,works ,of ,israel ,zangwill  ,,chosen  
,,peoples        ,the ,american ,jewish 
,book ,company ,new ,york #aiba  ,chosen
 ,peoples ,copyright1 #aiai1 ,by ,the   
,mac,millan ,company4  ,printed by ,the 
,lord ,baltimore ,press ,baltimore1 ,md4
     ,,chosen ,,peoples  ,being the     
,first ,arthur ,davis ,memorial ,lecture
 delivered before the ,jewish           
,historical ,society at ,university     
,college on ,easter-,passover ,sunday1  
#aiah_/efgh                             
,,to                   ,,mrs4           
,,redcliffe ,n4 ,,salaman               
,,this ,,little ,,book ,,in ,,her       
,,father',s ,,memory     ,,note   ,the  
,arthur ,davis ,memorial ,lecture was   
founded in #aiag1 under the auspices of 
the ,jewish ,historical ,society of     
,england1 by his collaborators in the   
translation of ,the ,service of the     
,synagogue1 with the object of fostering
 ,hebraic thought and learning in honour
 of an unworldly scholar4 ,the ,lecture 
is to be given annually in the          

anniversary week of his death1 and the  
lectureship is to be open to men or     
women of any race or creed1 who are to  
have absolute liberty in the treatment  
of their subject4     ,,foreword   ,mr4 
,arthur ,davis1 in whose memory has been
 founded the series of ,lectures devoted
 to the fostering of ,hebraic thought   
and learning1 of which this is the      
first1 was born in #ahdf and died on the
 first day of ,passover1 #aijf4 ,his    
childhood was spent in the town of      
,derby1 where there was then no         
,synagogue or ,jewish minister or       
teacher of ,hebrew4 ,spontaneously he   
developed a strong ,jewish              
consciousness1 and an enthusiasm for the
 ,hebrew language1 which led him to     
become one of its greatest scholars in  
this1 or any other1 country4  ,he was   
able to put his learning to good use4   
,he observed the wise maxim of ,leonardo
 da ,vinci1 ,avoid studies of which the 
result dies with the worker4 ,he was not
 one of those learned men1 of whom there

 are many examples--a recent and        
conspicuous instance was the late ,lord 
,acton--whose minds are so choked with  
the accumulations of the knowledge they 
have absorbed that they can produce     
little or nothing4 ,his output1 though  
not prolific1 was substantial4 ,in      
middle life he wrote a volume on ,the   
,hebrew ,accents of the ,twenty-one     
,books of the ,bible1 which has become a
 classical authority on that somewhat   
recondite subject4 ,it was he who       
originated and planned the new edition  
of the ,festival ,prayer ,book in six   
volumes1 and he wrote most of the prose 
translations4 ,when he died1 though only
 two volumes out of the six had been    
published1 he left the whole of the text
 complete4 ,to ,mr4 ,herbert ,m4 ,adler1
 who had been his collaborator from the 
beginning1 fell the finishing of the    
great editorial task4  ,not least of his
 services lay in the fact that he had   
transmitted much of his knowledge to his
 two daughters1 who have worthily       

continued his tradition of ,hebrew      
scholarship and culture4  ,arthur       
,davis's life work1 then1 was that of a 
student and interpreter of ,hebrew4 ,it 
is a profoundly interesting fact that1  
in our age1 movements have been set on  
foot in more than one direction for the 
revival of languages which were dead or 
dying4 ,we see before our eyes ,welsh   
and ,irish in process of being saved    
from extinction1 with the hope perhaps  
of restoring their ancient glories in   
poetry and prose4 ,such movements show  
that our time is not so utilitarian and 
materialistic as is often supposed4 ,a  
similar revivifying process is affecting
 ,hebrew4 ,for centuries it has been    
preserved as a ritual language1         
sheltered within the walls of the       
,synagogue2 often not fully understood1 
and never spoken1 by the members of the 
congregations4 ,now it is becoming in   
,palestine once more a living and spoken
 language4  ,hebrew is one example among
 many of a language outliving for       

purposes of ritual its use in ordinary  
speech4 ,a ritual is regarded as a      
sacred thing1 unchanging1 and usually   
unchangeable1 except as the result of   
some great religious upheaval4 ,the     
language in which it is framed continues
 fixed1 amid the slowly developing      
conditions of the workaday world4       
,often1 indeed1 the use of an ancient   
language1 which has gradually fallen    
into disuse among the people1 is        
deliberately maintained for the air of  
mystery and of awe which is conveyed by 
its use1 and which has something of the 
same effect upon the intellect as the   
dim religious light of a cathedral has  
upon the emotions4 ,further1 it reserves
 to the priesthood a kind of esoteric   
knowledge1 which gives them an          
additional authority that they would    
desire to maintain4 ,so we find that in 
the days of ,marcus ,aurelius an ancient
 ,salian liturgy was used in the ,roman 
temples which had become almost         
unintelligible to the worshippers4 ,the 

ritual of the religion of ,isis in      
,greece was1 at the same period1        
conducted in an unknown tongue4 ,in the 
present age ,church ,slavonic1 the      
ecclesiastical language of the orthodox 
,slavs1 is only just intelligible to the
 peasantry of ,russia and the           
neighbouring ,slav countries4 ,the      
,buddhists of ,china conduct their      
services in ,sanscrit1 which neither the
 monks nor the people understand1 and   
the services of the ,buddhists in ,japan
 are either in ,sanscrit or in ancient  
,chinese4 ,i believe it is a fact that  
in ,abyssinia1 again1 the liturgy is in 
a language called ,geez1 which is no    
longer in use as a living tongue and is 
not understood4  ,but we need not go to 
earlier centuries or to distant         
countries for examples4 ,in any ,roman  
,catholic church in ,london to-day you  
will find the service conducted in a    
language which1 if understood at all by 
the general body of the congregation1   
has been learnt by them only for the    

purposes of the liturgy4  ,of all these 
ritual languages which have outlived    
their current use and have been         
preserved for religious purposes alone1 
,hebrew is1 so far as ,i am aware1 the  
only one which has ever showed signs of 
renewing its old vitality--like the     
roses of ,jericho which appear to be    
dead and shrivelled but which1 when     
placed in water1 recover their vitality 
and their bloom4 ,we may join in hoping 
that again in ,palestine ,hebrew may    
recover something of its old supremacy  
in the field of morals and of intellect4
  ,to render this possible the work of  
scholars such as ,arthur ,davis has     
contributed4 ,to him this was a labour  
of love1 and for love4 ,he would receive
 no payment for any of his religious    
work or writings4 ,part of the profits  
that accrued from the publication of his
 edition of ,the ,services of the       
,synagogue has been devoted to the      
formation of a fund from which will be  
defrayed the expenses--after the        

first--of a series of annual lectures on
 subjects of ,jewish interest1 to be    
delivered by men of various schools of  
thought4 ,we are fortunate that the     
initial lecture is to be delivered      
to-day by the most distinguished of     
living ,jewish men of letters4  ,arthur 
,davis was a man of much elevation and  
charm of character4 ,he took an active  
part in the work of communal1 and       
particularly educational1 organizations4
 ,he was one of those men--not rare     
among ,jews1 though the rest of the     
world does not always recognize it--who 
are philanthropic in spirit1 practical  
in action1 modest1 self-sacrificing1    
devoted to a fine family life1 having in
 them much of the student and something 
even of the saint4 ,it is fitting that  
his memory should be kept alive4        
,,herbert ,,samuel4     ,,chosen        
,,peoples  ,i   ,the claim that the     
,jews are a ,chosen ,people has always  
irritated the ,gentiles4 ,from olden    
times1 wrote ,philostratus in the third 

century1 the ,jews have been opposed not
 only to ,rome but to the rest of       
humanity4 ,even ,julian the ,apostate1  
who designed to rebuild their ,temple1  
raged at the doctrine of their election4
 ,sinai1 said the ,rabbis with a        
characteristic pun1 has evoked ,sinah   
7hatred74  ,in our own day1 the         
distinguished ethical teacher1 ,dr4     
,stanton ,coit1 complains1 like ,houston
 ,chamberlain1 that our ,bible has      
checked and blighted all other national 
inspiration3 in his book ,the ,soul of  
,america1 he even calls upon me to      
repudiate unequivocally the claim to    
spiritual supremacy over all the peoples
 of the world4  ,the recent revelation  
of racial arrogance in ,germany has     
provided our enemies with a new weapon4 
,germanism is ,judaism1 says a writer in
 the ,american ,bookman4 ,the           
proposition contains just that dash of  
truth which is more dangerous than      
falsehood undiluted2 and the saying     
ascribed to ,von ,tirpitz in #aiae that 

the ,kaiser spent all his time praying  
and studying ,hebrew may serve to give  
it colour4 ,as he talks to-day at       
,potsdam and ,berlin1 says ,verhaeren1  
in his book ,belgium's ,agony1 the      
,kings of ,israel and their prophets    
talked six thousand years ago at        
,jerusalem4 ,the chronology is          
characteristic of anti-,semitic         
looseness3 six thousand years ago the   
world by ,hebrew reckoning had not been 
created1 and at any rate the then ,kings
 of ,jerusalem were not ,jewish4 ,but it
 is undeniable that ,germanism1 like    
,judaism1 has evolved a doctrine of     
special election4 ,spiritual in the     
teaching of ,fichte and ,treitschke1 the
 doctrine became gross and narrow in the
 ,deutsche ,religion of ,friedrich      
,lange4 ,the ,german people is the elect
 of ,god and its enemies are the enemies
 of the ,lord4 ,and this ,german ,god1  
like the popular idea of ,jehovah1 is a 
,man of ,war who demands eye for eye1   
tooth for tooth1 and cries with savage  

sublimity3--      ,i will render        
vengeance to ,mine adversaries1     ,and
 will recompense them that hate ,me1    
,i will make ,mine arrows drunk with    
blood1     ,and my sword shall devour   
flesh4  ,judaism has even its ,song of  
,hate1 accompanied on the timbrel by    
,miriam4 ,the treatment of the          
,amalekites and other ,palestine tribes 
is a byword4 ,we utterly destroyed every
 city1 ,deuteronomy declares2 the men   
and the women and the little ones2 we   
left none remaining2 only the cattle we 
took for a prey unto ourselves with the 
spoil of the cities4 ,david1 who is     
promised of ,god that his seed shall be 
enthroned for ever1 slew surrendered    
,moabites in cold blood1 and ,judas     
,maccabus1 the other warrior hero of the
 race1 when the neutral city of ,ephron 
refused his army passage1 took the city1
 slew every male in it1 and passed      
across its burning ruins and bleeding   
bodies4 ,the prophet ,isaiah pictures   
the wealth of nations--the phrase is    

his1 not ,adam ,smith's--streaming to   
,zion by argosy and caravan4 ,for that  
nation and kingdom that will not serve  
thee shall perish4444 ,aliens shall     
build up thy walls1 and their kings     
shall minister unto thee4 ,thou shalt   
suck the milk of nations4 ,the ,lord    
said unto me1 says the second ,psalm1   
,thou art ,my son1 this day have ,i     
begotten thee4 ,ask of ,me and ,i will  
give the nations for thine              
inheritance4444 ,thou shalt break them  
with a rod of iron4  ,nor are such ideas
 discarded by the synagogue of to-day4  
,every ,saturday night the orthodox ,jew
 repeats the prayer for material        
prosperity and the promise of ultimate  
glory3 ,thou shalt lend unto many       
nations but thou shalt not borrow2 and  
thou shalt rule over many nations but   
they shall not rule over thee4 ,our     
,father1 our ,king1 he prays at the ,new
 ,year1 avenge before our eyes the blood
 of ,thy servants that has been spilt4  
,and at the ,passover ,seder ,service he

 still repeats the ,psalmist's appeal to
 ,god to pour out ,his wrath on the     
heathen who have consumed ,jacob and    
laid waste his dwelling4 ,pursue them in
 anger and destroy them from under the  
heavens of the ,lord6     ,,ii   ,much  
might1 of course1 be adduced to mitigate
 the seeming ferocity or egotism of     
these passages4 ,it would be indeed     
strange if ,prussia1 which ,napoleon    
wittily described as hatched from a     
cannon-ball1 should be found really     
resembling ,juda1 whose national        
greeting was ,peace2 whose prophet      
,ezekiel proclaimed in words of flame   
and thunder ,god's judgment upon the    
great military empires of antiquity2    
whose medival poet ,kalir has left in   
our ,new ,year liturgy what might be    
almost a contemporary picture of a      
brazen autocracy that planned in secret1
 performed in daring4 ,and1 as a matter 
of fact1 some of these passages are torn
 from their context4 ,the pictures of   
,messianic prosperity1 for example1 are 

invariably set in an ethical framework3 
the all-dominant ,israel is also to be  
all-righteous4 ,the blood that is to be 
avenged is the blood of martyrs who went
 through fire and water for the         
sanctification of ,thy name4  ,but let  
us take these passages at their         
nakedest4 ,let us ignore--as completely 
as ,jesus did--that the legal penalty of
 eye for eye had been commuted into a   
money penalty by the great majority of  
early ,pharisaic lawyers4 ,is not that  
very maxim to-day the clamoured policy  
of ,christian multitudes8 ,destroy them 
from under the heavens of the ,lord6    
,when this is the imprecation of a      
,vehaeren or a ,maeterlinck over        
,belgium and not of a medival ,jew over 
the desolated home of ,jacob1 is it not 
felt as a righteous cry of the heart8   
,nay1 only the other ,sunday an         
,englishwoman in a country drawing-room 
assured me she would like to kill every 
,german--man or woman--with her own     
hand6  ,and here we see the absurdity of

 judging the ,bible outside its historic
 conditions1 or by standards not        
comparative4 ,said ,james ,hinton1 ,the 
,bible needs interpreting by ,nature    
even as ,nature by it4 ,and it is by    
this canon that we must interpret the   
concept of a ,chosen ,people1 and so    
much else in our ,scriptures4 ,it is    
,life alone that can give us the clue to
 the ,bible4 ,this is the only ,guide to
 the ,perplexed1 and ,maimonides but    
made confusion worse confounded when by 
allegations of allegory and other       
devices of the apologist he laboured to 
reconcile the ,bible with ,aristotle4   
,equally futile was the effort of       
,manasseh ben ,israel to reconcile it   
with itself4 ,the ,baraitha of ,rabbi   
,ishmael that when two texts are        
discrepant a third text must be found to
 reconcile them is but a temptation to  
that distorted dialectic known as       
,pilpul4 ,the only true ,conciliador is 
history1 the only real reconciler human 
nature4 ,an allegorizing rationalism    

like ,rambam's leads nowhere--or rather 
everywhere4 ,the same method that       
softened the ,oriental amorousness of   
,the ,song of ,solomon into an allegory 
of ,god's love for ,israel became1 in   
the hands of ,christianity1 an allegory 
of ,christ's love for ,his ,church4 ,but
 if ,reason cannot always--as ,bachya   
imagined--confirm tradition1 it can     
explain it historically4 ,it can        
disentangle the lower strands from the  
higher in that motley collection of     
national literature which1 extending    
over many generations of authorship1    
streaked with strayed fragments of      
,aramaic1 varying from the idyll of     
,ruth to the apocalyptic dreams of      
,daniel1 and deprived by ,job and       
,ecclesiastes of even a rambling epical 
unity1 is naturally obnoxious to        
criticism when put forward as one       
uniform ,book1 still more when put      
forward as uniformly divine4 ,for my    
part ,i am more lost in wonder over the 
people that produced and preserved and  

the ,synagogue that selected and        
canonized so marvellous a literature1   
than dismayed because occasionally amid 
the organ-music of its ,miltons and     
,wordsworths there is heard the primeval
 saga-note of heroic savagery4     ,,iii
   ,as ,joseph ,jacobs reminded us in   
his ,biblical ,archology and as ,sir    
,james ,frazer is just illustrating     
afresh1 the whole of ,hebrew ritual is  
permeated by savage survivals1 a fact   
recognized by ,maimonides himself when  
he declared that ,moses adapted         
idolatrous practices to a purer worship4
 ,israel was environed by barbarous     
practices and gradually rose beyond     
them4 ,and it was the same with concepts
 as with practices4 ,judaism1 which     
added to the ,bible the fruits of       
centuries of spiritual evolution in the 
shape of the ,talmud1 has passed utterly
 beyond the more primitive stages of the
 ,old ,testament1 even as it has        
replaced polygamy by monogamy4 ,that    
,song of ,hate at the ,red ,sea was     

wiped out1 for example1 by the          
oft-quoted ,midrash in which ,god       
rebukes the angels who wished to join in
 the song4 ,how can ye sing when ,my    
creatures are perishing8 ,the very      
miracles of the ,old ,testament were    
side-tracked by the ,rabbinic exposition
 that they were merely special creations
 antecedent to that unchangeable system 
of nature which went its course1 however
 fools suffered4 ,our daily bread1 said 
the sages1 is as miraculous as the      
division of the ,red ,sea4 ,and the dry 
retort of the soberest of ,pharisaic    
,rabbis1 when a voice from heaven       
interfered with the voting on a legal   
point1 en mashgchin be-bathkol--,we     
cannot have regard to the ,bath ,kol1   
the ,torah is for earth1 not heaven--was
 a sign that1 for one school of thought 
at least1 reason and the democratic     
principle were not to be browbeaten1 and
 that the era of miracles in ,judaism   
was over4 ,the very incoherence of the  
,talmud1 its confusion of voices1 is an 

index of free thinking4 ,post-biblical  
,israel has had a veritable galaxy of   
thinkers and saints1 from ,maimonides   
its ,aquinas to ,crescas its ,duns      
,scotus1 from ,mendelssohn its ,erasmus 
to the ,baal-,shem its ,st4 ,francis4   
,but it has been at once the weakness   
and the strength of orthodox ,judaism   
never to have made a breach with its    
past2 possibly out of too great a       
reverence for history1 possibly out of  
over-consideration for the masses1 whose
 mentality would in any case have       
transformed the new back again to the   
old4 ,thus it has carried its whole     
lumber piously forward1 even as the     
human body is1 according to             
evolutionists1 a veritable museum of    
relics1 or as whales have vestiges of   
hind legs with now immovable1 muscles4  
,already in the ,persian period ,judaism
 had begun to evolve the service of the 
,synagogue1 but it did not shed the     
animal sacrifices1 and even when these  
were abruptly ended by the destruction  

of the ,temple1 and ,jochanan ben       
,zaccai must needs substitute prayer and
 charity1 ,judaism still preserved      
through the ages the nominal hope of    
their restoration4 ,so that even were   
the ,jehovah of the ,old ,testament the 
fee-fi-fo-fum ogre of popular           
imagination1 that tyrant of the heavens 
whose unfairness in choosing ,israel was
 only equalled by its bad taste1 it     
would not follow that ,judaism had not  
silently replaced him by a nobler ,deity
 centuries ago4 ,the truth is1 however1 
that it is precisely in the ,old        
,testament that is reached the highest  
ethical note ever yet sounded1 not only 
by ,judaism but by man1 and that this   
mass of literature is so saturated with 
the conception of a people chosen not   
for its own but for universal salvation1
 that the more material                 
prophecies--evoked moreover in the      
bitterness of exile1 as ,belgian poets  
are now moved to foretell restoration   
and glory--are practically swamped4 ,at 

the worst1 we may say there are two     
conflicting currents of thought1 as     
there are in the bosom of every nation1 
one primarily self-regarding1 and the   
other setting towards the larger life of
 humanity4 ,it may help us to understand
 the paradox of the junction of         
,israel's glory with ,god's1 if we      
remember that the most inspired of      
mortals1 those whose life is consecrated
 to an art1 a social reform1 a political
 redemption1 are rarely able to separate
 the success of their mission from their
 own individual success or at least     
individual importance4 ,even ,jesus     
looked forward to his twelve legions of 
angels and his seat at the right hand of
 ,power4 ,but in no other nation known  
to history has the balance of motives   
been cast so overwhelmingly on the side 
of idealism4 ,an episode related by     
,josephus touching ,pontius ,pilate     
serves to illuminate the more famous    
episode in which he figures4 ,when he   
brought the ,roman ensigns with ,csar's 

effigies to ,jerusalem1 the ,jews so    
wearied him with their petitions to     
remove this defiling deification that at
 last he surrounded the petitioners with
 soldiers and menaced them with         
immediate death unless they ceased to   
pester and went home4 ,but they threw   
themselves upon the ground and laid     
their necks bare and said they would    
take their deaths very willingly rather 
than the wisdom of their laws should be 
transgressed4 ,and ,pilate1 touched1    
removed the effigies4 ,such a story     
explains at once how the ,jews could    
produce ,jesus and why they could not   
worship him4  ,god's witnesses1 a light 
of the nations1 a suffering servant1 a  
kingdom of priests--the old ,testament  
metaphors for ,israel's mission are as  
numerous as they are noble4 ,and the    
lyrics in which they occur are          
unparalleled in literature for their    
fusion of ethical passion with poetical 
beauty4 ,take1 for example1 the         
forty-second chapter of ,isaiah4 7,i    

quote as in gratitude bound the accurate
 ,jewish version of the ,bible we owe to
 ,america47      ,behold ,my servant    
whom ,i uphold2     ,mine elect in whom 
,my soul delighteth2     ,i have put ,my
 spirit upon him1     ,he shall make the
 right to go forth to the nations3      
,he shall not fail or be crushed        
,till he have set the right on the      
earth1     ,and the isles shall wait for
 his teaching4     ,thus saith ,god the 
,,lord1     ,he that created the        
heavens1 and stretched them forth1      
,he that spread forth the earth and that
 which cometh out of it1     ,he that   
giveth bread unto the people upon it1   
,and spirit to them that walk therein3  
,i the ,,lord have called thee in       
righteousness1     ,and have taken hold 
of thy hand1     ,and kept thee1 and set
 thee for a covenant of the people1     
,for a light of the nations2     ,to    
open the blind eyes1     ,to bring out  
the prisoners from the dungeon1     ,and
 them that sit in darkness out of the   

prison-house4  ,never was ideal less    
tribal3 it is still the dynamic impulse 
of all civilization4 ,let justice well  
up as waters and righteousness as a     
mighty stream4 ,nation shall not lift   
sword against nation1 neither shall     
there be war any more4  ,nor does this  
mission march always with the pageantry 
of external triumph4 ,despised and      
forsaken of men1 ,isaiah paints ,israel4
 ,yet he bore the sin of many4 ,and made
 intercession for the transgressors 444 
with his stripes we were healed4        
,happily all that is best in            
,christendom recognizes1 with ,kuenen or
 ,matthew ,arnold1 the grandeur of the  
,old ,testament ideal4 ,but that this   
ideal penetrated equally to our everyday
 liturgy is less understood of the      
world4 ,blessed art ,thou1 ,o ,lord our 
,god1 who hast chosen ,israel from all  
peoples and given him the ,law4 ,here is
 no choice of a favourite but of a      
servant1 and when it is added that from 
,zion shall the ,law go forth it is     

obvious what that servant's task is to  
be4 ,what everlasting love hast ,thou   
loved the house of ,israel1 says the    
,evening ,prayer4 ,but in what does this
 love consist8 ,is it that we have been 
pampered1 cosseted8 ,the contrary4 ,a   
,law1 and commandments1 statutes and    
judgments hast ,thou taught us4 ,before 
these were thundered from ,sinai1 the   
historian of the ,exodus records1       
,israel was explicitly informed that    
only by obedience to them could he enjoy
 peculiar favour4 ,now therefore1 if ye 
will hearken unto ,my voice indeed1 and 
keep ,my covenant1 then ye shall be     
,mine own treasure from among all       
peoples2 for all the earth is ,mine2 and
 ye shall be unto ,me a kingdom of      
priests1 and a holy nation4 ,a chosen   
people is really a choosing people4 ,not
 idly does ,talmudical legend assert    
that the ,law was offered first to all  
other nations and only ,israel accepted 
the yoke4  ,how far the discipline of   
the ,law actually produced the ,chosen  

,people postulated in its conferment is 
a subtle question for pragmatists4 ,mr4 
,lucien ,wolf once urged that the yoke  
of the ,torah had fashioned a racial    
aristocracy possessing marked biological
 advantages over average humanity1 as   
well as sociological superiorities of   
temperance and family life4 ,and indeed 
the statistics of ,jewish vitality and  
brain-power1 and even of artistic       
faculty1 are amazing enough to invite   
investigation from all eugenists1       
biologists1 and statesmen4 ,but whether 
this general superiority--a superiority 
not inconsistent with grave failings and
 drawbacks--is due to the rigorous      
selection of a tragic history1 or       
whether it is1 as ,anatole              
,leroy-,beaulieu maintains1 the heritage
 of a civilization older by thousands of
 years than that of ,europe2 whether the
 ,torah made the greatness of the       
people1 or the people--precisely because
 of its greatness--made the ,torah2     
whether we have a case of natural       

election or artificial election to      
study1 it is not in any self-sufficient 
superiority or aim thereat that the     
essence of ,judaism lies1 but in an     
apostolic altruism4 ,the old ,hebrew    
writers indeed--when one considers the  
impress the ,bible was destined to make 
on the faith1 art1 and imagination of   
the world--might well be credited with  
the intuition of genius in attributing  
to their people a quality of election4  
,and the ,jews of to-day in attributing 
to themselves that quality would have   
the ground not only of intuition but of 
history4 ,nevertheless that election is1
 even by ,jewish orthodoxy1 conceived as
 designed solely for world-service1 for 
that spiritual mission for which ,israel
 when fashioned was exiled and scattered
 like wind-borne seeds1 and of the      
consummation of which his ultimate      
repatriation and glory will be but the  
symbol4 ,it is with ,alenu that every   
service ends--the prayer for the coming 
of the ,kingdom of ,god1 when ,thou wilt

 remove the abominations from the earth1
 and the idols will be utterly cut off1 
when the world will be perfected under  
the ,kingdom of the ,almighty and all   
the children of flesh will call upon    
,thy name1 when ,thou wilt turn unto    
,thyself all the wicked of the earth4444
 ,in that day the ,lord shall be ,one   
and ,his name ,one4 ,israel disappears  
altogether in this diurnal aspiration4  
,,iv   ,israel disappears1 too1 in whole
 books of the ,old ,testament4 ,what has
 the problem of ,job1 the wisdom of     
,proverbs1 or the pessimism of          
,ecclesiastes to do with the ,jew       
specifically8 ,the ,psalter would       
scarcely have had so universal an appeal
 had it been essentially rooted in a    
race4  ,in the magnificent cosmic poem  
of ,psalm civ--half ,whitman1 half ,st4 
,francis--not only his fellow-man but   
all creation comes under the benediction
 of the ,hebrew poet's mood4 ,the high  
hills are for the wild goats2 the rocks 
are a refuge for the conies4444 ,the    

young lions roar after their prey1 and  
seek their food from ,god 444 man goeth 
forth unto his work1 and to his labour  
until the evening4 ,even in a more      
primitive ,hebrew poet the same cosmic  
universalism reveals itself4 ,to the    
bard of ,genesis the rainbow betokens   
not merely a covenant between ,god and  
man but a covenant between ,god and     
every living creature of all flesh that 
is upon the earth4  ,that the myth of   
the tribalism of the ,jewish ,god should
 persist in face of such passages can   
only be explained by the fact that ,he  
shares in the unpopularity of ,his      
people4 ,mr4 ,wells1 for example1 in his
 finely felt but intellectually         
incoherent book1 ,god the ,invisible    
,king1 dismisses ,him as a malignant and
 partisan ,deity1 jealous and pettily   
stringent4 ,at most one is entitled to  
say with ,mr4 ,israel ,abrahams in his  
profound little book on ,judaism that   
,god1 in the early literature a tribal1 
non-moral ,deity1 was in the later      

literature a righteous ruler1 who1 with 
,amos and ,hosea1 loved and demanded    
righteousness in man1 and that there was
 an expansion from a national to a      
universal ,ruler4 ,but if by early      
literature anybody understand simply    
,genesis1 if he imagines that the       
evolutionary movement in ,judaism       
proceeds regularly from ,abraham to     
,isaiah1 he is grossly in error4 ,no    
doubt all early gods are tribal1 all    
early religions connected with the      
hearth and ancestor worship1 but the    
,god of ,isaiah is already in ,genesis1 
and the tribal ,god has to be exhumed   
from practically all parts of the       
,bible4 ,but even in the crudities of   
,genesis or ,judges that have escaped   
editorship ,i cannot find ,mr4 ,wells's 
malignant ,deity--,he is really the     
invisible ,king4 ,the very first time   
,jehovah appears in ,his tribal aspect  
7,genesis xii47 ,his promise to bless   
,abraham ends with the assurance--and it
 almost invariably accompanies all the  

repetitions of the promise--,and in thee
 shall all the families of the earth be 
blessed4 ,nay1 as ,i pointed out in my  
essay on ,the ,gods of ,germany1 the    
very first words of the ,bible1 ,in the 
beginning ,god created the heaven and   
the earth1 strike a magnificent note of 
universalism1 which is sustained in the 
derivation of all humanity from ,adam1  
and again from ,noah1 with one original 
language4 ,nor is this a modern gloss1  
for the ,talmud already deduces the     
interpretation4 ,racine's ,esther in the
 noble lines lauded by ,voltaire might  
be almost rebuking ,mr4 ,wells3--       
,ce ,dieu1 matre absolu de la terre et  
des cieux1     ,n'est point tel que     
l'erreur le figure  vos yeux3           
,l',eternel est son nom1 le monde est   
son ouvrage2     ,il entend les soupirs 
de l'humble qu'on outrage1     ,juge    
tous les mortels avec d'gales lois1     
,et du haut de son trne interroge les   
rois4  --there is the true ,hebrew note1
 the note denounced of ,nietzsche4  ,is 

this notorious tribal ,god the ,god of  
the ,mesopotamian sheikh whose seed was 
so invidiously chosen8 ,well1 but of    
this ,god ,abraham asks--in what ,i must
 continue to call the epochal sentence  
in the ,bible--,shall not the ,judge of 
all the earth do right8 ,abraham1 in    
fact1 bids ,god down as in some divine  
,dutch auction--,sodom is not to be     
destroyed if it holds fifty1 forty-five1
 forty1 thirty1 twenty1 nay ten         
righteous men4 ,compare this ethical    
development of the ancestor of ,judaism 
with that of ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii1 in  
the sixteenth century1 some thirty-one  
centuries later3 ,civitas ista potest   
esse destrui quando in ea plures sunt   
hretici 7,a city may be destroyed when  
it harbours a number of heretics74 ,and 
this claim of man to criticize ,god     
,jehovah freely concedes4 ,thus the ,god
 of ,abraham is no ,god of a tribe1 but1
 like the ,god of the ,rabbi who        
protested against the ,bath-,kol1 the   
,god of ,reason and ,love4 ,as clearly  

as for the nineteenth-century           
,martineau1 the seat of authority in    
,religion has passed to the human       
conscience4 ,god ,himself appeals to it 
in that inversion of the ,sodom story1  
the story of ,jonah1 whose teaching is  
far greater and more wonderful than its 
fish4 ,and this ,abrahamic tradition of 
free thought is continued by ,moses1 who
 boldly comes between ,jehovah and the  
people ,he designs to destroy4          
,wherefore should the ,egyptians speak1 
saying1 ,for evil did ,he bring them    
forth to slay them in the mountains4448 
,turn from ,thy fierce wrath and repent 
of this evil against ,thy people4 ,moses
 goes on to remind ,him of the covenant1
 ,and the ,lord repented of the evil    
which ,he said ,he would do unto ,his   
people4 ,in the same chapter1 the people
 having made a golden calf1 ,moses      
offers his life for their sin2 the ,old 
,testament here1 as in so many places1  
anticipating the so-called ,new1 but    
rejecting the notion of vicarious       

atonement so drastically that the       
attempt of dogmatic ,christianity to    
base itself on the ,old ,testament can  
only be described as text-blind4 ,and   
the great answer of ,jehovah to ,moses's
 questioning--,i ,,am ,,that ,i         
,,am--yields already the profound       
metaphysical ,deity of ,maimonides1 that
 invisible ,king whom the anonymous ,new
 ,year liturgist celebrates as3         
,highest divinity1     ,dynast of       
endlessness1     ,timeless resplendency1
     ,worshipped eternally1       ,lord 
of ,infinity6  ,and the fact that ,moses
 himself was married to an ,egyptian    
woman and that a mixed multitude went up
 with the ,jews out of ,egypt shows that
 the narrow tribalism of ,ezra and      
,nehemiah1 with the regrettable         
rejection of the ,samaritans1 was but a 
temporary political necessity2 while the
 subsequent admission into the canon of 
the book of ,ruth1 with its moral of the
 descent of the ,messiah himself from a 
,moabite woman1 is an index that        

universalism was still unconquered4 ,we 
have1 in fact1 the recurring clash of   
centripetal and centrifugal forces1 and 
what assured the persistence and assures
 the ultimate triumph of the latter is  
that the race being one with the        
religion could not resist that          
religion's universal implications4 ,if  
there were only a single ,god1 and ,he a
 ,god of justice and the world1 how     
could ,he be confined to ,israel8 ,the  
,mission could not but come4 ,the true  
,god1 urges ,mr4 ,wells1 has no scorn or
 hatred for those who seek ,him through 
idols4 ,that is exactly what ,ibn       
,gabirol said in #ajej4 ,but those blind
 seekers needed guiding4 ,religion1 in  
fact1 not race1 has always been the     
governing principle in ,jewish history4 
,i do not know the origin of the term   
,jew1 says ,dion ,cassius1 born in the  
second century4 ,the name is used1      
however1 to designate all who observe   
the customs of this people1 even though 
they be of different race4 ,where indeed

 lay the privilege of the ,chosen       
,people when the ,talmud defined a      
non-idolater as a ,jew1 and ranked a    
,gentile learned in the ,torah as       
greater than the ,high ,priest8 ,such   
learned proselytes arose in ,aquila and 
,theodotion each of whom made a ,greek  
version of the ,bible2 while the        
orthodox ,jew hardly regards his ,hebrew
 text as complete unless accompanied by 
the ,aramaic version popularly ascribed 
to the proselyte ,onkelos4 ,the         
disagreeable references to proselytes in
 ,rabbinic literature1 the difficulties 
thrown in their way1 and the grotesque  
conception of their status towards their
 former families1 cannot counterbalance 
the fact1 established by ,radin in his  
learned work1 ,the ,jews ,among the     
,greeks and ,romans1 that there was a   
carefully planned effort of propaganda4 
,does not indeed ,jesus tell the        
,pharisees3 ,ye compass sea and land to 
make one proselyte8 ,do not ,juvenal and
 ,horace complain of this ,judaising8   

,were not the ,idumeans proselytised    
almost by force8 ,the ,sabbath and the  
,jewish fasts1 says ,lecky1 doubtless   
following ,josephus1 became familiar    
facts in all the great cities4 ,and     
,josephus himself in that answer to     
,apion1 which ,judaism has strangely    
failed to rank as one of its greatest   
documents1 declares in noble language3  
,there ought to be but one ,temple for  
one ,god 444 and this ,temple common to 
all men1 because ,he is the common ,god 
of all men4  ,it would be a very tough  
tribal ,god that could survive          
worshippers of this temper4 ,an ancient 
,midrash taught that in the ,temple     
there were seventy sacrifices offered   
for the seventy nations4 ,for the       
medival and rationalist ,maimonides the 
election of ,israel scarcely            
exists--even the ,messiah is only to be 
a righteous ,conqueror1 whose success   
will be the test of his genuineness4    
,and ,spinoza--though he1 of course1 is 
outside the development of the          

,synagogue proper--refused to see in the
 ,jew any superiority save of the       
sociological system for ensuring his    
eternity4 ,the comparatively modern     
,chassidism1 anticipating ,mazzini1     
teaches that every nation and language  
has a special channel through which it  
receives ,god's gifts4 ,of contemporary 
,reform ,judaism1 the motto ,have we not
 one father1 hath not one ,god created  
us8 was formally adopted as the motto of
 the ,congress of ,religions at         
,washington4 ,the forces of democracy   
are ,israel1 cries the ,american ,jew1  
,david ,lubin1 in an ultra-modern       
adaptation of the ,talmudic scale of    
values4 ,there is1 in fact1 through our 
post-biblical literature almost a note  
of apology for the assumption of the    
,divine mission3 perhaps it is as much  
the offspring of worldly prudence as of 
spiritual progress4 ,the ,talmud        
observed that the ,law was only given to
 ,israel because he was so peculiarly   
fierce he needed curbing4 ,abraham ,ibn 

,daud at the beginning of the twelfth   
century urged that ,god had to reveal   
,himself to some nation to show that ,he
 did not hold ,himself aloof from the   
universe1 leaving its rule to the stars3
 it is the very argument as to the need 
for ,christ employed by ,mr4 ,balfour in
 his ,foundations of ,belief4 ,crescas1 
in the fourteenth century1              
declared--like an earlier ,buckle--that 
the excellence of the ,jew sprang merely
 from the excellence of ,palestine4 ,mr4
 ,abelson1 in his recent valuable book  
on ,jewish mysticism1 alleges that when 
,rabbi ,akiba called the ,jews ,sons of 
,god he meant only that all other       
nations were idolaters4 ,but in reality 
,akiba meant what he said--what indeed  
had been said throughout the ,bible from
 ,deuteronomy downwards4 ,in the words  
of ,hosea3      ,when ,israel was a     
child1 then ,i loved him1     ,and out  
of ,egypt ,i called ,my son4  ,no       
evidence of the universalism of         
,israel's mission can away with the fact

 that it was still his mission1 the     
mission of a ,chosen ,people4 ,and this 
conviction1 permeating and penetrating  
his whole literature and broidering     
itself with an ,oriental exuberance of  
legendary fantasy1 poetic or puerile1   
takes on in places an intimacy1         
sometimes touching in its tender        
mysticism1 sometimes almost grotesque in
 its crude reminder to ,god that after  
all ,his own glory and reputation are   
bound up with ,his people's1 and that   
,he must not go too far in ,his         
chastisements lest the heathen mock4    
,reversed1 this apprehension produced   
the concept of the ,chillul ,hashem1 the
 profanation of the ,name4 ,israel1 in  
his turn1 was in honour bound not to    
lower the reputation of the ,deity1 who 
had chosen him out4 ,on the contrary1 he
 was to promote the ,kiddush ,hashem the
 sanctification of the ,name4 ,thus the 
doctrine of election made not for       
arrogance but for a sense of ,noblesse  
oblige4 ,as the ,hymn of ,glory recited 

at ,new ,year says in a more poetic     
sense3 ,his glory is on me and mine on  
,him4 ,he loves ,his people1 says the   
hymn1 and inhabits their praises4       
,indeed1 according to ,schechter1 the   
ancient ,rabbis actually conceived ,god 
as existing only through ,israel's      
continuous testimony and ceasing were   
,israel--per impossibile--to disappear4 
,it is a mysticism not without affinity 
to ,mr4 ,wells's4 ,a ,chassidic ,rabbi1 
quoted by ,mr4 ,wassilevsky1 teaches in 
the same spirit that ,god and ,israel1  
like ,father and ,son1 are each         
incomplete without the other4 ,in       
another passage of ,hosea--a passage    
recited at the everyday winding of      
phylacteries--the imagery is of wedded  
lovers4 ,i will betroth thee unto ,me   
for ever1 ,yea ,i will betroth thee unto
 ,me in righteousness and in judgment   
and in loving-kindness and in mercy4    
,but it is in the glowing1 poetic soul  
of ,jehuda ,ha-,levi that this election 
of ,israel1 like the passion for        

,palestine1 finds its supreme and       
uncompromising expression4 ,israel1     
declares the author of the ,cuzari in a 
famous dictum1 is among the nations like
 the heart among the limbs4 ,do not     
imagine he referred to the heart as a   
pump1 feeding the veins of the          
nations--,harvey was still five         
centuries in the future--he meant the   
heart as the centre of feeling and the  
symbol of the spirit4 ,and examining the
 question why ,israel had been thus     
chosen1 he declares plumply that it is  
as little worthy of consideration as why
 the animals had not been created men4  
,this is1 of course1 the only answer4   
,the wind of creation and inspiration   
bloweth where it listeth4 ,as ,tennyson 
said in a similar connection3      ,and 
if it is so1 so it is1 you know1        
,and if it be so1 so be it6     ,v      
,but although1 as with all other        
manifestations of genius1 ,science      
cannot tell us why the ,jewish race was 
so endowed spiritually1 it can show us  

by parallel cases that there is nothing 
unique in considering yourself a ,chosen
 ,people--as indeed the accusation with 
which we began reminds us4 ,and it can  
show us that a nation's assignment of a 
mission to itself is not a sudden       
growth4 ,unlike any other nation1 says  
the learned and saintly leader of       
,reform ,judaism1 ,dr4 ,kohler1 in his  
article on ,chosen ,people in the       
,jewish ,encyclopdia1 the ,jewish people
 began their career conscious of their  
life-purpose and world-duty as the      
priests and teachers of a universal     
religious truth4 ,this is indeed a      
strange statement1 and only on the      
theory that its author was expounding   
the biblical standpoint1 and not his    
own1 can it be reconciled with his      
general doctrine of progress and        
evolution in ,hebrew thought4 ,it would 
seem to accept the ,sinaitic ,covenant  
as a literal episode1 and even to       
synchronise the ,mission with it4 ,but  
an investigation of the history of other

 ,chosen ,peoples will1 ,i fear1        
dissipate any notion that the ,sinaitic 
,covenant was other than a symbolic     
summary of the national genius for      
religion1 a sublime legend              
retrospectively created4 ,and the       
mission to other nations must have been 
evolved still later4 ,the conception or 
feeling of a mission grew up and was    
developed by slow degrees1 says ,mr4    
,montefiore1 and this sounds much nearer
 the truth4 ,for1 as ,i said1 history is
 the sole clue to the ,bible--history1  
which according to ,bacon1 is philosophy
 teaching by example4 ,and the more     
modern the history is1 and the nearer in
 time1 the better we can understand it4 
,we have before our very eyes the moving
 spectacle of the newest of nations     
setting herself through a               
,president-,prophet the noblest mission 
ever formulated outside the ,bible4     
,through another great prophet--sprung  
like ,amos from the people--through     
,abraham ,lincoln1 ,america had already 

swept away slavery4 ,i do not know      
exactly when she began to call herself  
,god's own country1 but her ,national   
,anthem1 ,my ,country1 'tis of thee1    
dating from #ahcb1 fixes the date when  
,america1 soon after the second war with
 ,england1 which ended in #ahad1        
consciously felt herself as a ,holy     
,land2 far as visitors like ,dickens    
felt her from the perfection implied in 
her soaring ,spread-,eagle rhetoric4    
,the ,pilgrim ,fathers went to ,america 
merely for their own freedom of         
religious worship3 they were actually   
intolerant to others4 ,from a sectarian 
patriotism developed what ,i have called
 ,the ,melting ,pot1 with its high      
universal mission1 first at home and now
 over the world at large4  ,the stages  
of growth are still more clearly marked 
in ,english history4 ,that national     
self-consciousness which to-day gives   
itself the mission of defending the     
liberties of mankind1 and which stands  
in the breach undaunted and indomitable1

 began with that mere insular patriotism
 which finds such moving expression in  
the pan of ,shakespeare3      ,this     
happy breed of men1 this little world1  
,this precious stone set in the silver  
sea1          4     4     4     4     4 
4     4     ,this blessed plot1 this    
earth1 this realm1 this ,england1       
4     4     4     4     4     4     4   
,this land of such dear souls1 this     
dear1 dear land4  ,this sense of itself 
had been born only in the thirteenth    
century1 and at first the growing       
consciousness of national power1 though 
it soon developed an assurance of       
special protection--the favour of the   
love of ,heaven1 wrote ,milton in his   
,areopagitica1 we have great argument to
 think in a peculiar manner propitious  
and propending towards us--was tempered 
by that humility still to be seen in the
 liturgy of its ,church1 which ascribes 
its victories not to the might of the   
,english arm1 but to the favour of ,god4
 ,but one hundred and twenty-five years 

after ,shakespeare1 the land which the  
,elizabethan translators of the ,bible  
called ,our ,sion1 and whose mission1   
according to ,milton1 had been to sound 
forth the first tidings and trumpet of  
reformation to all ,europe1 had sunk to 
the swaggering militarism that found    
expression in ,rule1 ,britannia4        
,when ,britain first at ,heaven's       
command       ,arose from out the azure 
main1     ,this was the charter of the  
land1       ,and guardian angels sung   
this strain3         ,rule1 ,britannia1 
rule the waves2         ,britons never  
will be slaves4      ,the nations not so
 blest as thee       ,must in their turn
 to tyrants fall2     ,while thou shalt 
flourish1 great and free1       ,the    
dread and envy of them all4      ,to    
thee belongs the rural reign1       ,thy
 cities shall with commerce shine3      
,all thine shall be the subject main1   
,and every shore it circles1 thine4  ,it
 is the true expression of its period--a
 period which ,sir ,john ,seeley in his 

,expansion of ,england characterizes as 
the period of the struggle with ,france 
for the possession of ,india and the    
,new ,world3 there were no less than    
seven wars with ,france1 for ,france had
 replaced ,spain in that great          
competition of the five western maritime
 ,states of ,europe for ,transatlantic  
trade and colonies1 in which ,seeley    
sums up the bulk of two centuries of    
,european history4 ,well may ,mr4       
,chesterton point to the sinking of the 
,armada as the date when an ,old        
,testament sense of being answered in   
stormy oracles of air and sea lowered   
,englishmen into a ,chosen ,people4     
,shakespeare saw the sea serving        
,england in the modest office of a moat3
 it was now to be the high-road of      
,empire4 ,the ,armada was shattered in  
#aehh4 ,in #afjj the ,east ,india       
,company is formed to trade all over the
 world4 ,in #afjf is founded the        
,british colony of ,virginia and in     
#afbj ,new ,england4 ,it helps us to    

understand the dual and conflicting     
energies stimulated in the atmosphere of
 celestial protection1 if we recall that
 it was in #afjd that was initiated the 
great ,elizabethan translation of the   
,bible4  ,in ,cromwell1 that typical    
,englishman1 these two strands of       
impulse are seen united4 ,ever          
conceiving himself the servant of ,god1 
he seized ,jamaica in a time of profound
 peace and in defiance of treaty4 ,was  
not ,catholic ,spain the enemy of ,god8 
,delenda est ,carthago is his feeling   
towards the rival ,holland4 ,miracles   
attend his battle4 ,the ,lord by his    
,providence put a cloud over the ,moon1 
thereby giving us the opportunity to    
draw off those horse4 ,yet this elect of
 ,god ruthlessly massacres surrendered  
,irish garrisons4 ,sir1 he writes with  
almost childish navet1 ,god hath taken  
away your eldest son by a cannon shot4  
,we do not need ,carlyle's warning that 
he was not a hypocrite4 ,does not       
,marvell1 lamenting his death1 record in

 words curiously like ,bismarck's that  
his deceased hero      ,the soldier     
taught that inward mail to wear     ,and
 fearing ,god1 how they should nothing  
fear8  ,the fact is that great and      
masterful souls identify themselves with
 the universe4 ,and so do great and     
masterful nations4 ,it is a dangerous   
tendency4  ,at the death of ,queen ,anne
 ,england stood at the top of the       
nations4 ,but it was a greatness tainted
 by the slave-trade abroad1 and poverty1
 ignorance1 and gin-drinking at home4   
,we recapture the atmosphere of ,rule1  
,britannia when we recall that ,thomson 
wrote it to the peals of the joy-bells  
and the flare of the bonfires by which  
the mob celebrated its forcing ,walpole 
into a war to safeguard ,british trade  
in the ,spanish main4 ,seeley claims1   
indeed1 that the growth of the ,empire  
was always sub-conscious or             
semi-conscious at its best4 ,this is not
 wholly true1 for in ,the ,masque of    
,alfred in which ,rule1 ,britannia is   

enshrined1 ,thomson displays as keen and
 exact a sense of the lines of          
,england's destiny as ,seeley acquired  
by painful historic excogitation4 ,for  
after a vision which irresistibly       
recalls the grosser ,hebrew prophecies3 
,i see thy commerce1 ,britain1 grasp the
 world3     ,all nations serve thee2    
every foreign flood1     ,subjected1    
pays its tribute to the ,thames1  he    
points to the virgin shores beyond the  
vast ,atlantic surge and cries3         
,this new world1     ,shook to its      
centre1 trembles at her name3     ,and  
there her sons1 with aim exalted1 sow   
,the seeds of rising empire1 arts1 and  
arms4      ,britons1 proceed1 the       
subject deep command1     ,awe with your
 navies every hostile land4     ,vain   
are their threats1 their armies all are 
vain3     ,they rule the balanced world 
who rule the main4  ,but you have only  
to remember that ,seeley's famous book  
was written expressly to persuade the   
,england of #ahhc not to give up ,india 

and the ,colonies1 to see how little    
,rule1 ,britannia expressed the truer   
soul of ,britain4 ,the purification of  
,england which the ,methodist movement  
began and which manifested itself1 among
 other things1 in sweeping away the     
slave-trade1 necessitated a less crude  
formula for the still invincible        
instinct of expansion1 and in ,kipling a
 prophet arose1 of a genius akin to that
 of the ,old ,testament1 to spiritualize
 the doctrine of the ,chosen ,people4   
,the mission which in ,thomson is purely
 self-centred becomes in ,kipling almost
 as universal as the visions of the     
,hebrew bards4      ,the ,lord our ,god 
,most ,high1     ,he hath made the deep 
as dry1     ,he hath smote for us a     
pathway to the ends of all the earth4   
,but it is only as the instrument of    
,his purpose1 and that purpose is       
characteristically practical4      ,keep
 ye the ,law--be swift in all obedience2
     ,clear the land of evil1 drive the 
road and bridge the ford1         ,make 

ye sure to each his own1         ,that  
he reap where he hath sown2     ,by the 
peace among our peoples let men know we 
serve the ,lord4  ,and it is a true     
picture of ,british activities4 ,even   
thus has ,england on the whole ruled the
 territories into which adventure or    
economic motives drew her4 ,the very    
,ambassador from ,germany1 ,prince      
,lichnowsky1 agrees with ,rhodes that   
the salvation of mankind lies in        
,british imperialism4 ,but note how the 
less spiritual factors are ignored1 how 
the prophet presents his people as a    
nation of pioneer martyrs1 how the      
mission1 finally become conscious of    
itself1 gilds with backward rays the    
whole path of national advance1 as the  
trail of light from the stern of a      
vessel gives the illusion that it has   
come by a shining road4 ,missions are   
not discovered till they are already in 
action4 ,not unlike those archers of    
whom the ,talmud wittily says1 they     
first shoot the arrow and then fix the  

target1 nations ascribe to themselves   
purposes of which they were originally  
unconscious4 ,first comes the tingling  
consciousness of achievement and power1 
then a glamour of retrospective legend  
to explain and justify it4 ,thus it is  
that that great struggle for sea-power  
to which ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,holland1   
,england1 and ,france all contributed   
maritime genius and boundless courage1  
becomes transformed under the           
half-accidental success of one nation   
into an almost religious epic of a      
destined wave-ruler4 ,there could not be
 a finer ,british spirit than ,mr4      
,chesterton's fallen friend1 the poet   
,vernde1 yet even he writes3--      ,god
 grant to us the old ,armada weather4   
,thomson was not poet enough--nor the   
eighteenth century nave enough--to      
create a legend in sober earnest4 ,but  
the fact that he throws ,rule1          
,britannia eight centuries back to the  
time of ,alfred the ,great1 before whom 
this glorious pageant of his country's  

future is prophetically unrolled1 serves
 to illustrate the retrospective habit  
of national missions4  ,the history of  
,england is brief1 and the mission      
evolved in her seven centuries has not  
yet finally shaped itself1 is indeed now
 shaping itself afresh in the furnace of
 war4 ,her poets have not always        
troubled with the soul of her4 ,they    
have often1 as ,courthope complained of 
,keats1 turned away from her destinies  
to      ,magic casements opening on the 
foam     ,of fary lands in perilous seas
 forlorn4  ,but ,israel had abundant    
time to perfect her conception of       
herself4 ,from ,moses to ,ezra was over 
a thousand years1 and the roots of the  
race are placed still earlier4 ,can we  
doubt it was by a process analogous to  
that we see at work in ,england1 that   
,israel evolved into a ,people chosen   
for world-service8 ,the ,covenant of    
,israel was inscribed slowly in the     
,jewish heart3 it had no more existence 
elsewhere than the ,new ,covenant which 

,jeremiah announced the ,lord would     
write there1 no more objective reality  
than the ,charter which ,britain        
received when first at ,heaven's command
 she rose from out the azure main1 or   
than that ,contrat ,social by which     
,rousseau expressed the rights of the   
individual in society4 ,but to say this 
is not to make the mission false4 ,ibsen
 might label these vitalizing impulses  
,life-illusions1 but the criteria of    
objective truth do not apply to         
volitional verities4 ,national missions 
become false only when nations are false
 to them4 ,nor does the gradualness of  
their evolution rob them of their       
mystery4 ,hamlet is not less inspired   
because ,shakespeare began as a writer  
of pothooks and hangers4  ,if it is     
suggested that to explain the ,bible by 
men and nations under its spell is to   
reason in a circle1 the answer is that  
the biblical vocabulary merely provides 
a medium of expression for a universal  
tendency4 ,claudian1 addressing the     

,emperor ,theodosius1 wrote3--      ,o  
nimium dilecte deo1 cui militat ther4   
,the ,egyptian god ,ammon1 in the great 
battle epic of ,rameses ,,ii1 assured   
the monarch3--      ,lo1 ,i am with     
thee1 my son2 fear not1 ,ramessu        
,miammon6     ,ra1 thy father1 is with  
thee1 his hand shall uphold thee in     
danger1     ,more am ,i worth unto thee 
than thousands and thousands of         
soldiers4  ,the preamble to the modern  
,japanese ,constitution declares it to  
be in pursuance of a great policy       
co-extensive with the ,heavens and the  
,earth4     ,,vi   ,returning now       
finally to our starting-point1 the      
proposition that ,germanism is ,judaism1
 we are able to see its full            
grotesqueness4 ,if ,germanism resembles 
,judaism1 it is as a monkey resembles a 
man4 ,where it does suggest ,judaism is 
in the sense it gives the meanest of its
 citizens that they form part of a great
 historic organism1 which moves to great
 purposes3 a sense which the poorer     

,englishman has unfortunately lacked1   
and which is only now awakening in the  
common ,british breast4 ,but even here  
the affinities of ,germany are rather   
with ,japan than with ,juda4 ,for in    
,japan1 too1 beneath all the romance of 
,bushido and the ,samurai1 lies the     
asphyxiation of the individual and his  
sacrifice to the ,state4 ,it is the     
resurrection of those ancient ,pagan    
,constitutions for which individuality  
scarcely existed1 which could expose    
infants or kill off old men because the 
,state was the supreme ethical end2 it  
is the revival on a greater scale of the
 medival city commune1 which sucked its 
vigorous life from the veins of its     
citizens4 ,even so ,prussia1 by welding 
its subservient citizens into one       
gigantic machine of aggression1 has     
given a new reading to the ,gospel3     
,blessed are the meek1 for they shall   
inherit the earth4  ,nietzsche1 who1    
though he strove to upset the old       
,hebrew values1 saw clearly through the 

real ,prussian peril1 defined such a    
,state as that in which the slow suicide
 of all is called ,life1 and a welcome  
service unto all preachers of death--a  
cold1 ill-smelling1 monstrous idol4 ,nor
 is this the only affinity between      
,prussia and ,japan4 ,we are1 boasts a  
,japanese writer1 a people of the       
present and the ,tangible1 of the ,broad
 ,daylight and the ,plainly ,visible4   
,but ,germany was not always thus4 ,high
 deeds1 ,o ,germans1 are to come from   
you1 wrote ,wordsworth in his ,sonnets  
dedicated to ,liberty4 ,and it throws   
light upon the nature of ,missions to   
recall that when she lay at the feet of 
,napoleon after ,jena1 the mission      
proclaimed for her by ,fichte was one of
 peace and righteousness--to penetrate  
the life of humanity by her             
religion--and he denounced the dreams of
 universal monarchy which would destroy 
national individuality4 ,calling on his 
people as the consecrated and inspired  
ones of a ,divine world-plan1 ,to you1  

he says1 out of all other modern nations
 the germs of human perfection are      
especially committed4 ,it is yours to   
found an empire of mind and reason--to  
destroy the dominion of rude physical   
power as the ruler of the world4 ,and   
throwing this mission backwards1 he sees
 in what the outer world calls the      
invasion of the ,roman ,empire by the   
,goths and ,huns the proof that the     
,germans have always stemmed the tide of
 tyrant domination4 ,but ,fichte        
belonged to the generation of ,kant and 
,beethoven4 ,hegel1 coming a little     
later1 though as non-nationalist as     
,goethe1 and a welcomer of the          
,napoleonic invasion1 yet prophesied    
that if the ,germans were once forced to
 cast off their inertia1 they1 by       
preserving in their contact with outward
 things the intensity of their inner    
life1 will perchance surpass their      
teachers3 and in curiously prophetic    
language he called for a hero to realize
 by blood and iron the political        

regeneration of ,germany4  ,if          
,treitschke1 too1 believed in force1 he 
had a high moral ideal for his nation4  
,the other nations are feeble and       
decadent4 ,germany is to hold the       
sceptre of the nations1 so as to ensure 
the peace of the world4 ,it is only in  
,bernhardi that we find war in itself   
glorified as the stimulus of nations4   
,even this ideal has a perverted        
nobility2 as ,pol ,arcas1 a modern      
,greek writer1 says3 ,if the devil knew 
he had horns the cherubim would offer   
him their place4 ,and though it was only
 in the swelled head of the conqueror   
that the brutal philosophy of the       
,will-to-,power germinated1 it was not  
so much the blood and iron of ,junkerdom
 that perverted ,prussia--,junkerdom    
still lives simply--as the gross        
industrial prosperity that followed on  
the victory of #ahgj4 ,a modern ,german 
author describes his countrymen--it is  
true he has turned ,mohammedan1 probably
 out of disgust--as tragically          

degenerated and turned into a           
gold-greedy1 pleasure-seeking1          
title-hungry pack4 ,this industrial     
transformation of the nobler soul of    
,germany is by ,verhaeren--attacking    
,judaism from another angle--ascribed to
 its ,jews1 so it is comforting to      
remember that when ,england started the 
,east ,india ,company there was scarcely
 a ,jew in ,england4 ,no1 ,germany is   
clearly where ,england was in the       
seventeenth century1 and in ,prussia    
,england meets her past face to face4   
,her past1 but infinitely more conscious
 and consequent than her ,rule1         
,britannia period1 with a ruthless logic
 that does not shrink from any          
conclusions4 ,while ,england's right    
hand hardly knew what her left was      
doing1 ,germany's right hand is drawing 
up a philosophic justification of her   
sinister activities4 ,there is in ,henry
 ,james's posthumous novel--,the ,sense 
of the ,past--a young man who gets      
locked up in the ,past and cannot get   

back to his own era4 ,this is the fate  
that now menaces civilization4 ,nor is  
the civilization that followed the      
struggle for ,america by the scramble   
for ,africa entirely blameless4         
,germany1 federated too late for the    
first mle and smarting under centuries  
of humiliation--did not ,louis ,,xiv    
insolently seize ,strassburg8--is       
avenging on our century the sins of the 
seventeenth4  ,so far from ,germanism   
being synonymous with ,judaism1 its     
analogies are to be sought within the   
five maritime countries which preceded  
,germany1 albeit less efficiently1 in   
the path of militarism4 ,it is the same 
alliance as prevailed everywhere between
 the traders and the armies and navies1 
and the ,kaiser's crime consists mainly 
in turning back the movement of the     
world which through the ,hague          
,conferences was approaching            
brotherhood1 or at least a mitigation of
 the horrors of war4 ,his blasphemies   
are no less archaic4 ,he repeats ,oliver

 ,cromwell1 but with less simplicity1   
while his artistic aspiration           
complicates the ,puritan with the       
,cavalier4 ,from childhood1 he is quoted
 as saying1 ,i have been under the      
influence of five men--,alexander1      
,julius ,csar1 ,theodoric ,,ii1         
,frederick the ,great1 and ,napoleon4   
,no great man moulds himself thus like  
others4 ,it is but a theatrical         
greatness4 ,but anyhow none of these    
names are ,jewish1 and not thus were the
 ,kings of ,jerusalem even six thousand 
years ago4 ,our kings had the dull duty 
of copying out and studying the ,torah1 
and the ,rabbis reminded monarchy that  
the ,torah demands forty-eight          
qualifications1 whereas royalty only    
thirty1 and that the crown of a good    
name is the best of all4 ,compare the   
,german ,national ,anthem ,heil dir im  
,siegeskranz with the noble prayer for  
the ,jewish ,king in the seventy-second 
psalm1 if you wish to understand the    
difference between ,judaism and         

,germanism4 ,this ,king1 too1 is to     
conquer his enemies1 but he is also to  
redeem the needy from oppression and    
violence1 and precious will their blood 
be in his sight4     ,,vii   ,if ,i were
 asked to sum up in a word the essential
 difference between ,judaism and        
,germanism1 it would be the word        
,recessional4 ,while the prophets and   
historians of ,germany monotonously     
glorify their nation1 the ,jewish       
writers as monotonously rebuke theirs4  
,you only have ,i known among all the   
families of the earth1 says the message 
through ,amos4 ,therefore ,i will visit 
upon you all your iniquities4 ,the      
,bible1 as ,i have said before1 is an   
anti-,semitic book4 ,israel is the      
villain1 not the hero1 of his own story4
 ,alone among epics1 it is out for      
truth1 not high heroics4 ,to flout the  
,pharisees was not reserved for ,jesus4 
,behold1 ye fast for strife and         
contention1 said ,isaiah1 and to smite  
with the fist of wickedness4 ,while some

 ,german writers1 not content with the  
great men ,germany has so abundantly    
produced1 vaunt that all others1 from   
,jesus to ,dante1 from ,montaigne to    
,michael ,angelo1 are of ,teuton blood1 
,jewish literature unflinchingly exposes
 the flaws even of a ,moses and a       
,david4 ,it is this passion for veracity
 unknown among other peoples--is even   
,washington's story told without        
gloss8--that gives false colour to the  
legend of ,israel's ancient savagery4   
,the title of a nation to its territory1
 says ,seeley1 is generally to be sought
 in primitive times and would be found1 
if we could recover it1 to rest upon    
violence and massacre4 ,the             
dispossession of the ,red ,indian by    
,america1 of the ,maori by ,new         
,zealand1 is almost within living       
memory4 ,but in national legends this   
universal process is sophisticated4     
,tu regere imperio populos1 ,romane1    
memento1  the neid told the all-invading
 ,roman1 putting of course the          

contemporary ideal backwards--as all    
missons are put--and into the prophetic 
mouth of ,jove3--      ,hae tibi erunt  
artis1 pacisque imponere morem1         
,parcere subjectis et debelare superbos4
  ,it was for similarly exalted purposes
 that ,israel was to occupy ,palestine1 
yet with what unique denigration the    
,bible turns upon him3 ,not for thy     
righteousness or for the uprightness of 
thy heart dost thou go to possess this  
land2 but for the wickedness of these   
nations the ,lord thy ,god doth drive   
them out from before thee4  ,in ,english
 literature this note of ,recessional   
was sounded long before ,kipling4       
,milton1 though he claimed that ,god's  
manner was to reveal himself first to   
,his ,englishmen1 added that they mark  
not the methods of ,his counsel and are 
unworthy4  ,is ,india free1 wrote       
,cowper1 or do we grind her still8      
,secure from actual warfare1 sang       
,coleridge1 we have loved to swell the  
war-whoop4 ,for ,wordsworth ,england was

 simply the least evil of the nations4  
,and ,mr4 ,chesterton has just written a
 ,history of ,england in the very spirit
 of a ,micah flagellating the classes   
who loved fields and seized them4 ,but  
if in ,germany a voice of criticism     
breaks the chorus of self-adoration1 it 
is usually from a ,jew like ,maximilian 
,harden1 for ,jews1 as ,ambassador      
,gerard testifies1 represent almost the 
only real culture in ,germany4 ,i have  
been at pains to examine the literature 
of the ,german ,synagogue1 which if     
,germanism were ,judiasm1 ought to show 
a double dose of original sin4 ,but so  
far from finding any swagger of a       
,chosen ,people1 whether ,jewish or     
,german1 ,i find in its most popular    
work--,lazarus's ,soziale ,ethik im     
,judentum--published as late as         
,november1 #aiac1 by the ,league of     
,german ,jews--a grave indictment of    
militarism4 ,for the venerable          
philosopher1 while justly explaining the
 glamour of the army by its             

subordination of the individual to the  
communal weal1 yet pointed out          
emphatically that what unites           
individuals separates nations4 ,the work
 of justice shall be peace1 he quotes   
from ,isaiah4 ,i am far from supposing  
that the old ,germany of ,goethe and    
,schiller and ,lessing is not still     
latent--indeed1 we know that one        
,professor suggested at a recent        
,nietzsche anniversary that the ,germans
 should try to rise not to ,supermen but
 to ,men1 and that another now lies in  
prison for explaining in his ,biologie  
des ,krieges that the real objection to 
war is simply that it compels men to act
 unlike men4 ,so that1 when moreover we 
remember that the noblest and most      
practical treatise on ,perpetual ,peace 
came from that other ,german professor1 
,kant1 the hope is not altogether       
ausgechlossen that in the internal      
convulsion that must follow the war1    
there may be an upheaval of that finer  
,germanism of which we should be only   

too proud to say that it is ,judaism4   
,,viii   ,but meantime we are waiting1  
and the soul waiteth for the ,lord more 
than watchmen look for the morning1 yea1
 more than watchmen for the morning4    
,again1 as in earlier periods of        
history1 the world lies in darkness1    
listening to the silence of ,god--a     
silence that can be felt4  ,watchmen1   
what of the night8 ,such a blackness    
fell upon the ancient ,jews when        
,hadrian passed the plough over ,mount  
,zion4 ,but1 turning from empty         
apocalyptic visions1 they drew in on    
themselves and created an inner         
,jerusalem1 which has solaced and       
safeguarded them ever since4 ,such a    
blackness fell on the ancient           
,christians when the ,huns invaded      
,rome1 and the young ,christian world1  
robbed of its millennial hopes1 began to
 wonder if perchance this was not the   
vengeance of the discarded gods4 ,but   
drawing in on themselves1 they learned  
from ,st4 ,augustine to create an inner 

,city of ,god4 ,how shall humanity meet 
this blackest crisis of all8 ,what new  
,city of ,god can it build on the tragic
 wreckage of a thousand years of        
civilization8 ,has ,israel no           
contribution to offer here but the old  
quarrel with ,christianity8 ,but that   
quarrel shrinks into comparative concord
 beside the common peril from the       
resurrected gods of paganism1 from ,thor
 and ,odin and ,priapus4 ,and it was    
always an exaggerated quarrel--half     
misunderstanding1 like most quarrels4   
,neither ,st4 ,augustine nor ,st4       
,anselm believed ,god was other than    
,one4 ,jesus but applied to himself     
distributively--as logicians say--those 
conceptions of divine sonship and       
suffering service which were already    
assets of ,judaism1 and but for the     
theology of atonement woven by ,paul    
under ,greek influences1 either of them 
might have carried ,judaism forward on  
that path of universalism which its     
essential genius demands1 and which even

 without them it only just missed4 ,is  
it not humiliating that ,islam1 whose   
,koran expressly recalls its obligation 
to our prophets1 should have beaten them
 in the work of universalization8       
,maimonides acknowledged the good work  
done by ,jesus and ,mohammed in         
propagating the ,bible4 ,but if the     
universalism they achieved held faulty  
elements1 is that any reason why the    
purer truth should shrink from          
universalization8 ,has ,judaism less    
future than ,buddhism--that religion of 
negation and monkery--whose sacred      
classics enjoin the ,bhiksu to camp in  
and contemplate a cemetery8 ,has it less
 inspiration and optimism than that     
apocalyptic vision of the ultimate      
victory of ,good which consoles the     
disciples of ,zoroaster8 ,if there is   
anything now discredited in its ancient 
,scriptures1 the ,synagogue can1 as of  
yore1 relegate it to the ,apocrypha1    
even as it can enrich the canon with    
later expressions of the ,hebrew genius4

 ,its one possible rival1 ,islam1 is1 as
 ,kuenen maintains1 as sterile for the  
future as ,buddhism1 too irretrievably  
narrowed to the ,arab mentality4 ,but   
why1 despite his magnificent tribute to 
,judaism1 does this unfettered thinker  
imagine that the last word is with      
,christianity8 ,eucken1 too1 would call 
the future ,christian1 though he rejects
 the ,incarnation and regards the       
,atonement as injurious to religion1 and
 the doctrine of the ,trinity as a      
stumbling-block rather than a help4     
,abraham ,lincoln being only a plain    
man1 was not able to juggle with himself
 like a ,german theologian1 and with the
 simplicity of greatness he confessed3  
,i have never united myself to any      
,church1 because ,i have found          
difficulty in giving my assent1 without 
mental reservation1 to the long1        
complicated statements of the ,christian
 doctrine which characterize their      
,articles of ,belief and ,confessions of
 ,faith4 ,when any church1 he added1    

will inscribe over its altar1 as its    
sole qualification for membership1 444  
',thou shalt love the ,lord thy ,god    
with all thy heart1 and with all thy    
soul1 and with all thy might1 and thy   
neighbour as thyself1' that church will 
,i join with all my heart and with all  
my soul4  ,can one read this and not    
wonder what ,judaism has been about that
 ,lincoln did not even know there was   
such a church8 ,but call the coming     
religious reconstruction what you will1 
what do names matter when all humanity  
is crucified1 what does anything matter 
but to save it from meaningless         
frictions and massacres8 ,would that ,my
 people forgot ,me and kept ,my         
commandments1 says the ,jerusalem       
,talmud4 ,too long has ,israel been     
silent4 ,who is blind1 says the prophet1
 but ,my servant1 or deaf as ,my        
messenger8 ,he is not deaf to-day1 he is
 only dumb4 ,but the voice of ,jerusalem
 must be heard again when the new       
world-order is shaping4 ,the ,chosen    

,people must choose4 ,to be or not to   
be4 ,the religion of the ,jews is indeed
 a light1 said ,coleridge in his ,table 
,talk1 but it is as the light of the    
glow-worm which gives no heat and       
illumines nothing but itself4 ,why let a
 sun sink into a glow-worm8 ,and even a 
glow-worm should turn4 ,it does not even
 pay--that prudent maxim of the         
,babylonian ,talmud1 ,dina dimalchutha  
dina 7,in ,rome do as the ,romans74     
,despite every effort of ,jews as       
individual citizens the world still     
tends to see them as ,crabbe saw them a 
century ago in his ,borough3--      ,nor
 war nor wisdom yields our ,jews        
delight1     ,they will not study and   
they dare not fight4  ,it is because    
they fight under no banner of their own4
 ,but the time has come when they must  
fight as ,jews--fight that mental fight 
from which that greater ,english poet1  
,blake1 declared he would not cease till
 he had built ,jerusalem in ,england's  
green and pleasant land4 ,to build      

,jerusalem in every land--even in       
,palestine--that is the ,jewish mission4
 ,as ,nina ,salaman sings--and ,i am    
glad to end with the words of a daughter
 of the lofty-souled scholar in whose   
honour this lecture is given--          
,wherefore else our age-long life1 our  
wandering landless1       ,every land   
our home for ill or good8     ,ours it  
was long since to join the hands of     
nations       ,through the link of our  
own brotherhood4     ,,afterword   ,,dr4
 ,,israel ,,abrahams1 ,reader in        
,talmudic and ,rabbinic ,literature in  
the ,university of ,cambridge1 in       
seconding the vote of thanks to the     
speakers1 moved by the ,president of the
 ,jewish ,historical ,society 7,sir     
,lionel ,abrahams1 ,k4,c4,b471 said that
 the ,chairman had already paid a       
tribute to the memory of ,arthur ,davis4
 ,but a twice-told tale was not stale in
 repetition when the tale was told of   
such a man4 ,he was a real scholar2 not 
only in the general sense of one who    

loved great books1 but also in the      
special sense that he possessed the     
technical knowledge of an expert4 ,his  
,hebrew ,accents reveals ,arthur ,davis 
in these two aspects4 ,it shows mastery 
of an intricate subject1 a subject not  
likely to attract the mere dilettante4  
,but it also reveals his interest in the
 ,bible as literature4 ,he appreciated  
both the music of words and the melody  
of ideas4 ,when the work appeared1 a    
foreign scholar asked3 ,who was his     
teacher8 ,the answer was3 himself4      
,there is a rather silly proverb that   
the self-taught man has a fool for his  
master4 ,certainly ,arthur ,davis had no
 fool for his pupil4 ,and though he had 
no teacher1 he had what is better1 a    
fine capacity for comradeship in        
studies4 ,acquire for thyself a         
companion1 said the ancient ,rabbi4     
,there is no friendship equal to that   
which is made over the common study of  
books4 ,at the ,talmud meetings held at 
the house of ,arthur ,davis were founded

 lifelong intimacies4 ,unpretentious in 
their aim1 there was in these gatherings
 a harmony of charm and earnestness2    
pervading them was the true joy of      
service4 ,above all he loved the        
liturgy4 ,here the self-taught man must 
excel4 ,homer said3--      ,dear to gods
 and men is sacred song4                
,self-taught ,i sing3 by ,heaven and    
,heaven alone     ,the genuine seeds of 
poesy are sown4  ,and1 as the expression
 of his inmost self1 he gave us the best
 edition of the ,festival ,prayers in   
any language3 better than ,sachs'--than 
which praise can go no higher4 ,this    
,prayer ,book is his true memorial1     
unless there be a truer still4 ,perhaps 
his feeling that he might after all have
 lost something because he had no       
teacher made him so wonderful a teacher 
of his own daughters4 ,in their         
continuance of his work his personality 
endures4 ,at the end of his book on     
,accents he quoted1 in ,hebrew1 a       
sentence from ,jeremiah1 with a clever  

play on the double meaning of the word  
which signifies at once accent and      
taste4 ,thinking of his record1 and how 
his beautiful spirit animates those near
 and dear to him1 we may indeed apply to
 him this same text3 ,his taste         
remaineth in him and his fragrance is   
not changed4    ,,printed ,,in ,,the    
,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america