,,lett]s ,,lett]+ ,a ,,treatise ,,) #bjj ,,examples ,,frank ,,*\teau ,,br[n ,illu/ration ,,bo/on ,,bates ,,guild ,,company ,,mcmxxi 99 99 99 99 99 ,copyright1 #aiba1 by ,,bates ,,guild ,,company ,pr9t$ by ,,p]ry ,,elliott ,,co ,,lynn ,,bo/on ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,?is book is int5d$ = ^? :o h felt ! ne$ ( a v>i$ collection ( alphabets ( /&>d =ms1 arrang$ = conv5i5t use4 ,! alphabets illu/rat$1 :ile prim>ily int5d$ to exhibit ! lett] %apes1 h 9 mo/ cases be5 s arrang$ z to %[ also h[ ! lett]s compose into words1 except 9 ^? in/ances :]e !y are int5d$ to be us$ only z initials4 ,! application ( classic & m$ieval lett]s to mod]n usages has be51 z f> z possible1 sugge/$ by %[+ mod]n designs 9 :i* simil> =ms are employ$4 ,9 view ( ! practical aim ( ?is treatise x has be5 deem$ advisable to include a l>g] numb] ( illu/rative examples r ?an to devote space to ! hi/orical evolution ( ! lett] =ms4 ,to ! arti/s1 ,am]ican & ,european1 :o h s k9dly furni%$ him ) draw+s ( _! *>act]i/ic lett]s--& )\t ^: cordial assi/ance ?is book w\ld h>dly h be5 possible--to ! ma/]-pr9t]s :o h all[$ him to %[ types specially design$ = !m1 & to ! publi%]s :o h giv5 him p]mission to borr[ f _! books & magaz9es1 ! au?or wi%es to express 8 s9c]e obligations4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations #a ,,& #b ,,alphabet ,,aft] ,,seba/ian ,,s]lio 7#adgc-aeed74 ,recon/ruct$ by ,alb]t ,r4 ,ross4 #c ,,wid? ,,proportions ,,( ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #d ,,draw+ ,,= ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,= cutt+ 9 granite4 ,lett] =ms bas$ ^u ^? %[n 9 figures #a & #b4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #e ,,photograph ,,( ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,cut 9 granite f draw+ %[n 9 figure #d #f ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,f ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e1 ,rome4 #cae ,a4,d4 ,f a photograph #g ,,model ,,= ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,us$ = inscriptions cut 9 granite on ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y4 ,mc,kim1 ,mead ,:ite1 ,ar*itects4 ,photograph$ f a ca/ #h ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,capitals4 ,f fragm5ts 9 m>ble4 ,national ,museum1 ,naples4 ,rubb+ #i ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,inscription4 ,museo ,civico1 ,bologna4 ,f a photograph #aj ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,inscription4 ,museo ,civico1 ,bologna4 ,f a photograph #aa ,,detail ,,f ,a ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,inscription4 ,%[+ composition4 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ab ,,ru/ic ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,( p5 =ms1 b cut 9 /one4 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f fragm5t 9 ! ,national ,museum1 ,naples4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ac ,,roman ,,capitals ,,f ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,inscriptions4 ,%[+ v>i\s *>act]i/ic lett] =ms4 ,r$rawn f rubb+s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ad ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,capitals4 ,execut$ 9 s&/one4 ,f ! ,h>v>d ,ar*itectural ,build+1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,mc,kim1 ,mead ,:ite1 ,ar*itects #ae ,,lett]s ,,%[n ,,9 ,,alphabet #a ,,& #b1 ,,9 ,,composition4 ,by ,alb]t ,r4 ,ross #af & #ag ,,classic ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,cut 9 m>ble4 ,r$rawn f rubb+s made 9 ! ,=um1 ,rome4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4-#ba #ah & #ai ,,classic ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,late p]iod4 ,cut 9 m>ble4 ,r$rawn f rubb+s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bj ,,portion ,,( ,,roman ,,inscription4 ,) suppli$ lett]s4 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ba ,,classic ,,roman ,,inscription4 ,incis$ 9 m>ble4 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bb ,,classic ,,roman ,,inscription4 ,9 /one4 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bc ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,inscription4 ,squ>e-sunk 9 m>ble4 ,f a photograph ( a mortu>y slab #bd ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,m$al4 ,by ,vittore ,pisano4 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,f a photograph #be ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,m$al4 ,by ,osc> ,roty4 ,f a photograph ( ! orig9al 9 ! ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is #bf ,,capitals ,,adapt$ ,,f ,,r5aissance ,,m$als4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bg ,,spani% ,,r5aissance ,,alphabet4 ,by ,juan de ,yci>4 ,f ,arte por la qual se esena a escrevir p]fectam5te4 7,s>agossa1 #aeej7 #bh ,,r5aissance ,,inlaid ,,m$allion4 ,f a floor-slab 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce4 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bi ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,f an inlaid floor-slab 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce4 7,comp>e figure #bh47 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #cj ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,panel4 ,f ,raphael's tomb1 ,pan!on1 ,rome4 ,f a photograph #ca ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,incis$ ,,inscription4 ,f ! ,m>supp9i ,tomb1 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 #adee4 ,rubb+ #cb ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,incis$ ,,inscription4 ,f a floor-slab 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce4 ,e>ly #ae? ,c5tury4 ,rubb+ #cc ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,r$rawn f inscription on ! ,m>supp9i ,tomb1 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 #adee4 7,comp>e figure #ca47 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #cd ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,r$rawn f rubb+s ( inscriptions 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ce & #cf ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,tagli5te4 ,f ',la v]a arte dello eccell5to scriv]e4' 7,v5ice1 #aebd7 #cg & #ch ,,g]man ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,by ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,adapt$ f ',und]weyssung d] messung1 mit dem zirckel1 un ri*ts*eyt1 9 ,l9i51 etc4' 7,nuremb]g1 #aebe7 #ci & #dj ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,by ,seba/ian ,s]lio4 7#adgc-aeed47 ,comp>e figures #a & #b #da ,,g]man ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,by ,urba9 ,wss4 ,f ',libellus valde doctus 444 scrib5d>um lit]>um g5]a complect5s4' 7,zuri*1 #aedi7 #db ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,panel4 ,above ! door ( ! ,badia1 ,flor5ce4 ,r$rawn by ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon4 ,f ',m9or ,italian ,palaces4' 7,cutl] ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 #ahih7 #dc ,,mod]n ,,title ,,9 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,capitals4 ,by ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue4 7,comp>e figure #df47 ,f ',! ,que/ ( ,m]l94' 7,small1 ,mayn>d ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahia7 #dd ,,mod]n ,,title ,,) ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( #af,,? ,,c5tury ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,by ,walt] ,crane4 7,comp>e figure #di47 ,f ',! ,/ory ( ,don ,quixote4' 7,john ,lane1 ,new ,york1 #aijj7 #de ,,title ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,by ,w4 ,ed5 ,nesfield4 ,f ',specim5s ( ,m$ieval ,ar*itecture4' 7,day ,sons1 ,london1 #ahfb7 #df ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,capitals4 #f,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f ',! ,rule ( ,/4 ,b5$ict4' ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d #dg ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,capitals4 #g,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f ',! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t' #dh ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,capitals4 ,,e>ly #aj,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f an ,anglo-,saxon ,bible #di ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,capitals4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,f tomb ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,london #ej & #ea ,,s*eme ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,roman ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #eb ,,spani% ,,roman ,,p5 ,,drawn ,,lett]s4 ,by ,francisco ,lucas4 ,f ',arte de ,escrevirde4' 7,madrid1 #aegg7 #ec ,,spani% ,,roman ,,p5 ,,drawn ,,lett]s4 ,%[+ use ( above4 ,by ,francisco ,lucas4 ,f ',arte de ,escrevirde4' 7,madrid1 #aegg7 #ed ,,spani% ,,italic ,,p5 ,,drawn ,,lett]s4 ,by ,francisco ,lucas4 ,f ',arte de ,escrevirde4' 7,madrid1 #aegg7 #ee ,,spani% ,,italic ,,p5 ,,drawn ,,lett]s4 ,%[+ use ( above4 ,by ,francisco ,lucas4 ,f ',arte de ,escrevirde4' 7,madrid1 #aegg7 #ef ,,italian ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,cresci4 ,f ',p]fetto ,scrittore4' 7,rome1 #aefj7 #eg ,,engli% #ag,,? ,,c5tury ,,lett]s4 ,incis$ 9 slate4 ,f tomb/ones #eh ,,mod]n ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,aft] ,c4 ,hra*[9a's ',initial5 ,alphabete und ,r&lei/5 v]s*i$5] ,kun/epo*54' 7,vi5na1 #ahhc7 #ei ,,mod]n ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,by ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon4 ,bas$ on ,v5etian types cut by ,ni*olas ,j5son1 #adga-ha #fj ,,inscription ,,f ,,engli% #ag,,? ,,c5tury ,,tomb/one4 ,f slate tomb/one at ,*ipp5ham1 ,engl&4 #afia4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #fa ,,roman ,,& ,,italic ,,type4 ,design$ by ,william ,caslon4 ,f 8 ,specim5 ,book4 7,london1 #agcd7 #fb ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type1 ,,montaigne4 ,design$ by ,bruce ,rog]s = ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 #fc ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type1 ,,r5n]4 ,design$ by ,!o4 ,l4 ,de ,v9ne = ,! ,de ,v9ne ,press1 ,new ,york #fd ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type1 ,,m]rym\nt4 ,design$ by ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue = ,! ,m]rym\nt ,press1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #fe ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type1 ,,*elt5ham ,,old ,,/yle4 ,design$ by ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue = ,! ,*elt5ham ,press1 ,new ,york4 7,own$ by ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company & ,l9otype ,company7 #ff ,,mod]n ,,greek ,,type4 ,design$ by ,selwyn ,image = ,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,london #fg ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type4 ,design$ by ,c4 ,r4 ,a%bee = a ,pray]book = ! ,k+ ( ,engl& #fh ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,j4 ,m4 ,olbri* #fi ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,by ,gu/ave ,lemm54 ,f ',beispiele ,kun/l]is*e ,s*rift4' 7,a4 ,s*roll ,co41 ,vi5na7 #gj ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,alois ,ludwig #ga ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,otto ,eckmann #gb ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,by ,otto ,hupp4 ,f ',beispiele ,kun/l]is*e ,s*rift4' 7,a4 ,s*roll ,co41 ,vi5na7 #gc ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,by ,joseph ,plcnik4 ,f ',beispiele ,kun/l]is*e ,s*rift4' 7,a4 ,s*roll ,co41 ,vi5na7 #gd ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,franz ,/uck #ge ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,arrang$ f orig9als4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #gf ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,b]nh>d ,pankok #gg ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,po/]4 ',la ,libre ,e/htique4' ,by ,!o4 van ,rysselb]ghe #gh ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,book-,,cov]4 ,by ,m4 ,p4 ,v]neuil4 ,f ',l',animal dans la dcoration4' 7,e4 ,lvy1 ,p>is7 #gi ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,lett]s4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,m4 ,p4 ,v]neuil #hj ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,po/]4 ',la ,revue ,blan*e4' ,by ,p4 ,bonn>d #ha ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,magaz9e ,,cov] ,,design4 ,by ,george ,auriol4 ,f ',l',image4' 7,fl\ry1 ,p>is1 #ahig7 #hb ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,capitals4 ,by ,alphons ,m4 ,mu*a4 ,f ',beispiele ,kun/l]is*] ,s*rift4' 7,a4 ,s*roll ,co41 ,vi5na7 #hc ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,lett]$ ,,page ,,9 ,,cursive4 ,by ,george ,auriol4 ,f ',le ,premi] ,livre des ,ca*ets1 etc4' 7,librairie ,c5trale des ,beaux-,arts1 ,p>is1 #aija7 #hd ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,lett]s1 ,,cursive4 ,by ,george ,auriol #he ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,cov] ,,design4 ,by ,eugne ,grasset4 ,f ',art et ,dcoration4' 7,p>is7 #hf ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,by ,walt] ,crane4 ,f ',beispiele ,kun/l]is*] ,s*rift4' 7,a4 ,s*roll ,co41 ,vi5na7 #hg ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,!atrical ,,po/]4 ,by ,walt] ,crane #hh ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,by ,walt] ,crane4 ,f ',alphabets ,old & ,new4' 7,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d1 ,london1 #ahii7 #hi ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,lett]s4 ,by ,walt] ,crane4 ,f ',beispiele ,kun/]is*] ,s*rift4' 7,a4 ,s*roll ,co41 ,vi5na7 #ij ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,title4 ,by ,joseph ,w4 ,simpson4 ,f ',! ,book ( ,book-plates4' 7,williams ,norgate1 ,ed9burgh7 #ia ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,po/]4 ,by ,joseph ,w4 ,simpson #ib ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,book-,,cov]4 ,by ,william ,ni*olson4 ,f ',london ,types4' 7,r4 ,h4 ,russell1 ,new ,york1 #ahih7 #ic ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,magaz9e ,,cov]4 ,by ,lewis ,f4 ,day4 ,f ',! ,art ,j\rnal4' 7,h4 ,virtue ,co41 ,london7 #id ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,title4 ,by ,gordon ,craig4 ,f ',! ,page' 7,! ,sign ( ! ,rose1 ,hackbridge1 ,surrey7 #ie ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,by ,lewis ,f4 ,day4 ,f ',alphabets ,old & ,new4' 7,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d1 ,london1 #ahii7 #if ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,title ,,page4 ,by ,rob]t ,ann+ ,bell4 ,f ',poems by ,john ,keats4' 7,george ,bell ,sons1 ,london1 #ahig7 #ig ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,book-,,cov]4 ,by ,edmund ,h4 ,new4 ,f ',! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne4' 7,john ,lane1 ,london1 #aijj7 #ih ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,book-,,cov]4 ,by ,selwyn ,image4 ,f ',repres5tative ,pa9t]s ( ! #ai? ,c5tury4' 7,sampson1 ,l[1 ,m>/on ,co41 ,london1 #ahii7 #ii ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,anonym\s4 ,f an adv]tisem5t #ajj ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,title4 ,by ,*>les ,ricketts4 ,f ',nimphidia & ! ,muses ,elizium4' 7,! ,vale ,press1 ,london7 #aja ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,edw9 ,a4 ,abbey4 ,f ',selections f ! ,poetry ( ,rob]t ,h]rick4' 7,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york1 #ahii7 #ajb ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,anonym\s4 ,f ',h>p]'s ,weekly4' 7,new ,york7 #ajc ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,magaz9e ,,cov]4 ,by ,edw>d ,p5field4 ,f ',h>p]'s ,weekly4' 7,new ,york7 #ajd ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,by ,edw>d ,p5field #aje ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,by ,edw>d ,p5field #ajf ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cov] ,,design4 ,by ,h4 ,van ,bur5 ,magonigle #ajg ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,by ,h4 ,van ,bur5 ,magonigle #ajh ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,by ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue4 ,f ',ma/]s 9 ,art4' 7,bo/on1 #aijj7 #aji ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,w ,bradley4 ,f ',! ,book ,li/ ( ,dodd1 ,mead ,co4' 7,new ,york1 #ahii7 #aaj ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals ,,& ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,by ,w ,bradley4 ,f ',bradley1 ,8 ,book4' 7,! ,wayside ,press1 ,spr+field1 ,mass41 #ahif7 #aaa ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,magaz9e ,,cov]4 ,by ,w ,bradley4 ,f ',! ,int]national ,/udio4' 7,new ,york7 #aab ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,ticket4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,iorio #aac ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,w ,bradley #aad ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,by ,maxfield ,p>ri% #aae ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,f ',knick]bock]'s ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york4' 7,r4 ,h4 ,russell1 ,new ,york1 #aijj7 #aaf ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,addison ,b4 ,le ,b\tilli] #aag ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,by ,addison ,b4 ,le ,b\tilli] #aah ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,by ,addison ,b4 ,le ,b\tilli] #aai ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,po/]4 ,by ,addison ,b4 ,le ,b\tilli] #abj ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,book-,,plate4 ,by ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon #aba ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon4 ,f ',lit]ature4' 7,new ,york7 #abb ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,lett]-,,head+4 ,by ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon #abc ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,bridwell4 7,/r[bridge ,li?ographic ,co41 ,c9c9nati7 #abd ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,bridwell #abe ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,by ,frank ,haz5plug #abf ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals1 ,,heavy ,,face4 ,by ,frank ,haz5plug #abg ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,book-,,cov]4 ,by ,frank ,haz5plug4 ,f '',ick]y ,ann & o!r ,girls & ,boys4' 7,h]b]t ,s4 ,/one ,co41 ,*icago1 #ahii7 #abh ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,edw>d ,edw>ds4 ,f ',h>p]'s ,pictorial ,hi/ory ( ! ,w> ) ,spa94' 7,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york1 #ahii7 #abi ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,catalogue ,,cov]4 ,by ,frank ,haz5plug4 ,f ! ,catalogue ( ! ,*icago ,arts & ,crafts ,society4 7,*icago7 #acj ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,gu]nsey ,moore4 ,f ',! ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/4' 7,philadelphia7 #aca ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,h>ry ,ev]ett ,t[ns5d4 ,f ',! ,blue ,sky4' 7,langwor?y ,/ev5s1 ,*icago1 #aija7 #acb ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,head+4 ,by ,h[>d ,pyle4 ,f ',h>p]'s ,magaz9e4' 7,new ,york7 #acc ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,lett]s4 ,compil$ f v>i\s s\rces4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #acd ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,orson ,l[ell #ace ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #acf ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,titles4 ,by ,orson ,l[ell4 ,f ',tru?4' 7,new ,york7 #acg ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,by ,orson ,l[ell4 ,f ',tru?4' 7,new ,york7 #ach ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,lett]s4 ,= rapid use4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aci ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,italic4 ,= use 9 lett]+ ar*itects' plans1 etc4 ,by ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon #adj ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,lett]s1 ,,cursive4 ,= rapid use4 ,by ,maxfield ,p>ri% #ada ,,italian ,,r\nd ,,go?ic ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,aft] ,lucantonii ,giunta4 ,r$rawn f ',graduale ,sanctae ,romanae ,ecclesiae4' 7,v5ice1 #aejj7 #adb ,,italian ,,r\nd ,,go?ic ,,small ,,lett]s4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,r$rawn f ,italian orig9als #adc ,,spani% ,,r\nd ,,go?ic ,,lett]s4 ,by ,francisco ,lucas4 ,f ',arte de ,escrevirde4' 7,madrid1 #aegg7 #add ,,g]man ,,blacklett] ,,con/ruction4 ,by ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,f ',und]weyssung d] messung1 mit dem zirckel1 un ri*ts*eyt1 9 ,l9i51 etc4' 7,nuremb]g1 #aebe7 #ade ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,r$rawn f manuscripts #adf ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,) r\nd$ angles4 ,r$rawn f manuscripts #adg ,,italian ,,blacklett] ,,title-,,page4 ,by ,jacopus ,philippus ,=e/i 7,b]gom5sis74 ,f ',de ,cl>is ,muli]ibus1 etc4' 7,f]r>a1 #adig7 #adh ,,g]man ,,blacklett] ,,page4 ,by ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,f ! ,pray]book design$ by him = ! ,emp]or ,maximilian4 7,nuremb]g1 #aeae7 #adi ,,g]man ,,memorial ,,brass ,,) ,,blacklett] ,,inscription4 ,ascrib$ to ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,ca!dral ( ,meiss51 #aeaj4 ,f ',fac-similes ( ,monum5tal ,brasses on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4' 7,w4 ,f4 ,cre5ey1 ,norwi*1 #ahhd7 #aej ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cal5d> ,,cov] ,,9 ,,blacklett]4 ,by ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue4 ,f ',e ,day's ,date ,cal5d>4' 7,flem+1 ,s*ill] ,c>nrick1 ,new ,york1 #ahig7 #aea ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,by ,walt] ,puttn]4 ,f ',jug5d4' 7,muni*7 #aeb ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,title ,,9 ,,blacklett]4 ,by ,otto ,hupp4 ,f ',mn*5] ,kal5d>4' 7,muni*1 #aijj7 #aec ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,page ,,9 ,,engli% ,,blacklett]4 ,by ,edw9 ,a4 ,abbey4 ,f ',scribn]'s ,magaz9e4' 7,new ,york7 #aed ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,r$rawn f #ab? ,c5tury examples4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aee ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,r$rawn f #ac? ,c5tury examples4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aef ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,r$rawn f #ad? ,c5tury examples4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aeg ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ad? ,c5tury4 ,aft] ,j4 ,weale4 ,r$rawn f ',portfolio ( ,anci5t ,capital ,lett]s4' 7,london1 #ahch-i7 #aeh ,,italian ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,capitals1 ,,9 ,,! ,,papal ,,h&4 ,f a ,flor5t9e manuscript ( #acae4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aei ,,spani% ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,by ,juan de ,yci>4 ,adapt$ f ',arte por la qual se esena escrevir p]fectam5te4' 7,s>agossa1 #aeej7 #afj ,,v5etian ,,wall ,,panel1 ( ,m>ble1 ,inscrib$ ) ,uncial ,go?ic ,lett]s4 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,f ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,giovanni e ,paolo1 ,v5ice4 ,rubb+ #afa ,,v5etian ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,r$rawn f ! rubb+ %[n 9 figure #afj4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #afb ,,g]man ,,uncial ,,capitals4 #acda4 ,r$rawn f a memorial brass 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,lbeck #afc ,,fr5* ,,& ,,spani% ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ad? ,c5tury4 ,aft] ,w4 ,s4 ,wea!rley #afd & #afe ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,aft] ,g4 ,a4 ,tagli5te1 9 ',la v]a arte dello eccell5to scriv]e4' 7,v5ice1 #aebd7 #aff ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,by ,giovanni ,batti/a ,palat9o4 ,f ',libro nel qual s'insegna a scriv]e4' 7,rome1 #aedh7 #afg1 #afh & #afi ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,by ,p4 ,frank4 ,nuremb]g1 #afja4 ,f ,petz5dorf]'s ',s*rift5-,atlas4' 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhi7 #agj ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,r$rawn f old examples #aga ,,go?ic ,,capitals ,,( ,,engli% ,,=m4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,r$rawn f old examples #agb ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ag? ,c5tury4 ,r$rawn f v>i\s examples #agc ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ag? ,c5tury4 ,r$rawn f v>i\s manuscripts #agd ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,f manuscripts #age ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,f manuscripts #agf ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals1 ,,heavy ,,fac$ #agg ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,text1 ,,initials ,,& ,,blacklett]s4 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,f manuscripts #agh ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,uncials ,,& ,,blacklett]s4 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,f ,que5 ,eleanor's tomb4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #agi ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,capitals ,,& ,,blacklett]s4 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,f tomb ( ,ri*>d ,,ii1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,london4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ahj ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,f a brass4 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aha ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,) ,albre*t ,dr]'s initials4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ahb ,,italian ,,blacklett]s4 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,tagli5te4 ,f ',la v]a arte dello eccell5to scriv]e4' 7,v5ice1 #aebd7 #ahc ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,albre*t ,dr]4 #af? ,c5tury #ahd ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,albre*t ,dr]4 #af? ,c5tury #ahe ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,by ,albre*t ,dr]4 #af? ,c5tury #ahf ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,blacklett]s4 ,late #ae? ,c5tury4 ,r$rawn f a brass4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ahg ,,italian ,,inlaid ,,blacklett]s4 ,f a m>ble slab 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce4 ,r$rawn f a rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ahh & #ahi ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,blacklett]s ,,) ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,by ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue #aij ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,julius ,diez #aia ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s1 ,,fl\ri%$4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aib ,,g]man ,,italic4 ,by ,gottlieb ,mn*4 ,f ',ordnung d] ,s*rift4' 7,muni*1 #agdd7 #aic ,,spani% ,,script4 ,by ,torquato ,torio4 ,f ',arte de ,escribir4' 7,madrid1 #ahjb7 #aid ,,spani% ,,scripts4 ,by ,torquato ,torio4 ,f ',arte de ,escribir4' 7,madrid1 #ahjb7 #aie ,,spani% ,,script4 ,by ,francisco ,lucas4 ,f ',arte de ,escrevirde4' 7,madrid1 #aegg7 #aif ,,spani% ,,cursive4 ,by ,francisco ,lucas4 ,f ',arte de ,escrevirde4' 7,madrid1 #aegg7 #aig ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script ,,title4 ,by ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon4 ,f an adv]tisem5t #aih ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script ,,title4 ,by ,george ,:>ton ,edw>ds4 ,f ',colli]'s ,weekly4' 7,new ,york7 #aii ,,fr5* ,,script ,,capitals4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bjj ,,g]man ,,script4 #ah? ,c5tury =ms4 ,adapt$ f ,c4 ,hra*[9a's ',initial51 ,alphabete und ,r&lei/5 v]s*i$5] ,kun/epo*54' 7,vi5na1 #ahhc7 #bja ,,spani% ,,script ,,capitals4 ,e>ly #ah? ,c5tury4 ,adapt$ f a ,spani% ,writ+-book4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bjb ,,spani% ,,script ,,alphabets4 ,late #ag? ,c5tury4 ,adapt$ f ,spani% ,writ+-books4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bjc ,,engli% ,,incis$ ,,script4 ,r$rawn f inscriptions 9 slate & /one 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,london4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bjd ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script ,,book ,,title4 ,by ,bruce ,rog]s4 ,f cov] design ( ',! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables4' 7,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahii7 #bje ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script4 ,by ,bruce ,rog]s #bjf ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script ,,capitals4 ,aft] lett]+ by ,frank ,haz5plug #bjg ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,italic ,,capitals4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bjh ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script ,,title4 ,anonym\s4 ,f ',h>p]'s ,weekly4' 7,new ,york7 #bji ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script ,,title4 ,by ,edw>d ,p5field4 ,f ',h>p]'s ,weekly4' 7,new ,york7 #baj ,,diagram ,,to ,,%[ ,,me?od ,,( ,,enl>g+ ,a ,,panel1 f upp] left corn] #baa ,,diagram ,,to ,,%[ ,,me?od ,,( ,,enl>g+ ,a ,,panel1 f p]p5dicul> c5t] l9e ,,end ,,pap]s4 ,f an embroid]$ ,alt>-clo?4 #ag? ,c5tury4 ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y1 ,soe/1 ,we/phalia1 ,g]many4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,roman ,,capitals #a ,,ii4 ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,lett]s #eb ,,iii4 ,,go?ic ,,lett]s #abg ,,iv4 ,,italic ,,& ,,script #ahb ,v4 ,,to ,,! ,,beg9n] #aii #a 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,i ,,roman ,,capitals ,9 speak+ ( ! ,roman lett] ?r\gh\t ?is *apt] its capital =m--! =m 9 monum5tal use among ! ,romans--w always be impli$4 ,! small or m9uscule lett]s1 :i* pres5t nom5clature includes "u ! g5]al title ( ,roman lett]s1 & :i* w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 7 ( lat] =mation ?an ! capitals2 & inde$ only atta9$ _! def9itive & mod]n =m aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ f movable types4 ,! fir/ po9t to be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to ! g5]al =m ( ! ,roman capital is its *>act]i/ic squ>5ess4 ,al?\gh ! lett] z us$ to-day v>ies some:at 9 proportions f its classic prototype1 its skeleton is /ill bas$ on ! squ>e4 ,next to ?is typical squ>5ess ( outl9e1 ! obs]v] %\ld note t ! ,roman lett] is compos$ ( ?ick & ?9 l9es4 ,at fir/ sight x may seem t no sy/ematic rules det]m9e :i* ( ^! l9es %\ld be ?ick & :i* ?92 b clos] inve/igation w discov] t ! alt]nate wid?s ( l9e 7 evolv$ q me?odically1 & t !y exactly fulfil ! functions ( mak+ ! lett]s bo? m legible & m decorative4 ,arbitr>y re>rangem5ts ( ^! ?ick & ?9 l9es1 diff]+ f ! arrangem5t ( !m 9 ! classic examples1 h1 #b inde$1 be5 (t5 attempt$2 b su* re>rangem5ts h nev] result$ 9 improvem5t1 &1 except 9 ecc5tric lett]+1 h fall5 into complete disuse4 ,! orig9al ?ick5+ & ?9n+ ( ! l9es ( ! classic ,roman capitals 0 p>tly due to ! imitation 9 /one inscriptions ( ! lett] =ms z !y 7 writt5 on p>*m5t ) ! p54 ,! e>ly ,lat9 scribes held _! /iff-nibb$ re$ p5s almo/ directly upright & at "r angles to ! writ+ surface1 s t a d[n /roke f left to "r & slant$ at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees w\ld br+ ! nib across ! surface broadwise1 result+ 9 ! wide/ l9e possible to ! p54 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /roke drawn at "r angles to ?is1 ! p5 be+ /ill held upright1 w\ld be made ) ! ?9 edge ( ! nib1 & w\ld result 9 ! n>r[e/ possible l9e4 ,f ?is me?od ( h&l+ ! p5 ! v>iations ( l9e wid? 9 ! /&>d ,roman =ms arose2 & we may !re=e d$uce ?ree logical rules1 bas$ ^u p5 use1 :i* w det]m9e ! prop] di/ribution ( ! ?ick & ?9 l9es3 ,i1 ,nev] acc5t horizontal l9es4 ,,ii1 ,always acc5t ! slop+ d[n /rokes :i* run f left to "r1 includ+ ! s-call$ swa% l9es1 or fly+ tails1 ( ,q & ,r2 b nev] weight ^? :i*1 contr>iwise1 slope up f left to "r1 ) a s+le exception 9 ! case ( ! lett] ,z1 9 :i*1 if rule ,i be foll[$1 ! slop+ l9e 79 ?is case made ) a d[n /roke7 w be ! only "o possible to acc5t4 ,,iii1 ,always acc5t ! directly p]p5dicul> l9es1 except 9 ! ,n1 :]e ^! l9es seem orig9ally to h be5 made ) an up /roke ( ! p52 & ! fir/ l9e ( ! ,m1 :]e ! p]p5dicul>s orig9ally slop$ 9 t[>ds ! top ( ! lett] 7see #b74 ,on ! r\nd lett]s #c ! acc5ts %\ld occur at ! sides ( ! circle1 z virtually provid$ 9 rule ,,iii1 or on ! upp] "r & l[] left qu>t]s 7see #a-b71 :]e 9 p5-drawn lett]s ! acc5t ( ! d[n slop+ /roke w\ld naturally occur1 z virtually det]m9$ 9 rule ,,ii4 ,! s]if--a cross-/roke or tick--f9i%es ! free ends ( all l9es us$ 9 mak+ a ,roman capital4 ,! value ( ! s]if 9 /one-cut lett]s seems obvi\s4 ,to def9e ! end ( a free l9e a %>p cut 0 made across x ) ! *isel1 & z ! *isel 0 usually wid] ?an ! ?9 l9e ?is cut ext5d$ beyond x4 ,s]ifs 7 add$ to ! ends ( ! ?ick l9es ei!r = ! sake ( uni=mity1 or may h be5 sugge/$ by ! *isel-m>k$ guide l9es !mselves4 ,inde$ 9 late /one-cut ,roman "w ! scrat*$ guide l9es along ! top & bottom ( ea* l9e ( ! inscription are di/9ctly m>k$ & m]ge into ! s]ifs1 :i* ext5d f>!r ?an 9 e>li] examples4 ,! s]if 0 adopt$ 9 p5 lett]s probably f ! same reasons t caus$ x to be add$ to ! /one-cut lett]s1 namely1 t x def9itely f9i%$ ! free l9es & enhanc$ ! g5]al squ>5ess & f9i% ( ! lett]'s aspect4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,alphabet ,,aft] ,,s]lio4 ,,recon/ruct$ ,,by ,,alb]t ,r4 ,,ross ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,alphabet ,,aft] ,,s]lio4 ,,recon/ruct$ ,,by ,,alb]t ,r4 ,,ross ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,,wid? ,,proportions ,,( ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,an excell5t model = con/ruct+ ! ,roman capitals 9 a /&>d =m w be f\nd 9 ! beautiful adaptation by ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,ross1 #a & #b1 f an alphabet ( capitals drawn by ,seba/ian ,s]lio1 an ,italian ar*itect1 engrav] & pa9t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o devis$ "s ( ! mo/ ref9$ v>iants ( ! classic ,roman lett]4 ,s]lio's orig9al =ms1 :i* are %[n 9 #ci & #dj1 7 int5d$ = p5 or pr9t$ use2 b 9 alt]+ ,s]lio's s*eme ( proportions x w be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,ross #f has p>tially adapt$ ! lett] = use 9 /one1 & has fur!r v>i$ x 9 details1 notably 9 s]if treatm5t4 ,9 mo/ mod]n /one-cut lett]s1 h[ev]1 ! ?9 /rokes w\ld be made ev5 wid] ?an 9 ?is example1 z 9 #ad4 ,mr4 ,ross's adaptation %[s excell5tly h[ f> ! classic lett]s d or d n fill out ! !oretical squ>e4 ,wid? proportions1 :i* may be f\nd useful 9 lay+ out lett]+ = l9es ( a giv5 l5g?1 are %[n 9 #c 9 a m mod]n /yle ( ! ,roman capital4 ,9 ! classic ,roman lett] ! cross-b> is usually 9 ! exact c5t] ( ! lett] height1 b 9 #c ! c5t] l9e has be5 us$ z ! bottom ( ! cross-b> 9 ,b1 ,e1 ,h1 ,p1 & ,r1 & z ! top ( ! cross-b> 9 ,a2 & 9 lett]s l ,k1 ,y & ,x ! wai/ l9es1 z ! meet+ po9ts ( ! slop+ l9es are sometimes call$1 h be5 slightly rais$ to obta9 a m pleasant effect4 ,! ,roman alphabet1 al?