui les rvlations cle/es1 soit p> crit1 soit de vive voix4 ,ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cig4 #ea ,?is int]pretation ,god made kn[n to ! ,prophet1 :o communicat$ x to ! ,companions1 h5ce all or?odox op9ion mu/ be 9 /rict accordance ) !irs4 ,!y 7 ! sole deposit>ies ( ! inspir$ comm5t>y giv5 by ,muhammad4 ,!re is n[ no room =1 z !re is no ne$ (1 any o!r4 #eb ,speak+ on ?is v subject ,ibn ,khald\n says3--,ri5 de t\t cela n'a pu se connatre que p> des indications prov5ant des ,compagnons et de leurs disciples4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #dfj4 #ec ,ibn ,khald\n says t ,zamak*ori1 7a !ologian ( good repute = le>n+ 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4,h471 rem>k$ on ^! lett]s z foll[s3--,!y indicate t ! /yle ( ! ,qurn is c>ri$ to su* a degree ( excell5ce1 t x defies e attempt to imitate x2 = ?is book :i* has be5 s5t d[n to u f heav5 is compos$ ( lett]s4 ,all m5 "k !m all alike1 b ?is p[] disappe>s :51 9 ord] to express _! ideas1 !y want to use ^! same lett]s comb9$4 ,on ?is curi\s passage ,b>on de ,slane rem>ks t ! au?or is n v cle>1 & t ! ,turki% translator ( ,ibn ,khald\n gives ! s5se ( ! passage z3--,god has plac$ ^! lett]s 9 sev]al ,sras z a sort ( defiance2 z if ,he _h said3--',voil les lm5ts dont se compose le ,coran2 pr5ez-les et faites-eu un livre qui l'gale p> le /yle4' ,ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fh4 #ed ,! la/ v]se reveal$ at ,mecca 01 ,?is day h ,i p]fect$ y\r religion = y1 & h fill$ up ! measure ( my fav\rs ^u y2 & x is my pleasure t ,islm be y\r religion2 b :oso )\t wilful lean+s to wrong %all be =c$ by hung] to transgress1 to him1 v]ily1 w ,god be indulg5t1 m]ciful4 7,sra v4 #e74 ,ibn ,khald\n vol4 i4 p4 #bjf4 #ee ,! arrangem5t made by ,pr(essor ,?4 ,nldeke 9 8 ,ges*i*te des ,qurns is consid]$ by ,/anley ,lane ,poole to be ! be/4 ,rodwell's ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,qurn is1 ) "s exceptions1 an example ( ?is ord]4 #ef ,on ord9>y occasions any v]ses may be *os54 ,! #aab? ,sra is ! "o g5]ally repeat$4 #eg ,tafsr-i-,husa91 p4 #baf4 #eh ,%>h-i-',aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #aca4 #ei ,comm5t>y on ! ,holy ,bible by ,sy$ ,ahmad1 ,c4,s4,i41 vol4 i4 p4 #bfh4 ,see note on ?is 9 *apt] #d4 ,section ',prophets4' #fj ,niz ,namh1 by ,maulavi ,safd> ',ali1 p4 #bej4 #fa ,biographical ,diction>y1 vol4 ii1 p4 #fgi4 #fb ,he rank$ z a high au?ority 9 ! ,traditions & 0 well v]s$ 9 all ! sci5ces connect$ ) !m4 ,ibn ,khallikan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fhj4 #fc ,! ,kfi1 by ,abu ,ja'f> ,muhammad1 ,a4,h4 #cbi4 ,! ,man-l-ya/ah-zirah-al-,faqh1 by ,%aikh ',al1 ,a4,h4 #cha4 ,! ,tahzb & ! ,i/ibsr by ,%aikh ,abu ,ja'f> ,muhammad1 ,a4,h4 #dff4 ,! ,nahaj-ul-,balghat by ,sayyud ,raz ,a4,h4 #djf4 #fd ,if ! ,isnd is good1 int]nal improbability c>ries ) x little weight aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( a ,tradition4 ,!re is a say+ curr5t to ?is effect3--,a relation made by ,%fa' on ! au?ority ( ,mlik1 & by him on ! au?ority ( ,nafi1 & by him on ! au?ority ( ,ibn ,om>1 is really ! gold5 *a94 #fe ,nr-ul-,hidyah1 p4 #e4 #ff ,a full acc\nt ( ^! w be f\nd 9 ! preface to ! ,nr-ul-,hidyah1 ! ,urdu translation ( ! ,%>h-i-,waqyah4 #fg ,%>h-i-',aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #abc4 #fh ,kisas-ul-,anbiya1--,lives ( ! ,prophets4 #fi ,hyt-un-,nafs4 #gj ,! ,%a'hs 9 claim+ fre$om f s9 = ! infallible ,imms are m logical ?an ! ,romani/s1 ?us3-- ,if we are to believe 9 ! in]rability ( a p]son1 or a body ( p]sons1 because x is1 =soo?1 necess>y = ! full pres]vation ( ! tru?1 we mu/ !n also believe 9 all besides t c be %[n to be ne$ful = ! p]fect atta9m5t ( t end4 ,n[1 ! cons]vation ( all spiritual tru? is n a m]e op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,x requires ! faultless action ( ! p]ceiv+ p[] ( ! _s4 ,t is to say1 x requires ! exclusion ( s92 & ! man or body t is to be infallible1 mu/ also be a s9less organ4 ,x is necess>y t ! ta9t+1 bl9d+1 di/ort+ p[] ( s9 %\ld be %ut out f ! spiritual eye ( ! infallible judge4 ,glad/one's ,glean+s1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfj4 #ga ,x is a common ,musalmn belief t ! body ( a prophet ca/s no %ad[4 ,a simil> idea reg>d+ necromanc]s 0 widely spread ov] ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,x is allud$ to by ,scott 9 ! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel1 :]e speak+ ( ! fa!r ( ! ,ladye1 :o 9 ,padua1 _h le>n$ ! art t none might "n1 he says3-- ,8 =m no d>k5+ %ad[ trac$ ,^u ! sunny wall4 ,x is said t at a c]ta9 /age ( initiation c&idates = magical hon\rs 7 9 dang] ( be+ caught by ! devil4 ,n[ if ! devil c\ld only cat* ! %ad[1 & ! man escap$1 ?\gh s ne>ly captur$1 he became a great magician4 ,?is is evid5tly a leg5d to expla9 a previ\s belief4 ,muhammadan ideas 9 ! middle ages 7 preval5t 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 & ,salamanca & ,padua 7 ! univ]sities1 9 :i* x 0 suppos$ t ! greate/ pr(ici5cy 9 magic 0 obta9$4 ,! sup]/ition has evid5tly "s connection ) ! ,musalmn belief reg>d+ ! %ad[s ( prophets4 #gb ,! ,sunns e/eem & respect ! ,imms1 z ,ahl-i-,beit--m5 ( ! ,h\se1 7( ! ,prophet72 b d n give !m prec$5ce ov] ! duly appo9t$ ,khalfs4 #gc ,! names are ',al1 ,hasan1 ,husa91 ,za9-ul-',abid-dn1 ,muhammad ,bqr1 ,ja'f> ,sdiq1 ,musa ,kzim1 ',al ,msa ,raz1 ,muhammad ,taq1 ,muhammad ,naq1 ,hasan ',ask>1 ,abu 'l-,qsim 7or ,imm ,mahd74 #gd ,rauzat-ul-,aimmah by ,sayyid ',izzat ',al4 #ge ,= a good acc\nt ( ?is movem5t see1 ,osborn's ,islm "u ! ,arabs1 pp4 #afh-ahd4 #gf ,islm "u ! ,khalfs1 p4 #aci4 #gg ,miskt-ul-,musbih4 #gh ,hujjat-ullah-ul-,balaghah4 #gi ,no?