,! ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india ,by ,r4,v4 ,russell ,( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,e?nography1 ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,assi/$ by ,rai ,bahadur ,hira ,lal ,extra ,assi/ant ,commission] ,publi%$ ,"u ! ,ord]s ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,adm9i/ration ,9 ,f\r ,volumes ,vol4 ,i4 ,macmillan & ,co41 ,limit$ ,/4 ,m>t9's ,/reet1 ,london4 #aiaf ,,preface ,?is book is ! result ( ! arrangem5t made by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 on ! sugge/ion ( ! late ,sir ,h]b]t ,risley1 = ! prep>ation ( an e?nological acc\nt deal+ ) ! inhabitants ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal ,prov9ces ( ,india4 ,! "w = ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 0 entru/$ to ! au?or1 & its prep>ation1 und]tak5 9 addition to ord9>y (ficial duties1 has be5 spread ov] a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! prescrib$ plan 0 t a sep>ate acc\nt %\ld be writt5 ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal tribes & ca/es1 accord+ to ! me?od adopt$ 9 ,sir ,h]b]t ,risley's ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal4 ,?is 0 consid]$ to be desirable z ! book is int5d$ prim>ily z a "w ( ref]5ce = ! (fic]s ( ,gov]nm5t1 :o may desire to "k some?+ ( ! cu/oms ( ! p among :om _! "w lies4 ,x has ! disadvantage ( involv+ a l>ge am\nt ( repetition ( ! same or v simil> /atem5ts ab\t diff]5t ca/es1 & ! result is likely !re=e to be some:at di/a/eful to ! ord9>y read]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no d\bt t ?is me?od ( treatm5t1 if consci5ti\sly foll[$ out1 w produce m exhau/ive results ?an a g5]al acc\nt4 ,simil> works = "s o!r ,prov9ces h already appe>$1 z ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke's ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 ,mr4 ,edg> ,?ur/on's ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india1 & ,mr4 ,ananta ,kri%na ,iy]'s volumes on ,co*91 :ile a ,gloss>y = ! ,punjab by ,mr4 ,h4,a4 ,rose has be5 p>tly publi%$4 ,! articles on ,religions & ,sects 7 n 9 ! orig9al s*eme ( ! "w1 b h be5 subsequ5tly add$ z be+ necess>y to r5d] x a complete e?nological acc\nt ( ! population4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ! adh]5ts ( ! religion or sect are f\nd only 9 v small numb]s 9 ! ,prov9ce1 & ! articles h be5 compil$ f /&>d works4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! book mu* use has necess>ily be5 made ( ! /&>d e?nological acc\nts ( o!r p>ts ( ,india1 especially ,colonel ,tod's ,annals & ,antiquities ( ,raja/han1 ,mr4 ,j4,d4 ,=bes' ,rasmala or ,annals ( ,guj>at1 ,colonel ,dalton's ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 ,dr4 ,bu*anan's ,ea/]n ,india1 ,sir ,d5zil ,ibbetson's ,punjab ,c5sus ,report = #ahha1 ,sir ,john ,malcolm's ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 ,sir ,edw>d ,gait's ,b5gal & ,india ,c5sus ,reports & article on ,ca/e 9 ,dr4 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,colonel 7,sir ,william7 ,sleeman's ,report on ! ,badhaks & ,ramaseeana or ,vocabul>y ( ! ,?ugs1 ,mr4 ,k5n$y's ,crim9al ,classes ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 ,major ,gun?orpe's ,crim9al ,tribes ( ,bombay1 ,b]> & ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ! books ( ,mr4 ,crooke & ,sir ,h4 ,risley already m5tion$1 & ! mass ( valuable e?nological mat]ial conta9$ 9 ! ,bombay ,gazette] 7,sir ,j4 ,campbell71 especially ! admirable volumes on ,h9dus ( ,guj>at by ,mr4 ,bhimbhai ,kirp>am1 & ,p>sis & ,muhammadans ( ,guj>at by ,khan ,bahadur ,fazlullah ,lutfullah ,f>idi1 & ,mr4 ,kh>s$ji ,nas>vanji ,se]vai1 ,j4,p41 & ,khan ,bahadur ,bamanji ,behramji ,patel4 ,o!r ,indian e?nological works f :i* ,i h made quotations are ,dr4 ,wilson's ,indian ,ca/e 7,times ,press & ,messrs4 ,blackwood74 ,bi%op ,we/cott's ,kabir & ! ,kabirpan? 7,bapti/ ,mission ,press1 ,cawnpore71 ,mr4 ,raj5dra ,lal ,mitra's ,indo-,aryans 7,newman ,co41 ,calcutta71 ,! ,ja9as by ,dr4 ,j4,g4 ,bhl] & ,mr4 ,j4 ,burgess1 ,dr4 ,j4,n4 ,bhatta*>ya's ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects 7,?ack]1 ,sp9k ,co41 ,calcutta71 ,pr(essor ,oman's ,my/ics1 ,ascetics & ,sa9ts ( ,india1 ,cults1 ,cu/oms & ,sup]/itions ( ,india1 & ,brahmans1 ,!i/s & ,muslims ( ,india 7,t4 ,fi%] ,unw971 ,mr4 ,v4,a4 ,smi?'s ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,india 7,cl>5don ,press71 ! ,rev4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes' ,diction>y ( ,islam 7,w4,h4 ,all5 ,co41 & ,heff] ,sons1 ,cambridge71 ,mr4 ,l4,d4 ,b>nett's ,antiquities ( ,india1 ,m4 ,&r ,*evrillon's ,romantic ,india1 ,mr4 ,v4 ,ball's ,jungle ,life 9 ,india1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke's ,popul> ,religion & ,folklore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 & ,?+s ,indian1 ,capta9 ,=sy?'s ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,india 7,messrs4 ,*apman ,hall71 ,messrs4 ,yule & ,burnell's ,hobson-,jobson 7,mr4 ,crooke's edition71 ,pr(essor ,hopk9s' ,religions ( ,india1 ! ,rev4 ,e4,m4 ,gordon's ,indian ,folk-,tales 7,elliot ,/ock71 ,messrs4 ,sewell & ,dik%it's ,indian ,cal5d>1 ,mr4 ,br5n&'s ,h9du ,a/ronomy1 & ! late ,rev4 ,fa!r ,p4 ,dehon's monograph on ! ,oraons 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,e?nological works on ! p ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces are n num]\s2 among ^? f :i* assi/ance has be5 obta9$ are ,sir ,c4 ,grant's ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette] ( #ahga1 ,rev4 ,/eph5 ,hislop's ,notes on ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,colonel ,bloomfield's ,notes on ! ,baigas1 ,sir ,*>les ,elliott's ,ho%angabad ,settlem5t ,report1 ,sir ,reg9ald ,craddock's ,nagpur ,settlem5t ,report1 ,colonel ,w>d's ,m&la ,settlem5t ,report1 ,colonel ,lucie ,smi?'s ,*&a ,settlem5t ,report1 ,mr4 ,g4,w4 ,gay]'s ,lectures on ,crim9al ,tribes1 ,mr4 ,c4,w4 ,montgom]ie's ,*h9dw>a ,settlem5t ,report1 ,mr4 ,c4,e4 ,l['s ,balaghat ,di/rict ,gazette]1 ,mr4 ,e4,j4 ,kitts' ,b]> ,c5sus ,report ( #ahha1 & ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,c5sus ,reports ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,drysdale1 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,rob]tson & ,mr4 ,j4,t4 ,m>t54 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] = 8 k9d p]mission to make quotations f ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh & ,totemism & ,exogamy 7,macmillan71 9 :i* ! be/ examples ( almo/ all bran*es ( primitive cu/om are to be f\nd2 to ,dr4 ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck = simil> p]mission 9 respect ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 & ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7,macmillan72 to ,messrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,black 9 respect ( ! late ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,religion ( ! ,semites2 to ,messrs4 ,he9emann = ^? f ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*'s ,orpheus2 & to ,messrs4 ,ha*ette et ,cie & ,messrs4 ,p>k] ( ,ox=d = ^? f ,la ,cit ,antique ( ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes4 ,mu* assi/ance has also be5 obta9$ f ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor's ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d & ,primitive ,culture1 ,"l ,avebury's ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,sidney ,h>tl&'s ,primitive ,pat]nity1 & ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*'s ,cultes1 ,my!s et ,religions4 ,! lab\rs ( ^! em95t au?ors h made x possible = ! /ud5t to obta9 a practical k ( ! e?nology ( ! _w by ! p]usal ( a small numb] ( books2 & if any ( ! ideas put =w>d 9 ^! volumes %\ld ultimately be s =tunate z to obta9 acceptance1 x is to ! above books t ,i am pr9cipally indebt$ = hav+ be5 able to =mulate !m4 ,o!r works f :i* help has be5 obta9$ are ,m4 ,emile ,s5>t's ,les ,ca/es dans ,i',inde1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,he>n's ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 & ,dr4 ,a4,h4 ,keane's ,! ,_w's ,peoples4 ,sir ,george ,gri]son's great "w1 ,! ,l+ui/ic ,survey ( ,india1 has n[ giv5 an accurate classification ( ! non-,aryan tribes accord+ to _! languages & has fur!r ?r[n a consid]able degree ( light on ! vex$ "q ( _! orig94 ,i h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice 7retir$7 mu* k9d help & advice dur+ ! f9al /ages ( ! prep>ation ( ?is "w4 ,z w be se5 f ! articles1 resort has con/antly be5 made to 8 ,tribes & ,ca/es = fill+ up gaps 9 ! local in=mation4 ,rai ,bahadur ,hira ,lal 0 my assi/ant = sev]al ye>s 9 ! tak+ ( ! c5sus ( #aija & ! prep>ation ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,di/rict ,gazette]s2 he has always giv5 ! mo/ loyal & unselfi% aid1 has p]sonally collect$ a l>ge "p ( ! orig9al in=mation conta9$ 9 ! book1 & sp5t mu* "t 9 collat+ ! results4 ,! association ( 8 "n 9 ! au?or%ip is no m ?an 8 due1 ?\gh except :]e ?is has be5 specifically m5tion$1 he is n responsible = ! !ories & d$uctions f ! facts obta9$4 ,mr4 ,py>e ,lal ,misra1 b>ri/]1 ,*h9dw>a1 0 my e?nographic cl]k = "s ye>s1 & he & ,mun%i ,kanhya ,lal1 late ( ! ,educational ,dep>tm5t1 & ,mr4 ,aduram ,*&hri1 ,tahsild>1 gave mu* assi/ance 9 ! inquiries on diff]5t ca/es4 ,among o!rs :o h help$ 9 ! "w1 ,rai ,bahadur ,p&a ,baijna?1 ,diwan ( ! ,patna & ,ba/> ,/ates1 %\ld be m5tion$ fir/1 & ,babu ,kali ,prasanna ,muk]ji1 plead]1 ,saugor1 ,mr4 ,gopal ,datta ,jo%i1 ,di/rict ,judge1 ,saugor1 ,mr4 ,jeorakhan ,lal1 ,deputy-,inspector ( ,s*ools1 & ,mr4 ,gokul ,prasad1 ,tahsild>1 may be select$ f ! l>ge numb] ^: names are giv5 9 ! footnotes to ! articles4 ,among ,european (fic]s ^: assi/ance %\ld be ackn[l$g$ are ,messrs4 ,c4,e4 ,l[1 ,c4,w4 ,montgom]ie1 ,a4,b4 ,napi]1 ,a4,e4 ,nelson1 ,a4,k4 ,smi?1 ,r4,h4 ,cro/hwaite & ,h4,f4 ,hallifax1 ( ! ,civil ,s]vice2 ,lt4-,col4 ,w4,d4 ,su!rl&1 ,i4,m4,s41 ,surgeon-,major ,mit*ell ( ,ba/>1 & ,mr4 ,d4 ,*i%olm4 ,"s photographs h be5 k9dly contribut$ by ,mrs4 ,a%brooke ,crump1 ,mrs4 ,mangabai ,kelk>1 ,mr4 ,g4,l4 ,corbett1 ,c4,s41 ,mr4 ,r4,l4 ,john/on1 ,a4,d4,s4,p41 ,mr4 ,j4,h4 ,se>le1 ,c4,s41 ,mr4 ,/ra*ey1 ,mr4 ,h4,e4 ,b>tlett1 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,s*]man ( ,muni*1 & ! ,diwan ( ,raig>h ,/ate4 ,bi%op ,we/cott k9dly gave ! photograph ( ,kabir1 :i* appe>s 9 8 own book4 ,f9ally ,i h to express my gratitude to ! ,*ief ,commission]1 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,rob]tson1 = ! lib]al allotm5t made by ! ,adm9i/ration = ! publication ( ! "w2 & to ! publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co41 & ! pr9t]s1 ,messrs4 ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k1 = _! c\rtesy & assi/ance dur+ its progress ?r\gh ! press4 ,septemb] #aiae4 ,,cont5ts ,"p ,i--,volume ,i ,introductory ,essay on ,ca/e ,articles on ! ,religions & ,sects ( ! ,p ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gloss>y ( ,m9or ,ca/es & ,o!r ,articles1 ,synonyms1 ,subca/es1 ,titles & ,names ( ,exogam\s ,septs or ,clans ,subject ,index ,"p ,,ii--,volumes ,,ii1 ,,iii & ,,iv ,descriptive ,articles on ! ,pr9cipal ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,,detail$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts ,"p ,i ,articles on ,religions & ,sects ,! articles :i* are consid]$ to be ( mo/ g5]al int]e/ are %[n 9 capitals ,,arya ,,samaj ,,religion #bja ,,brahmo ,,samaj ,,religion #bjh ,dadupan?i ,sect #bae ,dhami ,sect #baf ,,ja9 ,,religion #bai ,,kabirpan?i ,,sect #bcb ,l+ayat ,sect #bdd ,,muhammadan ,,religion #bdg ,nanakpan?i ,sect #bgg ,p>m>?i ,sect #bha ,,p>si ,,or ,,zoroa/rian ,,religion #bhd ,saiva ,sect #cjb ,sakta ,sect #cjd ,,satnami ,,sect #cjg ,sikh ,religion #cag ,sm>ta ,sect #cbe ,swami-,n>ayan ,sect #cbf ,,vai%nava ,,sect #ccj ,vam-,m>gi ,sect #ccc ,wahhabi ,sect #cce ,articles on ,m9or ,ca/es & ,miscellane\s ,notices ,includ$ 9 ! ,gloss>y ,agamudayan4 ,alia4 ,arab4 ,are4 ,arora4 ,bahelia4 ,bahrupia4 ,banka4 ,b>gah4 ,bay>4 ,belw>4 ,be/a4 ,bh&4 ,bhatia4 ,bhima4 ,bhona4 ,b9d4 ,birhor4 ,bop*i4 ,*5*uw>4 ,*]o4 ,dangur4 ,d>aihan4 ,dhalg>4 ,dh]a4 ,dohor4 ,g&li4 ,girgira4 ,goy&a4 ,hatwa4 ,jasondhi4 ,jokh>a4 ,kamad4 ,kama?i4 ,kamma4 ,kammala4 ,k&ra4 ,ka/4 ,khadal4 ,khadra4 ,kotw>4 ,kumrawat4 ,kund]a4 ,londh>i4 ,madgi4 ,maly>4 ,mangan4 ,m>ori4 ,m$>a4 ,mirdha4 ,muk]i4 ,mutrasi4 ,nag>*i4 ,ot>i4 ,pabia4 ,pahalwan4 ,pan*al4 ,p&ra4 ,p>ka4 ,p]iki4 ,r$ka4 ,rohilla4 ,sais4 ,santal4 ,satani4 ,segidi4 ,siddi4 ,sidhira4 ,siklig>4 ,solaha4 ,sonk>4 ,tanti4 ,tirmale4 ,tiy>4 ,vellala4 ,wakkaliga4 ,"p ,,ii--,vol4 ,,ii ,articles on ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 ,alphabetical ,ord] ,ag>ia 7,iron-work]7 #c ,agh>ia 7,cultivator7 #h ,aghori 7,religi\s m5dicant7 #ac ,ahir 7,h]dsman & milkman7 #ah ,&h 7,tribe1 n[ cultivators7 #ch ,arakh 7,hunt]7 #dj ,at>i 7,sc5t-sell]7 #db ,audhelia 7,lab\r]7 #de ,badhak 7,robb]7 #di ,bahna 7,cotton-clean]7 #fi ,baiga 7,=e/ tribe7 #gg ,bairagi 7,religi\s m5dicants7 #ic ,balahi 7,lab\r] & village wat*man7 #aje ,balija 7,cultivator7 #ajh ,bania 7,m]*ant & moneyl5d]7 #aaa ,subca/es ( ,bania ,ag>wala4 ,agrah>i4 ,ajudhiabasi4 ,asa?i4 ,*>nagri4 ,dhus>4 ,dos>4 ,gahoi4 ,golapurab4 ,kas>wani4 ,kasaundhan4 ,kh&elwal4 ,lad4 ,l+ayat4 ,mahe%ri4 ,nema4 ,oswal4 ,p>w>4 ,srimali4 ,umre4 ,banj>a 7,pack-c>ri]7 #afb ,b>ai 7,betel-v9e gr[] & sell]7 #aib ,b>hai 7,c>p5t]7 #aii ,b>i 7,mak] ( leaf-plates7 #bjb ,basdewa 7,cattle-deal] & religi\s m5dicant7 #bjd ,basor 7,bamboo-work]7 #bjh ,b$> 7,soldi] & public s]vice7 #bab ,beld> 7,digg] & navvy7 #bae ,b]ia 7,vagabond gipsy7 #bbj ,bha9a 7,=e/ tribe7 #bbe ,bhamta 7,crim9al tribe & lab\r]s7 #bcd ,bh>bhunja 7,gra9-p>*]7 #bch ,bh>ia 7,=e/ tribe7 #bdb ,bhat 7,b>d & g5ealogi/7 #bea ,bhatra 7,=e/ tribe7 #bga ,bhil 7,=e/ tribe7 #bgh ,bhilala 7,l&[n] & cultivator7 #bic ,bhi%ti 7,wat]-man7 #bih ,bhoy> 7,cultivator7 #cja ,bhuiya 7,=e/ tribe7 #cje ,bhulia 7,weav]7 #cai ,bhunjia 7,=e/ tribe7 #cbb ,b9jhw> 7,cultivator7 #cbi ,bi%noi 7,cultivator7 #ccg ,bohra 7,trad]7 #cde ,brahman 7,prie/7 #cea ,subca/es ( ,brahman ,ahivasi4 ,jijhotia4 ,kanaujia1 ,kanyakubja4 ,kh$awal4 ,mah>a%tra4 ,mai?il4 ,malwi4 ,nag>4 ,n>amdeo4 ,sanadhya4 ,s>w>ia4 ,utkal4 ,*ad> 7,village wat*man & lab\r]7 #djj ,*am> 7,tann] & lab\r]7 #djc ,*asa 7,cultivator7 #dbd ,*auhan 7,village wat*man & lab\r]7 #dbg ,*hipa 7,dy] & calico-pr9t]7 #dbi ,*it>i 7,pa9t]7 #dcb ,*itraka?i 7,picture %[man7 #dch ,cut*i 7,trad] & %opkeep]7 #ddj ,dahait 7,village wat*man & lab\r]7 #ddd ,dah>ia 7,cultivator7 #dec ,dangi 7,l&[n] & cultivator7 #deg ,dangri 7,vegetable-gr[]7 #dfc ,d>zi 7,tailor7 #dff ,dew> 7,begg> & musician7 #dgb ,dhak> 7,illegitimate1 cultivator7 #dgg ,dhang> 7,%eph]d7 #dhj ,dhanuk 7,b[man1 lab\r]7 #dhd ,dhanw> 7,=e/ tribe7 #dhh ,dhim> 7,fi%]man1 wat]-c>ri]1 & h\sehold s]vant7 #ejb ,dhoba 7,=e/ tribe1 cultivator7 #eae ,dhobi 7,wa%]man7 #eai ,dhuri 7,gra9-p>*]7 #ebg ,dumal 7,cultivator7 #ecj ,fakir 7,religi\s m5dicant7 #ecg ,"p ,,ii--,vol4 ,,iii ,gad>ia 7,%eph]d7 #c ,gadba 7,=e/ tribe7 #i ,g&a 7,weav] & lab\r]7 #ad ,g&hmali 7,uriya village prie/s & temple s]vants7 #ag ,g>pag>i 7,av]t] ( hail/orms7 #ai ,gauria 7,snake-*>m] & juggl]7 #bd ,ghasia 7,grass-cutt]7 #bg ,ghosi 7,buffalo-h]dsman7 #cb ,gol> 7,h]dsman7 #ce ,gond 7,=e/ tribe & cultivator7 #ci ,gond-,g[>i 7,h]dsman7 #adc ,gondhali 7,religi\s m5dicant7 #add ,gopal 7,vagrant crim9al ca/e7 #adg ,gosa9 7,religi\s m5dicant7 #aej ,g[>i 7,h]dsman7 #afj ,guj> 7,cultivator7 #aff ,gurao 7,village ,prie/7 #age ,halba 7,=e/ tribe1 lab\r]7 #ahb ,halwai 7,confection]7 #bja ,hatk> 7,soldi]1 %eph]d7 #bjd ,hijra 7,eunu*1 m5dicant7 #bjf ,holia 7,lab\r]1 cur+ hides7 #bab ,injhw> 7,boatman & fi%]man7 #bac ,jadam 7,cultivator7 #bag ,jadua 7,crim9al ca/e7 #bai ,jangam 7,prie/ ( ! ,l+ayat sect7 #bbb ,jat 7,l&[n] & cultivator7 #bbe ,jhadi ,tel5ga 7,illegitimate1 lab\r]7 #bch ,jogi 7,religi\s m5dicant & p$l>7 #bdc ,jo%i 7,a/rolog] & village prie/7 #bee ,julaha 7,weav]7 #bgi ,ka*]a 7,mak] ( glass bangles7 #bha ,ka*hi 7,vegetable-gr[]7 #bhe ,kad]a 7,firework-mak]7 #bhh ,kah> 7,palanqu9-be>] & h\sehold s]vant7 #bia ,kaik>i 7,basket-mak] & vagrant7 #bif ,kalanga 7,soldi]1 cultivator7 #cjb ,kal> 7,liquor v5dor7 #cjf ,kam> 7,=e/ tribe7 #cbc ,kanj> 7,gipsies & pro/itutes7 #cca ,kapew> 7,cultivator7 #cdb ,k>an 7,writ] & cl]k7 #cdc ,kasai 7,but*]7 #cdf ,kas> 7,work] 9 brass7 #cfi ,kasbi 7,pro/itute7 #cgc ,katia 7,cotton-sp9n]7 #chd ,kaw> 7,=e/ tribe & cultivator7 #chi ,kaya/h 7,village acc\ntant1 writ] & cl]k7 #djd ,kewat 7,boatman & fi%]man7 #dbb ,khairw> 7,=e/ tribe2 boil]s ( cate*u7 #dbg ,kh&ait 7,soldi]1 cultivator7 #dcf ,khang> 7,village wat*man & lab\r]7 #dci ,kh>ia 7,=e/ tribe1 lab\r]7 #dde ,khatik 7,mutton-but*]7 #dec ,khatri 7,m]*ant7 #def ,khojah 7,trad] & %opkeep]7 #dfa ,khond 7,=e/ tribe1 cultivator7 #dfd ,kir 7,cultivator7 #dha ,kir> 7,cultivator7 #dhe ,kohli 7,cultivator7 #dic ,kol 7,=e/ tribe1 lab\r]7 #ejj ,kolam 7,=e/ tribe1 cultivator7 #ebj ,kolhati 7,acrobat7 #ebg ,koli 7,=e/ tribe1 cultivator7 #ecb ,kolta 7,l&[n] & cultivator7 #ecg ,komti 7,m]*ant & %opkeep]7 #edb ,kori 7,weav] & lab\r]7 #ede ,korku 7,=e/ tribe1 lab\r]7 #eej ,korwa 7,=e/ tribe1 cultivator7 #ega ,ko%ti 7,weav]7 #eha ,"p ,,ii--,vol4 ,,iv ,kumh> 7,pott]7 #c ,kunbi 7,cultivator7 #af ,kunjra 7,gre5groc]7 #ej ,kuramw> 7,%eph]d7 #eb ,kurmi 7,cultivator7 #ee ,lakh]a 7,work] 9 lac7 #ajd ,lodhi 7,l&[n] & cultivator7 #aab ,loh> 7,blacksmi?7 #abj ,lorha 7,gr[]s ( san-hemp7 #abf ,mah> 7,weav] & lab\r]7 #abi ,mahli 7,=e/ tribe7 #adf ,majhw> 7,=e/ tribe7 #adi ,mal 7,=e/ tribe7 #aec ,mala 7,cotton-weav] & lab\r]7 #aef ,mali 7,g>d5] & vegetable-gr[]7 #aei ,mallah 7,boatman & fi%]man7 #aga ,mana 7,=e/ tribe1 cultivator7 #agb ,manbhao 7,religi\s m5dicant7 #agf ,mang 7,lab\r] & village musician7 #ahd ,mang-,g>ori 7,crim9al ca/e7 #ahi ,manih> 7,p$l>7 #aic ,mannew> 7,=e/ tribe7 #aie ,m>a?a 7,soldi]1 cultivator & s]vice7 #aih ,meht> 7,sweep] & scav5g]7 #bae ,meo 7,tribe7 #bcc ,m9a or ,deswali 7,non-,aryan tribe1 cultivator7 #bce ,mirasi 7,b>d & g5ealogi/7 #bdb ,mo*i 7,%oemak]7 #bdd ,m[> 7,cultivator7 #bej ,murha 7,digg] & navvy7 #beb ,nagasia 7,=e/ tribe7 #beg ,nahal 7,=e/ tribe7 #bei ,nai 7,b>b]7 #bfb ,naoda 7,boatman & fi%]man7 #bhc ,nat 7,acrobat7 #bhf ,nunia 7,salt-ref9]1 digg] & navvy7 #bid ,ojha 7,augur & soo?say]7 #bif ,oraon 7,=e/ tribe7 #bii ,paik 7,soldi]1 cultivator7 #cba ,panka 7,lab\r] & village wat*man7 #cbd ,panw> ,rajput 7,l&[n] & cultivator7 #ccj ,p>dhan 7,m9/rel & prie/7 #ceb ,p>dhi 7,hunt] & f[l]7 #cei ,p>ja 7,=e/ tribe7 #cga ,pasi 7,toddy-draw] & lab\r]7 #chj ,patwa 7,mak] ( silk braid & ?read7 #che ,p9d>i 7,freeboot]7 #chh ,prabhu 7,writ] & cl]k7 #cii ,raghuvansi 7,cultivator7 #djc ,rajjh> 7,agricultural lab\r]7 #dje ,rajput 7,soldi] & l&[n]7 #daj ,rajput ,clans ,baghel4 ,bagri4 ,bais4 ,baks>ia4 ,banaph>4 ,bhadauria4 ,bis54 ,bundela4 ,*&el4 ,*auban4 ,dhak>4 ,gah>w>4 ,gaur4 ,haihaya4 ,huna4 ,ka*hwaha4 ,nagvansi4 ,nikumbh4 ,paik4 ,p>ih>4 ,ra?or4 ,sesodia4 ,solankhi4 ,somvansi4 ,surajvansi4 ,tom>a4 ,yadu4 ,rajw> 7,=e/ tribe7 #dgj ,ramosi 7,village wat*m5 & lab\r]s1 =m]ly ?ieves7 #dgb ,rangrez 7,dy]7 #dgg ,rautia 7,=e/ tribe & cultivators1 =m]ly soldi]s7 #dgi ,sanaurhia 7,crim9al ?iev+ ca/e7 #dhc ,sansia 7,vagrant crim9al tribe7 #dhh ,sansia 7,uria7 7,mason & digg]7 #dif ,sav> 7,=e/ tribe7 #ejj ,sonjh>a 7,gold-wa%]7 #eji ,sudh 7,cultivator7 #ead ,sun> 7,goldsmi? & silv]smi?7 #eag ,sundi 7,liquor di/ill]7 #ecd ,tam]a 7,copp]smi?7 #ecf ,taonla 7,soldi] & lab\r]7 #eci ,teli 7,oilman7 #edb ,?ug 7,crim9al community ( murd]]s by /rangulation7 #eeh ,turi 7,bamboo-work]7 #ehh ,velama 7,cultivator7 #eic ,vidur 7,village acc\ntant1 cl]k & writ]7 #eif ,waghya 7,religi\s m5dicant7 #fjc ,y]ukala 7,crim9al ?iev+ ca/e7 #fjf ,note4--,! ,gonds are ! mo/ important ( ! non-,aryan or primitive tribes1 & _! social cu/oms are describ$ 9 detail4 ,! ,baiga1 ,bhil1 ,kaw>1 ,khond1 ,kol1 ,korku & ,korwa are o!r important tribes4 ,! two repres5tative cultivat+ ca/es are ! ,kurmis & ,kunbis1 & ! articles on !m include detail$ descriptions ( ,h9du social cu/oms1 & "s in=mation on villages1 h\ses1 dress1 food & mann] ( life4 ,articles 9 :i* subjects ( g5]al int]e/ are treat$ are ,d>zi 7clo!s71 ,sun> 7ornam5ts71 ,ka*]a & ,lakh]a 7bangles71 ,nai 7hair71 ,kal> 7v5]ation ( alcoholic liquor71 ,bania 7moneyl5d+ & int]e/71 ,kasai 7wor%ip & sacrifice ( dome/ic animals71 ,jo%i 7! ,h9du cal5d> & p]sonal names71 ,bhat 7suicide71 ,dahait 7significance ( ! umbrella71 & ,kanj> 7connection ( ,indian & ,european gipsies74 ,! articles on ,badhak1 ,sansia & ,?ug are compil$ f ,sir ,william ,sleeman's reports on ^! communities ( dacoits & murd]]s1 ^: suppression he a*iev$4 ,= fur!r in=mation ! ,subject ,index may be consult$4 ,,maps ,,& ,,illu/rations ,maps ,map ( ,india ,frontispiece ,map ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,map ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 %[+ pr9cipal l+ui/ic or racial divisions #f ,illu/rations ,volume ,i #a4 ,h9du temple ( ! god ,siva #af #b4 ,h9du sculptures #bf #c4 ,peasant's hut #dj #d4 ,gr\p ( religi\s m5dicants #ef #e4 ,draw+ wat] f ! village well #gb #f4 ,gayatri or sacr$ v]se p]sonifi$ z a goddess #ajh #g4 ,image ( ! god ,jaganna?1 a =m ( ,vi%nu #aah #h4 ,! god ,rama1 an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 ) att5dant deities #add #i4 ,h9du ba?+ p>ty #aeh #aj4 ,pilgrims c>ry+ ,ganges wat] #ahd #aa4 ,a meet+ ( ! ,arya ,samaj = inve/+ boys ) ! sacr$ ?read #bjb #ab4 ,ja9 temples at ,muktagiri1 ,betul #bbj #ac4 ,ja9 ascetics ) clo? be=e m\? & sweep+-bru% #bbd #ad4 ,ja9 gods 9 attitude ( contemplation #bbh #ae4 ,ja9 temple 9 ,seoni #bcj #af4 ,kabir #bcb #ag4 ,begg> on artificial horse at ! ,muh>ram fe/ival #bdh #ah4 ,c>ry+ ! horse-%oe at ! ,muh>ram fe/ival #beb #ai4 ,tazia or tombs ( ,hussa9 at ! ,muh>ram fe/ival #bef #bj4 ,fam\s ,tazia at ,kh&wa #bfj #ba4 ,repres5t+ a tig] at ! ,muh>ram fe/ival #bgb #bb4 ,temple ( ,siva at ,b&akpur1 ne> ,damoh #cjb #bc4 ,images ( ,siva & 8 consort ,devi1 or ,p>vati1 ) ! bull & tig] #cjd #bd4 ,devotees1 possess$1 embrac+ ea* o!r1 :ile support$ on trid5ts1 at ,siva's fair at ,pa*m>hi #cjf #be4 ,image ( ! prophet ,swami ,n>ayan 9 ! ,teli temple at ,burhanpur #cbf #bf4 ,images ( ,rama1 ,la*man & ,sita1 ) att5dants #ccj #bg4 ,image ( ,lak%mi1 ! ,goddess ( ,weal?1 ! consort ( ,vi%nu1 ) att5dant #ccb #bh4 ,image ( ! bo> inc>nation ( ,vi%nu #ccd #bi4 ,bahrupia imp]sonat+ ! goddess ,kali #cdd #cj4 ,das>i religi\s m5dicant ) discus & con*-%ell ( ,vi%nu #djf ,volume ,,ii #ca4 ,aghori m5dicant #ad #cb4 ,ahirs decorat$ ) c[ries = ! ,/ick ,dance at ,diwali #ah #cc4 ,image ( ,kri%na z ,murlidh> or ! flute-play]1 ) att5dant deities #bh #cd4 ,ahir danc]s 9 ,diwali co/ume #cb #ce4 ,p9j>a clean+ cotton #gb #cf4 ,baiga village1 ,balaghat ,di/rict #hh #cg4 ,h9du m5dicants ) sect-m>ks #id #ch4 ,an*orite sitt+ on iron nails #ih #ci4 ,pilgrims c>ry+ wat] ( ! riv] ,n]budda #ajj #dj4 ,col\r$ ,plate3 ,examples ( ,tilaks or sect-m>ks worn on ! =ehead #ajb #da4 ,gr\p ( ,m>w>i ,bania wom5 #aab #db4 ,image ( ! god ,ganpati c>ri$ 9 procession #aaf #dc4 ,! elephant-head$ god ,ganpati4 ,8 conveyance is a rat1 :i* c be se5 z a little blob betwe5 8 feet #abj #dd4 ,mud images made & wor%ipp$ at ! ,holi fe/ival #abf #de4 ,bania's %op #abh #df4 ,banj>a wom5 ) ! s+h or horn #ahd #dg4 ,gr\p ( ,banj>a wom5 #ahh #dh4 ,basors mak+ baskets ( bamboo #baj #di4 ,bhat ) 8 putla or doll #bef #ej4 ,gr\p ( ,bhils #bgh #ea4 ,tantia ,bhil1 a fam\s dacoit #bhb #eb4 ,gr\p ( ,bohras at ,burhanpur 7,nim>7 #cdf #ec4 ,brahman wor%ipp+ 8 h\sehold gods #chj #ed4 ,brahman ba?+ p>ty #chd #ee4 ,brahman ,puj>is or prie/s #cij #ef4 ,gr\p ( ,m>a?a ,brahman m5 #cib #eg4 ,gr\p ( ,n>amdeo ,brahman wom5 #cif #eh4 ,gr\p ( ,n>amdeo ,brahman m5 #cih #ei4 ,*am>s tann+ & work+ 9 lea!r #daf #fj4 ,*am>s cutt+ lea!r & mak+ %oes #dah #fa4 ,*hipa or calico-pr9t] at "w #dcj #fb4 ,dhim> or fi%]man's hut #ejb #fc4 ,fi%]m5 9 dug-outs or holl[$ tree trunks #ejf #fd4 ,gr\p ( ,gurujwale ,fakirs #ech ,volume ,,iii #fe4 ,gond wom5 gr9d+ corn #db #ff4 ,palace ( ! ,gond k+s ( ,g>ha-,m&la at ,ramnag> #df #fg4 ,gonds on a j\rney #fb #fh4 ,kill+ ( ,rawan1 ! demon k+ ( ,ceylon1 f :om ! ,gonds are suppos$ to be desc5d$ #aad #fi4 ,woman ab\t to be swung r\nd ! po/ call$ ,meghna? #aaf #gj4 ,climb+ ! pole = a bag ( sug> #aah #ga4 ,gonds ) _! bamboo c>ts at m>ket #abb #gb4 ,gond wom51 %[+ tattoo+ on backs ( legs #abf #gc4 ,m>ia ,gonds 9 danc+ co/ume #acf #gd4 ,gondhali musicians & danc]s #add #ge4 ,gosa9 m5dicant #aej #gf4 ,alakhwale ,gosa9s ) faces cov]$ ) a%es #aeb #gg4 ,gosa9 m5dicants ) long hair #aed #gh4 ,fam\s ,gosa9 ,mahant4 ,photograph tak5 aft] dea? #aef #gi4 ,guj> village proprietress & h] l& ag5t #afh #hj4 ,guraos ) figures made at ! ,holi fe/ival call$ ,gang\r #agf #ha4 ,gr\p ( ,gurao musicians ) _! in/rum5ts #ahj #hb4 ,pl\gh+ ) c[s & buffaloes 9 ,*hattisg>h #ahb #hc4 ,halwai or confection]'s %op #bjb #hd4 ,jogi m5dicants ( ! ,kanphata sect #bdd #he4 ,jogi musicians ) s>angi or fiddle #bej #hf4 ,kaik>is mak+ baskets #bih #hg4 ,kanj>s mak+ ropes #ccb #hh4 ,a gr\p ( ,kas>s or brass-work]s #cgj #hi4 ,danc+ girls & musicians #cgd #ij4 ,girl 9 full dress & ornam5ts #cgh #ia4 ,old type ( sug>cane mill #did #ib4 ,gr\p ( ,kol wom5 #eab #ic4 ,gr\p ( ,kolams #ebj #id4 ,korkus ( ! ,melghat hills #eej #ie4 ,korku wom5 9 full dress #eef #if4 ,ko%ti m5 danc+ a figure1 hold+ /r+s & beat+ /icks #ehb ,volume ,,iv #ig4 ,pott] at 8 :eel #d #ih4 ,gr\p ( ,kunbis #af #ii4 ,figures ( animals made = ,pola fe/ival #dj #ajj4 ,h9du boys on /ilts #db #aja4 ,?r[+ /ilts into ! wat] at ! ,pola fe/ival #df #ajb4 ,c>ry+ out ! dead #dh #ajc4 ,p\nd+ rice #fj #ajd4 ,s[+ #hd #aje4 ,?re%+ #hf #ajf4 ,w9n[+ #hh #ajg4 ,wom5 gr9d+ :eat & husk+ rice #ij #ajh4 ,gr\p ( wom5 9 ,h9du/ani dress #ib #aji4 ,col\r$ ,plate3 ,examples ( spangles worn by wom5 on ! =ehead #ajf #aaj4 ,weav+3 siz+ ! w>p #adb #aaa4 ,w9d+ ?read #add #aab4 ,bride & bridegroom ) m>riage cr[ns #aff #aac4 ,bullocks draw+ wat] ) mot #agj #aad4 ,mang musicians ) drums #ahf #aae4 ,/atue ( ,m>a?a lead]1 ,bimbaji ,bhonsla1 9 arm\r #bjj #aaf4 ,image ( ! god ,vi%nu z ,vi?oba #bdh #aag4 ,coolie wom5 ) babies slung at ! side #bef #aah4 ,h9du m5 %[+ ! *oti or scalp-lock #bgb #aai4 ,snake-*>m] ) cobras #bib #abj4 ,transplant+ rice #cdj #aba4 ,gr\p ( ,p>dhans #cej #abb4 ,little girls play+ #djj #abc4 ,guj>ati girls do+ figures ) /r+s & /icks #djb #abd4 ,ornam5ts #ebd #abe4 ,teli's oil-press #edd #abf4 ,! ,goddess ,kali #egd #abg4 ,waghya m5dicants #fjd ,,pronunciation a has ! s\nd ( u 9 b or murmur4 a has ! s\nd ( a 9 ba? or t>4 e has ! s\nd ( 9 c>t or ai 9 maid4 i has ! s\nd ( i 9 bit1 or 7z a f9al lett]7 ( y 9 sulky i has ! s\nd ( ee 9 beet4 o has ! s\nd ( o 9 bore or b[l4 u has ! s\nd ( u 9 put or bull4 u has ! s\nd ( oo 9 poor or boot4 ,! plural ( ca/e names & a few common ,h9du/ani words is =m$ by add+ s 9 ! ,engli% mann] accord+ to ord9>y usage1 ?\gh ?is is n1 ( c\rse1 ! ,h9du/ani plural4 ,note4--,! rupee conta9s #af annas1 & an anna is ( ! same value z a p5ny4 ,a pice is a qu>t] ( an anna1 or a f>?+4 ,rs4 #a-h signifies "o rupee & eight annas4 ,a lakh is a hundr$ ?\s&1 & a krore t5 million4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,introductory ,,essay ,,on ,,ca/e ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 #b4 ,con/itution ( ! population4 #c4 ,! ^w ',ca/e4' #d4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]m ',ca/e4' #e4 ,! subca/e4 #f4 ,confusion ( nom5clature4 #g4 ,te/s ( :at a ca/e is4 #h4 ,! f\r traditional ca/es4 #i4 ,occupational !ory ( ca/e4 #aj4 ,racial !ory4 #aa4 ,entry ( ! ,aryans into ,india4 ,! ,aryas & ,dasyus4 #ab4 ,! ,sudra4 #ac4 ,! ,vai%ya4 #ad4 ,mi/ak5 mod]n idea ( ! ,vai%yas4 #ae4 ,mix$ unions ( ! f\r classes4 #af4 ,hyp]gamy4 #ag4 ,! mix$ ca/es4 ,! village m5ials4 #ah4 ,social gradation ( ca/es4 #ai4 ,ca/es rank+ above ! cultivators4 #bj4 ,ca/es f :om a ,brahman c take wat]4 ,high] agriculturi/s4 #ba4 ,/atus ( ! cultivator4 #bb4 ,! clan & ! village4 #bc4 ,! own]%ip ( l&4 #bd4 ,! cultivat+ /atus t ( ! ,vai%ya4 #be4 ,high] pr(essional & artisan ca/es4 #bf4 ,ca/es f :om a ,brahman _c take wat]2 ! village m5ials4 #bg4 ,! village wat*m54 #bh4 ,! village prie/s4 ,! g>d5+ ca/es4 #bi4 ,o!r village trad]s & m5ials4 #cj4 ,h\sehold s]vants4 #ca4 ,/atus ( ! village m5ials4 #cb4 ,orig9 ( _! /atus4 #cc4 ,o!r ca/es :o rank ) ! village m5ials4 #cd4 ,! non-,aryan tribes4 #ce4 ,! ,kol>ians & ,dravidians4 #cf4 ,kol>ian tribes4 #cg4 ,dravidian tribes4 #ch4 ,orig9 ( ! ,kol>ian tribes4 #ci4 ,( ! ,dravidian tribes4 #dj4 ,orig9 ( ! impure ca/es4 #da4 ,d]ivation ( ! impure ca/es f ! indig5\s tribes4 #db4 ,occupation ! basis ( ! ca/e-sy/em4 #dc4 ,o!r ag5ts 9 ! =mation ( ca/es4 #dd4 ,ca/e occupations div9ely orda9$4 #de4 ,subca/es1 local type4 #df4 ,occupational subca/es4 #dg4 ,subca/es =m$ f social or religi\s diff]5ces1 or f mix$ desc5t4 #dh4 ,exogam\s gr\ps4 #di4 ,totemi/ic clans4 #ej4 ,t]ms ( relation%ip4 #ea4 ,clan k9%ip & totemism4 #eb4 ,animate ,creation4 #ec4 ,! di/ribution ( life ov] ! body4 #ed4 ,qualities associat$ ) animals4 #ee4 ,primitive language4 #ef4 ,concrete nature ( primitive ideas4 #eg4 ,words & names concrete4 #eh4 ,! s\l or _s4 #ei4 ,! transmission ( qualities4 #fj4 ,! faculty ( c\nt+4 ,confusion ( ! individual & ! species4 #fa4 ,simil>ity & id5tity4 #fb4 ,! recurr5ce ( ev5ts4 #fc4 ,controll+ ! future4 #fd4 ,! common life4 #fe4 ,! common life ( ! clan4 #ff4 ,liv+ & eat+ toge!r4 #fg4 ,! orig9 ( exogamy4 #fh4 ,promiscuity & female desc5t4 #fi4 ,exogamy ) female desc5t4 #gj4 ,m>riage4 #ga4 ,m>riage by capture4 #gb4 ,transf] ( ! bride to h] husb&'s clan4 #gc4 ,! exogam\s clan ) male desc5t & ! village4 #gd4 ,! l>ge exogam\s clans ( ! ,brahmans & ,rajputs4 ,! ,sap9das1 ! g5s & ! g'enoc4 #ge4 ,comp>ison ( ,h9du society ) t ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,! g5s4 #gf4 ,! cli5ts4 #gg4 ,! plebeians4 #gh4 ,! b9d+ social tie 9 ! city-/ates4 #gi4 ,! ,suovetaurilia4 #hj4 ,! sacrifice ( ! dome/ic animal4 #ha4 ,sacrifices ( ! g5s & phratry4 #hb4 ,! ,h9du ca/e-fea/s4 #hc4 ,tak+ food at initiation4 #hd4 ,p5alty fea/s4 #he4 ,sanctity ( gra9-food4 #hf4 ,! corn-_s4 #hg4 ,! k+4 #hh4 ,o!r in/ances ( ! common meal z a sacrificial rite4 #hi4 ,fun]al fea/s4 #ij4 ,! ,h9du deities & ! sacrificial meal4 #ia4 ,developm5t ( ! occupational ca/e f ! tribe4 #ib4 ,v5]ation ( ! ca/e implem5ts4 #ic4 ,! ca/e pan*ayat & its code ( (f5ces4 #id4 ,! /atus ( impurity4 #ie4 ,ca/e & ,h9duism4 #if4 ,! ,h9du re=m]s4 #ig4 ,decl9e ( ! ca/e sy/em4 #a4 ,! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! t]ritory controll$ by ! ,*ief ,commission] ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,b]> has an area ( #aca1jjj squ>e miles & a population ( #af1jjj1jjj p]sons4 ,situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,indian ,p59sula1 betwe5 latitudes #agdg' & #bdbg' nor?1 & longitudes #gf & #hd ea/1 x occupies ab\t #g4c p] c5t ( ! total area ( ,briti% ,india4 ,x adjo9s ! ,c5tral ,india ,/ates & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces to ! nor?1 ,bombay to ! we/1 ,hyd]abad ,/ate & ! ,madras ,presid5cy to ! s\?1 & ! ,prov9ce ( ,bih> & ,orissa to ! ea/4 ,! ,prov9ce 0 con/itut$ z a sep>ate adm9i/rative unit 9 #ahfa f t]ritories tak5 f ! ,pe%wa 9 #ahah & ! ,m>a?a ,/ate ( ,nagpur1 :i* _h laps$ f failure ( heirs 9 #ahec4 ,b]>1 :i* = a consid]able previ\s p]iod _h be5 held on a lease or assignm5t f ! ,nizam ( ,hyd]abad1 0 incorporat$ = adm9i/rative purposes ) ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 #aijc4 ,9 #aije ! bulk ( ! ,di/rict ( ,sambalpur1 ) five ,feudatory ,/ates inhabit$ by an ,uriya-speak+ population1 7 transf]r$ to ,b5gal & aft]w>ds to ! new ,prov9ce ( ,bih> & ,orissa1 :ile five ,feudatory ,/ates ( ,*ota ,nagpur 7 receiv$ f ,b5gal4 ,! =m] t]ritory _h be5 = "s ye>s includ$ 9 ! scope ( ! ,e?nographic ,survey1 & is %[n col\r$ 9 ! annex$ map ( l+ui/ic & racial divisions4 ,! ma9 portion ( ! ,prov9ce may be divid$1 f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 into ?ree tracts ( upl&1 alt]nat+ ) two ( pla9 c\ntry4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ ! ,di/ricts ( ,sangor & ,damoh lie on ! ,v9dhyan or ,malwa plateau1 ! s\!rn face ( :i* rises almo/ %e] f ! valley ( ! ,n]budda4 ,! g5]al elevation ( ?is plateau v>ies f #aejj to #bjjj feet4 ,! highe/ "p is t imm$iately ov]hang+ ! ,n]budda1 & ! g5]al slope is to ! nor?1 ! riv]s ( ?is area be+ tribut>ies ( ! ,jumna & ,ganges4 ,! surface ( ! c\ntry is undulat+ & brok5 by frequ5t l[ hills cov]$ ) a gr[? ( poor & /unt$ =e/4 ,! second division consi/s ( ! long & n>r[ valley ( ! ,n]budda1 wall$ 9 by ! ,v9dhyan & ,satpura hills to ! nor? & s\?1 & ext5d+ = a l5g? ( ab\t #bjj miles f ,jubbulpore to ,h&ia1 ) an av]age wid? ( tw5ty miles4 ,! valley is situat$ to ! s\? ( ! riv]1 & is =m$ ( deep alluvial deposits ( extreme ri*ness1 excell5tly suit$ to ! gr[? ( :eat4 ,s\? ( ! valley ! ,satpura range or ?ird division /ret*es across ! ,prov9ce1 f ,am>kantak 9 ! ea/ 7! sacr$ s\rce ( ! ,n]budda7 to ,asirg>h 9 ! ,nim> ,di/rict 9 ! we/1 :]e its two p>allel ridges b\nd ! n>r[ valley ( ! ,tapti riv]4 ,! great] "p consi/s ( an elevat$ plateau1 9 "s p>ts m]ely a rugg$ mass ( hills hurl$ toge!r by volcanic action1 9 o!rs a succession ( b>e /ony ridges & n>r[ f]tile valleys1 9 :i* ! soil has be5 deposit$ by dra9age4 ,! g5]al elevation ( ! plateau is #bjjj feet1 b sev]al ( ! peaks rise to #cejj1 & a few to m ?an #djjj feet4 ,! ,satpuras =m ! mo/ important wat]%$ ( ! ,prov9ce1 & 9 addition to ! ,n]budda & ,tapti1 ! ,w>dha & ,wa+anga riv]s rise 9 ^! hills4 ,to ! ea/ a belt ( hill c\ntry cont9ues f ! ,satpuras to ! wild & rugg$ highl&s ( ! ,*ota ,nagpur plateau1 on :i* are situat$ ! five ,/ates rec5tly annex$ to ! ,prov9ce4 ,ext5d+ along ! s\!rn & ea/]n faces ( ! ,satpura range lies ! f\r? geographical division1 to ! we/ ! pla9 ( ,b]> & ,nagpur1 wat]$ by ! ,purna1 ,w>dha & ,wa+anga riv]s1 & fur!r ea/ ! ,*hattisg>h pla91 :i* =ms ! upp] bas9 ( ! ,mahanadi4 ,! ,b]> & ,nagpur pla9 conta9s t[>ds ! we/ ! %all[ black soil 9 :i* autumn crops1 l cotton & ! l>ge millet ju>i1 :i* d n require excessive moi/ure1 c be successfully cultivat$4 ,?is area is ! great cotton-gr[+ tract ( ! ,prov9ce1 & at pres5t ! mo/ weal?y4 ,! valleys ( ! ,wa+anga & ,mahanadi fur!r ea/ receive a heavi] ra9fall & are ma9ly cropp$ ) rice4 ,_m small irrigation tanks = rice h be5 built by ! p !mselves1 & l>ge tank & canal works are n[ be+ und]tak5 by ,gov]nm5t to protect ! tract f ! unc]ta9ty ( ! ra9fall4 ,s\? ( ! pla9 lies ano!r expanse ( hill & plateau compris$ 9 ! z>m9d>i e/ates ( ,*&a & ! ,*hattisg>h ,division & ! ,ba/> & ,kank] ,feudatory ,/ates4 ,?is va/ area1 cov]+ ab\t #bd1jjj squ>e miles1 ! great] "p ( :i* consi/s ( d5se =e/s trav]s$ by precipit\s m\nta9s & rav9es1 :i* =m]ly r5d]$ x imp]vi\s to ,h9du invasion or immigration1 produc+ only on isolat$ /ret*es ( culturable l& ! poor] ra9crops1 & sp>sely peopl$ by primitive ,gonds & o!r =e/ tribes1 0 probably1 until a comp>atively %ort "t ago1 ! wilde/ & lea/-kn[n "p ( ! :ole ,indian p59sula4 ,x is n[ be+ rapidly op5$ up by railways & good roads4 #b4 ,con/itution ( ! population4 ,up to a few c5turies ago ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces rema9$ outside ! sph]e ( ,h9du & ,muhammadan conque/4 ,to ! p ( nor!rn ,india x 0 kn[n z ,gondwana1 an unexplor$ c\ntry ( inaccessible m\nta9s & imp5etrable =e/s1 inhabit$ by ! savage tribes ( ,gonds f :om x took its "n4 ,h9du k+doms 71 x is true1 e/abli%$ ov] a l>ge "p ( its t]ritory 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( our era1 b ^! 7 n accompani$ by ! settlem5t & op5+ out ( ! c\ntry1 & 7 subsequ5tly subv]t$ by ! ,dravidian ,gonds1 :o p]haps invad$ ! c\ntry 9 l>ge numb]s f ! s\? betwe5 ! n9? & twelf? c5turies4 ,h9du immigration & colonisation f ! surr\nd+ prov9ces occurr$ at a lat] p]iod1 l>gely "u ! enc\ragem5t & auspices ( ,gond k+s4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! exi/+ population is v div]se1 & is made up ( elem5ts belong+ to _m p>ts ( ,india4 ,! p ( ! nor!rn ,di/ricts came f ,bundelkh& & ! ,gangetic pla91 & "h are f\nd ! pr9cipal ca/es ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces & ! ,punjab4 ,! we/]n end ( ! ,n]budda valley & ,betul 7 colonis$ f ,malwa & ,c5tral ,india4 ,b]> & ! ,nagpur pla9 fell to ! ,m>a?as1 & "o ( ! mo/ important ,m>a?a ,/ates1 ! ,bhonsla k+dom1 _h its capital at ,nagpur4 ,cultivators f we/]n ,india came & settl$ on ! l&1 & ! exi/+ population are ( ! same ca/es z ! ,m>a?a c\ntry or ,bombay4 ,b prior to ! ,m>a?a conque/ ,b]> & ! ,nim> ,di/rict ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces _h be5 includ$ 9 ! ,mughal empire1 & traces ( ,mughal rule rema9 9 a sub/antial ,muhammadan elem5t 9 ! population4 ,to ! s\? ! ,*&a ,di/rict runs d[n to ! ,godav>i riv]1 & ! s\!rn tracts ( ,*&a & ,ba/> ,/ate are l>gely occupi$ by ,telugu immigrants f ,madras4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,nagpur pla9 ! l>ge l&lock$ area ( ,*hattisg>h 9 ! upp] bas9 ( ! ,mahanadi 0 colonis$ at an e>ly p]iod by ,h9dus f ! ea/ ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 probably com+ ?r\gh ,jubbulpore4 ,a dyna/y ( ! ,haihaivansi ,rajput clan e/abli%$ itself at ,ratanpur1 & ow+ to ! inaccessible nature ( ! c\ntry1 protect$ z x is on all sides by a natural ramp>t ( hill & =e/1 0 able to pursue a tranquil exi/5ce untr\bl$ by ! w>s & political vicissitudes ( nor!rn ,india4 ,! population ( ,*hattisg>h ?us con/itutes to "s ext5t a di/9ct social organism1 :i* reta9$ until q rec5tly _m remnants ( primitive cu/om4 ,! middle bas9 ( ! ,mahanadi to ! ea/ ( ,*hattisg>h1 compris+ ! ,sambalpur ,di/rict & adjo9+ ,/ates1 0 peopl$ by ,uriyas f ,orissa1 & ?\gh ?is area has n[ be5 re/or$ to its p>5t prov9ce1 notices ( its pr9cipal ca/es h be5 includ$ 9 ^! volumes4 ,f9ally1 ! population conta9s a l>ge elem5t ( ! primitive or non-,aryan tribes1 ri* 9 v>iety1 :o h retir$ be=e ! pressure ( ,h9du cultivators to its ext5sive hills & =e/s4 ,! p ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces may !re=e n unju/ly be consid]$ z a microcosm ( a great "p ( ,india1 & conclusions drawn f a consid]ation ( _! ca/e rules & /atus may claim ) consid]able probability ( success to be applicable to ^? ( ! ,h9dus g5]ally4 ,= ! same reason ! /&>d e?nological works ( o!r ,prov9ces necess>ily rank z ! be/ au?orities on ! ca/es ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 & ?is fact may expla9 & excuse ! copi\s resort :i* has be5 made to !m 9 ^! volumes4 #c4 ,! ^w ',ca/e4' ,! ^w ',ca/e1' ,dr4 ,wilson /ates1 #a is n ( ,indian orig91 b is d]iv$ f ! ,portuguese ca/a1 signify+ race1 m\ld or quality4 ,! ,indian ^w = ca/e is jat or jati1 :i* has ! orig9al mean+ ( bir? or production ( a *ild1 & h5ce d5otes good bir? or l9eage1 respectability & rank4 ,ja?a means well-born4 ,?us jat n[ signifies a ca/e1 z e ,h9du is born into a ca/e1 & 8 ca/e det]m9es 8 social position ?r\gh life4 #d4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]m ',ca/e4' ,! two ma9 ideas d5ot$ by a ca/e are a community or p]sons foll[+ a common occupation1 & a community ^: memb]s m>ry only among !mselves4 ,a ?ird di/9ctive feature is t ! memb]s ( a ca/e d n z a rule eat ) outsid]s ) ! exception ( o!r ,h9du ca/es ( a mu* high] social position ?an _! own4 ,none ( ^! w1 h[ev]1 s]ve z a def9ition ( a ca/e4 ,9 a numb] ( ca/es ! majority ( memb]s h ab&on$ _! traditional occupation & tak5 to o!rs4 ,less ?an a fif? ( ! ,brahmans ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces are p]=m+ any prie/ly or religi\s functions1 & ! rema9+ f\r-fif?s are l&hold]s or engag$ 9 ,gov]nm5t s]vice z magi/rates1 cl]ks ( public (fices1 con/ables & ord]lies1 or 9 railway s]vice 9 diff]5t grades1 or 9 ! pr(essions z b>ri/]s & plead]s1 doctors1 eng9e]s & s on4 ,! ,rajputs & ,m>a?as 7 orig9ally soldi]s1 b only an inf9itely small proportion belong to ! ,indian ,army1 & ! rema9d] are rul+ *iefs1 l&hold]s1 cultivators1 lab\r]s or 9 ! v>i\s grades ( ,gov]nm5t s]vice & ! police4 ,( ! ,telis or oil-press]s only #i p] c5t are engag$ 9 _! traditional occupation1 & ! rema9d] are l&hold]s1 cultivators & %opkeep]s4 ,( ! ,ahirs or grazi]s only #bj p] c5t t5d & bre$ cattle4 ,only #ab p] c5t ( ! ,*am>s are support$ by ! tann+ indu/ry1 & s on4 ,! ,bahnas or cotton-clean]s h entirely lo/ _! occupation1 z cotton is n[ clean$ 9 factories2 !y are c>tm5 or cultivators1 b reta9 _! ca/e "n & organisation4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ma*9e-made clo? has r$uc$ ! pr(its ( h&-loom weav+1 l>ge numb]s ( ! weav+ ca/es h be5 r$uc$ to manual lab\r z a means ( subsi/5ce4 ,! ab&onm5t ( ! traditional occupation has become a mo/ m>k$ feature ( ,h9du society z a result ( ! equal opportunity & fre$om 9 ! *oice ( occupations af=d$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 c\pl$ ) ! rapid progress ( indu/ry & ! spread ( education4 ,s f> x has _h no v m>k$ly dis9tegrat+ effect on ! ca/e sy/em1 & ! /atus ( a ca/e is /ill ma9ly fix$ by its traditional occupation2 b signs are n want+ ( a com+ *ange4 ,aga91 sev]al ca/es h ! same traditional occupation2 ab\t =ty ( ! ca/es ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces are classifi$ z agriculturi/s1 elev5 z weav]s1 sev5 z fi%]m51 & s on4 ,di/9ctions ( occupation !re=e are n a suffici5t basis = a classification ( ca/es4 ,nor c a ca/e be simply def9$ z a body ( p]sons :o m>ry only among !mselves1 or1 z x is t]m$1 an endogam\s gr\p2 = almo/ e important ca/e is divid$ into a numb] ( subca/es :i* d n m>ry & frequ5tly d n eat ) ea* o!r4 ,b x is a di/9ctive & peculi> feature ( ca/e z a social in/itution t x splits up ! p into a multitude ( ^! divisions & b>s _! int]m>riage2 & ! real unit ( ! sy/em & ! basis ( ! fabric ( ,indian society is ?is endogam\s gr\p or subca/e4 #e4 ,! subca/e4 ,! subca/es1 h[ev]1 connote no real diff]5ce ( /atus or occupation4 ,!y are little kn[n except )9 ! ca/e itself1 & !y consi/ ( gr\ps )9 ! ca/e :i* m>ry among !mselves1 & att5d ! communal fea/s held on ! occasions ( m>riages1 fun]als & meet+s ( ! ca/e pan*ayat or committee = ! judgm5t ( (f5ces aga9/ ! ca/e rules & _! expiation by a p5alty fea/2 to ^! fea/s all male adults ( ! community1 )9 a c]ta9 area1 are invit$4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! #bej gr\ps :i* h be5 classifi$ z ca/es conta9 p]haps #bjjj subca/es4 ,except 9 "s cases o!r ,h9dus d n "k a man's subca/e1 ?\gh !y always "k 8 ca/e2 among ! ignorant l[] ca/es m5 may (t5 be f\nd :o d n "k :e!r _! ca/e conta9s any subca/es or :e!r !y !mselves belong to "o4 ,t is1 !y w eat & m>ry ) all ! memb]s ( _! ca/e )9 a circle ( villages1 b "k no?+ ab\t ! ca/e outside ^? villages1 or ev5 :e!r x exi/s else:]e4 ,"o subdivision ( a ca/e may look d[n ^u ano!r on ! gr\nd ( "s diff]5ce ( occupation1 ( orig91 or ( ab/a9+ f or p>tak+ ( "s article ( food1 b ^! di/9ctions are usually conf9$ to _! int]nal relations & seldom recognis$ by outsid]s4 ,= social purposes ! ca/e consi/+ ( a numb] ( ^! endogam\s gr\ps g5]ally occupies ! same position1 det]m9$ r\ghly accord+ to ! respectability ( its traditional occupation or extraction4 #f4 ,confusion ( nom5clature4 ,no adequate def9ition ( ca/e c ?us be obta9$ f community ( occupation or int]m>riage2 nor w\ld x be accurate to say t e "o mu/ "k 8 own ca/e & t all ! diff]5t names return$ at ! c5sus may be tak5 z di/9ct4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ab\t #ijj ca/e-names 7 return$ at ! c5sus ( #aija1 & ^! 7 r$uc$ 9 classification to ab\t #bej prop] ca/es4 ,9 "s cases synonyms are commonly us$4 ,! ca/e ( pan or betel-v9e gr[]s & sell]s is kn[n indiff]5tly z ,b>ai1 ,pans>i or ,tamboli4 ,! great ca/e ( ,ahirs or h]dsm5 has sev]al synonyms--z ,gaoli 9 ! ,nor!rn ,di/ricts1 ,rawat or ,gahra 9 ,*hattisg>h1 ,gaur among ! ,uriyas1 & ,golk> among ,telugus4 ,loh>s are also call$ ,khati & ,kamm>i2 ,masons are call$ ,l>hia1 ,raj & ,beld>4 ,! m di/9ctly occupational ca/es usually h diff]5t names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 z ,dhobi1 ,w>?i1 ,b>e?a1 ,*akla & ,p>it = wa%]m52 ,basor1 ,burud1 ,k&ra & ,dhulia = bamboo-work]s1 & s on4 ,su* names may %[ t ! subdivisions to :i* !y are appli$ h immigrat$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ,india1 b ! di/9ction is g5]ally n n[ ma9ta9$1 & _m p]sons w return "o or o!r ( !m indiff]5tly4 ,no object is ga9$1 !re=e1 by di/+ui%+ !m 9 classification1 z !y correspond to no diff]5ces ( /atus or occupation1 & at mo/ d5ote gr\ps :i* d n int]m>ry1 & :i* may !re=e m prop]ly be consid]$ z subca/es4 ,titles or names ( (fices are also n infrequ5tly giv5 z ca/e names4 ,memb]s ( ! l[e/ or impure ca/es employ$ 9 ! (fice ( ,kotw> or village wat*m5 pref] to call !mselves by ?is "n1 z !y ?us obta9 a c]ta9 rise 9 /atus1 or at lea/ !y ?9k s4 ,9 "s localities ! ,kotw>s or village wat*m5 h begun to m>ry among !mselves & try to =m a sep>ate ca/e4 ,*am>s 7tann]s7 or ,mah>s 7weav]s7 employ$ z grooms w call !mselves ,sais & consid] !mselves sup]ior to ! re/ ( _! ca/e4 ,! ,!?w> ,rawats or ,ahirs w n clean h\sehold cook+-vessels1 & !re=e look d[n on ! re/ ( ! ca/e & pref] to call !mselves by ?is designation1 z ',!?' means 'exact' or 'pure1' & ,!?w> is "o :o has n deg5]at$ f ! ance/ral call+4 ,salew>s are a subca/e ( ,ko%tis 7weav]s71 :o "w only 9 silk & h5ce consid] !mselves z sup]ior to ! o!r ,ko%tis & a sep>ate ca/e4 ,! ,ra?or subca/e ( ,telis 9 ,m&la h ab&on$ ! h]$it>y occupation ( oil-press+ & become l&$ proprietors4 ,!y n[ wi% to drop _! own ca/e & to be kn[n only z ,ra?or1 ! "n ( "o ( ! lead+ ,rajput clans1 9 ! hope t 9 "t x w be =gott5 t !y ev] 7 ,telis1 & !y w be admitt$ into ! community ( ,rajputs4 ,x occurr$ to !m t ! c5sus w\ld be a good opportunity ( advanc+ a /ep t[>ds ! desir$ end1 & accord+ly !y telegraph$ to ! ,commission] ( ,jubbulpore be=e ! enum]ation1 & petition$ ! ,*ief ,commission] aft] x _h be5 tak51 to ! effect t !y might be record$ & classifi$ only z ,ra?or & n z ,teli2 ?is me?od ( obta9+ recognition ( _! claims be+1 z rem>k$ by ,sir ,bampfylde ,full]1 a great deal *eap] ?an be+ weigh$ aga9/ gold4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a common occupation may sometimes amalgamate ca/es orig9ally di/9ct into "o4 ,! sweep]'s call+ is well-def9$ & "u ! g5]ific t]m ( ,meht> are includ$ memb]s ( two or ?ree di/9ct ca/es1 z ,dom1 ,bhangi & ,*uhra2 ! ^w ,meht> means a pr9ce or headman1 & x is believ$ t its application to ! sweep] by ! o!r s]vants is ironical4 ,x has n[1 h[ev]1 be5 g5]ally adopt$ z a ca/e "n4 ,simil>ly1 ,d>zi1 a tailor1 0 held by ,sir ,d4 ,ibbetson to be simply ! "n ( a pr(ession & n t ( a ca/e2 b x is c]ta9ly a true ca/e 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ?\gh probably ( comp>atively late orig94 ,a *ange ( occupation may transf] a :ole body ( p]sons f "o ca/e to ano!r4 ,a l>ge section ( ! ,banj>a ca/e ( c>ri]s1 :o h tak5 to cultivation1 h become includ$ 9 ! ,kunbi ca/e 9 ,b]> & are kn[n z ,wanj>i ,kunbi4 ,ano!r subca/e ( ! ,kunbis call$ ,manwa is d]iv$ f ! ,mana tribe4 ,telis or oilm51 :o h tak5 to v5d+ liquor1 n[ =m a subca/e ( ! ,kal> ca/e call$ ,teli-,kal>2 ^? :o h become %opkeep]s are call$ ,teli-,bania & may 9 "t become an inf]ior section ( ! ,bania ca/e4 ,o!r simil> subca/es are ! ,ahir-,sun>s or h]dsm5-goldsmi?s1 ! ,kaya/h-,d>zis or tailors1 ! ,kori-,*am>s or weav]-tann]s1 ! ,gondi ,loh>s & ,b>hais1 be+ ,gonds :o h become c>p5t]s & blacksmi?s & be5 admitt$ to ^! ca/es2 ! ,mah> ,mhalis or b>b]s1 & s on4 #g4 ,te/s ( :at a ca/e is4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t no precise def9ition ( a ca/e c well be =mulat$ to meet all difficulties4 ,9 classification1 ea* d\btful case mu/ be tak5 by itself1 & x mu/ be det]m9$1 on ! in=mation available1 :e!r any body ( p]sons1 consi/+ ( "o or m endogam\s gr\ps1 & di/+ui%$ by "o or m sep>ate names1 c be recognis$ z hold+1 ei!r on acc\nt ( its traditional occupation or desc5t1 su* a di/9ctive position 9 ! social sy/em1 t x %\ld be classifi$ z a ca/e4 ,b n ev5 ! condition ( endogamy c be accept$ z ( univ]sal application2 = ,vidurs1 :o are consid]$ to be desc5d$ f ,brahman fa!rs & wom5 ( o!r ca/es1 w1 ?\gh m>ry+ among !mselves1 /ill receive ! (fspr+ ( su* mix$ alliances into ! community2 9 ! case ( ,gosa9s & ,bairagis1 :o1 f be+ religi\s ord]s1 h become ca/es1 admission is obta9$ by initiation z well z by bir?1 & ! same is ! case ) sev]al o!r ord]s2 "s ( ! l[] ca/es w freely admit outsid]s2 & 9 p>ts ( ,*hattisg>h social ties are ( ! laxe/ description1 & ! int]m>riage ( ,gonds1 ,*am>s & o!r l[ ca/es are by no means infrequ5t4 ,b not)/&+ ^! in/ances1 ! pr9ciple ( ! re/riction ( m>riage to memb]s ( ! ca/e is s ne>ly univ]sal z to be capable ( be+ adopt$ z a def9ition4 #h4 ,! f\r traditional ca/es4 ,! well-kn[n traditional !ory ( ca/e is t ! ,aryans 7 divid$ f ! beg9n+ ( "t into f\r ca/es3 ,brahmans or prie/s1 ,k%atriyas or w>riors1 ,vai%yas or m]*ants & cultivators1 & ,sudras or m5ials & lab\r]s1 all ( :om _h a div9e orig91 be+ born f ! body ( ,brahma--! ,brahmans f 8 m\?1 ! ,k%atriyas f 8 arms1 ! ,vai%yas f 8 ?ighs1 & ! ,sudras f 8 feet4 ,int]m>riage betwe5 ! f\r ca/es 0 n at fir/ entirely prohibit$1 & a man ( any ( ! ?ree high] ones1 provid$ t = 8 fir/ wife he took a woman ( 8 own ca/e1 c\ld subsequ5tly m>ry o!rs ( ! divisions b5ea? 8 own4 ,9 ?is mann] ! o!r ca/es orig9at$4 ,?us ! ,kaiv>ttas or ,kewats 7 ! (fspr+ ( a ,k%atriya fa!r & ,vai%ya "m1 & s on4 ,mix$ m>riages 9 ! opposite direction1 ( a woman ( a high] ca/e ) a man ( a l[] "o1 7 reprobat$ z /rongly z possible1 & ! (fspr+ ( ^! 7 relegat$ to ! l[e/ position 9 society2 ?us ! ,*&als1 or desc5dants ( a ,sudra fa!r & ,brahman "m1 7 ( all m5 ! mo/ base4 ,x has be5 recognis$ t ?is g5ealogy1 ?\gh 9 sub/ance ! =mation ( a numb] ( new ca/es ?r\gh mix$ desc5t may h be5 correct1 is1 z reg>ds ! details1 an attempt made by a prie/ly law-giv] to acc\nt1 on ! l9es ( or?odox tradition1 = a /ate ( society :i* _h ceas$ to correspond to !m4 #i4 ,occupational !ory ( ca/e4 ,9 ! e?nographic description ( ! p ( ! ,punjab1 :i* =ms ! ,ca/e *apt] ( ,sir ,d5zil ,ibbetson's ,c5sus ,report ( #ahha1 x 0 po9t$ out t occupation 0 ! *ief basis ( ! division ( ca/es1 & !re is no d\bt t ?is is true4 ,e sep>ate occupation has produc$ a di/9ct ca/e1 & ! /atus ( ! ca/e dep5ds n[ ma9ly or almo/ entirely on its occupation4 ,! fact t !re may be sev]al ca/es practis+ su* important call+s z agriculture or weav+ does n invalidate ?is 9 any way1 & in/ances ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* ca/es h be5 develop$ w be giv5 subsequ5tly4 ,if a ca/e *anges its occupation x may1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 alt] its /atus 9 a correspond+ degree4 ,! important ,kaya/h & ,gurao ca/es furni% in/ances ( ?is4 ,ca/es1 9 fact1 t5d to rise or fall 9 social position ) ! acquisition ( l& or o!r =ms ( weal? or dignity mu* 9 ! same mann] z individuals d n[adays 9 ,european c\ntries4 ,hi!rto 9 ,india x has n be5 ! individual :o has und]gone ! process2 he inh]its ! social position ( ! ca/e 9 :i* he is born1 &1 z a rule1 reta9s x ?r\gh life )\t ! p[] ( alt]+ x4 ,x is ! ca/e1 z a :ole1 or at lea/ "o ( its important sections or subca/es1 :i* gradually rises or falls 9 social position1 & ! process may ext5d ov] g5]ations or ev5 c5turies4 ,9 ! ,brief ,sket* ( ! ,ca/e ,sy/em ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 ,mr4 ,j4,c4 ,nesfield puts =w>d ! view t ! :ole basis ( ! ca/e sy/em is ! division ( occupations1 & t ! social gradation ( ca/es corresponds precisely to ! diff]5t p]iods ( civilisation dur+ :i* _! traditional occupations orig9at$4 ,?us ! l[e/ ca/es are ^? alli$ to ! primitive occupation ( hunt+1 ,pasi1 ,bh>1 ,bahelia1 because ! pursuit ( wild animals 0 ! e>lie/ /age 9 ! developm5t ( human indu/ry4 ,next above ^! come ! fi%+ ca/es1 fi%+ be+ consid]$ some:at sup]ior to hunt+1 because wat] is a m sacr$ elem5t among ,h9dus ?an l&1 & !re is less app>5t cruelty 9 ! captur+ ( fi% ?an ! slaught]+ ( animals2 ^! are ! ,kah>s1 ,kewats1 ,dhim>s & o!rs4 ,above ^! come ! pa/oral ca/es--,ghosi1 ,gad>ia1 ,guj> & ,ahir2 & above !m ! agricultural ca/es1 foll[+ ! ord] 9 :i* ^! occupations 7 adopt$ dur+ ! progress ( civilisation4 ,at ! top ( ! sy/em /&s ! ,rajput or ,*hatri1 ! w>rior1 ^: duty is to protect all ! l[] ca/es1 & ! ,brahman1 :o is _! prie/ & spiritual guide4 ,simil>ly1 ! artisan ca/es are divid$ into two ma9 gr\ps2 ! l[] "o consi/s ( ^? ^: occupations prec$$ ! age ( metallurgy1 z ! ,*am>s & ,mo*is or tann]s1 ,koris or weav]s1 ! ,telis or oil-press]s1 ,kal>s or liquor-di/ill]s1 ,kumh>s or pott]s1 & ,lunias or salt-mak]s4 ,! high] gr\p includes ^? ca/es ^: occupations 7 coeval ) ! age ( metallurgy1 t is1 ^? :o "w 9 /one1 wood & metals1 & :o make clo?+ & ornam5ts1 z ! ,b>hai or work] 9 wood1 ! ,loh> or work] 9 iron1 ! ,kas]a & ,?a!ra1 brass-work]s1 & ! ,sun> or work] 9 ! preci\s metals1 rank+ precisely 9 ?is ord] ( prec$5ce1 ! ,sun> be+ ! highe/4 ,! !ory is /ill fur!r develop$ among ! trad+ ca/es1 :o are arrang$ 9 a simil> mann]1 beg9n+ f ! ,banj>a or =e/ trad]1 ! ,kunjra or gre5groc]1 & ! ,bh>bhunja or gra9-p>*]1 up to ! classes ( ,banias & ,khatris or %opkeep]s & bank]s4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! ,h9dus ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly arrang$ _! gradation ( society 9 a sci5tific ord] ( prec$5ce 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,! ma9 divisions ( social prec$5ce are correctly /at$ by ,mr4 ,nesfield1 b x w be sugge/$ 9 ?is essay t !y arose naturally f ! divisions ( ! pr9cipal social organism ( ,india1 ! village community4 ,nev]!less ,mr4 ,nesfield's book w always rank z a mo/ int]e/+ & orig9al contribution to ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 & 8 "w did mu* to /imulate inquiry into ! orig9 ( ! ca/e sy/em4 #aj4 ,racial ,!ory4 ,9 8 ,introduction to ! ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal ,sir ,h]b]t ,risley laid /ress on ! racial basis ( ca/e1 %[+ t diff]5ce ( race & diff]5ce ( col\r 7 ! f\ndation ( ! ,indian ca/e sy/em or division ( ! p into endogam\s units4 ,!re seems reason to suppose t ! contact ( ! ,aryans ) ! indig5\s p ( ,india 01 to a l>ge ext5t1 responsible = ! gr[? ( ! ca/e sy/em1 & ! ma9 racial divisions may p]haps ev5 n[ be recognis$1 ?\gh _! racial basis has1 to a great ext5t1 vani%$4 ,b :5 we come to individual ca/es & subca/es1 ! scrut9y ( _! orig91 :i* has be5 made 9 ! individual articles1 appe>s to indicate t ca/e di/9ctions _c1 z a rule1 be bas$ on suppos$ diff]5ce ( race4 ,nev]!less ,sir ,h4 ,risley's ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,b5gal & ,peoples ( ,india w1 no d\bt1 always be consid]$ z /&>d au?orities1 :ile z ,c5sus ,commission] = ,india & ,director ( ,e?nography he probably did m to fo/] ?is bran* ( rese>* 9 ,india g5]ally ?an any o!r man has ev] done4 #aa4 ,entry ( ! ,aryans into ,india4 ,! ,aryas & ,dasyus4 ,m4 ,emile ,s5>t1 9 8 "w ,les ,ca/es dans l',inde1 gives an admirable sket* ( ! features m>k+ ! entry ( ! ,aryans into ,india & _! acquisition ( ! c\ntry1 f :i* ! foll[+ acc\nt is l>gely tak54 ,! in/itution ( ca/e z x is und]/ood at pres5t did n exi/ among ! ,aryans ( ! ,v$ic p]iod1 on _! fir/ entry into ,india4 ,! ^w v>na1 lit]ally 'col\r1' :i* is aft]w>ds us$ 9 speak+ ( ! f\r ca/es1 di/+ui%es 9 ! ,v$as two classes only3 !re are ! ,arya ,v>na & ! ,dasa ,v>na--! ,aryan race & ! race ( enemies4 ,9 o!r passages ! ,dasyus are spok5 ( z black1 & ,indra is prais$ = protect+ ! ,aryan col\r4 ,9 lat] lit]ature ! black race1 ,kri%na ,v>na1 are oppos$ to ! ,brahmans1 & ! same ^w is us$ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ,aryas & ,sudras4 ,! ^w v>na 0 ?us us$1 9 ! fir/ place1 n ( f\r ca/es1 b ( two ho/ile races1 "o :ite & ! o!r black4 ,x is said t ,indra divid$ ! fields among 8 :ite-col\r$ p aft] de/roy+ ! ,dasyus1 by :om may be und]/ood ! indig5\s b>b>ian races4 #b ,! ^w ,dasyu1 :i* frequ5tly recurs 9 ! ,v$as1 probably ref]s to ! p ( =eign c\ntries or prov9ces l ! ,goim or ,g5tiles ( ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,dasyus 7 n altoge!r b>b>ians1 = !y _h cities & o!r in/itutions %[+ a p>tial civilisation1 ?\gh ! ,aryas1 lately f m brac+ climes ?an ^? :i* !y inhabit$1 prov$ too /rong = !m4 #c ,to ! ,aryans ! ^w ,dasyu _h ! mean+ ( "o :o n only did n p]=m religi\s rites1 b attempt$ to h>ass _! p]=m]s4 ,ano!r v]se says1 ,di/+ui%1 ,o ,indra1 betwe5 ! ,aryas & ^? :o are ,dasyus3 puni%+ ^? :o p]=m no religi\s rites2 compel !m to submit to ! sacrifices2 be ?\ ! p[]ful1 ! enc\rag] ( ! sacrific]4 #d ,rak%asa 0 ano!r designation giv5 to ! tribes ) :om ! ,aryans 7 9 ho/ility4 ,its mean+ is /rong1 gigantic or p[]ful1 & among ! mod]n ,h9dus x is a ^w = a devil or demon4 ,9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana ( ! :ite ,yajur-,v$a ! ,rak%asas are repres5t$ z 'prohibit]s1' t is 'prohibit]s ( ! sacrifice4' #e ,simil>ly1 at a lat] p]iod1 ,manu describes ,aryav>rta1 or ! abode ( ! ,aryas1 z ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n oceans1 & betwe5 ! ,himalayas & ! ,v9dhyas1 t is ,h9du/an1 ! ,deccan be+ n !n recognis$ z an abode ( ! ,aryans4 ,& he ?us speaks ( ! c\ntry3 ,f a ,brahman born 9 ,aryav>rta let all m5 on e>? le>n _! sev]al usages4 ,t l& on :i* ! black antelope naturally grazes1 is held fit = ! p]=mance ( sacrifices2 b ! l& ( ,mle**has 7=eign]s7 is beyond x4 ,let ! ?ree fir/ classes 7,brahmans1 ,k%atriyas & ,vai%yas7 inv>iably dwell 9 ! above-m5tion$ c\ntries2 b a ,sudra di/ress$ = subsi/5ce may soj\rn :]ev] he *ooses4 #f ,ano!r passage /ates3 ,if "s pi\s k+ belong+ to ! ,k%atriya or "s o!r ca/e %\ld defeat ! ,mle**has #g & e/abli% a settlem5t ( ! f\r ca/es 9 _! t]ritories1 & accept ! ,mle**has ?us defeat$ z ,*&alas 7! mo/ impure ca/e 9 anci5t ,h9du society7 z is ! case 9 ,aryav>rta1 !n t c\ntry also becomes fit = sacrifice4 ,= no l& is impure ( itself4 ,a l& becomes s only by contact4 ,?is passage is quot$ by a ,h9du writ] ) ! same ref]5ce to ! ,code ( ,manu z ! prec$+ "o1 b x is n f\nd !re & appe>s to be a gloss by a lat] writ]1 expla9+ h[ ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,v9dhyas1 :i* is exclud$ by ,manu1 %\ld be r5d]$ fit = ,aryan settlem5t4 #h ,simil>ly 9 a ref]5ce 9 ! ,brahmanas to ! migration ( ! ,aryans ea/w>d f ! ,punjab x is /at$ t ,agni ! fire-god fla%$ =? f ! m\? ( a prie/ invok+ him at a sacrifice & burnt across all ! five riv]s1 & z f> z he burnt ,brahmans c\ld live4 ,agni1 z ! god ( fire by :i* ! (f]+s 7 consum$1 0 address$ z foll[s3 ,we k9dle !e at ! sacrifice1 ,o wise ,agni1 ! sacrific]1 ! lum9\s1 ! mighty4 #i ,! sacrifices ref]r$ to 71 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 ( dome/ic animals1 ! horse1 ox or goat1 ! fle% ( :i* 0 p>tak5 ( by ! wor%ipp]s1 & ! sacr$ ,soma-liquor1 :i* 0 drunk by !m2 ! prohibition or disc\ragem5t ( animal sacrifices = ! high] ca/es gradually came ab\t at a lat] "t1 & 0 probably to a l>ge ext5t due to ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism4 ,! e>ly sacrifice 0 9 ! nature ( a communal sacr$ meal at :i* ! wor%ipp]s p>took ( ! animal or liquor (f]$ to ! god4 ,! ,dasyus or indig5\s ,indian races c\ld n wor%ip ! ,aryan gods nor jo9 9 ! sacrifices (f]$ to !m1 :i* con/itut$ ! act ( wor%ip4 ,!y 7 a ho/ile race1 b ! ho/ility 0 felt & express$ on religi\s r ?an racial gr\nds1 z ! latt] t]m is und]/ood at pres5t4 #ab4 ,! ,sudra4 ,m4 ,s5>t po9ts out t ! division ( ! f\r ca/es appe>+ 9 po/-,v$ic lit]ature1 does n proce$ on equal l9es4 ,!re 7 two gr\ps1 "o compos$ ( ! ?ree high] ca/es1 & ! o!r ( ! ,sudras or l[e/4 ,! high] ca/es con/itut$ a frat]nity into :i* admission 0 obta9$ only by a religi\s c]emony ( initiation & inve/m5t ) ! sacr$ ?read4 ,! ,sudras 7 exclud$ & c\ld take no "p 9 sacrifices4 ,! puni%m5t = ! commission ( ! grave/ (f5ces by a ,brahman 0 t he became a ,sudra1 t is to say an outca/4 ,! kill+ ( a ,sudra 0 an (f5ce no m sev]e ?an t ( kill+ c]ta9 animals4 ,a ,sudra 0 prohibit$ by ! sev]e/ p5alties f approa*+ )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( a memb] ( any ( ! high] ca/es4 ,9 ! ,sutras #aj x is decl>$ #aa t ! ,sudra has n ! "r 7,adhik>a7 ( sacrifice enjoy$ by ! ,brahman1 ,k%atriya & ,vai%ya4 ,he 0 n to be inve/$ ) ! sacr$ ?read1 nor p]mitt$1 l !m1 to he>1 commit to memory1 or recite ,v$ic texts4 ,= li/5+ to ^! texts he ought to h 8 e>s %ut up ) melt$ lead or lac by way ( puni%m5t2 = pron\nc+ !m1 8 tongue cut out2 & = committ+ !m to memory1 8 body cut 9 two4 #ab ,! ,v$a 0 nev] to be read 9 ! pres5ce ( a ,sudra2 & no sacrifice 0 to be p]=m$ = him4 #ac ,! ,sudras1 x is /at$ 9 ! ,h>ivan%a1 are sprung f vacuity1 & are de/itute ( c]emonies1 & s are n entitl$ to ! rites ( initiation4 ,j z ^u ! friction ( wood1 ! cl\d ( smoke :i* issues f ! fire & spreads ar\nd is ( no s]vice 9 ! sacrificial rite1 s too ! ,sudras spread ov] ! e>? are uns]viceable1 ow+ to _! bir?1 to _! want ( initiatory rites1 & ! c]emonies orda9$ by ! ,v$as4 #ad ,aga9 x is orda9$ t sil5ce is to be obs]v$ by p>ties ( ! ?ree sacrificial classes :5 a ,sudra ent]s to remove _! natural defilem5ts1 & ?us ! s]vile position ( ! ,sudra is recognis$4 #ae ,"h x appe>s t ! ,sudra is id5tifi$ ) ! sweep] or scav5g]1 ! mo/ debas$ & impure ( mod]n ,h9du ca/es4 #af ,9 ! ,dh>ma%a/ras or law-books x is laid d[n t a p]son tak+ a ,sudra's food = a mon? becomes a ,sudra & aft] dea? becomes a dog4 ,issue begott5 aft] eat+ a ,sudra's food is ( ! ,sudra ca/e4 ,a p]son :o dies ) ,sudra's food 9 8 /oma* becomes a village pig1 or is reborn 9 a ,sudra's family4 #ag ,an ,arya :o _h sexual intimacy ) a ,sudra woman 0 to be bani%$2 b a ,sudra hav+ intimacy ) an ,arya 0 to be kill$4 ,if a ,sudra reproa*$ a dutiful ,arya1 or put himself on equality ) him on a road1 on a c\* or on a seat1 he 0 to be beat5 ) a /ick4 #ah ,a ,brahman might )\t hesitation take ! prop]ty ( a ,sudra2 he1 ! ,sudra1 _h inde$ no?+ ( 8 own2 8 ma/] might1 d\btless1 take 8 prop]ty4 #ai ,accord+ to ! ,mahabh>ata ! ,sudras are appo9t$ s]vants to ! ,brahmans1 ,k%atriyas & ,vai%yas4 #bj ,a ,brahman woman hav+ connection ) a ,sudra 0 to be dev\r$ by dogs1 b "o hav+ connection ) a ,k%atriya or ,vai%ya 0 m]ely to h h] head %av$ & be c>ri$ r\nd on an ass4 #ba ,:5 a ,brahman receiv$ a gift f ano!r ,brahman he _h to ackn[l$ge x 9 a l\d voice2 f a ,rajanya or ,k%atriya1 9 a g5tle voice2 f a ,vai%ya1 9 a :isp]2 & f a ,sudra1 9 8 own m9d4 ,to a ,brahman he comm5c$ 8 ?anks ) ! sacr$ syllable ,om2 to a k+ he gave ?anks )\t ! sacr$ ,om2 to a ,vai%ya he :isp]$ 8 ?anks2 to a ,sudra he said no?+1 b ?\ght 9 8 own m9d1 sva/i1 or ',?is is good4' #bb ,x w\ld ?us seem cle> t ! ,sudras 7 di/9ct f ! ,aryas & 7 a sep>ate & inf]ior race1 consi/+ ( ! indig5\s p ( ,india4 ,9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a ! ,sudra is recognis$ z di/9ct f ! ,arya1 & also ! ,dasa f ! ,arya1 z 9 ! ,rig-,v$a4 #bc ,dr4 ,wilson rem>ks1 ,! aborig9al inhabitants1 aga91 :o con=m$ to ! ,brahmanic law1 receiv$ c]ta9 privileges1 & 7 con/itut$ z a f\r? ca/e "u ! "n ( ,sudras1 :]eas all ! re/ :o kept alo( 7 call$ ,dasyus1 :atev] _! language might be4 #bd ,! ,sudras1 ?\gh treat$ by ,manu & ,h9du legislation 9 g5]al z a compon5t1 if enslav$1 "p ( ! ,indian community1 n entitl$ to ! second or sacram5tal bir?1 are n ev5 once m5tion$ 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! ,v$as4 ,!y are fir/ locally br\ght to notice 9 ! ,mahabh>ata1 along ) ! ,abhiras1 dwell+ on ! banks ( ! ,indus4 ,!re are di/9ct classical notices ( ! ,sudras 9 ?is v locality & its neighb\rhood4 ,9 hi/orical times1 says ,lass51 _! "n reappe>s 9 t ( ! t[n ,sudros on ! l[] ,indus1 &1 :at is especially wor?y ( notice1 9 t ( ! p ,sudroi1 among ! ,nor!rn ,ara*osians4 #be ,?us _! exi/5ce z a di/9ct nation is e/abli%$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,indus1 t is to say 9 ! region 9 :i*1 9 ! olde/ "t1 ! ,aryan ,indians dwelt4 ,! ,aryans probably conqu]$ ^! indig5\s inhabitants fir/2 & :5 ! o!rs 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry 7 subsequ5tly subdu$ & enslav$1 ! "n ,sudra 0 ext5d$ to ! :ole s]vile ca/e4 ,!re seems to h be5 "s hesitation 9 ! ,aryan community ab\t ! actual religi\s position to be giv5 to ! ,sudras4 ,9 ! "t ( ! liturgical ,brahmanas ( ! ,v$as1 !y 7 sometimes admitt$ to take "p 9 ! ,aryan sacrifices4 ,n long aft]w>ds1 :5 ! conque/s ( ! ,aryans 7 greatly ext5d$1 & !y =m$ a settl$ /ate ( society among ! afflu5ts ( ! ,jumna & ,ganges1 ! ,sudras 7 degrad$ to ! humiliat+ & pa9ful position :i* !y occupy 9 ,manu4 ,!re is no m5tion ( any ( ! ,sank>a or mix$ ca/es 9 ! ,v$as4 #bf ,f ! above evid5ce x seems cle> t ! ,sudras 7 really ! indig5\s inhabitants ( ,india1 :o 7 subdu$ by ! ,aryans z !y gradually p5etrat$ into ,india4 ,:5 ! conqu]+ race began to settle 9 ! l&1 ! indig5\s tribes1 or su* ( !m z did n retire be=e ! invad]s into ! /ill unconqu]$ int]ior1 became a class ( m5ials & lab\r]s1 z ! ,amalekites 7 to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,! ,sudras 7 ! same p z ! ,dasyus ( ! hymns1 aft] !y _h begun to live 9 villages ) ! ,aryans1 & _h to be admitt$1 ?\gh 9 ! mo/ humiliat+ fa%ion1 into ! ,aryan polity4 ,b ! ho/ility betwe5 ! ,aryas & ! ,dasyus or ,sudras1 ?\gh 9 reality racial1 0 felt & express$ on religi\s gr\nds1 & probably ! ,aryans _h no real idea ( :at is n[ und]/ood by diff]5ce ( race or det]ioration ( type f mixture ( races4 ,! ,sudras 7 despis$ & hat$ z wor%ipp]s ( a ho/ile god4 ,!y c\ld n jo9 9 ! sacrifices by :i* ! ,aryans r5ew$ & cem5t$ _! k9%ip ) _! god & ) ea* o!r2 h5ce !y 7 outlaws t[>ds :om no social obligations exi/$4 ,x w\ld h be5 q "r & prop] t !y %\ld be utt]ly de/roy$1 precisely z ! ,israelites ?\ght t ,jehovah _h comm&$ !m to de/roy ! ,canaanites4 ,b !y 7 too num]\s1 & h5ce !y 7 reg>d$ z impure & made to live ap>t1 s t !y %\ld n pollute ! places ( sacrifice1 :i* among ! ,aryans includ$ _! dwell+-h\ses4 ,x does n seem to h be5 ! case t ! ,aryans _h any reg>d = ! pres]vation ( ! purity ( _! blood or col\r4 ,f an e>ly p]iod m5 ( ! ?ree high] ca/es might take a ,sudra woman 9 m>riage1 & ! ultimate result has be5 an almo/ complete fusion betwe5 ! two races 9 ! bulk ( ! population ov] ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,nev]!less ! /atus ( ! ,sudra /ill rema9s atta*$ to ! l>ge community ( ! impure ca/es =m$ f ! indig5\s tribes1 :o h settl$ 9 ,h9du villages & ent]$ ! ca/e sy/em4 ,^! are relegat$ to ! mo/ degrad+ & m5ial occupations1 & _! t\* is reg>d$ z convey+ defilem5t l t ( ! ,sudras4 #bg ,! /atus ( ! ,sudras 0 n always consid]$ s l[1 & !y 7 sometimes held to rank above ! mix$ ca/es4 ,& 9 mod]n times 9 ,b5gal ,sudra is q a respectable t]m appli$ to c]ta9 artisan ca/es :i* !re h a fairly good position4 ,b nei!r 7 ! indig5\s tribes always r$uc$ to ! impure /atus4 ,_! =tunes v>i$1 & ^? :o resi/$ subjection 7 probably sometimes accept$ z allies4 ,= in/ance1 "s ( ! mo/ prom95t ( ! ,rajput clans are held to h be5 d]iv$ f ! aborig9al #bh tribes4 ,on ! ,aryan exp$ition to s\!rn ,india1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! leg5d ( ,rama1 z relat$ 9 ! ,ramayana1 x is /at$ t ,rama 0 assi/$ by ,hanuman ) 8 army ( apes4 ,! ref]5ce is g5]ally held to be to ! fact t ! ,aryans _h z auxili>ies "s ( ! =e/ tribes1 & ^! 7 consequ5tly allies1 & highly ?\ght (1 z %[n by ! leg5d & by _! id5tification ) ! mighty god ,hanuman4 ,& at ! pres5t "t ! =e/ tribes :o live sep>ately f ! ,h9dus 9 ! jungle tracts are1 z a rule1 n reg>d$ z impure4 ,b ?is does n impair ! id5tification ( ! ,sudras ) ^? tribes :o 7 r$uc$ to subjection & s]fdom 9 ! ,h9du villages1 z %[n by ! evid5ce "h giv54 ,! view has also be5 held t ! ,sudras might h be5 a s]vile class already subject to ! ,aryans1 :o ent]$ ,india ) !m4 ,& 9 ! old ,p>si or ,p]sian community f\r classes exi/$1 ! ,a?ornan or prie/1 ! ,ra!/an or w>rior1 ! ,va/]iox or husb&man1 & ! ,hutox or craftsman4 #bi ,! second & ?ird ( ^! names closely resemble ^? ( ! correspond+ ,h9du classical ca/es1 ! ,rajanya or ,k%atriya & ! ,vai%ya1 :ile ,a?ornan1 ! "n = a prie/1 is ! same z ,a?>van1 ! ,h9du "n = a ,brahman v]s$ 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a4 ,possibly !n ,hutox may be connect$ ) ,sudra1 z h frequ5tly *anges into s4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! facts t ! ,sudras are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,v$as1 & t !y succe$$ to ! position ( ! ,dasyus1 ! black ho/ile ,indians1 z well z ! important place !y fill 9 ! lat] lit]ature1 seem to indicate cle>ly t !y ma9ly consi/$ ( ! indig5\s subject tribes4 ,:e!r ! ,aryans appli$ a "n already exi/+ 9 a s]vile class among !mselves to ! indig5\s population :om !y subdu$1 may be an unc]ta9 po9t4 #ac4 ,! ,vai%ya4 ,9 ! ,v$as1 moreov]1 ,m4 ,s5>t %[s t ! ?ree high] ca/es are n def9itely di/+ui%$2 b !re are ?ree classes--! prie/s1 ! *iefs & ! p1 among :om ! ,aryans 7 compris$4 ,! p are spok5 ( 9 ! plural z ! clans :o foll[$ ! *iefs to battle4 ,! ^w us$ is ,vi%a4 ,"o v]se speaks ( ! ,vi%as 7clans7 b[+ be=e ! *ief 7,rajan71 :o 0 prec$$ by a prie/ 7,brahman74 ,ano!r v]se says3 ,fav\r ! pray] 7,brahma71 fav\r ! s]vice2 kill ! ,rak%asas1 drive away ! evil2 fav\r ! p[] 7khatra7 & fav\r ! manly /r5g?2 fav\r ! c[ 7dh]m1 ! repres5tative ( prop]ty7 & fav\r ! p 7or h\se1 vi%a74 #cj ,simil>ly ,wilson /ates t 9 ! "t ( ! ,v$as1 vi%a 7relat$ to ve%a1 a h\se or di/rict7 signifi$ ! p 9 g5]al2 & ,vai%ya1 its adjective1 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to a h\sehold]1 or t app]ta9+ to an individual ( ! common p4 ,! ,lat9 vicus & ! ,greek oikoc are ! correspond5ts ( ve%a4 #ca ,! conclusion to be drawn is t ! ,aryans 9 ! ,v$as1 l o!r e>ly communities1 7 divid$ by rank or occupation into ?ree classes--prie/s1 nobles & ! body ( ! p4 ,! ,vi%as or clans aft]w>ds became ! ,vai%yas or ?ird classical ca/e4 ,be=e !y ent]$ ,india ! ,aryans 7 a migratory pa/oral p1 _! dome/ic animals be+ ! horse1 c[1 & p]haps ! %eep & goat4 ,! horse & c[ 7 especially v5]at$1 & h5ce 7 probably _! *ief means ( support4 ,! ,vai%yas mu/ !re=e h be5 h]dsm5 & %eph]ds1 & :5 !y ent]$ ,india & took to agriculture1 ! ,vai%yas mu/ h become cultivators4 ,! ^w ,vai%ya signifies a man :o occupies ! soil1 an agriculturi/1 or m]*ant4 #cb ,! ^w ,va/]iox us$ by ! ance/ors ( ! ,p>sis1 :i* appe>s to correspond to ,vai%ya1 also signifies a husb&man1 z already se54 ,dr4 ,max ,mll] /ates3 ,! ?ree occupations ( ! ,aryas 9 ,india 7 fight+1 cultivat+ ! soil & wor%ipp+ ! gods4 ,^? :o f\ght ! battles ( ! p w\ld naturally acquire influ5ce & rank1 & _! lead]s appe> 9 ! ,v$a z ,rajas or k+s4 ,^? :o did n %>e 9 ! fight+ w\ld occupy a m humble position2 !y 7 call$ ,vi%1 ,vai%yas or h\sehold]s1 & w\ld no d\bt h to contribute t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( ! armies4 #cc ,accord+ to ,manu1 ,god orda9$ ! t5d+ ( cattle1 giv+ alms1 sacrifice1 /udy1 trade1 usury1 & also agriculture = a ,vai%ya4 #cd ,! ,sutras /ate t agriculture1 ! keep+ ( cattle1 & engag+ 9 m]*&ise1 z well z le>n+ ! ,v$as1 sacrific+ = himself & giv+ alms1 are ! duties ( a ,vai%ya4 #ce ,9 ! ,mahabh>ata x is laid d[n t ! ,vai%yas %\ld devote !mselves to agriculture1 ! keep+ ( cattle & lib]ality4 #cf ,9 ! same "w ! god ,vayu says to ,bhi%ma3 ,& x 0 ,brahma's ord9ance t ! ,vai%ya %\ld su/a9 ! ?ree ca/es 7,brahman1 ,k%atriya & ,vai%ya7 ) money & corn2 & t ! ,sudra %\ld s]ve !m4 #cg ,9 a li/ ( classes or occupations giv5 9 ! ,:ite ,yajur-,v$a1 & app>5tly ref]r+ to a comp>atively advanc$ /ate ( ,h9du society1 tillage is laid d[n z ! call+ ( ! ,vai%ya1 & he is di/+ui%$ f ! ,vani or m]*ant1 ^: occupation is trade or weigh+4 #ch ,manu /ates t a ,brahman %\ld swe> by tru?2 a ,k%atriya by 8 /e$ & 8 weapons2 a ,vai%ya by 8 c[s1 8 se$ & 8 gold2 & a ,sudra by all wick$ de$s4 #ci ,yell[ is ! col\r ( ! ,vai%ya1 & x mu/ app>5tly be tak5 f ! yell[ corn1 & ! yell[ col\r ( ghi or butt]1 ! pr9cipal product ( ! sacr$ c[2 yell[ is also ! col\r ( ! sacr$ metal gold1 b !re c sc>cely h be5 suffici5t gold 9 ! h&s ( ! body ( ! p 9 ^? e>ly times to enable x to be especially associat$ ) !m4 ,! ,vai%yas 7 ?us1 z is %[n by ! above evid5ce1 ! ma9 body ( ! p ref]r$ to 9 ! ,v$ic hymns4 ,:5 ^! settl$ d[n into villages ! ,vai%yas became ! h\sehold]s & cultivators1 among :om ! village l&s 7 divid$2 ! ,sudras or indig5\s tribes1 :o also liv$ 9 ! villages or 9 hamlets adjo9+ !m1 7 lab\r]s & giv5 all ! mo/ disagreeable tasks 9 ! village community1 z is ! case ) ! impure ca/es at pres5t4 #ad4 ,mi/ak5 mod]n idea ( ! ,vai%yas4 ,! demon/ration ( ! real position ( ! ,vai%yas is important1 because ! ,h9dus !mselves no long] recognise ?is4 ,! "n ,vai%ya is n[ frequ5tly re/rict$ to ! ,bania ca/e ( bank]s1 %opkeep]s & moneyl5d]s1 & h5ce ! ,banias are (t5 suppos$ to be ! desc5dants & only mod]n repres5tatives ( ! orig9al ,vai%yas4 ,evid5ce has be5 giv5 9 ! article on ,bania to %[ t ! exi/+ ,bania ca/e is ma9ly d]iv$ f ! ,rajputs4 ,! "n ,bani1 a m]*ant or trad]1 is f\nd at an e>ly p]iod1 b :e!r x d5ot$ a regul> ,bania ca/e may be consid]$ z unc]ta94 ,9 any case x seems cle> t ?is comp>atively small ca/e1 *iefly com+ f ,rajputana1 _c repres5t ! ,vai%yas1 :o 7 ! ma9 body or p ( ! invad+ ,aryans4 ,at t "t ! ,vai%yas _c possibly h be5 trad]s1 because !y alone provid$ ! means ( subsi/5ce ( ! community1 & if !y produc$ no?+1 !re c\ld be no mat]ial = trade4 ,! ,vai%yas mu/1 !re=e1 z already se51 h be5 %eph]ds & cultivators1 s9ce 9 e>ly times weal? consi/$ almo/ solely ( corn & cattle4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ) ! increas$ religi\s v5]ation = all k9ds ( life1 agriculture app>5tly fell into "s k9d ( disrepute z involv+ ! sacrifice ( insect life1 & !re 0 a t5d5cy to emphasise trade z ! ,vai%ya's occupation 9 view ( its great] respectability4 ,x is consid]$ v d]ogatory = a ,brahman or ,rajput to t\* ! pl\gh ) 8 own h&s1 & ! act has hi!rto involv$ a loss ( /atus3 ^! ca/es1 h[ev]1 did n object to hold l&1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ard5tly desir$ to d s l all o!r ,h9dus4 ,pl\gh+ 0 probably despis$ z a =m ( manual lab\r1 & h5ce an undignifi$ action = a memb] ( ! ari/ocracy1 j z a squire or g5tleman f>m] 9 ,engl& might consid] x b5ea? 8 dignity to drive ! pl\gh himself4 ,no d\bt also1 z ! fusion ( races proce$$1 & bodies ( ! indig5\s tribes :o 7 cultivators adopt$ ,h9duism1 ! /atus ( a cultivator sank to "s ext5t1 & 8 ,vai%yan ance/ry 0 =gott54 ,b ?\gh ! ,vai%ya himself has practically disappe>$1 8 /atus z a cultivator & memb] ( ! village community appe>s to rema9 9 t ( ! mod]n cultivat+ ca/es1 z w be %[n subsequ5tly4 #ae4 ,mix$ unions ( ! f\r classes4 ,! settlem5t ( ! ,aryans 9 ,india 0 9 villages & n 9 t[ns1 & ! ,h9dus h ev] s9ce rema9$ a rural p4 ,9 #aiaa less ?an a t5? ( ! population ( ,india 0 urban1 & ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! total 7 directly support$ by agriculture4 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 ! basis or embryo ( ! gradation ( ,h9du society or ! ca/e sy/em %\ld be s\ght 9 ! village4 ,two ma9 divisions ( ! village community may be recognis$ 9 ! ,vai%yas or cultivators & ! ,sudras or impure s]fs & lab\r]s4 ,! exact position held by ! ,k%atriyas & ! con/itution ( _! class are n q cle>1 b !re is no d\bt t ! ,brahmans & ,k%atriyas =m$ ! e>ly ari/ocracy1 rank+ above ! cultivators1 & a few o!r ca/es h s9ce atta9$ to ?is position4 ,f e>ly times1 z is %[n by an ord9ance ( ,manu1 m5 ( ! high] ca/es or classes 7 p]mitt$1 aft] tak+ a woman ( _! own class = ! fir/ wife1 to h second & subsequ5t wives f any ( ! classes b5ea? !m4 ,?is cu/om appe>s to h be5 l>gely preval5t4 ,no def9ite rule prescrib$ t ! *ildr5 ( su* unions %\ld necess>ily be illegitimate1 & 9 _m cases no d\bt seems to exi/ t1 if n !y !mselves1 _! desc5dants at any rate ultimately became full memb]s ( ! ca/e ( ! fir/ ance/or4 ,accord+ to ,manu1 if ! *ild ( a ,brahman by a ,sudra woman int]m>ri$ ) ,brahmans & 8 desc5dants aft] him1 _! prog5y 9 ! sev5? g5]ation w\ld become full ,brahmans2 & ! same 0 ! case ) ! *ild ( a ,k%atriya or a ,vai%ya ) a ,sudra woman4 ,a comm5tator rem>ks t ! desc5dants ( a ,brahman by a ,k%atriya woman c\ld atta9 ,brahmanhood 9 ! ?ird g5]ation1 & ^? by a ,vai%ya woman 9 ! fif?4 #dj ,su* *ildr5 also c\ld inh]it4 ,accord+ to ! ,mahabh>ata1 if a ,brahman _h f\r wives ( diff]5t ca/es1 ! son by a ,brahman wife took f\r %>es1 t by a ,k%atriya wife ?ree1 by a ,vai%ya wife two1 & by a ,sudra wife "o %>e4 #da ,manu gives a slightly diff]5t di/ribution1 b also p]mits to ! son by a ,sudra wife a %>e ( ! inh]itance4 #db ,?us ! fact is cle> t ! son ( a ,brahman ev5 by a ,sudra woman _h a c]ta9 /atus ( legitimacy 9 8 fa!r's ca/e1 z he c\ld m>ry 9 x1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 p]mitt$ to p>take ( ! sacrificial food at m>riage2 #dc & he c\ld also inh]it a small %>e ( ! prop]ty4 #af4 ,hyp]gamy4 ,! detail$ rules prescrib$ = ! /atus ( legitimacy & inh]itance %[ t recognis$ unions ( ?is k9d betwe5 m5 ( a high] class & wom5 ( a l[] "o 7 at "o "t fairly frequ5t1 ?\gh !y 7 aft]w>ds prohibit$4 ,& !y mu/ necess>ily h l$ to mu* mixture ( blood 9 ! diff]5t ca/es4 ,a trace ( !m seems to survive 9 ! practice ( hyp]gamy1 /ill widely preval5t 9 nor!rn ,india1 by :i* m5 ( ! high] subca/es ( a ca/e w take daught]s 9 m>riage f l[] ones b w n give _! daught]s 9 return4 ,?is cu/om prevails l>gely among ! high] ca/es ( ! ,punjab1 z ! ,rajputs & ,khatris1 & among ! ,brahmans ( ,b5gal4 #dd ,only a few cases are f\nd 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 among ,brahmans1 ,sun>s & o!r ca/es4 ,occasionally int]m>riage betwe5 two ca/es takes place on a hyp]gam\s basis2 ?us ,rajputs are said to take daught]s f ! highe/ clans ( ! cultivat+ ca/e ( ,dangis4 ,m commonly families ( ! l[] subca/es or clans 9 ! same ca/e consid] ! m>riage ( _! daught]s into a high] gr\p a great hon\r & w give l>ge sums ( money = a bridegroom4 ,until q rec5tly a ,rajput 0 b\nd to m>ry 8 daught]s into a clan ( equal or high] rank ?an 8 own1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! position ( 8 family4 ,x is n easy to see :y s mu* importance %\ld be atta*$ to ! m>riage ( a daught]1 s9ce %e pass$ into ano!r clan & family1 to :om h] (fspr+ w\ld belong4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a son might take a wife f a l[] gr\p )\t loss ( /atus1 ?\gh 8 *ildr5 w\ld be ! future repres5tatives ( ! family4 ,ano!r po9t1 possibly connect$ ) hyp]gamy1 is t a peculi> relation exi/s betwe5 a man & ! family into :i* 8 daught] has m>ri$4 ,sometimes he w accept no food or ev5 wat] 9 8 son-9-law's village4 ,! ^w sala1 signify+ wife's bro!r1 :5 address$ to a man1 is also a common & extremely (f5sive t]m ( abuse4 ,! mean+ is n[ p]haps suppos$ to be t "o has violat$ ! si/] ( ! p]son spok5 to1 b ?is c h>dly h be5 ! orig9al significance z sasur or fa!r-9-law is also consid]$ 9 a m9or degree an opprobri\s t]m ( address4 #ag4 ,! mix$ ca/es4 ,! village m5ials4 ,b ?\gh among ! f\r classical ca/es x 0 possible = ! desc5dants ( mix$ unions betwe5 fa!rs ( high] & mo!rs ( l[] ca/e to be admitt$ into _! fa!r's ca/e1 ?is w\ld n h be5 ! g5]al rule4 ,su* connections 7 v frequ5t & ! ,h9du classics acc\nt ?r\gh !m = ! multiplication ( ca/es4 ,long li/s are giv5 ( new ca/es =m$ by ! *ildr5 ( mix$ m>riages4 ,! details ( ^! g5ealogies seem to be de/itute ( any probability1 & p]haps1 !re=e1 in/ances ( !m are unnecess>y4 ,mat*es betwe5 a man ( high] & a woman ( l[] ca/e 7 call$ anuloma1 or ') ! hair' or 'gra91' & 7 reg>d$ z suitable & becom+4 ,^? betwe5 a man ( l[] & a woman ( high] ca/e 71 on ! o!r h&1 kn[n z pratiloma or 'aga9/ ! hair1' & 7 consid]$ z disgraceful & almo/ ince/u\s4 ,! (fspr+ ( su* unions are held to h con/itut$ ! l[e/ & mo/ impure ca/es ( scav5g]s1 dog-eat]s & s on4 ,?is doctr9e is to be acc\nt$ = by ! necessity ( safegu>d+ ! morality ( wom5 9 a /ate ( society :]e k9%ip is reckon$ solely by male desc5t4 ,! blood ( ! tribe & clan1 & h5ce ! "r to memb]%ip & p>ticipation 9 ! communal sacrifices1 is !n communicat$ to ! *ild ?r\gh ! fa!r2 h5ce if ! wom5 are un*a/e1 *ildr5 may be born into ! family :o h no su* rights1 & ! :ole basis ( society is de/roy$4 ,= ! same reason1 s9ce ! tribal blood & life is communicat$ ?r\gh males1 ! bir? & /&+ ( ! "m are ( little importance1 & *ildr5 are1 z has be5 se51 easily admitt$ to _! fa!r's rank4 ,b already 9 ,manu's "t ! lat] & pres5t view t bo? ! fa!r & "m mu/ be ( full /atus 9 ! clan1 tribe or ca/e 9 ord] to produce a legitimate *ild1 has begun to prevail1 & ! *ildr5 ( all mix$ m>riages are relegat$ to a l[] gr\p4 ,! (fspr+ ( ^! mix$ unions did probably give rise to a class ( diff]5t /atus 9 ! village community4 ,! l[]-ca/e "m w\ld usually h be5 tak5 into ! fa!r's h\se & h] *ildr5 w\ld be br\ght up 9 x4 ,?us !y w\ld eat ! food ( ! h\sehold1 ev5 if !y did n p>ticipate 9 ! sacrificial fea/s2 & a class ( ?is k9d w\ld be v useful = ! p]=mance ( m5ial duties 9 & ab\t ! h\sehold1 su* z p]sonal s]vice1 br++ wat]1 & s on1 = :i* ! ,sudras1 ow+ to _! impurity1 w\ld be unsuitable4 ,9 ! above mann] a new grade ( village m5ial might h aris5 & h gradually be5 ext5d$ to ! o!r village indu/ries1 s t a ?ird gr\p w\ld be =m$ 9 ! village community rank+ betwe5 ! cultivators & lab\r]s4 ,?is gradation ( ! village community may p]haps /ill be disc]n$ 9 ! ma9 social di/9ctions ( ! diff]5t ,h9du ca/es at pres5t4 ,& an attempt w n[ be made to demon/rate ?is hypo!sis 9 connection ) a brief survey ( ! ca/es ( ! ,prov9ce4 #ah4 ,social gradation ( ca/es4 ,an exam9ation ( ! social /atus ( ! ca/es ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 :i*1 z already se51 are repres5tative ( a great "p ( ,india1 %[s t !y fall into five pr9cipal gr\ps4 ,! highe/ consi/s ( ^? ca/es :o n[ claim to be directly desc5d$ f ! ,brahmans1 ,k%atriyas or ,vai%yas1 ! ?ree high] ( ! f\r classical ca/es4 ,! second comprises :at are g5]ally kn[n z pure or good ca/es4 ,! pr9cipal m>k ( _! ca/e /atus is t a ,brahman w take wat] to dr9k f !m1 & p]=m c]emonies 9 _! h\ses4 ,!y may be classifi$ 9 ?ree divisions3 ! high] agricultural ca/es1 high] artisan ca/es1 & s]v+ ca/es f :om a ,brahman w take wat]4 ,! ?ird gr\p conta9s ^? ca/es f ^: h&s a ,brahman w n take wat]2 b _! t\* does n convey impurity & !y are p]mitt$ to ent] ,h9du temples4 ,!y consi/ ma9ly ( c]ta9 cultivat+ ca/es ( l[ /atus1 "s ( !m rec5tly d]iv$ f ! indig5\s tribes1 o!r functional ca/es =m$ f ! =e/ tribes1 & a numb] ( pr(essional & m5ial ca/es1 ^: occupations are ma9ly pursu$ 9 villages1 s t !y =m]ly obta9$ _! subsi/5ce f gra9-paym5ts or annual all[ances ( gra9 f ! cultivators at se$time & h>ve/4 ,! gr\p includes also "s ca/es ( village prie/s & m5dicant religi\s ord]s1 :o beg f ! cultivators4 ,9 ! f\r? gr\p are plac$ ! non-,aryan or indig5\s tribes4 ,mo/ ( ^! _c prop]ly be said to =m "p ( ! ,h9du social sy/em at all1 b = practical purposes !y are admitt$ & are consid]$ to rank bel[ all ca/es except ^? :o _c be t\*$4 ,! l[e/ gr\p consi/s ( ! impure ca/es ^: t\* is consid]$ to defile ! high] ca/es4 ,)9 ea* gr\p !re are m9or diff]5ces ( /atus "s ( :i* w be notic$1 b ! broad divisions may be consid]$ z repres5t+ approximately ! facts4 ,! rule ab\t ,brahmans tak+ wat] f ! good agricultural & artisan ca/es obta9s1 = in/ance1 only 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,m>a?a ,brahmans w n take wat] f any b o!r ,brahmans1 & 9 ,*hattisg>h ,brahmans & o!r high ca/es w take wat] only f ! h&s ( a ,rawat 7grazi]71 & f no o!r ca/e4 ,b nev]!less ! ,kunbis1 ! great cultivat+ ca/e ( ! ,m>a?a c\ntry1 ?\gh ,brahmans d n take wat] f !m1 are on ! same level z ! ,kurmis1 ! cultivat+ ca/e ( ,h9du/an1 & 9 tracts :]e !y meet ,kunbis & ,kurmis are (t5 consid]$ to be ! same ca/e4 ,! evid5ce ( ! /atem5ts made z to ! orig9 ( diff]5t ca/es 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt w be f\nd 9 ! articles on !m 9 ! body ( ! "w4 #ai4 ,ca/es rank+ above ! cultivators4 ,! ca/es ( ! fir/ gr\p are not$ bel[3 ,bania4 ,bhat4 ,brahman4 ,gurao4 ,k>an4 ,kaya/h & ,prabhu4 ,khatri4 ,rajput4 ,! ,brahmans are1 z !y h always be51 ! highe/ ca/e4 ,! ,rajputs are ! repres5tatives ( ! anci5t ,k%atriyas or second ca/e1 ?\gh ! exi/+ ,rajput clans are probably d]iv$ f ! ,hun1 ,guj> & o!r invad]s ( ! p]iod be=e & %ortly aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & 9 "s cases f ! indig5\s or non-,aryan tribes4 ,x does n seem possible to ass]t 9 ! case ( a s+le "o ( ! pres5t ,rajput clans t any sub/antial evid5ce is =?com+ 9 fav\r ( _! desc5t f ! ,aryan ,k%atriyas1 & z reg>ds mo/ ( ! clans !re are /rong argum5ts aga9/ su* a hypo!sis4 ,nev]!less ! ,rajputs h succe$$ to ! /atus ( ! ,k%atriyas1 & an alt]native "n = !m1 ,*hatri1 is a corruption ( ! latt] ^w4 ,!y are commonly id5tifi$ ) ! second ( ! f\r classical ca/es1 b a ,h9du law-book gives ,rajaputra z ! (fspr+ ( a ,k%atriya fa!r & a "m ( ! ,k>an or writ] ca/e4 #de ,?is g5ealogy is absurd1 b may imply ! op9ion t ! ,rajputs 7 n ! same z ! ,aryan ,k%atriyas4 ,! ,khatris are an important m]cantile ca/e ( ! ,punjab1 :o 9 ! op9ion ( mo/ au?orities are d]iv$ f ! ,rajputs4 ,! "n is probably a corruption ( ,k%atri or ,k%atriya4 ,! ,banias are ! great m]cantile1 bank+ & %opkeep+ ca/e among ! ,h9dus & a l>ge proportion ( ! trade 9 gra9 & ghi 7pres]v$ butt]7 is 9 _! h&s1 :ile !y are also ! *ief moneyl5d]s4 ,mo/ ( ! important ,bania subca/es belong$ orig9ally to ,rajputana & ,c5tral ,india1 :i* are also ! homes ( ! ,rajputs1 & reasons h be5 giv5 9 ! article on ,bania = hold+ t !y are d]iv$ f ! ,rajputs4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 are n[ commonly call$ ,vai%yas by ! ,h9dus1 z1 ,i ?9k1 "u ! mi/ak5 impression t !y are desc5d$ f ! orig9al ,vai%yas4 ,! ,bhats are ! b>ds1 h]alds & g5ealogi/s ( ,india & include gr\ps ( v v>y+ /atus4 ,! ,bhats :o act z g5ealogi/s ( ! cultivat+ & o!r ca/es & accept cook$ food f _! cli5ts may p]haps be held to rank ) or ev5 bel[ !m4 ,b ! high-class ,bhats are und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ,brahmans & ,rajputs1 & rank j bel[ ^? ca/es4 ,! b>d or h]ald _h a sacr$ "*1 & 8 p]son 0 inviolable l t ( ! h]ald else:]e1 & ?is has giv5 a special /atus to ! :ole ca/e4 #df ,! ,kaya/hs are ! writ] ca/e ( ,h9du/an1 & ! ,k>ans & ,prabhus are ! correspond+ ca/es ( ,orissa & ,bombay4 ,! position ( ! ,kaya/hs has greatly ris5 dur+ ! la/ c5tury on acc\nt ( _! own ability & indu/ry & ! advantages !y h obta9$ ?r\gh _! high level ( education4 ,! orig9al ,kaya/hs may h be5 village acc\ntants & h5ce h occupi$ a l[] position1 p]haps bel[ ! cultivators4 ,!y are an in/ance ( a ca/e ^: social position has greatly improv$ on acc\nt ( ! weal? & importance ( its memb]s4 ,at pres5t ! ,kaya/hs may be said to rank next to ,brahmans & ,rajputs4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,prabhus & ,k>ans is unc]ta91 b _! rec5t social hi/ory appe>s to resemble t ( ! ,kaya/hs4 ,! ,guraos are ano!r ca/e ^: position has greatly improv$4 ,!y 7 prie/s ( ! village temples ( ,siva1 & accept$ ! (f]+s ( food :i* ,brahmans c\ld n take4 ,b !y also suppli$ leaf-plates = fe/ivals1 & 7 village musicians & trumpet]s 9 ! ,m>a?a armies1 & h5ce probably rank$ bel[ ! cultivators & 7 support$ by contributions ( gra9 f !m4 ,_! social position has be5 rais$ by _! sacr$ "* z prie/s ( ! god ,siva & !y are n[ sometimes call$ ,%aiva ,brahmans4 ,b a di/9ct recollection ( _! =m] /atus exi/s4 ,?us all ! ca/es ( ! fir/ gr\p are d]iv$ f ! repres5tatives ( ! ,brahmans & ,k%atriyas1 ! two highe/ ( ! f\r classical ca/es1 except ! ,guraos1 :o h ris5 9 /atus ow+ to special circum/ances4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,kaya/hs is discuss$ 9 ! article on t ca/e4 ,memb]s ( ! above ca/es usually we> ! sacr$ ?read :i* is ! m>k ( ! ,dwija or twice-born1 ! old ,brahmans1 ,k%atriyas & ,vai%yas4 ,! ?read is n worn g5]ally by ! ca/es ( ! second gr\p1 b ! m weal?y & prom95t sections ( !m frequ5tly assume x4 #bj4 ,ca/es f :om a ,brahman c take wat]4 ,high] agriculturi/s4 ,! second gr\p ( good ca/es f :om a ,brahman c take wat] falls into ?ree sections z already expla9$3 ! high] agricultural ca/es1 ! high] artisans1 & ! s]v+ or m5ial ca/es f :om a ,brahman takes wat] f motives ( conv5i5ce4 ,^! la/ d n prop]ly belong to ! second gr\p b to ! next l[] "o ( village m5ials4 ,! high] agricultural ca/es or ^? ( ! fir/ section are not$ bel[3 ,agh>ia4 ,ahir4 ,bhilala4 ,bi%noi4 ,*asa4 ,dah>ia4 ,dangi4 ,dumal4 ,guj>4 ,jadum4 ,jat4 ,kh&ait4 ,kir>4 ,kolta4 ,kunbi4 ,kurmi4 ,lodhi4 ,mali4 ,m>a?a4 ,m9a or ,deswali4 ,panw> ,rajput4 ,raghuvansi4 ,velama4 ,9 ?is division ! ,kurmis & ,kunbis are ! typical agricultural ca/es ( ,h9du/an or ! pla9s ( nor!rn ,india1 & ! ,bombay or ,m>a?a ,deccan4 ,bo? are v num]\s & appe> to be purely occupational bodies4 ,! "n ,kurmi p]haps signifies a cultivator or work]4 ,kunbi may mean a h\sehold]4 ,9 bo? ca/es1 gr\ps ( div]se orig9 seem to h be5 amalgamat$ ow+ to _! common call+4 ,?us ! ,kunbis include a subca/e d]iv$ f ! ,banj>a 7c>ri]s71 ano!r f ! ,dhang>s or %eph]ds1 & a ?ird f ! ,manas1 a primitive tribe4 ,9 ,bombay x is consid]$ t ! majority ( ! ,kunbi ca/e are sprung f ! non-,aryan or indig5\s tribes1 & ?is may be ! reason :y ,m>a?a ,brahmans d n take wat] f !m4 ,b !y h n[ become "o ca/e ) a /atus equal to t ( ! o!r good cultivat+ ca/es4 ,9 _m tracts ( ,b]> & else:]e practically all ! cultivators ( ! village belong to ! ,kunbi ca/e1 & !re is e reason to suppose t ?is 0 once ! g5]al rule & t ! ,kunbis or 'h\sehold]s' are simply ! cultivators ( ! ,m>a?a c\ntry :o liv$ 9 village communities4 ,simil>ly ,sir ,h4 ,risley consid]$ t "s ,kurmis ( ,bih> 7 ( ! ,aryan type1 :ile o!rs ( ,*ota ,nagpur are d]iv$ f ! indig5\s tribes4 ,! ,*asas are ! cultivat+ ca/e ( ,orissa & are a simil> occupational gr\p4 ,! ^w ,*asa has ! g5]ic mean+ ( a cultivator1 & ! ca/e are said by ,sir ,h4 ,risley to be = ! mo/ "p ( non-,aryan orig91 ! loose organisation ( ! ca/e sy/em among ! ,uriyas mak+ x possible on ! "o h& = outsid]s to be admitt$ into ! ca/e1 & on ! o!r = weal?y ,*asas1 :o gave up pl\gh+ ) _! own h&s & assum$ ! respectable title ( ,mahanti1 to raise !mselves to memb]%ip among ! l[] classes ( ,kaya/hs4 ,! ,koltas are ano!r ,uriya ca/e1 probably an (f%oot ( ! ,*asas1 ^: "n may be d]iv$ f ! kul?i #dg pulse1 a fav\rite crop 9 t locality4 ,simil>ly ! ,vellalas are ! great cultivat+ ca/e ( ! ,tamil c\ntry1 to :om by g5]al cons5t ! fir/ place 9 social e/eem among ! ,tamil ,sudra ca/es is aw>d$4 ,9 ! ,madras ,c5sus ,report ( #aija ,mr4 ,francis gives an int]e/+ description ( ! /ructure ( ! ca/e & its num]\s t]ritorial1 occupational & o!r subdivisions4 ,he %[s also h[ gr\ps f l[] ca/es cont9ually succe$ 9 obta9+ admission into ! ,vellala community 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,in/ances ( memb]s ( o!r ca/es :o h assum$ ! "n & position ( ,vellalas are ! ,vettuva ,vellalas1 :o are only ,puluvans2 ! ,illam ,vellalas1 :o are ,panikkans2 ! ,k>aiturai 7"l ( ! %ore7 ,vellalas1 :o are ,k>aiyans2 ! ,k>ukamattai 7palmyra leaf-/em7 ,vellalas1 :o are ,balijas2 ! ,guha 7,rama's boatm57 ,vellalas1 :o are ,sembadavans2 & ! ,irkuli ,vellalas1 :o are ,vannans4 ,! *ildr5 ( danc+-girls also (t5 call !mselves ,mudali1 & claim 9 "t to be ,vellalas1 & ev5 ,p>aiyans assume ! title ( ,pillai & tru/ to its ev5tually enabl+ !m to pass !mselves (f z memb]s ( ! ca/e4 ,?is is an excell5t in/ance ( ! good /atus atta*+ to ! *ief cultivat+ ca/e ( ! locality & ( ! mann] 9 :i* o!r gr\ps1 :5 !y obta9 possession ( ! l&1 /rive to get !mselves enroll$ 9 x4 ,! ,jats are ! repres5tative cultivat+ ca/e ( ! ,punjab4 ,!y are probably ! desc5dants ( "o ( ! ,scy?ian invad+ hordes :o ent]$ ,india %ortly be=e & aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,scy?ians1 z !y 7 call$ by ,h]odotus1 appe> to h belong$ to ! ,mongolian racial family1 z also did ! :ite ,huns :o came subsequ5tly4 ,! ,guj> & ,ahir ca/es1 z well z ! ,jats1 & also ! bulk ( ! exi/+ ,rajput clans1 are believ$ to be desc5d$ f ^! invad]s2 & s9ce _! resid5ce 9 ,india has be5 comp>atively %ort 9 comp>ison ) _! ,aryan pr$ecessors1 !y h und]gone mu* less fusion ) ! g5]al population1 & reta9 a light] complexion & bett] features1 z is q p]ceptible to ! ord9>y obs]v] 9 ! case ( ! ,jats & ,rajputs4 ,! ,jats h a some:at high] /atus ?an o!r agricultural ca/es1 because 9 ! ,punjab !y 7 once dom9ant1 & "o or two rul+ *iefs belong$ to ! ca/e4 #dh ,! bulk ( ! ,sikhs 7 also ,jats4 ,b 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 :]e !y are n l>ge l&hold]s1 & h no traditions ( =m] dom9ance1 !re is little di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! ,kurmis4 ,! ,guj>s = long rema9$ a pa/oral freeboot+ tribe1 & _! community 0 naturally recruit$ f all classes ( vagabonds & outlaws1 & h5ce ! ca/e is n[ ( a mix$ "*1 & _! physical type is n noticeably di/9ct f t ( o!r ,h9dus4 ,sir ,g4 ,campbell d]iv$ ! ,guj>s f ! ,khaz>s1 a tribe ( ! same race z ! :ite ,huns & ,bulg>s :o f an e>ly p]iod _h be5 settl$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caspian4 ,!y are believ$ to h ent]$ ,india dur+ ! fif? or six? c5tury4 ,sev]al clans ( ,rajputs1 z well z consid]able sections ( ! ,ahir & ,kunbi ca/es 71 9 8 op9ion1 d]iv$ f ! ,guj>s4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,guj>s h n[ settl$ d[n into respectable cultivators4 ,! ,ahirs or c[h]ds & grazi]s probably take _! "n f ! ,abhiras1 ano!r ( ! ,scy?ian tribes4 ,b !y h n[ become a purely occupational ca/e1 l>gely recruit$ f ! indig5\s ,gonds & ,kaw>s1 to :om ! bus9ess ( t5d+ cattle 9 ! jungles is habitually entru/$4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,ahirs live 9 small =e/ villages ) ,gonds1 & are sometimes sc>cely consid]$ z ,h9dus4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y h a "* = bucolic /upidity1 z ! prov]b has x3 ',:5 he is asleep he is an ,ahir & :5 he is awake he is a fool4' ,b ! ,ahir ca/e g5]ally has a good /atus on acc\nt ( its connection ) ! sacr$ c[ & also ) ! god ,kri%na1 ! div9e c[h]d4 ,! ,m>a?as are ! milit>y ca/e ( ! ,m>a?a c\ntry1 =m$ into a ca/e f ! cultivators1 %eph]ds & h]dsm51 :o took s]vice "u ,sivaji & subsequ5t ,m>a?a lead]s4 ,! high] clans may h be5 con/itut$ f ! ari/ocracy ( ! ,deccan /ates1 :i* 0 probably ( ,rajput desc5t4 ,!y h n[ become a s+le ca/e1 rank+ some:at high] ?an ! ,kunbis1 f :om ! bulk ( !m orig9at$1 on acc\nt ( _! =m] milit>y & dom9ant position4 ,_! /atus 0 mu* ! same z t ( ! ,jats 9 ! ,punjab4 ,b ! ord9>y ,m>a?as are ma9ly engag$ 9 ! subord9ate ,gov]nm5t & private s]vice1 & !re is v little di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! ,kunbis4 ,! ,kh&aits or swordsm5 7f kh&a1 a sword7 are an ,uriya ca/e1 :i* orig9at$ 9 milit>y s]vice1 & ! memb]s ( :i* belong$ = ! mo/ "p to ! non-,aryan ,bhuiya tribe4 ,!y 7 a sort ( rabble1 half milit>y & half police1 ,sir ,h4 ,risley /ates1 :o =m$ ! levies ( ! ,uriya zam9d>s4 ,!y h obta9$ grants ( l&1 & _! /atus has improv$4 ,9 ! social sy/em ( ,orissa ! ,sre%ta 7good7 ,kh&aits rank next to ! ,rajputs1 :o are comp>atively few 9 numb]1 & h n t intimate connection ) ! l& :i* has help$ to raise ! ,kh&aits to _! pres5t position4 #di ,! small ,rautia l&hold+ ca/e ( ,*ota ,nagpur1 ma9ly d]iv$ f ! ,kol tribe1 0 =m$ f milit>y s]vice1 & obta9$ a high] /atus ) ! possession ( ! l& exactly l ! ,kh&aits4 ,sev]al ,rajput clans1 z ! ,panw>s ( ! ,wa+anga ,valley1 ! ,raghuvansis1 ! ,jadums d]iv$ f ! ,yadava clan1 & ! ,dah>ias ( ,*hattisg>h1 h =m$ di/9ct ca/es1 m>ry+ among !mselves4 ,a prop] ,rajput %\ld n m>ry 9 8 own clan4 ,^! gr\ps h probably 9 ! pa/ tak5 wives f ! surr\nd+ population1 & !y c no long] be held to belong to ! ,rajput ca/e prop]1 b rank z ord9>y agricultural ca/es4 ,o!r agricultural ca/es h probably be5 =m$ ?r\gh mix$ desc5t f ,rajputs & ! indig5\s races4 ,! ,agh>ias ( ,sambalpur say !y are sprung f a clan ( ,rajputs ne> ,agra1 :o refus$ to b5d _! heads be=e ! k+ ( ,delhi4 ,he summon$ all ! ,agh>ias to appe> be=e him1 & fix$ a sword across ! door at ! height ( a man's neck4 ,z ! ,agh>ias w\ld n b5d _! heads !y 7 z a natural consequ5ce all decapitat$ z !y pass$ ?r\gh ! door4 ,only "o escap$1 :o _h brib$ a ,*am> to g in/ead ( him4 ,he & 8 village fl$ f ,agra & came to ,*hattisg>h1 :]e !y f\nd$ ! ,agh>ia ca/e4 ,&1 9 memory ( ?is1 :5 an ,agh>ia makes a libation to 8 ance/ors1 he fir/ p\rs a little wat] on ! gr\nd 9 hon\r ( ! dead ,*am>4 ,su* /ories may be purely imag9>y1 or may conta9 "s sub/ratum ( tru?1 z t ! ance/ors ( ! ca/e 7 ,rajputs1 :o took wives f ,*am>s & o!r l[ ca/es4 ,! ,kir>s are ano!r ca/e ) m or less mix$ desc5t f ,rajputs4 ,!y are also call$ ,dhak>1 & ?is means "o ( illegitimate bir?4 ,! ,bhilalas are a ca/e =m$ ( ! (fspr+ ( mix$ alliances betwe5 ,rajputs & ,bhils4 ,9 _m cases 9 ,nim> ,rajput immigrants appe> to h m>ri$ ! daught]s ( ,bhil *iefta9s & l&hold]s1 & succe$$ to _! e/ates4 ,?us ! ,bhilalas include a numb] ( l&$ proprietors1 & ! ca/e ranks z a good agricultural ca/e1 f :om ,brahmans w take wat]4 ,among ! o!r indig5\s tribes1 sev]al ( :i* h 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces reta9$ ! possession ( l>ge areas ( l& & great e/ates 9 ! wild] =e/ tracts1 a subca/e has be5 =m$ ( ! l&hold+ memb]s ( ! tribe4 ,su* are ! ,raj-,gonds among ! ,gonds1 ! ,b9jhals among ,baigas1 & ! ,taw> subtribe ( ! ,kaw> tribe ( ,bilaspur1 to :i* all ! zam9d>s #ej belong4 ,^! la/ n[ claim to be ,tom>a ,rajputs1 on ! basis ( ! simil>ity ( ! "n4 ,^! gr\ps rank ) ! good agricultural ca/es1 & ,brahmans sometimes cons5t to take wat] f !m4 ,! ,dangis ( ,saugor appe> to be ! desc5dants ( a set ( freeboot]s 9 ! ,v9dhyan hills1 mu* l ! ,guj>s 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,! leg5d ( _! orig9 is giv5 9 ,sir ,b4 ,rob]tson's ,c5sus ,report ( #ahia3 ,! *ief ( ,g>hpahra or old ,saugor deta9$ ! palanqu9s ( tw5ty-two m>ri$ wom5 & kept !m z 8 wives4 ,! issue ( ! illicit int]c\rse 7 nam$ ,dangis1 & !re are ?us tw5ty-two subdivisions ( ^! p4 ,!re are also ?ree o!r subdivisions :o claim desc5t f pure ,rajputs1 & :o w take daught]s 9 m>riage f ! rema9+ tw5ty-two1 b w n give _! daught]s to !m4 ,?us ! ,dangis appe> to h be5 a mix$ gr\p1 recruit+ _! b& f all classes ( ! population1 ) "s ,rajputs z lead]s4 ,! "n probably means hillman1 f dang1 a hill4 ,khet m5 bami1 gaon m5 ,dangi or ',a ,dangi 9 ! village is l ! hole ( a snake 9 "o's field1' is a prov]b %[+ ! e/imation 9 :i* !y 7 =m]ly held4 ,!y obta9$ e/ates 9 ,saugor & a ,dangi dyna/y =m]ly gov]n$ "p ( ! ,di/rict1 & !y are n[ highly respectable cultivators4 ,! ,m9as or ,deswalis belong$ to ! pr$atory ,m9a tribe ( ,rajputana1 b a section ( !m h obta9$ possession ( ! l& 9 ,ho%angabad & rank z a good agricultural ca/e4 ,! ,lodhas ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces are plac$ l[e/ among ! agricultural ca/es by ,mr4 ,nesfield1 :o describes !m z little bett] ?an a =e/ tribe4 ,! "n is p]haps d]iv$ f ! b>k ( ! lodh tree1 :i* 0 collect$ by ! ,lodhas ( nor!rn ,india & sold = use z a dye+ ag5t4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! "n has be5 *ang$ to ,lodhi1 & !y are said to h be5 br\ght into ! ,di/rict by a ,raja ( ! ,gond-,rajput dyna/y ( ,m&la 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & giv5 l>ge grants ( wa/e l& 9 ! int]ior 9 ord] t !y might cle> x ( =e/4 ,!y h ?us become l&hold]s1 & rank ) ! high] agricultural ca/es4 ,!y are address$ z ,?akur1 a title appli$ to ,rajputs1 & ,lodhi l&[n]s usually we> ! sacr$ ?read4 #ba4 ,/atus ( ! cultivator4 ,! above details h be5 giv5 to %[ h[ ! diff]5t agricultural ca/es orig9at$4 ,?\gh _! orig9 is s div]se !y h1 to a great ext5t1 ! same /atus1 & x seems cle> t ?is /atus is dep5d5t on _! possession ( ! l&4 ,9 ! tracts :]e !y reside !y are commonly village proprietors & sup]ior t5ants4 ,^? :o rank a little high] ?an ! o!rs1 z ! ,jats1 ,m>a?as1 ,dangis & ,lodhis1 include 9 _! body "s rul+ *iefs or l>ge l&$ proprietors1 & z a rule 7 =m]ly dom9ant 9 ! t]ritory 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,9 primitive agricultural communities ! l& is ! pr9cipal1 if n almo/ ! sole1 s\rce ( weal?4 ,trade 9 ! mod]n s5se sc>cely exi/s1 & :at int]*ange ( commodities !re is affects1 z a rule1 only a trifl+ fraction ( ! population4 ,india's =eign trade is ma9ly ! gr[? ( ! la/ c5tury1 & ! great bulk ( ! exports are ( agricultural produce1 yet 9 proportion to ! population ! trad+ community is /ill extremely small4 ,x ?us seems q impossible t ! ,aryans c\ld h be5 a community ( prie/s1 rul]s & trad]s1 because su* a community w\ld n h _h means ( subsi/5ce4 ,& if ! :ole production & control ( ! weal? & food ( ! community _h be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,sudras1 !y c\ld n h be5 kept p]man5tly 9 _! subject1 degrad$ position4 ,! flocks & h]ds & ! l&1 :i* con/itut$ ! weal? ( e>ly ,india1 mu/ ?us h be5 9 ! possession ( ! ,vai%yas2 & gr\nds ( g5]al probability1 z well z ! direct evid5ce already produc$1 make x cle> t !y 7 ! h]dsm5 & cultivators1 & ! ,sudras ! lab\r]s4 ,! /atus ( ! mod]n cultivators seems to correspond to t ( ! ,vai%yas1 t is1 ( ! ma9 body ( ! ,aryan p1 :o 7 pure & p]mitt$ to jo9 9 sacrifices4 ,! /atus1 h[ev]1 no long] atta*es to orig91 b to ! possession ( ! l&2 x is t ( a con/itu5t memb] ( ! village community1 correspond+ to a citiz5 ( ! city /ates ( ,greece & ,italy4 ,! orig9al ,vai%yas h long disappe>$2 ! ,brahmans !mselves say t !re are no ,k%atriyas & no ,vai%yas left1 & ?is seems to be q correct4 ,b ! mod]n good cultivat+ ca/es reta9 ! /atus ( ! ,vai%yas z ! ,rajputs reta9 t ( ! ,k%atriyas4 ,! case ( ! ,jats & ,guj>s supports ?is view4 ,^! two ca/es are almo/ c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ,scy?ian nomad tribes1 :o ent]$ ,india long aft] ! ,v$ic ,aryans4 ,& !re is good reason to suppose t a sub/antial proportion1 if n ! majority1 ( ! exi/+ ,rajput clans 7 ! lead]s or ari/ocracy ( ! ,jats & ,guj>s4 ,?us x is f\nd t 9 ! case ( ^! lat] tribes ! ma9 body 7 %eph]ds & cultivators1 & _! desc5dants h ! /atus ( good cultivat+ ca/es at pres5t1 :ile ! lead]s became ! ,rajputs1 :o h ! /atus ( ! ,k%atriyas2 & x !re=e seems a reasonable inf]5ce t ! same _h previ\sly be5 ! case ) ! ,aryans !mselves4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! ^w ,vi%a or ,vai%ya signifi$ "o ( ! p or a h\sehold]4 ,! "n ,kunbi appe>s to h ! same s5se1 its old] =m be+ kutumbika1 :i* is a h\sehold] or "o :o has a family1 #ea a pat] familias4 #bb4 ,! clan & ! village4 ,x has be5 se5 also t ,vi%a 9 ! plural signifi$ clans4 ,! clan 0 ! small body :i* liv$ toge!r1 & 9 ! patri>*al /age 0 connect$ by a tie ( k9%ip held to be d]iv$ f a common ance/or4 ,?us x is likely t ! clans settl$ d[n 9 villages1 ! cultivators ( "o village be+ ( ! same exogam\s clan4 ,! exi/+ sy/em ( exogamy af=ds evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 z w be se54 ,all ! families ( ! clan _h cultivat+ rights 9 ! l&1 & 7 memb]s ( ! village community2 & !re 7 no o!r memb]s1 unless possibly a ,k%atriya headman or lead]4 ,! ,sudras 7 _! lab\r]s & s]fs1 ) no "r to hold l&1 & a ?ird int]m$iate class ( village m5ials gradually grew up4 ,! law ( ,mirasi t5ures 9 ,madras is p]haps a survival ( ! social sy/em ( ! e>ly village community4 ,"u x only a few ( ! high] ca/es 7 all[$ to hold l&1 & ! monopoly 0 pres]v$ by ! rule t ! "r ( tak+ up wa/e l&s belong$ prim>ily to ! cultivators ( ! adjac5t hold+s2 no "o else c\ld acquire l& unless he fir/ b\ght !m out4 ,! p>iahs or impure ca/es 7 n all[$ to hold l& at all4 ,?is rule 0 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,slocock1 & x is also notic$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e3 ,!re are 9 ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,india c]ta9 villages to :i* a class ( p]sons is h]$it>ily atta*$1 9 su* a mann] t !y =m no "p ( ! natural & organic aggregate to :i* ! bulk ( ! villag]s belong4 ,^! p]sons are look$ ^u z ess5tially impure2 !y nev] ent] ! village1 or only ent] res]v$ portions ( x2 & _! t\* is avoid$ z contam9at+4 ,yet !y be> extremely pla9 m>ks ( _! orig94 ,?\gh !y are n includ$ 9 ! village1 !y are an app5dage solidly connect$ ) x2 !y h def9ite village duties1 "o ( :i* is ! settlem5t ( b\nd>ies1 on :i* _! au?ority is all[$ to be conclusive4 ,!y evid5tly repres5t a population ( ali5 blood ^: l&s h be5 occupi$ by ! coloni/s or invad]s =m+ ! community4 #eb ,else:]e1 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e po9ts out t 9 _m cases ! outsid]s 7 probably admitt$ to ! possession ( l&1 b on an inf]ior t5ure to ! prim>y hold]s or freem5 :o =m$ ! cultivat+ body ( ! village2 & sugge/s t ?is may h be5 ! gr\nd = ! orig9al di/9ction betwe5 occupancy & non-occupancy t5ants4 ,! foll[+ extract f a description ( ! ,m>a?a villages by ,grant ,duff #ec may be subjo9$ to ?is passage3 ,! inhabitants are pr9cipally cultivators1 & are n[ ei!r ,mirasid>s or ,ooprees4 ,^! names s]ve to di/+ui% ! t5ure by :i* !y hold _! l&s4 ,! ,oopree is a m]e t5ant-at-w1 b ! ,mirasid> is a h]$it>y occupant :om ! ,gov]nm5t _c displace s long z he pays ! assessm5t on 8 field4 ,) v>i\s privileges & di/9ctions 9 8 village ( m9or consequ5ce1 ! ,mirasid> has ! important p[] ( sell+ or transf]r+ 8 "r ( occupancy at pleasure4 ,x is a curr5t op9ion 9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry t all ! l&s 7 orig9ally ( ?is description4 ,z reg>ds ! int]nal relations ( clans & village gr\ps1 ,sir ,h4 ,ma9e /ates3 ,! m5 :o compos$ ! primitive communities believ$ !mselves to be k9sm5 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se ( ! ^w2 &1 surpris+ z x may seem1 !re are a multitude ( indications t 9 "o /age ( ?\ght !y mu/ h reg>d$ !mselves z equals4 ,:5 ^! primitive bodies fir/ make _! appe>ance z l&[n]s1 z claim+ an exclusive enjoym5t 9 a def9ite area ( l&1 n only d _! %>es ( ! soil appe> to h be5 orig9ally equal1 b a numb] ( contrivances survive = pres]v+ ! equality1 ( :i* ! mo/ frequ5t is ! p]iodical r$i/ribution ( ! tribal doma94 #ed ,simil>ly ,pr(essor ,he>n /ates3 ,! settlem5t ( ,europe 0 made by clans4 ,ea* clan occupi$ a c]ta9 t]ritory--mu*1 ,i suppose1 z an ,au/ralian squatt] takes up new c\ntry4 ,! l& ?us occupi$ 0 di/ribut$ by metes & b\nds to ea* bran* ( ! clan2 ! rema9d]1 if any1 cont9u+ ! prop]ty ( ! clan4 #ee ,& aga93 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! l& _h be5 acquir$ by conque/ !re 7 g5]ally "s rema9s ( ! conqu]$ population :o reta9$ m or less int]e/ 9 ! l&s t _h once be5 _! own4 ,b z betwe5 ! conqu]ors !mselves x 0 ! clansm51 & ! clansm5 only1 :o 7 entitl$ to d]ive any advantage f ! l& t ! clan _h acquir$4 ,! outsid]s1 ! m5 :o liv$ ) ! clan b 7 n ( ! clan1 7 no "p ( ! folk1 & _h no %>e 9 ! folkl&4 ,no s]vices r5d]$1 no p>ticipation 9 ! common dang]1 no endurance ( ! burd5 & heat ( ! day1 c\ld create 9 an outsid] any col\r ( "r4 ,no?+ %ort ( admission to ! clan1 & ( initiation 9 its wor%ip1 c\ld enable him to dem& z ( "r ! grass ( a s+le c[ or ! wood = a s+le fire4 #ef #bc4 ,! own]%ip ( l&4 ,?us x appe>s t ! cultivat+ community ( ea* village con/itut$ an exogam\s clan1 ! memb]s ( :i* believ$ !mselves to be k9sm54 ,:5 "s ca/e or tribe occupi$ a fre% area ( l& !y 7 di/ribut$ by clans 9 villages1 ov] ! area1 all ! cultivators ( a village be+ ( "o ca/e or tribe1 z is /ill ! case ) ! ,kunbis 9 ,b]>4 ,sometimes sev]al ali5 ca/es or gr\ps became amalgamat$ into a s+le ca/e1 su* z ! ,kurmis & ,kunbis2 9 o!rs !y ei!r rema9$ z a sep>ate ca/e or became "o4 ,:5 ! non-,aryan tribes reta9$ possession ( ! l&1 !re is e reason to suppose t !y also 7 admitt$ into ,h9duism1 & ei!r con/itut$ a fre% ca/e ) ! cultivat+ /atus1 or 7 absorb$ into an exi/+ "o ) a *ange ( "n4 ,individual own]%ip ( l& 0 probably unkn[n4 ,! patel or village headman1 on :om propriet>y "r 0 conf]r$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 c]ta9ly did n possess x previ\sly4 ,he 0 simply ! spokesman & repres5tative ( ! village community 9 its deal+s ) ! c5tral or rul+ au?ority4 ,b x seems sc>cely likely ei!r t ! village community consid]$ itself to own ! l&4 ,cases 9 :i* ! community z a corporate body has ex]cis$ any function ( own]%ip o!r ?an t ( occupy+ & cultivat+ ! soil1 if record$ at all1 mu/ be extremely r>e1 & ,i d n "k t any in/ance is giv5 by ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e4 ,a tutel>y village god is to be f\nd z a rule 9 e ,h9du village4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! mo/ common is ,kh]mata1 t is ! goddess ( ! village itself or ! village l&s4 ,%e is a =m ( ,devi1 ! g5]al e>?-goddess4 ,:5 a village is f\nd$ ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to in/all ! village god4 ,?us ! soil ( ! village is v5]at$ z a goddess1 & x seems d\btful :e!r ! village community consid]$ itself ! own]4 ,9 ! ,m>a?a ,di/ricts1 ,hanuman or ,mahabir1 ! monkey god1 is ! tutel>y deity ( ! village4 ,8 position seems to re/ on ! belief ( ! villag]s t ! monkeys 7 ! lords & own]s ( ! soil be=e _! own arrival4 ,= ! wor%ip ( ^! & ! o!r village gods !re is usually a village prie/1 kn[n z ,bhumka1 ,bhumia1 ,baiga or ,jhank>1 :o is tak5 f ! non-,aryan tribes4 ,! reason = 8 appo9tm5t seems to be t ! ,h9dus /ill look on !mselves to "s ext5t z /rang]s & int]lop]s 9 relation to ! gods ( ! e>? & ! village1 & consid] x necess>y to approa* ^! ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "o ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! words ,bhumka & ,bhumia bo? mean "l ( ! soil1 or belong+ to ! soil4 ,z already se51 ! au?ority ( "s m5ial (ficial belong+ to ! indig5\s tribes is accept$ z f9al 9 cases ( disput$ b\nd>ies1 ! idea be+ app>5tly t z 8 ance/ors fir/ occupi$ ! village1 he has inh]it$ f !m ! k ( its true ext5t & limits4 ,all ^! po9ts appe> to tell /rongly aga9/ ! view t ! ,h9du village community consid]$ itself to own ! village l& z we und]/& ! phrase4 ,!y seem to h look$ on ! l& z a god1 & (t5 _! own tutel>y deity & protector4 ,:at !y held !mselves to possess 0 a "r ( occupancy1 9 virtue ( prescriptive settlem5t1 n subject to removal or di/urbance1 & transmitt$ by inh]itance to p]sons born into ! memb]%ip ( ! village community4 ,"u ! ,muhammadans ! idea t ! /ate ultimately own$ ! l& may h be5 held1 b prior to !m ! exi/5ce ( su* a belief is d\btful4 ,! ,h9du k+ did n take r5t = l&1 b a %>e ( ! produce = ! support ( 8 e/abli%m5ts4 ,! ,rajput pr9ces did n call !mselves aft] ! "n ( _! c\ntry1 b ( its capital t[n1 z if _! own prop]ty consi/$ only 9 ! t[n1 z ,jodhpur1 ,jaipur & ,udaipur1 in/ead ( ,m>w>1 ,dhundh> & ,mew>4 ,j z ! village has a prie/ ( ! non-,aryan tribes = propitiat+ ! local gods1 s ! ,rajput *ief at 8 accession 0 (t5 induct$ to ! royal cu%ion by a ,bhil or ,m9a1 & receiv$ ! badge ( inve/iture z if he _h to obta9 8 title f ^! tribes4 ,inde$ ! "r ( ! village community to ! l& 0 held sometimes sup]ior to t ( ! /ate4 ,sir ,j4 ,malcolm relates t he 0 v anxi\s to get ! village ( ,bassi 9 ,indore ,/ate repopulat$ :5 x _h la9 wa/e = ?irty-six ye>s4 ,he _h arrang$ ) ! ,bhil headman ( a neighb\r+ village to br+ x "u cultivation on a fav\rable lease4 ,! plan _h o!r advantages1 & ,holk>'s m9i/] 0 mo/ anxi\s to put x into execution1 b said t ?is c\ld n be done until e possible ef=t _h be5 made to discov] :e!r any desc5dant ( ! =m] patel or ( any wat&> or h]$it>y cultivator ( ,bassi 0 /ill 9 exi/5ce2 = if su* 7 f\nd1 he said1 ev5 we ,m>a?as1 bad z we are1 _c d any?+ :i* int]f]es ) _! rights4 ,none su* be+ f\nd at ! "t1 ! village 0 settl$ z propos$ by ,malcolm2 b "s "t aft]w>ds1 a boy 0 discov]$ :o 0 desc5d$ f ! old patel's family1 & he 0 invit$ to resume ! (fice ( headman ( ! village ( 8 =efa!rs1 :i* ev5 ! ,bhil1 :o _h be5 nom9at$ to x1 0 =w>d to resign to ! rightful inh]itor4 #eg ,simil>ly ! ,m>a?a pr9ces1 ,s9dhia1 ,holk> & o!rs1 are record$ to h set m /ore by ! head%ip ( ! insignificant ,deccan villages1 :i* 7 ! h]$it>y (fices ( _! families1 ?an by ! great pr9cipalities :i* !y _h c>v$ out = !mselves ) ! sword4 ,! =m] def9$ & ju/ifi$ _! position 9 ! _w z ! liv+ l9k & repres5tative ( ! cont9u\s family compris+ all _! ance/ors & all _! desc5dants2 ! latt] 0 at fir/ reg>d$ m]ely z a transi5t1 secul> possession1 & a s\rce ( weal? & pr(it4 ,?is p[]ful h]$it>y "r probably re/$ on a religi\s basis4 ,! village community 0 consid]$ to be b\nd up ) its village god 9 "o jo9t life1 & h5ce no "o b !y c\ld 9 !ory h ! "r to cultivate ! l&s ( t village4 ,! v orig9 & nature ( ?is "r preclud$ any "q ( transf] or ali5ation4 ,! only l&s 9 :i* any own]%ip1 correspond+ to our conception ( ! t]m1 0 held to exi/1 7 p]haps ^? grant$ free ( rev5ue = ! ma9t5ance ( temples1 :i* 7 held to be ! prop]ty ( ! god4 ,9 ,rome & o!r ,greek & ,lat9 cities ! idea ( private or family own]%ip ( l& also develop$ f a religi\s s5tim5t4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to bury ! dead 9 ! fields :i* !y _h held1 & "h ! belief 0 t _! spirits rema9$ & protect$ ! int]e/s ( ! family4 ,p]iodical sacrifices 7 made to !m & !y p>ticipat$ 9 all ! family c]emonies4 ,h5ce ! l& 9 :i* ! tombs ( ance/ors 7 situat$ 0 held to belong to ! family1 & c\ld n be sep>at$ f x4 #eh ,gradually1 z ! v5]ation = ! spirits ( ance/ors decay$1 ! l& came to be reg>d$ z ! private prop]ty ( ! family1 & :5 ?is idea _h be5 realis$ x 0 made ali5able1 ?\gh n ) ! same fre$om z p]sonal prop]ty4 ,b ! ^w pecunia = money1 f pecus a flock1 l ! ,h9di dhan1 :i* means weal? & also flocks ( goats & %eep1 & feudal f ! ,gaelic fiu1 cattle1 po9t to conditions ( society 9 :i* l& 0 n consid]$ a =m ( private prop]ty or weal?4 ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes notices o!r primitive races :o did n recognise prop]ty 9 l&3 ,! ,t>t>s und]/& ! t]m prop]ty z apply+ to cattle1 b n z apply+ to l&4 ,accord+ to "s au?ors1 among ! anci5t ,g]mans !re 0 no own]%ip ( l&2 e ye> ea* memb] ( ! tribe receiv$ a hold+ to cultivate1 & ! hold+ 0 *ang$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! ,g]man own$ ! crop2 he did n own ! soil4 ,! same 0 ! case among a "p ( ! ,semitic race & c]ta9 ( ! ,slav peoples4 #ei ,9 l>ge areas ( ! ,nig]ia ,protectorate at pres5t1 l& has no ex*angeable value at all2 b by ! native sy/em ( taxation a portion ( ! produce is tak5 9 consid]ation ( ! "r ( use4 #fj ,9 anci5t ,arabia ',baal' meant ! "l ( "s place or di/rict1 t is1 a local deity1 & h5ce came to mean a god4 ,l& naturally moi/ 0 consid]$ z irrigat$ by a god & ! special place or habitation ( ! god4 ,to ! num]\s ,canaanite ,baalims1 or local deities1 ! ,israelites ascrib$ all ! natural gifts ( ! l&1 ! corn1 ! w9e1 & ! oil1 ! wool & ! flax1 ! v9es & fig trees4 ,pa/ure l& 0 common prop]ty1 b a man acquir$ rights 9 ! soil by build+ a h\se1 or1 by 'quick5+' a wa/e place1 t is1 br++ x "u cultivation4 #fa ,! ,israelites ?\ght t !y d]iv$ _! title to ! l& ( ,canaan f ,jehovah1 hav+ receiv$ x z a gift f ,him4 ,! association ( rights ov] ! l& ) cultivation & build+1 po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 may p]haps expla9 ! "r ov] ! village l&s :i* 0 held to app]ta9 to ! village community4 ,!y _h quick5$ ! l& & built h\ses on x1 e/abli%+ ! local village deity on _! village sites1 & x 0 probably ?\ght t _! life 0 b\nd up ) t ( ! village god1 & only !y _h a "r to cultivate 8 l&4 ,?is w\ld expla9 ! great respect %[n by ! ,m>a?as = h]$it>y title to l&1 z se5 above2 a feel+ :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 bas$ on "s religi\s belief1 & n on any moral idea ( equity or ju/ice2 no su* deep moral pr9ciple 0 possible 9 ! ,h9du community at ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,! ,h9du religi\s conception ( rights to l& 0 ?us poles ap>t f ! secul> ,engli% law ( propriet>y & transf]able "r1 & if ! native feel+ c\ld h be51 und]/ood by ! e>ly ,briti% adm9i/rators ! latt] w\ld p]haps h be5 introduc$ only 9 a mu* modifi$ =m4 #bd4 ,! cultivat+ /atus t ( ! ,vai%ya4 ,! sugge/$ conclusion f ! above argum5t is t ! ma9 body ( ! ,aryan immigrants1 t is ! ,vai%yas1 settl$ d[n 9 villages by exogam\s clans or septs4 ,! cultivators ( ea* village believ$ !mselves to be k9sm5 desc5d$ f a common ance/or1 & also to be ak9 to ! god ( ! village l&s f :i* !y drew _! su/5ance4 ,h5ce _! ord] _h an equal "r to cultivate ! village l& & _! *ildr5 to inh]it x1 ?\gh !y did n conceive ( ! idea ( own]%ip ( l& 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we und]/& ?is phrase4 ,! orig9al /atus ( ! ,vai%ya1 or a full memb] ( ! ,aryan community :o c\ld jo9 9 sacrifices & employ ,brahmans to p]=m !m1 0 gradually transf]r$ to ! cultivat+ memb] ( ! village communities4 ,9 process ( "t1 z l& 0 ! *ief s\rce ( weal?1 & 0 also reg>d$ z sacr$1 ! old /atus became atta*$ to ca/es or gr\ps ( p]sons :o obta9$ or held l& irrespective ( _! orig91 & ^! are :at are n[ call$ ! good cultivat+ ca/es4 ,!y h n[ practically ! same /atus1 ?\gh1 z has be5 se51 !y 7 orig9ally ( mo/ div]se orig91 includ+ b&s ( robb]s & freeboot]s1 cattle-lift]s1 non-,aryan tribes1 & sections ( any ca/es :i* manag$ to get possession ( an appreciable quantity ( l&4 #be4 ,high] pr(essional & artisan ca/es4 ,! second division ( ! gr\p ( pure or good ca/es1 or ^? f :om a ,brahman c take wat]1 comprises ! high] artisan ca/es3 ,b>hai4 ,bh>bhunja4 ,halwai4 ,kas>4 ,komti4 ,sansia4 ,sun>4 ,tam]a4 ,vidur4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! ,sun> or goldsmi?2 ! ,kas> or work] 9 brass & bell-metal2 ! ,tam]a or copp]smi?2 ! ,b>hai or c>p5t]2 & ! ,halwai & ,bh>bhunja or confection] & gra9-p>*]4 ,! ,sansia or /one-mason ( ! ,uriya c\ntry may p]haps also be includ$4 ,^! indu/ries repres5t a high] degree ( civilisation ?an ! village trades1 & ! work]s may probably h be5 =m$ into ca/es at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! practice ( ! h&icrafts 0 no long] despis$4 ,! metal-work+ ca/es are n[ usually urban1 & on ! av]age _! memb]s are z well-to-d z ! cultivators4 ,! ,sun>s especially include a numb] ( weal?y m51 & _! importance is increas$ by _! association ) ! sacr$ metal1 gold2 9 "s localities !y n[ claim to be ,brahmans & refuse to take food f ,brahmans4 #fb ,! m ambiti\s memb]s abjure all fle%-food & liquor & we> ! sacr$ ?read4 ,b 9 ,bombay ! ,sun> 0 9 =m] times "o ( ! village m5ial ca/es1 & "h1 be=e & dur+ ! "t ( ! ,pe%was1 ,sun>s 7 n all[$ to we> ! sacr$ ?read1 & !y 7 =bidd5 to hold _! m>riages 9 public1 z x 0 consid]$ unlucky to see a ,sun> bridegroom4 ,sun> bridegrooms 7 n all[$ to see ! /ate umbrella or to ride 9 a palanqu91 & _h to be m>ri$ at night & 9 seclud$ places1 be+ subject to re/rictions & annoyances f :i* ev5 ,mah>s 7 free4 ,?us ! goldsmi?'s /atus appe>s to v>y greatly accord+ z 8 trade is a village or urban indu/ry4 ,copp] is also a sacr$ metal1 & ! ,tam]as rank next to ! ,sun>s among ! artisan ca/es1 ) ! ,kas>s or brass-work]s a little bel[ !m2 bo? ^! ca/es sometimes we>+ ! sacr$ ?read4 ,^! classes ( artisans g5]ally live 9 t[ns4 ,! ,b>hai or c>p5t] is sometimes a village m5ial1 b mo/ c>p5t]s live 9 t[ns1 ! wood5 implem5ts ( agriculture be+ made ei!r by ! blacksmi? or by ! cultivators !mselves4 ,:]e ! ,b>hai is a village m5ial he is practically on an equality ) ! ,loh> or blacksmi?2 b ! bett]-class c>p5t]s1 :o g5]ally live 9 t[ns1 rank high]4 ,! ,sansia or /one-mason ( ! ,uriya c\ntry works1 z a rule1 only 9 /one1 & 9 pa/ times !re=e 8 pr9cipal employm5t mu/ h be5 to build temples4 ,he c\ld n ?us be a village m5ial1 & 8 /atus w\ld be some:at improv$ by ! sanctity ( 8 call+4 ,! ,halwai & ,bh>bhunja or confection] & gra9-p>*] are ca/es ( comp>atively l[ orig91 especially ! latt]2 b !y h to be giv5 ! /atus ( c]emonial purity 9 ord] t all ,h9dus may be able to take sweets & p>*$ gra9 f _! h&s4 ,_! position resembles t ( ! b>b] & wat]man1 ! pure village m5ials1 :i* w be discuss$ lat]4 ,9 ,b5gal c]ta9 ca/es1 su* z ! ,tanti or weav] ( f9e musl91 ! ,teli or oil-press]1 & ! ,kumh> or pott]1 rank ) ! c]emonially pure ca/es4 ,_! call+s h !re become important urban indu/ries4 ,?us ! ,tantis made ! _w-r5[n$ f9e musl9s ( ,dacca2 & ! ,jaganna?ia ,kumh>s ( ,orissa provide ! e>!n vessels us$ = ! di/ribution ( rice to all pilgrims at ! temple ( ,jaganna?4 ,^! ca/es & c]ta9 o!rs h a mu* high] rank ?an t ( ! correspond+ ca/es 9 nor!rn & ,c5tral ,india1 & ! special reasons indicat$ seem to acc\nt = ?is4 ,g5]ally ! artisan ca/es rank+ on ! same or a high] level ?an ! cultivators are urban & n rural4 ,!y 7 n plac$ 9 a position ( inf]iority to ! cultivators by accept+ contributions ( gra9 & gifts f !m1 & ?is p]haps acc\nts = _! high] position4 ,"o special ca/e may be notic$ "h1 ! ,vidurs1 :o are ! desc5dants ( ,brahman fa!rs by wom5 ( o!r ca/es4 ,^!1 be+ ( mix$ orig91 =m]ly _h a v l[ rank1 & work$ z village acc\ntants & patw>is4 ,ow+ to _! connection ) ,brahmans1 h[ev]1 !y are a well-educat$ ca/e1 & s9ce education has become ! door to all grades ( advancem5t 9 ! public s]vice1 ! ,vidurs h tak5 advantage ( x1 & _m ( !m are cl]ks ( (fices or hold high] po/s "u ,gov]nm5t4 ,_! social /atus has correspond+ly improv$2 !y dress & behave l ,brahmans1 & 9 "s localities x is said t ev5 ,m>a?a ,brahmans w take wat] to dr9k f ,vidurs1 ?\gh !y w n take x f ! cultivat+ ca/es4 ,!re are also sev]al m5ial or s]v+ ca/es f :om a ,brahman c take wat]1 =m+ ! ?ird class ( ?is gr\p1 b _! real rank is mu* bel[ t ( ! cultivators1 & !y w be treat$ 9 ! next gr\p4 #bf4 ,ca/es f :om a ,brahman _c take wat]2 ! village m5ials4 ,! ?ird ma9 division consi/s ( ^? ca/es f :om a ,brahman _c take wat]1 ?\gh !y are n reg>d$ z impure & are p]mitt$ to ent] ,h9du temples4 ,! typical ca/es ( ?is gr\p appe> to be ! village artisans & m5ials & ! village prie/s4 ,! annex$ li/ %[s ! pr9cipal ( ^!4 ,village m5ials4 ,loh>--,blacksmi?4 ,b>hai--,c>p5t]4 ,kumh>--,pott]4 ,nai--,b>b]4 ,dhim>--,wat]man4 ,kah>--,palanqu9-be>]4 ,b>i--,leaf-plate mak]4 ,b>gah--,h\sehold s]vant4 ,dhobi--,wa%]man4 ,d>zi--,tailor4 ,basor or ,dhulia--,village musician4 ,bhat & ,mirasi--,b>d & g5ealogi/4 ,halba--,h\se-s]vant & f>m-s]vant4 ,ca/es ( village wat*m54 ,khang>4 ,*ad>4 ,*auhan4 ,dahait4 ,panka4 ,village prie/s & m5dicants4 ,jo%i--,a/rolog]4 ,g>pag>i--,hail-av]t]4 ,gondhali--,musician4 ,manbhao ,jangam ,basdewa ,w&]+ prie/s & m5dicants4 ,satani ,waghya ,o!rs4 ,mali--,g>d5] & mak] ( g>l&s4 ,b>ai--,betel-v9e gr[] & sell]4 ,o!r village trad]s & artisans4 ,kal>--,liquor-v5dor4 ,teli--,oil-press]4 ,hatwa ,manih> ,p$l>4 ,banj>a--,c>ri]4 ,bahelia ,p>dhi ,f[l]s & hunt]s4 ,bahna--,cotton-clean]4 ,*hipa--,calico-pr9t] & dy]4 ,*itraka?i--,pa9t] & picture-mak]4 ,ka*]a--,glass bangle-mak]4 ,kad]a--,fireworks-mak]4 ,nat--,acrobat4 ,gad>ia ,dhang> ,%eph]ds4 ,kuramw> ,beld> ,murha ,digg]s1 navvies1 & salt-ref9]s4 ,nunia ,! ess5tial fact :i* =m]ly gov]n$ ! /atus ( ?is gr\p ( ca/es appe>s to be t !y p]=m$ v>i\s s]vices = ! cultivators accord+ to _! diff]5t vocations1 & 7 support$ by contributions ( gra9 made to !m by ! cultivators1 & by pres5ts giv5 to !m at se$-"t & h>ve/4 ,!y 7 ! cli5ts ( ! cultivators & ! latt] 7 _! patrons & support]s1 & h5ce rank$ above !m4 ,?is condition ( ?