\gh ! "o mo/ 9 use1 is un=tunately ! mo/ difficult to compose into words arti/ically1 z ! spac+ betwe5 ! lett]s plays a great %>e 9 ! result4 ,! effect ( ev5 color ov] a :ole panel is obta9$ by keep+ z ne>ly z possible ! same area ( :ite betwe5 ea* lett] & its neighbor2 b ! %ape ( ?is area w be det]m9$ 9 e case by ! lett]s :i* happ5 to be juxtapos$4 ,individual lett]s may1 h[ev]1 be wid5$ or cond5s$ to help fill an awkw>d hole 9 a l9e ( lett]+2--! l[] lobe ( ! ,b may be ext5d$1 ! c5t] b> ( ! ,e pull$ out 79 :i* case ! ,f %\ld be made to correspond71 ! l[] slant /roke ( ! ,k may be us$ z a swa% tail1 & ! ,r may h its tail ext5d$ or drawn closely back aga9/ ! upright l9e1 & s on4 ,inde$1 ea* & #h e lett] ( ! alphabet is susceptible to su* simil> modifications 9 %ape z may make x be/ suit ! space left = x by its neighbors4 ,obs]ve1 = example1 ! spac+ ( ! ^w ,,m]itae 9 #cd1 & notice h[ ! tail ( ! ,r is l5g!n$ to hold (f ! ,i because ! ,t on ! o!r side is p]=ce held away by its top4 ,9 ! page ( capitals1 #abd1 by ,mr4 ,bridwell1 see also h[ ! diff]5t spac+ ( ! ^w ,,fr5* 9 ! fir/ & second l9es is manag$4 ,9 ! adv]tisem5t1 #abc1 also by ,mr4 ,bridwell1 note h[ ! lett]s are spac$ close or wide 9 ord] to produce a def9ite effect4 ,! :ole problem ( spac+ is1 h[ev]1 "o ( su* subtle int]relation & composition1 t x c only be satisfactorily solv$ by ! arti/ic s5se ( ! design]4 ,any rules :i* might be "h =mulat$ w\ld prove m (t5 a drawback ?an a help4 ,c]ta9 optical illusions ( "s ( ! ,roman lett] =ms %\ld be briefly m5tion$4 ,^! illusions are caus$ by ! failure ( c]ta9 lett]s to imp+e squ>ely ) det]m9+ s]ifs aga9/ ! dem>k+ top & bottom guide l9es4 ,! r\nd lett]s ,c1 ,g1 ,o & ,q (t5 seem to be %ort] & small] ?an ! o!r *>act]s 9 a ^w unless ! outsides ( _! curves run bo? above & bel[ ! guide l9es4 ,= ! same reason ,s %\ld be sometimes slightly increas$ 9 height1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ! n>r[ness ( ! lett] makes less increase necess>y2 & ,j1 on acc\nt ( its k]n1 is gov]n$ by ! same conditions z ,s1 save :5 lett]s ) di/9ct s]ifs come closely aga9/ x at ! bottom4 ,!oretically ! "r side ( ,d w\ld require simil> treatm5t1 b actually ?is is seldom f\nd necess>y4 ,! po9t$ ends ( #i ! lett]s ,v & ,w %\ld1 = simil> optical reasons1 be ext5d$ slightly bel[ ! bottom guide l9es1 ! am\nt ( ?is ext5sion be+ det]m9$ by ! lett]s on ea* side ( !m4 ,9 ! ,a1 ! ,roman lett]] at fir/ got ov] ! optical difficulty caus$ by its po9t$ top by runn+ ?is lett] also high] ?an its neighbors2 b he lat] solv$ ! problem by %ap+ its apex z %[n 9 ,i1 ?us app>5tly gett+ ! lett] into l9e ) its companions :ile /ill obta9+ a suffici5t wid? ( top to satisfy ! eye4 ,because ( its n>r[ness1 ,i %\ld g5]ally be all[$ m proportionate :ite space on ei!r side ( x ?an ! wid] lett]s4 ,"s idea ( ! proportionate v>iations requir$ to c\nt]act ! optical illusions ( ! lett]s above nam$ may be obta9$ f ! practice ( type-f\nd]s4 ,9 mak+ ! designs = a f\nt ( type1 x has be5 cu/om>y to fir/ draw ea* lett] at a v l>ge size4 ,tak+ an arbitr>y height ( twelve in*es z a /&>d1 ! po9ts ( ,a & ,v 7 made to ext5d ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* above or bel[ ! guides1 ! lett] ,o 0 run ov] ab\t half an in* at bo? top & bottom1 & ! po9ts ( ! w 7 made to project ab\t ! same di/ance4 ,9 p5 lett]+1 h[ev]1 x is possible & pref]able to adapt ea* lett] m p]fectly to its individual surr\nd+s by judgm5t ( ! eye ?an to rely ^u any h>d & fa/ rules4 ,c]ta9 v>iations betwe5 ! /one-cut =ms ( ! ,roman lett]s & _! =ms z drawn or pr9t$ %\ld be und]/ood be=e an intellig5t adaptation ( /one =ms to drawn =ms1 or ! opposite1 is possible4 ,:5 drawn or pr9t$ a "* is se5 9 black aga9/ a #aj :ite gr\nd ) no illusory alt]ations ( its l9e wid?s caus$ by v>y+ %ad[s4 ,9 /one-cut lett]s1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! %ad[s r ?an ! outl9es !mselves reveal ! =ms1 diff]5t limitations gov]n ! problem4 ,! ?9 l9es ( a lett] to be ,v-sunk %\ld g5]ally be made slightly ?ick] 9 proportion to ! wide l9es ?an is ! case ) ! p5-drawn lett]1 especially z ! section is likely to be less deeply & %>ply cut n[adays ?an 9 ! anci5t examples1 = ! workman%ip ( to-day seems to be less p]fect & ! mat]ials us$ m friable4 ,a slight direct s9kage be=e beg9n+ to cut ! ,v-sunk section is a useful me?od ( #aa p>tially aton+ = mod]n %all[ cutt+1 z %ad[s m directly def9+ ! outl9es are ?us obta9$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld1 h[ev]1 be w>n$ at ! outset t all reproductions or trac+s f rubb+s ( anci5t /one-cut lett]s are apt to be m or less deceptive1 z all ! accid5tal v>iations ( ! outl9es are exagg]at$1 & :]e ! /one ( ! orig9al has be5 *ipp$ or worn away x appe>s 9 ! reproduction z ?\gh ! lett] _h be5 actually s cut4 ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,,draw+ ,,= ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals ,,9 ,,granite4 ,f4,c4,b ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,,photograph ,,f ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals ,,%[n ,,9 #d ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,,ar* ,,( ,,con/ant9e1 ,,rome ,! photograph ( a panel ( lett]+ f ! upp] "p ( ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e1 ,rome1 %[n 9 #f1 well indicates ! effect ( %ad[s 9 def9+ ! classic ,roman lett]s2 & ! effect ( %ad[s on an incis$ lett] may be cle>ly obs]v$ by comp>+ #d & #e1 ! =m] %[+ a draw+ = an inscription 9 :i* ! ,s]lio-,ross #ad alphabet 0 us$ z a basis = ! lett] =ms1 & ! latt] be+ a photograph ( ! same inscription1 z cut 9 granite4 ,x w be not$ h[ mu* n>r[] ! ?9 l9es appe> :5 def9$ only by %ad[ ?an 9 ! draw+4 ,! model us$ = ! lett]+ on ! frieze ( ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y1 #g1 :i* %[s "s int]e/+ mod]n =ms int5d$ = cutt+ 9 granite1 %\ld be /udi$ = ! effect ( ! ca/ %ad[s2 :ile #ad1 a r$raw+ ( inscriptions on ! ,h>v>d ,ar*itectural ,build+1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 exhibits an excell5t type ( lett] ) wid5$ ?9 l9es = v-cutt+ 9 s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,,model ,,= ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals4 ,mc,k,i,m1 ,,mead ,,:ite ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,capitals4 ,,f ,a ,,rubb+ ,! special requirem5ts ( ! /one-cut =ms = ei!r incis$ or rais$ inscriptions are1 h[ev]1 q ap>t f ! subject ( ?is book1 & are too v>i\s to be tak5 up 9 great] detail "h4 ,x is important1 nev]!less1 t ! design] %\ld be rem9d$ always to make all[ance = ! mat]ial 9 :i* a lett] 0 orig9ally execut$4 ,o!rwise1 if exactly copi$ 9 o!r mat]ials1 he may f9d ! result annoy+ly unsatisfactory4 #ae ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,inscription4 ,,bologna ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,inscription4 ,,bologna ,! examples ( lett]s tak5 f ,roman & ,r5aissance ,italian monum5ts1 %[n 9 ! pages ( ?is *apt]1 w illu/rate ! v>iety ( individual lett] =ms us$ by ! ,classic & ,r5aissance design]s4 ,! %ape ( ! same lett] w (t5 be f\nd to v>y 9 ! same inscription & ev5 9 app>5tly analog\s cases4 ,! design]s evid5tly _h 9 m9d m ?an ! directly adjac5t words1 & sometimes ev5 consid]$ #af ! relation ( _! lett]+ to objects outside ! panel altoge!r4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! "w ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 :i* is almo/ inv>iably admirable 9 bo? composition & arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,,detail ,,f ,a ,,roman ,,incis$ ,,inscription4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,,roman ,,capitals ,,( ,,p5 ,,=ms ,,cut ,,9 ,,/one4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,figures #h to #bb %[ examples1 drawn f v>i\s s\rces1 :i* exhibit diff]5t treatm5ts ( ! classic ,roman lett] =ms4 ,! diff]5tiation w be f\nd to lie l>gely 9 ! wid?s ( ! lett]s !mselves1 & 9 ! treatm5t ( ! s]ifs1 angles1 & v>y+ wid?s ( l9e4 ,figures #aa to #ac & #af to #bb are r$rawn f rubb+s #ag ( ,roman incis$ inscriptions4 ,figures #af & #ag %[ beautifully proportion$ lett]s cut 9 m>ble ) unusual c>e & ref9em5t1 consid]+ ! l>ge size ( ! orig9als4 ,a lat] ,roman =m ( less ref9em5t b ( great] /r5g? & c>ry+ p[]1 & = t reason bett] adapt$ to _m mod]n uses1 is %[n 9 #ah & #ai4 ,9 ?is case ! orig9al lett]s 7 cut ab\t sev5 & #bg "o-half in*es high4 ,! lett]s 9 #bj are curi\sly mod]n 9 "*4 ,"p ( ! panel ( ,roman lett]+ %[n 9 #ba exhibits ! use ( a =m v l t %[n 9 #ah & #ai4 ,figure #aa %[s a detail compos$ 9 a q repres5tative fa%ion2 :ile on ! o!r h& figure #ab depicts a ,roman lett] ( q unusual "*1 & ( a =m evid5tly adapt$ f p5 "w1 9 :i* ! %apes are n>r[ & cr[d$1 :ile ! l9es are ?ick5$ z ?\gh !y 7 ( ! classical squ>e outl9e4 ,! bits ( old ,roman inscriptions %[n 9 #h to #aj & 9 #ac are includ$ to exhibit v>i\s diff]5t =ms & treatm5ts ( classic capitals4 ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,,roman ,,capitals ,,f ,,inscriptions4 ,,f ,,rubb+s4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,,mod]n ,,incis$ ,,roman ,,capitals ,,9 ,,s&/one4 ,,ar*itectural ,,build+1 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass4 ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,,lett]s ,,%[n ,,9 ,,alphabet #a-b1 ,,9 ,,composition4 ,,alb]t ,r4 ,,ross ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,,classic ,,capitals ,,cut ,,9 ,,m>ble4 ,,roman ,,=um4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,,classic ,,capitals ,,cut ,,9 ,,m>ble4 ,,roman ,,=um4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,,classic ,,capitals ,,cut ,,9 ,,m>ble4 ,,f ,,rubb+s4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,,classic ,,capitals ,,cut ,,9 ,,m>ble4 ,,f ,,rubb+s4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,,portion ,,( ,,roman ,,inscription ,,) ,,suppli$ ,,lett]s4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ba4 ,,classic ,,roman ,,inscription ,,9 ,,m>ble ,,f ,a ,,rubb+4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #bb4 ,,classic ,,roman ,,inscription ,,9 ,,/one ,,f ,a ,,rubb+4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,rome & dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages ! practice ( lett]+1 at lea/ 9 s f> z ! ,roman =m 0 conc]n$1 0 di/9ctly retrograde4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,r5aissance1 h[ev]1 ! pure/ classic =ms 7 reviv$2 & inde$ ! ,italian ,r5aissance seems to h be5 ! gold5 age ( lett]+4 ,) ! old ,roman fragm5ts ( ! be/ p]iod con/antly be=e _! eyes ! ,r5aissance arti/s ( ,italy seem to h grasp$ ! true _s ( classicism2 & _! "w someh[ acquir$ a ref9em5t & delicacy lack+ 9 ev5 ! be/ ( ! ,roman examples4 ,z mu* ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance lett]+ 0 int5d$ = use on tombs or monum5ts :]e x might be se5 at close range1 & 0 cut 9 f9e m>ble1 ! increas$ ref9em5t may be due1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to diff]5t conditions4 ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,inscription ,,9 ,,m>ble4 ,illu/ration3 #bd4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,m$al4 ,,pisano4 ,illu/ration3 #be4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,m$al4 ,o ,,roty4 ,! panel f ,raphael's tomb 9 ! ,pan!on1 ,rome1 #cj1 %[s a beautiful & pure =m ( typical ,r5aissance lett]2 & ! composition ( ! panel is z well wor?y #bh ( c>eful /udy z are ! lett] =ms4 ,figure #cd1 devis$ f a tomb 9 ,santa ,croce1 portrays a lett] n only beautiful 9 itself1 b "o :i*1 ) two m9or *anges 7= ! top b> ( ! ,t might advantage\sly be %ort5$ to all[ its neighbors to set clos]1 & ! ,m might be f9i%$ at ! top ) a s]if1 aft] ! usual fa%ion71 is exactly applicable to ! purposes ( ! mod]n draughtsman4 ,?is type ( lett] appe>s to be/ advantage :5 us$ 9 su* panel =ms z ^? %[n 9 ! rubb+ f ! ,m>supp9i tomb1 #ca1 & 9 ! floor slab f ! same *ur*1 #cb4 ,two v ref9$ examples1 #bh & #bi1 also f slabs 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 date f ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,! latt] exhibits ! alphabet itself1 & ! =m] %[s a simil> lett] =m z actually us$4 ,! lett]s 9 #cc1 r$rawn f rubb+s f ! ,m>supp9i tomb1 are %[n = comp>ison ) ! rubb+ itself1 :i* is reproduc$ 9 small] size 9 #ca4 ,tak5 toge!r1 plates #cj1 #ca & #cb w fairly repres5t n only ! usual fa%ion ( compos+ ,r5aissance panels1 b capital =ms :i* illu/rate "s ( ! mo/ excell5t "w ( ?is p]iod4 #cj ,a v diff]5t & int]e/+ type ( lett] 0 us$ on _m ( ! be/ m$als ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 7see #bd71 :i* has be5 rec5tly adapt$ & employ$ by mod]n m$al design]s 9 ,france1 z exhibit$ 9 figure #be4 ,al?\gh absolutely pla91 x is1 :5 prop]ly compos$1 mu* m effective 9 ! s]vice = :i* x 0 int5d$ ?an a m elaborate & fussy =m2 & al?\gh sometimes adapt$ ) good results to o!r uses1 x is p>ticul>ly appropriate = ca/+ 9 metal4 ,simil> =ms r5d]$ 9 p5 & ink are %[n 9 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 #bf4 ,,capitals ,,adapt$ ,,f ,,r5aissance ,,m$als4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #bg4 ,,spani% ,,r5aissance ,,alphabet4 ,,juan ,de ,,yci>1 #aeej ,illu/ration3 #bh4 ,,r5aissance ,,inlaid ,,m$allion4 ,,f ,a ,,rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #bi4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,,santa ,,croce4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,figures #bg1 & #ce to #da %[ v>i\s p5 or pr9t$ =ms ( capital lett]s r$rawn f ! h&iwork ( ,r5aissance ma/]s4 ,! capital lett]s %[n 9 #bg are unusually beautiful1 & _! purity ( =m is well #ca display$ 9 ! outl9e treatm5t4 ,p]haps ! be/ kn[n /&>d example ( a ,r5aissance p5-drawn lett] is t by ,tagli5te1 reproduc$ 9 #ce & #cf4 ,9 spite ( _! famili>ity x has seem$ impossible to omit ! set ( capitals1 ) v>iants1 by ,albre*t ,dr]1 #cg & #ch2 = ,dr]'s lett]s 7 tak5 z a basis by ne>ly all su* ,r5aissance design]s ( lett]+ z ,ge(frey ,tory1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 etc4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! ,dr] #cb alphabet t among ! v>iant =ms ( individual lett]s %[n1 "o is usually int5d$ = monum5tal use1 :ile ano!r exhibits p5 treatm5t 9 ! *>act]i/ic swell+ ( ! r\nd lett]s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 #cj4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,panel ,,f ,,raphael',s ,,tomb4 ,,pan!on ,,rome4 ,illu/ration3 #ca4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,inscription4 ,,m>supp9i ,,tomb1 ,,flor5ce4 ,illu/ration3 #cb4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,inscription ,,floor ,,slab ,,9 ,,santa ,,croce1 ,,flor5ce4 ,s]lio's alphabet1 #ci & #dj1 %\ld be comp>$ ) ,mr4 ,ross's modification ( x1 reproduc$ 9 #a & #b4 ,! alphabet %[n 9 #da is a some:at exp&$ =m ( classic capital1 contra/+ m>k$ly 9 v>i\s respects ) m typical =ms4 ,illu/ration3 #cc4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,,m>supp9i ,,tomb4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #cd4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals ,,f ,,rubb+s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ce4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,tagli5te1 #aebd ,illu/ration3 #cf4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,tagli5te1 #aebd ,illu/ration3 #cg4 ,,g]man ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r]1 #aebe ,illu/ration3 #ch4 ,,g]man ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r]1 #aebe ,illu/ration3 #ci4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,,s]lio1 #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #dj4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,,s]lio1 #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #da4 ,,g]man ,,r5aissance ,,capitals4 ,,urba9 ,w,,ss1 #af? ,,c5tury4 #de ,a practically unlimit$ numb] ( o!r examples might h be5 includ$ to %[ v>i\s capital =ms ( ,r5aissance lett]s2 b ! specim5s *os5 w adequately illu/rate all ! m di/9ctive & ref9$ types ( ! individual lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 #db4 ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,panel1 ,,flor5ce4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,bragdon ,be=e1 dur+ & aft] ! ,r5aissance movem5t _m local & extrane\s influ5ces tempor>ily modifi$ ! =ms ( ! ,roman lett]s4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 num]\s examples ( lett]+ 9 :i* ,byzant9e & ,romanesque traits are /rongly app>5t1 su* z ! free manipulation ( ! lett] =ms 9 ord] to make !m fit into giv5 l9es & spaces4 ,! draw+ ( ! panel ov] ! doorway ( ! ,badia1 ,flor5ce1 #db1 notable = ! *>act]i/ic plac+ & composition ( ! lett]s1 w s]ve z a case 9 po9t4 ,?is example is fur!r int]e/+ because x %[s h[ ! ,uncial =m ( ! lett] 0 beg9n+ to react & f9d a use 9 /one--a /ate ( affairs :i* at fir/ glance might seem anomal\s1 = ! ,uncial lett] 0 di/9ctly a p5-drawn =m2 b x 0 discov]$ t its r\nd] =ms made x p>ticul>ly useful = inscrib+ /ones :i* 7 likely to *ip or sliv]1 9 c>v+ :i* x 0 consequ5tly desirable to avoid too acute angles4 ,! ,roman lett] und]w5t v>i\s sali5t modifications #df at ! h&s ( ! scribes ( extra-,italian nations4 ,we f9d v crude v>iants ( ! ,roman lett]1 dat+ hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ! ,roman =m _h rea*$ its highe/ developm5t2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 "s v beautiful & individual national v>iants 7 produc$4 ,! cont9ual int]*ange ( manuscripts among ! nations on ! cont95t ( ,europe probably expla9s ! m conv5tional "* & /rong g5]al resemblance ( mo/ ( ! e>ly ,cont95tal "w2 b ! scribes ( insul> ,engl&1 less influ5c$ by contempor>y progress & examples1 produc$ =ms ( great] individuality 7see #df1 #dg1 #dh74 ,9 ,irel&1 lett] =ms orig9ally d]iv$ f e>ly ,roman models 7 develop$ ?r\gh _m decades ) no ult]ior influ5ces1 & result$ 9 "s wond]fully di/9ctive & beautiful v>iations ( ! ,roman lett]s1 #dg ?\gh ! beauty ( ^! ,iri% examples c only be fa9tly sugge/$ by reproductions limit$ to black & :ite1 & )\t ! decorations ( ! orig9als4 ,illu/ration3 #dc4 ,,mod]n ,,title 7comp>e #df74 ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,illu/ration3 #dd4 ,,mod]n ,,title 7comp>e #di74 ,,walt] ,,crane ,illu/ration3 #de4 ,,title ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,nesfield ,figures #dc & #dd illu/rate1 respectively1 mod]n employm5ts ( su* /rongly *>act]i/ic lett]s z ^? %[n 9 #df & #di4 ,f ^! anci5t examples ! design]s h evolv$ lett]s suitable to ! "* ( _! "w4 ,9 #dd ,mr4 ,crane has engraft$ ^u a =m q p]sonal to himself a *>act]i/ic detail ( treatm5t borr[$ f ! lett] %[n 9 #di4 ,figure #de %[s a simil> & mod]niz$ employm5t ( a /&>d =m ( ,uncial capital4 ,illu/ration3 #df4 ,,anglo ,,saxon ,,capitals4 #f? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #dg4 ,,anglo ,,saxon ,,capitals4 #g? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #dh4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,capitals4 ,,e>ly #aj? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #di4 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,capitals4 #af? ,,c5tury #eb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,lett]s ,! small or m9uscule lett] t we n[ use 9 all pr9t$ books atta9$ its mod]n & def9itive =m only aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ books 7 made to imitate1 z closely z possible1 ! h&writt5 "w ( ! scribes ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury1 & z pr9t+ 0 fir/ done 9 ,g]many1 ! e>lie/ book types 7 ^? model$ ^u ,g]man scripts1 some:at simil> to t %[n 9 #ada1 & _! cond5s$ or blacklett] v>iants4 ,! ,italian pr9t]s1 ( a m classical ta/e1 f\nd ! ,g]man types some:at black & clumsy2 = ?\gh ,go?ic *>act]s 7 also us$ 9 ,italy1 !y _h become light] & m ref9$ !re4 ,! ,italians1 !re=e1 evolv$ a new =m ( type lett]1 bas$ ^u ! ,italian p5 lett]s !n 9 use1 :i* ?\gh fundam5tally ,go?ic 9 =m _h be5 ref9$ by amalgamation ) an e>li] lett] kn[n z ! ,c>ol9e1 f its orig9 "u ! direction ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! ,c>ol9e 0 9 its turn an imitation ( ! ,roman ,half-uncial4 ,! close relation%ip ( ! fir/ small type lett] =ms 9 ,italy ) ! curr5t writ+ h& ( ! be/ ,italian scribes is well indicat$ by ! leg5d t ! ,italic1 or slop$ small lett]1 0 tak5 directly f ! h&writ+ ( ,petr>*4 ,! new ,italian types1 9 :i* classic capitals 7 comb9$ ) ! newly evolv$ m9uscule #ec lett]s1 7 call$ ,roman f ! city ( _! orig91 & sprang into almo/ imm$iate popul>ity1 spread+ f ,italy into ,engl&1 ,france & ,spa94 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! o!r h&1 ! national blacklett] =m p]si/$1 & is /ill 9 use to-day4 ,! m9uscule ,roman lett]s ?us evolv$ 7 develop$ to _! mo/ p]fect individual =ms by ! ma/]-pr9t]s ( ,v5ice2 & x is to ! models :i* !y produc$ t we mu/ rev]t to-day :5 we attempt to devise or reproduce an elegant small lett] ( any cons]vative =m4 ,! mod]n p5 draughtsman %\ld be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t1 p]fect z su* =ms ( lett]s may be = ! uses ( ! pr9t]1 ! limitations ( type h necess>ily curtail$ ! fre$om & v>iety ( _! s]if & swa% l9es1 & t !re=e1 ?\gh accept+ _! basic =ms1 he ne$ n be cramp$ by _! re/rictions1 nor imitate ! unalt]able & sometimes awkw>dly in>ti/ic relations ( lett] to lett] = :i* he f9ds prec$5ts 9 ! pr9t$ page4 ,inde$1 ! same g5]al rules = spac+ & ! same fre$om 9 ! treatm5t ( ! s]ifs1 k]ns & swa% l9es are q z applicable to p5-drawn small lett]s z to ! capital =ms4 ,! only true pa? ( progress lies 9 ?is fre$om ( treatm5t2 & if ! same f]tile arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance :o h bequea!d to u su* beautiful examples ( _! unfett]$ use ( ! capital _h us$ ! m9uscule also1 we %\ld und\bt$ly possess small lett]s ( f> m graceful & adaptable =ms ?an ^? :i* we n[ h4 ,illu/ration3 #ej4 ,,s*eme ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,roman ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ea4 ,,s*eme ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,roman ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,9 #ej & #ea may be f\nd an attempt to =mulate a s*eme to assi/ 9 ! recon/ruction ( an alphabet ( ,roman small lett]s1 aft] some:at ! same fa%ion z #ef t devis$ = ! ,roman capitals by ,mr4 ,ross1 9 #a & #b4 ,a small-lett] diagram mu/1 = obvi\s reasons1 be less exact & detail$ ?an "o = ! m def9$ capital =m2 b ! diagram giv5 w s]ve to det]m9e suffici5tly ! ma9 outl9es & proportions4 ,9 _! %apes ! lett]s %[n 9 #ej & #ea adh]e fairly closely to ! be/ type =ms ( ! small lett]2 & ! draw+ w s]ve1 fur!r1 to %[ ! space g5]ally all[$ by mod]n f\nd]s betwe5 "o l[]-case lett] & ano!r :5 set into type words4 ,?is spac+ is bas$ on ! m ( ! f\nt employ$4 ,! op5 space betwe5 all b k1 w & y 79 :i* ! outl9es ( ! lett]s !mselves hold !m fur!r away f _! neighbors7 & ! r\nd lett]s be+ ! space betwe5 ! upright /rokes ( ! m2 an int]val repres5t$ 9 ! diagram by a squ>e & a half4 ,! r\nd lett]s1 z has already be5 said 9 speak+ ( ! capital =ms1 %\ld be spac$ ne>] toge!r2 & x w be obs]v$ t !y are only sep>at$ by "o squ>e 9 ! diagram4 ,al?\gh sugge/ive1 ! rules :i* gov]n ! spac+ ( types are n to be bl9dly foll[$ by ! p5 lett]]4 ,9 type1 = in/ance1 x w\ld be impossible1 = me*anical reasons1 to all[ ! k]ns ( ! f1 j & y to project f> ov] ! body ( ! next lett]1 & 9 ^! lett]s ! k]ns consequ5tly h ei!r to be re/ra9$ or ! lett]s spac$ f>!r ap>t4 ,9 p5 lett]+1 h[ev]1 ! design] is n re/ra9$ by su* limitations1 & 8 spac+ ( lett]s %\ld be gov]n$ solely by ! effect4 ,! disposition ( ! acc5t$ l9es 9 ! small lett]s foll[ ! same g5]al rules t gov]n ^? ( ! capitals 7see page #b72 ! only deviation be+ 9 ! case ( #eg ! g1 9 :i* ! %ad+ ( ! bottom seems to h be5 det]m9$ l>gely by ! effect ^u ! eye4 ,x w be notic$ 9 ! diagram t ! asc5d]s ( ! small] lett]s rise ab\t ?ree squ>es to _! extreme top po9ts above ! body ( ! lett]2 t ! body ( ea* lett] is inclos$ 9 a squ>e t is ?ree units high1 & t ! desc5d]s fall b two squ>es bel[ ! lett] body4 ,^! proportions are n by any means inv>iable1 h[ev]1 & inde$ !re is no fix$ rule by :i* ! proportions ( asc5d]s & desc5d]s to ! body ( ! ,roman m9uscule may be det]m9$4 ,9 "s =ms ( ! lett] bo? are ( ! same l5g?1 & sometimes t l5g? is ! same z ! body height ( ! lett]4 ,9 g5]al a bett] result is obta9$ by mak+ bo? asc5d]s & desc5d]s ( less ?an ! l5g? ( ! body1 & keep+ ! desc5d]s %ort] ?an ! asc5d]s 9 ab\t ! proportion ( two-fif?s to ?ree-fif?s4 ,p>allel l9es ( small lett]s _c be spac$ clos] to ea* o!r ?an ! asc5d]s & desc5d]s w all[2 ! projections above & bel[ ! l9e are awkw>d1 & int]rupt ! def9ite l9es ( dem>kation at ! top & bottom ( ! lett]-bodies2 ! capitals necess>ily us$ 9 connection ) ! small lett]s add to ! irregul>ity ( ! l9e--all ( :i* reasons comb9e to limit ! employm5t ( m9uscule = =mal or monum5tal uses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! small lett] =m is excell5tly adapt$ = ! pr9t$ page1 :]e ! occasional capitals b t5d to break ! monotony1 :ile ! asc5d]s & desc5d]s /rongly *>act]ize & increase ! legibility ( ! lett] =ms4 ,illu/ration3 #eb4 ,,spani% ,,roman ,,lett]s4 ,,p5 ,,drawn4 ,,francisco ,,lucas1 #aegg ,illu/ration3 #ec4 ,,spani% ,,roman ,,lett]s4 ,,p5 ,,drawn4 ,,francisco ,,lucas1 #aegg ,illu/ration3 #ed4 ,,spani% ,,italic ,,lett]s4 ,,p5 ,,drawn4 ,,francisco ,,lucas1 #aegg ,illu/ration3 #ee4 ,,spani% ,,italic ,,lett]s4 ,,p5 ,,drawn4 ,,francisco ,,lucas1 #aegg ,illu/ration3 #ef4 ,,italian ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,cresci1 #aefj ,illu/ration3 #eg4 ,,engli% #ag,,? ,,c5tury ,,incis$ ,,lett]s4 ,,f ,,tomb/ones ,illu/ration3 #eh4 ,,mod]n ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,,aft] ,,hra*[9a ,illu/ration3 #ei4 ,,mod]n ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,,claude ,,fayette ,,bragdon #fd ,figures #eb to #ei %[ sev]al =ms ( small lett] alphabets2 ^? %[n 9 #eb to #ef be+ tak5 f ,writ+ books by ,spani% & ,italian writ+ ma/]s4 ,^! writ+ ma/]s (t5 *ose to %[ _! skill by imitat+ type =ms ( lett]s ) ! p51 b ?\gh simil> 9 ! individual =ms ( ! lett]s ! writt5 examples exhibit a fre$om & h>mony 9 composition impossible = type to equal1 & !re=e are immeasurably m int]e/+ to ! mod]n p5man4 ,figure #fa illu/rates a type =m ( m9uscule :i* may be comm5d$ = /udy4 ,o!r examples ( small lett]s by mod]n design]s w be f\nd 9 #aje1 #aaj1 #aah & #aca1 :]e !y are us$ 9 connection ) _! capital =ms4 ,illu/ration3 #fj4 ,,inscription ,,f ,,engli% ,,slate ,,tomb/ones1 #afia4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #fa4 ,,roman ,,& ,,italic ,,type4 ,,f ,,! ,,specim5 ,,book ,,( ,,william ,,caslon1 #agcd ,! m9uscule alphabet by ,mr4 ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon1 #ei1 is a c>efully work$-out =m :i* 9 its l9es closely foll[s a type face devis$ by ,j5son1 ! celebrat$ ,v5etian pr9t] :o fl\ri%$ t[>d ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is example toge!r ) ^? %[n 9 #ej1 #ea & #ef exhibits "s cons]vative v>iations ( ! /&>d models = m9uscule lett]s2 & ! same may be said ( ! mod]n type faces %[n 9 #fb1 #fc & #fd4 ,! v>i\s o!r examples ( ! small-lett] =ms illu/rat$ evid5ce h[ orig9al & int]e/+ modifications ( cons]vative %apes may be evolv$ )\t appreciable loss ( legibility4 ,illu/ration3 #fb4 ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type ,,montaigne4 ,,bruce ,,rog]s ,illu/ration3 #fc4 ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type ,,r5n]4 ,,!o4 ,l4 ,,de ,,v9ne ,illu/ration3 #fd4 ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type ,,m]rym\nt ,,by ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,illu/ration3 #fe4 ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type ,,*elt5ham ,,by ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,figure #fa %[s ! capital1 small lett] & italic =ms ( a type bas$ on old ,v5etian models1 cut by ,william ,caslon 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ev] #fi s9ce kn[n by 8 "n4 ,?is face has comp>atively rec5tly be5 reviv$ by mod]n type-f\nd]s2 & ?\gh ?is revival has provid$ u ) a text lett] f> sup]ior to ! =ms previ\sly 9 use1 ! mod]n imitation falls %ort ( ! beauty ( ,caslon's orig9al1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! lett]s %[n 9 #fa1 :i* are reproduc$ f ,caslon's specim5-book1 issu$ by him ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ) ! type us$ 9 pr9t+ ?is volume1 :i* is a good mod]n ,caslon4 ,figures #fb to #fg %[ "s newly devis$ type faces1 all design$ by arti/s ( reputation4 ,figure #fb illu/rates a f\nt call$ ! ,montaigne :i* has be5 rec5tly complet$ by ,mr4 ,bruce ,rog]s = ! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 & cut "u 8 imm$iate direction1 ) especial insi/ance ^u an unme*anical treatm5t ( s]ifs1 etc4 ,z a result ! ,montaigne is1 = type1 rem>kable 9 its arti/ic fre$om1 & its =ms are well wor?y ! /udy ( ! design]4 ,bo? its capitals & small lett]s sugge/ ! purity ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance %apes4 ,! lett]s space r f>!r ap>t ?an 9 mo/ types1 & ! result makes = legibility4 ,al?\gh sev]al o!r mod]n faces ( type h be5 design$ on mu* ! same l9es1 notably "o = ,! ,dove's ,press 9 ,engl&1 ! ,montaigne seems ! be/ ( !m all1 because ( its fre$om1 & its absolute divorce f ! ov]done1 exagg]at$1 heavy-fac$ effects ( ! ,morris /yles ( type4 ,mr4 ,de ,v9ne ( ! ,de ,v9ne ,press1 ,new ,york ,city1 has introduc$ a new type call$ ! ,r5n]1 #fc1 :i* 0 orig9ally cut = "s ( ! ,groli] ,club's publications4 ,! lett]s 7 fir/ photograph$ f a select$ page ( ,r5n]'s ,quadrigesimale1 !n #ga c>efully /udi$ & r$rawn be=e ! pun*es 7 cut4 ,mr4 ,de ,v9ne has add$ small capitals & italics to ! f\nt1 z well z dott$ lett]s to s]ve z sub/itutes = ! italic = ^? :o pref] !m4 ,! ,r5n] type w\ld h be5 m effective on a l>g] body2 b = comm]cial usefulness x is g5]ally deem$ exp$i5t to employ z small a body z ! face ( a type w all[4 ,mr4 ,de ,v9ne notes1 9 ?is connection1 t all ! important types ( ! e>ly pr9t]s 7 l>ge1 & t a f\nt design$ to-day ) reg>d only to its arti/ic effectiv5ess w\ld be ca/ ^u a l>ge body & be ( good size4 ,mr4 ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue has design$ two f\nts ( ,roman type1 & is n[ at "w on a ,blacklett] face4 ,8 fir/ f\nt1 cut = ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,updike1 ( ! ,m]rym\nt ,press1 ,bo/on1 & kn[n z ! ,m]rym\nt1 is %[n 9 #fd4 ,int5d$ = l>ge pages & r\gh pap] x necess>ily %[s to disadvantage 9 ! example giv51 :]e ! blackness & weight ( ! lett]s makes !m seem clumsy1 despite ! ref9em5t ( _! =ms4 ,illu/ration3 #ff4 ,,mod]n ,,greek ,,type4 ,,selwyn ,,image ,illu/ration3 #fg4 ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,type4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,a%bee ,! ,*elt5ham ,old ,/yle1 #fe1 is ! o!r ,roman face rec5tly design$ by ! same arti/4 ,x 0 cut = ! ,*elt5ham ,press ( ,new ,york ,city2 & embodies 9 its pres5t =m _m ideas sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,+alls ,kimball ( t press4 ,obs]ve especially ! excess 9 l5g? ( ! asc5d]s ov] ! desc5d]s1 & t ! s]ifs h be5 r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,contr>y to ! usual cu/om 9 type cutt+1 ! r\nd lett]s d n run above or bel[ ! guide l9es4 ,! capitals compose excell5tly2 b ! small lett]s are too closely spac$ & seem too squ>e = ! be/ effect1 & weight has be5 obta9$ by s ?ick5+ ! l9es t mu* delicacy & v>iety has be5 lo/4 #gb ,! ,*elt5ham ,old ,/yle is1 h[ev]1 v legible :5 compos$ into words1 & is effective on ! page4 ,any attempt to get ! effect ( ,blacklett] ) ! ,roman =m is likely to result clumsily4 ,! celebrat$ ,roman faces design$ by ,william ,morris 7too famili> to require reproduction "h7 are1 despite _! real beauty1 ov]-black on ! page1 & awkw>d :5 exam9$ 9 detail4 ,:ile ! /imulus ,morris's "w gave to typography 0 mu* ne$$ at t "t1 ! pres5t reaction t[>d m ref9$ faces is mo/ gratify+4 ,by precept & example ,mr4 ,morris produc$ a salut>y revolt aga9/ ! too ?9 & light & me*anical type faces be=e 9 use1 b he w5t too f> 9 ! opposite direction1 & we are n[ c]ta9ly fall+ back ^u a m desirable mean4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,p4 ,horne is at pres5t design+ a new f\nt ( type = ! ,m]rym\nt ,press1 ,bo/on1 to be #gc kn[n z ! ,mont' ,allegro1 :i* seems1 f ! designs s f> z at pres5t complet$1 likely to prove 9 "s respects ! mo/ s*ol>ly & sev]e ( mod]n faces4 ,! ,greek type design$ = ! ,macmillan ,company ( ,engl&1 by ,mr4 ,selwyn ,image1 #ff1 is ( suffici5t int]e/ to be %[n "h1 despite ! fact t x is n /rictly g]mane to our subject4 ,9 ?is face ,mr4 ,image has #gd return$ to ! m classic ,greek =m1 al?\gh ! result may at fir/ glance seem illegible to ! read] famili> ) ! m common cursive lett]s4 ,! type %[n 9 #fg is a new ,engli% face design$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,a%bee = a pray]book = ! ,k+4 ,int]e/+ z x is1 x seems 9 _m ways too extreme & ecc5tric to be :olly satisfactory3 ! v metal ( type w\ld seem to po/ulate a less tricky treatm5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to attempt a discrim9ation betwe5 ! v>i\s national /yles ( p5 lett]s :i* ! rec5tly reviv$ int]e/ 9 ! art ( lett]+ is produc+2 & x is especially wor? :ile to note t ! activity seems1 ev5 9 ,g]many1 to be devot$ almo/ exclusively to ! developm5t & v>iation ( ! ,roman =ms4 ,x is notewor?y1 too1 aft] s long a p]iod ( ! dull copy+ ( bad =ms1 & p>ticul>ly ( bad type =ms1 t ! mod]n tr5d is di/9ctly 9 ! direction ( fre$om2 ?\gh ?is fre$om is m m>k$ 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man #ge ?an 9 ,engli% or ,am]ican "w4 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is increas$ fre$om ( treatm5t has naturally come a cle>] disclosure ( ! m$iums employ$2 & inde$ 9 mu* ( ! be/ mod]n "w ! design] has s f> l5t himself to 8 tools t ! tools !mselves h1 9 great measure1 become responsible = ! result+ lett] =ms4 #gf ,moreov] mod]n design]s are %[+ a welcome att5tion to m9uscule lett]s1 & x ev5 seems possible t be=e long "s small lett] =ms t %all be di/9ctively ( ! p5 may be develop$1 & t ! use ( type models = m9uscule p5 lett]s w no long] be f\nd necess>y or comm5dable4 ,illu/ration3 #fh4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,,aft] ,j4 ,m4 ,,olbri* ,illu/ration3 #fi4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,,gu/ave ,,lemm5 ,illu/ration3 #gj4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,,aft] ,,alois ,,ludwig ,illu/ration3 #ga4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,,aft] ,,otto ,,eckmann ,ano!r noticeable t5d5cy 9 mod]n lett]+ seems to be ! gradual promotion ( small lett] =ms to ! dignity ( capitals1 7see #gi & #ih = examples7 9 mu* ! same way z ! ,uncial lett] & its imm$iate d]ivatives produc$ ! pres5t small lett]4 ,x is surely to be hop$ t ?is movem5t may n lose vitality be=e x has _h "t to enri* u ) "s new & excell5t =ms4 ,illu/ration3 #gb4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,,otto ,,hupp ,illu/ration3 #gc4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,,joseph ,,pl,,cnik ,illu/ration3 #gd4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,,aft] ,,franz ,,/uck #hb ,illu/ration3 #ge4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #gf4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,capitals4 ,,aft] ,,b]nh>d ,,pankok ,illu/ration3 #gg4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,po/]4 ,,!o4 ,,van ,,rysselb]ghe ,illu/ration3 #gh4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,cov]4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,v]neuil ,! influ5ce ( nationality is /rongly %[n 9 ! mod]n lett]+ ( all c\ntries2 & x is g5]ally z easy to recognize a specim5 z ! "w ( a ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 or ,am]ican arti/1 respectively1 no matt] h[ individual he may be1 z x is to tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w ( two diff]5t design]s4 ,! mod]n ,g]man seems to h an und5iable fre%ness ( outlook on ! ,roman alphabet4 ,he treats x ) a fre$om & v>iety & a c]ta9 disreg>d ( prec$5t--induc$1 p]haps1 by 8 s*ool+ 9 ,blacklett]--t (t5 produces delightful1 ?\gh sometimes1 be x add$1 direful results4 ,b if ! extreme & biz>re =ms be ?r[n aside ! design] may obta9 sugge/ions ( great b5efit & value f ! m re/ra9$ examples ( ,g]man "w4 ,_m em95t ,g]man draughtsm51 ^: "w is all too little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 are #hd us+ lett]s ) ! same di/9ction t has ( late ye>s m>k$ _! purely decorative "w1 z ! specim5s %[n 9 #fh to #gf w evid5ce4 ,figures #fh & #ge %[ =ms :i* are p]haps especially repres5tative ( ! g5]al mod]n t5d5cy 9 ,g]man "w & _m ,g]man arti/s are us+ lett]s ( v simil> g5]al =ms to ^! al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ) individual v>iations4 ,figures #gj & #gc %[ two v orig9al & pleas+ /yles1 also m>k$ly ,g]man4 ,9 spite ( ! national drift t[>d ! ,roman1 mu* mod]n ,g]man lett]+ /ill takes ! ,go?ic & ,blacklett] =ms2 & ! specim5 reproduc$ 9 #ga %[s a curi\s comb9ation ( ! ,go?ic1 ,uncial & ,roman =ms p]vad$ by ! ,g]man _s4 ,! beautiful lett]+ 9 #gb seems to h be5 inspir$ f a /one-cut ,uncial4 ,figure #gd %[s an almo/ /rictly ,roman lett]1 & yet is z unmi/akably ,g]man 9 h&l+ z any ( ! o!r examples %[n4 ,illu/ration3 #gi4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,lett]s4 ,,aft] ,m4 ,p4 ,,v]neuil ,illu/ration3 #hj4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,po/]4 ,p4 ,,bonn>d ,illu/ration3 #ha4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,cov]4 ,,george ,,auriol ,illu/ration3 #hb4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,capitals4 ,,alphons ,m4 ,,mu*a #hf ,among ! examples ( mod]n ,fr5* lett]+1 ^? %[n 9 #gh & #gi are p]haps ! mo/ typical ( ! mod]n s*ool4 ,?is /yle ( lett] 0 giv5 its mo/ consi/5t =m by ! jo9t ef=ts ( ,m4 ,p4 ,v]neuil & "s ( ! pupils ( ,eugne ,grasset1 aft] ^: lett] x 0 orig9ally model$4 ,grasset freely v>ies 8 use ( ?is =m 9 8 diff]5t designs1 z 9 #he1 b f\nds _m ( 8 be/ specim5s ^u ! e>li] ,fr5* models4 ,illu/ration3 #hc4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,lett]$ ,,page4 ,,george ,,auriol ,illu/ration3 #hd4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,lett]s ,,cursive4 ,,george ,,auriol ,illu/ration3 #he4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,cov] ,,design4 ,,eug,,ne ,,grasset ,illu/ration3 #hf4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,,walt] ,,crane #hh ,m4 ,george ,auriol has ext5d$ ! mod]n use ( drawn lett]s by publi%+ a numb] ( small books :i* he has h&writt5 ?r\gh\t1 al?\gh ! =m ( lett] he g5]ally uses = ?is purpose is purely mod]n & n at all l ! texts ( ! m$ieval scribes4 ,m4 ,auriol's lett] is beautifully cle>1 readable & orig9al2 bru%y 9 its te*nique1 yet suitable = rapid writ+4 ,he calls #ia x a ,cursive lett]1 & has rec5tly made designs = its use 9 type4 ,! page %[n 9 #hc is f ! preface to a book ( 8 well-kn[n designs = monograms1 & ! entire text is writt5 9 ?is cursive =m4 ,! individual lett]s ( ?is ,cursive may be m easily /udi$ 9 #hd4 ,! cov] = ,l',image1 #ha1 %[s ! same design]'s use ( a m conv5tional ,roman =m4 ,! po/] by ,m4 ,!o4 van ,rysselb]ghe %[n 9 #gg exhibits two int]e/+ =ms ( ,fr5* small lett]s t are wor?y ( /udy & sugge/ive = developm5t4 ,m4 ,alphons ,mu*a employs a di/9ctive lett]1 especially fitt$ to 8 te*nique1 :i* he uses almo/ inv>iably1 #hb4 ,mu* rec5t ,fr5* lett]+ incl9es t[>d a c]ta9 =mlessness1 t1 al?\gh sometimes admirable :5 reg>d$ m]ely f ! po9t ( view ( h>mony ) ! design1 has little value o!rwise4 ,a typical specim5 ( su* =mless lett]+ is t %[n 9 ! v *>m+ #ib ,revue ,blan*e po/]1 #hj4 ,excell5t :5 consid]$ ) ! design1 ! lett]+ alone makes b an indiff]5t %[+4 ,! ,italian design]s ( lett]s h n yet evolv$ any v di/9ctive national =ms4 ,9 _m ways ,italian "w resembles ! ,g]man4 ,x has less orig9ality1 b great] subtlety & ref9em5t4 ,illu/ration3 #hg4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,po/]4 ,,walt] ,,crane ,illu/ration3 #hh4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,,walt] ,,crane ,illu/ration3 #hi4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,lett]s4 ,,walt] ,,crane ,illu/ration3 #ij4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,title4 ,,joseph ,w4 ,,simpson ,! /ronge/ p]sonality among mod]n ,briti% lett]]s is ,mr4 ,walt] ,crane4 ,*>act]i/ic examples ( 8 "w are %[n 9 #hf1 #hg1 #hh & #hi4 ,al?\gh sometimes app>5tly c>eless & too (t5 r\gh1 8 lett]+ has ! m]it & *>m ( inv>iably disclos+ ! in/rum5t & ! mat]ial employ$4 ,mr4 ,crane is especially fond ( an ,uncial p5 =m1 :i* he v>ies ) ma/]ful fre$om4 ,x may be m5tion$ 9 pass+ t he is p]haps ! only design] :o has be5 able to make ! wrongly acc5t$ ,q seem consi/5t 7comp>e #hf71 or :o has conqu]$ its swa% tail :5 ! lett] is acc5t$ 9 ?is unusual way4 #ic ,mr4 ,lewis ,f4 ,day has become a recogniz$ au?ority on lett]+1 bo? ?r\gh 8 writ+s & 8 h&iwork4 ,8 great v]satility makes x difficult to select a specim5 :i* may be tak5 z *>act]i/ic ( 8 "w2 b p]haps ! lett]+ %[n 9 #ie is z repres5tative z any t c\ld be *os54 ,among 8 designs ! magaz9e cov]1 #ic1 is an unusually free & effective composition1 & its lett] =ms possess ! v>iety requir$ to satisfy ! eye :5 s mu* ( ! :ole effect ( ! design dep5ds ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 #ia4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,po/]4 ,,joseph ,w4 ,,simpson ,illu/ration3 #ib4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,cov]4 ,,william ,,ni*olson ,illu/ration3 #ic4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,cov]4 ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day ,illu/ration3 #id4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,title4 ,,gordon ,,craig ,! /yle ( lett]+ ord9>ily employ$ by ,mr4 ,selwyn ,image--a /yle ( m>k$ orig9ality & di/9ction--is well exhibit$ 9 ! design = a book cov]1 #ih4 ,! "n ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,ricketts is intimately associat$ ) ! ,vale ,press4 ,! detail ( ! title-page reproduc$ 9 #ajj %[s a *>act]i/ic bit ( 8 "w4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,simpson1 "o ( ! y\ng] ,briti% draughtsm51 uses a graceful & int]e/+ly l9k$ ,roman =m %[n 9 ! panel f a title-page1 #ij4 ,! biz>re #ie lett] by ! same arti/1 #ia1 is fairly repres5tative ( a /yle rec5tly come into vogue among ! y\ng] ,briti% draughtsm51 :i* is relat$ to a =m ( lett] br\ght into fa%ion by ! new ,engli% s*ool ( design]s on wood1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,mr4 ,william ,ni*olson & ,mr4 ,gordon ,craig1 bo? ( :om h done lett]+ di/+ui%$ by its indication ( ! m$ium employ$4 ,figure #ib %[s ,mr4 ,ni*olson's favorite type ( lett] #if fairly1 & ! /yle ( ,mr4 ,craig's "w is sugge/$ by ! title = a book cov] 9 #id4 ,! book cov]1 #ig1 by ,mr4 ,edmund ,h4 ,new1 %[s v>iants ( ! ,roman capital & m9uscule =ms1 :i* closely adh]e to classic models4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,ann+ ,bell has done mu* di/9ctive lett]+ 9 intimate association ) design4 ,figure #if is fairly repres5tative ( 8 /yle ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 #ie4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day ,illu/ration3 #if4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,title4 ,,rob]t ,,ann+ ,,bell ,illu/ration3 #ig4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,cov]4 ,,edmund ,h4 ,,new ,illu/ration3 #ih4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,cov]4 ,,selwyn ,,image ,su* o!r ,briti% arti/s z ,messrs4 ,alfr$ ,p>sons1 ,james ,f4 ,sullivan1 ,hugh ,?ompson1 ,h]b]t ,railton1 ,byam ,%aw1 ,h4 ,granville ,fell & ,a4 ,g>? ,jones1 al?\gh mu* bett] kn[n = _! designs ?an = _! lett]s1 #ig occasionally give u bits ( lett]+ :i* are bo? unusual & excell5t2 b ^! bits are commonly s subord9at$ to ! designs 9 :i* !y are us$ & s involv$ ) !m z to be beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t book4 ,illu/ration3 #ii4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,,anonym\s ,illu/ration3 #ajj4 ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,,*>les ,,ricketts ,9 illu/rat+ ! lett]+ ( ,am]ican arti/s x has be5 un=tunately f\nd necess>y to omit ! "w ( _m well-kn[n design]s1 ei!r because _! usual /yle ( lett]+ is too simil> 9 fundam5tal =ms to ! "w ( "s o!r draughtsman1 or because ! lett]s !y commonly employ are n di/9ctive or individual4 ,illu/ration3 #aja4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,abbey ,illu/ration3 #ajb4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,anonym\s ,illu/ration3 #ajc4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cov]4 ,,edw>d ,,p5field ,mr4 ,edw9 ,a4 ,abbey is a notable example ( an arti/ :o has n disda9$ to exp5d bo? "t & practice on su* a m9or art z lett]+ #ajj t he might be able to lett] 8 own designs1 z ! beautiful page1 %[n 9 #aec 9 ! succe$+ *apt]1 w suffici5tly prove4 ,! lett]+ ( ! title-page = ,h]rick's poems1 #aja1 by ! same draughtsman1 is likewise excell5t1 be+ bo? orig9al & appropriate4 ,! lett]s 9 bo? ^! examples are model$ aft] old "w1 & bo? display an unusually ke5 grasp ( ! limitations & possibilities ( ! =ms employ$1 especially 9 ! =m]1 #aec1 :]e ! use ( capitals to =m words is p>ticul>ly notewor?y1 :ile 9 g5]al composition & spac+ ! _s ( ! lett] us$ 7comp>e #agi7 has be5 p]fectly pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 #ajd4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,,edw>d ,,p5field ,illu/ration3 #aje4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,,edw>d ,,p5field ,illu/ration3 #ajf4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cov] ,,design4 ,h4 ,,van ,b4 ,,magonigle ,illu/ration3 #ajg4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,h4 ,,van ,b4 ,,magonigle ,mr4 ,edw>d ,p5field's "w fir/ attract$ att5tion ?r\gh ! s]ies ( po/]s :i* he design$ = ',h>p]'s ,magaz9e' ) unfail+ f]tility ( inv5tion = sev]al ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t he evolv$ a /yle ( lett] :i* exactly fitt$ ! "* ( 8 "w4 ,! cov] design %[n 9 #ajc displays 8 *>act]i/ic lett] 9 actual use2 :ile ! two int]e/+ pages ( l>ge & small lett] alphabets by him1 #ajd & #aje1 %[ ! late/ & be/ developm5t ( ^! lett] =ms4 ,! head+ #ajb %[n 9 #ajb exhibits a slightly diff]5t lett]1 evid5tly bas$ ^u t us$ by ,mr4 ,p5field4 ,! capitals by ,mr4 ,h4 ,van ,b4 ,magonigle1 %[n 9 #ajg1 are d]iv$ f classic ,roman =ms b treat$ ) a mod]n fre$om t makes !m unusually attractive4 ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 to bett] advantage 9 actual use 9 conjunction ) a design1 #ajf1 ?an :5 %[n 9 ! necess>ily re/rict$ =m ( an alphabetical page panel4 ,illu/ration3 #ajh4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,mr4 ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue1 ^: designs = type h already be5 m5tion$1 is a #ajd mo/ facile & c>eful lett]]4 ,al?\gh 8 "n is m intimately associat$ ) ,blacklett] 7examples ( 8 "w 9 t /yle are %[n 9 ! foll[+ *apt]71 he has devis$ "s v int]e/+ v>iations ( ! ,roman =ms1 su* z t us$ 9 #ajh1 z an example4 ,illu/ration3 #aji4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,w ,,bradley ,mr4 ,w ,bradley uses a v individual /yle ( ! ,roman capital1 (t5 m>k$ by a peculi> exagg]ation 9 ! wid? ( ! r\nd lett]s1 contra/$ ) n>r[ tall =ms 9 su* lett]s z ,e1 ,f & ,l4 ,mr4 ,bradley has become m free & unconv5tional 9 8 lat] "w1 b 8 specim5s h always be5 notewor?y = beauty ( l9e & spac+2 see #aaa4 ,figure #aji %[s 8 employm5t ( a bru%-made v>iant ( ! ,roman =m2 #ajg & #aaj %[s bo? capitals & small lett]s drawn 9 8 e>li] & less di/9ctive /yle4 ,illu/ration3 #aaj4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals ,,& ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,,w ,,bradley 7#ahif7 ,illu/ration3 #aaa4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cov]4 ,,w ,,bradley ,illu/ration3 #aab4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,ticket4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,iorio ,! ticket1 #aab1 design$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,iorio1 sugge/s :at our !atre tickets might be made4 ,9 spac+ & g5]al arrangem5t ( ! lett]s & ! fre$om ( treatm5t1 ,mr4 ,iorio's "w may be comp>$ ) mu* ( ! #aaj "w ( ,mr4 ,bradley4 ,figure #aac %[s a mod]n ,roman capital =m model$ ^u ! "w ( ,mr4 ,bradley4 ,illu/ration3 #aac4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,,aft] ,,w ,,bradley ,illu/ration3 #aad4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,,maxfield ,,p>ri% ,illu/ration3 #aae4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,maxfield ,,p>ri% ,illu/ration3 #aaf4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,a4 ,b4 ,le ,,b\tilli] ,mr4 ,maxfield ,p>ri% commonly employs a widely spac$ lett]1 fa%ion$ closely aft] ! old ,g]man models1 beautiful 9 its =ms1 & display+ ! individuality ( ! arti/ 9 its composition4 ,! =m & use ( ,mr4 ,p>ri%'s usual lett] is well %[n 9 #aad2 & ! title f a book cov] design1 #aae1 %[s yet ano!r example ( ! lett] 9 s]vice4 ,! lett]+ ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,le ,b\tilli] is always notable = spac+ & composition4 ,figures #aag & #aah exhibit excell5t capital & small-lett] =ms 7:i*1 by ! way1 7 drawn at ! same size z ! reproductions72 & #aaa ! two o!r specim5s ( ,mr4 ,le ,b\tilli]'s "w1 #aaf & #aai1 :i* are reproduc$ to %[ 8 lett]s 9 use1 w be f\nd exempl>s = spac+1 composition1 balance ( weight & color1 &1 9 ! latt] draw+1 = h>mony betwe5 ! lett]+ & ! treatm5t ( ! design4 ,illu/ration3 #aag4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,a4 ,b4 ,le ,,b\tilli] ,illu/ration3 #aah4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,a4 ,b4 ,le ,,b\tilli] ,illu/ration3 #aai4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,po/]4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,le ,,b\ttilli] ,illu/ration3 #abj4 ,,am]ican ,,book-,,plate4 ,,claude ,,fayette ,,bragdon ,! =m ( lett] pref]r$ by ,mr4 ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon is repres5t$ by ! page ( small lett]s1 #ei1 :i*1 z we h already said1 are closely model$ on ! type alphabet design$ by ,j5son4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bragdon's v]sion !y repres5t an excell5tly useful & cons]vative /yle ( small lett]4 ,!y are %[n 9 use1 ) h>moni\s capitals & italics1 9 ! ',lit]ature' cov] design1 #aba4 ,9 ! small book-plate1 reproduc$ 9 #abj1 ,mr4 #aab ,bragdon has us$ a v graceful v>iant1 especially notewor?y = its fre$om ( s]if treatm5t2 & 9 ! lett]-head+1 #abb1 he has employ$ an attractive capital ( /ill diff]5t "*4 ,illu/ration3 #aba4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,bragdon ,illu/ration3 #abb4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,lett]-,,head4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,bragdon ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,bridwell has orig9at$ ! s+ul>ly excell5t lett] %[n 9 #abd1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u "s ( ! mod]n ,fr5* ar*itectural =ms4 ,he uses x ) great fre$om & v>iety 9 spac+ accord+ to ! effect t he desires to produce4 ,9 "o in/ance he w jam ! lett]s toge!r 9 an oddly cr[d$ l9e1 :ile 9 ano!r we f9d !m spread f> ap>t1 b always ) excell5t results z reg>ds ! design z a :ole4 ,some?+ ( ?is v>iation ( spac+ is %[n 9 #abc4 ,9 ! num]\s !atrical po/]s :i* ,mr4 ,bridwell has design$--& :i* too seldom be> 8 signature--he employs a great v>iety ( lett]+4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 ! fre$om ( 8 "w is re/rict$ by ! cons]vatism ( cli5ts2 b (t5 ! lett] =ms "h illu/rat$ add to ! /yle & di/9ction ( 8 designs4 ,illu/ration3 #abc4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cov]4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,bridwell ,illu/ration3 #abd4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,bridwell ,illu/ration3 #abe4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,,frank ,,haz5plug ,illu/ration3 #abf4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,,frank ,,haz5plug #aaf ,illu/ration3 #abg4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cov]4 ,,frank ,,haz5plug ,mr4 ,frank ,haz5plug1 ! au?or ( mu* clev] decorative lett]+1 has evolv$ a v black & /rik+ /yle ( capital t /ill reta9s grace4 ,figures #abe & #abf %[ two sets ( ,mr4 ,haz5plug's capitals4 ,a book cov] on :i* he has us$ small lett]s 9 an orig9al way is reproduc$ 9 #abg4 ,figure #abi %[s ! employm5t ( a heavy-fac$ lett] simil> to t exhibit$ 9 alphabet #abf1 b sugge/ive 9 its s]if treatm5t ( ,mr4 ,p5field's lett]4 ,illu/ration3 #abh4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,edw>d ,,edw>ds ,mr4 ,edw>d ,edw>ds employs a lett]1 #abh1 :i*1 ?\gh r conv5tional 9 its l9es1 is notewor?y = its treatm5t ( s]ifs & its spac+4 ,mr4 ,gu]nsey ,moore's lett]s %[n 9 #acj are naturally bett] bo? 9 intr9sic =m1 spac+ & composition ?an ! widely us$ ,po/ ,old ,/yle types :i* 7 bas$ ^u !m4 ,! l>ge & small lett]s display$ 9 #acc %[ a =m t1 at ! pres5t writ+1 seems to be 9 consid]able favor4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 too extreme1 & its peculi>ities are too exagg]at$ to all[ x to become a p]man5t /yle4 ,b l ! extravagant ,g]man =ms #aag already ref]r$ to1 x has also app>5t advantages2 & a few ( its *>act]i/ics are n unlikely to survive 9 "s m cons]vative adaptation4 ,illu/ration3 #abi4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cov]4 ,,frank ,,haz5plug ,illu/ration3 #acj4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,gu]nsey ,,moore ,illu/ration3 #aca4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,h>ry ,e4 ,,t[ns5d ,! lett] by ,mr4 ,h>ry ,ev]ett ,t[ns5d %[n 9 #aca is mo/ di/9ctive 9 effect--a m ref9$ =m ( ! rapidly drawn "* %[n 9 #ach4 ,mr4 ,h[>d ,pyle (t5 gives u *>m+ bits ( lett]+ 9 connection ) 8 illu/rations4 ,! head+1 #acb1 %[s a *>act]i/ic l9e4 ,mo/ ( ,mr4 ,pyle's lett]+ is ,colonial or ,georgian 9 /yle1 ?\gh ! initials he uses ) x are g5]ally r5d]$ 9 ! fa%ions ( ! e>ly ,g]man woodcuts1 some:at simil> to ,holbe9's initials = ! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,illu/ration3 #acb4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,head+4 ,,h[>d ,,pyle ,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al ( ,am]ican lett]]s is ,mr4 ,orson ,l[ell4 ,usually closely conjo9$ ) design1 8 lett]+ does n %[ to its full value :5 reproduc$ ap>t f its surr\nd+s1 = mu* ( its *>m dep5ds #aah ^u its h>mony 9 l9e & color ) ! accompany+ draw+ ,mr4 ,l[ell has tak5 ! same basic =ms z ^? us$ by ,mr4 ,p5field1 & has play$ ) !m until he has develop$ a s]ies ( mo/ +5i\s & fanciful lett]s4 ,! examples reproduc$ 9 #acf & #acg b inadequately %[ a few ( ! _m =ms t ,mr4 ,l[ell employs ) rem>kable f]tility ( inv5tion & delightfully decorative effect ( l9e4 ,! small lett]s1 #ace1 %[n opposite 8 capitals1 #acd1 are n by ,mr4 ,l[ell1 nor are !y 9 any way equal to 8 own small lett]s1 ( :i* regrettably few appe> 9 8 publi%$ "w2 b !y may s]ve to exhibit a simil> me?od ( treat+ a mu* m conv5tional =m ( m9uscule ?an ,mr4 #abb ,l[ell w\ld himself use = ! same purpose4 ,despite its unconv5tionally1 h[ev]1 an exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,l[ell's "w w %[ t ea* lett] has be5 develop$ to fit ! space betwe5 its neighbors & to balance & relieve _! =ms2 & t1 fanciful z "s ( ! %apes may appe>1 !y h inv>iably be5 kn[+ly work$ out1 & always appe> h>moni\s & fit4 ,illu/ration3 #acc4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,lett]s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #acd4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,capitals4 ,,aft] ,,orson ,,l[ell ,illu/ration3 #ace4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,small ,,lett]s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #acf4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,titles4 ,,orson ,,l[ell ,! pages ( lett]s %[n 9 #ach1 #aci & #adj are int5d$ to sugge/ =ms :i*1 :ile suitable = rapid use1 yet possess "s individuality & "*4 ,! s-call$ ,cursive lett] by ,mr4 ,maxfield ,p>ri%1 #adj1 is p>ticul>ly effective = su* in=mal use--9 fact1 its v *>m lies 9 its in=mality--& is q z di/9ctively p5-ny z any ( ,mr4 ,crane's "w ( ! same k9d4 ,a glance ov] ! field ( mod]n examples w disclose1 fir/1 a g5]al t5d5cy to break away f ! old] type models 9 p5-drawn =ms2 second1 a gr[+ p>tiality = ! small lett]1 & ?ird1 a sporadic disposition to use capital & m9uscule =ms int]*angeably4 ,! fir/ #abc tr5d may be notic$ by comp>+ ! lett] %[n 9 #acb1 :i* is closely model$ aft] type1 ) t %[n 9 #acf1 9 :i* an opposite me?od is foll[$1 & ! lett]s are s treat$ 9 h&l+ =m & color z to be/ h>monize ) ! design itself4 ,! possibilities lat5t 9 ! small lett] are indicat$ by su* int]e/+ uses z ^? %[n 9 figures #gg1 #hi1 #ih1 #aja1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aba1 #abg1 #acj & #aca4 ,am]ican design]s seem to be especially int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! small lett]4 ,( ! int]m+l+ ( ! capital & small lett] %apes examples may be f\nd 9 figures #ga1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #ih1 #abg & #acd4 ,9 ^! examples x w be not$ t ! m9uscules seem to be m easily trans=m$ into capitals ?an d ! capitals into m9uscules2 only a few ( ! latt] appe>+ to l5d !mselves h>moni\sly to ! small lett] guise4 ,illu/ration3 #acg4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,orson ,,l[ell ,illu/ration3 #ach4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,lett]s1 ,,= ,,rapid ,,use4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #aci4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,italic1 ,,= ,,plans1 ,,etc4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,bragdon ,illu/ration3 #adj4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,lett]s4 ,,maxfield ,,p>ri% ,su* t5d5cies z ^!1 if all[$ to develop sl[ly & naturally1 are c]ta9 to evolve new =ms--a process ( modification :i* x %\ld be fully z in/ructive & ent]ta9+ to obs]ve z any ( ! hi/orical *anges t h already become incorporat$ into our pres5t lett] %apes4 #abg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,go?ic ,,lett]s ,! "n ,go?ic applies r to ! _s ?an to ! exact lett] =ms ( ! /yle4 ,! same _s ( fre$om & re/lessness *>act]ises ! ar*itecture ( ! p]iod :]e9 ?is /yle ( lett] 0 develop$2 & ,go?ic lett]s are 9 _m ways ak9 to ! fundam5tal =ms ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,_! effect is (t5 tir+ & confus+ to ! eye because ( ! con/ant recurr5ce ( v simil> =ms ) diff]5t lett] mean+s2 yet ?is v simil>ity is ! ma9 cause ( ! pleas+ aspect ( a page ( ,go?ic lett]+4 ,unlike ! ,roman lett]s1 :i* atta9$ a complete & f9al developm5t1 ,go?ic lett]s nev] rea*$ au?oritative & def9itive =ms1 any m ?an did ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,e individual ,go?ic lett] has sev]al quasi-au?oritative %apes1 & all ( ^! v>iants may be accept$1 z long z !y display an intellig5t conception ( ! _s ( ! /yle z a :ole4 ,because ( ?is lack ( f9ality1 h[ev]1 x is impossible to analyze ea* ( ! lett] =ms z we 7 able to d ) ! ,roman alphabet 9 ,*apt] ,i2 yet ?is v v>iability & v>iety con/itute at once ! peculi> beauty ( ,go?ic & ! great difficulty ( s draw+ x z to pres]ve its di/9ctive "*4 ,any lett] ( ,go?ic =m is usually call$ ei!r ,go?ic or ,blacklett] indiscrim9ately1 b ?is use is inexact #abh & confus+4 ,! t]m ,blacklett] %\ld1 /rictly1 be appli$ only to lett]s 9 :i* ! am\nt ( black 9 ! l9e ov]balances ! :ite2 & ! prop] application ( ! title %\ld be det]m9$ r by ?is balance or weight ( ! lett] ?an by its =m4 ,illu/ration3 #ada4 ,,italian ,,r\nd ,,go?ic ,,small ,,lett]s4 #aejj ,! orig9al ,go?ic lett] 0 a gradual outgr[? f ! r\nd ,roman ,uncial4 ,its e>ly =ms reta9$ all ! r\ndness ( its ,uncial p>5t2 b z ! advantages ( a cond5s$ =m ( lett] = ! sav+ ( space became manife/1 7p>*m5t 0 exp5sive & bulky7 & ! #aca beauty ( ! result+ black] page 0 notic$1 ! r\nd ,go?ic =ms 7 writt5 clos] & n>r[]1 ! asc5d]s & desc5d]s 7 %ort5$1 ) m>k$ loss ( legibilty1 t ! l9es ( lett]+ might be br\ght clos] toge!r1 until a =m 0 evolv$ 9 :i* ! black ov]balanc$ ! :ite--! ,blacklett] :i* /ill survives 9 ! common ,g]man text ( to-day4 ,?us1 ?\gh a ,go?ic lett] may n be a ,blacklett]1 a ,blacklett] is always ,go?ic1 because x is con/ruct$ ^u ,go?ic l9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,roman ,blacklett] w\ld be an obvi\s impossibility4 ,! v ess5tial & fundam5tal quality ( a ,roman lett] lies 9 ! squ>5ess or circul>ity ( its skeleton =m4 ,= cle>ness & conv5i5ce1 !n1 ! foll[+ discrim9ation betwe5 ! t]ms ,go?ic & ,blacklett] w be adopt$ 9 ?is treatise3 ,:5 a lett] is ,go?ic b n a ,blacklett] x w be call$ ,r\nd ,go?ic2 :5 x is prim>ily a ,blacklett] x w be t]m$ ,blacklett]1 ! latt] "n be+ re/rict$ to su* compress$1 n>r[ or angul> =ms z ! small lett]s %[n 9 #add1 #adg & #adh4 ,! "n ,r\nd ,go?ic w be appli$ only to ! e>li] =ms1 su* z ^? %[n 9 #ada & #adb4 ,su* a di/9ction has n1 ,i believe1 hi!rto be5 attempt$2 b ! confusion :i* o!rwise results makes ! discrim9ation seem advisable4 ,! ?ree pages ( examples1 figures #ada1 #adb & #adc1 exhibit ! *>act]i/ic =ms & /&>d v>iations ( ! ,r\nd ,go?ic4 ,9 lieu ( any detail$ analysis ( ^! lett] %apes1 x may p]haps be suffici5t to say t !y 7 :olly & exactly det]m9$ by ! position ( ! quill1 :i* 0 held rigidly upright1 aft] ! fa%ion #acb already describ$ 9 speak+ ( ,roman lett]+2 & t ! lett]s 7 always =m$ ) a r\nd sw++ motion ( h& & arm1 z _! =ms & acc5t$ l9es cle>ly evid5ce2 = ! m$ieval scribes us$ ! ,r\nd ,go?ic z an easy & legible h&writt5 =m1 & l9k$ _m ( ! lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 #adb4 ,,italian ,,r\nd ,,go?ic ,,small ,,lett]s4 #af? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #adc4 ,,spani% ,,r\nd ,,go?ic ,,lett]s4 ,,francisco ,,lucas1 #aegg ,illu/ration3 #add4 ,,g]man ,,blacklett] ,,con/ruction4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r] ,figures #aeh1 #agj1 #agb & #agc %[ "s capitals adapt$ = use ) ^! ,r\nd ,go?ic lett]s2 b ! beg9n] %\ld be extremely w>y ( attempt+ to use any ,go?ic capitals alone to =m words1 z _! outl9es are n suit$ = int]-juxtaposition4 ,occasionally !y may ?us be us$1 & us$ effectively1 z is %[n1 = in/ance1 9 ! beautiful page ( lett]+ by ,mr4 ,edw9 ,a4 ,abbey1 #aec2 b s successful a solution is r>e1 & implies an intimate k ( ! hi/oric examples & use ( ,go?ic lett]+4 ,! late ,go?ic or ,blacklett] is cond5s$ & n>r[$ 9 ! extreme4 ,no circles are employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! small lett]s1 :i* h angul> & g5]ally acute corn]s4 ,z 9 all p5-drawn lett]s1 ! broad l9es are made on ! d[n "r-slop+ /rokes1 & ! n>r[ l9es are at "r angles to ^!4 ,blacklett] %apes1 l ^? ( ! ,r\nd ,go?ic1 _c1 z has be5 said1 be def9$ by any set ( g5]al rules2 ! intr9sic quality ( all ,go?ic lett]s almo/ dem&s a c]ta9 fre$om ( treatm5t t w\ld transgress any laws t c\ld be =mulat$4 ,inde$ ! individual =ms %\ld always be subs]vi5t to ! effect ( ! l9e or page4 ,obs]ve 9 almo/ e example %[n h[ ! =m ( ! same lett] con/antly v>ies 9 "s m9or detail4 ,! draw+ by ,albre*t ,dr]1 reproduc$ 9 #add1 w1 #acd h[ev]1 s]ve to %[ ! con/ruction ( an excell5t ,blacklett]1 :i* may fairly be consid]$ z typical4 ,illu/ration3 #ade4 ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,,f ,,manuscripts ,illu/ration3 #adf4 ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s ,,) ,,r\nd$ ,,angles ,! fir/ ess5tial ( a good ,blacklett] l9e or page is t x %all be ( a uni=m color4 ,unlike ! ,roman1 ! ,blacklett] =m does n p]mit t "o ^w be wid] spac$ ?an o!rs 9 ! same panel4 ,! am\nt ( :ite left betwe5 ! sev]al lett]s %\ld be z ne>ly z possible ! same ?r\gh\t1 approximately ! same z ! space betwe5 ! p]p5dicul> /rokes ( ! m9uscule lett]s !mselves4 ,usually1 ! less ! :ite space ! bett] w be ! g5]al effect ( ! page1 = its beauty dep5ds mu* ^u a g5]al blackness ( aspect2--& let x be not$ 9 pass+ t1 = ?is reason1 x is d\bly difficult to judge ( ! f9al effect ( a ,blacklett] page f any outl9$ p5cil sket*4 ,ev5 9 ! cases ( ^? capital lett]s t ext5d bo? above & bel[ ! guide l9es x w be f\nd possible to s adju/ ! spaces #ace & blacks z n to int]rupt ! g5]al uni=mity ( color1 & x is sometimes advisable to fill awkw>d blanks by fl\ri%es2 al?\gh fl\ri%+1 ev5 9 ,blacklett]1 is an amusem5t t %\ld be indulg$ 9 cauti\sly4 ,z a g5]al rule ! m solidly black a panel ( ,blacklett] is ! bett] 7a pr9ciple too (t5 disreg>d$ 9 ! mod]n use ( ! =m72 ?\gh on ! o!r h&1 ! less legible ! individual lett]s w become4 ,! design] %\ld !re=e endeavor to /e] a middle c\rse1 mak+ 8 panel z black z he c )\t r5d]+ ! individual lett]s illegible4 ,no /yle p]mits m ( lib]ty 9 ! treatm5t ( its sep>ate lett] =ms ?an ! ,blacklett]4 ,! same lett] may require a diff]5t outl9e at ! beg9n+ ( a ^w ?an 9 ! middle or at ! end4 ,! asc5d]s & desc5d]s may be drawn s %ort z h>dly to transc5d ! guide l9es ( ! m9uscules1 or may gr[ into #acf fl\ri%es up & d[n1 to ! "r or to ! left1 to fill awkw>d blanks4 ,inde$ s v>iable are ^! =ms t 9 anci5t examples x is (t5 difficult to recognize an individual lett] ap>t f its context4 ,! two pages drawn by ,mr4 ,goodhue1 #ahh & #ahi1 des]ve c>eful /udy z examples ( mod]n use ( ! ,blacklett]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t almo/ z _m v>iants ( ea* lett] are employ$ z ! numb] us$ w\ld p]mit1 ?us giv+ ! panel v>iety & prev5t+ any appe>ance ( monotony or rigidity4 ,notice ! fre$om & v>iety ( ! swa% l9es 9 ! capitals1 & yet t ea* v]sion is q z graceful1 logical & orig9al z any ( its v>iants4 ,! examples ( old lett]+ reproduc$ 9 figures #adg1 #adh & #adi1 toge!r ) ! draw+s by ,mr4 ,goodhue1 w indicate ! prop] spac+ ( ,blacklett]2 b 9 mo/ ( ! pages "h devot$ to illu/rat+ ! individual =ms ! lett]s h be5 spac$ too wide = _! prop] effect t ea* sep>ate %ape might be %[n di/9ctly4 ,! /yle appe>s at its be/ 9 compositions :i* fill a panel ( m or less geometrical =m1 z1 = example1 ! beautiful title-page reproduc$ 9 #adg4 ,c\ld any?+ be m delightful to ! eye ?an its ri* blackness1 en]getic l9es1 & refre%+ virility8 ,9 ?is design surely we h a specim5 t1 f ! proportion & balance ( its blacks1 is m effective ?an any?+ :i* c\ld h be5 accompli%$ by ! use ( ! m rigid ,roman lett]2 b despite its _m beauties x suff]s f ! inh]5t weakness ( ! individual lett] =ms1--x is m effective ?an readable6 ,illu/ration3 #adg4 ,,italian ,,blacklett] ,,title-,,page4 ,,jacopus ,,=e/i1 #adig ,illu/ration3 #adh4 ,,g]man ,,blacklett] ,,page4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r]1 #aeae ,illu/ration3 #adi4 ,,g]man ,,memorial ,,brass4 ,,meiss51 #aeaj ,illu/ration3 #aej4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,cov] ,,9 ,,blacklett]4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,ano!r excell5t example ( ! old use ( ,blacklett] is ! page f ! pray]book ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 #ach %[n 9 #adh1 9 :i* obs]ve aga9 ! v>iety ( ! individual lett] =ms4 ,figure #adi %[s ! use ( a ,blacklett] on an admirable monum5tal brass1 :i* is reput$ to h be5 design$ by ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,a simil> ,blacklett] =m1 also f a brass1 is %[n at l>g] scale 9 #ahf4 #aci ,any ( ! m9uscule =ms ( ,blacklett] :i* h be5 illu/rat$ may be us$ ) ! ,go?ic capitals ( figures #afd-e1 #aff1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahe1 #ahh-i2 or ) su* ,uncial capitals z are illu/rat$ 9 #aee to #afb2 c>e be+ tak51 ( c\rse1 t ^! capitals are made to agree 9 /yle & weight ) ! small lett]s *os54 ,al?\gh ,uncial capitals are hi/orically m closely alli$ ) ! ,r\nd ,go?ic1 we h abundant prec$5t = _! use ) ! m9uscule ,blacklett] 9 _m ( ! be/ m$ieval specim5s4 ,:5 ! ,go?ic ,uncial capitals 7 cut 9 /one & m>ble !re 0 naturally a correspond+ *ange 9 "*1 z is %[n 9 ! ,italian examples illu/rat$ 9 #afj #adj & #afa4 ,^! examples1 :i* are reproduc$ f rubb+s1 exhibit ! *>act]i/ic /one cut =ms v cle>ly4 ,a ,go?ic ,uncial alphabet r$rawn f a ,g]man brass is illu/rat$ 9 #afb4 ,! gr\p ( specim5s f #aed to #aei exhibit ! *ronological gr[? ( ! ,uncial capitals1 :i* 7 us$1 z has be5 said1 ) ! v>i\s small ,blacklett] =ms1 ?\gh !y 7 also us$ alone to =m words1 z is %[n 9 #afj4 ,! hi/orical progression 9 ^! ,uncial examples is mo/ int]e/+2 &1 all[+ = ! v>iations ( national temp]am5t1 traces itself connect$ly en\gh4 ,figures #aed to #aei are p5 =ms1 :ile #afj to #afc are f /one or metal-cut lett]s4 ,figures #afd to #aff %[ alphabets ( ,go?ic p5-drawn capitals t w s]ve z a basis = su* adaptations z are %[n 9 ! mod]n examples #aeb & #aec4 ,figures #afg to #afi %[ a m elaborate b an excell5t & typical v>iety ( ?is =m ( capital1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & di/9ctive ( ,go?ic lett]s4 ,%orn ( its fussy small l9es ! ma9 skeleton is em95tly virile2 &1 ?\gh extremely difficult to draw1 x _c be surpass$ = c]ta9 limit$ uses4 ,figures #agj to #agc exhibit a gr\p ( ,go?ic capitals m or less alli$ 9 "* & all p5 lett]s4 ,figures #agd to #agf %[ =ms simil> to ^? ( ! previ\s gr\p1 b adapt$ = use 9 v>i\s mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 #aea4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,blacklett]4 ,,walt] ,,puttn] ,illu/ration3 #aeb4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,blacklett]4 ,,otto ,,hupp ,illu/ration3 #aec4 ,,mod]n ,,blacklett]4 ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,abbey ,figures #agg to #agi %[ "s ,engli% ,go?ic lett]s1 ! la/ be+ t employ$ s effectively 9 ! p5-drawn page by ,mr4 ,abbey1 #aec4 ,figures #ahj to #ahd illu/rate v>i\s =ms ( ,blacklett]3 #ahj is f a ,g]man brass1 #ahb illu/rates an ,italian p5 =m1 & #ahc & #ahd %[ #ada ,blacklett]s drawn by ,albre*t ,dr]1 ! latt] be+ ! simple/ & /ronge/ v>iant 9 ?is /yle4 ,x is ! same lett] t is employ$ to %[ ,blacklett] con/ruction 9 diagram #add4 ,figure #ahe %[s ! well-kn[n & unusually beautiful initials design$ by ,dr]4 ,figure #ahf is a ,blacklett] f an ,engli% brass1 al?\gh ! lett] =ms 9 ?is example1 z well z ^? ( _m o!r ,engli% brasses1 may p]haps h be5 d]iv$ f ,fl&]s1 z _m ( ! f9e/ e>ly ,cont95tal brasses 7 import$ f ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,italian =ms ( ,go?ic ,blacklett]s are g5]ally too fussy & f9ik9 to be ( practical value = mod]n use1 ?\gh !y (t5 possess sugge/ive value4 ,! lett]s %[n 9 #ahb are fairly typical ( ! *>act]i/ic ,blacklett] m9uscules ( ,italy4 ,figure #ahg exhibits an example ( beautiful lett]+ 9 ! ,italian /yle1 r$rawn f a rubb+ ( an inlaid floor-slab 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce4 ,! omission ( capitals 9 long1 conf9$ l9es is typical ( _m ,blacklett] inscriptions1 z may be se5 9 #adi1 z well z 9 ! plate j m5tion$4 ,9 view ( ! numb] ( f9e specim5s ( ,blacklett] :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 x has be5 deem$ #adb unnecess>y to reproduce _m examples ( its employm5t by mod]n draughtsm54 ,! pages by ,mr4 ,goodhue1 #ahh-i1 h already be5 ref]r$ to2 & figure #aej %[s a v consi/5t & repres5tative use ( simil> lett] =ms by ! same design]4 ,figures #aij & #aia illu/rate two mod]n v>ieties ( ,blacklett]1 "o v simple & ! o!r v ornate4 ,! small cuts1 #aea & #aeb1 %[ excell5t mod]n ,blacklett]s2 ! fir/1 ( unusually n>r[ =m1 be+ by ,h]r ,walt] ,puttn]1 & ! second1 ) its fl\ri%$ initials1 by ,h]r ,otto ,hupp4 ,illu/ration3 #aed4 ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,initials4 #ab,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #aee4 ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,initials4 #ac,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #aef4 ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ad,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #aeg4 ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ad,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #aeh4 ,,italian ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ad,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #aei4 ,,spani% ,,uncial ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,,juan ,,de ,,yci>1 #aeej ,illu/ration3 #afj4 ,,v5etian ,,wall ,,panel1 #ae,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,f ,,rubb+ ,illu/ration3 #afa4 ,,v5etian ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ae,,? ,,c5tury4 ,f4,c4,b4 ,illu/ration3 #afb4 ,,g]man ,,uncial ,,capitals1 ,,f ,a ,,brass4 #ad,,? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #afc4 ,,fr5* ,,& ,,spani% ,,uncial ,,capitals4 #ad,,? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #afd4 ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,tagli5te1 #af,,? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #afe4 ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,tagli5te1 #af,,? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #aff4 ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,,giov4 ,,palat9o1 #af,,? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #afg4 ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,p4 ,,frank1 #afja ,illu/ration3 #afh4 ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,p4 ,,frank1 #afja ,illu/ration3 #afi4 ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,initials4 ,p4 ,,frank1 #afja ,illu/ration3 #agj4 ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #af,,? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #aga4 ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #af,,? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #agb4 ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ag? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #agc4 ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 #ag? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #agd4 ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,,f ,,manuscripts ,illu/ration3 #age4 ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,,f ,,manuscripts ,illu/ration3 #agf4 ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,,f ,,manuscripts ,illu/ration3 #agg4 ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,text ,,lett]s4 ,,f ,,manuscripts ,illu/ration3 #agh4 ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,lett]s4 #ae? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #agi4 ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,lett]s4 #ae? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ahj4 ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s ,,f ,a ,,brass4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #aha4 ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 #af? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ahb4 ,,italian ,,blacklett]s4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,tagli5te1 #af? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #ahc4 ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r]1 #af? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #ahd4 ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r]1 #af? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #ahe4 ,,g]man ,,go?ic ,,capitals4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r]1 #af? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 #ahf4 ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,blacklett]s4 #ae? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ahg4 ,,italian ,,inlaid ,,blacklett]s4 ,,f ,a ,,rubb+4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #ahh4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,blacklett]s4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,illu/ration3 #ahi4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,blacklett]s4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,goodhue ,illu/ration3 #aij4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s4 ,,aft] ,,julius ,,diez ,illu/ration3 #aia4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,blacklett]s1 ,,fl\ri%$4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #ahb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,italic ,,& ,,script ,! regrettable mod]n neglect ( ^? free & v int]e/+ =ms ( ! ,roman lett]1 ,italic & ,script1 seem to au?orize consid]ation ( !m 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 ev5 at ! risk ( appe>+ to give !m undue importance4 ,illu/ration3 #aib4 ,,g]man ,,italic4 ,,gottlieb ,,mun*1 #agdd ,! fir/ ,italic type lett] 0 d]iv$1 x is said1 f ! h&writ+ ( ,petr>*1 & sev]al admirable examples ( ! /yle1 v>i\sly treat$1 h come d[n to u4 ,z f> z con/ruction goes ,italic is1 !oretically1 only ! exact ,roman =m slop$1 & ) su* *anges z are necessitat$ by ! slop+ ( ! lett]s4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd t c]ta9 alt]ations 9 ! outl9es ( ! ,roman lett]s mu/ be made aft] giv+ !m a slope 9 ord] to adapt !m to _! new requirem5ts ( int]-juxtaposition2 &1 by a reflex action1 :5 words 9 ,italic capitals are us$ 9 ! same panel ) upright ,roman lett]s1 c]ta9 v>iations mu/ be made 9 ! latt]1 su* z acc5t+ ! ,roman ,o 9 ! same fa%ion z ! ,italic ,o is acc5t$1 an alt]$ treatm5t ( s]ifs1 & o!r *anges 9 detail4 ,! ,script =m ( lett] 0 develop$ out ( ! runn+ or writ+ h&1 & /ill reta9s a cursive t5d5cy 9 ! l9k+ toge!r ( its lett]s2 al?\gh 9 "s =ms x s closely approximates to ,italic z to be almo/ #ahc indi/+ui%able f x4 ,script lett]+ came into its greate/ vogue dur+ ! ,georgian p]iod 9 ,engl& & at ! same "t 9 ,france2 & 0 ext5sively employ$1 usually 9 conjunction ) ! upright ,roman1 9 c>v$ panels ( /one or wood1 & 9 engrav+4 ,! ,script =ms are well wor?y ( ! att5tion ( mod]n design]s s9ce !y (f] unusual opportunities = fre$om & individuality ( treatm5t2 & because ( ?is vitality & adaptility to mod]n uses ! pres5t *apt] w be devot$ l>gely to ! illu/ration ( ,script examples4 ,! old ,spani% & ,italian writ+-books 7ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]71 :i* 9 a measure took ! place fill$ s mu* less arti/ically to-day by our mod]n s*ool copybooks1 conta9 _m specim5s ( beautiful ,script1 bo? capitals & small lett]s4 ,figures #aic to #aif %[ pages f su* books publi%$ 9 ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 #aic4 ,,spani% ,,script4 ,,torquato ,,torio1 #ahjb ,illu/ration3 #aid4 ,,spani% ,,scripts4 ,,torquato ,,torio1 #ahjb ,illu/ration3 #aie4 ,,spani% ,,script4 ,,francisco ,,lucas1 #aegg ,illu/ration3 #aif4 ,,spani% ,,cursive4 ,,francisco ,,lucas1 #aegg #ahh ,a simple type ( ,spani% capital ,script lett] is %[n 9 #bja1 :ile a correspond+ small lett]1 r$rawn f a ,spani% s\rce1 is illu/rat$ 9 #bjb4 ,x %\ld be not$ 9 ! latt] figure t ! ?ree l[] l9es are fur!r remov$ f ! ord9>y writ+ h& & are m int]e/+ ?an ! lett]s 9 ! ?ree upp] l9es4 ,illu/ration3 #aig4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,titles4 ,,claude ,,fayette ,,bragdon ,illu/ration3 #aih4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,george ,,:>ton ,,edw>ds ,! ,fr5* arti/s & engrav]s 71 z has be5 said1 among ! fir/ to appreciate ! qualities ( ,script1 & us$ x 9 _m ( _! engrav$ title-pages1 especially dur+ ! reigns ( ,l\is xv4 & xvi4 ,figure #aii %[s a set ( ,fr5* ,script capitals ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xv41 highly fl\ri%$ b m =mal ?an ^? %[n 9 #bja4 ,a =m ( ,script v ne>ly alli$ to ! ,italic 0 frequ5tly us$ = ! lett]+ on head/ones & wall tombs 9 ! *ur*es & *ur*y>ds ( ,engl&4 ,figure #bjc1 9 :i* ! lett]+ is tak5 f a tomb 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 illu/rates ?is /yle ( ,script4 ,a set ( ,script small lett]s ) "s unusual *>act]i/ics1 adapt$ by ,hra*[9a f ! ,g]man ,r5aissance =m %[n 9 outl9e 9 #aib1 is exhibit$ z a solid lett] 9 figure #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 #aii4 ,,fr5* ,,script ,,capitals4 #ah? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #bjj4 ,,g]man ,,script ,,aft] ,,hra*[9a4 #ah? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #bja4 ,,spani% ,,script ,,capitals4 ,,e>ly #ah? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #bjb4 ,,spani% ,,script ,,alphabets4 ,,late #ag? ,,c5tury4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 #bjc4 ,,engli% ,,incis$ ,,script4 ,,f ,,inscriptions4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aid ,illu/ration3 #bjd4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,bruce ,,rog]s ,illu/ration3 #bje4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script4 ,,bruce ,,rog]s ,illu/ration3 #bjf4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,script4 ,,aft] ,,frank ,,haz5plug ,illu/ration3 #bjg4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,italic ,,capitals4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,among mod]n ,am]ican design]s1 ,mr4 ,bruce ,rog]s has admirably succe$$ 9 cat*+ ! ,fr5* & ,georgian _s 9 8 treatm5t ( ! ,script *>act]s2 yet1 nev]!less1 8 lett]+ 9 ?is /yle is /ill mod]n 9 feel+4 ,9 ! title f a book cov]1 #bjd1 ,mr4 ,rog]s has all[$ himself j ! prop] am\nt ( int]lacem5t & fl\ri%+--bo? ( :i* require ! re/ra9t ( a subtle ta/e or ! result may prove to be ov]-elaborate4 ,! page ( lett]+ by ! same design]1 %[n 9 #bje1 is a successful solution ( a difficult problem1 &1 toge!r ) ! book cov]1 w s]ve to exhibit ! possibilities ( ?is /yle ( ,script4 ,mr4 ,george ,:>ton ,edw>ds is ano!r mod]n design] :o has a p5*ant = ! ,script =m4 ,he uses "o di/9ctive & p]sonal /yle ( x 9 :i* ! l>g] lett]s are =m$ by two black l9es sep>at$ by a n>r[ :ite space1 z exhibit$ 9 #aih4 ,! l9es f an adv]tisem5t1 #aig1 by ,mr4 ,claude ,fayette ,bragdon1 9 :i* ,script1 ,italic & ,roman lett]s are comb9$1 are ( especial int]e/ f ! easy mann] 9 :i* ! ?ree diff]5t /yles h be5 adapt$ to ea* o!r & made to h>monize 9 "o small panel1 #aih :ile /ill pres]v+ an appropriate ,georgian aspect4 ,! int]lacem5t & fl\ri%+1 too1 are h&l$ ) comm5dable re/ra9t4 ,few mod]n arti/s h s successfully treat$ ,italic capitals ) ,script fre$om z ,mr4 ,w ,bradley4 ,sometimes employ+ =ms ( ,italic capitals & small lett]s little remov$ f type1 he w aga9 give u an example ( 8 h&iwork 9 :i* ,italic is us$ ) exampl>y fre$om1 z is %[n 9 ! specim5 f a book catalogue1 #aji4 ,! mod]n trick ( wide spac+ (t5 l5ds itself aptly to ! sw+ & fre$om ( ! swa%$ & fl\ri%$ l9es ( ,script1 z may be se5 9 figure #bjg4 ,an excell5t mod]n ,script lett]1 adapt$ f a design by ,mr4 ,frank ,haz5plug1 is %[n 9 #bjf4 ,its heavy face & orig9ality ( =m make x a useful & pleas+ v>iant4 ,illu/ration3 #bjh4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,anonym\s ,illu/ration3 #bji4 ,,mod]n ,,am]ican ,,title4 ,,edw>d ,,p5field ,! magaz9e head+1 by an anonym\s design]1 #bjh1 & ! l9e f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,edw>d ,p5field1 #bji1 sugge/ /ill o!r useful v>ieties ( ! ,script =m4 #aii 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,v ,,to ,,! ,,beg9n] ,! beg9n] 9 any art or craft is likely to h an undue respect = ! m]e in/rum5ts ( 8 trade4 ,he w ev5tually le>n t tools play a mu* less important "p 9 8 "w ?an he at fir/ ?9ks2 b1 z x is unlikely t any sudd5 *ange 9 human nature w occur1 x seems z well to devote "h "s consid]ation to ! tools :i* ! /ud5t w always believe to be an important "p ( 8 equipm5t4 ,he w ultimately asc]ta9 = himself :at is be/ adapt$ to 8 own individual ne$s4 ,?\gh e draughtsman w recomm5d a p5 t he has discov]$ to be especially suitable = 8 own use1 few w be f\nd to agree4 ,p]haps x is safe to say1 h[ev]1 t ! be/ all-r\nd p5 = lett]+ is ! ,gillot ,no4 #cjc4 ,x is n too %>p1 & :5 brok5 9 is flexible & easy4 ,! cr[quill p5 w be f\nd ( little use4 ,x is an advantage to h at h& a l>ge co>se p5 ( little flexibility & smoo? po9t = draw+ heavy l9es ( ev5 wid?4 ,9 us+ wat]-color 9 place ( ink su* a p5 w be f\nd m satisfactory ?an ! ,gillot #cjc1 z ! ?9ness ( ! fluid causes ! l9e to spread :5ev] pressure is appli$ to a limb] & f9ely po9t$ p51 ) ! result t ! l9e is n only broad5$1 b :5 dry %[s d>k] ?an 0 int5d$1 z m color is deposit$ ?an 9 a n>r[ l9e4 ,:5 a #bjj n>r[ l9e ( ev5 wid? & %>pness is desir$ x is be/ to use a new p52 an old] p5 w1 on ! o!r h&1 all[ ( m ease 9 swell+ & broad5+ ! l9e "u pressure4 ,a ?9 dry l9e may be obta9$ by turn+ ! p5 ov] & draw+ ) ! back ( ! nib1 al?\gh if ! p5 s us$ be worn x is apt to h a burr ov] ! po9t t may prev5t its work+ satisfactorily 9 ?is way4 ,a new h>d p5 is likely to be ! cause ( a niggl+ l9e2 a too limb] "o ( a c>eless or undesirably broad l9e4 ,on r>e occasions1 & = obta9+ c]ta9 effects1 a /ub p5 may be f\nd ( value1 b x _c be recomm5d$ to ! beg9n]1 z x is v difficult to f9d "o t has suffici5t flexibility ( nib4 ,quill p5s are und\bt$ly useful 9 draw+ a few types ( lett]s 7see "s ( ! designs by ,mr4 ,walt] ,crane %[n 9 previ\s pages1 = examples7 b1 n to allude to ! difficulty ( prop]ly po9t+ a quill1 :i* seems to be a well-nigh lo/ art n[adays1 ! in/rum5t possesses s _m annoy+ peculi>ities t x is z well to avoid its use until a satisfactory comm& ov] ! m dep5dable /eel p5s has be5 obta9$4 ,a p5cil is1 ( c\rse1 a necessity 9 lay+ out ! fir/ s*eme = lett]+4 ,! s(t] ! p5cil ! m felicit\s w ! composition seem2 b ! beg9n] %\ld gu>d aga9/ be+ too easily pleas$ ) ! effect ?us obta9$1 z x is (t5 due to ! deceptive indef9it5ess ( l9e & pleasant gray tone4 ,:5 ink$-91 9 uncompromis+ black aga9/ ! :ite pap]1 ! draughtsman is apt to f9d t 8 sket* has develop$ _m an imp]fection1 bo? 9 composition & 9 individual lett] %apes1 t ! vague p5cil l9es did n reveal4 #bja ,z to pap]1 ,bri/ol-bo>d has ! be/ smoo? surface = lett]+4 ,! ,engli% bo>d is 9 "s ways bett] ?an ! ,am]ican1 b has ! disadvantage ( be+ made 9 small] %eets4 ,! difficulty ) any smoo? bo>d is t erasures1 ev5 ( p5cil l9es1 are likely to spoil its surface4 ,! r\gh ,/ra?more ,am]ican bo>d has a v grateful surface ^u :i* ! p5 may be us$ ) almo/ z mu* fre$om z ! p5cil4 ,all r\gh surfaces1 h[ev]1 :ile t5d+ to promote int]e/+ l9es1 are n suit$ = c>eful lett]+1 & ! classic & ,italian =ms especially require to be drawn ^u ! smoo!/ possible surface4 ,! ,am]ican ,/ra?more bo>d may also be obta9$ 9 smoo? f9i%2 &1 inde$1 is less injur$ by erasures ?an mo/ ,bri/ol-bo>ds4 ,! prep>$ ,india or c>bon inks su* z ,higg9's or ,c>t]'s are be/ = ! beg9n]2 al?\gh all prep>$ inks h a t5d5cy to get muddy if all[$ to /& op51 & ! s-call$ wat]pro( inks are easily smudg$4 ,9 devis+ a panel ( lett]+1 su* z a title-page = example1 ! draughtsman's fir/ /ep w\ld naturally be to sket* out ! :ole design at a v small size1 say an in* & a half high1 9 p5cil4 ,?is small sket* %\ld det]m9e1 fir/1 ! g5]al balance ( ! page2 second1 ! int]-relations & spac+s ( ! v>i\s l9es & words & _! relative importance & sizes4 ,f ?is ?umb-nail sket* ! design %\ld be drawn out at full size 9 p5cil1 & mu* m c>efully4 ,9 ?is r$raw+ ! sep>ate lett] %apes & _! h>moni\s relations to ea* o!r %\ld be det]m9$1 & su* deviations made f ! small] sket* z seem to b5efit ! effect4 #bjb ,"s draughtsm5 sket* out ea* l9e ( lett]+ sep>ately on ?9 pap]1 & !n1 aft] black5+ ! back ( ?is %eet1 lay ea* l9e ov] ! place :]e x is ne$$ 9 ! design1 trac+ ! outl9es ( ! lett]s ) a h>d po9t1 & ?us transf]r+ !m to ! design b5ea?4 ,9 ?is way a page ( lett]+ may be /udi$ out l9e by l9e1 & accurately plac$ or c5t]$2 b ! process is t$i\s1 & !re is always dang] ( los+ sight ( ! effect z a :ole4 ,9 outl9+ lett]s :i* are ultimately int5d$ to be solidly black$-91 ! beg9n] %\ld gu>d aga9/ mak+ 8 outl9es too wide1 especially z reg>ds ! ?9 l9es1 = ! eye 9 judg+ an outl9e sket* foll[s ! insides ( ! b\nd+ l9es r ?an ! outsides :i* w really be ! outl9es ( ! black$-9 lett]1 s t :5 f9i%$ ! lett] is likely to look heavi] & m clumsy ?an 9 ! sket*4 ,:5 ! entire p5cil s*eme seems satisfactory 9 e detail1 & ea* l9e has be5 exactly det]m9$1 ! :ole %\ld be c>efully ink$-94 ,9 ink+-9 lett]s ! sw+ ( ! arm %\ld be z free & unob/ruct$ z possible4 ,= ! be/ result x is absolutely necess>y to "w at a wide bo>d on a solid table ( conv5i5t height & angle4 ,x is impossible to lett] well 9 a cramp$ or un/eady position4 ,"o ?+ _c be too /rongly urg$ ^u ! beg9n]4 ,nev] use a ,t-squ>e1 triangle or rul+ p5 9 ink+-9 lett]+4 ,x w be f\nd ultimately mu* easi] to tra9 h& & eye to make a /raight & true l9e free-h& ?an to attempt to satisfactorily comb9e a rul$ & free-h& l9e4 ,! free-h& me?od is1 be x ackn[l$g$1 bo? m l5g?y & #bjc difficult at fir/1 b :5 ! draughtsman does f9ally ga9 a ma/]y ov] 8 l9e he has a*iev$ some?+ :i* he w f9d ( ! greate/ value4 ,9 a draw+ to be reproduc$ by me*anical processes1 ! proportions ( ! design are1 ( c\rse1 unalt]ably det]m9$ by ! requir$ panel or page2 b ! size ( ! draw+ may be su* z be/ suits ! incl9ation & conv5i5ce ( ! draughtsman4 ,if ! draw+ is to be r$uc$ 9 size 7& t is ! usual me?od1 because1 9 g5]al1 x is easi] to draw l>ge r ?an small71 ! draughtsman mu/ fir/ decide on ! am\nt ( r$uction to :i* 8 /yle ( r5d]+ & ! subject itself are be/ adapt$1 rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t a draw+ is sure to suff] f excessive r$uction1 n only 9 g5]al effect b 9 int]e/1 = ! quality ( ! l9e is sure 9 a measure to disappe>4 ,a r$uction ( height or wid? by "o-?ird is ! usual am\nt2 b _m ( our mod]n design]s obta9 _! be/ effects by mak+ _! draw+s b a trifle l>g] ?an ! requir$ reproduction4 ,"s ev5 make _! draw+s ( ! same size2 o!rs only f a twelf? to a six? l>g]4 ,z a rule1 ! less ! r$uction ! less ! dep>ture f ! effect ( ! orig9al1 & ! m c]ta9ly satisfactory ! result1 al?\gh m c>eful draw+ & great] exactness ( l9e are necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 #baj4 ,,diagram ,,to ,,%[ ,,me?od ,,( ,,enl>g+ ,a ,,panel ,to keep ! outl9es ( a panel 9 ! same proportion :ile enl>g+ its area = ! purpose ( mak+ a draw+ = reproduction1 lay out ! requir$ f9i%$ size ( ! panel ne> ! upp] left h& corn] ( ! pap]1 & draw a diagonal l9e ?r\gh ! upp] left h& & l[] "r h& corn] ( ?is panel1 ext5d+ x beyond ! panel #bjd b\nd>ies4 ,f any giv5 po9t along ?is diagonal1 l9es drawn p>allel to ! side & top l9es ( ! orig9al panel1 & ext5d$ till !y int]sect ! ext5d$ left side l9e & top l9e ( ! orig9al panel1 w give an outl9e ( ! same proportions z ! requir$ panel4 ,by tak+ v>i\s po9ts on ! diagonal1 panels ( any height or wid? b /ill ( ! prop] proportions may be obta9$ 7see diagram #baj74 ,diagram #baa illu/rates a v>iation ( ! previ\s me?od ( enl>g+ ! proportions ( a panel1 9 :i*1 by ! use ( two diagonals1 bo? p]p5dicul> & horizontal c5t] l9es are reta9$4 ,:5 x is necess>y to lay out a bord] ( a pr$et]m9$ wid? )9 ! requir$ panel1 ! =ego+ me?od c only be us$ to det]m9e ! outside l9es ( su* a bord]1 & x becomes necess>y to make ! draw+ "s num]ical proportion1 say1 "o-half z l>ge aga91 or twice z l>ge z ! f9i%$ panel4 ,! wid? ( ! bord] w !n be ( ! same proportionate wid?4 ,! beg9n] w f9d x always wise to base 8 lett]+ on p5cil$ top & bottom guide l9es1 & occasionally to add wai/ guide l9es1 z 9 #aic4 ,inde$1 x is r>e t ev5 accompli%$ lett]]s disp5se ) ^! simple aids4 ,^! guide l9es %\ld inv>iably be laid-9 ) ! #bje ,t-squ>e & triangle4 ,aft] draw+ ! horizontal guides1 x is (t5 advisable to run a few p]p5dicul> l9es up & d[n ! pap]1 :i* w s]ve to gu>d aga9/ ! v common likelihood ( ! lett]s acquir+ a tilt4 ,9 draw+ ,italic1 ,script1 & all slop+ lett]s num]\s slop+ guide l9es are especially necess>y2 see #aic4 ,p]p5dicul> guide l9es w be f\nd ( m>k$ assi/ance1 also 9 draw+ ,go?ic small lett]s1 :i*1 z !y d n come aga9/ ! top & bottom guide l9es squ>ely1 b at an angle1 are (t5 deceptive4 ,illu/ration3 #baa4 ,,diagram ,,to ,,%[ ,,me?od ,,( ,,enl>g+ ,a ,,panel ,if x is desirable to make two l9es ( lett]+ ( ! same l5g?1 al?\gh !y conta9 an unequal numb] ( lett]s1 ?is may be effect$--provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! numb] ( lett]s does n v>y too greatly--by broad5+ or n>r[+ ! lett]s t occur 9 "o l9e b n 9 ! o!r1 & by v>y+ ! spac+s ab\t ! ,i's & ! op5 lett]s4 ,note1 = example1 ! spac+ ( ! upp] l9es 9 ! po/] by ,mr4 ,crane1 #hg4 ,x is by no means ess5tial to draw ! same lett] always exactly alike ev5 9 ! same l9e2 9 fact1 v>iation is g5]ally dem&$ by ! diff]5t surr\nd+s & neighbor+ lett]s4 ,s long z ! g5]al "* ( ! lett] rema9s un*ang$ 9 its di/9ctive features1 su* z weight1 #bjf treatm5t ( s]ifs1 angles1 height ( wai/ & cross l9es1 etc41 its wid? & outl9es may be v>i$ & arrang$ to help out ! spac+ )\t int]f]+1 to any noticeable ext5t1 ) ! uni=m appe>ance ( ! l9e4 ,9 ,roman lett]+ emphasis may be obta9$ = any special ^w by spac+ its lett]s f>!r ap>t4 ,?is has some?+ ( ! same emphasiz+ effect z ! use ( ,italic1 )\t s greatly break+ ! h>mony ( ! l9e4 ,mu* ( ! lett]+ ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance %[s a v subtle appreciation ( ?is use1 & 9 "s ( ! mo/ beautiful inscriptions ! important words are (t5 s diff]5tiat$1 :ile o!rs are emphasiz$ by slightly l>g] *>act]s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 & )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! wid] a lett] ! m legible x is likely to be4 ,blackness & boldness ( /em alone w n make a lett] readable4 ,wid?1 boldness ( hair l9es & s]ifs1 & a prop] am\nt ( surr\nd+ :ite space are m ess5tial4 ,! ,roman lett] is m legible ?an ! ,blacklett] ma9ly because x is black aga9/ a roomy :ite gr\nd2 :ile ,blacklett]1 on ! contr>y1 is really def9$ by small int]rupt$ areas ( :ites ^u a black gr\nd4 ,a common limitation ( _m draughtsm5 is t !y become accompli%$ 9 ! r5d]+ ( b "o /yle ( lett]1 & f9d !mselves oblig$ to use x on all occasions1 :e!r x be suit$ to ! "w 9 h& or n1 because !y c comm& no o!r4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 design]s1 ( c\rse1 ! individuality ( _! "w is /rong en\gh to b9d bo? lett]+ & design s closely toge!r t !y c nev] seem at dissonance2 b1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! adh]ance to ! use ( b #bjg "o type ( lett] c be b n>r[+4 ,! beg9n] is urg$1 !re=e1 to practice ! use ( _m /yles1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( ga9+ an imm$iate ma/]y ov] no "o =m4 ,he w f9d himself amply repaid 9 ! end by ! increase 9 fre$om & v>iety4 ,:ile ! /ud5t %\ld possess en\gh k ( ! hi/oric /yles & examples ( lett]+ to prev5t him f us+ incongru\s or ana*ron\s =ms 9 ! same design1 hi/oric accuracy ne$ n prev5t him f engraft+ ! *>act]i/ics ( dissimil> /yles ^u "o ano!r1 provid$ t ! results prove h>moni\s & appropriate4 ,f9ally1 ! draughtsman's fir/ aim %\ld be to make 8 lett]+ readable3 aft] ?is has be5 accompli%$ he %\ld /rive to give x beauty4 ,art 9 lett]+ is only to be atta9$ by solv+ ! problem ( legibility 9 ! way mo/ pleas+ to ! eye4 ,good lett]+ %\ld appeal bo? to ! eye & to ! m9d4 ,only :5 x comb9es legibility ) beauty c x be excell5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,a41 #f1 #i4 ,abbey1 ,edw9 ,a41 #ig1 #acb1 #adj4 ,acc5t+1 ( ,blacklett]s1 #acb2 ( ,roman ,capitals1 #b2 ( ,m9uscules1 #ef2 ( ,r\nd ,go?ic1 #acb2 ( ,italic & ,script1 #ahb4 ,am]ican ,lett]+1 ,mod]n ,roman1 #ec1 #fd1 #ge1 #hb1 #ig2 ,classic ,roman1 #c1 #ad2 ,go?ic1 #acb1 #acf1 #adj1 #adb2 ,italic1 #aid1 #aih2 ,script1 #aid1 #aih4 ,anglo-,saxon ,lett]s1 #df1 #dg2 mod]n use (1 #df4 ,asc5d]s1 height above body1 #eg2 9 ,*elt5ham ,old ,/yle type1 #ga2 9 ,go?ic1 #aca2 9 ,blacklett]s1 #ace4 ,a%bee1 ,c4 ,r41 #gd4 ,auriol1 ,george1 #hh4 ,b41 #f4 ,badia1 ,flor5ce1 lett]+ f1 #de4 ,bell1 ,rob]t ,ann+1 #if4 ,black$-9 lett]s1 #bjb4 ,blacklett]s1 #abg1 #aca1 #acb1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb2 acc5ts (1 #acb2 asc5d]s & desc5d]s (1 #ace2 capitals = use )1 #acd1 #acf1 #aci2 a cond5s$ =m ( ,go?ic1 #abh2 con/ruction (1 #acb1 #ada2 def9ition (1 #abh1 #aca2 effect ( page (1 #acb2 ) ,roman lett]s1 #gb2 ev5 color (1 #acd2 fl\ri%es1 #ace2 individual lett] =ms1 #acb1 #acf2 illegibility (1 #ace1 #acf1 #bjf2 a "p-,roman =m1 #hd2 a n>r[ =m1 #acb2 old examples (1 #acf2 9 panel =ms1 #acf2 us$ solidly1 #acd1 #ace2 spac+ (1 #acd1 #acf2 v>iety (1 #hb1 #acb1 #ace1 #acf4 ,bonn>d1 ,pi]re1 #ia1 #ib4 ,bord]1 to lay out a1 #bjd4 ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y1 #ad4 ,bragdon1 ,claude ,fayette1 #fd1 #aaa1 #aid4 ,brasses1 ,blacklett]s f1 #ach1 #adj4 ,bridwell1 ,h4 ,l41 #h1 #aab4 ,bri/ol-bo>d1 #bja4 ,byzant9e influ5ce on ,italian lett]+1 #de4 ,c41 #h4 ,capitals1 us$ ) ,roman m9uscules1 #eg2 ) ,r\nd ,go?ic1 #acb2 ) ,blacklett]s1 #acf1 #aci2 7see also "u ,blacklett]1 ,roman1 ,go?ic1 ,italic1 ,mod]n ,roman ,capitals1 ,script1 ,r\nd ,go?ic1 ,uncial74 ,c>ol9e ,text1 #eb4 ,caslon1 ,william1 #fd2 8 type1 #fi4 ,c5t]+ l9es ( lett]+1 #bjb4 ,*>lemagne1 #eb4 ,*elt5ham ,old ,/yle type1 #ga4 ,*elt5ham ,press1 ,!1 #ga4 ,*isel-cut guide l9es1 #c4 ,classic ,capitals1 see ,roman ,capitals4 ,classic =ms ( lett]s1 to draw1 #c1 #f1 #bja2 composition (1 #f2 ,italian ,r5aissance1 #ae1 #bg1 #cj4 ,colonial lett]+1 #aag4 ,con/ant9e1 ,ar* (1 lett]+ f1 #aa4 ,con/ruction1 ( ,blacklett]s1 #acb2 ( ,roman ,capitals1 #c1 #f2 ( ,roman ,m9uscules1 #ec1 #ef4 ,craig1 ,gordon1 #ie1 #if4 ,crane1 ,walt]1 #dg1 #ib1 #bjj1 #bje4 ,cross-b> 9 ,roman ,capitals1 #f4 ,cursive ,lett]s1 #ia1 #abb4 ,cursive t5d5cy 9 ,script lett]+1 #ahb4 ,d41 #h4 ',dance ( ,dea?1' ,holbe9's1 #aag4 ,day1 ,lewis ,f41 #ic4 ,desc5d]s1 7see ,asc5d]s74 ,de ,v9ne1 ,!o4 ,l41 #fi4 ,dove's ,press1 ,!1 #fi4 ,draw+ ( lett]s1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bje2 = reproduction1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,dr]1 ,albre*t1 #ca1 #acb1 #ach1 #ada4 ,e41 #f1 #ajd4 ,e>ly ,go?ic1 7see ,r\nd ,go?ic74 ,e>ly ,pr9t+1 #eb1 #fd1 #ga4 ,edw>ds1 ,edw>d ,b41 #aaf4 ,edw>ds1 ,george ,:>ton1 #aid4 ,emphasis 9 lett]+1 plac+ (1 #bjf 7see also ,acc5t+74 ,engli% ,brasses d]iv$ f ,fl&]s1 #ada4 ,engli% ,go?ic1 #adj1 #ada4 ,engli% lett]+1 mod]n1 #ge1 #hb1 #ib4 ,engli%1 ,lett]s1 #dg2 ,script1 #ahh1 7see also ,anglo-,saxon74 ,engrav$ ,title-pages1 ,fr5*1 #ahh4 ,enl>g+ ,draw+s1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,f41 #f1 #ajd4 f41 #ef4 ,fell1 ,h4 ,granville1 #if4 ,fl&]s1 ,brasses f1 #ada4 ,fl\ri%+1 ( ,blacklett]s1 #ace2 ( ,script1 #aid1 #aih4 ,free-h& l9es1 #bjb4 ,fr5*1 mod]n lett]+1 #gd1 #hb1 #hf2 ,script1 #ahh1 #aid4 ,fre$om1 9 lett]+1 #ec1 #gd1 #hb1 #ib1 #ajb1 #aah1 #abb1 #bja2 9 ,blacklett]s1 #acf2 9 ,go?ic1 #abg2 9 ,italic1 #aih2 9 k]ns1 s]ifs & swa%-l9es1 etc41 #ec2 9 ,roman lett]s1 #hb2 9 ,script1 #ahc4 ,g41 #h4 g41 #eg4 ,georgian ,engli% lett]+1 #aag1 #ahc1 #aid1 #aih4 ,g]man lett]+1 mod]n1 #gd1 #hb1 #hd1 #ib2 e>ly1 #aaj1 #aag2 ,script1 #eb1 #ahh2 types1 #eb4 ,goodhue1 ,b]tram ,grosv5or1 #ga1 #ajb1 #acf1 #adb4 ,go?ic ,capitals1 = use ) ,blacklett]s1 #aci2 p5 drawn1 #adj2 n to be us$ to =m words1 #acb4 ,go?ic1 ,engli%1 7see ,engli% ,go?ic74 ,go?ic lett]+1 #abg1 #aca1 #acd1 #bje2 cut 9 /one1 #adj2 7see also ,blacklett]s & ,uncial74 ,granite1 lett]s cut 91 #aa1 #ad1 7see also ,/one-cut1 ,v-sunk & ,incis$74 ,grasset1 ,eugne1 #hf4 ,greek type1 #gc4 ,groli] ,club1 #fi4 ,guide-l9es1 #c1 #bjd4 ,h41 #f4 ,half-,uncial1 #eb4 ,h>v>d ,ar*itectural ,build+1 lett]+ on1 #ad4 ,haz5plug1 ,frank1 #aaf1 #aih4 ,hi/oric /yles ( lett]+1 k (1 #bjg4 ,holbe9's ',dance ( ,dea?' initials1 #aag4 ,horne1 ,h]b]t ,p41 #gb4 ,hra*[9a1 ,c41 #ahh4 ,hupp1 ,otto1 #adb4 ,i41 #h1 #i2 space ar\nd1 #bje4 ,illegibility ( ,blacklett]s1 #ace1 #acf4 ,image1 ,selwyn1 #gc1 #ic4 ,incis$ lett]s 9 /one1 ,go?ic1 #aci1 #adj2 ,classic ,roman1 #i1 #ad1 #de2 7see also ,granite1 ,inlaid1 ,m>ble1 ,s&/one1 ,v-sunk & ,/one-cut74 ,ink1 #bja4 ,ink+-9 lett]+1 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,inlaid lett]+1 ,go?ic1 #ada4 ,int]lacem5t ( ,script lett]s1 #aid4 ,int]-relation ( lett]s1 #f1 #ace1 #bja4 ,iorio1 ,adrian ,j41 #ajg4 ,iri% lett]s1 7see ,anglo-,saxon74 ,italian1 ,blacklett]s1 #aci1 #ada2 mod]n lett]+1 #ib2 ,r5aissance 7see ,r5aissance72 ,roman small lett]s1 #fd2 types1 #eb2 writ+-books1 #fd1 #ahc2 lett]s1 draw+ (1 #bja4 ,italic1 #eb1 #ahb1 #ahh1 #aid1 #aih2 capitals1 #ahb1 #aih2 draw+ (1 #bje2 emphasis (1 #bjf4 ,j41 #h4 j41 #ef4 ,j5son1 ,ni*olas1 #fd4 ,jones1 ,a4 ,g>?1 #if4 ,k41 #f4 k41 #ef4 ,k]ns1 #ec1 #ef4 ,kimball1 ,h4 ,+alls1 #ga4 ,l41 #ajd4 ,late ,go?ic1 7see ,blacklett]74 ,lay+ out1 lett]+1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje2 a bord]1 #bjd4 ,le ,b\tilli]1 ,addison ,b41 #aaj4 ,legibility ( lett]+1 #bjf1 #bjg2 ( ,r\nd ,go?ic1 #acb4 ,lett]s1 outl9es (1 #bjb1 #bjf2 wid?s (1 #bjf2 to lay out1 #bje2 execution ( 9 v>i\s mat]ials1 #ad2 7see also ,brasses1 ,inlaid1 ,m>ble1 ,granite1 ,p5 & ,pr9t$ =ms1 ,s&/one1 ,type74 ,l9es1 heavy1 #aii2 n>r[1 #aii2 ?91 #bjj2 9 wat]-color1 #bjj2 freeh&1 #bjb1 #bjc2 rul$1 #bjb4 ,l9k+1 ( ,blacklett]s1 #acf2 ( ,r\nd ,go?ic1 #acb2 ( ,roman ,capitals1 #de2 ( ,script1 #ahb4 ,l[ell1 ,orson1 #aag4 ,m41 #b1 #bh4 m41 #ef4 ,m>ble1 lett]s cut 91 #ag1 #bg1 7see also ,incis$1 ,inlaid74 ,m>supp9i tomb1 ,flor5ce1 #bh4 ,magonigle1 ,h4 ,van ,bur51 #ajb4 ,mc,kim1 ,mead ,:ite1 ar*itects1 #ad4 ,m$als1 lett]+ on1 #cj4 ,m]rym\nt ,press1 ,!1 #ga1 #gb4 ,m]rym\nt type1 #ga4 ,m9uscule1 #a2 mod]n ,roman1 #eb1 #ec1 #ef1 #eg1 #fd2 monum5tal uses1 #eg2 composition (1 #fd2 gr[+ use (1 #gf1 #abb2 spac+ (1 #eg2 7see also1 ,roman1 ,go?ic1 ,italic1 ,script74 ,mod]n lett]+1 7see "u c\ntries1 ,am]ican1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian74 ,mod]n ,roman ,capitals1 #f2 7see ,*apt] ,,ii74 ,mod]n type1 7see ,type74 ,montaigne type1 #fi4 ,mont' ,allegro type1 #gc4 ,moore1 ,gu]nsey1 #aaf4 ,morris1 ,william1 #gb2 types (1 #fi4 ,mu*a1 ,alphons ,m41 #ia4 ,n41 #b4 ,ne!rl&s1 brasses f1 #ada4 ,new1 ,edmund ,h41 #if4 ,ni*olson1 ,william1 #ie4 ,o41 #h1 #ahb4 o41 #ahb ,optical ,illusions 9 ,roman ,capitals1 #h4 ,outl9e lett]s1 #bjb4 ,p41 #f4 ,pan!on1 ,rome1 ,raphael's tomb1 #bg4 ,pap]s1 draw+1 #bja4 ,p>*m5t1 #abh4 ,p>ri%1 ,maxfield1 #aaj1 #abb4 ,p>sons1 ,alfr$1 #if4 ,p5s1 #aii1 #bja2 cr[quill1 #aii2 re$1 #b2 rul+1 #bjb2 /ub1 #bjj2 quill1 #bjj4 ,p5 drawn =ms ( lett]s1 #i1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #de1 #ef1 #fd1 #gd1 #gf1 #abb1 #adj1 #ahb1 #aii1 #bjb4 ,p5cils1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,p5field1 ,edw>d1 #ajj1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aih4 ,petr>*1 #eb2 h&writ+ (1 #ahb4 ,pisano1 ,vittore1 #cj4 ,po/ ,old ,/yle type1 #aaf4 ,presses1 7see ,m]rym\nt1 ,vale1 ,riv]side1 ,*elt5ham1 ,dove's1 & ,de ,v9ne74 ,pr9t$ =ms ( ,roman lett]s1 #i1 #cj1 #eb1 #ec1 #ef1 #fd1 #fi1 #abb4 ,pr9t]s1 ,g]man1 #eb2 ,italian1 #eb1 #fd2 ,am]ican1 #fi2 ,engli%1 #fd1 #fi1 #gb1 #gc2 ,v5etian1 #ec1 #fd4 ,proportions ( a design1 #bjc4 ,puttn]1 ,walt]1 #adb4 ,pyle1 ,h[>d1 #aag4 ,q41 #b1 #h1 #ib4 ,quadrigesimale1 #fi4 ,quill p5s1 #bjj2 me?od ( hold+1 #b1 #aca4 ,r41 #b1 #f1 #h4 ,railton1 ,h]b]t1 #if4 ,raphael's tomb1 lett]+ f1 #bg4 ,r$uction ( draw+s1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,r5aissance1 lett]s1 #ae1 #bg1 #cj2 arti/s ( !1 #ec2 lett]+ ( ! ,italian1 #bjf2 m$als1 #cj2 purity ( lett] %apes1 #fi4 ,r5n]1 #fi4 ,r5n] type1 #fi4 ,reproduction ( draw+s1 #bjc4 ,ricketts1 ,*>les1 #ic4 ,riv]side ,press1 ,!1 #fi4 ,rog]s1 ,bruce1 #fi1 #aid4 ,roman ,capitals1 #a1 #bg2 7see also ,mod]n ,roman72 ?ick & ?9 l9es (1 #a1 #f2 model =1 #c2 rules =1 #b2 squ>5ess (1 #a1 #f1 #aca2 peculi>ities (1 #f1 #h4 ,roman lett]s1 #abg1 #acf2 ) ,italic1 #ahb2 comb9$ ) ,script & ,italic1 #aid2 cross b>s (1 #f2 def9ition (1 #a2 legibility (1 #bjf2 wai/ l9es (1 #f2 wid? proportions (1 #f4 ,roman m9uscules1 7see ,m9uscule74 ,roman =ms1 ,go?ic ,_s 91 #hd2 ,uncial1 #abh4 ,romanesque influ5ce on ,italian lett]+1 #de4 ,ross1 ,alb]t ,r41 #c1 #aa1 #cb1 #ef4 ,roty1 ,o41 #cj4 ,r\nd ,go?ic1 analysis (1 #aca2 def9ition (1 #aca2 capitals to use )1 #acb1 #aci4 ,r\nd lett]s1 capitals1 #b1 #c2 ,m9uscules1 #ef1 #ga2 /one-cut1 #c1 #i4 ,rubb+s1 f inscriptions1 #aa1 #af4 ,rul+ p51 #bjb4 ,s41 #h4 ,s&/one1 lett]s cut 91 #ad4 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 lett]+ f1 #bh1 #ada4 ,script1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aid1 #aih2 capitals1 #ahh2 cursive t5d5cy 91 #ahb2 develop$ f writ+ h&s1 #ahb2 draw+ (1 #bje2 ,fr5*1 #ahh2 ,g]man1 #ahh2 on ,engli% head/ones & wall tombs1 #ahh2 ,spani%1 #ahh2 us$ 9 engrav+s1 #ahh2 us$ ) upright ,roman1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,s]ifs1 #h1 #af2 def9ition (1 #c2 9 ,m9uscule lett]s1 #ec1 #fi1 #ga2 9 ,italic lett]s1 #ahb2 treatm5t (1 #bjf4 ,s]lio1 ,seba/ian1 #c1 #aa1 #cb4 ,%ad[s 9 ,v-sunk lett]s1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad4 ,%aw1 ,byam1 #if4 ,simpson1 ,joseph ,w41 #ic4 ,small lett]s1 7see ,m9uscule1 also ,mod]n ,roman1 ,go?ic1 ,script & ,italic74 ,spac+1 ( ,classic ,roman lett]s1 #f1 #h2 ( ,blacklett]s1 #abh1 #acd1 #acf2 ( ,m9uscules1 #ec1 #ef1 #eg2 ( type1 #ef2 ( ,montaigne type1 #fi2 ( ,*elt5ham type1 #ga2 ( lett]s & words1 #bja1 #bje2 emphasis obta9$ by1 #bjf4 ,spani%1 ,script1 #ahh2 ,roman lett]s1 #fd2 writ+-books1 #fd1 #ahc4 ,/one-cut lett]s1 ,roman1 #c1 #i1 #ad2 7see also ,incis$1 ,v-sunk1 ,granite1 ,m>ble1 ,s&/one74 ,sullivan1 ,james ,f41 #if4 ,swa% l9es1 #b1 #ec1 #acf4 ,t41 #h1 #bh4 ,tagli5te1 ,g4 ,a41 #ca4 ,?ompson1 ,hugh1 #if4 ,tory1 ,ge(frey1 #ca4 ,t[ns5d1 ,h>ry ,ev]ett1 #aag4 ,transf]r+ ( lett]+1 #bjb4 ,type1 #i1 #eb1 #fd1 #gd4 ,type-f\nd]s1 #i1 #ef1 #fd4 ,type models = p5 lett]+1 use (1 #gd1 #gf1 #abb4 ,uncial lett]s1 #de1 #gf1 #hd1 #ib1 #abh2 ,go?ic1 #aci2 meta =ms (1 #adj2 p5 =ms (1 #adj2 /one-cut1 #adj2 /one & m>ble1 #aci4 ,updike1 ,d4 ,b]keley1 #ga4 ,v41 #i4 ,vale ,press1 ,!1 #ic4 ,van ,rysselb]ghe1 ,!o41 #ia4 ,v5etian pr9t]s1 #ec1 #fd4 ,v]neuil1 ,m4 ,p41 #hf4 ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 #ca4 ,v-sunk ,roman lett]+1 #i1 #aj1 #ad2 7see also ,incis$74 ,w41 #i4 w41 #ef4 ,wai/ l9es1 #f1 #bjd2 ( ,roman lett]s1 #f1 #bjd1 #bjf4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,engl&1 #ahh4 ,wid? proportions1 ( ,roman ,capital lett]s1 #f4 ,writ+-books1 #fd1 #ahc4 ,writ+ h&1 #ahh2 ( ,petr>*1 #ahb2 ,script develop$ f1 #ahb4 ,x41 #f4 ,y41 #f4 y41 #ef4 ,z41 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bates ,,guild ,,company',s ,,publications ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,by ,,*>les ,d4 ,,mag9nis ,an illu/rat$ treatise1 ) _m examples ( ! "w ( all ! m em95t mod]n p5 draughtsm54 ,a practical text-book1 :i* aims to put ! /ud5t 9 ! mo/ direct way ( atta9+ successful pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( draw+4 ,! book is v useful2 all ! features are good4--,,john ,p4 ,,kuhl1 ,c>l/adt1 ,n4 ,j4 ,i h le>n$ a great deal 9 a %ort "t f ,mr4 ,mag9nis's treatise4--,h4 ,e4 ,,hunt1 ,ambridge1 ,pa4 ,i h f\nd x a great help 9 p5 draw+1 & consid] x a mo/ in/ructive book4--,,wm4 ,e4 ,,mev9s1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,w\ld recomm5d x to any "o wi%+ to d p5 draw+ or to a /ud5t wi%+ to take up ! "w z ,i did4--,e4 ,e4 ,,*ri/oph]1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,i f9d x a mo/ delightful little book1 valuable = ! /ud5t1 z also = ^? desir\s ( ga9+ "s insight into ?is art4--,,*as4 ,j4 ,,fellg]1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,! illu/rations are excell5t1 & ! in/ructions cle> & to ! po9t4 ,x is a guide to ! beg9n] & mat]ial help to ! exp]i5c$4 ,i am v pleas$ ) x4--,a4 ,e4 ,,buckl]1 ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ',p5 ,draw+' has b5efit$ me a great deal1 z x w\ld anybody :o made a prop] use ( x4 ,its _m illu/rations1 toge!r ) _! descriptive text1 make ! book :at ,i ?9k x 0 int5d$ =1 a good tea*]4--,h4 ,w4 ,,bonnah1 ,port ,huron1 ,mi*4 ,i ?9k x a mo/ excell5t little book1 well wor? c>eful read+ by any arti/ or draughtsman4 ,ev]y?+ seems to me cle>ly /at$ & all po9ts aptly illu/rat$ ) good examples4 ,i d n see h[ x c\ld be mu* bett] = ! price4--,s4 ,,gif=d ,,slocum1 ,ar*itect1 ,new ,york ,city ,,price1 ,,po/age ,,prepaid1 #a4ej #add ,,congress ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bates ,,guild ,,company',s ,,publications ,,details ,,( ,build+ ,con/ruction ,by ,,cl>5ce ,a4 ,,m>t9 ,a collection or #cc plates1 #aj #ab in*es1 giv+ ov] #cjj sep>ate details cov]+ all ! ord9>y me?ods ( build+1 & 9 _m cases %[+ alt]native me?ods4 ,! plates are models ( detail draw+1 & ! text is 9 ! =m ( notes lett]$ on ! draw+s4 ,i ?9k x a valuable book to h ne> "o 9 ! draught+-room4--,c4 ,a4 ,,mcgre51 ,columbus1 ,o4 ,i h /udi$ all ! details & ,i h f\nd !m v pr(itable to me4--,,erne/ ,h4 ,,d[n+1 ,new ,york ,city ,?is book & ',kidd]'s' are two t ,i c\ld h>dly get along )\t4--,,lor5 ,o4 ,,kirk1 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 ,! be/ book ( its k9d on ! m>ket4 ,x is concise1 practical1 saves "t & gives new ideas4--,s4 ,r4 ,,quick1 ,=t ,coll9s1 ,col4 ,x saves me consid]able "t1 is twice wor? ! price ,i paid = x1 & also gives me endless numb] ( new ideas4--,,john ,,s*i]1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,has sav$ me "t1 labor & tr\ble4 ,a good book = ready ref]5ce 9 ! draught+-room4--,a4 ,c4 ,,/or*1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,! "w has prov5 to be v useful to me1 & ,i d n hesitate to recomm5d x highly1 especially to /ud5ts4--,w4 ,r4 ,,tr[bridge1 ,altoona1 ,pa4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ,i h pur*as$ f y at lea/ #be or #cj copies4 ,my cu/om]s are well pleas$ ) x4--,,?omas ,,h5ry1 ,book ,deal]1 ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,! mo/ practical "w on ! subject !re is1 or at lea/ t ,i h se54 ,i h nev] regrett$ ! money ,i paid = x1 & ! book is always ne> at h&4--,h4 ,a4 ,,goodspe$1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,price1 ,,po/age ,,prepaid1 #b4ej #add ,,congress ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bates ,,guild ,,company',s ,,publications ,,ar*itectural ,,%ades ,,%ad[s ,by ,,h5ry ,mc,g,o,o,d,w,i,n ,! purpose & usefulness ( ?is book is tw(old3 x is int5d$1 fir/1 z a practical ref]5ce h&-book = ! ar*itect's (fice--a diction>y1 z x 71 ( all ! %ades & %ad[s ( ^? ar*itectural =ms & details :i* are us$ 9 r5d]+ draw+s2 & second1 z a cle> & accurate c\rse ( /udy 9 ! me?ods ( det]m9+ %ad[s1 = use 9 s*ools1 (fices1 & ateli]s4 ,z a text-book = draughtsm5 x is ! cle>e/ & mo/ ?or\gh "w t has ev] be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,! /udy is approa*$ f ! /&po9t & 9 ! language ( ! ar*itect r ?an ( ! geometrician2 & great pa9s h be5 tak5 to demon/rate e problem 9 ! simple/ t]ms & by ! simple/ me?ods4 ,! book measures #i #ab in*es1 & is sub/antially b\nd 9 clo?4 ,,price1 ,,express ,,paid1 #d4jj #add ,,congress ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration