by ! ,libr>y ( ,congress7 ,,*eck+ ,,! ,,wa/e ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,cons]vation ,by ,,m>y ,,hu/on ,,gregory 99 99 99 ,:at y w\ld weave into ! life ( ! nation1 put into ! public s*ools4 --,,emp]or ,,william ,i4 99 99 99 ,,indianapolis ,,! ,,bobbs-,,m]rill ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,copyright #aiaa ,,press ,,( ,,braunwor? ,,co4 ,,bookb9d]s ,,& ,,pr9t]s ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,:at ,,is ,,cons]vation8 #a ,,ii ,,soil #aj ,,iii ,,=e/s #db ,,iv ,,wat] #hf ,v ,,coal #abd ,,vi ,,o!r ,,fuels #add ,,vii ,,iron #afd ,,viii ,,o!r ,,m9]als #aha ,,ix ,,animal ,,foods #aih ,x ,,insects #bag ,,xi ,,birds #bcf ,,xii ,,heal? #bfe ,,xiii ,,beauty #cjb ,,xiv ,,9 ,,conclusion #cab ,,preface ,mu* has be5 said & writt5 on ! subject ( cons]vation & _m excell5t ideas h be5 advanc$1 b z yet too little has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! way ( practical results4 ,probably ?is is due l>gely to ! fact t mo/ p ?9k ( cons]vation z a problem = ! f$]al & /ate gov]nm5ts1 m9e own]s1 great lumb] companies1 own]s ( va/ tracts ( l&1 & l>ge corporations2 & h n realiz$ h[ mu* ! responsibility = ! c>e ( our natural res\rces & ! p5alty = _! wa/e re/ ) ! :ole p1 t e "o has a "p 9 ?is "w :i* has be5 call$ ! greate/ "q be=e ! ,am]ican p4 ,"o cause ( ! failure to realize ?is p]sonal responsibility is t :ile !re h be5 college text-books & sci5tific treatises on v>i\s bran*es ( ! subject1 su* z ,=e/ry1 !re has be5 no book treat+ ( ! entire problem ( our natural res\rces1 _! ext5t1 ! am\nt & nature ( _! use1 _! wa/e1 & :at may be done to cons]ve !m1 prep>$ 9 a way t c be readily und]/ood by ! ord9>y read]1 & deal+ ) ! practical1 r ?an ! te*nical1 side4 ,x is to supply ! ne$ = su* g5]al k1 & to %[ h[ su* sav+ may be accompli%$1 t ?is book has be5 writt54 ,x is design$ z a %ort b complete /atem5t ( ! entire cons]vation "q1 & %\ld be ( s]vice = /udy 9 tea*]s' read+ circles1 f>m]s' in/itutes1 wom5's clubs1 ! advanc$ grades 9 s*ools1 & = g5]al libr>y purposes4 ,e /atem5t ( fact be>s ! weight ( au?ority1 = no facts or figures are giv5 t h n be5 v]ifi$ by gov]nm5t reports1 reports ( sci5tific societies1 etc4 ,in=mation has be5 ga!r$ f _m s\rces1 *ief among !m be+ ! ,report ( ! ,conf]5ce ( ,gov]nors at ! ,:ite ,h\se1 9 ,may1 #aijh2 ! ,report ( ! ,national ,cons]vation ,commission1 ! ,report on ,national ,vitality1 ! ,report ( ! ,inl& ,wat]ways ,commission1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ! ,c5sus ,reports1 & _m gov]nm5t dep>tm5tal pamphlets4 ,m4 ,h4 ,g4 ,indianapolis1 ,novemb] #bd1 #aiaj4 99 99 99 ,,*eck+ ,,! ,,wa/e ,,*apt] ,i ,,:at ,,is ,,cons]vation8 ,a ,nation's ,ri*es lie bo? 9 its p & 9 its natural res\rces4 ,nei!r c exi/ 9 its highe/ e/ate )\t ! o!r4 ,goldsmi? pr$ict$ ! c]ta9 d[nfall ( l&s :]e weal? accumulates & m5 decay1 b1 9 ! true/1 broade/ def9ition1 !re c be no national weal? unless ! m5 & wom5 ( ! nation are heal?y1 intellig5t1 educat$ & "r-m9d$4 ,on ! o!r h& x is equally true t if ! p ( a c\ntry are to make ! mo/ ( !mselves 9 m9d & body2 if !y are to get ! mo/ com=t & happ9ess out ( life & to become 9 ! highe/ degree useful1 !y mu/ develop its natural res\rces to ! greate/ possible degree4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is p>ticul>ly =tunate 9 its abundant ri*es ( soil1 =e/ & m9e1 & 9 ! fact t f ! beg9n+ ( ! nation ^! h be5 ! inh]itance n ( a p sl[ly le>n+ ! use ( tools & mat]ials1 & em]g+ f ignorance & savag]y1 b repres5t+ ! mo/ advanc$ & enlight5$ ideas & spiritual ideals ( ! "t4 ,! result ( ^! conditions has be5 inv5tions & discov]ies t h develop$ a great nation at home & h done mu* to bett] ! condition ( ! _w4 ,b ! v magnitude ( our natural weal? has made u c>eless1 ev5 prodigal1 9 its use1 & ?\ghtful m5 are beg9n+ to realize t ) ! natural increase ( population :i* is to be expect$1 we %all1 if ! pres5t rates ( use & wa/e cont9ue1 f9d ourselves no long] ri*1 b fac+ pov]ty & ev5 actual want4 ,b x is n too late to save ourselves f ! results ( our pa/ extravagance4 ,we are only beg9n+ to see ! dang] into :i* we h almo/ plung$1 b we see en\gh to make u realize t e "o mu/ d 8 "p 9 *eck+ ! wa/e4 ,be=e ?is c be intellig5tly accompli%$ we mu/ und]/& some?+ ( ! great national movem5t = ! cons]vation ( our national res\rces4 ,let u g back = a mom5t to ! beg9n+ ( our hi/ory z a nation1 ! days ( ,wa%+ton4 ,inv5tion at t "t 0 little advanc$ ov] :at x _h be5 ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,! same type ( sl[-sail+ vessels c>ri$ all ! comm]ce4 ,w9d & wat] 7 ! only p[]s employ$ 9 runn+ ! few factories4 ,only a little iron 0 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 fact almo/ its only use any:]e at t "t 0 = tools4 ,!re 0 little ma*9]y1 & t ( ! simple/ description4 ,an?racite coal 0 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry only z a h>d black rock4 ,bitum9\s coal1 gas1 & oil 7 unkn[n4 ,! =e/s /ret*$ away 9 unbrok5 miles ( wild]ness4 ,! wood 0 us$ = ! settl]s' homes1 _! fuel1 & _! scanty furniture1 b !y ne$$ s little t x grew mu* fa/] ?an x c\ld be us$4 ,! man :o cut d[n a tree 0 a public b5efactor4 ,! trees1 ?\gh s necess>y to life1 7 reg>d$ z a s]i\s h9drance to civilization1 = !y mu/ be cle>$ away be=e crops c\ld be plant$4 ,to ! pione]s z to u ! soil 0 ! mo/ valuable ( all res\rces4 ,! riv]s 7 necess>y to e community = c>ry+ _! comm]ce1 & turn+ ! :eels ( _! saw & gri/ mills2 :ile ! fi%1 game1 & birds made a necess>y "p ( _! liv+4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ) e res\rce to be f\nd 9 su* abundance t x seem$ impossible x c\ld ev] be exhau/$1 & ) a small scatt]$ population to draw on all ^! ri*es1 c>eless habits ( us+ 7 sure to spr+ up4 ,our =efa!rs took ! be/ t ! l& (f]$1 & t :i* 0 easie/ to get1 & gave no ?\ght to c>+ = :at rema9$4 ,_! *ildr51 & ! new immigrants :o came 9 su* numb]s1 all practis$ ! same wa/eful me?ods4 ,9 ! c5tury & a qu>t] t has pass$ s9ce !n1 a great *ange has come ov] ! _w4 ,by ! magic ( ! railroad1 ! telegraph1 & ! telephone1 all ! nations ( ! e>? are b\nd m closely to "o ano!r n[ ?an 7 ! scatt]$ communities ( a s+le c\nty 9 ^? days1 or ?an ! /ates ( ! ,union be=e ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! =e/s h be5 cut away & 9 place ( endless miles ( wild]ness !re n[ /ret* endless miles ( f]tile f>ms1 yield+ abundant h>ve/s4 ,sl[-go+ sail+ vessels h giv5 place to /eamboats :i* n[ c>ry ! riv] & lake comm]ce4 ,b m5 are no long] dep5d5t on ! riv]s1 = swift railway tra9s p5etrate e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! /age-coa* is replac$ by ! trolley-c>1 & ! horseback rid]1 plodd+ ov] corduroy roads ) 8 saddle-bags1 is succe$$ by ! automobile rid] spe$+ ov] ! mo/ improv$ highways4 ,f>m ma*9]y ( all descriptions has revolutioniz$ ! old me?ods ( do+ f>m "w4 ,! fi%1 game1 & birds are l>gely gone & 9 _! place are ! animal foods rais$ by man4 ,mod]n h\ses1 fill$ ) c\ntless devices = labor-sav+ & com=t1 h replac$ ! simple homes ( colonial days4 ,:at has br\ght ab\t ?is *ange8 ,! en]gy & indu/ry ( ,am]ican m5 & wom51 aid$ = ! mo/ "p by ,am]ican inv5tions1 & made possible by ! wond]ful natural res\rces ( ,am]ica4 ,no "o c\ld wi% to h _h our c\ntry's developm5t *eck$ 9 any way4 ,^! great results c\ld be obta9$ only by us+ ! mat]ials t c\ld be _h easie/ & *eape/1 ev5 if x meant great wa/e 9 ! beg9n+4 ,labor 0 sc>ce & high 9 ?is c\ntry1 abundant & *eap 9 ,europe4 ,9 ord] to make goods t c\ld be sold at prices ev5 above ^? ( ,european c\ntries1 x 0 absolutely necess>y to h *eap lumb]1 coal & iron4 ,b ! "t has come :5 we c no long] cont9ue ?is wa/e )\t int]f]+ ) future developm5t4 ,"s ( ! res\rces h be5 s exhau/$ t a few ye>s w see ! end ( _! use 9 l>ge comm]cial quantities4 ,o!rs1 su* z coal & iron1 w la/ mu* long]1 b :5 !y are gone !y c nev] be replac$2 & s f> z we c n[ =esee1 ! c\ntry w cease to prosp] :5 !y c no long] be _h = use 9 manufactur+4 ,! l5g? ( "t !y w la/ at ! pres5t rate ( use c be easily calculat$4 ,x is a long "t = u to look =w>d1 = x is long] ?an ! lifetime ( any man n[ liv+1 or ( 8 *ildr51 b x is )9 ! life ( 8 gr&*ildr51 & t is a v %ort "t 9 ! hi/ory ( a nation4 ,x may be said t :ile o!r nations h pass$ into decay1 none has ev] exhau/$ its res\rces s e>ly 9 its hi/ory1 & surely ?is great ri* nation c n s soon face actual ne$4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t no o!r nation has ev] us$ its res\rces z we h us$ ours4 ,we are us+ 9 ye>s :at o!r nations h us$ 9 c5turies4 ,x is n possible n[1 x probably nev] w be possible1 to use e p>ticle ( a res\rce4 ,?is w\ld be too exp5sive1 w\ld mean a labor co/ f> beyond ! value ( ! ?+ sav$4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 z we h %[n1 ! va/ wa/es 7 n wanton1 b absolutely necess>y1 & we h n yet rea*$ ! po9t :]e we c af=d to use ! l[-grade ores1 to use all lumb] wa/e & to practise _m o!r economies t may sometime become necess>y4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! =e/s we %\ld provide en\gh trees = use 9 com+ ye>s1 & 9 ! case ( all m9]als1 ! refuse %\ld be left 9 su* condition t x c easily be ready = possible future use4 ,if cons]vation meant leav+ our res\rces unt\*$1 & *eck+ developm5t 9 ord] t !re might be an abundance = future g5]ations1 x w\ld be bo? an unwise & unacceptable policy2 b x mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood t ?is is n :at is desir$4 ,cons]vation does n mean ! lock+ up ( our res\rces1 nor a h9drance to real progress 9 any direction4 ,x means only wise1 c>eful use4 ,x does n mean t we %all cease to cut our timb]1 b x does mean t we %all n wa/e two-?irds ( all t is cut1 z we are do+ at pres5t4 ,x means1 too1 t we %all take bett] c>e ( articles manufactur$ f x1 & mo/ ( all1 x means t1 :5 a tree is cut d[n ano!r %all1 :5ev] possible1 be plant$ 9 its /ead to provide = ! ne$s ( ! future4 ,x means t we %all n all[ ! f>ms ( our c\ntry to lose five hundr$ million doll>s 9 value e ye> by lett+ ! ri* top-soil dra9 (f into our riv]s1 because we h cut away ! trees ^: roots held ! soil 9 place4 ,x also means t we %all n /eadily rob ! l& ( ! elem5ts t w\ld produce good crops1 & put no?+ back into ! soil4 ,x means t we %all n kill ! birds t de/roy h>mful insects & ?us invite ! insects to de/roy ! crops t we h cultivat$ ) su* c>e4 ,x does n mean t we %all let our m9es ( coal & iron lie unus$1 z ! mis] does 8 gold1 b t we %all1 :ile tak+ :at we ne$1 leave z little wa/e 9 ! m9e z possible1 & %all use :at we take 9 ! mo/ economical way4 ,?is means a sav+ ( money to ! us]1 z well z a cons]vation ( res\rces4 ,x means1 too1 t we %all n all[ our wat]-p[] to rema9 unus$1 :ile we burn millions ( tons ( coal 9 do+ ! "w t wat]-p[] w\ld d bett]4 ,x means t we %all n all[ en\gh natural gas to escape into ! air e day to light all ! l>ge cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x means t we %all take bett] c>e ( ! life & heal? ( ! p4 ,?is is ! true cons]vation4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s we %all take up ea* ( ! great res\rces 9 turn1 %all see :at we h us$1 :at we h wa/$1 :at rema9s to u1 h[ long x w cont9ue at ! pres5t rate1 h[ x may be us$ m wisely1 & h[ x may be replac$1 if t be possible1 or :at may be us$ in/ead ( ^? :i* c n be r5ew$4 ,we %all /udy h[ we may make ! mo/ ( all t nature has giv5 u & develop our c\ntry to ! highe/ possible po9t1 h[ we may rise f> above our pres5t level 9 com=t1 conv5i5ce1 & abundance1 & yet d all ^! ?+s ) mu* less wa/e ?an we n[ p]mit4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,soil ,! soil is ! greate/ ( our natural res\rces4 ,we may almo/ say t x is great] ?an all ! o!rs comb9$1 = f x comes all ( our food2 a l>ge "p ( x directly z plants :i* gr[ 9 ! soil & :i* we eat 9 ! =m ( roots1 leaves1 gra9s1 b]ries1 fruits1 & nuts2 & a "p ( x indirectly z animals1 :i* h receiv$ _! food supply f ! plants4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! soil supplies almo/ e kn[n ne$4 ,we build our homes f ! trees ( ! =e/2 comb9$ ) ! iron t comes f ! soil !y furni% our fuel1 our %ips1 our c>s1 our furniture1 & c\ntless o!r ?+s4 ,our clo?+ is made f ! cotton or flax :i* gr[s f ! soil1 ! wool f ! %eep t fe$ on ! pa/ures1 or f ! silk-worms t fe$ on leaves4 ,s x is to ! e>? t we turn = e ne$1 & ,"m ,nature supplies x4 ,b x is ( ! soil z x gives u our food supply t we %all speak 9 ?is *apt]1 & we mu/ fir/ le>n ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! process ( its mak+1 9 ord] to und]/& ! ne$ ( extraord9>y c>e 9 its managem5t1 & also h[ to use x s t x w n we> out1 or become exhau/$1 b w increase 9 value = ye>s & ev5 c5turies1 z x w if prop]ly c>$ =4 ,! e>?'s surface is con/antly be+ r5ew$4 ,al?\gh ! great =mative movem5ts occurr$ ages ago1 yet e>?quakes1 volcanic action1 w9d1 fro/ & wat] are work+ cont9ual *anges4 ,hills & m\nta9s h be5 ?r[n up1 & nature has gone to "w at once to %ave d[n ! m\nta9s & fill up ! valleys4 ,! :ole e>? is z c>efully adju/$ & balanc$ z ! :eels ( a wat*1 b ^! adju/m5ts take place 9 long p]iods ( "t4 ,9 a lifetime1 or ev5 a c5tury1 ! *anges ( ! e>?'s surface seem few & small1 b !y are none ! less sure4 ,! soil or humus1 t is1 ! upp] lay] ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* is us$ 9 f>m+1 has an av]age dep? ( ab\t f\r feet1 & has be5 =m$ by decay1 fir/ & mo/ important ( all by rock decay :i* is con/antly go+ on "u ! surface ( ! e>? & 9 expos$ places ev]y:]e1 & is caus$ by ! action ( air & wat]4 ,?is process is v sl[4 ,9 places :]e ! rock is already p>tly gr\nd up1 or1 dis9tegrat$1 z we sometimes say1 x is m rapid1 b ! av]age gr[? ( ! soil f b5ea? by rock decay is sc>cely m ?an a foot 9 t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,"s wa/e ( ?is upp] lay] is con/antly tak+ place f above1 caus$ by w9d & floods1 & consid]able additions are made to x by ! decay ( animal & vegetable matt]1 b 9 ord] to keep ! soil at its be/1 ! av]age soil wa/e %\ld n am\nt to m ?an an in* e ?\s& ye>s4 ,:5 ?is humus is once exhau/$ !re is no way to repair ! damage b to wait = ! sl[ rock-decay4 ,9 ! riv] valleys !re is no imm$iate dang] ( exhau/+ ! entire body ( ! soil1 b on ! hills & 9 ! high] regions ! soil-dep? is v mu* less ?an f\r feet1 & ! dang] ( wa/e mu* m s]i\s4 ,!re are p>ts ( ! e>? t 7 once almo/ z f]tile z ours :]e great cities once /ood1 b :]e n[ no?+ is left b ! b>e rock4 ,s we "k t ! end is sure1 ev5 = ! life ( man ^u e>?1 unless we le>n to cons]ve our soil4 ,! value ( our f>m crops c n be ov]e/imat$4 ,9 food value !y are ! life ( ! nation2 9 money value1 our greate/ national weal?4 ,= ! ye> #aiji ! total value ( f>m products 0 ! amaz+ sum ( #h1gfj1jjj1jjj4 ,x may give "s idea ( ?is va/ am\nt to say t if we c\ld h x 9 ! =m ( tw5ty-doll> gold pieces1 /ack$ 9 "o pile1 ! column w\ld rea* sev5 hundr$ miles high4 ,if !y 7 laid flat1 edge to edge1 !y w\ld ext5d f ,alaska to ! ,panama ,canal1 ) en\gh left ov] to rea* f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco4 ,if ! money c\ld be di/ribut$1 x w\ld give u all1 e man1 woman & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o hundr$ doll>s apiece4 ,! corn crop 0 wor? #a1gbj1jjj1jjj2 ! cotton #hej1jjj1jjj2 :eat comes ?ird ) a value ( #gbe1jjj1jjj2 !n come hay1 oats1 & o!r crops 9 va/ am\nts wor? hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s4 ,! cotton alone 0 wor? m ?an ! _w's output ( gold & silv] comb9$4 ,! corn w\ld pay = ! ,panama ,canal1 = fifty battle%ips1 & = ! irrigation projects 9 ! ,we/1 ) a hundr$ million doll>s left ov]4 ,& ?is is all new weal?4 ,if we build a h\se1 we h ga9$ ! h\se1 b ! trees ( :i* we build x are gone4 ,! same ?+ is true ( e article we manufacture4 ,some?+ is tak5 f our /ore 9 ! mak+4 ,b aft] we h tak5 ^! wond]ful crops f our f>ms ! l& is /ill !re1 & ! soil is j z ready to produce a good crop ! next ye>1 & ! next1 & ! next1 if we treat x prop]ly4 ,?is matt] ( soil cons]vation is ( ! greate/ importance to e "o ( u4 ,if y are to own a f>m1 or r5t a f>m1 or till a g>d51 or plant an or*>d t5 ye>s f n[1 x w make a great diff]5ce to y :e!r ! man :o owns x f n[ until !n kn[s h[ to c>e = x s z to make x produce well1 or :e!r1 by neglect1 he all[s x to become poor] ea* ye>4 ,x w make a f> great] diff]5ce if tw5ty ye>s elapse4 ,x makes a diff]5ce to ! f>m] :e!r he gets twelve bu%els ( :eat to ! acre1 or :e!r he gets tw5ty1 = ! co/ ( produc+ ! small] am\nt is j z great z ! co/ ( produc+ ! l>g]1 & ! extra bu%els are all pr(it4 ,x makes a diff]5ce :e!r a g>d5 furni%es all ! fruit & vegetables ne$$ by ! family1 or :e!r x does n ev5 pay = cultivation1 & ! food mu/ be b\ght at high prices4 ,x makes ev5 m diff]5ce to ! dwell] 9 ! city1 :o mu/ buy all t he eats1 :e!r food is abundant or n4 ,if food is abundant1 prices are l[1 b :5 ! yield is small ! dem& is s great t prices become high4 ,n only ! m51 b ! wom5 & *ildr5 z well1 are affect$ by ^! food values1 because x is f ! extra money left ov] aft] ! actual co/ ( liv+ is tak5 out t ! clo?+1 ! h\se-furni%+s1 books1 pictures1 music1 travel & all ! pleasures ( life mu/ come4 ,great z are our h>ve/s1 we are n rais+ mu* m ?an en\gh = our pres5t ne$s4 ,ea* ye> we are us+ m ( our food at home1 & h less to export to o!r c\ntries4 ,9 a few ye>s m ! public l&s w all be tak51 & !re w be comp>atively little m l& ?an we n[ cultivate to supply a population t w be _m times z great z at pres5t4 ,m5 :o wat* ! great movem5ts ( ! _w tell u t ! "t is com+ be=e _m ye>s :5 !re w n be food en\gh to supply all our p1 :5 we %all be buy+ food f o!r c\ntries in/ead ( sell+ to !m1 :5 we %all h fam9e in/ead ( pl5ty unless we realize ! dang] & at once set ab\t to make ! mo/ ( e acre ( our l&4 ,james ,j4 ,hill1 ! great railroad build] ( ! ,nor?we/1 & "o ( ! be/ in=m$ m5 ( ! c\ntry on food production & ! increase ( population1 is do+ a great "w 9 po9t+ out ^! dang]s to ! p on e possible occasion4 ,wat*+ ! great food-produc+ region ( ! c\ntry1 he has not$ t ea* ye> ! yield p] acre is gr[+ less1 & ! population /eadily m4 ,he tells u t :5 our fir/ c5sus 0 tak5 only f\r p] c5t4 ( ! p liv$ 9 cities1 t fifty ye>s ago "o-?ird ( ! p liv$ 9 cities1 & two-?irds 9 ! c\ntry1 t is1 two-?irds ( ! p 7 furni%+ food to ! rema9d]4 ,n[ conditions are almo/ exactly rev]s$4 ,only "o-?ird rema9 9 ! c\ntry1 & mu/ supply ! food1 n only = !mselves1 b = all ! two-?irds :o are n food produc]s1 s t ! food supply is lagg+ f> beh9d ! dem&4 ,! price ( corn has advanc$ f tw5ty-five c5ts to sixty-five c5ts a bu%el 9 t5 ye>s1 & ?is 9 turn raises ! price ( live /ock4 ,& s all along ! l9e4 ,prices are gr[+ high] all ! "t because n en\gh food is be+ produc$ to supply ! dem&4 ,s we c see t x is absolutely necess>y t ! soil be prop]ly c>$ = if we are to cont9ue to increase & prosp]1 = z ,secret>y ,wilson has said1 ,^u ! f]tility ( ! soil dep5ds ! :ole bus9ess ( agriculture4 ,! soil is exhau/$ 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,by erosion1 or ! c>ry+ away ( ! entire soil itself4 7#b7 ,by s us+ ! soil t "o or m ( its pr9cipal elem5ts are worn out4 ,we %all consid] ?is =m ( soil exhau/ion fir/1 because x m directly conc]ns ! "w ( e f>m]4 ,by a f]tile soil is meant "o t has an abundance ( plant food 9 ! prop] proportions4 ,! soil conta9s all ! elem5ts t are ne$$ to support life1 b !y are 9 an inorganic =m1 t is1 !y are lifeless4 ,plants alone c take ^! inorganic sub/ances f ! soil1 & *ange !m into />*1 sug>1 fats1 & prote94 ,all animals1 includ+ man1 mu/ get ^! sub/ances ?r\gh plants1 or ?r\gh o!r animals t h already absorb$ !m f plants4 ,! soil conta9s t5 elem5ts t are absorb$ or assimilat$ by plants4 ,^! are3 7#a7 lime1 7#b7 magnesia1 7#c7 iron1 7#d7 sulphur1 all ( :i* are f\nd 9 mo/ plants 9 v small proportions1 & are pres5t 9 mo/ soils 9 quantities f> beyond ! ne$s ( crops = ages to come2 7#e7 c>bon1 :i* is obta9$ by plants ?r\gh _! leaves directly f ! air & ! sun%9e2 7#f7 hydrog5 & 7#g7 oxyg51 :i* are tak5 f ! wat] 9 ! soil & c>ri$ to ! leaves1 :]e !y also help to take ! c>bon f ! atmosph]e4 ,) none ( ^! elem5ts1 !n1 does ! f>m] ne$ to conc]n himself 9 regions :]e ! wat] supply is abundant1 z !y are1 & w cont9ue to be1 pl5tifully suppli$ by nature4 ,b ! o!r ?ree1 7#h7 nitrog51 7#i7 potassium1 & 7#aj7 phosphorus1 are ne$$ by plants 9 l>ge quantities1 & are tak5 f ! soil f> m rapidly ?an nature c replace !m4 ,all ^! elem5ts are necess>y to plant life1 b "s plants require a l>ge am\nt ( "o elem5t1 o!rs a small proportion ( t1 b a l>ge am\nt ( "s ( ! o!rs4 ,no two v>ieties ( plants require exactly ! same proportions1 s x is easy to see t ! plant t takes out ( ! soil any "o elem5t makes ! soil less capable ea* ye> ( produc+ a good crop ( ! same k9d4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( f>m+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 x 0 ! cu/om to gr[ a s+le crop1 :i* _h be5 f\nd to give good results1 ye> aft] ye> 9 ! same field4 ,9 ,virg9ia & o!r ne>-by /ates ne>ly all ! be/ l& 0 giv5 e ye> to ! cultivation ( tobacco1 :i* exhau/s ! soil rapidly4 ,9 ! /ates f>!r nor? o!r crops 7 plant$ 9 ! same way4 ,z a result1 "s ( ! mo/ f]tile soil 9 ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,massa*usetts1 & o!r ea/]n /ates has be5 s exhau/$ t x is no long] wor? cultivat+4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,engl& /ates are to be f\nd ^! worn-out f>ms1 &1 :ile !y 7 nev] s f]tile z ! l&s ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ea* "o 0 ri* en\gh to support a family 9 com=t1 ) some?+ left to sell2 b because !y 7 requir$ to produce ! same crops1 & s take ! same elem5t f ! soil1 ye> aft] ye>1 !y h become s lack+ 9 "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts t !y are unfit = cultivation1 & h be5 ab&on$4 ,x is wisdom & good bus9ess policy = f>m]s to /udy c>efully ?is "q ( plant food & to le>n :at ea* crop is tak+ f ! soil1 s t x may be replac$4 ,x has be5 f\nd by long & c>eful exp]im5ts1 t :5 l& has be5 s+le cropp$1 z ?is abuse ( ! l& is call$1 = a long "t1 ! soil has be5 almo/ entirely depriv$ ( its nitrog54 ,z y "k1 nitrog5 is "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! air1 s t !re is a nev]-end+ supply1 b mo/ plants are unable to take x f ! air1 & until ! la/ few ye>s ! task ( replac+ nitrog5 9 ! soil 0 consid]$ impossible4 ,rec5t discov]ies1 h[ev]1 h %[n t !re are two ways 9 :i* x may be done4 ,by means ( electricity1 nitrog5 may be directly comb9$ ) ! o!r elem5ts ( ! soil4 ,! o!r me?od is nature's own plan1 & s is easi] & *eap]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t :ile mo/ plants exhau/ ! nitrog5 f ! soil1 "o class ( plants1 ! legumes1 ( :i* beans1 peas1 clov]1 & alfalfa are ! be/ kn[n1 h ! p[] ( draw+ l>ge /ores ( nitrog5 f ! air1 &1 by means ( bact]ia atta*$ to _! roots1 re/or+ x to ! gr\nd4 ,s f>m]s h le>n$ t if !y plant corn "o ye>1 x is wis] n to plant corn 9 ! same field ! next ye>1 b to s[ :eat1 :i* requires less nitrog51 & ! foll[+ ye> to s[ clov]1 s t ! nitrog5 :i* ! corn & :eat h tak5 f ! soil1 may be put back into x4 ,if ! l& be naturally f]tile1 & has be5 well c>$ =1 ! soil is !n ready to produce a good crop ( corn aga94 ,if ! soil has become worn-out & ! f>m] is try+ to improve its g5]al condition1 he c ga9 bett] results by keep+ ! field 9 clov] a second ye>1 :5 a pr(itable crop ( clov] se$ may be _h f ! l&4 ,?is sy/em ( *ang+ ea* ye>1 & alt]nat+ c]eal crops1 :i* take ! nitrog5 f ! soil1 ) legum9\s plants1 :i* re/ore x to ! soil aga91 is call$ rotation ( crops1 & if regul>ly foll[$ w pres]ve a prop] balance ( nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,we/ !re is a lack ( decay+ vegetable matt] 9 ! soil1 because ! few plants :i* naturally gr[ !re h small roots1 & leave little vegetable mat]ial beh9d :5 !y decay4 ,= ?is condition "o ( ! be/ crops to employ 9 rotation is sug>-beets1 because !y /rike _m small roots deep into ! e>?4 ,z ^! decay1 ea* leaves beh9d a t9y load ( vegetable mold deep 9 ! e>?1 & also makes ! soil m por\s4 ,z ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! soil ne$$ by sug>-beets are c>bon & oxyg51 :i* are absorb$ f ! air & sun%9e1 & z ! beets c be sold at a good pr(it1 x is an excell5t crop to employ 9 rotation4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates records 9 v>i\s /ates %[ t :]e sug>-beets are us$ 9 rotation1 ! :eat & corn yield is increas$ f two to f\r times1 & 9 ,g]many !y are l>gely us$ to re/ore ! f]tility ( ! l&1 ev5 if ! sug>-beets !mselves are sold at a loss4 ,x is mo/ important t f>m]s %\ld und]/& ! pr9ciple ( rotation ( crops1 because no?+ is tak5 f ! soil s quickly or 9 su* l>ge quantities z nitrog51 & no?+ is s easily put back2 :ile1 if x is n s replac$1 ! l& becomes wor?less4 ,a comp>ison ( ! results ( s+le cropp+ & ! rotation ( crops has be5 cle>ly %[n at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,agricultural ,college ( ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota1 :]e = t5 ye>s !y h plant$ corn on "o plot ( gr\nd4 ,= ! fir/ five ye>s x av]ag$ a little m ?an tw5ty bu%els p] acre1 & = ! la/ five ye>s1 elev5 bu%els4 ,on ano!r plot1 :]e corn 0 plant$ 9 rotation1 ! av]age yield 0 m ?an =ty-eight bu%els1 ! diff]5ce 9 av]age 9 ! two plots be+ ?irty-two bu%els1 or twice ! value ( ! entire av]age yield on ! exhau/$ gr\nd4 ,! corn gr[n at ! end ( ! t5 ye>s 0 only ab\t ?ree feet high1 ! e>s 7 small1 & ! gra9s light 9 weight4 ,b x co/ j z mu* to cultivate ! l& t produc$ x z x did to cultivate ! l& t produc$ =ty-eight bu%els4 ,( ! o!r two elem5ts1 potassium is f\nd abundantly 9 mo/ soils4 ,x is also f\nd 9 a readily soluble =m 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & is sold at a v l[ price4 ,b ev5 if ^! deposits 7 exhau/$ we c\ld /ill use ! rocks :i* are v ri* 9 potassium1 & are v abundant1 9 a pulv]iz$ =m1 or pota% c\ld be manufactur$ f !m4 ,! only rema9+ elem5t ( ! soil is phosphorus4 ,?is elem5t 0 discov]$ 9 #afjg1 ! ye> ( ! fir/ ,engli% settlem5t at ,jame/[n & 0 fir/ notic$ because ( its prop]ty ( giv+ (f light f itself4 ,! "n :i* 0 giv5 x means light-be>]4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght to be ! s\rce ( all p[]1 to heal all diseases1 & to turn ! common m9]als into gold4 ,al?\gh we h long ago le>n$ t ^! ideas are absurd1 yet we h also le>n$ t its real value to man is f> great] ?an 0 ev5 dream$ ( !n4 ,x is ! mo/ important elem5t 9 e liv+ ?+1 = no cell1 h[ev] small1 9 ei!r animal or vegetable organisms c gr[ or ev5 live )\t phosphorus4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! gre5 ( ! leaves1 & helps to make ! />*4 ,x ent]s l>gely into ! gra9 & se$s ( plants1 & is necess>y = _! g]m9ation1 or spr\t+1 z well z _! gr[?4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( all ! phosphorus 9 a crop ( c]eals is 9 ! gra9s1 giv+ !m size & weight4 ,x w ?us be se5 h[ necess>y x is t ! soil :i* fe$s our plants1 :i* 9 turn become ! food ( animals & ( man1 %\ld conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( phosphorus4 ,phosphorus is tak5 f ! soil 9 l>ge quantities by e k9d ( crop4 ,9 p>ts ( ,wiscons9 :i* h be5 f>m$ a little m ?an fifty ye>s )\t f]tiliz+1 x is f\nd t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! phosphorus has be5 tak5 out ( ! soil1 :i* w\ld mean t 9 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 or a hundr$ ye>s f n[1 ! soil w\ld be incapable ( produc+ any liv+ ?+1 & long be=e t "t ! crops w\ld n pay = ! labor ( produc+ !m4 ,almo/ e acre ( l& t has be5 f>m$ = t5 ye>s )\t f]tilization is defici5t 9 phosphorus1 t is1 s mu* has be5 us$ t ! soil c no long] produce at its =m] rate4 ,x may be ask$1 if ?is be true1 :y ! soil ( ,am]ica1 :i* be=e x 0 cultivat$ _h borne ri* =e/s & fields ( wav+ grass1 has n become exhau/$ long ago4 ,we mu/ rememb] t nature always adju/s itself2 t1 9 ! wild /ate1 all plants decay :]e !y gr[1 & ! same elem5ts are return$ aga9 to ! soil4 ,b :5 ! entire product ( va/ areas is remov$ ye> aft] ye>1 ! soil has no?+ except ! sl[ rock-decay ) :i* to r5ew itself4 ,9 tropical regions x is n necess>y to fe$ dome/ic animals at any season ( ! ye>1 b 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! natural food c be f\nd only dur+ a "p ( ! ye>1 ! ne$ ( artificial fe$+ is se5 at once1 & x becomes a "p ( ! regul> exp5se ( f>m+4 ,x w\ld be consid]$ ! height ( folly = a man to all[ 8 valuable animals to />ve to dea? because ( ! exp5se ( fe$+ !m1 b few p recognize ! fact1 :i* is also true1 t x is equally bad bus9ess policy to all[ ! valuable crops ( :eat1 oats1 & corn to />ve = want ( plant food4 ,! phosphates 7t is1 phosphorus7 are ! only l>ge items ( exp5se1 & 9 a l>ge measure ?is may be less5$ by rais+ live /ock1 = :i* high prices c be obta9$ ei!r z meat or dairy products1 & return+ ! manure1 :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( phosphate1 to ! soil4 ,if all ! wa/e animal products c\ld be return$ to ! l&1 ,pr(essor ,van ,hise says1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! phosphorus w\ld be replac$4 ,all animal products are ri* 9 phosphates4 ,! pack+ h\ses manufacture l>ge quantities f ! bones & blood ( animals4 ,! g>bage ( cities1 :5 r$uc$ to p[d]1 yields l>ge returns 9 phosphorus4 ,x is said t if ! sewage ( cities1 :i* 9 ?is c\ntry is (t5 turn$ into riv]s & /reams1 pollut+ !m & caus+ disease1 0 r$uc$ to comm]cial f]tiliz]1 x w\ld supply ! equival5t ( f six to n9e p\nds ( rock phosphate p] ye> = e acre ( cultivat$ l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& ?is valuable product is n[ totally lo/1 & worse ?an lo/1 s9ce x m5aces ! life & heal? ( great numb]s ( our p4 ,!re /ill rema9 to be consid]$ ! rock phosphates1 ! =m 9 :i* phosphorus is f\nd 9 sep>ate deposits4 ,! only l>ge deposits t h be5 us$ are 9 ,florida1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,t5nessee1 & f !m ab\t two & a qu>t] million tons 7 m9$ 9 #aijg4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is no law t prev5ts its export f ?is c\ntry1 & almo/ half ( ?is f\nd its way to ,europe1 :]e x is eag]ly s\ght at high prices4 ,)9 a %ort "t valuable phosphate b$s1 m ext5sive ?an any be=e kn[n to exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ,utah1 ,wyom+1 & ,idaho4 ,pr(essor ,van ,hise1 :o is "o ( ! highe/ au?orities on ! subject1 says ( ^! deposits t ) ! exception ( our coal & iron l&s1 !y are our mo/ preci\s m9]al possession2 t e ounce %\ld be sav$ = ! "t :i* is com+ :5 ! population w h outgr[n ! capacity ( ! l&1 & means ( increas+ its f]tility 9 ord] to prev5t fam9e w be s\ght f e possible s\rce4 ,! o!r great wa/e ( ! soil is by erosion1 or ! we>+ away ( ! soil by /ream-fl[4 ,we c all see ?is 9 a small way by w&]+ along ! %ore ( any swift-runn+ /ream & notic+ h[ ! banks are worn away1 & :at deep gullies & rav9es are cut into !m by ! wat] runn+ d[n f ! fields above4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* we c obs]ve ! effect ( ?is wa/e is by notic+ ! muddy yell[ color ( /reams dur+ floods & aft] heavy ra9s1 & comp>+ x ) ! cle> blue ( ! same /ream at ord9>y times4 ,:5 we realize t ?is muddy color always means t ! wat] is fill$ ) soil1 all t x w hold 9 solution1 t x is c>ry+ away ! top soil1 :i* is be/ = agriculture1 &1 f9ally1 t e little /reamlet & creek1 z well z ! mightie/ riv]1 is c>ry+ ?is ri* soil-deposit d[nw>d t[>d ! sea 9 its fl[1 we beg9 to see h[ great a factor erosion is 9 ! wa/+ ( ! l&4 ,! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 :i* dra9s a l>ge area ( :eat & corn l&1 is notable z a muddy1 yell[ riv] at almo/ all seasons4 ,d y und]/& :at t means8 ,x means t ?is great productive region is gr[+ poor] ea* ye>1 & t z ! population increases1 & ! ne$ ( great h>ve/s increases1 ! l& is becom+ less able to produce !m4 ,! ,mississippi ,riv] is said to te> d[n f its banks m soil ea* ye> ?an is to be dr$g$ f ! ,panama ,canal4 ,at ! m\? ( ! riv] is a delta _m miles 9 ext5t1 =m$ :olly ( l& t has be5 c>ri$ d[n ! riv]4 ,! soil 9 l[] ,mississippi & ,l\isiana is almo/ black1 & is 9 _m places sev5ty feet 9 dep?1 & x has all be5 left !re by ! riv]1 :i* took x f ! high] l&s4 ,x is e/imat$ t our riv]s c>ry out to sea "o billion tons ( our ri*e/ soil ea* ye>4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians wor%ip$ ! ,nile because ea* ye> ! spr+ floods left beh9d ! ri* soil deposits t f]tiliz$ _! fields & gave !m an abundant h>ve/4 ,entire fields & ev5 :ole f>ms along ! upp] /ret*es ( ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri h be5 c>ri$ away1 n ! top soil only1 b ! l& itself1 by ! swift curr5t ( ! spr+time floods z !y cut a new *annel = ! riv]4 ,canaan1 ! l& ( promise ( ! ,bible1 0 once an abundant region1 fl[+ ) milk & honey 9 ! language ( ,moses1 ) its grapes1 its va/ =e/s ( c$>1 fir1 & oak1 its treasures ( :eat1 olive-oil1 & o!r ri* agricultural products4 ,n[ all are gone4 ,! entire c\ntry se5 by ! travel] 9 ! ,holy ,l& to-day is "o ( ! mo/ desolate regions on ! globe1 :]e ! few inhabitants are sc>cely able to obta9 a scanty liv+4 ,we wond] :at has br\ght ab\t ?is *ange1 & we h n f> to seek 9 answ] to our que/ion+4 ,! pres]vation ( ! =e/s means ! pres]vation ( ! soil1 & ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s means ! de/ruction ( ! soil4 ,?is is ! univ]sal law4 ,fir/ ! =e/s 7 cut d[n & ! hillsides left b>e4 ,!n ! /reams wore great rav9es d[n ! unprotect$ hillsides4 ,/eadily ! "w ( de/ruction by erosion has gone on1 until "t beyond our possibility to compreh5d mu/ pass be=e ! l& c be made productive aga94 ,! hills & valleys ( ,*9a h be5 deva/at$ 9 ! same way1 & _m ( ! old] regions ( ! e>? t 7 once ! sites ( great cities & ext5sive comm]ce are n[ m>k$ only by ! ru9s ( ! civilization t has pass$ away4 ,!y h almo/ ceas$ to support life4 ,9 ! days ( ,rome's greatness1 ,sicily 0 kn[n z ! gran>y ( ,rome because f ?is little isl& came ! gra9s to supply h] va/ armies4 #ab1jjj1jjj bu%els ( gra9 0 ! tribute t ,rome claim$ ( ,sicily ea* ye>1 & yet ,sicily _h en\gh left to make h] ri*4 ,%e built spl5did cities & became great4 ,b ! same /ory ( de/ruction is to be read 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sicily4 ,n[ ! entire isl& does n raise a million & a half bu%els ( :eat altoge!r4 ,! soil is b>r54 ,! cities h ne>ly all fall5 into ru94 ,! p are scatt]$4 ,?\s&s h come to ,am]ica1 seek+ a poor liv+ at ! l[e/ wages because at home !re 0 no *ance to e>n ev5 ! little !y require4 ,!y all[$ ! soil to become exhau/$ by lack ( f]tilization & by erosion & x long ago ceas$ to support ! p4 ,all ! re/ foll[$ naturally4 ,9 _m p>ts ( our own c\ntry ?is same dang] is com+ on u4 ,x is only ! beg9n+1 b ! end is z sure = u z = ^? f>-(f ,ea/]n c\ntries4 ,millions ( acres h already be5 de/roy$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,s\?4 ,! ,appala*ian m\nta9 sy/em lies n f> f ! coa/1 & ! riv]s on ! ea/]n slopes are %ort & swift4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to ex]cise ! greate/ c>e ( ! =e/s 9 ord] to prev5t ! floods 9 ?is region f c>ry+ away ! l&s 9 _! swift ru% to ! sea4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 0 "o ( ! ri*e/ /ates 9 ! ,union 9 natural res\rces a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,n[ x is l[ on ! li/ 9 agricultural products4 ,! =e/s on its m\nta9 tops 7 valuable = _! lumb]1 _! turp5t9e1 pit*1 & o!r products1 & great lumb] companies h almo/ d5ud$ ! hillsides1 reg>dless ( ! fate ( ! l&s !y cut ov]4 ,! p ( ! /ate are p[]less to prev5t ?is except by buy+ all ( ^! l&s & replant+ ! =e/s4 ,!y h be5 plead+ ) ,congress = p[] to /op ! de/ruction ( _! =e/s & ! wa/+ ( _! l&s1 b s f> h receiv$ no assi/ance & mean:ile ! l& gr[s poor] ea* ye>4 ,! same conditions are to be f\nd 9 _m o!r /ates t n[ rank high agriculturally1 b 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a we are beg9n+ to see results4 ,9 ord] to und]/& exactly h[ ! damage is done to ! l&1 let u suppose a case :i* has actually occurr$ 9 hundr$s ( places4 ,a f>m] own$ a f>m on ! m\nta9 side4 ,mu* ( x 0 good :eat l&1 b ! top 0 cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,at la/ he decid$ to cut & sell ! timb]1 & use ! l& = rais+ m :eat4 ,he did s1 b n[ !re 0 no spread+ foliage to *eck ! da% ( ! heavy ra9s z !y fell to ! gr\nd4 ,z !y sank bel[ ! surface !re 7 no masses ( tangl$ roots to hold ! moi/ure 9 ! soil & to c>ry x up into ! air aga9 ?r\gh ! trees4 ,z ! wat] p5etrat$ deep]1 ! soil became s(t5$1 & 0 c>ri$ away d[n ! hillside4 ,x 0 only a muddy little /ream1 b x took away "s ( ! ri*e/ soil f ! fields1 & ! next ye>'s crop 0 n q s good4 ,e ra9 t fell c>ri$ m ( ! f]tile soil d[n ! hillside1 & ! next ye> ! f>m] wond]$ t ! yield 0 /ill less4 ,aft] a few ye>s he ceas$ to s[ ! field because x _h nev] paid = its cultivation1 & 0 con/antly gr[+ poor]4 ,b x 0 too late !n to repair ! damage t _h be5 done4 ,!re 7 no se$s ( =e/ trees left 9 ! gr\nd & ! f>m] did n plant !m1 s ! gr\nd lay idle & desolate4 ,! ra9 wore deep gullies d[n ! hillside1 :i*1 z !y grew l>g]1 became m ( a m5ace to ! l&s bel[ !m4 ,! /reams soon grew l>ge en\gh to take ! top-soil f ! fields l[] d[n1 & 9 a few ye>s m ! :ole f>m _h gr[n s unproductive t ! f>m]1 tir$ ( ! /ruggle1 left ! f>m & w5t to ! city to make a liv+4 ,9 ! meantime ! l& 9 ! valley bel[ _h be5 gr[+ m f]tile1 = ea* ye> ! spr+ floods _h left a ri* soil deposit beh9d !m4 ,! f>m] d[n !re _h be5 innoc5tly /eal+ ! l& above him1 b n all ( x1 = mu* _h be5 c>ri$ out to sea4 ,x is n possible to prev5t ?is entirely1 b mu* ( ! loss might h be5 avoid$ by leav+ ! hilltops1 :i* are nev] well fitt$ = cultivation1 cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,9 ?is way ! soil-wa% f above is prev5t$ & ! /reams run g5tly & ) only a small am\nt ( muddy deposit1 =m+ prop] dra9age = ! soil4 ,! pres]v+ ( ! =e/s on ! great m\nta9 ranges ( ! c\ntry1 :]e nature has plac$ !m1 w mean 9 ! "o matt] ( soil-wa%1 fruitful l&s & b\ntiful h>ve/s1 in/ead ( b>r51 wa/$ l&s1 desolat$ by floods & seam$ by great rav9es1 c>ry+ desolation to ! l&s bel[ !m4 ,b 9 _m cases ! trees are already cut away4 ,"h replant+ becomes necess>y & %\ld be done 9 e case :]e soil-wa% is beg9n+ on ! m\nta9 tops4 ,x is almo/ equally desirable to plant small %rubs & bu%es z an und]gr[?1 s t ! roots may =m a ?ick mat bel[ ! gr\nd to hold ! wat] 9 ! soil1 & p]mit x to filt] ?r\gh sl[ly4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ! tracks ( ! ,bo/on & ,albany ,railroad are depress$ s t tra9s may pass bel[ ! level ( ! highways4 ,9 ord] to protect ! banks f erosion1 ! slop+ sides ( ?is roadway h be5 plant$ ) trail+ rose-bu%es & o!r v9es :i* h ?ickly matt$ roots4 ,^! s]ve a d\ble purpose 9 prev5t+ l&slides & wa%\ts on ! tracks1 & 9 add+ greatly to ! attractiv5ess ( ! sc5]y along ! railway4 ,! poore/ l& ( a f>m is always f\nd on ! hilltops1 because ev5 ) ! greate/ c>e !re is always consid]able wa/e ( ! top-soil4 ,?is l&1 !n1 %\ld nev] be us$ = field crops4 ,x %\ld con/itute ! woodl&1 or if ?is is n possible1 ! pa/ure-l& ( ! f>m1 = ! grass roots protect ! soil & prev5t x f wa%+ away1 & ! pr(its on ! hay are at lea/ z great z any o!r crop :i* c\ld be gr[n on hill l&4 ,b :5 erosion has be5 *eck$ & ! top-soil pres]v$1 :5 ! soil is ?or\ghly f]tiliz$1 & a prop] rotation ( crops e/abli%$1 !re are /ill o!r lessons to be le>n$ 9 ord] to make our c\ntry z productive z x might be1 z x w ne$ to be to support ! population t we %all h by ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,z a nation we und]take to f>m too mu* l& & d x c>elessly4 ,! inv5tion ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y has made x possible to f>m hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( acres toge!r ) little physical labor4 ,?is has made f>m]s he$less ( small am\nts ( l& wa/$4 ,a man (t5 only expects to make a com=table liv+ on "o hundr$ & sixty acres ( l&1 :ile 9 ,europe he w\ld expect to gr[ ri* on two or ?ree acres4 ,x is (t5 said t a ,fr5* family w\ld live (f ( an ,am]ican f>m]'s neglect$ f5ce-corn]s4 ,9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,holl& & ,belgium e bit ( l& is t5d$ & made useful4 ,we h ! be/ natural soil 9 ! _w1 ! mo/ f]tile riv] valleys1 wat]$ by abundant ra9s4 ,! f]tility ( our l&s is ! envy ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & has drawn ?\s&s to our %ores 9 ! hope ( f9d+ com=t & pl5ty1 & yet ! total value ( our f>m products 0 only elev5 doll>s & ?irty-eight c5ts p] cultivat$ acre accord+ to ! la/ c5sus1 :ile 9 ! little isl& ( ,j]sey1 j (f ! ,engli% coa/1 ! av]age annual value ( products is ov] two hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] acre4 ,g]many has be5 cultivat$ ne>ly eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 ! soil is n naturally s productive nor ! climate s favorable z ours1 b ! :eat yield !re av]ages m ?an twice z mu* z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ! mo/ f]tile l& 9 ! _w produces s mu* less ?an poor] l&s else:]e x pla9ly %[s t we are robb+ ! soil 9 ord] to get ! l>ge/ ca% returns 9 ! %orte/ possible "t & ) ! lea/ possible labor4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] ne$s to cultivate a mu* small] am\nt ( l& ?or\ghly1 to h a soil analysis made ( 8 l& 9 ord] to "k :at crops are be/ suit$ to x & :at elem5ts are lack+ to make x produce ! be/4 ,9 ,ill9ois m ?an half a million acres _h become unfit = cultivation4 ,analysis %[$ t ! soil 0 too acid4 ,by mix+ lime/one du/ ) ! soil ! tr\ble 0 correct$ & ! l& reclaim$4 ,(t5 x is only necess>y to f9d ! cause ( "s defici5cy1 or lack1 9 ! soil1 & ! rem$y w be f\nd to be simple & *eap1 :ile ! result ( its use w be to d\ble ! crop4 ,no?+ else s quickly & easily responds to prop] treatm5t1 no o!r res\rce is s easily cons]v$4 ,all ! soil ne$s is prop] treatm5t4 ,e bit ( wa/e l& %\ld be cultivat$ = ei!r use or beauty1 or bo?4 ,if all ! lanes & neglect$ places c\ld be plant$ ) fruit & nut trees1 b]ry v9es1 & bu%es1 h]bs or fl[]s :i* ne$ little cultivation aft] !y are plant$1 our food1 9 v>iety & quantity1 w\ld be greatly increas$4 ,! h$ge-r[s ( ,old ,engl& are fam\s = _! beauty & ! air ( com=t & prosp]ity !y give4 ,!y take ! place ( ! we$s t gr[ by ! c\ntry roadsides 9 ,am]ica & :i* con/itute "o ( ! greate/ nuisances ( ! f>m]4 ,ano!r ?+ t %\ld be consid]$ is ! m>ket+ ( f>m products4 ,ne> a city or ne> a cann+ factory ! soil c be mo/ pr(itably us$ = ! rais+ ( vegetables1 = :i* ! co/ ( cultivation is great1 b :i* yield f> l>g] pr(its ?an f>m crops4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a new sy/em ( f>m+ has be5 develop$ 9 ! ,we/1 :i* is ( great int]e/ to all ( u1 bo? because x is op5+ up = production a l>ge "p ( our c\ntry t has seem$ valueless1 & because ! lessons t h be5 le>n$ !re are ( ! greate/ advantage 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,we/ ( ! "o-hundr$? m]idian1 :i* crosses ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota1 ! we/]n "p ( ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,oklahoma1 & ,texas1 & includ+ ! /ates we/ ( !m1 lies a va/ region t us$ to be kn[n z ! great ,am]ican des]t4 ,x comprises almo/ half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"h ! noble =e/s ( ! ea/]n /ates & ! prairie grasses ( ! pla9s 7 replac$ by sage-bru% & cactus4 ,! soil 0 light 9 color & weight1 & ! ra9fall v scanty4 ,x seem$ impossible t x c\ld ev] be fitt$ = agriculture4 ,b !re 7 a few great riv]s1 ri* m9+ di/ricts1 & excell5t graz+ l&s4 ,^! attract$ settl]s1 & to !m "s cultivation ( ! soil became almo/ a necessity4 ,! wa/e wat]s ( ! riv]s 7 us$ = irrigation & ! l& :5 wat]$ 0 f\nd to produce rem>kably f9e fruits & agricultural products4 ,yet !re 7 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( acres t c\ld n be irrigat$ = lack ( wat]1 & ! problem ( f9d+ a use = ^! b>r51 semi-arid l&s rema9$ unsolv$ = _m ye>s4 ,b "h & !re 9 diff]5t /ates & "u v>y+ conditions1 aft] _m exp]im5ts & failures1 m5 began )\t wat] to gr[ successful crops on ^! semi-arid l&s1 :]e ! ra9fall 0 sc>cely m ?an t5 in*es p] ye>4 ,o!rs foll[+ ?is me?od f\nd success1 & x began to seem possible t all ?is t]ritory might "s day become a great f>m+ region4 ,by comp>+ ! me?ods employ$ 9 diff]5t /ates1 ! few g5]al laws h be5 work$ out :i* mu/ be appli$ 9 ord] to f>m successfully 9 ?is region1 ?\gh ! details diff] ) local diff]5ces 9 altitude1 climate1 soil1 & ra9fall4 ,"h f>m+ is be+ r$uc$ to a sci5ce4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry a man s[s 8 se$ & nature c>es = x1 & gives him 8 h>ve/2 b "h he mu/ wr+ f nature all t he gets1 s x is only ! man :o f>ms accord+ to fix$ laws :o c hope to succe$4 ,?is sy/em is usually call$ dry f>m+1 ?\gh sci5tific f>m+ w\ld p]haps be a bett] "n1 = ! same pr9ciples t are absolutely necess>y "h w greatly increase ! yield any:]e4 ,! mo/ important pr9ciple is to cons]ve e p>ticle ( moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,x is necess>y to g deep into ! soil to f9d ! und]ly+ moi/ure4 ,! se$-b$ is made v deep4 ,pl[+ is f sixte5 to n9ete5 in*es deep1 :ile 9 well-wat]$ regions x is only ab\t six in*es4 ,?is deep se$-b$ is ?or\ghly cultivat$ to make ! soil por\s1 ! soil be+ r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,aft] s[+ ! se$1 ! gr\nd is pack$ z solidly z possible4 ,?is is done by especially design$ ma*9es4 ,! surface ( ! soil is kept brok5 all ! "t to prev5t ! escape ( ! moi/ure4 ,?is rule applies equally to all soils 9 dry wea!r1 & w (t5 save a crop ( corn 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry dur+ a dr\ght4 ,^! are simple rules1 b ! practice ( !m is op5+ up ! great semi-arid regions1 n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates only1 b ( ! :ole e>?4 ,we/]n ,canada1 a l>ge "p ( ,au/ralia1 ! ,kalah>i ,des]t ( ,africa1 & _m p>ts ( ,asia1 :i* are all semi-arid1 w 9 "t become productive in/ead ( b>r54 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! gra9s ( ! ,ea/ c\ld n )/& ! sev]e w9t]s 9 a l>ge "p ( ! ,nor?we/1 s ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture s5t m5 all ov] ! _w to f9d dr\ght-&-cold-resi/+ gra9s4 ,!y f\nd a h>d w9t] :eat1 ! mo/ nutriti\s 9 exi/5ce1 :i* is n[ gr[+ all ! way f ! ,dakotas to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 produc+ crops f> above ! yield ( ! ea/]n /ates4 #ej1jjj1jjj bu%els ( ?is :eat 0 rais$ 9 #aijg4 ,! soil is ! natural dis9tegrat$ rock1 ri* 9 ! m9]al elem5ts1 b lack+ 9 decay$ vegetable matt]4 ,! crops soon exhau/ ! nitrog51 & z clov] & ! common alfalfas c n gr[ !re1 ! problem ( f9d+ legumes has be5 ! mo/ s]i\s "o fac+ ?is new region2 b 9 ,sib]ia ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t has rec5tly f\nd a new clov] & ?ree v>ieties ( alfalfa t w /& ! cold1 & ,secret>y ,wilson believes t ^! w solve ! problem4 ,e acre br\ght "u cultivation adds to ! _w's food supply4 ,c we ev5 dream ( :at x w mean :5 #bjj1jjj1jjj acres are add$ to ! f>m l&s ( ?is cont95t8 ,x means prosp]ity = ! f>m]s !mselves1 homes = ^? :o are n[ cr[d$ 9 cities1 "w = ! idle1 & food = ! hungry4 ,x means weal? & happ9ess = ?\s&s n[ liv+ & millions yet to come4 ,,ref]5ces ,l&s4 ,report ,national ,cons]vation ,commission4 ,soil ,wa/age4 ,*amb]la94 ,report ,:ite ,h\se ,conf]5ce ( ,gov]nors4 ,cons]vation ( ,soils4 ,van ,hise4 7,same47 ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #dd4;,a ,footnote ,a3 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture bullet9s are free unless a price is indicat$1 & may be obta9$ by application to ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,po/age is free 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! bullet9s conta9 ! late/ sci5tific in=mation & result ( rese>* "w by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,lim+ ( ,soils4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #eg4 ,r5ovation ( ,worn-out ,soils4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #bde4 ,soil ,f]tility4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #beg4 ,managem5t ( ,soils to ,cons]ve ,moi/ure4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #bff4 ,f]tiliz]s = ,cotton ,soils4 ,bureau ( ,soils ,bullet91 #fb4 ,"w ( ! ,bureau ( ,soils4 ,bureau ( ,soils ,bullet94 ,exhau/ion & ,ab&onm5t ( ,soils4 ,bureau ( ,soils ,bullet94 ,:itney1 #e;c4 ,phosphorus4 ,ill9ois ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet94 ,! ,pres5t ,/atus ( ! ,nitrog5 ,problem4 ,ye>book ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,repr9t1 #daa4 ,! ,se>* = ,legum9\s ,=age ,crops4 ,ye>book ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,repr9t1 #dgh4 ,legum9\s ,crops4 ,ye>book ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #bgh4 ,progress 9 ,legume ,inoculation4 ,ye>book ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #cae4 ,a ,gra9 = ,semi-arid ,l&s4 ,ye>book ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #aci4 ,! ,sug>-,beet4 ,ye>book ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 #eb4 ,dry-,l& ,problems 9 ! ,great ,pla9s ,area4 ,ye>book ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,repr9t1 #dfa4 ,reports ( ,dry ,f>m+ ,congress4 ,! ,natural ,weal? ( ! ,l&4 ,j4 ,j4 ,hill1 ,report ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,national ,weal? & ! ,f>m4 ,j4 ,j4 ,hill4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,=e/s ,aside f ! soil itself1 :i* supports all life1 !re is no o!r res\rce s important to man z ! =e/s1 ) _! _m uses cov]+ s wide a range4 ,! beauty & re/fulness ( a =e/1 ! grace & dignity ( s+le trees1 ! %ade = man & animals1 ! %elt] f /orms--all ^! ?+s appeal to our love = ! beautiful1 & t\* our high] nature4 ,! p]son :o loves trees is a bett] p]son ?an ! "o :o does n4 ,z ! poet expresses x3 ,ah1 b>e mu/ be ! %adeless ways1 & bleak ! pa? mu/ be1 ,( him1 :o1 hav+ op5 eyes1 has nev] le>n$ d see1 ,& s has nev] le>n$ to love ! beauty ( a tree4 ,:o loves a tree1 he loves ! life t spr+s 9 /> & clod1 ,he loves ! love t gilds ! cl\ds1 & gre5s ! ,april sod1 ,he loves ! wide ,b5efic5ce2 8 s\l takes hold on ,god4 ,trees h play$ an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry3 ,! ,*>t] ,oak1 9 ! holl[ ( :i* ! orig9al *>t] ( ,connecticut rema9$ hidd5 f ! ag5ts ( ! k+2 ,eliot's ,oak1 "u :i* ! gospel 0 fir/ prea*$ to ! ,indians2 ! wide-spread+ elm "u :i* ,william ,p5n sign$ 8 treaty ( peace ) ! ,indians4 ,b no tree has held s de> a place 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 or be5 s wat*fully c>$ = z ! old ,wa%+ton ,elm /ill /&+ 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts4 ,"u x ,wa%+ton took comm& ( ! cont95tal army4 ,x is visit$ e ye> by hundr$s ( p]sons1 :o /& ) uncov]$ heads b5ea? its spread+ bran*es4 ,_m ye>s ago x 0 /ruck by lightn+ & ! upp] "p torn (f1 b all ! brok5 edges h be5 seal$ ) pit* to /op decay4 ,x has be5 cov]$ ) f9e wire nett+ to prev5t ! b>k be+ *ipp$ (f by relic hunt]s4 ,x is c>efully gu>d$ f damage by insects1 & ! b\ghs are /ay$ by /rong wires4 ,& s we might "n _m in/ances ( trees t are lov$ & c>$ = on acc\nt ( _! beauty1 /atel9ess or "s ev5t connect$ ) !m1 b x is ! usefulness ( trees t we %all m5tion 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! l>g] use ( =e/s is includ$ _! effect on climate & ra9fall4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t cl\ds1 pass+ ov] ! damp1 cool air t rises f a =e/1 are m likely to be cond5s$ into ra91 & s we c e/abli% ! g5]al rule t ! c\ntry :i* is well wood$ w probably h a l>g] ra9fall ?an ! "o :i* has few trees4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ,kansas 0 a prairie /ate ) few trees1 & ! semi-arid pla9s ext5d$ half-way across ! /ate1 b ?\s&s ( acres ( trees h be5 plant$1 & crops h be5 cultivat$1 & ! m =e/s & crops ! f>m] plants ! m ra9 comes to wat] !m4 ,! great dr\ghts :i* us$ to ru9 _! crops ye> aft] ye> no long] di/urb !m4 ,! hot w9ds :i* c\ld undo a :ole season's h>d "w 9 a day are seldom he>d ( n[4 ,kansas is no long] 9 ! semi-arid region4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ productive /ates 9 ! ,union1 & ?is has come1 n by dry-f>m+1 b by ! cultivation ( ! soil & by ! plant+ ( trees4 ,?\gh ra9fall increases1 de/ructive floods become few]1 = ! humus & ! leaves on ! gr\nd 9 ! =e/s hold ! wat] z 9 a va/ sponge1 &1 z we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 !y keep ! wat]s 9 *eck & di/ribute ! ra9fall g5tly & ev5ly on ! l&s bel[4 ,!y ?us prev5t erosion ( ! hillsides & balance ! wat] supply ( riv]s4 ,trees supply u ) food & m$ic9e1 & greate/ ( all _! direct uses1 !y furni% lumb] = all k9ds ( manufactur+4 ,we c n ?9k ( life )\t ! com=ts & conv5i5ces t we get f wood2 b int]ior ,*9a af=ds a /rik+ example ( :at x means = a nation to h a v small supply4 ,!re is no wood = manufactur+ & ! natives se>* ! hillsides = ev5 ! t9ie/ %rubs to burn & ev5 = grass scrat*$ f ! soil4 ,once ?is "p ( ,*9a 0 a great =e/ region1 b c5tury by c5tury ! =e/s h be5 us$1 n rapidly1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 = ,*9a is n a great indu/rial nation1 b surely1 until !re is h>dly a twig left4 ,*9a is n ! only nation t has suff]$ 9 ?is way4 ,_m ( ! anci5t peoples h entirely pass$ away2 & ! de/ruction ( _! =e/s1 z we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 0 ! fir/ cause lead+ to _! ext9ction4 ,d5m>k 0 orig9ally almo/ cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,^! 7 cut d[n = fuel1 = lumb]1 & to make way = agriculture4 ,= a long "t !re 0 no attempt to re/ore !m1 & n[ a l>ge area1 once productive1 has become a s&y des]t4 ,9 ! same way1 l>ge p>ts ( ,au/ria & ,italy h become valueless because ! gr[+ =e/s 7 cut d[n4 ,9 ,france ! =e/s at ! head-wat]s ( ! ,rhone & ! ,se9e 7 cut d[n & fi]ce floods began to p\r d[n ! valleys ea* ye>1 br++ de/ruction to prop]ty & crops all along _! way4 ,b ,france has long ago le>n$ ! lesson ( =e/ry1 & z soon z ! dang] 0 se51 ! m\nta9 sides 7 replant$ ) trees1 & s9ce !n conditions h be5 gradually *ang+ = ! bett]4 ,france has _h ano!r exp]i5ce 9 =e/ry t has taught h] :at c be done to save h] wa/e l&s4 ,ne> ! coa/ 7 great s&-dunes4 ,! w9ds drove !m ea* ye> f>!r inl&1 & ! s& 0 gradually driv+ out ! v9ey>ds & f>m crops4 ,9 #agic ! plant+ ( =e/s on ^! dunes 0 begun4 ,( #cej1jjj acres1 #bge1jjj h be5 plant$ 9 valuable p9e =e/s4 ,m ?an half ( ^! belong to private own]s & !re is no record ( _! value1 b ! portion belong+ to ! gov]nm5t has yield$ a l>ge income above all exp5ses1 & is wor? #aj1jjj1jjj z l&2 & ?is 0 n only valueless b 0 a m5ace to ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,france a s&y m>% cov]+ #b1jjj1jjj acres has be5 *ang$ into a pr(itable =e/ valu$ at #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago all ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,pacific coa/ region 7 cov]$ ) ?ick =e/s hundr$s & hundr$s ( miles 9 ext5t4 ,ev]gre5s--! p9es1 hemlocks1 c$>s & spruces--grew ne> ! coa/ 9 great abundance1 :ile f>!r inl& 7 f\nd ! mo/ magnific5t h>dwood =e/s 9 ! _w4 ,un=tunately1 ! fir/ ne$s ( ! e>ly settl]s requir$ !m to cut d[n ^! mighty =e/s4 ,! soil1 :i* 0 v f]tile1 c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be us$ = f>m+ purposes until ! l& 0 cle>$1 & s ?is 0 ! fir/ necessity4 ,! wood 0 us$ to build ! cab9s1 to make ! rude furniture1 ! wagons & ox-c>ts1 & = fuel1 b ?is dispos$ ( only a small am\nt ( ! wood t came f ! cle>+ ( a f>m4 ,no man c\ld give x to 8 neighbor :5 all _h m ?an !y c\ld use1 & !re 0 no m>ket = its sale4 ,! trees 7 burn$ 9 l>ge quantities to cle> ! l& = ! plant+ ( crops4 ,wood 0 ( ! greate/ value to ! fir/ settl]s1 b x 0 also ! greate/ h9drance to _! mak+ homes1 s !y took no c>e :atev] ( :at !y c\ld n use4 ,x 0 burn$ or left on ! gr\nd to decay4 ,z t[ns sprang up1 !re began to be a dem& = lumb] = h\ses1 = furniture1 = vehicles & = fuel f ^? :o _h no trees ( _! own4 ,?is made a m>ket = ! be/ grades ( lumb] at a l[ price1 b almo/ e f>m] w\ld give away trees ( ! be/ h>dwood to any p]son :o w\ld cut & haul !m away4 ,conditions h *ang$ v sl[ly1 b v surely4 ,9 e /ate1 9 e c\nty & 9 e t[n%ip !re has be5 a /eady cle>+ ( ! l& z x fills ) new home-mak]s4 ,at ! same "t ! dem& has gr[n enorm\sly ea* ye> f ! dwell]s 9 cities4 ,! op5+ up ( railroads & telegraph l9es 9 ! middle & latt] "p ( ! c5tury made a great dem& = wood4 ,! build+ ( %ips & /eamboats1 ! op5+ ( m9es1 ! e/abli%+ ( telephone & trolley sy/ems1 ! build+ ( great cities1 all ^! h call$ /eadily & increas+ly = wood4 ,! "t has long pass$ :5 wood 0 a h9drance to progress4 ,= a long "t !re has be5 a ready m>ket at high prices & x is rapidly rea*+ ! po9t :]e we %all face an actual %ortage ( timb]4 ,?is is n true ( all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ( c\rse4 ,ma9e1 ,wa%+ton1 & p>ts ( ,oregon1 ,alabama1 ,arkansas1 & ,mississippi1 ,wiscons9 & "s o!r /ates1 /ill h va/ quantities ( lumb]1 b tra9s & %ips c>ry x to all p>ts ( ! _w s !re is no lack ( a m>ket4 ,! *ange f pl5ty1 ev5 great excess1 to ne$1 has come s gradually t few p]sons1 ev5 ^? liv+ 9 ! =e/ regions1 h realiz$ until )9 a v few ye>s h[ g5]al is _! de/ruction4 ,^? :o1 rid+ ab\t a small portion ( ! c\ntry famili> to !m1 h be5 /ruck ) ! disappe>ance ( ! woods & ! cultivation ( ! l&s1 h look$ ^u x :olly z a sign ( progress1 & h n realiz$ t ! same ?+ is go+ on 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! :olesale de/ruction ( ! =e/s1 )\t replant+1 has come mo/ly f ignorance4 ,we h _h all our res\rces 9 su* great abundance t we h n hi!rto ne$$ to le>n ! lessons t ! ,old ,_w has le>n$1 sometimes at ! co/ ( :ole nations1 b ! "t has come :5 we d ne$ to le>n !m4 ,! fir/ lesson is to /udy ! v>i\s uses ( ! =e/s1 to f9d h[ !y are be+ affect$ by pres5t use1 _! wa/es1 & ! be/ means ( pres]v+ !m4 ,:5 all ! p h le>n$ ^! lessons1 !y w1 und\bt$ly1 gladly set ab\t right+ ! wrongs t h be5 done 9 ! pa/4 ,! orig9al =e/s ( ?is c\ntry cov]$ an area ( ab\t #hej1jjj1jjj acres1 ) ne>ly five & a half trillion bo>d feet ( m]*antable1 t is1 salable1 timb] accord+ to pres5t /&>ds4 7,a bo>d foot is "o foot long1 "o foot wide & "o in* 9 ?ickness47 ,consid]ably m ?an half ! orig9al numb] ( acres are /ill =e/$1 b mo/ ( ! l& has be5 cut or burn$ ov]1 "s ( x sev]al times1 & ! am\nt rema9+ ( salable timb]1 :i* includes only ! be/ "p ( ! trunk1 is f two to two & a half trillion1 t is f #a1djj to #b1jjj billion1 feet4 ,! ye>ly cut = all purposes1 includ+ wa/e1 is n[ ov] two hundr$ billion bo>d feet2--"s au?orities place ! am\nt z high z two hundr$ & sev5ty-five billion feet4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 probably includes firewood1 "o ( ! l>ge/ uses ( wood1 b tak5 v l>gely f worm-eat5 wood t c\ld n be cut into lumb]4 ,x also probably includes b\ghs1 & o!r unsalable p>ts ( ! tree4 ,! timb] cut d\bl$ f #ahhj to #aije1 is /ill increas+ at almo/ ! same rate1 &1 if we _h ! timb]1 x w\ld d\btless d\ble aga9 by #aicj4 ,b ev5 at ! pres5t rate1 ! =e/s n[ /&+1 )\t all[ance = gr[?1 w\ld be exhau/$ 9 f t5 to sixte5 ye>s4 ,! ye>ly gr[? ( timb] 9 our pres5t =e/s is e/imat$ at f =ty-two to sixty billion feet1 & ! ye>ly cut at f ?ree to ?ree & a half times ! am\nt add$ = gr[?4 ,t is1 we are us+ 9 f\r mon?s at lea/ z mu* wood z w naturally gr[ 9 a ye>4 ,! o!r eight mon?s we %all be us+ our =e/ res]ves1 & ea* ye> !re w be less =e/ l& to produce new gr[?1 z well z less old wood to cut4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,long1 an exp]t lumb]man :o spoke be=e ! fir/ ,cons]vation ,congress1 e/imat$ !n t ! =e/s1 mak+ all[ance = gr[?1 w\ld n la/ ov] ?irty-five ye>s4 ,! gov]nm5t figures indicate t !y w la/ ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s1 at ! pres5t rate1 b z ! rate has be5 d\bl+ e tw5ty-five ye>s1 _m p]sons :o h /udi$ ! situation believe t ! supply w n cont9ue 9 comm]cial quantities = manufactur+ m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,we mu/ und]/&1 mu/ ?9k1 :at ! de/ruction ( our =e/s w\ld mean to u4 ,x w\ld mean fi]ce dr\ghts & fi]c] floods4 ,x w\ld mean ! gradual dry+ up ( our /reams1 a sc>city ( wat] to dr9k1 z 9 ,*9a to-day4 ,x w\ld mean t ! manufacture ( wood5 articles w\ld practically cease4 ,! ?\s& conv5i5ces t we enjoy z a matt] ( c\rse w\ld become r>e & co/ly4 ,x w\ld mean t only ! ri* c\ld build h\ses ( wood1 & ?is w\ld =ce ! masses ( p into cr[d$ qu>t]s1 n only ! poor1 b ! well-to-d also4 ,^! are only a few ( ! _m disa/]s t w\ld foll[ ! loss ( our =e/s1 & all ^! ?+s might come to pass be=e we ourselves are old6 ,if we knew t at a c]ta9 "t a tidal wave w\ld engulf our homes1 h[ we %\ld "w to save all t we c\ld be=e ! calamity ov]took u6 ,& we %\ld set ab\t ! sav+ ( our =e/s ) equal c>e1 = _! de/ruction means di/ress = e "o ( u4 ,=tunately1 ?is is only ! d>k possibility4 ,! me?ods ( prev5tion are well kn[n to ^? :o h /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ! nations t h fall51 & ! nations t h ris5 to p[]4 ,x is only necess>y t all ! p %\ld "k ^! ?+s & realize _! importance1 9 ord] to keep conditions z !y are at pres5t or ev5 to bett] !m4 ,! me?ods ( prev5tion are five4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ,to use ! trees 9 ! mo/ c>eful & cons]vative way )\t ! great wa/es n[ common4 7#b7 ,to save ! va/ areas ( =e/s t are n[ burn$ ea* ye>4 7#c7 ,to prev5t loss f insects4 7#d7 ,to use sub/itutes3 t is1 to use o!r & *eap] mat]ials to take ! place ( wood :5ev] possible4 7#e7 ,to plant trees & to replant :]e old ones h be5 cut1 until all l& t is n fitt$ = agriculture is cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,^! are only ! rules t good s5se & good bus9ess w\ld tea* u to foll[1 b we h n foll[$ any ( !m 9 ! pa/1 & n[ x w be necess>y to d all ^! ?+s if we are to cont9ue to h en\gh wood to use to keep pace ) our progress 9 o!r directions4 ,z an example ( ! rapid rate at :i* we are consum+ our =e/s1 we use n9e times z mu* lumb] = e man1 woman & *ild z ! p ( ,g]many use1 & tw5ty-five times z mu* z ! p ( ,engl& use4 ,?is is due to sev]al causes1 _m ( :i* we w\ld n wi% *ang$4 ,to beg9 )1 ?is 0 a new & undevelop$ c\ntry1 a l>ge "p ( :i* _h nev] be5 inhabit$1 & all ! l&1 z fa/ z x 0 occupi$1 mu/ be built up ) entirely new homes2 & because wood is ! *eape/ build+ mat]ial x is ! "o g5]ally us$4 ,! gr[? ( all ,european c\ntries is mo/ly by ! increase ( _! own p1 :ile ?is is only a small p]c5tage ( our gr[?1 :i* comes l>gely f immigration f o!r c\ntries1 s ! increase ( population is mu* great] "h & ! proportion ( new homes ne$$ is f> great]4 ,improvem5ts ( all k9ds1 public build+s1 *ur*es & bridges 7 built 9 almo/ e ,european community long ago1 :ile 9 ?is c\ntry ^! ?+s are be+ done ea* ye> 9 ?\s&s ( places4 ,wages are high] 9 ?is c\ntry1 & m p are able to af=d ! luxuries ( life1 vehicles1 musical in/rum5ts1 & ! l>ge v>iety ( small conv5i5ces to be f\nd 9 almo/ e ,am]ican home b se5 9 few homes ( ! poor] class 9 ,europe4 ,^! are a few ( ! reasons :y we use su* a l>ge am\nt ( lumb] ea* ye>4 ,!y are all conditions t mean a l>g]1 bett] nation ?an we c\ld o!rwise h1 ) a high] /&>d ( liv+1 & :ile 9 "s p>ticul>s1 z we %all %[1 !re %\ld be *anges t w\ld cons]ve our =e/s1 ! great wa/es d n lie 9 ! use1 b 9 ! abuse ( ! =e/s4 ,n[ let u see :at use is made ( all ! wood t is cut e ye>4 ,! greate/ use ( all is = firewood1 b ?is is l>gely ! decay+ or faulty trees f f>m]s' wood-lots1 or ! wa/e product ( a lumb] region1 s ?is does n con/itute s heavy a dra9 on ! =e/s z ! fact t #ajj1jjj1jjj cords a ye> are us$1 w\ld indicate4 ,tw5ty times z mu* ( ! salable timb] is saw$ into lumb] z is us$ 9 any o!r way4 ,ne>ly #dj1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet are ?us us$1 b lumb] is us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 :ile ! o!r cuts are conf9$ to a s+le use4 ,! fir/ & greate/ use ( lumb] is = build+ purposes1 = h\ses1 b>ns1 %$s1 out-build+s1 f5ces1 & = w9d[-sa%es1 doors & inside f9i%+s ( all build+s1 ev5 ^? made ( o!r mat]ials4 ,next comes furniture ( all k9ds1--*airs1 tables1 b$s1 & all o!r h\se1 (fice1 & s*ool furniture2 musical in/rum5ts1 pianos1 etc41 vehicles ( all k9ds1--f>m wagons1 deliv]y wagons1 c>riages & o!r pleasure vehicles1 includ+ p>ts ( automobile bodies1 agricultural implem5ts1 pl[s1 h>r[s1 h>ve/]s1 ?re%+ ma*9es & o!r f>m implem5ts4 ,?\gh ^! are built l>gely ( iron1 yet "o-f\r? ( ! implem5t factories report a use ( #bae1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb] a ye>1 s ! entire output ( ^! factories calls = a l>ge am\nt ( wood f our =e/s4 ,c> build+ is ! o!r really great use = lumb]4 ,freight c>s1 pass5g] c>s1 & trolley c>s use ea* ye> an increas+ly l>ge proportion ( ! product ( our saw-mills4 ,aft] ^! come ! v>i\s small] articles1 :i*1 ?\gh !mselves small1 are us$ 9 e home & are turn$ out 9 su* va/ quantities z to require a v l>ge am\nt ( lumb] ea* ye>4 ,an empty spool seems a trifle1 b ! mak+ ( all ! spools requires ! cutt+ ( hundr$s ( acres ( ,new ,engl&'s be/ bir* woods4 ,butt] di%es1 fruit crates1 baskets1 wood5 boxes ( all k9ds1 tools & h&les1 kit*5 ut5sils1 toys & sport+ goods1 picture mold+ & frames1 grille & fretwork1 excelsior1 clo!s-p9s1 mat*es1 too?-picks1--all ^! are m[+ d[n our =e/s by ! ?\s&s ( acres4 ,! lumb] cut includes all k9ds ( bo? h>d & s(t woods4 ,a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ?is is ( yell[ or s\!rn h>d p9e1 ( :i* sev]al billion feet a ye> are us$4 ,an almo/ equal am\nt is us$ = hewn cross-ties = railroads & trolley l9es4 ,_m saw$ cross-ties are includ$ 9 ! item ( lumb]4 ,! hew$ cross-ties are made f "y oak-trees1 or f h>d-p9e1 c$> & *e/nut4 ,)\t !m no m railroad or trolley l9es c\ld be built1 & ! pres5t sy/ems c\ld n be kept 9 repair4 ,_m o!r mat]ials h be5 tri$1 b wood is ! only "o t has ev] prov$ satisfactory & safe = ?is purpose4 ,! next l>ge/ use ( lumb] is ! gr9d+ ( x into pulp to be us$ 9 mak+ pap] = our books1 magaz9es & newspap]s1 wrapp+ pap]s1 etc4 ,! woods us$ = ?is purpose are mo/ly spruce & hemlock4 ,! great s\rces ( supply ( pulp-wood are ,ma9e & ,wiscons91 & l>ge am\nts are import$ f ,canada1 :i* greatly less5s ! dra9 on our own =e/s4 ,next 9 importance comes coop]age /ock = ! mak+ ( b>rels4 ,:5 we consid] ! _m uses ( b>rels1--t v9eg>1 oil1 & liquors are all %ipp$ 9 tight b>rels1 :i* are mo/ly made ( ! be/ :ite oak1 & t fl\r1 />*1 sug>1 crack]s1 fruits & vegetables1 glassw>e1 *emicals1 & cem5t are %ipp$ 9 :at are call$ slack b>rels1 made ( v>i\s h>dwoods1 ! hoops be+ always ( s(t elm1 a wood :i* is rapidly disappe>+1 we c see ! size & necessity ( ?is indu/ry4 ,r\nd m9e timb]s1 l>gely made ( "y h>dwood trees1 are us$ to support ! m9es und]gr\nd4 ,m9+ eng9e]s say t on an av]age ?ree feet ( lumb] are us$ 9 m9+ e ton ( coal tak5 out4 ,assum+ t #dej1jjj1jjj tons ( coal are m9$ ea* ye>1 ?is w\ld mean t almo/ a billion & a half feet a ye> are us$ 9 ! coal m9es1 & ?is is ab\t ! am\nt %[n by ! gov]nm5t report4 ,aft] ?is comes wood = la? us$ 9 build+4 ,?is product is usually tak5 f l[] class wood or logg+ camp wa/e4 ,!n comes ! wood = di/illation into wood-alcohol = use 9 manufacture & to furni% p[] 9 eng9es4 ,next 9 quantity us$ comes v5e]1 :i* has two entirely diff]5t uses4 ,! highe/ grade woods are cut to ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( an in* & glu$ to *eap] woods z an outside f9i% 9 ! mak+ ( furniture4 ,! o!r use is = v5e] us$ alone1 :5 a v ?9 wood is desir$4 ,?is is employ$ = butt] di%es1 b]ry baskets1 crates1 boxes & b>rels4 ,next on ! li/ come poles--electric railway1 electric light1 telegraph1 & telephone poles4 ,e pole t is erect$ = any ( ^! purposes1 e ext5sion ( ! s]vice1 & all replac+ caus$ by w9d or decay1 means ! cutt+ ( a tall1 /raight1 p]fect tree1 usually c$> or *e/nut4 ,if we ?9k ( ea* pole ( ! network t cov]s ! entire cont95t1 z a tree1 we %all bett] realize :at our =e/s h done 9 b9d+ ! nation toge!r4 ,lea!r is /a9$ by soak+ ! hides 9 a solution conta9+ ! b>k ( oak or hemlock4 ,sometimes an extract is made f *e/nut wood4 ,?is has caus$ "o ( ! mo/ crim9al wa/es ( trees1 = a great deal ( timb] 0 cut d[n solely = ! b>k1 & ! wood left to decay 9 ! =e/4 ,b n[1 z ! price ( lumb] advances1 m ( x is us$ ea* ye> & less left to wa/e4 ,! b>k & extract ( ! quebra*o1 a ,s\? ,am]ican tree1 are be+ import$ = use 9 tann+1 & are /ill fur!r r$uc+ ! dra9 on our own =e/s4 ,turp5t9e & ros9 d n 9 !mselves de/roy ! =e/s any m ?an does tapp+ ! maple trees = _! sap1 b 9 ! mak+ ( turp5t9e trees t are too small are (t5 box$ & ! trees are easily bl[n d[n by heavy w9ds or are attack$ by insects & fungi4 ,_m de/ructive fires also foll[ turp5t9+1 s t on ! :ole ! turp5t9e indu/ry is responsible = ! de/ruction ea* ye> ( l>ge areas ( ! s\!rn p9e =e/s4 ,! me?ods ( turp5t9+ introduc$ by ! gov]nm5t result 9 ! sav+ ( ?irty p] c5t4 m turp5t9e1 & also protect ! trees s t !y may be us$ fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s & /ill be almo/ z valuable z ev] = timb]4 ,tw5ty millions ( po/s are cut ea* ye> 9 ! ,lake ,/ates alone1 & ! entire numb] us$ is probably two or ?ree times z great4 ,^! con/itute ! great] uses ( wood1 n a full & detail$ li/2 b x pla9ly %[s t all ! uses are n only desirable1 b necess>y = our com=t & happ9ess1 & t we w\ld n will+ly sacrifice "o ( !m1 & 9 ord] t ?is %all n become necess>y1 let u see :at abuses we c f9d 9 ! managem5t ( our =e/s4 ,& "h we f9d ! mo/ />tl+ figures ( all4 ,great & important z is our li/ ( products made f wood1 we are surpris$ to le>n t ( all wood cut fully two-?irds is wa/$ 9 ! =e/s1 left to decay or burn$4 ,! l>ge/ =e/s are n[ all locat$ f> f ! great manufactur+ regions1 & t means f> f ! lumb] m>ket4 ,! co/ ( transportation mu/ be add$ to e c> ( lumb] sold4 ,! freight on a c>-load ( lumb] f ! ,s\? to ,*icago or o!r po9ts 9 ! middle ,we/ is n less ?an a hundr$ doll>s1 & f ! ,pacific coa/ x is v mu* high]4 ,x does n pay to s5d l[-grade lumb] :5 ! co/ is s great1 & z !re is no local m>ket a l>ge "p ( ea* tree is burn$4 ,all ! upp] end ( ! trunk & all bran*es are ?us de/roy$1 al?\gh mu* valuable timb] is conta9$ 9 !m4 ,at "o mill 9 ,alabama a pile ( wa/e wood & bran*es z high z a two-/ory h\se burns night & day ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & t is probably true ( all ! l>g] mills4 ,if ! timb] c\ld be cons]vatively manag$ z are live-/ock products1 s t all ! wa/e c\ld be utiliz$1 all ! small articles1 %+les1 la?1 po/s1 tan-b>k & extract1 pulp-wood1 wood = di/illation & small manufactur$ articles w\ld be made by-products ( ! l>g] cuts4 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! gre$ ( l>ge lumb] companies 9 caus+ :olesale & reckless de/ruction ( ! =e/s1 & mu* ( x is d\btless true1 b ! lumb] companies cite ! fact t no f>m] w ga!r a crop ( corn :i* w n pay = ! labor co/ ( ga!r+1 & say t at ! pres5t prices ( lumb] !y c n pay ! pres5t freight rates to ! factories4 ,x seems !re=e t a c]ta9 am\nt ( wa/e is unavoidable unless wood-work+ plants are e/abli%$ ne> ! =e/ regions4 ,! fir/ great /ep 9 cons]v+ our =e/s is to /op ! unnecess>y wa/es 9 use4 ,! next /ep is to take measures to prev5t ! great de/ruction ( our =e/s by fire4 ,^? :o h nev] liv$ 9 a great =e/ region c h little idea ( ! ext5t ( ! damage caus$ by ^! great =e/ fires4 ,! loss ( life ( bo? man & animals1 ! sweep+ away ( h\ses & crops1 ! homelessness & mis]y ( ^? :o h lo/ ev]y?+ !y _h sav$1 are n to be tak5 into acc\nt "h1 b only ! loss ( ! =e/s !mselves4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! loss by fire is z great z ! entire am\nt cut = use 9 ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,national ,cons]vation ,committee reports t #ej1jjj1jjj acres ( woodl& are burn$ ov] ye>ly4 ,?is probably includes all burn$-ov] l&s1 9 mu* ( :i* ! /&+ timb] is n de/roy$1 b ! sapl+s & se$l+s are kill$ z well z ! grass = graz+ & = ! protection ( ! roots4 ,mu* l& is burn$ ov] 9 ?is way ye> aft] ye> until hope ( future gr[? is gone1 ?\gh ! damage to ! l>ge trees has n be5 great4 ,9 "o way ?is loss is ev5 m s]i\s1 z x %uts (f ! hope ( future =e/s1 b ! loss ( our full-gr[n /&+ =e/s is grave4 ,9 #ahia ?is loss am\nt$ to #ae1jjj1jjj acres1 or ne>ly =ty ?\s& acres e day 9 ! ye>4 ,s9ce !n ! "w ( ! ,=e/ ,s]vice 9 fight+ fires & ! great cle>+ ( ! =e/s1 has r$uc$ ?is some:at1 b x /ill am\nts to no less ?an #cj1jjj acres ( our be/ salable timb] a day4 ,?is is ! really great & s]i\s loss ( ! =e/s4 ,all ! wood t is us$ goes to make our c\ntry a bett] place to live 91 to make its p m com=table & happy1 b all t is lo/ by fire is a loss to all ! nation 9 com=ts = ! future1 & 9 ! pres5t x means high prices = lumb] because our =e/s are disappe>+ s rapidly4 ,& we are lett+ !m burn at ! rate ( ?irty ?\s& acres e day6 ,m ?an en\gh to supply all our ne$s4 ,if any "o c\ld ga!r toge!r 9 "o va/ pile our h\ses & b>ns1 our furniture1 our wagons & c>riages1 our f>m implem5ts1 all our home conv5i5ces1 our railroad cross-ties1 our trolley & telephone poles1 our pap]s & magaz9es1 & burn !m all1 ! :ole _w w\ld be r\s$ by ! fe>fulness ( ! loss4 ,b we sit idly by & see ! mat]ials ( :i* all ^! ?+s are made & mu/ be made 9 ! future1 & ) !m our %ade1 our wat]-%$s1 ! soil ( ! =e/-l&s itself de/roy$1 ) nev] a ^w ( prote/4 ,9 a pap] prep>$ = ! ,national ,cons]vation ,congress1 x 0 /at$ t 9 "s ye>s gov]nm5t survey p>ties 7 unable to "w 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s = :ole seasons on acc\nt ( ! d5se smoke1 & ! fires 7 all[$ to burn till ! sn[s ( w9t] put !m out4 ,! writ] fur!r /at$ t he believ$ f obs]vation t ! ,=e/ ,s]vice1 by *eck+ fires 9 _! beg9n+1 has 9 ! la/ few ye>s sav$ m timb] ?an has be5 us$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,private own]s ( l>ge tracts %\ld be compell$ to use ! same c>e 9 prev5t+ fires t is ex]cis$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is c>e1 & ! break+ up ( ! =e/s into small] tracts by cle>+ ! l& 9 alt]nate sections w\ld soon r$uce ! fire loss s greatly z almo/ to save u f anxiety = ! future ( our timb] l&s4 ,! next great loss to ! =e/s is f insects4 ,:5 insects h bor$ into wood x becomes honey-comb$ by ! canals cut by ! little insects & is utt]ly valueless4 ,! loss to fruit & =e/ trees w be tak5 up m fully 9 ! *apt] on insects4 ,at pres5t x is only necess>y1 9 ord] to %[ h[ mu* our =e/s suff] 9 ?is way1 to /ate t ! ye>ly loss f ?is cause is plac$ at no less ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj a ye>1 & ! loss to fruits is c\nt$ at "o-fif? ( ! entire crop4 ,"s slight idea ( ! dang] to our =e/s w be se5 by ! simple /atem5t t =ty-"o diff]5t species ( insects infe/ ! locu/ tree1 eighty ! elm1 "o hundr$ & five ! bir*1 "o hundr$ & sixty-five ! p9e1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty ! hickory1 "o hundr$ & eighty-six ! will[1 :ile oak trees are attack$ by ov] five hundr$6 ,?is is exce$+ly difficult to control & c p]haps nev] be entirely *eck$4 ,"s rem$ies w be sugge/$ lat]1 & by hav+ small] =e/s1 m c>efully wat*$1 "s p]sonal c>e c be giv5 to ! trees4 ,9 ,g]many ! trees are z closely wat*$ z are o!r crops1 & ! sav+ 9 value well repays ?is extra c>e & exp5se4 ,a mu* small] loss comes f ! w9ds t sometimes level all ! trees ov] _m squ>e miles4 ,?is c n1 ( c\rse1 be prev5t$1 except possibly 9 ! turp5t9e =e/s1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 to use all ! wood1 nev] all[+ x to decay :]e x fell1 & also to replant ! l& ) trees1 unless x is fitt$ = agriculture4 ,a great sav+ ( ! =e/s may be effect$ by :at is call$ pres]vative treatm5t1 :i* consi/s ( treat+ railroad ties1 pil+1 m9e timb]s1 poles1 & po/s ) creosote or z9c *lorid to prev5t decay f ! moi/ure ( ! gr\nd or f injury by salt-wat] bor]s4 ,! use ( creosote is almo/ d\ble ! co/ ( z9c *lorid1 b x is mu* m effective & durable4 ,a f5ce po/ c be treat$ ) creosote = ab\t t5 c5ts1 a railroad tie = tw5ty c5ts1 & a telephone pole = f sev5ty-five c5ts to a doll>4 ,9 e case ! timb] treat$ w la/ twice z long z x w\ld )\t su* treatm5t & 9 view ( ! pres5t high prices x is bad bus9ess policy to use timb] 9 su* a way t x w ne$ replac+ soon4 ,x is e/imat$ t if all timb]s :i* c\ld be pr(itably treat$ 7 s c>$ =1 x w\ld mean a money sav+ to ! own]s ( #dg1jjj1jjj1 & an annual sav+ 9 wood equal to #d1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb]4 ,! next po9t 9 ! cons]vation ( ! =e/s is to seek sub/itutes to take ! place ( wood4 ,!re are _m uses ( wood :i* no?+ else w satisfactorily supply4 ,= example1 no railroad cross-tie has ev] be5 design$ ( o!r mat]ial t does n increase ! dang] ( railway accid5ts1 ?\gh ov] two hundr$ k9ds h be5 pat5t$4 ,!re is no?+ t w take ! place ( wood 9 furniture1 & 9 _m small articles4 ,"s articles might be replac$ 9 metal1 b x makes !m too heavy or too exp5sive4 ,b 9 c]ta9 l9es !re is an excell5t opportunity to use o!r mat]ials to great advantage4 ,c>s are n[ be+ built ( /eel1 & ( comb9ations ( metal ) asbe/os4 ,^! are n yet entirely satisfactory1 b x is hop$ t !y c be p]fect$ soon4 ,cem5t & concrete are tak+ ! place ( wood to a great ext5t 9 build+1 & _! use w d\btless increase rapidly4 ,:5 v5e] is us$ = b>rels & boxes x af=ds a sav+ ( ne>ly two-?irds 9 ! am\nt ( wood requir$4 ,?is is a l9e ( use :]e *eap] sub/itutes %\ld always be us$ if possible1 because a package is usually us$ only once1 nev] m ?an twice1 & !n disc>d$1 s t ! wood is put to little real s]vice comp>$ ) o!r wood5 articles4 ,:5 possible1 small articles ( wood %\ld be made only 9 a =e/ region or ne> saw-mills to use ! scraps & save an unnecess>y dra9 on ! m valuable grades ( lumb]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important l9es 9 :i* sub/itutes are practicable is 9 ! mak+ ( pap] & box-bo>d or pa/ebo>d4 ,! latt] is sometimes call$ /rawbo>d1 because x is made f :eat /raw1 & :]e x is manufactur$1 uses a l>ge am\nt ( /raw t w\ld o!rwise be wa/$1 b ! great :eat fields ( ! ,we/ /ill h imm5se quantities ( unus$ /raw1 :i*1 if made into /rawbo>d1 w\ld n only br+ m prosp]ity to t region b w\ld less5 ! dra9 on ! =e/s4 ,a box b\nd ) wire & made ( corrugat$ pap] n[ takes ! place = _m light articles ( ! wood5 pack+-case4 ,! /rawbo>d also takes ! place ( wood-pulp = small] pap] boxes4 ,rice-/raw1 hemp1 flax-/raw1 cotton fib] & peat h all be5 te/$ 9 a small way & f\nd to make excell5t pap]1 & x is ?\ght corn-/alks c also be us$1 b none ( ^! is n[ manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on a l>ge scale4 ,?is is l>gely because ! price ( pulp-wood is l[1 & ! co/ ( exp]im5t+ ) new mat]ials is great ) ! results unc]ta94 ,?is br+s u to ! la/ "o ( our prev5tive measures = ! decl9e ( our =e/s1 ! "o :i* ne$s ! mo/ c>eful att5tion ( all--! replant+ ( ! l&s t are n fitt$ = agriculture1 & plant+ trees ab\t h\ses & unoccupi$ spaces4 ,_m f>m]s h plant$ or*>ds on a "p ( _! f>m-l&s & _m trees h be5 plant$ 9 t[n & c\ntry1 b until a few ye>s ago !re 0 no organiz$ ef=t to plant trees4 ,n[ _m /ates h set ap>t a day :i* is call$ ,arbor ,day1 = ?is purpose1 b 9 no /ate does x hold s important a place z x %\ld4 ,x is obs]v$ by ! s*ools b n by ! g5]al public4 ,9 ,g]many !re are regul> tree-plant+ days 9 :i* all ! p take "p4 ,e "o :o is n too poor--& he mu/ be poor inde$--plants a tree 9 8 own g>d51 or 9 front ( 8 home1 9 ! =e/ or 9 ! highway2 = himself or = ! g5]al good4 ,ea* *ild plants a tree on 8 or h] bir?day e ye>1 & wat*es & c>es = x z x gr[s4 ,! roadsides are l9$ ) fruit or nut or fl[]+ trees :i* h be5 plant$ 9 neat1 ord]ly r[s4 ,^! ?+s are 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! obs]vance ( ,arbor ,day 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e "o tree suffices = an entire s*ool1 or at be/ ea* class has a tree ( its own4 ,x is all a matt] ( en?usiasm & education4 ,9 consid]+ ! be/ trees = plant+ we come to ! la/ great use ( trees ( :i* we h n spok54 ,fruit & nut trees supply u ) l>ge quantities ( ! mo/ :olesome & delici\s food4 ,! apple1 pe>1 pea*1 plum1 & *]ry gr[ 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & oranges1 lemons1 figs1 olives & apricots 9 ! w>m] p>ts4 ,by plant+ ^! trees 9 suitable places "o may h a ri* h>ve/ = _m ye>s to come4 ,if a small fraction ( ! se$s ( fruit trees :i* are wa/$ ea* ye> 7 plant$1 ! g5]al food supply w\ld be greatly increas$1 & _m b5efits w\ld be d]iv$ f ! trees !mselves4 ,h y ev] he>d ! /ory ( ,apple-se$ ,john1 ! man :o1 accord+ to tradition1 w5t ?r\gh :at is n[ we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio & ,indiana :ile ! c\ntry 0 /ill a wild]ness & plant$ or*>ds = ! settl]s :o1 he 0 sure1 w\ld come lat]8 ,s _m /ories h be5 told ( him t x is h>d to discov] h[ mu* ( ! tale is really true4 ,at lea/ "o poem has be5 writt5 ab\t him1 & ! ,rev]5d ,newell ,dwight ,hillis has wov5 ! facts & fancies ( 8 c>e] into a *>m+ book1 ,! ,que/ ( ,john ,*apman4 ,! /ory is t he sp5t 8 w9t]s 9 ! settlem5ts ne> ! ,atlantic coa/ tea*+ ! *ildr5 or work+ at small tasks ab\t ! f>ms1 & tak+ 8 pay always 9 ! se$s ( apples1 pea*es1 pe>s1 plums1 & grapes4 ,! f>m]s & _! families sav$ all _! se$s = him & :5 spr+ came he fill$ 8 boat ) se$s & />t$ d[n ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,:5 he rea*$ a suitable l&+-place he took 8 bags ( se$s on 8 back & trudg$ ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,:5ev] he came to an op5 space he plant$ an or*>d1 built a f5ce ( b\ghs ab\t x1 & />t$ on aga94 ,& s he travel$ on & on1 ?r\gh all ! spr+ & summ] mon?s1 ye> aft] ye>1 plant+ 8 se$s = ^? :o w\ld come aft] him1 until he grew too old to "w4 ,! fir/ settl]s 9 ^? /ates f\nd ! or*>ds & v9ey>ds await+ !m1 & a few trees are /ill /&+ t are said to h be5 plant$ by ,apple-,se$ ,john4 ,! /ory ( ?is man :o 9 8 humble way devot$ 8 life to o!rs is "o t may well be told & imitat$1 = :ile none ( u c d ! "w he did1 x may inspire u ) a wi% to make "s spot on e>? bett] by plant+ our few se$s or plants4 ,9 c>ry+ on ?is "w 9 ! s*ools z well z by ! g5]al public1 a regul> plan %\ld be foll[$4 ,mu* c be accompli%$ ) no exp5se at all1 ev5 9 cities4 ,9 all cases ! exp5se w be v small comp>$ to ! good accompli%$4 ,se$s may be plant$ & lat] transplant$4 ,?is w require no exp5se & little labor4 ,e *ild1 l>ge & small1 9 city & c\ntry1 c le>n to d ?is "w & c ?us p]=m a real s]vice4 ,small sapl+s :i* are gr[+ close toge!r1 :]e !y c nev] develop1 may ea* be plant$ 9 a place :]e x w h a *ance to gr[ into a ?rifty tree4 ,mo/ f>m]s w\ld be entirely will+ to all[ ! pupils to take su* sapl+s f _! wood-lots if ! "w 7 prop]ly done4 ,?is is an excell5t "w = c\ntry s*ools to und]take1 bo? = ! good x w accompli% & = ! tra9+ ( ! pupils !mselves 9 practical "w4 ,fruit trees ( suitable size = plant+ may be _h = ab\t tw5ty c5ts ea*4 ,mo/ ,am]ican *ildr5 c\ld easily save t am\nt f money sp5t on c&y1 sweetmeats or toys s z to h a tree ready = plant+ on ,arbor ,day :i* w\ld yield !m fruit z !y gr[ old]1 & be a s\rce ( pride & pleasure4 ,su* trees w ( c\rse usually be plant$ at ! *ildr5's own homes1 b x w\ld be an excell5t idea to foll[ ! ,g]man plan ( plant+ public or*>ds j outside ! t[n4 ,:5 ! trees are old en\gh to be>1 ! *ildr5 are all[$ on c]ta9 days to g & ga!r & eat ! fruit & c>ry x home 9 baskets4 ,! old] boys 9 e s*ool1 :e!r city or c\ntry1 %\ld be taught to plant & transplant trees 9 ! be/ way4 ,! foll[+ directions = ! "w are s5t out by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at ,wa%+ton3 ,! prop] season = plant+ is n ev]y:]e ! same4 ,:5 ! plant+ is done 9 ! spr+1 ! "r "t is :5 ! fro/ is out ( ! gr\nd & be=e budd+ beg9s4 ,! day to plant is almo/ z important z ! season4 ,sunny1 w9dy wea!r is to be avoid$4 ,cool1 damp days are ! be/4 ,trees c n be ?ru/ c>elessly into a r\gh soil & !n be expect$ to fl\ri%4 ,!y %\ld be plant$ 9 prop]ly work$ soil1 well enri*$4 ,if !y c n be plant$ imm$iately aft] !y are tak5 up ! fir/ /ep is to prev5t _! roots dry+ out 9 ! air4 ,?is may be done by pil+ fre% dirt deep ab\t ! roots or sett+ ! roots 9 mud4 ,9 plant+ !y %\ld be plac$ f two to ?ree in*es deep] ?an !y /ood orig9ally4 ,f9e soil %\ld always be press$ firmly--n made h>d--ab\t ! roots1 & two in*es ( dry soil at ! top %\ld be left v loose to reta9 ! moi/ure4 ,! read+ ( su* poems z ,lucy ,l>com's ,he :o plants a tree plants a hope1 or ,william ,cull5 ,bryant's1 ,come1 let u plant ! apple tree1 & suitable talks or pap]s on trees1 deal+ ) _! k9ds & uses1 on ! b5efits ( =e/s1 & on practical =e/ry1 %\ld be a "p ( ! ,arbor ,day ex]cises4 ,9 _m communities a tract ( l& :i* is n well suit$ = g5]al agriculture may be obta9$ = ! b5efit ( ! s*ool1 & "s simple "w 9 =e/ry may be und]tak5 by ! pupils4 ,sometimes a f>m] may be induc$ to give a small bit ( wa/e l& :]e ! exp]im5t may be tri$4 ,sometimes su* l& c be b\ght by ! s*ool 9 "o ( ! foll[+ ways3 ,a s]ies ( ent]ta9m5ts may be giv5 by ! pupils1 ! proce$s to be appli$ to ! buy+ ( ! l&1 & ! pupils may also obta9 money 9 o!r outside ways to br+ to ! g5]al fund4 ,if only "o acre c be b\ght & cle>$ by ! pupils1 & prop]ly plant$1 a little at a "t1 a tree = ea* *ild's bir?day1 or by obta9+ small se$l+s & sapl+s f ! =e/1 x w be a s\rce ( ke5 int]e/1 & w give an add$ pleasure to ! s*ool "w4 ,wat*+ ! gr[? ( ! trees & c>+ = !m w keep ?is int]e/ alive ye> aft] ye>1 & 9 "t x w become a valuable prop]ty belong+ to ! s*ool4 ,sometimes ! s*ool (ficials w set aside a sum f ! public money to pur*ase ! l&4 ,9 "o ,high ,s*ool1 "o acre is ?us b\ght ea* ye>1 & e pupil 9 ! s5ior ye> gives & plants a tree4 ,sometimes ! f>m]s or ! m]*ants ( a community may unite 9 buy+ ! l&1 :i* w1 ( c\rse1 become public prop]ty1 & set x aside = improvem5t aft] ! mann] ( a city p>k4 ,sometimes wom5's clubs become int]e/$ 9 su* a movem5t & w raise ! funds necess>y = beg9n+ x4 ,x !n becomes ! duty ( ! s*ool1 ye> aft] ye>1 to plant & c>e = ! l&4 ,aft] a "t ! s*ool w h a valuable prop]ty to sell1 or c h a ye>ly income f ! sale ( timb]4 ,su* plans may be c>ri$ out 9 _m s*ools4 ,e s*ool c & %\ld d some?+ to =w>d ?is great "w4 ,all s*ool y>ds %\ld be well plant$ & c>e tak5 t ! boy ) a new knife does n try x on ! b>k or t ! b>k is n rubb$ f ! trees 9 c>eless play4 ,_m trees plant$ 9 s*ool y>ds h be5 de/roy$ 9 ?is way4 ,b we %all n be safe if only ! s*ools plant trees4 ,f>m]s & lot own]s %\ld take up ! "w 9 e>ne/1 add+ z _m trees z possible ea* ye>4 ,9 ?is way !y c\ld insure an abundant supply ( fruit1 nuts & timb] = ! future1 c\ld increase ! value ( _! prop]ty1 & provide a /eady income besides4 ,f>m]s' in/itutes w\ld f9d ?is a mo/ important "w to und]take1 arrang+ = a common plan to be c>ri$ out 9 an entire neighborhood1 & sett+ aside days 9 :i* all ! memb]s may "w toge!r to set out trees by ! roadsides4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q ( :at k9ds ( trees are be/ to plant4 ,= t[n or city lots1 fruit trees %\ld always be *os51 because !y be> 9 a %ort "t & w add to ! family food supply1 & s less5 ! co/ ( liv+ & increase ! v>iety ( food4 ,e f>m %\ld h a good assortm5t ( fruit4 ,any nurs]yman's catalogue w furni% li/s ( k9ds s t a wise *oice may be made4 ,9 select+ fruit trees1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to *oose ! be/ v>ieties4 ,= /reets & roadsides1 nut or wild fruit trees are be/1 = ! trees are g5]ally graceful 9 appe>ance & w yield "s return1 z ! m popul> maples & popl>s w n4 ,! *e/nut is "o ( ! be/ trees = su* plant+1 ?\gh x is ( a r sl[ gr[?4 ,engli% or ,am]ican walnuts1 pecans1 mulb]ry & p]simmon trees c be gr[n 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o t[n 9 ,kansas is plant+ fruit trees on all its /reets1 s t 9 a few ye>s !re w be an abundance ( fruit free to e pass]-by4 ,?is is a mo/ excell5t plan1 b individuals w\ld be likely to f9d ! fruit mole/$ if only a few trees are plant$ 9 a community4 ,b>n-lots & lanes %\ld be plant$ ) wild *]ry1 haws1 eld]1 dogwood1 m\nta9-a%1 & o!r wild fruits to s]ve z food = birds1 p\ltry1 & hogs4 ,:]e ! banks ( /reams ne$ to be protect$ f erosion1 probably ! be/ tree = plant+ is ! basket will[1 :i* ?rives well ne> ! wat]1 has a heavy network ( roots1 & is valuable = weav+ into baskets & furniture4 ,= all hillsides & rocky places1 z well z wood-lots1 ! h>dwoods :i* sell be/ = timb] %\ld be plant$ 9 ! ,nor? & ,we/1 & ! ev]gre5s ne> ! sea-coa/s & 9 ! ,s\?4 ,=e/s ( oak1 hickory1 walnut1 maple 7especially ! sug> maple1 :i* yields a /eady return dur+ ! lifetime ( ! tree71 elm1 *e/nut1 & locu/ w sell = a good price1 & are always salable4 ,x requires _m ye>s to gr[ l>ge timb]1 b by prop] managem5t sev]al ye>s c be ga9$ 9 its gr[?1 & x is always a valuable inve/m5t = a f>m] to make = 8 *ildr54 ,n individuals only1 b /ates & ! national gov]nm5t z well1 %\ld provide =e/s = ! future1 & ?is is ! greate/ duty ( all1 = mu* ( ! mo/ important "w c only be done by a p[] t c control ! entire wat]%$ at ! head-wat]s ( a riv]-sy/em4 ,= example1 ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s are ! s\rce ( hundr$s ( /reams :i* fl[ ea/1 we/ & s\?1 & pass ?r\gh _m /ates4 ,^! m\nta9s 7 orig9ally cov]$ ) a heavy =e/ gr[?1 b !y belong l>gely to private companies :o are cutt+ ! =e/s at a rapid rate4 ,! effect ( ?is is se5 9 b>e hillsides1 wa%$ by m\nta9 torr5ts :i* are caus+ disa/r\s floods on ! l[l&s1 fill+ up ! /reams1 & c>ry+ away mu* ( ! mo/ f]tile soil ( "s ( ! s\!a/]n /ates1 & 9 ! dry+ up ( ! small tribut>ies4 ,?is c n be rem$i$ by s+le companies nor by ! /ates t suff] mo/4 ,! only rem$y is = ! gov]nm5t to buy ! l& at ! head-wat]s ( ! riv]s & re=e/ x4 ,! same conditions on a small] scale are to be f\nd 9 e m\nta9\s region :]e ! =e/s are cut away4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates owns a l>ge am\nt ( =e/ b n ne>ly en\gh to insure a supply ( wood = ! future4 ,! public =e/ l&s are ne>ly all 9 ! ,we/4 ,!y consi/ ( national =e/s1 national p>ks1 ,indian & milit>y res]vations & l& op5 to entry z timb] claims4 ,9 all !y conta9 ne>ly #ajj1jjj1jjj acres1 or ab\t half z mu* z is conta9$ 9 f>m]s' wood-lots & ab\t "o-f\r? z mu* z ! am\nt own$ by l>ge lumb] companies4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on its public doma91 is sett+ ab\t a c>eful sy/em ( cutt+ & replant+4 ,?is sy/em is kn[n z =e/ry4 ,x has be5 work$ out by "s ( ! m advanc$ nations ( ,europe :o saw t de/ruction 0 com+ on !m ?r\gh ! cutt+ away ( _! =e/s4 ,n[ =e/ry is practis$ by e nation except ,turkey & ,*9a4 ,! pr9ciples h be5 well prov$ & ! results ( sci5tific c>e ( ! =e/s are kn[n to be ev5 m sure ?an 9 f>m+ or live-/ock rais+4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture w s5d complete directions = plant+ trees 9 r[s at prop] di/ances1 w tell :at k9ds are be/ suit$ to ea* region & condition1 h[ to make !m gr[ rapidly1 & :5 to cut4 ,all ^! ?+s %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood by e l& own]1 l>ge or small1 b at pres5t =e/ry is practis$ on only "o p] c5t4 ( all l& 9 ?is c\ntry1 own$ by private p]sons or companies1 ?\gh x is practis$ on sev5ty p] c5t4 ( all public l&s4 ,! c\ntries t %[ ! be/ results 9 =e/ry are "s ( ! ,g]man /ates1 p>ticul>ly ,prussia & ,saxony1 & ,france4 ,9 ,prussia ! rate ( production is ?ree times z great z x 0 sev5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,!re is ?ree times z mu* saw timb] 9 a tree z !re 0 at t "t1 & ! money returns f an av]age acre ( =e/ are n[ ne>ly t5 times :at !y 7 sixty ye>s ago4 ,9 ,saxony ! /ate =e/s are receiv+ two doll>s & ?irty c5ts p] acre a ye> above all exp5ses f =e/s on l& n fitt$ = agriculture1 & ! pr(it is increas+ e ye>4 ,france & ,g]many toge!r sp5d #aa1jjj1jjj a ye> on _! public =e/s & receive f !m an income ( #cj1jjj1jjj1 or ne>ly ?ree times z mu*1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates sp5ds = its public =e/s m ?an t5 times z mu* z x receives4 ,_m ( our /ates are tak+ an active int]e/ 9 =e/ry & are buy+ tracts ( l& ( l[ value = /ate =e/s4 ,new ,york is tak+ ! lead 9 ! "w ( plant+ =e/s1 b ev5 "h ! am\nt done is mu* less ?an x %\ld be4 ,! /ate =e/] says t "o million trees are plant$ ea* ye> :ile tw5ty millions %\ld be plant$4 ,! ,national ,cons]vation ,commission report$ t ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld plant an area l>g] ?an ! /ates ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 9 ord] to supply our future ne$s1 b t we h actually plant$ an area less ?an ! /ate ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! lesson we %\ld le>n 9 reg>d to our =e/s3 ,to gu>d aga9/ wa/e 9 cutt+ & use1 fire1 & insects1 & to plant trees until our future supply ( timb] is assur$1 till ! head-wat]s ( our /reams are protect$ & our wa/e l&s made into valuable =e/ tracts2 till e f>m has its wood-lot1 & e community its fruit & %ade4 ,x is a "w 9 :i* e "o ( u may take "s "p & f :i* good results are c]ta9 to come4 ,,or*>ds ,ano!r phase ( tree-culture t does n1 /rictly speak+1 come "u ! head ( =e/ry1 b :i* %\ld be consid]$ "h1 is ! cultivation ( or*>ds1 ei!r = home use or = comm]cial purposes4 ,9 a few sections1 fruit is ! mo/ valuable ( all crops4 ,oranges 9 ,florida & ,cali=nia1 pea*es 9 "s ( ! s\!rn /ates1 & apples 9 ! nor?we/1 are m pr(itable ?an any field crops1 & _! cultivation is made ! subject ( c>eful sci5tific /udy4 ,b !re are _m o!r /ates :]e ! rais+ ( fruit 9 comm]cial quantities is almo/ altoge!r neglect$1 & to :i* almo/ all fruit is %ipp$ f o!r sections4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! ri* corn & :eat produc+ /ates ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! e>ly settl]s ea* plant$ an or*>d = home use1 & ^! produc$ ! f9e/ quality ( fruit 9 abundance2 b usually1 aft] be+ plant$1 ! trees 7 left to take c>e ( !mselves1 :ile ! f>m]'s "t & att5tion 7 giv5 to 8 fields ( gra94 ,z "t pass$1 plant diseases & insect pe/s increas$1 w9ds broke d[n _m ( ! unprun$ trees1 fro/s (t5 blight$ ! entire crop ( fruit1 & ! uncultivat$1 sod-*ok$ trees produc$ fruit t 0 less 9 quantity & poor] 9 quality ea* ye>4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! highe/ grade ( apples h all be5 %ipp$ f ! ,we/4 ,^! are gr[n on irrigat$ l&2 a high price be+ paid bo? = ! l& itself & = ! wat]-privilege1 & ! or*>ds are seldom m ?an t5 acres 9 ext5t4 ,w9d & fro/ may cause z mu* damage "h z 9 ! ea/]n /ates & plant diseases & insect enemies are equally liable to injure ! crop4 ,b "h or*>d+ is c>ri$ on 9 a sci5tific mann]4 ,! small size ( ! or*>d makes x possible = ! own] prop]ly to c>e = e tree1 & ea* "o mu/ be made a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,e condition t t5ds to affect ! crop is c>efully /udi$1 & ! rem$y f\nd & appli$4 ,!re is no reason :y ! same c>e & labor %\ld n produce equally good results ) f> less exp5se 9 ! well-wat]$ regions ( ! ea/]n & c5tral "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! neglect$ or*>d w prove a failure any:]e1 z surely z w a neglect$ g>d51 & success w come only by giv+ to fruit ! same intellig5t c>e t w\ld be be/[$ ^u any o!r crop4 ,! cultivation ( apples %\ld receive p>ticul> att5tion 9 ! nor? c5tral /ates1 because !y h great food value1 are n p]i%able1 c be %ipp$ long di/ances1 & ! dem&1 bo? at home & abroad1 is always great] ?an ! supply4 ,! home or*>d1 h[ev]1 %\ld conta9 _m k9ds ( fruit1 & ! same g5]al rules 9 reg>d to ! c>e ( ! or*>d apply to all ( !m4 ,fir/1 ! or*>d %\ld n be locat$ on l& t is fitt$ to produce ! be/ f>m crops1 b x mu/ n be too /eep & hilly to be cultivat$4 ,a sunny slop+ hillside is be/ suit$ to or*>d crops4 ,9 mo/ cases little f]tilization is ne$$ except ! plant+ ( clov] or "s o!r legum9\s crop4 ,if corn be plant$ 9 "y or*>ds1 z is (t5 ! case1 pota% %\ld be us$ z a f]tiliz] aft] ! crop is ga!r$1 s9ce bo? corn & fruit trees draw v heavily on ! pota% 9 ! soil4 ,old or*>ds sometimes ne$ a s+le application ( a g5]al f]tiliz] conta9+ all ! pr9cipal soil elem5ts4 ,all f]tiliz]s %\ld be appli$ n m]ely ar\nd ! base ( ! trunk1 b z f> f x z ! tree spreads its bran*es 9 all directions4 ,! trees %\ld be c>efully prun$ & special att5tion paid to trimm+ ! tops l[ to prev5t damage f w9ds1 & also to make spray+ easy4 ,! soil %\ld be deeply cultivat$ ! fir/ few ye>s 9 ord] to make ! roots /rike deep into ! gr\nd1 & aft]w>d ! soil %\ld receive "s surface cultivation e ye>4 ,:5 !re is dang] ( fro/ aft] ! trees h bloom$1 bru%wood fires are light$ & a d5se smoke is rais$ ov] ! or*>d by burn+ pots ( crude oil4 ,?is smoke is helpful 9 prev5t+ ! =mation ( fro/1 & w (t5 be ! means ( sav+ ! crop4 ,! o!r great causes ( failure to gr[ l>ge quantities ( p]fect fruit1 if ! v>ieties are well *os51 are plant diseases & damage by insects4 ,! me?ods ( _! control are giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,insects1 & include pr9cipally ! disposal ( all decay$ fruit1 ! rak+ up & burn+ ( all leaves 9 infect$ or*>ds1 ars5ical & lime sprays1 &1 above all1 su* att5tion to prun+ & cultivation z w keep ! trees 9 good condition4 ,la/ly1 ! keep+ ( bees 9 ! or*>d w pay well1 n only = ! honey !y produce1 b because !y assi/ greatly 9 c>ry+ ! poll5 f fl[] to fl[]1 & s increas+ ! crop ( fruit4 ,,ref]5ces ,=e/s4 ,report ,national ,cons]vation ,commission4 ,=e/ ,cons]vation1 ,pap]s & ,discussions1 ,report ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,arbor ,day1 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #if4 ,tree ,plant+ on ,rural ,s*ool ,gr\nds4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #acd4 ,practical ,assi/ance to ,tree ,plant]s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #bb4 ,h[ to ,transplant ,=e/ ,trees4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #fa4 ,=e/ ,plant+ on ,coal ,l&s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #da4 ,=e/ry 9 ! ,public ,s*ools4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #acj4 ,prim] ( ,=e/ry4 7,p9*ot74 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #agc4 ,! ,use ( ! ,national ,=e/s4 7,p9*ot47 ,:at ,=e/ry ,has ,done4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #adj4 ,=e/ ,pres]vation & ,national ,prosp]ity4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #ce4 ,=e/ ,plant+ & ,f>m ,managem5t4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #bbh4 ,facts & ,figures ,reg>d+ our ,=e/ ,res\rces4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #aa4 ,dra9 ,^u ! ,=e/s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #abi4 ,! ,wan+ ,h>dwood ,supply4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #abi4 ,timb] ,supply ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #aaf4 ,=e/ry & ! ,lumb] ,supply4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #ig4 ,h[ to ,cultivate & ,c>e = ,=e/s 9 ,semi-arid ,regions4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circul>1 #ed4 ,pap]-mak+ ,mat]ials & _! ,cons]vation4 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 #da4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,wat] ,wat] is an absolute necessity to man1 z mu* z ! air he brea!s or ! food he eats4 ,wat] comes to u 9 ! =m ( ra9 or sn[4 ,we usually ?9k ( x z unlimit$1 b we mu/ come to ?9k ( x z a res\rce t c be abus$ & wa/$ or made useful & pr(itable z is ! soil itself4 ,! am\nt ( wat] is fix$ & passes 9 an endless r\nd f cl\d to riv] or l& & back to ! cl\ds aga94 ,! av]age ye>ly ra9fall ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is e/imat$ at ?irty in*es1 ab\t =ty in*es 9 ! ea/]n half1 an av]age ( eighte5 in*es 9 ! we/]n "p1 & 9 _m places n m ?an t5 or twelve in*es4 ,"o in* ( ra9 w\ld am\nt to ne>ly "o hundr$ & "o tons p] acre1 or on a ro( tw5ty feet long by tw5ty feet wide1 "o in* ( ra9 w\ld be two hundr$ & fifty gallons4 ,) a ra9fall ( =ty in*es1 ?is w\ld am\nt to #aj1jjj gallons 9 a ye>1 or an av]age1 ov] e bit ( l& tw5ty feet squ>e1 ( tw5ty-sev5 gallons = e day 9 ! ye>4 ,?is is ab\t ! quantity t falls 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x v>ies slightly f ye> to ye>1 b !re is no m--!re is no possible way ( add+ to x1 ?\gh we may less5 x by all[+ x to ru% out to sea1 giv+ no s]vice to ! l&4 ,z ! l& wat]s dim9i% ! ra9fall also gr[s less4 ,?is two hundr$ trillions cubic feet ( wat] :i* falls on our l& e ye> con/itutes our entire wat] res\rce1 is ! s\rce ( all our riv]s & /reams1 ( ! moi/ure 9 ! air1 ( our ra9s & sn[s1 & our wat] = plant & animal gr[?4 ,to und]/& h[ mu* ?is is1 we may say t x is ab\t equal to t5 times ! am\nt ( wat] t fl[s ?r\gh ! ,mississippi ,riv] sy/em4 ,! wat] ( ! ,mississippi & its bran*es is ne>ly half ( all ! wat] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t fl[s ?r\gh wat]ways to ! sea4 ,?is wat] t fl[s ?r\gh our /reams is sometimes call$ ! run-(f4 ,! run-(f is increas+ e ye> z we cut our =e/s & cultivate our l&4 ,x is us$ = navigation1 irrigation & p[]1 b ! increase is n an advantage = ^! purposes z might be suppos$1 because x comes 9 disa/r\s floods1 te>+ away dams1 ru9+ p[] sites1 & n only prev5t+ navigation dur+ ! flood season1 b by fill+ up ! riv]s & *ang+ ! *annels1 mak+ navigation difficult & dang]\s ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! run-(f is controll$ to "s ext5t & may be br\ght "u almo/ z complete control z may be desir$4 ,z mu* z ! wat] ( five or six ,mississippis1 or a little m ?an half ( our supply1 is evaporat$ to moi/5 & temp] ! air1 to fall z ra9 or sn[1 or to =m dews4 ,?is is sometimes call$ ! fly-(f1 & except = "s *anges caus$ by managem5t ( ! l&1 is entirely beyond control4 ,a "p ( ! rema9d] s9ks into ! soil bel[ ! surface4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is helps to cause ! sl[ rock-decay t =ms ! soil1 & :i* is kn[n z gr\nd wat]4 ,x is e/imat$ t )9 ! fir/ hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? !re is a quantity ( wat] t has seep$ d[n2 & t w\ld =m1 if x 7 collect$1 a va/ res]voir sixte5 or sev5te5 feet 9 dep? spread+ ov] all ! #c1jjj1jjj squ>e miles ( ! area ( our c\ntry4 ,?is is equal to ab\t sev5 ye>s' ra9fall & is a v important "p ( our wat] res\rces4 ,9 _m places x =ms into und]gr\nd /reams or lakes4 ,x fe$s all ! spr+s & _m ( ! lakes4 ,our wells are dug or drill$ into ?is und]gr\nd wat] sy/em4 ,x c>ries away ! excess ( salts & m9]al matt] f ! soil1 ! trees /rike _! roots deep into ! e>? & draw f x1 & la/ & mo/ important ( all1 t :i* s9ks imm$iately bel[ ! surface supplies all our plant gr[?4 ,s t x is ?is la/ portion1 t :i* s9ks bel[ ! gr\nd1 & :i* is sometimes t]m$ ! cut-(f1 am\nt+ to ab\t "o-t5? ( all our wat] res\rce1 or ab\t ! quantity t fl[s ?r\gh ! ,mississippi ,riv] sy/em1 t =ms ! really important "p4 ,on ?is dep5ds all t makes a l& habitable1 ! wat] = dr9k+ purposes & = plant & animal gr[?4 ,on x dep5ds ! rate ( production ( e acre ( f>m & =e/ l& & ! life ( e animal4 ,e full-gr[n man ( "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds takes into 8 sy/em n less ?an a ton ( wat] ea* ye>1 & e bu%el ( corn requires = its mak+ fifte5 or tw5ty tons ( wat]4 ,( ! importance ( ?is ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9 says3 ,! key to ! problem ( soil cons]vation lies 9 due control ( ! wat] t falls on e acre4 ,?is wat] is an asset ( great value4 ,x %\ld be c\nt$ by e l& own] z a possible value1 sav$ if turn$ :]e x w d good1 lo/ if p]mitt$ to run away1 d\bly lo/ if x also c>ries away ! soil & does de/ructive "w bel[4 ,! uses ( ra9fall are giv5 ?us3 ,a due portion %\ld g ?r\gh ! soil to its bottom to promote rock decay4 ,"s ( x %\ld g into ! und]dra9age to c>ry away h>mful matt]1 ano!r portion goes up to ! surface c>ry+ solutions ne$$ by ! plants4 ,a portion goes into ! plants to n\ri% !m1 & /ill ano!r "p runs (f ! surface1 c>ry+ away ! worn-out p>ts ( ! soil4 ,crops c use to advantage all ! ra9 t falls dur+ ! gr[+ season2 & 9 mo/ cases crops are all ! bett] = all ! wat] t c be c>ri$ ov] f ! w9t]4 ,!re are _m local exceptions1 b 9 g5]al crops are be/ :5 ! soil c be made to absorb z mu* ( ! ra9fall & sn[fall z possible4 ,?is also causes ! lea/ possible am\nt ( wa% f ! l&4 ,doctor ,n4 ,j4 ,mc,gee says3 ,sc>cely any:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! ra9fall excessive1 t is1 great] ?an is ne$$ by gr[+ plants1 liv+ animals & m54 ,ne>ly ev]y:]e x falls bel[ ?is /&>d4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ! av]age ra9fall is only ab\t eighte5 in*es2 9 ! extreme ea/]n "p ! fall av]ages =ty-eight in*es4 ,9 ! we/]n "p mu* ( ! l& is unable to produce crops at all except :5 artificially wat]$4 ,! ea/]n "p might produce m abundant crops1 develop great] indu/ries & support a l>g] population ) a ra9fall ( sixty in*es ?an x is able to d ) a ra9fall ( =ty-eight in*es4 ,z may readily be se51 ! fly-(f c be controll$ only 9 a v small degree1 by cons]v+ ! moi/ure t is 9 ! soil1 & s prev5t+ x f evaporat+ too rapidly4 ,! cut-(f c be controll$ to a consid]able ext5t ?r\gh =e/ry & sci5tific f>m+ & x is v important t ! supply %\ld be z c>efully cons]v$ z possible4 ,b x is 9 ! run-(f t ! great wa/e ( wat] occurs1 & also t great sav+ is possible4 ,x has be5 f\nd by c>eful e/imate t f eighty-five p] c5t4 to n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( ! wat] t fl[s to ! sea is wa/$ 9 fre%ets or de/ructive floods4 ,we are n accu/om$ to ?9k ( ! wat] z wa/$1 s9ce x seems beyond our control1 b z we are tak+ a c>eful acc\nt ( /ock1 & see+ h[ our =e/s1 our fuels & our m9]als are disappe>+1 & our soil be+ c>ri$ out to sea by ! ru%+ wat]s1 x is well to consid]1 also1 :e!r ?is great res\rce may n be s us$ z to b5efit mank9d 9 _m ways & at ! same "t less5 ! dra9 on o!r res\rces4 ,! wat] ( /reams may be divid$ z to use into f\r great classes4 ,! mo/ important is t us$ by cities = g5]al supply1 = h\sehold & dr9k+ purposes2 next1 t :i* is us$ = navigation & ! runn+ ( boats to c>ry comm]ce2 ?ird1 t :i* is us$ = artificial wat]+ or irrigation1 & la/ly1 t :i* is us$ = p[] 9 manufactur+4 ,9 ! pa/1 :5 wat] has be5 us$ x has seldom be5 employ$ = m ?an "o ( ^! purposes1 b z we come to und]/& m ! nature1 value & possibilities ( ?is great res\rce1 we %all le>n to make ! money sp5t = "o ( ^! l9es ( activity supply sev]al o!r ne$s4 ,z we /udy ea* ( ^! sep>ately we %all see ?is int]relation among !m4 ,! cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h exp5d$ #bej1jjj1jjj 9 wat]works & ne>ly z mu* m 9 l& = res]voirs1 & = canals = convey+ ! wat] f ^! res]voirs to ! cities4 ,! bett] manag$ sy/ems protect ! dra9$ l&s f erosion by plant+ =e/s or grass & ! wat] is completely controll$1 s t all ! wat]1 ev5 ! /orm ov]fl[1 is sav$4 ,!re is v little wa/e 9 ^! city wat] sy/ems until x comes to ! consum]1 :]e1 except :5 x is sold ?r\gh met]s1 ! wa/e is (t5 great4 ,! failure to provide ! greate/ good lies 9 ! fact t ! wat] sy/ems h be5 us$ = wat] supply only & h n be5 made pr(itable 9 o!r ways4 ,! dra9age bas9s %\ld be heavily plant$ ) trees1 :i* w 9 "t yield a l>ge return1 or ) hay1 :i* c be m>ket$ ea* ye>4 ,:5ev] possible1 ! canals c>ry+ ! wat] supply %\ld also be us$ to furni% p[]4 ,! city ( ,los ,angeles1 :5 x _h a population ( only #aej1jjj1 und]took to provide pure wat] f a po9t two hundr$ & fifty miles di/ant4 ,to d s x mu/ take on itself a debt ( #bc1jjj1jjj1 a l>ge sum = a city t5 times its size4 ,yet ! p 7 ready to assume ?is great burd5 to insure an un5d+ supply ( pure wat]1 = !y realiz$ t )\t x _! city c\ld n cont9ue to gr[4 ,x 0 n until ! plans = pip+ wat] to ! city 7 almo/ complet$ t ! value ( ! wat]-p[] along ! r\te 0 realiz$4 ,x has be5 dispos$ ( at a rate t pays t5 p] c5t4 int]e/ on ! debt ea* ye>1 & has made :at seem$ a dang]\s risk1 a pr(itable bus9ess arrangem5t4 ,all ^! o!r uses ( wat] :i* are pr(itable1 help to l[] ! price ( wat] to ! us]s4 ,! matt] ( supreme importance 9 ! wat] supply1 h[ev]1 is n :e!r ! wat] is *eap1 b :e!r x is pure4 ,if refuse f factories is all[$ to dra9 into a /ream1 ! wat] becomes load$ ) poison\s *emicals1 acids1 or m9]als4 ,if city sewage or b>n-y>ds are all[$ to dra9 into x1 ! g]ms ( typhoid & o!r fev]s ent] ! wat] supply4 ,to insure ! purity ( wat] supply f a /ream1 no factory wa/e1 city sewage or c\ntry refuse %\ld be all[$ to ent] any "p ( ! /ream4 ,9 addition to ?is x %\ld be c>efully filt]$4 ,! disposal ( wa/e is a s]i\s problem1 & ! easie/ way is to div]t x into ! ne>e/ wat] c\rse & tru/ to ! old maxim1 ,runn+ wat] purifies itself4 ,?is1 :ile true z a g5]al fact1 has s _m exceptions t x is n safe to tru/ to x4 ,! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ,canal ( ,*icago has prov$ positively t ev5 ! mo/ heavily g]m-lad5 wat] becomes pure by runn+ _m miles at a regulat$ spe$ ?r\gh ! op5 c\ntry1 b ! conditions are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( an ord9>y riv]4 ,fir/1 9 a riv]1 sewage may ent] at any po9t d[n-/ream to add to ! g]ms already pres5t 9 ! wat]1 :ile no?+ is all[$ to ent] ! ,dra9age ,canal aft] x leaves ! city4 ,second1 "s g]ms live = sev]al days & may be c>ri$ _m miles4 ,only a microscopic te/ c prove :e!r wat] conta9s su* g]ms4 ,usually su* te/s are n made & wat] is us$ )\t p kn[+ :e!r x is pure or n1 b ! wat] ( ! ,sanit>y ,canal is te/$ at _m po9ts to det]m9e its purity4 ,ea* h\r & ea* mile ( its j\rney x gr[s pur]4 ,?is proves t al?\gh runn+ wat] does purify itself1 a /ream t is dra9$ into all along its c\rse is n a fit s\rce ( wat] supply4 ,factory refuse1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to pollute ! wat]s1 %\ld be turn$ to good use by extract+ ! *emicals1 :i* =m valuable by-products4 ,all f>m wa/e %\ld be tak5 to a remote "p ( ! f>m1 plac$ 9 an op5 %$ or vat ) cem5t floor & scre5$ f flies to =m a compo/ heap = f]tiliz]s = ! f>m4 ,?is w amply repay ! extra tr\ble & exp5se by increas+ ! f>m crops4 ,! soon] su* refuse1 especially manure1 is return$ to ! l&1 ! m valuable x is z a f]tiliz]4 ,9 cities ! sewage %\ld be dispos$ ( 9 su* a way z to yield a pr(it to ! city1 & also promote ! heal? ( ! p4 ,! sewage ( a city ( #ajj1jjj p is suppos$ to be wor?1 9 ,g]many1 ab\t #ijj1jjj a ye> = f]tiliz] on acc\nt ( ! phosphorus x conta9s4 ,! city ( ,b]l9 op]ates l>ge sewage f>ms1 us+ z labor]s m5 condemn$ to ! workh\se4 ,! exp5se = l& & sew] sy/em 0 #ac1jjj1jjj1 b x pays = ! money inve/$1 ) #fj1jjj ye>ly pr(it ov] all exp5ses4 ,on ! o!r h& ! co/ ( impure wat] to ! city ( ,pittsburg 0 reckon$ at #c1hej1jjj1 & 9 ! city ( ,albany1 ,new ,york1 ! annual loss 0 e/imat$ at #dge1jjj4 ,9 ! e>ly settlem5t ( our c\ntry all t[ns 7 built on /reams1 & ! ones :i* grew & fl\ri%$ 7 all on riv]s l>ge en\gh to c>ry comm]ce by boat4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( /eamboats1 daily packet l9es 7 run on all ! pr9cipal riv]s4 ,alb]t ,gallat9 plann$ a complete sy/em ( improv$ wat]ways1 includ+ _m canals1 t 0 int5d$ to e/abli% a great comm]cial r\te4 ,_m canals 7 built & put into actual op]ation & doz5s ( o!rs _h be5 plann$1 :5 ! build+ ( railways began4 ,?is new sy/em ( transportation at once became popul>4 ,n only 7 no m canals dug & no m /eamboat l9es built1 b _m ( ^? actually 9 op]ation 7 ab&on$4 ,9 ord] to enc\rage railroad build+ & develop new regions1 ! gov]nm5t has giv5 l& & money to ! ext5t ( hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s1 until n[ ! railroads =m "o-sev5? ( all our national weal?1 hav+ #bbh1jjj miles ( tracks & e>n+ #b1ejj1jjj1jjj ea* ye>1 :ile ! wat]ways own$ by ! gov]nm5t h fall5 into disuse4 ,)9 ! la/ f\r or five ye>s ano!r *ange has come ab\t 9 ! g5]al attitude t[>d ! wat]ways4 ,at ! "t t ! crops are mov$ 9 ! fall1 & :5 coal is ne$$ = ! w9t] supply1 !re are n ne>ly en\gh c>s 9 ! c\ntry to h&le ! volume ( bus9ess1 nei!r are !re en\gh locomotives to move ! necess>y c>s1 nor tracks1 nor /ations4 ,9 %ort1 ! railways are entirely unable to h&le ! va/ products ( ! c\ntry dur+ ! busie/ seasons4 ,_m p]sons 9 ! ,we/ h suff]$ = fuel1 & comm]ce has be5 greatly *eck$ by ! %ortage2 & ! situation is gr[+ worse ea* ye> z production increases4 ,james ,j4 ,hill e/imates t ! co/ ( equipp+ ! railroads to c>ry ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry w\ld be f five to eight billion doll>s4 ,?is means a heavy tax on iron & coal & timb] z well z on ! labor res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 & x w\ld !n be only a "q ( "t until /ill fur!r ext5sions 7 ne$$4 ,) ^! facts 9 view1 int]e/ 9 ! wat]ways ( ! c\ntry has be5 reviv$4 ,x is e/imat$ t x w require five hundr$ million doll>s1 or fifty million doll>s a ye> = t5 ye>s completely to improve ! wat]ways ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is is n m ?an "o-t5? ( :at w\ld be ne$$ to equip ! railroads4 ,! co/ ( c>ry+ freight by rail is f f\r to five times t ( c>ry+ x by wat]4 ,mu* ( ! heavy freight ( ! c\ntry1--coal1 iron1 gra9 & lumb]1--%\ld be c>ri$ 9 ?is way1 9 ord] to r$uce freight rates & s1 indirectly1 ! co/ to ! p1 & fur!r to relieve ! burd5 on ! railways4 ,! railways1 x might be add$1 w\ld /ill h a l>ge & increas+ package-freight bus9ess1 besides ! h&l+ ( heavy freight 9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e !re are no navigable riv]s4 ,= ^! reasons x w\ld seem cle>ly ! only wise policy to adopt a g5]al plan = wat]way improvem5t & c>ry x into effect at once4 ,b !re are _m ?+s to be consid]$4 ,millions ( doll>s 79 all ab\t five hundr$ & fifty-two millions7 h be5 sp5t = ! improvem5t ( wat]ways4 ,"s ( x has result$ 9 great ga91 b a l>ge "p ( x has be5 wa/$ ?r\gh lack ( an organiz$ plan4 ,"w has be5 begun & n en\gh money appropriat$ to f9i% x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s mu* ( ! value ( ! "w is de/roy$ by ! action ( ! curr5t or by %ift+ s&s1 or if a /ret* ( riv] is f9i%$ 9 ! mo/ approv$ mann]1 (t5 x is n us$ mu*1 9 "s cases actually less aft] ?an be=e ! "w 0 begun1 & ^! ?+s h creat$ a prejudice aga9/ wat]way improvem5ts4 ,! o!r reason is t 9 spite ( ! ov]cr[d+ ( ! railroads1 ! traffic on _m ( our l>ge riv]s is /eadily gr[+ less4 ,! ,inl& ,wat]ways ,commission f9ds z a reason = ! decrease1 ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! railways & ! wat]ways4 ,a railway1 !y consid]1 has two classes ( advantages4 ,fir/1 ^? t come f natural conditions4 ,a railroad l9e c be built 9 any direction to any "p ( ! c\ntry except ! extremely m\nta9\s p>ts1 :ile a riv] runs only 9 a s+le direction4 ,if a new region di/ant f a l>ge wat] c\rse is op5$ up1 z is be+ done rapidly 9 ! ,we/ ?r\gh irrigation & dry f>m+1 ! p are entirely dep5d5t on ! railways to develop x1 to br+ !m all ! conv5i5ces ( ! outside _w1 & to c>ry ! products ( _! l& to ! m>ket4 ,bran* l9es & swit*es c be built to factories & w>eh\ses1 :ile boats c rea* only ^? situat$ along ! wat]-front4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! railroads is t !y bill freight all ! way ?r\gh1 & t freight is mu* m easily transf]r$ f "o road to ano!r4 ,x is mu* m difficult & exp5sive to load & reload freight f boats & b>ges on acc\nt ( ! high & l[ wat] /ages ( ! riv]4 ,?is diff]5ce am\nts to z mu* z sixty feet 9 ! ,ohio ,riv] at ,c9c9nati4 ,railways make fa/] "t1 & ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts is usually %ort]1 ?\gh sometimes dur+ ! busy season ( ! railways ! riv] freight rea*es its de/9ation mu* soon]4 ,! o!r class ( reasons relates to ! railways !mselves1 :i* h always be5 9 op5 competition ) ! wat]ways1 & to ga9 traffic = !mselves1 usually *>ge l[] rates to ^? po9ts to :i* boats also c>ry freight4 ,9 _m cases !y h b\ght ! /eamboat l9es s t rates might be kept up1 & !n1 unable to op]ate ! two l9es z *eaply z "o1 h ab&on$ ! /eamboat l9es4 ,ano!r me?od by :i* ! railroads h driv5 out ! wat] traffic1 is by *>g+ extremely heavy rates = freight haul$ a %ort di/ance to or f boats1 mak+ x q z *eap z well z m conv5i5t to s5d freight all ! way by rail4 ,la/ly1 railroad w>eh\ses1 t]m9als & ma*9]y = h&l+ freight are all mu* bett] ?an ^? ( inl& /eamboat l9es1 except at "s po9ts on ! ,great ,lakes :]e ! traffic is v heavy4 ,"s ( ^! disadvantages might be ov]come by law4 ,9 ,france1 :]e ! wat]ways are manag$ bett] ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 ! law requires t railroad rates be tw5ty p] c5t4 high] on all heavy freight ?an ! rates on ! same freight if c>ri$ by wat]1 & 9 sev]al c\ntries railroad companies are n p]mitt$ to own or manage a /eamboat l9e4 ,^! measures are sugge/ive ( :at may be done by law to correct abuses1 b laws alone c n accompli% ev]y?+4 ,! riv]s belong to all ! p1 & e "o :o wi%es may op]ate /eamboat or b>ge l9es1 b be=e ^! c become pr(itable1 & be=e fir/ class w>eh\ses & ma*9]y are in/all$1 !re mu/ appe> on ! "p ( ! p a desire to patronize !m4 ,! be/ results are f\nd 9 ^? cases :]e !re is h>mony betwe5 ! railways & ! /eamboat l9es2 ^? 9 :i* ! /eamboat l9es relieve ! railways ( mu* ( ! heavy freight :i* !y are n able to h&le )\t greatly increas+ _! pres5t equipm5t4 ,!re %\ld be cop]ation on ! "p ( ! p4 ,! t[ns & cities along ! banks ( _m ,european riv]s provide suitable t]m9als1 w>eh\ses & :>ves ) free use ( ! s]vice4 ,9 o!r cases ?is is done by private capital ) a *>ge = use to %ipp]s4 ,sometimes x is done by ! /eamboat companies !mselves1 b unless "o or ! o!r me?od is assur$ all along ! riv] x is n wise = ! gov]nm5t to und]take ! improvem5t ( a /ream4 ,intellig5t improvem5t ( ! wat]ways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dem&s fir/ t a c>eful survey ( ! ne$s ( ! :ole c\ntry be made1 !n t a sy/ematic plan be c>ri$ out provid+ = ! improvem5t ( important /reams fir/4 ,! /ate & nation %\ld "w toge!r1 & any "w t is begun %\ld be complet$ z promptly z possible s t its full b5efit may be realiz$4 ,c]ta9 "w1 su* z ! improvem5t ( ! *annel1 %\ld be done by ! national gov]nm5t1 s9ce ! wat]s belong to ! nation2 b ! exp5se ( con/ruct+ levees or dykes %\ld be borne by ! l& own]s along ! banks1 because ! l& ?us protect$ is greatly increas$ 9 value2 or by ! /ate1 :i* gets ! return 9 increas$ taxes4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! improvem5t ( a /ream w\ld be a great b5efit to "o /ate or "p ( a /ate1 b x w\ld be impossible 9 _m ye>s to improve all ! desirable /reams1 s t ! l>g] ones ( mo/ g5]al importance mu/ be consid]$ fir/4 ,9 su* cases ! improvem5t is (t5 und]tak5 by ! /ate4 ,"s navigable riv]s h be5 ?us improv$ & _m canals are ! prop]ty ( /ates or ( private companies4 ,only a few riv]s h a /eady fl[ ?r\gh\t ! ye> at a dep? suffici5t to c>ry l>ge boats4 ,on mo/ /reams de/ructive floods at c]ta9 seasons & l[ wat]s at o!rs int]f]e ) navigation dur+ a consid]able "p ( ! ye>4 ,mo/ riv]s h s&-b>s1 sunk5 rocks or logs 9 ! *annel1 mak+ ! passage ( boats difficult & dang]\s4 ,o!rs are well suit$ = navigation1 except at po9ts :]e rapids & falls make x impossible = boats to pass4 ,! ,ohio1 ! ,t5nessee1 ! ,miss\ri & ! upp] ,mississippi ab\nd 9 su* dang]\s places & ^! %\ld be canaliz$4 ,x is ! improv+ ( riv]s 9 ^! ways1 dr$g+ h>bors to make !m saf]1 & digg+ canals to provide a %ort passage betwe5 two bodies ( wat]1 t con/itute :at is kn[n z ! ,improvem5t ( ,inl& ,wat]s4 ,if y look at a map %[+ ! navigable /reams ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates y w see t ne>ly all ( !m lie 9 ! ea/]n "p4 ,! ,mississippi is l a great art]y ) bran*es ext5d+ 9 all directions1 ea/ & we/4 ,! ,great ,lakes1 ) _! outlet1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 & ! _m important riv]s empty+ into ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 su* z ! ,m]rimac1 ,hudson1 ,delaw>e1 ,susquehanna1 ,potomac & ,rio ,gr&e1 =m great highways = all ! comm]ce ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\ntry1 :ile ! ,columbia1 ,sacram5to & ,colorado ,riv]s1 ) _! bran*es1 are ! only navigable /reams ( any importance we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] sy/em4 ,9 "s places a small portion ( l& divides two important wat] areas1 & canals dug ?r\gh ?is neck ( l& *ange ! comm]cial r\tes ( ! :ole _w4 ,su* are ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 eighty-sev5 miles wide1 ?r\gh :i* a canal 0 cut t saves a sail+ di/ance ( #c1gjj miles f ,engl& to ,india4 ,only ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 =ty-n9e miles 9 wid?1 divides ! ,atlantic f ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,:5 ! canal across ?is n>r[ /rip is complet$1 ! sail+ di/ance f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco w be %ort5$ #h1jjj miles1 ! entire di/ance ar\nd ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie ,canal1 connect+ ,lakes ,sup]ior & ,huron1 is only a little m ?an a mile & a half long1 b x op5s up ! entire iron1 copp]1 lumb] & :eat res\rces ( ! ,nor?we/ to *eap wat] passage ?r\gh ! o!r lakes to ! manufactur+ region ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,erie ,canal1 by connect+ ,lake ,erie ) ! ,hudson ,riv] f ,buffalo to ,albany1 ,new ,york1 makes ! only wat] passage f ! ,great ,lakes to ! ocean t lies )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if y w turn to ! map aga91 y w see /ill o!r places :]e a %ort canal may op5 up an entirely new & important wat] r\te4 ,f ,*icago to ,lockport1 ,ill9ois1 is only ?irty-sev5 miles1 b ,*icago is on ,lake ,mi*igan1 :ile ,lockport is on ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 a bran* ( ! ,mississippi4 ,?is canal1 a l>ge "p ( :i* is n[ 9 op]ation1 is a "p ( ! ,lakes to ,gulf wat]way4 ,"o plan is to broad5 & deep5 ! *annel s t l>ge vessels may pass1 )\t unload+1 f ! ,lakes to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,ano!r propos$ canal :i* w\ld be und]tak5 l>gely by individual /ates & a "p ( :i* is already complet$1 w\ld af=d a safe inside passage connect+ ! _m bays1 *annels & navigable riv]s ( ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,/ill ano!r propos$ measure is ! cutt+ ( a canal f ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan to ! we/]n end ( ,lake ,erie at ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 to avoid ! long haul up ,lake ,mi*igan & d[n ,lake ,huron aga94 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ has #be1jjj miles ( navigable riv]s & a ne>ly equal mileage ( riv]s n n[ navigable b :i* might be made comm]cially important2 five great lakes t h a comb9$ l5g? ( #a1daj miles1 #b1abj miles ( op]at$ canals1 & #b1ejj miles ( s\nds1 bays & bay\s1 t might be jo9$ by tidewat] canals easily con/ruct$1 less ?an #a1jjj miles long altoge!r1 & mak+ a cont9u\s passage f ,new ,engl& to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,9 all1 our wat]ways at ! pres5t "t are #ee1jjj to #fj1jjj miles long1 ! greate/ sy/em 9 ! _w1 b almo/ unus$4 ,! mo/ important wat]way improvem5t s f> complet$1 is ! ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie1 or ! ,soo canal :i* co/ #if1jjj1jjj4 ,a dep? ( eight feet 0 increas$ to tw5ty-"o feet4 ,! traffic has ris5 9 sixte5 ye>s f a million & a qu>t] tons to =ty-"o & a qu>t] million tons4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n naturally fitt$ to be ! home ( man2 at lea/1 x is n fitt$ to produce 8 food1 & except on ! l(ty m\nta9s ! reason = ?is w almo/ always be f\nd to be ei!r a lack or an excess ( wat]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 !re is1 z we h se51 little ra9fall4 ,^! arid or semi-arid l&s mu/ be provid$ ) wat] = dr9k+ purposes & = agriculture4 ,! div]t+ ( wat] c\rses into canals & dit*es s t wat] c be c>ri$ to ^! wa/e l&s is call$ irrigation4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ra9s are abundant1 s]i\s floods occur e ye>1 (t5 _m times 9 a ye>4 ,?\s&s ( acres ( l& ?us subject to ov]fl[ are lo/ to use4 ,! hold+ back ( ^! flood wat]s 9 ! upp] "p ( ! riv]s1 & s prev5t+ ^! ov]fl[s1 is t]m$ /orage ( wat]s4 ,9 /ill o!r regions ! ra9fall is abundant1 & ! l& l[-ly+4 ,l>ge areas are always cov]$ ) wat]4 ,su* l&s are call$ swamps or bogs1 & :5 dra9$1 !y become ! ri*e/ ( agricultural l&s4 ,irrigation1 /orage & dra9age are ! ?ree me?ods employ$ to make wa/e l&s valuable & useful4 ,! l& is sav$ or reclaim$1 s all ^! me?ods ( balanc+ & di/ribut+ ! wat] supply are call$ reclamation4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t irrigation is m g5]ally ne$$ 9 ! ,we/1 /orage ( flood wat]s 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n /ates1 & dra9age 9 ! ,s\?4 ,by ?us di/ribut+ ! ra9fall1 hundr$s ( millions ( acres h be5 or may be reclaim$1 & l>ge regions1 =m]ly unfit to inhabit1 h be5 turn$ into pr(itable f>ms4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( "o p] c5t4 ( our total ra9fall1 or two p] c5t4 ( all t falls 9 ! ,we/1 is us$ = irrigat+ #ac1jjj1jjj acres4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( irrigation :i* are adapt$ to diff]5t regions & diff]5t crops4 ,! rice fields ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,l\isiana & ,texas are irrigat$ by all[+ ! l& to rema9 cont9ually flood$ to a dep? ( sev]al in*es4 ,:5 ! irrigation season is ov] ! levees are op5$1 & ! wat] runs (f rapidly1 & ! crop is soon ready to be h>ve/$4 ,tidal riv]s are us$ to supply wat] 9 mo/ cases1 b 9 ,texas _m fl[+ wells are employ$ = irrigation4 ,9 ,florida1 :]e irrigation is us$ l>gely = int5sive f>m+1 v>i\s means are employ$1 "s ( :i* are also us$ 9 ! we/]n & s\?we/]n /ates4 ,me*anical pumps1 op]at$ by turb9e :eels1 pump ! wat] f ! riv]s if a lift be requir$4 ,sometimes ! wat] is pump$ direct to ! fields 9 iron pipes & appli$ by means ( hydrants & hose1 z 9 a city wat] sy/em4 ,ov]head pipe l9es are n[ recogniz$ z ! mo/ p]fect & satisfactory =m ( artificial wat]+4 ,two-in* pipes are run ov] frames sev]al feet 9 height4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 p>allel l9es all ov] ! fields ab\t =ty feet ap>t4 ,at int]vals ( =ty feet1 a small iron pipe1 end+ ) a f9e spray+ atta*m5t1 ext5ds upw>d4 ,! wat] is turn$ on 9 ! ev5+ & comes out ( ! spray] 9 a f9e mi/ & falls ^u ! plants l a g5tle ra94 ,by ano!r =m ( irrigation1 ! fields are divid$ at regul> int]vals by wide wood5 tr\ghs f :i* wat] is direct$ betwe5 ! r[s ( plants4 ,ma9 canals lead+ f ! /reams & int]sect$ by %ort canals ext5d 9 all directions ?r\gh ! fields & or*>ds1 & are di/ribut$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?is sy/em is 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ! arid portions ( ! ,we/4 ,! me?ods are said to be ! mo/ sci5tific & v>i$ 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,:5 wat] = irrigation is suppli$ f wells "s und]gr\nd sy/em is g5]ally us$4 ,"o common me?od is to lay cont9u\s pipes f ! wells all ov] ! fields & di/ribute f hydrants1 plugs & /&pipes4 ,by /ill ano!r sy/em1 ! wat] is c>ri$ bel[ ! surface ?r\gh pipes :i* are brok5 e few in*es & laid 9 b$s ( *>coal4 ,9 ! ea/]n /ates irrigation is only employ$ 9 dry wea!r to increase ! yield ( vegetable crops4 ,9 ! arid we/]n region x trans=ms :at w\ld o!rwise be a dre>y des]t into f]tile valleys4 ,william ,j4 ,bryan1 speak+ at ! fir/ ,cons]vation ,congress1 said1 ,la/ ,septemb]1 ,i visit$ ! s\!rn "p ( ,idaho & saw !re a tract t has be5 rec5tly reclaim$4 ,i _h be5 !re be=e4 ,i _h look$ ^u ^! l&s z s b>r5 t x seem$ z if x 7 impossible t !y c\ld ev] be made useful4 ,:5 ,i w5t back ?is "t & f\nd t 9 ?ree ye>s #a1gjj1jjj acres ( l& _h be5 reclaim$1 t :]e ?ree ye>s ago no?+ b sage-bru% grew1 !y are n[ rais+ sev5 tons ( alfalfa to ! acre1 & m ?an a hundr$ bu%els ( oats2 :5 ,i f\nd t t5 ?\s& p are liv+ on t tract1 t 9 "o t[n t has gr[n up 9 t "t !re are m ?an #a1ijj inhabitants1 & 9 ?ree banks !y _h deposits ( ov] half a million doll>s1 ,i _h "s realization ( ! magic p[] ( wat] :5 appli$ to ^! des]t l&s4 ,! same ?+ might be said ( o!r regions ?r\gh\t ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,salton di/rict ( ,cali=nia a m>vel\s *ange has be5 br\ght ab\t by irrigation4 ,a few ye>s ago t 0 "o ( ! mo/ desolate & =bidd+ regions on our cont95t4 ,n[ x is cov]$ ) sev]al ?\s&s ( acres ( alfalfa & o!r crops1 & x bids fair to be a great fruit region4 ,( s\!rn ,cali=nia x is said1 ,! irrigation sy/ems ( ?is "p ( ! /ate are kn[n all ov] ! _w1 & h creat$ a prosp]\s commonweal? 9 a region :i* w\ld be a sc5e ( utt] desolation )\t !m4 ,?is locality pres5ts a bett] opportunity = ! sci5tific /udy ( f>m+ by irrigation ?an exi/s any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,"h all l& values dep5d directly on ability to obta9 a wat] supply4 ,s preci\s is ! wat] & s abundant are ! rew>ds t foll[ its application to ! soil t ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation is giv5 to ! v>i\s s\rces ( supply & di/ribution4 ,z l& becomes sc>c] & ! co/ ( liv+ great] on acc\nt ( ! increase 9 population1 m5 are turn+ m & m to irrigation to solve ! problem ( food supply4 ,z %[+ :at may be accompli%$ by irrigation1 ! report ( ! la/ c5sus says3 ,! con/ruction ( l>ge irrigation works on ! ,platte1 ,yell[/one & ,arkansas ,riv]s w\ld r5d] f]tile an area equal to t ( "s ea/]n /ates4 ,eng9e]s are grappl+ ) ! great problems ( cons]v+ ! flood wat]s ( ^! /reams1 :i* n[ are wa/$ & help to increase ! de/ructive floods ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! solv+ ( ^! problems w *ange a va/ area ( c\ntry1 n[ practically wor?less1 into valuable f>ms4 ,! ,great ,b5d c\ntry1 dra9$ by ! ,columbia ,riv]1 conta9s sev]al million acres ( l& :i* only requires wat] to make x ( great agricultural value4 ,! ,gila ,riv] bas9 conta9s m ?an #aj1jjj1jjj acres ( f]tile l&1 capable ( produc+ imm5se crops if irrigat$1 b )\t irrigation x is a des]t l& :]e only sage-bru% & cactus fl\ri%4 ,f arid l&s capable ( produc+ excell5t crops b lack+ 9 ! magical elem5t ( wat]1 we pass to ! consid]ation ( l&s :]e ! ri*e/ ( soils are %ut (f f productiv5ess because !y are cov]$ ) wat]4 ,on ! l[] ,mississippi ! soil is ri*] ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b mu* ( x is ov]fl[$ s frequ5tly t x is unfit = cultivation4 ,dykes & levees h reclaim$ ?\s&s ( acres ( su* ov]fl[ l&4 ,_m /ates control l>ge m>%y sections t h be5 or may be reclaim$4 ,9 s\!rn ,florida lie ! ,ev]glades1 a va/ c\ntry :i* has be5 worse ?an valueless2 a mal>ial region ab\nd+ 9 alligators1 rattlesnakes1 scorpions & o!r dang]\s animals & insects4 ,! /ate ( ,florida has und]tak5 ! "w ( dra9+ ?is great swamp1 & :5 ! task is complet$1 ,florida w h add$ to its res\rces #c1jjj1jjj acres ( ! ri*e/ soil = ! rais+ ( w9t] vegetables & fruits4 ,florida is engag$ 9 ano!r great project--! digg+ ( an inside passage connect+ its inl& tidal wat]s by a canal sy/em :i* w op5 to navigation a cont9u\s inl& wat]way six hundr$ miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 digg+ ^! canals ?r\gh ! m>%es bord]+ ! coa/1 ?\s&s ( acres ( exce$+ly f]tile l& h be5 reclaim$ & are n[ produc+ valuable crops4 ,! ,kankakee m>%es 9 ,indiana h be5 dra9$1 add+ _m ?\s&s ( acres ( ri* soil to ! agricultural area ( ! /ate4 ,9 all1 ab\t #hj1jjj1jjj acres are s wet t !y mu/ be dra9$ 9 ord] to make !m produce good f>m crops1 b :i*1 :ile n[ cov]$ only ) m>% grass or und]gr[?1 is capable ( be+ made ! mo/ f]tile ( all l&4 ,?is swamp l& is t5 times ! area ( ,holl&1 :i* supports a population ( #e1jjj1jjj p4 ,x is !re=e easy to see h[ greatly we may add to our productive t]ritory & our national weal? by reclamation ?r\gh dra9age4 ,we n[ come to ! use ( wat] z p[]2 & al?\gh 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s ?is subject has receiv$ little att5tion1 z manufactur+ increases & z fuel decreases & becomes high]1 ! value ( wat] becomes m evid5t1 & wat]-p[] sites are be+ eag]ly s\ght4 ,our age may come to be kn[n 9 ! future z ! age ( p[]1 because ?r\gh ! application ( me*anical p[] man has ga9$ su* m>vel\s control ov] ! _w ab\t him4 ,w9d & wat] l$ 9 ! production ( p[] until ab\t #ahgj1 s9ce :i* "t !y h sc>cely increas$ at all1 ! great] advantages ( /eam & electricity hav+ driv5 !m out4 ,z long z all factories _h to be built by ! side ( /reams hav+ suitable wat]-p[]1 ! numb] & size ( factories 7 always extremely limit$4 ,) ! introduction ( /eam x became possible to build factories at m9es1 9 =e/s1 9 fruit or gra9 regions1 :]ev] ! supply ( raw mat]ial 0 pl5tiful1 & to multiply factories ( all k9ds 9 cities ne> ! m>kets = _! product1 or :]e labor 0 *eap & abundant4 ,b p[] c\ld only be us$ :]e x 0 develop$1 & ! size ( ! p[] plant dep5d$ on ! am\nt ( bus9ess done by ea* individual us]4 ,n[ a new era ( p[] has aga9 enl>g$ ! possibilities ( manufactur+4 ,by means ( electricity ! "w1 n only ( factories1 b also ( ! home & ! f>m may be done 9 any place :]e electricity c be in/all$4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t electricity is nev] a s\rce ( p[]1 b is only ! ag5t t c>ries p[] to ! us]4 ,! s\rce ( all electric p[] is ei!r /eam or wat]1 produc$ by wat]-:eels1 turb9es1 /eam-eng9es or gas-eng9es4 ,! economical way to furni% electric p[] is to e/abli% c5tral p[] plants1 & electricity may be convey$ f !m = _m miles4 ,an electric railway1 telegraph1 or telephone sy/em _m miles 9 l5g? is op]at$ f a s+le p[] plant4 ,electric light & p[] are transmitt$ all ov] ! l>ge/ cities4 ,x is no long] necess>y t a factory be ( any specifi$ size nor t x h any wa/e p[]4 ,if x be )9 rea* ( ! electrical curr5t x may use z mu* or z little z is ne$$4 ,! *eapness ( electric p[] mu/ always dep5d on ne>ness to ! s\rce ( supply or to ! m>ket4 ,until a %ort "t ago x 0 cu/om>y to locate electric p[]-h\ses ne> ! m>ket1 t is1 9 cities4 ,b ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f hav+ ! electric plant ne> ! s\rce ( p[]1 s t ! co/ ( production is greatly less5$1 are becom+ bett] recogniz$4 ,?is w make wat]-p[] increas+ly valuable4 ,x is ev5 n[ practicable to develop wat]-p[]1 :]ev] locat$1 = ! production ( electricity4 ,al?\gh ! l[e/ grade coals are us$ = electric p[] at ! m9es yet !y c n[ be us$ = /ill o!r purposes4 ,coal or o!r fuel once us$ c n be replac$1 b :5 electricity is d]iv$ f wat]-p[] only en]gy o!rwise wa/$ is us$4 ,?is en]gy1 if d]iv$ f wat]-p[]1 is all add$ to our assets in/ead ( be+ lo/4 ,= _m ye>s ! am\nt ( p[] us$ = manufactur+ & o!r purposes has d\bl$ ab\t once 9 t5 ye>s1 & ! /eady pace kept by diff]5t l9es ( developm5t %[s h[ closely !y are relat$4 ,our p[]1 our =e/ cut1 ! use ( our iron & o!r m9]als1 our coal & petroleum1 ! railroad e>n+s1 freight & pass5g] traffic1 & our agricultural products all d\ble !mselves e t5 ye>s4 ,?is means t 9 t5 ye>s we %all require twice z mu* p[] z n[1 b w h f> less coal to use4 ,?is raises ! "q1--h we available wat]-p[] to cons]ve our coal supply8 ,let u see4 ,x is e/imat$ t we are n[ us+ #bf1jjj1jjj horse-p[] ( en]gy d]iv$ f /eam1 #c1jjj1jjj horse-p[] d]iv$ f wat]1 & #hjj1jjj f gas or oil1 a total ( #bi1hjj1jjj horse-p[]4 ,x is also e/imat$ t !re is n[ runn+ idly ov] dams1 falls1 & rapids #cj1jjj1jjj horse-p[] ( en]gy4 ,9 o!r words1 we are wa/+ e day en\gh wat] to run e factory & mill1 & to turn e :eel1 to move e electric c> & to supply e electric light or p[]-/ation 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! am\nt ( wat]-p[] is gaug$ solely by ! l[-wat] /age ( ! /ream4 ,a riv] is consid]$ to produce only z mu* p[] z x c furni% at its season ( l[e/ wat]4 ,at o!r times factories may be op]at$ m actively1 b usually mo/ ( ! extra p[] is wa/$ dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! ye>4 ,if ^! /orm or flood wat]s c be /or$ 9 res]voirs1 ! /ream-fl[ ?r\gh\t ! ye> c be made fairly uni=m & ! p[] possibilities greatly increas$4 ,! ,geological ,survey believes t by /or+ ! flood wat]s & regulat+ ! fl[ ( ! /reams1 ! l>ge riv]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be made to furni% #aej1jjj1jjj horse-p[]1 en\gh1 if x c\ld be utiliz$1 to supply e p[] ne$ ( our c\ntry = _m ye>s to come )\t us+ a ton ( our coal1 & )\t 9 any way decreas+ ! wat]4 ,( c\rse ?is c nev] be practicable4 ,mu* p[] w always be ne$$ :]e no /ream = p[] is available4 ,b ! lesson is pla9 t :]e wat] c be us$ x %\ld be1 bo? 9 ord] to save ! coal & because x c be produc$ m *eaply4 ,! #cj1jjj1jjj horse-p[] n[ available1 if produc$ 9 our mo/ mod]n electric plants1 w\ld require ! burn+ ( ne>ly #bbe1jjj1jjj tons ( coal1 & if 9 ! av]age plant run by /eam-eng9es1 m ?an #fej1jjj1jjj tons ( coal1 :i* is fifty p] c5t4 m ?an all ! coal t is n[ produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,at ?ree doll>s p] ton x w\ld co/ #b1jjj1jjj1jjj a ye> to supply ! coal to furni% ! p[] t we might h1 "o might almo/ say1 z a by-product f ! improv+ ( ! riv]s = navigation4 ,! developm5t ( ! wat]-p[] possibilities ( ! c\ntry is n[ go+ =w>d at a rapid rate1 h[ev]4 ,dams on ! ,susquehanna ,riv] w soon make #cj1jjj horse-p[] available1 :i* c\ld be increas$ to #bjj1jjj by build+ /orage res]voirs4 ,a dam j begun at ! rapids ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] at ,keokuk1 ,i[a1 w1 :5 complet$1 furni% #bjj1jjj horse-p[]4 ,niag>a is produc+ #ef1jjj horse-p[] on ! ,unit$ ,/ates side4 ,! ,muscle ,%oals ,falls rapids 9 ! ,t5nessee ,riv] is furni%+ #ahh1jjj horse-p[]4 ,ill9ois w greatly increase its possibilities = (f]+ *eap p[] to factories1 :5 ! ,lakes to ,gulf ,canal ) #agc1jjj1jjj horse-p[] wor? #ab1gej1jjj ye>ly1 & ! ,*icago ,dra9age or ,sanit>y ,canal1 :i* has ne>ly #fj1jjj horse-p[]1 are complete4 ,bo? ( ^! projects 7 und]tak5 by ! /ate4 ,9 ,cali=nia #bej1jjj horse-p[] is n[ 9 op]ation1 & #e1jjj1jjj horse-p[] might easily be develop$ 9 t /ate alone1 :i* at ! price ( coal w\ld be wor? a billion doll>s a ye>4 ,new ,engl& has ! olde/ sy/em ( wat]-p[] control1 because be=e ! era ( /eam x 0 ! *ief manufactur+ region ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,m]rimac1 fl[+ ?r\gh ,new ,hamp%ire & ,massa*usetts1 is ! mo/ c>efully cons]v$ riv] 9 ! _w1 & ,gov]nor ,d+ley ( ,ma9e said t ! wat]-p[] ( ,ma9e is equal to ! work+ en]gy ( #ac1jjj1jjj m54 ,! money value is c\nt$ at tw5ty doll>s a ye> p] horse p[]1 b x frequ5tly br+s z high z "o hundr$ or ev5 "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s a ye> 9 a good manufactur+ region1 s t ! value ( our wat]-p[] facilities c h>dly be comput$4 ,an ideal picture ( ! h>moni\s developm5t ( our wat] res\rces = all purposes is "o t is n too difficult to realize4 ,x is ! ideal t %\ld be always be=e u 9 ! improvem5t ( our wat]ways1 & we %\ld be> 9 m9d t al?\gh ! exp5se w be heavy1 x w n co/ m ?an "o-t5? z mu* to improve all ! important wat]ways z to equip ! railways to c>ry ! traffic !y w be call$ on to c>ry 9 ! next t5 ye>s2 & also t 9 ! pa/1 = e doll> t has be5 sp5t on wat]ways1 almo/ tw5ty-five doll>s has be5 sp5t on railways4 ,! railways are a great & important "p ( our national developm5t1 b ! wat]ways %\ld n be neglect$4 ,r1 ! two %\ld be s h>moniz$ & adju/$ z to make "o great comm]cial sy/em t w furni% *eap & abundant transportation = all our comm]ce4 ,! mo/ complete plan = cons]v+ our wat]s is z foll[s3 ,fir/1 build /orage res]voirs along ! upp] /ret*es ( ! riv] to hold ! ov]fl[ wat]s ( ! flood season :i* are to be turn$ into ! ma9 *annel :5 ! wat] becomes too l[ = ord9>y navigation4 ,^! /orage res]voirs %\ld be on ! l[e/ grade ( l&1 t :i* w\ld be lea/ productive4 ,! res]voirs %\ld be well /ock$ ) ! be/ v>ieties ( fi% to make !m pr(itable4 ,! banks %\ld be plant$ ) =e/ trees & made z attractive z !y c be made to =m public p>ks & pleasure gr\nds = ! p1 :]e boat+1 fi%+ & ba?+ may be enjoy$4 ,! next po9t is to remove all ob/ructions f ! riv]1 to canalize x at %all[ places or rapids1 s t ! :ole riv] w be navigable1 &1 if necess>y1 to deep5 ! *annel s t x w c>ry l>ge vessels betwe5 two important po9ts4 ,dams %\ld be built to take advantage ( e opportunity = wat]-p[]4 ,"o ( ! wor/ mi/akes 9 ! pa/ has be5 ! failure to use ! p[] t might h be5 develop$ 9 improv+ ! /reams = navigation4 ,riv]s %\ld be made pr(itable /ill fur!r by /ock+ ) fi% & %\ld be kept cle> ( factory refuse & sewage4 ,soil-wa% %\ld be less5$ by plant+ trees & %rubs along ! banks2 & :]e ov]fl[ or erosion l[]s ! value ( ! l& or repeat$ly ru9s ! crops1 dykes & levees %\ld be built4 ,! riv]s mo/ important comm]cially %\ld be improv$ fir/4 ,canals %\ld be cut betwe5 wat]ways :]e l>ge b5efits w result2 ov]fl[ & swamp l& %\ld be dra9$1 & 9 arid regions e p>ticle ( wat] cons]v$ = irrigation purposes4 ,! irrigation canals may also be us$ to supply wat]-p[]1 & ! canals may be us$ z are o!r canals = t[+ b>ges4 ,if electric p[] is produc$1 electric t[+ is *eap & v desirable z a means ( transportation4 ,9 %ort1 our wat] supply %\ld be z c>efully us$ & ) z little wa/e z ! l& ( =e/s4 ,! mo/ important improvem5ts ne$$ are1 a ,lakes to ,gulf ,wat]way t %all be safe & practicable at lea/ = vessels ( mod]ate size2 ! improvem5t ( ! ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,t5nessee & ,upp] ,mississippi ,riv]s2 an inn] coa/ passage f ,new ,engl& to ,florida1 & 9 navigable riv]s dr$g+ & deep5+ if necess>y1 to make _m outlets to ! sea :i* w af=d *eap transportation4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! ,columbia1 ,san ,joaqu9 & ,sacram5to ,riv]s ) _! bran*es %\ld be made navigable4 ,_m we/]n riv]s h be5 almo/ ru9$ by fill+ ) rocks 9 hydraulic m9+1 b ?is is n[ prohibit$ by law & if ! *annels 7 cle>$ !y w\ld aga9 become navigable4 ,appropriations = mu* ( ?is "w h already be5 made by ,congress1 b ! "w is n sy/ematically plann$4 ,! co/ ( all ( x w\ld be ab\t sixty-two & a half c5ts a ye> = ea* man1 woman & *ild 9 ! c\ntry & e "o w\ld receive "s b5efit4 ,! ,national ,cons]vation ,commission on ,wat]ways f\nd t ! av]age family pays = transportation or freight on all its food & clo?+ & ! necessities ( life1 ne>ly or q "o-?ird _! actual co/4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! direct b5efits w\ld be a ye>ly sav+ 9 freight h&l+ ( #bej1jjj1jjj1 a ye>ly sav+ 9 flood damage ( #aej1jjj1jjj1 a sav+ 9 =e/ fires ( at lea/ #be1jjj1jjj1 a b5efit ?r\gh *eap5$ p[] ( fully #ge1jjj1jjj & a ye>ly sav+ 9 f>m production ( #ejj1jjj1jjj2 a total ( #a1jjj1jjj1jjj1 or twelve doll>s & fifty c5ts = ea* p]son--tw5ty times ! co/6 ,& ?is does n take into acc\nt ! b5efits f irrigation1 dra9age1 & ! less5+ ( disease by a pure wat] supply4 ,,ref]5ces ,wat]s4 ,report ( ! ,national ,cons]vation ,commission4 ,report ( ,inl& ,wat]ways ,commission1 #aijh4 ,am]ican ,inl& ,wat]ways4 ,h4 ,quick4 ,wat]ways & ,wat] ,transportation4 ,j4 ,s4 ,jeans4 ,wat]way ,transportation 9 ,europe4 ,l4 ,g4 ,mc,pherson4 ,highways ( ,progress4 ,j4 ,j4 ,hill4 ,navigation ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,johnson47 ,report1 ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,cons]vation ( ,p[] ,res\rces4 7,h4 ,/4 ,clair ,putnam47 ,report1 ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,florida's ,wat]ways4 7,miles47 ,report1 ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,our ,wat] ,res\rces4 7,lyman ,cooley47 ,report1 ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,! ,lakes-to-,gulf ,wat]way4 7,r&olph47 ,report1 ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,wat] ,res\rces4 7,kummel47 ,report1 ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,necessity = ,wat]way ,improvem5t4 7,au/947 ,report1 ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,report ,congressional ,committee on ,european ,wat]ways4 ,s5ate ,docum5t1 #aiaj4 ,riv] & ,h>bor ,bill4 ,s5ate ,docum5t4 ,burton1 #aiaj4 ,=e/s1 ,wat] ,/orage1 ,p[] & ,navigation4 7,taylor47 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am4 ,hydro*emical ,society4 ,our ,inl& ,wat]ways4 7,mc,gee47 ,outl9es ( ,hydrology4 7,mc,gee47 ,natural ,movem5t ( ,wat] 9 ,semi-arid ,regions4 7,mc,gee47 ,irrigation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dept4 ,comm]ce & ,labor ,c5sus ,bureau4 ,irrigation ,projects ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,reclamation ,s]vice4 ,reports ( ,irrigation 9 v>i\s /ates4 ,apply to ,gov]nor4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,coal ,:5 we beg9 to /udy ! m9]al res\rces ( ! c\ntry we pass to conditions altoge!r diff]5t f ^? :i* we h be5 consid]+4 ,h]et(ore we h be5 deal+ ) res\rces t c be r5ew$1 ! soil by prop] managem5t1 ! =e/s by replant+1 ! wat]s by nature's own processes2 b ! fuels1 ! iron & _m o!r m9]al res\rces once us$ are gone = ev]4 ,z to _! importance ,&rew ,c>negie says3 ,( all ! _w's metals iron is 9 our day ! mo/ useful4 ,! op5+ ( ! iron age m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( real indu/rial developm5t4 ,to-day ! position ( nations may almo/ be measur$ by its production & use4 ,iron & coal =m ! f\ndation ( our prosp]ity4 ,! value ( ea* dep5ds ^u ! am\nt & ne>ness ( ! o!r4 ,9 mod]n times ! manufactur+ & transportation indu/ries re/ ^u !m1 & ) suffici5t l& & a f]tile soil1 ^! det]m9e ! progress ( any p4 ,we are sometimes told t we ne$ h no anxiety ab\t ! future1 t new discov]ies & inv5tions w take ! place ( ! pres5t fuels1 & ev5 sub/itutes = m9]als w be devis$ long be=e ! supply is exhau/$4 ,?is may be true1 & 9 a way ! future mu/ take c>e ( itself1 b until new inv5tions h actually be5 made x is crim9al to wa/e pres5t res\rces & bl9dly tru/ t "t w make our folly appe> good judgm5t & =esight4 ,we h va/ m9]al res\rces unus$2 ! pres5t g5]ation1 ev5 its *ildr5 & its *ildr5's *ildr5 ne$ h no fe> ( a %ortage4 ,b 9 ! use ( ^? res\rces t are /eadily & = ev] dim9i%+ we mu/ look a long way into ! future4 ,we are "u ! mo/ solemn obligation to take only our "p ( ! /ore1 & leave ! re/ unt\*$ & unspoil$ = ^? :o are to come aft] u4 ,:5 we consid] :at ^! m9]al res\rces h done = our c\ntry 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 :5 we realize t x is only by hav+ *eap & abundant coal1 iron1 & copp] t our railroads1 our v>i\s electric sy/ems1 & our great manufactories h be5 develop$1 we c realize our duty to give ! com+ g5]ations an equal opportunity to develop _! ideas4 ,! ye>ly products ( ! m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n[ valu$ at m ?an #b1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,sixty-five c>-loads ( freight out ( e hundr$ c>ri$ by our railroads are made up ( m9]al products4 ,m ?an a million m5 are employ$ at ! m9es1 & m ?an twice t numb] 9 h&l+ & transport+ m9e products4 ,( e "o hundr$ tons ( coal m9$ 9 ! :ole _w1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates produces =ty-?ree tons4 ,we supply =ty-five tons out ( e hundr$ ( iron ore1 tw5ty-two tons ( gold1 ?irty tons ( silv]1 ?irty-?ree tons ( lead1 ne>ly tw5ty-eight tons ( ! z9c1 ab\t fifty-five tons ( ! copp]1 & sixty-?ree tons ( ! petroleum consum$ by all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,?is w\ld be a cause = great national pride if we did n ne$ also to consid] ! %ameful fact t our wa/es or losses 9 ! m9+1 h&l+1 & use ( our m9]al products are e/imat$ at m ?an #a1ejj1jjj p] day1 or1 = ! ye>1 ! gigantic sum ( #edg1ejj1jjj4 ,t is1 m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! entire output is wa/$6 ,( all our m9]als1 ! fuels :i* supply heat1 light1 & p[] = dome/ic & manufactur+ purposes1 are ! mo/ necess>y & important4 ,o!r mat]ials c n be manufactur$ )\t _! aid4 ,almo/ e p>ticul> ( mod]n life w\ld be *ang$ if we no long] _h pl5ty ( fuel4 ,its use means its imm$iate & complete de/ruction1 :i* is true ( no o!r res\rce1 & ! use ( fuels is increas+ & w increase s rapidly t _! cons]vation is becom+ a s]i\s problem4 ,! pr9cipal fuels are coal1 gas1 oil1 peat1 alcohol1 & wood1 & ( ^!1 coal is at pres5t by f> ! mo/ important4 ,! fir/ record ( coal m9$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 9 #ahad1 :5 tw5ty-two tons ( an?racite1 or h>d coal1 7 m9$ 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,an increas+ am\nt 0 m9$ ea* ye>1 b until #ahba ! production 0 less ?an five hundr$ tons p] ye>4 ,9 #ahbb ! production advanc$ to ne>ly #fj1jjj tons1 & s9ce t "t has increas$ by leaps & b\nds4 ,dur+ ! sev5ty-five ye>s f #ahbj to #ahie1 ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj1jjj tons 7 m9$ by me?ods s wa/eful t #f1jjj1jjj1jjj tons 7 de/roy$ or all[$ to rema9 9 ! gr\nd s t x c\ld nev] be recov]$4 ,)9 ! next t5 ye>s z mu* 0 produc$ z 9 ! entire sev5ty-five prec$+ ye>s1 & 9 ?is p]iod #c1jjj1jjj1jjj tons 7 de/roy$ or left 9 ! gr\nd beyond ! rea* ( future use4 ,up to ?is "t ! actual am\nt ( coal us$ has be5 ov] #g1ejj1jjj1jjj tons2 ! wa/e #i1jjj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,exp]ts e/imate t 9 ! beg9n+ !re 7 some:]e ab\t #b1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons ( available coal1 s t we h n[1 ) all our wa/efulness1 us$ less ?an two p] c5t4 ( our orig9al inh]itance4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t 9 ! t5 ye>s clos+ ) #aije1 we us$ z mu* z dur+ ! entire hi/ory ( our c\ntry up to t "t1 & ! rate ( consumption is /ill increas+4 ,9 #aijg ! am\nt m9$ 0 ab\t #dej1jjj1jjj tons4 ,c\nt+ on a cont9uance ( ! same rate ( increase1 9 #aiag x w be #ijj1jjj1jjj tons a ye>1 & if ! same conditions %\ld cont9ue = tw5ty ye>s we %\ld be us+ & wa/+ 9 "o ye> z mu* z we h us$ 9 all our hi/ory up to ! pres5t "t4 ,by t "t m ?an "o-eigh? ( our orig9al supply w be gone1 & 9 less ?an two hundr$ ye>s ne>ly all ( x w h = ev] disappe>$4 ,t is a long "t to look =w>d1 b a %ort "t 9 look+ backw>d4 ,x c>ries u back only to ! *ildhood ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 & o!rs prom95t 9 our e>ly hi/ory2 & if ?is nation c\ld look =w>d to only an equal p]iod ( prosp]\s developm5t 9 ! future ! "t w\ld seem %ort inde$4 ,b ! dang] ( our coal supply becom+ exhau/$ lies n s mu* 9 its pres5t use z 9 ! rapid increase 9 its consumption4 ,fifty ye>s ago 7ab\t ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>7 we 7 us+ an am\nt equal to a little m ?an a qu>t] ( a ton = e man1 woman & *ild !n 9 ! c\ntry4 ,n[ ! rate is five tons1 or tw5ty times t am\nt1 = ea* p]son ( all our greatly increas$ population4 ,! ,pittsburg ,coal ,company owns ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! great ,p5nsylvania an?racite fields4 ,f ! am\nt x is n[ m9+ ea* ye> & judg+ f ! am\nt ( coal x is able1 ) pres5t me?ods1 to reclaim f an acre ( coal l&1 ! e/imate is made t ?is ,pittsburg field w be exhau/$ 9 n9ety-?ree ye>s4 ,a l comp>ison ( all ! ea/]n fields indicates t by ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury !re w be practically no *eap fuel left 9 ! entire ,appala*ian bas94 ,! ,geological ,survey reports t1 tak+ into acc\nt ! available coal :i* c be rea*$ & m9$ by pres5t me?ods1 & suppos+ ! pres5t conditions ( use1 wa/e1 & increase to cont9ue1 ! coal supply w be exhau/$ by ! ye> #bjae ,a4 ,d41 b tak+ into acc\nt ! probable improvem5ts 9 its use1 ! ye> #bjbg ,a4 ,d4 is e/imat$ z ! "t :5 ! pres5t coal fields w be exhau/$1 & ! middle ( t c5tury z ! "t :5 all coal fields 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be gone4 ,?is true /ory well illu/rates ! ne$ ( cons]vation & ! folly ( c>eless wa/e4 ,high 9 ! hills ( ! ,pittsburg region a ?ick b$ ( excell5t coal 0 f\nd by ! e>ly settl]s4 ,x 0 impossible = !m to build roads up ! /eep cliffs1 s "s me?od ( gett+ ! coal d[n to ! valleys _h to be devis$4 ,buffaloes roam$ ! we/]n pla9s 9 c\ntless millions1 & 7 s abundant ab\t ,pittsburg t ! supply seem$ inexhau/ible4 ,s ! pione]s kill$ ! buffaloes1 fill$ ea* sk9 ) a few bu%els ( coal1 sew$ x up1 & tumbl$ x d[n ! m\nta9 side4 ,?is 0 ! way !y m>ket$ _! coal--by de/roy+ _! buffaloes4 ,= _m ye>s no "o dream$ t !re 0 any end to ! supply ( buffaloes4 ,& s bo? ea/ & we/ !y 7 kill$ = _! sk9s1 :i* sold = a few c5ts1 = _! horns1 = a supply ( /eak1 or = m]e sport2 & !n "o day p woke up to f9d t ! buffalo _h disappe>$1 n 9 "o settlem5t only1 z !y _h suppos$1 b ev]y:]e4 ,!re are a few rema9+1 c>efully c>$ = by ! gov]nm5t4 ,!y are among our mo/ valu$ possessions1 & yet only a few ye>s ago !y 7 de/roy$1 wa/$1 by millions4 ,?is pass+ ( ! buffalo1 ! sk9s ( :i*1 z common !n z burlap bags are n[1 7 us$ to m>ket our fir/ coal1 c>ries ) x a deep lesson z to :at w happ5 to ! coal itself1 ev5 )9 ! pres5t c5tury1 unless our p awake to ! consequ5ce ( :at !y are do+ & make a det]m9$ ef=t to /op all unnecess>y wa/e4 ,let u see :]e & h[ ^! wa/es occur4 ,! fir/ s]i\s loss ( our coal occurs at ! m9es4 ,!re are ?ree great wa/es 9 m9+4 7#a7 ,a coal b$ is n made up entirely ( pure coal1 especially if x be v ?ick4 ,sometimes !re are lay]s ( %ale or clay1 :i* makes a l>ge am\nt ( a%4 ,?is c nev] be sold z regul> m>ketable coal2 b x is ri* 9 c>bon1 & mu* ( x might be us$ if x c\ld be m>ket$ ne> ! m9es & sold z l[-grade coal4 ,9 ! pa/ !re has be5 almo/ no m>ket = x1 & if x 7 ei!r 9 ! ro( or bottom ( ! coal b$1 x has be5 left unm9$4 ,if mix$ ) pure coal1 ! l[-grade coal 0 ?r[n into great heaps at ! m\? ( ! m9e4 ,?is refuse coal is call$ culm4 ,! am\nt v>ies f "o-t5? to "o-half ( ! coal 9 ne>ly e coal b$1 & w\ld probably av]age "o-f\r? 9 all ! m9es ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is mat]ial is ri* 9 c>bon1 & :5 us$ 9 gas-eng9es w furni% m p[] ?an ! be/ ,pocahontas coal :5 /eam-eng9es are us$4 ,?us "o-f\r? ( all our coal is wa/$ at ! m9es simply because /eam-eng9es in/ead ( gas-produc] eng9es h be5 employ$4 ,if 9 ! future in/allation ( p[] ?is fact is tak5 into consid]ation1 x w make ! co/ less to ! us]1 & at ! same "t utilize a l>ge proportion ( our impure coal & save ! high] grades = o!r purposes4 7#b7 ,9 ! m9+ ( coal x 0 =m]ly ! unfail+ cu/om to leave support+ pill>s ( coal = ! ov]-ly+ rocks to re/ ^u1 to make suitable work+-rooms1 etc4 ,^! pill>s1 twelve to eighte5 in*es squ>e1 & high] ?an a man's head1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! entire m9es & are usually ( ! highe/ grade coal4 ,9 _m m9es1 also1 a ro( ( coal a foot or m 9 ?ickness mu/ be left because ! mat]ial above ! coal is n solid en\gh to prev5t cave-ins4 ,:5 ! m9e is ab&on$ & clos$ ^! pill>s & ro(+s rema9 unt\*$1 because remov+ !m con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ dang]s to life1 & is "o ( ! frequ5t causes ( m9e accid5ts4 ,x is improbable t ! coal ?us left 9 ab&on$ m9es w ev] be reclaim$1 because n en\gh is left to make x pr(itable at pres5t prices to re-op5 ! m9es2 & frequ5tly ! rocks cave 9 ab\t ^! pill>s & make ! task almo/ impossible4 7#c7 ,by c>eless bla/+ an unnecess>ily l>ge am\nt ( coal is bl[n into p[d]1--! slack :i* has n be5 m>ket$ at all until )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,mu* ( ?is slack1 :i* is ! be/ grade ( coal 9 a pulv]iz$ =m1 is left inside ! m9es4 ,^! wa/es 9 ab&on$ ro(+1 pill>s1 & small-siz$ coal1 toge!r make a total :i* = all ! m9es 9 ! c\ntry w av]age fully "o-f\r? m ( ! coal t is 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t conditions are *ang+ = ! bett]4 ,! mo/ mod]n m9es use few] support+ pill>s ( coal1 & ^! are ( l>g] size1 s t !re is less dang] ( accid5ts4 ,:]ev] possible !y use timb]s ( wood in/ead ( ^! small] pill>s ( coal4 ,!y also m9e z ne> ! top ( ! seam ( coal z c be done safely1 & s regulate ! bla/+ t mu* less slack is made ?an by ! heavy dis*>ges4 ,^! *anges 9 m9+ me?ods save a f> l>g] proportion ( coal1 & also prev5t _m accid5ts1 :i* are ! mo/ un=tunate feature ( coal m9+1 & ! "o :i* %\ld receive mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 7,see *apt] on ,heal?47 ,"o l>ge m9+ company 9 ,k5tucky raises its own timb]s by plant+ trees 9 /raight1 close r[s on its coal l&1 ?us mak+ ! l& produce its own m9e timb]s to cons]ve ! coal bel[4 ,?is company claims to h lo/ b "o life 9 t5 ye>s1 & to save sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( its coal4 ,?is is a /rik+ illu/ration ( :at bett] m9+ me?ods w d = bo? ! m9] & ! m9e own] & ( h[ =e/ry may be an aid to ! cons]vation ( coal & also ( human life 9 ! m9es4 ,we h already %[n h[ half ( ! coal is wa/$1 b !re /ill rema9s ano!r s\rce ( wa/e at ! m9es4 ,?is is a l>ge b unkn[n quantity4 ,coal usually exi/s 9 b$s or lay]s ) %ale or rock betwe51 mu* z a lay]-cake is made1 ! lay]s ( cake be+ repres5t$ by ! coal & ! ic+ betwe5 by ^! rock-p>t+s1 z !y are call$4 ,9 ri* fields1 !re are f ?ree to t5 ( ^! ri* lay]s or b$s ( coal1 "o above ano!r4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! ?icke/ & be/ lay] is ! l[e/1 & :5 ?is is ! case1 x is usually m9$ fir/1 reg>dless ( ! fact t "s1 & possibly all1 ( ! high] b$s are dislocat$ & brok5 or fill$ ) deadly gases4 ,ne>ly all ?is loss c\ld be avoid$ by simply m9+ ! upp] /ratum fir/4 ,s mu* = wa/e at ! m9es4 ,?is is s]i\s en\gh if x 7 all1 b x is n all1 x is only ! beg9n+4 ,let u see n[ :at becomes ( ! coal t is m>ket$4 ,! railroads are ! l>ge/ s+le us]s ( coal1 & "h we are confront$ ) ! surpris+ /atem5t t our locomotives consume ?ree tons ( coal 9 do+ ! same "w t is p]=m$ by ,engli% locomotives ) "o ton4 ,?is diff]5ce is said to be due to diff]5t con/ruction ( ! eng9es !mselves1 & to m c>eful /ok+1 or fir+4 ,our locomotives use #ajj1jjj1jjj tons p] ye>1 & by ev5 ! be/ me?ods kn[n a l>ge proportion ( ! heat units is wa/$4 ,great ef=t %\ld be made to improve ! locomotives s t !y w consume less coal2 b z long z ! railroad companies own ! coal m9es1 z !y d 9 _m in/ances1 !y c obta9 coal s *eaply t ! co/ ( ! improv$ =m ( eng9e is great] ?an ! am\nt sav$4 ,ano!r great use lies 9 ! manufacture ( coke1 :i* is us$ 9 ! mak+ ( /eel1 & "h1 too1 we see :]e great wa/es h exi/$4 ,! old =m ( coke-ov5 0 call$ ! bee-hive on acc\nt ( its %ape4 ,^! old /yle ov5s consume all ! coal ) ! exception ( ! fix$ c>bon :i* is left beh9d z coke4 ,at ! prices :i* prevail$ 9 #aijg1 ! value ( ! by-products wa/$ 9 bee-hive coke-ov5s 0 a little ov] #ee1jjj1jjj--surely a loss wor? consid]+4 ,a diff]5t =m ( coke-ov5s is mu* us$ abroad & is com+ into use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is ! retort or by-product ov51 sometimes call$ ! recov]y ov54 ,! bee-hive ov5s are usually locat$ ne> ! m9es :]e ! co/ ( coal is l[1 ) small exp5se = transport+ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! by-product ov5s are e/abli%$ ne> ! l>g] cities 9 ord] to dispose ( _! gas & o!r by-products4 ,"h ! co/ ( transportation mu/ be add$ to t ( ! coal1 b ! products are m>ket$ ne> by in/ead ( at a di/ance1 z 9 ! case ( ! bee-hive ov5s4 ,! mo/ improv$ by-product ov5s produce n only coke & gas1 b coal-t>1 pit*1 ammonia1 & creosot+ oils1 all extremely valuable & add+ greatly to ! value ( ! output ( ! ov5s4 ,electricity is ano!r =m ( light & p[] :i* involves a l>ge wa/e ( ! en]gy ( coal2 only "o-fif? ( "o p] c5t41 t is1 "o-five hundr$? ( ! value ( ! coal is us$ 9 electricity1 & !re is at pres5t no kn[n rem$y = ?is4 ,!re are me?ods1 h[ev]1 ( less5+ ev5 ?is wa/e1 & ^! are con/antly receiv+ m att5tion4 ,"o is = ! electric plants locat$ 9 cities to sell _! exhau/ /eam or wat] heat$ by ! coal z x is conv]t$ into electric p[]1 z a by-product4 ,! electric p[]-h\se ?us becomes a c5tral heat+ plant to supply /ores1 (fices1 & resid5ces4 ,ano!r sy/em be+ tri$ abroad1 ?\gh sc>cely pa/ ! exp]im5tal /age 9 ?is c\ntry1 e/abli%es great electric p[]-h\ses at ! coal m9es to use ! culm1 l[-grade slack1 & lignites1 ! l[e/ =m ( coal1 9 %ort1 all ! wa/e ( ! m9es4 ,/ill ano!r plan is ! manufactur+ ( electricity by wat]-p[]1 z we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! manufactur+ indu/ries ( ! c\ntry wa/e a l>ge am\nt ( fuel annually1 b "h ! wa/e is mo/ly due to exp5sive me?ods ( produc+ p[]1 & to c>eless /ok+1 & is l>gely prev5table4 ,z we h %[n1 gas-eng9es are a f> m economical =m ( produc+ p[] ?an are /eam-eng9es4 ,/eam uses f five to t5 p] c5t4 ( ! heat-units ( coal1 gas-produc] eng9es use fifty p] c5t4 & burn a l[] grade ( coal4 ,"o ( ! great problems ( cities is ! heavy volume ( bitum9\s or s(t coal smoke t hangs ov] ! entire surr\nd+ region1 levy+ a heavy tax 9 clean+ & laundry "w1 mak+ ! air difficult to brea!1 & %utt+ out ! daylight itself4 ,e resid5ce adds its mite1 b ! factories & public build+s are ! wor/ (f5d]s4 ,!re are sev]al good smoke-consum+ devices on ! m>ket t h be5 ?or\ghly te/$ by ! gov]nm5t1 :i* w furni% _! names on application4 ,if factory own]s :o use /eam p[] c\ld realize t ! gases1 ! highe/ heat-produc+ "p ( ! coal1 escape ) ! smoke1 & t by us+ smoke consum]s !y n only prev5t all ! evils ( ! smoke nuisance b save fully half ( ! value ( _! coal1 !y w\ld gladly put 9 ?is equipm5t4 ,:at manufactur] w\ld n eag]ly welcome any device t w\ld cut 8 fuel bills 9 half8 ,! o!r cause ( wa/e ( coal 9 ! manufactur+ indu/ries is recklessness 9 ! use ( fuel1 fill+ ! furnaces ) ! drafts s dispos$ t mu* ( ! heat is wa/$4 ,e factory own] %\ld le>n 7f ! gov]nm5t reports if he has no o!r means ( le>n+7 ! be/ me?ods ( fir+ furnaces1 & %\ld employ !m 9 8 factory4 ,! la/ great wa/e ( coal is 9 h\seholds4 ,9 /oves & furnaces1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 kit*5 ranges1 ?is wa/e is ?r\gh c>elessness 9 fir+1 z x is 9 factories4 ,!re /ill rema9s a l>ge am\nt ( wa/$ en]gy 9 cook+ t is unavoidable4 ,! am\nt ( coal consum$ be=e c]ta9 articles c be cook$1 ! heat rema9+ aft] ! meal is prep>$1 are wa/es t x seems impossible to prev5t1 ?\gh wise managem5t w prev5t undue wa/e ev5 "h4 ,fireless cook]s1 an inv5tion ( rec5t ye>s1 g f> t[>d solv+ ! problem ( wa/e by long h\rs ( cook+ s+le articles1 & ea* ye> we see m prep>$ food b\ght 9 ord] to save ! co/ ( heat4 ,h\sekeep]s f9d t x does n pay to bake _! bread !mselves1 s9ce a doz5 loaves c be bak$ 9 a l>ge ov5 ) ! fuel us$ 9 bak+ "o at home4 ,briquettes are a new =m ( fuel made f coal1 pr9cipally = h\sehold use4 ,!y are made f ! l[-grade coals1 culm1 slack & lignites1 bl5d$ ) coal-t> pit*4 ,!y are commonly us$ n only 9 h\seholds1 b = locomotives & %ips1 9 sev]al ,european c\ntries1 especially ,g]many2 b 9 ?is c\ntry ! co/ ( mak+ !m--ab\t a doll> p] ton--makes ! retail price high] ?an ! *eap] grades ( coal1 & _! g5]al introduction at ! price ( ! high] grades is r sl[4 ,let x always be kept 9 m9d t we mu/ n *eck ! c>eful use1 only ! wa/e1 & ! be/ way to avoid an unnecess>y dra9 on ! coal & at ! same "t increase our manufactures is to sub/itute o!r p[]4 ,coal is only a =m ( en]gy t came orig9ally f ! sun4 ,! same causes t produc$ coal /ill exi/4 ,sci5ti/s tell u t coal is /ill be+ made1 b x w take ?\s&s ( ye>s to p]fect x4 ,if we c\ld only le>n to take ! sun's heat directly & use x = our heat1 light1 & p[]1 x w\ld be "o ( ! greate/ discov]ies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 great] ev5 ?an ! discov]y ( electricity4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to produce p[] directly f ! sun ?r\gh sol> eng9es1 or by conc5trat+ x 9 furnaces4 ,at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition a few ye>s ago1 a ,portuguese prie/ exhibit$ a sol> eng9e call$ a heliophore1 9 :i*1 by means ( ! sun's rays1 ! temp]ature 0 rais$ to #fjjj degrees ,f41 & a cube ( iron plac$ 9 x melt$ l a sn[ball4 ,! sun helps to raise ! tides & "s day !y may be us$ to produce p[]4 ,_m exp]im5ts are be+ made ) bo? sol> & tidal en]gy1 "s ( !m successful 9 a small way1 b no?+ t is ready to /& ! te/ ( e-day use has be5 devis$4 ,doctor ,prit*ell says t on a cle> day :5 ! sun is high1 x deliv]s ^u ea* acre ( ! e>?'s surface expos$ to its rays1 ! equal ( #g1ejj horse-p[] work+ cont9ually4 ,if ! extra en]gy n ne$$ = ! gr[? ( plants & animals c\ld be us$1 all ! "w ( ! _w c\ld be done & ! problem ( fuel supply w\ld be solv$ = ev]4 ,b ! greate/ cons]vation ( coal possible at pres5t lies 9 ! use ( ! wat]-p[] :i* n[ goes to wa/e1 & :i*1 if employ$1 w\ld1 z we h se51 give u #cj1jjj1jjj horse-p[]1 or m ?an all t is n[ produc$ f fuel by all our eng9es comb9$4 ,alabama (f]s a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is failure to take advantage ( our opportunities1 = ,alabama has bo? coal & wat]-p[]4 ,eng9e]s e/imate t ! ?ree pr9cipal riv]s h p[] equal to #dcf1jjj horse-p[]4 ,at ,muscle ,%oals1 on ! ,t5nessee ,riv]1 !re is n[ develop$ #ahh1jjj horse-p[]1 second only to ,niag>a--& if ! wat]s 7 cons]v$1 ! figures w\ld rea* #a1jhd1jjj horse-p[] on ! ?ree riv]s4 ,?is means t1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( coal requir$ to produce ea* horse-p[] ( en]gy1 x w\ld require #aa1bja1jjj tons ( coal ea* ye> to produce by /eam z mu* p[] z ^! /reams might easily be made to produce4 ,alabama1 z we h said1 is also a great coal /ate4 ,x is n[ m9+ ab\t #ad1jjj1jjj tons p] ye> & only f\r /ates produce a l>g] am\nt4 ,x w be se5 t f\r tons out ( five m9$ 9 ?is /ate w be ne$$ to produce by /eam ! p[] t is go+ to wa/e 9 its riv]s4 ,! ,honorable ,w4 ,p4 ,lay1 ( ! ,alabama ,cons]vation ,commission1 9 call+ att5tion to ?is fact1 says3 ,suppose = a mom5t t ! coal fields ( ,alabama 7 slid+ d[n an incl9e & p\r+ (f ov] a precipice at ! rate ( #aa1bja1jjj tons p] ye>1 h[ long w\ld x take ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to d some?+ to try to /op su* a wa/e8 ,yet :at else are we do+ :5 we sit idly by & let ! wat] ( ^! /reams g to wa/e ov] a precipice :ile we ourselves burn up ! coal8 ,& :at is true 9 ,alabama is true to a less] ext5t 9 mo/ ( ! /ates4 ,:]ev] wat]-p[] is go+ to wa/e1 coal is be+ us$ to take its place1 & t coal is ne$$ 9 "s place :]e !re is no wat]-p[]4 ,on a c]ta9 /ream 9 "o ( ! c5tral /ates 0 a f9e wat]fall4 ,! e>ly settl]s built a mill !re4 ,! wat] turn$ ! mill-:eel & !n pass$ on to wat] ! valley & turn o!r mill-:eels4 ,b "o night ! old mill 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,x 0 n rebuilt1 b "s di/ance f ! /ream a new /eam mill 0 built1 ! motive p[] ( :i* 0 natural gas4 ,:51 aft] a few ye>s1 ! natural gas 0 all gone1 ! mill] began to use coal1 & he /ill uses coal--hundr$s ( tons ( x--:ile ! wat] :i* once turn$ ! :eels1 runs idly ov] ! falls4 ,?is is an example ( :olly useless wa/e ( coal1 & j su* wa/e is to be f\nd 9 hundr$s ( places 9 our c\ntry4 ,if wise m9+ me?ods be put into op]ation1 if prop] c>e be tak5 9 its use1 p>ticul>ly 9 manufactur+1 if ! l[-grade coals be utiliz$1 & if o!r p[] be sub/itut$ :]ev] practicable1 !re ne$ be no "q ( %ortage4 ,!re is en\gh coal 9 ! gr\nd1 if us$ rightly1 to la/ = ages to come4 ,b because we h wa/$ va/ quantities ( x 9 ! pa/1 & are /ill wa/+ x1 s t if ! same conditions cont9ue we c di/9ctly see ! end 9 sight1 x is important t e "o und]/&s :at ^! conditions ( use & wa/e are1 & h[ ! abuse may be correct$1 s t m9e own]s & consum]s may all "w toge!r to pres]ve ?is mo/ necess>y res\rce4 ,,ref]5ces ,coal is ,k+4 ,hewette4 ,economical ,burn+ ( ,coal ,)\t ,smoke4 ,bem5t4 ,coal & ,coal ,m9es4 ,h4 ,gre54 ,int]national ,libr>y ( ,te*nology4 ,vols4 #cg & #ch4 ,reports ( ,geological ,survey4 ,report ,national ,cons]vation ,commission4 ,cons]vation ( ,m9]al ,res\rces4 7,u4 ,s4 ,report47 ,production ( ,coals 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 9 #aijh4 ,advance *apt]s available4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,o!r ,,fuels ,,wood ,wood1 :i* 0 =m]ly ! only fuel us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 has n[ l>gely giv5 place to o!r fuels4 ,9 rural di/ricts & 9 lumb] regions x is /ill us$ ext5sively2 b 9 ! cities1 l>g] t[ns1 & manufactur+ regions1 x is n us$ 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,its use = p[] production is limit$ to ! wood-work+ factories :i* h a l>ge am\nt ( wa/e lumb] & :i* employ ?is by-product to furni% heat = /eam boil]s4 ,! wood us$ = fuel or = p[] usually repres5ts :at w\ld o!rwise be lo/1 ! dead trees & ! unm>ketable timb] ( ! f>m]'s wood-lot1 ! refuse ( lumb] regions or ! wa/e ( wood-work+ factories4 ,s t ! use ( wood z fuel n[ g5]ally means ! cons]vation ( our coal supply1 & a use = ! l[-grade p>ts ( ! =e/4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 f>m]s cut = fuel f9e "y trees t w\ld gr[ into excell5t timb]4 ,lib]al plant+ ( trees s t wood %all become pl5tiful 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry w t5d to br+ ab\t aga9 a l>g] use ( wood z fuel1 :i* w ?us once m become a factor 9 ! sav+ ( our coal4 ,e f>m] %\ld le>n to save all valuable trees = lumb]1 & to use only undesirable ones = fuel4 ,,peat ,peat is said by geologi/s to be only coal 9 ! mak+1 c>bon t is 9 ! /ate ( *ang+ f vegetable matt] to coal4 ,x is probable t 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ?is w\ld become coal1 & 9 its pres5t /ate x has _m ( ! prop]ties ( coal1 ?\gh x has n ne>ly s high a heat+ value4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we h _h su* a weal? ( fuel res\rces--coal1 wood1 oil1 & gas--t up to ! pres5t "t we h done little to develop our peat b$s1 al?\gh 9 ,european c\ntries t5 million tons are us$ annually = fuel1 z well z l>ge quantities = o!r purposes4 ,f ! e>lie/ times peat has be5 ! pr9cipal fuel ( ! common p ( ,irel& & "s ( ! c\ntries ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 p are try+ to make ! be/ ( _m res\rces n h]et(ore develop$1 coal prices are /eadily advanc+ & ! two causes comb9e to turn p's att5tion to ! peat b$s ( ,am]ica4 ,"o po9t t is wor?y ( notice is t peat is f\nd mo/ly 9 regions :]e !re is no coal1 oil1 or natural gas4 ,! developm5t ( peat b$s 9 ^? regions1 x w be se51 w\ld give !m a great advantage 9 ! matt] ( *eap fuel4 ,l>ge peat b$s are f\nd 9 ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,florida1 ! ,dakotas1 nor!rn ,i[a1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 ea/]n ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as & ,georgia2 & ne> ! coa/ 9 ! gulf /ates1 & a n>r[ /rip along ! ,pacific coa/1 f s\!rn ,cali=nia to ! ,canadian bord]4 ,!y cov] an area ( ab\t #aa1jjj squ>e miles & are suppos$ to conta9 n less ?an #ad1jjj1jjj1jjj tons ( air-dri$ peat4 ,at ! rate ( ?ree doll>s p] ton1 :i* is a reasonable price 9 ! /ates hav+ no coal1 ?is peat w\ld h a value ( m ?an #dj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,peat is prep>$ = use z common fuel 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,by cutt+ x into blocks or bricks1 :i* are air-dri$ by exposure to sun & w9d = a few weeks4 ,?is is call$ cut peat1 is bulky & easily breakable1 & c be us$ only = local consumption4 7#b7 ,by digg+ ei!r by h& or ma*9e1 & gr9d+ x 9 a mill4 ,x is put 9 wet1 gr\nd1 cut ) rapidly turn+ knives1 & pass$ out ( ! ma*9e z a ?ick pulp t is cut into bricks z x comes out4 ,x is !n /or$ sev]al weeks until ?or\ghly dri$4 ,?is is call$ ma*9e peat1 press$ peat1 or cond5s$ peat4 ,peat is be+ us$ 9 _m ways4 7#a7 ,air-dri$ peat is us$ = fuel only4 7#b7 ,dry peat )\t a b9d]1 or mix$ ) coal du/ & t> or pit* is us$ = ! same purpose4 7#c7 ,ma*9e peat is us$ = _m purposes1 among !m mak+ into briquettes1 peat *>coal1 & peat coke4 ,x has be5 f\nd practical to make illum9at+ gas ( peat1 b a f> m g5]al use is = runn+ gas-eng9es & produc]-gas furnaces4 ,?is is a practical use = x1 s9ce x w cons]ve ! coal n[ us$ = t purpose1 furni% satisfactory p[] )\t smoke or dirt1 provide *eap p[] 9 regions t h no coal m9es1 & la/ly may be made to yield valuable by-products3 ammonia1 acetic acid1 p>aff91 t>1 creosote1 & wood-alcohol4 ,if all ! peat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld be us$ 9 produc]-gas eng9es ! ammonia yield$ w\ld alone h a value ( #cf1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,peat is also us$ = pack+ mat]ial1 z a f]tiliz]1 = manufactur+ pap]1 = co>se clo? & mattress fill+4 ,by mix+ wet ma*9e peat ) cem5t x may be made into blocks = pav+ & o!r con/ruction "w4 ,! mo/ promis+ uses are = fuel1 z b$d+ = /ock1 z a dis9fectant1 9 briquettes = burn+ lime1 brick1 & pott]y1 9 :i* x is f9d+ a l>ge use1 & = :i* x is said to be p>ticul>ly well fitt$2 & mo/ satisfactory ( all1 its use 9 gas-produc] eng9es4 ,9 ,florida an imm5se plant is be+ built to manufacture electric p[]1 us+ air-dri$ peat z fuel1 ! p[] to be transmitt$ to ,jacksonville4 ,ma*9e peat is suppos$ to h sixty-five p] c5t4 ! value ( ! same weight ( ,pocahontas coal1 b on acc\nt ( ! lack ( wa/e 9 peat its real value is high] ?an w\ld appe> f ! comp>ison4 ,f two to two & a half p\nds w produce "o horse-p[] p] h\r 9 gas-produc] eng9es4 ,by ?is e/imate1 we c see t ! peat b$s ( ?is c\ntry1 if prop]ly us$1 may be l>gely employ$1 ei!r n[ or 9 ! future1 z a sub/itute = ! vani%+ coal4 ,,natural ,,gas ,( all ! fuels1 natural gas may be said to be ! ideal "o4 ,com+ f ! gr\nd1 x is pip$ a great] or less di/ance & di/ribut$ to ! home or factory = light1 heat1 or p[]2 = all ( :i* x is equally desirable4 ,x is ready = our use at ! turn ( a key1 is absolutely clean1 hav+ nei!r du/1 a%1 nor unconsum$ portions4 ,x requires no k9dl+ o!r ?an a light$ mat*4 ,natural gas is f\nd ov] an area :i*1 if comb9$1 w\ld cov] almo/ #aj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,x exi/s 9 tw5ty-two /ates--,alabama1 ,cali=nia1 ,colorado1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 ,miss\ri1 ,montana1 ,new ,york1 ,kansas1 ,k5tucky1 ,l\isiana1 ,ohio1 ,oklahoma1 ,oregon1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,texas1 ,utah1 ,wa%+ton1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,wyom+4 ,9 "s ( !m ! area has be5 l>ge & ! production v heavy1 9 o!rs ! field is small & unproductive4 ,until ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s !re h be5 no /ati/ics z to ! quantity ( gas pip$1 b an acc\nt ( its value has be5 kept = _m ye>s4 ,= ! tw5ty ye>s beg9n+ ) #ahhh ! value is giv5 at ne>ly #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t mu* ( ?is repres5ts extremely l[ prices1 only ! am\nt actually paid = its use4 ,:5 gas is newly discov]$ 9 a region x is n consid]$ an opportunity = ! resid5ts ( ! community to h *eap light1 p[] & fuel = !mselves1 b in/ead z an opportunity to develop ! c\ntry1 to increase ! population & attract new factories4 ,9 ord] to adv]tise & boom _! communities free gas is usually (f]$ to factories4 ,s 9 doz5s ( in/ances l>ge factories h be5 op]at$ = ye>s )\t a c5t hav+ be5 paid = fuel4 ,= ?is reason no prop] e/imate c be made ( ! quantity ( gas consum$1 nor ( its value ev5 at a nom9al price4 ,9 #aijg1 7! la/ ye> = :i* complete returns h be5 publi%$ 9 gov]nm5t reports7 ! am\nt ( gas consum$ 0 giv5 at #djd1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 :i* at pres5t prices is valu$ at #fc1jjj1jjj4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e 9 any way ! future production ( natural gas1 or to guess at ! quantity rema9+ 9 ! e>?4 ,x may be mu* less or mu* m ?an pres5t conditions w\ld indicate2 b ! pres5t kn[n fields are limit$1 & ! pressure is gr[+ /eadily less 9 all ( !m4 ,! ,cons]vation ,commission reports1 ,x is safe to pr$ict t ! kn[n fields w be exhau/$ 9 tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! decrease ( natural gas is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ,indiana4 ,?is /ate1 p]haps m ?an any o!r1 pr(it$ directly by ! discov]y ( its natural gas ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,"h1 ! m9]al maps %[1 is by f> ! greate/ natural gas region 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) ! discov]y ( natural gas1 e/abli%$ t[ns grew to t5 times _! =m] size & new ones sprang up ev]y:]e4 ,indiana1 :i* _h be5 *iefly an agricultural /ate1 bade fair to become "o ( ! =emo/ manufactur+ /ates on acc\nt ( its *eap & abundant fuel4 ,9 #aijb ,indiana produc$ ne>ly #h1jjj1jjj wor? ( natural gas1 b = #aijh ! ,/ate ,geologi/'s report conta9$ no figures = ?is product4 ,x _h ceas$ to be a prom95t factor 9 ! weal? ( ! /ate6 ,!re is no res\rce t has be5 s %amefully1 s hopelessly wa/$ z our natural gas4 ,) ev5 m recklessness ?an *>act]izes ! wa/e ( our =e/s & our coal1 we h all[$ ?is p]fect fuel to escape4 ,to ! dwell]s 9 ea* region :]e natural gas is f\nd1 x seems t ! supply is inexhau/ible4 ,! ro> ( ! wells1 :i* makes ! v e>? tremble2 ! flames spr++ high into ! air2 ! undim9i%$ pressure aft] mon?s ( use1 appe>+ to indicate a b\ndless res]voir bel[2 ! opportunity = :ole communities to gr[ ri* by its use2 all ^! ?+s t5d to promote recklessness on ! "p ( all :o h&le x4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! wells are usually n tightly cas$1 & !re is a consid]able quantity ( gas escap+ ab\t e well4 ,new wells are frequ5tly light$ to %[ ! volume ( gas4 ,9 "s cases ! well has become uncapp$ on acc\nt ( heavy pressure & to prev5t ! escape ( unconsum$ gas into ! air x is kept burn+ night & day4 ,! /ronge/ wells are (t5 kept burn+ = mon?s 9 ord] to adv]tise a new gas field4 ,9 ?is way imm5se quantities ( ! mo/ p]fect fuel 9 ! _w h be5 wantonly wa/$4 ,f a s+le well 9 ea/]n ,k5tucky !re fl[$ a /eady /ream ( gas = tw5ty ye>s :i* at pres5t prices w\ld be wor? #c1jjj1jjj1 & ! same /ory ( wa/e f burn+ wells comes f e natural gas field4 ,9 a new region :]e gas is abundant !re is also a great wa/e f leak+ pipe l9es laid on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 f op5 flambeaux1 & f c>eless home & factory consumption4 ,9 _m communities ! op5 flambeaux h be5 employ$ to light ! /reets1 & all[$ to burn day & night to avoid ! exp5se ( a man to c>e = !m4 ,:]e natural gas is abundant1 met]s are n usually in/all$2 in/ead1 gas is sold by ! mon?4 ,! consum] is "u no obligation to save ! gas1 9 fact1 he usually acts on ! common ,am]ican pr9ciple ( want+ to get all he c = ! money & s burns 8 op5 tip lights1 & op5 burn] /oves day & night4 ,! factories wa/e 9 ! same way1 us+ op5 furnaces :i* are nev] bank$ dur+ ! season because x is easi] & co/s no m4 ,?is1 x seems1 %\ld be ! :ole hi/ory ( natural gas wa/e1 b ! greate/ s\rce ( loss /ill rema9s to be spok5 (4 ,9 e gas region ( any importance oil is f\nd soon] or lat]1 usually aft] ! heavie/ gas pressure has be5 exhau/$2 & ! oil drill] is ! greate/ ( all foes to ! life ( a natural gas region4 ,he f9ds t ! gas int]f]es ) ! fl[ ( oil1 spray+ x into ! air & caus+ loss1 & t ! dang] ( fire is mu* increas$ by its pres5ce4 ,?is frequ5tly causes explosions1 te>+ out ! side ( ! well or bl[+ out ! cas+1 & mak+ ! oil-well useless4 ,! surplus gas is usually pip$ to "o side out ( ! rea* ( dang]1 & !n burn$ to get rid ( x4 ,drill]s (t5 try to =ce ! gas out 9 ! hope t x w be foll[$ by a ru% ( oil4 ,?is is ! heavie/ dra9 on ! gas4 ,9 ! ,caddo field 9 ,l\isiana alone ! loss is sev5ty million cubic feet p] day1 en\gh to light t5 cities ! size ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 & equal to t5 ?\s& b>rels ( petroleum p] day4 ,9 ,indiana a few ye>s ago f\rte5 wells1 all )9 a space ( a few acres 9 ext5t1 7 burn$ by oil drill]s cont9u\sly = six mon?s1 ! light be+ visible tw5ty miles away4 ,great] c>e 9 ! managem5t ( ! wells & slight additional exp5se = cas+ are all t is requir$ to /op ! wa/e ( gas f oil wells & heavy pressure gas wells4 ,all ( ^! wa/es tak5 toge!r con/itute a fe>ful loss4 ,9 #aijg1 m ?an #djj1jjj1jjj cubic feet 7 us$ & an almo/ equal numb] wa/$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! daily wa/e is ov] a billion cubic feet1 or en\gh to supply e city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& population4 ,! heat+ value ( a billion feet ( gas is equal to a million bu%els ( coal4 ,if "s great conflagration 7 sweep+ away our coal fields /eadily e day 9 ! ye>1 & de/roy+ our be/ coal at ! rate ( a million bu%els p] day1 h[ quickly we %\ld all arise to aid 9 *eck+ x6 ,& yet ?is imag9>y case is actually true 9 reg>d to ! be/ fuel 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* is burn+ uselessly an equal value 9 coal1 & our coal mu/ "s day be us$ to supply ! loss4 ,we are apt to ignore ! greatness ( ?is loss because ! gas escapes into ! air & we c n see x1 or x burns & we see only its effect1 n ! loss ( fuel1 b if we c\ld see x 9 ! =m ( oil we %\ld f9d t a billion feet ( gas is equal to m ?an a hundr$ & sixty ?\s& b>rels ( petroleum4 ,?9k ( x1 ! equival5t ( "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& b>rels ( oil1 = :i* no price is paid & ( :i* no use is made1 = ev] de/roy$ e day 9 e ye>6 ,w\ld ! oil companies p]mit x8 ,w\ld we n all assi/ !m 9 sav+ _! prop]ty f de/ruction1 & %all we n ask ( !m equal help 9 sav+ ! fuel t 9 turn cons]ves our coal supply8 ,little objection c be made to ! pres5t me?od ( us+ gas 9 ! old] regions4 ,! wa/e 9 dome/ic use is comp>atively small4 ,mu* is us$ = light+ ) inc&esc5t burn]s1 & asbe/os grates & gas ranges h replac$ ! op5-burn] /oves & grates4 ,^! are all effici5t me?ods ( use1 & b little c\ld be done 9 ! way ( fur!r cons]vation4 ,9 factories ! gas-eng9e is 9 _m in/ances replac+ ! op5 furnace1 :i* requires _m times z mu* gas to produce an equal am\nt ( p[]4 ,!y %\ld be us$ 9 e factory1 & gas companies %\ld also require ! use ( ! be/ devices = sav+ gas 9 places :]e met]s are n us$4 ,until la/ ye> b "o /ate--,indiana--_h an effective law prev5t+ ! wa/e ( natural gas by oil companies4 ,?is law says 9 sub/ance t a man c n take ! oil f ! gr\nd :]e nature has safely /or$ x1 unless he also provide a m>ket = ! gas :i* accompanies x4 ,x also says t nei!r ! produc] nor ! consum] %all be all[$ to wa/e ?is valuable fuel1 z su* wa/e is aga9/ public policy4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,:ite1 ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 9 discuss+ ?is "q at ! ,cons]vation ,congress said1 ,?is ,indiana /atute %\ld be enact$ into law 9 e /ate :]e ^! fuels exi/4 ,s9ce t "t ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio h pass$ laws1 :i* are said to be effective1 = ! cons]vation ( natural gas4 ,mu* has be5 accompli%$ by gas companies1 :o1 s9ce !y became alive to ! dang] ( loss ( _! inve/m5t1 h be5 extremely wat*ful ( _! prop]ty4 ,9 ,we/ ,virg9ia ! gas companies buy ! gas :i* has be5 obta9$ 9 ! drill+ ( oil wells1 ?us provid+ a m>ket = ! wa/e gas & mak+ x possible to cont9ue ! oil bus9ess & at ! same "t to furni% *eap gas4 ,ano!r hopeful sign is ! pump+ ( all ( ! product ( a well4 ,=m]ly z soon z a well dropp$ greatly 9 production x 0 ab&on$1 b n[ x is pump$ until dry4 ,"o me?od by :i* ! gas f oil wells may be utiliz$ consi/s 9 compress+ x 9 /eel cyl9d]s = %ipp+4 ,?is 9 a small way has be5 f\nd to be successful4 ,exp]im5ts are be+ tri$ on a l>ge scale 9 ,ohio to prove t gas may be return$ to res]voirs )9 ! e>? :i* are tight en\gh to hold x "u heavy pressure4 ,fuel gas made f l[-grade coal is a satisfactory sub/itute = natural gas4 ,l ! natural product x may be pip$ = long di/ances4 ,"s natural gas companies h b\ght up ! culm banks & heaps ( refuse coal1 s t if ! natural gas becomes exhau/$ !y c manufacture *eap gas at ! m9es & pipe x to ! cities !y n[ s]ve4 ,,petroleum ,petroleum1 or rock oil1 is a d>k gre5i% br[n liquid :i* :5 ref9$ yields gasol5e1 naph?a1 b5z9e1 k]os5e1 lubricat+ oils1 & p>aff94 ,! "n petroleum applies only to ! crude petroleum z x comes f ! gr\nd1 & ! ^w oil is appli$ to ! products obta9$ by ref9+4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry is int]e/+ z %[+ :at great results spr+ f small beg9n+s4 ,f salt wells 9 ,p5nsylvania !re 0 an occasional fl[ ( petroleum1 b x _h _h no comm]cial value4 ,samuel ,ki]1 ( ,pittsburg1 _h salt wells at ,t>antum f :i* he _h accumulat$ s mu* petroleum 7fifty b>rels7 t he decid$ to try to dispose ( x1 b !re 0 no m>ket4 ,no "o knew :at to d ) x4 ,he !n p>tly ref9$ x1 mak+ a poor quality ( k]os5e1 & introduc$ a lamp ) a *imney4 ,?is prov$ s popul> t ,a4 ,c4 ,f]ris1 also ( ,pittsburg1 und]took to sell ?is 9 o!r cities1 & ^! two m5 n only sold ! fifty b>rels & ! o!r petroleum t accumulat$ f ! salt wells1 b !y _h creat$ su* a dem& = ! new light t !y c\ld n supply en\gh oil1 & 9 #ahei ,colonel ,drake drill$ at ,titusville ! fir/ well solely = petroleum4 ,9 ! half-c5tury s9ce t "t ne>ly two billion b>rels1 or almo/ two hundr$ & fifty million tons1 wor? "o & ?ree-qu>t] billion doll>s1 h be5 produc$4 ,petroleum is n[ m9$1 or drill$1 9 _m c\ntries besides ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates furni%es sixty-?ree b>rels out ( e hundr$ produc$ 9 ! _w4 ,russia produces tw5ty-"o b>rels1 ,au/ria f\r1 & ! ,ea/ ,indies ?ree b>rels1 ,r\mania two1 ,india & ,mexico "o ea*1 ,canada1 ,japan1 ,g]many1 ,p]u1 & ,italy ea* less ?an "o b>rel2 s we c see t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! "o great produc] ( petroleum1 & t x is to ?is c\ntry t we mu/ look = ! pr9cipal _w supply = ! pres5t1 & z f> z kn[n1 = ! future4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at we may expect ! ,unit$ ,/ates to d to supply ?is dem&4 ,! kn[n petroleum l&s cov] an area ( ab\t #h1ejj squ>e miles & are 9 six l>ge fields & sev]al small] ones4 ,! l>ge/ & be/ is ! ,appala*ian1 ( :i* ! be/ kn[n is ! ,p5nsylvania field4 ,x has a grade ( petroleum t diff]s f any o!r ?us f> f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,x is mo/ easily conv]t$ into k]os5e or lamp oil1 & conta9s a l>g] proportion ( su* oil4 ,x is ! f9e/ petroleum 9 ! _w1 except t f\nd 9 ,indiana & ,ohio1 & t co/s m to ref9e4 ,! ,appala*ian field includes1 besides ,p5nsylvania1 we/]n ,new ,york1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 a n>r[ /rip 9 ea/]n ,ohio1 ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,^! s\!rn oils are ( a mu* l[] grade1 b are bett] ?an ! ,russian or o!r =eign oils4 ,! next great field is call$ ! ,lima-,indiana1 & cov]s a consid]able portion ( nor?we/]n ,ohio & ea/]n ,indiana4 ,?is petroleum conta9s less gasol5e & less lamp oils1 & m sulphur1 :i* makes ref9+ difficult4 ,! ,ill9ois field lies next4 ,"h1 9 a /rip ab\t ?irty miles long & six miles wide on an av]age1 an enorm\s quantity ( petroleum is produc$4 ,?is oil is slightly l[] 9 quality & conta9s consid]able asphalt4 ,! mid-cont95t field lies 9 ,kansas & ,oklahoma4 ,?is petroleum also conta9s asphalt & o!r *emical products4 ,su* imm5se am\nts are produc$ "h t x has n be5 possible to c>e = all ( x1 ei!r 9 ! matt] ( /orage tanks or c>s = transport+ x1 & z a result l>ge am\nts h be5 wa/$4 ,9 ,oklahoma )9 a space ( less ?an two squ>e miles "o million b>rels ( =ty-two gallons ea* ( petroleum 7 wa/$ 9 ! ye> #aijf4 ,! ,gulf field ly+ 9 ,texas & ,l\isiana has be5 develop$ entirely s9ce #aija4 ,! fir/ well 0 drill$ ne> ,beaumont1 ,texas1 z an exp]im5t to det]m9e :e!r oil c\ld be f\nd4 ,small /orage tanks 7 provid$ & x 0 hop$ to f9d oil en\gh to make drill+ pr(itable4 ,! well prov$ to be a gu%] ( su* magnitude t be=e suffici5t tanks c\ld be provid$1 or ! fl[ *eck$1 m ?an half a million b>rels 7 wa/$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! ,gulf petroleum conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( asphalt & a small am\nt ( gasol5e & lamp oil4 ,x has be5 us$ pr9cipally = burn+ z crude oil 9 locomotives & has sold z l[ z t5 c5ts p] b>rel2 b lately me?ods ( ref9+ h be5 p]fect$ :i* produce good lubricat+ oil & a gasol5e ( high value f ^! l[-grade oils4 ,! la/ great field is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! oil is simil> to ! ,gulf oil1 & inve/igation has %[n t ! quantity is great] 9 ?is field ?an 9 any o!r4 ,x is us$ l>gely = fuel & p[] on acc\nt ( lack ( o!r fuels 9 t region4 ,9 addition to ^! fields !re are small ones 9 ,colorado & ,wyom+1 & promises ( fields 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah1 ,idaho1 ,montana1 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton4 ,e/imates ( ! am\nts ( petroleum yield$ are made by comput+ ! am\nt usually produc$ p] acre1 :i* v>ies f eight hundr$ b>rels produc$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 to eight ?\s& b>rels p] acre produc$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,9 mo/ ( ! fields x is ab\t a ?\s& b>rels p] acre4 ,ev5 !n ! am\nt is extremely difficult to e/imate4 ,! ,geological ,survey concludes t ! l[e/ probable calculation ( ! entire am\nt /or$ 9 ! rocks ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t5 billion1 & ! highe/ a little less ?an tw5ty-five billion b>rels4 ,! la/ report (ficially publi%$ %[s t we are produc+ "o hundr$ & sev5ty million b>rels p] ye>4 ,if ! same rate ( production cont9ues1 we might expect our petroleum to la/ f fifty-five to "o hundr$ & ?irty-five ye>s1 accord+ to ! am\nt f\nd2 b tables ( /ati/ics %[ t ?r\gh\t ! life ( ! petroleum indu/ry1 z mu* has be5 produc$ ea* n9e ye>s z ! entire product be=e t "t4 ,= example1 up to ! pres5t1 we h produc$ "o billion eight hundr$ million b>rels & if ! pres5t rate cont9ues1 9 ! next n9e ye>s alone we %all produce an equal quantity aga94 ,! causes ( su* rapid gr[? are _m4 ,"o is ! great increase 9 ! use ( "s ( ! products1 su* z gasol5e1 :i* has increas$ _m fold s9ce ! automobile became popul>4 ,ano!r1 & ! greate/ cause1 is ! ease ) :i* any quantity ( oil c be sold = ca% at any "t1 & at prices mu* above ! co/ ( production4 ,ano!r reason is bas$ ^u ! nature ( ! product4 ,9 pump+ f "o well oil is apt to fl[ 9 f o!r leases1 "u o!r f>ms1 & exhau/ !m )\t ! hold]s ( ^? leases hav+ receiv$ any comp5sat+ b5efit4 ,x is !re=e necess>y = ea* lessee to get 8 %>e be=e x fl[s away4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is impossible to prev5t an entire field f be+ drill$ ov] v rapidly1 unless !re is a comb9ation ( all ! int]e/s2 or unless ! law limits ! am\nt t ea* produc] %all extract p] acre )9 a giv5 "t4 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,york h decl9$ to "o-?ird _! =m] value & yet x is only sev5te5 ye>s s9ce !y rea*$ _! highe/ po9t4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! life ( t field w n exce$ t5 ye>s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia is produc+ only a little m ?an half its =m] yield & is rapidly decl9+4 ,ohio & ,indiana are decl9+ m rapidly ?an ,p5nsylvania4 ,texas is also 9 ! rapidly decl9+ class1 & 9 ,kansas ! production is only a fraction ( :at x 0 =m]ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ill9ois1 ,oklahoma1 & ,cali=nia c be expect$ to increase /eadily = sev]al ye>s4 ,tak+ into acc\nt all ^! factors1 x is e/imat$ t ! entire supply n[ kn[n to exi/ w\ld be exhau/$ be=e ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x appe>s m probable1 h[ev]1 t increas+ prices long be=e t "t w help to cons]ve ! supply2 & t petroleum w be produc$ = a long "t to come1 ?\gh n 9 suffici5t quantities = indu/rial & g5]al use4 ,! pr9cipal uses ( petroleum are = burn+ z crude oil 9 furnaces & "u boil]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 locomotives4 ,! ref9$ products h v>i\s uses4 ,probably ! mo/ important is ! lubricat+ oil4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ! developm5t ( all k9ds ( p[]4 ,at lea/ "o-half p9t ( lubricat+ oil is us$ = e ton ( coal consum$ = p[]4 ,all eng9es1 all /reet & /eam railways1 /eam%ips1 sew+-ma*9es1 clocks1 wat*es1 & automobiles1 9 fact all op]at+ ma*9]y requires its use2 s t a l>ge am\nt ( oil mu/ always be cons]v$ = lubricat+ purposes4 ,coal oil1 or k]os5e1 may be reg>d$ z absolutely necess>y = ! light+ ( h\ses or o!r e/abli%m5ts n connect$ ) gas or electric supply4 ,gasol5e is sometimes us$ = light+1 ?\gh su* use is n common4 ,x is l>gely us$ = cook+1 & /ill m l>gely us$ 9 ! v>i\s types ( gasol5e eng9es4 ,naph?a is us$ = p[]1 especially = motor-boats1 & = clean+1 9 :i* x is v valuable by reason ( its p[] to dissolve dirt4 ,p>aff9 is us$ 9 poli%+1 9 laundry "w1 = wax+ floors1 & z a cov]+ to exclude air 9 pres]v+ articles4 ,wa/e has be5 m>k$ly abs5t 9 ! petroleum indu/ry4 ,x is necess>y t oil drill+ outfits %all conta9 /eel /orage tanks = hold+ ! oil :5 x is rea*$4 ,usually ! supply is l>ge en\gh1 b sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ! big well at ,beaumont1 ,texas1 ! oil gu%es =? 9 su* volume t ! drill]s are n prep>$ to take c>e ( ! ov]fl[1 & mu* is wa/$ be=e ! well c be capp$4 ,9 g5]al !re is no wa/e 9 /orage 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,european c\ntries :]e !re is oil1 ! loss ?r\gh lack ( tanks & by us+ wood5 tanks :i* leak1 is v great4 ,ano!r =m ( wa/e :i* is common 9 =eign c\ntries1 b :i* has be5 avoid$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is evaporation ( gasol5e & simil> light products :5 ! petroleum is expos$ to ! air 9 op5 tanks4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable "p ( petroleum1 & if x be expos$ to ! sun a s+le day x loses greatly 9 value4 ,! ref9+ processes ( ! petroleum indu/ry are probably c>ri$ out ) bett] sy/em & less wa/e ?an 9 any o!r res\rce1 ow+ to ! fact t ! bus9ess is controll$ by l>ge companies4 ,!re is no wa/e mat]ial 9 its manufacture1 except "s slight residue t might be us$ = oil+ roads1 in/ead ( us+ ! crude oil4 ,! pr9cipal wa/e lies 9 its use4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! supply is n un5d+1 is1 inde$1 rapidly disappe>+1 ! uses %\ld be conf9$ only to ! necess>y l9es = :i* !re are no sub/itutes at simil> prices4 ,^! are = lubricat+ oils & = ! light+ ( homes4 ,! unnecess>y uses are = burn+ 9 locomotives & = ! developm5t ( p[]4 ,:5ev] new petroleum fields are op5$ up1 !re is a correspond+ drop 9 price4 ,9 ord] to dispose ( x quickly su* petroleum is usually sold = ! l[e/ grade uses1 & ! price = ?is crude petroleum is n m ?an "o hundr$? z mu* z = high grade petroleum products4 ,! report ( ! ,national ,cons]vation ,commission is s excell5t t x is quot$ almo/ ^w = ^w4 ,at pres5t m petroleum is be+ produc$ ?an is necess>y = ! dem&s ( ! indu/ry4 ,)9 t5 ye>s ! pres5t fields w be unable pr(itably to produce en\gh = ^! requirem5ts4 ,! only direction 9 :i* production c be *eck$ is ) ! petroleum conta9$ 9 public l&s4 ,(f]+ su* public l&s = entry at a l[ price is no?+ m ?an temptation to ! private citiz5 to wa/e petroleum by ov] production1 s9ce l&s yield+ hundr$s ( doll>s p] acre 9 ?is product c be obta9$ = a small sum4 ,e acre ( public l&1 believ$ to conta9 petroleum or natural gas1 %\ld be )drawn f public sale & leas$ "u conditions t regulate production4 ,its use = p[] is ju/ifi$ on ! ,pacific coa/1 if us$ 9 gas-produc] eng9es4 ,,alcohol ,z a sub/itute = o!r fuels1 wood1 or d5aturat$ alcohol1 w probably come into great] use ea* ye>1 & is reg>d$ by _m z ! great fuel ( ! future1 because ! mat]ials ( :i* x is made are wa/e vegetable products & w always be pl5tiful4 ,x is made f cellulose1 ! woody "p ( plants1 & may be manufactur$ f sawdu/ :5 fre%ly cut f live trees1 f small1 & refuse potatoes1 f inf]ior gra9 t is n wor? m>ket+1 & f l[-grade fruits & vegetables ( all k9ds4 ,x is ev5 said t ! hundr$s ( acres ( sage-bru% 9 ! ,we/ t h always be5 consid]$ worse ?an useless c be made into wood-alcohol & ?us become a valuable product4 ,x c be us$ = any purpose t gasol5e c1 al?\gh a diff]5t /yle burn] is requir$4 ,x mu/ be made mu* hott] be=e x is *ang$ into vapor1 & on acc\nt ( ?is x has be5 difficult to make satisfactory burn]s = all ! k9ds ( heat+1 light+1 & p[] "w2 ! ma*9]y be+ f> f p]fect z yet4 ,wood-alcohol c n yet be made *eap] ?an gasol5e1 & is n s easy to burn1 s t x is sl[ 9 rea*+ an important place 9 ! indu/rial _w2 b gas & gasol5e prices w advance1 & bett] me?ods ( manufactur+ & burn+ alcohol w be f\nd1 & !n we %all h a fuel t c take ! place ( ei!r coal or petroleum = light+ or p[]4 ,x is ?\ght t wood-alcohol w be ( especial use to ! f>m]1 s9ce he has s _m wa/e vegetable products1 has s mu* ne$ ( p[] 9 small quantities & is f> f ! s\rces ( public s]vice p[]1 su* z electric & gas plants4 ,alcohol-driv5 motors c be us$ to take ! place ( ! labor ( bo? horses & m5 on ! f>m4 ,on level f>ms !y c run ! heavy ma*9es1 su* z m[]s1 reap]s1 & b9d]s1 pl[s & cultivators4 ,on any f>m !y may be us$ to run /ation>y eng9es1 to *op & gr9d food = live /ock1 to pump wat]1 *urn1 run sew+-ma*9es1 op]ate fans1 drive c>riages & wagons & d _m o!r ?+s4 ,wood-alcohol produces ammonia z a by-product1 is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( dyes & coal-t> products1 ( smokeless p[d]1 ( v>ni%es1 & ( imitation silks made f cotton4 ,,ref]5ces ,report ,national ,cons]vation ,commission4 ,reports ( ,geological ,survey4 ,cons]vation ( ,ores & ,relat$ ,m9]als4 7,c>negie47 ,report ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,cons]vation ( ,m9]al ,res\rces4 7,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,report47 ,indu/rial ,alcohol & ,its ,uses4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wiley4 ,bullet91 #bfi4 ,production ( ,peat 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 9 #aijh4 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,reports4 ,production ( ,oil 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 9 #aijh4 ,production ( ,gas 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 9 #aijh4 ,wa/e ( ,our ,fuel ,res\rces4 7,:ite47 ,report ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,iron ,we h already /at$ ! importance ( iron 9 our mod]n life4 ,x c n be ov]e/imat$4 ,all ! _m articles ( iron & /eel1 our tools1 our ma*9]y1 our vehicles1 our bridges1 our /eel build+s1 & a ?\s& & "o o!r ?+s are dep5d5t on our iron supply4 ,( all ! elem5ts t make up ! e>?'s surface only ?ree are m pl5tiful ?an iron1 s t we might ?9k t we %\ld always h an abundant supply ( x2 b :5 x occurs 9 small quantities1 z is usually ! case1 x c n ( c\rse be pr(itably m9$4 ,x is only :5 en\gh ( x is f\nd toge!r to p]mit x to be m9$ to advantage t x is call$ iron ore4 ,iron ore is f\nd 9 only tw5ty-n9e /ates ( ! ,union1 & eighty p] c5t4 ( ! pres5t production is 9 two /ates1 ,m9nesota & ,mi*igan4 ,we c see t iron is v unev5ly di/ribut$1 & x is on a few regions t we mu/ dep5d = all ! future4 ,be=e we c calculate h[ mu* iron we h we mu/ und]/& t x is n f\nd 9 pure =m1 b mix$ ) v>i\s o!r sub/ances3 clay1 %ale1 slate1 qu>tz1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 etc4 ,^! mu/ all be remov$1 "s by wa%+1 b mo/ ( !m by roa/+1 or smelt+1 9 bla/ furnaces1 aft] :i* x is call$ pig iron4 ,?is ( c\rse requires l>ge quantities ( fuel4 ,x is ^! ?+s & also ! position ( ! ore t mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 e/imat+ ! am\nt ( iron 9 ! c\ntry4 ,if ore yields a l>ge p] c5t4 ( iron 9 smelt+1 ) a small am\nt ( wa/e1 x is1 ( c\rse1 f> m valuable ?an if ! am\nt ( iron 9 e ton ( mat]ial tak5 f ! gr\nd is small4 ,9 all m9]als1 ! relation ( supply to price is m>k$4 ,! co/ ( labor & ( p[] is exactly ! same :e!r ore yields fifty-five tons ( pure iron to ! hundr$1 or :e!r x yields only ?irty tons1 b ! price receiv$ is little m ?an half4 ,s if ! price is l[1 x may co/ m to m9e & smelt ! "o hundr$ tons ( e>? ?an w be paid = ! ?irty tons ( iron t ! l[-grade ore w\ld yield4 ,s ! l&s t produce only ?irty tons to ! hundr$ w nev] be m9$ till ! price ( iron is s high t x is above ! co/ ( produc+--t is1 till x c be work$ at a pr(it4 ,! ,lake ,sup]ior iron f\nd 9 ,m9nesota is usually m ?an fifty-five p] c5t4 pure iron4 ,t is1 if a hundr$ tons ( e>? be m9$1 m ?an fifty-five tons ( pure iron w\ld be obta9$ f x4 ,?is is ! highe/ grade ( ore4 ,"s ore is m9$ t yields only =ty tons or less4 ,!re are va/ quantities1 billions ( tons1 ( iron ore 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t w\ld yield less ?an ?irty tons ( iron to ! hundr$4 ,^! l[-grade ores & ! ones kn[n to lie s deep 9 ! e>? t ! co/ ( m9+ !m is m ?an ! f9i%$ products ( iron1 are class$ z n available1 t is1 !y c nev] be pr(itably m9$ "u pres5t conditions4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t z ! high] grade ores are exhau/$ x w become necess>y to use ! l[] grades1 & t prices w /eadily advance z a result4 ,iron is sometimes f\nd almo/ directly "u ! gr\nd1 at o!r times deep 9 ! e>?4 ,t :i* is f\nd j bel[ ! surface is1 ( c\rse1 m9$ mu* m easily1 m safely1 m *eaply1 & ) f> less loss ?an t :i* requires deep m9+4 ,su* conditions are f\nd 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 & !re is almo/ no loss at all1 ! l[-grade ores be+ pil$ up at "o side :]e !y c be easily rea*$ 9 case ( ne$4 ,on ! o!r h& "s iron m9es n[ 9 op]ation are z mu* z two ?\s& feet 9 dep?4 ,9 ^! m9es1 z 9 coal m9es1 pill>s are left to support ! rock above4 ,a ro( ( ! iron ore is (t5 left also4 ,! l[-grade ore is left 9 ! gr\nd & no ef=t is made to pres]ve x = future use4 ,^! con/itute ! pr9cipal wa/e 9 iron m9+4 ,! pure iron ( ! ore is sep>at$ by wa%+ out ! clays & s(t elem5ts1 b ! h>d] sub/ances mu/ be smelt$ by means ( heat4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ?is 0 done by *>coal1 :i* is /ill us$ 9 ,sw$54 ,! late/ me?od is to employ electricity manufactur$ by wat]-p[]1 b mo/ ( ! iron smelt+ 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 done by coal4 ,e ton ( iron smelt$ requires its portion ( coal = fir+4 ,if l[-grade fuels 9 gas-produc] eng9es1 or wat]-p[] c be us$ x w be a great aid 9 cons]v+ coal4 ,if a limit$ supply ( r l[-grade iron exi/s ne> a coal region1 x c (t5 be m9$ pr(itably1 :51 if x be f> f an abundant fuel supply1 x mu/ be %ipp$ to di/ant bla/ furnaces4 ,! co/ ( %ipp+ causes ore conta9+ a small p]c5tage ( iron to be class$ z n available4 ,sometimes a l>ge company ) _m m9es has sev]al v>ieties ( ore ( diff]5t /r5g? & h>dness4 ,if ^! c be mix$ to produce a m$ium grade by add+ a small am\nt ( high-grade ore to a l>ge am\nt ( l[] grade1 ! value ( ! product w be d\bl$4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! by-products c be made extremely pr(itable by manufactur+ l>ge am\nts :5 ! exp5se ( und]tak+ ! "w is too great to be attempt$ ) a small am\nt4 ,s if iron m9es are own$ by a small company mu* ore may be class$ z n available t c\ld be us$ by a l>ge company4 ,all ^! ?+s mu/ be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! iron res\rces4 ,! fir/ smelt+ ( iron ore 9 ?is c\ntry 0 done at ,lynn1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #afde1 us+ ! l[-grade bog-ores & smelt+ ) *>coal f ! surr\nd+ =e/4 ,n[ if we look ov] an iron map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates we %all f9d t !re are f\r hundr$ & eighty bla/ furnaces1 b t only n9e ( !m are we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] & mo/ ( ^! are 9 ,miss\ri4 ,! greate/ ( all ! iron regions n[ lies 9 upp] ,mi*igan & ,m9nesota4 ,?is furni%es eighty tons out ( e "o hundr$ m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! smelt+ is done along ! s\!rn %ores ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! iron region itself is f> di/ant f a *eap fuel supply4 ,pittsburg1 ,p5nsylvania1 has be5 ! great iron city ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on acc\nt ( its ne>ness to great supplies ( bo? coal & iron4 ,birm+ham1 ,alabama1 is ! he>t ( ! great smelt+ region ( ! ,s\?4 ,! iron is divid$ into di/ricts z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,nor!a/]n1 compris+ ! /ates ( ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 & ,ohio1 supplies a little m ?an five p] c5t4 ( ! iron m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#b7 ,! ,s\!a/]n1 conta9+ ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ea/]n ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 & ,alabama1 gives u twelve p] c5t4 ( our iron4 7#c7 ,! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict1 conta9+ ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota & ,wiscons91 supplies m ?an eighty p] c5t4 7#d7 ,! ,mississippi ,valley di/rict conta9s we/]n ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas & ,texas4 ,?is region furni%es less ?an half ( "o p] c5t4 ( ! total supply4 7#e7 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 di/rict conta9s ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wyom+1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 we/]n ,texas1 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon & ,cali=nia2 & all ?is great region n[ supplies b a little m ?an "o p] c5t4 ,! (ficial report1 :i* is z ?or\gh z c be made b is naturally subject to mi/akes1 gives ! am\nt ( available iron1 t is1 t :i* c be m9$ "u pres5t conditions1 z ne>ly five billion tons4 ,let u see h[ long ?is may be expect$ to supply ! dem&4 ,be=e #ahaj ! am\nt ( iron ore produc$ 0 s small z to be sc>cely wor? consid]+4 ,f #ahaj to #ahgj a little less ?an fifty million tons 7 m9$1 f #ahgj to #ahhi ne>ly #aed1jjj1jjj tons1 & f #ahhi to #aijg1 #dge1jjj1jjj tons1 or altoge!r ne>ly #fhj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! production has be5 f\nd to d\ble itself ab\t e n9e ye>s4 ,9 #aijg alone x 0 #eb1jjj1jjj tons or ab\t "o-?irte5? ( all t has be5 m9$4 ,9 #ahhj we us$ #bjj p\nds ( pig-iron = e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! c\ntry2 9 #ahij1 #cbj p\nds2 9 #aijj1 #cij p\nds1 & 9 #aijg1 #fif p\nds4 ,accord+ to ! rule ( increase1 by #aiaf we %all be us+ #ajd1jjj1jjj tons a ye>2 by #aibe1 #bjh1jjj1jjj1 & by #aicd1 #daf1jjj1jjj tons1 & if ! same rate ( increase %\ld cont9ue1 by #aidj we %\ld h requir$ = our use 9 ! meantime1 six billion tons4 ,b we h less ?an five billion tons ( :at is n[ class$ z available ore1 :i* means t be=e t "t 7:5 ! s*ool-boys ( to-day are bus9ess m57 we %\ld h exhau/$ all our good & *eap ore1 & be oblig$ to dep5d only on ! l[-grade ores1 ! co/ ( :i* w be v great4 ,unlike coal1 ! =e/s1 & ! soil1 !re is no great & entirely useless wa/e ( iron4 ,b ! uses ( iron are s _m & s v>i$1 & ! supply ( high-grade ores :i* c be *eaply m9$ is s small 9 proportion to ! ne$s ( ! future1 t we %\ld 9 all ways less5 ! dra9 on x by sub/itut+ o!r *eap] & m pl5tiful mat]ials :5 possible4 ,! *ief use ( iron is = ! c>ry+ ( freight4 ,"h are "s figures giv5 by ,mr4 ,c>negie4 ,mov+ "o ?\s& tons ( freight by rail requires an eighty-ton locomotive & tw5ty-five tw5ty-ton /eel c>s1 or five hundr$ & eighty tons ( iron & /eel to draw x ov]--say an av]age ( t5 miles ( d\ble track ) swit*es1 frogs1 spikes1 etc41 :i* w weigh m ?an f\r hundr$ tons4 ,?us we see t to move a ?\s& tons ( freight requires ! use ( an equal weight ( iron4 ,! same freight may be mov$ by wat] by means ( f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty tons ( metal1 s t if freight 7 s5t by wat] in/ead ( by rail ! am\nt ( iron ne$$ = ?is s]vice w\ld be r$uc$ at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s1 ! am\nt ( coal w\ld be r$uc$ n less ?an half1 & at ! same "t ! coal us$ 9 extra smelt+ w\ld be sav$4 ,no s+le /ep op5 to u to-day w\ld d m to *eck ! dra9 on bo? iron & coal ?an ! use ( our riv]s = c>ry+ heavy freight4 ,! next great use ( iron is = build+s & bridges4 ,! greatly increas+ use ( cem5t & concrete is r$uc+ ?is & w r$uce x /ill fur!r4 ,cem5t is made f slag1 or ! refuse ( iron ore--! clays & %ales--& ! co/ ( ?is valuable product is little m ?an ! =m] co/ ( pil+ x away4 ,by mak+ ! useless slag into cem5t ! co/ ( iron production is l[]$ & at ! same "t ! dra9 on ! iron is less5$4 ,a l>ge use ( /eel ( ! highe/ quality is = battle%ips1 cannon1 & w> supplies4 ,if ! great nations ( ! _w w\ld agree to r$uce _! armam5t1 "o ( ! great dra9s on ! _w's iron1 coal1 & wood supply w\ld cease1 & ^! mat]ials be put to improv+ ! _w4 ,! wor/ feature ( x is t ^! w> supplies are cont9ually *ang+4 ,!y mu/ be ( ! late/ patt]n1 or !y are ( small value = fight+ purposes4 ,! con/ruction ( battle%ips diff]s greatly ye> by ye>1 & ! old] %ips are disc>d$ to make place = new] & l>g] ones4 ,x is said t our newe/ battle%ip alone c\ld ) a few %ots de/roy all ( ,admiral ,dewey's fleet4 ,! foll[+ is f a rec5t magaz9e article3 ,x is admitt$ by naval (fic]s t ! %ips ( t5 ye>s ago are ( obsolete type & w\ld be useless aga9/ ! new vessels4 ,x is admitt$ t )9 t5 ye>s or less ! new types w 9 turn become obsolete1 & w be useless aga9/ ! type ( vessel c]ta9 to be evolv$4 ,t is1 z soon z a vessel co/+ millions ( doll>s leaves ! docks1 %e ent]s into active competition = a place on ! junk pile4 ,! greate/ improvem5t t c be imag9$ 9 ! iron situation w be 9 ! discov]y & use ( alloys or mixtures ( iron ) o!r mat]ials4 ,/eel1 ! /ronge/ ( all =ms ( iron1 is an alloy ( iron & c>bon1 & = v>i\s purposes ^! are fur!r mix$ ) nickel & silicas4 ,_m o!r alloys h be5 discov]$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & ea* makes possible new uses = iron requir+ great] /r5g?4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! is a mixture ( iron & silicon1 call$ f]ro-silicon4 ,silica is "o ( ! *eape/ & mo/ abundant mat]ials ( all ! e>?'s products1 s its comb9ation ) iron w greatly l5g!n ! life ( ! iron supply2 & x is probable t 9 ! future comb9ations ( o!r mat]ials w yield bett] & *eap] metals ?an any ?us f> produc$4 ,! am\nt ( metal :i* c be rework$ is con/antly increas+4 ,mo/ ( ! iron factories remelt l>ge quantities ( old iron1 to be us$ ) ! new1 & ?is w less5 ea* ye> ! dem& on ! ores4 ,x is also possible t new deposits ( iron ore w be f\nd & ^! w greatly increase ! supply4 ,b f ! :ole iron situation we may draw ! foll[+ conclusions3 ,fir/1 ! am\nt ( iron rema9+ 9 ! gr\nd is v unc]ta94 ,x may be m1 or x may be less1 ?an ! pres5t e/imate4 ,second1 if ! e/imates are ne>ly correct1 & if ! pres5t rate ( increase cont9ues1 all ! high-grade ores w be exhau/$ by ! "t ! small boys ( to-day are ! bus9ess m5 ( ! nation4 ,?ird1 ! be/ me?ods ( r$uc+ ! dra9 on ! supply are1 7a7 ,! use ( old iron z a mixture2 7b7 ,c>ry+ a "p ( ! freight by wat] to r$uce ! am\nt ( iron requir$ by ! railroads2 7c7 ,! l>g] use ( concrete & cem5t to take ! place ( /eel 9 build+s2 7d7 ,less5+ ! am\nt us$ = w>2 7e7 ,! use ( alloys4 ,?is op5s a l>ge & promis+ field = inv5tion4 7f7 ,m c>e 9 pres]v+ articles made ( iron4 ,?is is a practical ?+ = e p]son 9 our c\ntry to d4 ,e f>m implem5t1 or tool1 t /&s out 9 ! ra9 or is left )\t %elt] dur+ ! w9t]1 e article c>elessly lo/ or brok51 has its "p 9 mak+ conditions worse4 ,all t are well c>$ = help to make ! iron supply la/ a little long]4 ,,ref]5ces ,iron & ,/eel at ,home & ,abroad4 7,&rew ,c>negie47 ,cons]vation ( ,ores & ,relat$ ,m9]als4 7,c>negie47 ,report ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,report ,national ,cons]vation ,commission4 ,reports ,geological ,survey4 ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,u4 ,s4 9 #aijh4 ,advance *apt]s available4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,o!r ,,m9]als ,,gold ,iron1 9 its usefulness to man1 /&s 9 a class to itself2 b !re are doz5s ( o!r m9]als t h _! "p 9 ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( our daily life4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are f\nd 9 comp>atively small quantities & h few uses4 ,! m9]als :i* are 9 con/ant use by ne>ly all p & t are f\nd abundantly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 z9c1 & ! elem5ts us$ 9 manufactur+ build+ mat]ials4 ,gold is valuable *iefly because x has be5 made ! /&>d ( money value ( ! _w4 ,africa produces "o-?ird ( ! _w's supply1 next come ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,au/ralia1 produc+ almo/ equal am\nts1 ,russia & ,canada ea* produce a limit$ am\nt1 & v>i\s o!r c\ntries toge!r produce ab\t "o-sixte5? ( ! :ole4 7,9 ! /atem5ts ( ! gold supply ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! t]ritory ( ,alaska is includ$47 ,gold is n f\nd alone b conta9$ 9 qu>tz rock or s&4 ,! me?od ( tak+ gold f ! rock is fir/ by bla/+1 & aft]w>d gr9d+ ! rock 9 a /amp mill1 :i* r$uces x to p[d]1 aft] :i* ! gold is sep>at$ by ref9+ processes4 ,! gold :i* occurs 9 ! s&1 gravel1 or clay soil1 is wa%$ out4 ,:5 done on a small scale ?is is call$ pann+4 ,! l>g] op]ations ( ?is k9d are call$ plac] & dr$ge m9+4 ,!re is also a consid]able am\nt ( gold obta9$ z a by-product f copp] m9+4 ,g5]ally speak+1 qu>tz m9es are 9 ! m\nta9s & plac] m9es 9 ! riv] valleys4 ,plac] m9+ by p[]ful wat] pressure1 call$ hydraulic m9+1 de/roys ! banks1 & also fills up ! riv] b$s ) masses ( rock & gravel4 ,"s ( ! l>ge riv]s ( ,cali=nia h be5 made unfit = /eamboat traffic1 & s]i\s damage has be5 done to ! h>bor ( ,san ,francisco4 ,= ?is reason hydraulic plac] m9+ has be5 /opp$ by law4 ,?is has greatly less5$ ! gold production ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 #aijg1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ #id1jjj1jjj wor? ( gold4 ,( ?is1 ,colorado produc$ m ?an any o!r /ate4 ,next 9 _! ord] come ,alaska1 ,cali=nia & ,nevada4 ,ea* produc$ f #ae1jjj1jjj to #bj1jjj1jjj wor?4 ,toge!r !y furni%$ ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( ! entire supply4 ,! rema9+ "o-fif? comes f ,utah1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,montana1 ,arizona1 ,idaho1 & ,oregon1 ) v small am\nts f ! s\!a/]n /ates1 ! two ,c>ol9as & ,georgia1 ,new ,mexico1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,wyom+4 ,s\? ,dakota has ! mo/ pr(itable s+le gold m9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has produc$ ne>ly #fj1jjj1jjj 9 gold1 & is n[ turn+ out ab\t #e1jjj1jjj wor? a ye>4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has _m unwork$ gold m9es1 gold res]ves !y are call$1 ^: value c n 9 any way be exactly e/imat$4 ,! value ( ! plac] m9es c be bett] judg$ ?an t ( ! lode or qu>tz m9es4 ,! plac] m9es are *iefly 9 ,alaska & ,cali=nia4 ,^! m9es may yield gold to ! am\nt ( a billion doll>s4 ,!re are less]1 b important res\rces ( plac] gold 9 ,montana1 ,idaho1 & ,oregon4 ,! plac] gold m9$ 9 #aijg 0 valu$ at #bd1jjj1jjj1 & x is ?\ght t ab\t ?is quantity c be suppli$ = a long "t4 ,! am\nt ( gold yield$ 9 ! r$uction ( copp] ores 0 ab\t #e1ejj1jjj4 ,x is probable t ?is am\nt w be gradually increas$1 & c be reli$ on to la/ _m ye>s4 ,f ! lead ores a little ov] #b1jjj1jjj wor? ( gold 0 tak54 ,?is w probably sl[ly decrease = ! next t5 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,f gold & silv]-be>+ qu>tz m9es #ee1jjj1jjj 0 tak54 ,no calculation c be made z to ! am\nt ( gold conta9$ 9 qu>tz m9es4 ,new discov]ies are always probable & _m new m9es are op5$ up ea* ye>1 b _! value c only be e/imat$ z ! "w 9 !m progresses4 ,j h[ long !y w la/ nobody kn[s1 b x w\ld seem t _! decl9e is f> (f4 ,! gov]nm5t report says1 ,unless v important new discov]ies are made x is ?\ght unlikely t ! production ( gold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w rise mu* above #aaj1jjj1jjj2 nor is x likely t x w s9k bel[ #fj1jjj1jjj )9 a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,! am\nt ( gold us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t equal to ! production4 ,ne>ly #hj1jjj1jjj is co9$ into money1 & ab\t half z mu* is us$ 9 ! arts1--t is1 = jewelry1 tablew>e1 9 d5ti/ry1 9 bookb9d+1 & v>i\s *emical processes4 ,! quantity us$ 9 ! arts has d\bl$ s9ce #aijj4 ,9 #aijg ! /ock ( gold co9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accord+ to ! ,director ( ! ,m9t1 0 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj1 :i* is almo/ exactly "o-fif? ( ! gold co9 ( ! _w4 ,! production ( gold is rapidly increas+4 ,s9ce #ahej we h m9$ ?ree times z mu* gold z 9 all ! previ\s "t s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,su* rapid production greatly %ort5s ! life ( ! gold supply4 ,:5 ! gold fields ( s\!rn ,africa 7 fir/ op5$ !y 7 said to be inexhau/ible2 b !y h be5 m9$ s rapidly1 & ! supply has prov$ s f> %ort ( ! fir/ excit$ e/imates t exp]ts say t ! entire region w be almo/ exhau/$ )9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,! loss ( gold 9 m9+ & ref9+ is comp>atively small4 ,9 extract+ gold f ! *eap] ores ! p]c5tage ( loss is l>ge2 b z only a small "p ( ! gold is ga9$ 9 ?is way ! total loss is relatively small4 ,by o!r me?ods n9ety-five p] c5t4 or m is sav$4 ,9 _m cases ! loss is too small to be consid]$4 ,unlike o!r m9]als little gold is de/roy$ by use4 ,x is melt$ & remelt$1 all scraps are us$1 ev5 ! sweep+s f ! m9t & f manufactur+ goldsmi?s' %ops are sav$ & ! gold us$4 ,! wa/e ( ! _w's gold & silv] w\ld be mu* great] b = ! use ( pap] money1 bank *ecks1 & notes4 ,_! v g5]al use keeps ! gold z a res]ve1 held 9 banks & /orage vaults mu* ( ! "t4 ,if x 7 9 con/ant use1 ! cont9ual rubb+ toge!r ( ! co9s w\ld mean a no less /eady1 ?\gh slight1 we>+ away ( _! surface4 ,?is is v noticeable 9 old silv] co9s1 :i* are kept 9 m con/ant circulation4 ,,silv] ,! conditions 9 reg>d to silv] are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! o!r res\rces4 ,! production ( silv] is n increas+1 9 fact1 ! m9+ ( silv] alone is decreas+ & ! reason is n because ! supply is less5+1 b because ! price is too l[ to make a l>g] work+ ( ! m9es pr(itable1 & ! supply is kept d[n to ! level ( ! dem&4 ,a great numb] ( silv] m9es h be5 clos$ = ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! production c\ld be greatly increas$ at any "t to meet an increas$ dem&4 ,! highe/ production 0 9 #aijb1 b !re h be5 only slight *anges s9ce #ahie2 ! production be+ a little less ?an #fj1jjj1jjj ounces1 or ab\t "o-?ird ( ! _w's supply--,mexico be+ ! only o!r great produc]4 ,9 _m c\ntries ) a small supply ! output is gr[+ less ea* ye> on acc\nt ( ! l[ price1 & ! difficulty ( compet+ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! /ates n[ produc+ ! mo/ silv] are ,colorado1 ,montana1 & ,utah2 ea* ( ^! produces ab\t "o ounce out ( e five ounces m9$4 ,mo/ ( ! rema9d] 0 produc$ by ,nevada1 ,idaho1 ,arizona1 & ,cali=nia4 ,al?\gh ne>ly #fj1jjj1jjj ounces 7 m9$ 9 #aijg only "o & a half million ounces 7 m9$ = ! sake ( ! silv] alone4 ,! re/ 0 obta9$ z a by-product 9 ! m9+ ( gold1 lead1 copp] & z9c1 or1 z is (t5 ! case1 x 0 di/9ctively silv] ore1 b c\ld n be pr(itably m9$ unless "s o!r ore c\ld be obta9$ at ! same "t4 ,! ri*] regions seem to h be5 exhau/$1 & z ! process ( extract+ ! ore is exp5sive ! l[] grade ores w probably be held = sev]al ye>s till prices advance4 ,a great silv] region has rec5tly be5 op5$ 9 nor!rn ,canada4 ,?is conta9s imm5se quantities ( v ri* ore1 & w probably keep ! price d[n = _m ye>s4 ,s ! c>e & cons]vation ( silv] is n an important issue = ! p ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,z silv] is n[ obta9$ l>gely z a by-product1 !re is almo/ no wa/e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates s5ds consid]ably m ?an half ( its silv] to o!r c\ntries1 pr9cipally to ,india & ,*9a1 :i* use mu* silv] co91 b h little 9 ! way ( silv] res\rces4 ,! am\nt us$ at home is divid$ betwe5 co9age & manufacture4 ,! quantity co9$ v>ies greatly f ye> to ye>1 eight million ounces be+ ab\t ! av]age4 ,= manufactur+1 jewelry1 tablew>e1 *emicals1 etc41 ab\t tw5ty million ounces1 ( :i* "o-fif? is remelt$ silv]1 are us$4 ,! dem& = silv] 9 manufactur+ has d\bl$ s9ce #ahih1 & may lead be=e _m ye>s to ! reop5+ ( ! silv] m9es4 ,,copp] ,! conditions ( copp] m9+ are exactly opposite f ^? ( silv]4 ,! ,indians us$ almo/ no metal except copp]1 & = ?ree hundr$ ye>s :ite m5 us$ ! old ,indian m9es & ref9$ ! copp] by ,indian me?ods4 ,bett] me?ods ( m9+ copp] & extract+ x f ! ores h be5 employ$ = ! la/ fifty ye>s1 b )9 a doz5 ye>s ! ref9+ ( copp] has be5 revolutioniz$ by electric me?ods4 ,an enorm\s am\nt has be5 produc$1 b production has be5 kept d[n on acc\nt ( ! high prices4 ,x is said t if ! price c\ld be r$uc$ "o-half1 t5 times z mu* copp] w\ld be us$4 ,mo/ ( ! uses ( copp] h aris5 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,its greate/ use is = electric wir+4 ,no?+ c take its place1 & ! use is increas+ a/oni%+ly4 ,copp] is us$ l>gely 9 alloys4 ,bronze is an alloy ( copp] & t91 & its use has greatly increas$ 9 ca/+s1 fitt+s = build+s1 tablets1 & /atues4 ,a mu* m useful alloy is brass1 made f copp] & z9c4 ,brass is v ext5sively us$ = p>ts ( ma*9]y1 eng9es1 automobiles1 & also = fitt+s = build+s4 ,%eet copp] is us$ = %ea?+ = %ips1 = boil]s1 & = v>i\s *emical processes c>ri$ on by electricity or by acids4 ,v _m ( ^! processes h be5 discov]$ )9 t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 & h l>gely increas$ ! uses = copp]4 ,"o ( ! old] uses ( copp] :i* is less common n[ 0 = cook+ ut5sils4 ,copp] is us$ by ! gov]nm5t = co9+ "o-c5t pieces4 ,no s+le c\ntry comp>es at pres5t ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! production ( copp]1 b if reports be correct !re is en\gh copp] 9 c5tral ,africa to supply ! _w = ye>s to come4 ,next to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,spa9 m9es ! l>ge/ am\nt at pres5t1 & ,japan ranks next4 ,= _m ye>s ! rate ( increase 0 enorm\s4 ,9 #ahde1 #bbd1jjj p\nds 7 m9$2 9 #ahhh1 #bbf1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,eight ye>s lat]1 9 #ahif1 x _h d\bl$2 aft] ano!r t5 ye>s1 9 #aijf1 x _h d\bl$ t quantity1 & rea*$ #iah1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,9 #ahij we 7 us+ ?ree p\nds ( copp] = e man1 woman & *ild 9 ! c\ntry4 ,& 9 #aijg1 six & "o-half p\nds4 ,mi*igan1 ,montana1 & ,arizona produce ! bulk ( ! copp]4 ,utah1 ,cali=nia1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,wyom+1 & ,nevada ea* produce copp] 9 am\nts rang+ f ! #ff1jjj1jjj p\nds m9$ 9 ,utah to ! #b1jjj1jjj p\nds m9$ 9 ,nevada4 ,x is probable t ! use w n increase s rapidly 9 ! ne> future4 ,mu* old copp] w be remelt$4 ,!re are l>ge areas ( copp] l&s :i* are n[ class$ z available ) copp] at ab\t its pres5t price ( ?irte5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,if ! _w production %\ld gr[ s great z to cause a decid$ drop 9 ! price1 mu* t is n[ consid]$ available c\ld n be m9$ at a pr(it1 & ! copp] supply f ?is c\ntry w\ld be greatly r$uc$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 copp] %\ld rise to fifte5 or tw5ty c5ts or high]1 ! am\nt ( available copp] l& w\ld be va/ly increas$4 ,! report on ! ,cons]vation ( ,m9]al ,res\rces says 9 effect3 ,! copp] res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are believ$ to be l>ge en\gh to all[ = a numb] ( ye>s = a dem& increas+ at ! rate ( #cj1jjj1jjj p\nds a ye>4 ,%\ld ?is dem& cont9ue = a long p]iod ! sc>city w\ld be felt & result 9 a ris+ price1 :i* w\ld op5 up a m>ket = ^! l[-grade ores & also cause ! use ( o!r metals1 l alum9um1 to take ! place ( copp] :5ev] possible4 ,!re is no great wa/e 9 ! m9+ ( copp]1 b 9 ! extraction ( copp] f ! ore ! wa/e is (t5 z mu* z ?irty p] c5t41 & x is n easy to avoid ?is on acc\nt ( ! *emical *anges t take place4 ,,lead ,! ,unit$ ,/ates produces ab\t "o-?ird ( ! lead 9 ! _w4 ,! rema9d] comes f ,spa91 :]e ! production rema9s ab\t ! same f ye> to ye>2 f ,g]many1 :]e 9 spite ( high] prices production is gr[+ less2 & f ,au/ralia & ,mexico1 9 bo? ( :i* ! supply is rapidly decreas+4 ,^! facts %[ t ! lead res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be drawn on heavily 9 ! future4 ,! production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ f ab\t #gj1jjj tons 9 #ahhj to #cfe1jjj tons sev5te5 ye>s lat]1 & if cont9u$ ! ye>ly production by #aibj w am\nt to #ehj1jjj tons1 or m ?an a billion p\nds4 ,! pr9cipal lead-produc+ /ates are ,miss\ri1 ,idaho1 ,utah1 & ,colorado4 ,9 ,miss\ri x is probable t ! pres5t rate ( increase c\ld be kept up = at lea/ fifty ye>s4 ,! o!r /ates c\ld keep up ! pres5t production = _m ye>s b c\ld n greatly increase x )\t exhau/+ ! supply4 ,z ) mo/ m9]al res\rces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is only ! ri*e/ ores t are n[ drawn ^u 7except :]e lead is a by-product extract$ ) "s o!r ore74 ,if prices w\ld advance1 s z to make ! l[-grade ores pr(itable1 ! am\nt ( our res\rces w\ld be greatly increas$4 ,!re is little wa/e 9 ! m9+ or smelt+ ( lead ores1 & ! slag1 ! wa/e1 is always ready to be us$ aga94 ,9 ! ref9+ & conc5trat+ ( lead ! loss (t5 am\nts to z mu* z fifte5 p] c5t4 or tw5ty p] c5t4 ,! be/ way to prev5t f9al loss is to /ore all refuse until su* "t z ! rework+ becomes pr(itable4 ,improvem5t 9 me?ods has be5 great 9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s b m economical me?ods ev]y:]e w be "o ( ! necessities ( ! future4 ,we c see t ! lead res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n l>ge & t :5 our own supply is exhau/$ we c n turn to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! wa/e 9 m9+ is n l>ge1 & mo/ ( x c n be avoid$ at pres5t prices2 s t = ! cons]vation1 :i* we see is s important1 we mu/ turn to ! uses ( lead4 ,! mo/ necess>y ( ^! is = lead pipes 9 plumb+4 ,ano!r use is = w> supplies1 :i* n only makes heavy dra9s on our /ores ( coal & iron1 b also on lead1 :i* is mu* less pl5tiful4 ,"o ton out ( e ?ree produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( :ite lead & consum$ z pa9t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is entirely lo/1 & x seems t "s o!r mat]ial might be us$1 in/ead ( s valuable a m9]al1 especially :5 ! res\rce is n abundant4 ,:ite lead is us$ m ?an any o!r sub/ance = pa9t1 al?\gh z9c :ite has come into consid]able use 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,no o!r nation uses lead pa9t to su* an ext5t z does ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p>tly because no o!r nation c\ld af=d s g5]al a use ( su* an exp5sive mat]ial1 & p>tly because s _m wood5 build+s are erect$4 ,by us+ brick1 /one1 or cem5t1 ( :i* we h practically an un5d+ supply1 to take ! place ( wood1 our /ore ( :i* is rapidly disappe>+1 we c\ld avoid mu* ( ! dra9 on our m9]al res\rces :i* are us$ = pa9t4 ,z production & price advance a great] quantity ( lead is remelt$4 ,ab\t #be1jjj tons are return$ to use ea* ye>4 ,,z9c ,z9c is a :iti% metal4 ,x is us$ 9 galvaniz+ iron to prev5t its ru/+4 ,x is us$ also 9 ! manufacture ( :ite pa9t1 :i* consumes ab\t "o ton out ( e six tons m9$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is p]man5tly lo/1 b ! price & its value z a res\rce is mu* l[] ?an lead4 ,?is takes m ?an half ( ! entire product4 ,! rema9d] ( ! output is ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 brass & %eet z9c4 ,all ^! uses are extremely necess>y & x is believ$ t ! production ( z9c w rapidly increase = _m ye>s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! l>ge/ produc]1 ,g]many ranks second4 ,l>ge am\nts are m9$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & v l>ge deposits1 entirely undevelop$1 are said to exi/ 9 ,africa4 ,9 #ahhj1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ #bc1jjj tons ( z9c2 9 #aijg1 #bhj1jjj tons4 ,?is indicates ! rapid rate at :i* we are increas+ our use ( z9c4 ,if ! same rate %\ld cont9ue1 9 #aibj we %\ld be us+ #dge1jjj tons1 or almo/ a billion p\nds1 & if z9c oxide %\ld take ! place ( :ite lead 9 pa9t+ to ! ext5t t n[ seems probable1 ! quantity w\ld be /ill fur!r increas$4 ,miss\ri is by f> ! heavie/ produc] ( z9c1 hav+ a little m ?an half ( ! output4 ,new ,j]sey ranks next1 !n ,colorado1 ,wiscons9 & ,kansas4 ,"s ( ! o!r we/]n /ates ea* produce small am\nts4 ,mo/ ( ! pure z9c ore is m9$ at a dep? ( f "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ & fifty feet & occurs 9 %eets1 b a l>ge "p ( ! ore is a by-product obta9$ f ! r$uction ( o!r ores4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey ! z9c alone is f\nd 9 a s+le region1 :]e x 0 e/imat$ a few ye>s ago t !re 7 eight million tons1 ( :i* two & a half million tons h be5 m9$ s9ce #aijd4 ,! z9c 9 ,miss\ri1 ,wiscons9 & ,kansas is f\nd alone or und]ly+ lead deposits1 :ile t ( ! we/]n /ates is almo/ always f\nd 9 lime/one1 & is mix$ ) silv]1 copp]1 lead1 &1 m r>ely1 gold4 ,9 ^! /ates !re has be5 little attempt to discov] z9c2 9 fact1 ores conta9+ z9c h be5 r %unn$ because ( ! difficulty 9 extract+ !m4 ,x is ?\ght t our res\rces ( z9c1 especially 9 ! ,we/1 h j begun to be develop$1 & t ! supply1 ev5 at ! pres5t rate ( increase & at pres5t prices1 w la/ _m ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 ) increas+ use = ! product1 we c n be sure ( supplies = m ?an a g5]ation2 & 9 view ( ! importance ( z9c x becomes necess>y to inquire into its wa/es4 ,9 no m9]al is ! wa/e m />tl+ ?an 9 z9c4 ,9 ,miss\ri x is necess>y to leave support+ pill>s z 9 coal m9+4 ,?is c n be rem$i$1 z ! use ( timb]s is too exp5sive1 b x causes a heavy loss4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ow+ to ! exp5sive treatm5t & %ipm5t1 mu* ( ! l[-grade ore is left 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 ref9+ ! loss is enorm\s1 (t5 z mu* z =ty p] c5t4 ,9 ord] to produce z9c at a l[ co/ !re mu/ be a heavy loss ( metal4 ,bett] plants & equipm5t = ref9+1 & ! sav+ ( all refuse = lat] use w be necess>y if we are to cons]ve ! z9c supply = future g5]ations4 ,,miscellane\s ,! supplies ( _m ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 build+s & bridges1 su* z /one1 gravel1 clay1 cem5t & lime are s great t !y appe> inexhau/ible1 & ne$ ( c>e 9 _! use is n s mu* to be consid]$ z is _! developm5t to take ! place ( o!r res\rces4 ,9 ! pa/ !y h n be5 us$ freely because wood5 build+s h be5 s mu* *eap]2 b cem5t1 concrete & brick are n[ manufactur$ mu* m *eaply1 on acc\nt ( improv$ me?ods1 :ile ! price ( lumb] has be5 increas+ rapidly4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ! value ( cem5t manufactures has increas$ ne>ly six times4 ,9 #aijj we us$ sev5ty p\nds ( cem5t = ea* p]son2 9 #aijg1 two hundr$ & tw5ty-eight p\nds4 ,! value ( brick & o!r products made f clay has d\bl$ 9 ! same p]iod & is n[ #afj1jjj1jjj1 :ile ! value ( build+-/one qu>ries is ?ree times z great z x 0 t5 ye>s ago4 ,!re are _m reasons :y ^! mat]ials %\ld take ! place ( wood2 z !y are /rong]1 m durable1 d n require pa9t1 & are s mu* less liable to loss by fire4 ,! wa/e ( m9]als us$ 9 build+ is due to improp] & reckless me?ods ( tak+ !m f ! gr\nd & prep>+ !m = m>ket & 9 c>eless me?ods 9 manufactur+4 ,( su* m9]als z qu>tz1 gr9d/one1 mill/one1 em]y /one1 m9]al pa9ts1 talc & salt1 !re seems to be en\gh to meet ! ne$s ( ! future z well z ! pres5t4 ,su* supplies z sulphur1 asphalt1 magnesia1 borax1 & asbe/os1 z well z coal & iron1 are n v pl5tiful4 ,if us$ c>elessly1 !y w be exhau/$ 9 a few ye>s2 if wisely1 !y may be expect$ to la/ beyond ! limits ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,our supplies ( quicksilv]1 antimony1 graphite1 mica1 t91 nickel1 plat9um1 & _m m9]als less well kn[n1 z well z our petroleum1 natural gas1 copp]1 gold1 silv]1 lead1 z9c1 & phosphate rock w be almo/ exhau/$ well )9 ! pres5t c5tury unless l>ge new deposits are discov]$4 ,,ref]5ces ,report ( ,national ,cons]vation ,commission4 ,! ,cons]vation ( ,m9]al ,res\rces4 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,reports4 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,production ( ,gold 9 #aijh4 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,reports4 ,production ( ,silv] 9 #aijh4 ,production ( ,lead 9 #aijh4 ,production ( ,z9c 9 #aijh4 ,production ( ,/ructural ,mat]ials4 ,ab\t tw5ty pamphlets on o!r m9]als4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,animal ,,foods ,,graz+ ,food is ( two classes3 vegetable1 :i* comes directly f ! e>?1 & animal1 :i* has f$ on vegetable life4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a m conc5trat$ =m ( food1 & mu* less ( x is ne$$ to su/a9 life4 ,= ! pl5tiful supply ( vegetable food we mu/ dep5d ^u ! f]tility ( ! soil1 z we h se54 ,our animal food c n be class$ among our natural res\rces1 b z a product ( !m1 & requires ! same c>e & wise use4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( our c\ntry natural animal food 0 abundant4 ,fi%es sw>m$ 9 ! sea1 lakes1 & /reams4 ,wild turkeys & o!r game birds1 de]1 & bison =m$ a l>ge "p ( ! food ( our =efa!rs4 ,b ^! h be5 gradually disappe>+4 ,we h caught & de/roy$ s _m fi% t we h only a fraction ( our =m] numb]4 ,! game birds h disappe>$ ei!r because !y h be5 kill$ 9 great numb]s or because _! ne/+-places h be5 de/roy$4 ,( ! big game no?+ is n[ left except 9 a few remote regions1 & x is gr[+ less pl5tiful ea* ye>4 ,al?\gh l>ge quantities ( fi% & game are m>ket$ e ye> at c]ta9 seasons1 !y =m a small fraction ( ! animal food requir$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & we mu/ n[ dep5d = mo/ ( our animal food1 n on t :i* 0 at fir/ giv5 u = a natural res\rce b on t rais$ by man4 ,! p\ltry--! *ick5s1 ducks1 geese & turkeys2 ! cattle1 beef & dairy1 ! hogs & ! %eep t are rais$ 9 su* va/ numb]s h tak5 ! place ( wild game4 ,! cultivat$ v>ieties h high] food value1 & are f> m satisfactory1 s9ce !y are ready = use at any "t4 ,! cons]vation ( our animal food res\rces pres5ts a diff]5t problem f any o!r4 ,x is true t we h wa/$ & exhau/$ our natural food supplies1 b we mu/ rememb] t to a c]ta9 ext5t _! pres]vation 0 nei!r possible nor desirable4 ,!y h be5 driv5 out by advanc+ civilization4 ,wild birds & animals leave z ! =e/s are cut out1 de/roy+ _! natural homes4 ,_m ( !m c n be kept 9 captivity1 s ?is supply nev] c\ld h be5 regulat$4 ,x 0 necess>y to de/roy "s ( !m to insure man's safety1 & o!rs 7 ne$$ = 8 use4 ,b we c take _! places ) o!r animals :i* are bett] fitt$ = our food1 & x is ! task ( keep+ up a suffici5t supply ( ^! on ! mo/ suitable l& & "u conditions t w yield ! be/ results1 t con/itutes ! problem ( ! cons]vation ( our animal food res\rces4 ,! rais+ ( p\ltry & live /ock on a l>ge scale is a sep>ate occupation1 usually foll[$ 9 a sci5tific mann] & x is n ( t indu/ry t we ne$ to speak1 b r ( ! b5efit to e f>m] & to ! dwell]s 9 small communities1 ( rais+ at lea/ a "p ( ! animal food us$ by ! family4 ,e f>m has "s bits ( unoccupi$ l& t c be f5c$ (f = p\ltry4 ,! glean+s f ! fields w supply _! food1 & !y w furni% meat & eggs = ! family ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ) en\gh left to sell to provide o!r com=ts4 ,live /ock1 cattle1 %eep & hogs1 z well z goats1 horses & mules1 are pr(itable to e f>m]4 ,_m f>ms h woodl&2 l& t ov]fl[s at "s seasons1 & s is unfit = rais+ crops2 or "s rocky unproductive l& :]e /ock c be rais$ m pr(itably ?an any?+ else1 & if e f>m] w\ld use all ! l& n suitable = f>m crops = pa/ure l& ! problem ( an abundant meat supply1 ( dairy products & ( f]tiliz]s to enri* ! soil w\ld be l>gely solv$4 ,"s f>m+ exp]ts advocate lett+ ea* field 9 turn be us$ = pa/ure e five ye>s1 because ! /ock rais$ on x is equal 9 value to any o!r f>m crop1 & because ! re/ & f]tilization almo/ d\ble ! value ( ! succe$+ ye>'s crop4 ,9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?we/ !re are l>ge tracts ( public l& untill$4 ,mu* ( ! l& c nev] be us$ = agricultural purposes1 because x is arid or m\nta9\s4 ,?is l& is well adapt$ to graz+ & ! gov]nm5t has all[$ free use ( x to /ockm5 z pa/ure l&s4 ,^! public pa/ure l&s are call$ ranges4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s :5 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry belong$ to ,mexico1 ! ranges 7 trav]s$ by ,indians & ,mexicans :o t5d$ ! h]ds ( wild cattle & horses1 rais$ mo/ly = _! hides4 ,b 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ! bus9ess has fall5 into ! h&s ( ,am]icans :o h introduc$ bett] bre$s ( high] value4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico !re are n[ on ! op5 ranges eight million %eep1 ne>ly ?ree million cattle & ne>ly a million horses1 wor? mu* m ?an "o hundr$ million doll>s4 ,wyom+ & ,utah h great %eep ranges & d mu* to keep up ! wool supply4 ,on ,texas1 ) its great cattle ranges1 we dep5d = a l>ge "p ( our beef & lea!r4 ,9 all ^! /ates :]e /ock is f$ on public l&1 !re are _m que/ions z to own]%ip ( animals1 rights ( rival rang]s1 & o!r po9ts to settle4 ,9 "s ( ^! /ates ! gov]nm5t has set aside national =e/ res]ves4 ,)9 ^! is mu* good graz+ l&4 ,9 ord] t ! gov]nm5t may h "s rev5ue f ! l&1 a regul> price has be5 set on ^! =e/ l&s4 ,! *>ge is =ty c5ts a ye> ea* = horses1 ?irty-five c5ts a ye> = cattle1 & twelve c5ts = %eep4 ,! l& is prop]ly divid$1 s t ea* k9d ( /ock has suitable pa/ure4 ,ea* p]son :o pays ?is tax is giv5 a c]ta9 range & no "o else is all[$ to use x4 ,!re is suffici5t pa/ure = ea* s t x ne$ n be too closely cropp$4 ,a man may lease ! same range ye> aft] ye>1 may put d[n wells to supply 8 /ock1 live on x1 & d _m ?+s to improve x4 ,! =e/ rang]s :o patrol ! =e/ to wat* = fires or = timb] ?ieves also protect ^! /ockm5 9 _! rights & prev5t tr\ble ab\t graz+ privileges4 ,outside ! =e/ res]ves ! graz+ is free1 b ! advantages (f]$ by ?is sy/em are s great t ne>ly all rang]s n[ wi% to use ! =e/ res]ves4 ,z ea* rang] has 8 l& assign$ to him & no "o else c use x1 ! grass is n ov]cropp$ z x (t5 is 9 regions outside ! =e/s4 ,if pa/ure is good1 s _m h]ds are pa/ur$ !re t soon ! grass is all trampl$ d[n & eat5 (f4 ,l>ge areas are s badly injur$ t x w n naturally resod itself4 ,cattle m5 are ask+ t ! same rules t apply to ! national =e/s be appli$ to o!r public l&s1 s t ! pa/urage may be improv$ & ea* man may h protection 9 8 rights4 ,if all graz+ l&s c\ld be ?us leas$1 x w\ld give ! bus9ess a f> m p]man5t "*1 bett] bre$s ( /ock w\ld be rais$1 & individual own]s w\ld direct _! ef=ts to improv+ bo? /ock & pa/ure1 aft] ! mann] ( /ock rais]s on private l&s4 ,s l>ge a "p ( our animal food1 our wool1 our lea!r & _m small] ne$s dep5d on ?is indu/ry1 t e ef=t %\ld be made to enc\rage x1 & to provide ! wise/ laws & be/ me?ods bo? = cons]v+ & develop+ x4 ,9 conclusion x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is mak+ a /udy ( food birds & animals 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & try+ to dome/icate !m1 to add to ! v>iety ( our food supply4 ,! quail1 ! gold5 pheasant & "s species ( gr\se among birds1 & two or ?ree species ( de]1 includ+ ! re9de]1 appe> to be adapt$ to dome/ic life 9 ?is c\ntry1 & may1 be=e _m ye>s1 become a "p ( ! animal indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,fi%]ies ,"o :o has nev] se5 ! big cat*es ( fi% br\ght 9 by a mack]el fleet or visit$ a :olesale fi% m>ket c h little idea ( ! importance ( t indu/ry1 nor ( ! imm5se am\nt ( food t is tak5 f ! wat]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates e ye>4 ,! ^w fi% is made to include n only fi% prop]1 b oy/]s1 clams1 scallops1 lob/]s1 crabs1 %rimps1 & turtles4 ,fi% is lik$ by mo/ p]sons1 is m easily dige/$ ?an meat & is n\ri%+4 ,z a food res\rce1 x is diff]5t 9 _m respects f any o!r4 ,x does n exhau/ ! soil1 nor take f ! e>? any?+ ( value1 ! food ( fi%es consi/+ ( wat] plants & animals t are n us$ by man 9 any o!r way4 ,fi% also purify ! wat] 9 :i* !y live1 & s cause a great1 ?\gh indirect1 b5efit4 ,x is s pla9ly ! wise ?+1 !n1 to keep our riv]s /ock$ ) fi% & to use !m = food only1 t x seems t ?is valuable res\rce has be5 m s]i\sly & unnecess>ily wa/$ ?an any o!r4 ,fi% are wa/$ on inl& /reams 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7#a7 ,by dynamit+4 ,if a *>ge ( dynamite be explod$ on ! b$ ( ! riv]1 great numb]s ( fi%1 kill$ by ! %ock1 rise to ! top ( ! wat] & c be tak54 ,?is practice 0 q common at "o "t1 b is n[ prohibit$ by law 9 sev]al /ates4 7#b7 ,by se9+4 ,a se9e or net is plac$ entirely across ! /ream1 & all ! fi% :i* come d[n ! /ream are caught4 ,9 sev]al /ates se9+ is n all[$ at all4 ,9 o!rs x is all[$ only at c]ta9 seasons4 ,& 9 /ill o!rs ! me%es ( ! se9e mu/ be l>ge en\gh to all[ all fi% bel[ a c]ta9 size to slip ?r\gh4 7#c7 ,by cat*+ ) a hook1 7angl+7 m fi% ?an c be us$ or cat*+ small fi% & !n ?r[+ !m away4 ,?is is a v common cu/om among sportsm51 b %\ld be prohibit$ by law4 ,f a c]ta9 small inl& lake1 x is said t dur+ ! entire season an av]age ( five ?\s& fi% a day is tak54 ,^! are almo/ all caught by summ] resid5ts1 & x is unlikely t a l>ge p] c5t4 ( !m are eat54 ,9 a few ye>s ! lake w be exhau/$1 & w cease to furni% fi% = ! p ( ! community1 & !re w1 ( c\rse1 be no m fi%+ = ! sportsm54 ,equal wa/e is go+ on all ?r\gh ! summ] at e resort :]e good fi%+ is to be _h4 ,"s /ates h laws regulat+ ! size ( ! fi% t may be caught & ! numb] t "o p]son may take 9 "o day1 & all /ates %\ld h su* laws4 7#d7 ,! wor/ wa/e ( our fi% is caus$ by turn+ l>ge quantities ( sewage or refuse f factories into /reams4 ,all ! fi% = miles up & d[n a riv] are (t5 de/roy$ 9 ?is way4 ,z we h se51 ?is is only "o ( ! bad results ( all[+ su* refuse to dra9 into /reams2 e /ate %\ld h /rict laws prohibit+ x4 ,f ! wat]s ( ! ,new ,engl& /ates m ?an five hundr$ & tw5ty-eight millions ( fi% are tak5 ea* ye>4 ,"h are ! great cod1 mack]el1 & h]r+ fi%]ies4 ,f ! ,middle ,atlantic /ates1 ! great region = oy/]s1 lob/]s & o!r sea food1 come eight hundr$ & tw5ty million m2 "o hundr$ & six million come f ! ,s\? ,atlantic /ates2 "o hundr$ & ?irte5 million1 includ+ ! mu* s\ght t>pon & r$ snapp]s1 come f ! ,gulf /ates2 two hundr$ & sev5te5 million are caught 9 ! ,pacific /ates1 includ+ ! great salmon cat*es2 n9ety-six millions are tak5 f ! ,mississippi ,riv] & its tribut>ies1 & "o hundr$ & sixty-six millions1 l>gely salmon1 f ,alaska4 ,! ,great ,lakes1 ) _! pick]el1 & o!r f9e fre%-wat] fi% furni% "o hundr$ & ?irte5 millions & ! small inl& wat]s at lea/ five millions m4 ,:5 !y are tak5 f ! wat]s ! #b1afi1jjj1jjj p\nds ( fi% caught 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are wor? #eh1jjj1jjj1 b by cann+1 salt+1 & o!r processes ( pres]v+1 ! value is greatly increas$4 ,=tunately1 !re is a me?od ( cons]v+ our supply ( fi% & n only prev5t+ x f gr[+ less1 b ( greatly increas+ ! numb] & improv+ ! quality4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has a ?or\ghly well organiz$ fi% commission1 & _m /ates & c\nties & ev5 private clubs c>ry on ! same "w1 :i* is a g5]al sup]vision ( ! fi% supply4 ,! gov]nm5t ma9ta9s /ations :i* are regul>ly engag$ 9 hat*+ fi%1 keep+ !m until ! greate/ dang] ( _! be+ de/roy$ is pa/1 & !n plac+ !m 9 v>i\s /reams all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,^! fi% are always ( good food v>ieties1 & are c>efully select$ to insure ! k9d be/ suit$ to ! /ream1 z to :e!r x is w>m or cold1 deep or %all[1 cle> or muddy1 fre% or salt1 sl[ & placid1 or swift & turbul5t1 = ea* k9d ( /ream has c]ta9 v>ieties ( fi% t are especially adapt$ to x4 ,) all ^! ?+s tak5 into acc\nt1 /ock+ only ) ! be/ food v>ieties1 if a /ate has laws :i* require t a /ream be kept free f sewage & refuse1 t no t9y fi% be tak5 f ! wat]1 & t only a /at$ numb] c be tak5 9 a day by a s+le p]son1 hundr$s ( small /reams1 ponds & res]voirs all ov] ! c\ntry may be made to yield food supplies = ! entire community ne> by4 ,gov]nor ,d5e51 ( ,ill9ois1 9 urg+ t /reams be improv$ = navigation1 says1 ,no e/imate ( ! b5efits to fl[ f /ream developm5t w\ld be complete )\t allusion to ! fi%]ies :i* h be5 e/abli%$ on ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 l>gely by re/ock+ ) fi% f hat*]ies4 ,! fi%]ies locat$ on t /ream are second 9 value only to ^? ( ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,our exp]i5ce ?us f> indicates t ! food res\rces ( ! wat] may be br\ght up 9 value to ^? ( ! l&4 ,! ,ill9ois valley conta9s #hj1jjj acres ( wat] area & yields a fi% product wor? t5 doll>s an acre ea* ye>1 v ne>ly all pr(it4 ,! av]age value ( ! l& product ne> by is a little less ?an twelve doll>s an acre1 & ! labor1 co/ ( se$+1 & exhau/ion ( f]tilization ( ! l& mu/ all be c\nt$ be=e !re c be a pr(it4 ,9 #aijh ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission di/ribut$ ne>ly two & a half billion ( "y fi% & half a million fi% eggs4 ,^! 7 su* excell5t v>ieties z salmon1 %ad1 tr\t1 bass1 :ite fi%1 p]*1 cod1 flat fi% & lob/]s4 ,! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies has its fi%-hat*+ /ations1 its boats = cat*+ fi% 9 nets & its tank c>s = c>ry+ ! "y fi% & eggs to ! /reams t are to be /ock$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important "w is int]e/+ly describ$ 9 a hi/ory ( ! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies issu$ 9 #aijh4 ,among o!r ?+s x tells ( ! lob/] indu/ry 9 bo? ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans4 ,lob/]s are n f\nd naturally 9 ! ,pacific1 b %ipm5ts ( lob/]s h be5 made f ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,at ! la/ %ipm5t1 aft] c>ry+ !m across ! cont95t pack$ 9 seawe$1 m ?an a ?\s& lob/]s 7 safely plac$ on ! b$ ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,on ! ,atlantic coa/ ! lob/]s 7 rapidly disappe>+ :5 ! "w ( artificial plant+ ( "y lob/]s & eggs began4 ,! results c be se5 n[1 = m lob/]s are be+ caught ea* ye>1 & ! price to us]s is gr[+ less z ! supply becomes m pl5tiful4 ,! %ad & ! salmon are consid]$ ! f9e/ ( all fi% = eat+4 ,bo? are salt-wat] fi% & bo? h ! habit ( go+ "s di/ance up fre%-wat] riv]s to lay _! eggs4 ,no eggs are ev] laid 9 salt wat]4 ,! "m fi% goes up beyond :]e ! tide comes 91 s t ! baby fi% may h fre% wat]1 :i* is necess>y = !m4 ,salmon & %ad are nev] caught 9 ! sea1 b 9 ! riv]s1 :]e !y g 9 l>ge numb]s to lay _! eggs 9 ! spr+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 means ! de/ruction ( bo? fi% & eggs1--! pres5t & future supply4 ,%ad eggs1 or roe are sold 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies has plant$ ?ree ?\s& millions ( "y %ad 9 /reams along ! coa/1 & ! eggs f :i* ^! fi% 7 hat*$ 7 all tak5 f fi% t _h be5 caught = m>ket1 & w\ld h be5 totally lo/ if ! ,bureau _h n collect$ !m f ! fi%]m54 ,%ad h be5 plant$ 9 ! ,sacram5to & ,columbia ,riv]s fl[+ into ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,f ^! two s\rces !y h spread until n[ !y are f\nd z f> s\? z ,los ,angeles1 & z f> nor? z ,alaska1 a coa/ l9e ( #d1jjj miles1 & x is said t m %ad c\ld n[ be caught 9 ! ,sacram5to & ,columbia ,riv]s ?an 9 any o!r wat] c\rses4 ,9 addition to supply+ ! /reams ) "y fi%1 x is necess>y to leave a "p ( ea* riv] cle> s t "s ( ! fi% may f9d _! way up-/ream to deposit _! eggs4 ,! salmon h be5 almo/ driv5 out f ! wat]s ( ,new ,engl&1 except 9 ! ,p5obscot ,riv]1 :]e !y h be5 kept by ! wat*fulness ( ! ,fi%]ies ,bureau4 ,x is believ$ t ! entire salmon indu/ry 9 ,ma9e w\ld be wip$ out 9 five ye>s if fi% culture %\ld cease1 & 9 ! ,we/1 :]e ! dra9 on ! salmon = cann+ purposes is s heavy1 artificial plant+ is us$ v l>gely to keep up ! supply4 ,! exp]im5ts ) oy/]s are full ( int]e/4 ,9 ,*esapeake ,bay1 :]e ! be/ natural oy/] b$s 7 f\nd1 ! dem&s on !m 7 s great t ! supply began to fail4 ,9 #aijd only a little m ?an "o-f\r? z _m 7 produc$ z 9 #ahhj4 ,! natural oy/] b$s 7 !n m>k$ & set aside z public fi%+ gr\nds4 ,^! are to be us$ by :oev] wi%es b "u /rict protective rules4 ,all o!r ocean b$s may be plant$ ) oy/]s by any "o :o leases ! privilege f ! /ate1 & ! "r to collect ! oy/]s f a c]ta9 b$ belongs to ! p]son :o leases x z fully z does prop]ty on l&4 ,l\isiana _h a small numb] ( natural b$s4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago ! plant+ ( oy/] b$s began1 & soon #bj1jjj acres _h be5 plant$4 ,conditions 7 p>ticul>ly favorable1 & )9 two ye>s aft] ! eggs or spawn 7 plac$ x 0 f\nd t oy/]s ?ree & a half to f\r in*es 9 size _h gr[n 9 quantities ( #a1jjj to #b1jjj bu%els p] acre4 ,= a long "t x has be5 ! cu/om ( fi%]m5 to fatt5 _! oy/]s by transplant+ !m to new b$s :]e ! food is abundant1 & 9 a %ort "t ! oy/]s are mu* plump]1 x takes few] ( !m to make a qu>t & !y also sell at a high] price1 because !y are ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,^! ri* food b$s are n pl5tiful1 & _m deal]s are compell$ to put small oy/]s on ! m>ket4 ,! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies has made a /udy ( ^! food b$s1 & by us+ f]tiliz]1 su* z f>m]s use on _! l&1 h be5 able to make su* b$s ( sea-plants gr[ :]e !y d n naturally exi/4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ only a %ort "t1 b ! results h be5 entirely satisfactory1 & x is hop$ t be=e long1 ri* oy/] b$s may be made to gr[ 9 any "p ( ! ocean :]e oy/]s w ?rive4 ,9 ! ,great ,lakes ! fi%+ is s heavy t x is probable t ! supply ( p]* & :ite fi% w\ld be v l[ by ?is "t if fi%-culture _h n be5 c>ri$ on to s great an ext5t4 ,:ite fi%1 lake tr\t1 pike & p]* may be hat*$ 9 su* l>ge numb]s z to keep ! fi%]ies up to _! pres5t yield4 ,ano!r important "w ( ! ,fi%]ies ,bureau is to keep up ! supply ( cod = ! great fi%]ies on ! ,new ,engl& coa/4 ,= ! la/ tw5ty ye>s pr(itable %ore cod fi%]y has be5 kept up on gr\nds t _h be5 entirely exhau/$ be=e & also :]e cod _h nev] be5 f\nd be=e4 ,at ! :>ves1 gov]nm5t (fic]s f ! ,fi%]ies ,bureau bo>d ! fi%+ boats :5 !y come 9 & take ! eggs f ! fi%4 ,^! are tak5 to ! gov]nm5t hat*]y & ei!r ! eggs or ! "y fi% are put back into ! sea1 & s keep up an un5d+ supply4 ,alaska is "o ( ! mo/ important fi%+ regions ( ! _w4 ,= ?is entire ,t]ritory1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates paid ,russia #g1bjj1jjj & _m ?\ght t ! money 0 practically ?r[n away1 s9ce x app>5tly b\ght = u no?+ b b>r51 ice-b\nd %ores4 ,b s9ce x became a "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,alaska has yield$ fi%]y products alone am\nt+ 9 value to #aeh1jjj1jjj--tw5ty-two & a half times ! price paid4 ,( ?is1 #di1jjj1jjj came f ! fur seal fi%]y1 #hf1jjj1jjj f salmon & #bc1jjj1jjj f o!r fi%4 ,ab\t #a1ejj1jjj wor? ( sponges are n[ tak5 f ,florida wat]s ea* ye>4 ,naturally ! failure ( ! indu/ry w\ld be a s]i\s loss to ! /ate4 ,b ! natural sponge b$s are be+ rapidly exhau/$1 & ! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies is conv9c$ t ! cont9uation ( ! sponge fi%]ies mu/ dep5d on artificial plant+4 ,sponges c be produc$ f cutt+s at a co/ mu* less ?an t ( tak+ !m f ! natural b$s4 ,rhode ,isl& has be5 successful 9 cultivat+ s(t-%ell clams & 9 increas+ ! area ( its clam b$s4 ,! ,mississippi & its bran*es are subject to great floods 9 ! e>ly spr+ & occasionally 9 summ]4 ,aft] ^! floods millions ( fi%es are left 9 small pools "s di/ance back f ! riv]4 ,^! pools gradually dry up2 ! l>g] fi%es are caught & ! small] ones die4 ,! /ate & ,national ,fi% ,commissions are n[ collect+ ^! fi%es 9 l>ge numb]s1 & us+ !m to /ock ponds & riv]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y are us$ to supply _m p>ts ( ! ,we/ & ,s\? & !re is mu* great] dem& = !m ?an ! ,commissions c meet4 ,n t !re is a lack ( fi%1 = millions are left to wa/e because ! ,commissions c n di/ribute !m rapidly en\gh to save !m4 ,if l>ge /orage ponds c\ld be e/abli%$ to collect & keep ! fi% dur+ ! flood season1 s t all ! "t might be sp5t 9 collect+ fi% dur+ ! ov]fl[1 & !y c\ld be s5t out lat]1 ! am\nt ( fi% sav$ w\ld be increas$ _m fold4 ,! fi% ?us sav$ are be+ made to s]ve ano!r useful purpose4 ,pe>l buttons are made f ! %ells ( mussels or fre%-wat] clams4 ,?is bus9ess1 :i* is n[ wor? #e1jjj1jjj1 c n la/ _m ye>s unless "s means ( increas+ ! supply ( mussels c be devis$4 ,n[ ^! m51 :o are always /udy+ new plans1 h ?\ght ( a wond]ful way 9 :i* to let ! fi% help 9 c>ry+ on ?is "w4 ,!y obta9 ! mussel eggs1 & :5 !y are hat*$ place !m 9 ! pools ) ! fi% f ! ov]fl[$ l&s4 ,! t9y mussel l>v atta* !mselves to ! fi% & are c>ri$ to ! riv]s & ponds ) ! fi%4 ,soon !y are ready to drop to ! bottom & f9d food = !mselves4 ,9 ?is way #be1jjj1jjj mussels 7 c>ri$ la/ ye> to /reams :]e mussels are kn[n to ?rive4 ,if ^! mussel-be>+ fi% c be obta9$ by f>m]s hav+ private fi% ponds1 ! ponds c be dra9$ ea* ye> & ! mussels ga!r$1 ?us add+ consid]ably to ! own]'s income1 & also keep+ up ! pe>l button indu/ry1 9 addition to ! food supply :i* he ga9s f ! fi%4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ cle>ly h[ desirable & h[ possible x is to cons]ve & increase our fi% supplies4 ,) ! cop]ation ( all :o wa/e ! fi% at pres5t1 & ^? :o might aid 9 /ock+ ! /reams1 we c\ld add greatly to ! food supply ( ! nation at a less co/ ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,,ref]5ces ,graz+ ,l&s4 ,report ,national ,cons]vation ,commission4 ,graz+ on ! ,public ,l&s4 7,ja/ro47 ,report ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,! ,graz+ ,l&s & ,public ,=e/s ( ,arizona4 7,he>d47 ,report ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,graz+ ,problems 9 ! ,s\?we/ & ,h[ to ,meet ,!m4 ,bullet91 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #e;c4 ,reports ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,di/ribution ( ,fi% & ,fi% ,eggs4 ,dept4 ,comm]ce & ,labor4,b ,footnote ,b3 ,all ,bureau & ,commission reports are free4 ,reports ( ! ,commission ( ,fi%]ies4 ,national ,fi%]ies ,congress4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,insects ,if we look at a wat*1 we see t "o :eel c n move until ! "o next 9 ord] to x moves1 & t1 9 turn1 mu/ be set 9 motion by ano!r :eel4 ,9 ! same way nature adju/s itself 9 its v>i\s p>ts4 ,be=e man ent]s a region1 ! balance is p]fect4 ,plants cr[d ea* o!r out ( ! way1 ! weak] giv+ place to ! /rong]2 !n insects come to de/roy !m4 ,^! insects are de/roy$ by birds1 small mammals or o!r insects4 ,! birds are kill$ by animals & o!r birds1 :i* 9 turn are ! food ( l>g] animals4 ,& s ?r\gh all nature runs ?is law ( balance2 no?+ increases 9 too great a proportion4 ,b :5 man comes1 he ?9ks only ( 8 own ne$s & wi%es & beg9s at once to upset ! delicate balance4 ,ye> aft] ye>1 he plants l>ge fields ( a s+le crop1 &1 call+ o!r plants we$s1 because !y h9d] ! gr[? ( 8 gra91 he drives !m out entirely4 ,! insects t fe$ on ^! plants1 f9d+ no food1 soon disappe>1 :ile ! ones :i* fe$ on ! f>m]s' crops1 f9d+ food s pl5tiful1 are able to increase 9 great numb]s4 ,!y increase all ! m rapidly because man1 n kn[+ or n c>+ to "k :o 8 real help]s are1 has kill$ & driv5 away ! birds t w\ld fe$ on !m4 ,9 ord] to readju/ matt]s1 he mu/ le>n h[ to de/roy ! insects1 or he c n h crops4 ,bo? ! plant enemies1 ! we$s1 & ! insects are always try+ to br+ ab\t nature's balance aga9 by driv+ out ! ov]-abundant field crop1 s he mu/ con/antly fight !m 9 ord] to secure 8 h>ve/4 ,9 no c\ntry is m h>m done by insects ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! losses to live /ock & to plants1 bo? gr[+ & /or$1 result+ f insects are great] ?an all ! exp5ses ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t1 includ+ ! p5sion roll & ! ye>ly ma9t5ance ( ! army & navy4 ,imm5se z is ! value ( our f>m products1 x w\ld be mu* great] if x 7 n = ! "w ( ^! insects4 ,c>eful calculations indicate t ?is loss w am\nt to n less ?an ! enorm\s sum ( #a1ajj1jjj1jjj annually & probably f> m4 ,! loss is usually e/imat$ at t5 p] c5t4 ( ! crop1 b (t5 is mu* heavi] ?an ?is1 & _m indirect losses are n tak5 into acc\nt 9 ?is table1 ?\gh we %all speak ( !m lat]4 ,mo/ insects pass ?r\gh f\r /ages3 7#a7 ! egg2 7#b7 ! worm or l>v2 7#c7 ! *rysalis1 cocoon1 or pupa2 7#d7 ! full-gr[n insect or imago4 ,butt]flies1 mo?s & beetles are examples ( insects 9 ?is la/ /age4 ,z eggs1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 h>mless1 & dur+ ! *rysalis /ate !y lie p]fectly inactive & are h>mless1 b _m ( !m are v de/ructive :5 !y are worms or l>v1 o!rs d mo/ injury 9 ! full-gr[n /ate4 ,! insects t man has mo/ reason to dread are3 7#a7 ,plant-lice1 t9y insects ) s(t bodies1 usually gre54 ,!y atta* !mselves to ! /ems & leaves ( plants & suck _! juices1 leav+ !m to wilt & die4 ,!y are f\nd on _m k9ds ( plants--on corn1 :eat & o!r gra9s4 ,!y also fl\ri% on g>d5 vegetables & fl[]s4 7#b7 ,scale insects4 ,^! are flat & appe> to be only a scale on ! /em or fruit4 ,!y are usually cov]$ ) a h>d cru/-l cov]+ & are f\nd on trees & bu%es4 ,!y are usually ! color ( ! b>k on :i* !y are f\nd4 7#c7 ,worms & cat]pill>s are s(t-bodi$1 ! bodies be+ 9 segm5ts1 & ei!r smoo? or cov]$ ) %ort bri/ly hair4 ,!y sp5d ne>ly all _! "t 9 eat+1 & d imm5se damage to ! foliage ( trees & vegetables & to fruit4 ,! adult is a mo? or cat]pill>4 ,?is class is among ! f>m]'s wor/ insect enemies4 7#d7 ,bor]s attack trees & t\gh-/emm$ plants4 ,! eggs are laid on ! /ems1 & aft] hat*+1 ! l>v bore into ! /em or "u ! b>k1 caus+ ! foliage to wilt & die4 ,we are all famili> ) :at we call worm-eat5 wood1 ) canals t h be5 eat5 by ^! bor]s runn+ ?r\gh x 9 all directions4 ,?is completely ru9s "s ( ! be/ =e/ trees = lumb]1 & makes "o ( ! greate/ losses ( ! =e/s4 7#e7 ,beetles are insects 9 ! adult /ate4 ,!y h h>d1 %9y w+-cov]s4 ,_m ( ! bor]s are beetles1 & !re are o!r v>ieties :i* d great damage1 ?\gh o!r k9ds are useful to man 9 de/roy+ h>mful insects4 7#f7 ,bugs h _! m\? p>ts prolong$ into a %>p beak ) :i* !y puncture ! sk9 or b>k1 in/ead ( *ew+ ! leaves1 z d beetles4 ,flies1 gnats1 & o!r simil> insects d n usually injure vegetation s mu* z d "s o!r classes ( insects1 ! pr9cipal damage be+ done to fruits2 b !y h be5 f\nd to be ! cause ( "s ( ! mo/ s]i\s diseases 9 bo? man & ! l[] animals4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture divides ! injuries done by insects into classes accord+ to ! products injur$1 & 9 ! li/ !y place fir/ ! injury done to c]eal crops4 ,! insects :i* damage ! corn crop mo/ s]i\sly are ! corn-root worm1 :i* fe$s on ! roots ( "y corn1 caus+ x to fall ov] & die1 & :i* sometimes takes ! :ole corn crop ( a l>ge region4 ,! next mo/ important is ! boll-worm or e>-worm4 ,mo/ p]sons h se5 ?is worm 9 ! e>s ( sweet corn2 n9ety e>s out ( e hundr$ conta9 a worm :i* de/roys f "o-t5? to "o-half ! corn4 ,"s ye>s e e> 9 l>ge regions is infe/$4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! field corn is attack$ z badly z ! sweet corn1 b 9 ! great corn /ates ! injury is mu* less4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! total loss is v great4 ,almo/ equally important is ! damage wr\ght by ! *9*-bug1 :i* is also "o ( ! greate/ pe/s 9 :eat & oats4 ,e ye> 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 bill-bugs1 wire-worms1 cutworms1 corn/alk bor]s1 locu/s1 gras%opp]s1 corn plant-lice & o!r insects1 de/roy millions ( bu%els ( corn4 ,( ! c]eal crops1 :eat suff]s mo/ f insects4 ,( ! l>ge numb] ( insects t attack :eat1 ! ?ree important species are ! ,hessian fly1 ! *9*-bug & ! gra9 plant-l\se or gre5-bug4 ,! ,hessian fly has be5 kn[n to de/roy z mu* z sixty p] c5t4 ( all ! :eat acreage ( a /ate4 ,=tunately1 ?is damage is done e>ly 9 ! ye>1 s t :5 :ole fields are de/roy$ !y c be replant$ ) o!r crops & only ! co/ ( se$ & labor is to be c\nt$ z a loss4 ,b m (t5 ! field is only p>tly de/roy$ by ! fly2 x is n necess>y to replant1 b ! yield is small1 (t5 n m ?an "o-?ird4 ,"s ye>s ! loss f ! ,hessian fly is v heavy1 at o!r times comp>atively light1 yet !re are few ye>s :5 ! loss is less ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( ! total crop f ?is insect alone1--:i* meant la/ ye> a loss ( #gb1ejj1jjj bu%els4 ,! *9*-bug is responsible = ! loss ( five p] c5t41 or "o bu%el out ( e tw5ty4 ,x attacks ! /raw1 caus+ ! heads ( :eat to fall ov] & )] away4 ,! injury done by ! gre5-bug comes j z ! :eat beg9s to rip51 ! t9y gre5 creatures atta*+ !mselves 9 great numb]s to ! heads ( ! :eat4 ,o!r insects :i* prey on ! :eat crop are gras%opp]s1 ! :eat midge1 cutworms & army-worms4 ,if x 7 n = ! attacks ( ^! v>i\s pe/s ! :eat crop w\ld be at lea/ "o-fif? l>g] ?an x is4 ,in/ead ( #gbe1jjj1jjj bu%els1 x w\ld be #hgj1jjj1jjj2 :i*1 ) :eat at a doll> a bu%el1 am\nts to a loss ( ne>ly #aej1jjj1jjj4 ,fur!r1 ! _w loses all ?is valuable bread-/uff4 ,oats1 rye & b>ley suff] f> less ?an :eat f insect ravages b !y are all attack$ by ! same insects1 & on ! :ole1 mu* damage is done to !m ea* ye>4 ,hay1 clov]1 & alfalfa h _! enemies :i* de/roy a consid]able "p ( ! crops4 ,! locu/s & cat]pill>s1 ! army-worms & cutworms are ! be/ kn[n1 b ! t9y leaf-hopp]s1 :i* spr+ up at e /ep z we walk across ! pa? or lawn1 & ! web-worms & grass-worms & grubs :i* "w ab\t ! roots ( ! plants all d _! "p 9 l[]+ ! production4 ,! pr9cipal insect enemies ( cotton are ! cotton boll-weevil1 ! boll-worm1 ! cotton r$ spid]1 & ! cotton-leaf worm4 ,! control ( ! boll-weevil is consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s problems confront+ ! agricultural m5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>s aft] its introduction1 x r$uc$ ! cotton crop fully fifty p] c5t41 & 0 ! cause1 n only ( s]i\s loss to ! f>m]s1 b ( ! clos+ ( ! cotton mills 9 ,new ,engl&1 ( a sc>city ( cotton clo? & a decid$ rise 9 its price4 ,! boll-weevil is a beetle ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,?is little beetle eats into ! he>t ( ea* boll1 :i* soon falls to ! gr\nd4 ,! cotton-leaf worm =m]ly caus$ heavy damage1 z mu* z #bj1jjj1jjj to #cj1jjj1jjj a ye>1 b ! loss has be5 greatly r$uc$ by ! w> :i* f>m]s h wag$ aga9/ x4 ,x is /ill e/imat$ at f #e1jjj1jjj to #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,! boll-worm is *iefly de/ructive 9 ! ,s\?we/ & does damage to ! ext5t ( #ab1jjj1jjj4 ,all 9 all no article ( comm]ce is m s]i\sly affect$ by insect ravages ?an cotton1 on acc\nt ( its necessity1 & ! fact t x c be rais$ only 9 c]ta9 regions4 ,tobacco is "o ( ! pr9cipal crops 9 sev]al /ates & x suff]s heavily f insect damage4 ,! l>ge1 %[y tobacco-worm & ! t9y tobacco-?rips cause s]i\s injury to ! leaves4 ,sug>-cane has its insect enemies :i* take on an av]age "o /alk out ( e t5 rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & r$uce ! crop 9 ! same proportion4 ,! cranb]ry is ano!r valuable comm]cial plant t has be5 greatly affect$ by an insect kn[n z ! cranb]ry fruit worm1 b by spray+1 gr[]s h be5 able to r$uce ! damage f sixty p] c5t4 d[n to f\rte5 p] c5t4 ,g>d5 vegetables suff] m ?an any?+ else f insects4 ,potatoes are attack$ by two species ( insects1 bo? de/ructive unless held 9 *eck4 ,"o is ! r$di% br[n bli/]-beetle4 ,! eggs are laid on ! gr\nd1 & d n become adult insects until ! second ye>4 ,! o!r is ! /rip$ ,colorado beetle1 ! eggs ( :i* are laid on ! "u side ( ! leaves1 & develop into adults 9 a %ort "t4 ,two broods ( ?is beetle develop 9 a s+le season4 ,?us x may be se5 t ! two are entirely diff]5t1 ?\gh !y are (t5 suppos$ to be ! same4 ,! ,colorado beetle1 by ! imm5se damage x 0 do+ to a necess>y food crop1 fir/ l$ to a regul> me?od ( fight+ insects 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is potato-bug is n fe>$ z x 0 9 ! pa/1 s9ce f>m]s h le>n$ to control x 9 a great measure1 b !y h only be5 able to less5 ! evil1 nev] to drive x out completely4 ,o!r insects t de/roy g>d5 vegetables are ! well-kn[n gre5 cabbage-worm1 ! h>lequ9 cabbage-bug1 ! cabbage hairworm1 ! asp>agus-beetle1 ! squa%-bug1 ! squa%-v9e bor]1 ! /rip$ cucumb] or melon beetle1 ! melon aphis1 ! corn boll-worm1 ! corn/alk bor] & _m o!rs4 ,9 addition to ^! insects t attack special plants1 all vegetables are prey$ on by ! grub-worm1 ! cutworm1 ! aphis & v>i\s t9y hopp]s4 ,! grub-worms :i* "w ab\t ! roots ( plants are1 9 ! adult /ate1 ! ,june-bugs or cock-*af]s :i* fly ab\t our lights 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 & :i* !mselves d consid]able damage by eat+ leaves ( trees & bu%es4 ,or*>ds & small fruits suff] heavily f insect pe/s1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! direct loss & on acc\nt ( ! exp5sive treatm5t4 ,!re are sev]al hundr$ insects :i* ravage fruit trees1 attack+ ! roots1 trunk1 foliage & fruit4 ,among ^! are ! scales1 ( :i* !re are _m species1 b ( :i* ! mo/ widely kn[n & dread$ is ! ,san ,jose scale1 s call$ because ,san ,jose1 ,cali=nia1 0 its />t+ place 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is ! only "o ( ! scales :i*1 if n *eck$1 w1 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 completely de/roy ! tree on :i* x fe$s4 ,x attacks ! citrus fruits1 orange1 lemon1 grape-fruit1 & ! apple1 pe>1 & pea* z well z small fruits1 p>ticul>ly currants4 ,among ! _m v>ieties t d s]i\s damage are ! black olive scale1 plum scale1 hickory scale1 locu/ scale1 fro/$ black scale1 r$ oak scale1 ! cottony maple scale1 gre$y scale & oy/] %ell scale4 ,! woolly aphis injures ! roots ( our fruit trees2 ! trunk & limb bor]s1 ! pea* tree bor]1 ! apple bor]1 all /& ready to assail ! life ( ! entire tree4 ,! v>i\s leaf worms attack ! life ( ! tree also4 ,! grape-leaf skeletoniz] eats e p>ticle ( gre5 f ! leaves1 leav+ only ! ve9s4 ,! cank]-worms & ! de/ructive t5t-cat]pill>s also cause ! dea? ( _m fruit trees4 ,( insects :i* attack ! fruit1 ! li/ is long4 ,! codl+-mo? ( ! apple causes a great] money loss ?an any o!r enemy ( fruits4 ,v>i\s e/imates ( ! loss h be5 made1 & 9 g5]al x is believ$ t x causes ! loss ( "o-f\r? to "o-half ( ! apple crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* ye>4 ,! plum-curculio attacks ne>ly all /one fruits4 ,its natural food plant is probably ! native wild plum1 & ! plum cont9ues to be its favorite food1 consequ5tly ?is fruit suff]s mo/ f ! attacks ( ! insect4 ,9 ye>s ( %ort crops v little fruit rema9s on ! tree to rip54 ,b pea*es1 apricots & *]ries also suff] heavily1 & apples & pe>s 9 a less degree4 ,! insects :i* injure ! h>dwood =e/ trees are pr9cipally ! leaf-eat]s1 su* z ! gypsy & br[n tail mo?s1 :i* h almo/ /ripp$ ! ,new ,engl& %ade trees1 & done great damage to ! =e/s2 ! elm leaf beetles & ! num]\s bor]s1 bo? beetles & grubs1 :i* f eggs laid 9 or j b5ea? ! b>k1 hat* into l>v :i* burr[ into ! wood1 de/roy+ its usefulness = lumb]4 ,among ! bor]s :i* d mo/ injury 9 de/roy+ valuable timb] are ! hickory-b>k beetle1 ! b>k-bor+ grubs :i* kill oak1 *e/nut1 bir* & popl> trees1 ! locu/ bor]1 ! *e/nut timb]-worm & ! ,columbian timb] beetle4 ,all ^! repres5t ! loss f insects to ! gr[+ product2 b :5 x is /or$1 !re is seem+ly no less dang] ( attack by a diff]5t class ( insects4 ,^! include gra9 weevils & beetles1 fl\r-mo?s1 ! small fruit & v9eg> flies1 buffalo-mo?s & doz5s ( o!rs4 ,aft] ^! comes ! loss to man & animals f insects4 ,! cattle tick alone1 ?r\gh ! dread$ ,texas fev]1 causes a loss ( f #aj1jjj1jjj to #ce1jjj1jjj 9 v>i\s ye>s4 ,! ox w>ble also preys on cattle & causes a loss ( probably #c1jjj1jjj m4 ,! buffalo-gnats1 gadflies1 & o!r flies d on ! :ole a l>ge am\nt ( damage ea* ye>4 ,man has only discov]$ 9 rec5t ye>s h[ s]i\s a factor 9 8 own heal? z well z com=t1 is ! insect life ab\t him4 ,?is subject is m fully treat$ "u ! subject ( heal?1 s = ! pres5t we ne$ only say t flies1 mosquitos & o!r insects are suppos$ to cause "s ( our mo/ s]i\s diseases1 & to be ! indirect cause ( ! loss ( hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s & _m human lives ea* ye>4 ,hav+ ?us summ$ up ! damage done by insects1 let u see :at may be done to prev5t _! spread & if possible drive out ! mo/ h>mful species entirely4 ,un=tunately1 t seems almo/ impossible2 s f> all man's ef=ts h only result$ 9 sav+ a l>g] or small] proportion ( ! v>i\s crops ea* ye>4 ,9 insect control we turn fir/ to ! natural means ( de/ruction4 ,*ief among ^! means are birds1--( :i* we w speak 9 ano!r *apt]1--snakes & toads4 ,toads live entirely on insects & cat* l>ge quantities ( !m4 ,x is e/imat$ t a s+le toad is wor? almo/ tw5ty doll>s a ye> 9 a field or g>d54 ,engli% g>d5]s are said to pay high prices = !m & to keep z _m z possible 9 _! g>d5s4 ,toads w eat almo/ any k9d ( insect1 are absolutely h>mless1 & %\ld be c>efully protect$4 ,!re is "o class ( insects :i*1 s f> f be+ an enemy to man1 comb9es ) him to kill ! h>mful insects4 ,among ^! are ! black beetles :i* fe$ on cutworms & o!r l>v :i* injure ! roots ( plants4 ,lady-bird beetles de/roy l>ge numb]s ( plant-lice1 & ! ,asiatic lady-bird has be5 f\nd to be ! natural de/roy] ( ! ,san ,jose scale4 ,^! little insects are n[ be+ hat*$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x is hop$ ?r\gh !m to /amp out ! pe/4 ,a numb] ( l>g] insects prey on ! small] ones4 ,o!r insects1 su* z ! ,hessian fly1 ! gre5-bug or spr+ gra9 aphis1 ! army-worm & v>i\s species ( gras%opp]s are kill$ by t9y p>asitic insects ^: eggs are laid 9 ! bodies ( ! l>g] insects1 b :i*1 aft] be+ hat*$1 fe$ on !m4 ,to ^! natural me?ods ( control man has add$ o!rs4 ,cultivation is "o ( ^! me?ods4 ,z insects fl\ri% :5 giv5 an unusually l>ge am\nt ( food ( a p>ticul> k9d1 & />ve :5 t food is tak5 away f !m1 s rotation ( crops proves to be "o ( ! be/ means ( gett+ rid ( ^? insects :i* c n travel f> = _! food4 ,f>m]s :o practise rotation ( crops are mu* less tr\bl$ ) insects t injure ! roots ( plants ?an ^? :o d n4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( prev5t+ damage f ! ,hessian fly is to s[ a n>r[ /rip ( :eat all ar\nd ! edges ( ! field sev]al weeks be=e ! ma9 crop is to be s[$4 ,! flies w ga!r 9 ?is /rip & lay all _! eggs 9 ! e>ly :eat4 ,j be=e ! ma9 crop is s[$1 ! n>r[ /rip is pl[$ up & ?or\ghly h>r[$ & ! l>v p]i% = want ( food4 ,! be/ kn[n means ( gett+ rid ( gras%opp]s is to de/roy ! eggs4 ,?is %\ld be done by pl[+ & h>r[+ all roadsides1 dit* banks1 uncultivat$ fields & grassy m>g9s ar\nd fields 9 ! fall or w9t]4 ,fall h>r[+ & deep spr+ pl[+ w prev5t _m ( ! bugs & beetles :i* sp5d ! l>val /ate 9 ! gr\nd f hat*+4 ,?is me?od w also de/roy ! plum-curculio 9 or*>ds4 ,9 attempt+ to control ! boll-weevil ( ! cotton fields1 x has be5 f\nd t ! be/ me?od to pursue is ! simple "o ( plant+ ! crop v e>ly1 s t ! cotton passes ! dang] /age be=e ! insects em]ge1 & remov+ all ! plants 9 ! fall4 ,worms t infe/ fruit c be *eck$ = ! foll[+ ye> by fall pl[+ 9 ! or*>d & by de/roy+ ! decay$ fruit z x falls4 ,! f>m] :o lets 8 decay$ fruit lie on ! gr\nd is prep>+ = a heavy crop ( insects to eat 8 fruit ! foll[+ summ]4 ,fruit & =e/ trees are bo? protect$ by a burlap b& or a b& ( /icky fly-pap] plac$ ar\nd ! tree1 to prev5t insects f crawl+ up4 ,! use ( poison 9 de/roy+ insects is n[ ! "o mo/ g5]ally & successfully employ$ by f>m]s & fruit gr[]s4 ,poisons may be liquid or dry4 ,! liquid is made by mix+ ) wat]1 & = l>ge plants & trees is put on ) a spray or =ce-pump t c>ries ! poison to e "p ( ! plant4 ,"s insects1 su* z beetles1 cat]pill>s & gras%opp]s1 *ew ! leaves or /ems ( plants1 & ! poison may be appli$ to _! food2 b o!rs1 su* z plant-lice1 scale insects & all bugs suck ! juice1 usually f ! /em or b>k4 ,poisons mu/ be appli$ to ! insect itself to be effectual 9 ?is case4 ,^! are "s ( ! insect poisons mo/ 9 use3 ,p>is gre51 :i* w kill all insects t *ew ! leaves1 may be us$ 9 small quantities 9 g>d5s by mix+ "o-half teaspoonful to a gallon ( wat]1 or 9 l>ge quantities ) "o p\nd to "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ gallons ( wat]4 ,:ite hellebore is us$ to de/roy currant worms & is usually du/$ on dry4 ,pyre?rum is us$ z a spray1 mix+ "o ounce to two gallons ( wat]1 to de/roy cabbage-worms & _m o!r g>d5 insects4 ,if ! dry pyre?rum p[d] is bl[n f a bell[s into a tightly clos$ room1 x is said to de/roy all ! flies4 ,bordeaux mixture is made by dissolv+ f\r p\nds ( copp] sulphate 9 hot wat] & mix+ ) an equal quantity ( a solution made by mix+ f\r p\nds ( lime ) wat]4 ,?is is !n mix$ ) fifty gallons ( wat]4 ,p>is gre5 is sometimes add$4 ,?is mixture is l>gely us$ 9 or*>ds & = de/roy+ insects on a l>ge scale4 ,x is also useful = cur+ diseases ( plants4 ,an excell5t spray = or*>ds bo? = remov+ fung\s diseases & scale insects is a home-made lime-&-sulphur solution4 ,en\gh = spray+ a l>ge or*>d is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,add ?ree gallons ( boil+ wat] to fifte5 p\nds ( lime4 ,!n add t5 p\nds ( sulphur & ?ree gallons m ( hot wat]4 ,all[ ?is to boil ab\t tw5ty m9utes 9 its own heat1 !n add en\gh wat] to make fifty gallons ( ! mixture4 ,dilute ) wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( ! solution to sev5ty-five ( wat]4 ,small quantities are made by us+ a fractional "p ( ?is recipe4 ,:ale-oil soap dissolv$ 9 wat] & us$ z a spray is an effective rem$y = ! ,san ,jose scale4 ,k]os5e emulsion is us$ to kill ! insects :i* suck ! juices ( plants & trees4 ,x is made by mix+ a half-p\nd ( h>d soap ) "o gallon ( hot wat] & /irr+ into x1 s z to mix ?or\ghly1 two gallons ( k]os5e oil4 ,?is may be kept on h& = use1 & is mix$ ) t5 p>ts ( wat] to "o ( ! emulsion4 ,= use 9 l>ge or*>ds =ce-pumps op]at$ by compress$ air & drawn by two horses are us$4 ,! spray+ %\ld be done z soon z ! blossoms drop1 & _m or*>ds are spray$ ?ree times 9 a season1 b ! "w %\ld nev] be done :ile ! trees are 9 blossom4 ,vegetables %\ld be spray$ _m times ?r\gh ! season4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ^! me?ods ( control1 adapt$ to ! v>i\s plants & ! insects :i* prey on !m1 ) ! natural enemies ( insects enc\rag$ & protect$1 w\ld g f> to prev5t ! wide-spread & s]i\s damage n[ affect+ our crops1 our vegetables1 our or*>ds1 & our =e/s4 ,,ref]5ces ,circul>s ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,li/ furni%$ on application4 ,annual ,loss ,occasion$ by ,de/ructive ,insects4 ,ye>book #aijd4;,c ,footnote ,c3 ,"s ( ! ,ye>books ( ! ,dept4 ( ,agriculture conta9 v in/ructive reports on ,insects & on ,birds4 ,repr9ts on v>i\s subjects h be5 made f !m :i* are available 9 pamphlet =m1 or ! entire ,ye>book may be _h 9 _m cases4 ,value ( ,insect ,p>asitism to ! ,am]ican ,f>m]4 ,ye>book #aijg4 ,h\se ,flies4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,bullet9 #ga4 ,! ,gras%opp] ,problem4 ,bullet9 #hd4 ,! ,boll-,weevil ,problem4 ,bullet9 #cdd4 ,! ,mo/ ,important ,/ep 9 ! ,control ( ! ,boll-,weevil4 ,bullet9 #ie4 ,! ,san ,jose ,scale4 ,ye>book #aijb4 ,! ,plum-,curculio4 ,bullet9 #gc4 ,! ,apple ,codl+-,mo?4 ,bullet9 #da4 ,price #bj;c4 ,! ,gipsy ,mo? & ,h[ to ,control ,x4 ,bullet9 #bge4 ,! ,br[n-tail ,mo? & ,h[ to ,control ,x4 ,bullet9 #bfd4 ,! ,spr+ ,gra9 ,aphis or ,gre5-,bug4 ,bullet9 #ic4 ,! ,army-,worm4 ,bullet9 #d4 ,! ,hessian ,fly4 ,bullet9 #gj4 ,! ,*9*-,bug4 ,bullet9 #ag4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,h\sehold ,insects ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bullet9 #d4 ,insects ,affect+ ,dome/ic ,animals4 ,bullet9 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,birds ,birds give u pleasure 9 ?ree ways3 by _! beauty1 by _! song & by _! usefulness 9 de/roy+ animals1 insects or plants :i* are h>mful to man4 ,b al?\gh !y are among man's be/ fri5ds !y h be5 greatly misund]/ood1 s t to ! _m natural enemies t are con/antly prey+ on birds1 we mu/ add ! w>f>e t man himself wages on !m1 & ! cutt+ d[n ( _! =e/ homes4 ,?is "w ( bird de/ruction has gone on until all ! be/ species are greatly r$uc$ 9 numb]s & "s species h be5 almo/ entirely driv5 out4 ,to see h[ s]i\s a matt] ?is is we mu/ /udy ! food habits ( birds1 & we %all f9d t al?\gh ! diff]5t species eat a l>ge v>iety ( food1 9 almo/ e case _! natural food is some?+ h>mful to man4 ,! l>ge ,am]ican birds1 ! eagles1 hawks1 owls & simil> k9ds1 are call$ birds ( prey because !y fe$ on small birds & animals4 ,"s ( ^! are ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! f>m]1 :ile o!rs are altoge!r h>mful4 ,ano!r l>ge class ( birds lives almo/ entirely on injuri\s insects & ?is class is entitl$ to ! fulle/ c>e & protection f ! f>m]4 ,/ill ano!r class lives l>gely on fruits1 wild or cultivat$1 & on se$s1 :i* may be ei!r ! f>m]'s mo/ valuable gra9s1 or se$s ( ! we$s t w\ld *oke out ! gra94 ,x c n be d5i$ t birds (t5 d s]i\s damage ?r\gh _! food habits2 b ! great mi/ake t has be5 made 9 man's treatm5t ( birds has be5 9 ha/ily decid+ t if birds are se5 flitt+ ab\t fields ( gra9 !y are de/roy+ ! crop4 ,a bett] k ( _! food habits w lead to prop] measures = de/roy+ ! h>mful k9ds & protect+ ! useful ones4 ,successful agriculture c\ld h>dly be practis$ )\t birds1 & ! b5efit to man1 ?\gh am\nt+ ea* ye> to millions ( doll>s1 c h>dly be e/imat$ 9 doll>s & c5ts1 s9ce x affects s closely ! size ( our crops1 ! am\nt ( timb] sav$ = use 9 manufactures1 & ev5 ! heal? ( ! p4 ,"h aga9 we see ! c>eful balanc+ t runs ?r\gh nature2 h[ c>efully ea* ?+ is adju/$ to its "w4 ,naturally ! balance betwe5 birds1 insects & plants w\ld rema9 true1 no "o increas+ beyond its prop] am\nt4 ,b :5 man beg9s to de/roy c]ta9 ?+s1 & to cultivate o!rs1 ?is balance is s]i\sly di/urb$4 ,! birds t de/roy we$ se$s be+ kill$1 we$s fl\ri% 9 su* va/ numb]s z to drive out ! cultivat$ crops4 ,! birds :i* de/roy mice1 moles1 goph]s1 etc41 be+ kill$1 ^! animals become a nuisance & cause s]i\s losses4 ,if insect-de/roy+ birds are driv5 out1 ! f>m] w be at ! m]cy ( ! insects unless he employs tr\blesome & exp5sive me?ods ( gett+ rid ( !m4 ,c]ta9 favorable conditions cause l>ge numb]s ( birds to ga!r 9 a small region & !y become a pe/4 ,v c>eful obs]vation has %[n t 9 ne>ly e case ! favorite food ( ! birds is some?+ :i* is n valu$ by man1 & if ?is food is provid$1 ! f>m gra9s & fruits w n be s]i\sly mole/$4 ,few birds are altoge!r good1 /ill few] are altoge!r bad2 mo/ species are ( great b5efit1 ev5 if at ! same "t !y d "s h>m4 ,"s birds d s]i\s damage at "o season1 & mu* good at ano!r4 ,! mo/ notable example ( ?is is ! bobol9k1 :i* 9 nor!rn :eat fields is lov$ no less = 8 m]ry song ?an = ! ?\s&s ( we$ se$s & insects he de/roys2 :ile 9 ! ,s\? he is kn[n z ! re$-bird or rice-bird1 ! mo/ dread$ ( all foes to ! rice crop4 ,fly+ d[n on ! fields by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ^! birds (t5 take almo/ ! entire crop ( a di/rict4 ,! ye>ly loss to rice-gr[]s f bobol9ks has be5 e/imat$ at two million doll>s4 ,if cr[s or blackbirds are se5 9 l>ge numb]s ab\t fields ( gra9 !y are g5]ally accus$ ( robb+ ! f>m]1 b m (t5 !y are busily engag$ 9 hunt+ ! insects t )\t _! help w\ld soon h de/roy$ 8 crop2 & ev5 if !y d consid]able damage at "o season !y (t5 pay = x _m times ov]4 ,:e!r a bird is helpful or ! rev]se1 9 fact1 dep5ds entirely on ! food x eats & (t5 ev5 f>m]s :o h be5 famili> ) birds all _! lives d n "k :at food a bird really eats4 ,z an example ( ! misund]/&+ t is (t5 f\nd 9 reg>d to birds1 :5 hawks are se5 se>*+ ! fields & mead[s1 or owls fly+ ab\t ! or*>ds 9 ! ev5+1 ! f>m] always supposes t 8 p\ltry is 9 dang]1 :5 9 reality ! birds are q z likely to be hunt+ = ! animals :i* de/roy gra91 produce1 "y trees1 & eggs ( birds4 ,9 ord] to correct su* mi/ak5 ideas ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has made a mo/ c>eful & accurate /udy ( ! habits ( birds1 & x is ! results ( ^! obs]vations t are record$ "h4 ,field work]s f ?is ,dep>tm5t :o h obs]v$ ! habits ( ! pr9cipal birds t live among m51 h wat*$ !m all day & f "o day to ano!r z !y f$ _! little ones1 &1 to be m c]ta9 ( _! facts1 !y h exam9$ ! /oma*s ( hundr$s ( birds1 bo? old & "y1 to le>n exactly :at ea* bird _h eat54 ,9 ?is way !y h prov$ absolutely t _m species t are suppos$ to eat *ick5s1 or fruit or gra91 9 reality nev] t\* !m1 b are among ! f>m]'s be/ fri5ds4 ,among o!r ?+s !y h le>n$ t :ile !y are fe$+ _! "y1 birds are especially valuable on a f>m4 ,baby birds require food ) a l>ge am\nt ( n\ri%m5t 9 x t c be easily dige/$4 ,almo/ all "y birds h s(t1 t5d] /oma*s1 & mu/ be f$ on insects2 z !y gr[ old]1 ! /oma* or gizz>d h>d5s & is capable ( gr9d+ h>d gra9 or se$s4 ,! am\nt ( food requir$ by ! baby birds is a/oni%+4 ,at c]ta9 /ages ( _! gr[? !y require m ?an _! own weight 9 insects4 ,& ! "y birds are to be f$ j at ! season t insects d ! mo/ injury to gr[+ crops ( gra9 & "y fruit & vegetables4 ,birds v>y s mu* 9 ! k9d ( food eat51 n only by diff]5t v>ieties ( ! same species1 b by ! same birds at diff]5t seasons1 t x is necess>y to make a c>eful /udy ( ea* bird to "k :e!r1 if he is sometimes caught eat+ cultivat$ fruit & gra9s1 he helps 9 o!r ways en\gh to pay = x4 ,:5 insects are unusually abundant1 birds eat m ?an at o!r times & conf9e !mselves m /rictly to an insect diet1 s t at su* times ! good !y d is p>ticul>ly valuable4 ,birds ( prey may d h>m 9 a p>ticul> place1 because 9 t region mice1 rabbits & o!r natural food are sc>ce1 & !y are driv5 to fe$ on ?+s t are useful to man1 :ile 9 places :]e _! natural food is pl5tiful ! same birds are altoge!r helpful4 ,9 ! same way1 birds :i* naturally eat we$ se$s frequ5tly f9d ^! almo/ altoge!r lack+ :]e ! f>ms are mo/ c>efully cultivat$1 b 9 _! place are fields ( gra9 ^: se$ also furni%es !m desirable food4 ,is x any wond]1 !n1 t1 _! natural food be+ tak5 f !m1 !y turn to ! cultivat$ crops8 ,! fruit eat+ birds seem always to *oose ! wild fruits1 b :]e ^! are n to be _h !y ent] ! or*>ds & soon become kn[n z enemies ( ! f>m]4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! h>m done by birds leads to ! belief t ! damage is usually caus$ by a v l>ge numb] ( "o species ( birds liv+ 9 a small area4 ,9 su* cases s great is ! dem& = food ( a p>ticul> k9d t ! supply is soon exhau/$1 & ! birds turn to ! products ( ! field or or*>d4 ,! be/ conditions exi/ :5 !re are _m v>ieties ( birds 9 a region1 b no "o v>iety 9 great numb]s1 = !n !y eat _m k9ds ( insects & we$s1 & d n exhau/ all ! food supply ( "o k9d4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 too1 ! insect-eat+ birds w\ld f9d pl5ty ( insects )\t prey+ on useful products1 & ! insects w\ld be held 9 *eck1 s t ! damage to crops w\ld be slight4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( ! food eat5 by birds & ! good t !y ?us accompli% to man3 ,dur+ ! outbreak ( ,rocky ,m\nta9 locu/s 9 ,nebraska1 a sci5tific obs]v] wat*$ a long-bill$ m>% wr5 c>ry ?irty locu/s to h] "y 9 an h\r & ! same numb] 0 kept up regul>ly4 ,at ?is rate1 = sev5 h\rs a day1 a ne/-ful ( "y wr5s w\ld eat two hundr$ & t5 locu/s a day4 ,f ?is he calculat$ t ! birds ( ea/]n ,nebraska w\ld de/roy daily ne>ly #afc1jjj locu/s4 ,a locu/ eats its own weight 9 gra9 a day4 ,! locu/s eat5 by ! baby birds w\ld !re=e be able to de/roy "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five tons ( crops1 wor? at lea/ t5 doll>s a ton1 or "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty doll>s4 ,s we see t birds h an actual ca% value on ! f>m4 ,! value ( ! hay crop sav$ by mead[-l>ks 9 de/roy+ gras%opp]s has be5 e/imat$ at ?ree hundr$ & fifty-six doll>s on e t[n%ip ?irty-six miles squ>e4 ,an article contribut$ to ! ,new ,york ,tribune by an (ficial 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture e/imat$ ! am\nt ( we$ se$s annually de/roy$ by ! tree sp>r[ 9 ! /ate ( ,i[a on ! basis ( "o-f\r? ( an ounce ( se$ eat5 daily by ea* bird4 ,suppos+ !re 7 t5 birds to ea* mile1 9 ! two hundr$ days t !y rema9 9 ! region1 we %\ld h a total ( #a1gej1jjj p\nds1 or eight hundr$ & sev5ty-five tons1 ( we$ se$ consum$ 9 a s+le season by ?is "o species 9 ! "o /ate4 ,9 a ?icket ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 0 a l>ge pat* ( we$s :]e sp>r[s f$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! gr\nd 0 lit]ally black ) ! se$s 9 ! spr+ b on exam9+ !m x 0 f\nd t ne>ly all _h be5 crack$ & ! k]nels eat54 ,a se>* 0 made = se$s ( v>i\s we$s b n m ?an half a doz5 c\ld be f\nd1 :ile _m ?\s&s ( empty se$-pods %[$ h[ ! birds _h liv$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 no place are birds m important ?an 9 ! =e/s1 :]e !y save hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s wor? ( valuable timb] ea* ye>4 ,9 =e/s !re c be no rotation ( crops & no cultivation1 & spray+1 :i* keeps d[n ! insect pe/s 9 ! or*>d1 is impossible "h because ( ! exp5se4 ,x w\ld n pay to spray two or ?ree times a ye> a crop ( timb] t requires a lifetime to gr[4 ,s 9 ! =e/s ! own] mu/ dep5d entirely on birds = 8 protection4 ,h[ great ! de/ruction ( our =e/s w\ld be is %[n by ! fact t ! damage at pres5t is e/imat$ at #ajj1jjj1jjj1 9 spite ( ! fact t a va/ army ( birds is work+ tirelessly1 summ] & w9t]1 to dev\r ! insects6 ,! debt ( ! =e/] to ! birds c h>dly be e/imat$4 ,a full v>iety ( birds w ?or\ghly protect a f>m & or*>d4 ,! sp>r[s w de/roy ! we$ se$s2 ! hawks & kites1 fly+ by day1 w cat* ! mead[ mice & o!r small mammals1 & ! owls w p\nce on ^? t v5ture =? at night4 ,( ! insect-eat+ birds1 ! l>ks1 wr5s1 ?ru%es & sp>r[s se>* ! gr\nd = worms1 eggs & insects "u leaves & logs ev]y:]e4 ,! nu?at*es1 vireos1 w>bl]s & creep]s se>* e "p ( ! tree1 :ile ! woodpeck]s tap b5ea? ! b>k = grubs & worms4 ,! fly-cat*+ birds cat* _! insect food on ! w+ among ! trees & bran*es1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! swall[s skim high 9 ! air & cat* ! few insects t rise high above ! tree-tops4 ,?us ea* family has its "p ( ! "w & ! good !y d is almo/ too great to calculate4 ,)\t ?is *eck x w\ld be impossible = any gre5 ?+ to fl\ri%4 ,s va/ an am\nt ( food is requir$ to fe$ ! great army ( insects t ! task w\ld be impossible 9 any o!r way4 ,a brief description ( "s ( ! common birds & _! food habits is giv5 "h t f>m]s may "k _! fri5ds1 & t p ev]y:]e may le>n to protect ! useful birds & drive out ! few t d ! mis*ief4 ,all ( ^! obs]vations h be5 made by field work]s f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & no /atem5t has be5 made t has n be5 prov$ by ! exam9ation ( _m bird /oma*s at diff]5t seasons4 ,highe/ ( all 9 ! li/ come ! bluebirds4 ,!y are among ! mo/ beautiful ( our native birds1 ) _! bright blue coats & s(t r$ brea/s4 ,!y are sweet s+]s1 & are among ! fir/ to return 9 ! spr+ to tell u ( ! return ( summ]4 ,9 addition to ?is !y h _m good habits & absolutely no bad ones4 ,m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( _! food consi/s ( insects1--beetles1 gras%opp]s & cat]pill>s4 ,! rema9d] is we$ se$s & fruit1 b !re 7 no reports ( cultivat$ fruits be+ eat5 by bluebirds4 ,on ! contr>y !y eat ! mo/ undesirable ( ! wild fruit1 *okeb]ry1 pokeb]ry1 ,virg9ia creep]1 bitt]-sweet & sumac1 z well z l>ge quantities ( ragwe$ se$s4 ,o!r birds are equally useful b none comb9es usefulness ) s mu* beauty & sweetness ( song4 ,! t9y wr5s are ano!r class ( :olly useful birds4 ,_! food consi/s almo/ entirely ( insects ) a v little grass-se$4 ,!y se>* e tree1 %rub1 & v9e = cat]pill>s1 spid]s & gras%opp]s4 ,sp>r[s are almo/ equally useful4 ,! tree sp>r[1 song sp>r[1 *ipp+ sp>r[1 field sp>r[ & sn[bird or junco are all great we$-se$ de/roy]s4 ,_m ( !m rema9 ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 :5 !y fe$ entirely on ! se$s ( we$s4 ,ea* bird eats at lea/ a qu>t] ( an ounce ( se$s p] day1 & !y are (t5 f\nd by ?\s&s 9 a region4 ,at lea/ a half doz5 v>ieties ( birds are fe$+ 9 ! same ratio all ov] ! c\ntry1 r$uc+ ! crop ( next ye>'s we$s4 ,dur+ ! summ] !y turn to a diet compos$ p>tly ( insects & "h aga9 !y help ! f>m] by eat+ ! weevils1 leaf-beetles1 gras%opp]s1 bugs & wasps t infe/ 8 crops4 ,! v>i\s species ( swall[s rank high z insect-eat+ birds4 ,! tree1 bank1 cliff & b>n swall[s & ! purple m>t9s all eat small beetles1 mosquitoes1 fly+ ants & o!r high-fly+ insects1 & ! numb] de/roy$ is almo/ beyond our p[] to imag9e4 ,! mo/ important s]vice p]=m$ by swall[s1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e !y migrate = ! w9t]4 ,!re !y fe$ l>gely on ! cotton boll-weevil1 "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive ( all insects1 z we h se54 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is urg+ /rongly t f>m]s 9 ! ,nor? protect ! swall[s s t !y may w9t] 9 ! ,s\? 9 l>ge numb]s to fe$ on ! boll-weevil1 :i*1 if all[$ to fl\ri%1 w affect n only ! s\!rn plant]s1 b e us] ( cotton goods1 & e "o :o pr(its 9 any way by ! sale & manufacture ( cotton goods4 ,among swall[s1 ! beautiful & graceful purple m>t9 is mo/ wor?y ( protection4 ,bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 ! swall[s are among ! mo/ useful ( all birds to ! f>m] & fruit gr[]1 & %\ld be protect$ f ,engli% sp>r[s & enc\rag$ 9 e possible way4 ,! sev5te5 species ( titmice :i* inhabit ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _m ( :i* rema9 all w9t]1 are all insect eat]s to a great ext5t1 eat+ l>ge quantities ( t5t-cat]pill>s1 mo?s & _! eggs1 weevils1 includ+ ! cotton boll-weevil1 plum-curculio1 ants1 spid]s1 plant-lice1 bugs & beetles4 ,!y also eat small se$s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! poison ivy4 ,! bu%-tit fe$s l>gely on insects t de/roy grape-v9es & on ! black olive scale4 ,o!r species eat mo/ ( ! scales :i* infe/ fruit & =e/ trees4 ,! rose-brea/$ grosbeak1 :ile x eats a few gre5 peas1 is to be class$ among ! :olly b5eficial birds1 = x is ! great natural de/roy] ( ! ,colorado potato beetle4 ,9 fact1 x eats en\gh potato-bugs at a s+le meal to pay = all ! peas eat5 9 a :ole season4 ,"o family ( grosbeaks1 ne/+ ne> ! field1 w keep an entire pat* cle>$ ( potato-bugs ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! grosbeak fe$s l>gely on ! plum scale1 ! hickory scale1 ! locu/ & oak scales & on ! tulip scale1 :i* is v de/ructive to %ade trees4 ,! black grosbeak is ano!r v>iety t des]ves enc\ragem5t 9 e way1 = x eats ! *rysalis ( ! codl+-mo? t is s s]i\s a foe to our apple crop4 ,x eats also _m o!r injuri\s insects1 su* z wire-worms1 _m ( ! mo/ h>mful ( beetles1 cat]pill>s1 & scales4 ,among ! mo/ useful birds1 we mu/ m5tion ! phoebe1 :i* ne/s ne> h\ses & lives almo/ entirely on h>mful insects :i* x cat*es on ! w+4 ,night hawks eat fly+ ants 9 great numb]s1 z _m z eighte5 hundr$ hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a s+le /oma*4 ,!y eat insects t fly by night & are class$ among our mo/ useful birds4 ,quails are almo/ unequall$ z we$-de/roy]s4 ,?r\gh\t ! fall & w9t] !y sp5d ! "t de/roy+ we$ se$s4 ,9 summ] !y eat ,colorado potato beetles1 *9*-bugs1 cotton boll-weevils1 squa%-beetles1 gras%opp]s & cutworms4 ,! "m quail1 ) h] family ( twelve to tw5ty little ones1 patrols ! fields ?or\ghly = insects4 ,quails %\ld be priz$ z among a f>m]'s mo/ valuable help]s & protect$ at all seasons4 ,simil> 9 ! good "w x does is ! mead[-l>k4 ,gras%opp]s1 cat]pill>s & cutworms =m a l>ge "p ( its diet1 & its vegetable food consi/s ( we$ se$s or wa/e gra94 ,k+-birds are useful 9 protect+ p\ltry & song birds f hawks1 & are also great fly cat*]s1 tak+ _m beetles on ! w+4 ,doves eat great quantities ( se$s ( h>mful we$s4 ,!y also eat "s gra91 b almo/ altoge!r aft] ! crop has be5 ga!r$4 ,old damag$ corn & s+le gra9s scatt]$ along ! roads are eat51 b !re is no compla9t ( doves do+ injury to fields ( gr[+ gra94 ,! orioles are beautiful1 are sweet s+]s1 & no exception c be tak5 to _! food habits4 ,cat]pill>s are _! pr9cipal article ( food1 b plant-& b>k-lice1 spid]s & o!r insects are also eat54 ,orioles d n eat mu* vegetable food4 ,!y h be5 accus$ ( eat+ peas & grapes1 b !re seems no evid5ce to %[ t ?is habit is g5]al4 ,! food habits ( cuckoos r5d] !m v desirable1 s9ce !y eat hairy cat]pill>s1 p>ticul>ly t5t-cat]pill>s1 = :i* !y seem to h an especial fondness1 fall web-worms & locu/s1 besides o!r injuri\s insects1 b !y are accus$ ( bad habits 9 relation to o!r birds1 & c !re=e h>dly be class$ among ! :olly useful birds4 ,w>bl]s & vireos are among ! mo/ helpful birds 9 an or*>d1 dev\r+ l>ge quantities ( insects4 ,!re is no class ( birds conc]n+ :i* x is m necess>y t ! f>m] %\ld be well in=m$1 ?an ! hawks & owls1 s9ce "s ( !m are :olly good1 & ( ! greate/ possible b5efit to him & ! fruit gr[]1 :ile o!rs are extremely h>mful 9 _! food habits4 ,! h>mful v>ieties live almo/ entirely on p\ltry & wild birds1 & include ! go%awk or p>tridge hawk & ! ,coop] hawk1 :i* is a true *ick5-hawk & %\ld be recogniz$ by all f>m]s at sight4 ,! go%awk & *ick5-hawk1 9 ! am\nt ( damage done1 f> exce$ all o!r birds ( prey4 ,! %>p-%9n$ hawk r>ely attacks full-gr[n p\ltry1 b preys heavily on "y *ick5s & song birds4 ,9 fact1 x is kn[n to eat ne>ly fifty species ( our mo/ useful birds4 ,!re is no "q t ^! birds are a s]i\s pe/ & %\ld be de/roy$1 b !y %\ld n be confus$ ) o!r memb]s ( ! family :i* are among ! be/ fri5ds t a f>m] has 9 keep+ 8 f>m cle> ( small enemies4 ,owls & hawks eat ! same class ( food1 ! hawks fly+ by day & ! owls by night4 ,owls rema9 ,nor? 9 w9t]1 :ile hawks fly f>!r s\?4 ,! small species ( bo? eat l>ge quantities ( insects1 su* z gras%opp]s1 locu/s & beetles4 ,! l>g] ones are ! f>m]'s great protection aga9/ ! mead[-m\se1 ! mo/ de/ructive ( all animals to f>m crops4 ,x tunnels "u fields & eats ! roots ( grass1 gra9 & potatoes1 eats l>ge am\nts ( gra9 & does ev5 m damage by girdl+ "y trees 9 or*>ds4 ,rabbits injure trees 9 ! same way1 (t5 dur+ ! w9t] ru9+ an entire or*>d 9 ?is mann]4 ,squirrels1 gr\nd-squirrels1 goph]s1 prairie-dogs1 & o!r small animals d s]i\s damage 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> on almo/ e f>m4 ,! r\gh-leg hawk fe$s entirely on mead[-mice1 b if ! supply fails1 x eats mice1 rabbits & gr\nd-squirrels1 b 9 no in/ance attacks birds4 ,its c\s91 ! f]rug9\s r\gh-leg1 lives l>gely on gr\nd-squirrels1 rabbits1 prairie-dogs & p\*$ goph]s4 ,?is species also nev] attacks birds1 & nei!r d any ( ! f\r memb]s ( ! kite family4 ,ano!r l>ge class ( birds1--! m>%-hawk1 ,h>ris hawk1 r$-tail$ hawk1 r$-%\ld]$ hawk1 %ort-tail$ hawk1 :ite-tail$ hawk1 ,swa9son hawk1 %ort-w+$ hawk1 broad-w+$ hawk1 ,mexican black hawk1 ,mexican go%awk1 sp>r[-hawk1 b>n-owl1 long-e>$ owl1 %ort-e>$ owl1 great gray owl1 b>r$ owl1 we/]n owl1 ,ri*>dson owl1 scree*-owl1 sn[y owl1 hawk-owl1 burr[+ owl1 pigmy owl & elf owl--live mo/ly on de/ructive mammals1 insects1 frogs & snakes1 b !y eat "s birds & "s ( !m occasionally cat* p\ltry4 ,"y ones d mu* m h>m ?an ! full-gr[n ones1 probably because !y f9d p\ltry & birds easi] to obta9 ?an o!r food4 ,^! species all d great good on ! f>m & 9 ! or*>d & if _! natural food is pl5tiful & ! numb] ( ! birds ( prey limit$1 !y %\ld be all[$ to rema91 ev5 ?\gh !y occasionally d h>m2 b !y c n be all[$ to increase greatly 9 a region )\t becom+ a nuisance4 ,9 ano!r class ! gold5 & bald eagles1 pigeon & ,ri*>dson hawks1 prairie falcon & great horn$ owl d consid]able h>m1 & ! good & bad qualities ab\t balance4 ,9 a poorly settl$ region1 :]e !re is pl5ty ( natural food1 a few ( ^! birds w br+ =? little compla9t1 b 9 a section :]e !re are few gr\nd-squirrels1 prairie-dogs1 goph]s1 rabbits & wood*ucks1 :]e p\ltry is rais$ ext5sively1 & useful birds are num]\s !y w d great h>m & f>m]s w usually want to keep !m d[n entirely4 ,! gyrfalcons1 duck-hawks1 %>p-%9n$ hawk1 ,coop] hawk & go%awk live almo/ entirely on food t is desir$ by man1--p\ltry1 game birds & _m v>ieties ( our be/ insect-de/roy+ birds1 & !y eat almo/ no?+ t is h>mful to man4 ,! numb]s ( ^! birds %\ld be r$uc$ z mu* z possible3 b 9 g5]al x may be said t ! birds ( prey--! hawks & owls--are among ! mo/1 if n ! mo/1 valuable birds t are engag$ 9 help+ ! f>m] by de/roy+ ! natural enemies ( agriculture4 ,among ! small] birds :i* d mu* good1 b ( :i* compla9ts are made because !y eat "s fruit & gra9 are ! woodpeck]s1 includ+ ! flick]s1 c$>-birds1 rob9s1 cat-birds1 ?ra%]s1 cr[s & blackbirds4 ,! woodpeck]s are ! great natural protection ( ! =e/s by wag+ con/ant w>f>e on ! wood-bor+ insects & ants b5ea? ! b>k :]e no o!r birds c rea* !m4 ,!y are equally useful 9 an or*>d except t "h man may only at great tr\ble & exp5se p>tly hold !m 9 *eck4 ,d[ny woodpeck]s are also great eat]s ( scales1 & ! fruit gr[] ne$ n begrudge ! r$-head$ woodpeck] a meal ( *]ries or apples1 especially z x w usually be f\nd t x is ! wormy fruit t is attack$4 ,! flick] or gold-w+$ woodpeck] lives l>gely on ants1 ( :i* he eats imm5se quantities1 seek+ !m n only 9 ! trees b on ! gr\nd4 ,rob9s are s well lov$ = _! *e]y song1 = _! fri5dl9ess to man1 & _! r$ brea/s com+ z a t\* ( color 9 return+ spr+1 t except :]e !y are pres5t 9 great numb]s1 !re is little compla9t ( ! fruit !y eat1 ev5 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! good "w !y accompli% z insect eat]s4 ,9 fact only f\r p] c5t4 ( a rob9's food is cultivat$ & a little less ?an half ( x is wild fruit n priz$ by man4 ,! rema9+ half consi/s ( cat]pill>s1 beetles1 spid]s1 snails & e>?-worms4 ,! cat-bird is also kn[n z a *]ry-eat] & he frequ5tly helps himself f /rawb]ry & raspb]ry pat*es4 ,he eats a l>g] proportion ( cultivat$ fruit ?an ! rob91 b ab\t twice z mu* wild fruit1 includ+ ! sumac & poison ivy4 ,! cat-bird eats _m injuri\s insects1 :i* con/itute only a little less ?an half ( 8 food4 ,! c$>-bird is sometimes call$ ! *]ry bird1 & is accus$ ( be+ a great *]ry-/eal]1 b an exam9ation ( /oma*s %[$ t only n9e birds out ( "o hundr$ & fifty-two _h eat5 any *]ries & t *]ries =m$ only five p] c5t4 ( ! food ( ^! few4 ,!re is ev5 evid5ce t ?is bird pref]s wild fruits1 :i* =m its pr9cipal food ?\gh x eats a few insects4 ,! cr[s & blackbirds are accus$ ( _m bad habits1 su* z pull+ up "y corn1 de/roy+ l>ge quantities ( gra9 & injur+ mu* fruit by peck+ holes 9 x :i* are lat] ent]$ by insects4 ,cr[s eat fruit to "s ext5t1 b ! great] "p ( x is wild4 ,bo? cr[s & blackbirds are accus$ ( robb+ ! ne/s ( o!r birds4 ,blackbirds are injuri\s *iefly because !y ga!r 9 su* l>ge flocks t :5 !y desc5d on a field !y c eat a l>ge am\nt ( gra9 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,! greate/ good accompli%$ by ! blackbird is 9 ! spr+ :5 x foll[s ! pl[ 9 se>* ( grub-worms1 ( :i* x is extremely fond4 ,x also does mu* good 9 de/roy+ insects 9 ! e>ly summ]1 ! "y birds be+ f$ almo/ entirely on insect food until !y are gr[n4 ,( ! cr[1 ,doctor ,m]riam1 :o is at ! head ( ?is bran* ( "w 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 says1 ,in/ead ( be+ an enemy ( ! f>m]1 z is g5]ally believ$1 ! cr[ is "o ( 8 be/ fri5ds & ! protector ( 8 crops4 ,true1 dur+ corn-plant+ "t1 ! cr['s bill is turn$ aga9/ ! f>m] dur+ "o mon?1 & "o mon? only is he 8 enemy4 ,b dur+ ! o!r elev5 mon?s ! cr[ is really work+ ov]time = him4 ,x eats ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( de/ructive insects & bugs e week1 & :5 x comes to fe$+ its "y1 gives !m a diet compos$ almo/ entirely ( worms & insects t prey ^u ! crops4 ,ano!r gov]nm5t report says1 ,! cr[ %\ld receive mu* cr$it = ! insects :i* x de/roys4 ,9 ! m ?ickly settl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry x probably does m good ?an h>m1 at lea/ :5 ord9>y precautions are tak5 to protect "y p\ltry & newly plant$ corn f x4 ,x is probable t 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry "s f>m]s w f9d x desirable to r$uce ! numb] ( cr[s & blackbirds on _! f>ms4 ,! br[n ?ra%] is a beautiful s+] & eats _m insects1 mo/ly injuri\s4 ,x eats "s cultivat$ fruits4 ,x also eats a small am\nt ( newly plant$ corn1 b at ! same "t cle>s ! field ( ,may beetles4 ,altoge!r x is a useful bird b n "o ( ! highe/ b5efit4 ,!re are a few species ( birds ( :i* b little good c be said1 & :i* x may be desirable to attempt to drive out 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,*ief ( ^! is ! ,engli% sp>r[4 ,x is ( a qu>relsome disposition & is mu* giv5 to driv+ o!r birds f _! ne/s4 ,9 "s di/ricts x has completely expell$ "s ( ! mo/ useful k9ds ( birds4 ,x exi/s ev]y:]e 9 su* numb]s z to r5d] x a nuisance1 & x may be said to be ! greate/ pe/ among ,am]ican birds4 ,its favorite food is d&elion se$s1 & x de/roys _m ?\s&s ( se$s1 b z ! d&elion does no real injury ?is habit does n (fset all ! h>m done4 ,x also eats o!r we$ se$s b ! greate/ ?+ to be said 9 its favor is t x fe$s on ! cottony maple scale4 ,x is probable t 9 small numb]s ! ,engli% sp>r[ might be class$ among ! useful1 or1 at lea/1 "o ( ! only p>tly h>mful birds1 b !re is no bird ^: numb]s x is m desirable to r$uce4 ,! common blue-jay is accus$ ( "s v bad habits1 among !m eat+ ! eggs & "y ( small birds4 ,x is a fruit eat] & also a gra9 eat] & frequ5tly robs corn-cribs & injures newly plant$ fields4 ,h[ev]1 x eats "s insects1 mice & o!r small enemies ( ! f>m] & z x is n[h]e v pl5tiful1 & does n live 9 flocks1 !re is n mu* cause = compla9t4 ,h[ev]1 its c\s91 ! ,cali=nia jay1 has an extremely bad record4 ,x is a great fruit eat]1 & deva/ates prune1 apricot1 & *]ry or*>ds4 ,x is a s]i\s robb] ( ! ne/s ( small birds & h5s1 & ?\gh x eats "s gras%opp]s & a v few we$ se$s1 x is ?or\ghly dislik$ by we/]n fruit gr[]s4 ,x %\ld be greatly r$uc$ 9 numb]s4 ,ano!r ,cali=nia bird t has ga9$ a bad reputation is ! h\se f9* or l9net4 ,x does s]i\s h>m 9 ! *]ry & apricot or*>ds1 n s mu* by eat+ z by peck+ at ! fruit4 ,x probably pecks1 & ?us de/roys1 five times z mu* fruit z x eats4 ,z ! bird is v abundant1 x sometimes causes ! loss ( almo/ ! entire crop ( a small fruit gr[]4 ,x does n des]ve protection1 = x eats ! buds & blossoms ( fruit trees & does little to comp5sate = all ! h>m done4 ,its be/ habit is eat+ woolly plant-lice4 ,no article on birds w\ld be complete t does n dwell on ! enorm\s de/ruction ( birds = trimm+ hats4 ,z "o writ] puts x1 we pay eight hundr$ million doll>s a ye> = hat trimm+s1 assum+ ! insect ravages to be due to ! kill+ ( our birds = mill9]y purposes4 ,:ile ?is is exagg]at$1 x is und\bt$ly true t ?is is ! l>ge/ cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! birds ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,audubon society says t we1 z a nation1 use #aej1jjj1jjj birds a ye> = trimm+ hats alone & t ?is s+le item w\ld save our crops f insect de/ruction & l>gely rid our fields ( we$s4 ,if a few hundr$ doll>s are /ol5 f a bank1 ! greate/ ef=ts are made to cat* ! ?ief1 & if possible to get ! money back2 b ! great army ( insects de/roy ea* ye>1 almo/ z mu* 9 money value z all ! national banks 9 ! c\ntry h on deposit1 & ?is :olesale de/ruction might l>gely be prev5t$ if e woman & girl took 7& kept7 a pl$ge n to use w+s1 brea/s1 or birds on h] hats4 ,!re is no objection to ! use ( o/ri* fea!rs1 :i* are c>efully pluck$ f ! live birds4 ,! fea!rs gr[ aga91 j z ! wool gr[s on %eep t h be5 %e>$4 ,nei!r is !re any objection to us+ ! fea!rs ( ! b>n-y>d f[ls :i* are kill$ = food4 ,only a little less is ! loss caus$ by s-call$ sportsm51 m5 :o kill only = ! pleasure ( %oot+1 or :o1 because !y l ! ta/e ( quail1 %oot z _m z !y c 9 a day in/ead ( only en\gh to satisfy hung]4 ,(t5 a f>m] sells = a v small am\nt ! privilege ( hunt+ on 8 f>m1 ?9k+ he is mak+ money :5 9 fact he is los+ t5 doll>s = e "o he makes4 ,! quail1 sp>r[s & o!r birds on ! f>m are de/roy$4 ,z a result ! we$ se$s are n eat5 & a big crop comes up 9 ! spr+4 ,9 ! summ] !re are no quail on ! f>m to de/roy insects4 ,! insects & ! we$s toge!r make ! crop poor]1 & ! own] feels t f>m+ is gr[+ less pr(itable1 :5 9 fact he has fail$ to take ord9>y precautions to obta9 a good crop by protect+ ! birds4 ,) ! huntsman & 8 bag ( birds we may class ! small boy ) 8 rifle or sl+-%ot4 ,a s+le boy does little h>m b all ! boys 9 ! c\ntry tak5 toge!r d a grave am\nt ( damage4 ,la/ 9 ! li/ comes ! egg hunt]s1 :o by robb+ ne/s c kill f\r or five birds at a "t1 simply = mis*ief4 ,a p>ty ( boys c1 by a day's sport1 make a s]i\s diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( birds 9 a region :]e !y are n pl5tiful & ?us h a l>ge %>e 9 damag+ ! crops4 ,if1 !n1 birds play s l>ge a "p 9 ! welf>e ( ! f>m & 9 turn 9 ! prices ( f>m crops1 fruit1 lumb] & cotton clo?1 x is mo/ desirable t e ef=t be made to r$uce ! numb]s ( h>mful birds & to enc\rage ! useful species4 ,_m ( ! /ates n[ h excell5t laws = ! protection ( birds2 b )\t a l>ge numb] ( game w>d5s1 x is difficult to en=ce ! laws closely unless ! public s5tim5t is /rongly aga9/ ! kill+ ( birds4 ,laws %\ld be made to protect birds aga9/ ! egg hunt]1 7except = ! purpose ( /udy1 & !n a lic5se %\ld be requir$71 sl+-%ots %\ld be prohibit$1 z !y already are 9 _m places4 ,all hunt]s %\ld be requir$ to h a lic5se1 ! numb] ( birds kill$ by a s+le p]son 9 a s+le day %\ld be limit$1 & c]ta9 birds %\ld always be protect$ by law4 ,^! laws %\ld be z ne>ly uni=m z possible 9 all ! /ates & !re mu/ be a desire on ! "p ( all ! p to see ^! laws obey$4 ,! boys & girls %\ld be b&$ toge!r 9 ! s*ools or 9 societies & pl$g$ to protect birds & n to de/roy !m4 ,! girls %\ld pl$ge !mselves n to we> birds = ornam5t4 ,wom5's clubs might d mu* to popul>ize ! movem5t = ! protection ( birds1 & to t end %\ld try to e/abli% a s5tim5t among _! memb]s aga9/ _! use = mill9]y4 ,all ^! ag5cies work+ toge!r w make a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( birds1 & z a result1 9 ! good t !y d1 b ! great "w mu/ be done by f>m]s !mselves4 ,!y w ne$ to protect !mselves 9 c]ta9 ways aga9/ ! h>m done by _m ( ! birds t on ! :ole are extremely useful4 ,to protect p\ltry f owls d n all[ x to roo/ 9 ! trees2 to protect f hawks1 keep ! "y ones ne> ! h\se1 & if possible cov] _! runways ) wire nett+4 ,to protect aga9/ gra9 eat+1 use sc>ecr[s or put up a dead cr[ z a w>n+4 ,mix+ se$ corn ) t> s z to coat x w prev5t cr[s f pull+ x up at plant+ "t4 ,to protect aga9/ fruit eat+1 plant wild fruits4 ,! be/ ( all trees = ?is purpose is ! ,russian mulb]ry1 :i* rip5s at ! same "t t *]ries d & is p>ticul>ly reli%$ by all fruit-eat+ birds4 ,if plant$ 9 b>n-lots1 *ick5s & hogs w eat all ! fruit t falls to ! gr\nd1 mak+ x s]ve a d\ble purpose4 ,! fruit ( wild *]ry1 eld]1 dogwood1 haws1 & m\nta9-a% are eat5 by birds1 & if a f>m be plant$ ) su* trees & bu%es 9 ! b>n-y>d1 along ! lanes or 9 "s ( ^? unproductive spots t are to be f\nd on e f>m1 birds w be attract$ to ! f>m & w pay well = !mselves1 & ! f>m]'s crop ( cultivat$ fruit w be protect$4 ,birds !mselves di/ribute _m se$s1 p>ticul>ly ( wild fruits4 ,! f>m] :o keeps sev]al cats mu/ pay = x 9 ! loss ( birds1 = birds w n ne/ :]e !y are con/antly wat*$ by cats4 ,boxes = m>t9s & o!r birds1 bits ( hay1 horse-hair & /r+ scatt]$ ab\t w (t5 enc\rage birds to build ab\t an or*>d or f>m4 ,a wood-lot1 besides pay+ 9 o!r ways1 w af=d ne/+ places = a l>ge numb] ( birds4 ,to place a dr9k+ & ba?+ place ne> ! h\se is "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( attract+ birds1 :i* w use x con/antly4 ,by all ^! me?ods & a little w9t] fe$+ ) crumbs1 apple peel+s or wa/e fruit & gra91 ! f>m] w be able to induce a good v>iety ( birds to ne/ on 8 f>m1 & w receive 9 return great protection f ! small mammals1 insects & we$s t w\ld less5 ! am\nt ( 8 h>ve/s4 ,,ref]5ces ,relation ,betwe5 ,birds & ,insects4 ,ye>book #dhf4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,national ,audubon ,society4 ,bird ,day4 ,h[ to ,prep>e ,= ,x4 ,c4 ,c4 ,babcock4 ,bird ,neighbors4 ,john ,burr\ghs4 ,bird enemies4 ,john ,burr\ghs4 ,h[ to ,attract ! ,birds4 ,n4 ,b4 ,d\bl$ay4 ,! ,food ( ,ne/l+ ,birds4 ,ye>book #aijj4 ,does ,x ,pay ! ,f>m] to ,protect ,birds8 ,ye>book #aijg4 ,birds z ,we$ ,de/roy]s4 ,ye>book #ahih4 ,h[ ,birds ,affect ! ,or*>d4 ,ye>book #aijj4 ,value ( ,swall[s z ,insect ,de/roy]s4 ,ye>book ,repr9t4 ,birds ,t ,eat ,scale ,insects4 ,ye>book ,repr9t4 ,birds ,useful = ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,cotton ,boll-,weevil4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet9s #eg1 #fd4 ,hawks & ,owls ,f ! ,/&po9t ( ! ,f>m]4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 #fa4 ,"s ,common ,birds 9 ,_! ,relation to ,agriculture4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 #ed4 ,f\r ,common ,birds ( ! ,f>m & ,g>d54 ,ye>book #ahie4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,heal? ,:5 we h improv$ our soil & replant$ our =e/s & le>n$ ! mo/ economical me?ods ( m9+ our great deposits ( coal1 iron1 & o!r m9]als2 :5 we h made ! wat]s d our "w & c>ry our freight & wat] our wa/e places2 :5 we h le>n$ to c>e = our birds & our fi%es1 & tak5 measures to /op ! ravages ( insects2 :5 we h pres]v$ our natural beauties & increas$ !m by plant+ trees1 %rubs1 & fl[]s1 & fill+ unsightly corn]s2 !re /ill rema9s to be consid]$ ! greate/ subject ( all1--! p :o are to enjoy ?is wond]ful inh]itance4 ,if !y 7 to be weak & sick1 suff]+ f all k9ds ( diseases1 dy+ 9 great numb]s1 all ^! ?+s w\ld c\nt = little4 ,b m5 & wom51 z !y are le>n+ h[ to cons]ve _! natural res\rces1 are ?9k+ f> m ?an ev] be=e ( heal? & h[ to keep x4 ,x is necess>y to ?9k ( ^! ?+s1 = z p cr[d into cities1 :]e !y live a life diff]5t f t :i* nature int5d$1 sickness & ! dea?-rate increase greatly4 ,heal?1 by :i* we mean ! possession ( a /rong1 well body1 free f pa91 %\ld br+ ) x great p[] to "w & to ?9k & to b5efit ! _w2 & %\ld also br+ great happ9ess & enjoym5t to ! p]son :o possesses x1 = ?\gh sick p may be happy1 & well p unhappy1 yet x is a g5]al rule t to be /rong & well is ! fir/ great /ep t[>d be+ happy4 ,! "q1 ,is life wor? liv+8 0 once happily answ]$1 ,x dep5ds ^u ! liv]2 & x is true 9 bo? s5ses1 = n only does happ9ess dep5d on :at "o gets out ( life1 b on good dige/ion4 ,x is only ! p]son :o feels well :o really enjoys life4 ,! p]son :o c get up ea* morn+ able to d a day's "w or h a day's enjoym5t1 is ! "o on :om we mu/ dep5d = ! _w's "w & inv5tion4 ,we seldom f9d a /rong1 vigor\s m9d 9 a weak body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! invalid is ! idle memb] ( ! family or ! community4 ,he c n f9d pleasure = himself nor d any?+ to help o!rs1 & n only t1 b he mu/ be c>$ = by o!rs1 ?us tak+ ! labor ( ! sick p]son himself & ( 8 nurse4 ,x is com+ to be se5 t ?is is a great wa/e ( "t1 ( money1 ( "w1 & ( happ9ess1 & p are det]m9+ t if ^! wa/es c be /opp$1 x is well wor? all ! "t & ?\ght & money necess>y to br+ ab\t ! *ange4 ,p ev]y:]e are ?9k+ ab\t heal?1 & because ( ?is1 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 ! ,emmanuel ,movem5t & ! v>i\s sects :i* practise fai? or m5tal heal+ h sprung up4 ,hospitals & heal? (fic]s are do+ mu* = ! public heal?4 ,doctors !mselves are *ang+ _! ideas & are tea*+ u n only h[ to cure b h[ to prev5t disease4 ,doctors are also seek+ n only to prev5t disease b to f9d new ways ( treat+ x4 ,!y are disc>d+ drugs 9 z _m cases z possible1 frequ5tly us+ s]ums 9 :i* cultures f ! disease itself are us$ = its cure4 ,heal? means m ability to "w1 m means ( le>n+1 ( accompli%+ great ?+s1 m pleasures 9 e day t is liv$2 & s x is z important to pres]ve heal?1 9 ord] to enjoy life1 z x is to prev5t dea?4 ,we c realize h[ few p]sons h p]fect heal? by not+ ! common salutation ,h[ d y d8 or ,h[ are y8 ,s]i\s sickness is su* z r5d]s a p]son entirely unable to "w4 ,b5efit societies h f\nd t ! av]age numb] ( days ( sickness p] ye> f ea* p]son "u sev5ty ye>s ( age is t51 ( :i* at lea/ two are sp5t 9 b$4 ,ab\t a million & a half p die ea* ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x is e/imat$ t twice t numb]1 or ?ree million p]sons1 are con/antly unable ev5 to c>e = !mselves4 ,! effect ( ?is is felt on ! pati5t himself1 9 suff]+1 9 loss ( "t 9 :i* he is unable to e>n money1 & 9 ! am\nt sp5t = doctors1 m$ic9e1 & nurs+4 ,x is felt on ! family1 9 :i* ! h\sehold ma*9]y is ?r[n out :ile ! wife & "m nurses ! sick memb]s ( ! family1 or is h]self too ill to "w1 or :5 ! fa!r's income /ops on acc\nt ( sickness4 ,! entire community suff]s f ! con/ant idl5ess ( ?ree million p]sons1 z well z f ! dea?s :i* )draw a /ill l>g] numb] ( p]sons f actual "w = a p]iod ( two to five days dur+ ! "t ( dea? & burial ( ! bodies ( memb]s ( ! family4 ,!n !re is all ! long tra9 ( small ailm5ts1 :i* d n make u s]i\sly ill1 (t5 d n ev5 keep u f "w1 b :i* d take away f ! pleasure & enjoym5t ( life1 :i* r5d] "w a burd5 in/ead ( a delight1 & less5 our ability to "w by _m degrees4 ,n only ?is1 b !y all h )9 !m ! possibility ( develop+ into s]i\s diseases4 ,su* less] tr\bles are colds1 heada*e1 cat>rh1 dyspepsia1 n]v\sness1 neuralgia1 sore ?roat1 sk9 eruptions1 rheumatism1 too?a*e1 e>a*e1 affections ( ! eyes1 lam5ess1 spra9s1 bruises1 cuts1 & burns4 ,civilization has br\ght u great bless+s b x has also br\ght ) x _m dang]s to heal?4 ,pr(essor ,irv+ ,fi%] ( ,yale says3 ,! inv5tion ( h\ses has made x possible = mank9d to spread all ov] ! globe b x is responsible = tub]culosis or consumption4 ,! inv5tion ( cook+ has wid5$ ! v>iety ( man's diet b has l$ to ! decay ( 8 tee?4 ,! inv5tion ( ! alphabet & pr9t+ has produc$ eye /ra9 ) all its att5dant evils4 ,! inv5tion ( *airs has l$ to sp9al curvature1 etc41 etc4 ,yet x w\ld be fooli% ev5 if x 7 possible to attempt to return to nature 9 ! s5se ( aboli%+ civilization4 ,! cure = eye /ra9 is n 9 disreg>d+ ! inv5tion ( read+1 b 9 introduc+ ! inv5tion ( glasses4 ,! cure = tub]culosis is n 9 ! de/ruction ( h\ses b 9 v5tilation4 ,x is a little k t is dang]\s4 ,civilization c1 ) full] k1 br+ its own cure1 & make ! 'k+dom ( man' f> l>g] ?an ! 'nature' p c ev] dream (4 ,until )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 sickness & dea? 7 reg>d$ f a religi\s /&po9t4 ,all sickness 0 to be borne ) pati5ce & resignation because all our suff]+s 7 s5t by an all-wise ,provid5ce4 ,b s9ce sci5ce has cle>ly prov$ t typhoid fev] is usually caus$ by an impure wat] supply1 & t boil+ ! wat] w\ld prev5t ! suff]+1 exp5se & possible dea?2 t ! dread$ yell[ fev] c be bani%$ f communities t de/roy ! eggs ( c]ta9 mosquitoes2 & _m o!r facts 9 reg>d to heal? h be5 le>n$1 a great *ange has come ov] ! popul> belief4 ,x is se5 t1 to a great ext5t1 man holds 8 own fate & is responsible = 8 own suff]+1 & p are eag] to le>n m ab\t _! own bodies1 h[ to cure !m & h[ to keep !m well4 ,?is k has already done mu* to prolong life4 ,! av]age l5g? ( life 9 ,india1 :]e no attempt is made to *eck disease1 is tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 ,engl& ! l5g? ( life has d\bl$ 9 a few g5]ations4 ,9 ,sw$51 :]e ! p live a sanit>y life1 ! av]age is ov] fifty ye>s1 9 ?is c\ntry1 =ty-five ye>s4 ,insurance companies & b5efit societies keep close wat* ( _! memb]s & !y report t a p]son t5 ye>s old may n[ c\nt on liv+ to be sixty ye>s ( age4 ,t is ! av]age age1 :]eas a hundr$ ye>s ago ! av]age expectation ( life at t age 0 only fifty-?ree ye>s4 ,& ?is is true 9 spite ( ! fact t p h be5 cr[d+ into cities1 t !y are liv+ on ri*] foods1 tak+ less ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 liv+ 9 h\ses :i* %ut out ! fre% air1 & do+ doz5s ( o!r ?+s t h t5d$ to l[] r ?an to raise ! av]age4 ,we c sc>cely realize ! possibilities ( life if1 ) all ! pres5t sci5tific k ( disease & heal?1 we c\ld h a g5]ation ( p liv+ accord+ to nature's laws4 ,life c be n only l5g!n$ b /r5g!n$4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( frail1 feeble *ildr5 :o h develop$ into exceptionally /rong m5 & wom54 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ is ,von ,humboldt1 ! great sci5ti/1 :o z a *ild 0 v weak physically1 &1 he himself says1 0 m5tally bel[ ! av]age1 b :o liv$ to ! age ( n9ety1 & develop$ "o ( ! greate/ m9ds ( 8 c5tury4 ,doctor ,horace ,flet*]1 not$ = 8 !ories 9 reg>d to eat+1 0 reject$ at ! age ( =ty-six = life insurance b s /r5g!n$ 8 con/itution by c>eful liv+ t by ! "t he 0 fifty he n only obta9$ 8 life insurance b celebrat$ 8 bir?day by rid+ "o hundr$ & n9ety miles on 8 bicycle4 ,if we c\ld imag9e a p]son :o all 8 life _h liv$ 9 a locality :]e ! air 0 pure2 9 a h\se :]e fre% air ent]$ day & night1 & :i* 0 heat$ to a uni=m temp]ature2 ^: food _h always consi/$ ( ! mo/ pure & nutriti\s mat]ial prep>$ 9 ! mo/ :olesome way1 eat5 sl[ly & 9 prop] quantity2 if ba?+1 sleep1 re/1 ex]cise1 bra9 "w & pleasure _h ea* its due proportion2 if he c\ld be always gu>d$ f contagion & accid5ts1 we c imag9e t su* a p]son w\ld be free f disease & t dea? might be long def]r$4 ,( c\rse1 dea? c n be prev5t$1 only po/pon$1 b disease c be prev5t$1 & s we c increase ! *ances ( po/pon+ dea?4 ,doctors tell u t "u ideal conditions !re w\ld be only "o cause ( dea?--old age4 ,!re is no "q t "u su* conditions life c\ld be prolong$ f> beyond :at is n[ usually consid]$ its span4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s or m might easily1 we imag9e1 become ! av]age ( life1 in/ead ( ! great exception4 ,we c hope = ^! ?+s 9 ! future ?\gh x w take sev]al g5]ations at lea/ to br+ !m all ab\t1 b we ne$ n wait s long = "s ( ! be/ results4 ,!re are _m ?+s t c be done at once to prolong life & prev5t illness4 ,s9ce we "k t _m diseases are prev5table & we "k ! suff]+ & sorr[1 z well z exp5se1 t come f sickness & premature dea?1 we %\ld all eag]ly unite 9 do+ all t we c to /op ^! ravages4 ,!re are two ag5cies t w help to br+ ?is ab\t3 individual or private means1 & g5]al or public means4 ,bo? are absolutely necess>y if we are to be successful 9 /amp+ out disease4 ,pr(essor ,fi%] says3 ,p]sonal hygi5e means ! /r5g!n+ ( our def5ses aga9/ disease4 ,public hygi5e seeks to de/roy ! g]ms be=e !y rea* our bodily def5ses4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] to le>n :at we may d to l5g!n ! span ( life we mu/ le>n some?+ ( ! nature ( disease4 ,doctors tell u t diseases are ( two classes4 ,! fir/ are h]$it>y1 or inh]it$2 ^? :i* pass f p>5ts to _! *ildr5 & (t5 run ?r\gh an entire family4 ,x is m (t5 ! t5d5cy to disease t is inh]it$1 r ?an ! disease itself1 & s ev5 ^! inh]it$ diseases may (t5 be prev5t$ by c>eful liv+4 ,diseases :i* may be inh]it$ include rheumatism1 g\t1 scr(ula1 diabetes1 canc] & insanity4 ,?is class ( diseases is ! mo/ difficult to prev5t & to cure4 ,= "s ( !m no cure has be5 f\nd4 ,! o!r class comprises ! diseases ( environm5t1 or p]sonal surr\nd+s1--t is1 our mann] ( liv+ bo? z reg>ds our private life & our relations to o!r p4 ,^! diseases are l>gely prev5table & x is ) !m t mo/ ( ! "w ( prev5tion is to be c>ri$ on4 ,a disease is consid]$ prev5table if1 by us+ ! be/ kn[n means ( treatm5t1 x might be prev5t$ or cur$1 s t ei!r ! disease or ! dea? usually result+ f x w\ld be avoid$4 ,( c\rse1 n all dea?s f a giv5 disease c\ld be prev5t$ ev5 ) ! be/ kn[n means4 ,infant diseases con/itute "o class :i* is consid]$ mo/ hopeful ( bett]m5t ?r\gh a pure milk supply & bett] hygi5e2 & yet _m au?orities believe t n m ?an half ! dea?s c\ld be prev5t$ ow+ to ! l>ge "p play$ by wea!r conditions1 feeble con/itutions1 & o!r un*angeable conditions4 ,prev5table diseases may be divid$ into six classes3 7#a7 ,diseases caus$ by lack ( prop] hygi5e4 7#b7 ,diseases caus$ by bad habits4 7#c7 ,contagi\s diseases4 7#d7 ,diseases caus$ by insects4 7#e7 ,accid5ts1 w\nds1 or op]ations & _! result+ diseases4 7#f7 ,diseases rem$i$ by slight means4 ,we w treat ea* ( ^! 9 turn4 7#a7 ,by prop] hygi5e is meant ! prop] treatm5t ( ! body z to brea?+1 eat+1 dr9k+1 sleep+1 ba?+ & re/4 ,?is treatm5t includes pl5ty ( fre% air1 bo? day & night1 keep+ outdoors z mu* z possible1 & 9 well-air$ h\ses ! re/ ( ! "t4 ,vigor\s b n viol5t ex]cise1 brisk walk+1 regul> physical ex]cise1 su* z is practis$ 9 gymnasiums1 w g f> t[>d keep+ ! body 9 good condition4 ,! "q ( fre% air 9 ! home is "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts to be consid]$4 ,! b$rooms1 ! liv+-rooms1 & ! kit*5 %\ld h ! air *ang$ con/antly1 n once or twice a day4 ,9 ord] to prev5t drafts1 & t ! h\se may n be kept at too l[ a temp]ature 9 w9t]1 a bo>d1 eight to twelve in*es 9 height1 may be plac$ across ! bottom ( a w9d[ t is rais$4 ,_m diseases1 n only ( ! ?roat & lungs1 b ( ! o!r organs1 may be prev5t$ by ! con/ant introduction ( fre% air into our rooms day & night4 ,tub]culosis causes m dea?s ?an any o!r s+le disease 9 ,am]ica1 & ! sickness & disability cont9ue long] ?an ) mo/ diseases4 ,x is extremely contagi\s1 be+ a g]m disease1 & n an inh]it$ "o1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,x increas$ v rapidly = a few ye>s b is n[ slightly decreas+1 ow+ to bett] k ( its cause & cure4 ,its prev5tion & its cure bo? lie l>gely 9 fre% air4 ,physicians say t no "o :o lives an op5-air life ) pl5ty ( fre% air night & day w contract x4 ,! cure :i* is re/or+ hundr$s to heal? is to f9d a place :]e ! air is pure1 & live & sleep practically outdoors2 to eat z mu* milk1 raw eggs1 & meat z c be dige/$ & to obs]ve ! o!r rules ( hygi5e4 ,incipi5t cases1 ^? 9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 may sometimes be cur$ :ile cont9u+ at "w by foll[+ ! o!r rules z ne>ly z possible4 ,on acc\nt ( ! extremely contagi\s nature ( tub]culosis1 special c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t its spread4 ,! sputum c\gh$ up f ! lungs is ! pr9cipal c>ri] ( ! disease1 & ! p]son :o1 hav+ tub]culosis1 ev5 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 spits 9 a public place1 is an enemy ( mank9d1 = he endang]s ! lives ( hundr$s ( o!rs4 ,! only excuse = ?is is t he usually does x ?r\gh ignorance1 b ! k ( ! dang] %\ld be s impress$ on all ! p t no "o c\ld plead ignorance1 & = a consumptive to spit on ! /reet %\ld be c\nt$ z mu* a crime morally z = a smallpox pati5t delib]ately to expose o!rs to ! disease4 ,great c>e %\ld ( c\rse be tak5 9 ! home ( a consumptive pati5t to prev5t ! infection f spread+ ?r\gh ! family4 ,sep>ate sleep+-rooms1 ?or\gh dis9fection1 & ! use ( pap] napk9s :i* are burn$ at once1 to take ! place ( h&k]*iefs1 %\ld be "s ( ! means employ$4 ,pneumonia1 pleurisy1 bron*itis1 grip1 colds1 & cat>rh are "s ( ! o!r ailm5ts :i* may be l>gely bani%$ by liv+ ! outdoor life4 ,! me?od ( treatm5t is m$ical1 is diff]5t 9 ea* case1 & %\ld be decid$ by ! family physician4 ,! con/ant habit ( brea?+ impurities1 day aft] day & ye> aft] ye>1 br+s ab\t a gradual *ange 9 ! tissue ( ! lungs4 ,9 ! same way1 simple food to take ! place ( ! ri*1 heavy foods eat5 9 l>ge quantities1 w prev5t _m ( ! diseases ( ! /oma*1 liv]1 & kidneys1 & improve ! g5]al heal? & /r5g?4 ,a diet ( less meat & m eggs has be5 tri$ by football teams 9 tra9+ & f\nd to give an equal am\nt ( /r5g? ) great] endurance4 ,a diet ( milk1 c]eals1 vegetables1 nuts1 & fruits1 raw or simply cook$1 ) a small am\nt ( animal foods1 w p]haps give ! be/ results 9 ?is climate4 ,food fri$ 9 fats1 ri* pa/ries & gravies are ! h>de/ to dige/1 & bett] heal? w usually foll[ discont9u+ !m4 ,! purity ( ! food eat5 %\ld receive c>eful consid]ation4 ,artificially pres]v$ foods are usually m or less dang]\s1 = al?\gh deal]s urge t ! poison conta9$ 9 !m is too small to d h>m we mu/ rememb] t x is n ! s+le dose t does h>m1 b ! _m foods ea* conta9+ a v small am\nt ( poison1 tak5 day aft] day4 ,pure food laws1 national & /ate1 h done great good 9 driv+ adult]at$ & impure foods out ( ! m>kets by requir+ all foods to be prop]ly label$4 ,?or\gh ma/ication or *ew+ ( ! food is only a little less important ?an ! "* ( ! food itself4 ,rapid swall[+ )\t *ew+ 9 *ildhood lays ! f\ndation = _m ( ! dige/ive diseases ( lat] life4 ,if food be ?or\ghly ma/icat$ mu* t w\ld o!rwise be h>d to dige/ c be eat5 )\t bad results4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n examples ( ?is is meat1 :i*1 :ile full ( n\ri%m5t1 sets up 9 ! l>ge inte/9e a condition kn[n z auto-intoxication1 a species ( dige/ive poison4 ,if meat be eat5 sl[ly & *ew$ ?or\ghly1 ?is condition is almo/ entirely abs5t4 ,pure dr9k+ wat] is almo/ z necess>y z pure food4 ,we take wat] into ! body = ?ree pr9cipal purposes3 fir/1 x is ne$$ to dissolve & dilute v>i\s sub/ances & c>ry !m f "o "p ( ! body to ano!r2 second1 x =ms a l>ge "p ( ! blood & o!r important fluids ( ! body1 & is a "p ( _m sub/ances =m$ 9 ! body2 ?ird1 x s]ves to c>ry f ! body ! worn-out & useless tissues1 ! wa/e products ( ! body4 ,^! are extremely poison\s & mu/ be promptly dispos$ ( to prev5t sickness4 ,?is c n be done except by an ample supply ( wat]4 ,few p]sons1 especially gr[n p]sons1 dr9k en\gh wat]4 ,t5 glasses ( pure wat] are ne$$ prop]ly to supply ! body4 ,insuffici5t wat] dr9k+ is p]haps ! commone/ cause ( ! int]ruption ( ! normal life processes1 says ,doctor ,!ron ,c4 ,/e>ns4 ,b ! common dr9k+ cup 9 public places probably causes f> m disease ?an ! dr9k+ itself prev5ts4 ,p>ticles ( dead sk9 & disease-g]ms are left 9 ! cup by ea* dr9k]4 ,"s ( ! mo/ s]i\s diseases may be c>ri$ 9 ?is way4 ,a cup made ( heavy wat]pro( pap]1 *eap en\gh to be ?r[n away aft] be+ us$ once1 is a rec5t inv5tion t is highly recomm5d$ = use by s*ool *ildr5 & ^? :o are oblig$ to dr9k away f home4 ,! wat] 9 a public dr9k+-f\nta9 %\ld come out 9 a small /eady /ream s t ^? :o h no cups may dr9k f ! /ream itself z x rises4 ,_m s*ool-h\ses are s equipp$4 ,sleep is a necess>y "p ( good hygi5e4 ,x promotes heal? & prev5ts disease4 ,x is l>gely 9 sleep t ! sy/em r5ews itself1 t gr[? takes place1 t wa/e products are ?r[n (f1 & ! body repairs its wa/es4 ,no less ?an eight h\rs = gr[n p]sons & t5 = *ildr5 %\ld be employ$ 9 sleep4 ,late h\rs & sleepless nights are ! frequ5t cause ( n]v\sness1 eye /ra91 n]v\s pro/ration1 & ! beg9n+ ( bra9 tr\bles & insanity4 ,ba?+ is also necess>y to good heal?4 ,! pores ( ! sk9 play a l>ge "p 9 c>ry+ (f ! wa/es ( ! body1 ?r\gh ! p]spiration1 & if ^! become clogg$1 ?is poison\s mat]ial rema9s 9 ! sy/em4 ,we h all notic$ h[ a ba? refre%es & gives tone to ! entire body by op5+ ! pores4 ,! sk9 is compos$ ( m9ute scales1 arrang$ 9 lay]s l fi% scales4 ,! t9y crevices betwe5 ^! =m a lodg+ place = dirt & g]ms4 ,if ^! rema91 our own bodies are con/antly expos$ to _! infection1 if !y drop (f1 z "s are con/antly do+1 we may spread ! contagion to o!rs4 ,?is is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by sc>let fev]1 smallpox1 & simil> diseases :]e ^! m9ute scales are ! sole s\rce ( contagion4 ,ex]cise is ano!r necessity ( heal?4 ,regul> physical culture 9 a gymnasium w develop any muscle or "p ( ! body almo/ at w1 b if ?is be n possible mu* c be accompli%$ 9 develop+ ! body by simple "w4 ,glad/one f\nd heal? 9 *opp+ wood1 ,roosevelt 9 a daily t5nis game1 & ,presid5t ,taft 9 golf4 ,_m f9d x 9 g>d5+ or f>m+4 ,^! all help to develop vigor\s bodies4 ,any?+ :i* br+s into mod]ate play any set ( muscles1 :i* increases ! circulation1 or /imulates ! secretion is b5eficial4 ,h\se-"w1 :i*1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 br+s into use all ! muscles ( ! body1 is a :olesome ex]cise = wom54 ,^? :o d no h\se-"w seldom sub/itute = x any o!r active ex]cise1 & _m diseases :i* are caus$ by deposits ( wa/e tissues t are n ?r[n (f by ! body1 are ! result4 ,re/--recreation--pleasure--^! are z necess>y to heal? z any?+ else1 b ! ,am]ican p are sl[ to le>n ! ne$ ( !m4 ,we he> mu* ( n]v\s pro/ration z an ,am]ican disease4 ,x is due to a v>iety ( causes1--high liv+1 late h\rs1 ill-v5tilat$ rooms1 & climate2 b *ief ( all ! causes is ! long h\rs ( "w "u /rong pressure4 ,"w done 9 a hurry & )\t re/ may accompli% _m ?+s1 b x inv>iably causes a correspond+ loss ( n]ve =ce4 ,fatigue1 by *eck+ bodily resi/ance1 gives rise to all k9ds ( poisons 9 ! sy/em4 ,e "p ( ! body feels ! ill effect ( cont9u$ exhau/ion4 ,( ! diseases caus$ by bad habits1 x c only be said t all ! evils !y cause1 directly & indirectly1 are entirely prev5table2 t !y are usually wrong morally1 & t ! suff]+ :i* results is sure4 ,"u ?is head come ! effects ( dr9k+1 ( ! use ( tobacco & drugs1 & ( bad p]sonal & social habits4 ,x is only necess>y to refra9 f ^! bad habits to prev5t all ! diseases t arise f !m1 ) all _! tra9 ( suff]+1 pov]ty & crime4 ,x is n ! prov9ce ( ?is book to deal ) sci5tific temp]ance1 b m]ely to /ate a few ( ! mo/ s]i\s results ( ! use ( alcohol & o!r poisons4 ,! :ite corpuscles ( ! blood h be5 call$ our /&+ army1 because !y are natural g]m-de/roy]s4 ,"o class ( ! :ite cells has ! p[] ( motion1 & ano!r class has ! p[] ( absorb+ outside matt]1 su* z disease-g]ms4 ,"o de/roys ! g]ms & ! o!r moves !m ?r\gh ! blood & c>ries !m (f ) ! wa/e products ( ! body4 ,! :ite corpuscles ?us /& z ! def5d]s ( ! body1 ready to de/roy ! g]ms z !y ent]1 & are1 = ea* individual1 ! be/ ( all prev5tives ( g]m diseases4 ,! p]son ^: blood is lack+ 9 :ite cells is always liable to cat* contagi\s or infecti\s diseases1 & ! "o :o has t elem5t ( ! blood 9 prop] proportion is be/ fitt$ to )/& disease4 ,lead+ physicians believe t ! greate/ h>m t comes f ! use ( alcohol lies 9 ! fact t no?+ else s weak5s ! resi/ance ( ! :ite corpuscles1 & t !re=e ! p]son :o is an habitual us] ( alcohol lacks ! p[] to repel all classes ( disease4 ,engli% & ,am]ican life insurance companies give u almo/ exactly ! same figures1 :i* %[ t ( insur$ p]sons1 ! dea? rate is tw5ty-?ree p] c5t4 high] among ^? :o use alcohol ?an among total ab/a9]s4 ,x is probable t ! proportion ( p]sons c>ry+ life insurance is mu* less among ! dr9k+ classes & t if we _h complete /ati/ics ! diff]5ce w\ld be f> great] ?an appe>s 9 ! life insurance tables4 ,( "t lo/ by sickness1 directly & ?r\gh o!r diseases caus$ by alcoholism1 drugs & o!r bad habits1 ! p]c5tage is v great1 accord+ to all hospital records4 ,! numb] ( prom95t p]sons :o h di$ ( tobacco he>t indicates t ! rate ( ^? ^: he>t action is weak5$ by ! use ( tobacco is probably v l>ge4 ,doctor ,morr[ says t if we c\ld put an end at once to diseases caus$ by bad habits x w\ld result 9 clos+ at lea/ "o-half ( our in/itutions = defective p]sons1 & almo/ all ( our p5al in/itutions4 ,!re is ano!r long li/ ( diseases :i* are contagi\s1 t is1 :i* "o p]son may transmit to ano!r4 ,^! are usually s]i\s b _! spread may be l>gely prev5t$ by keep+ ! sick p]son alone1 except = ! necess>y nurses1 qu>ant9+ ! h\se & dis9fect+ ev]y?+ :5 ! p]iod ( infection is pa/4 ,9 ?is class are smallpox1 diph!ria1 sc>let fev]1 measles1 mumps1 *ick5-pox & :oop+-c\gh4 ,^! latt] are ! s-call$ *ildi% diseases :i* x 0 =m]ly consid]$ impossible to escape1 & little attempt 0 made to gu>d aga9/ !m4 ,n[ !y are recogniz$ z s]i\s1 :oop+-c\gh = its close relation to bra9 & sp9al tr\ble2 measles = _! effect on ! eyes & lungs2 *ick5-pox = its simil>ity to smallpox1 & mumps = its g5]al l[]+ ( ! tone ( ! sy/em1 all[+ o!r diseases to ga9 a foo?old4 ,special s]um treatm5t = diph!ria & vacc9ation = smallpox h greatly r$uc$ ! dang] f ^! once greatly dread$ diseases4 ,( prev5table diseases none %\ld receive m att5tion ?an typhoid fev]1 because x is a great sc\rge & yet x c be prev5t$ by simple means4 ,if we und]/& t typhoid is a dirt disease1 t x comes only f dirt1 we %all feel x a disgrace to h an epidemic ( typhoid1 ?\gh "o ( ! sadde/ features ab\t x is t we mu/ suff] = ! s9s ( o!rs4 ,! "o :o is attack$ by typhoid fev] may n be ! "o :o has left dirt = ! disease to bre$ 94 ,typhoid fev] g]ms are br$ *iefly 9 manure piles1 sew]s1 or cess-pools1 & w\ld n be transmitt$ to man directly1 b !re are sev]al indirect ways 9 :i* !y may be c>ri$4 ,flies also bre$ 9 ! same places4 ,_! legs become cov]$ ) typhoid g]ms1 & !n !y fly into h\ses directly on ! food & cook+ ut5sils4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common ways 9 :i* ! disease is c>ri$1 & doctors tell u t ! common h\se-fly %\ld be kn[n z ! typhoid fly s t p may "k ! s]i\s dang] t lurks 9 :at 0 =m]ly consid]$ z no?+ worse ?an an annoy+ foe to clean h\sekeep+4 ,if h\ses are ?or\ghly scre5$1 if cess-pools1 manure piles & g>bage are kept tightly cov]$1 scre5$1 or1 /ill bett]1 dis9fect$ ) *loride ( lime1 !re w be no bre$+-places left = flies & ?is w remove "o ( ! greate/ dang]s4 ,! o!r dang] lies 9 a pollut$ wat] or milk supply4 ,e sew] t is c>ri$ into a /ream1 e manure pile t dra9s into a wat] c\rse is a m5ace to heal?4 ,v frequ5tly ! f>m well = wat]+ /ock is ne> ! b>n1--ne> ! manure pile1 :i*1 z x dra9s1 c>ries d[n millions ( typhoid g]ms to ! wat]-level bel[4 ,! well becomes infect$1 ! family dr9k f x1 & soon !re may be sev]al cases ( typhoid fev] 9 ! home4 ,wor/ ( all1 ! milk pails are r9s$ at ! well1 & all ! milk t is p\r$ into !m spreads ! g]ms :]ev] ! milk may be sold4 ,9 ?is way an epidemic may be c>ri$ to an entire t[n1 & to p]sons :o !mselves h tak5 e precaution aga9/ ! disease4 ,dr9k+ wat] %\ld be boil$ unless "o is sure ( ! wat]-supply1 & surface wells are nev] safe unless we "k t !y dra9 only f clean s\rces1 & !n ! wat] %\ld be analyz$ frequ5tly4 ,boil+ absolutely de/roys typhoid & o!r g]ms1 & well repays ! extra "w x makes4 ,"o case ( typhoid fev] causes m "w ?an boil+ ! wat] = ye>s1 if we consid] ! "w only4 ,if y c n buy pa/euriz$ milk1 & are n sure ( conditions ab\t ! dairy1 y\r milk %\ld be boil$1 or1 /ill bett]1 /]iliz$ at home by putt+ x 9 bottles or o!r conta9]s1 & plac+ 9 a vessel ( hot wat]1 keep+ ! milk = sev]al h\rs ab\t half-way to ! boil+ po9t1 !n cool+ gradually4 ,all ^! means ( prev5tion are tr\blesome & require "t & "w1 b z ! result 9 heal? = ! family is sure1 e h\sekeep] %\ld gladly take ?is extra burd5 on h]self if x be necess>y4 ,9 "s /ates & _m cities1 ! laws gov]n+ dairies are n[ s /rict t !re is no ne$ ( do+ ?is "w 9 ! home4 ,?is c>e 9 ! dairies %\ld be insi/$ on ev]y:]e1 ev5 if x raises ! price ( milk1 because x means ! sav+ ( _m doctor & drug bills & also raises ! /&>d ( public heal?4 ,yell[ fev] 0 =m]ly dread$ m ?an any o!r s+le disease because x 0 s wide-spread1 s fatal1 & 0 ?\ght to be viol5tly contagi\s1 b dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> x 0 prov$ t x is n contagi\s at all1 b comes only f ! bite ( a c]ta9 mosquito1 ! /egomia1 :i* is usually f\nd only 9 hot climates4 ,x is convey$ 9 ?is way3 ! mosquito bites a yell[ fev] pati5t2 = twelve days x is h>mless1 b aft] t "t x may infect e p]son t x bites4 ,if e yell[ fev] pati5t c\ld be scre5$ ) nett+ to prev5t 8 be+ bitt51 we c\ld prev5t ! yell[ fev] mosquito f becom+ infect$4 ,fur!r1 if we c prev5t heal?y p f be+ bitt5 by fev]-infect$ mosquitoes1 !y w escape ! disease1 & /ill fur!r1 if we c de/roy ! eggs ( mosquitoes1 we c entirely obviate all dang] ( yell[ fev] 9 a community4 ,! mosquito bre$s only 9 wat]2 by hav+ all ci/]ns1 ra9-wat] b>rels1 & o!r wat] conta9]s c>efully cov]$1 & by spread+ ! surface ( pools ( /&+ wat]1 especially dirty wat]1 cov]$ ) gre5i% scum1 ) a ?ick coat+ ( k]os5e oil1 we c prev5t ! eggs f hat*+4 ,?is has be5 done 9 _m communities 9 ,cuba & ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & has result$ 9 completely /amp+ out ! disease 9 ^? places4 ,mal>ia is caus$ by ano!r mosquito1 call$ ! anopheles & :ile mal>ia is seldom fatal z is yell[ fev]1 x causes mu* suff]+ & loss ( "t1 & /rong ef=ts %\ld be made to prev5t x4 ,! same measures t are us$ to prev5t yell[ fev] w bani% mal>ia f any community4 ,!y are ! scre5+ ( pati5ts to prev5t spread+ ! disease2 scre5+ all h\ses closely & keep+ close wat* = mosquitoes 9 ! h\se1 & cov]+ all ponds 9 ! neighborhood ) oil4 ,new ,j]sey mosquitoes 7 =m]ly kn[n f> & wide1 b su* an active campaign has be5 wag$ aga9/ !m1 t !y h be5 almo/ completely driv5 f ! /ate4 ,! ord9>y mosquito has nev] be5 f\nd to d any h>m beyond ! discom=t ( its bite4 ,( o!r diseases caus$ by insects1 an affection ( ! eyes call$ p9k-eye is c>ri$ by v t9y flies1 & ! dread$ bubonic plague is suppos$ to be transf]r$ f sick p to well ones by ! bites ( fleas1 :i* 9 turn are br\ght to ?is c\ntry by rats4 ,! hook-worm :i* affects s _m p]sons 9 ! ,s\? is (t5 call$ ! lazy disease s9ce ! p]sons afflict$ ) x are n totally disabl$1 b are lack+ 9 en]gy & vigor because ! small insects take f ! blood ! r$ corpuscles :i* %\ld c>ry ! dige/$ food all ov] ! body4 ,^! insects c be de/roy$ by m$ic9e1 ( :i* only a few c5ts wor? is requir$ to cure a case & make ! pati5t fit = "w & enjoym5t4 ,9 ,porto ,rico almo/ #cjj1jjj cases h be5 treat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t 9 ! la/ six ye>s4 ,ano!r matt] :i* %\ld receive c>eful consid]ation is ! l>ge numb] ( prev5table accid5ts4 ,m9+ accid5ts come 9 a few cases f failure to provide ! be/ appliances 9 ! m9es1 b 9 _m cases are due to c>elessness or ignorance ( ! op]ators !mselves4 ,!re /ill rema9 a l>ge numb] ( accid5ts :i* occur 9 ! be/ regulat$ m9es1 & :5 no in/ance ( special c>elessness c be trac$4 ,= ye>s ^! disa/]s h puzzl$ m9+ eng9e]s1 b )9 ! la/ few mon?s x has be5 discov]$ t ! m9ute p>ticles ( coal du/ 9 a dry m9e completely fill ! air1 s t ! air itself is ready to burn4 ,:5 a light is tak5 into ?is coal-fill$ atmosph]e1 x bur/s into flame1 caus+ a viol5t explosion4 ,spr9kl+ ! m9es1 =c+ a f9e spray ( wat] ?r\gh ! air ( e "p ( ! m9es1 x is ?\ght1 w prev5t ?is class ( accid5ts1 :i* h furni%$ long li/s ( kill$ & injur$ ea* ye>4 ,reports %[ t "o m9] is kill$ & sev]al injur$ = e "o hundr$ ?\s& tons ( coal m9$4 ,! m9+ accid5ts ( "o ye> total #b1ejj kill$ & #f1jjj s]i\sly injur$4 ,o!r indu/ries d n cause su* :olesale injuries1 b !re are ?\s&s ( individual accid5ts ea* ye> :]e ! injury v>ies f mangl$ f+]s to dea?4 ,:5 ! cause is failure to provide suitable safegu>ds to ma*9]y1 or to w>n employees ( dang]1 ! p5alty to ! employ]s %\ld be made sev]e1 s t no consid]ation ( money w prev5t !m f tak+ precautions4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ! injury is due to ! c>elessness ( ! m5 or to ! fact t !y try to run ma*9es ) :i* !y are unfamili>4 ,manual tra9+ s*ools1 night s*ools = work+-m51 ) a %ort appr5tice%ip 9 ! runn+ ( ma*9]y & an explanation ( ! dang]s1 w g f> to prev5t ?is class ( accid5ts1 b ! fact w /ill rema91 t (t5 ^? :o are mo/ famili> ) ma*9]y become c>eless & are m liable to injury ?an beg9n]s4 ,! numb] ( accid5ts t h be5 add$ to ! _w's li/ by automobiles1 bo? to ^? rid+ & to p]sons :o are run ov] by !m1 is great & is 9 a l>ge measure due to c>elessness 9 h&l+ ! ma*9e or to reckless driv+4 ,! entire numb] ( accid5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ railway accid5ts1 rea*es ! imm5se total ( sixty ?\s& kill$ & _m times t numb] injur$4 ,a mo/ appall+ wa/e ( life & labor value6 ,pr(essor ,ditman says1 ,( #bi1jjj1jjj work]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ov] #ejj1jjj are ye>ly kill$ or crippl$ z a direct result ( ! occupations 9 :i* !y are engag$--m ?an 7 kill$ & w\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,russo-,japanese ,w>4 ,m ?an "o-half ?is trem5d\s sacrifice ( life is ne$less4 ,until ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury !re 0 a l>ge addition to ! dea? rate ea* ye> f ! blood poison+ foll[+ op]ations & injuries mak+ op5 w\nds4 ,x 0 n until ! discov]y ( ! g]ms :i* cause septic poison+ t dea?s f ^! causes c\ld be *eck$4 ,! use ( antiseptics1 su* z c>bolic acid1 alcohol1 & v>i\s o!r prep>ations1 ! boil+ ( all surgical in/rum5ts1 & ! boil+ or bak+ ( all articles us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( op5 w\nds & sores has r$uc$ ! dea? rate at lea/ "o-half4 ,! rate c\ld be l[]$ mu* m if all sores 7 treat$ z surgical cases & c>efully /]iliz$ f ! beg9n+4 ,ab\t eighty-five dea?s out ( e hundr$ f ^! causes might be prev5t$4 ,e ,f\r? ( ,july a great _m entirely prev5table dea?s & m9or accid5ts occur4 ,! toy pi/ol has come to be consid]$ almo/ z deadly z ! l>g] v>iety4 ,! t9y caps t are us$ 9 !m are fir$ back into ! h& ( ! p]son %oot+ !m1 t9y p>ticles ( p[d] ent] ! sk91 burr[+ into ! fle%1 & ! sk9 closes ov] !m1 %utt+ out ! air4 ,if ^! p>ticles c>ry ) !m tetanus g]ms1 z is (t5 ! case1 because ^! g]ms are f\nd *iefly 9 ! dirt ( ! /reet :]e mo/ ( ?is %oot+ is done1 lock-jaw or tetanus1 a sev]e =m ( blood-poison+1 results1 & is usually fatal4 ,! same results come less frequ5tly f fire-crack]s & o!r explosives1 & 9 addition _m accid5ts :i* injure h&s1 eyes1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body1 are ! result ( ! use ( ! heavi] explosives4 ,! ,pa/eur ,treatm5t is sav+ _m lives ea* ye> by treat+ cases ( infection f mad dogs & o!r animals affect$ ) hydrophobia4 ,among ! diseases :i* c be rem$i$ by slight means are enl>g$ tonsils & ad5oid gr[?s back ( ! nose1 bo? ( :i* c be remov$ by a slight & almo/ pa9less op]ation1 b :i*1 if all[$ to develop1 (t5 cause s]i\s ?roat & lung tr\bles1 deafness1 & weak5$ m9ds4 ,slight defects ( ! eyes c be rem$i$ by ! we>+ ( glasses1 b :i* if un*eck$ give rise to v>i\s n]ve & sp9al diseases z well z m s]i\s eye tr\bles4 ,x is believ$ n[ t mo/ ( ! bl9dness ( lat] life c\ld be prev5t$ by prop] c>e ( ! eyes 9 e>ly life & by prompt att5tion to slight defects ( ! eyes :5 !y beg94 ,doctor ,walt] ,cornell1 :o has made a /udy ( eye /ra9 says1 ,eye /ra9 is ! *ief cause ( functional diseases4 ,x is almo/ ! sole cause ( heada*e1 is ! frequ5t cause ( dige/ive diseases1 ( sp9al curvatures1 & indirectly ( neura/h5ia & hy/]ia4 ,decay$ tee? 9 *ildr51 slight 9 !mselves1 give rise to m s]i\s tr\bles 9 lat] life1--ill-%ap$ m\?s & jaws & crook$ tee? result f tee? t h be5 drawn too e>ly 9 life4 ,decay$ tee? lead also to _m /oma* & dige/ive tr\bles4 ,m$ical inspection 9 ! s*ools %[s a surpris+ numb] ( *ildr5 suff]+ f ^! m9or tr\bles4 ,ab\t #hj1jjj *ildr5 7 exam9$1 & ! records %[ t out ( e "o hundr$ *ildr5 exam9$ sixty-six ne$$ ! s]vices ( a doctor1 surgeon1 or d5ti/1 & "s ne$$ all ?ree4 ,=ty out ( ea* hundr$ _h badly neglect$ tee?4 ,?irty-eight _h enl>g$ gl&s ( ! neck4 ,eighte5 _h enl>g$ tonsils4 ,t5 _h gr[?s ( ! nose4 ,?irty-"o ne$$ glasses4 ,six ne$$ m n\ri%+ food4 ,?is meant t m ?an #eb1jjj ( ! numb] ne$$ "s m$ical c>e t !y w\ld n h receiv$ at home because _! p>5ts _h nev] notic$ ! ne$ ( x4 ,e "o ( !m c\ld by prompt att5tion1 a small d5ti/'s bill1 a slight op]ation ( ! ?roat or nose1 or ! use ( glasses1 7almo/ #be1jjj ne$$ glasses7 be sav$ great suff]+ or inability to "w 9 lat] life4 ,z we le>n m ( disease1 & especially ( g]m diseases1 we are oppress$ by ! feel+ t we are 9 con/ant dang]1 b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x is ! weak & unfit t are attack$1 & t fitness1 :ile p>tly inh]it$1 is almo/ altoge!r a matt] ( prop] hygi5e4 ,keep+ our bodily def5ses 9 good condition aga9/ disease is z mu* a matt] ( necessity & good policy z keep+ ! def5ses ( a city 9 fight+ condition 9 "t ( w>4 ,t life may be prolong$ & s /r5g!n$ t ! av]age height1 weight1 & endurance w be increas$1 admits ( no d\bt4 ,! same rule ( cultivation runs ?r\gh all nature4 ,! orig9al or natural apple 0 a small1 s\r1 bitt] crab4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 t & ! f9e/ products ( we/]n or*>ds1 is altoge!r a matt] ( cultivation1 selection1 & prop] treatm5t4 ,9 #agaj ! av]age weight ( dress$ cattle did n exce$ ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty p\nds4 ,n[ x is n f> f "o ?\s& p\nds4 ,an equal *ange c\ld be made 9 ! human race1 b because we believe s fully 9 p]sonal lib]ty to live our lives z we *oose1 little has actually be5 done to raise ! human /&>d4 ,! c>e & hygi5e ( *ildr5 is receiv+ univ]sal att5tion1 ) ! result ( a wond]ful r$uction 9 ! sickness & dea? ( *ildr51 b z yet comp>atively few gr[n p]sons apply ^! lessons to _! own lives1 & ! rates = old] p]sons rema9 almo/ un*ang$4 ,:5 individuals h done all t !y c1 !re /ill rema9s mu* t mu/ be done by ! city1 ! /ate1 & ! nation4 ,bo>ds ( heal? c d mu* t[>d controll+ epidemics by plac+ infect$ h\seholds "u qu>ant9e1 by compell+ h\sehold]s :o are ignorant or c>eless to clean _! premises & to take o!r precautions = ! public heal?4 ,hospitals1 bo? public & private1 h done excell5t "w1 n only 9 cur+ disease b 9 ga9+ m def9ite k ( ! nature ( diseases ?r\gh ! /udy ( l>ge numb]s ( cases4 ,! clean+ ( /reets & ! removal ( g>bage regul>ly are among ! great factors 9 keep+ a city 9 a sanit>y condition4 ,new ,orleans & "s ( ! cities ( ,cuba & ,porto ,rico %[ /rik+ly :at may be done 9 t direction4 ,m$ical inspection ( s*ools is a new & valuable aid to heal?4 ,epidemics ( *ildi% diseases :i* sweep ?r\gh ! s*ools ) a fe>ful record ( illness & a less] "o ( dea?1 may (t5 be *eck$ entirely by ! close wat* ( ! m$ical inspector1 :o removes ! fir/ pati5ts f ! s*ools :5 ! disease is 9 its beg9n+4 ,public playgr\nds = *ildr5 9 cities h an influ5ce t x is z good = heal? z x is = morals1 provid+1 z x does1 fre% air & active ex]cise = *ildr54 ,op5 air s*ools = tub]cul> *ildr5 are be+ op]at$ 9 sev]al cities ) excell5t results 9 heal? & s*ool "w4 ,_m /ates are mak+ an organiz$ ef=t to fight tub]culosis by e/abli%+ fre%-air colonies :]e1 ) pure air1 re/ & pl5ty ( ! mo/ n\ri%+ food1 pati5ts are re/or$ to heal?4 ,c>e ( epileptics & ! insane by ! /ate1 ) prop] hygi5e & treatm5t1 accompli%es _m cures4 ,! nation is do+ excell5t "w 9 a few l9es1 notably ! ,pure ,food ,bureau & ! ,m>9e ,hospital ,corps1 b p]fect$ organization ( all ! =ces is lack+4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has done a wond]ful "w 9 inve/igat+ & curb+ insect pe/s t injure f>m crops & trees1 & 9 /amp+ out disease among live /ock4 ,=ty-six million doll>s h be5 sp5t & well sp5t 9 ! "w 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 b x is a matt] ( reproa* t m pa9s are tak5 to save ! lives ( cattle & f>m crops ?an human lives4 ,!re %\ld be a /rong c5tral ,bureau ( ,heal? ) p[] & money sci5tifically to inve/igate disease1 to di/ribute in=mation z ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture does to f>m]s1 & to c>ry out _! ideas1 z d /ate & city bo>ds ( heal?4 ,we h dealt ) only "o side ( ! "q--! suff]+ & sorr[2 b 9 a "w on cons]vation1 we mu/ consid] also ! money "q1 ! loss to ! nation 9 "t & money ( ^! great wa/es ( heal? & life4 ,!re are no tru/wor?y /ati/ics z to wages4 ,! av]age ye>ly e>n+s ( all p]sons1 f day labor]s to presid5ts1 is e/imat$ at sev5 hundr$ doll>s2 b z n m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! p are actual work]s1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ?is am\nt1 or five hundr$ & tw5ty-five doll>s is tak5 z ! av]age wage4 ,f ^! figures ! money value ( a p]son "u five ye>s is giv5 at n9ety-five doll>s2 f five to t5 ye>s1 at n9e hundr$ & fifty doll>s2 f t5 to tw5ty ye>s at #b1jjj2 f tw5ty to ?irty at #d1jjj2 ?irty to fifty ye>s at #d1jjj2 fifty to eighty at #b1ijj & ov] eighty at #gjj or less4 ,! av]age value ( life at all ages is #b1ijj & ! #ic1jjj1jjj p]sons liv+ 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld be wor? 9 e>n+ p[] ! va/ sum ( #bgj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is is probably a l[ e/imate b is m ?an d\ble all our o!r weal? comb9$4 ,n[ let u see h[ mu* ( ?is vital weal? is wa/$4 ,z ! av]age dea? rate is at lea/ eighte5 out ( ea* ?\s&1 we h #a1ejj1jjj z ! numb] ( dea?s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* ye>4 ,( ^!1 =ty-two p] c5t41 or #fcj1jjj are class$ z prev5table--s t a numb] equal to ! entire population ( ! city ( ,bo/on die ea* ye> ^: dea?s are z unnecess>y z is ! wa/e ( our =e/s by fire4 ,if "s great plague %\ld c>ry (f all ! p ( ,bo/on1 n ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates only1 b ( ! :ole _w w\ld be r\s$ by ! appall+ calamity & e possible means w\ld be employ$ to prev5t o!r cities f %>+ su* a fate2 b because ^! prev5table dea?s are n 9 "o city1 b are widely scatt]$1 we h long rema9$ indiff]5t to ?is t]rible & ne$less wa/e4 ,!n !re are always #c1jjj1jjj p]sons ill1 #a1jjj1jjj ( :om are ( work+ age4 ,if1 z be=e1 we c\nt only ?ree-f\r?s ( !m z actual work]s1 we f9d a ye>ly direct loss f sickness ( #ejj1jjj1jjj 9 wages4 ,! daily co/ ( nurs+1 doctor bills1 & m$ic9e is c\nt$ at "o doll> & fifty c5ts1 :i* makes = ! #c1jjj1jjj sick1 a ye>ly co/ = ^! items ( m ?an #a1ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k if ne>ly all ( ! p ( ! city ( ,new ,york 7 con/antly sick1 & 7 sp5d+ = doctors1 nurses1 & m$ic9e z mu* money z ,congress appropriates to run e dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t6 ,x is e/imat$ t sickness & dea? co/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates #c1jjj1jjj1jjj annually1 ( :i* at lea/ a ?ird1 probably "o-half1 is prev5table4 ,is x n well wor? :ile1 !n1 f a money /&po9t alone1 to use e ef=t to cons]ve our national heal?8 ,cons]vation ( heal? & life1 go+ h& 9 h& ) cons]vation ( national res\rces1 w give u n only a bett] ,am]ica1 b bett]1 /rong]1 happi]1 m enlight5$ ,am]icans4 ,:at a new _w w\ld be op5$ to u if we c\ld h a nation ) no sickness or suff]+6 ,t is ! ideal1 & ev]y?+ t we c d t[>d realiz+ t ideal is a great /ep 9 human progress4 ,,ref]5ces ,report on ,national ,vitality4 ,committee ( ,"o ,hundr$4 7,fi%]47 ,! ,nature ( ,man4 ,met*nik(f4 ,! ,prolongation ( ,life4 ,met*nik(f4 ,! ,new ,hygi5e4 ,met*nik(f4 ,vital ,/ati/ics4 ,f>r4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,man4 ,lanke/]4 ,co/ ( ,tub]culosis4 ,fi%]4 ,s*ool ,hygi5e4 ,keat+4 ,economic ,loss ,?r\gh ,insects ,t ,c>ry ,disease4 ,h[>d4 ,report ( ,associat$ ,frat]nities on ,infecti\s1 ,contagi\s1 & ,h]$it>y ,diseases4 ,cons]vation ( ,life & ,heal? by ,improv$ ,wat] ,supply4 ,kob]4 ,backw>d ,*ildr5 9 ! ,public ,s*ools4 ,davis4 ,dang]s to ,m9e ,work]s4 7,mit*ell47 ,report ,gov]nor's ,conf]5ce4 ,tub]culosis 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,report #aijh4 ,indu/rial ,accid5ts4 ,bureau ( ,labor ,pamphlet1 #aijf4 ,factory ,sanitation & ,labor ,protection4 ,dept4 ( ,labor1 ,no4 #dd4 ,h[ ,insects ,affect ,heal? 9 ,rural ,di/ricts4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,bullet9 #aee4 ,public ,heal? & ,wat] ,pollution4 ,bullet9 #ic4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,beauty ,am]ica has ano!r res\rce t diff]s f all ! o!rs1 & yet is no less valuable to u z a nation1 = x is ^u natural beauty t we mu/ dep5d to attract visitors & settl]s f o!r c\ntries1 & also to develop love ( c\ntry 9 our own p1 & to ar\se 9 !m all ! high] s5tim5ts & ideals4 ,! love ( romance & poetry is awak5$ only by ! sight ( beautiful objects1 & t nation w produce ! highe/ class ( citiz5s :i* has mo/ )9 x to k9dle ^! l(ty ideas4 ,! savage c>es only = ! com=t ( 8 body1 b z civilization advances1 man devotes m & m ?\ght to ^? pleasures t come only ?r\gh 8 m9d & ! cultivation ( 8 ta/es4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is p>ticul>ly =tunate 9 ?is respect1 = "h is ev]y?+ to inspire a love ( beauty4 ,!re is ! beauty ( *ang+ seasons1 ( our wond]ful autumn =e/ color+1 ( riv]s1 m\nta9s1 lakes1 sea1 & %ore4 ,9 addition to ! beauty ( our l&scapes1 :i* is ev]y:]e to be f\nd1 !re are _m special beauties :i* are among ! _w's wond]-places1 & :i* are visit$ ye>ly by ?\s&s ( sight-se]s1 & ea* ye> !y attract a great] numb] ( visitors f o!r l&s4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! are ,niag>a ,falls1 ! ,yosemite ,valley1 ) its cr[n+ glory1 ! ,yosemite ,falls1 ! ,het*-,het*y ,falls1 ,mammo? ,cave1 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods1 ! ,gr& ,caon ( ! ,colorado1 ! ,agatiz$ ,=e/s ( ,arizona1 ,yell[/one ,p>k1 ,! ,natural ,bridge ( ,virg9ia1 ,great ,salt ,lake1 & doz5s ( o!rs1 less wond]ful1 b sc>cely less beautiful1 & equal to ! mo/ talk$-( beauties ( ,europe1 su* z ! ,palisades ( ! ,hudson1 ,lake ,*ampla91 ! ,%5&oah ,valley1 ! ,dalles ( ,oregon1 ,pike's ,peak1 ,m\nt ,ra9i]1 ,look\t ,m\nta91 ! ,adirondacks1 & ! entire ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! relics ( anci5t civilization1 ! homes ( ! ,cliff ,dwell]s1 ! "w ( ! ,m\nd ,build]s1 & su* fragm5ts z /ill rema9 ( ! occupation 9 v>i\s times & places ( c]ta9 ,indian tribes1 & ( ! ,norsem5 & ! ,spani>ds4 ,all ^! are to be valu$ = _! beauty or hi/oric int]e/1 & are also valuable z a s\rce ( weal? to ! community4 ,! money sp5t on t\ri/-travel 9 ,europe is said to be m ?an half a billion doll>s a ye>4 ,?is va/ am\nt is sp5t because 9 ,europe !re is s mu* to delight ! eye1 because ! cities are made beautiful ) arti/ic build+s fill$ ) art treasures1 because hi/oric places are c>efully pres]v$1 because ! villages are neat & well-kept1 & ! int5sive f>m+ :i* is practis$ almo/ ev]y:]e leaves no wa/e places to gr[ up ) we$s1 & lie neglect$4 ,!re are p>ts ( ,europe1 ( c\rse1 :]e ?is is n true1 b !y are n includ$ 9 ! l9e ( t\ri/-travel1 & 9 g5]al x may be said t ,europe is visit$ almo/ solely because ( its beauty3--! natural beauty t man has pres]v$1 ! beauty t he has creat$1 or ! relics ( pa/ greatness4 ,mod]n ,greece w\ld attract few visitors = its own sake4 ,x is ! ru9s ( a mighty pa/1--! ,acropolis at ,a!ns & ! places made fam\s 9 my?ology & lit]ature draw ?\s&s to its %ores e ye>1 & add greatly to ! weal? & prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ,am]ica :]ev] we h pres]v$ & made beautiful our natural sc5]y4 ,dur+ ?ree mon?s 9 ! summ]1 ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad d]ives ab\t #bjj1jjj 9 f>es f its ,niag>a bus9ess alone4 ,s9ce x became a /ate res]vation 9 #ahhe1 m ?an sev5te5 million p]sons h visit$ ,niag>a1 & ! am\nt ( money t has be5 sp5t !re at hotels1 = c>riages1 automobiles1 side-trips1 s\v5irs1 etc41 is almo/ beyond calculation4 ,9 ! ,adirondack ,p>k !re is betwe5 #aj1jjj1jjj & #ae1jjj1jjj inve/$ 9 hotels & cottages4 ,! #ae1jjj cl]ks & help]s receive ab\t #a1jjj1jjj 9 wages1 ! railroads receive ano!r #a1jjj1jjj 9 f>es1 & hotel gue/s sp5d betwe5 #e1jjj1jjj & #f1jjj1jjj4 ,all ( ^! advantages to ! region are entirely ap>t f ! practical uses ( ! =e/4 ,^! are examples :i* %[ ! great am\nt ( weal? :i* c come f pres]v+ our natural beauties1 & ! same conditions exi/ ev]y:]e1 n only 9 ! /ate & national p>ks1 b :]ev] "s beautiful spot has be5 set aside by a city1 a railroad company1 or "s private ent]prise4 ,p flock to ^! resorts 9 l>ge numb]s = re/ or recreation1 & to satisfy _! love = ! beautiful1 & ! result is a ga9 9 heal? & morals1 m desire on ! "p ( ^? :o visit !m to make _! own surr\nd+s beautiful1 & at ! same "t a great ga9 9 money value to ! city or company t promotes su* an ent]prise4 ,mo/ ( ! l>g] cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h giv5 p>ticul> att5tion to ! subject ( public p>ks dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,!y are ! brea?+ places = ! dwell]s 9 ! city1 (t5 ! only place :]e *ildr5 c h fre% air & pl5ty ( ex]cise1 & ! p>ks con/itute "o ( ! greate/ attractions to draw summ] visitors to ! city4 ,ne>ly all /eam & electric railway companies own "s p>k or pleasure resort f :i* !y d]ive a l>ge income 9 f>es1 & _m /eamboat companies f9d _! l>ge/ pr(it f _! excursion boats4 ,all ^! facts %[ cle>ly t if we consid] only ! ga9 9 money1 x is altoge!r a wise policy to include natural beauty among our national res\rces1 & to cons]ve x c>efully1 :ile if we look at x f ! l>g] /&po9t ( pres]v+ = future g5]ations ! same beauties t we enjoy1 ! ne$ ( su* cons]vation is /ill m urg5t4 ,9 our future developm5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w l>gely be made ov]4 ,we %all no long] h ! same natural conditions t we h _h 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( our hi/ory1 & ! physical appe>ance ( ! c\ntry w gr[ bett] or worse ea* g5]ation4 ,x is possible = u to make ,am]ica ! mo/ beautiful l& ! _w has ev] se51 = we h ! natural beauty1 & great] k 9 sett+ ab\t ! "w ( build+ ?an has ev] be5 possess$ by any o!r nation dur+ its "t ( greate/ gr[?4 ,we %all g f> t[>d realiz+ our ideal ( a beautiful ,am]ica if we und]/& t ! cons]vation ( our res\rces means beauty1 & t wa/e means ugl9ess4 ,prop] cons]vation ( our m9]al res\rces w include ! removal ( ! ugly1 unsightly piles ( culm1 slag1 & o!r refuse t lie ab\t ! m\? ( ! m9es1 & disfigure "s ( our mo/ beautiful m\nta9 sc5]y1 =1 z we h %[n else:]e1 ?is %\ld be us$ & n wa/$4 ,! prop] use ( coal w\ld solve ! smoke problem ( cities1 "o ( ! wor/ foes ( cleanl9ess & beauty1 & ! use ( wat]-p[] w\ld s]ve ! same purpose4 ,! complete utilization ( our wat] res\rces t has be5 sugge/$ w\ld make all our wat]ways contribute greatly to ! beauty & attractiv5ess ( ! l&scape4 ,9 cons]v+ our =e/s we n only increase our timb] supply1 b add "o ( ! greate/ ( all beauties1 ! trees :i* give v>iety & tone to e picture t our eyes re/ ^u4 ,we %all h ! %ady roads1 ! long gre5 hill-slopes1 ! quiet woodl&s1 ! glory ( autumn color+1 ! delight ( blossom+ or*>ds4 ,cons]vation ( ! soil1 & utilization ( e "p ( ! l& mean ev5 m4 ,picture ! contra/ betwe5 a c\ntry :]e ! hillsides are worn into gullies1 :]e rocks are ev]y:]e to be se5 cropp+ above ! b>r5 soil1 :]e ! crops are scanty1 ! vegetation /unt$2 & "o :]e e field yields a ri* h>ve/1 :]e ! gra9 hangs heavy & gold51 :]e e wayside nook holds a fl[]1 :]e !re are no neglect$ f5ce-corn]s1 no piles ( rubbi%1--:at we truly call a smil+ l&scape4 ,la/ly1 9 cons]v+ heal?1 we d m t[>d promot+ p]sonal beauty & advanc+ ! /&>d ( ! race ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,we %\ld n be cont5t1 h[ev]1 ) ! beauty t comes only f ! cons]vation ( our o!r res\rces1 b %\ld h a def9ite plan = ! cons]vation ( beauty z a valuable res\rce 9 itself4 ,! city ( ,wa%+ton %\ld be made ! c5t] ( ?is movem5t t[>d national beauty4 ,!re is n[ an organiz$ ef=t on ! "p ( ^? 9 *>ge ( ! erection ( public build+s1 to make ,wa%+ton ! mo/ beautiful capital 9 ! _w1 & a model = o!r cities4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld set aside z national p>ks all ( our greate/ natural wond]s1 z ,yell[/one ,p>k is n[ held4 ,! /ates %\ld foll[ ! same l9e & set ap>t 9 ! same way ^? objects ( less] int]e/1 ei!r natural or hi/oric1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 e /ate--^? t are n ( suffici5t importance to m]it national recognition1 b t w add int]e/ to ! /ate z a place = t\ri/s to visit4 ,few /ates are visit$ 9 ?is way m ?an is ,massa*usetts1 & x is l>gely because n only ! /ate1 b ! v>i\s communities h pres]v$ hi/orical places1 build+s & objects s c>efully1 h erect$ monum5ts to commemorate !m2 & h ?r[n ^! v>i\s objects ( int]e/ op5 to ! public free ( *>ge4 ,^! communities 9 turn h ga9$ ! orig9al exp5diture _m times ov] f ! money sp5t by ! /eady /ream ( visitors4 ,!re has be5 a great movem5t t[>d ! beautify+ ( cities & villages 9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,besides ! good "w done by p>k bo>ds 9 cities !re has be5 a great improvem5t 9 ! matt] ( clean] /reets1 bett] sidewalks1 ! plant+ ( m %ade trees1 & a f> great] att5tion to ! beautify+ ( private gr\nds4 ,! adorn+ ( front y>ds & por*es ) v9es & fl[]s is increas+ enorm\sly e ye>4 ,_m causes h be5 at "w to produce ?is result3 ! broad5+ influ5ce ( travel1 :i* br+s p 9 t\* ) :at is be+ done 9 o!r places to promote public beauty1 ! "w ( s*ools1 newspap] & magaz9e articles1 & m "t & money to sp5d on luxuries1--ev5 ! po/-c>d1 :i* makes a s\v5ir view ( e spot ( local beauty or int]e/2 b probably no o!r "o ag5cy has produc$ su* good results 9 public beauty z has ! woman's club :i* has tak5 up ?is l9e ( "w4 ,! clean+-up movem5t1 ) a public h\se-clean+ day twice a ye> :5 all refuse is c>t$ away1 & /reets1 alleys & back-y>ds clean$1 _h its orig9 9 ?is way4 ,! c>e & beautify+ ( cemet]ies is ano!r bran* ( ! "w4 ,9 _m places1 fl[] & vegetable se$s are di/ribut$ free or at a nom9al co/ among ! s*ool *ildr51 prizes are (f]$ = ! be/ g>d51 ! l>ge/ vegetables1 ! mo/ attractive back-y>d1 ! be/ arrang$ fl[]-b$1 & o!r good results2 ! "w is exam9$ by a committee1 & ! prizes aw>d$ at ! end ( ! season ei!r by ! club or by m]*ants :o h become int]e/$ 9 ! conte/4 ,?is provides ! *ildr5 :olesome outdoor "w & ex]cise ?r\gh\t ! summ]1 & promotes a pleasant rivalry among !m1 besides increas+ _! k ( plants1 & ! results h be5 f\nd to be f>-rea*+1 = n only ! pupils1 b _! p>5ts z well1 are int]e/$ 9 neat]1 m ord]ly me?ods ( liv+1 & 9 beautify+ _! homes4 ,9 ! movem5t = public beauty1 z 9 all o!r progress1 x is ! "w ( individuals t c\nts mo/4 ,e h\se t is built ) a ?\ght = its beauty1 e home1 f>m-build+ & f5ce kept 9 good repair1 e neat back-y>d & fl[]-surr\nd$ home has its "p 9 mak+ ,am]ica m beautiful1 & ?is influ5ce 9 c\ntless homes is c]ta9 to c\nt 9 ! mak+ ( bett] citiz5s4 ,a c\ntry :]e beauty meets ! eye at e turn w invite ! t\ri/ & ! home-seek]1 w be deeply lov$ by its own p1 & w be an inspiration to poetry & art4 ,x re/s l>gely ) ! p ( to-day to decide :e!r we %all make ( our own l& su* an ideal place4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,9 ,,conclusion ,no "o c read ! record ( facts pres5t$ 9 ?is book )\t be+ impress$ by two ?+s3 7#a7 ,h[ ^! res\rces dep5d on "o ano!r & t prop] c>e ( "o results 9 ! sav+ ( ano!r1 &1 7#b7 ! fact t e "o ( our mo/ valu$ res\rces is decreas+ s rapidly t its end is 9 sight1 ev5 ?\gh f> 9 ! di/ance4 ,:5 ! end comes we "k t x w mean ! end ( progress = our c\ntry 9 t direction4 ,x is also pla9 t ! great1 9 fact ! only1 reason = ?is sc>city lies n 9 use b 9 wa/e4 ,& la/ly we see t !re is yet "t to prev5t s]i\s %ortage 9 mo/ directions if we set ab\t a g5]al sy/em ( good managem5t & ?rift4 ,9 ! meantime we are sure to h high] prices1 = ! supply is gr[+ less & ! dem& great] = almo/ e mat]ial4 ,9 _m l9es1 unless some?+ be done to *eck ?is %ortage1 prices w rise s high t only ! ri* c af=d :at are n[ consid]$ ! necessities ( life1 & ! lives ( ! poor] classes w become l ^? ( ! peasants ( ,europe3--a scanty liv+ on ! pla9e/ food1 poor homes1 h>d "w1 less opportunity to develop m9d & body4 ,let u sum up h[ ! v>i\s res\rces may be us$ to cons]ve "o ano!r4 ,! soil is sav$ f erosion by ! plant+ ( =e/s1 & by ! /or+ ( ! flood wat]s ( riv]s4 ,wa/e l& is made f]tile by prop] control ( ! riv]s ?r\gh dra9age1 /orage & irrigation4 ,f>m crops & also ! =e/s are increas$ 9 value by insect control4 ,! insects are l>gely kept 9 *eck by enc\rag+ ! ne/+ & increase ( c]ta9 birds4 ,birds play a l>ge "p 9 ! cons]vation ( ! crops1 by de/roy+ insects1 we$s1 & small mammals4 ,! birds !mselves are %elt]$ & ?rive only :]e trees are abundant4 ,! graz+ l&s are cons]v$ by prop] =e/ control1 & ! supply ( animal food dep5ds l>gely on ! graz+ l&s4 ,fi%]ies are dep5d5t on prop] c>e ( ! wat]s1 :i* 9 turn dep5d on =e/ control1 & on prop] c>e ( ! by-products ( factories4 ,coal is cons]v$ by ! use ( l[]-grade fuels1 by us+ wa/e f ! =e/s1 & by sub/itut+ wat]-p[]4 ,gas & oil w also be sav$ by ! great] use ( wat]-p[]4 ,coal-m9+ is made saf] to human life & mu* sav+ 9 coal is effect$ by ! use ( m9e-timb]s1 :i* involves ! plant+ ( =e/s4 ,=e/s regulate to a great ext5t ! /ream-fl[ ( riv]s4 ,beauty c only be cons]v$ by ! plant+ ( trees1 by keep+ ! wat]s pure & cle>1 by us+ wa/e products s t !re w be no unsightly piles ( refuse4 ,heal? dep5ds1 among o!r ?+s1 on pure wat]1 air unpollut$ by coal smoke & poison\s gases :i* %\ld be us$ z factory by-products4 ,& la/ly1 ! life1 happ9ess1 & prosp]ity ( man is cons]v$ by all ( ^! ?+s4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is sy/em ( cons]vation mu/ be education on ?is subject1 education n only ( ! *ildr5 b ( ! m5 & wom5 also1 on ! ne$ & me?ods ( sav+4 ,!re w\ld be no dang] ( a sc>city ( coal if manufactur]s all knew ! value & economy ( electric wat]-p[] or l[-grade fuels1 & ( smoke-consum+ devices4 ,!re is no reason :y insect de/ruction %\ld co/ ! nation s de>ly if ! birds 7 protect$1 & a few simple me?ods ( prev5tion und]/ood4 ,all ! v>i\s wat] problems c\ld be met & solv$ if "o g5]al plan 7 adopt$ & c>ri$ out1 & s all along ! l9e4 ,we h tak5 note ( ! great natural wa/es3 h[ two-?irds ( ! wood cut is wa/$1 & h[ insects & fire de/roy ! /&+ timb]2 h[ ! soil is wa%$ d[n into ! valleys1 tak+ ! be/ f ! f>ms2 h[ we are /eadily robb+ ! soil ( its mo/ necess>y elem5ts2 h[ our wat]s are unus$ & we pay = ?is non-use by ! use ( o!r res\rces t we c ill af=d to sp>e2 h[ millions ( acres ( l& :i* might be pr(itably f>m$ lie useless = lack ( wat] & o!r millions are useless because !y are cov]$ ) wat]4 ,consum]s pay high freight rates & ! railroads are s ov]cr[d$ t !y are unable to c>e = all ! bus9ess1 :ile ! riv]s1 ! *eape/ ( all c>ri]s1 fl[ idly to ! sea4 ,we h se5 h[ "o-f\r? ( ! coal is left 9 ! m9es1 & h[ small a "p ( t :i* is m9$ is actually turn$ into heat1 h[ gas is all[$ to escape un*eck$ into ! air4 ,& greate/ & mo/ s]i\s ( all1 ! useless wa/e ( human life & heal?4 ,b !re are scores ( o!r wa/es & extravagances t all gr[+ boys & girls %\ld ?9k (1 s t :5 !y ent] active life1 !y may d _! "p to prev5t !m4 ,x is go+ to be necess>y to le>n to economize 9 e dep>tm5t ( life z all ! ,european peoples d4 ,we mu/ le>n1 9 ?is new c\ntry1 to d ?+s m ) ! idea ( ! future 9 m9d4 ,9 all ,european cities1 !re are hundr$s ( h\ses t h la/$ _m c5turies1 b !re are few h\ses 9 ,am]ica t are built 9 an endur+ way4 ,?is build+ up & te>+ d[n taxes n "o1 b _m1 res\rces heavily4 ,z ! h\sewife le>ns t a good kettle t co/s a doll> & la/s five ye>s is *eap] ?an a poor "o :i* co/s fifty c5ts b w we> out 9 "o ye>1 s p mu/ le>n ! lesson t 9 build+ poor light h\ses ( wood :i* w la/ a comp>atively %ort "t1 !y are really pay+ ! high] price2 t 9 putt+ 9 poor roads1 *eap bridges1 badly-con/ruct$ public build+s1 t co/ less heavily 9 ! fir/ place b t w ne$ to be r5ew$ 9 a few ye>s1 !y are really pay+ mu* m ?an if ^! _h be5 sub/antially built 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! fire loss ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nts to ov] half a million doll>s a day1 & all insurance m5 agree t mo/ ( ?is might be prev5t$4 ,! rem$ies are to build few] wood5 h\ses1 especially 9 cr[d$ di/ricts1 to ex]cise great] c>e 9 ! build+ & managem5t ( *imneys1 great] c>e 9 electric wir+1 & g5]al wat*fulness 9 h&l+ mat*es & light$ cig>s4 ,= ! =e/ fires :i* mean s mu* to all ( u ! rem$y lies 9 =e/ patrol4 ,! am\nt usually set aside = fight+ fires 0 n all[$ by "s /ates 9 #aiaj1 & ! fires :i* co/ hundr$s ( millions ( prop]ty & _m lives 7 ! result4 ,mu* ( ! mo/ f]tile l& 9 our c\ntry is us$ = rais+ tobacco1 & gra9s t are made into alcoholic liquors4 ,z ^! c nev] be consid]$ necessities x is well to ?9k to :at bett] uses ! l& might be put4 ,! ye>ly bill ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = pleasure is gigantic1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! pleasure t5ds to l[] r ?an raise ! /&>d ( ,am]ican life & morals4 ,! greate/ ( all wa/es is ! wa/e ( "t & labor4 ,! wa/e ( "t by drunk5ness1 by poor "w t mu/ be done ov]1 & by idl5ess1 makes a l>ge item ( loss 9 e l9e ( bus9ess4 ,prop] education w tea* e *ild to "w neatly & ) p]fect accuracy1 w tea* eye1 h& & bra91 w tea* ! value & pleasure ( "w1 c>eful managem5t & economy & a reg>d = ! g5]al good4 ,a /udy ( ! great facts ( our national possibilities t h be5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 ?is book %\ld ar\se 9 ! he>t ( e ,am]ican1 old & "y1 ! feel+ t "h is a "w = e h& & e bra91 n only to save1 b to use wisely2 to develop all ! possibilities ( our great res\rces no less ?an to cons]ve !m4 ,9 se>*+ = new by-products or ma*9]y = *eck+ ! wa/e & add+ to ! usefulness ( ^! res\rces !re is a field = inv5tion t w n only br+ weal? to ! inv5tor1 b prosp]ity & l5g? ( life to ! nation4 ,,! ,,end