+s survives only 9 ! case ( a few ca/es1 b prior to ! introduction ( a metal curr5cy mu/ app>5tly h be5 ! me?od ( remun]ation ( all ! village indu/ries4 ,! ,loh> or blacksmi? makes & m5ds ! iron implem5ts ( agriculture1 su* z ! pl\gh%>e1 axe1 sickle & goad4 ,= ?is he is paid 9 ,saugor a ye>ly contribution ( #bj lbs4 ( gra9 p] pl\gh ( l& held by ea* cultivator1 toge!r ) a h&ful ( gra9 at s[+-"t & a %eaf at h>ve/ f bo? ! autumn & spr+ crops4 ,9 ,w>dha he gets #ej lbs4 ( gra9 p] pl\gh ( f\r bullocks or #dj acres4 ,= new implem5ts he mu/ ei!r be paid sep>ately or at lea/ suppli$ ) ! iron & *>coal4 ,9 ,di/ricts :]e ! ,b>hai or c>p5t] is a village s]vant he is paid ! same z ! ,loh> & has practically an equal /atus4 ,! village b>b] receives 9 ,saugor #bj lbs4 ( gra9 annually f ea* adult male 9 ! family1 or #bb #a_/b lbs4 p] pl\gh ( l& besides ! seasonal pres5ts4 ,9 return = ?is he %aves ea* cultivator ov] ! head & face ab\t once a =tnight4 ,! ,dhobi or wa%]man gets half ! annual contribution ( ! blacksmi? & c>p5t]1 ) ! same pres5ts1 & 9 return = ?is he wa%es ! clo!s ( ! family two or ?ree times a mon?4 ,:5 he br+s ! clo!s home he also receives a meal or a :eat5 cake1 & well-to-d families give him _! old clo!s z a pres5t4 ,! ,dhim> or wat]man br+s wat] to ! h\se morn+ & ev5+1 & fills ! e>!n wat]-pots plac$ on a wood5 /& or e>!n plat=m outside x4 ,:5 ! cultivators h m>riages he p]=ms ! same duties = ! :ole w$d+ p>ty1 & receives a pres5t ( money & clo!s accord+ to ! means ( ! family1 & 8 food e day :ile ! w$d+ is 9 progress4 ,he supplies wat] = dr9k+ to ! reap]s1 receiv+ ?ree %eaves a day z paym5t1 & takes sweet potatoes & boil$ plums to ! field & sells !m4 ,! ,kumh> or pott] is n n[ paid regul>ly by dues f ! cultivators l o!r village m5ials1 z ! ord9>y sy/em ( sale has be5 f\nd to be m conv5i5t 9 8 case4 ,b he sometimes takes = use ! soil$ grass f ! /alls ( ! cattle & gives pots free to ! cultivator 9 ex*ange4 ,on ,akti day1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! agricultural ye>1 ! village ,kumh> 9 ,saugor pres5ts five pots ) cov]s on !m to ea* cultivator & is giv5 #b #a_/b lbs4 ( gra94 ,he pres5ts ! bride ) sev5 new pots at a w$d+1 & ^! are fill$ ) wat] & us$ 9 ! c]emony1 be+ consid]$ to repres5t ! sev5 seas4 ,at a fun]al he mu/ supply ?irte5 vessels :i* are kn[n z ghats1 & mu/ replace ! h\sehold e>!n vessels1 :i* are r5d]$ impure on ! occurr5ce ( a dea? 9 ! h\se1 & are all brok5 & ?r[n away4 ,9 ! ,punjab & ,m>a?a c\ntry ! ,kumh> 0 =m]ly an ord9>y village m5ial4 #bg4 ,! village wat*m54 ,! (fice ( village wat*man is an important "o1 & is usually held by a memb] ( ! indig5\s tribes4 ,^! =m]ly 7 ! *ief crim9als1 & ! village wat*man1 9 return = 8 pay1 0 expect$ to detect ! crimes ( 8 tribesm5 & to make good any losses ( prop]ty caus$ by !m4 ,! sections ( ! tribes :o held ?is (fice h develop$ into special ca/es1 z ! ,khang>s1 ,*ad>s & ,*auhans ( ,*hattisg>h4 ,^! la/ are probably ( mix$ desc5t f ,rajputs & ! high] ca/es ( cultivators ) ! indig5\s tribes4 ,! ,dahaits 7 a ca/e ( gatekeep]s & ord]lies ( native rul]s :o h n[ become village wat*m54 ,! ,pankas are a section ( ! impure ,g&a ca/e :o h embrac$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,kabirpan?i sect & =m$ a sep>ate ca/e4 ,!y are n[ usually employ$ z village wat*m5 & are n reg>d$ z impure4 ,simil>ly ^? memb]s ( ! ,mah> s]vile ca/e :o are village wat*m5 t5d to m>ry among !mselves & =m a sup]ior gr\p to ! o!rs4 ,! village wat*man n[ receives a remun]ation fix$ by ,gov]nm5t & is practically a rural policeman1 b 9 =m] times he 0 a village m5ial & 0 ma9ta9$ by ! cultivators 9 ! same mann] z ! o!rs4 #bh4 ,! village prie/s4 ,! g>d5+ ca/es4 ,! village prie/s are ano!r class ( ?is gr\p4 ,! regul> village prie/ & a/rolog]1 ! ,jo%i or ,p>sai1 is a ,brahman1 b ! occupation has develop$ a sep>ate ca/e4 ,! ,jo%i (ficiates at w$d+s 9 ! village1 selects auspici\s names = *ildr5 accord+ to ! con/ellations "u :i* !y 7 born1 & po9ts out ! auspici\s mom5t or mahurat = w$d+s1 "n-giv+ & o!r c]emonies1 & = ! comm5cem5t ( su* agricultural op]ations z s[+1 reap+1 & ?re%+4 ,he is also sometimes 9 *>ge ( ! village temple4 ,he is support$ by contributions ( gra9 f ! villag]s & (t5 has a plot ( l& r5t-free f ! proprietor4 ,! social position ( ! ,jo%is is n v good1 &1 ?\gh ,brahmans1 !y are consid]$ to rank some:at bel[ ! cultivat+ ca/es4 ,! ,gurao is ano!r village prie/1 ^: =tune has be5 q diff]5t4 ,! ca/e act$ z prie/s ( ! temples ( ,siva & 7 also musicians & suppli$ leaf-plates4 ,!y 7 village m5ials ( ! ,m>a?a villages4 ,b ow+ to ! sanctity ( _! call+1 & ! fact t !y h become lit]ate & tak5 s]vice "u ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,guraos n[ rank above ! cultivators & are call$ ,%aiva ,brahmans4 ,! ,gondhalis are ! village prie/s ( ,devi1 ! e>?-goddess1 :o is also frequ5tly ! tutel>y goddess ( ! village4 ,!y play ! kettle-drum & p]=m dances 9 h] hon\r1 & 7 =m]ly class$ z "o ( ! village m5ials ( ,m>a?a villages1 ?\gh !y n[ "w = hire4 ,! ,g>pag>i1 or hail-av]t]1 is a regul> village m5ial1 8 duty be+ to av]t hail-/orms f ! crops1 l ! qalaz('ulax 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,! ,g>pag>is w accept cook$ food f ,kunbis & celebrate _! w$d+s ) ^? ( ! ,kunbis4 ,! ,jogis1 ,manbhaos1 ,satanis1 & o!rs1 are w&]+ religi\s m5dicants1 :o act z prie/s & spiritual preceptors to ! l[] classes ( ,h9dus4 ,) ! village prie/s may be m5tion$ ! ,mali or g>d5]4 ,! ,malis n[ gr[ vegetables ) irrigation or ord9>y crops1 b ?is 0 n app>5tly _! orig9al vocation4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f mala1 a g>l&1 & x w\ld appe> t ! ,mali 0 fir/ employ$ to gr[ fl[]s = ! g>l&s ) :i* ! gods & also _! wor%ipp]s 7 adorn$ at religi\s c]emonies4 ,fl[]s 7 held sacr$ & 7 an ess5tial adjunct to wor%ip 9 ,india z 9 ,greece & ,rome4 ,! sacr$ fl[]s ( ,india are ! lotus1 ! m>igold & ! *ampak #fc & f _! use 9 religi\s wor%ip is d]iv$ ! cu/om ( adorn+ ! gue/s ) g>l&s at all social functions1 j z 9 ,rome & ,greece !y wore cr[ns on _! heads4 ,x seems n unlikely t ?is 0 ! purpose = :i* cultivat$ fl[]s 7 fir/ gr[n1 at any rate 9 ,india4 ,! ,mali 0 ?us a k9d ( assi/ant 9 ! religi\s life ( ! village1 & he is /ill sometimes plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! village %r9es & is employ$ z temple-s]vant 9 ,ja9 temples4 ,he w\ld !re=e h be5 support$ by contributions f ! cultivators l ! o!r village m5ials & h rank$ bel[ !m1 ?\gh on acc\nt ( ! purity & sanctity ( 8 occupation ,brahmans w\ld take wat] f him4 ,! ,mali has n[ become an ord9>y cultivator1 b 8 /atus is /ill noticeably bel[ t ( ! good cultivat+ ca/es & ?is seems to be ! explanation4 ,) ! ,mali may be class$ ! ,b>ai1 ! gr[] & sell] ( ! pan or betel-v9e leaf4 ,?is leaf1 gr[+ on a k9d ( creep]1 l ! v9e1 9 irrigat$ g>d5s ro($ ) ?at* = protection f ! sun1 is v highly priz$ by ! ,h9dus4 ,x is (f]$ ) areca-nut1 cloves1 c>damom & lime roll$ up 9 a quid to ! gue/s at all social functions4 ,x is end[$ by !m ) great virtues1 be+ suppos$ to prev5t he>tburn1 indige/ion1 & o!r /oma*ic & inte/9al disord]s1 & to pres]ve ! tee?1 :ile tak5 ) musk1 saffron & almonds1 ! betel-leaf is held to be a /rong aphrodisiac4 ,! juice ( ! leaf /a9s ! tee? & m\? r$1 & ! effect1 ?\gh repulsive to ,europeans1 is an indisp5sable adjunct to a woman's beauty 9 ,h9du eyes4 ,?is /a9+ ( ! m\? r$ ) betel-leaf is also said to di/+ui% a man f a dog4 ,! idea t betel pres]ves ! tee? seems to be unf\nd$4 ,! tee? ( ,h9dus appe> to be f> less liable to decay ?an ^? ( ,europeans1 b ?is is ?\ght to be because !y g5]ally re/rict !mselves to a vegetable diet & always r9se out _! m\?s ) wat] aft] tak+ food4 ,! betel-leaf is consid]$ sacr$2 a silv] ornam5t is made 9 its %ape & x is (t5 invok$ 9 spells & magic4 ,! orig9al v9e is held to h gr[n f a f+]-jo9t ( ,basuki1 ! ,que5 ( ! ,s]p5ts1 & ! cobra is wor%ipp$ z ! tutel>y deity ( ! pan-g>d51 :i* ?is snake is accu/om$ to frequ5t1 attract$ by ! moi/ coolness & d>kness4 ,! position ( ! ,b>ai is ! same z t ( ! ,mali2 8 is really a l[ ca/e1 sometimes c\pl$ ) ! contemn$ ,telis or oil-press]s1 b he is consid]$ c]emonially pure because ! betel-leaf1 (f]$ to gods & eat5 by ,brahmans & all ,h9dus1 is tak5 f him4 ,! ,b>ai or ,tamboli 0 =m]ly a village m5ial 9 ! ,m>a?a villages4 #bi4 ,o!r village trad]s & m5ials4 ,! ca/es foll[+ o!r village trades ma9ly fall into ?is gr\p1 ?\gh !y may n n[ be village m5ials4 ,su* are ! ,kal> or liquor-v5dor & ,teli or oil-press]1 :o sell _! goods = ca%1 & hav+ le>nt to reckon & keep acc\nts1 h prosp]$ 9 _! deal+s ) ! cultivators ignorant ( ?is accompli%m5t4 ,=m]ly x is probable t ! village ,teli _h ! "r ( press+ all ! oil gr[n 9 ! village1 & reta9+ a c]ta9 %>e = 8 remun]ation4 ,! liquor-v5dor c sc>cely h be5 a village m5ial1 b s9ce ,manu's "t 8 trade has be5 reg>d$ z a v impure "o1 & has rank$ ) t ( ! ,teli4 ,bo? ^! ca/es h n[ become prosp]\s1 & include a numb] ( l&[n]s1 & _! /atus is gradually improv+4 ,! ,d>zi or tailor is n usually atta*$ to ! village community2 sewn clo!s h hi!rto sc>cely be5 worn among ! rural population1 & ! weav] provides ! clo?s :i* !y drape on ! body & r\nd ! head4 #fd ,! contempt ) :i* ! tailor is visit$ 9 ,engli% prov]bial lore = work+ at a woman's occupation atta*es 9 a precisely simil> mann] 9 ,india to ! weav]4 #fe ,b 9 ,guj>at ! ,d>zi is f\nd liv+ 9 villages & "h he is also a village m5ial4 ,! ,ka*]a or mak] ( ! glass bangles :i* e ,h9du m>ri$ woman we>s z a sign ( h] e/ate1 ranks ) ! village artisans2 8 is probably an urban trade1 b he has nev] become prosp]\s or important4 ,! ,banj>as or gra9-c>ri]s 7 orig9ally ,rajputs1 b ow+ to ! mix$ "* ( ! ca/e & ! fact t !y obta9$ _! support f ! cultivators1 !y h come to rank bel[ ^! latt]4 ,! ,wanj>i cultivators ( ,b]> h n[ disc>d$ _! ,banj>a ance/ry & claim to be ,kunbis4 ,! ,nat or rope-danc] & acrobat may =m]ly h _h functions 9 ! village 9 connection ) ! crops4 ,9 ,kumaon #ff a ,nat /ill slides d[n a long rope f ! summit ( a cliff to ! base z a rite = ensur+ ! success ( ! crops on ! occasion ( a fe/ival ( ,siva4 ,=m]ly if ! ,nat or ,badi fell to ! gr\nd 9 8 c\rse1 he 0 imm$iately despat*$ ) a sword by ! surr\nd+ spectators1 b ?is is n[ prohibit$4 ,! rope on :i* he slid d[n ! cliff is cut up & di/ribut$ among ! inhabitants ( ! village1 :o hang ! pieces z *>ms on ! eaves ( _! h\ses4 ,! hair ( ! ,nat is also tak5 & pres]v$ z possess+ simil> virtues4 ,ea* ,di/rict 9 ,kumaon has its h]$it>y ,nat or ,badi1 :o is support$ by annual contributions ( gra9 f ! inhabitants4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces x is n uncommon to f9d a deifi$ ,nat1 call$ ,nat ,baba or ,fa!r ,nat1 z a village god4 ,a ,natni1 or ,nat woman1 is sometimes wor%ipp$2 & :5 two %>p peaks ( hills are situat$ close to ea* o!r1 x is relat$ t !re 0 once a ,natni1 v skilful on ! tight-rope1 :o p]=m$ be=e ! k+2 & he promis$ h] t if %e w\ld /ret* a rope f ! peak ( "o hill to t ( ! o!r1 & walk across x1 he w\ld m>ry h] & make h] weal?y4 ,accord+ly ! rope 0 /ret*$1 b ! que5 f jeal\sy w5t & cut x ne>ly ?r\gh 9 ! night1 & :5 ! ,natni />t$ to walk1 ! rope broke1 & %e fell d[n & 0 kill$4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! ,kumaon rite1 x may be surmis$ t ^! leg5ds commemorate ! dea? ( a ,natni or acrobat dur+ ! p]=mance ( "s feat ( danc+ or slid+ on a rope = ! magical b5efit ( ! crops4 ,& x seems possible t acrobatic p]=mances may h _h _! orig9 9 ?is mann]4 ,! po9t be>+ on ! pres5t argum5t is1 h[ev]1 t ! ,nat p]=m$ special functions = ! success ( ! village crops1 & on ?is acc\nt 0 support$ by contributions f ! villag]s1 & rank$ ) ! village m5ials4 #cj4 ,h\sehold s]vants4 ,"s ( ! ca/es already m5tion$1 & "o or two o!rs hav+ ! same /atus1 "w z h\sehold s]vants z well z village m5ials4 ,! ,dhim> is mo/ commonly employ$ z an indoor s]vant 9 ,h9du h\seholds1 & is p]mitt$ to knead fl\r 9 wat] & make x into a cake1 :i* ! ,brahman !n takes & puts on ! girdle ) 8 own h&s4 ,he c boil wat] & p\r pulse into ! cook+-pot f above1 s long z he does n t\* ! vessel aft] ! food has be5 plac$ 9 x4 ,he w take any rema9s ( food left 9 ! cook+-pot1 z ?is is n consid]$ to be pollut$1 food only becom+ pollut$ :5 ! h& t\*es x on ! di% aft] hav+ t\*$ ! m\?4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 all ! food on ! di% becomes ju?a or leav+s ( food1 & z a g5]al rule no ca/e except ! sweep]s w eat ^! leav+s ( food ( ano!r ca/e or ( ano!r p]son ( _! own4 ,only a wife1 ^: meal foll[s h] husb&'s1 w eat 8 leav+s4 ,z a s]vant1 ! ,dhim> is v famili> ) 8 ma/]2 he may ent] any "p ( ! h\se1 includ+ ! cook+-place & ! wom5's rooms1 & he addresses 8 mi/ress z ',"m4' ,:5 he lights 8 ma/]'s pipe he takes ! fir/ pull himself1 to %[ t x has n be5 tamp]$ )1 & !n pres5ts x to him ) 8 left h& plac$ "u 8 "r elb[ 9 tok5 ( respect4 ,maid-s]vants frequ5tly belong also to ! ,dhim> ca/e1 & x (t5 happ5s t ! ma/] ( ! h\sehold has illicit int]c\rse ) !m4 ,h5ce !re is a prov]b3 ',! k+'s son draws wat] & ! wat]-be>]'s son sits on ! ?rone1'--simil> intrigues on ! "p ( high-born wom5 ) _! s]vants be+ n unkn[n4 ,! ,kah> or palanqu9-be>] 0 probably ! same ca/e z ! ,dhim>4 ,l&[n]s w\ld ma9ta9 a gang ( ,kah>s to c>ry !m on j\rneys1 allott+ to su* m5 plots ( l& r5t-free4 ,our use ( ! ^w 'be>]' 9 ! s5se ( a body-s]vant has develop$ f ! palanqu9-be>] :o became a p]sonal att5dant on 8 ma/]4 ,well-to-d families (t5 h a ,nai or b>b] z a h]$it>y family s]vant1 ! (fice desc5d+ 9 ! b>b]'s family4 ,su* a man arranges ! m>riages ( ! *ildr5 & takes a consid]able "p 9 conduct+ !m1 & acts z escort to ! wom5 ( ! family :5 !y g on a j\rney4 ,among 8 daily duties are to rub 8 ma/]'s body ) oil1 massage 8 limbs1 prep>e 8 b$1 tell him /ories to s5d him to sleep1 & s on4 ,! b>b]'s wife att5ds on wom5 9 *ildbir? aft] ! days ( pollution are ov]1 & rubs oil on ! bodies ( h] cli5ts1 p>es _! nails & pa9ts _! feet ) r$ dye at m>riages & on o!r fe/ival occasions4 ,! ,b>i or mak] ( leaf-plates is ano!r h\sehold s]vant4 ,plates made ( l>ge leaves fa/5$ toge!r ) little wood5 p9s & /rips ( fibre are commonly us$ by ! ,h9dus = eat+ food1 z are little leaf-cups = dr9k+2 glaz$ e>!nw>e has hi!rto n be5 commonly manufactur$1 & t ) a r\gh] surface becomes c]emonially impure by contact ) any /range p]son or ?+4 ,metal vessels & plates are ! only alt]native to ^? made ( leaves1 & !re are frequ5tly n en\gh ( !m to g r\nd = a p>ty4 ,! ,b>is also "w z p]sonal s]vants1 h& r\nd wat]1 & light & c>ry tor*es at ent]ta9m5ts & on j\rneys4 ,_! wom5 are maids to high-ca/e ,h9du ladies1 & z !y are always ab\t ! z5ana are liable to lose _! virtue4 #ca4 ,/atus ( ! village m5ials4 ,! ca/es ( village & h\sehold m5ials =m a l>ge gr\p betwe5 ! cultivators on ! "o h& & ! impure & s]vile lab\r]s on ! o!r4 ,_! /atus is n exactly ! same4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,nai or b>b]1 ! ,kah> & ,dhim> or wat]m51 ! h\sehold s]vants1 ! ,b>i1 ,ahir1 & o!rs1 "s ( ! village prie/s & ! g>d5+ ca/es1 are consid]$ c]emonially pure & ,brahmans w take wat] f !m4 ,b ?is is a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 z1 if !y 7 n s held pure1 !y w\ld be q useless 9 ! h\sehold4 ,sev]al ( ^! ca/es1 z ! ,dhim>s1 ,b>is & o!rs1 are d]iv$ f ! primitive tribes4 ,sir ,h4 ,risley consid]$ ! ,b>is ( ,b5gal z probably an (f%oot f ! ,bhuiya or ,musah> tribe3 ,he /ill associates ) ! ,bhuiyas at times1 & if ! dem& = leaf-plates & cups is great] ?an he c cope ) himself1 he gets !m secretly made up by 8 rud] k9sfolk & passes !m (f z 8 own production4 ,in/ances ( ?is sort1 9 :i* a non-,aryan or mix$ gr\p is promot$ on gr\nds ( necessity or conv5i5ce to a high] /atus ?an _! antec$5ts w\ld entitle !m to claim1 are n unkn[n 9 o!r ca/es1 & mu/ h occurr$ frequ5tly 9 outly+ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ! ,aryan settlem5ts 7 scanty & imp]fectly suppli$ ) ! social app>atus dem&$ by ! !ory ( c]emonial purity4 ,?us ! und\bt$ly non-,aryan ,bhuiyas h 9 p>ts ( ,*ota ,nagpur be5 recognis$ z ,jal-,a*>ani 7able to give wat] to ! high] ca/es7 & x may be conjectur$ t ! ,kah>s !mselves only atta9$ ?is privilege 9 virtue ( _! employm5t z palanqu9-be>]s4 #fg ,! fact t ,brahmans w take wat] f ^! ca/es does n 9 any way place !m on a level ) ! cultivators2 !y rema9 m5ial s]vants1 rank+1 if any?+1 bel[ su* ca/es z ,loh>1 ,teli & ,kal>1 f :om ,brahmans w n take wat]2 b ^! latt] are1 z corporate bodies1 m important & prosp]\s ?an ! h\sehold m5ial ca/es1 because _! occupation conf]s a great] dignity & indep5d5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o or two ( ! village m5ials1 su* z ! ,dhobi or wa%]man1 are consid]$ to "s ext5t impure4 ,?is is due to specially degrad+ incid5ts atta*+ to _! occupation1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,dhobi1 ! wa%+ ( ! clo!s ( wom5 9 *ildbir?4 #fh ,& ! ,sung>ia subca/e ( ,kumh>s1 :o keep pigs1 are n t\*$1 because ! impurity ( ! animal is necess>ily communicat$ to its own]'s h\se & p]son4 ,/ill1 9 ! village society !re is little real diff]5ce betwe5 ! position ( ^! ca/es & ^? ( ! o!r village m5ials4 #cb4 ,orig9 ( _! /atus ,! /atus ( ! village m5ial ca/es appe>s to be fix$ by _! dep5d5t position on ! cultivators4 ,! latt] are _! patrons & sup]iors1 to :om !y look = a livelihood4 ,be=e ! introduction ( a curr5cy 9 ! rural tracts 7an ev5t ( ! la/ fifty to a hundr$ ye>s7 ! village artisans & m5ials 7 support$ by contributions ( gra9 f ! cultivators4 ,!y /ill all receive pres5ts1 consi/+ ( a s[+-basketful ( gra9 at se$-"t & "o or two %eaves at h>ve/4 ,! =m] is kn[n z ,bij phutni1 or ',! break+ ( ! se$1' & ! latt] z ,khanv>1 or ',t :i* is left' ,sometimes1 aft] ?re%+1 ! m5ials are ea* giv5 z mu* gra9 z w fill a w9n[+-fan4 ,:5 ! peasant has h>ve/$ 8 gra91 all come & beg f him4 ,! ,dhim> br+s "s wat]-nut1 ! ,ka*hi or m>ket-g>d5] "s *illies1 ! ,b>ai betel-leaf1 ! ,teli oil & tobacco1 ! ,kal> liquor 7if he dr9ks x71 ! ,bania "s sug>1 & all receive gra9 9 excess ( ! value ( _! gifts4 ,! ,jo%i or village prie/1 ! ,nat or acrobat1 ! ,gosa9 or religi\s m5dicant & ! ,fakir or ,muhammadan begg> solicit alms4 ,on t day ! cultivator is said to be l a little k+ 9 8 fields1 & ! village m5ials con/itute 8 c\rt4 ,9 purely agricultural communities gra9 is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( weal?1 & ?\gh ! av]age ,h9du villag] may appe> to u to be typical ( pov]ty r ?an weal?1 su* /&>ds are purely relative4 ,! cultivator 0 ?us ! patron & support] ( ! village artisans & m5ials1 & 8 social position 0 naturally sup]ior to !irs4 ,among ! ,h9dus x is consid]$ d]ogatory to accept a gift f ano!r p]son1 ! recipi5t be+ !reby plac$ 9 a position ( inf]iority to ! donor4 ,"s exception to ?is rule is made 9 ! case ( ,brahmans1 ?\gh ev5 ) !m x p>tly applies4 ,g5]ally ! acceptance ( a gift ( any value among ,h9dus is look$ ^u 9 ! same mann] z ! tak+ ( money 9 ,engl&1 be+ held to indicate t ! recipi5t is 9 an inf]ior social position to ! giv]4 ,& ! exi/5ce ( ?is feel+ seems to af=d /rong support to ! reason sugge/$ "h = ! relative /atus ( ! cultivat+ & village m5ial ca/es4 ,! gr\p ( village m5ial & artisan ca/es comes betwe5 ! good cultivat+ ca/es :o hold ! /atus ( ! ,vai%yas or body ( ! ,aryans1 & ! impure ca/es1 ! subject$ aborig9es4 ,! mo/ reasonable !ory ( _! /atus seems to be t x orig9at$ 9 mix$ desc5t4 ,z has already be5 se51 x 0 ! common practice ( memb]s ( ! high] classes to take l[]-ca/e wom5 ei!r z wives or concub9es1 & a l>ge mix$ class w\ld naturally result4 ,su* *ildr51 born & br\ght up 9 ! h\seholds ( _! fa!rs1 w\ld n be full memb]s ( ! family1 b w\ld n be reg>d$ z impure4 ,!y w\ld naturally be put to ! p]=mance ( ! m5ial h\sehold duties1 = :i* ! s]vile ca/es 7 r5d]$ unsuitable ?r\gh _! impure /atus4 ,?is w\ld correspond ) ! tradition ( ! l>ge numb] ( ca/es orig9at+ 9 mix$ desc5t1 :i* is giv5 9 ! ,h9du sacr$ books4 ,x has be5 se5 t :]e m5ial ca/es are employ$ 9 ! h\sehold1 classes ( mix$ desc5t d z a matt] ( fact arise4 ,& !re are traces ( a relation%ip betwe5 ! cultivators & ! m5ial ca/es1 :i* w\ld be be/ expla9$ by su* an orig94 ,at a betro?al 9 ! great ,kunbi cultivat+ ca/e ( ! ,m>a?as1 ! s]vices ( ! b>b] & wa%]man mu/ be requisition$4 ,! b>b] wa%es ! feet ( ! boy & girl & places v]milion on ! =eheads ( ! gue/s2 ! wa%]man spreads a %eet on ! gr\nd on :i* ! boy & girl sit4 ,at ! end ( ! c]emony ! b>b] & wa%]man take ! bride & bridegroom on _! %\ld]s & dance to music 9 ! m>riage-%$1 = :i* !y receive small pres5ts4 ,aft] a dea? has occurr$ at a ,kunbi's h\se1 ! impurity is n remov$ until ! b>b] & wa%]man h eat5 9 x4 ,at a ,kunbi's w$d+ ! ,gurao or village prie/ br+s ! leafy bran*es ( five trees & deposits !m at ,m>oti's #fi temple1 :5ce !y are remov$ by ! p>5ts ( ! bride4 ,be=e a w$d+1 aga91 a ,kunbi bride mu/ g to ! pott]'s h\se & be seat$ on 8 :eel1 :ile x is turn$ r\nd sev5 times = good luck4 ,simil>ly at a w$d+ among ! ,h9du/ani cultivat+ ca/es ! bride visits ! pott]'s h\se & is seat$ on 8 :eel2 & ! wa%]man's wife applies v]milion to h] =ehead4 ,! b>b]'s wife puts r$ pa9t on h] feet1 ! g>d5]'s wife pres5ts h] ) a g>l& ( fl[]s & ! c>p5t]'s wife gives h] a new wood5 doll4 ,at ! w$d+ fea/ ! b>b]1 ! wa%]man & ! ,b>i or p]sonal s]vant also eat ) ! gue/s1 ?\gh sitt+ ap>t f !m4 ,sometimes memb]s ( ! m5ial & s]v+ ca/es are invit$ to ! fun]al fea/ z if !y belong$ to ! dead man's ca/e4 ,9 ,madras ! b>b] & 8 wife1 & ! wa%]man & 8 wife1 are kn[n z ! son & daught] ( ! village4 ,& among ! families ( rul+ ,rajput *iefs1 :5 a daught] ( ! h\se is m>ri$1 x 0 cu/om>y to s5d ) h] a numb] ( h&maid5s tak5 f ! m5ial & s]v+ ca/es4 ,^! became ! concub9es ( ! bridegroom & x seems cle> t _! prog5y w\ld be employ$ 9 simil> capacities ab\t ! h\sehold & w\ld foll[ ! ca/es ( _! mo!rs4 ,! ,tam]a ca/e ( copp]smi?s trace _! orig9 f ! girls s s5t ) ! bride ( ,dh>am-,pal1 ! ,haihaya ,rajput ,raja ( ,ratanpur1 ?r\gh ! prog5y ( ^! girls by ! ,raja4 #cc4 ,o!r ca/es :o rank ) ! village m5ials4 ,_m o!r ca/es belong to ! gr\p ( ^? f :om a ,brahman _c take wat]1 b :o are n impure4 ,among ^! are sev]al ( ! l[] cultivat+ ca/es1 "s ( !m gr[]s ( special products1 z ! ,ka*his & ,m[>s or m>ket-g>d5]s1 ! ,dangris or melon-gr[]s1 & ! ,kohlis & ,bhoy>s :o plant sug>cane4 ,^! subsidi>y k9ds ( agriculture 7 look$ d[n ^u by ! cultivators prop]2 !y 7 probably c>ri$ out on ! b$s & banks ( /reams & o!r areas n includ$ 9 ! regul> hold+s ( ! village1 & 7 tak5 up by lab\r]s & o!r l&less p]sons4 ,! call+s ( ^! are alli$ to1 or develop$ f1 t ( ! ,mali or g>d5]1 & !y rank on a level ) him1 or p]haps a little bel[1 z no elem5t ( sanctity atta*es to _! products4 ,c]ta9 ca/es :i* 7 =m]ly lab\r]s1 b h n[ sometimes obta9$ possession ( ! l&1 are also 9 ?is gr\p1 su* z ! ,rajbh>s1 ,kirs1 ,manas1 & v>i\s ,madras ca/es ( cultivators4 ,probably ^! 7 once n all[$ to hold l&1 b 7 aft]w>ds admitt$ to d s4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 _! position & t ( ! h]$it>y cultivators ( ! village community 0 p]haps ! orig9al basis ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( t5ant-"r recognis$ by our rev5ue law1 ?\gh ^! n[1 ( c\rse1 dep5d solely on l5g? ( t5ure & o!r incid5ts1 & make no di/9ction ( ca/es4 ,! %eph]d ca/es :o t5d %eep & goats 7! ,gad>ias1 ,dhang>s & ,kuramw>s7 also fall into ?is gr\p4 ,little sanctity atta*$ to ^! animals z comp>$ ) ! c[1 & ! bus9ess ( re>+ !m w\ld be left to ! lab\r+ ca/es & non-,aryan tribes4 ,! names ( all ?ree ca/es d5ote _! functional orig91 ,gad>ia be+ f gad>1 a %eep1 ,dhang> f dhan or small-/ock1 ! ^w signify+ a flock ( %eep or goats & also weal?2 & ,kuramw> f kurri1 ! ,telugu ^w = %eep4 ,o!rs belong+ to ?is gr\p are ! digg+ & e>?-work+ ca/es1 ! ,beld>s1 ,murhas1 ,nunias & s on1 practically all d]iv$ f ! indig5\s tribes1 :o w&] ab\t seek+ employm5t f ! cultivators 9 ! con/ruction & repair ( field embankm5ts & excavation ( wells & tanks2 & v>i\s fi%+ & boat+ ca/es1 z ! ,injhw>s1 ,naodas1 ,murhas & ,kewats1 :o rank z equal to ! ,dhim>s1 ?\gh !y may n be employ$ 9 h\sehold or village s]vice4 ,su* ca/es1 almo/ entirely d]iv$ f ! non-,aryan tribes1 may h come gradually into exi/5ce z ! wants ( society develop$ & new functions 7 specialis$2 !y w\ld naturally be giv5 ! social /atus already atta*+ to ! village m5ial ca/es4 #cd4 ,! non-,aryan tribes4 ,! f\r? gr\p 9 ! s*eme ( prec$5ce comprises ! non-,aryan or indig5\s tribes1 :o are really outside ! ca/e sy/em :5 ?is is consid]$ z ! social organisation ( ! ,h9dus1 s long at lea/ z !y cont9ue to wor%ip _! own tribal deities1 & %[ no respect = ,brahmans nor = ! c[4 ,^! tribes h1 h[ev]1 ent]$ ! ,h9du polity 9 v>i\s positions4 ,! lead]s ( "s ( !m :o 7 dom9ant 9 ! e>ly p]iod 7 admitt$ to ! ,k%atriya or ,rajput ca/e1 & ! orig9 ( a few ( ! ,rajput clans c be trac$ to ! old ,bh> & o!r tribes4 ,aga91 ! ari/ocratic or l&hold+ sections ( sev]al exi/+ tribes are at pres5t1 z has be5 se51 p]mitt$ to rank ) ! good ,h9du cultivat+ ca/es4 ,9 a few cases1 z ! ,&hs1 ,halbas & ,manas1 ! tribe z a :ole has become a ,h9du ca/e1 :5 x reta9$ possession ( ! l& 9 ! c5tre ( a ,h9du population4 ,^! h n[ ! same or a slightly high] position ?an ! village m5ial ca/es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? tribes :i* 7 subjugat$ & p]mitt$ to live ) a s]vile /atus 9 ! ,h9du villages h develop$ into ! exi/+ impure ca/es ( lab\r]s1 weav]s1 tann]s & o!rs1 :o =m ! l[e/ social gr\p4 ,! tribes :i* /ill reta9 _! di/9ctive exi/5ce 7 n enslav$ 9 ?is mann]1 b liv$ ap>t 9 _! own villages 9 ! =e/ tracts & kept possession ( ! l&4 ,?is seems to be ! reason :y !y rank some:at high] ?an ! impure ca/es1 ev5 ?\gh !y may utt]ly defile !mselves accord+ to ,h9du ideas by eat+ c['s fle%4 ,"s tribes1 su* z ! ,gonds1 ,b9jhw>s & ,kaw>s1 c\nt$ among/ !m ! own]s ( l>ge e/ates or ev5 k+doms1 & consequ5tly _h _m ,h9du cultivators = _! subjects4 ,&1 z ! ,h9dus !mselves say1 !y c\ld n reg>d ! ,gonds z impure :5 !y _h a ,gond k+4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,gond lab\r]s 9 ,h9du villages 9 ! pla9s are m despis$ ?an ! ,gonds :o live 9 _! own villages 9 ! hill c\ntry4 ,& ! conv]sion ( ! tribes z a :ole to ,h9duism goes /eadily =w>d4 ,at ea* c5sus ! "q arises :i* ( !m %\ld be class$ z ,h9dus1 & :i* z ,animi/s or wor%ipp]s ( _! own tribal gods1 & ?\gh ! classification is necess>ily v arbitr>y1 ! process c be cle>ly obs]v$4 ,?us ! ,&hs1 ,kolis1 ,rautias & ,halbas are n[ all ,h9dus1 & ! same rem>k applies to ! ,kols1 ,bhils & ,korkus 9 sev]al ,di/ricts4 ,by /rict ab/5tion f beef1 ! adoption ( ,h9du rites1 & to "s ext5t ( *ild-m>riage1 !y get admission to ! ?ird gr\p ( ca/es f :om a ,brahman _c take wat]4 ,x w be desirable "h to digress f ! ma9 argum5t by notic+ briefly ! orig9 & aff9ities ( ! pr9cipal =e/ tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 #ce4 ,! ,kol>ians & ,dravidians4 ,^! tribes are divid$ into two families1 ! ,munda or ,kol>ian1 nam$ aft] ! ,kol tribe1 & ! ,dravidian1 ( :i* ! =m] are g5]ally held to be ! old] & m primitive4 ,! ^w ,kol is probably ! ,santali h>1 a man4 ,?is ^w is us$ "u v>i\s =ms1 su* z h>1 h>a1 ho & koro by mo/ ,munda tribes 9 ord] to d5ote !mselves4 ,! *ange ( r to l is famili> & pres5ts no difficulty4 #gj ,! ^w is also f\nd 9 ! alt]native "n ,ho = ! ,kol tribe1 & 9 ! names ( ! cognate ,korwa & ,korku tribes4 ,! ^w ,munda is a ,sanskrit d]ivative mean+ a head1 &1 z /at$ by ,sir ,h4 ,risley1 is ! common t]m employ$ by ! ,kols = ! headman ( a village1 :5ce x has be5 adopt$ z an honorific title = ! tribe4 ,9 ,*ota ,nagpur ^? ,kols :o h p>tly adopt$ ,h9duism & become to "s degree civilis$ are call$ ,munda1 :ile ! "n ,ho or ,l>ka 7fight+7 ,kol is res]v$ = ! wild] section ( ! tribe4 #cf4 ,kol>ian tribes4 ,! pr9cipal tribes ( ! ,munda or ,kol>ian family 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces are %[n bel[3 ,kol1 ,munda1 ,ho4 ,bhumij4 ,santal4 ,kh>ia4 ,korwa4 ,korku4 ,nahal ,sav> or ,saonr4 ,mal1 ,male4 ,gadba4 ,khairw>4 ,baiga4 ,bhuiya4 ,bha9a4 ,bhunjia4 ,b9jhw>4 ,probable3 ,bh>1 ,koli1 ,bhil1 ,*]o4 ,"o l>ge gr\p includes ! ,kol1 ,munda or ,ho tribe itself & ! ,bhumij & ,santals1 :o appe> to be local bran*es ( ! ,kols call$ by sep>ate names by ! ,h9dus4 ,! ,kh>ias seem to be ! e>lie/ ,kol settl]s 9 ,*ota ,nagpur1 :o 7 subjugat$ by ! lat] com]s4 ,! "n ,kol1 z already se51 is probably a =m ( ! ,santali h>1 a man4 ,simil>ly ! "n ( ! ,korku tribe is simply a corruption ( ,koraku1 "y m51 & t ( ! ,korwa tribe is f ! same root4 ,! dialects ( ! ,korku & ,korwa tribes closely approximate to ,mund>i4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t !y 7 orig9ally "o tribe ) ! ,kols1 b h be5 sep>at$ = s long a p]iod t _! direct connection c no long] be prov$4 ,! dis9tegrat+ causes :i* h split up :at 0 orig9ally "o into a numb] ( di/9ct tribes1 are probably no m ?an di/ance & settlem5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 lead+ to cessation ( int]m>riage & social int]c\rse4 ,! tribes h !n obta9$ "s v>iation 9 ! orig9al names or be5 giv5 sep>ate t]ritorial or occupational designations by ! ,h9dus1 & _! =m] id5tity has gradually be5 =gott54 ,bo? ! ,korwas ( ! ,*ota ,nagpur plateau & ! ,korkus ( ! ,satpura hills 7 kn[n z ,muasi1 a t]m hav+ ! mean+ ( robb] or raid]4 ,! ,korwas h also a subtribe call$ ,koraku1 & ,mr4 ,crooke ?9ks t !y 7 orig9ally ! same tribe4 ,sir ,g4 ,gri]son /ates t ! ,korwa dialect is closely alli$ to ,kh>ia4 ,simil>ly ! resemblance ( ! "n raises a presumption t ! great ,koli tribe ( ,guj>at & we/]n ,india may be a bran* ( ! ,kols :o p5etrat$ to ! we/]n coa/ along ! ,satpulra & ,c5tral ,india hill ranges4 ,! ,kolis & ,bhils are tribes ( ! same c\ntry & are commonly spok5 ( toge!r4 ,bo? h entirely lo/ _! own language & _c !re=e be classifi$ def9itely ei!r z ,kol>ian or ,dravidian1 b !re is a probability t !y are ( ! ,kol>ian family4 ,! ,nahals1 ano!r tribe ( ! we/]n ,satpura range1 are an (f%oot ( ! ,korkus4 ,!y are c\pl$ ) ! ,bhils & ,kolis 9 old ,h9du acc\nts4 ,! ,sav>s1 ,saw>as or ,saonrs are also a widely di/ribut$ tribe1 be+ f\nd z f> we/ z ,bundelkh& & ea/ 9 ,orissa & ,ganjam4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces !y h lo/ _! own language & speak ,h9di or ,uriya1 b 9 ,madras !y /ill reta9 _! orig9al spee*1 :i* is classifi$ by ,sir ,g4 ,gri]son ) ,gadba z a ,munda or ,kol>ian dialect4 ,! "n occurs 9 ,v$ic lit]ature1 & ! tribe is probably ( great antiquity4 ,9 ! classical /ories ( _! orig9 ! fir/ ance/or ( ! ,sav>s is sometimes describ$ z a ,bhil4 ,! wide ext5sion ( ! ,sav> tribe ea/ & we/ is fav\rable to ! hypo!sis ( ! id5tity ( ! ,kols & ,kolis1 :o h a some:at simil> di/ribution4 ,! ,gadbas ( ,ganjam1 & ! ,mal or ,male ,pah>ia tribe ( ,*ota ,nagpur seem to be (f%oots ( ! ,sav>s4 ,! ,khairw>s or ,kh>w>s are an important tribe ( ,mirzapur & ,*ota ,nagpur4 ,!re is "s reason = suppos+ t !y are an occupational (f%oot ( ! ,kols & ,*]os1 :o h become a di/9ct gr\p ?r\gh tak+ to ! manufacture ( edible cate*u f ! wood ( ! khair tree4 #ga ,ano!r great bran* ( ! ,kol>ian family is t repres5t$ by ! ,bhuiya & ,baiga tribes & _! (f%oots1 ! ,bhunjias1 ,bha9as & ,b9jhw>s4 ,! ,kol>ian orig9 ( ! ,bhuiyas has be5 discuss$ 9 ! article on t tribe1 & x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! ,baiga tribe ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces are an (f%oot ( ! ,bhuiyas4 ,^! tribes h all ab&on$ _! own languages & adopt$ ! local ,aryan v]nacul>s4 ,! "n ,bhuiya is a ,sanskrit d]ivative f bhu1 e>?1 & signifies 'belong+ to ! soil4' ,bhumij1 appli$ to a bran* ( ! ,kol tribe1 has ! same orig94 ,baiga is us$ 9 ! s5se ( a village prie/ or a sorc]] 9 ,*ota ,nagpur1 & ! (fice is commonly held by memb]s ( ! ,bhuiya tribe 9 t locality1 z be+ ! olde/ resid5ts4 ,?us ! section ( ! tribe 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces appe>s to h adopt$1 or be5 giv51 ! "n ( ! (fice4 ,! ,bh>ias or ,bh>ia-,bhumias ( ,jubbulpore seem to belong to ! great ,bh> tribe1 once dom9ant ov] l>ge areas ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,!y also hold ! (fice ( village prie/1 :i* is !re kn[n z ,bhumia1 & 9 "s tracts are sc>cely di/+ui%$ f ! ,baigas4 ,aga91 9 ,sambalpur ! ,bhuiyas are kn[n z ,bhumia ,kol1 & are commonly reg>d$ z a bran* ( ! ,kol tribe4 ,?us x w\ld seem t two sep>ate settlem5ts ( ! ,kol>ian races may h occurr$2 ! e>li] "o w\ld be repres5t$ by ! ,bh>s1 ,bhuiyas1 ,baigas & k9dr$ tribes :o h entirely lo/ _! own languages & id5tity1 & h names giv5 to !m by ! ,h9dus2 & a lat] "o ( ! ,kols or ,mundas & _! relat$ tribes1 ^: languages & tribal religion & organisation1 ?\gh 9 a decay+ /ate1 c be fully recognis$ & record$4 ,& ! ,dravidian immigration w\ld be subsequ5t to bo? ( !m4 ,to judge f ! cases 9 :i* ! fissure or subdivision ( s+le tribes into two or m di/9ct ones c /ill be obs]v$1 x seems q a plausible hypo!sis t ! orig9al immigrants may h consi/$ only ( a s+le tribe on ea* occasion1 & t ! =mation ( new ones may h occurr$ aft] settlem5t4 ,b ! evid5ce does n w>rant any def9ite ass]tion4 #cg4 ,dravidian tribes4 ,! pr9cipal ,dravidian tribes are ! ,gonds1 ,khonds & ,oraons4 ,! ,gonds 7 once dom9ant ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 :i* 0 call$ ,gondwana aft] !m4 ,! above ?ree names h 9 ea* case be5 giv5 to ! tribes by ! ,h9dus4 ,! foll[+ tribes are f\nd 9 ! ,prov9ce3 ,gond1 ,oraon or ,kurukh1 ,khond1 ,kolam1 ,p>ja1 ,kam>4 ,tribal ,ca/es3 ,bhatra1 ,halba1 ,dhoba4 ,d\btful3 ,kaw>1 ,dhanw>4 ,! ,gonds & ,khonds call !mselves ,koi or ,koitur1 a ^w :i* seems to mean man or hillman4 ,! ,oraon tribe call !mselves ,kurukh1 :i* has also be5 suppos$ to be connect$ ) ! ,kol>ian horo1 man4 ,! "n ,oraon1 giv5 to !m by ! ,h9dus1 may mean f>ms]vant1 :ile ,dhang>1 an alt]native "n = ! tribe1 has c]ta9ly ?is signification4 ,!re seems good reason to suppose t ! ,gonds & ,khonds 7 orig9ally "o tribe divid$ ?r\gh migration4 #gb ,! ,kolams are a small tribe ( ! ,w>dha ,valley1 ^: dialect resembles ^? ( ! ,gonds & ,khonds4 ,!y may h split (f f ! p>5t tribe 9 s\!rn ,india & come nor?w>ds sep>ately4 ,! ,p>jas appe> to repres5t ! e>lie/ ,gond settl]s 9 ,ba/>1 :o 7 subjugat$ by lat] ,gond & ,raj-,gond immigrants4 ,! ,halbas & ,bhatras are mix$ tribes or tribal ca/es1 desc5d$ f ! unions ( ,gonds & ,h9dus4 #ch4 ,orig9 ( ! ,kol>ian tribes ,! ,munda languages h be5 %[n by ,sir ,g4 ,gri]son to h orig9at$ f ! same s\rce z ^? spok5 9 ! ,indo-,pacific isl&s & ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,! ,mundas1 ! ,mon-,khm]1 ! wild tribes ( ! ,malay ,p59sula & ! ,nicob>ese all use =ms ( spee* :i* c be trac$ back to a common s\rce ?\gh !y mutually diff] widely f ea* o!r4 #gc ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! ,mundas1 ! olde/ kn[n inhabitants ( ,india1 p]haps came orig9ally f ! s\?-ea/1 ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ! ,malay ,p59sula1 unless ,india 0 _! orig9al home & ^! c\ntries 7 colonis$ f x4 ,sir ,edw>d ,gait /ates3 ,geologi/s tell u t ! ,indian ,p59sula 0 =m]ly cut (f f ! nor? ( ,asia by sea1 :ile a l& connection exi/$ on ! "o side ) ,madagasc> & on ! o!r ) ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago2 & ?\gh !re is no?+ to %[ t ,india 0 !n inhabit$1 we "k t x 0 s 9 palaeoli?ic times1 :5 communication 0 probably /ill easi] ) ! c\ntries to ! nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/ ?an ) ^? beyond ! ,himalayas4 #gd ,9 ! s\? ( ,india1 h[ev]1 no traces ( ,munda languages rema9 at pres5t1 & x seems !re=e necess>y to conclude t ! ,mundas ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,*ota ,nagpur h be5 sep>at$ f ! tribes ( ,malaysia :o speak cognate languages = an indef9itely long p]iod2 or else t !y did n come ?r\gh s\!rn ,india to ^! c\ntries b by way ( ,assam & ,b5gal or by sea ?r\gh ,orissa4 ,!re is good reason to believe f ! names ( places & f local tradition t ! ,munda tribes 7 once spread ov] ,bih> & p>ts ( ! ,ganges ,valley2 & if ! ,kolis are an (f%oot ( ! ,kols1 z is suppos$1 !y also p5etrat$ across ,c5tral ,india to ! sea 9 ,guj>at & ! hills ( ! we/]n ,ghats4 ,! presumption is t ! advance ( ! ,aryans or ,h9dus drove ! ,mundas f ! op5 c\ntry to ! seclusion ( ! hills & =e/s4 ,! ,munda & ,dravidian languages are %[n by ,sir ,g4 ,gri]son to be di/9ct gr\ps )\t any real connection4 ,?\gh ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! two sets ( tribes display no m>k$ po9ts ( diff]5ce1 ! op9ion has be5 g5]ally held by e?nologi/s :o "k !m t !y repres5t two di/9ct waves ( immigration1 & ! abs5ce ( connection betwe5 _! languages be>s out ?is view4 ,x has always be5 suppos$ t ! ,mundas 7 9 ! c\ntry ( ,*ota ,nagpur & ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces fir/1 & t ! ,dravidians1 ! ,gonds1 ,khonds & ,oraons came aft]w>ds4 ,! gr\nds = ?is view are ! m advanc$ culture ( ! ,dravidians2 ! fact t :]e ! two sets ( tribes are 9 contact ^? ( ! ,munda gr\p h be5 ou/$ f ! m op5 & f]tile c\ntry1 ( :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 !y 7 =m]ly 9 possession2 & ! practice ( ! ,gonds & o!r ,dravidian tribes ( employ+ ! ,baigas1 ,bhuiyas & o!r ,munda tribes = _! village prie/s1 :i* is an ackn[l$gm5t t ! latt] z ! e>li] resid5ts h a m famili> acqua9tance ) ! local deities1 & c solicit _! fav\r & protection ) m prospect ( success4 ,su* a belief is ! m easily und]/ood :5 x is rememb]$ t ^! deities are n infrequ5tly ei!r ! human ance/ors ( ! e>lie/ resid5ts or ! local animals & plants f :i* !y suppos$ !mselves to be desc5d$4 #ci4 ,( ! ,dravidian tribes4 ,! ,dravidian languages1 ,gondi1 ,kurukh & ,khond1 are ( "o family ) ,tamil1 ,telugu1 ,malayalam & ,can>ese1 & _! home is ! s\? ( ,india4 ,! ^w ,dravida comes f an old] =m ,damila or ,dramila1 & 0 us$ 9 anci5t ,pali & ,ja9 lit]ature z a "n = ! p ( ! ,tamil c\ntry4 #ge ,aft]w>ds x came to signify g5]ally ! p ( s\!rn ,india z oppos$ to ,gaur or nor!rn ,india4 ,z /at$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,gait !re is at pres5t no evid5ce to %[ t ! ,dravidians came to s\!rn ,india f any o!r "p ( ! _w1 & = any?+ t is kn[n to ! contr>y ! languages may h orig9at$ !re4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! small ,brahui tribe 9 ,balu*i/an :o speak a ,dravidian language b h no physical resemblance to o!r ,dravidian races _c be satisfactorily expla9$1 b1 z he po9ts out1 ?is is no reason = hold+ t ! :ole body ( speak]s ( ,dravidian languages ent]$ ,india f ! nor?-we/1 &1 ) ! exception ( ?is small gr\p ( ,brahuis1 p5etrat$ to ! s\? & settl$ !re )\t leav+ any traces ( _! passage4 ,! ,dravidian languages occupy a l>ge area 9 ,madras1 ,mysore & ,hyd]abad1 & !y ext5d nor? into ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,*ota ,nagpur :]e !y die out1 practically n be+ f\nd we/ & nor? ( ?is tract4 ,z ! languages are m highly develop$ & ! culture ( _! speak]s is f> m advanc$ 9 ! s\?1 x is ju/ifiable to suppose1 p5d+ evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t ! s\? is _! home & t !y h spread !nce z f> nor? z ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! ,gonds & ,oraons1 too1 h /ories to ! effect t !y came f ! s\?4 ,! belief has hi!rto be51 at lea/ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 t bo? ! ,gonds & ,baigas h be5 settl$ 9 ?is t]ritory = an indef9ite p]iod1 t is1 f prior to any ,aryan or ,h9du immigration4 ,mr4 ,h4,a4 ,crump1 ,c4,s41 has h[ev] po9t$ out t if ?is 0 ! case ! ,munda or ,kol>ian tribes1 :i* h lo/ _! own languages1 %\ld h adopt$ ,dravidian & n ,h9du =ms ( spee*4 ,z already se51 num]\s ,kol>ian tribes1 z ! ,b9jhw>1 ,bha9a1 ,bhuiya1 ,baiga1 ,bhumij1 ,*]o1 ,khairw> & ! ,kols !mselves 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces h entirely lo/ _! own languages1 z well z ! ,bhils & ,kolis1 if ^! are held to be ,kol>ian tribes4 ,none ( !m h adopt$ a ,dravidian language1 b all speak corrupt =ms ( ! anci5t ,aryan v]nacul>s d]iv$ f ,sanskrit4 ,! fact seems to indicate t at ! "t :5 !y ab&on$ _! own languages ^! tribes 7 9 contact ) ,h9dus1 & 7 n surr\nd$ by ,gonds1 z sev]al ( !m are at pres5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces af=ds consid]able support to ! view t ! ,gond immigration occurr$ at a comp>atively late p]iod1 p]haps 9 ! n9? or t5? c5tury1 or ev5 lat]1 aft] a consid]able "p ( ! ,prov9ce _h be5 gov]n$ = "s c5turies by ,rajput dyna/ies4 #gf ,! ,gonds & ,oraons /ill h well-def9$ leg5ds ab\t _! immigration1 :i* w\ld sc>cely be ! case if x _h occurr$ tw5ty c5turies or m ago4 ,any fur!r evid5ce or argum5t z to ! date ( ! ,dravidian immigration w\ld be ( consid]able int]e/4 #dj4 ,orig9 ( ! impure ca/es4 ,! fif? or l[e/ gr\p 9 ! s*eme ( prec$5ce is t ( ! impure ca/es :o _c be t\*$4 ,if a high-ca/e ,h9du t\*es "o ( !m he %\ld ba! & h 8 clo!s wa%$4 ,^! ca/es are n usually all[$ to live inside a ,h9du village1 b h a hamlet to !mselves adjo9+ x4 ,! village b>b] w n %ave !m1 nor ! wa%]man wa% _! clo!s4 ,!y usually h a sep>ate well assign$ to !m f :i* to draw wat]1 & if ! village has only "o well1 "o side ( x is allott$ to !m & ! ,h9dus take wat] f ! o!r side4 ,=m]ly !y 7 subject$ to m humiliat+ re/rictions4 ,9 ,bombay a ,mah> might n spit on ! gr\nd le/ a ,h9du %\ld be pollut$ by t\*+ x ) 8 foot1 b _h to hang an e>!n pot r\nd 8 neck to hold 8 spittle4 ,he 0 made to drag a ?orny bran* ) him to bru% out 8 foot/eps1 & :5 a ,brahman came by _h to lie at a di/ance on 8 face le/ 8 %ad[ might fall on ! ,brahman4 #gg ,ev5 if ! %ad[ ( a ,mah> or ,mang fell on a ,brahman he 0 pollut$ & d>e n ta/e food & wat] until he _h ba!d & wa%$ ! impurity away4 ,9 ,madras a ,p>aiyan or ,p>iah pollutes a high-ca/e ,h9du by approa*+ )9 a di/ance ( #fd feet ( him4 #gh ,! debas$ & s]vile position ( ! impure ca/es corresponds to t :i*1 z already se51 atta*$ to ! ,sudras ( ! classical p]iod4 ,! ca/es usually reg>d$ z impure are ! tann]s1 bamboo-work]s1 sweep]s1 hunt]s & f[l]s1 gipsies & vagrants1 village musicians & village weav]s4 ,^! ca/es1 ! ,*am>s1 ,basors1 ,mah>s1 ,koris1 ,g&as & o!rs are usually also employ$ z agricultural & casual lab\r]s4 ,=m]ly1 z already se51 !y 7 n all[$ to hold l&4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! /atus ( impurity1 l t ( ! ,sudra1 0 orig9ally ! m>k ( a subjugat$ & inf]ior race1 & 0 practically equival5t to slav]y4 ,?is 0 ! position ( ! indig5\s ,indians :o 7 subjugat$ by ! ,aryan invad]s & rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry occupi$ by !m4 ,?\gh !y 7 ( diff]5t races1 & ! di/9ction 0 m>k$ & br\ght home to !mselves by ! contra/ 9 ! col\r ( _! sk9s1 x seems probable t ! real basis = _! antagonism 0 n social s mu* z religi\s4 ,! ,indians 7 hat$ & despis$ by ! immigrants z ! wor%ipp]s ( a ho/ile god4 ,!y c\ld n jo9 9 ! sacrifices by :i* ! ,aryans held communion ) _! gods1 & ! sacrifice itself c\ld n ev5 be held1 9 !ory at lea/1 except 9 ^? p>ts ( ,india :i* 7 ?or\ghly subdu$ & held to h become ! dwell+-place ( ! ,aryan gods4 ,! prop] c\rse prescrib$ by religion t[>ds ! indig5\s resid5ts 0 to ext]m9ate !m1 z ! ,israelites %\ld h ext]m9at$ ! inhabitants ( ,canaan4 ,b z ?is c\ld n be done1 because _! numb]s 7 too great or ! conqu]ors n suffici5tly ru?less1 !y 7 r$uc$ to ! s]vile condition ( impurity & made ! s]fs ( _! ma/]s l ! ,amalekites & ! plebeians & helots4 ,if ! :ole ( ,india _h be5 ?or\ghly subjugat$ & settl$ l ! ,punjab & ,h9du/an1 x may be suppos$ t ! same /atus ( impurity w\ld h be5 impos$ ^u all ! indig5\s races2 b ?is 0 v f> f be+ ! case4 ,9 c5tral & s\!rn ,india ! ,aryans or subsequ5t immigrants f ,c5tral ,asia came at fir/ at any rate only 9 small p>ties1 & ?\gh !y may h e/abli%$ t]ritorial /ates1 did n regul>ly occupy ! l& nor r$uce ! indig5\s population to a condition ( s]vitude4 ,?us l>ge bodies ( ^! mu/ h reta9$ a free position1 & on _! acceptance ( ! new religion & ! developm5t ( ! ca/e sy/em1 became enroll$ 9 x ) a ca/e /atus on ! basis ( _! occupation4 ,_! lead]s 7 sometimes admitt$ to rank z ,k%atriyas or ,rajputs1 z has be5 /at$4 ,subsequ5tly1 z ! racial di/9ction disappe>$1 ! impure /atus came to atta* to c]ta9 despis$ occupations & to cu/oms abhorr5t to ,h9duism1 su* z t ( eat+ beef4 ,b1 z already se51 ! tribes :i* h cont9u$ to live ap>t f ! ,h9dus are n usually reg>d$ z impure1 ?\gh !y may eat beef & ev5 sk9 animals4 ,! ,dhim>s1 :o keep pigs1 /ill h a high] /atus ?an ! impure ca/es because !y are employ$ z wat]-be>]s & h\sehold s]vants4 ,x is at lea/ d\btful :e!r at ! "t :5 ! /igma ( impurity 0 fir/ atta*$ to ! ,sudras ! ,h9dus !mselves did n sacrifice c[s & eat beef4 #gi ,! ca/es not$ bel[ are usually reg>d$ z impure 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! ,dhobi 7wa%]man7 & ,kumh> 7pott]7 are sometimes includ$ among ! impure ca/es1 b1 z already not$1 _! /atus is high] ?an t ( ! ca/es 9 ?is li/4 ,audhelia3 ,lab\r+ ca/e ( mix$ desc5t :o keep pigs4 ,balahi3 ,weav]s & village mess5g]s & wat*m54 ,basor3 ,bamboo basket-mak]s & village musicians4 ,*am>3 ,tann]s & lab\r]s4 ,g&a3 ,weav]s & village musicians4 ,ghasia3 ,grass-cutt]s1 lab\r]s & sweep]s4 ,kaik>i3 ,vagrant basket-mak]s4 ,kanj>1 ,b]ia1 ,sansia3 ,gipsies & ?ieves4 ,katia3 ,cotton-sp9n]s4 ,kori3 ,weav]s & lab\r]s4 ,madgi3 ,telugu tann]s & hide-curri]s4 ,mah>3 ,weav]s & lab\r]s4 ,mala3 ,telugu weav]s & lab\r]s4 ,mang3 ,broom- & mat-mak]s & village musicians4 ,!y also ca/rate cattle4 ,meht>3 ,sweep]s & scav5g]s4 ,c]ta9 occupations1 ^? ( sk9n+ cattle & cur+ hides1 weav+ ! co>se c\ntry clo? worn by ! villag]s1 mak+ baskets f ! r9d ( ! bamboo1 play+ on drums & tom-toms1 & scav5g+ g5]ally are relegat$ to ! l[e/ & impure ca/es4 ,! hides ( dome/ic animals are exce$+ly impure2 a ,h9du is defil$ ev5 by t\*+ _! dead bodies & f> m s by remov+ ! sk9s4 ,drums & tom-toms made f ! hides ( animals are also impure4 ,b 9 ! case ( weav+ & basket-mak+ ! call+ itself entails no defilem5t1 & x w\ld appe> simply t !y 7 despis$ by ! cultivators1 & z a consid]able numb] ( work]s 7 requir$ to satisfy ! dem& = baskets & clo?1 7 adopt$ by ! s]vile & lab\r+ ca/es4 ,basket- & mat-mak+ are call+s naturally suit$ to ! primitive tribes :o w\ld obta9 ! bamboos f ! =e/s1 b weav+ w\ld n be associat$ ) !m unless clo? 0 fir/ wov5 ( tree-cotton4 ,! weav]s ( ! f9] cotton & silk clo?s1 :o live 9 t[ns1 rank mu* high] ?an ! village weav]s1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,ko%tis & ,tantis1 ! latt] ( :om made ! fam\s f9e cotton clo?1 kn[n z abrawan1 or 'runn+ wat]1' :i* 0 suppli$ to ! imp]ial ,z5ana at ,delhi4 ,on "o occasion a daught] ( ,aurangzeb 0 reproa*$ on ent]+ ! room = h] immode/ attire & excus$ h]self by ! plea t %e _h on sev5 folds ( clo? ov] h] body4 #hj ,9 ,b5gal ,brahmans w take wat] f ,tantis1 & x seems cle> t _! high] /atus is a consequ5ce ( ! lucrative & important nature ( _! occupation4 ,! ,katias are a ca/e ( cotton-sp9n]s1 ! "n be+ d]iv$ f katna1 to cut or sp94 ,b h&-sp9n+ is n[ practically an ext9ct indu/ry & ! ,katias h tak5 to weav+ or ord9>y manual lab\r = a subsi/5ce4 ,! ,kanj>s & ,b]ias are ! gipsy ca/es ( ,india4 ,!y are accu/om$ to w&] ab\t c>ry+ _! grass-matt+ huts ) !m4 ,_m ( !m live by petty ?iev+ & *eat+4 ,_! wom5 practise palmi/ry & retail *>ms = ! cure ( sickness & = exorcis+ evil spirits1 & love-philtres4 ,!y d cupp+ & tattoo+ & also make re$ mats1 cane baskets1 palm-leaf mats & fans1 ropes f grass- & tree-fibre1 bru%es = ! cotton-loom1 /r+-net purses & balls1 & s on2 & ! wom5 commonly dance & act z pro/itutes4 ,!re is good reason = ?9k+ t ! ,kanj>s are ! p>5ts ( ! ,european gipsies1 :ile ! ,?ugs :o =m]ly infe/$ ! high-roads ( ,india1 murd]+ solit>y travell]s & small p>ties by /rangulation1 may also h be5 l>gely d]iv$ f ?is ca/e4 #ha #da4 ,d]ivation ( ! impure ca/es f ! indig5\s tribes4 ,x c only be def9itely %[n 9 a few in/ances t ! exi/+ impure occupational ca/es 7 directly d]iv$ f ! indig5\s tribes4 ,! ,*am> & ,kori1 & ! ,*uhra & ,bhangi1 or sweep]s & scav5g]s ( ! ,punjab & ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 are n[ purely occupational ca/es & _! orig9al tribal aff9ities h entirely disappe>$4 ,! ,*am>s & ,meht>s or sweep]s are 9 "s places ( a sup]ior physical type1 ( comp>atively good /ature & light complexion2 #hb ?is may p]haps be due to a l>ge admixture ( ,h9du blood ?r\gh _! wom51 dur+ a social contact ) ! ,h9dus ext5d+ ov] _m c5turies1 & also to ! fact t !y eat fle% :5 !y c obta9 x1 includ+ c>rion4 ,su* types are1 h[ev]1 exceptional among ! impure ca/es1 & !re is no reason to d\bt _! g5]al orig9 f ! non-,aryan tribes1 :i* 9 a few in/ances c be directly trac$4 ,?us x seems likely t ! ,kanj>s1 ,b]ias1 ,sansias & o!r gipsy gr\ps1 z well z ! ,mirasis1 ! vagrant b>ds & g5ealogi/s ( ! l[] classes ( ,h9dus1 are d]iv$ f ! ,dom ca/e or tribe ( ,b5gal1 :o are l>gely employ$ z sweep]s & scav5g]s z well z on ord9>y lab\r4 ,! evid5ce = ! orig9 ( ! above gr\ps f ! ,doms is giv5 9 ! article on ,kanj>4 ,sir ,h4,m4 ,elliot consid]$ ! ,doms to be "o ( ! orig9al tribes ( ,india4 ,aga91 !re is no d\bt t ! impure ,g&a ca/e1 :o are weav]s1 lab\r]s & village musicians 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry & ,*hattisg>h ,di/ricts ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 are d]iv$ f ! ,pan tribe ( ,*ota ,nagpur4 ,! ,pans or ,pabs are a regul> =e/ tribe1 & are sometimes call$ ,g&a1 :ile ! ,g&as may be alt]natively kn[n z ,pan4 ,b ! section ( ! tribe :o live among ! ,h9dus & are reg>d$ z impure h n[ become a di/9ct ca/e ) a sep>ate "n4 ,! ,bhuiya tribe 7 once ! rul]s ( ,*ota ,nagpur2 !y /ill in/all ! ,raja ( ,keonjh>1 & h a traditional relation to o!r rul+ families4 ,b 9 p>ts ( ,*ota ,nagpur & s\!rn ,bih> ! ,bhuiyas liv+ 9 ,h9du villages h become a sep>ate impure ca/e ) ! opprobri\s designation ( ,musah> or rat-eat]4 ,! great ,mah> ca/e ( ! ,m>a?a c\ntry or ,bombay are weav]s & lab\r]s1 & =m]ly cur$ hides1 l ! ,*am>s & ,koris ( nor!rn ,india4 ,!y are reg>d$ z impure & 7 ! s]fs or ville9s ( ! ,kunbis1 atta*$ to ! l&4 ,an alt]native "n = !m is ,dh]1 & ?is is suppos$ to be a corruption ( ,dh>ada a hillman1 a "n appli$ 9 ,manu to all ! indig5\s races ( ,india4 ,?\gh ! connection _c be trac$ 9 all cases1 !re is ?us no reason to d\bt t ! exi/+ impure ca/es repres5t ! subject$ or enslav$ section ( ! primitive non-,aryan tribes4 #db4 ,occupation ! basis ( ! ca/e sy/em4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! old ,aryan polity compris$ f\r classes3 ! ,brahmans & ,k%atriyas or prie/ly & milit>y ari/ocracy2 ! ,vai%yas or body ( ! ,aryans1 :o 7 c]emonially pure & c\ld jo9 9 sacrifices2 & ! ,sudras or s]vile & impure class ( lab\r]s4 ,! ,vai%yas became cultivators & h]dsm51 & _! /atus ( c]emonial purity 0 gradually transf]r$ to ! cultivat+ memb]s ( ! village community1 because l& 0 ! ma9 s\rce ( weal?4 ,betwe5 ! la/ two !re arose ano!r class ( village m5ials & craftsm51 orig9at+ pr9cipally f ! (fspr+ ( fa!rs ( ! ,aryan classes & ,sudra wom51 to :om 0 left ! practice ( ! village indu/ries1 despis$ by ! cultivators4 ,9 spite ( ! almo/ complete fusion ( races :i* ! int]c\rse ( c5turies has effect$1 & ! multiplication & re>rangem5t ( ca/es produc$ by ! div]sity ( occupation & o!r social factors1 ! divisions ( ! village community c /ill be recognis$ 9 ! exi/+ social gradation4 ,x has be5 se5 also t occupation is ! real basis ( ! division & social prec$5ce ( ca/es 9 ,india1 z 9 all communities :i* h made any sub/antial progress 9 civilisation & social developm5t4 ,di/9ctions ( race1 religion & family gradually disappe>1 & are m]g$ 9 ! gradation accord+ to weal? or pr(ession4 ,! enorm\s majority ( ca/es are occupational & _! social position dep5ds on _! ca/e call+4 ,?us 9 ! case ( an important indu/ry l weav+1 !re are sep>ate ca/es :o weave ! f9] k9ds ( clo?1 z ! ,tantis & ,ko%tis1 :ile "o subca/e ( ,ko%tis1 ! ,salew>s1 are di/+ui%$ z silk-weav]s1 & a sep>ate ca/e ( ,patwas embroid] silk & braid on clo?2 o!r ca/es1 z ! ,mah>s1 ,g&as & ,koris1 weave co>se clo?1 & a di/9ct ca/e ( ,katias exi/$ = ! sp9n+ ( ?read1 & ! ,muhammadan ca/e ( ,bahnas = clean+ cotton4 ,! work]s 9 ea* k9d ( metal h =m$ a sep>ate ca/e1 z ! ,loh>s or blacksmi?s1 ! ,kas>s or brass-work]s1 ! ,tam]as or copp]smi?s1 & ! ,sun>s or gold- & silv]smi?s1 :ile ! ,audhia subca/e ( ,sun>s #hc & ! ,bh>ewas1 an inf]ior bran* ( ! ,kas>s1 "w 9 bell-metal4 ,ea* ( ^! ca/es makes ornam5ts ( its own metal1 :ile ! ,ka*]a ca/e #hd make glass bangles1 & ! ,lakh]as make bangles f lac & clay4 ,9 ! case ( agriculture1 z has be5 se51 !re is usually a functional cultivat+ ca/e = ea* ma9 tract ( c\ntry1 z ! ,jats 9 ! ,punjab1 ! ,kurmis 9 ,h9du/an1 ! ,kunbis 9 ! ,deccan1 ! ,*asas 9 ,orissa1 ! ,kapus 9 ! ,telugu c\ntry & ! ,vellalas 9 ! ,tamil c\ntry4 ,except ! ,jats1 :o 7 p]haps orig9ally a racial ca/e1 ! above ca/es appe> to include a numb] ( het]og5e\s gr\ps :i* h be5 weld$ into a s+le body ?r\gh ! acquisition ( l& & ! /atus :i* x conf]s4 ,v>i\s o!r cultivat+ ca/es also exi/1 ^: orig9 c be trac$ to diff]5t s\rces2 on obta9+ possession ( ! l& !y h acquir$ ! cultivat+ /atus1 b reta9$ _! sep>ate ca/e organisation & "n4 ,o!r agricultural ca/es h be5 =m$ = ! gr[+ ( special products4 ,?us ! ,malis are g>d5]s1 & )9 ! ca/e !re exi/ su* sep>ate gr\ps z ! ,phulmalis :o gr[ fl[]s1 ! ,jire ,malis cum9 & ! ,halde ,malis turm]ic4 #he ,h9dus g5]ally object to cultivate san-hemp1 #hf & "s special ca/es h be5 =m$ f ^? :o grew x & ?us und]w5t "s loss ( /atus2 su* are ! ,lorhas & ,kumrawats & ,pa?9as1 & ! ,santora subca/e ( ,kurmis4 ,! al #hg or ,indian madd]-dye is ano!r plant to :i* objection is felt1 & ! ,alia subca/es ( ,ka*his & ,banias consi/ ( ^? :o gr[ & sell x4 ,! ,dangris & ,ka*his are gr[]s ( melons & o!r vegetables on ! s&y /ret*es 9 ! b$s ( riv]s & ! alluvial l& on _! bord]s :i* is subm]g$ 9 ! monsoon floods4 ,! ,b>ais are ! gr[]s & sell]s ( ! betel-v9e4 ,sev]al ca/es h be5 =m$ f milit>y s]vice1 z ! ,m>a?as1 ,kh&aits1 ,rautias1 ,taonlas & ,paiks4 ,all ( ^!1 except ! ,m>a?as1 are ma9ly d]iv$ f ! non-,aryan tribes2 s9ce !y h ab&on$ milit>y s]vice & tak5 z a rule to agriculture1 _! rank dep5ds r\ghly on _! position z reg>ds ! l&4 ,?us ! ,m>a?as & ,kh&aits became l&[n]s1 receiv+ grants ( prop]ty z a rew>d =1 or on condition (1 milit>y s]vice l ! old feudal t5ures2 !y rank )1 b some:at above1 ! cultivat+ ca/es4 ,! same is ! case1 ?\gh to a less degree1 ) ! ,rautias ( ,*ota ,nagpur1 a milit>y ca/e ma9ly =m$ f ! ,kol tribe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,paiks or foot-soldi]s & ,taonlas h n become l&hold]s & rank bel[ ! cultivat+ ca/es4 ,! ,hatk>s are a ca/e =m$ f ,dhang>s or %eph]ds :o ent]$ ! ,m>a?a armies4 ,!y are n[ call$ ,bangi ,dhang>s or %eph]ds ) ! spe>s1 & rank a little above o!r ,dhang>s4 #dc4 ,o!r ag5ts 9 ! =mation ( ca/es4 ,! great majority ( ca/es h be5 =m$ f occupation1 b o!r s\rces ( orig9 c be trac$4 ,sev]al ca/es are ( mix$ desc5t1 z ! ,vidurs1 ! desc5dants ( ,brahman fa!rs & mo!rs ( o!r ca/es2 ! ,bhilalas1 by ,rajput fa!rs & ,bhil mo!rs2 ! ,*auhans1 ,audhelias1 ,khang>s & ,dhak>s ( ,ba/>1 probably by ,h9du fa!rs & wom5 ( v>i\s indig5\s tribes2 ! ,kir>s ( mix$ ,rajput desc5t1 & o!rs4 ,^! also n[ g5]ally take rank accord+ to _! occupation & position 9 ! _w4 ,! ,vidurs s]v$ z village acc\ntants & rank$ bel[ ! cultivators1 b s9ce !y are well educat$ & h done well 9 ,gov]nm5t s]vice _! /atus is rapidly improv+4 ,! ,bhilalas are l&hold]s & rank z a good cultivat+ ca/e4 ,! ,*auhans & ,khang>s are village wat*m5 & rank z m5ials bel[ ! cultivators1 ! ,dhak>s are f>ms]vants & lab\r]s ) a simil> position1 :ile ! ,audhelias are lab\r]s :o keep pigs & are h5ce reg>d$ z impure4 ,! ,halbas or 'pl\ghm5' are ano!r mix$ ca/e1 probably ! desc5dants ( h\se-s]vants ( ! ,uriya ,rajas1 :o1 l ! ,kh&aits1 =m$ a sort ( militia = ! ma9t5ance ( ! *iefs au?ority4 ,!y are n[ ma9ly f>ms]vants1 z ! "n d5otes1 b :]e !y hold l&1 z 9 ,ba/>1 !y rank high]1 almo/ z a good cultivat+ ca/e4 ,aga91 v occasionally a ca/e may be =m$ f a religi\s sect or ord]4 ,! ,bi%nois 7 orig9ally a ,vai%nava sect1 wor%ipp+ ,vi%nu z an unse5 god1 & refus+ to employ ,brahmans4 ,!y h n[ become cultivators1 & ?\gh !y reta9 _! sect>ian beliefs1 & h no ,brahman prie/s1 are g5]ally reg>d$ z a ,h9du cultivat+ ca/e4 ,! ,pankas are memb]s ( ! impure ,g&a ca/e :o adh]$ to ! ,kabirpan?i sect4 ,!y are n[ a sep>ate ca/e & are usually employ$ z village wat*m51 rank+ ) m5ials above ! ,g&as & o!r simil> ca/es4 ,! ,l+ayats are a l>ge sect ( s\!rn ,india1 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,siva & call$ aft] ! l+am or phallic emblem :i* !y we>4 ,!y h _! own prie/s1 d5y+ ! au?ority ( ,brahmans1 b ! t5d5cy n[ is = memb]s ( ^? ca/es :i* h become ,l+ayats to m>ry among !mselves & reta9 _! relative social /atus1 ?us =m+ a sort ( inn] microcosm ( ,h9duism4 #dd4 ,ca/e occupations div9ely orda9$4 ,occupation is ! real det]m9+ factor ( social /atus 9 ,india z 9 all o!r societies ( at all advanc$ organisation4 ,b ?\gh 9 reality ! /atus ( occupations & ( ca/es dep5ds r\ghly on ! degree to :i* !y are lucrative & respectable1 ?is is n o/5sibly ! case1 b _! prec$5ce1 z already se51 is held to be regulat$ by ! degree ( c]emonial purity or impurity atta*+ to !m4 ,! ,h9dus h reta9$1 9 =m at any rate1 ! religi\s con/itution :i* is common or univ]sal 9 primitive societies4 ,! majority ( ca/es are provid$ ) a leg5d devis$ by ! ,brahmans to %[ t _! fir/ ance/or 0 especially creat$ by a god to foll[ _! ca/e call+1 or at lea/ t ?is 0 assign$ to him by a god4 ,! ance/ors ( ! be>]-ca/e ( ,kah>s 7 creat$ by ,siva or ,mahadeo f ! du/ to c>ry 8 consort ,p>vati 9 a litt] :5 %e 0 tir$2 ! fir/ ,mang 0 made by ,mahadeo f 8 own sweat to ca/rate ! div9e bull ,n&i :5 he 0 fracti\s1 & 8 desc5dants h ev] s9ce foll[$ ! same call+1 ! impiety ( mutilat+ ! sacr$ bull 9 su* a mann] be+ ?us excus$ by ! div9e sanction accord$ to x4 ,! fir/ ,mali or g>d5] gave a g>l& to ,kri%na4 ,! fir/ ,*am> or tann] made s&als = ,siva f a piece ( 8 own sk92 ! ance/or ( ! ,kaya/h or writ] ca/e1 ,*itragupta1 keeps ! record ( m5's actions by :i* !y are judg$ 9 ! inf]nal regions aft] dea?2 & s on4 #de4 ,subca/es4 local type4 ,all important ca/es are divid$ into a numb] ( subord9ate gr\ps or subca/es1 :i* z a rule m>ry & take food )9 _! own circle only4 ,c]ta9 diff]5ces ( /atus frequ5tly exi/ among ! subca/es ( ! occupational or social type1 b ^! are usually too m9ute to be recognis$ by outsid]s4 ,! mo/ common type ( subca/e is ! local1 nam$ aft] ! tract ( c\ntry 9 :i* ! memb]s reside or :5ce !y are suppos$ to h come4 ,?us ! "n ,kanaujia f ! t[n ( ,kanauj on ! ,ganges1 fam\s 9 anci5t ,indian hi/ory1 is borne by subca/es ( _m ca/es :i* h immigrat$ f nor!rn ,india4 ,jaisw>1 f ! old t[n ( ,jais 9 ! ,rai ,b>eli ,di/rict1 is almo/ equally common4 ,p>de%i or =eign1 & ,purabia or ea/]n1 are also subca/e names = gr\ps com+ f nor!rn ,india or ,oudh4 ,mahobia is a common "n d]iv$ f ! t[n ( ,mahoba 9 ,c5tral ,india1 z are ,bundeli f ,bundelkh&1 ,n>w>ia f ,n>w> & ,m>w>i f ,m>w> 9 ,rajputana4 ,gr\ps belong+ to ,b]> are call$ ,b]>i1 ,w>ade or ,baone2 ^? f ,guj>at are call$ ,lad1 ! classical t]m = ,guj>at1 or ,guj>ati1 & o!r names are ,deccani f ! ,deccan1 ,nim>i ( ,nim>1 ,havelia1 ! "n ( ! :eat-gr[+ tracts ( ,jubbulpore & ,damoh2 ,*hattisg>hia1 ,kos>ia1 ,ratanpuria 7f ! old t[n ( ,ratanpur 9 ,bilaspur71 & ,raipuria 7f ,raipur t[n71 all names = resid5ts 9 ,*hattisg>h2 & s on4 ,brahmans are divid$ into t5 ma9 divisions1 nam$ aft] diff]5t tracts 9 ! nor? & s\? ( ,india :]e !y reside2 #hh & ^! are fur!r subdivid$1 z ! ,mah>a%tra ,brahmans ( ! ,m>a?a c\ntry ( ,bombay into ! subca/es ( ,de%a/h 7belong+ to ! c\ntry7 appli$ to ^? ( ! ,poona c\ntry above ! we/]n ,ghats2 ,k>h>a or ^? ( ! ,sat>a ,di/rict1 f ,k>h> t[n2 & ,konkona/h or ^? ( ! ,concan1 ! ,bombay coa/2 simil>ly ! ,kanaujia division ( ! ,pan*-,gaur or nor!rn ,brahmans has z subdivisions ! ,kanaujia prop]1 ! ,jijhotia f ,jajhoti1 ! old "n ( ! ,lalitpur & ,saugor tract1 :i* is "p ( ,bundelkh&2 ! ,s>w>ia or ^? dwell+ r\nd ! riv] ,s>ju 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces2 ! ,ma?uria f ,muttra2 & ! ,prayagwals or ^? ( ,allahabad 7,prayag71 :o act z guides & prie/s to pilgrims :o come to ba! 9 ! ,ganges at ! sacr$ city4 ,! creation ( new local subca/es seems to arise 9 two ways3 :5 diff]5t gr\ps ( a ca/e settle 9 diff]5t tracts ( c\ntry & are prev5t$ f att5d+ ! ca/e fea/s & assemblies1 ! practice ( int]m>riage & tak+ food toge!r gradually ceases1 !y =m sep>ate endogam\s gr\ps & = purposes ( di/9ction are nam$ aft] ! t]ritory 9 :i* !y reside2 ?is is :at has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,brahmans & _m o!r ca/es2 &1 secondly1 :5 a fre% body ( a ca/e arrives & settles 9 a tract :]e "s ( its memb]s already reside1 !y d n amalgamate ) ! latt] gr\p1 b =m a fre% "o & are nam$ aft] ! t]ritory f :i* !y h come1 z 9 ! case ( su* names z ,p>de%i1 ,purabia1 ,gangap>i 7'f ! o!r side ( ! ,ganges'71 & simil> ones already cit$4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 ! difficulties ( communication 7 great1 ^! local subca/es readily multipli$2 ?us ! ,kanaujia ,brahmans ( ,*hattisg>h are look$ d[n ^u by ^? ( ,saugor & ,damoh1 z ,*hattisg>h has be5 = c5turies a backw>d tract cut (f f ! re/ ( ,india1 & !y may be suspect$ ( hav+ int]m>ri$ ) ! local p or o!rwise d]ogat$ f ! /&>d ( /rict ,h9duism4 ,simil>ly ! ,kanaujia ,brahmans ( ,b5gal are split into sev]al local subca/es nam$ aft] tracts 9 ,b5gal1 :o m>ry among !mselves & nei!r ) o!r ,kanaujias ( ,b5gal nor ) ^? ( nor!rn ,india4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( railways p c travel long di/ances to m>riage & o!r c]emonies1 & ! t5d5cy to =m new subca/es is some:at *eck$2 a native g5tleman said to me1 :5 speak+ ( 8 p1 t :5 a few families ( ,kh$awal ,brahmans f ,guj>at fir/ settl$ 9 ,damoh !y _h ! greate/ difficulty 9 arrang+ _! m>riages2 !y c\ld n m>ry ) _! ca/e-fell[s 9 ,guj>at because _! sons & daught]s c\ld n e/abli% !mselves1 t is1 c\ld n prove _! id5tity z ,kh$awal ,brahmans2 b s9ce ! railway has be5 op5$ int]m>riage takes place freely ) o!r ,kh$awals 9 ,guj>at & ,b5>es4 ,proposals are on foot to au?orise ! int]m>riage ( ! ?ree great subca/es ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans3 ,de%a/h1 ,konkona/h & ,k>h>a4 ,z a rule1 !re is no diff]5ce ( /atus betwe5 ! diff]5t local subca/es1 & a man's subca/e is (t5 n kn[n except to 8 own ca/e-fell[s4 ,b occasionally a c]ta9 d]ogatory s5se may be convey$2 9 sev]al ca/es ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces !re is a subca/e call$ ,jh>ia or jungly1 a t]m appli$ to ! olde/ resid5ts1 :o are consid]$ to h laps$ 9 a comp>atively new & b>b>\s c\ntry f ! or?odox practices ( ,h9duism4 ,! subca/e call$ ,de%i1 or 'belong+ to ! c\ntry1' sometimes has ! same signification4 ,! l>ge majority ( subca/es are ( ! local or t]ritorial type4 #df4 ,occupational subca/es4 ,_m subca/es are also =m$ f slight diff]5ces ( occupation1 :i* are n ( suffici5t importance to create new ca/es4 ,"s in/ances ( subca/es =m$ f gr[+ special plants or crops h be5 giv54 ,audhia ,sun>s 7goldsmi?s7 "w 9 brass & bell-metal1 :i* is less respectable ?an ! sacr$ metal1 gold4 ,! ,ekbeile ,telis h>ness "o bullock only to ! oil-press & ! ,dobeile two bullocks4 ,z x is ?\ght s9ful to use ! sacr$ ox 9 ?is mann] & to cov] 8 eyes z ! ,telis d1 x may be slightly m s9ful to use two bullocks ?an "o4 ,! ,udia ,ghasias 7grass-cutt]s7 cure raw hides & d scav5g]s' "w1 & are h5ce look$ d[n ^u by ! o!rs2 ! ,d+ku*ia ,ghasias ca/rate cattle & horses1 & ! ,dolboha c>ry dhoolies & palanqu9s4 ,! ,mangya ,*am>s are begg>s & rank bel[ all o!r subca/es1 f :om !y w accept cook$ food4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 subca/es are =m$ f a slight di/9ction ( occupation1 :i* connotes no real diff]5ce 9 social /atus4 ,! ,ha?g>hia ,kumh>s 7pott]s7 are ^? :o us$ to fa%ion ! clay ) _! own h&s1 & ! ,*ak>ias ^? :o turn$ x on a :eel4 ,& ?\gh ! practice ( h& pott]y is n[ ab&on$1 ! divisions rema94 ,! ,%ik>i or sportsm5 ,p>dhis 7hunt]s7 are ^? :o use fire>ms1 ?\gh f> f be+ sportsm5 9 our s5se ( ! t]m2 ! ,phanse ,p>dhis hunt ) traps & sn>es2 ! ,*itewale use a tame leop>d to run d[n de]1 & ! ,gayake /alk _! prey beh9d a bullock4 ,among ! subca/es ( ,dhim>s 7fi%]m5 & wat]m57 are ! ,s+>ia1 :o cultivate ! s+>a or wat]-nut 9 tanks1 ! ,tankiwalas or %>p5]s ( gr9d/ones1 ! ,jh+>s or prawn-cat*]s1 ! ,bansias & ,s>aias or angl]s 7f bansi or s>ai1 a bamboo fi%+-rod71 ! ,kasdhonias :o wa% ! s&s ( ! sacr$ riv]s to f9d ! co9s ?r[n or dropp$ into !m by pi\s pilgrims1 & ! ,sonjh>as :o wa% ! s&s ( aurif]\s /reams = _! p>ticles ( gold4 #hi ,! ,g>iwan ,dangris h adopt$ ! comp>atively novel occupation ( driv+ c>ts 7g>i7 = a livelihood1 & ! ,panibh> are wat]-c>ri]s1 :ile ! ord9>y occupation ( ! ,dangris is to gr[ melons 9 riv]-b$s4 ,x is unnecess>y to multiply in/ances2 "h1 z 9 ! case ( t]ritorial subca/es1 ! practice ( subdivision appe>s to h be5 ext5d$ f motives ( conv5i5ce1 & ! slight diff]5ce ( occupation is adopt$ z a di/+ui%+ badge4 #dg4 ,subca/es =m$ f social or religi\s diff]5ces1 or f mix$ desc5t4 ,subca/es are also occasionally =m$ f diff]5ces ( social practice :i* produce "s slight ga9 or loss ( /atus4 ,?us ! ,biyahut or ',m>ri$' ,kal>s prohibit ! rem>riage ( wid[s1 say+ t a woman is m>ri$ once = all1 & h5ce rank a little high] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! ,dos> ,banias1 on ! o!r h&1 are said to take _! "n f dusra1 second1 because !y all[ a wid[ to m>ry a second "t & are h5ce look$ ^u by ! o!rs z a second-class lot4 ,! ,kh$awal ,brahmans are divid$ into ! 'out]' & 'inn]'3 ! inn] subdivision be+ said to exi/ ( ^? :o accept$ pres5ts f ! ,raja ( ,kaira & rema9$ 9 8 t[n1 :ile ! out] refus$ ! pres5ts1 quitt$ ! t[n & dwelt outside4 ,! latt] rank a little high] ?an ! =m]4 ,! ,suv>ha ,dhim>s keep pigs & ! ,gadhewale donkeys1 & are consid]$ to p>take ( ! impure nature ( ^! animals4 ,! ,gob>dhua ,*am>s wa% out & eat ! undige/$ gra9 f ! dropp+s ( cattle on ! ?re%+-floors4 ,! ,*ungia gr\p ( ! ,satnami ,*am>s are ^? :o smoke ! *ongi or leaf-pipe1 ?\gh smok+ is prohibit$ to ! ,satnamis4 ,! ,nagle or 'nak$' ,khonds h only a negligible am\nt ( clo?+ & are look$ d[n ^u by ! o!rs4 ,! ,mak>ia ,kam>s eat monkeys & are simil>ly despis$4 ,subca/es are also =m$ f mix$ desc5t4 ,! ,dauwa ,ahirs are held to be ! (fspr+ ( ,ahir wom5 :o 7 employ$ z wet-nurses 9 ! h\ses ( ,bundela ,rajputs & bore *ildr5 to _! ma/]s4 ,! ,halbas & ,rautias are divid$ into subca/es kn[n z ,purait or 'pure1' & ,surait or ( 'mix$' desc5t4 ,_m ca/es h a subca/e to :i* ! prog5y ( illicit unions is relegat$1 su* z ! ,dogle ,kaya/hs1 & ! ,lahuri ,s5 subca/e ( ,b>ais1 ,banias & o!r ca/es4 ,illegitimate *ildr5 9 ! ,kas> 7brass-work]7 ca/e =m a subca/e kn[n z ,takle or '?r[n out1' ,vidur or 'illegitimate1' or ,laondi ,ba**a1 ! issue ( a kept wife4 ,9 ,b]> ! ,mahadeo ,kolis1 call$ aft] ! ,mahadeo or ,pa*m>hi hills1 are divid$ into ! ,khas1 or 'pure1' & ! ,ak>amase or 'mix$'2 ?is latt] ^w means gold or silv] compos$ ( elev5 p>ts pure metal & "o "p alloy4 ,_m subca/es ( ,bania h subca/es kn[n z ,bisa or ,dasa1 t is ',tw5ty' or ',t5' gr\ps1 ! =m] be+ ( pure desc5t or tw5ty-c>at1 z x 71 & ! latt] ! (fspr+ ( rem>ri$ wid[s or o!r illicit unions4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s g5]ations su* mix$ gr\ps frequ5tly rega9 full /atus 9 ! ca/e4 ,subca/es are also =m$ f memb]s ( o!r ca/es :o h tak5 to ! occupation ( ! ca/e 9 "q & become amalgamat$ ) x2 ?us ! ,kor*am>s are ,koris 7weav]s7 adopt$ into ! ,*am> 7tann]7 ca/e2 ,khatri ,*hipas are ,khatris :o h become dy]s & pr9t]s2 ! small ,dangri ca/e has subca/es call$ ,teli1 ,kal> & ,kunbi1 app>5tly consi/+ ( memb]s ( ^? ca/es :o h become ,dangris2 ! ,baman ,d>zis or tailors w n take food f any "o except ,brahmans & may p]haps be d]iv$ f !m1 & ! ,kai? ,d>zis may be ,kaya/hs2 & s on4 ,occasionally subca/es may be =m$ f diff]5ces ( religi\s belief or sect>ian practice4 ,9 nor!rn ,india ev5 su* lead+ ,h9du ca/es z ,rajputs & ,jats h l>ge ,muhammadan bran*es1 :o z a rule d n int]m>ry ) ,h9dus4 ,! ord9>y ,h9du sects seldom1 h[ev]1 op]ate z a b> to m>riage1 ,h9duism be+ tol]ant ( all =ms ( religi\s belief4 ,^? ,*am>s ( ,*hattisg>h :o h embrac$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,satnami re=m+ sect =m a sep>ate endogam\s subca/e1 & sometimes ! memb]s ( ! ,kabirpan?i sect )9 a ca/e m>ry among !mselves4 ,/ati/ics ( ! subca/es are n available1 b _! numb]s are v ext5sive 9 proportion to ! population1 & ev5 9 ! same subca/e ! memb]s liv+ )9 a comp>atively small local area (t5 m>ry among !mselves & att5d exclusively at _! own ca/e fea/s1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( educat$ & well-to-d ,h9dus ! con/ruction ( railways has modifi$ ?is rule & connections are kept up betwe5 di/ant gr\ps ( relatives4 ,cle>ly !re=e diff]5ces ( occupation or social /atus are n prim>ily responsible = ! subca/es1 because 9 ! majority ( cases no su* diff]5ces really exi/4 ,i ?9k ! real reason = _! multiplication 0 ! necessity t ! memb]s ( a subca/e %\ld att5d at ! ca/e fea/s on ! occasion ( m>riages1 dea?s & readmission ( (f5d]s1 ^! fea/s be+ ( ! nature ( a sacrificial or religi\s meal4 ,! gr\nds = ?is view w be giv5 subsequ5tly4 #dh4 ,exogam\s gr\ps4 ,! ca/e or subca/e =ms ! out] circle )9 :i* a man mu/ m>ry4 ,inside x are a set ( fur!r subdivisions :i* prohibit ! m>riage ( p]sons relat$ ?r\gh males4 ,^! are call$ exogam\s gr\ps or clans1 & _! "n among ! high] ca/es is gotra4 ,! !ory is t all p]sons belong+ to ! same gotra are desc5d$ f ! same male ance/or1 & s relat$4 ,! relation%ip 9 ! gotra n[ only goes by ! fa!r's side2 :5 a woman m>ries %e is tak5 into ! clan ( h] husb& & h] *ildr5 belong to x4 ,m>riage is n all[$ )9 ! clan & 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations ! m>riage ( p]sons relat$ ?r\gh males or agnates is prohibit$ )9 a v wide circle4 ,b on ! "m's side ! gotra does n s]ve z a b> to m>riage & ! union ( fir/ c\s9s w\ld be possible1 o!r ?an ! *ildr5 ( two bro!rs4 ,accord+ to ,h9du law1 int]m>riage is prohibit$ )9 f\r degrees betwe5 p]sons relat$ ?r\gh females4 ,b g5]ally ! *ildr5 ( fir/ c\s9s are all[$ to m>ry1 :5 relat$ p>tly ?r\gh females4 ,& sev]al ca/es all[ ! int]m>riage ( fir/ c\s9s1 t ( a bro!r's daught] to a si/]'s son & 9 a less degree ( a bro!r's son to a si/]'s daught] be+ specially fav\r$4 ,"o or two ,madras ca/es all[ a man to m>ry 8 niece1 & ! small ,dhoba ca/e ( ,m&la p]mit ! union ( *ildr5 ( ! same "m b diff]5t fa!rs4 ,sir ,h]b]t ,risley class$ ! names ( exogam\s divisions z eponym\s1 t]ritorial or local1 titul> & totemi/ic4 ,9 ! body ( ?is "w ! ^w clan is usually appli$ only to ! l>ge exogam\s gr\ps ( ! ,rajputs & "o or two o!r milit>y ca/es4 ,! small local or titul> gr\ps ( ord9>y ,h9du ca/es are call$ 'section1' & ! totemic gr\ps ( ! primitive tribes 'sept4' ,b p]haps x is simpl] to use ! ^w 'clan' ?r\gh\t accord+ to ! practice ( ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz]4 ,! v]nacul> designations ( ! clans or sections are gotra1 :i* orig9ally meant a /all or c[-p52 kh]o1 a village2 dih1 a village site2 ba9k1 a title2 mul or mur1 lit]ally a root1 h5ce an orig92 & kul or kuri1 a family4 ,! sections call$ eponym\s are nam$ aft] ,ri%is or sa9ts m5tion$ 9 ! ,v$as & o!r scriptures & are f\nd among ! ,brahmans & a few ( ! high] ca/es1 su* z ,vasi%ta1 ,g>ga1 ,bh>adwaj1 ,vi%vamitra1 ,ka%yap & s on4 ,a few ,rajput clans are nam$ aft] k+s or h]oes1 z ! ,raghuvansis f k+ ,raghu ( ,ajodhia & ! ,tilok*&i ,bais f a fam\s k+ ( t "n4 ,! titul> class ( names comprise names ( (fices suppos$ to h be5 held by ! f\nd] ( ! clan1 or titles & names ref]r+ to a p]sonal defect or quality1 & nicknames4 ,in/ances ( ! =m] are ,kotw> 7village wat*man71 ,*audhri1 ,meh] or ,mahto 7ca/e headman71 ,bhagat 7sa9t71 ,?akuria & ,rawat 7"l or pr9ce71 ,vaidya 7physician72 & ( titul> names & nicknames3 ,kuldip 7lamp ( ! family71 ,mohj>ia 7"o ) a burnt m\?71 ,ja*ak 7begg>71 ,g>kata 7cut-?roat71 ,bhatpag> 7"o s]v+ on a pittance ( boil$ rice71 ,kangali 7poor71 ,*ikat 7dirty71 ,petdukh 7/oma*-a*e71 ,ghunn]e 7worm-eat]7 & s on4 ,a special class ( names are ^? ( (fices held at ! ca/e fea/s2 ?us ! clans ( ! ,*itraka?i ca/e are ! ,atak or ,mank>i1 :o furni% ! headman ( ! ca/e pan*ayat or committee2 ! ,bhoj9 :o s]ve ! food at m>riages & o!r c]emonies2 ! ,kakra :o arrange = ! light+2 ! ,go?>ya :o keep ! provisions1 & ! ,ghor]ao 7ghora1 a horse7 :o h ! duty ( look+ aft] ! horses & bullock-c>ts ( ! ca/e-m5 :o assemble4 ,simil>ly ! five pr9cipal clans ( ! small ,turi ca/e are nam$ aft] ! five sons ( ,s+hbonga or ! sun3 ! elde/ son 0 call$ ,mailu> & 8 desc5dants are ! lead]s or headm5 ( ! ca/e2 ! desc5dants ( ! second son1 ,*>dhagia1 purify & readmit (f5d]s to ca/e int]c\rse2 ^? ( ! ?ird son1 ,surem>1 conduct ! c]emonial %av+ ( su* (f5d]s1 & ^? ( ! f\r? son br+ wat] = ! c]emony & are call$ ,tirku>4 ,! y\nge/ bro!r1 ,hasdagia1 is said to h committ$ "s ca/e (f5ce1 & ! f\r o!r bro!rs took ! p>ts :i* are /ill play$ by _! desc5dants 9 8 c]emony ( purification4 ,9 _m cases exogam\s clans are nam$ aft] o!r ca/es or subca/es4 ,_m l[ ca/es h adopt$ ! names ( ! ,rajput clans1 ei!r f simple vanity z p may take an ari/ocratic surname1 or because !y 7 9 ! s]vice ( ,rajputs1 & h adopt$ ! names ( _! ma/]s or are p>tly desc5d$ f !m4 ,o!r names ( ca/es f\nd among exogam\s gr\ps probably indicate t an ance/or belong+ to t ca/e 0 tak5 into ! "o 9 :i* ! gr\p is f\nd4 ,! ,bha9a tribe h clans nam$ aft] ! ,dhobi1 ,ahir1 ,gond1 ,mali & ,panka ca/es4 ,! memb]s ( su* clans pay respect to any man belong+ to ! ca/e aft] :i* !y are nam$ & avoid pick+ a qu>rel ) him2 !y also wor%ip ! family gods ( ! ca/e4 ,t]ritorial names are v common1 & are tak5 f t ( "s t[n or village 9 :i* ! ance/or ( ! clan or ! memb]s ( ! clan !mselves resid$4 #ij ,! names are frequ5tly di/ort$1 & x seems probable t ! majority ( ! l>ge numb] ( clan names = :i* no mean+ c be discov]$ 7 ^? ( villages4 ,^! unkn[n names are probably m num]\s ?an ! total ( all ^? classes ( names to :i* a mean+ c be assign$4 #di4 ,totemi/ic clans4 ,! la/ class ( exogam\s divisions are ^? call$ totemi/ic1 :5 ! clan is nam$ aft] a plant or animal or o!r natural object4 ,^! are almo/ univ]sal among ! non-,aryan or primitive tribes1 b occur also 9 mo/ ,h9du ca/es1 includ+ "s ( ! highe/4 ,! commone/ totem names are ^? ( ! prom95t animals1 includ+ sev]al :i* are held sacr$ by ! ,h9dus1 z bagh or nah>1 ! tig]2 ba*as1 ! calf2 morkuria1 ! peacock2 ka*hwaha or limuan1 ! tortoise2 nagas1 ! cobra2 ha/i1 ! elephant2 b&>1 ! monkey2 bha9sa1 ! buffalo2 ri*h>ia1 ! be>2 kuliha1 ! jackal2 kukura1 ! dog2 k>sayal1 ! de]2 h]an1 ! black-buck1 & s on4 ,! utmo/ v>iety ( names is f\nd1 & num]\s trees1 z well z rice1 kodon & o!r crops1 salt1 s&alwood1 cucumb]1 pepp]1 & "s h\sehold implem5ts1 su* z ! pe/le & roll+-slab1 s]ve z names ( clans4 ,names :i* may be held to h a totemi/ic orig9 occur ev5 9 ! highe/ ca/es4 ,?us among ! names ( eponym\s ,ri%is or sa9ts1 ,bh>adwaj means a l>k1 ,kau%ik may be f ! ku%a grass1 ,aga/ya f ! aga/i fl[]1 ,ka%yap f ka*hap1 a tortoise2 ,taittiri f tit>1 a p>tridge1 & s on4 ,simil>ly ! orig9 ( o!r ,ri%is is attribut$ to animals1 z ,ri%i%r+a to an antelope1 ,m&avya to a frog1 & ,kanada to an owl4 #ia ,an inf]ior ,rajput clan1 ,me%bansi1 signifies desc5dants ( ! %eep1 :ile ! "n ( ! ,baghel clan is d]iv$ f ! tig] 7bagh71 t ( ! ,ka*hwaha clan p]haps f ka*hap1 a tortoise1 ( ! ,haihaivansi f ! horse1 ( ! ,nagvansi f ! cobra1 & ( ! ,tom>a clan f tom>1 a club4 ,! ,k>an or writ] ca/e ( ,orissa1 simil>ly1 h clans d]iv$ f ! cobra1 tortoise & calf1 & mo/ ( ! cultivat+ & o!r middle ca/es h clans ) totemi/ic names4 ,! usual *>act]i/ics ( totemism1 9 its lat] & m common =m at any rate1 are t memb]s ( a clan reg>d !mselves z relat$ to1 or desc5d$ f1 ! animal or tree f :i* ! clan takes its "n1 & ab/a9 f kill+ or eat+ x4 ,?is 0 p]haps n ! orig9al relation ( ! clan to its clan totem 9 ! hunt+ /age1 b x is ! "o commonly f\nd 9 ,india1 :]e ! settl$ agricultural /age has long be5 rea*$4 ,! ,bha9a tribe h among _! totems ! cobra1 tig]1 leop>d1 vulture1 hawk1 monkey1 wild dog1 quail1 black ant1 & s on4 ,memb]s ( a clan w n injure ! animal aft] :i* x is nam$1 & if !y see ! corpse ( ! animal or he> ( its dea? !y ?r[ away an e>!n cook+-pot1 & ba! & %ave !mselves z = "o ( ! family4 ,at a w$d+ ! bride's fa!r makes an image 9 clay ( ! bird or animal ( ! groom's sept & places x beside ! m>riage-po/4 ,! bridegroom wor%ips ! image1 light+ a sacrificial fire be=e x1 & (f]s to x ! v]milion :i* he aft]w>ds sme>s on ! =ehead ( ! bride4 ,wom5 are (t5 tattoo$ ) repres5tations ( _! totem animal1 & m5 swe> by x z _! mo/ sacr$ oa?4 ,a simil> respect is paid to ! inanimate objects aft] :i* c]ta9 septs are nam$4 ,?us memb]s ( ! ,gawad or c[dung clan w n burn c[dung cakes = fuel2 & ^? ( ! ,mir*a clan d n use *illies4 ,"o clan is nam$ aft] ! sun1 & :5 an eclipse occurs !y p]=m ! same =mal rites ( m\rn+ z o!rs d on ! dea? ( _! totem animal4 ,! ,baghani clan ( ,majhw>s1 nam$ aft] ! tig]1 ?9k t a tig] w n attack any memb] ( _! clan unless he has committ$ an (f5ce entail+ tempor>y excommunication f ca/e4 ,until ?is (f5ce has be5 expiat$ 8 relation%ip ) ! tig] z head ( ! clan is 9 abeyance1 & ! tig] w eat him z he w\ld any o!r /rang]4 ,if a tig] meets a memb] ( ! clan :o is free f s91 he w run away4 ,memb]s ( ! ,khoba or peg clan w n make a peg nor drive "o into ! gr\nd4 ,^? ( ! ,dum> or fig-tree clan say t _! fir/ ance/or 0 born "u ?is tree4 ,!y consid] ! tree to be sacr$ & nev] eat its fruit1 & wor%ip x once a ye>4 ,sometimes ! memb]s ( ! clan d n rev]e ! object aft] :i* x is nam$ b "s o!r important animal or plant4 ,?us ! ,m>kam clan ( ,gonds1 nam$ aft] ! mango-tree1 v5]ate ! tortoise & d n kill x4 ,! ,ka?otia clan ( ,kols is nam$ aft] ka?ota1 a b[l1 b !y rev]e ! tig]4 ,baghe%w> ,deo1 ! tig]-god1 resides on a little plat=m 9 _! v]&as4 ,!y may n jo9 9 a tig]-beat nor sit up = a tig] ov] a kill4 ,9 ! latt] case !y ?9k t ! tig] w\ld n come & w\ld be depriv$ ( 8 food1 & all ! memb]s ( _! family w\ld get ill4 ,! ,ka?>ia clan take _! "n f ka?ri1 a mattress4 ,a memb] ( ?is sept mu/ nev] h a mattress 9 8 h\se1 nor we> clo!s sewn 9 crosspieces z mattresses are sewn4 ,! "n ( ! ,mudia or ,mudmudia clan is said to mean %av5 head1 b !y app>5tly rev]e ! :ite kumhra or g\rd1 p]haps because x has "s resemblance to a %av5 head4 ,!y give a :ite g\rd to a woman on ! day aft] %e has borne a *ild1 & h] family !n d n eat ?is vegetable = ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,kumraya sept rev]e ! br[n kumhra or g\rd4 ,!y gr[ ?is vegetable on ! ?at* ( _! h\se-ro( & f ! "t ( plant+ x till ! fruits h be5 pluck$ !y d n t\* x1 ?\gh ( c\rse !y aft]w>ds eat ! fruits4 ,! ,bhuw> sept are nam$ aft] bhu or bhumi1 ! e>?4 ,!y mu/ always sleep on ! e>? & n on cots4 ,! ,nun 7salt7 & ,dhan 7rice7 clans ( ,oraons _c disp5se ) eat+ _! totems or titul> ance/ors4 ,b ! ,dhan ,oraons cont5t !mselves ) refus+ to consume ! scum :i* ?ick5s on ! surface ( ! boil$ rice1 & ! ,nun sept w n lick a plate 9 :i* salt & wat] h be5 mix$4 ,at ! w$d+s ( ! ,vulture clan ( ! small ,bhona ca/e "o memb] ( ! clan kills a small *ick5 by bit+ (f ! head & !n eats x 9 imitation ( a vulture4 ,def9ite in/ances ( ! sacrificial eat+ ( ! totem animal h n be5 f\nd1 b x is said t ! tig] & snake clans ( ! ,bhatra tribe =m]ly ate _! totems at a sacrificial meal4 ,! ,gonds also wor%ip ! cobra z a h\sehold god1 & once a ye> !y eat ! fle% ( ! snake & ?9k t by do+ s !y w be immune f snake-bite ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,on ! fe/ival ( ,nag-,pan*mi ! ,mah>s make an image ( a snake ) fl\r & sug> & eat x4 ,x is report$ t ! ,s+rore ,dhim>s :o "w on riv]s & tanks mu/ eat ! fle% ( a crocodile at _! w$d+s1 :ile ! ,sonjh>as :o wa% ! s&s ( riv]s = gold %\ld cat* a live crocodile = ! occasion ( ! w$d+ & aft]w>ds put x back into ! riv]4 ,^! latt] cu/oms may probably h fall5 into abeyance ow+ to ! difficulty ( cat*+ a crocodile1 & 9 any case ! animals are tribal gods r ?an totems4 #ej4 ,t]ms ( relation%ip4 ,exogamy & totemism are f\nd n only 9 ,india1 b are ! *>act]i/ics ( primitive social gr\ps ov] ! great] "p ( ! _w4 ,totemism e/abli%es a relation ( k9%ip betwe5 p]sons belong+ to "o clan :o are n relat$ by blood1 & exogamy prescribes t ! p]sons held to be s relat$ %all n int]m>ry4 ,fur!r1 :5 t]ms ( relation%ip come into exi/5ce x is f\nd t !y are appli$ n to memb]s ( "o family1 b to all ! p]sons ( ! clan :o might h /ood 9 ea* p>ticul> relation%ip to ! p]son address+ !m4 ,?us a man w address z "m n only 8 own "m1 b all ! wom5 ( 8 clan :o might h /ood to him 9 ! relation ( "m4 ,simil>ly he w address all ! old m5 & wom5 z gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r or aunt1 & ! boys & girls ( 8 own g5]ation z bro!r & si/]1 & s on4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! recognition ( ! consangu9e\s family1 ! use ( t]ms ( relation%ip t5ds to be re/rict$ to p]sons :o h actual k9%ip2 ?us a boy w address only 8 fa!r's bro!rs z fa!r1 & 8 c\s9s z bro!rs & si/]s2 b suffici5t traces ( ! old] sy/em ( clan k9%ip rema9 to atte/ its =m] exi/5ce4 ,b x seems also cle> t "s1 at lea/1 ( ! t]ms ( relation%ip 7 fir/ us$ betwe5 p]sons really relat$2 ?us ! ^w = "m mu/ h be5 taught by mo!rs to _! own babies beg9n+ to speak1 z x is a p>am\nt necessity = a small *ild to h a "n by :i* to call its "m :5 x is :olly dep5d5t on h]2 if ! p]iod ( infancy is got ov] )\t ! use ( ?is t]m ( address !re is no reason :y x %\ld be introduc$ 9 lat] life1 :5 9 ! primitive clan ! *ild quickly ceas$ to be dep5d5t on its "m or to reta9 any /rong affection = h]4 ,simil>ly1 z %[n by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 !re is (t5 a special "n = ! "m's bro!r :5 o!r uncles or aunts are address$ simply z fa!r or "m4 ,?is "n mu/ !re=e h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce to di/+ui% ! "m's bro!r at ! "t :51 "u ! sy/em ( female desc5t1 he /ood 9 ! relation ( a protector & p>5t to ! *ild4 ,:]e ! names = gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r are a =m ( duplication ( ^? = fa!r & "m z 9 ,engli%1 !y w\ld appe> to imply a def9ite recognition ( ! idea ( family desc5t4 ,! majority ( ! special names = o!r relatives1 su* z frat]nal & mat]nal uncles & aunts1 mu/ also h be5 devis$ to designate ^? relatives 9 p>ticul>1 & h5ce !re is a probability t ! t]ms = fa!r & bro!r & si/]1 :i* on a priori gr\nds may be consid]$ d\btful1 7 also fir/ appli$ to real or putative fa!rs & bro!rs & si/]s4 ,b1 z already se51 "u ! classificatory sy/em ( relation%ip ^! same t]ms are address$ to memb]s ( ! same clan :o might by age & sex h /ood 9 su* a relation%ip to ! p]son address+ !m1 b are n actually ak9 to him at all4 ,& h5ce x seems a valid & necess>y conclusion t at ! "t :5 ! family t]ms ( relation%ip came into exi/5ce1 ! clan s5tim5t ( k9%ip 0 /rong] ?an ! family s5tim5t2 t is1 a boy 0 taught or made to feel t all ! wom5 ( ! clan ( ab\t ! same age z 8 "m 7 z ne>ly ak9 to him z 8 own "m1 & t he %\ld reg>d !m all 9 ! same relation4 ,& simil>ly he look$ on all ! m5 ( ! clan ( an age enabl+ !m to be 8 fa!rs 9 ! same light z 8 own fa!r1 & all ! *ildr5 ( or ab\t 8 own age z 8 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,! above seems a necess>y conclusion f ! exi/5ce ( ! classificatory sy/em ( relation%ip1 :i* is v widely spread among savages1 & if admitt$1 x foll[s t ! s5tim5t ( k9%ip )9 ! clan 0 already e/abli%$ :5 ! family t]ms ( relation%ip 7 devis$1 & !re=e t ! clan 0 prior to ! family z a social unit4 ,?is conclusion is =tifi$ by ! rule ( exogamy :i* prohibits m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( ! same clan betwe5 :om no blood-relation%ip c be trac$1 & !re=e %[s t "s k9d ( k9%ip 0 believ$ to exi/ betwe5 !m1 indep5d5t ( & /rong] ?an ! l9k ( consangu9ity4 ,fur!r1 ,mr4 ,h>tl& %[s 9 ,primitive ,pat]nity #ib t dur+ ! p]iod ( female desc5t :5 physical pat]nity has be5 recognis$1 b ! fa!r & "m belong to diff]5t clans1 ! *ildr51 be+ ( ! "m's clan1 w av5ge a blood-feud ( _! clan ^u _! own fa!r2 & ?is cu/om seems to %[ cle>ly t ! s5tim5t ( clan-k9%ip 0 prior to & /rong] ?an t ( family k9%ip4 #ea4 ,clan k9%ip & totemism4 ,! same argum5t seems to demon/rate t ! idea ( k9%ip )9 ! clan 0 prior to ! idea ( desc5t f a common ance/or1 :e!r an animal or plant1 a god1 h]o or nicknam$ ance/or4 ,because x is obvi\s t a set ( p]sons o!rwise unconnect$ c\ld n sudd5ly & )\t reason h believ$ !mselves to be desc5d$ f a common ance/or & h5ce relat$4 ,if a numb] ( p]sons n demon/rably connect$ by blood believe !mselves to be ak9 simply on acc\nt ( _! desc5t f a common ance/or1 x c only be because !y are an exp&$ family1 ei!r actually or by fiction1 :i* really _h or might h _h a common ance/or4 ,t is1 ! clan trac+ its desc5t f a common ance/or1 if ?is 0 ! prim>y type ( clan1 mu/ h be5 subsequ5t to ! family z a social in/itution4 ,b z already se5 ! s5tim5t ( k9%ip )9 ! clan 0 prior to t )9 ! family1 & !re=e ! g5esis ( ! clan f an exp&$ family is an impossible hypo!sis2 & x foll[s t ! memb]s ( ! clan mu/ fir/ h believ$ !mselves to be b\nd toge!r by "s tie equival5t to or /rong] ?an t ( consangu9e\s k9%ip1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 ! prim>y belief 0 fall+ into abeyance1 t ( desc5t f a common ance/or came into exi/5ce to acc\nt = ! clan s5tim5t ( k9%ip already exi/+4 ,if !n ! fir/ =m ( association ( human be+s 0 9 small gr\ps1 :i* l$ a migratory life & subsi/$ ma9ly by hunt+ & ! consumption ( fruits & roots1 z ! ,au/ralian natives /ill d1 ! s5tim5t ( k9%ip mu/ fir/ h aris51 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan1 9 t small body :i* liv$ & hunt$ toge!r1 & 0 due simply to ! fact t !y 7 s associat$1 t !y obta9$ food = ea* o!r1 & on occasion protect$ & pres]v$ ea* o!r's lives4 #ic ,^! small bodies ( p]sons 7 ! fir/ social units1 & accord+ to our k ( ! savage peoples :o are ne>e/ to ! orig9al migratory & hunt+ condition ( life1 )\t settl$ habitations1 dome/ic animals or cultivat$ plants1 !y fir/ call$ !mselves aft] "s animal or plant1 usually1 z ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] has %[n 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 #id aft] "s edible animal or plant4 ,! mo/ probable !ory ( totemism on a priori gr\nds seems !re=e to be t ! orig9al small bodies :o liv$ & hunt$ toge!r1 or totem-clans1 call$ !mselves aft] ! edible animal or plant f :i* !y pr9cipally d]iv$ _! su/5ance1 or t :i* gave !m life4 ,:ile ! real tie :i* connect$ !m 0 t ( liv+ toge!r1 !y did n realise ?is1 & suppos$ !mselves to be ak9 because !y commonly ate ?is animal or plant toge!r4 ,?is !ory ( totemism 0 fir/ promulgat$ by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? &1 ?\gh mu* disput$1 appe>s to me to be ! mo/ probable4 ,x has also be5 advocat$ by ,dr4 ,a4,c4 ,haddon1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ie ,! ,gaelic names = family1 teadhlo* & cu$i*c or co$i*c1 mean1 ! fir/1 'hav+ a common resid5ce1' ! second1 '^? :o eat toge!r4' #if ,! detail$ acc\nts ( ! totems ( ! ,au/ralian1 ,r$ ,indian & ,african tribes1 n[ br\ght toge!r by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 %[ a consid]able am\nt ( evid5ce t ! e>ly totems 7 n only z a rule edible animals1 b ! animals eat5 by ! totem-clans :i* bore _! names4 #ig ,b aft] ! dome/ication ( animals & ! culture ( plants _h be5 atta9$ to1 ! totems ceas$ to be ! *ief means ( subsi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! orig9al tie ( k9%ip 0 supplant$ by ano!r & wid] "o 9 ! tribe1 & ?\gh ! totem-clans rema9$ & cont9u$ to fulfil an important purpose1 !y 7 no long] ! *ief social gr\p4 ,& 9 _m cases1 z man _h also by n[ begun to speculate on 8 orig91 ! totems came to be reg>d$ z ance/ors1 & ! totem-clans1 reta9+ _! s5tim5t ( k9%ip1 acc\nt$ = x by suppos+ !mselves to be desc5d$ f a common ance/or4 ,!y ?us also came to base ! belief 9 clan-k9%ip on ! tie ( consangu9ity recognis$ 9 ! family1 :i* _h by n[ come into exi/5ce4 ,?is late & second>y =m ( totemism is t :i* obta9s 9 ,india1 :]e ! migratory & hunt+ /age has long be5 pass$4 ,! ,indian evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 ( great value because we f9d "h 9 ! same community1 occasionally 9 ! same ca/e1 exogam\s clans :i* trace _! desc5t sometimes f animals & plants1 or totems1 & sometimes f gods1 h]oes1 or titul> ance/ors1 :ile _m ( ! clans are nam$ aft] villages or h names to :i* no mean+ c be atta*$4 ,z has be5 se51 !re is good reason to suppose t all ^! =ms ( ! exogam\s clan are develop$ f ! e>lie/ =m ( ! totem-clan2 & s9ce ?is lat] type ( clan has develop$ f ! totem-clan 9 ,india1 x is a legitimate d$uction t :]ev] else:]e exogam\s clans are f\nd trac+ _! desc5t f a common ance/or or ) un9telligible names1 probably d]iv$ f places1 !y 7 probably also evolv$ f ! totem-clan4 ,?is type ( clan is %[n 9 ,pr(essor ,he>n's ,aryan ,h\sehold to h be5 ! common unit ( society ov] mu* ( ,europe1 :]e no traces ( ! exi/5ce ( totemism are e/abli%$4 #ih ,& f ! ,indian analogy x is !re=e legitimate to presume t ! totem-clan may h be5 ! orig9al unit ( society among sev]al ,european races z well z 9 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia & ,india4 ,simil> exogam\s clans exi/ 9 ,*9a1 & _m ( !m h ! names ( plants & animals4 #ii #eb4 ,animate ,creation4 ,9 ord] to r5d] cle> ! mann] 9 :i* ! clan nam$ aft] a totem animal 7or1 less frequ5tly1 a plant7 came to hold its memb]s ak9 bo? to ea* o!r & _! totem animals1 an attempt may be made to indicate1 h[ev] briefly & imp]fectly1 "s features ( primitive man's conception ( nature & life4 ,app>5tly :5 !y began dimly to obs]ve & =m consci\s m5tal impressions ( ! _w ar\nd !m1 our fir/ ance/ors made "s c>d9al1 ?\gh natural & inevitable1 mi/akes4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y ?\ght t ! :ole ( nature 0 animate1 & t e animal1 plant1 or natural object :i* !y saw ar\nd !m1 0 alive & self-consci\s l !mselves4 ,!y _h1 ( c\rse1 no words or ideas connot+ life or consci\sness1 or di/+ui%+ animals1 vegetables or lifeless objects1 & !y 7 naturally q incapable ( di/+ui%+ !m4 ,!y m]ely ?\ght t ev]y?+ !y saw 0 l !mselves1 w\ld feel hurt & res5tm5t if injur$1 & w\ld "k :at 0 done to x1 & by :om2 :5ev] !y saw ! movem5t ( an animal1 plant1 or o!r object1 !y ?\ght x 0 volitional & self-consci\s l _! own movem5ts4 ,if !y saw a tree wav+ 9 ! w9d1 hav+ no idea or conception ( ! w9d1 !y ?\ght ! tree 0 mov+ its bran*es ab\t ( its own accord2 if a /one fell1 !y1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! =ce ( gravity1 ?\ght ! /one project$ itself f "o place to ano!r because x wi%$ to d s4 ,?is is exactly ! po9t ( view tak5 by *ildr5 :5 !y fir/ beg9 to obs]ve4 ,!y also ?9k t ev]y?+ !y see is alive l !mselves1 & t animals ex]cise volition & h a self-consci\s intellig5ce l _! own4 ,b !y quickly le>n _! mi/akes & adopt ! po9t ( view ( _! eld]s because !y are taught4 ,primitive man _h no "o to tea* him1 & z he did n co-ord9ate or te/ 8 obs]vations1 ! traces ( ?is fir/ conception ( ! natural _w rema9 cle>ly indicat$ by a va/ assortm5t ( primitive cu/oms & beliefs to ! pres5t day4 ,all ! mo/ prom95t natural objects1 ! sun & moon1 ! sky1 ! sea1 high m\nta9s1 riv]s & spr+s1 ! e>?1 ! fire1 became objects ( v5]ation & 7 wor%ipp$ z gods1 & ?is c\ld n possibly h happ5$ unless !y _h be5 believ$ to h life4 ,/one images & idols are consid]$ z liv+ gods4 ,9 ,india girls are m>ri$ to fl[]s1 trees1 arr[s1 swords1 & s on4 ,a ba*elor is m>ri$ to a r+ or a plant be=e w$d+ a wid[1 & ! fir/ c]emony is consid]$ z 8 true m>riage4 ,! ,saligram1 or ammonite /one1 is held to repres5t ! god ,vi%nu1 p]haps because x 0 ?\ght to be a ?und]bolt & to h fall5 f heav54 ,its m>riage is celebrat$ ) ! tulsi or basil-plant1 :i* is consid]$ ! consort ( ,vi%nu4 ,trees are held to be animate & possess$ by spirits1 & be=e a man climbs a tree he begs its p>don = ! injury he is ab\t to inflict on x4 ,:5 a tank is dug1 its m>riage is celebrat$4 ,to ! anci5t ,roman 8 he>? 0 a god2 ! walls & doors & ?re%old ( 8 h\se 7 gods2 ! b\nd>ies ( 8 field 7 also gods4 #ajj ,x is precisely ! same ) ! mod]n ,h9du2 he also v5]ates ! ?re%old ( 8 h\se1 ! cook+-he>?1 ! gr9d+-mill1 & ! b\nd>ies ( 8 field4 ,! ,ja9s /ill ?9k t all animals1 plants & inanimate objects h s\ls or spirits l human be+s4 ,! belief 9 a s\l or _s is naturally n primitive1 z man c\ld n at fir/ conceive ( any?+ he did n see or he>1 b plants & inanimate objects c\ld n subsequ5tly h be5 cr$it$ ) ! possession ( s\ls or spirits unless !y _h previ\sly be5 ?\ght to be alive4 ,! ,fijians consid] t if an animal or a plant dies its s\l imm$iately goes to ,bolotoo2 if a /one or any o!r sub/ance is brok51 immortality is equally its rew>d2 nay1 artificial bodies h equal good luck ) m5 & hogs & yams4 ,if an axe or a *isel is worn out or brok5 up1 away flies its s\l = ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,if a h\se is tak5 d[n or any way de/roy$1 its immortal "p w f9d a situation on ! pla9s ( ,bolotoo4 ,! ,f9ns believ$ t all inanimate objects _h _! haltia or s\l4 #aja ,! ,malays ?9k t animals1 vegetables & m9]als1 z well z human be+s1 h s\ls4 #ajb ,! ,kaw> tribe are report$ to believe t all articles ( furniture & prop]ty h s\ls or spirits1 & if any su* is /ol5 ! _s w puni% ! ?ief4 ,!ft is consequ5tly almo/ unkn[n among !m4 ,all ! fables ab\t animals & plants speak+ & ex]cis+ volition2 ! practice ( ordeals1 re/+ on ! belief t ! sacr$ liv+ elem5ts1 fire & wat]1 w ( !mselves discrim9ate betwe5 ! innoc5t & guilty2 ! propitiatory (f]+s to ! sea & to riv]s1 su* incid5ts z ,x]xes b9d+ ! sea ) fett]s1 ,ajax defy+ ! lightn+1 ,a>on's rod t budd$1 ! sup]/itions ( sailors ab\t %ips3 all result f ! same primitive belief4 ,_m o!r in/ances ( self-consci\s life & volition be+ attribut$ to animals1 plants & natural objects are giv5 by ,"l ,avebury 9 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 by ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck 9 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 #ajc & by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh #ajd ,?us primitive man _h no conception ( inanimate matt]1 & x seems probable t he did n ei!r realise ! idea ( dea?4 ,?\gh x may be d\btful :e!r any race exi/s at pres5t :i* does n und]/& t dea? is ! cessation ( life 9 ! body1 indications rema9 t ?is view 0 n prim>y & may n h be5 acquir$ = "s "t4 ,! ,gonds app>5tly once ?\ght t p w\ld n die unless !y 7 kill$ by magic1 & simil> beliefs are held by ! ,au/ralian & ,african savages4 ,sev]al cu/oms also po9t to ! belief 9 ! survival ( "s degree ( life 9 ! body aft] dea?1 ap>t f ! idea ( ! s\l4 #ec4 ,! di/ribution ( life ov] ! body4 ,primitive man fur!r ?\ght t life1 in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ 9 c]ta9 organs1 0 di/ribut$ equally ov] ! :ole ( ! body4 ,?is mi/ake appe>s also to h be5 natural & inevitable :5 x is rememb]$ t he _h no "n = ! body1 ! diff]5t limbs & ! int]nal organs1 & no conception ( _! exi/5ce & di/ribution1 nor ( ! functions :i* !y sev]ally p]=m$4 ,he p]ceiv$ t s5sation ext5d$ ov] all p>ts ( ! body1 & t :5 any "p 0 hurt or w\nd$ ! blood fl[$ & life gradually decl9$ 9 vig\r & ebb$ away4 ,= ?is reason ! blood 0 subsequ5tly (t5 id5tifi$ ) ! life4 ,dur+ ! progress ( culture _m div]g5t views h be5 held ab\t ! s\rce & location ( life & m5tal & physical qualities1 & ! correct "o t life is c5tr$ 9 ! he>t & bra91 & t ! bra9 is ! seat ( intellig5ce & m5tal qualities has only rec5tly be5 arriv$ at4 ,we /ill talk ab\t p be+ h>d-he>t$1 k9d-he>t$ & he>tless1 & ab\t a man's he>t be+ 9 ! "r place1 z if we suppos$ t ! qualities ( k9dness & c\rage 7 locat$ 9 ! he>t1 & det]m9$ by ! physical con/itution & location ( ! he>t4 ,! reason = ?is is p]haps t ! s\l 0 held to be ! s\rce ( m5tal qualities1 & to be some:]e 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 & h5ce ! he>t came to be id5tifi$ ) x4 ,z %[n by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh _m peoples or races h ?\ght t ! life & qualities 7 c5tr$ 9 ! :ole head1 n m]ely 9 ! bra94 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ,h9dus w n appe> abroad ) ! head b>e1 :y x is a deadly insult to knock (f a man's turban1 & :y turbans or o!r head-ge> 7 (t5 ex*ang$ z a solemn pl$ge ( fri5d%ip4 ,! sup]/ition aga9/ walk+ "u a ladd] may h orig9ally be5 bas$ on "s idea ( its be+ d]ogatory or dang]\s to ! head1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 f ! fe> ( be+ /ruck by a fall+ brick4 ,simil>ly1 z %[n 9 ! article on ,nai1 ! belief t ! bodily /r5g? & vig\r 7 locat$ 9 ! hair1 & to a less ext5t 9 ! nails & tee?1 has _h a _w-wide preval5ce4 ,b ?is _c h be5 prim>y1 because ! hair _h fir/ to be conceiv$ ( ap>t f ! re/ ( ! body1 & a sep>ate "n devis$ = x1 be=e ! belief t ! hair 0 ! s\rce ( /r5g? c\ld gradually come into exi/5ce4 ,! evolution ( ^! ideas may h ext5d$ ov] ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! expression ':ite-liv]$1' aga91 seems to indicate t ! quality ( c\rage 0 once held to be locat$ 9 ! liv]1 & ! belief t ! liv] 0 ! seat ( life 0 p]haps held by ! ,gonds4 ,b ! prim>y idea seems necess>ily to h be5 t ! life 0 equally di/ribut$ all ov] ! body4 ,& s9ce1 z w be se5 subsequ5tly1 ! savage 0 incapable ( conceiv+ ! ab/ract idea ( life1 he ?\ght ( x 9 a concrete =m z "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! fle% & blood4 ,& s9ce primitive man _h no conception ( inanimate matt] x foll[$ t :5 any "p ( ! body 0 sev]$ f ! :ole1 he did n ?9k ( ! sep>ate fraction z m]ely lifeless matt]1 b z /ill a "p ( ! body to :i* x _h orig9ally belong$ & reta9+ a %>e ( its life4 ,= accord+ to 8 view ( ! _w & ( animate nature1 :i* has be5 expla9$ above1 he c\ld n ?9k ( x z any?+ else4 ,?us ! clipp+s ( hair1 nails1 tee?1 ! spittle & any o!r simil> products all 9 8 view rema9$ "p ( ! body f :i* !y _h be5 sev]$ & reta9$ "p ( its life4 ,9 ! case ( ! elem5ts1 e>?1 fire & wat]1 :i* he consid]$ z liv+ be+s & subsequ5tly wor%ipp$ z gods1 ?is view 0 correct4 ,fractional portions ( e>?1 fire & wat]1 :5 sev]$ f ! rema9d]1 reta9$ _! orig9al nature & con/itution1 & af=d$ "s support to 8 g5]ally errone\s belief4 ,& s9ce he _h obs]v$ t an injury done to any "p ( ! body 0 an injury to ! :ole1 x foll[$ t if "o got possession ( any "p ( ! body1 su* z ! sev]$ hair1 tee? or nails1 "o c\ld ?r\gh !m injure t body ( :i* !y /ill =m$ a "p4 ,x is = ?is reason t savages ?9k t if an enemy c obta9 possession ( any wa/e product ( ! body1 su* z ! sev]$ hair or nails1 t he c injure ! own] ?r\gh !m4 ,simil>ly ! ,h9dus ?\ght t ! clipp+s ( ! hair or nails1 if buri$ 9 f]tile gr\nd1 w\ld gr[ into a plant1 ?r\gh ! life :i* !y reta9$1 & z ?is plant wax$ 9 size x w\ld absorb m & m ( ! orig9al own]'s life1 :i* w\ld consequ5tly wane & decl9e4 ,! wor%ip ( relics1 su* z ! bones or hair ( sa9ts1 is bas$ on ! same belief t !y reta9 a "p ( ! div9e life & virtue ( him to :om !y once belong$4 #ed4 ,qualities associat$ ) animals4 ,x is probable t qualities 7 fir/ conceiv$ ( by be+ obs]v$ 9 animals or natural objects4 ,prior to ! introduction ( p]sonal names1 ! individuality ( human be+s c\ld nei!r be cle>ly realis$ nor rememb]$ aft] !y 7 dead4 ,b man mu/ h p]ceiv$ at an e>ly p]iod t c]ta9 animals 7 /rong] or swift] ?an he 01 or m cunn+1 & s9ce ! same quality 0 reproduc$ 9 e animal ( ! species1 x c\ld easily become p]man5tly associat$ ) ! animal4 ,b !re 7 no names = qualities1 nor any indep5d5t conception ( !m ap>t f ! animal or animals 9 :i* !y 7 obs]v$4 ,suppos+ t /r5g? & swiftness 7 ma9ly associat$ ) ! horse1 z 0 (t5 ! case1 !n !y w\ld be necess>ily conceiv$ ( z a "p or ess5ce ( ! horse & 8 life1 n 9 ! way we ?9k ( !m1 z qualities app]ta9+ to ! horse on acc\nt ( ! /r5g? ( 8 muscles & ! con=mation ( 8 limbs4 ,:5 names 7 devis$ = ^! qualities1 !y w\ld be some?+ equival5t to horsey or horse-l4 ,! association ( qualities ) animals is /ill %[n 9 su* words z as99e1 owli%1 foxy1 leon9e1 muli%1 dogg$1 tig]i%1 & s on2 b s9ce ! inf]iority ( animals to man has long be5 recognis$1 mo/ ( ! animal adjectives h a d]ogatory s5se4 #aje ,x 0 f> o!rwise ) primitive man1 :o fir/ recognis$ ! exi/5ce ( ! qualities mo/ necess>y to him1 z /r5g?1 c\rage1 swiftness1 sagacity1 cunn+ & endurance1 z be+ display$ by c]ta9 animals 9 a great] degree ?an he possess$ !m himself4 ,birds he admir$ & v5]at$ z be+ able to rise & fly 9 ! air1 :i* he c\ld n d2 fi% = swimm+ & rema9+ "u wat] :5 he c\ld n2 :ile at ! same "t he _h n z yet p]ceiv$ t ! intellig5ce ( animals 0 9 any way inf]ior to 8 own1 & he cr$it$ _m ( !m ) ! p[] ( spee*4 ,?us c]ta9 animals 7 v5]at$ on acc\nt ( ! qualities associat$ ) !m1 & out ( !m 9 ! c\rse ( "t an?ropomorphic gods p]sonify+ ! qualities 7 evolv$4 ,! ,au/ralian aborig9es ( ! kang>oo totem1 :5 !y wi% to multiply ! numb] ( kang>oos1 g to a c]ta9 place :]e two special blocks ( /one project imm$iately "o above ! o!r f ! hillside4 ,"o is suppos$ to repres5t an 'old man' kang>oo & ! o!r a female4 ,! /ones are rubb$ & !n pa9t$ ) alt]nate r$ & :ite /ripes1 ! r$ /ripes repres5t+ ! r$ fur ( ! kang>oos1 & ! :ite ones its bones4 ,aft] do+ ?is "s ( !m op5 ve9s 9 _! arms & all[ ! blood to spurt ov] ! /ones4 ,! o!r m5 s+ *ants ref]r+ to ! increase 9 ! numb]s ( ! kang>oos1 & !y suppose t ?is c]emony w actually result 9 produc+ an increas$ numb] ( kang>oos & h5ce an additional supply ( food4 #ajf ,"h ! inf]5ce seems to be t ! /ones repres5t ! c5tre or focus ( ! life ( kang>oos1 & :5 !y are quick5$ by ! pa9t+1 & ! supply ( blood1 !y w manife/ _! creative activity & increase ! kang>oos4 ,if we suppose t "s simil> /one exi/$ on ! ,acropolis & 0 consid]$ by ! owl clan z ! c5tre ( ! life ( ! owls :i* frequ5t$ ! hill1 !n :5 ! art ( sculpture _h made "s progress1 & ! sup]iority ( ! human =m & intellect began to be appreh5d$1 if a sculptor c>v$ ! /one into ! semblance ( a human be+1 ! goddess ,a!na w\ld be born4 #ee4 ,primitive language4 ,x has be5 se5 t primitive man consid]$ ! life & qualities to be di/ribut$ equally ov] ! body 9 a physical s5se1 s t !y =m$ "p ( ! sub/ance & fle%4 ,! same view ext5d$ ev5 to in/rum5tal qualities or functions1 s9ce 8 m5tal p[]s & vision 7 necess>ily limit$ by 8 language4 ,language mu/ app>5tly h begun by po9t+ at animals or plants & mak+ "s s\nd1 probably at fir/ an imitation ( ! cry or o!r *>act]i/ic ( ! animal1 :i* came to connote x4 ,we h to suppose t language 0 at ! comm5cem5t a help 9 ! /ruggle = life1 because o!rwise m51 z yet b>ely em]g$ f ! animal /age1 w\ld nev] h made ! pa9ful m5tal ef=ts necess>y to devise & rememb] ! words4 ,words :i* w\ld be di/9ctly advantage\s 9 ! /ruggle w\ld be names = ! animals & plants :i* !y ate1 & = ! animals :i* ate !m4 ,by say+ ! "n & po9t+ 9 any direction1 ! pres5ce ( su* animals or plants 9 ! vic9ity w\ld be intimat$ m quickly & m accurately ?an by signs or actions4 ,su* names 7 !n1 x may be suppos$1 ! fir/ words4 ,animals or plants ( :i* !y made no use nor f :i* !y appreh5d$ any dang]1 w\ld = long be simply disreg>d$1 z no?+ 0 to be ga9$ by inv5t+ names = !m4 ,! fir/ words 7 all n\ns & ! names ( visible objects1 & ?is /ate ( ?+s probably cont9u$ = a long p]iod & 0 ! cause ( _m errone\s primitive conceptions & ideas4 ,"s traces ( ! e>lie/ =m ( language c /ill be disc]n$4 ,?us ( ,santali ,sir ,g4 ,gri]son /ates3 ,e ^w c p]=m ! function ( a v]b1 & e v]bal =m c1 accord+ to circum/ances1 be consid]$ z a n\n1 an adjective or a v]b4 ,x is (t5 simply a matt] ( conv5i5ce :i* ^w is consid]$ z a n\n & :i* z an adjective 444 ,/rictly speak+1 9 ,santali !re is no real v]b z di/9ct f ! o!r classes ( words4 ,e indep5d5t ^w c p]=m ! function ( a v]b1 & e v]bal =m c 9 its turn be us$ z a n\n or adjective4 #ajg ,& ( ! ,dravidian languages he says3 ,! g5itive ( ord9>y n\ns is 9 reality an adjective1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 n\ns & adjectives is ( no great importance 444 ,_m cases are bo? n\ns & v]bs4 ,n\ns ( ag5cy are v commonly us$ z v]bs4 #ajh ,?us if x be admitt$ t n\ns prec$$ v]bs z p>ts ( spee*1 :i* w h>dly be disput$1 ^! passages %[ h[ ! semi-ab/ract adjectives & v]bs 7 gradually =m$ f ! names ( concrete n\ns4 ,( ! language ( ! n[ ext9ct ,tasmanian aborig9es x is /at$3 ,_! spee* 0 s imp]fectly con/itut$ t !re 0 no settl$ ord] or arrangem5t ( words 9 ! s5t5ce1 ! s5se be+ ek$ out by face1 mann] & ge/ure1 s t !y c\ld sc>cely conv]se 9 ! d>k1 & all int]c\rse _h to cease ) nightfall4 ,ab/ract =ms sc>cely exi/$1 & :ile e gum-tree or wattle-tree _h its "n1 !re 0 no ^w = 'tree' 9 g5]al1 nor = qualities su* z h>d1 s(t1 hot1 cold1 etc4 ,any?+ h>d 0 'l a /one1' any?+ r\nd 'l ! moon1' & s on1 ! speak] suit+ ! action to ! ^w1 & supplem5t+ ! mean+ to be und]/ood by "s ge/ure4 #aji ,"h ! orig9al concrete =m ( language c be cle>ly disc]n$4 ,!y _h a suffici5cy ( names = all ! objects :i* 7 ( use to !m1 & app>5tly v]bal ideas 7 l>gely convey$ by ge/ure4 ,capta9 ,=sy? /ates #aaj t ?\gh ! ,korkus v seldom wa% !mselves1 !re exi/ 9 _! language eight words = wa%+1 "o = wa%+ ! face1 ano!r = ! h&s & o!rs = diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,?us we see t ! v]bal idea ( wa%+ 0 orig9ally conceiv$ n g5]ally1 b sep>ately ) ref]5ce to ea* concrete object or n\n1 = :i* a "n exi/$ & to :i* wat] 0 appli$4 #ef4 ,concrete nature ( primitive ideas4 ,! primitive languages consi/$ only ( n\ns or ! names ( visible objects1 possibly ) ! subsequ5t addition ( a few names = su* conceptions z ! w9d & ! voice1 :i* c\ld be he>d1 b n se54 ,!re 7 no ab/ract nor semi-ab/ract t]ms nor p>ts ( spee*4 ,! result+ inability to realise any ab/ract conception & ! t5d5cy to make ev]y?+ concrete is a pr9cipal & sali5t *>act]i/ic ( e?nology & primitive religion4 #aaa ,all actions are judg$ by _! concrete aspect or effects & n by ! motives :i* prompt$ !m1 nor ! results :i* !y produce4 ,= a ,h9du to let a c[ die ) a rope r\nd its neck is a grave ca/e (f5ce1 app>5tly because an indignity is ?us (f]$ to ! sacr$ animal1 b x is no (f5ce to let a c[ />ve to dea?4 ,a girl may be m>ri$ to inanimate objects z already se51 or to an old man or a relative )\t any int5tion t %e %all live ) him z a wife1 b simply s t %e may be m>ri$ be=e rea*+ pub]ty4 ,if %e goes ?r\gh ! c]emony ( m>riage %e is held to be m>ri$4 ,yet ! motive = infant-m>riage is held to be t a girl %\ld beg9 to be> *ildr5 z soon z %e is physically capable ( do+ s1 & su* a m>riage is useless f ?is po9t ( view4 ,"s ca/es :o _c af=d to burn a corpse hold a light$ br& to x or k9dle a little fire on ! grave & consid] ?is equival5t to cremation4 ,promises are consid]$ z concrete2 among "s ,h9dus promises are ti$ up 9 knots ( clo?1 & :5 !y are dis*>g$ ! knots are unti$4 ,mr4 ,s4,c4 ,roy says ( ! ,oraons3 ,contracts are ev5 to ?is day g5]ally n writt5 b act$4 ,?us a lease ( l& is made by ! lessor h&+ ov] a clod ( e>? 7:i* symbolises l&7 to ! lessee2 a contract ( sale ( cattle is ent]$ into by h&+ ov] to ! buy] a few blades ( grass 7:i* symbolise s _m heads ( cattle72 a contract ( paym5t ( bride-price is made by ! bridegroom's fa!r or o!r relative h&+ ov] a numb] ( b>is or small cakes ( pulse 7:i* symbolise s _m rupees7 to ! bride's fa!r or o!r relative2 & a contract ( s]vice is made by ! mi/ress ( ! h\se ano9t+ ! head ( ! int5d$ s]vant ) oil1 & mak+ a pres5t ( a few pice1 & ent]ta9+ him to a fea/1 ?us signify+ t he w\ld receive food1 lodg+ & "s pay4 #aab ,?us an ab/ract agreem5t is n consid]$ suffici5t = a contract2 9 ea* case x mu/ be ratifi$ by a concrete act4 ,! divisions ( "t are consid]$ 9 a concrete s5se4 ,! =tnight or ,nak%atra is presid$ ov] by its con/ellation1 & ?is is held to be a nymph or goddess1 :o controls ev5ts dur+ its c\rse4 ,simil>ly1 z %[n 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #aac _m k9ds ( new ent]prises %\ld be begun 9 ! =tnight ( ! wax+ moon1 n 9 t ( ! wan+ moon4 ,days are also ?\ght to be concrete & gov]n$ by _! planets1 & f ?is idea come all ! sup]/itions ab\t lucky & unlucky days4 ,if a day _h be5 f ! beg9n+ realis$ z a simple division ( "t no su* sup]/itions c\ld exi/4 ,ev5ts1 s f> z !y are conceiv$ (1 are also consid]$ 9 a concrete s5se4 ,! reason :y om5s 7 s (t5 drawn f birds #aad is p]haps t birds fly f a di/ance & h5ce are able to see com+ ev5ts on _! way2 & ! h>e & donkey 7 important animals ( augury1 p]haps because1 on acc\nt ( _! long e>s1 !y 7 cr$it$ ) abnormally acute he>+1 :i* w\ld enable !m to he> ! s\nd ( com+ ev5ts be=e ord9>y p4 ,! prov]b ',com+ ev5ts ca/ _! %ad[s be=e1' appe>s to be a survival ( ?is mode ( belief1 z x is obvi\s t t :i* has no sub/ance _c ca/ a %ad[4 ,! :ole category ( sup]/itions ab\t ! evil eye arises f ! belief t ! glance ( ! eye is a concrete ?+ :i* /rikes ! p]son or object t[>ds :i* x is direct$ l a d>t4 ,! !ory t ! injury is caus$ ?r\gh ! malice or envy ( ! p]son ca/+ ! evil eye seems to be d]ivative & explanatory4 ,if a /rang]'s glance falls on ! food ( a ,ramanuji ,brahman :ile x is be+ cook$1 ! food becomes pollut$ & mu/ be buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,"h x is cle> t ! glance ( ! eye is equival5t to real contact ( "s "p ( ! /rang]'s body1 :i* w\ld pollute ! food4 ,9 ask+ = leave 9 ord] to nurse 8 bro!r :o 0 s]i\sly ill b c\ld obta9 no advantage f m$ical treatm5t1 a ,h9du cl]k expla9$ t ! sick man _h be5 pi]c$ by ! evil glance ( "s woman4 #eg4 ,words & names concrete4 ,simil>ly words 7 consid]$ to h a concrete =ce1 s t ! m]e repetition ( words produc$ an effect analog\s to _! s5se4 ,! purely me*anical repetition ( pray]s 0 held to be a virtu\s act1 & ?is idea 0 c>ri$ to ! mo/ absurd l5g? 9 ! ,buddhi/'s pray+-:eel1 :]e m]it 0 acquir$ by caus+ ! :eel ) pray]s inscrib$ on its surface to revolve 9 a wat]fall4 ,! we>+ ( /rips ( pap]1 conta9+ sacr$ texts1 z amulets on ! body is bas$ on ?is belief1 & "s ,muhammadans w wa% (f ! ink f pap] conta9+ a v]se ( ! ,koran & dr9k ! mixture "u ! impression t x w d !m good4 ,"h ! belief 9 ! concrete virtue & sub/ance ( ! writt5 ^w is v cle>4 ,! ,h9dus ?9k t ! cont9u$ repetition ( ! ,gayatri or sacr$ pray] to ! sun is a means ( acquir+ virtue1 & ! pray] is p]sonifi$ z a goddess4 ,! enunciation ( ! sacr$ syllable ,aum or ,om is suppos$ to h ! mo/ p[]ful results4 ,hom]'s phrase 'w+$ words' p]haps recalls ! p]iod :5 ! words 7 consid]$ z physical entities :i* actually travell$ ?r\gh ! air f ! speak] to ! he>] & 7 call$ w+$ because !y w5t s fa/4 ,a ,korku clan has ! "n lobo :i* means a piece ( clo?4 ,b ! ^w lobo also signifies 'to leak4' ,if a p]son says a s5t5ce conta9+ ! ^w lobo 9 ei!r signification be=e a memb] ( ! clan :ile he is eat+1 he w ?r[ away ! food be=e him z if x 7 contam9at$ & prep>e a meal afre%4 ,"h x is cle> t ! ,korku pays no reg>d to ! s5se b solely to ! ^w or s\nd4 ,?is belief 9 ! concrete =ce ( words has _h ! mo/ important effects bo? 9 law & religion4 ,! e>lie/ codes ( law 7 held to be comm&s ( ! god & claim$ ob$i5ce on ?is gr\nd4 ,! b9d+ =ce ( ! law re/$ 9 ! words & n 9 ! s5se because ! words 7 held to be ^? ( ! god & to p>take ( 8 div9e nature4 ,9 anci5t ,rome ! citiz5 _h to take c>e to "k ! words ( ! law & to /ate !m exactly4 ,if he us$ "o wrong ^w ! law gave him no assi/ance4 ,gaius tells a /ory ( a man ^: neighb\r _h cut 8 v9es2 ! facts 7 cle>2 he /at$ ! law apply+ to 8 case1 b he said v9es1 :]eas ! law said trees2 he lo/ 8 suit4 #aae ,! div9e virtue atta*$ to ! sacr$ books ( diff]5t religions re/s on ! same belief4 ,frequ5tly ! books !mselves are wor%ipp$1 & x 0 held t !y c\ld n be translat$ because ! sanctity resid$ 9 ! actual words & w\ld be lo/ if o!r words 7 us$4 ,! efficacy ( spells & invocations seems to dep5d ma9ly on ?is belief 9 ! concrete p[] ( words4 ,if "o kn[s an efficaci\s =m ( words connot+ a /ate ( physical facts & repeats x ) ! prop] accessory conditions1 !n t /ate ( facts is actually caus$ to exi/2 & if "o kn[s a man's "n & calls on him ) a =m ( words efficaci\s to compel att5dance1 he has to come & 8 _s c simil>ly be summon$ f ! dead4 ,:5 a ,malay wi%es to kill an enemy he makes an image ( ! man1 transfixes or o!rwise injures x1 & buries x on ! pa? ov] :i* ! enemy w tread4 ,z he buries x ) ! impression t he w !reby cause ! enemy to die & likewise be buri$1 he says3 ,x is n ,i :o am bury+ him1 ,x is ,gabriel :o is bury+ him1 & ?9ks t ! repetition ( ^! words produces ! /ate ( facts :i* !y d5ote s t ! guilt ( ! murd] is remov$ f 8 own %\ld]s to ^? ( ! ar*angel ,gabriel4 ,simil>ly :5 he has kill$ a de] & wi%es to be free f ! guilt ( 8 action1 or z he calls x to ca/ out ! mis*ief f ! de]1 he says3 ,x is n ,i :o ca/ out ^! mis*iefs1 ,x is ,mi*ael :o ca/s !m out4 ,x is n ,i :o ca/ out ^! mis*iefs1 ,x is ,israfel :o ca/s !m out1 & s on1 free+ himself 9 ! same mann] f responsibility = ! dea? ( ! de]4 #aaf ,names also are reg>d$ z concrete4 ,primitive man c\ld n reg>d a "n z an ab/ract appellation1 b ?\ght ( x z "p ( ! p]son or ?+ to :i* x 0 appli$ & z conta9+ "p ( 8 life1 l 8 hair1 spittle & ! re/ ( 8 body4 ,he w\ld h us$ names = a long p]iod be=e he _h any ^w = a "n1 & 8 fir/ idea ( ! "n z a "p ( ! sub/antive body to :i* x is appli$ has surviv$ a m correct appreciation4 ,?us if "o knew a p]son's "n "o c\ld injure him by work+ evil on x & ! "p ( 8 life conta9$ 9 x1 j z "o c\ld injure him ?r\gh ! clipp+s ( 8 hair1 8 spittle1 clo!s or ! e>? press$ by 8 foot4 ,?is is ! reason = ! common cu/om ( hav+ two names1 "o ( :i*1 ! true "n1 is kept secret & only us$ on c]emonial occasions :5 x is ess5tial1 z at a w$d+1 :ile ! o!r is employ$ = ev]yday life4 ,! latt]1 n be+ ! man's true "n1 does n conta9 "p ( 8 life1 & h5ce !re is no h>m 9 lett+ an enemy "k x4 ,simil>ly ! ,h9dus ?9k t a *ild's "n %\ld n be repeat$ at night1 le/ an owl might he> x1 :5 ?is bird c\ld injure ! *ild ?r\gh its "n1 j z if x got hold ( a piece ( clo? worn or soil$ by ! *ild4 ,! practice ( euphemism re/s on ?is belief1 z x 0 ?\ght t if a p]son's "n 0 said & a "p ( him 0 ?us caus$ to be pres5t ! re/ w\ld probably foll[4 ,h5ce ! rule ( avoid+ ! use ( ! names ( p]sons or ?+s ( :i* "o does n desire ! pres5ce4 ,?us ,sir ,e4,b4 ,tylor says3 ,! ,dayak w n speak ( ! smallpox by "n1 b w call x ',! ,*ief1' or ',jungle leaves1' or say1 ',has ,he left y8' ,! euphemism ( call+ ! ,furies ! ,eum5ides1 or ',graci\s ,ones1' is ! /ock illu/ration ( ?is feel+1 & ! euphemisms = fairies & = ! devil are too famili> to quote4 #aag ,simil>ly ! "n ( a god 0 consid]$ z "p ( him & h5ce p>tak+ ( 8 div9e nature4 ,x 0 ?us s pot5t t x c\ld n be m5tion$ on ord9>y occasions or by common p]sons4 ,allah is only an epi!t = ! "n ( ,god among ! ,muhammadans & 8 ,true or ,great ,"n is secret4 ,^? :o "k x h p[] ov] all creat$ ?+s4 ,cle>ly !n ! div9e p[] is held to reside 9 ! "n itself4 ,! concealm5t ( ! "n ( ! tutel>y deity ( ,rome1 = divulg+ :i* ,val]ius ,soranus is said to h paid ! p5alty ( dea?1 is a case 9 po9t4 #aah ,sir ,e4,b4 ,tylor gives _m o!r int]e/+ examples ( ! above ideas & po9ts out ! connection cle>ly exi/+ 9 ! savage m9d betwe5 ! "n & ! object to :i* x is appli$4 ,! ,muhammadans ?9k t ,solomon's "n is v efficaci\s = ca/+ out devils & evil spirits4 ,! practice ( nam+ *ildr5 aft] gods or by ! epi!ts or titles appli$ to ! div9e be+1 or aft] ! names ( sa9ts1 appe>s to be due to ! belief t su* names1 by reason ( _! association ) ! god or sa9t1 acquire a "p ( 8 div9e life & virtue1 :i* :5 giv5 to *ildr5 ! names w 9 turn convey to !m4 #aai ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a ,h9du "m is afraid le/ h] *ild may die1 %e sometimes gives x an opprobri\s "n z dirt1 rubbi%1 sweep+s1 or sold = "o or two c[ries1 s t ! evil spirits :o take ! lives ( *ildr5 may be deceiv$ by ! "n & ?9k t su* a valueless *ild is n wor? hav+4 ,! voice 0 also held to be concrete4 ,! position ( ! ,roman tribune 0 peculi>1 z he 0 n a magi/rate *os5 by div9e au?ority & h5ce c\ld n summon p to 8 c\rt2 b ! tribune _h be5 d$icat$ to ! city gods1 & 8 p]son 0 sacrosanct4 ,he c\ld !re=e lay h&s on a man1 & once ! tribune t\*$ him1 ! man 0 held to be 9 ! magi/rate's p[]1 & b\nd to obey him4 ,?is rule ext5d$ ev5 to ^? :o 7 )9 he>+ ( 8 voice2 any "o1 ev5 a patrician or consul1 :o he>d ! tribune's voice 0 compell$ to obey him4 ,9 ?is case x is cle> t ! voice & spok5 words 7 held to be concrete1 & to %>e 9 ! sanctity atta*+ to ! body4 #abj ,:5 primitive man c\ld n ?9k ( a "n z an ab/raction b _h to ?9k ( x z an actual "p ( ! body & life ( ! p]son or visible object to :i* x belong$1 x w be realis$ h[ impossible x 0 = him dur+ a long p]iod to conceive ( any ab/ract idea1 :i* 0 only a ^w )\t visible or corporal reality4 #eh4 ,! s\l or _s4 ,?us he c\ld n at fir/ h _h any conception ( a s\l or _s1 :i* is an unse5 ?+4 ,savages g5]ally may h evolv$ ! conception ( a s\l or _s z an explanation ( dreams1 accord+ to ! view tak5 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,clodd 9 ,my?s & ,dreams1 #aba ,mr4 ,clodd %[s t dreams 7 necess>ily & inv>iably consid]$ z real ev5ts1 & x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise1 z primitive man w\ld h be5 unable to conceive ! ab/ract idea ( a vision or fantasy4 ,& s9ce dur+ dreams ! body rema9$ immobile & quiesc5t1 x 0 ?\ght t ! _s inside ! body left x & travell$ indep5d5tly4 ,h5ce ! reluctance (t5 ev9c$ to wak+ a sleep] sudd5ly f fe> le/ ! abs5t _s might n h "t to return to ! body be=e its awak5+ & h5ce ! man might die4 ,savages1 n hav+ ! conception ( lik5ess or simil>ity1 #abb w\ld confuse dea? & sleep1 because ! appe>ance ( ! body is simil> 9 dea? & 9 sleep4 ,leg5ds ( ! type ( ,rip ,van ,w9kle & ! ,sleep+ ,beauty1 & ( h]oes l ,k+ ,ar?ur & ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa ly+ asleep ?r\gh ! c5turies 9 "s remote cave or o!r hid+-place1 f :i* !y w "o day issue =? to reg5]ate ! _w1 p]petuate ! primitive id5tification ( dea? & sleep4 ,& ! belief long prevail$ t aft] dea? ! s\l or _s rema9$ ) ! body 9 ! place :]e x lay1 leav+ ! body & return+ to x z ! _s 0 held to d 9 sleep4 ,! _s 0 also ?\ght to be able to quit ! body & ent] any o!r body1 bo? dur+ life & aft] dea?2 mo/ ( ! beliefs 9 _s-possession & _m ( ^? ab\t ! p[] ( wit*es arise f ?is view4 ,! s\l or _s 0 commonly conceiv$ ( 9 concrete =m2 ! ,egyptians1 ,greeks & ,h9dus ?\ght ( x z a little mannik9 inside ! body4 ,aft] dea? ! ,h9dus (t5 break ! skull 9 ord] to all[ ! s\l to escape4 ,(t5 an insect or a /one is ?\ght to h>b\r ! _s4 ,z %[n by ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor 9 ,primitive ,culture1 #abc ! brea?1 ! %ad[ & ! pupil ( ! eye 7 sometimes held to be or to repres5t ! s\l or _s4 ,disembodi$ spirits are imprison$ 9 a tree or hole by driv+ nails into ! tree or gr\nd to conf9e !m & prev5t _! exit4 ,:5 a man di$ accid5tally or a woman 9 *ildbir? & fe> 0 felt t _! spirits might annoy or injure ! liv+1 a /ake might be driv5 ?r\gh ! body or a cairn ( /ones pil$ ov] x 9 ord] to keep ! gho/ d[n & prev5t x f ris+ & walk+4 ,! g5ii ( ! ,arabian ,nights 7 imprison$ 9 seal$ bottles1 & :5 ! bottle 0 op5$ !y appe>$ 9 a cl\d ( vap\r4 ,!re seems e reason to suppose1 z ! same au?or sugge/s1 t man fir/ ?\ght he _h a _s himself & z a consequ5ce held t animals1 plants & inanimate objects also conta9$ spirits4 ,because ! belief t ! human body _h a _s c easily be acc\nt$ =1 b !re seems to be no valid reason :y man %\ld h ?\ght t all o!r visible objects also conta9$ spirits1 except t at ! p]iod :5 he conceiv$ ( ! exi/5ce ( a s\l or _s he /ill held !m to be possess$ ( life & self-consci\s volition l himself4 ,b c]ta9 beliefs1 su* z ! univ]sal exi/5ce ( life1 & ( its di/ribution all ov] ! body & transmission by contact & eat+1 ! common life ( ! species1 & possibly totemism itself1 appe> to h be5 pre-animi/ic or prior to any conception ( or belief 9 a s\l or _s ei!r 9 man himself or 9 nature4 #ei4 ,! tranmission ( qualities4 ,primitive man ?\ght t ! life & all qualities1 m5tal & physical1 7 equally di/ribut$ ov] ! body z "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! fle%4 ,he ?us came to ?9k t !y c\ld be transf]r$ f "o body or sub/ance to ano!r 9 two ways3 ei!r by contact ( ! two bodies or sub/ances1 or by ! eat+ or assimilation ( "o by ! o!r4 ,! transmission ( qualities by contact c\ld be indicat$ ?r\gh simply say+ ! two names ( ! objects 9 contact toge!r1 & transmission by eat+ ?r\gh say+ ! two names ) a ge/ure ( eat+4 ,?us if "o ate a piece ( tig]'s fle%1 "o assimilat$ an equival5t am\nt ( /r5g?1 f]ocity1 cruelty1 yell[ness1 & any o!r qualities :i* might be attribut$ to ! tig]4 ,w>riors & y\?s are sometimes =bidd5 to eat de]'s fle% because x w make !m timid1 b !y are enc\rag$ to eat ! fle% ( tig]s1 be>s1 & o!r f]oci\s animals1 because x w make !m brave4 ,! ,gonds1 if !y wi% a *ild to be a good danc]1 cause x to eat ! fle% ( a k9d ( hawk1 :i* hangs gracefully pois$ ov] ! wat]1 ) its w+s cont9ually flapp+1 on ! look-out = its prey4 ,!y ?9k t by eat+ ! fle% ! limbs ( ! *ild w become supple l ! w+s ( ! bird4 ,if a *ild is sl[ 9 le>n+ to speak1 !y give x to eat ! leaves ( ! pipal tree1 :i* ru/le cont9ually 9 ! w9d & are h5ce suppos$ to h ! quality ( mak+ a noise4 ,all qualities1 objective & in/rum5tal1 7 conceiv$ ( 9 ! same mann]1 because 9 ! abs5ce ( v]bs or ab/ract t]ms _! prop] relation to ! subject & object c\ld n be /at$ or und]/ood4 ,?us if a woman's lab\r 9 *ild-bir? is prolong$ %e is giv5 to dr9k wat] 9 :i* ! *>r$ wood ( a tree /ruck by lightn+ has be5 dipp$4 ,"h x is cle> t ! quality ( swiftness is held to h be5 convey$ by ! lightn+ to ! wood1 by ! wood to ! wat]1 & by ! wat] to ! woman1 s z to give h] a swift deliv]y4 ,by a simil> tra9 ( reason+ %e is giv5 to dr9k ! wat] ( a swiftly-fl[+ /ream :i* ?us has ! quality ( swiftness1 or wat] p\r$ ?r\gh a gun-b>rel 9 :i* ! f\l+ ( a bullet is left4 ,"h ! quality ( swiftness app]ta9+ to ! bullet is convey$ by ! soil+ to ! b>rel & !nce to ! wat] & to ! woman :o dr9ks ! wat]4 ,9 ! above cases all ! transf]s except t to ! woman are by contact4 ,! belief 9 ! transf] ( qualities by contact may h aris5 f ! s5sations ( ! body & sk91 to :i* heat1 cold & moi/ure are communicat$ by contact4 ,x 0 appli$ to e k9d ( quality4 ,a famili> in/ance is ! wor%ip ( ! m>ks on rocks or /one :i* are held to be ! footpr9ts left by a god4 ,"h a "p ( ! god's div9e virtue & p[] has be5 communicat$ ?r\gh ! sole ( 8 foot to ! rock d5t$ by ! latt]4 ,t\*+ = ! k+'s evil 0 ano!r famili> case1 :5 x 0 ?\ght t a fraction ( ! k+'s div9e life & virtue 0 communicat$ by contact to ! p]son t\*$ & cur$ him ( 8 ailm5t4 ,! we>+ ( amulets :]e ^! consi/ ( p>ts ( ! bodies ( animals is bas$ on ! same belief4 ,:5 a man we>s on 8 p]son ! claws ( a tig] 9 an amulet1 he ?9ks t ! claws be+ ! tig]'s pr9cipal weapon ( (f5ce conta9 a conc5trat$ "p ( 8 /r5g?1 & t ! we>] ( ! claws w acquire "s ( ?is by contact4 ,! ,gonds c>ry ! %\ld]-bone ( a tig]1 or eat ! p[d]$ bone-du/1 9 ord] to acquire /r5g?4 ,! same tra9 ( reason+ applies to ! we>+ ( ! hair ( a be>1 a common amulet 9 ,india1 ! hair be+ (t5 consid]$ z ! special seat ( /r5g?4 #abd ,! :ole practice ( we>+ ornam5ts ( ! preci\s metals & preci\s /ones appe>s to h be5 orig9ally due to ! same motive1 z %[n 9 ! article on ,sun>4 ,if ! ,gonds want a *ild to become fat1 !y put x 9 a pig/y or a place :]e asses h roll$1 s t x may acquire by contact ! quality ( fatness belong+ to ! pigs or asses4 ,if !y wi% to bre$ qu>rels 9 an enemy's h\se1 !y put ! se$s ( ! amaltas or ! quills ( ! porcup9e 9 ! ?at* ( ! ro(4 ,! se$s 9 ! dri$ pods ( ?is tree rattle 9 ! w9d1 :ile ! fretful porcup9e raises its quills :5 angry4 ,h5ce ! se$s w imp>t ! quality ( noise to ! h\se1 s t its inmates w be noisy1 :ile ! quills ( ! porcup9e w simil>ly bre$ /rife betwe5 !m4 ,! effects produc$ by weapons & in/rum5ts are ?\ght ( 9 ! same mann]4 ,we say t an arr[ is %ot f a b[ ) su* =ce z to p5etrate ! body & cause a w\nd4 ,! savage c\ld n ?9k or speak 9 ?is way1 because he _h no v]bs & c\ld n ?9k ( n\ns 9 ! objective case4 ,he ?\ght ( ! arr[ z an animate ?+ hav+ a cutt+ or pi]c+ quality4 ,:5 plac$ 9 a suitable position to ex]cise its p[]s1 x flew1 ( its own volition1 ?r\gh ! air to ! t>get1 & communicat$ to x by contact "s ( ! above quality4 ,! idea is m easily realis$ 9 ! case ( balls1 pieces ( bone or o!r missiles ?r[n by magicians4 ,"h ! p]son :om x is int5d$ to injure may be miles away1 s t ! object c\ld n possibly /rike him m]ely ?r\gh ! =ce imp>t$ to x by ! ?r[]4 ,b :5 ! magician has said *>ms ov] ! missile1 communicat+ to x ! p[] & desire to d 8 w1 he ?r[s x 9 ! prop] direction & savages believe t x w g ( its own accord to ! p]son aga9/ :om x is aim$ & p5etrate 8 body4 ,to pret5d to suck pieces ( bone out ( ! body1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 propell$ into ! victim by an enemy1 is "o ( ! commone/ magical me?ods ( cur+ an illness4 ,! foll[+ in/ances ( ?is idea are tak5 f ! admirable collection 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh #abe3 7,9 ,suffolk7 if a man cuts himself ) a bill-hook or a scy! he always takes c>e to keep ! weapon bright1 & oils x to prev5t ! w\nd f fe/]+4 ,if he runs a ?orn or1 z he calls x1 a bu% into 8 h&1 he oils or greases ! extract$ ?orn4 ,a man came to a doctor ) an inflam$ h&1 hav+ run a ?orn into x :ile he 0 h$g+4 ,on be+ told t ! h& 0 fe/]+1 he rem>k$3 ',t didn't ought to1 = ,i greas$ ! bu% well aft] ,i pull$ x out' ,if a horse w\nds its foot by tread+ on a nail1 a ,suffolk groom w inv>iably pres]ve ! nail1 clean x & grease x e day to prev5t ! w\nd f fe/]+4 ,"h ! heat & fe/]+ ( ! w\nds are held to be qualities ( ! axe1 ?orn or nail1 :i* h be5 communicat$ to ! p]son or animal w\nd$ by contact4 ,if ^! qualities ( ! in/rum5t are r$uc$ by clean+ & oil+ x1 !n t portion ( !m communicat$ to ! w\nd1 :i* 0 orig9ally held to be a sev]$ "p ( ! life & qualities ( ! in/rum5t1 w simil>ly be made cool & easy4 ,x is n probable t ! p ( ,suffolk really believe ?is at pres5t1 b !y reta9 ! me?od ( treatm5t aris+ f ! belief )\t be+ able to expla9 x4 ,simil>ly ! ,h9dus mu/ h ?\ght t ! results produc$ by ! tools ( artisans work+ on mat]ials1 & by ! pl\gh on ! e>?1 7 communicat$ by ^! in/rum5ts volitionally ?r\gh contact2 & ?is is :y !y wor%ip once or twice a ye> ! implem5ts ( _! pr(ession z ! giv]s ( ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,all ! /ories ( magic swords1 axes1 imp5etrable %ields1 s&als1 lamps1 c>pets & s on orig9ally arose f ! same belief4 #fj4 ,! faculty ( c\nt+4 ,confusion ( ! individual & ! species4 ,b primitive man n only consid]$ ! body z a homog5e\s mass ) ! life & qualities di/ribut$ equally ov] x4 ,he fur!r1 x may be sugge/$1 did n di/+ui% betwe5 ! individual & ! species4 ,! reason = ?is 0 t he c\ld n c\nt1 & _h no idea ( numb]s4 ,! faculty ( c\nt+ appe>s to h be5 acquir$ v late4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gillan rem>k ( ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia3 #abf ,:ile 9 matt]s su* z track+1 :i* are conc]n$ ) _! ev]yday life1 & ^u effici5cy 9 :i* !y actually dep5d = _! livelihood1 ! natives %[ conspicu\s ability1 !re are o!r directions 9 :i* !y are z conspicu\sly defici5t4 ,?is is p]haps %[n mo/ cle>ly 9 ! matt] ( c\nt+4 ,at ,alice ,spr+s !y occasionally c\nt1 sometimes us+ _! f+]s 9 do+ s1 up to five1 b frequ5tly any?+ beyond f\r is indicat$ by ! ^w oknira1 mean+ 'mu*' or 'great4' ,"o is n9?a1 two ?rama or !ra1 ?ree mapit*a1 f\r !ranka!ra1 five !ranka!ra-n9?a4 ,! =m ( ^! words is int]e/+1 because x is cle> t ! ^w = f\r is two & two1 or twice two1 & ! ^w = five is two & two & "o4 ,^! words indicate ! prolong$ & pa9ful ef=ts :i* mu/ h be5 necess>y to c\nt z f> z five1 & ?is ?\gh 9 o!r respects ! ,au/ralian natives %[ sub/antial m5tal developm5t1 hav+ a mo/ complicat$ sy/em ( exogamy1 & sometimes two p]sonal names = ea* individual4 ,aga91 ! ,&amanese isl&]s1 despite ! extraord9>y complexity ( _! agglut9ative language1 h no names = ! num]als beyond two4 #abg ,x is said t ! ,majhw> tribe c only c\nt up to ?ree1 :ile among ! ,bhatras ! qualification = be+ a village a/rolog]1 :o =etells ! "* ( ! ra9fall & gives auspici\s days = s[+ & h>ve/1 is ! ability to c\nt a c]ta9 numb] ( po/s4 ,! a/rolog]'s title is ,m$a ,gantia1 or ,c\nt] ( ,po/s4 ,! above facts demon/rate t c\nt+ is a faculty acquir$ ) difficulty aft] consid]able m5tal progress1 & primitive man app>5tly did n feel ! necessity = x4 #abh ,b if he c\ld n c\nt1 x seems a prop] d$uction t 8 eye w\ld n di/+ui% a numb] ( animals ( ! same species toge!r1 because ! ability to d ?is1 & to appraise di/9ct individuals ( l appe>ance appe>s to dep5d ultimately on ! faculty ( c\nt+4 ,major ,h5dley1 a doctor & !re=e a skill$ obs]v]1 /ates t ! ,bhils 7 unable to di/+ui% col\rs or to c\nt numb]s1 app>5tly on acc\nt ( _! want ( words to express !mselves4 #abi ,n[ x seems cle>ly m easy = ! eye to discrim9ate betwe5 oppos+ col\rs ?an to di/+ui% a numb] ( individuals ( ! same species toge!r4 ,!re are a few ?+s :i* we /ill _c c\nt1 su* z ! blades ( grass1 ! e>s ( corn1 drops ( ra91 sn[flakes1 & hail/ones4 ,all ( ^! ?+s are /ill spok5 ( 9 ! s+ul>1 ?\gh ?is is well kn[n to be sci5tifically incorrect4 ,we say an expanse ( grass1 a field ( corn1 & s on1 z if ! grass & corn 7 all "o plant in/ead ( an innum]able quantity ( plants4 ,app>5tly :5 primitive man saw a numb] ( animals or trees ( ! same species toge!r1 ! effect on him mu/ h be5 exactly ! same z t ( a field ( grass or corn on u4 ,he c\ld be consci\s only ( an indef9ite s5se ( magnitude4 ,b he did n "k1 z we d 9 ! cases cit$1 t ! objects he saw 7 really a collection ( di/9ct individuals4 ,he w\ld naturally consid] !m z all "o1 j z *ildr5 w\ld ?9k a field ( grass or corn to be "o great plant until !y 7 told o!rwise4 ,b !re 0 no "o to tell him1 nor any means by :i* he c\ld f9d out 8 mi/ake4 ,he _h no plural numb]1 & no def9ite or indef9ite articles4 ,:e!r he saw "o or a hundr$ tig]s toge!r1 he c\ld only describe !m by ! "o ^w tig]4 ,x 0 a long "t be=e he c\ld ev5 say 'mu* tig]1' z ! ,au/ralian natives /ill h to d if !y see m animals ?an five toge!r1 & ! ,&amanese if !y see m ?an two4 ,! hypo!sis !re=e seems reasonable t at fir/ man consid]$ ea* species ( animals or plants :i* he di/+ui%$ to h a sep>ate s+le life1 ( :i* all ! individuals 7 pieces or memb]s4 ,! sep>ation ( diff]5t p>ts ( "o liv+ body pres5t$ no difficulties to 8 m9d1 s9ce1 z already se51 he believ$ ! life to cont9ue 9 sev]$ fractions ( ! human body4 ,a connection betwe5 individuals1 app>5tly bas$ on ! idea t !y h a common life1 has be5 notic$ 9 o!r cases4 ,?us at ! comm5cem5t ( ! patri>*al /ate ( society1 :5 ! *ild is believ$ to d]ive its life f its fa!r1 any c>elessness 9 ! fa!r's conduct may injuri\sly affect ! *ild4 ,sir ,e4,b4 ,tylor notes ?is among ! tribes ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,aft] ! bir? ( a *ild among ! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica ! fa!r w\ld eat no regul> cook$ food1 n suitable = *ildr51 z he fe>$ t if he did ?is 8 *ild w\ld die4 #acj ,among ! ,arawaks ( ,sur9am = "s "t aft] ! bir? ( a *ild ! fa!r mu/ fell no tree1 fire no gun1 hunt no l>ge game2 he may /ay ne> home1 %oot little birds ) a b[ & arr[1 & angle = little fi%2 b 8 "t hang+ heavy on 8 h&s ! only com=table ?+ he c d is to l\nge 9 8 hammock4 #aca ,on ano!r occasion a savage :o _h lately become a fa!r1 refus$ snuff1 ( :i* he 0 v fond1 because 8 sneez+ w\ld endang] ! life ( 8 newly-born *ild4 ,!y believ$ t any intemp]ance or c>elessness ( ! fa!r1 su* z dr9k+1 eat+ l>ge quantities ( meat1 swimm+ 9 cold wea!r1 rid+ till he 0 tir$ & sweat$1 w\ld endang] ! *ild's life1 & if ! *ild di$1 ! fa!r 0 bitt]ly reproa*$ ) hav+ caus$ its dea? by "s su* indiscretion4 #acb ,"h ! idea cle>ly seems to be t ! fa!r's & *ild's life are "o1 ! latt] be+ d]iv$ f & "p ( ! =m]4 ,! cu/om ( ! ,c\vade may !re=e p]haps be assign$ to ! e>ly patri>*al /age4 ,! fir/ belief 0 t ! *ild d]iv$ its life f its "m1 & app>5tly t ! weakness & debility ( ! "m aft] *ildbir? 7 due to ! fact t %e _h giv5 up a "p ( h] life to ! *ild4 ,:5 ! sy/em ( female desc5t *ang$ to male desc5t1 ! woman 0 tak5 f ano!r clan into h] husb&'s2 ! *ild1 be+ born 9 its fa!r's clan1 obvi\sly c\ld n draw its life f its "m1 :o 0 orig9ally ( a diff]5t clan4 ,! inf]5ce 0 t x drew its life f its fa!r2 consequ5tly ! fa!r1 hav+ p>t$ ) a "p ( 8 life to 8 *ild1 _h to imitate ! conduct ( ! "m aft] *ildbir?1 ab/a9 f any viol5t ex]tion1 & sometimes feign weakness & lie up 9 ! h\se1 s z n to place any undue /ra9 on ! sev]$ fraction ( 8 life 9 8 *ild1 :i* w\ld be simultane\sly affect$ ) 8 own1 b 0 mu* m fragile4 #fa4 ,simil>ity & id5tity4 ,aga91 primitive man _h no conception ( lik5ess or simil>ity1 nor did he realise an imitation z di/9ct f ! ?+ imitat$4 ,lik5ess or simil>ity & imitation are ab/ract ideas1 = :i* he _h no words1 & consequ5tly did n conceive ( !m4 ,& cle>ly if "o _h absolutely no t]m signify+ lik5ess or simil>ity1 & if "o wi%$ to indicate say1 t some?+ resembl$ a goat1 all "o c\ld d w\ld be to po9t at ! goat & ! object resembl+ x & say 'goat1' 'goat4' ,s9ce ! "n 0 held to be "p ( ! ?+ nam$1 su* a me?od w\ld /r5g!n ! idea t resemblance 0 equival5t to id5tity4 ,?is po9t ( view c also be obs]v$ 9 *ildr51 :o h no difficulty 9 ?9k+ t any imitation or toy model is j z good z ! object or animal imitat$1 & play+ ) x z su*4 ,ev5 to call a ?+ by ! "n ( any object is suffici5t ) *ildr5 to e/abli% its id5tity ) t object = ! purposes ( a game or mimicry1 & a l>ge "p ( *ildr5's games are bas$ on su* pret5sions4 ,!y also h n yet cle>ly grasp$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 lik5ess & id5tity1 & betwe5 an imitation ( an object & ! object itself4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! category ( sub/itut$ c]emonies & sacrifices are bas$ on ?is confusion betwe5 simil>ity & id5tity4 ,?us :5 ! ,h9dus put f\r pieces ( /ick into a pumpk9 & call x a goat1 !y d n mean to *eat ! god to :om x is (f]$1 b fancy t :5 !y h made a lik5ess ( a goat & call$ x a goat1 x is a goat1 at any rate = ! purpose ( sacrifice4 ,& :5 ! ,ja9s1 desir+ to eat aft] sunset aga9/ ! rule ( _! religion1 place a lamp "u a sieve & call x ! sun1 & eat by x1 !y are act+ on ! same pr9ciple & ?9k !y h avoid$ committ+ a s94 ,a ,baiga %\ld g to 8 w$d+ on an elephant1 b z he _c obta9 a real elephant1 two wood5 cots are la%$ toge!r & cov]$ ) blankets1 ) a black clo? trunk 9 front1 & ?is arrangem5t passes mu/] = an elephant4 ,a small gold image ( a cat is (f]$ to a ,brahman 9 expiation = kill+ a cat1 silv] eyes are (f]$ to ! goddess to save ! eyes ( a p]son suff]+ f smallpox1 a wisp ( /raw is burnt on a man's grave z a sub/itute = cremat+ ! body1 a girl is m>ri$ to an image ( a man made ( ku%a grass1 & s on4 ,9 rites :]e blood is requir$ v]milion is us$ z a sub/itute = blood2 on ! o!r h& ca/es :i* ab/a9 f fle% sometimes also decl9e to eat r$ vegetables & fruits1 because ! r$ col\r is held to make !m resemble & be equival5t to blood4 ,^! beliefs survive 9 religi\s c]emonial long aft] ! h>d logic ( facts has dispell$ !m f ord9>y life4 #acc ,?us :5 an image ( a god 0 made x 0 at once ! god & conta9$ "p ( 8 life4 ,primitive man _h no idea ( an imitation or an image nor ( a lifeless object1 & !re=e c\ld n conceive ( ! repres5tation be+ any?+ else ?an ! god4 ,only 9 lat] times 0 "s c]emony ( convey+ life to ! image consid]$ requisite4 ,! prohibition ( sculpture among ! ,jews & ( pa9t+ among ! ,muhammadans 0 bas$ on ?is view1 #acd because sculptures & pa9t+s 7 n consid]$ z images or repres5tations1 b z liv+ be+s or gods1 & consequ5tly false gods4 ,! _w-wide cu/om ( mak+ an image ( a man ) int5t to injure him arises f ! same belief4 ,s9ce primitive man c\ld conceive nei!r ( an imitation nor ( an inanimate object1 ! image ( a man 0 to 8 view ! man2 !re 0 no?+ else :i* x c\ld be4 ,& ?us x conta9$ "p ( ! man's life1 j z e idol ( a god 0 ! god himself & conta9$ "p ( ! god's life4 ,s9ce ! man's life 0 common to himself & ! image1 by injur+ or de/roy+ ! image x 0 held t ! man's life w\ld simil>ly be injur$ or de/roy$1 on ! analogy already expla9$ ( injury to life be+ frequ5tly obs]v$ to foll[ a hurt or w\nd ( any "p ( ! body4 ,aft]w>ds ! connection betwe5 ! man & ! image 0 /r5g!n$ by work+ into ! mat]ial ( ! latt] "s fraction ( 8 body1 su* z sev]$ hair or ! e>? press$ by 8 foot4 ,b ?is 0 n necess>y to ! orig9al belief4 ,! objection (t5 rais$ by savages to hav+ _! photographs tak5 or pictures pa9t$ may be expla9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,"h ! photograph or picture _c be realis$ z a simple imitation2 x is held to be ! man himself1 & mu/ !re=e conta9 "p ( 8 life4 ,h5ce any "o 9 ^: possession x is c d him h>m by injur+ or de/roy+ ! photograph or picture1 accord+ to ! me?od ( reason+ already expla9$4 ,! sup]/itions aga9/ look+ 9 a mirror1 especially aft] d>k1 or see+ "o's reflection 9 wat]1 are analog\s cases4 ,"h ! reflection 9 ! mirror or wat] is held to be ! p]son himself1 because savages d n und]/& ! nature ( ! reflect$ image4 ,x is ! p]son himself1 b has no corporeal sub/ance2 !re=e ! reflection mu/ be 8 gho/ or _s4 ,b if ! _s appe>s once x is an om5 t x w appe> aga92 & 9 ord] t x may d s ! man w h to die s t ! _s may be set free f ! body 9 ord] to appe>4 ,! special reason = n look+ into a mirror at night w\ld ?us be because ! night is ! usual "t = ! appe>ance ( spirits4 ,! fable ( ,n>cissus1 :o fell 9 love ) 8 own image reflect$ 9 ! wat] & 0 dr[n$1 probably arose f ! sup]/ition aga9/ see+ "o's image reflect$ 9 wat]4 ,& simil>ly ! belief 0 t a man's clo!s & o!r possessions conta9$ "p ( 8 life by contact2 ?is is ! explanation ( ! cu/om ( repres5t+ a p]son by "s implem5t or article ( clo?+1 su* z p]=m+ ! m>riage c]emony ) ! bridegroom's sword in/ead ( himself1 & s5d+ ! bride's %oes home ) ! bridegroom to repres5t h]4 ,a b>r5 woman w try to obta9 a piece ( a pregnant woman's brea/-clo? & w burn x & eat ! a%es1 ?9k+ !reby to transf] ! pregnant woman's quality ( f]tility to h]self4 ,:5 a ,h9du wid[ is rem>ri$ h] clo!s & ornam5ts are sometimes buri$ on ! b\nd>y ( h] second husb&'s village & %e puts on new clo!s1 because x is ?\ght t h] fir/ husb&'s _s w rema9 9 ! old clo!s & give tr\ble4 #fb4 ,! recurr5ce ( ev5ts4 ,a brief digression may be made "h 9 ord] to sugge/ an explanation ( ano!r important class ( primitive ideas4 ,^! arise f ! belief t :5 some?+ has happ5$1 t same ev5t1 or "s o!r resembl+ x1 w aga9 occur1 or1 m briefly1 ! belief 9 ! recurr5ce ( ev5ts4 ,?is view is ! orig9 ( a l>ge class ( om5s1 & appe>s to h be5 orig9ally evolv$ simply f ! recurr+ ph5om5a ( day & night & ( ! mon?s & climatic seasons4 ,= suppose t "o 0 9 ! position ( primitive man1 kn[+ absolutely no?+ ( ! nature & con/itution ( ! e>? & ! heav5ly bodies1 or ( ! mo/ elem5t>y facts ( a/ronomy2 !n1 if ! "q 7 ask$ :y "o expect$ ! sun to rise to-morr[1 ! only possible answ]1 & ! answ] :i* "o w\ld give1 w\ld be because x _h ris5 to-day & e day z long z "o c\ld rememb]4 ,! reason s /at$ might h no sci5tific value1 b w\ld at any rate e/abli% a /rong g5]al probability4 ,b primitive man c\ld n h giv5 x 9 ?is =m1 because he _h no memory & c\ld n c\nt4 ,ev5 n[ comp>atively advanc$ tribes l ! ,gonds h a hopelessly inaccurate memory = ord9>y incid5ts2 &1 z sugge/$ subsequ5tly1 ! faculty ( memory 0 probably acquir$ v sl[ly ) ! developm5t ( language4 ,& s9ce he c\ld n c\nt1 ! cont9u\s recurr5ce ( natural ph5om5a _h no cumulative =ce ) him1 s t he might di/+ui% !m f o!r ev5ts4 ,8 argum5t 0 ?us simply ! sun w rise aga9 because x rose be=e2 ! moon w wax & wane aga9 because %e wax$ & wan$ be=e2 grass & leaves & fruit w\ld gr[ aga9 because !y did s be=e2 ! animals :i* gave him food w\ld come aga9 z be=e2 & s on4 ,b ^! 7 ! only ev5ts :i* 8 bra9 reta9$ at all1 & t only because 8 exi/5ce dep5d$ ^u !m & !y cont9ually recurr$4 ,! ord9>y incid5ts ( life :i* pres5t$ "s v>iation pass$ )\t record 9 8 m9d1 z !y /ill d v l>gely 9 ^? ( primitive savages4 ,& s9ce he made no di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( ev5ts1 hold+ !m all to be ! acts ( volitional be+s1 he appli$ ?is law ( ! recurr5ce ( ev5ts to e incid5t ( life1 & ?\ght t :5ev] any?+ happ5$1 reason exi/$ = suppos+ t ! same ?+ or some?+ l x w\ld happ5 aga94 ,x 0 suffici5t t ! second ev5t %\ld be l ! fir/1 s9ce1 z already se51 he did n di/+ui% betwe5 simil>ity & id5tity4 ,?us1 to give in/ances1 ! ,h9dus ?9k t if a man lies full l5g? inside a b$1 he is ly+ z if on a bi] & w consequ5tly soon be dead on a real bi]2 h5ce b$s %\ld be made s t "o's feet project uncom=tably ov] ! end4 ,by a simil> reason+ he mu/ n lie ) 8 feet to ! s\? because corpses are laid 9 ?is direction4 ,a ,h9du m>ri$ woman always we>s glass bangles z a sign ( h] /ate1 & a wid[ may n we> !m4 ,a m>ri$ woman mu/ !re=e nev] let h] arms be )\t bangles or x is an om5 t %e w become a wid[4 ,%e mu/ n we> :olly :ite clo!s1 because a wid[ we>s ^!4 ,if a man places "o ( 8 %oes ov] ! o!r 9 ! h\se1 x is an om5 t he w g on a j\rney :5 ! %oes w be 9 a simil> position z he walks along4 ,a ,kolta woman :o desires to asc]ta9 :e!r %e w h a son1 puts a fi% into a pot full ( wat] & spreads h] clo? by x4 ,if ! fi% jumps into h] lap1 x is ?\ght t h] lap w %ortly hold ano!r liv+ be+1 t is a son4 ,at a w$d+1 9 _m ,h9du ca/es1 ! bride & bridegroom p]=m ! bus9ess ( _! ca/e or an imitation ( x4 ,among ! ,kuramw> %eph]ds ! bride & bridegroom are seat$ ) ! %uttle :i* is us$ = weav+ blankets betwe5 !m4 ,a m9iature sw+ is put up & a doll is plac$ 9 x 9 imitation ( a *ild & swung to & fro4 ,! bride !n takes ! doll out & gives x to ! bridegroom1 say+3--,"h1 take c>e ( x1 ,i am n[ go+ to cook food2 :ile1 aft] a "t1 ! boy returns ! doll to ! girl say+1 ,i mu/ n[ weave ! blanket & g to t5d ! flock4 ,?us1 hav+ p]=m$ _! life's bus9ess at _! w$d+1 x is ?\ght t !y w cont9ue to d s happily z long z !y live4 ,_m ca/es1 be=e s[+ ! real crop1 make a pret5ce ( s[+ se$ be=e ! %r9e ( ! god1 & hope ?us to ensure t ! subsequ5t s[+ w be auspici\s4 ,! common /ories ( ! appe>ance ( a gho/1 or o!r v>iety ( app>ition1 be=e ! dea?s ( memb]s ( a p>ticul> family1 are bas$ p>tly on ! belief 9 ! recurr5ce ( associat$ ev5ts4 ,! well-kn[n sup]/ition ab\t sitt+ d[n ?irte5 to d9n]1 on ! gr\nd t "o ( ! p>ty may die %ortly aft]w>ds1 is an in/ance ( ! same belief1 be+ ( c\rse bas$ on ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,b ! numb] ?irte5 is g5]ally unlucky1 be+ held to be s by ! ,h9dus1 ,muhammadans & ,p]sians1 z well z ,europeans1 & ! sup]/ition p]haps arose f its be+ ! numb] ( ! int]cal>y mon? 9 ! soli-lun> cal5d>1 :i* is pres5t "o ye> & abs5t ! next ye>4 ,?irte5 is "o m ?an twelve1 ! auspici\s numb] ( ! mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,simil>ly sev5 0 p]haps lucky or sacr$ z be+ ! numb] ( ! planets :i* gave _! names to ! days ( ! week1 & ?ree because x repres5t$ ! sun1 moon & e>?4 ,:5 a gambl] /akes 8 money on a numb] su* z ! date ( 8 bir? or m>riage1 he acts on ! supposition t a numb] :i* has be5 propiti\s to him once w be s aga91 & ?is appe>s to be a survival ( ! belief 9 ! recurr5ce ( ev5ts4 #fc4 ,controll+ ! future4 ,b primitive man 0 n actuat$ by any ab/ract love ( k1 & :5 he _h obs]v$ :at appe>$ to him to be a law ( nature1 he proce$$ to turn x to advantage 9 8 ef=ts = ! pres]vation ( 8 life4 ,s9ce ev5ts _h ! *>act]i/ic ( recurr5ce1 all he _h to d 9 ord] to produce ! recurr5ce ( any p>ticul> ev5t :i* he desir$1 0 to cause x to happ5 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & s9ce he did n di/+ui% betwe5 imitation & reality1 he ?\ght t if he simply enact$ ! ev5t he w\ld ?us ensure its be+ br\ght to pass4 ,& s he assidu\sly set himself to influ5ce ! c\rse ( nature to 8 own advantage4 ,:5 ! ,au/ralian aborig9es are p]=m+ c]emonies = ! increase ( wit*etty grubs1 a long n>r[ /ructure ( b\ghs is made :i* repres5ts ! *rysalis ( ! grub4 ,! m5 ( ! wit*etty grub totem ent] ! /ructure & s+ songs ab\t ! production & gr[? ( ! wit*etty grub4 ,!n "o aft] ano!r !y %uffle out ( ! *rysalis1 & glide sl[ly along = a di/ance ( "s y>ds1 imitat+ ! em]g5ce & movem5ts ( ! wit*etty grubs4 ,by ?us enact+ ! production ( ! grubs !y ?9k to cause & multiply ! real production4 #ace ,:5 ! m5 ( ! emu totem wi% to multiply ! numb] ( emus1 !y all[ blood f _! arms1 t is emu blood1 to fall on ! gr\nd until a c]ta9 space is cov]$4 ,!n on ?is space a picture is drawn repres5t+ ! emu2 two l>ge pat*es ( yell[ indicate lumps ( its fat1 ( :i* ! natives are v fond1 b ! great] "p %[s1 by means ( circles & circul> pat*es1 ! eggs 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 "s be=e & "s aft] lay+4 ,!n ! m5 ( ! totem1 plac+ on _! heads a /ick ) a tuft ( fea!rs to repres5t ! long neck & small head ( ! bird1 /& gaz+ ab\t aimlessly aft] ! mann] ( ! emu4 ,"h ! picture itself is held to be a liv+ emu1 p]haps ! s\rce or c5tre f :i* all emus w orig9ate1 & ! m51 pret5d+ to be emus1 w cause numb]s ( actual emus to be produc$4 #acf ,be=e s[+ ! crops1 a common practice is to s[ small quantities ( gra9 9 baskets or pots 9 ri* soil1 s t x w spr\t & gr[ up quickly1 ! idea be+ to ensure t ! real crop w h a simil>ly successful gr[?4 ,^! baskets are ! well-kn[n ,g>d5s ( ,adonis fully describ$ 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,!y are gr[n = n9e days1 & on ! t5? day are tak5 9 procession by ! wom5 & deposit$ 9 a riv]4 ,! wom5 may be se5 c>ry+ ! baskets ( :eat to ! riv] aft] ! n9e days' fa/s ( ,*ait & ,kunw> 7,m>* & ,septemb]7 9 _m t[ns ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 z ! ,a!nian wom5 c>ri$ ! ,g>d5s ( ,adonis to ! sea on ! day t ! exp$ition "u ,nicias set sail = ,syracuse4 #acg ,! fire k9dl$ at ! ,holi fe/ival 9 spr+ is meant1 z expla9$ by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz]1 to increase ! p[] ( ! sun = ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,by ! production ( fire ! quantity & /r5g? ( ! heav5ly fire is increas$4 ,he rem>ks3 #ach--,! cu/om ( ?r[+ blaz+ discs1 %ap$ l suns1 into ! air1 is probably also a piece ( imitative magic4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! magic =ce is suppos$ to take effect ?r\gh mimicry or sympa?y2 by imitat+ ! desir$ result y actually produce x2 by c\nt]feit+ ! sun's progress ?r\gh ! heav5s y really help ! lum9>y to pursue 8 cele/ial j\rney ) punctuality & despat*4 ,! "n 'fire ( heav51' by :i* ! midsumm] fire is sometimes popul>ly kn[n1 cle>ly indicates a consci\sness ( ! connection betwe5 ! e>?ly & ! heav5ly flame4 ,! obsc5e songs ( ! ,holi appe> to be ! relic ( a =m] p]iod ( promiscu\s sexual debau*]y1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! multipli$ act ( reproduction1 0 int5d$ to ensure t nature %\ld also reproduce on a g5]\s scale4 ,! r$ p[d] ?r[n ov] ev]ybody at ! ,holi is said to repres5t ! se$ ( life4 ,! gifts ( ,ea/] eggs seem to be ! ve/ige ( a rite hav+ ! same object4 ,at a w$d+ 9 ! ,lodhi ca/e ! bride is seat$ be=e ! family god :ile an old woman br+s a /one roll+-p9 wrapp$ up 9 a piece ( clo?1 :i* is suppos$ to be a baby1 & ! old woman imitates a baby cry+4 ,%e puts ! roll] 9 ! bride's lap1 say+1 ,take ?is & give x milk4 ,! bride is aba%$ & ?r[s x aside4 ,! old woman picks x up & %[s x to ! assembl$ wom51 say+1 ,! bride has j _h a baby1 amid l\d laught]4 ,!n %e gives ! /one to ! bridegroom1 :o also ?r[s x aside4 ,?is c]emony is meant to induce f]tility1 & x is suppos$ t by mak+ believe t ! bride has _h a baby %e w quickly h "o4 ,simil> rites are p]=m$ 9 sev]al o!r ca/es1 & :5 a girl becomes adult h] lap is fill$ ) fruits ) ! idea t ?is w cause x subsequ5tly to be fill$ ) ! fruit ( h] womb4 ,! :ole cu/om ( giv+ dolls to girls to play )1 p]haps orig9at$ 9 ! belief t by do+ s !y w\ld aft]w>ds come to play ) *ildr54 ,! dances ( ! ,kol tribe consi/ p>tly ( symbolical enactm5ts ( ev5ts :i* !y desir$ to be successfully accompli%$4 ,"s v>iations ( ! dance1 ,colonel ,dalton /ates1 repres5t ! diff]5t seasons & ! necess>y acts ( cultivation t ea* br+s ) x4 ,9 "o ! danc]s1 b5d+ d[n1 make a motion ) _! h&s1 z ?\gh !y 7 s[+ ! gra91 keep+ /ep ) _! feet all ! "t4 ,!n comes ! reap+ ( ! crop & ! b9d+ ( ! %eaves1 all done 9 p]fect "t & rhy?m1 & mak+1 ) ! cont9u\s dron+ ( ! voices1 a qua9t & picturesque p]=mance4 #aci ,! ,k>ma dance ( ! ,gonds & ,oraons is also connect$ ) ! crops1 & probably 0 once an enactm5t ( ! "w ( cultivation4 #adj ,! ,bhils danc$ at _! fe/ivals & be=e battles4 ,! m5 danc$ 9 a r+1 hold+ /icks & /rik+ !m aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,be=e a battle !y _h a w>-dance 9 :i* ! p]=m]s 7 arm$ & imitat$ a combat4 ,to be c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( "o ( ! combatants 0 a great hon\r1 p]haps because x symbolis$ be+ on horseback4 ,! object 0 to obta9 success 9 battle by go+ ?r\gh an imitation ( a successful battle be=eh&4 ,?is 0 also ! common cu/om ( ! ,r$ ,indians1 ^: w>-dances are well kn[n2 !y br&i%$ _! weapons & kill$ _! foe 9 mimicry 9 ord] t !y might soon d s 9 reality4 ,! ,sela dance ( ! ,gonds & ,baigas1 9 :i* !y p]=m ! figure ( ! gr& *a9 ( ! lanc]s1 only t !y /rike _! /icks toge!r in/ead ( clasp+ h&s z !y pass1 0 probably once an imitation ( a combat4 ,x is /ill sometimes danc$ be=e _! communal hunt+ & fi%+ p>ties4 ,9 ^! mimetic rehe>sals ( ev5ts ) ! object ( caus+ !m to occur we may p]haps disc]n ! orig9 ( ! arts bo? ( act+ & danc+4 ,ano!r1 & p]haps lat] =m1 0 ! reproduction ( important ev5ts1 or ^? :i* _h influ5c$ hi/ory4 ,= to ! primitive m9d1 z already se51 ! results 7 n conceiv$ ( z in/rum5tally caus$ by ! ev5t1 b z "p ( ! ev5t itself & ( its life & p]sonality4 ,h5ce by ! re-enactm5t ( ! ev5t ! b5eficial results w\ld be aga9 obta9$ or at lea/ pres]v$ 9 undim9i%$ pot5cy & vig\r4 ,?is 0 p]haps ! root idea ( ! drama & ! repres5tation ( sacr$ or h]oic episodes on ! /age4 #fd4 ,! common life4 ,?us1 resum+ f p>agraph #fa1 primitive man _h no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ( a life z %>$ betwe5 two or m p]sons or objects1 & x does n seem impossible t he %\ld h at fir/ conceiv$ x to ext5d ?r\gh a :ole species4 #ada ,a good in/ance ( ! common life is af=d$ by ! gods ( ! ,h9du & o!r pan!ons4 ,ea* god 0 conceiv$ ( z p]=m+ "s div9e function1 guid+ ! *>iot ( ! sun1 manipulat+ ! ?und] & s on2 b at ! same "t ?\s&s ( temples exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & 9 ea* ( ^! ! god 0 alive & pres5t 9 8 image or idol1 able to act indep5d5tly1 receive & consume sacrifices & (f]+s1 protect suppliants & puni% transgressors4 ,no d\bt at all c be ent]ta9$ t ea* idol 0 9 itself held to be a liv+ god4 ,9 ,india food is (f]$ to ! idol1 x goes ?r\gh its ablutions1 is fann$1 & s on1 exactly l a human k+4 ,! ideas ( sanctu>y & sacrilege appe> to dep5d prim>ily on ! belief 9 ! actual pres5ce ( ! god 9 8 %r9e4 ,& 9 ,india no sanctity at all atta*es to a temple f :i* ! idol has be5 remov$4 ,?us we see ! life ( ! god di/ribut$ ov] a multitude ( p]sonalities4 ,aga91 ! same god1 z ,vi%nu or ! sun1 is held to h _h a numb] ( inc>nations1 z ! bo>1 ! tortoise1 a man-lion1 a dw>f1 ,rama & ,kri%na1 & ^! are v5]at$ simultane\sly z di/9ct deities4 ,! :ole ,brahman ca/e consid]$ itself div9e or z p>tak+ 9 ! life ( ! god1 ! orig9al reason = ?is p]haps be+ t ! ,brahmans obta9$ ! exclusive "r to p]=m sacrifices1 & h5ce ! life ( ! sacrificial animal or food pass$ to !m1 z 9 o!r societies x pass$ to ! k+ :o p]=m$ ! sacrifice4 ,a ,brahman fur!r holds t ! five gods1 ,indra1 ,brahma1 ,siva1 ,vi%nu & ,gane%1 are pres5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 body1 #adb & "h aga9 ! life ( ! god is se5 to be divid$ into innum]able fragm5ts4 ,! prie/s ( ! ,vallabha*>ya sect1 ! ,gokula/ha ,gosa9s1 7 all held to be possess$ by ! god ,kri%na1 s t x 0 e/eem$ a high privilege to p]=m ! mo/ m5ial (fices = !m1 because to t\* !m 0 equival5t to t\*+ ! god1 & p]haps assimilat+ by contact a fragm5t ( 8 div9e life & nature4 #adc ,! belief 9 a common life w\ld also expla9 ! v5]ation ( dome/ic animals & ! prohibition aga9/ kill+ !m1 because to kill "o w\ld injure ! :ole life ( ! species1 f :i* ! tribe drew its subsi/5ce4 ,simil>ly 9 a numb] ( cases ! fir/ idea ( seasonal fa/s is t ! p ab/a9 f ! gra9 or fruit :i* is gr[+ or s[n 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?us 9 ,india dur+ ! ra9s ! vegetables gr[+ at ?is p]iod are n eat51 & are aga9 p>tak5 ( = ! fir/ "t aft] ! sacrificial (f]+ ( ! new crop4 ,?is rule c\ld n possibly be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( gra91 b in/ead c]ta9 s+le fa/-days are prescrib$1 & on ^! days no cultivat$ gra9 or fruit1 b only ^? gr[+ wild1 %\ld be eat54 ,^! rules seem to indicate t ! orig9al motive ( ! fa/ 0 to avoid injur+ ! common life ( ! gra9 or fruit1 :i* injury w\ld be caus$ by a consumption ( any "p ( x1 at a "t :5 ! :ole ( ! common life & vig\r 0 requir$ = its reproduction & multiplication4 ,?is idea may h op]at$ to enable ! savage to re/ra9 himself f digg+ up & eat+ ! gra9 s[n 9 ! gr\nd1 or slaught]+ 8 dome/ic animals = food1 & a taboo on ! consumption ( gra9 & fruits dur+ _! p]iod ( rip5+ may h fir/ begun 9 _! wild /ate4 ,! ,inti*iuma c]emonies ( ! ,au/ralian natives are c>ri$ out ) ! object ( increas+ ! supply ( ! totem = food purposes4 ,9 ! ,ilpirla or ,manna totem ! memb]s ( ! clan g to a l>ge b\ld] surr\nd$ by /ones1 :i* are held to repres5t masses ( ,ilpirla or ! manna ( ! mulga tree4 ,a ,*ur+a /one is dug up1 :i* is suppos$ to repres5t ano!r mass ( manna1 & ?is is rubb$ ov] ! b\ld]1 & ! small] /ones are also rubb$ ov] x4 ,:ile ! lead] does ?is1 ! o!rs s+ a song :i* is an invitation to ! du/ produc$ by ! rubb+ ( ! /ones to g out & produce a pl5tiful supply ( ,ilpirla on ! mulga trees4 #add ,!n ! du/ is swept (f ! surface ( ! /ones ) twigs ( ! mulga tree4 ,"h app>5tly ! l>ge b\ld] & o!r /ones are held to be ! c5tre or focus ( ! common life ( ! manna1 & f !m ! se$ issues =? :i* w produce a crop ( manna on all ! mulga trees4 ,! d$uction seems cle> t ! trees are n conceiv$ ( individually1 b are held to h a common life4 ,9 ! case ( ! hakea fl[] totem !y g to a /one ly+ b5ea? an old tree1 & "o ( ! memb]s lets 8 blood fl[ on to ! /one until x is cov]$1 :ile ! o!rs s+ a song incit+ ! hakea tree to fl[] mu* & to ! blossoms to be full ( honey4 #ade ,! blood is said to repres5t a dr9k prep>$ f ! hakea fl[]s1 b probably x 0 orig9ally meant to quick5 ! /one ) ! blood ( a memb] ( ! totem1 t is its own blood or life1 9 ord] t x might produce abundance ( fl[]s4 ,"h aga9 ! /one seems to be ! c5tre ( ! common life ( ! hakea fl[]4 ,! songs are sung ) ! idea t ! repetition ( words connot+ a /ate ( facts w h ! effect ( caus+ t /ate ( facts to exi/1 9 accordance ) ! belief already expla9$ 9 ! concrete virtue ( words4 ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor /ates3 ,9 ,polynesia1 if a village god 7 accu/om$ to appe> z an owl1 & "o ( 8 vot>ies f\nd a dead owl by ! roadside1 he w\ld m\rn ov] ! sacr$ bird & bury x ) mu* c]emony1 b ! god himself w\ld n be ?\ght to be dead1 = he rema9s inc>nate 9 all exi/+ owls4 ,accord+ to ,fa!r ,g]onimo ,boscana1 ! ,acag*em5 tribe ( ,upp] ,cali=nia furni% a curi\s p>allel to ?is notion4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! panes bird1 :i* seems to h be5 an eagle or vulture1 & ea* ye>1 9 ! temple ( ea* village1 "o ( !m 0 solemnly kill$ )\t %$d+ blood1 & ! body buri$4 ,yet ! natives ma9ta9$ & believ$ t x 0 ! same individual bird !y sacrific$ ea* ye>1 & m ?an ?is1 t ! same bird 0 sla9 by ea* ( ! villages4 #adf ,an acc\nt ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians quot$ by ! same au?or /ates t !y believe all ! animals ( ea* species to h an eld] bro!r1 :o is z x 7 ! pr9ciple & orig9 ( all ! individuals1 & ?is eld] bro!r is m>vell\sly great & p[]ful4 ,accord+ to ano!r view ea* species has its ar*etype 9 ! l& ( s\ls2 !re exi/s1 = example1 a manitu or ar*etype ( all ox51 :i* animates all ox54 #adg ,g5]ally 9 ! relations betwe5 ! totem-clan & its totem-animal1 & 9 all ! fables ab\t animals1 "o animal is tak5 z repres5t+ ! species1 & x is tacitly assum$ t all ! animals ( ! species h ! same k & qualities & w\ld behave 9 ! same mann] z ! typical "o4 ,?us :5 ! ,majhw> says t ! tig] w\ld run away if he met a memb] ( ! tig]-clan :o 0 free f s91 b w\ld dev\r any memb] :o _h be5 put out ( ca/e = an (f5ce1 he assumes t e tig] w\ld "k a memb] ( ! clan on meet+ him1 & also :e!r t memb] 0 9 or out ( ca/e4 ,he !re=e app>5tly supposes a common k & intellig5ce to exi/ 9 all tig]s z reg>ds ! clan1 z if !y 7 p>ts ( "o m9d or intellig5ce4 ,& s9ce ! tig]s "k in/9ctively :5 a memb] ( ! clan is out ( ca/e1 ! m9d & intellig5ce ( ! tig]s mu/ be ! same z t ( ! clan4 ,! ,kols ( ! tig] clan ?9k t if !y 7 to sit up = a tig] ov] a kill ! tig] w\ld n come & w\ld be depriv$ ( 8 food1 & t !y !mselves w\ld fall ill4 ,"h ! evil effects ( ! want ( food on "o tig] are app>5tly held to ext5d to all tig]s & also to all memb]s ( ! tig] clan4 #fe4 ,! common life ( ! clan4 ,! totem-clan held itself to p>take ( ! life ( its totem1 & on ! above hypo!sis "o common life w\ld fl[ ?r\gh all ! animals & plants ( ! totem & all ! memb]s ( ! clan4 ,an ,au/ralian calls 8 totem 8 ,w+ong 7fri5d7 or ,tumang 7fle%71 & n[adays expresses 8 sorr[ :5 he has to eat x4 #adh ,if a man wi%es to injure any man ( a c]ta9 totem1 he kills any animal ( t man's totem4 #adi ,?is cle>ly %[s t "o common life is held to b9d toge!r all ! animals ( ! totem-species & all ! memb]s ( ! totem-clan1 & ! belief seems to be inexplicable on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,! same is ! case ) ! sex-totems ( ! ,kurnai tribe4 ,9 addition to ! clan-totems all ! boys h ! ,sup]b ,w>bl] bird z a sex-totem1 & call x _! eld] bro!r2 & all ! girls ! ,emu-wr51 & call x _! eld] si/]4 ,if ! boys wi% to annoy ! girls1 or vice v]sa1 ea* kills or injures ! o!r's totem-bird1 & su* an act is always foll[$ by a free fight betwe5 ! boys & girls4 #aej ,sex-totems are a peculi> developm5t :i* ne$ n be discuss$ "h1 b aga9 x w\ld appe> t a common life runs ?r\gh ! birds ( ! totem & ! memb]s ( ! sex4 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? describes ! clan or k9 z foll[s3 ,a k9 0 a gr\p ( p]sons ^: lives 7 s b\nd up toge!r1 9 :at mu/ be call$ a physical unity1 t !y c\ld be treat$ z p>ts ( "o common life4 ,! memb]s ( "o k9dr$ look$ on !mselves z "o liv+ :ole1 "o s+le animat$ mass ( blood1 fle% & bones1 ( :i* no memb] c\ld be t\*$ )\t all ! memb]s suff]+4 ,?is po9t ( view is express$ 9 ! ,semitic tongue 9 _m famili> =ms ( spee*4 ,9 case ( homicide ,arabian tribesm5 d n say1 ',! blood ( ,m4 or ,n4 has be5 spilt' 7nam+ ! man73 !y say1 ',our blood has be5 spilt4' ,9 ,hebrew ! phrase by :i* "o claims k9%ip is1 ',i am y\r bone & y\r fle%4' ,bo? 9 ,hebrew & 9 ,arabic fle% is synonym\s ) 'clan' or k9dr$ gr\p4 #aea ,! cu/om ( ! blood-feud appe>s to h aris5 f ! belief 9 a common life ( ! clan4 ,! blood-feud is an in/itution n peculi> to tribes reckon+ desc5t ?r\gh females2 & x is /ill 9 =ce4 ,by virtue ( its requirem5ts e memb] ( a k91 "o ( :om _h suff]$ at ! h&s ( a memb] ( ano!r k91 0 b\nd to av5ge ! wrong ^u ! latt] k94 ,su* is ! solid>ity betwe5 memb]s ( a k9 t v5geance might be tak5 ^u any memb] ( ! (f5d+ k91 ?\gh he might be p]sonally q innoc5t4 ,9 ! gr[? ( civilisation v5geance has gradually come to be conc5trat$ ^u ! (f5d] only4 #aeb ,?us ! blood-feud appe>s to h orig9at$ f ! idea ( prim>y retributive ju/ice betwe5 clan & clan4 ,:5 a memb] ( a clan _h be5 kill$1 "o ( ! (f5d+ clan mu/ be kill$ 9 return4 ,:o he might be1 & :e!r ! orig9al homicide 0 ju/ifiable or n1 7 que/ions n reg>d$ by primitive man2 motives 7 ab/ract ideas ) :i* he _h no conc]n2 he only knew t a piece ( ! common life _h be5 lopp$ (f1 & ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation ( ! clan dem&$ t a piece ( ! life ( ! (f5d+ clan %\ld be cut (f 9 return4 ,& ! tie :i* unit$ ! k9 0 eat+ & dr9k+ toge!r4 ,accord+ to antique ideas ^? :o eat & dr9k toge!r are by ?is v act ti$ to "o ano!r by a bond ( fri5d%ip & mutual obligation4 #aec ,?is 0 ! bond :i* fir/ unit$ ! memb]s ( ! totem-clan bo? among !mselves & ) _! totem4 ,& ! relation%ip ) ! totem c\ld only h aris5 f ! fact t !y ate x4 ,! belief 9 a common life c\ld n possibly arise 9 ! totem-clan t[>ds any animal or plant :i* !y did n eat or o!rwise use4 ,^! !y w\ld simply disreg>d4 ,nor w\ld savages1 de/itute at fir/ ( any moral ideas1 & frequ5tly on ! br9k ( />vation1 ab/a9 f eat+ any edible animal f s5tim5tal consid]ations2 &1 z already se51 ! fir/ totems 7 g5]ally edible4 ,!y c\ld n ei!r h 9 ! fir/ place eat5 ! totem c]emonially1 z !re w\ld be no reason = su* a cu/om4 ,b ! c]emonial eat+ ( ! dome/ic animal1 :i* 0 ! tie subsequ5tly unit+ ! memb]s ( ! tribe1 #aed _c be satisfactorily expla9$ except on ! hypo!sis t x 0 evolv$ f ! cu/om>y eat+ ( ! totem-animal4 ,primitive savages w\ld only feel affection t[>ds ! animals :i* !y ate1 j z ! affection ( animals is ga9$ by fe$+ !m4 ,! objection might be made t savages c\ld n feel affection & k9%ip = an animal :i* !y kill$ & ate1 b no d\bt exi/s t !y d4 ,9 ,briti% ,columbia1 :5 ! fi%+ season comm5c$ & ! fi% began com+ up ! riv]s1 ! ,indians us$ to meet !m & speak to !m4 ,!y paid c\rt to !m & w\ld address !m ?us3 ',y fi%1 y fi%2 y are all *iefs1 y are2 y are all *iefs4' ,among ! ,nor?as :5 a be> is kill$1 x is dress$ 9 a bonnet1 cov]$ ) f9e d[n1 & solemnly invit$ to ! *iefs pres5ce4 #aee ,& !re are _m o!r in/ances4 #aef ,savages _h no cle> realisation ( dea?1 & !y did n ?9k t ! life ( ! animal 0 ext+ui%$ b t x pass$ to !m ) ! fle%4 ,moreov] !y only ate "p ( ! life4 ,9 _m cases also ! totem-animal only appe>$ at a c]ta9 season ( ! ye>1 9 consequ5ce ( ! habit ( hib]nation or migration 9 se>* ( food1 :ile trees only bore fruit 9 _! season4 ,! savage1 reg>d+ all animals & plants z possess$ ( self-consci\s life & volition1 w\ld ?9k t !y came ( _! own accord to give him subsi/5ce or life4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 !y _h obta9$ ! idea ( a s\l or _s1 & ( ! survival ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 & :51 on ! introduction ( p]sonal names1 ! p]sonality ( individuals c\ld be realis$ & rememb]$ aft] dea?1 !y frequ5tly ?\ght t ! spirits ( ance/ors w5t back to ! totem-animal1 :5ce !y d]iv$ _! life4 ,! idea ( desc5t f ! totem w\ld ?us naturally arise4 ,z ! means ( subsi/5ce increas$1 & especially 9 ^? communities :i* _h dome/icat$ animals or cultivat$ plants1 ! conception ( ! totem z ! *ief s\rce ( life w\ld gradually die away & be replac$ by ! belief 9 desc5t f x2 & :5 !y also ?\ght t ! spirits ( ance/ors 7 9 ! totem1 !y w\ld naturally ab/a9 f eat+ x4 ,p]haps also ! ,au/ralians consid] t ! memb]s ( ! totem-clan %\ld ab/a9 f eat+ ! totem = fe> ( injur+ ! common life1 z m advanc$ communities ab/a9$ f eat+ ! fle% ( dome/ic animals4 ,?is may be ! gr\nd = ! rule t !y %\ld only eat sp>+ly ( ! totem4 ,to ! lat] p]iod may be ascrib$ ! adoption ( c>nivor\s animals z totems2 :5 ^! animals came to be fe>$ & also v5]at$ = _! qualities ( /r5g?1 f]ocity & c\rage1 w>riors w\ld naturally wi% to claim k9%ip ) & desc5t f !m4 #ff4 ,liv+ & eat+ toge!r4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( ! totem-clan :o liv$ toge!r recognis$ t !y ow$ some?+ to ea* o!r1 & t ! gratification ( ! in/9cts & passions ( ! individual mu/ to a c]ta9 degree be re/ra9$ if !y endang]$ ! lives & security ( o!r memb]s ( ! clan1 !y _h tak5 ! fir/ /ep on ! long pa? ( moral & social progress4 ,! tie by :i* !y suppos$ !mselves to be unit$ 0 q diff]5t f ^? :i* h con/itut$ a bond ( union betwe5 ! communities :o h subsequ5tly liv$ toge!r 9 ! tribe1 ! city-/ate & ! c\ntry4 ,^! h be5 a common religion1 common language1 race1 or loyalty to a common sov]eign2 b ! real bond has ?r\gh\t be5 ! common good or ! public int]e/4 ,& ! desire = ?is end on ! "p ( ! majority ( ! memb]s ( ! community1 or ! majority ( ^? :o 7 able to express _! op9ions1 ?\gh its action 0 until rec5tly n ov]t nor direct1 & 0 n recognis$1 has l$ to ! gradual evolution ( ! :ole fabric ( law & moral feel+1 9 ord] to gov]n & control ! behavi\r & conduct ( ! individual 9 8 relations ) 8 family1 neighb\rs & fell[-citiz5s = ! public advantage4 ,! memb]s ( ! totem-clan w\ld h be5 q unable to und]/& ei!r ! motives by :i* !y 7 !mselves actuat$ or ! ab/ract ideas :i* h unit$ m advanc$ communities2 b !y devis$ an ev5 /rong] bond ?an ^!1 9 suppos+ t !y 7 p>ts or fractions ( "o common body or life4 ,?is 0 ! m necess>y z _! natural impulses 7 uncontroll$ by moral feel+4 ,!y conceiv$ ! bond ( union 9 ! concrete =m ( eat+ toge!r4 ,z language improv$ & pass+ ev5ts 7 record$ 9 spee* & 9 ! m9d1 ! faculty ( memory 0 p]haps concurr5tly develop$4 ,!n man began to realise ! insecurity ( 8 life1 ! dang]s & mis=tunes to :i* he 0 subject1 ! p]iodical failure or irregul>ity ( ! supply ( food1 & ! imm95t risks ( dea?4 ,memory ( ! pa/ made him appreh5sive = ! future1 & hold+ t e ev5t 0 ! result ( an act ( volition1 he began to assume an attitude ei!r ( v5]ation1 gratitude1 or fe> t[>ds ! /ronge/ ( ! be+s by :om he ?\ght 8 de/9ies 7 controll$--! sun1 moon1 sky1 w9d & ra91 ! ocean & great riv]s1 high m\nta9s & trees1 & ! mo/ important animals ( 8 environm5t1 :e!r !y de/roy$ or assi/$ to pres]ve 8 life4 ,! ideas ( propitiation1 atonem5t & purification 7 !n imp>t$ to ! sacrifice1 & x became an (f]+ to a god4 #aeg ,b ! prim>y idea ( eat+ or dr9k+ toge!r z a bond ( union 0 pres]v$1 & c be recognis$ 9 religi\s & social cu/om to an advanc$ p]iod ( civilisation4 #fg4 ,! orig9 ( exogamy4 ,aga91 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck %[s t ! practice ( exogamy or ! avoidance ( int]m>riage did n at fir/ arise betwe5 p]sons recognis$ z blood relations1 b betwe5 ^? :o liv$ toge!r4 ,facts %[ t ! ext5t to :i* relatives are n all[$ to int]m>ry is ne>ly connect$ ) _! close liv+ toge!r4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! prohibit$ degrees are ext5d$ mu* fur!r among savage & b>b>\s peoples ?an 9 civilis$ societies4 ,z a rule ! =m]1 if !y h n rema9$ 9 ! mo/ primitive social condition ( man1 live n 9 sep>ate families b 9 l>ge h\seholds or communities1 all ! memb]s ( :i* dwell 9 v close contact ) ea* o!r4 #aeh ,& lat]1 aft] adduc+ ! evil results ( self-f]tilisation 9 plants & close int]bre$+ 9 animals1 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck cont9ues3 ,tak+ all ^! facts into consid]ation1 ,i _c b believe t consangu9e\s m>riages1 9 "s way or o!r1 are m or less detrim5tal to ! species4 ,& "h ,i ?9k we may f9d a q suffici5t explanation ( ! horror ( ince/2 n because man at an e>ly /age recognis$ ! injuri\s influ5ce ( close int]m>riage1 b because ! law ( natural selection mu/ inevitably h op]at$4 ,among ! ance/ors ( man1 z among o!r animals1 !re 0 no d\bt a "t :5 blood relation%ip 0 no b> to sexual int]c\rse4 ,b v>iations "h1 z else:]e1 w\ld naturally pres5t !mselves2 & ^? ( our ance/ors :o avoid$ 9-&-9 bre$+ w\ld survive1 :ile ! o!rs w\ld gradually decay & ultimately p]i%4 ,?us an in/9ct w\ld be develop$1 :i* w\ld be p[]ful en\gh z a rule to prev5t injuri\s unions4 ,( c\rse x w\ld display itself simply z an av]sion on ! "p ( individuals to union ) o!rs ) :om !y liv$2 b ^! z a matt] ( fact w\ld be blood relations1 s t ! result w\ld be ! survival ( ! fitte/4 #fh4 ,promiscuity & female desc5t4 ,! in/9ct ( exogamy fir/ develop$ 9 ! totem-clan :5 x 0 migratory & liv$ by hunt+1 at lea/ among ! ,au/ralians & probably ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! fir/ condition ( ! clan 0 "o ( sexual promiscuity1 & 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] has adduc$ _m in/ances ( p]iodical promiscu\s debau*]y :i* probably recall ?is /ate ( ?+s4 #aei ,! evil results :i* w\ld accrue f 9-bre$+ 9 ! condition ( promiscuity may h be5 modifi$ by su* incid5ts z ! expulsion ( ! "y males ?r\gh ! spasmodic jeal\sy ( ! old] ones1 ! volunt>y segregation ( ! old males1 fights & qu>rels lead+ to ! re>rangem5t ( gr\ps1 & ! frequ5t p>tial de/ruction ( a gr\p1 :5 ! survivors might atta* !mselves to a new gr\p4 ,primitive peoples atta*$ ! utmo/ importance to ! rule ( exogamy1 & ! puni%m5ts = ! brea* ( x 7 g5]ally m sev]e ?an ^? = ! violation ( ! laws ( aff9ity 9 civilis$ c\ntries4 ,! ,au/ralians say t ! good _s or ! wise m5 prescrib$ to !m ! rule t ! memb]s ( ea* totem-clan %\ld n m>ry ) ea* o!r4 #afj ,simil>ly ! ,gonds say t _! div9e h]o1 ,l+o1 introduc$ ! rule ( exogamy & ! division into clans be=e he w5t to ! gods4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 ! exogam\s clan 0 n con/itut$ by desc5t ?r\gh males1 b ?r\gh females4 ,! hypo!sis t female ev]y:]e prec$$ male desc5t is /rongly support$ by natural probability4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! p>5tage ( *ildr5 0 no m obs]v$ & rememb]$ ?an t ( animals4 ,:5 fir/ obs]v$1 x 0 necess>ily ?r\gh ! "m1 ! id5tity ( ! fa!r be+ :olly unc]ta94 ,! "m w\ld also be ! fir/ p>5t to rememb] h] *ildr51 h] affection = !m be+ bas$ on "o ( ! /ronge/ natural in/9cts1 :]eas ! fa!r nei!r knew nor c>$ = 8 *ildr5 until long aft]w>ds4 ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] has fur!r %[n t ev5 n[ "s ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es are ignorant ( ! physical fact ( pat]nity & its relation to sexual int]c\rse4 ,t su* ignorance c\ld h surviv$ s long is ! /ronge/ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! univ]sal priority ( female to male desc5t4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ev5 ! "m c\ld rememb] h] *ildr5 aft] !y _h become adult1 prior to ! introduction ( p]sonal names4 ,mr4 ,m',l5nan /ates3 ,! tie betwe5 "m & *ild1 :i* exi/s z a matt] ( necessity dur+ infancy1 is n infrequ5tly f\nd to be lo/ sight ( among savages on ! age ( indep5d5ce be+ rea*$4 #afa ,p]sonal names 7 probably long subsequ5t to clan-names1 & :5 !y 7 fir/ introduc$ ! "n usually _h "s ref]5ce to ! clan4 ,! ,r$ ,indians & o!r races h totem-names :i* are frequ5tly "s v>iant ( ! "n ( ! totem4 #afb ,:5 p]sonal names came to be g5]ally introduc$1 ! g5esis ( ! individual family might soon foll[1 b ! family c\ld sc>cely h come into exi/5ce 9 ! abs5ce ( p]sonal names4 ,z a rule1 9 ! exogam\s clan ) female desc5t no reg>d 0 paid to ! *a/ity ( wom51 & !y c\ld select _! p>tn]s z !y pleas$4 ,mr4 ,h>tl& has %[n 9 ,primitive ,pat]nity t 9 a l>ge numb] ( primitive communities ! *a/ity ( wom5 0 nei!r en=c$ nor desir$ by ! m51 ?is /ate ( ?+s be+ probably a relic ( ! p]iod ( female desc5t4 ,?us exogamy fir/ arose ?r\gh ! wom5 ( ! clan resort+ to m5 outside x4 ,:5 we consid] ! extreme rig\r ( life & ! frequ5t dang] ( />vation to :i* ! small clans 9 ! hunt+ /age mu/ h be5 expos$1 x does n seem impossible t ! evil effects ( m>riage )9 ! clan may h be5 notic$4 ,at t "t probably only a m9ority ev5 ( heal?y *ildr5 surviv$1 & ! slight cong5ital weakness produc$ by 9-bre$+ might app>5tly be fatal to a *ild's *ance ( life4 ,possibly "s dim p]ception may h be5 obta9$ ( ! diff]5t fates ( ! *ildr5 ( wom5 :o re/rict$ _! sexual relations to m5 )9 ! clan & ^? :o resort$ to /rang]s1 ev5 ?\gh ! nature ( pat]nity may n h be5 und]/ood4 ,! /r5g? ( ! feel+ & cu/om ( exogamy seems to dem& "s su* recognition = its satisfactory explanation1 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 ! lat5ess ( ! recognition ( ! fa!r's %>e 9 ! production ( *ildr5 militates aga9/ ?is view4 ,! sugge/ion may be made also t ! belief t ! new life ( a *ild mu/ be produc$ by a _s ent]+ ! woman1 or o!r extrane\s s\rce1 does n necess>ily involve an ignorance ( ! physical fact ( pat]nity2 ! view t ! spirits ( ance/ors are reborn 9 *ildr5 is /ill firmly held by tribes :o h long be5 :olly famili> ) ! results ( ! comm]ce ( ! sexes4 ,! practice ( exogamy 0 no d\bt1 z %[n by ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1 fav\r$ & support$ by ! influ5ce ( novelty 9 sexual attraction1 s9ce accord+ to common obs]vation & exp]i5ce sexual love or desire is m easily excit$ betwe5 /rang]s or slight acqua9tances ?an betwe5 ^? :o h long liv$ toge!r 9 ! same h\sehold or 9 famili> int]c\rse4 ,9 ! latt] case ! attraction is dull$ by cu/om & famili>ity4 #fi4 ,exogamy ) female desc5t4 ,! exogam\s clan1 ) female desc5t1 01 h[ev]1 an un/able social in/itution1 9 t x _h no regul> provision = m>riage nor = ! incorporation ( m>ri$ c\ples4 ,! m5 :o associat$ ) ! wom5 ( ! clan 7 n necess>ily1 nor z a rule1 admitt$ to x1 b rema9$ 9 _! own clans4 ,h[ ?is association took place is n altoge!r cle>4 ,at a comp>atively late p]iod 9 ,arabia1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 #afc ! woman w\ld h a t5t1 & c\ld ent]ta9 outside m5 = a %ort] or long] p]iod accord+ to h] incl9ation4 ,! practice ( s]v+ = a wife also p]haps dates f ! p]iod ( female desc5t4 ,! arrangem5t w\ld h be5 t a man w5t & liv$ ) a woman's family & gave 8 s]vices 9 return = h] conjugal society4 ,:e!r ! resid5ce ) ! wife's family 0 p]man5t or n is p]haps unc]ta94 ,:5 ,jacob s]v$ = ,leah & ,ra*el1 society seems to h be5 9 ! e>ly patri>*al /age1 z ,laban 0 _! fa!r & he 0 ,laban's si/]'s son4 ,b x seems d\btful :e!r 8 "r 0 !n recognis$ to take 8 wives away ) him1 = ev5 aft] he _h s]v$ f\rte5 ye>s ,laban pursu$ him1 & w\ld h tak5 !m back if he _h n be5 w>n$ aga9/ do+ s 9 a vision4 ,! episode ( ,ra*el's !ft ( ! images also seems to indicate t %e int5d$ to take h] own h\sehold gods ) h] & n to adopt ^? ( h] husb&'s h\se4 ,& ,laban's *ief anxiety 0 = ! recov]y ( ! images4 ,a relic ( ! husb&'s resid5ce ) 8 wife's family dur+ ! p]iod ( female desc5t may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! ,banj>a ca/e1 :o oblige a man to g & live ) 8 wife's fa!r = a mon? )\t see+ h] face4 ,"u ! patri>*al sy/em ?is rule ( ! ,banj>as is mean+less1 ?\gh ! g5]al practice ( s]v+ = a wife survives z a me?od ( pur*ase4 ,among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es app>5tly ! clans1 or sections ( !m1 w&] ab\t 9 se>* ( food & game1 & meet ea* o!r = m or less promiscu\s int]c\rse4 ,?is may p]haps be suppos$ to h be5 ! g5]al primitive condition ( society aft] ! introduction ( exogamy comb9$ ) female desc5t4 ,& its memory is possibly pres]v$ 9 ! tradition ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 gold5 only 9 ! s5se t man 0 n tr\bl$ ei!r by memory or anticipation1 & liv$ only = ! day4 ,! entire insecurity ( life & its frequ5t end by />vation or a viol5t dea? did n !re=e tr\ble him any m ?an is ! case ) animals4 ,he took no ?\ght = ! morr[1 nor did ! ills ( ye/]day oppress 8 m9d4 ,z :5 "o ( a h]d ( de] is %ot by a hunt] & ! o!rs /& by x pity+ly z x lies dy+ on ! gr\nd1 unc]ta9 ( its mi%ap1 ?\gh !y w\ld help x if !y c\ld2 yet :5 !y p]ceive ! hunt] !y make quickly (f & 9 a few m9utes are aga9 graz+ happily a mile or two away3 little or no m ?an ?is c primitive man be suppos$ to h be5 affect$ by ! dea?s ( 8 fell[s4 ,b possibly1 s9ce he 0 c>nivor\s1 ! sick & old may h be5 kill$ = food1 z is /ill ! practice among "s tribes ( savages4 ,9 ! natural c\rse1 h[ev]1 m or less p]man5t unions1 ?\gh p]haps n regul> m>riages1 mu/ h develop$ 9 ! female exogam\s clan1 :i* w\ld ?us usually h m5 ( o!r clans liv+ ) x4 ,& s9ce id5tification ( individuals w\ld be extremely difficult be=e ! introduction ( p]sonal names1 !re w\ld be dang] t :5 two clans met1 m5 & wom5 belong+ to ! same totem-clan w\ld h sexual int]c\rse4 ,?is (f5ce1 ow+ to ! /r5g? ( ! feel+ = exogamy1 0 frequ5tly held to entail t]rible evils = ! community1 & 0 consequ5tly sometimes puni%$ ) dea? z treason4 ,moreov]1 if we suppose a numb] ( small clans1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d & ,e1 to meet ea* o!r aga9 & aga91 & ! m5 & wom5 to unite promiscu\sly1 x is cle> t ! result w\ld be a mixture ( relation%ips ( a v ince/u\s "*4 ,! ince/ ( bro!rs & si/]s by ! same fa!r w\ld be possible & ( almo/ all o!r relations1 ?\gh t ( bro!rs & si/]s by ! same "m w\ld n be caus$4 ,?is may h be5 ! reason = ! introduction ( ! class sy/em among ! ,au/ralians & ,r$ ,indians1 by :i* all ! clans ( a c]ta9 area 7 divid$ into two classes1 & ! m5 ( any clan ( "o class c\ld only m>ry or h int]c\rse ) ! wom5 ( a clan ( ! o!r class4 ,by su* a division ! evil results ( ! mixture ( totems 9 exogam\s clans ) female desc5t w\ld be avoid$4 ,! class sy/em 0 sometimes fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! rule1 9 ,au/ralia1 t diff]5t classes %\ld1 :5 !y met1 encamp on opposite sides ( a creek or o!r natural division #afd2 :il/ among ! ,r$ ,indians1 ! classes camp on opposite sides ( ! road1 or live on diff]5t sides ( ! same h\se or /reet4 #afe ,9 ,au/ralia1 & v occasionally else:]e1 ! class sy/em has be5 develop$ into f\r & eight sub-classes4 ,a man ( "o sub-class c only m>ry a woman ( "o o!r1 & _! *ildr5 belong to "o ( ^? diff]5t f ei!r ! fa!r's or "m's4 ,?is highly elaborate & artificial sy/em 0 no d\bt1 z /at$ by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 devis$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! int]m>riage ( p>5ts & *ildr5 belong+ to diff]5t clans :]e !re are f\r sub-classes1 & ( fir/ c\s9s :]e !re are eight sub-classes4 #aff ,! class sy/em1 h[ev]1 w\ld n appe> to h be5 ! e>lie/ =m ( exogamy among ! ,au/ralian tribes4 ,its v complicat$ "*1 & ! fact t ! two pr9cipal classes sometimes d n ev5 h names1 seem to preclude ! idea ( its hav+ be5 ! fir/ =m ( exogamy1 :i* is a /rong natural feel+1 s mu* s t x may almo/ be describ$ z an in/9ct1 ?\gh ( c\rse n a primitive animal in/9ct4 ,& j z ! totem clan1 :i* e/abli%es a s5tim5t ( k9%ip betwe5 p :o are n relat$ by blood1 0 prior to ! individual family1 s exogamy1 :i* =bids ! m>riage ( p :o are n relat$ by blood1 mu/ app>5tly h be5 prior to ! feel+ simply aga9/ connections ( p]sons relat$ by blood or :at we call ince/4 ,if ! two-class sy/em 0 introduc$ 9 ,au/ralia to prohibit ! m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s at a "t :5 !y c\ld n recognise ea* o!r 9 adult life1 !n on ! introduction ( p]sonal names :i* w\ld enable bro!rs & si/]s to recognise & rememb] ea* o!r1 ! two-class sy/em %\ld h be5 succe$$ by a mod]n table ( prohibit$ degrees1 & n by clan exogamy at all4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! two-class sy/em 0 a common & natural =m ( evolution ( a society divid$ into exogam\s totem clans ) female desc5t1 :5 a man 0 n tak5 into ! clan ( ! woman ) :om he liv$4 ,! fur!r subdivision into f\r & eight sub-classes is almo/ peculi> to ! ,au/ralian tribes2 its developm5t may p]haps be attribut$ to ! fact t ^! tribes h reta9$ ! sy/em ( female desc5t & ! migratory hunt+ me?od ( life = an abnormally long p]iod1 & h evolv$ ?is special in/itution to prev5t ! unions ( ne> relatives :i* are likely to occur "u su* conditions4 ,! rema9s ( a two-class sy/em appe> to be traceable among ! ,gonds ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,9 "o "p ( ,ba/> all ! ,gond clans are divid$ into two classes )\t names1 & a man _c m>ry a woman belong+ to any clan ( 8 own class1 b mu/ take "o f a clan ( ! o!r class4 ,else:]e ! ,gonds are divid$ into two gr\ps ( six-god & sev5-god wor%ipp]s among :om ! same rule obta9s4 ,=m]ly ! ,gonds appe> 9 "s places to h _h sev5 gr\ps1 wor%ipp+ diff]5t numb]s ( gods f "o to sev51 & ea* ( ^! gr\ps 0 exogam\s4 ,b aft] ! complete sub/itution ( male = female k9%ip 9 ! clan1 & ! settlem5t ( clans 9 diff]5t villages1 ! classes cease to fulfil any useful purpose4 ,!y are n[ disappe>+1 & x is v difficult to obta9 any reliable in=mation ab\t _! rules4 ,! sy/em ( c\nt+ k9%ip ?r\gh ! "m1 or female desc5t1 has long be5 ext9ct 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ov] mo/ ( ,india4 ,"s survival ( x1 or at lea/ ! cu/om ( poly&ry1 is f\nd among ! ,nairs ( s\!rn ,india & 9 ,?ibet4 ,else:]e sc>cely a trace rema9s1 & ?is 0 also ! condition ( ?+s ) ! classical races ( antiquity2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ev5 great ?9k]s l ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e & ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ) ! examples only ( ,india1 ,greece & ,rome be=e !m1 did n recognise ! sy/em ( female desc5t1 & ?\ght t ! exogam\s clan ) male desc5t 0 an ext5sion ( ! patri>*al family1 ?is latt] hav+ be5 ! orig9al unit ( society4 ,! wide di/ribution ( exogamy & ! probable priority ( ! sy/em ( female to t ( male desc5t 7 fir/ br\ght prom95tly to notice by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan4 ,/ill a di/9ct trace ( ! prior =m survives "h 9 ! special relation%ip sometimes f\nd to exi/ betwe5 a man & 8 si/]'s *ildr54 ,?is is a survival ( ! p]iod :5 a woman's *ildr51 "u ! rule ( female desc5t1 belong$ to h] own family & h] husb& or p>tn] 9 sexual relations _h no propriet>y "r or au?ority ov] !m1 ! place & au?ority ( a fa!r belong+ 9 su* a condition ( society to ! "m's bro!r or bro!rs4 ,among ! ,halbas a m>riage is commonly arrang$ :5 practicable betwe5 a bro!r's daught] & a si/]'s son4 ,& a man always %[s a special reg>d & respect = 8 si/]'s son1 t\*+ ! latt]'s feet z to a sup]ior1 :ile :5ev] he desires to make a gift z an (f]+ ( ?anks & atonem5t1 or z a m]itori\s action1 ! si/]'s son is ! recipi5t4 ,at 8 dea? he usually leaves a sub/antial legacy1 su* z "o or two buffaloes1 to 8 si/]'s son1 ! rema9d] ( ! prop]ty go+ to 8 own family4 ,simil>ly among ! ,kam>s ! m>riage ( a man's *ildr5 ) 8 si/]'s *ildr5 is consid]$ ! mo/ suitable union4 ,if a man's si/] is poor1 he w arrange = ! w$d+s ( h] *ildr54 ,he w nev] beat 8 si/]'s *ildr5 h[ev] mu* !y may des]ve x1 & he w n p]mit 8 si/]'s son or daught] to eat f ! di% f :i* he eats4 ,! la/ rule1 x is said1 also applies to ! mat]nal aunt4 ,! ,kunbis1 & o!r ,m>a?a ca/es1 h a say+3 ',at ! si/]'s h\se ! bro!r's daught] is a daught]-9-law4' ,! ,gonds call ! w$d+ ( a bro!r's daught] to a si/]'s son ,dudh lautana1 or 'br++ back ! milk4' ,! reason :y a bro!r 0 =m]ly anxi\s to m>ry 8 daught] to 8 si/]'s son 0 t ! latt] w\ld be 8 heir "u ! matri>*al sy/em2 b n[ t inh]itance is ?r\gh males1 & girls are at a premium = m>riage1 a bro!r is usually m anxi\s to get 8 si/]'s daught] = 8 son1 & on ! analogy ( ! opposite union x is sometimes suppos$1 z among ! ,gonds1 t he also has a "r to h]4 ,_m o!r in/ances ( ! special relation betwe5 a bro!r & 8 si/]'s *ildr5 are giv5 by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy4 ,9 "s localities also ! ,korkus build _! villages 9 two long l9es ( h\ses on ea* side ( ! road1 & x may be ! case t ?is is a relic ( ! p]iod :5 two or m clans ) female desc5t liv$ 9 ! same village1 & ^? belong+ to ea* class :o c\ld n m>ry or h sexual relations among !mselves occupi$ "o side ( ! road4 #gj4 ,m>riage4 ,! transf] ( ! reckon+ ( k9%ip & desc5t f ! "m's to ! fa!r's side may p]haps be associat$ ) ! full recognition ( ! physical fact ( pat]nity4 ,?\gh !y may n h be5 contemporane\s 9 all or ev5 ! majority ( societies1 x w\ld seem t ! =m] 0 9 mo/ cases ! logical outcome ( ! latt]1 reg>d be+ _h also to ! man's natural function z protector ( ! family & provid] ( its su/5ance4 ,b ?is transition f female to male k9%ip 0 a social revolution ( ! fir/ importance4 ,"u ! sy/em ( female desc5t !re _h be5 g5]ally no transf] ( clan%ip2 bo? ! woman & h] p>tn] or husb& reta9$ _! own clans1 & ! *ildr5 belong$ to _! "m's clan4 ,9 ! totemic /age ( society ! totem-clan 0 ! vital organism1 & ! individual sc>cely realis$ 8 own sep>ate exi/5ce1 b reg>d$ himself z a memb] ( 8 totem-clan1 be+ a piece or fraction ( a common life :i* ext5d$ ?r\gh all ! memb]s ( ! clan & all ! totem animals ( ! species4 ,!y may h ?\ght also t ea* species ( animals & plants _h a diff]5t k9d ( life1 & consequ5tly also ea* clan ^: life 0 d]iv$ f1 & l9k$ to1 t ( its totem-species4 ,= ! "n1 & life1 & qualities1 & fle% & blood 7 n sep>ate conceptions1 b only "o conception2 & s9ce ! "n & qualities 7 "p ( ! life1 ! life ( "o species c\ld n be ! same z t ( ano!r1 & e species :i* _h a sep>ate "n mu/ h be5 ?\ght to h a diff]5t k9d ( life4 ,nor w\ld man h be5 reg>d$ z a di/9ct species 9 ! e>ly totem-/age1 & !re w\ld be no ^w = man2 b ea* totem-clan w\ld reg>d itself z hav+ ! same life z its totem-species4 ,) ! introduction ( ! sy/em ( male k9%ip came also ! practice ( transf]r+ a woman f h] own clan to t ( h] husb&4 ,x may be sugge/$ t ?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! social in/itution ( m>riage4 ,primitive society _h no provision = su* a proc$ure1 :i* 0 oppos$ to its "o fundam5tal idea ( its own con/itution1 & involv$ a *ange ( ! life & p]sonality ( ! woman transf]r$4 #ga4 ,m>riage by capture4 ,! view seems to h be5 long held t ?is transf] c\ld only be effect$ by viol5ce or capture1 ! mann] 9 :i* presumably x 0 fir/ practis$4 ,m>riage by capture is v widely preval5t among savage races1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan 9 ,primitive ,m>riage1 & by ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck 9 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage4 ,:]e ! cu/om has giv5 place to m peaceable me?ods ( procur+ a wife1 survivals commonly occur4 ,9 ,ba/> ! regul> capture ( ! girl is /ill sometimes c>ri$ out1 ?\gh ! bus9ess is usually arrang$ by ! c\ple be=eh&1 & ! same is ! case among ! ,kolams ( ,w>dha4 ,a regul> "p ( ! m>riage proc$ure among ! ,gonds & o!r tribes is t ! bride %\ld weep =mally = "s h\rs1 or a day be=e ! w$d+1 & %e is sometimes taught to cry 9 ! prop] note4 ,at ! w$d+ ! bride hides some:]e & has to be f\nd or c>ri$ (f by ! bridegroom or 8 bro!r4 ,?is rituali/ic display ( grief & coyness appe>s to be ( consid]able int]e/4 ,x _c be expla9$ by ! girl's reluctance to m>riage z involv+ ! loss ( h] virg9ity1 inasmu* z %e is /ill frequ5tly n a virg9 at h] w$d+1 & to judge f ! analogy ( o!r tribes1 c\ld seldom or nev] h be5 "o a few g5]ations back4 ,nor is affection = h] family or grief at ! approa*+ sep>ation f !m a satisfactory motive4 ,?is w\ld n acc\nt = ! hid+ at all1 & n prop]ly = ! weep+1 s9ce %e w aft] all only live a few miles away & w (t5 return home2 & sometimes %e does n only weep at h] own h\se b at all ! h\ses ( ! village4 ,! sugge/ion may be made t ! proc$ure really indicates ! girl's reluctance to be sev]$ f h] own clan & transf]r$ to ano!r2 & t ! s5tim5t is a survival ( ! resi/ance to m>riage by capture :i* 0 at fir/ impos$ on ! wom5 by ! m5 f loyalty to ! clan totem & its common life1 & _h no?+ to d ) ! conjugal relation%ip ( m>riage4 ,b out ( ?is feel+ ! sexual mode/y ( wom51 :i* _h be5 non-exi/5t 9 ! matri>*al condition ( society1 0 p]haps gradually develop$4 ,! ,*am>s ( ,bilaspur h %am fights on ! approa* ( ! w$d+ p>ty1 & 9 mo/ ,h9du ca/es ! bridegroom on 8 arrival p]=ms "s militant action1 su* z /rik+ ! m>riage-%$ or break+ "o ( its fe/oons4 ,aft] ! m>riage ! bride is ne>ly always s5t home ) ! bridegroom's p>ty = a few days1 ev5 ?\gh %e may be a *ild & ! consummation ( ! m>riage impossible4 ,?is may be 9 memory ( h] hav+ =m]ly be5 c>ri$ (f1 & "s analog\s significance may atta* to our honeymoon4 ,:5 ! cu/om ( capture _h di$ d[n x 0 succe$$ by ! mild] =m ( elopem5t1 or ! bride 0 sold or ex*ang$ aga9/ a girl f ! bridegroom's family or clan1 b !re is usually a relic ( a =mal transf]1 su* z ! ,h9du ,kanyadan or gift ( ! virg91 ! ,roman ,traditio 9 manum or h] transf] f h] fa!r's to h] husb&'s p[]1 & ! giv+ away ( ! bride4 #gb4 ,transf] ( ! bride to h] husb&'s clan4 ,^! cu/oms seem to m>k ! transf] ( ! woman f h] fa!r's to h] husb&'s clan1 :i* 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance effect$ =cibly & aft]w>ds by ! free gift ( h] fa!r or gu>dian1 & ! *ange ( surname w\ld be a relic ( ! *ange ( clan4 ,among ! ,h9dus a girl is nev] call$ by h] prop] "n 9 h] husb&'s h\se1 b always by "s o!r "n or nickname4 ,?is cu/om seems to be a relic ( ! p]iod :5 ! "n d5ot$ ! clan1 ?\gh x no long] has any ref]5ce ei!r to ! girl's clan or family4 ,ano!r rite portray+ ! transf] 9 ,india is ! m>k+ ( ! bride's =ehead ) v]milion1 :i* is no d\bt a sub/itute = blood4 ,! c]emony w\ld be a relic ( p>ticipation 9 ! clan sacrifice :5 ! bride w\ld 9 ! fir/ place dr9k ! blood ( ! totem animal or tribal god ) ! bridegroom 9 sign ( h] admission to 8 clan & aft]w>ds be m>k$ ) ! blood z a sub/itute4 ,?is sme> ( v]milion a m>ri$ woman always cont9ues to we> z a sign ( h] /ate1 unless %e we>s p9k p[d] or a spangle z a sub/itute4 #afg ,:]e ?is p9k p[d] 7kunku7 or spangles are us$ !y mu/ always be giv5 by ! bridegroom to ! bride z "p ( ! ,sohag or tr\sseau4 ,at a ,bha9a w$d+ ! bride's fa!r makes an image 9 clay ( ! bird or animal ( ! groom's sept & places x beside ! m>riage-po/4 ,! bridegroom wor%ips ! image1 light+ a sacrificial fire be=e x1 or (f]s to x ! v]milion :i* he aft]w>ds sme>s ^u ! =ehead ( ! bride4 ,! ,khadals at _! m>riages wor%ip _! totem animal or tree1 & (f] to x fl[]s1 s&alwood1 v]milion1 uncook$ rice1 & ! new clo!s & ornam5ts int5d$ = ! bride1 :i* %e may n we> until ?is c]emony has be5 p]=m$4 ,aga91 ! sacram5t ( ! ,meh] or m>riage cakes is sometimes connect$ ) ! clan totem 9 ,india4 ,^! cakes are cook$ & eat5 sacram5tally by all ! memb]s ( ! family & _! relatives1 ! bride & bridegroom comm5c+ fir/4 ,among ! ,kols ! relatives to :om ^! cakes are di/ribut$ _c int]m>ry1 & ?is indicates t ! eat+ ( !m 0 =m]ly a sacram5t ( ! exogam\s clan4 ,! association ( ! totem ) ! m>riage cakes is sometimes cle>ly %[n4 ,?us 9 ! ,dahait ca/e memb]s ( ! clans nam$ aft] c]ta9 trees1 g to ! tree at ! "t ( _! w$d+s & invite x to be pres5t at ! c]emony4 ,!y (f] ! m>riage cakes to ! tree4 ,^? ( ! ,nagotia or cobra clan deposit ! cakes at a snake's hole4 ,memb]s ( ! ,s+h 7lion7 & ,bagh 7tig]7 clans draw images ( ^! animals on ! wall at ! "t ( _! w$d+s & (f] ! cakes to !m4 ,! ,basors ( ! ,kulatia or som]sault clan d som]saults at ! "t ( eat+ ! cakes2 ^? ( ! ,k>ai ,nor clan1 :o v5]ate a well1 eat ! cakes at a well & n at home4 ,basors ( ! ,lurhia clan1 :o v5]ate a gr9d+-/one1 wor%ip ?is implem5t at ! "t ( eat+ ! m>riage cakes4 ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes /ates t ! ,roman ,conf>reatio1 or eat+ ( a cake toge!r by ! bride & bridegroom 9 ! pres5ce ( ! family gods ( ! latt]1 con/itut$ _! holy union or m>riage4 ,by ?is act ! wife 0 transf]r$ to ! gods & religion ( h] husb&4 #afh ,"h ! gods ref]r$ to are cle>ly held to be ! family gods1 & 9 ! hi/orical p]iod x seems d\btful :e!r ! ,roman g5s 0 /ill exogam\s4 ,b if ! patri>*al family develop$ )9 ! exogam\s clan trac+ desc5t ?r\gh males1 & f9ally supplant$ ! clan z ! mo/ important social unit1 !n x w\ld foll[ t ! family gods 7 only a sub/itute = ! clan gods1 & ! bride came to be transf]r$ to h] husb&'s family in/ead ( to 8 clan4 ,! m>riage c]emony 9 ,greece consi/$ ( a common meal ( a precisely simil> "*1 #afi & ! ,engli% w$d+ cake seems to be a survival ( su* a rite4 ,at _! w$d+s ! ,bhils make cakes ( ! l>ge millet ju>i1 call+ x ,ju>i ,mata or ,"m ,ju>i4 ,^! cakes are eat5 at ! h\ses ( ! bride & bridegroom by ! memb]s ( _! respective clans1 & ! rema9s are buri$ inside ! h\se z sacr$ food4 ,dr4 ,h[itt /ates ( ! ,kurnai tribe3 ,by & by1 :5 ! bruises & p]haps w\nds receiv$ 9 ^! fights 7betwe5 ! "y m5 & wom57 _h heal$1 a "y man & a "y woman might meet1 & he1 look+ at h]1 w\ld say1 = in/ance1 ',djiitgun6 #agj ,:at does ! ,djiitgun eat8' ,! reply w\ld be ',%e eats kang>oo1 opossum1' or "s o!r game4 ,?is con/itut$ a =mal (f] & acceptance1 & w\ld be foll[$ by ! elopem5t ( ! c\ple z describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,m>riage4 #aga ,!re is no /atem5t t ! "q ab\t eat+ ref]s to ! totem1 b ?is mu/ app>5tly h be5 ! orig9al be>+ ( ! "q1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be mean+less4 ,s9ce ?is proposal ( m>riage foll[$ on a fight betwe5 ! boys & girls aris+ f ! fact t "o p>ty _h injur$ ! o!r p>ty's sex-totem1 ! fight may p]haps really h be5 a prelim9>y to ! proposal & h repres5t$ a symbolic sub/itute = or survival ( m>riage by capture4 ,among ! ,santals1 ,colonel ,dalton says1 ! social meal t ! boy & girl eat toge!r is ! mo/ important "p ( ! c]emony1 z by ! act ! girl ceases to belong to h] fa!r's tribe & becomes a memb] ( ! husb&'s family4 ,s9ce ! t]ms tribe & family are obvi\sly us$ loosely 9 ! above /atem5t1 we may p]haps sub/itute clan 9 bo? cases4 ,_m o!r in/ances ( ! rite ( eat+ toge!r at a w$d+ are giv5 by ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck4 #agb ,if1 !re=e1 x be suppos$ t ! w$d+ c]emony consi/$ orig9ally ( ! =mal transf] ( ! bride to ! bridegroom's clan1 & fur!r t ! orig9al tie :i* unit$ ! totem-clan 0 ! common eat+ ( ! totem animal1 !n ! practice ( ! bride & bridegroom eat+ toge!r z a symbol ( m>riage c be fully und]/ood4 ,:5 ! totem animal _h ceas$ to be ! pr9cipal means ( subsi/5ce1 bread1 :i* to a p 9 ! agricultural /age _h become ! /aff or *ief support ( life1 0 sub/itut$ = x1 z argu$ by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,if ! in/itution ( m>riage 0 ?us orig9ally bas$ on ! =cible transf] ( a woman f h] own to h] husb&'s clan1 c]ta9 ,indian cu/oms become easily explicable 9 ! light ( ?is view4 ,we c und]/& :y a ,brahman or ,rajput ?\ght x ess5tial to m>ry 8 daught] into a clan or family ( high] /atus ?an 8 own2 because ! disgrace ( hav+ 8 daught] tak5 f him by :at _h be5 orig9ally an act ( =ce1 0 aton$ = by ! sup]ior rank ( ! captor or abductor4 ,& simil>ly ! t]ms fa!r-9-law & bro!r-9-law w\ld be reg>d$ z opprobri\s because !y orig9ally impli$ n m]ely t ! speak] _h m>ri$ ! si/] or daught] ( ! p]son address$1 b _h m>ri$ h] =cibly1 !reby plac+ him 9 a position ( inf]iority4 ,a ,rajput =m]ly felt x d]ogatory t any man %\ld address him ei!r z fa!r-or bro!r-9-law4 ,& ! analog\s cu/om ( a man refus+ to take food 9 ! h\se ( 8 son-9-law's family & sometimes ev5 refus+ to dr9k wat] 9 _! village w\ld be explicable on precisely ! same gr\nds4 ,?is view ( m>riage w\ld also acc\nt = ! wide preval5ce ( female infanticide4 ,because 9 ! primitive condition ( exogamy ) male desc5t1 girls c\ld n be m>ri$ 9 _! own clan1 z ?is w\ld transgress ! b9d+ law ( exogamy1 & !y c\ld n be transf]r$ f _! own totem-clan & m>ri$ 9 ano!r except by =ce & rape4 ,h5ce x 0 ?\ght bett] to kill girl *ildr5 ?an to suff] ! ignom9y ( _! be+ =cibly c>ri$ (f4 ,bo? k9ds ( female infanticide z di/+ui%$ by ,sir ,h4 ,risley #agc w\ld ?us orig9ally be due to ! same belief4 ,! ,khond kill$ 8 daught] because %e c\ld n be m>ri$ o!rwise ?an by =cible abduction2 n necess>ily because he 0 unable to protect h]1 b because he c\ld n conceive ( h] be+ transf]r$ f "o totem-clan to ano!r by any o!r means2 & he 0 b\nd to resi/ ! transf] because by acquiesc+ 9 x1 he w\ld h be5 guilty ( disloyalty to 8 own totem1 ^: common life 0 injur$ by ! loss ( ! girl4 ,! ,rajput kill$ 8 daught] because x 0 a disgrace to him to get h] m>ri$ at all outside 8 clan1 & %e c\ld n be m>ri$ )9 x4 ,aft]w>ds ! disgrace 0 remov$ by m>ry+ h] into a high] clan ?an 8 own & by lavi% exp5diture on ! w$d+2 & ! practice ( female infanticide 0 cont9u$ to avoid ! ru9\s outlay :i* ?is primitive view ( m>riage _h orig9ally entail$4 ,! ,h9du cu/om ( ! ,swayamv>a or arm$ conte/ = ! h& ( a ,rajput pr9cess1 & ! curi\s recognition by ! ,h9du law-books ( simple rape z a legitimate =m ( m>riage w\ld be expla9$ on ! same gr\nd4 #gc4 ,! exogam\s clan ) male desc5t & ! village4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! exogam\s clan ) female desc5t conta9$ no m>ri$ c\ples1 & !re=e x 0 necess>y ei!r t outside m5 %\ld live ) x1 or t ! clans %\ld cont9ually meet ea* o!r1 or t two or m %\ld live 9 ! same village4 ,) ! *ange to male desc5t & ! transf] ( wom5 to _! husb&s' clans1 ?is un/able *>act]i/ic 0 remov$4 ,h5ce=? ! clan 0 self-conta9$1 hav+ its m>ri$ c\ples1 bo? memb]s ( x1 ^: *ildr5 w\ld also be born 9 & belong to x4 ,s9ce ! clan 0 orig9ally a body ( p]sons :o w&]$ ab\t & hunt$ toge!r1 its "* w\ld be ma9ta9$ by liv+ toge!r1 & !re is reason to suppose t ! ,indian exogam\s clan ) male desc5t took its special "* because its memb]s usually liv$ 9 "o or m villages4 ,?is fact w\ld acc\nt = ! l>ge numb] & multiplication ( clans 9 ,india z comp>$ ) o!r places4 ,z already se5 "o ( ! names ( a clan is kh]a1 :i* also means a village1 & a l>ge numb] ( ! clan names are d]iv$ f1 or ! same1 z ^? ( villages4 ,among ! ,khonds all ! memb]s ( "o clan live 9 ! same locality ab\t "s c5tral village4 ,?us ! ,tupa clan are collect$ ab\t ! village ( ,teplag>h 9 ,patna ,/ate1 ! ,loa clan r\nd ,s9dhekala1 ! ,borga clan r\nd ,bangomunda & s on4 ,! ,nunias ( ,mirzapur1 ,mr4 ,crooke rem>ks1 #agd h a sy/em ( local subdivisions call$ dih1 ea* subdivision be+ nam$ aft] ! village :i* is suppos$ to be its home4 ,! ^w dih itself means a site or village4 ,^? :o h ! same dih d n int]m>ry4 ,9 ! villages fir/ settl$ by ! ,oraons1 ,fa!r ,dehon /ates1 #age ! population is divid$ into ?ree khunts or bran*es1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ?ree bran*es be+ held to h be5 sons ( ! fir/ settl]4 ,memb]s ( ea* bran* belong to ! same clan or got4 ,ea* khunt or bran* has a %>e ( ! village l&s4 ,! ,mo*is or cobbl]s h =ty exogam\s sections or gotras1 mo/ly nam$ aft] ,rajput clans1 & !y also h an equal numb] ( kh]as or gr\ps nam$ aft] villages4 ,! limits ( ! two gr\ps seem to be id5tical2 & memb]s ( ea* gr\p h an ance/ral village f :i* !y are suppos$ to h come4 ,m>riage is n[ regulat$ by ! ,rajput sept-names1 b ! probability is t ! kh]as 7 ! orig9al divisions1 & ! ,rajput gotras h be5 m rec5tly adopt$ 9 support ( ! claims already notic$4 ,! ,p>jas h totemi/ic exogam\s clans & m>riage is prohibit$ 9 !ory betwe5 memb]s ( ! same clan4 ,b z ! numb] ( clans is r small1 ! rule is n adh]$ to1 & memb]s ( ! same clan are p]mitt$ to m>ry s long z !y d n come f ! same village4 ,! ,m9as ( ,rajputana are divid$ into twelve exogam\s pals or clans2 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w pal 0 a defile or valley suitable = def5ce1 :]e ! memb]s ( ! clan w\ld live toge!r z 9 a ,scot* gl54 ,?us among ! cultivat+ ca/es app>5tly ea* exogam\s clan consi/$ orig9ally ( ! resid5ts ( "o village1 ?\gh !y aft]w>ds spread to a numb] ( villages4 ,! s]vile lab\r+ ca/es may also h arrang$ _! clans by villages z ! primitive =e/-tribes did4 ,h[ ! m5ial ca/es =m$ exogam\s clans is n altoge!r cle>1 z ! numb]s 9 "o village w\ld be only small4 ,b x may be suppos$ t z !y gradually increas$1 clans came into exi/5ce ei!r 9 "o l>ge village or a numb] ( adjac5t ones1 & sometimes trac$ _! desc5t f a s+le family or f an ance/or ) a nickname4 ,z a rule1 ! artisan ca/es d n appe> to h =m$ villages ( _! own 9 ,india1 z !y did 9 ,russia1 ?\gh ?is may occasionally h happ5$4 ,:5 among ! cultivat+ ca/es ! l&s 7 divid$1 sep>ate jo9t families w\ld be con/itut$2 ! head only ( ea* family w\ld be its repres5tative 9 ! clan1 z he w\ld hold ! %>e ( ! village l& assign$ to ! family1 :i* 0 _! jo9t means ( subsi/5ce1 & ! family w\ld live 9 "o h\sehold4 ,?us p]haps ! ,h9du jo9t family came into exi/5ce z a subdivision ( ! exogam\s clan ) male desc5t1 on :i* its con/itution 0 modell$4 ,9 ,*hattisg>h families /ill live toge!r 9 l>ge enclosures ) sep>ate huts = ! m>ri$ c\ples4 ,a human ance/or gradually took ! place ( ! totem z ! giv] ( life to ! clan4 ,! memb]s ?\ght !mselves b\nd toge!r by ! tie ( 8 blood :i* fl[$ ?r\gh all _! ve9s1 & frequ5tly1 z 9 ,a!ns1 ,rome & ,scotl&1 e memb] ( ! clan bore 8 "n4 ,9 ?is capacity1 z ! s\rce ( ! clan's life1 ! orig9al ance/or 0 p]haps v5]at$1 & on ! developm5t ( ! family sy/em )9 ! clan1 ! ance/ors ( ! family 7 held 9 a simil> reg>d1 & ! feel+ ext5d$ to ! liv+ ance/or or fa!r1 :o is treat$ ) ! greate/ def]5ce 9 ! e>ly patri>*al family4 ,ev5 n[ ,h9du boys1 ?\gh !y may be bett] educat$ & m intellig5t ?an _! fa!r1 w n z a rule address him at meals unless he speaks to !m fir/1 on acc\nt ( _! traditional respect = him4 ,! reg>d = ! fa!r may be /r5g!n$ by 8 position z ! /ay & support ( ! family1 b c\ld sc>cely h aris5 solely f ?is cause4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's view t ! orig9 ( exogamy lay 9 ! feel+ aga9/ ! m>riage ( p]sons :o liv$ toge!r1 receives support f ! fact t a feel+ ( k9%ip /ill subsi/s betwe5 ,h9dus liv+ 9 ! same village1 ev5 ?\gh !y may belong to diff]5t ca/es & clans4 ,x is commonly f\nd t all ! h\seholds ( a village believe !mselves 9 a mann] relat$4 ,a man w address all ! m5 ( ! g5]ation above 8 own z uncle1 ?\gh !y may be ( diff]5t ca/es1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! g5]ation bel[ 8 own z niece & nephew4 ,:5 a girl is m>ri$1 all ! old m5 ( ! village call h] husb& 'son-9-law4' ,?is ext5ds ev5 to ! impure ca/es :o _c be t\*$4 ,yet ow+ to ! fact t !y live toge!r !y are consid]$ by fiction to be relat$4 ,! ,g[>i ca/e d n employ ,brahmans = _! w$d+s1 b ! c]emony is p]=m$ by ! bhanja or si/]'s son ei!r ( ! girl's fa!r or ! boy's fa!r4 ,if he is n available1 any "o :om ei!r ! girl's fa!r or ! boy's fa!r addresses z bhanja or nephew 9 ! village1 ev5 ?\gh he may be no relation & may belong to ano!r ca/e1 may p]=m ! c]emony z a sub/itute4 ,among ! ,oraons & o!r tribes pr5uptial int]c\rse betwe5 boys & girls ( ! same village is regul>ly all[$4 ,x is n consid]$ "r1 h[ev]1 t ^! unions %\ld end 9 m>riage1 = :i* p>tn]s %\ld be s\ght f o!r villages4 #agf ,9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry ! villag]s h a communal fea/ on ! occasion ( ! ,dasahra fe/ival1 ! ,kunbis or cultivators eat+ fir/ & ! memb]s ( ! m5ial & lab\r+ ca/es aft]w>ds4 #gd4 ,! l>ge exogam\s clans ( ! ,brahmans & ,rajputs4 ,! ,sap9das1 ! g5s & ! g'enoc4 ,! ,brahmans & ,rajputs1 h[ev]1 & "o or two o!r milit>y ca/es1 z ! ,m>a?as & ,lodhis1 d n h ! small exogam\s clans 7:i* probably1 z has be5 se51 repres5t$ ! p]sons :o liv$ toge!r 9 a village71 b l>ge ones4 ,?us ! ,rajputs 7 divid$ into ?irty-six royal races1 & !oretically all ^! %\ld h be5 exogam\s1 m>ry+ ) ea* o!r4 ,ea* great clan 0 aft]w>ds1 z a rule1 split into a numb] ( bran*es1 & x is probable t ^! became exogam\s2 :ile 9 cases :]e a community ( ,rajputs h settl$ on ! l& & become ord9>y cultivators1 !y h develop$ into an endogam\s subca/e conta9+ small clans ( ! ord9>y type4 ,x seems likely t ! ,rajput clan orig9ally consi/$ ( ^? :o foll[$ ! *ief to battle & f\ght toge!r1 & h5ce consid]$ !mselves to be relat$4 ,?is 01 z a matt] ( fact1 ! case4 ,colonel ,tod /ates t ! great ,ra?or clan1 :o said t !y c\ld mu/] a hundr$ ?\s& swords1 spoke ( !mselves z ! sons ( "o fa!r4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,scot* clans consid]$ !mselves relat$ 9 ! same mann]1 & !y 7 probably ( simil> "* to ! ,rajput clans4 #agg ,i d n "k1 h[ev]1 t !re is any def9ite evid5ce z to ! exogamy ( ! ,scot* clans1 :i* w\ld h disappe>$ ) _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! orig9al ,rajput clan may p]haps h liv$ r\nd ! *iefs ca/le or headqu>t]s & be5 support$ by ! produce ( 8 private fief or demesne4 ,! regul> ,brahman gotras are also few 9 numb]1 possibly because !y 7 limit$ by ! paucity ( eponym\s sa9ts ( ! fir/ rank4 ,! ^w gotra means a /all or c[-p51 & w\ld ?us orig9ally signify ^? :o liv$ toge!r 9 "o place l a h]d ( cattle4 ,b ! gotras are n[ exce$+ly l>ge1 ! same ones be+ f\nd 9 mo/ or all ( ! ,brahman subca/es1 & x is believ$ t !y d n regulate m>riage z a rule4 ,sometimes ord9>y surnames h tak5 ! place ( clan names1 & p]sons ) ! same surname consid] !mselves relat$ & d n m>ry4 ,b usually ,brahmans prohibit m>riage betwe5 ,sap9das or p]sons relat$ to ea* o!r )9 sev5 degrees f a common ance/or4 ,! ^w ,sap9da signifies ^? :o p>take toge!r ( ! p9das or fun]al cakes (f]$ to ! dead4 ,! ,sap9das are also a man's heirs 9 ! abs5ce ( clos] relations2 ! gr\p ( ! ,sap9das is ?us an exact replica )9 ! gotra ( ! primitive totem clan :i* 0 exogam\s & con/itut$ by ! tie ( liv+ & eat+ toge!r4 ,simil>ly m>riage at ,rome 0 prohibit$ to sev5 degrees ( relation%ip ?r\gh males )9 ! g5s1 #agh & ?is exogam\s gr\p ( k9sm5 appe> to h be5 ! body ( agnatic k9sm5 )9 ! g5s :o are ref]r$ to by ,sir ,h4 ,ma9e z a man's ultimate heirs4 #agi ,at ,a!ns1 :5 a conte/ arose ^u a "q ( inh]itance1 ! prop] legal evid5ce to e/abli% k9%ip 0 ! pro( t ! alleg$ ance/or & ! alleg$ heir obs]v$ a common wor%ip & %>$ 9 ! same repa/ 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 #ahj ,! di/ant heirs 7 ?us a gr\p )9 ! ,a!nian g'enoc correspond+ to ! ,sap9das & b\nd by ! same tie ( eat+ toge!r4 ,pr(essor ,he>n /ates t !re is no c]ta9 evid5ce t ! ,roman g5s & ,greek g'enoc 7 orig9ally exogam\s1 b we f9d t ( ! ,roman matrons ^: names are kn[n to u none m>ri$ a husb& ) h] own ,g5tile "n2 & fur!r1 t ,plut>*1 9 writ+ ( ! ,romans1 says t 9 =m] days m5 did n m>ry wom5 ( _! own blood or1 z 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce he calls !m1 k9swom5 sugg5'idac1 j z 9 8 own day !y did n m>ry _! aunts or si/]s2 & he adds t x 0 long be=e !y cons5t$ to w$ ) c\s9s4 #aha ,pr(essor ,he>n's op9ion 0 t ! ,h9du gotra1 ! ,roman g5s & ! ,greek g'enoc 7 orig9ally ! same in/itution1 ! exogam\s clan ) male desc5t1 & all ! evid5ce available1 z well z ! close correspond5ce 9 o!r respects ( e>ly ,h9du in/itutions ) ^? ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 cities w\ld t5d to support ?is view4 #ge4 ,comp>ison ( ,h9du society ) t ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,! g5s4 ,9 ! admirable acc\nt ( ! e>ly con/itution ( ! city-/ates ( ,greece & ,italy conta9$ 9 ! "w ( ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la ,cit ,antique1 a close resemblance may be trac$ ) ! ma9 /rata ( ,h9du society giv5 e>li] 9 ?is essay4 ,! ,roman /ate 0 compos$ ( a numb] ( g5tes or clans1 ea* g5s trac+ its desc5t f a common ance/or1 ^: "n x usually bore4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! ,g5tile "n 9 ius signifi$ desc5dant1 z ,claudius1 ,fabius1 & s on4 ,simil>ly ! names ( ! ,a!nian g'enh or clans end$ 9 ides or ades1 z ,butades1 ,phytalides1 :i* _h ! same signification4 #ahb ,! ,g5tile or clan "n 0 ! nom5 or pr9cipal "n1 j z ! p]sonal names ( ! memb]s ( ! totem-clans 7 at fir/ connect$ ) ! totems4 ,! memb]s ( ! g5s liv$ toge!r on a section ( ! city l& & cultivat$ x "u ! control ( ! head ( ! g5s4 ,! orig9al ag] ,romanus is held to h be5 #aae squ>e miles or ab\t #gd1jjj acres1 #ahc & ?is 0 divid$ up among ! clans4 ,! heads ( clans orig9ally liv$ on _! e/ates & w5t 9 to ,rome = ! p]iodical fea/s & o!r duties4 ,! pr9cipal family or elde/ bran* ( ! g5s 9 ! desc5t f a common ance/or rank$ above ! o!rs1 & its head held ! position ( a petty k+ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! g5s4 ,9 ,greece he 0 call$ 'anax or basile'uc4 #ahd ,orig9ally ! ,roman ,s5ate consi/$ solely ( ! heads ( g5tes1 & ! consuls1 flam5s & augurs 7 also *os5 exclusively f !m2 !y 7 kn[n z patres2 aft] ! expulsion ( ! k+s1 fre% s5ators 7 add$ f ! junior bran*es ( ! g5tes1 ( :i* !re 7 at ?is p]iod #afj1 & ^! 7 kn[n z patres conscripti #ahe4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! elde/ & junior bran*es ( ! g5tes may h correspond$ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,k%atriyas & ,vai%yas1 ?\gh z practically no?+ is kn[n ( ! con/itution ( ! orig9al ,k%atriyas1 ?is c only be hypo!tical4 #gf4 ,! cli5ts4 ,)9 ! g5s1 & liv+ 9 ! h\sehold or h\seholds ( its memb]s1 !re exi/$ a body ( slaves1 & also ano!r class ( p]sons call$ cli5ts4 #ahf ,! cli5t 0 a s]vant & dep5dant2 he might be assign$ a plot ( l& by 8 patron1 b at fir/ c\ld n transmit x nor hold x aga9/ 8 patron4 ,x is probable t orig9ally he _h no "r ( prop]ty ( 8 own1 b he gradually acquir$ x4 ,fir/ he obta9$ a "r ( occupancy 9 8 l& & ( its devolution to 8 son if he _h "o4 ,f9ally he 0 giv5 ! p[] ( mak+ a w4 ,b he 0 /ill oblig$ to contribute to su* exp5ses ( ! patron z ransom 9 w>1 f9es impos$ by ! c\rts1 or ! d[ry ( a daught]4 #ahg ,! cli5t 0 consid]$ z a memb] ( ! family & bore its "n4 #ahh ,b he 0 n a prop] memb] ( ! family or g5s1 because 8 p$igree nev] asc5d$ to a pat] or ! head ( a g5s4 #ahi ,x 0 incumb5t on ! patron to protect ! cli5t1 & gu>d 8 int]e/s bo? 9 peace & w>4 ,! cli5t p>ticipat$ 9 ! h\sehold & ,g5tile sacrifices & wor%ipp$ ! gods ( ! g5s4 #aij ,at fir/ ! p ( ,rome consi/$ ( ?ree classes1 ! patricians1 ! cli5ts & ! plebeians4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 z ! rights & privileges ( ! plebeians increas$ aft] ! appo9tm5t ( tribunes1 _! position1 f hav+ orig9ally be5 mu* inf]ior1 became sup]ior to t ( ! cli5ts1 & ! latt] pref]r$ to ?r[ (f ! tie unit+ !m to _! patrons & become m]g$ 9 ! plebeians4 ,9 ?is mann] ! int]m$iate class ( cli5ts at l5g? entirely disappe>$4 #aia ,^! cli5ts mu/ n be confus$ ) ! subsequ5t class ( ! same "n1 :o are f\nd dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( ! republic & ! empire1 & 7 ! volunt>y support]s or hang]s-on ( ri* m54 ,x w\ld appe> t ^! e>ly cli5ts correspond$ v closely to ! h\sehold s]vants ( ! ,indian cultivators1 f :om ! village m5ial ca/es 7 develop$4 ,! ,roman cli5t 0 sometimes a fre$ slave1 b ?is w\ld n h made him a memb] ( ! family1 ev5 9 a subord9ate position4 ,app>5tly ! class ( cli5ts may h to a great ext5t orig9at$ 9 mix$ desc5t1 z ! ,indian h\sehold & village m5ials probably did4 ,?is view w\ld acc\nt satisfactorily = ! cli5t's position z a memb] ( ! family b n a prop] "o4 ,f ! fact t !y 7 consid]$ "o ( ! ?ree pr9cipal divisions ( ! p x is cle> t ! cli5ts mu/ at "o "t h be5 num]\s & important4 #gg4 ,! plebeians4 ,bel[ ! cli5ts came ! plebeians1 ^: position1 z ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes himself po9ts out1 correspond$ v closely to t ( ! ,sudras4 ,! plebeians _h no religion & no ance/ors2 !y did n belong to a family or a g5s4 #aib ,!y 7 a despis$ & abject class1 :o liv$ l bea/s outside ! prop] b\nd>y ( ! city4 ,! t\* ( ! plebeian 0 impure4 #aic ,:5 tribunes 7 creat$ a special law 0 necess>y to protect _! life & lib]ty1 & x 0 promulgat$ z foll[s3 ',x is =bidd5 to /rike or kill a tribune1 z if he 0 an ord9>y plebeian4' ,x w\ld appe> !n t a patrician _h ! "r to /rike or kill an ord9>y plebeian1 or at lea/ t he 0 am5able to no legal puni%m5t = do+ s4 #aid ,simil>ly 9 ! anci5t ,greek cities ! citiz5s 7 kn[n z agajo'i or good1 & ! plebeians z kako'i or bad4 ,?is latt] class is describ$ by ! poet ,!ognis z hav+ _h a=etime nei!r tribunals nor laws2 !y 7 n all[$ ev5 to ent] ! t[n1 b liv$ outside l wild bea/s4 ,!y _h no "p 9 ! religi\s fea/s & c\ld n int]m>ry ) ! prop] citiz5s4 #aie ,?is position corresponds exactly ) t ( ! ,sudras & ! exi/+ impure ca/es1 :o h to live outside ! village & _c ent] or ev5 approa* ,h9du temples4 ,m4 de ,c\langes consid]s t ! plebeians 7 to a l>ge ext5t made up ( conqu]$ & subject$ peoples4 ,an asylum 0 also e/abli%$ at ,rome = brok5 m5 & outlaws f o!r cities1 ) a view to increas+ ! population & /r5g? ( ! /ate4 ,subsequ5tly ! class ( cli5ts became absorb$ among ! plebeians4 #gh4 ,! b9d+ social tie 9 ! city-/ates4 ,?us ! gradation ( society 9 ! city-/ates ( ,greece & ,italy1 ! acc\nt giv5 above be+ typical ( !m all1 is se5 to correspond fairly closely ) t ( ! ,h9dus1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,h9du classics & ! microcosm ( ,h9du society1 ! village community4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 to inquire :at 0 ! tie :i* unit$ ! memb]s ( ! g5s1 ! curia or phratry1 & ! city1 & :i* di/+ui%$ ! patricians f ! plebeians4 ,on ?is po9t ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes leaves u 9 no d\bt at all4 ,! bond ( union among all ^! bodies 0 a common sacrifice or sacrificial meal1 at :i* all ! memb]s _h to be pres5t4 ,! pr9cipal c]emony ( ! religion ( ! h\sehold 0 a meal1 :i* 0 call$ a sacrifice4 ,to eat a meal prep>$ on an alt> 01 accord+ to all appe>ance1 ! fir/ =m ( religi\s wor%ip4 #aif ,! pr9cipal c]emony ( ! religion ( ! city 0 also a public fea/2 x _h to be p>tak5 ( communally by all ! citiz5s 9 hon\r ( ! tutel>y deities4 ,! cu/om ( hold+ ^! public fea/s 0 univ]sal 9 ,greece2 & x 0 believ$ t ! safety ( ! city dep5d$ on _! accompli%m5t4 #aig ,m4 de ,c\langes quotes f ! ,odyssey an acc\nt ( "o ( ^! sacr$ fea/s at :i* n9e long tables 7 set out = ! p ( ,pylos2 five hundr$ citiz5s 7 seat$ & n9e bulls 7 slaught]$ = ea* table4 ,:5 ,ore/es arriv$ at ,a!ns aft] ! murd] ( 8 "m1 he f\nd ! p1 assembl$ r\nd _! k+1 ab\t to hold ! sacr$ fea/4 ,simil> fea/s 7 held & num]\s victims 7 slaught]$ 9 ,x5ophon's "t4 #aih ,at ^! meals ! gue/s 7 cr[n$ ) g>l&s & ! vessels 7 ( a special =m & mat]ial1 su* z copp] or e>!nw>e1 no d\bt dat+ f ! antique pa/4 #aii ,z reg>ds ! importance & necessity ( be+ pres5t at ! ,g5tile sacrificial fea/1 ! same au?or /ates3 ,! ,capitol 0 blockad$ by ! ,gauls2 b ,fabius left x & pass$ ?r\gh ! ho/ile l9es1 clad 9 religi\s g>b1 & c>ry+ 9 8 h& ! sacr$ objects2 he 0 go+ to (f] a sacrifice on ! alt> ( 8 g5s :i* 0 situat$ on ! ,quir9al4 ,9 ! second ,punic w> ano!r ,fabius1 he :o 0 call$ ! buckl] ( ,rome1 0 hold+ ,hannibal 9 *eck2 x 0 assur$ly ( ! greate/ importance to ! ,republic t he %\ld n leave 8 army2 he left x1 h[ev]1 9 ! h&s ( ! imprud5t ,m9ucius2 x 0 because ! anniv]s>y day ( ! sacrifice ( 8 g5s _h come & x 0 necess>y t he %\ld ha/5 to ,rome to p]=m ! sacr$ rite4 ,9 ,greece ! memb]s ( ! g5s 7 kn[n by ! fact t !y p]=m$ communal sacrifices toge!r f a remote p]iod4 #bjj ,z already se51 a communal sacrifice meant ! eat+ toge!r ( ! sacr$ food1 :e!r ! fle% ( a victim or gra94 #gi4 ,! ,suovetaurilia4 ,! ,roman city sacrifice ( ! ,suovetaurilia1 z describ$ by ,m4 de ,c\langes1 is ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,! magi/rate ^: duty x 0 to accompli% x1 t is 9 ! fir/ place ! k+1 aft] him ! consul1 & aft] him ! c5sor1 _h fir/ to take ! auspices & asc]ta9 t ! gods 7 fav\rable4 ,!n he summon$ ! p ?r\gh a h]ald by a consecrat$ =m ( words4 ,on ! appo9t$ day all ! citiz5s assembl$ outside ! walls2 & :ile !y /ood sil5t ! magi/rate proce$$ ?ree times r\nd ! assembly1 driv+ be=e him ?ree victims--a pig1 a ram & a bull4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! ?ree victims con/itut$ ) ! ,greeks z well z ! ,romans an expiatory sacrifice4 ,prie/s & att5dants foll[$ ! procession3 :5 ! ?ird r\nd _h be5 accompli%$1 ! magi/rate pron\nc$ a pray] & slaught]$ ! victims4 ,f ?is mom5t all s9s 7 expiat$1 & neglect ( religi\s duties effac$1 & ! city 0 at peace ) its gods4 ,!re 7 two ess5tial features ( ?is c]emony3 ! fir/1 t no /rang] %\ld be pres5t at x2 & ! second1 t no citiz5 %\ld be abs5t f x4 ,9 ! latt] case ! :ole city might n h be5 fre$ f impurity4 ,! ,suovetaurilia 0 !re=e prec$$ by a c5sus1 :i* 0 conduct$ ) ! greate/ c>e bo? at ,rome & ,a!ns4 ,! citiz5 :o 0 n enroll$ & 0 n pres5t at ! sacrifice c\ld no long] be a memb] ( ! city4 ,he c\ld be beat5 & sold z a slave1 ?is rule be+ relax$ only 9 ! la/ two c5turies ( ! ,republic4 ,only male citiz5s 7 pres5t at ! sacrifice1 b !y gave a li/ ( _! families & belong+s to ! c5sor1 & ^! 7 consid]$ to be purifi$ ?r\gh ! head ( ! family4 #bja ,?is sacrifice 0 call$ a lu/ratio or purification1 & 9 ! hi/orical p]iod 0 consid]$ to be expiatory4 ,b x does n seem probable t ?is 0 its orig9al significance4 ,= !re w\ld n 9 t case h be5 ! p>am\nt necessity = e citiz5 to be pres5t4 ,all females & *ildr5 "u p[] 7 purifi$ ?r\gh ! li/ giv5 to ! c5sor1 & !re seems no reason :y abs5t citiz5s c\ld n h be5 purifi$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,b p>ticipation 9 ?is sacrifice 0 itself ! v te/ & ess5ce ( citiz5%ip4 ,& x has be5 se5 t a public meal 0 ! pr9cipal religi\s rite ( ! city4 ,! conclusion !re=e seems reasonable t ! ,suovetaurilia 0 orig9ally also a sacrificial meal ( :i* ea* citiz5 p>took1 & t ! eat+ ( ! deifi$ dome/ic animals 9 common 0 ! ess5ce ( ! rite & ! act :i* conf]r$ ! privilege ( citiz5%ip4 ,! driv+ ( ! sacrificial animals r\nd ! citiz5s ?ree times might well be a sub/itute = ! previ\s communal meal1 if = any reason1 su* z ! l>ge numb] ( citiz5s1 ! practice ( eat+ !m _h fall5 into abeyance4 ,! orig9al gr\nd = ! tak+ ( a c5sus 0 to ensure t all ! citiz5s 7 pres5t at ! communal sacrifice2 & x 0 by ! place :i* a man occupi$ on ?is day t 8 rank 9 ! city 0 det]m9$ till ! next sacrifice4 ,if ! c5sor c\nt$ him among ! s5ators1 he rema9$ a s5ator2 if among ! equites1 he rema9$ a knight2 if z a simple memb] ( a tribe1 he belong$ h5ce=w>d to ! tribe 9 :i* he 0 c\nt$4 ,if ! c5sor refus$ to enum]ate him1 he 0 no long] a citiz54 #bjb ,su* 0 ! vital importance ( ! act ( p>ticipation 9 ! sacrifice4 #hj4 ,! sacrifice ( ! dome/ic animal4 ,! ,roman sacrifice ( ! ,suovetaurilia 0 9 no way peculi>1 simil> rites be+ f\nd 9 o!r ,greek & ,lat9 cities4 ,"s in/ances are record$ 9 ! article on ,kasai1 & 9 ,!mis #bjc ,miss ,jane ,h>rison gives an acc\nt ( a sacrifice at ,magnesia 9 :i* a bull1 ram & he- & %e-goats 7 sacrific$ to ! gods & p>tak5 ( communally by ! citiz5s4 ,z already se51 ! act ( p>ticipation 9 ! sacrifice conf]r$ ! /atus ( citiz5%ip4 ,! dome/ic animals 7 n z a rule eat51 b _! milk 0 drunk1 & !y 7 us$ = transport1 & clo!s 7 p]haps sometimes made f _! hair & sk9s4 ,h5ce !y 7 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( life ( ! tribe1 z ! totem _h be5 ( ! clan1 & 7 v5]at$ & deifi$4 ,"o common life 0 held to run ?r\gh all ! memb]s ( ! tribe & all ! dome/ic animals ( ! species :i* 0 its pr9cipal means ( support4 ,9 ! totem or hunt+ /age ! clan _h necess>ily be5 small1 because a l>ge collection ( p]sons c\ld n subsi/ toge!r by hunt+ & ! consumption ( roots & fruits4 ,:5 an additional means ( support 0 af=d$ by ! dome/ication ( an important animal1 a mu* l>g] numb] ( p]sons c\ld live toge!r1 & app>5tly sev]al clans became amalgamat$ into a tribe4 ,! sanctity ( ! dome/ic animals 0 mu* great] ?an t ( ! totem because !y liv$ ) man & p>took ( 8 food1 :i* 0 ! /ronge/ tie ( k9%ip2 & s9ce he /ill end[$ !m ) self-consci\sness & volition1 he ?\ght !y _h come volunt>ily to aid him 9 su/a9+ life4 ,bo? on ?is acc\nt & = fe> ( injur+ ! common life !y 7 n usually kill$4 ,b x 0 necess>y to primitive man t ! tie %\ld take a concrete =m & t he %\ld actually assimilate ! life ( ! sacr$ animal by eat+ its fle%1 & ?is 0 accord+ly done at a c]emonial sacrifice1 :i* 0 held annually1 & (t5 9 ! spr+1 ! season ( ! r5ewal & increase ( life4 ,s9ce ?is r5ewal ( ! communal life 0 ! concrete tie :i* b\nd ! tribe toge!r1 any "o :o 0 abs5t f x c\ld no long] be a memb] ( ! tribe4 ,! :ole ( ?is rite & ! int5se importance atta*$ to x are inexplicable except on ! supposition t ! tie :i* _h orig9ally con/itut$ ! totem-clan 0 ! eat+ ( ! totem-animal1 & t ?is tie 0 p]petuat$ 9 ! tribe by ! communal eat+ ( ! dome/ic animal4 ,! communal sacrifice ( ! dome/ic animal 01 z already se51 typical ( society 9 ! tribal or pa/oral /age4 ,b "o v important case1 9 addition to ^? giv5 above & 9 ! article on ,kasai1 rema9s = notice4 ,! ,id-ul-,zoha or ,bakr-,id fe/ival ( ! ,muhammadans is su* a rite4 ,9 pre-,islamic times ?is sacrifice 0 held at ,mecca & all ! ,arab tribes w5t to ,mecca to celebrate x4 ,! mon? 9 :i* ! sacrifice 0 held 0 "o ( ^? ( truce1 :5 ! feuds betwe5 ! diff]5t clans 7 9 abeyance s t !y c\ld meet at ,mecca4 ,muhammad cont9u$ ! sacrifice ( ! ,id-ul-,zoha & x is ?is sacrifice :i* a good ,muhammadan takes ! pilgrimage to ,mecca to p]=m4 ,he mu/ be at ,mecca on ! t5? day ( ! mon? ( ,z'ul ,hijjah & p]=m ! sacrifice !re1 & unless he does ?is !re is no special m]it 9 mak+ ! j\rney to ,mecca4 ,x is incumb5t on e ,muhammadan :o c af=d x to make ! pilgrimage to ,mecca or ! ,hajj once 9 8 life & p]=m ! sacrifice !re2 & ?\gh z a matt] ( fact only a v small m9ority ( ,muhammadans n[ c>ry out ! rule1 ! pilgrimage & sacrifice may yet be look$ ^u z ! c5tral & pr9cipal rite ( ! ,muhammadan religion4 ,all ,muhammadans :o _c g to ,mecca nev]!less celebrate ! sacrifice at home at ! ,indian fe/ival ( ! ,id-ul-,zoha & ! ,turki% & ,egyptian ,idu-,bairam4 ,at ! ,id-ul-,zoha any "o ( f\r dome/ic animals1 ! camel1 ! c[1 ! %eep or ! goat1 may be sacrific$2 & ?is rule makes x a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two great ,semitic sacrifices describ$ 9 ! article on ,kasai1 ! camel sacrifice ( ! ,arabs 9 pre-,islamic times & ! ,passov] ( ! ,jews4 ,at ! pres5t "t "o-?ird ( ! fle% ( ! sacrificial animal %\ld be giv5 to ! poor1 "o-?ird to relations1 & ! rema9d] to ! sacrific]'s own family4 #bjd ,?\gh x has n[ become a h\sehold sacrifice1 ! communal "* ?us /ill p>tly survives4 #ha4 ,sacrifices ( ! g5s & phratry4 ,bo? 9 ,a!ns & ,rome !re 0 a division kn[n z phratry or curia4 ,?is app>5tly consi/$ ( a collection ( g5tes1 g'enh1 or clans1 & w\ld correspond r\ghly to a ,h9du subca/e4 ,! evid5ce does n %[1 h[ev]1 t x 0 endogam\s4 ,! bond :i* unit$ ! phratry or curia 0 precisely ! same z t ( ! g5s or clan & ! city4 ,x consi/$ also 9 a common meal1 :i* 0 prep>$ on ! alt>1 & 0 eat5 ) ! recitation ( pray]s1 a "p be+ (f]$ to ! god1 :o 0 held to be pres5t4 ,at ,a!ns on fea/-days ! memb]s ( ! phratry assembl$ r\nd _! alt>4 ,a victim 0 sacrific$ & its fle% cook$ on ! alt>1 & divid$ among ! memb]s ( ! phratry1 great c>e be+ tak5 t no /rang] %\ld be pres5t4 ,a "y ,a!nian 0 pres5t$ to ! phratry by 8 fa!r1 :o swore t ! boy 0 8 son4 ,a victim 0 sacrific$ & cook$ on ! alt> 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! memb]s ( ! phratry2 if !y 7 d\btful ( ! boy's legitimacy1 & h5ce wi%$ to refuse him admittance1 z !y _h ! "r to d1 !y refus$ to remove ! fle% f ! alt>4 ,if !y did n d ?is1 b divid$ & p>took ( ! fle% ) ! c&idate1 he 0 f9ally & irrevocably admitt$ to ! phratry4 ,! explanation ( ?is cu/om1 ,m4 de ,c\langes /ates1 is t food prep>$ on an alt> & eat5 by a numb] ( p]sons toge!r1 0 believ$ to e/abli% betwe5 !m a sacr$ tie :i* endur$ ?r\gh life4 #bje ,ev5 a slave 0 to a c]ta9 degree admitt$ into ! family by ! same tie ( common eat+ ( food4 ,at ,a!ns he 0 made to approa* ! he>?2 he 0 purifi$ by p\r+ wat] on 8 head1 & ate "s cakes & fruit ) ! memb]s ( ! family4 ,?is c]emony 0 analog\s to ^? ( m>riage & adoption4 ,x signifi$ t ! new arrival1 hi!rto a /rang]1 0 h5ce=? a memb] ( ! family & p>ticipat$ 9 ! family wor%ip4 #bjf #hb4 ,! ,h9du ca/e-fea/s4 ,! analogy ( ,greece & ,rome w\ld sugge/ ! probability t ! tie unit+ ! memb]s ( ! ,indian ca/e or subca/e is also p>ticipation 9 a common sacrificial meal1 & !re is a consid]able am\nt ( evid5ce to support ?is view4 ,! ,conf>reatio or eat+ toge!r ( ! bride & bridegroom f9ds a close p>allel 9 ! family sacram5t ( ! ,meh] or m>riage cakes1 :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,?is w\ld appe> =m]ly to h be5 a clan rite1 & to h m>k$ ! admission ( ! bride to ! bridegroom's clan4 ,x is obligatory on relations ( ! families to att5d a w$d+ & !y proce$ f great di/ances to d s1 & cl]ks & o!r (ficials are mu* aggriev$ if ! exig5cies ( ,gov]nm5t bus9ess prev5t !m f obta9+ leave4 ,! obligation seems to be ( ! same "* z t :i* caus$ ,fabius to leave ! army 9 ord] to att5d 8 ,g5tile sacrifice at ,rome4 ,if he did n att5d ! ,g5tile sacrifice he 0 n a memb] ( ! g5s1 & if a ,h9du did n att5d ! fea/ ( 8 clan 9 pa/ times p]haps he did n rema9 a memb] ( ! clan4 ,among ! ,m>a?a ,brahmans ! girl-bride eats ) h] husb&'s relations on ?is day only to m>k h] admission into _! clan1 & among ! ,b5gali ,brahmans1 :5 ! w$d+ gue/s are collect$1 ! bride comes & puts a little sug> on ea* ( _! leaf-plates1 :i* !y eat 9 tok5 ( _! recognition ( h] 9 h] new /atus ( m>ri$ woman4 ,! memb]s ( ! ca/e or subca/e also assemble & eat toge!r on ?ree occasions3 at a m>riage1 :i* w h ! effect ( br++ new life into ! community2 at a dea?1 :5 a life is lo/2 & at ! initiation ( a new memb] or ! readmission ( an (f5d] tempor>ily put out ( ca/e4 ,x is a g5]al rule ( ! ca/e fea/s t all memb]s ( ! subca/e 9 ! locality mu/ be invit$1 & if any consid]able numb] ( !m d n att5d1 ! ho/'s position 9 ! community is impugn$4 ,= ?is reason he has to incur lavi% exp5diture on ! fea/1 s z to avoid criticism or dissatisfaction among 8 gue/s4 ,^! consid] !mselves at lib]ty to comm5t freely on ! "* & quality ( ! provisions (f]$ to !m4 ,9 mo/ ca/es ! fea/ _c beg9 until all ! gue/s h assembl$2 ! ,mahe%ri ,banias & "o or two o!r ca/es are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t !y all[ ! gue/s at ! pangat or ca/e fea/ to beg9 eat+ z !y arrive4 ,^? :o be> ! ho/ a grudge purposely /ay away1 & he has to run to _! h\ses & beg !m to come1 s t 8 fea/ c beg94 ,:5 ! fea/ has begun x 0 =m]ly consid]$ a great calamity if any accid5t %\ld necessitate ! ris+ ( ! gue/s be=e its conclusion4 ,ev5 if a dog or o!r impure animal %\ld ent] ! assembly !y w\ld n rise4 ,! explanation ( ?is rule 0 t x w\ld be disrespectful to ,um ,deo1 ! food-god1 to int]rupt ! fea/4 ,at ! fea/ ea* man sits ) 8 b>e cross$ knees actually t\*+ ^? ( ! m5 on ea* side ( him1 to %[ t !y are "o bro!rhood & "o body4 ,if a man sat ev5 a few in*es ap>t f 8 fell[s1 p w\ld say he 0 out ( ca/e2 & 9 rec5t times1 s9ce ^? out ( ca/e h be5 all[$ to att5d ! fea/s1 !y sit a little ap>t 9 ?is mann]4 ,! ,g[>is f9e a man :o uses abusive language to a fell[-ca/eman at a ca/e fea/1 & also "o :o gets up & leaves ! fea/ )\t ! p]mission ( ! ca/e headman4 ,! ,hatk>s h z ! names ( two exogam\s gr\ps ,wakm>1 or "o :o left ! ,pangat or ca/e fea/ :ile 8 fell[s 7 eat+2 & ,polya1 or "o :o did n take (f 8 turban at ! fea/4 ,x has be5 se5 also #bjg t 9 "o or two ca/es ! exogam\s sections are nam$ aft] ! (fices :i* _! memb]s hold or ! duties !y p]=m at ! ca/e fea/4 ,among ! ,halbas ! illegitimate subca/e ,surait is also kn[n z ,*hoti ,pangat or ! inf]ior fea/1 ) ! implication t its memb]s _c be admitt$ to ! prop] fea/ ( ! ca/e1 b h an inf]ior "o ( _! own4 #hc4 ,tak+ food at initiation4 ,:5 an outsid] is admitt$ to ! ca/e ! rite is usually connect$ ) food4 ,a man :o is to be admitt$ to ! ,dahait ca/e mu/ clean 8 h\se1 break 8 e>!n cook+-vessels & buy new ones1 & give a fea/ to ! ca/e-fell[s 9 8 h\se4 ,he sits & takes food ) !m1 & :5 ! meal is ov] he takes a gra9 ( rice f ! leaf-plate ( ea* gue/ & eats x1 & dr9ks a drop ( wat] f 8 leaf-cup4 ,aft] ?is he _c be readmitt$ to 8 own ca/e4 ,a new ,meht> or sweep] gives wat] to & takes bread f ea* ca/eman4 ,9 ,m&la a new conv]t to ! ,panka ca/e vacates 8 h\se & ! ca/e pan*ayat or committee g & live 9 x1 9 ord] to purify x4 ,he gives !m a fea/ inside ! h\se1 :ile he himself /ays outside4 ,f9ally he is p]mitt$ to eat ) ! pan*ayat 9 8 own h\se 9 ord] to m>k 8 admission into ! ca/e4 ,a c&idate = admission 9 ! ,mahli ca/e has to eat a little ( ! leav+s ( ! food ( ea* ( ! ca/em5 at a fea/4 ,! community ( robb]s kn[n z ,badhak or ,baoria =m]ly dwelt 9 ! ,oudh =e/s4 ,!y 7 accu/om$ to take om5s f ! cry ( ! jackal1 & !y may probably h v5]at$ x z repres5t+ ! _s ( ! =e/ & z a fell[-hunt]4 ,!y 7 call$ jackal-eat]s1 & x 0 said t :5 an outsid] 0 admitt$ to "o ( _! b&s he 0 giv5 jackal's fle% to eat4 ,aga91 ! rite ( initiation or inve/iture ) ! sacr$ ?read appe>s to be ! occasion ( ! admission ( a boy to ! ca/e community4 ,be=e ?is he is n really a memb] ( ! ca/e & may eat any k9d ( food4 ,! initiation is call$ by ! ,brahmans ! second bir?1 & appe>s to be ! bir? ( ! s\l or _s4 ,aft] x ! boy w eat ! sacrificial food at ! ca/e fea/s & be unit$ ) ! memb]s ( ! ca/e & _! god4 ,! bodies ( *ildr5 :o h n be5 initiat$ are buri$ & n burnt4 ,! reason seems to be t _! spirits w n g to ! god nor be unit$ ) ! ance/ors1 b w be born aga94 ,=m]ly su* *ildr5 7 (t5 buri$ 9 ! h\se or c\rty>d s t _! spirits might be born aga9 9 ! same family4 ,! l[] ca/es sometimes consid] ! rite ( e>-pi]c+ z ! initiation & sometimes m>riage4 ,among ! ,panw> ,rajputs a *ild is initiat$ :5 ab\t two ye>s old by be+ giv5 cook$ rice & milk to eat4 ,! initiation _c = "s reason be p]=m$ by ! natural fa!r1 b mu/ be done by a guru or spiritual fa!r1 :o %\ld !reaft] be reg>d$ ) a rev]5ce equal to or ev5 exce$+ t paid to ! natural fa!r4 #hd4 ,p5alty fea/s4 ,:5 a man is readmitt$ to ca/e aft] exclusion = "s (f5ce1 ! pr9cipal feature ( ! rite is a fea/ at :i* he is aga9 p]mitt$ to eat ) 8 fell[s4 ,!re are commonly two fea/s1 "o kn[n z ! ,maili ,roti or impure meal1 & ! o!r z ,*okhi or pure1 bo? be+ at ! co/ ( ! (f5d]4 ,! =m] is eat5 by ! side ( a /ream or else:]e on neutral gr\nd1 & by x ! (f5d] is consid]$ to be p>tly purifi$2 ! latt] is 9 8 own h\se1 & by eat+ !re ! ca/em5 demon/rate t no impurity atta*es to him1 & he is aga9 a full memb]4 ,"s ca/es1 z ! ,dhobas1 h ?ree fea/s3 ! fir/ is eat5 at ! bank ( a /ream1 & at ?is ! (f5d]'s hair is %av$ & ?r[n into ! /ream2 ! second is 9 8 y>d2 & ! ?ird 9 8 h\se4 ,! (f5d] is n all[$ to p>take ( ! fir/ two meals himself1 b he jo9s 9 ! ?ird1 & be=e x beg9s ! head ( ! pan*ayat gives him wat] to dr9k 9 :i* gold has be5 dipp$ z a purificatory rite4 ,among ! ,gonds ! fle% ( goats is provid$ at ! fir/ meal1 b at ! second only gra9 cook$ ) wat]1 :i* !y n[1 9 imitation ( ! ,h9dus1 consid] z ! sacr$ sacrificial food4 ,frequ5tly ! view obta9s t ! head ( ! ca/e pan*ayat takes ! (f5d]'s s9s ^u himself by comm5c+ to eat1 & 9 return = ?is a pres5t ( "s rupees is deposit$ b5ea? 8 plate4 ,simil>ly among "s ca/es1 z ! ,bahnas1 exclusion f ca/e is kn[n z ! /opp+ ( food & wat]4 ,! ,g[>is readmit (f5d]s by ! jo9t dr9k+ ( opium & wat]4 ,"o memb] is especially *>g$ ) ! prep>ation ( ?is1 & if !re %\ld n be en\gh = all ! ca/em5 to p>take ( x1 he is sev]ely puni%$4 ,opium 0 also consid]$ sacr$ by ! ,rajputs1 & ! *ief & 8 k9sm5 7 accu/om$ to dr9k x toge!r z a pl$ge ( amity4 #bjh #he4 ,sanctity ( gra9-food4 ,gra9 cook$ ) wat] is consid]$ z sacr$ food by ! ,h9dus4 ,x %\ld be eat5 only on a space )9 ! h\se call$ *auka purifi$ ) c[dung1 & sometimes m>k$ out ) :ite qu>tz-p[d] or fl\r4 ,be=e tak+ 8 meal a memb] ( ! high] ca/es %\ld ba! & wor%ip ! h\sehold gods4 ,at ! meal he %\ld we> no sewn clo!s1 b only a wai/-clo? made ( silk or wool1 & n ( cotton4 ,! l[] ca/es w take food cook$ ) wat] outside ! h\se 9 ! fields1 & are look$ d[n ^u = do+ ?is1 s t ^? :o aspire to raise _! social position ab&on ! practice1 or at lea/ pret5d to d s4 ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] quotes a passage %[+ t ! anci5t ,brahmans consid]$ ! sacrificial rice-cakes cook$ ) wat] to be trans=m$ into human bodies4 #bji ,! ,urdu ^w bali means a sacrifice or (f]+1 & is appli$ to ! portion ( ! daily meal :i* is (f]$ to ! gods & to ! he>?-fire4 ,?us all gra9 cook$ ) wat] is app>5tly look$ ^u z sacr$ or sacram5tal food1 & x is = ?is reason t x c only be eat5 aft] ! purificatory rites already describ$4 ,! gra9 is v5]at$ z ! *ief means ( subsi/5ce1 & ! communal eat+ ( x seems to be analog\s to ! sacrificial eat+ ( ! dome/ic animals1 su* z ! camel1 horse1 ox & %eep1 :i* is describ$ above & 9 ! article on ,kasai4 ,j z 9 ! hunt+ /age ! eat+ ( ! totem-animal1 :i* furni%$ ! *ief means ( subsi/5ce1 0 ! tie :i* unit$ ! totem-clan3 & 9 ! pa/oral /age ! dome/ic animal :i* af=d$ to ! tribe its pr9cipal support1 n usually z an article ( food1 b ?r\gh its milk & its use z a means ( transport1 0 yet eat5 sacrificially ow+ to ! p]si/5ce ( ! belief t ! ess5tial bond :i* unit$ ! tribe 0 ! communal eat+ ( ! fle% ( ! animal f :i* ! tribe obta9$ its subsi/5ce3 s :5 ! community rea*es ! agricultural /age ! old communal fea/ is reta9$ z ! bond ( union1 b x n[ consi/s ( gra91 :i* is ! pr9cipal support ( life4 #hf4 ,! corn-sprit4 ,! totem-animal 0 reg>d$ z a k9sman1 & ! dome/ic animal (t5 z a god4 #baj ,b 9 bo? ^! cases ! life ( ! k9sman & god 0 sacrific$ 9 ord] t ! community might be b\nd toge!r by eat+ ! body & assimilat+ ! life4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 gra9 came to be ! sacrificial food1 x 0 (t5 held t an animal or human be+ mu/ be sacrific$ 9 ! "* ( ! corn-god or _s1 :e!r 8 own fle% 0 eat5 or ! sacr$ gra9 0 imag9$ to be 8 fle%4 ,num]\s in/ances ( ! sacrifice ( ! corn-_s h be5 adduc$ by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & x 0 he :o br\ght ?is cu/om prom95tly to notice4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important cases 9 ,india 0 ! ,m]iah-sacrifice ( ! ,khonds1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! article on t tribe4 ,two features ( ! ,khond sacrifice ( a human victim z a corn-_s appe> to indicate its d]ivation f ! sacrifice ( ! dome/ic animal & ! eat+ ( ! totem-animal1 ! ties unit+ ! clan & tribe3 fir/1 t ! fle% 0 cut f ! liv+ victim1 &1 second1 t ! sacrifice 0 communal4 ,:5 ! ,m]iah-victim 0 b\nd ! ,khonds hack$ at him ) _! knives :ile life rema9$1 leav+ only ! head & b[els unt\*$1 s t ea* man might secure a /rip ( fle%4 ,?is rite appe>s to recall ! e>lie/ p]iod :5 ! memb]s ( ! primitive gr\p or clan tore _! prey to pieces & ate & drank ! raw fle% & blood4 ,! reason = its survival 0 app>5tly t x 0 ! actual life ( ! div9e victim1 exi/+ 9 concrete =m 9 ! fle% & blood :i* !y desir$ to obta91 & !y ?\ght t ?is end 0 m c]ta9ly a*iev$ by cutt+ ! fle% (f him :ile he 0 /ill alive4 ,9 ! sacrifice ( ! camel 9 ,arabia ! same proc$ure 0 foll[$2 ! camel 0 b\nd on an alt> & ! tribesm5 cut ! fle% f ! body ) _! knives & swall[$ x raw & ble$+4 #baa ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a* %[s h[ ! memory ( simil> sacrifices 9 ,greece has be5 pres]v$ 9 leg5d3 #bab ,actaeon 0 really a great /ag sacrific$ by wom5 devotees1 :o call$ !mselves ! great h9d & ! little h9ds2 he became ! ra% hunt] :o surpris$ ,artemis at h] ba? & 0 trans=m$ into a /ag & dev\r$ by 8 own dogs4 ,! dogs are a euphemism2 9 ! e>ly leg5d !y 7 ! human devotees ( ! sacr$ /ag :o tore him to pieces & dev\r$ him ) _! b>e tee?4 ,^! fea/s ( raw fle% surviv$ 9 ! secret religi\s cults ( ,greece long aft] uncook$ food _h ceas$ to be consum$ 9 ord9>y life4 ,orpheus 7ophreus1 ! haughty71 :o appe>s 9 art ) ! sk9 ( a fox on 8 head1 0 orig9ally a sacr$ fox dev\r$ by ! wom5 ( ! fox totem-clan2 ^! wom5 call !mselves ,bass>ides 9 ! leg5d1 & bass>eus is "o ( ! old names ( ! fox4 ,hippolytus 9 ! fable is ! son ( ,!seus :o repels ! advances ( ,pha$ra1 8 /epmo!r1 & 0 kill$ by 8 runaway horses because ,!seus1 deceiv$ by ,pha$ra1 invok$ ! ang] ( a god ^u him4 ,b ,hippolytus 9 ,greek means '"o torn to pieces by horses4' ,hippolytus is himself a horse :om ! wor%ipp]s ( ! horse1 call+ !mselves horses & disguis$ z su*1 tore to pieces & dev\r$4 ,all su* sacrifices 9 :i* ! fle% 0 tak5 f ! liv+ victim may ?us p]haps be d]iv$ f ! common orig9 ( totemism4 ,! second po9t ab\t ! ,khond sacrifice is t x 0 communal2 e h\sehold] desir$ a piece ( ! fle%1 & = ^? :o c\ld n be pres5t at ! sacrifice relays ( mess5g]s 7 po/$ to c>ry x to !m :ile x 0 /ill fre% & might be suppos$ to reta9 ! life4 ,!y did n eat ! /rips ( fle%1 b ea* h\sehold] buri$ 8 piece 9 8 field1 :i* !y believ$ w\ld !reby be f]tilis$ & caus$ to produce ! gra9 :i* !y w\ld eat4 ,! dea? ( ! victim 0 consid]$ ess5tial to ! life ( ! tribe1 :i* w\ld be r5ew$ & /r5g!n$ by x z 9 ! case ( ! sacrifice ( ! dome/ic animal4 ,"l ,avebury gives 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation #bac an almo/ exact p>allel to ! ,khond sacrifice 9 :i* ! fle% ( ! victim actually 0 eat54 ,?is occurr$ among ! ,m>imos1 a tribe ( ,s\? ,africa mu* resembl+ ! ,be*uanas4 ,! c]emony 0 call$ '! boil+ ( ! corn4' ,a "y man1 /\t b ( small /ature1 0 usually select$ & secur$ by viol5ce or by intoxicat+ him ) yaala4 ,!y !n lead him into ! fields1 & sacrifice him 9 ! fields1 accord+ to _! own expression1 = se$4 ,8 blood1 aft] hav+ be5 coagulat$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 is burn$ along ) ! frontal bone1 ! fle% atta*$ to x & ! bra94 ,! a%es are !n scatt]$ ov] ! fields to f]tilise !m & ! rema9d] ( ! body is eat54 ,9 o!r cases quot$ by ! same au?or an image only 0 made ( fl\r & eat5 in/ead ( a human be+3 #bad ,9 ,mexico at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! ye> ! prie/ ( ,quetzalcoatl made an image ( ! ,deity1 ( meal mix$ ) infants' blood1 & !n1 aft] _m impressive c]emonies1 kill$ ! image by %oot+ x ) an arr[1 & tore out ! he>t1 :i* 0 eat5 by ! k+1 :ile ! re/ ( ! body 0 di/ribut$ among ! p1 e "o ( :om 0 anxi\s to procure a piece to eat1 h[ev] small4 ,"h ! communal sacrificial meal1 ! rema9+ l9k necess>y to connect ! sacrifice ( ! corn-_s ) t ( ! dome/ic animal & clan totem1 is pres5t4 ,among cases ( animals sacrific$ z ! corn-_s 9 ,india t ( ! buffalo at ! ,dasahra fe/ival is ! mo/ important4 ,! rite ext5ds ov] mo/ ( ,india1 & a full & int]e/+ acc\nt ( x has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke4 #bae ,! buffalo is probably consid]$ z ! corn-_s because x 0 ! animal :i* ma9ly damag$ ! crops 9 pa/ times4 ,:]e ! sacrifice /ill survives ! proprietor ( ! village usually makes ! fir/ cut 9 ! buffalo & x is !n kill$ & eat5 by ! inf]ior ca/es1 z ,h9dus _c n[ t\* ! fle%4 ,9 ! ,deccan aft] ! buffalo is kill$ ! ,mah>s ru% on ! c>case & ea* "o secures a piece ( ! fle%4 ,?is done !y g 9 procession r\nd ! walls1 call+ on ! spirits & demons1 & ask+ !m to accept ! pieces ( meat z (f]+s1 :i* are !n ?r[n to !m backw>ds ov] ! wall4 #baf ,! buffalo is n[ look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a scape-goat1 b ! proc$ure describ$ above _c be satisfactorily expla9$ on ! scape-goat !ory1 & w\ld appe> cle>ly to h be5 sub/itut$ = ! =m] eat+ ( ! fle%4 ,9 ! ,m>a?a ,di/ricts ! l[] ca/es h a p]iodical sacrifice ( a pig to ! sun2 !y eat ! fle% ( ! pig toge!r1 & ev5 ! ,panw> ,rajputs ( ! ,w>+anga ,valley jo9 9 ! sacrifice & w all[ ! impure ca/e ( ,mah>s to ent] _! h\ses & eat ( ?is sacrifice ) !m1 ?\gh at o!r times ! entry ( a ,mah> w\ld defile a ,panw>'s h\se4 #bag ,! pig is sacrific$ ei!r z ! animal :i* n[ ma9ly injures ! crops or because x 0 ! pr9cipal sacrificial animal ( ! non-,aryan tribes1 or f a comb9ation ( bo? reasons4 ,probably x may be reg>d$ z ! corn-_s because pigs are sacrific$ to ,bhanisasur or ! buffalo demon = ! protection ( ! crops4 #hg4 ,! k+4 ,:5 ! community rea*$ ! national or agricultural /age "s c5tral executive au?ority became necess>y = its pres]vation4 ,?is au?ority usually fell into ! h&s ( ! prie/ :o p]=m$ ! sacrifice1 & he became a k+4 ,s9ce ! prie/ kill$ ! sacrificial animal 9 :i* ! common life ( ! community 0 held to be c5tr$1 x 0 ?\ght t ! life pass$ to him & c5tr$ 9 8 p]son4 ,= ! idea ( ! ext9ction ( life 0 n prop]ly und]/ood1 & ! life ( a human be+ or animal might pass by contact1 accord+ to primitive ideas1 to ! p]son or ev5 ! weapon :i* kill$ x1 j z x c\ld pass by assimilation to ^? :o ate ! fle%4 ,9 mo/ ( ! city-/ates ( ,greece & ,italy ! prim>y function ( ! k+s 0 ! p]=mance ( ! communal or national sacrifices4 ,?r\gh ?is act !y obta9$ political p[] z repres5t+ ! common life ( ! p1 & its p]=mance 0 sometimes left to !m aft] _! political p[] _h be5 tak5 away4 #bah ,aft] ! expulsion ( ! k+s f ,rome ! duty ( p]=m+ ! city sacrifices devolv$ on ! consuls4 ,9 ,india also ! k+s p]=m$ sacrifices4 ,:5 a k+ desir$ to be p>am\nt ov] 8 neighb\rs he s5t a horse to m>* ?r\gh _! t]ritories4 ,if x pass$ ?r\gh !m )\t be+ captur$ !y became subord9ate to ! k+ :o own$ ! horse4 ,f9ally ! horse 0 sacrific$ at ! ,a%va-m$ha1 ! k+ p>am\nt mak+ ! sacrifice1 :ile ! o!r k+s p]=m$ subord9ate p>ts at x4 #bai ,simil>ly ! ,raja ( ,nagpur kill$ ! sacrificial buffalo at ! ,dasahra fe/ival4 ,b ! common life ( ! p 0 sometimes convey$ f ! dome/ic animal to ! k+ by o!r me?ods ?an ! p]=mance ( a sacrifice4 ,! k+ ( ,unyoro 9 ,africa might nev] eat vegetable food b mu/ subsi/ on milk & beef4 ,mutton he might n t\*1 ?\gh he c\ld dr9k be] aft] p>tak+ ( meat4 ,a sacr$ h]d 0 kept = ! k+'s use1 & n9e c[s1 nei!r m nor less1 7 daily br\ght to ! royal enclosure to be milk$ = 8 maje/y4 ,! boy :o br\ght ! c[s f ! pa/ure to ! royal enclosure mu/ be a memb] ( a p>ticul> clan & "u ! age ( pub]ty1 & 0 subject to o!r re/rictions4 ,! milk = ! k+ 0 drawn into a sacr$ pot :i* nei!r ! milkman nor anybody else might t\*4 ,! k+ drank ! milk1 sitt+ on a sacr$ /ool1 ?ree times a day1 & any :i* 0 left ov] mu/ be drunk by ! boy :o br\ght ! c[s f pa/ure4 ,num]\s o!r rules & re/rictions are detail$ by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz]1 & x may be sugge/$ t _! object 0 to ensure t ! life ( ! dome/ic animal & ) x ! life ( ! p %\ld be convey$ pure & undefil$ to ! k+ ?r\gh ! milk4 ,! k+s ( ,unyoro _h to take _! own lives :ile _! bodily vig\r 0 /ill unimpair$4 ,:5 ! p]iod = 8 dea? arriv$ ! k+ ask$ 8 wife = a cup ( poison & drank x4 ,! public ann\ncem5t ( ! dea? 0 made by ! *ief milkman4 ,tak+ a pot ( ! sacr$ milk 9 8 h&s he m\nt$ ! h\se-top & cri$1 ',:o w dr9k ! milk8' ,) ^! words he da%$ ! pot on ! ro(2 x roll$ (f & fall+ to ! gr\nd 0 brok5 9 pieces4 ,t 0 ! signal = w> to ! dea? betwe5 ! pr9ces :o aspir$ to ! ?rone4 ,!y f\ght till only "o 0 left alive4 ,he 0 ! k+4 #bbj ,aft] complet+ ! above acc\nt1 ( :i* only ! pr9cipal po9ts h be5 /at$1 ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] rem>ks3 ,! rule :i* oblig$ ! k+s ( ,unyoro to kill !mselves or be kill$ be=e _! /r5g? ( m9d & body began to fail ?r\gh disease or age is only a p>ticul> example ( a cu/om :i* appe>s to h prevail$ widely among b>b>\s tribes 9 ,africa & to "s ext5t else:]e4 ,app>5tly ?is curi\s practice re/s on a belief t ! welf>e ( ! p is sympa!tically b\nd up ) ! welf>e ( _! k+1 & t to suff] him to fall into bodily or m5tal decay w\ld be to involve ! :ole k+dom 9 ru94 #bba ,o!r in/ances connect+ ! life ( ! k+ ) ! ox or o!r dome/ic animal are giv5 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy & ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh #bbb ,among ! ,h]]os ! body ( a dead *ief 0 wrapp$ up 9 ! hide ( an ox be=e be+ buri$4 #bbc ,9 ! ,v$ic horse-sacrifice 9 ,india ! horse 0 /ifl$ 9 robes4 ,! *ief que5 approa*$ him2 a cloak hav+ be5 ?r[n ov] !m bo?1 %e p]=m$ a repulsively obsc5e act symbolis+ ! transmission to h] ( 8 fructify+ p[]s4 #bbd ,9 o!r cases ! k+ 0 id5tifi$ ) ! corn-_s1 & 9 ?is mann] he also1 x may be sugge/$1 repres5t$ ! common life ( ! p4 ,! belief t ! k+ 0 ! inc>nation ( ! common life ( ! p l$ to ! mo/ absurd re/rictions on 8 lib]ty & conduct1 a few in/ances ( :i* f ! l>ge collection 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh h be5 quot$ 9 ! article on ,nai4 ,?us 9 an old acc\nt ( ! daily life ( ! ,mikado x is /at$3 ,9 anci5t times he 0 oblig$ to sit on ! ?rone = "s h\rs e morn+1 ) ! imp]ial cr[n on 8 head1 b to sit altoge!r l a /atue1 )\t /irr+ ei!r h&s or feet1 head or eyes1 nor inde$ any "p ( 8 body1 because1 by ?is means1 x 0 ?\ght t he c\ld pres]ve peace & tranquillity 9 8 empire2 = if1 un=tunately1 he turn$ himself on "o side or ! o!r1 or if he look$ a good :ile t[>ds any "p ( 8 dom9ions1 x 0 appreh5d$ t w>1 fam9e1 fire or "s great mis=tune 0 ne> at h& to desolate ! c\ntry4 #bbe ,"h x w\ld appe> t by sitt+ absolutely immobile ! k+ conf]r$ ! quality ( tranquillity on ! common life ( 8 p inc>nate 9 8 p]son2 b by look+ too long 9 any "o direction he w\ld cause a sev]e di/urbance ( ! common life 9 ! "p to :i* he look$4 ,& :5 ! ,israelites 7 fight+ ) ! ,amalekites1 s long z ,moses held up 8 h&s ! ,israelites prevail$2 b :5 8 h&s hung d[n !y gave way be=e ! enemy4 ,"h app>5tly ! common life 0 held to be c5tr$ 9 ,moses1 & :5 he held 8 arms up x 0 vigor\s1 b decl9$ z he let !m d[n4 ,simil>ly x 0 (t5 ?\ght t ! k+ %\ld be kill$ z soon z 8 bodily /r5g? %[$ signs ( wan+1 s t ! common life might be r5ew$ & sav$ f a simil> decay4 ,ev5 ! appe>ance ( grey hair or ! loss ( a too? 7 sometimes consid]$ suffici5t reasons = putt+ ! k+ to dea? 9 ,africa4 #bbf ,ano!r view 0 t any "o :o kill$ ! k+ 0 entitl$ to succe$ him1 because ! life ( ! k+1 & ) x ! common life ( ! p1 pass$ to ! slay]1 j z x _h previ\sly pass$ f ! dome/ic animal to ! prie/-k+ :o sacrific$ x4 ,"o or two in/ances ( succession by kill+ ! k+ are giv5 9 ! article on ,bhil4 ,sometimes ! view 0 t ! k+ %\ld be sacrific$ annually1 or at o!r int]vals1 l ! corn-_s or dome/ic animal1 = ! r5ewal ( ! common life4 ,& ?is practice1 z %[n by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz]1 t5d$ to result 9 ! sub/itution ( a victim1 usually a crim9al or slave1 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ! k+ by be+ giv5 royal hon\rs = a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?4 ,sometimes ! k+'s son or daught] 0 (f]$ z a sub/itute = him1 & su* a sacrifice 0 occasionally made 9 "t ( p]il1 app>5tly z a means ( /r5g!n+ or pres]v+ ! common life4 ,:5 ,*itor1 ! home ( ! ,sesodia clan ( ,rajputs1 0 besieg$ by ! ,muhammadans1 ! tradition is t ! goddess ( _! h\se appe>$ & dem&$ ! sacrifice ( twelve *iefs z a condition ( its pres]vation4 ,elev5 ( ! *iefs sons 7 9 turn cr[n$ z k+1 & ea* rul$ = ?ree days1 :ile on ! f\r? he salli$ out & fell 9 battle4 ,la/ly1 ! ,rana (f]$ himself 9 ord] t 8 fav\rite son1 ,ajeysi1 might be sp>$ & might p]petuate ! clan4 ,9 reality ! *ief & 8 sons seem to h devot$ !mselves 9 ! hope t ! sacrifice ( ! k+ might br+ /r5g? & victory to ! clan4 ,! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia & possibly ( ,jeph?ah's daught] appe> to be p>allel in/ances4 ,! /ory ( ,alce/is may be an in/ance ( ! sub/itution ( ! k+'s wife4 ,! position ( ! k+ 9 e>ly society & ! peculi> practices & beliefs atta*+ to x 7 br\ght to notice & fully illu/rat$ by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz]4 ,! argum5t z to ! clan & ! v5]ation ( ! dome/ic animal foll[s t outl9$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 #hh4 ,o!r in/ances ( ! common meal z a sacrificial rite4 ,"s o!r in/ances ( ! communal eat+ ( gra9 or o!r food z a sacram5tal rite & bond ( union h be5 giv5 9 ! articles4 ,?us at a ,kabirpan?i ,*auka or religi\s s]vice ! prie/ breaks a cocoanut on a /one1 & ! fle% is cut up & di/ribut$ to ! wor%ipp]s ) betel-leaf & sug>4 ,ea* receives x on 8 knees1 tak+ ! greate/ c>e t none falls on ! gr\nd4 ,! cocoanut is commonly reg>d$ by ! ,h9dus z a sub/itut$ (f]+ = a human head4 ,! betel-leaves :i* are di/ribut$ h be5 specially consecrat$ by ! head prie/ ( ! sect1 & are held to repres5t ! body ( ,kabir4 #bbg ,simil>ly1 ,guru ,gov9d ,s+h in/itut$ a prasad or communion among ! ,sikhs1 9 :i* cakes ( fl\r1 butt] & sug> are made & consecrat$ ) c]ta9 c]emonies :ile ! communicants sit r\nd 9 pray]1 & are !n di/ribut$ equally to all ! fai?ful pres5t1 to :atev] ca/e !y may belong4 ,at a ,guru-,mata or great c\ncil ( ! ,sikhs1 :i* 0 held at any great crisis 9 ! affairs ( ! /ate1 ^! cakes 7 laid be=e ! ,sikh scriptures & !n eat5 by all pres5t1 :o swore on ! scriptures to =get _! int]nal diss5sions & be unit$4 ,among ! ,rajputs ! te/ ( legitimacy ( a memb] ( ! *ief's family 0 held to dep5d on :e!r he _h eat5 ( ! *ief's food4 ,! rice cook$ at ! temple ( ,jaganna? 9 ,orissa may be eat5 !re by all ca/es toge!r1 &1 :5 p>tak5 ( by two m5 toge!r1 is held to e/abli% a bond ( indissoluble fri5d%ip betwe5 !m4 ,memb]s ( sev]al l[ ca/es ( mix$ orig9 w only take food ) _! relatives1 & n ) o!r families ( ! ca/e ) :om !y int]m>ry4 #bbh ,! ,*aukhutia ,bhunjias w n eat food cook$ by o!r memb]s ( ! same community1 & w n take x f _! own daught]s aft] ! latt] are m>ri$4 ,at a fea/ among ! ,dew>s uncook$ food is di/ribut$ to ! gue/s1 :o cook x = !mselves2 p>5ts w n accept cook$ food ei!r f m>ri$ sons or daught]s1 & ea* family ) its *ildr5 =ms a sep>ate comm5sal gr\p4 ,?us ! tak+ ( food toge!r is a m important & sacr$ tie ?an int]m>riage4 ,9 mo/ ,h9du ca/es a man is n put out ( ca/e = committ+ adult]y ) a woman ( l[ ca/e1 b = tak+ cook$ food f h] h&s2 ?\gh x is assum$ t if he lives ) h] op5ly he mu/ necess>ily h accept$ cook$ food f h]4 ,opium & alcoholic liquor or w9e1 be+ v5]at$ on acc\nt ( _! intoxicat+ qualities1 7 sometimes reg>d$ z sub/itutes = ! sacrificial food & p>tak5 ( sacram5tally4 #bbi #hi4 ,fun]al fea/s4 ,an important class ( communal meals rema9+ = discussion consi/s 9 ! fun]al fea/s4 ,! fun]al fea/ seems a peculi> & unseasonable obs]vance1 b sev]al circum/ances po9t to ! conclusion t x 0 orig9ally held 9 ! dead man's own int]e/4 ,he or 8 _s 0 inde$ held to p>ticipate 9 ! fea/1 & x seems to h be5 fur!r ?\ght t unless he did s & ate ! sacr$ food1 8 s\l w\ld n proce$ to ! heav5 or god1 b w\ld w&] ab\t z an unquiet _s or meet ) "s o!r fate4 ,_m ( ! l[] ,h9du ca/es1 su* z ! ,kohlis & ,bi%nois1 take food aft] a fun]al1 seat$ by ! side ( ! grave4 ,?is cu/om is n[ consid]$ some:at d]ogatory1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( a tru] realisation ( ! fact ( dea?4 ,at a ,baiga fun]al ! m\rn]s take "o :ite & "o black f[l to a /ream & kill & eat !m !re1 sett+ aside a portion = ! dead man4 ,! ,gonds also take _! food & dr9k liquor at ! grave4 ,! ,loh>s ?9k t ! _s ( ! dead man returns to jo9 9 ! fun]al fea/4 ,among ! ,telugu ,ko%tis ! fun]al p>ty g to ! grave on ! fif? day1 & aft] ! prie/ has wor%ipp$ ! image ( ,vi%nu on ! grave1 ! :ole p>ty take _! food !re4 ,aft] a ,panka fun]al ! m\rn]s ba! & !n break a cocoanut ov] ! grave & di/ribute x among !mselves4 ,on ! t5? day !y g aga9 & break a cocoanut1 & ea* man buries a little piece ( x 9 ! e>? ov] ! grave4 ,among ! ,tam]as1 at ! fea/ ) :i* m\rn+ is conclud$1 a leaf-plate conta9+ a portion = ! deceas$ is plac$ outside ! h\se ) a pot ( wat] & a burn+ lamp to guide 8 _s to ! food4 ,on ! ?ird day aft] dea? ! ,kolhatis sometimes br+ back ! skull ( a corpse &1 plac+ x on ! b$1 (f] to x p[d]1 dates & betel-leaves1 & aft] a fea/ la/+ = ?ree days x is aga9 buri$4 ,x is said t ! memb]s ( ! ,l+ayat sect =m]ly set up ! corpse 9 _! mid/ at ! fun]al fea/ & sat r\nd x1 tak+ _! food1 b ! cu/om is n kn[n to exi/ at pres5t4 ,among ! ,bangalas1 an ,african negro tribe1 at a great fun]al fea/ la/+ = ?ree days 9 hon\r ( ! *ief's son1 ! corpse 0 pres5t at ! fe/ivities ti$ 9 a *air4 #bcj #ij4 ,! ,h9du deities & ! sacrificial meal4 ,?us !re seems reason to suppose t ! ca/e-tie ( ! ,h9dus is ! same z t :i* unit$ ! memb]s ( ! city-/ates ( ,greece & ,italy1 t is ! eat+ ( a sacram5tal food toge!r4 ,among ! ,v$ic ,aryans t c\ntry only 0 consid]$ pure & fit = sacrifice 9 :i* ! ,aryan gods _h tak5 up _! resid5ce4 #bca ,h9du/an 0 made a pure c\ntry 9 :i* ,aryans c\ld (f] sacrifices by ! fact t ,agni1 ! sacrificial god ( fire1 spread himself ov] x4 ,b ! gods h *ang$4 ,! old ,v$ic deities ,indra1 ! ra9-god1 ,v>una1 ! heav5-god1 ! ,m>uts or w9ds1 & ,soma1 ! div9e liquor1 h fall5 into neglect4 ,^! 7 ! pr9cipal =ces :i* controll$ ! exi/5ce ( a nomad pa/oral p1 dep5d5t on ra9 to make ! grass gr[ = _! h]ds1 & guid+ _! c\rse by ! sun & />s4 ,! ,soma or liquor app>5tly _h a w>m+1 exhil>at+ effect 9 ! cold climate ( ! ,c5tral ,asian /eppes1 & 0 !re=e v5]at$4 ,s9ce 9 ! hot pla9s ( ,india ab/95ce f alcoholic liquor has become a pr9cipal religi\s t5et ( high-ca/e ,h9dus1 ,soma is naturally no m he>d (4 ,agni1 ! fire-god1 0 also "o ( ! greate/ deities to ! nomads ( ! cold upl&s1 z ! pres]v] ( life aga9/ cold4 ,b 9 ,india1 except z repres5t$ by ! he>?1 = cook+1 little reg>d is paid to him1 s9ce fires are n requir$ = w>m?4 ,new gods h aris5 9 ,h9duism4 ,! sun 0 an important ,v$ic deity1 bo? z ,mitra & "u o!r names4 ,vi%nu z ! sun1 or ! _s ( :om ! sun is ! visible embodim5t1 has become ! mo/ important deity 9 8 capacity ( ! univ]sal giv] & pres]v] ( life4 ,he is also widely v5]at$ 9 8 an?ropomorphic =ms ( ,rama1 ! h]o-pr9ce ( ,ajodhia & lead] ( ! ,aryan exp$ition to ,ceylon1 & ,kri%na1 ! div9e c[h]d1 p]haps "s fabl$ h]o sprung f ! indig5\s tribes4 ,siva is ! m\nta9-god ( ! ,himalayas & a moon-deity1 & 9 8 "* ( god ( de/ruction ! lightn+ & cobra are associat$ ) him4 ,b he is really wor%ipp$ 9 8 b5efic5t =m ( ! phallic emblem z ! ag5t ( life1 & ! bull1 ! f]tilis] ( ! soil & provid] ( food4 ,devi1 ! e>?1 is ! great "m goddess4 ,sprung f h] are ,hanuman1 ! monkey-god1 & ,ganpati1 ! elephant-god1 & 9 "o ( h] =ms1 z ! t]rible goddess ,kali1 %e is p]haps ! deifi$ tig]4 #bcb ,la*mi1 ! goddess ( weal?1 & held to h be5 evolv$ f ! c[1 is ! consort ( ,vi%nu4 ,x 0 ?us n ! god to :om ! sacrifice 0 (f]$1 b ! sacrifice itself t 0 ! ess5tial ?+1 & p>ticipation 9 ! common eat+ ( ! sacrifice con/itut$ ! bond ( union4 ,9 e>ly times a sacrifice 0 ! occasion = e important ga!r+ or fe/ivity1 z is %[n bo? 9 ,indian hi/ory & leg5d4 ,& ! ca/e fea/s above describ$ seem to be ! cont9uation & mod]n =m ( ! anci5t sacrifice4 #ia4 ,developm5t ( ! occupational ca/e f ! tribe4 ,! ,roman population1 z already se51 consi/$ ( a set ( clans or g5tes4 ,! clans 7 collect$ 9 tribal gr\ps su* z ! curia1 b x does n appe> t ^! latt] 7 endogam\s4 ,! rite :i* con/itut$ a ,roman citiz5 0 p>ticipation 9 ! ,suovetaurilia1 ! communal sacrifice ( ! dome/ic animals1 ! pig1 ! ram1 & ! bull4 ,s9ce all ! ,roman citiz5s at fir/ liv$ 9 a comp>atively small area1 !y 7 all able to be pres5t at ! sacrifice4 ,! o!r /ates ( ,greece & ,italy _h an analog\s con/itution1 z /at$ by ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! ,aryans 7 simil>ly divid$ into clans & tribes4 ,! ^w vi%a1 ! sub/antive root ( ,vai%ya1 orig9ally meant a clan4 #bcc ,b z po9t$ out by ,m4 ,s5>t1 !y did n =m city-/ates 9 ,india1 b settl$ 9 villages ov] a l>ge area ( c\ntry4 ,_! me?od ( gov]nm5t 0 by small /ates "u k+s1 & probably !y _h a k9d ( national con/itution1 ( :i* ! k+ 0 ! c5tre & embodim5t4 ,b ^! /ates gradually lo/ _! individuality1 & 7 m]g$ 9 l>ge empires1 :]e ! k+ c\ld no long] be ! c5tre ( ! /ate or ( ! common life ( 8 p1 nor p]=m a sacrifice at :i* !y c\ld all be pres5t1 z ! ,roman k+s did4 ,?is religi\s idea ( nationality1 bas$ on p>ticipation 9 a common sacrifice1 0 ! only "o :i* exi/$ 9 e>ly times4 ,?us app>5tly ! ,aryans reta9$ _! tribal con/itution in/ead ( exp&+ x into a national "o1 & ! memb]s ( clans )9 a c]ta9 local area ga!r$ = a communal sacrifice4 ,b !re 0 a great class1 t ( ! ,sudras or indig5\s inhabitants1 :o c\ld n jo9 9 ! sacrifices at all4 ,& betwe5 ! ,sudras & ! ,vai%yas or ma9 body ( ! ,aryans !re gradually grew up ano!r mix$ class1 :i* also c\ld n prop]ly p>ticipate 9 !m4 ,! prie/s & rul]s1 ,brahmans & ,k%atriyas1 t5d$ to =m exclusive bodies1 & 9 ?is mann] a classification by occupation gradually grew up1 ! di/9ction be+ m>k$ by p>ticipation 9 sep>ate sacrificial fea/s4 ,! cause :i* ultimately broke d[n ! religi\s di/9ctions ( ! ,roman & ,greek /ates 0 ! developm5t ( a feel+ ( nationality4 ,9 ! common /ruggle = ! pres]vation ( ! city ! prejudices ( ! patricians weak5$1 & aft] a long int]nal conflict1 ! plebeians 7 admitt$ to full rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,! plebeians 7 employ$ z infantry 9 ! ,roman armies1 :ile ! patricians rode1 & ! increas$ importance ( infantry 9 w> 0 "o great cause ( ! improvem5t 9 ! position ( ! plebeians4 #bcd ,9 ,india1 9 ! abs5ce ( any national feel+1 & ) ! gr[? ( a l>ge & p[]ful prie/ly ord]1 religi\s b>ri]s & prejudices became acc5tuat$ r ?an weak5$4 ,! class di/9ctions grew m rigid1 & gradually1 z ! orig9al racial l9e ( cleavage 0 fus$ by int]m>riage & ! production ( gr\ps ( v>y+ /atus1 ^! came to arrange !mselves on a basis ( occupation4 ,?is is ! inevitable & necess>y rule 9 all societies ^: activities & mode ( life are at all complicat$4 ,racial di/9ctions _c be pres]v$ unless 9 ! mo/ exceptional cases1 :]e !y are acc5tuat$ by ! diff]5ce ( col\r1 & su* a moral & social gulf z t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! :ites & negroes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 primitive society !re is no su* m5tal cleavage to r5d] ! idea ( fusion abhorr5t to ! sup]ior race2 ! b> is religi\s1 & :ile x places ! inf]ior race 9 a despis$ & abject position1 !re is no prohibition ( illicit unions nor any su* moral feel+ or pr9ciple z w\ld t5d to re/rict !m4 ,! ideas ( ! responsibilities & duties ( p>5tage 9 connection ) h]$ity1 or ! sci5ce ( eug5ics1 are entirely mod]n1 & h no place at all 9 anci5t society4 ,z racial & religi\s di/9ctions fade away1 & social progress takes place1 a fre% set ( divisions by weal? & occupation gr[s up4 ,b ?\gh ?is happ5$ also 9 ! ,greek & ,italian cities1 ! old religi\s divisions 7 n transf]r$ to ! new occupational gr\ps1 b fell sl[ly into abeyance1 & ! latt] assum$ ! simply social "* :i* !y h 9 mod]n communities4 ,! ma9 reason = ! oblit]ation ( religi\s b>ri]s1 z already /at$1 0 ! gr[? ( ! idea ( nationality & ! public int]e/4 ,b 9 ,india ! feel+ ( nationality nev] arose4 ,! ,h9du /ates & empires _h no national basis1 s9ce at ! p]iod 9 "q ! only way 9 :i* ! idea ( nationality c\ld be conceiv$1 0 by p>ticipation ( ! citiz5s 9 a common sacrifice1 & ?is p>ticipation is only possible to p]sons liv+ 9 a small local area4 ,h5ce ,h9du society develop$ on its own l9es indep5d5tly ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t to :i* x 0 subject1 & 9 ! new gr\p+ by occupation ! old communal sacrifices 7 pres]v$ & adapt$ to ! fre% divisions4 ,! result 0 ! gr[? ( ! sy/em ( occupational ca/es :i* /ill exi/s4 ,b s9ce ! basis ( society 0 ! p>ticipation ( ea* social gr\p 9 a communal meal1 ! gr\p c\ld n be ext5d$ to take 9 p]sons ( ! same occupation ov] a l>ge area1 & z a result ! widely ramifi$ sy/em ( subca/es came into exi/5ce4 ,! subca/e or comm5sal gr\p 0 ! direct evolution>y product ( ! pre-exi/+ tribe4 ,its size 0 limit$ by ! fact t its memb]s _h to meet at ! p]iodical sacrificial fea/s1 by :i* _! unity & ! tie :i* b\nd !m toge!r 0 cem5t$ & r5ew$4 ,z already se51 :5 memb]s ( a subca/e migrat$ to a fre% local area1 & 7 cut (f f communication ) ^? rema9+ beh9d1 !y t5d$ z a rule to =m a fre% endogam\s & comm5sal gr\p4 ,s9ce ! tie betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! subca/e 0 p>ticipation 9 a sacrificial meal ( gra9 cook$ ) wat]1 & z ?is food 0 held to be sacr$1 ! memb]s ( ! subca/e came to refuse to eat x except ) ^? :o c\ld jo9 9 ! communal fea/2 & z ! idea gradually ga9$ acceptance1 t a legitimate *ild mu/ be ! (fspr+ ( a fa!r & "m bo? belong+ to ! comm5sal gr\p1 ! practice ( endogamy )9 ! subca/e became a rule4 #ib4 ,v5]ation ( ! ca/e implem5ts4 ,s9ce all ! citiz5s ( ! ,roman ,/ate p>ticipat$ 9 a common sacrifice1 !y might be consid]$ z a s+le ca/e1 or ev5 a subca/e or comm5sal gr\p4 ,! ,h9du ca/es h a common c]emony :i* pres5ts "s analogy to t ( ! ,roman /ate4 ,!y wor%ip or pay homage once or twice a ye> to ! implem5ts ( _! pr(ession4 ,! occasions = ?is rite are usually ! ,dasahra fe/ival 9 ,septemb] & ! fa/ aft] ! ,holi fe/ival 9 ,m>*4 ,bo? ^! are fe/ivals ( ! goddess ,devi or ,"m ,e>?1 :5 a fa/ is obs]v$ 9 h] hon\r1 fir/ be=e s[+ ! spr+ crops & secondly be=e reap+ !m4 ,on ea* occasion ! fa/ la/s = n9e days & ! ,jaw>as or pots ( :eat correspond+ to ! ,g>d5s ( ,adonis are s[n4 ,! fa/s & fe/ivals ?us belong prim>ily to ! agricultural ca/es1 & !y wor%ip ! e>?-"m1 :o provides !m ) subsi/5ce4 ,b ! pr(essional & artisan ca/es also take ! occasion to v5]ate ! implem5ts ( _! pr(ession4 ,?us among ! ,kas>s or brass-work]s1 at ! fe/ival ( ,m&o ,amawas or ! new moon ( ,*ait 7,m>*71 e ,kas> mu/ return to ! community ( :i* he is a memb] & celebrate ! fea/ ) !m4 ,& 9 default ( ?is he w be expell$ f ! ca/e until ! next ,amawas ( ,*ait comes r\nd4 ,!y close _! %ops & wor%ip ! implem5ts ( _! pr(ession on ?is day4 ,! rule is ?us ! same z t ( ! ,roman ,suovetaurilia4 ,he :o does n jo9 9 ! sacrificial fea/ ceases to be a memb] ( ! community4 ,& ! object ( v5]ation is ! same2 ! ,romans v5]at$ & sacrific$ ! dome/ic animals :i* 9 ! pa/oral /age _h be5 _! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,! ,kas>s & o!r occupational ca/es wor%ip ! implem5ts ( _! pr(ession :i* are also _! means ( livelihood1 or t :i* gives !m life4 ,=m]ly all ^! implem5ts 7 held to be animate1 & to produce _! effect by _! own p[] & volition4 ,! ,nats or acrobats ( ,bombay say t _! fav\rite & only liv+ gods are ^? :i* give !m _! bread3 ! drum1 ! rope & ! balanc+-pole4 ,! ,murha or e>?-digg] invokes ! implem5ts ( 8 trade z foll[s3 ,o1 my "l ! basket1 my "l ! pickaxe %ap$ l a snake1 & my lady ! hod6 ,come & eat up ^? :o d n pay me = my "w6 ,simil>ly ! ,dhim> v5]ates 8 fi%+-net1 & w n we> %oes ( sewn lea!r1 because he ?9ks t ! sacr$ ?read :i* makes 8 net is debas$ if us$ = %oes4 ,! ,*am> wor%ips 8 curri]'s knife2 ! ,ghasia or groom 8 horse & ! peg to :i* ! horse is secur$ 9 ! /able2 ! ,rajput 8 horse & sword & %ield2 ! writ] 8 inkpot1 & s on4 ,! ,pola fe/ival ( ! ,kunbis has a feature resembl+ ! ,suovetaurilia4 ,on ?is occasion all ! pl\gh-bullocks ( ! cultivators are mu/]$ & g 9 procession to a toran or ar* con/ruct$ ( bran*es & foliage4 ,! bullock ( ! village proprietor leads ! way1 & has flam+ tor*es ti$ to 8 horns4 ,! bullocks ( ! o!r cultivators foll[ accord+ to ! /atus ( ea* cultivator 9 ! village1 :i* dep5ds ^u h]$it>y "r & antiquity ( t5ure1 & n on m]e weal?4 ,a ,kunbi feels bitt]ly insult$ if 8 bullocks are n aw>d$ ! prop] place 9 ! procession4 ,a /r+ across ! ar* is brok5 by ! lead+ bullock1 & ! cattle are !n all driv5 helt]-skelt] ?r\gh ! ar* & back to ! village4 ,! rite w\ld appe> to be a relic ( ! communal sacrifice ( a bullock1 ! tor*es ti$ to ! proprietor's bullock signify+ t he 0 =m]ly kill$ & roa/$4 ,x is n[ said t ?is bullock is full ( magic1 & t he w die )9 ?ree ye>s4 ,! rite may be comp>$ to ! ne$fire z practis$ 9 ,russia :5 all ! horses ( ! village 7 driv5 betwe5 two fires1 or ?r\gh fire1 & _! bridles ?r[n into ! fire & burnt4 ,! burn+ ( ! bridles w\ld appe> to be a sub/itute = ! previ\s sacrifice ( ! horse4 #bce ,! ,pola c]emony ( ! ,kunbis resembles ! ,roman ,suovetaurilia inasmu* z all ! cultivators p>ticipate 9 x accord+ to _! /atus1 j z ! rank ( ,roman citiz5s 0 det]m9$ by _! position at ! c]emony4 ,=m]ly1 if a bull 0 sacrific$ & eat5 sacram5tally x w\ld h be5 practically an exact p>allel to ! ,roman rite4 #ic4 ,! ca/e pan*ayat & its code ( (f5ces4 ,! tribunal = ! puni%m5t ( ca/e (f5ces is kn[n z ! pan*ayat1 because x usually consi/s ( five p]sons 7pan*1 five74 ,z a rule a sep>ate pan*ayat exi/s = e subca/e ov] an area n too l>ge = all ! memb]s ( x to meet4 ,9 !ory1 h[ev]1 ! pan*ayat is only ! m\?piece ( ! assembly1 :i* %\ld consi/ ( all ! memb]s ( ! subca/e4 ,"s ca/es f9e a memb] :o abs5ts himself f ! meet+4 ,! pan*ayat may p]haps be suppos$ to repres5t ! h& act+ on behalf ( ! subca/e1 :i* is consid]$ ! body4 ,! pan*ayat1 h[ev]1 0 n ! orig9al judge4 ,x 0 at fir/ ! god be=e :om ! p>ties plead$ _! cause1 & ! god :o gave judgm5t by ! me?od ( trial by ordeal4 ,?is 0 probably ! g5]al "* ( primitive ju/ice1 & 9 "s ( ! l[] ca/es ! ordeal is /ill resort$ to = decisions4 ,! tribe or subca/e att5d$ z jurors or assessors1 & c>ri$ out ! proce$+s1 p]haps aft] hav+ unit$ !mselves to ! god = ! purpose by a sacrificial meal4 ,! pan*ayat1 hav+ succe$$ ! god z ! judge1 is held to give its decisions by div9e inspiration1 accord+ to ! say+s3 ',god is on high & ! pan* on e>?1' & ',! voice ( ! pan*ayat is ! voice ( ,god4' #bcf ,! head%ip ( ! pan*ayat & ! subca/e commonly desc5ds 9 "o family1 or did s till rec5tly1 & ! utmo/ def]5ce is %[n to ! p]son hold+ x1 ev5 ?\gh he may be only a boy = ! above reason4 ,! (f5ces involv+ tempor>y or p]man5t excommunication f ca/e are ( a some:at peculi> k9d4 ,9 ! case ( bo? a man & woman1 to take food f a p]son ( a ca/e f :om x is =bidd5 to d s1 & especially f "o ( an impure ca/e1 is a v s]i\s (f5ce1 z is also t ( be+ beat5 by a memb] ( an impure ca/e1 especially ) a %oe4 ,x is also a s]i\s (f5ce to be s5t to jail1 because a man has to eat ! impure jail food4 ,to be h&cuff$ is a m9or (f5ce1 p]haps by analogy ) ! major "o ( be+ s5t to jail1 or else on acc\nt ( ! indignity involv$ by ! t\* ( ! police4 ,z reg>ds sexual (f5ces1 !re is no direct puni%m5t = a man z a rule1 b if he lives ) a l[-ca/e woman he is tempor>ily expell$ because x is assum$ t he has tak5 food f h] h&s4 ,sometimes a man & woman ( ! ca/e committ+ adult]y toge!r are bo? puni%$4 ,a m>ri$ woman :o commits adult]y %\ld 9 ! high] & middle ca/es1 9 !ory at lea/1 be p]man5tly expell$1 b if h] husb& does n put h] away %e is sometimes readmitt$ ) a sev]e puni%m5t4 ,a girl go+ wrong ) an outsid] is z a rule expell$ unless ! matt] c be hu%$ up1 b if %e becomes pregnant by a man ( ! ca/e1 %e c (t5 be readmitt$ ) a p5alty & m>ri$ to him or to "s o!r man4 ,!re are also "s religi\s crimes1 su* z kill+ a c[ or a cat or o!r sacr$ dome/ic animal2 & 9 ! case ( a woman x is a v s]i\s (f5ce to get ! lobe ( h] e> torn ap>t at ! l>ge p]=ation usually made = e>r+s2 #bcg :ile = ei!r a man or a woman to get v]m9 9 a w\nd is an (f5ce ( ! fir/ magnitude1 entail+ sev]al mon?s' exclusion & l>ge exp5diture on readmission4 ,(f5ces aga9/ ord9>y morality are sc>cely f\nd 9 ! category ( ^? entail+ puni%m5t4 ,murd] mu/ sometimes be expiat$ by a pilgrimage to ! ,ganges1 b o!r crim9al (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son & prop]ty are n tak5 cognisance ( by ! ca/e committee unless ! (f5d] is s5t to jail4 ,bo? 9 its negative & positive aspects ! category ( (f5ces af=ds int]e/+ d$uctions on ! basis ( ! explanation ( ! ca/e sy/em already giv54 ,! reason :y !re is sc>cely any puni%m5t = (f5ces aga9/ ord9>y morality is t ! ca/e organisation has nev] develop$ any responsibility = ! ma9t5ance ( social ord] & ! protection ( life & prop]ty4 ,x has nev] ex]cis$ ! function ( gov]nm5t1 because 9 ! hi/orical ,h9du p]iod ,india 0 divid$ into l>ge milit>y /ates1 :ile s9ce !n x has be5 subject to =eign dom9ation4 ,! social organisation has ?us ma9ta9$ its pri/9e =m1 nei!r influ5c$ by ! gov]nm5t nor af=d+ to x any co-op]ation or support4 ,& ! aims ( ! ca/e tribunal h be5 re/rict$ to pres]v+ its own corporate exi/5ce free f injury or pollution1 :i* might arise ma9ly f two s\rces4 ,if a memb]'s body 0 r5d]$ impure ei!r by eat+ impure food or by contact ) a p]son ( impure ca/e x became an unfit receptacle = ! sacr$ food eat5 at ! ca/e fea/1 :i* b\nd its memb]s toge!r 9 "o body4 ,?is appe>s to be ! object ( ! rules ab\t food4 ,& s9ce ! blood ( ! clan & ( ! ca/e is communicat$ by desc5t ?r\gh ! fa!r "u ! patri>*al sy/em1 adult]y on ! "p ( a m>ri$ woman w\ld br+ a /rang] into ! gr\p & und]m9e its corporate exi/5ce & unity4 ,h5ce ! sev]ity ( ! puni%m5t = ! adult]y ( a m>ri$ woman1 :i* is a special feature ( ! patri>*al sy/em4 ,x has already be5 se5 t "u ! rule ( female desc5t1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,h>tl& 9 ,primitive ,pat]nity1 ! *a/ity ( wom5 0 z a rule sc>cely reg>d$ at all or ev5 conceiv$ (4 ,aft] ! *ange to ! patri>*al sy/em a simil> laxity seems to h prevail$ = "s p]iod1 & x 0 ?\ght t any *ild born to a man 9 8 h\se or on 8 b$ 0 8 own1 ev5 ?\gh he might n be ! fa!r4 ,?is idea obta9$ among ! ,arabs1 z po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 & is also f\nd 9 ! ,h9du classics1 & to "s ext5t ev5 9 mod]n practice4 ,x 0 p]haps bas$ on ! virtue assign$ to concrete facts2 j z ! ,h9dus ?9k t a girl is prop]ly m>ri$ by go+ ?r\gh ! c]emony ) an arr[ or a fl[]1 & t ! fact ( two *ildr5 be+ suckl$ by ! same woman1 ?\gh %e is n _! "m1 e/abli%es a tie ak9 to consangu9ity betwe5 !m1 s !y might h ?\ght t ! fact ( a boy be+ born 9 a man's h\se con/itut$ him ! man's son4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! view came to be held t ! clan blood 0 communicat$ directly ?r\gh ! fa!r1 to :om ! life ( ! *ild 0 solely assign$ 9 ! e>ly patri>*al p]iod4 ,& ! *a/ity ( m>ri$ wom5 !n became ( vital importance to ! community1 because ! lack ( x w\ld cause /rang]s to be born into ! clan1 :i* n[ bas$ its tie ( k9%ip on desc5t f a common male ance/or4 ,?us ! adult]y ( wom5 became a crime :i* w\ld und]m9e ! f\ndations ( society & ! /ate1 & z su* 0 sometimes puni%$ ) dea? among communities 9 ! e>ly patri>*al /age4 ,x is ?is view1 & n simply moral pr9ciple1 :i* has l$ to ! sev]e ca/e p5alties = ! (f5ce4 ,"s ( ! primitive tribes c>e no?+ ab\t ! *a/ity ( unm>ri$ girls1 b puni% unfai?ful wives rigor\sly4 ,among ! ,m>ia ,gonds a man w murd] 8 wife = infidelity1 b girls are commonly un*a/e4 ,ano!r rule sometimes f\nd is t an unm>ri$ girl becom+ ) *ild by an outsid] is put out ( ca/e = ! "t4 ,:5 h] *ild1 :i* does n belong to ! ca/e1 has be5 born1 %e mu/ make x ov] to "s outside family1 & %e h]self c !n be readmitt$ to ! community4 ,out ( ! view ( adult]y z a religi\s & social (f5ce1 a moral reg>d = *a/ity is h[ev] develop+ among ! ,h9dus z x has 9 o!r societies4 #id4 ,! /atus ( impurity4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! ,sudras z well z ! plebeians 7 reg>d$ z impure1 & ! reason 0 p]haps t !y 7 consid]$ to belong to a ho/ile god4 ,by _! p>ticipation 9 ! sacrifice & p>tak+ ( ! sacrificial food1 ! ,indian ,aryans & o!r races consid]$ t !y 7 n only 9 fell[%ip )1 b actually a "p ( ! god4 ,& simil>ly _! enemies 7 "p ( ! sub/ance ( a ho/ile god1 ^: v exi/5ce & contact 7 abhorr5t to _! own4 ,h5ce _! enemies %\ld z f> z possible be completely ext]m9at$1 b :5 ?is 0 impossible !y mu/ dwell ap>t & n pollute by contact ( _! p]sons1 or 9 any o!r way1 ! sacr$ soil on :i* ! gods dwelt1 nor ! p]sons ( ^? :o became "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! god by p>ticipation 9 ! sacrificial meal4 ,= ?is reason ! plebeians _h to live outside ! ,roman city1 :i* 0 all sacr$ gr\nd1 & ! ,sudras & mod]n impure ca/es h to live outside ! village1 :i* is simil>ly sacr$ z ! abode ( ! e>?-goddess 9 h] =m ( ! goddess ( ! l& ( t village4 ,= ! same reason _! contact _h to be avoid$ by ^? :o belong$ to ! village & 7 unit$ to ! goddess by p>tak+ ( ! crops :i* %e br\ght =? on h] l&4 ,z already se51 ! belief exi/$ t ! life & qualities c\ld be communicat$ by contact1 & 9 ?is case ! wor%ipp]s w\ld assimilate by contact ! life ( a god ho/ile to _! own4 ,9 ! same mann]1 z %[n by ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a* 9 ,cults1 ,my?s & ,religions1 all ! weapons1 clo!s & mat]ial possessions ( ! enemy 7 consid]$ z impure1 p]haps because !y also conta9$ "p ( ! life ( a ho/ile god4 ,z already se51 #bch a man's clo?+ & weapons 7 consid]$ to conta9 "p ( 8 life by contact1 & s9ce ! man 0 unit$ to ! god by p>tak+ ( ! sacrificial fea/1 all ! possessions ( ! enemy might be held to p>ticipate 9 ! life ( ! ho/ile god1 & h5ce !y c\ld n be pres]v$1 nor tak5 by ! victors into _! own h\ses or dwell+s4 ,?is 0 ! (f5ce :i* ,a*an committ$ :5 he hid 9 8 t5t "p ( ! spoils ( ,j]i*o2 & 9 consequ5ce ,jehovah ceas$ to be ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel :5 !y w5t up aga9/ ,ai1 t is ceas$ to be 9 !m1 & !y c\ld n /& be=e ! enemy4 ,a*an & 8 family 7 /on$ & 8 prop]ty de/roy$ by fire & ! impurity 0 remov$4 ,= ! same reason ! anci5t ,gauls & ,g]mans de/roy$ all ! spoils ( w> or burn$ !m1 or buri$ !m 9 lakes :]e !y are /ill f\nd4 ,at a lat] /age ! ,romans1 in/ead ( de/roy+ ! spoils ( w>1 d$icat$ !m to _! own gods1 p]haps z a visible sign ( ! conque/ & subjection ( ! enemy's gods2 & !y 7 hung 9 temples or on oak-trees1 :]e !y c\ld n be t\*$ except 9 ! v dire/ ne$1 z :5 ,rome 0 left )\t arms aft] ,cannae4 ,subsequ5tly ! spoils 7 p]mitt$ to decorate ! h\ses ( ! victori\s g5]als1 :]e !y rema9$ sacr$ & inviolable heirlooms4 #bci #ie4 ,ca/e & ,h9duism4 ,9 ,! ,religions ( ,india ,m4 ,b>? def9$ a ,h9du z a man :o has a ca/e3 ',! man :o is a memb] ( a ca/e is a ,h9du2 he :o is n1 is n a ,h9du4' ,8 def9ition rema9s p]haps ! be/4 ,!re is practically no dogma :i* is ess5tial to ,h9duism1 nor is ! v5]ation ( any deity or sacr$ object ei!r necess>y or h]etical4 ,z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 !re is no assembly m ca?olic or less exclusive ?an ! ,h9du pan!on4 ,ano!r writ] has said t ! ?ree ess5tials ( a ,h9du are to be a memb] ( a ca/e1 to v5]ate ,brahmans1 & to hold ! c[ sacr$4 ,( ! latt] two1 ! v5]ation ( ,brahmans _c be consid]$ indisp5sable2 = !re are sev]al sects1 z ! ,l+ayats1 ! ,bi%nois1 ! ,manbhaos1 ! ,kabirpan?is & o!rs1 :o expressly disclaim any v5]ation = ,brahmans1 &1 9 !ory at lea/1 make no use ( _! s]vices2 & yet ! memb]s ( ^! sects are by common cons5t ackn[l$g$ z ,h9dus4 ,! sanctity ( ! bull & c[ is a m ne>ly univ]sal dogma1 & ext5ds practically to all ,h9dus1 except ! impure ca/es4 ,^! latt] %\ld n correctly be class$ z ,h9dus2 ! v orig9 ( _! /atus is1 z has be5 se51 ! belief t !y are ! wor%ipp]s ( gods ho/ile to ,h9duism4 ,b /ill !y mu/ n[ practically be acc\nt$ z ,h9dus4 ,!y wor%ip ! ,h9du gods1 /&+ at a di/ance :5 !y are n all[$ to ent] ! temples1 p]=m _! c]emonies by ,h9du rites1 & employ ,brahmans = fix+ auspici\s days1 writ+ ! m>riage invitation & o!r bus9ess1 :i* ! ,brahman is will+ to d = a consid]ation1 s long z he does n h to ent] _! h\ses4 ,"s ( ! impure ca/es eat beef1 :ile o!rs h ab&on$ x 9 ord] to improve _! social position4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale are _m well-educat$ ,h9du g5tlem5 :o h no objection to eat beef & may (t5 h done s 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh 9 ,india !y may ab/a9 out ( def]5ce to ! prejudices ( _! relatives1 especially ! wom54 ,& ,h9dus ( all ca/es are beg9n+ to sell worn-out cattle to ! but*]s = slaught] )\t scruple--an (f5ce :i* fifty ye>s ago w\ld h entail$ p]man5t expulsion f ca/e4 ,! rev]5ce = ! c[ is ?us n an absolutely ess5tial dogma ( ,h9duism1 ?\gh x is ! ne>e/ approa* to "o4 ,z a def9ition or te/ ( ,h9duism x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly inadequate4 ,ca/e1 on ! o!r h&1 regulates ! :ole ( a ,h9du's life1 8 social position &1 usually1 8 occupation4 ,x is ! only tribunal :i* puni%es religi\s & social (f5ces1 & :5 a man is out ( ca/e he has1 = s long z ?is condition cont9ues1 no place 9 ,h9duism4 ,!oretically he _c eat ) any o!r ,h9du nor m>ry 8 *ild to any ,h9du4 ,if he dies out ( ca/e ! ca/e-m5 w n bury or burn 8 body1 :i* is reg>d$ z impure4 ,! b9d+ tie ( ca/e is1 accord+ to ! argum5t giv5 above1 ! communal meal or fea/ ( gra9 cook$ ) wat]1 & ?is1 x w\ld !re=e seem1 may correctly be t]m$ ! *ief religi\s function ( ,h9duism4 ,ca/e also obta9s among ! ,ja9s & ,sikhs1 b ,sikhism is really little m ?an a ,h9du sect1 :ile ! ,ja9s1 :o are ne>ly all ,banias1 sc>cely diff] f ,vai%nava ,h9du ,banias1 & h accept$ ca/e1 ?\gh x is n 9 accordance ) ! real t5ets ( _! religion4 ,! l[] indu/rial classes ( ,muhammadans h also =m$ ca/es 9 imitation ( ! ,h9dus4 ,_m ( ^! are h[ev] ! desc5dants ( conv]t$ ,h9dus1 & ne>ly all ( !m h a numb] ( ,h9du practices4 #if4 ,! ,h9du re=m]s4 ,!re h n be5 want+ re=m]s 9 ,h9duism1 & ! ultimate object ( _! prea*+ seems to h be5 ! abolition ( ! ca/e sy/em4 ,! totem-clans1 p]haps1 suppos$ t ea* species ( animals & plants :i* !y di/+ui%$ _h a diff]5t k9d ( life1 ! qualities ( ea* species be+ consid]$ z "p ( its life4 ,?is belief may h be5 ! orig9al basis ( ! idea ( diff]5ce ( blood aris+ f nobility ( l9eage or desc5t1 & x may also h be5 t f :i* ! !ory ( ca/e di/9ctions 0 d]iv$4 ,?\gh ! sacrificial food ( ea* ca/e is ! same1 yet its memb]s may h held !mselves to be p>tak+ ( a diff]5t sacrificial fea/ & absorb+ a diff]5t life2 j z ! sacrificial fea/s & ! gods ( ! diff]5t ,greek & ,lat9 city-/ates 7 held to be di/9ct & ho/ile1 & a citiz5 ( "o /ate c\ld n jo9 9 ! sacrificial fea/ ( ano!r1 ?\gh ! gods & sacrificial animals might be z a matt] ( fact ! same4 ,& ! e>?-goddess ( ea* village 0 a sep>ate =m or "p ( ! goddess1 s t h] l& %\ld only be till$ by ! desc5dants ( ! cultivators :o 7 9 communion ) h]4 ,! sev]e ca/e p5alties atta*$ to gett+ v]m9 9 a w\nd1 involv+ a long p]iod ( complete o/racism & ! mo/ elaborate c]emonies ( purification1 may p]haps be expla9$ by ! idea t ! man s afflict$ has 9 8 body an ali5 & ho/ile life :i* is incompatible ) 8 =m+ "p ( ! common life ( ! ca/e or subca/e4 ,! lead+ feature ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,h9du re=m]s has be5 t !re is only "o k9d ( life1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole ( creation & is all equally preci\s4 ,ev]y?+ t lives has a sp>k ( ! div9e life & h5ce %\ld n be de/roy$4 ,! belief did n ext5d to vegetable life1 p]haps because ! true nature ( ! latt] 0 by !n p>tly realis$1 :ile if ! consumption ( vegetable life _h be5 prohibit$ ! sect c\ld n h exi/$4 ,! above doctr9e w be recognis$ z a comp>atively simple & natural expansion ( ! beliefs t animals h self-consci\s volitional life & t ea* species ( animals consi/s ( "o common life di/ribut$ ?r\gh its memb]s4 ,if ! true nature ( individual animals & plants _h be5 recognis$ f ! beg9n+1 x is difficult to see h[ ! idea ( "o univ]sal life runn+ ?r\gh !m all c\ld h be5 conceiv$ & h obta9$ s l>ge a degree ( acceptance4 ,z ! effect ( su* a doctr9e 0 t all m5 7 ( ! same blood & life1 its necess>y consequ5ce 0 ! negation ( ca/e di/9ctions4 ,! transmigration ( s\ls foll[$ z a moral rule apportion+ rew>d & puni%m5t = ! actions ( m54 ,! s\l pass$ ?r\gh a cycle ( lives1 & ! location or body ( its next life1 :e!r an animal ( v>y+ importance or meanness1 or a human be+ 9 diff]5t classes ( society1 0 det]m9$ by its good or evil actions 9 previ\s lives4 ,f9ally1 ^? s\ls :i* _h be5 purifi$ ( all ! gross qualities app]ta9+ to ! body 7 releas$ f ! cycle ( exi/5ce & reabsorb$ into ! div9e c5tre or focus ( life4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,buddhi/s & ,ja9s ! div9e c5tre ( life seems to h be5 conceiv$ ( imp]sonally4 ,! lead+ au?orities on ,buddhism /ate t its f\nd]'s doctr9e 0 pure a!ism1 b "o may sugge/ t ! view seems some:at improbable 9 ! case ( a religion promulgat$ at s e>ly a p]iod4 ,& on su* a hypo!sis x is difficult to und]/& ei!r ! /ress laid on ! escape f life z ! highe/ aim or ! sanctity held to atta* to all k9ds ( animal life4 ,b ^! doctr9es foll[ naturally on ! belief 9 a div9e c5tre or focus ( life f :i* all life emanates = a "t1 to be ultimately reabsorb$4 ,! ,vai%nava re=m]s1 :o arose subsequ5tly1 took ! sun or ! _s ( ! sun z ! div9e s\rce ( all life4 ,!y also prea*$ ! sanctity ( animal life1 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 & ! f9al absorption ( ! purifi$ s\l into ! div9e c5tre ( life4 ,! abolition ( ca/e 0 g5]ally a lead+ feature ( _! doctr9e & may h be5 its pr9cipal social aim4 ,! survival ( ! individual s\l 0 n a t5et ( ! e>li] re=m]s1 ?\gh ! lat] ones adopt$ x1 p]haps 9 response to ! gr[+ p]ception ( individuality4 ,b ev5 n[ x is d\btful h[ f> ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l aft] x has f9ally left ! _w is a religi\s dogma ( ! ,h9dus4 ,! basis ( ,h9du asceticism is ! necessity ( completely free+ ! s\l or _s f all ! appetites & passions ( ! body be=e x c be reabsorb$ into ! god4 ,^? :o h s mortifi$ ! body t ! life m]ely subsi/s 9 x1 almo/ unwill+ly z x 71 & absolutely unaffect$ by human desires or affections or worldly ev5ts1 h r5d]$ _! individual sp>k ( life capable ( be+ at once absorb$ into ! div9e life & equal 9 m]it to x1 :ile /ill on e>?4 ,?us ,h9du ascetics 9 ! la/ or p]fect /age say1 ',i am ,god1' or ',i am ,siva1' & are rev]$ by _! disciples & ! p z div9e4 ,bo? ! ,buddhi/s & ,ja9s lay ! same /ress on ! value ( asceticism z enabl+ ! s\l to atta9 p]fection ?r\gh complete deta*m5t f ! appetites & passions ( ! body & ! c>es ( ! _w2 & ! d$uction !re=e seems w>rant$ t ! end ( ! p]fect s\l w\ld be a simil> reabsorption 9 ! div9e s\l4 #ig4 ,decl9e ( ! ca/e sy/em4 ,! ca/e sy/em has ma9ta9$ its vig\r unimpair$ ei!r by ! political vicissitudes & =eign invasions ( ,india or by ,muhammadan p]secution4 ,except :]e x has be5 affect$ by ,european education & inv5tions1 ,h9du society pres]v$ until rec5tly a rem>kably close resemblance to t ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome 9 ! classical p]iod4 ,b sev]al signs po9t to ! conclusion t ! decay ( ca/e z ! gov]n+ factor ( ,indian society is 9 sight4 ,! fre$om 9 selection ( occupation :i* n[ obta9s appe>s to /rike at ! root ( ! ca/e sy/em1 because ! relative social /atus & gradation ( ca/es is bas$ on _! traditional occupations4 ,:5 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! pr9cipal ca/es ! majority ( ! memb]s h ab&on$ _! traditional occupation & tak5 freely to o!rs1 ! relative /atus ( ca/es becomes a fiction1 :i*1 ?\gh x has hi!rto subsi/$1 _c app>5tly be indef9itely ma9ta9$4 ,! great ext5sion ( education und]tak5 by ,gov]nm5t & w>mly advocat$ by ! be/ ,indian op9ion ex]cises an analog\s influ5ce4 ,education is free to all1 &1 simil>ly1 9 ! c>e]s :i* x op5s to ! mo/ successful boys !re is no acc\nt ( ca/e4 ,?us memb]s ( q l[ ca/es obta9 a good social position &1 z reg>ds !m p]sonally1 ! prejudices & contempt = _! ca/e necess>ily fall into abeyance4 ,! process mu/1 probably1 9 "t ext5d to g5]al social tol]ation4 ,! educat$ classes are also com+ to reg>d ! re/rictions on food & dr9k1 & on eat+ & dr9k+ ) o!rs1 z an irksome & unnecess>y b> to social int]c\rse1 & are gradually ab&on+ !m4 ,?is t5d5cy is greatly /r5g!n$ by ! example & social contact ( ,europeans4 ,f9ally1 ! facilities = travell+ & ! democratic nature ( mod]n travel h a v p[]ful effect4 ,! great majority ( ,h9dus ( all ca/es are oblig$ by _! comp>ative pov]ty to avail !mselves ( ! *eap ?ird-class f>es1 & h to rub %\ld]s toge!r 9 pack$ railway c>riages4 ,soon !y beg9 to realise t ?is does !m no h>m1 & get accu/om$ to x1 ) ! result t ! prejudices ab\t bodily contact t5d to disappe>4 ,! op9ion has be5 giv5 t ! decl9e ( social exclusiv5ess 9 ,engl& 0 l>gely due to ! introduction ( railway travell+4 ,tak+ acc\nt ( all ^! influ5ces1 & assum+ _! cont9uance1 ! inf]5ce may safely be drawn t ! life ( ! ,indian ca/e sy/em is limit$1 ?\gh no attempt c be made to e/imate ! degree ( its vitality1 nor to pr$ict ! =m & con/itution ( ! society :i* w arise on its decay4 ,,articles ,,on ,,religions ,,& ,,sects ,arya ,samaj ,bibliography3 ,sir ,e4,d4 ,maclagan's ,punjab ,c5sus ,report ( #ahia2 ,mr4 ,r4 ,burn's ,unit$ ,prov9ces ,c5sus ,report ( #aija2 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,oman's ,cults1 ,cu/oms & ,sup]/itions ( ,india4 ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,! f\nd] ( ! sect1 ,dayan& ,s>aswati4 #b4 ,8 me?ods & ! sci5tific int]pretation ( ! ,v$as4 #c4 ,t5ets ( ! ,samaj4 #d4 ,mod]nis+ t5d5cies4 #e4 ,aims & educational in/itutions4 #f4 ,prospects ( ! sect4 #a4 ,! f\nd] ( ! sect1 ,dayan& ,s>aswati4 ,arya ,samaj ,religion4--,?is important re=m+ sect ( ,h9duism numb]$ ne>ly #bej1jjj p]sons 9 ,india 9 #aiaa1 z aga9/ #ib1jjj 9 #aija4 ,its adh]5ts belong pr9cipally to ! ,punjab & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces #igd memb]s 7 return$4 ,! sect 0 f\nd$ by ,p&it ,dayan& ,s>aswati1 a ,guj>ati ,brahman1 born 9 #ahbd4 ,accord+ to 8 own n>rative he _h be5 c>efully in/ruct$ 9 ! ,v$as1 :i* means t he _h be5 made to commit a great portion ( !m to memory1 & _h be5 initiat$ at an e>ly age into ! ,saiva sect to :i* 8 family belong$2 b :ile /ill a m]e boy 8 m9d _h revolt$ aga9/ ! practices ( idolatry4 ,he c\ld n br+ himself to ackn[l$ge t ! image ( ,siva seat$ on 8 bull1 ! helpless idol1 :i*1 z he himself obs]v$ 9 ! wat*es ( ! night1 all[$ ! mice to run ov] x ) impunity1 ought to be wor%ipp$ z ! omnipot5t deity4 #bdj ,he also conceiv$ an int5se av]sion to m>riage1 & fl$ f home 9 ord] to avoid ! mat* :i* _h be5 arrang$ = him4 ,he 0 attract$ by ! practice ( ,yoga1 or ascetic philosophy1 & /udi$ x ) great ard\r1 claim+ to h be5 initiat$ into ! highe/ secrets ( ,yoga ,vidya4 ,he tells 9 "o ( 8 books ( 8 _m & ext5sive travels1 8 pr(\nd rese>*es 9 ,sanskritic lore1 8 con/ant m$itations & 8 ceaseless inquir+s4 ,he tells h[1 by dissect+ 9 8 own r\gh way a corpse :i* he f\nd float+ on a riv]1 he f9ally disc]n$ ! egregi\s errors ( ! ,h9du m$ical treatises1 &1 te>+ up 8 books 9 disgu/1 flung !m into ! riv] ) ! mutilat$ corpse4 ,by degrees he f\nd reason to reject ! au?ority ( all ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus subsequ5t to ! ,v$as4 ,once conv9c$ ( ?is1 he brac$ himself to a wond]ful c\rse ( mission>y ef=t1 9 :i* he =mulat$ 8 new sy/em & attack$ ! exi/+ or?odox ,h9duism4 #bda ,he ma9ta9$ t ! ,v$as gave no c\nt5ance to idolatry1 b inculcat$ mono!ism1 & t _! cont5ts c\ld be reconcil$ ) all ! results ( mod]n sci5ce1 :i* inde$ he held to be indicat$ 9 !m4 ,! ,arya ,samaj 0 f\nd$ 9 ,lahore 9 #ahgg1 & dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life ,dayan& travell$ ov] nor!rn ,india cont9ually prea*+ & disput+ ) ! advocates ( o!r religions1 & f\nd+ bran*es ( 8 sect4 ,9 #ahhc he di$ at ,ajm]1 accord+ to ! /ory ( 8 foll[]s1 f ! effects ( poison adm9i/]$ to him at ! in/igation ( a pro/itute aga9/ ^: pr(ession he _h be5 lectur+4 #bdb #b4 ,8 me?ods & ! sci5tific int]pretation ( ! ,v$as4 ,dayan&'s attempt to f\nd a sect :i*1 :ile n go+ entirely outside ,h9duism1 %\ld prove acceptable to educat$ ,h9dus desir+ a pur] fai?1 appe>s to h be5 di/9ctly successful4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,brahmo ,samaj 7 m5 ( high] intellig5ce & ability ?an he1 & aft] scrupul\sly fair & imp>tial inquiry 7 l$ to d5y ! infallibility ( ! ,v$as1 :ile !y also decl9$ to recognise ca/e4 ,b by s do+ !y r5d]$ x impossible = a man to become a ,brahmo & rema9 a ,h9du1 & _! movem5t has made little headway4 ,by reta9+ ! t5et ( ! div9e au?ority ( ! ,v$as1 ,dayan& made x possible = educat$ ,h9dus to jo9 8 sect )\t absolutely cutt+ !mselves adrift f _! old fai?4 ,b ,dayan&'s cont5tion t ! ,v$as %\ld be figuratively int]pret$1 & are s f\nd to =e%ad[ ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 w naturally n be> exam9ation4 ,! foll[+ in/ances ( ! me?od are giv5 by ,pr(essor ,oman3 ,at "o ( ! anniv]s>y meet+s ( ! society a memb] gravely /at$ t ! ,v$as m5tion$ pure fire1 & z pure fire 0 no?+ b electricity1 x 0 evid5t t ! ,indians ( ! ,v$ic p]iod 7 acqua9t$ ) electricity4 ,a lead+ memb] ( ! sect1 :o _h /udi$ sci5ce 9 ! ,gov]nm5t college1 discov]$ 9 two ,v$ic texts1 made up ( only eighte5 words 9 all1 t oxyg5 & hydrog5 ) _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties 7 kn[n to ! writ]s ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 :o 7 also acqua9t$ ) ! composition ( wat]1 ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e1 & _h anticipat$ ! mod]n k9etic !ory ( gases4 #bdc ,mr4 ,burn gives ! foll[+ p>allel v]sions ( a v]se ( ! ,rig ,v$a by ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] & ! late ,p&it ,guru ,datt1 ,m4,a41 ( ! ,arya ,samaj3 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]4--,may ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,aryaman1 ,ayu1 ,indra1 ! ,"l ( ! ,ribhus1 & ! ,m>uts n rebuke u because we %all proclaim at ! sacrifice ! virtues ( ! swift horse sprung f ! ,gods4 ,p&it ,guru ,datt4--,we %all describe ! p[]-g5]at+ virtues ( ! en]getic horses end[$ ) brilliant prop]ties 7or ! virtues ( ! vigor\s =ce ( heat7 :i* le>n$ or sci5tific m5 c evoke to "w = purposes ( appliances4 ,let n philan?ropi/s1 noble m51 judges1 le>n$ m51 rul]s1 wise m5 & practical me*anics ev] disreg>d ^! prop]ties4 ,9 fact1 ! le>n$ ,p&it has int]pret$ horse z horse-p[]4 #c4 ,t5ets ( ! ,samaj4 ,nev]!less ! ,arya ,samaj does furni% a hav5 = educat$ ,h9dus :o c no long] cr$it ,h9du my?ology1 b d n wi% entirely to break away f _! religion2 a /ep :i*1 involv+ also ! ab&onm5t ( ca/e1 w\ld 9 _! case mean ! cessation to a consid]able ext5t ( social & family int]c\rse4 ,! pres5t t5ets & position ( ! ,arya ,samaj z giv5 to ,pr(essor ,oman by ,lala ,lajpat ,rai #bdd indicate t1 :ile t5d+ t[>ds ! complete removal ( ! ov]-swoll5 body ( ,h9du ritual & ! ob/acles to social progress involv$ 9 ! n>r[ re/rictions ( ! ca/e sy/em1 ! sect at pres5t p]mits a compromise & does n require ( its proselytes a full abjuration4 ,9 !ory memb]s ( any religion may be admitt$ to ! ,samaj1 & a few ,muhammadans h be5 initiat$1 b unless !y r5\nce ,islam d n usually p>ticipate 9 social int]c\rse4 ,sikhs are freely admitt$1 & conv]ts f any religion :o accept ! purifi$ ,h9duism ( ! ,samaj are welcome4 ,su* conv]ts g ?r\gh a simple c]emony ( purification1 = :i* a ,brahman is usually engag$1 ?\gh n requir$ by rule4 ,^? :o1 z ,h9dus1 wore ! sacr$ ?read are aga9 inve/$ ) x1 & x has also be5 conf]r$ on conv]ts1 b ?is has excit$ opposition4 ,a few m>riages betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t subca/es h be5 c>ri$ out1 & 9 ! case ( orphan girls adopt$ into ! ,samaj ca/e1 rules h be5 set aside & !y h be5 m>ri$ to memb]s ( o!r ca/es4 ,lavi% exp5diture on w$d+s is disc\rag$4 ,vi%nu & ,siva are accept$ z alt]native names ( ! "o ,god2 b _! reput$ consorts ,kali1 ,durga1 ,devi1 & s on1 are n reg>d$ z deities4 ,brahmans are usually employ$ = c]emonies1 b ^! may also1 especially bir? & fun]al c]emonies1 be p]=m$ by non-,brahmans4 ,9 ! ,punjab memb]s ( ! ,samaj ( diff]5t ca/es w take food toge!r1 b r>ely 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,diss5sion has aris5 on ! "q ( ! consumption ( fle%1 & ! ,samaj is split into two p>ties1 veget>ians & meat-eat]s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ,mr4 ,burn /ates1 ! veget>ian p>ty w\ld n object to employ m5 ( l[ ca/e z cooks1 except+ su* impure ca/es z ,*am>s1 ,doms & sweep]s1 s long z !y 7 also veget>ians4 ,! ,aryas /ill hold ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls & v5]ate ! c[1 b !y d n reg>d ! c[ z div9e4 ,9 ?is respect _! position has be5 some:at modifi$ f t ( ,dayan&1 :o 0 a vigor\s support] ( ! ,gaorak%a or c[-protection movem5t4 #d4 ,mod]nis+ t5d5cies4 ,aga9 ,dayan& enunciat$ a v peculi> doctr9e on ,niyoga or ! cu/om ( *ildless wom51 ei!r m>ri$ or wid[s1 resort+ to m5 o!r ?an _! husb&s = obta9+ an heir4 ,?is is p]mitt$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances by ! ,h9du lawbooks4 ,dayan& laid d[n t a ,h9du wid[ might resort 9 succession to five m5 until %e _h borne ea* ( !m two *ildr51 & a m>ri$ woman might d ! same ) ! cons5t ( h] husb&1 or )\t 8 cons5t if he _h be5 abs5t f home = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 v>y+ accord+ to ! purpose = :i* he 0 abs5t4 #bde ,dayan& held t ?is rule w\ld h b5eficial results4 ,^? :o c\ld re/ra9 _! impulses w\ld /ill be consid]$ z foll[+ ! be/ way2 b = ! majority :o c\ld n d s1 ! au?oris$ me?od & degree ( intimacy laid d[n by him w\ld prev5t su* evils z pro/itution1 connubial unfai?fulness1 & ! secret liaisons ( wid[s1 result+ 9 practices l abortion4 ,! preval5ce ( su* a cu/om w\ld1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly d m to injure social & family life ?an all ! evils :i* x 0 design$ to prev5t1 & x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! ,samaj does n n[ consid] ,niyoga an ess5tial doctr9e2 in/ead ( ?is !y are try+ 9 face ( mu* opposition to introduce ! natural & prop] cu/om ( ! rem>riage ( wid[s4 ,! pr9cipal rite ( ! ,samaj is ! old ,hom sacrifice ( burn+ cl>ifi$ butt]1 gra91 & v>i\s fragrant gums & spices on ! sacr$ fire1 ) ! repetition ( ,sanskrit texts4 ,!y n[ expla9 ?is by say+ t x is a sanit>y measure1 design$ to purify ! air4 ,! ,samaj does n believe 9 any lit]al heav5 & hell1 b consid]s ^! z figurative expressions ( ! /ate ( ! s\l1 :e!r 9 ?is life or ! life to come4 ,! ,aryas !re=e d n p]=m ! %radhh c]emony nor (f] oblations to ! dead1 & 9 aboli%+ ^! !y r$uce enorm\sly ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! prie/hood4 #e4 ,aims & educational in/itutions4 ,! above acc\nt indicates t ! ,arya ,samaj is t5d+ to become a vaguely !i/ic sect4 ,its religi\s obs]vances w probably fall m & m into ! backgr\nd1 & its memb]s w aspire to obs]ve 9 _! conduct ! code ( social morality obta9+ 9 ,europe1 & to regulate _! habit ( life by simil> consid]ations ( com=t & conv5i5ce4 ,already ! pr9cipal aims ( ! ,samaj t5d ma9ly to ! social improvem5t ( its memb]s & _! fell[-,indians4 ,x sets its face aga9/ *ild-m>riage1 & enc\rages ! rem>riage ( wid[s4 ,x busies itself ) female education1 ) orphanages & s*ools1 disp5s>ies & public libr>ies1 & philan?ropic in/itutions ( all sorts4 #bdf ,its av[$ aim is to unite & reg5]ate ! peoples ( ,aryav>rta or ,india4 ,z "o ( its own poets has said3 #bdg ,ah6 long h ye slept1 ,sons ( ,india1 too long6 ,y\r c\ntry deg5]ate1 y\r morals all wrong4 ,its pr9cipal educational in/itutions are ! ,dayan& ,anglo-,v$ic ,college at ,lahore & ! ,anglo-,v$ic ,s*ool at ,me]ut1 a l>ge orphanage at ,b>eilly1 small] ones at ,allahabad & ,cawnpore1 & a numb] ( prim>y s*ools4 ,x employs a body ( travell+ tea*]s or ,upade%aks to make conv]ts1 & 9 ! fam9e ( #aijj took *>ge ( z _m fam9e orphans z ! ,local ,gov]nm5ts w\ld entru/ to x1 9 ord] to prev5t !m f be+ h&$ ov] to ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,all memb]s ( ! ,samaj are expect$ to contribute "o p] c5t ( _! incomes to ! society1 & a l>ge numb] ( !m d ?is4 ,! ,arya ,samaj has be5 accus$ ( *]i%+ political aims & ( anti-,briti% propag&a1 b ! writ]s quot$ 9 ?is article unite 9 acquitt+ x ( su* a *>ge z an in/itution1 ?\gh "s ( its memb]s h be5 m or less id5tifi$ ) ! ,extremi/ p>ty4 ,f ! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 & app>5tly up to ! pres5t "t1 its religi\s tea*+ has be5 direct$ to social & n to political re=m1 & s long z x adh]es to ?is c\rse its "w mu/ be consid]$ to be useful & praisewor?y4 ,nev]!less "s dang] may p]haps exi/ le/ ! boys educat$ 9 its in/itutions may ) y\?ful intemp]ance read into ! in/ruction ( _! tea*]s m ?an x is meant to convey1 & div]t exhortations = social improvem5t & progress to political ends4 #f4 ,prospects ( ! sect4 ,! c5sus ( #aiaa %[$ ! ,arya ,samaj to be 9 a fl\ri%+ & progressive condition4 ,!re seems good reason to suppose t its success may cont9ue1 z x meets a di/9ct religi\s & social requirem5t ( educat$ ,h9dus4 ,n>s+hpur is ! pr9cipal c5tre ( ! sect 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 & "h an orphanage is ma9ta9$ ) ab\t ?irty inmates2 ! local memb]s h an ata fund1 to :i* !y daily contribute a h&ful ( fl\r1 & ?is accumulates & is p]iodically made ov] to ! orphanage4 ,!re is also a ,v$ic s*ool at ,n>s+hpur1 & a ,sanskrit s*ool has be5 />t$ at ,drug4 #bdh ,brahmo ,samaj ,bibliography3 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,oman's ,brahmans1 ,!i/s & ,muslims ( ,india 7#aijg72 ,cults1 ,cu/oms & ,sup]/itions ( ,india 7#aijh72 ,rev4 ,f4 ,lill+/on's ,brahmo ,samaj & ,arya ,samaj 7#aija74 ,! foll[+ brief acc\nt is simply compil$ f ! above works & makes no pret5ce to be critical4 ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,ram ,mohan ,roy1 f\nd] ( ! sect4 #b4 ,mu* e/eem$ by ! ,engli%4 #c4 ,f\ndation ( ! ,brahmo ,samaj4 #d4 ,deb5dra ,na? ,tagore4 #e4 ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s54 #f4 ,! ,civil ,m>riage ,act4 #g4 ,ke%ub ,*&>'s relapse into my/icism4 #h4 ,rec5t hi/ory ( ! ,samaj4 #i4 ,"* ( ! movem5t4 #a4 ,ram ,mohan ,roy1 f\nd] ( ! sect4 ,brahmo ,samaj ,religion4--,?is mono!i/ic sect ( ,b5gal numb]$ only ?irty-two adh]5ts 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 #aiaa1 ( :om all or ne>ly all 7 probably ,b5galis4 ,nev]!less its hi/ory is ( great int]e/ z repres5t+ an attempt at ! re=m & purification ( ,h9duism "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! f\nd] ( ! sect1 ,ram ,mohan ,roy1 a ,brahman1 0 born 9 #aggb & di$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahcc4 ,he 0 s5t to s*ool at ,patna1 :]e "u ! influ5ce ( ,muhammadan tea*]s he le>nt to despise ! extravagant /ories ( ! ,puranas4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 he compos$ a tract aga9/ idolatry1 :i* /irr$ up su* a feel+ ( animosity aga9/ him t he _h to leave 8 home4 ,he betook himself fir/ to ,b5>es1 :]e he receiv$ in/ruction 9 ! ,v$as f ! ,brahmans4 ,f !re he w5t to ,tibet1 t he might le>n ! t5ets ( ,buddhism f its adh]5ts r ?an its oppon5ts2 8 g5u9e desire to =m a fair judgm5t ( ! m]its ( e cre$ be+ fur!r evid5c$ by 8 le>n+ ! language 9 :i* ea* ( ^! f9ds its expression3 ?us he le>nt ,sanskrit t he might rightly und]/& ! ,v$as1 ,pali t he might read ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka1 ,arabic z ! key to ! ,koran1 & ,hebrew & ,greek = ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 #bdi ,9 #ahai1 aft] a dilig5t /udy ( ! ,bible1 he publi%$ a book entitl$ ,! ,precepts ( ,jesus1 ! ,guide to ,peace & ,happ9ess4 ,al?\gh ?is "w 0 em95tly appreciative ( ! "* & tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 x gave rise to an attack f ! mission>ies ( ,s]ampore4 ,/range to say1 ,ram ,mohan ,roy s f> conv]t$ 8 tutor ,mr4 ,adam 7himself a mission>y7 to 8 own way ( ?9k+ t t g5tleman rel9qui%$ 8 spiritual (fice1 became editor ( ! ,indian ,gazette1 & 0 g5]ally kn[n 9 ,calcutta z ',! second fall5 ,adam4' #bej #b4 ,mu* e/eem$ by ! ,engli%4 ,ram ,mohan ,roy 0 held 9 great e/eem by 8 ,engli% contempor>ies 9 ,india4 ,he disp5s$ 9 *>ities ! bulk ( 8 private means1 liv+ himself ) ! /ricte/ economy 9 ord] t he might h ! m to give away4 ,x 0 to a consid]able ext5t due to 8 ef=ts1 & m especially to 8 demon/ration t ! practice ( ,sati f\nd no sanction 9 ! ,v$as1 t ?is abom9able rite 0 decl>$ illegal by ,"l ,william ,b5t9ck 9 #ahbi4 ,! titul> emp]or ( ,delhi conf]r$ ! title ( ,raja ^u him 9 #ahcj & induc$ him to proce$ to ,engl& on a mission to ! ,home ,gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,brahman :o _h cross$ ! sea1 & 8 di/+ui%$ appe>ance1 agreeable mann]s1 & und\bt$ly great ability1 c\pl$ ) 8 sympa?y = ,*ri/ianity1 procur$ him a w>m welcome 9 ,engl&1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahcc4 #bea #c4 ,f\ndation ( ! ,brahmo ,samaj4 ,ram ,mohan ,roy1 ) ! help ( a few fri5ds & disciples1 f\nd$1 9 #ahcj1 ! ,brahmo ,samaj or ,society ( ,god4 ,9 ! tru/ de$ ( ! meet+-h\se x 0 laid d[n t ! society 0 f\nd$ = ! wor%ip & adoration ( ! et]nal1 unse>*able & immutable ,be+ :o is ! ,au?or & ,pres]v] ( ! ,univ]se1 b n by any o!r "n1 designation or title peculi>ly us$ by any m5 or set ( m52 & t 9 conduct+ ! said wor%ip & adoration1 no object1 animate or inanimate1 t has be5 or is or %all h]eaft] become 444 an object ( wor%ip by any m5 or set ( m51 %all be revil$ or slight+ly or contemptu\sly spok5 ( or allud$ to ei!r 9 prea*+1 or 9 ! hymns or o!r mode ( wor%ip t may be deliv]$ or us$ 9 ! said messuage or build+4 #beb ,?is well exemplifies ! broad tol]ation & lib]ality ( ! sect4 ,! s]vice 9 ! new !i/ic *ur* consi/$ 9 ! recital ( ! ,v$as by two ,telugu ,brahmans1 ! read+ ( texts f ! ,upani%ads1 & ! exp\nd+ ( ! same 9 ,b5gali4 ,! ,samaj1 ?us con/itut$1 bas$ its tea*+ on ! ,v$as & 0 at ?is "t1 ?\gh unor?odox1 /ill a ,h9du sect1 & made no attempt at ! abolition ( ca/e4 ,inde$1 9 e/abli%+ ?is sect1 ,ram ,mohan ,roy pr(ess$ to be lead+ 8 c\ntrym5 back to ! pure1 uncorrupt$1 mono!i/ic religion ( _! ,v$ic ance/ors2 b 8 mono!ism1 bas$1 z x 01 ess5tially ^u ! ,v$anta philosophy1 0 9 reality b a disguis$ ,pan!ism1 enri*$ z reg>ds its e?ics by ideas d]iv$ f ,muslim & ,*ri/ian lit]ature & !ology4 #bec #d4 ,deb5dra ,na? ,tagore4 ,aft] ! dea? ( its f\nd] ! sect langui%$ = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s until x 0 tak5 9 h& by ,deb5dra ,na? ,tagore1 ^: fa!r ,dw>ka ,na? _h be5 a fri5d & w>m admir] ( ,ram ,mohan ,roy1 & _h practically ma9ta9$ ! society by pay+ its exp5ses dur+ ! int]val4 ,9 #ahdc ,deb5dra drew up a =m ( initiation :i* involv$ ! r5unciation ( idolatry4 ,he e/abli%$ bran*es ( ! ,brahmo ,samaj 9 _m t[ns & villages ( ,b5gal1 & 9 #ahde he s5t f\r ,p&its to ,b5>es to copy out & make a special /udy ( ! ,v$as4 ,on _! return to ,calcutta aft] two ye>s ,deb5dra ,na? devot$ himself ) _! aid to a dilig5t & critical /udy ( ! sacr$ books1 & ev5tually1 aft] mu* controv]sy & ev5 dang] ( disruption1 ! ,samaj1 "u 8 guidance1 came to ! important decision t ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$as c\ld n be reconcil$ ) ! conclusions ( mod]n sci5ce or ) ! religi\s convictions ( ! ,brahmos1 a result :i* soon l$ to an op5 & public d5ial ( ! infallibility ( ! ,v$as4 ,!re is no?+1 ,pr(essor ,oman rem>ks1 9 ! ,brahmic movem5t m cr$itable to ! p>ties conc]n$ ?an ?is hone/ & c>eful inquiry into ! nature ( ! doctr9es & precepts ( ! ,v$as4 #bed #e4 ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s54 ,! t5ets ( ! ,brahmo ,samaj consi/$ at ?is "t ( a pure !ism1 )\t special reliance on ! ,h9du sacr$ books or recognition ( su* ,h9du doctr9es z ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,b 9 _! ord9>y lives its memb]s /ill con=m$ g5]ally to ! ca/e practices & religi\s usages ( _! neighb\rs4 ,b a progressive p>ty n[ arose "u ! lead]%ip ( ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s51 a "y man ( ! ,vaidya ca/e1 :i* desir$ to break altoge!r ) ,h9duism1 aboli% ! use ( sect m>ks & ! prohibition ( int]m>riage betwe5 ca/es1 & to welcome into ! community conv]ts f all religions4 ,mean:ile ,deb5dra ,na? ,tagore _h sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 seclusion 9 ! ,himalayas1 occupi$ ) m$itation & pray]2 on 8 return he acc$$ s f> to ! views ( ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s5 z to celebrate ! m>riage ( 8 daught] accord+ to a re=m$ !i/ic ritual2 b :5 8 fri5d press$ = ! complete abolition ( all ca/e re/rictions1 ,deb5dra ,na? refus$ 8 cons5t & retir$ once m to ! hills4 #bee ,! result 0 a s*ism 9 ! community1 & 9 #ahff ! progressive p>ty sec$$ & set up a ,samaj ( _! own1 call+ !mselves ! ,brahmo ,samaj ( ,india1 :ile ! cons]vative gr\p "u ,deb5dra ,na? ,tagore 0 nam$ ! ,adi or orig9al ,samaj4 ,9 #aije ! latt] 0 e/imat$ to numb] only ab\t #cjj p]sons4 #bef ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s5 _h be5 educat$ 9 ! ,presid5cy ,college1 ,calcutta1 & be+ m famili> ) ,engli% & ! ,bible ?an ) ! ,sanskrit language & ,v$ic lit]ature1 he 0 fill$ ) deep en?usia/ic admiration ( ! beauty ( ,*ri/'s "* & tea*+4 #beg ,he _h %[n a /rong passion = ! /age & lov$ no?+ bett] ?an ! plays ( ,%akespe>e4 ,he 0 fond ( p]=m+ himself1 & especially delight$ 9 appe>+ 9 ! role ( a magician or conjur] be=e 8 family & fri5ds4 ,! new sect took up ! position t all religions 7 true & wor?y ( v5]ation4 ,at ! inaugural meet+1 texts f ! sacr$ scriptures ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ,h9dus1 ,muhammadans1 ,p>sis & ,*9ese 7 publicly read1 9 ord] to m>k & to proclaim to ! _w ! ca?olicity ( _s 9 :i* x 0 =m$4 #beh ,ke%ub by 8 writ+s & public lectures kept himself prom95tly be=e ! ,indian _w1 enli/+ ! sympa?ies ( ! ,vic]oy 7,sir ,john ,lawr5ce7 by 8 t5d5cies t[>ds ,*ri/ianity4 #f4 ,! ,civil ,m>riage ,act4 ,by ?is "t sev]al m>riages _h be5 p]=m$ accord+ to ! revis$ ritual ( ! ,brahmic ,*ur*1 :i* _h giv5 great (f5ce to or?odox ,h9dus & expos$ ! p>ticipators 9 ^! novel rites to mu* obloquy4 ,! legality ( m>riages ?us contract$ _h ev5 be5 que/ion$4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty ,ke%ub induc$ ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahgb to pass ! ,native ,m>riage ,act1 introduc+ = ! fir/ "t ! in/itution ( civil m>riage into ,h9du society4 ,! ,act prescrib$ a =m ( m>riage to be celebrat$ be=e ! ,regi/r> = p]sons :o did n pr(ess ei!r ! ,h9du1 ! ,muhammadan1 ! ,p>si1 ! ,sikh1 ! ,ja9a or ! ,buddhi/ religion1 & :o 7 nei!r ,*ri/ians nor ,jews2 & fix$ ! m9imum age = a bridegroom at eighte5 & = a bride at f\rte54 ,only six ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s5 committ$ ! fatal mi/ake ( ignor+ ! law :i* he _h himself be5 in/rum5tal 9 pass+3 he p]mitt$ ! m>riage ( 8 daught]1 bel[ ! age ( f\rte51 to ! "y ,mah>aja ( ,ku* ,bih>1 :o 0 n !n sixte5 ye>s ( age4 #bei ,?is ev5t l$ to a public c5sure ( ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s5 by 8 community & ! secession ( a section ( ! memb]s1 :o =m$ ! ,sadh>an or ,univ]sal ,brahmo ,samaj4 ,! cre$ ( ?is body consi/$ 9 ! belief 9 an inf9ite ,creator1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! duty & necessity ( ! spiritual wor%ip ( ,god1 & disbelief 9 any infallible book or man z a means ( salvation4 #bfj #g4 ,ke%ub ,*&>'s relapse into my/icism4 ,f ab\t ?is p]iod1 or a little be=e1 ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s5 appe>s to h attempt$ to make a wid] appeal to ,indians by develop+ ! emotional side ( 8 religion4 ,& he gradually relaps$ f a pure unit>ian !ism into :at 0 practically ,h9du pan!ism & ! my/icism ( ! ,yogis4 ,at ! same "t he came to consid] himself an inspir$ prophet1 & proclaim$ himself z su*4 ,! foll[+ in/ances ( 8 extravagant conduct are giv5 by ,pr(essor ,oman4 #bfa ,9 #ahgc he br\ght =w>d ! doctr9e ( ,ade% or special inspiration1 decl>+ emphatically t inspiration is n only possible1 b a v]itable fact 9 ! lives ( _m dev\t s\ls 9 ?is age4 ,! foll[+ ye>s witness$ a m>k$ developm5t ( t ess5tially ,asiatic & p]haps m especially ,indian =m ( religi\s feel+1 :i* f9ds its natural satisfaction 9 solit>y ec/atic contemplation4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce an ord] ( devotees 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgf1 divid$ into ?ree ma9 classes1 :i* 9 asc5d+ gradation 7 designat$ ,%abaks1 ,bhaktas & ,yogis4 ,! l[e/ class1 divid$ into two sections1 is devot$ to religi\s /udy & ! practical p]=mance ( religi\s duties1 includ+ do+ good to o!rs4 ,! aspiration ( ! ,bhakta is 444 ',inebriation 9 ,god4 ,he is mo/ passionately fond ( ,god & delights 9 lov+ ,him & all t p]ta9s to ,him4444 ,! v utt]ance ( ! div9e "n causes 8 he>t to ov]fl[ & br+s te>s ( joy to 8 eyes4' ,z = ! highe/ ord] ( devotees1 ! ,yogis1 ',!y live 9 ! _s-_w & readily commune ) spiritual realities4 ,!y welcome :atev] is a help to ! entire subjugation ( ! s\l1 & are always employ$ 9 conqu]+ selfi%ness1 c>nality & worldl9ess4 ,!y are happy 9 pray] & m$itation & 9 ! /udy ( nature4' ,! new disp5sation hav+ come into ! _w to h>monise conflict+ cre$s & reg5]ate mank9d1 mu/ h its outw>d symbol1 its triumphal bann] float+ pr\dly on ! joyful air ( highly-fav\r$ ,india4 ,a flag 0 !re=e made & =mally consecrat$ z ',! ,bann] ( ! ,new ,disp5sation4' ,?is emblem ( ',reg5]at$ & sav+ !ism' ! new prophet himself =m$ ) a yak's tail & kiss$ ) 8 own inspir$ lips4 ,9 or?odox ,h9du fa%ion 8 mission>ies--apo/les ( ! new ,disp5sation--w5t r\nd x ) lights 9 _! h&s1 :ile 8 less privileg$ foll[]s respectfully t\*$ ! sacr$ pole & humbly b[$ d[n to x4 ,9 a ^w1 ! bann] 0 wor%ipp$ z ,h9du idols are wor%ipp$ any day 9 ,india4 ,c>ri$ away by a _s ( innovation1 anxi\s to keep himself prom95tly be=e ! _w1 & realis+ no d\bt t s9ce *ur*es & sects d n fl\ri% on intellectual pabulum only1 c]ta9 my/ic rites & gorge\s c]emonials 7 necess>y to ! success ( ! new ,disp5sation1 ,ke%ub introduc$ into 8 ,*ur* v>i\s obs]vances :i* attract$ a good deal ( att5tion & did n escape criticism4 ,on "o occasion he w5t ) 8 disciples 9 procession1 s++ hymns1 to a /agnant tank 9 ,calcutta1 & made believe t !y 7 9 ,pale/9e & on ! side ( ! ,jordan4 ,/&+ ne> ! tank ,ke%ub said1 ',belov$ bre?r51 we h come into ! l& ( ! ,jews1 & we are seat$ on ! bank ( ! ,jordan4 ,let !m t h eyes see4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 "h 0 ! ,"l ,jesus baptis$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,behold ! holy wat]s :]e9 0 ! ,son ( ,god imm]s$4' ,we le>n also t ,ke%ub & 8 disciples attempt$ to hold communication ) sa9ts & prophets ( ! old5 "t1 ^u ^: works & tea*+ !y _h be5 pond]+ 9 retirem5t & solitude4 ,on ?is subject ! foll[+ notice appe>$ 9 ! ,sunday ,mirror3 ',x is propos$ to promote communion ) dep>t$ sa9ts among ! m advanc$ ,brahmos4 ,) a view to a*ieve ?is object successfully anci5t prophets & sa9ts w be tak5 "o aft] ano!r on special occasions & made ! subject ( close /udy1 m$itation & pray]4 ,p>ticul> places w also be assign$ to :i* ! devotees w resort z pilgrims4 ,!re = h\rs toge!r !y w try to draw inspiration f p>ticul> sa9ts4 ,we believe a spiritual pilgrimage to ,moses w be %ortly und]tak54 ,only e>ne/ devotees ought to jo94' #h4 ,rec5t hi/ory ( ! ,samaj4 ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s5 di$ 9 #ahhd1 & ! ,brahmo ,samaj seems subsequ5tly to h return$ m or less to its fir/ position ( pure !ism c\pl$ ) ,h9du social re=m4 ,8 successor 9 ! lead]%ip ( ! sect 0 ,babu ,p4,c4 ,mazumd>1 :o visit$ ,am]ica & creat$ a fav\rable impression at ! ,p>liam5t ( ,religions at ,*icago4 ,"u 8 guidance ! ,samaj seems to h gradually drift$ t[>ds ,am]ican ,unit>ianism1 & to h be5 support$ 9 no slight degree by funds f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 #bfb ,he di$ 9 #aije1 & left no "o ( prom95t "* & atta9m5ts to succe$ to ! lead]%ip4 ,9 #aiaa ! adh]5ts ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,samaj numb]$ at ! c5sus only #eejj p]sons4 #i4 ,"* ( ! movem5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,brahmo ,samaj is ( great int]e/1 because x 0 ! fir/ attempt at ! re=m & purification ( ,h9duism made "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! long l9e ( ,vai%navite re=m]s :o /rove to abrogate ,h9du poly!ism & ! dead5+ re/rictions ( ca/e1 hav+ probably be5 inspir$ by ! contemplation ( ,islam4 ,! ,samaj is fur!r di/+ui%$ by ! admirable tol]ation & broadness ( view ( its religi\s position1 & by hav+ _h = its lead]s ?ree m5 ( exceptional "* & atta9m5ts1 two ( :om1 & especially ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s51 made a pr(\nd impression 9 ,engl& among all classes ( society4 ,b ! failure ( ! ,samaj to attract any l>ge numb] ( conv]ts f among ! ,h9dus 0 only :at might h be5 expect$4 ,= x requires its foll[]s practically to cut !mselves adrift f family & ca/e ties & (f]s no?+ 9 return b an undef9$ !ism1 n calculat$ to excite any en?usiasm or /rong feel+ 9 ord9>y m9ds4 ,its ef=ts at social re=m h probably1 h[ev]1 be5 ( sub/antial value 9 weak5+ ! rigidity ( ,h9du rules on ca/e & m>riage4 ,dadupan?i ,sect4 #bfc ,dadupan?i ,sect4--,"o ( ! sects f\nd$ by ,vai%nava re=m]s ( ! s*ool ( ,kabir2 a few ( its memb]s are f\nd 9 ! we/]n ,di/ricts ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,dadu 0 a ,p9j>a or cotton-clean] by ca/e4 ,he 0 born at ,ahmadabad 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & di$ at ,n>ayana 9 ! ,jaipur ,/ate %ortly aft] ,a4,d4 #afjj4 ,he is said to h be5 ! fif? successor 9 spiritual inspiration f ,kabir1 or ! six? f ,raman&4 ,dadu prea*$ ! unity ( ,god & prote/$ aga9/ ! animi/ic abuses :i* _h gr[n up 9 ,h9duism4 ,to ?is day1 writes ,mr4 ,cold/ream1 ! ,dadupan?is use ! words ,sat ,ram1 ! ,true ,god1 z a curr5t phrase expressive ( _! cre$4 ,dadu =bade ! wor%ip ( idols1 & did n build temples2 n[ temples are built by 8 foll[]s1 :o say !y wor%ip 9 !m ! ,dadubani or ,sacr$ ,book4 ,?is is :at has be5 done by o!r sects su* z ! ,sikhs & ,dhamis1 ^: f\nd]s es*ew$ ! v5]ation ( idols2 b _! un$ucat$ foll[]s c\ld n disp5se ) "s visible symbol = _! adoration1 & h5ce ! sacr$ script has be5 en?ron$ 9 a temple4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,dadupan?is1 ,pr(essor ,wilson says1 is address$ to ,rama1 b x is re/rict$ to ! ,japa or repetition ( 8 "n1 & ! ,rama int5d$ is ! deity negatively describ$ 9 ! ,v$anta !ology4 ,! *ief place ( wor%ip ( ! sect is ,n>ayana1 :]e ,dadu di$4 ,a small build+ on a hill m>ks ! place ( 8 disappe>ance1 & 8 b$ & ! sacr$ books are kept !re z objects ( v5]ation4 ,l o!r sects1 ! ,dadupan?is are divid$ into celibate or prie/ly & lay or h\sehold] bran*es4 ,b !y h also a ?ird (f%oot1 consi/+ 9 ! ,naga ,gosa9s ( ,jaipur1 ne>ly nak$ ascetics1 :o con/itut$ a valuable "p ( ! troops ( ,jaipur & o!r ,/ates4 ,x is said t ! ,nagas always =m$ ! van ( ! army ( ,jaipur4 ,! sect h :ite caps ) f\r corn]s & a flap hang+ d[n at ! back1 :i* ea* foll[] has to make = himself4 ,to prev5t ! de/ruction ( animal life entail$ by cremation1 ! t5ets ( ! sect enjo9 t corpses %\ld be laid 9 ! =e/s to be dev\r$ by birds & bea/s4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 is n obs]v$1 & _! dead are burnt at e>ly dawn4 ,dhami1 ,pranna?i ,sect4 ,dhami1 ,pranna?i ,sect4--,a small religi\s sect or ord]1 hav+ its headqu>t]s 9 ! ,panna ,/ate ( ,bundelkh&4 ,a few memb]s ( ! sect are f\nd 9 ! ,saugor & ,damoh ,di/ricts ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! "n ,dhami is simply a d]ivative f dham1 a mona/]y1 & 9 nor!rn ,india !y are call$ ,pranna?i aft] _! f\nd]4 ,!y are also kn[n z ,sa?i ,bhai1 bro!rs 9 religion1 or simply z ,bhai or bro!rs4 ,! sect takes its orig9 f "o ,pranna?1 a ,rajput :o liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ,aurangzeb's reign t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he is said to h acquir$ great influ5ce ) ,*atra ,sal1 ,raja ( ,panna1 by ! discov]y ( a diamond m9e !re1 & on ?is acc\nt ,panna 0 made ! home ( ! sect4 ,pranna? 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! sacr$ books ( ,islam1 &1 l o!r ,h9du re=m]s1 he attempt$ to propagate a fai? :i* %\ld comb9e ! two religions4 ,to ?is end he compos$ a "w 9 ,guj>ati call$ ! ,kulzam ,s>up1 9 :i* texts f ! ,koran & ! ,v$as are br\ght toge!r & %[n n to be incompatible4 ,8 cre$ also proclaim$ ! abolition ( ! wor%ip ( idols1 & app>5tly ( ca/e re/rictions & ! supremacy ( ,brahmans4 ,z a te/ ( a disciple's ass5t to ! real id5tity ( ! ,h9du & ,muhammadan cre$s1 ! c]emony ( initiation consi/s 9 eat+ 9 ! society ( ! foll[]s ( bo? religions2 b ! amalgamation appe>s to be c>ri$ no fur!r1 & memb]s ( ! sect cont9ue to foll[ g5]ally _! own religi\s practices4 ,!oretically !y %\ld wor%ip no mat]ial objects except ! ,f\nd]'s ,book ( ,fai?1 :i* lies on a table cov]$ ) gold clo? 9 ! pr9cipal temple at ,panna4 ,b 9 fact !y adore ! boy ,kri%na z he 0 at ,ma?ura1 & 9 "s temples !re are images ( ,radha & ,kri%na1 :ile 9 o!rs ! decorations are s arrang$ z to look l an idol f a di/ance4 ,all temples1 h[ev]1 conta9 a copy ( ! sacr$ book1 r\nd :i* a light$ lamp is wav$ 9 ! morn+ & ev5+4 ,! ,dhamis n[ say also t _! f\nd] ,pranna? 0 an inc>nation ( ,kri%na1 & !y obs]ve ! ,janam-,a%tami or ,kri%na's bir?day z _! pr9cipal fe/ival4 ,!y we> ! ,radha ,vallabhi tilak or sect-m>k1 consi/+ ( two :ite l9es drawn d[n ! =ehead f ! roots ( ! hair1 & curv+ to meet at ! top ( ! nose1 ) a small r$ dot betwe5 !m4 ,on ! *eeks & temples !y make rosette-l m>ks by bun*+ up ! five f+]s1 dipp+ !m 9 a solution ( s&alwood & !n apply+ !m to ! face4 #bfd ,!y reg>d ! ,jumna z a sacr$ riv] & its wat] z holy1 no d\bt because ,ma?ura is on its banks1 b pay no rev]5ce to ! ,ganges4 ,_! prie/s obs]ve celibacy1 b d n practise asceticism1 & all ! ,dhamis are /rict veget>ians4 ,!re is also a bran* ( ! sect 9 ,guj>at1 :]e ! f\nd] is kn[n z ,meh]aj ,?akur4 ,he appe>s to h be5 id5tical ) ,pranna?1 & in/itut$ a local headqu>t]s at ,surat4 #bfe ,x is relat$ by ,mr4 ,bhimbhai ,kirp>am t ,meh]aj ,?akur 0 himself ! disciple ( "o ,deo ,*&1 a native ( ,am>kot 9 ,s9d4 ,! latt] 0 devot$ to ! /udy ( ! ,bhagwat ,puran1 & came to ,jamnag> 9 ,ka?iaw>1 :]e he f\nd$ a temple to ,radha & ,kri%na4 ,z !re is a temple at ,panna consecrat$ to ,deo ,*& z ! ,guru or preceptor ( ,pranna?1 & z ! book ( ! fai? is writt5 9 ,guj>ati1 ! above acc\nt w\ld appe> to be correct1 & x foll[s t ! sect orig9at$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na1 & 0 ref9$ by ,pranna? into a pur] =m ( fai?4 ,a numb] ( ,cut*is 9 ,surat are adh]5ts ( ! sect1 & usually visit ! temple at ,panna on ! full-moon day ( ,k>tik 7,octob]74 ,curi\sly en\gh ! sect has also f\nd a home 9 ,nepal1 hav+ be5 prea*$ !re1 x is said1 by mission>y ,dhamis 9 ! "t ( ,raja ,ram ,bahadur ,%ah ( ,nepal1 ab\t #aej ye>s ago4 ,its memb]s !re are kn[n z ,pranami or ,p>nami1 a corruption ( ,pranna?i & !y (t5 come to ,panna to /udy ! sacr$ book4 ,x is report$ t !re are usually ab\t =ty ,nepalis lodg+ 9 ! premises ( ! great temple at ,panna4 #bff ,ja9 ,religion ,bibliography3 ,! ,ja9as1 by ,dr4 ,j4,g4 ,bhl] & ,j4 ,burgess1 ,london1 #aijc2 ,! ,religions ( ,india1 ,pr(essor ,e4,w4 ,hopk9s2 ,! ,religions ( ,india1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,b>?2 ,punjab ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 ,sir ,e4,d4 ,maclagan2 article on ,ja9ism 9 ,dr4 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,numb]s & di/ribution4 #b4 ,! ,ja9 religion4 ,its connection ) ,buddhism4 #c4 ,! ,ja9 t5ets4 ,! ,tir?ak>s4 #d4 ,! transmigration ( s\ls4 #e4 ,/rict rules aga9/ tak+ life4 #f4 ,ja9 sects4 #g4 ,ja9 ascetics4 #h4 ,ja9 subca/es ( ,banias4 #i4 ,rules & cu/oms ( ! laity4 #aj4 ,connection ) ,h9duism4 #aa4 ,temples & c> fe/ival4 #ab4 ,images ( ! ,tir?ak>s4 #ac4 ,religi\s obs]vances4 #ad4 ,t5d]ness = animal life4 #ae4 ,social condition ( ! ,ja9s4 #a4 ,numb]s & di/ribution4 ,ja94--,! total numb] ( ,ja9s 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 #aiaa 0 #ga1jjj p]sons4 ,!y ne>ly all belong to ! ,bania ca/e1 & are engag$ 9 moneyl5d+ & trade l o!r ,banias4 ,!y reside pr9cipally 9 ! ,v9dhyan ,di/ricts1 ,saugor1 ,damoh & ,jubbulpore1 & 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ! ,nagpur c\ntry & ,b]>4 #b4 ,! ,ja9 religion4 ,its connection ) ,buddhism4 ,! ,ja9 t5ets pres5t m>k$ features ( resemblance to ,buddhism1 & x 0 = "s "t held t ,ja9ism 0 m]ely a lat] (f%oot f t religion4 ,! m g5]ally accept$ view n[1 h[ev]1 is t ! ,j9a or prophet ( ! ,ja9s 0 a real hi/orical p]sonage1 :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 be+ a contempor>y ( ,gautama1 ! ,buddha4 ,v>dhamana1 z he 0 commonly call$1 is said to h be5 ! y\ng] son ( a small *iefta9 9 ! prov9ce ( ,videha or ,tirhut4 ,l ,sakya-,muni ! ,buddha or enlight5$1 ,v>dhamana became an ascetic1 & aft] twelve ye>s ( a w&]+ life he appe>$ z a prophet1 proclaim+ a modification ( ! doctr9e ( 8 own tea*] ,p>sva or ,p>asna?4 ,f ?is "t he 0 kn[n z ,mahavira1 ! great h]o1 ! same "n :i* 9 its famili> =m ( ,mahabir is appli$ to ! god ,hanuman4 ,! title ( ,j9a or victori\s1 f :i* ! ,ja9s take _! "n1 0 subsequ5tly conf]r$ on him1 8 sect at its fir/ in/itution be+ call$ ,nirgran?a or ascetic4 ,!re are v close resemblances 9 ! traditions conc]n+ ! lives ( ,v>dhamana & ,gautama or ,buddha4 ,bo? 7 ( royal bir?2 ! same names recur among _! relatives & disciples2 & !y liv$ & prea*$ 9 ! same "p ( ! c\ntry1 ,bih> & ,tirhut4 #bfg ,v>dhamana is said to h di$ dur+ ,buddha's lifetime1 ! date ( ! latt]'s dea? be+ ab\t #dhj ,b4,c4 #bfh ,_! doctr9es also1 ) "s important diff]5ces1 pres5t1 on ! :ole1 a close resemblance4 ,l ! ,buddhi/s1 ! ,ja9s claim to h be5 patronis$ by ! ,maurya pr9ces4 ,:ile ,asoka 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 ! propagation ( ,buddhism ov] ,india1 8 gr&fa!r ,*&ragupta is /at$ to h be5 a ,ja91 & 8 gr&son ,sampadi also figures 9 ,ja9 tradition4 ,a di/rict :i* is a holy l& = "o is almo/ always a holy l& = ! o!r1 & _! sacr$ places adjo9 ea* o!r 9 ,bih>1 9 ! p59sula ( ,guj>at1 on ,m\nt ,abu 9 ,rajputana & else:]e4 #bfi ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,ja9 books belongs to ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,nirgran?a sect 9 ,buddha's lifetime be+ prov$ by ! ,c+alese books ( ! ,buddhi/s1 & by ref]5ces to x 9 ! inscriptions ( ,asoka & o!rs4 #bgj ,:ile !n ,m4 ,b>?'s !ory t ,ja9ism 0 simply a lat] sect ( ,buddhism has be5 disc>d$ by subsequ5t s*ol>s1 x seems likely t sev]al ( ! details ( ,v>dhamana's life n[ record$ 9 ! ,ja9 books are n really au!ntic1 b 7 tak5 f t ( ,buddha ) necess>y alt]ations1 :5 ! true facts ab\t _! own prophet _h be5 irrevocably lo/4 #c4 ,! ,ja9 t5ets4 ,! ,tir?ak>s4 ,l ! ,buddhi/s1 ! ,ja9s recognise no creator ( ! _w1 & suppose x to h exi/$ f et]nity4 ,simil>ly1 !y _h orig9ally no real god1 b ! ,j9a or victor1 l ! ,buddha or ,enlight5$ ,"o1 0 held to h be5 an ord9>y mortal man1 :o by 8 own p[] _h atta9$ to omnisci5ce & fre$om1 & out ( pity = suff]+ mank9d prea*$ & decl>$ ! way ( salvation :i* he _h f\nd4 #bga ,?is doctr9e1 h[ev]1 0 too ab/ruse = ! p1 & 9 bo? cases ! prophet himself gradually came to be deifi$4 ,fur!r1 9 ord] p]haps to furni% objects ( wor%ip less di/9ctively human & to :om a l>g] %>e ( ! attributes ( deity c\ld be imput$1 9 bo? religions a succession ( my?ical pr$ecessors ( ! prophet 0 gradually br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,! ,buddhi/s recognise tw5ty-five ,buddhas or div9e prophets1 :o appe>$ at long epo*s ( "t & taught ! same sy/em "o aft] ano!r2 & ! ,ja9s h tw5ty-f\r ,tir?ak>s or ,tir?ank>s1 :o simil>ly taught _! religion4 ,( ^! only ,v>dhamana1 its real f\nd]1 :o 0 ! tw5ty-f\r?1 & possibly ,p>sva or ,p>asna?1 ! tw5ty-?ird & ! f\nd]'s preceptor1 are or may be hi/orical4 ,! o!r tw5ty-two ,tir?ak>s are purely my?ical4 ,! fir/1 ,ri%aba1 0 born m ?an #ajj billion ye>s ago1 z ! son ( a k+ ( ,ajodhya2 he liv$ m ?an #h million ye>s1 & 0 #ejj b[-l5g?s 9 height4 ,he !re=e is z sup]human z any god1 & 8 date takes u back almo/ to et]nity4 ,! o!rs succe$$ ea* o!r at %ort] int]vals ( "t1 & %[ a progressive decl9e 9 /ature & l5g? ( life4 ,! images ( ! ,tir?ak>s are wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,ja9 temples l ^? ( ! ,buddhas 9 ,buddhi/ temples4 ,z ) ,buddhism also1 ! ma9 feature ( ,ja9 belief is ! transmigration ( s\ls1 & ea* successive inc>nation dep5ds on ! sum ( good & bad actions or k>man 9 ! previ\s life4 ,!y hold also ! primitive animi/ic doctr9e t s\ls exi/ n only 9 animals & plants b 9 /ones1 lumps ( e>?1 drops ( wat]1 fire & w9d1 & ! human s\l may pass ev5 into ^! if its s9s condemn x to su* a fate4 #bgb #d4 ,! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,! aim :i* ,ja9ism1 l ,buddhism1 sets be=e its disciples is ! escape f ! endless r\nd ( successive exi/5ces1 kn[n z ,sams>a1 ?r\gh ! ext9ction ( ! k>man or sum ( actions4 ,?is is atta9$ by complete subjection ( ! passions & de/ruction ( all desires & appetites ( ! body & m9d1 t is1 by ! mo/ rigid asceticism1 z well z by obs]v+ all ! moral rules prescrib$ by ! religion4 ,x 0 ! ,j9a or prophet :o %[$ ?is way ( escape1 & h5ce he is call$ ,tir?ak> or ',! ,f9d] ( ! ,=d1' ?r\gh ! ocean ( exi/5ce4 #bgc ,b ,ja9ism diff]s f ,buddhism 9 t x holds t ! s\l1 :5 f9ally emancipat$1 rea*es a heav5 & !re cont9ues = ev] a sep>ate intellectual exi/5ce1 & is n absorb$ into ,nirvana or a /ate ( bless$ no?+ness4 #e4 ,/rict rules aga9/ tak+ life4 ,! moral precepts ( ! ,ja9s are ( ! same type z ^? ( ,buddhism & ,vai%navite ,h9duism1 b ( an excessive rigidity1 at any rate 9 ! case ( ! ,yatis or ,jatis1 ! ascetics4 ,!y promise n to hurt1 n to speak untru?s1 to appropriate no?+ to !mselves )\t p]mission1 to pres]ve *a/ity & to practise self-sacrifice4 ,b ^! simple rules are extraord9>ily exp&$ on ! "p ( ! ,ja9s4 ,?us1 conc]n+ ! oa? n to hurt1 on :i* ! ,ja9s lay mo/ emphasis3 x prohibits n only ! int5tional kill+ or injur+ ( liv+ be+s1 plants or ! s\ls exi/+ 9 dead matt]1 b requires also ! utmo/ c>efulness 9 ! :ole mann] ( life1 & a wat*fulness also ov] all movem5ts & functions ( ! body by :i* any?+ liv+ might be hurt4 ,x dem&s1 f9ally1 /rict wat* ov] ! he>t & tongue1 & ! avoidance ( all ?\ghts & words :i* might lead to disputes & qu>rels1 & !reby d h>m4 ,9 l mann] ! rule ( sacrifice requires n only t ! ascetic %\ld h no h\ses or possessions1 b he mu/ also acquire a complete unconc]n t[>ds agreeable or disagreeable impressions1 & de/roy all feel+s ( atta*m5t to any?+ liv+ or dead4 #bgd ,simil>ly1 dea? by volunt>y />vation is prescrib$ = ^? ascetics :o h rea*$ ! ,kewal9 or brighte/ /age ( k1 z ! means ( ent]+ _! heav54 ,ow+ to ! late date ( ! ,ja9 scriptures1 any or all ( its doctr9es may h be5 adopt$ f ,buddhism betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( ! two religions & ! "t :5 !y 7 compil$4 ,! ,ja9s did n def9itely aboli% ca/e1 & h5ce escap$ ! p]secution to :i* ,buddhism 0 subject$ dur+ ! p]iod ( its decl9e f ! fif? or six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is tr\ble _m ,buddhi/s became ,ja9s1 & h5ce a fur!r fusion ( ! doctr9es ( ! rival sects may h ensu$4 ,! ,digamb>a sect ( ,ja9s agree ) ! ,buddhi/s 9 hold+ t wom5 _c atta9 ,nirvana or heav51 :ile ! ,swetamb>a sect say t !y c1 & also admit wom5 z nuns into ! ascetic ord]4 ,! ,ja9 scripture1 ! ,yoga%a/ra1 speaks ( wom5 z ! lamps t burn on ! road t leads to ! gates ( hell4 #f4 ,ja9 sects4 ,! ,ja9s are divid$ into ! above two pr9cipal sects1 ! ,digamb>a & ! ,swetamb>a4 ,! ,digamb>a are ! m num]\s & ! /rict] sect4 ,accord+ to _! t5ets dea? by volunt>y />vation is necess>y = ascetics :o w\ld atta9 heav51 ?\gh ( c\rse ! rule is n n[ obs]v$4 ,! "n ,digamb>a signifies sky-clad1 & ,swetamb>a :ite-clad4 ,=m]ly ! ,digamb>a ascetics w5t nak$1 & 7 ! gymnosophi/s ( ! ,greek writ]s1 b n[ !y take (f _! clo!s1 if at all1 only at meals4 ,! !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! two sects is t ,p>asna?1 ! tw5ty-?ird ,tir?ak>1 wore clo!s1 :ile ,mahavira ! tw5ty-f\r? did n1 & ! two sects foll[ _! respective examples4 ,! ,digamb>as n[ we> o*re-col\r$ clo?1 & ! ,swetamb>as :ite4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce at pres5t is t ! images 9 ,digamb>a temples are nak$ & b>e1 :ile ^? ( ! ,swetamb>as are clo!d1 presumably 9 :ite1 & also decorat$ ) jewell]y & ornam5ts4 ,! ,digamb>a ascetics may n use vessels = cook+ or hold+ _! food1 b mu/ take x 9 _! h&s f _! disciples & eat x ?us2 :ile ! ,swetamb>a ascetics may use vessels4 ,! ,digamb>a1 h[ev]1 d n consid] ! /ra9+-clo?1 bru%1 & gauze be=e ! m\? ess5tial to ! "* ( an ascetic1 :ile ! ,swetamb>a insi/ on !m4 ,!re is 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ano!r small sect call$ ,*annagri or ,samaiya1 & kn[n else:]e z ,dhundia4 ,^! d n put images 9 _! temples at all1 b only copies ( ! ,ja9 sacr$ books1 & pay rev]5ce to !m4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 wor%ip 9 regul> ,ja9 temples at places :]e !re are none ( _! own4 #g4 ,ja9 ascetics4 ,! initiation ( a ,yati or ,jati1 a ,ja9 ascetic1 is ?us describ$3 ,x is frequ5t = ,banias :o h no *ildr5 to v[ t _! fir/-born %all be a ,yati4 ,su* a boy s]ves a novitiate ) a guru or preceptor1 & p]=ms = him dome/ic (fices2 & :5 he is old en\gh & has made progress 9 8 /udies he is initiat$4 ,= ?is purpose ! novice is c>ri$ out ( ! t[] ) music & rejoic+ 9 procession1 foll[$ by a cr[d ( ,sravakas or ,ja9 laym51 & tak5 und]nea? ! banyan1 or any o!r tree ! juice ( :i* is milky4 ,8 hair is pull$ out at ! roots ) five pulls2 camphor1 musk1 s&al1 saffron & sug> are appli$ to ! scalp2 & he is !n plac$ be=e 8 guru1 /ripp$ ( 8 clo!s & ) 8 h&s jo9$4 ,a text is :isp]$ 9 8 e> by ! guru1 & he is inve/$ ) ! clo!s peculi> to ,yatis2 two clo?s1 a blanket & a /aff2 a plate = 8 victuals & a clo? to tie !m up 92 a piece ( gauze to tie ov] 8 m\? to prev5t ! entry ( insects2 a clo? ?r\gh :i* to /ra9 8 dr9k+-wat] to ! same end2 & a broom made ( cotton ?reads or peacock fea!rs to sweep ! gr\nd be=e him z he walks1 s t 8 foot may n cru% any liv+ ?+4 ,! duty ( ! ,yati is to read & expla9 ! sacr$ books to ! ,sravakas morn+ & ev5+1 su* functions be+ kn[n z ,s&hya4 ,8 food consi/s ( all k9ds ( gra91 vegetables & fruit produc$ above ! e>?2 b no roots su* z yams or onions4 ,milk & ghi are p]mitt$1 b butt] & honey are prohibit$4 ,"s /rict ,yatis dr9k no wat] b :at has be5 fir/ boil$1 le/ !y %\ld inadv]t5tly de/roy any insect1 x be+ less crim9al to boil !m ?an to de/roy !m 9 ! dr9k]'s /oma*4 ,a ,yati hav+ r5\nc$ ! _w & all civil duties c h no family1 nor does he p]=m any (fice ( m\rn+ or rejoic+4 #bge ,a ,yati 0 direct$ to travel ab\t begg+ & prea*+ = eight mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & dur+ ! f\r ra9y mon?s to reside 9 "s village or t[n & obs]ve a fa/4 ,! rules ( conduct to be obs]v$ by him 7 extremely /rict1 z has already be5 se54 ,^? :o obs]v$ !m successfully 7 believ$ to acquire miracul\s p[]s4 ,he :o 0 a ,siddh or victor1 & _h ov]come 8 ,k>ma or ! sum ( 8 human actions & affections1 c\ld read ! ?\ghts ( o!rs & =etell ! future4 ,he :o _h atta9$ ,kewalgyan1 or ! /ate ( p]fect k :i* prec$$ ! emancipation ( ! s\l & its absorption into p>adise1 0 a god on e>?1 & ev5 ! gods wor%ipp$ him4 ,:]ev] he w5t all plants bur/ into fl[] & br\ght =? fruit1 :e!r x 0 _! season or n4 ,9 8 pres5ce no animal bore enmity to ano!r or tri$ to kill x1 b all animals liv$ peaceably toge!r4 ,?is 0 ! /ate atta9$ to by ea* ,tir?ak> dur+ 8 la/ soj\rn on e>?4 ,! numb] ( ,ja9 ascetics seems n[ to be less ?an =m]ly & !y are n (t5 met )1 at lea/ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,!y d n usually p]=m ! function ( temple prie/4 #h4 ,ja9 subca/es ( ,banias4 ,practically all ! ,ja9s 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces are ( ! ,bania ca/e4 ,!re is a small subca/e ( ,ja9 ,kal>s1 b ^! are said to h gone back to ,h9duism4 #bgf ,( ! ,bania subca/es :o are ,ja9s ! pr9cipal are ! ,p>w>1 ,golapurab1 ,oswal & ,saitwal4 ,s>aogi1 ! "n = a ,ja9 layman1 & ,*>nag>1 a sect ( ,ja9s1 are also return$ z subca/es ( ,ja9 ,banias4 ,o!r important subca/es ( ,banias1 z ! ,ag>wal & ,mahe%ri1 h a ,ja9 section4 ,ne>ly all ,banias belong to ! ,digamb>a sect1 b ! ,oswal are ,swetamb>as4 ,!y are said to h be5 orig9ally ,rajputs ( ,os or ,osnag> 9 ,rajputana1 & :ile !y 7 yet ,rajputs a ,swetamb>a ascetic suck$ ! poison f ! w\nd ( an ,oswal boy :om a snake _h bitt51 & ?is induc$ ! community to jo9 ! ,swetamb>a sect ( ! ,ja9s4 #bgg #i4 ,rules & cu/oms ( ! laity4 ,! ,ja9 laity are kn[n z ,%rawak or ,s>aogi1 le>n]s4 ,!re is comp>atively little to di/+ui% !m f _! ,h9du bre?r54 ,_! pr9cipal t5et is to avoid ! de/ruction ( all animal1 includ+ insect life1 b ! ,h9du ,banias are practically all ,vai%navas1 & obs]ve almo/ ! same t5d]ness = animal life z ! ,ja9s4 ,! ,ja9s are di/+ui%$ by _! sep>ate temples & me?od ( wor%ip1 & !y d n recognise ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as nor rev]e ! l+am ( ,siva4 ,consequ5tly !y d n use ! ,h9du sacr$ texts at _! w$d+s1 b repeat "s v]ses f _! own scriptures4 ,^! w$d+s are said to be m 9 ! nature ( a civil contract ?an ( a religi\s c]emony4 ,! bride & bridegroom walk sev5 times r\nd ! sacr$ po/ & are !n seat$ on a plat=m & promise to obs]ve c]ta9 rules ( conduct t[>ds ea* o!r & avoid (f5ces4 ,x is said t =m]ly a ,ja9 bride 0 lock$ up 9 a temple = ! fir/ night & consid]$ to be ! bride ( ! god4 ,b z sc&als arose f ?is cu/om1 %e is n[ only lock$ up = a m9ute or two & !n let out aga94 ,ja9 boys are inve/$ ) ! sacr$ ?read on ! occasion ( _! w$d+s or at tw5ty-"o or tw5ty-two if !y are /ill unm>ri$ at t age4 ,! ?read is r5ew$ annually on ! day be=e ! full moon ( ,bhadon 7,augu/71 aft] a t5 days' fa/ 9 hon\r ( ,anant ,na? ,tir?ak>4 ,! ?read is made by ! ,ja9 prie/s ( tree cotton & has ?ree knots4 ,at _! fun]als ! ,ja9s d n %ave ! m\/a*es (f z a rule1 & !y nev] %ave ! *oti or scalp-lock1 :i* !y we> l ,h9dus4 ,!y give a fea/ to ! ca/e-fell[s & di/ribute money 9 *>ity1 b d n p]=m ! ,h9du %raddh or (f]+ ( sacrificial cakes to ! dead4 ,! ,ag>wal & ,kh&elwal ,ja9s1 h[ev]1 invoke ! spirits ( _! ance/ors at w$d+s4 ,traces ( an old ho/ility betwe5 ,ja9s & ,h9dus survive 9 ! ,h9du say+ t "o %\ld n take refuge 9 a ,ja9 temple1 ev5 to escape f a mad elephant2 & 9 ! rule t a ,ja9 begg> w n take alms f a ,h9du unless he c p]=m "s s]vice 9 return1 ?\gh x may n equal ! value ( ! alms4 #aj4 ,connection ) ,h9duism4 ,9 o!r respects ! ,ja9s closely resemble ! ,h9dus4 ,brahmans are (t5 employ$ at _! w$d+s1 !y rev]5ce ! c[1 wor%ip sometimes 9 ,h9du temples1 g on pilgrimages to ! ,h9du sacr$ places1 & foll[ ! ,h9du law ( inh]itance4 ,! ,ag>wal ,bania ,ja9s & ,h9dus w take food cook$ ) wat] toge!r & int]m>ry 9 ,bundelkh&1 al?\gh x is d\btful :e!r !y d ?is 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,9 su* a case ea* p>ty pays a f9e to ! ,ja9 temple fund4 ,9 respect ( ca/e di/9ctions ! ,ja9s are n[ sc>cely less /rict ?an ! ,h9dus4 ,! diff]5t ,ja9 subca/es ( ,banias com+ f ,bundelkh& w take food toge!r z a rule1 & ^? f ,m>w> w d ! same4 ,! ,kh&elwal & ,oswal ,ja9 ,banias w take food cook$ ) wat] toge!r :5 x has be5 cook$ by an old woman pa/ ! age ( *ild-be>+1 b n t cook$ by a "y woman4 ,! spread ( education has awak5$ an increas$ int]e/ among ! ,ja9s 9 _! scriptures & ! t5ets ( _! religion1 & x is q likely t ! t5d5cy to con=m to ,h9duism 9 ca/e matt]s & c]emonies may receive a *eck on ?is acc\nt4 #bgh #aa4 ,temple & c> fe/ival4 ,! ,ja9s display great zeal 9 ! con/ruction ( temples 9 :i* ! images ( ! ,tir?ak>s are en%r9$4 ,! temples are commonly ( ! same fa%ion z ^? ( ! ,h9dus1 ) a %ort1 r\ghly conical spire tap]+ to a po9t at ! apex1 b !y are frequ5tly adorn$ ) ri* c>v$ /one & woodwork4 ,!re are f9e collections ( temples at ,muktagiri 9 ,betul1 ,kundalpur 9 ,damoh1 & at ,m\nt ,abu1 ,girn>1 ! hill ( ,p>asna? 9 ,*ota ,nagpur1 & o!r places 9 ,india4 ,! be/ ,ja9 temples are (t5 f\nd 9 v remote spots1 & x is sugge/$ t !y 7 built at times :5 ! ,ja9s _h to hide 9 su* places to avoid ,h9du p]secution4 ,& :]ev] a community ( ,ja9 m]*ants ( any size has be5 settl$ = a g5]ation or m sev]al f9e temples w probably be f\nd4 ,a ,ja9 ,bania :o has gr[n ri* consid]s ! build+ ( "o or m temples to be ! be/ me?od ( exp5d+ 8 money & acquir+ religi\s m]it1 & "s ( !m sp5d all _! =tune 9 ?is mann] be=e _! dea?4 ,at ! op5+ ( a new temple ! ra? or *>iot fe/ival %\ld be held4 ,wood5 c>s are made1 sometimes z mu* z five /ories high1 & furni%$ ) *amb]s = ! images ( ! ,tir?ak>s4 ,9 ^! ! idols ( ! ho/s & all ! gue/s are plac$4 ,ea* c> %\ld be drawn by two elephants1 & ! procession ( c>s moves sev5 times r\nd ! temple or pavilion erect$ = ! c]emony4 ,= build+ a temple & p]=m+ ?is c]emony honor>y & h]$it>y titles are conf]r$4 ,^? :o d x once receive ! designation ( ,s+hai2 = c>ry+ x out twice !y become ,sawai ,s+hai2 & on a ?ird occasion ,se?4 ,9 su* a c]emony p]=m$ at ,khurai 9 ,saugor "o ( ! p>ticipators 0 already a ,se?1 & 9 recognition ( 8 great lib]ality a new title 0 devis$ & he became ,srimant ,se?4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t if ! c> breaks & ! elephants refuse to move1 ! title becomes d]isive & is ei!r ',lule ,s+hai1' ! lame "o1 or ',arku ,s+hai1' ! /umbl]4 ,if no elephants are available & ! c> has to be dragg$ by m51 ! title giv5 is ,kadhore ,s+hai4 #ab4 ,images ( ! ,tir?ak>s4 ,9 ! temples are plac$ ! images ( ,tir?ak>s1 ei!r ( brass1 m>ble1 silv] or gold4 ,! images may be small or life-size or l>g]1 & ! deities are repres5t$ 9 a sitt+ po/ure ) _! legs cross$ & _! h&s ly+ upturn$ 9 front1 ! "r ov] ! left1 9 ! f9al attitude ( contemplation prior to escape f ! body & atta9m5t ( p>adise4 ,!re may be sev]al images 9 "o temple1 b usually !re is only "o1 ?\gh a numb] ( temples are built adjo9+ ea* o!r or r\nd a c\rty>d4 ,! fav\rite ,tir?ak>s f\nd 9 temples are ,ri%ab ,deva1 ! fir/2 ,anantna?1 ! f\rte5?2 ,santna?1 ! sixte5?2 ,nemna?1 ! tw5ty-second2 ,p>asna?1 ! tw5ty-?ird2 & ,v>dhamana or ,mahavira1 ! tw5ty-f\r?4 #bgi ,z already /at$ only ,mahavira & p]haps ,p>asna?1 8 preceptor1 7 real hi/orical p]sonages1 & ! rema9d] are my?ical4 ,x is noticeable t to ea* ( ! ,tir?ak>s is atta*$ a symbol1 usually 9 ! %ape ( an animal1 & also a tree1 app>5tly t tree "u :i* ! ,tir?ak> is held to h be5 seat$ at ! "t t he obta9$ release f ! body4 ,& ^! animals & trees are 9 mo/ cases ^? :i* are also rev]$ & held sacr$ by ! ,h9dus4 ,?us ! sacr$ animal ( ,ri%ab ,deva is ! bull1 & 8 tree ! banyan2 t ( ,anantna? is ! falcon or be>1 & 8 tree ! holy ,asoka2 #bhj t ( ,santna? is ! black-buck or ,indian antelope1 & 8 tree ! tun or c$>2 #bha ! symbol ( ,nemna? is ! con* %ell 7sacr$ to ,vi%nu71 b 8 tree1 ! vetasa1 is n kn[n2 ! animal ( ,p>asna? is ! s]p5t or cobra & 8 tree ! dhataki2 #bhb & ! animal ( ,mahavira is ! lion or tig] & 8 tree ! teak tree4 ,among ! symbols ( ! o!r ,tir?ak>s are ! elephant1 horse1 rh9oc]os1 bo>1 ape1 ! ,brahmani duck1 ! moon1 ! pipal tree1 ! lotus & ! swa/ik figure2 & among _! trees ! mango1 ! jamun #bhc & ! *ampak4 #bhd ,mo/ ( ^! animals & trees are sacr$ to ! ,h9dus1 & ! elephant1 bo>1 ape1 cobra & tig] 7 =m]ly wor%ipp$ !mselves1 & are n[ atta*$ to ! pr9cipal ,h9du gods4 ,simil>ly ! asoka1 pipal1 banyan & mango trees are sacr$1 & also ! ,brahmani duck & ! swa/ik sign4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ! ,tir?ak>s simply repres5t ! deifi$ an?ropomorphic emanations f ^! animals1 because ! object ( ,v>dhamana's prea*+ 0 p]haps l t ( ,buddha to d away ) ! promiscu\s poly!ism ( ! ,h9du religion4 ,b nev]!less ! association ( ! sacr$ animals & trees ) ! ,tir?ak>s furni%$ a /rong connect+ l9k betwe5 !m & ! ,h9du gods1 & consid]ably less5s ! opposition betwe5 ! two sy/ems ( wor%ip4 ,! god ,indra is also frequ5tly f\nd sculptur$ z an att5dant gu>dian 9 ! ,ja9 temples4 ,! f\rte5? ,tir?ak>1 ,anantna?1 is especially rev]$ by ! p because he is id5tifi$ ) ,gautama ,buddha4 #ac4 ,religi\s obs]vances4 ,! prie/ ( a ,ja9 temple is n usually a ,yati or ascetic1 b an ord9>y memb] ( ! community4 ,he receives no remun]ation & c>ries on 8 bus9ess at ! same "t4 ,he mu/ "k ! ,ja9 scriptures1 & makes recitations f !m :5 ! wor%ipp]s are assembl$4 ,! ,ja9 w ord9>ily visit a temple & see ! god e morn+ be=e tak+ 8 food1 & 8 wife (t5 goes ) him4 ,if !re is no temple 9 _! own t[n or village !y w g to ano!r1 provid$ t x is )9 a practicable di/ance4 ,! (f]+s made at ! temple consi/ ( rice1 almonds1 cocoanuts1 betel-leaves1 areca1 dates1 c>damoms1 cloves & simil> articles4 ,^! are appropriat$ by ! ,h9du ,mali or g>d5]1 :o is ! m5ial s]vant employ$ to keep ! temple & enclosures clean4 ,! ,ja9 w n take back or consume himself any?+ :i* has be5 (f]$ to ! god4 ,(f]+s ( money are also made1 & ^! g into ! bh&> or fund = ma9t5ance ( ! temple4 ,! ,ja9s obs]ve fa/s = ! la/ week be=e ! new moon 9 ! mon?s ( ,phagun 7,febru>y71 ,as>h 7,june7 & ,k>tik 7,octob]74 ,!y also fa/ on ! second1 fif?1 eigh?1 elev5? & f\rte5? days 9 ea* =tnight ( ! f\r mon?s ( ! ra9s f ,as>h to ,k>tik1 ?is be+ 9 lieu ( ! m rigor\s fa/ ( ! ascetics dur+ ! ra9s4 ,on ^! days !y eat only once1 & d n eat any gre5 vegetables4 ,aft] ! week's fa/ at ! end ( ,k>tik1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! mon? ( ,aghan1 ! ,ja9s beg9 to eat all gre5 vegetables4 #ad4 ,t5d]ness = animal life4 ,! great reg>d = animal life is ! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ! ,ja9 religion among ! laity z well z ! cl]gy4 ,! =m] d n g to su* extremes z ! latt]1 b make x a practice n to eat food aft] sunset or be=e sunrise1 ow+ to ! dang] ( swall[+ insects4 ,n[ t _! beliefs are becom+ m rational1 h[ev]1 & ! irksome nature ( ?is rule is felt1 !y sometimes place a lamp ) a sieve ov] x to produce rays ( light1 & consid] t ?is s]ves z a sub/itute = ! sun4 ,=m]ly !y ma9ta9$ animal hospitals 9 :i* all k9ds ( animals & reptiles1 includ+ monkeys1 p\ltry & o!r birds 7 kept & f$1 & any :i* _h brok5 a limb or su/a9$ o!r injuries 7 admitt$ & treat$4 ,^! 7 kn[n z p9jrapol or places ( protection4 #bhe ,a simil> in/itution 0 nam$ jivuti1 & consi/$ ( a small dom$ build+ ) a hole at ! top l>ge en\gh = a man to creep 91 & "h weevils & o!r insects :i* ! ,ja9s might f9d 9 _! food 7 kept & provid$ ) gra94 #bhf ,9 ,rajputana1 :]e ri* ,ja9s probably _h mu* influ5ce1 consid]able def]5ce 0 paid to _! objections to ! dea? ( any liv+ ?+4 ,?us a ,mew> edict ( ,a4,d4 #afic direct$ t no "o might c>ry animals = slaught] pa/ _! temples or h\ses4 ,any man or animal l$ pa/ a ,ja9 h\se = ! purpose ( be+ kill$ 0 !reby sav$ & set at lib]ty4 ,traitors1 robb]s or escap$ prison]s :o fl$ = sanctu>y to ! dwell+ ( a ,ja9 ,yati or ascetic c\ld n be seiz$ !re by ! (fic]s ( ! c\rt4 ,& dur+ ! f\r ra9y mon?s1 :5 insects 7 mo/ common1 ! pott]'s :eel & ,teli's oil-press might n be work$ on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( insects :i* w\ld be de/roy$ by !m4 #bhg #ae4 ,social condition ( ! ,ja9s4 ,z !y are ne>ly all ( ! ,bania ca/e ! ,ja9s are usually prosp]\s1 & consid]+ its small size1 ! /&>d ( weal? 9 ! community is probably v high = ,india1 ! total numb] ( ,ja9s 9 ! c\ntry be+ ab\t half a million4 ,begg>s are r>e1 &1 l ! ,p>sis & ,europeans1 ! ,ja9s feel+ !mselves a small isolat$ body 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge ali5 population1 h a special t5d]ness = _! poor] memb]s1 & help !m 9 m ?an ! ord9>y degree4 ,mo/ ( ! ,ja9 ,banias are gra9-deal]s & moneyl5d]s l o!r ,banias4 ,cultivation is prohibit$ by _! religion1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( animal life :i* x involves1 b 9 ,saugor1 & also 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 _m ( !m h n[ tak5 to x1 & "s pl\gh ) _! own h&s4 ,mr4 ,m>t5 notes #bhh t ! ,ja9s are beg9n+ to put _! weal? to a m practical purpose ?an ! lavi% erection & adornm5t ( temples4 ,s*ools & bo>d+-h\ses = boys & girls ( _! religion are be+ op5$1 & !y subscribe lib]ally = ! build+ ( m$ical in/itutions4 ,x may be hop$ t ?is movem5t w cont9ue & ga!r /r5g?1 bo? = ! advantage ( ! ,ja9s !mselves & ! c\ntry g5]ally4 ,kabirpan?i ,bibliography3 ,"r ,rev]5d ,g4 ,h4 ,we/cott1 ,kabir & ! ,kabirpan?1 ,cawnpore1 #aijg2 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #ec-ge 7,wilson's ,h9du ,sects72 ,mr4 ,crooke's ,tribes & ,ca/es1 article ,kabirpan?i2 ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 ,sir ,b4 ,rob]tson4 ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,life ( ,kabir4 #b4 ,kabir's tea*+s4 #c4 ,8 say+s4 #d4 ,! ,kabirpan?i sect 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 #e4 ,! religi\s s]vice4 #f4 ,initiation4 #g4 ,fun]al rites4 #h4 ,idol wor%ip4 #i4 ,/ati/ics ( ! sect4 #a4 ,life ( ,kabir4 ,kabirpan?i ,sect4--,a well-kn[n religi\s sect f\nd$ by ! re=m] ,kabir1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & is call$ by ,dr4 ,hunt] ! ,lu!r ( ,india4 ,! sect has n[ split into two bran*es1 ! headqu>t]s ( "o ( ^! be+ at ,b5>es1 & ( ! o!r at ,kaw>dha1 or ,damakh$a 9 ,raipur4 ,bi%op ,we/cott gives ! date ( ,kabir's life z ,a4,d4 #addj--aeah1 :ile ,mr4 ,crooke /ates t he fl\ri%$ betwe5 #adhh & #aeab4 ,num]\s leg5ds are n[ told ab\t him2 ?us1 accord+ to "o ( ^!1 he 0 ! son ( a virg9 ,brahman wid[1 :o _h be5 tak5 at h] reque/ to see ! great re=m] ,raman&4 ,he1 unaw>e ( h] condition1 salut$ h] ) ! b5$iction :i* he ?\ght acceptable to all wom51 & wi%$ h] ! conception ( a son4 ,8 words c\ld n be recall$1 & ! wid[ conceiv$1 b1 9 ord] to escape ! disgrace :i* w\ld atta* to h]1 expos$ ! *ild1 :o 0 ,kabir4 ,he 0 f\nd by a ,julaha or ,muhammadan weav] & 8 wife1 & br\ght up by !m4 ,! object ( ?is /ory is probably to connect ,kabir ) ,raman& z 8 successor 9 re=mation & spiritual heir2 because ! ,raman&is are an or?odox ,vai%nava sect1 :ile ! ,kabirpan?is1 if !y adh]$ to all ,kabir's prea*+1 mu/ be consid]$ z q outside ! pale ( ,h9duism4 ,to make out t ,kabir came into ! _w by ,raman&'s act provides him at any rate ) an or?odox spiritual l9eage4 ,= ! same reason #bhi ! date ( ,kabir's bir? is sometimes advanc$ z e>ly z #acih 9 ord] to br+ x )9 ! p]iod ( ,raman&'s lifetime 7circa #acjj-adjj74 ,ano!r /ory is t ! deity took mortal %ape z a *ild )\t bir?1 & 0 f\nd by a newly-m>ri$ weav]'s wife ly+ 9 a lotus fl[] on a tank1 l ,moses 9 ! bulru%es4 ,bi%op ,we/cott ?us describes ! ev5t3 ,a feel+ ( ?ir/ ov]came ,nima1 ! newly-w$d$ wife ( ,niru1 ! weav]1 z aft] ! m>riage c]emony %e 0 mak+ h] way to h] husb&'s h\se4 ,%e approa*$ ! tank1 b 0 mu* afraid :5 %e !re beheld ! *ild4 ,%e ?\ght 9 h] he>t1 ',?is is probably ! liv+ evid5ce ( ! %ame ( "s virg9 wid[4' ,niru sugge/$ t !y might take ! *ild to _! h\se1 b ,nima at fir/ demurr$1 ?9k+ t su* action might give rise to sc&al4 ,wom5 w\ld ask1 ',:o is ! "m ( a *ild s beautiful t its eyes are l ! lotus8' ,h[ev]1 lay+ aside all fe>s1 !y took pity on ! *ild4 ,on approa*+ ! h\se !y 7 welcom$ ) ! songs ( wom51 b :5 ! wom5 saw ! *ild d>k ?\ghts arose 9 _! heads1 & !y began to ask1 ',h[ has %e got ?is *ild8' ,nima repli$ t %e _h got ! *ild )\t giv+ bir? to x1 & ! wom5 !n refra9$ f ask+ fur!r que/ions4 ,x is at any rate a po9t g5]ally agre$ on t ,kabir 0 br\ght up 9 ! h\se ( a ,muhammadan weav]4 ,x is said t he became ! *ela or disciple ( ,raman&1 b ?is _c be true1 z ,raman& 0 dead be=e 8 bir?4 ,x seems probable t he 0 m>ri$1 & _h two *ildr5 nam$ ,kamal & ,kamali4 ,bi%op ,we/cott /ates #bij t ! ,kabir ,kasauti expla9s ! /ory ( 8 suppos$ m>riage by ! fact t he _h a girl disciple nam$ ,loi1 a f\ndl+ br\ght up by a holy man2 %e foll[$ 8 precepts1 & com+ to ,b5>es1 pass$ h] "t 9 ! s]vice ( ! sa9ts4 ,aft]w>ds ,kabir rais$ two *ildr5 f ! dead & gave !m to ,loi to br+ up1 & ! ignorant suppose t ^! 7 8 wife & *ildr54 ,su* a /atem5t w\ld appe> to indicate t ,kabir 0 really m>ri$1 b aft] 8 sect _h become important1 ?is fact 0 felt to be a blot on 8 claim to be a div9e prophet1 & s 0 expla9$ away 9 ! above fa%ion4 ,! pla9 speak+ ( ,kabir & 8 g5]al disreg>d = religi\s conv5tions excit$ ! enmity ( bo? ,h9dus & ,muhammadans1 & he 0 accus$ be=e ! ,emp]or ,sik&> ,lodi1 by ^: ord]s v>i\s attempts 7 made to kill him2 b he 0 miracul\sly pres]v$ 9 ea* case1 until at la/ ! ,emp]or ackn[l$g$ 8 div9e "*1 ask$ 8 =giv5ess1 & express$ 8 will+ness to und]go any puni%m5t t he might "n4 ,to ?is ,kabir repli$ t a man %\ld s[ fl[]s = ^? :o _h s[n him ?orns4 ,bi%op ,we/cott cont9ues3--,all acc\nts agree t ! e>?ly life ( ,kabir came to a close at ,magh>1 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,gorakhpur4 ,tradition relates t ,kabir di$ 9 extreme old age1 :5 8 body _h become infirm & 8 h&s 7 no long] able to produce ! music ) :i* he _h 9 y\ng] days celebrat$ ! praises ( ,rama4 ,a difficulty arose ) reg>d to ! disposal ( 8 body aft] dea?4 ,! ,muhammadans desir$ to bury x & ! ,h9dus to cremate x4 ,z ! rival p>ties discuss$ ! "q ) gr[+ w>m? ,kabir himself appe>$ & bade !m raise ! clo? 9 :i* ! body lay en%r\d$4 ,!y did z he comm&$1 & lo6 b5ea? ! clo? !re lay b a heap ( fl[]s4 ,( ^! fl[]s ! ,h9dus remov$ half & burnt !m at ,b5>es1 :ile :at rema9$ 7 buri$ at ,magh> by ! ,muhammadans4 #b4 ,kabir's tea*+s4 ,! religion prea*$ by ,kabir 0 ( a l(ty "*4 ,he reject$ ! div9e inspiration ( ! ,v$as & ! :ole ,h9du my?ology4 ,he taught t !re 0 no virtue 9 outw>d obs]vances su* z %av+ ! head1 c]emonial purity & impurity1 & circumcision among ,muhammadans4 ,he condemn$ ! wor%ip ( idols & ! use ( sect-m>ks & religi\s amulets1 b 9 all ord9>y matt]s all[$ 8 foll[]s to con=m to usage 9 ord] to avoid giv+ (f5ce4 ,he aboli%$ di/9ctions ( ca/e4 ,he enjo9$ a virtu\s life1 j conduct & k9dly behavi\r & mu* m$itation on ! virtues ( ,god4 ,he also condemn$ ! love ( money & ga94 ,9 fact1 9 _m respects 8 cre$ resembles ,*ri/ianity1 j z ! life ( ,kabir conta9s "o or two episodes p>allel to t ( ,*ri/4 ,he prescrib$ ob$i5ce to ! ,guru or spiritual preceptor 9 all matt]s ( fai? & morals4 ,8 religion appe>s to h be5 some:at ( a pan!i/ic "* & 8 idea ( ! deity r vague4 ,b he consid]$ t ! div9e ess5ce 0 pres5t 9 all human be+s1 & app>5tly t ^? :o fre$ !mselves f s9 & ! trammels ( worldly desires w\ld ultimately be absorb$ into ! godhead4 ,x does n seem t ,kabir made any exact pron\ncem5t on ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls & re-bir?1 b z he laid great /ress on avoid+ ! de/ruction ( any animal life1 a precept :i* is to "s ext5t ! outcome ( ! belief 9 transmigration1 he may h concurr$ 9 ?is t5et4 ,"s ,kabirpan?is1 h[ev]1 h disc>d$ transmigration4 ,bi%op ,we/cott /ates t !y d believe 9 ! re-bir? ( ! s\l aft] an int]v5+ p]iod ( rew>d or puni%m5t1 b always app>5tly 9 a human body4 #c4 ,8 say+s ,he w\ld seem nev] to h promulgat$ any def9ite acc\nt ( 8 own religion1 nor did he write any?+ himself4 ,he utt]$ a l>ge numb] ( ,sakhis or apo!gms :i* 7 record$ by 8 disciples 9 ! ,bijak1 ,sukhanidhan & o!r works1 & are v well kn[n & (t5 quot$ by ,kabirpan?is & o!rs4 ,! influ5ce ( ,kabir ext5d$ beyond 8 own sect4 ,nanak1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,nanakpan?is & ,sikhs1 0 indebt$ to ,kabir = mo/ ( 8 doctr9e1 & ! ,adi-,gran? or fir/ sacr$ book ( ! ,sikhs is l>gely compil$ f 8 say+s4 ,o!r sects su* z ! ,dadupan?is also owe mu* to him4 ,a small selection ( 8 say+s f ^? record$ by ,bi%op ,we/cott may be giv5 9 illu/ration ( _! "*3 #a4 ,add+ c[rie to c[rie he br+s toge!r lakhs & crores4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dep>ture he gets no?+ at all1 ev5 8 lo9-clo? is pluck$ away4 #b4 ,fire does n burn x1 ! w9d does n c>ry x away1 no ?ief comes ne> x2 collect ! weal? ( ! "n ( ,rama1 t weal? is nev] lo/4 #c4 ,by =ce & love circumcision is made1 ,i %all n agree to x1 ,o bro!r4 ,if ,god w make me a ,turk by ,him w ,i be circumcis$2 if a man becomes a ,turk by be+ circumcis$ :at %all be done ) a woman8 ,%e mu/ rema9 a ,h9du4 #d4 ,! ros>ies are ( wood1 ! gods are ( /one1 ! ,ganges & ,jumna are wat]4 ,rama & ,kri%na are dead4 ,! f\r ,v$as are fictiti\s /ories4 #e4 ,if by wor%ipp+ /ones "o c f9d ,god1 ,i %all wor%ip a m\nta92 bett] ?an ^! /ones 7idols7 are ! /ones ( ! fl\r-mill ) :i* m5 gr9d _! corn4 #f4 ,if by imm]sion 9 ! wat] salvation be obta9$1 ! frogs ba! cont9ually4 ,z ! frogs s are ^! m51 aga9 & aga9 !y fall into ! womb4 #g4 ,z long z ! sun does n rise ! />s sp>kle2 s long z p]fect k ( ,god is n obta9$1 m5 practise rites & c]emonies4 #h4 ,brahma is dead ) ,siva :o liv$ 9 ,ka%i2 ! immortals are dead4 ,9 ,ma?ura1 ,kri%na1 ! c[h]d1 di$4 ,! t5 inc>nations 7( ,vi%nu7 are dead4 ,ma*h&rana?1 ,gorakhna?1 ,dattatreya & ,vyas are no long] liv+4 ,kabir cries ) a l\d voice1 ,all ^! h fall5 into ! slip-knot ( dea?4 #i4 ,:ile dwell+ 9 ! womb !re is no clan nor ca/e2 f ! se$ ( ,brahm ! :ole ( creation is made4 ,^: art ?\ ! ,brahman8 ,^: am ,i ! ,sudra8 ,^: blood am ,i8 ,^: milk art ?\8 ,kabir says1 ',:o reflects on ,brahm1 he by me is made a ,brahman4' #aj4 ,to be tru?ful is be/ ( all if ! he>t be tru?ful4 ,a man may speak z mu* z he likes2 b !re is no pleasure ap>t f tru?fulness4 #aa4 ,if by w&]+ ab\t nak$ union ) ,h>i be obta9$2 !n e de] ( ! =e/ w atta9 to ,god4 ,if by %av+ ! head p]fection is a*iev$1 ! %eep is sav$1 no "o is lo/4 ,if salvation is got by celibacy1 a eunu* %\ld be ! fir/ sav$4 ,kabir says1 ',he>1 ,o ,man & ,bro!r2 )\t ! "n ( ,rama no "o has obta9$ salvation4' ,! resemblance ( "s ( ! above ideas to ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospels is /rik+1 &1 z has be5 se51 ! /ory ( ,kabir's bir? might h be5 borr[$ f ! ,bible1 :ile ! ,kabirpan?i ,*auka or religi\s s]vice has "o or two features 9 common ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! facts raise a probability1 at any rate1 t ,kabir or 8 disciples _h "s acqua9tance ) ! ,bible or ) ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,if su* a supposition 7 correct1 x w\ld foll[ t ,*ri/ianity _h influ5c$ ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,india to a great] ext5t ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,because1 z has be5 se51 ! ,nanakpan?i & ,sikh sects are ma9ly bas$ on ! tea*+ ( ,kabir4 ,ano!r int]e/+ ?\gh accid5tal resemblance is t ! religion ( ,kabir 0 h&$ d[n 9 ! =m ( isolat$ texts & say+s l ! ,logia ( ,jesus1 & 0 fir/ r$uc$ to writ+ 9 a connect$ =m by 8 disciples4 ,! fact t ,kabir call$ ! deity by ! "n ( ,rama app>5tly does n imply t he ascrib$ a unique & sole div9ity to ! h]o k+ ( ,ajodhia4 ,he _h to h "s "n :i* might convey a def9ite image or conception to 8 un$ucat$ foll[]s1 & may h simply adopt$ t :i* 0 be/ kn[n & mo/ rev]$ by !m4 #d4 ,! ,kabirpan?i ,sect 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! two pr9cipal headqu>t]s ( ! ,kabirpan?i sect are at ,b5aires & at ,kaw>dha1 ! capital ( ! ,/ate ( t "n1 or ,damakh$a 9 ! ,raipur ,di/rict4 ,^! appe> to be practically indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 ! head ,mahants ex]cis+ sep>ate jurisdiction ov] memb]s ( ! sect :o ackn[l$ge _! au?ority4 ,! ,b5>es bran* ( ! sect is kn[n z ,bap 7fa!r7 & ! ,kaw>dha bran* z ,mai 7"m74 ,9 #aija out ( #hej1jjj ,kabirpan?is 9 ,india #ejj1jjj belong$ to ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! practices ( ! sect 9 ! ,prov9ce is p>tly compil$ f local in=mation1 & x diff]s 9 "s m9or1 ?\gh n 9 ess5tial1 po9ts f t giv5 by ,bi%op ,we/cott4 ,! ,b5>es *ur* is call$ ! ,kabir*aura ,ma? & ! ,kaw>dha "o ! ,dh>am ,das ,ma?4 ,"o ( ! conv]ts to ,kabir's tea*+ 0 ,dh>am ,das1 a ,kasaundhan ,bania1 :o di/ribut$ ! :ole ( 8 weal?1 eighte5 lakhs ( rupees1 9 *>ity at 8 ma/]'s bidd+ & became a m5dicant4 ,9 rew>d = ?is ,kabir promis$ him t 8 family %\ld endure = =ty-two g5]ations4 ,! ,mahants ( ,kaw>dha claim to be ! direct desc5dants ( ,dh>am ,das4 ,!y m>ry among ,kasaundhan ,banias1 & _! sons are initiat$ & succe$ !m4 ,! pres5t ,mahants ,day>am & ,ugranam are twelf? & ?irte5? 9 desc5t f ,dh>am ,das4 ,kabir n only promis$ t !re %\ld be =ty-two ,mahants1 b gave ! names ( ea* ( !m1 s t ! names ( all future ,mahants are kn[n4 #bia ,ugranam 0 born ( a ,m>> woman1 &1 ?\gh acclaim$ z ! successor ( 8 fa!r1 0 *all5g$ by ,dhirajnam1 ^: p>5tage 0 legitimate4 ,_! dispute l$ to a case 9 ! ,bombay ,high ,c\rt1 :i* 0 decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,dhirajnam1 & he accord+ly occupi$ ! seat at ,kaw>dha4 ,day>am is 8 successor4 ,b ,dhirajnam 0 unpopul>1 & little att5tion 0 paid to him4 ,ugranam lives at ,damakh$a1 ne> ,simga1 #bib & enjoys ! real homage ( ! foll[]s ( ! sect1 :o say t ,dhiraj 0 ! (ficial ,mahant b ,ugra ! p's ,mahant4 ,( ! previ\s ,mahants1 f\r are buri$ at ,kaw>dha1 two at ,kud>mal 9 ,bilaspur1 ! site ( a ,kabirpan?i fair1 & two at ,m&la4 ,"u ! head ,mahant are a numb] ( subord9ate ,mahants or ,gurus1 ea* ( :om has jurisdiction ov] ! memb]s ( ! sect 9 a c]ta9 area4 ,! ,guru pays s mu* a ye> to ! head ,mahant = 8 lett] ( jurisdiction & takes all ! (f]+s himself4 ,^! subord9ate ,mahants may be celibate or m>ri$1 & ab\t two-?irds ( !m are m>ri$4 ,a diss5t+ bran* call$ ,nadiapan?i has n[ aris5 9 ,raipur1 all ( :om are celibate4 ,! ,mahants h a high peak$ cap some:at ( ! %ape ( a mitre1 a long sleeveless :ite robe1 a *auri or :isk1 *auba or silv] /ick1 & a /aff call$ ku>i or aska4 ,x is said t on "o occasion !re 0 a v high flood at ,puri & ! sea ?reat5$ to subm]ge ,jaganna?'s temple1 b ,kabir plant$ a /ick 9 ! s& & said1 ',come ?us f> & no fur!r1' & ! flood 0 /ay$4 ,9 memory ( ?is ! ,mahants c>ry ! crut*$ /aff1 :i* also s]ves z a means ( support4 ,:5 (ficiat+ !y we> a small embroid]$ cap4 ,ea* ,mahant has a ,diwan or assi/ant1 & he travels ab\t 8 *>ge dur+ ! op5 season1 visit+ ! memb]s ( ! sect4 ,a ,mahant %\ld n annoy any "o by begg+1 b r ?an d s %\ld rema9 hungry4 ,he mu/ n t\* any fle%1 fi% or liquor4 ,& if any liv+ ?+ is hungry he %\ld give x ( 8 own food4 #e4 ,! religi\s s]vice4 ,a ,kabirpan?i religi\s s]vice is call$ ,*auka1 ! "n giv5 to ! space m>k$ out = x ) l9es ( :eat-fl\r1 #e or #g #a_/b y>ds squ>e4 #bic ,9 ! c5tre is made a patt]n ( n9e lotus fl[]s to repres5t ! sun1 moon & sev5 planets1 & ov] ?is a bun* ( real fl[]s is laid4 ,at "o corn] is a small holl[ pill> ( d\gh s]v+ z a c&le-/ick1 9 :i* a /ick cov]$ ) cotton-wool burns z a lamp1 be+ f$ ) butt]4 ,! ,mahant sits at "o end & ! wor%ipp]s sit r\nd4 ,bhajans or religi\s songs are sung to ! music ( cymbals by "o or two1 & ! o!rs repeat ! "n ( ,kabir c\nt+ on _! kan?i or necklace ( beads4 ,! ,mahant lights a piece ( camphor & waves x backw>ds & =w>ds 9 a di%4 ,?is is call$ ,arti1 a ,h9du rite4 ,he !n breaks a cocoanut on a /one1 a ?+ :i* only a ,mahant may d4 ,! fle% ( ! cocoanut is cut up & di/ribut$ to ! wor%ipp]s ) betel-leaf & sug>4 ,ea* receives x on 8 knees1 tak+ ! greate/ c>e t none fall on ! gr\nd4 ,if any ( ! cocoanut rema91 x is kept by ! ,mahant = ano!r s]vice4 ,! ,h9dus ?9k t ! cocoanut is a sub/itute = a human head4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 creat$ by ,viswamitra & ! bu* or tuft ( fibre at ! end repres5ts ! hair4 ,! ,kabirpan?is w n eat any "p ( a cocoanut f o!r ,h9dus f :i* ?is tuft has be5 remov$1 z !y fe> t x may h be5 brok5 (f 9 ! "n ( "s god or _s4 ,once ! bu* is remov$ ! cocoanut is n an acceptable (f]+1 z its lik5ess to a human head is consid]$ to be de/roy$4 ,aft] ?is ! ,mahant gives an address & an int]val occurs4 ,"s little "t aft]w>ds ! wor%ipp]s reassemble4 ,mean:ile1 a s]vant has tak5 ! d\gh c&le-/ick & brok5 x up1 mix+ x ) fragm5ts ( ! cocoanut1 butt] & m fl\r4 ,x is !n br\ght to ! ,mahant1 :o makes x into little puris or waf]s4 ,! ,mahant has also a numb] ( betel-leaves kn[n z p>wana or message1 :i* h be5 bless$ by ! head guru at ,kaw>dha or ,damakh$a4 ,^! are cut up into small pieces = deliv]y to ea* disciple & are suppos$ to repres5t ! body ( ,kabir4 ,he has also br\ght ,*>an ,amrita or ,nect> ( ! ,feet1 consi/+ ( wat] 9 :i* ! feet ( ! head guru h be5 wa%$4 ,?is is mix$ ) f9e e>? & made up into pills4 ,! wor%ipp]s reassemble1 any :o may feel unwor?y abs5t+ !mselves1 & ea* receives f ! ,mahant1 ) "o h& fold$ b5ea? ! o!r1 a waf] ( ! d\gh1 a piece ( ! p>wana or betel-leaf1 & a pill ( ! foot-nect>4 ,aft] p>tak+ ( ! sacr$ food !y cleanse _! h&s1 & ! proce$+s conclude ) a sub/antial meal defray$ ei!r by subscription or by a well-to-d memb]4 ,bi%op ,we/cott /ates t ! p>wana or betel-leaf is held to repres5t ,kabir's body1 & ! ,kabirpan?is say t ! flame ( ! c&le is ! life or _s ( ,kabir1 s t ! d\gh ( ! c&le-/ick might also be tak5 to symbolise 8 body4 ,! cocoanut eat5 at ! prelim9>y s]vice is und\bt$ly (f]$ by ,h9dus z a sub/itute = a human body1 ?\gh ! ,kabirpan?is may n[ disclaim ?is idea4 ,& ! foot-nect> ( ! guru might be look$ ^u z a sub/itute = ! blood ( ,kabir4 #f4 ,initiation4 ,! initiation ( a proselyte is conduct$ at a simil> s]vice1 & he is giv5 cocoanut & betel-leaf4 ,he solemnly v[s to obs]ve ! rules ( ! sect1 & ! ,mahant :isp]s a text into 8 e> & hangs a necklace ( wood5 beads ( ! wood ( ! tulsi or basil r\nd 8 neck4 ,?is kan?i or necklace is ! m>k ( ! ,kabirpan?i1 b if lo/1 x c be replac$ by any o!r necklace1 n necess>ily ( tulsi4 ,"o man 0 obs]v$ ) a necklace ( p9k beads b\ght at ,allahabad4 ,sometimes only a s+le tulsi bead is worn on a /r+4 ,! conv]t is also w>n$ aga9/ eat+ ! fruit ( ! gul> #bid fig-tree1 z ^! small figs are always full ( insects4 ,kabir condemn$ sect-m>ks1 b _m ,kabirpan?is n[ h !m1 ! m>k usually be+ a s+le broad /reak ( :ite s&alwood f ! top ( ! =ehead to ! nose4 #g4 ,fun]al rites4 ,! ,kabirpan?is are usually buri$4 ,=m]ly1 ! bodies ( m>ri$ p bo? male & female 7 buri$ inside ! comp\nd ( ! h\se1 b ?is is n[ prohibit$ on sanit>y gr\nds4 ,a clo? is plac$ 9 ! grave & ! corpse laid on x & ano!r clo? plac$ ov] x cov]+ ! face4 ,ov] ! grave a little plat=m is made on :i* ! ,mahant & two or ?ree o!r p]sons c sit4 ,on ! tw5ty-fir/ day aft] ! dea?1 if possible1 ! ,mahant %\ld hold a s]vice = ! dead4 ,! =m ( ! s]vice is t already describ$1 ! ,mahant sitt+ on ! grave & ! *auka be+ made 9 front ( x4 ,he lays a cocoanut & fl[]s on ! grave & lights ! lamp1 aft]w>ds di/ribut+ ! cocoanut4 ,! ,kabirpan?is ?9k t ! s\l ( ! dead p]son rema9s 9 ! grave up to ?is "t1 b :5 ! lamp is burnt ! s\l m+les ) ! flame1 :i* is ! s\l ( ,kabir1 & is absorb$ into ! deity4 ,:5 break+ a cocoanut ov] ! grave ( ! dead ! ,kabirpan?is say1 ',i am break+ ! skull ( ,yama1' because !y ?9k t ! s\l ( a ,kabirpan?i is absorb$ into ! deity & !re=e is n liable to be tak5 d[n to hell & judg$ by ,*itragupta & puni%$ by ,yama4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t "s ( !m d n believe 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4 #h4 ,idol wor%ip4 ,ord9>ily ! ,kabirpan?is h no regul> wor%ip except on ! occasion ( a visit ( ! guru4 ,b sometimes 9 ! morn+ !y fold _! h&s & say ',sat ,sahib1' or ! ',true ,god1' two or ?ree times4 ,!y also clean a space ) c[dung & place a light$ lamp on x & say ',jai ,kabir ,ki1' or ',victory to ,kabir4' ,!y conceive ( ! deity z consi/+ ( light1 & !re=e x seems probable t1 l ! o!r ,vai%nava sects1 !y really take him to be ! ,sun4 ,kabir prohibit$ ! wor%ip ( all idols & visible symbols1 b z might be expect$ ! illit]ate ,kabirpan?is _c adh]e /rictly to ?is4 ,"s ( !m wor%ip ! ,bijak1 ! pr9cipal sacr$ book ( _! sect4 ,at ,rudri ne> ,dhamt>i on ! ,mahanadi "o ( ! ,gurus is buri$1 & a religi\s fair is held !re4 ,rec5tly a plat=m has be5 made ) a footpr9t ( ,kabir m>k$ on x1 & ?is is v5]at$ by ! pilgrims4 ,simil>ly1 ,kud>mal is held to conta9 ! grave ( ,*uraman1 ! fir/ guru aft] ,dh>am ,das1 & a religi\s fair is held "h at :i* ! ,kabirpan?is att5d & v5]ate ! grave4 ,dh>am ,das himself is said to be buri$ at ,puri1 ! site ( ,jaganna?'s temple1 b x seems d\btful :e!r ?is /ory may n h be5 devis$ 9 ord] to give ! ,kabirpan?is a valid reason = go+ on pilgrimage to ,puri4 ,simil>ly1 an ar* & plat=m 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,rama at ,ramtek is consid]$ to belong to ! ,kabirpan?is1 ?\gh ! ,brahmans ( ! temple say t ! ar* 0 really made by ! daught] ( a ,surajvansi k+ ( ! locality 9 ord] to fa/5 h] sw+ to x4 ,once 9 ?ree ye>s ! ,mah> ,kabirpan?is ( ,m&la make a sacrificial (f]+ ( a goat to ,dulha ,deo1 ! bridegroom god1 & eat ! fle%1 bury+ ! rema9s b5ea? ! floor4 ,on ?is occasion !y also dr9k liquor4 ,o!r ,kabirpan?is v5]ate ,brahma1 ,vi%nu & ,siva1 & light a lamp & burn camphor 9 _! names1 b d n make idols ( !m4 ,!y w accept ! cook$ food (f]$ to ,vi%nu z ,satn>ayan & a piece ( ! cocoanut k]nel (f]$ to ,devi1 b n ! (f]+s to any o!r deities4 ,& a numb] ev5 ( illit]ate ,kabirpan?is appe> to ab/a9 f any k9d ( idol-wor%ip4 #i4 ,/ati/ics ( ! sect4 ,ab\t #fjj1jjj ,kabirpan?is 7 return$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 #aiaa1 ?is be+ equival5t to an increase ( #ai p] c5t s9ce ! previ\s c5sus4 ,z ?is 0 less ?an ! increase 9 ! total population ! sect appe>s to be /ation>y or decl9+ 9 numb]s4 ,! weav+ ca/es are usually ,kabirpan?is1 because ,kabir 0 a weav]4 ,! ,brahmans call x ',! weav]'s religion4' ,( ! ,panka ca/e #hd p] c5t 7 return$ z memb]s ( ! sect1 & ?is ca/e appe>s to be ( sect>ian =mation1 consi/+ ( ,pans or ,g&as :o h become ,kabirpan?is4 ,o!r weav+ ca/es su* z ,balahis1 ,koris1 ,ko%tis & ,mah>s belong to ! sect 9 consid]able numb]s1 & x is also l>gely pr(ess$ by o!r l[ ca/es z ! ,telis or oilm51 ( :om #af p] c5t adh]e to x1 & by ,dhobis & ,*am>s2 & by "s ca/es f :om a ,brahman w take wat]1 z ! ,ahirs1 ,kurmis1 ,lodhis & ,ka*his4 ,?\gh !re seems little d\bt t "o ( ! pr9cipal aims ( ,kabir's prea*+ 0 ! abolition ( ! social tyranny ( ! ca/e sy/em1 :i* is ! mo/ real & to ! l[] classes ! mo/ hateful & burd5some feature ( ,h9duism1 yet z 9 ! case ( s _m o!r re=m]s 8 crusade has fail$1 & a man :o becomes a ,kabirpan?i does n cease to be a memb] ( 8 ca/e or to con=m to its obs]vances4 ,& a few ,brahmans :o h be5 conv]t$1 ?\gh r5\nc$ by _! own ca/e1 h1 x is said1 be5 comp5sat$ by receiv+ high po/s 9 ! hi]>*y ( ! sect4 ,=m]ly all memb]s ( ! sect took food toge!r at ! conclusion ( ea* ,*auka or s]vice conduct$ by a ,mahant4 ,b ?is is no long] ! case1 & presumably diff]5t ,*aukas are n[ held = communities ( diff]5t ca/es4 ,only on ! #ac? day ( ,bhadon 7,augu/71 :i* 0 ! bir?day ( ,kabir1 z _m ,kabirpan?is z c meet at ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,guru take food toge!r )\t di/9ction ( ca/e 9 memory ( _! ,f\nd]'s doctr9e4 ,o!rwise ! ,kabirpan?is ( ea* ca/e make a sep>ate gr\p )9 x1 b among ! l[] ca/es !y take food & m>ry ) memb]s ( ! ca/e :o are n ,kabirpan?is4 ,^! latt] are commonly kn[n z ,saktaha1 a t]m :i* 9 ,*hattisg>h signifies an eat] ( meat z oppos$ to a ,kabirpan?i :o refra9s f x4 ,! ,mah>s & ,pankas p]mit int]m>riage betwe5 ,kabirpan?i & ,saktaha families1 ! wife 9 ea* case adopt+ ! cu/oms & beliefs ( h] husb&4 ,kabirpan?is also we> ! *oti or scalp-lock & %ave ! head = ! dea? ( a relative1 9 spite ( ,kabir's contempt ( ! cu/om4 ,/ill1 ! sect has 9 ! pa/ af=d$ to ! un$ucat$ classes a some:at high] ideal ( spiritual life ?an ! *aotic m$ley ( primitive sup]/itions & beliefs 9 wit*craft & devil wor%ip1 f :i* ! ,brahmans1 c>+ only = ! recognition ( _! social supremacy1 made no attempt to raise !m4 ,l+ayat ,sect ,l+ayat ,sect4--,a sect devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,siva :i* has develop$ into a ca/e4 ,! ,l+ayat sect is suppos$ #bie to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury by "o ,basava1 a ,brahman m9i/] ( ! k+ ( ! ,c>natic4 ,he prea*$ ! equality ( all m5 & ( wom5 also by bir?1 & ! equal treatm5t ( all4 ,wom5 7 to be treat$ ) ! same respect z m51 & any neglect or incivility to a woman w\ld be an insult to ! god ^: image %e wore & ) :om %e 0 "o4 ,ca/e di/9ctions 7 ! inv5tion ( ,brahmans & consequ5tly unwor?y ( acceptance4 ,! ,madras ,c5sus ,report #bif ( #ahga fur!r /ates t ,basava prea*$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & m5tions a !ory t "s ( ! traditions conc]n+ him might h be5 borr[$ f ! leg5ds ( ! ,syrian ,*ri/ians1 :o _h obta9$ a settlem5t 9 ,madras at a p]iod n lat] ?an ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! f\nd] ( ! sect ?us took z 8 fundam5tal t5et ! abolition ( ca/e1 b1 z is usual 9 ! hi/ory ( simil> movem5ts1 ! ultimate result has be5 t ! ,l+ayats h !mselves become a ca/e4 ,9 ,bombay !y h two ma9 divisions1 ,mr4 ,en?ov5 /ates3 #big ! ,pan*amsalis or desc5dants ( ! orig9al conv]ts f ,brahmanism & ! non-,pan*amsalis or lat] conv]ts4 ,! latt] are fur!r subdivid$ into a numb] ( gr\ps1 app>5tly endogam\s4 ,conv]ts ( ea* ca/e becom+ ,l+ayats =m a sep>ate gr\p ( _! own1 z ,ahir ,l+ayats1 ,bania ,l+ayats & s on1 sev]+ _! connection ) ! p>5t ca/e4 ,a ?ird division consi/s ( memb]s ( unclean ca/es atta*$ to ! ,l+ayat community by reason ( p]=m+ to x m5ial s]vice4 ,a m>k$ t5d5cy has rec5tly be5 display$ by ! community 9 ,bombay to rev]t to ! orig9al ,brahmanic configuration ( society1 f :i* its f\nd] s\ght to free x4 ,on ! occasion ( ! c5sus a complete s*eme 0 suppli$ to ! au?orities pr(ess+ to %[ ! division ( ! ,l+ayats into ! f\r gr\ps ( ,brahman1 ,k%atriya1 ,vai%ya & ,sudra4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,l+ayats 7 n %[n z a sep>ate ca/e1 & ! only return ( memb]s ( ! sect is f ! ,bania ca/e1 ^: subca/es 7 ab/ract$4 ,l+ayat 0 record$ z a subca/e by #hjjj ,banias1 & ^! =m a sep>ate endogam\s gr\p4 ,b memb]s ( o!r ca/es z ,gaolis1 ,malis1 ,patwas & ! ,telugu ,balijas are also ,l+ayats & m>ry among !mselves4 ,a *ild becomes a ,l+ayat by be+ inve/$ ) ! l+am or phallic sign ( ,siva1 sev5 days aft] its bir?1 by ! ,jangam prie/4 ,?is is aft]w>ds c>ri$ r\nd ! neck 9 a small casket ( silv]1 brass or wood ?r\gh\t life1 & is buri$ ) ! corpse at dea?4 ,! corpse ( a ,l+ayat _c be burnt because x mu/ n be sep>at$ f ! l+am1 z ?is is consid]$ to be ! inc>nation ( ,siva & mu/ n be de/roy$ 9 ! fire4 ,if x is lo/ ! own] mu/ be inve/$ ) a fre% "o by ! ,jangam 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ca/e4 ,x is wor%ipp$ ?ree times a day1 be+ wa%$ 9 ! morn+ ) ! a%es ( c[dung cakes1 :ile 9 ! aft]noon leaves ( ! bel tree & food are (f]$ to x4 ,:5 a man is initiat$ z a ,l+ayat 9 aft]-life1 ! ,jangam inve/s him ) ! l+am1 p\rs holy wat] on to 8 head & mutt]s 9 8 e> ! sacr$ text1 ',aham s aham1' or ',i & y are n[ "o & ! same4' ,! ,l+ayats are /rict veget>ians1 & w n expose _! dr9k+ wat] to ! sun1 z !y ?9k t by do+ ?is insects w\ld be br$ 9 x & t by subsequ5tly swall[+ !m !y w\ld be guilty ( ! de/ruction ( life4 ,!y are c>eful to leave no rema9s ( a meal uneat54 ,_! own prie/s1 ! ,jangams1 (ficiate at _! w$d+s1 & aft] ! conclusion ( ! c]emony ! bride & bridegroom break raw cakes ( pulse plac$ on ! o!r's back1 ! bride ) h] foot & ! bridegroom ) 8 fi/4 ,wid[-m>riage is all[$4 ,! dead are buri$ 9 a sitt+ po/ure ) _! faces turn$ t[>ds ! ea/4 ,wat] sanctifi$ by ! ,jangam hav+ dipp$ 8 toe into x is plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! corpse4 ,! ,jangam presses d[n ! e>? ov] ! grave & !n /&s on x & refuses to come (f until he is paid a sum ( money v>y+ ) ! means ( ! man1 ! m9imum paym5t be+ ,rs4 #a-d4 ,9 "s cases a plat=m ) an image ( ,mahadeo is made ov] ! grave4 ,:5 meet+ ea* o!r ! ,l+ayats give ! salutation ,%>nat1 or1 ',i pro/rate myself be=e y4' ,!y address ! ,jangam z ,mah>aj & t\* 8 feet ) _! head4 ,! ,l+ayat ,banias ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces usually belong to ,madras & speak ,telugu 9 _! h\ses4 ,z !y d5y ! au?ority ( ,brahmans1 ! latt] h naturally a great antipa?y = !m1 & make v>i\s /atem5ts to _! discr$it4 ,"o ( ^! is t aft] a dea? ! ,l+ayats h a fea/1 &1 sett+ up ! corpse 9 ! c5tre1 arrange !mselves r\nd x & eat _! food4 ,b ?is is n au!nticat$4 ,simil>ly ! ,abbe ,dubois /at$3 #bih ,!y d n recognise ! laws relat+ to defilem5t :i* are g5]ally accept$ by o!r ca/es1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? occasion$ by a woman's p]iodical ailm5ts1 & by ! dea? & fun]al ( relations4 ,_! indiff]5ce to all su* prescriptive cu/oms relat+ to defilem5t & cleanl9ess has giv5 rise to a ,h9du prov]b :i* says1 ',!re is no riv] = a ,l+ayat1' mean+ t ! memb]s ( ! sect d n recognise1 at all ev5ts on _m occasions1 ! virtues & m]its ( ablutions4 ,! same au?or also /ates t !y entirely reject ! doctr9e ( migration ( s\ls1 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( _! peculi> views on ?is po9t1 !y h no ti?is or anniv]s>y fe/ivals to commemorate ! dead4 ,a ,l+ayat is no soon] buri$ ?an he is =gott54 ,9 view ( ^! rem>ks x mu/ be held to be d\btful :e!r ! ,l+ayats h ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,muhammadan ,religion ,bibliography3 ,rev4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes1 ,notes on ,muhammadanism1 & ,diction>y ( ,islam1 ,london1 ,w4,h4 ,all51 #ahie2 ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,muhammadans ( ,guj>at1 by ,khan ,bahadur ,fazalullah ,lutfullah ,f>idi2 ,qaun-i-,islam1 ,g4,a4 ,h]klots1 ,madras1 ,higg9bo?am1 repr9t #ahie2 ,muhammadanism & ,e>ly ,developm5ts ( ,muhammadanism1 by ,pr(essor ,d4,s4 ,m>goli\?2 ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir4 ,w4 ,muir2 ,mr4 ,j4,t4 ,m>t5's ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,c5sus ,report1 #aiaa4 ,?is article is ma9ly compil$ f ! excell5t acc\nts 9 ! ,bombay ,gazette] & ! ,diction>y ( ,islam4 ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,/ati/ics & di/ribution4 #b4 ,occupations4 #c4 ,muhammadan ca/es4 #d4 ,! f\r tribal divisions4 #e4 ,m>riage4 #f4 ,polygamy1 divorce & wid[-rem>riage4 #g4 ,devices = procur+ *ildr51 & beliefs ab\t !m4 #h4 ,pregnancy rites4 #i4 ,*ildbir? & nam+ *ildr54 #aj4 ,! ,ukika sacrifice4 #aa4 ,%av+ ! hair & e>-pi]c+ #ab4 ,bir?days4 #ac4 ,circumcision1 & maturity ( girls4 #ad4 ,fun]al rites4 #ae4 ,muhammadan sects4 ,%iah & ,sunni4 #af4 ,lead+ religi\s obs]vations4 ,pray]4 #ag4 ,! fa/ ,ramazan4 #ah4 ,! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 #ai4 ,fe/ivals4 ,! ,muh>ram4 #bj4 ,id-ul-,fitr4 #ba4 ,id-ul-,zoha4 #bb4 ,mosques4 #bb4 ,mosques #bc4 ,! ,friday s]vice4 #bd4 ,prie/4 ,mulla & ,maulvi4 #be4 ,! ,kazi4 #bf4 ,g5]al features ( ,islam4 #bg4 ,! ,koran4 #bh4 ,! ,traditions #bi4 ,! s*ools ( law4 #cj4 ,food4 #ca4 ,dress4 #cb4 ,social rules4 ,salutations4 #cc4 ,cu/oms4 #cd4 ,position ( wom54 #ce4 ,int]e/ on money4 #cf4 ,muhammadan education4 #a4 ,/ati/ics & di/ribution4 ,muhammadan ,religion4--,! ,muhammadans numb]$ ne>ly #fjj1jjj p]sons 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 #aiaa1 or ab\t #c p] c5t ( ! population4 ,( ^! ab\t two-fif?s belong to ,b]>1 ! ,amraoti & ,akola ,di/ricts conta9+ m ?an #gj1jjj ea*2 :ile ( ! #cej1jjj return$ f ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces prop]1 ab\t #dj1jjj reside 9 ea* ( ! ,jubbulpore1 ,nagpur & ,nim> ,di/ricts4 ,b]> 0 = a long p]iod gov]n$ by ! ,muhammadan ,bahmani dyna/y1 & aft]w>ds =m$ "p ( ! ,mughal empire1 pass+ to ! ,mughal ,vic]oy1 ! ,nizam ( ,hyd]abad1 :5 he became an indep5d5t rul]4 ,?\gh "u ,briti% adm9i/ration1 x is /ill legally a "p ( ,hyd]abad t]ritory1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! (ficial classes z well z _m desc5dants ( retir$ soldi]s are ,muhammadans4 ,simil>ly ,nim> 0 held by ! ,muhammadan ,f>uki dyna/y ( ,kh&e% = #bjj ye>s1 & 0 !n includ$ 9 ! ,mughal empire1 ,burhanpur be+ ! seat ( a vic]oy4 ,at ?is p]iod a good deal ( =cible conv]sion probably took place1 & a consid]able section ( ! ,bhils nom9ally became ,muhammadans4 ,:5 ! ,gond ,raja ( ,deog>h embrac$ ,islam aft] 8 visit to ,delhi1 memb]s ( ?is religion ent]$ 8 s]vice1 & he also br\ght back ) him v>i\s artific]s & craftsm54 ,! cavalry ( ! ,bhonsla ,raja ( ,nagpur 0 l>gely compos$ ( ,muhammadans1 & 9 _m cases _! desc5dants h settl$ on ! l&4 ,9 ! ,*hattisg>h ,division & ! ,feudatory ,/ates ! numb] ( ,muhammadans is extremely small1 con/itut+ less ?an "o p] c5t ( ! population4 #b4 ,occupations4 ,no less ?an #cg p] c5t ( ! total numb] ( ,muhammadans live 9 t[ns1 ?\gh ! g5]al proportion ( urban population 9 ! ,prov9ces is only #g #a_/b p] c5t4 ,! numb] ( ,muhammadans 9 ,gov]nm5t s]vice exclud+ ! police & army1 is q disproportionate to _! small num]ical /r5g? 9 ! ,prov9ces1 be+ #bj p] c5t ( all p]sons employ$4 ,9 ! g>rison !y actually outnumb] ,h9dus1 :ile 9 ! police !y =m #cg p] c5t ( ! :ole =ce4 ,9 ! m$ical & tea*+ pr(essions also ! numb] ( ,muhammadans is comp>atively l>ge1 :ile ( p]sons ( indep5d5t means a proportion ( #bi p] c5t are ( ?is religion4 ,( p]sons employ$ 9 dome/ic s]vices ne>ly #ad p] c5t ( ! total are ,muhammadans1 & ( begg>s1 vagrants & pro/itutes #bc p] c5t4 ,muhammadans are l>gely engag$ 9 mak+ & sell+ clo!s1 outnumb]+ ! ,h9dus 9 ?is trade2 !y consi/ ( two entirely diff]5t classes1 ! ,muhammadan tailors :o "w = hire1 & ! ,bohra & ,khoja %opkeep]s :o sell all k9ds ( clo?2 b bo? live 9 t[ns4 ,( deal]s 9 timb] & furniture #cf p] c5t are ,muhammadans1 & !y also engage 9 all bran*es ( ! retail trade 9 provisions4 ,! occupations ( ! l[]-class ,muhammadans are ! manufacture ( glass bangles & slipp]s & ! dye+ ( clo?4 #bii #c4 ,muhammadan ca/es4 ,ab\t #ad p] c5t ( ! ,muhammadans return$ ca/e names4 ,! pr9cipal ca/es are ! ,bohra & ,khoja m]*ants1 :o are ( ! ,%iah sect1 & ! ,cut*is or ,memans f ,guj>at1 :o are also trad]s2 ^! classes are =eign]s 9 ! ,prov9ce1 & _m ( !m d n br+ _! wives1 ?\gh !y h n[ begun to settle "h4 ,! resid5t ca/es ( ,muhammadans are ! ,bahnas or cotton-clean]s2 ,julahas1 weav]s2 ,ka*]as1 glass bangle-mak]s2 ,kunjras1 gre5groc]s2 ,kasais1 but*]s2 & ! ,rangrez ca/e ( dy]s :o dye ) saffl[]4 ,z already /at$1 a section ( ! ,bhils are at lea/ nom9ally ,muhammadans1 & ! ,fakirs or ,muhammadan begg>s are also consid]$ a sep>ate ca/e4 ,b no ca/e ( good /&+ su* z ! ,rajput & ,jat includes any consid]able numb] ( ,muhammadans 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ?\gh 9 nor!rn ,india l>ge numb]s ( !m belong to ?is religion1 :ile reta9+ sub/antially _! ca/e usages4 ,! ,muhammadan ca/es 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces probably consi/ to a l>ge ext5t ( ! desc5dants ( ,h9du conv]ts4 ,_! religi\s obs]vances pres5t a curi\s mixture ( ,h9du & ,muhammadan rites1 z %[n 9 ! sep>ate articles on ^! ca/es4 ,prop] ,muhammadans look d[n on !m & decl9e to take food or int]m>ry ) !m4 #d4 ,! f\r tribal divisions4 ,! ,muhammadans prop] are usually divid$ into f\r classes1 ,%aikh1 ,saiyad1 ,mughal & ,pa?an4 ,( ^! ! ,%aikhs numb] ne>ly #cjj1jjj1 ! ,pa?ans ne>ly #aej1jjj1 ! ,saiyads "u #ej1jjj1 & ! ,pa?ans ab\t #ijjj 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! t]m ,saiyad prop]ly means a desc5dant ( ,ali1 ! son-9-law1 & ! lady ,fatimah1 ! daught] ( ! ,prophet4 ,!y use ! title ,saiyad or ,mir #cjj be=e1 & sometimes ,%ah aft]1 _! "n1 :ile wom5 employ t ( ,begum4 ,_m ,saiyads act z ,pirs or spiritual guides to o!r ,muhammadan families4 ,! ext]nal m>k ( a ,saiyad is ! "r to we> a gre5 turban1 b ?is is ( c\rse no long] legally secur$ to !m4 ,! title ,%aikh prop]ly belongs only to ?ree bran*es ( ! ,qurai% tribe or t ( ,muhammad3 ! ,siddikis1 :o claim desc5t f ,abu ,bakr ,siddik1 #cja ! fa!r-9-law ( ! ,prophet & ! second ,caliph2 ! ,f>ukis claim+ x f ,um> ul ,f>uk1 ! ?ird ,caliph1 & also ! fa!r-9-law ( ! ,prophet2 & ! ,abbasis1 desc5d$ f ,abbas1 "o ( ! ,prophet's n9e uncles4 ,! ,f>ukis are divid$ into two families1 ! ,*i/is & ,f>idis4 ,bo? ^! titles1 h[ev]1 & especially ,%aikh1 are n[ arrogat$ by l>ge numb]s ( p]sons :o _c h any pret5ce to ! above desc5t4 ,sir ,d4 ,ibbetson quotes a prov]b1 ',la/ ye> ,i 0 a but*]2 ?is ye> ,i am a ,%aikh2 next ye> if prices rise ,i %all become a ,saiyad4' ,& ,sir ,h4 ,m4 ,elliot relates t mu* amusem5t 0 caus$ 9 #ahfj at ,guj>at by ! ,%]i%tad> or pr9cipal (fic] ( ! judicial dep>tm5t describ+ himself 9 an (ficial return z ,saiyad ,ha%imi ,qurai%i1 t is1 ( ! family & l9eage ( ! ,prophet4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 liv+ 9 obscurity 9 8 native t[n1 0 discov]$ to be a ,loh> or blacksmi?4 #cjb ,! t]m ,%aikh means prop]ly an eld]1 & is freely tak5 by p]sons ( respectable position4 ,%aikhs commonly use ei!r ,%aikh or ,muhammad z _! fir/ names4 ,! ,pa?ans 7 orig9ally ! desc5dants ( ,afghan immigrants4 ,! "n is probably ! ,indian =m ( ! ^w ,pu%tun 7plural ,pu%tanah71 n[ giv5 to !mselves by speak]s ( ! ,pu%tu language4 #cjc ,! m5 add ,khan to _! names & ! wom5 ,khatun or ,khatu4 ,x is n at all likely ei!r t ! bulk ( ! ,muhammadans :o return$ !mselves z ,pa?ans 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces are really ( ,afghan desc5t4 ,! ,mughals prop] are ( two classes1 ,irani or ,p]sian1 :o belong to ! ,%iah sect1 & ,turani1 ,turki% or ,t>t>1 :o are ,sunnis4 ,mughals use ! title ,mirza 7%ort = ,amirzada1 son ( a pr9ce7 be=e _! names1 & add ,beg aft] !m4 ,x is said t ! ,prophet address$ a ,mughal by ! title ( ,beg aft] w9n+ a victory1 & s9ce !n x has always be5 us$4 ,mughal wom5 h ! designation ,khanum aft] _! names4 #cjd ,=m]ly ! ,saiyads & ,mughals con/itut$ ! sup]ior class ( ,muhammadan g5try1 & nev] t\*$ a pl\gh !mselves1 l ! ,h9du ,brahmans & ,rajputs4 ,^! f\r divisions are n prop] subca/es z !y are n endogam\s4 ,a man ( "o gr\p c m>ry a woman ( any o!r & %e becomes a memb] ( h] husb&'s gr\p2 b ! daught]s ( ,saiyads d n usually m>ry o!rs ?an ,saiyads4 ,nor is !re any real di/9ction ( occupation betwe5 !m1 ! m5 foll[+ any occupation indiff]5tly4 ,9 fact1 ! divisions are n[ little m ?an titul>1 a c]ta9 di/9ction atta*+ to ! titles ,saiyad & ,%aikh :5 borne by families :o h a h]$it>y or prescriptive "r to use !m4 #e4 ,m>riage4 ,! c5sus returns ( #aiaa %[ t ?ree-f\r?s ( ,muhammadan boys n[ rema9 unm>ri$ till ! age ( #bj2 :ile ( girls #ca p] c5t are unm>ri$ betwe5 #ae & #bj1 b only #ac p] c5t above t age4 ,! age ( m>riage ( boys may !re=e be tak5 at #ah to #be or lat]1 & t ( girls at #aj to #bj4 ,! age ( m>riage bo? ( girls & boys is probably gett+ lat]1 especially among ! bett] classes4 ,m>riage is prohibit$ to ! ord9>y ne> relatives1 b n betwe5 fir/ c\s9s4 ,a man _c m>ry 8 fo/]-"m or fo/]-si/]1 unless ! fo/]-bro!r & si/] 7 nurs$ by ! same woman at int]vals widely sep>at$4 ,a man may n m>ry 8 wife's si/] dur+ 8 wife's lifetime unless %e has be5 divorc$4 ,a ,muhammadan _c m>ry a poly!i/1 b he may m>ry a ,jewess or a ,*ri/ian4 ,no specific religi\s c]emony is appo9t$1 nor are any rites ess5tial = ! contraction ( a valid m>riage4 ,if bo? p]sons are legally compet5t1 & contract m>riage ) ea* o!r 9 ! pres5ce ( two male or "o male & two female witnesses1 x is suffici5t4 ,& ! ,%iah law ev5 disp5ses ) witnesses4 ,z a rule ! ,kazi p]=ms ! c]emony1 & reads f\r *apt]s ( ! ,koran ) ! pr(ession ( belief1 ! bridegroom repeat+ !m aft] him4 ,! p>ties !n express _! mutual cons5t1 & ! ,kazi1 rais+ 8 h&s1 says1 ,! great ,god grant t mutual love may reign betwe5 ?is c\ple z x exi/$ betwe5 ,adam & ,eve1 ,abraham & ,s>ah1 ,joseph & ,zuleika1 ,moses & ,zipporah1 ,8 ,highness ,muhammad & ,aye%a1 & ,8 ,highness ,ali & ,fatimah4 #cje ,a d[ry or meh] mu/ be paid to ! wife1 :i* "u ! law mu/ n be less ?an t5 silv] dirhams or dra*mas2 b x is cu/om>y to fix x at ,rs4 #ag1 ! d[ry ( ,fatimah1 ! ,prophet's fav\rite daught]1 or at ,rs4 #gej1 t ( ! ,prophet's wife1 ,aye%a4 #cjf ,! w$d+ is1 h[ev]1 usually accompani$ by fea/s & celebrations n less elaborate or co/ly ?an ^? ( ! ,h9dus4 ,sev]al ,h9du c]emonies are also includ$1 su* z ! ano9t+ ( ! bride & bridegroom ) oil & turm]ic1 & sett+ out e>!n vessels1 :i* are meant to af=d a dwell+-place = ! spirits ( ance/ors1 at lea/ among ! l[] classes4 #cjg ,ano!r ess5tial rite is ! rubb+ ( ! h&s & feet ( ! bridegroom ) mehndi or r$ h5na4 ,! m>riage is usually arrang$ & a c]emony ( betro?al held at lea/ a ye> be=e x actually takes place4 #f4 ,polygamy1 divorce & wid[-rem>riage4 ,a husb& c divorce 8 wife at pleasure by m]ely repeat+ ! prescrib$ s5t5ces4 ,a wife c obta9 divorce f h] husb& = impot5ce1 madness1 leprosy or non-paym5t ( ! d[ry4 ,a woman :o is divorc$ c claim h] d[ry if x has n be5 paid4 ,polygamy is p]mitt$ among ,muhammadans to ! numb] ( f\r wives1 b x is v r>e 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,ow+ to ! fact t memb]s ( ! immigrant trad+ ca/es leave _! wives at home 9 ,guj>at1 ! numb] ( m>ri$ wom5 return$ at ! c5sus 0 sub/antially less ?an t ( m>ri$ m54 ,a feel+ 9 fav\r ( ! legal prohibition ( polygamy is gr[+ up among educat$ ,muhammadans1 & _m ( !m sign a contract at m>riage n to take a second wife dur+ ! lifetime ( ! fir/4 ,!re is no prohibition on ! rem>riage ( wid[s 9 ,muhammadan law1 b ! ,h9du rule on ! subject has _h consid]able influ5ce1 & "s ,muhammadans ( good position object to ! m>riage ( wid[s 9 _! family4 ,! cu/om ( ! seclusion ( wom5 also1 z ,mr4 ,m>t5 po9ts out1 op]ates z a b> to a wid[ f9d+ a husb& = h]self4 #g4 ,devices = procur+ *ildr51 & beliefs ab\t !m4 ,wom5 :o desire *ildr5 resort to ! %r9es ( sa9ts1 :o are suppos$ to be able to induce f]tility4 ,blo*mann notes t ! tomb ( ,sa9t ,salim-i-,*i%ti at ,fatehpur-,sikri1 9 ^: h\se ! ,emp]or ,jahangir 0 born1 is up to ! pres5t day visit$ by *ildless ,h9du & ,musalman wom54 ,a tree 9 ! comp\nd ( ! sa9t ,%aih ,alam ( ,ahm$abad yields a peculi> acorn-l fruit1 :i* is s\ght aft] f> & wide by ^? desir+ *ildr52 ! woman is believ$ to conceive f ! mom5t ( eat+ ! fruit4 ,if ! bir? ( a *ild foll[s ! eat+ ( ! acorn1 ! man & woman :o took x f ! tree %\ld = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s come at e anniv]s>y ( ! sa9t & n\ri% ! tree ) a supply ( milk4 ,9 addition to ?is1 jasm9e & rose-bu%es at ! %r9es ( c]ta9 sa9ts are suppos$ to possess issue-giv+ prop]ties4 ,to draw virtue f ! sa9t's jasm9e ! woman :o ye>ns = a *ild ba!s & purifies h]self & goes to ! %r9e1 & seats h]self "u or ne> ! jasm9e bu% ) h] skirt spread out4 ,z _m fl[]s z fall into h] lap1 s _m *ildr5 w %e h4 ,9 "s localities if aft] ! bir? ( "o *ild no o!r son is born1 or be+ born does n live1 x is suppos$ t ! fir/-born *ild is possess$ by a malignant _s :o de/roys ! "y lives ( ! new-born bro!rs & si/]s4 ,s at ! "m's next conf9em5t sug> & sesame-se$ are pass$ sev5 or n9e times ov] ! new-born infant f head to foot1 & ! eld] boy or girl is giv5 !m to eat4 ,! sug> repres5ts ! life ( ! "y "o giv5 to ! _s :o possesses ! fir/-born4 ,a *ild born ) tee? already visible is believ$ to ex]cise a v malignant influ5ce ov] its p>5ts1 & to r5d] ! e>ly dea? ( "o ( !m almo/ c]ta94 #cjh #h4 ,pregnancy rites4 ,9 ! sev5? or n9? mon? ( pregnancy a f]tility rite is p]=m$ z among ! ,h9dus4 ,! woman is dress$ 9 new clo!s1 & h] lap is fill$ ) fruit & vegetables by h] fri5ds4 ,9 "s localities a l>ge numb] ( pots are obta9$1 & a little wat] is plac$ 9 ea* ( !m by a f]tile m>ri$ woman :o has nev] lo/ a *ild4 ,pray]s are repeat$ ov] ! pots 9 ! names ( ! male & female ance/ors ( ! family1 & especially ( ! wom5 :o h di$ 9 *ildbir?4 ,?is appe>s to be a propitiation ( ! spirits ( ance/ors4 #cji #i4 ,*ildbir? & nam+ *ildr54 ,a woman goes to h] p>5ts' home aft] ! la/ pregnancy rite & /ays !re till h] conf9em5t is ov]4 ,! rites p]=m$ by ! midwife at bir? resemble ^? ( ! ,h9dus4 ,:5 ! *ild is born ! azan or summons to pray] is utt]$ al\d 9 8 "r e>1 & ! takbir or ,muhammadan cre$ 9 8 left4 ,! *ild is nam$ on ! six? or sev5? day4 ,sometimes ! "n ( an ance/or is giv51 or ! initial lett] is select$ f ! ,koran at a v5ture & a "n beg9n+ ) t lett] is *os54 ,"s common names are ^? ( ! hundr$ titles ( ,god comb9$ ) ! prefix abd or s]vant4 ,su* are ,abdul ,aziz1 s]vant ( ! all-hon\r$2 ,ghani1 ! ev]la/+2 ,k>im1 ! graci\s2 ,rahim1 ! pitiful2 ,rahman1 ! m]ciful2 ,razzak1 ! bread-giv]2 ,satt>1 ! conceal]2 & s on1 ) ! prefix ,abdul1 or s]vant (1 9 ea* case4 ,simil>ly ,abdullah1 or s]vant ( ,god1 0 ! "n ( ,muhammad's fa!r1 & is a v fav\rite "o4 ,o!r names end ) ,bak% or 'giv5 by1' z ,haid> ,bak%1 giv5 by ! lion 7,ali72 ^! are simil> to ! ,h9du names end+ 9 ,prasad4 ,! prefix ,ghulam1 or slave (1 is also us$1 z ,ghulam ,hussa91 slave ( ,hussa92 & names ( ,hebrew patri>*s m5tion$ 9 ! ,koran are n uncommon1 z ,ayub ,job1 ,h>un ,a>on1 ,i%aq ,isaac1 ,musa ,moses1 ,yakub ,jacob1 ,yusaf ,joseph1 & s on4 #caj #aj4 ,! ,ukika sacrifice4 ,aft] *ildbir? ! "m mu/ n pray or fa/1 t\* ! ,koran or ent] a mosque = =ty days2 on ! expiry ( ?is p]iod %e is ba!d & dress$ 9 good clo!s1 & h] relatives br+ pres5ts = ! *ild4 ,"s p d n let h] oil or comb h] hair dur+ ^! days4 ,! cu/om w\ld seem to be a relic ( ! p]iod ( impurity ( wom5 aft] *ildbir?4 ,on ! =tie? day ! *ild is plac$ 9 a cradle = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 "s localities a rite call$ ,ukika is p]=m$ aft] ! bir? ( a *ild4 ,x consi/s ( a sacrifice 9 ! "n ( ! *ild ( two he-goats = a boy & "o = a girl4 ,! goats mu/ be above a ye> old1 & )\t spot or blemi%4 ,! meat mu/ be sep>at$ f ! bones s t n a bone is brok51 & ! bones1 sk91 feet & head are aft]w>ds buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,:5 ! fle% is s]v$ ! foll[+ pray] is said by ! fa!r3 ,o1 ,almighty ,god1 ,i (f] 9 ! /ead ( my own (fspr+ life = life1 blood = blood1 head = head1 bone = bone1 hair = hair1 & sk9 = sk94 ,9 ! "n ( ,god d ,i sacrifice ?is he-goat4 ,?is is app>5tly a relic ( ! sub/itution ( a goat = ,i%mael :5 ,abraham 0 (f]+ him z a sacrifice4 ,! ,muhammadans say t x 0 ,i%mael in/ead ( ,isaac :o 0 ?us (f]$1 & !y ?9k t ,i%mael or ,ismail 0 ! ance/or ( all ! ,arabs4 #caa #aa4 ,%av+ ! hair & e>-pi]c+4 ,ei!r on ! same day z ! ,ukika sacrifice or soon aft]w>ds ! *ild's hair is %av$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,by ! ri* ! hair is weigh$ aga9/ silv] & ?is sum is di/ribut$ to begg>s4 ,x is !n ti$ up 9 a piece ( clo? & ei!r buri$ or ?r[n into a riv]1 or sometimes set afloat on a little toy raft 9 ! "n ( a sa9t4 ,occasionally tufts ( hair or ev5 ! :ole head may be left un%av5 9 ! "n ( a sa9t1 & aft] "o or m ye>s ! *ild is tak5 to ! sa9t's tomb & ! hair %av$ !re2 or if ?is _c be done x is cut (f at home 9 ! "n ( ! sa9t4 #cab ,:5 a girl is "o or two ye>s old ! lobes ( h] e>s are bor$4 ,by degrees o!r holes are bor$ along ! edge ( ! e> & ev5 9 ! c5tre1 till by ! "t %e has atta9$ ! age ( two or ?ree ye>s %e has ?irte5 holes 9 ! "r e> & twelve 9 ! left4 ,little silv] r+s & v>i\s k9ds ( e>r+s are ins]t$ & worn 9 ! holes4 ,b ! practice ( bor+ s _m holes has n[ be5 ab&on$ by ! bett]-class ,muhammadans4 #ab4 ,bir?days4 ,! *ild's bir?day is kn[n z sal-girah & is celebrat$ by a fea/4 ,a knot is ti$ 9 a r$ ?read & annually !reaft] a fre% knot to m>k 8 age1 & pray]s are (f]$ 9 ! *ild's "n to ! patri>* ,noah1 :o is believ$ to h liv$ to five hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s1 & h5ce to h ! p[] ( conf]r+ longevity on ! *ild4 ,:5 a *ild is f\r ye>s1 f\r mon?s & f\r days old ! c]emony ( ,bismillah or tak+ ! "n ( ,god is held1 :i* is obligatory on all ,muhammadans4 ,fri5ds are invit$1 & ! *ild is dress$ 9 a fl[]$ robe 7sahra7 & repeats ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! ,koran aft] 8 or h] tutor4 #cac #ac4 ,circumcision1 & maturity ( girls4 ,a boy is usually circumcis$ at ! age ( six or sev51 b among "s classes ( ,%iahs & ! ,arabs ! op]ation is p]=m$ a few days aft] bir?4 ,! b>b] op]ates & ! *ild is usually giv5 a little bhang or o!r opiate4 ,"s ,muhammadans leave circumcision till an age bord]+ on pub]ty1 & !n p]=m x ) a pomp & c]emony almo/ equall+ ^? ( a m>riage4 ,:5 a girl arrives at ! age ( pub]ty %e is seclud$ = sev5 days1 & = ?is p]iod eats only butt]1 bread & sug>1 all fi%1 fle%1 salt & acid food be+ prohibit$4 ,9 ! ev5+ %e is ba!d1 w>m wat] is p\r$ on h] head1 & among ! l[] classes an ent]ta9m5t is giv5 to fri5ds4 #cad #ad4 ,fun]al rites4 ,! same ^w janazah is us$ = ! corpse1 ! bi] & ! fun]al4 ,:5 a man is at ! po9t ( dea? a *apt] ( ! ,koran1 tell+ ( ! happ9ess await+ ! true believ] 9 ! future life1 is read1 & "s money or %]bet is dropp$ into 8 m\?4 ,aft] dea? ! body is c>efully wa%$ & wrapp$ 9 ?ree or five clo?s = a male or female respectively4 ,"s camphor or o!r sweet-smell+ /uff is plac$ on ! bi]4 ,wom5 d n usually att5d fun]als1 & ! fri5ds & relatives ( ! deceas$ walk beh9d ! bi]4 ,!re is a tradition among "s ,muhammadans t no "o %\ld prec$e ! corpse1 z ! angels g be=e4 ,to c>ry a bi] is consid]$ a v m]itori\s act1 & f\r ( ! relations1 reliev+ ea* o!r 9 turn1 be> x on _! %\ld]s4 ,muhammadans c>ry _! dead quickly to ! place ( int]m5t1 = ,muhammad is /at$ to h said t x is good to c>ry ! dead quickly to ! grave1 s z to cause ! righte\s p]son to atta9 ! soon] to bliss2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( a bad man x is well to put wick$ness away f "o's %\ld]s4 ,fun]als %\ld always be att5d$ on foot1 = x is said t ,muhammad once rebuk$ p :o 7 foll[+ a bi] on horseback1 say+1 ,h y no %ame1 s9ce ,god's angels g on foot & y g ^u ! backs ( quadrup$s8 ,x is a highly m]itori\s act to att5d a fun]al :e!r x be t ( a ,muslim1 a ,jew or a ,*ri/ian4 ,! fun]al s]vice is n recit$ 9 ! cemet]y1 ?is be+ too pollut$ a place = s sacr$ an (fice1 b ei!r 9 a mosque or 9 "s op5 space close to ! dwell+ ( ! deceas$ p]son or to ! gravey>d4 ,! ne>e/ relative is ! prop] p]son to recite ! s]vice1 b x is usually said by ! family prie/ or ! village ,kazi4 ,! grave sometimes has a recess at ! side1 9 :i* ! body is laid to prev5t ! e>? fall+ ^u x1 or planks may be laid ov] ! body slantwise or support$ on bricks = ! same purpose4 ,c(f9s are only us$ by ! ri*4 ,:5 ! body has be5 plac$ 9 ! grave ea* p]son takes up a clod ( e>? & pron\nc+ ov] x a v]se ( ! ,koran1 ',f e>? we made y1 to e>? we return y & out ( e>? we %all raise y on ! resurrection day1' places x g5tly 9 ! grave ov] ! corpse4 #cae ,! build+ ( /one or brick tombs & writ+ v]ses ( ! ,koran on !m is prohibit$ by ! ,traditions1 b l>ge masonry tombs are common 9 all ,muhammadan c\ntries & v frequ5tly !y be> inscriptions4 ,on ! ?ird day a fea/ is giv5 9 ! morn+ & aft] x trays ( fl[]s ) a vessel conta9+ sc5t$ oil are h&$ r\nd & ! gue/s pick fl[]s & dip !m into ! oil4 ,!y !n proce$ to ! grave1 :]e ! oil & fl[]s are plac$4 ,maulvis are employ$ to read ! :ole ( ! ,koran ov] ! grave1 :i* !y accompli% by divid+ x into sections & read+ !m at ! same "t4 ,ri* p sometimes h ! :ole ,koran read sev]al times ov] 9 ?is mann]4 ,a %eet ( :ite or r$ clo? is spread ov] ! grave1 gre5 be+ usually res]v$ = ,fakirs or sa9ts4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! n9? day ano!r fea/ is giv51 to :i* fri5ds & neighb\rs1 & religi\s & ord9>y begg>s are invit$1 & a portion is s5t to ! ,fakir or m5dicant 9 *>ge ( ! bury+-gr\nd4 ,"s p w n eat any food f ?is fea/ 9 _! h\ses b take x outside4 #caf ,on ! morn+ ( ! t5? day !y g aga9 to ! grave & repeat ! (f]+ ( fl[]s & sc5t$ oil z be=e4 ,o!r fea/s are giv5 on ! =tie? day1 & at ! expiration ( f\r1 six & n9e mon?s1 & "o ye> f ! date ( ! dea?1 & ! ri* sometimes sp5d l>ge sums on !m4 ,none ( ^! obs]vances are prescrib$ by ! ,koran b h ei!r be5 reta9$ f pre-,islamic times or adopt$ 9 imitation ( ! ,h9dus4 ,= =ty days all furniture is remov$ f ! rooms & ! :ole family sleep on ! b>e gr\nd4 ,sometimes a cup ( wat] & a :eat5 cake are plac$ nightly = =ty days on ! spot :]e ! deceas$ di$1 & a simil> provision is s5t to ! mosque4 ,:5 a man dies 8 "m & wid[ break _! glass bangles4 ,! "m c get new ones1 b ! wid[ does n we> glass bangles or a nose-r+ aga9 unless %e takes a second husb&4 ,= f\r mon?s & t5 days ! wid[ is /rictly seclud$ & does n leave ! h\se4 ,pray]s = ance/ors are (f]$ annually at ! ,%ab-i-,b>at or ,bakr-,id fe/ival4 #cag ,! prop]ty ( a deceas$ ,muhammadan is applicable 9 ! fir/ place to ! paym5t ( 8 fun]al exp5ses2 secondly1 to ! dis*>ge ( 8 debts2 & ?irdly1 to ! paym5t ( legacies up to "o-?ird ( ! residue4 ,if ! legacies exce$ ?is am\nt !y are proportionately r$uc$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! prop]ty is di/ribut$ by a complicat$ sy/em ( %>es to ^? ( ! deceas$'s relatives :o rank z %>]s & residu>ies1 legacies to any ( !m 9 excess ( ! am\nt ( _! %>es be+ void4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is law is t mo/ ,muhammadans die inte/ate4 #cah #ae4 ,muhammadan sects4 ,%iah & ,sunni4 ,( ! two ma9 sects ( ,islam1 n9ety-f\r p] c5t ( ! ,muhammadans 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce 7 return$ z be+ ,sunnis 9 #aiaa & ?ree p] c5t z ,%iahs1 :ile ! rema9d] gave no sect4 ,only ! ,cut*i1 ,bohra & ,khoja immigrants f ,guj>at are ,%iahs & practically all o!r ,muhammadans are ,sunnis4 ,) ! exception ( ,p]sia1 ,oudh & "p ( ,guj>at1 ! inhabitants ( :i* are ,%iahs1 ! ,sunni sect is g5]ally preval5t 9 ! ,muhammadan _w4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,sunnis & ,%iahs is t ! latt] ?9k t accord+ to ! ,koran ! ,caliphate or spiritual head%ip ( ! ,muhammadans _h to desc5d 9 ! ,prophet's family & !re=e necess>ily devolv$ on ! ,lady ,fatimah1 ! only "o ( 8 *ildr5 :o surviv$ him1 & on h] husb& ,ali ! f\r? ,caliph4 ,!y !re=e reject ! fir/ ?ree ,caliphs aft] ,muhammad1 t is ,abu ,bakr1 ,om> & ,o?man4 ,aft] ,ali !y also hold t ! ,caliphate desc5d$ 9 8 family to 8 two sons ,hasan & ,hussa91 & ! desc5dants ( ,hussa94 ,consequ5tly !y reject all ! subsequ5t ,caliphs ( ! ,muhammadan _w1 z ,hussa9 & 8 *ildr5 did n occupy ?is position4 ,!y say t !re are only twelve ,caliphs1 or ,imams1 z !y n[ pref] to call !m1 & t ! twelf? has nev] really di$ & w return aga9 z ! ,messiah ( :om ,muhammad spoke1 at ! end ( ! _w4 ,he is kn[n z ! ,mahdi1 & ! well-kn[n pret5d] ( ! ,s\dan1 z well z o!rs else:]e1 h claim$ to be ?is twelf? or unreveal$ ,imam4 ,o!r sects ( ! ,%iahs1 z ! ,zaidiyah & ,ismailia1 make a diff]5ce 9 ! succession ( ! ,imamate among ,hussa9's desc5dants4 ,! c5tral incid5t ( ! ,%iah fai? is ! slaught] ( ,hussa91 ! son ( ,ali1 ) 8 family1 on ! pla9 ( ,k>bala 9 ,p]sia by ! sons ( ,yazid1 ! second ,caliph ( ! ,umaiyad dyna/y ( ,damascus1 on ! #aj? day ( ! mon? ,muh>ram1 9 ! #fa/ ye> ( ! ,hijra or ,a4,d4 #fhj4 ,! m>tyrdom ( ,hussa9 & 8 family at ,k>bala is celebrat$ annually = ! fir/ t5 days ( ! mon? ( ,muh>ram by ! ,%iahs4 ,prop]ly ! ,sunnis %\ld take no "p 9 ?is1 & %\ld obs]ve only ! t5? day ( ,muh>ram z t on :i* ,adam & ,eve & heav5 & hell 7 creat$4 ,b 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,sunnis p>ticipate 9 all ! ,muh>ram celebrations1 :i* n[ h r ! "* ( a fe/ival ?an ( a season ( m\rn+4 ,! ,%iahs also reject ! f\r great s*ools ( tradition ( ! ,sunnis1 & h sep>ate traditional au?orities ( _! own4 ,!y c\nt ! mon? to beg9 f ! full moon in/ead ( ! new moon1 pray ?ree in/ead ( five times a day1 & 9 pray+ hold _! h&s op5 by _! sides in/ead ( fold+ !m bel[ ! brea/4 ,! ^w ,%iah means a foll[]1 & ,sunni "o proce$+ on ! sunnah1 ! pa? or way1 a t]m appli$ to ! traditions ( ! ,prophet4 ,! two words h ?us almo/ ! same signification4 ,except :5 o!rwise /at$1 ! in=mation 9 ?is article relates to ! ,sunnis4 #af4 ,lead+ religi\s obs]vances4 ,pray]4 ,! five /&>d obs]vances ( ! ,muhammadan religion are ! ,kalima1 or cre$2 ,sula1 or ! five daily pray]s2 ,roza1 or ! ?irty-day fa/ ( ,ramazan2 ,zakab1 ! legal alms2 & ,hajj1 ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 :i* %\ld be p]=m$ once 9 a lifetime4 ,! ,kalima1 or cre$1 consi/s simply 9 ! s5t5ce1 ',!re is b "o ,god & ,muhammad is ,8 prophet1' :i* is frequ5tly on ! lips ( ,muhammadans4 ,! five p]iods = pray] are ,fajr ki namaz1 9 ! morn+ be=e sunrise2 ,zoh>1 or ! midday pray]1 aft] ! sun has begun to decl9e2 ,asur1 or ! aft]noon pray]1 ab\t f\r2 ,maghrib1 or ! ev5+ pray]1 imm$iately aft] sunset2 & ,ay%a1 or ! ev5+ pray]1 aft] ! night has clos$ 94 ,^! pray]s are repeat$ 9 ,arabic1 & be=e say+ !m ! face1 h&s & feet %\ld be wa%$1 &1 correctly speak+1 ! tee? %\ld also be clean$4 ,at ! times ( pray] ! ,azan or call to pray] is repeat$ f ! mosque by ! muezzan or cri] 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,god is great1 ,god is great1 ,god is great1 ,god is great6 ,i be> witness t !re is no ,god b ,god6 7twice74 ,i be> witness t ,muhammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god6 7twice74 ,come to pray]s6 ,come to pray]s6 ,come to salvation6 ,come to salvation6 ,god is great6 ,!re is no o!r ,god b ,god4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ ! foll[+ s5t5ce is add$1 ',pray]s are bett] ?an sleep4' #cai #ag4 ,! fa/ ( ,ramazan4 ,! ?ird necess>y obs]vance is ! fa/ 9 ! mon? ( ,ramazan1 ! n9? mon? ( ! ,muhammadan ye>4 ,! fa/ beg9s :5 ! new moon is se51 or if ! sky is cl\d$1 aft] ?irty days f ! beg9n+ ( ! previ\s mon?4 ,dur+ its cont9uance no food or wat] mu/ be tak5 betwe5 sunrise & sunset1 & betel-leaf1 tobacco & conjugal int]c\rse mu/ be abjur$ = ! :ole p]iod4 ,! ab/5tion f wat] is a v sev]e p5ance dur+ ! long days ( ! hot wea!r :5 ,ramazan falls at ?is season4 ,mr4 ,hughes ?9ks t ! ,prophet took ! ?irty days' fa/ f ! ,*ri/ian ,l5t1 :i* 0 obs]v$ v /rictly 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* dur+ ! nights z well z days4 ,9 orda9+ ! fa/ he said t ,god 'w\ld make x an ease & n a difficulty1' b he may n h reflect$ t 8 own action 9 disc>d+ ! int]cal>y mon? adopt$ by ! ,arabs & rev]t+ to ! simple lun> mon?s w\ld cause ! fa/ to revolve r\nd ! :ole ye>4 ,dur+ ! fa/ p eat be=e sunrise & aft] sunset1 & d9n]-p>ties are held la/+ f> into ! night4 ,x is a div9e comm& to give alms annually ( money1 cattle1 gra91 fruit & m]*&ise4 ,if a man has z mu* z eighty rupees1 or =ty %eep & goats1 or five camels1 he %\ld give alms at specifi$ rates am\nt+ r\ghly to two & a half p] c5t ( 8 prop]ty4 ,9 ! case ( fruit & gra9 ! rate is "o-t5? ( ! h>ve/ = unirrigat$1 & a tw5tie? = irrigat$ crops4 ,^! alms %\ld be giv5 to pilgrims :o desire to g to ,mecca b h n ! means2 & to religi\s & o!r begg>s if !y are v poor1 debtors :o h n ! means to dis*>ge _! debts1 *ampions ( ! cause ( ,god1 travell]s )\t food & proselytes to ,islam4 ,religi\s m5dicants consid] x unlawful to accept ! zakat or legal alms unless !y are v poor1 & !y may n be giv5 to ,saiyads or desc5dants ( ! ,prophet4 #ah4 ,! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,! ,hajj or pilgrimage to ,mecca is incumb5t on all m5 & wom5 :o h suffici5t means to meet ! exp5ses ( ! j\rney & to ma9ta9 _! families at home dur+ _! abs5ce4 ,only a v small proportion ( ,indian ,muhammadans1 h[ev]1 n[ und]take x4 ,mecca is ! capital ( ,arabia & ab\t sev5ty miles f ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! pilgrimage mu/ be p]=m$ dur+ ! mon? ,zu'l ,hijjah1 s t ! pilgrim may be at ,mecca on ! fe/ival ( ,id-ul-,zoha or ! ,bakr-,id4 ,at ! la/ /age ne> ,mecca ! pilgrims assume a special dress1 consi/+ ( two seamless wrapp]s1 "o r\nd ! wai/ & ! o!r ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,s&als ( wood may also be worn4 ,=m]ly ! pilgrim w\ld take ) him a little compass 9 :i* ! ne$le 9 ! %ape ( a dove po9t$ cont9ually t[>ds ,mecca 9 ! we/4 ,on arrival at ,mecca he p]=ms ! legal ablutions1 proce$s to ! sacr$ mosque1 kisses ! black /one1 & encompasses ! ,kaaba sev5 times4 ,! ,kaaba or ',cube' is a l>ge /one build+ & ! black /one is let into "o ( its walls4 ,he dr9ks ! wat] ( ! sacr$ well ,zem-,zem f :i* ,hag> & ,i%mael obta9$ wat] :5 !y 7 dy+ ( ?ir/ 9 ! wild]ness1 & goes ?r\gh v>i\s o!r rites up to ! day ( ,id-ul-,zoha1 :5 he p]=ms ! sacrifice or kurban1 (f]+ a ram or he-goat = e memb] ( 8 family1 or = e sev5 p]sons a female camel or c[4 ,! fle% is di/ribut$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( ! ord9>y ,bakr-,id sacrifice4 #cbj ,he !n gets himself %av$ & 8 nails p>$1 :i* he has n done s9ce he assum$ ! pilgrim's g>b1 & buries ! cutt+s & p>+s at ! place ( ! sacrifice4 ,! pilgrimage is conclud$ aft] ano!r circuit ( ! ,kaaba1 b be=e 8 dep>ture ! pilgrim %\ld visit ! tomb ( ,muhammad at ,m$9a4 ,"o :o has p]=m$ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca !reaft] has ! title ( ,haji4 #ai4 ,fe/ivals4 ,! ,muh>ram4 ,! pr9cipal fe/ivals are ! ,muh>ram & ! two ,ids4 ,! mon? ( ,muh>ram is ! fir/ ( ! ye>1 & ! fir/ t5 days1 z already /at$1 are devot$ to m\rn+ = ! dea? ( ,hussa9 & 8 family4 ,?is is obs]v$ indiff]5tly by ,sunnis & ,%iahs 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 & ! proce$+s ) ! ,sunnis at any rate h n[ r ! "* ( a fe/ival ?an a "t ( sorr[4 ,models ( ! tomb ( ,hussa91 call$ tazia1 are made ( bamboo & pa/ebo>d & decorat$ ) t9sel4 ,weal?y ,%iahs h exp5sive models1 ri*ly decorat$1 :i* are p]man5tly kept 9 a *amb] ( ! h\se call$ ! ,imamb>a or ,imam's place1 b ?is is sc>cely ev] done 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,z a rule ! tazias are tak5 9 procession & deposit$ 9 a riv] on ! la/ & great day ( ! ,muh>ram4 ,wom5 :o h made v[s = ! recov]y ( _! *ildr5 f an illness dress !m 9 gre5 & s5d !m to beg2 & m5 & boys ( ! l[] classes h !mselves pa9t$ z tig]s & g ab\t mimick+ a tig] = :at !y c get f ! spectators4 ,x seems likely t ! repres5tations ( tig]s may be 9 memory ( ! lion :i* is said to h kept wat* ov] ! body ( ,hussa9 aft] he _h be5 buri$4 ,9 ,p]sia a man disguis$ z a tig] appe>s on ! tomb ( ,hussa9 9 ! drama ( 8 murd] at ,k>bala1 :i* is enact$ at ! ,muh>ram4 ,9 ,h9du my?ology ! lion & tig] appe> to be int]*angeable4 ,dur+ ! trag$y at ,k>bala1 ,kasim1 a "y nephew ( ,hussa91 0 m>ri$ to 8 little daught] ,sak9ah1 ,kasim be+ v %ortly aft]w>ds kill$4 ,x is suppos$ t ! ca/ %oe ( ,kasim's horse 0 br\ght to ,india1 & at ! ,muh>ram models ( horse-%oes are made & c>ri$ fix$ on poles4 ,m5 :o feel s impell$ & ?9k t !y w be possess$ by ! _s ( ,kasim make ^! horse-%oes & c>ry !m1 & frequ5tly !y believe !mselves to be possess$ by ! _s1 exhibit+ ! usual symptoms ( a k9d ( fr5zy1 & wom5 apply to !m = *ildr5 or = hav+ evil spirits ca/ out4 #cba #bj4 ,id-ul-,fitr4 ,! ,id-ul-,fitr1 or ! break+ ( ! fa/1 is held on ! fir/ day ( ! t5? mon?1 ,%awwal1 on ! day aft] ! end ( ! fa/ ( ,ramazan4 ,on ?is day ! p assemble dress$ 9 _! be/ clo!s & proce$ to ! ,id-,gah1 a build+ erect$ outside ! t[n & consi/+ ( a plat=m ) a wall at ! we/]n end 9 ! direction ( ,mecca4 ,"h pray]s are (f]$1 conclud+ ) "o = ! ,k+-,emp]or1 & a s]mon is giv51 & ! p !n return escort+ ! ,kazi or o!r lead+ memb] ( ! community & sometimes pay+ _! respects 9 a body to ,european (fic]s4 ,!y return to _! homes & sp5d ! re/ ( ! day 9 fea/+ & m]rim5t1 a k9d ( v]micelli be+ a special di% eat5 on ?is day4 #ba4 ,id-ul-,zoha ,! ,idu-l-,azha or ,id-ul-,zoha1 ! fea/ ( sacrifice1 also call$ ! ,bakr-,id or c[-fe/ival1 is held on ! t5? day ( ! la/ mon?1 ,zu'l ,hijjah4 ,x is ! pr9cipal day ( ! ,muhammadan ye>1 & pilgrims go+ to ,mecca keep x !re4 #cbb ,at ?is "t also ! ,arabs 7 accu/om$ to g to ,mecca & (f] animal sacrifices !re to ! local deities4 ,accord+ to tradition1 :5 ,abraham 7,ibrahim7 f\nd$ ,mecca ! ,"l desir$ him to prep>e a fea/ & to (f] 8 son ,i%mael 7,ismail74 ,b :5 he _h drawn ! knife across 8 son's ?roat ! angel ,gabriel sub/itut$ a ram & ,i%mael 0 sav$1 & ! fe/ival commemorates ?is4 ,z already /at$1 ! ,arabs believe !mselves to be desc5d$ f ,i%mael or ,ismail4 ,accord+ to a rem>kable ,hadis or tradition1 relat$ by ,aye%a1 ,muhammad said3 ,man ha? n done any?+ on ! ,id-ul-,zoha m pleas+ to ,god ?an spill+ blood 9 sacrifice2 =1 v]ily1 its blood rea*e? ! acceptance ( ,god be=e x falle? ^u ! gr\nd1 !re=e be joyful 9 x4 #cbc ,on ?is day1 z on ! o!r ,id1 ! p assemble = pray]s at ! ,id-,gah4 ,on return+ home ! head ( a family takes a %eep1 c[ or camel to ! entrance ( 8 h\se & sacrifices x1 repeat+ ! =mula1 ',9 ! "n ( ,god1 ,god is great1' z he cuts its ?roat4 ,! fle% is divid$1 two-?irds be+ kept by ! family & "o-?ird giv5 to ! poor 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,?is is ! occasion on :i* ,muhammadans (f5d ,h9du feel+ by _! desire to sacrifice c[s1 z camels are unobta9able or too valuable1 & ! sacrifice ( a c[ has probably m religi\s m]it ?an t ( a %eep or goat4 ,b 9 _m cases !y ab&on _! "r to kill a c[ 9 ord] to avoid /irr+ up enmity4 #bb4 ,mosques4 ,! entrance to a ,muhammadan mosque consi/s ( a /one gateway1 be>+ 9 v]se ! date ( its build+2 ?is leads into a pav$ c\rty>d1 :i* 9 a l>ge mosque may be #dj or #ej y>ds long & ab\t #bj wide4 ,! c\rty>d (t5 conta9s a small tank or ci/]n ab\t #bj feet squ>e1 its sides l9$ ) /one seats4 ,beyond ?is lies ! build+ itself1 op5 t[>ds ! c\rty>d1 :i* is on its ea/]n side1 & clos$ 9 on ! o!r ?ree sides1 ) a ro(4 ,! floor is rais$ ab\t a foot above ! level ( ! c\rty>d4 ,9 ! back wall1 :i* is opposite ! c\rty>d to ! we/ 9 ! direction ( ,mecca1 is an ar*$ ni*e1 & close by a wood5 or masonry pulpit rais$ f\r or five feet f ! gr\nd4 ,aga9/ ! wall is a wood5 /aff1 :i* ! prea*] holds 9 8 h& or leans ^u accord+ to anci5t cu/om4 #cbd ,! walls are b>e ( decorations1 images & pictures hav+ be5 /rictly prohibit$ by ,muhammad1 & no w9d[s are necess>y2 b along ! walls are scrolls be>+ 9 gold5 lett]s ! "n ( ! ,prophet & ! fir/ f\r ,caliphs1 or a *apt] ( ! ,koran1 ! ,arabic script be+ especially suitable = ?is k9d ( ornam5tal writ+4 #cbe ,! sev]e pla9ness ( ! int]ior ( a mosque demon/rates ! /rict mono!ism ( ,islam1 & is 9 contra/ to ! temples & %r9es ( mo/ o!r religions4 ,! c\rty>d ( a mosque is (t5 us$ z a place ( resort1 & travell]s also /ay 9 x4 #bc4 ,! ,friday s]vice4 ,a s]vice is held 9 ! pr9cipal mosque on ,fridays ab\t midday1 at :i* public pray]s are held & a s]mon or khutbak is prea*$ or recit$4 ,friday is kn[n z ,jumah1 or ! day ( assembly4 ,friday 0 said by ,muhammad to h be5 ! day on :i* ,adam 0 tak5 into p>adise & turn$ out ( x1 ! day on :i* he rep5t$ & on :i* he di$4 ,x w also be ! day ( ,resurrection4 ,! ,prophet consid]$ t ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians _h err$ 9 transf]r+ _! ,sabba? f ,friday to ,saturday & ,sunday respectively4 #cbf #bd4 ,prie/s1 ,mulla & ,maulvi4 ,! prie/ 9 *>ge ( a mosque is kn[n z ,mulla4 ,any "o c be a ,mulla :o c read ! ,koran & say ! pray]s1 & ! po/ is v poorly paid4 ,! ,mulla proclaims ! call to pray] five times a day1 acts z ,imam or lead] ( ! public pray]s1 & if !re is no m5ial s]vant keeps ! mosque clean4 ,he sometimes has a little s*ool 9 ! c\rty>d 9 :i* he tea*es *ildr5 ! ,koran4 ,he also sells *>ms1 consi/+ ( v]ses ( ! ,koran writt5 on pap]1 to be ti$ r\nd ! arm or hung on ! neck4 ,^! h ! effect ( cur+ disease & keep+ (f evil spirits or ! evil eye4 ,sometimes !re is a mosque s]vant :o also acts z sexton ( ! local cemet]y4 ,! funds ( ! mosque & any end[m5t atta*$ to x are 9 *>ge ( "s respectable resid5t1 :o is kn[n z ,mutawalli or *ur*w>d54 ,! pr9cipal religi\s (fic] is ! ,maulvi1 :o corresponds to ! ,h9du ,guru or preceptor4 ,^! m5 are frequ5tly intellig5t & well-educat$4 ,!y are also doctors ( law1 z all ,muhammadan law is bas$ on ! ,koran & ,traditions & ! d$uctions drawn f !m by ! great comm5tators4 ,! ,maulvi ?us acts z a tea*] ( religi\s doctr9e & also ( law4 ,he is n p]man5tly atta*$ to a mosque1 b travels ab\t dur+ ! op5 season1 visit+ 8 disciples 9 villages1 tea*+ & prea*+ to !m1 & also treat+ ! sick4 ,if he kn[s ! :ole ( ! ,koran by he>t he has ! title ( ,hafiz1 & is mu* hon\r$1 z x is ?\ght t a man :o has e>n$ ! title ( ,hafiz frees tw5ty g5]ations ( 8 ance/ors & desc5dants f ! fires ( hell4 ,su* a man is mu* 9 reque/ dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramazan1 :5 ! lead] ( ! long night pray]s is expect$ to recite nightly "o ( ! ?irty sections ( ! ,koran1 s z to complete !m )9 ! mon?4 #cbg #be4 ,! ,kazi4 ,! ,kazi 0 "u ,muhammadan rule ! civil & crim9al judge1 hav+ jurisdiction ov] a def9ite local area1 & he also act$ z a regi/r> ( de$s4 ,n[ he only leads ! public pray]s at ! ,id fe/ivals & keeps regi/]s ( m>riages & divorces4 ,he does n usually att5d m>riages himself unless he receives a special fee1 b pays a deputy or naib to d s4 #cbh ,! ,kazi is /ill1 h[ev]1 z a rule ! lead+ memb] ( ! local ,muhammadan community1 ! (fice be+ sometimes elective & sometimes h]$it>y4 #bf4 ,g5]al features ( ,islam4 ,9 proclaim+ "o unse5 ,god z ! sole sup]natural be+1 ,muhammad adopt$ ! religion ( ! ,jews ( ,arabia1 ) ^: sacr$ books he 0 cle>ly famili>4 ,he look$ on ! ,jewi% prophets z 8 pr$ecessors1 he himself be+ ! la/ & greate/4 ,! ,koran says1 ,we believe 9 ,god1 & t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n to u1 & t :i* 0 s5t d[n unto ,abraham1 & ,i%mael & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & ! tribes1 & t :i* 0 deliv]$ unto ,moses1 & ,jesus & ! prophets f ! ,"l1 & we make no di/9ction betwe5 any ( !m4 ,?us ,muhammad accept$ ! bulk ( ! ,old b n ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* ! ,jews also d n receive4 ,8 deity 0 ! ,jewi% ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh call$ ,allah aft] ! "n ( a god wor%ipp$ at ,mecca4 ,! six prophets :o br\ght new laws 7 ,adam1 ! *os5 ( ,god2 ,noah1 ! prea*] ( ,god2 ,abraham1 ! fri5d ( ,god2 ,moses1 "o :o conv]s$ ) ,god2 ,jesus1 ! ,_s ( ,god2 & ,muhammad1 ! ,mess5g] ( ,god4 ,8 sev5 heav5s & 8 prophecy ( a ,messiah & ,day ( ,judgm5t 7 ,jewi% beliefs1 ?\gh x is suppos$ t he took ! idea ( ! ,sirat or n>r[ bridge ov] ! mid/ ( hell1 %>p] ?an ! edge ( a sword1 ov] :i* all mu/ pass1 :ile ! wick$ fall f x into hell1 f ,zoroa/rianism4 ,muhammad recognis$ a devil1 kn[n z ,iblis1 :ile ! ,j9ns or ,g5ii ( pagan ,arabia became bad angels4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,islam & ,judaism arose f ,muhammad's position 9 be+ oblig$ cont9ually to fight = 8 own exi/5ce & ! pres]vation ( 8 sect ,?is circum/ance col\r$ ! lat] p>ts ( ! ,koran & gave ,islam ! "* ( a religi\s & political crusade1 a k9d ( fai? em95tly fitt$ to ! ,arab nature & tra9+4 ,& to ?is "* may be assign$ its extraord9>y success1 b1 at ! same "t1 probably ! religion itself might h be5 ( a some:at pur] & high] t5or if its bir? & infancy _h n _h place 9 a con/ant /ate ( w>4 ,muhammad accompli%$ mo/ b5efic5t re=ms 9 aboli%+ poly!ism & su* abuses z female infanticide1 & at lea/ regulat+ polygamy4 ,9 =bidd+ bo? gambl+ & ! use ( alcohol he set a v high /&>d to 8 disciples1 :i* if adh]$ to w\ld remove two ( ! ma9 s\rces ( vice4 ,8 religion reta9$ few] relics ( ! pre-exi/+ animism & _s-wor%ip ?an almo/ any o!r1 ?\gh 9 practice un$ucat$ ,indian ,muhammadans1 at lea/1 pres]ve !m 9 a l>ge measure4 ,& ow+ to ! fact t ! ,muhammadan mon?s revolve r\nd ! ye>1 its fe/ivals h be5 dissociat$ f ! old pagan obs]vances ( ! *anges ( ! sun & seasons & ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,at ! same "t ! religi\s sanction giv5 to polygamy & slav]y1 & ! s5sual nature ( ! heav5 promis$ to true believ]s aft] dea?1 mu/ be condemn$ z debas+ features2 & ! div9e au?ority & complet5ess ascrib$ to ! ,koran & ! utt]ances ( ! ,prophet1 :i* 7 beyond criticism or "q1 z well z ! ho/ility t[>ds all o!r =ms ( religion & philosophy1 h necess>ily _h a v n>r[+ influ5ce on ,muhammadan ?\ght4 ,:ile ! =mal & lifeless precision ( ! religi\s s]vices & pray]s1 z well z ! belief 9 div9e int]f]5ce 9 ! conc]ns ( ev]yday life1 h produc$ a /rong _s ( fatalism & resignation to ev5ts4 #bg4 ,! ,koran4 ,! ^w ,kuran is d]iv$ f kuraa1 to recite or proclaim4 ,! ,muhammadans look ^u ! ,koran z ! direct ^w ( ,god s5t d[n by ,him to ! sev5? or l[e/ heav51 & !n reveal$ f "t to "t to ! ,prophet by ! angel ,gabriel4 ,a few *apt]s are suppos$ to h be5 deliv]$ entire1 b ! great] "p ( ! book 0 giv5 piecemeal dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,! ,koran is writt5 9 ,arabic prose1 b its s5t5ces g5]ally conclude 9 a long-cont9u$ rhyme4 ,! language is consid]$ to be ( ! utmo/ elegance & purity1 & x has become ! /&>d ( ! ,arabic tongue4 ,muhammadans pay x ! greate/ rev]5ce1 & _! mo/ solemn oa? is tak5 ) ! ,koran plac$ on ! head4 ,=m]ly ! sacr$ book c\ld only be t\*$ by a ,saiyad or a ,mulla1 & an assembly always rose :5 x 0 br\ght to !m4 ,! book is kept on a high %elf 9 ! h\se1 s z to avoid any risk ( contam9ation1 & no?+ is plac$ ov] x4 ,e *apt] 9 ! ,koran except "o beg9s ) ! invocation1 ',bismillah-nirrahman-nirrahim1' or ',9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful'2 & ne>ly all ,muhammadan pray]s & religi\s writ+s also beg9 ) ?is4 ,z ! ,koran is ! direct ^w ( ,god1 any /atem5t 9 x has ! unque/ion$ & complete =ce ( law4 ,on "s po9ts1 h[ev]1 sep>ate utt]ances 9 ! "w itself are contradictory1 & ! necessity !n arises ( det]m9+ :i* is ! lat] & m au?oritative /atem5t4 #cbi #bh4 ,! ,traditions4 ,next to ! ,koran 9 po9t ( au?ority come ! ,traditions ( ! say+s & actions ( ! ,prophet1 :i* are kn[n z ,hadis or ,sunnah4 ,^! 7 eag]ly collect$ z ! jurisdiction ( ,islam 0 ext5d$1 & num]\s cases arose = decision 9 :i* no rul+ 0 provid$ by ! ,koran4 ,= "s "t x 0 held necess>y t a tradition %\ld be oral & n h be5 r$uc$ to writ+4 ,:5 ! necessity ( collect+ & se>*+ = ! ,traditions became p>am\nt1 indefatigable rese>* 0 display$ 9 ! "w4 ,! mo/ tru/wor?y collection ( traditions 0 compil$ by ,abu ,abdullah ,muhammad1 a native ( ,bokh>a1 :o di$ 9 ! ,hijra ye> #bef1 or ne>ly #bej ye>s aft] ,muhammad4 ,he succe$$ 9 amass+ no few] ?an #fjj1jjj traditions1 ( :i* he select$ only #gbge z tru/wor?y4 ,! au!ntic traditions ( :at ! ,prophet said & did 7 consid]$ practically z b9d+ z ! ,koran1 & any case might be decid$ by a tradition be>+ on x4 ,! developm5t ( ,moslem jurisdiction 0 ?us bas$ n on ! elucidation & exposition ( broad pr9ciples ( law & equity1 b on ! record ( ! words & actions ( "o man :o _h liv$ 9 a sub/antially less civilis$ society ?an t exi/+ 9 ! c\ntries to :i* ,muhammadan law n[ came to be appli$4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s inevitably ex]cis$ a cramp+ effect on ! ,moslem lawy]s & act$ z a b> to improvem5t4 ,?us1 because ! ,koran *>g$ ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians ) hav+ corrupt$ ! text ( _! sacr$ books1 x 0 laid d[n t no ,jew or ,*ri/ian c\ld be accept$ z a cr$ible witness 9 a ,moslem lawsuit2 & s9ce ! ,prophet _h =bidd5 ! keep+ ( dogs except = c]ta9 necess>y purposes1 x 0 rul$ by "o s*ool t !re 0 no prop]ty 9 dogs1 & t if a man kill$ a dog its own] _h no "r to comp5sation4 #ccj #bi4 ,! s*ools ( law4 ,aft] ! ,koran & ,traditions ! decisions ( c]ta9 lawy]s dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( ,islam 7 accept$ z au?oritative4 ,( !m f\r s*ools are recognis$ by ! ,sunnis 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ^? ( ! ,imams ,abu ,hanifa1 ,%afei1 ,malik1 & ,hambal4 ,9 nor!rn ,india ! s*ool ( ,abu ,hanifa is foll[$4 ,he 0 born at ,kufa1 ! capital ( ,irak1 9 ! ,hijra ye> #hj1 :5 f\r ( ! ,prophet's ,companions 7 /ill alive4 ,he is ! great oracle ( jurisprud5ce1 & ) 8 two pupils 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,hanifi code ( law4 ,9 s\!rn ,india ! ,%afei s*ool is foll[$4 #cca ,! ,%iahs h sep>ate collections ( traditions & s*ools ( law1 & !y say t a ,mujtahid or doctor ( ! law c /ill give decisions ( b9d+ au?ority1 :i* ! ,sunnis d5y4 ,except z reg>ds m>riage1 divorce & inh]itance & o!r p]sonal matt]s1 ,muhammadan law is ( c\rse n[ sup]s$$ by ! g5]al law ( ,india4 #cj4 ,food4 ,an animal only becomes lawful food = ,muhammadans if x is kill$ by cutt+ ! ?roat & repeat+ at ! "t ! words1 ',bismillah ,allaho ,akb>1' or ',9 ! "n ( ,god1 ,god is great4' ,b 9 %oot+ wild animals1 if ! invocation is repeat$ at ! "t ( dis*>g+ ! arr[ or fir+ ! gun1 ! c>case becomes lawful food4 ,?is la/ rule ( ,sunni law is1 h[ev]1 n kn[n to1 or n obs]v$ by1 _m ,muhammadans 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 :o d n eat an animal unless its ?roat is cut be=e dea?4 ,fi% & locu/s may be eat5 )\t be+ kill$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! animal s kill$ by ,zabh is lawful food :5 sla9 by a ,moslem1 ,jew or ,*ri/ian1 b n if slaught]$ by an idolat] or an apo/ate f ,islam4 ,clov5-foot$ animals1 birds t pick up food ) _! bills1 & fi% ) scales are lawful1 b n birds or bea/s ( prey4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! horse is lawful4 ,elephants1 mules1 asses1 alligators1 turtles1 crabs1 snakes & frogs are unlawful1 & sw9e's fle% is especially prohibit$4 ,muhammadans eat freely ( mutton & fi% :5 !y c af=d x1 b "s ( !m ab/a9 f *ick5s 9 imitation ( ! ,h9dus4 ,_! fav\rite dr9k is %]bet1 or sug> & wat] ) cream or ! juice ( "s fruit4 ,w9e is =bidd5 9 ! ,koran1 & ! prohibition is held to include intoxicat+ drugs1 b ?is latt] rule is by no means obs]v$4 ,accord+ to 8 religion a ,muhammadan ne$ h no objection to eat ) a ,*ri/ian if ! food eat5 is ( a lawful k9d2 b he %\ld n eat ) ,h9dus1 z !y are idolat]s4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 _m ,muhammadans h adopt$ ! ,h9du rule aga9/ eat+ food t\*$ by ,*ri/ians1 :ile ow+ to long association toge!r !y w p>take ( x :5 cook$ by ,h9dus4 #ccb #ca4 ,dress4 ,! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ,muhammadan dress is t ! m5 always we> tr\s]s or pyjamas ( cotton1 silk or *9tz clo?1 usually :ite4 ,!y may be ei!r tight or loose bel[ ! knee1 & are secur$ by a /r+ r\nd ! wai/4 ,a ,muhammadan nev] we>s ! ,h9du dhoti or lo9-clo?4 ,he has a :ite1 sleev$ musl9 %irt1 made mu* l an ,engli% s(t-front$ %irt1 b usually )\t a coll>1 ! ends ( :i* hang d[n outside ! tr\s]s4 ,ov] ^! ! well-to-d h a wai/coat ( velvet1 brocade or broadclo?4 ,on go+ out he puts on a long coat1 tight ov] ! *e/1 & ) r full skirts hang+ bel[ ! knee1 ( cotton clo? or musl91 or sometimes broadclo? or velvet4 ,9 ! h\se he we>s a small cap1 & on go+ out puts on a turban or loose headclo?4 ,b ! fa%ion ( we>+ ! small r$ fez ) a tassel is n[ increas+ among educat$ ,muhammadans1 & ?is s]ves z a di/9ctive m>k 9 _! dress1 :i* tr\s]s no long] d1 z ! ,h9dus h also adopt$ !m4 ,! removal ( ! %oes ei!r on ent]+ a h\se or mosque is n prescrib$ by ,muhammadan law1 ?\gh x has become cu/om>y 9 imitation ( ! ,h9dus4 ,! ,prophet 9 fact said1 ',act ! rev]se ( ! ,jews 9 y\r pray]s1 = !y d n pray 9 boots or %oes4' ,b he himself sometimes took 8 %oes (f to pray & sometimes n4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! say+s ( ! ,prophet ) reg>d to dress3 ',:oev] we>s a silk g>m5t 9 ?is _w %all n we> x 9 ! next4' ',god w n h compassion on him :o we>s long tr\s]s 7bel[ ! ankle7 f pride4' ',x is lawful = ! wom5 ( my p to we> silks & gold ornam5ts1 b x is unlawful = ! m54' ',we> :ite clo!s1 because !y are ! cleane/ & ! mo/ agreeable1 & bury y\r dead 9 :ite clo!s4' ,m5 are prohibit$ f we>+ gold ornam5ts & also silv] ones o!r ?an a signet r+4 ,a silv] r+1 ( value suffici5t to produce a day's food 9 case ( ne$1 %\ld always be worn4 ,! rule aga9/ ornam5ts has be5 g5]ally disreg>d$1 & gold & silv] ornam5ts h be5 regul>ly worn by m51 b ! fa%ion ( we>+ ornam5ts is n[ go+ out1 bo? among ,muhammadan & ,h9du m54 ,a ri* ,muhammadan woman has a long %irt ( musl9 or net 9 diff]5t col\rs1 embroid]$ on ! neck & %\ld]s ) gold lace1 & drap+ d[n to ! ankles4 ,"u x %e we>s silk pyjamas1 & ov] x an angia or brea/-clo? ( silk1 brocade or clo? ( gold1 bord]$ ) gold & silv] lace4 ,on ! head %e has a %awl or squ>e k]*ief bord]$ ) lace4 ,a poor woman has simply a bodice & pyjamas1 ) a clo? r\nd ! wai/ to cov] _! ends4 ,wom5 z a rule always we> %oes1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n g out1 & !y h a pr(usion ( ornam5ts ( mu* ! same "* z ,h9du wom54 #ccc #cb4 ,social rules4 ,salutations4 ,!re are c]ta9 social obligations kn[n z ,f>z or imp]ative1 b if "o p]son 9 eight or t5 p]=m !m x is z if all _h done s4 ,^! are1 to return a salutation2 to visit ! sick & inquire aft] _! welf>e2 to foll[ a bi] on foot to ! grave2 to accept an invitation2 & t :5 a p]son sneezes & says imm$iately1 ',alhamd ul lillah' or ',god be prais$1' "o ( ! p>ty mu/ reply1 ',y> hamak ,allah' or ',god h m]cy on y4' ,! ,muhammadan =m ( salutation is ',salam u alaikum' or ',! peace ( ,god be ) y1' & ! reply is ',wo alaikum z salam' or ',& on y also be peace4' #ccd ,f ?is =m has come ! common ,anglo-,indian use ( ! ^w ,salaam4 ,:5 invitations are to be s5t = any important function1 su* z a w$d+1 "s woman :o does n obs]ve p>da is employ$ to c>ry !m4 ,%e is dress$ 9 good clo!s & provid$ ) a tray conta9+ betel-leaf biras or packets1 c>damoms wrapp$ 9 r$ pap]1 s&alwood & sug>4 ,%e approa*es any lady invit$ ) great respect1 & says3 ,s-&-s s5ds h] be/ complim5ts to y & embraces y1 & says t 'z to-morr[ !re is a little gaiety ab\t to take place 9 my h\se1 & ,i wi% all my female fri5ds by _! pres5ce to grace & ornam5t ) _! feet ! home ( ?is poor individual1 & !reby make x a g>d5 ( roses1 y mu/ also positively come1 & by rema9+ a c\ple ( h\rs hon\r my humble dwell+ ) y\r company4' ,if ! invitation is accept$ ! woman c>ry+ x applies a little s&alwood to ! neck1 brea/ & back ( ! gue/1 puts sug> & c>damoms into h] m\?1 & gives h] a betel-leaf4 ,if x is decl9$1 only s&alwood is appli$ & a betel-leaf giv54 #cce ,next day dhoolies or litt]s are s5t = ! gue/s1 or if ! ho/ess is poor %e s5ds wom5 to escort !m to ! h\se be=e daybreak4 ,! gue/s are expect$ to br+ pres5ts4 ,if any c]emony connect$ ) a *ild is to be p]=m$ !y give x clo!s or sweets1 & simil> articles ( high] value to ! bride & bridegroom 9 ! case ( a w$d+4 #cc4 ,cu/oms4 ,c]ta9 cu/oms kn[n z ,fitrah are suppos$ to h exi/$ among ! ,arabs be=e ! "t ( ! ,prophet1 & to h be5 confirm$ by him4 ,^! are3 ,to keep ! m\/a*e clipp$ %ort s t food or dr9k _c t\* !m :5 ent]+ ! m\?2 n to cut or %ave ! be>d2 to clean ! tee? ) a mismak or wood5 too?bru%2 ?is %\ld really be done at all pray]s1 b presumably once or twice a day are held suffici5t2 to clean ! no/rils & m\? ) wat] at ! "t ( ! usual ablutions2 to cut ! nails & clean ! f+]-jo9ts2 & to pull out ! hair f "u ! armpits & ! pubic hair4 ,x is noticeable t ?\gh elaborate directions are giv5 = wa%+ ! face1 h&s & feet be=e ea* pray]1 !re is no ord] to ba! ! :ole body daily1 & ?is may probably n h be5 cu/om>y 9 ,arabia ow+ to ! sc>city ( wat]4 #ccf ,& :ile _m ,muhammadans h adopt$ ! ,h9du cu/om ( daily ba?+1 yet o!rs 9 q a respectable position h n1 & only ba! once a week be=e go+ to ! mosque4 ,gambl+ z well z ! dr9k+ ( w9e is prohibit$ 9 ! ,koran accord+ to ! text3 ,o believ]s6 ,surely w9e & games ( *ance & /atues & ! div9+-arr[s are an abom9ation ( ,satan's "w4 ,/atues z well z pictures 7 prohibit$1 because at ?is "t !y 7 probably made only z idols to be wor%ipp$1 ! prohibition be+ exactly analog\s to t conta9$ 9 ! ,second ,comm&m5t4 ,! ,koran enjo9s a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( magic1 b =bids its practice4 ,magic is consid]$ to be ( two k9ds1 t accompli%$ ) ! help ( ! ,koran & ! names ( prophets & sa9ts1 :i* is div9e or good1 & evil magic practis$ ) ! aid ( g5ii & evil spirits :i* is /rongly condemn$4 ,div9+-rods app>5tly belong to ! latt] class4 ,p]fection 9 div9e magic consi/s 9 ! k ( ! ,ismi ,aazam or ,great ,"n1 a k fir/ possess$ by ! prophet ,sulaiman or ,solomon1 & s9ce ,solomon transmitt$ only to ^? :o are highly fav\r$ by ,provid5ce4 ,?is appe>s to be ! true "n ( ,god1 :i* is too awful & pot5t to be kn[n or us$ by ! commonalty2 h5ce ,allah1 really an epi!t1 is us$ in/ead4 ,x 0 9 virtue ( engrav+ ! great "n on 8 r+ t ,solomon possess$ dom9ion ov] m5 & g5ii1 & ov] ! w9ds & birds & bea/s4 ,! utt]+ ( ,solomon's own "n ca/s out demons1 cures ! sick1 & raises ! dead4 ,! names ( c]ta9 prophets & holy m5 h also a special virtue1 & writt5 *>ms ( my/]i\s num]ical comb9ations & diagrams h p[] = good4 #ccg ,bo? k9ds ( magic are l>gely practis$ by ,muhammadans4 ,muhammad disapprov$ ( :i/l+1 app>5tly because :i/l+ & clapp+ ! h&s 7 "p ( ! hea!n ritual at ,mecca4 ,h5ce x is consid]$ wrong = good ,muhammadans to :i/le4 #cch #cd4 ,position ( wom54 ,! inf]ior /atus ( wom5 9 ,islam is inh]it$ f ,arabian society be=e ! "t ( ,muhammad4 ,among ! pagan ,arabs a woman 0 a m]e *attel1 & desc5d$ by inh]itance4 ,h5ce ! union ( m5 ) _! /ep-mo!rs & mo!rs-9-law 0 common4 ,muhammad =bade ^! ince/u\s m>riages1 & also ! preval5t practice ( female infanticide4 ,he legalis$ polygamy1 b limit$ x to f\r wives1 & taught t wom5 z well z m5 c\ld ent] p>adise4 ,x w\ld h be5 q impossible to aboli% polygamy 9 ,arabia at ! "t :5 he liv$1 nor c\ld he /rike at ! practice ( seclud+ wom5 ev5 if he _h wi%$ to d s4 ,?is la/ cu/om has %[n an un=tunate p]si/5ce1 & is 9 full =ce among ,indian ,muhammadans1 f :om ! high] ca/es ( ,h9dus 9 nor!rn ,india h p]haps imitat$ x4 ,nor c x be said to %[ mu* sign ( weak5+ at pres5t4 ,x is n univ]sal ov] ! ,islamic _w1 z 9 ,afghani/an wom5 are n usually seclud$4 ,z a matt] ( fact bo? polygamy & divorce are v r>e among ,indian ,muhammadans4 ,mr4 ,hughes quotes an int]e/+ passage aga9/ polygamy f a ,p]sian book on m>riage cu/oms3 ,t man is to be prais$ :o conf9es himself to "o wife1 = if he takes two x is wrong & he w c]ta9ly rep5t ( 8 folly4 ,?us say ! sev5 wise wom53 ,be t man's life imm]s$ 9 gloom ,:o w$s m wives ?an "o1 ,) "o 8 *eeks reta9 _! bloom1 ,8 voice a *e]ful tone2 ,^! speak 8 hone/ he>t at re/1 ,& he & %e are always ble/2 ,b :5 ) two he seeks 8 joy1 ,toge!r !y 8 s\l annoy2 ,) two no sunbeam ( delight ,c make 8 day ( mis]y bright4 ,adult]y 0 puni%$ by /on+ to dea? 9 accordance ) ! ,jewi% cu/om4 #ce4 ,int]e/ on money4 ,usury or ! tak+ ( int]e/ on loans 0 prohibit$ by ! ,prophet4 ,?is precept 0 adopt$ f ! ,mosaic law & emphasis$1 & :ile x has to all appe>ance be5 disc>d$ by ! ,jews1 x is /ill l>gely adh]$ to by ,moslems4 ,9 bo? cases ! prohibition 0 address$ to a p 9 ! pa/oral /age ( culture :5 loans 7 probably v r>e & no pr(it c\ld z a rule be made by tak+ a loan1 z x w\ld n lead to any increase4 ,loans w\ld only be made = subsi/5ce1 & z ! borr[] 0 probably always poor1 he w\ld frequ5tly be unable to pay ! pr9cipal mu* less ! int]e/1 & w\ld ultimately become ! slave ( ! cr$itor 9 lieu ( 8 debt4 ,usury w\ld ?us result 9 ! enslavem5t ( a l>ge section ( ! free community1 & w\ld be look$ ^u z an abuse & in/rum5t ( tyranny4 ,z soon z ! agricultural /age is rea*$ usury /&s on a diff]5t foot+4 ,loans ( se$ = s[+ ! l& & ( cattle or money = pl\gh+ x !n become frequ5t & necess>y1 & ! borr[] c af=d to pay int]e/ f ! pr(it ( ! h>ve/4 ,x is cle>ly "r & prop] also t ! l5d] %\ld receive a return = ! risk involv$ 9 ! loan & ! capacity ( ga9 ?us conf]r$ on ! borr[]1 & usury becomes a prop]ly legitimate & necess>y in/itution1 ?\gh ! rate1 be+ probably bas$ on ! return yield$ by ! e>? to ! se$1 has a t5d5cy to be v excessive 9 primitive societies4 ,! prohibition ( int]e/ among ,muhammadans is ?us n[ a hopeless ana*ronism1 :i* has clos$ to ^? :o obs]ve x "s ( ! mo/ important pr(essions4 ,a t5d5cy is happily visible t[>ds ! abrogation ( ! rule1 & ,mr4 ,m>t5 notes t ! ,b]> ,muhammadan ,c\ncil has set an example by putt+ out its own money at int]e/4 #cci #cf4 ,muhammadan education4 ,! ,indian ,muhammadans h g5]ally be5 consid]$ to be at a disadvantage 9 mod]n ,india z comp>$ ) ! ,h9dus1 ow+ to _! unwill+ness to accept regul> ,engli% education = _! sons1 & _! adh]5ce to ! simply religi\s tea*+ ( _! own ,maulvis4 ,h[ev] ?is may h be5 9 ! pa/1 x is d\btful :e!r x is at all true ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,:ile !re is no d\bt t ,muhammadans consid] x ( ! fir/ importance t _! sons %\ld le>n ,urdu & be able to read ! ,koran1 !re are no signs ( ,muhammadan boys be+ kept away f ! ,gov]nm5t s*ools1 at lea/ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! rationalis+ _s ( ,sir ,saiyad ,ahmad1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,alig>h ,college1 & ! g5]al educational conf]5ce = ,indian ,muhammadans has1 ?r\gh ! excell5t tra9+ giv5 by ! ,college1 borne cont9ually increas+ fruit4 ,a new class ( educat$ & lib]al-m9d$ ,muhammadan g5tlem5 has gr[n up ^: influ5ce on ! aims & prejudices ( ! :ole ,muhammadan community is gradually becom+ manife/4 ,! /ati/ics ( occupation giv5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is article %[ t ! ,muhammadans h a mu* l>g] %>e ( all classes ( adm9i/rative po/s "u ,gov]nm5t ?an !y w\ld obta9 if ^! 7 aw>d$ on a basis ( population4 ,presumably :5 x is ass]t$ t ,muhammadans are less successful ?an ,h9dus "u ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 :at is meant is t !y h p>tly lo/ _! =m] position ( ! sole gov]n+ class ov] l>ge areas ( ! c\ntry4 ,! community are n[ fully awake to ! advantages ( education1 & _! ,anjumans or associations h />t$ high s*ools :i* educate /ud5ts up to ! entrance ( ! univ]sity on ! same l9es z ! ,gov]nm5t s*ools4 ,:]e ^! special s*ools d n exi/1 ,muhammadan boys freely ent] ! ord9>y s*ools1 & _! /&>d ( intellig5ce & application is 9 no way inf]ior to t ( ,h9du boys4 ,nanakpan?i #a4 ,acc\nt ( ! sect4 ,nanakpan?i #cdj ,sect1 ,nanak%ahi1 ,udasi1 ,su?ra ,%ahi4--,! ,nanakpan?i sect 0 f\nd$ by ! well-kn[n ,baba ,nanak1 a ,khatri ( ! ,lahore ,di/rict1 :o liv$ betwe5 #adfi & #aech-ci4 ,he is ! real f\nd] ( ,sikhism1 b ?is developm5t ( 8 foll[]s into a milit>y & political organisation 0 ! "w ( 8 successors1 ,h> ,gov9d & ,gov9d ,s+h4 ,nanak himself 0 a religi\s re=m] ( ! same type z ,kabir & o!rs1 :o tri$ to aboli% ! wor%ip ( idols & all ! body ( ,h9du sup]/ition1 & sub/itute a belief 9 a s+le unse5 deity )\t =m or special "n4 ,z ) mo/ ( ! o!r ,vai%nava re=m]s1 ,nanak's cre$ 0 l>gely an outcome ( 8 obs]vation ( ,islam4 ,!re is no?+ 9 8 doctr9e1 ,sir ,e4,d4 ,maclagan says1 to di/+ui% x 9 any m>k$ way f t ( ! o!r sa9ts :o taught ! high] =ms ( ,h9duism 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,! unity ( ,god1 ! abs5ce ( any real di/9ction betwe5 ,h9dus & ,musalmans1 ! uselessness ( c]emonial1 ! vanity ( e>?ly wi%es1 ev5 ! equality ( ca/es1 are topics common to ,nanak & ! ,bhagats2 & ! ,adi-,gran? or sacr$ book compil$ by ,nanak is full ( quotations f eld] or contempor>y tea*]s1 :o taught ess5tially ! same doctr9e z ,nanak himself4 ,x 0 p>tly1 he expla9s1 because ,nanak 0 ! fir/ re=m] 9 ! ,punjab1 & ?us _h ! field practically to himself1 & p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ,sikhism1 t 8 movem5t has be5 s successful & 8 adh]5ts n[ outnumb] ^? ( any o!r re=m] ( ! same p]iod4 ,nanak's doctr9es 7 also ( a v lib]al "*4 ,! burd5 ( 8 tea*+ 0 t !re is no ,h9du & no ,muhammadan4 ,he believ$ 9 transmigration1 b held t ! successive /ages 7 b purifications1 & t at la/ ! s\l1 cleans$ f s91 w5t to dwell ) its mak]4 ,he prescrib$ no ca/e rules or c]emonial obs]vances1 & inde$ condemn$ !m z unnecess>y & ev5 h>mful2 b he made no viol5t attack on !m1 he insi/$ on no alt]ation 9 exi/+ civil & social in/itutions1 & 0 cont5t to leave ! doctr9e ( ! equality ( all m5 9 ! sight ( ,god to "w 9 ! m9ds ( 8 foll[]s4 ,he respect$ ! ,h9du v5]ation ( ! c[ & ! ,muhammadan abhorr5ce ( ! hog1 b recomm5d$ z a high] rule ?an ei!r total ab/95ce f fle%4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 g5tl] or less aggressive ?an 8 doctr9e1 no?+ m unlike ! tea*+ ( 8 great successor ,gov9d4 #cda ,two o!r causes contribut$ to swell ! numb]s ( ! ,nanakpan?is4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 t dur+ ! late ,mughal ,empire ! ,h9dus ( ! fronti] tracts ( ! ,punjab 7 deb>r$ by ! fanaticism ( _! ,muhammadan neighb\rs f ! wor%ip ( idols2 & !y !re=e f\nd x conv5i5t to pr(ess ! fai? ( ,nanak :i* p]mitt$ !m to decl>e !mselves z wor%ipp]s ( "o ,god1 :ile n =c+ !m def9itely to break ) ca/e & ,h9duism4 ,! second 0 t ,guru ,gov9d ,s+h requir$ ! absolute ab&onm5t ( ca/e z a condition ( ! initiation ( a ,sikh2 & h5ce _m :o w\ld n cons5t to ?is rema9$ ,nanakpan?is )\t adopt+ ,sikhism4 ,! ,nanakpan?is ( ! pres5t day are r\ghly classifi$ z ,sikhs :o h n adopt$ ! t]m ,s+h1 :i* is atta*$ to ! names ( all true ,sikhs2 !y also d n =bid smok+ or insi/ on ! adoption ( ! five ,kakkas or ,k's :i* are 9 !ory ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( ! ,sikh2 ! ,kes or uncut hair & un%av5 be>d2 ! ,ka*h or %ort draw]s end+ above ! knee2 ! ,k>a or iron bangle2 ! ,kh&a or /eel knife2 & ! ,kanga or comb4 ,! ,nanakpan?i reta9s ! ,h9du cu/om ( %av+ ! :ole head except ! *oti or scalp-lock1 & h5ce is (t5 kn[n z a ,munda or %av5 ,sikh4 #cdb ,! sect d n prohibit ! consumption ( meat & liquor1 b "s ( !m eat only ! fle% ( animals kill$ by ! ,sikh me?od ( ,jatka1 or cutt+ (f ! head by a bl[ on ! back ( ! neck4 ,_! only =m ( initiation is ! ord9>y ,h9du practice ( dr9k+ ! foot-nect> or sug> & wat] 9 :i* ! toe ( ! guru has be5 dipp$1 & ?is is n v common4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,*>an ka pahul or foot-baptism1 z oppos$ to ! ,kh&e ka pahul or sword-baptism ( ! ,gov9di ,sikhs4 #cdc ,baba ,nanak himself1 ,sir ,e4 ,maclagan /ates1 is a v fav\rite object ( v5]ation among ,sikhs ( all k9ds1 & ! picture ( ! guru ) 8 long :ite be>d & b5evol5t c\nt5ance is con/antly met ) 9 ! sacr$ places ( ! ,punjab4 #b4 ,nanakpan?is 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,9 #aija ab\t #ac1jjj p]sons return$ !mselves z ,nanakpan?is 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ( :om #gjjj 7 ,banj>as & ! rema9d] pr9cipally ,kunbis1 ,ahirs & ,telis4 ,! ,banj>as g5]ally rev]e ,nanak1 z %[n 9 ! article on t ca/e4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ,meht>s or sweep]s also pr(ess ! sect1 be+ atta*$ to x1 z to ! ,sikh religion1 by ! abolition ( ca/e re/rictions & prejudices advocat$ by _! f\nd]s2 b ?is tol]ance has n be5 p]petuat$1 & ! unclean classes1 su* z ! ,mazbi or scav5g] ,sikhs1 are z scrupul\sly avoid$ & kept at a di/ance by ! ,sikh z by ! ,h9du1 & are ev5 exclud$ f communion1 & f ! rites & holy places ( _! religion4 #cdd #c4 ,udasis4 ,! ,udasis are a class ( ascetics ( ! ,nanakpan?i or ,sikh fai?1 ^: ord] 0 f\nd$ by ,sri ,*&1 ! y\ng] son ( ,nanak4 ,!y are recruit$ f all ca/es & w eat food f any ,h9du4 ,!y are almo/ all celibates1 & pay special rev]5ce to ! ,adi-,gran? ( ,nanak1 b also respect ! ,gran? ( ,gov9d ,s+h & att5d ! same %r9es z ! ,sikhs g5]ally4 ,_! s]vice consi/s ( a r++ ( bells & bl>e ( in/rum5ts1 & !y *ant hymns & wave lights be=e ! ,adi-,gran? & ! picture ( ,baba ,nanak4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces memb]s ( sev]al ord]s :i* h bran*$ (f f ! ma9 ,nanakpan?i community are kn[n z ,udasi4 ,?us "s ( !m say !y d n g to any temples & wor%ip ,nirankal or ! deity )\t %ape or =m1 a "n giv5 to ! supreme ,god by ,nanak4 ,9 ! ,punjab ! ,nirank>is con/itute a sep>ate ord] f ! ,udasis4 #cde ,^! ,udasis we> a long rope ( %eep's wool r\nd ! neck & iron *a9s r\nd ! wri/ & wai/4 ,!y c>ry half a cocoanut %ell z a begg+-b[l & h ! *ameta or iron tongs1 :i* c also be clos$ & us$ z a pok]4 ,_! =m ( salutation is ',ma?a ,tek1' or ',i put my head at y\r feet4' ,!y nev] cut _! hair & h a long /r+ ( wool atta*$ to ! *oti or scalp-lock1 :i* is coil$ up "u a little cap4 ,!y say t !y wor%ip ,nirankal )\t go+ to temples1 & :5 !y sit d[n to pray !y make a little fire & place ghi or sweetmeats ^u x z an (f]+4 ,:5 begg+ !y say ',alakh1' & !y accept any k9d ( uncook$ & cook$ food f ,brahmans4 #d4 ,su?ra ,%ahis4 ,ano!r m5dicant ,nanakpan?i ord]1 ^: memb]s visit ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 is t ( ! ,su?ra ,%ahis4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !y (t5 drop ! special "n1 & call !mselves simply ,nanak%ahi4 ,! orig9 ( ! ord] is unc]ta91 & ,sir ,e4 ,maclagan gives v>i\s acc\nts4 ,"h !y say t _! f\nd] 0 a disciple ( ,nanak1 :o visit$ ,mecca & br\ght back ! ,seli & ,syahi :i* are _! di/9ctive badges4 ,! ,seli is a rope ( black wool :i* !y tie r\nd _! heads l a turban1 & ,syahi ! ink ) :i* !y draw a black l9e on _! =eheads1 ?\gh ?is is 9 fact usually made ) *>coal4 ,!y c>ry a wallet 9 :i* ^! articles are kept1 & also ! two small ebony /icks :i* !y /rike aga9/ ea* o!r z an accompanim5t to _! begg+-songs4 ,! l>g] /ick is d$icat$ to ,nanak & ! small] to ! ,goddess ,kali4 ,!y are mo/ importunate begg>s1 & say t ! privilege ( levy+ a pice 7f>?+7 0 giv5 to !m by ,aurangzeb4 ,!y 7 accu/om$ 9 =m] times to burn _! clo!s & /& nak$ at ! door ( any p]son :o refus$ to give !m alms4 ,!y also h a bahi or acc\nt-book 9 :i* ! gifts !y receive1 especially f ,banias1 are record$4 ,mr4 ,crooke /ates t ,!y indulge freely 9 intoxicants & seldom cease f smok+4 ,_! pr(ligacy is notori\s1 & !y are said to be compos$ ma9ly ( sp5d?rifts :o h lo/ _! weal? 9 gambl+4 ,!y are recruit$ f all ca/es & always add ! title ,%ah to _! names4 ,a prov]b says 9 allusion to _! rapacity3 ,kehu m>e1 ,kehu jiye1 ,su?ra gur batasa piye2 or1 ',o!rs may live or die1 b ! ,su?ra ,%ahi mu/ h 8 dr9k ( sug> & wat]4' #cdf ,p>m>?i ,sect ,p>m>?i ,sect4--,a ,vi%nuite sect ( :i* #bf1jjj p]sons 7 return$ z memb]s 9 ! c5sus ( #aija4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! belong$ to ! ,uriya ,/ate ( ,kalah&i1 s9ce transf]r$ to ,bih> & ,orissa4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! sect has be5 furni%$ by ,rai ,bahadur ,p&a ,baijna?1 =m]ly ,diwan ( ,kalah&i ,/ate4 ,?is sect p5etrat$ ! ,/ate f ! ,orissa side1 & seems to belong to ,b5gal4 ,9 ! beg9n+ x consi/$ only 9 pure devotion to ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na1 b lat] x has be5 degrad$ by sexual indulg5ce & immorality1 & ?is appe>s to be ! ma9 basis ( its ritual at pres5t4 ,outw>dly its foll[]s recite ! ,bhagavad ,gita & pret5d to be p]sons ( v high morals4 ,_! secret practices 7 obta9$ f "o ( 8 (ficials :o _h ent]$ ! sect 9 ! l[e/ grade4 ,on ! day ( initiation !re is a great meet+ ( memb]s at ! co/ ( ! neophyte4 ,a text is taught to him1 & ! initiation is complet$ by all ! memb]s p>tak+ toge!r ( a fea/ )\t di/9ction ( ca/e4 ,! food eat5 at ?is is consid]$ to be ,mahaprasad1 or z if (f]$ to ,vi%nu 9 8 =m ( ,jaganna? at ,puri1 & to be !re=e incapable ( defilem5t4 ,! mantra or text taught to ! disciple is z foll[s3 ,o ,h>i1 ,o ,kri%na1 ,o ,h>i1 ,o ,kri%na1 ,o ,kri%na1 ,o ,kri%na1 ,o ,h>i1 ,o ,h>i1 ,o ,h>i1 ,o ,ramo1 ,o ,h>i1 ,o ,ramo1 ,o ,ramo1 ,o ,ramo1 ,o ,h>i1 ,o ,h>i4 ,! disciple is enjo9$ to repeat ?is text a prescrib$ numb] ( times1 #ajh or m1 e day4 ,to ^? pupils :o %[ _! devotional ard\r by cont9ual repetition ( ! fir/ text o!rs are taught4 ,! next /ep is t ! disciple %\ld associate himself or h]self ) "s o!r ,p>m>?i ( ! opposite sex & t5d & s]ve !m4 ,?is relation1 :i* is kn[n z ,asra-patro1 _c exi/ betwe5 husb& & wife1 "s o!r p]son hav+ to be *os5 9 ea* case1 & x results ( c\rse 9 an immoral connection4 ,foll[+ ?is is ! fur!r rite ( ,almo-,sam>pana or (f]+ ( oneself1 9 :i* ! disciple is requir$ to give 8 wife to ! ,guru or preceptor z ! acme ( self-sacrifice4 ,! guru calls ! disciple by a female "n ( "o ( ! milkmaids ( ,br9daban to indicate t ! disciple reg>ds ,kri%na ) ! same devotion z !y did4 ,sometimes ! guru & a woman p]sonate ,kri%na & ,radha1 b rev]se ! names1 ! guru call+ himself ,radha & ! woman ,kri%na4 ,! o!r disciples wait ^u & s]ve !m1 & !y p]=m an immoral act 9 public4 ,p>m>?i wom5 sometimes h ! mantra or text1 ',o ,h>i1 ,o ,kri%na1' tattoo$ on _! brea/s4 ,! ,p>m>?is (t5 d5y ! accusation ( immorality1 & ! above /atem5ts may n be true ( all ( !m2 b !y are believ$ to be true z reg>ds a consid]able "p ( ! sect at any rate4 ,) all 8 cleanl9ess1 veget>ianism & teetotalism1 "o writ] rem>ks1 ! ,vai%nava is p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s 9 ! :ole li/ ( ,h9du sects4 ,he has done v good s]vice 9 civilis+ ! l[] classes to "s ext5t & 9 suppress+ ! horrors ( ! ,tantric wor%ip4 ,b ! moral laxity :i* ! ,vai%nava enc\rages by ! /ories ( ! illicit loves betwe5 ! ,god & ,goddess1 & by ! /rong t5d5cy to imitate !m :i* 8 tea*+s g5]ate1 outweigh ! good done by him4 ,?is /atem5t applies1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally to "o or two sects devot$ to ,kri%na1 & by no means to all nor to ! majority ( ! ,vai%nava sects4 ,p>si or ,zoroa/rian ,religion ,bibliography ( works quot$3 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,haug's ,essays on ! ,p>sis1 ,trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies2 ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii41 ,p>sis ( ,guj>at4 by ! late ,mr4 ,kh>s$ji ,nas>vanji ,se]vai1 ,j4,p41 & ,khan ,bahadur ,bamanji ,behramji ,patel2 ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*'s ,orphu2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,murray ,mit*ell's ,great ,religions ( ,india4 ,! :ole acc\nt ( ! cu/oms & social life ( ! ,p>sis is tak5 f ! excell5t description 9 ! ,bombay ,gazette]4 ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,introductory4 #b4 ,! ,zoroa/rian religion4 #c4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a4 #d4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a & ! ,v$as4 #e4 ,reasons = ! s*ism betwe5 ! ,p]sian & ,indian ,aryans4 #f4 ,! dual pr9ciple & ! conflict betwe5 good & evil4 #g4 ,! dual pr9ciple d]iv$ f ! antagonism ( light & d>kness4 #h4 ,! ,zoroa/rians 9 ,p]sia4 #i4 ,_! migration to ,india & settlem5t !re4 #aj4 ,_! weal? & prosp]ity4 #aa4 ,m>riage cu/oms4 #ab4 ,religion4 ,wor%ip ( fire4 #ac4 ,! ,homa liquor4 #ad4 ,p>si prie/s4 #ae4 ,! sacr$ %irt & cord4 #af4 ,disposal ( ! dead4 #ag4 ,previ\s exposure ( ! dead1 & migration ( s\ls4 #ah4 ,clo!s1 food & c]emonial obs]vances4 #a4 ,introductory4 ,! numb] ( ,p>sis 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 #aiaa 0 ab\t #ahjj4 ,!y are immigrants f ,bombay1 & usually reside 9 l>ge t[ns1 :]e !y are engag$ 9 diff]5t bran*es ( trade1 especially 9 ! manufacture & v5d ( liquor & ! managem5t ( cotton mills & factories4 #cdg ,! ^w ,p>si means a resid5t ( ! prov9ce ( ,f>s or ,p>s 9 ,p]sia1 f :i* ! "n ( ! c\ntry is also d]iv$4 #b4 ,! ,zoroa/rian religion4 ,also kn[n z ,mazdaism1 ! ,zoroa/rian religion 0 t ( ! anci5t ,magi or fire-wor%ipp]s ( ,p]sia1 m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,x is suppos$ t ,zoroa/] or ,spitama ,z>a?u/ra1 if he 0 a hi/orical p]sonage1 effect$ a re=mation ( ?is religion & plac$ x on a new basis at "s "t ab\t #aajj ,b4,c4 ,x is sugge/$ by ,haug #cdh t ,z>a?u/ra 0 ! designation ( ! high prie/s ( ! cult1 & ,spitama ! prop] "n ( t high prie/ :o c>ri$ out its di/9ctive re=mation1 & p]haps sep>at$ ! religion ( ! ,p]sian f ! ,indian ,aryans4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! fact t ! sacr$ writ+s1 :i*1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,greek & ,roman au?ors1 7 ( great ext5t1 _! compilation probably ext5d+ ov] sev]al c5turies1 7 subsequ5tly all ascrib$ to "o man1 or to ,z>a?u/ra alone4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a or sacr$ book ( ! ,p>sis does n m5tion ! fire prie/s "u ! "n ( ,magi1 b calls !m ,a?ravan1 ! same ^w z ! ,sanskrit ,a?>va-,v$a4 ,! reason = ?is1 ,m4 ,re9a* sugge/s1 is t ! ,magi _h rebell$ aga9/ ,cambyses1 ! son ( ,cyrus1 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 dur+ 8 abs5ce 9 ,egypt1 & plac$ a rival creature ( _! own on ! ?rone4 ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes1 ov]?rew him & re-e/abli%$ ! ,p]sian k+dom 9 #ebc ,b4,c41 & ?is may h discr$it$ ! ,magian prie/s & caus$ ^? ( ! re=m$ religion to adopt a new "n4 #cdi ,x is c]ta9 t ,cyrus con=m$ to ! precept ( ! ,ave/a aga9/ ! pollution ( ! sacr$ elem5t wat]1 :5 he div]t$ ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,gyndanes 9 ord] to recov] ! body ( a horse :i* _h be5 dr[n$ 9 x1 & t ,d>ius ,i4 invokes 9 8 inscriptions ,ormazd or ,ahura ,mazda1 ! deity ( ! ,ave/a4 #cej ,on ! subv]sion ( ! ,p]sian empire by ,alex&]1 & ! subsequ5t conque/ ( ,p]sia by ! ,arsacid ,p>?ian dyna/y1 ! religion ( ! fire-wor%ipp]s fell into neglect1 b 0 reviv$ on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,sassanian dyna/y ( ,arde%ir ,babegan or ,artax]xes 9 ,a4,d4 #bbf1 & became ! /ate religion1 w>mly support$ by its rul]s1 until ! ,arab conque/ 9 ,a4,d4 #feb4 ,x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is second p]iod ( prosp]ity t ! ,z5d-,ave/a z x /ill exi/s 0 collect$ & r$uc$ to writ+1 b x is ?\ght t ! great] "p ( ! rema9s ( ! anci5t texts recov]$ at ! "t 7 aga9 lo/ dur+ ! ,arab invasion1 z ! orig9al lit]ature is believ$ to h be5 v ext5sive4 #c4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,! language ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a is ! anci5t ea/ ,iranian or ,bactrian dialect1 :i* probably di$ out f9ally 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 mod]n ,p]sian be+ desc5d$ f ! we/ ,iranian or ,m$ian tongue4 ,! ,bactrian language ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a is1 ,haug /ates1 a g5u9e si/] ( ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 ,lat9 & ,go?ic4 ,! relation%ip ( ! ,ave/a language to ! mo/ anci5t ,sanskrit1 ! s-call$ ,v$ic dialect1 is z close z t ( ! diff]5t dialects ( ! ,greek language1 ,aeolic1 ,ionic1 ,doric or ,attic1 to ea* o!r4 ,! languages ( ! sacr$ hymns ( ! ,brahmans1 & ( ^? ( ! ,p>sis1 are only ! two dialects ( two sep>ate tribes ( "o & ! same nation4 ,z ! ,ionians1 ,dorians1 ,aetolians1 etc41 7 diff]5t tribes ( ! ,greek nation ^: g5]al "n 0 ,hell5es1 s ! anci5t ,brahmans & ,p>sis 7 two tribes ( ! nation :i* is call$ ,aryas bo? 9 ! ,v$a & ,z5d-,ave/a4 #cea ,! sections ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a :i* rema9 are ab\t equal 9 size to ! ,bible4 ,!y consi/ ( sacrificial hymns1 pray]s & acc\nts ( ! mak+ ( ! _w1 9 ! =m ( conv]sations betwe5 ,ahura ,mazda & ,zoroa/]4 ,! :ole arrangem5t is1 h[ev]1 v fragm5t>y & *aotic1 & mu* ( ! matt] is ( a trivial "*4 ,x _c be comp>$ 9 m]it ) ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #d4 ,! ,z5d ,ave/a & ! ,v$as4 ,a cunei=m inscription discov]$ 9 ! c5tre ( ,asia ,m9or at ,ptorium proves t ab\t #adjj ,b4,c4 c]ta9 tribes :o _h relations ) ! ,hittite empire _h = _! deities ,mitra1 ,indra1 ,v>una & ! ,nasatyas4 ,! fir/ two names are common to ! ,p]sian & ,indian ,aryans1 :ile ! la/ two are f\nd only 9 ,india4 ,x appe>s !n t at ?is "t ! ance/ors ( ! ,h9dus & ,iranians 7 n yet sep>at$4 #ceb ,c]ta9 important contra/s betwe5 ! anci5t ,zoroa/rian & ,v$ic religions h l$ to ! !ory t ! sep>ation 0 ! result ( a religi\s & political s*ism4 ,! words ,deva & ,asura h an exactly opposite significance 9 ! two religions4 ,deva #cec is ! t]m inv>iably us$ = ! gods ( ! ,h9dus 9 ! :ole ,v$ic & ,brahmanical lit]ature4 ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 on ! o!r h&1 ,deva 7,p]s4 div7 is ! g5]al "n ( an evil _s1 a fi5d1 demon or devil1 :o is inimical to all t is good & comes f ,god4 ,! "p ( ! ,ave/a call$ ! ,v5didad1 consi/+ ( a collection ( spells & incantations1 means vi-daevo-data or giv5 aga9/ ! ,devas or demons4 ,! ,devas1 ,dr4 ,haug /ates1 are ! orig9ators ( all t is bad1 ( e impurity1 ( dea?2 & are con/antly ?9k+ ( caus+ ! de/ruction ( ! fields & trees1 & ( ! h\ses ( religi\s m54 ,asura1 occurr+ z ,ahura 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,ahura-,mazda 7,hormazd71 is ! "n ( ,god among ! ,p>sis2 & ! ,zoroa/rian religion is di/9ctly call$ ! ,ahura religion1 9 /rict opposition to ! ,deva religion4 ,b among ! ,h9dus ,asura has assum$ a bad mean+1 & is appli$ to ! bitt]e/ enemies ( _! ,devas 7gods71 ) :om ! ,asuras are con/antly wag+ w>4 ,?is is ! case ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,puranic lit]ature & z f> back z ! lat] p>ts ( ! ,v$as2 b 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! ,rig-,v$a ,sanhita we f9d ! ^w ,asura us$ 9 z good & elevat$ a s5se z 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,! *ief gods1 su* z ,indra1 ,v>una1 ,agni1 ,savitri1 ,rudra or ,siva1 are hon\r$ ) ! epi!t ',asura1' :i* means 'liv+1 spiritual1' & signifies ! div9e 9 its opposition to human nature4 ,9 a bad s5se we f9d ,asura only twice 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 9 :i* passages ! defeat ( ! 'sons or m5 ( ! ,asura' is ord]$ or spok5 (2 b we f9d ! ^w m frequ5tly 9 ?is s5se 9 ! la/ book ( ! ,rig-,v$a 7:i* is only an app5dix to ! :ole made 9 lat] times71 & 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 :]e ! ,ri%is are said to h fru/rat$ ! tricks ( ! ,asuras & to h ! p[] ( putt+ !m d[n4 ,9 ! ,brahmanas or sacrificial books belong+ to ea* ( ! ,v$as we f9d ! ,devas always fight+ ) ! ,asuras4 ,! latt] are ! con/ant enemies ( ! ,h9du gods1 & always make attacks ^u ! sacrifices (f]$ by devotees4 ,to defeat !m1 all ! craft & cunn+ ( ! ,devas 7 requir$2 & ! means ( *eck+ !m 0 g5]ally f\nd 9 a new sacrificial rite4 #ced ,pr(essor ,haug adduces o!r argum5ts 9 ?is connection f resemblance ( metres4 ,aga9 ! pr9cipal ,v$ic ,god1 ,indra1 is includ$ 9 ! li/ ( ,devas or demons 9 ! ,zoroa/rian scripture1 ! ,v5didad4 ,siva & ! ,nasatyas or ,a%v9s1 ! div9e horsem5 ( ! ,v$as1 are also said to be f\nd 9 ! li/ ( ,devas or demons4 ,o!rs ( ! ,v$ic gods z ,mitra ! sun1 ,aryaman1 ei!r ano!r "n = ! sun or 8 con/ant associate & repres5tative1 ,vayu ! w9d1 & "o or two m are f\nd z ,yazatas or angels 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 #cee #e4 ,reasons = ! s*ism betwe5 ! ,p]sian & ,indian ,aryans4 ,pr(essor ,haug's sugge/ion z to ! cause ( ! s*ism betwe5 ! ,iranian & ,indian bran*es ( ! ,aryans is v int]e/+4 ,he ?9ks t ! ,aryan tribes aft] !y _h left _! orig9al home1 :i* 0 9 all likelihood a cold c\ntry1 l$ ma9ly a pa/oral life1 & cultivat$ only occasionally "s pat*es ( l& = _! own support4 ,b :5 !y arriv$ 9 ! tract betwe5 ! ,oxus & ,jax>tes riv]s1 & ! highl&s ( ,bactria1 :i* 7 suitable = p]man5t settlem5t1 c]ta9 ( !m1 :o 7 ! ance/ors ( ! ,iranian bran*1 =sook ! pa/oral life ( _! ance/ors & became agriculturi/s4 ,o!rs1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,indian ,aryans1 reta9$ _! nomadic habits1 & took to ! practice ( mak+ pr$atory incursions into ! t]ritories ( ! settl$ communities4 ,h5ce arose a bitt] ho/ility betwe5 !m2 & z ! success ( ! raid]s 0 attribut$ to _! religi\s spells & incantations1 & especially to ! consumption ( ! ,soma liquor "u ! auspices ( ! ,god ,indra1 ?is "p ( _! jo9t religion became hateful to ! ,iranians & l$ to ! f\nd+ ( ! re=m$ ,zoroa/rian religion1 9 :i* special /ress is laid on ! virtue obta9$ f br++ l& "u cultivation1 mak+ enclosures & p]man5t settlem5ts & protect+ agricultural cattle4 ,?is is =cibly express$ 9 ! say+1 ',he :o cultivates b>ley cultivates righte\sness1' & o!rs4 #cef ,f9ally ! nomadic tribes left ! common resid5ce 9 ! ,c5tral ,asian highl&s & migrat$ into ,india4 ,x is n c]ta9 t s*ol>s g5]ally accept ! above hypo!sis4 #f4 ,! dual pr9ciples & ! conflict betwe5 good & evil4 ,! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! religion ( ,z>a?u/ra is ! dual pr9ciple ( good & evil & ! conflict betwe5 !m4 ,ahura ,mazda is ! supreme deity1 ! creator ( ! _w1 & ,ahriman or ,angro ,ma9yu% is ! evil "o1 8 con/ant oppon5t4 ,a p]petual /ruggle proce$s betwe5 !m1 ext5d+ ov] ! :ole ( creation1 & w cont9ue = a p]iod ( #ab1jjj ye>s4 ,! virtu\s lives & pray]s & sacrifices ( m5 help ! cause ( ,ahura ,mazda1 :ile e bad action & all k9ds ( c]emonial impurity con/itute an assi/ance r5d]$ by !m to ,ahriman4 ,n only virtue1 c\rage1 *>ity humility & k9dness to animals1 :5 display$ by m51 are held to re9=ce ,ahura ,mazda1 b also su* useful acts z clean+ a field = cultivation1 digg+ a canal or build+ a bridge4 ,! animals are also divid$ into good & bad1 ! latt] be+ consid]$ ! creation ( ,ahriman & designat$ ! se$ ( ! s]p5t4 ,! bad animals include tig]s1 snakes1 cats1 wolves1 frogs1 mice1 ants & o!rs1 & to kill !m is to p]=m a virtu\s act 9 ! cause ( ,ahura ,mazda4 ,among good animals dogs & agricultural cattle appe> to be ! *ief4 ,! division is v imp]fect1 & x w\ld seem t ! classification does n ext5d to birds & fi%4 ,mo/ trees are good1 b _! b>k is evil4 ,hail1 sn[ & all k9ds ( diseases are believ$ to be ! "w ( ,ahriman & 8 evil spirits4 #ceg ,z all c]emonial impurity r5d]s assi/ance to ! evil "o1 ! ,p>sis are v c>eful 9 su* matt]s1 z w be notic$ subsequ5tly4 ,ahura ,mazda is assi/$ 9 8 /ruggle = ! good by six ,ame%a-,sp5tas or good spirits1 :o are some?+ l ar*angels4 ,!y consi/ ( ! spirits ( cattle1 fire1 metals1 ! e>?1 heal? & immortality4 ,) ! fir/ f\r ( ^! "s moral quality or attribute z tru?1 wisdom & ! cur+ ( diseases is n[ associat$4 ,ano!r great _s ,srao%a is ! judge ( ! dead4 ,simil>ly ,ahriman is assi/$ by six ar*-fi5ds & a :ole ho/ ( evil spirits 7,deva & ,druj7 ( all k9ds1 aga9/ :om m5 h to be p]petually on _! gu>d4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal bad spirits is ,ae%ma ,deva1 ! ro>+ demon1 :o appe>s to be ! ,asmodeus m5tion$ 9 ! ,apocrypha4 ,at ! end ( ! p]iod ( /ruggle ,ahura ,mazda w engage 9 a f9al conte/ ) ,ahriman & w conqu] ) ! help ( ! ,ar*angel ,srao%a1 :o w ov]come ! demon ,ae%ma4 ,a virg9 w !n conceive & br+ =? ! second ,zoroa/] z a ,messiah1 :o w cause ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,! good w be sep>at$ f ! bad1 b ! puni%m5t ( ! latt] w n be et]nal2 & aft] ! purification ( ! _w by a g5]al conflagration all humanity w unite 9 ! adoration ( ,ahura ,mazda4 #ceh ,mean:ile aft] dea? ! s\ls ( all m5 are weigh$ & h to pass ov] a n>r[ bridge call$ ,*9vad4 ,! good s\ls1 light5$ by ! abs5ce ( s91 f9d x a broad & easy pa? to heav51 :ile to ! bad ones1 weigh$ d[n ) _! s9s1 x becomes n>r[ z a razor's edge1 & !y fall ov] into hell4 ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a* po9ts out t _! beliefs h sev]al po9ts ( resemblance ) ^? ( ,judaism1 b x is n easy to say :i* religion has borr[$ f ! o!r4 #cei ,! ^w p>adise1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,haug1 comes f pairidaesa 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a & means a p>k or beautiful g>d5 protect$ by a f5ce4 #g4 ,! dual pr9ciple d]iv$ f ! antagonism ( light & d>kness4 ,x is noticeable t ,ahura ,mazda is consid]$ z lum9\s & good1 & ,ahriman z gloomy & bad4 ,ahura ,mazda1 accord+ to ,d>me/et]1 c be trac$ back to ,asura1 ! supreme god ( ,indo-,iranian times1 & is ! repres5tative ( ,v>una1 ,zeus or ,jupit]1 t is ! sky or heav5s4 ,simil>ly ,ahura ,mazda is describ$ 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a z righte\s1 brilliant1 glori\s1 ! orig9ator ( ! _s ( nature1 ( ! lum9>ies & ( ! self-%9+ brightness :i* is 9 ! lum9>ies4 ,aga9 he is ! au?or ( all t is bright & %9+1 good & useful 9 nature1 :ile ,ahriman call$ into exi/5ce all t is d>k & app>5tly noxi\s4 ,bo? are complem5t>y z day & night1 & ?\gh oppos$ to ea* o!r1 are indisp5sable = ! pres]vation ( creation4 ,! b5efic5t _s appe>s 9 ! blaz+ flame1 ! pres5ce ( ! hurtful "o is m>k$ by ! wood conv]t$ into *>coal4 ,ahura ,mazda creat$ ! light ( day & ,ahriman ! d>kness ( night2 ! =m] awak5s m5 to _! duties & ! latt] lulls !m to sleep4 ,^! features ( ! good & evil spirits seem to po9t to ! conclusion t ! orig9al anti!sis :i* is portray$ 9 ! conflict betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( good & evil is t ( night & day or d>kness & light4 ,! light ( day & all t belongs to x is good1 & ! d>kness ( night & t :i* belongs to x evil4 ,z already se51 ,ahura ,mazda is consid]$ to be equival5t to ,v>una or ,zeus1 t is ! god ( ! sky or heav5s4 ,orig9ally x seems likely t ?is deity also compris$ ! sun1 b aft]w>ds ! sun 0 specialis$1 s to speak1 into a sep>ate god1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( a cle>] recognition ( 8 di/9ctive attributes & functions 9 nature4 ,?us 9 ! ,zoroa/rian religion ,mi?ra became ! special sun-god1 & may be comp>$ ) ,vi%nu & ,surya 9 ,india & ,apollo 9 ,greece4 ,9 ! ,ave/a ! sun is address$ z ! k+4 #cfj ,ahura ,mazda speaks ( ! sun-deity ,mi?ra z foll[s to ,zoroa/]3 ,i creat$ ,mi?ra1 :o rules ov] l>ge fields1 to be ( ! same rank & dignity z ,i myself am 7= purposes ( wor%ip74 ,! only visible emblem ( ,ahura ,mazda wor%ipp$ by ! ,p>sis is fire1 & x w\ld seem t ! e>?ly fire1 :i* is call$ ,ahura ,mazda's son1 is v5]at$ z ! (fspr+ & repres5tative ( ! heav5ly fire or ! sun4 ,?us ,ahura ,mazda may h be5 orig9ally an old god ( ! heav5s1 & may h become ! ab/ract _s ( light f :om ! sun 9 turn 0 d]iv$4 ,if1 z is n[ suppos$1 ! orig9al home ( ! ,aryan race 0 some:]e 9 nor!rn ,europe1 :5ce ! ,iranian & ,indian bran*es migrat$ to ! ea/1 ! religi\s t5ets ( ! ,p>sis may p]haps h aris5 f ! memory ( ?is j\rney4 ,_! v5]ation ( fire w\ld be m easily und]/ood if x 0 bas$ on ! fact t !y ow$ _! lives to ?is elem5t dur+ _! w&]+s across ! /eppes ( ea/]n ,europe4 ,! association ( cold1 d>kness & sn[ ) ,ahriman or ! evil "o supports ?is hypo!sis4 ,simil>ly among ! ,indian ,aryans ! god ( fire 0 "o ( ! greate/ ,v$ic gods1 & fire 0 ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( life 9 ! cold hilly regions beyond ! nor?-we/ ( ,india4 ,b 9 ,india itself fire is ( f> less importance & ,agiri has fall5 into ! backgr\nd 9 mod]n ,h9duism1 except = ! dome/ic rev]5ce ( ! he>?-fire4 ,b ,zoroa/rianism has pres]v$ ! old =m ( its religion )\t *ange4 ,! n>r[ bridge :i* spans ! gulf lead+ to heav5 & f :i* ! wick$ fall into hell1 may h orig9ally be5 sugge/$ by ! /eep & n>r[ passes by :i* _! ance/ors mu/ h cross$ ! m\nta9 ranges ly+ on _! long j\rney1 & :]e1 no d\bt1 l>ge numb]s _h mis]ably p]i%$2 :ile _! p>adise1 z already se51 0 ! comp>atively w>m & f]tile c\ntry to :i* !y _h s h>dly atta9$1 :]e !y _h le>nt to gr[ corn & :]e !y want$ to /ay !nce=? & = ev]4 #h4 ,! ,zoroa/rians 9 ,p]sia4 ,9 ,p]sia itself ! ,zoroa/rian fai? is n[ almo/ ext9ct1 b small colonies /ill survive 9 ! t[ns ( ,yezd & ,k]man4 ,!y are 9 a mis]able & oppress$ condition & are subject$ to v>i\s irritat+ re/rictions1 z be+ =bidd5 to make w9d t[]s to _! h\ses = coolness1 to we> spectacles or to ride horses4 ,9 #aijd _! numb] 0 e/imat$ at #ijjj p]sons4 #cfa #i4 ,_! migration to ,india & settlem5t !re4 ,! migration ( ! ,p>sis to ,india dates f ! ,arab conque/ ( ,p]sia 9 ,a4,d4 #fch-fda4 ,! refugees at fir/ fl$ to ! hills1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( h>d%ip mov$ d[n to ! coa/ & settl$ 9 ! city ( ,ormuz4 ,be+ aga9 p]secut$1 a p>ty ( !m set sail = ,india & l&$ 9 ,guj>at4 ,!re 7 probably two migrations1 "o imm$iately aft] ! ,arab conque/ 9 #fda1 & ! second f ,ormuz z describ$ above 9 ,a4,d4 #gej4 ,_! fir/ settlem5t 0 at ,sanjan 9 ,guj>at1 & f "h !y spread to v>i\s o!r cities along ! coa/4 ,dur+ _! p]iod ( prosp]ity at ,sanjan !y w\ld seem to h conv]t$ a l>ge section ( ! ,h9du population ne> ,?ana4 ,! fir/ settl]s 9 ,guj>at app>5tly took to tapp+ palm trees = toddy1 & ! ,p>sis h ev] s9ce be5 closely connect$ ) ! liquor traffic4 ,! ,portuguese writ] ,g>cia d',orta 7,a4,d4 #aece7 notices a curi\s class ( m]*ants & %opkeep]s1 :o 7 call$ ,co>is1 t is ,gaurs1 9 ,basse91 & ,esp>is or ,p>sis 9 ,cambay4 ,! ,portuguese call$ !m ,jews2 b !y 7 no ,jews1 = !y 7 uncircumcis$ & ate pork4 ,besides !y came f ,p]sia & _h a curi\s writt5 "*1 /range oa?s & _m fooli% sup]/itions1 tak+ _! dead out by a special door & expos+ ! bodies till !y 7 de/roy$4 ,9 #aegh1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,emp]or ,akb>1 ! ,p>sis s5t le>n$ prie/s to expla9 to him ! ,zoroa/rian fai?4 ,!y f\nd ,akb> a ready li/5] & taught him _! peculi> rites & c]emonies4 ,akb> issu$ ord]s t ! sacr$ fire %\ld be made ov] to ! *>ge ( ,abul ,fazl1 & t aft] ! mann] ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia1 9 ^: temples blaz$ p]petual fires1 ,abul ,fazl %\ld take c>e t ! sacr$ fire 0 nev] all[$ to g out ei!r by night or day1 = t x 0 "o ( ! signs ( god & "o light f among ! _m lights ( 8 creation4 ,akb>1 accord+ to ,portuguese acc\nts1 0 inve/$ ) ! sacr$ %irt & girdle1 & 9 return grant$ ! ,guj>at prie/ ,meh]ji ,rana an e/ate ne> ,naos>i1 :]e 8 desc5dants h ev] s9ce be5 *ief prie/s4 #cfb #aj4 ,_! weal? & prosp]ity4 ,! ,p>sis _h begun to settle 9 ,bombay "u ! ,portuguese 7,a4,d4 #aecj-afff74 ,"o ( !m1 ,dorabji ,nanabhai1 held a high position 9 ! isl& be=e its transf] to ! ,briti% 9 ! latt] ye>1 & be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury sev]al m families1 ( :om ! ,modis1 ,p&es1 ,banajis1 ,dadise?s & ,vadias 7 among ! e>lie/1 settl$ 9 ! isl&4 ,to ! ,guj>at ,p>sis m ?an to any class ( native m]*ants 0 due ! developm5t ( ! trade ( ,bombay1 especially ) ,*9a4 ,?\gh _m ,p>sis came to ,bombay1 almo/ all cont9u$ to consid] ,surat or ,naos>i _! home2 & aft] its transf] to ! ,briti% 9 #agei ! ,surat ,p>sis rose greatly 9 weal? & position4 ,!y became ! *ief m]*ants ( ,surat1 & _! lead+ m5 7 ! ,engli%1 ,portuguese & ,dut* brok]s4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ow+ to ! great developm5t ( ! opium & cotton trade ) ,*9a1 ! ,p>sis made l>ge pr(its 9 comm]ce bo? at ,surat & ,bombay4 ,aft] ! great fire at ,surat 9 #aheg ,bombay became ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,p>sis1 & s9ce !n has _h z p]man5t settl]s ! l>ge/ section ( ! community4 ,! bulk ( ! native =eign trade fell into _! h&s1 & ! v great lib]ality ( "s ( ! lead+ ,p>sis has made _! "n hon\rable4 ,!y secur$ a l>ge %>e ( ! weal? t 0 p\r$ into we/]n ,india by ! ,am]ican ,w> & ! mak+ ( railways1 & h play$ a lead+ "p 9 />t+ & develop+ ! great factory indu/ry ( ,bombay4 ,_m ( ! l>ge/ & be/ manag$ mills belong to ,p>sis1 & numb]s ( !m f9d highly paid employm5t z me*anical eng9e]s1 & weav+1 c>d+ & sp9n+ ma/]s4 ,broa* ranks next to ,bombay 9 ! prosp]ity ( its ,p>sis2 !y deal ext5sively 9 cotton1 timb]1 fuel & ! manufacture ( _s f ! fl[]s ( ! mahua tree4 #cfc ,f ! ,bombay ,presid5cy ! ,p>sis h spread to o!r p>ts ( ,india1 foll[+ ! same avocations2 !y are liquor & timb] contractors1 own & manage weav+ mills & g9n+ factories1 & keep %ops = retail+ ,european /ores1 & are ! mo/ prosp]\s & ent]pris+ section ( ! native population4 ,two ,p>sis h become memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 & o!rs h ris5 to di/9ction 9 ,gov]nm5t s]vice1 bus9ess & ! pr(essions4 ,! sea-face road 9 ,bombay 9 ! ev5+1 ?rong$ ) ! c>riages & motor-c>s ( ,p>si m5 & ladies1 is /rong te/imony to ! success :i* ! ability & indu/ry ( ?is race h a*iev$ "u ! enc\ragem5t ( peace1 ! protection ( prop]ty & ! lib]ty to trade4 ,?\gh !y h a common ,aryan ance/ry & _! religion is s closely connect$ ) ,h9duism1 ! ,p>sis feel !mselves a race ali5 to ! ,h9dus & probably h no great sympa?y ) !m4 ,_! weal? & position h be5 ma9ly obta9$ "u ,briti% rule1 & ! bulk ( !m are believ$ to be its w>m adh]5ts4 ,! ,p>sis n[ make no proselytes1 & no regul> provision exi/s = admitt+ outsid]s to _! religion1 ?\gh x is believ$ t1 9 "o or two cases1 wives tak5 f outside ! community h be5 admitt$4 ,!y object /rongly to ! adoption ( any o!r religion1 su* z ,*ri/ianity1 by memb]s ( _! body4 ,! ,p>sis are notable = ! fact t _! wom5 are v well educat$ & appe> q freely 9 society4 ,?is is a comp>atively rec5t re=m & may be ascrib$ to ! ,engli% example1 ?\gh ! cr$it !y des]ve = hav+ brok5 ?r\gh prejudice & tradition is 9 no way dim9i%$ on t acc\nt4 ,! total numb] ( ,p>sis 9 ,india 9 #aiaa 0 j #ajj1jjj p]sons4 #aa4 ,m>riage cu/oms4 ,polygamy among ! ,p>sis has be5 =bidd5 by ! ,p>si ,m>riage & ,divorce ,act ( #ahfe4 ,! rem>riage ( wid[s is all[$ b is celebrat$ at midnight4 ,if a ba*elor is to m>ry a wid[1 he fir/ goes ?r\gh a %am rite ) ! bran* ( a tree1 z among ! ,h9dus4 ,simil>ly be=e ! w$d+ ! bride & bridegroom are rubb$ ) turm]ic1 & = ! c]emony a m>riage-%$ is erect$4 ,at a fea/ be=e ! w$d+ "o ( ! wom5 beats a copp] di% & asks ! ance/ral spirits to att5d1 call+ !m by "n4 ,ano!r woman comes runn+ 91 b>k+ l a dog4 ,! wom5 drive h] away1 & ) fun & laugh+ eat all ! ?+s !y c lay _! h&s on4 ,prior to ! rite ! bride & bridegroom are purifi$ 9 ! same mann] z :5 inve/$ ) ! sacr$ %irt & cord4 ,! bridegroom we>s a long :ite robe rea*+ to 8 ankles & a :ite sa% r\nd 8 wai/2 he has a g>l& ( fl[]s r\nd 8 neck1 a r$ m>k on 8 =ehead1 & c>ries a bun* ( fl[]s & a cocoanut 9 8 "r h&4 ,at e /reet corn] on 8 way to ! bride's home a cocoanut is wav$ r\nd 8 head1 brok5 & ?r[n away4 ,he sets 8 "r foot 9 ! h\se fir/1 & z he ent]s rice & wat] are ?r[n "u 8 feet & an egg & cocoanut are brok54 ,at ! w$d+ ! c\ple ?r[ rice on ea* o!r1 & x is suppos$ t :oev] is quicke/ 9 ?r[+ ! rice w rule ! o!r4 ,!y are !n seat$ side by side1 & two prie/s /& be=e !m ) a witness on ea* side1 hold+ brass plates full ( rice4 ,! two prie/s pron\nce ! m>riage bless+ 9 old ,p]sian & ,sanskrit1 at ea* s5t5ce ?r[+ rice on ! bride's & bridegroom's heads4 ,at int]vals 9 ! mid/ ( ! bless+ ! bridegroom & bride are ask$ 9 ,p]sian1 ',h y *os5 h]8' & ',h y *os5 him8' ,!y answ] 9 ,p]sian1 or if !y are too "y _! mo!rs answ] = !m1 ',i h *os54' #cfd #ab4 ,religion4 ,wor%ip ( fire4 ,! religi\s ritual ( ! ,p>sis consi/s ( ! wor%ip ( fire4 ,! fire temples are ( a s+le /orey & conta9 ?ree rooms4 ,on rea*+ ! out] hall ! wor%ipp] wa%es 8 face1 h&s & feet1 & recites a pray]4 ,!n1 c>ry+ a piece ( s&alwood & "s money = ! (ficiat+ prie/1 he passes to ! inn] hall1 9 :i* a c>pet is spread4 ,he takes (f 8 %oes & r+s "o ( f\r brass bells hang+ at ! corn]s ( ! room4 ,! prie/ also r+s "o ( ^! bells at ea* wat* :5 he p]=ms wor%ip4 ,he !n proce$s to ! ?re%old ( ! c5tral fire-room1 kneels !re1 & aga9 /&+ beg9s to recite pray]s4 ,none may ent] ! fire-room except ! prie/s4 ,"h ! fire is kept always blaz+ 9 a silv] or copp] urn on a solid /one p$e/al1 & is f$ day & night ) s&al & o!r common] woods4 ,a prie/ is always pres5t1 dress$ 9 long :ite robes1 8 h&s cov]$ ) :ite clo?s & 8 face veil$4 ,! wor%ipp] lays d[n 8 (f]+ ( s&alwood at ! entrance1 & ! prie/ takes x up ) a pair ( tongs1 & gives him "s a%es f ! urn 9 a silv] or brass ladle4 ,^! ! wor%ipp] rubs on 8 =ehead & eyebr[s4 ,on conclud+ 8 pray]s1 :i* are 9 ! ,ave/a language1 he walks backw>d to :]e he left 8 %oes & goes home4 ,a ,p>si man nev] all[s 8 he>? fire to g out1 & if he *anges 8 resid5ce he c>ries x ) him to ! next place ( abode4 #ac4 ,! ,homa liquor4 ,l ! ,h9dus1 ! ,iranian ance/ors ( ! ,p>sis rev]$ ! sacr$ liquor made f ! ,soma or ,homa plant4 ,x 0 consid]$ a panacea = all diseases1 & _m /ories ab\t ! miracul\s effects obta9$ f dr9k+ ! juice are conta9$ 9 a hymn ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a compos$ 9 its hon\r4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,mit*ell #cfe ! (f]+ ( ,homa is /ill made at ,p>si temples1 ?\gh app>5tly "s sub/itute mu/ h be5 obta9$ = ! orig9al plant1 :i* does n gr[ 9 ! pla9s ( ,india4 ,at any rate ! (f]+ & sacrificial dr9k+ ( ! liquor 7 probably cont9u$ s long z ! ,p>sis rema9$ 9 ,p]sia4 ,z ?is is a comp>atively cool c\ntry1 ! bad effects ( alcohol did n p]haps become app>5t to ! ,p>sis z !y did to ! ,h9dus 9 ! pla9s ( ,india1 & h5ce ! sanctity atta*+ to ! liquor und]w5t no simil> decl9e4 ,f ?is x p]haps results t ! ,p>sis h no feel+ at all aga9/ alcohol1 & dr9k x = pleasure1 l ,europeans4 ,bo? ! toddy ( ! date-palm & mahua _s are freely consum$ at _! fea/s1 :ile ! ri* memb]s ( ! community dr9k ,european w9es & spirits4 ,z any deal+ 9 alcohol is practically prohibit$ to high-ca/e ,h9dus & also to ,muhammadans1 & l[-ca/e ,h9dus h hi!rto sc>cely ev] be5 lit]ate1 ! ,p>sis on acc\nt ( ?is peculi>ity h f\nd a pr(itable op5+ 9 ! :olesale liquor trade1 & until rec5tly h _h v little effective competition to face4 ,?is is p]haps a reason = _! special addiction to x1 & also = _! engag+ 9 ! sale ( ,european /ores & w9es4 #ad4 ,p>si prie/s4 ,! ,p>si prie/s =m a h]$it>y ca/e1 & are all suppos$ to be desc5d$ f "o ,%apur ,%eh]i>1 :o ) 8 sons & gr&sons1 "o ( :om translat$ ! ,z5d-,ave/a into ,sanskrit1 are believ$ to h be5 among ! fir/ ,p>si settl]s ( ! prie/ly ca/e at ,sanjan 9 nor? ,?ana4 ,! tra9+ ( a prie/ consi/s ( le>n+ sub/antial portions ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a by he>t1 & 9 go+ ?r\gh elaborate c]emonies ( purification1 9 :i* ! dr9k+ ( n]ang & n]angd91 or c['s & bull's ur9e1 be+ ba!d1 *ew+ pomegranate leaves & rubb+ ! same ur9e & s& on 8 body are lead+ features4 ,prie/s always dress 9 :ite & we> a full be>d4 ,!y mu/ nev] %ave ! head or face1 & nev] all[ ! head to be b>e nor we> col\r$ clo!s4 ,if a prie/'s turban happ5s to fall (f1 or if he travels by rail or sea1 8 /ate ( purity ends1 & he mu/ g ?r\gh ! :ole c]emony ( purification aga9 & pass n9e days 9 retreat at a temple4 #cff ,! pr9cipal bus9ess ( a prie/1 z already se51 is ! t5d+ ( ! sacr$ fire 9 ! temples1 & he also conducts m>riage & o!r c]emonies4 #ae4 ,! sacr$ %irt & cord4 ,p>si boys & girls are receiv$ into ! ,zoroa/rian fai? betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & n9e4 ,! *ild is purifi$ by be+ ba!d1 sipp+ bull's ur9e & *ew+ a pomegranate leaf1 & makes ! pr(ession ( belief 9 ! fai?4 ,he or %e is !n inve/$ ) ! sacr$ %irt1 sadra1 & ! sacr$ cord or ?read call$ ku/i4 ,! %irt is ( ?9 musl91 ) %ort sleeves & fall+ a little bel[ ! hip4 ,! sacr$ cord is ( wool1 & c be made only by ! wives & daught]s ( ,p>si prie/s4 #cfg #af4 ,disposal ( ! dead4 ,! ,p>si me?od ( expos+ ! dead 9 ,dakhmas or t[]s ( sil5ce to be dev\r$ by vultures has (t5 be5 describ$4 ,x has objectionable features1 & ! small] communities 9 ! int]ior ( ,india d n z a rule erect t[]s ( sil5ce1 & are cont5t simply to bury ! dead4 ,x seems probable t ! orig9al cu/om 0 simply to expose ! dead on wa/e l&1 ! t[]s ( sil5ce be+ a sub/itute :i* became necess>y :5 ! ,p>sis began to live 9 t[ns4 ,?is hypo!sis w\ld expla9 "s po9ts 9 _! fun]al cu/oms record$ 9 ! ,bombay ,gazette]4 ,! dead body is wa%$1 dress$ 9 an old clean clo? & laid on ! floor ( ! h\se1 ! space be+ m>k$ (f4 ,if ! floor is ( e>? ! surface ( ?is enclos$ space is brok5 up4 ,if ! floor is ( cem5t or /one "o or two /one slabs are set on x & ! body laid on !m2 x is nev] laid on a wood5 floor1 nor on /one slabs plac$ on su* a floor4 ,! space :]e ! body 0 laid is m>k$ (f1 & is n us$ = a mon? if ! dea? occurs betwe5 ! eigh? & twelf? mon?s ( ! ye>1 & = t5 days if ! dea? occurs betwe5 ! fir/ & sev5? mon?s4 ,! la/ are said to be ! hotte/ mon?s4 #cfh ,x w\ld appe> t ^! rules are a rem9isc5ce ( ! "t :5 ! body 0 simply expos$4 ,x 0 !n naturally always laid on e>? or rock1 & nev] on wood1 h5ce ! prohibition ( a wood5 floor4 ,! fact t ! spot :]e ! body is n[ laid 9 ! h\se is held impure = a %ort] p]iod dur+ ! summ] mon?s may be expla9$ on ! gr\nd t all traces ( ! decay+ corpse1 aft] x _h be5 dev\r$ by wild animals & vultures1 w\ld h be5 dri$ up by ! sun m quickly at ?is "t ?an dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,9 ! latt] p]iod1 z ! process w\ld take long]1 ! place 9 ! home is simil>ly held impure = a mon?1 z aga9/ t5 days 9 summ]1 ?\gh at pres5t nei!r ! sun nor wea!r c possibly affect a site inside ! h\se4 ,! fact t :5 ! floor is ( e>? ! site = ! corpse is brok5 up may indicate t x 0 =m]ly laid on r\gh wa/e gr\nd1 & n on a floor beat5 smoo?1 ?\gh x might also be simply a means ( avoid+ contam9ation ( ! floor4 ,b if ?is 0 ! object x w\ld be simpl] to avoid lett+ ! body come into contact ) ! floor at all4 ,! corpse may /ill be wrapp$ 9 an old clo? because x 0 orig9ally expos$ 9 ! clo? worn at dea?4 ,! body is c>ri$ to ! t[] on an iron bi] by special be>]s2 if ! j\rney is a long "o a bullock c>t may be us$1 b 9 ?is case ! c>t mu/ be brok5 up & ! pieces buri$ ne> ! t[]4 ,be=e ! fun]al />ts a numb] ( prie/s att5d at ! h\se & recite ! pray]s = ! dead4 ,dur+ ! s]vice a dog is br\ght 9 to look on ! face ( ! dead4 ,! m\rn]s foll[ 9 ! usual mann]1 & on arrival at ! t[] ! be>]s alone take ! corpse inside & lay x nak$ on "o ( ! slabs1 :i* are built 9 circul> t]races 9 ! int]ior4 ,! m\rn]s mu/ be purifi$ at ! t[] by p\r+ a little c['s ur9e into _! h&s1 & on return+ home !y wa% _! face & h&s1 & recite a pray] be=e ent]+ ! h\se4 ,!y mu/ ba! & h _! clo!s wa%$ be=e ^! are aga9 us$4 ,:5 a m>ri$ man dies 8 wid[ breaks h] glass bangles & we>s only metal bracelets1 & s long z %e rema9s a wid[ %e takes no "p 9 any fe/al celebrations4 ,e morn+ = ?ree days aft] a dea? rice is cook$ & laid 9 ! v]&a = dogs to eat4 ,no o!r food is cook$ 9 ! h\se ( dea?1 ! family be+ suppli$ by _! fri5ds4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree days pray]s are said = ! dead sev]al times a day by prie/s1 & k9sm5 pay %ort visits ( condol5ce4 ,on ! ?ird day a meet+ is held 9 ! h\se & pray]s are said = ! dead2 trays ( fl[]s & burn+ inc5se are plac$ be=e ! spot :]e ! body lay1 & a li/ ( *>itable gifts made by ! family 9 memory ( ! dead man is read4 ,on ! f\r? day a fea/ is held specially = prie/s1 & fri5ds are also ask$ to jo9 9 x4 ,a little ( ! food cook$ on ?is day is s5t to all relations & fri5ds1 :o make a po9t ( eat+ or at lea/ ( ta/+ x4 ,on ! t5? & ?irtie? days aft] dea?1 & on mon?ly anniv]s>ies = ! fir/ ye>1 & subsequ5tly on annual anniv]s>ies1 c]emonies 9 hon\r ( ! dead are p]=m$4 #cfi #ag4 ,previ\s exposure ( ! dead1 & migration ( s\ls4 ,"s ( ^! cu/oms are peculi> & int]e/+4 ,x has be5 se5 t = ?ree days ! home is impure1 & no food is cook$ 9 x except :at is giv5 to dogs2 & s9ce on ! ?ird day (f]+s are made on ! spot :]e ! body lay1 x seems to be suppos$ t ! dead man's _s is /ill !re4 ,on ! f\r? day is ! fun]al fea/1 9 :i* all relations & fri5ds jo91 & aft] ?is ! h\se becomes pure1 x be+ presumably held t ! dead man's _s has tak5 its dep>ture4 ,= ^! ?ree days food is cook$ 9 ! h\se & giv5 to dogs1 & imm$iately aft] ! man is dead a dog is br\ght 9 to look at 8 face4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! mann] ( lay+ out ! body recalls ! "t :5 x 0 simply expos$4 ,b :5 x 0 expos$ ! body w\ld h be5 dev\r$ pr9cipally by dogs & vultures1 & ! cu/oms connect$ ) dogs seem to arise f ?is4 ,! cook$ food giv5 to dogs = ?ree days is p]haps a sub/itute = ! fle% ( ! dead man :i* !y w\ld h eat51 & ! display ( ! body to a dog is 9 sub/itution = its be+ dev\r$ by ^! animals1 :o n[ t x is expos$ 9 a t[] ( sil5ce no long] h access to x4 ,x has fur!r be5 se5 h[ dur+ ! m>riage rites1 aft] an invitation has be5 issu$ to ! ance/ors to att5d1 a woman comes 9 b>k+ l a dog4 ,! o!r wom5 drive h] away & laugh+ly eat ev]y?+ !y c lay _! h&s on1 p]haps 9 imitation ( ! way dogs dev\r _! food4 ,?is cu/om seems to indicate t ! ,p>sis =m]ly believ$ t ! spirits ( _! ance/ors w5t into ! dogs :i* dev\r$ _! bodies1 a belief :i* w\ld be q natural to primitive p4 ,su* a hypo!sis w\ld expla9 ! peculi> cu/oms m5tion$1 & also ! great sanctity :i* ! ,p>sis atta* to dogs4 ,on ! same analogy !y %\ld app>5tly also h believ$ t ! spirits ( ance/ors w5t into vultures2 b x is n record$ t !y %[ any special v5]ation = ^! birds1 ?\gh x mu/ be almo/ c]ta9 t !y d n kill !m4 ,! explanation giv5 = ! cu/om ( ! exposure ( ! dead is t none ( ! holy elem5ts1 e>?1 fire or wat]1 c be pollut$ by receiv+ dead bodies4 ,b1 z already /at$1 t[]s ( sil5ce _c be a primitive in/itution1 & ! bodies 9 all probability 7 previ\sly expos$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! cu/om ( exposure probably dates f a p]iod prior to ! belief 9 ! extreme sanctity ( ! e>?4 ,x may h be5 reta9$ 9 ord] t ! spirits ( ance/ors might f9d a fre% home 9 ! animals :i* dev\r$ _! bodies2 & "s plat=m1 f :i* ! t[]s ( sil5ce subsequ5tly develop$1 may h be5 made to avoid defilem5t ( ! e>?2 :ile 9 aft] times ?is necessity ( n defil+ ! e>? & o!r elem5ts might be advanc$ z a reason ju/ify+ ! cu/om ( exposure4 #ah4 ,clo!s1 food & c]emonial obs]vances4 ,p>si m5 usually we> a turban ( d>k clo? spott$ ) :ite1 fold$ to /& up /raight f ! =ehead1 & look+ some:at z if x 0 made ( pa/ebo>d4 ,?is is v unbecom+1 & y\ng] m5 (t5 ab&on x & simply we> ! n[ common felt cap4 ,!y usually h long coats1 :ite or d>k1 & :ite cotton tr\s]s4 ,well-to-d ,p>si wom5 dress v prettily 9 silks ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,! m5 =m]ly %av$ ! head1 ei!r entirely1 or leav+ a scalp-lock & two e>-locks4 ,b n[ _m ( !m simply cut _! hair %ort l ! ,engli%4 ,!y we> :isk]s & m\/a*es1 b ) ! exception ( ! prie/s1 n usually be>ds4 ,nei!r m5 nor wom5 ev] put (f ! sacr$ %irt or ! ?read4 ,!y eat ! fle% only ( goats & %eep among animals1 & also consume fi%1 f[ls & o!r birds2 b !y d n eat a cock aft] x has begun to cr[1 hold+ ! bird sacr$1 because !y ?9k t its cr[+ drives away evil spirits4 ,if ,ahura ,mazda repres5t$ ! sun & ! light ( day1 ! cock1 ! h]ald ( ! dawn1 might be reg>d$ z 8 sacr$ bird4 ,sometimes :5 a cock or p>rot dies ! body is wrapp$ 9 a sacr$ %irt or ?read & c>efully buri$4 ,palm-juice toddy is a fav\rite dr9k at almo/ all meals 9 ,guj>at1 & mahua _s is also tak54 ,p>sis mu/ nev] smoke1 z ?is w\ld be d]ogatory to ! sacr$ elem5t fire4 #cgj ,saiva1 ,%aiva1 ,sivite ,sect ,saiva1 ,%aiva1 ,sivite ,sect4--,! "n giv5 to ,h9dus :o v5]ate ,siva z _! special god4 ,siva1 ^: "n signifies ',! ,propiti\s1' is held to h succe$$ to ! ,v$ic god ,rudra1 app>5tly a /orm-god4 ,siva is a highly composite deity1 hav+ ! d\ble attributes ( de/roy] & creator ( new life4 ,8 heav51 ,kailas1 is 9 ! ,himalayas accord+ to popul> belief4 ,he c>ries ! moon on 8 =ehead1 & f ! c5tral "o ( 8 ?ree eyes ! lightn+ fla%es =?4 ,he has a necklace ( skulls1 & snakes are int]tw9$ r\nd 8 wai/ & arms4 ,& he has long matt$ hair 7jata71 f :i* ! ,ganges fl[s4 ,x seems likely t ! matt$ locks ( ! god repres5t ! sn[ on ! ,himalayas1 z ! sn[ is 9 reality ! s\rce ( ! ,ganges2 ! sn[ fall+ ?r\gh ! air & cov]+ ! peaks ( ! m\nta9s might well sugge/ ! hair ( a m\nta9-god2 & ?is int]pretation seems to be accept$ 9 ,mr4 ,ba9's ,9 ! ,great ,god's ,hair4 ,siva has ?us ?ree compon5ts f :i* ! idea ( dea? might be d]iv$3 ,fir/1 8 resid5ce on ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 ! b>r51 lifeless region ( ice & sn[1 & ! cause ( dea? to _m pilgrims & travell]s :o v5tur$ into x4 ,secondly1 he is ! god ( ! moon1 & h5ce ( d>kness & night1 :i* are always associat$ ) dea?4 ,9 ?is light he might well be oppos$ to ,vi%nu1 ! god ( ! sun & day1 & ! s\rce ( gr[? & life2 _! association z ! two supreme deities repres5t+ ! pres]vation & de/ruction ( life1 w\ld ?us1 to "s ext5t1 correspond to ! conflict ( good & bad deities repres5t+ light & d>kness among ! ,zoroa/rians4 ,?irdly1 ,siva is a snake-god1 & ! sudd5 dea? dealt out by ! poison\s snake has always excit$ ! greate/ awe among primitive p4 ,! cobra is widely rev]$ 9 ,india1 & x is probably ?is snake :i* is associat$ ) ! god4 ,9 addition ! lightn+1 a swift1 dea?-deal+ p[]1 is ascrib$ to ,siva1 & ?is may h be5 "o ( 8 e>lie/ attributes1 z x 0 probably associat$ ) 8 ,v$ic prototype ,rudra4 ,:e!r ,siva obta9$ 8 "* z a god ( de/ruction f "o only ( ! above associations1 or f a comb9ation ( !m1 is probably n kn[n4 ,two great =ces l5d ! deity 8 "* ( a god ( reproduction1 ! bull & ! phallic emblem4 ,! bull tills ! soil & r5d]s x f]tile & capable ( br++ =? ! crops :i* =m ! su/5ance ( mank9d2 :ile ! phallic emblem is wor%ipp$ z ! in/rum5t ( g5]ation4 ,x is believ$ t !re is a natural t5d5cy to associate ^! two objects1 & to ascribe to ! bull ! capacity ( induc+ human f]tility z well z ! increase ( ! e>?4 ,x is 9 ^! two attributes t ,siva is wor%ipp$ 9 ! rural tract2 he is repres5t$ by ! emblem ref]r$ to /&+ on a circul> groov$ /one1 :i* is ! yoni1 & 9 front ( him is a /one bull4 ,& he is rev]$ almo/ solely z a b5efic5t deity "u ! "n ( ,mahadeo or ! ,great ,god4 ,?us 8 dual qualities ( de/ruction & reproduction appe> to be produc$ by ! comb9ation 9 him ( diff]5t objects ( wor%ip2 ! ,himalayas1 ! moon1 ! cobra & ! lightn+ on ! "o h&1 & ! bull & ! emblem ( reg5]ation on ! o!r4 ,o!r int]e/+ *>act]i/ics ( ,siva are t he is ! fir/ & greate/ ( ascetics & t he is immod]ately addict$ to ! intoxicat+ drugs ganja & bhang1 ! prep>ations ( ,indian hemp4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! god 0 giv5 8 "* z an ascetic 9 ord] to ext5d div9e sanction & example to ! practice ( asceticism :5 x came into fav\r4 ,& ! drugs1 #cga fir/ rev]$ !mselves = _! intoxicat+ prop]ties1 7 aft]w>ds p]petuat$ 9 a sacr$ "* by be+ associat$ ) ! god4 ,siva's ?roat is blue1 & x is sometimes said t ?is is on acc\nt ( 8 immod]ate consumption ( bhang4 ,! nilkan? or blue-jay1 :i* 0 probably v5]at$ = its /rik+ plumage1 & is consid]$ to be a bird ( v good om51 has become ,siva's bird because its blue ?roat resembles 84 ,8 pr9cipal sacr$ tree is ! bel tree1 #cgb :i* has trifoliate leaves1 & may h be5 held sacr$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,! practice ( ,sati or ! self-immolation ( wid[s has also be5 giv5 div9e au?ority by ! /ory t ,sati 0 ,siva's fir/ wife1 & t %e committ$ suicide because %e & h] husb& 7 n invit$ to ,dak%a's sacrifice4 #cgc ,siva's fam\s consort is ! multi=m ,devi1 ,kali or ,p>vati1 ( :om "s notice is giv5 else:]e4 #cgd ,! cult ( ,siva has produc$ ! important ,sakta sect1 :o1 h[ev]1 v5]ate m especially ! female pr9ciple ( en]gy z exemplifi$ 9 8 consort4 #cge ,ano!r great sect ( s\!rn ,india1 ! ,l+ayats1 wor%ip him 9 ! "* ( ! l+am or phallic emblem1 & are noticeable z be+ a ,sivite sect :o h aboli%$ ca/e4 ,! ,sivite ord]s ( ,gosa9s or ,dasnamis & ,jogis also con/itute an important feature ( ,h9duism4 ,all ^! are sep>ately describ$4 ,ap>t f !m ! ,h9dus :o call !mselves ,saivas because !y pr9cipally v5]ate ,siva1 d n appe> to h any v special *>act]i/ics1 nor to be m>k$ly di/+ui%$ f ! ,vai%navas4 ,!y ab/a9 f ! consumption ( fle% & liquor1 & ?9k x objectionable to take life4 ,_! (f]+s to ! god consi/ ( fl[]s1 ! leaves ( ! bel tree :i* is sacr$ to him1 & ripe e>s ( corn1 ^! la/ be+ p]haps int5d$ especially = ! div9e bull4 ,! sect-m>k ( ! ,saivas consi/s ( ?ree curv$ l9es horizontally drawn across ! =ehead1 :i* are said to repres5t ! tirsul or trid5t ( ! god4 ,a half-moon may also be drawn4 ,! m>k is made ) ,ganges clay1 s&alwood1 or c[dung cakes1 ^! la/ be+ consid]$ to repres5t ! dis9tegrat+ =ce ( ! deity4 #cgf ,sakta1 ,%akta ,sect ,sakta1 ,%akta ,sect4--,! "n ( a ,h9du sect1 ^: memb]s wor%ip ! female pr9ciple ( en]gy1 :i* is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! god ,siva4 ,! metaphysical ideas ( ,saktism are ?us describ$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,gait3 #cgg ,saktism is bas$ on ! wor%ip ( ! active produc+ pr9ciple1 ,prakriti1 z manife/$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! goddess wives ( ,siva 7,durga1 ,kali1 ,p>vati7 ! female en]gy or ,sakti ( ! primordial male1 ,puru%a or ,siva4 ,9 ?is cult ! v>i\s =ces ( nature are deifi$ "u sep>ate p]sonalities1 :i* are kn[n z ! div9e mo!rs or ,matrigan4 ,! ritual to be obs]v$1 ! sacrifices to be (f]$1 & ! mantras or magic texts to be utt]$1 9 ord] to secure ! efficacy ( ! wor%ip & to procure ! fulfilm5t ( ! wor%ipp]'s desire1 are laid d[n 9 a s]ies ( religi\s writ+s kn[n z ,tantras4 ,! cult is suppos$ to h orig9at$ 9 ,ea/ ,b5gal or ,assam ab\t ! fif? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,bhatta*>ya /ates #cgh t ! practical ess5ce ( ! ,sakta cult is ! wor%ip ( ! female organ ( g5]ation4 ,accord+ to a text ( ! ,tantras ! be/ =m ( ,sakti wor%ip is to adore a nak$ woman1 & x is said t "s ,tantrics actually p]=m _! daily wor%ip 9 _! private *apels by plac+ be=e !m su* a woman4 ,a triangul> plate ( brass or copp] may be tak5 z a sub/itute1 & su* plates are usually kept 9 ! h\ses ( ,tantric ,brahmans4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a plate ( ! prop] %ape a triangle may be pa9t$ on a copp] di%4 ,9 public ! v5]ation ( ! ,saktas is paid to ! goddess ,kali4 ,%e is repres5t$ z a woman ) f\r arms4 ,9 "o h& %e has a weapon1 9 a second ! h& ( ! giant %e has sla91 & ) ! two o!rs %e is enc\rag+ h] wor%ipp]s4 ,= e>r+s %e has two dead bodies1 %e we>s a necklace ( skulls1 & h] only clo?+ is a g>l& made ( m5's skulls4 ,9 ! ,kalika ,puran #cgi ! immolation ( human be+s is recomm5d$1 & num]\s animals are catalogu$ z suitable = sacrifice4 ,at ! pres5t "t pigeons1 goats1 & m r>ely buffaloes1 are ! usual victims at ! %r9e ( ! goddess4 ,! c]emony comm5ces ) ! adoration ( ! sacrificial axe2 v>i\s mantras are recit$1 & ! animal is !n decapitat$ at "o /roke4 ,z soon z ! head falls to ! gr\nd ! vot>ies ru% =w>d & sme> _! =eheads ) ! blood ( ! victim4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! c]emony %\ld pass (f )\t any hit* or misadv5ture1 #chj & special s]vices are held to supplicate ! goddess to p]mit ( ?is4 ,if 9 spite ( !m ! execution] fails to sev] ! head ( ! animal at "o /roke1 x is ?\ght t ! goddess is angry & t "s great calamity w befall ! family 9 ! next ye>4 ,if a dea? %\ld occur )9 ! p]iod1 !y attribute x to ! misc>riage ( ! sacrifice1 t is to ! animal n hav+ be5 kill$ ) a s+le bl[4 ,if any su* mis=tune %\ld happ51 ,dr4 ,bhatta*>ya /ates1 ! family g5]ally det]m9e nev] to (f] animal sacrifices aga92 & 9 ?is way ! slaught] ( animals1 z "p ( ! religi\s c]emony 9 private h\ses1 is becom+ m & m r>e4 ,if a goat is sacrific$1 ! head is plac$ be=e ! goddess & ! fle% cook$ & s]v$ to ! invit$ gue/s2 b 9 ! case ( a buffalo1 z respectable ,h9dus d n eat ! fle% ( ?is animal1 x is giv5 to ! l[-ca/e musicians employ$ = ! occasion4 ,w9e is also (f]$ to ! goddess1 & aft] be+ consecrat$ is spr9kl$ on e k9d ( uncook$ food br\ght be=e h]4 ,b ! wor%ipp] & 8 family (t5 dr9k only a few drops4 ,! ,saktas are divid$ into ! ,dak%9a*>is & ,bama*>is1 or foll[]s ( ! "r- & left-h&$ pa?s respectively4 ,! ,dak%9a*>is h l>gely ab&on$ animal sacrifices1 & _m ( !m sub/itute r$ fl[]s or r$ s&alwood z (f]+s1 to repres5t blood4 ,an acc\nt ( ^? ,bama*>is :o c>ry sexual practices to extreme l5g?s1 has be5 giv5 9 ! article on ,vam-,m>gi4 ,! sect-m>k ( ! ,saktas is ?ree horizontal l9es on ! =ehead made ) a mixture ( *>coal & butt]4 ,"s ( !m h a s+le v]tical l9e ( *>coal or s&alwood4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,sakta is a g5]al t]m = a ,h9du :o eats meat1 z oppos$ to ! ,vai%navas & ,kabirpan?is1 :o abjure x4 ,! animals eat5 are goats & *ick5s1 & !y are usually sacrific$ to ! goddess ,devi prior to be+ consum$ by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,satnami ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,orig9 ( ! sect4 #b4 ,ghasi ,das1 f\nd] ( ! ,satnami sect4 #c4 ,! message ( ,ghasi ,das4 #d4 ,subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,satnamis4 #e4 ,social pr(ligacy4 #f4 ,divisions ( ! ,satnamis4 #g4 ,cu/oms ( ! ,satnamis4 #h4 ,"* ( ! ,satnami movem5t4 #a4 ,orig9 ( ! sect4 ,satnami ,sect #cha 7,a wor%ipp] ( ! true "n ( ,god74--,a diss5t+ sect f\nd$ by a ,*am> re=m] 9 ! ,*hattisg>h c\ntry ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,x is practically conf9$ to memb]s ( ! ,*am> ca/e1 ab\t half ( :om belong to x4 ,9 #aija ne>ly #djj1jjj p]sons return$ !mselves z adh]5ts ( ! ,satnami sect1 ( :om all b #bjjj 7 ,*am>s4 ,! ,satnami sect ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 :i* is "h describ$1 is practically conf9$ to ! ,*hattisg>h pla91 & ! h&ful ( p]sons :o return$ !mselves z ,satnamis f ! nor!rn ,di/ricts are believ$ to be adh]5ts ( ! old] p]suasion ( ! same "n 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! ,satnami movem5t 9 ,*hattisg>h 0 orig9at$ by "o ,ghasi ,das1 a native ( ! ,bilaspur ,di/rict1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ahbj & #ahcj4 ,b x is probable t ,ghasi ,das1 z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,hira ,lal1 got 8 inspiration f a foll[] ( ! old] ,satnami sect ( nor!rn ,india4 ,?is 0 inaugurat$ by a ,rajput1 ,jagjiwan ,das ( ! ,b>a ,banki ,di/rict1 :o di$ 9 #agfa4 ,he prea*$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,true ,"n ( ! "o ,god1 ! cause & creator ( all ?+s1 void ( s5sible qualities & )\t beg9n+ or end4 ,he prohibit$ ! use ( meat1 l5tils 7on acc\nt ( _! r$ col\r sugge/+ blood7 ( ! br9jal or eggplant1 :i* 0 consid]$1 probably on acc\nt ( its %ape1 to resemble fle%1 & ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,! cre$ ( ,ghasi ,das enunciat$ subsequ5tly 0 ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ,jagjiwan ,das1 & 0 no d\bt d]iv$ f x1 ?\gh ,ghasi ,das nev] ackn[l$g$ ! s\rce ( 8 inspiration4 #b4 ,ghasi ,das1 f\nd] ( ! ,satnami sect4 ,ghasi ,das 0 a poor f>ms]vant 9 ,girod1 a village =m]ly 9 ,bilaspur & n[ 9 ,raipur1 ne> ! ,sonakan =e/s4 ,on "o occasion he & 8 bro!r />t$ on a pilgrimage to ! temple at ,puri1 b only got z f> z ,s>ang>h1 :5ce !y return$ ejaculat+ ',satnam1 ,satnam4' ,f ?is "t ,ghasi ,das began to adopt ! life ( an ascetic1 retir+ all day to ! =e/ to m$itate4 ,on a rocky hillock ab\t a mile f ,girod is a l>ge t5du tree 7,diospyros tom5tosa7 "u :i* x is said t he 0 accu/om$ to sit4 ,?is is a fav\rite place ( pilgrimage ( ! ,*am>s1 & two ,satnami temples h be5 built ne> x1 :i* conta9 no idols4 ,once ^! temples 7 annually visit$ by ! successors ( ,ghasi ,das4 ,b at pres5t ! head ( ! sect only proce$s to !m1 l ! ,greeks to ,delphi1 9 circum/ances ( special difficulty4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ,ghasi ,das became v5]at$ z a sa9tly "*1 & on "s miracles1 su* z ! cur+ ( snake-bite1 be+ attribut$ to him1 8 fame rapidly spread4 ,! ,*am>s began to travel f long di/ances to v5]ate him1 & ^? :o ent]ta9$ desires1 su* z = ! bir? ( a *ild1 believ$ t he c\ld fulfil !m4 ,! pilgrims 7 accu/om$ to c>ry away ) !m ! wat] 9 :i* he _h wa%$ 8 feet1 9 holl[ bamboos1 & _! relatives at home drank ?is1 consid]+ x 0 nect>4 ,f9ally1 ,ghasi ,das retir$ to ! =e/s = a p]iod1 & em]g$ ) :at he call$ a new ,gospel = ! ,*am>s2 b ?is really consi/$ ( a repetition ( ! t5ets ( ,jagjiwan ,das1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,satnami sect ( ,upp] ,india1 ) a few additions4 ,mr4 ,*i%olm #chb gave a graphic acc\nt ( ! retirem5t ( ,ghasi ,das to ! ,sonakan =e/s = a p]iod ( six mon?s1 & ( 8 reappe>ance & proclamation ( 8 revelation on a fix$ date be=e a great multitude ( ,*am>s1 :o _h ga!r$ f all p>ts to he> him4 ,an inquiry conduct$ locally by ,mr4 ,hira ,lal 9 #aijc indicates t ?is /ory is ( d\btful au!nticity1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,*i%olm wrote only =ty ye>s aft] ! ev5t1 & =ty m _h elaps$ at ! "t ( ,mr4 ,hira ,lal's inve/igation4 #chc ,( ! ,*am> ,re=m] himself ,mr4 ,*i%olm writes3 #chd ,ghasi ,das1 l ! re/ ( 8 community1 0 unlett]$4 ,he 0 a man ( unusually fair complexion & r impos+ appe>ance1 s5sitive1 sil5t1 giv5 to see+ visions1 & deeply res5t+ ! h>% treatm5t ( 8 bro!rhood by ! ,h9dus4 ,he 0 well kn[n to ! :ole community1 hav+ travell$ mu* among !m2 _h ! reputation ( be+ exceptionally sagaci\s & 0 univ]sally respect$4 #c4 ,! message ( ,ghasi ,das4 ,! sev5 precepts ( ,ghasi ,das includ$ ab/95ce f liquor1 meat & c]ta9 r$ vegetables1 su* z l5tils *illies & tomatoes1 because !y h ! col\r ( blood1 ! abolition ( idol wor%ip1 ! prohibition ( ! employm5t ( c[s = cultivation1 & ( pl\gh+ aft] midday or tak+ food to ! fields1 & ! wor%ip ( ! "n ( "o solit>y & supreme ,god4 ,! use ( t>oi #che is said to h be5 =bidd5 on acc\nt ( its fanci$ resemblance to ! horn ( ! buffalo1 & ( ! br9jal #chf f its lik5ess to ! scrotum ( ! same animal4 ,! prohibition aga9/ pl\gh+ aft] ! midday meal 0 probably promulgat$ out ( compassion = animals & 0 already 9 =ce among ! ,gonds ( ,ba/>4 ,?is precept is /ill obs]v$ by _m ,satnamis1 & 9 case ( necessity !y w cont9ue pl\gh+ f e>ly morn+ until ! late aft]noon )\t tak+ food1 9 ord] n to violate x4 ,! injunction aga9/ ! use ( ! c[ = pl\gh+ 0 probably a sop to ! ,brahmans1 ! "n ( ,gondwana hav+ be5 hi/orically associat$ ) ?is practice to its disgrace among ,h9dus4 #chg ,! ,satnamis 7 bidd5 to ca/ all idols f _! homes1 b !y 7 p]mitt$ to rev]5ce ! sun1 z repres5t+ ! deity1 e morn+ & ev5+1 ) ! ejaculation ',"l1 protect me4' ,ca/e 0 aboli%$ & all m5 7 to be socially equal except ! family ( ,ghasi ,das1 9 :i* ! prie/hood ( ! cult 0 to rema9 h]$it>y4 #d4 ,subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,satnamis4 ,! cre$ enunciat$ by _! prophet 0 ( a cr$itable simplicity & purity1 ( too elevat$ a nature = ! ,*am>s ( ,*hattisg>h4 ,! crude my?s :i* are n[ associat$ ) ! /ory ( ,ghasi ,das & ! obsc5ity :i* di/+ui%es ! ritual ( ! sect furni% a good in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* a religion1 orig9ally ( a high ord] ( morality1 w be rapidly degrad$ to _! own level :5 adopt$ by a p :o are incapable ( liv+ up to x4 ,x is relat$ t "o day 8 son br\ght ,ghasi ,das a fi% to eat4 ,he 0 ab\t to consume x :5 ! fi% spoke & =bade him to d s4 ,ghasi ,das !n refra9$1 b 8 wife & two sons insi/$ on eat+ ! fi% & %ortly aft]w>ds !y di$4 #chh ,ov]come ) grief ,ghasi ,das tri$ to commit suicide by ?r[+ himself d[n f a tree 9 ! =e/1 b ! b\ghs ( ! tree b5t ) him & he c\ld n fall4 ,f9ally ! deity appe>$1 br++ 8 two sons1 & comm5d$ ,ghasi ,das = 8 piety1 at ! same "t bidd+ him g & proclaim ! ,satnami doctr9e to ! _w4 ,ghasi ,das !reupon w5t & dug up ! body ( 8 wife1 :o arose say+ ',satnam4' ,ghasi ,das liv$ till he 0 eighty ye>s old & di$ 9 #ahej1 ! numb] ( 8 disciples be+ !n m ?an a qu>t] ( a million4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 ! (fice ( high prie/ by 8 elde/ son ,balak ,das4 ,?is man soon outrag$ ! feel+s ( ! ,h9dus by assum+ ! sacr$ ?read & p>ad+ x o/5tati\sly on public occasions4 ,s bitt] 0 ! ho/ility ar\s$ by him1 t he 0 f9ally assass9at$ at night by a p>ty ( ,rajputs at ! re/-h\se ( ,amab&ha z he 0 travell+ to ,raipur4 ,! murd] 0 committ$ 9 #ahfj & its p]petrators 7 nev] discov]$4 ,balak ,das _h fall5 9 love ) ! daught] ( a ,*it>i 7pa9t]7 & m>ri$ h]1 proclaim+ a revelation to ! effect t ! next ,*am> ,guru %\ld be ! (fspr+ ( a ,*it>i girl4 ,accord+ly 8 son by h]1 ,sahib ,das1 succe$$ to ! (fice1 b ! real p[] rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ,ag> ,das1 bro!r ( ,balak ,das1 :o m>ri$ 8 ,*it>i wid[4 ,by h] ,ag> ,das _h a son ,ajab ,das2 b he also _h ano!r son ,ag>man ,das by a legitimate wife1 & bo? claim$ ! succession4 ,!y became jo9t high prie/s1 & ! prop]ty has be5 p>tition$ betwe5 !m4 ,! *ief guru =m]ly obta9$ a l>ge income by ! contributions ( ! ,*am>s on 8 t\rs1 z he receiv$ a rupee f ea* h\sehold 9 ! villages :i* he visit$ on t\r4 ,he _h a deputy1 kn[n z ,bh&>1 9 _m villages1 :o br\ght ! commission ( social (f5ces to 8 notice1 :5 f9es 7 impos$4 ,he built a h\se 9 ! village ( ,bh&> ( ! ,raipur ,di/rict1 hav+ gold5 p9nacles1 & also own$ ! village4 ,b he has be5 extravagant & become involv$ 9 debt1 & bo? h\se & village h be5 =eclos$ by 8 cr$itor1 ?\gh x is believ$ t a weal?y disciple has repur*as$ ! h\se = him4 ,! gold5 p9nacles 7 rec5tly /ol54 ,! contributions h also greatly fall5 (f4 ,=m]ly an annual fair 0 held at ,bh&> to :i* all ! ,satnamis w5t & drank ! wat] 9 :i* ! guru _h dipp$ 8 big toe4 ,ea* man gave him n less ?an a rupee & sometimes z mu* z fifty rupees4 ,b ! fair is no long] held & n[ ! ,satnamis only give ! guru a cocoanut :5 he goes on t\r4 ,! ,satnamis also h a fair 9 ,ratanpur1 a sacr$ place ( ! ,h9dus1 :]e !y assemble & ba! 9 a tank ( _! own1 z !y are n all[$ to ba! 9 ! ,h9du tanks4 #e4 ,social pr(ligacy4 ,=m]ly1 :5 a ,satnami ,*am> 0 m>ri$1 a c]emony call$ ,satlok took place )9 ?ree ye>s ( ! w$d+1 or aft] ! bir? ( ! fir/ son1 :i* ,mr4 ,durga ,prasad ,p&e describes z foll[s3 x 0 consid]$ to be ! initiatory rite ( a ,satnami1 s t prior to its p]=mance he & 8 wife 7 n prop] memb]s ( ! sect4 ,:5 ! occasion 0 consid]$ ripe1 a committee ( m5 9 ! village w\ld propose ! hold+ ( ! c]emony to ! bridegroom2 ! eld]ly memb]s ( 8 family w\ld also ex]t _! influ5ce ^u him1 because x 0 believ$ t if !y di$ prior to its p]=mance _! disembodi$ spirits w\ld cont9ue a com=tless exi/5ce ab\t ! sc5e ( _! mortal habitation1 b if aft]w>ds t !y w\ld g /raight to heav54 ,:5 ! rite 0 to be held a fea/ 0 giv51 ! villag]s sitt+ r\nd a light$ lamp plac$ on a wat]-pot 9 ! c5tre ( ! sacr$ *auk or squ>e made ) l9es ( :eat-fl\r2 & f ev5+ until midnight !y w\ld s+ & dance4 ,9 ! meantime ! newly m>ri$ wife w\ld be ly+ alone 9 a room 9 ! h\se4 ,at midnight h] husb& w5t 9 to h] & ask$ h] :om he %\ld rev]e z 8 guru or preceptor4 ,%e nam$ a man & ! husb& w5t out & b[$ to him & he !n w5t 9 to ! woman & lay ) h]4 ,! process w\ld be repeat$1 ! woman nam+ diff]5t m5 until %e 0 exhau/$4 ,sometimes1 if ! head prie/ ( ! sect 0 pres5t1 he w\ld nom9ate ! fav\r$ m51 :o 7 kn[n z gurus4 ,next morn+ ! m>ri$ c\ple 7 seat$ toge!r 9 ! c\rty>d1 & ! head prie/ or 8 repres5tative ti$ a kan?i or necklace ( wood5 beads r\nd _! necks1 repeat+ an initiatory text4 #chi ,?is silly dogg]el1 z %[n 9 ! footnote1 is a good crit]ion ( ! intellectual capacity ( ! ,satnamis4 ,x is also said t dur+ 8 annual progresses x 0 ! cu/om = ! *ief prie/ to be all[$ access to any ( ! wives ( ! ,satnamis :om he might select1 & t ?is 0 consid]$ r an hon\r ?an o!rwise by ! husb&4 ,b ! ,satnamis h n[ become a%am$ ( su* practices1 &1 except 9 a few isolat$ localities1 !y h be5 ab&on$4 #f4 ,divisions ( ! ,satnamis4 ,ghasi ,das or 8 disciples seem to h felt ! want ( a m anci5t & dignifi$ orig9 = ! sect ?an "o dat+ only f liv+ memory4 ,!y !re=e say t x is a bran* ( t f\nd$ by ,rohi ,das1 a ,*am> disciple ( ! great lib]al & ,vai%navite re=m] ,raman&1 :o fl\ri%$ at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! ,satnamis commonly call !mselves ,rohidasi z a synonym = _! "n1 b !re is no evid5ce t ,rohi ,das ev] came to ,*hattisg>h1 & !re is practically no d\bt1 z already po9t$ out1 t ,ghasi ,das simply appropriat$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,satnami sect ( nor!rn ,india4 ,"o ( ! precepts ( ,ghasi ,das 0 ! prohibition ( ! use ( tobacco1 & ?is has l$ to a split 9 ! sect1 z _m ( 8 disciples f\nd ! rule too h>d = !m4 ,!y return$ to _! *ongis or leaf-pipes1 & are h5ce call$ ,*ungias2 !y say t 9 8 lat] ye>s ,ghasi ,das )drew ! prohibition4 ,! ,*ungias h also tak5 to idolatry1 & _! villages conta9 /ones cov]$ ) v]milion1 ! repres5tations ( ! village deities1 :i* ! true ,satnamis es*ew4 ,!y are consid]$ l[] ?an ! ,satnamis1 & int]m>riage betwe5 ! two sections is l>gely1 ?\gh n entirely1 prohibit$4 ,a ,*ungia c always become a ,satnami if he ceases to smoke by break+ a cocoanut 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 guru or preceptor or giv+ him a pres5t4 ,among ! ,satnamis !re is also a p>ticul>ly select class :o foll[ ! /raite/ sect ( ! cre$ & are call$ ,jah>ia f jah>1 an ess5ce4 ,^! nev] sleep on a b$ b always on ! gr\nd1 & are said to we> co>se uncol\r$ clo!s & to eat no food b pulse or rice4 #g4 ,cu/oms ( ! ,satnamis4 ,! social cu/oms ( ! ,satnamis resemble g5]ally ^? ( o!r ,*am>s4 ,!y w admit into ! community all except memb]s ( ! impure ca/es1 z ,dhobis 7wa%]m571 ,ghasias 7grass-cutt]s7 & ,meht>s 7sweep]s71 :om !y reg>d z inf]ior to !mselves4 ,_! w$d+s mu/ be celebrat$ only dur+ ! mon?s ( ,magh 7,janu>y71 ,phagun 7,febru>y71 ! light half ( ,*ait 7,m>*7 & ,baisakh 7,april74 ,no betro?al c]emony c take place dur+ ! mon?s ( ,%rawan 7,augu/7 & ,pus 7,janu>y74 ,!y always bury ! dead1 lay+ ! body ) ! face d[nw>ds1 & spread clo!s 9 ! grave above & bel[ x1 s t x may be w>m & com=table dur+ ! la/ long sleep4 ,!y obs]ve m\rn+ = ?ree days & h _! heads %av$ on ! ?ird day ) ! exception ( ! upp] lip1 :i* is nev] t\*$ by ! razor4 ,! ,satnamis z well z ! ,kabirpan?is 9 ,*hattisg>h ab/a9 f spiritu\s liquor1 & ord9>y ,h9dus :o d n d s are kn[n z ,saktaha or ,sakta 7a foll[] ( ,devi7 9 contradi/9ction to !m4 ,a ,satnami is put out ( ca/e if he is beat5 by a man ( ano!r ca/e1 h[ev] high1 & if he is t\*$ by a sweep]1 ,ghasia or ,mah>4 ,_! wom5 we> nose-r+s1 simply to %[ _! contempt = ! ,h9du social ord]1 z ?is ornam5t 0 =m]ly =bidd5 to ! l[] ca/es4 ,"u native dyna/ies any violation ( a rule ( ?is k9d w\ld h be5 sev]ely puni%$ by ! executive ,gov]nm5t1 b 9 ,briti% ,india ! ,*am> wom5 c indulge _! :im ) impunity4 ,x 0 also a rule ( ! sect n to accept cook$ food f ! h&s ( any o!r ca/e1 :e!r ,h9du or ,muhammadan1 b ?is has fall5 into abeyance s9ce ! fam9es4 ,ano!r me?od by :i* ! ,satnamis %[ _! contempt = ! ,h9du religion is by ?r[+ milk & curds at ea* o!r 9 sport & trampl+ x "u foot4 ,?is is a p>ody ( ! ,h9du celebration ( ! ,janam-,a%tami or ,kri%na's bir?day1 :5 vessels ( milk & curds are brok5 ov] ! heads ( ! wor%ipp]s & caught & eat5 by all ca/es indiscrim9ately 9 tok5 ( amity4 ,!y w get into railway c>riages & pu% up purposely aga9/ ! ,h9dus1 say+ t !y h paid = _! tickets & h an equal "r to a place4 ,!n ! ,h9dus are defil$ & h to ba! 9 ord] to become clean4 #h4 ,"* ( ! ,satnami movem5t4 ,sev]al po9ts 9 ! above description po9t to ! conclusion t ! ,satnami movem5t is 9 ess5ce a social revolt on ! "p ( ! despis$ ,*am>s or tann]s4 ,! fundam5tal t5et ( ! gospel ( ,ghasi ,das1 z 9 ! case ( s _m o!r diss5t+ sects1 appe>s to h be5 ! abolition ( ca/e1 & ) x ( ! au?ority ( ! ,brahmans2 & ?is x 0 :i* provok$ ! bitt] ho/ility ( ! prie/ly ord]4 ,x has be5 se5 t ,ghasi ,das himself _h be5 deeply impress$ by ! mis]y & debasem5t ( ! ,*am> community2 h[ 8 successor ,balak ,das 0 murd]$ = ! assumption ( ! sacr$ ?read2 & h[ 9 o!r ways ! ,satnamis try to %[ _! contempt = ! social ord] :i* br&s !m z helot outca/es4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ,satnami ,*am>s are own]s or t5ants ( l&1 & ?is fact may be surmis$ to h int5sifi$ _! feel+ ( revolt aga9/ ! degrad$ position to :i* !y 7 relegat$ by ! ,h9dus4 ,?\gh slov5ly cultivators & ) little en]gy or =e?\ght1 ! ,*am>s h ! utmo/ fondness = l& & an ard5t ambition to obta9 a hold+1 h[ev] small4 ,! possession ( l& is a hall-m>k ( respectability 9 ,india1 z else:]e1 & ! l[ ca/es 7 =m]ly incapable ( hold+ x2 & x may be surmis$ t ! ,*am> feels himself to be rais$ by 8 t5ant-"r above ! h]$it>y condition ( village drudge & m5ial4 ,b = ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( ! ,briti% p[]1 ! ,satnami movem5t might by n[ h develop$ 9 ,*hattisg>h into a social w>4 ,ov] mo/ ( ,india ! t]m ,h9du is contra/$ ) ,muhammadan1 b 9 ,*hattisg>h to call a man a ,h9du conveys prim>ily t he is n a ,*am>1 or ,*am>a accord+ to ! contemptu\s abbreviation 9 common use4 ,a bitt] & p]man5t antagonism exi/s betwe5 ! two classes1 & ?is ! ,*am> cultivators c>ry into _! relations ) _! ,h9du l&lords by refus+ to pay r5t4 ,! records ( ! crim9al c\rts conta9 _m cases aris+ f collisions betwe5 ,*am>s & ,h9dus1 sev]al ( :i* h result$ 9 riot & murd]4 ,faults no d\bt exi/ on bo? sides1 & ,mr4 ,hem+way1 ,settlem5t ,(fic]1 quotes an in/ance ( a ,h9du proprietor :o made 8 ,*am> t5ants c>t timb] & bricks to ,rajim1 _m miles f 8 village1 to build a h\se = him dur+ ! season ( cultivation1 _! fields consequ5tly rema9+ untill$4 ,b if a proprietor once ar\ses ! ho/ility ( 8 ,*am> t5ants he may z well ab&on 8 village = all ! pr(it he is likely to obta9 f x4 ,g5]ally ! ,*am>s are to blame1 z po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,bl5k9sop :o kn[s !m well1 & _m ( !m are dang]\s crim9als1 re/ra9$ only by _! c[>dice f ! wor/ outrages aga9/ p]son & prop]ty4 ,x may be not$ 9 conclusion t ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity among ! ,*am>s is 9 "o respect a replica ( ! ,satnami movem5t1 because by becom+ a ,*ri/ian ! ,*am> hopes also to ?r[ (f ! social bondage ( ,h9duism4 ,a mission>y g5tleman told ! writ] t "o ( ! conv]t$ ,*am>s1 on be+ direct$ to p]=m "s m5ial duty ( ! village1 repli$3 ',no1 ,i h become a ,*ri/ian & am "o ( ! ,sahibs2 ,i %all d no m big> 7=c$ lab\r74' ,sikh ,religion ,li/ ( ,p>agraphs #a4 ,f\ndation ( ,sikhism--,baba ,nanak4 #b4 ,! e>li] ,gurus4 #c4 ,guru ,gov9d ,s+h4 #d4 ,sikh initiation & rules4 #e4 ,"* ( ! ,nanakpan?is & ,sikh sects4 #f4 ,! ,akalis4 #g4 ,! ,sikh ,c\ncil or ,guru-,mata4 ,_! communal meal4 #a4 ,f\ndation ( ,sikhism--,baba ,nanak4 ,sikh1 ,akali4--,! ,sikh religion & ! hi/ory ( ! ,sikhs h be5 fully describ$ by sev]al writ]s1 & all t is int5d$ 9 ?is article is a brief outl9e ( ! ma9 t5ets ( ! sect = ! b5efit ( ^? to :om ! m important works ( ref]5ce may n be available4 ,! ,c5tral ,prov9ces conta9$ only #bccg ,sikhs 9 #aiaa1 ( :om ! majority 7 soldi]s & ! rema9d] probably timb] or o!r m]*ants or memb]s ( ! subord9ate eng9e]+ s]vice 9 :i* ,punjabis are l>gely employ$4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is tak5 f ,sir ,d5zil ,ibbetson's ,c5sus ,report ( ! ,punjab = #ahha3 ,sikhism 0 f\nd$ by ,baba ,nanak1 a ,khatri ( ! ,punjab1 :o liv$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b ,nanak 0 n m ?an a religi\s re=m] l ,kabir1 ,raman&1 & ! o!r ,vai%nava apo/les4 ,he prea*$ ! unity ( ,god1 ! abolition ( idols1 & ! disreg>d ( ca/e di/9ctions4 #cij ,8 doctr9e & life 7 em95tly g5tle & unaggressive4 ,he 0 succe$$ by n9e gurus1 ! la/ & mo/ fam\s ( :om1 ,gov9d ,s+h1 di$ 9 #agjh4 ,! names ( ! gurus 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,baba ,nanak #adfi-aech-i #b4 ,angad #aeci-aeeb #c4 ,am> ,das #aeeb-aegd #d4 ,ram ,das #aegd-aeha #e4 ,arjun #aeha-afjf #f4 ,h> ,gov9d #afjf-afde #g4 ,h> ,rai #afde-affa #h4 ,h> ,ki%5 #affa-affd #i4 ,teg ,bahadur #affd-afge #aj4 ,gov9d ,s+h #afge-agjh #b4 ,! e>li] ,gurus4 ,"u ! second ,guru ,angad an intol]ant & ascetic _s began to spr+ up among ! foll[]s ( ! new t5ets2 & _h x n be5 = ! good s5se & firmness display$ by 8 successor1 ,am> ,das1 :o excommunicat$ ! ,udasis & recall$ 8 foll[]s to ! mildness & tol]ance ( ,nanak1 ,sikhism w\ld probably h m]ely add$ "o m to ! c\ntless ord]s ( ascetics or devotees :i* are :olly unrepres5t$ 9 ! life ( ! p4 ,! f\r? guru1 ,ram ,das1 f\nd$ ,amrits>2 b x 0 8 successor1 ,arjun1 t fir/ organis$ 8 foll[+4 ,he gave !m a writt5 rule ( fai? 9 ! ,gran? or ,sikh scripture :i* he compil$1 he provid$ a common rally+-po9t 9 ! city ( ,amrits> :i* he made _! religi\s c5tre1 & he r$uc$ _! volunt>y contributions to a sy/ematic levy :i* accu/om$ !m to discipl9e & pav$ ! way = fur!r organisation4 ,he 0 a great trad]1 he utilis$ ! s]vices & money ( 8 disciples 9 m]cantile transactions :i* ext5d$ f> beyond ! conf9es ( ,india1 & he ?us accumulat$ weal? = 8 ,*ur*4 ,un=tunately he 0 unable :olly to ab/a9 f politics2 & hav+ become a political p>tisan ( ! rebel pr9ce ,khusru1 he 0 summon$ to ,delhi & !re imprison$1 & ! treatm5t he receiv$ :ile 9 conf9em5t ha/5$1 if x did n cause1 8 dea?4 ,& ?us began t ,muhammadan p]secution :i* 0 s mightily to *ange ! _s ( ! new fai?4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ turn+-po9t 9 ,sikh hi/ory2 & ! effects ( ! p]secution 7 imm$iately app>5t4 ,arjun 0 a prie/ & a m]*ant2 8 successor1 ,h> ,gov9d1 0 a w>rior4 ,he ab&on$ ! g5tle & spiritual tea*+ ( ,nanak = ! use ( arms & ! love ( adv5ture4 ,he enc\rag$ 8 foll[]s to eat fle%1 z giv+ !m /r5g? & d>+2 he sub/itut$ zeal 9 ! cause = sa9tl9ess ( life z ! price ( salvation2 & he develop$ ! organis$ discipl9e :i* ,arjun _h initiat$4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a milit>y adv5tur] r ?an an en?usia/ic zealot1 & f\ght ei!r = or aga9/ ! ,muhammadan empire z ! hope ( imm$iate ga9 dictat$4 ,8 policy 0 foll[$ by 8 two successors2 & "u ,teg ,bahadur ! ,sikhs deg5]at$ into little bett] ?an a b& ( plund]+ m>aud]s1 ^: int]nal factions aid$ to make !m di/urb]s ( ! public peace4 ,moreov]1 ,teg ,bahadur 0 a bigot1 :ile ! fanatical ,aurangzeb _h m\nt$ ! ?rone ( ,delhi4 ,him !re=e ,aurangzeb captur$ & execut$ z an infidel1 a robb] & a rebel1 :ile he cruelly p]secut$ 8 foll[]s 9 common ) all :o did n accept ,islam4 #c4 ,guru ,gov9d ,s+h4 ,teg ,bahadur 0 succe$$ by ! la/ & greate/ guru1 8 son ,gov9d ,s+h2 & x 0 "u him t :at _h sprung into exi/5ce z a quieti/ sect ( a purely religi\s nature1 & _h become a milit>y society ( by no means high "*1 develop$ into ! political organisation :i* 0 to rule ! :ole ( nor?-we/]n ,india1 & to furni% ! ,briti% arms _! /\te/ & mo/ wor?y oppon5ts4 ,= "s ye>s aft] 8 fa!r's execution ,gov9d ,s+h liv$ 9 retirem5t1 & brood$ ov] 8 p]sonal wrongs & ov] ! p]secutions ( ! ,musalman fanatic :i* ba!d ! c\ntry 9 blood4 ,8 s\l 0 fill$ ) ! long+ = rev5ge2 b he felt ! necessity = a l>g] foll[+ & a /rong] organisation1 &1 foll[+ ! example ( 8 ,muhammadan enemies1 he us$ 8 religion z ! basis ( political p[]4 ,em]g+ f 8 retirem5t he prea*$ ! ,khalsa1 ! pure1 ! elect1 ! lib]at$4 ,he op5ly attack$ all di/9ctions ( ca/e1 & taught ! equality ( all m5 :o w\ld jo9 him2 & in/itut+ a c]emony ( initiation1 he proclaim$ x z ! pahul or 'gate' by :i* all might ent] ! society1 :ile he gave to its memb]s ! prasad or communion z a sacram5t ( union 9 :i* ! f\r ca/es %\ld eat ( "o di%4 ,! high] ca/es murmur$ & _m ( !m left him1 = he taught t ! ,brahman's ?read mu/ be brok52 b ! l[] ord]s rejoic$ & flock$ 9 numb]s to 8 /&>d4 ,^! he inspir$ ) milit>y ard\r1 ) ! hope ( social fre$om & ( national indep5d5ce1 & ) abhorr5ce ( ! hat$ ,muhammadan4 ,he gave !m outw>d signs ( _! fai? 9 ! un%orn hair1 ! %ort draw]s1 & ! blue dress2 he m>k$ ! milit>y nature ( _! call+ by ! title ( ,s+h or 'lion1' by ! we>+ ( /eel1 & by ! initiation by spr9kl+ ( wat] ) a two-edg$ dagg]2 & he gave !m a feel+ ( p]sonal sup]iority 9 _! ab/95ce f ! unclean tobacco4 ,! ,muhammadans promptly respond$ to ! *all5ge1 = ! dang] 0 too s]i\s to be neglect$2 ! ,sikh army 0 disp]s$1 & ,gov9d's "m1 wife & *ildr5 7 murd]$ at ,sirh9d by ,aurangzeb's ord]s4 ,! dea? ( ! emp]or br\ght a tempor>y lull1 & a ye> lat] ,gov9d himself 0 assass9at$ :ile fight+ ! ,m>a?as z an ally ( ,aurangzeb's successor4 ,he did n live to see 8 ends accompli%$1 b he _h r\s$ ! dormant _s ( ! p1 & ! fire :i* he lit 0 only damp$ = a :ile4 ,8 *os5 disciple ,b&a succe$$ him 9 ! lead]%ip1 ?\gh nev] recognis$ z guru4 ,! int]nal commotions :i* foll[$ ^u ! dea? ( ! emp]or1 ,bahadur ,%ah1 & ! attacks ( ! ,m>a?as weak5$ ! p[] ( ,delhi1 & = a "t ,b&a c>ri$ all be=e him2 b he 0 ev5tually conqu]$ & captur$ 9 ,a4,d4 #agaf1 & a p]iod ( p]secution foll[$ s sangu9>y & s t]rible t = a g5]ation no?+ m 0 he>d ( ! ,sikhs4 ,h[ ! tr\bles ( ! ,delhi empire ?ick5$1 h[ ! ,sikhs aga9 rose to prom95ce1 h[ !y disput$ ! possession ( ! ,punjab ) ! ,mughals1 ! ,m>a?as & ! ,durani1 & 7 at l5g? completely successful1 h[ !y divid$ into societies "u _! sev]al *iefs & portion$ out ! ,prov9ce among !m1 & h[ ! g5ius ( ,ranjit ,s+h rais$ him to supremacy & ext5d$ 8 rule beyond ! limits ( ! ,punjab1 are matt]s ( political & n ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,no =mal alt]ation has be5 made 9 ! ,sikh religion s9ce ,gov9d ,s+h gave x its milit>y %ape2 & ?\gh *anges h tak5 place1 !y h be5 m]ely ! natural result ( "t & ext]nal influ5ces4 #d4 ,sikh initiation & rules4 ,! ^w ,sikh is said to be d]iv$ f ! common ,h9du t]m ,sewak & to mean simply a disciple2 x may be appli$ !re=e to ! foll[]s ( ,nanak :o held alo( f ,gov9d ,s+h1 b 9 practice x is p]haps und]/ood to mean only ! latt]1 :ile ! ,nanakpan?is are consid]$ z ,h9dus4 ,a true ,sikh always takes ! t]m9ation ,s+h to 8 "n on initiation1 & h5ce !y are sometimes kn[n z ,s+hs 9 di/9ction to ! ,nanakpan?is4 ,a man is also n born a ,sikh1 b mu/ always be initiat$1 & ! pahul or rite ( baptism _c take place until he is old en\gh to und]/& x1 ! e>lie/ age be+ sev51 :ile x is (t5 po/pon$ till manhood4 ,five ,sikhs mu/ be pres5t at ! c]emony1 :5 ! novice repeats ! articles ( ! fai? & dr9ks sug> & wat] /irr$ up ) a two-edg$ dagg]4 ,at ! initiation ( wom5 a "o-edg$ dagg] is us$1 b ?is is seldom done4 ,?us mo/ ( ! wives ( ,sikhs h nev] be5 initiat$1 nor is x necess>y t _! *ildr5 %\ld become ,sikhs :5 !y gr[ up4 ,! fai? is unattractive to wom5 ow+ to ! simplicity ( its ritual & ! abs5ce ( ! fea/s & c]emonies s abundant 9 ,h9duism2 =m]ly ! ,sikhs 7 accu/om$ to capture _! wives 9 =ays1 & h5ce p]haps x 0 consid]$ ( no consequ5ce t ! husb& & wife %\ld be ( diff]5t fai?4 ,! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( a true ,sikh are ! five ,kakkas or ,k's :i* he is b\nd to c>ry ab\t 8 p]son3 ! ,kes or uncut hair & un%av5 be>d2 ! ,ka*h or %ort draw]s end+ above ! knee2 ! ,kasa or iron bangle2 ! ,kh&a or /eel knife2 & ! ,kanga or comb4 ,! o!r rules ( conduct laid d[n by ,guru ,gov9d ,s+h = 8 foll[]s 7 to dress 9 blue clo!s & especially es*ew r$ or saffron-col\r$ g>m5ts & caps ( all sorts1 to obs]ve p]sonal cleanl9ess1 especially 9 ! hair1 & practise ablutions1 to eat ! fle% ( su* animals only z _h be5 kill$ by jatka or decapitation1 to ab/a9 f tobacco 9 all its =ms1 nev] to bl[ out flame nor ext+ui% x ) dr9k+-wat]1 to eat ) ! head cov]$1 pray & recite passages ( ! ,gran? morn+ & ev5+ & be=e all meals1 rev]5ce ! c[1 ab/a9 f ! wor%ip ( sa9ts & idols & avoid mosques & temples1 & wor%ip ! "o ,god only1 neglect+ ,brahmans & ,mullas1 & _! scriptures1 tea*+1 rites & religi\s symbols4 ,ca/e di/9ctions he positively condemn$ & in/itut$ ! prasad or communion1 9 :i* cakes ( fl\r1 butt] & sug> are made & consecrat$ ) c]ta9 c]emonies :ile ! communicants sit r\nd 9 pray]1 & !n di/ribut$ equally to all ! fai?ful pres5t1 to :atev] ca/e !y may belong4 ,! above rules1 s f> z !y enjo9 c]emonial obs]vances1 are /ill v g5]ally obey$4 ,b ! daily read+ & recital ( ! ,gran? is discont9u$1 = ! ,sikhs are ! mo/ un$ucat$ class 9 ! ,punjab1 & an occasional visit to ! ,sikh temple :]e ! ,gran? is read al\d is all t ! villag] ?9ks necess>y4 ,blue clo!s h be5 discont9u$ save by ! fanatical ,akali sect1 z h be5 v g5]ally ! %ort draw]s or ,ka*h4 ,! prohibition ( tobacco has _h ! un=tunate effect ( induc+ ! ,sikhs to take to hemp & opium1 bo? ( :i* are f> m injuri\s ?an tobacco4 ,! precepts :i* =bid ! ,sikh to v5]ate ,brahmans or to associate himself ) ,h9du wor%ip are entirely neglect$2 & 9 ! matt] ( ! wor%ip ( local sa9ts & deities1 & ( ! employm5t ( & rev]5ce = ,brahmans1 !re is little1 :ile 9 curr5t sup]/itions & sup]/iti\s practices !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,sikh villag] & 8 ,h9du bro!r4 #cia #e4 ,"* ( ! ,nanakpan?is & ,sikh sects4 ,x seems ?us cle> t if x _h n be5 = ! political & milit>y developm5t ( ! ,sikh movem5t1 x w\ld 9 "t h lo/ mo/ ( its di/9ctive features & h come to be consid]$ z a ,h9du sect ( ! same "*1 if some:at m di/9ctive ?an ^? ( ! ,nanakpan?is & ,kabirpan?is4 ,b ?is developm5t & ! f\nd+ ( ! ,sikh ,/ate ( ,lahore creat$ a brea* betwe5 ! ,sikhs & ord9>y ,h9dus wid] ?an t caus$ by _! religi\s diff]5ces1 z 0 suffici5tly demon/rat$ dur+ ! ,mut9y4 ,9 _! orig9 bo? ! ,sikh & ,nanakpan?i sects appe> to h be5 ma9ly a revolt aga9/ ! ca/e sy/em1 ! supremacy ( ,brahmans & ! degrad+ mass ( sup]/itions & rev]5ce ( idols & _s-wor%ip :i* ! ,brahmans enc\rag$ = _! own pr(it4 ,b :ile ,nanak1 influ5c$ by ! obs]vation ( ,islamic mono!ism1 attempt$ to introduce a pure religion only1 ! aim ( ,gov9d 0 p]haps political1 & he saw 9 ! ca/e sy/em an ob/acle to ! national movem5t :i* he desir$ to excite aga9/ ! ,muhammadans4 ,s f> z ! abolition ( ca/e 0 conc]n$1 bo? re=m]s h1 z has be5 se51 l>gely fail$1 ! two sects n[ recognis+ ca/e1 :ile _! memb]s rev]e ,brahmans l ord9>y ,h9dus4 #f4 ,! ,akalis4 ,! ,akalis or ,nihangs are a fanatical ord] ( ,sikh ascetics4 ,! foll[+ extract is tak5 f ,sir ,e4 ,maclagan's acc\nt ( !m3 #cib ,! ,akalis came into prom95ce v e>ly by _! /\t resi/ance to ! innovations introduc$ by ! ,bairagi ,b&a aft] ! dea? ( ,guru ,gov9d2 b !y d n appe> to h _h mu* influ5ce dur+ ! foll[+ c5tury until ! days ( ,mah>aja ,ranjit ,s+h4 ,!y con/itut$ at once ! mo/ unruly & ! brave/ portion ( ! v unruly & brave ,sikh army4 ,_! headqu>t]s 7 at ,amrits>1 :]e !y con/itut$ !mselves ! gu>dians ( ! fai? & assum$ ! "r to convoke synods4 ,!y levi$ (f]+s by =ce & 7 ! t]ror ( ! ,sikh *iefs4 ,_! good qualities 71 h[ev]1 well appreciat$ by ! ,mah>aja1 & :5 !re 7 specially fi]ce foes to meet1 su* z ! ,pa?ans beyond ! ,indus1 ! ,akalis 7 always to ! front4 ,! ,akali is di/+ui%$ v conspicu\sly by 8 d>k-blue & *eck$ dress1 8 peak$ turban1 (t5 surm\nt$ ) /eel quoits1 & by ! fact ( 8 /rutt+ ab\t l ,ali ,baba's pr9ce ) 8 '?orax & abdom5 fe/oon$ ) curi\s cutl]y4' ,he is mo/ p>ticul> 9 reta9+ ! five ,kakkas1 & 9 pres]v+ e outw>d =m prescrib$ by ,guru ,gov9d ,s+h4 ,"s ( ! ,akalis we> a yell[ turban und]nea? ! blue "o1 leav+ a yell[ b& across ! =ehead4 ,! yell[ turban is worn by _m ,sikhs at ! ,basant ,pan*mi1 & ! ,akalis are fond ( we>+ x at all times4 ,!re is a c\plet by ,bhai ,gurdas :i* says3 ,siah1 ,suf$1 ,surkh1 ,z>dae1 ,jo pahne1 sot ,gurbhai2 or1 ',^? t we> black 7! ,akalis71 :ite 7! ,nirmalas71 r$ 7! ,udasis7 or yell[1 are all memb]s ( ! bro!rhood ( ! ,sikhs4' ,! ,akalis d n1 x is true1 dr9k spirits or eat meat z o!r ,sikhs d1 b !y are immod]ate 9 ! consumption ( bhang4 ,!y are 9 o!r respects su* puri/s t !y w avoid ,h9du rites ev5 9 _! m>riage c]emonies4 ,! ,akali is full ( memories ( ! glori\s day ( ! ,khalsa2 & he is no?+ if he is n a soldi]1 a soldi] ( ! ,guru4 ,he dreams ( armies1 & he ?9ks 9 lakhs4 ,if he wi%es to imply t five ,akalis are pres5t1 he w say t 'five lakhs are be=e y'2 or if he w\ld expla9 he is alone1 he w say t he is ) '"o & a qu>t] lakhs ( ! ,khalsa4' ,y ask him h[ he is1 & he replies t ',! army is well'2 y inquire :]e he has come f1 & he says1 ',! troops m>*$ f ,lahore4' ,! "n ,akali means 'immortal4' ,:5 ,sikhism 0 politically dom9ant1 ! ,akalis 7 accu/om$ to extort alms by accus+ ! pr9cipal *iefs ( crimes1 impos+ f9es ^u !m1 & 9 ! ev5t ( _! refus+ to pay1 prev5t+ !m f p]=m+ _! ablutions or go+ ?r\gh any ( ! religi\s c]emonies at ,amrits>4 #g4 ,! ,sikh ,c\ncil or ,guru-,mata4 ,_! communal meal4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt 0 giv5 by ,sir ,j4 ,malcolm ( ! ,guru-,mata or great ,c\ncil ( ! ,sikhs & _! religi\s meal3 #cic ,:5 a ,guru-,mata or great national ,c\ncil is call$ on ! occasion ( any dang] to ! c\ntry1 all ! ,sikh *iefs assemble at ,amrits>4 ,! assembly is conv5$ by ! ,akalis2 & :5 ! *iefs meet ^u ?is solemn occasion x is conclud$ t all private animosities cease1 & t e man sacrifices 8 p]sonal feel+s at ! %r9e ( ! g5]al good4 ,:5 ! *iefs & pr9cipal lead]s are seat$1 ! ,adi-,gran? & ,dasama ,pad%ah ,ka ,gran? #cid are plac$ be=e !m4 ,!y all b5d _! heads be=e ! ,scriptures & exclaim1 ',wah ,guruji ka ,khalsa6 wah ,guruji ka ,fateh6' #cie ,a great quantity ( cakes made ( :eat1 butt] & sug> are !n plac$ be=e ! volumes ( _! sacr$ writ+s & cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,^! holy cakes1 :i* are 9 commemoration ( ! injunction ( ,nanak to eat & to give to o!rs to eat next receive ! salutation ( ! assembly1 :o !n rise1 :ile ! ,akalis pray al\d & ! musicians play4 ,! ,akalis1 :5 ! pray]s are f9i%$1 desire ! ,c\ncil to be seat$4 ,!y sit d[n1 & ! cakes are uncov]$ & eat5 by all classes ( ! ,sikhs1 ^? di/9ctions ( tribe & ca/e :i* are on o!r occasions kept up be+ n[ laid aside 9 tok5 ( _! g5]al & complete union 9 "o cause4 ,! ,akalis proclaim ! ,guru-,mata1 & pray]s are aga9 said al\d4 ,! *iefs aft] ?is sit clos] & say to ea* o!r1 ',! sacr$ ,gran? is betwe5 u1 let u swe> by our ,scriptures to =get all int]nal disputes & to be unit$4' ,?is mom5t ( religi\s f]v\r is tak5 to reconcile all animosities4 ,!y !n proce$ to consid] ! dang] ) :i* !y are ?reat5$1 to devise ! be/ plans = av]t+ x & to *oose ! g5]als :o are to lead _! armies aga9/ ! common enemy4 ,! fir/ ,guru-,mata 0 assembl$ by ,guru ,gov9d1 & ! late/ 0 call$ 9 #ahje1 :5 ! ,briti% ,army pursu$ ,holk> into ! ,punjab4 ,! ,sikh ,army 0 kn[n z ,dal ,khalsa1 or ! ,army ( ,god1 khalsa be+ an ,arabic ^w mean+ "o's own4 #cif ,at ! height ( ! ,sikh p[] ! foll[]s ( ?is religion only numb]$ a small fraction ( ! population ( ! ,punjab1 & its /r5g? is n[ decl9+4 ,9 #aiaa ! ,sikhs 7 only ?ree millions 9 ! ,punjab population ( tw5ty-f\r millions4 ,sm>ta ,sect ,sm>ta ,sect4--,?is is an or?odox ,h9du sect1 ! memb]s ( :i* are l>gely ,brahmans4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ,smriti or tradition1 a "n giv5 to ! ,h9du sacr$ writ+s1 ) ! exception ( ! ,v$as1 :i* la/ are reg>d$ z a div9e revelation4 ,memb]s ( ! sect wor%ip ! five deities1 ,siva1 ,vi%nu1 ,suraj or ! sun1 ,ganpati & ,sakti1 ! div9e pr9ciple ( female en]gy correspond+ to ,siva4 ,!y say t _! sect 0 f\nd$ by ,%ank> ,a*>ya1 ! great ,sivite re=m] & oppon5t ( ,buddhism1 b ?is appe>s to be incorrect4 ,%ank> ,a*>ya himself is said to h believ$ 9 "o unse5 ,god1 :o 0 ! fir/ cause & sole rul] ( ! univ]se2 b he c\nt5anc$ = ! sake ( ! weak] bre?r5 ! wor%ip ( or?odox ,h9du deities & ( _! idols4 ,swami-,n>ayan ,sect #a4 ,! f\nd]4 ,swami-,n>ayan ,sect4 #cig--,?is1 "o ( ! mo/ mod]n ,vai%nava sects1 0 f\nd$ by ,sahajan& ,swami1 a ,s>w>ia ,brahman1 born ne> ,ajodhia 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 9 ,a4,d4 #aghj4 ,at an e>ly age he became a religi\s m5dicant1 & w&]$ all ov] ,india1 visit+ ! pr9cipal %r9es4 ,:5 tw5ty ye>s old he 0 made a ,sadhu ( ! ,raman&i ord]1 & soon nom9at$ z 8 successor by ! head ( ! ord]4 ,he prea*$ ) great success 9 ,guj>at1 & ?\gh 8 t5ets d n seem to h diff]$ mu* f ! ,raman&i cre$1 8 p]sonal influ5ce 0 su* t 8 foll[]s f\nd$ a new sect & call$ x aft] him4 ,he proclaim$ ! wor%ip ( "o sole deity1 ,kri%na or ,n>ayana1 :om he id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 & app>5tly 8 foll[]s held1 & he incl9$ to believe himself1 t he 0 a fre% inc>nation ( ,vi%nu4 ,x is said t he display$ miracul\s p[]s be=e 8 disciples1 entranc+ :omsoev] he ca/ 8 eyes ^u1 & caus+ !m 9 ?is mesm]ic /ate 7,samadhi7 to imag9e !y saw ,sahajan& z ,kri%na ) yell[ robes1 weapons ( w>1 & o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! ,god1 & to behold him seat$ z *ief 9 an assembly ( div9e be+s4 #b4 ,t5ets ( ! sect4 ,8 cre$ prohibit$ ! de/ruction ( animal life2 ! use ( animal food & intoxicat+ liquors or drugs on any occasion2 promiscu\s int]c\rse ) ! o!r sex2 suicide1 !ft & robb]y1 & false accusations4 ,mu* good 0 done1 ! ,collector te/ifi$1 by 8 prea*+ among ! wild ,kolis ( ,guj>at2 #cih 8 morality 0 said to be f> bett] ?an any :i* c\ld be le>n$ f ! ,%a/ras2 he condemn$ !ft & blood%$2 & ^? villages & ,di/ricts :i* _h receiv$ him1 f be+ among ! wor/1 7 n[ among ! be/ & mo/ ord]ly 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,bombay4 ,8 success 0 great among ! l[] ca/es1 z ! ,kolis1 ,bhils & ,ka?is4 ,he 0 reg>d$ by 8 disciples z ! surety ( s9n]s1 8 position 9 ?is respect resembl+ t ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,to ,bi%op ,heb] he said t :ile he p]mitt$ memb]s ( diff]5t ca/es to eat sep>ately "h bel[1 9 ! future life !re w\ld be no di/9ction ( ca/es4 #cii ,8 rules = ! conduct ( ! sexes t[>ds ea* o!r 7 especially sev]e4 ,no ,sadhu ( ! ,swami-,n>ayan sect might ev] t\* a woman1 ev5 ! accid5tal t\*+ ( any woman o!r ?an a "m hav+ to be expiat$ by a :ole-day fa/4 ,simil>ly1 %\ld a wid[-disciple t\* ev5 a boy :o 0 n h] son1 %e _h to und]go ! same p5alty4 ,!re 7 sep>ate passages = wom5 9 _! l>ge temples1 & sep>ate read+ & prea*+ halls = wom51 att5d$ by wives ( ! ,a*>yas or heads ( ! sect4 ,^! c\ld app>5tly be m>ri$1 b o!r memb]s ( ! prie/ly ord] mu/ rema9 s+le2 :ile ! lay foll[]s liv$ among _! fell[s1 pursu+ _! ord9>y lives & avocations4 ,! /rictness ( ! ,swami on sexual matt]s 0 direct$ aga9/ ! lic5ti\s practices ( ! ,mah>aj or ,vallabha*>ya ord]4 ,he boldly d5\nc$ ! irregul>ities !y _h introduc$ into _! =ms ( wor%ip1 & expos$ ! vices :i* *>act]is$ ! lives ( _! cl]gy4 ,?is attitude1 z well z ! prohibition ( ! wor%ip ( idols1 e>n$ = him ! ho/ility ( ! ,pe%wa & ! ,m>a?a ,brahmans1 & he 0 subject$ to a consid]able degree ( p]secution2 8 foll[]s 7 taught ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( suff]+ injury )\t retaliation1 & ! devotees ( ho/ile sects took advantage ( ?is to beat !m unm]cifully1 "s be+ ev5 put to dea?4 #c4 ,meet+ ) ,bi%op ,heb]4 ,9 ord] to protect ! ,swami1 8 foll[]s con/itut$ f !mselves an arm$ gu>d1 z %[n by ,bi%op ,heb]'s acc\nt ( _! meet+3 ,ab\t elev5 o'clock ,i _h ! expect$ visit f ,swami-,n>ayan4 ,he came 9 a some:at diff]5t guise f all :i* ,i expect$1 hav+ ) him ne> #bjj horsem51 mo/ly well-arm$ ) mat*locks & swords1 & sev]al ( !m ) coats ( mail & spe>s4 ,besides !m he _h a l>ge rabble on foot ) b[s & arr[s1 & :5 ,i consid]$ t ,i _h myself an escort ( m ?an fifty horses & fifty muskets & bayonets1 ,i c\ld n help smil+1 ?\gh my s5sations 7 9 "s degree pa9ful & humiliat+1 at ! idea ( two religi\s tea*]s meet+ at ! head ( little armies1 & fill+ ! city :i* 0 ! sc5e ( _! int]view ) ! rattl+ ( gunn]s1 ! cla% ( %ields & ! tramp ( ! w>-horse4 ,_h our troops be5 oppos$ to ea* o!r1 m9e1 ?\gh less num]\s1 w\ld h be5 d\btless f> m effective f ! sup]iority ( arms & discipl9e4 ,b 9 moral gr&eur :at a diff]5ce 0 !re betwe5 8 troop & m9e4 ,m9e nei!r knew me nor c>$ = me2 !y escort$ me fai?fully & w\ld h def5d$ me bravely1 because !y 7 ord]$ by _! sup]iors to d s4 ,! gu>ds ( ,swami-,n>ayan 7 8 own disciples & en?usia/ic admir]s1 m5 :o _h volunt>ily repair$ to he> 8 lessons1 :o n[ took a pride 9 do+ him hon\r1 & w\ld *e]fully fight to ! la/ drop ( blood r ?an suff] a fr+e ( 8 g>m5t to be h&l$ r\ghly4444 ,! holy man himself 0 a middle-ag$1 ?9 & pla9-look+ p]son1 ab\t my own age1 ) a mild expression ( c\nt5ance1 b no?+ ab\t him indicative ( any extraord9>y tal5t4 ,i seat$ him on a *air at my "r h& & (f]$ two m to ! ,?akur & 8 son1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !y did n avail !mselves )\t fir/ plac+ _! h&s "u ! feet ( _! spiritual guide & !n press+ !m rev]5tly to _! =eheads4 #d4 ,meet+ ) ,gov]nor ( ,bombay4 ,ow+1 app>5tly1 to ! high moral "* ( 8 prea*+ & 8 success 9 r$uc+ to ord] & tranquillity ! turbul5t ,kolis & ,bhils :o accept$ 8 doctr9es1 ,swami-,n>ayan enjoy$ a l>ge measure ( e/eem & reg>d f ! (fic]s ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is w be evid5c$ f ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 meet+ ) ! ,gov]nor ( ,bombay3 #djj ,on ! receipt ( ! above two lett]s1 ,swami-,n>ayan ,mah>aj proce$$ to ,rajkote to visit ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,gov]nor1 & on ! #bf? ,febru>y #ahcj 0 escort$ z a m>k ( hon\rable reception by a p>ty ( troops & milit>y foot-soldi]s to ! ,political ,ag5t's bungal[1 :5 ,8 ,excell5cy ! ,gov]nor1 ! ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,williamson1 six o!r ,european g5tlem51 & ! ,political ,ag5t1 ,mr4 ,blane1 hav+ come out ( ! bungal[ to meet ! ,swami-,n>ayan1 ,8 ,excell5cy conduct$ ! ,swami1 h& 9 h&1 to a hall 9 ! bungal[ & made him sit on a *air4 ,8 ,excell5cy aft]w>ds ) pleasure enquir$ ab\t ! pr9ciples ( 8 religion1 :i* 7 communicat$ accord+ly4 ,8 ,excell5cy also made a pres5t to ,swami-,n>ayan ( a pair ( %awls & o!r piece-goods4 ,swami-,n>ayan 0 ask$ by ! ,gov]nor :e!r he & 8 disciples h _h any h>m "u ,briti% rule2 & ,8 ,excell5cy 0 in=m$ 9 reply t !re 0 no?+ ( ! sort1 b t on ! contr>y e protection 0 giv5 !m by all ! (fic]s 9 au?ority4 ,8 ,excell5cy !n ask$ = a code ( ! religion ( ,swami-,n>ayan1 & ! book call$ ! ,%iksapatri 0 pres5t$ to him accord+ly4 ,?us aft] a visit ext5d+ to an h\r ,swami-,n>ayan ask$ p]mission to dep>t1 :5 he 0 s5t back ) ! same hon\rs ) :i* he _h be5 receiv$1 all ! ,european (fic]s accompany+ him out ( ! door f ! bungal[4 #e4 ,conclusion4 ,! au?or ( ! above acc\nt is n giv51 & x app>5tly emanates f a foll[] ( ! sa9t1 b !re seems little reason to d\bt its sub/antial accuracy1 & x c]ta9ly demon/rates ! high e/imation 9 :i* he 0 held4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 disciples erect$ ,*auras or re/h\ses & monum5ts to 8 memory 9 all ! villages & b5ea? all ! trees :]e he _h at any "t made any /ay 9 ,guj>at2 & "h he is wor%ipp$ by ! sect4 ,9 #aija ! sect _h ab\t #cjj1jjj adh]5ts 9 ,guj>at4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces a numb] ( p]sons belong to x 9 ,nim>1 pr9cipally ( ! ,teli ca/e4 ,! ,telis ( ,nim> are anxi\s to improve _! social position1 :i* is v l[1 & h probably jo9$ ! sect on acc\nt ( its lib]al pr9ciples on ! "q ( ca/e4 ,vai%nava1 ,vi%nuite ,sect #a4 ,vi%nu z repres5t+ ! sun4 ,vai%nava1 ,vi%nuite ,sect4--,! "n giv5 to ,h9dus ^: special deity is ! god ,vi%nu1 & to a numb] ( sects :i* h adopt$ v>i\s special doctr9es bas$ on ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu or ( "o ( 8 two great inc>nations1 ,rama & ,kri%na4 ,vi%nu 0 a p]sonification ( ! sun1 ?\gh 9 anci5t lit]ature ! sun is m (t5 ref]r$ to "u ano!r "n1 z ,savitri1 ,surya & ,aditya4 ,x may p]haps be ! case t :5 ! orig9al sun-god develops into a supreme deity ) ! :ole heav5s z 8 sph]e1 ! sun itself comes to be reg>d$ z a sep>ate & m9or deity4 ,8 weapon ( ! *akra or discus1 :i* 0 probably meant to resemble ! sun1 supports ! view ( ,vi%nu z a sun-god1 & also 8 vahan1 ! bird ,g>uda1 on :i* he rides4 ,?is is ! ,brahm9y kite1 a f9e bird ) *e/nut plumage & :ite head & brea/1 :i* has be5 consid]$ a sea-eagle4 ,mr4 ,dew> /ates t x rema9s almo/ motionless at a great height 9 ! air = long p]iods2 & x is easy to und]/& h[ 9 ^! circum/ances primitive p mi/ook x = ! _s ( ! sky1 or ! vehicle ( ! sun-god4 ,x is propiti\s = a ,h9du to see a ,brahm9y kite1 especially on ,sunday1 ! sun's day1 = x is believ$ t ! bird is !n return+ f ,vi%nu1 :om x has gone to see on ! previ\s ev5+4 #dja ,a simil> belief has probably l$ to ! v5]ation ( ! eagle 9 o!r c\ntries & its association ) ! god ( ! sky or heav5s1 z 9 ! case ( ,zeus4 ,simil>ly ! ,gayatri1 ! mo/ sacr$ ,h9du pray]1 is address$ to ! sun1 & x c\ld h>dly h be5 consid]$ s important unless ! lum9>y 0 id5tifi$ ) "o ( ! greate/ ,h9du gods4 ,e ,brahman prays to ! sun daily :5 he ba!s 9 ! morn+4 ,vi%nu's "* z ! pres]v] & fo/]] ( life is probably d]iv$ f ! sun's g5]ative p[]1 s conspicu\s 9 ,india4 ,z ! sun is se5 to s9k e night into ! e>?1 s x 0 ?\ght t he c\ld come d[n to e>?1 & ,vi%nu has done ?is 9 _m =ms = ! pres]vation ( mank9d4 #b4 ,8 inc>nations4 ,he is g5]ally consid]$ to h _h t5 inc>nations1 ( :i* n9e are pa/ & "o is /ill to come4 ,! inc>nations 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,z a great fi% he guid$ ! ark 9 :i* ,manu ! primeval man escap$ f ! deluge4 #b4 ,z a tortoise he support$ ! e>? & pois$ x 9 its pres5t position2 or accord+ to ano!r v]sion he lay at ! bottom ( ! sea :ile ! m\nta9 ,m]u 0 set on its peak on 8 back1 & ) ! s]p5t ,vasuki z a rope r\nd ! m\nta9 ! ocean 0 *urn$ by ! gods = mak+ ! div9e ,amrit or nect> :i* gives immortality4 #c4 ,z a bo> he div$ "u ! sea & rais$ ! e>? on 8 tusks aft] x _h be5 subm]g$ by a demon4 #d4 ,z ,n>s+h1 ! man-lion1 he deliv]$ ! _w f ! tyranny ( ano!r demon4 #e4 ,z ,waman or a dw>f he trick$ ! ,k+ ,bali1 :o _h ga9$ possession ov] ! e>? & ne!r _w & 0 ?reat5+ ! heav5s1 by ask+ = z mu* gr\nd z he c\ld cov] 9 ?ree /eps4 ,:5 8 reque/ 0 d]isively grant$ he cov]$ heav5 & e>? 9 two /eps1 b on ,bali's int]cession left him ! ne!r regions & refra9$ f mak+ ! ?ird /ep :i* w\ld h cov]$ !m4 #f4 ,z ,p>asurama #djb he cle>$ ! e>? ( ! ,k%atriyas1 :o _h oppress$ ! ,brahman h]mits & /ol5 ! sacr$ c[1 by a slaught] ( !m ?rice sev5 times repeat$4 #g4 ,z ,rama1 ! div9e k+ ( ,ajodhia or ,oudh1 he l$ an exp$ition to ,ceylon = ! recov]y ( 8 wife ,sita1 :o _h be5 abduct$ by ,rawan1 ! demon k+ ( ,ceylon4 ,?is /ory probably ref]s to an e>ly exp$ition ( ! ,aryans to s\!rn ,india1 9 :i* !y may h obta9$ ! assi/ance ( ! ,munda tribes1 repres5t$ by ,hanuman & 8 army ( apes4 #h4 ,z ,kri%na he support$ ! ,p&avas 9 _! w> aga9/ ! ,kauravas1 & at ! head ( ! ,yadava clan f\nd$ ! city ( ,dw>ka 9 ,guj>at1 :]e he 0 aft]w>ds kill$4 ,! popul> gr\p ( leg5ds ab\t ,kri%na 9 8 capacity ( a c[h]d 9 ! =e/s ( ,ma?ura 0 p]haps at fir/ di/9ct & aft]w>ds comb9$ ) ! /ory ( ! ,yadava pr9ce4 #djc ,b x is 9 ?is latt] "* z ! div9e c[h]d t ,kri%na is mo/ g5]ally kn[n & wor%ipp$4 #i4 ,z ,buddha he 0 ! great f\nd] ( ! religion kn[n by 8 "n2 ! ,brahmans1 by mak+ ,buddha an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 h ?us provid$ a connect+ l9k betwe5 ,buddhism & ,h9duism4 ,9 8 t5? inc>nation he w come aga9 z ,ni%ka-lanki or ! /a9less "o = ! f9al reg5]ation ( ! _w1 & 8 adv5t is expect$ by "s ,h9dus1 :o wor%ip him 9 ?is =m4 #c4 ,wor%ip ( ,vi%nu & ,vai%nava doctr9es4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,vi%nu is wor%ipp$ z ,n>ayan ,deo1 :o is id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 or z ,p>me%w>1 ! supreme b5efic5t god4 ,he is also mu* wor%ipp$ 9 8 inc>nations z ,rama & ,kri%na1 & _! images1 ) ^? ( _! consorts1 ,sita & ,radha1 are (t5 to be f\nd 9 8 temples z well z 9 _! own4 ,^! images are suppos$ to be subject to all ! conditions & necessities incid5t to liv+ humanity4 ,h5ce 9 ! daily ritual !y are wa%$1 dress$1 adorn$ & ev5 f$ l human be+s1 food be+ daily plac$ be=e !m1 & its aroma1 accord+ to popul> belief1 n\ri%+ ! god pres5t 9 ! image4 ,! pr9cipal ,vi%nuite sects are describ$ 9 ! article on ,bairagi1 & ! diss5t+ sects :i* h bran*$ (f f ^! 9 special articles4 #djd ,! cult ( ,vi%nu & 8 two ma9 inc>nations is ! mo/ prom95t feature ( mod]n ,h9duism4 ,! or?odox ,vai%nava sects ma9ly diff]$ on ! po9t :e!r ! human s\l or _s 0 a "p ( ! div9e s\l or sep>ate f x1 & :e!r x w\ld be reabsorb$ into ! div9e s\l1 or h a sep>ate exi/5ce aft] dea?4 ,b !y g5]ally reg>d$ all human s\ls z ( "o quality1 & h5ce 7 oppos$ to di/9ctions ( ca/e4 ,animals also h s\ls or spirits1 & ! ,vi%nuite doctr9e is oppos$ to ! de/ruction ( animal life 9 any =m4 ,9 ! ,bania ca/e ! practices ( ,vai%nava ,h9dus & ,ja9s pres5t s little diff]5ce t !y c take food toge!r1 & ev5 int]m>ry4 ,! cre$ is also oppos$ to suicide4 ,fai?ful wor%ipp]s ( ,vi%nu w aft] 8 dea? be transport$ to 8 heav51 ,vaikun?a1 or to ,golaka1 ! heav5 ( ,kri%na4 ,! sect-m>k ( ! ,vai%navas usually consi/s ( ?ree l9es d[n ! =ehead1 meet+ at ! root ( ! nose or bel[ x4 ,all ?ree l9es may be :ite1 or ! c5tre "o black or r$1 & ! outside ones :ite4 ,!y are made ) a k9d ( clay call$ ,gopi*&an1 & are sometimes held to be ! impress ( ,vi%nu's foot4 ,to put on ! sect-m>k 9 ! morn+ is to secure ! god's fav\r & protection dur+ ! day4 ,vam-,m>gi1 ,bam-,m>gi1 ,vama-,*>i ,sect4 ,vam-,m>gi1 ,bam-,m>gi1 ,vama-,*>i ,sect4 #dje--;,a sect :o foll[ ! wor%ip ( ! female pr9ciple 9 nature & indulge 9 s5suality at _! rites accord+ to ! precepts ( ! ,tantras4 ,! "n signifies '! foll[]s ( ! crook$ or left-h&$ pa?4' ,_! pr9cipal sacr$ text is ! ,rudra-,yamal-,damru ,tantra1 :i* is said to h be5 promulgat$ by ,rudra or ,siva ?r\gh 8 ,damru or drum at ! end ( 8 dance 9 ,kailas1 8 heav5 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,! ,tantras1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,moni]-,williams1 inculcate an exclusive wor%ip ( ,siva's wife z ! s\rce ( e k9d ( sup]natural faculty & my/ic craft4 ,! pr9ciple ( female en]gy is kn[n z ,sakti1 & is p]sonifi$ 9 ! female c\nt]p>ts ( all ! ,gods ( ! ,h9du triad1 b is practically conc5trat$ 9 ,devi or ,kali4 ,! five requisites = ,tantra wor%ip are said to be ! five ,mak>as or words beg9n+ ) ,m3 ,madya1 w9e2 ,mansa1 fle%2 ,matsya1 fi%2 ,mudra1 p>*$ gra9 & my/ic ge/iculation2 & ,mai?una1 sexual indulg5ce4 ,among ! ,vam-,m>gis bo? m5 & wom5 are said to assemble at a secret meet+-place1 & _! rite consi/s 9 ! adoration ( a nak$ woman :o /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! room ) a drawn sword 9 h] h&4 ,! wor%ipp]s !n eat fi%1 meat & gra91 & dr9k liquor1 & !reaft] indulge 9 promiscu\s debau*]y4 ,! foll[]s ( ! sect are ma9ly ,brahmans1 ?\gh o!r ca/es may be admitt$4 ,! ,vam-,m>gis usually keep _! memb]%ip ( ! sect a secret1 b _! special m>k is said to be a semicircul> l9e or l9es ( r$ p[d] or v]milion on ! =ehead1 ) a r$ /reak half-way up ! c5tre1 & a circul> spot ( r$ at ! root ( ! nose4 ,!y use a ros>y ( rudrak%a or ( coral beads1 b ( no great] l5g? ?an c be conceal$ 9 ! h&1 or !y keep x 9 a small purse or bag ( r$ clo?4 ,dur+ wor%ip !y we> a piece ( r$ silk r\nd ! lo9s & decorate !mselves ) g>l&s ( crimson fl[]s4 ,9 _! h\ses !y wor%ip a figure ( ! d\ble triangle drawn on ! gr\nd or on a metal plate & make (f]+s ( liquor to x4 ,!y practise v>i\s magical *>ms by :i* !y ?9k !y c kill _! enemies4 ,?us fire is br\ght f ! pyre on :i* a corpse has be5 burnt1 & on ?is ! op]ator p\rs wat]1 & ) ! *>coal s obta9$ he makes a figure ( 8 enemy 9 a lonely place "u a pipal tree or on ! bank ( a riv]4 ,he !n takes an iron b>1 twelve f+]-jo9ts long1 & aft] repeat+ 8 *>ms pi]ces ! figure ) x4 ,:5 all ! limbs h be5 pi]c$ ! man ^: effigy has be5 s treat$ w die4 ,o!r me?ods w procure ! dea? ( an enemy 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( mon?s or cause him to lose a limb4 ,sometimes !y make a ros>y ( #ajh fruits ( ! dhatura #djf & pi]ce ! figure ( ! enemy ?r\gh ! neck aft] repeat+ *>ms1 & x is suppos$ t ?is w kill him at once4 ,wahhabi ,sect ,wahhabi ,sect4 #djg--;,a puritan sect ( ,muhammadans4 ,! sect 0 n record$ at ! c5sus1 b x is probable t x has a few adh]5ts 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! ,wahhabi sect is nam$ aft] its f\nd]1 ,muhammad ,abdul ,wahhab1 :o 0 born 9 ,arabia 9 ,a4,d4 #afia4 ,he set 8 face aga9/ all developm5ts ( ,islam n w>rant$ by ! ,koran & ! traditional utt]ances ( ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet1 & aga9/ ! belief 9 om5s & wor%ip at ! %r9es ( sa9ts1 & condemn$ z well all display ( weal? & luxury & ! use ( intoxicat+ drugs & tobacco4 ,he d5i$ any au?ority to ,islamic doctr9es o!r ?an ! ,koran itself & ! utt]ances ( ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet :o _h receiv$ in/ruction f 8 lips1 & held t 9 ! int]pretation & application ( !m ,moslems mu/ ex]cise ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,! sect met ) consid]able milit>y success 9 ,arabia & ,p]sia1 & at "o "t ?reat5$ to spread ov] ! ,islamic _w4 ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( ! tak+ ( ,mecca by ,saud1 ! gr&son ( ! f\nd]1 9 #ahjc3 ,! sanctity ( ! place subdu$ ! b>b>\s _s ( ! conqu]ors1 & n ! slighte/ excesses 7 committ$ aga9/ ! p4 ,! /]n pr9ciples ( ! re=m$ doctr9es 71 h[ev]1 /rictly en=c$4 ,piles ( gre5 huqqas & ,p]sian pipes 7 collect$1 ros>ies & amulets 7 =cibly tak5 f ! devotees1 silk & sat9 dresses 7 dem&$ f ! weal?y & worldly1 & ! :ole1 pil$ up into a het]og5e\s mass1 7 burnt by ! infuriat$ re=m]s4 ,s /rong 0 ! feel+ aga9/ ! pipes & s necess>y did a public example seem to be1 t a respectable lady1 ^: del9qu5cy _h well-nigh escap$ ! vigilant eye ( ! ,muhtasib1 0 seiz$ & plac$ on an ass1 ) a gre5 pipe susp5d$ f h] neck1 & p>ad$ ?r\gh ! public /reets--a t]rible w>n+ to all ( h] sex :o might be incl9$ to indulge 9 =bidd5 luxuries4 ,:5 ! usual h\r ( pray] arriv$ ! myrmidons ( ! law salli$ =?1 & ) lea!rn :ips drove all slo?ful ,moslems to _! devotions4 ,! mosques 7 fill$4 ,nev] s9ce ! days ( ! ,prophet _h ! sacr$ city witness$ s mu* piety & devotion4 ,n "o pipe1 n a s+le tobacco-/opp]1 0 to be se5 9 ! /reets or f\nd 9 ! h\ses1 & ! :ole population ( ,mecca pro/rat$ !mselves at lea/ five times a day 9 solemn adoration4 ,! appreh5sions ( ! ,sultan ( ,turkey 7 ar\s$ & an army 0 despat*$ aga9/ ! ,wahhabis1 :i* broke _! political p[]1 _! lead]1 ,saud's son1 be+ execut$ 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahah4 ,b ! t5ets ( ! sect cont9u$ to be ma9ta9$ 9 ,arabia1 & 9 #ahbb "o ,saiyad ,ahmad1 a freeboot] & b&it f ,rai ,b>eli1 0 conv]t$ to x on a pilgrimage to ,mecca & return$ to prea* its doctr9es 9 ,india4 ,be+ a ,saiyad & ?us a desc5dant ( ! ,prophet1 he 0 accept$ by ! ,muhammadans ( ,india z ! true ,khalifa or ,mahdi1 await$ by ! ,%iahs4 ,unhe$$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 he trav]s$ our prov9ces ) a num]\s ret9ue ( devot$ disciples & conv]t$ ! populace to 8 re=m$ doctr9e by ?\s&s1 ,patna becom+ a c5tre ( ! sect4 ,9 #ahbf he decl>$ a jihad or religi\s w> aga9/ ! ,sikhs1 b aft] a f\r ye>s' /ruggle 0 defeat$ & kill$4 ,! sect gave "s tr\ble 9 ! ,mut9y1 b has n s9ce tak5 any "p 9 politics4 ,its re=m$ doctr9es1 h[ev]1 h obta9$ a consid]able vogue1 & /ill ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce on ,muhammadan ?\ght4 ,! ,wahhabis d5y ! au?ority ( ,islamic tradition aft] ! dea?s ( ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet1 d n illum9ate or pay rev]5ce to ! %r9es ( dep>t$ sa9ts1 d n celebrate ! bir?day ( ,muhammad1 c\nt ! n9ety-n9e names ( ,god on _! f+]s & n on a ros>y1 & d n smoke4 ,,"p ,i ,gloss>y ( ,m9or ,ca/es & ,o!r ,articles1 ,synonyms1 ,subca/es1 ,titles & ,names ( ,exogam\s ,septs or ,clans ,note4--,9 ?is ,gloss>y ! ref]5ces "u ea* head+ are to ! detail$ articles on ca/es1 religions & sects1 9 ,"p ,i4 & ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! "w4 ,! synonyms1 subca/es & titles h be5 tak5 f ! ma9 articles & are arrang$ "h 9 index =m z an aid to id5tification4 ,section or clan names1 h[ev]1 w n usually be f\nd 9 ! ma9 articles4 ,!y h be5 select$ f an alphabetical li/ prep>$ sep>ately1 & are includ$ z be+ ( "s int]e/1 9 addition to ^? conta9$ 9 ! articles4 ,! ,gloss>y also s]ves ! purpose ( indicat+ h[ subca/e & clan names are common to sev]al ca/es & tribes4 ,,gloss>y ,abhiman*kul4--,a section ( ,komti 9 ,*&a4 ,!y ab/a9 f us+ a prep>ation ( lead :i* is g5]ally gr\nd to p[d] & appli$ to w\nds4 ,abhira4--,an immigrant nomad tribe f :i* ! mod]n ,ahir ca/e is believ$ to h orig9at$4 ,a division ( ,m>a?a & ,guj>ati ,brahmans1 s call$ because !y are prie/s ( ! ,abhiras or ! mod]n ,ahirs4 ,abdhut4--,"n = a religi\s m5dicant4 ,appli$ to ,gosa9s1 q4v4 ,a*>ya1 ,a*>aj4--7,sup]9t5d5t ( c]emonies47 ,title ( ! heads ( ! ,swami-,n>ayan sect4 ,a surname ( ,adi ,gaur ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,adhia4--7,half47 ,a subca/e ( ,telis consid]$ to be illegitimate 9 ,betul4 ,adhaigh>1 ,arhaigh>4--7#b #a_/b h\ses47 ,a subdivision ( ,s>aswat ,brahmans4 ,adhali4--,a "n giv5 to ,maly>s by outsid]s4 ,adigaur4--,a subdivision ( ,brahman1 probably a bran* ( ! ,gaur ,brahmans1 ?\gh 9 ,saugor !y are consid]$ to be ,kanaujias4 ,adk&h1 ,adik&h4--7,sup]ior ,khonds47 ,a subca/e ( ,khonds1 be+ ! mo/ ,h9duis$ section ( ?is tribe4 ,a title ( ,khond4 ,adna?1 ,ad9a?4--,a subdivision ( ,jogi4 ,ad9a? 0 ! fa!r ( ,matsy5drana? & gr&fa!r ( ,gorakhna?1 ! fir/ great ,jogi4 ,agamudayan4--,a l>ge ,tamil cultivat+ ca/e1 ( :i* a few memb]s reside 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 ,jubbulpore & ,raipur4 ,!y are ! families ( ,madras sepoys :o h retir$ f regim5ts /ation$ 9 ^! places4 ,! ,agamudayans sometimes call !mselves by ! title ( ,pillai1 :i* means ',son ( a god' & 0 =m]ly res]v$ to ,brahmans4 ,ag>wala1 ,ag>wal4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,see ,bania-,ag>wala4 ,aga/ya4--,an eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,aghorpan?i4--,synonym = ,aghori4 ,agnihotri4--,a surname ( ,kanaujia & ,jijhotia ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 7,"o :o p]=ms ! sacrifice to ,agni or ! god ( fire47 ,agnikula4--,a "n giv5 to f\r clans ( ,rajputs said to h be5 born f ! fire-pit on ,m\nt ,abu4 ,see article ,panw> ,rajput4 ,agrah>i4--,a subca/e ( ,bania f\nd *iefly 9 ,jubbulpore ,di/rict & ,raig>h ,/ate4 ,_! "n has be5 connect$ ) ! cities ( ,agra & ,agroha4 ,agrajanma4--7,fir/-born47 ,a synonym = ,brahmans4 ,ah>ia4--,clan ( ,rajput4 ,synonym = ,sesodia4 ,ahir4--,! pr(essional ca/e ( h]dsm54 ,a clan ( ,m>a?a4 ,a subca/e ( ,rawat & ,salew> ,ko%ti 9 ,nim>4 ,a subca/e ( ,bi%noi1 ,gurao1 & ,sun>4 ,ahirw>4--,a resid5t ( ! old t[n ( ,ah> 9 ! ,bul&%ahr di/rict4 ,subca/e ( ,kori4 ,ahivasi1 ,ahiwasi4--7,f ,ahiwas1 ',! abode ( ! dragon1' ! h]mitage ( ,sanbh>i ,ri%i 9 ,ma?ura47 ,a ,brahmanical or pseudo-,brahmanical tribe4 ,!y are said to be sprung f a ,brahman fa!r & a ,k%atriya "m1 & 7 =m]ly pack-c>ri]s4 ,f\nd 9 ,jubbulpore & ! ,n]budda ,valley4 ,ahke4--7,s$uc$47 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,!y are said to be s nam$ because _! prie/s once s$uc$ a ,dhurwa girl1 & h] son 0 giv5 ?is "n4 ,ai?ana4--,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,ajodhia4--,subca/e ( ,jadam4 ,ajudhiabasi4--,see ,audhia4 ,akali4--,ord] ( ,sikh devotees4 ,see article ,sikh4 ,akhadewale4--,a class ( ,bairagis :o d n m>ry4 ,also kn[n z ,nihang4 ,akhroti4--,a subdivision ( ,pa?ans4 7,f akhrot1 walnut47 ,akre4--,a ba/>d ,khatik4 ,title ( a *ild a ,khatik gets by a woman ( ano!r ca/e4 ,alia4--,a gr[] ( ! al plant4 ,a subca/e ( ,bania & ,ka*hi1 a synonym ( ,*asa4 ,alia1 ,alk>i4--,^! t]ms are d]iv$ f ! al or ,indian mulb]ry 7,mor9da citrifolia74 ,! ,alias are memb]s ( ! ,ka*hi ca/e :o =m]ly grew ! al plant 9 ,nim> = sale to ! dy]s4 ,its cultivation !n yield$ a l>ge pr(it & ! ,alias devot$ !mselves solely to x1 :ile !y excommunicat$ any ( _! memb]s :o 7 guilty ( sell+ or giv+ away ! se$4 ,! import$ aliz>9 has n[ almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! indig5\s dye1 & al z a comm]cial product has be5 driv5 f ! m>ket4 ,alk>i is a t]m appli$ to ,banias & o!rs 9 ! ,damoh ,di/rict :o 7 =m]ly engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! al plant4 ,! memb]s ( ea* ca/e :i* took to ! cultivation ( ?is plant 7 some:at look$ d[n ^u by ! o!rs & h5ce became a di/9ct gr\p4 ,! explanation g5]ally giv5 ( ! di/a/e = ! crop is t 9 ! process ( boil+ ! roots to extract ! dye a numb] ( insects h to be kill$4 ,a fur!r reason is t ! r$ dye is consid]$ to resemble or be equival5t to blood1 ! second idea be+ a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fir/ 9 primitive modes ( ?\ght1 & h5ce to cause a c]ta9 degree ( pollution to ^? :o prep>e x4 ,a simil> objection is held to ! purvey+ ( lac-dye z %[n 9 ! article on ,lakh]a4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 clo!s dy$ r$ are consid]$ lucky1 & ! al dye 0 f> m commonly us$ by ,h9dus ?an any o!r1 prior to ! introduction ( anil9e dyes4 ,t5ts 7 also col\r$ r$ ) ?is dye4 ,! t5ts ( ! ,mughal ,emp]ors & royal pr9ces 7 ( r$ clo? dy$ ) ! roots ( ! al plant4 #djh ,simil>ly ,nadir ,%ah1 ! victor ( ,panipat1 _h 8 field headqu>t]s & liv$ 9 "o small r$ t5t4 ,9 ^! cases ! orig9al reason = col\r+ ! t5ts r$ may probably h be5 t x 0 a lucky col\r = battles1 & ! same belief may h l$ to ! adoption ( r$ z a royal & imp]ial col\r4 ,alk>i4--,synonym = ,alia4 ,alua4--,a subca/e ( ,uriya ,brahmans1 s nam$ because _! =efa!rs grew ! alu or potato4 ,amal4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,! memb]s ( ?is section d n eat ! planta94 ,ambad>4--7,mango-bran*47 ,a section ( ,rawat 7,ahir74 ,amba%ta4--,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,ame?ia4--7,f ,ame?i1 a p>gana 9 ,luckn[ ,di/rict47 ,a sept ( ,rajputs1 :o are ,*auhans accord+ to ,sir ,h4,m4 ,elliott1 b o!rs say !y are a bran* ( ! ,*am> ,gaur4 ,ami%t4--,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,amnait4--,subca/e ( ,bhatra4 ,amrite4--7,f ,amrit nect>47 ,a section ( ,kir>4 ,anapa4--7,lea!r-deal]s47 ,subca/e ( ,madgi4 ,anavala4--,a subdivision ( ,guj>ati or ,kh$awal ,brahmans4 ,!y d]ive _! "n f ! village ,anaval 9 ,b>oda4 ,!y are o!rwise kn[n z ,bhatela1 ,desai or ,ma/an4 ,&hra1 ,tailanga4--,"o ( ! five ord]s ( ! ,pan* ,dravid ,brahmans inhabit+ ! ,telugu c\ntry4 ,ant>v$i4--,a resid5t ( ,ant>v$ or ! ,doab1 ! tract ( l& betwe5 ! ,ganges & ! ,jumna riv]s4 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,apa/ambha4--,a ,sutra ( ! ,v$as4 ,a subdivision ( ,brahmans foll[+ t ,sutra & =m+ a ca/e subdivision4 ,b !y m>ry ) ,rig-,v$is1 ?\gh ! ,sutra belongs to ! ,black ,yajur-,v$i4 ,a?>v>v$i1 ,an?>w>v$i4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans :o foll[ ! ,a?>v>-,v$a & are v r>ely met )4 ,arab4--,?is designation is sometimes return$ by ! desc5dants ( ! ,arab m]c5>ies ( ! ,bhonsla k+s4 ,^! 7 at "o "t l>gely employ$ by ! diff]5t rul]s ( s\!rn ,india & made ! be/ ( soldi]s4 ,9 ! ,m>a?a armies #dji _! rate ( pay 0 ,rs4 #ab a mon?1 :ile ! ord9>y infantry receiv$ only ,rs4 #e4 ,g5]al ,hislop /at$ _! "* z foll[s3 #daj ,!re are p]haps no troops 9 ! _w t w make a /\t] or m det]m9$ /& at _! po/s ?an ! ,arabs4 ,!y are entirely unacqua9t$ ) milit>y evolutions1 & undiscipl9$2 b e ,arab has a pride & he>t ( 8 own t nev] =sakes him z long z he has legs to /& on4 ,!y are naturally brave & possess ! greate/ coolness & quickness ( sight3 h>dy & fi]ce ?r\gh habit1 & br$ to ! use ( ! mat*lock f _! boyhood3 & !y atta9 a precision & skill 9 ! use ( x t w\ld almo/ exce$ belief1 br++ d[n or w\nd+ ! smalle/ object at a consid]able di/ance1 & n unfrequ5tly birds ) a s+le bullet4 ,!y are g5]ally arm$ ) a mat*lock1 a c\ple ( swords1 ) ?ree or f\r small dagg]s /uck 9 front ( _! belts1 & a %ield4 ,on common occasions ( attack & def5ce !y fire b "o bullet1 b :5 h>d press$ at ! brea* !y drop 9 two1 ?ree1 & f\r at a "t1 f _! m\?s1 always c>ry+ 9 !m f eight to t5 bullets1 :i* are ( a small size4 ,we may calculate ! :ole numb] ( ,arabs 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,pe%wa & ! ,b]> ,raja at #fjjj m51 a loose & undiscipl9$ body1 b e man ( !m a t\gh & h>dy soldi]4 ,x 0 to ! ,arabs alone ^? ,prov9ces look$1 & plac$ _! dep5d5ce on4 ,_! own troops fl$ & ab&on$ !m1 seldom or nev] d>+ to meet our smalle/ deta*m5t4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! horror & at>m ) :i* "s ( our native troops view ! ,arab4 ,at ,nagpur 9 ,novemb] #ahag ! ,arabs alone attack$ u on ! def5ce & r$uc$ u to ! la/ extremity1 :5 we 7 sav$ by ,capta9 ,fitzg]ald's *>ge4 ,! ,arabs attack$ u at ,koregaon & w\ld h c]ta9ly de/roy$ u _h n ! ,pe%wa )drawn 8 troops on ,g5]al ,smi?'s approa*4 ,! ,arabs kept ,g5]al ,doveton at bay ) 8 :ole army at ,nagpur = sev]al days1 repuls+ our attack at ! brea*1 & !y ga9$ _! fulle/ t]ms4 ,! ,arabs wor/$ u = a mon? at ,malegaon & sav$ _! cr$it4 ,!y t]rifi$ ! ,surat au?orities by _! fame alone4 ,!y ga9$ _! t]ms ( money f ,sir ,john ,malcolm at ,asirg>h4 ,!y ma9ta9$ to ! la/ = _! pr9ce _! po/ at ,alamn] & nobly refus$ to be b\ght ov] !re4 ,!y attack$ u bravely1 b un=tunately at ,taln]4 ,!y attack$ ,capta9 ,sp>k's deta*m5t on ! def5ce & de/roy$ x4 ,!y attack$ a battalion ( ! #ad? ,madras ,infantry ) #bf-p\nd]s & compell$ !m to seek %elt] 9 a village2 & !y gave u a furi\s w9d-up at ,asirg>h4 ,yet ! :ole ( ^! ,arabs 7 n #fjjj4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,arabs are "o ( ! f9e/ fight+ races ( ! _w4 ,_! ance/ors 7 ! ,s>ac5s :o ga9$ a great empire 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,_! h>dihood & p[]s ( endurance are br\ght to ! highe/ pit* by ! rig\rs ( des]t life1 :ile ow+ to _! lack ( n]v\s s5sibility ! %ock & pa9 ( w\nds affect !m less ?an civilis$ troops4 ,& 9 addition _! religion tea*es t all :o die 9 battle aga9/ ! infidel are transport$ /raight to a p>adise teem+ ) mat]ial & s5sual delights4 ,arab troops are /ill employ$ 9 ,hyd]abad ,/ate4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s notices !m z foll[s 9 8 book ,9 ,india3 ,a gang ( half-a-doz51 brilliantly di%evell$1 a faggot ( dagg]s ) an antique pi/ol or two 9 ea* belt1 & a six-foot mat*lock on ea* %\ld]4 ,!y s]ve z irregul> troops !re1 & x mu/ be own$ t if irregul>ity is :at y want1 no man on e>? c supply x bett]4 ,! ,arab irregul>s are br\ght ov] to s]ve _! "t & !n s5t back to ,arabia2 !re is "o at ?is mom5t1 :o is a subalt]n 9 ,hyd]abad1 b z soon z he crosses ! ,briti% bord] gets a salute ( n9e guns2 he is a ,%eikh 9 8 own c\ntry ne> ,ad54 ,! ,arabs :o h be5 long resid5t "h h adopt$ ! ways & mann]s ( o!r ,musalmans4 ,_! m>riages are 9 ! ,nikah =m & are m>k$ by only "o #daa d9n]1 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,prophet1 :o gave a d9n] at ! m>riage ( 8 daught] ! ,lady ,fatimah & ,ali4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! ord] ( ! ,prophet a dea? is foll[$ by no signs ( m\rn+4 ,arabs m>ry freely ) o!r ,sunni ,muhammadans & h no special social or religi\s organisation4 ,! battle-cry ( ! ,arabs at ,sitabaldi & ,nagpur 0 ',d91 ,d91 ,muhammad4' ,arakh4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,dahait1 ,gond & ,pasi4 ,aranya4--,"n ( "o ( ! t5 ord]s ( ,gosa9s4 ,are4--,a cultivat+ ca/e ( ! ,*&a ,di/rict1 :]e !y numb]$ #bjjj p]sons 9 #aiaa4 ,! ca/e are also f\nd 9 ,madras & ,bombay1 :]e !y commonly return !mselves "u ! "n ( ,m>a?i2 ?is "n is app>5tly us$ 9 ! s\? z a g5]ic t]m = immigrants f ! nor?1 j z 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces p com+ f nor!rn ,india are call$ ,p>de%i4 ,mr4 7,sir ,h47 ,/u>t says #dab t ,are is a synonym = ,arya1 & is us$ z an equival5t ( a ,m>a?a & sometimes 9 a /ill wid] s5se1 app>5tly to designate an immigrant ,aryan into ! ,dravidian c\ntry ( ! s\?4 ,! ,ares ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces appe> to be ,kunbis :o h migrat$ into ! ,telugu c\ntry4 ,! names ( _! subca/es are ^? ( ! ,kunbis1 z ,khaire1 ,tirelle1 a =m ( ,tirole1 & ,dhanoj = ,dhanoje4 ,o!r subdivisions are call$ ,kayat & ,kattri1 & ^! seem to be ! desc5dants ( ,kaya/h & ,khatri ance/ors4 ,! ca/e admit ,brahmans1 ,banias1 & ,komtis into ! community & seem to be1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,/u>t1 a mix$ gr\p ( immigrants f ,mah>a%tra into ! ,telugu c\ntry4 ,"s ( !m we> ! sacr$ ?read & o!rs d n4 ,"s ( _! family names are tak5 f ^? ( animals & plants1 & !y bury p]sons :o die unm>ri$1 plac+ _! feet t[>ds ! nor? l ! =e/ tribes4 ,arka4--,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,*&a :o wor%ip ! s>as crane4 ,arma*i4--7,! dhaura tree47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,gonds4 ,arora1 ,rora4--,an important trad+ & m]cantile ca/e ( ! ,punjab1 ( :i* a few p]sons 7 return$ f ! ,nim> ,di/rict 9 #aija4 ,sir ,d4 ,ibbetson 0 ( op9ion t ! ,aroras 7 ! ,khatris ( ,aror1 ! anci5t capital ( ,sc9de1 repres5t$ by ! mod]n ,rori4 ,he describ$ ! ,arora z foll[s3 #dac ,l ! ,khatri & unlike ! ,bania he is no m]e trad]2 b 8 social position is f> inf]ior to !irs1 p>tly no d\bt because he is look$ d[n ^u simply z be+ a ,h9du 9 ! portions ( ! ,prov9ce :i* are 8 special habitat4 ,he is commonly kn[n z a ,kir>1 a ^w almo/ synonym\s ) c[>d1 & ev5 m contemptu\s ?an is ! "n ,bania 9 ! ea/ ( ! prov9ce4 ,! ,arora is active & ent]pris+1 indu/ri\s & ?rifty4444 ',:5 an ,arora girds up 8 lo9s he makes x only two miles f ,jhang to ,lahore4' ,he w turn 8 h& to any "w1 he makes a mo/ admirable cultivator1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! ,aroras ( ! l[] ,*5ab are purely agricultural 9 _! avocations4 ,he is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,afghani/an & ev5 ,turki/an & is ! ,h9du trad] ( ^? c\ntries2 :ile 9 ! we/]n ,punjab he w sew clo!s1 weave matt+ & baskets1 make vessels ( brass & copp] & d goldsmi?'s "w4 ,b he is a t]rible c[>d1 & is s br&$ 9 ! prov]bs ( ! c\ntryside3 ,! ?ieves 7 f\r & we eighty-f\r2 ! ?ieves came on & we ran away2 & aga93 ,to meet a ,ra?i arm$ ) a hoe makes a company ( n9e ,kir>s 7,aroras7 feel alone4 ,yet ! peasant has a :olesome dread ( ! ,kir> :5 9 8 prop] place3 ,vex n ! ,jat 9 8 jungle1 nor ! ,kir> at 8 %op1 nor ! boatman at 8 f]ry2 = if y d !y w break y\r head4 ,aga93 ,tru/ n a cr[1 a dog or a ,kir>1 ev5 :5 asleep4 ,s aga93 ,y c't make a fri5d ( a ,kir> any m ?an a sati ( a pro/itute4 ,asa?i4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,!y are bo? ,ja9s & ,h9dus4 ,a%ram4--,"n ( "o ( ! t5 ord]s ( ,gosa9s4 ,a%?ana4--,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,a?>adesia4--7,a man ( eighte5 di/ricts47 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,a?bhaiya4--7,eight bro!rs47 ,a subdivision ( ,s>aswat ,brahman 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,an ,a?bhaiya _c take a wife f ! ,*aubhaiya subdivision1 to :om ! =m] give _! daught]s 9 m>riage4 ,a?ia4--,a subca/e ( ,*ad>1 s nam$ because !y wor%ip _! goddess ,devi on ! #h? day 7,a?a97 ( ,kunw> 7,septemb]71 & correspond to ! ,brahmanical ,sakta sect1 z oppos$ to ! o!r ,*ad> subca/e ,p>masuria1 :o correspond to ! ,vai%navas4 ,audhalia4--,synonym = ,audhelia4 ,audhia1 ,ajudhiabasi4--,a resid5t ( ,oudh4 ,subca/e ( ,bania & ( ,kas> & ,sun>4 ,audi*ya4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans com+ f ,oudh4 ,aughad4--,a subdivision ( ,jogi4 ,!y resemble ! ,aghoris ) ! diff]5ce t !y may n eat human fle%4 ,augh>4--,a subdivision ( ,jogi4 ,aukule4--,a subca/e ( ,ko%tis4 ,!y are also call$ ,vidurs1 be+ ( mix$ desc5t f ,ko%tas & o!r ca/es4 ,aulia4--7,a fav\rite ( ,god47 ,title ( ,muhammadan sa9ts4 ,baba4--,synonym ( ,gosa94 ,babhan4--,synonym = ,bhu9h>1 be+ ! "n ( a l&hold+ ca/e 9 ,b5gal4 ,us$ z a title by ,bhuiyas4 ,babuan4--,title = ! desc5dants ( ! =m] rul+ families ( ! ,*]o tribe4 ,ba*halya1 ,ba*hap1 ,ba*hilia4--7,f ba*ha1 a calf47 ,a section ( ,bania1 ,*ad> & ,khang>4 ,a section ( ,patwa 9 ,raipur4 ,!y d n ca/rate bullocks4 ,bad4--7,high or great47 ,subca/e ( ,agh>ia & ,sudh4 ,bad or ,bh&4--,a ca/e4 ,title ( ,khatik4 ,bad4--7,banyan tree47 ,a section ( ,jo%i4 ,bad>ia4--7,f bad>1 cl\d47 ,a section ( ,k&]a4 ,badga9ya4--7,f ,badgaon 7b>a gaon71 a l>ge village47 ,a surname ( ,s>w>ia ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,basdewa1 ,gad>ia & ,kurmi4 ,badguj>4--7,f bada1 great47 ,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,a subca/e ( ,guj>1 also ( ,gaur ,brahman4 ,a section ( ,meht>4 ,badhaiya4--7,b>hai1 c>p5t]47 ,a subca/e ( ,loh> & ,kol4 ,a sept ( ,sav>4 ,badh>ia4--,a resid5t ( ,badhas 9 ,mirzapur4 ,subca/e ( ,bahna & ,dhuri4 ,badi4--7,a rope-walk]47 ,synonym ( ,nat4 ,badkur4--,title us$ 9 ! ,dhobi ca/e4 ,badwaik4--7,! great ones47 ,a subca/e ( ,mana4 ,a title ( ,dhobi & ,pan or ,g&a4 ,bag>ia4--7,a "y buffalo47 ,a sept ( ,dhanw> & ,sonk>4 ,bagh1 ,baghwa4--7,tig]47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,ahir1 ,bhatra1 ,kaw>1 ,munda1 ,oraon1 ,sonk>1 ,teli & ,turi4 ,baghel1 ,baghela4--7,a tig] or tig]-cub47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs :i* has giv5 its "n to ,baghelkh&4 ,a subca/e ( ,audhia ,sun> & ,*am>4 ,a section ( ,bhilala1 ,dhanw>1 ,gond1 ,lodhi1 ,mali1 & ,panw> ,rajput4 ,baghm>1 ,baghm>ya1 ,bagm>4--7,a tig]-slay]47 ,a section ( ,oswal ,bania1 ,basor1 ,*am>1 ,dhim>1 ,koilabhuti ,gond1 & ,teli4 ,a subsept ( ,nika ,gonds 9 ,betul1 :o ab/a9 f kill+ tig]s4 ,bagri4--,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a subca/e ( ,jat4 ,"o ( ! #gb #a_/b sections ( ,mahe%ri ,banias4 ,p belong+ to ! ,badhak or ,baw>ia1 & ,p>dhi ca/es are sometimes kn[n by ?is "n4 ,bah>ga9yan4--7,f ,bah> gaon1 outside ! village47 ,a subca/e ( ,kurmi4 ,bah>ketu4--7,bu%-cutt]47 ,a subca/e ( ,korwa4 ,bahelia4--,! ca/e ( f[l]s & hunt]s 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,bahelias are n to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,p>dhis1 z !y h ! same set ( exogam\s gr\ps nam$ aft] ! ,rajput clans1 & resemble !m 9 all o!r respects4 ,! ^w ,bahelia is d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit ,vyadha1 '"o :o pi]ces or w\nds1' h5ce a hunt]4 ,p>dhi is d]iv$ f ! ,m>a?i p>adh1 hunt+4 ,! latt] t]m is m commonly us$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 & has !re=e be5 *os5 z ! title ( ! article on ! ca/e4 ,bahre4--7,outside ! walls47 ,a subdivision ( ,kh$awal ,brahmans4 ,bahrup4--,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,bahrupia4--,a small class ( m5dicant actors & quick-*ange arti/s4 ,!y are recruit$ f all classes ( ! population1 & ?\gh a di/9ct ca/e ( ,bahrupias appe>s to exi/1 p ( v>i\s ca/es also call !mselves ,bahrupia :5 !y take to ?is occupation4 ,9 ,b]> ! ,mah>1 ,mang & ,m>a?a divisions ( ! ,bahrupias are ! mo/ common3 #dad ! =m] two begg+ only f ! ca/es f :i* !y take _! "n4 ,9 ,guj>at !y appe> to be pr9cipally ,muhammadans4 ,sir ,d4 ,ibbetson says ( !m3 #dae ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit bahu1 _m1 & rupa1 =m1 & d5otes an actor1 a mimic or "o :o assumes _m =ms or *>act]s4 ,"o ( _! fav\rite devices is to ask = money1 & :5 x is refus$ to ask t x may be giv5 if ! ,bahrupia succe$s 9 deceiv+ ! p]son :o refus$ x4 ,"s days lat] ! ,bahrupia w aga9 visit ! h\se 9 ! disguise ( a p$l>1 a milkman or :at n1 sell 8 goods )\t be+ detect$1 ?r[ (f 8 disguise & claim ! /ipulat$ rew>d4 ,9 ,guj>at !y are v5triloqui/s & actors ) a special skill ( dress+ "o side ( _! face l a man & ! o!r side l a woman1 & mov+ _! head ab\t s %>ply t !y seem to be two p]sons4 #daf ,mr4 ,kitts /ates t ! m5 are by pr(ession /ory-tell]s & mimics1 imitat+ ! voices ( m5 & ! notes ( animals2 _! male *ildr5 are also tra9$ to dance4 ,9 paym5t = _! ent]ta9m5t !y are frequ5tly cont5t ) ca/-(f clo!s1 :i* w ( c\rse be ( use to !m 9 assum+ o!r *>act]s4 #dag ,occasionally also !y dress up 9 ,european clo!s & c successfully assume ! "* ( a ,eurasian4 ,baid4--7,physician47 ,a surname ( ,sanadhia & ,m>a?a ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,a section ( ,oswal ,bania1 & ,d>zi4 ,bairagi4--,a ca/e or religi\s ord]4 ,subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,bais4--,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,bajania4--7,"o :o plays on musical in/rum5ts47 ,subca/e ( ,panka4 ,bajanya4--7,drumm]47 ,a subca/e ( ,panka 9 ,balaghat4 ,baj>ha4--7,baz>47 ,a section ( ,d>aiha 9 ,bilaspur4 ,bajna1 ,bajg>i4--7,musicians at fea/s & m>riages47 ,subca/e ( ,g&a4 ,bajpai4--7,a prie/ (ficiat+ at ! horse sacrifice47 ,a surname ( ,kanaujia ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,brahmans4 ,title ( "s old families ^: ance/ors 7 sacrificial prie/s4 ,bak> ,kasai4--7,goat-but*]47 ,a subca/e ( ,khatik4 ,bakra4--7,goat47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,bhatra & ,halba4 ,baks>ia4--,f ,bux> 9 ,b5gal4 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a section ( ,d>aiha & ,lodhi4 ,balla4--,"o ( ! #cf ,rajkuls or royal clans ( ,rajputs not$ 9 ,tod's ,raja/han4 ,balnik4--,subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,balusudia4--7,%av547 ,title ( ,khond4 ,balut$>4--,"n = a village m5ial 9 ,b]>4 ,title ( ,dhobi4 ,balw&a4--7,qu>relsome47 ,a section ( ,teli4 ,bam-,m>gi4--,synonym = ! ,vam-,m>gi sect4 ,baman or ,brahman4 ,subca/e ( ,bi%noi1 ,d>zi & ,gondhali4 ,bamania4--7,f ,brahman47 ,a section ( ,ahir4 ,!y d n t\* ! pipal tree4 ,a section ( ,mah> & ( ,rajjh> 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,bamhan ,g\r or ,brahman ,g\r4--,a clan ( ,rajputs 9 ,saugor & ,n>s+hpur4 ,bamhania4--,a subca/e ( ,kas>1 f ,bamhan or ,brahman4 ,a section ( ,katia4 ,bamnaiha4--7,belong+ to a ,brahman47 ,a section ( ,basor4 ,banaph>1 ,banaf>4--,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a section ( ,dah>ia4 ,banbha9sa4--7,wild buffalo47 ,a section ( ,rawat 7,ahir74 ,b&a4--7,tailless47 ,a section ( ,kir>4 ,b&a ,bagh4--7,tailless tig]47 ,a section ( ,teli4 ,b&>4--7,a rocket-?r[]47 ,synonym ( ,kad]a4 ,b&>wale4--7,"o :o cat*es monkeys47--,subca/e ( ,p>dhi4 ,b&esia4--7,a man ( #eb di/ricts47 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,b&haiya4--,a subca/e ( ,nunia :o conf9e !mselves to ! excavation ( tanks & wells4 ,also a subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,b&haiya4--7,f ,b&hog>h47 ,subca/e ( ,nai4 ,b&hia--7,f b&h1 an embankm5t47 ,a subca/e ( ,d>zi & ,dhim>4 ,a section ( ,*am>4 ,b&rele4--7,monkey47 ,a section ( ,basor1 & ,b>ai4 ,banghore4--7,wild horses47 ,a section ( ,dom 7,meht>74 ,bania4--,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,bi%noi4 ,a synonym ( ,sun> 9 ,sambalpur4 ,a subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,a section ( ,n&vansi ,gauli4 ,banka4--,a small ca/e f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! ,kalah&i ,/ate :i* n[ =ms "p ( ,b5gal4 ,! ca/e 0 =m$ f milit>y s]vice l ! ,kh&aits1 ,paiks & ,m>a?as1 & "s families be> ! names ( diff]5t ca/es1 z ,brahman ,banka1 ,kumh> ,banka1 & s on4 ,!y 7 =m]ly notori\s freeboot]s1 b h n[ settl$ d[n to cultivation4 ,ea* man1 h[ev]1 /ill c>ries a sword or knife on 8 p]son1 & 9 ,kalah&i !y are p]mitt$ to d ?is )\t tak+ out a lic5ce4 ,banku4--7,"o :o frequ5ts seque/]$ p>ts ( =e/s47 ,a sept ( ,korku4 ,bansb]ia4--7,"o :o p]=ms acrobatic feats on a /ick or bamboo47 ,synonym ( ,kolhati4 ,bansia4--7,angl]47 ,f bansi1 a fi%+-hook4 ,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,bansphor4--7,a break] ( bamboos47 ,synonym ( ,basor4 ,subca/e ( ,meht> & ,mahli4 ,ban/alai4--7,a tank ) bamboo trees on its bank47 ,a section ( ,teli4 ,bant4--,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,bantia4--7,f banat1 a r$ wooll5 blanket47 ,a section ( ,oswal ,bania4 ,baone or ,baonia4--,f ! phrase ,bawan ,b]>1 a t]m appli$ to ! ,prov9ce by ! ,mughals1 because x paid fifty-two lakhs ( rev5ue1 z aga9/ only eight lakhs realis$ f ! adjo9+ ,jhadi or hilly c\ntry 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,subca/e ( ,kunbi1 ,mah> & ,mali4 ,baoria4--,synonym ( ,badhak4 ,b>a-haz>4--7,twelve ?\s&47 ,subca/e ( ,*]o4 ,b>ade1 ,b]>i4--,a resid5t ( ,b]>4 ,subca/e ( ,bahna1 ,b>hai1 ,*am>1 ,dhang>1 ,dhobi1 ,khatik1 ,mang & ,nai4 ,b>am or ,birm4--,subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,b>apatre4--7,a l>ge leaf-plate47 ,a section ( ,ko%ti4 ,b>aua4--7,a fi%]man47 ,synonym ( ,dhim>2 title ( ,dhim>4 ,b>dhia4--7,f b>dh1 a t]m = ! edge ( a weapon47 ,synonym ( ,siklig>4 ,b>dia4--,"o :o uses bullocks = transport4 ,subca/e ( ,kumh>4 ,b>e?a4--7,a wa%]man47 ,synonym = ,dhobi4 ,b>ga4--,subca/e ( ,oraon4 ,b>gah1 #dah ,b>gaha1 ,b>ghat4--,a small ca/e ( cultivators belong+ pr9cipally to ! ,bilaspur ,di/rict4 ,!y appe> to be immigrants f ,rewah1 :]e ! ca/e is num]ically /rong1 & !y are also f\nd 9 ! adjac5t ,di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces & ,b5gal4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces !y are employ$ z high] dome/ic s]vants & make leaf-plates1 :ile _! wom5 act z midwives4 #dai ,"h !y claim k9%ip ) ! ,goala ,ahirs1 b 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,b5gal !y advance pret5sions to be ,rajputs4 ,!y h a /ory1 h[ev]1 :i* %[s _! connection ) ! ,ahirs1 to ! effect t on "o occasion ,brahma /ole ,kri%na's c[s & c[h]ds4 ,kri%na creat$ new ones to replace !m1 exactly simil> to ^? lo/1 b ,brahma subsequ5tly return$ ! orig9als1 & ! ,b>gahas are ! desc5dants ( ! artificial c[h]ds creat$ by ,kri%na4 ,9 ,s>guja1 ,b>gaha is us$ z a title by ,ahirs1 :ile 9 ,rewah ! ,b>gahs are look$ on z ! ba/>d (fspr+ ( ,baghel ,rajputs4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan writes ( !m z foll[s3 #dbj ,9 ,gorakhpur ! ,rajput *iefs h c]ta9 families ( ,ahirs1 ! wom5 ( :i* act z wet-nurses to _! *ildr51 :ile ! m5 att5d to _! p]sons4 ,^! families are call$ ,b>gaha2 !y h receiv$1 ( c\rse1 great fav\rs & _m ( !m are v ri*1 b o!rs look d[n ^u !m z hav+ admitt$ _! wom5 to too great famili>ity ) _! *iefs4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces !y also claim to be ,rajputs1 z !y return$ !mselves z a clan ( ,rajputs 9 #ahha4 #dba ,_! position z describ$ by ,bu*anan is precisely ! same z t ( ! ,dauwa ,ahirs1 :o are ! h\sehold s]vants ( ,bundela ,rajputs 9 ,bundelkh&1 & ! facts set =? above leave little or no d\bt t ! ,b>gahs are a mix$ ca/e1 aris+ f ! connection ( ,rajputs ) ! ,ahir wom5 :o 7 _! p]sonal s]vants4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces no subdivisions ( ! ca/e exi/ at pres5t1 b a sep>ate & inf]ior subca/e is 9 process ( =mation f ^? :o h be5 turn$ out ( ca/e4 ,!y are divid$ = ! purpose ( m>riage into exogam\s gotras or clans1 ! names ( :i* correspond to ^? ( ,rajputs1 z ,kaunsil1 ,*&el1 ,rana1 ,bundela1 ,ra?or1 ,baghel1 ,*auhan & o!rs4 ,m>riage betwe5 memb]s ( ! same clan & also betwe5 fir/ c\s9s is prohibit$4 ,! cu/om ( guranwat or ex*ang+ girls 9 m>riage betwe5 families is v preval5t1 & z !re is a sc>city ( girls 9 ! ca/e1 a man :o has n got a daught] mu/ pay ,rs4 #ajj to ,rs4 #bjj to obta9 a bride = 8 son4 ,on ! arrival ( ! m>riage procession ! bridegroom t\*es ) a dagg] a grass mat hung 9 front ( ! m>riage-%$4 ,dur+ ! m>riage ! bridegroom's fa!r pres5ts him ) a grass r+1 :i* he places on 8 wri/4 ,! h&s ( ! bridegroom & bride are ti$ "o ov] ! o!r ) a piece ( ?read1 & ! bride's p>5ts cat*+ ! h&s say to ! bridegroom1 ',we h giv5 y our daught]2 protect h]4' ,! c\ple !n walk sev5 times r\nd a sacrificial fire & a pe/le & slab conta9+ sev5 pieces ( turm]ic1 nuts & heaps ( col\r$ rice1 ! bride lead+ & kick+ ov] a heap ( rice f ! slab at ea* turn4 ,! o!r common c]emonies are also p]=m$4 ,! ,b>gahs d n tol]ate sexual (f5ces & expel a girl or m>ri$ woman :o goes wrong4 ,! ,b>gahs are usually cultivators 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 b !y consid] x b5ea? _! dignity to t\* ! pl\gh ) _! own h&s4 ,_m ( !m are mlguzrs or village proprietors4 ,!y take food cook$ )\t wat] f a ,brahman1 & wat] only f a ,rajput4 ,rajputs take wat] f _! h&s1 & _! social position is fairly high4 ,b>g&i1--,synonym = ,kaik>i4 ,b>ghat4--,synonym ( ,b>gah4 ,b>ki4--,high4 ,subca/e ( ,rautia4 ,b>kia4--7,a sp9n] ( f9e ?read47 ,subca/e ( ,mah>4 ,b>maiyan1 ,b>mian1 ,malaiya4--,subca/e ( ,basor1 ,dhim> & ,gad>ia4 ,b>oni4--,title ( a female ,dhim>4 ,b>ora or ,w>k>a4--7,wild cat47 ,a subsept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,b>paihi4--7,b>1 banyan tree47 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul1 s nam$ because _! prie/ (f]$ food to _! gods on ! leaves ( a banyan tree4 ,b>wa4--,synonym = ,g>pag>i4 ,"o :o w>ds (f hail/ones f ! /&+ crops4 ,subca/e ( ,jogi4 ,ba%i%ta4--,see ,vasi%ta4 ,a section ( ,vidur4 ,ba/>ha4--,a resid5t ( ,ba/> ,/ate4 ,subca/e ( ,halba4 ,ba?ri4--7,f batkur1 a vegetable47 ,a subca/e ( ,dhobi & ,teli4 ,ba?udia4--,subca/e ( ,bhuiya4 ,batri4--,a gr[] ( bat>1 a k9d ( pea4 ,subca/e ( ,teli4 ,batti4--7,a ball47 ,a subsept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul1 s nam$ because _! prie/ /ole balls ( cook$ mahua4 ,!y d n kill or eat goats or %eep1 & ?r[ away any?+ smelt by !m4 ,bawan1 ,bawanjaye4--7,bawan-#eb47 ,a subca/e ( ,s>aswat ,brahmans4 ,baw>ia4--,a dwell] ( ,bhanw>g>h tract 9 ,betul di/rict4 ,subca/e ( ,korku4 ,bawisa4--7,tw5ty-two47 ,a subca/e ( ,guj>ati ,brahmans 9 ,ho%angabad & ,makrai ,/ate4 ,bay>1 ,biy>1 ,bi>4--,a small ca/e ( lab\r]s belong+ to ! ea/]n ,di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ( :om ab\t #bjj p]sons 7 return$ f ,bilaspur 9 #ahia4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! ,korba zam9d>i1 & are pr(essional digg]s or navvies1 l ! ,murhas4 ,!y are app>5tly a mix$ ca/e d]iv$ f ! primitive tribes ) "s ,h9du blood4 ,!y eat f[ls & pork1 b w n take food f any o!r ca/e4 ,!y "w by contract on ! dangri sy/em ( measurem5t1 a dangri be+ a piece ( bamboo five cubits long4 ,= "o rupee !y dig a pat* #h dangris long by "o broad & a cubit 9 dep?1 or #fge cubic feet4 ,b ?is rate does n all[ = lift or lead4 ,bazig>4--7,an acrobat47 ,synonym ( ,nat4 ,beh>4--7,cat47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw>4 ,beh]a4--,a subca/e ( ,taonla4 ,a section ( ,tiy>4 ,a title ( ,khadal4 ,belw>1 ,bilw>4--,a small ca/e ( c>ri]s & cattle-deal]s belong+ to ,oudh1 ^: memb]s occasionally visit ! nor!rn ,di/ricts ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,!y say t _! ance/ors 7 ,sanadhya ,brahmans1 :o employ$ bullocks z pack-animals1 & h5ce1 be+ look$ d[n on by ! re/ ( ! ca/e1 became a sep>ate body1 m>ry+ among !mselves4 ,b5aika1 ,b9aika4--,a subca/e ( ,p>w> ,bania1 consi/+ ( ! (fspr+ ( rem>ri$ wid[s or illegitimate unions4 ,probably also f\nd among o!r subca/es ( ,bania4 ,b5atia4--,a subca/e ( ,sansia 9 ,sambalpur4 ,b5diwala4--,"n ( a m9or ,vi%nuite ord]4 ,see ,bairagi4 ,b5etiya1 ,b5atia4--,subca/e ( ,*asa & ,sansia4 ,b5gali4--,b5gali immigrants are usually ,brahmans or ,kaya/hs4 ,b5gani4--7,br9jal47 ,"o ( ! #addd sections ( ,oswal ,bania4 ,b5glah4--,an immigrant f ,b5gal4 ,subca/e ( ,bh>bhunja4 ,beora ,basia4--7,hawk47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,bhatra4 ,b]>ia1 ,b]adia4--7,belong+ to ,b]>47 ,a subca/e ( ,bahna1 ,b>ai1 ,b>hai1 ,*am>1 ,dhang>1 ,dhim>1 ,kas> & ,kunbi4 ,b]ia4--,a ca/e ( gipsies & vagrants1 ^: wom5 are pro/itutes4 ,h5ce sometimes us$ g5]ally to signify a pro/itute4 ,a subca/e ( ,nat4 ,besra4--7,hawk47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,bhatra & ,rawat 7,ahir74 ,be/a4--,a ,telugu ca/e ( fi%]m54 ,!y are also call$ ,bhoi & ,ma**naik1 & correspond to ! ,dhim>s4 ,!y are f\nd only 9 ! ,*&a ,di/rict1 :]e !y numb]$ #gjj p]sons 9 #aiaa1 & _! prop] home is ,mysore4 ,!y are a l[ ca/e & re> pigs & eat pork1 crocodiles1 rats & f[ls4 ,!y are /\t & /rong & d>k 9 col\r4 ,l ! ,dhim>s !y also act z palanqu9-be>]s1 & h5ce has aris5 a say+ ab\t !m1 ',! ,be/a is a great man :5 he c>ries %oes1' because ! head ( a gang ( palanqu9-be>]s c>ries ! %oes ( ! p]son :o sits 9 x4 ,at _! m>riages ! c\ple place a mixture ( cumm9 & jagg]y on ea* o!r's heads1 & !n g5tly press _! feet on ^? ( ! o!r sev5 times4 ,drums are beat51 & ! bridegroom places r+s on ! toes ( ! bride & ties ! mangal-sutram or necklace ( black beads r\nd h] neck4 ,!y are seat$ side by side on a pl\gh-yoke1 & ! ends ( _! clo?s are ti$ toge!r4 ,!y are !n tak5 outside & %[n ! ,great ,be>1 ! />s ( :i* are consid]$ to be ! spirits ( ! sev5 pr9cipal ,h9du ,sa9ts1 & ! pole-/>1 ,arundhati1 :o repres5ts ! wife ( ,vasi%?a & is ! patt]n ( fem99e virtue4 ,on ! foll[+ two days ! c\ple ?r[ fl[]s at ea* o!r = "s "t 9 ! morn+ & ev5+4 ,be=e ! m>riage ! bridegroom's toe-nails are cut by ! b>b] z an act ( purification4 ,?is cu/om1 ,mr4 ,?ur/on #dbb /ates1 corresponds among ! ,sudras to ! %av+ ( ! head among ! ,brahmans4 ,! ,be/as usually take z _! pr9cipal deity ! ne>e/ l>ge riv] & call x by ! g5]ic t]m ( ,ganga4 ,on ! fif? day aft] a dea? !y (f] cook$ food1 wat] & sesamum to ! cr[s1 9 ^: bodies ! s\ls ( ! dead are believ$ to reside4 ,! food & wat] are giv5 to satisfy ! hung] & ?ir/ ( ! s\l1 :ile ! sesamum is suppos$ to give x coolness & qu5* its heat4 ,on ! t5? day ! a%es are ?r[n into a riv]4 ,! be>d ( a boy ^: fa!r is alive is %av$ = ! fir/ "t be=e 8 m>riage4 ,*ildr5 are tattoo$ ) a m>k on ! =ehead )9 ?ree mon?s ( bir?1 & ?is s]ves z a sect m>k4 ,a *ild is nam$ on ! elev5? day aft] bir?1 & if x is subsequ5tly f\nd to be cont9ually ail+ & sickly1 ! "n is *ang$ "u ! belief t x ex]cises an evil influ5ce on ! *ild4 ,betala4--7,gobl947 ,"o ( ! #addd sections ( ,oswal ,bania4 ,bhadauria4--7,f ,bhadaw> 9 ,gwalior ,/ate47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a clan ( ,dangi 9 ,saugor f :om ,rajputs take daught]s 9 m>riage1 b d n give daught]s to !m4 ,a surname ( ,sanadhia ,brahman4 ,bhadonia4--,subca/e ( ,dangi4 ,bhadoria4--7,a drum-beat]47 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,bhadri1 ,bhadd>i4--,a synonym = ,jo%i1 hav+ a d]ogatory s5se1 z ( "o :o begs ) deceit or fraud4 ,bhadune4--7,f ! mon? ,bhadon47 ,a section ( ,kal>4 ,bhagat4--7,devotee47 ,a section ( ,ahir or ,gaoli1 ,b>ai & ,panw> ,rajput4 ,bha9s-,m>a4--7,kill] ( ! buffalo47 ,a section ( ,kanj>4 ,bha9sa4--7,buffalo47 ,a section ( ,*am>1 ,dhanw>1 ,g&a1 ,kaw>1 ,kanj>1 ,mali1 ,panka & ,rawat 7,ahir74 ,bhairon4--7,! god ,bhairon47 ,a section ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,bhaiya4--7,bro!r47 ,"o ( ! #gb #a_/b sections ( ,mahe%ri ,bania4 ,bhala4--7,spe>47 ,"o ( ! #gb #a_/b sections ( ,mahe%ri ,bania4 ,bhald>4--7,a spe>-man47 ,a class ( ,dahaits1 :o h commonly be5 employ$ z village wat*m54 ,bhale ,sultan4--7,lords ( ! spe>47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,bhamti1 ,bhamtia4--,synonyms ( ,bhamta4 ,bhan>e4--,nam$ aft] ! t[n ( ,bh&>a 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,bh&1 ,bhanr4 #dbc--;,a small ca/e ( /ory-tell]s & buffoons4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit ,bh&a1 a je/]1 & ! ca/e are also kn[n z ,naqqal or actor4 ,only a trifl+ numb] ( ,bh&s are %[n by ! c5sus z belong+ to ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,mr4 ,crooke rem>ks3 ,! ,bh& is sometimes employ$ 9 ! c\rts ( ,rajas & native g5tlem5 ( rank1 :]e he amuses ! company at ent]ta9m5ts ) buffoon]y & a burlesque ( ,european & native mann]s1 mu* ( :i* is ( a v co>se nature4 ,! ,bh& is q sep>ate f & ( a l[] pr(essional rank ?an ! ,bahrupia4 ,! bulk ( ! ca/e are ,muhammadans1 b !y h exogam\s sections1 "s ( :i*1 z ,kai!la 7,kaya/h71 ,bamhaniya 7,brahman71 ,guj>?a 7,guj>71 ,nonela 7,lunia71 & s on1 are d]iv$ f ^? ( ,h9du ca/es1 & indicate t ! ca/e is a het]og5e\s community recruit$ f diff]5t s\rces4 ,!re are two recognis$ endogam\s subca/es--! ,*5r1 :i* seems to mean little 7,h9di1 ,*5ra71 & ! ,ka%miri4 ,! =m] trace _! orig9 to ! "t ( ,tam>lane1 :o1 on ! dea? ( 8 son1 gave himself ov] to m\rn+ = twelve ye>s4 ,!n "o ,sayyid ,hasan1 a c\rti] ( ! ,emp]or1 compos$ a humor\s poem 9 ,arabic1 :i* ga9$ him ! title ( ,bhanr4 ,sayyid ,hasan is reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ca/e4 ,?\gh he 0 a ,sayyid ! pres5t ,bhanrs are ei!r ,%aikhs or ,mughals2 & ! diff]5ce ( fai?1 ,sunni & ,%iah1 is a b> to int]m>riage4 ,! ,ka%miri ,bhanrs are said to be ( q rec5t orig91 hav+ be5 invit$ f ,ka%mir by ,nasir-ud-,d9 ,haid>1 k+ ( ,oudh4 ,! ,bh&s p]=m _! m>riages by ! ,nikah =m1 9 :i* a ,kazi (ficiates4 ,9 virtue ( be+ ,muhammadans !y ab/a9 f pork & liquor4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan #dbd qua9tly describ$ !m z ,impud5t fell[s1 :o make long faces1 squeak l pigs1 b>k l dogs1 & p]=m _m o!r ludicr\s feats4 ,!y also dance & s+1 mimick+ & turn+ into ridicule ! danc+ boys & girls1 on :om !y likewise pass _m jokes1 & are employ$ on great occasions4 ,! ,bh&1 9 fact1 seems to correspond v ne>ly to ! c\rt je/] ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,bh&>i4--7,a b>b]1 also a cook 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry47 ,a synonym = ,nai4 ,a subca/e ( ,gondhali4 ,a section ( ,oswal ,bania & ,halba4 ,title ( ! deputies ( ! *ief guru ( ! ,satnami sect4 ,bhangi4--7,hemp-smok]47 ,synonym ( ,meht>4 ,bhanr4--,synonym ( ,bh&1 a /ory-tell]4 ,bhanw>4--7,a bee1 also honey47 ,a section ( ,gad>ia & ,kaw>4 ,bhaos>4--,synonym ( ,*hipa4 ,bh>adwaj4--7,a skyl>k4 ,"n ( a great ,brahman ,ri%i or sa9t47 ,"o ( ! common eponym\s sections ( ,brahmans4 ,also a section ( ,jo%i1 ,loh>1 ,prabhu1 ,sun>1 & ( sev]al clans ( ,rajputs4 ,bh>ewa4--7,f bh>at1 a mixture ( copp] & lead47 ,a gr\p ( brass or bell-metal work]s class$ ) ! ,kas> ca/e1 b ( l[] social /&+ ?an ! ,kas>s4 ,a subca/e ( ,sun> 9 ,raipur4 ,bh>gava4--7,born ( ,bhrigu ,ri%i47 ,a subca/e ( ,kanaujia ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans4 ,bh>gava ,dhus> is a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,see ,bania-,dhus>4 ,bh>ia4--7,f ! ,bh> tribe47 ,a tribe4 ,a subca/e ( ,baiga 9 ,m&la1 & ( ,kol4 ,bh>ia-,bhumia4--,synonym ( ,bh>ia4 ,bh>otia or ,mudia4--7,%av547 ,subca/e ( ,baiga1 also ( ,ahir4 ,bh>?i4--,"n ( "o ( ! t5 ord]s ( ,gosa9s4 ,bhatia4--,a comm]cial ca/e ( ,s9d & ,guj>at1 a few ( :om settle tempor>ily 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,sir ,d4 ,ibbetson writes ( !m3 #dbe ,! ,bhatias are a class ( ,rajputs1 orig9ally com+ f ,bhatn]1 ,jaisalm] & ! ,rajputana des]t1 :o h tak5 to dome/ic pursuits4 ,! "n w\ld seem to %[ t !y 7 ,bhatis 7call$ ,bhatti 9 ! ,punjab72 b be t z x may1 _! ,rajput orig9 seems to be unque/ion$4 ,!y /& di/9ctly bel[ ! ,khatri1 & p]haps bel[ ! ,arora1 & are = ! mo/ "p engag$ 9 petty %opkeep+1 ?\gh ! ,bhatias ( ,d]a ,ismail ,khan are describ$ z belong+ to a widely-spread & ent]pris+ m]cantile community4 ,!y are v /rict ,h9dus1 f> m s ?an ! o!r trad+ classes ( ! we/]n ,punjab2 & es*ew meat & liquor4 ,!y d n practise wid[-m>riage4 ,mr4 ,crooke's acc\nt #dbf leaves little d\bt t ! ,bhatias are a bran* ( ! ,bhatti or ,yaduvansi ,rajputs ( ,jaisalm] :o h gone into trade2 & ,colonel ,tod expresses ! same view3 ,! ,bhattiah is also "o ( ! eque/rian ord] conv]t$ into ! comm]cial1 & ! ex*ange has be5 to 8 advantage4 ,8 habits are l ^? ( ! ,arora1 next to :om he ranks z to activity & weal?4 #dbg ,! *ief occupation ( ! ,bhatias1 ,mr4 ,crooke /ates1 is moneyl5d+1 & to ?is !y add trade ( all k9ds1 agriculture1 l&hold+ & ,gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,_m ( !m g on exp$itions to ,arabia1 ,kabul1 ,bokh>a & o!r di/ant places ( bus9ess4 ,_m 9 ,bombay c>ry on trade ) ,zanzib>1 ,java & ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,bhatnag>4--,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,bhatpag>4--7,wage ( rice47 ,a section ( ,katia4 ,bhik%akunti4--7,bhik%a1 begg+2 kunti1 lame47 ,a subca/e ( ,kapew> :o are ! ,bhats or b>ds ( ! ca/e4 ,bhil4--,a tribe4 ,a subca/e ( ,p>dhi4 ,bhilaophod4--7,^? :o extract oil f ! bhilawa nut1 ,semec>pus anac>dium47 ,subca/e ( ,kol4 ,bhilsaiyan1 ,bhilsia1 ,bhilasia4--7,f ,bhilsa1 a t[n 9 ,gwalior ,/ate47 ,a section & surname ( ,jijhotia ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,purania ,sun> & ( ,ra?or ,teli & ,teli4 ,bhima4--,a small ca/e belong+ to ! ,m&la & ,seoni ,di/ricts4 ,!y are musicians ( ! ,gond tribe & dance & beg at _! w$d+s4 ,! ca/e are an (f%oot ( ! ,gonds1 _! exogam\s septs hav+ ,gond names1 z ,m>abi1 ,m>kam1 ,dhurwa1 ,p>teti1 ,tekam & s on2 b !y n[ m>ry among !mselves4 ,!y wor%ip ! ,gond god1 ,bura ,deo1 _! own eld]s s]v+ z prie/s4 ,at _! p]=mances ! m5 play & dance1 we>+ holl[ anklets ( metal ) little balls ( iron inside to make !m t9kle4 ,! wom5 are dress$ l ,h9du wom5 & dance )\t ornam5ts4 ,_! in/rum5t is call$ ,tuma or g\rd4 ,x consi/s ( a holl[ piece ( bamboo fix$ horizontally ov] a g\rd4 ,ov] ! bamboo a /r+ is /ret*$ secur$ to a peg at "o end & pass+ ov] a bridge at ! o!r4 ,little knobs ( wax are made on ! bamboo s t ! /r+ t\*es !m dur+ its vibrations4 ,! g\rd acts z a s\nd+-bo>d4 ,bhogta4--,subca/e ( ,khairw>4 ,bhoi4--7,"o :o c>ries litt]s or palanqu9s47 ,synonym ( ,dhim> & ,kah>4 ,a title or honorific "n = ,gonds & "o by :i* !y are (t5 kn[n4 ,see article ,kah>4 ,a section ( ,b9jhal4 ,bhoir4--,synonym = ,bhoy>4 ,bhojni4--,subca/e ( ,*itraka?i4 ,!y s]ve ! food at m>riage & o!r c]emonies4 ,bholia4--7,f bhulna1 to =get47 ,synonym ( ,bhulia4 ,bhona4--,a small ca/e ( lab\r]s 9 ! ,m&la ,di/rict4 ,!y are practically all employ$ by ! local ,pans>is 7,b>ai7 or pan-gr[]s 9 t5d+ _! b>ejas or betel-v9e g>d5s4 ,!re is "s gr\nd = suppos+ t ! ,bhonas are an (f%oot ( ! ,bh>ia or ,bh>ia-,bhumia tribe ( ,jubbulpore1 :i* is itself d]iv$ f ! ,bh>s4 ,"o ( ! sections ( ! ,bhonas is nam$ aft] ! vulture1 & at _! w$d+s a man ( ?is section cat*es a "y *ick5 & bites (f ! head 9 imitation ( a vulture4 ,bhondih4--7,f bhond1 dung-beetle47 ,a section ( ,ahir4 ,bhonsla4--,a clan ( ,m>a?as to :i* ! ,rajas ( ,nagpur belong4 ,bhope or ,bhoall4--,subca/e ( ,manbhao4 ,bhoriya4--,synonym ( ,bhulia4 ,bhoy>4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,ko%ti & ,m>>4 ,bhudes4--7,! gods on e>?47 ,title ( ,brahmans4 ,bhu9h>4--,"n ( a l&hold+ ca/e 9 ,b5>es & ,b5gal :o claim to be ,brahmans or ,rajputs4 ,!y are also kn[n z ,babhan4 ,a title ( ! ,bhuiya tribe4 ,see article ,bhuiya4 ,a title ( ! ,bha9a tribe4 ,bhumia4--7,born f ! l&1 or aborig9al47 ,a title ( ! ,bh>ia tribe 9 ,jubbulpore1 also a title ( ,baiga & ,korku4 ,a synonym ( ,bhuiya4 ,a subdivision ( ,gond4 ,a section ( ,kurmi4 ,bhura4--7,grey47 ,"o ( ! sections ( ,oswal ,bania4 ,a prop] "n4 ,bhus>4--7,"l ( ! e>?47 ,a title ( ,brahman4 ,bhus>j94--7,f bhusa1 ! *aff ( :eat47 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,bhuskate4--7,f bhusa1 fodd]1 "o :o supplies fodd]47 ,a family "n4 ,bhuta4--,a subtribe ( ,gond 9 ,betul1 ! same z ,koilabhuta4 ,!y are said to be ( immoral "*4 ,bi>4--,synonym ( ,bay>4 ,bi*huwa1 ,bi*hi4--7,f bi*hu1 scorpion47 ,a section ( ,dhobi & ,kaw>4 ,bidur4--,synonym ( ! ,vidur ca/e4 ,biloria4--7,f bilori1 m>ble /one47 ,a section ( ,*hipa4 ,bilw>4--,synonym ( ,belw>1 a c>ri] & cattle-deal]4 ,b9d4--,a l>ge non-,aryan ca/e ( ,bih> & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ( :i* #chj p]sons 7 return$ 9 #aiaa4 ,sir ,h4 ,risley says ( !m3 #dbh ,!y are a tribe employ$ 9 agriculture1 e>?work1 fi%+1 hunt+1 mak+ saltpetre & collect+ indig5\s drugs4 ,traditions curr5t among ! ca/e pr(ess to trace _! orig9 to ! ,v9dhya hills1 & "o ( ^! leg5ds tells h[ a travell]1 pass+ by ! foot ( ! hills1 he>d a /range flute-l s\nd com+ out ( a clump ( bamboos4 ,he cut a %oot & took f x a fle%y sub/ance :i* aft]w>ds grew into a man1 ! suppos$ ance/or ( ! ,b9ds4 ,ano!r /ory says t ! ,b9ds & ,nunias 7 =m]ly all ,b9ds & t ! pres5t ,nunias are ! desc5dants ( a ,b9d :o cons5t$ to dig a grave = a ,muhammadan k+ & 0 outca/$ = do+ s4 ,a ?ird leg5d tells h[ 9 ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s ,mahadeo made a lump ( e>? & end[$ x ) life4 ,! creature ?us produc$ ask$ ,mahadeo :at he %\ld eat4 ,! god po9t$ to a tank & told him to eat ! fi% 9 x & ! wild rice :i* grew ne> ! banks4 ,mr4 ,crooke #dbi says t !y use fi% l>gely except 9 ! =tnight 7,pitripak%7 sacr$ to ! dead 9 ! mon? ( ,kunw>1 & ,sir ,h4 ,risley notes t aft] ! rice h>ve/ ! ,b9ds w&] ab\t ! c\ntry digg+ up ! /ores ( rice accumulat$ by field rats 9 _! burr[s4 ,f f\r to six p\nds ( gra9 are usually f\nd1 b ev5 ?is quantity is sometimes exce$$4 ,! ,b9ds also fea/ on ! rats1 b !y d5y ?is1 say+ t to d s w\ld be to _! own injury1 z a r$uction ( ! next ye>'s f9d ( gra9 w\ld ?us be caus$4 ,b9jhal4--,synonym ( ,b9jhw>4 ,b9jhw>4--,a ca/e d]iv$ f ! ,baiga tribe4 ,a subtribe ( ,baiga & ,gond4 ,a subca/e ( ,g[>i4 ,bir*heya4--7,a dwell] 9 ! =e/47 ,subca/e ( ,ghosi4 ,bir*kia4--7,f bir*ka1 a tree47 ,a subca/e ( ,ghosi4 ,birhor4--,a small ,kol>ian tribe ( :om ab\t #aej p]sons 7 return$ 9 #aiaa f ! ,*ota ,nagpur ,/ates4 ,! "n means a dwell] 9 ! =e/4 ,sir ,h4 ,risley /ates t ! ,birhors live 9 t9y huts made ( bran*es ( trees & leaves1 & eke out a mis]able liv+ by sn>+ h>es & monkeys1 & collect+ jungle products1 especially ! b>k ( ! *ob creep]1 #dcj f :i* a co>se k9d ( rope is made4 ,!y are great adepts at ensn>+ monkeys & o!r small animals1 & sell !m alive or eat !m4 ,colonel ,dalton describ$ !m z1 #dca ,a small1 dirty1 mis]able-look+ race1 :o h ! cr$it ( dev\r+ _! p>5ts1 & :5 ,i tax$ !m ) x !y did n d5y t su* a cu/om _h once obta9$ among !m4 ,b !y decl>$ !y nev] %ort5$ lives to provide su* fea/s & %rank ) horror f ! idea ( any bodies b ^? ( _! own blood-relatives be+ s]v$ up to !m4 ,x w\ld appe> t ?is cu/om may be p>tly c]emonial1 & h "s object1 su* z ensur+ t ! dead p]son %\ld be born aga9 9 ! family or t ! survivors %\ld n be haunt$ by 8 gho/4 ,x has be5 record$ ( ! ,bhunjias t !y ate a small "p ( ! fle% ( _! dead p>5ts4 #dcb ,colonel ,dalton consid]$ ! ,birhors to be a bran* ( ! ,kh>ia tribe1 & ?is is borne out by ,dr4 ,gri]son's /atem5t t ! specim5 ( ! ,birhor dialect return$ f ! ,ja%pur ,/ate 0 really ,kh>ia4 #dcc ,else:]e ! ,birhor dialect resembles ,mund>i4 ,birjhia1 ,birjia4 7,"o :o practises bew> or %ift+ cultivation 9 a =e/47 ,subca/e ( ,b9jhw>1 ,baiga & ,korwa4 ,birkh&ia4--,f ,birkh& 7,s& ( h]oes71 a "n = ,rajputana4 ,a section ( ,teli4 ,birtiya4 ,title ( ,nai or b>b]4 ,bis51 ,bisan4--,a clan ( ,rajput4 ,a section ( ,dah>ia & ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,a section ( ,m>>4 ,bobaiaya4--7,f ,bobbili1 a t[n 9 ,madras47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,*&a4 ,bogam4--,a "n = ,madrasi pro/itutes1 p]haps a sep>ate ca/e4 ,_! honorific title is ,sani4 ,bohra4--,a ,muhammadan ca/e4 ,a section ( ,oswal ,bania4 ,bombay4--,a subdivision ( ,valmiki ,kaya/h4 ,bondoya--,a resid5t ( ,jitg>h & ! ,pa*m>hi tract ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,subca/e ( ,korku4 ,bop*i4--,a section ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,bop*i--,a small ca/e 9 ! ,w>dha ,di/rict numb]+ a few hundr$ p]sons4 ,!y are 9 reality ,korkus1 ! "n be+ a corruption ( t ( ! ,b5doya subtribe1 b !y h disc>d$ _! prop] tribal "n & =m$ a sep>ate ca/e4 ,!y reta9 "s ( ! ,korku sept names1 :ile o!rs are d]iv$ f ! ,m>a?i words or f ! names ( o!r ca/es1 & ^! facts indicate t ! ,bop*is are ( mix$ desc5t f ,korkus & o!r l[ ,m>a?a ca/es ) :i* unions h tak5 place4 ,z might be expect$1 !y are v tol]ant ( sexual & social (f5ces1 & d n expel a woman :o has a liaison ) a man ( ano!r ca/e or takes food f him4 ,%e is readmitt$ to ca/e int]c\rse1 b has to und]go ! p5alty ( wa%+ h] body ) c[dung & hav+ a lock ( h] hair cut (f4 ,a man committ+ a simil> (f5ce has 8 upp] lip %av$4 ,!y employ ,gosa9s = _! gurus & _! social position is v l[4 ,borak>47,a mat-mak]47 ,synonym ( ,gopal4 ,borjh>ia4--7,bor-plum47 ,a sept ( ,halba4 ,brahma*>e4--7,a celibate47 ,subca/e ( ,manbhao4 ,brahman ,gaur1 or ,bamhan ,gaur4--,a bran* ( ! ,gaur clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,brid-dh>i4--,begg+ ,bhats4 ,subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,brihaspati1 ,brahaspati4--,an eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,bu*>4--,a corruption ( ! ,engli% ^w 'but*]4' ,subca/e ( ,khatik 9 ,agra4 ,budalgir4--7,f budla1 a lea!rn bag made = ! transport & /orage ( oil & ghi 7butt]747 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,bukek>i4--7,a sell] ( sc5t$ p[d] 7bukka747 ,synonym ( ,at>i4 ,bundela4--,a clan ( ,rajputs ( mix$ desc5t4 ,"n probably f ! ,v9dhya hills4 ,a subca/e ( ,basor4 ,a sept ( ,manih> & ,rawat4 ,bundelkh&i4--,a resid5t ( ,bundelkh&4 ,subca/e ( ,basdewa1 ,b>ai1 ,basor1 ,*am>1 ,d>zi1 ,dhobi1 ,kumh>1 ,loh>1 ,nai & ,sun>4 ,bundhrajia4--,subca/e ( ,kam>4 ,bunk>4--7,a weav]47 ,title ( ,balahi4 ,burad4--,a synonym = ! ,basor ca/e ( bamboo-work]s4 ,a section ( ,ko%ti & ,oswal ,bania4 ,bur?ia4--,subca/e ( ,*>an ,banj>a4 ,burud4--7,a bamboo-work]47 ,synonym = ,basor 9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry4 ,butka4--7,"o :o br+s leaves47 ,subca/e ( ,*asa4 ,byahut4--7,m>ri$47 ,subca/e ( ,kal>4 ,*ad>4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,kori4 ,*ak]e4--7,"o :o uses ! pott]'s :eel 9 localities :]e o!r ,kumh>s d n use x47 ,subca/e ( ,kumh>4 ,*akla4--7,a pr(essional wa%]man47 ,synonym = ,dhobi4 ,*alukya4--,a synonym = ,solanki ,rajputs4 7,p]haps f *hullu or *allu1 holl[ ( ! h&47 ,a subca/e ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,*am>1 ,*am>a4--7,f *amra1 a hide47 ,! well-kn[n ca/e ( tann]s4 ,a subca/e ( ,banj>a1 ,b>hai & ,d>zi4 ,*am> ,gaur4--7,*am> & ,gaur47 ,a well-kn[n clan ( ,rajputs4 ,see ,rajput-,gaur4 ,*ambh>4--,"n ( ! ,*am> ca/e 9 ,b]>4 ,*amra4--,a contemptu\s dim9utive = ! ,*am> ca/e 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,*&an1 ,*&ania4--7,s&alwood47 ,a section ( ,*am>1 ,kaw>1 ,khang> & ,kurmi4 ,*&el4--,a fam\s clan ( ,rajputs4 ,see ,rajput-,*&el4 ,*&ew>4--7,belong+ to ,*&a47 ,subca/e ( ,injhw>4 ,*&i4--7,"o :o hides beh9d a fi%+-net47 ,a sept ( ,korku4 ,*&ra1 ,*&raha4 7,f *&a1 ! moon47 ,a section ( ,guj> & ,teli4 ,*&ravansi or ,somvansi4--7,desc5d$ f ! moon47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,*&rav$i4--,synonym ( ,sanaurhia1 mean+ ',"o :o obs]ves ! moon4' ,*ankhatia4--,a subca/e ( ,bhuiya & ,*am>4 ,*annagri4--,a small ,ja9 sect4 ,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,*anti4--,"n d]iv$ f *iti1 an ant4 ,subca/e ( ,kaw>4 ,a section ( ,kumh>4 ,*anw>4--7,:isk47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw> & ,pabia4 ,*>ak4--,a subdivision ( ,m>a?a ,brahman2 a section ( ,brahman4 ,*>an4--,subca/e ( ,banj>a & ,bhat4 ,title ( ,bhat 9 ,rajputana4 ,*>deve4--,a clan ( ,gonds wor%ip+ f\r gods & pay+ special rev]5ce to ! tortoise4 ,*>gh>4--7,f\r h\ses47 ,a subdivision ( ,s>aswat ,brahmans4 ,*>nagri4--,a ,ja9 sect or subca/e ( ,bania4 ,*atrapati4--7,"l ( ! umbrella47 ,title ( ! anci5t ,indian k+s4 ,*atri1 ,*hatri4--,a common synonym = a ,rajput4 ,a subca/e ( ,bhamta4 ,*aturbhuji4--7,f\r-arm$47 ,an epi!t ( ,vi%nu4 ,a title ( ! ,*auhan clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a class ( ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants4 ,*aube1 ,*aturv$i4--7,f ,*aturv$i1 or "o le>n$ 9 ! f\r ,v$as47 ,a surname = ,kanaujia1 ,jijhotia & o!r ,h9du/ani ,brahmans4 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,*aubhaiya4--7,f\r bro!rs47 ,a subdivision ( ,s>aswat ,brahmans4 ,!y take wives f ! ,a?bhaiya subdivision1 b d n give girls to !m 9 m>riage4 ,*audhri1 ,*audh>i1 ,*\dhri4--7,a headman1 ! fir/ p]son47 ,title ( ,kal> ,panw>1 ,rajput & o!r ca/es2 title ( ,dhobi1 vice-presid5t ( ! ca/e committee4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,mahe%ri ,bania1 ,gad>ia1 ,guj>1 ,halba & ,m>> 7,mali74 ,a subdivision ( ,kapew>4 ,*auhan4--,a fam\s clan ( ,rajputs4 ,"n ( a l[ ca/e ( village wat*m5 9 ,*hattisg>h1 p]haps ! illegitimate desc5dants ( ,panw> ,rajputs4 ,*auka4--,title ( ! ,kabirpan?i religi\s s]vice4 ,! *auk is a sanctifi$ place on ! floor ( ! h\se or y>d1 pla/]$ ) c[dung & m>k$ out ) l9es ( :eat-fl\r or qu>tz-du/ )9 :i* c]emonies are p]=m$4 ,*aukhutia4--,a t]m :i* signifies a ba/>d 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,subca/e ( ,bhunjia4 ,*auske4--,subca/e ( ,kal>4 ,!y are s call$ because !y prohibit ! m>riage ( p]sons hav+ a common ance/or up to f\r g5]ations4 ,*aurasia4--,resid5t ( a ,*aurasi or e/ate ( eighty-f\r villages4 ,subca/e ( ,b>ai & ,bhoy>4 ,a section ( ,dhim> & ,kumh>4 ,_m e/ates are call$ by ?is "n1 grants ( eighty-f\r villages hav+ be5 commonly made "u native rule4 ,*aw>a1 ,*aura4--,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,*5*uw>1 ,*5*uwad or ,*5*u--,a =e/ tribe ( ! ,telugu c\ntry ( :om a few p]sons 7 return$ f ! ,*&a ,di/rict 9 #aiaa4 ,9 ,madras ! tribe is kn[n z ,*5*u1 & ! affix wad or wadu m]ely signifies p]son or man4 #dcd ,! m>riage c]emony ( ! ,*5*us may be m5tion$ on acc\nt ( its simplicity4 ,! c\ple sometimes simply run away toge!r at night & return next day z husb& & wife1 or1 if !y p]=m a rite1 walk r\nd & r\nd a b[ & arr[ /uck into ! gr\nd1 :ile _! relations bless !m & ?r[ rice on _! heads4 ,ea* p>ty to a m>riage c t]m9ate x at w )\t assign+ any reason or obs]v+ any =mality4 ,! bodies ( ! dead are wa%$ & !n buri$ ) _! weapons4 ,*5r4--7,little47 ,subca/e ( ,bh&4 ,*eorakuta4--7,"o :o prep>es *eora or p\nd$ rice47 ,subca/e ( ,dhuri4 ,*]o4 #dce--;,a well-kn[n tribe ( ! ,munda or ,kol>ian family1 f\nd 9 small numb]s 9 ! ,*ota ,nagpur ,feudatory ,/ates4 ,!y are believ$ to h be5 at "o "t ! rul]s ( ,bih>1 :]e num]\s monum5ts are attribut$1 accord+ to ! inquiries ( ,bu*anan & ,dalton1 to ! ,kols & ,*]os4 ,9 ,%ahabad #dcf also mo/ ( ! anci5t monum5ts are ascrib$ to ! ,*]os1 & x is traditionally ass]t$ t ! :ole c\ntry belong$ to !m 9 sov]eignty4 ,an inscription at ,budh ,gaya m5tions "o ,phudi ,*&ra :o is traditionally said to h be5 a ,*]o4 ,! ,*]os 7 expell$ f ,%ahabad1 "s say by ! ,saw>as 7,saonrs71 "s say by a tribe call$ ,h>iha2 & ! date ( _! expulsion is conjectur$ to be betwe5 ! fif? & six? c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,bo? ,*]os & ,saw>as 7 consid]$ by ! ,brahmans ( ,%ahabad z impure or ,mle**as1 b ! ,h>ihas are report$ good ,k%atriyas4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! ,*]os 9 ,mi?ila & ,magadha seems to h be5 complete4 ,once lords ( ! ,gangetic prov9ces1 !y are n[ f\nd 9 ,%ahabad & o!r ,bih> ,di/ricts only hold+ ! meane/ (fices or conceal+ !mselves 9 ! woods skirt+ ! hills occupi$ by _! c\s9s1 ! ,kh>w>s2 b 9 ,palamau !y reta9$ till a rec5t p]iod ! position !y _h lo/ else:]e4 ,a ,*]o family ma9ta9$ almo/ an indep5d5t rule 9 t p>gana till ! accession ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t2 !y ev5 attempt$ to hold _! ca/les & /rong places aga9/ t p[]1 b 7 spe$ily subjugat$1 =c$ to pay rev5ue & submit to ! laws4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 all[$ to reta9 _! e/ates2 & ?\gh ! rights ( ! la/ ,raja ( ! race 7 pur*as$ by ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahac1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 fall+ into arre>s1 ! collat]al bran*es ( ! family h ext5sive e/ates !re /ill4 ,accord+ to _! own traditions 7!y h no tru/wor?y annals7 !y h n be5 _m g5]ations 9 ,palamau4 ,!y invad$ t c\ntry f ,rohtas1 & ) ! aid ( ,rajput *iefs1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,?akurais ( ,ranka & ,*a9pur drove out & supplant$ a ,rajput ,raja ( ! ,raksel family1 :o retreat$ into ,s>guja & e/abli%$ himself !re4 ,all ! ,*]os ( note :o assi/$ 9 ! exp$ition obta9$ milit>y s]vice grants ( l&1 :i* !y /ill reta94 ,! ,kh>w>s 7 !n ! p ( mo/ consid]ation 9 ,palamau1 & !y all[$ ! ,*]os to rema9 9 peaceful possession ( ! hill tracts bord]+ on ,s>guja4 ,x is popul>ly ass]t$ t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*]o rule 9 ,palamau !y numb]$ twelve ?\s& families1 & ! ,kh>w>s eighte5 ?\s&2 & if an individual ( "o or ! o!r is ask$ to :at tribe he belongs1 he w say1 n t he is a ,*]o or a ,kh>w>1 b t he belongs to ! twelve ?\s& or to ! eighte5 ?\s&1 z ! case may be4 ,! ,palamau ,*]os n[ live /rictly z ,rajputs & we> ! paita or ca/e ?read4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ 9 ! article on ,khairw> t ! close connection betwe5 ! two tribes may arise f ! ,kh>w>s or ,khairw>s hav+ be5 an occupational (f%oot ( ! ,*]os & ,santals4 ,9 ,palamau #dcg ! ,*]os are n[ divid$ into two subca/es1 ! ,b>a-haz> or twelve ?\s&1 & ! ,t]ah-haz> or ?irte5 ?\s&1 :o are also kn[n z ,birb&hi4 ,! =m] are ! high] 9 rank & include mo/ ( ! desc5dants ( =m] rul+ families1 :o assume ! title ,babuan4 ,! ,t]ah-haz> are suppos$ to be ! illegitimate (fspr+ ( ! ,b>a-haz>4 ,! di/9ctive physical traits ( ! ,*]os1 ,colonel ,dalton /ates1 h be5 consid]ably s(t5$ by ! alliances ) pure ,h9du families1 :i* _! anci5t p[] & l>ge possessions enabl$ !m to secure2 b !y appe> to me /ill to exhibit an unmi/akable ,mongolian physiognomy4 ,!y v>y 9 col\r1 b are usually ( a light br[n4 ,!y h1 z a rule1 high *eek-bones1 small eyes obliquely set1 & eyebr[s to correspond1 l[ broad noses1 & l>ge m\?s ) protub]ant lips4 ,*]wa4--,subca/e ( ,kaw>4 ,*etti4--,subca/e ( ,g&li4 ,*ha*an4--7,a hawk47 ,a section ( ,rawat 7,ahir74 ,*hadesia4--7,a man ( six di/ricts47 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,*hadid> or ,d>wan4--,title ( ! ,dahaits1 :o 7 door-keep]s ( ! ,rajas ( ,mahoba 9 =m] times4 ,*hanava ,kule4--7,! n9ety-six h\ses47 ,a subca/e ( ,m>a?a4 ,*hatakia4--,an illegitimate gr\p ( ! ,kumh> ca/e4 ,*hattisg>hi1 ,*hattisg>hia4--,resid5t ( ,*hattisg>h or ! region ( ! ?irty-six =ts1 a "n giv5 to ! ea/]n tract ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,subca/e ( ,bahna1 ,d>zi & ,halba4 ,*hehgh> 7,*h5gh>74--7,memb]s ( ! six h\ses47 ,a hyp]gam\s division ( ,kanaujia ,brahmans4 ,!y take daught]s f ! o!r two divisions1 b d n give _! daught]s to !m4 ,*hipa4--7,a dy]47 ,synonym ( ,d>zi4 ,*hoha or ,s>oria4--,a subca/e ( ,agh>ia ( mix$ desc5t4 ,*holia4--7,rubbi%47 ,a section ( ,rajjh>4 ,*hote4--7,inf]ior47 ,subca/e ( ,agh>ia & ,teli4 ,*hoti ,pangat4--,a subca/e ( ,halba1 ,synonym ,surait4 ,*hoti ,pangat signifies ! inf]ior ca/e fea/1 & ! implication is t ^! memb]s _c jo9 9 ! prop] fea/4 ,*hotki ,bhir or ,gorhi4--7,l[47 ,subca/e ( ,rautia4 ,*hura1--7,razor47 ,a section ( ,panka4 ,x 0 _! bus9ess to %ave o!r memb]s ( ! ca/e aft] a dea?2 ,*i*am4--7,hawk47--,a sept ( ,gonds4 ,*i*]ia4--7,f *ur*1 =elock1 :i* ! *ildr5 ( ?is sept we>47 ,a sept ( ,dhim>4 ,*ika4--,subca/e ( ,majhw>4 ,*ikwa4--,synonym ( ,khatik4 ,*9*kul4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y ab/a9 f ! use ( g+] & f ! juice ( ! bhilawa or m>k+-nut tree4 ,*ita ,purdhi1 ,*ilewala4--7,leop>d-hunt]47 ,a subca/e ( ,p>dhi4 ,*iturk>1 ,*itrak>4--7,a pa9t]47 ,synonym = ,*it>i4 ,*it]4--7,a pa9t]47 ,see ,*it>i4 ,*itev>i4--7,"o :o makes clay idols47 ,synonym = ,mo*i4 ,*itpawan4--7,! pure 9 he>t47 ,a synonym = ,konkana/h ,brahman4 ,*itragupta ,vansi4--7,desc5dants ( ,*itragupta47 ,a "n = ,kaya/hs4 ,*obd>4--7,a mace-be>]47 ,title ( ,dahait4 ,*orbans4--7,family ( ?ieves47 ,a section ( ,*am>4 ,*\rdh>4--7,a :isk-c>ri]47 ,a section ( ,sun>4 ,*uhra4--,subca/e ( ,meht>4 ,"n = ! sweep] ca/e 9 ! ,punjab4 ,*ungia4--7,"o :o smokes a leaf-pipe47 ,subca/e ( ,*am> & ,satnami4 ,*unwiha4--7,f *unri1 a col\r$ %eet worn by wom547 ,a section ( ,tam]a4 ,*urha4--7,?ief47 ,a subca/e ( ,sun>4 ,a section ( ,*hipa4 ,cut*waha4--,clan ( ,rajput4 ,synonym = ,ka*hwaha4 ,dah>ia4--7,f ,dah>1 ! old "n ( ! ,jubbulpore c\ntry47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs :i* has develop$ into a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,bhoy>1 ,kal>1 ,mah>1 ,m>a?a & ,teli4 ,a section ( ,*ad>1 ,*am> & ,katia4 ,dahat4--,a v>iant = ,dahait4 ,a subca/e ( ,khang>4 ,dahia4--,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,daijanya4--,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,!y are s call$ because _! wom5 act z dai or midwives4 ,dakhne1 ,dak%ne1 ,dak%ni1 ,dak%9i4--7,belong+ to ! ,deccan47 ,subca/e ( ,bahna1 ,*am>1 ,gondhali1 ,gurao1 ,kunbi1 ,mah>1 ,mang & ,nai4 ,dako*ia4--,a synonym = ,bhadri1 an a/rolog]4 ,dal4--7,f dal1 an army47 ,subca/e ( ,khond4 ,dalboha1 ,dalbuha4--7,"o :o c>ries dhoolies or palanqu9s47 ,subca/e ( ,ghasia & ,katia4 ,dalia4--7,f dal or ! pulse ( ,burhanpur :i* _h a great reputation74 ,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,dal ,khalsa4--7,army ( ,god47 ,title ( ! ,sikh army4 ,d&ewala4--7,"o :o p]=ms acrobatic feats on a /ick or bamboo47 ,synonym = ,kolhati4 ,d&i4--7,"o :o c>ries a /ick47 ,"n ( a class ( religi\s m5dicants4 ,see article ,gosa94 ,d&s5a4--7,"o :o c>ries a /ick47 ,subca/e ( ,kal>4 ,dang-*>ha4--7,a rope-climb]47 ,synonym ( ,nut4 ,dangiw>a4--,"n ( "p ( ! ,saugor ,di/rict1 :i* is call$ aft] ! ,dangi ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,kad]a4 ,dangua4--7,a hill-dwell]47 ,subca/e ( ,taonla4 ,dangur4--,a small ca/e ( hemp weav]s numb]+ ab\t #ajj p]sons1 & resid+ almo/ entirely 9 ! village ( ,masod 9 ,betul ,di/rict4 ,!y are ( ! same /&+ z ! ca/e ( ,kumrawat or ,patb9a :i* pursues ?is occupation 9 o!r ,di/ricts1 b ackn[l$ge no connection ) !m & are probably an occupational (f%oot ( ! ,kunbi ca/e1 f ^: memb]s !y readily accept any k9d ( cook$ food4 ,l _m o!r small occupational ca/es ) no def9ite traditions1 !y pr(ess to h a ,k%atriya orig91 call+ !mselves ,bhagore ,rajputs1 :ile _! families are kn[n by su* high-s\nd+ titles z ,ra?or1 ,*auhan1 ,gaur1 ,solanki & o!r well-kn[n ,rajput names4 ,^! pret5sions h no f\ndation 9 fact1 & ! ,dangurs =m]ly did n abjure pork1 :ile !y /ill eat f[ls & dr9k liquor4 ,!y nei!r ba! nor clean _! kit*5s daily4 ,!y may eat food tak5 f "o place to ano!r1 b n if !y are we>+ %oes1 ?is be+ only p]missible 9 ! case :5 ! bridegroom takes 8 food we>+ 8 m>riage %oes4 ,dantele4--7,) tee?47 ,a section ( ,purania ,sun>s 9 ,saugor4 ,d>aihan4--,a small ca/e ( debas$ ,rajputs f\nd 9 ! ,bilaspur ,di/rict ( ,*hattisg>h & numb]+ "s #bjjj p]sons 9 #aija4 ,!y say t _! ance/ors 7 ,rajputs f ,upp] ,india :o settl$ 9 ,*hattisg>h "s g5]ations back 9 ! village ( ,d>gaon 9 ,raipur ,di/rict4 ,!nce !y 7 giv5 ! "n ( ,d>gaihan1 :i* has be5 corrupt$ into ,d>aihan4 ,o!rs say t ! "n is d]iv$ f d>i1 a pro/itute1 b ?is is p]haps a libel4 ,9 any case !y d n c>e ab\t ! "n ,d>aihan & pref] to call !mselves ,k%atriyas4 ,!y h n[ no connection ) ! ,rajputs ( ,upp] ,india1 & h develop$ into an endogam\s gr\p :o m>ry among !mselves4 ,x seems likely t ! ca/e are an inf]ior bran* ( ! ,dah>ia cultivat+ ca/e ( ,*hattisg>h1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,dah>ia clan ( ,rajputs4 #dch ,l o!r ,rajputs ! ,d>aihans h an elaborate sy/em ( septs & subsepts1 ! =m] hav+ ! names ( ,rajput clans1 :ile ! latt] are tak5 f ! eponym\s gotras ( ! ,brahmans4 ,!re are f\rte5 septs1 nam$ z a rule aft] ! pr9cipal ,rajput clans1 ( :om f\r1 ! ,*&el1 ,ka*hwaha1 ,dh&hul & ,sakraw>a1 rank high] ?an ! o!r t51 & w take daught]s f ^! 9 m>riage1 b n give _! daught]s 9 return4 ,besides ! septs !y h ! /&>d ,brahmanical gotras1 z ,kausilya1 ,bh>adwaj1 ,vasi%?a & s on to ! numb] ( sev51 & ! memb]s ( ea* sept are divid$ into ^! gotras4 ,!oretically a man %\ld n take a wife ^: sept or gotra is ! same z 8 own4 ,! m>riage ( fir/ c\s9s is =bidd51 & :ile ! gr&*ildr5 ( two si/]s may int]m>ry1 = ! desc5dants ( a bro!r & a si/] ! aff9ity is a b> till ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,b ! small numb]s ( ! ca/e mu/ make ! arrangem5t ( mat*es v difficult1 & x is d\btful :e!r ^! rules are /rictly obs]v$4 ,!y p]mit ! practice ( ,gunravat or giv+ a bride = a bride4 ,9 o!r respects ! social cu/oms ( ! ca/e resemble ^? ( _! neighb\rs1 ! ,dah>ias1 & _! rules z to ! conduct ( wom5 are /rict4 ,! m5 are well built & h regul> features & fair complexions1 f :i* _! ,rajput ance/ry may /ill be recognis$4 ,!y we> ! sacr$ ?read4 ,! ,d>aihans are good & intellig5t cultivators1 _m ( !m be+ proprietors or l>ge t5ants1 & unlike ! ,dah>ias !y d n object to driv+ ! pl\gh ) _! own h&s4 ,9 ! poor] families ev5 ! wom5 "w 9 ! fields4 ,!y h a /rong clanni% feel+ & w readily comb9e = ! support or protection ( any memb] ( ! ca/e :o may be 9 ne$ ( x4 ,d>bania4--7,door-keep]47 ,title ( ,khangur4 ,d>%ani4--,title ( ! mo/ holy memb]s ( ! ,kanphata ,jogis4 ,d>%ni4--7,f d>%an1 see+1 behold+1 z ( a god47 ,a sub-division ( ,jogi4 ,d>wan4--7,a door-keep]47 ,title ( ,dahait4 ,d>we or ,dalwe4--,a subca/e ( ,gonds 9 ,*&a2 ! ,d>wes are also call$ ,naik4 ,d>we%4--,p]sian "n = a ,muhammadan ,fakir or religi\s m5dicant4 ,d>zi4--,a ca/e ( tailors4 ,subca/e ( ,ghasia4 ,das4--7,s]vant47 ,us$ z ! t]m9ation ( _! names by ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants4 ,a t]m appli$ by ,pankas & o!r ,kabirpan?is to !mselves4 ,dasa4--7,t547 ,a subdivision ( ,ag>wala & o!r subca/es ( ,bania1 mean+ ^? ( pure blood4 ,dasgh>4--7,t5 h\ses47 ,"o ( ! ?ree subdivisions ( ,kanaujia ,brahmans4 ,!y give _! daught]s to memb]s ( ! ,*hegh> or six h\ses & receive !m f ! ,pan*gh> or five h\ses4 ,dasnami4--,a memb] ( ! t5 ord]s4 ,synonym = ,gosa94 ,datta or ,dutt4--,surname ( ,b5gali ,kaya/hs4 ,daune4--,a subdivision ( ,prabhu or ,p>bhu 9 ,nagpur1 s call$ on acc\nt ( _! liv+ 9 ! isl& ( ,diu1 a ,portuguese possession4 ,deccani4--,see ,dakhne4 ,dehalwi4--7,f ,delhi47 ,a subdivision ( ,gaur ,kaya/hs4 ,dehri4--7,a wor%ipp]47 ,subca/e ( ,sudh4 ,dekkala4--7,a g5ealogi/47 ,subca/e ( ,madgi4 ,delki4--,subca/e ( ,kh>ia4 ,deo4--7,god47 ,a h]$it>y title borne by c]ta9 ,feudatory ,*iefs4 ,a surname ( ,k>h>a ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,a subca/e ( ,g&li 9 ,*&a4 ,deobansi4--7,a desc5dant ( a god47 ,subca/e ( ,patwa4 ,deog>hia or ,rajkunw>4--7,f ,deog>h47 ,a subca/e ( ,p>dhan4 ,a subca/e ( ,audhelia made up ( pro/itutes4 ,a sept ( ,dhim>4 ,deokia4--,title us$ 9 ! ,b$> ca/e4 ,deoputra4--7,son ( god47 ,synonym ( ,*>an4 ,desa or ,kota4--,subca/e ( ,balija4 ,desai4--,a v>iant = ,de%mukh or a ,m>a?a rev5ue (fic]4 ,title ( ! ,p>dhan ca/e4 ,desawal4--,a subdivision ( ,brahman 9 ,jubbulpore4 ,!y take _! "n f ,disa1 a t[n 9 ,palanpur ,/ate 9 ,bombay ,presid5cy4 ,de%a1 ,desaha4--7,belong+ to ! home c\ntry47 ,! "n is usually appli$ to immigrants f ,malwa or ,h9du/an4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir1 ,b>gah1 ,b>i1 ,*am>1 ,dhuri1 ,gad>ia1 ,kal>1 ,kol1 ,kurmi1 ,lakh]a1 ,loh>1 ,mah>1 ,sun> & ,teli4 ,de%a/ha4--,a subca/e ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans inhabit+ ! c\ntry 7,de%7 above ! ,we/]n ,ghats4 ,a subca/e ( ,gurao4 ,de%k>4--7,"o belong+ to ! c\ntry47 ,a subca/e ( ,gondhali1 ,gurao1 ,kas>1 ,ko%ti1 ,kunbi1 ,mah>1 ,mali1 ,m>a?a1 ,nai1 ,sun> & ,teli4 ,de%mukh4--,"u ,m>a?a rule ! ,de%mukh 0 a ,p>gana (fic] :o collect$ ! rev5ue ( ! ,p>gana or small subdivision1 & o!r taxes1 receiv+ a c]ta9 %>e4 ,! (fice ( ,de%mukh 0 g5]ally held by a lead+ ,kunbi ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,he also held rev5ue-free l& 9 virtue ( 8 position4 ,! ,de%mukh families n[ t5d to =m a sep>ate subca/e ( ,kunbis & m>ry among !mselves4 ,de%p&e4--,! ,de%p&e 0 ! ,p>gana acc\ntant4 ,he 0 g5]ally a ,brahman & ! "r-h& man ( ! ,de%mukh1 & hav+ ! advantage ( education he became p[]ful l ! ,de%mukh4 ,n[ us$ z a surname by ,m>a?a ,brahmans4 ,deswali4--,synonym = ,m9a4 ,devadasi4--7,h&maid5s ( ! gods47 ,synonym = ,kasbi4 ,dev>ukhe4--,a subdivision ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ,dev>i%i1 a ,%akha 7bran*7 ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 or f ,dev>ukh1 a t[n 9 ,ratnagiri ,di/rict ( ,bombay ,presid5cy4 ,among ,brahmans !y hold r a l[ position4 ,dewangan4--7,f ! old t[n ( ?is "n on ! ,w>dha riv]47 ,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,dhaigh>4--7#b #a_/b h\ses47 ,a subca/e ( ,khatri4 ,dhakan4--7,a wit*47 ,subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,dhak>4--,"n ( a ca/e 9 ,ba/>4 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a subcase ( ,b>ai1 ,bania & ,kir>4 ,a sept ( ,halba4 ,dhalg>4--,a small occupational ca/e :o made lea!r %ields1 & are n[ almo/ ext9ct z ! use ( %ields has gone out ( fa%ion4 ,!y are ,muhammadans1 b ,mr4 ,crooke #dci consid]s !m to be alli$ to ! ,dabg>s1 :o make lea!r vessels = hold+ oil & ghi & are also kn[n z ,kuppesaz4 ,! ,dabg>s are a ,h9du ca/e ^: place 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces is tak5 by ! ,budalgir ,*am>s4 ,^! receive _! designation f budla1 ! "n ( ! lea!r bag :i* !y make4 ,budlas 7 =m]ly employ$ = hold+ ghi or melt$ butt]1 oil & ! liquid extract ( sug>cane1 b vegetable oil is n[ g5]ally c>ri$ 9 e>!n vessels slung 9 baskets1 & ghi 9 empty k]os5e t9s4 ,small bottles ( v ?9 lea!r are /ill us$ by sc5t-sell]s = hold+ _! sc5ts1 ?\gh !y also h glass bottles4 ,! song ( ! ,lea!r ,bottl recalls ! fact t vessels = hold+ liquids 7 made ( lea!r 9 ,europe prior to ! introduction ( glass4 ,! ,dhalg>s also made t>gets = ar*]y practice f ! hides ( buffaloes2 & ! simil> use ( ! hides ( cattle 9 ,europe survives 9 our phrase ( ! bull's eye = ! c5tre ( ! t>get4 ,dhamonia4--7,f ,dhamoni1 a t[n 9 ,saugor47 ,a subca/e ( ,sonk>4 ,a t]ritorial sept ( ,d>zi & ,dhobi4 ,dhanak ,sammani4--7,"o :o rev]5ces ! b[47 ,a section ( ,b>ai4 ,dh&]e4--7,probably f ,dhundh>1 an old "n ( ,jaipur or ,amb] ,/ate47 ,a sept ( ,rajputs4 ,dhang>4--7,a f>ms]vant47 ,synonym ( ,oraon4 ,dhanka4--,p]haps a v>iant = ,dhang>4 ,subca/e ( ,oraon4 ,dhanoj1 ,dhanoje4--7,f dhang>1 a %eph]d47 ,subca/e ( ,are & ,kunbi4 ,dhanpag>4--7,"o s]v+ = a pittance ( paddy47 ,a section ( ,teli4 ,dhanuh>4--7,a corrupt =m ( ,dhanusdh> or a hold] ( a b[47 ,synonym ( ,dhanw>4 ,dhanuk4--7,a b[man47 ,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,meht>4 ,dhanu%ban4--7,b[ & arr[47 ,a sept ( ,kaw>4 ,dh>ampuria4--7,resid5t ( ,dh>ampur47 ,subca/e ( ,dhobi4 ,dh>e4--,title ( ,g[>i4 ,dh>i4--,a subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,!y are ! b>ds ( ! ca/e4 ,dh>k>4--,subca/e ( ,basor4 ,dh>mik4--7,religi\s or virtu\s47 ,a subca/e ( ,mah> & ,m>a?a4 ,dh$4--,synonym = ,mah>4 ,dh5g>4--,a subca/e ( ,bh>ewa 7,kas>7 & ,gad>ia4 ,dh]a4 #ddj--;,a small ,telugu ca/e ( weav]s1 ! bulk ( :om reside 9 ! ,sonpur ,/ate1 transf]r$ to ,b5gal 9 #aije4 ,! ,dh]as 7 br\ght f ,orissa by ! ,raja ( ,sonpur to make clo!s = ! images ( ! gods1 :i* !y also claim to be _! privilege 9 ,puri4 ,_! exogam\s gr\ps are nam$ aft] animals1 plants or o!r objects1 & !y practise totemism4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,surya or sun gr\p w n eat dur+ an eclipse4 ,^? ( ! ,nalla 7black7 sept w n we> black clo!s4 ,^? ( ! ,banse?i & ,bhanala septs w n use ! b&i1 a k9d ( c>t f :i* !y consid] _! "n to be d]iv$4 ,! ,otals take _! "n f utti1 a net1 f :i* pots are hung1 & !y w n use ?is net4 ,^? ( ! ,gunda sept1 :o take _! "n f gunda1 a bullet1 w n eat any game %ot ) a gun4 ,m>riage )9 ! sept is prohibit$1 b ! ,dh]as always1 :]e practicable1 arrange ! m>riage ( a boy ) 8 mat]nal uncle's daught]4 ,ev5 9 *ildhood ! memb]s ( su* families address ea* o!r z bro!r-9-law & si/]-9-law4 ,:5 ! bridegroom & bride g home aft] ! m>riage c]emony1 ! bridegroom's si/] b>s ! door ( ! h\se & w n let !m 9 until !y h sev]ally promis$ to give h] _! daught] = h] son4 ,a girl mu/ be m>ri$ be=e arriv+ at adolesc5ce on pa9 ( p]man5t exclusion f ! ca/e4 ,if a suitable husb& has n !re=e be5 f\nd :5 ! p]iod approa*es1 ! p>5ts m>ry ! girl to h] eld] si/]'s husb& or any o!r m>ri$ man4 ,%e is n b\nd to ent] into conjugal relations ) ! man to :om %e is ?us unit$1 & ) 8 cons5t %e may be consequ5tly m>ri$ to any o!r man 9 ! guise ( a wid[4 ,if a ba*elor takes su* a girl to wife1 he mu/ fir/ be m>ri$ to a sah>a tree 7,/reblus asp]74 ,:5 a betro?al is arrang$1 an eld]ly memb] ( ! bridegroom's family proce$s to ! bride's h\se & asks h] p ?ree times 9 succession :e!r ! betro?al is arrang$1 & at ea* reply 9 ! affirmative ties a knot 9 8 clo?4 ,he !n goes home & 9 ! bridegroom's h\se solemnly unties ! knots ov] ano!r clo? :i* is spread on ! gr\nd4 ,?is clo? is !n consid]$ to conta9 ! promises & x is wrapp$ up & c>efully put away to keep !m z if !y 7 mat]ial objects4 ,dh]ha4--7,bro!r-9-law or pat]nal aunt's husb&47 ,title ( ,kh>ia4 ,dhim>4--,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,kori4 ,dhimra4--,synonym = ,dhim>4 ,dhobi4--,! ca/e ( wa%]m54 ,a sept ( ,bh>ia & ,bha9a4 ,dhokh$e4--,"o ( d\btful p>5tage4 ,a sept ( ,teli4 ,dholew>4--7,f dhola1 a drum47 ,a subca/e ( ,bhoy> & ,gaoli4 ,a section ( ,basor4 ,dholi4--7,a m9/rel47 ,subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,dhubela4--,orig9 p]haps f ! ,dhobi ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,basor4 ,dhulbajia4--7,f dhol1 a drum47 ,a subca/e ( ,*am>1 also kn[n z ,daijania4 ,dhulia1 ,dhol91 ,dholi4--7,a play] on a dhol or drum47 ,synonym = ! ,basor ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,gond 9 ,*&a & ,betul4 ,a subca/e ( ,mah>4 ,dhunak ,pa?an4--,synonym = ,bahna4 ,dhunia4--7,f dhunna1 to c>d cotton47 ,synonym = ,bahna4 ,dhunka4--7,a cotton-clean]47 ,subca/e ( ,kad]a4 ,dhur ,gond4--7,f dhur1 du/47 ,a subca/e ( ,gonds4 ,!y are also kn[n z ,rawanvansi or desc5dants ( ,rawan4 ,dhuri4--,a ca/e ( gra9-p>*]s4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,dhuria4--,subca/e ( ,nagasia & ,dhim>4 ,!y are s call$ because !y m>k ! =ehead ( ! bride ) du/ 7dhur7 tak5 f ! sole ( ! bridegroom's foot4 ,dhurwa4--,! ^w may be d]iv$ f dhur1 du/4 ,dhur is a "n giv5 to ! body ( ,gonds z oppos$ to ! ,raj-,gonds4 ,"o ( ! commone/ septs ( ,gonds4 ,a sept ( ,baiga1 ,kolta1 ,kal> & ,nat4 ,a title ( ,p>ja4 ,dhus>4--,subca/e ( ,bania4 ,dhusia4--,subca/e ( ,murha4 ,digamb>i4--,a sect ( ,ja9 ,banias :o d n clo! _! idols & apply saffron to _! feet4 ,also a class ( ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants4 ,dih>ia or ,kisan4--7,"o :o lives 9 a village or a cultivator474 ,subca/e ( ,korwa4 ,dikhit1 ,dik%it1 ,dixit4--7,! ,initiator47 ,a subca/e ( ,brahman4 ,a clan ( ,rajputs ( ! sol> race =m]ly dom9ant 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,dila4--7,a po9t$ /ick ti$ to a calf's m\? to prev5t him f suck+47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw>4 ,!y d n use a /ick 9 ?is mann]4 ,a section ( ,ahir4 ,dillawal4--,a subca/e ( ,kas>4 ,^? belong+ to or com+ f ,delhi4 ,d+ku*ia4--7,"o :o ca/rates cattle & ponies47 ,subca/e ( ,ghasia4 ,dipawalia4--7,"o :o supplies oil = ! lamps at ,diwali47 ,a sept ( ,teli4 ,dipbans4--7,son ( ! lamp47 ,title ( ,teli4 ,diwan4--,title ( ! memb]s ( ! ,dahait ca/e committee4 ,dixit4--,see ,dikhit4 ,dobaile4--7,"o :o yokes two bullocks to ! oil-press47 ,subca/e ( ,telis 9 ! ,nagpur c\ntry4 ,dobisya4--7,two score47 ,subca/e ( ,halwai4 ,doda or ,dor4--,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,dogle4--,"n appli$ to ,kaya/hs ( illegitimate desc5t4 ,dohor4 #dda--;,a small ca/e ( ,b]>1 :o are really ,*am>s2 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,dohors are a well-kn[n subca/e ( ,*am>s1 b 9 ,b]> !y appe> to h obta9$ a sep>ate "n1 "u :i* ab\t #fjjj p]sons 7 return$ 9 #aiaa4 ,!y "w 9 lea!r l ! ,*am>s or ,mo*is4 ,) ! ambition ( bett]+ _! social /atus among ! ,h9dus ! ca/e /rictly obs]ve ! sanctity ( animal life4 ,no ,dohor may mole/ an animal or ev5 pelt x ) /ones4 ,a man :o sells a c[ or bullock to but*]s is put out ( ca/e1 b if he rep5ts & gets ! animal back be=e x is slaught]$1 a f9e ( ,rs4 #e only is impos$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! animal is kill$1 ! culprit mu/ give 8 daught] 9 m>riage )\t tak+ any price f ! bridegroom1 & mu/ fe$ ! :ole ca/e & pay a f9e ( ,rs4 #ej1 :i* is exp5d$ on liquor4 ,fail+ ?is he is expell$ f ! community4 ,simil>ly ! ,p>de%i ,dohors rigidly en=ce infant-m>riage4 ,if a girl is n m>ri$ be=e %e is t5 h] family are f9$ & put out ( ca/e until ! f9e is paid4 ,& if ! girl has leprosy or any o!r disease1 :i* prev5ts h] f gett+ m>ri$1 a simil> p5alty is impos$ on ! family4 ,nev]!less ! ,dohors are consid]$ to be impure & are n all[$ to ent] ,h9du temples2 ! village b>b] does n %ave !m nor ! wa%]man wa% _! clo!s4 ,a ba*elor desir+ to m>ry a wid[ mu/ fir/ p]=m ! c]emony ) a rui or cotton-tree4 ,b su* a union is consid]$ disgraceful2 ! man himself mu/ pay a heavy f9e to get back into ca/e1 & 8 *ildr5 are consid]$ z p>tly illegitimate & mu/ m>ry ) ! prog5y ( simil> unions4 ,ei!r husb& or wife c obta9 a divorce by a simple application to ! ca/e pan*ayat1 & a divorc$ woman c m>ry aga9 z a wid[4 ,! ca/e (f] %eep & goats to _! deities & wor%ip ! animals be=e kill+ !m4 ,at ,dasahra !y also pay rev]5ce to ! sk9n+-knife1 & ! ne$le ) :i* %oes are sewn4 ,! ca/e burn ! bodies ( ^? :o die m>ri$ & bury ! unm>ri$4 ,be=e sett+ out = a fun]al !y dr9k liquor & aga9 on _! return1 & a little liquor is spr9kl$ ov] ! grave4 ,:5 a man has be5 cremat$ 8 a%es are tak5 & ?r[n into a riv] on ! ?ird day4 ,! *ief m\rn]1 aft] be+ %av$ by 8 bro!r-9-law1 takes ! hair ) "s copp] co9s 9 8 h& &1 div+ into ! riv]1 leaves !m !re z an (f]+ to ! dead man's _s4 ,dolia4--7,palanqu9-be>]47 ,a section ( ,dhim>4 ,dom4--,an important ca/e 9 ,b5gal4 ,see article ,kanj>4 ,us$ z a synonym = ,g&a 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,domra4--,subca/e ( ,turi4 ,dong>ia1 ,dong>w>4--7,f dong>1 a hill47 ,a sept ( ,bhil1 ,dhobi1 ,mali1 ,mang & ,sonk>4 ,a surname ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans4 ,dora4--7,sahib or ,"l47 ,title ( ! ,mutrasi ca/e4 ,dos>4--,subca/e ( ,bania4 ,dravida4--7,s\!rn47 ,see ,pan*-,dravida4 ,dube4--7,a tea*] & a man le>n$ 9 two ,v$as47 ,a common surname ( ,h9du/ani ,brahmans4 ,a subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,dudh4--7,milk47 ,dudh-,b>ai1 a subca/e ( ,b>ai2 ,dudh-,g[>i1 a subca/e ( ,ahir or ,g[>i2 ,dudh-,kaw>1 a subca/e ( ,kaw>4 ,dudh ,bhai4--7,milk-bro!rs47 ,a frat]nity ( ,gonds 9 ,betul1 :o are app>5tly fo/]-bro!rs4 ,!y d n m>ry1 ?\gh !y h diff]5t septs4 ,duk>4--,a subca/e ( ,kolhati4 ,f duk>1 hog1 because !y are accu/om$ to hunt ! wild pig ) dogs & spe>s :5 ^! animals become too num]\s & damage ! crops ( ! villag]s4 ,duk>ia4--,title ( ! (fic] ( ! ,&h ca/e :o con/itutes ! ca/e committee4 ,dulha4--7,bridegroom47 ,a section ( ,*ad>4 ,dum> or ,dom4--,a l[ ca/e ( sweep]s 9 ,b5gal4 ,see ,kanj>4 ,subca/e ( ,basor1 ,g&a1 ,panka & ,turi4 ,synonym & subca/e ( ,meht>4 ,a section ( ,kaw>4 ,durgbansi4--,a clan ( ,rajputs 9 ,ragn&gaon4 ,dusre4--7,second47 ,a subdivision ( ,%riva/ab1 ,gaur & ,saks5a ,kaya/hs1 mean+ ^? ( inf]ior or mix$ orig9 z oppos$ to ,kh>e or ^? ( pure orig94 ,dw>ka4--,"o ( ! mo/ holy places 9 ,india1 situat$ on or ne> ! sea 9 ,guj>at4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$ by ,kri%na4 ,site ( "o ( ! mona/]ies 7,a%ram7 ( ,sank>a*>ya1 ! f\nd] ( ! non-duali/ic or ,v$anta philosophy4 ,dwija4--7,twice-born47 ,a title appli$ to ! ?ree high] classical ca/es1 ,brahman1 ,k%atriya & ,vai%ya1 & n[ especially to ,brahmans4 ,ekbahia4--7,"o-arm$47 ,subca/e ( ,teli1 s call$ because _! wom5 we> glass bangles only on "o arm4 ,ekbaile4--,"o :o yokes "o bullock only to ! oil-press4 ,subca/e ( ,teli4 ,elama1 ,elma4--,synonym = ,velama4 ,a subca/e ( ,kapew> or ,kapu4 ,er5ga4--,subca/e ( ,kh>ia 9 ,b5gal4 ,erna4--7,f ,eran1 9 ,saugor di/rict47 ,a section ( ,teli4 ,fakir4--,a ,muhammadan m5dicant4 ,synonym ,sa94 ,see article4 ,f>id4--,%eikh ,f>id 0 a well-kn[n ,muhammadan sa9t4 ,a section ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,f>si4--,p]sian4 ,f ! ,prov9ce ( ,f>s4 ,! t]m ,f>si is also us$ by ! ,h9dus to signify =eign or non-,aryan languages l ,gondi4 ,fidawi4--7,a disciple47 ,an ord] ( devotees ( ! ,khojah sect kn[n to ! ,crusad]s z ,assass9s4 ,title ( ,khojah4 ,gadaba4--,synonym ( ,gadba4 ,gad>ia4--,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,gadha4--7,an ass47 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul1 s nam$ because _! prie/ rode on an ass 9 cross+ a riv]4 ,gadhao4--7,f gadha1 an ass47 ,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,gadhewal1 ,gadh]e1 ,gadhwe1 ,gadhilla4--7,"o :o keeps donkeys4 ,f gadha1 an ass47 ,a subca/e ( ,dhim>1 ,katia1 ,ko%ti1 ,kumh> & ,sonk>4 ,a sept ( ,gond & ,p>dhan4 ,gadhwana4--7,f ,g>ha1 ne> ,jubbulpore47 ,subca/e ( ,nai4 ,gadiwan4--7,a c>t-driv]47 ,subca/e ( ,dangri4 ,gadri4--7,f gad>1 a %eep47 ,a synonym ( ,gad>ia4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhang>4 ,gah>w>1 ,gah>val1 ,gh]wal4--,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs *iefly f\nd 9 ,bilaspur & ,khairag>h4 ,a section ( ,patwas4 ,gahba9ya or ,gahboniya4--7,^? :o hid 9 a village :5 call$ by a k+ to 8 pres5ce47 ,a subca/e ( ,kurmi4 ,a section ( ,kurmi4 ,gahlot or ,sesodia4--,a fam\s clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a section ( ,d>aiha & ,jo%i4 ,gahoi4--,subca/e ( ,bania4 ,see article ,bania-,gahoi4 ,gahra4--,synonym = ,ahir or h]dsman 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,gai-,g[>i4--,subca/e ( ,g[>i4 ,gaiki4--,a c[h]d4 7,a subca/e ( ,gond 9 ,betul47 ,a section ( ,*am>4 ,gaikw> or ,gaika4--7,a c[h]d47 ,a clan ( ,m>a?a4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,bhil1 ,kunbi & ,mah>4 ,gaita4--,subca/e ( ,gond4 ,gaiwale4--7,c[-keep]47 ,a subca/e ( ,moghia4 ,gaj>ha4--7,gaj>1 a c>rot47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,m&la4 ,gajjam4--,a sept ( ! ,dhurwa clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul nam$ aft] ,gajjami4 7,b[ & arr[s 9 ,gondi47 ,g&a4--7,a mess5g]47 ,a l[ ca/e ( village wat*m54 ,9 ! ,uriya c\ntry ! ,g&as are kn[n z ,dom4 ,a subca/e ( ,p>dhan4 ,title ( ,kh>ia4 ,g&hi4--,a sc5t-sell]4 7,f g&h1 a ,sanskrit ^w = sc5t47 ,synonym ( ,at>i4 ,a section ( ,mahe%ir ,bania4 ,g&li4--,! ,telugu ca/e ( oil-press]s1 numb]+ ab\t #cjjj p]sons 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 9 ! ,*&a1 ,nagpur & ,bh&>a ,di/ricts4 ,!y are immigrants f ! ,godav>i ,di/rict ( ,madras & h be5 settl$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces = "s g5]ations4 ,"h _m ( !m h prosp]$ s t !y h ab&on$ ! h]$it>y call+ & become l&[n]s1 trad]s & moneyl5d]s4 ,l ! well-to-d ,telis !y are ke5ly desir\s ( bett]+ _! social position & n[ repudiate any connection ) :at may be kn[n z '! %op1' or ! pr(ession ( oil-press+4 ,z ?is ranks v l[1 among ! m despis$ village h&icrafts1 ! progress ( ! ,g&lis & ,telis to ! social /&+ ( ,banias1 to :i* !y g5]ally aspire1 is beset ) difficulties2 b ! ,g&lis1 9 virtue ( hav+ migrat$ to :at is practically a =eign c\ntry s f> z !y are conc]n$1 h a*iev$ a consid]able measure ( success1 & may be said to enjoy a bett] position ?an any ,telis4 ,a few ( !m we> ! sacr$ ?read1 & ?\gh !y eat fle%1 !y h abjur$ liquor except 9 ,*&a1 :]e !y are mo/ num]\s & ! proportion ( weal?y memb]s is smalle/4 ,"h also !y are said to eat pork4 ,o!rs eat fle% & f[ls4 ,! ,g&lis are divid$ into ! ,r$di1 ,*etti & ,telkala subca/es1 & ! la/ are g5]ally oil-press]s4 ,x is probable t ! ,r$dis are ! same z ! ,r$u-eddu or ,r5du-eddu subca/e ( ,madras1 :o d]ive _! "n f ! cu/om ( us+ two bullocks to turn ! oil-press1 l ! ,d-baile ,telis ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,b x has be5 *ang$ to ,r$di1 a m respectable "n1 z be+ a synonym = ! ,kapu cultivat+ ca/e4 ,*etti really means a trad]1 & is1 ,mr4 ,francis says1 #ddb ,"o ( ^? occupational or titul> t]ms1 :i* are l>gely employ$ z ca/e names4 ,! weav]s1 oil-press]s & o!rs use x z a title1 & _m m tack x on to _! names to d5ote t trade is _! occupation4 ,m>riage is regulat$ by exogam\s gr\ps1 ! names ( :i* are said to be d]iv$ f ^? ( villages4 ,girls are g5]ally m>ri$ dur+ *ildhood4 ,a noticeable po9t is t ! c]emony is celebrat$ at ! bridegroom's h\se1 to :i* ! bride goes1 accompani$ by h] p>ty1 includ+ ! wom5 ( h] family4 ,! c]emony foll[s ! ,m>a?a =m ( ?r[+ fri$ rice ov] ! bridal c\ple1 & ,brahman prie/s are employ$ to (ficiate4 ,wid[-m>riage is p]mitt$4 ,! dead are bo? buri$ & burnt1 & dur+ m\rn+ ! ,g&lis refra9 f eat+ khi*ri or mix$ rice & pulse1 & d n take _! food (f planta9 leaves1 9 addition to ! o!r usual obs]vances4 ,!y h ! %antik c]emony or ! seclusion ( a girl on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! signs ( adolesc5ce1 :i* is 9 vogue among ! high] ,m>a?a ca/es1 & is foll[$ by a fea/ & ! consummation ( h] m>riage4 ,!y n[ speak ,m>a?i flu5tly1 b /ill use ,telugu 9 _! h\ses & we> _! head-clo?s ti$ aft] ! ,tulugu fa%ion4 #ddc ,gangabalu4--7,s& ( ! ,ganges47 ,a family "n ( ,g&a4 ,gangabasia4--7,liv+ on ! banks ( ! ,ganges47 ,a section ( ,ahir4 ,gangap>i4--7,"o com+ f ! fur!r side ( ! ,ganges47 ,subca/e ( ,b>ai1 ,b>hai1 ,*am>1 ,dhobi1 ,gondhali1 ,kumh> & ,umre ,bania4 ,gangasag>4--7,sea ( ! ,ganges47 ,a section ( ,*it>i & ,kaw>4 ,gangavansi4--7,desc5d$ f ! ,ganges47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,! *ief ( ,bamra ,/ate is a ,gangavansi4 ,gang?ade4--,dwell]s on ! banks ( ! ,godav>i & ,wa+anga4 ,^! riv]s are sometimes call$ ,ganga or ,ganges1 :i* is us$ z a g5]al t]m = a great riv]4 ,a subca/e ( ,m>a?a4 ,gannore4--,"n ( a m9or ,rajput clan4 ,subca/e ( ,balahi4 ,gan?-*or4--7,a bundle-?ief47 ,title ( ,bhamta4 ,gaolan4--,a synonym ( ,ahir or ,gaoli1 appli$ to an inf]ior section ( ! ca/e4 ,gaoli1 ,gauli4--7,a milkman47 ,synonym = ,ahir4 ,subca/e ( ,hatk>4 ,gaontia4--7,a village headman47 ,title ( ! head ( ! ,kol ca/e committee4 ,title ( ,kol4 ,g>de4--7,du/y47 ,a surname ( ,k>h>a ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,g>g or ,g>gya4--,! "n ( a fam\s ,ri%i or sa9t4 ,an eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,ag>wala ,banias4 ,g>gabansi is a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,g>hawala1 ,g>hewala1 ,g>hew>4--,a resid5t ( ,g>ha1 an old t[n ne> ,jubbulpore :i* gave its "n to ! ,g>ha-,m&la dyna/y1 & is a c5tre ( weav+4 ,a subca/e ( ,katia1 ,ko%ti & ,mah>1 all weav+ ca/es4 ,a subca/e ( ,b9jhal4 ,g>kata4--7,cut-?roat47 ,a section ( ,ko%ti4 ,g>pag>i4--,a body ( ,jogis or ,na?s :o av]t hail/orms & are consid]$ a sep>ate ca/e4 ,see article4 ,f g>1 hail4 ,a subca/e ( ,ko%ta & ,kumh>4 ,a section ( ,ghasia4 ,gate4--7,a ba/>d47 ,subca/e ( ,naoda4 ,gaur4--,! anci5t "n ( "p ( ,b5gal & p]haps appli$ also to ! tract 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces r\nd ab\t ! mod]n ,gonda ,di/rict4 ,a subca/e ( ,brahman & ,kaya/h4 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,see articles4 ,gauria1 ,gauriya4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhim>1 ,khond1 ,kumh> & ,uriya ,sansia4 ,gauriputra4--,a son ( ,gauri1 ! wife ( ,mahadeo4 ,title ( ,balija4 ,gautam4--,a "n ( a fam\s ,ri%i or sa9t4 ,a common eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a section ( ,agh>ia1 ,ahir1 ,m>a?a1 ,panw> ,rajput1 ,rang>i & ,jangam4 ,gayake4--,subca/e ( ,p>dhi1 mean+ a man :o /alks de] beh9d a bullock4 ,gayawal4--7,f ! t[n ( ,gaya on ! ,ganges1 a fav\rite place = p]=m+ ! obsequies ( ! dead47 ,a subca/e ( ,brahmans :o act z emiss>ies = ! own]s ( ! %r9es at ,gaya & w&] ab\t ! c\ntry induc+ villag]s to und]take ! pilgrimage & p]sonally conduct+ _! con/itu5ts4 ,gazulu4--7,a bangle-sell]47 ,subca/e ( ,balija4 ,g$am4--,a sept ( ,gonds4 ,a sept ( ,baigas4 ,ghadya*i ,tong4--7,! rim ( ! pit*]47 ,a section ( ,kir>4 ,ghanta4--7,bell47 ,a section ( ,kumh>4 ,ghantra4--,"n ( a ca/e ( ,loh>s or blacksmi?s 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,gh>b>i4--,"o :o :ile lead+ a m5dicant life is p]mitt$ to m>ry ) ! p]mission ( 8 guru4 ,a h\sehold]1 synonym ,griha/ha4 ,! m>ri$ gr\ps ( ! ,gosa91 ,bairagi & ,manbhao ord]s z di/+ui%$ f ! ,nihang or celibate section4 ,ghasi ,mali4--,subca/e ( ,mali4 ,ghatole1 ,ghatode4--,^? :o dwell on ! ghats or passes ( ! ,sa9hyadri ,hills to ! s\? ( ! ,b]> pla94 ,subca/e ( ,bahna1 ,gondhali & ,kunbi4 ,ghatma!4--7,resid5ts ( ! ,mahadeo plateau 9 ,b]>47 ,subca/e ( ,m>a?a4 ,gh]wal4--,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,synonym = ,gah>w>4 ,ghidoda4--7,giv] ( ghi47 ,a section ( ,telis s nam$ because _! fir/ ance/ors pres5t$ ghi to ! k+ ,bhoramdeo4 ,ghisadi1 ,ghis>i4--,a gr\p ( w&]+ ,loh>s or blacksmi?s4 ,synonym = ,loh>4 ,ghod]ao4--7,ghoda1 a horse47 ,subca/e ( ,*itraka?i4 ,!y h ! duty ( look+ aft] ! horses & bullock-c>ts ( ! ca/em5 :o assemble = m>riage or o!r c]emonies4 ,ghodke4--,^? :o t5d horses4 ,subca/e ( ,mang4 ,ghodm>ia4--7,horse-kill]47 ,a sept ( ,b9jhw>4 ,ghopi4--7,wild jamun tree47 ,a sept ( ,gonds4 ,ghosi4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,a section ( ,*am>4 ,ghud*oda4--,a subca/e ( ,pasi1 :o h become grooms4 7,f ghora1 a horse47 ,ghughu1 ,ghughwa4--7,owl47 ,a section ( ,g&a1 ,kaw>1 ,kewat & ,panka4 ,pankas ( ! ,ghughu sept are said to h eat5 ! leav+s ( _! ca/e-fell[s4 ,ghunn]e4--7,worm-eat]47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,betul & ,ra?or ,teli4 ,ghura or ,gura4--7,dunghill47 ,a section ( ,*ad> & ,sun>4 ,ghutt94--,a sept ( ,bhils4 ,!y rev]5ce ! gul>1 or fig tree4 ,g+ra4--,a subca/e ( ,tiy>4 ,girgira4--,a small ca/e f\nd 9 ,sonpur ,/ate & ,sambalpur di/rict4 ,!y are fi%]m51 & also p>* rice4 ,!y are p]haps an (f%oot ( ! ,kewat ca/e4 ,giri or ,gir4--7,gir1 m\nta947 ,an ord] ( ,gosa9s4 ,girn>a4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans 9 ,jubbulpore4 ,!y are said to take _! "n f ,girn> 9 ,ka?iaw>1 :]e !y 7 settl$ by ,kri%na aft] he rose f ! ,damod> res]voir 9 ! b$ ( ! ,sonrekha riv] at ,junag>h4 ,!y h ! monopoly ( ! (fice ( prie/s to pilgrims visit+ ,girn>4 7,bombay ,gazette]1 ix47 ,goal or ,g[ala1 ,guala4--7,sanskrit ,gopal1 a c[h]d47 ,synonym ( ,ahir1 also subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,gaoli4--7,a c[h]d47 ,synonym = ,ahir4 ,subca/e ( ,m>a?a4 ,gob>dhua4--7,f gob>1 c[dung47 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,gohia1 ,gohi4--7,f goh or gohi1 a l>ge liz>d47 ,a section ( ,ja9 ,bania or ,khatik4 ,a sept ( ,bhatra & ,p>ja4 ,gohil4--,a well-kn[n clan ( ,rajputs 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,goia4--7,f gohi1 a mango-/one47 ,a section ( ,*ad>4 ,!y draw a picture ( ! mango-/one at ! ,maih> or di/ribution ( sacrificial cakes4 ,gola4--,synonym ( ,gol>4 ,golak4--,synonym ,gov>dhan or ,gaomukh4 ,an illegitimate gr\p ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans4 ,golal>e4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,gol&az4--7,an artill]yman47 ,synonym ( ,kad]a4 ,golapurab4--,a subca/e ( ,bania1 ,d>zi & ,kal>4 ,golk>4--,synonym ( ,gol> & ,ahir4 ,golia4--,"o :o dyes clo? ) goli ka rang1 ! fugitive anil9e dyes4 ,subca/e ( ,*hipa4 ,golla4--,synonym ( ,gol>4 ,gollam4--,synonym ( ,gol>4 ,gondadya4--7,gond47 ,subca/e ( ,ot>i4 ,gondi4--7,f ! ,gonds47 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir1 ,b9jhw> & ,loh>4 ,gondia4--,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,gondi-,loh>4--,a ,gond :o works z a blacksmi?4 ,subca/e ( ,loh>4 ,gondvansi4--7,desc5dants ( ,gonds47 ,a section ( ,ghasia4 ,gondwa9a4--,subca/e ( ,baiga4 ,gopal4--,a ca/e4 ,synonym ( ,ahir 9 ,rajputana4 ,gor&a4--,synonym ( ,goy&a4 ,gorakhna?4--,a sect ( ,jogis4 ,f ,guru ,gorakhna?1 a great ,jogi4 ,gorasia4--7,f goras1 milk47 ,a section ( ,lon>e ,mali4 ,gorigaw>1 ,gaig[al4--7,a c[h]d47 ,a section ( ,ot>i & ,panka4 ,gosa91 ,goswami4--,a ca/e4 ,a surname ( ,sanadhya ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,gotte4--,a subca/e ( ,gond4 ,!y are also call$ ,made 9 ,*&a4 ,g\ndia4--,a class ( ,bairagi4 ,synonym ,madhava*>i4 ,a section ( ,bh>ia-,bhumia4 ,g[alvansi4--,subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,goy&a1 ,gor&a4--,a "n appli$ to a small class ( p]sons 9 ,jubbulpore1 :o are desc5dants ( ,?ug approv]s1 =m]ly conf9$ !re4 ,! "n is said to mean1 ',"o :o speaks1' & to h be5 appli$ to ^? ,?ugs :o escap$ capital puni%m5t by giv+ in=mation aga9/ _! conf$]ates4 ,gor&a is said to be a corruption ( ,goy&a4 ,! ,goy&as are bo? ,h9dus & ,muhammadans4 ,! latt] commonly call !mselves ,deccani ,musalmans z a m respectable designation4 ,!y are said to be a gipsy class ( ,muhammadans resembl+ ! ,kanj>s4 ,! ,h9dus are ( diff]5t ca/es1 b are also believ$ to include "s ,b]ia gipsies4 ,! ,goy&as are employ$ 9 mak+ gloves1 socks & /r+s = pyjamas1 hav+ probably tak5 to ?is k9d ( "w because ! ,?ug approv]s 7 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( t5ts4 ,_! wom5 are qu>relsome1 & wrangle ov] paym5t :5 sell+ _! w>es4 ,?is call+ resembles t ( ! ,kanj> wom51 :o also make articles ( net & /r+1 & sell !m 9 villages4 ,"s ( ! ,goy&as are employ$ 9 ,gov]nm5t & railway s]vice1 & ,mr4 ,gay] notes t ! latt] are giv5 to opium smuggl+1 & c>ry opium on _! railway eng9es4 #ddd ,griha/ha1 ,gh>b>i4--7,a h\sehold]47 ,a "n giv5 to ^? divisions ( ! religi\s m5dicant ord]s :o m>ry & h families4 ,gu>4--7,f gu>a or gwala1 a milkman47 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,gud>h or ,gud>4--7,f gudra1 a rag47 ,a sect ( ! ,bairagi1 ,gosa9 & ,jogi ord]s ( m5dicants4 ,gudha or ,gurha4--7,f gudh1 a pig/y47 ,subca/e ( ,basor4 ,gug>ia4--,"o :o trades 9 gug>1 a k9d ( gum4 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,guj>4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir1 ,d>zi1 ,ko%ti & ,pasi4 ,a clan ( ,m>a?a4 ,a section ( ,khatik4 ,guj>ati4--7,f ,guj>at47 ,a t]ritorial subca/e ( ,bahelia1 ,bania1 ,b>hai1 ,*hipa1 ,d>zi1 ,gopal1 ,nai1 ,sun> & ,teli4 ,gura/hulu4--,a synonym = ! ,balija ca/e4 ,gurbhelia4--7,a ball ( molasses47 ,a section ( ,gohira ,ahirs 9 ,*&a4 ,guria4--7,a prep>] ( gur or unref9$ sug>47 ,synonym ( ,halwai 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,gurujwale4--,a class ( ,fakirs or ,muhammadan begg>s4 ,guru-,mata4--,title ( ! great c\ncil ( ! ,sikhs & _! religi\s meal4 ,guru4--7,a prea*] or tea*] or spiritual guide47 ,brahmans & memb]s ( ! religi\s ord]s1 ,bairagis & ,gosa9s1 are ! ,gurus ( ord9>y ,h9dus4 ,mo/ ,h9du m5 & also wom5 ( ! high] & middle ca/es h a ,guru1 ^: functions are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally conf9$ to :isp]+ a sacr$ v]se into ! e> ( ! disciple on initiation1 & pay+ him a visit ab\t once a ye>2 x is n cle> :at happ5s on ^! occasions1 b ! ,guru is ent]ta9$ by ?is disciple1 & a little moral exhortation may be giv54 ,guru/hulu4--,synonym ( ,balija4 ,gu?au4--,title ( ,gadba4 ,gwalbansi1 ,gokulbansi1 ,goalbansi4--7,desc5d$ f a c[h]d47 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir or ,gaoli1 ,a subca/e ( ,khairw>4 ,gwalh>e4--7,c[h]d47 ,a subca/e ( ,lodhi4 ,hab%i4--,synonym ( ,siddi4 ,an ,abyss9ian4 ,hadi4--7,sweep] or scav5g]47 ,"o ( ! #gb #a_/b gotras ( ,mehe%ri ,bania4 ,a synonym = ,mangan4 ,hadia4--7,f hadi1 bone47 ,a section ( ,raghuvansi4 ,haihaya1 ,haihaivansi4--7,race ( ! horse47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs ( ! lun> race4 ,hajjam4--,muhammadan "n = ,nai or b>b]4 ,hakkya4--,title ( ,hatk>4 ,halai4--,subca/e ( ,cut*i4 ,halbi4--,synonym ( ,halba4 ,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,haldia1 ,h>diya1 ,h>diha1 ,halde4--7,a gr[] ( haldi1 or turm]ic47 ,subca/e ( ,ka*hi1 ,lodhi1 ,mali1 ,rajjh> & ,teli4 ,a section ( ,rajjh>4 ,halia4--7,pl\ghman47 ,a subca/e ( ,teli 9 ,n&gaon ,/ate4 ,halua4--,a subca/e ( ,uriya ,brahmans1 s call$ because !y use ! pl\gh 7hal74 ,hans1 ,hansi1 ,hansa1--7,! swan47 ,a section ( ,agh>ia1 ,ahir1 ,mali & ,sav>4 ,hansele4--7,hansna1 to laugh47 ,a section ( ,ahir4 ,hanuman1 ,hanumanta4--7,! monkey-god ,hanuman47 ,a section ( ,bhatra1 ,mah> & ,m[>4 ,h>a4--,a clan ( ,rajputs1 a bran* ( ! ,*auhans4 ,h>bola4--,d]iv$ f ,h>i1 a "n ( ,vi%nu or ,kri%na1 & bolna to speak4 ,synonym ( ,basdewa & also subca/e ( ,basdewa4 ,h>das4--,a religi\s m5dicant :o travels ab\t & tells /ories ab\t h]oes & gods accompani$ ) music4 ,synonym ( ,*itraka?i4 ,h>i4--7,a bone-ga!r]47 ,synonym ( ,meht> & subca/e ( ,meht>4 ,h>ia4--7,hal1 pl\gh47 ,a subca/e ( ,mah>4 ,h>ial4--7,gre5 pigeon47 ,a section ( ,ahir4 ,h>%e4--7,glad47 ,surname ( ,k>h>a ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,hatg>4--,synonym ( ,hatk>4 ,hatgh>4--,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,ha?g>hia4--,subca/e ( ,kumh>1 mean+ "o :o m\lds vessels ) 8 h&s only1 )\t us+ ! :eel z an implem5t4 ,ha?ia1 ,ha/i4--7,f ha?i1 elephant47 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,*asa1 ,mehra & ,m[>4 ,hatk>1 ,hatg>4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,ko%ta & ,m>a?a4 ,hatwa4--,a small ca/e ( p$l>s & hawk]s 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry1 :o p]ambulate ! village baz>s or hats1 f :i* ^w _! "n is d]iv$4 ,!y sell tobacco1 turm]ic1 salt1 & o!r commodities4 ,! ca/e are 9 reality a bran* ( ! ,kewats1 & are also call$ ,semli ,kewat1 because _! ance/ors travell$ on ! ,mahanadi & o!r riv]s 9 canoes made f ! b>k ( ! semal tree 7,bombax ,malab>icum74 ,!y 7 ?us ,kewats or boatm5 :o adopt$ ! practice ( c>ry+ small articles up & d[n ! riv] = sale 9 _! canoes1 & !n beg9n+ to travel on l& z well z on wat]1 became regul> p$l>s1 & 7 diff]5tiat$ into a sep>ate ca/e4 ,! ca/e orig9at$ 9 ,orissa :]e riv] travell+ has until lately be5 mu* 9 vogue1 & 9 ,sambalpur !y are also kn[n z ,uriyas1 because ( _! rec5t immigration into ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,hatwas consid] !mselves to be desc5d$ f ! ,nag or cobra1 & say t !y all belong to ! ,nag gotra4 ,!y w n kill a cobra1 & w save x f dea? at ! h&s ( o!rs if !y h ! opportunity1 & !y sometimes pay ! snake-*>m]s to set free captive snakes4 ,! oa? on ! snake is _! mo/ solemn =m ( affirmation4 ,= ! purposes ( m>riage !y h a numb] ( exogam\s sections or v>gas1 ! names ( :i* 9 "s cases indicate a milit>y call+1 z ,dalai1 f ,dalpati1 comm&] ( an army1 & ,s5apati1 comm&]-9-*ief2 :ile o!rs are occupational1 z ,mah>ana 7pa9t]71 ,dw>i 7gatekeep]7 & ,mangual 7/e]sman ( a boat74 ,! latt] names %[1 z might be expect$1 t ! ca/e is p>tly ( functional orig91 :ile z reg>ds ! milit>y names1 ! ,hatwas say t !y =m]ly f\ght aga9/ ! ,bhonslas1 "u "o ( ! ,uriya *iefs4 ,!y say t !y h ! p]petual privilege ( contribut+ sixte5 poles1 call$ ,naikas1 = ! c> ( ,jaganna?1 & t 9 lieu ( ?is !y hold sev5 villages 9 ,orissa rev5ue-free4 ,^? ( !m :o use pack-bullocks = c>ry+ _! w>es wor%ip ,banj>i ,devi1 a deity :o is held to reside 9 ! sacks us$ = load+ ! bullocks2 to h] !y (f] sweetmeats & gra9 boil$ ) sug>4 ,havelia4--7,resid5t ( a ,haveli or f]tile :eat tract47 ,subca/e ( ,ghosi & ,kurmi4 ,hawaid>4--7,a mak] ( fireworks47 ,synonym ( ,kad]a4 ,hela4--7,f hela1 a cry47 ,subca/e ( ,meht>4 ,hi*ami4--7,a comb47 ,a sept ( ,m>ia ,gonds4 ,hijra4--7,a eunu*47 ,see article4 ,a subca/e ( ,gondhali4 ,h9du/ani4--,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,hira1 ,hirani4--7,diamond47 ,a section ( ,bhulia & ( ,uriya ,sansia4 ,hirangotri4--7,hiran1 de]47 ,a section ( ,ag>wal ,bania4 ,ho4--,synonym ( ,kol4 ,hol]4--7,a hide-cur]47 ,subca/e ( ,mang4 ,holia1 ,hol]4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,gol>4 ,hol]1 p]haps f ,holia1 a subca/e ( ,mang4 ,hudila4--7,wolf47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw>4 ,hulhulia ,sahu4--,a section ( ,*asa s nam$1 because z a m>k ( respect !y make ! noise ',hulhuli1' :5 a k+ passes ?r\gh ! village4 ,huna1 ,hoon or ,hun4--,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,probably desc5dants ( ! ,hun invad]s ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,see articles ,rajput & ,panw> ,rajput4 ,husa9i4--,subca/e ( ,brahman4 ,ikba9ha4--,a subca/e ( ,kurmi1 s call$ because _! wom5 put bangles on "o arm only4 ,ik%a ,kul or ,ik%awap ,kul4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y ab/a9 f us+ ! sug>cane & ! s5dia fl[]4 ,ilakeb&4--7,f ilaqa or alaqa1 mean+ connection1 & b&hna1 to b9d47 ,synonym ( ,patwa4 ,+a4--,subca/e ( ,g[>i4 ,irpa*i4--7,mahua fl[]s47 ,a sept ( ,dhurwa ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,ivna ,inde4--7,inde1 *ick547 ,a sept ( ,dhurwa ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,!y (f] *ick5s to _! gods4 ,ivna ,jagleya4--7,jagna1 to be awake47 ,a sept ( ! ,dhurwa clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,!y are s nam$ because !y kept awake to wor%ip _! gods at night4 ,jadam1 ,jaduvansi1 ,yadava4--,an important clan ( ,rajputs n[ become a ca/e4 ,"n d]iv$ f ,yadu or ,yadava4 ,a subca/e ( ,guj>4 ,a subca/e & section ( ,ahir2 a section ( ,ra?or ,rajputs 9 ,betul4 ,jadia1 ,j>ia4--7,an enamell]47 ,a subca/e ( ,sun>4 ,!y practise hyp]gamy by tak+ wives f ! ,pit>iye & ,sudihe subdivisions1 & giv+ daught]s to ! ,sri ,nag>iye & ,banj> ,mahuwe subdivisions4 ,also an occupational t]m mean+ "o :o sets preci\s /ones 9 r+s4 ,jadubansi1 ,yadubansi4--,see ,jadum4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,jaga4--7,awak5]47 ,synonym ( ,basdewa4 ,jagat4--7,an awak5] or sorc]]47 ,a sept ( ,gond 9 _m localities4 ,a section ( ,nat & ,kas>4 ,jah>ia4--7,f jah>1 an ess5ce47 ,subca/e ( ,satnami4 ,ja94--,"n ( a religion4 ,see article4 ,a subca/e ( ,kal>1 ,kumb> & ,simpi 7,d>zi74 ,ja9a4--7,"o :o foll[s ! ,ja9 fai?47 ,subca/e ( ,komti1 ,gurao4 ,ja9 ,ko%ti4--,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,jaipuria4--7,a resid5t ( ,jaipur47 ,subca/e ( ,mali4 ,jaisw>4--7,f ! old t[n ( ,jais 9 ,rai ,b>eli ,di/rict47 ,a subca/e ( ,*am>s1 :o usually call !mselves ,jaisw>a 9 pref]5ce to _! ca/e "n4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>ai1 ,kunbi & ,kal>4 ,jalalia4--,a class ( ,fakirs or ,muhammadan begg>s4 ,jaitwa or ,kam>i4--,a clan ( ,rajputs2 "o ( ! ?irty-six royal races m5tion$ by ,colonel ,tod4 ,jallad4--7,an execution]47 ,subca/e ( ,kanj>4 ,jamadagni4--,an eponym\s section ( ,k>h>e ,brahman & ,agh>ia4 ,jambu4--7,f ! jaman tree47 ,a subca/e ( ,brahman & ,m>>4 ,a sept ( ,korku4 ,jambu ,dalia4--7,born 9 a %$ made ( jaman bran*es47 ,a section ( ,ghasia4 ,jamnabasi4--7,resid+ on ! banks ( ! ,jumna47 ,a subca/e ( ,dhobi4 ,jangam4--,a ca/e ( ,saiva m5dicants1 :o call !mselves ,vir ,%aiva1 & are prie/s ( ! ,l+ayat sect2 a subca/e ( ,jogi4 ,jangra4--7,p]haps ! same z ,jh>ia or jungly47 ,a subca/e ( ,lodhi4 ,a section ( ,dhim>1 ,mali & ,sun>4 ,jani4--,a wise man2 an exorcis]4 ,janta4--7,fl\r gr9d+-mill47 ,a section ( ,panka1 a sept ( ,kaw>4 ,janughanta4--,m5dicants :o tie bells to _! ?ighs2 a k9d ( ,jogis4 ,j>ia4--,a totemi/ic section ( ,basor1 :o wor%ip ! b] or wild plum tree4 ,jasondhi1 ,dasaundhi4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,jasondhi1 ,k>ohla4--,a small ca/e ( ! ,n>s+hpur ,di/rict1 :o 7 employ$ at ! ,gond & ,m>a?a c\rts to s+ ! jas or hymns 9 praise ( ! *iefs4 ,!y may be consid]$ z a bran* ( ! ,bhat ca/e1 & "s ( !m are said to be addict$ to petty !ft4 ,"s ,jasondhis1 :o are also kn[n z ,k>ohla1 n[ w&] ab\t z religi\s m5dicants1 s++ ! praises ( ,devi4 ,!y c>ry an image ( ! goddess susp5d$ by a *a9 r\nd ! neck & ask = gifts ( tilli 7sesamum7 or o!r vegetable oil1 :i* !y p\r ov] _! heads & ov] ! image4 ,_! clo!s & bodies are consequ5tly always saturat$ ) ?is oil4 ,!y also h a little cup ( v]milion :i* !y sme> on ! goddess & on _! own bodies aft] receiv+ an (f]+4 ,!y call on ,devi1 say+1 ',maiji1 ,maiji ,mata m]i1 kahe ko janam diya' or ',"m1 "m1 :y did y br+ me into ! _w8' ,wom5 :o h no *ildr5 sometimes v[ to d$icate _! fir/-born son z a ,k>ohla1 & x is said t su* *ildr5 7 b\nd to sacrifice !mselves to ! goddess on atta9+ manhood 9 "o ( ?ree ways4 ,ei!r !y w5t to ,b5>es & 7 cut 9 two by a sword1 or else to ,badr9>ayan1 a %r9e on ! summit ( ! ,himalayas1 :]e !y 7 froz5 to dea?1 or to ,dhaolagiri1 :]e !y ?rew !mselves d[n f a rock1 & "o might occasionally escape dea?4 ,_! melan*oly refra9 may ?us be expla9$ by ! fate 9 /ore = !m4 ,! headquat]s ( ! ord] is ! %r9e ( ! ,b9dhya*al ,devi 9 ! ,v9dhyan ,hills4 ,jat4--,a ca/e4 ,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>hai1 ,bi%noi & ,kumh>4 ,jatadh>i4--7,) matt$ hair47 ,a sect ( celibate ,manbhaos4 ,jati4--,"n ( ,ja9 m5dicant ascetics4 ,jaunpuri4--7,f ,jaunpur47 ,a subca/e ( ,halwai & ,loh>4 ,jemad>4--,honorific title ( ,khang> & ,meht>4 ,jemad>94--,title ( ! female lead]s ( ! ,y]ukala communities ( ?ieves4 ,j]a4--7,a =k$ /ick = collect+ ?orny wood47 ,a section ( ,dangi4 ,jhadi1 ,jhade1 ,jh>ia1 ,jh>kua4 7,jungly47--,a "n (t5 appli$ to ! olde/ resid5ts ( a ca/e 9 any locality ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,9 ,b]> x is us$ to designate ! ,wa+anga ,valley & adjac5t hill ranges4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir1 ,b>ai1 ,b>hai1 ,*am>1 ,dhang>1 ,dhanw>1 ,dhobi1 ,gad>ia1 ,gurao1 ,kapew>1 ,kas>1 ,katia1 ,kewat1 ,khatik1 ,khond1 ,kir>1 ,kumh>1 ,kunbi1 ,kurmi1 ,mah>1 ,mali1 ,nai1 ,sun>1 ,teli & ,turi4 ,jhaduk>4--7,f jhadu1 a broom47 ,a synonym ( ,meht>4 ,jhal or ,jhala4--,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,a subca/e ( ,raj-,gond4 ,jhank>4--,"n ( a village prie/ 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,! ,jhank> is usually a ,b9jhw> or memb] ( ano!r primitive tribe4 ,jh>a1 ,jhira1 ,jhora4--,synonym ( ,sonjh>a4 ,jh>ha4--subca/e ( ,lodhi4 ,jh>ia4--7,jungly47 ,see ,jhadi4 ,jh>ola4--7,p]haps f ! t[n ( ,jhalor 9 ,m>w>47 ,a subca/e ( ,brahmans 9 ,jubbulpore4 ,jh+a4--7,a prawn-cat*]47 ,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,jijhotia or ,jujhotia4--7,f ,jajhoti1 ! old "n ( ! c\ntry ( ,lalitpur & ,saugor47 ,a subca/e ( ,brahmans ( ! ,kanaujia division4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir2 a section ( ,jo%i & ,kumh>4 ,jildg>4--7,a bookb9d]47 ,a class ( ,mo*i4 ,j+>4--7,a saddlemak]47 ,a class ( ,mo*i4 ,a subca/e ( ,*am> & ( ,simpi 7,d>zi74 ,jirayat4--,synonym = ,mo*is 9 ,b]> :o h tak5 up ! f9] k9ds ( ironwork1 su* z m5d+ guns1 etc4 ,jire-,mali4--,=m]ly 0 ! only subca/e ( ,mali :o w\ld gr[ cum9 or jira4 ,jiria4--7,f jira1 or cum947 ,subca/e ( ,ka*hi4 ,jogi1 ,jugi4 ,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,dew>4 ,a section ( ,*am>1 ,*hipa & ,loh>4 ,joh>ia4--7,f joh>1 a =m ( salutation47 ,subca/e ( ,dahaits 9 ,bilaspur4 ,johri4--,a subca/e ( ,rajput4 ,jokh>a4--,a small class ( ,muhammadans :o bre$ lee*es & apply !m to pati5ts1 ! "n be+ d]iv$ f jonk1 a lee*4 ,!y 7 n sep>ately classifi$ at ! c5sus1 b a few families ( !m are f\nd 9 ,burhanpur1 & !y m>ry among !mselves1 because no o!r ,muhammadans w m>ry ) !m4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,india lee*es are kept & appli$ by sweep]s & sometimes by _! wom54 #dde ,p suff]+ f boils1 too?a*e1 swell+s ( ! face1 piles & o!r diseases h lee*es appli$ to !m4 ,= too?a*e ! lee*es are plac$ inside ! m\? on ! gum = two days 9 succession4 ,!re are two k9ds ( lee*es kn[n z ,bha9sa-jonk1 ! l>ge or buffalo-lee*1 & ,rai-jonk1 ! small lee*4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! mud ( /agnant tanks & 9 brok5-d[n wells1 & are kept 9 e>!n vessels 9 a mixture ( black soil & wat]2 & 9 ?is condition !y w g )\t food = mon?s & also bre$4 ,"s pati5ts object to hav+ _! blood tak5 out ( ! h\se1 & 9 su* cases p[d]$ turm]ic is giv5 to ! lee*es to make !m disgorge1 & ! blood ( ! pati5t is buri$ inside ! h\se4 ,! same means is adopt$ to prev5t ! lee*es f dy+ ( repletion4 ,9 ,guj>at ! ,jokh>as are a bran* ( ! ,hajjam or ,muhammadan b>b] ca/e1 #ddf & ?is recalls ! fact t ! b>b] *irurgeon or surgeon 9 m$ival ,engl& 0 also kn[n z ! lee*4 ,x w\ld be natural to suppose t he 0 nam$ aft] ! insect :i* he appli$1 b ,murray's ,diction>y holds t ! two words 7 d]iv$ f sep>ate e>ly ,engli% roots1 & 7 subsequ5tly id5tifi$ by popul> etymology4 ,jondh>a4--7,indian millet47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,korku & ,halba4 ,jo%i4--7,an a/rolog]47 ,a ca/e4 ,a surname ( ,k>h>a ,brahmans4 ,ju?ia4--7,"o :o eats ! leav+s ( o!rs47 ,subca/e ( ,basor4 ,jyoti%i4--,a synonym = ,jo%i2 an a/rolog]4 ,kabiraya4--7,foll[]s ( ,kabir47 ,a subca/e ( ,kori4 ,a section ( ,ko%ti4 ,kabirpan?i4--,a memb] ( ! ,kabirpan?i sect4 ,a subca/e ( ,panka & ,agh>ia4 ,a class ( ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants4 ,kabra4--7,spott$47 ,"o ( ! #gb #a_/b sections ( ,mahe%ri ,bania4 ,kabut>i4--7,pigeon47 ,a synonym = ,kolhati4 ,a "n giv5 to female danc]s ( ! ,nat ca/e4 ,kabutkunia4--7,^? :o f9d place at ! corn] ( ! door47 ,a subca/e ( ,sudh 9 ,sambalpur1 be+ ! illegitimate issues ( ! ,b>o ,sudh subca/e4 ,ka*>a4--,synonym ( ,ka*]a4 ,ka**hi4--7,f ,cut* 9 ,guj>at47 ,a subdivision ( ,balmiki ,kaya/hs & ,ma?ur ,kaya/hs4 ,ka*hap4--7,tortoise47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,agh>ia1 ,sudh1 ,bhulia1 ,*asa1 ,kam> & ,kh&ait4 ,ka*hotia4--,subca/e ( ,jadam4 ,ka*hutva4--7,! tortoise47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( sev]al gr\ps ( ,gonds1 also ( ,d>zi1 ,halba1 ,kol1 ,rawat1 ,munda1 ,jat1 ,ka*hi & ,loh>4 ,ka*hwaha4--7,! tortoise47 ,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs1 ! pr9ces ( ,jaipur or ,amb] be+ ( ?is clan4 ,!y d]ive ! "n f ,cut*1 or f ,ku%1 an eponym\s ance/or4 ,a section ( ,n&bansi ,ahir1 ,gad>ia1 ,ka*hi & ,nat4 ,! ,ka*hwaha section ( ,gad>ias wor%ip ! tortoise4 ,kada-kalle-bhallavi4--,"o :o uses donkeys = pack-c>riage 7bhallavi71 b /ole a horse 7kalle-kada74 ,a sept ( ! ,dhurwa clan ( ,satdeve ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,kag>4--,synonym ( ,dhim>4 ,kagw>ia4--,f kagw>1 an (f]+ made to ! ance/ors 9 ! mon? ( ,kunw>4 ,subca/e ( ,kol4 ,kaib>tta4--,synonym ( ,kewat4 ,kaikadi4--,synonym ( ,kaik>i4 ,ka9?wans4--,a subca/e ( ,pasi 9 ,saugor & ,betul1 said to h orig9at$ 9 a cross betwe5 a ,badhak or ,baori1 & a ,kaya/h woman4 ,kai?4--,synonym = ,kaya/h4 ,kai?a1 ,kai?ia4--,subca/e ( ,bh>bhunja & ,d>zi4 ,kakra4--,"o :o arranges = ! light+ at ! m>riage & o!r c]emonies4 ,subca/e ( ,*itraka?i4 ,kala4--7,black47 ,a subca/e ( ,golk> 7,ahir4 ,kala*uri4--,synonym = ! ,haihaya clan ( ,rajputs4 ,kalanga4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,gond4 ,kalanki4--,a subdivision ( ,mah>a%tra ,brahmans f\nd 9 ,nagpur4 ,!y are consid]$ degrad$1 z _! "n indicates4 ,!y are said to h cut up a c[ made ( fl\r to please a ,muhammadan gov]nor1 & to foll[ "s o!r ,muhammadan practices4 ,kalapi?ia1--7,hav+ black backs47 ,a subca/e ( ,sav>s 9 ,puri ( ,orissa4 ,!y h ! "r ( dragg+ ! c> ( ,jaganna?4 ,kalawant4--,title ( ,mirasi4 ,kalbelia4--7,cat*] ( snakes47 ,a subca/e ( ,nat4 ,kalibelia4--7,bel1 an ox47 ,a section ( ,*ad>4 ,!y draw a picture ( an ox at _! w$d+s4 ,kalih>i4--7,bridle47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,n&gaon1 s nam$ because !y pres5t$ a bridle to _! k+4 ,kalkhor4--7,ca/or-oil plant47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ! ,audhalia ca/e4 ,kalutia1 ,kalota4--,a subtribe ( ,gonds 9 ,*&a & ,betul4 ,kalw>4--,synonym ( ,kal>4 ,kamad4 #ddg--;,a small ca/e ( juggl]s1 :o come f ,rajputana & travel ab\t 9 ! ,ho%angabad & ,nim> ,di/ricts4 ,!y 7 n return$ at ! c5sus1 & appe> to belong to ,rajputana4 ,_! special ent]ta9m5t consi/s 9 play+ ) cymbals1 & wom5 are ! *ief p]=m]s4 ,! woman has eight or n9e cymbals secur$ to h] legs be=e & beh9d1 & %e /rikes ^! rapidly 9 turn ) ano!r held 9 h] h&1 twi/+ h] body skilfully s z to rea* all ( !m1 & keep+ "t ) ! music play$ on guit>-l in/rum5ts by ! m5 :o accompany h]4 ,if ! woman is especially skilful1 %e w also hold a nak$ sword 9 h] m\?1 s z to increase ! difficulty ( ! p]=mance4 ,! ,kamads dress aft] ! ,rajputana fa%ion1 & we> yell[ o*re-col\r$ clo!s4 ,_! exogam\s sections h ,rajput names1 z ,*auhan1 ,panw>1 ,gudes>1 ,jogpal & s on1 & l ! ,rajputs !y s5d a cocoanut-core to signify a proposal = m>riage4 ,b ! fact t !y h a special av]sion to ,dhobis & w n t\* !m makes x possible t !y orig9at$ f ! ,dom ca/e1 :o %>e ?is prejudice4 #ddh ,reason has be5 f\nd to suppose t ! ,kanj>s1 ,kolhatis & o!r migrant gr\ps ( ent]ta9]s are sprung f ! ,doms1 & ! ,kamads may be connect$ ) ^!4 ,no ca/e1 n ev5 ! sweep]s1 w accept food f ! ,kamads4 ,!y employ a ,brahman1 h[ev]1 to (ficiate at _! m>riage & dea? c]emonies4 ,l ! ,gosa9s ! ,kamads bury _! dead 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 a ni*e be+ holl[$ out at ! side ( ! grave 9 :i* ! corpse is plac$4 ,cru%$ bread 7malida7 & a g\rd full ( wat] are laid beside ! corpse4 ,! ca/e wor%ip ! footpr9ts ( ,ramdeo1 a sa9t ( ,m>w>1 & pay special rev]5ce to ! goddess ,h+laj1 :o is a deity ( sev]al ca/es 9 ,rajputana4 ,kamalbansi4--7,/ock ( ! lotus47 ,subca/e ( ,kaw>4 ,kamal ,kul4--7,lotus47 ,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y d n use lotus roots nor yams4 ,kam>i1 ,kailwa4--,"o ( ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,kam>ia4--7,f kambal1 blanket47 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,a section ( ,dhim> & ,sonk>4 ,kama?i1 ,kamati4--,a t]m appli$ 9 ! ,m>a?a ,di/ricts to immigrants f ,madras4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! ,kama?is h become a ca/e1 b ab\t #aej p]sons return$ ?is "n z _! ca/e 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,b]> 9 #aiaa1 & !re are ab\t #gjjj 9 ,india1 none1 h[ev]1 be+ record$ f ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,x is /at$ t ! ^w ,kama?i means 'fool' 9 ,tamil1 & t 9 ,bombay all ,telugus are call$ ,kama?is1 to :atev] ca/e !y may belong4 ,simil>ly1 ,m>a?a immigrants into ,madras are kn[n by ! g5]ic "n ( ,arya1 #ddi & ^? com+ f ,h9du/an into ! ,n]budda valley z ,p>de%i1 :ile 9 ! same locality ! ,brahmans & ,rajputs ( ,c5tral ,india are designat$ by ! ,m>a?as z ,rangra4 ,?is t]m has ! signification ( ru/ic or boori%1 & is !re=e a fairly close p>allel to ,kama?i1 if ! latt] ^w has ! mean+ giv5 above4 ,9 ! ,?ana ,di/rict ( ,bombay #dej p ( _m classes are includ$ "u ! "n ( ,kama?i4 ,?\gh !y d n m>ry or ev5 eat toge!r1 ! diff]5t classes ( ,kama?is h a /rong feel+ ( fell[%ip1 & g5]ally live 9 ! same qu>t] ( ! t[n4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,kama?is are usually masons & h\se-build]s or lab\r]s4 ,!y speak ,telugu 9 _! h\ses & ,m>a?i to outsid]s4 ,9 ,%olapur #dea ! ,kama?is dress l ,kunbis4 ,!y are b\nd toge!r by a /rong ca/e feel+1 & appe> to h become a regul> ca/e4 ,_! prie/s are ,telugu ,brahmans1 & _! c]emonies resemble ^? ( ,kunbis4 ,on ! ?ird day aft] a *ild is born ! midwife lifts x up = ! fir/ "t1 & x is giv5 a few light bl[s on ! back4 ,= ?ree days ! *ild sucks "o end ( a rag ! o!r end ( :i* re/s 9 a sauc] ( honey1 & ! "m is f$ on rice & cl>ifi$ butt]4 ,on ! f\r? day ! "m beg9s to suckle ! *ild4 ,until ! "m is pregnant a second "t1 no *oti or scalp-lock is all[$ to gr[ on ! *ild's head4 ,:5 %e becomes pregnant1 %e is tak5 ) ! *ild be=e ! village god1 & a tuft ( hair is !reaft] left to gr[ on ! cr[n ( its head4 ,kamma4--,a l>ge cultivat+ ca/e ( ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 ( :i* a few repres5tatives 7 return$ f ! ,*&a ,di/rict 9 #aiaa4 ,!y are d]iv$ f ! same ,dravidian /ock z ! o!r great cultivat+ ca/es ( ,madras1 &1 orig9ally soldi]s by pr(ession1 h n[ settl$ d[n to agriculture4 ,no description ( ! ca/e ne$ be giv5 "h1 b ! foll[+ int]e/+ p>ticul>s may be record$4 ,! ^w ,kamma means an e> ornam5t1 & accord+ to tradition a valuable jewel ( ?is k9d belong+ to a ,raja ( ,w>angal fell into ! h&s ( 8 enemies4 ,"o section ( ! great ,kapu ca/e1 boldly attack+ ! foe & recov]+ ! jewel1 7 h5ce call$ ,kamma1 :ile ano!r section1 :i* ran away1 receiv$ ! d]ogatory title ( ,velama 7veli1 away74 ,ano!r /ory says t ! ,kammas & ,velamas 7 orig9ally "o ca/e1 & _h adopt$ ! ,muhammadan sy/em ( go%a or purda4 ,b f9d+ t !y 7 ?us h&icapp$ 9 competition ) ! o!r cultivat+ ca/es1 x 0 propos$ t ! new cu/om %\ld be ab&on$4 ,^? :o agre$ to ?is sign$ a bond1 :i* 0 writt5 on a palm-leaf 7kamma71 & h5ce receiv$ _! new "n4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,kammas are divid$ into ?ree subca/es1 ! ,illuvellani or ^? :o d n g out ( ! h\se1 ! ,tadak*atu or ^? :o live )9 tadaks or mat scre5s1 & ! ,polumtir or ^? :o g into ! fields4 ,^! names are d]iv$ f ! degrees 9 :i* ! diff]5t subdivisions seclude _! wom51 ! ,illuvellani obs]v+ /rict purda & ! ,polumtir none :atev]1 :ile ! ,tadak*atu foll[ a middle c\rse4 ,on ?is acc\nt "s social diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! ?ree subca/es1 & :5 ! ,illuvellani d9e ) ei!r ( ! o!r two !y w n eat f ! plates ( _! ho/s1 b take _! food sep>ately on a leaf4 ,& ! ,tadak*atu practise a simil> di/9ction ) ! ,polumtir1 b ! two latt] divisions d n decl9e to eat f plates or vessels belong+ to an ,illuvellani4 ,! ,kammas =bid a man to m>ry 9 ! gotra or family gr\p to :i* he belongs1 b a wife f ! same gotra z 8 "m's is consid]$ a mo/ desirable mat*1 & if 8 mat]nal uncle has a daught] he %\ld always take h] 9 m>riage4 ,a man is ev5 p]mitt$ to m>ry 8 own si/]'s daught]1 b he may n w$ 8 "m's si/]'s daught]1 :o is reg>d$ z 8 own si/]4 ,among ! ,kammas ( ! ,tamil c\ntry ,mr4 7,sir ,h47 ,/u>t #deb /ates t a bride is (t5 mu* old] ?an h] husb&1 & a case is cit$ 9 :i* a wife ( tw5ty-two ye>s ( age us$ to c>ry h] boy-husb& on h] hip z a "m c>ries h] *ild4 ,"o o!r curi\s cu/om record$ ( ! ca/e may be notic$4 ,a woman dy+ )9 ! lifetime ( h] husb& is wor%ipp$ by h] daught]s1 gr&daught]s or daught]s-9-law1 & 9 _! abs5ce by h] husb&'s second wife if he has "o4 ,! c]emony is p]=m$ on "s fe/ival su* z ,dasahra or ,til-,sankrant1 :5 a ,brahman lady1 :o mu/ n be a wid[1 is invit$ & consid]$ to repres5t ! deceas$ ance/or4 ,%e is ano9t$ & wa%$ ) turm]ic & saffron1 & decorat$ ) s&al-pa/e & fl[]s2 a new clo? & brea/-clo? are !n pres5t$ to h] :i* %e puts on2 sweets1 fruit & betel-leaf are (f]$ to h]1 & ! wom5 ( ! family b[ d[n be=e h] & receive h] b5$iction1 believ+ t x comes f _! dead relative4 ,kammala4--,a small ,telugu ca/e 9 ! ,*&a ,di/rict4 ,! "n ,kammala is really a g5]ic t]m appli$ to ! five artisan ca/es ( ,kamsala or goldsmi?1 ,kan*>a or brazi]1 ,kamm>a or blacksmi?1 ,vadra or c>p5t]1 & ,silpi or /one-mason4 ,^! are 9 reality di/9ct ca/es1 b !y are all kn[n z ,kammalas4 ,! ,kammalas ass]t t !y are desc5d$ f ,visva ,k>ma1 ! ar*itect ( ! gods1 & 9 ! ,telugu c\ntry !y claim equality ) ,brahmans1 call+ !mselves ,visva ,brahmans4 ,b inscriptions %[ t z late z ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajcc !y 7 consid]$ a v inf]ior ca/e & conf9$ to ! village site4 #dec ,mr4 7,sir ,h47 ,/u>t writes 9 ! ,madras ,c5sus ,report t x is n difficult to acc\nt = ! l[ position =m]ly held by ! ,kammalas1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 e>ly times ! milit>y ca/es 9 ,india z else:]e look$ d[n ^u all engag$ 9 lab\r1 :e!r skill$ or o!rwise4 ,) ! decl9e ( milit>y p[]1 h[ev]1 x 0 natural t a useful ca/e l ! ,kammalas %\ld gradually improve its position1 & ! reaction f ?is long oppression has l$ !m to make ! exagg]at$ claims describ$ above1 :i* are ridicul$ by e o!r ca/e1 high or l[4 ,! five ma9 subdivisions ( ! ca/e d n int]m>ry4 ,!y h prie/s ( _! own & d n all[ ev5 ,brahmans to (ficiate = !m1 b !y invite ,brahmans to _! c]emonies4 ,girls mu/ be m>ri$ be=e pub]ty4 ,! b9d+ c]emony ( ! m>riage consi/s 9 ! ty+ ( a circul> piece ( gold on a ?read ( black beads r\nd ! bride's neck by ! bridegroom4 ,wid[-m>riage is prohibit$4 ,kamm>i4--,telugu ,loh>s or blacksmi?s4 ,kamsala4--7,a goldsmi?47 ,subca/e ( ,kammala4 ,kanalsia4--7,kanelu1 a tile47 ,a section ( ,ahir 9 ,nim> :o d n live 9 til$ huts4 ,kan>e4--7,a resid5t ( ,can>a47 ,a subca/e ( ,dhang>4 ,kanaujia1 ,kankubja4--,a v common subca/e "n1 indicat+ p]sons ^: ance/ors are suppos$ to h come f ! t[n ( ,kanauj 9 nor!rn ,india1 into ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir1 ,bahna1 ,bh>bhunja1 ,bhat1 ,brahman1 ,dahait1 ,d>zi1 ,dhobi1 ,halwai1 ,loh>1 ,mali1 ,nai1 ,patwa1 ,sun> & ,teli4 ,kanbajia or ,ahirw>4--,same z ,kanaujia4 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,kan*>a4--7,a brasswork]47 ,subca/e ( ,kammala4 ,k&4--7,roots or tub]s ( wild plants47 ,a section ( ,raghuvansi ,rajputs 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,k&a ,potel4--7,"o :o gr[s roots47 ,a section ( ,mali4 ,k&e4--,subca/e ( ,b$>4 ,k&]a4--,synonym = ,kad]a4 ,subca/e ( ,bahna4 ,k&h4--,synonym ( ,khond4 ,a subca/e ( ,taonla 9 ,sambalpur4 ,k&hana4--,subca/e ( ,khond4 ,k&hia4--7,a big-beak$ vulture47 ,a sept ( ,dhanw>4 ,k&ia4--7,k&i1 a %ell1 also a snake47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,betul4 ,k&ol4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans1 :o take _! "n f ! village ,k&ol1 9 ,ka?iaw>4 ,k&ra4--,a small ca/e ( bamboo-work]s 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry1 ak9 to ! ,basors else:]e4 ,memb]s ( ! ca/e are f\nd 9 small numb]s 9 ! ,raipur & ,balaghat ,di/ricts4 ,! ^w ,k&ra may be d]iv$ f k&1 an arr[1 j z ,dhanuk1 (t5 a synonym = ,basor1 has ! mean+ ( an ar*]4 ,x is n improbable t among ! fir/ articles made ( bamboo 7 ! b[ & arr[ ( ! =e/ tribes1 & t ! b[-mak] 0 ! p>5t ( ! mod]n ,basor or basket-mak]1 b[s be+ a requisite ( an e>li] /age ( civilisation ?an baskets4 ,9 ,bh&>a ! ,k&ras are an (f%oot ( ,gonds4 ,_! wom5 d n we> _! clo?s ov] ! head1 & knot _! hair beh9d )\t plait+ x4 ,!y talk a ,gondi dialect & are consid]$ an impure ca/e4 ,k&u4--7,a gra9-p>*]47 ,a synonym & subca/e ( ,bh>bhunja4 ,a subca/e ( ,halwai4 ,k&ua4--7,f k&1 onion1 z !y eat onions47 ,a subca/e ( ,bh>bhunja4 ,kan]a4--7,f ! kan] tree47 ,a totemi/ic section ( ,g&a & ,khang>4 ,kangali4--7,poor47 ,a common sept ( ,gonds4 ,kanhej94--,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,kanhpuria4--7,f ,cawnpore1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by _! eponym\s h]o ,kanh47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,kanj>4--,a ca/e ( gipsies4 ,a subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,kankubja4--,see ,kanaujia4 ,kann[4--,a sect>ian division ( ,brahmans4 ,kanphata4--7,"o :o has 8 e>s bor$ or pi]c$47 ,a class ( ,jogi m5dicants4 ,kans>i4--,synonym ( ,kas>4 ,kanw>4--,synonym ( ,kaw>4 ,kanw>bansi4--,a subtribe ( ,khairw>4 ,kaonra or ,kora4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,kaore4--,a sept ( ,gonds4 ,a surname ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans4 ,kapalia4--7,cov]$ ) skulls47 ,a section ( ,telis 9 ,betul4 ,kap>ia4--7,f kapra clo?1 ow+ to _! we>+ sev]al dresses1 :i* !y *ange rapidly l ! ,bahrupia47 ,synonym ( ,basdewa4 ,kapasia4--7,f kapas1 cotton47 ,a section ( ,mah>4 ,kapdi4--,synonym ( ,basdewa4 ,kapur4--7,camphor47 ,a section ( ,khatri4 ,kapuria4--,a subdivision ( ,arhaigh> ,s>aswat ,brahmans 9 ,ho%angabad1 probably d]iv+ _! title f be+ ! prie/s ( ! ,kapur section ( ,khatris4 ,k>ai ,nor4--,a section ( ,basor4 ,!y p]=m ! ,meh] c]emony ( eat+ ! m>riage cakes ne> a well & n 9 ! h\se4 ,k>ait4--7,a poison\s snake47 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,halba & ,panka4 ,k>an 7,mahanti74--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,an eponym\s section ( ,b9jhw> & ,tanti4 ,k>aola4--7,"o :o p\rs sesamum oil on 8 clo!s & begs47 ,synonym = ,jasondhi & ,bhat4 ,k>bal4--,subca/e ( ,khang>4 ,k>*uli4--,a clan ( ,rajputs1 =m]ly a rul+ race 9 ! ,jubbulpore c\ntry4 ,see ,rajput-,haihaya4 ,a section ( ,jo%i & ,mo*i4 ,k>e1 ,k>ia4--7,black47 ,a subca/e ( ,m>>4 ,a section ( ,b9jhw>1 ,ahir1 ,*hipa & ,lodhi4 ,k>ela4--7,bitt] g\rd47 ,a section ( ,sonk>4 ,k>hada4--,a subca/e ( ,mah>a%tra ,brahmans d]iv+ _! "n f ,k>had1 ne> ! junction ( ! ,kri%na & ,koyana riv]s1 ab\t fifte5 miles f ,sat>a4 ,k>haiya4--7,fry+-pan47 ,a section ( ,raghuvansi4 ,k>ig>4--7,a workman47 ,an honorific title ( ,b>hai & ,loh>4 ,a subca/e & synonym ( ,beld>4 ,k>ijat4--,subca/e ( ,p>dhi4 ,! memb]s ( ?is subca/e only kill birds ( a black col\r4 ,k>k>kadhe4--7,/one-digg]s47 ,subca/e ( ,mang4 ,k>nam4--,synonym ( ,k>an1 a palm-leaf writ]4 ,k>nata1 ,k>nataka4--,"o ( ! five ord]s ( ,pan* ,dravida or s\!rn ,brahmans1 inhabit+ ! ,can>ese c\ntry4 ,k>nati4--7,f ! ,c>natic47 ,synonym = a class ( ,nats or acrobats4 ,k>ohla4--,a religi\s m5dicant :o w&]s ab\t s++ praises ( ,devi4 ,see ,jasondhi4 ,k>pa*or4--7,/eal] ( /raw47 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,k>sayal4--7,a de]47 ,a sept ( ! ,kaw> tribe4 ,also a sept ( ,ahir1 ,bha9a1 ,dhobi 9 ,*hattisg>h1 ,kewat1 ,loh> & ,turi4 ,k>si4--7,f kalas1 a pit*]47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw>4 ,!y d n dr9k wat] f a r$ j> on ! ,akti fe/ival4 ,k>wa4--,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,k>w>4--7,an o>47 ,a section ( ,dangi 9 ,damoh4 ,a section ( ,kaw>4 ,kasai4--,a ca/e ( but*]s4 ,"n appli$ to ,banj>as4 ,kas>4--,a ca/e4 ,a subdivision ( ,audhia ,sun>4 ,a section ( ,kewat4 ,kas>wani4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,kasaundhan4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,kasda4--7,"o :o hides himself 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]47 ,a sept ( ,korku2 a man ( ?is sept has ! privilege ( direct+ ! c]emony = ! readmission ( an outca/e4 ,kasdhonia4--,a subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,!y wa% ! s& 9 ! sacr$ riv]s = co9s ?r[n !re by pilgrims1 & dive into wat] to f9d lo/ ornam5ts or gold4 ,kas]a4--,synonym ( ,kas>4 ,ka%i4--7,b5>es47 ,a section ( ,agh>ia1 ,ahir1 ,dhuri1 ,kewat1 ,kurmi & ,mali4 ,ka%yap4--,"n ( a fam\s ,ri%i or sa9t4 ,! "n may p]haps be really d]iv$ f ka*hap1 a tortoise4 ,"o ( ! common eponym\s sections ( ,brahmans4 ,also a section ( ,b>ai1 ,b>i1 ,beld>1 ,bh>bhunja1 ,bhulia1 ,b9jhw>1 ,*&nahu ,kurmi1 ,gond1 ,jangam1 ,jo%i1 ,kal>1 ,kas>1 ,kas>wani ,bania1 ,khang>1 ,nai1 ,rajput1 ,sun>4 ,"s ca/es say t !y are all ( ! ,ka%yap gotra or section1 ! tortoise be+ consid]$ a common ance/or ( mank9d1 because x supports ! _w4 ,kasia4--7,kansa1 or bell-metal47 ,a section ( ,*am>4 ,!y draw a picture ( a bell-metal di% at _! w$d+s4 ,kasondhi4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,kassab1 ,kassia4--7,a but*]47 ,synonym ( ,kasai4 ,ka/4--,a small ca/e f\nd 9 ! ,m>a?a ,di/ricts & ,bombay1 :o appe> to be a sep>ate or inf]ior gr\p ( ! ,kaya/hs4 ,9 ,*&a !y "w z patw>is & cl]ks to moneyl5d]s1 :ile "s are m]*ants & l&hold]s4 ,l ! ,kaya/hs1 !y wa% _! p5s & ink/&s on ! ,dasahra fe/ival & wor%ip !m4 ,_! pr9cipal deity is ! god ,v5kate%1 a ,m>a?a inc>nation ( ,vi%nu4 ,9 ,bombay ! ,ka/s claim to be ,yajur-,v$i ,brahmans1 dress l !m & keep ! regul> ,brahman c]emonies4 #ded ,b !y are consid]$ to be half ,m>a?as & half ,brahmans1 & /rict ,de%a/h & ,kokana/h ,brahmans hold _! t\* unclean4 #dee ,kat>e4--7,kat>1 dagg]47 ,a surname ( ,sanadhya ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,a section ( ,ag>wal & ,oswal ,bania1 ,*hattisg>hi ,ahir or ,rawat1 ,*ad> & ,basor4 ,! ,kat>e sept ( ,basors wor%ip a dagg]4 ,ka?>ia4--7,f ,ka?ib>1 ! old "n ( ea/]n ,rohilkh&47 ,a section ( ,gad>ia & ,kas>4 ,ka?bha9a2--,subca/e ( ,baiga 9 ,bilaspur4 ,ka?i4--,a ,rajput clan includ$ 9 ! ?irty-six royal races ( ,rajputs4 ,orig9ally an indig5\s tribe ( ,guj>at1 :o gave _! "n to ,ka?iaw>4 ,ka?ia4--,"n ( an ,akh>a or s*ool ( ,bairagi religi\s m5dicants4 ,see ,bairagi4 ,ka?otia4--7,ka?otia1 a wood5 b[l47 ,a section ( ,d>zi4 ,kati or ,khatti4--,subca/e ( ,bhuiya4 ,katia4--,a ca/ ( sp9n]s4 ,a subca/e ( ,balahi & ,mah>4 ,kattri4--,subca/e ( ,are4 ,katwa4--7,f ,katna1 to cut47 ,synonym ( ,katia & ,*am>4 ,kaur4--,synonym ( ,kaw>4 ,kau%alya4--7,f ,ko%al1 ! "n ( a fam\s ,ri%i or sa9t47 ,a section ( ,ag>wal ,bania1 ,d>zi1 ,lodhi & ,khatri ,sun>4 ,kau%ik4--,! "n ( a ,ri%i or sa9t4 ,an eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,dhobi1 ,rajput1 ,sun> & o!r ca/es4 ,kaviraj4--,title ( a ,bhat :o has ! qualification ( lit]acy1 & c !re=e read ! old ,sanskrit m$ical works4 ,a physician4 ,kaya/h ,patwa4--,a subca/e ( ,patwa 9 ,ho%angabad & ,saugor4 ,kekre4--,subca/e ( ,guj>4 ,kes>ia4--7,f kes>1 saffron47 ,a section ( ,ahir & ,gad>ia4 ,kewat4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhim> & ,mallah4 ,khad4--,subca/e ( ,mana4 ,khadal4--,a ca/e ( palanqu9-c>ri]s4 ,khadal #def 7honorific titles ,nayak & ,beh]a74--,a small ,dravidian ca/e ( lab\r]s 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,9 #aija !y numb]$ #abjj p]sons & resid$ pr9cipally 9 ! ,patna & ,sonpur ,/ates n[ transf]r$ to ,b5gal4 ,! ,khadals are probably an (f%oot ( ! great ,bauri ca/e ( ,b5gal1 ) :i* ! memb]s ( ! ca/e 9 ,patna admitt$ _! id5tity1 ?\gh else:]e !y d5y x4 ,_! traditional occupations ( palanqu9-be>+ & field lab\r are id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,bauris1 z /at$ by ,sir ,h4 ,risley4 #deg ,! "n ,khadal is a functional "o1 d5ot+ p]sons :o "w ) a hoe4 ,! ,khadals h totemi/ic exogam\s gr\ps1 ! ,kilasi sept wor%ipp+ a tree1 ! ,julsi & ,k&ualsi sept a snake-hole1 & ,balunasi a /one & o!rs ! sun4 ,ea* sept salutes ! rev]$ object or totem on see+ x1 & ^? :o wor%ip trees w n burn !m or /& 9 _! %ade4 ,:5 a m>riage takes place !y wor%ip ! totem & (f] to x fl[]s1 s&alwood1 v]milion1 uncook$ rice1 & ! new clo!s & ornam5ts int5d$ = ! bride1 :i* %e may n we> until ?is c]emony has be5 p]=m$4 ,ano!r curi\s cu/om adopt$ by ! ,khadals 9 imitation ( ! ,h9dus is t ( m>ry+ adult boys & girls1 = :om a p>tn] has n be5 f\nd1 to a tree4 ,b ?is does n occur :5 !y arrive at pub]ty z among ,h9du ca/es1 b :5 a boy /ill unm>ri$ becomes ?irty ye>s old & a girl tw5ty4 ,9 su* a case he or %e is m>ri$ to a mango1 cotton or jamun tree1 & aft] ?is no second c]emony ne$ be p]=m$ on subsequ5t union ) a wife or husb&4 ,a wid[] mu/ pay ,rs4 #aj1 or d\ble ! usual price1 = a second wife1 ow+ to ! risk ( h] dea? be+ caus$ by ! ma*9ations ( ! fir/ wife's _s4 ,:5 a corpse has be5 buri$ or burnt ! m\rn]s ea* take a twig ( mango & beat ab\t 9 ! grass to />t a gras%opp]4 ,hav+ captur$ "o !y wrap x 9 a piece ( new clo?1 & com+ home place x beside ! family god4 ,?is !y call br++ back ! life ( ! s\l1 & consid] t ! c]emony procures salvation = ! dead4 ,! ,khadals are usually consid]$ z impure1 b ^? ( ,sonpur h atta9$ a some:at high] /atus4 ,khadia4--7,a k9d ( snake47 ,a section ( ,ahir & ,raghuvansi4 ,a sept ( ,nahal4 ,khadra1 #deh ,khadura or ,kh>ura4--,a small ,uriya ca/e ^: occupation is to make brass ornam5ts4 ,!y are immigrants f ,cuttack & say t !y are call$ !re ,sankh>i1 s t ! ,khadras may n improbably be an (f%oot ( ! ,sankh>i ca/e ( %ell-cutt]s ( ,b5gal4 ,accord+ to _! traditions _! orig9al ance/or 0 creat$ by ,viswak>ma1 ! cele/ial ar*itect1 = ! bus9ess ( mak+ a p9nacle = ! temple ( ,jaganna? at ,puri1 9 :i* eight metals _h to be comb9$4 ,he left two sons1 "o ( :om became ! ance/or ( ! ,khadras1 & ! o!r ( ! ,kas>s1 ) :om ! ,khadras ?us claim aff9ity4 ,!y h no subca/es b f\r gotras or clans call$ aft] ! ,nag or cobra1 ! ,s+h or lion1 & ,kasyap & ,ka**ap1 bo? d]iv$ f ! tortoise4 ,!y also h f\r b>gas or family names1 :i* are ,patra 7a t]m ( respect71 ,das 7slave71 ,sao 7bank]7 & ,mah>ana 7artific]74 ,! gr\ps are suppos$ to be desc5d$ f f\r families :o migrat$ f ,curtack4 ,nei!r b>gas nor gotras are n[ consid]$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( m>riages1 :i* are prohibit$ betwe5 blood relatives = ?ree g5]ations4 ,m>riage is infant1 & a girl arriv+ at pub]ty :ile /ill unw$ is p]man5tly expell$ f ! ca/e4 ,! ,khadras /ill foll[ ! old rule ( writ+ ! lagun or date ( ! m>riage on a palm-leaf1 ) :i* !y s5d ,rs4 #aj-d z a bride-price to ! girl's fa!r1 ! acceptance ( ?is con/itut+ a confirmation ( ! betro?al4 ,! m>riage c]emony resembles t ( ! o!r ,uriya ca/es1 & ! ,khadras h ! rite call$ badapani or break+ ! ba*elorhood4 ,a little wat] br\ght f sev5 h\ses is spr9kl$ ov] ! bridegroom & 8 lo9-clo? is !n snat*$ away1 leav+ him nak$4 ,9 ?is /ate he runs t[>ds 8 own h\se1 b "s boys are po/$ at a little di/ance :o give him a new clo?4 ,wid[-m>riage & divorce are p]mitt$1 b ! h& ( a wid[ mu/ n be s\ght s long z %e rema9s 9 h] late husb&'s h\se1 & does n return to h] fa!r4 ,:5 a ba*elor m>ries a wid[ he mu/ fir/ p]=m ! regul> c]emony ) a leaf-cup fill$ ) fl[]s1 aft] :i* he c take ! wid[ z 8 second wife4 ,all important agreem5ts are confirm$ by a peculi> cu/om call$ heskani4 ,a de]-sk9 is spread on ! gr\nd be=e ! ca/e committee1 & ! p]son mak+ ! agreem5t b[s be=e x a numb] ( times4 ,to break an agreem5t made by ! heskani rite is believ$ to involve t]rible calamities4 ,! ,khadras eat ! fle% ( animals & fi% b n t ( birds1 & !y d n dr9k c\ntry liquor4 ,:5 an e/ate is to be p>tition$ ! elde/ son fir/ takes a t5? ( ! :ole 9 "r ( primog5iture & ! rema9d] is !n divid$ equally4 ,! ,khadras rank z an artisan ca/e ( some:at l[ /atus4 ,khadura4--,synonym ( ,khadra4 ,khaijraha4--7,a resid5t ( ,khaira1 a t[n 9 ,c5tral ,india47 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,khair1 ,khaira4--7,f khair1 cate*u or ! cate*u tree4 ,a mak] ( cate*u47 ,synonym = ,khairw>4 ,khair*ura4--7,c>e*u prep>]47 ,a subca/e ( ,khairw>4 ,khaire4--,a subca/e ( ,are 7,gondhali71 ,kanbi & ,oraon4 ,khairw>4--,a cate*u-mak+ ca/e4 ,a section ( ,*am>4 ,khaiyaw>e4--7,khai1 dit*2 ow+ to _! h\ses hav+ be5 orig9ally built on ! dit* ( ,hatta =t47 ,a section ( ,beld> ,sonk>s 9 ,damoh4 ,khaki4--7,f khak1 a%es47 ,a class ( ,bairagi1 or religi\s m5dicants4 ,khalifa4--7,"l47 ,an honorific title = ,d>zis or tailors1 & ,muhammadan b>b]s4 ,khaltaha4--,subca/e ( ,ghasia4 ,khaltati4--7,illegitimate47 ,subca/e ( ,&h4 ,khaltia4--,subca/e ( ,basdewa4 ,kham>i4--7,f>ms]vant47 ,a section ( ,kolta4 ,khambi4--7,"o :o hides beh9d ! gravey>d47 ,a sept ( ,korku4 ,kh&a4--7,a sword47 ,a section ( ,panka & ,mah>4 ,kh&ait4--7,a swordsman47 ,an ,uriya ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,sansia1 ,taonla & ,*asa4 ,also a "n ( ,koltas 9 ,cuttack4 ,kh&apatra4--7,"o :o cleans swords47 ,a section ( ,kh&wal4 ,kh&api4--7,kh&a1 a sword47 ,a sept ( ! ,dhurwa clan ( ,sahdeve or six-god ,gonds 9 ,betul1 nam$ aft] ! sword ( ,raja ,durga ,%ah by :i* a victory 0 ga9$ ov] ! ,muhammadans4 ,kh&ele4--7,f kh&a1 sword47 ,a section ( ,raghuvansi ,rajputs 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,kh&elwal4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,kh&e%i4--7,a resid5t ( ,kh&e%47 ,a t]ritorial subca/e ( ,d>zi1 ,jo%i1 ,mah> & ,mang4 ,khanne1 ,khanna4--,a subdivision ( ,*>g>h ,s>aswat ,brahmans 9 ,ho%angabad1 probably d]iv+ _! "n f be+ prie/s ( ! ,khanna section ( ,khatris4 ,a section ( ,khatri4 ,khanonkha4--7,a k9d ( basket to cat* birds )47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,rautia ,kaw>s 9 ,bilaspur4 ,kh>adi4--7,a turn]1 "o :o turns woodwork on a la!47 ,a synonym ( ,kund]a & ,b>hai4 ,kh>*i4--,ba/>d ,m>a?as =m+ a sep>ate division z di/+ui%$ f ! ,khasi or pure ,m>a?as4 ,kh>e4--,a subdivision ( ,sriva/ab1 ,gaur & ,saks5a ,kaya/hs1 mean+ ^? ( pure desc5t4 ,kh>i ,b9d ,kewat4--,title ( ! ,murha ca/e4 ,kh>odia4--7,a resid5t ( ,kh>od 9 ,bilaspur47 ,a subca/e ( ,nunia4 ,kh>sisjha4--7,mak] ( c[dung cakes47 ,a section ( ,mali4 ,kh>wade4--7,refuse47 ,a subca/e ( ,simpi or ,m>a?a ,d>zi 7tailor7 orig9ally =m$ ( excommunicat$ memb]s ( ! ca/e1 b n[ occupy+ a position equal to o!r subca/es 9 ,nagpur4 ,kh>w>4--,synonym ( ! ,khairw> tribe4 ,subca/e ( ,*]o & ,kol4 ,khasi4--,a subdivision ( ,m>a?as1 mean+ ^? born 9 w$lock4 ,khasua4--7,a eunu*47 ,synonym ( ,hijra4 ,khati4--7,f ! ,sanskrit kskatri1 "o :o cuts47 ,a subca/e ( ,b>hai & ,loh>4 ,khatik4--,a ca/e4 ,synonym ( ,*ikwa4 ,a subca/e ( ,pasi 9 ,saugor1 said to h orig9at$ 9 a cross betwe5 a ,bauri & a ,khatik woman4 ,khatkudia4--7,illegitimate47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,betul4 ,khatri4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,*hipa & ( ,sun> 9 ,n>s+hpur4 ,khatua4--7,hav+ a cot47 ,a section ( ! ,hatwa ca/e4 ,khatulha or ,khatola4--,a subtribe ( ,gond4 ,khatulw>4--,a subtribe ( ,gonds 9 ,*&a1 ! same z ! ,khatulha ( ! nor!rn ,di/ricts4 ,khawas4--,a title ( ,nai or b>b]4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhuri4 ,a section ( ,halba4 ,kh$awal4--,a subca/e ( ,guj>ati ,brahmans4 ,!y take _! "n f ,kh$a or ,kaira1 a t[n 9 ,guj>at4 ,kh$ule4--,f kh$a1 a village4 ,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,kh5dro4--,subca/e ( ,oraon4 ,kh]alawala4--,an immigrant f ,kh]ala 9 ,malwa4 ,subca/e ( ,rangrez4 ,kh]awal4--,see ,kh$awal4 ,kheti4--7,cultivation47 ,a section ( ,dumal4 ,khewat4--,synonym ( ,kewat4 ,khi*i4--,a clan ( ,rajputs1 a bran* ( ! ,sesodia clan4 ,khoba4--7,/icks = f5c+ ! gra9-/ore47 ,a sept ( ,kaw>2 !y ab/a9 f us+ ^! /icks4 ,khoksa4--7,a k9d ( fi%47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,rautia ,kaw> 9 ,bilaspur4 ,khuntia4--,a subca/e ( ,ag>ia4 ,"o :o uses a khunti or peg to fix ! bell[s 9 ! gr\nd = smelt+ iron4 ,a sept ( ,sav>s4 7,^? :o bury _! dead on a high place47 ,khursam4--,a sept ( ,p>dhan & ,dhur ,gond4 ,khu?a4--7,impure47 ,a section ( ,tam]a 9 ,m&la4 ,khyaurok>4--7,"o :o %aves1 f k%aur1 to %ave47 ,a synonym ( ,nai or ,bh&>i4 ,kilanaya4--7,kilna1 a dog-h\se47 ,a nickname section ( ,ahir4 ,kilkila4--7,! k+fi%]47 ,a sept ( ,khairw>4 ,killibusum4--7,"o :o eats dead animals47 ,a sept ( ,korku4 ,k9dra4--7,"o :o hides beh9d a tree47 ,a sept ( ,korku4 ,kira*i or ,k>a*i4--,a sept ( ,gonds ( ,raipur & ,betul4 ,kirad4--,synonym ( ,kir>4 ,kirahiboijir4--7,a k9d ( fruit47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,n&gaon4 ,kir>4--,a ca/e4 ,synonym ,dhak>4 ,a subca/e ( ,ka*hi4 ,a section ( ,khatik4 ,kirnakha4--,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,*&a4 ,kirvant or ,kilvant4--,a subdivision ( ,mah>a%tra ,brahmans 9 ,khairag>h4 ,! "n is said to be d]iv$ f kira1 an insect1 because !y kill insects 9 work+ _! betel-v9e g>d5s4 ,ano!r explanation is t ! "n is really ,kriyavant1 & t !y are s call$ because !y conduct$ kriya or fun]al s]vices1 an occupation :i* degrad$ !m4 ,a ?ird =m ( ! "n is ,kramwant or recit]s ( ! ,v$a4 ,kisan4--7,a cultivator47 ,oraons are commonly kn[n by ?is "n 9 ,*ota ,nagpur & ,gonds 9 ,m&la & o!r ,di/ricts4 ,a section ( ,m>>1 ,rawat or ,ahir1 & ,sav>4 ,koa?ia4--,a section ( ,bais ,rajputs4 ,ko*ia4--,p]haps a "n = ,bahnas or cotton clean]s4 ,kodjet4--7,a conqu]or ( crores ( p47 ,a section ( ,bhulia4 ,kohi/ani4--7,a dwell] on m\nta9s47 ,a section ( ,pa?an4 ,kohkatta4--,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,khairag>h4 ,kohri4--,a synonym = ! ,kohli ca/e4 ,koi4--,a class ( ,gonds4 ,koikopal4--,a subca/e ( ,gond4 ,koilabhut or ,koilabhuti4--,a subtribe ( ,gonds4 ,_! wom5 are pro/itutes4 ,koiri4--,a synonym ( ! ,murao ca/e4 ,koitur4--,a synonym = ,gond4 ,! "n by :i* ! ,gonds call !mselves 9 _m ,di/ricts4 ,kokona/h or ,*itpavan4--,a subca/e ( ,mah>a%tra ,brahmans inhabit+ ! ,konkan c\ntry4 ,*itpavan means ! pure 9 he>t4 ,koks+hia4--7,koka1 ! ,brahmani duck47 ,a subsection ( ! ,p>dhan section ( ,koltas4 ,kol4--,a tribe4 ,subca/e ( ,dahait4 ,kolabhut4--,a "n = ,gonds4 ,kolam4--,a tribe4 ,a subtribe ( ,gonds 9 ,*&a4 ,kol*>4--,a clan ( ,m>a?a4 ,kolia4--7,f kolu1 oil-press47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,betul4 ,koliha4--7,jackal47 ,a section ( ,panw> ,rajput1 ,*am> & ,kaw>4 ,kolita1 ,kulta4--,synonyms ( ,kolta4 ,kolta4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,*asa4 ,kolya4--7,"o :o hides beh9d a jackal-hole47 ,a sept ( ,korku4 ,komalw>4--7,komal1 s(t47 ,a section ( ,kurumw>4 ,komati4--,synonym ( ,komti4 ,kommu4--7,a /ory-tell]47 ,subca/e ( ,madgi4 ,kondaw>4--7,konda1 a m\nta947 ,a section ( ,palew> ,dhim> & ,ko%ti 9 ,*&a4 ,kondwan or ,kundi4--,a "n ( a tract s\? ( ! ,mahanadi :i* is call$ aft] ! ,khond tribe1 & 0 =m]ly own$ by !m4 ,subca/e ( ,baiga4 ,korai4--,a subca/e ( ,ahir or ,rawat 9 ,bilaspur4 ,koraku4--7,"y m547 ,subca/e ( ,korwa4 ,koratkul4--,a section ( ,komti2 !y d n eat ! kumhra or pumpk94 ,korava4--,synonym ( ,y]ukala4 ,kor*am>4--,a desc5dant ( alliances betwe5 ,*am>s & ,koris or weav]s4 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,kori4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,balahi1 ,jaisw>a ,*am> & ,katia4 ,korku4--,a tribe4 ,a subtribe ( ,nahal4 ,korre4--7,resid5ts ( ! ,korai hill-tract 9 ,seoni47 ,subca/e ( ,injhw>4 ,kos>ia4--,a subca/e ( ,rawat or ,ahir1 ,b>ai1 ,dhobi1 ,kal>1 ,mali1 ,panka & ,teli2 a section ( ,*am> & ,gond4 ,ko%ti1 ,ko%ta4--,a ca/e ( weav]s4 ,see article4 ,a subca/e ( ,katia & ,bhulia4 ,koskati4--,a subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,ko?>i--7,a /ore-keep]1 f ko?a1 a /ore-room47 ,a section ( ,oswal & ,mahe%ri ,banias4 ,ko?>ya4--7,a /ore-keep]47 ,subca/e ( ,*itraka?i4 ,kotwal4--7,keep] ( a ca/le1 or a village wat*man47 ,honorific title ( ! ,khang> ca/e4 ,a surname ( ,yajurv$i ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,a section ( ,halba4 ,kotw>4--,a p]son hold+ ! (fice ( village wat*man4 ,?is po/ is usually assign$ to memb]s ( ! l[e/ or impure ca/es d]iv$ f ! aborig9al tribes1 su* z ! ,mah>s1 ,ramosis1 ,g&as1 ,pankas1 ,m9as & ,khang>s4 ,"s ( ^! 7 or /ill are mu* addict$ to crime4 ,! "n kotw> appe>s to be a corruption ( kotwal1 ! keep] or gu>dian ( a kot or ca/le4 ,"u native rule ! kotwal 0 ! *ief ( police 9 important t[ns1 & ! c5tral police (fice 9 "s t[ns is /ill call$ ! kotwali aft] him4 ,9 "s villages !re are /ill to be f\nd bo? a kotwal & a kotw>2 9 ?is case ! =m] p]=ms ! duties ( wat* & w>d ( ! village1 & ! latt] has ! m5ial "w ( c>ry+ messages1 collect+ supplies & s on4 ,bo? are paid by fix$ annual contributions ( gra9 f ! cultivators4 ,9 ,ho%angabad ! kotw> is all[$ to glean = a day 9 ! fields ( ea* t5ant aft] ! crop has be5 remov$4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! kotw> 0 *os5 f ! crim9al ca/es z a me?od ( insurance4 ,! kotw> 0 held responsible = ! good behavi\r ( 8 ca/e-fell[s1 & 0 (t5 "u ! obligation ( mak+ good any prop]ty /ol5 by !m4 ,& if a !ft occurr$ 9 ano!r village & ! ?ief 0 trac$ into ! bord]s ( ! kotw>'s village he 0 b\nd to take up ! pursuit & %[ t ! ?ief _h pass$ beyond 8 village1 or to pay = ! /ol5 prop]ty4 ,?ieves 7 sometimes track$ by ! kotw>1 & sometimes 9 ,guj>at & ,c5tral ,india by a special (ficial call$ ,paggal1 #dei :o measur$ _! footpr9ts ) a /r+1 & 9 ?is way (t5 foll[$ !m successfully f village to village4 #dfj ,! rule t ! kotw> _h to make good all !fts occurr+ 9 8 village or p]petrat$ by crim9als belong+ to x1 c only h be5 en=c$ to a v p>tial ext5t1 z unless he c\ld trace ! prop]ty he w\ld be unable to pay any sub/antial sum out ( 8 own means4 ,/ill1 x app>5tly _h a consid]able effect 9 ! protection ( prop]ty 9 ! rural area1 = :i* ! regul> police probably did v little4 ,x 0 simil>ly ! cu/om to employ a *aukid> or night-wat*man to gu>d private h\ses :5 ! own]s c\ld af=d x1 & ?is man 0 tak5 f a crim9al ca/e on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! kotw> 0 also ! gu>dian ( ! village b\nd>ies1 & 8 op9ion 0 (t5 tak5 z au?oritative 9 all cases ( disputes ab\t l&4 ,?is position he p]haps occupi$ z a repres5tative ( ! pre-,aryan tribes1 ! olde/ resid5ts ( ! c\ntry1 & 8 appo9tm5t may h also be5 p>tly bas$ on ! idea t x 0 prop] to employ "o ( !m z ! gu>dian ( ! village l&s1 j z ! prie/ ( ! village gods ( ! e>? & fields 0 usually tak5 f ^! tribes4 ,9 "s localities ^? memb]s ( an impure ca/e su* z ! ,mah>s1 :o hold ! (fice ( village wat*man1 obta9 a c]ta9 rise 9 /atus on acc\nt ( ! (fice1 & %[ a t5d5cy to m>ry among !mselves4 ,simil>ly p]sons ( ! impure ,g&a ca/e1 :o jo9$ ! ,kabirpan?i sect & n[ =m a sep>ate & some:at high] ca/e "u ! "n ( ,panka1 usually "w z village wat*m5 9 pref]5ce to ! ,g&as4 ,"u ,briti% rule ! kotw> has be5 reta9$ z a village policeman1 & 8 pay increas$ & g5]ally fix$ 9 ca%4 ,besides patroll+ ! village1 he has to report all cognisable crime at ! ne>e/ police po/ z well z bir?s & dea?s occurr+ 9 ! village1 & mu/ give g5]al assi/ance to ! regul> police 9 ! detection ( crime4 ,kotw> is us$ 9 ,saugor z a synonym = ! ,*ad> ca/e4 ,x is also a subca/e ( ! ,kori ca/e4 ,k[a4--7,a cr[47 ,a section ( ,tam]a & ( ,gond 9 ,*&a4 ,koya ,a subtribe ( ,gond 9 ,ba/>4 ,koyudu4--,a synonym ( ,gond 9 ,*&a us$ by ,telugus4 ,kramikul4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y d n use ! black radi%4 ,k%atriya4--,"n ( ! second ,h9du classical ca/e or ! w>rior ca/e4 ,synonym = ,rajput4 ,k%irsag>4--7,ocean ( ,milk47 ,a section ( ,panw> ,rajput1 & a prop] "n ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans4 ,ku*4--7,a weav]'s bru%47 ,a section ( ,raghuvansi ,rajputs 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,ku*b&hia1 ,kun*b&hia4--7,a mak] ( weav]s' bru%es47 ,synonym & subca/e ( ,beld> 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,kudaiya4--7,kodon1 a small millet47 ,a section ( ,ahir4 ,kudappa4--,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,raipur & ,khairag>h4 ,kud>bohna4--,a ,h9du ,bhana4 ,kud>ia4--7,kudali1 a pickaxe47 ,a section ( ! ,bh>ia tribe4 ,kukra4--7,a dog47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,bhatra ,gonds4 ,a section ( ,kumh>4 ,kukuta4--7,cock47 ,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,raipur4 ,kulatia4--,a section ( ,basor4 ,f kul>a1 a som]sault1 because !y p]=m som]saults at ! "t ( ! maihir c]emony1 or eat+ ! m>riage cakes4 ,kuldip4--7,! lamp ( ! family47 ,a section ( ,panka 9 ,raipur4 ,kuldiya4--7,^? :o /op eat+ if ! lamp goes out at supp]47 ,a section ( ,ghasia4 ,kul94--7,( high ca/e47 ,a well-kn[n class ( ,b5gali ,brahmans4 ,a subdivision ( ,uriya ,mahantis4 ,a section ( ,panka4 ,kul%re%ta4--7,( good family47 ,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,kuman4--,subca/e ( ,b>ai4 ,kum>rha or ,kum>ra4--7,a bird47 ,a sept ( ,sahdeve or six-god ,gonds4 ,9 ,betul ! memb]s ( ?is sept d n eat or kill a goat or %eep1 & ?r[ away any article smelt by "o4 ,kum>%i%ta4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y d n use mehndi or h5na leaves4 ,kumbh>4--7,pott]47 ,m>a?i synonym = ,kumh>4 ,a section ( ,g&a & ,bhulia4 ,kumbhoj4--7,born ( a pit*]1 a ,ri%i or sa9t47 ,an eponym\s section ( ,agh>ia4 ,kumbhira4--7,crocodile47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,bhulia4 ,kumbhw>4--7,kumbh1 a pot47 ,a surname ( ,g&li 9 ,*&a4 ,kumh>bans4--7,desc5d$ f a pott]47 ,a section ( ,ghasia4 ,kumrayete4--7,yete1 a goat47 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,sahdeve or six-god ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,!y d n eat goats1 & are said to h (f]$ human sacrifices 9 anci5t times4 ,kunbi4--,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,dangri1 ,gondhali & ,m>a?a4 ,kumrawat1 #dfa ,patb9a1 ,dangur4--,a small ca/e ( san-hemp gr[]s & weav]s ( sack+4 ,!y are call$ ,kumrawat 9 ! nor!rn ,di/ricts & ,patb9a 7pat patti1 sack+1 & b9na1 to weave7 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,a small colony ( hemp-gr[]s 9 ! ,betul ,di/rict are kn[n z ,dangur1 probably f ! dang or wood5 /eely>d :i* !y use = weigh+ hemp4 ,bo? ! ,kumrawats & ,dangurs claim ,rajput orig91 & may be class$ toge!r4 ,! ca/e ( ,b>ais or betel-v9e gr[]s h a subca/e call$ ,kumrawat1 & ! ,kumrawats may be an (f%oot ( ! ,b>ais1 :o split (f f ! p>5t body on tak+ to ! cultivation ( hemp4 ,z mo/ ,h9du ca/es h until rec5tly refus$ to gr[ hemp1 ! ,kumrawats are (t5 f\nd conc5trat$ 9 s+le villages4 ,?us a numb] ( ,patb9as reside 9 ,d>ri1 a village 9 ! ,khujji zam9d>i ( ,raipur1 :ile ! ,dangurs are almo/ all f\nd 9 ! village ( ,masod 9 ,betul2 9 ,jubbulpore ,khapa is _! pr9cipal c5tre1 & 9 ,seoni ! village ( ,deori4 ,! ?ree divisions ( ! ca/e kn[n by ! names giv5 above m>ry1 z a rule1 among !mselves4 ,= _! exogam\s gr\ps ! ,dangurs h usually ! names ( diff]5t ,rajput septs1 ! ,kumrawats h t]ritorial names1 & ^? ( ! ,patb9as are d]iv$ f inanimate objects1 ?\gh !y h no totemi/ic practices4 ,! numb] ( girls 9 ! ca/e is usually insuffici5t1 & h5ce !y are m>ri$ at a v e>ly age4 ,! boy's fa!r1 accompani$ by a few fri5ds1 goes to ! girl's fa!r & addresses a proposal = m>riage to him 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,y h plant$ a tam>9d tree :i* has borne fruit4 ,i don't "k :e!r y w cat* ! fruit be=e x falls to ! gr\nd if ,i /rike x ) my /ick4 ,! girl's fa!r1 if he approves ( ! mat*1 says 9 reply1 ',:y %\ld ,i n cat* x8' & ! proposal = ! m>riage is !n made4 ,! c]emony foll[s ! cu/om>y ritual 9 ! nor!rn ,di/ricts4 ,:5 ! family gods are wor%ipp$1 ! wom5 sit r\nd a gr9d+-/one & invite ! ance/ors ( ! family by "n to att5d ! w$d+1 at ! same "t plac+ a little c[dung 9 "o ( ! int]/ices ( ! /one4 ,:5 !y h invit$ all ! names !y c rememb] !y pla/] up ! rema9+ holes1 say+1 ',we c't recollect any m names4' ,?is appe>s to be a precaution int5d$ to imprison any spirits :i* may h be5 =gott51 & to prev5t !m f ex]cis+ an evil influ5ce on ! m>riage 9 rev5ge = n hav+ be5 invit$4 ,among ! ,dangurs ! bride & bridegroom g to wor%ip at ,hanuman's %r9e aft] ! c]emony1 & all along ! way ! bride beats ! bridegroom ) a tam>9d twig4 ,! dead are bo? buri$ & burnt1 & m\rn+ is obs]v$ dur+ a p]iod ( t5 days = adults & ( ?ree days = *ildr54 ,b if ano!r *ild has be5 born to ! "m aft] ! "o :o has di$1 ! full p]iod ( m\rn+ mu/ be obs]v$ = ! latt]2 because x is said t 9 ?is case ! "m does n te> (f h] s>i or body-clo? to make a w9d+-%eet = ! *ild z %e does :5 h] late/ baby dies4 ,! ,kumrawats bo? gr[ & weave hemp1 ?\gh !y h no long] any?+ l a monopoly ( its cultivation4 ,!y make ! gons or d\ble bags us$ = c>ry+ gra9 on bullocks4 ,9 ,*hattisg>h ! /atus ( ! ,patb9as is l[1 & no ca/es except ! mo/ debas$ w take food or wat] f !m4 ,! ,kumrawats ( ,jubbulpore occupy a some:at m respectable position & take rank ) ,ka*his1 ?\gh bel[ ! good cultivat+ ca/es4 ,! ,dangurs ( ,betul w take food f ! h&s ( ! ,kunbis4 ,kumrayete4--7,yete1 a goat47 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,sahdeve or six-god ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,!y d n eat goats1 & are said to h (f]$ human sacrifices 9 anci5t times4 ,kunbi4--,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,dangri1 ,gondhali & ,m>a?a4 ,kund]a4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ! ,l>hia ,beld>s4 ,kund]a1 ,kh>adi4--,a small ca/e ( wood-turn]s ak9 to ! ,b>hais or c>p5t]s4 ,9 #aiaa ! ca/e numb]$ #abj p]sons1 pr9cipally 9 ,saugor4 ,:5 ask$ = ! "n ( _! ca/e !y n infrequ5tly say t !y are ,rajputs2 b !y all[ wid[s to rem>ry1 & _! social cu/oms & position are g5]ally ! same z ^? ( ! ,b>hais4 ,bo? names ( ! ca/e are functional1 be+ d]iv$ f ! ,h9di kund1 & ! ,arabic kh>at1 a la!4 ,"s ( !m ab/a9 f fle% & liquor1 & we> ! sacr$ ?read1 m]ely ) a view to improve _! social position4 ,! ,kund]as make toys f ! dudhi 7,hol>rh5a antidys5t]ica7 & huqqa /ems f ! wood ( ! khair or cate*u tree4 ,! toys are commonly lacqu]$1 & ! surface is smoo!d ) a dri$ leaf ( ! kev>a tree4 #dfb ,!y also make *essm51 wood5 flutes & o!r articles4 ,kundgolak>4--,a subdivision ( degrad$ ,m>a?a ,brahmans1 ! (fspr+ ( adult]\s connections4 ,kunjam4--,a sept ( ,solaha 9 ,raipur4 ,a section ( ,basor & ,bhunjia4 ,a sept ( ,gond & ,p>dhan4 ,kunnatya--7,rope-danc]47 ,a "n appli$ to ,nats4 ,kunti or ,kunte4--7,kunti1 lame47 ,a subca/e ( ,kapew>1 synonym ,bhik%a ,kunti or lame begg>s4 ,kunw>4--7,pr9ce47 ,a title ( ,rajput rul+ families4 ,a section ( ,rajput & ,kaw>4 ,kura ,sasura4--,husb&'s eld] bro!r4 ,title ( ,kh>ia4 ,kura?iya1 ,kuratia4--7,f kur1 a f[l1 :i* !y h giv5 up eat+47 ,a subtribe ( ,gonds 9 ,khairag>h4 ,kurha or ,se?ia4--,title ( ! ,sonk> ca/e headman4 ,kurk]e4--,"o :o m\lds 8 vessels on a /one slab revolv+ on a /ick & n on a :eel4 ,subca/e ( ,kumh>4 ,kurmeta4--,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,*&a4 ,kurmgutia4--7,f kurm1 tortoise47 ,a section ( ,mah>4 ,kurmi4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,agh>ia 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>ai4 ,a sept ( ,p>dhan4 ,a section ( ,mah>4 ,kuro*i4--7,kur1 h547 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,sahdeve or six-god ,gonds 9 ,betul1 s nam$ because _! prie/ once /ole a h54 ,kurpa*i4--7,kur1 h547 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul1 s nam$ because _! prie/ (f]$ ! cont5ts ( a h5's inte/9es to ! gods4 ,kurru or ,kura4--,title ( ,y]ukala4 ,kusangia4--7,( bad company47 ,a section ( ,loh>4 ,ku%bansi4--,a subca/e ( ,ahir4 7,desc5dants ( ,ku%1 "o ( ! two sons ( ,rama47 ,ku% ,ranjan4--,a section ( ,brahman1 ,b>ai1 ,*am>1 ,*&nahu ,kurmi1 ,rawat 7,ahir71 ,m>> & ,rajbh>4 ,ku%ta1 ,ko%ta4--,subca/e ( ,kori4 ,kuslia4--7,kusli1 boat47 ,a subca/e ( ,mali4 ,kusram4--7,kusri1 pulse47 ,a sept ( ! ,uika ,gonds 9 ,betul & ,*&a4 ,labhana4--,synonym & subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,lad4--,! old "n = ! t]ritory ( ,guj>at4 ,a subca/e ( ,bania1 ,kal>1 ,ko%ti & ,sun>4 ,ladaim>4--,"o :o hunts jackals & sells & eats _! fle%4 ,subca/e ( ,jogi4 ,ladele4--7,qu>relsome47 ,a section ( ,%riba?ri ,teli4 ,ladj94--,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,ladse or ,ladvi4--,subca/e ( ,*am> & ,dhang>4 ,ladwan1 ,ladvan4--,a subca/e ( ,mah>4 ,p]haps f ,lad1 ! old "n ( ,guj>at4 ,lah]i4--,synonym ( ,lakh]a4 ,lah]ia4--,subca/e ( ,brahman4 ,lahg]a or ,lahug]a4--7,lahanga1 weav]47 ,a subca/e ( ,kori4 ,lahuri ,s54--,a subca/e ( ,b>ai 9 ! nor!rn ,di/ricts :o are =m$ ( excommunicat$ memb]s ( ! ca/e4 ,lahuria4--7,f ,lahore47 ,a section ( ,ra?or & ,*auhan ,banj>as4 ,lajjh>4--,synonym ( ,rajjh>4 ,lak>iha4--,a subdivision ( ,p>dhan 9 ,kaw>dha4 ,:ile begg+ !y play a musical in/rum5t1 h5ce ! "n f lakri1 a /ick4 ,lala4--7,a t]m ( ende>m5t47 ,synonym = ,kaya/h4 ,a subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,lalbegi4--,a foll[] ( ,lalbeg1 patron sa9t ( ! sweep]s4 ,synonym ( ,meht>4 ,lal ,padri4--,r$ prie/s1 because !y rub g]u or r$ o*re on _! bodies4 ,title ( ,jogi4 ,lame*u4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,langoti4--,subca/e ( ,p>dhi4 ,!y we> only a n>r[ /rip ( clo? call$ langoti r\nd ! lo9s4 ,lanjia4--,a subca/e ( ,loh> & ,nai1 f ,lanji 9 ,balaghat4 ,a subtribe ( ,gonds 9 ,khairag>h4 ,lanjiw>4--7,"o liv+ r\nd ,lanji 9 ,balaghat47 ,subca/e ( ,injhw>4 ,laphangia4--7,up/>t47 ,a section ( ,kolta4 ,l>ia1 ,l>hia4--7,belong+ to ,*hattisg>h47 ,a synonym ( ,beld>4 ,a subca/e ( ,bha9a1 ,b9jhw>1 ,*am>1 ,g&a1 ,ghasia1 ,gond1 ,gosa91 ,kal>1 ,kewat1 ,ko%ti1 ,mah>1 ,m>>1 ,m[>1 ,panka1 ,sav>1 ,sun> & ,teli4 ,lasg>ia4--,a class ( ,bairagi m5dicants4 ,lasuk>4--,a subca/e ( ,gondhalis :o sell books & cal5d>s4 ,lat4--,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,lave4--,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,laya4--7,bird47 ,a section ( ,b9jhw>1 ,mah>1 & ,panka4 ,lekha4--,subca/e ( ,guj>4 ,lemuan1 ,limuan4--7,tortoise47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,audhelia1 ,munda & ,oraon4 ,lidha4--7,excrem5t ( sw9e47 ,subca/e ( ,khatik 9 ,jubbulpore4 ,lilia4--7,f lil or nil1 ! indigo plant47 ,subca/e ( ,ka*hi4 ,lilorhia4--,subca/e ( ,guj>4 ,limba4--7,nim tree47 ,a totemi/ic section ( ,dumals4 ,l+ayat4--,a religi\s ord] :i* has become a ca/e4 ,see article & subord9ate article to ,bania4 ,a subca/e ( ,bania & ,kumh>4 ,lodha4--,synonym ( ,lodhi4 ,subca/e ( ,lodhi4 ,loh>4--,a ca/e ( blacksmi?s1 synonym ,luhura4 ,a section ( ,b9jhw> & ,g&a4 ,loh> ,b>hai4--,a subca/e ( ,b>hai 9 ,bundelkh&4 ,loh>ia4--,a subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,lon>ia4--,a salt-mak]4 ,subca/e ( ,mah>4 ,lon*atia4--7,salt-lick]47 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds4 ,! memb]s ( ?is sept lick salt on ! dea? ( _! relatives4 ,ano!r acc\nt f ,betul says t !y spread salt on a plat=m rais$ 9 hon\r ( ! dead & make cattle lick x up4 ,londh>i4--,a small ca/e ( cultivators f\nd 9 ! ,bh&>a ,di/rict4 ,!y appe> to be immigrants f nor!rn ,india1 z _! wom5 we> ! ,h9du/ani dress & !y speak ,h9di at home4 ,at _! w$d+s ! bridal c\ple walk r\nd ! sacr$ po/ accord+ to ! nor!rn cu/om4 ,:5 a wid[ m>ries aga9 ! c\ple wor%ip a sword be=e ! c]emony4 ,if a man is convict$ ( an intrigue ) a l[-ca/e woman1 he has to submit to a symbolical purification by fire4 ,a heap ( ju>i-/alks is pil$ all r\nd him & set alight1 b z soon z ! fire beg9s to burn he is p]mitt$ to escape f x4 ,?is rite is kn[n z ,agnika%t4 ,! ,londh>is appe> to be di/9ct f ! ,lonh>e ,kunbis ( ,betul1 ) :om ,i 0 =m]ly incl9$ to connect !m4 ,^! latt] d]ive _! "n f ! ,lon> ,mehk> salt lake 9 ! ,buldana ,di/rict1 & are probably s call$ because !y once collect$ ! salt evaporat$ f ! lake4 ,!y ?us belong to ! ,m>a?a c\ntry1 :]eas ! ,londh>is probably came f nor!rn ,india4 ,! "n ,lonh>e is also f\nd z a subdivision ( "o or two o!r ca/es liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,lon> ,mehk> lake4 ,londhe1 ,londe4--7,"o :o hides himself beh9d clo?47 ,a section ( ,kohli4 ,a sept ( ,korku4 ,londiba*a4--,a subca/e ( ,kas>1 includ+ p]sons ( illegitimate desc5t4 ,lonh>e1 ,lon>e4--7,f ,lon>-,mehk>1 ! well-kn[n salt lake ( ! ,buldana ,di/rict47 ,a subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,a section ( ,arakh & ,ahir4 ,ludhela4--,a section ( ,basor :o wor%ip ! ludhia1 a r\nd /one = p\nd+ food1 at ! ,maih> c]emony4 ,luhura4--7,"o :o works 9 iron47 ,synonym ( ,loh>4 ,subca/e ( ,sidhira4 ,lunia4--,synonym ( ,murha1 ,nunia4 ,ma*h&>4--7,"o :o cat*es fi%47 ,synonym ( ,dhim>4 ,ma*h&ra ,na?4--,a subdivision ( ,jogi4 ,ma*hia4--7,f ma*hi1 fi%47 ,a section ( ,dhim> & ,lodhi4 ,ma*hri4--7,fi%47 ,a sept ( ,oraon4 ,mada ,kukuria4--7,dead dog47 ,a subsection ( ! ,viswal section ( ,koltas4 ,madankul4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y d n use r$ clo!s1 nor ! wood ( ! swall[-wort tree4 ,mad>i4--,a class ( ,fakirs or ,muhammadan begg>s4 ,made4--,a resid5t ( ! ,mad c\ntry 9 ,*&a & ,ba/>4 ,subca/e ( ,p>dhan4 ,madgi1 ,madiga4 #dfc--,! ,telugu ca/e ( work]s 9 lea!r correspond+ to ! ,*am>s1 :i* numb]s ne>ly #a #a_/b millions 9 ,madras1 ,mysore & ,hyd]abad4 ,9 #aiaa !re 7 ne>ly #fjjj ,madgis 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & #cjjj 9 ,b]>4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ! ,madigas d]ive _! "n f t ( a sage call$ ,matanga ,muni1 & x is said t a dyna/y belong+ to ! ca/e once rul$ 9 ! ,can>ese c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ leg5d ( _! orig9 comes f ,mysore3 #dfd ,9 =m] times ! sage ,jambava ,ri%i 0 habitually late 9 att5d+ at ,siva's c\rt4 ,siva ask$ him :y ?is happ5$1 & he repli$ t he 0 occupi$ 9 t5d+ 8 *ildr54 ,on ?is ,siva took pity on him & gave him ! sacr$ c[1 ,kamdh5u1 f :i* all ! ne$s ( ! *ildr5 c\ld be satisfi$4 ,b "o day :ile ,jambava 0 abs5t at ,siva's c\rt1 ano!r sage1 ,sankhya1 visit$ 8 h]mitage & 0 hospitably ent]ta9$ by 8 son1 ,yugamuni4 ,! cream :i* ,sankhya 0 giv5 0 s good t he desir$ to kill ! c[1 ,kamdh5u1 ?9k+ t h] fle% w\ld ta/e ev5 bett]4 ,9 spite ( ,yugamuni's objections ,sankhya kill$ ! c[ & di/ribut$ ! meat to v>i\s p]sons4 ,:ile ?is 0 9 progress ,jambava return$1 &1 on he>+ :at _h be5 done1 dragg$ ,sankhya & ,yugamuni be=e ,siva's judgm5t seat4 ,! two (f5d]s did n ent] ! c\rt b /ood outside ! doorway1 ,sankhya on ! "r side & ,yugamuni on ! left4 ,siva condemn$ !m to become ,*&alas or outca/es1 & ! desc5dants ( ,sankhya h become ! "r-h& ,holias1 :ile ^? ( ,yugamuni & 8 wife ,matangi are ! left-h& ca/e ( ,madigas4 ,! latt] 7 set to make %oes to expiate ! s9 committ$ by _! ance/or 9 kill+ a c[4 ,ano!r /ory giv5 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces is t ! ,golla ca/e ( c[h]ds1 correspond+ to ! ,ahirs & ! ,madgis1 are ! desc5dants ( two bro!rs4 ,! bro!rs _h a l>ge h]d ( cattle & want$ to divide !m4 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 cattle disease 0 preval5t1 & _m ( ! h]d 7 affect$4 ,! y\ng] bro!r did n "k ( ?is1 & see+ t mo/ ( ! h]d 7 ly+ on ! gr\nd1 he propos$ to ! eld] bro!r t he himself %\ld take all ! cattle ly+ on ! gr\nd1 & ! eld] bro!r all ^? :i* 7 /&+ up1 z a suitable me?od ( division4 ,! eld] bro!r agre$1 b :5 ! y\ng] came to take 8 cattle :i* 7 on ! gr\nd he f\nd t !y 7 all dead1 & h5ce he _h no alt]native b to take (f ! hides & cure & sell !m4 ,8 desc5dants cont9u$ 8 degrad$ pr(ession & became ! ,madgi ca/e4 ,9 ,*&a ! foll[+ six subca/es ( ,madgis are report$3 ,! ,nulka ,*&riah or ca/e prie/s2 ! ,anapa or lea!r deal]s2 ! ,s9dhi :o are suppos$ to h be5 p]=m]s ( dramas2 ! ,ma/i or danc]s2 ! ,kommu or tell]s ( /ories2 & ! ,dekkala or g5ealogi/s ( ! ca/e4 ,x is said t ,kommu really means a horn & ,dekka a ho(4 ,^! la/ two are ! l[e/ subdivisions1 & occupy a mo/ degrad$ position4 ,9 !ory !y %\ld n sleep on cots1 pluck ! leaves ( trees1 c>ry loads on any animal o!r ?an a donkey1 or ev5 cook food = !mselves1 b %\ld obta9 _! subsi/5ce by eat+ ! leav+s ( o!r ,madgis or memb]s ( diff]5t ca/es4 ,! ,nulka ,*&riah or prie/s are ! highe/ subdivision & w n take food or wat] f any ( ! o!rs1 :ile ! f\r rema9+ subca/es eat & dr9k toge!r1 b d n int]m>ry4 ,!re are also a numb] ( exogam\s gr\ps1 mo/ ( :i* h t]ritorial names2 b a few are titul> or totemi/ic1 z--,mukkidi1 noseless2 ,kumaw>1 a pott]2 ,nag>w>1 a citiz52 ,dobbulw>1 "o :o possesses a dobbulu or copp] co92 ,ippaw>1 f ! mahua tree2 ,itkalw> f itkal a brick1 & s on4 ,! ca/e cu/oms ( ! ,madigas ne$ n be record$ 9 detail4 ,!y are an impure ca/e & eat all k9ds ( food1 & ! leav+s ( o!rs1 ?\gh ! high] subdivisions refuse to accept ^!4 ,!y live outside ! village1 & _! t\* is consid]$ to convey pollution4 ,madhava*>ya4--,a ,vi%nuite sect & ord] ( religi\s m5dicants4 ,see ,bairagi4 ,madhyanjan1 ,madhy&9a4--,a class ( ,brahmans1 ! same z ! ,yajur-,v$is1 or a section ( !m4 ,madia4--,a class ( ,gonds 9 ,ba/>4 ,madpotwa4--7,"o :o di/ils liquor47 ,subca/e ( ,teli4 ,madrasi4--,subca/e ( ,dhobi4 ,magadha4--,a subca/e ( ,ahir or ,rawat 9 ,*hattisg>h1 :o ask = food f o!rs & d n cook = !mselves4 ,mag>1 ,magra4--,a sept ( ,khang>1 ,ahir or ,rawat1 ,gond & ,*ad>4 ,magida4--,synonym ( ,madgi4 ,mahabrahman4--,a degrad$ class ( ,brahmans :o accept gifts = ! dead4 ,mahadeva ,?akur4--7,"l ,mahadeo47 ,a section ( ,mali4 ,mahajalia4--7,deceitful47 ,a section ( ,loh>4 ,mahajan4--,a bank]4 ,title ( ! ,bania ca/e4 ,mahakul4--,synonym = ,ahir4 ,mahalodhi4--7,great ,lodhi47 ,subca/e ( ,lodhi4 ,mahanadiya4--7,^? :o came f ! ,mahanadi riv]47 ,a subca/e ( ,lodhi4 ,a section ( ,g&a1 ,ghasia & ,panka4 ,mahant4--,*ief ( a ma? or mona/]y4 ,a sup]ior class ( prie/4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,panka1 ,*am> & ,ko%ta4 ,mahanti4--,a synonym = ! ,k>an or writ] ca/e ( ,orissa4 ,a section ( ,*asa4 ,mahapatra4--,a subdivision ( degrad$ ,brahmans :o take fun]al gifts4 ,an honorific title ( ,?anapati & ( ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,a subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,mah>4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,balahi & ,gondhali4 ,a section ( ,rawat 9 ,raig>h4 ,mah>aj4--7,great k+47 ,a title ( ,brahmans4 ,mahurana4--,synonym ( ,*it>i4 ,mah>a%tra or ,m>a!4--,"o ( ! five ord]s ( ,pan* ,dravida ,brahmans inhabit+ ! ,m>a?a c\ntry4 ,!y are also call$ ,dak%9i ,brahmans4 ,a subca/e ( ,kumh>1 ,kas> & ,loh>4 ,mah$ia4--,a section ( ,basors :o wor%ip p\nd$ rice mix$ ) curds4 ,mah5ga4--7,an elephant47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,rautia & ,kaw> 9 ,bilaspur4 ,mahe%ri4--,subca/e ( ,ba9a4 ,mahili4--,synonym = ,mahli4 ,mahipia4--7,a dr9k] ( curds47 ,a subsection ( ! ,viswal section ( ,koltas4 ,mahisur4--7,"l ( ! e>?47 ,a synonym ( ,brahmans4 ,mahli-,munda4--,subca/e ( ,mahli4 ,mahobia4--7,f ! t[n ( ,mahoba 9 ,c5tral ,india47 ,a subca/e ( ,b>ai1 ,*am>1 ,dangi1 ,ghasia1 ,khang> & ,mah>4 ,a section ( ,dangi1 ,kumh> & ,kori4 ,mahoda4--,a subdivision ( ,brahmans 9 ,jubbulpore4 ,mahore1 ,mahure4--,a subca/e ( ,bania1 ,kori1 ,kumh> & ,kal>4 ,mahratta4--,synonym ( ,m>a?a4 ,mahto1 ,mahton4--,a *ief or village headman4 ,subca/e & title ( ,teli & ,khairw>2 title ( ! lead] ( ! ,bhuiya ca/e4 ,a section ( ,g&a & ,rawat 7,ahir74 ,mahur4--7,poison47 ,a subca/e ( ,sun>s 9 ,*h9dw>a4 ,mahure1 ,mahuria4--7,f ,mahur1 a t[n 9 ,hyd]abad47 ,subca/e ( ,b>hai & ,dhang>4 ,mai4--7,"m47 ,a division ( ! ,kabirpan?i sect4 ,mai*hor4--,a small clan ( ,rajputs4 ,p]haps f ,mai*uri 9 ,jaipur4 ,mailw>4--7,dirty47 ,a gr\p ( ,sun>s 9 ,raipur4 ,ma9a4--,synonym ( ,m9a4 ,mair4--,a subca/e ( ,sun> nam$ aft] ,mair1 _! orig9al ance/or1 :o melt$ d[n a gold5 demon4 ,mai?il4--,"o ( ! five divisions ( ,pan* ,gaur ,brahmans inhabit+ ! prov9ce ( ,mai?il or ,bih> & ,tirhut4 ,maj>ew>4--,a t]ritorial section ( ,b9jhw> 7f ,maj>e 9 ,balaghat74 ,majhi4--7,a village headman47 ,title ( ,bhatra4 ,majhia4--,synonym ( ,majhw>4 ,majhli4--7,middle47 ,subca/e ( ,rautia4 ,mak>ia4--7,f makad1 monkey47 ,a subca/e ( ,kam>1 s call$ because !y eat monkeys4 ,makhia4--,subca/e ( ,meht>4 ,malaiya4--,an immigrant f ,malwa4 ,subca/e ( ,*hipa4 ,male1 ,mal]4--,synonyms ( ,mal4 ,malha4--,a boatman4 ,synonym ( ,mallah4 ,malh>4--,subca/e ( ,koli4 ,mali4--7,a ca/e47 ,a section ( ,kal>4 ,mal-,pah>ia4--,synonym ( ,mal4 ,malvi1 ,malwi4--7,f ,malwa47 ,a subdivision ( ,brahmans 9 ,ho%angabad & ,betul4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir1 ,b>hai1 ,d>zi1 ,dhobi1 ,gad>ia1 ,kal>1 ,ko%ti1 ,kumh>1 ,nai & ,sun>4 ,maly>4 #dfe--;,a small & curi\s ca/e ( work]s 9 gold & silv] 9 ,ba/> ,/ate4 ,!y are kn[n alt]natively z ,m>hatia ,sun> or ,pan*al1 & outsid]s call !m ,adhali4 ,! "n ,maly> is said to be d]iv$ f mal1 dirt1 & j> or jalna1 to burn1 ! ,maly>s hav+ orig9ally be5 employ$ by ,sun>s or goldsmi?s to clean & poli% _! ornam5ts4 ,no d\bt c be ent]ta9$ t ! ,maly>s are 9 reality ,gonds1 z !y h a set ( exogam\s septs all ( :i* belong to ! ,gonds1 & h ,gondi names4 ,s f> z possible1 h[ev]1 !y try to disguise ?is fact & p]=m _! m>riages by walk+ r\nd ! sacr$ po/ l ! ,h9du/ani ca/es4 ,!y w take food cook$ )\t wat] f ,brahmans1 ,rajputs & ,banias1 b w n eat kat*a 7or food cook$ ) wat]7 f anybody1 & n ev5 f memb]s ( _! own ca/e unless !y are relatives4 ,?is cu/om is common to "s o!r ca/es ( mix$ desc5t1 & indicates t illicit connections are frequ5t among ! ,maly>s1 z inde$ w\ld necess>ily be ! case ow+ to ! paucity ( _! numb]s4 ,b _! memories are %ort1 & ! (fspr+ ( su* irregul> unions are recognis$ z belong+ to ! ca/e aft] "o or two g5]ations4 ,an outsid] belong+ to any high] ca/e may be admitt$ to ! community4 ,! ca/e wor%ip ,mata ,devi or ! goddess ( smallpox1 & rev]e ! _s ( a ,maly> woman :o became a ,sati4 ,!y h le>n$ z s]vants ( ! ,sun>s ! rudim5ts ( _! art1 & manufacture r\gh ornam5ts = ! primitive p ( ,ba/>4 ,mana ,ojha4--,subca/e ( ,ojha4 ,m&al4--7,a "n = a prosp]\s cultivator 9 ,*hattisg>h47 ,a section ( ,*am> & ,panka4 ,see article ,kurmi4 ,m&ilw>4--,"n d]iv$ f ,m&la4 ,subca/e ( ,katia4 ,m&kul4--,a section ( ,komti :o d n eat mangoes4 ,m&laha4--7,f ,m&la t[n47 ,subtribe ( ,gond4 ,mane ,kunbi4--,subca/e ( ,gondhali4 ,mang or ,mangia4--,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,g&a1 ,gondhali1 ,bahrupia4 ,mangan4--7,f ,manghunia1 begg>47 ,a ca/e4 ,mangan4 #dff--;,a small ca/e f\nd 9 ,*hattisg>h & ,sambalpur :o are ! musicians & g5ealogi/s ( ! ,ghasias4 ,! t]m is consid]$ opprobri\s1 z x means 'begg>1' & _m ,mangans probably return !mselves z ,ghasias4 ,!y are despis$ by ! ,ghasias1 :o w n take food or wat] f !m4 ,at ! m>riages ( ! =m] ! ,mangans play on a drum call$ ghunghru1 :i* !y consid] z ! badge ( ! ca/e1 _! cattle be+ br&$ ) a repres5tation ( x4 ,! only po9t wor? notice ab\t ! ca/e is t !y are admitt$ly ( mix$ desc5t f ! unions ( memb]s ( o!r ca/es ) ,ghasia pro/itutes4 ,!y h five totemi/ic exogam\s sections1 ab\t ea* ( :i* a song is sung relat+ its orig94 ,! ,sunani sept1 :i* wor%ips gold z its totem & occupies ! highe/ position1 is said to be desc5d$ f a ,brahman fa!r & a ,ghasia "m2 ! ,s5d>ia sept1 wor%ipp+ v]milion1 f a ,kewat ance/or & a ,ghasia woman2 ! ,bha9sa sept1 wor%ipp+ a buffalo1 f a ,gaur or ,ahir & a ,ghasia2 ! ,mahanadia sept1 hav+ ! ,mahanadi = _! totem1 f a ,gond & a ,ghasia woman2 :ile ! ,bagh sept1 :o rev]e ! tig]1 say t a c[ once gave bir? to two "y1 "o 9 ! =m ( a tig] & ! o!r ( a human be+2 ! latt] on gr[+ up took a ,ghasia woman to himself & became ! ance/or ( ! sept4 ,z might be expect$ f _! ance/ry1 ! ,mangan wom5 are g5]ally ( loose "*4 ,! ,mangans sometimes act z sweep]s4 ,mangta4--7,a begg>47 ,a subca/e ( ,pasi 9 ,sangor1 :o beg f _! ca/e-fell[s4 ,mani>a4--7,a ,p$l>47 ,subca/e ( ,jogi4 ,manih>4--,a ca/e4 ,! ,manih>s are also kn[n z ,bisati4 ,an occupational "n ( ,jogis4 ,manikpuria4--7,a resid5t ,manikpur47 ,subca/e ( ,panka4 ,manjhi4--7,headman47 ,a synonym ( ,santal & ,kewat4 ,a section ( ,*asa1 ,dhanuh> & ,kolta4 ,a title ( ,*asa4 ,manjur4--7,peacock47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,munda4 ,manjm>4--,t]m = a boatman4 ,includ$ 9 ,kewat4 ,mank>4--,"n ( a sup]ior class ( village wat*m5 9 ,nim> ,di/rict4 ,see article ,bhil4 ,a subca/e ( ,mana & ,halba4 ,mannepuw>4--,a subca/e ( ,mala4 ,synonym1 ,teluga ,bhoi4 ,manwa4--,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,m>abi4--,a common sept ( ,gond4 ,a section ( ,nat4 ,m>ai4--7,a "n = ! goddess ( *ol]a1 :o is call$ ,m>ai ,mata47 ,a common sept ( ,gond4 ,also a sept ( ,baiga1 ,pasor & ,bhunjia4 ,a subca/e ( ,majhw>4 ,m>al4--,synonym ( ,mali4 ,m>apa4--,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,betul1 :o ab/a9 f kill+ or eat+ a goat or %eep & ?r[ away any article smelt by !m4 ,m>>4--,synonym = ,mali1 a g>d5]4 ,also a subca/e ( ,ka*hi4 ,m>a?a1 ,m>a!4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>hai1 ,b$>1 ,*am>1 ,dhim>1 ,gad>ia1 ,kumh>1 ,mah>1 ,mali1 ,mang1 ,nai & ,teli4 ,m>a?i1 ,m>a?a1 ,m>!1 ,m>a!4--7,a resid5t ( ! ,m>a?a c\ntry47 ,subca/e ( ,bahrupia1 ,*am>1 ,dh>g>1 ,gundhali1 ,gopal1 ,injhw>1 ,kaik>i1 ,kas>1 ,ko%ti1 ,nahal1 ,ot>i4 ,m>a?ia4--,resid5t ( ,bh&>a or ano!r ,m>a?a ,di/rict4 ,subca/e ( ,halba4 ,m>ia4--,a well-kn[n tribe ( ,gonds 9 ,ba/> & ,*&a4 ,see article ,gond4 ,a subca/e ( ,g[>i4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,*am> & ,kumh>4 ,m>kam4--7,m>ka1 mango47 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal septs ( ,gonds4 ,also a sept ( ,baiga1 ,basor1 ,bhumjia1 ,p>dhan & ,solaha4 ,m>ori4 #dfg--;,a small ca/e ( degrad$ ,rajputs f ,m>w> f\nd 9 ! ,bh&>a & ,*h9dw>a ,di/ricts & also 9 ,b]>4 ,! "n is a local corruption ( ,m>w>i1 & is appli$ to !m by _! neighb\rs1 ?\gh _m ( ! ca/e d n accept x & call !mselves ,rajputs4 ,9 ,*h9dw>a !y g by ! "n ( ,*hatri1 & 9 ! ,tirora ,tahsil !y are kn[n z ,alk>i1 because !y =m]ly grew ! al or ,indian madd] = a dye1 ?\gh x has n[ be5 driv5 out ( ! m>ket4 ,!y h be5 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces = "s g5]ations1 & ?\gh reta9+ c]ta9 peculi>ities ( dress1 :i* %[ _! nor!rn orig91 h ab&on$ 9 _m respects ! ca/e usages ( ,rajputs4 ,_! wom5 we> ! ,h9du/ani angia ti$ ) /r+ beh9d 9 place ( ! ,m>a?a *oli or brea/-clo?1 & drape _! s>is aft] ! nor!rn fa%ion4 ,!y we> ornam5ts ( ! ,rajputans %ape on _! arms1 & at _! w$d+s !y s+ ,m>w>i songs4 ,!y h ,rajput sept names1 z ,p>ih>1 ,ra?or1 ,solanki1 ,sesodia & o!rs1 :i* con/itute exogam\s gr\ps & are call$ kulis4 ,"s ( ^! h split up into two or ?ree subdivisions1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,pa?> 7/one7 ,panw>s1 ! ,p&hre or :ite ,panw>s & ! ,dhatura or ?orn-apple ,panw>s2 & memb]s ( ^! diff]5t gr\ps may int]m>ry4 ,! reason seems to be t x 0 recognis$ t p belong$ to ! same ,panw> sept :o 7 n blood k9 to ea* o!r1 & ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 !m 0 a s]i\s inconv5i5ce 9 a small community4 ,!y also h eponym\s gotras1 z ,vasi%?a1 ,batsa & o!rs ( ! ,brahmanical type1 b ^! d n influ5ce exogamy4 ,! paucity ( _! numb]s & ! influ5ce ( local usage h caus$ !m to relax ! m>riage rules adh]$ to by ,rajputs4 ,wom5 are v sc>ce1 & a price v>y+ f =ty to a hundr$ rupees is commonly paid = a bride1 ?\gh !y feel ke5ly ! degradation atta*+ to ! acceptance ( a bride-price4 ,wid[-m>riage is p]mitt$1 no d\bt = ! same reasons1 & a girl go+ wrong ) a man ( ano!r ca/e may be readmitt$ to ! community4 ,divorce is n p]mitt$1 & an unfai?ful wife may be ab&on$2 %e _c !n m>ry aga9 9 ! ca/e4 ,=m]ly1 on ! arrival ( ! m>riage procession1 ! bride's & bridegroom's p>ties let (f fireworks1 aim+ !m aga9/ ea* o!r1 b ?is practice is n[ discont9u$4 ,:5 ! bridegroom approa*es ! m>riage-%$ ! bride comes out & /rikes him on ! brea/ or =ehead ) a ball ( d\gh1 a %eet be+ held betwe5 !m2 ! bridegroom ?r[s a h&ful ( rice ov] h] & /rikes ! fe/oons ( ! %$ ) a nak$ sword4 ,a ba*elor esp\s+ a wid[ mu/ fir/ be m>ri$ to a r+1 :i* he !reaft] c>ries 9 8 e>1 & if x is lo/ fun]al c]emonies mu/ be p]=m$ z = a real wife4 ,wom5 are tattoo$ on ! arms only4 ,*ildr5 h z _m z five names1 "o = ord9>y use1 & ! o!rs = c]emonial purposes & ! arrangem5t ( m>riages4 ,if a man kills a c[ or a cat he mu/ h a m9iature figure ( ! animal made ( gold & give x to a ,brahman 9 expiation ( 8 s94 ,m>skola4--7,f m>kets1 an axe47 ,a common sept ( ,gonds & ,p>dhans4 ,m>u4--,subca/e ( ,*>an ,bhats4 ,m>w>i4--,a resid5t ( ,m>w> or ! des]t tract ( ,rajputana2 ,m>w> is also us$ z a "n = ,jodhpur ,/ate4 ,see subord9ate article ,rajput-,ra?or4 ,! "n ,m>w>i is commonly appli$ to ,banias com+ f ,m>w>4 ,see article ,bania4 ,a subca/e ( ,bahna1 ,gurao1 ,kumh>1 ,nai1 ,sun> & ,teli4 ,masania4--7,f mas91 /raw or grass mats1 or mas9a1 ?at*$ ro(47 ,a section ( ,loh>4 ,a synonym = ,san ,bhatras 9 ,ba/>4 ,ma%ki4--7,a wat]-be>]47 ,synonym ( ,bhi%ti4 ,masram4--,a common sept ( ,gonds4 ,ma/i4--7,danc]47 ,subca/e ( ,madgi4 ,ma/ram4--7,ma/ra1 brass bangles47 ,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,! wom5 ( ?is sept we> brass bangles4 ,masuria4--,a subca/e ( ,kurmi4 ,f masur1 l5til4 ,a section ( ,rajput4 ,ma?adh>i4--7,liv+ 9 a mona/]y47 ,a celibate clan ( ,manbhao m5dicants4 ,ma?pati4--7,"l ( ! h]mitage47 ,a subca/e ( ,jangam4 ,ma?ur1 ,ma?uria4--7,f ,ma?ura or ,muttra47 ,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,a subdivision ( ,brahman4 ,a subca/e ( ,banj>a1 ,d>zi & ,nai4 ,matkuda1 ,matkora4--7,e>?-digg]47 ,a subca/e & synonym ( ,beld>4 ,a "n = ,gonds & ,p>dhans :o take to e>?work4 ,mat?a4--,corruption ( ,m>a?a4 ,a subca/e ( ,ko%ti1 ,mah> & ,teli1 & a title ( ,teli4 ,matti4--,a subdivision ( l[-class ,brahmans return$ f ,khairag>h4 ,also a class ( ,ka%miri ,brahmans4 ,matwala4--7,a dr9k] ( c\ntry liquor47 ,subca/e ( ,kad]a4 ,mawasi1 ,mirdhan4--,subca/e ( ,dahait4 ,title ( ! headman ( ! ,dahait ca/e committee4 ,mayalu>4--7,*ief man ( ! ca/e47 ,a subca/e ( ,turi4 ,mayur4--7,peacock47 ,a totemi/ic section ( ! ,ahir1 ,hatwa1 ,gond1 ,sonjh>a & ,sundi ca/es4 ,mayurm>a4--7,kill] ( peacock47 ,a section ( ,bahelia4 ,m$a ,gantia4--7,c\nt] ( po/s47 ,title ( ,bhatra4 ,(ficial :o fixes date & h\r = w$d+4 ,m$>a1 ,m$>i4--,! ,telugu ca/e ( bamboo-work]s & mat-mak]s1 correspond+ to ! ,basors4 ,!y h ! same /ory z ! ,basors ( ! fir/ bamboo hav+ be5 gr[n f ! snake worn by ,siva r\nd 8 neck1 :i* 0 plant$ head d[nw>ds 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! cu/oms ( ! ,m$>as1 ,mr4 ,francis says1 #dfh diff] f place to place4 ,9 "o !y w employ ,brahman purohits 7prie/s71 & prohibit wid[-m>riage1 :ile 9 ! next !y w d nei!r1 & w ev5 eat rats & v]m94 ,! bett] classes among !m are tak+ to call+ !mselves ,balijas or ,baljis1 & affix+ ! title ( ,*etti to _! names4 ,m$>i4--,synonym ( ,m$>a4 ,meh>4--,synonym ( ,bhulia4 ,meh]4--,a section ( ,malwi ,ahir1 a synonym = ,bhulia4 ,a title ( ,*am>4 ,mehra4--,synonym = ,mah>4 ,a subca/e ( ,katia & ,kori4 ,mehta4--,a gr\p ( ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,oswal ,bania4 ,meht>4--7,a pr9ce or lead]47 ,common "n = ! sweep] ca/e4 ,title ( ! presid5t ( ! ,dhobi ca/e committee4 ,meman4--,synonym ( ,cut*i4 ,me%bansi4--7,desc5dant ( a %eep47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,mewada1 ,mew>i4--7,f ,mew>47 ,a division ( ,guj>ati or ,kh$awal ,brahmans4 ,a subca/e ( ,*hipa1 ,d>zi1 ,mali & ,sun>4 ,mewati4--,synonym ( ,meo4 ,see article4 ,a class ( ,fakirs or ,muhammadan begg>s4 ,mhali4--,synonym ( ,nai4 ,mhasia1 ,mha%i4--7,mhas1 buffalo47 ,a sept ( ,halba4 ,a section ( ,kohli4 ,mihir4--,synonym ( ,bhulia4 ,m9a4--,a ca/e4 ,a section ( ,raghuvansis4 ,mirdaha4--,a subca/e ( ,dahait1 ,khang>1 & ,nat4 ,a section ( ,raghuvansi4 ,"n us$ = ! mate ( a gang ( coolies4 ,mir-,dahait4--,title ( ! ,mirdha ca/e4 ,mirdha4--,a small ca/e f\nd only 9 ! ,n>s+hpur ,di/rict4 ,!y are a bran* ( ! ,khang> or ,dahait ca/e ( ,saugor & ,damoh4 ,! names ( _! exogam\s sections tally ) ^? ( ! ,khang>s1 & !y h ! same /ory ( _! ance/ors hav+ be5 massacr$ at a =t 9 ,or*ha ,/ate & ( "o pregnant woman escap+ & hid+ "u a kusum tree 7,s*lei*]a trijuga71 :i* consequ5tly !y rev]e4 ,l ,khang>s !y reg>d ,muhammadan eunu*s & ,fakirs 7begg>s7 ) special fri5d%ip1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 a ,fakir :o %elt]$ _! ance/ress :5 ! re/ ( ! ca/e 7 massacr$ by ,rajputs1 & ,fakirs d n beg at _! w$d+s4 ,"o explanation ( ! "n is t ?is section ( ! ca/e 7 born f a ,muhammadan fa!r & a ,dahait woman1 & h5ce 7 call$ ,mir-,dahaits or ,mirdaha1 ,mir be+ a ,muhammadan title4 ,mirdha is1 h[ev]1 z not$ by ,mr4 ,hira ,lal1 ! "n ( ! head ( ! ca/e committee among ! ,dahaits2 & 9 ,ho%angabad he is a s]vant ( ! village proprietor & acts z assi/ant to ! ,kotw> or village wat*man2 he realises ! r5ts f ! t5ants1 & sometimes works z a night gu>d4 ,9 ,guj>at ! "n is said to be a corruption ( mir-deh or 'mason ( ! village4' #dfi ,"h x is said t ! ,mirdhas are held to be ( "p =eign1 "p ,rajput orig91 & 7 orig9ally (ficial spies ( ! ,guj>at sultans4 ,!y are n[ employ$ z mess5g]s & con/ables1 & !re=e seem to be analog\s to ! same class ( p]sons 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,mir%ik>4--,synonym ( ,p>dhi4 ,misra or ,mis>4--,a surname ( ,kanaujia1 ,jijhotia1 ,s>w>ia & ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,mi/ri4--7,corruption ( ! ,engli% ,mi/]47 ,a ma/] c>p5t] or mate ( a gang4 ,title ( ,b>hai1 ,beld> & ,loh>4 ,mi?ia4--7,a prep>] ( sweets47 ,synonym ( ,halwai4 ,mo*i4--7,a %oemak]47 ,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,modh4--,a subdivision ( ,kh$awal or ,guj>ati ,brahmans :o take _! "n f ,modh]a1 an anci5t place 9 ,guj>at4 ,a subca/e ( ,guj>ati ,bania4 ,modh-,ghaneli4--,subca/e ( ,teli 9 ,guj>at4 ,moghia4--,synonym ( ,p>dhi4 ,mohania4--7,captivator47 ,a section ( ,rajjh> & ,kir>4 ,moht>ia4--,title ( ! headman ( ! ,&h ca/e committee4 ,moht]a4--,"o :o fixes ! auspici\s mom5t1 h5ce ! headman ( ! ca/e4 ,a titul> section ( ,basor4 ,monas4--,a subdivision ( ,brahmans4 ,mongre1 ,mongri1 ,mongrekair4--7,a club or mallet47 ,a section ( ,ahir or ,rawat 9 ,*hattisg>h1 & ( ,*am>1 ,g&a1 & ,panka4 ,mori4--,a bran* ( ! ,panw> ,rajputs4 ,mor ,ka*hi4--,"o :o prep>es ! maur or m>riage-cr[n = w$d+s4 ,subca/e ( ,ka*hi4 ,morkul4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y d n use asafoetida 7h+7 nor ! fruit ( ! um> fig-tree4 ,motate4--7,f mot1 wat]-bag47 ,a subca/e ( ,kapew>4 ,m\jikul4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y d n use pepp]4 ,m[>4--,subca/e ( ,rajw>4 ,m[asi4--,a resid5t ( ! =e/s ( ,kalibhit & ,melghat kn[n z ! ,m[as4 ,subca/e ( ,korku4 ,muam94--,synonym ( ,cut*i4 ,muasi4--,title ( ,korku2 subca/e ( ,korwa4 ,mu*i4--,synonym ( ,mo*i4 ,mud>a4--,subca/e ( ,p>ja4 ,mudgalia4--7,f mudgal1 ,indian club--an a?lete47 ,a surname ( ,adi ,gaur ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,mudha4--,synonym = ,munda4 ,mudotia4--7,f mudha1 a *eat47 ,a surname ( ,sanadhia ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,mughal4--,a tribal division ( ,muhammadans4 ,see article ,muhammadan ,religion4 ,muhammadan4--,subca/e ( ,koli4 ,muhj>ia4--7,burnt m\?47 ,a section ( ,lodhi4 ,muk]i4--,or ,kasai1 a small ,muhammadan ca/e ( trad]s 9 cattle & but*]s4 ,9 #ahia m ?an #ijj 7 return$ f ! ,saugor ,di/rict4 ,_! =m] occupation 0 to trade 9 cattle l ! ,banj>as1 b !y h n[ adopt$ ! m pr(itable trade ( slaught]+ !m = ! export ( meat2 & z ?is occupation is n consid]$ v reputable1 !y h p]haps ?\ght x desirable to ab&on _! ca/e "n4 ,! d]ivation ( ! t]m ,muk]i is unc]ta94 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt !y are a class ( ,banj>as1 & d]ive _! "n f ,mecca1 on ! gr\nd t "o ( _! ,naiks or headm5 0 camp+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?is t[n1 at ! "t :5 ,abraham 0 build+ x1 & assi/$ him 9 ! "w4 ,:5 !y emigrat$ f ,mecca _! illu/ri\s "n ( ,makkai 0 corrupt$ into ,muk]i4 #dgj ,a v>iant ( ?is /ory is t _! ance/or 0 "o ,makka ,banj>a1 :o also assi/$ 9 ! build+ ( ,mecca1 & t !y came to ,india ) ! e>ly ,muhammadan invad]s4 #dga ,! ,muk]is =m a ca/e & m>ry among !mselves4 ,9 _! m>riage c]emony !y h adopt$ "s ,h9du obs]vances1 su* z ! ano9t+ ( ! bride & bridegroom ) turm]ic & ! erection ( a m>riage-%$4 ,!y take food f ! high] ,h9du ca/es1 b w n eat ) a ,kaya/h1 ?\gh !re is no objection to ?is on ! score ( _! religion4 ,!y w admit an outsid]1 if he becomes a ,muhammadan1 b w n give _! daught]s to him 9 m>riage1 at any rate until he has be5 = "s ye>s a memb] ( ! ca/e4 ,9 o!r matt]s !y foll[ ,muhammadan law4 ,mullaji4--,title ( ! prie/s ( ! ,bohra ca/e4 ,multani4--,subca/e & synonym ( ,banj>a4 ,munda4--7,a village headman1 f munda1 ! head47 ,title & synonym ( ,kol4 ,a subca/e ( ,kh>ia & ,oraon4 ,mundela4--7,bald-head$47 ,a surname ( ,jijhotia ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,mundle4--7,%av5 ones47 ,subca/e ( ,guj>4 ,munikul4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y d n use munga beans4 ,munjia4--,"n ( an ,akh>a or s*ool ( ,bairagi religi\s m5dicants4 ,see ,bairagi4 ,munurw>4--,synonym ( ,kapew>4 ,murai1 ,murao4--7,f muli1 or radi%47 ,subca/e ( ,ka*hi4 ,mur*ulia4--7,"o :o puts r+s on ! f+]s ( ! ca/e47 ,a section ( ,g&a & ,panka 9 ,raipur4 ,muria4--,a well-kn[n subtribe ( ,gonds 9 ,ba/> & ,*&a4 ,murli4--,synonym ( ,waghya4 ,musabir4--,synonym ( ,mo*i4 ,musah>4--7,a rat-eat]47 ,subca/e & title ( ,bhuiya4 ,mus>e4--7,mus>1 a pe/le47 ,a section ( ,mali4 ,mussali4--,title ( ,meht>4 ,mutra*a4--,synonym ( ,mutrasi4 ,mutrasa4--,synonym ( ,mutrasi4 ,mutrasi1 ,mutrasa1 ,mu?rasi1 ,mutra*a4--7,f ! ,dravidian roots mudi1 old1 & ra*a1 a k+1 or f ,mutu ,raja1 a sov]eign ( "s "p ( ! ,telugu c\ntry47 #dgb ,a ca/e :i* is num]\s 9 ,hyd]abad & ,madras1 & ( :i* a few p]sons are f\nd 9 ! ,*&a ,di/rict ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! ,mutrasis are ! village wat*m5 prop] ( ,tel+ana or ! ,telugu c\ntry4 #dgc ,!y 7 employ$ by ! ,vijayanag> k+s to def5d ! fronti] ( _! c\ntry1 & 7 hon\r$ ) ! title ( ,palig>4 ,_! usual honorific titles at pres5t are ,dora 7,sahib or ,"l7 & ,naidu4 ,z s]vants !y are consid]$ v fai?ful & c\rage\s4 ,"s ( !m h tak5 to masonry 9 ,*&a1 & are consid]$ good /one-c>v]s4 ,!y are a comp>atively l[ ca/e1 & eat f[ls & dr9k liquor1 b !y d n eat beef or pork4 ,x is compulsory among !m to m>ry a girl be=e %e arrives at adolesc5ce1 & if ?is is n done h] p>5ts are put out ( ca/e1 & only readmitt$ on paym5t ( a p5alty4 ,nabadia4--7,boatman or sailor47 ,a synonym = ,kewat4 ,naddaf4--,a synonym = ,bahna or ,p9j>a4 ,nadha4--7,^? :o live on ! banks ( /reams47 ,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,nadia4--,a clan ( ,dangi4 ,nag1 ,nage%4--7,cobra47 ,a sept ( ! ,ahir or ,rawat1 ,b9jhal1 ,bhatia1 ,*asa1 ,hatwa1 ,halba1 ,khadal1 ,kaw>1 ,khang>1 ,k>an1 ,katia1 ,kolta1 ,loh>1 ,mah>1 ,mali1 ,m[>1 ,p>ja1 ,r$ka1 ,sulia1 ,sundi & ,taonla ca/es4 ,mo/ ( ^! ca/es belong to ,*hattisg>h & ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,naga4--,a clan ( ,gosa9s or m5dicants4 ,see ,gosa94 ,nag>4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans belong+ to ,guj>at2 a subca/e ( ,bania2 a section ( ,teli4 ,nag>*i4--7,a drum-beat]47 ,a class ( ,gonds4 ,a subca/e ( ,g&a & ,ghasia4 ,nag>*i4--,! ,nag>*is appe> to be a class ( ,gonds1 ^: special bus9ess 0 to beat ! nakk>a or kettl$rums at ! gates ( =ts & palaces4 ,9 "s ,di/ricts !y n[ =m a special community1 m>ry+ among !mselves1 & numb]$ ab\t #fjjj p]sons 9 #aiaa4 ,! nag>a or nakk>a is kn[n 9 ,p]sia z well z 9 ,india4 ,"h ! drum is made ( e>!nw>e1 ( a tap]+ %ape cov]$ at bo? ends ) camel-hide = ! zir or treble1 & ) c[hide = ! bam or bass4 ,x is beat5 at ! broad] end4 ,9 ,p]sia ! drums 7 play$ f ! ,nakk>a-khana or gateway1 :i* /ill exi/s z an appanage ( royalty 9 ! *ief cities ( ,iran4 ,!y 7 beat5 to greet ! ris+ & to u%] out ! sett+ sun4 ,dur+ ! mon?s ( m\rn+1 ,saf> & ,muh>ram1 !y 7 sil5t4 #dgd ,9 ,india ! nag>a 7 a pair ( l>ge kettl$rums b\nd ) iron hoops & twice z l>ge z ^? us$ 9 ,europe4 ,!y 7 a m>k ( royalty & 7 c>ri$ on "o ( ! /ate elephants1 ! royal animal1 9 ! pr9ce's s[>i or cavalcade1 imm$iately prec$+ him on ! l9e ( m>*4 ,! "r ( display+ a bann] & beat+ kettl$rums 0 "o ( ! highe/ m>ks ( di/9ction :i* c\ld be conf]r$ on a ,rajput noble4 ,:5 ! titul> ,m>a?a ,raja _h retir$ to ,sat>a & any ( ! ,m>a?a pr9ces ent]$ 8 t]ritory1 all m>ks ( royalty 7 laid aside by ! latt] & 8 nag>a or great drum ( empire ceas$ to be beat54 #dge ,! /ick ) :i* ! kettl$rum 0 /ruck 0 call$ danka1 & ! k+'s jurisdiction 0 metaphorically held to ext5d s f> z 8 kettl$rums 7 beat54 ,angrezi raj ka danka bajta hai or ',:]e ! ,engli% drum is beat51' means ',s f> z ! ,engli% empire ext5ds4' ,9 ,egypt ! kettl$rums 7 c>ri$ on camels4 #dgf ,nag>ia4--7,a drum-play]47 ,a section ( ,jasondhi ,bhat & ,teli4 ,nagbans4--7,desc5d$ f ! cobra47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,gadba1 ,ghasia1 & ,gond4 ,nagla4--7,nak$47 ,subca/e ( ,khond4 ,nagpure4--7,f ,nagpur47 ,a section ( ,lodhi & ,kohli4 ,nagvansi4--,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,see article ,rajput-,nagvansi4 ,a subca/e & section ( ,sun>4 ,a section ( ,dah>ia or ,d>aiha & ,gond4 ,nah>4--7,tig]47 ,a subtribe ( ,baiga4 ,a section ( ,rajputs 9 ,saugor4 ,nahonia4--,a clan ( ,dangi 9 ,damoh & ,saugor4 ,!y 7 =m]ly ,ka*hwaha ,rajputs f ,n>w>1 b be+ cut (f f _! own domicile !y m>ri$ ) ,dangis4 ,rajputs accept daught]s f !m b d n give _! daught]s to ,nahonias4 ,naidu4--,title ( ! ,balija1 ,mutrasi & ,velama ca/es4 ,(t5 us$ by ,balijas z _! ca/e "n4 ,naik4--7,lead]47 ,a subdivision ( ,gond1 also kn[n z ,d>we4 ,a title ( ,banj>a headm54 ,a title ( ,teli & ,kolta4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,*am>1 ,*asa1 ,gad>ia1 ,halba1 ,kewat1 ,khond1 ,mali1 ,sudh4 ,nakib4--,mace-be>] or flag-be>] 9 a procession4 ,subca/e ( ,jasondhi ,bhat & ,khang>4 ,nak%b&ia4--,a class ( ,fakirs or ,muhammadan begg>s4 ,naksia4--,synonym ( ,nagasia4 ,namdeo4--,a religi\s sect conf9$ to memb]s ( ! ,*hipa & ,d>zi ca/es1 :i* has become a subca/e4 ,nanak%ahi4--,synonym ( ,nanakpan?i4 ,n&ia4--7,"o :o leads ab\t ) him a p]=m+ bullock74 ,f ,n&i1 ! bull on :i* ,mahadeo rides4 ,subca/e ( ,jogi4 ,n&vansi4--,subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,nanghana4--,a "n giv5 to ! ,kol tribe 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,napita4--,sanskrit "n = ,nai or b>b]4 ,naqqal4--,title ( ,bh&4 ,n>a9a4--,subca/e ( ,patwa4 ,n>amdeo4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans belong+ to ! ,gaur bran*4 ,!y take _! "n f ! riv] ,n]budda4 ,n>badi1 ,n>mada4--7,f ! riv] ,n]budda47 ,a subdivision ( ,mah>a%tra ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,yajur-,v$i ,brahmans4 ,a synonym = ,n>amdeo ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,agh>ia1 ,b9jhal & ,*am>4 ,n>nolia4--7,f a place call$ ,n>nol 9 ! ,punjab47 ,subca/e ( ,meht>4 ,n>w>ia4--,a clan ( ,dangi4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,nata4--7,a "y bullock47 ,a section ( ,ahir & ,oswal ,bania4 ,na?unia4--7,nose-r+47 ,a subca/e ( ,pasi4 ,navadesia4--7,a man ( n9e di/ricts47 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,naw>ia4--,a subca/e ( ,b>hai1 ,loh>1 ,ka*]a or ,sisg>1 ,nai & ,tam]a4 ,nazir4--7,a ca%i] or u%]47 ,subca/e ( ,jasondhi ,bhat4 ,negi4--,a vice-presid5t ( ! ca/e committee 9 ! ,kh>ia ca/e4 ,nema or ,nima4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,see article ,bania1 ,nema4 ,netam4--7,! dog 9 ,gondi47 ,"o ( ! common septs ( ,gond4 ,also a sept ( ,basor1 ,bhatra1 ,bhuiya1 ,dew>1 ,kaw> & ,p>ja4 ,naw>i4--7,f new>1 ?ick tape us$ = webb+ ( b$s47 ,subca/e ( ,bahna4 ,ni>ia4--,an occupational t]m appli$ to p]sons :o take ! refuse & sweep+s f a ,sun>'s %op & wa% out ! p>ticles ( gold & silv]4 ,see article ,sun>4 ,nigam1 ,nigum4--,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,nihal4--,synonym ( ,nahal4 ,nihang4--,a class ( ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants1 :o rema9 celibate4 ,nikh>4--,a subca/e ( ,ahir1 ,bh>ewa 7,kas>71 ,gad>ia4 ,a clan ( ,rajput4 ,a section ( ,ko%ti4 ,nikumbh4--,a clan ( ,rajputs includ$ 9 ! ?irty-six royal races4 ,a section ( ,jo%i4 ,nilg>4--,synonym ( ,*hipa4 ,nilk>4--7,f nil1 indigo47 ,a subca/e ( ,d>zi or ,simpi 7tailors7 9 ,naagpur1 s nam$ because !y took up ! "w ( dye+ 9 addition to _! own & =m$ a new subca/e4 ,niman&i4--,a ,vi%nuite sect & ord] ( religi\s m5dicants4 ,see ,bairagi4 ,nim>i1 ,nimadi1 ,nim>ia4--7,a resid5t ( ,nim>47 ,a subca/e ( ,balahi1 ,bania1 ,dhobi1 ,mah> & ,nai4 ,nimawal4--,a class ( ,bairagi4 ,nirali4--,synonym ( ,*hipa4 ,niranjani4--,"n ( an ,akh>a or s*ool ( ,bairagis4 ,see ,bairagi4 ,nirbani4--7,nir1 )\t2 bani1 spee*47 ,a class ( ,bairagis :o refra9 f spee* z f> z possible4 ,nirmohi4--,a class ( ,bairagis4 ,nona or ,lona4--,"n d]iv$ f ,nona or ,lona ,*am>91 a well-kn[n wit*4 ,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,nulka*&riah4--,ca/e prie/s4 ,subca/e ( ,madgi4 ,nun4--7,salt47 ,a sept ( ,oraon4 ,nunia1 ,nonia1 ,lunia4--7,saltmak]47 ,a synonym ( ,beld>4 ,a section ( ,b9jhw> & ,koli4 ,od4--,synonym ( ,beld>4 ,odde1 ,ud4--7,f ,odra ! old "n ( ,orissa47 ,t]m = a digg] or navvy4 ,a gr\p ( ,beld>s4 ,odhia4--,synonym = ,audhia ,bania4 ,odia or ,uriya4--,subca/e ( ,beld> 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,oiku4--,subtribe ( ,majhw>4 ,ojha4--7,f ,ojh1 entrails47 ,a ca/e ( ,gond augurs1 see article4 ,a title ( ,mai?il ,brahmans4 ,a subca/e ( ,loh>1 ,nat & ,sav>4 ,okkilyan4--,synonym ( ,wakkaliga4 ,omre1 ,umre4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,see ,bania ,umre4--,a subca/e ( ,teli4 ,onk> ,na?4--,a subdivision ( ,jogis4 ,onkule4--,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,orha4--,subca/e ( ,*asa4 ,oswal4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,see subord9ate article to ,bania4 ,ota4--7,"o :o recites ! ,v$as al\d 9 sacrifices47 ,an honorific title ( ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,ot>i1 ,watk>i4--,a l[ ca/e ( work]s 9 brass 9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! ,m>a?i v]b otne1 to p\r or smelt4 ,!y numb] ab\t #bfjj p]sons 9 ! ,bh&>a & ,*&a ,di/ricts1 & 9 ,b]>4 ,! ca/e h two subca/es1 ,gondadya & ,m>a?a1 or ! ,gond & ,m>a?a ,ot>is4 ,! latt] are no d\bt memb]s ( o!r ca/es :o h tak5 to brass-work+4 ,memb]s ( ! two subca/es d n eat ) ea* o!r4 ,_! family names are ( diff]5t k9ds1 & "s ( !m are totemi/ic4 ,!y employ ,brahmans = _! c]emonies1 & o!rwise _! cu/oms are l ^? ( ! l[] artisan ca/es4 ,b x is report$ t !y h a survival ( m>riage by capture1 & if a man refuses to give 8 daught] 9 m>riage aft] be+ ask$ twice or ?rice1 !y abduct ! girl & aft]w>ds pay "s comp5sation to ! fa!r4 ,!y make & sell ornam5ts ( brass & bell-metal1 su* z are worn by ! l[] ca/es1 & travel f village to village1 hawk+ _! toe-r+s & anklets4 ,!re is also an ,ot>i subca/e ( ,kas>s4 ,pabaiya4--7,f ,pabai 9 ,bundelkh&47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,pabia4--,a small ca/e 9 ! zam9d>is ( ! ,bilaspur ,di/rict1 & "s ( ! ,feudatory ,/ates1 :o numb]$ ab\t #ijjj p]sons 9 #aiaa4 ,!y appe> to be ,pans or ,g&as1 :o also be> ! "n ( ,pab1 & ?is has be5 corrupt$ into ,pabia1 p]haps ) a view to hid+ _! orig94 ,!y are wret*$ly poor & ignorant4 ,!y say t !y h nev] be5 to a ,gov]nm5t disp5s>y1 & w\ld be afraid t m$ic9e obta9$ f x w\ld kill !m4 ,_! only rem$ies = diseases are br&+ ! "p affect$ or call+ 9 a magician4 ,!y nev] s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool1 z !y hold t educat$ *ildr5 are ( no value to _! p>5ts1 & t ! object ( ,gov]nm5t 9 op5+ s*ools is only to obta9 lit]ate p]sons to c>ry on its bus9ess4 ,"o curi\s cu/om may be notic$4 ,:5 any "o dies 9 a family1 all ! memb]s1 z soon z ! brea? leaves 8 body1 g into ano!r room ( ! h\se2 & across ! door !y lay a net op5$ into ! room :]e ! corpse lies4 ,!y ?9k t ! _s ( ! dead man w foll[ !m1 & w be caught 9 ! net4 ,!n ! net is c>ri$ away & burnt or buri$ ) ! corpse1 & ?us !y ?9k t ! _s is remov$ & prev5t$ f rema9+ ab\t ! h\se & tr\bl+ ! survivors4 ,pabeha4--,synonym = ,dhim>4 ,pabudia or ,madhai4--,a subca/e ( ,bhuiya4 ,pa*adhe4--7,we/]n47--,a subdivision ( ,s>aswat ,brahman4 ,pa*bhaiya4--7,five ,bro!rs47 ,a section ( ,ahir & ,audhelia4 ,pada4--7,a pig-eat]47 ,a section ( ,muria ,gonds & ,p>dhans4 ,padhan4--7,an ,uriya "n = a *ief or headman ( a village47 ,a section ( ,bhuiya1 ,*asa1 ,dumal1 ,hatwa1 ,kolta1 ,tiy> & o!r ,uriya ca/es4 ,a title ( ,*asa & ,kolta4 ,padmasale4--,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,padyal4--,a subtribe ( ,gond 9 ,*&a4 ,a section ( ,m>ori4 ,pahalwan4--,a small community numb]+ ab\t #fjj p]sons 9 ! ,bilaspur ,di/rict & surr\nd+ tracts ( ,*hattisg>h4 ,! ^w ,pahalwan means a wre/l]1 b ,sir ,b4 ,rob]tson /ates #dgg t !y are a small ca/e ( s++ begg>s & h no connection ) wre/l+4 ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 to belong to ! ,gopal ca/e1 :o h a bran* ( ,pahalwans 9 _! community4 ,& ! m5 return$ f ,bilaspur may h ab&on$ wre/l+ 9 fav\r ( s++ & begg+ f trees1 :i* is also a call+ ( ! ,gopals4 ,!y !mselves say t _! ance/ors 7 ,gopals & liv$ some:]e t[>ds ,b]>1 & t !y came to ,bilaspur ) ! ,m>a?a lead] ,*imnaji ,bhonsla4 ,pah>4--,subca/e ( ,mahli4 ,pah>ia or ,b5w>ia4--,subca/e ( ,korwa4 ,paik4--7,a foot-soldi]47 ,see ,rajput-,paik4 ,paikaha4--7,"o :o foll[s ! call+ ( cur+ hides47 ,synonym = ,*am>4 ,paik>a4--7,f ,paik1 a foot-soldi]47 ,subca/e ( ,kaw>4 ,pailagia4--7,pailagi or ',i fall at y\r feet1' is a common t]m ( greet+ f an inf]ior to a sup]ior47 ,subca/e ( ,dahait4 ,paiyam4--7,f paiya1 a calf47 ,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,pajania4--7,paijana1 t9kl+ anklets47 ,a section ( ,kurmi4 ,pakhali4--7,f pakhali1 a lea!rn wat]-bag47 ,synonym ( ,bhi%ti4 ,pakhawaji4--7,"o :o plays on ! pakhawaj or timbrel47 ,title ( ,mirasi4 ,pakhia4--7,!y are s call$ because !y eat ! fle% ( ! por or buffalo47 ,subca/e ( ,khond4 ,palas4--7,f ! palas tree1 ,butea frondosa47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,gonds4 ,palew>4--,a gotra ( ,b9jhw>2 a subca/e ( ,dhim> f\nd 9 ! ,telugu c\ntry4 ,!y are also call$ ,bhoi 9 ,*&a4 ,a "n = ,telugu ,dhim>s or wat]m54 ,a section ( ,b9jhw>4 ,palg>ia4--7,sleep+ on a palang or cot47 ,a sept ( ,bhunjia4 ,palliwal4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans belong+ to ! ,kanaujia division4 ,!y take _! "n f ,pali1 a trad+ t[n ( ,m>w>4 ,a subca/e ( ,bania1 ^: "n is d]iv$ f ! same place4 ,palsa-ga*a4--7,palas tree1 ,butea frondosa47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,pans4 ,pal%e4--,a subca/e ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans4 ,!y d]ive _! "n f ,palsaoli village 9 ,kalyan 7,bombay ,presid5cy74 ,pampatra4--7,^? :o use _! h&s z pots47 ,a section ( ,kh&wal4 ,pan4--7,"n ( a =e/ tribe47 ,synonym = ,g&a4 ,pan*1 ,pan*ayat4--7,a ca/e committee1 s call$ because x is suppos$ to consi/ ( five 7pan*7 p]sons47 ,a section ( ,m>>4 ,pan*al4--,an indet]m9ate gr\p ( artisans engag$ 9 any ( ! foll[+ five trades3 ,work]s 9 iron1 kn[n z ,manu2 work]s 9 copp] or brass call$ ,twa%tik2 work]s 9 /one or ,%ilpik2 work]s 9 wood or ,maya2 & work]s 9 gold & silv] designat$ z ,daivagnya4 #dgh ,! ca/e appe> to be ( ,telugu orig91 & 9 ,madras !y are also kn[n z ,kammala4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces !y 7 amalgamat$ ) ! ,sun>s 9 #aija1 b 9 #ahia a total ( #gjjj 7 return$1 belong+ to ! s\!rn ,di/ricts2 :ile #bgjj memb]s ( ! ca/e are %[n 9 ,b]>4 ,! "n is v>i\sly d]iv$1 b ! pr9cipal root is no d\bt pan* or five4 ,capta9 ,glasfurd writes x ,pan*yanun4 #dgi ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,pan*als appe> g5]ally to "w 9 gold or brass1 :ile 9 ,b]> !y are blacksmi?s4 ,! gold-work]s are an intellig5t & fairly prosp]\s class1 & devote !mselves to engrav+1 inlay+1 & mak+ gold beads4 ,!y are usually hir$ by ,sun>s & paid by ! piece4 #dhj ,!y are int5t on improv+ _! social position & n[ claim to be ,vi%wa ,brahmans1 presumably 9 virtue ( _! desc5t f ,viswa ,k>ma1 ! cele/ial ar*itect4 ,at ! c5sus !y submitt$ a petition begg+ to be classifi$ z ,brahmans1 & to support _! claim !y employ memb]s ( _! own ca/e to s]ve !m z prie/s4 ,b ! majority ( !m p]mit ! rem>riage ( wid[s1 & d n we> ! sacr$ ?read4 ,9 o!r respects _! cu/oms resemble ^? ( ! ,sun>s4 ,! ,b]> ,pan*als1 on ! o!r h&1 appe> to be a mu* l[] gr\p4 ,mr4 ,kitts describes #dha !m z a w&]+ ca/e ( smi?s liv+ 9 grass-mat huts & us+ z fuel ! roots ( ?orn bu%es1 :i* !y batt] out ( ! gr\nd ) ! back ( a %ort-h&l$ axe peculi> to !mselves4 ,! ,b]>i ,pan*als1 he cont9ues1 :o diff] f ! ,dakhani division 9 ! cu/om ( %av+ _! heads & be>ds on ! dea? ( a p>5t1 h be5 9 ! ,prov9ces = "s g5]ations4 ,!y live 9 small pals or t5ts1 & move f place to place ) buffaloes1 donkeys1 & occasionally ponies to c>ry _! kit4 ,! wom5 ( ! ,b]>i division may be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! ,dakhani ,pan*als by _! we>+ _! lugras or body-clo?s tuck$ 9 at ! back1 9 ! fa%ion kn[n z kasote4 ,x is no d\bt f ! desire to dissociate !mselves f ! w&]+ blacksmi?s ( ,b]> t ! ,pan*als ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces desire to drop _! ca/e "n4 ,pan*am4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>ai1 ! same z ,b]>ia4 ,pan*bhai4--7,five bro!rs47 ,a surname ( ,bhan>a ,dhim>s1 a section ( ,ghasia4 ,pan*deve4--,a subdivision ( ,gonds1 wor%ipp+ five gods & pay+ special rev]5ce to ! s>as crane4 ,pan* ,dravid4--,"o ( ! two prim>y divisions ( ,brahmans1 inhabit+ ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,v9dhya hills & ,n]budda riv]1 & includ+ ! foll[+ five ord]s3 viz41 ,k>nata 7,c>natic71 ,dravid 7,madras71 ,tailanga 7,telugu c\ntry71 ,mah>a%tra 7,bombay7 & ,gurj>a 7,guj>at74 ,pan* ,gaur4--,"o ( ! two prim>y divisions ( ,brahmans inhabit+ ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,v9dhya hills & ,n]budda riv]2 x includes ! foll[+ five ord]s3 ,s>aswat 7,punjab71 ,kanaujia 7,h9du/an71 ,gaur 7,b5gal71 ,utkal 7,orissa7 & ,mai?il 7,bih> or ,tirhut74 ,pan*gh>4--,"o ( ! ?ree subdivisions ( ,kanaujia ,brahmans 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,p&a4--7,a prie/ ( ,devi1 a wise man47 ,a subca/e or title ( ,mali4 ,a subca/e & surname ( ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,a subca/e ( ,jasondhi ,bhats4 ,p&>am4--,a class ( ,brahman prie/s4 ,p&e4--7,a wise man47 ,a surname ( ,kanaujia & ,gaur ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,agh>ia1 ,b>hai1 ,kewat & ,m>>4 ,a title ( ,jo%i & ,kumh>4 ,p&h>e4--7,:ite47 ,subca/e ( ,sun>4 ,p&it4--7,a le>n$ man47 ,a title ( ,brahmans4 ,p&ki4--7,dove47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,bhatra1 ,kaw> & ,p>ja4 ,p&ra4--,a small ca/e ( cultivators 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,x is said t "o ( ! ,rajas ( ,patna _h an illegitimate son to :om he gave ! village ( ,p&ri4 ,8 desc5dants 7 ! ,p&ras4 ,p&w> or ,padw>4--,a section ( ,panka 9 ,raipur4 ,!y are said to be s nam$ because !y wa%$ ! feet ( o!rs4 ,pangal4--,subca/e ( ,gopal4 ,!y make mats1 b 9 addition to ?is !y are m5dicants begg+ f trees4 ,panh>a4--,an occupational t]m mean+ a sell] ( pan or betel-leaf4 ,panibh>4--7,a wat]man47 ,subca/e ( ,dangri4 ,panigrahi4--7,husb&47 ,an honorific title ( ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,panjha4--7,paw ( an animal47 ,a sept ( ,gond4 ,panka4--,a weav] ca/e d]iv$ f ! ,g&as1 be+ ,g&as :o foll[ ! ,kabirpan?i sect4 ,see article4 ,9 ,*hattisg>h ,pankas sometimes call !mselves ,das1 z s]vants ( ,kabir4 ,panka is also a subca/e ( ,g&a4 ,pans>i4--7,a druggi/47 ,synonym = ,b>ai4 ,panw>4--,a clan ( ,rajput4 ,see article ,panw> ,rajput4 ,a subca/e ( ,banj>a & ,bhoy>4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,bhilala1 ,ko%ti1 ,m>a?a & ,m>ori4 ,p>as>1 ,p>a%>4--7,"n ( a ,brahmanical sa9t47 ,an eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,a surname ( ,sanadhya & ,gaur ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,basdeva1 ,rang>i1 ,sun> & ,vidur4 ,p>auha4--7,f p>a1 a male buffalo calf47 ,a subca/e ( ,basdewa :o deal 9 buffaloes4 ,p>bat4--,"n ( "o ( ! t5 ord]s ( ,gosa94 ,p>bhu4--,synonym ( ,prabhu4 ,p>de%i4--7,a =eign]47 ,! "n is sometimes appli$ to immigrants f ,malwa1 & also to ^? com+ f nor!rn ,india4 ,a subca/e ( ! ,bahna1 ,b>ai1 ,b>hai1 ,*am>1 ,dhim>1 ,dhobi1 ,g>pag>i1 ,kimbi1 ,kas>1 ,kumh>1 ,loh>1 ,nai1 ,rang>i1 ,sun> & ,teli ca/es4 ,p>dhan4--7,a *ief47 ,a ca/e :o are prie/s ( ! ,gonds4 ,see article4 ,a section ( ,*hattisg>hi ,ahir or ,rawat1 ,halba & ,pabia4 ,title ( ca/e headman ( ! ,kh>ia tribe4 ,p>dhi4--7,a hunt]47 ,a ca/e4 ,see article4 ,a subca/e ( ,khatik4 ,a section ( ,kunbi & ,panw> ,rajput4 ,p>ewa4--7,a pigeon47 ,a section ( ,*hattisg>hi ,ahir or ,rawat1 & ,panka4 ,p>ganiha4--,a synonym ( ,p>dhan 7,gond prie/s7 9 ,kaw>dha4 ,p>ih>4--,an important clan ( ,rajputs4 ,see ,rajput ,p>ih>4 ,a section ( ,dah>ia & ,d>aiha1 ( ,panw> ,rajput & ,p>dhi4 ,p>it4--,synonym = ,dhobi 9 ! ,m>a?a di/ricts4 ,p>ka4 #dhb--;,a small ca/e ( lab\r]s belong+ to ! ,jubbulpore ,di/rict & adjo9+ tracts1 ^: /r5g? 0 some?+ ov] #bjjj p]sons 9 #aija4 ,sir ,b4 ,rob]tson wrote #dhc 9 #ahia t ! ,p>kas ( ! ?ree nor!rn ,di/ricts _h be5 kept sep>ate f ! ,panka ca/e 9 ! c5sus tables1 b t !y 7 9 all probability ! same4 ,mr4 ,hira ,lal po9ts out t sev]al ( ! names ( septs z ,padw>1 ,sanwani1 ,gullia & ,dh>wa are ! same 9 ! two ca/es1 & t 9 ! ,di/ricts :]e ,p>kas are f\nd !re are no ,pankas4 ,! ,panka ca/e 0 probably =m$ 9 ,*hattisg>h by ! sep>ation ( ^? ,g&as or ,pans :o _h embrac$ ! doctr9es ( ,kabir f _! p>5t ca/e1 & ! "n is a v>iant ( ,pan4 ,9 ,jubbulpore ! "n ,panka has no und]/ood mean+1 & x may h be5 corrupt$ into ,p&ka 7a dove7 & !nce to ,p>ka4 ,l ! ,pankas ! ,p>kas (t5 act z village wat*m54 ,_m ( ! ,p>kas are also ,kabirpan?is &1 z ) ! ,pankas1 ^? :o are n ,kabirpan?is & d n ab/a9 f fle% & liquor are call$ ,saktahas4 ,int]m>riage is n prohibit$ betwe5 ! ,p>ka ,kabirpan?is & ,saktahas4 ,"s ( ! ,p>kas play on drums & act z village musicians1 :i* is a regul> occupation ( ! ,pankas & ,g&as4 ,x may also be not$ t ! ,p>kas w take food cook$ ) wat] f a ,gond & t !y wor%ip ,bura ,deo1 ! great god ( ! ,gonds4 ,p]haps ! mo/ probable surmise z to _! orig9 is t !y are a small mix$ gr\p made up ( ,pankas & ,gonds4 ,a prov]bial say+ ab\t ! ca/e is ',gond ,raja1 ,p>ka ,p>dhan1' or ',! ,gond is ! ma/] & ! ,p>ka ! s]vant1' & ?is also po9ts to _! connection ) ! ,gonds4 ,sev]al ( _! section names indicate _! mix$ orig91 z ,kumh>ia f ,kumh> a pott]1 ,gullia ,f ,gaolia or milkman1 ,bhullia f ,bhulia an ,uriya weav]1 ,&wan a subca/e ( ! ,mah> ca/e1 ,tilasia a sept ( ! ,kaw>s1 & s on4 ,if a ,p>ka man =ms a connection ) any woman ( high] ca/e %e w be admitt$ into ! community1 & ! same privilege is accord$ to a man ( any equal or high] ca/e :o may desire to m>ry a ,p>ka girl4 ,a girl is only ca/ out :5 %e is discov]$ to h be5 liv+ ) a man ( l[] ca/e ?an ! ,p>kas4 ,all ^! facts indicate _! mix$ orig94 ,z already se51 ! ca/e are lab\r]s1 village wat*m5-& musicians1 & _! cu/oms resemble ^? ( l[-ca/e ,h9dus1 b !y rank above ! impure ca/es4 ,!y w eat food cook$ ) wat] f ,lodhis1 _m ( :om are l&[n]s 9 ,jubbulpore1 & z su* no d\bt /& to ! ,p>ka 9 ! relation ( employ] to s]vant4 ,e ye> on ! second day ( ,bhadon 7,augu/7 !y wor%ip a f\r-sid$ iron plate & a spe>1 :i* latt] is p]haps ! emblem ( ! village wat*man4 ,f9es impos$ = ca/e (f5ces are sometimes exp5d$ 9 ! pur*ase ( vessels :i* !reaft] become common prop]ty & are l5t to any "o :o requires !m4 ,p>nami4--7,a foll[] ( ,pranna? ( ,panna47 ,subca/e ( ,dangi4 ,p>sai4--7,village prie/47 ,synonym = ,jo%i4 ,p>soli4--7p>sa1 an axe47 ,a section ( ,ahir or ,rawat 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,p>w>4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,see article ,bania-,p>w>4 ,a subca/e ( ,kumh>4 ,passi4--,synonym ( ,pasi4 ,patadh>i4--7,"o occupy+ ! seat ( in/ruction47 ,a section ( celibate ,manbhaos4 ,patane4--,a subca/e ( ,prabhu1 s call$ on acc\nt ( _! liv+ ne> ,patan 9 ,guj>at4 ,patb9a4--7,f patti1 sack+1 & b9na1 to weave47 ,synonym ( ,kumrawat4 ,subca/e ( ,jogi4 ,patel4--7,headman ( a village47 ,a subca/e & title ( ,mali4 ,a surname ( ,gaur ,brahmans 9 ,saugor & ( ,p>sis4 ,a surname or section ( ,agh>ia1 ,mah> & ,ka*hi4 ,a title ( ! ,ahir & ,bhoy> ca/es4 ,pa?ak4--7,tea*]47 ,a surname ( ,kanaujia & o!r classes ( ,brahmans4 ,pa?an4--,"o ( ! f\r tribes ( ,muhammadans4 ,see article ,muhammadan ,religion4 ,pa?>i4--7,a hillman47 ,synonym ( ,p>dhan4 ,subca/e ( ,katia4 ,pa?>ia4--,a subca/e ( ,katia1 ,kurmi & ,mah>4 ,a section ( ,halba4 ,a subca/e ( ,ag>ia1 :o place a /one on ! m\? ( ! bell[s to fix !m 9 ! gr\nd = smelt+ iron4 ,pa?mukh4--,a subsept ( ! ,dhurwa ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,!y (f] a "y goat to _! gods & d n kill be>s4 ,pa?rot1 ,pa?rawat4--7,"o :o makes & %>p5s mill/ones & gr9d/ones47 ,synonym ( ,beld>4 ,pati4--7,"l47 ,an honorific title ( ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,patk>4--7,f pat1 wid[-m>riage47 ,a subca/e ( ,sun> 9 ,w>dha4 ,a section ( ,rang>i4 ,patlia4--7,f patel47 ,title ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,patnaik4--,a surname ( ,k>an or ,mahanti1 ! ,uriya writ] ca/e4 ,patra4--7,an ,uriya ^w mean+ c\ncillor47 ,a subca/e ( ,kolta & ,*asa1 & title ( sev]al ,uriya ca/es4 ,also a synonym = ! ,patwa ca/e4 ,patti4--7,a ?read-sell]47 ,subca/e ( ,kaik>i4 ,patwa4--,a ca/e4 ,see article4 ,9 ,seoni tahsil ( ,ho%angabad ,di/rict ,patwa & ,lakh]a appe> to be synonym\s t]ms4 ,a section ( ,oswal ,bania4 ,patw>i4--7,"n ( ! village acc\ntant & surveyor1 :o is n[ a sal>i$ ,gov]nm5t (ficial47 ,! ,kaya/h ca/e 7 =m]ly patw>is by pr(ession4 ,see article4 ,patwi4--7,a dy] :o col\rs ! silk ?read :i* weav]s use to bord] _! cotton clo?47 ,synonym ( ,patwa4 ,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,f pata1 a wov5 clo?4 ,pawanbans4--7,! *ildr5 ( ! w9d47 ,synonym = ,bhuiya4 ,p5dh>i4--,synonym ( ,p9d>i4 ,p5g4--,subca/e ( ,p>ja4 ,p5?i4--7,%eep47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,bhulia4 ,p]iki1 ,p]ki1 ,p]ka4--,! ,p]ikis are really a subca/e ( ! great ,balija or ,balji ca/e1 b !y h a l[] position & are consid]$ z a di/9ct gr\p4 ,ab\t #djjj ,p]ikis 7 return$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 #aiaa f ! ,nagpur1 ,w>dha & ,*&a ,di/ricts4 ,!y d]ive _! names f ! p]ike or panni]s 9 :i* !y c>ri$ salt & gra9 on bullocks & donkeys4 ,!y 7 ?us =m]ly a nomadic gr\p1 & l ! ,banj>as & ,bhamtas !y also made gunny-bags & sack+4 ,mo/ ( !m h n[ tak5 to cultivation1 & 9 ,madras "s ,p]ikis h become l>ge l&hold]s & claim ,rajput rank4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,balijas & ,naidus d5y t ! ,p]ikis h any connection ) ! ,balija ca/e4 ,peta4--7,a trad+ ,balija47 ,subca/e ( ,balija4 ,phal ,b>hai4--7,a c>p5t] :o only works on "o side ( ! wood47 ,synonym = ,*it>i 9 ! ,uriya c\ntry4 ,phanse4--7,a ,p>dhi :o hunts ) traps & sn>es47 ,subca/e ( ,p>dhi4 ,phansig>4--7,a /rangl]47 ,synonym ( ,?ug4 ,ph>si4--7,axe47 ,a section ( ,uriya1 ,ahir or ,gah>a4 ,phopatia4--,title ( ! (fic] ( ! ,&h ca/e :o summons ! ca/e committee4 ,phulia1 ,phulmali4--7,a fl[]-g>d5]47 ,subca/e ( ,ka*hi & ,mali4 ,phuljh>ia4--7,f ,phuljh> zam9d>i 9 ,raipur47 ,a t]ritorial subca/e ( ,ahir or ,rawat1 ,ghasia & ,panka4 ,phul ,kunw>4--,a section ( ,kaw>4 ,!y use ! akre or swall[-wort fl[] = _! m>riage-cr[n4 ,phulsunga4--,a totemi/ic section ( ,gad>ia4 ,!y ab/a9 f smell+ or t\*+ a fl[] call$ gadha4 ,phura/i4--7,a w&]]47 ,subca/e ( ,kaik>i4 ,p9d>a4--,synonym ( ,p9d>i4 ,p9d>i4--,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,mang4 ,p9j>a4--7,"o :o c>ds cotton47 ,synonym ( ,bahna4 ,pip>4--7,a tree47 ,a section ( ,khatik & ,kal>4 ,pip>iya4--7,f ! pipal tree1 or f ,pip>ia1 a common place-"n d]iv$ f ! tree47 ,a clan ( ,rajputs 9 ,saugor4 ,a section ( ,sun>s 9 ,saugor4 ,piria4--,subca/e ( ,ka*hi4 ,f piria1 ! basket 9 :i* !y c>ry e>?4 ,pit4--,subca/e ( ,bhatra4 ,pit>iya4--7,f pital1 brass47 ,a subdivision ( ,p>de%i ,sun>s 9 ,nagpur4 ,!y practise hyp]gamy1 tak+ wives f ! ,sadihe subca/e1 & giv+ daught]s to ! ,sr9ag>iye1 ,bang>1 ,mahuwe & ,jadiye subca/es4 ,pohni4--,subca/e ( ,jhadi ,tel5ga4 ,poiya1--,subca/e ( ,majhw>4 ,polya4--7,"o :o did n take (f 8 turban at ! fea/47 ,title ( ,hatk>4 ,pondro4--7,a tree47 ,"o ( ! six subsepts ( ! ,m>ai clan ( ,pa?>i ,gonds 9 ,khairag>h4 ,ponw>4--,synonym ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,portai4--7,basket47 ,a subsept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,!y d n kill ! tig] or crocodile4 ,a sept ( ,dhur ,gonds4 ,potd>4--7,a money-te/]47 ,synonym & title ( ,sun>4 ,a surname ( ,k>h>a ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,potdukh4--7,/oma*-a*e47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,*&a4 ,po?>ia4--7,"o to :om a c]ta9 dirty habit is imput$47 ,subca/e ( ,korku4 ,potwa4--7,a work] 9 tas> silk47 ,synonym = ,d>zi2 a subca/e ( ,d>zi4 ,poyam4--7,wor%ipp] ( eight gods47 ,a sept ( ,p>dhan & ( ,m>ia ,gonds4 ,prajapati4--,title ( ,kumh>4 ,pram>a4--,synonym = ,panw> ,rajput4 ,pranna?i4--,a foll[] ( ,pranna? ( ,panna4 ,synonym = ,dhami4 ,prav>4--,a t]m = ! ance/ors %>+ 9 a sacrificial invocation1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! ,horn or fire-sacrifice4 ,prayagwal4--7,f ,prayag-,allahabad47 ,a subca/e ( ,brahmans :o preside at ! c]emonial ba?+ 9 ! ,ganges at ,allahabad4 ,pu>4--,synonym ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,puj>i4--7,a wor%ipp]47 ,"n = ! prie/ 9 *>ge ( a temple4 ,a title ( ,bhatra4 ,purad4--,a small mix$ ca/e 9 ,nagpur4 ,!y say t _! ance/or 0 a ,brahman1 :o 0 cross+ a riv] & lo/ 8 sacr$ ?read1 on be+ c>ri$ d[n 9 a flood 7pur74 ,!re=e he 0 put out ( ca/e because ! sacr$ ?read mu/ be *ang$ be=e swall[+ ! spittle1 & he _h no o!r ?read ready4 ,at ! c5sus ! ,purads 7 amalgamat$ ) ,vidurs4 ,!y are %opkeep]s by pr(ession4 ,purait4--7,"o :o is ( pure blood47 ,a subdivision ( ,jh>ia ,rawat 7,ahir7 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhak>1 ,halba & ,m>>4 ,purania4--7,old47 ,a subca/e ( ,ka*]a or ,sisg> 9 ,saugor4 ,! ,puranias are ! ,muhammadan bangle-mak]s :o orig9ally practis$ ?is call+4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>ai1 ,basor1 ,nai & ,sun>4 ,a section ( ,*am> & ,d>zi4 ,purbia4--,?is t]m1 :i* means ea/]n or com+ f ! ea/1 is us$ 9 ,ho%angabad & o!r ,di/ricts to designate ,rajputs f ,oudh & ! adjo9+ tracts1 especially retir$ sepoys f ! ,b5gal army4 ,!y appe> to belong to diff]5t clans1 b _m ( !m are ,bais ,rajputs4 ,"s ( ! ,purbias say t _! k+1 some:]e 9 nor!rn ,india1 he>d t c[s 7 be+ kill$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 s he s5t !m to /op ! practice & !y came & /opp$ x & settl$ !re4 ,9 ,guj>at ?is "n appe>s to be appli$ to ,brahmans4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>hai & ,gad>ia4 ,a section ( ,nat & ,sun>4 ,purkam4--7,purka-pumpk947 ,a sept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,purohit4--7,family prie/47 ,a common title ( ,brahmans4 ,pur\ti or ,pudoti4--7,b[els47 ,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,khairag>h4 ,pusam4--7,wor%ipp] ( five gods47 ,a sept ( ,raj-,gond & ,dhur ,gond1 & ( ,baiga & ,p>dhan4 ,putka4--,a subca/e ( ,sudh1 be+ ! illegitimate issue ( ! ,dehri ,sudhs4 ,qawwal4--7,"o :o speaks flu5tly47 ,title ( ,mirasi4 ,ra*hb&ia4--7,comb-mak]s47 ,a subca/e ( ,ku*hb&ia 7,kanj>74 ,raghuna?ia4--,a small gr\p ( ,brahmans1 s call$ because _! ance/ors are said to h receiv$ a grant ( five villages f ,raghuna? ,deo ( ,h9doli4 ,raghuvansi4--,a ca/e =m$ f a ,rajput clan4 ,see article4 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir2 a section ( ,mali & ,gond4 ,raghvi4--,synonym ( ,raghuvansi4 ,rahmat4--7,compassion47 ,a section ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,a ,muhammadan prop] "n4 ,rai or ,raj4--,subca/e ( ,d>zi1 ,kal>1 ,khang>4 ,rai-bha9a4--,subca/e ( ,baiga 9 ,balaghat4 ,raipuria4--7,f ,raipur47 ,a subca/e ( ,dhim>s :o d n we> gold ornam5ts4 ,a subca/e ( ,dew> 9 ,bilaspur4 ,raj or ,rai4--,f ,raja1 a k+4 ,?is t]m designates ! l&hold+ division ( c]ta9 tribes1 z ! ,raj-,gonds1 ! ,raj-,korkus1 ! ,raj-,khonds & ! ,rajbh>s4 ,! ,raj-,bhats1 ,raj-,dhuris & ,rai-,d>zis are simil>ly subca/es ( good position 9 _! respective ca/es4 ,raj is also us$ z a synonym = ,beld>1 mean+ a mason4 ,raja4--7,a k+47 ,title ( a rul+ *ief1 & occasionally conf]r$ on prom95t ,indian g5tlem54 ,rajak4--7,a wa%]man47 ,synonym = ,dhobi4 ,rajbh>4--7,a l&[n+ ,bh>47 ,synonym = ,rajjh>4 ,raj-,bhat4--,subca/e ( ,bhat4 ,raj-,dhuri4--,a subca/e ( ,dhuri1 said to be desc5dants ( p]sonal s]vants 9 ,rajput families4 ,raj-,gond4--,! l&hold+ subdivision ( ! ,gond tribe2 a section ( ,*am> & ,ka*hi4 ,raj-,khond4--,subca/e ( ,khond4 ,raj-,kunw>1 ,raj-,p>dhan4--,a subca/e ( ,p>dhan 9 ,balaghat4 ,rajoria4--7,k+ly47 ,a section ( ,b>hai1 ,dangi1 ,khatik & ,sanadhya ,brahman4 ,raj-,p>dhan4--,a subca/e ( ,p>dhan4 ,!y are said to be also kn[n z ,kunw> ,p>dhan or ,gond ,bhat & to be begg>s & b>ds ( ! ,gonds4 ,raj-,pasi4--,subca/e ( ,pasi4 ,rajput4--7,son ( a k+47 ,a ca/e1 repres5t+ ! anci5t ,k%atriya ca/e4 ,see article4 ,a subca/e ( ,banj>a1 ,kad]a1 ,kumh> & ,patwa4 ,rajw>ia4--,f ! ,rajw> ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,dahait4 ,subdivision ( ,kol 9 ,mirzapur4 ,rakaseya4--7,f ,rakas1 a devil47 ,a section ( ,katia4 ,rakhotia4--,an illegitimate section ( ,kumh>4 ,rakhwald>4--7,village wat*man47 ,title ( ,ramosi4 ,raksa4--7,demoniac47 ,a section ( ,kumh> & ,kaw>4 ,raman&i4--,a class ( ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants4 ,see article ,bairagi4 ,ramanuja4--,a class ( ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants4 ,see article ,bairagi4 ,ramg>hia4--7,a resid5t ( ,ramg>h 9 ,m&la47 ,subca/e ( ,ghasia4 ,ramo%i4--,synonym ( ,ramosi4 ,rana4--,a title ( ,sesodia ,rajputs4 ,a section ( ,halba & ,panw>4 ,r&golak4--,a subdivision ( degrad$ ,mah>a%tra ,brahmans1 ! (fspr+ ( illicit unions or rem>ri$ wid[s4 ,rang>i4--7,"o :o works 9 indigo 7nil747 ,synonym = ,*hipa4 ,rao4--,synonym = ,bhat4 ,a section ( ,*am> & ,loh>4 ,a title ( ! ,bhilala ca/e4 ,ratanpuria4--7,a resid5t ( ,ratanpur 9 ,bilaspur47 ,subca/e ( ,nunia & ,dew>4 ,ra?a4--7,a c> = c>ry+ a god47 ,honorific title ( ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,ra?ia4--,subca/e ( ,kaw>4 ,ra?or1 ,ra?aur4--,a fam\s ,rajput clan4 ,see article ,rajput-,ra?or4 ,a subca/e ( ,banj>a1 ,b>i & ( ,teli 9 ,m&la1 ,betul1 ,nim> & o!r ,di/ricts4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,bhilala1 ,mo*i1 ,nahal & ,p>dhi4 ,ratna ,banik4--7,deal] 9 jewels47 ,a synonym ( ,sun> 9 ,sambalpur4 ,rautadi4--,subca/e ( ,bhuiya4 ,rautele4--,a subca/e ( ,kol4 ,a section ( ,b>ai1 ,bhat1 ,gad>ia & ( ,sun> 9 ,saugor4 ,rautia4--,a subca/e ( ,kol 9 sev]al ,di/ricts4 ,a subca/e ( ,dahait4 ,a subca/e ( ,kaw>4 ,a section ( ,*am> & ,rawat 7,ahir74 ,rawal4--,title borne by "s ,rajput *iefta9s 9 ,we/]n ,india4 ,probably a dim9utive ( ,rao1 ! ,m>a?i =m ( ,raj or ,raja4 ,a section ( ,*asa1 ,mali & ,g>pag>i4 ,rawanbansi4--,desc5dants ( ,rawan1 ! demon k+ ( ,ceylon4 ,a "n appli$ to ! ,gonds g5]ally1 & n[ us$ z a subtribal designation to di/+ui% !m f ,raj-,gonds4 ,rawanvansi4--,"n ( a clan ( ,gosa9 m5dicants4 ,rawat4--,a title borne by "s m9or ,rajput *iefs4 ,probably a dim9utive ( ,rajputra1 ! orig9al =m ( ! t]m ,rajput4 ,an honorific title ( ,gonds & ,sav>s 9 ,saugor & ,damoh4 ,! "n by :i* ! ,ahir ca/e is g5]ally kn[n 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,a subca/e & title ( ,khairw>4 ,a title sometimes us$ by ,sun>s & ,brahmans 9 ,bundelkh& & by ,lodhis4 ,a subca/e ( ,meht> & ,mali4 ,a section ( ,arakh1 ,banj>a1 ,b9jhw>1 ,dhanw>1 ,kaw>1 ,khairw>1 ,kunbi1 ,nat1 ,patwa1 ,panw> ,rajput1 & ,sudh4 ,r$di4--,a synonym = ! ,kapew> or ,kapu ca/e2 a subca/e ( ,kapew> & ,g&li4 ,r$ka4--,a small lab\r+ ca/e ( ,sambalpur4 ,!y are app>5tly ! result ( int]m>riages betwe5 "s memb]s ( ! ,r$di or ,kapu cultivat+ ca/e ( ,tel+ana1 :o came to ,sambalpur dur+ ! ,orissa fam9e ( #ahff1 ) l[-class ,uriya wom54 ,!y /ill speak ,telugu among !mselves1 us+ ,uriya to outsid]s4 ,only "o curi\s feature ( ! m>riage c]emony ( ! ,r$kas ne$ be notic$ "h4 ,?is is t ! (ficiat+ ,brahman actually places a r$-hot copp] seal on ! arms ( ! bride & bridegroom z a symbol ( seal+ ! m>riage bond4 ,9 o!r respects _! cu/oms resemble ^? ( l[-ca/e ,uriyas4 ,rekw>4--,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,rig-,v$i4--,sect>ian division ( ,brahmans4 ,rikhiasan ,mahatw>4--,subca/e ( ,bhuiya4 ,ri?a ,bikna?4--,"o :o prep>es & sells soap-nuts = wa%+ clo!s4 ,subca/e ( ,jogi4 ,rohidasi4--,honorific t]m = a ,*am>4 ,x signifies a foll[] ( ! sect ( ,rohidas 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! ,*am>s (t5 describe !mselves by ?is "n in/ead ( _! ca/e "n4 ,rohilla4--,a ,pa?an tribe :o h settl$ 9 ,rohilkh& or ! ,b>eilly tract ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,!y d]ive _! "n f ,roh1 ! designation giv5 to ! c\ntry :]e ! ,pu%to language is spok5 by resid5ts ( ,h9du/an4 ,! ^w ,roh1 l ,koh1 means a m\nta91 & ,rohilla !re=e signifies a highl&]4 #dhd ,! ,rohilla ,pa?ans occupi$ ,rohilkh& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,_! "n fir/ attract$ att5tion :5 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s 0 *>g$ ) hir+ out ,briti% troops = _! suppression4 ,! ,rohillas say t !y are ( ,coptic orig91 & t driv5 out ( ,egypt by "o ( ! ,ph>aohs !y w&]$ we/w>d till !y arriv$ "u t "p ( ! m\nta9s ( ,afghani/an kn[n z ,sulaimani ,koh4 #dhe ,p>ties ( ,rohillas visit ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces br++ wooll5 clo?s & dri$ fruits = sale4 ,"h !y =m]ly bore a bad "*1 be+ accu/om$ to press ! sale ( _! m]*&ise on ! villag]s on cr$it at exorbitant int]e/2 & :5 ! "t = realisation came1 to extort _! money by ?reats ( viol5ce1 or actual assault1 or1 if ?is 0 n practicable1 by defil+ ! graves ( _! debtors' ance/ors4 ,^! practices h n[1 h[ev]1 be5 l>gely suppress$4 ,romya or ,h>alya4--,subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,ror4--,subca/e ( ,khatri4 ,rora4--,synonym ( ,arora4 ,ruma4--,a resid5t ( ,basim & ,gangra 9 ,amraoti ,di/rict4 ,subca/e ( ,korku4 ,ru?ia4--,a "n =m$ f ! noise rut1 rut made by ! oil-mill 9 turn+4 ,subca/e ( ,teli4 ,sab>a4--,synonym = ! ,sav> tribe4 ,a section ( ,kaw> & ,teli4 ,sabat4--7,f saot1 co-wife47 ,an honorific title ( ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,sadaphal4--7,a fruit47 ,a section ( ,*&nahu ,kurmi & ,sonk>4 ,sada-,sohagal4--,a class ( ,fakirs or ,muhammadan begg>s4 ,sadhu4--7,a religi\s m5dicant47 ,synonym = ,bairagis or ,gosa9s4 ,sag>4--,"n ( "o ( ! t5 ord]s ( ,gosa9s4 ,sagunsale4--,a gr\p ( illegitimate desc5t4 ,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,sahadeve4--,a clan ( ,gonds wor%ipp+ six gods & pay+ special rev]5ce to ! tig]4 ,sahani4--7,f siahi1 ink47 ,an honorific title ( ,k>an or ,mahanti4 ,a subca/e ( ,paik4 ,sah>a4--,synonym = ! ,sav> tribe4 ,sahasra ,audi*ya4--7,a ?\s& m5 ( ! nor?47 ,a subdivision ( ,guj>ati ,brahmans :o are said to h accept$ pres5ts f ,raja ,mulraj ( ,anhalw>a ,patan at a sacrifice1 & h5ce to h suff]$ "s degradation 9 rank4 ,audi*ya probably signifies com+ f ,oudh4 ,sahra4--,synonym ( ,sav>4 ,sahu4--7,a trad]47 ,an honorific title ( ,bania4 ,a synonym = ,sun> 9 ,sambalpur4 ,a subdivision ( ,uriya ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,khadra1 ,kolta1 ,sundi & ,teli4 ,sahuk>4--,title ( ,bania4 ,see ,sahu4 ,sa94--,synonym = ,fakir4 ,saiqalg>4--,f ,arabic saiqal1 a poli%]4 ,synonym = ,siklig>4 ,sais4--,! title by :i* grooms or horse-keep]s are usually kn[n4 ,! ^w ,sais1 ,colonel ,temple /ates1 #dhf is ,arabic & signifies a nobleman2 x is appli$ to grooms z an honorific title1 9 accordance ) ! common me?od ( address among ! l[] ca/es4 ,o!r honorific designations = grooms1 z giv5 by ,colonel ,temple1 are ,bhagat or ',sa9t1' & ,pan*1 ',arbitrator1' b nei!r ( ^! is g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,ano!r "n = ,saises is ,?anw>1 :i* means a p]son 9 *>ge ( a /able or place :]e a horse is kept4 ,grooms f ,nor!rn ,india are usually ( ! ,jaisw>a division ( ,*am>s1 :o take _! "n f ! old t[n ( ,jais 9 ,oudh2 b !y drop ! ,*am> & give ,jaisw>a z _! ca/e4 ,^! m5 are ?9 & wiry & c run beh9d _! horses = long di/ances4 ,! grooms indig5\s to ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces are z a rule promot$ grass-cutt]s & are ei!r ( ! ,ghasia 7grass-cutt]7 or ! ,kori & ,mah> 7weav]7 ca/es4 ,!y _c usually run at all well4 ,x is believ$ t bo? ! ,jaisw>as & ,mah>s :o "w z grooms h tak5 to m>ry+ among !mselves & t5d to =m sep>ate endogam\s gr\ps1 because !y consid] !mselves sup]ior to ! rema9d] ( ! ca/e4 ,a ,sais w frequ5tly refuse to tie up a dog ) a rope or lead him ) "o because he uses a rope = lead+ 8 horses4 ,?is taboo is notic$ by ,sir ,b4 ,full] z foll[s3 ,horses 9 ,india are l$ n by ! bridle b by a ?ick cotton lead+-rope :i* is pass$ ov] ! head/all1 & su* a rope is c>ri$ by e ,indian groom4 ,i ask$ my groom "o day to tie up ) 8 lead+ rope a dog t w\ld n foll[4 ,he absolutely refus$1 & ,i discov]$ t ! rope 0 ! feti% ( 8 ca/e & 0 =m]ly ador$ & propitiat$ 9 ! c\rse ( an annual ca/e fe/ival4 ,to t\* a dog ) x w\ld h be5 sacrilege4 #dhg ,saitwal4--,a subca/e ( ,ja9 ,banias4 ,saiyad4--,"o ( ! f\r ,muhammadan tribes1 :i* is suppos$ to comprise ! desc5dants ( ! ,prophet4 ,sakadwipi4--,a tribe ( ,brahmans tak+ _! "n f ,sakadwipa1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,sakas4 ,! ,sakas 7 a ,c5tral ,asian tribe :o invad$ ,india be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ,sakadwipa is said to be ! valley ( ! ,kabul riv]4 ,sak>wal1 ,sik>w>4--,a clan ( ,rajputs ^: "n is said to be d]iv$ f ,fatehpur ,sikri4 ,saks5a4--,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h1 also call$ ,sukhs5a4 ,a subca/e ( ,bh>bhunja & ,ka*hi4 ,saktaha4--,a synonym = ,%akta1 a wor%ipp] ( ,devi 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,saktaha practically means a p]son :o eats fle%1 z oppos$ to a ,kabirpan?i :o ab/a9s f x4 ,a subca/e ( ,panka1 :o are n ,kabirpan?is4 ,sakum4--,a sept ( ,korku4 7,"o :o hides beh9d a teak tree47 ,salam4--7,wor%ipp] ( six gods47 ,a clan ( ,gond4 ,a section ( ,dew>4 ,salew>4--,a "n = ,telugu ,ko%tis4 ,a subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,samaiya4--,a sect ( ,ja9s4 ,san4--,a subca/e ( ,bhatra4 ,sanadhya4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans belong+ to ! ,gaur division4 ,sanak-kul4--,a section ( ,komti4 ,!y d n use jaiphal or nutmeg4 ,sanaurhia4--,subca/e ( ,brahman4 ,synonym = ,sanadhya4 ,sanbagh4--7,a little tig]47 ,a section ( ,bhulia4 ,s&4--7,! bull47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw>4 ,!y d n use bullocks = pl\gh+1 or are suppos$ n to4 ,a section ( ,khang>4 ,!y d n give a pres5t ( a bull at w$d+s4 ,a section ( ,mali4 ,sania4--7,a gr[] ( san-hemp47 ,subca/e ( ,ka*hi4 ,saniasi4--,"n = a religi\s m5dicant4 ,synonym = ,gosa94 ,sanjogi4--,a class ( ,bairagis or m5dicants :o m>ry1 also call$ ,griha/ha4 ,sankrita4--,an eponym\s section ( ,kanaujia ,brahmans4 ,sanp4--7,snake47 ,a sept ( ,gond & ,kaw>4 ,santal1 ,saonta1 ,son?al4--,an important tribe ( ,b5gal1 belong+ to ! ,munda family4 ,! transf] ( five ( ! ,*ota ,nagpur ,/ates has br\ght m ?an #aj1jjj ,santals into ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,!y belong pr9cipally to ! ,s>guja ,/ate & a few are return$ f ,udaipur ,/ate & f ! ,bilaspur ,di/rict1 b 9 all ^? tracts !y are kn[n z ,saonta & appe> to h be5 cut (f f ! ma9 tribe = a consid]able p]iod4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,skrefsrud ! "n ,santal is a corruption ( ,saont> & 0 giv5 to ! tribe by ! ,b5galis because !y liv$ 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,saont 9 ,midnapur4 ,sir ,h4 ,risley held t ! tribe might equally well h giv5 its "n to ! locality1 & !re 0 no means ( asc]ta9+ :i* !ory 0 correct4 ,! =ms ,santal & ,son?al are only us$ by natives :o h come into contact ) ,europeans4 ,santals call !mselves 'h>ko1' m51 or 'h>hapan1' man-*ild4 #dhh ,at ! pres5t day :5 a ,santal is ask$ to :at ca/e he belongs he w almo/ inv>iably reply ,manjhi1 :i* means a village headman1 & is ! common title ( ! tribe2 if fur!r explanation is dem&$1 he w add ,santal ,manjhi4 ,:e!r ! t]m ,santal 0 d]iv$ f ! ,saont p>gana or n1 x is !re=e at any rate a "n conf]r$ by ! ,h9dus & af=ds no evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a sep>ate orig9 ( ! tribe4 ,!re seems good reason to hold t ! ,santals are only a bran* ( ! ,kols or ,mundas1 :o h be5 giv5 a di/9ct designation by _! ,h9du neighb\rs1 :ile _! cu/oms & traditions h be5 modifi$ ei!r by long sep>ation f ! ,mundas ( ,*ota ,nagpur or by contact ) ,h9du influ5ces4 ,sir ,g4 ,gri]son's acc\nt ( ! two dialects ,santali & ,mund>i %[s t !y closely resemble ea* o!r & diff] only 9 m9or p>ticul>s4 ,! diff]5ce is ma9ly to be f\nd 9 ! vocabul>y borr[$ f ,aryan neighb\rs1 & 9 ! grammatical modifications occasion$ by ! neighb\r+ ,aryan =ms ( spee*4 #dhi ,( ,mund>i he says3 ,aspirat$ lett]s are us$ z 9 ,santali1 ! semi-consonants are app>5tly pron\nc$ 9 ! same way z 9 ,santali2 g5d]s & numb]s are ! same1 ! p]sonal pron\ns are ! same1 ! inflexion ( v]bs is ma9ly ! same4 #dij ,"s po9ts ( diff]5ce are m5tion$ by ,sir ,g4 ,gri]son1 b !y appe> to be ( m9or importance4 ,! ,mundas1 l ! ,santals1 call !mselves h>a-ko or m54 ,9 ! vocabul>y ( common words ( ,mund>i & ,santali giv5 by ,colonel ,dalton #dia a l>ge proportion ( ! words are ! same4 ,simil>ly 9 ! li/ ( sept-names ( ! tribes giv5 by ,sir ,h4 ,risley #dib sev]al co9cide4 ,among ! #ae names ( ma9 septs ( ! ,santals1 ,besra1 a hawk1 ,murmu nilgai1 or /ag1 & ,a9d1 eel1 are also ! names ( ,munda septs4 ,! ,santal sept ,hansda1 a wild goose1 is ne>ly id5tical ) ! ,munda sept ,hansa1 a swan2 ! ,santal septs ,kisku & ,tudu are sept-names ( ! ,hos1 a bran* ( ! ,mundas2 & 9 "o or two o!r names !re is a great resemblance4 ,! pr9cipal deity ( ! ,santals1 ,m>ang ,buru1 is a ,munda god4 ,9 ! inh]itance ( prop]ty bo? tribes h ! same rule ( ! exclusion ( daught]s4 ,9 8 article on ,ho1 ,sir ,h4 ,risley inde$ /ates t ! ,santals1 ,hos & ,mundas are local bran*es ( ! same tribe4 ,! ,saontas ( ,s>guja & ,bilaspur appe> to h be5 sep>at$ f ! p>5t tribe = "s g5]ations & to h assimilat$ "s ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,gonds4 ,!y h "s ,gond sept-names1 z ,m>kam & ,dhurwa4 ,^? ( ,p5dra zam9d>i h no traditions ( _! orig9 beyond say+ t ! adjo9+ ,k5da zam9d>i 0 _! orig9al home4 ,!y pr(ess to rev]e only ! sun1 fire & wat]4 ,9 ord] to wor%ip ! ,jal-deota or wat]-god !y p\r wat] r\nd ! fire & !n ?r[ a little butt] on ! fire 9 8 "n4 ,mr4 ,c4,u4 ,wills1 ,settlem5t ,(fic]1 records ( !m ! foll[+ curi\s cu/om3 ,:5 a man is at ! po9t ( dea? or actually dead1 !y sometimes set fire to ! hut 9 :i* 8 body is ly+ & run away1 no d\bt to save !mselves f be+ haunt$ & tr\bl$ by 8 _s1 to ! atta9m5t ( :i* end s l>ge a "p ( fun]al ritual is ev]y:]e direct$4 ,! foll[+ %ort acc\nt ( !m by ,colonel ,dalton may be reproduc$ = ref]5ce3 #dic ,! "n ,saont or ,saonta directs u to ! ,santal bran* ( ! ,kols1 &1 z ,i h already notic$1 !re is 9 ,s>guja a small tribe s call$4 ,!y are ! sole inhabitants ( ! magnific5t tablel& =m+ ! s\!rn b>ri] ( ,s>guja1 call$ ! ,ma9pat or m correctly p]haps ! ,manipat4 ,!y are a small tribe liv+ scatt]$ ov] ! va/ area ( ! plateau 9 ab\t a doz5 hamlets1 & !y are /rong 9 ! belief t !y 7 especially creat$ to dwell !re1 or t !y & ! plateau someh[ sprang into exi/5ce toge!r1 & _c be sep>at$4 ,i saw a numb] ( !m :5 ,i 0 la/ 9 ,s>guja1 & f _! features ,i %\ld be incl9$ to class !m z ,kols1 b !y h "s cu/oms & notions :i* !y mu/ h d]iv$ f ! ,dravidian ,gonds4 ,!y ackn[l$ge ,dulha ,deo z a h\sehold god1 & foll[ ! cu/oms ( ! ,gonds & o!r s\!rn]s 9 _! m>riage c]emonies4 ,!y wor%ip ! sun z ,bhagwan1 & l ! ,kh>ias (f] sacrifices to t lum9>y 9 an op5 place ) an ant-hill = an alt>4 ,! ,ma9pat is _! ,m>ang ,buru1 & z x is #af miles long1 #ab miles broad1 & rises #chej feet above ! sea-level1 x is n unwor?y ( ! "n1 b !y d n use t or any o!r ,kol t]m4 ,! great ,ma9pat is _! fa!rl& & _! god4 ,!y h x all to !mselves except dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 :5 x becomes a va/ graz+ field = ! cattle ( ,mirzapur & ,bih>4 ,! ,saonts are arm$ l ! ,korwas ) b[s & arr[s1 & ! peculi> battle-axe ( ! c\ntry1 b x is aga9/ ! bea/s ( ! =e/ t ^! weapons are us$4 ,=m]ly ! ,ma9pat 0 a magnific5t hunt+ field1 especially not$ = its h]ds ( antelope & gaur4 ,! late ,mah>aja ( ,s>guja /rictly pres]v$ x1 b on 8 dea? x fell into ! h&s ( 8 wid[1 a v money-lov+ old lady1 :o all[$ x to become "o ( ! great graz+ tracts1 & ! pa/urage alone gives h] an income ( #bej a ye>2 b ! wild animals h 9 consequ5ce )drawn f x4 ,! position ( ! ,saonts is altoge!r v curi\s1 & ?\gh !y n[ speak no language b a rude ,h9di1 ! evid5ce is1 on ! :ole1 fav\rable to _! be+ a remnant ( ! anci5t ,kol aborig9es ( ,s>guja1 cut (f f connection ) ^? p by successive inroads ( o!r races or tribes4 ,_! sub/itution ( a ,h9di dialect = _! own language seems to indicate t !y 7 fir/ subjugat$ by ,aryans4 ,! ,gond *iefs only c\nt ab\t tw5ty-f\r g5]ations 9 ,s>guja1 & !y h all adopt$ ! ,h9di language4 ,sanyasi4--7,a religi\s recluse47 ,synonym = ,gosa94 ,sao4--7,= sahu1 a bank]1 a ri* man47 ,a subca/e ( ,kal> & ,teli4 ,an honorific title ( ,*hipa or ,rang>i4 ,a sept ( ,gond4 ,saoj94--7,f sao1 a bank]47 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a4 ,saonr4--,synonym ( ,sav>4 ,saonta4--,"n by :i* ! ,santal tribe is kn[n 9 ,bilaspur4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhanw>4 ,sap]a4--7,a snake-*>m]47 ,"n ( a clan ( ,nats1 :o exhibit snakes4 ,a section ( ,basor & ,khatik4 ,s>af4--7,a money-*ang] & te/]47 ,a synonym ( ,sun>4 ,s>aia 7,angl]47 ,f s>ai1 a bamboo fi%+-rod4 ,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,s>ang>hia4--7,f ,s>ang>h47 ,a subtribe ( ,gonds 9 ,khairag>h4 ,a subca/e ( ,dew>4 ,s>aogi4--,a "n by :i* ,ja9 laym5 are kn[n4 ,subca/e ( ,bania4 ,s>as4--7,a l>ge crane47 ,a section ( ,*am>4 ,s>aswat4--,"o ( ! five ord]s ( ,pan* ,gaur ,brahmans inhabit+ ! c\ntry ( ! riv] ,s>aswati4 ,"o ( ! t5 ord]s ( ,gosa9s4 ,s>ati4--,a sept ( ,gond & ,p>dhan4 ,s>iyam4--,a subsept ( ! ,dhurwa clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul1 said to be s call$ because ! road to ! place ( ! gods 0 swept by _! prie/s4 ,s>olia or ,s>w>ia4--7,inf]ior or mix$47 ,subca/e ( ,agh>ia4 ,s>oti4--,a sept ( ,p>dhans said to be nam$ aft] s>ra1 a :ip1 because _! prie/ once /ruck a man ) a :ip4 ,s>satia4--7,f ! ,s>aswati riv]47 ,subca/e ( ,bahna4 ,satani4 #did--;,a ,telugu ca/e ( prie/s & m5dicants ( :i* #ijj p]sons 7 return$1 pr9cipally f ! ,*&a ,di/rict1 9 #aiaa4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,ayaw>1 ,satani & ,das>i h be5 tak5 z "o ca/e1 b else:]e !y are consid]$ z di/9ct4 ,ayaw> is a t]m ( respect analog\s to ! ,h9du/ani ,mah>aj1 & is appli$ to ! ,satanis & o!r religi\s ord]s4 ,! ,satanis & ,das>is are di/+ui%$ 9 ,madras2 ,satani is /at$ #die to be a corruption ( ,sattadavan1 :i* means ',"o :o does n we>' 7e4g4 ! sacr$ ?read & scalp-lock74 ,x is a mix$ religi\s ord] recruit$ f any ca/e except ! ,p>iahs1 lea!r-work]s & ,muhammadans4 ,! ,das>is #dif are said to be ! reput$ desc5dants ( a weal?y ,sudra ( "o ( ! nor!rn ,di/ricts1 :o1 be+ *ildless1 v[$ t if (fspr+ %\ld be grant$ to him he w\ld devote a son to ! s]vice ( ! god4 ,aft] ?is he _h sev]al *ildr51 "o ( :om he consecrat$ to ! deity1 call+ him ,dasan 7! ob$i5t s]vant74 ,dasan & 8 (fspr+ made _! livelihood by begg+4 ,?is ord]1 l t ( ! ,satanis1 is re9=c$ by idle memb]s ( ! l[] ,sudra ca/es1 :o become ,das>is by be+ br&$ by ! ,guru ( ,tirupatti & o!r %r9es4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,das>is are /at$ to be recruit$ f ! impure ,mala ca/e ( ! ,telugu c\ntry1 & h5ce to rank bel[ ! ,satanis4 ,_m ( ! ,madrasi s]vants 9 ,european h\seholds call !mselves ,das>is4 ,memb]s ( ! agricultural ca/es are usually admitt$ into ! ,satani ord] & its /atus is almo/ equal to !irs4 ,! ca/e1 9 spite ( its small numb]s1 has sev]al subdivisions1 z ! ,sale ,satanis1 :o are weav]s1 ! ,bukkas1 :o are sell]s ( kunku or r$ p[d]1 & five o!r subdivisions :o are all begg>s4 ,"s ( ^! eat toge!r b d n int]m>ry4 ,!y h exogam\s family gr\ps1 usually nam$ aft] sacr$ places 9 ,madras or celebrat$ ,gurus 7spiritual preceptors7 or deities1 z ,tirupatti1 ,ramanujamw>1 ,%aligramw> & s on4 ,! ca/e m>ry 9 ! ord9>y way & d n obs]ve celibacy4 ,wid[-m>riage is all[$1 b a wid[ mu/ m>ry a wid[]1 & ! (ficiat+ prie/ at ! c]emony mu/ also be a wid[]4 ,! ,satanis pr9cipally rev]e ,vi%nu1 :om !y wor%ip on ,fridays4 ,_! prie/s are tak5 f _! own ord] & =m a sep>ate subca/e "u ! "n ( ,p>ma/w>4 ,a novice1 on be+ initiat$ to ! ord]1 is br&$ ) ! figures ( a ,sankha 7con*-%ell7 & ,*akra 7discus74 ,!y bo? burn & bury ! dead1 & ! spirits ( female z well z ( male ance/ors are propitiat$4 ,?is is done by call+ a m>ri$ woman by ! "n ( ! dead female1 putt+ r$ p[d] on h] =ehead & wor%ipp+ h]4 ,among ! ,satanis a wid[ accompanies ! corpse ( h] husb& to ! grave4 ,!y (ficiate at fun]als1 & a ,satani prie/ applies ! ca/e-m>k to ! body ( ! corpse & also to t ( ! f\r p]sons :o are to c>ry x4 ,he receives pres5ts 9 ! "n ( ! dead man1 & takes ! r$ clo? ) :i* ! corpse is cov]$4 ,at ! fun]al fea/ ! ,satani (f]s cook$ food1 includ+ fle% & also liquor1 to ! god1 & ! assembl$ gue/s !n p>take ( !m4 ,! ,satani dr9ks liquor only & does n eat ! food1 & s9ce he mu/ /ay to ! end ( ! fea/ he sometimes becomes intoxicat$4 ,! ,satanis are prie/s & m5dicants4 ,?\gh !y d n we> ! sacr$ ?read !mselves1 ! manufacture ( x is "o ( _! h]$it>y occupations4 ,!y collect alms 9 a lota or brass vessel1 on :i* repres5tations ( ! con* & discus are drawn4 ,! ,das>is w&] ab\t1 s++ hymns to a monoton\s accompanim5t ^u a lea!r in/rum5t call$ tappai 7p]haps a tabor74 ,!y are engag$ by "s ,sudra ca/es to s+ _! *ants 9 front ( ! corpse at fun]als4 ,o!rs exhibit :at is call$ ! ,p&a sewai1 t is1 !y become possess$ by ! deity & beat !mselves ov] ! body ) a flam+ tor*4 ,a few tra9 "y bulls to p]=m tricks & travel ab\t exhibit+ !m4 ,"s h become masons & goldsmi?s4 ,m5 h ! m>k ( ! trid5t on ! =ehead1 ! two out] l9es be+ :ite & ! middle "o r$ or yell[4 ,!y %ave ! head & face clean1 n reta9+ ! scalp-lock4 ,wom5 h a v]tical /reak on ! =ehead & d n we> glass bangles nor ! necklace ( black beads4 ,nei!r m5 nor wom5 are tattoo$4 ,! ,satanis h a fairly good social position & ! l[] ca/es w take food f !m4 ,satbhuiyan or ,ut>4--,subca/e ( ,khond4 ,satdeve4--,a clan ( ,gonds wor%ipp+ sev5 gods & pay+ special rev]5ce to ! porcup9e4 ,satgh>e4--7,sev5 h\ses47 ,a division ( ! ,m>a?a ca/e1 consi/+ ( sev5 ( ! highe/ clans :o m>ry among !mselves & sometimes take daught]s f ! o!r n9ety-six clans4 ,satnami4--,a religi\s sect1 :i* n[ practically =ms a subca/e ( ,*am>4 ,satputia4--7,hav+ sev5 sons47 ,a section ( ,lon>e ,mali4 ,satyana?4 ,a subca/e ( ,jogi or ,na?4 ,sav>1 ,sav>a4--,a tribe4 ,sawalakh4--7#a #a_/d lakhs47 ,a section ( ,dhobi4 ,saw>a4--,synonym = ,sav>4 ,subca/e ( ,kol4 ,segidi1 #dig ,%egadi4--,! ,telugu ca/e ( toddy-draw]s & di/ill]s1 ( :i* a few repres5tatives 7 return$ f ! ,nagpur ,di/rict 9 #aija4 ,!y w draw t>i or palm-juice only f ! s9di palm 7,pho5ix sylve/ris7 & n f ! palmyra palm 7,borassics flabelli=mis74 ,?is is ! occupation ( a sep>ate ca/e1 ! ,yatas1 f :om ! ,segidis w n ev5 take wat]4 ,at a ,segidi m>riage ! bride is %[n ! pol> />1 :i* is believ$ to be ! wife ( ,ri%i ,vasi%?a1 ! model ( conjugal excell5ce4 ,%e is !n made to /ep on to a /one slab to rem9d h] h[ ,ahalya1 ! beautiful wife ( ,ri%i ,gautama1 0 turn$ to a /one = committ+ adult]y4 ,wid[-m>riage is p]mitt$1 &1 by a v curi\s exception to ! ord9>y rule1 a wid[ may m>ry h] deceas$ husb&'s eld] bro!r b n 8 y\ng] "o4 ,! usual prohibition on a wid[ m>ry+ h] husb&'s eld] bro!r is bas$ on ! gr\nd t he is look$ on z h] fa!r2 ! ,segidis say1 on ! o!r h&1 t 8 y\ng] bro!r is z h] son4 ,if an unm>ri$ adult male dies1 ! c]emony ( m>riage is p]=m$ betwe5 ! corpse & a planta9 tree2 & if an unm>ri$ woman dies %e is m>ri$ to a sword4 ,a corpse is always buri$ ) ! head to ! ea/ & ! feet to ! we/4 ,?is peculi> practice may be a rem9isc5ce ( ,v$ic times1 :5 ! we/ 0 consid]$ to be ! abode ( ! dep>t$1 ! sun be+ ! fir/ mortal :o di$ & w5t to ! we/ z record$ 9 ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,! ,segidis are also cultivators1 trad]s or soldi]s4 ,!y h a me?od ( div9+ a boy's prop] call+ 9 8 infancy4 ,:5 8 m\? is t\*$ ) gra9 z food = ! fir/ "t1 !y put a sword1 a p51 a book1 food & o!r articles1 be+ ! symbols ( diff]5t pr(essions1 on ! gr\nd & place ! *ild 9 front ( !m4 ,& 8 vocation 9 life is held to be det]m9$ by ! article :i* he t\*es fir/4 ,s5apati4--7,g5]al47 ,honorific title ( ,sundi4 ,s5dia4--,title ( ca/e headman ( ,panw> ,rajput4 ,s5dur4--,a section ( ,ahir or ,rawat4 ,s5duria4--,subca/e ( ,nagasia4 ,!y m>k ! =ehead ( ! bride ) v]milion 7s5dur74 ,s5g>4--,a clan ( ,rajputs belong+ to ,saugor & ,jubbulpore4 ,sesodia4--,a fam\s clan ( ,rajputs4 ,se?4--7,bank] or moneyl5d]47 ,a title ( ,bania4 ,setti4--,a corruption ( ! ,sanskrit ,%re%ta1 good4 ,title ( ,komti ca/e4 ,sewak4--7,s]vant47 ,! "n giv5 to an inf]ior class ( ,brahmans :o s]ve 9 ,vai%nava temples4 ,%aikh1 ,%eikh4--,"o ( ! f\r tribes ( ,muhammadans4 ,a subca/e ( ,meht>4 ,%aiva1 ,saiva4--7,a wor%ipp] ( ,siva47 ,! t]m ,%aiva ,brahman is appli$ to ,guraos4 ,%&ilya1 ,s&ilya4--,an eponym\s gotra or section ( ,brahmans4 ,a section ( ,d>zi1 ,raj-,gond1 ,rawat 7,ahir7 & ,sun>4 ,%egudi4--,see ,segidi4 ,%5dia4--,a section ( ,teli & ,ot>i 7,kas>74 ,%5vi4--,a subca/e ( ,m>a?a ,brahmans 9 ,ho%angabad4 ,%eoh>e or ,sivah>e4--,subca/e ( ,kal>4 ,%iah4--,"o ( ! two great sects ( ,muhammadans4 ,%ik>i4--7,a hunt]47 ,a synonym = ,p>dhi or ,bahelia4 ,%impi4--7,a tailor47 ,synonym = ,d>zi 9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry4 ,%i%i ke ,telwale4--,subca/e ( ,p>dhi4 ,!y sell oil obta9$ f ! bodies ( crocodiles4 ,siddi1 ,sidi1 ,hab%i4--,! "n giv5 to ,africans1 :e!r ,abyss9ians or ,negroes4 ,hab%i means "o com+ f ,el ,habi%1 ! ,arabic "n = ,nor?-,ea/ ,africa4 ,siddi is a corruption ( ,saiyad1 ! designation ( a desc5dant ( ! ,prophet1 & is commonly us$ z a t]m ( respectful address 9 ,nor? ,africa1 l ,sahib 9 ,india4 ,! ,bombay ,gazette] /ates #dih t ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,bahmani dyna/y became indep5d5t ( ,delhi & int]c\rse ) ,nor!rn ,india ceas$1 ! fa%ion arose ( br++ to ,we/]n ,india l>ge numb]s ( ,abyss9ians & o!r ,ea/ ,africans4 ,?\gh mo/ ( ! ,hab%is came to ,india z slaves1 _! fai?fulness1 c\rage & en]gy (t5 rais$ !m to positions ( high tru/ 9 ! ,bahmani c\rt4 ,accord+ to ,orme1 ! successful ,abyss9ians ga!r$ r\nd !m all ( _! c\ntrym5 :om !y c\ld procure ei!r by pur*ase or invitation1 includ+ negroes f o!r p>ts ( ,africa1 z well z ,abyss9ians4 ,f _! m>riages1 fir/ ) natives ( ,india & aft]w>ds among _! own families1 !re arose a sep>ate community1 di/9ct f o!r ,muhammadans 9 figure1 col\r & "*4 ,z soon z !y 7 /rong en\gh !y =m$ !mselves into an ari/ocratic republic & produc$ "s ( ! mo/ skilful & d>+ soldi]s & sailors ( ,we/]n ,india4 ,! rul]s ( ,janjira & ,sa*9 ,/ates 9 ,bombay are ,siddis by desc5t4 ,!y are n[ employ$ z /ok]s & firem5 on /eam]s & z fitt]s & me*anics 9 ! docky>ds ( ,bombay1 & are describ$ #dii z ,a h>dy race ) muscul> frames1 ?ick lips & crisp black hair--! v la/ m5 :om y w\ld wi% to meet 9 a r\gh-&-tumble1 & yet )al a jovial p1 well-dispos$ & hospitable to any "o :om !y reg>d z a fri5d4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,india ! ,siddis are usually begg>s & are describ$ z ',fond ( intoxicat+ dr9ks1 qu>relsome1 dirty1 un?rifty & pleasure-lov+1 ob/9acy be+ _! lead+ trait4' ,!y wor%ip ,baba ,ghor1 an ,abyss9ian sa9t4 #ejj ,x is record$ t ! m$ic9e call$ ,silajit1 a n]v9e tonic = ! g5]ative p[]1 0 =m]ly believ$ to be prep>$ f ! fle% ( ,abyss9ian boys4 ,mr4 ,hoop] writes3 ,silajit is alli$ to ano!r anci5t drug nam$ ,momiayi :i* has long be5 employ$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! orig9al drug is said to h be5 made f ,egyptian mummies1 & subsequ5tly to h be5 prep>$ by boil+ d[n & extract+ ! ess5ce ( ,abyss9ian boys4 ,s9ce ! la/ s\rce ( supply has become sc>ce1 sev]al bitum9\s exudations are report$ to h be5 sub/itut$4 #eja ,! drug is n[ said to be made f ! gum ( "s /one 9 ,h>dw>1 & ?is mu/ be ! bitum5 ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,hoop]4 ,! virtue ascrib$ to ! fle% ( ,abyss9ian boys 0 no d\bt bas$ on _! sup]ior bodily /r5g? & p]haps p>tly on ! prolificacy ( ! negroes4 ,9 ! case ( mummies1 z ! body ( ! mummy 0 believ$ to h reta9$ life or ! capacity ( life = _m ages1 its mat]ial w\ld naturally possess extraord9>y vitality & %\ld be capable ( imp>t+ ?is quality to o!rs :5 assimilat$ into _! bodies4 ,sidhira1 ,si?ira4--,a small occupational ca/e ( ,sambalpur & ! ,uriya ,/ates4 ,! ca/e is n f\nd else:]e 9 ,india4 ,!y are brazi]s by trade1 & 9 spite ( _! small numb]s say !y h ?ree subca/es1 "o ( :i*1 ! ,luhura1 works 9 iron4 ,!y are an impure ca/e1 ^: t\* conveys pollution 9 ,sambalpur4 ,!y accept alms f a ,munda or ,oraon on ! occasion ( a dea? 9 ! latt]'s family1 & h totemi/ic septs4 ,!y eat f[ls & rats & consume mu* liquor4 ,!y also admit outsid]s into ! ca/e4 ,x may be conclud$1 !re=e1 t !y are an occupational ca/e =m$ f ! tribes above m5tion$ or o!rs1 ?r\gh adopt+ ! call+ ( brass-work]s4 ,! adult]y ( a ,sidhira woman ) a man ( any high] ca/e is look$ ^u z an absolutely trifl+ (f5ce1 & ?is is a common feature ( l[ ca/es ( mix$ orig94 ,z among _m primitive tribes1 "o p>ticul> sept p]=ms ! c]emony ( readmitt+ (f5d]s to ca/e int]c\rse by spr9kl+ a little ,ganges wat] ov] !m4 ,! man fulfill+ ?is (fice is kn[n z ! ,baik>1 & aft] a w$d+ ! bridal pair g to ! ,baik>'s h\se & he p\rs two j>s full ( wat] ov] _! heads & bodies4 ,!y g inside ! h\se1 & ! bridegroom !n comes out & gives ! wet clo!s to ! ,baik> ) a small pres5t4 ,?is appe>s to be a sort ( purificatory c]emony at m>riage4 ,sidi4--,synonym ( ,siddi4 ,silpi4--7,a /one-mason47 ,subca/e ( ,kammala4 ,s9dhi4--7,p]=m]s ( dramas47 ,subca/e ( ,madgi4 ,s9dhupu%k>4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans 9 ,khairag>h ,/ate1 p]haps ! same z ! ,m>w>i ,pu%kama ,brahmans4 ,x is said t ,s9dhu has ! mean+ ( a lake4 ,s+ade4--7,f s+h1 horn1 & gadna1 to bury47 ,subca/e ( ,koli4 ,! memb]s ( ?is gr\p1 :5 _! buffaloes die1 bury ! horns 9 _! comp\nd4 ,s+>4--7,a fi%47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw>4 ,a section ( ,agh>ia4 ,s+>ia4--,^? :o cultivate ! ,s+>a nut4 ,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,s+h4--7,a lion47 ,! usual suffix to ! names ( ,rajputs1 ,sikhs & ca/es :i* claim ,rajput rank1 su* z ,lodhis4 ,s+h1 ,s+hi4--7,horn47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,dhanw>4 ,a section ( ,kurmi1 & ( ,oswal & ,mahe%ri ,bania4 ,s+hal4--7,ceylon47 ,a section ( ,brahmans 9 ,damoh4 ,s+rore4--,subca/e ( ,kunbi & ,lodhi4 ,siklig>1 ,b>dhia1 ,saiqalg>4 #ejb--;,a small ca/e ( arm\r]s & knife-gr9d]s4 ,! "n ,saiqalg> comes f ! ,arabic saiqal1 a poli%]1 & ,b>dhia is f b>dh1 ! t]m = ! edge ( a weapon4 ,!y numb] only ab\t #dej p]sons 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,b]>1 & reside ma9ly 9 ! l>ge t[ns1 z ,jubbulpore & ,nagpur4 ,! ca/e is p>tly ,h9du & p>tly ,muhammadan1 b v few memb]s ( x 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces pr(ess ! latt] religion4 ,9 ,bombay #ejc ! ,muhammadan ,siklig>s are said to be ,ghis>is or t9k]s :o 7 =cibly conv]t$ by ,aurangzeb4 ,! writ] ( ! ,belgaum ,gazette] #ejd says t !y are sc>cely m ?an ,muhammadans 9 "n1 z !y practically nev] g to ! mosque1 keep ,h9du gods 9 _! h\ses1 es*ew beef1 & obs]ve no special ,muhammadan rites o!r ?an circumcision4 ,! ,h9du ,siklig>s claim to be ,rajputs & h ,rajput sept names1 & x is n unlikely t 9 old times ! arm\r]'s call+ %\ld h be5 adopt$ by ! l[] classes ( ,rajputs4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! ca/e is 9 ,gwalior1 :]e !re is probably /ill "s scope = _! anci5t trade4 ,b 9 ,briti% t]ritory ! ,siklig> has deg5]at$ into a ne$y knife-gr9d]4 ,mr4 ,crooke #eje describes him z ,a trad] ( no wor?4 ,8 :ole /ock-9-trade is a circul> :et/one work$ by a /rap betwe5 two po/s fix$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,he %>p5s knives1 razors1 scissors & sometimes swords4 ,sird>4--,title ( ! ,kaw> ca/e4 ,sirisw>4--7,f siris1 a tree47 ,a section ( ,gad>ia4 ,sirnet4--,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,sirwa4--7,a resid5t ( ! anci5t city ( ,srava/i 9 ,gonda di/rict47 ,subca/e ( ,teli4 ,sita ,padri4--,title ( ,vai%nava m5dicants4 ,si?ira4--,synonym ( ,sidhira4 ,solaha4 #ejf--;,a v small ca/e numb]+ less ?an a hundr$ p]sons 9 ! ,raipur ,di/rict4 ,! ca/e only des]ves m5tion z af=d+ an in/ance ( an attempt to rise 9 ! social scale4 ,! ,solahas are c]ta9ly ( ,gond orig94 ,_! "n appe>s to be a corruption ( ,tolaha1 f tol1 :i* means lea!r 9 ,gondi or ,telugu4 ,_! exogam\s sections1 z ,m>kam1 ,w>ai1 ,wika1 ,sori1 ,kunjam1 are also ,gond names1 & l ! ,ag>ias !y are an occupational (f%oot ( t great tribe1 :o h tak5 to ! special pr(ession ( lea!r-cur+ & primitive c>p5try4 ,b !y claim to belong to ! ,b>hai ca/e & say t _! ance/ors immigrat$ f ,b5>es at ! "t ( a great fam9e !re4 ,9 pursuance ( ! claim "s ( !m employ inf]ior ,brahmans z _! prie/s4 ,!y also say t !y accept food only f ,brahmans & ,rajputs1 ?\gh !y eat f[ls1 pork & ev5 rats4 ,wom5 ( any o!r ca/e c be admitt$ into ! community1 b n m54 ,! fact t !y are n ,b>hais is suffici5tly %[n by _! ignorance ( c>p5t]+ tools4 ,!y d n ev5 "k ! use ( a rope = turn+ ! drill & d x by h& ) a po9t$ nail4 ,!y h no planes1 & smoo? wood ) a *isel4 ,_! bus9ess is to make musical in/rum5ts = ! ,gonds1 :i* consi/ ( holl[ pieces ( wood cov]$ ) sk9 to act z s+le or d\ble drums4 ,!y use %eep & goat-sk9s1 & aft] lett+ !m dry scrape (f ! hair & rub !m ) a pa/e ( boil$ rice & p[d]$ iron fil+s & glass4 ,solanki1 ,solankhi4--,a well-kn[n clan ( ,rajputs1 also call$ ,*alukya4 ,! "n is p]haps d]iv$ f ,sulak%ana1 "o be>+ an auspici\s m>k4 ,a section ( ,p>dhi & ,guj>4 ,sompura4--,a subdivision ( ,guj>ati ,brahmans 9 ,jubbulpore4 ,!y take _! "n f ,somna? 9 ,ka?iaw>4 ,somvansi4--7,*ildr5 ( ! ,moon47 ,subca/e ( ,mah>4 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,son>4--,synonym = ,sun> 9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry4 ,sonb>ha4--7,gold pig47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,khairag>h1 s nam$ z !y pres5t$ a gold5 pig to _! k+ ,bh>am ,deo4 ,sonboyir4--7,gold plum47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,n&gaon1 s call$ because _! ance/or pres5t$ a gold plum to _! ,raja4 ,sonbukra4--7,yell[ goat47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw>4 ,sondi4--7,sondi1 tig]47 ,a sept ( ,gonds 9 ,raipur4 ,x is said to be ( mix$ desc5t f all ! septs1 & c int]m>ry ) any o!r4 ,sondhi4--,synonym = ,sundi4 ,songa9da4--7,gold unicorn47 ,a section ( ,teli 9 ,khairag>h1 s nam$ because !y pres5t$ a gold5 unicorn to _! k+ ,bh>am ,deo4 ,sonha2 ,sonkutta4--7,wild dog47 ,a sept ( ,dhanw>1 ,kaw>1 ,saonta or ,santal1 & ,*]o4 ,soni4--,synonym = ,sun>4 ,sonjh>a1 ,sonjh>ia4--7,"o :o wa%es = gold 9 ! b$s ( /reams47 ,a ca/e4 ,subca/e ( ,b9jhw>1 ,injhw> & ,dhim>4 ,sonk>4--,a small ca/e f\nd 9 ! ,*hattisg>h c\ntry1 & also 9 ,saugor & ,damoh4 ,! "n ,sonk> is said to be a corruption ( ,*unk> or lime-deal]1 & ! ,sonk>s ( ,saugor make _! liv+ by c>ry+ clay & lime on donkeys = build+ & :itewa%+ walls4 ,9 ,saugor !y are also kn[n z ,beld> 7navvy7 & ,gadh]a 7donkey-driv]71 & occupy a despis$ position4 ,possibly on ?is acc\nt a few ( !m 9 ! nor!rn ,di/ricts & ! :ole community 9 ,*hattisg>h h ab&on$ _! traditional call+1 & h tak5 to gr[+ vegetables l ! ,malis & ,m>>s4 ,"h _! /atus is bett]1 & !y rank z a g>d5+ ca/e4 ,_! cu/oms resemble ^? ( ! l[] ca/es ( ,*hattisg>h4 ,!y obta9 auspici\s dates = _! m>riages & diff]5t c]emonies f ,brahmans1 b o!rwise ^! are n employ$1 & ! ca/e headman1 kn[n z ,kurha or ,se?ia1 (ficiates z prie/4 ,at _! w$d+s ! sacr$ po/ r\nd :i* ! c\ple walk mu/ consi/ ( a =k$ b\gh ( ! mahua tree divid$ 9 a ,v %ape1 & !y take mu* tr\ble to f9d & cut a suitable b\gh4 ,!y w n take cook$ food f ! h&s ( any o!r ca/e1 ev5 f ,brahmans4 ,sonk>as>ia4--7,impure gold47 ,a section ( ,bhona or ,bhulia4 ,sonkutri4--7,bit* ( ! wild dog47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw>4 ,sonpak>4--7,a tree47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,kaw> & ,*]o4 ,sonratan4--7,gold jewel47 ,a section ( ,*&nahu ,kurmi4 ,son?aga4--7,gold-*eat47 ,a subdivision ( ,p>dhans 9 ,kaw>dha4 ,!y *eat$ p by pass+ false gold1 & h5ce 7 s nam$4 ,son?al4--,synonym = ,santal4 ,sonwani4--7,sona-pani1 gold-wat]47 ,?is is a common sept among ! primitive tribes & ca/es d]iv$ f !m4 ,! memb]s ( ?is sept occupy a quasi-prie/ly position1 & readmit (f5d]s into ca/e by giv+ !m wat] to dr9k 9 :i* gold has be5 dipp$4 ,!y also purify ^? :o h got v]m9 9 a w\nd by spr9kl+ ?is wat] ov] !m4 ,a section ( ,ahir & ( ,rawat or ,*hattisg>hi ,ahir2 a sept ( ,dhoba1 ,dhanw>1 ,gond & ,kaw>2 a section ( ,kalanga1 ,kumh>1 ,panka & ,teli4 ,sori4--,a sept ( ,gond & ,p>dhan4 ,sori & ,khusro are ! two subsepts ( ! ,m>kam sept4 ,soyam4--7,wor%ipp] ( sev5 gods47 ,a division ( ,gond 9 ,*&a4 ,sravaka4--,a ,ja9 layman4 ,sri ,gaur ,mala4--7,a resid5t ( ,malwa47 ,subca/e ( ,b>hai4 ,srimali4--7,f ! old city ( ,srimal 9 ,rajputana47 ,a subca/e ( ,guj>ati ,brahman & ,bania4 ,sriva/ab1 ,sriwa/ab4--7,f ! old city ( ,srava/i 9 ! nor? ( ,oudh47 ,a well-kn[n subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,a subca/e ( ,bh>bhunja1 ,d>zi & ,teli4 ,sua4--7,p>rot47 ,a section ( ,*ad>1 ,khang> & ,kas>4 ,a sept ( ,bhatra & ,kaw>4 ,suda4--,synonym ( ,sudh4 ,sudh4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,kolta & ,loh>4 ,sudha4--,synonym ( ,sudh4 ,sudho4--,synonym ( ,sudh4 ,sudra4--,! l[e/ ( ! f\r traditional ca/es4 ,see ,introduction4 ,!re is no ,sudra ca/e at pres5t 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>ai4 ,suibadiwa4--7,sui1 porcup9e47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ! ,dhurwa ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,suji4--7,f sui1 a ne$le47 ,synonym = ,d>zi4 ,sukul1 ,%ukul4--7,:ite47 ,a surname ( ,kanaujia ,brahmans4 ,sulankhi4--,subca/e ( ,mahli4 ,sun>4--,a ca/e ( goldsmi?s4 ,subca/e ( ,bi%noi4 ,sundhi4--,synonym ( ,sundi4 ,sung>ia4--7,"o :o keeps pigs47 ,subca/e ( ,kumh>4 ,sunni4--,"o ( ! two pr9cipal sects ( ,muhammadans :o foll[ ! or?odox traditions1 ,sunni mean+ traditioni/4 ,sunri4--,synonym ( ,sundi4 ,surait4--,a "n signify+ p]sons ( impure or mix$ desc5t4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhak> & ,halba4 ,a subca/e ( ,jh>ia ,rawat 7,ahir7 9 ,ba/>1 be+ ! (fspr+ ( ,jh>ia ,rawat fa!rs by wom5 ( o!r ,rawat subca/es4 ,a subca/e ( ,sonk> 9 ,kank]1 consi/+ ( ! (fspr+ ( illegitimate unions4 ,a subca/e ( ,jhadi ,tel5ga1 ,kumh> & ,m>> 7,mali74 ,suraj1 ,surya4--7,! sun47 ,a section ( ,b9jhw>1 ,gond1 ,khang>1 ,m>>1 ,m[>1 ,rawat 7,ahir7 & ,sansia 79 ,sambalpur74 ,surajdhwaja4--,a subca/e ( ,kaya/h4 ,surajvansi4--7,desc5dants ( ! ,sun47 ,"n ( "o ( ! two great divisions ( ,rajputs4 ,a clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a subca/e ( ,b>ai1 ,khairw> & ,kal>4 ,a section ( ,*am>1 ,dhanw>1 ,gond & ,koli4 ,sura?a4--,a subdivision ( ,valmiki ,kaya/h4 ,sureyam4--,a ,gond sept nam$ aft] ! sui or porcup9e1 because1 x is said1 a porcup9e pass$ by :5 !y 7 wor%ipp+ _! god4 ,surkhi4--7,r$47 ,a clan ( ,surajvansi ,rajputs4 ,sut>4--,! "n ( a c>p5t] 9 ! ,m>a?a ,di/ricts4 ,synonym ( ,b>hai4 ,su?ra ,%ahi4--,synonym = ,nanakpan?i4 ,sutsale4--7,a ?read-weav]47 ,subca/e ( ,ko%ti4 ,suv>ha4--,nam$ aft] ! su> or pig4 ,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,swami or ,aiya 7,iy]74--7,ma/]47 ,a title giv5 to lead]s ( ! religi\s ord]s4 ,a title ( ,sanadhya ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,a subca/e ( ,jangam4 ,swetamb>i4--,a sect ( ,ja9s :o put clo!s on _! images4 ,tadvi4--,a "n = ,muhammadan ,bhils4 ,tak1 ,tak%ac4--,a clan ( ,rajputs1 n[ ext9ct4 ,takank>1 ,tak>i4--7,f takna1 to tap1 to r\gh5 ! face ( a mill-/one47 ,a synonym or subca/e ( ,p>dbi4 ,a synonym = ! ,pa?rot or ,pa?rawat /one-work]s 9 ,b]>1 :o are class$ ) ,beld>s4 ,takle4--7,fall547 ,a subca/e ( ,kas>1 said to consi/ ( ! desc5dants ( p]sons excommunicat$ = sexual (f5ces4 ,tama%awala4--7,%[man47 ,a "n giv5 to ,nats4 ,tambatk>4--7,a copp]smi?47 ,synonym = ,tam]a4 ,tamboli1 ,tamoli4--7,a sell] ( ! prep>$ betel-leaves47 ,synonym = ,b>ai4 ,t&an4--,a subdivision ( ,s>aswat ,brahmans 9 ,ho%angabad1 p]haps s call$ f _! be+ prie/s ( ! ,t&an ,khatris4 ,tankiwala4--7,a %>p5] ( gr9d/ones47 ,subca/e ( ,dhim>4 ,tanti4--7,tanta1 weav]'s loom47 ,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,bhulia & ,mahli4 ,tanti1 ,tatwa 7f ,sanskrit tantu1 a fibre74--,! great weav] ca/e ( ,b5gal & ,bih>4 ,a few ,tantis 7 enum]at$ 9 ,raipur ,di/rict 9 #aiaa4 ,sir ,h4 ,risley is ( op9ion t ! ,tantis are probably a functional gr\p develop$ "u ! pressure ( ! natural dem& = f9e wov5 clo?4 #ejg ,"o tradition ( _! orig9 is t ! fir/ ance/or ( ! ca/e 0 begott5 by ! cele/ial ar*itect ,viswak>ma on a l[ ,sudra woman4 ,viswak>ma is reg>d$ z ! tutel>y deity ( ! ca/e1 & is wor%ipp$ twice a ye> ) (f]+s ( fl[]s1 rice & sug>4 ,images are sometimes made ( him1 b m commonly ! weav]'s loom or "s ( ! tools ( ! craft are reg>d$ z ! dwell+-place or symbol ( ! god4 ,9 pa/ times ! ,tantis made ! fam\s f9e cotton clo?1 kn[n z abrawan or 'runn+ wat]1' :i* 0 suppli$ only to ! imp]ial z5ana at ,delhi4 ,sir ,h4 ,risley relates ! foll[+ /ories illu/rat+ its gossam] texture4 ,on "o occasion a daught] ( ,aurangzeb 0 reproa*$ on ent]+ ! room = h] immode/ attire1 ?r\gh :i* h] limbs c\ld be se51 & excus$ h]self by ! plea t %e _h on sev5 folds ( clo? ov] h] body4 ,aga9 9 ! reign ( ,aliv>di ,khan 7#agdb-ef71 a ,dacca ,tanti 0 flogg$ & bani%$ f ! city = n prev5t+ 8 c[ f eat+ up a piece ( abrawan clo? :i* _h be5 laid out to blea* on ! grass4 ,! fam\s female sp9n]s :o us$ to w9d ! f9e native ?read 7 /ill to be f\nd 9 #ahgc1 b _! art has n[ di$ out4 ,9 illu/ration ( _! delicate t\* x is told t "o ( !m w\nd #hh y>ds ( ?read on a reel1 & ! :ole weight ( ! ?read 0 only "o rati or two gra9s4 ,n[adays ! f9e/ ?read spun weighs #gj y>ds to ! rati4 ,! be/ clo?s 7 wov5 by ! ,dacca ,tantis1 to :om ! ,ko%tis ( ,burhanpur 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces /ood second4 ,! ,bamanm>a tank 9 ! old village ( ,dhanpur 9 ,p5dra zam9d>i ( ,bilaspur is s nam$ f ! fact t ab\t a c5tury ago "s ,brahman trad]s 7 murd]$ on its bank = ! sake ( ! f9e clo?s !y 7 c>ry+ roll$ up 9 holl[ bamboo /icks4 ,9 ,b5gal ! ,tantis are includ$ among ! ca/es f :om a ,brahman c take wat]4 ,sir ,h4 ,risley is ( op9ion t !y h to "s ext5t rais$ !mselves to ?is position by _! own influ5ce1 _! trade be+ prosp]\s & lucrative1 & hav+ long ago atta9$ to ! developm5t ( an urban indu/ry4 ,! ord9>y /atus ( ! weav+ ca/es be+ at ! bottom ( ! social scale1 ! sup]ior position ( ! ,b5gal ,tantis is an int]e/+ exception4 ,x is analog\s to t ( ! ,ko%tis 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 also a class ( urban weav]s1 :o rank above ! impure ca/es1 ?\gh !y h n atta9$ to ! position ( ! ,tantis1 z ,brahmans w n take wat] f !m4 ,tanw>4--,a subca/e ( ,kaw>1 to :i* zam9d>s belong4 ,tanwat1 ,tanwatk>i4--,a synonym = ,pan*al ,sun>4 ,t>ane4--,synonym ( ,dobaile ,teli4 ,tasa4--,synonym ( ,*asa4 ,tatwa4--,synonym = ,tanti4 7,f ,sanskrit tantu1 a fibre47 ,tawaif4--7,a pro/itute47 ,synonym = ,kasbi4 ,tekam4--7,! teak tree47 ,"o ( ! commone/ clans ( ,gonds4 ,a sept ( ,baiga1 ,bh>ewa1 ,b9jhw> & ,p>dhan4 ,a subdivision ( ,majhw>4 ,tel5ga ,dora4--7,telugu ,"l47 ,a designation us$ by ! ,velama ca/e4 ,tel5ge4--,a ,telugu "n us$ by ,balijas & o!r ,telugu ca/es4 ,subca/e ( ,nai4 ,telha4--,subca/e ( ,nagasia4 ,! memb]s ( ?is subca/e m>k ! =ehead ( ! bride ) tel or oil at ! m>riage c]emony4 ,teli4--,a ca/e ( oil-press]s4 ,subca/e ( ,b>hai1 ,dangri & ,gondhali4 ,teli-,bania4--,a gr\p ( ! ,teli ca/e :o h tak5 to %opkeep+4 ,subca/e ( ,teli4 ,teli-,kal>4--,a mix$ gr\p ( ! ,kal> & ,teli ca/es4 ,subca/e ( ,teli4 ,teli-,m>>4--,a subca/e ( ,m>>4 ,telkala4--,subca/e ( ,g&li4 ,t]ah-haz> or ,birb&hi4--7,?irte5 ?\s&47 ,subca/e ( ,*]o4 ,?akur4--7,"l47 ,! common title ( ,rajputs4 ,?is title is also us$ by ,lodhis1 ,raj-,gonds & o!r l&[n+ ca/es4 ,a surname ( ,k>h>a ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 ,a section ( ,ahir1 ,m>> 7,mali71 ,panw> ,rajput & ,sudh4 ,?akuria4--7,lordl+47 ,a subca/e ( ,murao4 ,a subca/e ( ,kol & ,p>ja4 ,a section ( ,d>zi & ,katia4 ,?anapati4--7,ma/] ( ! sacr$ place47 ,synonym = ,g&hmali4 ,?apak4--,a surname ( ,sanadhia ,brahmans 9 ,saugor4 7,f ,/hapak1 ! consecrator ( idols47 ,?apatk>i4--,synonym ( ,beld>4 ,?a?>i4--,a ca/e ( copp]smi?s 9 ,sambalpur4 ,?atia4--,a subtribe ( ,gonds1 also call$ ,gaiki or ,mahato 9 ,betul4 ,!?w>4--7,"o :o foll[s ! /raight pa?47 ,a subca/e ( ,rawat 7,ahir7 9 ,*hattisg>h4 ,?otia1 ,?o?ia4--7,maim$47 ,a subdivision ( ,gonds & ,p>dhans1 :o live by begg+ f ! ,gonds4 ,?uria4--,subca/e ( ,banj>a 9 ,sambalpur4 ,tilok*&i4--7,bais47 ,a subdivision ( ! ,bais clan ( ,rajputs4 ,tirelle4--7,tirole47 ,subca/e ( ,are4 ,tirgam4--,a subsept ( ! ,uika clan ( ,gonds 9 ,betul4 ,a sept ( ,p>dhan4 ,tirmale1 ,tirmalle4--,a small ca/e ( w&]+ ,telugu begg>s4 ,ne>ly #djj 7 return$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,b]> 9 #aiaa4 ,tirmales take ab\t p]=m+ bulls4 ,! animal is decorat$ ) brass ornam5ts & bells1 & 8 back is cov]$ ) a pat*$ quilt ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,! ,tirmale has a r$ turban ) a sc>f r\nd 8 neck1 & a foll[] c>ries a drum4 ,! bull is clev]ly tra9$ & p]=ms v>i\s tricks4 ,! ca/e d ?is 9 ! morn+s1 b 9 ! aft]noon !y appe> z ,bairagis or ord9>y begg>s1 & 9 ! ev5+ z sell]s ( v>i\s sacr$ articles1 su* z s&alwood1 ,ganges wat] & rudrak%a beads4 ,!y take wat] f ! ,ganges 9 small phials & g d[n to ! s\? ( ,india sell+ x4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y are kn[n 9 ,poona z ,ka%i ,kawadi or ^? :o c>ry banghys f ,ka%i 7,b5>es74 ,9 ,telugu !y are call$ ,gang$dulu & 9 ,tamil ,end&i1 bo? words mean+ p :o beg ) bulls4 ,!y may prop]ly be consid]$ z a subca/e ( ,das>is4 #ejh ,! ,tirmales travel ) _! families l ! ,banj>as1 & live 9 t5ts or %$s outside ! village4 ,_! m>riages are g5]ally celebrat$ 9 ! mon? ( ,%rawan 9 ! ra9s1 :5 !y return f _! w&]+s4 ,!y speak a corrupt ,telugu among !mselves1 b ,m>a?i to outsid]s4 ,!y eat fle% & dr9k liquor4 ,! dead are buri$4 ,tirmalle4--,synonym ( ,tirmale4 ,tir?a4--,"n ( "o ( ! t5 ord]s ( ,gosa9s4 ,ti?a4--7,f titahri1 a s&pip]47 ,a section ( ,basor4 ,tiw>i4--7,le>n$ 9 ?ree ,v$as47 ,a family "n ( ,kanaujia & ,gaur ,brahmans4 ,tiy>4--,a boat+ & fi%+ ca/e ( ,sambalpur & ,b5gal4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces !y numb]$ #gjj 9 #aiaa4 ,! ca/e is a num]\s "o 9 ,b5gal & has be5 fully describ$ by ,sir ,h4 ,risley1 #eji s t no detail$ notice ( x is necess>y "h4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit tiv>a1 a hunt]1 ! ,tiy>s /yl+ !mselves ! hunt]s ( ! sea4 ,!y came to ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces f ,angul 9 ,orissa1 & !y (f] to ! goddess ,durga 9 ,angul an oblation ( #fj to #ajj jian fi% & a headload ( lotus fl[]s on h] special fe/ival4 ,9 hon\r ( ,durga !y obs]ve a fa/ on ! f\r ,tuesdays ( ! mon?s ( ,*ait & ,kunw> 7,m>* & ,septemb]74 ,9 ,*ait !y also wor%ip _! hooks & nets4 ,at _! m>riages :5 a fa!r has select$ a bride = 8 son he consults an a/rolog] to comp>e _! horoscopes4 ,if ! conjunction is unsatisfactory he w *ange ! boy's "n to suit ! a/rological calculations4 ,! w$d+ is celebrat$ 9 ! common fa%ion ( ! ,uriya ca/es4 ,if a ba*elor m>ries a wid[ he fir/ goes ?r\gh ! =m ( w$lock ) a bun* ( fl[]s4 ,among _! ca/e p5alties1 t impos$ = ! kill+ ( a c[ may be m5tion$4 ,x is call$ ! ,go*>an ,brit1 & ! (f5d] is requir$ to consort ) c[s = tw5ty-"o days4 ,he mu/ mix & take 8 meals 9 ! c[%$1 & mu/ copy ! behavi\r ( ! c[s1 ly+ d[n :5 !y lie d[n1 /&+ up :5 !y /& up1 foll[+ !m :5 !y walk ab\t1 & s on4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is p]iod he makes a pilgrimage to a c]ta9 village1 & on 8 return p>takes ( ! five products ( ! sacr$ c[ & gives a fea/ to ! ca/e4 ,! ,tiy>s are a l[ ca/e1 & eat f[ls & dr9k liquor4 ,!y w admit a memb] ( any high] ca/e on 8 giv+ a fea/ to ! community4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces !y h exogam\s sections )9 :i* m>riage is prohibit$2 ^! g5]ally h titul> names1 z ,padhan *ief1 ,das slave1 ,guru preceptor1 & s on4 ,!y cat* fi% ) ! ghani b5da1 a l>ge bamboo basket cov]$ ) palm-tree b>k1 :i* is sunk "u wat] & secur$ 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,todasai4--7,wor%ipp] ( six gods47 ,a section ( ,raj-,gond4 ,tom>a1 ,tu>1 ,taw>4--7,tom>1 a club47 ,a well-kn[n clan ( ,rajputs4 ,a sept ( ,gond4 ,toriya4--,a "n giv5 to ,gonds :o wor%ip twelve gods 9 ,*&a4 ,tumram4--7,tumria1 a pumpk947 ,a clan ( ,gond1 said to be ^? :o wor%ip six gods4 ,turi4--,a ca/e4 ,a synonym = ,basors or bamboo-work]s4 ,a section ( ,kalanga4 ,turk4--7,muhammadan47 ,a section ( ,panwa ,rajput 9 ,balaghat4 ,turkan4--,a subca/e ( ,bahna1 s call$ because _! =efa!rs are said to h be5 soldi]s 9 ! army ( ! k+ ( ,delhi4 ,turkia1 ,kurkanya4--,a ,muhammadan gr\p4 ,subca/e ( ,banj>a1 ,*am>4 ,u*la4--7,a lift]47 ,title = ,bh>ota4 ,u*le4--7,pickpocket47 ,subca/e ( ,mang4 ,u*odia4--,a subca/e ( ,bh&4 ,ud4--,subca/e ( ,*asa4 ,see ,odde4 ,uda9a?4--,a subdivision ( ,jogi4 ,udaiputria4--7,"o belong+ to ,udaipur47 ,subca/e ( ,dhobi4 ,udasi4--,a class ( religi\s m5dicants4 ,see ,nanakpan?i4 ,uika1 ,oika4--,a v common clan ( ,gonds1 :o are said to be wor%ipp]s ( six gods4 ,ukas4--,a subca/e ( ,b>hai4 ,ulluka4--7,an owl47 ,a totemi/ic sept ( ,sudh & ,dumal4 ,umre4--,a subca/e ( ,bania4 ,see subord9ate article to ,bania4 ,a subca/e ( ,kal>1 ,nai & ,teli4 ,unayo1 ,unnaya4--7,f ,unan 9 ,oudh47 ,a subdivision ( ,nigam ,kaya/h4 ,x is also sometimes consid]$ z a half subca/e1 9 addition to ! twelve prop] subca/es4 ,unewal4--,a subdivision ( ,rh$awal ,brahmans f\nd 9 ,jubbulpore4 ,!y take _! "n f ,una1 a village 9 ,ka?iaw>4 ,upadhya4--7,a tea*]47 ,a surname ( ,kananjia & ,sanadhya ,brahmans4 ,a title ( ,manbhao4 ,upmanyu4--,an eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,uraon4--,synonym ( ,oraon4 ,uriya1--7,a native ( ,orissa47 ,a synonym = ! ,sansia ca/e ( masons 9 ,sambalpur4 ,a subca/e ( ,g&a1 ,ghasia1 ,gond1 ,k>an1 ,kewat1 ,ko%ti1 ,sav>1 ,sundi & ,sun>4 ,urk>a1 ,urk>e4--7,f ,w>kora1 a wild cat 9 ,gondi47 ,a section ( ,sun> & ,gond4 ,usrete4--,a subca/e ( ,kurmi & ,nai4 ,u?aigira4--7,a pick]-up ( t :i* has fall547 ,synonym ( ,sanaurhia4 ,utkala4--7,a resid5t ( ,orissa47 ,"o ( ! five ord]s ( ,pan* ,gaur ,brahmans inhabit+ ,orissa4 ,vad> or ,wadew>4--7,a /one-cutt]47 ,synonym ( ,beld>4 ,vade1 ,wade4--7,a c>p5t]47 ,a sept ( ,m>ia ,gonds4 ,vadra4--7,a c>p5t]47 ,subca/e ( ,kammala4 ,vaghe4--7,f vagh1 a tig]47 ,see ,waghya4 ,vaidika4--7,recit] ( ! ,v$as47 ,a title ( ,brahmans4 ,vai%nava4--7,a wor%ipp] ( ,vi%nu47 ,a "n = ! m5dicant ord]s ( ,vi%nuite devotees & ,bairagis4 ,vai%nava ,sun>4--,a gr\p ( ,sun>s :o claim to be ,brahmans4 ,see ,pan*al4 ,vai%ya4--,"n ( ! ?ird ( ! f\r classical ca/es4 ,see ,introduction4 ,!re is no ,vai%ya ca/e at pres5t1 b ! ,bania ca/e are consid]$1 p]haps incorrectly1 to be desc5d$ f ! ,vai%yas4 ,vajantri1 ,wajantri4--7,musician47 ,a subca/e ( ,gurao4 ,a synonym & section ( ,mang4 ,vallabka*>ya4--,a ,vi%nuite sect & ord] ( religi\s m5dicants4 ,see article ,bairagi4 ,valmika1 ,valmiki4--,a subdivision ( ,kh$awal ,brahmans :o take _! "n f ! sage ,valmika4 ,a subca/e ( ,kaya/hs4 ,vama*>i ,sect4--,synonym = ,vam-,m>gi4 ,vani4--,synonym = ,bania4 ,v>ade1 ,w>ade4--7,a resid5t ( ,b]>1 a v>iant ( ,b]>i1 q4v47 ,a subca/e ( ,simpi or ,m>a?a ,d>zi4 ,a subca/e ( ,dhang> & ,nai4 ,v>5dra or ,b>5dra4--,a subca/e ( ,b5gali ,brahmans4 ,v>tati4--7,pure47 ,subca/e ( ,&h4 ,vasi%ta or ,va%i%ta4--,"n ( a fam\s sa9t 9 classical lit]ature4 ,an eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,vellala4--,! great cultivat+ ca/e ( ! ,tamil c\ntry1 to :om by g5]al cons5t ! fir/ place 9 social e/eem among ! ,tamil ,sudra ca/es is aw>d$4 ,!y h a /r5g? ( m ?an #b #a_/b millions 9 ,india2 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces !re 7 9 #aiaa ab\t #gjj 9 ,*&a1 ,nagpur & o!r ,di/ricts4 ,9 ! ,madras ,c5sus ,report ( #aija1 ,mr4 ,francis gives an int]e/+ description ( ! /ructure ( ! ca/e & its num]\s t]ritorial1 occupational & o!r subdivisions4 ,he %[s also h[ gr\ps f l[] ca/es cont9ually succe$ 9 obta9+ admission into ! ,vellala community 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,in/ances ( memb]s ( o!r ca/es :o h assum$ ! "n & position ( ,vellalas are ! ,vettuva ,vellalas1 :o are really ,vettuvans2 ! ,puluva ,vellalas1 :o are only ,puluvans2 ! ,illam ,vellalas1 :o are ,panikkans2 ! ,k>aiturai 7"l ( ! %ore7 ,vellalas1 :o are ,k>aiyans2 ! ,k>ukamattai 7palmyra leaf /em7 ,vellalas1 :o are ,balijas2 ! ,guha 7,rama's boatman7 ,vellalas1 :o are ,sembadavans2 & ! ,irkuli ,vellalas1 :o are ,vannans4 ,! *ildr5 ( danc+ girls also (t5 call !mselves ,mudali1 & claim 9 "t to be ,vellalas1 & ev5 ,p>aiyans assume ! title ( ,pillai1 & tru/ to its ev5tually enabl+ !m to pass !mselves (f z memb]s ( ! ca/e4 ,! ,vellalas w n t\* ! pl\gh ) _! own h&s4 ,"s ( !m ab/a9 f fle% & liquor1 & prohibit ! rem>riage ( wid[s ) a view to rais+ _! social /atus4 ,vidur4--,a ca/e4 ,a subca/e ( ,gondhali1 ,kas>1 ,komti1 ,kunbi1 & ,loh>1 compris+ p]sons ( illegitimate desc5t4 ,vir4--,subca/e ( ,gopal4 ,virmu%ti4--,a class ( ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants4 ,vi%nu ,swami4--,a class ( ,bairagis or religi\s m5dicants4 ,vi%wamitra4--,"n ( a fam\s sa9t 9 classical lit]ature4 ,an eponym\s section ( ,brahmans4 ,vyas4--,a section ( ,brahmans & ( ,agh>ia4 ,wadd>4--,a "n = ,telugu ,oddes or navvies 9 ,*&a4 ,a subca/e ( ,beld>4 ,wadew>4--,synonym ( ,odde or ,beld> 9 ,*&a4 ,waghe4--7,wagh or bagh1 a tig]47 ,a section ( ,ko%ti & ,mana1 a clan ( ,m>a?a4 ,waghm>e4--7,tig]-kill]47 ,a clan ( ,arakh1 ,gopal & ,mah>4 ,wakkaliga1 ,okkiliyan4--,a ,can>ese ca/e ( cultivators1 ( :i* a few repres5tatives 7 return$ f ,nagpur4 ,!y reside ma9ly 9 ! ,madura & ,coimbatore ,di/ricts4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! ,can>ese okkalu1 #eaj :i* means cultivation or agriculture4 ,wakm>4--7,"o :o left ! pangat or ca/e fea/ :ile 8 fell[s 7 eat+47 ,title ( ,hatk>4 ,w&hek>4--,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,wanj>i4--,synonym = ,banj>a4 ,subca/e ( ,kunbi4 ,w>ade4--7,a resid5t ( ,b]>47 ,subca/e ( ,gurao4 ,w>tki4--7,a wa%]man47 ,synonym = ,dhobi 9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry4 ,wasudeo1 ,wasdeo4--,! "n ( ! fa!r ( ,kri%na1 ! ,h9du god4 ,synonym ( ,basdewa4 ,a subca/e ( ,jo%i4 ,watk>i4 ,see ,ot>i4 ,wika4--,synonym = ,uika1 a well-kn[n clan ( ,gonds4 ,yadu1 ,yadava4--,a well-kn[n clan ( ,rajputs4 ,yadubansi4--7,( ! ,yadu race47 ,a subca/e ( ,ahir4 ,yadu-,bhatti4--,clan ( ,rajputs4 ,synonym = ,yadu4 ,yajur-,v$i4--,a subca/e ( ,brahmans :o foll[ ! ,yajur-,v$a4 ,!y are also kn[n z ,madhy&an & ,apa/ambha4 ,y>&e4--7,"o :o presses ! er&i or ca/or-oil se$47 ,subca/e ( ,teli4 ,yati4--7,= ,jati74 ,a ,ja9 ascetic4 ,yelama4--,synonym ( ,velama4 ,yogi4--,synonym ( ,jogi4 ,yojna4--,subca/e ( ,komti4 ,,subject ,,index ,?is ,index conta9s ref]5ces to g5]al e?nological & o!r subjects ref]r$ to 9 ! articles1 ei!r ^? on ma9 ca/es & tribes 9 ,"p ,,ii41 or ^? on religions & sects 9 ,"p ,i4 ,^! latt] are usually di/+ui%$ by ! lett]s ,r4 = religion or ,s4 = sect4 ,v occasionally a ref]5ce is made to "o ( ! m9or articles 9 ! ,gloss>y4 ,! ref]5ce numb]s are to ! p>agraphs ( ! articles4 ,9 ! few cases :]e no ref]5ce numb] is giv5 ! subject is ei!r treat$ g5]ally 9 ! article ref]r$ to1 or ! article itself is s %ort t fur!r indication is unnecess>y4 ,abhiras1 !--,ahir1 #b ,aborig9al tribes1 position (1 9 ,h9du society--,bhuiya1 #c ,acrobatic p]=mances--,nat1 #d1 #e ,address1 me?ods (--,bairagi #aa1 ,brahman1 #ah1 ,gond1 #gb1 ,gosa91 #e1 ,lodhi1 #aj1 ,muhammadan ,r41 #cb ,admission ( outsid]s--,arya ,samaj ,r41 #c1 ,bha9a1 #f1 ,bhamta1 #c1 ,bhil1 #aa1 ,dahait1 #c1 ,dhanw>1 #aa1 ,gond1 #gj1 ,injhw>1 #d1 ,jhadi ,tel5ga1 #c1 ,kaik>i1 #d1 ,kanj>1 #h1 ,khond1 #i1 ,mahli1 #b1 ,meht>1 #e1 ,panka1 #e1 ,turi1 #f1 ,vellala1 ,adoption--,bhamta1 #c ,agricultural rites--,gond' #dh1 ,kohli1 #d1 ,kurmi1 #cb1 ,oraon1 #ba1 #bb ,agricultural sup]/itions--,kurmi1 #cc ,akali sect1 !--,sikh ,r41 #f ,akti or ,ak%it tritiya fe/ival--,*it>i1 #f1 ,*itraka?i ,alcohol1 prohibition (--,kal> #f ,ambag>hia ,deo1 wor%ip (--,ko%ti1 #c ,amulets--,bhil1 #i1 ,sun>1 #ab ,ance/ors1 re9c>nation (--,*am>1 #g1 ,dhak>1 #b1 ,gond1 #cg1 #ci1 ,khond1 #e4 ,oraon1 #aj ,ance/ors1 wor%ip (--,badhak1 #i1 ,gond1 #ch1 #db1 ,g[>i1 #e1 ,ko%ti1 #d1 ,oraon1 #ad1 ,sansia1 #c1 ,sundi1 ,?ug1 #ag1 ,turi1 #d ,angad ,guru--,sikh ,r41 #b ,animal hospitals--,ja9 ,r41 #ad ,animal sacrifices1 9 ,greece--,kasai1 #ag sacrifice ( buffalo--,mah>1 #b ,animals1 k9dness to--,bi%noi1 #c1 ,dohor ,animals1 v5]ation =--,bhil1 #h1 ,g[>i1 #e1 ,ja9 ,r41 #ad1 ,kasai1 ,oraon1 #bj ,animism--,kasai1 #d ,anniv]s>ies ( ! dead--,kurmi1 #bh ,appe>ance & mode ( life--,baiga1 #g1 #h1 ,b]ia1 #a1 ,bhil1 #ab1 ,bhi%ti1 ,bhuiya1 #ad1 ,*am>1 #a1 ,khatri1 #a1 ,kir>1 #d1 ,kohli1 #e1 ,kol1 #af1 ,korku1 #aj1 ,korwa1 #b1 ,oraon1 #bc1 ,panw> ,rajput1 #ac1 ,velama1 #a ,arjun ,guru--,sikh ,r41 #b ,arts1 orig9 ( !--,mo*i1 #c ,arya ,samaj ,r41 prospects (--,arya ,samaj ,r41 #f ,assass9ation1 me?ods (--,?ug1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h ,a/ronomical beliefs & /ories--,bhatra1 #d1 ,dhuri1 #c1 ,dumal1 #d1 ,jadua ,brahman1 ,jo%i1 #a-af1 ,mah>1 #aa1 ,turi1 #d ,baigas1 a bran* ( ! ,bhuiyas--,bhuiya1 #f ,balak ,das--,satnami ,s41 #d ,b&a1 wor%ip (--,kh>ia1 #h ,banj>i ,devi1 wor%ip (--,banj>a1 #aj ,bankrupt1 go+ 7or ,diwala ,nikalna7--,bhat1 #af ,b>b]4 ,see article ,nai ,b>b]-surgeon--,nai1 #f ,ba?+--,gond1 #fd1 ,kurmi1 #ci ,be>d1 !--,nai1 #aa ,begg>s or religi\s m5dicants4 ,see articles ,bairagi1 ,fakir1 ,gosa91 etc4 ,begg+1 mode (--,aghori1 #a1 ,basdewa1 ,gopal1 ,jogi1 #aa1 ,waghya ,bell-metal--,kas>1 #d ,betel-v9e1 acc\nt (--,b>ai1 #e ,betro?al--,passim4 ,see especially ,banj>a1 #f1 ,gad>ia1 #c1 ,gond1 ,kaw>1 #d1 ,kolta1 #c1 ,korku1 #d1 ,kunbi1 #g1 ,kurmi1 #e1 ,prabhu1 #a1 ,rajput1 ,turi1 #c ,bhang--,kal>1 #aj ,bhanw> c]emony 7walk+ r\nd ! sacr$ po/ at m>riage7--,kir>1 #b1 ,kurmi1 #i ,bhats & ,*>ans--,bhat #b ,bir? c]emonies--,passim1 ,see especially ,ahir #aj1 ,*amur #h1 ,gond #bh1 #bi1 ,halba #ae1 ,jat #aa1 ,kaw> #f1 ,kunbi #aj1 #aa1 ,kurmi #ae-ag1 ,meht> #h-aa1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #g-i1 ,sonjh>a #d2 c]emony ( second bir?--,korku #aj ,bir?days--,muhammadan ,r4 #ab ,blacksmi?s--,loh> #e ,blanket-weav+--,gad>ia #g ,blood1 sme>$ on images ( gods--,lakh]a #e ,blood-cov5ant--,kewat #b1 ,khairw> #e ,brahmo ,samaj ,r41 v5]ation (1 f\ndation (1 progress (--,brahmo ,samaj ,religion #b1 #c1 #i ,br&+ ! body--,gond #fg1 ,oraon #aa ,bride1 pur*ase (--,ag>ia #b1 ,audhelia #b1 ,banj>a #f1 ,dahait #c1 ,dangi #c1 ,kaw> #d1 ,khadra1 ,kh>ia #e1 ,khond #d1 ,kir #b1 ,kohli #b1 ,kol #aj1 ,panw> ,rajput #g1 ,p>dhi #c1 ,rajjh> #c ,bridegroom1 dress ( a--,dah>ia #c1 ,khang> #c1 ,sansia 7,uria7 #b ,buddhism comp>$ ) ,ja9ism--,ja9 ,r4 #b ,buffalo1 z a corn god--,kumh> #i1 ,mah> #b ,bullocks1 v5]ation =--,kunbi #bd ,buradeo1 wor%ip (--,bhunjia #a1 ,gond #ch1 #de1 ,p>dhan #d ,burial--,kurmi #bc ,cal5d>1 ! ,h9du--,jo%i #a-ae ,camel1 sacrifice ( !--,kasai #ae ,cannibalism--,aghori #b1 ,birhor1 ,gond #eb ,c> ,fe/ival--,ja9 ,r4 #aa ,c>p5t]+ & woodwork--,b>hai #f ,ca/e cu/oms--,badhak #h1 ,balahi #c1 ,banj>a #ai1 ,*asa #c1 ,kabirpan?i ,s4 #i1 ,panw> ,rajput #ac1 ,satnami ,s4 #h4 ,see also ,admission ( ,outsid]s4 ,ca/e fea/s--,kurmi #da1 ,intro4 #hb1 #hd ,ca/e ,pan*ayat or committee--,alur #ag1 ,brahman #bj1 ,dhoba #e1 ,gond #gc1 ,g[>i #g1 ,halba #ah1 ,kad]a #c1 ,kaw> #ab1 ,kol #ai1 ,oraon #bg1 ,p>dhan #f1 ,intro4 #ic ,ca/e rules & p5alties--,passim4 ,see especially ,bh>ia #g1 ,brahman #bj1 ,dhanw> #aa1 ,dhim> #ab1 ,dohor1 ,gond #gc1 #gd1 ,g[>i #g1 ,jat #ac1 ,kam> #i1 ,kaw> #ab1 ,kol #ah1 ,kurmi #dd1 ,mah> #ab1 ,meht> #d1 ,panw> ,rajput #ab1 ,p>dhi #d1 ,teli #aa ,ca/e /ructure--,meht> #c2 orig9 (--,intro4 #c1 #d ,cattle1 ca/ration (--,*am> #ae2 slaught] (--,kasai #b2 wor%ip (--,banj>a #ac1 ,hatk> #b ,"*4 ,see ,moral ,"* ,*>ans--,banj>a #b1 ,bhat #i1 #ab ,*ildr51 devices = procur+--,kunbi #ab1 ,meht> #h1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #g2 sup]/itions ab\t--,gond #ca2 traffic 9--,g&a #b ,*oti or scalp-lock--,nai #i ,circumcision--,muhammadan ,r4 #ac ,civil m>riage act--,brahmo ,samaj ,religion #f ,clo!s4 ,see ,dress ,cocoanut1 leg5ds ab\t--,kabirpan?i ,s4 #e ,conception1 miracul\s1 ( *ildr5--,dhanw> #a ,copp]smi?s--,tam]a ,c\nt+1 (ficial c\nt] or ,m$ha ,gantia--,bhatra #d1 ,p>ja #g1 ,intro4 #fj ,c\rtesans1 education (--,kasbi #d ,c\vade1 practice (--,oraon #i1 ,sonjh>a #d1 ,v]ukala1 ,intro4 #fj ,c[-kill+1 p5alty =--,tiy> ,cradle songs--,*it>i #e ,crim9al practices--,badhak #ag1 ,banj>a #ba1 ,beld> #f1 ,b]ia #b1 ,bh>ota #a1 ,*am> #af1 ,kanj> #e1 ,p>dhan #f1 ,pasi #g4 ,see also ,!ft ,cr[s1 beliefs ab\t--,kunbi #ae ,cultivat+ /atus--,jat #e1 ,kunbi #d1 ,kurmi #de1 ,intro4 #ba ,cultivation--,gond #gi2 pat* cultivation #hj ,dacoity--,badhak #b1 #c1 #d1 ,korwa #aj1 ,mang ,g>ori1 ,m9a #c1 ,p>dhi #ab1 ,p9d>i #d1 #e1 #f1 ,ramosi #b1 ,sansia #d1 #e ,daily life--,m>a?a #h ,danc+--,gond #gf1 ,gondhali1 ,ka%i #c1 #h1 ,kh>ia #ab1 ,kol #ag1 ,korwa #h1 ,majhw> #g1 ,oraon #be1 #bf1 ,p>ja #d ,dasahra fe/ival--,kumh> #aj1 ,mah> #b1 ,sun> #d ,dauwa or wet-nurse--,ahir #g ,dayan& ,s>aswati--,arya ,samaj ,r4 #a1 #b ,days--,jo%i #i1 #af2 om5s f--,kaw> #aj1 ,p>ja #g ,dead1 beliefs ab\t !--,kurmi #bi ,dea? c]emonies--,passim4 ,see especially ,b$> #c1 ,b9jhw> #f1 ,bi%noi #h1 ,brahman #ad1 ,*am> #g1 ,dhak> #c1 ,gond #cb-ch1 ,gosa9 #aj1 ,guj> #f1 ,gurao #f1 ,halba #ab1 ,kabirpan?i ,s4 #g1 ,katia #d1 ,kaw> #g1 #h1 ,kh>ia #i1 ,khatri #d1 ,khojah1 ,khond #f1 ,kir> #c1 ,kol #ad1 ,koli #f1 ,korku #i1 ,kunbi #ad1 ,kunjra1 ,kurmi #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bf1 ,l+ayat1 ,mah> #f1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #ad1 ,panw> ,rajput #aa1 ,p>si ,r4 #af1 #ag1 ,rajput #f1 ,sonjh>a #e1 ,intro4 #hi ,deh5dra ,na? ,tagore--,brahmo ,samaj ,religion #d ,deo ,brahman1 c]emony (--,b$> #b ,demet]1 ! goddess--,kumh> #g ,de%mukh & ,de%p&ia1 (fices (--,kunbi1 #b ,devi1 ! goddess--,kumh>1 #aa ,dh> & ,ujja9--,panw> ,rajput1 #c ,dh>am ,das1 leg5d (--,kabirpan?i ,s41 #d ,dh>na1 sitt+--,aghori1 #b1 ,bhat1 #ad1 ,m>a?a1 #ad ,dhatura--,kal>1 #aj ,digg+ e>? = ov5 at w$d+--,kir>1 #b ,diseases--,meht>1 #ac magical cure =--,ko%ti1 #f ,disguises--,badhak1 #e1 ,bhamta1 #a1 ,jadua ,brahman1 ,?ug1 #g ,divorce--,b9jhw>1 #e1 ,*am>1 #f1 ,dew>1 #c1 ,dhanw>1 #f1 ,dhim>1 #d1 ,gadba1 #b1 ,gond1 #be1 ,halba1 #aj1 ,katia1 #c1 ,kohli1 #b1 ,koli1 #d1 ,korku1 #aj1 ,ko%ti1 #c1 ,kunbi1 #h1 ,mah>1 #e1 ,m9a1 #d1 ,muhammadan ,r41 #f1 ,panw> ,rajput1 #h1 ,sav>1 #d1 ,taonla ,diwali ,fe/ival1 !--,ahir1 #ae1 ,bania1 #ae ,dog--,banj>a1 #bj2 associat$ ) ! god ,kh&oba--,m>a?a1 #g ,dome/ic animals1 taboos ab\t--,dhang>1 #d1 ,mang1 #g1 ,naoda1 ,sonjh>a1 #f ,doms1 !--,kanj>1 #d ,donkey1 !--,dhobi1 #g ,dravidian tribes1 _! orig9 & immigration--,kol1 #d1 #e1 ,intro41 #cg1 #ci ,dress--,banj>a1 #ah1 ,bh>ia1 #g1 ,bohra1 #g1 ,brahman1 #bb1 ,d>zi1 #d1 ,gadba1 #e1 ,gond1 #fa1 ,gosa91 #d1 ,halba1 #ai1 ,jogi1 #g1 ,kasbi1 #h1 ,kaw>1 #aa1 ,kol1 #af1 ,korku1 #aj1 ,ko%ti1 #g1 ,kunbi1 #bb1 ,kurmi1 #cg1 #ch1 ,mah>1 #ab1 ,muhammadan ,r41 #ca1 ,oraon1 #bc1 #bd1 ,p>dhi1 #e1 ,p>si ,r41 #ah1 ,rajput #aa ,dye+ clo!s--,rangrez1 ,*hipa ,e>1 te>+ !--,sun>1 #aj ,e>-pi]c+--,gond1 #fb1 ,ka*hi1 #e1 ,muhammadan ,r41 #aa1 ,sun>1 #aj1 #aa ,e>?1 beliefs ab\t !--,bhunjia1 #d ,e>?-eat+--,*it>i1 #c1 ,kurmi1 #ad ,e>?-goddess--,kumh>1 #aa ,eat+ ) relatives1 taboos on--,gauria ,eclipse1 leg5ds ab\t--,meht>1 #ai1 ,teli1 #h ,emasculation4 ,see article ,hijra ,eunu*s4 ,see article ,hijra ,evil eye--,bhatra1 #h1 ,*it>i1 #d1 ,khang>1 #c1 ,mah>1 #aa ,exogam\s septs or clans--,passim4 ,see especially ,bha9a1 #c1 ,brahman1 #h1 ,*ad>1 #a1 ,dahait1 #b1 ,dangi1 #b1 ,gond1 #ab1 ,g[>i1 #c1 ,halba1 #d1 ,jhadi ,tel5ga1 #b1 ,k>an1 ,katia1 #b1 ,kaw>1 #c1 ,kewat1 #b1 ,khond1 #c1 ,korku1 #c1 ,kunbi1 #e1 ,kurmi1 #d & ,app5dix1 ,lodhi1 #d1 ,mah>1 #e1 ,m>a?a1 #d1 ,panw> ,rajput1 #f1 ,rajput1 #d1 ,sav>1 #c1 ,intro41 #dh1 #fi ,extortionate practices ( ,b>ds--,bhat1 #g ,false bride1 cu/om (--,dhobi1 #b ,fa/+ = ! crops--,kunbi1 #g1 ,oraon1 #bb2 o!r fa/s--,ja9 ,r41 #ac1 ,?ug1 #ah ,female palanqu9 be>]s--,kah>1 #c ,fe/ivals--,gadba1 #c1 ,gond1 #ec1 ,khond1 #aj1 ,m>a?a1 #g1 ,oraon1 #bj1 #ba1 ,p>ja1 #g ,fight+1 me?ods (--,gosa91 #i1 ,khond1 #g1 #h ,fights ( animals--,kasai1 #ba ,fi%+--,dhim>1 #h ,fl[]s--,mali1 #c1 #d1 #aj ,folktales--,korwa1 #aa ,food--,baiga1 #h1 ,bania1 #ag1 ,bh>ia1 #g1 ,brahman1 #ba1 ,gadba1 #e1 ,gond1 #fh1 ,kaw>1 #ab1 ,khond1 #i1 ,kol1 #ah1 ,kolta1 #d1 ,korku1 #aj1 ,kunbi1 #ba1 ,kurmi1 #dj1 ,lodhi1 #i1 ,m9a 7or ,deswali71 #d1 ,muhammadan ,r41 #cj1 ,p>si ,r41 #ah1 ,rajput1 #h1 ,tiy>1 ,intro41 #he1 #hh2 leav+s ( food--,dhim>1 #aj ,=eign religions1 adoption (--,mah>1 #aj1 ,meht>1 #af ,=e/ ascetics--,jogi1 #e ,fo/]age--,ahir1 #g ,fun]al prie/--,kurmi1 #bf ,furniture--,baiga1 #g1 ,kunbi1 #bj1 ,kurmi1 #cf ,games & pa/imes--,kam>1 ,mal1 ,p>dhi1 #g1 #aa ,ganja 7,indian hemp7--,kal>1 #aj1 #aa ,ganpati1 wor%ip (--,bania1 #ad1 ,ko%ti1 #e2 leg5d ab\t--,kunbi1 #af ,g>d5+--,mali1 #aj1 ,intro41 #bh ,ghasi ,das 7leg5ds & tea*+s (7--,satnami ,s41 #b1 #c1 #d ,gho/s1 beliefs ab\t--,bhat1 #aj1 #aa ,gipsies1 orig9 (--,kanj>1 #b ,girls d$icat$ to temples--,ka%i1 #b1 ,waghya ,goats & %eep--,dhang>1 #e1 ,gad>ia1 #f ,gods1 attitude t[>ds !--,g>pag>i1 #d2 mak+ contracts ) !--,meht>1 #h ,go+ away c]emony 7or ,gauna7--,halba1 #i1 ,katia1 #c1 ,lodhi1 #f1 ,panw> ,rajput1 #h ,gold1 sanctity (--,sun>1 #g2 wa%+ =--,sonjh>a1 #h ,gondwana--,gond1 #b ,gov9d ,s+h1 ,guru--,sikh ,r41 #c ,gravey>ds--,bohra1 #d1 ,kurmi1 #bc ,graz+ cattle--,ahir1 #ai ,greet+--,see ,address1 me?ods ( ,gr9d+ gra9--,kanj>1 #i ,gur or sug>1 ! sacr$--,?ug1 #af ,guru or spiritual preceptor--,bairagi1 #ac1 ,dah>ia1 #c ,hail/orms1 av]t+--,g>pag>i1 #a1 #d ,hair--,gond1 #fc1 ,jogi #g1 ,manbhao #c1 ,nai passim ,hair-cutt+--,nai #c ,halal 7sacrifice7 rites ( ,muhammadan1--,at>i #d1 ,kasai #c ,hanuman1 ! god--,g>pag>i #c1 #d1 ,kunbi #ab ,haveli1 mean+ (--,kurmi1 #c ,heb]1 ,bi%op--,swami ,n>ayan ,s4 #c ,h9du ,r41 av]sion to--,satnami ,s4 #g4 ,see ,religi\s ,beliefs ,holi ,fe/ival--,bania #af1 ,gond #ed1 ,khairw> #i1 ,mannew> ,homosexual practices--,hijra ,horoscopes--,prabhu #a ,horse--,m>a?a #g ,h\ses--,banj>a #ai1 ,bohra #g1 ,gond #fj1 ,kunbi #ai1 ,kurmi #cd1 ,sonjh>a #g2 sup]/itions ab\t--,gond #cf1 ,kurmi #ce1 ,p>ja #g ,human corpse1 eat+ (--,aghori #b ,human sacrifices--,banj>a #af1 ,gond #ea1 ,khond #ab1 ,oraon #ag ,hun immigration1 !--,guj> #a1 #b1 ,panw> ,rajput #a1 #b ,hunt+1 me?ods (--,gond #ha1 ,kolhati #f1 ,mal1 ,p>dhi #h1 #i1 #aj2 c]emonial hunt+--,bhatra #g1 & ,gond ,hyp]gamy--,brahman #aj1 ,dangi #b1 ,d>aihan1 ,lodhi #c1 ,m9a #d1 ,murha #b1 ,intro4 #af ,id fe/ivals--,muhammadan ,r4 #bj1 #ba ,illegitimacy--,khatri #c1 ,vidur #c1 ,dhak> ,immorality ( girls--,oraon #d ,impure ca/es--,intro4 #dj1 #id ,ince/1 leg5d (--,loh> #a ,indoor s]vants--,dhim> #aj1 ,kah>1 #d ,infant-m>riage--,dhuri #b1 ,kh&ait1 ,kir #b ,infanticide--,rajput #d ,inh]itance--,kam> #f1 ,kaw> #ab1 ,khairw> #h1 ,kol #ae1 ,korku #ab1 ,kunbi #f1 ,rautia #e ,initiation1 rites (--,bairagi #aa1 ,bi%noi #d1 ,gosa9 #c1 ,kabirpan?i ,s4 #f1 ,manbhao #b1 ,p>m>?i ,s41 ,satnami ,s4 #e1 ,sikh ,r4 #d1 ,?ug #ai1 ,waghya1 ,intro4 #hc ,int]e/ on money--,bania1 #bc1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #ce ,iron-work+ indu/ry--,loh> #e2 sup]/itions ab\t iron--,loh> #b ,ja9 ,banias--,bania1 #i1 & ,bania1 ,p>w> subca/e2 ,ja9 ,guraos--,gurao #h ,jasondhis1 !--,bhat #h ,jaw>as or ,g>d5s ( ,adonis--,kurmi #ca ,jhambaji--,bi%noi #b ,ju>i z a food--,kunbi #ba ,juggl+--,jadua ,brahman ,kabir1 leg5d & tea*+s (--,kabirpan?i ,s4 #a1 #b1 #c ,kali1 wor%ip (--,sakta ,s41 ,?ug1 #ad2 d]iv$ f ! tig]--,?ug1 #ad1 #af1 #bb ,k>an1 leg5d (--,basdewa ,k>ma fe/ival--,baiga #h1 ,b9jhw> #h1 ,gond #ef1 ,majhw> #g1 ,oraon #ai ,kaya/hs1 av]sion to--,ghasia #h ,kazi--,muhammadan ,r4 #be ,ke%ub ,*&> ,s5--,brahmo ,samaj ,r4 #e4 #g ,kettle-drum--,g&a #e1 ,nag>*i ,kh&oba1 wor%ip (--,bhil #h1 ,m>a?a #g1 ,waghya ,khatpati--,bhat #af ,khonds1 rebellion ( !--,khond #ad ,kidnapp+ *ildr5--,banj>a #ag ,k+1 leg5d ( kill+--,bhil #b ,k9%ip1 basis (--,kasai #i1 #aj1 #aa ,kol>ians & ,dravidians1 !--,kol #d1 ,intro4 #ce-ci ,koli ca/e2 d]iv$ f ,kol tribes--,kohli1 #a ,koran--,muhammadan ,r4 #bg ,kri%na1 ! god--,ahir1 #d1 #ab2 wor%ip ( ,kri%na--,bairagi #g ,lac 7bangles & toys7--,lakh]a1 #d1 #i2 indu/ry--,lakh]a #c ,lalbeg1 wor%ip (--,meht> #ae ,l&1 rules = occupation (--,khond #g2 rights 9--,bania #bd2 own]%ip (--,intro4 #bc ,language--,ahir #c1 ,baiga #aj1 ,bhil #ad1 ,gond #gh1 ,halba #e1 ,kh>ia #ad1 ,kol #e1 #bb1 ,kolam #a1 ,korku #ad ,lea!r--,*am> #aa1 #ab1 #ac ,lea!r-work]s--,mo*i #d ,leg5ds ( orig9--,passim4 ,see especially ,agh>ia1 ,baiga1 ,balahi1 ,bhat1 ,bhoy>1 ,bhunjia1 ,brahman 7,kanaujia & ,nag> sub-ca/es71 ,*am>1 ,dah>ia1 ,dangi1 ,dhanw>1 ,dhim>1 ,halba1 ,holia1 ,jat1 ,kal>1 ,kas>1 ,kh>ia1 ,khatri1 ,kol1 ,komti1 ,korku1 ,loh>1 ,mali1 ,mang1 ,panw> ,rajput1 ,p>ja1 ,sanaurhia1 ,sun>1 ,sundi1 ,teli ,levirate1 !--,mang #d1 ,m9a 7or ,deswali7 #d1 ,p>ja #f1 ,sun> #c1 ,turi #c ,l+o1 ,gond h]o1 leg5d (--,gond #e-aj ,liquor1 dr9k+--,gond #fi1 ,kal> #d1 #g2 & prep>ation (--,kal> #ac2 rice-be]--,kol #g1 ,oraon #bf2 toddy or date-palm liquor--,pasi #f ,liquor1 sanctity (--,kal> #h1 #i ,liz>d hunt+--,badhak#ae ,love *>ms--,kunbi #ac ,lukman ,hakim1 wor%ip (--,kad]a #d ,madak or opium smok+--,kal> #aa ,magic--,banj>a #ae1 ,bh>ia #f1 ,bhat #aa1 ,bhatra #h1 ,dhanw> #aj1 ,gauria1 ,gond #df1 #di1 ,jhadi ,tel5ga #g1 ,kaw> #f1 #aj1 ,kol #ac1 ,korku #h1 ,teli #ad1 ,vam-,m>gi ,s4 ,maha-,brahman1 pres5ts to--,kurmi #bf ,manasa ,devi--,nat #f ,m>a?a1 d]ivation ( "n--,mah> #a1 ,m>a?a #b ,m>a?a immigration into ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces--,kunbi #b1 #c ,m>a?a soldi]s--,m>a?a #ac1 #ae1 #af ,m>riage1 b>b]'s duties at--,nai #e ,m>riage betwe5 relations1 re/rictions on--,balahi #b1 ,brahman #i1 ,dangi #c1 ,dhoba #b1 ,gond #ae1 ,injhw> #c1 ,kai-k>i #b1 ,kunbi #f1 ,murha #b1 ,panka #d1 ,tam]a #b ,m>riage by capture--,gond #bb1 ,kolam #b1 ,oraon #f1 ,intro4 #ga1 #gb ,m>riage cakes1 !--,kurmi #g ,m>riage cr[ns--,*it>i #f ,m>riage cu/oms--,passim4 ,see especially ,baiga #d1 ,bania #aa1 ,banj>a #g1 ,bhatra #e1 ,b9jhw> #c1 #d1 ,brahman #aa1 ,*am> #e1 ,dah>ia #c1 ,gad>ia #c1 ,g&a #c1 ,gond #ae-bc1 ,halba #f1 #h1 ,jat #h1 ,jhadi ,tel5ga #d1 ,ka*]a #c1 ,ka*hi #c1 ,kapew>1 ,kasbi #e1 ,kaw> #d1 ,kaya/h #h1 ,kh>ia #e1 ,khatri #d1 ,khond #d1 ,kol #aj1 ,kolam #b1 ,kolta #c1 ,komti1 ,korku #e1 ,ko%ti #c1 ,kunbi #g1 ,kunjra1 ,kurmi1 ,lodhi #e1 ,mah> #e1 ,mali #f1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #e1 ,oraon #f1 ,panw> ,rajput #g1 ,p>ja #c1 #d1 #e1 ,prabhu #a1 ,raghuvansi #b1 ,rajput #e1 ,sansia #b1 ,teli #e1 ,turi #c ,masan ,baba1 wor%ip (--,teli #g ,massage--,nai #d ,mecca1 pilgrimage to--,muhammadan ,r4 #ah ,meghna? rites--,gond #ee ,m5/ruation--,dhanw> #b1 ,gond #bg1 ,halba #ad1 ,kam> #d1 ,kunbi #aj1 ,kurmi #ab1 #ae ,migration--,bhuiya #e1 ,kir>1 ,kohli #a1 ,kol #e1 ,kunbi #b ,milit>y sy/em--,arab1 ,m>a?a #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #af ,milk--,ahir #bj ,misc>riage--,kurmi #ab ,mona/]ies--,bairagi #ad1 ,gosa9 #h ,money*ang]s & te/]s--,sun> #ad ,moneyl5d]s--,bania #ah-bd ,mon?s1 ! ,h9du--,jo%i #aa1 #ac ,moon1 leg5ds ab\t--,bh>ia #f1 ,kunbi #af1 ,turi #d2 ! moon's pa? & daily mansions--,jo%i #d1 #h1 #aj1 #ae ,moral "*1 disposition1 or conduct--,badhak #af1 ,banj>a #bb1 ,bhil #c1 #ab1 ,bhilala #e1 ,brahman #be1 ,*am> #ag1 ,dangi #e1 ,gond #eh1 #ei1 ,guj> #c1 ,hijra1 ,jat #d1 ,kohli #e1 ,kunbi #aa1 #bc1 #bd1 ,kunjra1 ,manbhao #b1 ,oraon #bh1 ,panw> ,rajput #ac1 ,p>dhan #e1 ,p>ja #a1 ,p9d>i #g1 ,rajput #i1 #aj1 #ad1 ,?ug #aa1 ,turi #f ,mosques--,muhammadan ,r4 #bb ,m\rn+--,bania #ac1 ,brahman #ad1 ,*auhan1 ,dumal #d1 ,g&a #d1 ,gond #cd1 ,kaw> #g1 ,khatri #d1 ,kir> #c1 ,kunbi #ae1 ,kurmi #be1 #bg2 %av+ hair =--,nai #ae ,muhammadan & ,h9du rites1 mixture (--,bi%noi #e1 ,kunbi #ah1 ,kunjra1 ,meo1 ,muk]i1 ,siklig>1 ,teli #h ,muhammadan ca/es--,muhammadan ,r4 #c ,muhammadan tribal divisions1 families & names--,muhammadan ,r4 #d1 #i ,muh>ram rites--,kunbi #ah1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #ai ,mulla1 !--,bohra #c1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #bd ,music1 9 connection ) danc+--,kasbi #c ,musical in/rum5ts--,mo*i ,nails1 sup]/itions ab\t--,nai #af ,nak%atras1 !--,jo%i #g1 #h1 #ad ,namdeo ,sect--,d>zi #e ,names--,ag>ia #d1 ,baiga #e1 ,bhatra #aj1 ,bhoy> #c1 ,*am> #h1 ,dhanw> #ac1 ,gond #cj1 ,halba #af1 ,jhadi ,tel5ga #f1 ,jo%i #ah-ba1 ,khond #e1 ,kol #bj1 ,kolhati #e1 ,mah> #h1 ,sun> #b1 ,vidur #f ,nam+ ( a *ild--,oraon #aj1 ,vidur #f ,nam+ relations1 taboos on--,bhatra #aj1 ,dhanw> #ac1 ,gond #gb1 ,khond #i1 ,lodhi #aj ,nanak--,nanakpan?i ,s4 #a1 ,sikh ,r4 #a ,nanakpan?i & ,sikh sects1 di/9ction betwe5--,sikh ,r4 #e ,n>ay&eo1 wor%ip (--,ko%ti #e1 ,panw> ,rajput #i ,nudity ( wom5--,g>pag>i #d ,numb]s1 sup]/itions ab\t--,jo%i #ab ,oa?s--,mah> #ab ,oil-press+--,teli #ae ,om5s1 beliefs ab\t--,ahir #af1 ,badhak #ab1 ,baiga #f1 ,gond #ba1 #dg1 ,kaw> #aj1 ,koli #c1 ,korku #h1 ,mang-,g>ori1 ,m9a #c1 ,p>dhi #d1 ,p>ja #g1 ,sansia #f1 ,?ug #bb1 #bc1 #bd ,opium--,kal> #aj1 #aa1 ,rajput #i ,ordeals--,bh>ia #f1 ,kaik>i #d1 ,kolhati #e1 ,p>dhi #f1 ,sansia #g ,ornam5ts--,ahir #ah1 ,gond #fa1 ,kunbi #bb1 ,sun> #f1 #h1 #i ,outram1 ,sir ,james--,bhil #d ,paida c]emony--,jat #aj ,palanqu9 or ,doli--,kah> #b ,p>asurama1 leg5d (--,panw> ,rajput #b ,passov]1 !--,kasai #ah ,pavilion or ! m>riage-%$--,kurmi #f ,pe>ls--,sun> #i ,physical type4 ,see ,appe>ance ,pickaxe1 ! ,sacr$--,?ug #ae ,pigs1 bre$+ = sacrifice & e/imation (--,kumh> #f1 #h ,pipal tree1 beliefs ab\t--,kunbi #ab ,pl$ge1 or cov5ant1 betwe5 m>ri$ c\ple--,bhatra #e2 ) ! gods--,bhat #ad4 ,see also ,dh>na ,pola fe/ival--,kunbi #ag ,poly&ry1 survivals ( frat]nal--,bhuiya #aj1 ,khond #d1 ,korku #e1 ,oraon #g4 ,see also ,g[>i #c ,polygamy--,agh>ia #c1 ,&h1 ,bania #ab1 ,b>ai #c1 ,dangri1 ,dhuri #b1 ,gond #bf1 ,kaik>i #b1 ,kohli #b1 ,korwa #d1 ,kunbi #h1 ,kurmi #aa1 ,mali #g1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #f ,pranna?--,dhami ,s4 ,pregnancy1 rites dur+--,*it>i #c1 ,gond #bh1 ,halba #ae1 ,kasbi #f1 ,kunbi #aj1 ,kurmi #ac1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #h ,prie/s1 tribal--,ko%ti #e ,pro/itution--,b]ia #c1 ,kasbi #b1 #g ,prov]bs--,arora1 ,bahna #e1 ,bh>bhunja #c1 ,dhobi #g1 ,jogi #ad1 ,julaha ,pub]ty rites--,gurao #c1 ,kaik>i #c1 ,lodhi #g ,rajput & ,jat1 relations (--,jat #c ,rak%ab&han fe/ival--,patwa ,ramazan1 fa/ (--,muhammadan ,r4 #ag ,ram ,das1 ,guru--,sikh ,r4 #b ,ram ,mohan ,roy--,brahmo ,samaj ,r4 #a1 #b ,r$ a lucky col\r--,lakh]a #e ,r$ dye on ! feet--,lakh]a #g ,r$ ?reads1 cu/om ( we>+--,lakh]a #h ,relatives1 taboos betwe5--,kanj> #h1 ,kh>ia #f4 ,see also ,m>riages betwe5 ,relatives1 & ,nam+ ,relatives ,religi\s beliefs--,passim4 ,see especially collection ( articles on ,religions & ,sects1 & ca/e articles on ,bi%noi1 ,manbhao1 ,bairagi & ,gosa94 ,also articles ,baiga #f1 ,banj>a #aj1 ,brahman #ae1 #af1 ,*am> #i1 ,gond #dj-ef1 ,khond #aa1 ,korku #f1 ,ko%ti #e1 ,kunbi #af1 ,kurmi #cj1 ,mah> #i1 ,oraon #ae1 #af1 ,?ug #ab2 ,h9duism1 ,intro4 #ij1 #ie1 #if ,sacr$ ?read1 !--,brahman #ag1 ,gurao #e1 ,kunbi #af1 ,lodhi #aa2 ( ! ,ja9s--,ja9 ,r4 #i2 ! sacr$ cord ( ! ,p>sis--,p>si ,r4 #ae ,sacrifices1 beliefs ab\t & me?od (--,kasai #bb1 #bc ,sacrificial meal1 !--,kasai #h1 ,kurmi #g1 ,lakh]a #e1 #f ,sacrificial me?od ( slaught]--,kasai #bb ,sacrificial slaught] = food--,kasai #bj ,sahajan& ,swami--,swami-,n>ayan ,s4 #a ,sal fl[] fe/ival--,oraon #bj ,san-hemp--,lorha ,sankrants--,jo%i #f ,sati or burn+ ( wid[s--,brahman #ac ,sc5t--,at>i #d ,sculpture1 ,h9du--,mo*i #c ,sects4 ,= individual sects see articles 9 section on ,religions & ,sects4 ,= "r-h& & left-h& sects see articles ,mala & ,vam-,m>gi ,s4 ,self-torture--,jogi #d ,sewn clo!s1 we>+ (--,d>zi #c ,sexual morality--,gosa9 #aa1 ,khond #d1 ,mali #f1 ,oraon #d1 #ba ,%ank> ,a*>ya--,gosa9 #b1 ,sm>ta ,s4 ,%antik c]emony--,gurao #c1 ,m>a?a #f ,%eep--,gad>ia #f1 ,dhang> #e ,%oes--,*am> #ab1 #ad1 ,mo*i #g ,sikh ,c\ncil 7,guru-,mata7--,sikh ,r4 #g ,silajit--,siddi ,s+aji1 deifi$ ,ahir--,ahir #ab ,s+>a or wat]nut--,dhim> #h ,si/]'s son1 importance (--,bhamta #b1 ,dh]a1 ,g[>i #d1 ,gurao #e1 ,halba #g1 ,kam> #c1 ,pasi #e2 m>riage to mat]nal uncle's daught]-- ,bhatra #e1 ,p>ja #c2 connection ) uncle--,meht> #ac ,siva1 ! god4 ,see article ,saiva ,sect ,sleep+-place or common dormitory--,bhuiya #i1 ,gond #ga1 ,oraon #d2 dormitory discipl9e--,oraon #ab ,snake-bite1 cure =--,gauria1 ,kir #c1 ,nat #f ,snake-wor%ip & snake-*>m]s--,gond #dc1 ,nat #f1 ,panw> ,rajput #aj ,social extravagance--,jat #aj1 ,kir> #b1 ,kurmi #e1 ,m>a?a #h ,social life--,kunbi #ai1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #cb ,social /atus & cu/oms--,b>hai #e1 ,basor #e1 ,bhat #d1 ,bhilala #a1 ,bhunjia #e1 ,brahman #ah1 ,*am> #af1 ,dangi #d1 ,dew> #d1 ,halwai1 ,jat #e1 ,kah> #a1 ,kal> #d1 ,kolam #e1 ,ko%ti #h1 ,kumh> #c1 ,kunbi #e1 ,lodhi #b1 #i1 ,loh> #b1 ,mah> #ac1 #ad1 ,mali #a1 ,meht> #ag1 ,m9a 7or ,deswali7 #a1 #d1 ,nat #c1 ,oraon #bf1 ,p>dhi #e1 ,sun> #e1 ,tanti1 ,teli #aj1 #ac1 ,velama1 ,vidur #f ,soldi]s4 ,see articles ,arab1 ,bhil1 ,kh&ait1 ,m>a?a1 ,paik1 ,rajput1 ,taonla ,soma1 sacr$ liquor--,kal> #e2 ,homa liquor--,p>si ,r4 #ac ,songs--,bhat #ag1 ,bhunjia #a1 ,*it>i #e1 ,dhanw> #d1 ,gond #gg1 ,gondhali1 ,kaya/h #i1 ,murha #e1 ,panw> ,rajput #g1 ,p>ja #d ,s\ls ( ! dead recall$--,ahir #aa1 ,gond #cg1 ,kh>ia #aj1 ,khond #f1 ,kurmi #bd1 ,loh> #d1 ,oraon #ac1 ,taonla ,spangles = ! =ehead--,lakh]a #f ,spells--,loh> #d ,spirits1 beliefs 9--,badhak #aj1 ,bhat #ae1 ,halba #ac1 ,kalanga #c1 ,mah> #aa1 ,panw> ,rajput #aj ,spirits-lay+--,kaw> #h 7( p]sons kill$ by tig]7 ,subca/es--,passim4 ,see especially ,brahman #e1 #f1 #g1 ,*ama> #b1 #c1 ,dhim> #b1 ,gond #aa1 ,halba #c1 ,kal> #b1 1#c1 ,kanj> #a-f1 ,kaw> #b1 ,kaya/h #g1 ,khond #b1 ,kol #b1 #h1 ,korku #c1 ,kunbi #c1 ,kurmi #c1 ,lodhi #c1 ,loh> #c1 ,mali #e1 ,meht> #b1 ,sun> #b1 ,intro4 #e1 #de-dg ,suckl+ *ildr5--,kurmi #ah ,sudra--,intro4 #ab ,suicide--,bhat #aj1 #ac1 ,jasondhi1 ,rajput #ad2 burn+ ( wid[s--,brahman #ac ,su?ra ,%ahi--,nanakpan?i ,s4 #d ,sweetmeats1 prep>ation (--,halwai ,sw9dl+ practices--,jadua ,brahman1 ,jogi #ac1 ,sun> #ae1 ,y]ukala ,taboos1 on food--,dhak> #c1 ,kh>ia #f2 ( relation%ip--,sansia #c2 g5]al--,jat #ac1 ,?ug #bc ,tank build+--,kohli #c1 ,sansia 7,uria7 #d ,tann+--,*ama> #aa ,tattoo+--,bh>ia #g1 ,b9jhw> #i1 ,brahman #bc1 ,dhanw> #ab1 ,gond #fe1 #ff1 ,g[>i #h1 ,halba #bj1 ,kam> #aj1 ,mah> #ab1 ,oraon #aa2 sugge/$ orig9 (--,sun> #aa ,tee?1 disposal (--,kaik>i #c1 ,kunbi #aj1 ,nai #af ,!ft1 & detection (--,bhamta #a1 ,bh>ia #f1 ,mang-,g>ori1 ,ramosi #c1 ,sanaurhia #c1 ,y]ukala4 ,see also ,crim9al practices ,?reads z amulets--,lakh]a #h1 ,patwa ,?ugs d]iv$ f ,kanj>s & ,doms--,?ug #c ,tig]1 wor%ip (--,ko%ti #a1 ,panw> ,rajput #aj ,tir?ak>s ( ,ja9s--,ja9 ,r4 #c1 #ab ,tobacco--,kal> #ab ,tomb-/ones--,gond #ce ,totem1 wor%ip (--,kewat #a ,totemism--,agh>ia #b1 ,&h1 ,audhelia #b1 ,b>ai #b1 ,basor #c1 ,bha9a #c1 ,bh>ia #b1 ,bhil #f1 ,bhoy> #b1 ,bhulia1 ,*ad>1 ,*asa #b1 ,*auhan1 ,dahait #b1 ,dhanw> #b1 ,dumal #b1 ,gadba #a1 ,gond #ac1 #ad1 ,kalanga #b1 ,kaw> #c1 ,kewat #b1 ,khadal1 ,khadra1 ,khang> #b1 ,kh>ia #d1 ,khond #c1 ,kol #i1 ,kurmi #d1 ,lodhi #d1 ,majhw> #d1 ,oraon #c1 ,p>ja #b1 ,rautia #b1 ,sav> #c1 ,sudh1 ,intro4 #di1 #ea ,traps = animals--,gond #ha ,trees1 spirits 9--,kunbi #ab ,turm]ic--,mali #e ,tw9s1 beliefs ab\t--,kurmi #ai ,udasi--,nanakpan?i ,s4 #c ,ukika sacrifice1 !--,muhammadan ,r4 #aj ,umbrella--,dahait #f1 #g ,vai%nava1 sect--,kasbi #g ,vai%ya--,intro4 #ac ,valmiki1 leg5d (--,meht> #ad ,v]milion & spangles1 mean+ (1 sub/itutes = blood--,lakh]a #e1 #f ,village community--,intro4 #bb1 #bc1 #gc ,village gods--,banj>a ,devi 9 ,banj>a #aj1 ,*ordewa 9 ,oraon #af1 ,kh]mata 9 ,baiga #f1 ,kurmi #cj1 ,maiya ,&hiy>i 9 ,dhanw> #i1 ,mi?u ,bhukia 9 ,banj>a #aa ,village m5ials--,*ama> #ae1 ,dhim> #ab1 ,gurao #a1 ,kah> #a1 ,kumh> #d1 ,mang #f ,village--prie/s 7,bhumka ,jhank>7--,b9jhw> #i1 ,korku #g1 ,intro4 #bh ,villages--,gond #fj1 ,korku #aj1 ,kunbi #ai ,vi%nu1 ! god4 ,see article ,vai%nava ,sect ,wa%]man--,dhobi #h ,wa%+ clo!s1 me?od (--,dhobi #e1 #f1 ,gond #fd ,wat*man1 village--,kotw>1 ,ramosi #c1 ,intro4 #bg ,weapons--,khond #g ,weep+1 cu/om (--,bh>ia #c1 ,*auhan1 ,gond #bb ,wid[-m>riage--,passim4 ,see especially ,bania #ab1 ,banj>a #h1 ,brahman #ab1 ,*ama> #f1 ,gauria 7disposal ( fir/ husb&'s *ildr571 ,gond #bd1 ,guj> #e1 ,halba #aj1 ,kir> #b1 ,kohli #b1 ,kori #b1 ,ko%ti #c1 ,kunbi #i1 ,kurmi #aa1 ,mah> #e1 ,mali #g1 ,muhammadan ,r4 #f1 ,panw> ,rajput #h1 ,teli #f2 sale ( wid[s--,panw> ,rajput #h2 ,sati or burn+ ( wid[s--,brahman #ac ,w9e-dr9k+1 leg5d (--,kal> #g4 ,see ,liquor ,wit*craft--,bhatra #h1 ,bhil #i1 ,gond #ej1 ,kaw> #aj1 ,oraon #af ,wom51 sexual morality (--,gond1 ,g[>i2 seclusion (--,rajput1 #ac ,wool1 sanctity (--,gad>ia1 #h2 %e>+ & weav+--,gad>ia1 #g ,yadava tribe1 !--,ahir1 #d ,yawn+--,*it>i1 #d ,yoga philosophy--,jogi1 #a ,z5d-,ave/a--,p>si ,r41 #c1 #d ,zodiac1 !--,jo%i1 #b-g ,end ( ,vol4 ,i ,,notes #a ,indian ,ca/e1 p4 #ab4 #b ,dr4 ,wilson's ,indian ,ca/e 7,times ,press & ,messrs4 ,blackwood71 #ahge1 p4 #hh1 quot+ f ,rig-,v$a4 #c ,dr4 ,wilson's ,indian ,ca/e 7,times ,press & ,messrs4 ,blackwood71 #ahge1 p4 #hh1 quot+ f ,rig-,v$a4 #d ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #aa4 ,wilson1 ibidem1 p4 #id4 #e ,wilson1 ibidem1 p4 #ii4 #f ,manu1 ii4 #ag1 #bd4 #g ,b>b>ians or =eign]s4 #h ,see ,burnett & ,hopk9s1 ,ord9ances ( ,manu1 s4v4 #i ,wilson1 ,indian ,ca/e1 p4 #agj1 quot+ ,web]1 ,indis*e ,/udi51 i4 #agj4 #aj ,a collection ( rules = sacrifices & o!r rites1 com+ betwe5 ! ,v$as & ! law-books1 & dat$ by ,max ,mll] betwe5 #fjj-bjj ,b4,c4 #aa ,wilson1 ,indian ,ca/e1 p4 #ahb4 #ab ,wilson1 p4 #ahd1 quot+ f ,%rauta-sutra ( ,katyayana1 #a4 #a4 #f4 #ac ,manu1 iv4 #ii2 iii4 #agh4 #ad ,wilson1 pp4 #dba1 #dbb4 #ae ,wilson1 p4 #ahg1 quot+ f ,hiranyake%i ,sutra4 #af ,see article ,meht> 9 text4 #ag ,wilson1 p4 #cfc1 quot+ f ,smriti ( ,angira4 #ah ,wilson1 ,indian ,ca/e1 p4 #aie1 f ,hiranyake%i ,sutra4 #ai ,manu1 viii4 #dag4 #bj ,wilson1 p4 #bfj1 quot+ ,mahabh>ata1 viii4 #acfg et seq4 #ba ,wilson1 p4 #djc1 quot+ f ,vyavah>a ,mayukha4 #bb ,wilson1 p4 #djj1 f ,p>a%>a ,smriti4 #bc ,wilson1 p4 #adj1 quot+ f ,a?>va ,v$a1 iv4 #cb4 #a4 #bd ,wilson1 p4 #baa4 #be ,wilson1 ,indian ,ca/e1 ref]r+ to ,ptolemy1 vii4 #a4 #fa & vi4 #abj4 #c4 #bf ,wilson1 pp4 #aac1 #aad4 #bg ,see = ! impure ca/es p>a4 #dj po/4 #bh ,! ^w aborig9al is us$ "h = conv5i5ce & n z convey+ any ass]tion z to ! orig9 ( ! pre-,aryan population4 #bi ,bombay ,gazette]1 ,p>sis ( ,guj>at1 p4 #bac4 #cj ,rig-,v$a1 #f4 #c4 #af1 quot$ by ,wilson1 ,indian ,ca/e1 p4 #aaj4 #ca ,wilson1 p4 #aji4 #cb ,moni]-,williams1 ,sanskrit ,diction>y1 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,crooke4 #cc ,quot$ by ,wilson1 p4 #bji4 ,x w\ld seem probable1 h[ev]1 t ! ,vai%yas mu/ !mselves h =m$ ! rank & file ( ! fight+ =ce1 at lea/ 9 ! e>ly p]iod4 #cd ,manu1 i4 #ij4 #ce ,wilson1 ,indian ,ca/e1 p4 #aic1 quot+ f ,hiranyake%i ,sutra4 #cf ,wilson1 p4 #bfj1 quot+ ,mahabh>ata1 viii4 #acfg et seq4 #cg ,mahabh>ata1 xii4 #bgdi et seq4 #ch ,li/ ( classes ( ,indian society giv5 9 ! ,puru%a-,m$ha ( ! ,:ite ,yajur-,v$a1 ,wilson1 pp4 #abf-ace4 #ci ,manu1 viii4 #aac4 #dj ,hopk9's & ,burnett's ,code ( ,manu1 x4 #fd1 #fe1 & footnotes4 #da ,mahabh>ata1 xiii4 #beaj et4 seq41 quot$ by ,wilson1 p4 #bgb4 #db ,manu1 ix4 #adi1 #aeg4 #dc ,manu inde$ decl>es t su* *ildr5 c\ld n be initiat$ 7x4 #fh71 b x is cle> t !y mu/1 z a matt] ( fact1 h be5 capable ( initiation or !y c\ld n possibly h be5 m>ri$ 9 ! fa!r's ca/e4 #dd ,see article on ,brahman = "s fur!r details4 #de ,wilson1 ,indian ,ca/e1 i4 #ddj1 quot+ ,brahma ,vaiv>rta ,purana4 #df ,see article ,bhat = fur!r discussion ( ?is po9t4 #dg ,doli*os uniflorus4 #dh ,see article ,jat = a m detail$ discussion ( _! /atus4 #di ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 art4 ,kh&ait4 #ej ,proprietors ( l>ge l&$ e/ates4 #ea ,see article on ,kunbi1 p>a4 #a4 #eb ,village ,communities1 p4 #abg4 #ec ,hi/ory ( ! ,m>a?as1 vol4 i4 p4 #be4 #ed ,village ,communities1 pp4 #bbf1 #bbg4 #ee ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 ed4 #ahia1 p4 #aij4 #ef ,ibidem1 p4 #bbh4 ,pr(essor ,he>n foll[$ ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e 9 ?9k+ t ! clan 0 an expansion ( ! patri>*al jo9t family2 b ! reasons aga9/ ?is view are giv5 subsequ5tly4 #eg ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bb4 #eh ,la ,cit antique1 #ba/ ed4 pp4 #ff1 #fh4 #ei ,la ,cit antique1 #ba / ed4 pp4 #ff1 #fh4 #fj ,nig]ia1 quot$ 9 ,saturday ,review1 #f? ,april #aiab4 #fa ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #if4 #fb ,see article ,sun> = a discussion ( ! sanctity ( gold & silv]1 & ! ornam5ts made f !m4 #fc ,mi*elia *ampaka1 a v>iety ( ! jack or bread-fruit tree4 #fd ,see article ,d>zi = fur!r discussion ( ! use ( sewn clo!s 9 ,india4 #fe ,see articles on ,bhulia1 ,panka1 ,kori & ,julaha4 #ff ,traill's ,acc\nt ( ,kumaon1 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 xvi4 7#ahbh7 p4 #bac4 #fg ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 art4 ,b>i4 #fh ,po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,crooke4 #fi ,! ,m>a?i "n = ! god ,hanuman4 #gj ,l+ui/ic ,survey1 vol4 iv41 ,munda & ,dravidian ,languages1 p4 #g4 #ga ,acacia cate*u4 #gb ,see article on ,gond4 #gc ,l+ui/ic ,survey1 p4 #ae4 #gd ,introduction to ,! ,mundas & _! ,c\ntry1 p4 #i4 #ge ,l+ui/ic ,survey1 p4 #bgg4 #gf ,see = ?is ! article on ,kol1 f :i* ! above passage is abridg$4 #gg ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 xii4 p4 #age4 #gh ,co*9 ,c5sus ,report1 #aija1 quot$ 9 ,sir ,h4 ,risley's ,peoples ( ,india1 #bnd ed4 p4 #aae4 #gi ,?is 0 p]missible 9 ! "t ( ,asoka1 circa #bej ,b4,c4 ,mr4 ,v4,a4 ,smi?'s ,asoka1 pp4 #ef1 #eh4 #hj ,sir ,h4 ,risley's ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 art4 ,tanti4 #ha ,see article ,kanj> = a discussion ( ! connection ( ! gipsies & ,?ugs ) ! ,kanj>s4 #hb ,see article ,*am>1 p>a4 #a4 #hc ,loha1 iron2 tamba1 copp]2 kansa1 brass or bell-metal2 sona1 gold4 #hd ,kan*1 glass4 #he ,phul1 fl[]2 haldi1turm]ic2 jira1 cum94 #hf ,crotal>ia juncea4 ,see article ,lorha = a discussion ( ! objections to ?is plant4 #hg ,mor9da citrifolia4 ,! taboo aga9/ ! plant is ei!r because ! r$ dye resembles blood1 or because a numb] ( insects are de/roy$ 9 boil+ ! roots to extract ! dye4 #hh ,see article on ,brahman4 #hi ,sonjh>a is a sep>ate ca/e z well z a subca/e ( ,dhim>4 #ij ,see article ,kurmi1 app5dix1 = "s in/ances ( t]ritorial names4 #ia ,wilson's ,indian ,ca/e1 p4 #dci4 #ib ,vol4 i4 pp4 #bgb1 #bgf4 #ic ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #abc4 #id ,see li/s ( totems ( ,au/ralian & ,r$ ,indian tribes4 ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] notes t ! majority are edible animals or plants4 #ie ,address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #aijb4 ,i _h n _h ! advantage ( read+ ! address prior to ! completion ( ?is "w4 #if ,m',l5nan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #abc1 quot+ f ,grant's ,orig9 & ,desc5t ( ! ,gael4 #ig ,totemism & ,exogamy1 i4 pp4 #aab1 #abj1 ii4 p4 #ecf1 iii4 pp4 #ajj1 #afb2 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bji-aj2 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia p4 #ade2 ,native ,tribes ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralia 7,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,sp5c]71 pp4 #ba1 #aig2 ,j4,h4 ,weeks1 ,among ! ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #ii4 #ih ,see pp4 ,,ii1 #ach1 #aij 7,edition #ahia74 #ii ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ii4 pp4 #cch1 #cci4 #ajj ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #bed4 #aja ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 #g? ed4 p4 #bdf4 #ajb ,w4,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 pp4 #eb1 #ec4 #ajc ,i4 p4 #bec4 #ajd #bnd ed4 vol4 i4 pp4 #afi1 #agd4 ,see also ,sir ,e4,b4 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 i4 pp4 #bhb1 #bhf1 #bie2 ii4 pp4 #agj1 #aha1 etc4 #aje ,see also ,primitive ,culture1 i4 pp4 #aai1 #aba1 #dab1 #dac1 #ead4 #ajf ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gillan1 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 ,macmillan71 p4 #bja4 #ajg ,l+ui/ic ,survey ( ,india1 vol4 iv41 ,munda & ,dravidian ,languages1 pp4 #dj1 #da1 #de4 #ajh ,l+ui/ic ,survey ( ,india1 vol4 iv41 ,munda & ,dravidian ,languages1 pp4 #bib1 #bid4 #aji ,dr4 ,a4,h4 ,keane1 ,! ,_w's ,peoples1 ,london1 ,hut*9son1 #aijh1 p4 #ej4 #aaj ,nim> ,settlem5t ,report4 #aaa ,see also ,primitive ,culture1 i4 p4 #djh4 #aab ,! ,oraons1 pp4 #djh1 #dji4 #aac #bnd ed4 vol4 ii4 p4 #deg et seq4 #aad ,= in/ances ( om5s see article ,?ug & ,index4 ,also ,miss ,h>rison's ,!mis1 pp4 #ih1 #ii4 #aae ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #bbe4 #aaf ,w4,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 pp4 #agh1 #ega4 #aag ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #crd ed4 p4 #adc4 #aah ,ibidem1 p4 #abe4 #aai ,see article ,jo%i = examples ( ,h9du names4 #abj ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #ceg4 #aba p4 #ahb1 et seq4 #abb ,see p>a4 #fa4 #abc ,i4 p4 #dcj4 #abd ,see article on ,nai4 #abe #bnd ed4 vol4 i4 p4 #eg4 #abf ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,introduction1 p4 #be4 #abg ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane1 ,! ,worlds ,peoples1 p4 #fb4 #abh ,= c\nt+1 see ,primitive ,culture1 #e? ed4 pp4 #bdj1 #bed1 #bfe1 #bff4 #abi ,acc\nt ( ! ,mew> ,bhils1 ,j4,a4,s4,b41 vol4 xxiv4 7#ahge7 p4 #cfi4 #acj ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #bic4 #aca ,ibidem1 p4 #bid4 #acb ,ibidem1 p4 #bie4 #acc ,see also ,primitive ,culture1 i4 p4 #dic1 ii4 p4 #dca4 #acd ,see article on ,mo*i = ! ,muhammadan ref]5ce4 ,! ,jewi% ref]5ce is ( c\rse to ! ,second ,comm&m5t4 #ace ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #agf4 #acf ,ibidem1 pp4 #aha1 #ahb4 #acg ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed4 ii4 p4 #abj4 #ach ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed4 iii4 p4 #cja4 #aci ,section on ! ,kol tribe 9 ,dalton's ,e?nology ( ,b5gal4 #adj ,mr4 ,s4,c4 ,roy1 ,! ,oraons1 p4 #bfb4 #ada ,see also ,primitive ,culture1 #e? ed4 ii4 pp4 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bdf4 #adb ,see article on ,brahman4 #adc ,see article ,bairagi4 #add ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 #ade ,ibidem1 pp4 #aed1 #aee4 #adf ,primitive ,culture1 #e? ed4 ii4 pp4 #bdc1 #bdd4 #adg ,primitive ,culture1 #e? ed4 ii4 pp4 #bdc1 #bdd4 #adh ,dr4 ,a4,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #adf4 ,9 ?is case ! ref]5ce seems to be to any "o ( sev]al totems ( a sub-class4 #adi ,dr4 ,a4,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #ade4 #aej ,ibidem1 pp4 #adh1 #adi4 #aea ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #bgc1 #bgd4 #aeb ,primitive ,pat]nity1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc4 #aec ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bfe4 #aed ,see p>agraph #hj bel[ & ! article on ,kasai4 #aee ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #bdj4 #aef ,see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 p4 #cif et seq4 #aeg ,?is view ( sacrifice 0 fir/ enunciat$ by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ! article on ,sacrifice 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 & ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 #aeh ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #cbd4 #aei ,_m in/ances are also giv5 by ,mr4 ,h>tl& 9 ,primitive ,pat]nity4 #afj ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #dha4 #afa ,primitive ,m>riage1 p4 #ace1 footnote4 #afb ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ii4 p4 #dgc1 iii4 pp4 #cd1 #gf1 #aja1 #bbe1 #bgb1 #cjh1 #cfj4 ,! ,au/ralians h secret ,*ur+a names1 ! ,*ur+as app>5tly repres5t+ ! spirits ( ance/ors :i* h return$ to ! totem4 7,sp5c] & ,gillan1 ibidem1 ,app5dix ,a47 #afc ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 pp4 #aih1 #bjj4 #afd ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #gj2 ,natives ( ,au/ralia1 ,mr4 ,n4,w4 ,?omas1 p4 #ge4 #afe ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iii4 pp4 #ic1 #abj1 #abb1 #abd1 #bbf1 ii4 p4 #f4 #aff ,totemism & ,exogamy1 vol4 iv4 #afg ,see article ,lakh]a = fur!r discussion ( ! m>k+ ) v]milion & its sub/itutes4 #afh ,la ,cit ,antique1 ,p>is1 ,librairie ,ha*ette1 #ba/ ed4 p4 #d4 #afi ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #de4 #agj ,?is ^w seems to mean eld] si/]1 & is appli$ by ! girls to _! sex-totem1 ! emu-wr54 #aga ,native ,tribes ( ,s4-,e4 ,au/ralia1 p4 #adi4 #agb ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #dah-dbj4 #agc ,! ,p ( ,india 7,?ack] ,co471 pp4 #aga1 #agc4 #agd ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,n4-,w4,p4 & ,oudh1 art4 ,nunia4 #age ,religion & ,cu/oms ( ! ,oraons1 ,memoirs1 ,z4 ,socy4 ( ,b5gal1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #i4 #agf ,mr4 ,s4,c4 ,roy1 ,! ,oraons1 p4 #bdg4 #agg ,see article on ,rajput1 p>a4 #i4 #agh ,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,he>n's ,aryan ,h\sehold 7,london1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co471 p4 #afj4 #agi ,at fir/ ! :ole g5s 7 ! heirs1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #bba4 ,! gr\p ( agnatic k9sm5 are m5tion$ 9 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 pp4 #bch1 #bci1 b n directly z heirs4 #ahj ,aryan ,h\sehold1 p4 #bh1 quot+ ,beck]'s ,*>icles1 p4 #cid4 #aha ,aryan ,h\sehold1 p4 #afj1 quot+ ,plut>*1 ,quae/iones ,romanae1 c4 #f4 #ahb ,la ,cit ,antique1 #ba/ ed4 ,p>is1 ,ha*ette et ,cie4 #ahc ,aryan ,h\sehold1 p4 #bae4 #ahd ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #bii4 #ahe ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #cjd4 #ahf ,ibidem1 pp4 #abh1 #abi4 #ahg ,ibidem1 p4 #cah4 #ahh ,ibidem1 p4 #abi4 #ahi ,ibidem1 p4 #bgc4 #aij ,ibidem1 p4 #abi4 #aia ,ibidem1 p4 #cbj4 #aib ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #bgi4 #aic ,ibidem1 pp4 #bha1 #bhb4 #aid ,ibidem1 p4 #bha4 #aie ,ibidem1 p4 #cbj4 #aif ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #agi4 #aig ,ibidem4 #aih ,ibidem4 #aii ,ibidem1 p4 #aha4 #bjj ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #aac4 #bja ,ibidem1 pp4 #ahf-ahh4 #bjb ,la ,cit ,antique1 ibidem4 #bjc ,pp4 #aea1 #aed4 #bjd ,! above acc\nt ( ! fe/ival & pilgrimage is tak5 f ! ,rev4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes' ,diction>y ( ,islam1 articles ,idu-l-,azha & ,hajj4 #bje ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #acd4 #bjf ,ibidem1 p4 #abg4 #bjg ,p>a4 #dh above4 #bjh ,see article on ,rajput1 p>a4 #i4 #bji ,! ,magic ,art1 ii4 p4 #hi1 quot+ ,satapa?a ,brahmana4 #baj ,see article on ,kasai4 #baa ,see acc\nt 9 article on ,kasai4 #bab ,orpheus1 pp4 #abc1 #abe4 #bac #g? ed4 p4 #cjj4 #bad ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 #g? ed4 p4 #bii4 #bae ,! ,dasahra3 an ,autumn ,fe/ival ( ! ,h9dus1 ,folk-lore1 ,m>* #aiae4 ,"s notice ( ! ,dasahra 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces is conta9$ 9 ! article on ,kumh>4 #baf ,crooke1 loc4 cit4 p4 #da4 #bag ,see also article ,mah>4 #bah ,la ,cit ,antique1 pp4 #bjb1 #bjd4 #bai ,imp]ial ,gazette] ( ,india1 ii4 p4 #cab4 #bbj ,totemism & ,exogamy1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ebh1 #ecj4 #bba ,ibidem4 #bbb ,totemism & ,exogamy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fjh2 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed4 vol4 iii4 p4 #djg4 #bbc ,dr4 ,a4,h4 ,keane1 ,! ,_w's ,peoples1 p4 #ach4 #bbd ,mr4 ,l4,d4 ,b>nett's ,antiquities ( ,india1 p4 #aga4 #bbe ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed4 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcd1 #bce4 #bbf ,ibidem1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #bbg ,o!r features ( ! sacram5tal rite1 /r5g!n+ ?is hypo!sis1 are giv5 9 ! article ,kabirpan?i ,sect4 ,! acc\nt is tak5 f ,bi%op ,we/cott's ,kabir & ! ,kabirpan?4 #bbh ,see articles ,dew>1 ,bhunjia1 ,gauria1 ,sonjh>a1 ,maly>4 #bbi ,"s in/ances are giv5 9 ! article on ,kal> & on ,rajput1 p>a4 #i4 #bcj ,dr4 ,a4,h4 ,keane1 ,! ,_w's ,peoples1 pp4 #abi1 #acj4 #bca ,p>a4 #aa4 #bcb ,= fur!r notice ( ,vi%nu & ,siva see articles ,vai%nava & ,saiva sects2 = ,devi see article ,kumh>1 & = ,kali1 article ,?ug2 = ,kri%na1 article ,ahir2 = ,ganpati1 article ,bania4 #bcc ,see above1 p>a4 #ac4 #bcd ,la ,cit ,antique1 p4 #cda4 #bce ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 pp4 #bei1 #bfj4 ,! ne$fire1 z describ$ by ,sir ,e4,b4 ,tylor1 _h ! "* ( a purificatory rite1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is 0 its orig9al =m1 any m ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,suovetaurilia or ,pola c]emonies4 #bcf ,mr4 ,j4,t4 ,m>t5's ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,c5sus ,report1 p4 #bch4 #bcg ,= fur!r notice ( ?is (f5ce see article ,sun> "u ,e>-pi]c+4 #bch ,p>a4 #fa4 #bci ,t>peia 9 ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*'s ,cults1 ,my?s & ,religions 7,engli% edition1 ,london1 ,david ,nutt1 #aiab74 #bdj ,cults1 ,cu/oms1 p4 #acj4 #bda ,maclagan1 ,punjab ,c5sus ,report1 p4 #agd4 #bdb ,burn1 ,unit$ ,prov9ces ,c5sus ,report1 p4 #hb4 #bdc ,cults1 ,cu/oms1 p4 #add4 #bdd ,ibidem1 pp4 #agf1 #agg4 #bde ,cults1 ,cu/oms1 pp4 #adh1 #adi4 #bdf ,maclagan1 l4c4 #bdg ,ibidem4 #bdh ,j4 ,t4 ,m>t51 ,c5sus ,report 7#aiaa74 #bdi ,lill+/on1 p4 #de1 on ! au?ority ( ,max ,mullet4 ,pr(essor ,oman /ates1 h[ev]1 t he _h b little acqua9tance ) ! ,v$as 7,brahmans1 ,tkei/s1 p4 #ajc71 & if ?is 0 s x w\ld seem likely t 8 k ( ! o!r anci5t languages 0 n v pr(\nd4 ,b he publi%$ a book 9 ,p]sian & knew ,engli% well4 #bej ,oman1 quot+ f ,dr4 ,george ,smi?'s ,life ( ,dr4 ,alex&] ,duff1 vol4 i4 p4 #aah4 #bea ,oman1 quot+ ,m>y ,c>p5t]'s ,la/ ,days 9 ,engl& ( ! ,raja ,ram ,mohan ,roy1 p4 #fg4 #beb ,lill+/on1 p4 #ea4 #bec ,brahmans1 ,!i/s1 p4 #aje4 #bed ,brahmans1 ,!i/s1 p4 #aaa4 #bee ,lill+/on1 p4 #gc4 #bef ,brahmans1 ,!i/s1 p4 #aaf4 #beg ,ibidem1 p4 #aac4 #beh ,brahmans1 ,!i/s1 p4 #aah4 #bei ,lill+/on1 p4 #if4 #bfj ,brahmans1 ,!i/s1 p4 #acc4 #bfa ,brahmans1 ,!i/s1 pp4 #aca1 #aci1 #adj4 #bfb ,brahmans1 ,!i/s1 p4 #adh4 #bfc ,?is article is compil$ f ! notices 9 ,wilson's ,h9du ,sects1 ,z4 ,res4 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #gi-ha2 ,sir ,e4 ,maclagan's ,punjab ,c5sus ,report1 #ahia2 & ,mr4 ,bhimbhai ,kirp>am's ,h9dus ( ,guj>at1 ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 #bfd ,capta9 ,c4,e4 ,lu>d1 9 ,c5tral ,india ,c5sus ,report 7#aija71 p4 #hh4 #bfe ,bombay ,gazette]1 ,h9dus ( ,guj>at 7,mr4 ,bhimbhai ,kirp>am71 p4 #ede4 #bff ,?is in=mation 0 k9dly furni%$ by ! ,diwan ( ,panna1 ?r\gh ! ,political ,ag5t at ,bundelkh&4 #bfg ,b>?1 p4 #adh4 #bfh ,hopk9s1 p4 #caj1 & ,! ,ja9s1 p4 #dj4 #bfi ,b>?1 p4 #adi4 #bgj ,! ,ja9as1 pp4 #ch-dg4 #bga ,! writ] is incl9$ to d\bt :e!r ei!r ,buddhism or ,ja9ism 7 really a!i/ic1 & to ?9k t !y 7 p]haps r =ms ( pan!ism2 b ! above is ! view ( ! be/ au?orities4 #bgb ,! ,ja9as1 p4 #aj4 #bgc ,! ,ja9as1 p4 #f4 #bgd ,ibidem1 p4 #aj4 #bge ,moor's ,h9du ,infanticide1 pp4 #age-agf4 #bgf ,m>t51 ,c4,p4 ,c5sus ,report 7#aiaa71 p4 #fg4 #bgg ,maclagan1 ,punjab ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #ahc4 #bgh ,mr4 ,m>t5's ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,c5sus ,report1 #aiaa4 #bgi ,! p>ticul>s ab\t ! ,tir?ak>s & ! animals & trees associat$ ) !m are tak5 f ,! ,ja9as4 #bhj ,jonesia ,asoka4 #bha ,c$rela toona4 #bhb ,grislea tom5tosa4 #bhc ,eug5ia jambolana4 #bhd ,mi*elia *ampaka4 #bhe ,crooke1 ,?+s ,indian1 art4 ,p9jrapol4 #bhf ,moor1 ,h9du ,infanticide1 p4 #ahd4 #bhg ,raja/han1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddi1 & pp4 #fif1 #fig1 ,app4 #bhh ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,c5sus ,report1 #aiaa4 #bhi ,we/cott1 ,op4 cit4 p4 #c4 #bij ,op4 cit4 p4 #ab4 #bia ,kabir & ! ,kabirpan?1 pp4 #aae & #aaf4 #bib ,raipur ,di/rict4 #bic ,! description ( ! ,*auka s]vice is ma9ly tak5 f ,bi%op ,we/cott's full & detail$ acc\nt4 #bid ,ficus glom]ata4 #bie ,%]r+1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,tribes1 iii4 pp4 #if1 #abc4 #bif ,by ,surgeon-,major ,corni%4 #big ,bombay ,c5sus ,report1 #aija1 pp4 #aha-ahc4 #bih ,h9du ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms & ,c]emonies1 p4 #aag4 #bii ,mr4 ,m>t5's ,c4,p4 ,c5sus ,report 7#aiaa71 ,subsidi>y ,table1 ix41 ,occupation1 p4 #bgf4 #cjj ,%ort = ,amir or ,pr9ce4 #cja ,siddik means v]aci\s or tru?ful1 & he 0 giv5 ! "n on acc\nt ( 8 /raight=w>d "* 7,bombay ,gazette]47 #cjb ,supplem5tal ,gloss>y1 vol4 i4 p4 #aie4 #cjc ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,t4 ,jackson 9 ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj21 p4 #aj4 #cjd ,bombay ,gazette]1 ibidem4 #cje ,hughes' ,diction>y ( ,islam1 s4 v4 ,m>riage4 #cjf ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj4 p4 #aff4 #cjg ,ibidem1 p4 #ff4 #cjh ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj4 pp4 #adg1adh1 f :i* ! :ole p>agraph is tak54 #cji ,bomb4 ,gas4 ,muh4 ,guj4 p4 #aej4 #caj ,temple's ,prop] ,names ( ! ,punjabis1 pp4 #da1 #dc4 #caa ,qanun-,islam1 p4 #bj4 #cab ,ibidem4 #cac ,qanun-i-,islam1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 #cad ,ibidem1 pp4 #cj1 #ce4 #cae ,hughes1 ,notes on ,muhammadanism1 pp4 #abb1 #aca4 #caf ,qanun-i-,islam1 p4 #bhf4 #cag ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj4 pp4 #afh1 #agj4 #cah ,diction>y ( ,islam1 art4 ,inh]itance4 #cai ,hughes1 ,notes on ,muhammadanism1 pp4 #fc1 #ge4 #cbj ,see po/4 ,! acc\nt is compil$ ma9ly f ! ,diction>y ( ,islam1 articles ,idu-l-,azha & ,hajj4 #cba ,bomb4 ,gas4 ,muh4 ,guj4 p4 #ach4 #cbb ,hughes1 ,diction>y ( ,islam1 s4v4 ,idu-l-,azha4 #cbc ,hughes1 ibidem4 #cbd ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj4 p4 #aca4 #cbe ,pr(essor ,m>goli\?'s ,muhammadanism4 #cbf ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj4 p4 #aca4 #cbg ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj4 pp4 #acb1 #ace4 #cbh ,bomb4 ,gaz41 ibidem4 #cbi ,pr(essor ,m>goli\?'s ,muhammadanism & ! ,diction>y ( ,islam4 #ccj ,e>ly ,developm5ts ( ,muhammadanism1 pp4 #hg1 #ig4 #cca ,notes on ,muhammadanism1 p4 #afh4 #ccb ,diction>y ( ,islam1 s4v4 ,food4 #ccc ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj4 pp4 #ajj-ajc1 & ,diction>y ( ,islam1 art4 ,dress & ,ornam5ts4 #ccd ,hughes1 ,notes on ,muhammadanism4 #cce ,qanun-i-,islam1 pp4 #bd1 #be4 ,?is acc\nt is a v old "o1 & ! elaborate proc$ure may n[ h be5 ab&on$4 #ccf ,hughes1 ,diction>y ( ,islam1 s4v4 ,fitrah4 #ccg ,bomb4 ,gaz4 ,muh4 ,guj4 pp4 #adc1 #add4 #cch ,hughes1 ,diction>y ( ,islam1 s4v4 ,:i/l+4 #cci ,c4,p4 ,c5sus ,report1 #aiaa1 p4 #ff4 #cdj ,?is article is compil$ f ,sir ,d5zil ,ibbetson's ,punjab ,c5sus ,report ( #ahha1 & ,sir ,e4,d4 ,maclagan's ,punjab ,c5sus ,report ( #ahia4 #cda ,ibbetson1 p>a4 #bfj4 #cdb ,maclagan1 p>a4 #hh4 #cdc ,maclagan1 loc4 cit4 #cdd ,ibbetson1 p>a4 #bfe4 #cde ,maclagan1 p>a4 #ie4 #cdf ,tribes & ,ca/es1 article ,su?ra ,%ahi4 #cdg ,c4,p4 ,c5sus ,report 7#aiaa71 p4 #fi4 #cdh ,p4 #bgf4 #cdi ,orphu1 p4 #id4 #cej ,ibidem4 #cea ,haug1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #fi1 #gj4 #ceb ,orphu1 pp4 #ia1 #ib4 #cec ,haug1 pp4 #bfg1 #bfh4 #ced ,haug1 p4 #bfi4 #cee ,haug1 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc4 #cef ,great ,religions ( ,india4 #ceg ,great ,religions ( ,india4 #ceh ,orphu1 p4 #if4 #cei ,ibidem1 p4 #ih4 #cfj ,haug1 p4 #aii4 #cfa ,sykes' ,p]sia & its ,p1 p4 #ahj2 ,great ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #agc4 #cfb ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii41 ,p>sis ( ,guj>at p4 #aij4 #cfc ,bombay ,gazette]1 ibidem4 #cfd ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii41 ,p>sis ( ,guj>at1 pp4 #bcc1 #bcg4 #cfe ,p4 #acc4 #cff ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii41 ,p>sis ( ,guj>at1 pp4 #bba-bbf4 #cfg ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii41 ,p>sis ( ,guj>at1 p4 #bca4 #cfh ,ibidem1 pp4 #bci-bdb4 #cfi ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii41 ,p>sis ( ,guj>at1 pp4 #bda1 #bdc4 #cgj ,bombay ,gazette]1 ,p>sis ( ,guj>at1 pp4 #bje1 #bjg1 #bai1 #bbj4 #cga ,see also article on ,kal>4 #cgb ,aegle m>melos4 #cgc ,dr4 ,bhatta*>ya's ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects1 p4 #cga4 #cgd ,see articles ,kumh>1 ,?ug & ,sakta sect4 #cge ,see art4 ,sakta ,sect4 #cgf ,mr4 ,m>t5's ,c4 ,p4 ,c5sus ,report1 #aiaa4 #cgg ,india ,c5sus ,report 7#aija71 p4 #cfj4 #cgh ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects 7,?ack]1 ,sp9k ,co41 ,calcutta71 pp4 #djg-dac4 #cgi ,sir ,e4 ,gait's note1 ,india ,c5sus ,report4 #chj ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects4 #cha ,?is article is bas$ pr9cipally on a pap] by ,mr4 ,durga ,prasad ,p&e1 ,tahsild>1 ,raipur4 #chb ,bilaspur ,settlem5t ,report 7#ahhh71 p4 #de4 #chc ,"s ( ,mr4 ,*i%olm's /atem5ts are und\bt$ly inaccurate4 ,= in/ance1 he says t ,ghasi ,das decid$ on a tempor>y )drawal into ! wild]ness1 & proce$$ = ?is purpose to a small village call$ ,girod ne> ! junction ( ! ,jonk & ,mahanadi riv]s4 ,b x is an und\bt$ fact1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,hira ,lal & o!rs1 t ,ghasi ,das 0 born 9 ,girod & _h liv$ !re all 8 life up to ! "t ( 8 proclamation ( 8 gospel4 #chd ,ibidem4 #che ,luffa acutangula4 #chf ,solanum melang5um4 #chg ,"s ( ! ,bundela raids 9 ! nor? ( ! ,prov9ce 7 made on ! pretext ( be+ crusades = ! protection ( ! sacr$ animal4 #chh ,f ,mr4 ,durga ,prasad ,p&e's pap]4 #chi ,?is text is record$ by ,mr4 ,durga ,prasad ,p&e z foll[s3 ,bhaji *hurai bhanta *hurdi ,gondli k>at *honka ,lai bhaji ke *hurawate ,gaon la m>ai *auka4 ,sahib ke ,satnamia2 ',?onka4' ,or ,we h giv5 up eat+ vegetables1 we eat no br9jals3 we eat onions ) m reli%2 we eat no m r$ vegetables4 ,! *auka has be5 plac$ 9 ! village4 ,! true "n is ( ,god2 7to :i* ! pair repli$7 ',am54' #cij ,see article ,nanakpan?i = an acc\nt ( ,nanak's cre$4 #cia ,"h aga91 ,sir ,d4 ,ibbetson notes1 x is (t5 ! wom5 :o are ! orig9al (f5d]s3 ,i h (t5 ask$ ,sikhs h[ x is t1 believ+ z !y d 9 only "o ,god1 !y c put any fai? 9 & r5d] any ob$i5ce to ,brahmans :o ackn[l$ge a l>ge numb] ( deities1 & _! answ] 9 e case has be5 t !y d n !mselves believe 9 !m2 b _! wom5 d1 & to please !m !y are oblig$ to pay att5tion to :at ! ,brahmans say4 #cib ,punjab ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p>a4 #ajg4 #cic ,acc\nt ( ! ,sikhs1 ,asiatic ,rese>*es4 #cid ,app>5tly ! ,scripture ( ,gov9d1 ! t5? guru4 #cie ',hurrah = ! ,guru's ,khalsa1 ,victory to ! ,guru4' #cif ,sir ,lepel ,griff9's ,life ( ,ranjit ,s+h4 #cig ,bas$ on ! acc\nt ( ! sect 9 ! volume1 ,h9dus ( ,guj>at1 ( ! ,bombay ,gazette]1 & ,! ,swami-,n>ayan ,sect pamphlet1 pr9t$ at ! ,education ,society's ,press1 ,bombay1 #ahhg4 #cih ,bi%op ,heb]'s ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney ?r\gh ! ,upp] ,prov9ces1 pp4 #adc1 #aec4 #cii ,! ,swami-,n>ayan ,sect1 pp4 #d1 #bb4 ,! above details are giv51 because 9 ! ,bombay ,gazette] ! ,swami is said to h prohibit$ ! tak+ ( food ) l[-ca/e p1 & ca/e pollution2 & ?is appe>s incorrect4 #djj ,! ,swami-,n>ayan ,sect1 p4 #be4 #dja ,bombay ,ducks1 p4 #aid4 #djb ,= a sugge/$ explanation ( ! my? ( ,p>asurama see article ,panw> ,rajput4 #djc ,see also article ,ahir4 #djd ,kabirpan?i1 ,nanakpan?i1 ,dadupan?i1 ,swami-,n>ayan1 etc4 #dje ,?is article is bas$ on ,pr(essor ,wilson's ,h9du ,sects1 ,m4 ,*evrillon's ,romantic ,india1 & "s notes collect$ by ,mun%i ,kanhya ,lal ( ! ,gazette] ,(fice4 #djf ,dhatura alba1 a plant sacr$ to ,siva1 ^: se$ is a p[]ful n>cotic1 & is us$ to poison travell]s4 #djg ,?is article consi/s entirely ( extracts f ! article on ! ,wahhabi sect 9 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,p4 ,hughes' ,diction>y ( ,islam4 #djh ,irv9e1 ,army ( ! ,mughals1 p4 #aih4 #dji ,irv9e1 ,army ( ! ,mughals1 p4 #bcb4 #daj ,summ>y ( ! ,m>a?a & ,p9d>i ,campaigns1 p4 #bfd4 #daa ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii4 p4 #af4 #dab ,madras ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #bba4 #dac ,punjab ,c5sus ,report 7#ahha71 p>a4 #edc4 #dad ,b]> ,c5sus ,report 7#ahha71 p4 #abh4 #dae ,punjab ,c5sus ,report 7#ahha71 p>a4 #ebi4 #daf ,khan ,bahadur ,lutfullah ,f>idi 9 ,bombay ,gazette]1 ,muh4 ,guj4 #dag ,b]> ,c5sus ,report1 ibidem4 #dah ,9 #aiaa ab\t #cjjj p]sons belong+ to ! ca/e 7 return$1 ma9ly f ,bilaspur ,di/rict1 & ! ,korea & ,s>guja ,/ates4 #dai ,crooke1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahd4 #dbj ,ea/]n ,india1 ii4 p4 #dfg4 #dba ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces ,gazette]1 vol4 xiv41 ,mirzapur1 p4 #cfe4 #dbb ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 page #gb4 #dbc ,?is article consi/s ( extracts f ,mr4 ,crooke's acc\nt ( ! ca/e 9 8 ,tribes & ,ca/es4 #dbd ,ea/]n ,india1 ii4 #bdh4 #dbe ,punjab ,c5sus ,report 7#ahha71 p>a4 #edb4 #dbf ,tribes & ,ca/es1 art4 ,bhatia4 #dbg ,raja/han1 ii4 p4 #bib4 #dbh ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 art4 ,b9d4 #dbi ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,n4,w4,p4 & ,oudh1 art4 ,b9d4 #dcj ,bauh9ia sc&5s4 #dca ,e?nology ( ,b5gal4 pp4 #aeh1 #bba4 #dcb ,see art4 ,bhunjia4 #dcc ,l+ui/ic ,survey ( ,india1 vol4 iv41 ,munda & ,dravidian ,dialects1 p4 #ajb4 #dcd ,caldwell's ,dravidian ,gramm>1 pp4 #abc & #acd4 ,capta9 ,glasfurd says3 ',! t]m9ation w> is a ,telugu affix signify+ p]son or man' 7,settlem5t ,report ( ! ,upp] ,godav>i ,di/rict 7#ahfh71 p4 #bf74 #dce ,?is article consi/s only ( extracts f ! acc\nts ( ,colonel ,dalton & ,sir ,h4 ,risley4 #dcf ,dalton's ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 pp4 #abf1 #abg4 #dcg ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 art4 ,*]o4 #dch ,see also art4 ,dah>ia = a discussion ( ! orig9 ( t ca/e4 #dci ,tribes & ,ca/es1 art4 ,dhalg>4 #ddj ,f a pap] by ,n>ayan ,bohid>1 ,s*oolma/]1 ,sonpur ,/ate4 #dda ,?is article is bas$ on pap]s by ,mr4 ,d4,p4 ,k%irsag>1 ,naib-,tahsild>1 ,buldana1 & ,mr4 ,kh&ek>1 ,headma/]1 ,n&ura4 #ddb ,madras ,c5sus ,report 7#aija71 p4 #adi4 #ddc ,bh&>a ,settlem5t ,report 7,mr4 ,a4,b4 ,napi]71 p4 #h4 #ddd ,crim9al ,tribes ( ! ,c4,p41 p4 #fa4 #dde ,bu*anan1 i4 p4 #cca4 #ddf ,b4,g4 ,muh4 ,guj41 p4 #hd4 #ddg ,?is article is bas$ on in=mation collect$ by ,mr4 ,hira ,lai 9 ,betul4 #ddh ,art4 ,dom4 9 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 & ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh4 #ddi ,see article ,are4 #dej ,?ana ,gazette]1 pp4 #aai1 #abj4 #dea ,%olapur ,gazette]1 p4 #aeh4 #deb ,madras ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #bch4 #dec ,ibidem1 p4 #bhj4 #ded ,sat>a ,gazette]1 p1 #da4 #dee ,nasik ,gazette]1 p4 #ed4 #def ,?is acc\nt is tak5 f inquiries made by ,mr4 ,hira ,lal 9 ,patna4 #deg ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 art4 ,bauri4 #deh ,f a pap] by ,mr4 ,kripas9dh ,tripa?i1 ,headma/]1 ,s>ia ,middle ,s*ool1 ,s>ang>h ,/ate4 #dei ,f pag1 a foot4 #dfj ,malcolm1 ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 p4 #ba4 #dfa ,?is pap] is compil$ f notes tak5 by ,mr4 ,hira ,lal at ,raj-,n&gaon & ,betul4 #dfb ,p]haps ,p&anus fascicul>is4 #dfc ,?is article is compil$ f pap]s by ,c4 ,ramiah1 ,kanungo1 ,siron*a1 & ,w4,g4 ,padaya ,naidu1 cl]k1 ,di/rict ,(fice1 ,*&a4 #dfd ,mysore ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #bje4 #dfe ,?is article is compil$ f a pap] by ,mr4 ,ghas9am ,dani1 ,deputy ,inspector ( ,s*ools1 ,ba/> ,/ate4 #dff ,! ca/e numb]$ #he p]sons 9 #aiaa4 ,! above notice is compil$ f a pap] by ,mr4 ,kri%na ,sewak1 ,naib-,tahsild>1 ,b>g>h4 #dfg ,bas$ on inquiries made by ,mr4 ,hira ,lal1 ,assi/ant ,gazette] ,sup]9t5d5t 9 ,bh&>a4 #dfh ,madras ,c5sus ,report 7#aija71 p4 #afh4 #dfi ,bombay ,gazette]1 ,guj4 ,mukh4 p4 #ah4 #dgj ,elliott's ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed4 #dga ,crooke's ,tribes & ,ca/es1 vol4 i4 p4 #afa4 #dgb ,madras ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #cjc4 #dgc ,india ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #bjj4 #dgd ,man1 ,novemb] #aiji4 #dge ,tone1 ,lett] on ! ,m>a?as 7#agih71 ,india ,(fice ,tracts1 p4 #be4 #dgf ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #cgc4 #dgg ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #baa4 #dgh ,f a pap] by ,mr4 ,raj>am ,gangadh> ,de%p&e1 ,tahsild>1 ,w>dha4 #dgi ,settlem5t ,report ( ! ,upp] ,godav>i ,di/rict 7#ahfh71 quot$ 9 ,mr4 ,nunn's ,monograph on ! ,gold & ,silv] ,indu/ries ( ! ,c5tral prov9ces4 #dhj ,monograph on ! ,gold & ,silv] ,indu/ries1 loc4 cit4 #dha ,b]> ,c5sus ,report 7#ahha71 p4 #bai4 #dhb ,bas$ on a pap] by ,mr4 ,ali ,mu/afa1 ,naib-,tahsild>1 ,hatta4 #dhc ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #agi4 #dhd ,9 ! introduction to ,firi%ta's ,hi/ory 7,elliot1 vi4 p4 #efh71 x is /at$ t ,roh is ! "n ( a p>ticul> m\nta9 7c\ntry7 :i* ext5ds 9 l5g? f ,swat & ,bajaur to ! t[n ( ,siwi belong+ to ,bhak>4 ,9 bread? x /ret*es f ,hasan ,abdul to ,kabul4 ,k&ah> is situat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 7,crooke's ,hobson-,jobson1 p4 #gff47 #dhe ,mr4 ,crooke's ,tribes & ,ca/es1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #afe1 #aff4 #dhf ,prop] ,names ( ! ,punjabis1 p4 #gd4 #dhg ,indian ,life & ,s5tim5t1 p4 #ii4 #dhh ,l+ui/ic ,survey1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cj4 #dhi ,l+ui/ic ,survey1 vol4 iv41 ,munda & ,dravidian ,languages1 p4 #gi4 #dij ,ibidem1 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #dia ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bce et seq4 #dib ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 ,app4 ,i4 #dic ,ibidem1 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc4 #did ,?is article is writt5 f pap]s by ,mr4 ,g4,a4 ,khan1 ,assi/ant ,commission]1 ,v5kate% ,tumaiya ,ayaw>1 ,s*oolma/]1 ,*&a1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,padaya ,naidu1 ,di/rict ,(fic]1 ,*&a4 #die ,nor? ,arcot ,manual1 i4 p4 #bjj4 #dif ,nor? ,arcot ,manual1 i4 p4 #bdb4 #dig ,bas$ on a pap] by ,g4 ,pydiah ,naidu ( ! ,gazette] ,(fice4 #dih ,vol4 xi4 p4 #dcc4 #dii ,mr4 ,edw>des1 ,byways ( ,bombay1 p4 #gi4 #ejj ,bombay ,gazette]1 ibidem4 #eja ,j4,a4,s4,b41 ,no4 #c ( #aijc1 p4 #ajc4 #ejb ,p>tly bas$ on a note by ,mr4 ,c4,j4 ,irw91 ,assi/ant ,commission]1 ,jubbulpore4 #ejc ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 xvii4 7,%olapur71 p4 #bcd4 #ejd ,bombay ,gazette]1 ,belgaum1 p4 #bej4 #eje ,tribes & ,ca/es1 art4 ,siklig>4 #ejf ,bas$ on a pap] by ,mr4 ,gokul ,prasad1 ,naib-,tahsild>1 ,dhamt>i4 #ejg ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 art4 ,tanti4 #ejh ,madras ,c5sus ,report 7#aija71 p4 #aec4 #eji ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 s4v4 #eaj ,madras ,c5sus ,report 7#ahia71 p4 #bdc4