+ %[s ?is m pla9ly ?an ! ,fatv pron\nc$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ',ulam 9 ,july #ahgi an5t ,khar-ud-d9's propos$ re=m1 :i* w\ld h plac$ ! ,sultn 9 ! position ( a con/itutional sov]eign4 ,?is 0 decl>$ to be directly contr>y to ! ,law4 ,?us3-- ,! law ( ! ,%]i does n au?orize ! ,khalf to place beside him a p[] sup]ior to 8 own4 ,! ,khalf ought to reign alone & gov]n z ma/]4 ,! ,vakils 7,m9i/]s7 %\ld nev] possess any au?ority beyond t ( repres5tatives1 always dep5d5t & submissive4 ,x w\ld consequ5tly be a transgression ( ! unalt]able pr9ciples ( ! ,%]i1 :i* %\ld be ! guide ( all ! actions ( ! ,khalf1 to transf] ! supreme p[] ( ! ,khalf to "o ,vakil4 ,?is1 ! late/ & mo/ important decision ( ! juri/s ( ,islm1 is q 9 accordance ) all t has be5 said ab\t ,muhammadan ,law4 ,x proves z cle>ly z possible t s long z ! ,sultn rules z ,khalf1 he mu/ oppose any attempt to set up a con/itutional ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re is absolutely no hope ( re=m4 #hj ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ! words ( ! ,*ri/ian poet ) ! ,sf idea ( absorption into ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,t ea* :o seems a sep>ate :ole ,%\ld move 8 r\nds1 & fus+ all ,! skirts ( self aga91 %\ld fall ,rem]g+ 9 ! g5]al s\l1 ,is fai? z vague z all unsweet3 ,et]nal =m %all /ill divide ,! et]nal s\l f all beside2 ,& ,i %all "k him :5 we meet4 ,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam4 #ha ,le spiritualisme des ,s(is1 quoiqu'il soit le contraire du matrialisme1 lui e/ en ralit id5tique4 ,mais si leur doctr9e n'e/ pas plus raisonnable1 elle e/ du mo9s plus levee et plus potique4 ,posie ,philosophique et religieuse *ez les ,p]sans1 p> ,m4 ,g>c9 ,de ,tassy1 p4 #b4 #hb ,kaf--a *a9 ( m\nta9s suppos$ to encircle ! e>?4 #hc ',anka--! ,pho5ix4 #hd ,ils p5s5t que la ,bible et le ,coran ont t seulem5t crits p\r l'homme qui se cont5te de l'app>5ce des *oses1 qui s'occupe de l'extrieur1 p\r le zhir p>a/1 comme ils le nomm5t1 et non p\r le s(i qui sonde le fond des *oses4 ,la ,posie ,philosophique et religieuse *ez les ,p]sans1 p> ,m4 ,g>c9 de ,tassy1 p4 #ac4 #he ,! ^w ,d>v%1 or ,d>w%1 is ( ,p]sian orig94 ,x is d]iv$ f 'd>1' a door1 & 'wz' ! root ( ! v]b 'awkhtan1' to hang2 h5ce ! idea ( hang+ ab\t doors1 or begg+4 ,! 'z' is *ang$ into '%' & ! ^w becomes ',d>w%4' ,"s ,musalmns1 h[ev]1 d n l ?is idea ( holy m5 be+ call$ by a "n :i* implies ! habit ( begg+1 & s !y propose ano!r d]ivation4 ,!y d]ive x f dur1 a pe>l1 & w%1 l2 & s a durw% is "o 'l a pe>l4' ,! w% is f w%1 a l5g!n$ =m ( wa%1 an affix ( common use to express similitude2 or ! long v[el 9 w% may by a figure ( spee*1 call$ ,imla1 be *ang$ into ! ( w%4 ,i ?9k ! fir/ d]ivation ! m probable4 ,a good ,p]sian diction>y1 ! ,ghs-ul-,lugbt1 gives bo? d]ivations4 #hf ,= a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is religi\s c]emony1 see ,hughes' ,notes on ,muhammadanism1 ,*apt] #ea4 #hg ,la ,posie ,philosophique et ,religieuse *ez les ,p]sans1 p> ,m4 ,g>c9 de ,tassy1 p4 #g4 #hh ,sf doctr9es ( ! ,mooll ,%h by ,tawakkul ,beg4 ,j\rnal ,asiatique #fme ,srie1 tom4 #ac4 #hi ,t ,om> 9 8 impiety 0 false to 8 bett] nature we may readily admit1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 we may f9d "s excuse = 8 errors1 if we rememb] ! /ate ( ! _w at t "t4 ,8 cle> /rong s5se revolt$ f ! prevail+ my/icism :]e all ! e>ne/ spirits ( 8 age f\nd _! refuge1 & 8 hone/ indep5d5ce 0 equally %ock$ by ! hypocrites :o ap$ _! f]v\r & en?usiasm2 & at t d>k h\r ( man's hi/ory :i!r1 out ( ,islm1 0 ! ?\ghtful ,muhammadan to repair8 ,no mission>y's /ep1 br++ good tid+s1 _h appe>$ on ! m\nta9s ( ,p]sia2 ! few ,*ri/ians :o might cross 8 pa? 9 8 native l&1 w\ld only seem to him idolat]s4 ,speak+1 too1 ( ,sa'di's life ! review] says3 almo/ ! only po9t ( contact ) ,*ri/5dom is 8 slav]y "u ! ,crusad]s at ,tripoli4 ,! same isolation runs ?r\gh all ! gold5 p]iod ( ,p]sian ,lit]ature--,calcutta ,review1 ,no4 lix4 #ij ,! foll[+ are ! names ( ! ,wahhb *iefs3--,muhammad-,ibn-,saud1 di$ ,a4,d4 #agfe2 ',abd-ul-,azz1 assass9at$1 #ahjc2 ,saud-,ibn-',abd-ul-,azz1 di$ #ahad2 ',abd-,ullh-ibn-,saud1 behead$ #ahah2 ,turki1 assass9at$ #ahcj2 ,fayzul1 di$ #ahff2 ',abd-,ullh1 /ill liv+4 ,hughes ,notes1 p4 #bba4 #ia ,palgrave's ,arabia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aj4 #ib ,accord+ to ! late/ ,c5sus ,report !re are #d1jjj 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 :]e ! total ,musalmn population is ab\t #b1jjj1jjj4 #ic ,mudrij-un-,nabuwat1 p4 #adi4 #id ,palgrave's ,arabia vol4 i4 p4 #cfi4 #ie ,palgrave's ,arabia1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgb4 #if ,ibid1 p4 #cgb4 #ig ,muhammad ,ism'l concludes 8 great "w1 ! ,takwiat-ul-,imn1 ) ! pray]--,o ,"l tea* u by ,?y grace1 ! mean+ ( ! t]ms ,bid'at & ,sunnat1 & ! ,law ( ! ,prophet4 ,make u pure ,sunns & /rictly submissive to ! ,sunnat4 ,?is is a cle> & di/9ct pro( t ,wahhbs d n reject ,tradition z a basis ( ! ,fai?4 ,x also %[s _! horror ( innovation1 & reveals ! little hope !re is ( any real progress ?r\gh _! influ5ce4 #ih ,mr4 ,f9lay1 ! clev] b p>tial au?or ( ,! ,byzant9e ,empire1 has decl>$ 9 a sweep+ way 't !re is no great] delusion ?an to speak ( ! unity ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4' ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i c affirm ! p]fect applicability ( ?is s5t5ce to ,islm 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 no "p ( ! _w is !re m ( secret division1 av]sion1 misbelief 7tak+ ,muhammadanism z our /&>d71 & unbelief ?an 9 ^? v l&s :i* to a sup]ficial survey1 seem absolutely id5tifi$ 9 ! "o common cre$ ( ! ,qurn & its au?or4--,palgrave's ,arabia1 vol4 i4 p4 #aj4 #ii ,/rictly speak+1 ?is *apt] %\ld be entitl$ ! ',fai? ( ,islm1' z ! subject ( x is te*nically call$ ,imn1 or fai?4 ,! ,kalima1 or cre$ is1 9 ! /rict s5se1 ! expression ( belief 9 "o ,god1 & 9 ,muhammad z ,8 apo/le4 ,i "h use ! ^w cre$ 9 ! usual s5se ( a body ( dogmas4 #ajj ,iqrrun bil-lisni wa tasdqun bil janni4 #aja ,amantu billhi kama hua bismhi wa sifthi wa qabiltu jam'a ahkmihi4 #ajb ,amantu billhi wa malkatihi wa kutubihi wa rusulihi wal-y\m-l-khiri wal-qadri khairihi wa %>rihi m9 allhi ta'l wal-ba'si ba'd al-m\ti4 #ajc ,he speaks ( x ?us3 l'ouvrage lm5taire de la religion ,musulmane le plus e/im et le plus rp&u en ,turquie1 p4 #aed4 #ajd ,%>h-i-',aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #bg4 #aje ,! above /atem5ts =m ! sub/ance ( sev]al pages 9 ! ,prolgomnes d',ibn ,khald\n1 9 :i* also occurs ! foll[+3 ,cela n'e/ pas t\tefois un motif p\r dprci] notre intellig5ce et nos facults p]ceptives3 l'intellig5ce e/ une balance p>faitem5t ju/e3 elle n\s f\rnit des rsultats c]ta9s sans n\s tromp]4 ,mais on ne doit pas employ] cette balance p\r pes] les *oses qui se ratta*5t l'unit de ,dieu1 la vie future1 la nature du prophtisme1 au vritable c>actre des attributs div9e et t\t ce qui e/ au del de sa porte4 ,v\loir le faire1 ce s]ait une absurdit4 ,vol4 iii4 p4 #de4 #ajf ,telle fut la rgle suivie p> les anci5s musulmans l'g>d des v]ses mota*abeh2 ils l'appliquai5t aussi aux expressions du mme g5re qui se prs5t5t dans la ,sonna1 p>ce qu'elles provi5n5t de la mme s\rce que celles du ,coran4 ,ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fg4 ,?is passage is ( "s int]e/ z ma9ta9+ ! common s\rce & orig9 ( ! ,qurn & ! ,sunnat4 #ajg ,ibn ,khallikan1 vol4 i4 p4 #efe4 #ajh ,! ,musulmn ,au?ors di/+ui% betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] ,mutakallimn4 ,! =m] 7( :om we "h treat7 7 occupi$ ) purely religi\s que/ions2 ! latt]1 :o arose aft] ! introduction ( ! ,greek philosophy among/ ,muslims1 embrac$ _m philosophic notions1 ?\gh !y tri$ to make !m fit 9 ) _! religi\s op9ions4 ,mlanges de ,philosophie ,juive et ,arabe1 p4 #cbj4 #aji ,tafsr-i-,faiz-ul-,k>m1 p4 #bej4 #aaj ,tafsr-i-,faiz-ul-,k>m1 p4 #bej4 #aaa ,dabi/n1 p4 #bah4 #aab ,ibn ,khallikan1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cdc4 #aac ,c'etait l'poque de la plus gr&e spl5deur extrieure de l'empire des ,arabes1 o leur p\voir1 et en mme temps leur culture intellectuelle et littraire1 atteignir5t leur po9t culm9ant4 ,j\rnal ,asiatique #dme ,srie1 ,tome xii4 p4 #ajd4 #aad ,to und]/& ! be>+ ( all ! discussions t !n took place1 ! read] %\ld h "s acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,khalfs1 & ( ! rise & progress ( ,muslim philosophy4 ,! =m] c be f\nd 9 ,osborn's ,khalfs ( ,baghdd4 ,a %ort review ( ! latt] w be f\nd 9 a note at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #aae ,ibn ,khallikan1 vol4 ii p4 #ffi4 #aaf ,ibid1 p4 #bbh4 #aag ,ibn ,khald\n says3 ,l'tablissem5t des preuves 7fondes sur la raison7 fut adopt p> les 7premi]s7 scola/iques p\r le sujet de leur traits1 mais il ne fut pas1 comme *ez les philosophes1 une t5tative p\r arriv] la dc\v]te de la vrit et p\r obt5ir1 au moy5 de la dmon/ration1 la connaissance de ce qui tait ignor jusqu' alors4 ,les scola/iques re*]*ai5t des preuves intellectuelles dans le b de confirm] la vrit des dogmes1 de ju/ifi] les op9ions des premi]s ,musalmans et de rep\ss] les doctr9es trompeuses que les novateurs avai5t mises4 ,prolgomnes d',ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 iii4 p4 #afi4 #aah ,%>h-i-,aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #fc #aai ,mo/ excell5t titles has ,god3 by ^! call ye on ,him & /& alo( f ^? :o p]v]t ,8 titles4 7,sra vii4 #agi47 #abj ,! ,mujassimians1 or ,corporeali/s n only admitt$ a resemblance betwe5 ,god & creat$ be+s1 b decl>$ ,god to be corporeal4 ,sale's ,prelim9>y disc\rse1 ,section viii4 p>a4 #c4 #aba ,ibn ,khallikan1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cid4 #abb ,! ,free?9k]s 7,mutazilites7 left no traces ( !mselves except 9 ! controv]sial treatises :i* !y _h writt54 ,^! 7 de/roy$1 & ) _! de/ruction ! la/ ve/iges ( ! conflict betwe5 ,free-?\ght & ! _s ( ,islm 7 oblit]at$4 ,osborn's ,khalfs ( ,baghdd1 p4 #adh4 #abc ,sra xxxix1 #fh1 #fi4 #abd ,l',islamisme d'aprs le ,coran1 p4 #ace4 #abe ,%>h-i-',aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #aab4 #abf ,%>h-i-',aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #ahg4 #abg ,tafsr-i-,faiz-ul-,k>m1 p4 #eh4 #abh ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #ai4 #abi ,f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory ! ,caucasus is to civiliz$ nations1 bo? ,greek & ,ori5tal1 ! b\nd>y ( geographical k--inde$1 ! b\nd>y ( ! _w itself4--,bryce's ,transcaucasia & ,ar>at1 p4 #dh4 #acj ,see also ,sra xxxviii4 #hi4 #aca ,%>h-,aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #adj4 #acb ,?us ! fam\s ,p]sian poet ,sa'd says 9 ! ,bu/n1 ,yetm kih nk>dah ,qurn d>u/1 kutub khna-i-*& millat ba%u/4--,! ,p]fect "o :o1 ere ! :ole ( ,gabriel's book he reads1 has blott$ out ! libr>y ( all ! peoples' cre$s4 #acc ,%>h-,aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #adg4 ,mansukh %ud tilwatan wa ,kitbatan1 i4e4 abrogat$ bo? z reg>ds read+ & writ+--entirely abrogat$4 ,also ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #fd4 ,dn-i-wai ,nsikh-i-jami'-i-adin a/4--,8 religion abrogates all religions4 #acd ,comm5t>y on ! ,holy ,bible by ,sy$ ,ahmad1 ,c4,s4,i41 vol4 i4 p4 #bfh4 ,?is ,comm5t>y is writt5 9 ,urdu1 b ! au?or has made a translation = ! b5efit ( ! ,engli% read]4 ,! passage ref]r$ to reads ?us 9 ,engli%3 ,^? :o imag9e x to be "p ( ! ,muhammadan cre$ t "o law has totally repeal$ ano!r are utt]ly mi/ak51 & we d n believe t ! ,zuboor 7,book ( ,psalms7 abrogat$ ! ,taureit 7,p5tateu*72 t ! ,taureit 9 turn gave way to ! ,injeel 7,new ,te/am5t7 & t ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 suppress$ by ! ,holy ,korn4 ,we hold no su* doctr9e1 & if any ignorant ,muhammadan %\ld ass]t to ! contr>y1 he simply kn[s no?+ :atev] ab\t ! doctr9es & articles ( 8 fai?4 ,! le>n$ ,sy$ "h assumes ! rle ( a lib]al ,musalmn1 b ! ,engli% translation is diff]5t f 8 ,urdu text :i*1 lit]ally translat$1 is z foll[s3--,n[ x %\ld be consid]$ t ^? :o imag9e x to be "p ( ! cre$ ( ,muslims t ! ,taurt by ! com+ ( ! ,zabr1 & ! ,zabr by ! com+ ( ! ,injl1 & ! ,injl by ! com+ ( ! ,qurn are abrogat$ on acc\nt ( ! idea t !re is any defect 9 !m are utt]ly mi/ak51 c4 ,! clause :i* ,i h italicis$ is entirely omitt$ 9 ! ,engli% text2 b x alt]s ! import ( ! :ole passage4 ,to 8 co-religioni/s ! ,sy$ says 9 effect3 ,! books are abrogat$ b n because !y 7 imp]fect4 ,n[1 z no ,muslim w\ld believe t a div9e book 0 defective1 ! ,sy$ is simply ass]t+ ! fact ( ! abrogation ( ! previ\s ,scriptures & to ! or?odox is or?odox4 ,! lead] ( an app>5tly lib]al section ( ,indian ,musalmns is1 9 ?is in/ance1 at lea/1 z cons]vative z ! mo/ bigot$4 #ace ,sy$ ,ahmad's ,comm5t>y on ! ,holy ,bible1 vol4 i4 p4 #bb4 #acf ,ibid1 p4 #ca4 #acg ,!re are _m o!r su* passages4 ,!y are giv5 9 detail1 ) ! int]pretation ( approv$ comm5tators1 9 a small ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,k4 publication--,! ,korn--by ,sir ,w4 ,muir4 #ach ,comm5t>y on ! ,holy ,bible1 by ,sy$ ,ahmad1 ,c4,s4,i41 vol4 i4 pp4 #fd-ie4 #aci ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #ei4 #adj ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #ei4 #ada ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #fe4 #adb ,prolgomnes d',ibn ,khald\n1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aif-bje4 #adc ,t ! ,auliya are di/+ui%$ above ord9>y mortals is ma9ta9$ on ! au?ority (3--,are n ! fri5ds 7,auliya7 ( ,god1 ^? on :om no fe> %all come1 nor %all !y be put to grief4 7,sra x4 #fc47 #add ,%>h-i-,aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #abe4 #ade ,sirt-ul-,islm1 p4 #ah4 #adf ,?is is an or?odox bl[ at ! ,%a'h practices 9 ! mon? ( ,muh>ram4 ,%a'hs consid] ?is a good act4 #adg ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #ah4 #adh ,x is said ,adam's s9 0 a m]e slip b x br\ght good to ! _w4 ,_h he rema9$ 9 ,p>adise ! _w w\ld n h be5 peopl$2 & ! ^w ( ,god ,i h n creat$ m5 & j9ns1 except = wor%ip1 w\ld n h be5 fulfill$4 #adi ,t is1 accord+ to ! comm5tator ,beidaw1--,?y remissness 9 propagat+ ,islm4 #aej ,tafsr-i-,husa91 p4 #ccb4 #aea ,on ! contr>y1 he seems to disclaim su* a p[]4 ,?us ! ,qurai% said3 ,by no means w we believe on !e till ?\ cause a f\nta9 to gu% =? = u f ! e>?2 or1 till ?\ h a g>d5 ( palm-trees & grapes1 & ?\ cause =?-gu%+ riv]s to gu% =? 9 its mid/2 or ?\ make ! heav5 to fall on u1 z ?\ ha/ giv5 out1 9 pieces2 or ?\ br+ ,god & ! angels to v\* = !e1 c4 ,say3 ,am ,i m ?an a man1 an ,apo/le8 7,sra xvii4 #ib-ie74 ,=m] prophets1 ,muhammad us$ to say1 7 s5t to _! own sect1 b he 0 s5t = all4 ,_! miracles 7 conf9$ to _! own times4 ,! ,qurn ! great miracle ( ,islm1 0 = all ages4 ,he ne$$ no o!r sign ?an ?is4 #aeb ,h ,we n op5$ ?9e he>t = !e4 7,sra xciv4 #a74 ,tradition relates t :5 "y1 two angels cut op5 8 brea/1 & took out a black drop2 _m o!r m>vels are also connect$ ) ?is ev5t4 #aec ,%>h-i-,aqd-i-,jm4 #aed ,tafsr-i-,husa94 p4 #cfb #aee ,= a graphic acc\nt ( ^! ev5ts see ,lit]>y ,rema9s ( ,emmanuel ,deuts*1 pp4 #ii-aab4 #aef ,all t ,muhammadans mu/ believe respect+ ! ,mi'rj is t ! ,prophet saw himself1 9 a vision1 transport$ f ,mecca to ,j]usalem1 & t 9 su* a vision he really beheld "s ( ! greate/ signs ( 8 ,"l4 ,essays by ,sy$ ,ahmad1 ,essay vi4 p4 #cd4 ,?is1 ?\gh a legitimate1 is n1 h[ev]1 an or?odox op9ion2 :i* is1 t he :o d5ies an actual bodily migration f ,mecca to ,j]usalem is a ,kfir1 7infidel7 z he d5ies ! /atem5t ( a 'nass' or pla9 text ( ! ,qurn4 ,he :o d5ies ! asc5sion to heav51 & ! wond]ful acc\nt ( ! night's proce$+s pres]v$ 9 ! ,traditions is a fsiq1 7s9n]71 ?\gh he rema9s a ,muslim4 #aeg ,"s comm5tators make no di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/ & second bla/1 z only two are di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 ! ,qurn4 #aeh ,%>h-i-',aqd-i-,jm1 p4 #ahc4 #aei ,accord+ to ,bkhr & to ,muslim1 ?is p]spiration w fl[ to a di/ance ( sev5ty y>ds f1 & rea* up to ! lobe ( ! e>s ( ^? :o p]spire4 #afj ,t is1 !y w "k ! inhabitants ( ,p>adise by _! :it5ess1 & ! p ( ,hell by ! blackness ( _! faces4 #afa ,= "s curi\s op9ions ) reg>d to ! /ate ( ! s\l !re see ,sale's ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 ,section iv41 p4 #ee4 #afb ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #dg4 #afc ,tafsr-i-,husa91 vol4 i4 p4 #cig4 #afd ,tafsr-i-,faiz-ul-,k>m1 p4 #be4 #afe ,miskt-ul-,musbh1 book xxiii4 *4 #ab4 #aff ,al?\gh "s ,muhammadans1 ^: und]/&+s are too ref9$ to admit su* gross conceptions1 look on _! ,prophet's description z p>abolical1 & are will+ to receive !m 9 an allegorical or spiritual acceptation1 yet ! g5]al & or?odox doctr9e is1 t ! :ole is to be /rictly believ$ 9 ! obvi\s & lit]al acceptance4 ,sale's ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 ,section iv4 p4 #gc4 #afg ,?is1 ! ,lauh-ul-,mahfz1 is ref]r$ to 9 ,sra lxxxv4 #bb1 z t on :i* ! ,qurn is writt54 ,9 ,sra xxxvi4 #aa1 ! actions ( m5 are said to be writt5 9 ! cle> book ( our decrees4 ,?is is call$ ! ,imm-ul-,mubn1 ! cle> prototype4 #afh ,! ,prophet ( ,god said t ,adam & ,moses 79 ! _w ( ,spirits7 ma9ta9$ a debate be=e ,god1 & ,adam got ! bett] ( ,moses1 :o said1 ,?\ art t ,adam1 :om ,god creat$ & brea!d into !e ,8 own ,_s1 & made ! angels b[ d[n be=e !e1 & plac$ !e 9 ,p>adise2 aft] :i*1 ?\ ?rewe/ man ^u ! e>?1 f ! fault :i* ?\ did/ commit4' ,adam repli$1 ',?\ art t ,moses1 :om ,god select$ = ,8 prophecy & to conv]se )1 & ,he gave !e twelve tables1 9 :i* are expla9$ ev]y?+1 & he made !e ,8 confidant & ! be>] ( ,8 secrets2 !n h[ long 0 ! ,bible writt5 be=e ,i 0 creat$8' ,moses said1 ',=ty ye>s4' ,!n said ,adam1 ',did/ ?\ see 9 ! ,bible t ,adam disobey$ ,god8' ',yes4' ',do/ ?\ reproa* me on a matt]1 :i* ,god wrote 9 ! ,bible =ty ye>s be=e creat+ me8' #afi ,ibn ,kah1 comm5t+ on ! v]se1 ,:5 ?y ,"l br\ght =? _! desc5dants f ! re9s ( ! sons ( ,adam & took !m to witness aga9/ !mselves1 ',am ,i n1' said ,he1 'y\r ,"l1' ,!y said3 'yes1 we witness x4' 7,sra vii4 #aga71 goes on to say3 ,god =m$ all ! prophets & sa9ts into "o class1 & ! m>tyrs into ano!r4 ,! pi\s m51 also1 7 sep>at$ into "o1 & ! wick$ into ano!r4 ,"o class 0 =m$ ( ! ob$i5t s]vants1 :ile ! unbeliev]s1 viz41 ! ,jews1 ! ,*ri/ians1 ! ,majians1 ! ,h9dus1 c41 7 likewise divid$ into sev]al p>ties2 next1 !y 7 %ap$ into =ms1 t is1 into ! %ape 9 :i* he 0 to appe> 9 ! _w 0 pr$e/9$ = ea* "o4 ,?is passage is quot$ ) approval by ! ,wahhb au?or ( ! ,takwiyat-ul-,imn4 #agj ,! or?odox ,comm5tator ',abbs says3 ,?is v]se ref]s to ! decree1 e4g4 ',he :om ,god wills to believe c]ta9ly w d s1 & :om ,he wills to be an infidel w be "o1' & n at all to man's free w4 ,tafsr-,hisa91 vol4 ii4 page #i4 #aga ,mlanges de ,philosophe ,juive et ,arabe p> ,s4 ,munk4 p4 #deh4 #agb ,?us ! poet ,faiz says3 ,be=e ?\ & ,i 7 ?\ght (1 our free w 0 tak5 f our h&s2 be )\t c>es1 = ! ,mak] ( bo? worlds settl$ our affairs long be=e we 7 made4 #agc ,! puni%m5t ( dea? is sometimes decre$ = less] (f5ces4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #ahgi1 "o ( ! ,turki% ',ulam1 nam$ ,ahmad1 0 condemn$ to dea? = hav+ assi/$ ,dr4 ,koelle1 an ,engli% cl]gyman resid+ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 9 ! translation ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 & a tract on ',*ri/ ! ,^w ( ,god4' ,ow+ to ! urg5t repres5tations ( ! ,briti% ,ambassador ! ,khojah's life 0 sp>$1 b he 0 bani%$ to ! isl& ( ,*io4 ,! ,porte promis$ to ma9ta9 8 family :il/ he 0 abs5t4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t no?+ ( ! k9d has be5 done4 #agd ,j\rnal ,asiatique #dme ,srie1 tome #ag1 p4 #ehb #age ,?is is ! ,%fa'te =m :i* ! ,hanifites consid] wrong4 #agf ,k+sley's ,alex&ria & h] ,s*ools1 p4 #afj4 #agg ,les ,prairies ,d'or1 tome sixime1 p4 #cfh4 #agh ,mlanges de ,philosophie ,juive et ,arabe1 p> ,s4 ,munk1 p4 #cae4 #agi ,= a /atem5t ( ! ,a%'aran doctr9es see pp4 #acj-aca4 #ahj ,/rictly speak+1 "o %\ld n speak ( ,arab b ( ,muslim philosophy1 = curi\sly en\gh only "o fam\s ,philosoph]1 ,al-,k5di1 0 an ,arab4 #aha ,mlanges de ,philosophie ,juive et ,arabe1 p> ,s4 ,munk1 p4 #dbi4 #ahb ,aprs lui1 n\s ne tr\vons plus *ez les ,arabes aucun philosophe vritablem5t digne de ce nom4 ,mlanges de ,philosophie ,juive et ,arabe1 p> ,s4 ,munk1 p4 #deh4 #ahc ,muslim rule 9 ,spa9 is (t5 ref]r$ to z an in/ance ( ! height ( culture & ! lib]ality ( s5tim5t :i* may exi/ 9 a ,muhammadan /ate4 ,i h %[n t ! culture 0 n due to ! tea*+ ( ! ,arab ,prophet & 8 ,companions1 & ) reg>d to ! lib]ality x is well to rememb] ! words ( ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes4 ,he says3 ,! ,arabs1 ?\gh !y conqu]$ ,spa91 7 too weak 9 numb]s to hold t c\ntry 9 subjection o!rwise ?an by politic concessions to ! op9ion & cu/oms ( ! p4 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 vol4 i4 p4 #cf4 #ahd ,!re nev] 0 any ,arabian sci5ce1 /rictly speak+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! ,philosophy & ,sci5ce ( ! ,muhammadans 0 ,greek1 ,jewi%1 & ,p]sian4444 ,x really designates a reaction aga9/ ,islmism1 :i* arose 9 ! di/ant p>ts ( ! ,empire1 9 ,sam>c&1 ,bokh>a1 ,morocco1 & ,cordova4 ,! ,arabian language hav+ become ! language ( ! ,empire1 ?is ,philosophy is writt5 9 t language2 b ! ideas are n ,arabian2 ! _s is n ,arabian4 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cd4 #ahe ,! ,p]sian t]m = ?is is ,namz1 a ^w 9 common] use 9 ,india ?an ,sult4 ,bo? t]ms w h5ce=? be employ$4 #ahf ,!re is a ,tradition to ! effect t ! :ole body ( him :o says ! "n ( ,god :5 mak+ waz w be clean2 :]eas1 if he says x n1 only ! "p wa%$ w be pure4 #ahg ,be=e comm5c+ ! waz1 say3 ,i am go+ to purify myself f all bodily uncleanness prep>atory to comm5c+ pray]1 t holy act ( duty1 :i* w draw my s\l ne> to ! ?rone ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,great & ,mighty4 ,praise be to ,god :o has giv5 u grace to be ,muslims4 ,islm is a tru? & infidelity a falsehood4 ,:5 clean+ ! tee? say3 ,v\*safe ,o ,god1 z ,i clean my tee?1 to purify me f my faults & accept my homage4 ,o ,"l1 may ! purity ( my tee? be = me a pl$ge ( ! :it5ess ( my face at ! day ( judgm5t4 ,:5 wa%+ ! no/rils say3 ,o my ,god1 if ,i am pleas+ 9 ,?y sight1 p]fume me ) ! od\rs ( ,p>adise4 ,:5 wa%+ ! "r h& say3 ,o my ,god1 on ! day ( judgm5t1 place ! book ( my actions 9 my "r h&1 & exam9e my acc\nt ) fav\r4 ,:5 wa%+ ! left h&1 say3 ,o my ,god1 place n at ! resurrection ! book ( my actions 9 my left h&4 ,simil> pray]s are said at ea* act4 #ahh ,f ! acc\nt :i* foll[s x w be se5 t ! t]m ,namz expresses :at we t]m a ',s]vice4' ,! ^w = pray] 9 ! ord9>y s5se is ',du'4' #ahi ,x is tak5 f ! ,sirt-un-,najt1 pp4 #cj-cc4 #aij ,z ! use ( bells is unlawful a man is employ$ to call ! p to pray]s4 #aia ,god is ,great4 #aib ,! foll[]s ( ,imm ,z-,%fa' & ! wom5 ( all sects place ! h&s ^u ! brea/4 ,! feet %\ld be ab\t f\r in*es ap>t2 wom5 /& ) ! feet close toge!r4 #aic ,! second rak'at beg9s "h3 all t prec$es is only repeat$ at ! fir/ rak'at4 #aid ,a fix$ portion is said 9 ea* rak'at dur+ ! nights ( ,ramazn1 :i* portion is !n call$ a ruk'4 7,ante4 p4 #eg47 #aie ,9 a mosque ! ,imm says ! fir/ s5t5ces alone2 ! p ! second4 #aif ,wom5 9 ! ,sijda keep all ! limbs ( ! body close toge!r1 & put bo? feet at "r angles to ! body4 ,if _! face is ,qibla-w>ds x is suffici5t4 #aig ,"h ! ,%a'hs say3--,i rise & sit by ! p[] ( ,god4 #aih ,?is is said at ! close ( e two rak'ats4 #aii ,! ,%a'hs /op "h & omit ! re/4 #bjj ,! ,%a'hs omit ! ,du' & say3 ,peace be on !e1 ,o ,prophet1 ) ! m]cy ( ,god & ,8 bless+4 ,peace be on u & on ,god's righte\s s]vants4 #bja ,! ,fatv1 or decree1 w be f\nd 9 a note at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #bjb ,i am indebt$ to ,hughes' ,notes on ,muhammadanism = ?is excell5t table4 #bjc ,! ,musall may say five or ?ree witr rak'ats in/ead ( sev54 #bjd ,nr-ul-,hidayat1 p4 #aee4 #bje ,9 c\ntries "u ,muslim rule he holds a wood5 sword rev]s$4 #bjf ,"o :o says1 ,allhu ,akb>--,god is ,great4 #bjg ,a ref]5ce to 8 pres5ce ) ,muhammad 9 ! cave 7ghr7 :5 !y fl$ f ,mecca to ,madna4 ,see ,sra ix4 #dj4 #bjh ,nr-ul-,hidyat1 p4 #aec4 #bji ,sirt-un-,najt1 p4 #dj4 #baj ,qm is "o ( ! positions 9 a ,namz & is "h us$ by synecdo*e = x4 ,9 ,mecca ! ,salt-ut-,t>wh is call$ ) ref]5ce to ?is ,tradition ! ,salt-ul-,qmah4 #baa ,nr-ul-,hidyat1 p4 #ada4 #bab ,t is1 a non-,muslim :o is all[$ to reside 9 a ,musalmn ,/ate on paym5t ( a special tax4 #bac ,! ,%fa'tes raise ! h&s at ! recital ( ea* ( ! f\r ,takbrs2 ! o!r sects d s only at ! fir/4 #bad ,if ! deceas$ 0 a *ild or a mad p]son1 !y say3-- ,o ,god1 make him 7or h]1 z ! case may be7 a guide = u1 & make him a cause ( our ga9+ a future rew>d4 ,o ,god1 save him & make him an int]cessor = u4 #bae ,! ,imm makes ! ,niyyat 9 8 m9d t ! ,salm may be on 8 gu>dian angels1 & on ! wor%ipp]s :o are beh9d him2 ea* wor%ipp] makes ! ,niyyat t ! ,salm may be on 8 gu>dian angels1 on 8 fell[ wor%ipp]s & on ! ,imm4 #baf i4e41 ! deceas$'s4 #bag ,dea?1 resurrection1 judgm5t2 c4 #bah ,?is contradicts v]se #bed ( ?is ,sra4 ,muslims expla9 x ?us4 ,we accept all prophets & z reg>ds fai? 9 !m make no diff]5ce1 ?\gh z reg>ds dignity we recognize ! di/9ction indicat$ 9 ! #bed? v]se4 #bai ,t is1 ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 on :om1 x is said by ! ,muslim ,comm5tators1 _m /rict c]emonial obs]vances 7 incumb5t4 ,! ^w (t5 us$ to express ! idea ( ! burd5some nature ( c]emonial obs]vance is taklilf1 tr\ble4 ,practically1 ,muslims are n free f ^! loads1 a fact :i* f9ds expression 9 ! ^w us$ = a pi\s man--a mukhallif1 "o :o has to take tr\ble 9 ! way ( p]=m+ religi\s duties4 #bbj ,9 ,madras1 a bran* ( ! pomegranate tree is usually /uck 94 #bba ,! "n ( ! "m is "h ins]t$4 ,! "m's "n is *os5 9 pref]5ce to t ( ! fa!r1 z !re c be no d\bt z to ! mat]nity ( ! *ild4 ,= ! same reason x is said t at ! ,la/ ,day ea* man w be summon$ z su* an "o1 son ( su* a "m4 ,?is simple fact reveals a sad /ate ( morals1 or1 at lea/1 a disbelief 9 ! virtue ( wom54 #bbb ,! idea is t ! rew>d ( ?is act is transf]r$ to ! p]son on ^: behalf x is made4 #bbc ,sra ii4 #bef4 #bbd ,!re are o!rs :o ma9ta9 t ?is is a mukham /atem5t & _c !re=e be abrogat$4 ,!y hold t x mu/ be re/rict$ to ! ag$ & to p]sons :o h *ronic diseases4 ,tafsr-i-,husa91 p4 #cj4 ,tafsr-i-,faiz-ul-,k>m1 p4 #abj4 #bbe ,burton says t1 :5 9 ! disguise ( a ,musalmn doctor he 0 9 ,cairo mak+ prep>ations = ! ,hajj1 he _h b "o pati5t :o w\ld break 8 fa/ to save 8 life4 ,all ! o!rs refus$ ?\gh dea? %\ld be ! consequ5ce4 #bbf ,! =m] are call$ ,zakt1 ei!r because !y increase a man's /ore by draw+ d[n a bless+ on him & produce 9 8 s\l ! virtue ( lib]ality1 or because !y purify ! rema9+ "p ( "o's sub/ance f pollution & ! s\l f ! fil? ( av>ice2 ! latt] are call$ ,sadqa because !y are a pro( ( a man's s9c]ity 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,sale's ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 ,section iv4 #bbg ,t is food or money suffici5t to provide "o meal = a poor p]son4 #bbh ,! te*nical t]m is #e wasq4 ,a wasq is equal to #fj s'1 & a s' is equal to #h ratal4 ,a ratal is equal to #a lb2 s a wasq1 a load = "o camel1 is ab\t #dhj lb4 #bbi ,mosques are usually end[$4 ,! prop]ty ?us set ap>t is call$ waqf4 ,?is supports ! v>i\s (ficials connect$ ) a ,mosque4 #bcj ,! two fam\s disciples ( ,imm ,abu ,hanfa1 ,abu ,ysuf & ,muhammad4 #bca ,?is c]emony is call$ ,al-,ihrm 7i4e41 mak+ unlawful71 because n[ v>i\s actions & pursuits mu/ be ab/a9$ f4 ,! c]emony ( d(f+ ! pilgrim's g>b is call$ ,al-,ihll 7i4e41 mak+ lawful71 = n[ ! pilgrim returns to ! ord9>y pursuits & joys ( a life 9 ! _w4 #bcb ,?is /atem5t ( names is tak5 f ! ,nr-ul-,hidyat p4 #baa1 & t ( ! di/ance f ,hughes' ,notes on ,islm2 b ,burton speaks ( ,al ,z>ibah1 a place #dg miles di/ant f ,mecca z a ,mqt4 ,x 0 !re t he assum$ ! ,ihrm4 ,! explanation probably is t a ,hj mu/ n approa* ne>] to ,mecca )\t ! ,ihrm ?an ! places nam$ 9 ! text4 ,! f>!r f ,mecca x is assum$1 provid$ t x be dur+ "o ( ! two mon?s prec$+ ,zu'l-,hajja1 ! m m]itori\s is ! act4 #bcc ,talbyah means ! repetition ( ,labbaik1 a phrase equival5t to ,i am "h4 ,! ,talbyah c be said 9 any language1 ?\gh ,arabic is pref]r$4 ,x usually is z foll[s3 ,labbaik1 ,allhumma1 ,labbaik6 ,l ,%>ka laka1 ,labbaik6 ,inna-l-hamda wa-n-n'amata laka1 w'-al-mulk6 ,l ,%>ka laka1 ,labbaik6 #bcd ,! object ( ^! m9ute details is t ! ,truce ( ,god may be kept4 ,! five noxi\s creatures1 h[ev]1 may be sla91 viz41 a cr[1 a kite1 a scorpion1 a rat & a bit+ dog4 7,burton74 #bce ,! ,musjid-ul-,h>m is ! l>ge ,mosque 9 ,mecca4 ,! ,k'aba 7cube7 is a squ>e /one build+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is is also call$ ! ,qibla4 ,! ,hajr-ul-,aswad is ! black /one fix$ 9 ! corn] ( ! ,k'aba4 #bcf ,x is said to h be5 rebuilt t5 times4 ,a full description w be f\nd 9 ,burton's ,pilgrimage to ,madna & ,mecca1 vol4 iii4 *4 #bf4 ,x is f> too long to quote1 & x _c be cond5s$4 ,! foll[+ extract is ( "s int]e/1 z x /ates :y ! ',ulama consid] ! ,k'aba s sacr$ a place4 ,!y quote ! v]se3 ',v]ily ! fir/ h\se built = mank9d 7to wor%ip 97 is t 9 ,beccah 7,mecca7--,bless$ & a salvation to human be+s4 ,!re9 are manife/ signs1 ev5 ! /&+-place ( ,abraham1 & he :o ent]e? is safe4' 7,sra iii4 #ij74 ,! ^w '!re9' is said to mean ,mecca1 & ! manife/ signs ! ,k'aba1 :i* conta9s su* m>vels z ! footpr9ts on ,abraham's plat=m1 & is ! spiritual safegu>d ( all :o ent] x4 ,9 addition1 o!r signs are ! pres]vation ( ! black /one1 ! miracles put =? to def5d ! ,h\se1 ! t]rible dea? ( ! sacrilegi\s1 & ! fact t 9 ! ,flood ! big fi% did n eat ! little fi% 9 ! ,h>m4 ,invalids recov] _! heal? by rubb+ !mselves aga9/ ! ,kiswat 7! cov]+ ( ! ,k'aba71 & ! black /one4 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& m]cies desc5d on x e day1 c4 ,portions ( ! ,kiswat are highly valu$ z m>k]s = ! ,qurn4 ,wai/coats made ( x are suppos$ to r5d] ! combatant invuln]able 9 battle4 #bcg ,! :ole sev5 are "o ,usb'4 #bch ,! ,maqm-i-,ibrhm is a small build+1 support$1 by six pill>s ab\t eight feet high1 f\r ( :i* are surr\nd$ f top to bottom by a f9e iron rail+1 :ile ! space betwe5 ! two h9d] pill>s is left op52 )9 ! rail+ is a frame ab\t five feet squ>e1 said to conta9 ! sacr$ /one on :i* ,abraham sat :5 he built ! ,k'aba4 #bci ,9 ! fir/ rak'at1 ! *apt] usually recit$ is ,sra cix2 9 ! second1 ,sra cxii4 #bdj ,_m f9d ?is inconv5i5t & s pass on to ',arift dur+ ! aft]noon ( ! eigh? day 7,burton74 #bda ,! foll[+ leg5d is curr5t ab\t ',arift4 ,:5 our p>5ts =feit$ heav5 by eat+ :eat1 :i* depriv$ !m ( _! primeval purity1 !y 7 ca/ d[n ^u e>?4 ,! s]p5t desc5d$ at ,ispahn1 ! peacock at ,cabul1 ,satan at ,bilbays1 ,eve ^u ',arift & ,adam at ,ceylon4 ,! latt] det]m9+ to seek 8 wife1 began a j\rney1 to :i* ! e>? owes its pres5t mottl$ appe>ance4 ,:]ev] he plac$ 8 foot--:i* 0 l>ge--a t[n arose2 betwe5 ! /rides w always be c\ntry4 ,w&]+ = _m ye>s he came to ! ,m\nta9 ( m]cy1 :]e our common "m 0 cont9ually call+ ^u 8 "n1 & _! recognition gave ! place ! "n ( ',arift4 ,!y liv$ "h till dea? took place4 7,burton74 #bdb ,! ,%fa' rules all[ a travell] any "t :5 on a j\rney ( a night & day to r$uce ! five ,namz to ?ree by jo9+ "s4 ,! ,hanaf code all[s ! %ort5$ =m only on ?is day4 #bdc ,! ,%aitan-ul-,kabr is a dw>f buttress ( rude masonry ab\t eight feet high1 by two & a half broad1 plac$ aga9/ a r\gh wall ( /ones4 7,burton74 #bdd ,mo/ ( ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! ,hajj1 ! ,ihrm1 ! %av+ ( ! head1 ! go+ to ,saf & ,m>wah1 ! ?r[+ ( ! /ones1 ! circuit ( ! ,k'aba1 ! kiss+ ( ! black /one1 & ! sacrifice 7 all pagan c]emonies p]=m$ by ! idolatr\s ,arabs4 ,muhammad by 8 "t-s]v+ policy1 adopt$ to ga9 ! ,meccans to 8 side1 has confirm$ an idolatr\s practice :i* o!rwise w\ld probably h be5 ext9ct long ago4 ,saf & ,m>wah 7 hills held 9 sup]/iti\s rev]5ce by ! ,meccans4 ,! e>ly ,muslims _h "s d\bt ab\t reta9+ !m z sacr$ places3 !n came ! revelation to ! ,prophet1 ,saf & ,m>wah are among ! monum5ts ( ,god1 :osoev] !n make? a pilgrimage to ! temple or visite? x1 %all n be to blame if he g r\nd ab\t !m bo?4 7,sra ii4 #aec74 #bde ,^! are ! lett]s conta9$ 9 words :i* direct ! read] :5 to pause4 ,?us to /&s = mutlaq 7slight pause71 qif 7pause71 jm = j1z 7fre$om to pause1 or n to pause71 l = no 7no pause71 mm = la'zim 7necess>y to pause71 747 is a full /op4 #bdf ,p]sian 0 ! =eign language ) :i* ! e>ly ,muslims 7 br\ght mo/ into contact2 b ! objection applies equally to any o!r language4 #bdg ,a concession ( no practical value1 z any "o ) ! p[] ( spee* c\ld le>n ^! words 9 a v %ort "t4 #bdh ,?is is because by s do+ x w\ld seem to ascribe to x simil>ity to human compositions4 #bdi ,dur+ ! fir/ t5 days !y are suppos$ to conta9 ! bodies ( ! m>tyrs1 b n[ be+ empty ! ,tzz become m]e ord9>y frames & c be de/roy$1 ,qnn-i-,islm1 p4 #adf4 #bej ,?is fea/ is kn[n 9 ,s\? ,india z ! ,dass>a4 ,! idol is ?r[n into a tank4 #bea ,! ,mihrb is a ni*e 9 a wall :i* indicates ! position ( ,mecca4 ,! face is always turn$ to x :5 pray]s are said2 s t ! expression 9 ! pray] means t ',al is to be ! object t[>d :i* ! fai?ful look4 #beb ,! twelve ,imms1 ,muhammad & ,ftima4 #bec ,! 'd-gh is usually built outside ( ! t[n1 & consi/s ( a long wall ( masonry ) two m9>ets & a l>ge rais$ op5 c\rt4 ,!re is a ,mihrb 9 ! wall3 b no prop] mimb> or pulpit1 ?ree rais$ /eps do+ duty = x4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a ,mosque is us$ z an 'd-gh4 #bed ,tradition records t ! ,prophet1 aft] ! battle ( ,ohud1 0 "o day asc5d+ a hill 9 a rage4 ,! heat ( 8 passion 0 su* t ! m\nta9 s(t5$ into ! consi/5ce ( wax & reta9$1 "s say eighte52 o!rs1 =ty impressions ( 8 feet4 ,:5 rebuk$ by ,gabriel = 8 ang] ! ,prophet enquir$ ! cause ( 8 rebuke4 ,gabriel told him to look ar\nd4 ,! ,prophet see+ ^! impressions ( 8 feet on ! /ones 0 a/oni%$4 ,8 ang] in/antly ceas$4 ,qnn-i-,islm1 p4 #aeb4 #bee ,! ,baqr-'d is ! only o!r fea/ t has an ',arfa4 #bef ,mi%kt-ul-,musbih1 ,book vii4 *4 #a4 #beg ,t is1 8 bless+ or 8 curse takes effect4 ,qnn-i-,islm p4 #agj4 #beh ,?is is a w>n+ to ^? :o may h omitt$ ?is duty4 #bei ,khutbah-i-,muht>jam1 p4 #ajd4 #bfj ,obs]vations on ! ,musalmns ( ,india4 ,mrs4 ,mr ,husan ',al1 p4 #aib4 #bfa ,! op9ion ( ! v>i\s ,traditioni/s on ?is po9t is giv5 9 ! ,nr-ul-,hidyah1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fa4 #bfb ,/ill x is mu/ahab1 or a m]itori\s act s to d4 ,x is also said t1 if a m9or is possess$ ( prop]ty1 8 fa!r or 8 gu>dian may pur*ase at 8 exp5se an animal & sacrifice x4 ,! *ild may !n eat z mu* z x c4 ,! rema9d] ( ! meat mu/ be ex*ang$ = some?+ :i* ! *ild c use1 su* z clo!s1 %oes1 c4 ,nr-ul-,hidyah1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fj4 #bfc ,accord+ to ! ,imms ,%fa' & ,mlik no "o mu/ (f] up ! sacrifice until ! ,imm :o has (ficiat$ at ! previ\s ,namz has sla9 8 victim4 ,nr-ul-,hidyah1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fa4 #bfd ryi%-i-,mahfil p4 #add4 99 99 99 99 99 ,corrections made to pr9t$ orig9al4 ,page #bi ,x is moreov] ! unanim\s op9ion - 'moveov]' 9 orig9al4 ,page #cc ! ,imm-i-,a'zam or great ,imm - ,imm--',azam 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata4 ,page #dj ,?is is te*nically call$ ,ilk - ,ilka 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata4 ,page #ia ,sa'd 9 ! ,bu/n says - ,bu/un 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata4 ,page #ib ! fam\s ,maulna ,jell-ud-dn ,rm - ,maolna 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata4 ,page #ic ,x is ,fan--ext9ction4 - ,fana 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata4 ,page #ahh a /ill l[] class ( action :i* are mubh4 - mubah 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata4 ,page #aij 7#ab7 ! :ole head mu/ be rubb$ once - '7#ac7' 9 orig9al4 ,page #aib ,a man "o day came to ! ,prophet - 'come' 9 orig9al4 ,page #bah ,islm1 ,hurriat 7fre$om7 & ,nisb 7/ock74 - ,hrriat 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata4 ,note #acc ,also ,takml-ul-,imn1 p4 #fd4 - ,taml-ul-,imn 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata4